bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist on blood flow in chronically compressed nerve roots
Authors: Sekiguchi Miho , Konno Shinichi , Kikuchi Shin‐ichi
Published: November 2004

Abstract  Neurogenic intermittent claudication (NIC) can be caused by compression of the cauda equina by spinal stenosis and is a major clinical problem. A reduction of blood flow is an important mechanism for inducing NIC and may be caused by a vasoconstrictive effect mediated by the serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor in chronic cauda equina compression lesions. This study assessed the effects of the 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist on nerve vasculature in chronically compressed nerve roots. A plastic balloon was placed under the lamina of L7 and inflated to 10 mmHg and left for 1 week in several cauda equina compression models. All experimental animals received an acute administration of serotonin. One group received sarpogrelate hydrochloride (5‐HT2A receptor antagonist: 5‐HTRA) before administration of serotonin, and another group was administered 5‐HTRA after administration of serotonin. Diameters and blood flow in the vasculature of S2 or S3 nerve roots were measured after injection of serotonin. In animals without compression of the cauda equina (sham), blood vessels contracted and the blood flow was reduced after administration of serotonin. In sham and compression animals receiving both serotonin and 5‐HTRA, blood vessel diameter was not reduced and was significantly larger than that in the compression group receiving only serotonin (p < 0.05). Likewise, the blood flow was not reduced in sham and compression animals receiving serotonin and 5‐HTRA and was significantly greater in the compression group treated only with serotonin. 5‐HTRA inhibited vasoconstriction and the reduction of blood flow in chronically compressed nerve roots challenged with serotonin. This fact suggests that 5‐HTRA might be effective at improving blood flow in chronically compressed nerve roots in patients with spinal canal stenosis and changes in circulation levels of serotonin.
Close apposition and exposure of non‐myelinated axons in traumatic neuromas of the human lingual nerve
Authors: Vora Amit R. , Loescher Alison R. , Boissonade Fiona M. , Robinson Peter P.
Published: November 2004

Abstract  Peripheral nerve injury is sometimes followed by the development of persistent painful sensory disorders, such as dysaesthesia. The aetiology of these disorders is not clear, but abnormal behaviour of damaged axons at the injury site is likely to be involved. In this study, we quantified some ultrastructural characteristics that may be related to the development of abnormal spontaneous activity, sympathetic interactions, and fibre‐to‐fibre crosstalk. Using electron microscopy, we have determined the frequency and extent of axonal exposure and close apposition among non‐myelinated axons from 34 traumatic neuromas of the human lingual nerve. These specimens were removed at the time of microsurgical nerve repair, and the presence or absence of symptoms of dysaesthesia was determined pre‐operatively. Comparisons were also made with eight normal control lingual nerve specimens obtained from patients undergoing organ donor retrieval. More non‐myelinated axons showed signs of axonal exposure in traumatic neuromas (26%) than in controls (5%), and exposure was higher in nerve‐end neuromas (31%) than in neuromas‐in‐continuity (22%). In addition, the proportion of the non‐myelinated axolemma that was exposed was significantly higher in neuromas (32%) than in controls (21%). The frequency of close apposition between neighbouring non‐myelinated axons was also higher in neuromas (11%) than in controls (0.35%). The majority of axons showing signs of exposure or close apposition had diameters <1 µm. These ultrastructural changes may account for some of the altered electrophysiological properties of axons within neuromas. However, no significant correlations were found between these ultrastructural characteristics and the patients' reported symptoms of dysaesthesia.
Generalized Bullous Impetigo in a Neonate
Authors: Sandhu Kamaldeep , Kanwar A. J.
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Generalized bullous impetigo is uncommon in healthy and term neonates. It must be differentiated from staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and other commonly encountered vesiculopustular lesions. We report generalized bullous impetigo in an otherwise healthy neonate.
Keep the Tool‐Box Open for Social Justice: Comment on Kitzinger and Wilkinson
Authors: Borshuk Catherine , Cherry Frances
Published: November 2004

We argue that psychology is not ill‐suited to confronting problems of inequality and injustice, and that psychologists are, in fact, quite capable of activist science. The parameters of psychology need to be considered as being broader than mental health pronouncements regarding various targeted minority groups. At a time when empirical claims are being wielded as tools by both sides of the same‐sex marriage debate, activist psychologists should not relinquish their own various strategies for challenging the status quo. The authors provide examples of tactics and tools that have been used and continue to be used by feminist and other progressive psychologists both to transform psychology and to work toward equality and social justice.
Same‐Sex Marriage: A Construct in a Quest for Ecological Validity
Authors: Parks Carlton W.
Published: November 2004

The Kitzinger and Wilkinson's ASAP paper serves as the foundation for this discussion of the same‐sex marriage construct. The major focus of this discussion is, “What needs to occur in order for ecological validity to be achieved?” First, there needs to be some concerted attention paid to the entire spectrum of close relationships (at both the positive and the negative end of the continuum) before the same‐sex marriage construct is fully embraced. Next, some attention needs to be paid to the diversity of viewpoints/beliefs/attitudes that exists concerning same‐sex marriage within the ethnically and culturally diverse LGBT communities.
The Perils of Rights Discourse: A Response to Kitzinger and Wilkinson
Authors: Boyd Susan B.
Published: November 2004

This commentary responds to Celia Kitzinger and Sue Wilkinson's argument for the use of human rights discourse rather than a discourse of mental health when arguing for the legalization of same‐sex marriage. Without disagreeing with their basic argument, I “problematize” it, showing that legal and human rights discourses also have a history of reinforcing power dynamics and operating to the disadvantage of marginalized groups such as lesbians and gay men. First, equality rights discourse can force lesbians and gay men into a conservative mode of argument, for instance, having to show how similar they are to traditionalist opposite‐sex couples, rather than emphasizing potentially significant differences. Second, the increasing use of rights discourse has arguably narrowed the scope of the lesbian/gay social movement and rendered its political strategies more conservative, rather than aiming for the elimination of heterosexism and patriarchy. Third, the focus on marriage as a human right tends to render invisible, and to reinscribe, the extent to which marriage as a socio‐legal institution has operated in oppressive ways. Modern marriage is not innocent of oppression, tied as it is to the increasing privatization of social and economic responsibilities. While human rights discourse offers an important avenue for lesbians and gay men, the perils of its use should not be overlooked.
The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: The Elusive Search for Racial Equity in Higher Education
Authors: Renner K. Edward , Moore Thom
Published: November 2004

In 1965, when affirmative action officially became part of the national consensus to achieve racial social justice, it was based on the compelling justification of establishing equality and remedying the effects of past discrimination. Since then, there has been a slow but steady shift from “equity” to “diversity” as its rationale. The shift has had a negative effect on achieving the original goal of racial equality. The diversity rationale has permitted parallel procedures to evolve that provided majority students with an even larger differential advantage than that conferred on minority students by affirmative action. In addition, we continue to have massive segregation. Minorities are concentrated in second level schools in urban areas, while whites are concentrated in higher quality institutions in the educational suburbs. It is without factual or legal foundation that whites can argue that they (relative to minorities) are the victims of discrimination through unfair and unequal educational policies and practices that determine access to higher education.
Affirmative Action and the Search for Educational Equity
Authors: Crosby Faye J. , Clayton Susan
Published: November 2004

We discuss the ideas presented by Renner and Moore. We agree that it is a mistake to justify affirmative action solely in terms of diversity, and we think it is vital to note the continuing disparities in the educational opportunities afforded to White students and to other students. We believe that the views expressed by Renner and Moore present an opportunity to think critically about a number of issues related to affirmative action.
Oral health of aged inpatients
Authors: Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc , Badrian Babak , Gorgy Shiva , Bruce David
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  The proportion of the population aged 65 years and over in Australia is expected to increase substantially, and more people in this age group are retaining their teeth and will require dental care. The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of inpatients over the age of 65.

Methods:  Dental examinations were performed on inpatients at Fremantle Hospital. Standardised assessment forms were used to investigate factors related to medical history, hospital admission and oral health needs.

Results:  A total of 104 persons were examined, 56% were dentate. The dentate participants had an average decayed, missing and filled (DMF)‐index of 21.6 (SD 7.1). All edentulous participants had dentures and the estimated average age of their dentures was 18.1 years. Although the majority of participants (70.2%) were satisfied with their oral health status, 76.6% were professionally assessed to be in need of immediate dental care. Among the edentulous participants, 47.1% needed new dentures. Among all the participants, 75.3% also needed improved oral hygiene.

Conclusion:  There is a need to fully assess availability, appropriateness and effectiveness of models of oral health care delivery among the older population. This study clearly indicates a current problem and high levels of unmet need. With an increasing ageing population and higher retention levels of natural dentitions, this will result in higher levels of oral disease and need for prevention and care.
Assessing resident satisfaction and its relationship to staff satisfaction in residential aged care
Authors: Boldy Duncan P , Chou Shu‐Chiung , Lee Andy H
Published: November 2004

Objective:  To describe a method for assessing the views of residents in aged care facilities and present the results of modelling the relationships between resident satisfaction and factors related to the staff, the residents and the facilities.

Methods:  The first stage involved focus groups and interviews with over 400 residents, with staff and management, and consultations with relevant groups. The self‐complete resident satisfaction instrument developed was then administered, in conjunction with other instruments, in a total of 70 aged care facilities.

Results:  Whilst satisfaction with staff care was found to have a significant positive impact on all aspects of resident satisfaction, staff satisfaction was found to have more influence on resident satisfaction than actual care hours provided, adjusting for resident dependency.

Conclusion:  Increasing the satisfaction of residents in aged care facilities appears to be particularly related to attending to the factors which influence staff satisfaction, such as status and pay.
The Hemostatic Effects of Orally Administered Yunnan Bai Yao in Rats and Rabbits
Authors: Ogle Clive W. , Dai Soter , Cho Chi H.
Published: November 2004

The effects of orally administered Yunnan Bai Yao were studied on the bleeding time in rats and the blood clotting time in rabbits. Significant decreases were seen in both the bleeding and clotting times, observed over a 4 h period following administration. These effects were seen as early as 1/2 h and were still present at 4 h. Graded doses of Yunnan Bai Yao produced dose-related decreases in blood clotting times in the rabbits. The findings suggest that some active principle, able to affect the hemostatic mechanism, is absorbed after oral administration of the herbal preparation.
Effects of Yunnan Bai Yao on Blood Platelets: An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Chew E. C.
Published: November 2004

The effects of Yunnan Bai Yao on blood platelets were studied at an ultrastructural level. This herbal drug is found to cause the release of platelet constituents which accounts for its hemostatic effects. The fine structural changes of platelets in response to this drug are also described.
Acupuncture Anesthesia in China
Authors: Wen Wei
Published: November 2004

The following article was submitted to The American Journal of Chinese Medicine by China Features in the People's Republic of China. It will be of interest to those individuals concerned with the comparative study of medical and health-care systems. We welcome readers to communicate their opinions on this article to the Editor.
Fast Detoxification of Heroin Addicts by Acupuncture and Electrical Stimulation (AES) in Combination with Naloxone
Authors: WEN H. L.
Published: November 2004

Detoxification can be accomplished more rapidly by first "flushing" the opiates from the receptor sites. Naloxone, a short antagonist displaces opiates from the receptor sites and such displacement precipitates an abstinence syndrome. Recently, a method of using acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES) in combination with naloxone for fast detoxification was reported. This technique was applied to 50 cases of heroin addicts. Forty-one were detoxified. There were nine failures. Of the 41 cases, 18 patients were sent to rehabilitation centres and did not experience abstinence symptoms. Six were sent out of Hong Kong where heroin is not available, and two others did not go to a rehabilitation centre but still abstained. The other 15 were presumed to be on the drug. It is advocated that AES increases endorphin and relieves abstinence syndrome, but also at the same time inhibits the autonomic nervous system, mainly the parasympathetic nervous system. The technique does not stop the craving, therefore after detoxification, the patients should be sent for psycho-social rehabilitation, or alternatively be put on long acting antagonist.
Acupuncture in Bronchial Asthma: Bodyplethysmographic Measurements of Acute Bronchospasmolytic Effects
Authors: BERGER D. , NOLTE D.
Published: November 2004

In 12 patients with bronchial asthma the effects of acupuncture (45 tests altogether) on airway resistance have been investigated. In 9 patients there was a significant decrease of airway resistance 10 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after the end of acupuncture. The lowest level for airway resistance (70.1% of control value) was reached during the first hour after acupuncture. The possibility of a merely suggestive effect could be excluded, because "placebo-acupunctures" did not change airway resistance significantly. The comparison with a parasympatholytic acting drug as a metered aerosol (Atrovent®) demonstrated that acupuncture had a somewhat weaker bronchospasmolytic effect. Three patients did not show any reaction after repeated acupunctures.
The Use of Low Intensity Electrical Stimulation to the Auricles in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: VITOU CON K. , VITOU SUZANNE E.
Published: November 2004

The regulated passage of an intense convulsion producing electrical current through the brain as in Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) is an accepted modality of psychiatric therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a brief cyclic electrical current to both auricles. The current was tolerable, non-convulsive in nature and self-administered by the patients at home. The data indicates the procedure proved a very potent method for the control of mental depression, anxiety-depression and delusional states. In the majority of cases, it completely eliminated, for many months after treatment, the need for psychiatric or drug supportive therapy.
Reduction of Adrenocortiocotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Cortisol in Drug Addicts Treated by Acupuncture and Electrical Stimulation (AES)
Authors: WEN H. L. , HO W. K. K. , WONG H. K. , MEHAL Z. D. , NG Y. H. , MA L.
Published: November 2004

Forty-two heroin addicts and 31 normal persons were examined for the effect of acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES) on plasma ACTH, cortisol and cyclic-AMP levels. Both ACTH and cortisol levels were reduced significantly in the addicts after treatment whereas no such significant reduction was observed in the normals. Plasma cyclic-AMP level was not affected in either group. Taken together, results from the present study suggest that the mechanism of AES in the treatment of addiction may have a neuroendocrinological basis. This hypothesis is particularly attractive in view of the isolation of opiate-like peptides from the brain.
Acupuncture Loci: Techniques for Location
Authors: Brown Marjorie L. , Ulett George A. , Stern John A.
Published: November 2004

This study investigated the use of the skin potential recording technique for the identification of acupuncture loci, or loci with markedly different electrical characteristics than loci located at random on the skin. Acupuncture loci described in the Chinese literature were identified on the upper arms of 8 subjects. These loci are bilaterally symmetrical, and their electrical characteristics are stable over time. The "waveform" of the potential is variable, though the preponderance of loci demonstrate decreasing negativity with respect to adjacent skin areas.
Child Health Care in New China
Authors: Association Chinese Medical
Published: November 2004

This article describes the changes in child health care in China as compared with the preliberation period. The main achievements in child health care after liberation include the eradication of congenital syphilis left over from preliberation China and reduction of morbidity of tuberculosis, the promotion of modern delivery methods and eradication of tetanus neonatorum, the popularization of scientific child rearing among the masses, the employment of combined traditional and Western therapy which increases recovery from common diseases, the setting up of more creches to meet the needs of production and the masses, and rural health construction and placing the main emphasis on rural areas in medical and health work.
Cardiovascular Effects of Acupuncture in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: Lee Do Chil , Lee Myung O. , Clifford Donald H.
Published: November 2004

Spontaneous sinus arrhythmia (two dogs), pulsus alternans (three dogs), and pulsus alternans followed by sinus arrhythmia (one dog) were corrected by digital pressure or acupuncture at Yang Hsi (LI-5) locus while these animals were under halothane (MAC I) anesthesia. This locus which is used to treat cardiac arrhythmias is located on the medial side of the carpus. EKG, aortic flow, exhausted CO 2, aortic pressure and stroke volume were recorded continuously prior to, during, and following digital pressure or acupuncture.

Cardiac arrest was produced by exposing two dogs to 1% halothane anesthesia in 6% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide and 83% nitrogen. The animals recovered from cardiac arrest following acupuncture at the left Jen Ying (St-9) locus and changing from 1% halothane in the hypoxic mixture to 1% halothane in room air. Acupuncture without change from the hypoxic mixture to room air (two dogs) did not result in recovery. The Jen Ying (St-9) locus is found at the bifurcation of the carotid artery.

Seven loci, Jen Chung (Go-26), Jen Ying (St-9), Tsu San Li (St-36), Chü Ch'ih (LI-11), Nei Kuan (EH-6), Yung Ch'üan (Ki-1), Yang Hsi (LI-5) were examined for sympathomimetic cardiovascular responses to acupuncture in twelve halothane (MAC I) anesthetized dogs. A good response (+++) was recorded at the Jen Chung (Go-26) locus, a moderate response (++) at the Jen Ying (St-9) locus, poor response (+) at Tsu San Li (St-36), Chü Ch'ih (LI-11) and Yung Ch'üan (Ki-1) loci and no response (-) at the remaining two loci, Nei Kuan (EH-6) and Yang Hsi (LI-5).
The Effect of Acupuncture on Migraine Headache
Authors: Kim K. C. , Yount R. A.
Published: November 2004

Twenty-one females and 4 males were referred by physicians (family physician, neurosurgeon, and neurologist). Nine needles were inserted on the charted acupuncture loci and left for 30 minutes and followed for 6 months. Frequency of headaches and duration was reduced 68% and 60%, respectively. Sixty-eight percent of patients were improved enough to stop their use of medication after the treatment. Twelve out of 28 patients were completely well. Common symptoms of migraine headaches such as vomiting, bed rest, absence from work was reduced by 82%.
Psychiatry in the People's Republic of China: A Propectus
Authors: Kao John J.
Published: November 2004

A prospective examination of the current theory and practice of institutional psychiatry and the status of mental health in the People's Republic of China are presented. Topics for future investigation and methodological provisos are discussed and evaluated.
Adverse Reactions, Contraindications And Complications of Acupuncture And Moxibustion
Authors: Peacher William G.
Published: November 2004

This article discusses the various adverse reactions, contraindications and complications of employing acupuncture and moxibustion in therapy. A historial review of these phenomena is also presented, as well as a section on the side effects of auriculotherapy.
Ryodoraku Therapy for Migraine Headache
Authors: Okazaki Koji , Sadove Max S. , Kim Sang Ik , Lee Man H. , Cheng David
Published: November 2004

The authors discuss Ryodoraku electric acupuncture therapy in detail in Part I. The results of the treatment of migraine headache (20 cases) by Ryodoraku therapy were investigated in part II. In present study of 15 out of 20 patients achieved good to excellent responses to this type of therapy.
Non-pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Drug Abuse
Authors: Bourne Peter G.
Published: November 2004

As a result largely of dissatisfaction with existing treatment methods for narcotic addiction, there hes been considerable recent interest in various non-pharmacological approaches to treatment. Acupuncture, transcendental meditation, electrosleep, biofeedback and hypnotism all have generated considerable interest and seem to be effective in an number of cases. Although apparently quite different, all of these approaches seek to induce a state of relaxation which in turn appears to exert specific neurophysiological changes in the brain. These treatment methods not only help from some addicts, but should contribute to our overall understanding of the addiction process.
Cardiovascular Effects of Moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) during Halothane Anesthesia in Dogs
Authors: Lee Do Chil , Lee Myung O. , Clifford Donald H.
Published: November 2004

The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) in 10 dogs under halothane anesthesia were compared to 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia without moxibustion and 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia in which moxibustion was effected at a neutral or non-acupuncture site. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two-hour period. A significant increase in cardiac output and stroke volume and a significant decrease in the total peripheral resistance were observed in the group which was stimulated by moxibustion at Jen Chun (Go-26). Heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure were significantly increase during the early part of the two-hour period in the same group. The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) which were observed at the end of the two hours were also present in two dogs in which measurements were continued for two additional hours.
Sedation of Active Acpuncture Loci in the Management of Low Back Pain
Authors: Wilber M. C.
Published: November 2004

From 1971 to 1973 twenty-three consecutive patients with low back pain of undetermined etiology and two patients with arachnoiditis were treated by the sedation of active acupuncture loci located in the low back area. Sedation was accomplished by means of one to six injections of one-half milliliter of a local anesthetic at weekly intervals. Nineteen patients obtained complete relief and four patients were improved. The two patients wtih arachnoiditis showed no improvement.
On Acupuncture Analgeisa and the Mechanism of Pain
Authors: Anderson S. A , Holmgren E.
Published: November 2004

The effect on the experimental tooth pain threshold of conditioning electrical stimulation via needles or surface electrodes applied to the hands and cheeks was studied in 34 dental students. Conditioning stimulation with 2/sec. gave a slowly increasing pain threshold followed by a slow return to the control level in the post-conditioning period. In each individual the amplitude of the threshold increase was reproduceable. It was concluded that these effects are not due to motivational but to more basic neurophysiological mechanisms. The pain threshold was increased mainly by segmental conditioning stimulation; segmentally unrelated stimulation gave usually only small effects. Conditioning stimulation with 100/sec. produced only a strict segmental short-lasting effect. Effects with characteristics of both 2/sec. and 100/sec. were obtained by conditioning at 10/sec.

It suggested that the transmission of impulses from the pain afferents to ascending pathways is controlled at the segmental level by (a) presynaptic inhibition within the group of afferents giving rise to the flexion reflex of which the pain afferents are assumed to be a part; (b) postsynaptic inhibition between alternate pathways excited by flexion reflex afferents; and (c) descending control from supraspinal systems which may utilize similar mechanisms as the primary afferents.
The Effect of Acupuncture on Essential Hypertension
Authors: Tam Kwong-Chuen , Yiu Heung-Hung
Published: November 2004

Twenty-eight patients with essential hypertension were treated with acupuncture therapy. Sixteen showed excellent improvement in terms of the lowering of blood pressure to normal and the disappearance of original symptoms. Eight and moderate improvement and 4 showed no response. The results of treatment seem to indicate that improvement is closely related to the duration of disease and the history of drug treatment. The selection of acupuncture loci and the techniques of needle insertion and manipulation are discussed in detail.
The Influence of Acupuncture Stimulation on Plasma Levels of LH, FSH, Progesterone and Estradiol in Normallly Ovulating Women
Authors: Aso Takeshi , Motohashi Toru , Murata Masayoshi , Nishimura Toshio , Kakizaki Kaname , Kimura Seiya
Published: November 2004

This is the first attempt to elucidate the direct effect of acupuncture stimulation on plasma levels of LH, FSH, progesterone and estradiol in normally ovulating women. Four loci, which are known from experience to relate closely to female reproductive organs, were needled with electric stimulation and the responses to synthetic LH-RH with and without acupuncture stimulation were also analyzed in the same cases. Plasma hormone levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassy. All cases showed normal responses to LH-RH corresponding to the day of the menstrual cycle. During the initial part of stimulation, both progesterone and estradiol levels rose in follicular cases and declined in luteal cases. Plasma LH levels declined and FSH showed no change at this time. The analysis of plasma LH responses to LH-RH under acupuncture stimulation revealed extraordinary re-elevation in some cases. It is suggested tha properly performed acupuncture stimulation might affect the fermale endocrine function.
A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Ginseng
Authors: Hu Shiu-Ying
Published: November 2004

The Chinese people discovered ginseng and used it as a revitalizing agent since time immemorial. They are still the world's major consumers of this plant drug. The commerical product of ginseng comes from two species of the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae. These species are P. ginseng C. A. Meyer which is the source plant of the Chinese, Korean and Japanese brands of ginseng, and P. quinquefolius L., which is the source of American ginseng.

Phytogeographically, ginseng demonstrates the classical bicentric pattern of plant distribution, with closely related species in eastern Asia and in eastern North America. Ecologically, ginseng is an undergrowth of hardwood mixed deciduous forest. It prefers the northern or the northeastern slope of a hill. Species of the genus Tilia are good indicators of the proper environmental condition for the growth of ginseng.

Morphologically, ginseng is a perennial herb with fleshy root, a single annual stem bearing a whorl of palmately compound leaves, and a terminal simple umbel of small 5-merous flowers. The flowers are soon followed by pea-sized fruits developed from inferior ovaries. The fruits are red when ripe. Ginseng is propagated by seed.

The commercial products of ginseng consist primarily of roots 2-20 years old. Within this age range, the older the root the higher the market value, provided they are grown in proper conditions. The methods of curing the roots change the color and shape of the products. Chinese ginseng is prepared from roots bleached, boiled, steamed, sugared in curing.

The cultural background for the uses of ginseng by the Chinese people is explained. Ginseng may be used alone in the form of tea, powder, or as a masticatory. It is also used in combination with other drugs of animal, mineral, or plant origin. Forty-two recipes are selected from Pen-ts'ao kang-mu and translated into English for the first time to show the various ways by which ginseng is used in traditional Chinese medicine. A systematic summary of the comparison plant drugs of ginseng is presented in the form of a table, showing the distribution of the species in the plant kingdom. The scientific names of the species are given in full.
Enkephalin, Drug Addiction and Acupuncture
Authors: Chen Gregory S.
Published: November 2004

From the results of clinical and basic research, there is clear evidence the acupuncture analgesia is closely associated with the nervous system, especially the central nervous system. Stimulation of certain acupuncture loci which have been used for analgesia during operations aslo can calm the withdrawal symptoms of morphine and heroin addicts. Acupuncture analgesia can be antagonized by the specific narcotic antagonist, naloxone. These findings suggest the factor or factors produced by acupuncture stimulation would also have agonist activity on opiate receptors. Moreover, the morphine receptors are most concentrated in those parts of the brain concerned with preception of pain and the pathway of acupuncture stimulation. Since the opiate receptors are associated with the synaptic fraction of brain cell membrane preparations, the natural ligand of these receptors may be a neuro-transmitter. Enkephalin has stronger binding affinity to opiate receptors than morphine, which suggests that it is the natural ligand for these receptors. In other words, enkephalin might be the natural "pain killer" produced in the brain to suppress pain. If we summate all the information available now, it is possible to suggest that enkephalin may be the product of the nervous system released by acupuncture stimulation to create an analgesic effect as well as suppress opiate withdrawal symptoms.
An Unsuccessful Attempt to Treat Hypertension with Acupuncture
Authors: Sugioka K. , Mao W. , Woods J. , Mueller R. A.
Published: November 2004

The effectiveness of 5 sets of acupuncture loci in decreasing systemic blood pressure was compared with chlorthalidone and propranolol in patients with essential hypertension. No statistically significant acute or long-term changes in plasma catecholamines, renin activity, or blood pressure and pulse rate were observed as a result of acupuncture treatment. The decrease in blood pressure was significantly less than the observed with propranolol, but not significantly less than produced by chlorthalidone. Because of the poor patient acceptance of acupuncture and in the absence of a beneficial response, we feel acupuncture as employed in this study is of limited value in the management of patients with essential hypertension.
Medical Parasitology in China: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Chan Lena , Croll Neil A.
Published: November 2004

Traditional Chinese anthelmintics prove to be interesting because social, political, cultural, psychological and philosophical factors could effect them. A review of the ideas on the origin of parasitic infection and the historical development of medical parasitology in China is attempted to aid in the elucidation of the rationale of traditional Chinese anthelminthic treatment.
Further Study of the Neurohumoral Factor, Endorphin, in the Mechanism of Acupuncture Analgesia
Authors: Yang Mabel M. P. , Kok S. H.
Published: November 2004

Cross circulation was performed between the femoral arteries and veins of paired rabbits that were entirely conscious. Jaw opening reflex by dental pulp stimulation was used as pain index. When acupuncture was applied to the donor rabbit the pain thresholds of both the donor and recipient were elevated from 30 minutes to one hour after acupuncture stimulation and lasted for another 30 minutes after withdrawal of acupuncture. The analgesic effect in both the donor and recipient was abolished by the pretreatment of naloxone. The increase in the pain threshold of the non-acupunctured recipient was due to an opiate-like, humoral substance generated from the acupuncture donor. The possible role of endorphins in the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia is discussed.
Clinical Observations on Several Meridian Loci in Chronic Hepatitis and Livercirrhosis in Comparison with Those in Female Neurovegetative Disorder, Pregnancy, and the Steroid Side-effects Syndrome
Authors: Arichi Shigeru , Arichi Hideko , Toda Shizuo , Ihara Nobuo
Published: November 2004

Patients with chronic hepatitis showed various grades of the pinch-pressure pain (P-p pain) at the right Ch'ü-Ch'üan (Li-8) locus. Sometimes the P-p pain also appeared at the left locus (Li-8) as well, but in such cases the tendency is towards a stronger reactivity at the right side than at the left, and the P-p pain does not appear at the left side alone. These findings offer a noticeable contrast to those seen in pregnant women and in steroid-treated patients affected with an obvious side effect where the stronger reactivity is to be seen at the left rather than at the right. The P-p pain grades were inclined to decrease in severe cases, especially in liver cirrhosis. In general, the variability of the P-p pain of grades correlated well with the process of the findings of the liver function test and of the chief subjective complaints. Therefore, the P-p pain test is useful for the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis. Regarding the grade distribution patterns of P-p pain at the Li-8, LI-4, LI-11, and SI-11 loci, patients with chronic hepatitis showed a pattern of higher grades of P-p pain reactivity at the right Li-8 and SI-11 loci, and at the left LI-4 and LI-11 loci, while patients with the so-called female neurovegetative disorder, pregnant women, and patients affected with steroid side-effects showed a perfectly reversed reactivity pattern. These findings can be useful for the differentiation between chronic hepatitis and those groups of diseases showing subjective signs deceptively similar to those of chronic hepatitis. The comparison of the skin temperature between the right and the left loci showed lower levels at the right than at the left, and the comparison of the skin pH between the both sides showed a more elevated level at the right that at the left. The mechanism of these phenomena are discussed and what seems to be the most appropriate explanation at present is offered.
Plants with Hypotensive, Antiatheromatous and Coronarodilatating Action
Authors: Petkov V.
Published: November 2004

However great the success in the therapy of hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease has been gained today by recent efficient drugs, the definite healing of patients is not yet attained. The late discovery of reserpine, such an efficient drug of plant origin against hypertension, convinced so far reluctant scientists to consider the chemical compounds of the plant world. With respect to this traditional medical knowledge, it seems to define more accurately the specificity of these healings-sometimes recommended unspecifically for a whole branch of medicine. This experimental verification should not use inconsiderably the present-day classification of diseases; there should be an awareness that conventional experimental methods in pharmacology are often unsuitable for revealing the real biological activity of one or another medicinal plant. The interest in the mellennial empirical field of health care is acknowledged by the World Health Organization which promotes research and development of traditional medicine, along with investigations into its psychosocial and ethnographic aspects.

These studies cover a number of plants growing in Bulgaria that have a healing effect in hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease according to the data of traditional medicine. Using screening methods, extracts and chemically pure substances were investigated; extraction was done with solvents such as water, ether, chloroform, dichloretan, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Most of the experiments were carried out on anesthetized cats, rabbits and dogs. The substances tested were applied mainly intravenously, and in some experiments orally. Chronic experiments were also carried out on wakeful dogs with induced hypertension, on animals fed on an atherogenic diet, and on animals with induced arrhythmia and coronary spasm. Data are presented of clinical examination of some plants of active substances isolated from them. Major results of these studies are presented for the following plants: Garlic; Geranium; Hellebore; Mistletoe; Olive; Valerian; Hawthorn; Peucedanum arenarium; Periwinkle; Fumitory. For another 50 plants growing in Bulgaria and in other countries the author presents his and other investigators' experimental and clinical data about hypertensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action.
The Role of Chinese Traditional Medical Practise as a Form of Health Care in Singapore I: Preliminary Study
Authors: Chan Ho Suzanne , Lun Kwok Chan , Ng W. K. Cheng Hin
Published: November 2004

A retrospective study of 672 sampled records of patients of a major institutions providing Chinese traditional medicine in Singapore reveals that 97.3% of the patients were Chinese, with a dialect group distribution following closely that of the Singapore Chinese. The male-to-female patient ratio was 1.0:1.13. There were fewer patients of the pediatric age group and more of those from age 30 upwards. Some 43% of the patients sought treatment for ''infective'' and ''internal, emotional and weakness'' diseases. The prevalent disease conditions seen among patients from the different age groups are also analyzed and discussed in this paper.
Traditional Therapies and the Treatment of Drug Dependence in Southeast Asia
Authors: Spencer C. P. , Heggenhougen H. K. , Navaratnam V.
Published: November 2004

Many countries in Southeast Asia have the experience of traditional treatments of drug dependence, or have healers who are extending traditional methods to meet contemporary needs. Some treatments, for example those used in some Buddhist monastereis in Thailand and clinics in Japan, reply upon the philosophical and religious traditions of the country; others come closer to faith healing and magic in their practices; and many use herbal preprations during detoxification and afterwards, as well as offfering spiritual or secular therapy. This paper argues that careful evaluation be made of the methods and outcome of these traditional treatments of drug dependence and summarizes some of the evidence so far published.
Effects of Acupuncture on the Citrate and Glucose Metabolism in the Liver Under Various Types of Stress
Authors: Liao Ying-Yi , Seto Katsuo , Saito Hideo , Kawakami Masazumi
Published: November 2004

A study was made of the effect of acupuncture on citrate and glucose metabolism in the liver in terms of incorporation of 14C-1, 5-citric acid and 14C-u-glucose in some metabolites. The effect of acupuncture on citrate metabolism in the liver under control conditions was such as to increase production of G and reduce that of KB, FC and FFA. No effect of acupuncture on glucose metabolism in the liver under such conditions was observed. Both citrate and glucose metabolism were affected to a marked extent by immobilization stress or exposure to heat or cold. The deleterious effect of these types of stress was less prominent in animals receiving acupuncture at the Tsu-San-Li locus than in those treated otherwise or receiving no treatment.
Acupuncture Analgesia for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Lagos Experience
Authors: Sodipo Joseph O. A. , Ogunbiyi T. A. J.
Published: November 2004

Acupuncture analgesia was employed as a therapeutic modality for upper gastro-intestinal tract (G.I.T.) endoscopy in 18 adult Nigerians. The overall success rate was 88.2%. This correlates with the finding with conventional chemical analgesia (such as topical analgesia, diazepam and/or pethidine injection) without the added complications. The main advantage of acupuncture analgesia in G.I.T. endoscopy is the ease of cricopharyngeal sphincter intubation.
Comparison Study Between Acupuncture and Pentazocine Analgesic and Respiratory Post-operative Effects
Authors: Facco E. , Manani G. , Angel A. , Vincenti E. , Tambuscio B. , Ceccherelli F. , Troletti G. , Ambrosio F. , Giron G.P.
Published: November 2004

The authors studied the effects of acupuncture and pentazocine on post-operative respiratory function and pain management on patients hysterectomized by means of a subumbilical midline incision. The acupunctural technique consisted of GB-26, St-36, Sp-6 and auricular Shen-Men bilateral electrostimulation for 40 minutes. The analgesic effect of acupuncture was equivalent to that of 30 mg pentazocine, yet the most important effect of acupuncture consisted in a net increase of vital capacity during the period of acupuncture analgesia that lasted for 3-4 hr after stimulation; contrariwise, pentazocine did not cause any vital capacity increment and vital capacity remained at the levels observed prior to narcotic administration.
Tibetan Medicine: Theory and Practice
Authors: Finckh Elisabeth
Published: November 2004

Tibetan medicine must be carefully studied to unearth valuable medical insights. This complex system, which utilizes oral instruction, can have various applications to Western medicine once language barriers are overcome and a standard medical terminology is devised. Fundamental to this medical system is a three-part division oriented toward function. Diagnosis involves examination of urine, tongue and pulse together with questioning patients to determine their constitutional types. According to these types therapy is prescribed with strong emphasis on nutrition, behavior and herbal medicines. We must be cautious, critical and reserved concerning Tibetan medicine's application in the West. However, this system's valuable medical insights must be preserved and deserves further study in depth.
Roles of Acupuncture in Medicine
Authors: Chang Hsiang-Tung
Published: November 2004

The medical thinking of traditional Chinese medicine is considered to stem mainly from the theory formulated for acupuncture, as evidenced by the preponderant discussions of acupuncture in "Nei Ching", a classic of Chinese Medicine. Acupuncture cannot do much to those diseases which involve irreversible organic damage. It is essentially a technique for correcting the reversible physiological malfunction of various parts of the body by physiological means. It is believed possible that the acupuncture-initiated impulses may activate the autonomic centers and the hypophysical system in the brain so as to improve the efficiency of homeostatic and self-defence mechanisms of the body. Recent studies in acupuncture analgesia have contributed much to the understanding of the neural mechanism of pain and its control. Modern medicine should accept acupuncture as an alternative in medical practice as advocated by William Osler whose viewpoint about the value of acupuncture is cited.
Exercises for Eye Fitness
Authors: Spoerel Wolfgang E.
Published: November 2004

School children in China are taught exercises for eye fitness. A poster used in Chinese schools is presented here in translation. Four different exercises are described which consist of the massage of acupuncture point around the orbit.
The Three Heaters as the Link between Man and Universe
Authors: D. Piers Albert
Published: November 2004

Taking stock of the origin, the location and the function of the three heaters is determining their inseparability from the art of acupuncture. Apart and together they are ducted heating system of the body and pervade every cell. This really wholistic concept is firmly tied up with the birth place of all matter in the cosmos. At the change-over from energy to matter and v.v. we find them as the triggering and fertilizing force keeping body, mind and spirit together as a trinity. Consequently, although concerned with the Chi conversion on one hand, a not properly working San Chiao is mainly involved with disturbances of emotional life on the other. Locating them in the lining of the stomach is introducing the concept of heaven, earth and man. Applied to the traditional pulse positions the three heaters quite clearly, but not surprisingly, represent the three urges of life.
The Effects of Ba-wei-wan (Hachimijiogan) on Plasma Levels of High Density Lipoprotien-cholesterol and Lipoperoxide in Aged Individuals
Authors: Yoshida H. , Kusukawa R. , Watanabe N. , Ohtsuki G. , Sakamoto T. , Haranaka R.
Published: November 2004

Ba-wei-wan was administered for 7 months to 24 aged, non-hospitalized subjects. Laboratory examinations showed an improvement in serum or plasma levels of total lipid, LPO and HDL-C. Other blood examinations were shown to be unaffected by the treatment.

To reconfirm the effects of Ba-wei-wan on lipid metabolism, the three step adiminstration of the drug was employed. The elevation of HDL-C levels and the decrease of LPO levels were obtained by this treatment. The discontinuation of this drug induced the converse effect on the plasma levels; decreased HDL-C and increased LPO.

It could be concluded from these results that Ba-wei-wan administration improved the lipid metabolism in the aged subjects.