bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractional order frequency proportional-integral-derivative control of microgrid consisting of renewable energy sources based on multi-objective grasshopper optimization algorithm
Authors: Tabak Abdulsamed
Published: August 2021

In recent years, fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers have been applied in different areas in the academy due to their superior performance over conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. When the literature is reviewed, it has been observed that lack of studies that use swarm-based and multi-objective optimization algorithms together with FOPID controllers in frequency control of micro-grid. The load frequency control (LFC) problem is considered as two objectives in order to eliminate the complications that occur when only the frequency deviation is minimized. In our study, a method called MOGOA-FOPID in which both the frequency deviation and the control signal are minimized together for the frequency control in the microgrid is proposed. By using the multi-objective grasshopper optimization algorithm (MOGOA), both the frequency deviation and the control signal are minimized together, and thus, it is aimed to limit the battery capacity, reduce the flywheel jerk and avoid high diesel fuel consumption as well as an effective frequency control. In order to obtain a more realistic system, not only the photovoltaic (PV) solar and wind power but also the load demand is taken in a stochastic structure. Then, the results of the proposed MOGOA-FOPID are compared with the results of multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA)-based PID/FOPID and MOGOA-PID and its superiority is demonstrated. Finally, robustness tests of the system are performed under the perturbed parameters and outperform of MOGOA-FOPID over other methods is seen.
Actigraphic and Self-reported Sleep Measures in Older Adults: Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Yeh An-Yun , Pressler Susan J. , Giordani Bruno J.
Published: August 2021

Actigraphy has been used to measure older adults’ sleep, but few studies have evaluated the factor structure among actigraphy-measured sleep parameters. Additionally, previous studies have reported the association between actigraphy-measured and self-reported sleep parameters in older adults but have not controlled for covariates of gender, insomnia, cognitive impairment, depression, and health conditions. We therefore investigated the factor structure of actigraphy-measured sleep parameters and, controlling for covariates, the association between actigraphy-measured and self-reported sleep parameters in 62 older adults (female: 75.8%; mean age: 69.9). The factor analysis gave a three-factor solution: length of wakefulness during sleep, sleep disruption, and total sleep time. Self-reported sleep parameters and covariates explained actigraphy-measured total sleep time (explained variance: 61%) substantially more than length of wakefulness during sleep (explained variance: 14%) and sleep disruption (explained variance: 11%). Studies need to select sleep measures based on their focus to best understand sleep characteristics in healthy older adults.
Investigating comprehension measures of Reading Adventure Time! For improving reading skills
Authors: D’Andrea Frances Mary , McCarthy Tessa , Kamei-Hannan Cheryl , Holbrook M Cay
Published: August 2021

Reading Adventure Time! was designed to support braille reading skills. The education technology tool operates on an Apple iPad using a refreshable braille display and was developed under a United States Federal grant, the Stepping Up Technology program (H327S120007). Forty-nine student/teacher pairs used the app. Students read passages on their braille displays and responded to comprehension questions. Data included reading comprehension scores, accuracy, and reading miscues for each passage read using the app. Students read orally and silently, and passages consisted of both literary and expository literature. Results indicated that comprehension of literary and expository texts was highly positively correlated r(48) = .79, p < .000. Student-participants in the apprentice category answered more questions correctly when reading silently. For students who used rereading as a comprehension strategy, a positive correlation was found between the number of rereads and comprehension. Variables impacting reading comprehension included the level of vision, socioeconomic status, and a preference for print as a reading medium. Overall results indicated that, in general, students’ reading comprehension was a strength. Students’ comprehension at lower grade levels was slightly higher than that in upper grade levels, and comprehension scores were similar for both literary and expository passages at all ages. Students’ comprehension was slightly better when reading orally versus silently. Students used rereading as a strategy to assist with comprehension, although not extensively. The study provides evidence supporting Reading Adventure Time! as a high-tech digital tool supporting literacy skills development in conjunction with literacy instruction.
Association between religious beliefs and discussions regarding advance care planning: A nationwide survey
Authors: Miyashita Jun , Shimizu Sayaka , Fukuhara Shunichi , Yamamoto Yosuke
Published: August 2021

Background:

The relationship between advance care planning and religious beliefs, which are important for palliative care, is controversial in Western countries and has not been verified in Asian countries.

Aim:

To investigate the association between advance care planning discussions and religious beliefs in Japan.

Design:

A nationwide survey conducted in 2016 using a quota sampling method to obtain a representative sample of Japan’s general population.

Setting/participants:

We analyzed responses from 3167 adults aged 20–84 years (mean age ± standard deviation, 50.9 ± 16.8 years). The outcome was measured by asking whether the respondents had ever discussed advance care planning, and the main exposure by whether they had any religious beliefs or affiliations, and if so, their degree of devoutness. We analyzed religious beliefs, affiliations, and devoutness in relation to the occurrence of discussions using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for possible sociodemographic covariates.

Results:

Compared with respondents without, those with religious beliefs had significantly higher odds of having had discussions (adjusted odds ratio: 1.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.22–1.73). The devoutness of religious belief was proportional to the propensity of the occurrence of discussions ( p for trend < 0.001). In addition, Buddhists and Christians had higher odds of having had discussions than did nonbelievers.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that holding religious beliefs, especially in Japanese Buddhism and Christianity, facilitates advance care planning discussions among Japanese adults, and thus, may help health-care providers identify those prioritized for facilitating engagement in advance care planning, especially in palliative and spiritual care settings.
Development of Estimating Methodology for Transit Accessibility Using Smart Card Data
Authors: Yun Hyunsoo , Lee Eun Hak , Kim Dong-Kyu , Cho Shin-Hyung
Published: August 2021

Transit accessibility is an explanatory variable evaluating the mobility of a region in consideration of the connectivity and demand among the regions, which has been used for an important index to determine transport policy on the transit network. This study aims to develop an accessibility index considering the two factors with a demand-weighted approach, that is, impedance and attraction level. Two variables, travel time and the ratio of trips, are employed to calculate the accessibility index, and comparative assessments between zones are conducted. The application of smart card data makes it possible to analyze travel information and reflect them empirically in the model. This study identifies zones with vulnerable accessibility and suggests criteria for transit investment plans with two aspects, that is, intensive transit area and spatial distribution of the accessibility index. These aspects contribute to transit planners by suggesting transit investment criteria and comprehensible statistics to evaluate accessibility. Since zones with low accessibility indexes are identified as being vulnerable to access from other zones, policymakers should focus on those zones to improve the overall transit network.
Exploring Individual Activity-Travel Patterns Based on Geolocation Data from Mobile Phones
Authors: Yin Biao , Leurent Fabien
Published: August 2021

Data mining techniques can extract useful activity and travel information from large-scale data sources such as mobile phone geolocation data. This paper aims to explore individual activity-travel patterns from samples of mobile phone users using a two-week geolocation data set from the Paris region in France. After filtering the data set, we propose techniques to identify individual stays and activity places. Typical activity places such as the primary anchor place and the secondary place are detected. The daily timeline (i.e., activity-travel program) is reconstructed with the detected activity places and the trips in-between. Based on user-day timelines, a three-stage clustering method is proposed for mobility pattern analysis. In the method framework, activity types are first identified by clustering analysis. In the second stage, daily mobility patterns are obtained after clustering the daily mobility features. Activity-travel topologies are statistically investigated to support the interpretation of daily mobility patterns. In the last stage, we analyze statistically the individual mobility patterns for all samples over 14 days, measured by the number of days for all kinds of daily mobility patterns. All individual samples are divided into several groups where people have similar travel behaviors. A kmeans++ algorithm is applied to obtain the appropriate number of patterns in each stage. Finally, we interpret the individual mobility patterns with statistical descriptions and reveal home-based differences in spatial distribution for the grouped individuals.
Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study
Authors: Agarwala Ruchika , Vasudevan Vinod
Published: August 2021

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.
Nonoperative Management of Femoroacetabular Impingement in Adolescents: Clinical Outcomes at a Mean of 5 Years: A Prospective Study
Authors: Zogby Andrew M. , Bomar James D. , Johnson Kristina P. , Upasani Vidyadhar V. , Pennock Andrew T.
Published: August 2021

Background:

There is a lack of midterm or long-term outcome data on nonoperative management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome in adolescents despite expanding research mostly focused on arthroscopic management.

Purpose:

To present 5-year outcome data utilizing a nonoperative protocol on a consecutive series of patients presenting to our clinic with FAI syndrome.

Study Design:

Cohort study, Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 100 patients (62% female; mean age 15 years) who presented to the clinic for evaluation of hip pain and had at least 1 hip with a positive impingement sign were prospectively recruited. The management protocol consisted of an initial trial of rest, physical therapy, and activity modification. Patients who remained symptomatic were offered an intra-articular steroid injection. Patients with recurrent symptoms were then offered arthroscopic treatment. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), including the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and the Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS) were then collected at a mean 1, 2, and 5 years after the initial evaluation.

Results:

At enrollment, the mean mHHS and NAHS were 69.6 ± 12.9 and 75.5 ± 15.2, respectively. A total of 51 patients (n = 69 hips) were available at a mean 5-year follow-up, with the mean mHHS and NAHS of 89.5 ± 10.8 and 88.1 ± 12, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mHHS or the NAHS between activity modification and physical therapy, injection, or arthroscopic surgery groups at 5-year follow-up ( P > .6) and no difference in the proportion of hips meeting the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the mHHS based on treatment course ( P = .99). There was no significant difference in the mHHS or the NAHS between FAI types at any time point, or in the proportion of hips that met the MCID among FAI types ( P = .64). Also, 11 out of 12 hips that required surgery had surgery in less than 2 years. One hip underwent surgery at 5 years after the initial visit. There was no significant drop-off in the mHHS or the NAHS between the 2-year and 5-year time periods ( P > .3).

Conclusion:

Nonoperative management of FAI syndrome is effective in a majority of adolescent patients, with significant improvements in PROs persisting at a mean 5-year follow-up.
Automation on Twitter: Measuring the Effectiveness of Approaches to Bot Detection
Authors: Beatson Oliver , Gibson Rachel , Cunill Marta Cantijoch , Elliot Mark
Published: August 2021

The effectiveness of approaches to bot detection varies, with real-time detection being almost impossible. As a result, this article argues that the general Twitter using public cannot be expected to judge which accounts are bots with certainty and therefore do not know to what extent they are being manipulated online. In this article, the challenge of detecting bots and fake accounts is demonstrated by constructing two distinct methods to bot detection. The first method takes a fixed criteria-based approach, by building on commonly cited identifiers for bots. The second method takes a more flexible, investigative approach in order to uncover bots involved in coordinated efforts to influence online debates. As well as profiling the specific mechanics of how each one operates, we argue that they can be compared against an evaluative framework that specifies a set of key criteria that bot detection methods should meet in order to perform. Here, we identify four key criteria on which these methods can be evaluated and then examine how they perform in terms of the key criteria of accuracy. The results of these methods are then compared and cross-checked against an existing and widely used bot detection service. The findings show that different bot detection methods can present significantly different results and that only confirmation from Twitter, through suspensions or announcements, can truly allow users to know whether an account is a bot or not. We argue that this development could have a significant effect on the level of trust that social media users have both in the information they receive through social media and also in the political process.
Development of STEM Vocational Interests During Elementary and Middle School: A Cohort-Sequential Longitudinal Study
Authors: Babarović Toni
Published: August 2021

This study explains the development of science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM) interest among elementary and middle schoolchildren. The cohort longitudinal design was applied, starting with three cohorts of students—fourth (10 years), fifth (11 years), and sixth (12 years) grade—followed for three consecutive years. A total of 947 pupils responded to general and specific STEM interest measures. The results show that the level of STEM interest of children is generally low. Gender differences in STEM interest in favor of boys are apparent in all STEM areas, except science. The observed gender gaps in interest over time are constant, except for a small increase in gender difference of engineering interest. The average rate of change of STEM interest over time is mostly insignificant. Large interindividual variability of interests’ scores and slopes indicates that the level of STEM interest and its change over time are highly individualized phenomena.
Evaluating the risk of QTc prolongation associated with hydroxychloroquine use with antidepressants in lupus patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Renaldi Jacinta , Koumpouras Fotios , Dong Xuemei
Published: August 2021

Objective

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is widely used in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) due to its immunomodulatory properties. Antidepressants are commonly used in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Both HCQ and antidepressants are reported to cause QTc prolongation, which potentially increases the risk for a lethal ventricular arrhythmia that can result in sudden death. The objective of the study is to investigate the risk of QTc prolongation associated with HCQ use concomitantly with antidepressants in lupus patients with FMS.

Methods

Outpatient 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were extracted from an electronic medical record and QTc intervals were calculated using the Bazett’s formula. QTc intervals in 135 lupus patients treated with HCQ with or without antidepressants were analyzed.

Results

We found taking HCQ was associated with mild QTc prolongation, and the prolongation was not affected by the length of time of HCQ use or the accumulated dose of HCQ. Concurrent use of HCQ and antidepressants had not further increased QTc intervals in this cohort. However, four patients on HCQ alone and three patients on HCQ and antidepressants were found QTc interval more than 500 milliseconds and most of these patients had underlying cardiological conditions.

Conclusions

It is important to evaluate lupus patient with ECG before and after starting HCQ, though our study suggests that while HCQ use did prolong the QTc in some, but the overall prolongation was subclinical, with or without antidepressants. ECG monitoring therefore is essential to identify new changes potentially related to drug use.
Comprehensive Workplace Policies and Practices Regarding Employee Opioid Use
Authors: Cooper Rachael , Bixler Emily A.
Published: August 2021

The workplace is a key environment to impact employees, families, and communities to prevent further opioid and substance misuse, addiction, and overdose. However, it is often overlooked as an ideal location to launch a prevention intervention or support strategy. Employees in recovery, seeking treatment, and dealing with mental distress require employer support. Supports should consider the diversity of the work force and be culturally appropriate. Several data sources, tools, and other resources exist to aid employers in supporting their employees and addressing the opioid epidemic; a few from the National Safety Council are discussed. As well as suitable strategies to strengthen workplace prevention interventions and treatment access, in light of the opioid epidemic, coronavirus pandemic, and workplace disparities.
Harnessing New and Existing Virtual Platforms to Meet the Demand for Increased Inpatient Palliative Care Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A 5 Key Themes Literature Review of the Characteristics and Barriers of These Evolving Technologies
Authors: Cherniwchan Holly R.
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for end-of-life services and bereavement support, and in many areas of the world, in-person palliative care is struggling to meet these needs. Local infection control measures result in limited visitation rights in hospital and patients are often dying alone. For many years, virtual platforms have been used as a validated alternative to in-person consults for outpatient and home-based palliative care; however, the feasibility and acceptability of a virtual inpatient equivalent is less studied. Virtual inpatient palliative care may offer a unique opportunity for patients to have meaningful interactions with their care team and family while isolated in hospital or in hospice. This narrative review examines strategies employed during the COVID-19 pandemic to implement virtual palliative care services in the inpatient setting. Five key themes were identified in the literature between January 2020-March 2021 in the LitCovid NCBI database: 1) overall acceptability of virtual inpatient palliative care during the pandemic, 2) important logistical considerations when developing a virtual inpatient palliative care platform, 3) commonly used technologies for delivering virtual services, 4) strategies for harnessing human resources to meet increased patient volume, and 5) challenges of virtual inpatient palliative care implementation. Upon review, telepalliative care can meet the increased demand for safe and accessible inpatient palliative care during a pandemic; however, in some circumstances in-person services should still be considered. The decision for which patients receive what format of care—in-person or virtual—should be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Health-Related Outcomes 3-15 Years Following Ankle Sprain Injury in Youth Sport: What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Owoeye Oluwatoyosi B. A. , Whittaker Jackie L. , Toomey Clodagh M. , Räisänen Anu M. , Jaremko Jacob L. , Carlesso Lisa C. , Manske Sarah L. , Emery Carolyn A.
Published: August 2021

Background:

This study examined the association between youth sport-related ankle sprain injury and health-related outcomes, 3-15 years postinjury.

Methods:

A historical cohort study in which uninjured controls were cluster-matched with injured cases. The primary outcome was self-reported Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Secondary outcomes included measures of adiposity, validated questionnaires for physical activity, athletic identity, fear of pain, and tests of strength, balance, and function.

Results:

We recruited 86 participants (median age of 23 years; 77% female); 50 with a time-loss ankle sprain, median of 8 years postinjury, and 36 uninjured controls cluster-matched by sex and sport. Based on mixed effects multivariable regression models, previously injured participants demonstrated poorer outcomes than controls on all 5 FAOS subscales regardless of sex and time since injury, with the largest differences observed in symptoms (−20.9, 99% CI: −29.5 to −12.3) and ankle-related quality of life (−25.3, 99% CI: −34.7 to −15.9) subscales. Injured participants also had poorer unipedal dynamic balance (−1.9, 99% CI: 3.5 to −0.2) and greater fear of pain (7.2, 99% CI: 0.9-13.4) compared with controls. No statistically significant differences were found for other secondary outcomes.

Conclusion:

At 3-15 years following time-loss ankle sprain injury in youth sport, previously injured participants had more pain and symptoms, poorer self-reported function, ankle-related quality of life, reduced sport participation, balance, and greater fear of pain than controls. This underlines the need to promote the primary prevention of ankle sprains and secondary prevention of potential health consequences, including posttraumatic osteoarthritis.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, historical cohort study.
High Reliability for Semiautomated 3D Measurements Based on Weightbearing CT Scans
Authors: Kvarda Peter , Krähenbühl Nicola , Susdorf Roman , Burssens Arne , Ruiz Roxa , Barg Alexej , Hintermann Beat
Published: August 2021

Background:

A reliable assessment of the ankle using weightbearing radiography remains challenging. Semiautomated 3-dimensional (3D) measurements derived from weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) scans may provide a more reliable approach.

Methods:

Thirty healthy individuals without any foot and ankle disorder were analyzed. We assessed 6 widely used ankle parameters (4 angles and 2 distances) using either semiautomated 3D (based on WBCT scans) or traditional 2-dimensional (2D; based on conventional radiographs) measurements. The reliability and discrepancy between both techniques were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman method.

Results:

Five of 6 variables showed a lower reliability when derived from 2D measurements. The mean of 3 variables differed between the techniques: the 3D technique assessed that the talonavicular coverage angle was 18.9 degrees higher, the axial talocalcaneal angle was 5.5 degrees higher, and the talocalcaneal overlap was 3.7 mm lower when compared with 2D measurements.

Conclusion:

Semiautomated 3D measurements derived from WBCT scans provide more reliable information on ankle alignment compared with 2D measurements based on weightbearing radiographs. Future studies may show to what extent these parameters could contribute to current diagnostic algorithms and treatment concepts.

Level of Evidence:

Not applicable.
Biobanking for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Challenge for Translational Research and Data Privacy
Authors: Giannella Emilia , Notarangelo Valentino , Motta Caterina , Sancesario Giulia
Published: August 2021

Biobanking has emerged as a strategic challenge to promote knowledge on neurological diseases, by the application of translational research. Due to the inaccessibility of the central nervous system, the advent of biobanks, as structure collecting biospecimens and associated data, are essential to turn experimental results into clinical practice. Findings from basic research, omics sciences, and in silico studies, definitely require validation in clinically well-defined cohorts of patients, even more valuable when longitudinal, or including preclinical and asymptomatic individuals. Finally, collecting biological samples requires a great effort to guarantee respect for transparency and protection of sensitive data of patients and donors. Since the European General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 has been approved, concerns about the use of data in biomedical research have emerged. In this narrative review, we focus on the essential role of biobanking for translational research on neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we address considerations for biological samples and data collection, the importance of standardization in the preanalytical phase, data protection (ethical and legal) and the role of donors in improving research in this field.
Pandemic Impacts for Indigenous Children and Youth Within Canada: An Ethical Analysis
Authors: Heck Carly , Eaker Meghan , Cobos Satya , Campbell Sydney , Carnevale Franco A.
Published: August 2021

In response to new and exacerbated challenges imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Indigenous children and youth in Canada have developed innovative and holistic solutions to amplify their voices, continue cultural engagement and combat social isolation for themselves and their communities as a whole. In this analysis, we have selected three Indigenous philosophical tenets as an ethical orientation for discussion of how the COVID-19 pandemic is impacting the well-being of Indigenous young people. The guiding values of interconnected relationships, holism and Indigenous-informed restorative justice help us interpret existing pandemic-specific literature and identify, define and prioritize considerations of child and youth well-being from an Indigenous-centred worldview. This analysis can (a) help inform future pandemic measures affecting Indigenous young people and (b) foster similar considerations for Indigenous communities in other regions of the world.
Determinants of visitors’ expenditure across a portfolio of events
Authors: Almeida António , Garrod Brian
Published: August 2021

Destinations are increasingly recognising the advantages of managing their calendar of events as a strategic portfolio. Currently, however, there is no accepted, workable and proven technique for identifying the most efficient variable(s) to employ as a basis for strategic intervention. This study develops a spare regression model, based on the LASSO method, to select an efficient subset of determinants of visitor expenditure across five annual events taking place in Madeira, Portugal. The results indicate that event attendees’ income, length of stay and travel party size are significant determinants of total expenditure across all the events. Adopting strategic measures to influence these variables, if duly implemented at the portfolio level, can enable the cross-leveraging of additional expenditure that would be inaccessible to the destination if the Events were acting independently of one another. This could, in turn, enable the destination to use its events efficiently to enhance its overall competitiveness.
When White Americans see “non-Whites” as a group: Belief in minority collusion and support for White identity politics
Authors: Knowles Eric D. , Tropp Linda R. , Mogami Mao
Published: August 2021

White Americans may find diversity threatening in part because they construe non-White Americans as a coherent social and political force. We argue that this perception manifests in a belief that minority groups collude against White people and that White people should act as a political bloc to defend ingroup interests. In a 3-year longitudinal study, the belief in minority collusion and support for White identity politics increased significantly among a nationally representative sample of 2,635 White Americans. Compared to White Democrats, White Republicans more strongly endorsed minority collusion beliefs and White identity politics, and increased more in these beliefs over time. Essentialist perceptions of the White ingroup were associated with longitudinal increases in minority collusion beliefs, but not in support for White identity politics. Endorsement of minority collusion and support for White identity politics both predicted lower support for Black Lives Matter and greater support for the Alt-Right movement. Implications for race relations, stigma-based solidarity, and the psychology of partisanship and ideology are discussed.
The rise of Instagram as a tool for political communication: A longitudinal study of European political parties and their followers
Authors: Olof Larsson Anders
Published: August 2021

Featuring a longitudinal, structural study of European party and citizen activity on Instagram between 2012 and 2018, this article outlines the overarching changes in the ways that Instagram has been employed for political party communication. Differentiating between populist and non-populist political parties, the results indicate that much like for other platforms such as Facebook, the former category of parties enjoy higher amounts of citizen engagement than their non-populist competitors. Detailing the uses of different types of posts by the two types of political actors, the study provides insights into how political parties have adopted and used Instagram from 2012 and onward.
The brain drain as exploitation
Authors: Bou-Habib Paul
Published: August 2021

When skilled individuals emigrate from developing states to developed states, they leave a burdened state behind and bring their valuable human capital to a state that enjoys vast advantages by comparison. Most of the normative debate to date on this so-called ‘brain drain’ has focused on the duties that skilled emigrants owe to their home state after they emigrate. This article shifts the focus to the question of whether their host state acquires special duties toward their home state and argues for an affirmative answer to that question. After identifying the conditions under which ‘exploitative free-riding’ can occur, the article shows that the brain drain is a case of exploitation that gives rise to special duties of compensation for developed host states.
Comparative study on the use of acoustic emission and vibration analyses for the bearing fault diagnosis of high-speed trains
Authors: Hou Dongming , Qi Hongyuan , Luo Honglin , Wang Cuiping , Yang Jiangtian
Published: August 2021

A wheel set bearing is an important supporting component of a high-speed train. Its quality and performance directly determine the overall safety of the train. Therefore, monitoring a wheel set bearing’s conditions for an early fault diagnosis is vital to ensure the safe operation of high-speed trains. However, the collected signals are often contaminated by environmental noise, transmission path, and signal attenuation because of the complexity of high-speed train systems and poor operation conditions, making it difficult to extract the early fault features of the wheel set bearing accurately. Vibration monitoring is most widely used for bearing fault diagnosis, with the acoustic emission (AE) technology emerging as a powerful tool. This article reports a comparison between vibration and AE technology in terms of their applicability for diagnosing naturally degraded wheel set bearings. In addition, a novel fault diagnosis method based on the optimized maximum second-order cyclostationarity blind deconvolution (CYCBD) and chirp Z-transform (CZT) is proposed to diagnose early composite fault defects in a wheel set bearing. The optimization CYCBD is adopted to enhance the fault-induced impact response and eliminate the interference of environmental noise, transmission path, and signal attenuation. CZT is used to improve the frequency resolution and match the fault features accurately under a limited data length condition. Moreover, the efficiency of the proposed method is verified by the simulated bearing signal and the real datasets. The results show that the proposed method is effective in the detection of wheel set bearing faults compared with the minimum entropy deconvolution (MED) and maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution (MCKD) methods. This research is also the first to compare the effectiveness of applying AE and vibration technologies to diagnose a naturally degraded high-speed train bearing, particularly close to actual line operation conditions.
Paeonol Suppresses Vasculogenesis Through Regulating Vascular Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Switching
Authors: Xu Huan , Wu Ziqiang , Jin Zhong , Wu Xiao , Hu Wangming , Liang Bing , Lou Guanhua , Chen Zixian , Yao Huan , Chen Xiongbing , Zhou Xin , Xiao Han , Yu Cenghao , Zhang Delai , Gong Daoying , Yang Lan , Shi Yaping , Xu Yiming , Wang Yong
Published: August 2021

Objective:

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching is associated with development of a variety of occlusive vascular diseases. Paeonol has been reported to be involved in suppressing SMC proliferation. However, it is still unknown whether paeonol can regulate SMC phenotypic switching, and which eventually result in suppressing vasculogenesis.

Methods:

Murine left common carotid artery was injured by completely ligation, and paeonol was administrated by intraperitoneal injection. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to visualize vascular neointima formation. Rat aortic SMCs were used to determine whether paeonol suppresses cell proliferation and migration. And murine hind limb ischemia model was performed to confirm the function role of paeonol in suppressing vasculogenesis.

Results:

Complete ligation of murine common carotid artery successfully induced neointima formation. Paeonol treatment dramatically reduced the size of injury-induced neointima. Using rat aortic primary SMC, we identified that paeonol strongly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and decreased extracellular matrix deposition. And paeonol treatment dramatically suppressed vasculogenesis after hind limb ischemia injury.

Conclusion:

Paeonol could regulate SMC phenotypic switching through inhibiting proliferation and migration of SMC, which results in inhibiting ischemia-induced vasculogenesis.
Comparing Healthcare Utilization and Diagnoses in Immigrant Versus Nonimmigrant Youth
Authors: Polk Sarah , Leifheit Kathryn M. , Brandt Amelia J. , DeCamp Lisa Ross
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

To inform efforts to provide healthcare to uninsurable, immigrant youth, we describe The Access Partnership (TAP) hospital-based charity care program and compare healthcare utilization and diagnoses among TAP and Medicaid patients.

Methods:

We use propensity scores to match each TAP patient to three Medicaid patients receiving care at a pediatric clinic from October 2010 to June 2015 on demographic characteristics. We use descriptive statistics to compare healthcare visits and diagnoses.

Results:

TAP ( n = 78) and Medicaid patients ( n = 234) had similar healthcare utilization, though Medicaid patients had more outpatient visits (10.8 vs. 7.7, p = .002), and TAP patients were more likely to have ever received subspecialty care (38.5% vs. 22.2%, p = .005). Diagnoses were similar between groups, with some exceptions: TAP patients more likely to present with genital and reproductive disease (33.3% vs. 19.7%, p = .013); Medicaid patients more likely to present with endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disease (52.1% vs. 28.2%, p < .001), psychiatric, behavioral disease, and substance abuse (41.0, 26.9%, p = .026).

Conclusions:

TAP patients had similar healthcare utilization and diagnoses to matched sample of Medicaid patients. Findings indicate policy proposals that extend public health insurance to all children would likely benefit immigrant children and not incur higher costs than those of low-income U.S. citizen children.
Promoting physical activity in everyday life of people with intellectual disabilities: An intervention overview
Authors: Nutsch Niklas , Bruland Dirk , Latteck Änne-Dörte
Published: August 2021

People with intellectual disabilities show significantly lower levels of physical activity than the general population in respect to all consequences for health. A positive effect of physical activity on health preservation has been proven, but interventions for physical activity in everyday life seem to be rare for people with intellectual disabilities. Based on a previously conducted scoping review the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist was prepared. This article describes and compares physical activity interventions in everyday life for individuals with intellectual disabilities with the aim to of identifying successful strategies and areas for improvement. The 12 included interventions are heterogeneous, but commonalities and similarities can be identified. There are suggestions for successful strategies to implement physical activity interventions. However, much information could not be found. The promotion of healthier lifestyles is important to improve the overall health in this population.
Posterolateral Approach to Posterior Malleolar Fractures: A Literature Review
Authors: Heyes Gavin J. , Khashkhusha Taqua R. , Mason Lyndon
Published: August 2021

This study reviews the current evidence on the indications and outcomes of the posterolateral approach in the treatment of posterior malleolar fractures. PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used to construct a review of the literature for all studies detailing the posterolateral approach for posterior malleolar fracture fixation. A total of 11 studies met our inclusion criteria. In total, 332 fractures were identified. Overall superficial infection occurred in 4.5%, skin necrosis in 4.5%, and nerve injury in 4.5%. Hardware irritation that required removal occurred in 13.6%. None of the hardware removals involved posterior malleolus fixation. A total of 51 (15.4%) cases of arthritis were reported, follow-up ranged from a mean of 5.3 months to a mean 7.9 years. Regardless the majority of patient reported outcomes were excellent/good at final follow-up. Thresholds for joint reduction were not uniformly described or even quantified at all in some of the included studies. Variable indications for fixation were reported without reference to posterior malleolus fracture morphology. The posterolateral approach provides a satisfactory approach for fracture reduction with similar complication rates to that reported for other ankle fracture approaches. Further research is required on posterior malleolus fracture morphology, optimal fracture fixation and longer term functional and radiological outcomes.

Levels of Evidence: Level III: Systematic review of retrospective cohort studies
Language choices as audience design strategies in Chinese multilingual speakers’ Wechat posts
Authors: Liu Kaiwen
Published: August 2021

This current study reports three multilingual Chinese students’ audience design strategies on a populated Social Networking Site (SNS), WeChat. Considering the importance of audiences in shaping multilingual speakers’ language choice (Bell, A. (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society, 13(2), 145–204) and the potential hazard of conflated audiences in social media, as well as the comparative lack of research on Wechat which has different technical affordances from the well-researched SNS, Facebook, this article aims to shed new light on how multilingual speakers harness their linguistic repertoire to cope with the “context collapse” (Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, D. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114–133) in semi-public SNS. Data collection and analysis follow an online ethnography method consisting of 588 initial posts from participants’ WeChat Moments during 1 year and semi-structured interviews. Theoretically informed by Androutsopoulos’s (2014b; Languaging when contexts collapse: Audience design in social networking. Discourse, Context & Media, 4–5, 62–73) audience specification framework, the findings reveal that although the default language in both online and offline interactions is Chinese, Wechat users have a very high sensitivity to different patterns of Chinese–English code-switching and grammatical and lexical choices in English. Meanwhile, Chinese multilingual speakers usually developed highly nuanced audience design strategies to target or partition specific groups of audience, which are far more complicated than the audience design strategies found in previous research on Facebook.
Development of Early Marriage Attitude Scale: A Multi-Dimensional Scale for Measuring the Attitudes Toward Child Marriage
Authors: Kohno Ayako , Dahlui Maznah , Nik Farid Nik Daliana , Aziz Norlaili Abdul , Nakayama Takeo
Published: August 2021

Child marriage can cause lifetime disadvantage and deprivation for female adolescents; however, it is still widespread in developing countries. Evaluation of female adolescents’ attitudes toward child marriage is vital to design adequate prevention programs. The aim of the study was to develop a self-administered scale to measure female adolescents’ attitudes toward child marriage in Malaysia. The scale items were created and refined through four stages: item pool generation, expert review, translations, and pretesting. A pretest was conducted with 30 female adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to check for understandability of the language, and responses were analyzed. The scale was tested for face and content validities during the expert review process. Forty items were obtained in seven constructs as follows: (a) intuitive decision making, (b) believing in fate, (c) parental economic hardship during adolescence, (d) spiritual belief, (e) social norms, (f) opinion about premarital sex, and (g) relationship with parents/guardians. The results of the pretest proved the comprehensiveness of the items. Early Marriage Attitude Scale (EMAS) was developed to assess female adolescents’ attitudes toward child marriage in Malaysia. The EMAS demonstrated face and content validities and is ready to be tested for further validation among Malaysian adolescents.
Enhancing Flexibility: A Biosocial Model for Resilience to Adversity in Youth With Autism
Authors: Scarpa A. , Swain D. M. , Factor R. S. , Dahiya A. V. , Bertollo J. R.
Published: August 2021

Flexibility is often associated with resilience from adversity. Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at risk of stress and trauma yet have inherent difficulties with flexibility, including rigid behaviors, routines, “insistence on sameness,” and lack of social reciprocity. This review highlights literature of physiological and psychological processes related to inflexibility in ASD and proposes a heuristic model to understand mechanisms of resilience in the aftermath of adversity. This article presents the Biosocial Model for Resilience, which posits that interventions that target changes in central, autonomic, and endocrine dysregulation may in turn enhance processes of psychological flexibility (i.e., executive cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal regulation) that increase the likelihood of resilient adjustment in response to stressful experiences. This model of resilience is optimistic in positing that, in addition to critical programs on the prevention of social adversity, future research on flexibility can inform intervention programs that target this specific mechanism to minimize harmful aftereffects in youngsters with ASD.
Return-to-Sport Criteria After Upper Extremity Surgery in Athletes—A Scoping Review, Part 1: Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Stabilization Procedures
Authors: Griffith Rebecca , Fretes Nickolas , Bolia Ioanna K. , Murray Iain R. , Meyer John , Weber Alexander E. , Gamradt Seth C. , Petrigliano Frank A.
Published: August 2021

Background:

Standardized criteria are lacking to guide patient return to sport (RTS) after rotator cuff surgery (RCS) or shoulder stabilization surgery (SSS).

Purpose:

To describe RTS criteria used after RCS and SSS in athletic populations.

Study Design:

Scoping review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

This scoping review was based on the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses–Scoping Review) guidelines. A total of 5 electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Google Scholar Advanced search) and the gray literature were searched for English-language studies that reported at least 1 RTS criterion in athletes after shoulder surgery. Studies were assigned to the RCS or SSS subgroup based on the primary procedure performed. Data were extracted and summarized as frequencies or arithmetic mean and standard deviation.

Results:

Included were 52 studies and 2706 athletes (2206 male, 500 female, with a mean age of 28.8 ± 1.8 years). The RCS group consisted of 14 studies and the SSS group consisted of 38 studies. Time from surgery was the most common RTS criterion reported overall (37/52 studies; 71%) as well as within the RCS (93%) and SSS (63%) subgroups. Muscle strength (25/52 studies; 48%) and range of motion (23/52; 44%) were used by almost half of the included articles. RTS criteria reported less often were absence of pain, successful completion of sport-specific or position-specific test, proprioception, radiographic evaluation, patient-surgeon agreement, minimum time required to participate in pain-free throwing, and satisfactory scapulothoracic mechanics. All studies used 1 to 3 of the above RTS criteria; however, the definition of each criterion differed among the included articles.

Conclusion:

Time from surgery was the most commonly reported RTS criterion after RCS or SSS in athletes, whereas muscle strength and range of motion were used by almost half of the articles. There was high heterogeneity in the definition of each RTS criterion used among the included studies, which also used different combinations of 1 to 3 RTS criteria. These results suggest the need to better define quantitative and qualitative RTS criteria in athletes undergoing rotator cuff and shoulder stabilization procedures in order to safely return athletes to sport.