bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Water as an Additive for Selective Synthesis of Saturated 1,4‐Diketones and Tetrasubstituted Furans Directly from 1,4‐Enediones.
Authors: Yang Yan , Ni Fan , Shu Wen‐Ming , Wu An‐Xin
Published: January 2015

The reaction proceeds with high efficiency under mild conditions using easily available substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC Catalyzed Direct Addition of HMF to Diazo Compounds: Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazones with Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Antonio Joao P. M. , Frade Raquel F. M. , Santos Fabio M. F. , Coelho Jaime A. S. , Afonso Carlos A. M. , Gois Pedro M. P. , Trindade Alexandre F.
Published: January 2015

A direct access to an unexplored family of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)‐based acylhydrazones displaying antitumor activity is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative 1,2‐Carboacylation of Activated Alkenes with Alcohols: A Tandem Route to 3‐(2‐Oxoethyl)indolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: January 2015

A new oxidative tandem route to 3‐(2‐oxoethyl)indolin‐2‐ones from N‐arylacrylamides and alcohols is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Ring‐Opening Reactions of 2,6‐Diazasemibullvalenes for the Synthesis of Diverse Functionalized Δ1‐Bipyrroline Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Shaoguang , Zhan Ming , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: January 2015

Different types of nucleophiles can be successfully applied in the title reaction under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Davis—Beirut Reaction: Route to Thiazolo‐, Thiazino‐, and Thiazepino‐2H‐indazoles.
Authors: Farber Kelli M. , Haddadin Makhluf J. , Kurth Mark J.
Published: January 2015

The optimized approach to the title heterocycles includes the use of S‐protected aminothiols and a deprotection step C) prior to cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Dihydropyrazoles by Halocyclization of β,γ‐Unsaturated Hydrazones.
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Qiang , Chen Jia‐Rong , Wei Qiang , Liu Feng‐Lei , Deng Qiao‐Hui , You‐Quan Zou Qiao‐Hui , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: January 2015

A one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of pyrazole (VII) is also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Approach to Pyrrolylimidazole Derivatives by Azirine Ring Expansion with Imidazolium Ylides.
Authors: Khlebnikov Alexander F. , Tomashenko Olesya A. , Funt Liya D. , Novikov Mikhail S.
Published: January 2015

The formed pyrrolyl imidazolium bromides are reacted to imidazolium ylides, which are a new type of stable ylides, in the presence of KOH and ultrasound irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile, One‐Pot Procedure for the Formation of Benzimidazoles from Esters Using DABAL‐Me3, an Air Stable Source of AlMe3.
Authors: Pinder Joanne L. , Davis Rebecca E. , Charrier Jean‐Damien
Published: January 2015

This method avoids the use of pyrophoric reagents and strongly acidic reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction and Screening of 2‐Aryl Benzimidazole Library Identifies a New Antifouling and Antifungal Agent.
Authors: Majik Mahesh S. , Tilvi Supriya , Mascarenhas Stacey , Kumar Vikash , Chatterjee Amrita , Banerjee Mainak
Published: January 2015

The antifouling activity of the products is examined revealing that (IIIe) and (VIb) are active against marine fouling bacteria making them promising candidates for the development of new antifouling agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigations into Synthesis of Allyldithiocarbamates and Their Intramolecular Cyclization: Synthesis and Antihyperglycemic Activity of 2‐Thioxothiazolidine‐4‐alkanoates.
Authors: Dighe Shashikant U. , Yadav Veena D. , Srivastava Rohit , Mishra Akanksha , Gautam Sudeep , Srivastava Arvind K. , Balaramnavar Vishal M. , Saxena Anil K. , Batra Sanjay
Published: January 2015

The publication represents a revision of previously published data stating the formation of substituted 1,3‐thiazines instead of substituted 2‐thioxothiazolidine‐4‐alkanoates upon base‐mediated cyclization of allyldithiocarbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 5‐Aza‐isosteres of Guanine—5‐Aminosubstituted 1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐7‐ones.
Authors: Bakharev Vladimir V. , Parfenov Victor E. , Ul'yankina Irina V. , Zavodskaya Anna V. , Selezneva Evgeniya V. , Gidaspov Alexander A. , Eltsov Oleg S. , Slepukhin Pavel A.
Published: January 2015

The cyclization of (II) in the presence of (III) occurs stereoselectively to give only the [1,5‐a]‐isomer, albeit formation of two tautomers may take place depending on the 5‐amino substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of an Iron(II)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Catechol Cleavage and Biomimetic Synthesis of Betanidin.
Authors: Guimond Nicolas , Mayer Peter , Trauner Dirk
Published: January 2015

The presented oxidative cleavage reaction allows for the preparation of 2‐methoxy‐2H‐pyrans tolerating a variety of functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Nucleophilic Addition/Oxa‐Michael Reaction for the Synthesis of cis‐2,6‐Disubstituted Tetrahydropyrans.
Authors: Gharpure Santosh J. , Prasad J. V. K. , Bera Kalisankar
Published: January 2015

A range of nucleophiles, such as stannanes, Tms‐CN as well as silyl enol ethers add to aldehydes (I) and (IV) to give target compounds such as (III), (VI), (VIII), (X), and (XII) in general high diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Glyco‐Fused Bicyclic Compounds; Conformationally Constrained Scaffolds and Useful Polyfunctional Building Blocks.
Authors: Cardona Francisco , D'Orazio Giuseppe , Silva Artur M. S. , Nicotra Francesco , La Ferla Barbara
Published: January 2015

Key precursors (I), (VI), and (IX) (prepared from commercially available methylglucopyranoside) undergo ring‐closing metathesis to form gluco‐fused bicyclic compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Microwave Assisted Protocol for Yonemitsu‐Type Trimolecular Condensation.
Authors: Viola Angelo , Ferrazzano Lucia , Martelli Giulia , Ancona Sebastiano , Gentilucci Luca , Tolomelli Alessandra
Published: January 2015

The synthesis of products (IV), (VI) and (VIII), which are obtained as a 60:40 mixture of diastereomers, is accompanied by the formation of significant amounts of bis‐indolated product and non‐reacted starting material.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Suzuki—Miyaura Monocouplings with Symmetrical Dibromoarenes and Aryl Ditriflates for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Triaryls.
Authors: Minard Corinne , Palacio Carole , Cariou Kevin , Dodd Robert H.
Published: January 2015

A highly selective and efficient method for the monoarylation of symmetric dibromo and ditriflate aryl compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis‐Acid‐Catalyzed Benzylic Reactions of 2‐Methylazaarenes with Aldehydes.
Authors: Mao Dan , Hong Gang , Wu Shengying , Liu Xin , Yu Jianjun , Wang Limin
Published: January 2015

The title reaction gives access to 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethanols and exclusively the E‐isomer of vinyl pyridines depending on the employed Lewis acid in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐ and Palladium‐Cocatalyzed Intramolecular C—H Functionalization/C—N Bond Formation: A Route to the Synthesis of Indoloisoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Hazra Somjit , Mondal Biplab , Rahaman Habibur , Roy Brindaban
Published: January 2015

The C3‐arylation of indoles (I) with bromide (II) followed by Pd/Cu‐catalyzed cyclization of resulting aldoximes (III) leads to desired indoloisoquinolines (IV) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneously Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines using 2‐Aminopyridines and Ketones under Ligand‐ and Additive‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Meng Xu , Wang Yanmin , Yu Chaoying , Zhao Peiqing
Published: January 2015

CuCl2 supported on TiO2 nanopowder efficiently catalyzes the aerobic oxidative cyclization reaction of 2‐aminopyridine derivatives and ketones to give imidazopyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated C—H Bond Functionalization: One‐Pot to Construct Substituted Indolizines from 2‐Alkylazaarenes with Alkynes.
Authors: Tan Xian‐chun , Liang Ying , Bao Fang‐ping , Wang Heng‐shan , Pan Ying‐ming
Published: January 2015

The reaction between (Ia) and the aliphatic alkynes oct‐1‐yne or oct‐4‐yne yields the corresponding products in trace amounts only.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Activation of Cyclobutanones and Olefins Leads to Bridged Ring Systems by a Catalytic [4 + 2] Coupling.
Authors: Ko Haye Min , Dong Guangbin
Published: January 2015

A Rh‐catalyzed intramolecular Diels—Alder reaction of cyclobutanones tethered with an olefin leads to a variety of bicyclic ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Troeger′s Bases Bearing Groups Sensitive to Reduction.
Authors: Havlik Martin , Dolensky Bohumil , Jakubek Milan , Kral Vladimir
Published: January 2015

A simple procedure is elaborated for the preparation of Troeger′s bases (VI) and (XI) by reaction of N‐Boc‐monoprotected diamines (IV) and (X) with paraformaldehyde in TFA.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Base Catalysts for the Chemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide to Quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones.
Authors: Zhao Ya‐Nan , Yu Bing , Yang Zhen‐Zhen , He Liang‐Nian
Published: January 2015

1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene‐functionalized Fe3O4 is found to be an efficient and recyclable magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of various quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones (III) by fixation of CO2 with 2‐aminobenzonitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Scandium‐Catalyzed Tandem Selective Oxirane Ring‐Opening/Friedel—Crafts Alkylation: A Facile Access to [1,4]Oxazino[4,3‐a]indoles and 3,4‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]oxazines.
Authors: Wei Lai , Liu Lu , Zhang Junliang
Published: January 2015

Indole and pyrrole oxiranes are converted to oxazines in the presence of scandium triflate in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Oxathiane and 1,4‐Thiomorpholine Derivatives.
Authors: Samzadeh‐Kermani Alireza
Published: January 2015

Attempts to prepare the spirocyclic product (XI) fail.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 11‐Aza‐artemisinin Derivatives Using the Ugi Reaction and an Evaluation of Their Antimalarial Activity.
Authors: Nguyen Le Thanh , De Borggraeve Wim M. , Grellier Philippe , Pham Van Cuong , Dehaen Wim , Nguyen Van Hung
Published: January 2015

Ugi reaction of 11‐aza‐artemisinin with amines, paraformaldehyde and benzyl isocyanide provides the adducts (V).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Addition of Silyl Enol Ethers to Nitrones Catalyzed by Mesoporous Aluminosilicate.
Authors: Ito Suguru , Kubota Yoshihiro , Asami Masatoshi
Published: January 2015

An additional experiment reveals that the silylenolether reacts with the nitrone chemoselectively even in the presence of aldehydes or acetals.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to the Selenobromination of Aryl(thienyl)alkynes: Access to 3‐Bromobenzo[b]selenophenes and Selenophenothiophenes.
Authors: Paegle Edgars , Belyakov Sergey , Arsenyan Pavel
Published: January 2015

A novel method for the cyclization of phenylalkyne derivatives (I) and (III) by selenobromination is developed to produce a variety of 3‐bromobenzo[b]selenophenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Torgov Cyclization: A Concise Total Synthesis of (+)‐Estrone.
Authors: Prevost Sebastien , Dupre Nathalie , Leutzsch Markus , Wang Qinggang , Wakchaure Vijay , List Benjamin
Published: January 2015

The highly Broensted acidic catalyst BIAC is used in the title reaction to produce various steroid derivatives and analogous ring systems under slightly modified conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Access to α‐Substituted Functional Aspartic Acid Derivatives by a [3 + 2] Strategy Employing a Chiral Dienophile.
Authors: Ben Ayed Kawther , Beauchard Anne , Poisson Jean‐Francois , Py Sandrine , Laurent Mathieu Y. , Martel Arnaud , Ammar Houcine , Abid Souhir , Dujardin Gilles
Published: January 2015

The first example of a high facial selective [3 + 2] cycloaddition employing chiral vinyl ethers as dipolarophile and nitrones as dipoles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation, Structure Determination and Cytotoxicity Studies of Tryptophan Alkaloids from an Australian Marine Sponge Hyrtios sp.
Authors: Khokhar Shahan , Feng Yunjiang , Campitelli Marc R. , Ekins Merrick G. , Hooper John N. A. , Beattie Karren D. , Sadowski Martin C. , Nelson Colleen C. , Davis Rohan A.
Published: January 2015

Two new tryptophan alkaloids, 6‐oxofascaplysin (I) and secofascaplysic acid (II), are isolated together with the known metabolites fascaplysin and reticulatate.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Preparation and Magnetic Properties of NaFeSi2O6: Nanowires vs Bulk Samples.
Authors: Zhou Shiliang , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Kemei Moureen C. , Sougrati Moulay T. , Mecklenburg Matthew , Melot Brent C.
Published: January 2015

The title nanowires are hydrothermally synthesized with a yield of several hundred milligrams from aqueous mixtures of Fe(NO3)3, SiO2, and NaOH (autoclave, 160—220 °C, 14 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Temperature Magnetism in the Honeycomb Systems SrLn2O4 (Review Article)
Authors: Petrenko O. A.
Published: January 2015

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of Gas‐Solid Reactions Using in situ Powder X‐Ray Diffraction.
Authors: Moeller Kasper T. , Hansen Bjarne R. S. , Dippel Ann‐Christin , Joergensen Jens‐Erik , Jensen Torben R.
Published: January 2015

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synchrotron Soft X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Carbon and Silicon Nanostructures for Energy Applications.
Authors: Zhong Jun , Zhang Hui , Sun Xuhui , Lee Shuit‐Tong
Published: January 2015

Review: 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Polymetallic Lanthanide Complexes as Dual Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging
Authors: Debroye Elke , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N.
Published: January 2015

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Barbituric Acids as a Useful Tool for the Construction of Coordination and Supramolecular Compounds
Authors: Mahmudov Kamran T. , Kopylovich Maximilian N. , Maharramov Abel M. , Kurbanova Malahat M. , Gurbanov Atash V. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: January 2015

Review: 234 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Design of Magnetic Metal‐organic Complexes and Coordination Polymers with Spin‐switchable Functionalities
Authors: Saha‐Dasgupta Tanusri , Oppeneer Peter M.
Published: January 2015

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Nanostructures Based on Aromatic Peptide Amphiphiles
Authors: Fleming Scott , Ulijn Rein V.
Published: January 2015

Review: 309 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perspective on Ruthenium—Copper‐Mediated Dehydrogenative C—N Bond Formation
Authors: Biafora Agostino , Patureau Frederic W.
Published: January 2015

Review: [16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of gem‐Difluoromethylenated Compounds Employing α,α‐Difluoro‐α‐phenylsulfanyl‐α‐trimethylsilylme thane (PhSCF2SiM3) as a gem‐Difluoromethylene Building Block
Authors: Soorukram Darunee , Kuhakarn Chutima , Reutrakul Vichai , Pohmakotr Manat
Published: January 2015

Review: [23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Biology and Synthesis of α‐Hydroxytropolones
Authors: Meck Christine , D'Erasmo Michael P. , Hirsch Danielle R. , Murelli Ryan P.
Published: January 2015

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tricyclic Quinazoline Alkaloids: Isolation, Synthesis, Chemical Modification, and Biological Activity
Authors: Shakhidoyatov Kh. M. , Elmuradov B. Zh.
Published: January 2015

Review: results of the last 15‐20 years201 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Homochiral Mono‐ and Bis‐phosphine Ligands for Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Carey Joseph V.
Published: January 2015

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mini‐Review: Calixarene Liquid Crystals
Authors: Yang Fafu , Guo Hongyu , Vicens Jacques
Published: January 2015

Review: synthesis and mesomorphic properties; 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbene Stability
Authors: Gronert Scott , Keeffe James R. , More O'Ferrall Rory A.
Published: January 2015

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Mediated Carbene Transfer Reactions
Authors: Cui Xin , Zhang X. Peter
Published: January 2015

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Automated Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis to Obtain Therapeutic Peptides
Authors: Maede Veronika , Els‐Heindl Sylvia , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: January 2015

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Lopez Fernando , Mascarenas Jose L.
Published: January 2015

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of 1,3‐Butadiynes: Efficient Synthesis of Carbo and Heterocycles
Authors: Nizami Tauqir A. , Hua Ruimao
Published: January 2015

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Chemistry of γ‐Lactams. Part 1. Synthesis Starting from Acyclic or Cyclic Precursors
Authors: Martelli Gianluca , Orena Mario , Rinaldi Samuele
Published: January 2015

Review: synthetic strategies published between 2001 and 2013; 522 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Recognition of Caffeine in Solution and Solid State
Authors: Sahoo Prithidipa
Published: January 2015

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review on Recent Developments of Indole‐Containing Antiviral Agents
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Zhi , Chen Qiong , Yang Guang‐Fu
Published: January 2015

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Comprehensive Review in Current Developments of Benzothiazole‐Based Molecules in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Keri Rangappa S. , Patil Mahadeo R. , Patil Siddappa A. , Budagumpi Srinivasa
Published: January 2015

Review: 294 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Monolithic Cells for Solar Fuels.
Authors: Ronge Jan , Bosserez Tom , Martel David , Nervi Carlo , Boarino Luca , Taulelle Francis , Decher Gero , Bordiga Silvia , Martens Johan A.
Published: January 2015

Review: design of photoelectrochemical cells that combine water oxidation and CO2 reduction; 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solubility Enhancement Techniques with Special Emphasis on Cyclodextrin Nanosponges: a Review
Authors: Rode Sharad D. , Salunke Sangram U. , Motarwar Sagar V. , Bhutekar Sachin K. , Bahirat Santosh P.
Published: January 2015

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Detection Near Surfaces and Shallow Interfaces with Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis
Authors: Wilde Markus , Fukutani Katsuyuki
Published: January 2015

Review: 783 refs.
Gene expression profiling of Ewing sarcoma tumours reveals the prognostic importance of tumour–stromal interactions: a report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Volchenboum Samuel L. , Andrade Jorge , Huang Lei , Barkauskas Donald A. , Krailo Mark , Womer Richard B. , Ranft Andreas , Potratz Jenny , Dirksen Uta , Triche Timothy J. , Lawlor Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2015

Relapse of Ewing sarcoma (ES) can occur months or years after initial remission, and salvage therapy for relapsed disease is usually ineffective. Thus, there is great need to develop biomarkers that can predict which patients are at risk for relapse so that therapy and post‐therapy evaluation can be adjusted accordingly. For this study, we performed whole genome expression profiling on two independent cohorts of clinically annotated ES tumours in an effort to identify and validate prognostic gene signatures. ES specimens were obtained from the Children's Oncology Group and whole genome expression profiling performed using Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST arrays. Lists of differentially expressed genes between survivors and non‐survivors were used to identify prognostic gene signatures. An independent cohort of tumours from the Euro‐Ewing cooperative group was similarly analysed as a validation cohort. Unsupervised clustering of gene expression data failed to segregate tumours based on outcome. Supervised analysis of survivors versus non‐survivors revealed a small number of differentially expressed genes and several statistically significant gene signatures. Gene‐specific enrichment analysis demonstrated that integrin and chemokine genes were associated with survival in tumours where stromal contamination was present. Tumours that did not harbour stromal contamination showed no association of any genes or pathways with clinical outcome. Our results reflect the challenges of performing RNA‐based assays on archived bone tumour specimens. In addition, they reveal a key role for tumour stroma in determining ES prognosis. Future biological and clinical investigations should focus on elucidating the contribution of tumour:micro‐environment interactions on ES progression and response to therapy.
Distribution of the creatine transporter throughout the human brain reveals a spectrum of creatine transporter immunoreactivity
Authors: Lowe Matthew T.J. , Faull Richard L.M. , Christie David L. , Waldvogel Henry J.
Published: January 2015

Creatine is a molecule that supports energy metabolism in cells. It is carried across the plasma membrane by the creatine transporter. There has been recent interest in creatine for its neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases and its potential as a therapeutic agent. This study represents the first systematic investigation of the distribution of the creatine transporter in the human brain. We have used immunohistochemical techniques to map out its location and the intensity of staining. The transporter was found to be strongly expressed, especially in the large projection neurons of the brain and spinal cord. These include the pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex, and motor neurons of the somatic motor and visceromotor cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Many other neurons in the brain also had some degree of creatine transporter immunoreactivity. By contrast, the medium spiny neurons of the striatum and the catecholaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus, which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, showed a very low to almost absent level of immunoreactivity for the transporter. We propose that the distribution may reflect the energy consumption by different cell types and that the extent of creatine transporter expression is proportional to the cell's energy requirements. Furthermore, the distribution indicates that supplemented creatine would be widely taken up by brain cells, although possibly less by those cells that degenerate in Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:699–725, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beware of too much fine print for study‐abroad experiences
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: January 2015

Ships sailing the Mediterranean, classes held in a remote village, Oktoberfest celebrations in Germany, and Machu Picchu explorations led by an archeology professor. These are the images of international travel that entice students to enhance their academic experience through study abroad.
Early development of the neural plate: New roles for apoptosis and for one of its main effectors caspase‐3
Authors: Juraver‐Geslin Hugo A. , Durand Béatrice C.
Published: January 2015

Despite its tremendous complexity, the vertebrate nervous system emerges from a homogenous layer of neuroepithelial cells, the neural plate. Its formation relies on the time‐ and space‐controlled progression of developmental programs. Apoptosis is a biological process that removes superfluous and potentially dangerous cells and is implemented through the activation of a molecular pathway conserved during evolution. Apoptosis and an unconventional function of one of its main effectors, caspase‐3, contribute to the patterning and growth of the neuroepithelium. Little is known about the intrinsic and extrinsic cues controlling activities of the apoptotic machinery during development. The BarH‐like (Barhl) proteins are homeodomain‐containing transcription factors. The observations in Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus, and mice document that Barhl proteins act in cell survival and as cell type‐specific regulators of a caspase‐3 function that limits neural progenitor proliferation. In this review, we discuss the roles and regulatory modes of the apoptotic machinery in the development of the neural plate. We focus on the Barhl2, the Sonic Hedgehog, and the Wnt pathways and their activities in neural progenitor survival and proliferation. genesis 53:203–224, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender‐specific plasma proteomic biomarkers in patients with Anderson–Fabry disease
Authors: Hollander Zsuzsanna , Dai Darlene L.Y. , Putko Brendan N. , Yogasundaram Haran , Wilson‐McManus Janet E. , Thompson Richard B. , Khan Aneal , West Michael L. , McManus Bruce M. , Oudit Gavin Y.
Published: January 2015

Aims

Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is an important X‐linked metabolic disease resulting in progressive end‐organ involvement, with cardiac disease being the dominant determinant of survival in a gender‐dependent manner. Recent epidemiological screening for AFD suggests the prevalence is much higher than previously recognized, with estimates of 1:3000. Our aim was to discover novel plasma biomarker signatures in adult patients with AFD.

Methods and results

We used an unbiased proteomic screening approach to discover novel plasma biomarker signatures. In the discovery cohort of 46 subjects, 14 healthy controls and 32 patients with AFD, we used a mass spectrometry iTRAQ proteomic approach followed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assays to identify biomarkers. Of the 38 protein groups discovered by iTRAQ, 18 already had existing MRM assays. Based on MRM, we identified an eight‐protein biomarker panel (22 kDa protein, afamin, α1 antichymotrypsin, apolipoprotein E, β‐Ala His dipeptidase, haemoglobin α‐2, isoform 1 of sex hormone‐binding globulin, and peroxiredoxin 2) that was very specific and sensitive for male AFD patients. In female AFD patients, we identified a nine‐marker panel of proteins with only three proteins, apolipoprotein E, haemoglobin α‐2, and peroxiredoxin 2, common to both genders, suggesting a gender‐specific alteration in plasma biomarkers in patients with AFD. The biomarkers were validated in plasma samples from 48 subjects using MRM, and they performed inferiorly in patients with heart failure.

Conclusions

We have identified gender‐specific plasma protein biomarker panels that are specific and sensitive for the AFD phenotype. The gender‐specific panels offer important insight into potential differences in pathophysiology and prognosis between males and females with AFD.
2015 to Be the Year of Final Air‐Quality Regulations
Authors: McGuffey Carroll W. “Mack”
Published: January 2015

For those tracking air‐quality regulations, 2014 could take the title “Year of Proposals.” The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed several unprecedented regulatory actions over the course of the year, and even planned to issue a few more as the clock ticked down in December. All of those proposals means that the EPA will likely spend most of next year reviewing all of the millions of comments submitted by the public, making what tweaks to the proposed regulations that it finds appropriate, and releasing those regulations in final form. As a result, 2015 will likely become the “Year of Final Regulations.”
EPA Proposes Eliminating State Regulations as to Start‐up, Shutdown, and Malfunction Emissions
Authors: Rosen Julie A. , Sanderson James W.
Published: January 2015

Operating conditions during periods of start‐up, shutdown, and malfunction (SSM) are not normal and often result in unrepresentative emissions that exceed permitted limitations.1 To account for this, the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) policy concerning exceedances during SSM activities has historically provided that certain exceedances during SSM should not be subject to civil penalties, provided the exceedances are unavoidable and certain other conditions are met. For decades, the EPA has approved state implementation plans (SIPs) containing “civil penalty shields,” also known as affirmative defenses, for unavoidable exceedances during SSM.
Power Pushing to the Periphery, Threatening Stability of US Utilities
Authors: Kelly‐Detwiler Peter
Published: January 2015

By now, many observers have heard the phrase “the utility death spiral.”
Thirteen Stages in Wind and Solar Plant Development
Authors: Dehdashti Eddie S.
Published: January 2015

Renewable electric power plant development is one of the fastest‐growing industries in the United States and the world. There are a significant number of investors that are entering this market, some with and some without prior energy industry experience. Developers, especially those without energy industry experience, can potentially commit serious mistakes and waste millions of dollars in their initial investment. This is primarily because interfacing with electric utilities is not a well‐understood process and does not readily conform to general experience or common sense.
FERC Winter Outlook Shows Increased Pipeline Build‐Out, Is Weather‐Related
Authors:   FERC Staff (Young‐Allen)
Published: January 2015

Conditions going into the winter are mixed for natural gas and electricity markets. The US natural gas market is amply supplied, with production continuing to break records. Following last winter's polar vortex, natural gas pipelines, electric utilities, regional transmission organizations (RTOs), and independent system operators (ISOs), as well as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), have taken a number of measures to improve system reliability.
Human leukocyte antigen‐G polymorphisms influence the clinical outcome in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Bielska Marta , Bojo Marcin , Klimkiewicz‐Wojciechowska Gabriela , Jesionek‐Kupnicka Dorota , Borowiec Maciej , Kalinka‐Warzocha Ewa , Prochorec‐Sobieszek Monika , Robak Tadeusz , Warzocha Krzysztof , Młynarski Wojciech , Lech‐Maranda Ewa
Published: January 2015

The role of HLA‐G is extensively studied in cancer due to its inhibition of the immune response. Several polymorphisms in the HLA‐G gene have been reported to significantly affect its expression. We, therefore, investigated whether functionally relevant HLA‐G polymorphisms, HLA‐G‐725C/G/T, and HLA‐G 14‐base pair, have any influence on the susceptibility to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and its clinical course. The polymorphisms were genotyped in 207 previously untreated patients with DLBCL and 150 unrelated controls. A significant difference in genotype distribution of HLA‐G polymorphic genotypes between the patients and controls was found. The frequencies of the HLA‐G−725GG or the HLA‐G−725GC genotype were lower, and those of the HLA‐G ins/ins genotype were higher in the patients compared with the controls. Patients carrying the HLA‐G‐725CC genotype presented a higher probability of overall survival (OS) than subjects with other genotype combinations of HLA‐G‐725C/G/T (P = 0.003). The homozygous HLA‐G del/del had a lower probability of OS than subjects carrying the HLA‐G deletion/insertion (del/ins) or the HLA‐G ins/ins genotype (P = 0.009). Two HLA‐G genotype‐based risk groups were defined according to the genotype distribution. The high‐risk (HR) group presented a shorter OS than low‐risk (LR) patients (P = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis adjusted for International Prognostic Index (IPI) factors, both the intermediate high/high IPI‐risk group (P < 0.0001) and the HR genotype group (P = 0.004) independently increased the risk of death. This is the first study indicating an important role of HLA‐G polymorphisms for the clinical course of DLBCL. The potential influence of HLA‐G polymorphisms on the susceptibility to DLBCL thus deserves further study. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting osteopontin suppresses glioblastoma stem‐like cell character and tumorigenicity in vivo
Authors: Lamour Virginie , Henry Aurélie , Kroonen Jérôme , Nokin Marie‐Julie , von Marschall Zofia , Fisher Larry W. , Chau Tieu‐Lan , Chariot Alain , Sanson Marc , Delattre Jean‐Yves , Turtoi Andrei , Peulen Olivier , Rogister Bernard , Castronovo Vincent , Bellahcène Akeila
Published: January 2015

Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted protein involved in most aspects of tumor progression and metastasis development. Elevated OPN expression has been reported in multiple types of cancer including glioblastoma (GBM), the highest grade and most aggressive brain tumor. GBMs contain a subpopulation of glioma‐initiating cells (GICs) implicated in progression, therapeutic resistance and recurrence. We have previously demonstrated that OPN silencing inhibited GBM cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, activation of CD44 signaling upon OPN ligation has been recently implicated in the acquisition of a stem cell phenotype by GBM cells. The present study is aimed to explore OPN autocrine function using shRNA silencing strategy in GICs enriched from GBM cell lines and a human primary GBM grown in EGF and bFGF defined medium. The removal of these growth factors and addition of serum induced a significant loss of OPN expression in GICs. We showed that OPN‐silenced GICs were unable to grow as spheres and this capacity was restored by exogenous OPN. Importantly, the expression of Sox2, Oct3/4 and Nanog, key stemness transcription factors, was significantly decreased in GICs upon OPN targeting. We identified Akt/mTOR/p70S6K as the main signaling pathway triggered following OPN‐mediated EGFR activation in GICs. Finally, in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model, the tumorigenic potential of U87‐MG sphere cells was completely abrogated upon OPN silencing. Our demonstration of endogenous OPN major regulatory effects on GICs stemness phenotype and tumorigenicity implies a greater role than anticipated for OPN in GBM pathogenesis from initiation and progression to probable recurrence.
What Can We Learn From Great Business Leaders?
Authors: Silva Alberto
Published: January 2015

There are many leadership lessons that can be extracted from the lives of great business leaders like John D. Rockefeller, Henry Ford, Alfred Sloan, Sam Walton, Jack Welch, A. G. Lafley, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates. Although different in personality and style, these leaders showed talent at a very young age, persevered in achieving their goals, surrounded themselves with the best people they could, worked hard and with great discipline, had great confidence in themselves, and were creative and innovative in managing their businesses.
Entrepreneurial Leadership of Social Enterprises: Challenges and Skills for Embracing Paradoxes
Authors: Tian Yunhe (Evelyn) , Smith Wendy K.
Published: January 2015

Social entrepreneurs seek to improve the world through revenue generating businesses. Their resulting social enterprises have much in common with commercial ventures. However, striving to fulfill a social mission is associated with goals, missions, and stakeholders that can be inconsistent with seeking profit, creating strategic paradoxes, and fostering distinct challenges for social entrepreneurs. The current articles aims to advance current understandings of entrepreneurial leadership by identifying unique challenges and necessary leadership skills for social entrepreneurs.
Osteology and ontogeny of the wrymouths, genus Cryptacanthodes (Cottiformes: Zoarcoidei: Cryptacanthodidae)
Authors: Schnell Nalani K. , Hilton Eric J.
Published: January 2015

Cover illustration. Cryptacanthodes maculatus (Cryptacanthodidae), caudal skeleton. Cryptacanthodidae are eel‐like, burrowing fishes distributed in the cold‐temperate coastal waters of the North Pacific and the western North Atlantic. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Schnell and Hilton (pp. 185–208 10.1002/jmor.20331) describe the osteology and aspects of the ontogenetic skeletal development of two Cryptacanthodes species and discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Cryptacanthodidae among other zoarcoid families.
On the controlling factors for the variability of carbon dioxide flux in a heterogeneous urban environment
Authors: Lietzke Björn , Vogt Roland , Feigenwinter Christian , Parlow Eberhard
Published: January 2015

Local heterogeneity of CO2 sources and sinks is a key factor for the variability of carbon dioxide flux (FC) in urban areas. Information on the urban structure around a site, especially the related emission characteristics, is thus of great importance to the understanding of observed FC. Strong spatially confined sources like major roads inhibit a direct correlation of FC to area‐averaged features of the urban structure and may lead to a heavily biased signal.

Four years of FC measured at Basel Aeschenplatz, Switzerland, are analysed with respect to the controlling factors and the cause for variability on different time scales. The source area is segregated into equal sectors to address heterogeneous emission patterns. Residential areas to the east are bordered by business areas and major roads to the west, which leads to a fundamental dependence of FC on wind direction. Besides, its diurnal course is explainable with traffic emissions while its annual course follows heating‐related combustion emissions. Vegetation fraction is rather considered to be an indicator for urban land use types (residential/business) and the attributable emission characteristics than to be a measure for biological sink effects. Inter‐annual variability occurs as a result of anomalies in wind direction patterns or air temperature. Average yearly FC is 16.4 µmol m–2s–1 with slight variations (±0.55 µmol m–2s–1) over the 4 years. It likely originates from an average of 70% traffic and 30% heating‐related emissions with significant sectoral differences.

As a continuous measure for the emissions of each sector, the expected CO2 flux (eFC) per sector is introduced, leading to an enhanced comparability. Relating sectoral eFC instead of FC to urban surface fractions of buildings and vegetation results in a better agreement (also with data from other studies).
Simultaneous determination of tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin, and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid residues in gherkin under field conditions
Authors: Paramasivam Mariappan , Selvi Chellamuthu , Deepa Manthirachalam , Jayaprakash Samiyannan A. , Chandrasekaran Subramanian
Published: January 2015

A rapid, simple, and selective analytical method for the simultaneous determination of tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin, and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid residues in gherkin and soil was developed and validated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction with primary secondary amine sorbent. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.05 mg/kg for all three compounds. The method was validated using blank samples spiked at three levels and recoveries ranged from 83.5 to 103.8% with a relative standard deviation of 1.2 to 4.8%. The developed method was validated and applied for the analysis of a degradation study sample. The residues of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole were found to dissipate following first‐order kinetics with half‐life ranging between 3.31–3.38 and 3.0–3.04 days, respectively, for two different dosages. Pesticide residues were below the European Union maximum residue level after seven days for trifloxystrobin (0.2 mg/kg) and ten days for tebuconazole (0.05 mg/kg), which suggested the use of this fungicide mixture to be safe to humans. These results can be utilized in formulating the spray schedule and safety evaluation on trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in gherkin crop.
Preparation of 17β‐estradiol‐imprinted material by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and its application
Authors: Gong Yanru , Niu Yuling , Gong Xiaohan , Ma Meihua , Ren Xiaowei , Zhu Weihua , Luo Ruiming , Gong Bolin
Published: January 2015

A novel 17β‐estradiol molecularly imprinted polymer was grafted onto the surface of initiator‐immobilized silica by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The resulting molecularly imprinted polymer was characterized by elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The binding property of molecularly imprinted polymer for 17β‐estradiol was also studied with both static and dynamic methods. The results showed that the molecularly imprinted polymer possessed excellent recognition capacity for 17β‐estradiol (180.65 mg/g at 298 K), and also exhibited outstanding selectivity for 17β‐estradiol over the other competitive compounds (such as testosterone and progesterone). Then, the determination of trace 17β‐estradiol in beef samples was successfully developed by using molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography. The limit of detection was 0.25 ng/mL, and the amount of 17β‐estradiol in beef samples was detected at 2.83 ng/g. This work proposed a sensitive, rapid, reliable, and convenient approach for the determination of trace 17β‐estradiol in complicated beef samples.
Design Knowledge Protection of Design Process Orientation and Law Object Orientation
Authors: Chen Rain
Published: January 2015

The design process determines not only whether a product can be successfully developed but also the sequence of design tasks of designers as well as the resource inputs and design outputs of a company directly. Nonetheless, designers are often unaware of the importance of legal protection of design during the design process, and consequently, the infringement of the intellectual property of others is often unrealized until the mass production stage. In the study, the researchers used design process theory modeling and practical design processes to draw out a standard product design process and to determine the check points of intellectual property rights of design process orientation (DPO) and law object orientation (LOO). DPO, on the one hand, is design process based and allows companies to search for legal protection and suggestions according to a specific design process. LOO, on the other hand, is law object based and allows companies to quickly identify the required intellectual property laws and design knowledge protection suggestions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on Electrical Properties of Hybrid Polymeric Gate Dielectrics for Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Dastan Davoud , Gosavi Suresh W. , Chaure Nandu B.
Published: January 2015

The miniaturization of field effect transistor (FET) has been reached to the saturation due to further decrease in the thickness of SiO2 gate dielectrics. The polymeric gate dielectrics have been attracted considerable attention to the development of organic field effect transistors onto indium tin‐oxide (ITO) substrates. The polymeric gate dielectrics such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Poly‐4‐vinylphenol (PVP) have low dielectric constants; however by introducing inorganic oxides, viz TiO2, ZnO, HfO etc, the dielectric constant can be increased. The PVA cross linked with ammonium dichromate (PVAad) was spun onto ITO substrates. TiO2 nanoparticles were incorporated into PVAad solution and the resultant films were irradiated by ultraviolet irradiation for different time durations. PVA/TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) hybrid composite thin films were prepared using sol‐gel spin coating technique. TiO2 NPs were prepared using different surfactants such as acetic acid (AA), oleic acid (OA), oley amine (OM), and a mixture of OA/OM by solvothermal route. MIS (ITO/ (PVA + TiO2)/Au) structure was fabricated by evaporatoring Au electrode. The electrical measurements, capacitance‐voltage (C‐V) measurements were performed using two probe measurement setup. We found that the dielectric constant of PVA + TiO2 film was systematically tailored from (2 – 3.4) for PVA to approximately (5.6–6.9) for PVA + TiO2 nanoparticles.
Aggregation of ZnO Nanocrystallites Using Polyol Process for Dye (Reactive Red) Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Inamdar Yusuf , Beedri Niyamat , Kodam Kisan , Shaikh Arif , Pathan Habib
Published: January 2015

In the present study, ZnO has been successfully synthesized using polyol mediated process at low temperature and doctor blade method was adopted for photoelectrode preparation. The ZnO samples possesses network of aggregated sphere like morphology having crystallite size around 15 nm. The surface morphology and crystal structure were characterized by using Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray Diffraction, respectively. Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) using ZnO photoanode is fabricated and characterized. The low cost organic textile dye (reactive red 141) used as a sensitizer in the fabrication of DSSC. The absorbance spectra of this dye have been investigated by UV‐visible spectrophotometry. Photovoltaic parameters such as short circuit current density Jsc, open circuit voltage Voc and Fill Factor were determined.
Formulation and Characterization of Propranolol Nanoparticles for Transmucosal Nasal Drug Delivery
Authors: Nag Payal , Rajput Rashi , Dhaliwal Sonam , Kumar Sachin , Prajapat Deepak , Singh Manisha
Published: January 2015

Essential hypertension remains a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) despite important advances in our understanding of its pathophysiology and the availability of effective treatment strategies. Available evidences and researches favour the utility of non selective beta‐adrenergic receptor blocking agents. Propranolol belongs to this class and is indicated for treatment of hypertension. Owing to its low bioavailability (26%) and extensive hepatic metabolism, reduction in absorption and elaborative side effects in patients, it is not assumed as an ideal drug candidate for oral drug delivery. Hence, it would be beneficial if it is given through an alternate route, bypassing gastro‐ intestinal degradation, for faster therapeutic effect, enhanced bioavailability and less dosage. To address these issues, transmucosal nasal drug delivery promises as an interesting alternative. The objective of this study was to develop propranolol nanoparticles for transmucosal nasal drug delivery through ionic gelation method. The Particle size analysis, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies confirmed a nanometric size range of nanoparticles below 200 nm, with nearly spherical morphology. Moreover, rheological parameters indicated a good stability of the optimised nanoparticle formulation. In‐vitro drug release and cytotoxicity results showed sustained release of the drug till 24 hours along with less cytotoxicity.
Photo Luminescence (PL) and Electroluminescence (EL) Spectra in ZnS: Dy and ZnS:(Mn,Dy) Phosphors
Authors: Mishra A.K. , Mishra S.K. , Pandey S.P. , Mishra Kshama Lakshmi
Published: January 2015

ZnS:Dy and (ZnS:Mn,Dy) phosphors have been prepared in an inert atmosphere of pure nitrogen gas at about (950 ± 20) °C. The photo luminescent (PL) and electroluminescent (EL) and spectra of these phosphors have been studied at room temperature. The purpose of this work is to know in what ways the spectraal characteristics of ZnS phosphors are affected by the introduction of Dy3+ and Mn2+ ions and also to determine unambiguously the electronic transitions involved in the energy transfer.
Band Gap Tailoring of Ni Doped Ternary Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Sahu Mitali , Singh Pramod K. , Pandey S. P. , Bhattacharya B.
Published: January 2015

Present paper reports the modification in band gap and structure of CdS(∼2.4 eV) and formation of a new ternary semiconducting material. The band gap tailoring is done by preparing a mixed lattice with different concentration of a low‐band‐gap material, NiS­­ (∼0.8 eV), which leads to the formation of new set of materials. New ternary, having tunable band gap has potential application in photovoltaic devices. The optical‐absorption studies showed shift in band edge towards higher wavelength. The band gap calculation was done using Tauc relation, which showed that with variation of x in Cd(1‐x)NixS, band gap could be tailored as low as ∼1.7 eV for x = 0.05. Larger concentration of Ni may yield further shift in band gap.