bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards cooperative management of fatigue and vigilance in railway operations
Authors: Berdal Quentin , Gadmer Quentin , Richard Philippe
Published: December 2024

Professional drivers face fatigue and decrease of vigilance over the long driving sessions paving their everyday life. This naturally occurring phenomenon is acknowledged and preventive measures, adapted to the vehicles and missions, are deployed around the world to limit the related risks. As technology opened the way to affordable probing of human bio-signals and activities, more active strategies are investigated such as sleepiness monitoring and alert systems. Such systems already existed in trains, although in a more primitive form, known as “dead-man switch”. As the limitations of this system in detecting actual vigilance decrements is known from practitioners, we took upon ourselves to explore the opportunities offered by the recent developments, under the strict security constraint that characterises railway operations. Going further than monitoring and alert, we consider the ideas of a bio-signal feedback loop and adaptive levels of automation to encourage a real cooperation between the driver and the system in managing fatigue and vigilance. This challenge is particularly significant in teleoperation, which emerges as a potential evolution of the railway activity where fatigue and vigilance are affected by information loss and increased reliance on visual information. Such cooperative work would pave the way for a new definition of what a train driver is, emphasizing its critical role of safeguarding the train and its passengers. This is especially important in a context of autonomous systems’ proliferation, putting the drivers’ position at risks.
Improving High-Speed Interconnect Modeling: The Theta-Method for Accurate Simulation of Skin Effect and Computational Efficiency
Authors: Ait Errais Mouaad , Ait Belaid Khaoula , Belahrach Hassan , Zeroual Abdelouhab
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a novel θ-method for modeling coupled interconnects in high-speed electronic circuits, addressing the limitations of conventional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) techniques. The proposed method enhances simulation efficiency and accuracy, particularly in scenarios involving high frequencies and the skin effect. Through comparative analyses with established FDTD methods, we demonstrate that the θ-method not only achieves significantly shorter computation times but also provides greater accuracy and stability. The results indicate that the θ-method is a robust and reliable alternative, offering improved performance in both simulation speed and precision for complex interconnect modeling tasks.
Enhancing 5G Networks with Edge Computing: An Overview Study
Authors: Chaouki Halima , Iqdour Radouane , Boulouird Mohamed
Published: December 2024

This paper explores the synergies between Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and 5G technology, including their methodologies, characteristics, and architectures. MEC is a new computing model proposed within the framework of the rapid development of IoT, AI, and big data, aiming to bring cloud capabilities closer to the network edge. Its role is to reduce the distance between the data source and processing resources. Local data processing by edge servers reduces traffic volume and increases bandwidth, thus providing high data throughput and paving the way for 5G applications. Combining edge computing with other technologies such as SDN, NFV, NS, Massive MIMO, and NOMA enhances data management and quality of service, supporting highly interactive applications.
Towards DevSecOps Model for Multi-tier Web Applications
Authors: Rida Abderrahim , Ait Lahcen Ayoub
Published: December 2024

Development, Security and Operations (DevSecOps) as part of Continuous Deployment (CD) or Continuous Delivery (CD) are considered a reliable link for communication and collaboration between development, security and operations teams. The philosophy of DevSecOps is defined as the ability to push new releases into production quickly and securely. We assume that DevSecOps brings new challenges, which primarily have a strong impact on decisions and organizational responsibilities within a company. We claim that PHP is the most commonly used back-end programming language for native applications, frameworks-based applications and content management system that implement this language. In addition, multi-tier architecture is one of the main architectures used by many software or web applications. Thereby, there is a significant and necessarily need to understand how DevSecOps on multi-tier PHP web applications could impact delivery accuracy. The goal of this work is to develop a DevSecOps pipeline model for multi-tier web applications that implement PHP.
L’observation des lésions d’usure dentaires peut contribuer au dépistage de désordres oro-myofonctionnels
Authors: Launay Yves , Huette Pierre
Published: December 2024

Objectif : cet article souhaite clarifier les relations qui existent entre usures dentaires et désordres oro-myofonctionnels afin de faciliter le diagnostic des unes et des autres au cours de l’examen clinique habituel et proposer un traitement adapté. Méthodes : le type de déglutition ainsi que la position de repos interdentaire sont relevés chez 231 sujets adultes. L’ évidence d’une usure triturante des dents codifiée selon l’échelle TWES ainsi que la présence de lésions cervicales non carieuses (LCNC) sont également notées. Une analyse statistique examine les relations entre ces différents éléments.

Résultats :

la présence de LCNC multiples est en relation avec une position de repos dentaire erronée, en occlusion permanente.

L’usure des dents antérieures est très fortement corrélée à la présence d’une déglutition dysfonctionnelle.

L’usure des dents postérieures n’est jamais isolée, 100 % des sujets qui usent les faces triturantes de leurs dents postérieures montrent à la fois déglutition dysfonctionnelle et position de repos dentaire erronée.

Les individus chez lesquels déglutition et position de repos dentaire sont normales n’usent jamais leurs dents.

Parmi les 142 patients qui cumulent déglutition dysfonctionnelle et position de repos erronée :

100% d'entre eux souffrent de l'usure des dents antérieures

95% d'entre eux souffrent de l'usure des dents postérieures

94% d'entre eux souffrent de la présence de multiples LCNC.

Classification : nous proposons une classification qui permet le dépistage de certains désordres oro-myofonctionnels grâce à la simple observation clinique des signes d’usure dentaire.
Study on the Optimization Path of After-school Physical Education Services in Junior High Schools under the Policy of Increasing the Physical Education Score of the Secondary School Examination
Authors: Jinjiang Qiao , Xue Wang
Published: December 2024

In the context of the increase in the value of physical education scores in the midterm examination, there is an undesirable phenomenon of “jumping the gun” in physical education, and the rapid expansion of extracurricular training institutions in physical education. Further optimisation of physical education after-school services in junior middle schools can solve these problems and promote the healthy development of young people, schools, and the society. Currently, there is almost no research on junior middle school physical education(PE) after-school service with the background of “raising the score of PE in the Chinese Middle School Examination”. This study attempts to develop an explanatory model of the factors influencing the effective implementation of junior middle school PE after-school services, and to analyse the deficiencies in the implementation of junior middle school PE after-school services in the context of the increase in the PE scores of the secondary school examination in five aspects, namely, the direct conditions, the social environment, the stakeholders, the management of the services, the service content, the form and the effect, and to propose optimisation paths, with the aim of optimising the junior middle school PE after-school services in a more scientific and systematic way. The results of the study are as follows Findings: After-school PE services in junior middle schools have problems such as the phenomenon of exam-oriented education, insufficient teachers, irrational time arrangement, too many students (≥100 students), high fees (average 80-100 RMB/class hour), low remuneration for teachers’ services (average 50-100 RMB/class hour), and low motivation of students. Conclusion and Optimisation Path: Improve the curriculum system of after-school PE service in junior middle schools, increase the government’s financial support for after-school PE service, introduce external forces to participate in after-school PE service, and create a positive atmosphere for after-school PE service.
Research on the Compilation of Mechanical Design Guided Textbooks Based on Chinese University MOOCs
Authors: Zhao Xiuting , Liang Ruotian , Wang Ziyue
Published: December 2024

With the development of information technology, MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) have become a hot topic in the field of education. At present, there is a lack of teaching materials for mechanical design courses that are compatible with MOOCs education platforms, and there are no guiding materials for students to learn after class. Therefore, this paper takes the MOOCs of Chinese universities as a platform to discuss how to use the MOOCs platform to construct a teaching material for mechanical design. By analyzing the existing problems of mechanical design teaching and the characteristics of the MOOCs platform, a compilation scheme of mechanical design tutorial textbook suitable for the MOOCs platform was proposed, and its implementation and evaluation were carried out. The compilation and research of this textbook is conducive to promoting the use of MOOCs platform.
A Comprehensive Literature Review of STEM Education in Informal Learning Environments: Transforming Playgrounds in China
Authors: Wang Xiaoting , Zheng Wenqi , Wang Meixi
Published: December 2024

The integration of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education in the United States has been extensively researched, yielding a substantial body of scholarly work from 1990 to 2023. Internationally, two notable success stories stand out: the Exploratorium in San Francisco and the Discovery Park at Prisma in San Juan, Puerto Rico. These programs have demonstrated significant practical achievements and offer valuable models for STEAM education. Conversely, mainland China lacks comparable mature cases and systematic research in this area. This study represents the first field investigation in China that integrates STEAM education with practical application, conducted at a playground in Tianjin. By drawing from previous research and successful projects like those implemented in San Francisco and Prisma, we aim to transform the Tianjin playground into a dynamic venue that facilitates informal learning opportunities. Through this research, we strive to bridge the gap in STEAM education in China and provide a foundational reference for future educational reforms.
Open classroom organization and implementation: A Case Study of “Introduction to Radio Frequency Identification and Internet of Things”
Authors: Qiang Li
Published: December 2024

Introduction to Radio Frequency Identification and Internet of Things is an elective course offered to all students in the school, so student’s major are relatively complex; the course belongs to interdisciplinary fields, which results in a relatively large teaching content for this course. The traditional teaching mode cannot cover the knowledge points of the subject within 32 class hours, nor can it meet the learning needs of students from different majors. Therefore, it is necessary to change the existing teaching methods to meet the needs of course implementation. Open classroom is a course organization model in which teachers use methods such as collaborative exploration, cooperative learning, and heuristic teaching in the classroom. The classroom has high knowledge density, flexible teaching methods, and encourages knowledge exchange between students and between teachers and students. It is particularly suitable for the interdisciplinary technical characteristics and the course characteristics of elective courses. Teaching practice has proven that after adopting open classrooms in this course, students’ learning enthusiasm and knowledge perspectives have greatly improved.
Research on the double-edged sword effect of AI in middle school students’ learning applications
Authors: Liu Yuxing
Published: December 2024

Middle school children frequently utilize AI to help them learn, but this has both beneficial and harmful consequences. This study used a questionnaire survey method to investigate the AI application among 129 students in order to explore the double-edged sword effect of AI in middle school students’ learning. The research results indicate that AI’s application breadth involves answering questions, searching for information, editing texts, and building text frameworks; In terms of application depth, middle school students use AI as a supplement to their abilities. The positive effects of AI in middle school students’ learning mainly include improving efficiency, finding problem directions, answering questions, and expanding depth; The negative effects mainly include plagiarism of artificial intelligence, cultivation of lazy psychology, ability degradation, and excessive dependence. The breadth and depth of AI application in middle school students have little impact on the positive effects; The age of middle school students, as well as the fact that they have never used, supplemented their abilities, and plagiarized artificial intelligence, all have a significant impact on negative effects. Finally, based on the research findings, this study provides targeted recommendations for future research.
Die Rolle der Adipositas für Inzidenz, Therapie und Prognose des
Mammakarzinoms
Authors: Briest Susanne , Aktas Bahriye
Published: December 2024

In diesem Artikel werden die Epidemiologie, Prognose und Behandlung des
Mammakarzinoms sowie deren Zusammenhang mit der Adipositas beschrieben.

Brustkrebs ist die häufigste Krebserkrankung bei Frauen. Im Jahr 2020 erkrankten
etwa 70 550 Frauen und 740 Männer in Deutschland neu.

Adipositas, die weltweit zunimmt, ist ein signifikanter Risikofaktor für die
Entwicklung von Brustkrebs, insbesondere nach der Menopause. Frauen mit einem
BMI von über 30 haben ein höheres Risiko für aggressivere Tumore und eine
schlechtere Prognose. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Übergewicht und Brustkrebs wird
durch die erhöhte Östrogenproduktion im Fettgewebe und andere
Stoffwechselveränderungen erklärt. Studien zeigen u. a., dass übergewichtige
Patientinnen nach neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie eine geringere pathologische
komplette Response und schlechtere Überlebensraten haben.

Neben der Chemotherapie beeinflusst die Adipositas auch die Wirksamkeit der
endokrinen Therapie und erhöht das Risiko für Komplikationen bei chirurgischen
Eingriffen. Insbesondere bei übergewichtigen Frauen besteht ein höheres Risiko
für Fernmetastasen und schlechtere Behandlungsergebnisse.
Einfluss der Adipositas in der Urogynäkologie
Authors: Stark Sylvia , Aktas Bahriye , Kempe Tom
Published: December 2024

Beckenbodenfunktionsstörungen wie Genitaldeszensus, Belastungsinkontinenz,
überaktive Blase und Stuhlinkontinenz zählen zu den häufigsten
urogynäkologischen Krankheitsbildern. Die postmenopausale Prävalenz liegt bei
ca. 40%. Hauptursachen sind Geburten, fortschreitendes Alter und Hormonmangel in
der Menopause. Chronischer Druck auf den Beckenboden durch Übergewicht und
Adipositas, oft in Verbindung mit Diabetes mellitus, sind weitere
Risikofaktoren. Studien zeigen, dass Übergewicht die Häufigkeit von
Beckenbodenfunktionsstörungen erhöht, wobei ein höherer BMI mit einer höheren
Prävalenz von Harn- und Stuhlinkontinenz sowie Genitaldeszensus korreliert. Eine
Gewichtsabnahme kann die urogynäkologischen Symptome verbessern, bei 5–10%
Gewichtsreduktion wird ein Rückgang der Inkontinenzepisoden bis zu 60%
beschrieben. Jedoch sind die langfristigen Erfolge oft begrenzt. Hier stellen
die medikamentöse Therapie der Adipositas und die bariatrische Chirurgie eine
Therapieoption dar. Daher sollte die Beratung adipöser Frauen nicht nur die
möglichen urogynäkologischen Folgen thematisieren, sondern auch gezielt zur
Gewichtsreduktion motivieren. Bei Schwangeren kann Übergewicht das Risiko für
postpartale Beckenbodenstörungen deutlich erhöhen. Daher sind prä- und
postpartale Maßnahmen zur Beckenbodengesundheit besonders wichtig.
Adipositas in der gynäkologischen Onkologie
Authors: Weydandt Laura , Aktas Bahriye
Published: December 2024

Die Adipositas ist eine moderne Zivilisationskrankheit, deren Häufigkeit steigt
und die mit zahlreichen Risiken für Folgeerkrankungen verbunden ist. In der
gynäkologischen Onkologie ist sie vor allem mit einem erhöhten Risiko für ein
Endometrium- und für eine postmenopausale Erkrankung an einem Mammakarzinom
verbunden. Ursachen dafür können eine gesteigerte Östrogensekretion, eine
Hyperinsulinämie und eine chronische Entzündung sein. Die Datenlage bezüglich
einer Risikoerhöhung für andere gynäkologischer Entitäten wie dem Zervix-, Ovar-
und Vulvakarzinom ist weiterhin unklar. Hinsichtlich des Einsatzes einer
möglichen Chemotherapie gibt es immer wieder Unklarheiten bezüglich der
korrekten Dosierung und möglicher Toxizitäten bei adipösen Patientinnen. Die
internationale ASCO- (American Society of Clinical Oncology) Leitlinie
empfiehlt, die volle, gewichtsabhängige Dosierung, im kurativen Setting
einzusetzen. Eine operative Therapie sollte, wenn technisch möglich und
onkologisch sicher, minimal-invasiv durchgeführt werden. Hierbei wird für
adipöse Patientinnen vor allem das Risiko für frühe postoperative
Komplikationen, im Gegensatz zu offenen Operationen, gesenkt.
Comparison of Apixaban and Aspirin in Preventing Portal Vein Thrombosis after Laparoscopic Splenectomy for Cirrhotic Hypersplenism
Authors: Shi Zhaobao , Xiao Kunqing , Gao Tianming , Jin Shengjie , Zhang Chi , Zhou Baohuan , Bai Dousheng , Jiang Guoqing
Published: December 2024

Background Portal vein system thrombosis (PVST) is a frequent and possibly fatal concurrent disorder following splenectomy. The optimal anticoagulant to prevent PVST following splenectomy remains unclear.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of apixaban versus aspirin in preventing PVST after laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) for cirrhotic hypersplenism.

Methods In this single-center randomized controlled trial, 80 patients with liver cirrhosis who received LS were randomly allocated to two treatment arms that were treated with apixaban or aspirin for 6 months. The primary effectiveness outcome was PVST formation after LS.

Results We excluded four patients who withdrew from the study. The dynamic incidence of PVST, main and intrahepatic branches of PVST, and splenic vein thrombosis in the 6 postoperative months were all significantly lower in the apixaban treatment arm compared to the aspirin treatment arm (all P <0.001). Significantly lower incidences of PVST, main and intrahepatic branches of PVST, and splenic vein thrombosis in apixaban treatment arm started from postoperative day 7, month 1, and day 7 compared to the aspirin treatment arm respectively (all P <0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that apixaban was an independent protective factor for PVST at postoperative month 3, as compared with aspirin (relative risk, 0.057; 95% confidence interval, 0.013–0.248; P <0.001).

Conclusion Compared with aspirin, apixaban could earlier and more effectively prevent PVST following LS for cirrhotic hypersplenism. Apixaban can be chosen as a priority treatment option versus aspirin, contributing to a lower risk of PVST.
Prospective Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes of the Subchondroplasty Procedure for Treatment of Symptomatic Bone Marrow Lesions of the Knee
Authors: Cohen Steven B. , Hajnik Christopher , Loren Gregory L. , Akhavan Sam , DeMeo Patrick J. , Wyland Douglas J. , Youm Thomas , Jazrawi Laith M. , Daley Robert J. , Farr Jack , Reischling Patrick , Woodell-May Jennifer E.
Published: December 2024

Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) have a strong correlation to patient-reported pain, functional limitations, joint deterioration, and rapid progression to total knee arthroplasty. The Subchondroplasty (SCP) procedure uses AccuFill, a calcium phosphate bone substitute material (BSM), to treat bone defects such as microtrabecular fractures and BML. This observational, prospective, multicenter, cohort study evaluated the effect of the SCP procedure at the 2-year follow-up for 70 patients with knee BML. Under arthroscopic and fluoroscopic guidance, the BML was injected with AccuFill. Patient-reported outcomes, including Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and modified Knee Society Score (mKSS) were collected through 24 months postoperatively. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed at baseline and up to 24 months postoperatively. Patient selection was not limited based on the degree of osteoarthritis (OA) as determined radiologically by the Kellgren–Lawrence (K-L) grade. For a subset of patients, patient-reported outcomes were collected up to 5 years including pain evaluation, patient knee global assessment, and satisfaction with the procedure. Preoperative radiographs indicated moderate to severe OA (K-L grades 2–4) in 65 patients (92.8%). Significant improvements (p < 0.0001) in mean VAS pain, IKDC, mKSS, and KOOS scores were observed compared with baseline. Kaplan–Meier survivorship free from conversion to knee arthroplasty was 76.2% at 2 years. The subset of patients followed for 5 years demonstrated low pain scores and high procedure satisfaction. This study presents statistically significant and clinically meaningful evidence of improvement in clinical outcomes following SCP for BMLs of the knee after 2 years. The survivorship rate from arthroplasty at 2 years was 76.2%. SCP for BMLs can relieve pain with a minimally invasive procedure and may delay the need for knee arthroplasty.

Registration NCT01621893 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Level of Evidence Level II, Prospective Cohort Therapeutic Study.
Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Çağan Appak Yeliz , Appak Özgür , Aksoy Betül , Emir Büşra , Sayiner Ayça Arzu , Baran Maşallah
Published: December 2024

Objective Impaired gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa and immunosuppressant therapies increase the risk of secondary infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study evaluated the detection of pathogens in children with IBD using a gastrointestinal panel (GP). This is the first study to compare this method with clinical data from pediatric IBD patients.

Methods Children with newly diagnosed IBD or experiencing disease flares were included. Demographic data, clinical and laboratory findings, treatments, treatment durations, and disease activity were analyzed. Stool samples were assessed using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction with QIAstat-Dx GP®. Results were compared between groups.

Results Thirty-five patients with IBD were included in the study. Routine stool analyses detected rotavirus in one patient and Blastocystis hominis in another, while no microorganisms were identified in stool cultures. GP detected pathogenic microorganisms in 40% of patients, with a higher prevalence among those experiencing IBD flares (71.4%). Detected pathogens included Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, and sapovirus. No significant statistical differences were found between positive and negative GP cases in terms of new/previous diagnosis, disease duration, clinical and laboratory findings, disease activity, and immunosuppressive treatment.

Conclusion In our study, pathogenic microorganisms that could not be detected by routine clinical tests in patients with IBD could be detected by the GP. Most positive cases occurred in previously diagnosed patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Due to its high cost, GPs should be used selectively, and detected pathogens should be carefully evaluated for clinical relevance.
Hybrid Endovascular and Open Interventions for Aortic Disease
Authors: Hamilton Barbara C.S. , Fukuhara Shinichi
Published: December 2024

Traditional open surgical repair of aortic disease distal to the ascending aorta has long been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Two specific anatomic locations of disease have proven especially challenging to manage; the transverse aortic arch and the thoracoabdominal aorta. Hybrid approaches have the potential to limit or even eliminate the need for cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest, thus carrying the promise of improved patient outcomes. This manuscript discusses the hybrid approach to aortic repair and recent advances made in this combined multidisciplinary approach used in these treatments.
The Overlooked Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Psychiatric Patients: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Implications for Clinical Care
Authors: Jacob Giris , Ocytil Yoab , Brenner Benjamin
Published: December 2024

Psychiatric patients face a significantly shorter life expectancy than the general population due to a complex interplay of medical, behavioral, and social factors. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), encompassing both pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, is an underrecognized yet critical contributor to morbidity and mortality in this population. Evidence suggests a two to three times higher prevalence of VTE in psychiatric patients compared to the general population, with incidence rates up to 4.5 per 1,000 person-years. This elevated risk is attributed to a hypercoagulable-hypofibrinolytic state. It is influenced by metabolic abnormalities, pro-inflammatory pathways, antipsychotic medications, and genetic factors. Health care biases and reduced treatment compliance further exacerbate the burden. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and mechanistic underpinnings of VTE in psychiatric populations, emphasizing the role of metabolic syndrome and antipsychotic therapy. To mitigate mortality and enhance outcomes for these high-risk individuals, it is imperative to address this issue through improved risk stratification and preventive strategies.
Preparation and structure of low-temperature amorphous condensates of metals (Review)
Authors: Komnik Yu. F.
Published: December 2024

The process of formation and the structure of metal layers, obtained by condensation of molecular beams on a substrate cooled to liquid helium temperature, are examined. Many metals and semimetals form, in this case, an amorphous condensate. The region of existence of the amorphous phases (restricted by the thickness of the layer and temperature), the amorphous rendering effect of impurities, and the coordination structure of amorphous metals are discussed.
Cross-modulation of magnetoplasma waves in bismuth
Authors: Vitkalov S. A. , Leviev G. I. , Potapenko S. Yu.
Published: December 2024

Cross-modulation is observed in the propagation of magnetoplasma waves in bismuth. It is shown experimentally that the observed effect is caused by heating of the carriers by the field of the wave.
Theory of interatomic forces in inert gas crystals. Elastic constants and zero isotherms
Authors: Dorman V. L. , Zarochentsev E. V. , Troitskaya E. P.
Published: December 2024

The attractive potential between atoms in inert gas crystals, obtained previously in Ref. 1 in general form, is discussed. Special attention is given to the difference between this potential and the van der Waals potential, owing to overlap of atomic shells in the crystal. A model three-parameter interatomic potential, whose form follows from a microscopic analysis, is proposed. With the help of this model potential, the binding energy, zero isotherms, and elastic constants are calculated as functions of pressure for the entire series of inert gas crystals. The calculations agree well with experiment.
Current-voltage characteristics of bismuth whiskers at helium temperature
Authors: Bogod Yu. A. , Valeev R. G. , Gitsu D. V. , Grozav A. D.
Published: December 2024

The current–voltage characteristics of bismuth whiskers 2.0, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.9 μ thick are measured at T = 4.2 °K in zero magnetic field. Features in the current–voltage curves and observation of a residual current in the nonlinear region (j ≳ 104 A/cm2) with the external electric field turned off permit the data obtained to be related to “Cherenkov” phonon generation.
First-principles study of electron dynamics of MoS2 under femtosecond laser irradiation from deep ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths
Authors: Qi Huimin , Wang Jinshi , Xu Zongwei , Fang Fengzhou
Published: December 2024

Time-dependent density functional theory was employed to investigate the electron dynamics of MoS2 following femtosecond pulse irradiation. The study concerned the effects of laser wavelength, intensities, and polarization and elucidated the ionization mechanisms across the intensity range of 1010–1014 W/cm2. As laser intensity increases, MoS2 irradiated with an infrared (IR) laser (800 nm) deviates from single-photon absorption at lower intensities compared to that subjected to an ultraviolet (UV) laser (266 nm), and nonlinear effects in the current arise at lower intensities for the 800 nm laser. At a wavelength of 266 nm, MoS2 irradiated with an a-axis polarized laser deposited more energy and generated more electron–hole pairs compared to c-axis polarization. Rate equations were used to estimate the total number of excited electrons in MoS2 and the corresponding plasma frequency. Simulation results indicate that the damage threshold of the UV laser is higher than that of the IR laser, which contradicts the experimental results. This outcome suggests that the mechanism of material damage induced by the UV femtosecond laser near the damage threshold is independent of optical breakdown. The findings of this research are significant for enhancing the performance of MoS2-based photodetectors and optimizing their stability and reliability in high-power, short-wavelength laser applications.
Novel relativistic potential unveils high-temperature superconductors’ elusive phase diagram
Authors: Shirazi Zeinab , Raissi Farshid
Published: December 2024

This paper explores the vibrational and electronic properties of La2CuO4, a high-temperature superconductor, through the application of a potential derived from special relativity principles. This proposed potential distinguishes between the electric potentials of mobile electrons and stationary nuclei, replacing the traditional Coulomb potential in real-space density functional theory. Using this approach, the study successfully computes the Mott bandgap, the formation of Fermi arcs, and the emergence of charge-density waves. The computational outcomes, along with previous successes in explaining the high-Tc mechanism, highlight the robustness of incorporating this potential into the high-Tc formalism. This integration enables a comprehensive and accurate representation of various phenomena within the phase diagram of high-temperature superconductors. These findings advance the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying high-temperature superconductivity and may accelerate progress toward achieving room-temperature superconductors.
Characterisation and source apportionment of chemical components in fine particulate matter from atmosphere in two districts of Lanzhou City
Authors: Cui Qin , Sun Jianyun , Fan Yufang , Li Yongjun
Published: December 2024

Environmental context Exploring the characterisation and sources of the chemical composition of fine particulate matter in the atmosphere is critical to human health. The main sources of PM2.5 in Lanzhou City are dust, secondary pollution, industry, biomass burning, traffic and coal combustion. In Chengguan District, dust sources are the most significant contributors, whereas secondary pollution sources are dominant in Xigu District. This provides directions and ideas for future local ecological environment management, especially air pollution. Rationale The characterisation and sources of the chemical composition of fine particulate matter in the atmosphere are of critical importance to the environment and human health. As the capital of Gansu Province with a population of more than 4 million people, and being one of important industrial cities in western China, it is of importance to study the characterisation and sources of atmospheric fine particulate matter chemical constituents in Lanzhou City. Methodology In this study, monitoring was carried out from January 2018 to June 2022 in Chengguan and Xigu Districts, and a total of 702 valid samples were collected. Measurements included PM2.5 mass concentrations, water-soluble ions, metals, metalloids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both districts. Results The results showed that PM2.5 mass concentrations in both districts exhibited a decreasing trend throughout the study period, with seasonal variations characterised as high in winter and spring, and low in summer and autumn. The concentration of water-soluble ions follows the order of SO42− > NO3− > NH4+ > Cl−, with a seasonal distribution pattern of winter > autumn > spring > summer (P < 0.05). The concentrations of metals and metalloids were higher in Xigu District than in Chengguan District, following a seasonal pattern of spring > winter > autumn > summer (P < 0.05). PAHs concentrations were significantly higher in Chengguan District than in Xigu District (P < 0.05), with a seasonal pattern of being high in winter and low in summer (P < 0.05). Discussion The main sources of PM2.5 in Lanzhou City comes from dust, secondary pollution, industry, biomass burning, traffic and coal combustion. Dust sources were the most significant contributors in Chengguan District (37.6%), whereas secondary pollution sources were predominant in Xigu District (40.9%). This provides the latest research evidence exploring feasible pollution reduction pathways for Lanzhou to achieve cleaner skies. The results provide valuable insights and a scientific basis for the prevention and control of atmospheric PM2.5 pollution in Lanzhou City.
Integrating Genetic, Environmental, and Phenotypic Information in Within and Between Breed Evaluation of Livestock for Smallholder Farmers in the Tropics
Authors: Fasil Getachew Kebede , Tadelle Dessie , Cammy Beyts , Oswald Matika , Kellie Watson
Published: December 2024

Well-designed genetic improvement interventions can enhance livestock productivity and address food insecurity in many African countries. MEPA offers a complementary strategy to traditional long-term genetic gain programmes based on selective breeding. In MEPA, candidate-improved breeds developed elsewhere can be evaluated for their productive (e.g., growth rate, egg numbers, milk yield) and adaptive (e.g., survival, feed efficiency, health, fertility, and longevity) performance in different environments before they are introduced at scale to smallholder farmers. In this case study, we report the findings of an MEPA study conducted in Ethiopia using analytical frameworks developed by plant breeders. We fitted additive main effects multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) and linear mixed-effects models (LMM) by incorporating genetic, environmental, and phenotypic information. The models identified two out of the five test breeds excelled in live body weight at 180-days-of-age (W180) and yield stability.

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Efficiency optimization of spoke-shaped interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using FEA integrated Rao-algorithms and its thermal analysis
Authors: Naik Supriya , Bag Baidyanath , Chandrasekaran Kandasamy
Published: December 2024

This paper focuses on the design of a spoke-shaped interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (S-IPMSM) with its efficiency and cost optimizations, which are suitable for low-power applications. The motor rating considered is 0.55 kW with an applied voltage of 220 V. Concerning constant output power, speed, phase current, and voltage excitation, this study focuses on improving electromagnetic torque by optimizing the design parameters of S-IPMSM. This analysis has been processed by using meta-heuristic Rao’s optimization algorithms (Rao-1, Rao-2, and Rao-3) and finite element method (FEM). Optimization of design parameters of stator and rotor parts of IPMSM has been achieved in MATLAB. Finite element (FE) models developed in the ANSYS platform have been used to validate the optimization method results and compared to ensure the accuracy of the algorithms. The differences among optimized models from the Rao series are considered for FE analysis, and its results are compared. Parameters like efficiency, airgap magnetic field density (Bair), electromagnetic torque (Tem), and magnetic flux density (B) under steady-state and transient conditions are observed and improved. Including these, the cost analysis of materials used for motor design is also analyzed, and comparative results are reported. As a result of FE models incorporating all parameters, improved motor performance has been observed. To better understand, the performance of three cases with different stator slot numbers (18, 24, 30) are considered in the study. It is observed that the models of Rao-1, Rao-2, and Rao-3 are competitive with each other. Additionally, a thermal analysis of IPMSM is performed to show the effective temperature distribution within the motor.
Investigating travelling wave solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation through the two analytical techniques
Authors: S M Yiasir Arafat , Asif M , S M Rayhanul Islam , Saklayen M A , Rahman M M
Published: December 2024

The wave phenomenon of the

2
+
1

-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli (BLMP) is an asset for investigating the dynamic behavior of waves in fluid dynamics, water wave mechanics, ocean engineering, and science. In this investigation, the object of the research is to explore abundant explicit traveling wave solutions for the

2
+
1

-dimensional BLMP equation. The new auxiliary equation (NAE) and unified techniques are applied to the

2
+
1

-dimensional BLMP equation and obtained plenty of analytical solutions, including trigonometric, hyperbolic, exponential, and rational function solutions. The attained results are stated in a few graphs in three-dimensional (3D), contour, and two-dimensional (2D) figures, where 2D figures also describe the effect of wave properties to help better understand the dynamic behaviors. Based on time, the influence of the free parameter on wave type is comprehensively investigated using various figures, demonstrating the significant impact of nonlinearity. These graphical representations are based on specific parameter values, which aid in understanding the model’s complex general behavior. However, this study’s findings are compared to those acquired in published literature conducted by other experts. The results show that the technique is successful and reliable, making it appropriate for general usage in a variety of sophisticated nonlinear models. Finally, these techniques are effectively generating novel explicit traveling wave solutions from the nonlinear evolution equations that have vital significance in applied science and engineering.
Remote information transfer between cavity-magnonics nodes
Authors: Chen Ya-Wen , Cheng Lü-Yun , Lin Si-Qi , Ye Sai-Yun , Zhong Zhi-Rong
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of remote information transmission based on a cavity-magnon quantum system. We first investigate the dynamics of a two-site coupled-cavity model, where each cavity contains a magnon. Under the condition of large hopping between two cavities or large detuning between the magnon and cavity modes, the state transfer between two distant magnons could be achieved without exciting the cavity field modes. Optimal coherent state transfer is also demonstrated by carefully adjusting parameters to suppress the cavity excitations. Our model could be utilized as the building block for quantum network by extending to one-dimensional coupled cavity chains.
Study on a sodium-based broadband SPR dual-parameter sensor tuned with Ta2O5 thin films
Authors: Guo Pengxiao , Du Huijing , Li Jianshe , Li Shuguang , Li Hongwei , Yin Zhiyong , Li Yuxin
Published: December 2024

Bandwidth is an important factor affecting the sensitivity of the sensor, and broadening the bandwidth can improve the sensitivity of the sensor. Figure of merit (FOM) is closely related to sensitivity and full width at half maximum (FWHM). High sensitivity and low FWHM sensor with high FOM and detection accuracy. Na has low intrinsic loss compared with Au or Ag, and Na film-based SPR sensor has narrower FWHM, better sensing performance than Au or Ag in the near infrared region, and wider bandwidth, which are the key factors for the sensor to have high precision and high sensitivity. Ta2O5 can make resonance peak redshift, broaden the bandwidth and improve the sensitivity of cascade two-parameter sensors. Combining the advantages of Na and Ta2O5, this paper proposes a surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on Na/Ta2O5 composite film, which has high sensitivity and FOM. Two polishing surfaces were introduced into the cladding by polishing, and the two polishing surfaces were coated with Na/Ta2O5 and Na/Ta2O5/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to measure the refractive index (RI) and temperature simultaneously. Based on the finite element method, the SPR optical fiber sensor is numerically studied and its structure is optimized. Under optimal geometry and film thickness. The maximum sensitivity of RI (1.30–1.41) is 12100 nm RIU−1, the maximum FOM is 1313.24 RIU−1. The maximum sensitivity of temperature (0–40 °C) is 16 nm °C−1, and the maximum FOM is 0.68 RIU−1. The change of structural parameters of the sensor does not affect the performance, which reduces the difficulty of manufacturing. This study provides the choice of non-precious metal composite film to improve the bandwidth and sensitivity of dual-parameter SPR sensor, expands the application of non-precious metal in biochemical and environmental detection fields.
Nickel oxide nanoflowers based resistive sensors for detecting methyl salicylate and linalool
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Kulkarni Saraswati , Ghosh Ruma
Published: December 2024

Crop health monitoring is crucial for early detection of biotic stress, which can significantly impact crop yield and quality. This work reports detection of two volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - methyl salicylate and linalool which have promising utility in agriculture including indication of biotic stresses in crops. NiO nanoflowers were synthesized using a solvothermal method. The polycrystalline nature of the metal oxide was confirmed using X-ray diffractometer pattern and crystallite size was found to be 16.8 nm. The bandgap of the NiO nanoflowers were found to be 3.47 eV when using UV-Visible spectrometer. The morphology of the nanomaterial was confirmed using field emission scanning electron microscope. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller confirmed the surface area of NiO to be 39.6 m2 g−1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the successful synthesis of nickel oxide (NiO) with distinct Ni 2p peaks at 855.5 eV and 873.3 eV, along with O 1s lattice oxygen at 529.6 eV. Satellite peaks at 861 eV and 879 eV further validate the Ni(II) oxidation state, indicating a well-defined crystalline structure. The NiO nanoflower was seen to exhibit temperature modulated dual selectivity as it exhibited the highest response to linalool at 300 °C whereas for methyl salicylate the optimum sensing temperature was found to be 250 °C. The response of NiO was found to be varying from 5.2–40% towards 5–40 ppm of linalool at 300 °C and between 2.5–13.5% towards 10–40 ppm of methyl salicylate at 250 °C. The response times and recovery times of the sensor varied from 260 s to 160 s and 170 s to 650 s, respectively for 5 to 40 ppm of linalool. For 10 to 40 ppm methyl salicylate, the response times and recovery times ranged from 280 s to 230 s and 220 s to 1203 s, respectively. The sensor was found to be highly selective towards linalool at 300 °C but the response of NiO was found to be comparable for both methyl salicylate and linalool at 250 °C. A simple algorithm based on steady state responses of the sensor at 250 and 300 °C could be developed for accurate prediction of both the VOCs.
Molecular dynamics study of melting initiation at tilt grain boundaries depending on their misorientation angle in aluminum
Authors: Poletaev Gennady , Rakitin Roman , Bebikhov Yuriy , Semenov Alexander
Published: December 2024

The influence of the misorientation angle and the energy of tilt grain boundaries with misorientation axes

100

,

110

, and

111

on the melting temperature and the nature of the initiation of melting at the grain boundaries in aluminum with nanosized grains was studied using molecular dynamics simulation. It was shown that with heating at a constant rate, melting begins from the grain boundaries, where there is a violation of the crystal structure and, accordingly, the atoms are in shallower potential wells. In the case of high-angle boundaries, melting began simultaneously along the entire boundary, while for low-angle boundaries, it initiated at the cores of the grain boundary dislocations. In the range of small misorientation angles (less than 15°), the melting temperature of the modeled aluminum computational cell decreases almost linearly with increasing the misorientation angle; then, for high-angle boundaries, the decrease becomes less intense. These dependencies correlate with the energy of grain boundary formation or with the associated value of excess energy of the computational cell. It was shown that the melting temperature decreases linearly with the growth of excess energy, that is, the difference in the energies of the considered structure of the computational cell containing the grain boundary and the ideal crystal.
Grating pitch comparison measurement based on Cr atomic transition frequency and Si lattice constant
Authors: Feng 冯 Jingtong 婧桐 , Xu 徐 Rao 娆 , Wu 吴 Ziruo 子若 , Lei 雷 Lihua 李华 , Xiong 熊 Yingfan 英凡 , Tang 唐 Zhaohui 朝辉 , Xiao 肖 Guangxu 光旭 , Xie 解 Yuying 钰莹 , Xue 薛 Dongbai 栋柏 , Deng 邓 Xiao 晓 , Cheng 程 Xinbin 鑫彬 , Li 李 Tongbao 同保
Published: December 2024

Traceability is the fundamental premise of all metrological activities. The establishment of a traceability chain characterized by a shortened structure, while simultaneously enabling on-site traceability, represents a key trend in the advancement of metrology. This study explores the periodic accuracy and overall uniformity of self-traceable gratings, employing multilayer film gratings with a nominal period of 25.00 nm as the medium. We present a comparative analysis of measurement capabilities in a self-traceable grating calibration system characterized by a ‘top-down’ calibration approach and a Si lattice constant calibration system characterized by a ‘bottom-up’ calibration approach. The results indicate that the values obtained for the multilayer film grating periods, calibrated using the self-traceable grating system, are 24.40 nm with a standard deviation of 0.11 nm. By comparing with the values derived from the Si lattice constant, which yield 24.34 nm with a standard deviation of 0.14 nm, the validity and feasibility of the self-traceable calibration system are confirmed. This system extends and complements existing metrological frameworks, offering a precise pathway for traceability in precision engineering and nanotechnology research.