bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Form to Follow Function: Recladding A Regional Healthcare Facility
Authors: Forner Tammy D.
Published: October 2008

This case study presents the recladding program undertaken by Riverside Regional Medical Center in Newport News, VA, and examines the deliberative process that resulted in retrofit of an existing 40+ year old aluminum/glass/metal panel curtain wall system without removal of the existing system or opening large areas of the façade to exterior weather. Steps within the process included: (1) establishing a design approach and air/water control theory; (2) verifying structural capacity of the existing façade anchorage and vertical structural members; (3) identifying and specifying products that met the design and performance requirements; (4) evaluating an innovative option for improved thermal performance; (5) testing the air/water barrier to verify performance; and (6) careful monitoring of work progress and installation quality. All of this was done with very close coordination with hospital management and staff to minimize service disruptions and occupant discomfort for this sensitive client population. The final result includes increased energy efficiency and acoustical performance of the façade system—while presenting a progressive new image to the public.
Laser Generated Crack-Like Features Developed for Assessment of Fatigue Threshold Behavior
Authors: Nardi Aaron T. , Smith Stephen L.
Published: October 2008

Developing methods to evaluate damage tolerance in high cycle fatigue is an important issue for the propeller industry. Traditional methods to establish threshold stress intensity factors for aluminum and martensitic steel have relied mainly on load shedding through-crack test specimens resulting in a pre-cracking history and the associated closure effects. For threshold determination of real life defects, a surface-crack test method, devoid of pre-cracking and closure issues, is needed. To this end, laser generated crack-like features (LGCLFs) were created and have been used successfully to evaluate the threshold crack growth properties of cracks in 7075-T651 with and without shot peening in axial R = 0.1 loading. For this work, a laser part marking system was used to generate a LGCLF semi-circular in shape, and measuring ∼0.015 in. (0.381 mm) deep by ∼0.030 in. (0.762 mm) long, with a notch height of 0.0007–0.001 in. (17.8–25.4 μm) with a tip radius of 0.000 14 in. (3.5 μm). When evaluated metallographically, these laser notches exhibited a very thin recast layer and a negligible heat affected zone. Specimens produced with these flaws were tested in R=0.1 tension-tension fatigue to produce a stress versus life plot of the data. A NASGRO crack growth model was used to generate stress versus cycle data points for the same geometry over the same stress range with a 7075-T651 material model and a crack growth threshold of 1.35 ksi ⋅(in.)0.5 resulting in very good agreement with the test data. This threshold compares favorably with the small crack threshold of 1.27–1.33 ksi⋅(in.)0.5 produced by da/dN testing performed by NASA at R=0.1 using a compressive pre-cracking method. Testing with samples shot peened prior to generating a LGCLF exhibited significantly higher endurance stresses and failure initiations were not from the LGCLF.
Analysis of Crack Growth at R=−1 Under Variable Amplitude Loading on a Steel for Railway Axles
Authors: Carboni M. , Beretta S. , Madia M.
Published: October 2008

Railway axles are designed for infinite life, but occasional failures have been and are observed in service. The failures, which are usually due to fatigue crack propagation, are typically positioned at the press fits which correspond to the wheels, gears, brakes, or they appear at the axle body close to the notches and transitions. The way to addressing this problem is to adopt the concept of “damage tolerance” in order to determine the inspection intervals of the axle depending on the NDT method. The issue open to discussion is the choice of the correct algorithm for simulating crack growth at R=−1 at variable amplitude loading especially when considering mild steels such as A1N. The aim of the present research is to discuss the application of state-of-the-art algorithms to estimate the effect of block loading at R=−1 (derived from real load spectra experienced by the axle) upon constant crack growth rate. More specifically the current research addresses: (i) crack growth experiments at R=−1 under constant amplitude loading on two novel types of small-scale specimens; (ii) crack growth experiments under block loading on small-scale specimens; and (iii) the prediction of the experimental evidences by well-known and wide-spread analytical tools.
Evaluation of Residual Stress Corrections to Fracture Toughness Values
Authors: Hill Michael R. , VanDalen John E.
Published: October 2008

This paper describes tests carried out to evaluate whether comparable values of fracture toughness may be determined from coupons that contain a range of residual stress. Coupons for fracture toughness testing are taken from a single rolled plate of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy and are fabricated using identical methods. Following fabrication, residual stresses are induced in coupon subsets using laser shock peening. Each coupon subset has a unique laser peening treatment design, such that following fatigue precracking, the stress intensity factor due to residual stress varies over the coupon subsets created from positive to neutral to negative. Subsequent fracture toughness tests show expected trends in the varying toughness values for each coupon subset. Measurements of residual stress on the crack plane, and measurements of the residual stress intensity factor, enable correction of the toughness data through superposition and linear elastic fracture mechanics. The resulting corrected fracture toughness values provide data useful for evaluating residual stress corrections with potential for application to standard fracture test methods. Such corrections would enable measurements of intrinsic fracture toughness in samples that contain significant levels of residual stress.
From Swidden Cultivation to Fixed Farming and Settlement: Effects of Sedentarization Policies among the Kmhmu in Vietnam
Authors: Chính Nguyễn Văn
Published: October 2008

Most research on the Kmhmu tends to concentrate on their ethnonym, kinship system, language, folkways, and customs of marriage, family, and religion. The recent cultural transformation and adaptation, the state's intervention, and its impacts on the life of the Kmhmu still remain unknown or are not fully recognized by researchers. This article examines the sedentarization policies and development programs that were applied in the Kmhmu villages, assessing their response to those policies and the changing patterns of life among the Kmhmu in Vietnam.
"Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains
Authors: McElwee Pamela
Published: October 2008

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Vietnam was largely divided between lowland-dwelling Vietnamese [Kinh] and a variety of ethnic groups living in the highlands. Yet by the close of the century, these ethnic minorities were far outnumbered by Kinh in most upland areas, thanks to extensive migration programs. This article looks at Kinh migrant and ethnic minority relations in the Annamite [Trường Sơn] uplands, with a focus on social, cultural, environmental, and economic interactions between migrants and local indigenous peoples.
Frequency of drug consumption and falls in a one-year follow-up study among the inhabitants of nursing homes
Authors: Bényi Mária , Kéki Zsuzsanna , Rákos-Zichy Péter , Panics Vilmosné , Honvéd Ivett
Published: October 2008

Az időskori esések egészségügyi, szociális, gazdasági terhe igen jelentős napjainkban is. A demográfiai változások következtében a problémával továbbra is számolni kell. Európa-szerte nagy figyelem hárul az időskori balesetek megelőzésére. A szerzők egy európai uniós program keretében kutatást végeztek a szociális otthoni körülmények között élők esési gyakoriságáról, illetve annak okairól.
Cél:
A kutatás célja az volt, hogy az esések gyakoriságán kívül azok háttere is feltárásra kerüljön, különös tekintettel a gyógyszerfogyasztásra.
Adatok, módszer:
Egységes kérdőív alapján két szociális otthonban, amelyeknek együtt 1016 lakója van, egyéves vizsgálat történt. A munka során az ápolószemélyzet rögzített minden esést és azok körülményeit, következményeit. Az okok között kiemelt helyen szerepeltek a környezeti tényezők mellett a fogyasztott gyógyszerek. Ez utóbbiakat az elnevezésük alapján tovább vizsgáltuk, a hatásukat és az elesést okozó mellékhatásukat illetően. Az adatfeldolgozás SPSS 14.0 programmal történt.
Eredmények:
A szociális otthonok lakói között 1013 esés történt a 12 hónap során. Az esetek kétharmadában valamilyen egészségügyi ellátást igényelt az elesett személy. A leggyakrabban horzsolás, zúzódás, illetve bőrsérülés jött létre (20–24%). Combnyaktörés 3%-ban, egyéb törés 1,8%-ban következett be. Szinte minden lakó fogyaszt gyógyszert: 19% háromfélét vagy annál kevesebbet, a többség ennek a többszörösét. Az egy főre jutó maximális gyógyszerfogyasztás 19 volt, az átlag 6. Az esést okozó mellékhatások tekintetében a maximum 43 volt, az átlag 14. Az egyes mellékhatások gyakoriságát, halmozódását külön is bemutatjuk.
Következtetések:
Az időskori esések száma, aránya jelentős a szociális otthonban élők körében. Ennek egyik oka lehet az igen nagy mennyiségű gyógyszerfogyasztás, amelynek mellékhatása következtében nő az elesés rizikója.
Level of knowledge among patients treated with oral anticoagulant
Authors: Várnai Réka , Végh Mária , Pótó László , Nagy Lajos
Published: October 2008

Az acenocoumarol-kezelés gyakran okoz kórházi felvételt igénylő gastrointestinalis és egyéb manifeszt vérzéseket.
Célkitűzés:
Az acenocoumarollal kezelt betegek tudásszintjének felmérése a káros mellékhatásokkal, valamint a káros gyógyszer-táplálék kölcsönhatásokkal kapcsolatban.
Módszer:
Hatvanhat kérdésből álló kérdőív, amelyet a betegek családorvosi praxisokban (77 darab), illetve a Családorvostani Intézet és a III. Sz. Belgyógyászati Klinika szakrendelésein (80 darab) töltöttek ki.
Eredmények:
Összesen 157 fő vett részt a vizsgálatban (férfi:nő arány 45:55; átlagéletkor = 65,5 év). Az orvos mellett a dietetikus és a szakképzett nővér által is tájékoztatott betegcsoportban mindenki tudott a lehetséges mellékhatásokról. A családorvos, illetve az egyéb szakorvos által tájékoztatott csoportban a betegek 14,5%-ának, illetve 31,1%-ának nem volt tudomása a véralvadásgátló kezelés mellékhatásairól. A betegek 71,4%-a számára ismeretlen a diéta lényege és fontossága. Az acenocoumarol és egyéb gyógyszerek közötti káros kölcsönhatásokról a betegek tájékozottsága alacsony: az aszpirin, a fájdalomcsillapítók, illetve a K-vitamin közötti kölcsönhatásról a betegek 24,4, 23,0, illetve 18,6%-ának volt tudomása.
Következtetések:
Jelentős mértékben javítani kell a betegek informáltságát a per os antikoaguláns terápia körülményeiről. A betegtájékoztatás hatékonysága növelhető, ha ebben az orvos mellett dietetikus és szakképzett nővér is közreműködik.
Roundabout 4 Is Expressed on Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Potentially Involved in the Niche-Mediated Regulation of the Side Population Phenotype
Authors: Shibata Fumi , Goto-Koshino Yuko , Morikawa Yoshihiro , Komori Tadasuke , Ito Miyuki , Fukuchi Yumi , Houchins Jeffrey P. , Tsang Monica , Li Dean Y. , Kitamura Toshio , Nakajima Hideaki
Published: October 2008

Roundabout (Robo) family proteins are immunoglobulin-type cell surface receptors that are expressed predominantly in the nervous system. The fourth member of this family, Robo4, is distinct from the other family members in that it is expressed specifically in endothelial cells. In this study, we examined the expression of Robo4 in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and its possible role in HSC regulation. Robo4 mRNA was specifically expressed in murine HSCs and the immature progenitor cell fraction but not in lineage-positive cells or differentiated progenitors. Moreover, flow cytometry showed a correlation between higher expression of Robo4 and immature phenotypes of hematopoietic cells. Robo4high hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells presented higher clonogenic activity or long-term repopulating activity by colony assays or transplantation assays, respectively. A ligand for Robo4, Slit2, is specifically expressed in bone marrow stromal cells, and its expression was induced in osteoblasts in response to myelosuppressive stress. Interestingly, overexpression of Robo4 or Slit2 in HSCs resulted in their decreased residence in the c-Kit+Sca-1+Lineage−-side population fraction. These results indicate that Robo4 is expressed in HSCs, and Robo4/Slit2 signaling may play a role in HSC homeostasis in the bone marrow niche.
Lessons from historical bridge failures
Authors: Collings David
Published: October 2008

This paper presents reviews of the histories of seven large bridges that failed or required repair due to a weakness in design either during construction or shortly after being brought into service. All seven failures played a significant role in developing the civil engineering profession's knowledge of structural action and materials behaviour. The author builds upon the important historical research work of others to show that these case histories still hold lessons for the profession today. in particular, they all had some precedent, which at the time went largely unnoticed, indicating that such failures may be controlled or foreseen.
Preparation for Future Care Needs by Parents Providing Care for their Adult Offspring with Disabilities
Authors: Hafen Mcarthur , Sörensen Silvia
Published: October 2008

Older adults who provide care for an adult child with a disability have rarely been considered when investigating propensity to plan for future care. Families in these circumstances are at risk of experiencing a crisis as these caregiving parents experience personal health challenges. This study investigated influences on the plans made by adults caring for adult offspring with a disability for their own as well their offspring's future care. Results indicated that parents who cared for an adult child with a disability were more likely to plan for their offspring's than their own care and the more planning they did for their adult child, the more they were likely to do for themselves. Implications are discussed.
Implications of Terrorist Attacks and other Campus Deaths for On-Going Student Support Needs
Authors: Morse Winifred , Fennell Gloria , Crothers Marie K. , Schneider Katherine S.
Published: October 2008

A Web survey of 376 students from one university and interviews with a subset of 19 explored responses to the events of September 11, 2001 and campus-specific traumatic events during the 2001-2002 academic year. Participants described their responses, coping behaviors, and the usefulness of university services. Results are discussed in terms of applicability to current and potential traumas affecting college students.
Psychometric Properties of the Hoarding Assessment Scale in College Students
Authors: Schneider Andrea F. , Storch Eric A. , Geffken Gary R. , Lack Caleb W. , Shytle R. Douglas
Published: October 2008

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Hoarding Assessment Scale (HAS; Shytle & Sheehan, 2004) using a college sample. The HAS, Savings Inventory Revised (SI-R), Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FOCI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), were administered to 268 students at a large university in the southeastern United States. Results demonstrated strong psychometric properties of the instrument, including positive and significant correlations with the SI-R, FOCI, and BDI-II. Implications of this study on the assessment of hoarding are discussed.
Diabetes Education: Integrating Theory, Cultural Considerations, and Individually Tailored Content
Authors: Osborn Chandra Y. , Fisher Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2008

IN BRIEF

Efforts are needed to improve the efficacy and accessibility of diabetes education programs for ethnic minority groups. This article focuses on the importance of integrating health behavior change theory and culturally tailored content in the design and content of such programs, as well as improving their availability in clinical and community-based settings.
Hydrogen peroxide–induced stroke: elucidation of the mechanism in vivo
Authors: Mut Melike , Yemisci Muge , Gursoy-Ozdemir Yasemin , Ture Ugur
Published: October 2008

Object

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as a hemostatic agent in many neurosurgery centers. The authors used a 3% H2O2 solution for final hemostasis after removal of a left insular tumor. Immediately afterward, air bubbles were observed within the lumen of the polar temporal artery. Postoperative MR imaging revealed punctate areas of infarction in the lenticulostriate artery territory. The authors designed an experimental study to elucidate the mechanism of remote O2 emboli and reactive O2 species–related vasoactive responses and thrombus formation.

Methods

In this study, H2O2 irrigation was used in mice with either an intact pial layer or after the pia mater was removed through a corticotomy. Normal saline irrigation was used in the corresponding control groups. Vessels were examined for intravascular O2 emboli under the microscope. Tissue sections were then obtained and stained with H & E and the 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) antibody to evaluate intravascular thrombus formation and peroxynitrite reaction, respectively.

Results

Multiple bubbles were observed within the lumen of the vessels after exposure to H2O2 regardless of whether the pial layer was destroyed or intact. Immunofluorescent staining for 3-NT showed an abundant positive reaction in the vessel walls of all animals exposed to H2O2 as well as vascular occlusion with acute thrombus formation. Samples taken from the animals that received saline showed no positive staining for 3-NT and no vascular occlusion.

Conclusions

Exposure to H2O2 may cause serious ischemic complications. The formation of peroxynitrite may cause vasoactive responses to H2O2 and platelet aggregation/thrombus formation, and the free diffusion of H2O2 through the vessel walls and its conversion to water and O2 leads to O2 bubbles within the closed vessel lumen. If used intradurally, H2O2 may have deleterious ischemic effects, and it can only be used carefully in open extradural spaces.
Histological considerations of the cleavage plane for preservation of facial and cochlear nerve functions in vestibular schwannoma surgery
Authors: Sasaki Tomio , Shono Tadahisa , Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Yoshida Fumiaki , Suzuki Satoshi O.
Published: October 2008

Object

The authors analyzed the tumor capsule and the tumor–nerve interface in vestibular schwannomas (VSs) to define the ideal cleavage plane for maximal tumor removal with preservation of facial and cochlear nerve functions.

Methods

Surgical specimens from 21 unilateral VSs were studied using classical H & E, Masson trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining against myelin basic protein.

Results

The authors observed a continuous thin connective tissue layer enveloping the surfaces of the tumors. Some nerve fibers, which were immunopositive to myelin basic protein and considered to be remnants of vestibular nerve fibers, were also identified widely beneath the connective tissue layer. These findings indicated that the socalled “tumor capsule” in VSs is the residual vestibular nerve tissue itself, consisting of the perineurium and underlying nerve fibers. There was no structure bordering the tumor parenchyma and the vestibular nerve fibers. In specimens of tumors removed en bloc with the cochlear nerves, the authors found that the connective tissue layer, corresponding to the perineurium of the cochlear nerve, clearly bordered the nerve fibers and tumor tissue.

Conclusions

Based on these histological observations, complete tumor resection can be achieved by removal of both tumor parenchyma and tumor capsule when a clear border between the tumor capsule and facial or cochlear nerve fibers can be identified intraoperatively. Conversely, when a severe adhesion between the tumor and facial or cochlear nerve fibers is observed, dissection of the vestibular nerve–tumor interface (the subcapsular or subperineurial dissection) is recommended for preservation of the functions of these cranial nerves.
À propos de la marginalité : réflexions illustrées par quelques enquêtes en milieu urbain et suburbain africain.
Authors: Vernière Marc
Published: October 2008

V. Vernière — Reflexions on Mavginality, with Illustrations from Fieldwork in African Urban and Suburban Milieux. The concept of marginality as developed by the American urban sociologists of the Chicago school is to a large extent irrelevant in new African towns and French specialists have proposed to speak, instead, of "under-integrated urban growth." While typologies with a technical basis (importance and nature of collective equipments and amenities, land rights, etc.) remain very useful it may be more convenient to classify marginal townsmen in two groups: those who are expelled from the urban centres by the authorities and resettled on peripheral official allotments; those who spontaneoulsy start squatting down illegally in the urban fringe. Official resettlement is usually repressive by nature and finally less successful than spontaneous squatting as shown by recent developments in Dakar and Douala.
De la chefferie traditionnelle au canton : évolution du canton colonial au Sénégal – 1855-1960.
Authors: Zuccarelli François
Published: October 2008

F. Zucarelli — Evolution of the Colonial "Canton" (County) in Sénégal, 1885-1960. History and légal status of African chiefs during the colonial period. Transformation of traditional rulers into "a spécial kind of civil servants." Rules of appointment, stipends, discipline, etc. Political and administrative rôle of canton chiefs.
L'image du Cameroun dans la littérature coloniale allemande.
Authors: Dippold Max F.
Published: October 2008

M. F. Dippoiyd — The Image of Cameroon in German Colonial Literalure. An analysis of pre-World War I German novels and travel-books with a Cameroonian setting. With a few exceptions the appréciations are mostly stéréotypes—generally patronizing or even hostile— with some tribes (e.g. the Bane and Fulbe) coming off better than others.
Complainte des gens de l'argile
Authors: Kagabo José , Mudandagizi Vincent
Published: October 2008

J. Kagabo & V. Mudandagizi — Ballad of the 'clay-people': the Batwa of Rwanda. Three case-stories demon-strating the subservient position of the Batwa pygmies in Rwanda: a chief's litter-bearer, a potter and buffoon, and a relatively successful peasant. The Batwa have never been accepted as full-fledged members of Society even after the 1959 revolution.
Le kasala et ses traits essentiels dans la littérature orale traditionnelle luba.
Authors: Madiya Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji
Published: October 2008

C. Faïk-Nzuji M.—Kasala and its Essential Features in Luba Oral Literature. An analysis of the form and contents of a poetical genre, with special regard to its social meaning in the context of Luba culture and society.
Étude de l'habitat en pays Dagari (Haute-Volta).
Authors: Pradeau Christian
Published: October 2008

C. Pradeau — A Study of Dagari Habitat. The basic dwelling unit—yir—consists of fortress-type farms, inhabited by a kin-group whose importance may vary from a nuclear family to a lineage segment. The Dagari village is a loose congeries of those farms, each farm being sur-rounded by its own intensely cultivated house-fields (siman) which provide the sorghum reserved for brewing beer. The yir remains a collective production and work group despite a modem tendency towards economie individ-ualism. At the village level the yir are related and loosely hierarchized according to the lineage structure, without any real centralisation of authority.
« Tête en loques » : insulte et pédagogie chez les Mosi
Authors: Lallemand Suzanne
Published: October 2008

S. Lallemand — "Raggy mug": Insuit and Pedagogy among the Mosi. An analysis of the meaning and social function of the insults exchanged between children or addressed to children by grown-up women. The semantic nature of insulting words varies according to the ages of insulter and insultee and to their kinship relationship. The function is mainly pedagogical, an insuit being the verbal equivalent of corporeal punishment, and often a complement thereof.
L'infrastructure routière et ferroviaire coloniale, source de mutations sociales et psychologiques : le cas de la Côte d'Ivoire, 1900-1940.
Authors: Zan Semi-Bi
Published: October 2008

Z. Semi-Bi—The Colonial Rail and Highway Network as a Factor of Social and Psychological Mutations : The Case of Ivory Coast (1900-1940). The building of a modern communication network in Ivory Coast increased the physical mobility of the population, which, in turn, generated a new kind of social mobility. Long-range physical displacement, either voluntary or compulsory, short- or long-termed, first freed the travelers from the constraints of the traditional framework of authority, then made them able to turn against colonial rule itself ; which put the colonial authorities in a kind of a quandary, since they sought at the same time to facilitate migrations for economie reasons and to keep them in check for political ones. Finally increased mobility was a powerful factor first in the anticolonial struggle, then in the nation-building process.
Le plus et le moins : à propos de l'excision.
Authors: Sindzingre Alice Nicole
Published: October 2008

N. Sindzingre—Plus and Minus: Concerning Female Circumcision. In African cultures—possibly— and anthropological descriptions—certainly—male and female circumcisions are considered as symmetrical processes. A naïve approach should demonstrate that such is not the case, be it from a physiological and anatomic angle, from a social angle or even from an academie one, since so much more has been written about maie circumcision. This bias is bound to have a psychological and/or culture-linked explanation, probably rooted in the very nature of the relationship between men and women both in African and Western societies.
Sur les traces du major Denham : le Nord-Cameroun il y a cent cinquante ans. Mandara, « Kirdi » et Peul.
Authors: Vincent Jeanne-Françoise
Published: October 2008

J.-F. Vincent — On the Trail of Major Denham: Northern Cameroon One Hundred and Fifty Years ago. Mandara, 'Kirdi' and Fulani.

A re-examination on the spot of Denham's Narrative concerning the kingdom of Mandara, confronted with today's local historical tradition. On the whole, the Narrative is extremely precise: most geographical details can be identified on modem maps. As for the description of relations between the local people, pagans, Fulani and Mandara, it is confirmed by oral tradition.
Nation, Tribalism and National Language : Nigeria's Case.
Authors: Allan Keith
Published: October 2008

K. Allan — Nation, tribalisme et langue nationale : le cas du Nigeria. Le Nigeria présente, même à l'échelle africaine, un cas extrême de multilinguisme. L'auteur étudie en détail les avantages et les inconvénients du choix d'une langue africaine comme langue nationale et conclut que les effets d'un tel choix ayant toutes les chances d'être négatifs, la solution la moins mauvaise est de conserver l'anglais.
Régime de parti unique et systèmes d'inégalité et de domination au Cameroun : esquisse.
Authors: Bayart Jean-François
Published: October 2008

J.-F. Bayart. Single Party Regime and Patterns of Unequality and Domination in Cameroon: An Outline.

'Pro-Western'—or 'non-socialist'—African single party regimes are often accused of being mere puppets of the neo-colonialist, capitalistic 'center'. Yet, even if the generai model of center/periphery relations holds substantially good, a closer look at regimes such as the Camerounian one shows that they manage to retain, within this framework, a certain freedom of action. The same phenomenon obtains to a degree at the level of international relations where the dominance effects are alleviated simultaneously by survivais of precolonial patterns and by the effects of social change.
Postface à J.-F. Bayart : nuances.
Authors: Leca Jean
Published: October 2008

J. Leca. Postface to J.-F. Bayart: Nuances. A comment on J.-F. B.'s paper in this issue, criticizing mainly the stress put on the correlation between the representative System installed in 1945 and the interiorization and reproduction of capitalism.
Le système des classes d'âge chez les Tangba et les Yowa (cercle de Djougou).
Authors: Person Yves
Published: October 2008

Y. Person—The Age-Sets System of the Tangba and Yowa (Djougou District).

The Tangba (Taneka) and Yowa (Pila-Pila) of the Djougou district (People's Republic of Benin) speak dialects of a single Voltaic language (Mosi subgroup) and have closely similar kinship Systems. The former are characterized by a Stateless lineage organisation while the latter live in a Bariba-type kingdom founded by a dynasty of Gurma origin. This contrast in political organisation is evidenced 'as well if one looks at the age-sets which play a major role among the Tangba while they are only marginal among the Yowa. Tangba age-set rites are both rich and complex and serve as a meaningful framework for the whole social life. It seems clear that the development among the Yowa of a hierarchy based upon social une-quality has resulted in the impoverishment of a fundamental institution of lineage democracy. [pp. 25-53]
Littérature orale et idéologie. La geste des Jakite Sabashi du Ganan (Wasolon, Mali).
Authors: Amselle Jean-Loup , Dunbya Zumana , Kuyate Amadu , Tabure Mohamed
Published: October 2008

J.-L. Amselle, Z. Dunbya, A. Kuyate & M. Tabure—Oral Literature and Ideology. The Saga ofthe Jakite Sabashi of Gana (Wasulo, Mali).

A transcription, with French translation and comment, of the saga of the Jakite Sabashi, the chiefly lineage of Gana. The text is considered both as a literary work and as an ideological production, the latter aspect being the more important. The narrative uses a classical form to express the way in which Malinke-Bambara States and chiefdoms conceive the acquisition and maintenance of power. Rather than attempting a restitution of Gana's history, griot Amadu Kuyate unrolls the chain of symbolic practices associated with power: geomancy, magies, secret, treason, women. His portraying of the two main characters, Saba and Farabalay, as well as of Samori, is a description of the bipolar basis of power in Mali, i.e. paganism and Islam. His narrative is also meaningful as regards the position of dispossessed aristocracies in today's Malian political System, [pp. 381-433]
Les luttes sociales à Tananarive en 1972.
Authors: Althabe Gérard
Published: October 2008

G. Althabe — Social Struggle in Antananarivo, 1972.

An attempt at reconstructing and understanding the chain of events which, in April-October 1972, brought over the fall of the neo-colonial regime installed in 1957-1960, and resulted in the assumption of power by nationalist—in some cases populist—military ofncers. The starting point was a strike of the pupils in second-ary schools where the urban petty bourgeoisie built up opposition to the regime. This crisis led to a week-long insurrection (13-20 May 1972) with the Antananarivo crowd fighting the political police and gaining control of the street. Tsiranana's downfall was followed by a situation of double power: on the one hand the military who were able to rally together on a nationalistic position the Churches, trade unions and political parties; on the other hand, a radical fraction of the people's movement which, while it succeeded in setting up original power structures, failed in its attempt to question internai exploitation. A term was put to this confrontation by the 8 October referendum which consecrated the constitution of the new regime.
Un mausolée pour les Jaga.
Authors: Bontinck François
Published: October 2008

F. Bontinck—Mausoleum for the Jaga.

A final argument in the Miller-Thornton controversy on the identity—in fact the very existence—of the 'fierce Jaga' who supposedly invaded Kongo in 1568. F. Bontinck agrees with Miller in assuming that these Jaga were not foreign invaders but rather rebels from Mbata province supporting a Mukongo royal pretender.
Contenu géographique et contenu social de la notion de résidence. Quelques réflexions à partir de résultats d'enquêtes biographiques effectuées à Lomé (Togo) et Accra (Ghana).
Authors: Le Bris Emile
Published: October 2008

E. Le Bris—Geographical and Social Content of the Notion of Residence. Some Considerations Drawn from Biographie Enquiries in Lome and Accra.

The study of the migrations and urban settlements of country-born people in Africa is impeded by the inadequateness of such usual concepts as that of residence. Before the implementation of large scale enquiries, it is necessary to secure a better understanding of the phenomenon through a thorough investigation of small social and spatial units. The collection of life-stories in Accra and Lome has allowed to deepen the notion of life space and residential System in order to give a better account of the situation of new town-dwellers.
Marginalité et conditions sociales du prolétariat urbain en Afrique. Les approches du concept de marginalité et son évaluation critique.
Authors: Marie Alain
Published: October 2008

A. Marie—Marginality and the Social Status of Urban Proletariat in Africa. Approaches and Critical Evaluation of the Concept of Marginality.

Considered from a macro-sociological viewpoint marginality, in Third World cities, is the product of a continuous process of proletarianization. This process affects the dominated social formations, within the framework of international capitalism. As pauperisation drives them away from the countryside, growing numbers of peasants flock into the metropolises which fail to accomodate them due to the weakness and outside-orientation of the modem industrial and commercial sector. They settle down in the spatial marginality of the suburbs and the economie marginality of the so-called 'informai sector' where they become the 'reserve army of the industry'. However recent investigations in African towns show that the diversity of urban situations and socio-economic statuses pertains to a number of concrete determinants and demands a finer typological approach. Nevertheless the heterogeneous character of the marginal — or 'informai' —sector does not mean it escapes from capitalistic determination. A dynamic analysis of marginality as a process supports the assumption that it is in fact a modality of the capital/ labour relationship. Marginality is a product of capitalism concurring in its widened reproduction. The domination of the modem sector upon the informai one explains how the production relationships are actually exploitative, even if covertly so. This domination implies a process of proletarianization and underproletarian-ization of the margin people.
Environnement et maladies dans le Sahel (Afrique de l'Ouest). Un entre-deux-mondes.
Authors: Rémy Gérard , Albert Jean-Paul , Delmont Jean , Ricossé Jean-Henri , Volpoët Pierre
Published: October 2008

G. Remy, J.-P. Albert, J. Delmont, J.-H. Ricosse & P. Volpoet — Between Two Worlds: Environment and Diseases in the West African Sahei.

The Sahel is a meeting area of the Saharan and Sudanic climates, economies and cultures, and also of epidemies. The rainy season pathology is not the same for nomadic pastoralists and sedentary agriculturists: the 'lean cows' season of the former, at the end of the dry season, is not the same as the latter's 'empty grana-ries' period when the rains end up. Due to their nomadism and seasonal dispersai, pastoralists, while they are especially exposed to the pathology associated with cattle, benefit far less than agriculturists from the action of the medical services.
The State of the Akan and the Akan States: A Discursion
Authors: Wilks Ivor
Published: October 2008

I. Wilks —L'état des Akan et les Etats akan : discursion.

L'hypothèse de la féodalisation des communautés akan, émise par Rattray (1923) et reprise par Potekhin (i960), repose implicitement sur une approche évolutionniste. I. Wilks soutient que l'organisation de la société akan résulte plutôt d'une conjoncture de transformation abrupte de ses bases économiques entraînant une restructuration des rapports de production et l'apparition d'institutions politiques nouvelles. En bref, la mémoire collective conserve le souvenir d'un passage rapide d'une économie de collecte à une économie agricole. Elle ignore par contre la conjoncture historique d'ensemble où ce changement s'est produit. Il s'agit, d'une part, de la demande mondiale de métaux précieux, qui attira les Dyula puis les Portugais dans les marches du pays akan au xve siècle, d'autre part des besoins en main-d'œuvre des Akan eux-mêmes, ce qui conféra aux Portugais et aux Dyula un double rôle d'acheteurs d'or et de fournisseurs d'esclaves. L'originalité politique des États akan est ainsi déterminée par la configuration des rapports de production résultant de cette mutation de l'assise économique. En réalité, les États akan sont le produit de la révolution économique mondiale marquée par l'effondrement de la féodalité en Europe et l'apparition du capitalisme. Les Akan ont contribué à cette révolution et les transformations sociales qu'ils ont subies ne peuvent être comprises sans faire référence à celles qui se sont produites en Europe.
The Political Transformation of Northern Busoga, 1600-1900
Authors: Cohen David W.
Published: October 2008

D. W. Cohen — Transformation politique du Busoga septentrional, 1600-1900.

Du XVIe au XIXe siècle, la structure politique de la région entre le Nil et la Mpolo-gowa se modifie par le développement de la relation dominant/dominé liant balan-gira et bakopi et par la centralisation du pouvoir autour de quelques noyaux. On trouve à l'origine une relation dialectique fondée sur les différences culturelles entre dominants et dominés, les premiers étant d'origine luo. Au Busoga, le groupe dominant est constitué par les Owiny Karuoth (aujourd'hui Ngobi, Naminka, Mudoola et Kibiga), installés il y a environ cinq siècles autour de Nang'oma Hill. Leur expansion en tant que groupe dominant s'est faite essentiellement par alliances matrimoniales avec les non-Luo, grâce à un système d'exogamie proscrivant le mariage avec les lignages de souche luo, et à l'habitude de confier l'éducation des garçons à leurs maternels. L'intégration des Karuoth, leur passage du statut d'étranger à celui de balangira (« royaux ») par opposition aux bakopi (les « roturiers » des patrilignages non karuoth) se fait à partir de ce réseau, la dispersion des garçons aboutissant à une sorte de colonisation progressive. A partir du xvne siècle, le développement du culte mukama (terme désignant le roi en nyoro) donne une prééminence particulière à certains Karuoth, identifiés par les non-Karuoth comme possédés du mukama ; c'est autour d'eux que s'opère le passage de la prolifération de centres d'autorité à la concentration en quelques points. Au xvme siècle, la centralisation s'accentue avec la nomination, par le roi Inhensiko Ier, de bakungu (chefs « roturiers ») parmi ses clients.
L'alternative de la vision et de la possession dans les sociétés religieuses et thérapeutiques du Gabon.
Authors: Mary André
Published: October 2008

A. Mary — Vision and Possession: An Alternative in Gabonese Religious and Curative Societies.

Vision, as an initiatory experience calling for the absorption of a hallucinogenic drug (eboga), has been retained by the Fang bwiti cuit as a privileged medium of surreal communication. It displays a number of traits differentiating it from possession as practised in other Gabonese therapeutic cuits. The relations of complementarity or exclusion between vision and possession in the religious and curative field demarcate the male-dominated bwiti societies from the women-controlled ombwiri communities. The combinatory laws pertaining to these two kinds of initiatory experience govern the logic of ceremonial activities, the conception of worship, the calling up of spirits or genii through trance-inducing dances or mask parades. Since independence, there has been a weakening of the significant oppositions between vision and possession, together with a shifting of functions. The stressing of the divinatory use of vision, issuing from the constraints of a neo-colonial situation, the fight to dominate the ritual scene bear witness to a new distribution of power in favour of women, with political and social meaning as yet ambiguous.
Les crises de subsistances dans les villages soninke du cercle de Bakel, de 1858 à 1945. Problèmes méthodologiques et perspectives de recherches
Authors: Chastanet Monique
Published: October 2008

M. Chastanet - Subsistence Crises in the Soninke Villages of Bakel District, 1858-I945- Problems of Method and Research Prospects.

This paper offers a method for the analysis of subsistence crises in Black Africa during the colonial period. Lacking the long homogeneous statistical series generally used for the location and description of the European famines of the Ancien Regime, we have established a chronology based upon district reports and retrospective enquiries in the Soninke villages. In view of the strong correlation between the length of a crisis and its seriousness, we have set up a typology of crises and distinguished, according to their duration, between 'scarcity', 'famine' and 'serious famine'. This chronology reveals sequential crises inscribing the production System and social life within a pluri-annual cycle with food shortages appearing as a structural trait. This chronological series is but a step in the analysis of subsistence crises which must eventually be correlated with ecological, socio-economic and political data in order to understand the conditions of their outbreak, their impact and the social dynamics during the colonial period.
The Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean Trade before the 19th Century.
Authors: Newitt Malyn
Published: October 2008

M. Newitt - Les Comores et le commerce dans l'océan Indien avant le XIXe siècle.

Cet article analyse la réaction des classes commerciales comoriennes à l'arrivée des Européens dans l'ouest de l'océan Indien. Auparavant, l'archipel faisait partie de l'empire commercial de Kilwa, comme escale sur la route de Madagascar. Après la prise de Kilwa par les Portugais, certaines familles de marchands se réfugièrent aux Comores, dont l'importance commerciale s'accrût. L'archipel ne fut pas soumis à l'occupation portugaise mais devint fournisseur de vivres pour le fort de Mozambique. Au xvie siècle, les Comores restèrent la seule place de commerce musulmane au sud de Malindi et attirèrent un trafic en provenance de la mer Rouge, du Golfe et de l'Inde. A l'arrivée des Compagnies des Indes hollandaise et anglaise, elles devinrent d'importantes escales d'avitaillement, Mohéli et Anjouan l'emportant bientôt sur Mayotte et la Grande Comore, la première présentant un récif dangereux, la seconde manquant d'eau douce. En quête de sécurité contre les pirates basés à Madagascar, Anjouan devint un quasi-protectorat de la Compagnie anglaise. Les échanges avec les navigateurs européens entraînèrent le développement d'une économie de plantation utilisant une main-d'œuvre servile, les commerçants urbains devenant latifundiaires en refoulant les paysans dans les parties montagneuses des îles. Les contacts avec les Européens stimulèrent aussi les rivalités entre villes et entre îles, multipliant les escarmouches entre factions rivales. L'archipel, dont la richesse fut commerciale et agricole, et qui se trouva sérieusement appauvri par les raids malgaches à partir de la fin du xvme siècle, devint au xixe un foyer d'investissement étranger.
Judaeo-Christian Spectacles: Boon or Bane to the Study of African Religions?
Authors: Horton Robin
Published: October 2008

R. Horton — Les lunettes judéo-chrétiennes : aubaine ou fléau pour l'étude des religions africaines ?

Jusqu'à une date récente, l'étude comparative des religions africaines était dominée par des anthropologues occidentaux de tendance personnelle athée ou agnostique. Cette tendance « orthodoxe » est battue en brèche par une nouvelle vague, en partie africaine, d'ethnologues, théologiens et philosophes d'inspiration chrétienne, qui constituent 1' « opposition dévote » à l'orthodoxie antérieure. Les uns comme les autres ont nécessairement recours à deux niveaux d'interprétation : la « compréhension par traduction », qui permet le passage à 1' « explication approfondie ». Le premier niveau implique l'emploi de procédés ou « recettes » qui, pour les dévots, consistent en un recours pur et simple au discours religieux occidental — ou judéo-chrétien —, tandis que, dans l'explication approfondie, les facteurs « mondains » tels que l'économie, la technologie, les rapports sociaux, etc., sont négligés. R. Horton, reprenant, sur le mode du discours scientifique, les attaques du poète ougandais Ogot P'Bitek, critique avec alacrité le réductionnisme dévot, en se fondant sur l'interprétation factuelle du vécu, infiniment plus divers que ne le présente le discours sur les universaux.
A New Focus in African Worker Studies : Promises, Problems, Dangers.
Authors: Waterman Peter
Published: October 2008

P. Waterman -— Nouvelle approche du prolétariat africain : perspectives, problèmes, dangers.

Examen critique des points de vue de Meillassoux et Bagayogo, Sandbrook, Peil, Bromley et Gerry sur la formation des classes sociales et la conscience du prolétariat africain, en particulier de la théorie de 1' « aristocratie ouvrière » comme distincte de, et en conflit avec, les prétendus Lumpen- et « semi «-prolétariats.
Une entreprise interdisciplinaire dans le domaine de la métallurgie africaine.
Authors: Chauveau Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Chauveau — An Interdisciplinary Attempt in the Field of African Smithcraft.

In his review of a collective work on iron and copper working in Sub-Saharan Africa, J.-P. Chauveau tries to define and delineate the advantages—and possible short-comings—of a multidisciplinary approach, associating, in this case, metallurgists, archaeologists, anthropologists, geographers and historians.
Qui mangera l'autre ? Le thème du « Conjoint animal » dans les contes d'Afrique noire
Authors: Paulme Denise
Published: October 2008

D. Paulme—The 'Animal Spouse' Theme in Black African Folktales.

There are several variants on this theme. In the most common one a disobedient daughter marries a beautiful stranger who turns out to be a monster in disguise. Less frequent is the story of the hunter who marries a were-beast while she is out of her animal skin—she turns back into her primitive form when the husband reveals it. There is more to these taies that the elementary lesson 'don't marry an un-known person against your parents' advice' (even if there is also that). The theme is, in fact, closely linked to the problems of the bride's integration (or lack of it) into a foreign lineage within the framework of African kinship Systems.