bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Computable General-Equilibrium Models Shed Light on the Environmental Problems of Developing Countries?
Authors: Devarajan Shanta
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a brief summary of the evolution of CGE models in developing countries, with an emphasis on foreign trade. A generic CGE model is then presented and used to examine some issues related to trade policy, public finance, energy, and natural resources. The lessons learned from the CGE-modelling exercises in these fields are helpful for incorporating environmental issues into CGE models. First, CGE models can shed light on only a limited number of issues. Second, there is probably little need for an ‘environmental CGE’ model that captures all the workings of the environment in a country. Two classes of environmental problems may lend themselves to the use of CGE models: issues connected with pollution and the likely trade-offs between pollution control and economic growth; issues for explicitly modelling market failure to capture problems arising from lack of property rights such as deforestation and soil erosion. The CGE model should be used to supplement and not substitute good quality data (and analysis).
The Management of Drylands
Authors: Nelson Ridley
Published: September 2007

Drylands are the hyperarid, arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid zones of the world. In the context of sustainable development, we are concerned less with deserts but more with dryland areas where rainfed cropping is possible and such cropping needs to support significant numbers of people in an economically viable manner. This chapter explores the physical processes, the adaptive strategies of individuals faced with the challenge of dry areas, the economic environment within which these strategies have evolved, and some possible policy responses to achieve sustainable development. The chapter is based predominantly on the African experience and is aimed at the developing-country context. It offers different reasons to show how various policies have led to the lack of incentives for sustainable use by mechanized farmers. Twelve high-priority institutional and research needs are identified.
Public Policy toward Social Overhead Capital: The Capitalization Externality
Authors: Starrett David A.
Published: September 2007

When land is developed, one of the benefits is captured in the value of land. The chapter argues that while capitalization is a real benefit in some circumstances, it cannot be attributed to private development: rather it is a reflection of an improvement in social overhead capital. The chapter begins with a model of the economy that can be used to examine policy issues related to land and land values. The traditional view in welfare economics is that changes in land values should have no net effect on social welfare (as gains to gainers are offset by losses to losers). This view is challenged on the grounds that this applies only when benefits and costs reflect any externalities, i.e., impacts associated with non-market variables such as environmental quality. In the case of land development in crowded areas (such as large cities), it is argued that projects that lead to increased land values or rents impose an important external cost. While private benefits may be positive, social benefits may be negative. To the extent that private development increases transport costs and congestion, it should be taxed just as any externality.
Assembling Work
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Britain have often been portrayed as carriers of Japanese best practice models of work organization and employment relations. This research challenges this view on the basis of intensive comparative workplace case studies of several Japanese manufacturing plants in Britain. It develops an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects to identify the competing pressures upon such firms, and argues that factory managers have to negotiate the implications of these cross pressures. Thus, the analysis focuses on the ways in which Japanese and British managers have sought to construct distinctive production and employment regimes in the light of their particular branch plant mandates and competencies, the evolving character of management-worker relations within factories, and the varied product and labour market conditions they face. It also explores the scope and bases of consent and dissent among employees working in these modern workplaces. On this basis, it highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing managers of such greenfield workplaces, the uncertainties that arise from intractable features of capitalist employment relations, and the ways in which employment and production regimes are adapted and remade in specific corporate and local contexts. Finally, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of three competing contemporary images of international subsidiaries, as transplants, as hybrids, and as branch plants.
A Framework for Analysing Work Organization and Employment Relations in the International Company
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.
Work and Employment Relations in Large Assembly Firms: ‘Good Enough’ Production Despite Problematical Employment Relations
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter compares two large assembly factories that implemented important elements of the Japanese production model and showed a continuing commitment to new products and investment by their parent companies. Nevertheless, day to day work within these workplaces differs markedly from idealized accounts of Japanese production methods, especially in regard to team-working and forms of worker involvement, and the evolution of employment relations reveals persistent sources of tension and uncertainty. This prompts a reappraisal of the limits of transfer and the extent of localization of production and employment practices at such subsidiaries, and analysis of what constitutes ‘good enough’ production when enterprise and sector norms of performance co-exist with intractable features of employment relations. Finally, the chapter addresses differences between the two factories in management alliances, employment relations and work organization, and relates such differences to the timing of investment, wider corporate orientations, sector recipes, and the exigencies of management-worker relations.
Computer-Co and Electric-Co: The Pursuit of Design and Development Capabilities
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm with innovative products and technical expertise, and sought to engineer new synergies between the distinctive professional competencies of Japanese and British technical staff. Local management were granted considerable operational autonomy to pursue this objective, but ultimately they failed because of intense international competition and a programme of parent company rationalization. This chapter develops a detailed analysis of the rescue, restructuring, and eventual closure of the subsidiary, tracing the selective appropriation and melding of national, corporate, and sector management approaches that were involved. On this basis, it explores the scope, vicissitudes, and limits of developing such local research, design, development, and production capabilities, illuminating the conditions under which inward investors may upgrade their research and development capabilities or concentrate their resources elsewhere.
8Μάγειρος ποιητής: Language and Character in Antiphanes
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the riddling and dithyrambic language of the cook in Middle Comedy. It shows that Aristophanic paratragedy is not simply turned into paradithyramb. As a genre, dithyramb has no importance for comedy, so that it becomes difficult to speak of parody or even intertextuality. It is only the verbal art of dithyramb which is transferred into comedy and becomes a new ‘special effect’. Whereas in Old Comedy virtually every character can have a paratragic line or two, in Middle Comedy dithyrambic style becomes a prerogative of one particular type of speaker: cooks and servants. By speaking in riddles, the cook appropriates a verbal genre that ‘belongs’ to the upper classes who meet at symposia, and by using a dithyrambic medium in the formulation of these riddles he gives his social pretension or λαζονεία expression also on a linguistic level.
Analysing Market Internationalisation and National Institutions
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

This chapter sets out the analytical framework used in the book. It offers a critique of two major relevant literatures that study internationalisation and domestic institutions, namely the second image reversed approach and comparative institutionalism (historical institutionalism and varieties of capitalism). It argues that while both offer valuable elements, they pay too much attention to economic forms of internationalisation and underestimate the potential for institutional reform. Instead, the chapter offers a policy analysis approach that pays attention to policymaking at both international and domestic levels. It defines and discusses three forms of market internationalisation that are used in the study: transnational technological and economic developments; and two policy forms: reforms in a significant overseas nation (in this case, the US) and supranational regulation (by the EU). It then discusses possible mechanisms whereby these different forms of internationalisation can influence domestic decisions about national institutions.
Internationalisation of Telecommunications Markets
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows how internationalisation transformed the telecommunications market. Transnational technological and economic developments, especially digitalisation, began to revolutionise the sector from the mid-1960s. The US greatly altered its regulatory institutions, especially in the 1970s and early 1980s, affecting the overall world telecommunications market and also providing an example for other nations. Detailed EU regulation grew from the late 1980s to provide a comprehensive framework based on competition. The three sets of international forces were analogous to those in securities trading. They also put pressures on traditional institutions that closed national markets in European nations, such as public ownership, monopoly, and regulation by governments. Thus, telecommunications provides a second similar case to securities trading to examine the effects of different forms of internationalisation on domestic institutional reform.
Changing Course: Airlines in Europe
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

Examining airlines allows for a detailed study of the effects of EU regulation and international regulatory competition on national institutions. Transnational technological and economic developments in airlines were subdued in the 1990s, but the US undertook sweeping reforms in the 1970s and 1980s that both offered an example of reform and altered direct competition in the world market, while EU regulation grew in the 1990s. The chapter argues that the two policy forms of internationalisation aided domestic institutional reforms, confirming the findings of the electricity case. It also underlines that overseas reforms operate through regulatory competition rather than mimetism. In particular, changes in American domestic institutions altered the competitive advantages of US airlines, creating pressures on institutions in Europe. However, when the American example clashed with domestic interests, it was not followed. Thus, the ideational power of overseas reforms is less important than fears of loss of competitive advantage. As in other sectors, Britain followed its own specific reform path.
Chapter 1
Authors: Waylen Georgina
Published: September 2007

Part One sets up the analytical framework which informs the analysis in the rest of the book. It begins by bringing together key elements from relevant bodies of literature. The first section discusses key concepts from the gender and politics literature, looking at women as political actors and how political institutions and policies are gendered. The second section considers some of the key elements of the democratization literature that are useful for any gendered analysis of transitions. It divides processes of democratization into stages, and then examines central themes such as institutional choice, political parties, economic reform and the international environment. On the basis of the preceding discussions, the final section of this part outlines the framework of analysis and the case selection operationalized in subsequent parts.
2 Types of malaria
Authors: Sallares Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter starts by considering the early history of the Italian word mal’aria and the four species of human malaria. The symptoms of malaria are examined, with a discussion of how malaria can be recognized in ancient texts. The periodicity of malaria fevers is then considered. Modern theories on the spread of malaria in southern Europe in antiquity are reviewed along with some of the most important ancient sources bearing on this question, such as the information provided by Celsus.
10 Safety
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the increased attention on railway safety issues following the Clapham accident. Topics covered include the transformation of the safety culture, additional spending on safety, automatic train protection, and improvements in the safety record.
12 Reorganising for Privatisation, 1992–4
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the reorganization of the British Railways Board to make way for privatization. Topics discussed include the new railway structure and the management of the restructuring process. It is shown that the period 1992-4 was marked by disequilibrium and frenetic activity. Despite the Board's opposition to the government's chosen model for railway privatization, a group of key managers entered a period marked by extreme hard work with the aim of complying with imposed and tight deadlines.
From Citizens to Plutocrats: Nineteenth-century Shareholder Voting Rights and Theories of the Corporation
Authors: Dunlavy Colleen A.
Published: September 2007

Although historians have explored changes both in the way that American corporations were created in the 19th century and in theories of the corporation, very little is known about the history of corporate governance before the 20th century. Most historians assume that the power of individual shareholders has always been proportional to their investment (based on the one-vote-per-share voting rules so familiar in the 20th century), and therefore that large shareholders have always held the preponderance of power. This chapter suggests that this essentially timeless view of the distribution of power among American shareholders is simply wrong — that voting rules once routinely curbed the power of large shareholders — and that the failure to appreciate these (distinctively American) changes in the governance of corporations over the middle decades of the 19th century has, among other things, impoverished the understanding of late 19th-century debates about the nature of corporations.
The Utopian Corporation
Authors: Lipartito Kenneth
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues for historians to explore the ‘elective affinity’ between communal and utopian societies of 19th-century America and the managerial corporation. It explores the ways that American society sought to reconcile freedom with the growth of market culture through new disciplinary institutions designed to foster self control and to deal with the travails of laissez faire competition. These methods, practiced in famous utopian communities such as Oneida, used systems of management and control, and embraced early corporate forms of organization at a time when such methods and forms were uncommon in private business. Many utopian experiments in fact evolved into profit-making enterprises after the Civil War, while many of the architects of business corporations were often connected — by ties of blood or by their ideas — to the antebellum reform tradition. The chapter argues for historians to explore these cultural connections and to recognize the deeper cultural sources of the modern corporate organization.
The Monopoly Enigma, the Reagan Administration's Antitrust Experiment, and the Global Economy
Authors: Galambos Louis
Published: September 2007

In the 1980s, the Reagan Administration drastically altered American antitrust policy, virtually eliminating Section 2 cases involving monopolies. This chapter provides a context for that decision by tracing the efforts that the federal government made since 1890 to reconcile an opposition to highly concentrated economic power with the even stronger enthusiasm Americans have always had for the economic success they associated with the nation's largest enterprises. In this setting, judges and government lawyers struggled over the years to come up with a clear concept of monopoly. In the global economy of the late 20th century, the Reagan policy innovation solved that problem and proved to be timely and significant. The new policy allowed American firms to get up to global scale, either through strategic alliances or through mergers that would not have been allowed under previous administrations.
Corporate Technological Capabilities and the State: A Dynamic Historical Interaction
Authors: Hart David M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the state, broadly construed, helps to construct corporate technological capabilities. Thus, the business-state interaction in the process of technological innovation must be a focus of business history research. Key concepts from social science research on national innovation systems are introduced and it is shown how they mesh with central tenets of recent work in business history. The chapter then advances four ways of thinking about the state — as organization, fisc, system of rules, and normative order — that lead toward potentially fruitful areas for historical research. This research agenda may lead the field toward an ‘interorganizational synthesis’ that builds on and enriches the best of contemporary business history.
New Economy Romanticism, Narratives of Corporate Personhood, and the Antimanagerial Impulse
Authors: Guthey Eric
Published: September 2007

A narrative analysis of New Economy romanticism as a stylized genre of media hype reveals how the framing of celebrity business leaders folds individual personalities together with corporate structures in ways that mirror the persistent American confusion over the simultaneously private and public identity of the firm. Media coverage of Ted Turner, Bill Gates, and Jim Clark exhibits a progression away from traditional strategies for legitimizing corporate activity toward antimanagerialism — a romanticized assault on the legitimacy of powerful bureaucratic organizations that paradoxically legitimizes corporate power itself. This argument expands the notion of what counts as governance literature to include business biography and even pop culture narratives, and to embrace a range of broader cultural issues such as the challenge the corporation poses for the American liberal imagination, and the question of what it means to be a person in a corporate society.
1 Predecessors
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the rise of military generals to political power during the 4th century. These include Merobaudes, a German, possibly a Frank (in a position of power c.AD 375-88), who was magister peditum under Valentinian I; Stilicho (in power AD 394-408), who came into power not as a result of a military career but because of his relationship with Emperor Honorius' father Theodosius I, whose daughter he married; and Flavius Aetius, who fought his way to power in the AD 420s.
15 Assessments of Ricimer
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an analysis of Ricimer. Ricimer dominated the western empire during the last two decades of the 5th century. Most evaluations of Ricimer are negative and often characterize him as treacherous, and as maker and destroyer of emperors. Others have described him as a master plotter and deceiver. However, it is argued that Ricimer's behaviour was no worse than that of most previous masters of the Roman Empire.
The Heroines in theChoraof Writing
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This chapter is concerned with the heroines' feminine voice. Building on the metapoetic metaphor of the heroines' artistic awakening, it follows their efforts to establish their own discourse and turn themselves from scriptae puellae (‘written girls’) to writing women, whose flowing narrative responds to descriptions of the female nature and creativity from ancient philosophy to modern French feminism. Specific emphasis is given to the symbolic significance of their (in)famous and much derided enclosure, which reveals powerful characteristics of a feminine space and a feminine order.
Postscript: Writing on the Edge?
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a synthesis of the preceding chapters. It followed the heroines in their twin roles as lovers and writers, pursuing their darlings and their text. It showed their femininity slipping through their closed stasis and tearing the masculine fabric of Ovid's text, advertising a feminine rhetoric. However, their nuances gained substance only through a sympathetic reading, and this book's author's sensitivity to their efforts due to her explicit situation as a female reader. This book has worked on the feminine reading and writing of the Heroides with the aid of contemporary feminist thought.
Eve's ‘Grateful Digressions’ and the Birth of Reflection
Authors: Cotterill Anne
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that Milton's Paradise Lost represents the ‘grateful digressions’ (8.55) of unfallen Adam and Eve, like the angels' labyrinth dances and mazes of Paradise as examples of heavenly order, in contrast to Satan's unswerving line of hateful pride. Sensitive to the pressures on the psyche created by voices entering the brain through the ever-permeable folds of the ear's labyrinth and their potential to affect ones own voice and ability to hear the divine within, Milton dramatizes through Eve a process of falling into self-knowledge; from her first delight with the world's reflecting surfaces and first experience of having her vision corrected at her ear, she falls through inexperienced, shallow self-reflection toward the bottom of despair before reaching an experience of deepest reflection. Eve's voice of penitence sounds the depths of her fallen knowledge; ventriloquizing all of the voices Milton suggests the difficulty of finding ones own.
The Obscure Progress of Satire in Dryden's Late Preface
Authors: Cotterill Anne
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that Dryden uses the occasion of writing a history of satire, designed to introduce translations of Juvenal and Persius, to produce his longest dedication and critical essay, The Discourse of Satire (1692), with a potentially unflattering portrait of his old patron, the earl of Dorset, and William III's court carefully lodged at the center in the oddly prolonged trial of critical judgment between Horace and Juvenal. The length and difficult progress of this essay signal yet conceal the personal story behind the history. To Horace, Dryden assigns qualities of effeminate sycophancy and compromised accommodation to a usurping monarch, Augustus Caesar, qualities the poet must distance from himself, once the Stuarts' hired pen, but may attach subtly to Dorset — like Horace the courtier of a usurper. Dryden awards first prize in satire to the exile Juvenal whose masculine freedom of rage and digression the poet claims as his own.
Introduction to Part I
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with an explanation of the main focus of the book, namely the central aspects of self-consciousness. It then discusses a first-person reference, in particular it talks about two strategies one might take in response to the objection that an appeal to the self-reference principle will be insufficient to explain first-person reference: the reductionist strategy and the two-tier strategy. An inquiry into actions and self-knowledge and an overview of the chapters in this volume are presented.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of philosophical and psychological self-knowledge. It then explains the purpose of this second part of the book, which is to provide an account of the knowledge we have of physical actions. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
On Knowing One's Own Actions
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a characterization of our knowledge of our own actions, and provides an account which is true to this characterization. It considers alternative accounts in order to facilitate the construction and motivation of the positive account that is offered. A critical element of the account offered is that our perceptual faculties, including bodily awareness, should not be viewed as direct sources for our knowledge of our actions, or at least of our basic actions.
Recruiting in the British Isles for mainland European armies
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

During the Thirty Years War, continental European armies recruited extensively in the British Isles, with religious allegiance often determining which army a recruit served in. Impressment was employed as a means of removing demobilized soldiers, vagrants, paupers, and other undesirable persons from the realm. But in Scotland and Ireland, lairds and clan chieftains could compel clansmen, kinsmen, and tenants to volunteer. The Scots comprised one-sixth of the Swedish army in the time of Gustavus Adolphus, while the Catholic Irish were encouraged by their priests and the English government in Ireland to serve in the Spanish and, after 1635, the French armies. Between 55,000 and 80,000 soldiers were recruited in the British Isles for service in the Thirty Years War. Service in particular foreign armies helped determine the allegiance of those who returned after 1638 to fight in the British and Irish civil wars, but the experience of English and Scots serving together in various mainland armies ultimately helped to forge a British identity.
The campus martius: the domestic school of war
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

Lacking a standing army for home defence, England depended upon a select militia system which enrolled the more substantial householders and sent overseas those socially less desirable persons, whom the county and borough magistrates wished to be rid of. The training and modernization of the militia, begun in the mid-Elizabethan period, was neglected during the time of the Jacobean peace, but the outbreak of the Thirty Years War reminded Englishmen that the realm was exposed to invasion. This revived the debates about the wisdom of arming a tumultuous populace as well as the best model for reforming the trained bands. Rejecting the concept of a standing army, many looked for guidance to the Roman campus martius — not only because the reception of Machiavellian thought in England favoured citizen soldiers over mercenaries, but also because of the belief that the exercise of arms fostered moral virtue. The command of the county and borough trained bands would remain in the hands of lords lieutenant chosen from among noblemen and courtiers, who were, for the most part, amateurs rather than the professional and experienced soldiers who served as muster-masters and drilled the militia.
Raising and organizing standing armies
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

The first standing armies in the British Isles which contained experienced officers and could deploy sizeable field forces were the Scots Covenanting Army and the English New Model Army. The latter gradually displaced the English associational armies and eventually conquered the Three Kingdoms, and imposed a republican political settlement. Officers who were willing to learn by experience and reading military treatises came to appreciate that an expert knowledge obtained by training and drill were more valuable on the battlefield than valour and superior numbers. Many novice officers developed a more professional attitude to the business of war, but a high degree of politicization among both officers and men continued to disrupt discipline and contributed to political instability. Nonetheless, improved sources of finance and supply strengthened the military and naval forces and enabled the Commonwealth and Protectorate to lay claim to great-power status.
The decay of the militia
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

The reception of Machiavellian thought in the Three Kingdoms exercised a powerful influence on the concept of a civic militia. Only in the British Isles did politically articulate people still seriously view a militia as an alternative to a standing army in the latter part of the 17th century. Despite the widespread hatred and mistrust of standing armies as instruments of absolutism and tyranny, the county militias of England were in decline as effective military forces for the defence of the realm, while the militias of Ireland and Scotland were only sporadically activated and lacked continuity. As the militia ceased to be a tactical military arm, it continued to function as a kind of constabulary and was employed for breaking conventicles, disarming papists, and keeping order in urban areas. Despite the general decay of the militia, the later Stuart monarchs thought that it was important to control the trained bands of London and the Honourable Artillery Company. The Irish militia was full of Old Cromwellians and nonconformists, and James II regarded it as disloyal. The Scottish militia served the Presbyterian interest in riding down religious dissidents.
The descent on England
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

A profound alteration of England’s foreign and military policies in 1689 led to a century and more of global warfare with France which ended only in 1815. This reorientation of British priorities was accomplished not by the Glorious or bloodless Revolution of Whig mythology, but by a Dutch invasion of England resulting from the largest joint military and naval amphibious operation ever launched in early modern Europe. The decision to declare the throne of England vacant and to offer the crown to William III, prince of Orange, and thus commit England to a mainland war, was taken by the Convention Parliament while London was under Dutch military occupation. James II, whose courage had been so resolute in earlier military and naval battles, lost heart as his senior officers deserted, and he and his army never offered resistance.
The Nine Years War
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

William III persuaded the English Parliament to enter the war against Louis XIV in defence of Protestant liberties, and to expand the English army to a size five times larger than Charles II’s forces had been in 1685. The war was welcomed by those who thought that participation restored English honour after a long period of military decay. Participation in the Nine Years War also signified that English diplomatic and military priorities had shifted from preventing mainland European powers from interfering in Ireland or Scotland to obstructing the ambitions of hostile powers on the European continent and in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean. The financial and manpower demands of the Nine Years War and succeeding global wars necessitated the parliamentary union of England and Scotland, the creation of a fiscal-military state, and the impressment of men for land as well as naval forces. Popular resistance to these extreme measures led to recruiting riots and Jacobite resistance, and revived the old debates about the dangers of standing armies.
The Making of Modern Management
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

There is a dearth of literature on management history as a key factor in modern economic society. This book aims to rectify that. It covers the period since the Second Industrial Revolution that started around 1870, when new organizational structures and managerial systems and skills became necessary. It focuses on manufacturing and larger-scale business, since these are the areas which have caused the greatest controversy about the weaknesses displayed by British industry in comparison to other countries such as the USA, Germany, and later Japan in the move to managerial capitalism. The book uses two main sets of explanatory factors. First, it uses a wide range of twenty-six ‘drivers’ or influences on the development of management, which are brought together in three categories (technological-cum-market; institutional/cultural; and business policy and practice). Second, it takes up four main themes that explain why Britain may have fallen behind: the persistence of personal and proprietorial capitalism; organizational structure and transaction costs; social attitudes towards industry; and the slow transition towards professionalism. The twelve chapters in the book are divided into five sections in which management is analysed according to different perspectives: a scene-setting and theoretical introduction; a focus on organizational development; a contextual focus concentrating on managers as a group; a focus on key managerial functions; and a concluding chapter which reflects on the recent changes in the themes.
A Theoretical and Thematic Framework
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter represents a novel exercise in model-building. The first part reviews conceptual dimensions of the way in which management has been viewed: management in the theory of the firm; schools into which writers on management thought can be broken down; and the ways in which managers themselves have approached problems. The second part provides a theoretical base. Initially, it reviews three models of organizational structures: Chandlerian internalization of decision-making; resource dependency-based or externalization-oriented; and a socially constructed approach. The main drivers of change are then identified. Finally, the four themes of the book are introduced: the persistence of personal and proprietorial capitalism; management, organizational structure and transaction costs; social attitudes towards industry and management; and the slow transition to professionalism.
Managerial Thought and Institutions
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses two important dimensions of managerial professionalism. The first is the predominant framework of management thought and the emergence of a managerial knowledge base in Britain, arguing that for the most part, British management lacked either a coherent system of thought or a generic knowledge base. There was a weakness in the technical aspects of its role, including its knowledge base, while its system of beliefs was dominated by a defensive set of attitudes concerned with establishing managerial legitimacy vis-à-vis both society at large and the workforce. The second dimension is the role of professional management institutes, especially the central institute in management history, which all took a long time to achieve recognition compared to other professions. It is argued that even now, the process of professionalization remains incomplete.
The Practice of Management—Accounting and Finance
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

Larger organizations required firms to develop financial control and information systems as essential elements in their internal monitoring systems, but this proved more problematic in Britain than other countries, not least because of poor planning and control of the production process, and the frequent failure of management to provide appropriate information until well after the middle of the twentieth century. However, the chartered accountancy profession, and to a lesser extent the management accountants, benefited greatly from this inadequacy. After establishing such a strong position in managerial hierarchies, this also laid the basis for a final evolutionary stage, namely, the emergence of financial capitalism after 1970 when City interests came to dominate strategy and structure in the largest firms.
Compositionality and Merger Representations
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter contains the exposition of the new theory of default Semantics. It is proposed that the problems with compositionality of meaning can be solved when compositionality is viewed ‘one level higher’ as pertaining to merger representations — semantic representations that are a product of the synthesis of information about meaning coming from various sources, such as word meaning, sentence structure, conscious pragmatic inference, cognitive defaults, and social-cultural defaults. Cognitive principles underlying such mergers are proposed, and the foundations of a metalanguage for formalization in relational semantics are specified.
The Myth of Sentential Connectives?
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyzes the Gricean legacy in the domain of sentential connectives and proposes a more cognitively plausible account of them in terms of merger representations. For example, conditional perfection of if to ‘if and only if’ is regarded as too strong a rule to capture the process of interpretation of sentences with a conditional. It is argued that sentential connectives do not constitute a self-contained, interesting category as far as their processing is concerned.
Default Semantics for Number Terms
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

The chapter starts with a brief discussion of various standpoints regarding the semantics of number terms. It then demonstrates that number terms have the default ‘exactly n’ semantics and non-default ‘at least n’, ‘approximately n’, ‘just n’, ‘at most n’ readings. Merger representations are provided.
Foreign Elites at Rome
Authors: Bowersock G. W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at Josephus’ literary career in Rome as part of a larger trend, which involved an increasing imperial interest in luring members of the foreign elite to the city within the context of the patron-client relationship. Examples of such men were the Syrian Nicolaus of Damascus, court historian to King Herod the Great during the first century BCE, and Antiochus IV of Commagene, a client king who helped Vespasian’s forces in the Judean War of 66-73 CE. Similarly, this chapter argues that Josephus was closely enmeshed within the Roman elite because of his usefulness as a cultural mediator, a role which had both socio-political and strategic value. Roman interest in the stability of the eastern frontier of the Empire meant an increasing interest in its resident cultures. Josephus’ role was realized through his production of a ‘new kind of historiography’ never before seen at Rome, which portrayed Roman values within the context of Judean history and vice-versa.
Josephus and Greek Literature in Flavian Rome
Authors: Jones Christopher P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the ways in which Josephus’ rhetorical style of historical writing was influenced by other Greek writers in the Flavian period. It is somewhat difficult to locate such writers at Rome precisely during Josephus’ residence in the city. The chapter underlines the prologue to the Judaean War, where Josephus responds to previous histories of the war, some likely to have been in Greek, which he thought of poor quality. It argues that Josephus was particularly influenced by Dio Chrysostom, the orator from Prusa in Bithynia, and Plutarch, the philosopher and priest from Chaeronea in Boeotia. Dio’s Alexandrian oration, for example, may have been used by Josephus as a model for his narrative of the tension between Judeans and Greeks in that city in his Judaean Antiquities. As for Plutarch, the chapter maintains that Josephus was particularly influenced by his imperial biographies. However, Domitian’s eventual persecution of Judaean sympathizers likely forced Josephus into literary isolation.
Corporate Strategy and Systems Integration Capabilities
Authors: Prencipe Andrea
Published: September 2007

This chapter identifies two analytical categories of systems integration in multi-technology multi-component products, namely synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic systems integration refers to the technological capabilities required to set the product concept design, decompose it, coordinate the network of suppliers, and then recompose the product within a given family. Diachronic systems integration refers to the technological capabilities to envisage and move progressively towards different and alternative paths of product architectures (i.e., new product families) to meet evolving customer requirements.
Towards a Dynamics of Modularity
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: September 2007

Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organizational structure has made many advances. This chapter argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is necessary in order to capture important elements that otherwise go unnoticed. Illustrations of a dynamic conception are offered, based on empirical research in the disk-drive industry. Organizational traps may emerge, in that companies are not properly aligned with their technologies, but adaptation is difficult. Path-dependent behaviours can result, which intensify these traps.
The Geography of Systems Integration
Authors: Best Michael H.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a new model of technology management and regional innovation based on the principle of systems integration. The principle of systems integration is manifested in the organizational capability of firms — individually and networked — to foster rapid technological change. The effect is a network or cluster of entrepreneurial firms in which design is decentralized within the enterprise and diffused amongst networked enterprises. The combination of entrepreneurial firms and inter-firm networks fosters a range of dynamic cluster processes that, in turn, underlie the growth of Silicon Valley and the unexpected resurgence of Boston's Route 128.
Changing Boundaries of Innovation Systems
Authors: McKelvey Maureen
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the issue of the changing boundaries of system integration competencies between different actors. It is argued that many complex, knowledge-intensive innovations are not only systemic in the sense of requiring many components and interactions, but they must also be analysed as a situation where final demand requires a bundling of goods and services. Demand therefore must be analysed as an integrated set of goods and services. A multi-sectoral comparison is made, as the bundling of goods and services is visible in such diverse areas as building and construction, health care management, biotechnology, and telecommunication infrastructures.
Introduction
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter explains the aim of the book, which is to contribute to the opening of research on information systems and organizational change to accommodate meanings and concerns manifested in the diverse organizational contexts into which ICT is implemented. It presents the rationale for putting emphasis on diversity in the context of globalization, and introduces the fundamental theoretical tenets of the book. Specifically, it explains the choice of a socialized conception of organizations and information systems innovation, the study of innovation processes in their context, and the adoption of a critical theoretical approach. The book is structured into two parts: the first elaborating its theoretical perspective, and the second drawing empirical evidence from four case studies to form and support the book’s argument on diversity regarding ICT and organizational change.
An Experiment of Flexible Specialization in Cyprus
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines a ten-year effort to reform the furniture manufacturing sector of Cyprus, according to the industrial model of flexible specialization. The reform initiative involved the setting up of information services and the development of information systems to strengthen the management of the furniture manufacturing SMEs and their consortia. However, little innovation took place and the whole reform experiment was abandoned in the mid-1990s. The analysis of the case examines how the theory of flexible specialization considered information systems innovation as a prerequisite of good management. It is argued that management and formal information processing and communication were alien and threatening to the owners of the small production firms, whose life values and entrepreneurial competencies could not be stretched to enable the promotion of export-oriented business.
Recht as een Palmen-Bohm and Other Facets of Gellius' Medieval and Humanistic Reception
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins by tracing the separate transmission of Gellius' chapter on the ability of palm-wood, reinterpreted as the palm-tree to resist pressure, which proved congenial to Christians for its moral message and their own association of the palm with martyrdom. It is found in florilegia, emblem-books, and even the song ‘Anke van Tharaw’. It is also present in John of Salisbury, from whom it passed into a sermon by Guibert of Tournai, along with other matter from John wrongly ascribed to Gellius. Attention is then paid to fragmentary manuscripts, including a 12th-century bifolium now in Brussels, and copies known to have existed but now lost, one of which was the source of a manuscript now in the Vatican Library (and itself the source of one in Milan) that ends with a tribute to the conciliar Pope Alexander V.