bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of genomic relationships for estimating current genetic variances within and genetic correlations between populations
Authors: Wientjes Yvonne C.J. , Bijma Piter , Vandenplas Jérémie , Calus Mario P.L.
Published: April 2017

Different methods are available to calculate multi-population genomic relationship matrices. Since those matrices differ in base population, it is anticipated that the method used to calculate the genomic relationship matrix affect the estimate of genetic variances, covariances and correlations. The aim of this paper is to define a multi-population genomic relationship matrix to estimate current genetic variances within and genetic correlations between populations. The genomic relationship matrix containing two populations consists of four blocks, one block for population 1, one block for population 2, and two blocks for relationships between the populations. It is known, based on literature, that current genetic variances are estimated when the current population is used as base population of the relationship matrix. In this paper, we theoretically derived the properties of the genomic relationship matrix to estimate genetic correlations and validated it using simulations. When the scaling factors of the genomic relationship matrix fulfill the property, the genetic correlation is estimated even though estimated variance components are not necessarily related to the current population. When this property is not met, the correlation based on estimated variance components should be multiplied byto rescale the genetic correlation. In this study we present a genomic relationship matrix which directly results in current genetic variances as well as genetic correlations between populations.
Evaluation of the 3D fractal dimension as a marker of structural brain complexity in multiple-acquisition MRI
Authors: Krohn Stephan , Froeling Martijn , Leemans Alexander , Ostwald Dirk , Villoslada Pablo , Finke Carsten , Esteban Francisco J.
Published: April 2017

Fractal analysis represents a promising new approach to structural neuroimaging data, yet systematic evaluation of the fractal dimension (FD) as a marker of structural brain complexity is scarce. Here we present in-depth methodological assessment of FD estimation in structural brain MRI. On the computational side, we show that spatial scale optimization can significantly improve FD estimation accuracy, as suggested by simulation studies with known FD values. For empirical evaluation, we analyzed two recent open-access neuroimaging data sets (MASSIVE and Midnight Scan Club), stratified by fundamental image characteristics including registration, sequence weighting, spatial resolution, segmentation procedures, tissue type, and image complexity. Deviation analyses showed high repeated-acquisition stability of the FD estimates across both data sets, with differential deviation susceptibility according to image characteristics. While less frequently studied in the literature, FD estimation in T2-weighted images yielded robust outcomes. Importantly, we observed a significant impact of image registration on absolute FD estimates. Applying different registration schemes, we found that unbalanced registration induced i) repeated-measurement deviation clusters around the registration target, ii) strong bidirectional correlations among image analysis groups, and iii) spurious associations between the FD and an index of structural similarity, and these effects were strongly attenuated by reregistration in both data sets. Indeed, differences in FD between scans did not simply track differences in structure per se, suggesting that structural complexity and structural similarity represent distinct aspects of structural brain MRI. In conclusion, scale optimization can improve FD estimation accuracy, and empirical FD estimates are reliable yet sensitive to image characteristics.
HadoopCNV: A dynamic programming imputation algorithm to detect copy number variants from sequencing data
Authors: Yang Hui , Chen Gary , Lima Leandro , Fang Han , Jimenez Laura , Li Mingyao , Lyon Gholson J , He Max , Wang Kai
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data may be used to identify copy number variations (CNVs). Existing CNV detection methods mostly rely on read depth or alignment characteristics (paired-end distance and split reads) to infer gains/losses, while neglecting allelic intensity ratios and cannot quantify copy numbers. Additionally, most CNV callers are not scalable to handle a large number of WGS samples.

METHODS

To facilitate large-scale and rapid CNV detection from WGS data, we developed a Dynamic Programming Imputation (DPI) based algorithm called HadoopCNV, which infers copy number changes through both allelic frequency and read depth information. Our implementation is built on the Hadoop framework, enabling multiple compute nodes to work in parallel.

RESULTS

Compared to two widely used tools – CNVnator and LUMPY, HadoopCNV has similar or better performance on both simulated data sets and real data on the NA12878 individual. Additionally, analysis on a 10-member pedigree showed that HadoopCNV has a Mendelian precision that is similar or better than other tools. Furthermore, HadoopCNV can accurately infer loss of heterozygosity (LOH), while other tools cannot. HadoopCNV requires only 1.6 hours for a human genome with 30X coverage, on a 32-node cluster, with a linear relationship between speed improvement and the number of nodes. We further developed a method to combine HadoopCNV and LUMPY result, and demonstrated that the combination resulted in better performance than any individual tools.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of high-resolution, allele-specific read depth from WGS data and Hadoop framework can result in efficient and accurate detection of CNVs.
Salt-inducible kinase 3 regulates the mammalian circadian clock by destabilizing PER2 protein
Authors: Hayasaka Naoto , Hirano Arisa , Miyoshi Yuka , Tokuda Isao T. , Yoshitane Hikari , Matsuda Junichiro , Fukada Yoshitaka
Published: April 2017

Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) plays a crucial role in various aspects of metabolism. In the course of investigating metabolic defects inSik3-deficient mice (Sik3-/-), we observed that circadian rhythmicity of the metabolisms was phase-delayed.Sik3-/-mice also exhibited other circadian abnormalities, including lengthening of the period, impaired entrainment to the light-dark cycle, phase variation in locomotor activities, and aberrant physiological rhythms.Ex vivosuprachiasmatic nucleus slices fromSik3-/-mice exhibited destabilized and desynchronized molecular rhythms among individual neurons. In cultured cells,Sik3-knockdown resulted in abnormal bioluminescence rhythms. Expression levels of PER2, a clock protein, were elevated inSik3-knockdown cells but down-regulated inSik3-overexpressing cells, which could be attributed to a phosphorylation-dependent decrease in PER2 protein stability. This was further confirmed by PER2 accumulation in theSik3-/-fibroblasts and liver. Collectively, SIK3 plays key roles in circadian rhythms by facilitating phosphorylation-dependent PER2 destabilization, either directly or indirectly.
Principles of cellular resource allocation revealed by condition-dependent proteome profiling
Authors: Metzl-Raz Eyal , Kafri Moshe , Yaakov Gilad , Soifer Ilya , Gurvich Yonat , Barkai Naama
Published: April 2017

Growing cells coordinate protein translation with metabolic rates. Central to this coordination is ribosome production. Ribosomes drive cell growth, but translation of ribosomal proteins competes with production of other proteins. Theory shows that cell growth is maximized when all expressed ribosomes are constantly translating. To examine whether budding yeast function at this limit of full ribosomal usage, we profiled the proteomes of cells growing in different environments. We find that cells produce an excess of ribosomal proteins, amounting to a constant ≈8% of the proteome. Accordingly, ≈25% of ribosomal proteins expressed in rapidly growing cells do not contribute to translation. This fraction increases as growth rate decreases. These excess ribosomal proteins are employed during nutrient upshift or when forcing unneeded expression. We suggest that steadily growing cells prepare for conditions that demand increased translation by producing excess ribosomes, at the expense of lower steady-state growth rate.
The fundamental principles of antibody repertoire architecture revealed by large-scale network analysis
Authors: Miho Enkelejda , Greifft Victor , Roškar Rok , Reddy Sai T.
Published: April 2017

The antibody repertoire is a vast and diverse collection of B-cell receptors and antibodies that confer protection against a plethora of pathogens. The architecture of the antibody repertoire, defined by the network similarity landscape of its sequences, is unknown. Here, we established a novel high-performance computing platform to construct large-scale networks from high-throughput sequencing data (>100’000 unique antibodies), in order to uncover the architecture of antibody repertoires. We identified three fundamental principles of antibody repertoire architecture across B-cell development: reproducibility, robustness and redundancy. Reproducibility of network structure explains clonal expansion and selection. Robustness ensures a functional immune response even under extensive loss of clones (50%). Redundancy in mutational pathways suggests that there is a pre-programmed evolvability in antibody repertoires. Our analysis provides guidelines for a quantitative network analysis of antibody repertoires, which can be applied to other facets of adaptive immunity (e.g., T cell receptors), and may direct the construction of synthetic repertoires for biomedical applications.
Beyond the labeled line: variation in visual reference frames from intraparietal cortex to frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus
Authors: Caruso V. C. , Pages D. S. , Sommer M. A. , Groh J. M.
Published: April 2017

We accurately perceive the visual scene despite moving our eyes ~3 times per second, an ability that requires incorporation of eye position and retinal information. We assessed how this neural computation unfolds across three interconnected structures: frontal eye fields (FEF), intraparietal cortex (LIP/MIP), and the superior colliculus (SC). Single unit activity was assessed in head-restrained monkeys performing visually-guided saccades from different initial fixations. As previously shown, the receptive fields of most LIP/MIP neurons shifted to novel positions on the retina for each eye position, and these locations were not clearly related to each other in either eye- or head-centered coordinates (hybrid coordinates). In contrast, the receptive fields of most SC neurons were stable in eye-centered coordinates. In FEF, visual signals were intermediate between those patterns: around 60% were eye-centered, whereas the remainder showed changes in receptive field location, boundaries, or responsiveness that rendered the response patterns hybrid or occasionally head-centered. These results suggest that FEF may act as a transitional step in an evolution of coordinates between LIP/MIP and SC. The persistence across cortical areas of hybrid representations that do not provide unequivocal location labels in a consistent reference frame has implications for how these representations must be read-out.

New & Noteworthy

How we perceive the world as stable using mobile retinas is poorly understood. We compared the stability of visual receptive fields across different fixation positions in three visuomotor regions. Irregular changes in receptive field position were ubiquitous in intraparietal cortex, evident but less common in the frontal eye fields, and negligible in the superior colliculus (SC), where receptive fields shifted reliably across fixations. Only the SC provides a stable labelled-line code for stimuli across saccades.
The ethics conundrum in Recall by Genotype (RbG) research: Perspectives from birth cohort participants
Authors: Minion Joel T , Butcher Frances , Timpson Nicholas , Murtagh Madeleine J
Published: April 2017

Recall by genotype (RbG) research involves recruiting participants on the basis of genetic variation. The recent use of this approach in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) has presented an important challenge for ethical conduct: for example, to inform participants of their genetic information and to deviate from existing policies of non-disclosure of results and risk unanticipated harms, or mask the full structure of the study design and miss an opportunity to open a process of disclosure within genotype directed research. Here we report analysis of 53 semi-structured interviews conducted with young adult ALSPAC participants. We found that the deep trust and faith participants developed over their long-term relationship with the study, alongside a naturally limited knowledge of genetics and modest interest in reported research outcomes, meant most reported few immediate concerns about being recruited by genotype. Participants considered themselves part of the ALSPAC team and in this vein identified constructive concerns about being informed of RbG research in recruitment documents as well as what general results would be most valuable and informative. Our findings highlight the importance of solidarity, reciprocity and co-production in biobank/participant relations, especially in long-term birth cohort studies where relationships develop over a lifetime. We argue that strong trusting relationships between study and participant confer great responsibility on researchers regarding duty of care. We make recommendations for conducting RbG research in longitudinal studies beyond those already available in the literature for other study-types.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The effect of sales promotions on consumers’ organic food response
Authors: Liang Austin Rong-Da , Yang Wan , Chen Dun-Ji , Chung Yu-Fang
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Owing to the wave of consumers concern about food quality, the organic food market has grown rapidly. However, how organic food promotions outweigh the negative impacts of high prices has become a pressing issue scholars need to discuss. Hence, with the value perspective as the basis, the purpose of this paper is to attempt to understand whether or not organic food consumers have preferences for specific promotional programs as opposed to other promotional programs.

Design/methodology/approach

The two-stage study design was adopted to explore these issues. In the first stage, 225 copies of promotional program documents were collected, and middle-ranking and high-ranking supervisors from seven organic food distributors were interviewed. According to the value perspective, the promotional programs were divided into four types: discount category, member category, free giveaway category, and limited time offer category, which were used to develop the questionnaire questions. In the second stage, 1,017 copies of valid questionnaires were recovered.

Findings

The logistic regression analysis was adopted to discuss the impact of the various promotional program actions on consumers’ choices. The empirical results indicate that the consumers preferred the programs in the discount category and the free giveaway category, while the programs in the member category and limited time offer category reduced the purchase intention.

Originality/value

The stringent qualitative and quantitative design in this study shall serve as a reference for follow-up research. The important implications of the operators’ promotion practices are covered in the discussion.
Origin stories in CSR: genesis of CSR at British American Tobacco
Authors: Coombs Timothy
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Graphic novels have a concept known as the origin story. The origin story is background information on how a hero or villain came into being. The purpose of this paper is to explore the origin story of corporate social responsibility at British American Tobacco (BAT). The CSR origin story is unpacked by examining corporate documents from BAT that discuss the initial development of the company’s CSR program. The BAT documents are part of the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (LTDL), a searchable, digital archive developed and managed by the University of California, San Francisco. It contains 85,569,326 pages in 14,360,422 documents. The library was created as part of the tobacco company settlement of a major law suit in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

For this case study, the authors searched the archive for documents from BAT that had the key words “corporate social responsibility.” The documents were then analyzed using qualitative content analysis to identify key themes related to BAT’s created of its CSR programs.

Findings

The two dominant themes were business case BAT made for CSR and the environmental factors that shaped CSR. The business case had sub-themes of the new operating environment and reinforcing employees. The environmental sub-themes were the importance of NGOS and the top issues to be addressed in CSR efforts. The themes helped to explain why BAT was engaging in CSR, the factors shaping the start of its CSR programs, and the issues it intended to address through CSR.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis is limited to one organization and does not include interviews to go with the archived documents.

Practical implications

The paper considers the implications of the analysis for theory and practice for internal CSR communication.

Originality/value

The documents provide a rare glimpse inside a corporate decision to begin a CSR program and how the managers “talked” about CSR. Instead of examining external CSR communication, it examines the early days of internal CSR communication at a specific firm. The yields of the document analysis provide insights into how BAT conceptualized CSR and communicated the rationale for creating a CSR program internally. Research has relied primarily upon speculation of corporate motives or corporate public discourse designed to frame their CSR efforts. The internal documents provide an unfiltered examination of the motives for a CSR program. This allows us to better understand why a CSR program was created including the motives, targets, and desired outcomes.
The communicative stance of CSR: reflections on the value of CSR communication
Authors: Golob Ursa , Verk Natasa , Ellerup-Nielsen Anne , Thomsen Christa , Elving Wim J.L. , Podnar Klement
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the third special issue on corporate social responsibility communication (CSRCom). In this editorial, the authors take the opportunity to share the latest knowledge, research and insights on CSRCom as presented at the third International CSR Communication Conference held in Ljubljana 17-19 September 2015.

Design/methodology/approach

Many efforts have been made to map the research field of CSRCom. Two major ontological streams seem to stand out in CSRCom research: functionalism vs constructivism. In this editorial, the authors describe each of them, address the factors which contributed to their implementation within the CSRCom field and provide a rationale for bridging the two approaches.

Findings

The papers selected for the issue demonstrate that recent studies of CSRCom are anchored both in functionalism and constructivism but that the attention towards using CSRCom in organisational processes of collaboration and networking is growing. This growth is aligned to the changes in the wider social environment. In this editorial, the authors are bridging both approaches and relating them to the most recent developments in CSR and CSRCom.

Originality/value

This paper concludes that a growing body of empirical studies contributes to an increased understanding of how both functionalistic and constitutive perspectives are relevant and provide key insights for communication managers. It also accentuates the idea that the ability to expand the understanding of CSRCom from that of a means to an end to one, according to which communication represents an important end/goal in itself, that can play a crucial role in dealing with the growing complexity of CSR processes.
How do strategic networks influence awarding contract? Evidence from French public procurement
Authors: Mamavi Olivier , Meier Olivier , Zerbib Romain
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study how networks may influence the awarding of a contract. In particular, the authors explore strategic networks originating from cooperative relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on notices of contracts awarded in the French public sector, the authors identified 10,377 partnership relations within 4,242 strategic alliances. The authors represented the system of relations in a graph. The authors used the networks depicted to measure a set of relational properties and build a structural equation model (partial least squared-path modeling).

Findings

The results highlight two important elements. First, the authors reveal the impact of the strength of weak and strong ties on contract awarding. Second, the authors show that the strength of weak ties is magnified by lead partners.

Originality/value

The findings provide insight into strategic behavior that can influence awarding contract. The authors also provide public principals with new means to improve their partner relations.
Factors comprehensively influencing acceptance of 3D-printed apparel
Authors: Perry Anna
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to incorporate an extended technology acceptance model (TAM) and examine how various factors comprehensively influence and determine consumers’ perceptions, attitude, and usage intention of 3D-printed apparel.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey was designed using established measures and 1,002 participants were recruited.

Findings

All external variables were related. Beyond indirect influences, tech optimism still moderately influenced ease of use, but weakly influenced attitude; aesthetics still strongly influenced usefulness and attitude, but weakly influenced usage intention; performance still strongly influenced ease of use, usefulness, and attitude. In addition, only indirect influences came from tech optimism to usefulness and usage intention, aesthetics to ease of use, and performance to usage intention. The TAM relationships were mostly confirmed, except ease of use to usefulness. Usage intention was mostly determined by attitude, which was largely influenced by design, performance, and usefulness, and limitedly contributed by aesthetics and usefulness.

Research limitations/implications

Participants’ response might be influenced by the provided materials of 3D-printed apparel.

Practical implications

The present study explicitly showed a complete picture about all possible influences among factors. Business managers can make strategies to meet consumers’ needs based on the current study without worrying about overlooking any possible effects.

Originality/value

The current study, for the first time, examined: consumers’ adoption intention of 3D-printed apparel, the relationships among external variables, and how external factors comprehensively influenced consumers’ perceptions, attitude, and usage intention.
Development of gelatine-based bio-film from chicken feet incorporated with sugarcane bagasse
Authors: Tew Sue Teng , Soon Jan Mei , Benjakul Soottawat , Prodran Thummanoon , Vittayanont Manee , Tongnuanchan Phakawat
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Protein-based films have good barrier characteristics against gas compared to synthetic films, but they have poor mechanical properties and high water vapour permeability (WVP) due to their hydrophilic nature. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is available abundantly in Southeast Asian countries and can be potentially utilized for its cellulose to increase the stiffness of the film. Hence, the purpose of this study was to develop a gelatine-based film from chicken feet incorporated with SCB.

Design/methodology/approach

Film-forming solutions (FFS) from chicken feet gelatine with different percentages of glycerol (25 and 35 per cent) were prepared by casting 4.0 g of FFS onto a rimmed silicone resin plate (50 × 50 mm2). Cellulose from SCB was purified and used to prepare hydrolyzed SCB. Films with 35 per cent glycerol were selected to be incorporated with different weight percentages (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent) of hydrolyzed SCB to increase the tensile strength (TS) and lower the WVP of the films. Mechanical properties, colour and transparency of the films were also tested.

Findings

Films containing 35 per cent glycerol have lower TS but higher elongation at break compared to films prepared with 25 per cent glycerol. There were no significant differences between the films with 25 per cent and 35 per cent glycerol in thickness, WVP and transparency value tests. Film incorporated with 5.0 Wt.% SCB had a slight increment in TS (23.07 MPa) compared to the control film (22.50 MPa). WVP was also lowered from 2.18 × 10−11gm−1s−1Pa−1 to 1.85 × 10−11gm−1s−1Pa−1. The other properties, namely, thickness, colour measurement and transparency value, were significantly different (p < 0.05) but nearer to the properties of the control film.

Originality/value

This study incorporates hydrolyzed SCB to study the potential mechanical benefits in protein-based bio-films. There is potential to utilize agricultural waste (chicken feet and SCB) to develop food packaging films.
Solder paste volume effects on assembly yield and reliability for bottom terminated components
Authors: Sriperumbudur Sai Srinivas , Meilunas Michael , Anselm Martin
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Solder paste printing is the most common method for attaching surface mount devices to printed circuit boards (PCB), and it has been reported that a majority of all assembly defects occur during the stencil printing process. It is also recognized that the solder paste printing process is wholly responsible for the solder joint formation of leadless package technologies such as land grid array (LGA) and quad-flat no-lead (QFN) components and therefore is a determining factor in the long-term reliability of said devices. The aim of this experiment is to determine the acceptable lower limit for solder paste volume deposit tolerances during stencil printing process to ensure both good assembly yield and reliability expectations.

Design/methodology/approach

Stencils with modified aperture dimensions at particular locations for LGA and QFN package footprints were designed to vary the solder paste volume deposited during the stencil printing process. Solder paste volumes were measured using solder paste inspection system. Low volume solder paste deposits were generated using the modified stencil designs to evaluate assemble yield. Accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) was used to determine the reliability of the solder joints. Failure analysis was used to determine if the failure was attributed to the low paste volume locations.

Findings

Solder joints formed with nominal paste volume survived longer in ATC compared to intentionally low volume joints. Transfer efficiency numbers for both good assembly yield and good reliability are reported for LGA and QFN devices. A lower volume limit is reported for leadless devices that should not significantly affect yield and reliability in thermal cycling.

Originality/value

Very little literature is available on solder paste volume tolerance limits in terms of assembly yield and reliability. Manufacturers often use ±50 or ±30 per cent of stencil aperture volume with no evidence of its effectiveness in determining yield and reliability of the solder joints.
An Optimized DNA Analysis Workflow for the Sampling, Extraction, and Concentration of DNA obtained from Archived Latent Fingerprints
Authors: Solomon April D. , Hytinen Madison E. , McClain Aryn M. , Miller Marilyn T. , Dawson Cruz Tracey
Published: April 2017

DNA profiles have been obtained from fingerprints, but there is limited knowledge regarding DNA analysis from archived latent fingerprints—touch DNA “sandwiched” between adhesive and paper. Thus, this study sought to comparatively analyze a variety of collection and analytical methods in an effort to seek an optimized workflow for this specific sample type. Untreated and treated archived latent fingerprints were utilized to compare different biological sampling techniques, swab diluents, DNA extraction systems, DNA concentration practices, and post‐amplification purification methods. Archived latent fingerprints disassembled and sampled via direct cutting, followed by DNA extracted using the QIAamp® DNA Investigator Kit, and concentration with Centri‐Sep™ columns increased the odds of obtaining an STR profile. Using the recommended DNA workflow, 9 of the 10 samples provided STR profiles, which included 7–100% of the expected STR alleles and two full profiles. Thus, with carefully selected procedures, archived latent fingerprints can be a viable DNA source for criminal investigations including cold/postconviction cases.
Evaluation of Lip Prints on Different Supports Using a Batch Image Processing Algorithm and Image Superimposition
Authors: Herrera Lara Maria , Fernandes Clemente Maia da Silva , Serra Mônica da Costa
Published: April 2017

This study aimed to develop and to assess an algorithm to facilitate lip print visualization, and to digitally analyze lip prints on different supports, by superimposition. It also aimed to classify lip prints according to sex. A batch image processing algorithm was developed, which facilitated the identification and extraction of information about lip grooves. However, it performed better for lip print images with a uniform background. Paper and glass slab allowed more correct identifications than glass and the both sides of compact disks. There was no significant difference between the type of support and the amount of matching structures located in the middle area of the lower lip. There was no evidence of association between types of lip grooves and sex. Lip groove patterns of type III and type I were the most common for both sexes. The development of systems for lip print analysis is necessary, mainly concerning digital methods.
The Forensic Implications of Amphetamine Intoxication in Cases of Inflicted Blunt Craniocerebral Trauma
Authors: Byard Roger W. , Donkin James , Vink Robert
Published: April 2017

The effects of D‐amphetamine on outcome after blunt craniocerebral trauma are characterized and the potential legal implications discussed. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was induced under general anesthesia in adult, male Sprague Dawley rats using the impact acceleration model. At 10 min prior to injury, D‐amphetamine (5 mg/kg) or saline vehicle was administered subcutaneously; animals were subsequently assessed over a 7‐day period post‐trauma for motor outcome using a rotarod device. D‐amphetamine treated animals performed significantly better (p < 0.001; ANOVA) than vehicle treated controls on their motor assessment, suggesting that D‐amphetamine exposure prior to injury either is neuroprotective or enhances motor performance. It is possible, therefore, that an individual who has taken amphetamines may function at a better motor level after head trauma than one who has not been exposed to the drug. Future interpretations of the potential effects of amphetamines on TBI should include this possibility.
HRM and innovation: looking across levels
Authors: Shipton Helen , Sparrow Paul , Budhwar Pawan , Brown Alan
Published: April 2017

Studies are starting to explore the role of human resource management (HRM) in fostering organisational innovation, but empirical evidence remains contradictory and theory fragmented. This is partly because extant literature by and large adopts a unitary level of analysis, rather than reflecting on the multi‐level demands that innovation presents. Building on an emergent literature focused on HRM's role in shaping innovation, we shed light on the question of whether, and how, HRM might influence employees' innovative behaviours in the direction of strategically important goals. Drawing upon institutional theory, our contributions are threefold: to bring out the effect of two discrete HRM configurations – one underpinned by a control and the other by an entrepreneurial ethos, on attitudes and behaviours at the individual level; to reflect the way in which employee innovative behaviours arising from these HRM configurations coalesce to shape higher‐level phenomena, such as organisational‐level innovation; and to bring out two distinct patterns of bottom‐up emergence, one driven primarily by composition and the other by both composition and compilation.
The role of multilevel synergistic interplay among team mastery climate, knowledge hiding, and job characteristics in stimulating innovative work behavior
Authors: Černe Matej , Hernaus Tomislav , Dysvik Anders , Škerlavaj Miha
Published: April 2017

This study investigates the multilevel interplay among team‐level, job‐related, and individual characteristics in stimulating employees' innovative work behavior (IWB) based on the theoretical frameworks of achievement goal theory (AGT) and job characteristics theory (JCT). A multilevel two‐source study of 240 employees and their 34 direct supervisors in two medium‐sized Slovenian companies revealed significant two‐ and three‐way interactions, where a mastery climate, task interdependence, and decision autonomy moderated the relationship between knowledge hiding and IWB. When employees hide knowledge, a team mastery climate only facilitates high levels of IWB if accompanied by either high task interdependence or high decision autonomy. In the absence of one of these job characteristics, knowledge hiding prevents higher levels of IWB even in the case of strong team mastery climate. The results suggest that multiple job design antecedents are necessary to neutralize the negative influence of knowledge hiding on micro‐innovation processes within organizations.
When the fit between HR practices backfires: Exploring the interaction effects between rewards for and appraisal of knowledge behaviours on innovation
Authors: Andreeva Tatiana , Vanhala Mika , Sergeeva Anastasia , Ritala Paavo , Kianto Aino
Published: April 2017

This paper explores the idea that well‐aligned HR practices may produce varied and even negative effects on innovation performance. To do so, we examine the interaction effect between rewards for and appraisal of knowledge behaviours on radical and incremental innovation outcomes. Drawing on the insights from the strategic HRM literature on the internal fit between HR practices, as well as the developments of the knowledge governance approach, we argue that rewards and appraisal applied together produce a setting that is conducive for deepening existing knowledge bases, but hindering for more distant and diverse knowledge search. Empirical test of these hypotheses using the data from 259 Finnish companies lends partial support for this argument. Intensive usage of appraisal of knowledge behaviours reduces the positive impact that rewards for such behaviours have on radical innovation. At the same time, rewards and appraisal do not intensify each other's effect on incremental innovation.
On the Metal‐Leaf Decorations of Post‐Byzantine Greek Icons
Authors: Mastrotheodoros G. P. , Beltsios K. G. , Bassiakos Y. , Papadopoulou V.
Published: April 2017

Metal leaves were widely used as decorative materials in post‐Byzantine ritual painting. Fifty‐two icons (mid‐15th to mid‐19th centuries) were studied by means of analytical techniques in order to reveal the materials and techniques encountered in their metal‐leaf decorations. High‐purity gold leaf was used throughout the studied period. Silver was employed rarely and mostly during the latter part of the period in consideration, while metal powders were mostly used from the mid‐18th century onwards. The identification of a gold–silver powder mixture and an ‘electrum’‐type alloy are among the reported findings, which are novel for post‐Byzantine icons. Three micromorphologically distinct highlighting techniques were also documented.
A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes*
Authors: Benzonelli A. , Freestone I. C. , Martinón‐Torres M.
Published: April 2017

Copper alloys with controlled contents of Sn, Ag and Au were treated with methods and solutions that mimic those used in ancient and traditional procedures for the production of black bronze. Examination of the resulting patinas with colorimetry, SEM–EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and XRD revealed no systematic differences according to the fabrication method, whereas patina homogeneity and colour in those alloys that did not contain precious metal were affected by superficial work. Patina microstructure determines adherence and coverage, and depends upon the solution used irrespective of the alloy composition, but the colour of the patina is mainly related to the alloy composition. Gold promotes the development of cuprite, slowing the oxidation to tenorite in the corrosion process. Gold additions produce a more uniform patina as well as a desirable blue–black tone, which is likely to have been a factor in alloy selection.
Adaptive Anchoring Model: How Static and Dynamic Presentations of Time Series Influence Judgments and Predictions
Authors: Kusev Petko , van Schaik Paul , Tsaneva‐Atanasova Krasimira , Juliusson Asgeir , Chater Nick
Published: April 2017

When attempting to predict future events, people commonly rely on historical data. One psychological characteristic of judgmental forecasting of time series, established by research, is that when people make forecasts from series, they tend to underestimate future values for upward trends and overestimate them for downward ones, so‐called trend‐damping (modeled by anchoring on, and insufficient adjustment from, the average of recent time series values). Events in a time series can be experienced sequentially (dynamic mode), or they can also be retrospectively viewed simultaneously (static mode), not experienced individually in real time. In one experiment, we studied the influence of presentation mode (dynamic and static) on two sorts of judgment: (a) predictions of the next event (forecast) and (b) estimation of the average value of all the events in the presented series (average estimation). Participants' responses in dynamic mode were anchored on more recent events than in static mode for all types of judgment but with different consequences; hence, dynamic presentation improved prediction accuracy, but not estimation. These results are not anticipated by existing theoretical accounts; we develop and present an agent‐based model—the adaptive anchoring model (ADAM)—to account for the difference between processing sequences of dynamically and statically presented stimuli (visually presented data). ADAM captures how variation in presentation mode produces variation in responses (and the accuracy of these responses) in both forecasting and judgment tasks. ADAM's model predictions for the forecasting and judgment tasks fit better with the response data than a linear‐regression time series model. Moreover, ADAM outperformed autoregressive‐integrated‐moving‐average (ARIMA) and exponential‐smoothing models, while neither of these models accounts for people's responses on the average estimation task.
Patterns of infant mortality in rural England and Wales, 1850–1910†
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Francis Brian , Gregory Ian , Porter Catherine
Published: April 2017

The study of nineteenth‐century infant mortality in Britain has neglected the rural dimension to a surprising degree. This article maps the change in infant mortality rate (IMR) between the 1850s and the 1900s at registration district (RD) level. Latent trajectory analysis, a longitudinal model‐based clustering method, is used to identify the clusters into which rural RDs fell, based on their IMR trajectories. Relationships between IMR and population density, fertility, female tuberculosis mortality, female illiteracy, male agricultural wages, and distance from London are examined in a longitudinal study. The tuberculosis (maternal health), illiteracy (education), and distance variables had the most effect. IMR responded most strongly to improving health and education in the east, less in the central area, and least in the north and west. The eastern zone's higher‐than‐average mid‐century infant mortality therefore declined faster than the national average. A central and southern zone had slightly lower IMR in mid‐century but did not keep up with the rate of decline in the east. The peripheral north and west had the lowest mid‐century rates but their decline was overtaken by the other zones. The interpretation of these findings and their relevance to the wider study of infant mortality are discussed.
Consciousness and Hegel's Solution to the Problem of the Criterion
Authors: Yong Peter
Published: April 2017

Traditional epistemological interpretations have portrayed Hegel as offering a coherentist solution to the problem of the criterion in the introduction to The Phenomenology of Spirit. In this paper, I criticize the coherentist interpretation and present an alternative reading that emphasizes the central role of conscious experience in Hegel's argument. In the first part of the paper, I show how the passages commonly used to support the coherentist interpretation ultimately fail to do so and argue that coherence by itself cannot be the lynchpin for an adequate solution to the problem of the criterion. In the second part, I then develop a novel interpretation of Hegel's argument by drawing attention to the fact that Hegel formulates both the problem of the criterion and his solution to it in terms of consciousness.
Ferrous iron‐ and ammonium‐rich diffuse vents support habitat‐specific communities in a shallow hydrothermal field off the Basiluzzo Islet (Aeolian Volcanic Archipelago).
Authors: Bortoluzzi G. , Romeo T. , La Cono V. , La Spada G. , Smedile F. , Esposito V. , Sabatino G. , Di Bella M. , Canese S. , Scotti G. , Bo M. , Giuliano L. , Jones D. , Golyshin P.N. , Yakimov M.M. , Andaloro F.
Published: April 2017

Ammonium‐ and Fe(II)‐rich fluid flows, known from deep‐sea hydrothermal systems, have been extensively studied in the last decades and are considered as sites with high microbial diversity and activity. Their shallow‐submarine counterparts, despite their easier accessibility, have so far been under‐investigated, and as a consequence, much less is known about microbial communities inhabiting these ecosystems. A field of shallow expulsion of hydrothermal fluids has been discovered at depths of 170–400 meters off the base of the Basiluzzo Islet (Aeolian Volcanic Archipelago, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea). This area consists predominantly of both actively diffusing and inactive 1–3 meters‐high structures in the form of vertical pinnacles, steeples and mounds covered by a thick orange to brown crust deposits hosting rich benthic fauna. Integrated morphological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses revealed that, above all, these crusts are formed by ferrihydrite‐type Fe3+ oxyhydroxides. Two cruises in 2013 allowed us to monitor and sampled this novel ecosystem, certainly interesting in terms of shallow‐water iron‐rich site. The main objective of this work was to characterize the composition of extant communities of iron microbial mats in relation to the environmental setting and the observed patterns of macrofaunal colonization. We demonstrated that iron‐rich deposits contain complex and stratified microbial communities with a high proportion of prokaryotes akin to ammonium‐ and iron‐oxidizing chemoautotrophs, belonging to Thaumarchaeota, Nitrospira, and Zetaproteobacteria. Colonizers of iron‐rich mounds, while composed of the common macrobenthic grazers, predators, filter‐feeders, and tube‐dwellers with no representatives of vent endemic fauna, differed from the surrounding populations. Thus, it is very likely that reduced electron donors (Fe2+ and NH4+) are important energy sources in supporting primary production in microbial mats, which form a habitat‐specific trophic base of the whole Basiluzzo hydrothermal ecosystem, including macrobenthic fauna.
Suitability of AuRM2 as a Reference Material for Trace Element Microanalysis of Native Gold
Authors: Tetland Mikkel , Greenough John , Fryer Brian , Hinds Michael , Shaheen Mohamed E.
Published: April 2017

Microanalysis of native gold specimens has been hampered by the lack of a suitable reference material (RM) known to be sufficiently homogeneous at the scale of microanalytical sampling. The suitability of gold reference material AuRM2 for microanalysis was assessed. This RM was created for bulk analysis of refined gold and was only certified for homogeneity at the bulk scale. However, it contains trace elements in appropriate mass fraction ranges for analysis of native gold. This study was not intended to provide alternative mass fractions from the original certified values, only to assess its suitability for microanalytical methods. Micro‐scale (~ 3.4 μg sample mass) heterogeneity was calculated from measurement repeatability of LA‐ICP‐MS analyses of AuRM2 by factoring in signal (represented by counting statistics) and instrument set‐up‐specific variability (determined using measurement variability of a reference material known to be homogeneous). Elements determined to be homogeneous or to have minor heterogeneity (< 10% calculated heterogeneity RSD) are Mg, Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Rh, Sn, Sb, Pt and Pb. Elements with moderate heterogeneity (10–20% heterogeneity RSD) are: Mn, As, Pd, Te and Bi. Correlation of element mass fractions indicates that micro‐scale inclusions of chalcophile‐rich phases along grain boundaries may be responsible for some of the chemical heterogeneity. However, the level of heterogeneity is statistically negligible compared with the ranges of chemical signatures observed in sample populations of native gold. Therefore, AuRM2 is shown to be sufficiently homogenous at a micro‐scale for use as a RM for microanalysis of native gold.
Factors influencing the distribution of lactic acid bacteria on Pennisetum grasses
Authors: Chen Xinzhu , Zhuang Yifen , Dong Zhaoxia , Zhang Jianguo
Published: April 2017

Successful silage production depends on the promotion of lactic acid fermentation and one of the key factors influencing the fermentation quality of silage is lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Therefore, epiphytic LAB on grasses play an important role in silage production. The present research investigated the distribution of LAB on Pennisetum spp. and factors influencing its presence. Lactic acid bacteria on four grass cultivars, cv. MT‐1, cv. Mott, cv. Reyan No. 4 (Reyan) and cv. Guimu No. 1 (Guimu), were investigated by both culture‐dependent methods and 16S rRNA amplicon sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE). Mott grass had significantly lower contents of dry matter and lower pH and higher water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content than the other three cultivars (P < 0.05). Mott also epiphyted the largest number of LAB (2.56 × 103 cfu g−1), while MT‐1 supported the least (41 cfu g−1). A diversity of LAB were recovered from the species including the following proportional representation: 33.4% Lactobacillus plantarum, 8.3% Lactobacillus pentosus, 8.3% Lactococcus lactis, 8.3% Leuconostoc citreum, 25.0% Weissella confusa and 16.7% Weissella cibaria on Mott, 20.0% L. plantarum, 20.0% L. pentosus and 60.0% Lc. lactis on MT‐1, 83.3% L. plantarum and 16.7% Lc. lactis on Reyan, 16.7% L. plantarum and 83.3% Lc. lactis on Guimu. The DGGE analyses of rRNA amplicons also revealed a similar distribution of these species. While the species composition and abundance of LAB differed among the four grasses. The number of LAB on grasses was positively correlated with the WSC content in the grasses (P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with the pH of the grasses (P < 0.05).