bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FPGA Implementation of H.264 CAVLC Decoder Using High-Level Synthesis
Authors: Cichoń Sławomir , Gorgoń Marek
Published: May 2018

CONTEXT ADAPTIVE VARIABLE LENGTH CODING (CAVLC) is a method designed for coding residual pixel data after transform and quantization, in which different codes with variable length are chosen based on recently coded coefficients. Coded bitstream can be stored or transmitted. This method is optional in widely adopted H.264 video coding standard. The entire algorithm is a complex one, and also difficult to implement efficiently in Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), due to data dependency. When the complexity of the Register Transfer Logic (RTL) implementation rises, it impacts the duration and costs of development. Therefore, usage of High Level Synthesis (HLS) may be beneficial with these types of projects. In this paper first known to authors implementation of CAVLC and Exp-Golomb decoders for H.264 intra decoder in Impulse C language will be presented and compared with other implementations. Proposed solution is able to decode more then 720p@40fps with FPGA module clock at 166MHz.
Asymmetric Price Transmission along the European Food Supply Chain and the CAP Health Check: a Panel Vector Error Correction Approach
Authors: Rezitis Anthony N. , Rokopanos Andreas
Published: May 2018

The 2003 CAP Reform commenced a liberal shift on the policies designed to protect farmers across Europe. The CAP Health Check of 2008 and the 2013 CAP Reform confirmed this change, adopting measures including the further decoupling of production, the abolishment of set-aside and the phasing-out of milk quotas. It is therefore expected that price transmission has been affected radically. This study investigates the price transmission mechanism along the European food supply chain, based on an asymmetric panel vector error correction model (VECM). Panel data on agricultural commodity (farmer), producer (processor) and consumer (retailer) prices from nineteen European countries are considered. The sample is split into two sub-periods, before and after the CAP Health Check, to examine how the price transmission mechanism has been affected. Cointegration is confirmed among the price series through the Pedroni tests and the long-run relationship is obtained with two estimation methods (i. e. fully modified OLS and dynamic OLS). Prior to the CAP Health Check, positive asymmetry is detected from farmer to processor and from processor to retailer. However, after the CAP Health Check price transmission becomes symmetric, thus suggesting that decreased support has resulted in a more efficient price transmission mechanism.
Approximation in quantum measure spaces
Authors: Khare Mona , Singh Bhawna , Shukla Anurag
Published: May 2018

The objective of the present paper is to introduced and study the notion of μ-approximation by a subfamily K of a difference poset E. Various properties are proved and then applied to obtain some crucial results including a generalization of the Marczewski Theorem which states that countable compactness is sufficient for σ-additivity of a supermodular measure μ.
Weakly U-abundant semigroups with strong Ehresmann transversals
Authors: Yang Dandan
Published: May 2018

The class of weakly U-abundant semigroups is an important source of non-regular semigroups, and it is well studied by semigroup theorists in recent years. An important subclass, called Ehresmann monoids, is deeply investigated by Branco, Gomes and Gould in 2014. In this paper, we are concerned with weakly U-abundant semigroups with strong Ehresmann transversals. Our aim is to give a structure theorem for such semigroups following the standard “Rees Theorem” type approach. As a direct application of the main result, we reobtain the structure theorem of abundant semigroups with quasi ideal adequate transversals by Chen in 2000.
Iterative learning control with pulse compensation for fractional differential systems
Authors: Liu Shengda , Wang JinRong , Zhou Yong , Fečkan Michal
Published: May 2018

In this paper, we explore PD-type ILC schemes of fractional version with pulse compensation for single-input-single-output fractional differential systems. More precisely, we design a new type of pulse-based ILC schemes involving fractional derivative and sign function for a class of fractional order linear systems with initial state shift. In order to tracking discrepancy incurred by the initial state shift effectively, a new function of pulse compensation is introduced. The effectiveness of the result is illustrated by numerical simulations.
Rectifiable and nonrectifiable solution curves of half-linear differential systems
Authors: Naito Yuki , Pašić Mervan , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: May 2018

We study a geometric kind of asymptotic behaviour of every C
1 solution of a class of nonautonomous systems of half-linear differential equations with continuous coefficients. We give necessary and sufficient conditions such that the image of every solution (solution curve) has finite length (rectifiable curve) and infinite length (nonrectifiable, possible fractal curve). A particular attention is paid to systems having attractive zero solution. The main results are proved by using a new result for the nonrectifiable plane curves.
The stationary distribution and ergodicity of a stochastic mutualism model
Authors: Lv Jingliang , Liu Sirun , Liu Heng
Published: May 2018

This paper is concerned with a stochastic mutualism system with toxicant substances and saturation terms. We obtain the sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique stationary distribution to the equation and it has an ergodic property. It is interesting and surprising that toxicant substances have no effect on the stationary distribution of the stochastic model. Simulations are also carried out to confirm our analytical results.
Diatomite modified by TiO2 for adsorption of U(VI)
Authors: Yuan Ni , Liu Peng , Wu Wangsuo
Published: May 2018

Diatomite was modified with TiO2. The synthesized materials were characterized and used for removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions. The influences of pH, contact time and temperature on U(VI) adsorption onto TiO2@diatomite were studied by batch technique, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to analyze the experimental data. We compared the adsorption of U(VI) onto natural diatomite, TiO2 and TiO2@diatomite made by sol-gel method. The dynamic process showed that the adsorption of U(VI) onto TiO2@diatomite matched the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the adsorption of U(VI) was significantly dependent on pH values. Through simulating the adsorption isotherms by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubini–Radushkevich (D–R) models, respectively, it could be seen that the adsorption patterns of U(VI) onto TiO2@diatomite were mainly controlled by surface complexation, and the adsorption processes were endothermic and spontaneous. The modification of diatomite by TiO2 shows a novel material for removing U(VI) from water environment for industrialized application.
Facilitation of student-staff partnership in development of digital learning tools through a special study module
Authors: McKerlie Robert Allen , Rennie Evelyn , Hudda Shabana , McAllan Wendy , Al-Ani Ziad , McLean William , Bagg Jeremy
Published: May 2018

A student-staff partnership was formed as part of a final year special study module to provide dental students the opportunity to work closely with faculty to produce high-quality e-learning resources in areas of the curriculum identified by the students as particularly difficult. The student-staff team identified the following themes as major influences on the success of the project: student-staff interaction, ownership, managing expectations, time pressures, and co-creation partnership benefits. This partnership resulted in a valuable learning experience for both the students and staff involved. The resource developed was evaluated by junior dental students in second and third year of the five year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree programme at Glasgow Dental School and showed a high degree of acceptability by those in both groups. The quality assurance built into the process has resulted in an e-learning resource that has been incorporated directly into our flipped classroom model for pre-clinical skills teaching.
Resistances and resiliencies in student-faculty pedagogical partnership
Authors: Ntem Anita , Cook-Sather Alison
Published: May 2018

In this article, we explore forms of psychological resistance that 10 female students perceived in their faculty partners and in themselves in the context of a pedagogical partnership program in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Positioning these students as “holders and creators of knowledge” (Delgado-Bernal, 2002, p. 106), our analysis draws on literature in academic development and psychology and on student responses to research questions to discuss how these student partners built resiliencies through the approaches they took to engaging the resistances they perceived. We first present the resistances these student partners perceived in their faculty partners and what factors they think might have contributed to such resistances. Next, we describe the approaches the student partners took to working through the resistances they perceived and the resistances they experienced in themselves. Finally, we analyze the ways that student partners developed resiliencies through productively engaging these forms of resistance.
El islario o la travesía literaria de Julieta Campos
Authors: Sánchez Rolón Elba Margarita
Published: May 2018

Entre el juego de ﬁguras sobre la posibilidad de un origen y los espacios imaginarios, la obra de Julieta Campos se encuentra ligada al viaje, a la travesía por las islas que componen el trazado laberíntico de escritura. Recorrer esta obra implica realizar una navegación por textos que oscilan entre su independencia y su entrecruzamiento; itinerarios de lectura propia y ajena desde miradores diversos. Fragmentos de una obra proyectada y reﬂexionada constantemente que al mismo tiempo constituyen unidades con autonomía permitiéndonos trazar una cartografía de la búsqueda o recorrido con pretensión integradora a lo largo de su obra literaria y ensayística.
Paranoia y juegos fantásticos en Andamos huyendo Lola de Elena Garro
Authors: Calderón Bird Raúl
Published: May 2018

La palabra griega paránoia se compone de pará (fuera de) y de noys (mente). Traducida literalmente signiﬁca “fuera de la mente”, expresión que remite a su vez a la palabra “locura”. De hecho, esa holgada acepción es la primera que registra El pequeño Larousse en su edición de 2003. Sin embargo, la psiquiatría ha restringido su signiﬁcado. Los psiquiatras Alfred M. Freedman, Harold I. Kaplan y Benjamin J. Sadock, en su Compendio de Psiquiatría, la deﬁnen como un trastorno psicótico crónico que se caracteriza por una alta frecuencia de ideas delirantes, y distinguen cuatro estados paranoides: el celotípico, el erótico, el de grandeza y el persecutorio. Pero advierten que de estos cuatro estados, “el estado persecutorio es clínicamente, con mucho, el más frecuente y el más importante”. Si damos por descontado que la literatura es en buena medida reﬂejo de la realidad, tanto exterior como interior, no es de extrañar que de esos cuatro estados paranoides acaso el más frecuente en dicho arte, y el más importante también, lo sea el estado persecutorio paranoide. Pensando en la literatura hispanoamericana contemporánea, por lo menos dos escritores de la misma generación produjeron ﬁcciones de corte autobiográﬁco con fuertes tintes de ese estadoparanoide: el argentino Ernesto Sábato en Abbadón el extermina- dor, novela publicada en 1974, y la mexicana Elena Garro en los cuen- tos y novelas que escribió algún tiempo después de 1968, sobre todo, y empezando por el título mismo, en el libro de cuentos que nos ocupará en el presente artículo, Andamos huyendo Lola, publicado en 1980.
Surface Roughness Analysis of Stainless Steel Counterface (AISI-304) Subjected to Treated Betelnut Fiber–Reinforced Polyester (T-BFRP) Composites Aged in Different Solutions with Different Kinematic Viscosity
Authors: Nirmal Umar , Hashim Jamil , Megat Ahmad M. M. H. , Yuhazri M. Y.
Published: May 2018

The current research aims to study the surface roughness (Ra) analysis of stainless steel counterface type AISI-304 subjected to Treated Betelnut Fiber–Reinforced Polyester (T-BFRP) composites that are aged for a period of 3 years in different solutions with different kinematic viscosity. The test was conducted with a pin-on-disk wear test rig, which was designed and fabricated in-house according to ASTM G99-05, Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus (Superseded). Different sliding distances (0–3.36 km) at a fixed applied normal load of 30 N subjected to a smooth stainless steel (60 HB) counterface at a sliding velocity of 2.83 m/s were used as the experimental parameters. Different orientations (O) of the betelnut fiber mats with respect to the sliding direction of the counterface were investigated, i.e., antiparallel (AP) and parallel (P) directions. The worn surface morphology was studied using a metallurgical microscope. Results revealed that the aged T-BFRP composite in a R134a solution demonstrated the lowest Ra values after the sliding wear test and after the counterface was cleaned. This result is due to the lowest absorption rate (i.e., highest kinematic viscosity) incurred by the aged AP and P test specimens as compared to the other types of aging solutions. As such, the improvement in Ra values of the samples aged in R134a solution were 87.8 and 99.9 % for the aged AP and P test samples, respectively, as compared to the aged neat polyester (NP) samples. It was also noted that the fibers had low absorption rates when they were aged in solutions with high kinematic viscosity; in other words, the aged T-BFRP composite demonstrated the lowest absorption rate (≈0.0085 %) when it was aged in the R134a solution. Aged NP did not show any remarkable absorption into the test samples mainly because of the absence of fibers. All in all, this work reveals a possible method that can be used to lower the damage on abrasiveness to processing equipment by means of aging the composite in various solutions with different kinematic viscosities.
Using a Beta (β) Correction to Improve the Life Predictions of Cold-Expanded Holes in 2024-T3 & 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Carlson Scott , Pilarczyk Robert T.
Published: May 2018

Fastener holes represent the most common fatigue details found in airframe structures. In order to minimize the impact fastener holes have on the fatigue behavior of critical aircraft components, many are processed by cold expansion (Cx). Cx imposes a residual compressive stress field around a hole that retards fatigue crack growth (FCG) and increases the fatigue life of the component. In order to take analytical advantage of the Cx process, a “one size fits all” method of reducing the initial flaw size to a minimum of a 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) symmetric corner crack is often employed. This approach leads to predictions that do not represent the physics of crack growth behavior within materials that have been processed using Cx. A physics-based approach was investigated to take analytical advantage of the Cx process. The authors developed an empirical-based factor (β) to characterize the effect of Cx on the FCG behavior within 2024-T351 and 7075-T651 aluminum alloys. This method takes into account the interaction of the fatigue crack and the residual stress field. This β can be used in FCG analysis to provide an accurate model of the crack growth behavior at Cx holes. In order to develop accurate da/dN versus ΔK plots for the Cx configuration, finite element modeling was used to calculate stress intensities along the crack front. By using the fracture-mechanics-based similitude principle, the nonCx and Cx da/dN versus ΔK data were compared and β corrections representing the residual stress field in the body were calculated.
Robot Visions
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: May 2018

A discussion of fictional and actual robots sets the stage for a working definition of robot and a description of three different types of robots: industrial, humanoid, and android. Following a synopsis of the 1920 Czech play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots)—for which the word robot was coined—an overview of the demographic and social conditions occasioning the development of the robotics industry in Japan is provided. (R.U.R. was performed in Tokyo in 1924, sparking a robot boom.) Also previewed are religious and philosophical approaches to human-robot coexistence. Japanese and American robot initiatives are compared. Constituent chapters, detailing the insights of a decade of ethnographic fieldwork and historical research, are summarized.
Innovation as Renovation
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Innovation 25 was introduced in 2007 as Prime Minister Abe’s visionary and futuristic blueprint for robotizing Japan by 2025. This policy proposal was supported by subsequent administrations and then revamped following Abe’s reelection in 2012. The conservative sociopolitical aspects of the proposal are elaborated and the use of graphic propaganda to promote Abe’s nationalist policies is reviewed. Members of the Innovation 25 Strategy Council are identified, and opposition to Innovation 25 is summarized. Corporate mismanagement in the aftermath of the trifold disaster of March 11, 2011 (3/11), is critiqued. Contrary to pre-disaster expectations, robots proved incapable of navigating the tsunami-damaged nuclear reactors in Fukushima. The Abe administration’s fostering of “robot dreams” among children and the general public is reviewed and characterized in terms of reactionary postmodernism.
Families of Future Past
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 continues the backstory to Innovation 25 and Prime Minister Abe’s plans to robotize Japan. The fictional ethnography of the Inobe family included in Innovation 25, which was expanded and published as a book, is translated and critiqued. Comparisons are drawn between the three-generation Inobe family and a wartime predecessor, the Yamato family. Eminent cartoonist Hasegawa Machiko was among the cartoonists who created the Yamato family comic, and her popular postwar comic strip Sazae-san is presented as another model for the invention of the Inobe family. In this context, parallels between Prime Minister Abe and his maternal grandfather, Nobusuke Kishi, an influential wartime politician and postwar prime minister, are drawn with reference to the applications of technology and soft power.
Defining Italy in Haunted Rome
Authors: Lockhart Ellen
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 considers two novels—Alessandro Verri’s Le notti romane (1804) and de Staël’s Corinne, ou l’Italie (1807)—that were concerned with defining Italy politically. These novels can be seen to develop a new and distinct model of the “Italian,” building on the older principle of the spirit of languages, metastasizing this principle from mouths into bodies, and diffusing it onto the Italian landscape. Both novelists construct a single archetype to represent the nation itself: the orator who looks like an animated statue and speaks with a melodious voice about the history and fate of Italy. This chapter argues that the notion of plasticity developed by these novels prefigured Hegel’s in his Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and in the lectures on aesthetics. Then it notes that the musical speech described in Le notti romane and Corinne was the subject of a first ethnomusicological study of “native” Italian song.
The Glass Shield (1994)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses Burnett’s only film about police and crime in Los Angeles. Loosely based on actual cases, the film centers on an idealistic young man who becomes the first black officer in a racist sheriff’s department. A black prisoner has recently been killed there, and another black prisoner is being framed for murder. Mistakenly trying to fit into the department, the young man commits perjury during the murder trial. Realizing his error, he joins a female officer in secretly investigating the department’s crimes. The lives of the two are endangered, and the young man eventually loses his career.
Three Films for Young Adults and Families
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

Burnett made three television films about black history aimed chiefly at children or young adults and their families. This chapter examines all three, giving primary attention to Nightjohn, which is by far the most important. Selma, Lord Selma deals with the bloody civil rights march in Selma, Alabama, which led to the U.S. Voting Rights Act. Finding Buck McHenry concerns a youth-league baseball player who discovers that the janitor in his school was once a star in the negro baseball leagues. Nightjohn is the story of an escaped slave who returns to slavery and risks his life to secretly teach other slaves how to read and write. His student is a brave young girl named Sarny, who carries on his mission.
The Unresolved Tensions of Migration
Authors: Sopranzetti Claudio
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the drivers’ circular migration between Bangkok and their villages. It focuses on the predicaments of this mobility. On the one hand, their experiences, stories, and trajectories contribute to reproducing narratives in which Bangkok and the villages sit at opposite ends of the spectrum of development and modernity. On the other, the drivers modulate between the two spaces, constantly attempting to pull them together, connect and mediate them, struggling to find a place for themselves in between the two. This chapter explores how the drivers navigate this complex position, torn between their participation in reproducing narratives of distance between the city and the village, which drove them to migrate in the first place and keeps them suspended between the two spaces, and attempts to reconcile it though their life trajectories. Whichever strategy they adopt to cope with these tensions, in their migration, the drivers take the same gamble that they accept while riding the city: a gamble that makes them both aware of and concerned with the fragility of their lives and the material effects of these unresolved tensions on their families and villages.
Postscriptum
Authors: Sopranzetti Claudio
Published: May 2018

This chapter takes a step back from Thailand and asks what the political experience of the motorcycle taxi drivers can offer to philosophy of praxis today. In particular, it focuses on three issues that the drivers’ life trajectories, their everyday life in the city, and their adoption of mobility, a characteristic and strength of post-Fordism capitalism, as a tool of political mobilization and a field of struggle raise. First, they invite us to a methodological reflection on the role of contradiction in political praxis; second, they urge us to reconsider where accumulation and the production of value is located in post-Fordist capitalism; and third, they call on us to use this analysis to locate points of least resistance and weak spots on which political pressure can be most effectively applied.
Introduction
Authors: Avieli Nir
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter illustrates how the Hummus Wars were motivated by the strained relations between Israeli Jews, Palestinians, and Middle Eastern Arabs. The Hummus Wars are a great example of the kind of internal debates that pervade the culinary sphere, where members of a given social group negotiate different aspects of their identity—such as ethnicity, religion, gender, and class—among themselves over the dining table. The chapter shows the process of culinary globalization and attempts at transcending the local that were evident at Abu Gosh. It also presents some of the seminal definitions of power by social scientists and then applies them to the culinary sphere.
Why We Like Italian Food
Authors: Avieli Nir
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the extreme popularity of Italian food in Israel, second only to Mizrahi food. Based on observations from a study conducted in a dozen Italian restaurants, the chapter argues that Italian food is so popular because the portions are very large, the food is dairy-based, and the restaurants are family friendly—all of which correspond to specific sociological trends in contemporary Israel. The most intriguing finding, however, is that cooks and diners repeatedly asserted that the popularity of this cuisine stems from ecological and cultural affinities between Israel and Italy. The chapter contends that Italian restaurants allow Israeli Jews, and especially members of the socioeconomic Ashkenazi middle class, to imagine themselves as belonging to Mediterranean Europe rather than to the Middle East.
The Sweet Aroma of Holy Sewage
Authors: Tamari Salim
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes how new urban sensibilities grew out of the secularization of public space. It involved the transformation of ceremonials from traditional religious celebrations to popular carnivalesque avenues for leisure (most notably the Nebi Rubeen and Nebi Musa festivals, known as mawasim), now stripped of their religious motifs. A significant drive boosting these urban developments was the substantial investment in public infrastructure dictated by German–Ottoman war planning. These schemes can be seen also as part of earlier Ottoman policies, beginning with the work of Midhat Pasha in the mid-nineteenth century, to integrate the Syrian urban centers within the Ottoman centralizing state. The chapter shows how these plans involved the development of urban planning, the schooling system, and the introduction of new cultural institutions to buttress the integration of Syria and Palestine within the Ottoman system.
A “Scientific Expedition” to Gallipoli
Authors: Tamari Salim
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the period of the constitutional revolution as a prelude to the Great War, interpreted by two eminent local historians of the life of Nablus: Muhammad Izzat Darwazeh and Ihsan al-Nimr. It illustrates two contrasting perspectives on how the city potentates, and how its middle classes and artisans reacted to the removal of Sultan Abdul Hamid from power. What is striking in this “farcical moment” was the strength of support for the old regime by the city's merchants and artisans, and the general hostility toward the new freedoms promised by the Young Turks. Nimr attributes this hostility to the substantial autonomy enjoyed by the Nablus region during the earlier periods of Ottoman rule.
Ottoman Modernity and the Biblical Gaze
Authors: Tamari Salim
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about the representation of Palestine in the photography of Khalil Raad. The early photographers of the Levant were almost exclusively Armenians, and Raad was one of the few Arab photographers who became prominent in this period. His photos indicate to what extent local artists had internalized the orientalist discourse of European photographers in their “documentation” of the Holy Land. Moreover, Raad's portraits of Ahmad Cemal Pasha and Mersinli Cemal Pasha, the two main commanders of the Ottoman forces in Syria, appearing in relaxed family and social settings, were circulated widely during the war. Raad's portraits of the two men helped him gain access to the inner circle of the Ottoman administration.
The Public Health Police
Authors: Hoppe Trevor
Published: May 2018

As the HIV epidemic wore on in the 2000s, public health authorities became enamored with the idea of “ending AIDS.” That is, if they could just get HIV-positive people to take their pills and stop infecting other people. Health departments began to track HIV-positive clients more closely, aiming to control their behavior and ensure their adherence to treatment regimens. This chapter explores how local health authorities ensure that HIV-positive clients behave in a manner officials deem responsible—and how they catch and punish those who do not. While the state maintains that the work of local health officials is done solely in the interests of promoting public health, their efforts to control HIV-positive clients reveal that they are also engaged in policing and law enforcement.
Port City Rising from the Ashes
Authors: Ray Ranita
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a brief economic and sociohistorical overview of Port City—where the author conducted her fieldwork. The chapter discusses the role of one large pharmaceutical company in the city’s recent “revitalization” efforts and its resulting consequences. It also provides a thick description of the various Port City neighborhoods that are still socioeconomically segregated and provides key details regarding the city’s structures and residents.
Risky Love
Authors: Ray Ranita
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a nuanced look at the romantic and sexual relationships of Port City youth. Popular culture, media, public policy, and academic scholarship alike have pathologized the romantic and sexual relationships of economically marginalized youth of color by constructing their sexualities as “risky,” teen pregnancy as an epidemic in their communities, and men in these communities as predatory. Their romantic and sexual ties are, however, more complex. This chapter highlights the many joys of first love, the heartbreaks of romance, the resources generated within romantic and sexual relationships, as well as the sacrifices people make out of love. It shows how gender ideologies impact the everyday lives of youth, and it highlights how young women manage the pregnancy panic by distancing themselves from risk narratives and from some of their pregnant and parenting peers. They distance themselves by drawing on feminist ideologies of self-development and, in the process, police their own bodies and bodies of their peers, often reproducing dominant race, class, and gender narratives. Drawing on women-of-color feminisms, this chapter argues that the ubiquitous problematization of teen parenthood and sexuality interferes with resources that could be used to support all young people’s educational and occupational goals.
The Two Ms. Johnsons
Authors: Hunter Marcus Anthony , Robinson Zandria F.
Published: May 2018

Centering the lives, experiences, and murders of transwomen activists Marsha P. Johnson and Duanna Johnson, this chapter explores the migration stories of black women across the Black Map. Emphasizing the importance of intersectionality, the authors highlight the role of race, gender violence, and homophobia in black life and politics. Focused on the connections across space and time, this chapter demonstrates the key role transwomen and women of color play in the politics and migrations of black people throughout the chocolate cities.
How Brenda’s Baby Got California Love
Authors: Hunter Marcus Anthony , Robinson Zandria F.
Published: May 2018

Centering the lives, music, and experiences of Tupac Shakur and his mother, Afeni Shakur, this chapter explores the migration stories of black people across the Black Map through the lens of hip hop music, the Black Panther Party, the Up South, Out South, and West South. Emphasizing the importance of cultural production and black music, the authors highlight the role of race, place, police brutality, and gender in black life and politics. Focused on the connections across space and time, this chapter demonstrates the key role black power politics, police brutality, and hip hop in the politics and migrations of black people throughout the chocolate cities.
“Forms So Attenuated That They Merge into Normality Itself”
Authors: MacMillan Kurt
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores Chile's contributions to sexual science in the late 1920s and early 1930s by focusing on the case of a twenty-two-year-old woman who was found to possess what appeared to be a pair of testes and asked the doctors at San Agustín Hospital in Valparaíso to remove them. Gregorio Marañón, a Spanish doctor and intellectual, provided the Valparaíso physicians with their clinical framework for diagnosing and treating the woman's case through his analysis of “intersexual conditions.” The chapter shows how Marañón's theory of intersexuality and its appropriation in Valparaíso had been facilitated by the Latvian-Chilean physiologist Alexander Lipschütz. It also considers how Marañón incorporated Lipschütz into a Hispanic network of sexual science through the formulation of his theory of intersexuality.
“Tyranny of Orgasm”
Authors: Ahluwalia Sanjam
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the global governance of sexuality from the 1930s to the 1950s through a close textual reading of the discussions on female orgasms in the International Journal of Sexology (IJS), issued from Bombay between August 1947 and August 1955, with A. P. Pillay as editor in chief. The IJS featured views by contributors from India, Europe, and the United States about the “authenticity, normality, abnormality, of women's orgasms.” While some participants were sexual scientists, the public, especially women themselves, also shared their opinions in the form of letters and commentary. The chapter considers some of the issues addressed in the IJS in relation to female orgasm, including women's frigidity, pregnancy, female sterility, and miscarriage. It shows that the story of sexology was a global rather than an exclusively modern “Western” scientific enterprise.
The Limits of Transnationalism
Authors: Leng Kirsten
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the limits of transnationalism in (re)making sexological science by focusing on the case of Max Marcuse, one of Germany's most prominent sexologists. Marcuse played a key role in the intellectual and professional development of German sexology during the early twentieth century, undertaking research on various subjects while also helping publish the earliest sexological journals and professional societies. He was also instrumental in the introduction of sexology to criminal court cases. The chapter discusses Marcuse's emigration to Palestine and his failure to build a local audience for his specific brand of sexology, in large part because his approach was not in accord with Zionist visions of sexuality, biology, and community. Marcuse's experience illustrates how a confluence of subjective, cultural, and material factors constrained his ability to conduct research, including his study of “sexual problems” on kibbutzim, and wield his expertise as a German Jewish refugee in Palestine.
Women Doing Drugs
Authors: Boeri Miriam
Published: May 2018

Virtually all the women who used drugs into their adulthood had experienced rape, molestation, or abuse before they were adults. Ingrid was introduced to prostitution when she ran away from abusive foster parents. She never had a steady relationship, a conventional job, or a stable residence. The stories in this chapter illustrate the importance of social roles for women; yet, while social roles can be sources of strength, they can also be sources of stigma when women do not fulfill gendered roles to the standards of conventional society. Their multiple roles as mothers, partners, and friends were often in conflict, such as when partners were caught with drugs. Under threat of losing her children, Martha left her husband, a marijuana dealer, although he was a good husband and father, only to have her children taken away later due to her alcoholism, induced by loneliness. Women who had economic resources could afford the best treatment, but their road to recovery was through multiple relapses. Solutions that worked for the women included unconditional love, supportive housing, targeted treatment, and comprehensive social services. Mothers needed childcare services along with job training and employment. Aging women needed health care to address years of neglect.
Social Reconstruction and Social Recovery
Authors: Boeri Miriam
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses how political decisions made by baby boomers in powerful special interest groups destroyed the lives of those with less power. Guided by ignorance, fear, apathy, or a quest for power, baby boomers developed the systemic social structures of a drug war that left a bleak social landscape of desolate communities, broken families, and ruined lives. They transformed the American Dream into an American nightmare for many. They sucked the humanity out of medical, health, and social services that were created to relieve the suffering of vulnerable lives. The War on Drugs spread to become omnipresent in every facet of social life, corrupting the fabric of society and the social contract with authority. Not all baby boomers supported it, but their silence was interpreted as consent. This chapter argues that it is their war. It is their legacy. It is up to them to end the war and begin social reconstruction of a devastated society and social recovery for those who are hurting.
The Biopolitical and Affective Dimensions of Beauty
Authors: Jarrín Alvaro
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines the prevailing notions of beauty in Brazil by combining ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, and readings of popular culture. The research was carried out over three nonconsecutive years: between 2006 and 2008 and between 2009 and 2011. The main argument is that beauty matters in Brazil because it produces forms of affect that condense race, class, and gender inequalities onto and through the body, generating an aesthetic hierarchy that produces a scale of value ranging from the beautiful and normative to the ugly and abject. It is hoped that this work provides a turning point in the scholarship about race in Brazil, which has long suggested that aesthetic evaluations are central to daily experiences of racism, but which has not fully examined beauty as a social category.
The Circulation of Beauty
Authors: Jarrín Alvaro
Published: May 2018

This chapter, which is based on ethnographic interviews with Brazilian patients, discusses the ways in which beauty makes bodies matter. Focusing first on class, then on gender, and ending with race, it explores how the beauty/ugliness dyad combines powerfully with other bodily signs and provides legitimacy to forms of inequality, simultaneously producing the terrain on which these forms of inequality can be questioned. It is argued that beauty shows us how bodies assemble into coherent gendered, racialized, and classed entities within the Brazilian context. Beauty, in other words, is the key to understanding why the promise of belonging to the body politic is always conditional in Brazil, inevitably tied to one's appearance, and why some bodies are more highly valued in this affective economy than others.
Thinking of Beauty Transnationally
Authors: Jarrín Alvaro
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter reflects on the transnational dimensions of beauty. Beautification can be thought of as a global industry that takes on very different registers depending on the specific histories and the body politics where it emerges. Nonetheless, there are common methodologies and theoretical insights that allow us to think about beauty globally and about the ways it travels, producing certain forms of affect that transcend boundaries and which enable transnational biopolitical operations that are tied to both colonial histories and new forms of empire. The twin concepts of biopolitics and affect can be applied to many different contexts where beauty matters, and they allow us to think beyond the structure/agency or empowerment/disempowerment debates that have long plagued academic discussions of beauty practices.
“A System Steadily Perfected”
Authors: Forth Aidan
Published: May 2018

In an effort to reduce mortality rates from epidemic disease, the British government engaged in a campaign to reform the Anglo-Boer War concentration camps. Officials like Alfred Milner and Joseph Chamberlain actively mobilized imperial Britain’s long history of encampment and solicited expertise from the fields of metropolitan welfare and social investigation to appoint a women’s committee (led by Millicent Fawcett) to visit the camps and recommend reforms. Chamberlain also contacted the India Office and ultimately imported Colonels Samuel J. Thomson and James S. Wilkins, who had analogous inter-imperial experience managing plague and famine camps in India. Drawing from lessons synthesized in India, these “imperial careerists” introduced stricter discipline and new measures like barbed-wire quarantine wards and forced hospitalization, which ultimately reduced camp mortality. New camps in Cape Colony and Natal constructed by Wilkins and Thomson refined camp management to a state of perfection and helped vindicate concentration camps as a legitimate technology of imperial statecraft and emergency relief.
Circles, Rays, Channels
Authors: Lemon Alaina
Published: May 2018

A credential is only as good as the social and political connections that bind and embed moments of its verification. Communicative contact alone cannot make a credential real and effective—or can it? When and how do people try to harness the forces of sensory contact (or allied forms of seemingly immaterial contact) to override official ways of reading people and their papers? When, instead, do some work to override the overrides and return to panoptic security? The divisions of communicative and sensory labor that go into producing working credentials are also at work in the production of phatic expertise—a form of expertise that itself has been repeatedly drawn into performances of and discourses for verification—and technologies for intuition—that produced the credential and the ID document in the first place.
The Influence of the Counterculture, Community, and State
Authors: Brooks Shelley Alden
Published: May 2018

During the counter-culture era of the 1960s and early 1970s, Big Sur became a magnet for hippies, back-to-the-land activists, and New Age visitors exploring the mind-expanding retreats at the Esalen Institute. Added to these arrivals were the more mainstream families flocking to the state parks and beaches, and wealthy new residents. Chapter 5 examines the arrival of these various admirers and their influence on Big Sur’s image and land management. This chapter also broadens the picture to examine the statewide impact of the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill. The spill was a wakeup call to the state and the nation, and it reinforced the linkage between the quality of the environment and Americans’ quality of life. It spurred the passage of Proposition 20 in 1972 to protect California’s prized coastline. New state regulations required environmentally sensitive land management plans from all coastal counties. This chapter argues that Big Sur residents understood the importance (and accepted the irony) of coalescing as a vibrant community as they began to draft one of the most stringent antidevelopment plans in the state. Their sophisticated knowledge of land management helped retain this coastline’s distinction and their prized place within it.
Circles of Community, Strategies of Inclusion
Authors: Pike Sarah M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter Six analyzes the efforts of activists to create community by bringing together people with different agendas and backgrounds and the resultant tensions and conflicts that come about in the process. I look closely at activists’ work to connect environmental and animal rights activism with concerns about social justice, especially with regard to people of color. Activist gatherings are imagined as free and open spaces of inclusivity and equality and yet they set up their own patterns of conformity and expectation. This chapter looks closely at how putting the “Earth first” comes in conflict with “anti-oppression” work and vice-versa, as activists try hard, drawing on empathy and compassion, to decolonize their communities and dismantle patriarchy and transphobia within their movements.
Rites of Grief and Mourning
Authors: Pike Sarah M.
Published: May 2018

Through the study of grief over lost places, tree friends, whole species, and human comrades, I suggest that protests can be understood as rites of mourning. Memories of childhood wonder, feelings of love and kinship for other species, empathizing with oppressed human communities, raging at injustice with hardcore bands, all make the loss of friends and other species keenly felt as activists face the realities of mass extinction and climate change. I explore their experience of environmental devastation and species loss as a kind of perpetual mourning from which they cannot escape. And yet, in all this loss, many of them find hope for a primal future, beyond the human.
Imaginary Communities
Authors: Carrico Kevin
Published: May 2018

“Imaginary Communities” examines the concept of the nation within Han Clothing Movement discourses to develop a new theory of nationalism. The analyses are based in the question: if nations are imagined communities, how exactly are they imagined? Beginning from a dialogue with a movement enthusiast in Shenzhen, in which he presents the unexpected proposition that “today’s China is not the real China,” this chapter combines Anderson’s materialist approach with Smith’s ethnosymbolic approach to the nation to reinterpret imagined communities, structured around mundane, repetitive rituals and homogenous, empty time, as imaginary communities, structured around larger than life fantasies which illusorily incorporate individuals through the narrative of national identity. This concept of imaginary communities is thenfounded in the distinction between the nation as an ideal, which I call the fantastic national imaginary, and the nation as reality, characterized by mundane and disappointing experience. Insofar as the solution to the failure of national identity is sought in the source of this dilemma, namely the larger than life national fantasy, the nation is analyzed herein as a self-reproducing system, perpetuated over time precisely in its failure.
Han Trouble and the Ethnic Cure
Authors: Carrico Kevin
Published: May 2018

“Han Trouble” builds upon the analysis of the nation in “Imaginary Communities” to further deconstruct the concepts of “the Han” and “tradition” central to Han Clothing Movement discourses. The movement’s emergence since 2001 is analyzed in relation to the conventional framework of ethnic relations and representation in China, wherein minorities are represented as “primitive” and “closer to nature” with their ethnic clothing, customs, and culture, while the Han majority is represented as “default” and “unmarked.” This binary creates “Han Trouble,” the boredom of the unmarked, to which the movement responds with a reimagining of Han identity thatironically draws heavily upon fetishized representations of minority identity, in a process that I call ethnicization. The movement’s deployment of tradition, based in a nostalgic vision of past security, stability, and certainty, is similarly an inverted product of the uncertainty and uncontrollability of contemporary life. The Han Clothing Movement and its participants are thus perpetually caught between their ideals and their polar opposites, aiming nevertheless to transcend imperfect reality via the ideal of identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Carrico Kevin
Published: May 2018

“Neo-Traditionalism in China Today” expands the analytical framework developed in this study of the Han Clothing Movement to interpret a series of distinct yet conceptually related neo-traditionalisms and nationalisms in China today. The re-emergence of traditional education in the Chinese classics through Confucian academies is examined as a mystical response to the crisis in the contemporary educational system. The promotion of Confucian constitutionalism imagines an indigenous, yet logically flawed, alternative to the globalization of democracy. The rise of New Leftist thought, meanwhile, seeks answers in a cleansed Maoist “revolutionary tradition.” Concluding with a discussion of ethnic clothing and photography emerging from the rubble of the Wenchuan earthquake, this conclusion provides a basis for reflecting upon the Han Clothing Movement and its identity reconstructions as one example of broader trends in society today, seeking answers to the dilemmas of the present in an imagined past.