bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Three Motives to Choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Arnstein Fred , Feigenbaum Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

23 Ss each played 24 trials of a Prisoner's Dilemma Game against a confederate who mimicked their previous responses. Before each trial, Ss wrote briefly about their conscious thoughts and motivations. These written responses were scored for cooperativeness-competitiveness, trust-mistrust, and economic rationality. Correlations between response measures indicated that A-responses (allowing maximum joint earnings) were strongly influenced by both cooperativeness and trust but that B-responses (allowing maximum individual earnings) did not have as strong a relation to competitiveness. Analysis of differences among religious groups suggested that B-responses may sometimes measure economic rationality more strongly than either competitiveness or mistrust. The study suggests that the A-B response dichotomy may not always be coincident with a cooperative-competitive or trust-mistrust dichotomy.
Effectiveness of Programmed Learning as Homework for Culturally Deprived High School Students
Authors: Armenia John
Published: September 2011

Programmed text materials and conventional text materials were compared in American Government classes using culturally deprived high school students as Ss. Programmed materials were more effective than the conventional materials. Ss verbal reports supported the test findings and indicated that the programmed materials were highly motivating for this population.
Social Reinforcement in the Dog
Authors: McIntire Roger W. , Colley Thomas A.
Published: September 2011

In order to isolate the effectiveness of some components of social reinforcement given to the dog by the human, precise measurements were recorded of six dogs' performance in a disciplined training program. Both verbal praise and petting were used as rewards. When petting was discontinued, verbal praise alone was not sufficient to maintain performance. However, performance was re-established when petting was again added in a later phase of the experiment. The authors conclude that the evidence is supportive of the thesis that some kinds of tactile stimulation are of a primary reinforcement nature to the dog.
Preference for Skill or Chance Tasks in Ambiguous Situations
Authors: Gold Dolores
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to predict choice between a skill and a chance task on the basis of scores on the I-E scale. The choice situation was ambiguous with no specific information being presented except that the alternates depended entirely either on skill or chance. Two groups of Ss were tested in this condition. I-E scores were significantly related to choice ( p < .05) for males but not for females.
“Acquiescence” in the MMPI: A Method Variance Artifact?
Authors: Dicken Charles
Published: September 2011

Analysis of the relationship between content type and true-false keying direction in the item pool from which the MMPI was constructed indicates a striking lack of independence. This suggests that previous evidence interpreted as indicating the importance of acquiescence response style in the MMPI is at least in part an artifact.
Further Evidence concerning Acquiescence and the MMPI
Authors: Dicken Charles , Van Pelt John
Published: September 2011

94 normal and 100 schizophrenic Ss were tested with the MMPI and with a version of the MMPI composed of items reversed in meaning. Comparison of original and reversed items and scales indicated little if any of the variance of the original can be attributed to acquiescence response style. Several item-reversal studies of the MMPI are reviewed and a high degree of consistency is noted.
Schizophrenia and Parental Rejection or Ambivalence
Authors: Laxer Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of psychiatric patients, schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic ( ns = 19) rated “my mother,” “my father,” “my childhood,” and several other concepts on semantic-differential scales shortly after admission to hospital. Schizophrenics showed lower ratings of these three concepts on the evaluative, potency, and activity factors. Schizophrenics showed greater semantic space between the concepts “my mother”—“love” and “my father”—“love” than non-schizophrenics but a smaller semantic space between “my childhood”—“hatred,” “my mother”—“hatred,” and “my father”—“hatred.” On other concepts there were no across-the-board differences between the groups. The results were in line with the prediction that schizophrenics would exhibit a different meaning of concepts in the parent-child sphere. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of Sullivan, Arieti, and Meehl that maternal rejection or ambivalence is a prime factor in schizophrenia.
Losing Games and Their Recognition
Authors: Pate James L.
Published: September 2011

In this study 18 college students served as Ss and played a losing game. On the basis of verbal reports Ss were classified as recognizers or non-recognizers. Stopping or continuing to play was related imperfectly to recognition of the losing nature of the game, i.e., some recognizers continued to play. An important determinant of stopping or continuing to play was the monetary change on plays immediately prior to the opportunity to stop.
Communicator Effectiveness in Relation to the Strength of the Communication
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

Research was conducted to determine whether source effectiveness is dependent in part on the inherent cogency of the communication. No evidence of an interaction effect was found between differential regard for the sources and the differential attitude change effectiveness of two versions of a communication.
Reports of Awareness in Verbal Operant Conditioning
Authors: Lanyon Richard I.
Published: September 2011

131 verbal operant conditioning studies were examined in an attempt to delineate variables related to the frequency of reported awareness. Reports of awareness were found to have been sought more often in studies of college Ss than non-college Ss, and in studies using objectively defined responses rather than subjectively defined responses However, learning without reported awareness occurred more often with non-college Ss and tended to occur somewhat more often with subjectively defined responses. Degree of learning did not vary with frequency of reported awareness. Directions are indicated for further research into conditions favorable to the occurrence of learning without awareness.
Construct Validity and Further Correlates of the Barron Complexity Scale
Authors: Conklin R. C. , Boersma F. J. , Zingle H. W.
Published: September 2011

Barron's complexity-simplicity personality dimension was used as an indicator of success in two different learning situations. Academic achievers were simple scorers while underachieves were complex scorers. Also, simple scorers were found to retain more items on a paired-associate task than complex scorers. Weaknesses in the Barron Complexity Scale were discussed and a suggestion was made for improving the scale. The scale was shown to have little relationship to other measures of flexibility.
A Reinforcement Survey Schedule for Use in Therapy, Training, and Research
Authors: Cautela Joseph R. , Kastenbaum Robert
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a Reinforcement Survey Schedule (RSS) that is intended to be useful in a variety of therapy, training, and research applications. The RSS has four sections: (a) reinforcers that can be presented in palpable, facsimile or imaginary form; (b) reinforcers that can be presented only in facsimile or imaginary form; (c) situational contexts that are reinforcing; and (d) a survey of frequently-occurring daily behaviors. The rationale is discussed for private practice, institutional practice and research, and action implications are outlined. Illustrative data are presented.
The Punchboard in Group-Decision Testing
Authors: Willey Clarence F.
Published: September 2011

The self-scoring multiple-choice punchboard is an efficient device for confirmation of a correct response and correction of errors, but considerable anxiety may result from a number of corrections in close succession. This anxiety may be diluted to the level of beneficial stimulation by placing teams of students in competition, using the punchboard to validate or reject the group decision.
Acquisition and Extinction of the Conditioned Eyelid Response in the Squirrel Monkey as Functions of the CS-UCS Interval
Authors: Pennypacker H. S. , Cook William A.
Published: September 2011

Interstimulus intervals of .5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 sec. were compared for effectiveness in conditioning the blink reaction of the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciurea). Control groups receiving unpaired stimulation, CS-only, and UCS-only were run at each level of ISI. Statistically reliable evidence of conditioning was found in the acquisition data only at .5 sec., with the performance of all groups increasing as a function of ISI. Superior resistance to extinction in the paired group was also discernible only at .5 sec. although the combined performance in extinction of the paired and unpaired groups at 2.0 and 4.0 sec. exceeded that of the .5- and 1.0-sec. groups. A replication experiment using a within-subjects design magnified the interval effect in both acquisition and extinction. The results suggest the operation of pseudoconditioning and sensitization of spontaneous blinks in addition to revealing marked differences from human eyelid conditioning data, particularly in extinction.
Preliminary Investigation regarding Validity Correlates of a Judged Prognosis Scale
Authors: Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

Prior research has demonstrated that psychiatrists' judgments regarding prognosis for functional psychosis classifications are sufficiently reliable to support a prognosis judgment scale ( prog scale) which possesses interval-scale measurement properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the developed prog scale was related to published improvement, recovery, and length of hospitalization rates The results of this preliminary study suggest that psychiatrists' judgments regarding the prognostic aspects of the various functional psychosis classifications are meaningfully related to statistical data which may be regarded as being suitable for use as validity estimation criteria. The directionality of many of these observed relationships are discussed.
Semantic Differential Profiles and Free-Association Norms
Authors: Zippel Bert , Fink Richard T. , Bessemer David W.
Published: September 2011

Ss presented with semantic differential profiles of concepts chose concept names as labels more often than associates elicited by the concept and associates more often than unrelated words.
Cooperative and Competitive Motivation of Children in Three Mexican Sub-Cultures
Authors: Madsen Millard C.
Published: September 2011

Large samples of children in southern Mexico representative of the urban middle class, urban poor, and a rural Indian village participated in four experiments. These were designed to assess cooperative and competitive motivation under the following conditions: (1) simple altruism, (2) work output, (3) solution of a problem in which competition minimized individual reward, and (4) solution of a problem in which competition maximized individual reward. Significant differences between groups were obtained in Exps. III and IV with the urban middle-class children proving to be much more competitive than their urban poor and rural counterparts.
Personality Traits of Teachers Nominated as Strong and Weak
Authors: Anastasiow Nicholas J.
Published: September 2011

Teachers who were nominated as strong or weak by curriculum consultants were asked to rate themselves on Gough's (1960) Adjective Check List. Statistically significant results indicate more women were nominated as strong, more men as weak, more weak teachers delayed returning the questionnaire until pressed to do so, one adjective was checked more frequently by the strong group and seven by the weak. Both groups approached the mean on Gough's scales and few group differences occurred. Strong teachers appear to conform to the cultural stereotype of “teacher.”
Delayed Punishment of Positively Reinforced Bar Presses
Authors: Miller Douglas E. , Reid Larry D. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

Combining positive and negative reinforcement (both being electrical stimulation of the brain) for lever pressing by 4 rats produced a gradient of suppression as the 2 qualities of reinforcement were separated temporally. Maximal suppression occurred with an interstimulus interval of about 1 sec. This maximum was interpreted as marking the intersection of a waning interaction of the neurological aspects of reward and punishment and a delay-of-punishment gradient. After the 1 sec. of neural interaction, the greater the delay of punishment the less the suppression of responding.
Anonymity and Attitudes toward Work
Authors: Kepes Sherwin Y. , True John E.
Published: September 2011

133 aides and attendants in a state mental health facility completed a job satisfaction questionnaire and a scale describing their supervisor's behavior. Approximately half the respondents were asked to sign their names. Anonymous and non-anonymous groups were compared on individual items and total scores. Responses of these two groups were not significantly different. Results agree with previous research findings which indicate that anonymity or non-anonymity bears little relationship to questionnaire responses. The conditions under which differences between anonymous and non-anonymous groups have been observed were discussed.
Retention of Material Practiced under Delayed Auditory Feedback: Preliminary Observations on Two Additional Variables
Authors: Harper R. Bruce , King David J.
Published: September 2011

60 Ss read and recalled a short story. The two experimental groups had a portion of the story presented under delayed auditory feedback; 1 group had a delay of .2 sec., the second a delay of .8 sec. Half the Ss also gave a 15-min. delayed recall while the other half gave a 30-min. delayed recall. These two treatments were equal in effect on immediate and delayed recall. The delayed recall for the material practiced under delayed auditory feedback did not produce the recall facilitation previously found with a delayed recall of 24 hr.
Effectiveness of Counterconditioning as a Function of the Interval between Cessation of Operant I and Reinforcement of Operant II
Authors: Cahoon D. D. , Dragoin W. B. , Wenrich W. W.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported in which the length of time between the cessation of one operant and the reinforcement of another operant is related to the effectiveness of counterconditioning. Within the limits of inter-operant delay investigated (no delay, 10-sec. delay, and 20-sec. delay) effectiveness of counterconditioning seems to increase directly with interval length. The implications of the findings for further research and applied behavior modification efforts are discussed.
Preference for Information under Varying Conditions of Outcome Uncertainty, Intensity, and Delay
Authors: Driscoll James M. , Lanzetta John T. , McMichael James S.
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined the effects of outcome uncertainty ( H), intensity, and delay on S's preference for information over no-information. Ss were instructed to depress either an information or no-information key on each of 60 trials prior to the scheduled occurrence of one of several possible (positive, neutral, mildly negative, strongly negative) outcomes. An information choice resulted in an outcome-correlated signal 0, 10, or 15 sec. prior to the outcome. Although unable to affect overtly application of the outcome when informed, S's preference for information increased with uncertainty but only limited effects of outcome intensity and delay were found.
Effects of Phrasing of the Issue on Reason Giving in Support of Both Sides of the Issue
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

The data suggest that, when asked to give reasons in support of their own policy position and of the opposing policy position on an issue, Ss tend in general to think in terms of the consequences of the alternative to the current policy rather than in terms of the consequences of the current policy itself. Several possible implications of this finding were mentioned.
The Syntax of the Mind
Authors: Bolles Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Those who would introduce mentalistic terms into the explanation of behavior need to recognize both the syntactical and the semantic problems involved in such explanations. To be fruitful, any set of explanatory terms must have both a grammar and a lexicon for their proper use. If a theorist emphasizes semantics at the expense of syntax, then his explanatory terms cannot contribute substantially to any explanation for which they might be invoked, no matter how firmly the terms are anchored semantically. on the other hand, if a theorist emphasizes syntax at the expense of semantics, then the theory may have considerable formal elegance and internal consistency but be worthless for lack of empirical testability. A model of the mind is described which illustrates this latter point.
Notes on Satisfactions in Shopping Centers: I
Authors: Adelberg Tina Z. , Shelly Maynard W.
Published: September 2011

Suggestions are made as to how the constraint-reinforcement approach might be applied to the analysis of satisfactions in shopping centers.
Questionnaire Anxiety
Authors: Brown L. B. , Fernald L. Dodge
Published: September 2011

A set of commonly used questionnaire measures of anxiety was administered to a homogeneous student sample, and intercorrelations were obtained among these scores and for intelligence and course grades. The results show a ‘questionnaire anxiety’ as the common factor. Anxiety assessments from the Draw-A-Person test were found to be highly unreliable.
Free Recall as a Function of Intralist Similarity and Order of Presentation Constraints
Authors: Stimmel D. Theron , Stimmel Nancy S.
Published: September 2011

The free recall of low-meaningfulness CCC trigrams was studied as a function of fixed versus random order of presentation and high versus low intralist similarity. Order of presentation had no significant effect; however, the low intralist similarity group showed better free recall across 10 trials, with the superiority of the low intralist similarity group increasing across trials.
Factorial Study of Motivational Self-Ratings by Female Subjects
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

An iterative factor analysis was performed on the scores obtained from a Motivational Adjective Check List (MACL) ( N = 102 undergraduate female students). The initial matrix of significant factors was rotated according to the quartimax, varimax, and equamax procedures. The promax rotation was then performed on each of the three orthogonal solutions obtaining the promax-quartimax, promax-varimax, and promax-equamax solutions. Interpretation of factors was based on the promax-equamax solution and the factors obtained were: dedication, persistence, self-confidence, assertion, striving, individuality, and pursuance.
Repeated Rater-Subject Contacts in Measurement of Change: Some Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Authors: Michaux Mary Helen , Ota Kay Y. , Hanlon Thomas E. , Zwaag Vander Lettie
Published: September 2011

90 newly admitted, acutely ill psychiatric patients referred for double-blind treatment with phenothiazine drugs were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Each S was evaluated before starting treatment and at the 5th, 15th, and 30th days of medication by 2 clinicians, using the MSRPP and IMPS behavioral rating scales. Group I was evaluated by a constant (or continuing) rater and simultaneously by a second clinician who was replaced by a new rater at the 5th day; Groups II and III by the constant rater and a second rater replaced at the 15th and 30th days, respectively. 3 clinicians were responsible for rating all patients; individual raters were equally represented in both regular ratings and alternate ratings for each group. The design permitted comparisons to be made at each evaluation point between the mean rating of clinicians X, Y, and Z as continuing raters and their mean rating (of the same patients) as fresh raters. The hypothesized generalized effect of repeated rater-ratee contacts was not found. Occasion-judge-contact interaction was, however, the largest single source of variation in scores of two primary factor components (symptom scales) of an illustrative morbidity measure. Experimental data are used to elucidate the thesis that effects of previous rater-subject contacts on scores derived from behavioral scales have not been adequately isolated or related to psychological theory.
Performance in Mixed Verbal-Incentive Pairings with and without Feedback
Authors: McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

150 normal and 150 retarded children performed a marble-dropping task in three experimental arrangements: (1) individually without feedback, (2) in pairs without feedback, and (3) in pairs with feedback. Performance rates and persistence of Ss performing individually or in mixed-incentive pairs under three incentives (reproof, praise, and competition) were compared. A partner's presence increased both rate and persistence by normals; inclusion of feedback further increased their rate but not their persistence. Retardates' rates increased and persistence decreased with a partner's presence; inclusion of feedback decreased their rates and produced varied persistence effects. Comparable incentive effects obtained for individuals and pairs: normals performed faster but with less persistence under reproof than under praise or competition; retardates' rates and persistence were both lower under reproof than under praise or competition.
Measure for Adjustment of the Physically Disabled
Authors: Bell A. Howard
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to explore the attitudes of the orthopedically disabled individual toward his disability and to initiate the preliminary steps toward standardizing an instrument to measure adjustment of the physically disabled. Ss were 45 orthopedically disabled people who were given the Bell Disability Scale of Adjustment (BDSA), the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons (ATDP) scale, and 31 of these 45 were administered the Shipley-Hartford Vocabulary test. The findings are consistent with the rationale underlying the development of the BDSA and are discussed within a framework outlined in an adjustment paradigm of active and passive acceptance and rejection.
Q-Sort Study of the Relationship between Students' Self-Acceptance and Acceptance of Their College
Authors: Graham John R. , Barr Katherine G.
Published: September 2011

28 undergraduates provided Q-sort and nonverbal measures of self-acceptance and acceptance of their college. There was a significant correlation between the Q-sort measures but not between the nonverbal measures. The Q-sort and nonverbal measures were not highly correlated, suggesting that the two measures were not tapping exactly the same aspects of personality.
Notes on Satisfactions at a Street Dance
Authors: Shelly M. W. , Adelberg T. Z. , Hexum P. H.
Published: September 2011

Observations at a street dance indicated that individuals exposed to more social stimulation “moved around” the dance site less and that those who were most active when the band was playing talked the most during “band breaks.” Both results were interpreted as pointing toward the importance of stimulation in social and recreational situations.
How are “First Impressions” Formed?
Authors: Loewenthal Kate
Published: September 2011

The primacy effect in personality impression formation is observed only when Ss write a description of the person before giving opinions (rating and selection of appropriate characteristics). This suggests the importance of certain types of verbal activity in the formation of opinions.
PAVLOV: An Information Retrieval Program for the Analysis of Learning Data
Authors: Kjeldergaard Paul M.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the features of an information retrieval program designed to analyze in depth the results of learning studies or other experimentation involving repeated measures that can be dichotomized. The program efficiently searches the data and summarizes the pertinent facts about Ss' learning history and the effects of the items. The paper also suggests some potential gains from a more careful scrutiny of the data.
Empathy in Schizophrenics, Neurotics, and Normals
Authors: Rosenman Martin F. , Drennen William T.
Published: September 2011

No significant differences were found between the group mean scores of 7 schizophrenics, 7 neurotics, and 7 normals on the Literature Empathy Test. However, there was support for the hypothesis that normals respond in terms of a generalized conventional other, while schizophrenics respond in a more idiographic manner.
A Simulated Runway with an Approaching Goal and Stationary Subject
Authors: Huston Joseph P.
Published: September 2011

An apparatus is described consisting of a modified Skinner-box and a motor-driven belt. A stimulus object mounted on the belt comes to serve as a conditioned goal-stimulus as its distance from the subject is correlated with number of responses in a ratio-run. Implications are discussed.
Measurement of the Pronunciability of CVC Trigrams
Authors: Gorfein David S.
Published: September 2011

Pronunciability scores for 144 CVCs were obtained by means of actual latency data and compared with Underwood and Schulz's pronunciability ratings in terms of their respective correlations with meaningfulness (Noble's m'). It is concluded that, while both pronunciability measures have significant commonality with scaled meaningfulness, the correlation involving Underwood and Schulz's ratings and m' is spuriously high. Since studies of the effect of pronunciability in verbal learning have commonly employed ratings of the Underwood and Schulz variety, it is suggested that any conclusions about the effect of pronunciability on the acquisition of CVC trigrams should be considered highly tentative.
Sex Differences in Verbal Behavior Related to Adjustive Mechanisms
Authors: Aronson H. , Weintraub Walter
Published: September 2011

To study a method of measurement of adjustive devices by means of verbal behavior, two normal groups, one of adult males and one of adult females, were compared. The verbal measures were described and a theoretical basis for their use was outlined. Significant differences between the sexes were discussed in terms of test interpretation.
Japanese Validation of the CPI Social Maturity Index
Authors: Gough Harrison G. , De Vos George , Mizushima Keiichi
Published: September 2011

The scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) seek to measure “folk concepts,” variables originating in and shaped by interpersonal life and hence predictive of significant outcomes in everyday behavior. Scale configurations partake of this interactional relevance and are intended to heighten the inventory's diagnostic accuracy. One such profile pattern is that for social maturity, in which the dominance, responsibility, socialization, and flexibility scales are weighted positively and the good impression and communality scales negatively. In American and Italian samples this index gave “hit” rates of 90.2% and 82.3% in classifying delinquents and nondelinquents. For 113 non-delinquent and 36 delinquent Japanese males the social maturity means were 47.39 ( SD, 3.44) and 40.80 ( SD, 2.70); 88.6% of the 149 Ss were correctly classified by a cutting score of 42.
Validity of the SRA Non-Verbal Form for Adults
Authors: Stratton Albert J.
Published: September 2011

The WAIS (validity criterion) and SRA-NV were administered to a sample of 100 Ss; 20 Ss were selected randomly from 5 age groups. The WAIS mean was 96.53 (range = 66—127); the SRA-NV mean was 95.60 (range = 65—128). The Pearsonian r was .80. Scores differed more than 5 points for 67% of the sample; more than 10 points for 32%. The SRA-NV was an inconsistent predictor of the WAIS rating. The WAIS level tended to be ‘overestimated’ by a SRA-NV high achievement score and ‘underestimated’ by a low achievement score. The SRA-NV mean score declined with each age increment; the decline was appreciable past age 35. Conclusions are that (a) the SRA-NV is an inadequate estimator of the criterion score and (b) the SRA-NV's lack of age norms introduces serious error in the intellectual assessment of persons past 35.
Paired-Associate Transfer as a Function of Ability Level in the A-B, C-A and the A-B, B-C Paradigms
Authors: Schulman Richard M.
Published: September 2011

In 2 experiments, the A-B, B-C and the A-B, C-A paradigms were compared with the A-B, C-D control using 2 levels of ability. For each experiment a different although equivalent sample of 120 Armor enlisted personnel was used (6 groups of 20 each). Both lists of Exp. I and List I of Exp. II utilized a modification of the anticipation procedure in which the stimuli were not pronounced. List II of Exp. II additionally used a multiple-choice procedure to equate response availability between groups. Original list learning unequivocally demonstrated the superiority of the high ability groups. List II comparisons showed clearly for the A-B, B-C paradigm that the high ability groups were faster but were somewhat equivocal for the A-B, C-A paradigm. The similar pattern of A-B, C-A transfer in both experiments was interpreted as suggesting the possibility of a source of facilitation operating on the perceptual level in Exp. II.
Effects of Introductory Phrases and Tonal-Facial Suggestion upon Question-Elicited Responses
Authors: Cameron Paul , Anderson James
Published: September 2011

18 variously-biased phrasings of 2 questions were administered by 20 interviewers pretending to endorse the given phrasing to 1164 college students. Random telephone interviews and quota personal interviews indicated that substantial ‘changes' in ‘opinion’ (on the order of about 13%) could be effected.
Relation of Repression-Sensitization to Philosophies of Human Nature
Authors: Duke Robert B. , Wrightsman Lawrence S.
Published: September 2011

150 males and 45 females were administered the Philosophy of Human Nature (PHN) Scale and the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale. Sex differences were found on the PHN subscales, and the two sexes were treated separately. Both male and female sensitizers believed human nature to be more negative than did repressers, but female sensitizers presented a more selective negative view on the subscales associated with the positive vs negative view of human nature. No relationship was found in either sex between the R-S dimension and the beliefs about the extent of complexity or variability present in human nature.
A Behaviorally Oriented Treatment Program for Alcoholism
Authors: McBrearty John F. , Dichter Marvin , Garfield Zalmon , Heath Glen
Published: September 2011

A review of the area concerned with psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of alcoholism yielded a considerably less than optimistic reaction regarding the efficacy of such treatment maneuvers. Sensing the need for an investment of effort in newer directions, a treatment program, which follows the principles of behavior modification, was developed and is delineated here.
Favorability of Group Atmosphere and Group Dimensionality
Authors: Moran Gary , Klockars Alan J.
Published: September 2011

Fiedler has recently proposed that the direction of the relationship between the leadership personality trait LPC and group productivity is mediated by the favorability of the atmosphere in the group in which leadership is exercised. One crucial aspect of this so-called contingency model is the manner in which the favorability of a group's atmosphere for the exercise of leadership is measured. Fiedler's measure of favorability, while empirically valid, does not allow for determination of the general properties of favorable groups. This paper demonstrates that groups classified as favorable in Fiedler's usage of this term are characterized by many general group dimensions including intimacy, hedonic tone, potency, cohesiveness, participation, polarization, stratification, and flexibility. The dimension called “favorability” is specifiable in terms of many basic dimensions of groups and appears to be a fruitful concept for basic group research.
Conditioned Fear in the Fish
Authors: Brookshire Kenneth H. , Hognander Orville C.
Published: September 2011

Paradise fish, macropodus opercularis, were given inescapable shocks in the black side of a two-compartment box. Following training they showed acquisition of a target-striking instrumental response which permitted them to escape from the black compartment to a white compartment. Non-shocked control Ss also showed evidence of learning, probably based on an exploratory drive, but their behavior was far less persistent than that of the experimental group. The results are compared with those of other studies, on both the fish and mammals, which have investigated the effects of conditioned fear training, and some theoretical implications are drawn.
Avoidance Learning in the Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Rat
Authors: Lin Jean J. , Mogenson Gordon J.
Published: September 2011

Avoidance learning by the guinea pig, the hamster, and the rat was studied. Two avoidance boxes were used, one requiring a running response and the other a jumping response. Species differences were observed which varied with the two avoidance responses.
Examiner Differences on the Stanford-Binet
Authors: Di Lorenzo Louis T. , Nagler Eric
Published: September 2011

The Stanford-Binet scores of 1154 4-yr.-old children were analyzed with the aim of determining whether E-bias was a significant factor affecting results in the individualized test situation. Each child was randomly assigned and tested twice, 1 yr. apart, by a team of four school psychologists, unknown to Ss. Significant differences were found between group means by E for all four testing periods. It was concluded that even with highly trained and experienced Es, using the Stanford-Binet in the context of experimental research, measurement error can be introduced and that researchers should build into their designs controls for E-differences and report results by Es separately.
Some Correlates of Test-Taking Anxiety
Authors: Walsh Richard P.
Published: September 2011

The relations of anxiety as measured by the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety scale to extroversion, neuroticism, and optimism were explored. Anxiety scores were those derived from the Facilitating (helpful) subscale, the Debilitating (crippling) subscale, and the Facilitating minus the Debilitating subscale. Ss were 134 members of a sophomore social science class. For the total group, significant relationships were found among three measures of anxiety and neuroticism and optimism but none with extroversion. By sex, only the males showed the same significant correlations as the total sample. Further studies, particularly with the anxiety measures, must be cautious of possible sex differences. Since the relationships found among neuroticism, optimism, and the anxiety types were logical, some construct validity is derived for the Alpert-Haber scale.
Cognitive and Emotional Components of Test Anxiety: Temporal Factors
Authors: Spiegler Michael D. , Morris Larry W. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Two investigations of the relationship between “worry” ( W) and “emotionality” ( E), components of test anxiety, and performance expectancy are reported. Undergraduate and graduate students responded to a modified form of Mandler and Sarason's TAQ containing 5 W and 5 E items. W was found to be negatively related to expectancy. E was not consistently related to expectancy but varied as a function of the external cues of the testing situation.
Free Operant Response Reinstatement during Extinction and Time-Contingent (DRO) Rewards
Authors: Campbell Patrick , Phillips Elery , Fixsen Dean , Crumbaugh Charles
Published: September 2011

3 experiments are reported on the reinstatement of a bar-press response by rats during free operant extinction. After extended training on a VR schedule of food reward, an extinction procedure in which reward was negatively correlated with the bar-press response was initiated, i.e., reward was presented after 4 min of no bar presses. Results indicated that pause-contingent reward served to increase the rate of responding beyond what could be explained by the eliciting properties of reward-correlated stimuli or the “novelty” of stimulus change.
Control of Eating Behavior in an Obese Patient by Avoidance Conditioning
Authors: Kennedy Wallace A. , Foreyt John Paul
Published: September 2011

A behavioral treatment utilizing avoidance conditioning with an obese patient is described. Favorite foods (CS) were paired with a highly noxious odor (UCS) in the conditioning paradigm and a weight loss of 30 lb. over 22 wk. was reported. Problems of control over environment and habituation to the UCS are discussed.
Symptom Patterns of Psychiatrically Diagnosed Veterans Who Request Treatment and Those Who Do Not
Authors: Smith Richard W. , Young Harl H.
Published: September 2011

59 veterans requesting treatment at the Denver V.A. Mental Hygiene Clinic and 57 eligible veterans never requesting such treatment were given a symptom inventory in order to discern possible distinguishing symptom patterns between the groups. Four hypotheses were tested; one confirmed. The results indicated that “comers” claimed over-all greater symptomatology, especially in the areas of sensitivity and suspiciousness, “troublesome psychopathy” or impulse control, and nervousness and anxiety. There were no significant differences between the groups in claimed psychological or claimed physical symptoms. Years of education was unrelated to incidence of claimed psychological symptomatology.
Relationship between Individual Social Desirability Ratings and Hand Acquiescence and I-E Scores
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between two measures of individual social desirability ratings and the test scores of college students was determined for Hand's Acquiescence Scale and the I-E Scale. A measure of the imbalance of intensity of social desirability on the two subscales of each test was significantly related to the scores on Hand's Acquiescence Scale ( r = .38, p < .001) and to the scores on the I-E Scale ( r = .82, p < .001). A measure of the imbalance of the individual social desirability ratings on pairs of items was significantly related to Hand's Acquiescence Scale scores ( r = 32, p < .001) and to the scores on the I-E Scale ( r = .79, P < .001).
Multiple-Item Exposure and Serial Learning
Authors: Wade Edward A. , Gulo E. Vaughn
Published: September 2011

Recent studies show that simultaneously-presented pairs detrimentally affect paired-associate learning. In this study, serial learning was not affected by exposure of the cue item plus 1, 2 or 3 preceding items. The data seem relevant to the issue regarding identity of a functional stimulus; additional research of a parametric nature is in order.
Copulatory Behavior in Rats: Changes as Satiety is Approached
Authors: Dewsbury Donald A.
Published: September 2011

12 male rats were each given two copulation tests continued to a satiety criterion of 30 min. with no intromissions. In one test the same female was used throughout, while in the other the female was changed after each ejaculation. In addition to previously established phenomena, and independent of changes in the female, ejaculation latency and mean inter-intromission interval increased as satiety was approached. Existent models of the control of rodent copulatory behavior must be revised to account for these changes, as the development of satiety appears more complex than previously thought.
Evaluation of Closed-Circuit Television in Teaching Educational Psychology
Authors: Rawls James R. , Rawls Donna J.
Published: September 2011

Results indicated that there were no significant differences in achievement and retention of students taught by conventional and televised instruction. Students in general held highly unfavorable attitudes about television instruction and strongly preferred the conventional classroom approach. Although these unfavorable attitudes decreased among those who had taken previous telecourses and among those making high grades, even the majority of these preferred conventional instruction. Students paid little heed to the image on the screen and were observed looking in the direction of a television set only 20% of the time; students in conventional classes looked at the lecturer 42% of the time. Suggestions for improving the course were discussed.
Effect of Size of Rearing Group on Emotionality: Possible Confounding with Cage Size
Authors: Morrison Bruce John
Published: September 2011

In all studies varying size of rearing group, cage size has been confounded with size of rearing group. Thus extinction of natural responses due to living in a larger cage could make group-housed Ss appear to be less emotional than individually housed Ss. 24 albino rats were divided into three conditions: individually housed in small cage, individually housed in large cage, two Ss housed in large cage. After 6 wk. all Ss were tested in an open field and measures recorded were center entry, corner occupancy, number of lines crossed, rearing, grooming, and freezing. Cage size was found to have a slight effect but not sufficient to explain the differences in emotionality found in studies of group vs individual housing.
Learning in an Invertebrate with a Positive Reinforcement of Water
Authors: Morrow Joseph E. , Smithson Billy L.
Published: September 2011

Four isopods, Porcellio scaber, were subjected to a water-deprivation procedure in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment. Ss were then given trials in a T maze. When turning against a pre-established preference (correct turn) was followed by access to water, all Ss began on subsequent trials to turn against preference to a criterion of 9 correct turns out of 10 consecutive trials, within a range of 10 to 44 trials. A control group not given access to water after turning did not exhibit any marked change in turning tendency.
Stimulating Creative Problem Solving: Innovative Set
Authors: Colgrove Melba A.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine whether a set toward innovative problem solving can be induced via an instructional manipulation. Performance of Ss given standard instructions for the Changing Work Procedures case (Maier, 1952, 1965) was compared with that of Ss given experimental instructions designed to foster confidence in their originality and problem-solving ability. 475 undergraduate Ss (348 males and 127 females) were randomly assigned to the standard and experimental conditions. It was found that Ss given experimental instructions generated innovative solutions significantly more often than those given standard instructions. The performance of females was improved to a greater extent than that of males. The results suggest that the tendency to accept obvious solutions prevents individuals from performing up to their capacities; and it appears that current programs of research designed to identify highly creative individuals could well be complemented by studies of short-term determinants of innovative behavior.
Comparison of Two Scoring Methods for the Short Form of the Manifest Anxiety Scale and Eysenck's Extraversion (E) and Neuroticism (N) Scales
Authors: Salisbury J. L. , Sherrill David , Friedman S. Thomas , Horowitz Bernard
Published: September 2011

83 undergraduates at the University of Texas (Austin) were administered two forms of the MAS, E, and N scales. One form called for traditional true/false responses (scored 2/1); the other, responses along a 6-point continuum (scored +3/–3). Correlations and reliability estimates for the scales under both conditions reflect the equivalence of the scoring methods.
Operant Stimulus Control Applied to Maze Behavior: II. Positive Reinforcement of Discrimination Reversal in Rats
Authors: Davidson Robert S.
Published: September 2011

4 rats were reinforced with cream and sugar for traversing a 4-ft. runway which allowed right and left approaches to separate goal boxes. After each S had satisfied 3 criteria of stable responses to a goal, the path to that goal was blocked by a door, thus requiring a discrimination reversal. All Ss met the same criteria of stability through 2 to 4 reversals as a decreasing function of number of reinforced trials.
Interrelationships among Manifest Anxiety, Extraversion and Neuroticism under Two Scoring Conditions
Authors: Sherrill David , Salisbury J. L. , Friedman S. Thomas , Horowitz Bernard
Published: September 2011

83 undergraduates at the University of Texas (Austin) were administered two forms of the Manifest Anxiety Scale, Neuroticism, and Extraversion scales. One form called for traditional true/false responses; the other, responses along a 6-point continuum. Correlations were obtained across and within scoring conditions. Results largely confirm those reported by Bendig. As with Bendig's study, a significant relationship was found between Extraversion and Neuroticism, contrary to Eysenck's original thesis.
Model for the Prediction of Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Devries Alcon G.
Published: September 2011

A three-factorial model for the prediction of suicidal behaviors has been proposed. This model allows both the integration of past research findings and the generation of new propositions regarding suicidal behaviors by analyzing the interaction of variables on different dimensions.
Authoritarianism and Attitudes toward Police
Authors: Larsen Knud S.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire composed of an authoritarian measure and two assessments of attitudes toward police was administered to 103 Ss. Large positive correlations obtained between authoritarianism and attitudes toward police. This relationship may be partially explained as a function of high authoritarian S's insecurity, as a result of which the police become a mediating force in an otherwise threatening environment. No sex differences were observed, but age was correlated inversely with both authoritarianism and attitudes toward police.
Studies in Creativity: III. Effect of Overlearning on Recall and Usage of Information
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Thurber James A. , Julius Mara
Published: September 2011

When Ss are instructed to write creative stories, using as many words from a learned list of paired words as they can, they show striking differences. Some tend to keep the pairs intact, others tend to fragment them, and still others make up new groupings. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the influence of the strength of associative bonds on word usage. The first story was written after 4 repetitions of the list of 12 pairs of words (presented in varied order) and a second story was written after 12 repetitions. The results showed no significant differences in the usage of the experimental words for the two stories, although the memory tests revealed difference in the degree of learning. Furthermore, it was found that the measures of word usage did not differ significantly from a pilot study (Maier, Julius, & Thurber, 1967) in which both stories were written after 12 repetitions of the list of paired words. The concepts of associative bonds, reinforcement, and overlearning derived from learning studies, though adequate for studies of recall, cannot be freely generalized to problem situations. Problem situations introduce a selective function which alters the dynamics of the associative processes and these dynamics show considerable individual variation.
Interstimulus Interval in Classical Pupillary Conditioning
Authors: Fitzgerald Hiram E. , Brackbill Yvonne
Published: September 2011

Classical pupillary conditioning to CS-UCS intervals of 1.5, 6, and 9 sec. was studied in adult human beings. There was no evidence of uniform conditioning in any experimental group. Nevertheless, one or more Ss did condition in each experimental group. There was no evidence of conditioning in either control group (0-sec. SI).