bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosis in a patient with Usher syndrome: a case report
Authors: Jumaian A. , Fergusson K.
Published: September 2021

The present report is the case of a 26-year-old man, born with Usher syndrome. The patient had had a significant hearing impairment since birth and had developed retinitis pigmentosa. He had originally been diagnosed with a depressive disorder and treated with antidepressants, with no subsequent improvement in his mental state. Following a deterioration in his mental state he was admitted for reassessment at the Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Birmingham, and antidepressants were stopped. It subsequently became apparent from observations, interviews with the patient and information from the patient’s carers and relatives that he had a psychotic illness. Treatment was started with the antipsychotic drug risperidone, after which he showed significant improvement. The association between Usher syndrome and psychosis is discussed
Determination of cadmium,lead,copper and zinc in Yemeni khat by anodic stripping voltammetry
Authors: Matloob M. H.
Published: September 2021

Trace element concentrations in khat were investigated as they can disturb trace element levels in the body. Cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], copper [Cu] and zinc [Zn] levels in khat and 6 leafy vegetables commonly consumed in the Republic of Yemen were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry after wet digestion of the organic matter. Khat had significantly higher concentrations of Cu and Zn than did the leafy vegetables, but similar amounts of Cd and Pb. The average daily intake of khat consumers of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn from khat only was estimated to be 2.0-10.2 micro g/day, 23.6-118.0 micro g/day, 530-2654 microg/day and 662-3311 micro g/day respectively. Although high, these values were within Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization tolerance limits
Cytogenetic profile of Down syndrome in Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: Mokhtar M. M. , Abdel Aziz A. M. , Nazmy N. A. , Mahrous H. S.
Published: September 2021

During 1992-2001, 673 Down syndrome patients were referred to the Department of Human Genetics in Alexandria. Regular [free] trisomy 21 constituted 95.4% of cases; Robertsonian translocation 2.7%; and mosaicism 0.7%. In 8 cases, regular trisomy 21 was associated with structural or numerical chromosome anomalies. Translocation was parentally inherited for 33.3% of cases and maternal transmission was twice as common as paternal. Two translocated Down syndrome fetuses were diagnosed prenatally in at [14; 21] carrier mother. Mean maternal age was high in regular trisomy 21 [38.2 years] but not in translocation [25.3 years]. There was an excess of males in all groups except the mosaic group where the male: female ratio was 0.67. Cytogenetic investigations assist in patient management and family counselling
Frequency of haemoglobinopathies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Basra
Authors: Hassan M. K. , Taha J. Y. , Al Naama L. M. , Widad N. M. , Jasim S. N.
Published: September 2021

Basra, southern Iraq, was mapped for haemoglobinopathies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficiency. Of 1064 couples aged 14-60 years recruited from the Public Health Laboratory, 49 had beta-thalassaemia trait, 69 had sickle-cell trait, 2 had haemoglobin D trait, 2 had haemoglobin C trait and 1 had high persistent fetal haemoglobin. Carriers of major beta-globin disorders comprised 11.48%. G6PD deficiency was detected in 133 individuals [12.5%]. Only 10 couples [0.94%] were at risk of having children affected with either sickle-cell disease or beta-thalassaemia major. These defects constitute a real health problem and necessitate a management plan and public health education for early diagnosis and therapy
Prevalence of endocrine complications in beta-thalassaemia major in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Karamifar H. , Shahriari M. , Sadjadian N.
Published: September 2021

Toidentify the prevalence of endocrine dysfunction in Iranians with beta-thalassaemia, we assessed thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic and adrenal function in 150 beta-thalassaemic patients aged 10-22 years at the Paediatrics Unit, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Primary hypothyroidism was found in 6.0% of patients [mean age: 14.6 +/- 1.9 years], hypoparathyroidism in 7.3% [14.5 +/- 3.2 years], type 1 diabetes mellitus in 7.3% [13.9 +/- 2.8 years] and adrenal insufficiency in 1 patient. The relatively high frequency of endocrine dysfunction found in our study may be a result of poor disease control and management in early life when irreversible tissue damage occurs due to iron overload. These findings reinforce the importance of regular follow-up of patients with beta-thalassaemia major for early detection and management of associated complications
Prevalence of mental retardation among children in Saudi Arabia
Authors: El Hazmi M. A. F. , Al Swailem A. A. , Al Mosa N. A. , Al Jarallah A. A.
Published: September 2021

This survey determined the prevalence and regional distribution of mental retardation among children in Saudi Arabia. Data were analysed from a population-based national survey conducted during 1996-99, in which 60, 630 children aged up to 18 years were screened using IQ tests and questionnaires completed by physicians. The prevalence of mental retardation was 8.9 per 1000 children, a rate similar to that reported in other countries. Moderate or severe retardation was classified in 70.9% of these children. Of the mentally retarded children in the 0-18 years age range, 83.2% were not attending school. Special educational programmes are needed to improve the quality of life of mentally retarded children
Essential fatty acid status in infants and children with chronic liver disease
Authors: Abdel Ghaffar Y. T. , Amin E. , Abdel Rasheed M. , Fouad H. H.
Published: September 2021

The relationship between essential fatty acid [EFA] status and degree of hyperbilirubinaemia and oxidant stress in infants and children with chronic liver diseases was evaluated. Thirty patients with chronic cholestasis and 30 with liver cirrhosis were examined; 30 healthy subjects served as controls. Patient groups had significant decreases in EFAs and significant elevation of total bilirubin. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly raised and were significantly inversely correlated to decreased EFA levels. There were also significant decreases in retinol, alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol/total lipids ratio, which had significant positive correlations with decreased EFA levels. Infants and children with chronic liver diseases have a high risk of EFA deficiency correlated with progressive elevation of serum bilirubin and progressive deterioration of oxidant status
Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among obese urban schoolchildren in Sousse,Tunisia
Authors: Ghannem H. , Harrabi I. , Ben Abdel Aziz A. , Gaha R. , Mrizak N.
Published: September 2021

Against a background of increasing obesity among Tunisians, we conducted a transversal survey of 1569 children aged 13-19 years selected by multistage cluster sampling to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among obese schoolchildren in the urban area of Sousse. Obese children were found to have higher blood pressure, higher triglyceride levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than children of normal weight. In both genders, the mean height and weight across all age groups was significantly higher in urban than in rural children. Our study indicates that obesity and the adverse effects of being over the ideal body weight are no longer limited to industrialized countries
Smoking among secondary-school boys in Bahrain: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Al Haddad N. , Hamadeh R. R.
Published: September 2021

Todetermine the prevalence of smoking among male secondary school students in Bahrain and to identify their risk factors for smoking, we surveyed a random sample of students by questionnaire. The prevalence of smoking was 26.6%, 25.5% and 25.4% among first-year, second-year and third-year students respectively. Cigarettes [21.0%], water-pipes [13.0%] and cigars [1.6%] were popular. Smokers and non-smokers had similar socioeconomic profiles, but differed in degree of disapproval of smoking shown by close contacts and whether close contacts were smokers. The prevalence of smoking among male secondary-school students in Bahrain did not decline despite intense anti-smoking efforts in the last decade, perhaps indicating the effectiveness of tobacco advertising and promotions that target youth
[Knowledge,attitudes and behaviours of women towards breast cancer screening]
Authors: Hsairi M. , Fakhfakh R , Achour N.
Published: September 2021

L’objectif de ce travail était de décrire les connaissances, attitudes et comportements des femmes vis-à-vis des méthodes de dépistage du cancer du sein dons deux régions du nord de la Tunisie. Ainsi 936 femmes résidant à l’Ariana [région urbanisée] et 993 femmes résidant à Zaghouan [région rurale] ont été choisies et ont répondu à un questionnaire sur leur perception de la gravité du cancer du sein, la vulnérabilité des femmes, l’efficacité du dépistage et le recours au dépistage. Le recours au dépistage était significativement plus fréquenta l’Ariana pour l’examen physique des seins et la mammographie mais demeure assez modeste. Ce faible recours au dépistage du cancer du seln contraste avec une attitude positive vis-à-vis des méthodes de dépistage de ce cancer. Les facteurs associés positivement au recours au dépistage sont la résidence en milieu urbain, l’âge compris entre 35 et 49 ans, le niveau d’instruction et la perception des progrès accomplis dans le domaine du traitement des cancers en Tunisie
Patterns of belief and use of traditional remedies by diabetic patients in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Saeedi M. , El Zubier A. G. , Bahnassi A. A. , Al Dawood K. M.
Published: September 2021

Asample of 1039 diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia was interviewed using a structured questionnaire about belief in traditional herbal remedies. The relationship of belief scores to sociodemographic and diabetes-related variables was assessed using chi-square tests. The study showed that 15.6% of the sample believed that traditional medicines were safe and effective and 25.8% that they might be beneficial. One-third of patients were using traditional remedies. A statistically significant relationship was shown between belief in traditional medicines and variables such as female sex, positive family history of diabetes, duration of diabetes and compliance with diet. However, there was no relationship with other compliance variables or with glucose and weight control. Efforts should be made to enhance diabetic education among patients on the basis of evidence-based practice
The Impact of Investments on the Development of the Industrial Sector in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq During the Period (2010-2017)
Authors: Ali Shorsh Qadir
Published: September 2021

This research aims to know the impact of investments on the development of the industrial sector in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. In order to achieve the research aim, the reality of investments and the extent of the contribution on the impact of existing investments in the industrial sector have analyzed. The research presented the possible ways, mechanisms, and procedures to develop the industrial sector. The research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach to answer the research questions and determine the impact of investments on the industrial sector. It reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The industrial sector in the Kurdistan region is one of the most important economic sectors because it enjoys appropriate economic resources which assist the sector to develop and grow, where the governorate of Sulaymaniyah is considered as the first rank in terms of the size of invested capital for establishing industrial plants. Finally, the research suggested a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: Rationalizing tax incentives to attract more investments by focusing on directing investments towards productive projects, especially export projects As well as working to use the resources in the region that have not been used so far because there are no industrial companies in this field, in order to diversify industrial products.
Reasons for Revelation Mentioned in “Tahdheeb Al-Linguistics” by Abu Mansur Al-Azhari (370 AH) in Compilation, Graduation and Study
Authors: Rasoul Al Barzanji Ayoub Adam
Published: September 2021

This research deals with the discussion of an important aspect of the science of exegesis, which is the science of the causes of the revelation of the Qur’an, and with this science the exegete stands on the correct understanding of the meaning of the verse, especially that which was revealed for a reason, and it talks about a brief summary of the life of Abu Mansour Al-Azhari, the author of the book “Tahdheeb Al-Lugha”. And the definition of the aforementioned book, and the concept of the causes of revelation in terms of its definition in language and convention, and it reviews the benefits of the causes of revelation, its formula, the method of knowledge, and the controls of weighting between two different narrations regarding the cause of revelation of one verse. By graduating the reason based on the books written in this science, then the reason is from the books of hadith, and if it is not found in them, then relying on the interpretations ascribed to them, then studying the reason depends on the sayings of the commentators, and he mentions the result reached by the researcher for each reason, and the research is concluded with a conclusion in which the most important Results, and a list of the sources and references that he relied on.
Difference of Religion and its Impact on Changing the Legal Provisions
Authors: Amin Hassan Omar Mohammed
Published: September 2021

Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, and upon his family, companions, nation, and those who follow him.

And yet: This research talks about the difference of religion that has a great impact in changing the legal rulings and in many issues, the Muslim must observe them and commit to applying them because they affect his worldly and eschatological life, and he must know well what he has and what he owes towards a non-Muslim, especially if he lives with him and next to him,to follow the legitimate path,and approach moderation in dealing with it.

The importance of the research lies in explaining the rulings on dealing with non-Muslims, especially in this era in which there has been a lot of mixing of Muslims with others in terms of the large number of Muslims coming and refugees to non-Muslim countries, and the number of non-Muslims arriving, residents, merchants and workers to Muslim countries, and the effect of this difference in religion on many changes Among the legal rulings, mixing a Muslim with others was not new, rather it was present since the early ages of Islam. So is a non-Muslim with whom a Muslim lives or deals with him in Muslim countries the same as dealing himself with a Muslim? Is there a difference between non-Muslims themselves in the consideration of Islam? Is there a differentiation between the polytheist and the apostate, and between the people of the Book from the Jews and the Christians, especially when coexisting with them, whether that is by marrying someone who contradicts them in religion or treatment, or through inheritance, or other than all these questions are referred to in this research from the Islamic view and rulings Legitimacy is strengthened and based on evidence from the recognized texts and the approved sayings of the jurists,Because we desperately need to know these rulings today and stand on the limits set by God Almighty and on numerous and different issues, and for this reason this research can be considered one of the contemporary jurisprudential topics, because the coexistence of a Muslim with others has become one of the issues that have spread widely between us and our young men and women, which is what It prompted me to write a study on the effect of the difference in religion in changing many of the legal rulings at that time.
The Concept of Freedom in liberalism’s Thought, for Instance: Friedrich .A. Von Hayek's Vision
Authors: Ahmed Jabar Ismael
Published: September 2021

Liberalism thus views the concept of freedom as a fundamental element of its intellectual foundation and without access to and defense of freedom, there is no meaning for the existence and survival of liberals. Due to the wide range of views of liberalism and the differences of opinion of liberal thinkers and different trends, attitudes and views on different freedoms, for example some of the thinkers believe in the interference of the state power in personal freedoms with the goal of creating social justice and economic justice and so on..., such as the thinkers of the Social liberal trend in the thought of liberalism, But some other thinkers believe in the protection of individual freedoms from interfering of the power of the state, and reject any form of interference in freedom, such as thinkers of the Libertarians trend in the thought of liberalism, including (Friedrich A. von Hayek).

These two views of liberalism are expressed in terms of freedom, as: positive freedom (when the state intervenes in freedoms), and negative freedom (that freedom is protected from the interference of state power).  (Hayek) rejects positive freedom and believes that any interference in the freedom, economy, and property of individuals, commodities, and markets, leads to the deterioration of the security and stability of individuals on one hand, and the creation of an oppressive, tyrannical and dictatorial power or regime on the other hand. This condition becomes the cause and means of the departure of individuals and the coexistence of the living system to slavery.
Geographical Analysis of Repeat Cold Waves in Kurdistan Region for the Period 2000-2017
Authors: Omer Luqman Wsw , Rasool Mohammed Qader
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we investigated changes in cold waves in Kurdistan region over the period 2000–2017. Cold waves it means decrease 5oc minimum temperature degree at least from the average monthly minimum temperature for this month and continues for 3 days consecutive at least. The study found 132 cold waves repeat in Kurdistan region, that is 112 waves were the type of shortwave it means %84.85 of them were shortwaves, 18 waves medium and only 2 waves were the type of long waves. About severity of the temperature of cold waves the study also, found different types, for example in all cold waves about %67.42 or 89 waves were from the type of moderate waves, 30 waves strong and 13 waves were extreme. About of the cold days over the period of time include 904 threshold cold waves, in this number 530 days were in the type of the cold day of cold waves, and 374 days were the Temperature fluctuation of cold days. As well as the paper found that the annual repetition cold waves vary from month to month, and the season to season, it was found that cold waves were highest in spring and lowest in summer. The most geographical distribution of system atmospheric pressure effect on the weather and cold waves in study area is The Siberian Heights.
Resistance Poetry of Shahid Mala Ali
Authors: Shareef Abdulwahid Idrees
Published: September 2021

This research dedicated to types of poem، it was written while he was prison، Firstly، we mentioned about definition and history type of resistance، secondly، we discussed about reasons of beginning this type of poetry، in a section we discussed about language and types of express and these topics that resistance poem expresses، and finally we discussed shortly of Shahid Mala Ali’s life with some examples of his poem which it is full of resistant and victory، also we gained benefits from some sources.
The Role of PDK and PUK in the Formation of Parliament and Government Cabinet Between (1992-2006)
Authors: Shirawy Dilshad Siamend , Shwani Mohammed Hussain Mohammed
Published: September 2021

In 1992, for the first time, the Kurdistan region of Iraq went through political and societal change like the formation of parliament and government cabinet. This research is a theoretical one on the role of PDK and PUK in the building of parliament and government cabinet between (1992-2006). This research analyses the role of the both parties in the formation of the parliament in 1992 and 2005, and the government cabinet from the first to fifth. Additionally, this research focuses on the division of power between the two parties during (1992-2005) then the research concluded by the main findings such as, the Role of the both parties in the building of parliament and the government cabinet from the first two the fifth in the region and sharing power in the (1,2,5) government cabinets.
Marriage and Population Growth Anthropological Comparative Study in Kirkuk City
Authors: Mohammed Shwany Mohammed Hussein
Published: September 2021

The city of Kirkuk is one of the disputed cities between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Baghdad. In the Iraqi Constitution 2005, through Article 140, the constitutional solution to this problem was decided, through (normalization, the census of the city’s population, the referendum). This process is depending on the number of population .

The simple marriage habits of Arabs and the difficulty of Kurdish marriage led to rapid population growth among Arabs..

Population growth is influenced by a wide array of social and cultural variables including social customs, marriage levels, birth rate, and family size and so on.

The Kurdish rural community has been dismantled since the 1980s, while the Arab rural society is in a state of continuous growth. Moreover, the Kurdish population is concentrated inside the city and practices urban or marginal occupations, while the Arab population has become widely distributed in villages, districts and within the city, practicing pastoral, agricultural, governmental, security and military occupations. The Arab rural community is also characterized by high demographic growth due to early marriage, lack of family planning and polygamy, while the Kurdish urban population is characterized by a low population due to delayed marriages, birth control and civil marriage. Furthermore, the average size of Kurdish family is between (3 to 5 persons), while the average size of Arab family, especially in rural areas, ranges between 8 and 10. The process of marriage in Arab society is easy and does not cost much while this process tends to be more costly in Kurdish community. It is worth mentioning that the migration of Kurdish youth outwards or the migration of Kurdish families to Kurdistan Region is high, while migration for many Arab families and their young members tend to be towards Kirkuk city. The percentage of spinsterhood in Kurdish society is higher compare to Arab community. Therefore, we expect that the percentage of Kurds in Kirkuk will fall to (38%) in 2030, after it was 48% in the 1957. And the percentage of Arabs in Kirkuk will arise  to (35%) in 2030, after it was 21% in the 1957.
Derivational Morphemes of Agent Noun in Kurdish and English Languages (A Comparative Study)
Authors: Mustafa Mustafa Raza , Raheem Karwan Juma
Published: September 2021

The paper entitled (the derivational morphemes of agent nouns in Kurdish and English languages), is a comparative study. It intends to illustrate the construction of word formation of agent nouns in Kurdish and English languages. The paper consists of introduction and two chapters, also the results and references have been presented at the end of the research.

The first chapter is about the grammatical rules and morphological process of derivational and inflectional morphemes. Then, the most significant derivational morphemes of agent nouns in Kurdish language have been displayed.

In the second chapter, the most significant derivational morphemes of agent nouns of English language and their rules have been presented. Consequently, the most significant comparative and contrasts points of the derivational morphemes of agent nouns in both languages have been demonstrated.
The Art of Paradox in Wafai’s Poems
Authors: Al Askary Payan Kaka Salih
Published: September 2021

The paradox is an artistic expression used for beautifying the poetic language, the poems of Kurdish poets like Arabic, Persian, and Western nations include these arts and the plays of the poetic language. This type of poetic art can be seen noticeably in every era of the Kurdish classic poems which is a reason for enriching and empowering the poetic language. It will also, produce modern imagination and expressions which will be thoughtful and speculative and it will attract readers’ attention due to its’ closeness to the contradictory art which is again a type of beautifying the semantic art. According to the earlier researches in this field, paradoxical art is a type of contradictory art but it has specific liberty by itself. The appearance of paradoxical expressions will be in the shape of semantical, lexical, and in one or two sentences. The Diwan of Wafay was focused on for this research amongst the diwans of classical Kurdish poets. Wafay (1844-1904) was a poet in the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. He had a warm poetic language and meaningful and vivid sentences. His poems are full of semantics and lexical artistic beautifications. For this purpose, the researcher will investigate the placement shapes of the generic paradoxical composition and analyzing them according to grammar and rhetorical in Wafay’s poems.
Comparison of Mahwi's and Plato's Philosophical Texts on Theology
Authors: Raq Saya Rashid Ahmed , Saleh Chaware Neamat , Othman Abdelrahman Jalal
Published: September 2021

This study deals with the comparison between Mahwi’s poems and Plato’s philosophical texts on theology. It draws the assimilations and the differences between both views by analyzing Mahwi’s selected poems and Plato’s selected works including; The Timaeus and The Republic. It shows how a Kurdish poet delivers a philosophical idea within his poetry, and that great poetry is often deeply philosophical. The paper also proves that there is a strong relationship between literature and philosophy. However, many do not see the correlation between them, but if we look back into history, we see that some philosophers delivered their philosophical ideas through one of the literary genres. Such as Voltaire, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Maulana Jaladini Romi, and Plato himself at first attempted to write tragedy in verse and he was reading great Greek poetry.
Kurdistan Writers' Union Its Foundation, Activities and Dissolution
Authors: Muhammed Dilshad Ali , Ahmed Nawzad Ali
Published: September 2021

The ceasefire between the Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq and the Baathist government in 1974 came to an end, and fighting between the two sides resumed. The war lasted another eleven months. At the start of the war, a group of writers and artists reached out to areas controlled by the revolution and formed organizations. Many of them were members of the Kurdish Writers' Union and They were able to issue 12 of their magazine, but the writers' union was established in Baghdad, not in the revolution. After the collapse of 1975 and the resumption of the new revolution in the areas under Peshmerga control, especially in the early 1980s, for the first time in the battlefields of resistance and defense in Kurdistan, a special organization for writers and writers was established, called the Kurdistan Writers' Union..

The Kurdistan Writers' Union's establishment and activities were addressed in this study, and the reason for its cancellation was clarified. The first section of the study, which was split into two sections, focused on the efficiency and explanations for the organization's formation. The publication chosen by the Kurdistan Writers' Union through a series of criteria is the subject of the second part of the study.
The Speech Acts in Nali and Salim’s Two Poems
Authors: Hussein Hersh Chato
Published: September 2021

This study is under the title of “The Speech Acts in Nali and Salim’s Two Poems”. It is an attempt to analyze these two poems in a pragmatic point of view, particularly in terms of speech acts. The significance of speech acts is not to recognize linguistic meaning of words in sentences and utterances, but it is according to the sender’s purpose in the context that they occur. Thus, the language of poetry as a way of using language, especially classical poetry, is not an ordinary language. Consequently, the paper hypothesizes that the speech acts have to be embodied in the poems accurately because there is supposed to be a hidden and invisible meaning in every verse behind its expression and form. The scope of the study is to examine the two poems, and it is benefited from their investigation that has been done in their anthology. In addition, whenever needed, the speech acts are identified in short because much has been mentioned about them in the scientific research institutions.
Generosity Maxim in Leech's Theory in Pshdar Area: Socio-Pragmatic Perspective
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim Mahmood , Bakir Salam Nawkhosh
Published: September 2021

This paper is entitled ‘’Generosity Maxim in Leech's Theory in Pshdar Area: Socio-Pragmatic Perspective, which aims at showing generosity among individuals including showing generosity in this specific area for the purpose of finding out its roots people, because generosity maxim is minimizing self to others, and indicating such  factors as religion, education , non-education, and gender affect the utterance. The principles of politeness which have been recognized by Leech are the Maxim of Tact, the Maxim of Generosity, the Maxim of Modesty, the Maxim of approbation, the Maxim of Agreement, and the Maxim of Sympathy. It is important to bear in mind that this theory focuses on individual face, there are various face threatening acts, for instance the threat can be assumed to the hearer or to the speaker.

   This paper conducts a survey of Pshdaryan district through using a questionnaire as a quantitative method for the purpose of data collection. The participants of this study are the people of Pshdar area who are 162 participants from different classes, genders, educational background, age, and occupation.

   The result of the study showed that generosity is the main reason behind using both direct and indirect offers and invitations. Besides, it showed that the cost-benefit scale can explain the politeness utterance raised in performing these speech acts Finally, it is recommended that other politeness principle maxims are tested in Kurdish culture to know the level of the maxims practically.
An Economic Perspective on Language Management in Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Saeed Muhammad Qader
Published: September 2021

This paper is about ‘An Economic Perspective on Language Management in Iraqi Kurdistan’.   In many languages the relationship between the economy and the language is seriously taken into consideration. Unfortunately, Kurdish language is in a critical situation in this respect. This paper tries to show the linguistic situation of Kurdish language from the economic perspective through studying the related concepts such as language economics, language investment, language industry and its relation to language planning and language policy. Aiming at drawing some of the possible aspects through which there could be a space for investment in the Kurdish language, this study also searches for coming across some current cases of linguistic investment in different parts of the world such as Britain, France and Canada. Meanwhile, it focuses on most outstanding obstacles that stand against the process of investment in Kurdish which includes the lack of awareness, the non-stimulating regulatory besides investment environment, and the unstable economic and linguistic situations in the region. The study comes to conclude that many countries had invested in language considerably to improve this aspect to pave the way for acquiring huge, direct and indirect economic revenues. As much as investors care about English, they need to care about Kurdish. Hereby, there is a crucial need to support experimental studies to reveal the potentials of investing in Kurdish to indicate the existing deficiencies regarding the effective language investment situations.
Geomorphological Assessment of the Viability of the Landforms in the Khalekan Valley Basin for Human Uses
Authors: Hamad Nali Jawad
Published: September 2021

The study aims to evaluating the landform in the khalakan basin and its to preparing appropriate model for the capacity of the lands by using remote sensing (RS) technology and geographic information system (GIS) by depending on function of (Wighted-Overlay) which can be considered as one of the significant function of GIS.

 And in order to achieve the aim of the study, eight layers have been extracted for preparing appropriate ground model. according to the importance of each layer which is used to determine the ability and they are: (geological formations, slope, splash erosion, soil, plant cover (NDVI), elevation and lineaments, geomorphological unit) layers which can be considered as the result of Intrusive and extrusive processes. After the processes of Overlaying, the study successfully produced a general map for the appropriateness ground which categorized the area into three levels of appropriateness: the level of high appropriateness with area of(9.34Km), the level of mid appropriateness with area of (70.34Km) and the level with no appropriateness with area of (4.957Km.
The Use of Social Media and its Effect on University Students' Academic Skills in Iraqi Kurdistan Region
Authors: Ahmad Araz Ramazan , Hameed Hakim Othman
Published: September 2021

In recent decades, the use of social media has encountered a rapid growth. This progress made social media a very popular medium of communication among college students. In fact, these online mediums can be a good method to share the knowledge among students and with their lectures. However, extreme use of social media can affect student’s academic performance and skills. Social media platforms have developed significantly in the variety and type of its platforms and the variety of services they have provided to the users. This social media development has had a great impact on human life around the world, particularly the learning process among the students.

The present study examines the effects of social networks on university students' academic skills in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The sample involved 653 responses from the universities of Raparin and Sulaimani Polytechnic in Kurdistan Region - Iraq. The data of the study has been analyzed using content analysis methods.

According to the study’s results there is a statistically significant correlation between Use of social media and academic skills and there is a strong positive correlation between Use of social media and academic skills which is (0.809) and that the significance value is (0.000).Then, the value of R Square for this analysis, is (0.655), this means that 65.5% of the variance of academic skills must be explored in Use of social media, and the other variables (34.5%) are due to random error.
Pedagogical Thinking in Pragmatism John Dewey
Authors: Muhamad Muslim Hassan , Saeed Sarkar Hama Rashid
Published: September 2021

The process of life is linked to continuity and survival among all the organisms, and human being in nature are the most intelligent living organism unlike all other organisms in the sense that he is a social being since he desires to live in civilized life. By civilized life we mean a life where all individuals live in society for the sake of fulfilling the diverse needs they are unable to fulfill by themselves, because survival and continuity is not uneasy task since they constantly changing and increasing, so the members of a given society have to take the responsibility for achieving each other’s needs. The concept of education in the human society is said to be more different and extensive than other living things is because this process consists of developing mature members for the society, so that they can take the responsibility placed on them by that the society.

The function of education is to determine the most appropriate methods, which are represented by the educational thinking of the thinkers and philosophers who organize the process of education and its suitability in a way that is compatible with all times, environment and. Pragmatism is considered as one of the approaches that has a great role in solving problems taking place among communities, so that education becomes a tool for solving problems associated with the human social live.
A Comparative Study of Modern Theatrical Technicalities in The Glass Menagerie and The Cherry Orchard
Authors: Ahmed Shokhan Rasool
Published: September 2021

The nineteenth Century produced some of the most complex plays that today represent modern theatrical technicalities that differed in several ways from twentieth Century plays. In the twentieth Century, Tennessee Williams was acknowledged for the diversity of genres he covered in his plays, most of which focused on the dark aspects of human experience, which lent significant technicalities to his plays, most notably, The Glass Menagerie. Similarly, Anton Chekhov is a nineteenth Century playwright who developed plays that introduced several theatrical technicalities. He was renowned for portraying realism, a feature that characterised 19th Century theatre. Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard is a play considered the landmark of modern theatrical technicalities.

This study explores three ways in which Williams and Chekhov made The Glass Menagerie and Cherry Orchard respectively as landmarks of theatrical technicalities, i.e., the multiplicity of genres, effective use of indirect action and irony as theatrical conventions, and the integration and portrayal of nineteenth Century and twentieth Century realism. The research finds that while Williams employs a multiplicity of genres and the use of irony as the ideal theatrical conventions, Chekhov integrates all three elements to create modern theatrical technicalities that not only influence the audience's perception of the characters but also the playwright’s intention.

This study is important for both undergraduate and postgraduate readers as it can enrich a reader’s thinking about different theatrical techniques and conventions used in both plays.
IMPROVING STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH “SURVEY, QUESTION, READING, RECITE, REVIEW (SQ3R)” STRATEGY
Authors: Kasmawati Kasmawati , Sakkir Geminastiti
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The aims of this study was to find out whether or not of teaching of narrative text through SQ3R Strategy has improve students reading comprehension of X MIPA 1 class of SMA Negeri 4 Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study used a pre-experimental method that consists pre-test and post-test. The total population is 90 students by taking one class as a sample using the quota sampling technique, namely class X MIPA 1 as a sample. The results of this study indicate the mean score of students’ post-test (76.25) is greater than the pre-test (53.2). This shows a significant difference between students taught by using the SQ3R strategy in teaching reading comprehension of narrative texts. The results in pre-test and post-test that p-value was lower α (0,000 <0.05). This means that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. The concluded that teaching reading comprehension by implementation of SQ3R Strategy has influence to improve the students of X MIPA 1 class in SMA Negeri 4 Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
PERBANDINGAN PARTIKEL DE 的 BAHASA MANDARIN DENGAN KATA BERFUNGSI SAMA DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA
Authors: Junaeny Arini
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Mandarin is one of the most widely used languages in the world. During the learning process, mother language sometimes influences second language learning. Therefore it is necessary to compare the rules of linguistic or comparative linguistics. This study uses a qualitative description method. The word "yang" in Indonesian has a function similar to the de 的 particle in Mandarin. The similarities, that is, has a function as a link between the core word and the attributive word which also describes the characteristics, nature, emphasis. In Mandarin the de-particle is behind the attributive word, while the Indonesian word "yang" is in front of the attributive word. Not all the words de 的 can be commensurate with the word "yang", the word de 的 can be translated or matched with several words in Indonesian depending on the meaning and function, such as "buatan", "ciptaan", "milik".
AFFIXES FORMING PASSIVE VERBS IN BUGIS LANGUAGE
Authors: Makkawaru Makkawaru
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The problem of this research is the affixation of Bugis language, which is limited to three subproblems namely; affix form, function, and meaning in Bugis language. Affixation is described as descriptly and qualitatively. The data source is in the form of utterances from native speakers of the Bugis language. Data collection techniques are direct interview techniques, namely fishing techniques, the designation of activities, designation of images, and documentary studies. The technical analysis used in research is to transcribe data, then transcribe it into written form, then classified according to the problem. Based on the analysis of existing data, the results of the study show that the affixes in Bugis language have form, function, and meaning. The form of affixes in Bugis language are: Prefixes {ta-}, {ri-}, {na-}, {ripa-}, double affixes {na -, - ngi}, {ri -, - eng}, {ri + aG -, -ang}. Function: changing the word class and not changing the word class. The meaning of affixes forming passive verbs in Bugis language is Prefix {ta-}: Stating a sudden or unintentional event, and stating an action that is subject to work referred to in the root word, {ri-}: Stating the action being taken work called the root word, {na-}: Stating the action that is subject to work which is called the root word, {ripa-}: States the causative meaning. Meaning of double affixes {na-,-ngi}: Stating is made as stated in the basic form, {ri-, -eng}: Stating the action mentioned in the basic form, {ri- + aG-, -ang}: Stating the action mentioned in the basic form.
PENGAJARAN SASTRA BAHASA JERMAN DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS (SMA)
Authors: Nurfadilla Nurfadilla , Rijal Syamsu , Usman Misnawaty
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. It aims to obtain information on the relevant themes and types of literary works taught in school. Data seurcesof this research were primary and secondary data . Data collecting, the researcher used library technique. The data obtained were then analyzed using the heuristic and hermeneutic reading methods. The findings show that the relevant themes of German literary work that can be used in teaching are family, daily life, divinity, nature, and health by paying attention to the level of students' language skill. As for the types of German literary works based on the findings, the relevant types are Lyrics and Short Stories.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD (STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION) DALAM KETERAMPILAN MENULIS KALIMAT SEDERHANA BAHASA JERMAN
Authors: Andira Ayu , Hasmawati Hasmawati , R Mantasiah
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This study aims to determine the application of the cooperative learning model type STAD. Planning, process and results of the STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) cooperative learning model in writing simple sentence skills in German for class X students of SMAN 2 Bulukumba. This research is a Classroom Action Research conducted with 2 cycles. The research data consists of two types, namely: qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data were obtained through observation, while quantitative data were obtained through the test results of writing simple sentence skills in cycle I and cycle II. Data were analyzed using percentage techniques. The results showed that the skill of writing simple sentences with the percentage of scores obtained by students in the first cycle reached 56.55%, and the second cycle reached 64.62%. These results indicate that the application of the STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) cooperative learning model improves the simple sentence writing skills of class X students of SMAN 2 Bulukumba, Bulukumba Regency.
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON THE USE OF RUANGGURU APPLICATION IN THEIR ENGLISH LEARNING
Authors: Fatimannisa Aulia , Dollah Syarifuddin , Abduh Amirullah
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This study aimed at finding out the Students’ Perception on the Use of Ruangguru Application in Their English Learning. The researcher applied mixed method (quantitative and qualitative). The population of this research was the second grade students of Senior High School of Athirah Islamic School Makassar in 2019/2020 academic year. The sample was taken consisted of 24 students which were taken by using simple random sampling technique. The data were obtained through the questionnaire were analysed and tabulated based on the classification of perception using Likert scale and the data from interview were analysed by recording and transcribing it. The results of data analysis showed that (1) students’ perception was positive on the use of Ruangguru application in their English learning by mean score 70 (2) based on the students’ classification that 5 (20.8%) students classified as Strongly positive, 10 (41.7%) students classified as Positive, 5 (20.8%) students classified as Moderate, 3 (12.5%) students classified as Negative and 1 (4.5%) students classified as Strongly negative. This was indicated that most students like using Ruangguru in their English learning.
EFEKTIFITAS PENERAPAN BLENDED LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA SASTRA INGGRIS UNIVERSITAS KHAIRUN
Authors: Magfirah Sulmi
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Blended learning is a learning model that lecturers can apply to optimize the learning outcomes. This study, entitled "The Effectiveness of Blended Learning to Increase Student Motivation" aims to determine the extent of the effectiveness of Blended Learning in increasing the learning motivation on the first semester students of the English Literature Study Program at Khairun University. This research was carried out at the English Literature Study Program a quasi-experimental study designed on using the non-equivalent control group design. A total of 50 on the first semester students were sampled in this study. The sample was divided into 2 classes, experimental class used blended learning and the control class used face-to-face learning, each consisted of 25 students. The learning motivation questionnaire was used as the instrument in collecting the data related to students learning motivation. The results showed that there were significant differences between students learning motivation in the experimental class and students in the control class after had been given different treatments. The researcher also found that the application of Blended Learning was effective in increasing the learning motivation of the first semester students of English Literature Study Program at Khairun University.