bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host location by the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha krausii: role of fruit fly species, life stage and host plant
Authors: Ero Mark M. , Clarke Anthony R.
Published: June 2011

Diachasmimorpha krausii is a braconid parasitoid of larval tephritid fruit flies, which feed cryptically within host fruit. At the ovipositor probing stage, the wasp cannot discriminate between hosts that are physiologically suitable or unsuitable for offspring development and must use other cues to locate suitable hosts.

To identify the cues used by the parasitoid to find suitable hosts, we offered, to free flying wasps, different combinations of three fruit fly species (Bactrocera tryoni, Bactrocera cacuminata, Bactrocera cucumis), different life stages of those flies (adults and larvae) and different host plants (Solanum lycopersicon, Solanum mauritianum, Cucurbita pepo). In the laboratory, the wasp will readily oviposit into larvae of all three flies but successfully develops only in B. tryoni. Bactrocera tryoni commonly infests S. lycopersicon (tomato), rarely S. mauritianum (wild tobacco) but never C. pepo (zucchini). The latter two plant species are common hosts for B. cacuminata and B. cucumis, respectively.

The parasitoid showed little or no response to uninfested plants of any of the test species. The presence of adult B. tryoni, however, increased parasitoid residency time on uninfested tomato.

When the three fruit types were all infested with larvae, parasitoid response was strongest to tomato, regardless of whether the larvae were physiologically suitable or unsuitable for offspring development. By contrast, zucchini was rarely visited by the wasp, even when infested with B. tryoni larvae.

Wild tobacco was infrequently visited when infested with B. cacuminata larvae but was more frequently visited, with greater parasitoid residency time and probing, when adult flies (either B. cacuminata or B. tryoni) were also present.

We conclude that herbivore‐induced, nonspecific host fruit wound volatiles were the major cue used by foraging D. krausii. Although positive orientation to infested host plants is well known from previous studies on opiine braconids, the failure of the wasp to orientate to some plants even when infested with physiologically suitable larvae, and the secondary role played by adult fruit flies in wasp host searching, are newly‐identified mechanisms that may aid parasitoid host location in environments where both physiologically suitable and unsuitable hosts occur.
Penile revascularization in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED): long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Kayıgil Onder , Okulu Emrah , Aldemir Mustafa , Onen Efe
Published: June 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

This study reflects the second largest series of revascularization operations performed in different etiologic and risk groups with the longest follow up. Beyond that this is the only study in which CC‐EMG techniques were used preoperatively to exclude some patients and to predict postoperative success in penile revascularization.

OBJECTIVE

• To determine the overall long‐term success of penile revascularization surgery in the treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) and also to investigate the effect of risk factors on the results of a modified Furlow–Fisher technique.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Between 1999 and 2010, 125 men with a mean (sd, range) age of 43.2 (11.3, 23–69) years underwent penile revascularization surgery. In all, 110 men completed the long‐term follow‐up with a mean follow‐up of 73.2 months.

• Diagnostic evaluations, penile colour Doppler ultrasonography, corpus cavernosum electromyography, and cavernosometry, were performed in all the men before surgery.

• The efficacy of the surgery was assessed as improvement or failure according to the change in the five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5). A ≥5 point increase in the IIEF‐5 score during the latest patient visit after surgery compared with that before surgery was regarded as improvement (surgical success).

RESULTS

• The mean (sd) IIEF‐5 score was 7.3 (3.2) before surgery and at the end of the follow‐up periodit was 16.8 (3.1).

• The success rates were 81.8% at 3 months, 77.2% at 1 year, 70% at 2 years, 66.3% at 3 years and 63.6% at 5 years after surgery in the men who achieved a no‐ED threshold score of >26 in the IIEF‐15.

• The success rate was the highest in the men with no risk factors (92.8%).

• Seven patients (6.36%) showed signs of glans hypervascularization as a major complication.

CONCLUSIONS

• Penile revascularization surgery has not been widely used by urologists probably due to the technical difficulties and the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors.

• However, with reported high rates of noncompliance or failure of oral pharmacotherapy it seems likely that this surgery will become more popular in the near future.
Exposed proliferation antigen 210 (XPA‐210) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and oncocytoma: clinical utility and biological implications
Authors: Kruck Stephan , Hennenlotter Joerg , Vogel Ulrich , Schilling David , Gakis Georgios , Hevler Joachim , Kuehs Ursula , Stenzl Arnulf , Schwentner Christian
Published: June 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The exposed proliferation antigen 210 (XPA‐210) of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) showed higher expression levels in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The current study used a new XPA‐210 antibody to clarify the role of TK1 tissue expression in the largest reported cohort of different renal cell carcinoma types and oncocytomas.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the clinical role of the exposed proliferation antigen 210 (XPA‐210) of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in a large cohort of different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) types, oncocytomas and normal renal tissues samples, as TK1 is reported to be of clinical significance in several cancer entities and is suggested as a prognostic serum biomarker for RCC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Expressions of XPA‐210 were determined immunohistochemically in 40 clear cell RCCs (ccRCC), 25 papillary RCCs (papRCC), 17 chromophobe RCC (chRCC), 27 oncocytomas and 64 normal renal parenchyma paraffin‐embedded specimens.

Immunohistochemistry was performed with a monoclonal anti‐XPA‐210 antibody. Staining was measured by the percentage of positive cells.

Expression was compared between subgroups and correlated with respective clinical data using one‐way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey‐Kramer analyses.

RESULTS

XPA‐210 staining in the RCC subgroup was significantly different from the oncocytomas (mean [sem] 4.1 [0.4] vs 2.2 [0.4]; P = 0.004) and from normal renal tissue (1.0 [0.1]; P < 0.001], whereas oncocytomas did not differ from normal renal parenchyma staining (P = 0.18).

Subdivided into RCC groups, only ccRCC (mean [sem] 5.1 [0.6]; P < 0.001) and papRCC (4.4 [0.6]; P < 0.001) varied from normal renal parenchyma, whereas chRCC (1.4 [0.3]; P = 0.99) did not.

RCC XPA‐210 staining was significantly associated with higher tumour stage (T = 3, P = 0.002) and grade (G = 3, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The malignant character of RCC is reflected by higher XPA‐210 expression as compared with oncocytomas and normal kidney.

The ccRCC and papRCC subgroups had higher XPA‐210 levels.

XPA‐210 could be considered a potential marker for the assessment of the proliferative activity in primary RCC.
INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE, EMPLOYMENT SHOCK, AND LAND CENTRALIZATION IN CHINA
Authors: SONG SHUNFENG , WANG CHENGSI , ZHENG JIANGHUAI
Published: June 2011

After 30 years of agricultural reform started in 1978, peasant workers in China are experiencing new changes in their employment, land security, and income inequalities. This article theoretically investigates the relationships among industrial upgrading, mid‐aged peasant nonfarm employment, and land conversion systems. We prove that China's efforts to upgrade its industries generate a negative employment shock on mid‐aged peasant workers, forcing some of them to return to their home villages. The current lump‐sum land acquisition system, however, will neither help peasant workers deal with the adverse employment shock nor promote land centralization for industrial and urban uses. On the contrary, land cooperation, an emerging land centralization system, will help peasant workers mitigate the adverse employment shock and centralize rural land for nonagricultural purposes. (JEL Q15, J43)
USING COMMERCIAL DISCIPLINE TO IMPROVE AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE PROCUREMENT: MISPLACED ENTHUSIASM?
Authors: MARKOWSKI STEFAN , WYLIE ROBERT
Published: June 2011

Australia, like other democracies, has long sought to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of procurement for national defence. A recent review exhorted Defence procurement managers to exert greater “commercial discipline.” Similar calls have been made in other countries. This paper tests such public sector emulation of commercial practice by comparing the relative effectiveness of procurement via in‐house arrangements; a public procurement agency detached from Defence; and privatized provision. We show that what matters is not public or private ownership but how ownership and management are integrated and what incentive structures are applied. (JEL H44)
BIASED REFEREES?: RECONCILING RESULTS WITH THE NBA'S ANALYSIS
Authors: PRICE JOSEPH , WOLFERS JUSTIN
Published: June 2011

In a recent study, we used National Basketball Association (NBA) box‐score data over a 13‐year period including nearly 600,000 foul calls to show that NBA referees call relatively more fouls on players of another race. The NBA commissioned its own study using internal data with information on calls made by individual referees and claimed the results show there is no bias among the referees in the NBA. This paper is an attempt to reconcile these competing claims. (JEL J15, J71)
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MORTALITY‐RISK REDUCTION: STATED PREFERENCE ESTIMATES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: CHESTNUT LAURAINE G. , ROWE ROBERT D. , BREFFLE WILLIAM S.
Published: June 2011

Two internet‐based surveys were conducted with adults aged 35 to 84–885 respondents in the United States and 641 respondents in Canada—to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for reducing mortality risks through out‐of‐pocket costs for health‐care programs. All respondents were asked a series of choice questions followed by a payment‐card question. Causes of death included cancer and heart attack. Levels of annual mortality‐risk reduction were 1, 2, and 5 in 10,000. Converted to values of statistical life, results were in the range of $4–5 million (2002 U.S. dollars) for the choice‐question results for a 2‐in‐10,000 annual risk reduction for illness‐related mortality. U.S. and Canadian results were similar. The payment‐card results were about 50% lower than the choice‐question results. WTP to reduce mortality risk was essentially the same for cancer and heart attack. The results showed WTP weakly increasing with age, and no evidence of lower WTP for older adults versus middle‐aged adults. (JEL Q51)
AMBIGUOUS SOLICITATION: AMBIGUOUS PRESCRIPTION
Authors: GAZZALE ROBERT , JAMISON JULIAN , KARLAN ALEXANDER , KARLAN DEAN
Published: June 2011

We conduct a two‐phase laboratory experiment, separated by several weeks. In the first phase, we conduct urn games intended to measure ambiguity aversion on a representative population of undergraduate students. In the second phase, we invite the students back with four different solicitation treatments, varying in the ambiguity of information regarding the task and the payout of the laboratory experiment. We find that those who return do not differ from the overall pool with respect to their ambiguity aversion. However, no solicitation treatment generates a representative sample. The ambiguous task treatment drives away the ambiguity averse disproportionally and the detailed task treatment draws in the ambiguity averse disproportionally. Finally, the standard laboratory recruitment e‐mail disproportionately draws in those who are not ambiguity averse. (JEL A12, C81, C90)
FDI AND INCOME INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM A PANEL OF U.S. STATES
Authors: CHINTRAKARN PANDEJ , HERZER DIERK , NUNNENKAMP PETER
Published: June 2011

This study employs state‐level panel data to explore the relationship between inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and income inequality in the United States. Using panel cointegration techniques that allow for cross‐sectional heterogeneity and cross‐sectional dependence, we find that, in the long run, FDI exerts a significant and robust negative effect on income inequality in the United States. This result for the United States as a whole does not imply that FDI narrows income gaps in each individual state. There is considerable heterogeneity in the long‐run effects of FDI on income inequality across states, with some states (21 out of 48 cases) exhibiting a positive relationship between FDI in income inequality.(JEL F21, D31, C23)
ADVANCE PRODUCTION, INVENTORIES, AND MARKET POWER: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: DAVIS DOUGLAS D.
Published: June 2011

We report an experiment that assesses the effects of alterations in production conditions and product durability on market power in Bertrand‐Edgeworth duopolies. Static equilibrium analysis predicts that advance (rather than “to demand”) production raises prices, but does not affect profits. The further addition of a simple inventory option causes prices to fall and seller earnings to increase. Contrary to these predictions, we observe similar prices in baseline and advance production treatments, but lower profits given advance production. An inventory option reduces both prices and earnings. Results are driven by the treatments' effects on sellers' capacities to tacitly collude. (JEL C9, D4, L4)
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TO PREVENT BANKRUPTCY: THE EFFECT OF BLIND‐BIDDING LAWS ON MOVIE THEATERS
Authors: MULLIGAN JAMES G. , WEDZIELEWSKI DANIEL J.
Published: June 2011

In the 1970s motion picture studios increased their use of blind bidding and nonrefundable guarantees in an attempt to reduce the risks associated with producing a small number of large budget films. However, theater owners claimed that blind bidding and guarantees shifted risk to them and increased the likelihood of bankruptcy, because they were required to bid for the right to exhibit a movie without seeing it first. In response to the lobbying of theater owners, 24 states passed laws between 1978 and 1984 that banned blind bidding, while 7 states also banned nonrefundable guarantees. This paper provides the first empirical analysis of the conflicting claims made by theater owners and movie studios about the impact of these laws on the survival rates of independent theaters, admission prices, and delays in the release of movies. We find that the laws were not only ineffective in keeping theater owners at risk of bankruptcy from exiting the market; they may have been even detrimental to those theater owners converting theaters to multiplexes at that time. (JEL K, L)
The case for graduate entry to the United Kingdom nursing register
Authors: Ali P.A. , Watson R.
Published: June 2011

ALI P.A. & WATSON R. (2011) The case for graduate entry to the United Kingdom nursing register. International Nursing Review58, 312–318

Aim:  The recent decision of the United Kingdom Nursing and Midwifery Council to make nursing a degree profession is contentious and has generated debate among nurses and other stakeholders. We argue why nurses need a degree to nurse and what the implications of making a degree in nursing obligatory at the point of registration will be.

Background:  Nurses work at the forefront of any healthcare system. The complexity of their role and demands on them are increasing. To fulfil demands and expectations of employers, the public and the profession, and to be able to work collaboratively with other healthcare professions, nurses need critical thinking, problem‐solving and decision‐making skills, which can help them to work as independent practitioners. We argue that this can only be assured if the level of education for nurses is raised from diploma to degree, making this a prerequisite for registration as a nurse.

Conclusions:  The increasingly complex role of nurses, the changing landscape of the healthcare needs and a need to improve the image and status of nursing as a profession to make it an attractive career choice are some of the important reasons that justify nursing in becoming a degree‐only profession.
Rise of the generalists: evidence for climate driven homogenization in avian communities
Authors: Davey Catherine M. , Chamberlain Dan E. , Newson Stuart E. , Noble David G. , Johnston Alison
Published: June 2011

Aims Biogeographical evidence suggests a strong link between climate and patterns of species diversity, and climate change is known to cause range shifts. However, there is little understanding of how shifts affect community composition and we lack empirical evidence of recent impacts of climate change on the diversity of vertebrates. Using a long‐term comprehensive dataset on bird abundance, we explore recent patterns of change in different components of species diversity and avian communities, and postulate a process to explain the observed changes in diversity and specialization.

Location Britain.

Methods We used Breeding Bird Survey data for Britain from 1994 to 2006 to calculate site‐specific diversity and community specialization indices. We modelled these indices using generalized additive models to examine the relationship between local climate and spatial and temporal trends in community metrics and the relationship between changes in diversity and specialization.

Results Local temperature was positively associated with alpha diversity, which increased over the study period, supporting empirical and theoretical predictions of the effect of climate warming. Diversity increased in all habitats, but the rate of increase was greatest in upland areas. However, temperature was negatively associated with community specialization indices, which declined over the same period. Our modelling revealed a nonlinear relationship between community specialization and species diversity.

Main conclusions Our models of diversity and specialization provide stark empirical evidence for a link between warming climate and community homogenization. Over a 13‐year period of warming temperatures, diversity indices increased while average community specialization decreased. We suggest that the observed diversity increases were most likely driven by range expansion of generalist species and that future warming is likely to increase homogenization of community structure. When assessed in combination, diversity and specialization measures provide a powerful index for monitoring the impacts of climate change.
Coping strategies and risk manageability: using participatory geographical information systems to represent local knowledge
Authors: Peters‐Guarin Graciela , McCall Michael K. , van Westen Cees
Published: June 2011

The accumulated knowledge and perceptions of communities ‘at risk’ are key elements in managing disaster risk at the local level. This paper demonstrates that local knowledge of flood hazards can be structured systematically into geographic information system (GIS) outputs. When combined with forecasting models and risk scenarios, they strengthen the legitimacy of local knowledge of at‐risk populations. This is essential for effective disaster risk reduction practices by external actors, local non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and municipal authorities. The research focused on understanding coping strategies and ‘manageability’ of flood hazards as defined by communities. ‘Manageability’ is how people experience flooding in relation to their household capacity and the coping mechanisms available. The research in the Philippines highlights the significance of localised factors, including socioeconomic resources, livelihoods, seasonality and periodicity, for understanding manageability. The manageability concept improves practice at the municipal level by legitimising local coping strategies, providing better indicators, and developing understanding of flooding as a recurrent threat.
Promoting Effective Consultation? Assessing the Impact of the ICE Regulations
Authors: Hall Mark , Hutchinson Sue , Purcell John , Terry Michael , Parker Jane
Published: June 2011

Drawing on evidence from longitudinal case studies in 25 organizations, this article examines whether information and consultation (I&C) bodies established in the context of the UK's Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 have been the vehicle for effective consultation, based on objective criteria. Assessed against the regulations' default provisions that require I&C concerning strategic business issues and major organizational change, a substantial minority of participating organizations were categorized as ‘active consulters’, while a majority were ‘communicators’. The differing trajectories of I&C primarily reflected internal organizational dynamics, particularly management's approach to consultation. Beyond providing the catalyst for managerial moves to introduce I&C, the influence of the statutory framework proved largely peripheral.
Advancing the business creed? The framing of decisions about public sector managed care
Authors: Waitzkin Howard , Yager Joel , Santos Richard
Published: June 2011

Relatively little research has clarified how executives of for‐profit healthcare organisations frame their own motivations and behaviour, or how government officials frame their interactions with executives. Because managed care has provided an organisational structure for health services in many countries, we focused our study on executives and government officials who were administering public sector managed care services. Emphasising theoretically the economic versus non‐economic motivations that guide economic behaviour, we extended a long‐term research project on public sector Medicaid managed care (MMC) in the United States. Our method involved in‐depth, structured interviews with chief executive officers of managed care organisations, as well as high‐ranking officials of state government. Data analysis involved iterative interpretation of interview data. We found that the rate of profit, which proved relatively low in the MMC programme, occupied a limited place in executives’ self‐described motivations and in state officials’ descriptions of corporation‐government interactions. Non‐economic motivations included a strong orientation toward corporate social responsibility and a creed in which market processes advanced human wellbeing. Such patterns contradict some of the given wisdom about how corporate executives and government officials construct their reality.
Men’s discourses of help‐seeking in the context of depression
Authors: Johnson Joy L. , Oliffe John L. , Kelly Mary T. , Galdas Paul , Ogrodniczuk John S.
Published: June 2011

Depression is an illness increasingly constructed as a gendered mood disorder and consequently diagnosed in women more than men. The diagnostic criteria used for its assessment often perpetrate and reproduce gender stereotypes. The stigma associated with mental illness and the gendered elements of depression suggest there are likely numerous discourses that position, explain, and justify help‐seeking practices. This qualitative study explored men’s discourses of seeking help for depression. The methodological approach was informed by a social constructionist perspective of language, discourse and gender that drew on methods from discourse analysis. We conducted individual in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 38 men with depression, either formally diagnosed or self reported. The analysis revealed five discursive frames that influenced the men’s talk about help‐seeking and depression: manly self‐reliance; treatment‐seeking as responsible independent action; guarded vulnerability; desperation; and genuine connection. The findings are discussed within a broader context of social discourses of gender, the limitations of current help‐seeking literature and the evidence for how men seek help in ways that extend traditional notions of medical treatment.
Possessivewithin Germanic:haveand the Role of P
Authors: Levinson Lisa
Published: June 2011

Abstract. A central question regarding the syntax–semantics interface is the extent to which semantic primitives correspond one‐to‐one with syntactic primitives.Den Dikken (1995)proposed that all possession structures can be derived from an underlying locative structure, extending the work ofFreeze (1992). This paper argues that such a unified approach is untenable, as there are possession expressions in Icelandic that cannot be derived from locative structures. The Icelandicvera meðconstruction, translated as ‘is with’, provides important insight into the nature ofhaveverbs. It is argued, along the lines ofKayne 1993andHarley 2002, thathaveis derived from nonlocative prepositions like Englishwithas inthe man with blue eyes. A microcomparative investigation within Germanic supports an analysis whereby the variation in incorporation is correlated with variations in p heads. This analysis allows for a more natural account of the differences betweenhaveandbelanguages beyond Germanic.
KNOWLEDGE MATTERS: THE LONG‐RUN DETERMINANTS OF STATE INCOME GROWTH*
Authors: Bauer Paul W. , Schweitzer Mark E. , Shane Scott A.
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT State per capita income differences narrowed considerably between 1939 and 1976. However, this convergence has been incomplete. We examined the sources of relative per capita income growth using an augmented growth model and a panel of the 48 contiguous states from 1939 to 2004. We explored the effect of tax burdens, public infrastructure, size of private financial markets, rates of business failure, industry structure, climate, educational attainment, and technology production. Our results show that a state's technology and its college attainment rates are the main factors that allow some state's per capita income to remain above those of other states.
The Realised Eschatology and Sweet Style of Jacob Bauthumley
Authors: JAECKLE DANIEL P.
Published: June 2011

In The Light and Dark Sides of God (1650), the Ranter Jacob Bauthumley presents his version of a realised eschatology in a generous style. His eschatology centres on God as the animating force in humanity. Bauthumley believes in sin but denies its true being. For him, most people live in the hell of their self‐being without recognising the divine being within them. At the end of the world, personal existence will end as God will return to being all in all within himself. In a style matching his theology, Bauthumley presents a self‐effacing persona, openly defines his theology, judges no person, and prefers a vocabulary of sweetness and joy to the harsher language so common in the theological discourse of his times.
Problemata Heloissae: Heloise's Zeal for the Scriptures
Authors: SGS CARMEL POSA
Published: June 2011

Both the early love letters of Heloise and Abelard, and their later correspondence, are suffused with the biblical text. In these collections, Heloise either refers directly or indirectly to the scriptures in order to sustain her arguments with Abelard, or as in the early love letters particularly, she moves freely in and out of either direct quotation of the scriptural texts or allusion to it, with the ease of any monastic writer of her era. However, it is in the Problemata Heloissae that we find direct evidence of Heloise's approach to the study of Scripture for her community of the Paraclete. The series of forty‐two questions raised in the Problemata reflects concerns with which Heloise had been preoccupied all her life and appear consistently within all her correspondence with Abelard. These concerns stressed the ethical interpretation of the Bible and focused on the struggle to maintain a life of inner integrity in the face of sin, and the meaning of love particularly as expressed by the “freedom of the Gospel.”
Sectarianism, Respectability and Cultural Identity: The St Patrick's Total Abstinence Society and Irish Catholic Temperance in mid‐Nineteenth Century Sydney
Authors: ALLEN MATTHEW
Published: June 2011

This article explores the surprising dominance of the Catholic St Patrick's Total Abstinence Society within the Sydney temperance movement in the 1840s and 1850s. It argues that this success and the corresponding decline of Protestant temperance societies illustrates the importance of temperance as a symbol of respectability for different cultural groups and the significance of sectarian divisions within the temperance movement. Irish Catholics supported temperance as a means of asserting their respectability in the face of sectarian prejudice, whilst Protestants withdrew from a cause that was increasingly perceived as a Catholic political front and a challenge to their cultural hegemony.
Phoneme awareness, vocabulary and word decoding in monolingual and bilingual Dutch children
Authors: Janssen Marije , Bosman Anna M. T. , Leseman Paul P. M.
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate whether bilingually raised children in the Netherlands, who receive literacy instruction in their second language only, show an advantage on Dutch phoneme‐awareness tasks compared with monolingual Dutch‐speaking children. Language performance of a group of 47 immigrant first‐grade children with various different cultural backgrounds and a subsample of 29 Turkish–Dutch bilingual immigrant children was compared with those of 15 first‐grade monolingual native Dutch children from similar low‐socioeconomic backgrounds. All children were tested on Dutch phoneme awareness, vocabulary and word decoding. The Turkish–Dutch children were also tested on Turkish phoneme awareness and Turkish vocabulary. Dutch vocabulary scores of the bilingual children were below that of the monolingual Dutch children. Neither the entire group of bilingual children nor the subsample of Turkish–Dutch children were better or worse on phoneme awareness than monolingual Dutch children. However, Turkish–Dutch children scored better on the Dutch tasks for phoneme awareness and vocabulary than on the Turkish tasks. Language proficiency in the adopted language of bilingual children appears to quickly exceed that of their native language, when no instruction in the first language is provided.
A literature review of the pathophysiology and onset of post‐stroke spasticity
Authors: Ward Anthony B.
Published: June 2011

Background:  Spasticity occurs after stroke and gives rise to substantial burden for patients and caregivers. Although it has been studied for many years, its definition continues to undergo reconsideration and revision. This partly reflects the diversity of its manifestations and that its pathophysiology, although well studied, is still debated.

Methods:  A literature review was carried out to define the pathophysiology and risk factors for onset of post‐stroke spasticity.

Results:  It is clear that an acquired brain injury, including stroke, results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory impulses that leads to upper motor neuron symptoms and that the location and extent of the lesions result in differing symptoms and degrees of spastic severity. The onset of spasticity is highly variable and may occur shortly or more than 1 year after stroke. The current understanding of spasticity onset is complicated by the role of contractures, which have been assumed to arise out of spasticity but may have a role in its cause. Other possibly predictive factors for the risk of post‐stroke spasticity have been identified, including early arm and leg weakness, left‐sided weakness, early reduction in activities of daily living, and a history of smoking.

Conclusions:  Further understanding of spasticity risk factors is necessary for the development and integration of early interventions and preventive measures to reduce spasticity onset and severity.
Cold air analgesia as pain reduction during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses
Authors: Stangeland K.Z. , Kroon S.
Published: June 2011

Background  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for actinic keratoses and non‐melanoma skin cancer. The main side effect of PDT is pain during the illumination.

Objectives  To assess the effect of cold air as pain relief during MAL‐PDT for field cancerization on different body areas.

Methods  A prospective, open, intra‐individual right‐left comparison study was performed in 43 patients with MAL‐PDT as field cancerization. One area received cold air analgesia while the other did not. Pain was evaluated by numeric rating scale (NRS) during the illumination. The patients’ received a questionnaire and recorded pain and postinflammatory symptoms on a visual analogue scale (VAS).

Results  We found a statistical significant difference in overall pain score at 3 and 9 minutes. The area receiving cold air during illumination had a mean NRS of 5.1 while the opposite side, not receiving cold air, had NRS of 6.1. At 9 minutes the side receiving cold air had mean NRS of 5.0, and the side without had 5.7. The pain difference on the chest was the most pronounced with a NRS of 5.2 without air and 3.5 with cold air. There was a significant difference in erythema immediately after, 1 h and 24 h after illumination.

Limitations  Small, open, not blinded study. The difference in pain was small.

Conclusion  Cold air is an effective method for moderate pain relief. It is an easy, noninvasive method that can be used on all body parts.
Any added value? Co‐constructing life stories of and with people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Koenig Oliver
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary

 People with intellectual disability have often been involved in research, but not in the analysis of data.

 One reason might be that not many people with intellectual disability have received training in research.

 This paper describes a project in Austria. In this project, we have looked at the experiences of people with intellectual disability during transition from school to work and in working life.

 We have collected their life stories over a period of 2 years.

 To assist with the analysis, we have formed a reference group.

 In this group, twelve people with intellectual disability look and make sense of the life stories together with the non‐disabled researchers.

 We think that this helps the project to become more aware of things that are important to people with intellectual disabilities.

 This is because researchers with disabilities have the insider perspective. They know how it is to live with an intellectual disability

 In this paper, I show the life story of a woman who tries to hide her intellectual disability.

 I show how the reference group has worked with the life story and what they found out.

Despite considerable achievement in inclusive research, people with intellectual disabilities have been largely excluded from the critical area of data analysis and theory development. Next to the undoubted complexity of these tasks, this can partly be attributed to higher demands of representativeness that are used to judge the validity of disability research as well as missing training opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities. The paper presents data from the first core research project in German‐speaking countries that was carried out within an inclusive framework. Within the FWF (Austrian Science Fund) financed project ‘Experiences of participation in the (vocational) biography of people with intellectual disability’ at the Department of Education at the University of Vienna, the research team aimed at involving people with intellectual disability in an accompanying reference group in the process of co‐construction of theory through the shared analysis of the collected qualitative data: life stories and narratives of people with intellectual disability. This paper seeks out to show the added value of this approach both methodologically and practically.
Grading Complicity in Rwandan Refugee Camps
Authors: LEPORA CHIARA , GOODIN ROBERT E.
Published: June 2011

abstract

Complicity with wrongdoing comes in many forms and many degrees. We distinguish subcategories cooperation, collaboration and collusion from connivance and condoning, identifying their defining features and assessing their characteristic moral valences. We illustrate the use of these distinctions by reference to events in refugee camps in and around Rwanda after the 1994 genocide, and the extent to which international organizations and nongovernment organizations were wrongfully complicit with the misuse of refugees as human shields by the perpetrators of the genocide who were allowed to run those camps.
Latent change score modeling of psychophysiological data: An empirical instantiation using electrodermal responding
Authors: Keller Peggy S. , El‐Sheikh Mona
Published: June 2011

We examined latent change score (LCS) modeling as an approach to the analysis of children's skin conductance level (SCL) throughout a stressful task—a simulated interadult argument—as it relates to externalizing and internalizing symptoms. LCS is an extension of traditional multilevel modeling (MLM), which allows estimation of proportional growth terms. Children (age 6–12 years; N=150) were from two‐parent families. Mothers reported on children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results indicated that the LCS models outperformed the traditional MLM. The use of LCS yielded important novel information regarding profile and pattern of responding for various children and is likely to advance understanding of relations between children's physiological responses and psychopathology symptoms.
Age, sex and individual differences in punishment sensitivity: Factors influencing the feedback‐related negativity
Authors: Santesso Diane L. , Dzyundzyak Angela , Segalowitz Sidney J.
Published: June 2011

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is central to evaluating performance outcomes and has been linked to individual differences in affective responses to feedback. We used electrophysiological source localization to examine the feedback‐related negativity (FRN) and related ACC activity during a gambling task in relation to punishment and reward sensitivity among 16‐ to 17‐year‐old adolescents (n=20) and 18‐ to 29‐year‐old adults (n=30). The FRN was larger for monetary loss compared to win feedback and larger for high relative to low monetary value feedback, with no age differences in the FRN for win or loss feedback. Self‐reported sensitivity to punishment accounted for unique variance (over sex and sensitivity to reward) in FRNs, with higher scores relating to larger FRNs and increased rostral ACC activity. These results support the ACC role in experiencing negative performance feedback, especially for individuals highly sensitive to punishment.
Institutional legacies in TNCs and their management through training academies: the case of transnational law firms in Italy
Authors: FAULCONBRIDGE JAMES R. , MUZIO DANIEL , COOK ANDREW
Published: June 2011

In this article we highlight the effects of heterogeneous institutional contexts on transnational professional service firms, a relatively poorly studied issue. Specifically, we provide empirical analysis of how the specificities of the Italian institutional context affect the activities of English legal professional service firms in Milan. This reveals the intimate connection between a variety of capitalism, place specific workplace cultures and practices, and the institution‐related challenges transnational professional service firms and all transnational corporations (TNCs) face. We also reveal the way institutionally generated differences at the level of work practices are managed in transnational law firms through worldwide training programmes designed to ‘govern’ the practices of workers in different parts of the TNC's network. This emphasizes the importance of studying attempts to manage institutional heterogeneity at the level of workplace practices, something often missed in existing mesoscale studies of TNC governance structures. Consequently, we highlight detailed empirical archaeologies that explore the direct links between institutions and practices as an important component of future research on the effects of institutions on TNCs.
Evidence‐based practice: triumph of style over substance?
Authors: Booth Andrew
Published: June 2011

This feature examines the success of evidence‐based practice (EBP) and the associated Cochrane Collaboration. It seeks to identify critical success factors associated with the way that both initiatives have been marketed. The simplicity of the original message used by each initiative allowed for subsequent assimilation of nuances and variants. Two implications for health librarians are highlighted; recognition that EBP is simply the embodiment of one world view and that many others may make a useful contribution and the need to craft a simple message capturing the unique selling points of the profession. To create a unique contribution health librarians require a detailed picture from market research of user information needs.
Effect of neighbour visibility on nest attendance patterns of Barn SwallowsHirundo rusticain loose colonies
Authors: FUJITA GO , HIGUCHI HIROYOSHI
Published: June 2011

To assess the benefits of nesting at a site hidden from neighbours in a loosely colonial species, the Barn SwallowHirundo rustica, we carried out two field experiments, obstruction removal and mirror placement, both replicating a situation in which a nest is made visible from another nest. Under manipulated conditions in both experiments, females increased the length of time they stayed at their nests during the egg‐laying and late incubation stages, while males extended their duration of stay during the egg‐laying and early nestling stages in mirror placement experiments only. The results suggest that Barn Swallows conceal their nests to reduce fitness costs imposed by neighbours nesting in view and that hiding the nest can reduce the amount of time spent guarding the nest during certain stages of the breeding period.
Comparative kinetic analyses of gene profiles of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from young and old animals reveal novel age‐related alterations
Authors: Mirza Noweeda , Pollock Kevin , Hoelzinger Dominique B. , Dominguez Ana Lucia , Lustgarten Joseph
Published: June 2011

It is well established that immune responses are diminished in the old. However, we still do not have a clear understanding of what dictates the dysfunction of old T cells at the molecular level. Although microarray analysis has been used to compare young and old T cells, identifying hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed among these populations, it has been difficult to utilize this information to pinpoint which biological pathways truly affect the function of aged T cells. To better define differences between young and old naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, microarray analysis was performed pre‐ and post‐TCR stimulation for 4, 12, 24 and 72 h. Our data indicate that many genes are differentially expressed in the old compared to the young at all five time points. These genes encode proteins involved in multiple cellular functions such as cell growth, cell cycle, cell death, inflammatory response, cell trafficking, etc. Additionally, the information from this microarray analysis allowed us to underline both intrinsic deficiencies and defects in signaling only seen after activation, such as pathways involving T‐cell signaling, cytokine production, and Th2 differentiation in old T cells. With the knowledge gained, we can proceed to design strategies to restore the function of old T cells. Therefore, this microarray analysis approach is a powerful and sensitive tool that reveals the extensive changes seen between young and old CD4+ and CD8+ naïve T cells. Evaluation of these differences provides in‐depth insight into potential functional and phenotypical differences among these populations.
Adolescent school absenteeism: modelling social and individual risk factors
Authors: Ingul Jo Magne , Klöckner Christian A. , Silverman Wendy K. , Nordahl Hans M.
Published: June 2011

Background:  School absenteeism is a complex problem that includes risk factors associated with individual traits, socio‐economic conditions, family structure, the school and society. The consequences of extensive school absenteeism can be detrimental for the youth.

Method:  In this exploratory study we aimed to investigate the relative importance of different risk factors on school absenteeism. We assessed 865 Norwegian high school students testing a model of school absenteeism using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM).

Results:  Analysis show that on the individual level most of the measured risk factors were significantly associated with absenteeism. School absenteeism was predicted by externalising behaviour, family work and health, and school environment directly.

Conclusion:  The implications of the findings on school absenteeism are that it will be important to focus more on the context and co‐occurrence of these problems in order to fully understand them.
Gastrointestinal tract perforations caused by ingestion of multiple magnets in a dog
Authors: Hickey Mara C. , Magee Ashley
Published: June 2011

Objective
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To describe a case of gastrointestinal tract perforation, septic peritonitis and coagulopathy caused by ingestion of multiple magnets in a dog.

Case Summary
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An 8‐month‐old castrated male Rottweiler, weighing 30.5 kg was presented for evaluation of vomiting and weakness. Abdominal radiography and abdominal ultrasonographic examination identified a metallic foreign object within the gastric lumen, presence of free peritoneal gas, and peritoneal effusion. Septic peritonitis was diagnosed by abdominal fluid analysis. Exploratory celiotomy revealed the presence of an omental abscess, and gastric and colonic perforations. Four magnetic foreign objects were found within the lumen of the perforated stomach. Surgical management including removal of the magnets, abscess debridement and excision, perforation repair, and abdominal drainage combined with intensive medical therapy resulted in complete recovery of this dog.

New or Unique Information Provided
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This report describes in detail the case management of a dog that developed both gastric and colonic perforations and severe morbidity secondary to ingesting multiple magnets.