bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis masquerading as interstitial pneumonia in a 66-year-old man: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Makol Ashima , Kosuri Kalyan , Tamkus Deimante , de M Calaca Wanderley , Chang Howard T
Published: September 2009

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LG) is a rare, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated systemic angiodestructive lymphoproliferative disorder that may progress to a diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Pulmonary involvement may mimic other more common lung pathologies including pneumonias. Therapeutic standards have not been established for LG, but rituximab, interferon-α2b (INF-α2b), and chemotherapy have shown to improve symptoms and long term prognosis.

We report a case of rapid respiratory deterioration in a 66-year-old man with clinical presentation, chest radiography, pulmonary function testing and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings consistent with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, but very poor response to antibiotics and low dose steroids. Lung biopsy showed histopathology consistent with LG that was confirmed by a positive in situ hybridization for Epstein - Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER). The patient was treated with rituximab and combination chemotherapy and showed significant initial clinical improvement with gradual resolution of abnormal findings on imaging. However, the patient developed pancytopenia as a complication of chemotherapy and died secondary to septic shock and renal failure that were refractory to medical management. Autopsy showed diffuse alveolar damage but no evidence of any residual LG within the lungs.

This case demonstrates that an open lung biopsy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical (VATS) biopsy is often necessary to rule out the presence of LG in order to determine the appropriate therapeutic strategy early in the course of illness to improve prognosis.
Der Zukunftsstaat: Carl Ballod's vision of a leisure-oriented socialism
Authors: Balabkins Nicholas W.
Published: September 2009

Nicholas Balabkins is Professor of Economics at Lehigh University.
Some Normative Aspects of the Malthusian Controversy
Authors: Levy David
Published: September 2009

David Levy is a senior economist with the National Planning Association in Washington, D.C.
Economists in Government: A Research Field for the Historian of Economics
Authors: Coats A. W.
Published: September 2009

A. W. Coats is Head of the Department of Economics and Social History of the University of Nottingham.
A Note Interpreting Cournot's Economics by his General Epistemology
Authors: Rhodes George F.
Published: September 2009

George F. Rhodes, Jr., is Assistant Professor of Economics at the Ohio State University, Columbus.
Patinkin, Keynes, and aggregate supply and demand analysis
Authors: Roberts David L.
Published: September 2009

The author is grateful to Paul Davidson and E. Roy Weintraub for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.
A Note on Money and Prices in Cassel's PPP Theory
Authors: Frenkel Jacob A.
Published: September 2009

I wish to acknowledge financial support from an NSF grant SOC78-14480. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NBER, Inc.
“A Private, Perhaps, but not a Major …”: The Reception of C. H. Douglas's Social Credit Ideas in Britain, 1919–1939
Authors: Dutton H. I. , King J. E.
Published: September 2009

H. I. Dutton died in May 1984. I am grateful for the comments of A. Charnley, A. W. Coats, R. D. Collison Black, S. Constantine, R. Dixon, T. Endres, M. C. Howard, M. B. Rose, M. P. Schneider, J. Taylor, and O. M. Westall. Responsibility for errors and opinions is entirely mine—J. E. K.: Dept. of Economics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4 YX England.
‘From Marx to Sraffa’: Comments on an Article by P. L. Porta
Authors: Dostaler Gilles
Published: September 2009

Translated by Margie Mendell, Concordia University.
Keynes and the Keynesian Cross: a Further Note, with a Reply by Daniel R. Fusfeld
Authors: Patinkin Don
Published: September 2009

All references to the writings of Keynes are to the new edition of his Collected writings. Specific volumes in these Writings will be referred to as, e. g., JMK XI, JMK XIII, and so forth. For convenience, the General theory will sometimes be further abbreviated to GT.
The Italian School of Public Finance at the Turn of the Twentieth Century and the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem
Authors: Toso Stefano
Published: September 2009

In conclusion, it seems to us that even M. de la Palisse could summarize with short and precise arguments the issue of whether, and when, public debts burden present or future generations.—Maffeo Pantaleoni, “Imposta e prestito in riguardo alla loro pressione”
The Preclassical Theory of Development: Increased Consumption Raises Productivity
Authors: Perrotta Cosimo
Published: September 2009

59. The author's name in brackets indicates that the first edition was anonyous.
Marxist Models of Cyclical Growth
Authors: Sherman Howard J.
Published: September 2009

The object of this article is to review the previous models and offer some new ones based on Marx's theories of national income, capital accumulation, growth, cycles, and cyclical growth. Marx did not anywhere put together his various discussions of these points in a systematic manner, let alone in formal models; so these are not direct translations, but derivations and extrapolations from his discussions and hints. It is suggested only that, by using Marx's insights, combined with the later technical developments of academic economics, one can imagine some consistent models and can say that these may be very fruitful even for modern theorists.
The “Classical Dichotomy” in Ricardian Economics
Authors: Akhtar M. A.
Published: September 2009

The author is greatly indebted to James L. Cochrane for invaluable comments on earlier versions of this article and for contributions in structuring the present draft. He is also indebted to two referees of this journal for critique and helpful suggestions.
A Quantitative Study of the Breakdown and Resurrection of the Monetary Tradition in Economics
Authors: Burghardt Galen
Published: September 2009

I wish to thank Thomas E. Borcherding, Donald F. Gordon, and J. Allan Hynes for invaluable aid, and I appreciate the comments of the anonymous readers.
Ricardo and the Iron Law: A Correction of the Record
Authors: Levy David
Published: September 2009

David Levy is Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Kansas.
Hume and Viner on the International Adjustment Mechanism
Authors: Staley Charles E.
Published: September 2009

Charles Staley is Associate Professor of Economics at the State University of New York, Stony Brook.
A Note on Dupuit's Bridges and the Theory of Marginal Cost Pricing
Authors: Abouchar Alan
Published: September 2009

Alan Abouchar is Professor of Economics at the University of Toronto.
Knut Wicksell's “The Two Population Questions”
Authors: Fong Monica S.
Published: September 2009

Monica Fong is Fellow of the East-West Population Institute in Honolulu.
Marginalism and Linear Economics East and West
Authors: Tintner Gerhard , Peek Peter
Published: September 2009

Gerhard Tintner, from the Institute für Ökonometrie in Vienna Technische Universität, writes: “This article, originally planned together with the late Dr. Eberhard Fels, is dedicated to his memory. We are much obliged to S. Gomulka (London), J. H. C. Olieveira (Buenos Aires), and A. Zauberman (London) for advice and criticism.” Peter Peek is with The International Labour Office in Geneva.
From the Years of High Theory: Frederik Zeuthen (1888–1959)
Authors: Brems Hans
Published: September 2009

Hans Brems was a student of Zeuthen's and is Professor of Economics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A less technical, more personal Danishlanguage account of Zeuthen's life and work will appear shortly in a volume on Danish economists from the mercantilists to the present day.
The U.S. Presidential Libraries and the History of Political Economy
Authors: Cochrane James L.
Published: September 2009

James L. Cochrane is an Associate Professor of Economics at the University of South Carolina.
New Light on Adam Smith's Glasgow Lectures on Jurisprudence
Authors: Meek Ronald L.
Published: September 2009

Ronald Meek is Tyler Professor of Economics at the University of Leicester.
Adam Smith's Heavenly City
Authors: Spiegel Henry W.
Published: September 2009

Henry W. Spiegel is Professor of Economics at the Catholic University of America.
Adam Smith's Economics of Politics
Authors: West E. G.
Published: September 2009

E. G. West is Professor of Economics at Carleton University, Ottawa, and now Visiting Professor of Economics at The Center for Study of Public Choice, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
The Economics of Adam Smith: Professor Hollander's Reappraisal
Authors: Moss Laurence S.
Published: September 2009

Laurence S. Moss is a Visiting Associate Professor of International Finance at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
Bank Runs and Institutions: The Perils of Intervention
Authors: Ennis Huberto M , Keister Todd
Published: September 2009

We study ex post efficient policy responses to a run on the banking system and the ex ante incentives these responses create. We show that the efficient response to a run is typically not to freeze all remaining deposits, since doing so imposes heavy costs on some individuals. Instead, once a run is underway, (benevolent) government institutions would allow additional deposit withdrawals, placing further strain on the banking system. When depositors anticipate these extra withdrawals, their incentive to participate in the run increases. In fact, ex post efficient interventions can generate the conditions necessary for a self-fulfilling run to occur. (JEL G21, G8)
Expectation Damages, Divisible Contracts, and Bilateral Investment
Authors: Ohlendorf Susanne
Published: September 2009

This paper examines the efficiency of expectation damages as a breach remedy in a bilateral trade setting with renegotiation and relationship-specific investment by the buyer and the seller. As demonstrated by Edlin and Reichelstein (1996), no contract that specifies only a fixed quantity and a fixed per-unit price can induce efficient investment if marginal cost is constant and deterministic. We show that this result does not extend to more general payoff functions. If both parties face the risk of breaching, the first best becomes attainable with a simple price-quantity contract. (JEL D86, K12)
Fetuin-A serum concentrations in healthy children
Authors: Wigger Marianne , Schaible Jan , Muscheites Jutta , Kundt Guenther , Haffner Dieter , Fischer Dagmar-Christiane
Published: September 2009

Background

Serum fetuin-A has been shown to be a strong risk marker for myocardial infarction/stroke in the general population, and has been associated with vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although these issues are worthy of being addressed in children and adolescents as well, adequate age- and gender-related reference values are missing.

Method

Within a healthy paediatric population ( n = 246), fetuin-A serum concentrations were determined (ELISA kit; Epitope Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA) essentially as described by the manufacturer. At the same time, serum protein and serum albumin were measured with established procedures (Beckman Coulter Inc., Krefeld, Germany). Subjects were stratified according to age (<1 yr [ n = 25], ≥1 and <6 yr [ n = 65], ≥6 and <12 yr [ n = 66], ≥12 yr and <16 [ n = 45] and ≥16 yr [ n = 45]), and both genders were equally distributed within each age cohort.

Results

Within each age cohort, fetuin-A serum concentrations were normally distributed, independent of age and gender and the respective reference range (mean ± 1.96 SD) is 0.22–0.70 g/L (0.46 ± 0.24 g/L).

Conclusion

Fetuin-A serum concentrations are independent of age and gender in a healthy paediatric population and are well comparable with those determined in adults with the same assay.
CSF levels of PSA and PSA–ACT complexes in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mulder Sandra D , Heijst Johannes A , Mulder Cees , Martens Frans , Hack C Erik , Scheltens Philip , Blankenstein Marinus A , Veerhuis Robert
Published: September 2009

Background

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that in serum, is predominantly found complexed to the serine protease inhibitor alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT). ACT co-localizes with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and both PSA and ACT are detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Therefore, we aimed to determine whether PSA is produced in the brain and whether PSA and PSA–ACT complex levels in CSF can be used as a biomarker for AD.

Methods

Levels of ACT and PSA–ACT were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in CSF and serum samples of AD ( n = 16), frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD) ( n = 19), mild cognitively impaired (MCI) patients ( n = 19) and controls ( n = 12). Total PSA was determined in a non-competitive immunoassay. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) for PSA was performed on postmortem hippocampus and temporal cortex specimens from control and AD cases.

Results

PSA is expressed in the brain, as detected by RT–PCR. PSA and PSA–ACT complexes were detectable in CSF of almost all male and only very few female subjects. The levels of PSA and PSA–ACT complexes in CSF did not differ between AD, FTLD, MCI and control groups. PSA CSF/serum quotients highly correlated with albumin CSF/serum quotients. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic radius of PSA was found to be 3 nm and the theoretical PSA quotient, derived from the Felgenhauer plot, corresponded well with the measured PSA quotient.

Conclusions

PSA is locally produced in the human brain; however, brain PSA hardly contributes to the CSF levels of PSA. PSA and PSA–ACT levels in CSF are not suitable as a biomarker for AD.
Using Gaming Environments to Support Cross-Cultural Role-Play
Authors: Pepe Aaron A. , Santarelli Thomas P.
Published: September 2009

Game-based simulations are being designed to portray the immersive experience of live role-play while providing a cost-effective, visually compelling, and easily accessible medium for military training. In this article, we discuss issues involved in using role-play for cultural training and describe a pilot study comparing live role-play versus role-play in a recently developed simulation environment. Developers of training involving role-play should realize (a) the importance of proper preparation for all involved and (b) the significance of the game-based interface in allowing the user to be able to convey and appreciate the cultural and interpersonal aspects of the interaction.
Cannabinoids for clinicians: the rise and fall of the cannabinoid antagonists
Authors: Butler Helen , Korbonits Márta
Published: September 2009

The endocannabinoid system has emerged as a significant player in the control of energy balance and metabolism, through its direct central and peripheral effects, as well as via its interaction with other appetite-regulating pathways. There is mounting evidence that the endocannabinoid system is overactive in obesity and were it possible to safely dampen-down the elevated endocannabinoid tone, lipid and carbohydrate profiles could be improved and weight loss induced. The series of randomised clinical trials showed reproducible beneficial effects on weight, HbA1c and lipid parameters, in addition to other cardiovascular risk factors. However, to date, clinical developments have been halted because of psychiatric side effects. Although recent evidence has highlighted the importance of an appetite-independent, peripheral mode of action, it is still unclear whether selectively blocking the peripheral system could potentially solve the problem of the central side effects, which thus far has led to the demise of the cannabinoid antagonists as useful pharmaceuticals. In this concise review, we summarise the data on the metabolic effects of the cannabinoid pathway and its antagonists.
The structure of winter bird communities in the northern Negev shrub-steppes: Relating species composition to habitat structure
Authors: Tsurim Ido , Abramsky Zvika , Kotler Burt P.
Published: September 2009

We describe the structural patterns of granivorous bird communities in a semiarid shrub-steppe during winter and examine whether and how habitat structure and productivity play roles in determining the structure of these bird communities. We used line transects and measurements of microhabitat use to describe the species diversity, species composition, and microhabitat use of the birds in semiarid shrub-steppe habitats across the northern Negev Desert, Israel. We then related those patterns to the structural characteristics of the habitats along the bird transects at two spatial scales. The bird communities in our study were not random samples of the species pool. Bird abundance and species diversity were correlated with the amount and distribution of perennial and annual vegetation; surrogates of seed abundance and habitat structure, respectively. Species assemblies across the landscape were organized in a nested-subsets structure possibly related to habitat structure. Indeed, species composition was related to the structural characteristics of the habitat. Species-specific microhabitat use was also related to habitat structure, where different species appeared to differ in their foraging location with respect to the distance from dense vegetation patches. We suggest that species first segregate at the landscape scale based on differences in habitat use. Co-occurring species are then further segregated at the microhabitat scale, probably through the partition of the space around vegetation patches. The principal effect of food appears to be limited to control of bird abundance.
Sinus Grafting With a Natural Flourohydroxyapatite for Immediate Load: A Study With Histologic Analysis and Histomorphometry
Authors: Lee Cameron Y. S. , Rohrer Michael D. , Prasad Hari S. , Stover John D. , Suzuki Jon B.
Published: September 2009

The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate the survival rates of dental implants placed in sinuses grafted with a 50:50 composite ratio of autogenous bone and a natural flourohydroxyapatite (FHA) combined with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) using an immediate-load protocol. The authors hypothesized that a 50:50 composite ratio of FHA and autogenous bone combined with PRP would permit immediate loading without compromising implant survival rates. Eleven patients with bilateral partial edentulism of the posterior maxilla were enrolled in this retrospective study. Autogenous bone used in the graft procedure was harvested from the tibia of the left lower extremity. Each patient was grafted with a 50:50 composite ratio of autogenous bone and FHA. Membranes were not used to cover the lateral wall osteotomy site. Platelet-rich plasma was added to the graft material to accelerate and enhance bone regeneration. Four to 6 months after the grafting procedure, 37 hydroxyapatite-coated dental implants were surgically placed and immediately loaded between 72 hours and 5 days later with custom titanium abutments and acrylic provisional restorations placed out of functional occlusion. Six months later, definitive ceramometal restorations were cemented on to the custom abutments. Patients were observed over a 52-week period. The overall implant survival rate was 97.3%. Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of core samples revealed formation of new vital bone in different graft specimens ranging from 23% to 34%. In each core bone sample, 100% of the bone sample was determined to be vital. In the grafted maxillary sinus, the natural FHA combined with autogenous bone in a 50:50 composite ratio with PRP is a suitable graft material permitting immediate load without compromising implant survival rates while decreasing the overall healing time.
Implant Success in Distracted Bone Versus Autogenous Bone-Grafted Sites
Authors: Elo Jeffrey A. , Herford Alan S. , Boyne Philip J.
Published: September 2009

Endosseous implants are the treatment of choice for restoring function and reconstructing most edentulous areas of the maxilla and mandible. In general, alveolar bone defects can be reconstructed by either distraction osteogenesis or autogenous bone grafting. After alveolar reconstruction, endosseous implants are used to support and retain the prosthesis for restoration of form and function. Eighty-two consecutive patients requiring alveolar augmentation prior to implant placement were evaluated. All patients were given treatment options for reconstructing their alveolar defects, which included autogenous bone grafting vs distraction osteogenesis. Sixty-five patients received autogenous grafts (anterior iliac crest: 44; retromolar: 17; tibia: 2; chin: 2), and 17 patients underwent distraction osteogenesis prior to implant placement. A total of 184 implants were placed in the autogenous bone-grafted sites and 56 implants in the distracted bone sites. Implants placed in sites restored with autogenous bone grafts had an implant success rate of 97% (178/184), whereas implants placed in distracted bone sites had a success rate of 98% (55/56). In the autogenous grafted group, 3 implants failed in the posterior mandible, one in the anterior maxilla, one in the anterior mandible, and one in the posterior maxilla. In the distraction group, one implant failed in the posterior mandible. Both techniques are associated with good success rates. There was no statistical difference between implant success in autogenous bone vs distracted bone sites in this group of patients.
Measurement of Clinicians' Ability to Hand Torque Dental Implant Components
Authors: Kanawati Ali , Richards Mark W. , Becker Jeffery J. , Monaco Natalie E.
Published: September 2009

There is a varying degree of hand torque abilities using finger drivers among clinicians. Calibrating one's own abilities requires complicated instruments not readily available. This study evaluated a simple-to-use method that allows dental practitioners to have a quantifiable clinical assessment of relative torque ability using finger drivers to torque down dental implant components. A typodont that includes dental implants was mounted in a mannequin placed in a patient-reclined position. The subjects were asked to torque as tightly as they could a new healing abutment to an implant secured firmly in resin within the typodont. All participants wore moistened gloves when using a finger driver. The healing abutment was countertorqued using a certified precalibrated precision torque measurement device. The reading on the torque driver was recorded when the healing abutment disengaged. An average of torque values of dentists and dental students was calculated. Fifty subjects had an average maximum torque ability of 24 Ncm (male dentists: 28 Ncm; students: 22 Ncm; male students: 24 Ncm; female students: 19 Ncm). Maximum torque values for all participants ranged from 11 Ncm to 38 Ncm. There was no significant difference between groups. This study showed a varying degree of hand torquing abilities using a finger driver. Clinicians should regularly calibrate their ability to torque implant components to more predictably perform implant dentistry. Dental implant manufacturers should more precisely instruct clinicians as to maximum torque, as opposed to “finger tighten only.”
Management of Dental Implant Fractures. A Case History
Authors: AL Quran Firas A. M. , Rashan Bashar A. , AL-Dwairi Ziad N.
Published: September 2009

The widespread use of endosseous osseointegrated implants to replace missing natural teeth increases the chances of implant complications and failures, despite the high initial success rate reported in the literature. Implant fracture is one possible complication that results in ultimate failure of the dental implant. Such a complication poses a management crisis even for the most experienced clinician. This article reports on a case of implant fracture, its possible causes, and how the case was managed.
A Technique to Modify the Length of an Implant Healing Abutment
Authors: Yilmaz Burak , McGlumphy Edwin , Turkyilmaz Ilser
Published: September 2009

In areas where esthetics is paramount, healing should be adequately completed around the implant healing abutment to stabilize the gingival margin before crown fabrication. This article describes a technique to increase the height of the healing abutment with laser welding when an implant is placed deep with thick overlying soft tissue.
O Parque do Ibirapuera e a construção da identidade paulista
Authors: Marins Paulo César Garcez
Published: September 2009

Entre os anos de 1953 e 1955, o Parque do Ibirapuera, uma das principais áreas verdes da cidade de São Paulo, acolheu a inauguração de três grandes marcos monumentais, escultóricos e arquitetônicos, cujas características formais permitem compreender a relação entre as artes plásticas e os movimentos afirmativos de uma identidade "paulista". Este texto pretende, assim, apontar a especificidade artística desses marcos, ao mesmo tempo em que os situa como artefatos urbanos de caráter simbólico, capazes de distinguir e agregar velhos e novos habitantes da cidade e do Estado de São Paulo, bem como de identificá-los perante os demais brasileiros.
Restauração da fotopintura "Retrato em tamanho natural de Santos Dumont", do fotógrafo Giovanni Sarracino
Authors: Petrella Yara Lígia Mello Moreira , Coury Nazareth , Spigolon Sônia Maria , Ricardo Beatriz Carvalho
Published: September 2009

Trata-se da apresentaçÃo dos procedimentos relativos à restauraçÃo da fotopintura em tamanho natural de Santos Dumont, feita pelo fotógrafo Giovanni Sarracino. Discute-se todas as fases que abragem desde o diagnóstico, critérios, definiçÃo de metodologias de recuperaçÃo até a reproduçÃo e tratamento digitalizado da imagem.
Potencial acaricida do óleo de andiroba Carapa guianensis Aubl. sobre fêmeas adultas ingurgitadas de Anocentor nitens Neumann, 1897 e Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, 1806
Authors: Farias M.P.O. , Sousa D.P. , Arruda A.C. , Wanderley A.G. , Teixeira W.C. , Alves L.C. , Faustino M.A.G.
Published: September 2009

Avaliou-se o potencial acaricida in vitro do óleo da semente da andiroba (Carapa guianensis) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Anocentor nitens (n=210) e Rhipicephalus sanguineus (n=140), coletadas manualmente, respectivamente, de equinos e de cães naturalmente infestados. Para o teste de imersão, empregaram-se cinco diluições do óleo de andiroba, 100%, 50%, 30%, 25% e 10%, em água destilada, utilizando-se tween 80 como dispersante. No teste com A. nitens, foram usadas três repetições para cada diluição, utilizando-se 10 fêmeas ingurgitadas para cada tratamento. No teste com R. sanguineus, usaram-se duas repetições, e formaram-se, ainda, dois grupos-controle para cada espécie de ixodídeo, um com água destilada e outro com tween 80 mais água destilada. Após os testes, as fêmeas foram mantidas em laboratório sob temperatura ambiente. Observou-se mortalidade das fêmeas ingurgitadas e redução de postura, neste caso, com ovos inférteis, demonstrando eficácia de 100% nas duas espécies em todas as diluições testadas. Os dados obtidos evidenciaram a potencialidade do uso do extrato de andiroba contra A. nitens e R. sanguineus.
Desempenho animal e produtividade de pastagens tropicais no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Maixner A.R. , Quadros F.L.F. , Montardo D.P. , Kozloski G.V. , Noronha A. , Aurélio N.D. , Rossi G.E. , Daniel E. , Brum M.S. , Bandinelli D.G.
Published: September 2009

Avaliou-se a produtividade do capim-elefante anão e do tifton 85 sob pastejo contínuo no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando-se 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas e com cerca de 100 dias de lactação. Foi aplicada a técnica dos animais reguladores para ajustes da carga animal de forma a manter a oferta de lâminas foliares de 4%. No primeiro ano experimental, o capim-elefante anão e o tifton 85 apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto às taxas médias de acúmulo de lâminas foliares (31,2 vs 22,6kg/ha/dia) e produção animal (17,4 vs 20kg de leite/vaca/dia). No segundo, o tifton 85 foi superior ao capim-elefante anão quanto à taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca de lâminas foliares (38,8 vs 21,9kg/ha/dia), capacidade de suporte (2157 vs 1084kg de peso vivo/ha) e produções por área (70 vs 41,3kg de leite/ha/dia). No segundo ano, em relação ao primeiro, o tifton 85 manteve 88% da capacidade de suporte e 80% da produção por área, enquanto o capim-elefante anão apenas 46% e 56%. A produção média de 17kg de leite/vaca/dia indica um potencial pouco explorado das gramíneas tropicais em sistemas de produção de leite, especialmente na região Sul do Brasil.
Influência do transporte e mudança de local de manejo nas variáveis fisiológicas e produtivas de cabras Alpinas
Authors: Canaes T.S. , Negrão J.A. , Paiva F.A. , Zaros M. , Delgado T.F.G.
Published: September 2009

Estudaram-se o efeito do transporte e a mudança de local de manejo sobre a produção e a composição do leite e sobre as variáveis fisiológicas, utilizando-se 12 cabras da raça Alpina em final de lactação. Semanalmente, foram mensuradas a produção e composição do leite e a contagem de células somáticas, além do volume do leite residual após administração de ocitocina. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para dosagem hormonal (cortisol) e enzimática (glicose) no plasma no dia do transporte: antes (7h10min) e após (8h20min, 8h30min e 10h30min) o transporte. Nas três semanas subsequentes ao transporte, também foram colhidas amostras de sangue às 8h20min. Obtiveram-se teores mais elevados (P<0,05) de cortisol e glicose após o transporte e a mudança de local de manejo, e menor produção de leite (P<0,05) um dia após o evento. Porcentagem de gordura (P<0,05) e contagem de células somáticas apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) após o transporte. Os resultados permitem concluir que o transporte é um agente estressor que pode, momentaneamente, influenciar a produção animal.
Genetic evaluation for large data sets by random regression models in Nellore cattle
Authors: Nobre P.R.C. , Rosa A.N. , Silva L.O.C.
Published: September 2009

Expected progeny differences (EPD) of Nellore cattle estimated by random regression model (RRM) and multiple trait model (MTM) were compared. Genetic evaluation data included 3,819,895 records of up nine sequential weights of 963,227 animals measured at ages ranging from one day (birth weight) to 733 days. Traits considered were weights at birth, ten to 110-day old, 102 to 202-day old, 193 to 293-day old, 283 to 383-day old, 376 to 476-day old, 551 to 651-day old, and 633 to 733-day old. Seven data samples were created. Because the parameters estimates biologically were better, two of them were chosen: one with 84,426 records and another with 72,040. Records preadjusted to a fixed age were analyzed by a MTM, which included the effects of contemporary group, age of dam class, additive direct, additive maternal, and maternal permanent environment. Analyses were carried out by REML, with five traits at a time. The RRM included the effects of age of animal, contemporary group, age of dam class, additive direct, permanent environment, additive maternal, and maternal permanent environment. Different degree of Legendre polynomials were used to describe random effects. MTM estimated covariance components and genetic parameters for weight at birth and sequential weights and RRM for all ages. Due to the fact that correlation among the estimates EPD from MTM and all the tested RM were not equal to 1.0, it is not possible to recommend RRM to genetic evaluation to large data sets.
Impact of Wild Blueberry Harvesters on Weed Seed Dispersal within and between Fields
Authors: Boyd Nathan S. , White Scott
Published: September 2009

Agricultural equipment can disperse weed seeds over large distances. Efforts to minimize or prevent equipment-mediated dispersal should be a key component in any integrated weed management plan. Several experiments were initiated in commercial wild blueberry fields to examine the potential impact of harvesting equipment on weed seed dispersal within and between blueberry fields. Seed loads were examined on harvesting equipment between fields and results suggest that harvesting equipment is a major vector of seed dispersal. Seed loads were 397,000 in 2006 and 194,000 in 2007. Of all seeds located on the harvester, 66 to 79% were located on the belts or affiliated components. In 2006, a second experiment was established to examine within-field seed dispersal. A sampling grid was established over multiple distinct poverty oatgrass patches with seed heads at 44% of all sampling points. Following harvest, seeds were located at 67% of all sampling points. In 2006 and 2007, short-distance secondary dispersal of poverty oatgrass by harvesting equipment was measured. The relationship between distance from patch perimeter and seeds per unit area on the side approached by harvesting equipment and the far side of the patch was adequately modeled with an exponential decay model. Secondary dispersal within blueberry fields by harvesting equipment is inevitable. Dispersal may be reduced by avoiding dense weed patches, or altering harvest timing. Periodic cleaning of harvesting equipment between fields will help prevent the spread of weed seed.
Helminthosporium gramineum Rabehn f.sp. echinochloae Conidia for Biological Control of Barnyardgrass
Authors: Geng R. M. , Zhang J. P. , Yu L. Q.
Published: September 2009

A fungal pathogen, Helminthosporium gramineum Rabehn f.sp. echinochloae (HGE), has been developed as a mycoherbicidal agent for the control of barnyardgrass in China. Under greenhouse conditions, the effect of the pathogen on disease incidence, mortality, and dry weight reduction of barnyardgrass was tested to determine the potential of this mycoherbicide. Field experiments during 2007 and 2008 showed that the conidia of HGE displayed excellent activity on barnyardgrass and good activity on a few other weed species. The HGE treatment increased the rice yield when compared with the untreated control and had no negative impact on the rice plant. In addition, the progression of HGE infection and the alteration of cellular ultrastructure in infected barnyardgrass were observed by using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. After infection, cell membranes of barnyardgrass leaves were found dramatically changed, and the ultrastructure of cells was severely deformed. This study clearly shows the scope of HGE as a potential mycoherbicide for control of barnyardgrass in agricultural cropping systems and has laid the groundwork for further studies on the mode of infection and the nosogenesis of HGE.
Cross-Resistance in Fluridone-Resistant Hydrilla to Other Bleaching Herbicides
Authors: Puri Atul , Haller William T. , Netherland Michael D.
Published: September 2009

The development of fluridone resistance by hydrilla has significantly impacted hydrilla management, and research is ongoing to develop alternate herbicides for effective hydrilla control. We determined the potential cross-resistance in fluridone-resistant hydrilla to other bleaching herbicides norflurazon, mesotrione, and topramezone-methyl. Phytoene, β-carotene, and chlorophyll contents as a function of hydrilla biotype and herbicide treatment were evaluated. Hydrilla shoot tips were collected from fluridone-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes and exposed to 5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg L−1of herbicide. The susceptible biotype showed an increase in phytoene and a decrease in β-carotene and chlorophyll contents when treated with 5 µg L−1fluridone, whereas higher doses of fluridone were required to affect these pigments in the resistant biotype. There was no difference in response by S and R biotypes to mesotrione and topramezone-methyl, with both biotypes showing significant affects on pigment contents at 5 µg L−1. Higher doses of norflurazon were required to affect these pigments in the R compared to the S biotype. The S biotype had EC50values of 11.7, 12.2, and 4.7 µg L−1, whereas the R biotype had EC50values of 56.6, 41.1, and 41.7 µg L−1fluridone for phytoene, β-carotene, and chlorophyll contents, respectively. There was no difference in EC50for phytoene, β-carotene, and chlorophyll values between the hydrilla biotypes for mesotrione and topramezone-methyl herbicides. In fluridone-susceptible and -resistant hydrilla biotypes, EC50values for phytoene, β-carotene, and chlorophyll were 12.4 to 11.8, 10.2 to 13.2, and 3.1 to 4.6 µg L−1mesotrione and 12.6 to 13.5, 13.3 to 11.9, and 4.6 to 5.7 µg L−1topramezone-methyl, respectively. For norflurazon, S and R biotypes had EC50values of 33.1, 45.4, and 40.6 µg L−1and 84.6, 81.0, and 92.7 µg L−1for phytoene, β-carotene, and chlorophyll, respectively. These studies confirmed negative cross-resistance of fluridone-resistant hydrilla to mesotrione and topramezone-methyl and a positive cross-resistance to norflurazon.
Senior Reach Outcomes in Comparison With the Spokane Gatekeeper Program
Authors: Bartsch David A. , Rodgers Vicki K.
Published: September 2009

Senior Reach program outcomes for older adults referred for care management and mental health services through a Gatekeeper model were examined in this study and compared with the Spokane Gatekeeper model. The two programs were compared for seniors served on service variables and outcome ratings for isolation, depression, and functioning. Approximately 41% of seniors served by both programs were referred by nontraditional sources: community gatekeepers. Findings indicate that individuals served by the Senior Reach program demonstrated significant improvement in reduction of isolators (such as social isolation), improved functioning, increased optimism about the future, increased positive activities with others, decreased emotional disturbance, and improvements on the Geriatric Depression Scale. Additional program comparisons and findings are discussed. Findings for the Senior Reach program demonstrate that the gatekeeper approach to training community partners is effective in finding at-risk seniors and meeting their needs, resulting in positive impacts on their lives.
Issues of trust, fairness and efficacy: a qualitative study of information provision for newly metered households in England
Authors: Knamiller C. , Sharp L.
Published: September 2009

There is widespread agreement among agencies governing UK water management that more extensive domestic water metering combined with additional measures will deliver a more efficient domestic water usage. This paper argues that qualitative research is needed to select and hone additional measures. According to theory, cooperation to reduce water use is more likely if people: a) believe in the necessity to reduce use; b) feel costs are fairly shared; and c) believe their actions can affect the situation. The case study of Lydd, Kent, is presented. Lydd is the first location in which compulsory water metering has been imposed in the UK. Qualitative information was collected to inform the communication strategies being implemented by the water supply company. The investigation found that none of the three factors predicted by theory were completely present. The paper concludes by providing some recommendations for improving the water company's communications strategy for encouraging a reduction in domestic water use. The key role of qualitative information in assisting in the targeting and design of water demand management programmes is highlighted.
Antichains for the Automata-Based Approach to Model-Checking
Authors: Doyen Laurent , Raskin Jean-Francois
Published: September 2009

We propose and evaluate antichain algorithms to solve the universality and
language inclusion problems for nondeterministic Buechi automata, and the
emptiness problem for alternating Buechi automata. To obtain those algorithms,
we establish the existence of simulation pre-orders that can be exploited to
efficiently evaluate fixed points on the automata defined during the
complementation step (that we keep implicit in our approach). We evaluate the
performance of the algorithm to check the universality of Buechi automata using
the random automaton model recently proposed by Tabakov and Vardi. We show that
on the difficult instances of this probabilistic model, our algorithm
outperforms the standard ones by several orders of magnitude.
Simulating reachability using first-order logic with applications to verification of linked data structures
Authors: Lev-Ami Tal , Immerman Neil , Reps Thomas , Sagiv Mooly , Srivastava Siddharth , Yorsh Greta
Published: September 2009

This paper shows how to harness existing theorem provers for first-order
logic to automatically verify safety properties of imperative programs that
perform dynamic storage allocation and destructive updating of pointer-valued
structure fields. One of the main obstacles is specifying and proving the
(absence) of reachability properties among dynamically allocated cells.
The main technical contributions are methods for simulating reachability in a
conservative way using first-order formulas--the formulas describe a superset
of the set of program states that would be specified if one had a precise way
to express reachability. These methods are employed for semi-automatic program
verification (i.e., using programmer-supplied loop invariants) on programs such
as mark-and-sweep garbage collection and destructive reversal of a singly
linked list. (The mark-and-sweep example has been previously reported as being
beyond the capabilities of ESC/Java.)
Polygraphic programs and polynomial-time functions
Authors: Bonfante Guillaume , Guiraud Yves
Published: September 2009

We study the computational model of polygraphs. For that, we consider polygraphic programs, a subclass of these objects, as a formal description of first-order functional programs. We explain their semantics and prove that they form a Turing-complete computational model. Their algebraic structure is used by analysis tools, called polygraphic interpretations, for complexity analysis. In particular, we delineate a subclass of polygraphic programs that compute exactly the functions that are Turing-computable in polynomial time.
Explicit fairness in testing semantics
Authors: Cacciagrano D. , Corradini F. , Palamidessi C.
Published: September 2009

In this paper we investigate fair computations in the pi-calculus. Following
Costa and Stirling's approach for CCS-like languages, we consider a method to
label process actions in order to filter out unfair computations. We contrast
the existing fair-testing notion with those that naturally arise by imposing
weak and strong fairness. This comparison provides insight about the
expressiveness of the various `fair' testing semantics and about their
discriminating power.
The Church Problem for Countable Ordinals
Authors: Rabinovich Alexander
Published: September 2009

A fundamental theorem of Buchi and Landweber shows that the Church synthesis
problem is computable. Buchi and Landweber reduced the Church Problem to
problems about ω-games and used the determinacy of such games as one of
the main tools to show its computability. We consider a natural generalization
of the Church problem to countable ordinals and investigate games of arbitrary
countable length. We prove that determinacy and decidability parts of the
Bu}chi and Landweber theorem hold for all countable ordinals and that its full
extension holds for all ordinals < \omega\^\omega.
A Theory of Explicit Substitutions with Safe and Full Composition
Authors: Kesner Delia
Published: September 2009

Many different systems with explicit substitutions have been proposed to implement a large class of higher-order languages. Motivations and challenges that guided the development of such calculi in functional frameworks are surveyed in the first part of this paper. Then, very simple technology in named variable-style notation is used to establish a theory of explicit substitutions for the lambda-calculus which enjoys a whole set of useful properties such as full composition, simulation of one-step beta-reduction, preservation of beta-strong normalisation, strong normalisation of typed terms and confluence on metaterms. Normalisation of related calculi is also discussed.
RPO, Second-order Contexts, and Lambda-calculus
Authors: Di Gianantonio Pietro , Honsell Furio , Lenisa Marina
Published: September 2009

First, we extend Leifer-Milner RPO theory, by giving general conditions to obtain IPO labelled transition systems (and bisimilarities) with a reduced set of transitions, and possibly finitely branching. Moreover, we study the weak variant of Leifer-Milner theory, by giving general conditions under which the weak bisimilarity is a congruence. Then, we apply such extended RPO technique to the lambda-calculus, endowed with lazy and call by value reduction strategies. We show that, contrary to process calculi, one can deal directly with the lambda-calculus syntax and apply Leifer-Milner technique to a category of contexts, provided that we work in the framework of weak bisimilarities. However, even in the case of the transition system with minimal contexts, the resulting bisimilarity is infinitely branching, due to the fact that, in standard context categories, parametric rules such as the beta-rule can be represented only by infinitely many ground rules. To overcome this problem, we introduce the general notion of second-order context category. We show that, by carrying out the RPO construction in this setting, the lazy observational equivalence can be captured as a weak bisimilarity equivalence on a finitely branching transition system. This result is achieved by considering an encoding of lambda-calculus in Combinatory Logic.
Factors Related to Admission of Psychiatric Patients to Medical Wards from the General Hospital Emergency Department: A 3-Year Study of Urgent Psychiatric Consultations
Authors: Biancosino Bruno , Vanni Adello , Marmai Luciana , Zotos Spyridon , Peron Luana , Marangoni Claudio , Magri Vanessa , Grassi Luigi
Published: September 2009

Objective:

Emergency Rooms (ER) of Emergency Departments (ED) in General Hospitals (GH) have a role in providing for psychiatric evaluation. The aims of the present study were to examine the decision-making process of consultation psychiatry at the GH-ER and to analyze the differences between psychiatric patients admitted to a medical ward with those admitted to the psychiatry unit and those who are discharged from the ER.

Method:

Over a period of 3 years, psychiatric consultations requested by ER of ED physicians to the GH Psychiatric service were recorded by using a form to describe epidemiological and clinical data on the consultation process.

Results:

Of 1,962 psychiatric consultations, most regarded subjects who had had previous psychiatric contacts (76.2%) and at least one psychiatric admission (53.6%), and were currently cared for by the Mental Health Services (51.1%). Neurotic/stress-related syndromes (27.98%), schizophrenia (27.67%), and personality disorders (21.81%) were the most frequent ICD-10 diagnoses. The psychiatrist's disposal was to discharge the patient in 49.9% cases, to admit him/her to medical wards of the GH (MGH; 26.9%) or to the acute inpatient psychiatric ward (AIP; 23.1%). MGH group statistically differed from AIP group for being female ( p < 0.01), older ( p < 0.01), more likely having an ICD-10 diagnosis of neurosis/stress-related syndromes ( p < 0.01) or organic mental disorder ( p < 0.01), and less likely having a diagnosis of schizophrenia ( p < 0.01), being in charge of the Mental Health Services ( p < 0.01), and having had previous psychiatric admissions ( p < 0.01). These results were confirmed by logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions:

The study shows that the medical wards of the General Hospital are a significant entry-point for providing psychiatric care of patients with ICD-10 neurotic and stress-related syndromes, even if without specific medical problems.