bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of assessment of awareness for screening of cervical cancer in women attending gynecology outdoor patient department
Authors: Lal Neha S. , Kujur Avinashi , Tiwari Pratibha
Published: April 2020

Background: Nearly every family in the world is touched by cancer, which is now responsible for almost one in six deaths globally. Aim of this study was to access Indian woman's awareness towards cervical screening methods to promote strategies for increasing its uptake.Methods: A comprehensive questionnaire based cross-sectional observational survey was conducted in Pt. JNM Medical College and Dr. BRAM hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh from September 2018 to July 2019. Participants were selected by sampling between 21 to 59 years of age who have given consent for study.Results: Out of 1008 participants only 336 (33.3%) participants were aware about screening of cervical cancer and less than 28% participants were aware about pap smear, time of investigation, method of pap smear, health centre, association of HPV virus with cervical cancer, availability at vaccination, and with regard to risk factors only 27.9% women were aware that there is increased risk of cervical cancer due to multiple partners, 17.6% aware of risk due to increase in number of children’s, 11.1% aware of increase in risk of cervical cancer due to early initiation of  sexual activity. Younger women (age 30-35, odds ratio 1.24, 95% CI 0.78-1.32, p-value 0.05), low socioeconomic status (odds ratio 1.74, 95% CI 0.76-2.12, p-value 0.01), education level (≤ secondary education odds ratio 1.64 95% CI 0.85-2.18 p-value 0.000, ≥ higher secondary or above education odds ratio 2.32 95% CI 1.21-2.89  p-value 0.001) and age at marriage (odds ratio 2.21, 95% CI 0.78-2.18, p-value 0.000) all had a significant relationship with the awareness of Pap smear test. Two-third of the females in the study stated that lack of awareness as the major reason for not getting a pap smear while another one- third stated lack of recommendation by health care professionals as major hurdle.Conclusions: This study found that woman's fear, pain and embarrassment, along with cultural influences, deterred them from undergoing screening.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus among HIV-infected patients
Authors: Zayedi Elham , Makvandi Manoochehr , Teimoori Ali , Samarbaf-Zadeh Ali Reza , Ghafari Shokouh , Seyedian Seyed Saeed , Azaran Azarakhsh
Published: April 2020

Background and Objectives: Hepatitis C virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) share the same rate of transmis- sion. HIV/HCV co-infected individuals may result in faster progression of liver fibrosis and highly increase the risk of cir- rhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma development. Thus this study was conducted to determine co-infection of HCV genotypes in positive HIV patients in Ahvaz city, Iran.
Materials and Methods: The sera samples were collected from confirmed 78 infected HIV, 67 (85.89%) males and 11 (14.1%) females. All sera samples were tested for HCV Ab using ELISA test. The HCV Ab positive samples were tested for detection of 5' untranslated (UTR) and core regions of HCV genome using nested RT-PCR. The PCR products of 5UTR and core regions were sequenced to determine HCV genotypes.
Results: Among the 78 infected HIV, 25 (32.05%) cases including 20 (25.64%) males and 5 (6.41%) females were positive for HCV Ab (p=0.316). 53 (67.94%) of HIV patients were negative for HCV Ab. Among 25 positive HCV Ab, 19 (24.35%) cases including 15 (19.23%) males and 4 (5.12%) females were positive for HCV RNA (p=0.447). The PCR products of 5 positive samples were randomly sequenced. The results of sequences and alignments showed that the detected HCV geno- types were three 3a and two 1a. The occurrence of genotype HCV 1a was found in one male injecting drug user Injecting Drug User (IDU) and one female. The HCV 3a genotype was detected in the three males IDU.
Conclusion: The results of this survey indicated that 32.05% of HIV patients were positive for HCV Ab, among them
24.35% were positive HCV RNA. HCV genotype 3a was dominant and detected in the three males IDU.  Regarding the consequences of HIV/HCV co-infection, it is suggested that HCV RNA detection should be regularly checked in individuals infected with HIV.
Project-Based Learning at Nizhny Tagil Technological Institute of Ural Federal University
Authors: Goman V.V. , Fedoreev S.A.
Published: April 2020

This study describes the processes of projecting and implementation of project-based learning at Nizhniy Tagil Technological Institute of UrFU. We observe the adopted conception supposing cooperation of teachers, external and internal consultants and experts, customers and students; such cooperation is aimed at creating a unique product, service or technological advance and results (besides the product, service or technological advance) in planned and extra educational outcome. The principal goal of adoption of project-based learning at the institute is to adjust the academic departments of the institute according to the business-based model. The main idea is that “A specialists grows in a professional environment”. Such an environment should be created through organization of project activities at the institute with professionals participating as experts, consultants or customers. Representatives of the professional community will benefit due to the opportunity to “see their future workers at work”, test their adventurous ideas and implement projects with limited budget. By stimulating business activities, the institute becomes a center of much-in-demand competences, forms technological advances and favors emergence of research teams. The study presents methodical and organizational practices and the achieved results.
Keywords: education, project-based learning, training, competence, implementation, learning-by-doing, skills, practice
Simulation of Coke Quality Indicators Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Sidorov O.Yu. , Aristova N.A.
Published: April 2020

The article shows the application of a neural network for modeling coke quality indicators Coke Reactivity Index (CRI) and Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR). Two optimization methods were used to train the neural network. The influence of the number of neurons on the simulation results was studied. The difference between experimental and calculated data on average does not exceed 2 %. The conclusion is made about the prospects of using a neural network to predict the values of CRI and CSR of coke.
Keywords: artificial neural network, coke, coke reactivity index, coke strength after reaction
Cyber-Physical Systems Technologies: Applications in Industry and Education
Authors: V. Potekhin V. , Selivanova E. N. , Shkodyrev V. P.
Published: April 2020

Industry 4.0 concept development forms new trends as cloud computing,  big data analysis, the industrial internet of things, machine-to-machine technologies. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) paradigm is based on these trends and integrates of computation, networking and physical processes. Synergy Center at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University works in the areas of intelligent systems for data processing and control, motion control systems for robotics, complex automation and mechatronics as components of CPS.
Keywords: Industry 4.0, Cyber-physical systems, Digital twin; intelligent control system, automation, Global digitalisation, Practical-oriented online courses, Skills training, Joint international educational programmes.
3D-modeling Competences at Labor Market of Ural Region
Authors: Artemeva D.V. , Zhilin A.S.
Published: April 2020

Present paper is devoted to the analysis of how 3D soft skills competences influence on a formation of a new job positions at labor market at Ural region of Russian Federation. It is shown how 3D-modelling skills requirements correlate with distribution of professions. Based on the data of labor market offers it is also shown a comparison between job offers and salaries. The main conclusion is made on the matter of how it is inevitable to make structural changes in the competence formation of an engineer of future because 3D-modelling competences are highly required in skills profile of an engineer from year to year.
Keywords: 3D modeler, 3D modeling, 3D computer graphics, 3D model, 3D space, CAD system.
Problems of Evaluation and Optimization of Spare Parts Units to Ensure Continuous Operation of Enterprises
Authors: Mironova V.A. , Noskov V.U.
Published: April 2020

The article raises the problem of increasing the competitiveness of enterprises through the introduction of automatic calculations of supplied elements. Also, the features of providing enterprises with a sufficient number of spare parts, tools, accessories, and materials are considered. For correct and General understanding the basic concepts are introduced. The main problems of non-constant supply and calculation of elements to ensure continuous operation of enterprises are formulated. The model of delivery based on a manual inspection of all elements and calculate the right amount for your next purchase. Analytical solutions are given that allow for a more accurate calculation, based on constant observation, which tracks the full life cycle of the element of interest, and the early prediction that the system may fail.
Keywords: manufacturer, supplier, spare parts, tools, accessories, system sufficiency index, replenishment strategy, Internet of things.
Application of Requirements Engineering in the Development of a Universal Basic Platform of a Four-axle Locomotive
Authors: Friesen A.K.
Published: April 2020

The article presents the practice of using system methods in the development of a universal four-axle locomotive platform. The work is aimed at developing the optimal design of the frame and bodies of the locomotive, the choice of power and traction components to simplify the design process, reduce development time and reduce the cost of the product. The advantages of applying a systematic approach to working with requirements, determining the necessary functions and forming the structure of the product are described.
Keywords: locomotive, frame, life cycle, system engineering, requirements, modularity, universal platform, shortening the development time.
Development of a Universal Locomotive Frame Using System Engineering Methods
Authors: Kabanov I.N.
Published: April 2020

The article presents the practice of using systems engineering methods in the development of a universal locomotive frame. The work is aimed at developing the optimal design of the locomotive frame, which will simplify the production process of the unit and save on design and technological preparation of production. The advantages of applying a systematic approach to working with requirements, identifying the required functions and forming the structural structure of the product are described.
Keywords: locomotive, frame, life cycle, systems engineering, requirement, function, design.
Application of System Engineering Methods in Management of Locomotive Design Processes
Authors: Yurovskikh D.A.
Published: April 2020

In the presented article designing of a product is offered to consider as set of    typical processes. Examples of processes occurring in the organization for possible optimization of resource costs and ensuring rhythmicity are given. The information environment of the product developer as the main participant of typical processes is described, and the approach on effective change of the developed in the organization of processes is offered. The key importance is given to the processes of forming the task for the development of the product and the subsequent analysis of the dynamics of change in the target indicators at each iteration of improving the standard processes.
Keywords: product, process, design, stakeholder, developer, knowledge, stag, rhythmicity.
Contraintes et opportunités d’organisation de la sélection dans les filières porcine et avicole
Authors: COUDURIER B.
Published: April 2020

L’organisation des schémas de sélection découle des particularités biologiques (prolificité, intervalle de générations…) propres àchaque espèce ou groupe d’espèces, ainsi que de la nature des caractères d’intérêt (précoces, tardifs…). Dans les filières porcine etavicole, où la diffusion des reproducteurs est largement mondialisée, la concurrence entre opérateurs induit une course au progrèsgénétique impliquant de maximiser l’efficacité de la sélection dans les races ou lignées pures, ainsi que de profiter des différents avantagesdu croisement (hétérosis, complémentarité entre populations, utilisation de gènes majeurs) dans les limites permises par le tauxde reproduction élevé de ces espèces. La mise en oeuvre de ces principes conduit à des modalités d’organisation des schémas de sélectionet de croisement de type pyramidal, caractéristique de ces filières. Elles exercent en retour un effet structurant sur les opérateursgénétiques eux-mêmes, conduisant à une typologie caractéristique, modulée par certaines particularités biologiques des animaux (format...),par la segmentation du marché des produits commerciaux dans la filière avicole (espèces, marchés de niche…), et par l’importancerelative du secteur privé (partielle en filière porcine, totale en filière avicole). L’arrivée de la sélection génomique ne devraitpas bouleverser cette typologie, mais pose des problèmes de faisabilité économique.
Etat actuel du séquençage et de la connaissance du génome des espèces animales
Authors: VIGNAL A.
Published: April 2020

Depuis la première publication du génome humain en 2001, les génomes de nombreuses espèces animales d’intérêt agronomique ontété séquencés ou sont en cours de séquençage. Après la réalisation de l’assemblage des génomes pour les espèces majeures par laméthode de Sanger* et des séquenceurs capillaires, la nouvelle génération de séquenceurs parallèles (NGS : Next GenerationSequencing) permet maintenant le séquençage rapide et à bas coût d’un nombre bien plus grand d’espèces. Un rappel sur les diversprincipes du séquençage et de l’assemblage des génomes, permettant de mieux comprendre leurs avantages et leurs limites, est suivid’une description de l’état d’avancement de la connaissance des génomes des animaux d’intérêt agronomique. Finalement, quelquesexemples de domaines d’utilisation des génomes assemblés sont rapidement décrits.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Corn Silk Infusion in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Ramadani Arba Pramundita , Tamhid Hady Anshory , Sadrina Tika Luthfi , Jasno Jasno , Mustafidah Mabrurotul
Published: April 2020

The use of medicinal plants in treating various disease has been reported since long time ago, including for hepatic disease. Corn silk contains phytochemicals of medical benefit such as flavonoids compounds which act as antioxidant agents and has been widely reported possess hepatoprotective effect. Using a model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in 36 male Wistar rats, this study investigated the effect of corn silk infusion and assessed using enzymes produced by the liver in plasma [alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and liver glutathione (GSH)]. The corn silk infusion (in 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW doses) were administered 24 hours after CCl4-induction liver damage with 3ml/kg BW CCl4 in olive oil (1:1, v/v), intraperitoneally for seven days. Along with corn silk groups, distilled water (0.2 mL/kg BW) and Curcumin (100 mg/kg BW) were given for induction and drug control, respectively. In the end of the study (8th day), the level of both ALP dan GSH were measured. The differences among groups for GSH and ALP level were statistically calculated using ANOVA method.  The result showed that the corn silk infusion is active at 200 mg/kg BW based on both ALP (18.74% decreased) and GSH (5-7% increased) level. Moreover, the flavonoid compound was detected on the infusion that may contribute on its hepatoprotective activity. In conclusion, corn silk infusion owned hepatoprotective effect in male Wistar rats.
While We Wait for a Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2, Why Not Think About Available Drugs?
Authors: Barrantes Francisco J.
Published: April 2020

At the time of reception of this article (April 2, 2020), efforts to develop a specific vaccine against SARS-Cov-2, the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had just begun trial phase 1, but full validation of this and other current developments is likely to take many more months to reach completion. The ongoing pandemic constitutes a major health burden of world proportions that is also having a devastating impact on whole economies worldwide, the knock-on effects of which could be catastrophic especially in poorer countries. Alternative measures to ameliorate the impact and hamper or minimally slow down disease progression are urgently called for. This review discusses past and currently evolving data on the etiological agent of the current pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, and its host cell receptors with a view to disclosing alternative drugs for palliative or therapeutic approaches. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits marked tropism for cells that harbor the membrane-bound metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at their plasmalemma, predominantly in cells lining the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and bronchoalveolar cells, making these epithelial mucosae the most likely viral receptor cell targets and entry routes. Secondly, the crystal structures of several coronavirus spike proteins in complex with their cell host target receptors, and of SARS-Cov-2 in complex with an inhibitor, are now available at atomic resolution through X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy studies. Thirdly, viral entry of other viruses has been successfully blocked by inhibiting viral endogenous proteases or clathrin/dynamin-dependent endocytosis, the same internalization pathway followed by ACE2 and some viruses. Fourthly, the target cell-surface receptor molecules and SARS-CoV-2 possess other putative sites for drugs potentially modulating receptor activity or virus processing. A multi-pronged pharmacological approach attacking more than one flank of the viral-receptor interactions is worth considering as a front-line strategy.
An Experimental Investigation on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CI Diesel Engine at Various Compression Ratio With Different Ethanol-biodiesel Blends
Authors: Pavuluri Subramanyam , Reddy B. Sidda , Prasad B.Durga
Published: April 2020

In the present scenario of increased industrialization and transportation in the world leads to increased consumption of fossil fuels which in turns leads to depletion of fossil fuels at a faster rate. Fossil fuels combustion is the dominant source for greenhouse gases and global warming. In view of energy crisis raised in 1970’s and environmental concern, many researches are directed towards search of alternative fuels which can replace consumption of fossil fuels as well as reduce pollution. In developing countries like India which is agriculture land the best alternative fuels are biodiesel and ethanol as they are produced from renewable feedstocks like sugarcane, corn etc. and they are also less hazardous to environment because of lower emission property. Ethanol blends results in significant reduction of emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulates matter but increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx). The main purpose of ethanol addition is to reduce the viscosity of biodiesel blends. This paper represents significance of Compression Ratio(CR) on performance, combustion and emission of single cylinder four stroke CI diesel engine by using various compression ratios such as 17.5:1, 18.5:1 and 19.5:1. Experimental research has been conducted with four types of ethanol blends, namely E10, E20, E30 and E40. Ethanol-biodiesel mixture mixed with 2% emulsifier 1% diethyl carbonate and 1% ethyl acetate to maintain similarity and to avoid phase separation. Ethanol subjected to high compression ratio has been used to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The compression ratio has been increased to improve the combustion and performance of the diesel engine.
Potential of Plant Bioactive Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein Inhibitors: A Molecular Docking Study
Authors: Tallei Trina Ekawati , Tumilaar Sefren Geiner , Niode Nurdjannah Jane , Fatimawali Fatimawali , Kepel Billy Johnson , Idroes Rinaldi , Effendi Yunus
Published: April 2020

Background: Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, researchers have been trying to investigate several active compounds found in plants that have the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the cause of COVID-19. The search for plant-based antivirals against the SARS-CoV-2 is promising, as several plants have been shown to possess antiviral activities against betacoronaviruses (beta-CoVs) Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds found in plants by using a molecular docking approach to inhibit Main Protease (Mpro) (PDB code: 6LU7) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein (PDB code: 6VXX) of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Evaluation was performed on the docking scores calculated using AutoDock Vina as a docking engine. For each compound that was docked, a rule of five was calculated to determine whether a compound with certain pharmacological or biological activities might have chemical and physical properties that would make it an active drug orally in humans. Determination of the docking score was done by selecting the conformation of the ligand that has the lowest binding free energy (best pose). As a comparison, nelfinavir (an antiretroviral drug), chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (anti-malarial drugs recommended by the FDA as emergency drugs) were used. Results: The results showed that hesperidine, cannabinoids, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors. Hesperidin, rhoifolin, pectolinarin, and cannabinoids had about the same pose as nelfinavir, but were better than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as Mpro/3CLpro inhibitors. These plant compounds have the potential to be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Conclusion: Several natural compounds of plants evaluated in this study showed better binding free energy compared to nelfinavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate which so far are recommended in the treatment of COVID-19.
The Protective Effect of Cynara Cardunculus Extract in Diet-Induced NAFLD: Involvement of OCTN1 and OCTN2 Transporter Subfamily
Authors: Oppedisano Francesca , Muscoli Carolina , Musolino Vincenzo , Carresi Cristina , Giancotta Caterina , Bosco Francesca , Maiuolo Jessica , Scarano Federica , Macrì Roberta , Paone Sara , Nucera Saverio , Zito Maria Caterina , Scicchitano Miriam , Ruga Stefano , Ragusa Monica , Palma Ernesto , Tavernese Annamaria , Mollace Rocco , Bombardelli Ezio , Mollace Vincenzo
Published: April 2020

Hyperlipidemia and insulin-resistance are often associated with Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) thereby representing a true issue worldwide, due to increased risk of developing cardiovascular and systemic disorders. Although clear evidence suggests that circulating fatty acids contribute in pathophysiological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and hyperlipidemia, further studies are required for better identify potential beneficial approaches for counteracting such a disease state. Recently, several artichoke extracts have been used for both reducing hyperlipidemia, insulin-resistance and NAFLD, though the mechanism is unclear. Here we used a wild type of Cynara Cardunculus extract (CyC), rich in sesquiterpens and antioxidant active ingredients, in rats fed and High Fat Diet (HFD) compared to Normal Fat Diet (NFD). In particular, in rats fed HFD for four consecutive weeks, we found a significant increase of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and serum glucose. This effect was accompanied by increased body weight and by histopathological features of liver steatosis. The alterations of metabolic parameters found in HFD were antagonised dose-dependently by daily oral supplementation of rats with CyC 10 and 20 mg/Kg over 4 weeks, an effect associated to significant improvement of liver steatosis. The effect of CyC (20 mg/Kg) was also associated to enhanced expression of both OCTN1 and OCTN2 carnitine-linked transporters. Thus, present data suggest a contribution of carnitine system in the protective effect of CyC in diet-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin-resistance and NAFLD.
Adenosine-Related Mechanisms in Non-Adenosine Receptor Drugs
Authors: Jacobson Kenneth A. , Reitman Marc L.
Published: April 2020

Many ligands directly target adenosine receptors (ARs). Here we review the effects on adenosinergic signaling of other drugs that are not typically identified as binding ARs. Non-AR mechanisms include raising adenosine levels by inhibiting adenosine transport (e.g. ticagrelor, ethanol, cannabidiol), affecting intracellular metabolic pathways (e.g. methotrexate, nicotinamide riboside, salicylate, AICA riboside), or undetermined means (e.g. acupuncture). Yet other compounds bind ARs, in addition to their canonical ‘on-target’ activity (e.g. mefloquine). The strength of experimental support varies widely. AR knockout mice are the ‘gold standard’ method for investigating an AR role, but few drugs have been tested in these mice. Given the interest in AR modulation for treatment of cancer, CNS, immune, metabolic, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal conditions, it is informative to consider AR and non-AR adenosinergic effects of approved drugs and conventional treatments.
Can Melatonin Reduce the Severity of COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Shneider1 Alexander , Kudriavtsev Aleksandr , Vakhrusheva Anna
Published: April 2020

The current COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most devastating events in recent history. The virus causes relatively minor damage to young, healthy populations, imposing life-threatening danger to the elderly and people with diseases of chronic inflammation. So, if we could reduce the risk for vulnerable populations, it would make the COVID-19 pandemic more similar to other typical outbreaks. Children do not suffer from COVID-19 as much as their grandparents and have a much higher melatonin level. Bats also do not suffer from the virus they transmit, and bats too have a much higher level of melatonin. Viruses generate an explosion of reactive oxygen species, and melatonin is the best natural antioxidant that is lost with age. Melatonin inhibits the programmed cell death which coronaviruses induce, causing significant lung damage. Coronavirus causes inflammation in the lungs which requires inflammasome activity. Melatonin blocks the inflammasome. The immune response is impaired by anxiety and sleep deprivation. Melatonin improves sleep habits, reduces anxiety and stimulates immunity. Fibrosis may be the most dangerous complication after COVID-19. Melatonin is known to prevent fibrosis. Mechanical ventilation may be necessary but yet imposes risks due to oxidative stress, which can be reduced by melatonin. Thus, by using the safe over-the-counter drug melatonin, we may be immediately able to prevent the development of severe disease symptoms in coronavirus patients, reduce the severity of their symptoms, and/or reduce the negative effects of coronavirus infection on patients’ health after the active phase of the infection is over.
Dynamic Modeling and Adaptive Controlling in GPS-Intelligent Buoy (GIB) Systems Based on Neural-Fuzzy Networks
Authors: Zhang Dangquan , Aqeel Ashraf Muhammad , Liu Zhenling , Peng Wan-Xi , Golkar Mohammad Javad , Mosavi Amir
Published: April 2020

Recently, various relations and criteria have been presented to establish a proper relationship between control systems and control Global Positioning System (GPS)-intelligent buoy system. Given the importance of controlling the position of buoys and the construction of intelligent systems, in this paper, dynamic system modeling is applied to position marine buoys through the improved neural network with a backstepping technique. This study aims at developing a novel controller based on adaptive fuzzy neural network to optimally track the dynamically positioned vehicle on water with unavailable velocities and unidentified control parameters. In order to model the network with the proposed technique, uncertainties and the unwanted disturbances are studied in the neural network. The presented study aims at developing a neural controlling which applies the vectorial back-stepping technique to the surface ships, which have been dynamically positioned with undetermined disturbances and ambivalences. Moreover, the objective function is to minimize the output error for the neural network (NN) based on closed-loop system. The most important feature of the proposed model for the positioning buoys is its independence from comparative knowledge or information on the dynamics and the unwanted disturbances of ships. The numerical and obtained consequences demonstrate that the controller system can adjust the routes and the position of the buoys to the desired objective with relatively few position errors.
UPDATING OF SURAKARTA SEISMIC SITE CLASS MAP BASED ON STANDARD PENETRTION TEST
Authors: Purwana M.T. Yusep Muslih , Dananjaya Raden Harya , Nogroho Yusuf Cahyo
Published: April 2020

Surakarta is one of the cities in Java island with a high population growth rate, triggering the increase
in the construction, especially for high-rise buildings. The city is close to several earthquake sources,
causing a high level of seismic hazard. One of the main parameters of earthquake resistant building
design is the value of peak ground acceleration at surface level. It is obtained by multiplying the peak
ground acceleration in the bedrock by a multiplier factor that depends on the site class conditions of the
location. A previous study has been conducted in 2015 using 32 boreholes indicating that around 19.5%
of Surakarta area is classified as SC (hard soil), and 80.5% of the rest is SD (medium soil). To increase
the accuracy, another 31 additional boreholes data are adopted. The new result shows that Surakarta is
divided into three different seismic site class. Around 4.80% the area is classified as SC (hard soil),
94.50% is SD (medium soil), and 0,70% is SE (soft soil). The southern part of Surakarta has a higher
level of vulnerability to earthquakes, especially in the border area between Banjarsari, Laweyan, and
Serengan subdistricts which have a SE (soft soil) seismic site class.
Fifty Years of Influenza A(H3N2) Following the Pandemic of 1968
Authors: Jester Barbara J. , Uyeki Timothy M. , Jernigan Daniel B.
Published: April 2020

In 2018, the world commemorated the centennial of the 1918 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, the deadliest pandemic in recorded history; however, little mention was made of the 50th anniversary of the 1968 A(H3N2) pandemic. Although pandemic morbidity and mortality were much lower in 1968 than in 1918, influenza A(H3N2) virus infections have become the leading cause of seasonal influenza illness and death over the last 50 years, with more than twice the number of hospitalizations from A(H3N2) as from A(H1N1) during the past six seasons. We review the emergence, progression, clinical course, etiology, epidemiology, and treatment of the 1968 pandemic and highlight the short- and long-term impact associated with A(H3N2) viruses. The 1968 H3N2 pandemic and its ongoing sequelae underscore the need for improved seasonal and pandemic influenza prevention, control, preparedness, and response efforts.
Influence of Desert Springs on Habitat of Endangered Zuni Bluehead Sucker (Catostomus discobolus yarrowi)
Authors: Frus Rebecca J. , Crossey Laura J. , Dahm Clifford N. , Karlstrom Karl E. , Crowley Livia
Published: April 2020

Located on the southeastern part of the Colorado Plateau, the Zuni Mountains are home to the endangered Zuni Bluehead Sucker (ZBS) (Catostomus discobolus yarrowi). A 4-year study was conducted on a low-flow (<80 cm3/s) hillslope spring and intermittent stream, that are home to one of the three remaining ZBS populations. Seasonal measurements of physical and hydrochemical parameters were used to estimate the contribution of groundwater to the stream and to identify geologic and hydrologic controls for the spring discharge. Seasonal concentrations and standard deviations (s) of Mg2+ were used to determine that the spring water (5.6 mg/L; s = 0.4) and surface water up-gradient from the spring input (10.7 mg/L; s = 11.2) is from different sources. Surface water down-gradient from the spring input maintain ZBS populations and is a mixture of spring water and up-gradient surface water. Mass solution mixing was used to determine spring water contributes up to 99 percent of the down-gradient water during drier seasons. Isotopes (δD, δ18O, 3H) indicate that the spring water has been recharged primarily from snowmelt within the last 70 years, while up-gradient surface water is seasonal runoff from rain and snowmelt. Continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO) mean concentrations (up-gradient = 1.6 mg/L and down-gradient = 5.7 mg/L) indicated that surface water up-gradient from the spring input are anoxic and unable to support ZBS. Surface water down-gradient from the spring input maintain appropriate DO concentrations due to perennially discharging spring waters re-aerating downstream habitats.
WITHDRAWN: Transconjunctival Cryo-Assisted Extraction of Intraconal Cavernous Hemangioma
Authors: Ghafar Ayman el Sayed Abd el Sayed , Saleh Sameh M , Elwehidy Ahmed S , Awara Amr Mahmoud
Published: April 2020

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cryo-assisted transconjunctival orbitotomy for the extraction of intraconal cavernous hemangiomas. Methods: The study was performed at the Mansoura Ophthalmic Center, Mansoura University, Egypt from May 2017 to August 2018 and included 18 patients with orbital intraconal cavernous hemangiomas. In all the cases, preoperative orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast was performed, the transconjunctival approach was used and cryo-assisted lesion extraction was performed. Cases were followed for six months after the surgery. Results: This study included 18 patients with intraconal cavernous hemangiomas, ten females (55.6%) and eight males (44.4%) with a mean age of 35.6 years. .The hemangiomas were lateral to the optic nerve in eight(44.5%), above the optic nerve in four cases(22.2%), and below the optic nerve in six cases(33.3%). Eight cases had postoperative complications: three cases (16.7%) had postoperative diplopia due to lateral rectus paresis that improved in all three cases within six months, one case (5.6%) had postoperative retrobulbar hemorrhage and proptosis that resolved within two weeks without sequelae, and four cases (22.2%) showed subconjunctival hemorrhages which resolved within two weeks. Of the two cases with preoperative decreases in visual acuity preoperative, one case (5.6%) showed improvement and one case (5.6%) did not improve. Conclusions: Cryoprobe-assisted transconjunctival orbitotomy for the excision of intraconal cavernous hemangiomas is a good approach with minor resolvable complications . Trial registration : Mansoura institutional review board (IRB) Registration number : R/17.05.26 Registration date : 10/5/2017
Clinical pictures, treatments, and resource use of norovirus gastroenteritis in long-term care facilities: A survey with a chart review in Japan
Authors: Fujiki Saori , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Nakayama Takeo
Published: April 2020

Background: Outbreaks of norovirus infection can have detrimental impacts on long-term care facilities. This study investigated the incidence, clinical picture, treatment and resource use of norovirus gastroenteritis in long-term care facilities.Methods: Nineteen facilities in Osaka and Kyoto, Japan participated in questionnaire surveys conducted between 2009 and 2011 regarding the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis. From clinical charts, the characteristics, symptoms, and treatment of infected residents were analyzed. Total drug cost per infected resident was calculated by multiplying the unit price for each drug by the daily dose and the number of days administered and summing the costs for each drug (USD 1 = JPY 100).Results: Over the 3-year period, 8 outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis occurred in 6 facilities. The mean clinical course of 107 infected residents in five facilities that granted permission to examine patients’ medical records was 4 days, with all but one resident presenting with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 84 (79%) also presenting with associated symptoms. Of 107 infected residents, 72 (67%) were isolated. The proportion of infected residents isolated varied from 50% to 100% depending on the facility. Of the infected residents, 81 (76%) received some type of medication, the most common being infusion (67 patients, 63%) and antibiotics (30 patients, 28%). The median total cost of all drugs administered was USD 4.4, and the median drug cost per infected resident per day was USD 2.0. Total drug cost over the entire treatment period was the highest for antibiotics, at USD 8.6.Conclusion: Clinical course was similar to those of norovirus cases examined at other long-term care facilities. The majority of infected residents received some type of medication. Although the economic burden was not large, not a few infected residents were given antibiotics, which are ineffective for norovirus.
Distribution of blaOXA, blaSHV, and blaTEM type extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in multi-drug resistant Gram-negative isolates from burn patients of Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Haider Muhammad Hayat , Ain Noor Ul , Abrar Samyyia , Riaz Saba
Published: April 2020

The authors have requested that this preprint be withdrawn due to author disagreement.
The Understanding of Research Ethics at Health Sciences Schools in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tarboush Nafez Abu , Alkayed Zaid , Alzoubi Karem H. , Al-Delaimy Wael K.
Published: April 2020

Background: Research ethics is required for high-quality research that positively influences society. There is limited understanding of research ethics in Middle Eastern countries including Jordan. Here, we aim to investigate the level of understanding of research ethics principles among health sciences faculty members in Jordan. Methods: This is a cross sectional study where faculty members from the University of Jordan were surveyed for their knowledge and, attitude of research ethics principles. The study was conducted in the period between July 2016 to July 2017 using a customized-design questionnaire involving demographic data and participants' contributions toward research, and assessment of participants' knowledge, belief and attitude towards research ethics. Different question-formats have been used including multiple-choice, yes or no, and a four point Likert-type questions. Obtained responses were tabulated according to gender, academic-rank, and knowledge about research ethics principles.Results: The study had a response rate of 51%. Among the 137 participants of this study, most (96%) were involved in human and animal research, yet, only 2/3 had prior training in research ethics. Moreover, 91% believed that investigators should have training in research ethics and 87% believed that there should be a mandatory postgraduate course on that. The average correct scores for correct understanding of researchers towards research ethics was 62%. Yet, there were some misconceptions about the major ethical principles as only 43% identified them correctly. Additionally, the role of research ethics committees was not well understood by most of the respondents. Conclusions: Although there is acceptable knowledge about research ethics, discrepancies in understanding in research ethics principles seems to exist. There is a large support for further training in responsible conduct of research by faculty in health sciences in Jordan. Thus, such training should be required by universities to address this knowledge gap in order to improve research quality and its impact on society.
The effect of quitting water pipe during pregnancy on Anthropometric measurements at birth: a population-based prospective cohort study in South of Iran
Authors: Nematollahi Shahrzad , Holakouie-Naieni Koroush , Madani Abdolhossain , Shabkhiz Hossein , Torabi Elham , Lotfi Samaneh
Published: April 2020

Background: Evidence regarding health effects of tobacco cessation during pregnancy is mainly restricted to cigarette while water pipe is the preferred method of tobacco smoking among women in the Middle-East. The present ‎study aimed to assess the effects of cessation of water pipe during pregnancy on ‎birth anthropometric measures in the south of Iran. Methods: Data on 1,120 singleton pregnancies (response rate=93.4%) from a population-based prospective cohort study in suburban communities in Bandar Abbas city was used. Based on water pipe ‎smoking status, the study subjects were categorized into: 1) those who never smoke water pipe ‎‎(never smoker); 2)those who stopped water pipe during pregnancy and resumed it postpartum (quitters); 3) those who continued smoking water pipe during their pregnancy (always smokers). The ‎Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were utilized for the analyses. Results: Compared to never smokers, quitting water pipe in pregnancy decreased mean birthweight of infants by 99.30 ‎grams (β:-99.30, 95%CI:-204.35,-5.75‎) and an additional decrease of 37.83 grams occurred in infants of always smokers (β:-137.13‎;95%CI:-262.21,-‎‎12.05‎). Means of birth length ‎did not significantly differ among the three water pipe groups. Means of head ‎circumference, however, significantly increased by 0.79 centimeter in infants of always smokers (β:079,95%CI:0.13,1.45). ‎ Conclusion: Quitting water pipe during pregnancy had positive effects on infant growth, especially birth weight. Awareness campaigns about health benefits of quitting water pipe during routine prenatal checkups and integration of active follow-up visits into prenatal care protocols for smoking mothers are provided.
On the utility of RNA sample pooling to optimize cost and statistical power in RNA sequencing experiments
Authors: Assefa Alemu Takele , Vandesompele Jo , Thas Olivier
Published: April 2020

Background: In gene expression studies, RNA sample pooling is sometimes considered because of budget constraints or lack of sufficient input material. Using microarray technology, RNA sample pooling strategies have been reported to optimize both the cost of data generation as well as the statistical power for differential gene expression (DGE) analysis. For RNA sequencing, with its different quantitative output in terms of counts and tunable dynamic range, the adequacy and empirical validation of RNA sample pooling strategies have not yet been evaluated. In this study, we comprehensively assessed the utility of pooling strategies in RNA-seq experiments using empirical and simulated RNA-seq datasets.
Results: The data generating model in pooled experiments is defined mathematically to evaluate the the mean and variability of gene expression estimates. The model is further used to examine the trade-off between the statistical power of testing for DGE and the data generating costs. Empirical assessment of pooling strategies is done through analysis of RNA-seq datasets under various pooling and non-pooling experimental settings. Simulation study is also used to rank experimental scenarios with respect to the rate of false and true discoveries in DGE analysis. The results demonstrate that pooling strategies in RNA-seq studies can be both cost-effective and powerful when the number of pools, pool size and sequencing depth are optimally defined.
Conclusion: For high within-group gene expression variability, small RNA sample pools are effective to reduce the variability and compensate for the loss of the number of replicates. Unlike the typical cost-saving strategies, such as reducing sequencing depth or number of RNA samples (replicates), an adequate pooling strategy is effective in maintaining the power of testing DGE for genes with low to medium abundance levels, along with a substantial reduction of the total cost of the experiment. In general, pooling RNA samples or pooling RNA samples in conjunction with moderate reduction of the sequencing depth can be good options to optimize the cost and maintain the power.
Associations between learning environment variables and students’ approaches to studying: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mørk Gry , Magne Trine A. , Carstensen Tove , Stigen Linda , Åsli Lene A. , Gramstad Astrid , Johnson Susanne G. , Bonsaksen Tore
Published: April 2020

Background: Aspects of the learning environment may be related to students` approaches to studying, but few studies have investigated these relationships in the context of occupational therapy education. Objective: To examine associations between occupational therapy students’ perceptions of the learning environment and their approaches to studying.Method: 187 first-year occupational therapy students in Norway (response rate 61.3 %) participated in this study. Aside from sociodemographic information, the students completed the Course Experience Questionnaire and the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students. Associations between learning environment variables and study approaches were investigated with hierarchical linear regression analyses.Results: Higher scores on Generic skills were associated with higher scores on the deep and strategic approach scales (β ranging 0.18-0.51), while lower scores were associated with higher surface approach scale scores (β = -0.24). Lower scores on Clear goals and standards and Appropriate workload were associated with higher surface approach scores (β ranging -0.16 - -0.42).Conclusion: By improving aspects of the learning environment, there may be a potential for influencing occupational therapy students’ approaches to studying. Based on this study, emphasizing how generic skills developed in the study program may become useful in practising a profession, ensuring clarity of goals and standards, and maintaining an appropriate workload on students appear to be important.