bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Usefulness of HALP Score in Predicting Short-Term Mortality in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in a Coronary Care Unit
Authors: Yilmaz Rustem , Toprak Kenan , Yilmaz Mustafa , Karagoz Ahmet , Öz Ersoy
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) presents a significant clinical challenge characterized by frequent hospitalizations, high mortality rates, and substantial healthcare costs. The united index of hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocytes and platelets (HALP) is a new indicator that reflects systemic inflammation and nutritional status. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic utility of the HALP score and hematological parameters in predicting short-term mortality among ADHF patients admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU). Methods: This investigation adopts a retrospective observational design, encompassing a cohort of patients with ADHF who were followed in the CCU at our medical institution between January 2019 and April 2024. Results: The cohort of 227 individuals was dichotomized into two subsets based on the presence or absence of short-term mortality in the hospital, resulting in 163 (71.8%) and 64 (28.2%) individuals in the survivor and exitus groups, respectively. Age was significantly higher in the exitus group (p-value = 0.004). Hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, platelet count, albumin, and HALP score were significantly higher in the survivor group (all p-values < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of gender, diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), or ejection fraction (EF), although hypertension (HT) prevalence was significantly higher in the exitus group (p-value = 0.038). ROC analysis demonstrated that hemoglobin, lymphocyte, albumin, and HALP score had significant discriminative power, with albumin showing the highest AUC (0.814). Conclusions: In conclusion, the HALP score and hematological parameters represent valuable prognostic feature for short-term mortality prediction in ADHF patients admitted to the CCU. These findings underscore the importance of early risk stratification and targeted interventions guided by comprehensive biomarker assessments in optimizing patient outcomes.
Clinical and Dermoscopic Patterns of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Its Mimickers in Skin of Color: A Practical Summary
Authors: Karampinis Emmanouil , Georgopoulou Konstantina-Eirini , Kampra Elli , Zafiriou Efterpi , Lallas Aimilios , Lazaridou Elizabeth , Apalla Zoe , Behera Biswanath , Errichetti Enzo
Published: August 2024

The diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in dark phototypes can be a challenging task due to the lack of relevant clues and its variable presentation. In this regard, there is growing evidence that dermoscopy may benefit the recognition of BCC even for skin of color (SoC). The objective of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview on clinical and dermoscopic patterns of BCC in SoC, also comparing such findings with those of the main clinical mimickers reported in the literature. A comprehensive search of the literature through the PubMed electronic database was carried out in order to identify papers describing the clinical and dermoscopic features of BCC in dark phototypes (IV–VI). By finding macroscopic clinical presentations of BCCs in SoC patients and any possible clinical mimickers considered in the retrieved papers, we built a differential diagnosis list and analyzed the dermoscopic findings of such conditions to facilitate the diagnosis of BCC. BCC in darker skin may present as pigmented nodular lesions, pigmented patches or plaques, ulcers, erythematous nodular lesions, erythematous plaques or patches, or scar-like lesions, depending on its subtype and body site. The differential diagnosis for BCC in patients with SoC includes squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, nevi, adnexal tumors and sebaceous keratosis. Additionally, it differs from that of Caucasians, as it also includes lesions less common in fair skin, such as dermatosis papulosa nigra, melanotrichoblastoma, and pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and excludes conditions like actinic keratosis and keratoacanthoma, which rarely appear in darker skin. The resulting differences also include infectious diseases such as deep cutaneous mycosis and inflammatory dermatoses. The most prevalent differentiating dermoscopic feature for BCC includes blue, black and gray dots, though arborizing vessels still remain the predominant BCC feature, even in dark phototypes. Diagnostic approach to BCC in dark-skinned patients varies due to the prevalence of dermoscopy findings associated with hyperpigmented structures. Clinicians should be aware of such points of differentiation for a proper management of this tumor in SoC.
Spontaneous Transvaginal Intestinal Evisceration Two Years after Vaginal Hysterectomy, a Case Report
Authors: Omejc Andrej , Janša Vid , Kobal Borut , Barbič Matija
Published: August 2024

Vaginal evisceration is an exceedingly rare and poorly documented complication following vaginal hysterectomy. Prompt detection and surgical intervention are critical to prevent severe complications such as bowel ischemia, perforation, and secondary sepsis. We present the case of an 84-year-old woman with a history of vaginal hysterectomy two years prior, who presented with acute abdominal pain and a significant portion of her small bowel protruding through a defect in the vaginal vault. The patient was urgently transferred to the operating room, where the loops of the small bowel were manually reduced through the vaginal defect. As the bowel appeared viable, no resection was required. The etiology of this condition is unclear and likely multifactorial. Various surgical approaches, including laparoscopic, abdominal, transvaginal, and combined techniques, have been described, all offering comparable outcomes. Therefore, the choice of surgical procedure should be tailored to the patient’s clinical presentation.
The Effect of Combined Balance Exercise on Knee Range of Motion, Balance, Gait, and Functional Outcomes in Acute Phase Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: An Jungae , Cheon Seong-Jin , Lee Byoung-Hee
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) improves balance performance in patients with osteoarthritis; however, balance deficit and fall incidence after TKA have been reported. This study aimed to determine the effects of combined balance exercises on knee range of motion (ROM), balance, gait, and functional outcomes during the acute phase after TKA. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 participants were randomly assigned to either the combined balance group (n = 21) or the general physical therapy (control) group (n = 21). The combined balance exercise group performed exercise programs for 30 min per session, five times a week for 4 weeks (20 sessions), and the control group completed general physical therapy, which included active simple exercise. Measurements were performed before and after the 4 weeks of training to assess changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), knee joint ROM, static balance, timed up-and-go (TUG), and 10 m walk test (10 MWT). Results: The combined balance exercise group demonstrated significant improvements post intervention (p < 0.05) for all outcomes. The time × group interaction effect for the WOMAC scores showed statistically significant interaction effects for pain, stiffness, and physical function; the static and dynamic balance values showed statistically significant interaction effects for CEA, PL, AV, and TUG; and gait ability showed a significant interaction effect for the 10 m walk test (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study confirmed that combined balance training with general physical therapy has a positive effect on ROM, static and dynamic balance, gait, and functional outcomes in the acute phase post TKA and that combined balance exercise can be proposed as a rapid rehabilitation intervention with general physical therapy following TKA.
Combining the Vaginal Microbiome and Serum Metabolome to Screen for Potential Biomarkers of Early Pregnancy in Cows
Authors: Luo Yan , Wang Zhen , Zhao Xin , Xing Jiankang , Chen Zhiliang , Zhao Wenxue , Long Xiaoqing , Zhang Yanbing , Shao Yongbin
Published: August 2024

Early pregnancy diagnostic techniques are of significant importance in livestock farming, particularly in dairy farming. This study aimed to screen artificially inseminated cows for potential biomarkers at day 21 of pregnancy using microbiota–metabolomics analysis. The microbiome analysis revealed significant changes (p < 0.05) in the composition and abundance of the vaginal microbiota in cows after pregnancy. Notably, there was an increase in the abundance of [Eubacterium]_hallii_group (p < 0.05) associated with the production of short-chain fatty acids in the pregnant group compared with the non-pregnant group. Furthermore, significant alterations were observed in the serum metabolome, with notable changes in the concentrations of prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) (p < 0.01) and bonactin (p < 0.01). The majority of differential metabolites clustered within the pathways of amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism, with lipid metabolism exhibiting a higher proportion and playing a pivotal role in early pregnancy. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to quantify three key metabolites of the arachidonic acid pathway. The results demonstrated significant decreases in serum concentrations of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (p < 0.05) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) (p < 0.01) and no significant changes in arachidonic acid (AA) (NS) concentrations after 21 days of gestation in cows. Spearman’s correlation analysis was utilized to investigate the interrelationship between the vaginal microbiota and serum metabolites. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that biomaterials such as bonactin, Pro-hyp, LTB4, PGF2α in serum metabolites and [Eubacterium]_hallii_group in the vaginal flora of cows could be utilized as potential biomarkers for 21 days of gestation in cows.
Rhizosphere Microbiome Co-Occurrence Network Analysis across a Tomato Domestication Gradient
Authors: Dixon Mary M. , Afkairin Antisar , Manter Daniel K. , Vivanco Jorge
Published: August 2024

When plant-available phosphorus (P) is lost from a soil solution, it often accumulates in the soil as a pool of unavailable legacy P. To acquire legacy P, plants employ recovery strategies, such as forming associations with soil microbes. However, the degree to which plants rely on microbial associations for this purpose varies with crop domestication and subsequent breeding. Here, by generating microbial co-occurrence networks, we sought to explore rhizosphere bacterial interactions in low-P conditions and how they change with tomato domestication and breeding. We grew wild tomato, traditional tomato (developed circa 1900), and modern tomato (developed circa 2020) in high-P and low-P soil throughout their vegetative developmental stage. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that as the tomatoes progressed along the stages of domestication, the rhizosphere microbiome increased in complexity in a P deficit. However, with the addition of P fertilizer, the wild tomato group became more complex, surpassing the complexity of traditional and modern tomato, suggesting a high degree of responsiveness in the rhizosphere microbiome to P fertilizer by wild tomato relatives. By illustrating these changing patterns of network complexity in the tomato rhizosphere microbiome, we can further understand how plant domestication and breeding have shaped plant–microbe interactions.
Congenital Suipoxvirus Infection in Newborn Piglets in an Austrian Piglet-Producing Farm
Authors: Schwarz Lukas , Brunthaler René , Auer Angelika , Renzhammer René , Friedmann Ursula , Buzanich-Ladinig Andrea
Published: August 2024

In February 2020, a fourth parity sow gave birth to a litter of piglets with four piglets presenting pox-like skin lesions. Lesions were distributed over the whole skin surface and ulcerative lesions were also observed on the mucosa of the oral cavity. The skin lesions were described as looking like pox lesions. Virological and histopathological investigations confirmed congenital suipoxvirus infection. Since there is no effective treatment available, the farmer was recommended to improve hygiene. No further cases occurred after this single event. In the past, suipoxvirus infections were mainly related to improper hygiene conditions and to pig lice as vectors. Today, conventional pigs are usually kept under good hygienic conditions and pig lice are not reported anymore to occur in Austrian conventional pig farming systems. Therefore, we speculate, that other living vectors, such as the stable fly, may play a role in the transmission of suipoxvirus between and within farms and in the occurrence of congenital suipoxvirus infections in neonatal piglets.
New Insights into Chronic Pancreatitis: Potential Mechanisms Related to Probiotics
Authors: Pan Yingyu , Li Jianing , Fan Zhengyang , Chen Yonghao , Huang Xiaoxuan , Wu Dong
Published: August 2024

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive fibroinflammatory disorder with no currently satisfactory treatment. Emerging evidence suggests an association between gut microbial dysbiosis and chronic pancreatitis. Although direct causative evidence is lacking, it is hypothesized that the gut microbiota may play a pivotal role in modulating pancreatic function via the gut–pancreas axis. Thus, modulating the gut microbiota through the administration of probiotics or prebiotics may alleviate pancreatic disorders. In this review, we first propose the potential mechanisms by which specific probiotics or prebiotics may ameliorate chronic pancreatitis, including the alleviation of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), the facilitation of short-chain fatty acids’ (SCFAs) production, and the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the pancreas. Since there are currently no probiotics or prebiotics used for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis, we discuss research in other disease models that have used probiotics or prebiotics to modulate pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions and prevent pancreatic fibrosis. This provides indirect evidence for their potential application in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. We anticipate that this research will stimulate further investigation into the gut–pancreas axis and the potential therapeutic value of probiotics and prebiotics in chronic pancreatitis.
Impact of Transgenic Maize Ruifeng125 on Diversity and Dynamics of Bacterial Community in Rhizosphere Soil
Authors: Hao Chaofeng , Xia Xinyao , Xu Chao , Sun Hongwei , Li Fan , Yang Shuke , Xu Xiaohui , Lu Xingbo
Published: August 2024

With the development of commercialized planting of genetically modified crops, their ecological security risks remain a key topic of public concern. Insect-resistant genetically modified maize, Ruifeng125, which expresses a fusion Bt protein (Cry1Ab-Cry2Aj), has obtained the application safety certificate issued by the Chinese government. To determine the effects of Ruifeng125 on the diversity and dynamics of bacterial communities, the accumulation and degradation pattern of the fusion Bt protein in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic maize were detected. Results showed that the contents of Bt protein varied significantly at different developmental stages, but after straw was returned to the field, over 97% of Bt proteins were degraded quickly at the early stages (≤10 d) and then they were degraded at a relatively slow rate. In addition, the variations in bacterial community diversity in the rhizosphere soil were detected by 16S ribosomal RNA (Rrna) high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 44 phyla, 435 families, and 842 genera were obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing, among which Proteobacteria, Actinobacia, Acidobacter Acidobacterium, and Chloroflexi were the dominant taxa. At the same developmental stage, no significant differences in soil bacterial diversity were detected between Ruifeng125 and its non-transgenic control variety. Further analysis revealed that developmental stage, rather than the transgenic event, made the greatest contribution to the changes in soil microbial diversity. This research provides important information for evaluating the impacts of Bt crops on the soil microbiome and establishes a theoretical foundation for their environmental safety assessment.
Structural and Functional Differences in Small Intestinal and Fecal Microbiota: 16S rRNA Gene Investigation in Rats
Authors: Sun Xiao-Wei , Li Hong-Rui , Jin Xiao-Lei , Tang Xiao , Wang Da-Wen , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Jian-Gang
Published: August 2024

To compare the differences in floral composition and functions between the two types of microbiota, ileal contents and feces were collected from Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed in a conventional or specific-pathogen free (SPF) environment and rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene in these rats was then amplified and sequenced. Compared with feces, about 60% of the bacterial genera in the ileum were exclusive, with low abundance (operational taxonomic units (OTUs) < 1000). Of bacteria shared between the ileum and feces, a few genera were highly abundant (dominant), whereas most had low abundance (less dominant). The dominant bacteria differed between the ileum and feces. Ileal bacteria showed greater β-diversity, and the distance between in-group samples was nearer than that between paired ileum–feces samples. Moreover, the ileum shared various biomarkers and functions with feces (p < 0.05). The HFD and SPF conditions had a profound influence on α-diversity and abundance but not on the exclusive/shared features or β-diversity of samples. The present findings suggested that, under conventional circumstances, fecal bacteria can represent approximately 40% of the low abundant ileal bacterial genera and that dominant fecal bacteria failed to represent the ileal dominant flora. Moreover, fecal flora diversity does not reflect β-diversity in the ileum.
Efficient Hydroxyapatite Extraction from Salmon Bone Waste: An Improved Lab-Scaled Physico-Chemico-Biological Process
Authors: Muñoz Francisco , Haidar Ziyad S. , Puigdollers Andreu , Guerra Ignacio , Padilla María Cristina , Ortega Nicole , Balcells Mercedes , García María José
Published: August 2024

The demand for novel tissue grafting and regenerative wound care biomaterials is growing as traditional options often fall short in biocompatibility, functional integration with human tissue, associated cost(s), and sustainability. Salmon aquaculture generates significant volumes of waste, offering a sustainable opportunity for biomaterial production, particularly in osteo-conduction/-induction, and de novo clinical/surgical bone regeneration. Henceforth, this study explores re-purposing salmon waste through a standardized pre-treatment process that minimizes the biological waste content, followed by a treatment stage to remove proteins, lipids, and other compounds, resulting in a mineral-rich substrate. Herein, we examined various methods—alkaline hydrolysis, calcination, and NaOH hydrolysis—to better identify and determine the most efficient and effective process for producing bio-functional nano-sized hydroxyapatite. Through comprehensive chemical, physical, and biological assessments, including Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we also optimized the extraction process. Our modified and innovative alkaline hydrolysis–calcination method yielded salmon-derived hydroxyapatite with a highly crystalline structure, an optimal Ca/P ratio, and excellent biocompatibility. The attractive nano-scale cellular/tissular properties and favorable molecular characteristics, particularly well-suited for bone repair, are comparable to or even surpass those of synthetic, human, bovine, and porcine hydroxyapatite, positioning it as a promising candidate for use in tissue engineering, wound healing, and regenerative medicine indications.
Suppressed Ion Migration by Heterojunction Layer for Stable Wide-Bandgap Perovskite and Tandem Photovoltaics
Authors: Wang Taoran , Zhang Weiwei , Yang Wenjuan , Yu Zeyi , Xu Gu , Xu Fan
Published: August 2024

Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite has demonstrated great potential in perovskite-based tandem solar cells. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of such devices has surpassed 34%, signifying a new era for renewable energy development. However, the ion migration reduces the stability and hinders the commercialization, which is yet to be resolved despite many attempts. A big step forward has now been achieved by the simulation method. The detailed thermodynamics and kinetics of the migration process have been revealed for the first time. The stability has been enhanced by more than 100% via the heterojunction layer on top of the WBG perovskite film, which provided extra bonding for kinetic protection. Hopefully, these discoveries will open a new gate for WBG perovskite research and accelerate the application of perovskite-based tandem solar cells.
Dehydroevodiamine Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Signaling Pathway via Targeting AKT1 and Regulating Gut Microbes and Serum Metabolism
Authors: Ma Xiao , Hu Qichao , Jiang Tao , Chen Yuan , Zhang Wenwen , Gao Pan , Zeng Jinhao , Efferth Thomas
Published: August 2024

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a typical inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), impairing the quality of life of patients. Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) is an active alkaloid isolated from Tetradium ruticarpum that exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects in gastrointestinal diseases. However, the effect and mechanisms of DHE on UC remain unclear. We performed a DSS-induced experimental UC rat model to reveal the efficacy and potential mechanisms of DHE on UC. HE and AB-PAS staining were used for the evaluation of pathologies, and 16S rRNA sequencing was used to detect changes in gut microbes. Metabolomics was used to detect changes in serum metabolites. Network pharmacology and transcriptomics were conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms of DHE for UC. HuProt proteome microarrays, molecular docking, and SPR were used to reveal the targets of action of DHE. WB, RT-qPCR, and IHC were used to assess the action effects of DHE. DHE demonstrated significant alleviation of DSS-induced colitis symptoms in rats by suppressing inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, amending colonic barrier injury, and inhibiting apoptosis. In terms of gut microbial modulation, DHE decreased the abundance of Allobaculum, Clostridium, Escherichia, Enterococcus, and Barnesiella and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and SMB5. Moreover, metabolomics suggested that the regulation of DHE in DSS-induced UC rats mainly involved aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and so on. Mechanically, DHE alleviated UC in rats by targeting AKT1, thereby inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
The Composition Optimization of Curcumin-Loaded Double Oil–Water–Oil Emulsions and Their Stability Evaluation
Authors: Opustilová Kristýna , Lapčíková Barbora , Kocourková Karolina , Lapčík Lubomír
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to optimize the preparation of multiple oil–water–oil (O/W/O) emulsions using varying amounts of Tween 20 emulsifier, different homogenization methods, and optimal preparation temperatures as carriers for encapsulated curcumin. Following the optimization process, the optimal preparation temperature was found to be 25 °C, with a homogenization speed of 10,000 RPM and an emulsifier concentration of 0.5% Tween 20. Subsequently, the effects of physicochemical and viscoelastic properties on the different types of oils used in the outer phase, as well as the impact of storage time, were monitored. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of the stability and encapsulation efficiency of multiple emulsions using various oils, an area that has not been extensively explored before. After identifying the optimal preparation procedure, all samples with different edible oils demonstrated excellent stability and encapsulation efficiency, showing minimal variation in results. The most stable multiple emulsion was found to be the one with coconut oil in the outer phase, exhibiting half the particle size compared to other samples and the lowest encapsulation efficiency losses over 50 days of storage. This study provides new insights into the formulation of stable multiple emulsions for the effective delivery of curcumin and similar bioactive compounds.
Recent Advances in Flexible Self-Powered Sensors in Piezoelectric, Triboelectric, and Pyroelectric Fields
Authors: Zhou Yukai , Zhang Jia-Han , Wang Feiyu , Hua Jiangbo , Cheng Wen , Shi Yi , Pan Lijia
Published: August 2024

The rise of the Internet of things has catalyzed extensive research in the realm of flexible wearable sensors. In comparison with conventional sensor power supply methods that are reliant on external sources, self-powered sensors offer notable advantages in wearable comfort, device structure, and functional expansion. The energy-harvesting modes dominated by piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), and pyroelectric nanogenerators (PyENGs) create more possibilities for flexible self-powered sensors. This paper meticulously examines the progress in flexible self-powered devices harnessing TENG, PENG, and PyENG technologies and highlights the evolution of these sensors concerning the material selection, pioneering manufacturing techniques, and device architecture. It also focuses on the research progress of sensors with composite power generation modes. By amalgamating pivotal discoveries and emerging trends, this review not only furnishes a comprehensive portrayal of the present landscape but also accentuates avenues for future research and the application of flexible self-powered sensor technology.
Nitrogen Dynamics from Conventional Organic Manures as Influenced by Different Temperature Regimes in Subtropical Conditions
Authors: Mondol Abu Taher Mohammad Anwarul Islam , Chowdhury Md. Akhter Hossain , Ahmed Sharif , Alam Md Khairul
Published: August 2024

Determining nutrient-release patterns of organic manures can give an estimate of the potential amount of nutrients that a given material can contribute to crops along with chemical fertiliser. Nutrients released from organic manure depend on several factors, and temperature is one of them. To evaluate how different types of conventional organic manures release nitrogen (N) under varying temperature conditions, an incubation study was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. Six organic manures—poultry manure (PM), vermicompost (VC), bio-slurry (BS), cowdung (CD), water-hyacinth compost (WHC), and rice straw compost (RSC)—were evaluated at three temperature regimes (15, 25, and 35 °C) to study the dynamics of N incubated for 330 days. The N release was significantly influenced by the interaction of organic manures and temperature regimes. Poultry manure-treated soil incubated at 35 °C had the highest mineralisation of all parameters than other manures. The mineralisation of N followed the order: PM > VC > BS > CD > WHC > RSC > control and 35 °C > 25 °C > 15 °C. Across different temperatures, the mineralisation rate of PM was 15–55% higher than that of other manures. At 35 °C, the mineralisation rate was 10% and 20% higher compared to 25 °C and 15 °C, respectively. The first-order kinetic models predicted the organic N release from manures satisfactorily. The findings of the present study enrich the understanding of N-release patterns under different temperature regimes that prevail in different crop growing seasons in Indo-Gangetic Plains, providing valuable data for researchers and policymakers interested in sustainable integrated nutrient management practices.
Oxyhydrogen Gas: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Lung, Breast and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Russell Grace , Nenov Alexander
Published: August 2024

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death despite advancements in research and treatment, with traditional therapies often causing significant side effects and resistance. Oxyhydrogen gas, a mixture of 66% molecular hydrogen (H2) and 33% molecular oxygen (O2) has shown exceptional promise as a novel therapeutic agent due to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. H2, a key component of oxyhydrogen gas, neutralises reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, enhancing existing treatments and reducing harmful oxidative states in cancer cells. H2 also lowers proinflammatory mediators including chemokines, cytokines, and interleukins, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and boosting the effectiveness of conventional therapies. Additionally, hydrogen can induce apoptosis in cancer cells by modulating pathways such as MAPK and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt phosphorylation cascade. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports oxyhydrogen gas’s potential in treating various cancers. In lung cancer models, it inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and enhances chemotherapy sensitivity. Similar results have been observed in breast cancer, where patients reported improved quality of life. In colorectal cancer, oxyhydrogen gas suppresses tumour growth, induces apoptosis, and improves intestinal microflora dysbiosis. The unique properties of oxyhydrogen gas make it a promising adjunctive or standalone cancer treatment. However, further research is needed to understand H2s’ mechanisms, optimise treatment protocols, and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy in human patients.
The Structural Framework and Opening Appearance of the VP1-Pocket of Enteroviruses Correlated with Viral Thermostability
Authors: Lin Xiaojing , Gan Jianhong , Sun Qiang , Li Zi , Qin Kun , Zhang Yong , Cao Yang , Zhou Jianfang
Published: August 2024

Enteroviruses (EVs and RVs) are prevalent worldwide and cause various diseases in humans, of which the VP1-pocket is a target of antivirals, with a lipid molecule as a pocket factor to stabilize the virion. However, the characterization of the structure of the VP1-pocket in EVs is poor. Here, we compared the published capsid crystals of EVs and RVs and proposed a structural framework for the VP1-pocket: Frame 1–4, which is located at the CD loop, GH loop, and C-terminus, presenting with an outward opening appearance or not. The non-outward viral strains—CVB3, Echo 11, RV-A81, and RV-B70—are more thermally stable, with a breakpoint temperature (B.T.) of 51~62 °C for genome releasing, which is 4~10 °C higher than its outward temperature of 41~47 °C, and infectivity preservation when treated at 50 °C for 3 min. Its outward versus non-outward opening is correlated significantly with the B.T. for genome release (r = −0.90; p = 0.0004) and infectivity (r = −0.82, p = 0.0039). The energy of Frames 1, 2, and 4, including Van der Waals attractive and repulsive interactions and hydrogen bonds, showed significant correlations with the B.T. (r = −0.67, 0.75, and −0.8; p = 0.034, 0.013, and 0.006, respectively). These characters of the VP1-pocket could be predictors for virion thermostability and aid in the development of vaccines or antivirals.
Genetic Diversity, Virulence, and Antibiotic Resistance Determinants of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates in Romania
Authors: Baltoiu Madalina , Gradisteanu Pircalabioru Gratiela , Cristea Daniela , Sorokin Marilena , Dragomirescu Cristiana Cerasella , Stoica Ileana
Published: August 2024

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, presents a significant public health challenge requiring vigilant surveillance and disease control. This study aimed to characterize C. jejuni strains isolated in Romania from 2017 to 2020, focusing on genetic diversity, virulence, and antibiotic resistance determinants. The isolates underwent phenotypical testing, PCR, and antibiotic resistance assessment using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method for ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Genetic analysis identified resistance and virulence genes, point mutations, and performed sequence typing (7-gene MLST) to determine genetic relatedness. Results indicated substitutions at position 86 in the amino acid sequence or position 257 in the nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene in 47 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. Additionally, mutations in the rRNA 23S gene at positions 2074 and 2075, associated with macrolide resistance, were found in 12 of the 66 isolates. Allelic profiles generated 38 sequence types (STs), including three new STs not present in the reference database. The sequence data analysis revealed a genetically diverse C. jejuni population with a weak clonal structure. This study provides crucial insights into the genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni strains in Romania, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and control measures.
The Role of ADCY1 in Regulating the Sensitivity of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in NSCLC
Authors: Zou Ting , Liu Jun-Yan , Liu Zhao-Qian , Xiao Di , Chen Juan
Published: August 2024

Lung cancer has the highest fatality rate among malignant tumors in the world. Finding new biomarkers of drug resistance is of great importance in the prognosis of lung cancer patients. We found that the polymorphisms of Adenylate Cyclase 1 (ADCY1) are significantly associated with platinum-based chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer patients in our previous research. In this study, we wanted to identify the mechanism of ADCY1 affecting platinum resistance. We used an MTT assay to find if the expression of ADCY1 is associated with the sensitivity of cisplatin in A549, H1299, and A549-DDP cells. Then, we performed CCK-8 tests to detect the absorbance of these cells stimulated by ADCY1, which can discover the cell proliferation that is affected by ADCY1. We investigated cell apoptosis and cell cycles regulated by ADCY1 through the flow cytometry assay. RNA sequencing was used to find the downstream genes affected by ADCY1 which may be associated with drug resistance in lung cancer patients. ADCY1 has higher expression in lung cancer cells than in normal cells. ADCY1 can affect cisplatin resistance in lung cancer cells by regulating cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and the cell cycle. It may control cell apoptosis by regulating the classical apoptosis biomarkers Bax and Bcl2. Our study showed that ADCY1 may be a new biomarker in the prognosis of lung cancer patients. Much work remains to be carried out to clarify the mechanism in this important emerging field.
The Influence of Dapagliflozin on Foot Microcirculation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes with and without Peripheral Arterial Disease—A Pilot Study
Authors: Bradarić Božena , Bulum Tomislav , Brkljačić Neva , Mihaljević Željko , Benić Miroslav , Bradarić Lisić Božo
Published: August 2024

The results of large cardiovascular studies indicate that SGLT-2 inhibitors may increase the risk of leg amputations. This study aims to investigate whether dapagliflozin therapy affects peripheral vascular oxygenation, i.e., microcirculation in the foot, as measured by transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) compared to patients without PAD. The patients with PAD were randomized into two groups. In the first 35 patients with PAD, dapagliflozin was added to the therapy; in the other 26 patients with PAD, other antidiabetic drugs were added to the therapy. Dapagliflozin was added to the therapy in all patients without PAD. TcPO2 measurement, Ankle Brachial Index (ABI), anthropometric measurements, and laboratory tests were performed. After a follow-up period of 119.35 days, there was no statistically significant difference in the reduction of mean TcPO2 values between the group with T2DM with PAD treated with dapagliflozin and the group with T2DM with PAD treated with other antidiabetic drugs (3.88 mm Hg, SD = 15.13 vs. 1.48 mm Hg, SD = 11.55, p = 0.106). Patients with control TcPO2 findings suggestive of hypoxia (TcPO2 < 40 mm Hg) who were treated with dapagliflozin had a clinically significant decrease in mean TcPO2 of 10 mm Hg or more (15.8 mm Hg and 12.90 mm Hg). However, the aforementioned decrease in TcPO2 was not statistically significantly different from the decrease in TcPO2 in the group with PAD treated with other diabetic medications (p = 0.226, p = 0.094). Based on the available data, dapagliflozin appears to affect tissue oxygenation in T2DM with PAD. However, studies with a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up period are needed to determine the extent and significance of this effect.
SMR–YOLO: Multi-Scale Detection of Concealed Suspicious Objects in Terahertz Images
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Chen Hao , Ge Zihao , Jiang Yuying , Ge Hongyi , Zhao Yang , Xiong Haotian
Published: August 2024

The detection of concealed suspicious objects in public places is a critical issue and a popular research topic. Terahertz (THz) imaging technology, as an emerging detection method, can penetrate materials without emitting ionizing radiation, providing a new approach to detecting concealed suspicious objects. This study focuses on the detection of concealed suspicious objects wrapped in different materials such as polyethylene and kraft paper, including items like scissors, pistols, and blades, using THz imaging technology. To address issues such as the lack of texture details in THz images and the contour similarity of different objects, which can lead to missed detections and false alarms, we propose a THz concealed suspicious object detection model based on SMR–YOLO (SPD_Mobile + RFB + YOLO). This model, based on the MobileNext network, introduces the spatial-to-depth convolution (SPD-Conv) module to replace the backbone network, reducing computational and parameter load. The inclusion of the receptive field block (RFB) module, which uses a multi-branch structure of dilated convolutions, enhances the network’s depth features. Using the EIOU loss function to assess the accuracy of predicted box localization further optimizes convergence speed and localization accuracy. Experimental results show that the improved model achieved mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 scores of 98.9% and 89.4%, respectively, representing improvements of 0.2% and 1.8% over the baseline model. Additionally, the detection speed reached 108.7 FPS, an improvement of 23.2 FPS over the baseline model. The model effectively identifies concealed suspicious objects within packages, offering a novel approach for detection in public places.
Generation of UV Ellipsoidal Pulses by 3D Amplitude Shaping for Application in High-Brightness Photoinjectors
Authors: Hoffmann Andreas , Good James , Gross Matthias , Krasilnikov Mikhail , Stephan Frank
Published: August 2024

Photocathode laser pulse shaping is a crucial technology for enhancing the performance of X-ray free-electron lasers by optimizing the quality of electron beams generated from photocathodes within high-gradient radio frequency guns. By precisely shaping these laser pulses, it is possible to significantly reduce the transverse emittance of produced electron bunches. The optimal pulse shape is an ellipsoidal distribution, commonly referred to as the Kapchinskij–Vladimirskij profile. A pulse-shaping scheme utilizing a commercial Yb:KGW laser operating at 514 nm with a repetition rate of 1 MHz and duration of 260 fs has been developed for generating electron bunches with high peak and average power. This study presents the experimental realization of ellipsoidal pulses via three-dimensional amplitude shaping using spatial light modulators at 514 nm, followed by conversion to UV (257 nm) suitable for Cs 2Te photocathodes. The preservation of pulse shape and a high conversion efficiency during this process are investigated and our experiments pave the way for future emittance minimization for X-ray free-electron lasers.
Data-Driven Channel Modeling for End-to-End Visible Light DCO-OFDM Communication System Based on Experimental Data
Authors: Song Bo , Zhu Yanwen , Huang Yi , Zong Haiteng
Published: August 2024

End-to-end systems have been introduced to address the issue of independent signal processing module design in traditional communication systems, which prevents achieving global system optimization. However, research on indoor end-to-end Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems remains limited, especially regarding the channel modeling of high-speed, high-capacity Direct Current-biased Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) systems. This paper proposes three channel modeling methods for end-to-end DCO-OFDM VLC systems. The accuracy of the proposed methods is demonstrated through R-Square model fitting performance and data distribution analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed channel modeling methods is further validated by comparing the bit error rate (BER) performance of traditional receivers and existing deep learning (DL)-based receivers. The results show that the proposed methods can effectively mitigate both linear and nonlinear distortions. By employing these channel modeling methods, communication systems can reduce the spectral occupancy of pilot signals, thereby significantly lowering the complexity of traditional channel estimation methods. Thus, these methods are suitable for use in end-to-end VLC communication systems.
Grating Coupler Design for Low-Cost Fabrication in Amorphous Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits
Authors: Almeida Daniel , Lourenço Paulo , Fantoni Alessandro , Costa João , Vieira Manuela
Published: August 2024

Photonic circuits find applications in biomedicine, manufacturing, quantum computing and communications. Photonic waveguides are crucial components, typically having cross-section orders of magnitude inferior when compared with other photonic components (e.g., optical fibers, light sources and photodetectors). Several light-coupling methods exist, consisting of either on-plane (e.g., adiabatic and end-fire coupling) or off-plane methods (e.g., grating and vertical couplers). The grating coupler is a versatile light-transference technique which can be tested at wafer level, not requiring specific fiber terminations or additional optical components, like lenses, polarizers or prisms. This study focuses on fully-etched grating couplers without a bottom reflector, made from hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), deposited over a silica substrate. Different coupler designs were tested, and of these we highlight two: the superimposition of two lithographic masks with different periods and an offset between them to create a random distribution and a technique based on the quadratic refractive-index variation along the device’s length. Results were obtained by 2D-FDTD simulation. The designed grating couplers achieve coupling efficiencies for the TE-like mode over −8 dB (mask overlap) and −3 dB (quadratic variation), at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The coupling scheme considers a 220 nm a-Si:H waveguide and an SMF-28 optical fiber.
Research on Electro-Optic Hybrid Multidigit Digital Multiplier Based on Surface Plasmon Polariton Technology
Authors: Liang Zhixun , Shi Yunying , Yi Yunfei , Wei Zhirong , Tang Peng
Published: August 2024

Digital multipliers are the core components of digital computers, and improving the speed of transistor electronic computers during computation has almost reached its limit, with high power consumption. In this paper, we proposed an electro-optic hybrid multidigit digital multiplier based on SPP technology, which has the advantages of high speed and low power consumption in optical logic, as well as flexible electrical operation and easy storage. The electro-optic hybrid digital multiplier mainly consists of an electrical AND logic gate, an electro-optic hybrid half adder, and an electro-optic hybrid full adder. The optical logic unit is controlled by activated ITO materials to achieve optical-domain operations, and then the multiplication calculation results are converted into electrical signals through photoelectric conversion. The experimental results show that when the scale is 64 × 64 bits, compared with transistor digital multiplication, the energy consumption is reduced by 48.8%; the speed is increased by a factor of 28; and the volume of the electro-optic hybrid digital multiplier device is larger than that of the transistor multiplier, saving 59.9% of the area. For optical transmission loss, a single adder outputs 0.31 dB at different device scales, while the carry output continuously increases with device scale. At scales of 8 × 8 bits, 16 × 16 bits, and 64 × 64 bits, the insertion losses at the sum output ports are 1.03 dB/μm and 1.87 dB/μm, respectively.
Super-Oscillating Diffractive Optical Spot Generators
Authors: Testorf Markus E. , Gadamsetti Praneeth , Batoni Paolo , Poutous Menelaos K.
Published: August 2024

The prior discrete Fourier transform (PDFT) is applied to the design of super-oscillating diffractive optical elements with rotational symmetry. Numerical simulations of the filter response are used to demonstrate the potential of the PDFT-based approach, which includes a regularization method for improved numerical and functional stability of the filter design. For coherent monochromatic illumination, the Strehl ratio of spot generators as a function of the spot radius is compared to the theoretical upper bound. It is shown that the performance of the PDFT design varies significantly depending on the aperture function and the encoding as a phase-only diffractive element. Experimental results are in good agreement with simulations and demonstrate the moderate demands to implement super-oscillating diffractive optical elements.
Design of Cascaded DOEs for Focusing Different Wavelengths to Different Points
Authors: Doskolovich Leonid L. , Soshnikov Daniil V. , Motz Georgy A. , Byzov Egor V. , Bezus Evgeni A. , Bykov Dmitry A. , Kazanskiy Nikolay L.
Published: August 2024

We propose a task-specific method for calculating cascaded phase diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for focusing Q incident beams with different wavelengths to Q given points. Due to the utilization of a special optimization criterion, the proposed method makes it possible to calculate the elements of the cascaded DOE in a sequential way. In addition, the calculation of the diffractive microrelief of each DOE in the cascade is reduced to solving a set of independent and computationally simple “pointwise” optimization problems. Using the proposed method, cascades of two DOEs were designed to focus radiation of 11 different wavelengths to 11 different points. The presented numerical simulation results demonstrate good performance of the method. The chosen operating wavelengths correspond to a set of widely used vegetation indices enabling monitoring the vegetation status conditions and tracking the environmental stresses. This makes the obtained results promising for the application in remote sensing and smart agriculture.