bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'infanticide ou l'écho du désêtre
Authors: Ravit Magali , Pitel-Buttez Marie-Anouck
Published: February 2013

Résumé Le texte propose d’abord de poser les jalons actuels, sur les plans social et clinique, des questions soulevées par l’infanticide. La revue de question n’est pas exhaustive mais souligne l’écart entre ces cliniques rencontrées en milieu carcéral et les représentations sociales des crimes commis sur le nouveau-né (néonaticide) ou sur l’enfant (infanticide, filicide). C’est à partir d’un cas clinique que sont soulevés les enjeux de la prise en charge clinique dans ses rapports transféro-contre-transférentiels. L’histoire du cas conduit les auteurs à appréhender le meurtre de l’enfant comme une tentative de suture de la symbiose originelle alors créée-trouvée dans le corps à corps mortifère avec l’enfant.
« On tue un fœtus, on tue un corps ? » : quand anorexie et boulimie racontent l'histoire d'une destructivité intra-utérine
Authors: Dumet Nathalie , Juteau Audrey
Published: February 2013

Résumé Dans cet article, les auteurs proposent d’étudier certains agirs alimentaires au regard de l’impact d’expériences prénatales et plus encore de leurs vécus, vivaces et encore particulièrement destructeurs chez les sujets devenus adultes. Les auteurs montrent comment, en particulier chez deux patientes rencontrées, ces agirs corporels et comportementaux que sont l’anorexie et la boulimie, loin de traduire une expression psychoaffective déficitaire chez ces jeunes femmes, constituent la trace incarnée et expressive de traumas fœtaux liés à la destructivité maternelle (réelle ou symbolique). Faute d’avoir pu être métabolisées par l’objet maternel (ou l’environnement plus largement), ces expériences traumatiques, constitutives et organisatrices du lien mère-enfant, apparaissent avoir été engrammées chez les sujets sur le mode historique même selon lequel elles ont été vécues, en l’occurrence le mode corporel et sensoriel. À cet égard, les agirs alimentaires venant actualiser, rendre perceptibles ces vécus primitifs incorporés, ne relèveraient pas tant d’une compulsion de répétition mortifère que d’une compulsion de symbolisation s’effectuant ici sur un mode corporel, préalable ou prémisse à toute autre modalité – nettement plus psychique – de symbolisation et de subjectivation.
Les mères néonaticides. Changement anthropologique, jugement social, déni politique
Authors: Marinopoulos Sophie
Published: February 2013

Résumé L’enfant désiré devenu une personne à part entière et attendu comme celui capable de rendre la famille heureuse provoque des changements anthropologiques majeurs qui ont des répercussions directes sur nos représentations, nos croyances, notre aptitude à penser la vulnérabilité, la souffrance, les enjeux psychiques liés à la construction familiale et ses exigences générationnelles. Parmi ces souffrances et leurs zones d’ombre, le meurtre de l’enfant à la naissance, le néonaticide, est un drame majeur.
L'adolescence comme révélateur des désirs infanticides
Authors: Houssier Florian
Published: February 2013

Résumé L’infanticide est le plus souvent associé au meurtre de l’enfant, voire du nourrisson ; pourtant, le désir infanticide reste à élaborer tout au long de sa vie comme en témoignent les fantasmes parentaux remobilisés par leur enfant devenu adolescent. À partir de trois situations cliniques, nous considérons l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’adolescence est un révélateur des désirs meurtriers parentaux refoulés ou réprimés, sur fond de différenciation parent-enfant. Pour prolonger cette proposition, nous réfléchissons sur la place de ces fantasmes dans la dynamique transférentielle propre à la psychothérapie analytique de l’adolescent.
« Comme un coq en pâte » : à propos d'un fantasme d'infanticide
Authors: Robert Geoffrey
Published: February 2013

Résumé Si le geste meurtrier d’un parent à l’égard de son enfant nous interroge, qu’en est-il de la présence du fantasme d’infanticide chez un fils pour qui l’acte meurtrier est l’équivalent d’un accomplissement incesteux ? Nous verrons comment, en portant notre attention sur les processus mélancoliques à l’œuvre, et en nous intéressant à l’histoire d’une vie, la fusion meurtrière fantasmée porte en germe un amour qui tend à l’« amort ».
Éthique ou morale ? Réflexions sur les impasses du débat normatif dans le champ financier
Authors: Lenglet Marc
Published: February 2013

Résumé Les questionnements articulant « éthique » et « finance » ne parviennent pas toujours à convaincre, faute d’une attention suffisante à ce que ces termes circonscrivent et indiquent. Souvent, le débat normatif dans le champ financier peine à prendre en charge les entours de l’action financière, et à restituer ce qui se noue dans l’écart entre l’universel (la loi morale) et le particulier (le contexte spécifique de l’action située). Partant de brèves descriptions issues d’un travail ethnographique en salle de marché, et en prenant appui sur les travaux de Paul Ricœur, nous soulignons combien la distinction conceptuelle entre éthique et morale permet de dépasser le discours commun. Se trouvent ainsi mises en perspective d’une part l’herméneutique des règles advenant dans le quotidien de l’opérateur financier, et d’autre part l’importance d’une approche soucieuse des contextes, pour qui entend dépasser le discours moralisant et universaliste.
Jacques Chevalier : Un philosophe catholique entre les deux guerres
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Jean-Louis
Published: February 2013

Résumé La vie de Jacques Chevalier est présentée : naissance à Cérilly (Allier) en 1882, mort à Cérilly en 1962. Fils d’un général du génie, normalien à 18 ans, agrégé à 21 ans, il rencontre le père Pouget, lazariste exégète, et Bergson, jeune professeur au Collège de France et à l’ENS. La crise moderniste sévit. Professeur à l’université de Grenoble à partir de 1920 ; doyen de la faculté des Lettres à partir de 1931, il écrit des ouvrages de grande diffusion, Descartes , Pascal , Bergson . Il fait de nombreux voyages. Son dernier ouvrage, l’ Histoire de la pensée , est une somme énorme publiée en quatre volumes chez Flammarion. Il meurt avant d’avoir écrit son dernier chapitre, sur Bergson. Sa pensée est celle d’un spiritualiste bergsonien catholique. Il a étudié la philosophie mystique de Thérèse d’Avila et orienté le bergsonisme dans le sens du catholicisme. Bergson lui a dicté un texte, publié en 1951 dans Cadences , tome II : « Comment Bergson a trouvé Dieu ». En 1959, il publie ses fameux Entretiens avec Bergson  ; il a été le maître de nombreux philosophes : Emmanuel Mounier, Jean Guitton, Léon Husson, Alain Guy, André Bridoux.
Observar a pobreza em Portugal: uma leitura crítica das principais abordagens à operacionalização do conceito de pobreza
Authors: Pereira Elvira Sofia Leite de Freitas
Published: February 2013

O desenvolvimento de uma medida objectiva, consensual, adequada para a observação da pobreza em Portugal, apoiada em investigação científica, e que permita determinar o rendimento necessário para obter o nível de vida mínimo aceitável no nosso país é um desafio importante que se coloca à investigação social nesta área. O principal objectivo deste artigo é o de realizar uma leitura crítica das principais abordagens à operacionalização do conceito de pobreza, apoiada em resultados de investigação recente. Nesta leitura crítica é apresentado um quadro teórico e empírico que pode “guiar” a investigação social na resposta ao desafio colocado.
Interstícios urbanos e o conceito de espaço exterior positivo
Authors: Guerreiro Maria Rosália
Published: February 2013

Tal como nos tecidos orgânicos, cujos arranjos celulares delineiam espaços intersticiais de várias formas e funções, também numa cidade a organização dos edifícios dá origem a espaços do mesmo tipo. Em linguagem arquitectónica, estes espaços designam-se habitualmente por negativo, ou seja, o fundo sobre o qual os edifícios (forma) assentam. Tal facto tem levado à atribuição de menor importância ao desenho dos espaços intersticiais na cidade moderna. Nas cidades ditas orgânicas, forma e fundo quase não se distinguem, ou melhor os dois distinguem-se como forma. Assim, do ponto de vista urbano tem muito interesse tomar como objecto de estudo, ou seja, como forma, o espaço de fundo definido pelos edifícios – interstícios urbanos. O carácter positivo destes espaços traduz-se numa qualidade estrutural fundamental para sua vivência e utilização.
Gentrificação e a Cidade Revanchista: que lugar para os Movimentos Sociais Urbanos de Resistencia?
Authors: Mendes Luís
Published: February 2013

A propósito do desmantelamento das políticas de assistência pública de que o neoliberalismo dos governos urbanos se tem vindo a revestir; e de como a crise do welfare state está associada também à afirmação de intenções conservadoras, responsáveis pela produção de transformações no governo da cidade, discutiremos o conceito de cidade revanchista. Este denuncia como o discurso “regenerativo” da gentrificação funciona como mecanismo de legitimação do poder instituído e da mobilização de grande investimento público que, desviado do auxílio aos mais carenciados, funciona como subsídio aos mais ricos (Banca, instituições financeiras, grandes grupos económicos e de construção civil, etc.). O objectivo específico deste artigo é o de discutir o papel que cabe aos movimentos sociais urbanos na resistência aos novos produtos imobiliários fabricados pelas várias tendências de regeneração urbana na cidade contemporânea, especialmente na gentrificação da cidade centro.
Imagens de um destino turístico: o caso de Cabo Verde
Authors: Santos Maria do Carmo Lorena
Published: February 2013

Partindo do contributo teórico e empírico de alguns autores, este artigo pretende estimular uma reflexão sobre os mecanismos subjacentes à construção da imagem turística de um destino que pressupõem um processo complexo de construção de representações sociais sobre determinados lugares e culturas. Com base numa análise do discurso promocional de Cabo Verde, procurámos desvendar a forma como este arquipélago é descrito enquanto destino turístico, revelando a diversidade de elementos presentes na imagem turística contemporânea de Cabo Verde. Assim, com base nos discursos visuais e narrativos presentes na promoção turística de Cabo Verde, pretendemos, por um lado, identificar as imagens que são produzidas e difundidas e que impulsionam a escolha deste destino e, por outro, situar o discurso da promoção turística num contexto mais alargado de criação e manipulação de significados simbólicos.
Eyes Wide Shut: (Re)Situando a questão da Exclusão Social
Authors: Cheliotis Leonidas K.
Published: February 2013

Michel Foucault tinha razão em observar que há monstros à espreita cujas formas mudam com o passar da história do conhecimento e, ainda assim, nem a história do conhecimento, nem as histórias das assimetrias de poder que daí advêm são alguma vez escritas pela mão invisível de Júpiter ou suspensas pela intervenção messiânica de Dei ex machina. Se o nosso objectivo é o de descrever holisticamente, e talvez também o de ajudar a combater, a cada vez mais crescente exclusão do outro, então precisamos de recuar e trazer para diante da nossa lupa os processos sociais e humanos pelos quais, em primeiro lugar, percepções generalizadas e avaliações morais ganham conteúdo, forma e orientações reaccionárias. Desta forma, este artigo toma como ponto de partida a tese de Bauman segundo a qual a suspensão de processos de comunicação e as práticas de exclusão geográfica servem para abafar as précondições cognitivas e emocionais de qualquer juízo moral, assim estabelecendo os fundamentos da sua própria reprodução, como das suas consequências catastróficas. Se, como pretendo contra-argumentar, o envolvimento em formas físicas de comportamento exclusivista requer um peso moral significativo, este requer por sua vez a existência e a persistência de processos de comunicação. Em particular, a relegação cognitiva dos outros para o estatuto de seres moralmente inferiores é que espoleta, e perpetua, as emoções necessárias para o envolvimento moralizante em formas físicas de comportamento exclusivista.
Perfis de coabitação em portugal1
Authors: Santos Filomena
Published: February 2013

Com base num estudo qualitativo que teve como suporte empírico dados recolhidos através de entrevistas em profundidade realizadas na região da Grande Lisboa, analisamos a coabitação conjugal segundo uma tipologia de quatro perfis: o moderno, o de transgressão, o de experimentação e o de tradição.Este artigo tem como objectivo identificar os traços principais associados a cada perfil e apresentar algumas conclusões sobre a coabitação na sociedade portuguesa, nomeadamente quanto à diversidade de significados, contextos, trajectórias e dinâmicas da conjugalidade conectados com a coabitação2.
Spotcity: a arte e a política do espaço público
Authors: Thörn Catharina
Published: February 2013

Como cidade portuária, Gotemburgo, na Suécia, tem-se transformado nas últimas décadas e considera-se actualmente uma cidade de eventos de sucesso e do conhecimento. Neste processo, a arte tem sido utilizada como um meio para criar uma cidade mais atractiva com um agradável ambiente para compras. Simultaneamente, a cidade registou graves problemas relacionados com a pobreza e com a segregação social e étnica. Neste artigo é analisada uma intervenção artística que tem como objectivo a utilização da cultura com vista ao alargamento e expansão do espaço público para além do espaço destinado ao consumo. A intervenção, denominada SpotCity, teve lugar em Brunnsparken, que é um parque de passagem localizado no coração de Gotemburgo. Em 2007, durante três semanas, o artista Tomas Ferm apropriou-se do parque entre eléctricos, autocarros e centros comerciais em Gotemburgo, transformando-o num centro cultural ao ar livre com um palco, um quiosque de arte e um contentor destinado à exibição de filmes. O artigo analisa a forma como a SpotCity conseguiu usar a cultura para transformar momentaneamente um local estigmatizado num lugar de utopia.
Associações científicas portuguesas: mapeamento e caracterização
Authors: Delicado Ana , Junqueira Luís , Rego Raquel , Conceição Cristina , Pereira Inês
Published: February 2013

Sendo as associações científicas um tema pouco estudado dentro da Sociologia da Ciência, este desinteresse reflecte-se num conhecimento limitado da sua extensão e do seu papel no sistema científico e tecnológico nacional.Este artigo tem por objectivo apresentar uma caracterização destas organizações, tendo em conta a sua constituição, os seus recursos e as actividades que desenvolvem, sustentada num recenseamento das associações, na análise dos seus estatutos e num inquérito por questionário aplicado às mesmas.Os resultados obtidos mostram que o número de associações científicas tem crescido a ritmo acelerado desde os anos 80, concentrado nos principais centros de produção científica nacional. No que diz respeito à sua constituição e às actividades que desenvolvem, as associações científicas portuguesas revelam uma diversidade que nos permite caracterizá-las não só como lugares de comunicação entre pares, mas também como pontos de contacto entre a ciência e a sociedade.
La pollution atmosphérique en ligne(s)
Authors: Rémy Elisabeth , Blondeau Cécile
Published: February 2013

En 2008, ce sont près de cinq cents courriels que les Franciliens ont échangés avec Airparif, un organisme spécialisé sur la surveillance de la qualité de l’air en Ile-de-France. Sur notre étude de cas, c’est bien cette écriture virtuelle qui matérialise et actualise un phénomène fugace qui, sans cela, n’aurait laissé aucune trace. L’efficacité de ces énoncés sur l’air pollué repose d’abord sur la légitimité des scripteurs à prendre la parole. Ces mails sont des prises de paroles individuelles, déconnectées les unes des autres, sans constitution de porte-parole, ni de collectif. Il s’agit de faire reconnaître un problème singulier : la pollution atmosphérique de proximité personnalisée. Toutefois, il y a aussi, via cette agrégation de courriels, une reconnaissance potentielle de ces cas singuliers auxquels une valeur plus générale peut être accordée. En examinant la contribution de ces écrits à la définition des problèmes de pollution, notre objectif est de présenter une première étude sur l’expertise profane de l’air pollué.
Immersion freezing of water and aqueous ammonium sulphate droplets initiated by Humic Like Substances as a function of water activity
Authors: Rigg Y. J. , Alpert P. A. , Knopf D. A.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Immersion freezing of water and aqueous (NH4)2SO4 droplets containing Leonardite (LEO) and Pahokee peat (PP) serving as surrogates for Humic Like Substances (HULIS) has been investigated. Organic aerosol containing HULIS are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, however, their potential for ice cloud formation is uncertain. Immersion freezing has been studied for temperatures as low as 215 K and solution water activity, aw, from 0.85–1.0. The freezing temperatures of water and aqueous solution droplets containing LEO and PP are 5–15 K warmer than homogeneous ice nucleation temperatures. Heterogeneous freezing temperatures can be represented by a horizontal shift of the ice melting curve as a function of solution aw, Δaw, by 0.2703 and 0.2466, respectively. Corresponding heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients, Jhet, are (9.6 ± 2.5)×104 and (5.4 ± 1.4)×104 cm−2 s−1 for LEO and PP containing droplets, respectively, and remain constant along freezing curves characterized by Δaw. Consequently predictions of freezing temperatures and kinetics can be made without knowledge of the solute type when relative humidity and IN surface areas are known. The acquired ice nucleation data are applied to evaluate different approaches to fit and reproduce experimentally derived frozen fractions. In addition, we apply a basic formulation of classical nucleation theory (α(T)-model) to calculate contact angles and frozen fractions. Contact angles calculated for each ice nucleus as a function of temperature, α(T)-model, reproduce exactly experimentally derived frozen fractions without involving free fit parameters. However, assigning the IN a single contact angle for entire population (single-α model) is not suited to represent the frozen fractions. Application of α-PDF, active sites, and deterministic model approaches to measured frozen fractions yield similar good representations. Thus, from fitting frozen fractions only, the underlying ice nucleation mechanism and nature of the ice nucleating sites cannot be inferred. In contrast to using fitted functions obtained to represent experimental conditions only, we suggest to use experimentally derived Jhet as a function of temperature and aw that can be applied to conditions outside of those probed in laboratory. This is because Jhet(T) is independent of time and IN surface areas in contrast to the fit parameters obtained by representation of experimentally derived frozen fractions.
Online atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (APCI-IT-MSn) for measuring organic acids in concentrated bulk aerosol – a laboratory and field study
Authors: Vogel A. L. , Äijälä M. , Brüggemann M. , Ehn M. , Junninen H. , Petäjä T. , Worsnop D. R. , Kulmala M. , Williams J. , Hoffmann T.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The field application of an aerosol concentrator in conjunction with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (APCI-IT-MS) at the boreal forest station SMEAR II at Hyytiälä, Finland, is demonstrated in this study. APCI is a soft-ionization technique allowing online measurements of organic acids in the gas and particle phase. The detection limit for the acid species in the particle phase was improved by a factor of 7.5 to 11 (e.g. ∼40 ng m3 for pinonic acid) by using the miniature versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (mVACES) upstream of the mass spectrometer. The APCI-IT-MS was calibrated in the negative ion mode with two biogenic organic acid standards – pinic acid and pinonic acid. Pinic acid was used as a surrogate for the quantification of the total amount of organic acids in the ambient aerosol based on the total signal intensities in the negative ion mode. The results were compared with the total organic signal of a C-ToF-AMS during the HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 field campaign. The campaign average contribution of organic acids measured by APCI-IT-MS to the total submicron organic aerosol mass was estimated to be about 60%, based on the response of pinic acid. Very good correlation between APCI-IT-MS and C-ToF-AMS (Pearson's R = 0.94) demonstrates soft-ionization mass spectrometry as a complimentary technique to AMS with electron impact ionization. MS2 studies of specific m/z ratios recorded during the HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 field campaign were compared to MS2 studies of selected monoterpene oxidation products formed in simulation chamber experiments. The comparison of the resulting fragments shows that oxidation products of the main VOCs emitted at Hyytiälä (α-pinene and Δ3-carene) cannot account for all of the measured fragments. Possible explanations for those unaccounted fragments are the presence of unidentified or underestimated biogenic SOA precursors, or that different products are formed by a different oxidant mixture of the ambient air compared to the chamber ozonolysis.
The GREENROOF module (v7.3) for modelling green roof hydrological and energetic performances within TEB
Authors: de Munck C. S. , Lemonsu A. , Bouzouidja R. , Masson V. , Claverie R.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The need to prepare cities for climate change adaptation requests the urban modeller community to implement within their models sustainable adaptation strategies to be tested against specific city morphologies and scenarios. Greening city roofs is part of these strategies. In this context, a GREENROOF module for TEB (Town Energy Balance) has been developed to model the interactions between buildings and green roof systems at the scale of the city. This module allows one to describe an extensive green roof composed of four functional layers (vegetation – grasses or sedums, substrate, retention/drainage layers and artificial roof layers) and to model vegetation-atmosphere fluxes of heat, water and momentum, as well as the hydrological and thermal fluxes throughout the substrate and the drainage layers, and the thermal coupling with the structural building envelope. TEB-GREENROOF (v7.3) is therefore able to represent the impact of climate forcings on the functioning of the green roof vegetation and, conversely, the influence of the green roof on the local climate. A calibration exercise to adjust the model to the peculiar hydrological characteristics of the substrates and drainage layers commonly found on green roofs is performed for a case study located in Nancy (France) which consists of an extensive green roof with sedums. Model results for the optimum hydrological calibration show a good dynamics for the substrate water content which is nevertheless under-estimated but without impacting too much the green roof temperatures since they present a good agreement with observations. These results are encouraging with regard to modelling the impact of green roofs on thermal indoor comfort and energy consumption at the scale of cities, for which GREENROOF will be running with the building energy version of TEB, TEB-BEM. Moreover, the green roof studied for GREENROOF evaluation being a city-widespread type of extensive green roof, the hydrological characteristics derived through the evaluation exercise will be used as the standard configuration to model extensive green roofs at the scale of cities.
Bringing New Ph.D.s Together for Interdisciplinary Climate Change Research
Authors: Phelan Liam , Jones Holly , Marlon Jennifer R.
Published: February 2013

Climate change is complex and thus requires interdisciplinary research, and new scholars are rising to that challenge. The Dissertations Initiative for the Advancement of Climate Change Research (DISCCRS (pronounced “discourse”); see http://www.disccrs.org) brings together select groups of recent PhD graduates to encourage interdisciplinary work on climate change. The DISCCRS Symposium VII held just outside of Colorado Springs, Colo., brought together 33 graduates from fields as diverse as climatology, ecology, anthropology, and political science for an intensive week of cross‐disciplinary engagement in activities like facilitation and leadership training, collaborative research development, peer networking, communication training, and analysis of working group processes.
Dispersion model maps spread of Fukushima radiation
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2013

When water flooded the Japanese Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on 11 March 2011, killing power to the plant and destroying its backup generators, the earthquake‐triggered disaster resulted in a major nuclear accident, with the plant pouring radioactive material into the air and the water. Research into the effects of the radiation on humans and the environment has been ongoing, but to ensure the accuracy of these aftermath investigations requires understanding the precise concentrations, distribution patterns, and timing of the radionuclide emissions. To provide such an assessment for the marine environment, Estournel et al. used an ocean and atmosphere dispersion model to simulate the movements of radioactive cesium‐137 throughout the Japanese coastal waters for 3.5 months following the earthquake.
Chamber measurements find plants are potentially important methane sink
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2013

As a greenhouse gas, methane has a much higher heat‐trapping potential than carbon dioxide when considered over the course of a few decades. In recent years, researchers discovered a potentially important new source of atmospheric methane—emissions from green plants. Although estimates of the extent of vegetative methane emissions vary greatly, previous research suggests they could amount to as much as a tenth of global annual emissions. The mechanism behind such emissions is a matter of considerable debate, with questions remaining regarding the effects of atmospheric or soil conditions, local hydrological influences, and variability for different plant species. Also under investigation are various potential plant methane uptake mechanisms and the effects of methane‐consuming bacteria—aspects of the methane cycle that could dampen plants’ role as a methane source.
Geospatial intelligence workforce
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2013

A report on the future U.S. workforce for geospatial intelligence, requested by the U.S. National Geospatial‐Intelligence Agency (NGA), found that the agency—which hires about 300 scientists and analysts annually—is probably finding sufficient experts to fill the needs in all of its core areas, with the possible exception of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing. The report by the U.S. National Research Council, released on 25 January, noted that competition for GIS applications analysts is strong. While there appear to be enough cartographers, photogrammetrists, and geodesists to meet NGA's current needs in those core areas, the report cautioned that future shortages in these areas seem likely because of a relatively small number of graduates.
Reply to Comment on “AGU Statement Regarding the Conviction of Italian Seismologists”
Authors: McPhaden Michael J.
Published: February 2013

AGU issued its 23 October 2012 statement because we believe that scientists have an important role to play in advising governments and in communicating the results of their research to the public. The L'Aquila verdict could have a chilling effect on the willingness of scientists to offer guidance about how to prepare for and respond to natural hazards that affect society.
Topography drives strong winds at Greenland's Cape Farewell
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2013

Jutting out into the northern Atlantic Ocean, the southernmost tip of Greenland—known as Cape Farewell—is the windiest oceanic site in the world, with gale‐force winds whipping nearly a sixth of the time. The strong winds at Cape Farewell, called “tip jets,” blow from both the east and the west. Along with another set of anomalously strong winds that blow along the country's southeast coast, the powerful flows are thought to have a strong effect on sea ice behavior, coastal ocean circulation patterns, the melt rate of Greenland's coastal glaciers, and North Atlantic deep ocean convection.
Edward Wheeler Hones Jr. (1922–2012)
Authors: Baker Daniel N. , McPherron Robert L. , Birn Joachim
Published: February 2013

Space physicist Edward Wheeler Hones Jr. died on 17 September 2012 at his home in Los Alamos, N. M. He was 90 years old. The cause of death was a heart attack that came following a brief hospitalization.
August Arctic cyclone was strongest summer storm on record
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2013

For nearly 2 weeks in August 2012, a powerful cyclone churned the Arctic Ocean, driving down surface pressures and garnering significant public attention. Spawned over Siberia on 2 August, the storm, which came to be known as the “Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012,” died when it made landfall on the shores of the Canadian High Arctic. Based on observational records, researchers noted at the time that the Great Arctic Cyclone had the lowest sea surface pressure ever recorded for an Arctic summer cyclone. Because the storm coincided with what went on to become the record‐breaking season for minimum Arctic sea ice extent, some researchers questioned whether the storm's severity may have been fueled by climate change.
Vapor recompression for efficient distillation. 1. A new synthesis perspective on standard configurations
Authors: Felbab N. , Patel B. , El‐Halwagi M. M. , Hildebrandt D. , Glasser D.
Published: February 2013

The vapor recompression (VRC) distillation scheme is examined and compared with conventional distillation in an analysis spanning fundamental thermodynamics, high‐level calculations, and rigorous simulation. The purpose of this article is three‐fold: first, it provides greater insight into VRC distillation. Second, it provides a process synthesis tool to rapidly assess whether VRC is likely to be more thermodynamically favorable than conventional distillation for a given split. Third, it may be used to determine if VRC can be implemented practically. The tool presented in the article is consolidated in the form of a single chart, for which only the top and bottom product temperatures are required to determine the outcome. Using this chart, first‐pass estimates can be obtained with no calculations whatsoever. The tool, which appears to be the first of its kind in this context, is validated with examples and rigorous simulation. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2977–2992, 2013
Phase evolution and nature of oxide dissolution in metallurgical slags
Authors: Sun Zhi H. I. , Guo Xiaoling , Van Dyck Joris , Guo Muxing , Blanpain Bart
Published: February 2013

The dissolution of solid lime particles into liquid slags at high temperatures was evaluated by means of confocal scanning laser microscopy. An additional solid layer around the lime particle was observed at the intermediate stage of the dissolution into CaOAl2O3SiO2 slags. The dissolution rate was decelerated due to the existence of the additional layer and the dissolution profile could be clearly distinguished into three stages, that is, an early, intermediate, and late stage. By adding 10 wt % MgO, this layer could be effectively eliminated and the slope of the whole dissolution profile kept relatively constant. The dissolution path and mechanisms were subsequently evaluated by incorporating thermodynamic calculations. Both direct and indirect dissolutions could be distinguished. It was realized that the decrease in composition range for solid precipitating after adding MgO could significantly reduce the interfacial reaction (IR) layer formation. Post‐mortem analyses on quenched samples were further carried out to confirm the theoretical calculations. It was found that the solid layer in slags without MgO was (CaO)2·SiO2 and (CaO)3·SiO2 which is in line with the thermodynamic calculations. However, only (CaO)2·SiO2 was noticed in slags with MgO which both (CaO)2·SiO2 and MgO phases should be present according to the calculations. The nonequilibrium during dissolution may play an important role on phase transformation and MgO particles in much smaller quantity may have dissolved into (CaO)2·SiO2 phase. The diffusion of CaO in both slags with and without MgO was additionally investigated. The local CaO concentration distributions from the direct dissolution phase to the slag bulk could be well fitted with the theoretical model proposed via Fick's second law. As a result, the local diffusion coefficient in the dissolution region was obtained and the effect of MgO addition on diffusion could be assessed. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2907–2916, 2013
Laboratory testing for cobalamin deficiency in megaloblastic anemia
Authors: Oberley Matthew J. , Yang David T.
Published: February 2013

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia in Western populations. Laboratory evaluation of megaloblastic anemia frequently includes the assessment of patient cobalamin and folate status. Current total serum cobalamin measurements are performed in the clinical laboratory with competitive binding luminescence assays, whose results may not always accurately reflect actual cobalamin stores. Surrogate markers of cobalamin deficiency such as methylmalonic acid and homocysteine have been utilized to improve diagnostic accuracy; however, the specificity of these tests by themselves is rather low. Measurement of the biologically active fraction of cobalamin, holotranscobalamin, has been proposed as a replacement for current total cobalamin assays. Although holotranscobalamin measurements appear to have slighter better sensitivity, the specificity of this assay remains to be determined. The relative merits and demerits of commonly available methods to assess cobalamin deficiency in patients with suspected megaloblastic anemia are discussed. Am. J. Hematol. 88:522–526, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The phenotypic spectrum of ZIC3 mutations includes isolated d‐transposition of the great arteries and double outlet right ventricle
Authors: D'Alessandro Lisa C.A. , Latney Brande C. , Paluru Prasuna C. , Goldmuntz Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

Disease causing mutations for heterotaxy syndrome were first identified in the X‐linked laterality gene, ZIC3. Mutations typically result in males with situs ambiguus and complex congenital heart disease; however affected females and one male with isolated d‐transposition of the great arteries (d‐TGA) have been reported. We hypothesized that a subset of patients with heart defects common to heterotaxy but without laterality defects would have ZIC3 mutations. We also sought to estimate the prevalence of ZIC3 mutations in sporadic heterotaxy. Patients with TGA (n = 169), double outlet right ventricle (DORV; n = 89), common atrioventricular canal (CAVC; n = 41), and heterotaxy (n = 54) underwent sequencing of ZIC3 exons. We tested 90 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) to correlate genotype with phenotype. Three potentially disease‐related missense mutations were detected: c.49G > T (Gly17Cys) in a female with isolated DORV, c.98C > T (Ala33Val) in a male with isolated d‐TGA, and c.841C > T (His281Tyr) in a female with sporadic heterotaxy. We also identified a novel insertion (CPFP333ins) in a family with heterotaxy. All were absent in 200 control patients and the 1000 Genomes Project (n = 629). No significant mutations were found in patients with TOF. Functional studies demonstrated reduced transcriptional activity of the ZIC3 His281Tyr mutant protein. ZIC3 mutations were rarely identified in isolated DORV and d‐TGA suggesting that a subset of DORV and d‐TGA may fall within the spectrum of laterality defects. ZIC3 mutations were found in 3.7% of patients with sporadic heterotaxy; therefore testing should be considered in patients with heterotaxy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of a C6 quaternary ammonium chitosan derivative through a chitosan schiff base with click chemistry
Authors: Chen Yu , Wang Fengju , Yun Dongran , Guo Yanwen , Ye Yanchun , Wang Yanxi , Tan Huimin
Published: February 2013

In this study, we explored a new method for preparing C6 quaternary ammonium chitosan (CTS) derivatives. The C2NH2 of CTS was first protected by benzaldehyde. The C6OH of CTS was then transformed into a sulfonyl ester, which was then reacted with NaN3 through nucleophilic substitution to introduce the N3 group at the CTS C6 position. This intermediate was reacted in a click chemistry reaction with a terminal alkynyl quaternary ammonium salt; this was followed by the deprotection of C2NH2 with acid to furnish the C6 quaternary ammonium CTS derivative. The structures and properties of synthesized products in the reactions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The effects of the reaction conditions on the degree of Schiff‐base CTS quaternization were evaluated by elemental analysis. The largest inhibition zone test and the minimum inhibitory concentration test showed that compared with CTS, the prepared CTS derivative had significantly improved antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Property enhancement in unsaturated polyester nanocomposites by using a reactive intercalant for clay modification
Authors: Şen Sinan , Gündem Hatice Burçin , Ortaç Bülend
Published: February 2013

Polymeric nanocomposites were synthesized from unsaturated polyester (UPE) matrix and montmorillonite (MMT) clay using an in situ free radical polymerization reaction. Organophilic MMT was obtained using a quaternary salt of coco amine as intercalant having a styryl group making it a reactive intercalant. The resultant nanocomposites were characterized via X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of increased nanofiller loading on the thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites was investigated. All the nanocomposites were found to have improved thermal and mechanical properties as compared with neat UPE matrix, resulting from the contribution of nanolayer connected intercalant‐to‐crosslinker which allows a crosslinking reaction. It was found that the partially exfoliated nanocomposite structure with an exfoliation dominant morphology was achieved when the MMT loading was 1 wt %. This nanocomposite exhibited the highest thermal stability, the best dynamic mechanical performance and the highest crosslinking density, most probably due to more homogeneous dispersion and optimum amount of styrene monomer molecules inside and outside the MMT layers at 1 wt % loading. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Scholars on soap boxes: Science communication and dissemination inTEDvideos
Authors: Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Thelwall Mike
Published: February 2013

Online videos provide a novel, and often interactive, platform for the popularization of science. One successful collection is hosted on theTED(Technology,Entertainment,Design) website. This study uses a range of bibliometric (citation) and webometric (usage and bookmarking) indicators to examineTEDvideos in order to provide insights into the type and scope of their impact. The results suggest thatTEDTalks impact primarily the public sphere, with about three‐quarters of a billion total views, rather than the academic realm. Differences were found among broad disciplinary areas, with art and design videos having generally lower levels of impact but science and technology videos generating otherwise average impact forTED. Many of the metrics were only loosely related, but there was a general consensus about the most popular videos as measured through views or comments onYouTube and theTEDsite. Moreover, most videos were found in at least one online syllabus and videos in online syllabi tended to be more viewed, discussed, and blogged. Less‐liked videos generated more discussion, although this may be because they are more controversial. Science and technology videos presented by academics were more liked than those by nonacademics, showing that academics are not disadvantaged in this new media environment.
Berth assignment planning for multi‐line bus stops
Authors: Tan Jiyuan , Li Zhiheng , Li Li , Zhang Yi , Lu Lu
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we study an important problem that arises with the fast development of public transportation systems: when a large number of bus lines share the same bus stop, a long queue of buses often forms when they wait to get into the stop in rush hours. This causes a significant increase of bus delay and a notable drop of traffic capacity near the bus stop. Various measures had been proposed to relieve the congestions near bus stops. However, all of them require considerable financial budgets and construction time costs. In this paper, with the concept of berth assignment redesign, a simulation‐based heuristic algorithm is proposed to make full use of exiting bus berths. In this study, a trustable simulation platform is designed, and the major influencing factors for bus stop operations are considered. The concept of risk control is also introduced to better evaluate the performance of different berth arrangement plans and makes an appropriate trade‐off between the system's efficiency and stability. Finally, a heuristic algorithm is proposed to find a sub‐optimal berth assignment plan. Tests on a typical bus stop show that this algorithm is efficient and fast. The sub‐optimal berth assignment plan obtained by this algorithm could make remarkable improvements to an actual bus stop. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel amphiphilic thiosemicarbazone derivative for binding and selective sensing of human serum albumin
Authors: Kar Chirantan , Ojha Bimlesh , Das Gopal
Published: February 2013

The interaction of ligands and drug molecules with protein is of major interest in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In this study, we synthesized a novel thiosemicarbazone‐based amphiphilic molecule for selective binding and detection of human serum albumin (HSA) with significant increase in fluorescence intensity. The compound 5‐(octyloxy) naphthalene substituted salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone was designed to interact with site I of HSA. The weak fluorescence of the probes in aqueous solution showed a dramatic increase in fluorescence intensity upon binding with HSA, while the responses to various other proteins and enzymes were negligible under similar experimental conditions. Changes in fluorescence intensity and formation of a new emission maximum of the compound in the presence of HSA as well as an increase in steady‐state anisotropy values reflected well the nature of binding and location of the probe inside the protein environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Hierarchical Self‐Organization of Fulleropyrrolidine–Phthalimide Dyads
Authors: Mitrović Aleksandra , Todorović Nina , Žekić Andrijana , Stanković Dalibor , Milić Dragana , Maslak Veselin
Published: February 2013

A series of novel fulleropyrrolidine–phthalimide dyads was synthesized and their electrochemical and self‐assembly properties were investigated. Efficient synthesis of acceptor–acceptor dyads was performed under microwave irradiation. Fine‐tuning of the second redox potentials in the dyads was achieved by varying the length of the aliphatic spacer (C2 to C12) between the fulleropyrrolidine and phthalimide moieties. Shape‐shifting and supramolecular polymorphism were observed for these compounds during self‐assembly.
Seismic anisotropy around subduction zones: Insights from three‐dimensional modeling of upper mantle deformation and SKS splitting calculations
Authors: Faccenda M. , Capitanio F. A.
Published: February 2013

Inferring the circulation of the mantle around subducting plates from surface measurements of shear wave splitting patterns remains to date elusive. To assist the interpretation of the seismic signal and its relation with the mantle circulation pattern, we present a new methodology to compute the seismic anisotropy directly from the flow in the upper mantle of 3‐D numerical models of Earth‐like subduction. This computational strategy accounts for the non‐steady‐state evolution of subduction zones yielding mantle fabrics that are more consistent with the deformation history than previously considered. In the subduction models, a strong mantle fabric develops throughout the upper mantle with a magnitude of the anisotropy that is proportional to the amount of subduction and is independent of the subduction rate. The sub‐slab upper mantle is characterized by two domains with different fabrics: at shallow depth, the mantle entrained with the subducting slab develops trench‐perpendicular directed anisotropy due to simple shear deformation, while in the deeper mantle, slab rollback induces pure shear deformation causing trench‐parallel extension and fast seismic directions. Subducting plate advance favors the development of the fabric in the entrained mantle domain, while slab retreat increases the trench‐parallel anisotropy in the deeper upper mantle. In the deeper domain, the strength of the fabric is proportional to the horizontal divergence of the flow and weakens from the slab edges toward the center. As such, strong trench‐parallel anisotropy forms below retreating and relatively narrow slabs or at the margins of wider plates. The synthetic SKS splitting patterns calculated in the fore arc are controlled by the magnitude of the anisotropy in the upper domain, with trench‐perpendicular fast azimuths in the center of large plates and trench parallel toward the plate edges. Instead, above relatively narrow, retreating slabs (≤600 km and low subduction partitioning ratio [SPR]), azimuths are trench parallel due to the strong anisotropy in the lower sub‐slab domain. In all models, the anisotropy in the back arc and on the sides of the subducting plate is, respectively, trench perpendicular and sub‐parallel to the return flow at depth. Results from our regional scale models may help to infer the flow and composition of the upper mantle by comparison with the wide range of subduction zones seismic data observed globally.
A mechanism for lagged North Atlantic climate response to solar variability
Authors: Scaife Adam A. , Ineson Sarah , Knight Jeff R. , Gray Lesley , Kodera Kunihiko , Smith Doug M.
Published: February 2013

Variability in solar irradiance has been connected to changes in surface climate in the North Atlantic through both observational and climate modelling studies which suggest a response in the atmospheric circulation that resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation or its hemispheric equivalent the Arctic Oscillation. It has also been noted that this response appears to follow the changes in solar irradiance by a few years, depending on the exact indicator of solar variability. Here we propose and test a mechanism for this lag based on the known impact of atmospheric circulation on the Atlantic Ocean, the extended memory of ocean heat content anomalies, and their subsequent feedback onto the atmosphere. We use results from climate model experiments to develop a simple model for the relationship between solar variability and North Atlantic climate.