bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Industrial Policy: An Overview
Authors: Foreman-Peck James , Federico Giovanni
Published: November 2023

How much have European industrial policies mattered? We begin this overview by assessing their impact. Since differences between national industrial policies have persisted for long periods of history, we go on to look at some of the institutions, events, and characteristics that underlie their durability and which may give rise to the distinctive national cultures discussed in the preceding chapter. There are also family resemblances among European industrial policies, thanks to intellectual climates, technology, common shocks, and the prevalent style of international relations. Because family resemblances change with the epoch, we divide the account into four periods-the end of the ‘Jong nineteenth century’, the inter-war years, the great post-war boom, and the aftermath of the oil price shocks. For each of these we compare across countries the causes and effects of policy instruments and the objectives. Among the greatest shifts in the climate of international relations and in European institutions have been the formation of the Common Market and the evolution of the European Union. We integrate explanations of the scope and limitations of supra-national European industrial policies with the accounts of the epochs in which they were implemented. Fin ally we offer some predictions and prescriptions.
Large Enterprises: Policies to Promote Best Practice in Cross-Functional Technology Management
Authors: Coombs Rod
Published: November 2023

It is widely accepted that technology plays an important role in competitive relationships between firms, and between regions and nations. Much of the academic research and policy analysis which has examined and elucidated this problem over recent decades has been concerned with the production, volumes, and flows of technology itself. However, it is increasingly becoming clear that, at least in the relationships between advanced economies, and in the competitive battles between firms within such economies, it is often not the technology itself which determines outcomes but the management of technologies. To put it simply, most large firms do not suffer principally from a lack of technology, but from a lack of the ability to mobilize it quickly and effectively enough to achieve competitive advantage. Of course, there can be a wide range of reasons for such failures. However, some at least, of the reasons for large firms failing to create competitive advantage out of technology are due to deficits in a specific set of procedures and skills which we can identify as technology management skills. These are the focus of this chapter. The first task is therefore to briefly define these skills and activities.
British Free-Standing Companies on the West Coast of South America
Authors: Miller Rory
Published: November 2023

The historiography of British investment in Latin America has experienced some revision since 1980, when Alfred Chandler emphasized the retarded development and poor performance of British multinational firms compared with their US equivalents. Already, in the late 1970s, Irving Stone and Peter Svedberg had independently argued, on the basis of published data on British investment in Latin America, that a large component of this capital flow had taken the form of direct investments in which the British had maintained control of the assets established with their funds. Company histories also began to indicate that a number of leading British multinational companies, including ICI, Lever Brothers, J. & P. Coats, BAT, and Glaxo, established significant operations in Latin America early in the twentieth century. However, most of the British direct investments in the region before the First World War did not take the form of the classic multinational company, but rather consisted of hundreds of apparently independent enterprises separately registered on the Stock Exchange and operating in one or two contiguous countries. Analysing British direct investment in Latin America before 1914 thus required concepts which drew a distinction between the typical British firm and the multinational corporation, the normal vehicle for US direct investment in the region.
Renault: From Diversified Mass Production to Innovative Flexible Production
Authors: Freyssenet Michel
Published: November 2023

A cursory review of the history of Renault, combined with a glance at a few statistics and quotations, might lead one to believe that towards the end of the 1980s the French car maker made the transition from a Fordist model to a ‘lean production’ model, which is proposed by the authors of The Machine that Changed the World as the model for the twenty-first century. Yet Renault tried to be a Fordist company, but never succeeded. Still less did it now conform to the idea of ‘lean production’. In fact during the 1960s the company had adopted the Sloanist industrial model, named after Alfred Sloan, who developed it and later theorized it while chief executive officer (CEO) and then president of General Motors. The Sloanist model can best be summarized as follows: the mass production of a diverse automobile product range which shares many components in common, within a framework of a compromise (called in this text company compromise) negotiated with trade unions which guarantees regular increases in the purchasing power of the workers,
Introducing Competition into Regulated Industries
Authors: Helm Dieter , Jenkinson Tim
Published: November 2023

For most of the post-war period it has been a conventional wisdom that the market failures in the utility industries were so great as to merit state ownership, vertical integration, and monopoly. State ownership ‘re solved’ the conflict of interests between the private and public good; vertical integration ensured that customers bore the risk of upstream sunk investments; and monopoly prevented the destructive competition which was widely thought to have pervaded the industries in the 1920s and 1930s.
Network Industries
Authors: Klein Michael
Published: November 2023

A wave of infrastructure privatization activity is currently sweeping the globe, affecting about 100 countries and amounting annually to over US$60 billion of business on average over the past decade. It has become increasingly clear to policy-makers and firms alike that a major challenge is to ensure that such privatization activity will yield clear benefits. Existing empirical studies suggest that ownership change per se will often yield benefits, particularly where it leads to reduced non-commer cial government interference. However, regulation that is required in areas with natural monopoly features may become overly intrusive and undermine the progress made. To generate lasting and sizeable welfare improvements the introduction of real competition is required. Effective competition requires that firms can fail. This in turn tends to require private ownership, as public firms may more easily count on being bailed out. It is in this sense that private ownership may be most clearly necessary for achieving lasting efficiency gains.
The UK Gas Industry
Authors: Price Catherine Waddams
Published: November 2023

The UK gas industry epitomizes a general shift in policy towards the regulated utilities over the last 10 years. It was one of the first three to be privatized (in late 1986) and alone has required major new primary legislation to redefine its competitive role. This new Gas Act in 1995 paved the way for competition in the residential market which was certainly not envisaged in the original privatization Act. Gas has also been subject to perhaps the most intensive discussion on the appropriate form of its structure and liberalization, and has been assessed by regu latory authorities not merely on its conduct, but on the effect of that conduct in the market. In this section we record the main events in the gas industry since privatization, and in the next section identify some of the key issues. Section 3 discusses access pricing and section 4 the develop ment of competition to date. In section 5 we assess the regulator’s role, and in section 6 discuss price discrimination and some distributional aspects of competition. Section 7 concludes and considers future regula tory strategy.
The PLA and Chinese National Security Policy: Leaderships, Structures, Processes*
Authors: Swaine Michael D
Published: November 2023

China’s rise as a major power constitutes one of the most significant strategic events of the post-Cold War period. Many policy-makers, strategists and scholars express significant concern over the implications of China’s growing military and economic capabilities for the future security environment in Asia and beyond. Such concern derives in part from an anticipation of the systemic security problems that have historically accompanied the emergence of a new power. In the Chinese case, however, these anxieties are greatly compounded by the rapidity of internal change under way in China, the general lack of knowledge about Chinese strategic ambitions, the existence of many unresolved Chinese territorial claims, the intense suspicion and even hostility toward the West harboured by China’s leadership, and China’s internal political and social instabilities.
Regulatory Framework, Government Intervention and Investment in Postwar Japan The Structural Dynamics of J-Type Firm-Government Relationships
Authors: Miyajima Hiueakl
Published: November 2023

The rapid growth of the Japanese economy during the 1950s and 1960s (over 10 per cent of annual GDP growth) was spurred by fierce investment competition among large firms in the manufacturing sector. The investment ratio accelerated 20 per cent in the late 1950s; to 30 per cent in the early 1960s; and to nearly 35 per cent in the late 1960s—among the highest of advanced nations and far beyond prewar levels in Japan. Heavy investment in plant and equipment was one of the main reasons why the international competitiveness of Japanese industries increased. Such investment led to greater productivity, the advancement of rapid import substitution, and the rapid growth of exports.
Investment in Shanghai: Central Policy and Provincial Implementation
Authors: Li Linda Chelan
Published: November 2023

The industrialization and commercialization of the Shanghai economy earlier in the century has led to descriptions of Shanghai as the ‘other China’. Its modern and cosmopolitan orientation was a stark contrast to the agrarian and inward-looking orientation of most parts of the country. Its wealth also caused hostility and suspicion within both the bureaucratic and the revolutionary forces of China, especially since its economy flourished largely under the protection of the foreign treaty powers (Bergere 1981). After 1949, this ‘one-step-ahead’ economic development nevertheless gave Shanghai a peculiarly important place in the construction of a socialist economy. As a result of the nationalization of Shanghai’s industry between 1955 and 1956,1 this previously most developed hub of capitalism and private enterprise had became the centre of gravity of the central planning system.
Learning, Managing, and Organizing: The continuing contribution of group relations to management and organization
Authors: French Robert , Vince Russ
Published: November 2023

The importance of this book about group relations is in the collective contribution that the chapters make to the concepts of learning, managing, and organizing. The book represents a continuation of the fifty-year history of group relations, but it is also published at a turning-point, a period when the field is itself broadening and transforming. As group relations as an approach is transformed, the possibility of the impact that it can make in management education, in influencing the practice of consultation and organization development, and in providing institutions and organizations with strategies for sustainable organizational learning is also enhanced.
After the Conference is Over
Authors: Ramsay Sheila
Published: November 2023

I have a vivid memory from the first time I was a member of the Leicester conference on ‘Leadership, Authority and Organization’ sponsored by the Group Relations Training Programme of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations. Sitting in my room at the end of a long day I had the sudden realization that ‘I can’t unlearn this’, although at that point I could not articulate exactly what ‘this’ was. I realized however that my understanding of how organizations worked, and how I related to them and to the roles I held within them, was irrevocably changed. This realization was both exciting and frightening because it meant that my way of working and being in those organizations would also change, with unknowable consequences. Sixteen years on from that conference, with considerably more experience both of group relations work and of being in different roles in organizations, including senior management roles, I am aware of how that learning is integral to how I go about my daily business and take up my role in my work situation. And yet, trying to relate exactly how I have used the learning from my conference experiences feels like an elusive and complex task.
Small Business in America: An Historical Overview
Authors: Blackford Mansel G
Published: November 2023

In1994 a decade-old campaign against Wal-Mart, America’s largest retailer, exploded. Protesters chanting ‘One, two, three, four-we don’t want your Wal-Mart store’, opposed the building of new stores in Oceanside, California; Gaithersburg, Maryland; Quincy, Massachusetts; East Lam peter, Pennsylvania; Lake Placid, New York; Gallatin, Tennessee; and other com munities. One opponent-a self-employed clothing designer in Fort Collins, Colorado-summarized what was on the minds of many: ‘I really hate Wal Mart. Everything’s starting to look the same, everybody buys all the same things-a lot of small-town character is being lost. They disrupt local com munities, they hurt small businesses’ (Wall Street Journal, 11 Oct. 1994). Op position became so vocal that it attracted the pen of cartoonist Gary Trudeau, who devoted a week of his comic strip ‘Doonesbury’ to the controversy.
The Social Structuring of Work Systems
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

As has been shown in a considerable number of studies, the organization and control of work processes and of workplace relations in capitalist societies are complex, systemic phenomena that vary substantially between institutional contexts (e.g. Boyer 1991, 1994; Kristensen 1997; Lane 1989). While Taylorism or scientific-management principles were once thought to represent the only efficient way of structuring work activities, they are now seen to be historically and societally contingent patterns of work organization that depended on a number of circumstantial factors to become established in the USA, and that by no means dominated industrial organizations in Europe or Japan (Guillen 1994; Merkle 1980). It is also apparent that Fordist production systems have had many variants and have not always proved as effective as some adherents claimed (Boyer and Durand 1997; Hounshell 1995; Wood 1989).
Continuity and Change in East Asian Capitalisms
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

The distinctive patterns of economic organization established in post-war Korea and Taiwan that were described in the previous chapter have been seen by some as changing significantly in the 1990s. In combination with the extended recession in Japan, the growing internationalization of Korean and Taiwanese firms, democratization, and other institutional changes have raised questions about the continued internal homogeneity and external distinctiveness of East Asian business systems. For example, the growth of intra-regional trade and investment in the 1990s (Chu 1995; Gangopadhyay 1998) and the increasing amount of Japanese and Korean investment in North America and Europe have encouraged suggestions that the nature and behaviour of firms in these societies are changing. Additionally, the internal economic and political changes in many East Asian countries, together with shifts in the regional geo-political environment, can be seen as heralding substantial and systematic changes in the nature of East Asian capitalisms (see e.g. Clark and Kim 1995). The combination of increasing external interdependence and growing internal differentiation could encourage greater variability in organizational forms within these economies, on the one hand, and reduced contrasts between them, on the other hand. Finally, the financial crises of the late 1990s in some regional economies could be viewed as intensifying and extending these pressures for change.
The Attenuation of Mortality Fluctuations in British Punjab and Bengal, 1870-1947
Authors: Osona Jose Antonio Ortega
Published: November 2023

The study of mortality fluctuations in South Asia is a topic that has received surprisingly little attention in the demographic literature. It is surprising since the study of famines has been one of the main focuses of Indian economic and political historiography.There are detailed studies of particular famines, but surprisingly little work to establish the broad picture with regard to mortality fluctuations. This is a particularly relevant task for the period 1870-1947, when very intense fluctuations connected with famines and epidemics were very much attenuated from 1910 onwards. This chapter is the first exploration of this issue for the case of British Bengal and Punjab.
Values and Entrepreneurship in the Americas
Authors: Upset Seymour Martin
Published: November 2023

Discussions of the requisites of economic development have been concerned with the relative importance of the appropriate economic conditions, rather than the presumed effects on varying rates of economic growth of diverse value systems. Much of the analysis which stems from economic thought has tended to see value orientations as derivative from economic factors. Most sociological analysts, on the other hand, following in the tradition of Max Weber, have placed a major independent role on the effect of values in fostering economic development. 1 Although the evaluation of the casual significance of economic factors and value orientations has often taken the form of a debate pitting one against the other, increasingly more people have come to accept the premise that both sets of variables are relevant. Many economists now discuss the role of “noneconomic” factors in economic growth, and some have attempted to include concepts developed in sociology and psychology into their over-all frame of analysis.
Common Agricultural Policy
Authors: Tarditi Secondo , Zanias George
Published: November 2023

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been, and still is, the sectoral policy of the EU generating the largest redistribution of income among European citizens. The Guarantee Section of EAGGF (the European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund) absorbed 46 per cent of the total EU budget in 1997, while a substantial share of the Strnctural Funds, which account for an extra 36 per cent of the EU budget, are designated for rural areas and agricultural firms. Moreover, the price support policy transfers a similar amount of household income to fanners by creating a price wedge between domestic and world market prices.
The European Securities Industry under a Single Currency
Authors: Smith Roy c.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the competitive dynamics of the securities industry in Europe and seeks to identify the major sources of competitive advantage for firms participating in the European industry in the future. The future of the European securities industry will be affected not only by the forthcoming conversion to a single currency but also by a variety of developments and powerful forces that have been reshaping the global securities industry over the past fifteen years. Indeed, these developments have already changed the European securities industry more, perhaps, than have any other broad environmental changes throughout its long history.
Learning Through Strategic Alliances
Authors: Child John
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of salient issues concerning learning through strategic alliances. The term ‘strategic alliance’ refers to cooperation between firms for the purpose of improving the partners’ ability to achieve their strategic objectives. Such alliances can range from equity and contract-based joint ventures to consortia and less formal collaborations (see Child and Faulkner 1998; Lorange and Roos 1992). Some strategic alliances are between firms occupying similar positions in a value chain, where the prime motivation often is to achieve scale economies or reduce the financial risk of costly new projects rather than to acquire knowledge. Other strategic alliances are formed between firms that occupy different positions in a value chain; in this case the acquisition of new competencies may be an important motive behind their cooperation (Garrette and Dussauge 1996).
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

The growing interest in organizational learning concepts and theories has generated a rapid proliferation of approaches, tools, and techniques of learning. Thus, the common objective of all the authors in this part is to draw on theories, empirical research, and authors’ practical experience to provide practitioners with an ‘architecture’ of organizational learning practices. Each chapter elaborates on this architecture and suggests corresponding tools and techniques of learning to develop and apply.
Creating Conditions for Organizational Learning
Authors: Friedman Victor J , Lipshitz Raanan , Overmeer Wim
Published: November 2023

Despite the rapidly growing interest in organizational learning, there remains a fundamental dichotomy between visionaries and skeptics regarding its practice. The visionaries (e.g. Garrat 1987; Howard and Haas 1993; Nonaka 1991; Senge 1990) advocate organizational learning as a process with the potential to transform organizations and organizational life. They take a prescriptive, normative stance, viewing organizational learning as both attainable and essential to meeting the need for continual innovation and change (Tsang 1997). The skeptics (e.g. Brehmer 1980; Levitt and March 1988; March and Olsen 1976; Weick and Westley 1996) focus on the limitations and failings of organizational learning, which they attribute to the relatively unchangeable features of people and organizations.
Applying Theory to Organizational Transformation
Authors: Krebsbach-Gnath Camilla
Published: November 2023

The theories and concepts of organizational learning, as they have been described and discussed in numerous articles in this handbook and other volumes (Albach, Dierkes, Antal, and Vaillant 1998; Argyris and Schon 1978; Garrat 1990; Krebsbach-Gnath 1996; Moingeon and Edmondson 1996; Pedler, Burgoyne, and Boydell 1991; Senge 1990), certainly sound convincing and promising. But they hardly provide a framework for action. As Garvin (1993) pointed out, ‘the recommendations are far too abstract, and too many questions remain unanswered’ (p. 78). Managers who want to prepare their companies for the future often ask questions such as ‘How does it work? How do I make it happen? Do you know of any learning organi-zations that we can learn from?’ How can the existing knowledge about organizational learning be applied to the real life of companies?
Results: Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

The question of what has resulted from all the many reforms is obviously an absolutely fundamental one. Yet it is not at all simple. The label ‘result’ can be applied to many different aspects, and may incorporate a variety of concepts. As Brunsson says, talk and decisions, as well as actual actions, may be considered as important types of outputs.
Statistical Properties of the Asymmetric Power ARCH Process
Authors: He Changli , Terasvirta Timo
Published: November 2023

The temporal properties of power-transformed returns, rt, from speculative assets have recently received considerable attention. Clive Granger, whose interest in commodity and stock markets can be traced back to Granger and Morgenstern (1963, 1970), has discussed them in a series of papers: see Ding, Granger and Engle (1993), henceforth DGE, Granger and Ding (1995a, b, 1996) and Ding and Granger (1996). In DGE the authors reminded the reader of the fact which Taylor (1986, pp. 52-6) first observed, namely, that Irt is positively autocorrelated even at long lags.
Who’s in Control: Designers, Managers—or Technology? Infrastructures at Norsk Hydro
Authors: Hanseth Ole , Braa Kristin
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents and discusses globalization and the definition and implementation of corporate information infrastructures within Norsk Hydro. Standards are widely considered as the most basic features of information infrastructures-public as well as corporate. This view is expressed by a high-level IT manager: ‘The infrastructure shall be roo per cent standardized.’ Such standards are considered universal in the sense that there is just one standard for each area or function, and that separate standards should fit together-there should be no redundancy and no inconsistency. All actors within a use domain are assumed to share all the standards, and the standards are equal for all of them. Our study illustrates that the reality is different. The idea of the universal standard is an illusion, just like the treasure at the end of the rainbow.
From Alignment to Loose Coupling: From MedNet to www.roche.com
Authors: Ciborra Claudio u.
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter has already described the pharmaceutical industry as characterized more than ever by alliances, mergers, and acquisitions, followed by costcutting exercises and externalization of different activities at an increasing pace. The big pharmaceutical companies are struggling to increase their size in certain functions, by seeking economies of scale. Moreover, they are seeking further economies by combining traditional pharmaceutical R & D, production, and distribution with the acquisition of complementary technologies such as diagnostics and new R & D biotechnology firms. The deployment of IT and process infrastructures takes place in such turbulent industrial and organizational contexts that it cannot be considered in isolation from them. In general, the strategic intent of the major industry players is to further enhance globalization, recombination, and consolidation of activities.
How to Invite Prosperity from the Global Economy Into a Region
Authors: Ohmae Kenichi
Published: November 2023

The world, economically and in management terms, has become a network of prosperous regions, prosperous city-regions. It is particularly interesting to note that in today’s world, countries or regions the size of cities are prospering, while at the same time there are cities the size of countries having problems. I summar ize the critical economic success factors in this new globalized world (which dates from about 1985) into the “Four Cs”: Communication/information, Capital/ investment, Corporation/industry, and Consumers/individuals.
Quebec in an Era of Global City-Regions
Authors: Bouchard Lucien
Published: November 2023

Let us, first of all, define the subject. Global city-regions are metropolitan areas where local economic activity and political issues are closely related to the world system. The theme you have chosen for your conference is a clear indication that the challenges posed by the globalization of the economy and the emergence of planetary cultural references involve each and every one of us. These challenges range from adjusting to countless changes in our daily lives to having to con template the prospect of world government. This conference is a major step in the understanding of the issues and challenges raised by the emergence of a global world.
Human Rights and the Third Pillar
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

Is the ‘free movement’ of prosecutions and investigations compatible with the protection of human rights? This is the fundamental question underlying co-operation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) in the European Union (EU). It can be answered by analysing first the potential role of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in ensuring human rights protection in the third pillar, and then by critically examining the practice of the Council of the EU. The Amsterdam Treaty has transformed the approach to JHA co-operation in the European Union. Such co-operation, initially agreed informally, outside the scope of the Community institutions, was formalized by the Maastricht Treaty on European Union (TEU), placed at first largely in the intergovernmental Title VI of that Treaty. Pre-Maastricht JHA co-operation was arranged through various working groups reporting to immigration or interior ministers, ultimately through a ‘Coordinators Group’ of senior national interior ministry officials.
Information about the Debtor
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

The problem of obtaining information about a debtor may be a suitable starting point for a consideration of the need to promote compatibility between legal systems in Europe. If a debtor is to be worth suing, and if the resulting judgment is to be capable of enforcement in another jurisdiction, access to information is essential—and the earlier in the process helpful information can be acquired, the better the creditor is placed to make appropriate decisions.
Conclusions
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

I suppose that the main conclusion to be drawn from the comparisons in the foregoing chapters is the very obvious one that in relation to enforcement matters European legal systems are widely divergent. On some issues there is little common ground between them. On many issues there is a shared purpose, but divergent approaches. Sometimes there seems to be a similarity of approach, but it would be dangerous to assume that similarities in the wording of legislation, or in the views expressed in cases, are evidence of similar practices.
The CPT and Turkey
Authors: Gemalmaz Semih
Published: November 2023

According to the 1982 Turkish Constitution, duly enacted international agreements have the authority of law and are not subject to challenge before the Constitutional Court on the ground that they are unconstitutional. The position was the same under the 1961 Constitution. This has two consequences. First, since international conventions ratified by Turkey automatically become an integral part of Turkish law, all relevant domestic authorities must apply them as if they were domestic legislation.
Damage without Loss
Authors: Bar Christian Von
Published: November 2023

Lord Goff of Chieveley, to whom the following pages are dedicated in affection and gratitude, is among the most important of the European judges engaged in comparative law in the closing years of the twentieth century. Towards the end of his career he served, in particular, Anglo-German and Anglo-Italian relations, and it appears appropriate to treat comparatively a subject in which all three legal systems have played a prominent role. The following tour of Europe nevertheless visits other countries, and it commences in Austria.
Multi-Party Actions
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

This is the first practitioner’s work to deal in detail with the new rule (19.III) on Group Litigation Orders under the Civil Procedure Rules. Due to come into effect in mid-2000, it introduces for the first time specific provisions dealing with the procedural aspects of managing multi-party actions. The book provides exhaustive analysis of the new rule and relates it to the extensive experience which has been gained from the major multi-party actions of recent years, such as those relating to Opren, Benzodiazepine tranquilizers, the Sellafield radiation claims, the Lloyd’s litigation, Norplant, the British Coal Vibration White Finger litigation and the British Coal respiratory disease litigation. The book includes fifteen case studies on these and other major cases, written by the practitioners involved and providing a major factual resource for all tort lawyers. The details of the matters in issue in these cases and their resolution have not previously been easily accessible, nor systematically analysed. Also included are chapters contributed by leading lawyers from the US, Canada, and Australia on their class action rules, which enables useful comparisons to be made on points both of principle and practice. Written by a leading expert in the field, the book provides a uniquely detailed analysis of multi-party actions and their management.
Introduction To Case Studies
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

This Part contains case histories of many of the major multi-party actions which lawyers and the courts have had to manage since the phenomenon emerged in its modern form in the 1980s. The cases which have been included here have been chosen not only as major multi-party cases but also to represent some range of subject matter. The majority of complex cases have involved product liability claims, principally medicines (a list of those known to the editor is at Table 16.1), but there have been environmental cases (Sellafield; X Co; Docklands) and financial cases (Lockton, Lloyd’s). The total number of claimants and outcome of the case histories is at Table 16.2. Various points need to be made in order to under stand the case histories.
Opren Litigation
Authors: Ware Anne
Published: November 2023

This product liability litigation was the dominant multi-party action during the late 1980s and early 1990s. A number of important management issues arose and the decisions adopted were influential in later cases. First, a steering committee was formed to co-ordinate the activities of over 200 firms representing plaintiffs. Secondly, the Judge ordered a cut-off date so as to clarify the numbers involved. This was also important in relation to cost-benefit analysis under Legal Aid. Thirdly, the case throughout attracted extensive media publicity which continued to draw new claimants wishing to join. As a result, a succession of cut-off dates and groups of claimants were created, with later groups ultimately being held to be out of time on limitation grounds.
A Response to Critics
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

To my ongoing surprise, my book, The Future of Law, has generated considerable interest and commentary since its original publication in 1996. Until recently, I am pleased to say that I managed to hold fast against the almost irresistible temptation to switch on my machine and dash off a quick retort to each and every commentary that appeared. However, when I read a draft of Professor Ed Greenebaum’s review article,3 I regarded it as rather different from others that I had seen, because it gathered together in one place the most common criticisms of my book, added a few more, and did so in much more detail and with greater rigour than most others before him had attempted. Accordingly, I broke with my self-imposed tradition and put together this brief defence of my position not only as a reply to Professor Greenebaum but as a more generic retort to critics at large.
Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance, and Problems of Subgrouping: A North Arawak Case Study
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

To establish subgroupings within a language family one needs to recognize <a set of changes common to a particular subgroup which has occurred between the period of divergences of the family as a whole and that of the subgroup in question’ (Greenberg 1953: 49). The shared changes should be significant and fairly unusual, not the sorts of changes that recur aH over the world and could well have happened independently in each of the languages (e.g. palatalizing a velar consonant next to a front vowel). Note that the criteria! features must be shared innovations. If a number of languages within a given family share retentions from the proto-language this does not require a period of shared development and does not constitute evidence for subgrouping. Shared loss (e.g. loss of a system of possession markers, pronominal suffixes, or tense inflections) is also not a good criterion for subgrouping. What may be significant is the way the loss is replaced; if each of the languages loses tense inflection on verbs but then makes reference to time through an innovated system of auxiliaries (with the auxiliaries being cognate in form) then this shared innovation does provide evidence for their constituting a subgroup.
On Genetic and Areal Linguistics in Mainland South-East Asia: Parallel Polyfunctionality of ‘acquire’
Authors: Enfield N J
Published: November 2023

This chapter raises questions concerning genetic and areal relatedness among languages of Mainland South-east Asia (hereafter MSEA),1 mainly with reference to a widespread pattern of grammatical polyfunctionality involving a verb ACQlHRE. Although data are mostly from Sinitic and Tai, the issues of genetic versus areal relatedness arise across and throughout the five or more language families in the region.
Where is the wisdom? Professional education and the realization of healthcare
Authors: Coles Colin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I examine the recent literature on professional development, and consider the implications both for the education of the healthcare professions and for the realisation of healthcare services. I describe how professionals are asked to engage in complex and unpredictable tasks on society’s behalf, and in doing so must exercise their discretion in situations of uncertainty, that is they must make judgements—decide what is ‘best’ in the particular situation rather than what is ‘right’ in some absolute sense. Inevitably some of these judgements will lead to ‘error’, which is endemic to professional practice.
Young people with troublesome behaviour
Authors: Maughan Barbara
Published: November 2023

Many children show troublesome behaviours at some point in their development. For a minority, defiance, disruptiveness, and aggression become so severe that they impair other aspects of functioning, compromise relationships, and risk conflict with parents, teachers, and peers. Disruptive behaviours of this kind are among the most common reasons for referral to child mental health services; they are also some of the most challenging to treat. The psychiatric classification systems define two categories of antisocial disorders in childhood: oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), marked by irritability, temper outbursts, disobedience, and negativity; and conduct disorder (CD), characterized by rule-breaking, verbal and physical aggression, lying and stealing, and violation of others’ rights. Both categories are recognized to be heterogenous, and also to shade into one another; especially among boys, the oppositional young child often develops more severe conduct problems or delinquent behaviours as time goes on.
Forensic mental health services for children and adolescents
Authors: Bailey Susan , Williams Richard
Published: November 2023

This chapter primarily refers to legislation, service development, and policy in England and Wales but, in so doing, provides core underpinning principles for delivering services through-out the developed world. Together, children and teenagers make up a quarter of the total population in the UK and this is broadly similar in other European countries. Of the 7.5 million adolescents in the UK, 3.9 million are between the ages of 10 and 14, and a further 3.6 million are between the ages of 15 and 19 (Coleman and Schofield 2003). Of all offenders, 50% are under the age of 21, and between one-quarter and one-third of all those in custody under 21, are on remand (Bailey and Dolan 2004).
Services for children who are hearing or visually impaired
Authors: Hindley Peter , Williams Richard
Published: November 2023

The terms hearing impairment and visual impairment cover large groups of children, from children with intermittent hearing impairments due to glue ear or well-managed severe myopia, to deaf children who use sign language or blind children. This section of the chapter on disability is concerned with children who have severe to profound, bilateral, and permanent sensory impairments. In addition, this chapter considers children with combined visual and hearing impairment. It touches briefly on services for hearing children of deaf adults (or CODAs) who often present challenges to generic services.
Teams, team-working, and clinical leadership
Authors: Kerfoot Michael , Pottage Dave
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we believe it is important to help commissioners to gain a clear picture of the service’s personnel operating within a CAMHS structure and of the configurations of staff that are likely to produce the most effective and efficient models of working. Historically, the CAMHS team comprised a psychiatrist (who was normally the team leader), a psychiatric social worker, and a psychologist. In LEA child guidance clinics this would normally be an educational psychologist and in NHS settings, a clinical psychologist.
Rationale for hip reconstructive CAOS
Authors: Blendea Sorin , III Anthony M DiGioia , Jaramaz Branislav
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in hip arthroplasty, including minimally invasive techniques, partial resurfacing, robotics and surgical navigation, need a rigorous and continuous evaluation. The increased accuracy and safety and reduced soft tissue trauma should improve the wear, stability, and functional results. To study the possible benefits of these new technologies, it is important to identify the existing challenges for total hip arthroplasty (THA).
Hardware Components
Authors: Jaramaz Branislav
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss the hardware components typically encountered in computer assisted and robotic surgery systems. Most of the components are shared across different types of CAOS systems and clinical applications. The key components of all navigation systems are the computer and the tracking device.
Effective cross-cultural communication
Authors: Fuller Jon
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with communication between people from diverse ethnic groups and health professionals. Of course, we all have our own ethnicities and cultural influences (see Chapter 10). Thus all health encounters are ‘cross-cultural’. Although there are some challenges posed by particular differences between people, the principles of effective communication discussed here are applicable to all patient–professional consultations.
Children and young families
Authors: Sheikh Aziz , Gatrad Abdul Rashid
Published: November 2023

There now exists a considerable body of evidence highlighting the major health inequalities experienced by black and minority ethnic groups (BMEGs) in Britain. Crucial to redressing these inequities is the need to improve the health outcomes of children, for health in the very earliest stages of life represents an important determinant of health status in future life.
Clinical boundaries
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

The histrionic, narcissistic and borderline diagnoses have a lot in common, with the borderline diagnosis being the most frequently made. The histrionic and narcissistic diagnoses are used much Jess now, in part because of pejorative, derogatory and, in the case of histrionic personality disorder, sexist associations. A person meeting diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder is generally more functional, less fragmented and more likely to be accessing private mental health services. There is considerable overlap between borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. A pervasive failure of empathy is not a criteria in the DSM-IV diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, but it was a clinically meaningful part of the old diagnostic terminology of psychopathy.
Aetiology
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

There are a number of factors correlated with borderline personality disorder. Zanarini et al. (1997) document 59% of clients retrospectively reporting childhood physical abuse, 92% childhood neglect and 29% prolonged childhood separation. Retrospective histories of sexual abuse are reported by about 70% of clients (Herman, Perry and van der Kolk 1989; Laporte and Guttman 1996; Ogata et al. 1990; Wideger and Francis 1989; Zanarini et al. 1997). Whilst sexual abuse is correlated with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, it is neither necessary (30% have no abuse history) nor sufficient (the vast majority of people who are sexually abused do not develop borderline personality disorder).
Psoriasis and other disorders of keratinization
Authors: Path Rona M
Published: November 2023

Read these case presentations, work your way through the information in this chapter, talk if possible to patients with similar problems, carry out an appropriate literature search if you have the facilities, and only then read the suggested management plans on p. 88.
Drug Addiction and its Treatment
Authors: Gossop Michael
Published: November 2023

Few problems are as complicated as drug misuse. Drug addiction is a major public health issue with implications for healthcare systems and society at large. As well as expenditure on prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, costs are also incurred by the welfare, social service and the criminal justice systems. In addition, there are further human costs associated with impaired health, damaged relationships and lowered productivity. This book is about treatment options. The history of addiction treatment has been characterised by fads and fashions. Some of the treatments used have been, at best ineffective, at worst harmful, and occasionally even dangerous. However, in the past two decades, many promising treatment interventions and procedures, and new therapeutic agents have been developed. Different forms of psychological treatments have been tested and provided in a systematic manner. There are a range of pharmacological options where once there were very few. Most importantly, there is increasing evidence about the effectiveness of many of these treatments, and there is a clearer understanding of the importance of the social, environmental, behavioural and cognitive processes involved, as well as the use of active coping strategies during recovery. Addiction treatment involves a variety of different practices and procedures used with different populations and which are designed to achieve different goals. Drug Addiction and its Treatment explains why no single treatment is effective for everyone with a drug addiction problem. Treatment is provided by a range of personnel from differing backgrounds and in a range of settings. This book should be read by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers, nurses, policy makers, service managers, and researchers with an interest in addiction.
Human disease
Authors: Fortune Farida
Published: November 2023

In the context of undergraduate dental education, the study of human disease encompasses the aspects of medicine and surgery as they pertain to the practice of dentistry. The GDC document The First Five Years(GDC 2002) states that: The practice of dentistry has always been characterised both by its closeness to the practice of medicine and its distinctiveness from it. Thus, whilst it is universally acknowledged that those dentists subscribe to the core values of a doctor, certain features of the practice of dentistry ensured that the identity of a separate profession has maintained. The focus of teaching and learning in this subject area is evolving as the curriculum content becomes focused on those aspects of human disease that impact on the provision of dental care and not just general medicine and surgery courses lacking appropriate emphasis on the applicability of content to the needs of future dentists.