bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct detection and complementary constraints for sub-GeV dark matter
Authors: Bondarenko Kyrylo , Boyarsky Alexey , Bringmann Torsten , Hufnagel Marco , Schmidt-Hoberg Kai , Sokolenko Anastasia
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Traditional direct searches for dark matter, looking for nuclear recoils in deep underground detectors, are challenged by an almost complete loss of sensitivity for light dark matter particles. Consequently, there is a significant effort in the community to devise new methods and experiments to overcome these difficulties, constantly pushing the limits of the lowest dark matter mass that can be probed this way. From a model-building perspective, the scattering of sub-GeV dark matter on nucleons essentially must proceed via new light mediator particles, given that collider searches place extremely stringent bounds on contact-type interactions. Here we present an updated compilation of relevant limits for the case of a scalar mediator, including a new estimate of the near-future sensitivity of the NA62 experiment as well as a detailed evaluation of the model-specific limits from Big Bang nucleosynthesis. We also derive updated and more general limits on DM particles upscattered by cosmic rays, applicable to arbitrary energy- and momentum dependences of the scattering cross section. Finally we stress that dark matter self-interactions, when evaluated beyond the common s-wave approximation, place stringent limits independently of the dark matter production mechanism. These are, for the relevant parameter space, generically comparable to those that apply in the commonly studied freeze-out case. We conclude that the combination of existing (or expected) constraints from accelerators and astrophysics, combined with cosmological requirements, puts robust limits on the maximally possible nuclear scattering rate. In most regions of parameter space these are at least competitive with the best projected limits from currently planned direct detection experiments.
Effective field theory approach to lepton number violating decays $$ {K}^{\pm}\to {\pi}^{\mp }{l}_{\alpha}^{\pm }{l}_{\beta}^{\pm }: $$ long-distance contribution
Authors: Liao Yi , Ma Xiao-Dong , Wang Hao-Lin
Published: March 2020

Abstract

This is a sequel to our recent work [1] in which we calculated the lepton number violating (LNV) K± decays due to contact dimension-9 (dim-9) quark-lepton effective interactions that are induced at a high energy scale. In this work we investigate the long- distance contribution to the decays arising from the exchange of a neutrino. These decays can probe LNV interactions involving the second generation of fermions that are not reach- able in nuclear neutrinoless double-β decays. Our study is completely formulated in the framework of effective field theories (EFTs), from the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) through the low energy effective field theory (LEFT) to chiral perturbation theory (χPT). We work to the first nontrivial orders in each effective field theory, collect along the way the matching conditions and renormalization group effects, and express the decay branching ratios in terms of the Wilson coefficients associated with the dim-5 and dim-7 operators in SMEFT. Our result is general in that it does not depend on dynamical details of physics at a high scale that induce the effective interactions in SMEFT and in that it does not appeal to any hadronic models. We find that the long-distance contribution overwhelmingly dominates over the contact or short-distance one. Assuming the new physics scale to be around a TeV, the branching ratios are predicted to be below the current experimental upper bounds by several orders of magnitude.
High-throughput dielectrophoretic filtration of sub-micron and micro particles in macroscopic porous materials
Authors: Lorenz Malte , Malangré Daniel , Du Fei , Baune Michael , Thöming Jorg , Pesch Georg R.
Published: March 2020

State-of-the-art dielectrophoretic (DEP) separation techniques provide unique properties to separate particles from a liquid or particles with different properties such as material or morphology from each other. Such separators do not operate at throughput that is sufficient for a vast fraction of separation tasks. This limitation exists because high electric field gradients are required to drive the separation which are generated by electrode microstructures that limit the maximum channel size. Here, we investigate DEP filtration, a technique that uses open porous microstructures instead of microfluidic devices to easily increase the filter cross section and, therefore, also the processable throughput by several orders of magnitude. Previously, we used simple microfluidic porous structures to derive design rules predicting the influence of key parameters on DEP filtration in real complex porous filters. Here, we study in depth DEP filtration in microporous ceramics and underpin the previously postulated dependencies by a broad parameter study (Lorenz et al., 2019). We will further verify our previous claim that the main separation mechanism is indeed positive DEP trapping by showing that we can switch from positive to negative DEP trapping when we increase the electric conductivity of the suspension. Two clearly separated trapping mechanisms (positive and negative DEP trapping) at different conductivities can be observed, and the transition between them matches theoretical predictions. This lays the foundation for selective particle trapping, and the results are a major step towards DEP filtration at high throughput to solve existing separation problems such as scrap recovery or cell separation in liquid biopsy.
Salivary gland ablation: introducing an interventional radiology treatment alternative in the management of sialorrhea
Authors: Begley Katherine A. , Braswell Leah E. , Noritz Garey H. , Murakami James W.
Published: March 2020

Background

Sialorrhea is common in children with neurological disorders and leads to social isolation, aspiration pneumonia and increased caregiver burden. Sialorrhea management includes anticholinergic medications and a variety of surgeries, but these are limited by side effects, recurrence and risks.

Objective

We present our method of salivary gland ablation, an interventional radiology treatment for sialorrhea, and report safety and efficacy data from pediatric patients who underwent salivary gland ablation.

Materials and methods

Salivary gland ablation uses image-guided sotradecol and ethanol dual-drug injection into the salivary glands. Submandibular and sublingual glands are injected percutaneously using ultrasound. Parotid glands are injected retrograde through Stensen ducts using fluoroscopy. We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of patients who underwent salivary gland ablation at our institution between 2005 and 2019. Pre- and post-procedure Drooling Frequency and Drooling Severity (DFDS) scale scores were compared and caregiver satisfaction was assessed. We devised two cohorts, one to study patient safety and a subcohort to study clinical efficacy using DFDS scores.

Results

One hundred and seventy salivary gland ablation procedures were performed in the 99 patients comprising the safety cohort. Of the procedures, 88.8% resulted in no or minimal complications. Respiratory difficulty, temporary nerve palsy and infection represent the majority of the 11.2% of patients who experienced periprocedural complications. There were no complications resulting in permanent sequelae. Twenty-seven patients met our inclusion criteria for the efficacy subcohort with a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years. DFDS at follow-up decreased from a median score of nine to a seven post-procedure (P=0.000018). The proportion of caregivers who were satisfied with the procedure increased as more glands were ablated, which suggests a causal link between the number of glands ablated and the outcome.

Conclusion

Salivary gland ablation is a safe and effective procedure with the potential for permanent decrease in symptoms related to sialorrhea.
Decreased mean perfusion pressure as an independent predictor of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery
Authors: Hu Raymond , Kalam Yasmean , Broad Jeremy , Ho Tim , Parker Frank , Lee Matthew , Bellomo Rinaldo
Published: March 2020

Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery (AKICS) is common. Previous studies examining the role that mean arterial pressure (MAP) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may have on AKICS have not taken into account how baseline central venous pressure (CVP) and mean perfusion pressure (MPP) (i.e. MAP − CVP) can influence its evolution. To assess whether the change in MPP to the kidneys (i.e. delta MPP or DMPP) during CPB compared to baseline is an independent predictor of AKICS. After ethical approval, a retrospective observational study was performed on all patients undergoing CPB between October 2013 and June 2015 at a university-affiliated hospital. Known risk factors for the development of AKICS were recorded, as were the MPP values at baseline and during CPB. From this, statistical modelling was performed to identify predictors of postoperative AKICS. 664 patients were identified. Analysis was performed on 513 patients after exclusion. On logistic regression, significant and independent predictors of AKICS included: d20DMPP (cumulative duration of MPP values during CPB that were 20% below baseline and exceeded three consecutive minutes) (P = 0.010); baseline CVP; age; pre-operative creatinine level; and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (ejection fraction (EF) < 45%). On alternative modelling, the cumulative number of MPP values during CPB that were 10% below baseline was also independently associated with AKICS (P = 0.003). Modelling without taking into account CVP also supported this association. The duration of differences in perfusion pressure to the kidneys during CPB compared to baseline is an independent predictor of AKICS.
Major abdominal wall defects in the low- and middle-income setting: current status and priorities
Authors: Anyanwu Lofty-John Chukwuemeka , Ade-Ajayi Niyi , Rolle Udo
Published: March 2020

Major congenital abdominal wall defects (gastroschisis and omphalocele) may account for up to 21% of emergency neonatal interventions in low- and middle-income countries. In many low- and middle-income countries, the reported mortality of these malformations is 30–100%, while in high-income countries, mortality in infants with major abdominal wall reaches less than 5%. This review highlights the challenges faced in the management of newborns with major congenital abdominal wall defects in the resource-limited setting. Current high-income country best practice is assessed and opportunities for appropriate priority setting and collaborations to improve outcomes are discussed.
Colocalized neurotransmitters in the hindbrain cooperate in adaptation to chronic hypernatremia
Authors: Matuska Rita , Zelena Dóra , Könczöl Katalin , Papp Rege Sugárka , Durst Máté , Guba Dorina , Török Bibiana , Varnai Peter , Tóth Zsuzsanna E.
Published: March 2020

Chronic hypernatremia activates the central osmoregulatory mechanisms and inhibits the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Noradrenaline (NE) release into the periventricular anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V), the supraoptic (SON) and hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) from efferents of the caudal ventrolateral (cVLM) and dorsomedial (cDMM) medulla has been shown to be essential for the hypernatremia-evoked responses and for the HPA response to acute restraint. Notably, the medullary NE cell groups highly coexpress prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) and nesfatin-1/NUCB2 (nesfatin), therefore, we assumed they contributed to the reactions to chronic hypernatremia. To investigate this, we compared two models: homozygous Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) and Wistar rats subjected to chronic high salt solution (HS) intake. HS rats had higher plasma osmolality than DI rats. PrRP and nesfatin mRNA levels were higher in both models, in both medullary regions compared to controls. Elevated basal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and impaired restraint-induced TH, PrRP and nesfatin expression elevations in the cVLM were, however, detected only in HS, but not in DI rats. Simultaneously, only HS rats exhibited classical signs of chronic stress and severely blunted hormonal reactions to acute restraint. Data suggest that HPA axis responsiveness to restraint depends on the type of hypernatremia, and on NE capacity in the cVLM. Additionally, NE and PrRP signalization primarily of medullary origin is increased in the SON, PVN and AV3V in HS rats. This suggests a cooperative action in the adaptation responses and designates the AV3V as a new site for PrRP’s action in hypernatremia.
Significance of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 as a prognostic biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Drexler Richard , Wagner Kim C. , Küchler Mirco , Feyerabend Bernd , Kleine Moritz , Oldhafer Karl J.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Few studies reported about the potential of unphosphorylated heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 (pHSP27) as a predictor for survival and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we analysed the expression patterns of pHSP27 and HSP27 in a patient population after surgery and correlated the immunohistochemical results with clinicopathological data and long-term outcome of the patients.

Methods

HSP27 and pHSP27 (Ser-15, Ser-78 and Ser-82) protein expression were analysed by immunohistochemistry using the immunoreactive score (IRS) from paraffin-embedded tissue of 106 patients with PDAC who underwent surgery. Immunohistochemical results were correlated with clinicopathological data, disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

HSP27 expression was significantly lower in patients with a shorter OS (p = 0.006) and DFS (p < 0.0001). A higher HSP27 expression was associated with a better response to gemcitabine in the resected, non-metastasised patients group (p = 0.001). Furthermore, HSP27 was downregulated in patients suffering from metastases at time of surgery (p < 0.001) and in undifferentiated tumours (p = 0.007). In contrast, pHSP27-Ser15, -Ser78 and -Ser82 were not associated with any survival data of the study population.

Conclusion

HSP27 seems to be a strong indicator for the prediction of OS and DFS. Moreover, HSP27 could play a role in the formation and migration of liver metastases of PDAC.
Capillary bridge formation between hexagonally ordered carbon nanorods
Authors: Ludescher Lukas , Braxmeier Stephan , Balzer Christian , Reichenauer Gudrun , Putz Florian , Hüsing Nicola , Gor Gennady Y. , Paris Oskar
Published: March 2020

Capillary condensation within the pore space formed by a hexagonal arrangement of carbon nanorods is investigated using a thermodynamic model. Numerical solution of the corresponding non-linear differential equations predicts two characteristic equilibrium phase transitions corresponding to liquid-bridge formation between adjacent rods, and the subsequent filling of the entire pore space with liquid adsorbate at higher relative pressure, respectively. These separate transitions are predicted for a wide range of porosities, as demonstrated for two non-polar fluids, nitrogen and n-pentane, employing experimentally determined reference isotherms to model the fluid–solid interactions. The theoretical predictions are compared to experimental data for nitrogen and n-pentane adsorption in an ordered mesoporous CMK-3 type material, with the necessary structural parameters obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering. Although the experimental adsorption isotherms do not unambiguously show two separate transitions due to a high degree of structural disorder of the mesopore space, their general trends are consistent with the theoretical predictions for both adsorbates.
The solute carrier SLC7A8 is a marker of favourable prognosis in ER-positive low proliferative invasive breast cancer
Authors: El Ansari Rokaya , Alfarsi Lutfi , Craze Madeleine L. , Masisi Brendah K. , Ellis Ian O. , Rakha Emad A. , Green Andrew R.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of various subtypes, with different prognostic and therapeutic outcomes. The amino acid transporter, SLC7A8, is overexpressed in oestrogen receptor-positive BC. However, the consequence of this overexpression, in terms of disease prognosis, is still obscure. This study aimed to evaluate the biological and prognostic value of SLC7A8 in BC with emphasis on the intrinsic molecular subtypes.

Methods

SLC7A8 was assessed at the genomic, using METABRIC data (n = 1980), and proteomic, using immunohistochemistry and TMA (n = 1562), levels in well-characterised primary BC cohorts. SLC7A8 expression was examined with clinicopathological parameters, molecular subtypes, and patient outcome.

Results

SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein expression were strongly associated with good prognostic features, including small tumour size, low tumour grade, and good Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) (all P < 0.05). Expression of SLC7A8 mRNA was higher in luminal tumours compared to other subtypes (P < 0.001). High expression of SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein was associated with good patient outcome (P ≤ 0.001) but only in the low proliferative ER+/luminal A tumours (P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein were independent factors for longer breast cancer specific survival (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03), respectively.

Conclusion

SLC7A8 appears to play a role in BC and is a marker for favourable prognosis in the most predominant, ER+ low proliferative/luminal A, BC subtype. Functional assessment is necessary to reveal the specific role played by SLC7A8 in ER+ BC.
Hemicellulose binding and the spacing of cellulose microfibrils in spruce wood
Authors: Thomas Lynne H. , Martel Anne , Grillo Isabelle , Jarvis Michael C.
Published: March 2020

Cellulose microfibrils in conifers, as in other woody materials, are aggregated into loose bundles called macrofibrils. The centre-to-centre spacing of the microfibrils within these macrofibrils can be estimated from the position of a broad diffraction peak in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) after deuteration. A known spacing of 3.0 nm, increasing with moisture content, is consistent with direct microfibril to microfibril contact. However recent evidence indicates that conifer microfibrils are partially coated with bound xylan chains, and possibly with lignin and galactoglucomannan, implying a wider centre-to-centre spacing as found in angiosperm wood. Delignification of spruce wood allowed a weak SANS peak to be observed without measurable change in spacing. By deuterating spruce wood in mildly alkaline D2O and then re-equilibrating with ambient H2O, deuterium atoms were trapped in a position that gave a 3.8 nm microfibril spacing under dry conditions as in angiosperm wood, instead of the 3.0 nm spacing normally observed in conifers. After conventional vapour deuteration of spruce wood a minor peak at 3.8 nm could be fitted in addition to the 3.0 nm peak. These observations are consistent with some microfibril segments being separated by bound xylan chains as in angiosperms, in addition to the microfibril segments that are in direct contact.
“That Wasn’t the Math I Wanted to do!”—Students’ Beliefs During the Transition from School to University Mathematics
Authors: Geisler Sebastian , Rolka Katrin
Published: March 2020

It is a well-known fact that many students struggle during the transition from school to university mathematics. The aim of our quantitative study was to clarify the role of students’ beliefs concerning the nature of mathematics for a successful transition. We distinguish between static beliefs (mathematics as a finished system of rules, facts and formula) and dynamic beliefs (mathematics as a dynamic discipline with applications in everyday life). In particular, we examined whether first year students’ beliefs are suitable to predict students’ exam achievement and their satisfaction (as criteria for a successful transition) and how students’ beliefs develop during the transition. Therefore, we used questionnaires at the beginning and in the middle of the first term at university. Our results indicate that dynamic beliefs decrease during transition, whereas static beliefs remain rather stable. This seems problematic since dynamic beliefs turned out to negatively predict students’ dropout intention, while static beliefs are a negative predictor of students’ achievement in real analysis. Furthermore, the beliefs assessed in the middle of the term had a stronger predictive power than those at the beginning of the term. Based on these results, we discuss implications for the teaching of mathematics during the transition.
A Differential Diagnosis of Osteolytic Lesions in the Curated Skeletal Remains of a Tantalus Monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus)
Authors: Siek Thomas , Hirst Cara S. , Waldron Tony
Published: March 2020

In the veterinary and anthropological literature, the pathology of nonhuman primates is heavily focused on soft-tissue involvement and there is scant reference to nonhuman primates in zoopalaeopathology, the study of ancient and historical diseases in animals. We present the curated skeletal remains of a nonhuman primate present with osteolytic lesions consistent with a pathological process. We evaluated the observed pathological changes via an extensive macroscopic analysis of the skeleton, coupled with radiographic images of the affected bones, and provide a differential diagnosis of the skeletal remains using relevant clinical and zoopalaeopathological data. Multiple osteolytic lesions of varying sizes, as well as periosteal new bone, were present on several elements. The lesions affected the skeleton bilaterally, asymmetrically and with no clear focus or pattern. The skeletal lesions were differentially diagnosed as the result of either a metastatic neoplastic disease or a chronic infection. This case provides a zoopalaeopathological example for the study of skeletal lesions in nonhuman primates in anthropological and archaeological collections, where contextual data may not be available.
Thermal studies of fly ashes expansion
Authors: Wons Wojciech , Rzepa Karol , Reben Manuela , Murzyn Paweł
Published: March 2020

The object of this study is to investigate the thermal properties of fly ashes from the last, farthest dedusting zone in terms of their use as ceramic masses additives. Siliceous fly ash is valuable additive to ceramic mass, which not only reduces its plasticity, but also actively affects sintering process and shapes the properties of the final material. The finest fly ash fractions are potentially useful flux materials in ceramics; however, a significant limitation in their use is due to thermal expansion/bloating occurring during high-temperature sintering. The bloating mechanism of fly ashes was investigated in relationship to their chemical composition with the use of DTA/TG/EGA analysis as well as high-temperature microscope. Chemical and phase compositions were studied by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded. The results indicate that bloating mechanism is caused by the co-occurrence of two phenomena accompanying sintering: appearance of high amount of liquid phase and simultaneous gas release from sintered material. The dominant mechanism is the simultaneous release of sulfur (IV) oxide and oxygen as a result of the redox reaction of removing SO3 from the vitreous phase.
Pan-European hydrodynamic models and their ability to identify compound floods
Authors: Paprotny Dominik , Vousdoukas Michalis I. , Morales-Nápoles Oswaldo , Jonkman Sebastiaan N. , Feyen Luc
Published: March 2020

The interaction between storm surges and inland run-off has been gaining increasing attention recently, as they have the potential to result in compound floods. In Europe, several flood events of this type have been recorded in the past century in Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy and UK. First projections of compound flood hazard under climate change have been made, but no study has so far analysed whether existing, independent climate and hydrodynamic models are able to reproduce the co-occurrence of storm surges, precipitation, river discharges or waves. Here, we investigate the dependence between the different drivers in different observational and modelled data set, utilizing gauge records and high-resolution outputs of climate reanalyses and hindcasts, hydrodynamic models of European coasts and rivers. The results show considerable regional differences in strength of the dependence in surge–precipitation and surge–discharge pairs. The models reproduce those dependencies, and the time lags between the flood drivers, rather well in north-western Europe, but less successfully in the southern part. Further, we identified several compound flood events in the reanalysis data. We were able to link most of those modelled events with historical reports of flood or storm losses. However, false positives and false negatives were also present in the reanalysis and several large compound floods were missed by the reanalysis. All in all, the study still shows that accurate representation of compound floods by independent models of each driver is possible, even if not yet achievable at every location.
Shading enhances plant species richness and diversity on an extensive green roof
Authors: van der Kolk Henk-Jan , van den Berg Petra , Korthals Gerard , Bezemer T. Martijn
Published: March 2020

Green roofs can promote biodiversity in urban areas. The extent to which green roofs stimulate plant diversity can depend on roof characteristics such as roof age, substrate depth and shading. We exploratively studied the vegetation on a Dutch green roof in 50 permanent plots (1 m2) over eight years (2012–2019) following roof construction. Plots were situated either on low substrate depth (6 cm light-weight extensive substrate) or high substrate depth (6 cm light-weight extensive substrate topped with 14 cm native soil) and differed in the amount of shading received from a higher building floor. Increased substrate depth and shading additively increased plant species richness and plant diversity, with high shaded plots supporting on average 6.4 more plant species than low unshaded plots. Shading likely acts via reducing drought stress, whereas increasing substrate depth with native soil may also enhance plant diversity via addition of nutrients and native seeds. The vegetation composition on the roof was dynamic and changed over the years. Sedum acre was initially dominant but disappeared within the first years, whereas Sedum kamtschaticum increased and became dominant in the last years. Trifolium arvense was the most abundant forb species and was especially dominant three years after roof construction. We conclude that increased substrate depth and shading can promote plant species richness and diversity and recommend that both aspects are considered when green roofs are designed. Shading can be achieved by a stepped building architecture and by placing structures on the roof itself, such as solar panels on standards.
Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: What is the Evidence of Indirect Neural Decompression? A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Formica Matteo , Quarto Emanuele , Zanirato Andrea , Mosconi Lorenzo , Vallerga Davide , Zotta Irene , Baracchini Maddalena Lontaro , Formica Carlo , Felli Lamberto
Published: March 2020

Background

In the past decade, lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) has gained in popularity. A proposed advantage is the achievement of indirect neural decompression. However, evidence of the effectiveness of LLIF in neural decompression in lumbar degenerative conditions remains unclear.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to extrapolate clinical and radiological results and consequently the potential benefits and limitations of LLIF in indirect neural decompression in degenerative lumbar diseases.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of the literature in English using the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and checklist. Scores on the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) for back and leg pain were extracted, as were data on the following radiological measurements: disc height (DH), foraminal height (FH), foraminal area (FA), central canal area (CA).

Results

In the 42 articles included, data on 2445 patients (3779 levels treated) with a mean follow-up of 14.8 ± 5.9 months were analyzed. Mean improvements in VAS back, VAS leg, and ODI scale scores were 4.1 ± 2.5, 3.9 ± 2.2, and 21.9 ± 7.2, respectively. Post-operative DH, FH, FA, and CA measurements increased by 68.6%, 21.9%, 37.7%, and 29.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

Clinical results indicate LLIF as an efficient technique in indirect neural decompression. Analysis of radiological data demonstrates the effectiveness of symmetrical foraminal decompression. Data regarding indirect decompression of central canal and lateral recess are inconclusive and contradictory. Bony stenosis appears as an absolute contraindication. The role of facet joint degeneration is unclear. This systematic review provides a reference for surgeons to define the potential and limitations of LLIF in indirect neural elements decompression.
Insects associated with sweet fennel: beneficial visitors attracted by a generalist plant
Authors: Skaldina Oksana
Published: March 2020

Insects provide key ecosystem services such as pollination, dung burial, soil enhancement, and pest control. Global insect decline requires restoration of the plant–insect mutualistic interactions. By using magnet plants, it is possible to supply beneficial insects with better resource availability and create more sustainable habitats. Current management practices recommend using Umbellifers (Apiales, Apiaceae) in restoration projects. However, analyses of the structure and dynamics of entomofauna associated with this plant family is needed to facilitate practical actions. Here the attention is focused on species composition and seasonal dynamics of beneficial insects associated with sweet fennel Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae, Umbelliferae) in Crimea. A 2-year sampling campaign identified 60 insect species from 40 genera across 20 families and four orders: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Neuroptera. These insects represented the groups such as social wasps, bees, ants, bumble bees, potter wasps, beetles, lacewings, mud daubers, tachinid flies, and hoverflies. Social wasps and hoverflies dominated in sample collections. Most of insects collected benefit ecosystems and provide essential ecosystem services. During fennel’s flowering season, the number of visits by bumble bees, beetles, bees. and wasps decreased. Contrastingly, dipterans visitation increased towards the end of the season. Such trends might be explained with fennel’s functional protandry, bias in nectar production between male and female flower stages, and insects’ feeding preferences. F. vulgare attracts a diverse assemblage of beneficial insects and consequently can be recommended as a magnet species. When aiming to attract specific insect groups, the seasonal dynamics of fennel’s associated entomofauna should be considered.
Effect of Acylation of Rapeseed Proteins with Lauroyl and Oleoyl Chloride on Solubility and Film-Forming Properties
Authors: Fetzer Andreas , Hintermayr Cornelia , Schmid Markus , Stäbler Andreas , Eisner Peter
Published: March 2020

Rapeseed proteins show good film-forming properties, giving them a promising potential as bio-based ingredients for the technical industry, e. g. for films and coatings. However, their hydrophilicity often poses problems in regard to water-stability of coatings. Protein modification using fatty acids is known to reduce hydrophilicity, however, it has not been tested to improve film-forming properties of rapeseed proteins before. In the present study, a rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) was acylated at low and high modification degree using lauroyl chloride and oleyol chloride. The protein solubility was determined and the modified RPCs were used for the preparation of cast-films to measure the changes of mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break), surface energy, oxygen permeability and light transmission. The protein solubility in water was lowered from 100% for the non-modified RPC to < 15% for highly modified RPCs at pH 7. The tensile strength of films increased by factors of 3.5 and 4 for highly modified samples, respectively. Surface energy and oxygen permeability revealed an increase of hydrophobicity that correlated with the modification degree. The light transmission was reduced by modification. The results confirm the increased hydrophobicity of acylated RPCs and demonstrate the potential of modified rapeseed proteins as an ingredient for technical products, such as packaging layers, coatings and adhesives.

Graphic Abstract
Development of a highly productive GMAW hot wire process using a two-dimensional arc deflection
Authors: Spaniol E. , Trautmann M. , Ungethüm T. , Hertel M. , Füssel U. , Henckell P. , Bergmann J. P.
Published: March 2020

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes are used in a wide range of applications due to their high productivity and flexibility. Nevertheless, the supplied melting wire electrode leads to a coupling of material and heat input. Therefore, an increase of the melting rate correlates with an increase of the heat input by the arc at the same time. A possibility to separate material and heat input is to use an additional wire, which reduces penetration and worsens the wetting behaviour. Consequently, bead irregularities such as bonding defects or insufficient root weldings can occur. In the context of this article, a controlling system for a two-dimensional magnetic arc deflection is presented, which allows to influence arc position as well as material transfer. The analysed GMAW hot wire process is characterised by high melting rates while also realising a sufficient penetration depth and wetting behaviour.
Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges
Authors: Douine Maylis , Lambert Yann , Musset Lise , Hiwat Helene , Blume Liana Reis , Marchesini Paola , Moresco Gilberto Gilmar , Cox Horace , Sanchez Juan F. , Villegas Leopoldo , de Santi Vincent Pommier , Sanna Alice , Vreden Stephen , Suarez-Mutis Martha
Published: March 2020

Purpose of Review

Following Paraguay and Argentina, several countries from the Amazon region aim to eliminate malaria. To achieve this, all key affected and vulnerable populations by malaria, including people working on gold mining sites, must be considered. What is the situation of malaria in these particular settings and what are the challenges? This literature review aims to compile knowledge to answer these questions.

Recent Findings

The contexts in which gold miners operate are very heterogeneous: size and localization of mines, links with crime, administrative status of the mines and of the miners, mobility of the workers or national regulations. The number of malaria cases has been correlated with deforestation (Brazil, Colombia), gold production (Colombia), gold prices (Guyana), or location of the mining region (Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana). The burden of malaria in gold mines differs between territories: significant in Guyana, French Guiana, or Venezuela; lower in Brazil. Although Plasmodiumvivax causes 75% of malaria cases in the Americas, P. falciparum is predominant in several gold mining regions, especially in the Guiana Shield. Because of the remoteness from health facilities, self-medication with under-the-counter antimalarials is frequent. This constitutes a significant risk for the emergence of new P. falciparum parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs.

Because of the workers’ mobility, addressing malaria transmission in gold mines is essential, not only for miners, but also to prevent the (re-)emergence of malaria. Strategies among these populations should be tailored to the context because of the heterogeneity of situations in different territories. The transnational environment favoring malaria transmission also requires transborder and regional cooperation, where innovative solutions should be considered and evaluated.
Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on particle size, reagents consumption, and feed ash content in coal flotation
Authors: Ebrahimi Hossein , Karamoozian Mohammad
Published: March 2020

Ultrasonic waves have a lot of use in the particle surface cleaning. As flotation is one of the methods associated with surface properties, this paper investigates the effect of these waves on performance, particle size, reagents, and feed ash content in coal flotation. To accomplish this goal, coal samples in three size fractions, including coarse (− 800 to + 400 µm), medium (− 400 to + 100 µm) and fine (− 100 µm) with various feed ash content. The flotation experiments were evaluated by process indexes such as yield, combustible recovery, and selectivity index. The results indicated the increasing of yield. The increasing was significant in medium size. Furthermore, the results showed that in presence of ultrasonic waves, the collector and frother consumption decreased. And also, applying ultrasonic waves would result more combustible recovery and selectivity index. The ash selectivity index had the highest impact for high feed ash content.
Co-pyrolysis of South African bituminous coal and Scenedesmus microalgae: Kinetics and synergistic effects study
Authors: Nyoni Bothwell , Duma Sifundo , Bolo Lukanyo , Shabangu Shaka , Hlangothi Shanganyane P.
Published: March 2020

In this work, the co-pyrolysis of coal and algae is explored with special emphasis on decomposition kinetics and the possibility of the existence of synergistic effects. Modelling and kinetics analysis based approaches were used for the investigation of the existence of synergistic effects. The co-pyrolysis kinetics was studied using the model-free, Coats–Redfern integral method. The kinetics were evaluated for 1st and 2nd order reaction models. Results reveal that Scenedesmus microalgae is characterised by a two stage decomposition process that occurs at temperature ranges of 200–400 °C and 500–700 °C with activation energy of 145.5 and 127.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Bituminous coal has a two stage, slow decomposition process that occurs at temperature ranges of 400–700 °C and above 750 °C with an activation energy of 81.8 and 649.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Furthermore, co-pyrolysis of coal and microalgae is characterised by three stages whose kinetics are dominated by the pyrolysis of the individual materials. For the studied range of coal/algae ratios, the three pyrolysis stages occur in the approximate temperature ranges of 200–400 °C, 430–650 °C and above 750 °C, with activation energies in the ranges of 131–138, 72–78 and 864.5–1235 kJ/mol, respectively. Modelling and kinetics study showed that there is strong evidence of interactions between coal and microalgae that manifest as synergistic effects especially in the second and third stages of decomposition.
Multiplied Configurations Induced by Quasi Difference Sets
Authors: Petelczyc Krzysztof , Prażmowski Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

Quasi difference sets are introduced as a tool to produce partial linear spaces. We characterize geometry and automorphisms of configurations decomposable into components induced by quasi difference sets. In particular, we are interested in series of cyclically inscribed copies of a fixed configuration.
Multi-Omics Analysis of Primary Cell Culture Models Reveals Genetic and Epigenetic Basis of Intratumoral Phenotypic Diversity
Authors: Liu Sixue , Yang Zuyu , Li Guanghao , Li Chunyan , Luo Yanting , Gong Qiang , Wu Xin , Li Tao , Zhang Zhiqian , Xing Baocai , Xu Xiaolan , Lu Xuemei
Published: March 2020

Uncovering the functionally essential variations related to tumorigenesis and tumor progression from cancer genomics data is still challenging due to the genetic diversity among patients, and extensive inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity at different levels of gene expression regulation, including but not limited to the genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptional levels. To minimize the impact of germline genetic heterogeneities, in this study, we establish multiple primary cultures from the primary and recurrent tumors of a single patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multi-omics sequencing was performed for these cultures that encompass the diversity of tumor cells from the same patient. Variations in the genome sequence, epigenetic modification, and gene expression are used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of these cell cultures. We find the discrepancy among the relationships revealed by single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and transcriptional/epigenomic profiles from the cell cultures. We fail to find overlap between sample-specific mutated genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), suggesting that most of the heterogeneous SNVs among tumor stages or lineages of the patient are functionally insignificant. Moreover, copy number alterations (CNAs) and DNA methylation variation within gene bodies, rather than promoters, are significantly correlated with gene expression variability among these cell cultures. Pathway analysis of CNA/DNA methylation-related genes indicates that a single cell clone from the recurrent tumor exhibits distinct cellular characteristics and tumorigenicity, and such an observation is further confirmed by cellular experiments both in vitro and in vivo. Our systematic analysis reveals that CNAs and epigenomic changes, rather than SNVs, are more likely to contribute to the phenotypic diversity among subpopulations in the tumor. These findings suggest that new therapeutic strategies targeting gene dosage and epigenetic modification should be considered in personalized cancer medicine. This culture model may be applied to the further identification of plausible determinants of cancer metastasis and relapse.
Hypertension and Acute Mountain Sickness in Himalayan Trekkers in Nepal: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Duke Charles B. , Sallade T. Douglas , Starling Jennifer , Pant Sushil , Sheets Alison , McElwee Matthew K. , Young David S. , Taylor Richard Andrew , Keyes Linda E.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

A history of preexisting hypertension is common in people participating in mountain activities; however, the relationship between blood pressure (BP), preexisting hypertension, and acute mountain sickness (AMS) is not well studied. We sought to determine these relationships among trekkers in the Everest region of Nepal.

Methods

This was a prospective observational cohort study of a convenience sample of adult, nonpregnant volunteers trekking in the Everest Base Camp region in Nepal. We recorded Lake Louise Scores for AMS and measured BP at 2860 m, 3400 m, and 4300 m. The primary outcome was AMS.

Results

A total of 672 trekkers (including 60 with history of preexisting hypertension) were enrolled at 2860 m. We retained 529 at 3400 m and 363 at 4300 m. At 3400 m, 11% of participants had AMS, and 13% had AMS at 4300 m. We found no relationship between AMS and measured BP values ( P>0.05), nor was there any relation of BP to AMS severity as measured by higher Lake Louise Scores ( P>0.05). Preexisting hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 0.16; 95% CI 0.025–0.57), male sex (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.37–0.96), and increased SpO2 (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.87–0.98) were associated with reduced rates of AMS in multivariate analyses adjusting for known risk factors for AMS.

Conclusions

AMS is common in trekkers in Nepal, even at 3400 m. There is no relationship between measured BP and AMS. However, a medical history of hypertension may be associated with a lower risk of AMS. More work is needed to confirm this novel finding.
Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: North Jonathan
Published: March 2020

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a biological mechanism whereby a micro-organism evolves over time to develop the ability to become resistant to antimicrobial therapies such as antibiotics. The drivers of and potential solutions to AMR are complex, often spanning multiple sectors. The internationally recognised response to AMR advocates for a 'One Health' approach, which requires policies to be developed and implemented across human, animal, and environmental health. To date, misaligned economic incentives have slowed the development of novel antimicrobials and limited efforts to reduce antimicrobial usage. However, the research which underpins the variety of policy options to tackle AMR is rapidly evolving across multiple disciplines such as human medicine, veterinary medicine, agricultural sciences, epidemiology, economics, sociology and psychology. By bringing together in one place the latest evidence and analysing the different facets of the complex problem of tackling AMR, this book offers an accessible summary for policy-makers, academics and students on the big questions around AMR policy.
Improving Convective Precipitation Forecasts Using Ensemble‐Based Background Error Covariance in 3DVAR Radar Assimilation System
Authors: Thiruvengadam P. , Indu J. , Ghosh Subimal
Published: March 2020

Skillful quantitative precipitation forecast using the numerical weather prediction model relies on an accurate estimate of the atmospheric state as an initial condition. Variational assimilation methods (VAR) have the potential to provide improved initial state estimation to the numerical weather prediction model using observations, prior data (background), and their respective error covariance. The quality of variational assimilation hinges on the background error statistics (BES) as it weights the error in prior state and determines the spread of assimilated observations in model space. Traditional approaches used to model stationary BES in a three‐dimensional variational assimilation system often fail to represent the model error in BES. In this study, we have proposed an ensemble method using Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization Tendency to represent the model error in BES. The characteristics of the proposed BES are compared with the traditional approaches using the National Meteorological Centre method for different control variables choices. We have further tested the performance of the proposed method in improving the skill of precipitation forecast for an extreme rainfall event, which caused devastating flood over Chennai city, India, on December 2015. Results demonstrate that the use of the proposed method results in better forecast skill of convective precipitation in terms of both position and intensity than traditional National Meteorological Centre‐based BES. Best results are obtained when zonal and meridional momentum control variables are used for modeling ensemble‐based BES.
Integration of GPS and InSAR Data for Resolving 3‐Dimensional Crustal Deformation
Authors: Shen Zheng‐Kang , Liu Zhen
Published: March 2020

We develop an algorithm to integrate GPS and InSAR data for a 3‐dimensional crustal deformation field at the Earth's surface. In the algorithm discrete GPS data points are interpolated to obtain a 3‐dimensional continuous velocity field, which is then combined with the InSAR line‐of‐sight (LOS) velocity data pixel by pixel using the least‐squares method. Advantages of our method over previous ones are that: 1) The GPS data points are optimally interpolated by balancing a trade‐off between spatial resolution and solution stability. 2) A new algorithm is developed to estimate realistic uncertainties for the interpolated GPS velocities, to be used as weights for GPS data in GPS‐InSAR combination. 3) Realistic uncertainties for the InSAR LOS rate data are estimated and used as weights for InSAR data in GPS‐InSAR combination. 4) The ramps and/or offsets of the InSAR data are globally estimated for all the images to minimize data misfit, particularly at regions where the data overlaps. Application of this method to real data from southern California shows its capability of successfully restoring 3‐dimensional continuous deformation field from spatially limited GPS and dimensionally limited InSAR data. The deformation field reveals water withdrawal induced subsidence and drought caused uplift at various regions in southern California.