bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flight Delays, Security and Economic Reimbursements
Authors: Çela Candidate Ardit , Muço Klodian
Published: May 2020

Over the past decade, the air transport system has undergone profound changes, mainly driven by the evolution of reference legislation and markets globalization process. The primary cause also goes by the name of "deregulation", which has profoundly revolutionized the tariff methodology and air transport management.With deregulation, airlines have seen disappear of barriers and constraints that incentivized growth and development for many years (Arrigo, Giuricin, 2006; Postorino, 2009).The globalization of markets has also proved decisive in the growth of demand for air transport, which has become an irreplaceable means of transfer that allows the connection from one part of the terrestrial globe to another in a few hours. Impressive growth in air traffic and deregulation has at the same time led to millions of frequent passengers and unpleasant complications, such as delays. In the absence of a specific discipline in this area and with the desire to give balance to a situation partially unbalanced to the detriment of consumers/travelers, the European Union decided to take action to remedy it, equipping passengers with effective protection tools against these afore mentioned situations.The European Union has made the rules issued in 1991 on compensation and assistance to air passengers more rigid and afflictive for airlines by providing, at the same time, new provisions aimed at mitigating the inconvenience of passengers abandoned at airports due to canceled flights or of prolonged delays. The EU legislation covering these changes, which was preceded by the Passenger Rights White Paper, is contained in EU Regulation 261/1994, which came into force in February 2005, which sets out how and operational rules on assistance and reimbursement to air traffic users (Fraschina, 2009).The three different hypotheses of "denied boarding", cancelled flights and prolonged delays are the subject of regulation.In this study, however, we will mainly address the rights and reimbursement of passengers in the event of delays of air flights, in fact according to the new legislation, more protection will be provided to passengers who will face the painful and common circumstances of the delays. Community bodies believed that adequate assistance and reimbursement should be provided to passengers who were forced to long waits at airports due to a flight delay.
Challenges in detecting evolutionary forces in language change using diachronic corpora
Authors: Karjus Andres , Blythe Richard A. , Kirby Simon , Smith Kenny
Published: May 2020

Newberry et al. (Detecting evolutionary forces in language change, Nature 551, 2017) tackle an important but difficult problem in linguistics, the testing of selective theories of language change against a null model of drift. Having applied a test from population genetics (the Frequency Increment Test) to a number of relevant examples, they suggest stochasticity has a previously under-appreciated role in language evolution. We replicate their results and find that while the overall observation holds, results produced by this approach on individual time series can be sensitive to how the corpus is organized into temporal segments (binning). Furthermore, we use a large set of simulations in conjunction with binning to systematically explore the range of applicability of the Frequency Increment Test. We conclude that care should be exercised with interpreting results of tests like the Frequency Increment Test on individual series, given the researcher degrees of freedom available when applying the test to corpus data, and fundamental differences between genetic and linguistic data. Our findings have implications for selection testing and temporal binning in general, as well as demonstrating the usefulness of simulations for evaluating methods newly introduced to the field.
Archimedes’ Principle and Gravitation as a Spontaneous Process
Authors: Cavazzini Giancarlo
Published: May 2020

A different physical interpretation of floating of bodies - the so-called “Archimedes’ Principle” - relates the gravitational process to its essential characteristic: its spontaneity. Gravity is a spontaneous physical process - similar, for example, to the process we interpret as ‘heat transfer’ between bodies at different temperature; similar to the process which occurs when masses of gas in contact with each other are at different pressures; similar to the process we call ‘friction’. Gravitation has all the characteristics shown by other spontaneous processes, and, like them, its cause is disequilibrium, between matter in contact, in a ‘quality’ of that matter. In the case of gravitation, the quality of matter is related to its intensive property we call ‘density’.

Just as the process we call ‘heat transfer’ is the spontaneous process by means of which the Universe reduces and eliminates disequilibria that exist between its parts, due to differences in ‘temperature’, what we call ‘gravitation’ is the spontaneous process by means of which the Universe reduces and eliminates disequilibria between its parts, due to differences in ‘density’. This is achieved by moving bodies. Ceteris paribus, the process moves a body in the direction in which the difference in density between the matter of the body and the matter of the fluid surrounding the body is reduced.
Adjustment and Satisfaction with Prosthesis Among People after Upper Limb Amputation in Slovenia
Authors: Šosterič Klara , Burger Helena , Vidmar Gaj
Published: May 2020

Background. There is a lack of studies on adjustment to upper limb prosthesis with large representative samples that would compare different prosthesis types and use standardised outcome measures. Hence, we wanted to assess satisfaction with, and level of adjustment to, an upper-limb prosthesis among people after an upper limb amputation in our country.
Material and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study. The TAPES-R questionnaire was mailed to 431 patients identified from electronic health records at national specialist outpatient clinics for rehabilitation of people after upper limb amputation.
Results. 191 patients (44%) responded and were subsequently ascertained to be a representative sample of the population of upper limb amputees in our country. Univariate analyses and multiple regression models indicated that, on average, overall satisfaction is lower among those who have received their current prosthesis more recently, women might be more satisfied with prosthesis than men, above-elbow amputees experience more activity restrictions than those with amputation at a lower level, patients with amputated fingers or palm are more satisfied with the prosthesis than others, and so are those who had amputation following an accident as compared to other reasons.
Conclusion. We reliably identified some systematic factors, but it is individual factors and experience that largely determine adjustment to and satisfaction with a prosthesis following an upper limb amputation.
Condition, Regional Disparity And Strategic Priorities Of Providing Technological Competitiveness Of Ukraine's Economy
Authors: Lykholat Svitlana , Zaichenko Volodymyr , Nataliya Rozhko Nataliya Rozhko
Published: May 2020

The proper role and high importance of regional peculiarity of innovation and technological activity in the context of ensuring technological competitiveness of the economy depends on its identification and understanding of the critical differentiation of the regions of Ukraine by the number of innovatively active enterprises, production volumes, share of realized innovative products, as well as the positioning the regions of Ukraine by the share of enterprises with technological innovations, the rate of its growth and the share of realized innovative products in the total volume of industrial products sold. It is shown that the modern policy of ensuring technological competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy is formed in the context of contemporary challenges of global competition, fundamental features, which are the impact of global crises, financial and economic instability; increase of external expansion due to processes of globalization, development of information economy; pressure on the country's debt; increase in import dependency; high external labour migration activity; destabilization of economic development through military conflict and hybrid attacks; critical disparities in regional development. The strategic priorities of the state policy of ensuring technological competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy have been determined: intensification of technological development of the economy, growth of the general level of innovative activity, formation of a competitive market of intellectual property, development of infrastructure for support of technological innovations, improvement of resource provision of innovative activity, improvement of business parameters of competition.
Social Fear of Crime and Its Consequences
Authors: Wilk Leszek , Fibinger Bogdan
Published: May 2020

Social fear of crime is a phenomenon of interest to scientific disciplines. The present study draws primarily on the achievements of criminology. It shows that there are different ways of interpreting fear of crime, explaining its causes and responding to it. The conclusions also depend on the perspectives - whether it is the perspective of an individual, small social groups or large social structures. There are always objective and subjective elements in evaluations, including irrational ones. The latter hinder rational criminal policy. Fear of crime has negative social consequences, such as a loss of citizens' sense of security, aggressive attitudes, a loss of trust in law enforcement services, a reduction in the need for social contact, a reduction in the willingness to provide assistance - as a result, an increase in crime and an even greater sense of threat, particularly affecting socially weaker groups. The rigour and emotional approach to the problem of punishing criminals, resulting from the fear of crime, gives rise to the phenomenon of so-called penal populism, often used by politicians with the participation of the media. Finally, the economic costs of social fear of crime are not insignificant.
For these reasons, the phenomenon should not be underestimated, but should not be overestimated, because in the context of other threatening situations and various dangers, it does not constitute the main feeling of threat to citizens and is far behind such fears as social, economic, health, fear of war, etc. Favourable developments in areas other than internal security, e.g. increased prosperity reduces social fear of crime more than restrictive criminal law.
Knowledge and Reality in the Historical Epistemology
Authors: Kasavin Ilya T. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2020

The article gives a generalized view of the historical epistemology and highlights its main problems: the nature of historical reality, historical knowledge and historical agent. The historical epistemology represents a special philosophical discourse, the purpose of which is constructing historical knowledge for cultural assimilation of the new historical reality at the intersection of science and society. A distinction is proposed between the position of a historian of science and a historical epistemologist in terms of the essence of historical event and historical fact. The historical epistemology reveals its boundaries and a position within modern epistemological approaches. On the one hand, it is the substantialist interpretation of the historical event, which loses its a priori status only by socio-epistemological explanation. On the other hand, a figure of the historical agent (hero and author) keeping the status of a theoretical fiction in historical epistemology, acquires the adequate meaning in the existential philosophy of science.
Incline and Admonish
Authors: Shevchenko Sergei Yu. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2020

The article deals with the forms of epistemic injustice associated with the scentization of expertise, its locking in a separate scientific discipline. Counter-expertise is directed against deprivation of the right to speak out about one's own interests which is the most common form of epistemic injustice. But the most radical form is related to the comprehension of other’s phenomenal experience as a derivative of the parameters measured by expert. In this regard, the concept of embodiment can play a crucial role both in preventing epistemic injustice and in overcoming the crisis of expertise.
Expert and Layman
Authors: Bryzgalina Elena V. , Kiselev Vladimir N. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2020

The article substantiates the possibility of interpreting expertise as a research communicative practice, in contrast to the expert “comparison with the sample”. Inside the so-called examinations, a counter-examination is institutionally integrated. The communication of expert and counter-expert position, which is a phenomenological personality choice, can take a form of personal institutionalized communication, and can be mediated by mediators and media texts. The results of examination and counter-interaction are determined by many factors, among which the coincidence (mismatch) of the images of the future. Communication between a layman and an expert about science-dimensional situations can be considered in prism of various optics – linguistic, sociological, socio-political, psychological optics, fixing a number of several paradoxes (equality, limited choice, excess / deficit).
Counter-Expertise
Authors: Filatova Asya A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2020

The term “counter-expertise” has recently become a part of the STS theoretical tools, although main topics covered by this term have been the STS subjects for several decades. These themes concern the norms and practices of laypeople participation in assessing the quality of their living conditions. This assessing often clashes with official expertise. First of all, the problem of counterexpertise is considered in the context of the democratization of science, a participatory turn and activism. In this article, using the vocabulary of B. Latour's actor-network theory, I try to demonstrate the way counter-experts use, open and close the so-called “black boxes” of science. The counter-experts’ attitude about scientific facts is a matter of principle, for it actualizes the problem of demarcation of counter-expertise from various kinds of grassroots initiatives, which are usually interpreted as unscientific and socially destructive.
Obvious and Improbable in Kuhnian Normal Science
Authors: Dorozhkin Alexander M. , Sakharova Anna V. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of some specific characteristics of the language of normal science described by Thomas Kuhn. We would like to draw attention to two problems associated with some features of the concept of paradigms. The first problem relates to the question, how scientists belonging to one paradigm record the position of a group of scientists adhering to another paradigm. Precisely, the article examines how the problem of “synchronous fragmentation of knowledge” is solved in the language of science. The second issue concerns the age of “normal” knowledge and the question, how the anomalous content of knowledge can appear and accumulate, and what is the status of scientists developing the “anomalous” knowledge. We reveal some possible parameters by which we can determine the early stage of the functioning of normal science, the periods of its heyday and decline. In this article, we try to find an approach to these problems by examining the natural language of scientists, using techniques of content analysis, as well as complex linguistic analysis, including discursive, semantic and pragmatic components. Linguistic analysis can’t finally solve the problems of philosophical analysis of scientific knowledge, in particular, the state of the paradigm concept by Thomas Kuhn. But it helps us to identify the boundaries of paradigms, as well as the state of normal knowledge. The problem of fragmentation of knowledge by paradigms, as well as the problem of “aging” of knowledge inside a “normal science” are not directly expressed by scientists. But they can be recorded by analysis of everyday language, which often becomes entangled with the language of science. The high rate of words that semantically indicate the “obvious” knowledge in scientific texts points to a “good” state of the paradigm. And vice versa, the words denoting “improbable” indirectly indicate its crisis state or express an attitude to the knowledge belonging to a different paradigm. The analysis of the data shows that the alleged complete replacement of Kuhn's concept of a paradigm by the concept of “trading zones” by Peter Galison does not appear to be accomplished. Just as the concept of scientific paradigm did not completely replace the falsificationalism, the Galison’s “trading zones” do not fully reflect the real state of affairs in science. Therefore, the Kuhnian paradigms are recorded at the lexical level in the communication of scientists.
NCCN Guidelines Insights: Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas, Version 2.2020
Authors: Mehta-Shah Neha , Horwitz Steven M. , Ansell Stephen , Ai Weiyun Z. , Barnes Jeffrey , Barta Stefan K. , Clemens Mark W. , Dogan Ahmet , Fisher Kristopher , Goodman Aaron M. , Goyal Gaurav , Guitart Joan , Halwani Ahmad , Haverkos Bradley M. , Hoppe Richard T. , Jacobsen Eric , Jagadeesh Deepa , Lunning Matthew A. , Mehta Amitkumar , Olsen Elise A. , Pro Barbara , Rajguru Saurabh A. , Shanbhag Satish , Shaver Aaron , Shustov Andrei , Sokol Lubomir , Torka Pallawi , Torres-Cabala Carlos , Wilcox Ryan , William Basem M. , Zain Jasmine , Dwyer Mary A. , Sundar Hema , Kim Youn H.
Published: May 2020

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), and Sézary syndrome (SS) is a rare erythrodermic and leukemic subtype of CTCL characterized by significant blood involvement. Although early-stage disease can be effectively treated predominantly with skin-directed therapies, systemic therapy is often necessary for the treatment of advanced-stage disease. Systemic therapy options have evolved in recent years with the approval of novel agents such as romidepsin, brentuximab vedotin, and mogamulizumab. These NCCN Guidelines Insights discuss the diagnosis and management of MF and SS (with a focus on systemic therapy).
Periodic codings of Bratteli-Vershik systems
Authors: Frick Sarah , Petersen Karl , Shields Sandi
Published: May 2020

We develop conditions for the coding of a Bratteli-Vershik system according to initial path segments to be periodic, equivalently for a constructive symbolic recursive scheme corresponding to a cutting and stacking process to produce a periodic sequence. This is a step toward understanding when a Bratteli-Vershik system can be essentially faithfully represented by means of a natural coding as a subshift on a finite alphabet.
Compact group actions on operator algebras and their spectra
Authors: Peligrad Costel
Published: May 2020

We consider a class of dynamical systems with compact non-abelian groups that include C*-, W*- and multiplier dynamical systems. We prove results that relate the algebraic properties such as simplicity or primeness of the fixed point algebras to the spectral properties of the action, including the Connes and strong Connes spectra.
An interpolation of Ohno's relation to complex functions
Authors: Hirose Minoru , Murahara Hideki , Onozuka Tomokazu
Published: May 2020

Ohno's relation is a well known formula among multiple zeta values. In this paper, we present its interpolation to complex functions.
Metamorfoses do conceito de literatura na arqueologia de Foucault
Authors: Souto Caio
Published: May 2020

A elaboração de um conceito de literatura, por Foucault, esteve atrelada às demais problematizações caras à arqueologia como as da linguagem, da vida e do estatuto filosófico do homem. Após História da loucura, Foucault publica diversos textos em que analisa o domínio literário. Nessas análises, observa-se o exercício de modificação de um conceito de literatura, o qual obteve uma primeira formulação em meados da década de 1950 nos escritos fenomenológicos de Foucault (particularmente em sua introdução à obra Sonho e existência de Binswanger) e passou a ganhar uma importância cada vez maior na arqueologia foucaultiana.
¿Por qué deben estudiar matemática los gobernantes? Paideia, dialéctica y política
Authors: Lanza González Henar
Published: May 2020

Debido a que no es evidente en qué sentido el estudio de la matemática ayuda a los guardianes de la República de Platón a dominar las pasiones y los prepara para ser gobernantes, mostraré la función propedéutica de la matemática; cómo las cinco disciplinas en las que está dividida — aritmética, geometría, estereotomía, astronomía y música — pueden dividirse a su vez en dos: la popular y la filosófica, y es solo esta última la que provoca el giro del alma (περιαγωγή) hacia lo que es siempre. Esta es la razón por la cual se afirma que la matemática es una preparación para la dialéctica, el único método propiamente filosófico y la ciencia máxima. Solo tras una década de ejercitación matemática el guardián se convertirá en dialéctico, ascenderá al ámbito inteligible y contemplará las Ideas, divinas y ordenadas. Esto despertará en él el deseo de querer asemejarse a ellas y, por mímesis, volverse él también divino y ordenado (en la medida en la que esto le es posible al hombre), lo que le permitirá ejercer el gobierno de sí (ἐγκράτεια), que en la psicología platónica se traduce en el mandato de lo racional sobre lo irascible y lo apetitivo, el gobierno de lo intelectual sobre lo anímico. A pesar del deseo de permanecer para siempre en el ámbito inteligible, el dialéctico deberá descender nuevamente a la caverna y gobernar de forma justa la pólis e instaurar en las costumbres públicas y privadas de los gobernados el orden contemplado, alejado de la tiranía (el más degenerado de los regímenes políticos) y de las pasiones violentas y los apetitos que tiranizan al propio tirano, según el paralelismo alma - ciudad. Cierro con la respuesta a la pregunta de quién es ese filósofo-gobernante en el siglo XXI.
O transhumanismo e a questão antropológica
Authors: Lopes Wendell Evangelista Soares
Published: May 2020

Quando nos detemos à querela recente sobre o enhancement, especialmente àquela que tem colocado em lados opostos bioconservadores e transhumanistas, não pode passar despercebido que pressuposições e mesmo concepções muito ingênuas sobre o homem se encontram no fundo do debate. No estudo que apresentaremos, buscaremos mostrar duas teses: antes de tudo, tentaremos evidenciar que tal querela formada em torno do enhancement é uma reformulação da querela que outrora envolveu a arte alquímica nos tempos medievais e renascentistas – arte cujo impulso deu grande influxo ao ideal prático-transformador da ciência. Em segundo lugar, mostraremos que a atual controvérsia em torno do transhumanismo padece, em termos ontológicos, de problemas semelhantes àqueles que atormentavam o debate sobre aquela antiga arte. Por fim, deixaremos, entretanto, indicado que o esclarecimento das questões ontológicas envolvidas em tal controvérsia não eliminam necessariamente outras questões de ordem ética e política, as quais precisam certamente de um estudo complementar.
Oceanic Drivers of Sei Whale Distribution in the North Atlantic
Authors: Houghton Lucy , Ramirez-Martinez Nadya , Mikkelsen Bjarni , Víkingsson Gísli , Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Øien Nils , Hammond Philip
Published: May 2020

This study investigated the oceanic drivers of sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) distribution in the central and eastern North Atlantic, and explored how distribution may have changed over almost three decades. Cetacean sightings data were available from Icelandic, Faroese and Norwegian surveys conducted throughout the central and eastern North Atlantic during summer between 1987 and 2015. Effective strip half width was estimated from the data to take account of variation in detection probability. Spatially-referenced environmental variables used as predictors in generalised additive models of sei whale relative density included: relief-related variables seabed depth, slope and aspect; monthly-varying physical oceanographic variables sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer depth, bottom temperature, salinity, and sea surface height anomaly (SSH); and monthly-varying biological oceanographic variables chlorophyll-a concentration and primary productivity. Preliminary analysis considered which month (March-August) in the dynamic oceanographic variables explained most variability in sei whale density. Models including all variables (“full models”) could only be run for 1998-2015 because data for several variables were missing in earlier years. “Simple models" including only relief-related variables and SST were therefore run for 1987-89, and also for 1998-2015 for comparison. The best-fitting full model for 1998-2015 retained the covariates depth, May SST, May bottom temperature, July salinity, July SSH and July primary productivity. Of these, depth, May SST and July SSH were the strongest predictors of sei whale density. In the simple models for both 1987-89 and 1998-2015, depth (especially), May SST and seabed slope were the strongest predictors of sei whale density. The highest densities of sei whales were predicted in the Irminger Sea and over the Charles-Gibbs Fracture Zone; a pattern driven by large negative SSH, deep water (>1500m) and polar-temperate SST (5-12oC). There was some inter-annual variability in predicted distribution and there appears to be a northward expansion in distribution consistent with prey species responding to ocean warming. The models could be used to predict future distribution of sei whales based on future environmental conditions predicted by climate models.
Resampling-based methods for biologists
Authors: Fieberg John R. , Vitense Kelsey , Johnson Douglas H.
Published: May 2020

Ecological data often violate common assumptions of traditional parametric statistics (e.g., that residuals are Normally distributed, have constant variance, and cases are independent). Modern statistical methods are well equipped to handle these complications, but they can be challenging for non-statisticians to understand and implement. Rather than default to increasingly complex statistical methods, resampling-based methods can sometimes provide an alternative method for performing statistical inference, while also facilitating a deeper understanding of foundational concepts in frequentist statistics (e.g., sampling distributions, confidence intervals,p-values). Using simple examples and case studies, we demonstrate how resampling-based methods can help elucidate core statistical concepts and provide alternative methods for tackling challenging problems across a broad range of ecological applications.
A Study on the Activity and Training Plan of a Field Crew for the Design of Training Scenarios Assuming Chemical Accidents and Terrorism
Authors: Kim Si-Kuk , Choi Su-Gil , Hong Sung-chul
Published: May 2020

This article is a study on the activity of rescue workers for designing simulation training scenarios assuming chemical accidents. On the basis of the complexity of the indoor scene in the case of chemical accidents and terrorism, we designed a 12-step simulation training scenario for two teams to analyze the improvement in firefighters’ capabilities. On the basis of activity measurement in the simulation scenario, step 2 of training had the most drops in the maximum heart rate, as follow: N1, from 163 bpm to 153 bpm; N2, from 186 bpm to 151 bpm; N3, from 168 bpm to 162 bpm; and N4, from 166 bpm to 152 bpm. In terms of intensity level in the allowable activity time, it was found that in step 2 both N1 and N2 reduced from Level 5 to Level 3, N3 remained at Level 4, N4 reduced from Level 4 to Level 3, and the maximum allowable activity time increased.
A Study on the Development of Fire Extinguishing Agent and Extinguishing System for ESS Fire
Authors: Lee Yeon-Ho , Lee Joo-Hyung , Kim Soo-Jin , Chon Sung-Ho , Choi Byoung-Chul , Oh Seung-Ju , Kim Si-Kuk
Published: May 2020

This paper presents a study on the development of a fire extinguishing agent and extinguishing system for an energy storage system (ESS) fire. The fire extinguishing agent designed to extinguish an ESS fire is a highly permeable fire extinguisher that reduces the surface tension and viscosity while bringing about cooling action. This is the main extinguishing effect of this type of wetting agent, which displays the characteristics of fire extinguishing agents used for penetrating the battery cells inside the ESS module. For the fire extinguishing system, a local application system was designed to suppress fire on a rack-by-rack basis. A 360° rotating nozzle was inserted into the rear hall of the ESS module, and general nozzles were installed in the rack to maximize the fire extinguishing effect. The fire extinguishing agent was strongly discharged by virtue of the gas release pressure. Experiments on fire suppression performance with ESS module 1 unit and module 3 units showed that all visible flames were extinguished in 8 s and 9 s, respectively, by the fire extinguishing agent. In addition, based on confirming reignition for 600 s after the fire extinguishing agent was exhausted, it was confirmed that the ESS fire was completely extinguished without reignition in all fire suppression performance experiments.
The Relationship Between Walking Speed and Available Walking Height
Authors: Son Jong-Yeong , Bae Young-Hoon , Jeon Gyu-Yeob , Hong Won-Hwa , Shin Young-Min
Published: May 2020

During fire outbreaks, smoke accumulates from the ceiling and reduces the available walking height of people passing through. In this study, a walking experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between the walking speed of people and available walking height. Twenty-three participants were enrolled. Based on the results, the lower the available walking height, the lower the average walking speed of the participants. However, a significant difference was noted only in the walking speed when the available walking height was 1.2 m compared to the free walking speed. In addition, there was no significant difference among participants in terms of their BMI index grade. However, in the case of participants with normal BMI, the walking speed at a 1.2 m available walking height was significantly lower than when walking freely. Further, in the case of overweight participants, the walking speed at 1.8 m and 1.7 m available walking height was significantly increased compared to that when walking freely.
Controlled Dynamics of Neural Tumor Cells by Templated Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks
Authors: Jiang Jinghua , Dhakal Netra Prasad , Guo Yubing , Andre Christian , Thompson Lauren , Skalli Omar , Peng Chenhui
Published: May 2020

The ability to control the alignment and organization of cell populations has great potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A variety of approaches such as nano/microtopographical patterning, mechanical loading, and nanocomposite synthesis have been developed to engineer scaffolds able to control cellular properties and behaviors. In this work, a patterned liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) film is synthesized by using a nematic liquid crystal template in which the molecular orientations are predesigned by photopatterning technique. Various configurations of polymer networks such as linear and circular patterns are created. When neural tumor cells are plated onto the templated LCN films, the cell alignment, migration, and proliferation are directed in both linear and curvilinear fashions following the pattern of the aligned polymer chains. A complex LCN pattern with zigzag geometry is also fabricated and found to be capable of controlling cell alignment and collective cellular organization. The demonstrated control of cell dynamics and organization by LCN films with various molecular alignments opens new opportunities to design scaffolds to control cultured cell organization in a manner resembling that found in tissues and to develop novel advanced materials for nerve repair, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications.
Giant Optical Nonlinearities of Photonic Minibands in Metal–Dielectric Multilayers
Authors: Acharyya Jitendra Nath , Rao D. Narayana , Adnan Mohammad , Raghavendar C. , Gangineni R. B. , Prakash G. Vijaya
Published: May 2020

The giant nonlinear optical responses of photonic minibands of (Ag/SiO2)4 metal–dielectric multilayers are reported using high intense femtosecond laser pulses. Ag and SiO2 alternative stack of layers form a series of coupled Fabry–Pérot resonators (Ag–SiO2–Ag) and the cavity modes are split into transmission minibands in the metal reflective spectral region. The strong saturation of two‐photon absorption associated with multiphoton absorption (MPA) is observed at photonic miniband minimum (≈700 nm), whereas MPA is the strong dominant nonlinearity at peak maximum (≈725 nm). The metal‐cavity induced manifold enhancement (>103 times) in the Ag intrinsic nonlinearity follows wide miniband spectral (700–765 nm) trend. Results are discussed with respect to single (Ag/SiO2)1 and bare Ag thin film results. The broad origin of giant nonlinearity is ascribed to the strong local cavity field enhanced metal interband transitions initiated by multiphoton absorption processes. The strong confinement of optical field and energy dissipation within these metal–dielectric coupled resonators are further evidenced by transfer matrix method simulations. The giant multiphoton absorptive type nonlinearities with very high laser‐damage threshold (≈50 GW cm−2) from these composite transparent metals are potentially beneficial for novel nonlinear optical limiters, optical Bragg coatings, and saturable optical absorbers for extremely high‐power ultrafast lasers operation.
Solution‐Processable Transparent Organic Molecular Nanoadhesives for Exceptionally Durable Nanowire Electrodes
Authors: Bok Shingyu , Ahn Kwangguk , Oh Hwisu , Kwon Nayoung , Lee Jung Heon , Nam Jaewook , Lim Byungkwon
Published: May 2020

Silver (Ag) nanowires (NWs) are promising building blocks for fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes, but their poor adhesion to polymeric substrates causes delamination of NWs from a substrate during repeated deformation, which leads to degradation in electrical performance. A new and simple approach is developed to dramatically improve mechanical, chemical, and thermal stability of a Ag NW electrode by hybridizing a NW network film with an organic molecular nanoadhesive layer without sacrificing its inherent excellent optoelectrical properties. It is discovered that some of pyridine derivatives such as 4‐dimethylaminopyridine can be solution‐processed and annealed to form a transparent layer with high adhesion to polymeric substrates such as poly(ethylene terephthalate). In addition to high optical transparency and electrical conductivity, the NW‐nanoadhesive hybrid film exhibits low surface roughness, reduced optical haze, and excellent adhesion to the substrate without delamination against 100 cycles of tape detachment and 10 000 cycles of bending tests at 1 mm of bending radius. Furthermore, the hybrid film exhibits good air‐oxidation and thermal stability over 24 h at 100 °C. The hybrid electrodes show good performance in applications for flexible touch panel and thin film heater.
Improving soil properties and grains yield of winter wheat and summer corn under residue management strategies
Authors: Gao Fei , Hu Juan , Ren Baizhao , Liu Peng , Zhao Bin , Zhang Jiwang
Published: May 2020

In this study, a 6‐year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different amounts of corn stover returned to the field on soil properties and grain yield of double‐cropped of winter wheat and summer maize. A randomized block design with three replications was employed including three treatments: based on all stalks of winter wheat returned to the field, (1) all summer maize stalks were mechanically pulverized and returned to the field (SR); (2) a half of summer maize stalks were mechanically pulverized and returned to the field (1/2 SR); and (3) all summer maize stalks were fully removed (control; CK). Compared with CK, the yield of summer maize and winter wheat were increased in both SR and 1/2SR. The total soil porosity, water‐stable aggregate content, and organic matter content were significantly higher in both SR and 1/2SR treatments than those in CK. The total P and available K were increased in both SR and 1/2SR, compared with those in CK. However, differences in soil properties and grain yield were not significant between SR and 1/2SR. These results indicated that corn stover returned to the field could significantly improve soil properties and yield. It can maintain soil sustainability and provide a high‐quality soil environment through treatment of 1/2SR, and the efficient use of straw can be achieved by using the remaining half of the straw for biomass energy. Overall, our data provided a basis for the use of stover resources to keep a sustainable soil production capacity.
Functional Covalent Triazine Frameworks‐Based Quasi‐Solid‐State Electrolyte Used to Enhance Lithium Metal Battery Safety
Authors: Shi Qing Xuan , Guan Xin , Pei Hui Jie , Chang Chen , Qu Hao , Xie Xiao Lin , Ye Yun Sheng
Published: May 2020

The development and use of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) has been hampered by uneven Li deposition and dendrite formation during repeated cycling. Here, a new class of quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes (QSSE) consisting of ionic liquid functional covalent triazine‐based frameworks (IL‐fCTF) and a Li salt‐ionic liquid (LIL), formed by simple mechanical mixing, is shown to overcome these problems. The IL‐fCTF based QSSE exhibits high strength stability, due to its robust CTF skeleton that suppresses unwanted Li dendrite formation. Moreover, LIL absorbed in the ordered porous structures of the CTF skeleton forms three‐dimensional (3D) continues ion transport channels, beneficial for Li‐ion conduction and ensuring even Li deposition. The QSSE used in LMBs shows a high room‐temperature ionic conductivity (1.33 mS cm−1 at 30 °C), due to its excellent electrolyte uptake, ultra‐high Li‐ion transfer number (0.648), improved electrochemical/cycling stability and good rate capacity. The easily fabricated QSSE‐based battery's excellent performance makes it a promising candidate for practical application in LMBs.
A Liquid Anode of Lithium Biphenyl for Highly Safe Lithium‐Air Battery with Hybrid Electrolyte
Authors: Bao Jiejun , Li Chao , Zhang Fan , Wang Pengfei , Zhang Xueping , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: May 2020

A hybrid electrolyte, by uniting aqueous and organic electrolyte with a water‐stable lithium super ionic conductor ceramic (LISICON) plate, was proposed to circumvent the drawbacks of nonaqueous Li‐air batteries, such as corrosion of metallic Li from humidity, decomposition of organic solvents and insoluble discharge products clogging air electrode. However, safety issues deteriorate when the brittle ceramic plate fails to separate organic and aqueous solutions. This study aimed to improve the safety of the hybrid electrolyte based Li‐air battery, by designing a liquid anode of lithium biphenyl (LiBP) replacing the lithium metal as the mild reaction between LiBP and aqueous electrolyte without combustion. Moreover, sputtering Ti layer onto the anodic side of the ceramic plate can improve chemical stability of interface between the liquid anode and solid electrolyte. In this system, the cell exhibited a relatively high discharge voltage of 2.81 V at the current density of 0.5 mA cm−2, as well as a specific power of 1638 W kg−1 at the current density of 6 mA cm−2 by using this liquid anode. The cycling life exceeded over 120 cycles at the current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. The ex situ Raman spectrometry and in situ GC‐MS analyses reveal that the redox reaction of BP−/BP and OH−/O2 in anolyte and catholyte respectively can deliver large capacity during cycling.
Customer green orientation and process innovation alignment: A configuration approach in the global manufacturing industry
Authors: Nguyen Hung M. , Onofrei George , Truong Dothang , Lockrey Simon
Published: May 2020

Research suggests that manufacturers increasingly innovate processes to meet customer's green requirements; however, little is known about the impact on performance and the contextual conditions, under which they are effective. Grounded on configuration approach, this study develops taxonomies of manufacturing firms based on the degree of customer's green orientation and process innovation. This study argues that performance differences between these clusters, highlight managerial implications for sustainable development. The empirical data used in this study were drawn from Global Manufacturing Research Group (GMRG) survey project (with data collected from 629 manufacturing firms from nine countries). Our results show that customer green innovation taxonomies influence differently on environmental measures, costs, and financial performance. The study proposes three clusters: Process active, Green minimalist, and Green proactive. The main differences between manufacturers are based on the level of investments in joint green improvement initiatives and customer direct investments in green activities. Firms that belong to the Process active cluster, who are first within the industry to deploy new processes and update the latest process development, gained significant improvement in financial measures such as market share and profits. Whereas Green minimalist cluster lagged behind, Green proactive manufacturers aligned in both capabilities to experience higher payoffs in sustainable performance measures and efficiency. The findings provide a step‐by‐step decision‐making process and offer guidance for supply chain managers who have to stretch their needs to align the innovation processes to enhance their sustainable performance.
Density peaks clustering‐based steady/transition mode identification and monitoring of multimode processes
Authors: Zheng Ying , Wang Yang , Yan Haolan , Wang Yan , Yang Weidong , Tao Bo
Published: May 2020

Multimode is the characteristic of industrial manufacturing processes due to different production strategies and environments. For multimode process monitoring, it is a challenge to identify different steady modes and transition modes. In this paper, a k nearest neighbours (KNN)‐based density peaks clustering (DPC) method is applied to identify different modes. First, the local density of each sample, which is obtained with a KNN constraint and its minimum distance to the higher local density points are calculated as two indicators of the DPC algorithm to find the cluster centres of the training data. Then, the transition modes are identified by combining the moving window strategy and the DPC algorithm, where an index called the local density‐distance ratio (LDDR) is employed. Finally, the monitoring algorithm is used to detect the faults for each operation mode. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by a numerical example and a Tennessee Eastman (TE) benchmark process.
Sorption enhanced steam methane reforming by Ni/CaO/mayenite combined systems: Overview of experimental results from European research project ASCENT
Authors: Di Giuliano Andrea , Gallucci Katia , Di Carlo Andrea , Stendardo Stefano , Courson Claire , Foscolo Pier Ugo
Published: May 2020

Work Package 4 (WP4) of the European research project ASCENT developed combined sorbent‐catalyst materials (CSCM) for sorption enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR), based on nickel (Ni) and calcium oxide (CaO). This work summarizes the whole experimental study carried out in ASCENT WP4 on Ni/CaO/mayenite systems obtained from wet mixing and wet impregnation synthesis methods. Effects from Ni precursor (Ni (CH3COO)2 · 4H2O or Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O), Ni load (from 3 wt%‐10 wt%), and free CaO load (from 0 wt%‐54 wt%) were investigated for 26 materials by means of characterizations and reforming reactivity tests in a packed‐bed microreactor (650°C, 1 atm). Thanks to comparative analyses of the results, evidence emerged about the detrimental influence of low Ni/CaO ratio on the reforming catalytic activity of solid inventories, made of CSCM or even of the raw mixing of CaO‐mayenite and Ni‐mayenite particles. Catalytic materials were active towards reforming only when derived from Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O. Based on this, the best CSCM (with the lowest free CaO content and the highest Ni load from nickel nitrate) was chosen to further study its industrial applicability by multicycle SESMR/sorbent‐regeneration tests in a bench‐scale packed‐bed rig and attrition tests according to ASTM D5757‐11. The CSCM was stable and active for 200 cycles with regenerations in N2 at 850°C, while a progressive loss of its activity occurred with regenerations in CO2 at 925°C as the cycle number increased due to Ni sintering. Its performance in the attrition tests was comparable to that of calcined dolomite.
Synthesis, Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Buprenorphine‐Derived Phenylazocarboxamides as Novel μ‐Opioid Receptor Ligands
Authors: Krüll Jasmin , Fehler Stefanie K. , Hofmann Laura , Nebel Natascha , Maschauer Simone , Prante Olaf , Gmeiner Peter , Lanig Harald , Hübner Harald , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: May 2020

Targeted structural modifications have led to a novel type of buprenorphine‐derived opioid receptor ligand displaying an improved selectivity profile for the μ‐OR subtype. On this basis, it is shown that phenylazocarboxamides may serve as useful bioisosteric replacements for the widely occurring cinnamide units, without loss of OR binding affinity or subtype selectivity. This study further includes functional experiments pointing to weak partial agonist properties of the novel μ‐OR ligands, as well as docking and metabolism experiments. Finally, the unique bifunctional character of phenylazocarboxylates, herein serving as precursors for the azocarboxamide subunit, was exploited to demonstrate the accessibility of an 18F‐fluorinated analogue.
Human Papillomavirus Quasivirus Production and Infection of Primary Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Porter Samuel S. , McBride Alison A.
Published: May 2020

This protocol describes the production of human papillomavirus (HPV)–derived quasiviruses. Quasiviruses are infectious particles that are produced in 293TT packaging cells and contain a complete viral genome. We describe methods for infection of primary human keratinocytes with HPV quasiviruses, as well as assays to measure early viral DNA replication and transcription. Published 2020. U.S. Government.

Basic Protocol 1: Transfection, harvest, and isolation of HPV quasiviruses

Alternate Protocol 1: Packaging HPV DNA replicated in 293TT cells

Alternate Protocol 2: Production of higher‐purity quasivirus using the “Ripcord” method

Support Protocol 1: Production of HPV minicircles

Support Protocol 2: Production of recircularized HPV genomes

Support Protocol 3: Screening of fractions for viral proteins

Support Protocol 4: Screening of fractions for viral DNA

Support Protocol 5: Measuring viral titer

Support Protocol 6: Quantitation of quasivirions

Basic Protocol 2: Infection of primary human foreskin keratinocytes with quasivirus

Basic Protocol 3: HPV quasivirus transcription assay

Basic Protocol 4: HPV quasivirus replication assay