bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Классификация южнославянских списков Синаксаря по структурным и языковым особенностям
Authors: Чистякова Марина Владимировна Владимировна
Published: July 2018

[full article, abstract in Russian; abstract in Lithuanian and English]

The present article is focused on the classification of the South Slavic manuscripts of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion. The study is based on 15 copies dating back to the 13–16th centuries and containing texts from September to February. As a result of consistent analysis of the structural and linguistic features, four editions were distinguished.The Bulgarian edition consists of copies of Bulgarian and Serbian origin (Grig. 23, BAN 72, Rum. 319, SANU 53, Pog. 58, Hlud. 189, Рс 705, Hlud. 191, Srem. 323), whose texts, with certain exceptions, reflect the traditional translation of the Church Slavonic Synaxarion, known from the copy Sof. 1324. The Serbian edition includes four Serbian codices (Pog. 463А, Uvar. 70, HAZU III.с.6 and Wuk. 38), whose hagiographic articles have obvious linguistic and compositional differences. The editing of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion, which led to the appearance of the Serbian edition, might have been carried out in the Serbian written tradition. However, we should not exclude the possibility that these linguistic and compositional features were characteristic of the East Slavic copy of the Synaxarion, transferred to Serbia in the late 12th–early 13th century. In the Serbian medieval tradition, the Synaxarion was not only rewritten, but also edited, because the copy Wuk. 37 represents the shortened version of the Serbian edition. South Slavic copies of the Bulgarian and Serbian editions are based on different Eastern Slavic archetypes, suggesting that the copies of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion were transferred to the Balkans not less than two times.The versed edition of the Synaxarion is known from the fragment present in the beginning of the Serbian copy Nik. 34 (from 1 September to 18 October), where the traditional Church Slavonic Synaxarion was edited on the basis of the Greek copy of the Versed Synaxarion and supplemented with newly translated verse.
Да пытання пра царкоўнаславянізмы ў беларускіх дыялектах
Authors: Шакун Надзея
Published: July 2018

[full article, abstract in Belorussian; abstract in Lithuanian and English]

The article focuses on a review of the theoretical principles of search, further analysis and interpretation of the ways and time of Church Slavonic vocabulary loan to the Belarusian dialects, according to the data of the Belarusian dialect dictionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as some ethnographic works. The article presents a brief overview of how deeply this issue is studied in modern Slavic studies in general and in Belarus in particular. There are proposed ways of highlighting the peculiar markers of the “oldness” of loanwords. As a practical material, the most specific examples of Church Slavonic words, used in Belarusian dialects, are shown, accompanied by comments on possible ways of loaning them into the dialects. The author of the article disputes the stereotype that the Belarusian national language, in particular in its dialect form, performs the poorest influence of the Church Slavonic literary tradition against the background of the rest of Slavonic languages, therefore it contains the insignificant part of Church Slavonic vocabulary.
Автоматизация распознавания старославянских рукописей с помощью дескрипционных логик
Authors: Кучуганов Александр Валерьевич Валерьевич , Касимов Денис Рашидович Рашидович , Кучуганов Валерий Никонорович Никонорович , Осколков Павел Петрович Петрович
Published: July 2018

[full article, abstract in Russian; abstract in Lithuanian and English]

In the paper an approach to recognition of old Slavonic symbols is proposed, which includes the stages of ternary segmentation, detecting edges of areas, synthesis of two skeleton variants, forming a fuzzy graph, creating a logical description in a fuzzy description logic, and recognition with help of a subsystem of formal automatic reasoning. Results of preliminary experiments are provided, which confirm the perspective of the proposed approach.
A teljesexom-szekvenálás jelentősége a ritka neurológiai betegségek diagnosztikájában – saját tapasztalatok egy ataxiás eset kapcsán
Authors: Balicza Péter , Grosz Zoltán , Bencsik Renáta , Illés Anett , Gál Anikó , Gézsi András , Molnár Mária Judit
Published: July 2018

Abstract:

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies reshape the diagnostics of rare neurological diseases. In the background of certain neurological symptoms, such as ataxia, many acquired and genetic causes may be present. Variations in a given gene can present with variable phenotypes, too. Because of this phenomenon, the conventional one gene sequencing approach often fails to identify the genetic background of a disease. Next generation sequencing panels allow to sequence 50–100 genes simultaneously, and if the disease stratification is not possible based on the clinical symptoms, whole exome sequencing can help in the diagnostic of genetic disorders with atypical presentation. This case study is about the exome sequencing of a patient with cerebellar ataxia. Genetic investigations identified rare variants in the SPG11 gene in association with the clinical phenotype, which gene was originally described in the background of hereditary spastic paraparesis. Our article highlights that in certain cases the variability of the leading presenting symptom makes it hard to select the correct gene panel. In our case the variants in the gene, formerly associated to hereditary spastic paraparesis, resulted in cerebellar ataxia initially, so even an ataxia NGS gene panel would not detect those. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(28): 1163–1169.
A léböjtkúrák és az atípusos evészavarok lehetséges kapcsolata. Kvalitatív előtanulmány
Authors: Bóna Enikő , Forgács Attila , Túry Ferenc
Published: July 2018

Abstract:

Introduction and aim: There are two notable eating behaviors that are not far from having their own category as a mental disorder: the purging disorder, that is already among the DSM-5 non-specific eating disorders, and orthorexia nervosa, when a person is fixating too much on healthy foods. Our purpose is to describe how these can be observed in recreational juice cleanse camps, which are very popular today as an alternative health trend. Method: The first author recorded her data during multisited ethnographic observations in two Hungarian juice cleanse camps. Based on the diary logs, notes and interviews collected, we will present the motives of eating anomalies that the participants had shown. Results: The main motive of the camp is “detoxification”. The lack of solid food, drastically low calorie intake and lots of physical activity will bring an inevitable change in the body, that is interpreted as toxins leaving the body. Participants have also included deliberate use of laxatives in their everyday routines, with which they associate positive connotations and are linked to the spiritual processes of “letting it go” and “renewal” in the spirit of a holistic approach. The use of symbols in the physiological processes was highly noticeable. Rapid weight loss due to diuresis, the desire for “clean” meals, and “self-rewarding” borrowed from the esoteric-self-help culture are also common motives. Due to the refeeding complications, so far two deaths have been reported by camp organizers. Conclusions: Both purging disorder and orthorexia nervosa can be well-identified in our observations. This shows that also in the non-clinical environment, there is an institutionalization of eating habits that are dangerous to the health. This “detox” is not only physiologically harmful, but it is not proved to provide long-term help in mental health either. As a solution, we advocate developing an appropriate health communication plan for misconceptions about healthy lifestyle and eating, and also a promotion of psychotherapeutic opportunities. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(28): 1153–1157.
A terhességet megelőzően alkalmazott hosszabb távú orális fogamzásgátlás mint a magzati 21-es triszómia lehetséges kockázatcsökkentő tényezője idős anyai életkorban vállalt terhességben
Authors: Horányi Dániel , Babay Lilla Éva , Győrffy Balázs , Nagy Gyula Richárd
Published: July 2018

Abstract:

Down syndrome is the most common autosomal chromosomal abnormality. According to the classical interpretation, it is the result of meiotic nondisjunction. Its occurrence is more common in advanced maternal age. Despite intensive research, pathophysiology of this genetic disorder is not fully understood. According to recent studies, a different kind of mechanism may be found in the background of trisomy 21 than was previously considered. Based on the ovarian mosaicism model, the cause of trisomy 21 (or any common trisomy) is a segregation error of a chromosome in premeiotic mitosis. The cell entering meiosis will be an oocyte with preexisting trisomy, where its (so-called “secondary”) nondisjunction is essential. Maturation of the trisomic oocytes appears to fall behind the disomic oocytes, resulting in their relative accumulation in the ovaries as time progresses. The ratio of trisomic/disomic cells becomes less favorable in maternal maturity. If ovulation is inhibited – although the number of oocytes will continue to decline due to apoptosis – it can be assumed that the trisomic/disomic oocyte ratio remains more favorable with the progression of age. In our summary report, presenting and updating our previous data, we would like to propose that – according to ovarian mosaicism model – long-term oral contraception in the anamnesis may be beneficial in pregnancies with advanced maternal age. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(28): 1146–1152.
Lack of association in acne and salivary testosterone
Authors: Fresnais David , Ingberg Edvin , Theodorsson Elvar , Ström Jakob O
Published: July 2018

The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris has only been partially elucidated. Various hormones, especially androgens, are likely to play a role, but results of studies are still inconclusive. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether day to day variation in salivary testosterone correlates with acne in males. Saliva samples were collected for 120 consecutive days from each of the 40 males. Salivary testosterone concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Facial acne lesions were assessed on a daily basis by photography by the participating males. Potential confounders’ (sexual intercourse, masturbation, physical exercise and disease) were also registered every day by the participants. A significant but weak association between salivary testosterone and acne was found (n = 4602, r = 0.031, P = 0.034). Elevated testosterone concentrations were associated with an increase in acne, but when testosterone concentrations were above twice the individual average, acne lesions paradoxically decreased. The current results indicate that daily fluctuations in salivary testosterone levels in males are associated with acne patterns, but the weak correlation suggests that the effect is too small to be of clinical significance. The analysis in the current study was complicated by a large number of days on which the participants had no acne, as well as the seemingly non-monotonic relation between testosterone and acne. This may indicate that the actual relation is stronger than concluded here.
Epistemologiczne problemy w biologii subkomórkowej: obserwacje, modele matematyczne i symulacje komputerowe
Authors: Bielecki Andrzej
Published: July 2018

Relations between theory and empirical knowledge belong to basic problemsin philosophy of science and have been undergone detailed philosophical reflection,including epistemological aspects. During last several dozen years,due to development of computer technology, numerical simulations becamea common tool in natural sciences. Their epistemological aspects, however,have not worked out yet. A specific role of computer simulations manifestsin subcellular biology, where possibilities of performing experiments and observationsare limited. Computer simulation is complementary to observationand experiment and comes into complex relations with them. It allows us tocome to a conclusion if experiment or observations are impossible to perform.In particular, simulations allow researchers to estimate the parameters thatcannot be measured.
Semantics and symbol grounding in Turing machine processes
Authors: Sarosiek Anna
Published: July 2018

The aim of the paper is to present the underlying reason of the unsolved symbolgrounding problem. The Church-Turing Thesis states that a physical problem,for which there is an algorithm of solution, can be solved by a Turingmachine, but machine operations neglect the semantic relationship betweensymbols and their meaning. Symbols are objects that are manipulated on rulesbased on their shapes. The computations are independent of the context, mentalstates, emotions, or feelings. The symbol processing operations are interpretedby the machine in a way quite different from the cognitive processes.Cognitive activities of living organisms and computation differ from each other,because of the way they act in the real word. The result is the problem ofmutual understanding of symbol grounding.
Residual properties of recycled concrete after exposure to high temperatures
Authors: Chen Zongping , Chen Jianjia , Ning Fan , Li Yi
Published: July 2018

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the residual properties of recycled concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Three parameters were considered in this test: (a) high temperatures (i.e. 20, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800°C); (b) recycled coarse aggregate replacement percentages (i.e. 0, 30, 50, 70 and 100%); (c) recycled coarse aggregate types (gravel and pebble). A total of 144 standard prism specimens (150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm) of recycled concrete were prepared and subjected to different high temperatures for 1 h; after cooling down to ambient temperature, the following basic physical and mechanical properties were then tested and discussed: (a) surface change and mass loss ratio; (b) compressive strength; (c) compressive stress–strain curve; (d) elasticity modulus. Based on the mass loss ratio, a residual strength assessment method for recycled concrete after exposure to high temperatures was put forward.
Heterogeneity and Unemployment Dynamics
Authors: Ahn Hie Joo , Hamilton James D.
Published: July 2018

This paper develops new estimates of flows into and out of unemployment that allow for unobserved heterogeneity across workers as well as direct effects of unemployment duration on unemployment-exit probabilities. Unlike any previous paper in this literature, we develop a complete dynamic statistical model that allows us to measure the contribution of different shocks to the short-run, medium-run, and long-run variance of unemployment as well as to specific historical episodes. We find that changes in the inflows of newly unemployed are the key driver of economic recessions and identify an increase in permanent job loss as the most important factor.
Critical Remodeling Recreation Specialization: Direction and Path Diversity of Camping Specialization
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Kim Hyun-Jung , Park Keun-Soo
Published: July 2018

This research aimed to analyze the recreation specialization process by applying symbolic interaction theory in order to identify how recreation participants’ specialization proceeds forward in various directions and paths. For this purpose, previous studies on recreation specialization within the framework of process approach and the relationship between symbolic interaction theory and recreation specialization were reviewed. Data for this study were collected through in-depth interviews of ten campers and were later analyzed using a grounded theory approach. The study results showed 29 subcategories and 14 upper categories. The analysis showed that most campers do not follow a linear specialization trajectory. Findings indicated that campers’ specialization process was better characterized by stability (low and high) or decline. Also, campers’ specialization patterns progress to different paths with increased participation. Findings indicated both a “stability-seeking path” and a “diversity-seeking path.” The important thing is that these directions and various paths of recreation specialization are constantly changing.
Estimating the Potential Demand of Pasture Experience Tourism: A Comparison of Onsite Interview and Online Survey Modes
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Kim Se-Hyuk , Kim Tae-Kyun
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare the estimated potential demand of pasture experience tourism between onsite interview and online survey modes. The potential demand was estimated using a logit model based on 1,280 questionnaires that were administered using onsite interview and online modes. The results show that experience fee, gender, age, monthly household income, survey mode, and experience of pasture tourism are important factors in potential demand of pasture experiences. The potential demand was estimated to be 22,469∼32,382 thousand people for an experience fee of 20,000 Korean Won, 12,733∼28,423 thousand people for 40,000 Won, 5,853∼23,559 thousand people for 60,000 Won, 2,373∼18,277 thousand people for 80,000 Won, and 908∼13,257 thousand people for 100,000 Won, respectively. The results also indicate that potential demand by online survey was 34.5% higher than onsite interview survey. Therefore, when using an online survey, it should be considered as a way to reduce hypothetical bias.
Geographic Distribution of the Preferred Tourism Resources by Inbound Chinese Individual Tourists to Korea
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, ZHOU SHANTAI , Oh lck-Keun
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze preferred tourism resources in Korea by inbound Chinese individual tourists(FIT), whose portion has been gradually increasing. The data was collected from Mafengwo, the largest travel portal for Chinese individual tourists. Review data such as destinations, lodging facilities, restaurants, shopping stores were analyzed and further visualized. The results showed that Chinese tourists to Korea preferred Seoul and Jeju as expected. In Seoul they were likely to enjoy cultural experiences and natural resources, and natural resources were most favored in Jeju. Compared with these two destinations, Busan seemed to be less favorable in terms of tourism resources and popularity. These results imply that (1) travel authorities could accurately offer education and management programs to service suppliers, (2) lesser-visited sites could have the opportunities to upgrade their services to remain competitive in the travel market.
The Influence of Proactive Personality on Job Crafting and Organizational Outcomes for Hotel Employees in Seoul
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Chae Sin-Suk
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate proactive personality and job crafting as it was perceived by hotel room and food and beverage department employees and to examine the effects of perceived job engagement, job satisfaction, and job burnout. Data were collected from room and food and beverage department employees at 15 five-star hotels in Seoul. A total of 287 samples were used for frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and discriminant validity analysis using the statistical packages of SPSS (18.0) and AMOS (18.0). The results of the analysis showed that proactive personality had a significant effect on job crafting, while job engagement, job satisfaction, and job burnout did not. The results also indicated that job crafting had a significant effect on job engagement, job satisfaction, and job burnout. The results of the mediation effect analysis showed that job crafting had a significant effect between proactive personality and organizational outcomes. Practical implications and limitations of the study are discussed within.
A Study on Co-Author Networks of The Tourism Sciences Society of Korea Using Social Network Analysis: Focusing on Co-Author of the Journal of Tourism Sciences
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Park Gyung-Yeol
Published: July 2018

This study examined the conditions of joint authorship research activities in the Journal of Tourism Sciences to find out the structural co-author network characteristics among co-authored papers according to social network analysis. Research using joint authorship has widened the range of knowledge and provides opportunities for research from various perspectives. Currently, there is no analysis of collaborative research or research on the social relations between authors in tourism. This study identifies the cooperative relationship of 1,863 research papers in the Journal of Tourism Sciences, network configuration, and characteristics. The results indicated that although the ratio of joint authorship is increasing, the Journal of Tourism Sciences has exhibited the typical “Stevens’ power law,” which is observed in co-authorship networks. Furthermore, the participation of researchers belonging to public corporations or businesses was rather insufficient and had a characteristic of being a narrow academic field that was connected with other researchers in four stages. Additionally, the individual researchers’ centrality analysis results show that they play different roles in the network. In contrast, this study confirms that the increase in the number of co-authors is a characteristic of interdisciplinary research within the field of tourism.
A Study on Exploring Message Information that Affects the Purchase of Hotel Rooms Through Social Commerce and Differences in Hotel Star-Rating
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Um Taehyee , Chung Namho
Published: July 2018

This paper tried to investigate what kind of information influences consumers who purchase hotel rooms through social commerce. Whether this information varies depending on the hotel star-rating was also investigated through the application of the heuristic-systematic model to the information that appeared on the social commerce purchase webpage. Specifically, the quantity limitation and the time limit were set for the heuristic cue. The geographical distance and the social commerce offering price were set in the systematic cue. As a result of the study, it was found that the quantity limitation and geographical distance had a significant effect on purchase increase. Differences in information according to hotel star-rating showed a significant difference between the time limit and the social commerce offering price. Based on the results of the research, academic and practical implications for social commerce companies and hotels are discussed. This study contributes to the theoretical expansion of HSM by applying it to social commerce product information and carrying out empirical analysis. In addition, by using web data for analysis, we expanded a research area that was insufficient regarding social commerce and hotels.
The Effect of a Virtual Environment Attraction Experience on Relationship Quality and Revisit in Theme Parks
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Koo Wonil
Published: July 2018

With the development of information and communication technology (ICT), the virtual environment (VE) can be combined with the facilities of theme parks, thereby overcoming limitations of limited space and providing various attractions. The purpose of this study is to suggest the necessity of VE facilities to secure the competitiveness of theme parks by embracing the relationship between theme park visitors’ experience of VE facilities and relationship quality and revisit intention. For this purpose, correlation analysis and regression analysis were conducted for six factors identified through factor analysis. The following conclusions were drawn. VE experience had a relatively higher impact on satisfaction than trust on relationship quality. Visitors were more satisfied with their experience than with the information provided by theme parks or the reliability of park operations. Experience and relationship quality using VE had a low impact on revisits. This means that visitors are satisfied with the VE facilities, but there are difficulties with revisits because they require the consideration of various factors such as admission fees, time, and amusement facilities. Nevertheless, theme parks are expected to continuously introduce VE facilities for ICT development and competitiveness.
The Relationship Between Restorative Environment and Self-Determined Motivation in an Outdoor Recreation Context: Focused on Mountaineering
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Lee Hyerin , Lee Hoon
Published: July 2018

It is essential to continue leisure activities for improving the satisfaction and quality of life. The continuity of leisure participation is related to self-determined motivation; thus, the internalization of motivation should be further studied. Self-determined motivation and internalization of motivation in Deci and Ryan (1985)’s self-determination theory has been addressed by many leisure scholars. Their studies revealed that social factors affect motivation internalization. However, physical environment factors also need to be considered because they are an important part of outdoor recreation. Therefore, restorative environment in attentive restoration theory as a physical environment factor was used in order to achieve the goal of this study. In total, 268 hikers were surveyed at three mountains in the Seoul area, and the data were analyzed by canonical correlation analysis. Results of the analysis were as follows. First, restorative environment and self-determined motivation had positive relationships. Second, the most significant motivation in restorative environment was identified as regulation motivation. Third, the influential factors on self-determined motivation in the outdoor recreation context were fascination and compatibility. Theoretical and empirical implications based on the analysis results are suggested.
The Study of Moderating Effects of Perceived Value Between Participants’ Selective Attributes and Satisfaction in an Agricultural Exhibition
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Hwang Jungjin
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between participants’ selective attributes and satisfaction in an agricultural exhibition. In addition, this study also examined the moderating effects of perceived value between participants’ selective attributes and satisfaction. The results indicate that professionalism had a statistically positive impact on participants’ satisfaction. Participants’ perceived value moderated the relationship between independent variables (i.e., professionalism and ease of participation) and a dependent variable (i.e., participants’ satisfaction). Since only a few studies have been conducted regarding agricultural exhibitions, this study provides a bridge to a research gap in an academic area. The findings from this study provide meaningful implications to academics and industry professionals.
Effects of Costumed Interpreters as a Tourism Communication Medium on Heritage Site Experiences, Satisfactions, and Attitude Changes
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Lee Uk , Um Seo-Ho
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to find out if costumed interpreters can play a role as a communication medium to provide edutainment at heritage sites. Therefore, the effects of costumed interpreters as communication media on visitors’ experiences at heritage sites, satisfaction, and attitude change were investigated. The results of the analyses show that the costumed interpreters’ communication factor had a significant influence on the experience at the heritage sites, and it was effective in inducing visitor satisfaction and positive attitude. However, costumed interpreters at the site did not play an appropriate role as a medium in providing both entertainment and education values to visitors. Therefore, in order for the costumed interpreters to play the role as an edutainment communication medium at heritage sites, a training system is a prerequisite to their performances. This study is one of few empirical studies on costumed interpreters in the context of heritage tourism. It is meaningful that this study confirms the applicability of costumed interpreters as a new communication medium at heritage sites. Furthermore, it is expected to provide fundamental knowledge in the utilization of costumed interpreters in actual heritage sites.
Analyzing the Sustainable Factors of Attractiveness at Tourism Destination of Film Locations Through Social Big Data
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Yoon Yeong-Il , Choi Jeong-Ja
Published: July 2018

This study aims to investigate how long the attractiveness of film locations continues. For this purpose, attractive attributes of film locations were extracted and categorized with the text mining method of social big data associated with an increase in tourist numbers. The film location selection was based on domestic film-goer numbers from the Korean Film Commission and tourist statistics of local governments. Research findings are as follows. First, native attractions, accommodations, convenient facilities, accessibility, and other additive factors in tourist destinations changed similarly with the change of average numbers of tourists per month. Second, tourism products, souvenirs, and human service provision changed differently. These facts indicate that important attributes of film locations as tourist destinations are native attractions, accommodations, convenient facilities, accessibility, and other additive factors. Tourists perceive these attributes as important factors for tourist destination choice.
Different Relationships Between Local Tourism Employees’ Shared Beliefs and Their Emotional Solidarity Toward Tourists by Contact Levels
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Kim Yong-Hee , Park Oun-Jung
Published: July 2018

Emotional understanding between tourists and local residents has been one of the new research approaches in community-based tourism. This study analyzed tourism employees’ emotional solidarity (ES) toward tourists, focusing on the hypothesized interaction effects of ES between tourism employees’ shared beliefs (SB) about the local tourism destination and the two different levels of interaction with tourists. Empirically significant differences were identified between tourism employees (the high customer contact group) who directly encountered tourists in Old Bagan (a cultural tourism destination famous for 2,300 Buddhist temples) in Myanmar and those (the low customer contact group) who worked in general hospitality service industries outside of the Old Bagan area. The high customer contact group exhibited higher sympathetic understanding and emotional closeness toward tourists, but the low customer contact group showed higher welcoming nature than the other group. This result implies that tourism employees who have direct contact with customers within cultural heritage sites tend to communicate their emotional intimacy with tourists. On the other hand, tourism employees engaged in low contact tend to appreciate tourists because of the economic benefits from having them in the area. Therefore, educational and consulting support are needed to guide employees to understand tourists sympathetically and build emotional closeness.
Practical aspects of treatment of kidney cancer in a modern hospital: the evolution of surgical approaches
Authors: Rakul S. A. , Pozdnyakov K. V. , Eloev R. A. , Pliskachevskiy N. A.
Published: July 2018

Objective: analysis of results of the outcomes of surgical treatment for renal tumors in the Saint Petersburg City Hospital No. 40 over the last 5 years and determination the trends.

Materials and methods. The study included 293 patients that underwent 296 surgeries for renal tumors. The majority of patients (87.84 %) were diagnosed with localized cancer, whereas locally advanced and metastatic forms were detected in 4.39 and 7.77 % of cases respectively. We performed radical nephrectomy (RNE) or nephron sparing (NS) via open or minimally invasive route (videoendoscopic or robot-assisted surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System).

Results. Organ-preserving surgeries were performed in 52.36 % of patients, RNE – in 47.64 % of patients; minimally invasive and open surgeries were conducted in 95.95 and 4.05 % respectively. In individuals with stage cT1a cancer, NS and RNE were performed in 87 and 13 % of cases respectively; in patients with stage cT1b cancer, NS and RNE were performed in 50.82 and 49.18 % of cases respectively. The majority (90.2 %) of patients with renal tumors >7 cm underwent minimally invasive surgeries, primarily RNE. The incidence of severe postoperative complications after NS and RNE was comparable: 5.75–8.06 and 1.67–15.38 % respectively (р = 0.64).

Conclusion. Minimally invasive NS is the method of choice for stage сT1 tumors; however, in some cases, we should also consider it for tumors >7 cm. Videoendoscopic surgery is the most preferable option for these patients, whereas robot-assisted techniques should be used for organpreserving surgeries and RNE in difficult cases.
EXCAVATIONS AT DARVAGCHAY-ZALIV-4: AN EARLY PALEOLITHIC SITE IN DAGESTAN
Authors: Derevianko A. P. , Rybalko A. G. , Zenin V. N. , Yanina T. A.
Published: July 2018

This article outlines the results of multidisciplinary studies at Darvagchay-Zaliv-4—an Early Paleolithic site in northeastern Caucasus. We focus on lithics, which we compare with those from key Early Paleolithic sites in Dagestan and other regions of Caucasus. Based on the totality of typological and technological criteria, the industry is Acheulean and is characterized by the scarcity of distinct core-shaped forms and tools. The few functional types include side-scraper forms, becs, notched and combined pieces. The most salient specimens are pebble tools (choppers) and bifacial tools such as handaxes and picks. Technologically, all specimens are very uniform and may be viewed as representing several camps, whose inhabitants practiced one and the same tradition. This might have been a workshop that was visited several times. The analysis of malacofauna and paleomagnetic analysis suggest that the site dates to 0.4–0.3 Ma BP (MIS 11–9).
ARGILLITE ARTIFACTS AND FINAL PLEISTOCENE TO MIDDLE HOLOCENE CULTURAL LINKS ACROSS THE VITIM RIVER BASIN (BAIKAL REGION)
Authors: Tetenkin A. V. , Vetrov V. M. , Demonterova E. I. , Pashkova G. V. , Kaneva E. V.
Published: July 2018

This paper presents the results of X-ray fl uorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses of argillite artifacts from Kovrizhka I on the lower Vitim and Ust-Karenga XVI on the upper Vitim. The specimens from layer 2 of Kovrizhka I date to ca 6 radiocarbon ka BP and belong to a non-ceramic culture with microblades. Two ritual pits at Ust-Karenga XVI, dating to 7–6 radiocarbon ka BP and associated with the late stage of the Ust-Karenga Neolithic culture, contained clusters of artifacts made of dark-brown argillite, including prismatic cores, blades, inserts, and end-scrapers made on blades. At both sites, similar argillite end-scrapers made on large blade-like spalls were found in different years. Their chemical analysis suggests that the raw material was the same, attesting to cultural ties. The distance between the sites along the river is ca 700 km––the largest range of connections evidenced to date in the prehistoric Baikal area. It was previously demonstrated that the artifact from volcanic pumice, found at Ust-Karenga XVI, had been transported from the Udokan volcanic fi eld, which was also a source of a piece of volcanic pumice from Kovrizhka III layer 3.The same sources of raw material, then, were exploited by different populations over a long period. Our review favors the idea of episodic contacts rather than a single population dispersed across a territory between Ust-Karenga and Kovrizhka.
LATE KROTOVO (CHERNO-OZERYE) BURIALS WITH CASTING MOLDS FROM TARTAS-1, BARABA FOREST-STEPPE
Authors: Molodin V. I. , Durakov I. A.
Published: July 2018

We describe fi ve burials with casting molds from the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) cemetery Tartas-1 in the Baraba foreststeppe. Three of them form a distinct group belonging to two parallel rows of graves. One of the reconstructed molds was destined for casting Seima-Turbino-type celts, the other, for manufacturing thin rods, round in section. One kernel was used for making a hollow in a tiny chisel-like tool. All molds are made of clay and bear traces of prolonged use. They were made using a bottom board; molding mixture was smoothed and tamped, excessive material was removed with a narrow-bladed cutting tool, and lines were drawn on the raw surface. Certain graves with molding tools were single, others were collective. All basic age and sex groups are represented: adults, adolescents, women and children, apparently suggesting that all were involved in manufacture, and the skills were transmitted from one generation to another. Because children were involved too, status was heritable. Emphasis on bronze casting in the funerary rite, virtually without traces of other specializations, indicates a separate social stratum, whose share was no higher than 4 %. Obviously, not all its members were professional casters; some may have participated occasionally.
THE ANDRONOVO AGE WOMEN’S COSTUME, BASED ON FINDS FROM MAYTAN, CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Tkachev A. A. , Tkacheva N. A.
Published: July 2018

This article describes burials of women at a Middle Bronze Age cemetery of Maytan—the only completely excavated Andronovo burial ground in the steppes of central Kazakhstan. On the basis of the location of ornaments in burials, an attempt is made to reconstruct details of costume with regard to age groups. The composition and arrangement of the individual elements of the costume indicate several decoration areas such as head; neck and chest; hands and feet. Exceptional areas are accessories (bags and boxes), belt, and lap of dress. Most ornaments mark the age category of women. There are two age groups: girls and adult women. Though many graves have been looted, a tentative reconstruction of the costume with regard to these groups is possible. Such a reconstruction is relevant to cultural tradition, ideas of beauty, and social status.
TEXTILE DECORATION AND PATTERNS ON THE ANDRONOVO VESSELS: POSSIBLE RECONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Savenkova M. M.
Published: July 2018

Certain researchers believe that designs composed of oblique triangles, meander-shaped fi gures and comb imprints on the Andronovo vessels reproduce those on woven, embroidered, and appliqué textiles. The article compares the Andronovo designs on pottery with the decoration used in textile manufacture. To reconstruct the making of geometric compositions, textile interlacing schemes were designed to produce samples using the weaving technique on plaques. Such tools had been used for producing the earliest textiles manufacture with an interwoven warp since the Early Neolithic. The sequence of patterns with vertical-horizontal, diagonal-horizontal, and diagonal-rhombic elements is described. Various types of schemes were created, and the most rational decoration methods were selected. The dependence of pattern on the sequence whereby colored threads are run through the holes was analyzed. To make complex patterns, rotation of plaque blocks in various directions was used. The results suggest that designs on the Andronovo vessels indeed reproduce woven prototypes.
A STUDY OF BRONZE AGE CERAMICS FROM THE FOREST ZONE OF EASTERN EUROPE: WHAT DOES THE TERM “FATYANOVO-LIKE” MEAN?
Authors: Volkova E. V.
Published: July 2018

The Bronze Age pottery from the forest zone of Eastern Europe includes a category that is often described as “Fatyanovo-like”. It reveals a blend of predominantly Fatyanovo and other features. A morphological and technological analysis of 129 vessels from Nikolo-Perevoz I (a settlement with a collective burial) and II has revealed four groups––one Fatyanovo proper and three evidencing a mixture of Fatyanovo with local traditions of various origins. The Fatyanovo-Volosovo group appears to have been a result of local mixture, whereas that from the burial is close to the Fatyanovo-Osh-Pando tradition, which had been introduced from without. These fi ndings are relevant to the relationships between the Fatyanovo, Volosovo, and Osh-Pando people. Also, they demonstrate that the umbrella term “Fatyanovo-like” is meaningless.
PETROGLYPHS OF ZANSKAR, INDIA: FINDINGS OF THE 2016 SEASON
Authors: Polosmak N. V. , Shah M. A. , Kundo L. P.
Published: July 2018

This article introduces new petroglyphs found in 2016 by the Russian-Indian expedition in Zanskar, India. For the fi rst time in this region, we discovered images unilaterally pecked out on small rectangular plates at abandoned Buddhist sanctuaries. Unlike tens of thousands of famous images from Ladakh and Zanskar, these are examples of mobile art, i.e., they could be moved from one place to another. They show scenes of fi ghting wild yaks, a hunter on horseback accompanied by a dog, and a Buddhist stupa. Especially interesting are several kindred scenes reproducing fi ghts between male yaks, which occur in the fall, during the rut. Images realistically and accurately convey a tense atmosphere of rivalry. The image of a horse is unusual. The animal is decorated with a breast tassel and a head plume or sheathed forelock, marking the horseman’s high rank and setting the representation apart from other known images of horses in the petroglyphic art of Ladakh and Zanskar. Very important is the archaic type of stupa, before which the yaks are fi ghting. It provides one of the clues for dating the whole composition, since such types of stupas were built from the 1st century BC onwards. It is proposed that the newly found petroglyphs represent a hitherto unknown tradition of using small specially prepared stone plates.
OFFERINGS OF HUNNIC-TYPE ARTIFACTS IN STONE ENCLOSURES AT ALTYNKAZGAN, THE EASTERN CASPIAN REGION
Authors: Astafyev A. E. , Bogdanov E. S.
Published: July 2018

In 2014–2015, nine enclosures built of stone slabs were excavated at Altynkazgan on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Republic of Kazakhstan. Inside them, remains of offering ceremonies were found: vessels dug into the ground, altars made of limestone blocks, and pits for offerings. In one of these, we found a richly decorated bridle, in another, a belt set of inlaid golden plaques, and in the third, remains of a saddle (silver plates and other items). The entire assemblage has numerous parallels among the 5th and 6th century fi nds from the northern Black Sea area, North Caucasus, and the Volga basin. Ritual burial of a “golden” belt, a bridle, and a ceremonial saddle indicate an advanced cult that included offerings of prestigious belongings of a horseman. These rituals were introduced by Iranian-speaking nomads who had migrated to the eastern Caspian region during the Hunnic raids to Iran in the 5th century. At that time, owing to the regressive phase of the Caspian Sea, the semi-desert northern Caspian coast was connected with Mangyshlak by a land bridge. Our hypotheses are supported by both historical records and modern geomorphological studies of the Caspian Sea.
OLD TURKIC STONE ENCLOSURES AT KYZYL-SHIN, SOUTHEASTERN ALTAI
Authors: Kubarev G. V.
Published: July 2018

This study outlines the results of excavations of fi ve Old Turkic stone enclosures (No. 1, 6, 9, 12, and 18) at a funerary and memorial complex Kyzyl-Shin, in the Kosh-Agachsky District of the Altai Republic. Due to soil conditions and to the presence of air in some offering chambers, unique artifacts were discovered––a wooden box, wooden dishes, armor plates, etc. These fi nds extend our knowledge of Old Turkic offerings and the Turkic ritualism in general. They enable us to reconstruct the stages in the construction of enclosures and of their separate elements. The presence of nonfunctional (votive) artifacts highlights a key feature of the Old Turkic funerary ritualism, supporting the idea that enclosures were ritual models of dwellings––abodes of the deceased persons’ spirits/ souls. Well-preserved larch trunks, dug into the ground in their centers, offered a possibility to cross-check the results of radiocarbon and dendrochronological analyses, suggesting that the enclosures date to late 6th and 7th century AD. Although the Kyzyl-Shin enclosures belong to the Yakonur type, they are contemporaneous with adjacent enclosures of the Kudyrge type, suggesting that the typology of archaeological structures does not always mirror their chronological and evolutionary relationship. Differences in the construction and arrangement of enclosures could be determined by other factors such as family or social structure.
NEW DATA ON IRON-SMELTING SITES IN THE KUEKTANAR AND TURGUN VALLEYS, SOUTHEASTERN ALTAI
Authors: Agatova A. R. , Nepop R. K. , Slyusarenko I. Y. , Panov V. S.
Published: July 2018

This paper presents the fi ndings relating to iron-smelting furnaces in the Kuektanar and Turgun valleys, which were part of the Chuya–Kurai metallurgical province in the Russian Altai, and are undergoing rapid erosion. On the Chuya, downstream of the Kuektanar mouth, hitherto unknown and completely eroded remains of furnaces were discovered. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments from bloomeries at Kuektanar-1 and 2 and Turgun-1, using scintillation and AMS techniques, suggests the use of trees that grew in 5th–10th centuries AD as a fuel for metallurgical production. Dates of charcoal relating to the same iron-smelting event differ by over 300 years, probably because various parts of adult larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) were used. Samples of uncharred bark in bloomery 2 at Kuektanar-1 suggest that the last smelting occurred in AD 655–765. The totality of radiocarbon dates makes it possible to conclude that the bloomeries functioned during the Old Turkic period. The proximity of iron ore sources and the abundance of forest vegetation account for the wide use of iron-smelting by the nomads in the region. The erosion of the river bank where the furnaces are located allowed us to assess the erosion rate since their construction—ca 0.5 cm per year.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURING GLASS BEADS AT GNEZDOVO, SMOLENSK REGION
Authors: Dobrova O. P.
Published: July 2018

Over 12 thousand glass beads have been excavated from medieval burials at Gnezdovo. Most fall in nine technological groups similar to those in a collection from the earthen ramparts of Staraya Ladoga. At Gnezdovo, however, hitherto unknown types were found, such as those represented by isolated specimens formed from lumps of molten glass. A few beads appear to have been made on a mold; those with transverse striation had been welded from several pieces. The latter resemble Greek and Roman era specimens from the Northern Pontic region. For the fi rst time in Old Rus, glass beads with a copper pipe are described. This is a rare technique, also practiced in Central Europe. Numerous specimens from Gnezdovo are two-layered, others are made from a pipe, from a rod, mosaic, or curled. Some experts argued that the use of pipe as a core is motivated by the economy of paste of which beads were made. Pipe cores in cobalt beads might facilitate shaping. Since cobalt-colored beads and bracelets were popular in AD 800–1100, economy cannot provide a universal explanation. The fact that other materials, such as copper and ceramics, were also used is another proof thereof. Generally, such beads are rare not only in Gnezdovo but elsewhere in Kievan Rus as well.