bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Somali American Boys with Autism: Examining Three Educational Transitions Through Capital Theory
Authors: Baker Diana , Ackerman Lyndsey , Pohl Phoebe , Kim Hyejung
Published: May 2020

This study examines collaboration between American special educators and Somali American families of boys with autism through the lens of capital theory. Subthemes are organized according to phases in the educational planning process, from ongoing and pre-meeting interactions through finalization of the Individualized Education Program (IEP). Results reveal that within a homogenous group (i.e., families of Somali American boys with autism) differences in, for example, immigration history or parents' educational backgrounds can facilitate or impede access to capital (economic, social, cultural). Across the phases, families who leverage capital effectively participate more actively in educational planning. Additionally, findings suggest that children whose families have more access to social and cultural capital tend to enroll in better-resourced schools even if they themselves live in under-resourced school districts. This fact affects their educational trajectories and their families' experiences of collaboration. Implications for practice are discussed.
Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Pupils in Primary Schools in Ghana
Authors: Ntiakoh-Ayipah Daniel , Dogbe Joslin Alexei , Opoku Maxwell Peprah , Twum Frank , Owusu Michael , Kumi Hammond , Afari Priscilla , Donnir Gordon
Published: May 2020

In recent times, international deliberations have centered on inaccessibility of essential services to persons with disabilities. These systematic discriminations have accounted for high rates of poverty and deplorable living standards among persons with disabilities. Deliberate attempts are being made to safeguard the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities. In Ghana, one major development is the implementation of inclusive education, to open regular classrooms to children with disabilities. While much is known about the challenges faced by teachers, in terms of lacking skills, facilities and resources to teach students with disabilities in regular classrooms, little attention has been given to their ability to identify students with disabilities. This case study explored the prevalence, common sub-types and distribution of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among pupils in primary schools in Ghana. The school and home version of the ADHD Rating Scale IV were used to rate 374 pupils by their teachers and parents. Cluster sampling was used to select 15 schools from a district to take part in this study. The estimated prevalence of ADHD was 7% and more boys were identified with ADHD than girls. With regards to teachers' ratings, most of the pupils fell under inattentive sub-type while hyperactive was the most common sub-type identified by parents. Both teachers and parents identified twenty-one pupils. The need for stakeholders' engagement on public education on ADHD its symptoms and management, have been discussed extensively.
Fermi Level Engineering of Passivation and Electron Transport Materials for p‐Type CuBi2O4 Employing a High‐Throughput Methodology
Authors: Zhang Zemin , Lindley Sarah A. , Guevarra Dan , Kan Kevin , Shinde Aniketa , Gregoire John M. , Han Weihua , Xie Erqing , Haber Joel A. , Cooper Jason K.
Published: May 2020

Metal oxide semiconductors are promising for solar photochemistry if the issues of excessive charge carrier recombination and material degradation can be resolved, which are both influenced by surface quality and interface chemistry. Coating the semiconductor with an overlayer to passivate surface states is a common remedial strategy but is less desirable than application of a functional coating that can improve carrier extraction and reduce recombination while mitigating corrosion. In this work, a data‐driven materials science approach utilizing high‐throughput methodologies, including inkjet printing and scanning droplet electrochemical cell measurements, is used to create and evaluate multi‐element coating libraries to discover new classes of candidate passivation and electron‐selective contact materials for p‐type CuBi2O4. The optimized overlayer (Cu1.5TiOz) improves the onset potential by 110 mV, the photocurrent by 2.8×, and the absorbed photon‐to‐current efficiency by 15.5% compared to non‐coated photoelectrodes. It is shown that these enhancements are related to reduced surface recombination through passivation of surface defect states as well as improved carrier extraction efficiency through Fermi level engineering. This work presents a generalizable, high‐throughput method to design and optimize passivation materials for a variety of semiconductors, providing a powerful platform for development of high‐performance photoelectrodes for incorporation into solar‐fuel generation systems.
High‐Throughput Screening and Hierarchical Topography‐Mediated Neural Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Yang Liangliang , Jurczak Klaudia Malgorzata , Ge Lu , van Rijn Patrick
Published: May 2020

Biophysical factors such as anisotropic topography composed of micro/nanosized structures are important for directing the fate of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM‐MSCs) and have been applied to neuronal differentiation. Via high‐throughput screening (HTS) methods based on topography gradients, the optimum topography is determined and translated toward a hierarchical architecture designed to mimic the nerve nano/microstructure. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based topography gradient with amplitudes (A) from 541 to 3073 nm and wavelengths (W) between 4 and 30 µm is developed and the fate commitment of MSC toward neuron lineage is investigated. The hierarchical structures, combining nano‐ and microtopography (W0.3/W26 parallel/perpendicular) are fabricated to explore the combined topography effects on neuron differentiation. From the immunofluorescent staining results (Tuj1 and MAP2), the substrate characterized by W: 26 µm; A: 2.9 µm shows highest potential for promoting neurogenesis. Furthermore, the hierarchical features (W0.3/W26 parallel) significantly enhance neural differentiation. The hBM‐MSCs on the hierarchical substrates exhibit a significantly lower percentage of nuclear Yes‐associated protein (YAP)/TAZ and weaker cell contractility indicating that the promoted neurogenesis is mediated by the cell tension and YAP/TAZ pathway. This research provides new insight into designing biomaterials for applications in neural tissue engineering and contributes to the understanding of topography‐mediated neuronal differentiation.
3D Printed Mechanically Robust Graphene/CNT Electrodes for Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Peng Meiwen , Shi Danli , Sun Yinghui , Cheng Jian , Zhao Bo , Xie Yiming , Zhang Junchang , Guo Wei , Jia Zheng , Liang Zhiqiang , Jiang Lin
Published: May 2020

3D printing of graphene electrodes with high mechanical strength has been a growing interest in the development of advanced energy, environment, and electronic systems, yet is extremely challenging. Herein, a 3D printed bioinspired electrode of graphene reinforced with 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (3DP GC) with both high flexural strength and hierarchical porous structure is reported via a 3D printing strategy. Mechanics modeling reveals the critical role of the 1D CNTs in the enhanced flexural strength by increasing the friction and adhesion between the 2D graphene nanosheets. The 3DP GC electrodes hold distinct advantages: i) an intrinsically high flexural strength that enables their large‐scale applications; and ii) a hierarchical porous structure that offers large surface area and interconnected channels, endowing fast mass and/or charge and ions transport rate, which is thus beneficial for acting as an ideal catalyst carrier. The 3DP GC electrode integrated with a NiFeP nanosheets array exhibits a voltage of 1.58 V at 30 mA cm−2 as bifunctional electrode for water splitting, which is much better than most of the reported Ni‐, Co‐, and Fe‐based bifunctional electrocatalysts. Importantly, this study paves the way for the practical applications of 3D printed graphene electrodes in many energy conversion/storage, environmental, and electronic systems where high flexural strength is preferred.
Oligothiophene‐Based Phosphonates for Surface Modification of Ultraflat Transparent Conductive Oxides
Authors: Timpel Melanie , Nardi Marco V. , Wegner Berthold , Ligorio Giovanni , Pasquali Luca , Hildebrandt Jana , Pätzel Michael , Hecht Stefan , Ohta Hiromichi , Koch Norbert
Published: May 2020

The self‐assembly of electroactive organic molecules on transparent conductive oxides is a versatile strategy to engineer the interfacial energy‐level alignment and to enhance charge carrier injection in optoelectronic devices. Via chemical grafting of an aromatic oligothiophene molecule by changing the position of the phosphonic acid anchoring group with respect to the organic moiety (terminal and internal), the direction of the main molecular dipole is changed, i.e., from parallel to perpendicular to the substrate, to study the molecular arrangement and electronic properties at the organic–inorganic interface. It is found that the observed work function increase cannot solely be predicted based on the calculated molecular dipole moment of the oligothiophene‐based phosphonates. In addition, charge transfer from the substrate to the molecule has to be taken into account. Molecular assembly and induced electronic changes are analogous for both indium‐tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO), demonstrating the generality of the approach and highlighting the direct correlation between molecular coverage and electronic effects.
The Manipulation of Molecular Aggregation Behavior: Underwater Superoleophobic/Underoil Superhydrophobic Gels from the Same Matrix for Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Hu Junyi , Ding Cong , Wang Caoyu , Cao Feifei , Zheng Xinsheng , Zhang Geng
Published: May 2020

Manipulating the molecular aggregation behavior plays an important role in many fields. Here, by manipulating the molecular aggregation behavior, it is the first time that the same benzoxazine molecule is used to synthesize two kinds of gel materials with underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic properties. Meanwhile, these materials are successfully used to separate surfactant‐stabilized water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water emulsions. The relationship between the surface properties and molecular aggregation behavior is analyzed. Controlling molecular aggregation behavior is essential to allow the molecules reach the most stable state spontaneously (where the Gibbs free energy is the smallest under constant temperature and pressure) under different environmental conditions. This research may open a new pathway to construct different functional materials by using the same molecule, and also provide a basis for other fields to achieve various applications by manipulating the molecular aggregation behaviors.
Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C as Highly Active and Durable Electrocatalysts toward Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Cong Yuanyuan , Chai Chunxiao , Zhao Xinwei , Yi Baolian , Song Yujiang
Published: May 2020

A series of uniform 3.0–3.8 nm Pt1−xRux particles supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon (N‐C) is synthesized by wet‐impregnation, high‐temperature reduction, and high‐temperature NH3 etching. As far as it is known, the resultant Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C exhibits the highest activity toward alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in terms of mass specific exchange current density (j0,m, 1654 A gPtRu−1), that is 4.7 and 1.4 times of commercial Pt/C (352 A gPt−1) and PtRu/C (1213 A gPtRu−1), respectively. The remarkable activity originates from a high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), weakened hydrogen binding energy (HBE), and appropriate oxophilic property. Additionally, the Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C displays much improved durability during potential cycling with respect to commercial Pt/C and commercial PtRu/C, likely arising from the stabilizing effect of nitrogen dopant of N‐C on Pt0.25Ru0.75. Furthermore, the single cell fabricated with 0.08 mgPt cm−2 of the Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C as the anode reaches a peak power density of 831 mW cm−2, which is 1.8 and 1.1 times of that fabricated with 0.2 mgPt cm−2 of commercial Pt/C and 0.13 mgPt cm−2 of commercial PtRu/C as the anode, respectively. This study exhibits that low‐platinum alkaline HOR electrocatalyst should be a highly promising approach for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs).
Shape‐Designable and Size‐Tunable Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Micro‐Ring Resonator Arrays
Authors: Li Shun‐Xin , Xia Hong , Zhang Guo‐Ping , Xu Xiao‐Lu , Yang Ying , Wang Gong , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: May 2020

Micro‐ring resonators are widely used in many fields due to their compact structure, high integration, and rich functions. In recent years, perovskite materials have been widely concerned because of their superior properties and various shapes of perovskite‐based optical resonators have been achieved. Despite the excellent photoelectric properties of perovskite materials, it is difficult to realize micro‐ring resonators based on perovskite materials due to its tendency to crystallize into cubic structures. Here, this problem is solved by a microstructure edge‐guided crystallization method to fabricate shape‐designable and size‐tunable methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) micro‐ring resonator arrays with high performance.
Ionic Aggregation‐Induced Emission: Bulky Hydrophobic Counterions Light Up Dyes in Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Aparin Ilya O. , Melnychuk Nina , Klymchenko Andrey S.
Published: May 2020

Dye‐loaded polymeric nanoparticles emerge as powerful bioimaging tools, but their assembly is challenged by aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) of flat fluorophores. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) proposes an effective solution against ACQ by exploiting propeller‐shaped neutral fluorophores without polymeric blending. Fighting ACQ of ionic dyes in polymeric nanoparticles can be achieved by bulky hydrophobic counterions. Here, it is aimed to generate an AIE phenomenon in poorly emissive ionic dyes using bulky counterions. Three cationic hemicyanine dyes of styryl pyridinium family are synthesized: two planar fluorophores featuring ACQ and one propeller‐shaped AIE fluorophore. It is found that, in water, bulky fluorinated tetraphenylborates can light up all three dyes, including planar non‐AIE fluorophores. The described “ionic” AIE (iAIE) with bulky counterions enables preparation of 50‐nm dye‐loaded polymeric nanoparticles showing 40% quantum yield at 500 mm dye loading, whereas small anions favor poorly emissive large aggregates. Single‐particle microscopy reveals that these nanoparticles emit without blinking 50‐fold brighter than commercial quantum dots “Qdot 605” (at 470‐nm excitation). iAIE opens the route to assembling charged intrinsically non‐AIE fluorophores into bright fluorescent (nano)materials.
Generation of Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Exosomes to Detect and Deplete Protumorigenic M2 Macrophages
Authors: Rashid Mohammad Harun , Borin Thaiz F. , Ara Roxan , Alptekin Ahmet , Liu Yutao , Arbab Ali S.
Published: May 2020

Given their protumorigenic function and prevalence in most malignant tumors with lower survival; early detection, and intervention of CD206‐positive M2 macrophages may boost the clinical outcome. To determine in vivo distribution of M2 macrophages, 111In‐oxine‐based radiolabeling of the targeted exosomes is adopted. When these radiolabeled targeted exosomes are injected into breast tumor‐bearing mice, exosomes accumulate at the periphery of the primary tumor, metastatic foci in the lungs, spleen, and liver. Ex vivo quantification of radioactivity also shows similar distribution. Injecting DiI dye‐labeled exosomes into the same mice shows adherence of exosomes to the CD206‐positive M2 macrophages on ex vivo fluorescent microscopy imaging. In addition, these engineered exosomes are utilized to carry the Fc portion of IgG2b with the intention of augmenting antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. It is demonstrated that M2 macrophage targeting therapeutic exosomes deplete M2 macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, and reduce tumor burden, increasing survival in a metastatic breast cancer model.
Enzyme‐Triggered Disassembly of Perylene Monoimide‐based Nanoclusters for Activatable and Deep Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Cai Yang , Ni Dongqi , Cheng Wenyu , Ji Chendong , Wang Yaling , Müllen Klaus , Su Zhiqiang , Liu Ying , Chen Chunying , Yin Meizhen
Published: May 2020

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) exhibits great potential for cancer therapy, but still suffers from nonspecific photosensitivity and poor penetration of photosensitizer. Herein, a smart perylene monoimide‐based nanocluster capable of enzyme‐triggered disassembly is reported as an activatable and deeply penetrable photosensitizer. A novel carboxylesterase (CE)‐responsive tetrachloroperylene monoimide (P1) was synthesized and assembled with folate‐decorated albumins into a nanocluster (FHP) with a diameter of circa 100 nm. Once P1 is hydrolyzed by the tumor‐specific CE, FHP disassembles into ultrasmall nanoparticles (ca. 10 nm), facilitating the deep tumor penetration of FHP. Furthermore, such enzyme‐triggered disassembly of FHP leads to enhanced fluorescence intensity (ca. 8‐fold) and elevated singlet oxygen generation ability (ca. 4‐fold), enabling in situ near‐infrared fluorescence imaging and promoted PDT. FHP permits remarkable tumor inhibition in vivo with minimal side effects through imaging‐guided, activatable, and deep PDT. This work confirms that this cascaded multifunctional control through enzyme‐triggered molecular disassembly is an effective strategy for precise cancer theranostics.
Molecularly Engineered 6FDA‐Based Polyimide Membranes for Sour Natural Gas Separation
Authors: Liu Zhongyun , Liu Yang , Qiu Wulin , Koros William J.
Published: May 2020

Glassy polyimide membranes are attractive for industrial applications in sour natural gas purification. Unfortunately, the lack of fundamental understanding of relationships between polyimide chemical structures and their gas transport properties in the presence of H2S constrains the design and engineering of advanced membranes for such challenging applications. Herein, 6FDA‐based polyimide membranes with engineered structures were synthesized to tune their CO2/CH4 and H2S/CH4 separation performances and plasticization properties. Under ternary mixed sour gas feeds, controlling polymer chain packing and plasticization tendency of such polyimide membranes via tuning the chemical structures were found to offer better combined H2S and CO2 removal efficiency compared to conventional polymers. Fundamental insights into structure–property relationships of 6FDA‐based polyimide membranes observed in this study offer guidance for next generation membranes for sour natural gas separation.
Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori Serotype O6 Tridecasaccharide O‐Antigen Containing a dd‐Heptoglycan
Authors: Tian Guangzong , Hu Jing , Qin Chunjun , Li Lingxin , Zou Xiaopeng , Cai Juntao , Seeberger Peter H. , Yin Jian
Published: May 2020

The development of glycoconjugate vaccines against Helicobacter pylori is challenging. An exact epitope of the H. pylori lipo‐polysaccharide (LPS) O‐antigens that contain Lewis determinant oligosaccharides and unique dd‐heptoglycans has not yet been identified. Reported here is the first total synthesis of H. pylori serotype O6 tridecasaccharide O‐antigen containing a terminal Ley tetrasaccharide, a unique α‐(1→3)‐, α‐(1→6)‐, and α‐(1→2)‐linked heptoglycan, and a β‐d‐galactose connector, by an [(2×1)+(3+8)] assembly sequence. Seven oligosaccharides covering different portions of the entire O‐antigen were prepared for immunological investigations with a particular focus on elucidation of the roles of the dd‐heptoglycan and Ley tetrasaccharide. Glycan microarray analysis of sera from rabbits immunized with isolated serotype O6 LPS revealed a humoral immune response to the α‐(1→3)‐linked heptoglycan, a key motif for designing glycoconjugate vaccines for H. pylori serotype O6.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Formal Hydroalkylation of Aryl‐Substituted Alkynes with Hydrazones
Authors: Yu Lin , Lv Leiyang , Qiu Zihang , Chen Zhangpei , Tan Ze , Liang Yu‐Feng , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: May 2020

We have developed an unprecedented Pd‐catalyzed formal hydroalkylation of alkynes with hydrazones, which are generated in situ from naturally abundant aldehydes, as both alkylation reagents and hydrogen donors. The hydroalkylation proceeds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity to form (Z)‐alkenes, which are more difficult to generate compared to (E)‐alkenes. The reaction is compatible with a wide range of functional groups, including hydroxy, ester, ketone, nitrile, boronic ester, amine, and halide groups. Furthermore, late‐stage modifications of natural products and pharmaceutical derivatives exemplify its unique chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and synthetic applicability. Mechanistic studies indicate the possible involvement of Pd‐hydride intermediates.
A 60:40 split: Differential mass support in dogs
Authors: Fish Frank E. , Sheehan Maura J. , Adams Danielle S. , Tennett Kelsey A. , Gough William T.
Published: May 2020

Dogs have been bred for different sizes and functions, which can affect their locomotor biomechanics. As quadrupeds, dogs must distribute their mass between fore and hind legs when standing. The mass distribution in dogs was studied to determine if the proportion of supported mass on each limb couplet is dependent on body size. A total of 552 dogs from 123 breeds ranging in size from Chihuahua to Mastiff were examined. Each dog was weighed on a digital scale while standing, alternating foreleg, and hind leg support. The overall “grand” mean proportion of mass on the forelegs to the total mass was 60.4% (range: 47.6–74.4%). The data set indicated no significant change in the ratio with total mass but there was a significant difference by sex. When separated into American Kennel Club categories, no group was notably different from the grand mean or from each other, but when sex was also considered, there was a significant difference that was not specifically discerned by post hoc analysis. The mean for female Hounds was notably below the grand mean. For clades based on genetics, the mean for European origin mastiffs was notably greater than the grand mean and significantly different from UK origin herders and coursers. The mass of the head, chest, and musculature for propulsion could explain the mass support differential. Mass distribution and terrestrial locomotion in dogs shows substantial variation among breeds.
Prevalence of accessory septations of sphenoid sinus in pediatric population: Applications to endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Gibelli Daniele , Cellina Michaela , Gibelli Stefano , Oliva Giancarlo , Termine Giovanni , Dolci Claudia , Sforza Chiarella
Published: May 2020

Sphenoid sinus accessory septations and their possible insertion on internal carotid artery (ICA) may represent a risk for endoscopic sinus surgical procedures. However, scarce data on this variant for children are available so far. This retrospective study included 220 maxillofacial CT‐scans equally divided among males (13.4 ± 2.1 years) and females (13.9 ± 2.2 years). On each CT‐scan, prevalence of accessory septations, number of septations in sphenoid sinuses, and their possible insertion onto ICA bone walls were recorded. Significant differences in protrusion and insertion of septations onto the ICA bone walls according to sex were assessed through Chi‐square test (p < .05). Possible correlations between the prevalence of accessory septations, ICA insertion, and number of accessory septations and age were assessed by means of Pearson's regression (p < .05). On average, 66% of males and 71% of females had at least one accessory septation, without significant differences according to sex or age (p > .05): septal insertion on ICA was found in 13% of subjects, without any significant difference for sex or age (p > .05). The number of septations was significantly increased with age (p < .05). The present study showed that the prevalence of accessory septations and insertion onto the ICA are independent of age and these results are similar to those reported in adults. Results will be useful for the management of endoscopic sinus surgery.
RETRACTED:CircFBXW7alleviates glioma progression through regulatingmiR‐23a‐3p/PTENaxis
Authors: Gao Zhi‐Gang , Yang Peng , Huang Jie , Ding Yong‐Qiang
Published: May 2020

Increasing evidence has confirmed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in regulating the development and progression of various tumors. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of circFBXW7 on the progression of glioma and to determine its underlying mechanism. qRT‐PCR was performed to measure the expression of circFBXW7, miR‐23a‐3p, and PTEN in tissues and cell lines of glioma. The proliferation ability of glioma cells was examined using the CCK‐8 assay. Glioma cell migration and invasion capacity were detected using Transwell assays. The dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to examine the correlation between miR‐23a‐3p and circFBXW7 or PTEN. The expression levels of the related genes were determined using western blotting analysis. A glioma xenograft tumor model was employed to evaluate the functional roles of circFBXW7 in vivo. CircFBXW7 was found to be aberrantly downregulated in glioma tumor tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of circFBXW7 was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of the glioma cells. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis and dual‐luciferase reporter assays confirmed that circFBXW7 can directly target miR‐23a‐3p, which then blocks the binding of miR‐23a‐3p to the 3′ un‐translated region (UTR) of PTEN. Mechanically, circFBXW7 suppresses cell proliferation and metastasis in glioma by sponging miR‐23a‐3p, resulting in elevated PTEN expression. In addition, in vivo experiments also confirmed that circFBXW7 overexpression effectively halts tumor growth and metastasis. Consistent with the in vitro observations, circFBXW7 overexpression significantly decreased miR‐23a‐3p, Ki‐67, and N‐cadherin, as well as increased PTEN and E‐cadherin levels. Our results revealed that circFBXW7 exhibits antiproliferative and antimetastasis activities via sponging miR‐23a‐3p to elevate PTEN expression in glioma, which may offer a novel target for clinical therapy and diagnosis of glioma.
Lipophilic Environmental Chemical Mixtures Released During Weight‐Loss: The Need to Consider Dynamics
Authors: Lee Duk‐Hee , Jacobs David R , Lind Lars , Lind P. Monica
Published: May 2020

Intentional weight loss can increase health risk in the long‐term, despite short‐term benefits, because human adipose tissue is widely contaminated with various lipophilic environmental contaminants, especially persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Recently, chronic exposure to low POPs has emerged as a new risk factor for common metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The amount of POPs released from adipocytes to the circulation increases during weight loss, thereby increasing POPs exposure of other critical organs. Possible harmful effects due to release of POPs during weight loss are opposite to those usually expected from losing weight. It is speculated that this tradeoff can explain recent puzzling findings on intensive weight loss. The presence of POPs in adipose tissue adds a challenge to weight management and an optimal strategy of weight management needs to consider both fat mass and dynamics of POPs.
Effect of Sox10 on remyelination of the hippocampus in cuprizone‐induced demyelinated mice
Authors: Shao Yu , Ding Juan , He Qian‐xiong , Ma Quan‐rui , Liu Qiang , Zhang Chun , Lv Hao‐wen , Liu Juan
Published: May 2020

Objective

The low number of oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia suggests that hippocampal demyelination is changed in this condition. Sox10 is expressed throughout OL development. The effect of Sox10 on myelin regeneration is unknown. This study aimed to analyze changes in Sox10 expression in the hippocampus and its regulatory role in hippocampal myelin regeneration in a mouse model of demyelination.

Methods

Mice were fed 0.2% cuprizone (CPZ) for six weeks to establish the acute demyelinating model (CPZ mice). Behavioral changes of these mice were assessed via open field and tail suspension tests. The ultrastructure of the myelin sheaths in the hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of myelin sheath‐related proteins and the transcription factor Sox10 were detected via immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Furthermore, Sox10‐overexpressing adeno‐associated virus was injected into the hippocampus after establishing the demyelinating model to investigate effects of Sox10 on remyelination.

Results

CPZ mice showed abnormal behavioral changes, a large number of pathological changes in the myelin sheaths, and significantly reduced protein expression of the myelin sheath markers myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein. This confirmed that the demyelinating model was successfully established. Meanwhile, the protein expression of the oligodendrocyte precursor cell marker neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) increased, whereas Sox10 expression decreased. After Sox10 overexpression in the hippocampus, the abnormal behavior was improved, the ultrastructure of the myelin sheaths was restored, and the expression of myelin sheath protein was reversed. NG2 expression was upregulated.

Conclusion

Overexpression of Sox10 promotes hippocampal remyelination after CPZ‐induced acute demyelination.
A Paper‐Based Potentiometric Sensor for Solid Samples: Corrosion Evaluation of Reinforcements Embedded in Concrete Structures as a Case Study
Authors: Colozza Noemi , Sassolini Alessandro , Agosta Lorenzo , Bonfanti Alfredo , Hermansson Kersti , Arduini Fabiana
Published: May 2020

Herein, we present the first paper‐based device for facing one of the worldwide concerns of the Modern age: the corrosion‐induced deterioration of reinforced concrete. Indeed, the monitoring of corrosion extent in reinforced concrete constructions has been acknowledged as a priority for public safety. In this work, the porosity properties of a paper‐based screen‐printed Ag/AgCl electrode were exploited for realising a smart analytical tool to be directly applied on the solid surface of concrete for the evaluation of corrosion. The analysis was carried out by measuring the electrochemical potential between the metallic reinforcement and the sensor, needing only 70 μL of electrolyte solution. The sensor was firstly tested in the laboratory using reinforced concrete samples and then applied on the real outdoor artwork Music Collection Session by Arman (Milan, Italy). A summary of the main available non‐destructive techniques for corrosion monitoring is reported to provide a critic overview.
Dendritic Ag/Pd Alloy Nanostructure Arrays for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Han Jie , Li Shasha , Chen Jiaye , Liu Yongqiang , Geng Dongsheng , Wang Dawei , Zhang Lichun
Published: May 2020

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to value‐added chemicals is a promising strategy for the utilization of excess CO2. But, such reaction suffers from poor efficiency due to insufficient selectivity of electrocatalysts. Aimed at developing highly efficient electrocatalysts, dendritic Ag/Pd alloys with different compositions were synthesized through a simple galvanic replacement reaction. We found that the Ag/Pd alloy with an atomic ratio of 70 % Ag and 30 % Pd can selectively convert CO2 to CO with a maximum faradaic efficiency of 98.6 % and a current density of 9.3 mA/cm2 at −0.8 V, showing the best catalytic properties. Such improved performance can be ascribed to the factors that the introduction of Pd boosts the key intermediate formation and the dendrite morphology with a hydrophobic surface provides multiple active sites and increases CO2 concentration. This study may benefit the design of bimetallic alloy catalysts with improved activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction.
Sequential and orthogonalized PLS (SO‐PLS) regression for path analysis: Order of blocks and relations between effects
Authors: Næs Tormod , Romano Rosaria , Tomic Oliver , Måge Ingrid , Smilde Age , Liland Kristian H.
Published: May 2020

This paper is about the use of the multiblock regression method sequential and orthogonalized partial least squares (SO‐PLS) for path modeling. The paper is a follow up of previously published papers on the same topic and presents a number of new results for the method. First of all, the paper discusses more thoroughly the aspect of how to incorporate blocks in the models and relates this to standard concepts in the area of graphical modeling. Second, the paper defines the concept of direct and indirect effects more precisely in terms of population parameters and shows how they are related to the additional effect in SO‐PLS modeling. The paper illustrates the theory by simple graphs, simulations, and a real example from process monitoring.
Photometric Inline Monitoring of Pigment Concentration in Highly Filled Lacquers
Authors: Guffart Julia , Bus Yannick , Nachtmann Marcel , Lettau Markus , Schorz Stefan , Nieder Helmut , Repke Jens‐Uwe , Rädle Matthias
Published: May 2020

Der Einsatz von faseroptischen Rückstreusensoren zur Inline‐Überwachung der Partikelkonzentration in hochgefüllten Dispersionen und Lacksystemen wird dargestellt. Durch die Miniaturisierung des Abstandes zwischen Sender‐ und Empfängerfaser auf < 600 µm kann das eingetragene Licht auch hohe Dispersphasenanteile von bis zu 60 % durchdringen. Aufgrund der Messanordnung finden sich sowohl Transmissions‐ als auch Streueinflüsse im resultierenden Signal. Es folgt eine mögliche Beschreibung der sich ergebenden nichtlinearen Messkurve mittels eines vereinfachten Modells.
Proposed light sources for illuminating in Xuan paper and silk artwork with organic and inorganic pigments by evaluating color shifts in museum
Authors: Dang Rui , Song Xiangyang , Zhang Fenghui
Published: May 2020

Artworks based on Xuan paper or silk and painted by organic or inorganic pigments are highly responsive to light due to their materials and manufacturing technologies. They belong to the highest level of light responsive exhibits stipulated by International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and are vulnerable to fading and discoloration caused by radiation from light sources. The choice of light sources is the key of protection for artworks. It is indispensible and urgent to choose the lowest damage light sources according to the material characteristics of artworks. In this article, long‐term irradiation of typical light sources on various substrates and pigments was used as experimental method, and CIE DE2000 color difference formula was used as the evaluation index. The laws of the influence of different light sources on the color change of various materials were obtained, and the relative damage coefficients of light sources were calculated. Finally, eight kinds of light sources suitable for illuminating responsive artworks with typical material combinations were proposed. However, there are some limitations in the study, because the ancient Chinese Xuan paper and silk used as experimental objects in the experiment are yellowish. Thus, the models derived in this article are not suitable for choosing reasonable display light sources for other works of art. However, suitable light sources for different materials could be obtained by the calculation method used in this article.
Three‐Dimensional Transition Metal Phosphide Heteronanorods for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Li Rushuo , Zang Jianbing , Li Wei , Li Jilong , Zou Qi , Zhou Shuyu , Su Jinquan , Wang Yanhui
Published: May 2020

The development of low‐cost electrocatalysts with excellent activity and durability for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) poses a huge challenge in water splitting. In this study, a simple and scalable strategy is proposed to fabricate 3 D heteronanorods on nickel foam, in which nickel molybdenum phosphide nanorods are covered with cobalt iron phosphide (P‐NM‐CF HNRs). As a result of the rational design, the P‐NM‐CF HNRs have a large surface area, tightly connected interfaces, optimized electronic structures, and synergy between the metal atoms. Accordingly, the P‐NM‐CF HNRs exhibit a remarkably high catalytic activity for the OER under alkaline conditions and wide‐pH HER. For overall water splitting, the catalyst only requires a voltage of 1.53 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH with prominent stability, and the activity is not degraded after stability testing for 36 h. This new strategy can inspire the design of durable nonprecious‐metal catalysts for large‐scale industrial water splitting.
Design and statistical analysis of low power and high speed 10T static random access memory cell
Authors: Prasad Govind , Kumari Neha , Mandi Bipin Chandra , Ali Maifuz
Published: May 2020

Static random access memory (SRAM)‐based cache memory is an essential part of electronic devices. As the technology node reduces, the power loss and stability has become the major problems. Several SRAM cells had been developed to address the stability and power loss problem. But still, it is a challenge to achieve balance performance among all the parameters of the SRAM cell for sub‐nanometer technology. This paper proposes a novel SRAM cell, which is having comparatively less total, static power loss, less delay, and high stability compared with the conventional cells for 45‐nm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The total power cost of the proposed 10T cell has been reduced by 90.3%, 85.84%, 51.02%, and 90.9% compared with 6T, N‐controlled (NC), 10T sub, and 10T, respectively. Similarly, the static power cost of the proposed cell has been reduced by 55.17%, 5.72%, ‐41.6%, and 52.9% compared with 6T, NC, 10T‐sub, and 10T, respectively. The proposed cell provides better stability, less delay, and comparable area compared with other considered 10T cells. Finally, the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and process analysis of SRAM cells validate the efficiency of the proposed 10T cell.
Race‐based and sex‐based differences in bioactive lipid mediators after myocardial infarction
Authors: Halade Ganesh V. , Kain Vasundhara , Dillion Chrisly , Beasley Mark , Dudenbostel Tanja , Oparil Suzanne , Limdi Nita A.
Published: May 2020

Aims

Leucocyte‐directed specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs) are essential for cardiac repair, and their biosynthesis coincides with the expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators; however, the precise quantitation during an acute myocardial infarction (MI) event is poorly understood in race‐specific and sex‐specific manner. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the USA. Although the prevalence of coronary heart disease is similar between Black and White patients, cardiovascular events (including MI), rehospitalization, and mortality are disproportionately higher in Black patients. Therefore, understanding differences in inflammation and resolution can enable the development of predictive, personalized, and precise treatment and attenuate sex/racial disparities. Thus, herein, we assess differences in bioactive lipids and SPMs, between Black and White patients experiencing an acute MI.

Methods and results

From the PRiME‐GGAT cohort, we collected plasma after MI within 24–48 h from 22 Black (15 male and 7 female) and 31 White (23 male and 8 female) subjects for a comparative race‐based and sex‐based analyses. MI was confirmed using a biochemical measurement of plasma troponin and ST elevation. Plasma levels of three essential polyunsaturated fatty acids [arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and a set of 40 bioactive lipid mediators with major emphasis on SPMs were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. AA and DHA were higher in White male and female patients, and EPA was noted higher only in White male patients compared with White female and Black male and female patients. Lipoxygenase‐mediated AA‐derived 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (29–63%) and 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (3–9%) and DHA‐derived 17‐hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (3–22%) and 14‐hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (7–10%) were major bioactive lipid mediators in plasma. The SPM signature resolvin E1 was significantly lower in Black patients compared with White male and female patients, whereas protectin D1 was lower in White male patients compared with White female and Black male and female patients.

Conclusion

Our comparative analyses of fatty acids and respective cyclooxygenase‐derived and lipoxygenase‐derived SPM signatures capture the heterogeneity of disease pathology and elucidate potential mechanisms underlying sex‐based and race‐based differences following MI.
Development and preliminary validation of the Meaningful and Enjoyable Activities Scale (MEAS) in mild dementia
Authors: Tuijt Remco , Leung Phuong , Profyri Eleni , Orgeta Vasiliki
Published: May 2020

Background

Engaging in meaningful activity is an important contributor to well‐being in late life. This study aimed to develop a new measure of meaningful and enjoyable activities in people living with mild dementia.

Methods

The study consisted of four phases: (a) a review of measures of meaningful activity in older people; (b) interviews with people with dementia and their carers (n = 32), (c) expert opinion; and (d) feasibility testing in a pilot randomised controlled trial (n = 63).

Results

The development process resulted in a 20‐item questionnaire. The Meaningful and Enjoyable Activities Scale (MEAS) evidenced appropriate levels of internal consistency (α = .79). Higher scores correlated with higher functional independence (r = −.605, P < .001), patient (r = .330, P = .010) and carer‐rated patient quality of life (r = .505, P < .001). Multiple regression analyses showed that functional independence made a significant independent contribution in predicting higher levels of meaningful activity (F[7,45] = 6.75, P < .001, R2 = .512; β = −.444, P = .001). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a revised three‐factor 9‐item model provided good fit for the data (X2 = 22.74, P = .54, GFI = 0.93, RMSE = 0.00), with leisure‐time physical activity, social engagement and mentally stimulating activities as the key dimensions.

Conclusion

Our study provides support for the construct of meaningful activity in people with mild dementia. Although we find preliminary evidence that the MEAS has adequate psychometric properties, future large scale studies are required to test its validity further and responsiveness to change.
Barriers and enablers to implementing mental well‐being programs through Australian rural football clubs—A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Hutchesson Heidi , Dollman James , Baker Amy , Kernot Jocelyn
Published: May 2020

Issue addressed

Suicide rates in rural Australia are almost twice as high as those in urban areas. In rural communities, football clubs are often the ‘hub’ of the community and are being explored as an avenue to deliver mental health and well‐being promotion. The aim of this study was to explore barriers and enablers for programs promoting mental health and well‐being through rural Australian football clubs.

Method

This qualitative descriptive study included 12 individuals of 10 rural clubs affiliated with the South Australian National Football League. Recruitment occurred via emails to club secretaries/presidents. Semi‐structured telephone interviews explored mental health and well‐being issues experienced in clubs, previous involvement with mental well‐being programs and potential barriers/enablers for future programs. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.

Results

Thematic analysis identified three themes encompassing barriers and enablers: (1) more than a football club, (2) attitudes towards mental health and (3) what is needed to implement a program. The third theme had subthemes of resources, importance of timing, mental health initiatives and components of a program.

Conclusion

Key barriers included difficulty getting people involved due to individual attitudes towards mental health, and not having the finances/resources to implement a program. Major enablers included the important role the football club serves in the community, the inclusion of speakers with credibility and making the program engaging.

So what?

This study identifies key factors which may impact on community engagement and program effectiveness for mental health and well‐being programs delivered via rural football clubs.
Poor academic performance in offspring of survivors with childhood or adolescent central nervous system tumor in Sweden
Authors: Huang Wuqing , Sundquist Kristina , Sundquist Jan , Ji Jianguang
Published: May 2020

The number of children who were born after their parents were diagnosed with central nervous system (CNS) tumor is increasing, but it remains largely unknown regarding the academic performance of these children. We aimed to investigate whether children of survivors with childhood or adolescent CNS tumor were associated with poor academic performance. Children of survivors of CNS tumor were identified by combining the nationwide Swedish Cancer Register and the Multi‐Generation Register, and those who have completed compulsory education in Sweden between 1989 and 2015 were included in our study. “Poor academic performance” was defined as a z‐score of the academic performance below the 10th percentile. Conditional logistic regression and quantile regression were used to examine the association. A total of 655 children were born after their parental diagnosis of CNS tumor and they had 1.39 times higher risk of achieving poor academic performance as compared to the matched comparisons (95% CI = 1.10‐1.76). The poor academic performance was even more pronounced in boys, among those with a paternal diagnosis of CNS tumor and those with a parental ependymoma. The observed association differed depending on preterm birth. In addition, the strength of the association declined with the increased quantiles of academic performance z‐score. Our data suggest that parental CNS tumor affects the subsequent academic achievements among children born after the parental tumor.
Interleukin‐22 and intestinal homeostasis: Protective or destructive?
Authors: Shohan Mojtaba , Dehghani Razieh , Khodadadi Ali , Dehnavi Sajad , Ahmadi Reza , Joudaki Nazanin , Houshmandfar Sheyda , Shamshiri Marziye , Shojapourian Samira , Bagheri Nader
Published: May 2020

Interleukin (IL)‐22 is a member of IL‐10 family cytokines with various immunologic functions. As its name implies, IL‐22 is known to be secreted mainly by Th22 cells, a recently discovered lineage of CD4+ T cells. Also, Th17, Th1, natural killer cells, γδT cells, and innate immune cells along with some nonlymphoid cells have been confirmed as secondary cellular sources of IL‐22. Different cell types such as bronchial and intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, hepatocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and tubular epithelial cells are affected by IL‐22. Both pathologic and protective roles have been attributed to IL‐22 in maintaining gut homeostasis and inflammation. According to the latest fast‐growing investigations, IL‐22 is significantly involved in various pathologies including allergic diseases, infection, autoimmunity, and cancer development. Regulating gut immune responses, barrier integrity, and inflammation is dependent on a diverse complex of cytokines and mediators which are secreted by mucosal immune cells. Several investigations have been designed to recognize the role of IL‐22 in gastrointestinal immunity. This article tries to discuss the latest knowledge on this issue and clarify the potential of IL‐22 to be used in the future therapeutic approaches of intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer.