bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Personal Meaning of Rorschach Content
Authors: Sands David J.
Published: September 2011

While universal meanings for Rorschach content may exist, it is suggested that attempts be made to determine the idiosyncratic significance of a particular response to the person who gave it. One method is to elicit chains of associations to the responses and then to examine the chains for matrices and interconnections. An example is given in which this method revealed unsuspected clinical material.
Consistency of Individual Differences in Time Judgments
Authors: Spivack George , Levine Murray
Published: September 2011

Thirty normal male adolescents were asked to produce periods of 1, 8, 16, and 64 sec. spontaneously, by counting at a rate of one count per second, by visualizing a sweep second hand on a clock, and by just “feeling” the time. Significant positive correlations were found within methods of producing time, and between methods of producing time, but the correlations within methods were higher, suggesting the method of keeping track of time contributes to the measurement of individual differences. Measures based on very brief intervals, such as 1 sec., did not correlate significantly with productions of longer intervals, suggesting productions of longer intervals of time are based on something other than an accumulation of errors of judgment of very brief units of time. A measure of time perspective did not correlate with time productions, suggesting that these two facets of temporal experience belong to different factors or personality processes.
Cognitive Interpretation of Pre in a Discrimination Situation: Preliminary Report
Authors: Pastore Nicholas
Published: September 2011

An experiment was undertaken to test a cognitive interpretation of PRE. Two groups (50% and 100%) were trained in the selection of a black object presented alone. Subsequently, the black object was paired with a white object for both groups; the black object was now negative and the white object was consistently reinforcing. On the basis of a cognitive hypothesis it was predicted that the learning of the black-white discrimination would be facilitated in the 50% group, relative to the 100% group. The prediction was confirmed. Experiments were suggested for testing the generality of the cognitive hypothesis in the usual discrimination and discrimination-reversal situation.
A Problem Programmer
Authors: Jerome Edward A. , Young Marguerite L. , Umberger Samuel
Published: September 2011

A problem programmer was designed to control the presentation of an extensive set of problems that require, for their solution, the identification of one or more critical attributes of a stimulus display. Problems having more than one attribute relevant to the criterion correspond to conjunctive and “disjunctive” problems frequently used in the study of concept identification. Preliminary study has indicated that a wide variety of heuristic deficits can be detected using the procedures described.
Covariance Analysis Scale Transformation in Statistical Treatment of Non-Additive Units
Authors: Block James D.
Published: September 2011

Previously stated necessity for scale transformation of data in which prestimulus and change magnitudes are significantly related can be seen to derive from the use of an inappropriate expression of variability. An example employing covariance analysis lends support to this conclusion. It also makes salient the problem of satisfactory treatment of significant slope differences among samples in the evaluation of elevation differences.
Quantitative Description of Visual Patterns: Some Methodological Suggestions
Authors: Brown Larry T.
Published: September 2011

A brief outline is presented of a system by which visual patterns may be measured and described in terms of 99 Component, Pattern, and Arrangement properties. All properties are subject to simple and relatively rapid measurement. A sample pattern is provided to illustrate application of the system.
Retinal Locus in Tachistoscopic Binocular Color Rivalry
Authors: Crovitz Herbert F.
Published: September 2011

Tachistoscopic binocular color rivalry was studied for stimuli either centrally fixated or displaced into the left or the right visual field. The distribution of two-color configurations did not differ markedly among the three locations, but the relative proportion of the percept seen in the color presented to the right eye was less for the left field stimuli than for foveal stimuli or right-field stimuli.
Gamma Movement: Apparent Movement in Figural Aftereffects Experiments
Authors: Winters John J.
Published: September 2011

Standard contour circles, 40 mm. in diameter, were tachistoscopically presented for 1 sec. With each presentation, .8 sec. after the onset, one of a number of comparison circles, varying in diameter from 32 to 48 mm., was presented alongside for .2 sec. Those comparison circles which were equal to and slightly smaller than the standard circles were judged larger significantly more often than chance. Thus, the initial phase of gamma movement, the apparent expansion of briefly exposed figures, was elicited under conditions comparable to those of some figural aftereffect experiments.
Types of Objective Electrical Vestibulograms
Authors: Dunstone John J. , Dzendolet Ernest
Published: September 2011

Objective electrical vestibulograms, which are plots of objectively determined absolute thresholds against stimulus frequency for a lateral swaying response in standing, blindfolded Ss to sinusoidal electrical stimuli of various frequencies passed between Ss' mastoid processes, were determined for 32 Ss, 19 in the present experiment, and a total of 13 from two earlier experiments. The vestibulograms of individual Ss could be visually separated into six types, with four of them accounting for 28 or 87.5% of the 32 Ss. The shapes of the first four types were supported by the results of a factor analysis. The visual separation criteria were individual vestibulograms having: (1) a maximum at 4.0 cps, (2) peaks at 0.50 and 4.0 cps, (3) peaks at 0.50 and 2.0 cps, (4) a maximum at 1.0 cps, (5) a maximum at 0.20 cps, and (6) a maximum at 2.0 cps. A test showed that these six types were not related to differences in modes of swaying of Ss in response to the different stimulus frequencies.
Pre- and Post-Exposure Processes in Tachistoscopic Identification
Authors: Winnick Wilma A. , Dornbush Rhea L.
Published: September 2011

Results are reported from two experiments bearing on right-left retinal differences in tachistoscopic identification. The first demonstrated a significant right-left difference in scores for words, but no difference for anagrams interspersed with the words in random succession. In the second, instructional sets (pre- and post-exposure) set up directional tendencies leading to right-left differences in ease of identification. These findings are viewed as favoring an attentional rather than a neurological basis for right-left retinal differences in identification; specifically, they point to the role of previous reading habits in arousing sets conducive to directional eye movements.
Behavioral Bioassay for Experimentally Induced Uremic Endotoxemia in Rats
Authors: Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of male rats were trained to a criterion of correct responses in a T-maze. Each group of animals was then subjected to one of five techniques for production of acute renal failure: nephrectomy, sham operation, methemoglobin-sodium ferrocyanide-injection leading to nonazotemia, methemoglobin-sodium ferrocyanide-injection resulting in azotemia, and saline injection. All animals were given trials in the maze spaced at 6-hr. intervals Response latencies and error scores suggested behavioral changes for the injected-azotemic animals and the nephrectomized animals. Qualitative as well as quantitative behavioral differences emerged as a function of the method utilized to produce acute renal failure.
Group Differences in the Assignment of Reward Values
Authors: Solkoff Norman , Chrisien Gil
Published: September 2011

Institutionalized delinquents, institutionalized non-delinquents, and Boy Scouts were instructed to rank order 15 objects in terms of their value as gifts. Mean ranks assigned to each object by Ss in each group, as well as Spearman rank-difference correlation coefficients, suggested that the arbitrary selection of rewards to be used uniformly with all Ss may be an erroneous procedure. Prior to conducting an experiment involving rewards, it seems appropriate to establish first the incentive value of the particular motivator to be employed with a given group of Ss.
Discrimination Reaction Time as a Function of Incentive-Related DRQ Anxiety and Task Difficulty
Authors: Bluhm Philip M. , Kennedy Wallace A.
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with evaluating the effects of incentive-related, transient anxiety on discrimination reaction time in terms of task difficulty. Ss were 472 Mobile, Alabama school children equally representing Negro and white races and the fourth, seventh, and tenth grades. Results of repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that, although the level of difficulty of the discrimination task is significantly related to speed of performance, there is no simple relationship between anxiety and task difficulty for either white or Negro Ss.
Shapes of Figures Identified as a Baby's Head
Authors: Gardner Beatrice T. , Wallach Lise
Published: September 2011

The difference in shape between a profile view of the head of the infant and of the adult was used to derive a formula which yields a family of shapes, ranging from extremely exaggerated adult heads to extremely exaggerated baby heads. These figures were shown in pairs on a projection screen to 146 undergraduate women and 46 undergraduate men, who were instructed to judge which figure was more babyish. The results show that this dimension of head shape was an effective determinant of such judgments and that it included distorted figures which were more optimal than the accurate representation of the baby's head.
Comparison of Two Multiple-Choice Rorschach Tests
Authors: Langer Philip , Wood Carlton G.
Published: September 2011

Seventy-three Ss were administered the SORT and HMCR in counterbalanced order. Analysis of protocols indicated that the tests bore little relationship to each other. The results seemed to indicate that the use of suggested responses might invalidate the traditional Rorschach blot-stimulus relationship.
Response Times for “Same”-“Different” Judgments
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S.
Published: September 2011

S's task was to decide as quickly as possible whether the second of two visually presented English consonants was the same as the first. RTs associated with the decision “same” tended to be shorter than those associated with the decision “different.”
Confounded Delay-of-KR Design Revisited: Reply to Bilodeau
Authors: Dyal James A.
Published: September 2011

In response to Bilodeau's critique of a previous experiment three points are made: (1) relatively small ns and multiple Es are within the logic of scientific inference, (2) when you replicate you replicate, (3) there is a misunderstanding of the role of a research note in the scientific literature. The Dyal experiment then is a positive replication of Greenspoon and Foreman and thus contrasts with Bilodeau and Ryan's failure to replicate.
Electrodermogram (Tarchanoff Effect) during Sleep
Authors: Broughton R. , Poire R. , Tassinari C. A.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous EDRs were uninfluenced by falling asleep, increased with Stages II, III, and IV, and decreased in REM sleep (where they were often related to REM bursts), in Stage II after REM sleep, and after movements. Ease of evoking EDRs varied directly with the frequency of spontaneous EDRs. EDRs diffused from the head down the body axis.
On the Proper Use of the Bender Gestalt Test
Authors: Bender Lauretta
Published: September 2011

Four aspects of a study by Weinstein and Johnson (1964), who failed to find differences between schizophrenics and lobotomized epileptics on the Visual Motor Gestalt Test, were critically examined.
Kinesthetic Aftereffect following Intermittent Stimulation
Authors: Devane J. R.
Published: September 2011

Ss presented with an inspection stimulus varying regularly throughout a range with a terminal width of 2 in. showed a KAE relative to the 2-in. width. Such stimulation is in effect intermittent, relative to the 2-in. width, and permits better control over the amount of inspection stimulation and over the time relationships between inspection and distraction than does the typical inspection stimulation employing an inspection stimulus of constant width.
Effect of Size and Frequency of Money Reinforcement on Human Operant (Work) Behavior
Authors: Toppen J. T.
Published: September 2011

40 college males were assigned by counterbalancing to four equal groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design which involved mean ratios of reinforcement of 1/500 and 1/2500, and magnitudes of monetary payoff of 1¢ and 25¢. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8 in. Analysis of variance showed significantly smaller work output for the 1¢ groups and for the 1/2500 ratio groups, for the 30-min. work period.
Effects of Value of Reinforcement upon Expectancy Statements in “Gambling” and Achievement Tasks
Authors: Bell Robert W. , Jamison Nancy
Published: September 2011

The effects of probability of reinforcement and reward value on expectancy of success were investigated in both learning and gambling tasks. Forty-eight college students were asked to predict their success rate in correctly anticipating which of four lights would next be turned on. For some Ss the pattern of lights was random. For others a systematic pattern was repeated, permitting learning. Different probabilities of reinforcement effectively varied the level of expectancy, as did the gradual learning of the pattern in the learning task. Amount of reward, using poker chips with cash value, did not significantly alter expectancies of success in either the learning or gambling (random pattern) task. The implications of the results for expectancy theories were discussed.
Effects of Windowless Classroom Environment on High School Students
Authors: Karmel Louis J.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the effects of a windowless classroom environment on high school students' drawings. The results showed that children ( N = 643) in a windowless classroom drew windows significantly more often than their peers ( N = 574) attending a school with windows. It was inferred that children in the windowless classroom had negative feelings toward their school and as a group tended to express themselves in a more maladjusted and unhappy way than children in the windowed environment.
The Perceptual Maze Test in a Normal Population
Authors: Davies Ann D. M.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the performance of a panel of 540 Ss, on a perceptual maze test. Age and sex differences in performance are discussed and the relation of the test scores to other psychological measures is examined.
Auditory-Visual Integration, Intelligence and Reading Ability in School Children
Authors: Birch Herbert G. , Belmont Lillian
Published: September 2011

The developmental course of auditory-visual equivalence was studied in 220 elementary school children. It was found that improvement in auditory-visual integration was most rapid in the earliest school years and reached an asymptote by the fifth grade. The correlations obtained between IQ and auditory-visual integration suggested that the two features of functioning were associated but not synonymous. In contrast, the correlations between IQ and reading ability rose with age. These opposing age trends in correlations found between reading ability and auditory-visual equivalence and between reading ability and IQ are interpreted in terms of the possible attenuating effect introduced by the low age ceiling of the auditory visual test and the possibility that in acquiring reading skill primary perceptual factors are most important for initial acquisition but more general intellectual factors for later elaboration.
Performance and Physiological Indicants of Activation in a Vigilance Situation
Authors: Eason Robert G. , Beardshall Ann , Jaffee Stanley
Published: September 2011

Changes in performance and in four physiological measures during the course of a 1-hr. vigil and as a function of signal presentation rate were studied. Based on data obtained from six Ss during a total of 24 vigils, performance (% correct detections) and skin conductance decreased during the course of a vigil, heart rate remained constant, and neck tension level increased. There was no consistent tendency for Ss to perform at a higher level when signals were presented at a relatively fast rate than when presented at a slower rate. However, their performance was differentially affected by presentation rate, some performing better during the fast rate, some during the slow rate, and others showing no change. A positive relationship was found between the relative performance level manifested during the two rates (fast rate expressed relative to slow) and the relative magnitudes of skin conductance, heart rate, and neck tension level. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that variations in vigilance performance are in part determined by changes in activation level. The feasibility of recording physiological information in order to ascertain more accurately which factors are contributing to variations in performance in a given vigilance situation seems to have been demonstrated.
Examiner Differences with the Stanford-Binet IQ
Authors: Cieutat Victor J.
Published: September 2011

This report evaluates E differences in administering the Stanford-Binet. Es tested 243 child Ss of both sexes. There were significant differences among Es; a cluster of 2 or 3 “high testers,” 1 “low tester,” and 4 or 5 in the mid-range, was suggested by t tests. An analysis of variance showed that sex of Ss was not a significant factor but female Es elicited significantly higher IQs than male Es. There was an interaction between sex of Es and sex of Ss; Es elicited higher means from Ss not of their own sex.
Religious Belief and Judgment of Brief Duration
Authors: Brown L. B.
Published: September 2011

Judgments about the duration of a brief exposure of religious and secular words showed that disbelievers consistently made more judgments of a ‘shorter’ exposure for both classes of words.
The Seven Squares Test: Phenomenon Naming vs Causal Naming
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The theoretical origins of the Seven Squares Test have not been explicitly stated. This ambiguity raises the question of how to interpret results from research with the test. It appears that causal naming has been used instead of a more conservative phenomenon naming. Thus, the fact that black Ss did not identify representations has been generalized to indicate that these groups lack the ability to do so. Possible examiner influences were suggested. Caution is recommended in interpreting research results obtained in a culture which requires apartheid.
Auditory Dimensions and Irrelevant Information in Concept Identification of Males and Females
Authors: Pishkin Vladimir , Shurley Jay T.
Published: September 2011

Auditory concept identification (CI) of males and females was studied under 4 degrees of complexity and 3 types of dimensions as sources of relevant information. CI was negatively influenced by complexity, and females performed better than males when laterality of CI signal was relevant. Interactions between dimensions were found; explanation of sex differences in CI was attempted.
Effects of Heightened Drive (Shock) on 2-, 4-, and 8-Choice Card-Sorting
Authors: Tecce Joseph J. , Testa Donna H.
Published: September 2011

Card-sorting performance was a joint function of drive (shock) level and task complexity ( p < .001). Results are discussed in terms of Hull-Spence behavior theory, the narrowed attention hypothesis, and the Yerkes-Dodson hypothesis.
Stimulus Reinforcement during Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Goldstein Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

The study explores the need for sensory stimulation during sensory deprivation (S.D.). Confined and nonconfined Ss were compared on time spent button-pressing for visual, auditory, visual and auditory, or no stimulation. Thus, there were 8 treatment groups of 10 human Ss each. Ss in confinement spent more time button-pressing than did nonconfined Ss. Ss receiving pleasant visual stimulation spent more time button-pressing than did Ss not receiving such stimulation. No significant relationships were found between button-pressing behavior and performance on a variety of tests.
Effect of Reward on the Attributed Meaning of Nonsense Forms
Authors: McNamara H. J. , Fisch R. I.
Published: September 2011

Three nonsense forms were differentially rewarded by having Ss spend them as money at the University Student Union. There were two control groups, one having comparable experience with the forms but not rewarded, the other having minimal experience. When the meaning of these forms, as measured by the semantic differential, was compared with the meaning of actual money (a dollar bill), the meanings were found to be consistent, that is, the nonsense forms used as money took on the same meaning as money. A secondary inference was that conceptual meaning processes serve an integrative function in perception.
Effects of Induced Muscle Tension and Auditory Stimulation on Tachistoscopic Perception
Authors: Andreassi John L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of accessory stimulation upon tachistoscopic perception of geometric figures was studied. In Exp. I 32 Ss were tested on two successive days in a complete factorial design (Subjects × Treatments) in which degree of induced muscle tension (IMT) and level of task difficulty were manipulated. An IMT level of ½ of maximum resulted in significantly ( p < .01) improved visual perception. In Exp. II artificial pupils were employed to test the hypothesis that improved performance was due to pupil dilation. Eight Ss from Exp. I were tested on five successive days and performance at ½ of maximum IMT was again significantly ( p < .05) improved, thus precluding pupil dilation as the reason for the results obtained in Exp. I. In Exp. II performance at the middle level of task difficulty benefited significantly ( p < .05) from IMT. Exp. III investigated the effects of four levels of auditory stimulation (white noise) on tachistoscopic perception in a new group of 32 Ss. Perception was significantly ( p < .05) improved with the ¼ of maximum noise level at the easiest level of difficulty. Results were interpreted within the framework of the activation concept. Recent neurophysiological data point to the ascending reticular activating system as a possible mediator which could influence cortical and retinal areas in the facilitation of tasks such as tachistoscopic perception.
Interval Scaling of the Prestige of Selected Secondary Education Teacher-Specialties
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , James Robert L.
Published: September 2011

A random sample of education students was asked to rate the prestige of 13 selected secondary education teacher-specialties, using the method of paired-comparisons. Evidence was found to substantiate an interval scale of rated prestige for the studied teacher-specialties.
Influences of Respiratory Cycle on Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte , Callaway Enoch
Published: September 2011

The effect of respiration on simple auditory reaction time was studied. In the first study, reaction times and respiratory phase data were collected during spontaneous breathing; in Study 2, a warning light signaled S to hold his breath in either inspiration or expiration. Both experiments showed faster reaction times with expiration. This is contradictory to reaction time findings reported by other investigators who have studied effects of respiration.
Repeated Use of the Bender Gestalt Test in a Study of an Induced Toxic State
Authors: Eichler Myron , Norman Janet
Published: September 2011

The Bender Gestalt Test was used to study the effects of an induced toxic state, ammonia intoxication, on Gestalt formation. In one experiment, an ammonium acetate vs placebo infusion cross-over design, an order effect was found in the third test period after 180 min. of infusion. Those Ss who received the ammonia infusion first did worse than they did with a later placebo, while the performance of those who received ammonia after placebo infusion was not impaired. A second experiment, in which there were no infusions, was then performed to study the effect of practice alone on the Bender Gestalt Test. No significant practice effect was found. It is then suggested that an order effect is due to hyperammonemia, or ammonia intoxication blocking accurate perception, integration of the percepts, and the recording of integrated percepts. This effect of hyperammonemia is also adduced to explain the disorientation in clinical states of ammonia intoxication such as hepatic coma.
A Passive Test of the Held Reafference Hypothesis
Authors: Pick Herbert L. , Hay John C.
Published: September 2011

Prism aftereffects were measured using a passive test of eye-hand coordination. Even with this passive test, self-produced movement during prism exposure was found to increase adaptation, in agreement with Held's hypothesis.
Visual Recognition Threshold and Concurrent Motor Activity
Authors: Dowling Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Recognition thresholds of the words push, pull and part were measured for 36 Ss under conditions of pushing, pulling, and no specific activity to test the hypotheses (a) that sensorimotor activity would have a threshold-lowering effect on words directionally related to the activity and (b) a threshold-raising effect for words not so related. Results supporting the first hypothesis were obtained and discussed as indicating a need for refinement of the generalized statement, based on previous research, that concurrent activity interferes with perceptual functioning. Failure to observe support of the second hypothesis was discussed as suggesting the need to consider, as well, the variable of the amount of physical activity involved.
Effect of Visual Stimuli on Dream Content
Authors: Rechtschaffen Allan , Foulkes David
Published: September 2011

Three Ss slept with their eyes taped open and their pupils chemically dilated while stages of sleep were monitored by EEG and eye movement recordings. Various objects were illuminated in front of Ss' open eyes. Shortly following the stimulus presentations, Ss were awakened and reports of dream experiences and other imagery during sleep were obtained. Although there were occasional instances of dream imagery containing light stimulation, there was essentially no evidence for a correspondence between the reported imagery and the specific characteristics of the stimulus objects. The relative functional blindness of sleep fails to support theories stating that dream images are determined by patterns of retinal excitation.
Effect of Previous Listening Experience upon Semantic Perception of Simple and Complex Tones
Authors: Hochberg Irving
Published: September 2011

The semantic judgments of presumed naive and sophisticated listeners were obtained by means of 18 semantic differential scales to 4 acoustic stimuli, 2 pure tones (250 and 4000 cps), and 2 complex tones (sawtooth and white noise), to determine whether previous familiarity with specific sounds affected their psychological perceptions. Results revealed that both naive and sophisticated listeners judged the auditory stimuli in a similar manner, but sophisticated listeners demonstrated more extreme responses. It was concluded that previous listening experience with specific acoustic signals affected the intensity of the psychological meaning evoked by these sounds, but not necessarily the direction of meaning.
Sex Differences and Relationships among Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Expressed Fears
Authors: Hannah F. , Storm Thomas , Caird W. K.
Published: September 2011

The Maudsley Personality Inventory and Fear Survey Schedule were administered to 1958 male and female Canadian undergraduates. Descriptive data by sex and interrelations among scores are presented.
Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability of Spontaneous Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Eye Movements
Authors: Hustmyer Frank E. , Burdick J. Alan
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (GSR) was recorded during rest, and frequency of horizontal eye movements was recorded during the viewing of two different dot patterns by 14 Ss. The same tasks were repeated after a 2- to 4-mo. period. ANS activity during rest was found to be quite consistent over time ( rho = .75, p < .01) as were eye movements. The within-session rho between eye movements on the patterns was .30 (N.S.) for the first session and .76 ( p < .01) for the second session. The rhos of eye movements obtained 2 to 4 mo. apart were .58 ( p < .05) for a 6-dot stimulus and .77 ( p < .01) for a 1-dot stimulus. When eye movements for the 2 conditions were combined, rho was .78 ( p < .01) between the sessions separated by 2 to 4 mo.
Temporal Reference of Manifest Dream Content
Authors: Verdone Paul
Published: September 2011

210 EEG Stage 1 rapid eye movement period (REMP) awakenings were made during 40 nights of sleep to study the relationship between variations in dream reports and hypothesized correlates of such variations. Data analysis was done on an intra-individual basis with significance level being determined by the combined results of all 4 Ss. Non-contemporaneousness of temporal reference of manifest dream content, goodness of recall for dream content, vividness of dream experience, and emotionality of dream experience were positively related to cumulative amount of prior time spent in bed (time in bed) and were negatively related to body temperature. Time in bed and body temperature were not significantly related to each other.
Component and Total Task Relations at Different Stages of Learning a Complex Tracking Task
Authors: Fleishman Edwin A. , Fruchter Benjamin
Published: September 2011

Practice on a 3-dimensional complex tracking task was given to 203 Ss for 17 sessions extending over a period of 6 wk. Measures of 3 component performances (azimuth, elevation, and sideslip errors) and 2 total-performance criterion scores (integrated error and “time on target”) were obtained. The intercorrelations of these 5 measures at 10 critical stages along the learning curve were computed. The resulting 50 × 50 matrix of intertrial and intermeasure correlations was factor analyzed. The differential factor patterns, representing different combinations of part-whole relationships, provided insights into the skill-learning process at different stages of practice, and identified components related to eventual proficiency on the task.
An Emergent Albedo Preference in Turtle
Authors: Spigel Irwin M. , Ellis Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The current experiment sought to determine whether the turtle ( Chrysemys), during and following extended pre-exposure to two black or two gray maze arms, would show alternation or response to stimulus change. The results indicated an overwhelming preference for the black arm which was highly resistant to modification in a subsequent black-gray choice situation.
Magnitude of the Standard, Numerical Value of the Standard, and Stimulus Spacing in the Estimation of Loudness
Authors: Beck Jacob , Shaw William A.
Published: September 2011

Experiments studied magnitude estimations of loudness as a function of the magnitude of the standard, the numerical value of the standard and the stimulus spacing. The results indicate that (a) the magnitude and numerical value of the standard may have marked effects on the judgment of loudnesses and (b) the distribution of the stimuli does not produce notable effects in the over-all form of the loudness function. Several possible sources of bias were investigated.
Performance on the Children's Form of the Trail Making Test in a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Camp Bonnie W.
Published: September 2011

The child form of the Trail Making Test was given to 393 children, aged 9 to 15 yr., referred for psychiatric evaluation. All scores on the test, including Part B – A, were found to be influenced by both age and IQ. Scores on Part A + B were influenced by a significant interaction between age and IQ. Tabled data of time in seconds corresponding to the median and quartiles for each combination of age and IQ are given.
A Simple Device for Demonstrating Duncker's Induced Movement
Authors: Vetter Robert J.
Published: September 2011

A device for demonstrating Duncker's induced movement (IM) is described. A black-bordered vertically-oriented rectangle enclosing a dot is presented on each side of a display, which is rotated on a record turntable. Upon rotation an objectively stationary point is seen as oscillating vertically (IM) in the direction opposite that shown by the rectangles.
Development of a Response-Recognition Training Film in Tennis
Authors: Haskins Mary Jane
Published: September 2011

A film was designed to shorten the time necessary to perceive the direction of a tennis return. A successful method of validation was conceived and experimentation conducted to determine whether training with the film significantly shortened response time. Preliminary controls were run to estimate the effects of practice and time on response time. All results indicated significant improvement in response time, thus the training device appears to be successful.
Comparison of the Use of Active Games and Language Workbook Exercises as Learning Media in the Development of Language Understandings with Third Grade Children
Authors: Humphrey James H.
Published: September 2011

Two equated groups of children were taught language understandings, one group through active games and the other through language workbook exercises. Using the differences between pre- and post-test scores as criteria, the results suggested that children learned through both media. It also appeared that learning through active games was greater than with the language workbook exercises.
Note of Caution for the Research Use of the Frostig Test with Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Allen Robert M. , Jones R. Wayne , Haupt Thomas D.
Published: September 2011

The importance of control of level of visual perceptual development in research designs is discussed.
Controlled Operant Conditioning Boxes with Discrete-Trial Programming for Multiple Experimental Use
Authors: Marx Melvin H. , Tombaugh Tom N. , Hatch Robert S. , Tombaugh Jo Wood
Published: September 2011

Modified operant-conditioning boxes were specifically developed with retractable bars to introduce discrete-trial methodology into the operant-conditioning box. The apparatus can also be used with orthodox free operant procedures. The boxes are incorporated into a system utilizing Jones plugs for automatic programming and paper-tape punches and an IBM 024 Card Punch for automatic data collection. Simulation of T-maze (choice) as well as runway situations is possible by the use of multiple bars and magazines. The present report describes the major components, the programming and data-collection systems, and the experimental programs possible with the apparatus.
Immediate Recall of Numbers Containing a Familiar Prefix or Postfix
Authors: Shepard Roger N. , Sheenan Maureen M.
Published: September 2011

Ss studied and then attempted to reproduce, from memory, each 8-digit number in one of 2 types of series. In the “prefix” type, the last 4 digits of each number were selected at random while the first 4 digits were selected from just 2 familiar 4-digit prefix sequences. In the “postfix” type, this order was reversed so that one of these two familiar sequences always followed the 4 random digits. A predicted finding (with potential implications for schemes for man-machine communication) was that, in comparison with the prefix type of series, numbers from the postfix type resulted in decreases of 20% in time scores and 50% in errors. Also, errors in which Ss substituted one entire prefix or postfix for the other indicated that these 4-digit sequences were handled as coherent wholes.
Contribution of Perceptual Segregation to the Relationship between Stimulus Similarity and Backward Masking
Authors: Fehrer Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

This experiment confirms an earlier finding that similarity in size between test and masking stimuli is directly related to the extent of backward masking. In addition, it is shown that this relation is in part due to the greater difficulty in perceptually segregating test from mask when these are similar in size. The remainder of the effect, however, seems attributable to a retroactive masking effect that varies directly with stimulus similarity.
Vocational Indecisiveness and Decisiveness, and Level of Grade Expectation as Related to Perception of University Environmental Press
Authors: Baker S. R.
Published: September 2011

A test measuring a person's perception of college environmental characteristics was administered to 170 randomly selected students from a freshman college population of over 900. The sample yielded four groups: 19 students who were undecided about a vocation, 35 students who had made a vocational decision, 30 students who expected to graduate with B or better, and 30 students who expected to graduate with a C average. The differences in perception of environmental characteristics were examined and described for these subsamples.
Performance of Normal Males on the Halstead Tactual Performance Test under Severe Environmental Stress
Authors: Arima James K.
Published: September 2011

Normal soldiers undergoing demanding field maneuvers of varying severity were administered the Halstead Tactual Performance Test (TPT) under rigidly controlled conditions to determine the learning function underlying three administrations of the test, as is customary in diagnostic testing, and to evaluate the effects of environmental stresses on performance. A control group was not subjected to the stressful conditions. Results showed that differing levels of environmental stress did not affect performance. A strong linear trend described the learning function. Letting X = 1, 2, 3 (repeated administrations) and Y = minutes to complete the test, a least squares fit gave the equation Y = 8.48 − 1.69 X. Of 75 Ss, 7 failed to complete the test in 10 min. on the first testing, 4 on the second testing (only one repeat failure) and none failed on the third testing. A dramatic reduction of variability among Ss on the first and second testings suggests that initially poor performance on the TPT may be related to factors other than impairment of the tactual sense modality, but inability to complete the test in 10 min. on the third trial would be distinctly abnormal.
Identification of Televised Symbols as a Function of Symbol Resolution
Authors: Elias Merrill F. , Snadowsky Alvin M. , Rizy Edward F.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of symbol resolution on speed and accuracy of identification of televised letters and numbers. Ss viewed 36 symbols 10 times under 9 conditions of symbol resolution (3 to 11 scan lines per symbol), and under a solid-symbol (nontelevised) control condition. For most symbols, accuracy of identification seriously deteriorated below 5 lines. Speed performance showed a progressive improvement from 5 to 11 lines but did not reach a level obtained with solid symbols. It was concluded that 11 lines approaches an optimal level of resolution, and that reduction in symbol resolution much below 11 lines should be approached with caution.
Lightness of Gray in the Presence of White
Authors: Warren Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The empirical evidence thus far indicates that the square root rule applies for first lightness judgments of a middle gray by naive Ss when viewing either: (a) contiguous symmetrically displayed white and gray fields or (b) a white patch surrounded by gray; but not when (c) the gray is seen as a patch against a white background.
Passively Generated Adaptation to Prismatic Distortion
Authors: Templeton William B. , Howard Ian P. , Lowman Ann E.
Published: September 2011

Os were provided with both a motive and an opportunity to resolve the conflict arising from displaced vision under conditions which precluded reafferent information. Passive pointing to displaced visual targets with knowledge of results was shown to produce significant adaptation of subsequent active pointing.
Use of an Electrified Center Board in the Study of Chicks on the Visual Cliff
Authors: Quinta Thomas
Published: September 2011

An electrified grid was used with chicks to reduce latencies and no-response trials on the visual cliff. No significant difference in percentages of deep and shallow side descents was found between the shocked and non-shocked groups. The shocked group had significantly lower latencies and it had no no-descent trials. It was concluded that some improvement in the efficiency of experimentation with the chick might be achieved by the application of a shock stimulus.
The Scanning Control Principle and its Relationship to Affect Manipulation
Authors: Benfari Robert
Published: September 2011

An experiment was carried out with 32 Ss, using hypnosis as a means of inducing an affect state. The main purpose was to test the relationship between induced affect and cognitive-perceptual behavior. The design controlled for the effects of the organismic variable of scanning. The results gave weight to the hypothesis that cognitive controls can act as regulators of an intervening affect state. High scanning Ss made fewer errors in judgment during affect manipulation while limited scanners tended to increase their error scores. A theoretical tie-in with ego psychology was proposed, based on Rapaport's and Hartmann's theory of the relative autonomy of the ego processes.
Comparison of Category and Magnitude Scales of Technical Skills
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G. , Siegel Arthur I.
Published: September 2011

Magnitude and category scaling methods were employed by journeymen electronics personnel to scale the apparent complexity of various aspects of their own job. The resultant data indicated that essentially equivalent scales were produced across the methods and that the continua of perceived complexity of 4 “activity” stimuli and of 16 “circuit” stimuli were metathetic. Since the distortions as the result of the introduction of different scaling methods were minimal, the present data suggested support for a single psychophysical law in the avionics job performance area.
Development of a Fabric Preference Test
Authors: Compton Norma H.
Published: September 2011

A paired-choice test is described by means of which preferences for color, design, and texture in clothing fabrics can be measured. The test consists of 78 35-mm. colored slides of apparel fabrics, differing with respect to chroma and value of color, figure-ground color value contrasts, warm versus cool colors, design sire, and rough versus smooth textures.
Anxiety and Response Stereotypy: An Experimental Critique
Authors: Weiss Robert L. , Silverman Julian
Published: September 2011

Studies of the relationship between the level of anxiety and degree of response stereotypy have reported findings which not only contradict one another but in varying degrees are inconsistent with both clinical and drive theory. The clinical expectation is that anxiety and response stereotypy are positively related, whereas drive theory predicts a negative relationship when response choices are equipotent. A study is reported wherein Ss were required to randomize choices regarding the outcomes of an “unbiased” coin. The essential feature of this task is that Ss must maintain a set for randomness. The results indicated: (1) high anxious Ss were more stereotyped than low anxious Ss, (2) the anxiety-stereotypy relationship depended upon the length of the response sequence analyzed, and (3) upon the temporal stage of the task (i.e., first vs second half). It was concluded that the drive-theory model is not applicable to measures of response stereotypy derived from binary choice tasks. An alternative hypothesis was presented which takes account of both experimental manipulations of drive level and changes in response stereotypy in terms of individual differences in attention responsiveness.
Pretraining Correlates of Trainfire Marksmanship
Authors: Vielhaber David P. , Lauterbach Carl G.
Published: September 2011

514 entering West Point cadets were studied to determine whether prior weapons experience, intelligence, or questionnaire responses concerning their parents' or their own attitudes toward weapons were related to subsequent “Trainfire” rifle marksmanship scores. Confidence in firing ability was found to be a limited, yet best, single predictor of range firing scores. Cadet and parental attitudes toward weapons and prior firing experience were also correlated with range firing scores. Correlations of experience with range scores were lower than those in previously reported studies, and intelligence was not an effective predictor for this population. Possible effects of response sets and unreliability of the measures on the results are considered.
Physiognomic Effects of Subliminal Stimulation
Authors: Fiss Harry
Published: September 2011

24 Ss were tachistoscopically shown a series of nonsense figures in a counterbalanced design in which half of the figures were preceded by the subliminal word “angry” and half by a blank. Ss rated each figure on an “angriness” scale that indicated how “angry” the figure looked. Ss also rated themselves on the Sarason Hostility Scale. Contrary to expectations, figures preceded by the subliminal word “angry” were rated as only slightly “angrier looking” than figures preceded by the blank. However, a significant product-moment correlation was obtained between Ss' self-ratings on the hostility scale and their responses to the subliminal word “angry” as measured by their ratings of the figures, indicating that the occurrence of the physiognomic effect of the subliminal word depended on Ss' consciousness of their hostile feelings and thoughts.
Long-Term Changes in Properties of the Autokinetic Illusion
Authors: Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Large inter-individual differences were noted in latency, complexity, amount, and direction of movement reported by three sophisticated Ss exposed to the autokinetic illusion for 90 sec. on each of 120 consecutive days. Systematic changes characteristic of each S were far too complex to permit the typical analyses found in the literature, using only the four primary directions, simple latencies, simple qualitative comparison of drawings, etc.
Methodological Note on the Relationship between Ability to Copy a Simple Configuration and Wechsler Verbal and Performance IQS
Authors: Davis Leo J. , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

Free-hand reproductions of a Greek cross by 100 retarded Ss were significantly related to the Wechsler-Bellevue Performance IQ but not to Verbal IQ. The reproductions could be reliably classified into three categories of adequacy.
Looking Time as a Function of Stimulus Variables and Individual Differences
Authors: Day Hy
Published: September 2011

Thirty Ss were allowed to inspect a set of slides varying in content for an unlimited time. Looking time was found to be dependent upon stimulus variables: content of the slides, position in the series, level of complexity, and affect level of the figures. Tests of personality traits and factors failed to account for individual differences in inspection time.
A Case of Dermooptical Perception
Authors: Jacobson J. Zachary , Frost B. J. , King W. L.
Published: September 2011

A 21-yr.-old woman was found to possess the ability to discriminate colors through her fingertips under conditions which controlled for normal visual information, order of stimulus presentation, experimenter-produced cues, and textural differences. A forced-choice method employing four different colors and knowledge of results was used. The data indicated that light on the stimulus cards was necessary for her discrimination.