bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tannic acid‐glutaraldehyde fixative and pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland: An ultrastructural study
Authors: David Raffaele , Buchner Amos
Published: April 2006

Four cases of pleomorphic adenomas of parotid glands were fixed by immersion in a mixture of 4% tannic acid and 3% glutaraldehyde followed by OsO4 postfixation and heavy metals staining. This clearly visualized the presence of dense amorphous elastic fibers in cellular and myxochondroid areas. The dense amorphous fibers were associated with varying numbers of peripheral filaments which appeared sometimes as bundles of parallel fibrils without intermingled amorphous material. These intermediate‐sized filaments were seen in direct continuity with similar intracellular filaments with or without interposition of basal‐membrane‐like material and/or with extracellular filament‐containing vesicles.

It is suggested that these filaments are synthesized intracellularly and released into the extracellular space by neoplastic myoepithelial cells mainly by cytoplasmic vesicle separation.

In addition, small round vesicles with a dense core of amorphous material and staining characteristics identical to those of extracellular elastin were frequently seen in the peripheral parts of these myoepithelial‐like cells. It is possible that these dense‐cored vesicles have a secretory function and contain a precursor of elastin.
Severe congenital hypoglossia and micrognathia with other multiple birth defects
Authors: Oulis Constantine J. , Thornton John B.
Published: April 2006

Severe congenital hypoglossia with the anterior two‐thirds of the tongue missing is a rare finding. This case report describes an infant 14 months of age who manifests this tongue anomaly along with other congenital malformations including an underdeveloped mandible, partial anodontia, enamel hypoplasia, situs inversus, dextrocardia, and asplenia. Only one other case similar to this case has been reported in the literature. There is no report of any case of severe congenital hypoglossia with asplenia.

The etiology of this birth defect is only speculative at this time, but the mother of our patient was exposed to radiation from routine chest films during her first trimester of pregnancy.
Evidence for production of an inactive collagenase by fibroblasts from phenytoin‐enlarged human gingivae
Authors: Hassell Thomas M.
Published: April 2006

When measured by radioimmunoassay, fibroblasts derived from the overgrown gingivae of phenytoin‐treated epileptic individuals synthesize and release elevated amounts of collagenase in vitro, as compared to similar‐appearing fibroblasts from normal, non‐phenytoin‐treated persons. However, it appears that much of the immunoreactive enzyme is unable to degrade reconstituted collagen in culture. This preliminary finding in 9 different strains of cells indicates that reduced collagenase activity by a subpopulation of cells may contribute to the development of phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Capping of the dental pulp mechanically exposed to the oral microflora – a 5 week observation of wound healing in the monkey
Authors: Cox Charles F. , Bergenholtz Gunnar , Fitzgerald Mark , Heys Donald R. , Heys Ronald J. , Avery James K. , Baker John A.
Published: April 2006

The healing capacity of mechanically exposed and bacterially contaminated dental pulps was assessed in monkeys after capping with 2 commercial Ca(OH)2 containing compounds. One hundred eighty teeth in 7 monkeys were employed, 45 as untreated controls and 135 as treated exposures. Class V buccal cavity preparations resulting in pulpal exposure were prepared, left open to the oral cavity for 0, 1, 24 h or 7 days and employed as controls, or debrided, capped, restored with amalgam and left undisturbed for 5 weeks as treated exposures. Zero and 1 h untreated exposures presented damage from the mechanical trauma only, whereas 24 h and 7 day pulp wounds exhibited pronounced infiltrations of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes. In addition, the 7 day exposures demonstrated several teeth with partial and total necrosis. Treated 0, 1 and 24 h exposures demonstrated wound healing, minimal pulp tissue inflammation, reorganization of soft tissue and formation of new hard tissue at the exposure site in 86 of 99 teeth. Treated 7 day exposures healed less frequently, showing signs of dentin bridging in 15 of 27 teeth. This study indicated that mechanically exposed and orally contaminated dental pulps in monkeys have a high capacity to resolve inflammation and initiate healing with new dentin formation at the exposure site when treated as described.
Granular cells associated with the enamel organ of a developing tooth
Authors: Sunderland E. P. , Sunderland R. , Smith C. J.
Published: April 2006

An accumulation of granular cells associated with the enamel organ of a developing deciduous, incisor tooth was noted during light microscopy (LM) of serial sections from the right half of a mandible from a stillborn, female infant of 37 weeks gestations. There was a break in continuity of the enamel matrix associated with the focus of granular cells, which appeared to be continuous with, and arise directly from, the cells of the stratum intermedium.

The granular cells were very similar histologically to those of a congenital epulis but it is impossible to say whether the lesion would have developed sufficiently to present clinically as an epulis. Less probably, the granular cells might eventually have been associated with the subsequent development of a granular cell ameloblastoma or ameloblastic fibroma. If the lesion does represent an early stage in the formation of a congenital epulis, it would support the odontogenic theory of origin of the granular cells.
Relative conversion of arachidonic acid through lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways by homogenates of diseased periodontal tissues
Authors: El Attar T. M. A. , Lin H. S.
Published: April 2006

The present study shows that 14C‐arachidonic acid metabolism in gingiva of patients with periodontal disease is mainly via the lipoxygenase pathway. In two pools of gingival tissue homogenates the lipoxygenase products contained 22.65% and 23.38%, while the prostaglandins (PGs), products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, contained only 4.85% and 3.98% of the total radioactivity incubated. 12‐hydroxy‐eicosatetraenoic acid (12‐HETE), a lipoxygenase product, was detected as a major metabolite of arachidonic acid in gingiva.
Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis in experimental oral carcinogenesis in rats
Authors: Philipsen H. P. , Fisker A. V.
Published: April 2006

Thrice weekly applications of carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide to rat oral mucosa, induced focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD) in about 50% of the animals. Mucosa overlying bone (palate and attached buccal gingiva) was the area of predilection. The number of oral foci per affected animal ranged between 1 and 3. Histologically, the experimental FAD foci showed all the characteristic features described for human focal acantholytic dyskeratosis. FAD appeared unrelated to malignancy development. It is suggested that FAD represents an induced epithelial differentiation or maturation defect caused by a variety of stimuli among which are chemical carcinogens. The present experimental model seems suitable for further histo‐ and cytopathogenetic studies.
Karyotypic abnormalities of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Bazopoulou‐Kyrkanidou E. , Garas J. I. , Angelopoulos A. P. , Pandis N.
Published: April 2006

The karyotypic abnormalities in 18 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity were studied in unhanded chromosomes on direct preparations of the tumor material. The chromosome counts revealed a great variability in the number of chromosomes per cell of each tumor, the range being from 31 to 148 in all cases studied. The modal population of cells was diploid in five cases, triploid in eight cases, tetraploid and pentaploid in one case each. Reduction of the number of chromosomes was more consistently observed in groups A and B, frequently involving chromosome No 1 and increases in groups C, D, E, F and G. Markers were frequently present, the most common being an almost metacentric chromosome of the size of the chromosomes of Group C.
Extramedullary plasmacytoma with crystal inclusions arising from the palatal tonsil
Authors: Hashimoto N. , Kurihara K. , Sakai H.
Published: April 2006

A case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the left palatal tonsil in a 51‐year‐old woman is reported. The histological features of the tumor are typical, except for the appearance of crystal inclusions in plasma cells, histiocytes and matrices. The developmental process and the nature of the crystal inclusions are discussed, based on electron‐microscopic findings. The patient has been followed for one year post‐operatively, and no clinical evidence of recurrence has been observed.
Histometric study of leukoplakia, lichen planus and carcinoma in situ of oral mucosa
Authors: Keszler A. , Cabrini R. L.
Published: April 2006

Leukoplakia, lichen planus and carcinoma in situ of human oral mucosa were analysed histometrically by light microscopy. Leukoplakia lesions showed a greater total nuclear density than lichen planus lesions. They had a similar basal nuclear density to carcinomas in situ. The total and basal nuclear areas were notably greater in carcinomas in situ, indicating the presence of larger nuclei in comparison to those of other lesions. We believe it to be possible to make a differential diagnosis based on numerical variables.
Glucocorticosteroids and oral medicine
Authors: Pedersen A. , Klausen B.
Published: April 2006

The article deals with the use of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of the oral manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Disecid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in the temporomandibular joint, Pemphigus Vulgaris, Pemphigoid, Erythema Multiforme Exudativum (EME), Lichen Plaints (LP), and Recurrent Aphthous Ulcerations (RAU). The benefit from steroids is discussed on the basis of current knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis of the various disorders. All of them are characterized by inflammation which appears secondary to a hypersensitivity reaction against autocomponents. Glucocorticoids do not interfere with the primary disease mechanisms. But it is concluded from the literature, that because of anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of the hormones, it seems reasonable to profit from steroids as palliatives in acute phases of the diseases and/or as long‐term suppressors of the general host defense.
Effects of vitamin A deficiency on rat incisor formation
Authors: Punyasingh J. T. , Hoffman S. , Harris S. S. , Navia J. M.
Published: April 2006

Vitamin A deficiency (A–) is known to cause morphologic changes in tooth structures. However, its effects on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) distribution in dental pulp, and the role of retinoic acid (RA) in altering these effects arc not clearly defined. Tissue changes induced by vitamin A deficiency and RA administration were evaluated histologically in incisors of rats fed on one of 3 different diets: a) vitamin A sufficient (A +); b) vitamin A deficient (A–); and c) vitamin A deficient supplemented with retinoic acid (A–/RA). Four weeks after the onset of vitamin A deficiency, all rats were killed and their 4 continuously erupting incisors evaluated histologically. A–rats had altered dentine and pulp with disrupted histodifferentiation of pulpal mesenchymal cells to normal odontoblasts. The frequency of these abnormalities in dentine and pulp was lower in A–/RA rats. The enamel organ was unremarkable in the 4‐week deficient period. Using special stains, we noted that pulpal GAG accumulation in A– and A–/RA rats was limited to the lingual area, while in A+ rats, GAG were distributed throughout. These data suggest that vitamin A deficiency affects histodifferentiation of pulpal mesenchymal cells to odontoblasts, as well as GAG distribution in pulp. RA administration reduces the A– changes and therefore, appears lo have some activity in dentinogenesis.
Experimental auto‐allergic sialoadenitis in male rats
Authors: Dean D. H. , Hiramoto R. N.
Published: April 2006

Induced auto‐allergic lesions in the submandibular glands of rats were studied by immunofluorescence. Direct staining with a goat anti‐rat IgG conjugate was negative. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed a high incidence of anti‐salivary‐duct antibodies in sera from both control and experimental groups. In individual rats, no relationship was found between the presence or absence of serum anti‐salivary antibodies and the presence or absence of salivary auto‐allergic lesions. We conclude that the antibodies demonstrated do not play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of plasma proteins in squamous epithelium of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded oral mucosa
Authors: Reibel J.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of immunoglobulins and fibrinogen in normal and inflamed oral mucosa was examined by direct immunofluorescence using enzyme‐treated sections of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Plasma proteins were found inter‐ and intracellularly in the surface epithelium in most of the normal and all of the inflamed mucosal specimens. This diffusion of plasma proteins into the surface epithelium was shown to contribute to the appearance of edematous epithelial cells and eosinophilic bodies (“keratin pools”). The results clearly demonstrate that oral epithelium is not to be regarded as a covering membrane isolated from the underlying connective tissue. Furthermore, the study confirms that immunohistochemical studies can be performed on enzyme‐pretreated sections of routinely fixed and embedded tissue although it is emphasized that the method is not of universal applicability.
Ultrastructural findings in the oral mucosa of betel chewers
Authors: Reichart P. , Böning W. , Srisuwan S. , Theetranont C. , Mour U.
Published: April 2006

Eighteen biopsies of the oral mucosa of northern Thai hilltribe betel chewers were studied histologically and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). Clinically, varying stages of epithelial atrophy and one case of submucous fibrosis were observed. Histologically, epithelial atrophy with marked reduction of the rete pegs, hyperortho‐ and/or parakeratosis, and subepithelial edema and inflammatory changes were the prominent findings. On the ultrastructural level, cytoplasmic projections of the basal cells into the subepithelial stroma were seen. The basal membrane frequently revealed gaps; the interepithelial space was widened and unusual microvilli were observed on cell surfaces (SEM). Intercellularly, cristalloid material of unknown origin was also seen. The subepithelial connective tissue was characterized by dense bundles of collagen fibres adjacent to which masses of amorphous material were located. While some of the ultrastructural findings in the epithelium of betel chewers are indicative of early dysplastic changes, the nature of the juxta‐epithelial stromal alterations is still unknown. Current hypotheses regarding the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis are briefly discussed.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa: a review of 244 cases in Australia
Authors: Rich A. M. , Radden B. G.
Published: April 2006

In an attempt to extend and update information relating to oral cancer in Australia and to provide a basis for international comparison a group of 244 patients suffering from oral cancer have been studied in detail. These patients were all diagnosed in one Oral Pathology Biopsy Service used almost exclusively by oral surgeons and dentists, and although this introduced bias into the sample it had the advantage of standardising documentation. The male: female ratio (1.3 : 1) of patients with oral cancer was lower than that previously reported in Australia, but the average age of patients (60 years) was comparable with many previous reports. The floor of the mouth was the most common site of cancer. There was a significant over‐representation of tobacco and alcohol consumers amongst the patients, but a group of elderly females who had never used tobacco or alcohol, yet developed oral cancer, was identified. It was of particular interest that these elderly females had significantly lower haemoglobin and serum iron levels than a sex‐ and age‐matched control group.
Multifocal Eosinophilic Granuloma: a clinical pathologic conference
Authors: Krutchkoff D. J. , Jones C. R.
Published: April 2006

Eosinophilic granuloma has traditionally been designated as the least severe component of the inter‐related triad of diseases, Histiocylosis X (Lichtenstein 1953, 1964). In 1969, Lieberman and his group questioned the use of this time‐honored term and proposed instead that eosinophilic grunuloma be regarded as a separate and distinct entity which could present either as a singular (unifocal) lesion or as a multifocal process. The term, “multifocal eosinophilic granuloma” was, thus, suggested as a replacement for the designation formerly known as Hand‐Schuller‐Christian Disease. The remaining component of Histiooytosis X termed Letterer‐Siwe Disease was felt to be a totally separate disorder unrelated to eosinophilic granuloma and best classified as a relatively aggressive reticuloendothelial malignancy. In this presentation, we wish to report a case of multifocal eosinophilic granuloma which has run a very interesting course over a total of almost 10 years from the time of initial symptoms to the present. The more recent classification of Lieberman will be employed throughout this presentation. We will also propose the hypothesis that in this case, multifocal eosinophilic granuloma may represent a sequela of acquired immune deficiency perhaps initialed by T‐cell viral infection. The possibility that, in a susceptible host, development of eosinophilic granuloma may be triggered by contact with environmental agents will also be discussed.
Extrapulmonary oat‐cell carcinoma of the tongue: an electron‐microscopic study
Authors: Hull M. T. , Eble J. N. , Warfel K. A.
Published: April 2006

An extrapulmonary oat‐cell carcinoma arose in the tongue of a 62‐year‐old man who had a long history of cigarette smoking and ethanol ingestion. At presentation, he had the primary tongue lesion and cervical lymph‐node metastases only, and search for a pulmonary primary was negative. Ten months later he died with metastases to liver, cerebrum, ribs, vertebrae, calvarium, and clavicle. Electron microscopy demonstrated cells with cytoplasmic processes and many dense‐core neurosecretory granules that had a tendency to concentrate in the processes. Cells were linked by desmosomes. Electron microscopy is necessary for definitive diagnosis of extrapulmonary oat‐cell carcinomas.
Multiple myeloma with initial presentation in the jaw: a clinical‐pathologic discussion
Authors: Senn J. S. , Stoneman D. W. , Cheng G. , Kassel E. E. , Main J. H. P.
Published: April 2006

A 39‐year‐old white female presented with jaw pain initially interpreted as a manifestation of an odontogenic infection. Mandibular radiographs revealed lytic lesions suggesting a diagnosis of myeloma, which was subsequently confirmed by abnormalities in serum and urinary proteins and in bone marrow. Chemotherapy produced a transient response, but eventual relapse with extramedullary plasmacytomas and plasma cell leukemia led to death. The clinicopathologic implications of this case are presented and discussed.
Effect of inflammation upon human gingival cyclic AMP metabolism
Authors: Fink A. S. , Egnor R. W. , Kazandjian G. , La Morte G. , Klonsky K.
Published: April 2006

The effect of the increasing degree of human gingival inflammation on adenylate cyclase (basal, fluoride stimulated) and low Km and high Km cAMP phosphodiesterase activities were evaluated in separate studies. Human gingival biopsies were classified by the Löe Bleeding Index as (1) mildly, (2) moderately, and (3) markedly inflamed. Basal and F stimulated adenylate cyclase (cAMP synthesis) activities were found to be unaltered by the increasing degree of inflammation when the data were expressed on either a mg wet wt, or mg protein basis. A significant loss of F stimulated adenylate cyclase (mg protein) activity was observed in the moderately inflamed group when the data were compared with either the mildly or markedly inflamed groups of tissue. The low Km, and high Km cAMP phosphodiesterase activities (cAMP degradation) were found to he unaffected by gingival inflammation. This suggests that neither cAMP synthesis, nor degradation are stimulated in human gingiva by inflammation.
Endovasal granulomatous lymphangiitis as a pathogenetic factor in cheilitis granulomatosa
Authors: Nožička Z.
Published: April 2006

In 12 patients with cheilitis granulomatosa (ChG) epithelioid granulomas were histologically observed mostly within lympatic vessels. These granulomas appear to obstruct lymphatic lumina thus causing lymphostasis, lymphatic dilatation and lymphatic edema. The lack of literature concerning intraluminal localization of granulomas in cheilitis granulomatosa prompted the reporting of our observations.
The effect of the short dose schedule of DMBA application in inducing lingual neoplasia in inbred Syrian hamsters
Authors: Marefat M. P.
Published: April 2006

Lingual dysplasia and carcinoma were induced in Lakeview LSH inbred Syrian hamsters by local application of DMBA without the use of trauma in 4 weeks and 6–8 wks, respectively.
Sex hormone involvement in the development of experimental virally induced murine salivary gland tumors
Authors: Lamey P.‐J. , Ferguson M. M. , Marshall W.
Published: April 2006

Mice were given a single inoculation of polyoma virus at birth and then orchideclomised or oopliorectomiscd. Unoperated groups received polyoma virus alone whilst further males received testosterone, and females received oestradiol thrice‐weekly in addition to polyoma virus inoculation. All groups were then observed over the succeeding 370 days for the development of tumors of the submandibular and parotid salivary glands. Polyoma virus inoculation selectively induced salivary gland tumors in 70% of male animals and 30% of female animals given polyoma virus alone. Testosterone therapy increased the salivary tumor frequency from 69–90% whilst orchidectomy reduced the tumor frequency to 50%. Oophorectomy or oestrogen therapy did not significantly alter the salivary gland tumor frequency in females but oestrogen therapy did result in the development of second primary tumors of breast in 60% of female animals bearing salivary gland tumors. The role of androgens in the development of virally induced salivary gland tumors is discussed as are the possible mechanisms responsible for the development of second primary tumor of breast.
Intra‐epithelial hyaline bodies in odontogenic cysts: an immunoperoxidase study
Authors: Browne R. M. , Matthews J. B.
Published: April 2006

Fourteen dental cysts containing intra‐epithelial hyaline bodies were stained for keratin. Factor VIII‐related antigen, haemoglobin and fibrinogen using immunoperoxidase methods. Although the hyaline bodies were negative for all tested antigens fibrinogen was detected in the cores of some circular and polycyclic forms. These observations do not provide support for the proposed keratin, capillary endothelium or erythrocyte nature of these structures. The core staining for fibrinogen may support the theory that hyaline bodies are produced by a cellular reaction to extravasated serum.
Lectin probes of glycoconjugates in human salivary glands: 1
Authors: Tolson N. D. , Daley T. D. , Wysocki G. P.
Published: April 2006

Research into the oligosaccharide content of glycoproteins in saliva indicates that serous saliva primarily contains N‐glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains with high concentrations of mannose. Where as mucous saliva contains a predominance of O‐glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains with high concentrations of terminal fucose and N‐acetylneuraminic acid molecules. These differences between serous and mucous saliva can be visualized morphologically in salivary gland tissues by differential lectin binding in acinar cells and duct contents. This study utilises a fluorescein‐labelled lectin‐binding method to demonstrate these differences and to study the characteristics of ductal and myoepithelial cells in salivary gland tissues. The results generally confirm the predictable differential binding.
Lectin probes of glycoconjugates in human salivary gland neoplasms: 2
Authors: Daley T. D. , Tolson N. D. , Wysocki G. P.
Published: April 2006

Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins which exhibit a high affinity for specific sugar molecules. Terminal sugars on cell surface or cytoplasmic oligosaccharides hound to proteins and lipids can he probed with lectins. This study records the lectin‐binding characteristics of 20 salivary gland neoplasms and compares them with observations in normal human serous and mucous salivary glands. The results of this study support the current histogenetic concepts for the development of some of the salivary gland neoplasms.
Clear cell odontogenic tumor: histochemical and ultrastructural features
Authors: Eversole L. R. , Belton C. M. , Hansen L. S.
Published: April 2006

Clear cell odontogenic tumor, a rare epithelial jaw lesion of putative odontogenic origin, histologically resembles clear cell adenocarcinomas. Ultrastructural and histochemical features are described and support a non‐glandular derivation. The intraosseous neoplasm is characterized by ovoid nests of clear or finely stippled cells with a mature collagenous stroma. These cells arc PAS‐positive. diastase labile and fail to bind alcian blue. Enzyme histochemical reactions disclose dehydrogenase. non‐specific csterase. and acid phosphatase positively. Fine structural characteristics include plasma membrane microvilli, desmosomes. endoplasmic reticulum. free ribosomes. glycogen rosettes and lysosomes. Many cells exhibit a paucity of cytoplasmic organelles with prominent vacuolization. Centrioles and annulate lamellae are also encountered. Summarily, clinical, radiographic. histochemical and ultra‐structural features indicate that this neoplasm is probably of epithelial odontogenic origin with cytodifferentiation emulating glycogen‐rich presecretory ameloblasts.
Histopathology of the mandibular condyle
Authors: Richards L. C. , Lau E. , Wilson D. F.
Published: April 2006

Histological sections of mandibular condyles surgically removed from 40 female and 12 male patients who failed to respond to conservative management of temporomandibular joint related problems were examined. The proliferation, intermediate and cartilage zones were frequently either partly or completely absent in older subjects confirming previously held views of the functional significance of these zones. There was no obvious sex differences in the histological appearance of the condyle and evidence of inflammatory change was rarely seen.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratin proteins in duct‐ligated salivary glands of mice and rats
Authors: Takai Y. , Noda Y. , Sumitomo S. , Hikosaka N. , Mori M.
Published: April 2006

Immunohistochemical detection of keratin proteins in duct‐ligated submandibular glands (SMG) was carried out in mice and rats with or without testosterone administration. Keratin staining in normal salivary glands was limited to the striated duct (SD) and excretory duct (ED) cells and was usually lacking in granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells. Following duct‐ligation, the epithelia of intercalated ducts (ICD), degranulated tubules, duct‐like structures, and dilated striated and excretory ducts showed positive keratin staining, usually in their luminal aspects. The concentration of keratin was proportional to the degree of degranulation of the GCT cells. The duct‐ligated SMGs in animals with testosterone treatment showed a comparatively higher number of granules located in the GCT cells, and degranulation was slight. Keratin staining in hormone‐treated duct‐ligated glands also occurred in ductal segments to a slight degree. Keratin was also detected in degranulated tubules, and its concentration was increased in duct‐like structures, whereas staining for EGF and NGF was decreased in degranulated tubules and lacking in duct‐like structures.
Ultrastructure of the intact surface zone of white spot and brown spot carious lesions in human enamel
Authors: Palamara J. , Phakey P. P. , Rachinger W. A. , Orams H. J.
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopy of the intact surface zone of white spot and brown spot carious lesions showed that in general their ultrastructure was similar. Their outermost crystalline surface consisted of small crystals similar to those in healthy enamel, crystals with central core dissolution, and rounded crystals. Below this, surface demineralization of enamel was observed as the enlargement of micropores, the central core dissolution of crystals, the formation of channels and the enlargement of spaces at prism boundaries. Remineralization of enamel was observed as the partial occlusion of voids, the rounding and enlargement of crystals, and some new needle‐shaped crystals. Some other features indicated combined demineralization and remineralization. The occlusion of spaces at prism boundaries was a more common feature in brown spot lesions, whereas the pockets of rounded crystals were more common in white spot lesions. A relatively uniform distribution of needle‐shaped crystals throughout the intact surface zone was a feature of some brown spot lesions only.
Age‐related changes of rat submandibular gland: a morphometric and ultrastructural study
Authors: Sashima M.
Published: April 2006

Age changes of the submandibular glands (SMG) of male rats were studied morphometrically and ultrastructurally from youth to old age. The most conspicuous feature of the aged SMG was regressive changes of the granular ducts. The extent and height of the granular ducts decreased as well as the content of mature secretory granules. These changes may play an important role for an individual rat, because the granular duct synthesizes many biological factors. Cytoplasmic crystalloids, salivary deposits and oncocytic transformation were also found in the SMG of rats more than 22‐months‐old. It was noticeable that the intercalated duct cells were especially affected by both crystalloid formation and oncocytic transformation.
Ultrastructural and histochemical observations on intracellular and luminal microcalculi in the feline sublingual salivary gland
Authors: Epivatianos A. , Harrison J. D. , Garrett J. R. , Davies K. J. , Senkus R.
Published: April 2006

As the genesis of salivary calculi in man has not been established, the fortuitous observation of microcalculi in sublingual glands of cats prompted this study. Microcalculi were seen occasionally within acinar cells and lumina and macrophages, and rarely interstitially. Microcalculi were stained with the periodic‐acid/Schiff technique, and acid‐phosphatase activity was associated with intracellular microcalculi. Intracellular microcalculi were seen ultrastructurally in acinar cells in membrane‐bound vacuoles that also contained debris and sometimes what appeared to be secretory material. X‐ray microanalysis showed the microcalculi to consist of crystals containing calcium and phosphorus. The observations suggest that the microcalculi form within autophagosomes in acinar cells by a precipitation of calcium and phosphorus present in degenerate material, and that the microcalculi eventually enter lumina, where they may be discharged in the saliva or retained and enlarge.
The distribution of blood group antigens in experimentally produced carcinomas of rat palate
Authors: Reibel J. , Philipsen H. P. , Fisker A. V. , Dabelsteen E.
Published: April 2006

It has been shown previously that rat oral epithelia express antigens cross‐reacting with antibodies against human blood group antigen B and its structural precursor, the H antigen (Type 2 chain). In the present study we investigated the expression of these antigens in malignant changes in the rat palate induced by a chemical carcinogen (4NQO). The H antigen, normally expressed on spinous cells in rats, was absent in malignant epithelium, whereas staining for the B antigen, normally expressed on basal cells, was variable. These changes are equivalent to those seen in human squamous cell carcinomas. The blood group antigen staining pattern in experimentally produced verrucous carcinomas showed an almost normal blood group antigen expression. This may have diagnostic significance. Localized areas of hyperplastic palatal epithelium with slight dysplasia revealed loss of H antigen and the presence of B antigen in suprabasal strata equivalent to the pattern seen in human premalignant epithelium. We conclude from these findings, that the rat model is well suited to study changes in cell surface carbohydrates during chemical carcinogenesis.
Growth of rat salivary glands after terbutaline or dobutamine
Authors: Schneyer C. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Six days after commencement of a regimen of twice daily administration of 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg body wt doses of the β1 adrenergic agonist, dobutammine, or the β1 adrenergic agonist, terbutaline, submandibular and parotid glands of rats were enlarged in size. The β1 receptor was responsible for mediation of these changes with both agonists, since the effects of either agonist were prevented when a 10 mg/kg dose of the β1 antagonist, atenolol, was injected 20 min prior to the agonists but were not prevented when the β1 antagonist butoxamine, was given prior to each agonist. The increase in gland size caused by dobutamine was more marked than that induced by terbutaline; total amount of DNA of the parotid gland was also higher with dobutamine than with terbutaline. The response of the parotid gland to each dose of either agonist was greater than that of the submandibular gland, suggesting that the parotid gland has more β receptors than does submandibular gland. The data also show that the increase in cell size precedes an increase in cell number. The increase in cell size depends on activation of fewer receptors than are required for the increase in DNA, since at the same dose of dobutamine, e.g., increase in cell size but not cell number was observed; moreover, the same dosage effected an increase in DNA of parotid but not submandibular gland. The data thus show that enlargement of both glands, as well as increase in size and number of their acinar cells, is dependent on activation of β1 adrenoceptors only.
Statistical and pathological analysis of oral tumors in the Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Wu P. C. , Pang S. W. , Chan K. W. , Lai C. L.
Published: April 2006

A total of 805 intra‐oral neoplasms was diagnosed in Chinese subjects from 1964–1982 in the University Department of Pathology, Hong Kong. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) totalled 502 and constituted 86% of 502 malignant tumors. Although the majority (82%) of SCC were of the well‐differentiated type, the relatively poor differentiation exhibited by palatal SCC in the females, was noteworthy. There was a marked male predominance in all SCC subgrouped by anatomic site, but the sex difference declined after the 6lh decade and disappeared by the 9th decade. A significant rise in the incidence rate was observed in the decade after 1973 compared to that for 1964–72 in both male (p < 0.0001) and female (p < 0.001). It is speculated that, in the absence of improved oral hygience and dental care, changes in the smoking and drinking habits in the local Chinese are of causal importance.
Kimura's disease and its relation to angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: report of three cases and review of the literature
Authors: Iguchi Y. , Inoue T. , Shimono M. , Yamamura T. , Shigematsu T. , Takahashi S.
Published: April 2006

Kimura's disease, eosinophilic granuloma of soft tissues, is a chronic inflammatory condition and appears as subcutaneous tumor‐like nodules in the head and neck regions. Histopathologically, it is characterized by the presence of lymphoid follicles, marked infiltration of eosinophils, fibrosis and vascular proliferation. This disease occurring in the orofacial region is relatively rare, only 14 cases having been previously reported. We describe 3 additional cases of Kimura's disease and discuss these in relation to angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.
Changes in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity during oral mucosal regeneration
Authors: Fine A. S. , Egnor R. W.
Published: April 2006

Preliminary studies (Lineweaver‐Burk, Ca2+ calmodulin sensitivity) suggest that oral mucosa contains at least two cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases, one a high affinity (low Km) enzyme and the other a low affinity (high Km) enzyme. Analysis of the distribution of both enzymatic forms during oral mucosal regeneration revealed that the low Km, and high Km cAMP phosphodiesterase activities were significantly elevated prior to the first wave of cAMP accumulation and during the second cAMP wave. Although the cAMP peaks declined between 20–24 h, both cAMP phosphodiesterases remained significantly elevated at the wound site. The apparent Km of the low Km form increased from 5.3 to 7.5 uM, while that of the high Km form remained essentially unaltered 20 h after wounding. The low Km, and high Km cAMP phosphodiesterase activities in normal rat oral mucosa were not affected by epinephrine or insulin; were slightly inhibited by glucagon, and significantly inhibited by methylprednisolone. Imidazole and histamine activated both forms and theophylline was inhibitory to the enzyme. The high Km cAMP phosphodiesterase was sensitive, and the low Km form insensitive to Ca2+ calmodulin stimulation.
The biochemistry of nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines and other potential carcinogens in human saliva
Authors: Tenovuo J.
Published: April 2006

Human whole saliva protects the oral environment in many different ways from invading pathogenic microorganisms. Human saliva is also capable of inactivating mutagenic and carcinogenic agents by various mechanisms. The peroxidation of these agents is likely to be one of the degrading reactions. However, under certain circumstances some potentially carcinogenic compounds, such as N‐nitrosamines, may be generated in whole saliva or ‐even more likely ‐ in the saliva‐gastric juice mixture after swallowing. The formation of N‐nitroso compounds requires relatively high intake of nitrate e.g. from vegetable juices. Nitrate is partly reduced to nitrite by oral bacterial enzymes. The nitrosation of various secondary amines is favoured by high salivary (or gastric) concentration of thiocyanate and by low pH. The endogenous generation of N‐nitroso compounds may be causally related to the development of oral or gastric cancer.
The occurrence of blood group substances (A, B, H, Le—a, Le—b) in salivary glands and salivary gland tumors. An immunohistochemical investigation
Authors: Hamper K. , Caselitz J. , Seifert G. , Seitz R. , Poschmann A.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of blood group substances A, B, H, Le‐a and Le‐b in normal and neoplastic salivary gland tissue was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry. The serological ABH blood group status of one third of the patients was known. Lewis blood group and secretory status were not known. In normal tissue, expression of blood group antigens corresponded to the serological blood group. Blood group substance H was present in almost every gland, regardless of the serological blood group. In submandibular glands, Le‐b was rather selective for mucous acini. In tumors, a relationship of blood group expression to a glandular pattern and a high differentiation could be observed. Blood group substances were expressed at a high level in benign and highly differentiated malignant tumors. In poorly differentiated malignant tumors, they were mostly absent. Blood group expression evaluation could be of value in establishing the level of functional differentiation in salivary gland tumors.
Intra‐oral salivary gland neoplasms: a retrospective study of 98 cases
Authors: Chau M. N. Y. , Radden B. G.
Published: April 2006

The findings of a retrospective study of 98 minor salivary neoplasms are reported. The patients' ages ranged from 13–79 years and there was an equal sex distribution. Sixty‐one of the lesions were benign, 53 being pleomorphic adenomas and 8 monomorphic adenomas. Of the malignant tumors, 19 were mucoepidermoid tumors, 12 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 4 adenocarcinomas, 1 carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma and 1 epidermoid carcinoma. One striking finding was the difference in age at the time of presentation for patients with muco‐epidermoid tumors compared with those with adenoid cystic carcinomas. Seventy‐four percent of the patients with muco‐epidermoid tumors were under 50 years of age, but 75% of those with adenoid cystic carcinomas were over 50 years.
Chondromyxoid fibroma of the jaws: a clinicopathological study
Authors: Lustmann J. , Gazit D. , Ulmansky M. , Lewin‐Epstein J.
Published: April 2006

Chondromyxoid fibroma is a benign skeletal tumor which rarely affects the jaws. Only 10 cases have been found in the literature, all of them located in the mandible. In the present articles, 2 additional cases are described, one of them being the first reported case located in the maxilla. Up‐to‐date clinical and pathological data of 2 reported cases and a review of the literature are presented.
Modulation of Class II (DR and DQ) antigen expression on gingival Langerhans cells in vitro by gamma interferon and prostaglandin E2
Authors: Walsh L. J. , Seymour G.J. , Powell R. N.
Published: April 2006

The effect of human and murine gamma interferon (IFN‐γ) on Class II (DR and DQ) expression by human gingival Langerhans cells (LC) was examined using an organ culture system. Human and murine IFN‐γ increased the expression of both DR and DQ antigens during a 72‐h period. Maximal levels of DR expression (100% of T6+ cells) were produced within 6 h of IFN‐γ treatment and were maintained during culture. DQ expression was maximal (100% of T6+ cells) at 18 h and was more labile than DR. The effect of IFN‐γ on DR and DQ was abrogated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE) while indomethacin, and inhibitor of PGE synthesis, mimicked the effect of IFN‐γ on DR and DQ expression. Gingival keratinocytes maintained their expression of DR for 72 h in the presence of γ‐IFN, but did not express DQ under any of the culture conditions used in this study. These results demonstrate that γ‐IFN induces differential expression of Class II antigens in the oral mucosa in vitro, and suggest that γ‐IFN and PGE may be involved in the control of DR and DQ antigen expression in vivo.
Neurotropic melanoma of the lower lip
Authors: McGinnis J. P. , Greer J. L. , Wolfe N. L.
Published: April 2006

The neurotropic melanoma is a rare and highly malignant variant of melanoma that possesses a biphasic neoplastic component. A lentigo maligna melanoma commonly precedes a downgrowth of spindle cells that exhibit fascicle formation and striking neurotropism. A strong predilection for occurrence on the lip has been indicated by published reports. Difficulties exist in the initial diagnosis of the tumor because of its biphasic growth pattern, while the biologic behavior of the tumor is that of multiple recurrences, perincural metastases with cranial neuropathies and intracranial disease, and regional and distant organ melastases. The clinical and histopathologic features of a neurotropic melanoma of the lip are shown, and a brief review of the histogenesis, treatment, and prognosis are presented.
Expression of Class II transplantation antigens by epithelial cells in oral candidosis, oral lichen planus and gingivitis
Authors: Jontell M. , Scheynius A. , Öhman S.‐C. , Magnusson B.
Published: April 2006

Biopsies from normal oral mucosa and oral mucosa affected by candidosis, lichen planus or gingivitis were compared with respect to the expression of two Class II transplantation antigens, HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ, by epithelial cells and the relationship of these antigens to the distribution and frequency of T‐lymphocytes. Indirect immunohistochemistry with different mouse monoclonal antibodies was used on frozen and acetone‐fixed sections. To evaluate the results, a score system based upon the expression of the Class II transplantation antigens by epithelial cells and the frequency of T‐lymphocytes was used. In oral candidosis there was a marked expression of HLA‐DR antigens throughout the epithelium. In addition, this type of epithelium was the only one that expressed HLA‐DQ antigens. An intense intraepithelial infiltration of T‐lymphocytes was observed. Oral lichen planus and gingivitis did, to a much lesser extent, cause the expression HLA‐DR antigens by the epithelial cells. In both lesions, the number of T‐lymphocytes within the epithelium did not exceed the number found in epithelium of normal mucosa. In these types of lesions, the subepithelial infiltrate varied in intensity but was mainly composed of T‐lymphocytes reactive with anti‐Leu 3a antibodies. The results of the present study imply that epithelial expression of the two different Class II antigens arc related to the frequency of the T‐lymphocytes and to the proximity of these cells to the epithelial cells.
Interuniversity microscopic slide exchanges: a mechanism for peer review and continuing education in oral pathology
Authors: Rodu B. , de Leon E. Romero , Martinez G.
Published: April 2006

One thousand seven hundred and three consecutive cases from a microscopic slide exchange with 10 institutions were evaluated for extent of agreement (or disagreement) defined as: A) complete agreement (85.8%). B) Disagreement ‐difference in diagnostic terminology, no significant pathologic or clinical implications (1.4%); C) disagreement ‐ difference in diagnosis with pathologic significance only (7.7%); C1 disagreement ‐ difference in diagnosis with pathologic significance only, radiographic interpretation necessary (1.1%); D) disagreement ‐ major significance for prognosis and/or treatment (4.0%). Trends in disagreement were indentified in the following tissue/location categories: mesenchymal lesions, minor salivary gland tumors, odontogenic tumors, fibro‐osseous lesions, and benign epithelial lesions. These are discussed in relation to the oral pathology literature. All disagreements with significance for prognosis and/or patient treatment were evaluated retrospectively in an attempt to resolve the disparities. The implications for peer review, continuing education, and teaching programs are addressed.
Oral hairy leukoplakia: ultrastructural features
Authors: Belton C. M. , Eversole L. R.
Published: April 2006

Ten instances of a white plaque of the lateral tongue unique to homosexual males and referred to as oral hairy leukoplakia were analysed ultrastructurally. The surface epithelial layer exhibited extracellular, intracellular and intranuclear penetration by hyphae of Candida albicans, sometimes accompanied by coccobacilli in the extracellular space. The subcorneal epithelial layer included koilocytoid ballooned cells which had a paucity of cytoplasmic organelles and displayed condensation and emargination of the chromatin. Cells that exhibited these nuclear changes were found to be infected by a herpes‐type virus which was visualized by electron microscopy in all ten cases. Clusters of nucleocapsids (86‐110 nm in diameter) occurred in the nuclei and enveloped virions (111‐175 nm in diameter) occurred in the cytoplasm and extracellular spaces. Virions showed budding from the nuclear envelope. Bundles of tubular structures (20 nm diameter) arranged in parallel occurred in the cytoplasm of some koilocyloid cells. There was no evidence by electron microscopy of the presence of papilloma virus within koilocytotic nuclei.