bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas
Authors: Szykman Micaela , Van Horn Russell , Engh Anne , Boydston Erin , Holekamp Kay
Published: August 2007

Female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are larger and more aggressive than males, and their genitalia are heavily 'masculinized'. These odd traits in females pose unusual challenges for males during courtship and copulation. Here our goals were to describe and quantify the behavior patterns involved in courtship and copulation in Crocuta, and determine whether rates of affiliative behavior directed toward females by males vary with female age, social rank, or time to conception. We also inquired whether consort formation with a particular female was necessary for a male to sire that female's cubs. Behavioral observations and paternity data based on 12 microsatellite loci were collected over 11 years from free-ranging hyenas in Kenya. Several of the courtship displays exhibited by male hyenas differed from those found in other carnivores, and appeared to reflect intense motivational conflict between tendencies to approach and flee from females. Most male advances were either ignored by females or elicited aggression from females toward males. Rates of male affiliative behavior toward females peaked around the time of conception. Although males behaved similarly toward young and old females in the highest social rank category, males directed more affiliative behavior toward older than younger females that were mid- and low-ranking. Multiple short mounts usually preceded a long mount, but intromission and ejaculation appeared to occur only during long mounts. Female receptivity was indicated by inhibited aggression toward the male and assumption of a distinctive receptive stance. The only behavior indicative of female proceptivity was following of the male by the female in mating contexts. Some males who sired cubs formed consortships with females whereas others did not, suggesting that individual male hyenas may adopt alternative reproductive tactics to attract and acquire mates. Our results also suggest that low fertility may be an important cost of female virilization in this species.
Legal Gambling and Problem Gambling as Mechanisms of Social Domination? Some Considerations for Future Research
Authors: Volberg Rachel A. , Wray Matt
Published: August 2007

Sociological attention to gambling has been long-standing but sporadic and limited both methodologically and theoretically. This article argues that recent changes in attitudes and laws about gambling and new efforts to measure and remediate the psychosocial costs and effects of problem gambling have combined with contemporary forms of wealth redistribution and racial and class oppression to produce a new mechanism of social domination. This mechanism of social domination has several facets, the most prominent of which are a structural economic component and a symbolic construct component. The structural economic component—the transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich—has been facilitated, at least in part, by the symbolic construct component, by which we mean the disproportionate labeling of certain minorities as “problem gamblers.” Although we present some data to support these arguments, a great deal more research is needed to improve understanding of the social structural and symbolic effects of the recent rapid spread of legal gambling.
Kafka, Weber and organization theory
Authors: Warner Malcolm
Published: August 2007

In this article, we hope to show why examining the work of the writer, Franz Kafka (1883—1924), may enhance our understanding of organizations. In doing so, his life and achievements will be compared with Max Weber's (1864—1920). We will seek to see how their backgrounds, experiences and writing, in their respective ways, can offer analytic insights for scholars of organization vis-à-vis a number of key concepts in the field, such as bureaucracy, power and authority, rationality and lastly, alienation.
Nobody in charge: Distributed change agency in healthcare
Authors: Buchanan David A. , Addicott Rachael , Fitzgerald Louise , Ferlie Ewan , Baeza Juan I.
Published: August 2007

This article illustrates how distributed change agency can implement complex organizational changes in the absence of formal management plans, roles, and structures. Distributed change agency typically involves small teams and senior groups. In this qualitative study of service improvements in the treatment of prostate cancer at an acute hospital, Grange, change roles were distributed more widely, with responsibilities `migrating' among a large informal cast supporting four central characters. This distribution appears to have been triggered by the change goals and substance, and by the network organization through which services were delivered. Cross-case comparisons with other hospitals, Henley and Norwood, suggest that a combination of factors contributed to the development of a distributed approach. Analytical generalization invites speculation concerning the transferability of this model, with `nobody in charge', to other settings. One policy implication concerns the provision of development in change agency competencies to staff other than those in senior positions.
Job board toolkits: Internet matchmaking and changes in job advertisements
Authors: Marchal Emmanuelle , Mellet Kevin , Rieucau Géraldine
Published: August 2007

This article examines the role of internet-based labour market intermediaries in coordinating job seeker/employer interactions. A twofold analysis examines on the one hand the matchmaking tools determining applicants' access to job ads, and on the other, the content of ads posted on the Web. Observations reveal that the information available to applicants is subject to a high degree of filtering achieved through the use of pre-defined lists, keywords or more frequently, input fields. A comparative analysis of job offers posted on the internet with those posted in newspapers shows that search engine toolkits have a considerable impact on ad content which is generally more standardized and quantified in the former than in the latter. Furthermore, a comparison between French and British ads demonstrates that the institutional context influences the actions taken by job boards. In contrast to Great Britain, France more frequently uses matching markers aimed at selecting applicants than those providing detailed information on the job offer. Today, French job boards thus contribute in weakening applicants' position in labour markets.
Constructing Social Movement Actorhood: Resident Koreans' Activism in Japan Since 1945
Authors: Hwa Ji Shin  , Tsutsui Kiyoteru
Published: August 2007

This study proposes to examine how the emergence of global human rights ideas has changedframing in local social movements and construction of social movement actorhood, using the case of resident Koreans' activism in Japan. Theoretically, we combine the world society approach and framing theory in social movement literature to evaluate the impact of global models on local construction of social movement actorhood. Examination of the history of resident Koreans' social movements with archival data reveals that activists in the movements used nation-state-based citizenship rights frames in the early post-war period but increasingly used universal human rights language since the 1970s. The first period was characterized by a deep chasm between North and South Korean residents in Japan, while in the second period, use of universal human rights vocabularies transformed their movement actorhood and enabled collaborative social movements by North and South Koreans as well as other international activists, leading to some key policy changes in their favor.
Inside the Grafters' Game
Authors: Sugden John
Published: August 2007

As the official football (soccer) economy has rapidly and globally grown to become one of sports' richest commercial engines, so too has its unofficial, or black, economy expanded. This article provides an insider account of some of the key features of football's black market, with a particular emphasis on ticket touting (scalping), fakery, forgery, and the murky independent travel business. In doing so, it provides a window into the deviant occupational subculture, lives, and lifestyles of the “grafters”—those characters who inhabit and make their living in this underground world. It concludes by locating the “grafters' game” in the wider context of the post-1980s urban-industrial landscape of Britain and theorizes the subculture in terms of classical and contemporary theories of deviance.
Lord, Don't Stop the Carnival
Authors: Tomlinson Alan
Published: August 2007

Trinidad and Tobago played in the men's football FIFA World Cup Finals in summer 2006 in Germany, becoming the smallest qualifier, according to population, in the history of the World Cup. In this article, the questions are posed of how such a small nation has achieved this and what the contribution of Jack Warner has been to this story. The analysis is informed by a critical, investigative framework that combines sociological synthesis with qualitative forms of reportage (both academic and journalistic) and interpretation, documentary sources and focused observation (at sporting encounters), and interviews and dialogues with FIFA personnel. The article demonstrates that the football administrations of Trinidad and Tobago and the regional governing body CONCACAF have been used to further the personal and business ambitions of individuals and that the carnivalesque public face of the sport masks processes and dynamics of self-aggrandizement and individual profiteering.
Love at first sight or friends first? Ties among partner personality trait similarity, relationship onset, relationship quality, and love
Authors: Barelds Dick P. H. , Barelds-Dijkstra Pieternel
Published: August 2007

The present study examined the relation between the type of relationship onset on the one hand and the degree to which partners have similar personalities and relationship quality on the other hand. It was hypothesized that partners who fell in love at first sight, relative to partners who got involved more gradually, entered into intimate relationships more shortly after they met, would have mates with less similar personalities, especially with regard to levels of extraversion, emotional stability and autonomy, and would report relatively low levels of relationship quality. In a sample of 137 married or cohabiting couples, it was found that, as predicted, partners who fell in love at first sight became romantically involved more quickly, and showed more dissimilar personalities with regard to levels of extraversion, emotional stability and autonomy. Partners who fell in love at first sight did not report lower relationship quality. Instead, partner personality trait similarity was related to relationship quality as a function of both relationship onset and specific personality traits.
Romantic ideals, romantic obtainment, and relationship experiences
Authors: Markey Patrick M. , Markey Charlotte N.
Published: August 2007

This research applied three different models of complementarity to romantic ideals, romantic obtainment, and the quality of romantic relationships: (i) Carson's (1969) model of interpersonal complementarity (i.e., individuals similar to each other on warmth, but opposite on dominance, are most compatible); (ii) Wiggins's (1979) model of complementarity (i.e., individuals whose personalities occur in a manner predicted by social exchange theory are most compatible); and (iii) the model of similarity (i.e., individuals with similar personalities are most compatible). Study 1 examined the personality traits of 169 single male and female participants and the personality traits they found most desirable in romantic partners. Using randomization tests of hypothesized order relations and Pearson correlations, results suggested that only the model of similarity accurately described the personalities participants tended to find romantically desirable. Study 2 examined the personality traits of 212 participants (106 couples) who had been romantically involved for at least 1 year. Results suggested that the model of similarity somewhat described the personalities participants tended to actually obtain as romantic partners, but neither Carson's nor Wiggins's models reached significance. However, further analyses found that only Carson's model of complementarity predicted relationship quality; romantic couples who reported the highest levels of relationship quality were more similar in terms of warmth but were more dissimilar in terms of dominance than romantic couples who reported the lowest levels of relationship quality.
The Importance of Appropriate Allocation to Offending Behavior Programs
Authors: Palmer Emma J. , McGuire James , Hatcher Ruth M. , Hounsome Juliet C. , Bilby Charlotte A. L. , Hollin Clive R.
Published: August 2007

This study examined the impact on reconviction of appropriate allocation to three general offending behavior programs involving adult male offenders in the English and Welsh Probation Service. Appropriate allocation was defined by level of risk for reconviction. There were three allocation groups: too low, appropriate, and too high. Using a quasi-experimental design, the reconviction rates of offenders who were allocated to and completed a program, offenders allocated to a program who failed to start, and a comparison group were compared. It was found that the appropriateness of allocation affected reconviction independently of treatment group. Furthermore, in line with the risk principle, there was an interaction between treatment group and the appropriateness of allocation.
Perspectives on the `alien' versus `native' species debate: a critique of concepts, language and practice
Authors: Warren Charles R.
Published: August 2007

The classification of species as either `native' or `alien' is one of the organizing principles of conservation, but the validity of this dualism has increasingly been questioned, sparking debates which raise quintessentially geographical questions about place, space, nature and humanity-nature interactions. This discussion reviews the key criticisms of the native/alien construct, including its spatiotemporally arbitrary character, its disturbingly xenophobic associations, the logical problems of attributing native or alien status to our own species, and the ethical disjunction between the promotion of a multicultural human society and the persecution of `foreign' species. Given that the native/alien polarity is a subset of the discredited nature/culture duality, its conceptual foundations seem irredeemably fractured. An alternative framework based on a `damage criterion' rather than putative biogeographical origins is advocated.
Knowledge, Glory and ‘On Human Dignity'
Authors: Atlan Henri
Published: August 2007

The idea of dignity seems indissociable from that of humanity, whether in its universal dimension of ‘human dignity’, or in the individual ‘dignity of the person’. This paper provides an outlook on the ethics governing the sciences and technology, in particular the biological sciences and biotechnology, and recalls the notion of ‘glory’, both human and divine, as it infuses a great part of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance cultures, just before the scientific revolution in Europe.
Multiculture Me No More! On Multicultural Qualifications and the Palestinian-Arab Minority of Israel
Authors: Karayanni Michael Mousa
Published: August 2007

Multiculturalism has become a central theme in many academic disciplines from philosophy to education, social work and psychology, ultimately reaching political science and law. What seems to be unique in current studies on multiculturalism is not merely the observance and display of societies that happen to be diverse in terms of the religious, cultural, national and ethnic affiliation of their members. Rather, it is the central argument that such divergence is legitimate and should be accommodated. Accepting other groups in society and the legitimacy of accommodating them has become a virtue of tolerance.

This paper argues that we must first look into multicultural theory itself to discover what can be called ‘multicultural qualifications’. These are in essence pre-conditions without the presence of which group accommodations, even if granted based on group membership, should not be considered as multicultural in nature. With multicultural theory as a backdrop, this article intends to identify such multicultural qualifications. The Palestinian-Arab minority in Israel is studied in its constellation as both a national minority group and as a religiously diverse group as an object for testing the application of the identified multicultural qualifications.
The Dignity of the Individual and of Peoples: The Contribution of Mesopotamia and of Syriac Heritage
Authors: Yacoub Joseph
Published: August 2007

This paper provides a rich reconstruction of the notion of dignity and rights of people and individuals in its Assyrian origins in ancient Mesopotamia. It analysis several particular positions. Among them, Bardaisan, Yacoub Aphraates (Aphrahat), Michael the Syriac, as well as, much later, the missionary policy of the Eastern Church in Asia and the influential of the Nestorian church in Asia.
The Idea of Negative Platonism: Jan Patočka's Critique and Recovery of Metaphysics
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: August 2007

The idea of negative Platonism, first formulated by Jan Patočka in the early 1950s, can be understood as an interpretation of the history of philosophy, with particular reference to its Greek beginnings, as well as a strategy for critical engagement with the metaphysical tradition and a reformulation of central phenomenological themes. Patočka reconstructs the Greek road to metaphysics as a shift from a non-objectifying comprehension of the world as a totality to a quest for systematic knowledge of ultimate reality. In light of this reclaimed background, he then proposes a new reading of Plato: the realm of ideas, separate from empirical reality, becomes a symbol of human freedom, understood as an ability to transcend the world and in so doing grasp it as a totalizing horizon. The concept of freedom thus links a submerged theme of metaphysics to more explicit concerns of contemporary thought.
Castoriadis and the Permanent Riddle of the World: Changing Configurations of Worldliness and World Alienation
Authors: Adams Suzi
Published: August 2007

The problematic of world articulation is central to post-phenomenological approaches. With Castoriadis, it emerges as a significant if shadowy thematic. Its shifting contours in his thought are redolent of the ongoing dialogue between romantic and enlightenment currents. They are also indicative of the ambiguity inherent to cultural articulations of the world in modernity. Here, two world perspectives open up various — and conflicting — interpretative challenges to which a response is necessitated. In Castoriadis's case, these take on particular forms of more general trends of `alienation' and `worldliness'. In particular, the isolation of the social-historical as the sole bearer of creativity tends to result in world alienation, whilst his later shift towards radical physis indicates a trend towards vertical worldliness. Arnason's theorization of world articulation in its twofold sense re-imagines the worldliness of the social-historical both in terms of the world tout court and our concrete stance towards it (or the world towards us). As such, it offers a corrective to the `worldless freedom' of the social-historical in Castoriadis's thought.
On Creation, Cave Art and Perception: a Doxological Approach
Authors: Rosengren Mats
Published: August 2007

The discovery of Palaeolithic cave art in the late 19th century entails many problems, some of which are perceptual. Presenting doxology as a post-phenomenological way of approaching epistemic and perceptual questions, this article draws on the problematics of cave art and contemporary cognitive science to discuss the process of perception — what it takes to see what one sees — in caves (and elsewhere). The article concludes that in order to see and perceive anything at all, both our physical and our conceptual resources — the light of the sun as well as the light of the mind, as Empedocles might have said — are needed. The light of the mind is always inextricably linked to doxa. Thus, the article argues that a doxological approach to questions of perception and knowledge is required.
Tensile, Flexural and Compressive Properties of Sisal/Silk Hybrid Composites
Authors: Noorunnisa Khanam P. , Mohan Reddy M. , Raghu K. , John K. , Venkata Naidu S.
Published: August 2007

The natural fiber composites of sisal/silk unsaturated polyester based hybrid composites with different fiber lengths were prepared. Sisal—silk fiber at a ratio of 1 : 1 has been incorporated with unsaturated polyester resin with different fiber lengths such as 1, 2, and 3 cm. The variation of mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and compressive strengths of these composites with different fiber lengths has been studied. In the present work a hand lay-up method was used for making the composites. Sisal fibers are treated with NaOH and the effect of alkali treatment on the tensile, flexural, and compressive properties of the sisal/silk hybrid composites has also been studied. Significant improvement in tensile, flexural, and compressive strengths of the sisal/silk hybrid composites has been observed by these treatments.
Experimental Determination of Bearing Strength in Fiber Reinforced Laminated Composite Bolted Joints under Preload
Authors: Sayman Onur , Siyahkoc Ramazan , Sen Faruk , Ozcan Resat
Published: August 2007

In this study, a failure analysis was carried out to determine bearing strengths of mechanically fastened joints with single bolt in glass—epoxy laminated composite plates. Two different geometrical parameters that were the edge distance-to-hole diameter ratio (E/D) and plate width-to-hole diameter ratio (W/D) were investigated. For that reason, E/D ratio was selected from 1 to 5, whereas W/D ratio was chosen from 2 to 5. Tensile tests were subjected to composite bolted joints for four different ply orientations such as angle-ply [0/30]s, [0/45]s, [0/60]s, and cross-ply [0/90]s. The major focus of this study was to observe the failure mechanisms of bolted joints under various preload moments as 0, 2.5, and 5 Nm. The experimental results showed that the magnitudes of bearing strengths in bolted joints were strictly influenced from increasing value of applied preload moments, changing of W/D and E/D ratios, and also ply orientations of laminated composite plates.
Polymer Composite Mechanics Review — 1965 to 2006
Authors: Chamis Christos C.
Published: August 2007

The research and development in composite mechanics are reviewed from 1965 to 2006. The review covers micromechanics, macromechanics failure theories, impact resistance, structural analysis, plate and panel buckling, shell buckling, progressive fracture, containment, and probabilistic composite simulation. A few remarks are included about aerodynamic loads and a new all composite engine concept. Most of the sample cases are from the author's own research since this research covers all aspects of composites and since this avoids the permissions required by other authors when their results are included. References are cited as appropriate so that the reader can further look in any specific area.
Women and games: technologies of the gendered self
Authors: Royse Pam , Lee Joon , Undrahbuyan Baasanjav , Hopson Mark , Consalvo Mia
Published: August 2007

This study examines how individual differences in the consumption of computer games intersect with gender and how games and gender mutually constitute each other. The study focused on adult women with particular attention to differences in level of play, as well as genre preferences. Three levels of game consumption were identified. For power gamers, technology and gender are most highly integrated. These women enjoy multiple pleasures from the gaming experience, including mastery of game-based skills and competition. Moderate gamers play games in order to cope with their real lives. These women reported taking pleasure in controlling the gaming environment, or alternately that games provide a needed distraction from the pressures of their daily lives. Finally, the non-gamers who participated in the study expressed strong criticisms about game-playing and gaming culture. For these women, games are a waste of time, a limited commodity better spent on other activities.
Finding a Direction for Social Research in Mental Health
Authors: Gould Nick , Huxley Peter , Tew Jerry
Published: August 2007

• Summary: In the UK the modernization of mental health services has been underpinned by integration of health and social care. However, these two sectors bring to integrated services very different legacies in relation to research and development. Although there are notable exceptions, social science in general, and social work research in particular, operate with limited capacity and with little influence relative to the volume of research undertaken within medical psychiatry. This article reports on a survey commissioned by the UK Department of Health to scope the views of stakeholders on the priorities for future development of social research in mental health and to look at practical ways of building research capacity in this area.

• Findings: The survey identified two clusters of research topics as future priorities for the social research agenda: the first is social inclusion/social capital and social networks, and the second is resilience and recovery. Despite this headline consensus, the survey also uncovers some underlying tensions between health and social care professionals in the prioritization of medical and social research topics.

• Applications: The findings of this survey will contribute directly to the identification of funding priorities for research in mental health and to strategies for building research capacity in social care and mental health.
When Multi-problem Poor Individuals' Myths Meet Social Services Myths
Authors: Sousa Liliana , Eusébio Carla
Published: August 2007

• Summary: This article addresses the myths that multi-problem poor clients and professionals hold about each other, since process variables play a decisive role in the success of the intervention.

• Findings: The principal myths which have emerged from this study indicate that the effectiveness of the intervention is perceived by clients and professionals to depend on the actions of the professional; and the ineffectiveness of the intervention is perceived by clients to depend on the actions of the professional and by the professionals to depend on the capacity of the families to follow their instructions.

• Applications : The emerging myths allow us to understand that the process of intervention can be affected by disculpability and adequate impotence, since each sub-system tends to blame the other when interventions run a negative course.
journal of visual culture
Authors: Parks Lisa
Published: August 2007

Treating the airport checkpoint as part of the new security regime, this article concentrates on three issues. First, it considers the working conditions of Transportation Security Agency (TSA) employees whom the US government pays to screen passengers, and emphasizes the enduring physicality of their labor despite the technologization of the checkpoint. Second, it explores new techniques of inspection implemented at TSA checkpoints and delineates practices of `close sensing' that establish continuities between looking and touching. Finally, the article describes the object-oriented visual economy that takes shape at the checkpoint, and suggests that the x-ray sequence ultimately exposes the state's inability to regulate the flow of objects and matter in the age of globalization. Thus the searches, exposures, and probes that define this threshold should be understood not just in terms of individual privacy invasions, but rather as an opportunity to focus on structural changes in federal labor, state surveillance and globalization that have emerged since 9/11.
journal of visual culture
Authors: Gustafson Irene , Zay Julia
Published: August 2007

This essay considers screen testing by examining three cinematic and para-cinematic texts. Although quite different in terms of their form, context and application, these screen tests all function as a threshold, a point of relationship between a question and an answer. The authors consider the kinds of questions raised by screen tests and how these questions might be answered.
journal of visual culture
Authors: Swalwell Melanie
Published: August 2007

This article addresses the shifting, multiple and contradictory reception of early digital games technology. It reflects on the changing fortunes of early digital games in terms of the shifts in esteem they undergo: from novelty to detritus, to partial recuperation as nostalgia item, based on the author's research into the history of such games in New Zealand. Drawing inspiration from Tom Gunning's analyses of the interrelation between technological novelty and the existence of a discourse that makes it possible to express such novelty, the author argues that while the present collector-led valorizing of game artifacts is significant, and the mercantile marketing of games from back-catalogues useful, there is an urgent need for discourses reflecting on digital games in relation to broader shifts in visual culture.
journal of visual culture
Authors: Higgins Scott
Published: August 2007

In the early years of Three-Color Technicolor production, several films foregrounded color's sensuous experience by focusing on food. These shorts turn the long-held bias against color as superficial and empty into a point of celebration by associating the visual with the culinary pleasures of ice-cream, cookies, cakes, and chocolate bunnies. This short essay offers formal analysis with reference to classical film and color theories to speculate on the synesthetic potentials of color and its relationship to taste.
Simplicity and Authority: Reflections on Theory and Practice in Kant's Moral Philosophy
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2007

What is the proper task of Kantian ethical theory? This paper seeks to answer this question with reference to Kant's reply to Christian Garve in Section I of his 1793 essay on Theory and Practice. Kant reasserts the distinctness and natural authority of our consciousness of the moral law. Every mature human being is a moral professional—even philosophers like Garve, if only they forget about their ill-conceived ethical systems and listen to the voice of pure practical reason. Normative theory, Kant argues, cannot be refuted with reference to alleged experience. It is the proper task of the moral philosopher to emphasize this fact. The paper also discusses Kant's attempts to clarify his moral psychology, philosophy of value and conception of the highest good in the course of replying to Garve's challenge.
Kant, Garve, and the Motives of Moral Action
Authors: Ludwig Bernd
Published: August 2007

Kant's comments `against Garve' constitute his reaction to the latter's remarks on Cicero's De Officiis . Two related criticisms of Kant's against Garve are discussed in brief in this paper. A closer look is then taken at Garve's claim that `Kantian morality destroys all incentives that can move human beings to act at all'. I argue that Kant and Garve rely on two different models of human action for their analyses of moral motivation; these models differ in what each takes to be salient for the explanation of human action. I show that Samuel Clarke's analogy of physical explanation in the framework of Newtonianism (in his Discourse concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion ) usefully illuminates the difference between Kant and Garve in these respects.
Kant against Hobbes in Theory and Practice
Authors: Riley Patrick
Published: August 2007

In the middle section of Theory and Practice, Kant speaks briefly `against Hobbes'; but for a fuller version of Kant's anti-Hobbesianism one must turn to the three Critiques, the Groundwork, and Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone. It is in those works that one learns that, for Kant, Hobbes's notion of `will' as fully determined `last appetite' destroys the freedom needed to take `ought' or moral necessity as the motives for self-determined action; that Hobbes' s version of the social contract is thus incoherent; that Hobbes is not even able to show how moral ideas (i.e. `ought') are conceivable through the `pressure' of `outward objects'. For Kant, in short, Hobbes has no adequate notions of will, freedom, moral necessity, ideation, or even obligatory contract, and therefore fails in his own stated aims.
Kant against Hobbes: Reasoning and Rhetoric
Authors: Slomp Gabriella
Published: August 2007

This paper aims to offer an analysis of `Against Hobbes', the title of the second section of Kant's essay On the Common Saying: That May be Correct in Theory but is of no Use in Practice. The paper suggests that we should take the title `Against Hobbes' seriously and that Kant meant to target Hobbes as the standard-bearer of the old regime and in particular Hobbes's claim that the Head of state cannot act unjustly against his citizens. It is argued that Kant's interpretation of Hobbes conforms to what can be regarded as the majority view in Hobbesian scholarship and that Kant poses a serious challenge to Hobbes, in so far as he removes the very foundations from Hobbes's argument on justice, namely, a specific notion of natural law. Finally the paper highlights Kant's lack of interest in engaging with possible Hobbesian counter-arguments.
Duty, Nature, Right: Kant's Response to Mendelssohn in Theory and Practice III
Authors: Flikschuh Katrin
Published: August 2007

This paper offers an imminent interpretation of Kant's political teleology in the context of his response to Moses Mendelssohn in Theory and Practice III concerning prospects of humankind's moral progress. The paper assesses the nature of Kant's response against his mature political philosophy in the Doctrine of Right. In `Theory and Practice III' Kant's response to Mendelssohn remains incomplete: whilst insisting that individuals have a duty to contribute towards humankind's moral progress, Kant has no conclusive answer as to how individuals might act on that duty. `Theory and Practice III' lacks a clear conception of the distinctness of political morality from the domain of virtue; Kant's resort to teleological argumentation is indicative of his lack of an account of instituting Right. The latter can be found in the Doctrine of Right—yet Kant's earlier teleological arguments contribute crucially to the development of his mature morality of Right.
How Devolution Upsets Distributive Justice
Authors: Segall Shlomi
Published: August 2007

Philippe Van Parijs suggests that in culturally divided societies health care systems (and perhaps other welfare services) should be divided along regional lines. He argues that since members of homogenous societies have relatively similar needs and tastes, it is easier for them to agree on a rather comprehensive distributive scheme. This proposed reform of health care, Van Parijs argues, would be consistent with distributive justice rather than undermine it. Against Van Parijs, the paper demonstrates that this policy of devolution upsets distributive justice. Devolution does so by shifting the pattern of distribution (across communities) from distribution according to need, to distribution of equal shares. The paper also argues that devolution is likely to weaken solidarity across the polity as a whole, which further undermines the attainment of distributive justice. The paper concludes that far from catering to culturally driven differences in medical preferences, distributive justice (in fact) permits disregard of such differences, and warrants enforcing a unitary pattern of consumption of medical goods (and other welfare services) across the citizenry, thus retaining a unified health care (and correspondingly, welfare) system.
Constructing crime: Culture, stalking, celebrity and cyber
Authors: Wykes Maggie
Published: August 2007

The impetus for this article came, in part, from press reports that the Internet played a role in the case of the murder of British television presenter, Jill Dando, in 1999 by someone who, it was alleged, had `stalked' her, and further from the recognition that, in recent years, `crime' and `stalking' and `cyber' have come to be seen together in western culture, often in the company of someone `famous'. To explore the significance of the discourses emerging from these relationships, this article moves beyond criminology, or at least extends its very elastic boundaries. Although many online behaviours currently causing concern will cease to be popular or will be controlled by advances in new communications technology,1 nonetheless `we shall be left with a series of new types of criminal behaviour which in some cases will cause us to rethink and augment our existing understandings of crimes and deviant behaviours' (Wall, 1999: 133). The exploration in this article stemmed from a curiosity about cyber-stalking as a new crime but evolved as a theoretical connection that illuminates a contemporary celebritification and commodification of aesthetics, crime and culture.
The Theological Foundation of the Petrine Dimension of the Church: A Working Hypothesis
Authors: Scola Angelo
Published: August 2007

Starting from the way in which Vatican II combines references to the Church as Body of Christ and Bride of Christ in Lumen Gentium 7, this paper explores the relationship between these two images, both of which are centred on the Eucharist which in fact is their point of contact and union. The free consent of the Bride to the nuptial union is summarised in Mary's fiat at the Annunciation and reiterated at the foot of the Cross. In its response to Christ, the Church is fundamentally Marian, and will always remain so, into eternity. In this life, however, the Church has a sacramental and hierarchical structure by which Christ comes to encounter his Bride so as then, in her, to bring salvation to the world. She is the intrinsic medium of the salvific event of Christ, making him present to human freedom. Peter exemplifies the structure and ministry of the Church in its objectivity, and the Petrine principle is rooted in the Marian principle, both being co-extensive with the Church. An understanding of the Church in these terms, endorsed by Pope John Paul II, originated with Hans Urs von Balthasar, who, however, did not fully expound it. This paper argues for the close integration of ecclesiology and Mariology. Furthermore, it proposes that the nuptial mystery can be a key towards synthesising the Marian and Petrine dimensions of the Church, and thereby understanding the Church in all aspects of its structure and life. From this standpoint, fresh light is cast upon burning pastoral questions such as the (non-)ordination of women and the celibacy of the clergy.
Sacraments and the Visible Unity of the Church
Authors: Cohen Will
Published: August 2007

In modern Orthodoxy, the `Greek' practice, based on Cyprian, of receiving converts by (re -)baptism contrasts with the `Russian' approach, consistent with Augustine, of requiring mere profession of faith and/or chrismation. Is one approach more deeply rooted in Orthodox tradition? Against a modern tendency to champion Cyprian's narrower ecclesiology, the twentieth-century Russian émigré theologian Georges Florovsky argued forcefully that the distinction found in Augustine's De Baptismo between sacramental `validity' and `efficacy' can and should be the basis for contemporary articulations of Orthodox sacramental theology. Beyond the juridical plane, Florovsky considered Augustine's indispensable contribution to be an understanding of schism as what Florovsky calls a `dissipation of love'. It is through a creative appropriation of this insight—presenting its flip -side, as it were — that Florovsky is able to recognise `preparatory grace', already at work as a will and a thirst for unity, in presently separated communities. Significant insights of eucharistic ecclesiology corroborate the compatibility between Augustinian and Orthodox ecclesiology, and show how a full recognition of non- Orthodox baptisms neither obscures the reality of division nor minimises the imperative to overcome it.
Article Review: Roman Catholic—Methodist Dialogue: Harvest or Springboard?
Authors: Carter David
Published: August 2007

The Grace Given You in Christ: Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church. Report of the International Commission for Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the World Methodist Council, Eighth Series (Lake Junaluska: World Methodist Council, 2006).
A Transient Pressurization Method for Measurements of Airtightness
Authors: Mattsson Björn , Claesson Johan
Published: August 2007

By measuring the pressure decline in a pressurized air volume from which air is leaking it is possible to determine the air leakage rate as a function of the pressure difference. The leakage rate is proportional to the time derivative of the pressure. The formula, which is quite simple, accounts for temperature change of the air and volume change of the chamber. The derivation of the equation relating air leakage to pressure drop is described. Initial tests of the method have been performed and the derived equation shows good agreement with air leakage rates obtained by theoretical as well as standard steady-state methods.
Hygroscopic Behavior of Paper and Books
Authors: Derluyn H. , Janssen H. , Diepens J. , Derome D. , Carmeliet J.
Published: August 2007

This study presents experimental analysis and numerical modeling of hygroscopic moisture buffering by paper and books. First, a literature review of moisture transport properties of paper is presented. Experimental work on two paper types includes SEM analysis of the paper structure, determination of sorption isotherms and water vapor permeability measurements. A hysteretic model for paper is presented, which is based on the measurement of the main adsorption and desorption curves. It is shown that the water vapor permeability in a hysteretic model is dependent on the moisture content and not on the relative humidity. Books consist of several paper sheets with air layers between the sheets. To take the air layers into account, a parallel transport model is proposed to determine the effective moisture transport properties of books taking into account the air layers. The dynamic hygroscopic behavior of small book samples was measured. It is shown that, although the water vapor permeability of different paper types can be quite different, the effusivity of a book highly depends on the presence of the air layers and can therefore remain comparable for different paper types.
9/11 as a Trigger for Long-Term Shifts in World Public Opinion
Authors: van Ginneken Jaap
Published: August 2007

Over the last few years, there have been all sorts of public opinion polls concerning the `war on terrorism': in the US and the EU, but also throughout the Islamic and rest of the world. Some of the reported results are disheartening. They suggest that many of the reactions of western leaders to 9/11 and subsequent attacks have in fact been counterproductive. Insofar as they tended to reduce the varied and complex identity of another culture to only one aspect of threat and fear, and thus further contributed to polarization. They reinforced stereotyping and discrimination, albeit mostly unintentionally, and led significant parts of well-meaning mainstream Muslim populations to sympathize with some of the terrorists and their actions. Only recently has there been a change in approach. But the question is whether it is not `too little, too late'.
Identification and characterization of Fe-rich smectites in the Çamlıca Region of western Turkey
Authors: Seki Y. , Yurdakoç K.
Published: August 2007

Fe-rich dioctahedral smectites are the main constituent of clays in Çamlıca Region of Turkey. The structural, chemical and morphological characteristics of these smectites after washing are examined by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Smectite particles occur as individual flakes 0.2–2.0 μm in size. These flakes are often aggregated into clusters up to 6.0 μm in size.
Land erosion and associated evolution of clay minerals assemblages from soils to artificial lakes in two distinct climate regimes in Portugal and Brazil
Authors: Fonseca R. , Barriga F. J. A. S. , Tazaki K.
Published: August 2007

Given that reservoirs contain most of the leached materials from soils, we have studied the sediments accumulated in the bottom of two groups of reservoirs developed under different climatic conditions and thus with contrasting rates of weathering/erosion regimes. Through detailed comparative study of clay minerals of the parent rocks and soils with the clay fractions of the dam sediments, we have concluded that, during cycles of erosion-transport-deposition, the leached materials have complex transformation mechanisms, making them much more active in the environment. All clay-mineral groups are well represented in the reservoir sediments, including abundant mixed-layer and partly disordered minerals. Moreover, the sediments are nutrient-rich and potentially useful as agricultural fertilizers and hence in reversing the declining soil productivity in some regions.
R⩾1-type illite-smectite formation at near-surface temperatures
Authors: Sandler A. , Saar H.
Published: August 2007

A series of thin clayey beds topping shallow marine cyclothems was sampled from a Turonian succession in Israel and was analysed by XRD for the mineralogical composition of its clay fraction. The main goal was to search for potential relations between short-term shallowing and possible emergence events and clay mineralogy. The bulk (<2 μm), coarse (0.2–2 μm) and fine (–0.2 μm) clay fractions of a unique clay bed, dominated by R⩾1-type I-S were analysed for their chemical composition and dated by the K-Ar method. The fine clay fraction was dated at ~5 m.y. younger and the bulk clay to be slightly older than the known stratigraphic age, which means that the clay is mostly authigenic and formed at low-temperature, near-surface conditions. This is supported by the geological history of the region and by the variability of the clay assemblages and I-S composition within ~30 m vertical distance, neither of which indicates evidence for high temperatures. The sedimentological analysis suggests that the clay bed was deposited at marginal marine marshes where evaporated sea water turned into an alkaline solution of high K concentration. This is apparently the first study to provide convincing evidence for low-temperature, early diagenetic formation and preservation of I-S with R1-type, or similar ordering.
Oxygen-dependent ATF-4 stability is mediated by the PHD3 oxygen sensor
Authors: Köditz Jens , Nesper Jutta , Wottawa Marieke , Stiehl Daniel P. , Camenisch Gieri , Franke Corinna , Myllyharju Johanna , Wenger Roland H. , Katschinski Dörthe M.
Published: August 2007

The activating transcription factor-4 (ATF-4) is translationally induced under anoxic conditions, mediates part of the unfolded protein response following endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and is a critical regulator of cell fate. Here, we identified the zipper II domain of ATF-4 to interact with the oxygen sensor prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3). The PHD inhibitors dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and hypoxia, or proteasomal inhibition, all induced ATF-4 protein levels. Hypoxic induction of ATF-4 was due to increased protein stability, but was independent of the ubiquitin ligase von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL). A novel oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain was identified adjacent to the zipper II domain. Mutations of 5 prolyl residues within this ODD domain or siRNA-mediated down-regulation of PHD3, but not of PHD2, was sufficient to stabilize ATF-4 under normoxic conditions. These data demonstrate that PHD-dependent oxygen-sensing recruits both the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and ATF-4 systems, and hence not only confers adaptive responses but also cell fate decisions.