bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex Systems
Authors: Reed Stephen K.
Published: August 2020

Dynamical systems are complex systems that fluctuate over time. Sudden transitions occur after reaching a tipping point that can have detrimental consequences, such as the sudden collapse of a coral reef. A slow rate of recovery from smaller challenges can serve as a warning for critical transitions. The increasing importance of complex systems for understanding science requires excellent instruction. NetLogo modules offer one approach for learning about emergent interactions. A review of instruction distinguished between the teaching of complex systems in biology, chemistry, computer science, earth science, ecology, physics, and engineering. Most instruction has focused on the domains of biology and ecology although there is a need to extend coverage to other topics. There is also need for more research on effective teaching because instruction on complex systems is still in its infancy.
Continuing Education
Authors: Reed Stephen K.
Published: August 2020

Continuing education is vitally important as indicated by Amazon’s $700 million commitment to retrain a third of its workforce. A poll by Gallup and Northeastern University indicated that the majority of adults were not confident in knowing which skills are required to adapt to artificial intelligence. A trend is developing for creating focus areas for university freshmen who have not yet selected a major. The purpose is to prevent students from wandering when faced with an overwhelming number of choices. Breadth of training occurs when students receive a master’s degree that differs from their other education. Greater breadth of training in doctoral programs should also allow students greater flexibility in their careers. Role models provide inspiration and guidance.
Reclaiming the Wilderness
Authors: Billioud Sébastien
Published: August 2020

The Yiguandao (Way of Pervading Unity) was one of the major redemptive societies of Republican China. It is nowadays one of the largest and most influential religious movements of the Chinese world and at the same time one of the least known and understood. From its powerful base in Taiwan, it develops worldwide, including in Mainland China, where it nevertheless remains officially forbidden. Based on extensive ethnographic work carried out over nearly a decade, Reclaiming the Wilderness explores the expansionary dynamics of this group and its regional circulations such as they can be primarily observed from a Hong Kong perspective. It analyzes the proselytizing impetus of the adepts, the transmission of charisma and forms of leadership, the specific role of Confucianism that makes it possible for the group to defuse tension with Chinese authorities and, even sometimes, to cooperate with them. It also delves into Yiguandao’s well-structured expansionary strategies and in its quasi-diplomatic efforts to navigate the troubled waters of cross-strait politics. To readers primarily interested in Chinese studies, this work offers new perspectives on state–religion relationships in China, the Taiwan issue seen through the lenses of religion, or one of the modern and contemporary fates of Confucianism—that is, its appropriation by redemptive societies and religious organizations. But it also addresses theoretical questions that are relevant to completely different contexts and thus contributes to the fields of sociology, anthropology, and psychology of religion.
Confirming One’s Faith
Authors: Billioud Sébastien
Published: August 2020

Using a Weberian theoretical framework, chapter 2 focuses on the ways faith is confirmed. The issue of confirmation (Bewährung) is of the utmost importance since faith is hardly definitely acquired and, for most of the people, constantly needs to be reaffirmed. The chapter demonstrates that modes of inner confirmation of one’s faith (of one’s religious charisma, of one’s certainty to be saved, of one’s religious virtuosity) in the Yiguandao are tightly linked to proselytizing work and therefore directly beneficial to the group’s expansion. Additionally, it explores a number of features (e.g., spirit-writing) that do not come from the missionary-adept himself or herself, but from the outside and that reinforce the certitude of the adept that the faith he or she embraces is the true one.
Epilogue
Authors: Billioud Sébastien
Published: August 2020

After presenting a brief summary of the main research results of this book, the epilogue broadens the scope of the discussion in several directions. First, it introduces the situation of a Yiguandao place of worship located in the suburbs of Paris. The objective of this side fieldwork is to test to which extents factors explaining Yiguandao’s expansionary dynamics in the Taiwan–Hong Kong–Macao–China area can (or cannot) constitute relevant explanatory factors in a completely different context. Second, the epilogue also emphasizes the contribution of the book to different disciplinary fields.
Assembling Archaeology
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina
Published: August 2020

This book provides a radical rethinking of the relationships between teaching, researching, digging, and practicing as an archaeologist in the twenty-first century. The issues addressed here are global and are applicable wherever archaeology is taught, practiced, and researched. In short, this book is applicable to everyone from academia to cultural resource management (CRM), from heritage professional to undergraduate student. At its heart, it addresses the undervaluation of teaching, demonstrating that this affects the fundamentals of contemporary archaeological practice, and is particularly connected to the lack of diversity in disciplinary demographics. It proposes a solution which is grounded in a theoretical rethinking of our teaching, training, and practice. Drawing upon the insights from archaeology’s current material turn, and particularly Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of assemblages, this volume turns the discipline of archaeology into the subject of investigation, considering the relationships between teaching, practice, and research. It offers a new perspective which prompts a rethinking of our expectations and values with regard to teaching, training, and doing archaeology, and ultimately argues that we are all constantly becoming archaeologists.
Exceptions in International Law
Authors: Hage Jaap , Waltermann Antonia , Arosemena Gustavo
Published: August 2020

In order to understand the role of exceptions in international law, this chapter distinguishes between applicability and application of rules. An exception to a rule in a case is defined as the situation in which a rule is applicable to, but nevertheless not applied to, the case. This is possible because the applicability of a rule is merely considered to be a reason for applying the rule, which can be outweighed by reasons against application. This chapter argues that exceptions to rules are made mainly for two purposes: to create a division in the burden of proof, or because the legal consequences of the rule in the case are undesirable. The chapter also discusses techniques used by law to avoid rule conflicts and the need for making exceptions, including subscripting, scope limitations, interpretation, derogation, incorporation and reference, and limitations on rule-creating powers.
Freedom with Their Exception
Authors: Methymaki Eleni , Tzanakopoulos Antonios
Published: August 2020

The relationship between the rules on state jurisdiction and sovereign immunity has been the subject of a long-standing debate among international lawyers, as well as international and domestic courts. Although the starting point of any discussion is the jurisdiction of the territorial state, it is also accepted that domestic courts cannot exercise such jurisdiction over another sovereign’s acts. This latter rule has its own exceptions, namely that a state is not entitled to immunity for acts performed in a commercial capacity and certain other limited circumstances. What are the consequences of such a rule-exception-exception to the exception relationship, and do they affect the waiver of immunity, the burden of proof, or the interpretation of these norms? This chapter argues that the relationship between jurisdiction and immunity as rule and exception has, in the final analysis, no particular normative weight in their application and interpretation by courts and other law-applying actors.
Consumer Semiotics
Authors: Oswald Laura R.
Published: August 2020

Although structural semiotics has origins in the dual disciplines of communication science and anthropology, many commercial semioticians limit their practice to the analysis of texts such as advertising, popular media, and cultural phenomena, to the exclusion of consumer research. Some practicing semioticians even advertise that semiotics does not apply to consumer behavior. However, a cursory look at the academic literature makes it clear that the object of semiotics is not limited to textual analysis, but applies to a wide range of human experiences, including social organization (Hodge and Kress 1988), cinema spectating (Metz [1976] 1981), the flow of traffic in a mall (Oswald 2015), and even animal behavior (Sebeok 1972). Furthermore, in the course of twenty years of consulting to blue chip companies, it is clear that the object of semiotics is not limited to textual analysis, but also applies to a wide range of marketing factors including consumer-centered design strategy, cultural branding, and media planning. This chapter illustrates how semiotics can be applied to standard qualitative research methods to gain deeper insights, encourage respondent creativity, and improve the consistency and validity of findings for the client. Christian Pinson contributes an early essay on marketing semiotics research.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

The chapter explains the formal division of powers in the British state: the power of Parliament to make and develop the law; the power of the judiciary to interpret the law; and the power of the executive to implement the law. Under this constitutional arrangement, the three branches should, in general, be independent of each other. The judiciary in England and Wales advance their claim to independence through adherence to the rule of law and declarations of impartiality and incorruptibility. Utilizing archival data drawn from Home Office files, it examines the validity of these claims through various rules, including the Judges’ Rules, plea bargaining (or state-induced guilty pleas), and the Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR), which have regulated the boundaries between citizens and the state in criminal matters. Mindful of the strengths and limitations of archival data, it sets out the principal theme of the book: that the executive has secretly interfered with the judicial role while concurrently deceiving Parliament; the judiciary, for its part, under executive threats and persuasion, jettisoning common law principles leading, in the modern-era, to judicial and state policy going hand in hand with further impact upon former colonial territories.
The Management of Criminal Justice
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the role of Home Office officials around the end of the nineteenth century, allegedly upgraded by the Northcote-Trevelyan (Civil Service) reforms, in dealing with petitions against wrongful conviction. The authors exemplify the harmful role of civil servants through the paradigm case of Adolph Beck wrongly convicted twice on the basis of mistaken identification evidence. While Beck’s initial wrongful conviction was contributed to by mistakes made by prosecuting counsel, it traces his continued incarceration to incompetence and inertia by officials in the Home Office working within an institutional environment that continued to privilege hierarchy, precedent, and routine over discernment, judgment, and individual responsibility. Senior civil servants in the Home Office failed to properly oversee their juniors, magnified their failings, and sought to evade responsibility through a combination of laxity and moral cowardice. Unreformed, those failings, involving the same officials, carried forward and heavily influenced the regulation of policing and the subsequent development of the Judges’ Rules.
The First Draft
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

A variety of policing scandals at all ranks within the police (discussed in Chapter 4) and the gradual realization that investigative practices, particularly by the Criminal Investigations Department, had developed in ways which showed disrespect for individual rights and caused doubts as to the reliability of police evidence with regard to ‘confessions’, made reconsideration of the Judges’ Rules unavoidable. This chapter describes the initial phase in which the judges themselves sought to draw up new Rules against the background of the changing climate of police–citizen relations that the post-war period had inaugurated and the fate that their proposals met. After deliberating for sixteen months, and amid rising public concern over police practices, in 1962 the judges produced a set of proposals designed to meet ‘the public interest’ in regulating the police. These far-sighted proposals were in key respects a mirror of the regime established twenty-five years later by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). This chapter shows how the executive summarily killed off these proposals, prioritizing instead what it saw as ‘the interests of the police’.
The Politics of the Judiciary
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

A foundational theme of this chapter is the refutation of the generalized claim that judges are ‘independent’ and free from political influence. In reconsidering the institutional realities of judicial independence, it contests the views and theories advanced by leading commentators whom have sought to show that judges are ‘political’, not least Professor J A G Griffith in his seminal, The Politics of the Judiciary. Other theorists considered include Alan Paterson, Robert Stevens, David Robertson, and Harry Annison. The chapter critically reviews the strengths and weaknesses of such theories and demonstrates instead how the ‘political’ character of judges may be explicated by empirical data drawn from internal governmental files rather than previously favoured methodologies. Contrary to these widely adopted accounts, this chapter posits that throughout the last century, a cadre of senior judges in criminal cases have been overtly political in a way previously not understood. Senior judges, it is argued, have had a dynamic involvement in building state institutions and state ideology: working in secret with the executive in formulating policing policies, initiating far-reaching change in the political economy of criminal justice, and setting the agenda for successive legislative interventions, underpinned by a state bias, having held back rights for suspects and defendants and commandeered the process of subjugating the Bar.
The Global Diaspora
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on how Rules hatched in England which governed police–citizen relations helped shape the justice apparatus of occupied states and the actions of officials administering them. In restructuring the relationship of criminal suspects and police to the criminal justice system, English judges rolled out defective procedures, which remain part of the fixture and fittings of those jurisdictions still burdened by the colonial inheritance. This chapter will reveal how senior judges, whether sitting in the Privy Council in London or reposing in the highest courts of former colonial outposts, continue as legal missionaries proselytizing the common law and overseeing the implementation of rules, discredited and long-discarded back home.
Appraisal and Review
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

The concluding Chapter scrutinises the validity and relevance of the book’s hitherto unseen archival files, from which its account stems. In pulling together its main themes concerning the role of civil servants, the Executive and the Judiciary in administering criminal justice, it retraces the trajectory of suspects’ rights in the late nineteenth century, from their seemingly ‘bedrock’ foundation within the common law to their rough distillation (at home and abroad) through various iterations of Judges’ ‘Rules’, themselves of dubious pedigree. In documenting this journey, this Chapter underscores how Senior Judges, confronted by Executive power impinging upon the future direction of system protections, enfeebled themselves, allowing ‘police interests’ to prevail. With Parliament kept in the dark as to the ongoing subterfuge; and the integrity of the Home Office, as an institution, long dissolved, ‘Executive interests’ took the reins of a system within which much mileage for ‘culture change’ lay ahead. This Chapter helps chart their final destination; ultimately, one where new Rules (the CrimPR) replace those exposed as failures, leading to governmental success of a distinct kind: traditional understandings of ‘rights’ belonging to suspects and defendants subverted into ‘obligations’ owing to the Court and an adversarial process underpinning determinations of guilt long-disbanded in the quest for so-called ‘efficiency’. In explaining the implications of the events discussed in this book for the issue of ‘Judicial Independence’ and the ‘Separation of Powers’, this Chapter offers a theoretical framework that illuminates the role and practices of the Senior Judiciary in criminal justice policy today.
Being Someone Else
Authors: Glazier Martin
Published: August 2020

It is a fact about me that I am Martin Glazier; a corresponding fact obtains in your case. Contingentism is the view that such facts are contingent. This chapter argues that contingentism is, if not true, then at least not absurd. The best defense of the view appeals to the principle that the way the world is from someone else’s perspective is a possible way for the world to be. The notion of perspective here is metaphysical rather than epistemic: the way the world is from one’s perspective is not a matter of how one takes the world to be. It is argued that by distinguishing two forms of metaphysical modality, the contingentist may insist that one’s identity, though metaphysically contingent, is also no accident.
Risking Belief
Authors: Schwenkler John
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses how we should think about experiences that threaten to radically transform our understanding of the world. While it can be rational to treat the “doxastically transformative” potential of an experience as a reason to choose against it, such a decision must be based in something more than the fact that this experience would alter one’s current beliefs. It only in light of knowledge of how things are that a person can choose rationally against transformative processes that would destroy this knowledge.
Punishment and Transformation
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that the possibility of transformations and transformative experiences shows that strict, long-term punishments are epistemically irrational. Since the rationality of punishment must be sensitive to the mental states of the person being punished, including their mental states after the time of the punishable act, the possibility of radical changes makes it irrational to punish a person in a way that precludes considering future evidence about these changes. Since strict, long-term punishments, such as sentences of natural life without the possibility of parole, do just this, such punishments always run afoul of the demands of epistemic rationality.
Either/Or: Subjectivity, Objectivity and Value
Authors: Balog Katalin
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that the apprehension of value is necessarily subjective, i.e. tied directly to experience rather than to processes of conceptual abstraction. Because of this, a proper appreciation of value depends on relating to the world through a distinctively contemplative stance that is different from the stance of conceptual thought. This contemplative attitude of attentive subjectivity is one that we bring to bear in the appreciation of literature, music, and art. It is because of the primacy of subjectivity in the apprehension of value that personally transformative choices cannot be approached through the rubric of rational decision theory.
Learning to Hate
Authors: Toropova Anna
Published: August 2020

With the return of the thriller genre onto Soviet screens in the late 1930s, cinema took a direct role in cultivating feelings of paranoid hatred for enemies. A body of films staging conspiracy, sabotage, and dark plots deployed the image of a persecutory ‘other’ to draw the defensive contours of Soviet identity. The Stalinist thriller’s mechanisms of paranoid projection and ‘splitting’ manufactured a sense of narcissistic self-mastery by directing outwards the ego-hostile forces internal to the subject. These paranoid defence strategies depended, however, on a risky process of negotiation. To create an image of a unified and harmonious social order, the thriller vividly represented threats to Soviet borders and identity, exposing their precariousness and fragility. Focusing on the genre’s deployment of the figure of duplicitous enemy and the narrative strategy of suspense, this chapter shows how the thriller’s characteristic unsettling of familiar patterns of identification turned the enemy’s ‘otherness’ into an object of fascination as well as repulsion. The thriller’s capacity to collapse boundaries between ‘Soviet’ and ‘unSoviet’ was nowhere more apparent than in the body of ‘dark’ films that emerged during the post-war period. Gesturing towards film noir’s pervasive sense of enclosure, loneliness, and anxiety, post-war thrillers like Secret Mission (dir. Mikhail Romm, 1950) and A Scout’s Exploit (dir. Boris Barnet, 1947) no longer permitted the spectator to identify with a position of narcissistic self-mastery. These ‘dark’ post-war thrillers conjured up a universe in which systems of knowledge proved unstable and identity structures vulnerable to contamination.
Manufacturing Happiness
Authors: Toropova Anna
Published: August 2020

The production drama and the heroic biography—two genres that came to overlap over the course of the Stalin era—were instrumental in cultivating a public conception of happiness that effaced the distinction between self-realization and self-sacrifice. The drama of socialist construction, which was pushed to put people, rather than technology, centre stage after the cultural revolution, edged ever closer to the biopic in framing Stalinist remaking as a battle for a new, happy existence. This chapter explores how these genres converged in coding Stalinist happiness as both an enjoyment of new rights and privileges and a ‘being-in-debt’. Reflecting a biopolitical modality of power that generated new states of subjection even as it set citizens’ happiness and well-being at the forefront of government, the portrayal of the ‘Soviet good life’ in films like Miners (dir. Sergei Iutkevich, 1937) and Valerii Chkalov (dir. Mikhail Kalatozov, 1941) blurs the boundaries between entitlement and obligation. The chapter proceeds to explore the gradual uncoupling of ‘happiness’ and ‘duty’ after the war. Industry discussions of Miners of Donetsk (dir. Leonid Lukov, 1951) and The Chevalier of the Golden Star (dir. Iulii Raizman, 1951) bear witness to the emergence of a rival ideology of happiness in the late Stalin period. Severing dutiful self-abnegation from the discourse of Stalinist prosperity, these films testify to the rise of what contemporary cultural discussions decried as an ‘American’ understanding of happiness.
Fictive Utterances
Authors: Abell Catharine
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the nature of fictive utterances and explains what determines their contents. It argues that fictive utterances are declarations. Although such a construal is, in principle, compatible with the claim that their contents are determined by authors’ intentions, it denies that their contents are determined by authors’ intentions to elicit imaginings. Instead, it argues that the rules of fiction institutions determine the contents of fictive utterances by purely conventional means. That is, they enable authors and audiences to coordinate on ways of communicating imaginings that would not be available without those rules. Finally, it identifies various forms those rules can take, such that the contents they assign to fictive utterances are sensitive to the contexts in which those utterances are made.
Conclusion
Authors: Abell Catharine
Published: August 2020

In this book, I have explored the implications of taking seriously the claim that fiction is an institution. Drawing on Guala’s account of institutions as systems of regulative rules that provide equilibrium solutions to coordination problems, I have argued that fiction institutions consist in systems of regulative rules that provide equilibrium solutions to coordination problems of communicating imaginings....
Penal Policies and Institutional Sociologies
Authors: Watson Gabrielle
Published: August 2020

Given that respect is, almost without exception, one of the first values to emerge in conversations with inmates about ‘what matters’ in prison, one could be forgiven for assuming that scholars had given the issue thorough attention. This is not the case. This chapter—the first of two on prisons—situates a number of institutional sociologies of the prison in relation to the key trends in penal policy with which they coincided. In so doing, it offers a critique of the current approach to respect in prisons in England and Wales and identifies moments in recent history when respect—however reductively understood—was especially pronounced.
Hegel's Antiquity
Authors: Desmond Will D.
Published: August 2020

Hegel’s Antiquity aims to summarize, contextualize, and criticize Hegel’s understanding and treatment of major aspects of the classical world, approaching each of the major areas of his historical thinking in turn: politics, art, religion, philosophy, and history itself. The discussion excerpts relevant details from a range of Hegel’s works, with an eye both to the ancient sources with which he worked, and the contemporary theories (German aesthetic theory, Romanticism, Kantianism, Idealism (including Hegel’s own), and emerging historicism) which coloured his readings. What emerges is that Hegel’s interest in both Greek and Roman antiquity was profound and is essential for his philosophy, arguably providing the most important components of his vision of world history: Hegel is generally understood as a thinker of modernity (in various senses), but his modernity can only be understood in essential relation to its predecessor and ‘others’, notably the Greek world and Roman world whose essential ‘spirit’ he assimilates to his own notion of Geist.
Variation in the Gallo-Romance left periphery
Authors: Ledgeway Adam
Published: August 2020

Exploiting parallels between nominal and clausal structures, it is argued that the strong / weak D dimension of parametric variation for nominals can be extended to clauses, such that V2 syntax can be reinterpreted as the reflex of a strong C setting. On this view, we observe in the history of most Gallo-Romance varieties a parametric shift from strong to weak C manifested in the loss of generalized V-to-C movement and the concomitant reassignment of the EPP edge-feature from CP to TP, as witnessed in the emergence of a dedicated preverbal subject position and reversal in the null-subject parameter. Within this scenario, it is shown that Gascon represents a major exception having uniquely retained its medieval V2 syntax and, indeed, further extended it to embedded contexts. In particular, in the passage from medieval to modern Gascon, the grammar has witnessed a radical change in the formal realization of the strong C head requirement (while the accompanying EPP edge-feature remains unchanged) such that strong C is no longer satisfied through the Move option raising the finite verb to the C position, but through the Merge option directly lexicalizing the latter position with a so-called ‘enunciative’ particle. This development is the result of intensive contact with Basque, a language independently known to present similar preverbal particles, highlighting how the medieval Gallo-Romance V2 constraint was exceptionally reinforced in this area, but at the same time aligned with a Basque model triggering a shift from the Move to the Merge options in satisfaction of strong C and the emergence of an elaborate system of C-particles.
A comparative analysis of French auxiliation, with new evidence from Montréal
Authors: Rea Béatrice
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides an overview of various auxiliation patterns that occur in French since many dialectological and sociolinguistic studies suggest that in various parts of the Francophonie (in Laurentian and Acadian French, and in certain regions of France and Belgium) native speakers employ both auxiliaries, être BE and avoir HAVE, in the spoken language with the twenty-or-so intransitive verbs that, prescriptively, require the exclusive use of être. The chapter also provides new evidence from a 2016 corpus of spoken Montréal French, which will be contrasted with syntactic/semantic theories of auxiliary selection, and shows that these theoretical approaches are inadequate to account for the Canadian French patterns.
Future temporal reference in French and Gascon
Authors: Mooney Damien
Published: August 2020

This study presents a variationist sociolinguistic analysis of the expression of future temporal reference (FTR) in two related varieties of Gallo-Romance, French and Gascon, that find themselves in a situation of long-term language contact. In both languages, the inflected and periphrastic futures are used as alternative ways of expressing FTR; this study identifies the linguistic and social constraints that condition variability between the two forms in spontaneous speech data, with the aim of investigating bilateral grammatical transfer between French and Gascon. The discussion considers the ongoing grammaticalization of periphrastic constructions in both languages, as well as evidence for the existence of a bilingual grammatical system in which cognate variables in each language and constraints on variability are stored in the same abstract mental representation.
Shaping their own Destiny
Authors: Hellwig Timothy , Kweon Yesola , Vowles Jack
Published: August 2020

Did the GFC and Great Recession reshape how voters choose among party policy offerings? In this chapter we show that, since 2008, electoral support for the mainstream parties on the centre-left and centre-right has waned, while challenger parties have grown. Multivariate analyses of election returns trace some of this shift in party support to the effects to the policies of austerity and to the accumulation of public debt. The ideological implications of the crisis era for support among the political mainstream are less apparent but a consideration of elite cues produces a ‘crisis effect’. This effect, however, is shaped by the policy environment. Voting for the mainstream left declines, especially in settings of fiscal austerity. Furthermore, the relative effects of these settings vary with time. Short-term fiscal efforts in the form of stimulus or austerity did much to sway voters during the shock years of 2008 and 2009. With time, however, the impact of these short-term efforts weakened. In the longer run, we find that policy rhetoric can prop up support for the left and for challengers during continued hard times.
Mass Politics in a Post-Crisis World
Authors: Hellwig Timothy , Kweon Yesola , Vowles Jack
Published: August 2020

This chapter summarizes our main arguments in light of the evidence. Implications of this book for the study of the welfare state and for electoral change are discussed. We extend our analyses to consider whether and how elite actions and cues link crisis periods to attitudes towards how democracy works. We conclude noting that inasmuch as ‘crisis times’ interrupt ‘normal times’, the lessons from our book should speak to mass politics in representative democracies for decades to come.
The Question of Francia (400–816)
Authors: Watson Sethina
Published: August 2020

The consistency of the character of hospitals in law, as observed in Chapter 2, suggests a customary legal inheritance that preceded classical canon law. Part II turns now to the early middle ages to discover that inheritance. This chapter begins that process by unpicking the long-held model of the early medieval hospital. It surveys the many hypotheses for the origins of hospital law in the West, which claim that hospital law adopted from the East and accommodated via Frankish councils. The chapter confronts the latter of these claims and re-examines its twin pillars: a legal formula of ‘murderers of the poor’ (necator pauperum) and a hospital reform at Aachen (816). The first hinges on the council of Orléans (549), whose efforts were aimed at one royal foundation, King Childebert and Queen Ultrogotha’s xenodochium at Lyons. The council of Aachen’s (816) rules for canons and canonesses prescribed a way of common life for these religious, with different facilities for each for the poor. The chapter argues that the efforts of both councils were singular, and carefully circumscribed. Frankish councils were not to take an interest in xenodochia until c.850. Legal initiatives regarding hospitals began elsewhere.
The Council of Vienne (1311/2) and Late Medieval Hospitals
Authors: Watson Sethina
Published: August 2020

Clement V’s council of Vienne (1311/2) in its canon, Quia contingit (1317), offered the only substantial statement in canon law to address the management of welfare houses, which it defined as xenodochia, leprosaria, almshouses, and hospitals. The canon has long confused and disappointed historians, not least for its absence of any detail as to how a hospital should be arranged. The chapter explores possible sources for the council’s act and elucidates the choices made and procedures followed by the council, when drafting the canon. It provides a new reading of the canon, as the culmination of a long relationship between canon law and welfare houses. As had Carolingian councils, and Urban III’s Ad haec, Quia contingit legislated for hospitals as structures for the administration of gifts (alms) to the tasks of human welfare to which they had been assigned. What the canon did now was articulate a right by which bishops might act to ensure that, if failing, managers or patrons fulfil these obligations.
The Progress of Scholarship
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses the progress of scholarship in elucidating the textual tradition of Curtius Rufus.
Curtius in Northern Europe in the Middle Ages
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses the interrelationships of the primary witnesses to the text of Curtius Rufus. it shown that almost all derive from lost hyparchetypes known as Π‎ and Σ‎.
Curtius in Northern Europe in the Middle Ages
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

Descendants of MS B (Bern 451) are discussed. It is shown to be the only productive old MS in the Σ‎-class.
The Italian Tradition
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The descendants of MS C (Florence, Laur. Conv. Soppr. 359 are discussed)
Endnotes to Curtius
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

There are discussions of lost and unidentified MSS, the poem Armipotentis Alexandri, and interpolations from Justin.
The Witnesses
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The witnesses to the text of Dictys Cretensis are listed, with brief discussion and bibliography, and discussed.
The Codex Aesinas
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The nature and history of the codex Aesinas (Rome, Biblioteca Nazionale V.E. 1631) is discussed.
Manuscripts Known Only from Catalogue Entries
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

Manuscripts known only from catalogue entries are listed and discussed.
Seeking out Epistemic Friction in the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Cruz Helen De
Published: August 2020

Philosophical practice does not take place in an intellectual or social vacuum, hence it is important to consider how we can improve our social environment when engaging in philosophical reflection. In this paper, I recommend that philosophers of religion seek out epistemic friction, by exposing themselves to viewpoints that are in tension with their own. I first provide an overview of work in experimental philosophy of religion that shows that philosophy of religion presents a distorted epistemic landscape that does not reflect the religious and ideological diversity of human reasoners at large and that privileges particular aspects of Christian theism and scientific naturalism. I respond to two potential objections against the call for increased epistemic friction: epistemic partiality and imaginative resistance. The paper concludes by outlining ways in which philosophers of religion can go outside of their comfort zone and engage more with alternative, under-represented points of view.
Mary as Mediator
Authors: Peeler Amy
Published: August 2020

Theological identity, for many, provides a powerful social role. These distinct theological locations proscribe very different places from which to think about the particular woman named Mary, the mother of Jesus. Her story has been a site of great conflict, but this chapter argues it can also provide a mediated space where various theological identities can meet, converse, and act on the social issues informed by her particularities as a poor, pregnant, Jewish woman. This chapter takes up two of the most contested theological questions about her story, her sinlessness and her ministry. New Testament exegesis supports the conclusion that the text allows for different doctrinal decisions on these issues, but prohibits any stance that would so distance her from others so that her calls for justice are ignored in favour of continued oppression against the marginalized. Instead, her story invites honest conversation and common action.
Sacramental Shame in Black Churches
Authors: Tobin Theresa W. , Moon Dawne
Published: August 2020

Drawing from a qualitative study of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) conservative Christians and their allies, our research names a form of spiritual violence we call sacramental shame that impacts the lives of LGBTQ members. Through this shaming dynamic, homonegative churches make constant displays of endangered belonging a requirement for sexual/gender minorities’ acceptance and even their salvation. This chapter explores how racist discourses impact sacramental shame experiences for African-American LGBTQ church members. African-American churches have long resisted the spiritual violence of white supremacy; however, with the goal of protecting an image of Blackness that defies the sexual stereotypes at the root of white supremacy, they often unwittingly instil in LGBTQ members distinct forms of sacramental shame. At the same time, many in these churches cultivate personal relationships with a liberator God who sides with the oppressed, avenges those who endure injustice, and inspires communal work for justice, promoting a life-enhancing ethos of love.
Conceptualizing the Atonement
Authors: Pogin Kathryn
Published: August 2020

If belief in the redemptive nature of the life and death of Christ is to be intellectually defensible, Christian philosophers must have an account of it that is not only philosophically coherent, but also morally unobjectionable. Drawing on feminist theology, this chapter explores the epistemological and gendered implications of traditional approaches to the atonement; namely, the normalization of submission to violence and the idealization of suffering. Conceiving of redemption as arising out of sacrificial submission to violence has corrupted the shared hermeneutical resources through which Christian communities conceptualize ethical conduct, love, and virtue. Borrowing in part from those who have suggested a moral influence view, like Abelard, this chapter argues that Christian philosophers should pursue a new kind of exemplarist model. That is, perhaps death has no central role in what redeems us, nor sacrificial love, but rather resisting injustice, even when the risks of doing so may be fatal.
Faith, Hope, and Mendacity
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

The Four PP is perhaps Heywood’s most enigmatic interlude, its disorienting title reflecting a wider lack of apparent cohesion in the work as a whole. This chapter suggests that it is best understood if read in the context of the religious climate of 1527–28, when Thomas More was writing his Dialogue of Heresies, and beginning to rethink the value of Erasmian anti-clerical satire in the light of evangelical reform. It suggests that issues raised by the trial of the young scholar, Thomas Bilney, about the nature of religious truth and the value pilgrimage, miracles, and pardons, inform both More’s text and Heywood’s more playful work. It traces the sources of the playwright’s inspiration in the works of More and Erasmus, and argues that 4PP seeks to retain the mischievous critical edge of a number of Erasmus’s satirical Colloquies without suggesting a fundamental critique of the authority of Church tradition.
Discordant Voices
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at Heywood’s most abrasive and experimental interlude, which sets a corrupt Pardoner against an enigmatic, elusive Friar in violent dispute over which of them merits alms from the audience. Rather than being merely a disorienting theatrical tour de force, in which both speakers are instructed to preach ‘even at the same time’, the chapter argues that the interlude was prompted by a specific act of bloody sacrilege committed by two priests in 1532. It suggests both the dramaturgical daring and subtlety of the interlude, and its capacity to reflect, powerfully, on the shocking implications of the priests’ violence, and the wider confessional rancour between the clergy and their critics in London in the period.
The Significance of Heywood’s Interludes
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks back over the previous seven chapters, drawing together a synoptic account of the nature and significance of Heywood’s distinct and coherent body of dramatic compositions. It argues for the formal innovation of the Heywoodian interlude, which draws its inspiration equally from the humanist dialogue, the Erasmian colloquy, Chaucerian satire, and farce, creating in the process a form like no drama before or since. It offers a nuanced account of the cultural work to which Heywood put these plays in troubled times, suggesting that they allowed him, in the spirit of the classical satirist Lucian, to talk about a number of otherwise taboo subjects before audiences in the royal court, the More–Rastell family circle, and the Inns of Court, who would otherwise not have had the licence to acknowledge the novelty, internal contradictions, and frequent absurdities of developments in Church and State.
New Forms, New Challenges
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

Heywood’s songs have generally been seen by literary scholars as essentially harmless evocations of joie de vivre. This chapter looks afresh at their insistent evocation of good-will and harmony, and their rejection of malice, reading them in the light of the repressive legislation of 1533–34, which defined all opposition to the Royal Supremacy or Henry VIII’s second marriage as malicious acts of treason. It also examines the interrogation and trial of Thomas More, and More’s use of good-will as a specific defence against the charge of ‘malicious’ treason. In this context, Heywood’s songs become more pointed and political, an attempt to present himself, and the group of Catholic singing men around St Paul’s cathedral, as innocent of treason, part of a community bound together by values of loyalty, conviviality, and traditional good works of charity and hospitality in the face of increasing pressure on such things from outside.
The Accession of Mary Tudor
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

When Edward VI died, Mary Tudor’s chances of merely retaining her freedom, let alone of succeeding her brother on the throne, seemed slim. Her survival and eventual triumph over her enemies must have seemed to her supporters, as it later seemed to Cardinal Reginald Pole preaching to the Lords and Commons in Westminster, clearly providential. Heywood’s response to the accession of his former patron Mary Tudor is the subject of this chapter, which examines accounts of his oration at her coronation and the ballad he wrote to celebrate her marriage to Prince Philip of Spain, the future king Philip I. It suggests the web of delicate irony that the playwright spins in the ballad to place Philip as distinctly ‘second’ to Mary in status and significance, thus supporting the queen’s attempts to counter fears that she would be political subservient to her powerful foreign spouse.
Susceptibility in Development
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

Susceptibility in Development offers a novel approach to understanding power in development through theories of affect and emotion. Development agents—people tasked with designing or delivering development—are susceptible to being affected in ways that may derail or threaten their ‘sense of self’. This susceptibility is in direct relation to the capacity of others to affect development agents: an overlooked form of power. This book proposes a new analytical framework—the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected—to enable new readings of power relations and their consequences for development. These barely perceptible forms of power become visible through ethnographic attention to local level development. Susceptibility in Development offers a comparative ethnography of two types of local development agents: volunteers in a community development programme in Medan, Indonesia, and women municipal councillors in Dehradun, India. Ethnographic accounts that are attentive to the emotions and affects engendered in encounters between volunteers and ‘beneficiaries’, or municipal councillors and voters (for example) provide a fresh reading of the relations shaping local development. Local development agents may be more ‘susceptible’ than workers and volunteers from the global North, yet the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected orders relations and shapes outcomes of development from the local to the global. In theorizing from the local, Susceptibility in Development offers fresh insights into power dynamics in development.
Conclusion
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

A more ethical and just development practice requires a full account of the various forms of power operational in development terrains. This chapter revisits the ways the capacity/susceptibility to affect and be affected operates at the three levels explored in the book: the self, collective conditions, and encounters. It proposes ‘vulnerability’, an intentional practice of being open and responsive to the other, as a means to transform unequal and top-down power relations within development. It further argues for attention to the unevenness of the burden of susceptibility within development.