bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SALICYLIC AND HUMIC ACID ON VINCRISTINE AND N, P, K CONTENT IN MADAGASCAR PERIWINKLE LEAVES
Authors: & Rabee Jaddo
Published: June 2020

An Experiment carried out in Al-Yarmook Area in Baghdad for the growing season 2014 to study the effects of foliar application of Salicylic acid and Humic acid on Vincristine and NPK content in Catharanthus roseus. A factorial experiment was applied including two factors according to The Complete Randomized Block Design, the first factor included four levels of salicylic acid 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg.L-1 which were represented with S0, S1, S2, and S3 sequentially, the second factor included three levels of Humic acid 0, 0.75, and 1.5 ml.L-1 and were represented with O0, O1, and O2 sequentially to make up 12 factors in total that were distributed randomly upon three replicates and each experimental unit included 8 plants. The results were analyzed using Genestat and the differences were tested according to (LSD) with a level of probability 5% and the results were as follows: Vincristine levels increased in the leaves of Catharanthus roseus as a result of foliar application of Salicylic acid and Humic as well NPK levels in leaves. Vinblastine was not detected in all treatments. The interaction effect between 100 mg.L-1 Salicylic acid and 1.5 ml.L-1Humic acid had an exceeding effect for all the studied parameters. It may be concluded that Salicylic and Humic acid may be used to increase Vincristine alkaloid content in Periwinkle plants at the levels 100 ml.L-1 and 1.5 mg.L-1 subsequently.
EFFECT OF APPLICATION TREAEED WATER AND DRY SLUDGE ON SIIL CONTAMINATION WITH PATHOGENIC BACTREIA
Authors: & Abd Alhameed Shaker
Published: June 2020

Research was conducted to assess the effect of  treated waste water  and dry sludge application on soil contamination by some pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Fecal coliform and Fecal streptococci, which used as an indicator organisms for soil contamination by bathogenic bacteria. Composting sludge (T2) and non composting dry sludge (T1) applied to soil  to assess the effect of compost of sludge on the number of pathogenic bacteria and soil contamination . Research consisted to identification and enumeration. The three pathogenic bacteria were examined at the mid and end of cultivation season. Factorial experiment with three replicate, using waste water treatment (W2) as a source of irrigation water, compared with tap water (W1).Composting sludge(T2) and non-composting sludge (T1), added and mixed with soil in three different levels 0, 30 , 60 ton .ha-1 .Pancium milicine  was cultivated in pots weighted 10 Kg of silty clay loam soil. Results showed that the number of pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fecal coliform and Fecal streptococci. Were increased significantly with soil irrigated with waste water treatment, giving 5.88, 5.48 and 5.37 log cfu g-1dry soil respectively,compared with tap water 4.45, 4.29 and 2.97 log cfu g-1dry soil respectively. Results showed also significantly increment in the number of pathogenic bacteria with increase rate of dry sludge utilized to soil. The rate 60 ton.ha-1 was the highest number of pathogenic bacteria in soil 6.21, 5.78 and 5.24 log cfu g-1dry soil respectively. Results showed reduced in the number of pathogenic bacteria in composting sludge compared with non-composting sludge, with reduced proportion of 9.78 , 6.67 and 8.50 % respectively.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT SPECTRUM AND NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID ON ROOTING OF SHOOTS FOR TWO VARIETIES OF GERBERA JAMESONII IN VITRO
Authors: & Hamad AL-Hamidawi
Published: June 2020

This research was conducted at the plant tissue culture Lab. College of Agriclture, University of Baghdad from February to October 2015. The aim of the study was investigate the  influence of light quality and Naphthalene  Acetic Acid(NAA) on some properties of roots for two varieties Martinque and Yanara shoots of Gerbera jamesonii, cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg.L -1 Spermidine. The results indicated that 1/2 MS medium with free auxin NAA gave the highest percentage of rooting (75 %) Which differed significantly from the other concentrations of NAA. White light gave the hightest percentage of rooting (89 %), that was not significantly different from the red  light (78%) . While the treatment of Martinque variety under White light gave the highest percentage of rooting (100%), that was not significantly different from Yanara variety that gave (78%). MS medium with free auxin NAA gave the highest number of roots (7.5 % root/shoot ) that was significantly different on all the other concentrations of NAA. MS medium with free auxin NAA under White light of roots (6.6 root/shoot) at Martinque variety . While MS medium with free auxin NAA under blue light gave the highest number of roots (10.10 roots/shoot) that was not different significantly from red light it gave (8.9 root/shoot) Martinque variety gave the highest rate of root length ( 1.62 cm) Which not differend  significantly from Yanara variety it gave (1.49 cm) While The treatment of Martinque variety under White light with NAA- free medium gave the highest rate of root length (3.40 cm) and was significantly different on all the other interactions
THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF EGGPLANT
Authors: & AL-Baity Abu-Alaees
Published: June 2020

A field experiment was carried out in the vegetable field of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, Abu-Ghraib  In the spring season 2014 to study the Role of Sustainable agriculture in the growth and yield of Eggplant, were studied of Two factors the first factor represent two treatment, first is shading with plastic nets (50% light) and the second without shading, each of these treatment contained three replicates and distributed randomly these eight treatments (without adding, Endospor Dry Mix, Biohealth, Amino Alexin, interacion between Endospor Dry Mix and Biohealth interaction between Endospor Dry Mix and Amino Alexin interaction between Biohealth and Amino Alexin triple interaction between Endospor Dry Mix and Biohealth and Amino Alexin and symbolized by (Control, A, B, O, AB, AO, BO and ABO). The experiment carried out within (Nested Design), and analyzed according to test least significant difference ( LSD) and at the probability level of 5%, Results showed the treatment A gavr a significant increase at height of the plant (98.5 cm), and the number of leaves (135.0 leaf.plant-1), and the dry weight of vegetative (125.8 g), and the length of the main root (51.17 cm), and the dry weight of roots (17.82  g), and the length of the fruit (11.64 cm), and the diameter of the fruit (6.40 cm), and the number of fruits (13.45 fruit), and the plant yield (2.30kg.plant-1). It excelled treatment using  biostimulative ABO significantly in (leaf content of N 3.045%), and ( leaf contant P 0.684%), and (leaf content K 2.878%). The treatment of shading significantly in the plant height (97.6 cm), and the number of  leaves (117.4 leaf.plant-1), and the dry weight of vegetative (108.5 g), and the length of the main root (47.54 cm) and the dry weight of the roots (12.91 g) and the length of the fruit (11.14 cm) and the fruit diameter (6.71 cm) and the weight of the fruit (169.6 g) and the number of fruits (11.21 fruit.plant-1) and the plant yield (1.91 kg.plant-1). The interaction between treatment A and shading significantly in the number of leaves (150.0 leaf.plant-1), and the dry weight of vegetative (136.7 g) and the length of the main root (53.0 cm), and the dry weight of roots (21.38 g) and the length of the fruit (12.80 cm) and the number of fruits (14.37 fruit. plant -1) and the plant yield (2.47 kg.plant-1). The interaction between the treatment AO and the shading significantly in the plant height (122.7 cm), and the length of the main root (53.00 cm) and the diameter of the fruit (7.10 cm).
EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ORGANIC EXTRACT AND HAMIC ACID APPLICATION ON STRAWBERY PRODACTION
Authors: & Al-Rawi AL- Karawi
Published: June 2020

This study was carried out in greenhouse Date to palm Research units, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad ( Abu Ghraib ) , seasons 2013 and 2014 to investigate the effect of foliar application organic matter extract and humic acid and their interactions on yield of strawberry plants . The study include 12 treatments , to spray strawberry's plant with four levels of organic matter spray included distilled water only (T0) , (1) volume of organic matter extract to volume of distilled water ( 1:1)  (T1) , (2) volume of organic matter extract to volume of distilled water (2:1 ) (T2 ) and (3) volume of organic matter extract volume of distilled water (3:1) (T3), the second factor was three concentrations of humifert-ultra , 0( H0 ) , 2.5 ml.L-1 ( H2.5) and 5 ml.L-1  ( H5 ) to the soil . Factorial Experiment carried out according to RCBD with  three replications , averages compared by LSD test at the level of 5% probability. Results that have been obtained is that spraying plants extract organic matter led to a significant increase in the number of flowers and the percentage of the contract and the number of fruits and had no significant effect on yield of plant. addition of humic acid led to a significant increase in the number of flowers and the percentage of fruit set and the number of fruits and fruit weight and yield of plant .
STUDY THE EFFECT OF DRAWBAR AND FIELD EFFICIENCY USING OF ACOMBINE IMPLEMENT USED IN THE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION PIPES AND DRIP IRRIGATION UNDER DIFFERENT DISCHARGE
Authors: & Al-kaabi Jasim
Published: June 2020

An experiment was conducted in the field of the University of Baghdad in 2015 In loamy sand  soil to study the effect drawbar and field efficiency using of a combine implement used for installation subsurface irrigation pipes and drip irrigation under different discharges. Subsurface irrigation system and drip irrigation system with three levels of discharge included 2.5,3.0 and3.5 L\hr-1 were used in this experiment. Field efficiency, drawbar, soil moisture content and soil  bulk density were measured in this stdy. Nasted design under randomized complete block design(CRBD) with three replications were used in this experiment. Least significant differences (L.S.D) at 0.05 levels were used to compare the mean of treatments. The results were showed the follows: Subsurface irrigation got 12.7 kw drawbar and 29.45% moisture content and 1.43g/cm3 bulk density g/cm3 and  84% field efficiency.While Drip irrigation system got 9.73kw drawbar and 25.19% moisture content and 1.47g/cm3 bulk density and 89% field efficiency. The successful of using combine implement to install subsurface irrigation pipes with tillage at the same time.
FLOWERING SYNDROME – HYBRID PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP IN MAIZE 1- Field traits and growth rates
Authors: & et al. Al- Khazaali
Published: June 2020

In order to identify the role of selection for early and late silking on the inbred lines from Maize (Zea Mays L.) regarding the grain yield of the consequent hybrids. Filed experiment for four seasons (spring and full 2014 and 2015) was conducted in the experimental field of Field Crop Dept., Coll. of Agric., Univ. of Baghdad. Four inbred lines (Zm19, Zm32, Zm51 and Zm61) and two testers (Zm21 late and Zm60 early silking) were used. In the first two seasons, the seeds of the four inbred lines were planted, first 10 plants that flowered early and 10 plants that flowered late were selected and the seeds of the selected plants were multiplied. The seeds of the early and late selected inbred lines were planted in the third season and crossed with testers. Crosses from the early and late flowering were produced and their seeds were cultivated in the last season. Comparison in some field and growth traits were conducted among the crosses. The experiments laid out in completely randomized block design (RCBD) at three replicates. Selection for early and late flowering parents has induced significant differences in days to flowering for all crosses and ranged between 62 days for early parents and 66 days for late parents. Also, significant differences were shown in several traits, the most prominent were crop’s and seed’s growth rate (CGR and SGR ), that correlated with seed filling duration (SFD), which contributed to increase the deposition of the dry matter into the grain for a longer period, which gave a high grain yield (GY). CGR of outstanding crosses ranged from 3.18 to 6.21 g.m-2.day, SGR ranged between 2.3 to 7.3 g. m-2.day, and the SFD between 35-38 days. In parallel, the testers (Zm21 late and Zm60 early silking) have significantly differed in their effect on the traits of some derived crosses, where the results showed significant superiority of the crosses Zm32Zm60 resulted from crossing the tester Zm60 with early silking parents selected from inbred line Zm32 on the crosses Zm32Zm21 resulted from crossing the tester Zm21 with the same parents of Zm32 in the traits of Total Dry Matter (TDM) (1.85 kg.m-2), CGR (18.28 g.m-2.day), Harvest Index (HI) (0.56), and SGR (3.3 g.m-2.day). It can be conclude  that selection for early and late silking inbred lines, as well as the effect of the early and late silking tester have a great importance in deriving hybrids of a high yield and distinct in several traits, which are all significantly contributing in increasing the GY.
EFFECT OF DIPPING IN GIBBERLLIC ACID AND SPRAYING NUTRIENT SOLUTION AGRO LEAF ON SOME VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD OF JERUSALUM ARTICHOKE.
Authors: & et al. Sadik
Published: June 2020

This study was conducted in experimental fields, Department of Horticulture, University of Bagdad, in Abu-Graib  during season 2011-2012 for jerusalum artichoke. This study was included the effect of dipping tubers in three concentrations of GA3(2.5,5,10g/l) (G1,G2,G3),as well as to control treatment (G0), and spraying nutrient solution Agro leaf A1 (8g/l), as well as to control treatment (A0). This study was made by using Factorial experiment (4*2) within the design RCBD with three replicates. Results could be summarized as follows: G3A0 increased field emergence (12.00 day), G2A0 increased percentage of germination (99.33%) and G2A1 increased number of branches (4.60 stem.plant-1) but the treatment G1A1gave highest rate for number of leaves, leaf area, guide of leaf area, dry weight of the vegetative parts and dry weight of 100gm tubers as(4495.10 leaf.plant-1, 2246.20 dsm2, 99.84, 922.40g, 24.00g.) respectively. The treatments gave significant differences quantity yield, so treatment G3A0 gave highest weight of the tubers as(45.55g.) but the treatment G3A1 gave highest number of the tubers as(68.00 tuber.plant-1 ) and highest yield of plant as (2890g/plant).
FIELD EVALUATION OF ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION AND PREGNANCY DETECTION USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY TO THE LOCAL AWASSI EWES FOR SHEEP OWNERS IN KANAAN DISTRICT- DIYALA PROVINCE
Authors: & Hobi Al-Jubouri
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was to carry out an on-farm experiment in sheep owner farms in Kanaan district for the period from 7th Feb. 2015 to 27th Mar. 2015 and to identify the unconventional methods in controlling the reproduction in sheep and increase their productivity using 45 local Awassi ewes, randomly selected from three sheep owners (15 ewes / owner). Treatment group (10 ewes/ owner) were treated with a vaginal sponges containing 20 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA) inserted for 10 days, followed by I.M. injection of 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), while 5 ewes / owner were regarded as control group without any treatment. Estrus was observed for all ewes for 5 days post withdrawal of sponges. Ewes that showed estrus were mated by rams in their flocks, thereafter, pregnancy detection was conducted at days 35-37 post- mating using transabdominal ultrasonography. A questionnaire involved 20 sheep owners and a demonstrative field day was conducted for owners contributed in the experiment, and others from the region of study to explain the importance and results of the experiment. The results showed the appearance of estrus in all ewes 100% within three days after the withdrawal of sponges. Pregnancy rate of  85.71% at days 35-37 of mating. The questionnaire showed there is an urgent need of knowledge for owners to find out the importance of controlling the reproductive cycle in sheep using vaginal sponges. Also, there were a correlation between the need of knowledge for sheep owners with (educational level for most of them, herd sizes, income from breeding, training courses and other activities in the fields of breeding and reproduction of sheep). In conclusion, the technology of estrus synchronization has an important role to improve reproductive performance of sheep and pregnancy could be detected through transabdominal ultrasonography at 35-37 days with high accuracy as well as there is great desire for the most owner to conduct estrus synchronization technique and to take care their birth of herds simultaneously.
EVALUATION BREAD WHEAT PURE LINES UNDER EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SEEDING RATES
Authors: & Naes Baktash
Published: June 2020

This research was carried out at the Swerah Research Station –Office of Agricultural Researches during  2014-2015 seasons. The objective of this research was evaluation bread wheat  (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes ,which concluded 15 pure lines in seventh generation, which developed by half dialld method between 6 parents ,The experiment was conducted using split plot arrangement with RCBD design with three replicates ,The main plots content four seeding rates (120, 160, 200 and 240 kg.ha-1 ), while the 21 genotypes occupied sub plots .The two pure lines S97 and S148 superoired to all other genotypes except A4.10 and Abu-Ghraib  in grain yield which, produced 6.35 and 6.09 t.ha-1 .Increasing seeding rates caused early flowering, increased plant height, biological yield and harvest index. Significant differences were found in all the studied characters due to genotypes and seeding rates interaction. The pure line S148 ,using 200 kg.ha-1 seeding rates produced highest grain yield (7.49 t.ha-1).
EFFECT OF TIMINOR AND RATES OF POTASSIUM ON BREAD WHEAT QUALITY AND SOME OTHER CHARACTERES
Authors: & et al Zeboon
Published: June 2020

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, Dept. of Field Crop, Coll. of Agriculture, Univ. of Baghdad ,during 2011-2012, to study the effect of potassium fertilizer levels and appilication stage on bread wheat grains quality Triticum asetivum L.(Var- Abu-Ghraib-3) and some other characteres . Factorial experiment was conducted in RCBD design with three replication involved two levels of potassium 120,180 kg.ha-1 and control treatment the second factor was three stage of application  (tillering ,Booting , flowering). The results shows non significant differ between potassium leveles for all studied traits, except havest index.The potassium level 180 kg.ha-1 produced plants with highest harvest index (38.17%), in comparison to the level 120 kg.ha-1, (36.82%).The application stage at flowering time produced grains with higher protein (12.18%), when compard to the tillering and booting stages (11.32% and 12.17%) respectively. The potassium application stage at tillering was superior in protein yield and harvest index 0.935 mg.ha-1 and 40.37%, respectively. It can be conclude that potassium addition stage was more important than, it,s dosages.
EFFECT OF DAY OLD CHICKS WEIGHT ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF TWO BROILER STRAINS AND THEIR CROSSING
Authors: AL-Shamire J. S. H.
Published: June 2020

This experment was conducted at the Poultry Farm،Animal production Dept./College of Agriculture. University of Baghdad from 1-4-2014 to 12-5-2014. to investigate the potential effect of day old chicks weight produced from two broiler strains and their crossing  Ross 308 , Arbor Acres and Ross 308 x Arbor Acres on productive performance . A total of 360 day all chicks were distributed randomly to 6 groups with 4 replicate pens )15 birds / pens). The experimental groups were: T1= Ar-medium; T2= Ar - Large ; T3= R-medium; T4= R -Large; T5= R - Arb-medium; T6= R - Ar-Large. Results showed that body weight, weekly average gain, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage and relative breast weight in female were  significantly (p<0.05) better in group T3 and T5 compared to heavy chicks . While there was no significant differences between sex or strain for breast relative weight and other cuts. It could be concluded from this study that chicks with medium weight gave better or equal live weight compared to heaver strain .however crossing between hybrids improved productive performance of broilers .
EFFECT OF LACTOFERRIN ADDTION TO SEMEN OF AWASSI RAMS ON THE BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION
Authors: & Houbi Mahdi
Published: June 2020

This study was conducted at the farm of Animal production, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Algaderia to know the effect of lactoferrin protein addition in the semen extender of Awassi during the  period from 21 September 2015 to 24 February 2016 on Four Awasi rams aged 2-4 years and the average weight was 52 kg were used in this study . Semen collection from rams was done twice weekly by using the artificial vagina then it's were pooled and divided in to four treated groups, the control (normal antibiotic Streptomycin 100 mg\100ml Penicillin  100.000 IU / 100ml) , second ,third and fourth treated groups was used a lactoferrin  protein with the contamination of 400 , 800 and 1200 mg \ L-1, respectively .After dilution the semen samples have been kept at the refrigerator (5 C) for 5 days to measure some physical properties of sperm which included the acrosome integrity and some bacteriological examination (type and number) .Data obtained from this experiment showed that there was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the acrosome integrity of sperm between the control and treated groups (2,3 and 4) which were decrease  the most types of bacteria in the semen samples , where as the type of bacteria in group 2 were sphingomonas and Stenotrophomonas  and in groups 3 and 4 were Klebsiella, Proteus, Cupriavidus, while there were six types of bacteria in the control group (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Enterobacter , and  Staphylococcus epidermidis ) . It was concluded that the use of lactoferrin in the semen causing adecrease in the total number of bacteria in the semen.
MEASURING THE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND THE RATE OF CHANGE IN THE TFP FOR FARMS RAIN-FED WHEAT IN THE REGION IN LIGHT OF DIFFERING SIZE AREA
Authors: & Jbara Rijib
Published: June 2020

This study deals with the subject of measuring the impact of variation of wheat planted area categories in the region rain-fed on the technical efficiency and the rate of change in( TFPch),The basic preliminary data was obtained from field resources by relying on a stratified random sample of wheat farmers in Sulaimaniyah region including 225 farms  production during 2013-2014 season , It has been measurement of technical and Scale  efficiency in light of change and stability of the total revenue according to the production function variables using (Area ,the amount of seeds ,compound fertilizer, urea fertilizer , pesticides , machinery work , manual work ) it turns out that the average technical efficiency for the first, second ,third ,forth ,and fifth class of the cultivated areas reached around( 82% , 76% ,70%, 53%,and 72 %) respectively recording a total average of 72% for the farms included in the studied sample . The numbers of farms achieving the optimum technical efficiency were (25, 3, 11, 21 and 15) for the five categories respectively.As far as the change in the total factor productivity (TFPch)in the farms subject to the study (using the Malmquist index of productivity) the result has indicated that the change in total production stood at an average of 1.39 , and the farms in which a positive change in the total factor productivity (TFPch) was 92 farms representing 41% of the total number of the farms included in the study , a negative (TFPch) was recorded in 83 farms representing 37% of the total number of the farms included in the study .
EFFECT OF BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZER AND COMPOST ON THE GROWTH OF TOMATO PLANT
Authors: & Al-Whaab Salman
Published: June 2020

A pot experiment was conducted at Baghdad site for organic fertilizer  preparation  Plant Protection Directorate during summer of 2014-2015, using sandy Loam texture soil to study the effect of bacterial bio-fertilizer ( Azotobacter  chroococcum  and  Pseudomonas   fluorescens ) and  Compost  on  growth  and  nutrients  content  of  tomato  plants    "Super  queen". Eight treatments were used included  (Control , Azotobacter , pseudomonas, Azotobacter+ psuedomonas , Compost , Azotobacter + Compost  ,  Compost+  psuedomonas , Azotobacter +  psuedomonas + Compost). Complete  Randomized   Design ( CRD ) with 5 replicates was used. Results  showed  that  application of di bacterial  bio-fertilizer (AP) increased  significantly  dry mater weight  and N , P , K nutrients  content  for  shoots    with an increment of 36.4%,74.4%,76.0% and 64.9% respectively compared to control. Results  showed  that  application of di bacterial  bio-fertilizer (AP)  and compost  increased  significantly dry matter weight and N , P , K  nutrients content for shoot with increment  percentage of 95.3%  239.3% , 219.2% and 266.8%  respectively  compared  to  control.
EFFECT OF USING IRRIGATION WATER IN DEFFIRENT QUALITIES AND BIO-FERTILIZER IN SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCAREOUS SOIL
Authors: & Al-Joubory Salman
Published: June 2020

A pots experiment was conducted at the canopy wood of Agriculture - University of Baghdad (Abu-Ghraib) during summer season of 2014 to study the effect of irrigation water quality and biofertilizer and their interactions on some soil chemical properties and growth of corn. Treatments included three water qualities river water (1.5 ds.m-1 ''Q1''), well water (4.4 ds.m-1 ''Q3'') and mixed water (3.0 ds.m-1 ''Q2'') and two levels of biofertilizer (without inoculation ''B0'' and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens  ''B1'') applied to clay loam soil, using complete randomization design (CRD) in three replicates. The results of study Soil EC values increased with increasing water salinity giving 5.18, 6.03 and 6.70 ds.m-1 for Q1, Q2 and Q3, respectively. And significantly increased exchange capacity of the cation ions CEC reached 22.20, 23.01 and 24.31 c mole c kg-1 soil for Q1, Q2 and Q3, respectively. Irrigation water salinity also led to a significant increase in soil organic matter content reached 11.06, 12.55 and 13.90 gm.kg-1 soil for Q1, Q2 and Q3, respectively. Biofertilization led to decrease in rates a significant values electrical conductivity (EC) increase exchange capacity of the cation ions CEC and organic matter soil.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENTS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF GARLIC Allium sativum L
Authors: & et al. Ali
Published: June 2020

A field trial was conducted  in Silt loam soil at  Al-bu-Farraj, northen Ramadi, 110 km west of Baghdad) , to study the effect of fertilization with macro and micronutrients on growth and yield of garlic ( Allium sativum L.). Randomized complete block design with three replicate was used. Four fertilizer formulations from  nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium i.e. A0 (0,0,0) , A1 (80, 80, 80) , A2 (120, 120, 120 and A3 (160, 160, 160) kg.ha-1 were applied. Four concentrations of nutrient solution( B0,B1,B2,B3) (0 , 0.5 , 1 , 1.5) g.L-1 were foliar applied.Results showed no significant difference among treatments regarding plant height. Leaf area , mean head weight and yield were significantly (0.05) increased with rate of application for individual factor and interaction between factors. The combination of fertilizer A2B3 gave higher Leaf area rate of 1166.9cm2.plant-1, and the weight of the head 97.30 g and higher yield of heads was 25.90 Mg.ha-1, compared with less yield 14.30 Mg.ha-1 which was given without A0B0 fertilization. Soil application and foliar spray individually led to significant (0.05) increases in leaves number per plant, while interaction had no significant effect on these trails. For cloves per head only the soil application was significantly active in increasing this trail.
PERFORMANCE OF CASTOR BEAN SELECT UNDER SALINE IRRIGATION WATER
Authors: &  et al. Elsahookie
Published: June 2020

To determine the influence of selection on castor bean (Ricinus communis cv. Hindi 21) grown on a saline sodic soil, two experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012. The first experiment was applied on the Farm of College of Agric./Univ. of Baghdad. It involved planting castor bean in three methods in saline-sodic soil. The second experiment was applied by planting the original cultivar and the new select. Three levels of irrigation water salinity were used; 1.5, 6, and 12 dS.m1. However, plants of higher salinity did not grow normal, so they were discarded. The results revealed that the new select outyielded the original when it gave 174.3 g plant seed yield. This select characterized by heavier seed weight (0.24 g/seed), higher number of each of seed/plant (724) and plant fruiting racemes (12.7).When irrigating with 6 dS.m-1 saline water, it gave 188.7 g plant seed yield, 0.26g.seed-1, and 11.7 raceme.plant-1. However, the best genetic/environmental variance ratio were with plant seed number, total dry matter, and crop gowth rate. This indicate the validity of using these traits when selecting for abiotic stress tolerance due to their high heritabilities. It was suggested that re-selection on same selected plants tolerant to salinity would bring more QTLs of abiotic stress to the new select. Selecting on large population under several salinity levels will give better results. Covering selected tolerant plants with muslin cloth bags will tend to increase selfing.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF LACTOFERRIN GENE WITH MILK PRODUCTION AND ITS COMPONENT IN HOLSTEIN COW
Authors: & Shaker Alkudsi
Published: June 2020

This resesrch was conducted at the Dairy Cattle Farm pertaining to the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture in Abu-Ghraib (20 km West of Baghdad) and Al-Jaderiah, as well as at the Biotechnology  Physiology Laboratory at the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad , Al-Jaderiah, and in collaboration with the Laboratory that specific for molecular genetic analysis during the period from 27/11/2015 to 1/04/2016. The objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism of  lactoferrin gene and their relationship with some growth and productive traits for 28 Holstein cows and their borns, along with the study of some immunological indicators. The distribution percentages of lactoferrin gene polymorphism in cow's sample were 17.86 and 82.14 % for AA and AB respectively. The variation between these percentages were highly significant (P≤0.01). The allele frequency for A and B were 0.59 and 0.41 respectively, according to the lactoferrin gene analysis carried out currently.  The effect of lactoferrin gene polymorphism on milk yield was highly significant (P≤0.01), being cows with AB yielded 2447.37 ± 209.06 kg, while those with AA yielded 1205.70 ± 120.14 kg. The lactation period has not significantly affected by lactoferrin gene polymorphism. The influence of lactoferrin gene polymorphism was obvious on milk fat (P≤0.01) and ash (P≤0.05) percentages, while other milk components (lactose, protein and solid non-fat) did not. It can be concluded from the study of gene expression for lactoferrin gene, the possibility of adopted them in cattle breeding strategy,. We also recommend to apply the study on a larger sample and for several productive lactions that will give more accurate results from the application of culling and replacement strategies.
EVALUATION THE EFFICIENCY OF SUBSTATE AND CASING IN YIELD CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITIES OF FUNGI Pleurotus eryngii
Authors: & et al. Abdulrazzaq
Published: June 2020

Evaluation the efficiency different agro-waste sawdust (SD) , wheat straw (WS) and palm waste (PW)  substrate on  morphological and productivity of the P. eryngii showed that the shortest period for the full growth was on PWs which reached 53.3 days , the shortest period of pinhead formation was 8.7days on SD , the fungus gave the   maximum yield and biological efficiency on WS which reached 138.3 gm/bag and 37.7 % . the shortest period of full growth of P. eryngii in SD supplemented with alfalfa was 20.6 days , the shortest period of pinhead formation was 12days  on treatments  WS enriched with wheat bran , WS amended with sugarcane and SD amended with wheat bran The fungus gave the highest yield in WS enriched with wheat bran which246.3 gm/bag in the same substrate with 74.5 % biological efficiency. The general mean growth for P. eryngii was 1cm / day on different examined soil which achieved the highest general mean growth 3 cm after 3 days of inoculation  on Peatmoss + clay soil (1:1, the highest yield 790 gm / container in WS enriched with wheat bran with 119% biological efficiency by peatmoss alone.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICACTION OF FUNGIS RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI FROM ZINNIA SEEDS, TEST ITS PATHOGENICITY AND CONTROL IT BY ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCTS
Authors: & Juber Saeed
Published: June 2020

This study was conducted to isolate the fungus Rhizoctonia solani associated with Zinnia seeds, test its pathogenicity and evaluation the effect of  alcohol extract of coontail and lotus, grapefruit extract, sea bloom 29 and Bioimmune on this pathogene. This fungus was presented in 3 samples from 11 samples and was recorded for the first time on this plant in Iraq. All the isolates caused a significant reduction in seeds germination. Isolate A22 gave the highest decrease in percentage of germination (4%). This isolate gave 100% disease incidence and 96.5% disease severity compared to control (2.5%). The percentage of germination capacity and seed germination of the seed primed with PEG solution and planted in soil inoculated by this isolate was 45%. The alcoholic extract of coontail 0.2% and Bioimmune 12% caused a significant superiority in the inhibition of this isolate . Also these two extracts caused a significant reduction in disease incidence 77.5% and 72.5% and diseasse severity 72.5% and 70% compared to control 100% and 99.38%.
EFFECT OF GRADUAL HIGH SALINITY ON SOME STRESS PARAMETERS (GLUCOSE,TOTAL PROTEIN AND LACTATE) IN BLOOD PLASMA OF COMMON CARP
Authors: & Al- Hilalli Al- Khshali
Published: June 2020

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of high salinity on the some stress parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) which gradually exposed to salt concentrations of 5, 10 and 15g/liter, as well as tap water (control 0.1g/liter) for 90 days .80 fish were randomly distributed on eight glass tanks with 2 replicates as 10 fish / replicate at average weight of 15 ± 3 g to study the effect of salinity on the Total protein , Glucose ,and Lactate in blood plasma , Fish were fed during the trial on commercial diet with 31.9 % protein content.. Results showed that an increase in the total protein to 4.98 and then decrease to 4.60  and 3.90 g/100 cm3 when the salinity increased to 5, 10 and 15 g/l respectively, compared with the control treatment (4.94 g/100 cm3).  Glucose reached 75.11, 91.20 and 95.17 mg/100 ml at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 g/l respectively, compared with the control treatment (66.64 mg/100ml). Lactate also increased to 43.12, 45.38  and 48.53  mg/100 ml , when the salinity increased to  5 , 10 and 15 g/l respectively, in comparison with control treatment  (40.65 mg/100 ml) .
USING PROBIOTICS AND INULIN TO PROLONG FERMINTED DAIRY PRODUCTS SHELEF LIFE
Authors: & Thaer Khaleel
Published: June 2020

The fermented dairy products were prepared using, four different probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lb. rhamnosus, Lb. reutri and Lb. acidophilus individually. The fermented products were prepared using skimmed milk with the addition of 0, 1 and 2% inulin. The results showed that,  the fat percentages were 0.14-0.18%, titrable acidity 0.69-0.89%, pH values 4.63- 4.84, total solids 11.95-13.85 and the protein percentages were 3.91-4.26% .The results showed that there were variation in the viable counts of probiotic bacteria according to the added percentage of inulin.  It was found that the logarithmic viable counts for Lb. plantarum were 10.86, 12.41 and 13.91 when 0, 1 and 2% inulin was added respectively, while these counts were;  10.61, 12.30, 13.75, 9.97, 11.94, 13.75, 9.72, 10.10 and 11.20 cfu/g for Lb. rhamnosus, Lb. reutri and Lb. acidophilus, respectively. The decreased in logarithmic cycle was by 1.41-1.87 of viable counts (after 10 weeks at 5c) between the treatments of 0% inulin and those which is supported by probiotics addition.  At the same conditions, the treatments with 1% inulin shawed 1.5 logarithmic cycle reduction in  Lb. rhamnosus, Lb. reutri and Lb. acidophilus ,and 0.78 logarithmic cycle when Lb. planetarium were used. By using 2% inulin the logarithmic cycle decreased were one cycle for Lb. rhamrnosus, Lb. reutri and Lb. acidophilus while it was 0.33 cycle for Lb. planetarium at the same conditions.
EFFECT OF BIO-FERTILIZERS AND MOLYBDENUM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GREEN BEAN
Authors: & Al-Rukabi Al-Jebory
Published: June 2020

This experiment was carried out at the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, during the spring season of 2015 to study the effect of nitrogen fixing bacterial bio-fertilizers including Rhizobium phaseoli, Azotobacter  chroococcum, and Azospirillum brasilense and molybdenum on growth and yield of green beans. The experiment was conducted according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications each included 11 treatments represent the interactions between nitrogen fixing bacteria strains, molybdenum solo application, molybdenum and bacteria strains interactions, in addition to the recommended nitrogen application and control treatment. Results were analyzed using the least significant differences (LSD) test at 5% level of significance. Results showed significant effect of the treatment that included all bacteria strains and Mo (T11) on increasing plant macro elements (N, P, and K) which gave 2.39%, 0.49%, and 2.92%, respectively and Fe and Mo concentrations of 269.67 mg.L-1 and 0.69 mg.L-1, respectively and protein percentage in the pods of 13.98%. in addition, treatment of both R. phaseoli  and A. chroococcum (T5) gave the most significant main root length of 36.56 cm while R. phaseoli  and A. chroococcum and Mo (T9) gave the largest root surface area of 115.00 cm2 and the highest number of root nods that reached 5.33 nod.plant-1. Moreover, T5 significantly increased plant height, leaf number, shoot dry weight, and pod’s length that reached 54.67 cm, 30.22 leaf.plant-1, 65.56 g.plant-1, and 13.62 cm, respectively. As for the T9, results showed significant increase in the number of pods per plant and plant yield of 51.61 pod.plant-1 and 262.03 g.plant-1, respectively.
EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION SALICYLIC ACID ON CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS TOLERANCE TO SOIL SALINITY
Authors: & et al. Al-hayany
Published: June 2020

This experiment was carried out  at the private nursery located at Baquba city/ Diyala governorate during 2015 agricultural season on three years old Citrus rootstocks seedlings to study the effect foliar application of salicylic acid  on  seedlings tolerance to soil salinity. The experiment included 24 treatment represented  three factors: soil salinity levels (1.14,4.62 and 5.30 dSm-1) , two levels of salicylic acid (0 and 250 mg.l -1) and four citrus rootstocks (Sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin, Volkamariana lemon and Troyercitrange ),and their interactions with three replications . The results showed that: increasing soil salinity  reduced most studied growth parameters (number and length of branches, number of leaves  and  fresh weight of the vegetative and root system). Salicylic acid application caused an increment in number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of root system. Citrus rootstocks Troyercitrange was superior on other rootstocks by giving highest values branches length, whereas Cleopatra mandarin rootstock was superior in the number of leaves.
PRIMING OF GENETIC VARIATIONS BY COLOCYNTH FRUIT EXTRACT AND CALLUS INITIATION IN EMBRYOS OF TWO CULTIVARS OF ALFALFA SEEDS
Authors: & Ali Hamza
Published: June 2020

An experiment  was conducted at Central lab of Graduate studies, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad during 2015-2016. The aim was to study the effect of colocynth fruit extract on inducing callus from embryos of two alfalfa cultivars were PAC-78001 and local variety by tissue culture technique using factorial experiment within CRD. Seeds was soaked with colocynth fruit extract at 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 ml Li-1 for 24 hours, then, sterilized by NaOCl at 4.5% for 15 minutes. The results showed significant differences between two cultivars responding to colocynth fruit extract levels. Concentration at 150 ml Li-1 gave the highest both fresh and dry weight of callus (205.90 and 20.60) respectively. Also, PCR results depending on RAPD and electrophoresis for DNA samples which isolated from callus of two cultivars and subjected to various concentrations of colocynth fruit extract 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 ml Li-1 showed differences in amplified observed bands, molecular weights and brightness intensity by using primers primer -Y07, -Y06, OE-12, C-08, D-10, -Y10 and A-16, and There was no difference in bands number at all concentrations of colocynth fruit extract for local variety by primer A-16.
DETERMINATION HETEROSIS,COMBINING ABILITY AND GENE ACTION USING HALF DIALLEL CROSSES IN MAIZE.
Authors: & abed Hammadi
Published: June 2020

Six inbred lines of maize were crossed in this study by using half – diallel analysis method , during spring season of 2017, to produce fifteen F1 crosses. The parents and crosses were cultivated during fall season of 2017 by using R.C.B.D with three replications to determine heterosis, general and specific combining ability effects and gene action . Significant differences were found among parental and their crosses for all the traits . The results were showed that the hybrid ( Zm - 1× Zm - 5) had the highest heterosis in grain yield.plant-1 (113.4%). The hybrid (ART-B-17x SYN-33) produced highest number rows. ear-1 (17.9) rows, 500 kernel weight (112.9) gm and grain yield.plant-1 (214.7) gm . The values  of  specific combining ability variances were more than the general combining ability variances for all the traits, indicating that non-additive gene action was responsible for inheritance of all the traits. The values of the broad sense heritability for all characters were higher and  average degree of dominance was exceeded one for all the traits . Results indicated that some inbreds could be used in breeding  program to develop single crosses which have  higher grain yield because all the traits  under over dominance gene action
EXPOSURE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON WATER PROPERTIES IN RECIRCULATION AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS(RAS)
Authors: & et al. Hassan
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study to investigate the effect of magnetic field on water properties recirculatingaquaculture systems. This study is based on previous works reporting the positive effects of exposureto magnetic field on water properties, plant growth, plant germination, livestock-drinking water, andfish fertilisation. It was conducted against the backdrop of serious issues pertaining to water quality inrecirculating aquaculture systems, which negatively impact aquaculture species growth. First, thiswork evaluates the effect of exposed to magnetic field intensities of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.10+0.15,0.10+0.20, 0.15+0.20, and 0.10+0.15+0.20 T on water quality. The results showed significant (p < 0.05)increases of the dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and conductivity(CD) by 17.3, 1.6, 3.0%, respectively, andsignificant decreases of the ammonium level(NH4-N), specific conductivity(SPC), total dissolvedsolids(TDS), oxygen reduction potential(ORP), and chlorides by 25.3, 1.1, 1.4, 1.0, 16.9, 3.4%,respectively, throughout the experiment in recirculation aquaculture systems. Therefore, theinstallation of the device in recirculation aquaculture systems is simple, low cost, and can be retrofittedinto existing systems, which helps simplify fish rearing for fish farmers.
CUSTOM HIRING VERSUS OWNERSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY SERVICES IN RICE PRODUCTION FARMS IN ALNAJAF AL-ASHRAF PROVINCE
Authors: KADHIM Z. R.
Published: June 2020

Investments in ownership of agricultural machinery services and access to them, especially for small-scale farmers, may not be the minimum cost option in comparison with hiring these required services through oral or written agricultural hire contracts. The main objective of this research is to test whether the custom hiring status of agricultural machinery services is better for selected sample in comparison with the other potential alternatives. The theoretical framework based on the financial approach of engineering costs analysis of agricultural machineries services, to calculate discounted cash flows. The data were collected by using cross- section data in rice production farms in Alnajaf Al-ashraf province during 2015 farming season. The results indicated that the total costs of the used machineries are lower purchasing price, fixed costs and requires more powered skills than new machineries. Results also pointed out that the values of net present criterion had negative sign and less than zero at 5%, 7% and 10% discount rates because of the costs of financing exceed total revenues earned from agricultural machineries in addition to the results showed that the investments on all new and used agricultural machinery in the study area are unprofitable based on profitability ratio criteria. The custom hire should be encouraged for enhancing the use of agricultural machinery services in the province due to it is highly profitable from the individual investor viewpoint.
EVALUATION OF DROUGHT IN IRAQ USING DSI. BY REMOTE SENSING
Authors: &et al. Jawad
Published: June 2020

Evaluation of drought patterns in Iraq and determining the most susceptible areas of this phenomenon were analyzed, using the remotely-sensed Drought Severity Index (DSI) through analysis the daily and annual DSI for three zones over Iraq, also have been analyzed DSI time series using run theory to evaluate the characteristics of drought in Iraq. The efficiency of DSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Percentage of Precipitation Anomaly (PPA) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert), and compared with drought indicators (Evapotranspiration (ET), Potential evapotranspiration (PET) and total annual precipitation (PRE)) for the period 2000-2011, were derived from the Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG). The spatial interpolation techniques in Geographic Information System (GIS) package has been used, to cover the whole extent of country and extracting the zones. Statistical methods were applied to compute the probability of drought events at every zone. The results showed the drier year is 2008, the wetter years are 2001 in Desert zone and 2003 in steppes and Arid and Semi-Arid Zone zones. The results also showed a significant fluctuation in precipitation from the average, especially at Arid and Semi-Arid Zone when compared with other zones. The values of standard deviation of precipitation were compared with precipitation anomalies for each zone, Arid and Semi-Arid is the drier zone in 2007-2008, the wetter zone is also Arid and Semi-Arid in 2002-2003. Using run theory, the drier Zone is Arid and Semi-Arid and the wetter Zone is steppes during study period.