bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Style of Undergraduates in Tourism and Hospitality Management
Authors: MacGillivary Ann C.
Published: August 2011

The Cognitive Style Index was administered to 109 undergraduates in courses on Tourism and Hospitality Management. Their average scores were four points above the theoretical mean of the Cognitive Style Index, suggesting a tendency toward a more analytical rather than an intuitive approach. Hypotheses regarding differences between scores of men and women and differences across preferences for areas of study were not supported.
Relationships between the Rorschach and the Neo-Five Factor Inventory
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F.
Published: August 2011

This study rested hypothesized associations between selected Rorschach variables and the five personality domains measured by the Five-Factor Personality Model from 45 college participants (23 men and 22 women). It was predicted that scores on NEO Neuroticism would correlate positively with those for m, the sum of Y, V, T, and C', MOR, D, and Adj D; that Extraversion scores would correlate with Sum C, Afr, active movement, and the Isolation Index (inversely); that scores on Openness would correlate with low Lambda and low Isolation Index; that scores on Agreeableness would correlate with COP, and inversely with the Isolation Index, S, and AG; and, also, that scores on Conscientiousness would correlate with low Lambda and high Zd. None of the expected associations was observed, and only one of the predicted relationships, that between Lambda and Conscientiousness, appeared ( p < .10). Exploration of data indicated that Neuroticism scores related significantly to the sum of V, T, and Y (particularly to Y and Vista) and, unexpectedly, to Afr. Less unexpectedly, scores on Extraversion and Agreeableness related positively to T.
Reliability and Validity of the Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaire
Authors: Mji Andile
Published: August 2011

The article reports reliability and validity of the Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaires, based on responses of 154 undergraduate mathematics majors from four universities in South Africa. The reliability estimated as internal consistency had a Cronbach alpha of .84. To establish the validity, Principal components analysis with varimax rotation yielded a two-component solution accounting for 44% of variance. The components were interpreted as Fragmented Conceptions and Cohesive Conceptions of mathematics, as in Australia Since the factor solution was comparable to that reported in Australia, this result is a sufficient basis for the use of the questionnaire in South Africa.
Test of Parenting Skills
Authors: Ferguson C. J. , Schneider H. G.
Published: August 2011

An item pool was developed to assess basic parenting skills in the areas of attachment, emotional capacity, judgment, knowledge of child development, and safety. Initially, 200 items were generated and completed by a sample of 15 parents. Item scores correlated with scores on a social desirability scale or having low variance were edited or eliminated. A sample of 56 parents completed the revised scale, a social desirability scale, and the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory. The reliabilities of the final subscales of the Test of Parenting Skills were modest, ranging from .56 to .77. Scores on the subscales were also correlated with those subscales from the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory. With the exception of the Judgment scores being correlated with the use of harsh discipline, the significant correlations suggested concurrent validity. The individual subscales require additional refinement to achieve adequate internal consistency, but they have potential for measuring competency in core parenting skills.
Predicting the Rate with Which Police Officers are Assaulted, Injured, and Killed
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1964–1990, the rates with which police officers were assaulted, injured, and killed were predicted by social indicators of violence and social disintegration.
Sexuality Attitudes and Behaviors of Self-Described Very Religious Urban Students in Middle School
Authors: Donnelly Joseph , Goldfarb Eva , Duncan David F. , Eadie Carolyn
Published: August 2011

Data from a survey of 869 students aged 11 to 15 years and attending six urban middle schools were analyzed to identify differences in sex attitudes and behaviors between self-reported very religious students and their less religious peers. The two groups were demographically similar. They differed on only two attitude items, one suggesting that intercourse was a normal part of teenage dating and the other suggesting intercourse was alright if the two people were in love. The groups did not differ in their estimation of their peers' sexual activity or attitude or in terms of their own intercourse behavior or future intentions.
Risk Factors in Violent and Nonviolent Offenders
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Gristey Chantal , Potter Derrick , Kosmyna Robert
Published: August 2011

Factors leading to risk for violence were evaluated in an offender population of 36 male offenders including 18 Violent, e.g., assault, threatening and 17 nonviolent (break and enter, theft), and 17 nonoffenders. Their scores on the Psychopathy Checklist Revised, Violence Risk Scale–Experimental Version 1, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-168, and the Porteus Maze tests showed scores for the inmates with violent offenses were elevated on Psychopathic Deviate, Paranoia, Schizophrenia scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, violence risk of the Violence Risk Scale, showed psychopathic orientation on the Psychopathy Checklist Revised, and had a lower test age quotient score on the Porteus Maze test.
Description of Older Adults as Depicted in Magazine Advertisements
Authors: McConatha Jasmin Tahmaseb , Schnell Frauke , McKenna Amy
Published: August 2011

Negative attitudes about aging have been widespread and films, television, radio, and print media may serve as an important source of socialization or reflect the current views of older adults. This study focused on examination of the frequency of depictions of older men and women in 765 advertisements appearing in Time and Newsweek national weekly news magazines, and on an analysis of their roles suggested in photographs depicting a total of 2,505 persons. These were collected over a one-year period and coded by three persons. Analysis indicated that older adults, especially older women, were not only presented infrequently but, when presented roles, were often passive or dependent as is consistent with social stereotypes.
Girls' Fearfulness as a Product of Mothers' Fearfulness and Fathers' Authoritarianism
Authors: Pickersgill Mary J. , Valentine John D. , Pincus Tamar , Foustok Hala
Published: August 2011

Data from 27 girls of 10 to 12 years were obtained on the Fear Survey Schedule for Children–Revised and from their parents on the Fear Survey Schedule for Adults–III and the California F Scale. Analyses indicated fathers' authoritarianism scores and mothers' fear scores have independent associations with children's fears and suggested greater behavioural overcontrol by fathers and the greater propensity of mothers to communicate threatening information.
Some Social Correlates of Homicide Rates in Italy
Authors: Preti Antonio , Miotto Paola
Published: August 2011

In Italy, as elsewhere, homicide rates are higher in poorer regions. Unemployment rates associated strongly and positively with homicide rates, explaining up to 54% of variance in regional distribution of homicide rates across the 20 Italian administrative regions.
An Examination of First-Year University Students' Attitudes toward and Approaches to Learning Mathematics
Authors: Mji Andile , Glencross Michael J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to analyze first-year university mathematics students' responses to a questionnaire which asked 93 students to report on their approaches to learning and attitudes toward mathematics. A majority of the students studying analytical geometry, calculus, and trigonometry had positive attitudes toward mathematics and preferred learning the subject by doing lots of examples to reproduce them, a learning strategy known as the ‘surface approach’.
Methodological Note on Use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale with Older Samples
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

Samples of older adults ( ns = 600, 251, and 214) given the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale by telephone seem to have composite scores that are much lower than those who are interviewed face-to-face.
A Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Depression in Children in Egypt, Kuwait, and the United States
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Soliman Hussein H.
Published: August 2011

The English version of the Arabic Children's Depression Inventory, constructed by Abdel-Khalek, was applied to a sample of 535 U.S. students (11 to 18 years old). Cronbach coefficients alpha were .88, .90, and .89 for boys, girls, and all subjects, respectively. Seven factors were extracted by principal axis factor analysis (Negative mood and self-depreciation, Fatigue, Lack of loneliness, Sleep problems, Weak concentration, Pessimism, and Feeling happy), denoting clear factorial structure; however, the scale was intended to be unidimensional. Sex and racial differences for this American sample were not statistically significant but the correlation of depression scores with age was .22. The scale appears useful in studying depression in American school children and adolescents. Also, cross-cultural differences in childhood depression between samples from Egypt and Kuwait of previous studies and the present American sample were examined. Based on the effect size, female Kuwaiti had a lower mean depression score than either the Egyptian or American groups. The scale can be used in cross-cultural research.
Autobiographical Recollection and Affects of Cues in an Amnesic Patient
Authors: Hirano Mikio , Noguchi Kazuhito , Hosokawa Toru
Published: August 2011

The individual described herein (Y.K.) is a pure amnesic patient with severe anterograde amnesia and a selective loss of specific personal episodes in his remote memories. In this study, we examined whether more concrete cues could elicit specificity in his autobiographical memory. It was found that the richness of his autobiographical memory under the condition with probes was significantly higher than condition without probes, although Y.K.'s performance on recalling autobiographical memory was inferior to that of control subjects under both conditions. These results and our previous findings indicate that neither the disorder at the level of the framework's thematic retrieval nor the destruction of individual traces will account for the loss of Y.K.'s autobiographical memory. We suspect that Y.K.'s loss of autobiographical memory may be due to problems in the interface between thematic retrieval frameworks and individual traces.
Criterion Validity of a New Measure of Self-Actualization
Authors: Leclerc Gilbert , Lefrançois Richard , Dubé Micheline , Hébert Réjean , Gaulin Philippe
Published: August 2011

Many authors have questioned the validity of the major existing measures of self-actualization (the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Personal Orientation Dimensions, and the Short Index of Self-actualization), given their serious theoretical and methodological limitations. A new inventory was developed, the Measure of Actualization of Potential, and various studies were conducted to assess its theoretical and empirical content as well as its construct validity, internal consistency, and temporal reliability. The present aim was to estimate the criterion validity of the new measure using humanistic clinical psychologists' assessments as the criterion. The results show that eight clinical psychologists' rankings of 73 individuals are positively and highly correlated with the scores obtained by the same individuals on the Measure of Actualization of Potential.
Substance Abuse and Academic and Career Problems for Three Age Groups of College Students
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Bates Jeffery P.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Substance Abuse, the Academic Problems, and the Career Problems subscales of the College Adjustment Scales were compared for 30 college students in three age groups. No significant mean difference was found among age groups on any scale.
Peer-Based Interventions to Influence Health-Related Behaviors and Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Posavac Emil J. , Kattapong Kristienne R. , Dew Dennis E.
Published: August 2011

The effects of 47 peer-based health education programs described in 36 published studies were examined. The over-all effect size was small: the mean d was .190 when controls received no program and .020 when controls received an alternative program. Programs were divided into those focusing on preventing or reducing smoking and programs on other health issues; the latter were further divided into primary prevention and secondary prevention programs. Differences among studies suggested several biases which were likely to have influenced the effect sizes. Preventive interventions that produce only small effects can be valuable because many participants would not have developed the problem even without the program. This review suggested that, when health education programs are studied, (a) detailed statistical information should be provided to facilitate using the research findings in meta-analyses and (b) the costs of innovative programs should be presented to judge whether the results are worth the cost.
An Exploratory Study of the Hardy Personality at Work in the Health Care Industry
Authors: Turnipseed David L.
Published: August 2011

The concept of personality hardiness is tested for its contribution to perceptions of the nursing work environment. Hardiness has been traditionally linked to positive health outcomes and stress resistance, but the traits which lead to disease-resistance logically have other effects on the individual. Results of this exploratory study indicate that hardiness is negatively linked to perceptions of work pressure and role ambiguity. Positive relationships were found between hardiness and job clarity, organizational involvement, and peer cohesion. Suggestions for additional study are enumerated.
Assessment of Optimistic Self-Beliefs: Further Validation of the Chinese Version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Cheung Siu-Kau , Sun Stephen Y. K.
Published: August 2011

The Chinese version of the General Self-efficacy Scale developed by Jerusalem and Schwarzer was tested in a sample of 74 Chinese adults with mild mental health symptoms. Analysis showed the scale was unidimensional and had good internal reliability (α = .92). The scale score also differentiated groups of different mental health status and correlated strongly with scores on the General Health Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale. Test-retest reliability over six months was also adequate
Correlates of Divorce Rates in Caribbean Nations
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Divorce rates in 14 Caribbean nations were associated with the size of the nation and the amount of inwardly-directed violence.
A Study of Mood Changes and Personality during a 31-Day Period of Chronic Hypoxia in a Hypobaric Chamber (Everest-Comex 97)
Authors: Nicolas M. , Thullier-Lestienne F. , Bouquet C. , Gardette B. , Gortan C. , Richalet J. P. , Abraini J. H.
Published: August 2011

High altitudes of more than 3,000 meters produce physiological disorders and adverse changes in mood states. In the present study, we report analyses of mood states and personality traits in eight experienced climbers participating in a 31-day period of confinement in hypobaric chamber and gradual decompression from sea level to 8,848 m (Experiment ‘Everest-Comex 97’). The subjects were tested at 5,500 m and 6,500 m on Day 13, 5,000 m and 6,500 m on Day 24, and 8,000 m and 8,848 m altitude on Days 27 and 31. Adverse changes in mood states, such as Vigor and Fatigue, occurred at 8,000 m and 8,848 m, which were significantly correlated with cerebral altitude symptomatology. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between Fatigue and Factor C, which is a personality measure of emotional stability. We suggest that individuals with low emotional stability could be more sensitive to environmental stressors than more emotionally stable subjects who face reality.
Self-Reflection and Well-Being: Is There a Healthy Amount of Introspection?
Authors: Hoyer Jürgen , Klein Andreas
Published: August 2011

Both extremely high and extremely low self-reflection have been considered as risk factors for psychological maladjustment. Therefore, from an integrating perspective medium amounts of self-reflection may constitute “healthy introspection.” To test this hypothesis, self-reflection and psychological well-being were measured with self-report tests given a pooled sample of 647 subjects. A regressive relationship with self-reflection as a quadratic predictor of well-being was estimated using the LMS method for nonlinear structural equation modeling. No evidence for a curvilinear effect was detected in the total sample or in subgroups. Alternative theoretical assumptions are discussed on a psychological and operational level.
Manic-Depressive Tendencies, Suicidality, and Perfectionism
Authors: Street Michelle Elena , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 82 college students, depression scores, but not manic scores, were associated with both perfectionism and imposter scores.
Relationship between Relaxation by Guided Imagery and Performance of Working Memory
Authors: Hudetz Judith A. , Hudetz Anthony G. , Klayman Jill
Published: August 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that relaxation by guided imagery improves working-memory performance of healthy participants. 30 volunteers (both sexes, ages 17–56 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups and administered the WAIS–III Letter-Number Sequencing Test before and after 10-min. treatment with guided imagery or popular music. The control group received no treatment. Groups' test scores were not different before treatment. The mean increased after relaxation by guided imagery but not after music or no treatment. This result supports the hypothesis that working-memory scores on the test are enhanced by guided imagery and implies that human information processing may be enhanced by prior relaxation.
Differentiating Myoclonus from Tics
Authors: Brasić James Robert
Published: August 2011

A Myoclonus Versus Tic Checklist facilitates making this vexing differential diagnosis. Although it appears to be a valuable tool for clinical, educational, and research purposes, psychometric characterization of the Myoclonus Versus Tic Checklist is needed.
Perceptions of Insanity Based on Occupation of Defendant and Seriousness of Crime
Authors: McGraw Sherri L. , Foley Linda A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to estimate the relationship between a defendant's stated intelligence on perceptions of his sanity and responsibility. This analog study was a 2 (occupation of defendant) × 2 (seriousness of outcome) between-subjects design. A scenario involving an insanity defense was read by 190 college students who then answered a 12-item questionnaire. The hypothesis that participants would attribute less responsibility to less intelligent defendants than to more intelligent ones was partially supported. Belief in a Just World moderated these evaluations. Seriousness of outcome influenced men's perceptions of the defendant's insanity, responsibility, and sentence, but not women's. Participants seemed to be more willing to accept the possibility that the defendant was insane if the outcome of his crime was not serious.
Dementia and Mental Retardation Markers on the Rey 15-Item Visual Memory Test
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Emmons Judith , Stallings Garland
Published: August 2011

This study examined the qualitative errors of repetitions and confabulations on the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test among 500 psychiatric patients who were divided into groups with (1) low IQ scores, (2) a diagnosis of dementia, and (3) other psychiatric diagnoses. These groups were compared on the presence of confabulated figures and repetitions on the Rey. The low IQ patients had the highest rate for both confabulations (48.2%) and repetitions (43.6%). Demented patients had the next highest rate of confabulations (39.8%) and repetitions (39.8%). The general psychiatric patients had the lowest rates on confabulations (16.2%) and repetitions (26.8%). Chi squared analysis showed that both confabulations and repetitions significantly differentiated these patients of low IQ and demented patients from general psychiatric patients. These results suggest that clinicians who use the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test and find either confabulated or repeated figures should further explore the possibility that the patient might have low intellectual functioning or dementia.
Human Motor Responses to Simultaneous Aversive Stimulation and Failure on a Valued Task
Authors: Pahlavan Farzaneh , Bonnet Philippe , Duda Daniel
Published: August 2011

The effects of presentation of an aversive stimulus and simultaneous failure on a bogus intelligence test upon a subject's aggressive reactions were studied. The subject's fist clenching was used as an indicator of aggression. Four conditions, generated by the combinations of two kinds of stimulus delivered to the subjects (aversive or nonaversive) and two outcomes of the task (failure or success), were investigated. 20 female and 20 male students (ages: 17–34 years) were instructed, upon the reception of an aversive or nonaversive acoustic signal, to press with the right hand a device that displayed a slide. Each slide presented an item from an intelligence test, to which the subjects were either allowed to answer successfully (success) or not (failure). Failure increased the subject's autonomic arousal, as measured by photoplethysmographic sensors, in all stimulation conditions, but only the condition with aversive stimulation increased the speed of clenching. This was interpreted as indicating subject's tendencies to aggression. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of frustration.
Romantic Acts and Depression
Authors: Maltby John , Day Liza
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to provide an examination of the relationship between the importance individuals attach to romantic acts and depressive symptoms. Among 140 male and 160 female English undergraduate students, the importance individuals attach to romantic acts is significantly negatively correlated with higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression symptoms subscale of the General Health Questionnaire among the men only.
Care of Elderly Persons in the Family: An Approach Based on a Developmental Model
Authors: Eyetsemitan Frank
Published: August 2011

Care-giving as an act of decision-making, as a reciprocal action, and based on sex of the care-giver, are reviewed. It is suggested that the care of elderly parents, a long-term commitment, should be viewed from a developmental perspective, beginning from childhood for an adult ore-giver to be better adjusted to this role and for better outcomes.
The Role of Aesthetic Experience in Changing Selves
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert
Published: August 2011

Some rapprochement between psychology and the arts may have therapeutic potential as well as offer a basis for positive social interaction more generally. A simple proposal is offered as a foundation.
Exposure to Suggestion and Creation of False Auditory Memories
Authors: Vernon Brian , Nelson Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

The experiment investigated the possibility of creating false auditory memory through exposure to suggestion. Research by Loftus and others has indicated that, through suggestion, false memories can be created. Participants viewed a short film and were given a 9-item questionnaire. Eight questions were used as filler while one question asked respondents to recall a phrase one character had said. Although the character actually said nothing, 23 of 30 respondents recalled having heard him speak and specifically recalled his words. This statistically significant result shows that auditory memories can also be created.
The Sexual Desire Inventory as a Measure of Sexual Motivation in College Students
Authors: King Brian Edward , Allgeier Elizabeth Rice
Published: August 2011

The human sexual response consists of at least two phases of behavior, the motivational phase and the consummatory phase, which are difficult to isolate. Sexual motivation questionnaires commonly contain items that assume sexual intercourse or partners' experience and are often difficult to use with sexually inexperienced persons. The Sexual Desire Inventory by Spector, Carey, and Steinberg does not appear to be confounded with consummatory behavior. Our goal was to check whether it can be used to measure sexual motivation. 40 men and 63 women completed the Sexual Experience Scale of sexual motivation by Frenken and Vennix and the Sexual Desire Inventory. Scores on the two inventories were highly correlated with this measure of sexual motivation and may be used with sexually inexperienced individuals.
Methodology in Epidemiological Studies of Human Neurobehavioral Toxicity: A Case Study with Critical Review
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R.
Published: August 2011

Health care professionals and government decision makers concerned with neurotoxicity increasingly rely on neuropsychological research studies. An example is an article relied upon by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that reported effects on neurobehavioral performance in a group of factory workers exposed to toluene by Foo, Jeyaratnam, and Koh in 1990, which is described as lacking reliability and as having implausible contents. A critical review can serve as an educational tool for neuropsychologists, to emphasize the need to design and document their research and interpret findings without speculation. For example, in the Foo, et al. study the implications of the findings for the general population cannot be interpreted. To conclude that this study has identified toluene as the cause of neurobehavioral deficits is a leap of inference far exceeding the power in their study. The review underscores the need for more critical reviews of research relied upon by decision makers and researchers.
Paranormal Belief and Attributional Style
Authors: Dudley R. Thomas , Whisnand Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2011

52 college students completed Tobacyk's 1988 Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and Peterson, Semmel, von Baeyer, Abramson, Metalsky, and Seligman's 1982 Attributional Style Questionnaire. Analysis showed significantly higher depressive attributional styles among high scorers on paranormal phenomena than low scorers.
College Students' Responses to Content-Specific Advisories regarding Television and Movies
Authors: Bahk C. Mo
Published: August 2011

Extending Ingold's research on adult viewers' responses to mature content advisories, this study examined the likelihood of viewing television programs and of viewing theatrical movies with general and content-specific advisories. The results show that among the 63 undergraduate men, viewing likelihood was increased significantly with the provision of all types of mature content advisories, whereas among the 122 undergraduate women viewing interest increased with the ‘sexuality’ advisory but decreased with the ‘violence’ advisory.
Adolescents' Meaning in Life: A Replication of Devogler and Ebersole (1983)
Authors: Showalter Shelley M. , Wagener Linda Mans
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have indicated that adolescents understand the concept of meaning in life and can apply it to their lives. In this study we examined how religious adolescents differ in their self-reports of meaning in life compared to adolescents previously studied. It is expected that adolescents in a Christian community more frequently attribute their meaning in life to beliefs than will adolescents in the non-Christian population. 81 adolescents from a religious summer camp reported commitment to a belief as their strongest personal meaning more frequently than any other category when reported in a free-response essay format, whereas no adolescents in the previous study reported belief as their strongest meaning.
Methods to Decrease Attrition in Longitudinal Studies with Adolescents
Authors: Epstein Jennifer A. , Botvin Gilbert J.
Published: August 2011

A summary of methods to decrease attrition in longitudinal school-based studies conducted with adolescents beginning junior high schools or middle schools is presented. These include collection of contact information about students, additional days to collect data from absentee students, data collection in new high schools once students graduate from junior high schools or middle schools, sending questionnaires by mail, and conducting telephone or home interviews.
Differences between Caucasian and Hispanic Undergraduates in Emphasis on Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice
Authors: Tata Jasmine
Published: August 2011

Most theories of justice focus on individual-level approaches; few examine the role of contextual factors such as culture. To fill this gap in the literature, this study examined the differences between Caucasian and Hispanic undergraduates ( n = 120 and 58, respectively) in terms of their emphasis on distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Analyses indicated that Hispanic students were more likely to use interactional justice than Caucasian respondents, but the groups did not differ in their likelihood of using distributive or procedural justice.
Comparison of Locus of Control among Muslim and Jewish School Students in Iran
Authors: Khayyer Mohammad
Published: August 2011

A comparison was made of scores on locus of control by 210 Muslim and 210 Jewish school students. These two groups were matched on sex, age, and father's education. No significant differences were found between Muslim and Jewish students. Also, frequencies of the responses to each scale item in two religious groups were compared. The results are considered in relation to previous studies and some cultural implications are addressed.
Internal Consistency Reliability and Validity of the Hebrew Translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Katz Yaacov J.
Published: August 2011

The Hebrew translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory and the short form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire were completed by 298 undergraduate women in Israel. The findings confirm the internal reliability of the Hebrew translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory and support the construct validity according to which “happiness is a thing called stable extraversion.”
Conservation Skills among Preschool Children in Umtata, South Africa
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S. , Grewal Ajmer S.
Published: August 2011

To 41 boys and 29 girls ( M age = 5.2 yr.) in a South African preschool a test of conservation of liquid was given. Analysis showed conservation skills had not been acquired as only 5 children showed such skills and only one knew why.
A Follow-up Study of Infants Who Wake at Night
Authors: Schaefer Charles E.
Published: August 2011

A retrospective follow-up study of 68 adolescents treated for night waking when infants or toddlers showed that 82% of them were described by their parents as currently sleeping “well,” and only two continued to experience a night-waking difficulty.
MMPI-2 Scores of Puerto Rican, Mexican, and U.S. Latino College Students: A Research Note
Authors: Cabiya Jose J. , Chavira Denise A. , Gomez Francisco C. , Lucio Emilia , Castellanos Jeanett , Velasquez Roberto J.
Published: August 2011

In this brief report, we present MMPI-2 basic validity and clinical scale data of Latino-descent persons from Puerto Rico ( n = 290), Mexico ( n = 1,920), and the United States ( n = 28). All were administered one of three Spanish translations of the MMPI-2. A review of the mean scores of these respective groups indicates similarities across all scales. Differences among these three groups, with the exception of the Mf scale (which is keyed to sex), were well within the one standard deviation band. More importantly, these findings are promising given the fact that three different translations of the MMPI-2 were applied.
Psychometric Characteristics in Normal and Social Phobic Samples for a Spanish Version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Authors: Baños Rosa Maria , Guillén Verónica
Published: August 2011

The present paper had three purposes: (a) presenting normative data for the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale in a Spanish sample, (b) studying whether there are significant sex or age differences in self-esteem, and (c) studying whether there are significant differences between a Control group with no psychological diagnosis and a group of social phobics. Of the total sample of 266 persons, 214 belonged to the Control group and 52 to the Social Phobic group. Item-total score correlations and alpha reliabilities supported the internal consistency of the scale. There were statistically significant differences between the Control and Social Phobic groups, but not by sex or age.
A Case Study on Support for Students' Thinking through Computer-Mediated Communication
Authors: Sannomiya Machiko , Kawaguchi Atsuo
Published: August 2011

This is a case study on support for thinking through computer-mediated communication. Two graduate students were supervised in their research using computer-mediated communication, which was asynchronous and written; the supervisor was not present. The students' reports pointed out there was more planning and editing and low interactivity in this approach relative to face-to-face communication. These attributes were confirmed by their supervisor's report. The students also suggested that the latter was effective in support of a production stage of thinking in research, while the former approach was effective in support of examination of thinking. For distance education to be successful, an appropriate combination of communication media must consider students' thinking stages. Finally, transient and permanent effects should be discriminated in computer-mediated communication.
A Simple and Powerful Test for Autocorrelated Errors in OLS Intervention Models
Authors: Huitema Bradley E. , McKean Joseph W.
Published: August 2011

The important assumption of independent errors should be evaluated routinely in the application of interrupted time-series regression models. The two most frequently recommended tests of this assumption [Mood's runs test and the Durbin-Watson ( D-W) bounds test] have several weaknesses. The former has poor small sample Type I error performance and the latter has the bothersome property that results are often declared to be “inconclusive.” The test proposed in this article is simple to compute (special software is not required), there is no inconclusive region, an exact p-value is provided, and it has good Type I error and power properties relative to competing procedures. It is shown that these desirable properties hold when design matrices of a specified form are used to model the response variable. A Monte Carlo evaluation of the method, including comparisons with other tests ( viz., runs, D-W bounds, and D-W beta), and examples of application are provided.
Differences in Immediacy between Traditional and Nontraditional Students
Authors: Prisbell Marshall , Hilt Michael L.
Published: August 2011

Reported differences between 83 traditional and 44 nontraditional college students on immediacy were nonsignificant.
The Effects of Being Born in the United States on the Job Satisfaction of Asian Americans
Authors: Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of the responses of Asian American ( n = 178), African American ( n = 1,026), and European American ( n = 8,118) full-time workers to 21 nationwide surveys representative of the U.S. labor force from 1972 through 1996 showed the job satisfaction of Asian Americans compared to that of the other two groups was affected by whether subjects were born in the United States. In addition, there were no gender differences in job satisfaction among African Americans and European Americans who were and were not born in the U.S., but there were such differences among Asian Americans.
Detecting Latent Taxa: Monte Carlo Comparison of Taxometric, Mixture Model, and Clustering Procedures
Authors: Cleland Charles M. , Rothschild Louis , Haslam Nick
Published: August 2011

A Monte Carlo evaluation of four procedures for detecting taxonicity was conducted using artificial data sets that were either taxonic or nontaxonic. The data sets were analyzed using two of Meehl's taxometric procedures, MAXCOV and MAMBAC, Ward's method for cluster analysis in concert with the cubic clustering criterion and a latent variable mixture modeling technique. Performance of the taxometric procedures and latent variable mixture modeling were clearly superior to that of cluster analysis in detecting taxonicity. Applied researchers are urged to select from the better procedures and to perform consistency tests.
Job Insecurity in a Sample of Canadian Civil Servants as a Function of Personality and Perceived Job Characteristics
Authors: Tivendell John , Bourbonnais Celine
Published: August 2011

Economic downturns and organisational changes have stimulated studies on the importance of job security for public employees; however, there has been some disagreement as to whether job insecurity should be defined using a single-or a two-factor model, on how to measure it and which antecedents and consequences are linked to it. Questionnaires measuring job insecurity as well as personality traits and job characteristics as possible antecedent variables, and job performance and job satisfaction as possible consequences were completed by a sample of 71 federal government employees during recent important government downsizing. A multiple regression analysis indicated that job insecurity, defined as a combination of organisational or personal vulnerability, was significantly related to only two antecedent variables, i.e., Neuroticism and job characteristics. Further regression analyses indicated that job insecurity was a statistically significant moderator but only between one consequence, i.e., intention to quit, and the job characteristics variable. These results along with methodological issues and further research, are discussed.
Predicting Involuntary Dismissal for Unauthorized Absence, Lateness, and Poor Performance in the Selection of Unskilled and Semiskilled British Contract Factory Operatives: The Contribution of the Employee Reliability Inventory
Authors: Borofsky Gerald L.
Published: August 2011

This report contains the results of a predictive validity study, which examined the relationship between the employment status of a group of temporary contract operatives in a British factory, 90 days after being hired ( N = 50) and their scores on the Employee Reliability Inventory. Scores were systematically related to employment status. Operatives who were involuntarily dismissed by their employer for unauthorized absence, lateness, or poor performance had poorer scores than those who remained on the job. Some preliminary benefit-cost implications are discussed.
Peer Conflict Avoidance: Associations with Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Social Avoidance
Authors: Johnson H. Durell , LaVoie Joseph C. , Spenceri Mary C. , Mahoney-Wernli Molly A.
Published: August 2011

Failure to resolve peer conflict is associated with children's reports of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance. Although these relationships are well established, researchers have not examined the association between the avoidance of peer conflict and various adjustment characteristics. The current study examined the association between avoidance of conflict and measures of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance for 59 pupils in Grade 4 (31 boys and 28 girls) and 47 in Grade 8 (22 boys and 25 girls). Volunteers indicated that conflict avoidance based on autonomy, e.g., independence issues, and interpersonal issues, e.g., closeness and cohesion, was associated with scores on loneliness for boys and girls, respectively. Conflict avoidance for emotional and physical well-being and fear of punishment was associated with increased reports of loneliness and social anxiety for children in Grade 4.
Hopelessness and Perfectionism
Authors: Halpin Kimberly , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 39 undergraduates, hopelessness scores were associated with two aspects of perfectionism, concern over mistakes and doubts over performance.
New Studies of Adults' Responses to the Bender Gestalt
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

The Bender-Gestalt test originated in 1936 with Lauretta Bender for evaluating perceptual and motor development of children 4 to 11 yr. old. Koppitz (1964) developed a scoring system for the test. Lacks (1984) contributed normative data for testing adults. Seven studies since Lacks' which have contributed to normative data of adults' responses to the Bender-Gestalt are reviewed here.
Random Responding to the MMPI–2 F Scale
Authors: Lopez Michael N. , Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Exact probabilities for a variety of F scale cutoffs are presented for detecting examinees who respond randomly to the MMPI–2 items.
Problems with the Paired t Formula in Some Introductory Statistics Books
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Six different formulas for the paired t were found in introductory statistics books. Five are correct. An example shows how using the incorrect formula can result in the wrong research conclusion.
Body Dissatisfaction and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Möller André T. , Bothma Mariette E.
Published: August 2011

To test the hypothesis that the irrational, evaluative beliefs, postulated by Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy, are associated with body dissatisfaction, 94 women (21 diagnosed with an eating disorder, 38 with high body dissatisfaction but without an eating disorder, and 35 with low body dissatisfaction) completed the Survey of Personal Beliefs and the Eating Disorders Inventory. Analysis showed no significant difference in body dissatisfaction between the Eating Disordered and High Body Dissatisfaction subgroups. No significant correlations between body dissatisfaction and irrational beliefs were found for the Eating Disordered subgroup. For the High Body Dissatisfaction subgroup, significant but low correlations were found between scores on body dissatisfaction and irrational standards for self and others and with negative self-rating. In terms of irrational beliefs the Eating Disordered and High Body Dissatisfaction subgroups showed a significantly greater tendency towards Catastrophizing, Low Frustration Tolerance, and Negative self-rating, compared to the controls, without any significant difference between the former two groups. The Eating Disordered subgroup but not the High Body Dissatisfaction subgroup differed significantly from the controls in terms of more Self-directed demands.
College Students' Perceptions of Advances in HIV Treatment and the Need for Safer Sex Practices
Authors: Demmer Craig , Caroleo Orazio
Published: August 2011

Advances in the treatment of HIV disease may result in reduced concern about the severity of HIV and the need to practice safer sex. A pilot study was conducted among 258 college students to assess effects of the new treatments on perceptions of HIV and the need for safer sex practices. In a sample of minority heterosexual students 155 (60%) had heard about the new HIV treatments, and perceptions of the new treatments were analyzed for only these students. A small proportion of the 155 students (17.5%) believed that the threat of AIDS is less serious than in the past, and 21% indicated that they practiced safer sex less often since new treatments were introduced. Students with high knowledge of AIDS risk were more likely to report reduced concern about HIV and indicated that there was less need to practice safer sex. Prevention programs should emphasize that the threat of HIV remains serious, and continuing to practice safer sex is important. Further research should focus on factors influencing reduced concern.
Psychosocial Issues following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Thomas Kenneth R.
Published: August 2011

The author contends that Dean, Colantonio, Ratcliff, and Chase in 2000 probably underestimated the importance of psychosocial factors in the very long-term adaptation to disability by 166 individuals with traumatic brain injury.
Attitudes toward the Metric System 15 Years Later
Authors: Gayton William F. , Hearns Joseph F. , Elgee Lara , Harvey Carrie
Published: August 2011

This follow-up study investigated whether attitudes toward the metric system have changed over the last 15 years. 132 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 45 years participated by filling out a 7-item survey designed to measure attitudes toward the metric system. Each survey item was scored using a 5-point rating, e.g., “the change to the metric system will create more problems than it solves,” 1: strongly agree and 5: strongly disagree. Scores were compared to those obtained for a similar sample in 1983. Comparisons using t tests indicated no significant differences between attitude scores from 1983 to 1998 for either men ( t64 = .95) or women ( t133 =.06).
Social Distance of Deviants and Deviant Offenders
Authors: Kunz Jenifer , Kunz Phillip R.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have focused on the seriousness of the offenses but have neglected the offenders. This analysis used a Bogardus-type social distance scale of 23 deviant roles using a sample of 524 respondents who indicated decided preferences for some types of deviant offenders over others. It was concluded that individuals occupying various roles such as judges, defenders, juries, and so on may feel great social distance toward certain types of offenders and may act differentially toward them.
Risk-Taking, Death Anxiety, and Dreaming
Authors: Kroth Jerry , McDavit Janice , Brendlen Cindy , Patel Anjlee , Zwiener Lisa
Published: August 2011

Dream characteristics of 29 women from a graduate program were correlated with scores on the Sensation-Seeking and Death Anxiety scales. Significant positive correlations were obtained between Sensation Seeking and dream frequency (.38), meaningful dreams (.38), and Openness and depth of dreaming (.39) as well as between Thrill-seeking and dream frequency (.41) and meaningful dreams (.41). Death Anxiety scores positively related to the occurrence of nightmares (.37), representations of death in dreams (.55), and recurring nightmares (.38), but no support was found for a relationship between death anxiety and Sensation Seeking.
Correlation between Scores on Integration of Scientific Knowledge and Achievement in a Course in Educational Research Methods
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between students' scores on integrating science knowledge and their conceptual knowledge of educational research concepts, methods, and applications. Participants were 124 graduate students enrolled in several sections of a required introductory course in educational research methods. Students' integration of science knowledge was measured via the Test of Integrated Process Skills II, and performance in the educational research methods class was assessed via midterm and final examinations. Analysis indicated that correlations between scores on the Test of Integrated Process Skills II and achievement in the course on midterm and final examinations were .36 and .42, respectively, suggesting that those who were more able to integrate science knowledge also tended to exhibit higher performance on the examinations.