bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental public health
Authors: Mohamed Amira S. , Robinson Peter G.
Published: December 2021

Dental public health is concerned with preventing oral disease, promoting oral health, and improving the quality of life through the organized efforts of society. Oral diseases including dental caries, periodontal disease, oral neoplasms, and dentofacial trauma are common, have a significant impact on individuals and wider society, and are largely preventable. While the prevalence and severity of these most common and costly dental diseases have fallen in most developed countries, oral health inequalities exist in relation to socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or region. The links between oral and general health indicate that strategies to improve both sets of problems and reduce inequalities should be integrated within the framework advocated by the Commission for the Social Determinants of Health. Of particular relevance to oral health are increasing the availability of fluoride and ensuring universal access to quality dental services. Factors influencing oral health in the future include tighter financial pressures, changes in disease prevalence, the deprofessionalization of dentistry, the role of consumerism in oral health, and the need for a better evidence base.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Barrero Lope H. , Caban-Martinez Alberto J.
Published: December 2021

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major public health burden ranking third in terms of the causes of disability among persons worldwide. Since the seventies, life expectancy at birth around the world has risen roughly by 13 years for women and 12 years for men, creating a greater probability of experiencing some type of MSD during the life course. In this chapter, we first introduce the definition and classification structure of musculoskeletal disorders and provide a comprehensive description of selected MSDs (i.e. low back pain, neck pain, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis) of major concern to public health research and practice. We then transition the discussion on a global scale, to the incidence and prevalence of MSDs, their economic impact, and growing burden on society. There are various known modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of MSDs that will also be discussed including an emphasis on the presence and influence of ageing and obesity on MSDs. Lastly we summarize future directions in terms of research, practice, and policy that can be implemented and developed to improve the global burden of musculoskeletal disorders. In the advent of a large ageing population and increased life expectancy, the burden of musculoskeletal disorders can be expected to increase globally.
Neurological diseases, epidemiology, and public health
Authors: Kukull Walter A. , Govender Kumeren , Bowen James
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents information for selected neurological conditions by referring to current or classic research papers. Conditions such as headache especially migraines have substantial public health impact because of the high prevalence, age groups affected, the associated lost economic productivity and the increase in disability-adjusted life years. Multiple sclerosis, a relatively common neurological disease, can affect individuals in young adulthood, decrease their productivity, and ultimately make them dependent on others. Traumatic brain injury occurring in youth or young adulthood can cause years of extra medical care in addition to lost productivity among those who survive the immediate event; in addition, repetitive trauma may cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy leading to dementia in later life. Epilepsy may have onset throughout one’s life course. While most causes are unknown, some may result from trauma or may be caused by specific genes, among other causes. While there are intractable forms of epilepsy, great strides have been made in preventing and managing seizures enabling patients to lead relatively full and normal lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, are now acknowledged to begin 10–30 years prior to symptom onset. This will influence how risk factor studies are conducted and interpreted, which may offer earlier diagnostic potential. Effective treatments for the resulting clinical dementias that reduce productivity, functional ability, and independence from older individuals have not yet been realized. Without question, neurological diseases have substantial public health as well as grave personal impact.
Sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Kojima Noah , Klausner J.D.
Published: December 2021

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) refer to a broad array of pathogens that are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. While STI case rates are highest in adolescents and young adults, the most serious health outcomes occur later in life and are disproportionately borne by women and infants. For these reasons, STI prevention and control is an important public health investment for every country. This chapter summarizes the global epidemiology of STIs and their associated health consequences, and reports on factors affecting STI spread in the community. It also discusses STI prevention and control as a public health intervention, relying on many interrelated interventions working together to reduce STI incidence and prevalence in the community. Finally, it considers some of the most likely challenges and opportunities in STI prevention anticipated over the next few decades.
Injury prevention and control
Authors: Peek-Asa Corinne , Hyder Adnan A.
Published: December 2021

Injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability throughout the world and contribute disproportionately to premature life lost. Injury rates are highest among middle- and low-income countries. According to analyses of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease data, injuries cause over 4.6 million deaths per year, accounting for nearly 8.4% of all deaths and 10.7% of disability-adjusted life years. Many opportunities to implement injury prevention strategies exist, and a systematic approach to injury prevention can help identify the most effective and efficient approaches. Building capacity for injury prevention activities in low- and middle-income countries is an important public health priority.
Interpersonal violence
Authors: Jewkes Rachel
Published: December 2021

Interpersonal violence results in 404,000 deaths annually and substantial health and economic costs. Although there is an element of genetic susceptibility, its use largely a social construct and thus inherently preventable. Interpersonal violence encompasses child maltreatment, peer violence, youth violence, physical, sexual, emotional, and economic intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. While these appear as a disparate set of acts of violence, they are actually very closely interrelated and perpetrators of one form are at greater risk of perpetrating others, and may also have been victims. This chapter uses an ecological approach to understanding common risk factors and underlying causes and reveals the importance of individual-level, interpersonal- or relationship-level, community-level, and societal factors. Evidence of the preventability of interpersonal violence is demonstrated in the United States, where the prevalence of all forms has declined since 1990. This has not been convincingly attributed to any one intervention, and further suggests that a complex and multilevel programme of interpersonal violence prevention is required, targeting risk factors, and encompassing effective health responses to support victims.
Intersectional and social epidemiology approaches to understanding the Influence of race, ethnicity, and caste on global public health
Authors: Beard Jennifer , Halim Nafisa , Abdalla Salma M. , Galea Sandro
Published: December 2021

Ethnicity, race, caste, sex, and gender are characteristics that can determine social status, health, and illness for both individuals and communities. They are among the many attributes that social epidemiologists account for when conducting research to understand the forces driving health disparities. Intersectional theory posits that each individual comprises multiple, interlocking identities that are projected on to them by the society in which they live. These identities confer multilayered privilege or disadvantage based on context-specific power dynamics, social norms, and biases. Intersectionality is a perspective that grew out of the social justice movements that have shaken entrenched systems of power and social norms over the last 60 years. Intersectional theory challenges traditional epidemiological methods of measuring associations between demographic variables and health outcomes. It also offers social epidemiology an opportunity to explore new methodologies that illuminate factors contributing to health disparities and promote social justice as core research objectives. This chapter illustrates intersections between social determinants and health outcomes in a descriptive case study focused on India and explores innovative methods for incorporating intersectionality into epidemiological research methods and analysis.
People with disabilities
Authors: Kavanagh Anne , Shields Marissa , Devine Alex
Published: December 2021

This chapter addresses the developing field of disability in public health. Disability is traditionally associated with morbidity and mortality as negative public health outcomes. Primary prevention activities addressing birth defects, developmental disabilities, injuries, and chronic illnesses associated with disabling conditions are the foundation of public health. Public health is developing rapidly in promoting the health and well-being of the population of people living with disabling conditions. This chapter outlines the essential public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance for this population across countries and age groups. The WHO’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides the framework for the conceptual and scientific issues. Finally, the chapter discusses directions for public health and disability to develop more closely. Recommendations are made for improving communication, cooperation, and coordination of activities between the public health and disability communities. The fundamental tenet of the chapter is that people with disabilities should be included in planning, development, and implementation of all public health activities.
Prisoners
Authors: Butler Tony G. , Schofield Peter W.
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides a public health analysis of imprisonment (the loss of personal freedom for short or long periods—including life sentences): the individual and population effects upon morbidity and mortality including suicide and homicide, drug addiction, and mental health. These effects impact the life course of former prisoners and their families, employment, and life expectancy, and have intergenerational impacts upon the children of incarcerated parents. While international data are presented for comparison of the magnitude and characteristics of imprisonment worldwide, this chapter examines the United States most closely. America is an atypical but instructive case study: the nation with the world’s largest number of prisoners and highest rate of imprisonment. Mass incarceration is not seen in other developed democratic nations but the case of America represents an important natural experiment, demonstrating precisely how high rates of imprisonment can become socially ‘toxic’, with damaging consequences for population health, societal well-being, and human rights.
Immunization and vaccination
Authors: Mutsaerts Eleonora A.M.L. , Madhi Shabir A.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the history of vaccination, challenges to immunization programmes, the public health benefits of vaccination programmes, and the notable successes in terms of elimination. The broader social and economic effects of vaccination are discussed. For example, healthcare workers have increased risk for acquisition of vaccine-preventable diseases. It is important that healthcare workers can maintain delivery of healthcare services during epidemics. They should also avoid spreading disease to vulnerable patient groups. Appropriate vaccination for BCG, hepatitis B, polio, diphtheria, measles, rubella, meningococcal, influenza, varicella, and pertussis is recommended, especially if at increased risk of exposure. The Expanded Programme on Immunization recommended vaccines is fully covered. Vaccination of special populations and the future of vaccines is also discussed.
Training of public health professionals in developing countries
Authors: Hone San , Detels Roger
Published: December 2021

Developing countries are asserting tremendous efforts to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) through primary healthcare-led approaches. Quality primary healthcare (PHC) is essential for improving health, social stability, sound national economies, and health security for all countries, rich or poor. Appropriate and competent training for public health professionals at every level, including core primary care providers, is therefore crucial for providing quality PHC, ensuring the effectiveness of the health system and, ultimately, the health of a country’s citizens. The training must embrace enduring strategies through postgraduate, refresher training, and online coaching (telemedicine) to ensure the continued competency of the public health workforce. This chapter addresses each of these issues in greater depth and makes suggestions for improvement and enhancement of health training in developing countries.
Private support of public health
Authors: Karim Quarraisha Abdool , Detels Roger
Published: December 2021

Private funding of public health is well established. These additional resources have historically made a substantial contribution by focusing attention and catalysing investments to build public health capacity globally. Private investment has been pivotal in increasing access to available vaccines, treatment services, and innovations in otherwise neglected diseases that contribute to substantial morbidity and mortality rates in resource-constrained settings. The increase in public–private sector partnerships highlight emerging novel approaches to advancing global public health through innovation in research and product development and service delivery for new and re-emerging diseases. Recently a new group of billionaire philanthropists such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, still young and giving while they are alive, have changed the character and scope of giving. However, some giving can inadvertently be associated with negative consequences for the recipients. This chapter provides an overview of the history and current practices and impact of private giving, reflects on the benefits and challenges, and suggests how private investments could more effectively contribute to address the public health challenges of the twenty-first century and beyond.
Wide-field X-ray observations of the supernova remnant Puppis A with the SRG/ART-XC telescope
Authors: Krivonos R , Arefiev V , Lapshov I , Filippova E , Burenin R , Semena A , Grebenev S , Sazonov S , Shtykovsky A , Tkachenko A , Lutovinov A
Published: December 2021

The Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) observatory is currently conducting its 4-yr all-sky X-ray survey, started on 2019 December 12. The survey is periodically interrupted for technological operations with the spacecraft. These time intervals are usually used by the Mikhail Pavlinsky ART-XC telescope to perform calibrations. In this context, SRG carried out scanning observations of the Puppis A supernova remnant (SNR) with the aim to check the imaging performance of ART-XC and to optimize the technique of image reconstruction for extended objects. Using the unique imaging capabilities of ART-XC and its uniform coverage of the entire Puppis A region, we attempted to investigate the morphology of this SNR at energies ≳ 4 keV, and to search for previously unknown X-ray sources. Puppis A was observed in 2019–2020, conducting 1.5° × 1.5° shallow surveys with an exposure of 36 h. Additional deep pointed observations of the central part of Puppis A were carried out in 2021 lasted 31 h to highlight the morphology of the extended emission. The X-ray emission of the Puppis A was significantly detected as an extended structure in the 4–6 keV energy band. The morphology of the emission is in general agreement with that observed in soft X-rays previously. The deep sky image of Puppis A obtained with the ART-XC telescope is characterized by a typical SNR shell rim morphology, an extended emission and a bright emission knot in the north-eastern part of the supernova shell. Also, four point X-ray sources have been detected, including three objects identified in catalogues, and one newly discovered X-ray emitter.
Halo merger tree comparison: impact on galaxy formation models
Authors: Gómez Jonathan S , Padilla N D , Helly J C , Lacey C G , Baugh C M , Lagos C D P
Published: December 2021

We examine the effect of using different halo finders and merger tree building algorithms on galaxy properties predicted using the galform semi-analytical model run on a high resolution, large volume dark matter simulation. The halo finders/tree builders hbt, rockstar, subfind, and VELOCI raptor differ in their definitions of halo mass, on whether only spatial or phase-space information is used, and in how they distinguish satellite and main haloes; all of these features have some impact on the model galaxies, even after the trees are post-processed and homogenized by galform. The stellar mass function is insensitive to the halo and merger tree finder adopted. However, we find that the number of central and satellite galaxies in galform does depend slightly on the halo finder/tree builder. The number of galaxies without resolved subhaloes depends strongly on the tree builder, with VELOCIraptor, a phase-space finder, showing the largest population of such galaxies. The distributions of stellar masses, cold and hot gas masses, and star formation rates agree well between different halo finders/tree builders. However, because VELOCIraptor has more early progenitor haloes, with these trees galform produces slightly higher star formation rate densities at high redshift, smaller galaxy sizes, and larger stellar masses for the spheroid component. Since in all cases these differences are small we conclude that, when all of the trees are processed so that the main progenitor mass increases monotonically, the predicted galform galaxy populations are stable and consistent for these four halo finders/tree builders.
A resolution criterion based on characteristic time-scales for MHD simulations of molecular clouds
Authors: Granda-Muñoz Guido , Vázquez-Semadeni Enrique , Gómez Gilberto C , Zamora-Avilés Manuel
Published: December 2021

We investigate the effect of numerical magnetic diffusion in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of magnetically supported molecular clouds. To this end, we have performed numerical studies on adaptive mesh isothermal simulations of marginally subcritical molecular clouds. We find that simulations with low and intermediate resolutions collapse, contrary to what is theoretically expected. However, the simulation with the highest numerical resolution oscillates around an equilibrium state without collapsing. In order to quantify the numerical diffusion of the magnetic field, we ran a second suit of current-sheet simulations in which the numerical magnetic diffusion coefficient can be directly measured and computed the corresponding diffusion times at various numerical resolutions. On this basis, we propose a criterion for the resolution of magnetic fields in MHD simulations based on requiring that the diffusion time to be larger than the characteristic time-scale of the physical process responsible for the dynamic evolution of the structure.
Capture of interstellar objects – II. By the Solar system
Authors: Dehnen Walter , Hands Thomas O , Schönrich Ralph
Published: December 2021

Capture of interstellar objects (ISOs) into the Solar system is dominated by ISOs with asymptotic incoming speeds $v_\infty \lt 4\,$km s−1. The capture rate is proportional to the ISO phase-space density in the Solar vicinity and does not vary along the Sun’s Galactic orbit, i.e. is not enhanced during a passage through a cloud of ISOs (in contrast to previous suggestions). Most bound orbits crossing those of Jupiter and Saturn are fully mixed with unbound phase space, implying that they hold the same ISO phase-space density. Assuming an interstellar number density of ${n}_{\mathrm{iso}}\sim 0.1\,$au−3, we estimate that in 1000 years the planets capture ∼2 ISOs (while ∼17 fall into the Sun), resulting in a population of ∼8 captured ISOs within 5 au of the Sun at any time, less than the number of visiting ISOs passing through the same volume on hyperbolic orbits. In terms of phase-space volume, capture into and ejection from the Solar system are equal, such that on average ISOs will not remain captive at $a\lesssim 2000\,$au for extensive periods.
Capture of interstellar objects – I. The capture cross-section
Authors: Dehnen Walter , Hands Thomas O
Published: December 2021

We study the capture of interstellar objects (ISOs) by a planet–star binary with mass ratio q ≪ 1, semimajor axis ap, orbital speed vc, and eccentricity ep. Very close (slingshot) and wide encounters with the planet are amenable to analytical treatment, while numerically obtained capture cross-sections σ closely follow the analytical results even in the intermediate regime. Wide interactions can only generate energy changes $\Delta E\lesssim q{v}_{\mathrm{c}}^2$, when $\sigma \propto v_\infty ^{-2} |\ln \Delta E|^{2/3}$ (with v∞ the ISO’s incoming speed far away from the binary), which is slightly enhanced for ep > 0. Energy changes $\Delta E\gtrsim q{v}_{\mathrm{c}}^2$, on the other hand, require close interactions when σ ∝ (v∞ΔE)−2 hardly depending on ep. Finally, at $\Delta E\gtrsim {v}_{\mathrm{c}}^2$, the cross-section drops to zero, depending on the planet’s radius Rp through the Safronov number Θ = qap/Rp. We also derive the cross-sections for collisions of ISOs with planets or moons.
Origin of post-maximum bump in luminous Type Ic supernova 2019stc
Authors: Chugai Nikolai N , Utrobin Victor P
Published: December 2021

We address the issue of the post-maximum bump observed in the light curve of some superluminous supernovae. We rule out the popular mechanism of a circumstellar interaction suggested for the bump explanation. Instead, we propose that the post-maximum bump is caused by the magnetar dipole field enhancement several months after the explosion. The modelling of SN 2019stc light curve based on the thin shell approximation implies that at the age of ∼90 d, the initial dipole magnetic field should be amplified by a factor of 2.8 to account for the post-maximum bump. The specific mechanism for the field amplification of the newborn magnetar on the time-scale of several months has yet to be identified.
H2A mono-ubiquitination differentiates FACT’s functions in nucleosome assembly and disassembly
Authors: Wang Yi-Zhou , Liu Cuifang , Zhao Jicheng , Yu Juan , Luo Anfeng , Xiao Xue , Dou Shuo-Xing , Ma Lu , Wang Peng-Ye , Li Ming , Li Guohong , Yan Jianbin , Chen Ping , Li Wei
Published: December 2021

The histone chaperone FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) plays an essential role in transcription and DNA replication by its dual functions on nucleosome assembly to maintain chromatin integrity and nucleosome disassembly to destabilize nucleosome and facilitate its accessibility simultaneously. Mono-ubiquitination at Lysine 119 of H2A (ubH2A) has been suggested to repress transcription by preventing the recruitment of FACT at early elongation process. However, up to date, how ubH2A directly affects FACT on nucleosome assembly and disassembly remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that the dual functions of FACT are differently regulated by ubH2A. The H2A ubiquitination does not affect FACT’s chaperone function in nucleosome assembly and FACT can deposit ubH2A–H2B dimer on tetrasome to form intact nucleosome. However, ubH2A greatly restricts FACT binding on nucleosome and inhibits its activity of nucleosome disassembly. Interestingly, deubiquitination of ubH2A rescues the nucleosome disassembly function of FACT to activate gene transcription. Our findings provide mechanistic insights of how H2A ubiquitination affects FACT in breaking nucleosome and maintaining its integrity, which sheds light on the biological function of ubH2A and various FACT’s activity under different chromatin states.
The Concept of Diaspora in Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Fonrobert Charlotte Elisheva
Published: December 2021

The rabbinic diaspora in the Persianite and Sasanian empires of the second through seventh century CE provided the context for the production of one the great monuments of the culture of Jewish learning, the Babylonian Talmud. As the originary compilation of the rabbinic movement, the Mishnah (second century ce), on the other hand, appears as a text that was not only produced in the “land of Israel,” but also remained tethered to the land in its vision. This chapter discusses the dynamics of cultural mobility that enabled the rabbinic movement to transplant its traditions of learning to the geographic diaspora of what the rabbis referred to as Bavel (Babylonia). It traces some specific rhetorical strategies and, more generally, the consciousness that allowed the rabbis to transform Jewish dispersion into diaspora.
Not Quite Exile, Not Quite Home
Authors: Gerber Jane S.
Published: December 2021

“Sepharad” was more than simply the Hebrew name for Iberia. Through much of Jewish history it denoted a set of Jewish cultural traits that included a high level of cultural and social integration, a sense of Jewish aristocracy and noble lineage, and unmatched creativity in Hebrew poetry, philosophy, science, mystical thought, rabbinic codification, and biblical exegesis. Spanish Jews lived under both Muslim and Christian rule, sometimes in harmony and mutual enrichment, but often under oppressive conditions of discrimination, forced conversion, and Inquisition. Their history of co-existence (convivencia) included uprootings as well as cultural flowering. The expulsion of 1492 did not spell the end of their deep bonds with Spain. Instead, Sephardim remained one of the main branches of the Jewish people.
The Emergence of the Medieval Northern European Diaspora
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: December 2021

The vitalization of northern Europe, which began toward the end of the first Christian millennium, changed the Western world and in the process altered the configuration of diaspora Jewish existence. A new and vibrant center of diaspora Jewish life emerged, as a result of the attraction of rapidly developing northern Europe. The young Jewry of northern Europe was stimulated by the economic opportunities it encountered, was challenged by the spiritual creativity of the vigorous cultural environment in which it found itself, and was threatened by initial and ongoing majority resistance. The young Jewish diaspora of northern Europe grew and developed steadily, shaped by both the positive and negative elements presented by its new ambience.
The Western Sephardic Diaspora
Authors: Bodian Miriam
Published: December 2021

The western Sephardic diaspora was created by descendants of Jews who underwent forced baptism in Portugal in 1497, just a few years after the expulsion from Spain had brought a flood of Jewish exiles across the border. These conversos, many of them crypto-Jews, became known as the “nação” (“nation”), a term that conveyed an ambiguous identity that had made them targets of the Portuguese Inquisition. At first, some immigrated to Iberian colonial lands or fled to Jewish communities in Italy and the Ottoman Empire. By the mid-sixteenth century, some who were active in the expanding Atlantic trade began settling in southwest France as “New Christians.” In the seventeenth century Portuguese ex-conversos were able to build a thriving, openly practicing Jewish community in the Atlantic commercial center of Amsterdam. This became the hub of a diaspora that eventually included the Caribbean and the Atlantic coast of North America. Although some of its traditions have been carefully preserved, by the mid-eighteenth century this once dynamic diaspora had lost much of its commercial and cultural vitality.
The Modern Diaspora of Jews from the Arab Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Schroeter Daniel J.
Published: December 2021

The Jews of the Muslim Middle East and North Africa (MENA) were shaped by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century and the influx of Sephardim. Jews were a part of the multicultural landscape, speaking mainly Judeo-Arabic and Judeo-Spanish. New diaspora communities were formed of Jews based on their places of origin: Livorno, Baghdad, Aleppo, or from the Maghrib—Ma’aravim—who migrated to different parts of MENA and other parts of the world. New identities and Jewish diasporas were created as MENA was divided between the British and French and as independent Arab states emerged. With decolonization after World War II and the establishment Israel, the nearly one million MENA Jews left their countries of origins for Israel, Europe, and the Americas. In Israel they became known collectively as “Mizrahim” and were identified by their countries of origin as Moroccan, Tunisian, Egyptian, Yemeni, Syrian, or Iraqi.
Israel and the Diaspora to 1967
Authors: Zweig Ronald W.
Published: December 2021

The creation of the State of Israel transformed the ties between the Jewish community there and the Jewish world at large. The World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency were supplanted by the institutions of the sovereign state. Similarly, prominent leaders of American Zionism, especially Abba Hillel Silver and Emanuel Neumann, became marginalized as the focus shifted to the politics of the Knesset and the political leadership of David Ben-Gurion. As the role of diaspora Zionism declined in importance, a new relationship of mutual interdependence emerged in the 1950s, as Israel and the diaspora collaborated in pursuing restitution, reparations, and indemnification for victims of the Holocaust. The non-Zionist Jacob Blaustein and the American Jewish Committee now defined the diaspora-Israel relationship.
Celebrating the Diaspora
Authors: Weinberg David
Published: December 2021

Few people today are familiar with the ideas and personalities associated with Jewish diaspora nationalism, or “autonomism,” as it was often called. The creation of the State of Israel has made the central premise of autonomism, the notion of the diaspora as the primary locus of Jewish intellectual and cultural creativity and the authentic home of the Jewish people, seem irrelevant. Jewish national identity has become inextricably linked with political sovereignty and land. And despite a recent spate of scholarly works on the leading figures in the movement, diaspora nationalism remains a mere footnote in modern Jewish historiography. Yet little more than a century ago, advocates of Jewish national rights in the diaspora aggressively competed with Zionists for the hearts and minds of Jews living in the multinational empires of Austria-Hungary and Russia. In the period between the 1880s and the 1930s, the movement to ensure national rights for Jews played a major political and cultural role in the Jewish communities of eastern and central Europe and among immigrants in the United States. This chapter examines some of the leading proponents of “autonomism,” including Simon Dubnow, the Bund, Nathan Birnbaum, Haim Zhitlowski, and Simon Rawidowicz. A conclusion discusses Jewish diasporist thinkers in western Europe and in the United States in the era after the Second World War.
Gems, Cameos, and Social Practice
Authors: Lang Jörn
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the social practice of Roman images in the form of engraved gems and cameos. They were carried along on the body of their owner, so that the way they were perceived was highly flexible. The function of the representations was thus not limited to spatially fixed contexts of perception and could potentially function in all social configurations in which their wearer interacted socially. This essay aims to consider gems and cameos as objects within social spheres of activity. The starting point is the use of the objects. This makes it possible at least to limit the social interactions into which the images were integrated. Following upon this functional approach and an overview of common pictorial motifs, examples of possible ways these representations were concretely integrated to social practices will be shown. To this end, both outwardly directed functions such as social status or affiliation with a social group as well as actor-oriented aspects such as personal commemoration or the desire for individual protection are considered.
The History of (Crime) Ethnography
Authors: Berardi Luca
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides a broad overview of the history and use of ethnography as a tool for studying crime and deviance. It traces the development of ethnographic methods, including participant observation, from ancient times to the present, exploring how early-twentieth-century anthropologists and sociologists, First and Second Chicago School ethnographers, and scholars from a variety of intellectual traditions have shaped, problematized, and codified ethnography—leaving us with some of the most canonical studies of crime and deviance in the process. This chapter serves as an historical steppingstone for the remainder of the handbook, highlighting some of the most influential people, places, studies, and movements that have shaped how contemporary crime ethnographers understand and practice their craft.
Entering the Street Field: A Case Study on Gangs
Authors: Fraser Alistair
Published: December 2021

This chapter makes the case for criminological ethnography as a form of negotiated boundary work between separate sociocultural domains. Drawing on the conceptualization of “field” articulated by Pierre Bourdieu, as a semiautonomous site of contest, the chapter conceives of fieldwork as a distinct form of emotional labor; in short, as fieldwork. In making this argument, the chapter presents findings from a four-year ethnographic study of street gangs in Glasgow, Scotland, which involved navigating multiple, overlapping fields. The first section introduces the study, covering the experience of entering the “street field” of Langview. The second and third sections outline two empirical contributions flowing from the study, covering cultural reproduction in the “street” field and bureaucratic misrecognition in the “police” field. The fourth is a reflexive account of the disjuncture between the “street” and “academic” field, and the reflections this prompted. In conclusion, the chapter suggests a number of implications and conclusions for ethnography, gang studies, and public policy.
The Rise, the Fall, and the Reinvention of the Prison Ethnography
Authors: McCorkel Jill A.
Published: December 2021

This chapter traces the emergence, maturation, and subsequent decline of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails in the United States. It provides a summary and overview of classic and contemporary prison ethnographies and identifies key issues and themes that animate qualitative research on prisons and carceral facilities. These include questions about the forms that punishment, surveillance, and control take, the ways that incarcerated men and women experience, resist, and make sense of the conditions of confinement, and the impact incarceration has for their relationships with families, communities, and one another. The chapter considers the dramatic reduction in the number of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails at century’s end and identifies how punitive policies associated with mass incarceration made it all but impossible for ethnographers to gain entry to carceral institutions. Contemporary ethnographers have reinvented the form by documenting practices and ideologies of control in alternate carceral spaces including visiting rooms, drug treatment programs, and group homes. A summary of recent work is included, along with a review of the ways that contemporary ethnographers foreground issues related to race and gender inequality. The chapter concludes with a discussion of prison ethnography in Europe where ethnographers enjoy greater access to carceral facilities and have considerable influence over public policy. For comparative purposes, I include a summary of ethnographic research from Ireland, the United Kingdom, and France.
Mixed Methods, Ethnography, and Criminology/Criminal Justice Research
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the historical dimensions of ethnographies using mixed-methods approaches, supported by examples from selected landmark works within this tradition. It presents the epistemological assumptions about knowledge production, positionality, and the types of questions typically asked by a criminologist using mixed methods and makes clear how they differ from ethnographies using other approaches and traditions. The chapter considers what ethnographies using a mixed-methods approach can produce that other approaches may not be able to. It then details how ethnographies using mixed methods can contribute to policy development, framing this against the perspectives and needs of policymakers. The chapter concludes by assessing the potential future contribution of ethnographically grounded mixed-methods research to crime and criminal justice issues.
Team Ethnographies in Studying Crime and Criminal Justice
Authors: Copes Heith , Vieraitis Lynne M.
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the team ethnography approach and how scholars have used it to study crime, drug use, and deviance. Studies employing ethnographic methods of inquiry help us to understand crime from the perspective of those who engage in it. Generally, an ethnographer is a solitary investigator who goes out into the field alone, collects data alone, and returns home to write about it alone. There is no denying the insights gained about culture, structure, and human agency offered by such approaches. However, there are serious limitations to the solitary approach to ethnographic research, including quality control. To combat a number of issues associated with solitary ethnographies, some advocate working in teams (from pairs to larger groups) when working in the field. After providing overviews of several key team ethnographies of crime and drug use, we discuss some of the promises and pitfalls of the methodology. Specifically, we elaborate on how both researchers and participants may benefit from such an approach as well as point out some of the pitfalls to avoid. We supplement this section with examples from team ethnographies and our own personal experiences working with others in the field. We conclude by pointing to the larger benefits of team ethnographies and call for scholars to embrace the method.
Time in Music and Philosophy
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: December 2021

The kind of sense music makes, is bound up with how forms of meaning, including in verbal language, are connected to time. Traditional cyclical, epic, and goal-oriented senses of time all play a role in modern musical forms, even though the mythical, religious, and metaphysical content of these forms is hollowed out by scientific advances. The chapter considers aspects of the work of Descartes, Rousseau, Kant, Schelling, Friedrich Schlegel, Dewey, Hegel, Merleau-Ponty, Bergson, Nietzsche, and Heidegger, focusing particularly on the relations between self-consciousness, time, and rhythm, and on how these contribute to the constitution of meaning. The chapter argues that it may make more sense for philosophy to attend to what music reveals about time which can only be grasped by active participation in music, than to seek a comprehensive explanatory account of music and time.
The Mind Is a DJ: Rhythmic Entrainment in Beatmatching and Embodied Temporal Processing
Authors: Witek Maria A. G.
Published: December 2021

In music, rhythmic entrainment occurs when the attention and body movements of listeners, dancers and musicians become synchronized with the beat. This synchronization occurs due to the mechanisms of phase and period correction. Here, I describe what happens to these mechanisms during beatmatching—a central skill in DJing that involves synchronizing the beats of two records on a set of turntables. Via the enactivist approach to the embodied mind, I argue that beatmatching affords a different form of entrainment that requires more conscious control of and embodied operationalization of temporal error correction, and thus provides a vivid model of the embodied distribution of rhythmic entrainment.
Maelzel, the Metronome, and the Modern Mechanics of Musical Time
Authors: Bonus Alexander E.
Published: December 2021

Johann Nepomuk Maelzel, despite being most recognized today for inventing the clockwork metronome, was one of the most famous automata showmen of the nineteenth century. This chapter begins by offering a reception history of Maelzel, the metronome, and his automata, and exploring the cultural significances underlying his clockwork creations across the Industrial Age. As numerous accounts maintain, Maelzel’s automata projected decidedly inhuman performance practices. His automata emblematized a machine culture that ran in direct opposition to the subjective ‘artistry’ championed by many skilled performers and composers over the century. This study subsequently addresses the discord between Maelzel’s age and ours regarding the values of musical time and performance practices: those metronomic qualities largely rejected by Maelzel’s musical contemporaries are often vehemently endorsed today by many professional musicians and educators who apply mechanically precise tempos and rhythms to all musical repertoires. This history ultimately confronts the veiled ‘metronome mentality’ found throughout contemporary performance culture, which neglects many musical-temporal aesthetics and rhythmic qualities from a pre-industrial, pre-metronomic past.
Rhythm Quantization: Notes on the History of a Technocultural Practice
Authors: Morrison Landon
Published: December 2021

This chapter sketches a general history of rhythm quantization as a widespread practice in popular music culture. Quantization—a sound technology that automatically maps microrhythmic fluctuations onto the nearest beat available within a predefined metric grid—challenges traditional notions of musicking as an embodied activity that is grounded in the co-presence of human agents. At the same time, it encapsulates cultural and cognitive processes that are entirely human, fitting into a broader historical shift towards chronometric precision in Western music. Questions arising from this apparent contradiction are taken up in this chapter, which situates rhythm quantization as an emergent technocultural practice, examining its attendant technologies and requisite structures of music-theoretical knowledge, as well as its reception within the context of different musical genres.
Metrical Displacement and Group Interaction in ‘Evidence’ by the Thelonious Monk Quartet
Authors: Bruce Ryan D. W.
Published: December 2021

Jazz pianist Thelonious Monk is known for his rhythmically complex compositions and improvisations. His typical 32-bar AABA form pieces provide a framework of musical norms in terms of harmonic movement, and thus a point of reference for the harmonic rhythm to be displaced. ‘Evidence’ is exemplary of Monk’s displaced rhythms, which creates a sense of metrical shifts during the head arrangement. Composed c.1948 and a frequent piece of Monk’s performance repertoire into the 1970s, a transcription and analysis of the recording from Thelonious Monk Quartet Plus Two at the Blackhawk demonstrates a conflicting sense of metre between band members of the quartet. This chapter investigates how the musicians negotiated metrical discrepancies in the composed section and the saxophone solo in terms of group interaction. A mediation of time is demonstrated by a displaced metre in the drums and each musician’s performative response to the discrepancy by providing musical signals during the course of performance. Through analysis of this performance, the chapter examines the way in which the musicians arbitrated a decisive point of reference within a confounding performance of overturning the beat. This chapter contributes to understanding rhythm and metre through improvisatory processes, augmenting scholarship on jazz through its analysis of the temporal constituents of group interaction.
Non-isochronous Metre in Music from Mali
Authors: Polak Rainer
Published: December 2021

The basic building blocks for rhythmic structure in music are widely believed to be universally confined to small-integer ratios. In particular, basic metric processes such as pulse perception are assumed to depend on the recognition and anticipation of even, categorically equivalent durations or inter-onset intervals, which are related by the ratio of 1:1 (isochrony). Correspondingly, uneven (non-isochronous) beat subdivisions are theorized as instances of expressive microtiming variation, i.e. as performance deviations from some underlying, categorically isochronous temporal structure. By contrast, ethnographic experience suggests that the periodic patterns of uneven beat subdivision timing in various styles of music from Mali themselves constitute rhythmic and metric structures. The present chapter elaborates this hypothesis and surveys a series of empirical research projects that have found evidence for it. These findings have implications for metric theory as well as for our broader understanding of how human perception relates to cultural environments. They suggest that the bias towards isochrony, which according to many accounts of rhythm and metre underlies pulse perception, is culturally specific rather than universal. Claims regarding cultural diversity in the study of music typically concern styles and meanings of performance practices. In this chapter, I will claim that basic structures of perception can vary across cultural groups too.
Musical Time in a Fast World
Authors: Wilson Samuel
Published: December 2021

In this chapter Wilson addresses the relation between musical temporality and dominant conceptions of time under recent or ‘liquid’ modernity. He argues that the sonic arts (music, sound art, etc.) variously withdraw from and/or embrace normative time-making—thereby critically calling into question our assumptions about lived temporality. Wilson engages two examples, both intimately connected with the city of New York and the year 1983: Morton Feldman’s minimal yet durational String Quartet No. 2, and Bill Fontana’s Oscillating Steel Grids along the Brooklyn Bridge, the latter of which involved sounds from this bridge (traffic, the metal strut work, etc.) relayed live and broadcast in downtown Manhattan. Both works criss-crossed different temporalities and lived rhythms that contrasted with the speed implicit in 1980s hypercapitalism, forming dialogues between musical time and the cultures of its production.
Introduction
Authors: Doffman Mark , Payne Emily , Young Toby
Published: December 2021

The work of this introductory chapter is twofold; first, to provide a brief historical overview of the changing nature and conception of musical time over the last 2,000 years, and second, to set out the arc of the volume through detailing the central points of each chapter. While the individual pieces of writing bring vital and varied perspectives from musicology, ethnomusicology, philosophy, psychology, and sociocultural work, what unites them is their attention to music of the modern period, with a strong focus on the multiplicities of contemporary practice, while also pointing to their nineteenth-century antecedents. In introducing the main themes of the book, the introduction calls attention to the burgeoning scholarship on time in music, ranging between the immediate feelings and socialities of being in time with others and the broader imaginings of the cultural politics of time in music.