bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of HDAC6 in Cancer
Authors: Aldana-Masangkay Grace I. , Sakamoto Kathleen M.
Published: November 2010

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a member of the HDAC family whose major substrate is α‐tubulin, has become a target for drug development to treat cancer due to its major contribution in oncogenic cell transformation. Overexpression of HDAC6 correlates with tumorigenesis and improved survival; therefore, HDAC6 may be used as a marker for prognosis. Previous work demonstrated that in multiple myeloma cells, inhibition of HDAC6 results in apoptosis. Furthermore, HDAC6 is required for the activation of heat‐shock factor 1 (HSF1), an activator of heat‐shock protein encoding genes (HSPs) and CYLD, a cylindromatosis tumor suppressor gene. HDAC6 contributes to cancer metastasis since its upregulation increases cell motility in breast cancer MCF‐7 cells and its interaction with cortactin regulates motility. HDAC6 also affects transcription and translation by regulating the heat‐shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and stress granules (SGs), respectively. This review will discuss the role of HDAC6 in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer.
Multimodal Mass Spectrometric Imaging of Small Molecules Reveals Distinct Spatio-Molecular Signatures in Differentially Metastatic Breast Tumor Models
Authors: Amstalden van Hove Erika R. , Blackwell Tiffany R. , Klinkert Ivo , Eijkel Gert B. , Heeren Ron M.A. , Glunde Kristine
Published: November 2010

Phosphocholine (PC) and total choline (tCho) are increased in malignant breast tumors. In this study, we combined magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), mass spectrometry (MS) imaging, and pathologic assessment of corresponding tumor sections to investigate the localization of choline metabolites and cations in viable versus necrotic tumor regions in the nonmetastatic MCF-7 and the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft models. In vivo three-dimensional MRSI showed that high tCho levels, consisting of free choline (Cho), PC, and glycerophosphocholine (GPC), displayed a heterogeneous spatial distribution in the tumor. MS imaging performed on tumor sections detected the spatial distributions of individual PC, Cho, and GPC, as well as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), among many others. PC and Cho intensity were increased in viable compared with necrotic regions of MDA-MB-231 tumors, but relatively homogeneously distributed in MCF-7 tumors. Such behavior may be related to the role of PC and PC-related enzymes, such as choline kinase, choline transporters, and others, in malignant tumor growth. Na+ and K+ colocalized in the necrotic tumor areas of MDA-MB-231 tumors, whereas in MCF-7 tumors, Na+ was detected in necrotic and K+ in viable tumor regions. This may be attributed to differential Na+/K+ pump functions and K+ channel expressions. Principal component analysis of the MS imaging data clearly identified different tumor microenvironmental regions by their distinct molecular signatures. This molecular information allowed us to differentiate between distinct tumor regions and tumor types, which may, in the future, prove clinically useful in the pathologic assessment of breast cancers. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9012–21. ©2010 AACR.
Intranodal Vaccination with Naked Antigen-Encoding RNA Elicits Potent Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antitumoral Immunity
Authors: Kreiter Sebastian , Selmi Abderraouf , Diken Mustafa , Koslowski Michael , Britten Cedrik M. , Huber Christoph , Türeci Özlem , Sahin Ugur
Published: November 2010

Although naked antigen-encoding RNA has entered clinical testing, basic knowledge on how to apply this promising novel vaccine format is still pending. By comparing different administration routes, we observed surprisingly potent antigen-specific T-cell immunity upon intranodal injection of naked antigen-encoding RNA. RNA was selectively uptaken by resident dendritic cells, propagated a T-cell attracting and stimulatory intralymphatic milieu, and led to efficient expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ as well as CD4+ T cells. By intranodal treatment of mice with repeated cycles of RNA, we achieved de novo priming of naïve T cells, which became potent cytolytic effectors capable of homing to primary and secondary lymphatic tissues as well as memory T cells. In tumor-bearing mice intralymphatic RNA vaccination elicited protective and therapeutic antitumor immune responses, resulting in a remarkable survival benefit as compared with other treatment regimens. This is the first report of strong systemic antigen-specific Th1-type immunity and cancer cure achieved with naked antigen-encoding RNA in preclinical animal models. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9031–40. ©2010 AACR.
Homeoprotein Six1 Increases TGF-β Type I Receptor and Converts TGF-β Signaling from Suppressive to Supportive for Tumor Growth
Authors: Micalizzi Douglas S. , Wang Chu-An , Farabaugh Susan M. , Schiemann William P. , Ford Heide L.
Published: November 2010

The Six1 homeodomain protein is a developmental transcription factor that has been implicated in tumor onset and progression. Our recent work shows that Six1 overexpression in human breast cancer cell lines is sufficient to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. Importantly, Six1-induced EMT and metastasis are dependent on TGF-β signaling. The TGF-β pathway plays a dual role in cancer, acting as a tumor suppressor in early lesions but enhancing metastatic spread in more advanced tumors. Our previous work indicated that Six1 may be a critical mediator of the switch in TGF-β signaling from tumor suppressive to tumor promotional. However, the mechanism by which Six1 impinges on the TGF-β pathway was, until now, unclear. In this work, we identify the TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) as a target of Six1 and a critical effector of Six1-induced TGF-β signaling and EMT. We show that Six1-induced upregulation of TβRI is both necessary and sufficient to activate TGF-β signaling and induce properties of EMT. Interestingly, increased TβRI expression is not sufficient to induce experimental metastasis, providing in vivo evidence that Six1 overexpression is required to switch TGF-β signaling to the prometastatic phenotype and showing that induction of EMT is not sufficient to induce experimental metastasis. Together, these results show a novel mechanism for the activation of TGF-β signaling, identify TβRI as a new target of Six1, and implicate Six1 as a determinant of TGF-β function in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 70(24); 10371–80. ©2010 AACR.
A Therapeutic OX40 Agonist Dynamically Alters Dendritic, Endothelial, and T Cell Subsets within the Established Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Pardee Angela D. , McCurry Dustin , Alber Sean , Hu Peisheng , Epstein Alan L. , Storkus Walter J.
Published: November 2010

Little preclinical modeling currently exists to support the use of OX40 agonists as therapeutic agents in the setting of advanced cancers, as well as the mechanisms through which therapeutic efficacy is achieved. We show that treatment of mice bearing well-established day 17 sarcomas with a novel OX40 ligand–Fc fusion protein (OX40L-Fc) resulted in tumor regression or dormancy in the majority of treated animals. Unexpectedly, dendritic cells (DC) in the progressive tumor microenvironment (TME) acquire OX40 expression and bind fluorescently labeled OX40L-Fc. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses revealed that DCs become enriched in the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) of both wild-type and Rag−/− mice within 3 days after OX40L-Fc treatment. By day 7 after treatment, a significant expansion of CXCR3+ T effector cells was noted in the TDLN, and by day 10 after treatment, type 1 polarized T cells exhibiting a reactivated memory phenotype had accumulated in the tumors. High levels of CXCL9 (a CXCR3 ligand) and enhanced expression of VCAM-1 by vascular endothelial cells (VEC) were observed in the TME early after treatment with OX40L-Fc. Notably, these vascular alterations were maintained in Rag−/− mice, indicating that the OX40L-Fc–mediated activation of both DC and VEC occurs in a T-cell–independent manner. Collectively, these findings support a paradigm in which the stimulation of DC, T cells, and the tumor vasculature by an OX40 agonist dynamically orchestrates the activation, expansion, and recruitment of therapeutic T cells into established tumors. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9041–52. ©2010 AACR.
Loss of Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Renders Tumors Highly Susceptible to Pharmacologic Glutathione Deprivation
Authors: Mandal Pankaj Kumar , Schneider Manuela , Kölle Pirkko , Kuhlencordt Peter , Förster Heidi , Beck Heike , Bornkamm Georg W. , Conrad Marcus
Published: November 2010

Tumor cells generate substantial amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), engendering the need to maintain high levels of antioxidants such as thioredoxin (Trx)- and glutathione (GSH)-dependent enzymes. Exacerbating oxidative stress by specifically inhibiting these types of ROS-scavenging enzymes has emerged as a promising chemotherapeutic strategy to kill tumor cells. However, potential redundancies among the various antioxidant systems may constrain this simple approach. Trx1 and thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1) are upregulated in numerous cancers, and Txnrd1 has been reported to be indispensable for tumorigenesis. However, we report here that genetic ablation of Txnrd1 has no apparent effect on tumor cell behavior based on similar proliferative, clonogenic, and tumorigenic potential. This finding reflects widespread redundancies between the Trx- and GSH-dependent systems based on evidence of a bypass to Txnrd1 deficiency by compensatory upregulation of GSH-metabolizing enzymes. Because the survival and growth of Txnrd1-deficient tumors were strictly dependent on a functional GSH system, Txnrd1−/− tumors were highly susceptible to experimental GSH depletion in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our findings establish for the first time that a concomitant inhibition of the two major antioxidant systems is highly effective in killing tumor, highlighting a promising strategy to combat cancer. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9505–14. ©2010 AACR.
Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Something Out of Notching?
Authors: Harrison Hannah , Farnie Gillian , Brennan Keith R. , Clarke Robert B.
Published: November 2010

We and others have established that the developmental Notch receptor signaling pathway is active in breast cancer cell lines, as well as in preinvasive and invasive primary samples. Recently, a role for Notch in regulating the hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells in both normal and cancer epithelium has been elucidated. Because inhibiting the Notch receptor signaling pathway is a possible future breast cancer therapy, here, we review the expression and activity of the different ligands and receptors and summarize the various ways in which the pathway's activity can be inhibited, and the likely effects of inhibition on different tumor cell subpopulations. Cancer Res; 70(22); 8973–6. ©2010 AACR.
Upregulation of DLX5 Promotes Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation by Enhancing IRS-2-AKT Signaling
Authors: Tan Yinfei , Cheung Mitchell , Pei Jianming , Menges Craig W. , Godwin Andrew K. , Testa Joseph R.
Published: November 2010

The distal-less homeobox gene (dlx) 5 encodes a transcription factor that controls jaw formation and appendage differentiation during embryonic development. We had previously found that Dlx5 is overexpressed in an Akt2 transgenic model of T-cell lymphoma. To investigate if DLX5 is involved in human cancer, we screened its expression in the NCI 60 cancer cell line panel. DLX5 was frequently upregulated in cell lines derived from several tumor types, including ovarian cancer. We next validated its upregulation in primary ovarian cancer specimens. Stable knockdown of DLX5 by lentivirus-mediated transduction of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in reduced proliferation of ovarian cancer cells due to inhibition of cell cycle progression in connection with the downregulation of cyclins A, B1, D1, D2, and E, and decreased phosphorylation of AKT. Cell proliferation resumed following introduction of a DLX5 cDNA harboring wobbled mutations at the shRNA-targeting sites. Cell proliferation was also rescued by transduction of a constitutively active form of AKT. Intriguingly, downregulation of IRS-2 and MET contributed to the suppression of AKT signaling. Moreover, DLX5 was found to directly bind to the IRS-2 promoter and augmented its transcription. Knockdown of DLX5 in xenografts of human ovarian cancer cells resulted in markedly diminished tumor size. In addition, DLX5 was found to cooperate with HRAS in the transformation of human ovarian surface epithelial cells. Together, these data suggest that DLX5 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of some ovarian cancers. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9197–206. ©2010 AACR.
Telomerase-Dependent Oncolytic Adenovirus Sensitizes Human Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of DNA Repair Machinery
Authors: Kuroda Shinji , Fujiwara Toshiya , Shirakawa Yasuhiro , Yamasaki Yasumoto , Yano Shuya , Uno Futoshi , Tazawa Hiroshi , Hashimoto Yuuri , Watanabe Yuichi , Noma Kazuhiro , Urata Yasuo , Kagawa Shunsuke , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi
Published: November 2010

The inability to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) leads to radiosensitization, such that ionizing radiation combined with molecular inhibition of cellular DSB processing may greatly affect treatment of human cancer. As a variety of viral products interact with the DNA repair machinery, oncolytic virotherapy may improve the therapeutic window of conventional radiotherapy. Here, we describe the mechanistic basis for synergy of irradiation and OBP-301 (Telomelysin), an attenuated type-5 adenovirus with oncolytic potency that contains the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter to regulate viral replication. OBP-301 infection led to E1B55kDa viral protein expression that degraded the complex formed by Mre11, Rad50, and NBS1, which senses DSBs. Subsequently, the phosphorylation of cellular ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein was inhibited, disrupting the signaling pathway controlling DNA repair. Thus, tumor cells infected with OBP-301 could be rendered sensitive to ionizing radiation. Moreover, by using noninvasive whole-body imaging, we showed that intratumoral injection of OBP-301 followed by regional irradiation induces a substantial antitumor effect, resulting from tumor cell–specific radiosensitization, in an orthotopic human esophageal cancer xenograft model. These results illustrate the potential of combining oncolytic virotherapy and ionizing radiation as a promising strategy in the management of human cancer. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9339–48. ©2010 AACR.
Cell Cycle Regulator ING4 Is a Suppressor of Melanoma Angiogenesis That Is Regulated by the Metastasis Suppressor BRMS1
Authors: Li Jun , Li Gang
Published: November 2010

ING4 has been previously shown to play important roles in regulating apoptosis, cell cycle progress, cell migration, and invasion. In this study, we investigated the impact of ING4 on melanoma angiogenesis. ING4 overexpression strongly suppressed the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and their ability to form tubular structure in vitro. We also found that ING4 inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) at both mRNA and protein levels through suppressing NF-κB activity. Knockdown of endogenous ING4 resulted in enhanced HUVEC growth and IL-6 expression. Our in vivo studies using nude mice confirmed that ING4 inhibited blood vessel formation and the recruitment of CD31-positive cells in matrigel plugs. Furthermore, we found that expression of ING4 was induced by BRMS1, a metastasis suppressor that inhibits melanoma angiogenesis through inhibiting NF-κB activity and IL-6 level as well. Further experiments showed that ING4 knockdown abrogated the suppressive effect of BRMS1 on HUVEC growth, whereas ING4 overexpression inhibited BRMS1 knockdown-induced angiogenesis, indicating that ING4 is a downstream target of BRMS1 in regulating tumor angiogenesis. Collectively, our findings indicate that ING4 is induced by BRMS1 and that it inhibits melanoma angiogenesis by suppressing NF-κB activity and IL-6 expression. Restoration of ING4 function offers a potential new strategy for the treatment of human melanoma. Cancer Res; 70(24); 10445–53. ©2010 AACR.
Sharing Hip-Hop Cultures: The Case of Nigerians and African Americans
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie
Published: November 2010

This article utilizes hip hop to examine the cultural space shared by Nigerians and African Americans in spite of the vast geographic distance. The common approach to music making and appreciation creates a virtual shared space where these musicians and listeners exchange ideas and styles. This article traces out the boundaries of this shared cultural space in the contemporary black world by focusing first on African and African American hip hop artists who have sampled from the music and political energy from their counterparts on the other side of the Atlantic. The connection between culture and language is essential to an understanding of the power of hip hop as a universal language. So we ask the question, is hip hop speaking the same language to these two distinct groups of young black people? What is the terrain of the shared space and how do the artists and the audiences navigate within the boundaries of this virtual haven? Ultimately, this article will offer suggestions about how the process of hip hop music making and consumption impacts concepts of black identity, politics, and power in Africa and America.
Do Religious Coping Styles Moderate or Mediate the External and Internalized Racism-Distress Links?
Authors: Szymanski Dawn M. , Obiri Oluwafunmilayo
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential moderating and mediating roles of positive and negative religious coping styles in the relationship between external and internalized racism and African American persons’ psychological distress. Participants included 269 African Americans who completed a web-based Internet survey. Results revealed that negative religious coping styles partially mediated the relationships between racist events and internalized racism and psychological distress. No support was found for the mediating role of positive religious coping or for the moderating roles of positive and negative religious coping in the links between racist events and internalized racism and psychological distress. Research and practice implications are discussed.
Accumulated Strain, Negative Emotions,and Crime
Authors: Botchkovar Ekaterina , Broidy Lisa
Published: November 2010

Drawing on a random sample of 340 adults, this study examines the relationships between strain, negative emotions, and criminal coping in the context of Russia. Extending the argument of general strain theory (GST), it also assesses the criminogenic potency of strain accumulation and raises the possibility that negative affect, accumulating from stressors closely grouped in time, heightens individual’s sensitivity to concurrent or subsequent strains. Although the data suggest that the core variables of GST are operant in Russia, support for the theory is mixed. Strain appears to be generally associated with negative emotions, but negative emotions are not uniformly criminogenic. Negative emotions do not appear to mediate the association between strain and crime but moderate the strain–crime link and, in some cases, increase the enabling effects of strains on illegal coping. Overall, the findings suggest that negative affect likely produced by accumulation or clustering of negative events and conditions may heighten the crime-generating potency of other, less criminogenic strains.
Simulating communication and interpretation as a means of interaction in human social systems
Authors: Troitzsch Klaus G
Published: November 2010

Human social systems are the most complex systems that we can conceive of, as interaction among their members is by messages that have to interpreted before they can take any effect – and the interpretation of identical messages sent and received in identical situations can have divergent effects as human actors have long-term memories, which makes the effects highly path dependent. The emergent phenomena in human social systems are therefore even more difficult to understand than related phenomena in anthills or chemical systems. This paper introduces models of immergence and second-order emergence to explain the innovation of norms in human groups of moderate size – as opposed to the emergent phenomena in human crowds, which are quite similar to the phenomena that can be observed in physical and animal systems. Modeling the innovation of norms and norm systems makes it necessary for interactions between model agents to be manifold and path dependent, that is agents have a long memory and deliberation capabilities. This is shown with an example from modeling criminal or terrorist behavior.
Knowing Paris: Changing Approaches to Describing the Enlightenment City
Authors: Thompson Victoria E.
Published: November 2010

While Parisian guidebooks published in the second half of the eighteenth century have often been seen as part of an effort to render the city more legible, this essay argues that the use of different aesthetic styles to describe the city as well as the proliferation of organizational formats created a measure of confusion over the meaning of the city and exposed tensions between systems of rendering the city meaningful. These tensions became politicized on the eve of the 1789 Revolution, most notably in Louis Sébastien Mercier’s Tableau de Paris. Mercier’s focus on the ways in which power relations determined urban practices as well as his insistence that the streets of the city could serve as a source of meaningful knowledge laid the foundation for a new, revolutionary, understanding of urban space.
Which photo groups should I choose? A comparative study of recommendation algorithms in Flickr
Authors: Nan Zheng  , Qiudan Li  , Shengcai Liao  , Leiming Zhang
Published: November 2010

Over the last few years, the social media site Flickr has gained massive popularity. Besides traditional operations on photo sharing, Flickr also offers millions of groups for users to join in order to share photos with others, and the number of groups still increases daily. Choosing among so many options is challenging for users. As such, helping users easily find their desirable groups has become increasingly important. In this paper, we provide a systematic experimental evaluation of several collaborative filtering algorithms to recommend groups for Flickr users. In particular, we design and compare seven Flickr group recommendation models: three memory-based models and four model-based models. Our results suggest that model-based approaches are beneficial compared with memory-based approaches in terms of top- krecommendation metric. Models with tags perform well for sparse data, whereas models without tags are more suitable for dense data. Furthermore, incorporating tags in the recommendation algorithms leads to an improvement of precision on the top 2% performance.
Injunctive and Descriptive Peer Group Norms and the Academic Adjustment of Rural Early Adolescents
Authors: Hamm Jill V. , Schmid Lorrie , Farmer Thomas W. , Locke Belinda
Published: November 2010

This study integrates diverse literatures on peer group influence by conceptualizing and examining the relationship of peer group injunctive norms to the academic adjustment of a large and ethnically diverse sample of rural early adolescents’ academic adjustment. Results of three-level hierarchical linear modeling indicated that peer groups were differentiated by injunctive norms for effort and achievement. After accounting for prior adjustment, peer group injunctive norms predicted changes to students’ school valuation and effort. Peer group injunctive and descriptive norms were moderately correlated; injunctive norms that were more discrepant from descriptive norms were associated with academic adjustment beyond the associations for descriptive norms. Peer group normative relationships did not differ by gender, ethnic minority status, or school configuration. Implications for understanding peer influence and for educational practice are discussed.
Critical geography III
Authors: Glassman Jim
Published: November 2010

Recent work by critical development geographers has broken down borders between Marxist political economy and postcolonial theory. This has enabled deeper integration of critical approaches to race and culture with political economic analyses of class politics and imperialism, as well as more embracing theorizations of violence within capitalist development. It also potentially opens onto development geographies that more fully address the internal variegation of the Global South and South–South geopolitical economic relations, as part of the transnationalization of capital and social struggle.
Effect of leaching behaviour by quenching of bottom ash from MSW incineration
Authors: Marchese Franco , Genon Giuseppe
Published: November 2010

Bottom ashes (BA) obtained from a municipal solid waste incineration plant, have shown different pH and lead concentrations in leachate for different lines. In order to explain this behaviour, combustion tests were performed concerning the lines and the effect of the type of wastes. The BA obtained from the same waste has shown the same raw chemical composition, but different leachate characteristics for the different lines. The bottom ash from different wastes burned on the same line instead showed very similar leachate behaviour. The results suggest that the quality of leach ate depends on the plant and process conditions (in particular the ash quenching phase) and not on the composition of the waste. During ash quenching, the formation and dissolution of soluble alkalis depends on the washing ratio and on the residence time. A different washing degree leads to a different residual alkalinity in the bottom ash, and consequently to a different value of leachate pH with different metal releases. Therefore, with the practical aim of establishing the best conditions for the final disposal of bottom ash, a careful planning of this phase could be proposed as an alternative to a weathering process.
“You’re Always First a Girl”: Emerging Adult Women, Gender, and Sexuality in the Israeli Army
Authors: Levin Dana S.
Published: November 2010

The Israeli army drafts both men and women, and most Israelis complete their military service during their emerging adulthood years. This study examined Israeli women’s experiences as soldiers in the army. Twenty-three women (18 emerging adults, 5 young adults) were recruited using purposive sampling and interviewed about how they experienced their gender and sexuality during their army service. Interviews were analyzed using open and focused coding. Participants reported experiencing their army tenure as gendered and sexualized beings. Themes that emerged include gender performance, sexual harassment, and dating experiences and heteronormativity. This study expands current knowledge by examining Israeli emerging adult soldiers, gender, and sexuality in the Israeli army and looking at the intersection of gender, culture, and development.
Patchwork Intermediation: Challenges and Opportunities for Regionally Coordinated Workforce Development
Authors: Lowe Nichola , Goldstein Harvey , Donegan Mary
Published: November 2010

Workforce intermediation has emerged as a potential tool for guiding labor market adjustment. This article presents an empirical test of workforce intermediation through a study of community colleges in North Carolina. It demonstrates the positive contribution of intermediary colleges in increasing access to jobs in the pharmaceutical and bioprocessing industries. It also considers the limits of this strategy when adopted by only a subset of colleges within a larger labor market region and, specifically, the challenges this creates for forging strong relationships with employers outside the jurisdictional boundaries of individual colleges. The authors conclude by considering policy options for extending the reach of intermediation across the regional labor market through greater intercollege coordination. The authors argue that coordination efforts in North Carolina, although still in their infancy, hold considerable promise for other college systems that are looking to position themselves as institutional leaders in intermediation.
Undergraduate Music Majors’ Perceptions of Instrumental Conducting Curricula
Authors: Silvey Brian A.
Published: November 2010

This study investigated undergraduate conductors’ perceptions of instrumental conducting curricula. Participants ( N = 173) completed an Internet-based survey consisting of questions about their perceived level of conducting and rehearsal preparedness and the extent to which instructional time was devoted to specific topics by their conducting teachers. Responses to these questions were rated using 5-point Likert-type scales. Participants also wrote responses to three open-ended questions addressing their confidence while conducting and were asked to provide one suggestion for curricular improvement. Participants’ mean ratings for items relating to rehearsal preparedness were lower than items for conducting skill preparedness. Results of one-way analysis of variance tests indicated significant differences between ratings based on gender. Respondents felt most confident about their conducting patterns, least confident about error detection and correction, and most frequently indicated the need for additional podium time during undergraduate conducting courses.
Empirical Correlates and Expanded Interpretation of the MMPI-2-RF Restructured Clinical Scale 3 (Cynicism)
Authors: Ingram Paul B. , Kelso Kristy M. , McCord David M.
Published: November 2010

The recent release of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2—Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) has received much attention from the clinical psychology community. Particular concerns have focused on Restructured Clinical Scale 3 (RC3; Cynicism). This article briefly reviews the major criticisms and responses regarding the restructuring of Clinical Scale 3. The primary purpose of the article is to provide expanded interpretive perspectives on RC3 by correlating it with a selection of external variables that are conceptually related. Forty undergraduate volunteers completed the MMPI-2-RF as well as measures of Machiavellianism, alienation, faith in people, and locus of control. Results showed strong correlations between RC3 and Machiavellianism (.47) and alienation (.60), with item-level information that may extend existing interpretive statements to include, not just a cynical view of others, but a willingness to intentionally lie, cheat, deceive, and manipulate (i.e., Machiavellianism).
Combining Concurrent and Sequential Methods to Examine the Usability and Readability of Websites With Information About Medicines
Authors: Nicolson Donald J. , Knapp Peter , Gardner Peter , Raynor David K.
Published: November 2010

Research of websites with information about medicines has not previously taken sufficient account of the design aspects that may affect user’s interacting with the site. This explanatory study combined four concurrent usability methods (user testing, think aloud protocol, observation, and tracking the participant’s online actions), with a sequential interview to examine five websites. Site design and content were found to obstruct participants’ attempts to locate specific information on the web pages. Draft evidence-based design recommendations were derived which, if implemented, could improve the usability of the websites and the readability of their content. Combining concurrent and sequential methods is probably a novel approach for mixed methods and provides a good base on which future mixed methods could be based.
Graduate nurses’ and midwives’ perceptions of research
Authors: Snelgrove Sherrill , James Mandy
Published: November 2010

An increasing amount of quantitative research has shown that nurses face considerable organisational and motivational barriers to conducting research. However, there is comparatively little qualitative information offering more detailed and subjective information about the research experiences of graduate nurses. The aim of this research was to explore graduate nurses’ perceptions of the nursing research and development (R&D) culture in one health trust in the United Kingdom (UK). The research was conducted in two phases. Phase one consisted of a questionnaire survey investigating areas thought to be important for the development of a research and development culture. Phase two consisted of three focus group discussions (N = 20) exploring the nurses’ experiences and any barriers and facilitators to conducting research. This paper reports findings from the focus group data that provided further understanding about the meaning of research for graduate nurses. Participants’ accounts were underlined by a strong rhetoric of support for research governance, with participants expressing intentions to conduct research but inhibited by cultural and organisational barriers. Education was also a strong determinant of research engagement, with participation in research education proving to be both a barrier and a facilitator. The study has implications for educationalists and the formation of R&D strategies in health trusts.
Pictures of Charlotte: The Illustrated Charlotte Temple and Her Readers
Authors: Keralis Spencer D. C.
Published: November 2010

In “Pictures of Charlotte: The Illustrated Charlotte Temple and Her Readers” I examine the contribution of illustrated editions of Susannah Rowson’s 1791 novel Charlotte Temple to the novel’s curious afterlife. Reprinted in Philadelphia in 1794, Charlotte Temple became the object of a readerly cult that inspired visits to a gravesite in Trinity Churchyard as well as intimate engagements with the material object of the book itself. Through my analysis of portraits and tableaux illustrations that appeared in the novel between 1809 and 1905, along with evidence of readers’ devotional interactions with the portraits, I trace the integration of Charlotte Temple into the American national story as one of the best-loved icons of the Revolution.
American Authorship and the Ghost of Moral Rights
Authors: Fine Richard
Published: November 2010

The history of the author’s moral rights doctrine in the laws of France and the United States opens productive inquiry into the nature of American authorship, the functions of authorship more widely, and ultimately, the direction of print culture studies as a field. Such moral rights have never been a coherent feature of American law, and this “ghost” of moral rights clarifies the difference between American and French intellectual property regimes as they treat authors, as well as reveals the materialist emphasis in most historiography of American authorship itself.
Living on the Margin: George Bentley and the Economics of the Three-Volume Novel, 1865–70
Authors: Bassett Troy J.
Published: November 2010

This paper examines fifty-five accounts of three-volume novels published by George Bentley from 1865 to 1870 in order to access the overall profitability of the format. The accounts give information about production costs (such as paper, printing, and binding), advertising, copyright, and sales. An analysis of the return on investment of publishing these novels finds nearly every novel at least covered its cost of production, and most made a modest profit. Ultimately, the three-volume novel was a rather predictable and profit-making format for Bentley.
The Talking Book and the Talking Book Historian: African American Cultures of Print—The State of the Discipline
Authors: Jackson Leon
Published: November 2010

“The Talking Book and the Talking Book Historian” explores scholarship located at the intersection of African American Studies and the History of the Book. While the two fields have a great deal to offer one another, I argue that there has, until recently, been only fitful dialogue between scholars from each camp, a phenomenon I trace in part to the schism between enumerative and analytic bibliographers at the beginning of the twentieth century. Surveying scholarship on topics ranging from the noetics of orality to Oprah's Book Club, I conclude that scholars of African American culture and of print culture have much to gain from a sustained dialogue and that, increasingly, exchanges are taking place.
American University Presses, 1929–1979: Adaptation and Evolution
Authors: Meisel Joseph S.
Published: November 2010

Drawing primarily on a set of reports produced at intervals between 1929 and 1979, this article examines the ideas and forces that shaped the development of American university presses as part of the system of scholarship and education over this period and beyond. It focuses in particular on questions of mission and funding to demonstrate the challenges presses have faced from their earliest days in fulfilling their mandate, and how the nature of their activities evolved within a set of imperatives and constraints determined by trends in the larger academic, publishing, and philanthropic environments.
Reading Beyond the Lines: Young Readers and Wartime Japanese Literature
Authors: Kawana Sari
Published: November 2010

The war years have been considered a stagnant period in the history of modern Japanese literature. However, examining individual literary texts from the early to mid-1940s with memoirs left by young readers ( sho kokumin ) proposes a more nuanced look into the state of reading for even the most prescriptive material in wartime Japan. Young readers also exercised poacher-like networking skills and creativity in obtaining more diverse reading material that stimulated their interest during times of general material scarcity. This study seeks to change the perception of wartime Japanese literature through an analysis of these readers’ experiences, interpretations, and actions.
Circumambulatory Reading: Revolving Sutra Libraries and Buddhist Scrolls
Authors: Eubanks Charlotte
Published: November 2010

This article examines the complementary theories that religious demands shape the material forms of sacred text, and that the material form of a text, in turn, affects practices and methods of reading. Exploring technologies created and adapted in East Asia for reading Mahāyāna Buddhist sutras, I argue that specific technologies -- such as the revolving sutra library, the scroll, and the DVD optical disk -- suggest a dominant notion of reading as “circumambulation.” Thus Buddhist ritual reading provides a new way of thinking about the spatial components of textual engagement, apart from traditional “linear” and “radial” models.
To Leave or Not to Leave?: The 'Boomerang Migration' of Lillian Bertha Jones Horace (1880-1965), Texas's Earliest Known Black Woman Novelist, Diarist, and Publisher
Authors: Kossie-Chernyshev Karen
Published: November 2010

Migration historians have outlined the various kinds of migration shaping African American history in the early twentieth century. But the predominant migration narrative emphasized for African American southerners during the Jim Crow period has depicted a collective centrifugal experience, with black southerners fleeing deadly epicenters of racial violence, poverty, and discrimination as they headed northward or westward to freedom and economic opportunity. Their presumed unidirectional movement away from the South is generally described as constructive, while the decisions of others to remain in the South are often associated with dearth or stasis. Lillian Bertha Jones Horace's many migrations and returns to, from, or within Southern, Western, Northern, and Eastern spaces—including Texas, Kentucky, Illinois, Colorado, and New York—affirm that migration was more nuanced than the predominant South-to-North paradigm suggests. Pushed and pulled by various life exigencies, including educational pursuits, professional opportunities, and family and personal matters, Horace never left the South "for good" but departed and returned many times over the course of her life. Her nuanced migration experience, which began and ended in Texas, suggests the need for examining what I call "boomerang migration" and its implications for African American history in general and the history of African American Southern women in particular.
"On the Outside End": Systems of Oppression and Academic Success
Authors: LeSavoy Barbara
Published: November 2010

Is higher-education success attainable for a black woman who lives and learns in the margins; in what way is academic success and failure measured and defined and by whom? This research examines these questions through unraveling the educational narrative of Charlene, a marginalized, urban black female moving through a predominantly white, four-year public college. Through analyzing Charlene's story, this research argues that American higher education functions as a dominating matrix that systematically reproduces societal structures of inequality rooted in identity and place. Charlene's home-to-school discourse interrogates this educational dynamic, exposing how race, class, and gender oppressions intersect and undermine opportunities for academic progress. The research findings urge academia to transform its institutional ideologies, pedagogies, and practices in ways that stop the marginalization of black females who are relegated to live and learn on "the outside end."
An Examination of the Sexual Behavior of Middle-Class African American Female College Freshmen
Authors: Barnes Sandra L. , Bynum Mia Smith
Published: November 2010

Much of the research on African American adolescent sexual decision making has focused on teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases among poor or urban residents. Few studies consider the sexual profiles of middle-class African American female college freshmen from diverse locales. This study uses bivariate and logistic regression analyses to examine sexual behavior among ninety-one African American female freshmen attending college in the eastern and midwestern areas of the United States. Findings include detailed profiles of sexual behavior for this understudied population. Modeling results show that, although maternal sexual socialization does not influence whether respondents are virgins, sexually permissive views and practices such as heavy petting affect whether respondents are virgins. However, involvement in romantic relationships is the strongest predictor of sexual intercourse.
Is a Journal of Method Still Necessary?
Authors: Vansina Jan
Published: November 2010

Thirty-four years ago David Henige launchedHistory in Africa(hereafterHA) at a time when scholars often cut corners in their rush to construct a history of Africa, and disregarded rules of evidence, thereby running the risk that many of their reconstructions would prove to be unsound. The question was not that these scholars were wholly indifferent to methodology, but that the precolonial history of the continent was the cynosure of the field at the time, and hence that all eyes were turned towards the use of oral sources to overcome the perceived scarcity of written sources for that period and to provide voices from the continent. In their haste to fill huge voids in the story of Africa's past, scholars debated the rules of evidence in relation to such unconventional sources. They often disregarded almost every methodological canon when it came to written data. Crucial differences between primary and secondary sources were ignored, archival research was scanty, new editions of older publications were mere reprints accompanied or not by new introductions that were so uninformed as to be useless, while issues about authenticity, authorship, chronology, or translation were all brushed aside as quibbles. Thus, in the days before 1974, methodological concerns focused exclusively on oral tradition and oral history to the detriment of everything else. As its initial editorial made clear,HAwas launched as a forum where scholars interested in method could publish articles about all the facets of the historical method—from epistemology to heuristics, rules of evidence, and historiography. The journal was founded and the contributors came.
The “Hamitic Hypothesis” in Indigenous West African Historical Thought
Authors: Law Robin
Published: November 2010

This paper explores the use of versions of the “Hamitic hypothesis” by West African historians, with principal reference to amateur scholars rather than to academic historiography. Although some reference is made to other areas, the main focus is on the Yoruba, of southwestern Nigeria, among whom an exceptionally prolific literature of local history developed from the 1880s onwards. The most important and influential work in this tradition, which is therefore central to the argument of this paper, is theHistory of the Yorubasof the Rev. Samuel Johnson, which was written in 1897 although not published until 1921.
Metropolitan Concern, Colonial State Policy and the Embargo on Cultivation of Coffee by Africans in Colonial Kenya: the Example of Bungoma District, 1930–1960
Authors: Makana Nicholas E.
Published: November 2010

The widespread involvement of African peasant households in the cultivation of a high-value cash crop—coffee—in Kenya dates back only to the mid-1950s. However, this late inclusion of African households in coffee cultivation did not imply their lack of enthusiasm to cultivate the crop from an earlier date. On the contrary, European settlers in particular, and some officials of the Department of Agriculture, thwarted the aspirations of African households regarding their being permitted to cultivate coffee. The overall view was in favor of the continued imposition of an embargo on African coffee cultivation. This paper employs mainly archival records to trace the agitation for inclusion in coffee cultivation by African households in colonial Kenya generally. It then treats the specific case example of Bungoma district in western Kenya from the 1930s.

Through a review of official correspondence between colonial officials in Kenya and metropolitan authorities at the colonial secretariat in London, the paper shows how such agitation conflicted with the interests of European settlers and the policies that were privileged by the Department of Agriculture in African areas within Kenya. It demonstrates that when colonial state policy shifted (due to metropolitan and local pressure) in favor of African household involvement in coffee cultivation, the latter proved themselves to be efficient cultivators of the crop. The influence of metropolitan pressures on the eventual trajectory of colonial state policy in Kenya also demonstrates that the actions of colonial proconsuls in the colony did not always reflect the wishes of the colonial secretariat in London. This was moreso the case in Kenya, where a small but politically potent segment of European settlers exerted tremendous influence on the policies that were pursued by the colonial state.