bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ressources sociales et jeu des normes dans le secteur du gaz butane dans le département de Korhogo (Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Kouadio Yao Adoman Francis
Published: February 2021

Dans ce papier, nous mettons en question, à l’aune des enjeux sociaux, la double régulation normative du secteur du gaz butane dans le département de Korhogo, en Côte d’Ivoire, à travers la mobilisation par des acteurs de ressources sociales différenciées. Nous nous appuyons sur la sociologie des ressources sociales développée par Lin, qui soutient que ces dernières, sur fond de leurs intérêts, participent au dosage des codes implicites et explicites administré à l’espace du gaz butane. De la mise à l’épreuve des présupposés théoriques par les entretiens semi-directifs, l’on note que l’installation clandestine des dépôts de gaz, le non-paiement des taxes et impôts fixes procèdent des rationalités, enjeux socio-économiques et positionnements carriéristes des catégories d’acteurs qui, pour ce faire, instrumentalisent leurs réseaux de contacts et usent de tactiques diverses.
La production de théorie comme opération de hiérarchisation de concepts. Principes et applications aux sciences de gestion
Authors: Mandard Matthieu
Published: February 2021

Que signifie produire de la théorie ? Si les diverses méthodes de recherche ont reçu une attention considérable dans la littérature scientifique, la nature même de la production théorique qui en résulte est assez largement passée sous silence. L’objectif de cet article est donc d’éclaircir ce sujet en montrant, à partir de travaux issus des sciences de gestion, que la production de théorie est une opération de hiérarchisation de concepts, dans la mesure où les différentes modalités de raisonnement scientifique conduisent à différentes opérations de hiérarchisation de concepts.
« Les bons guides sont rares »
Authors: Martinoia Rozenn
Published: February 2021

Cet article explore le rôle joué par les alpinistes amateurs dans la construction du marché des guides de montagne en France à la Belle époque. À partir d’un travail d’archives sur les publications des sociétés alpines et de leurs membres, il éclaire les logiques sociales en filigrane de l’invention, de l’utilisation et de la diffusion de dispositifs de jugement permettant de réduire l’incertitude sur les qualité des travailleurs, en pointant les continuités, les ruptures et les concurrences qui jalonnent ce processus d’institutionnalisations croisées d’un marché, d’une profession et d’un loisir.
L’agir entrepreneurial : regards croisés de l’entrepreneur et des parties prenantes
Authors: Khalife Eliane , Khoury Jamilé , Abou Khalil Walid
Published: February 2021

L’entrepreneur est par nature un individu complexe qui interagit continuellement avec son environnement, et ce n’est qu’à travers l’analyse de ces interactions que sa logique d’action devient plus compréhensive. Cette interaction permet de préciser et d’élargir la démarche compréhensive des logiques d’action et d’exécution des entrepreneurs. Cette étude vise d’une part à analyser le point de vue de l’entrepreneur sur son propre agir entrepreneurial, et d’autre part à comprendre la perception de cet agir par les parties prenantes de son projet, et ceci dans un contexte déterminé. Une étude qualitative exploratoire portant sur le cas d’un entrepreneur et six acteurs de son entourage est conduite à l’aide d’entretiens semi-dirigés. Les constats tirés de l’analyse des représentations des actions entrepreneuriales ont permis de mieux cerner l’intentionnalité de l’entrepreneur, et de s’approfondir dans la compréhension de l’agir entrepreneurial.
Constituer des archives urbaines à Nantes à la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Denmat-Leon Aurore
Published: February 2021

Entre la fin de la guerre en 1491 et le rattachement effectif du duché de Bretagne au royaume de France en 1532, dans un contexte de négociation et de définition des rapports avec le roi, le désir de reconnaissance et de liberté des élites communales définit le projet documentaire de la ville de Nantes. La ville élabore un véritable arsenal documentaire, dans lequel transparaissent les notions de mémoire et d’archive qui sont autant de faire-valoir pour la liberté municipale. Nous nous attacherons plus particulièrement aux comptes de la ville qui rappellent à plusieurs reprises non seulement la volonté de justifier d’une exactitude comptable mais encore d’être les documents-maîtres d’une memoria de la ville, notamment grâce à des renvois directs à d’autres archives urbaines.
Archiver la mémoire
Authors: Recasens Maïté
Published: February 2021

Durant les Guerres de Religion, l’écriture des chroniques annuelles ou de certaines délibérations permettent aux édiles d’imposer une histoire et une mémoire. En contrepoint, la destruction de certains documents empêche l’expression de voix dissonantes. Dans le cadre de numéro sur la construction des archives urbaines, nous proposons de comprendre comment la gestion des écrits administratifs consulaires participe à l’élaboration d’un discours mémoriel en prenant comme principal exemple Toulouse au début des Guerres de Religion. En 1562, alors que la ville sort d’un conflit de six jours entre protestants et catholiques, nous montrerons comment les archives deviennent actrices du conflit, jusqu’à en devenir une extension : manipulées, détruites, remodelées, elles sont les preuves d’une histoire violente et héroïque. En somme, entre histoire et mémoire, de quoi les archives municipales sont-elles la trace ?
Lorsque l’entrée dans le monde scolaire se heurte aux modèles d’enfant et de parent attendus
Authors: Conus Xavier
Published: February 2021

La reconnaissance positive de la diversité des élèves ainsi que de leur droit à une pleine participation constituent les piliers de l’inclusion comme moyen de gérer l’hétérogénéité scolaire dans une perspective d’égalité des chances. L’école ne pouvant ambitionner accueillir l’enfant dans sa singularité sans inclure sa famille, cette même logique est appelée à s’appliquer à la relation entre l’école et les parents, particulièrement dans un contexte actuel où le partenariat école-familles apparaît comme un levier institutionnel privilégié dans la lutte contre les inégalités scolaires. À partir d’une recherche ethnographique explorant le processus de construction de la relation école-familles dans un établissement scolaire suisse accueillant majoritairement des élèves de familles issues de la migration et aux revenus modestes, l’article interroge comment la norme scolaire peut s’avérer le principal frein à l’inclusion des élèves et parents peu familiers de l’école. Provenant d’observations de terrain et d’entretiens, les résultats montrent comment les enseignants tendent à aborder leur relation avec leurs nouveaux élèves et leurs parents sous l’angle de modèles attendus étroitement définis, les amenant à s’engager dans un vain travail de conformation des élèves comme des parents lorsque ces derniers s’écartent de ces modèles. L’entrée dans le monde scolaire des élèves et parents peu familiers du monde scolaire se heurte alors à la normativité exclusive et excluante qui fonde les modèles-types d’enfant et de parent attendus par les enseignants. À partir de ces constats, nous discutons comment une approche inclusive nous paraît exiger en premier lieu un indispensable travail de décentration de la part de l’école et des acteurs, condition à une reconnaissance de l’enfant et du parent réels.
Relations école-familles immigrantes à l’école franco-albertaine : perspectives des travailleurs en établissement en école
Authors: Jacquet Marianne , André Gwenaëlle
Published: February 2021

Depuis ces dernières années, les écoles francophones en Alberta, province de l’ouest canadien, sont marquées par une diversification ethnoculturelle importante de leur population scolaire, reflétant ainsi les changements migratoires récents au Canada. La population scolaire d’un conseil scolaire francophone situé dans une agglomération de l’Alberta reflète ces nouvelles tendances migratoires, puisqu’un portrait ethno-démographique partiel réalisé en 2003 dans six de ses écoles signale que 50 % des élèves sont issus de l’immigration et proviennent de 23 pays différents ; majoritairement des pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Cette réalité démographique, qui se confirme plus d’une décennie plus tard, représente un changement structurel majeur pour les écoles francophones. En Alberta, comme dans d’autres provinces canadiennes, l’inclusion est au cœur du discours et des pratiques éducatives. À visée transformative, elle entend favoriser la prise en compte de la diversité ethnoculturelle en salle de classe et l’égalité des chances par le biais de pratiques scolaires d’équité. Cet article se concentre sur la mise en place, en milieu francophone minoritaire, du dispositif des travailleurs en établissement en école (TEE) dans les établissements chargés de faire le lien entre les cultures familiales, communautaires et scolaires. L’analyse des entrevues de quatre de ces travailleurs éclaire, de leurs perspectives, les défis rencontrés par les élèves et les familles immigrantes dans leur processus d’adaptation à l’école franco-albertaine, ainsi que les stratégies de soutien qui leur sont apportées pour les relever.
Regards d’acteurs et d’actrices scolaires quant à l’engagement en faveur d’une culture d’équité dans des écoles secondaires québécoises
Authors: Borri-Anadon Corina , Audet Geneviève , Lemaire Eve
Published: February 2021

Cette contribution présente des résultats issus d’un projet de recherche sur le climat interculturel et sur la réussite éducative des élèves issus de l’immigration en contexte québécois. Dans ce sens, le climat interculturel de huit établissements secondaires publics a été documenté du point de vue de différents acteurs scolaires et communautaires, d’élèves et de parents. Le présent article se centre plus particulièrement sur la dimension liée à l’engagement en faveur d’une culture d’équité, appréhendée à partir des processus et pratiques à effet d’exclusion et des pratiques mises en œuvre pour les contrer, par le biais d’entretiens auprès d’acteurs ciblés Les résultats permettent d’identifier cinq zones de vulnérabilité à l’égard de certains groupes minorisés : la transition accueil-régulier des élèves en apprentissage du français ; l’évaluation et le soutien aux difficultés d’apprentissage ou comportementales vécues par les élèves issus de l’immigration ; l’orientation de ces élèves vers la formation générale des adultes ou les parcours de formation axés sur l’emploi ; leur participation aux activités parascolaires et leur accès aux projets particuliers offerts au sein des établissements. En outre, diverses pratiques d’équité en réponse à ces processus et pratiques à effet d’exclusion ont été déclarées au sein des écoles. Toutefois, ces dernières sont souvent ponctuelles, volontaires et liées à des interactions entre individus. Ces constats permettent de discuter de l’importance d’initiatives systémiques et concertées afin de tendre vers l’équité.
Les dispositifs pour collégiens à haut potentiel intellectuel en France : une analyse des besoins des élèves perçus par les chefs d’établissement
Authors: Buard Karine , Puustinen Minna , Courtinat-Camps Amélie
Published: February 2021

Des collèges publics proposent aux élèves à haut potentiel intellectuel de poursuivre leur scolarité en classe ordinaire, tout en bénéficiant d’aménagements spécifiques dans le cadre d’un dispositif dédié. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à identifier et à analyser les besoins de ces élèves tels qu’ils sont perçus par les chefs d’établissement des collèges concernés. Les résultats mettent en évidence deux principaux besoins des élèves, communs à tous ces dispositifs (à savoir un mal-être et des difficultés dans la relation aux pairs) mais également des besoins cités plus spécifiquement par certains chefs d’établissement (par exemple, un comportement non adapté).
Le « schisme interactionnel », une ressource pour apprendre aux frontières du travail et de la formation professionnelle
Authors: Filliettaz Laurent , Durand Isabelle , Zogmal Marianne , Markaki-Lothe Vasiliki
Published: February 2021

Cet article a pour objet l’étude d’un phénomène interactionnel fréquemment observable dans les situations d’apprentissage au travail : le « schisme interactionnel ». Il s’agit de situations dans lesquelles le format de participation se scinde en plusieurs foyers d’interaction conduits parallèlement. Ce phénomène retient notre attention en ce qu’il constitue une réalité attestée de manière récurrente dans des situations de pratique professionnelle accompagnée dans la formation aux métiers de services, dans la mesure où, dans ces contextes, le guidage des tuteurs peut difficilement interrompre le travail adressé aux usagers. À partir d’une étude vidéo-ethnographique de la formation pratique des techniciens en radiologie médicale, l’article se propose d’étudier comment des procédés interactionnels assimilables à des « schismes » sont accomplis et comment ils se déploient dans la temporalité locale des interactions sociales. Il montre également en quoi et comment ces procédés peuvent contribuer à la construction de compétences professionnelles et aux enjeux de formation.
An Unmanned Aircraft System for Maritime Operations: The Automatic Detection Subsystem
Authors: Marques Mario Monteiro , Lobo Victor , Aguiar A. Pedro , Silva J. Estrela , de Sousa J. Borges , de Fátima Nunes Maria , Ribeiro Ricardo Adriano , Bernardino Alexandre , Cruz Gonçalo , Marques Jorge Salvador
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper addresses the development of an integrated system to support maritime situation awareness based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), emphasizing the role of the automatic detection subsystem. One of the main topics of research in the SEAGULL project was
the automatic detection of sea vessels from sensors onboard the UAV, to help human operators in the generation of situational awareness of maritime events such as (a) detection and geo-referencing of oil spills or hazardous and noxious substances, (b) tracking systems (e.g., vessels, shipwrecks,
lifeboats, debris), (c) recognizing behavioral patterns (e.g., vessels rendezvous, high-speed vessels, atypical patterns of navigation), and (d) monitoring environmental parameters and indicators. We describe a system composed of optical sensors, an embedded computer, communication systems,
and a vessel detection algorithm that can run in real time in the embedded UAV hardware and provide to human operators vessel detections with low latency, high precision rates (about 99%), and suitable recalls (>50%), which is comparable to other more computationally intensive state-of-the-art
approaches. Field test results, including the detection of lifesavers and multiple vessels in red-green-and-blue (RGB) and thermal images, are presented and discussed.
Numerical Simulation of Energy Capture Efficiency of a Vertical Axis Turbine Under Complex Sea Conditions
Authors: Yu Dan , Wang Keyi , Liu Hengxu , Ding Huaqiu , Kong Fankai , Liu Weiqi
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe motion state of a floating platform and turbine in a flow field is analyzed by using seakeeping theory. Without considering the floating platform, the energy capture efficiency of the turbine in the flow field is compared by obtaining the hydrodynamic performance
of the turbine impeller flow field at different velocities and tip speed ratios. Through processing and analyzing the complex sea conditions' data, the selected working sea conditions and extreme sea conditions for calculation are combined with the environmental load data to simulate and measure
the energy capture efficiency variation of turbines subjected to single-degree-of-freedom fluctuations (pitch or surge). It has important reference value to subsequent research of the turbine working in complex sea conditions, multi-flow-field coupling calculation, and structural improvement
design.
Feasibility, utility, and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy for interstitial lung diseases in Japan
Authors: Ikeda Takato , Nakao Akira , Igata Fumiyasu , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Kushima Hisako , Matsumoto Takemasa , Ishii Hiroshi , Nabeshima Kazuki , Fujita Masaki
Published: February 2021

Background: Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) is a new technique that enables larger tissue collection than can be obtained by conventional transbronchial lung biopsy. TBLC is becoming popular worldwide and is performed for diffuse lung disease and lung cancer. However, only a few reports of TBLC have been published in Japan. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TBLC at our hospital and compare these findings with past reports.Methods: From April 2018 to January 2020, 38 patients who underwent TBLC for diffuse lung disease at our hospital were evaluated with respect to age, sex, biopsy site, biopsy size, diagnostic disease, and complications.Results: The patients who underwent TBLC constituted 20 men and 18 women with an average age of 63.7 years. The average sample size was 5.7 mm, and the diagnostic rate was 65.7% (25/38). Grade ≥2 complications included bleeding (15.8%), pneumothorax (2.6%), and atrial fibrillation (2.6%).Conclusions: TBLC was considered to be useful for the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease and could be safely performed.
Strengthening primary health care in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Peiris David , Sharma Manushi , Praveen Devarsetty , Bitton Asaf , Bresick Graham , Coffman Megan , Dodd Rebecca , El-Jardali Fadi , Fadlallah Racha , Flinkenflögel Maaike , Goodyear-Smith Felicity , Hirschhorn Lisa R , Munar Wolfgang , Palagyi Anna , Saif-Ur-Rahman KM , Mash Robert
Published: February 2021

Amid massive health system disruption induced by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the need to maintain and improve essential health services is greater than ever. This situation underscores the importance of the primary health care (PHC) revitalization agenda articulated in the 2018 Astana Declaration.

The objective was to synthesize what was already known about strengthening PHC in low- and middle- income countries prior to COVID-19.

We conducted a secondary analysis of eleven reviews and seven evidence gap maps published by the Primary Health Care Research Consortium in 2019. The 2020 World Health Organization Operational framework for primary health care was used to synthesize key learnings and determine areas of best practice.

A total of 238 articles that described beneficial outcomes were analysed (17 descriptive studies, 71 programme evaluations, 90 experimental intervention studies and 60 literature reviews). Successful PHC strengthening initiatives required substantial reform across all four of the framework’s strategic levers – political commitment and leadership, governance and policy, funding and allocation of resources, and engagement of communities and other stakeholders. Importantly, strategic reforms must be accompanied by operational reforms; the strongest evidence of improvements in access, coverage and quality related to service delivery models that promote integrated services, workforce strengthening and use of digital technologies.

Strengthening PHC is a “hard grind” challenge involving multiple and disparate actors often taking years or even decades to implement successful reforms. Despite major health system adaptation during the pandemic, change is unlikely to be lasting if underlying factors that foster health system robustness are not addressed.
Financing health care in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Authors: Tandon Ajay , Oliveira Cruz Valeria , Bhatnagar Aarushi , Wang Hui , Haque Trina , Jhalani Manoj
Published: February 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a devastating impact and continues to take its toll in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region. In addition to its direct impact on morbidity and mortality, the pandemic is adversely affecting economic activity as a result of lockdowns and voluntary social distancing. The average per capita economic contraction among South-East Asia Region countries is currently projected to be 5.3% in 2020, suggesting severe consequences for financing for health and sustaining progress towards universal health coverage. Health financing systems in many countries of the region – characterized by extremely low levels of public financing and a predominance of out-of-pocket spending – have contributed to weaknesses in primary health care (PHC), including in relation to pandemic preparedness and containing COVID-19. Without sustained countercyclical public spending and an increased priority for health in government budgets, countries will be likely to see a slowdown or even reversal in growth in public financing for health, which is already at a low level in several countries of the region. In the face of this economic adversity and fiscal tightening, efforts to improve the efficiency and equity of public spending on health will be key, especially for strengthening PHC and enhancing cost-effectiveness in terms of the choice and delivery of interventions. To this end, countries must emphasize the public health focus, improve targeting of public financing towards the poor and vulnerable, reduce fragmentation and duplication of financing flows, leverage strategic purchasing and cut wasteful spending. The COVID-19 pandemic also presents an opportunity to reset how health systems and PHC are prioritized and adequately financed in the countries of the South-East Asia Region, as areas of core public investment that not only contribute to better health outcomes but also are critical for ensuring a sustained economic recovery.
Implementing a decade of strengthening the health workforce in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Authors: Zapata Tomas , Zakoji Masahiro , Kanda Mikiko , Travis Phyllida , Tangcharoensathien Viroj , Buchan James , Jhalani Manoj
Published: February 2021

Background

Health workers are the cornerstone of primary health care (PHC) services, the delivery of an effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response and progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region committed to the Decade for Health Workforce Strengthening 2015–2024, and UHC became a regional flagship with a focus on strengthening the health workforce. Since its inception, three rounds of monitoring with standardized indicators have been completed.

Methods

In 2019, data on human resources for health were collected through the National Health Workforce Accounts online platform by the country focal points; this was complemented by a regional online consultation in June 2020. A mid-term review report on the Decade for Health Workforce Strengthening was launched during the 73rd session of the Regional Committee in September 2020.

Results

The availability of doctors, nurses and midwives in the South-East Asia Region has increased by 21% since the decade began in 2014. Nine countries of the region are now above the 2006 WHO threshold of 22.8 doctors, nurses and midwives per 10 000 population, compared with only six countries in 2014. However, only two countries are above the 2016 revised WHO threshold of 44.5 doctors, nurses and midwives per 10 000 population, the density estimated to be needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region have made progress to different extents during the past 5 years on strengthening governance of human resources for health, data, rural retention and health professional education.

Discussion

Addressing broader health workforce challenges and particularly PHC workforce challenges will require extra commitment and prioritization by governments for the second half of the decade. COVID-19 presents the necessity and an opportunity to increase long-term investment in the health workforce and in strengthening PHC in the South-East Asia Region.
Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Waste Produced in Sari Hospitals
Authors: Ebrahimi Mohammad Taha , Jafarpour Ali , Kamgoo Somayeh , Aghamiri Shahin , Kazemi Amir Bahador , Vahidi-Kolur Robabeh , Danaei Nima
Published: February 2021

Aims:

The Iranian city of Sari with a green nature has great environmental importance, especially in ecotourism. Thus, the proper management of medical wastes is necessary to maintain a sustainable environment. This study is aimed to determine the quantitative and qualitative wastes in the hospitals of Sari.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study using a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the infectious and noninfectious wastes of four hospitals in Sari. The data collection instrument was a checklist that was completed on visits to hospitals and observation of cases. Data analysis was performed using Excel and R software programs.

Results:

The average quantity of the total waste produced in hospitals was 218, 482, 19.5, and 17 kg/day for infectious, household, sharp-cutter, and pharmaceutical wastes, respectively. The rate of hospital waste production for various types of infectious, household, sharp-cutter, and pharmaceutical wastes equaled 1.15, 2.13, 0.09, and 0.28 kg/bed, respectively.

Conclusion:

Due to the high percentage of infectious wastes, despite considerable efforts to separate wastes, there are still problems in the hospitals that require more attention from the authorities, as well as the incorporation of new methods to render waste safe before it leaves the hospital.
E-professionalism in medical sciences
Authors: Mosalanejad Leili , Tafvisi Mansoor , Zarifsanaiey Nahid
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Professionalism is one of the most important and vital concepts in the medical sciences. With the rapid growth of e-learning in the medical sciences in the past few years, the concept of virtual professionalism has emerged. This study was conducted as a hybrid concept analysis on describing e-professionalism in medical sciences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This is a qualitative study with a hybrid concept analysis approach, consisting of theoretical stage, field research, and analysis. In the theoretical stage, the concepts of e-professionalism in medical sciences were identified through a review of the literature. During the fieldwork stage, in-depth interviews were conducted with five medical students who were intentionally selected. Finally, after analyzing the literature and the qualitative interviews, a theoretical description of e-professionalism concept in the field of medical sciences was extracted.

RESULTS:

the themes (3 numbers) and the subthemes (4 numbers) were extracted from 62 codes. These themes include information and communion technology and educational strategies professionalism in medical education.

CONCLUSIONS:

For describing professionalism, it is necessary to consider education and culture, role models, by emphasizing on the acceptance of professional responsibility, developing and improving social media policies, determining the scope of communication and interaction between individuals, and identifying the boundary between local laws and customs.
The relationship between physical performance and quality of life and the level of physical activity among the elderly
Authors: Prasad Lekshmi , Fredrick Jean , Aruna R
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Loss of physical function during the process of aging might affect the quality of life. Physical function assessment tests predicts outcomes such as falls, institutionalization, and death. Studies assessing the association of physical function with quality of life and physical activity level of elderly population in India is scarce. Hence we aimed to assess the physical function of community dwelling older adults and to determine its association with physical activity levels and quality of life.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This was a cross-sectional analytical study. 89 community dwelling older adults between 60 and 80 years of age were recruited. Physical function was assessed by standing balance, walking speed, and grip strength. Quality of life was assessed by WHO QOL BREF questionnaire and physical activity level was assessed by International Physical activity Questionnaire.

RESULTS:

Standing balance was reduced in 24% and walking speed was decreased in 33% of the participants. Males had higher walking speed, and grip strength. Quality of life was better among males. Standing balance, walking speed and grip strength was significantly higher in moderate – heavy activity levels. There was positive correlation between physical function and quality of life. There was also positive correlation between physical activity level and quality of life.

CONCLUSION:

Physical function, quality of life and physical activity level were decreased. Males had better physical function and quality of life. Physically active individuals had better physical function and quality of life. Early detection of decreased physical function and increase in physical activity level could result in better quality of life among elderly.
Health and environmental practices levels among female students of scientific and humanities academic majors
Authors: El Senousy Hala , ALsharoa Ayat
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Courses’ resources is an important ingredient for building awareness, despite the availability of health and environmental knowledge in some subjects, students’ practices still need more improvement. The study aims to investigate the level of health and environmental practices among university female students of both scientific and humanities subject majors, and its relationship to the academic major.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A descriptive research design is applied to a sample of 410 female students enrolled in scientific and humanities majors during 2017/2018 academic year. A “Health and Environmental Practices Scale” is prepared for data collection. It includes 58 items with Cronbach's alpha = 0.71 and 0.69 for the two domains. The means percentage and independent t-test for the two majors applied, as P ≤ 0.05 was statistically significant.

RESULTS:

Results showed that (i) the level of health and environmental practices is “moderate” with a mean of 2.89, 3.17 for both domains, respectively; (ii) there is no statistically significant difference between health practices level and environmental practices level; (iii) there is no statistically significant difference between humanities and scientific majors and health and environmental practices level among students of humanities and scientific majors, which means that the impact of the interdisciplinary courses on the level of health and environmental practices is not clear.

CONCLUSIONS:

Health and environmental awareness among students are found to be moderate. However, actual health and environmental practices are still a huge challenge because of the gap between theory and practice.
Development and validation of a questionnaire for professionalism in cyber users in medical sciences in Iran
Authors: Mosalanejad Leili , Abdollahifard Saeed
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Considering the importance of virtual professionalism and professional ethics in medical sciences, and the necessity to pay attention to this issue and its impact on medical professionalism, this study aimed to build a professional culture questionnaire in a virtual environment for students of medical sciences in Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This is an exploratory, sequential, mixed-methods research which was conducted in three sections. In the first section, the concept of e-professionalism in medical sciences was analyzed using the hybrid concept analysis in the theoretical work, field work, and final analysis stages in order to extract information related to the concept. In the second section, an item of the questionnaire was designed based on the concept, reviewed texts, and related questionnaires, in the third section, psychometric properties of a questionnaires were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Totally, 39 items were included in the initial pool, which reduced to 33 items in the final questionnaire after reviewing the psychometric properties. Factor analyses led to extraction of five factors including appraisal of e-professionalism compliance with the laws and regulations governing cyberspace, individual professionalism, knowledge management, respect for professionalism in interpersonal and group rules, and complying with ethics in the use of cyberspace. The internal consistency of questionnaire was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.78, also all factor correlations absed stability were significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

An exploratory sequential study in this study led to the extraction of five factors and development of a 33-item questionnaire in e-professionalism. As results and analysis of the psychometric properties and validation of each item, this questionnaire is valid and reliable for the assessment of levels of e-professionalism in medical sciences in Iran.
The effect of educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior on the improvement of colorectal cancer screening intention among average-risk individuals referring to Asadabad city clinics
Authors: Maheri Mina , Darabi Fatemeh , Khalili Saeede , Hesari Marziyeh
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the fourth most common cancer in women in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on the improvement of CRC screening intention among average-risk individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This quasi-experimental study was performed on the 50–69-year-old individuals referred to Asadabad city clinics in 2020. The individuals were randomly assigned to multistage cluster sampling in each intervention and control group. The instrument used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire based on TPB. Educational intervention was conducted for the intervention group, one of their family members, and staff of clinic under intervention. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS and analyzed utilizing descriptive and analytical statistics. Results were considered significantly <0.05.

RESULTS:

There were no significant differences between two intervention and control groups in the preintervention phase in terms of the mean scores of attitude (P = 0.58), subjective norms (P = 0.59), and behavioral intention (P = 0.66). However, in the postintervention phase, these differences were significant. Furthermore, regarding the mean score of perceived behavioral control, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the preintervention phase (P < 0.02), while in the postintervention phase, this difference was not significant (P = 0.29).

CONCLUSION:

Educational intervention based on the TPB has been effective in improving the CRC screening intention among average-risk individuals. Therefore, using the results of this research and developing appropriate educational programs at the community level can be increased the participation of community members in CRC screening programs.
Application of health belief model to predict COVID-19-preventive behaviors among a sample of Iranian adult population
Authors: Mirzaei Amin , Kazembeigi Farogh , Kakaei Hojatollah , Jalilian Mohsen , Mazloomi Sajad , Nourmoradi Heshmatollah
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has infected nearly 9.5 million people in 216 countries, areas, or territories in the world. The fight against the COVID-19 has become a very serious international challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of COVID-19-preventive behaviors using the health belief model (HBM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 558 samples from the adult population of Iran. The online convenience sampling was conducted in this research. The online 68-item questionnaire link was published all over Iran through social networks including Telegram and WhatsApp, which are common in Iran. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Descriptive statistics, bivariate Pearson's correlation test, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data.

RESULTS:

The mean age of the subjects was 33.3 ± 10.01 years. The participants were often female (61.3%), married (57.9%), and resident of the city (81.0%) with university educational level (78.8%). The results showed that the HBM structures predicted 29.3% of the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 in the subjects. The perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy significantly predicted the preventive behaviors, but the perceived susceptibility and perceived severity were not significant in the regression model. The internet and virtual social networks (49.8%), broadcast (33.5%), and healthcare providers (15.8%) were the most important sources of information related with COVID-19. In response to COVID-19-related internal cues to action, 36.6% did not pay attention and 34.7% tried to self-medicate. Only 28.5% of the subjects referred to the hospital, healthcare center, or physician.

CONCLUSION:

Self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits were the key determinants of COVID-19-preventive behaviors in the subjects. It can be concluded that the HBM is a good tool to predict COVID-19-preventive behaviors in Iranian population.
Effect of classmate as peer-led education on clinical performance
Authors: Mehdipour-Rabori Roghayeh , Nematollahi Monirsadat , Bagherian Behnaz
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Achieving an excellent clinical education by nursing students is one of the primary goals of any nursing school. Nursing educators try to use different methods to enhance clinical skills. One of them is a peer-led method that can be used in theoretical and clinical education. It is developing as a suitable educational method to promote health. This study assessed the effect of classmates as peer-led education on the clinical performance of nursing students.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This study was conducted using a mixed-method approach and a sequential explanatory design. In the quantitative phase, a quasi-experimental study with a two-group pre- and post-test design was conducted. The sample of this phase consisted of 70 nursing students (35 persons in each group) who were selected through random convenience sampling. The intervention group participated in a peer-led education program. The control group received routine training. The members of both groups completed the clinical performance checklist before, and after the intervention, The collected data were analyzed using SPSS V21 software using descriptive and inferential statistics. In the qualitative phase, the researchers interviewed 18 undergraduate students using semi-structured in-depth and face-to-face approaches. These participants were selected by purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. MAX DATA 10 was used to categorize the data. To establish the reliability and validity of findings, Graneheim, and Landman's criteria were considered

RESULTS:

In the quantitative phase of the study, the results showed that the mean score of clinical performance was not statistically significant between the control and intervention groups before the intervention (P > 0.05). At the same time, it was significantly different after the intervention (P < 0.05), implying that the peer-led education of the intervention group significantly increased compared to that of the control. The main theme was “learning based on friendship,” which included two categories, namely “deep learning” and “learn in the shadow of relaxing.”

CONCLUSION:

Classmate as peer-led education could increase the ability of nursing students in clinical performance, and was able to enhance deep learning among them.
Exploring medical ethics’ implementation challenges
Authors: Mashayekhi Jannat , Mafinejad Mahboobeh Khabaz , Changiz Tahereh , Moosapour Hamideh , Salari Pooneh , Nedjat Saharnaz , Larijani Bagher
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Adherence to medical ethics principles by medical professionals is required to improve health-care system's quality. Recognizing medical ethics' challenges and attempting to resolve them are important in the implementation of medical ethics in practice. This study aimed to explore such challenges at Iran's medical sciences universities in 2018.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This descriptive, qualitative study utilized a conventional content analysis approach for data analysis. This study was conducted using purposeful sampling from participants with experience in teaching or practicing of medical ethics field, and by considering maximum variety of disciplines (e.g., gynecology, internal medicine, surgery, and medical ethics). The data were gathered using semi-structured interviews. The interview guide was designed based on previous research findings by two members of the research team and contained the main interview questions and participants had the opportunity to express their perspectives in detail. Participants were chosen from clinical and ethical faculty members as well as managers. The data collection process continued until the data saturation stage, beyond which no new information or concept achieved by continuing interviews.

RESULTS:

After interviewing 14 faculty members and managers, findings were classified into 4 themes, 9 categories, and 42 sub-categories; four main categories of medical ethics challenges are affected by cognitive, educational, practical, and structural factors, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

This study suggested that medical ethics' cognitive and educational challenges can alleviate using educational programs intended for improving qualitative and quantitative aspects of medical ethics teaching for medical professionals ranging from students to faculty members. Medical ethics' structural and practical challenges are within policymaking and scheduling activities dealt with through future researches by health-care system's managers and planners.
The prevalence of obsessive–compulsive disorder in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Davarinejad Omran , RostamiParsa Fatemeh , Radmehr Farnaz , Farnia Vahid , Alikhani Mostafa
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the main causes of this disease. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present research is a cross-sectional survey study. The research sample included 120 patients with IBS who referred to Imam Reza Hospital and gastrointestinal clinics in Kermanshah (Iran) in the 3 months of April, May, July in 2019 that were selected using the census sampling method, and demographic information, clinical and medical records were collected. Data analysis was performed using frequency, percentage, and Chi-square.

RESULTS:

Among the patients who were studied, 58 of them (48.3%) were women and 62 (51.7%) were men, the results showed that the prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS was 14.96 and the symptoms of washing, checking, skepticism and slowness-repetition had the highest prevalence, respectively. These symptoms were more common in women than in men. There was also a significant relation between OCD prevalence in patients with IBS and with female gender, age-range 30–21 years, single, and history of OCD in the patient's immediate family and close relatives (P < 0.05), but there was no significant relationship between OCD prevalence in patients with IBS and level of education, occupation, income status, and place of residence

CONCLUSION:

Due to the high prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS, the interaction of gastroenterologists and psychiatrists to treat irritable bowel syndrome is very important.
The experiences of families raising autistic children
Authors: Faraji-Khiavi Farzad , Zahiri Mansour , Amiri Elham , Dindamal Behnaz , Pirani Narges
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Conditions and needs of autistic children have impacts on both the children and the family members who have crucial roles in raising the child. The prevalence of autism is increasing, and this fact makes it necessary to focus more on experiences of parents who have children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Hence, this study aimed to reflect the experiences of parents who have autistic children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present study was a qualitative research with phenomenology approach which was conducted using content analysis approach. Participants were 14 parents with ASD children in Ahvaz, and they were included based on purposive sampling method. To gather the required data, semi-structured interviews were formed. Data analysis was performed by Colaizzi's seven-step method.

RESULTS:

Fifty-four conceptual codes were extracted from interviews of ASD children parents. Parents of these children had two main experiences: first family related and second education and treatment problems. Family problems included three categories (financial, psychological, and family relationships). Education and treatment was categorized into three (schooling, transporting, and quality in facilities).

CONCLUSIONS:

Problems mentioned by parents of autistic children highlight the need for providing training and counseling services as well as emotional supports from both society and government. Planning and implementing supportive plans empower parents to strategically face problems and eventually improve their life quality and mutual understanding.
The relationship between test anxiety and academic procrastination among the dental students
Authors: Bolbolian Marjan , Asgari Shima , Sefidi Fatemeh , Zadeh Ali Sarvari
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

Test anxiety is a major educational problem among students all around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic procrastination and test anxiety among the dental students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present study was a descriptive–analytical study. The study sample consisted of 152 dental students; Solomon and Rothblum's procrastination scale and Friedman's test anxiety questionnaire were used to collect data. To analyze the data, descriptive and analytical statistics (analysis of variance, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation) were used at a significance level of P < 0.05.

RESULTS:

The results of the present study showed that there is a significant relationship between procrastination and test anxiety and its components. The relationship between academic procrastination and gender was not significant, but a significant relationship was found between test anxiety and its dimensions with gender in terms of cognitive error and total test anxiety. No significant relationship was found between academic procrastination and test anxiety and their components with marital status, age, and grade point average.

CONCLUSION:

According to the findings of the present study, people with academic procrastination have more test anxiety and fear of humiliation, irrational and negative thoughts, and more stress.