bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Emerald’ Asparagus1
Authors: Peirce L. C.
Published: October 2022

‘Emerald’ asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a new cultivar well-adapted to northern states. It is intended for fresh market use, where the bright green spears provide an attractive alternative to typical asparagus showing anthocyanin at both spear base and tip. Quality appears to be equal to that of commonly used ‘Mary Washington’ and ‘Viking’, but winter survival and yield in young plantings have been superior.
‘Kristin’ Sweet Cherry1
Authors: Way R. D. , Livermore K. G. , Lamb R. C. , Ystaas J.
Published: October 2022

‘Kristin’ is a new, mid-season, productive, large, black, high-quality sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). It is similar to ‘Schmidt’, but trees are more winter-hardy more heavily cropping, and fruits are larger. It has performed especially well in tests in Norway, Montana, and New York.
‘Early Cortland’ Apple1
Authors: Way R. D. , Livermore K. G. , Aldwinckle H. S.
Published: October 2022

‘Early Cortland’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a red apple similar to ‘Cortland’, but ripening 1 month earlier, introduced from the Geneva apple-breeding program.
Triacontanol Levels in Ascending Sugar Maple Sap1
Authors: Houtz Robert L. , Ries Stanley K.
Published: October 2022

Sap collected from trees of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in the springs of 1978, 1980, and 1981 was analyzed for 1-triacontanol (TRIA) content. TRIA was present at physiologically active concentrations which varied quadratically with sampling time during each spring season. The maximum TRIA concentration observed was about 11.4 × 10-9M. The highest concentration of TRIA in the sap shifted each year of collection.
‘Blue Mountain’ Bush Snap Bean1
Authors: Silbernagel M. J. , Drake S. R.
Published: October 2022

‘Blue Mountain’ snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a bush Blue Lake-type developed for commercial processing, home-garden, and market-garden use. It is resistant to Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV), I gene, and Curly Top Virus (CTV), definite advantages in the seed production regions of the intermountain western states. ‘Blue Mountain’ is adapted to mechanical harvesting, and does well in either standard row widths or in high-density culture. Unlike many Blue Lake-types, ‘Blue Mountain’ picks clean (minimal leaves, stems, etc.) when mechanically harvested and its through-the-plant flow is comparable to ‘Tendercrop’. ‘Blue Mountain’ does well in the warmer dry climates found in the arid western states and in the mid-western and northeastern production areas. ‘Blue Mountain’ is not well-suited for production in the cool-cloudy Willamette Valley, where most of Oregon’s Blue Lake beans are grown. Plant and pod appearance resemble ‘Tendercrop’, but the processed pods have flavor, color, and quality that are comparable to ‘Blue Lake’. As a processing bean, ‘Blue Mountain’ is suitable for canning and freezing, cut or french-style pack. Its appearance and flavor will appeal to home and market gardeners.
‘Scarlet’ Sweet Potato1
Authors: Moyer J. W. , Collins W. W.
Published: October 2022

‘Scarlet’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], designated NCM-283 during testing, was released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. ‘Scarlet’ is a dark-skinned sweet potato with orange flesh intended for growers and consumers desiring deep red to purple skin color. The major advantage of this cultivar over other red sweet potatoes is the greater intensity and stability of the dark skin color. The skin color is distinctly darker at harvest and more stable in storage than those of ‘Copper Skin Jewel’, the most widely grown red skin cultivar in North Carolina, and ‘Red Jewel’, a cultivar popular in other areas of the southeastern United States but not grown in North Carolina. Many characteristics of ‘Scarlet’ are similar to ‘Jewel’ (2); foliage growth habit, disease resistance, and insect resistance are all similar. However, ‘Scarlet’ has a distinct root shape and it scored significantly higher in baking trials.
Development of Quarantine Systems for Host Fruits of the Medfly
Authors: Melvin Couey H.
Published: October 2022

Exclusion of plant diseases and pests by quarantine procedures is an ancient and valuable practice. The word quarantine comes from the Latin word for 40, quadraginta, and the practice of holding a ship outside of port for 40 days if suspected of carrying disease. Carefully and rigorously applied quarantine methods have restricted the spread of plant diseases and insect pests numerous times. With increasing travel and trade, quarantine barriers are becoming increasingly difficult to maintain and we see new introductions of pests throughout the world. With the demand for exotic products, simple exclusion of potentially infested products is an unsatisfactory response to quarantine requirements. Methods are needed to protect domestic crops from foreign pests with minimal impact on commerce. An ideal quarantine system is highly reliable, harmless to the commodity and to the consumers of the commodity, and inexpensive to apply and administer. It is difficult to develop a system that meets these requirements, and various trade-offs are essential. Since the discovery and development of ethylene dibromide (EDB) and methyl bromide (MB) as general-purpose fumigants, the usual response to quarantine requirements has been an automatic resort to these fumigants. However, considering the potential hazards in the use of fumigants, we are taking a broader approach at our laboratory to the quarantine problems posed by the fruit flies; we hope to utilize infestation biology of the insects, the natural resistance of host plants, various field control measures, and a broader arsenal of alternative postharvest treatments to minimize the use of chemical fumigants.
Effects of Polyamines on Fruit-set of Apple1
Authors: Costa G. , Bagni N.
Published: October 2022

Aliphatic polyamines (spennine, spermidine, and putrescine) were sprayed 9 days after full bloom on open- and self-pollinated flowers of a spur-type apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Ruby Spur). Concentrations of 10-6 and 10-5M substantially increased fruit-set and yield per tree. Polyamines generally increased fruit growth rate during stage 1 (cell division), but not thereafter (cell enlargement). Flower bud formation was also increased by higher concentration of polyamines.
Effects of Dilute and Concentrated Sprays of NAA and Carbaryl in Combination with Daminozide and Pesticides on Fruit Size and Return Bloom of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ Apple1
Authors: Rogers B. L. , Thompson A. H.
Published: October 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1-naphthyl N-methyl carbamate (carbaryl) applied separately in both dilute and concentrated sprays significantly increased fruit size; however, when butanedioic mono-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) was added, fruit size remained about the same as on unsprayed check trees. Crop load was not significantly affected by any of these treatments. Dilute and concentrated sprays of carbaryl produced more return bloom than did NAA. The most effective treatments were combinations of NAA and carbaryl, either dilute or concentrated. Combining first-cover pesticides [azinphosmethyl (guthion) and cis-N-(trichloromethyl)thio)-4-cy-clonexane-l,2-dicarboximide (captan)] with NAA, and captan with carbaryl, produced satisfactory thinning.
Variation in Sensitivity of Coleus Seedlings to Chilling Injury1
Authors: Moline Harold E. , Semeniuk Pete
Published: October 2022

Four seedlings derived from 3 cultivars of Coleus Χ hybridus Voss and C. blumei Benth were injured when exposed to 5°C for 24, 32, or 48 hours. An exposure of 32 hours or longer increased the foliar damage of chilled seedlings. In the case of ‘Harlequin’ and ‘Weimar Buckley’ seedlings, chilling injury was apparent during or immediately following the 24, 32, and 48 hours chilling exposure. One selection of ‘Red Rainbow’ displayed no symptoms of chilling injury following the 24-hour treatment, and only minor injury after 32- and 48-hour exposure. The other selection was only slightly more sensitive following these treatments. Seven days after a 48-hour exposure at 5°, 100% of the terminal buds of ‘Red Rainbow’ and ‘Weimar Buckley’ seedlings were dead, but no damage was evident on terminal buds of ‘Harlequin’ seedlings. No apparent injury was observed in any seedlings when exposed to 10° for as long as 48 hours.
Influence of Production Light Levels on Long-term Effects of Dark Storage on the Postharvest Keeping Quality of Schefflera arboricola1
Authors: Batson Daniel B. , Blessington Thomas M.
Published: October 2022

Schefflera arboricola Hayata ex. Kanehira was grown under light levels of 240, 480, and 720 μΕ m-2s-1. Plant grade and width were greatest when plants were produced under low light level but plant height and stem caliper were least. Leaf chlorophyll content was significantly lower under the high production light level than at medium or low levels. After subjecting plants to 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days of dark storage and a subsequent 12-week period indoors, growth index, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content generally were less as dark-storage duration increased. Leaf drop was greater and plant grade was lower as the duration of dark storage increased regardless of production light levels. After 12 weeks indoors, plants produced under 240 μΕ m-2s-1 and held for a period up to 6 days of dark maintained better plant quality than plants produced under the higher light levels.
Factors Affecting Postharvest Stress of Summer-dug Photinia1
Authors: Ponder Harry G. , Gilliam Charles H. , Dawes Heather J.
Published: October 2022

Photinia Χ fraseri Dress (Fraser Photinia) plants were dug and burlapped in the morning and afternoon during midsummer with or without previous irrigation or antitranspirant treatment (di-1-p methene = Vapor Gard). Plants were shipped for one day, held for 2 weeks under lath, and then planted. Moisture stress, indicated by shoot water potential, was monitored throughout the study and survival was rated in September. Use of the antitranspirant and morning digging reduced moisture stress of plants. Morning-dug plants had 80% or greater survival even without irrigation. Afternoon digging gave low survival with or without irrigation but afternoon digging plus Vapor Gard gave 100% survival.
Shoot Proliferation, Rooting, and Transplant Survival of Tissue-cultured ‘Hally Jolivette’ Cherry
Authors: Lineberger R. Daniel
Published: October 2022

Actively growing shoot tips of Prunus × ‘Hally Jolivette’ proliferated in vitro on a Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.1 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg/liter benzylamino purine (BA). A 500-fold increase in shoot tips was achieved after 25 weeks in culture. Cultured shoot tips exposed to different levels of NAA and BA (0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/liter of each in all combinations) formed roots, shoots, or basal callus depending on the concentrations of added growth regulators. Microcuttings rooted in vitro in the presence or absence of 0.1 mg/liter NAA and under nonsterile conditions in a sphagnum peatmoss:perlite medium. Rooted microcuttings were successfully acclimated and grown under greenhouse conditions.
Effect of Photoperiod on Growth of West Indian Mahogany
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry M.
Published: October 2022

West Indian mahogany [Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.] grown outdoors under 63% shade in southern Florida exhibited 3 distinct growth phases during the autumn and winter months. During the first phase (September through November), long-day conditions enhanced growth beyond that of natural daylength plants. In the 2nd phase (December through February), plants were essentially quiescent under both photoperiodic regimes in response to cool temperatures. In the 3rd phase (beginning in March), both long-day and natural daylength plants resumed growth at comparable rates. Thus, extending the photoperiod increases the growth rate in the autumn, but has little effect thereafter.
Factors Influencing the Frequency of Callus Formation among Cultured Peach Anthers
Authors: Hammerschlag F. A.
Published: October 2022

Callus was induced from anthers of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] at several stages of pollen development. Cold pretreatments of isolated anthers did not enhance callus formation. Maximum callusing of ‘Sunhigh’ and ‘Compact Redhaven’ anthers was 71% and 87%, respectively, which occurred when anthers containing uninucleate microspores (35 μm) were floated on shallow layers of liquid medium and transferred to fresh medium after 7, 10, and 14 days. Cytofluorometric measurements (UV excitation) of 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained nuclei suggested that the majority of cells were haploid.
The Relationship Between Seed Number and Pollen Viability in Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Authors: Vander Kloet S. P.
Published: October 2022

Number of plump seeds and fruit size were correlated with pollen viability in intercrosses of Vaccinium corymbosum L. There was no relation between pollen viability and percent fruit set, days to fruit maturity, or seed weight.
Ethylene Production during Involucre Dehiscence of the Chinese Chestnut
Authors: Kays Stanley J. , Payne Jerry A.
Published: October 2022

Ethylene was produced by the Chinese chestnut fruit (Castanea moltissima Blume), its rate increasing substantially prior to dehiscence. The primary site of synthesis was the involucre, rather than the seeds. Elevated levels (2 to 4 μl/kg-hr) of ethylene production by the involucre corresponded with increased respiratory activity; however, the rate of ethylene synthesis declined earlier in the senescence of the involucre than did the CO2 production. Exogenous application of ethylene either as a gas or as (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) accelerated the rate at which dehiscence occurred and improved the uniformity of dehiscence among seedling fruits.
Resistance of Okra Plant Introductions to Root Knot Nematode and Fusarium Wilt
Authors: McLeod Janet M. , Witcher W. , Epps W. M. , Robbins M. L.
Published: October 2022

Of 260 plant introductions (PI) of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] evaluated for disease resistance, 39 were resistant to southern root knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) (Chitwood)], 9 were resistant to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (A & K) Snyder and Hansen, and 3 were resistant to both. An introduction of A. manihot L., a wild relative of okra, was highly resistant to fusarium wilt.
Economic Dimensions of the Constraints and Opportunities in International Agricultural Development
Authors: Breimyer Harold F.
Published: October 2022

The more inquisitive scholars among the human species have searched from earliest times for universal, catholic ideas that bridge race, place, and language. A natural topic is man’s food supply—its origin, enhancement, and distribution. Beliefs about the topic have ranged from superstition to sophisticated science.
Radio-calcium Uptake by ‘Spartan’ and ‘Delicious’ Apple as Influenced by Rootstock and BA + GA3 to Activate Growth of Lateral Buds
Authors: Granger R. L. , Looney N. E.
Published: October 2022

One-year old trees of ‘Spartan’ and ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on 4 clonal rootstocks were cut to 3 scion nodes and transferred to an aerated Long Ashton full nutrient solution containing 45Ca. Treating the axillary buds with 6-benzylamino purine plus gibberellic acid (BA + GA3) resulted in a small increase in number, fresh weight, and total length of new shoots. Total area of new leaves per tree was unaltered. The BA + GA3 treatment significantly reduced the 45Ca content of the “new shoots” fraction and the total amount of 45Ca absorbed by the treated trees. ‘Spartan’ trees absorbed and transported more 45Ca than did ‘Delicious’ and there was no significant interaction with growth regulators. Of the rootstocks, Mailing Merton (MM) 111 was less efficient than Mailing (M) 26, M 7, or MM 106 in transporting 45Ca across the graft union to either scion cultivar. Growth-regulator-treated trees on M 26 roots absorbed significantly less 45Ca than did comparably treated trees on MM 106 or MM 111 roots.
Flowering Potential of Pecan
Authors: Wood B. W. , Payne J. A.
Published: October 2022

The early-spring mechanical removal of various combinations of buds from one-year-old branches of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, cv. Desirable] increased the number of lateral shoots and indicated the potential for development of both pistillate and staminate flowers and mature nuts from primary, secondary, and tertiary buds from nodes throughout the length of one-year-old branches. ‘Desirable’ was found to possess strong apical dominance; thus, bud removal and pruning treatments did not greatly increase the development of greater than normal numbers of lateral shoots. Methods that could block apical dominance and allow continued development of young shoots that normally abort appear to have potential of greatly increasing crop productivity.
Hormonal Control of Pepper Seed Germination
Authors: Watkins J. T. , Cantliffe D. J.
Published: October 2022

Germination rate of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seed was reduced and germination became less uniform as temperature was lowered from 25° to 15°C. There was no evidence of a leachable or extractable germination inhibitor being activated or formed during the exposure to low temperature. Auxin and kinetin applications did not alter germination rates, but gibberellins (GA3 and GA4+7) increased germination rates. GA4+7 was slightly more effective than GA3 in stimulating a germination rate increase. AMO 1618 effectively reduced germination rates.
Deleterious Effects of Cool Air Temperature Reversed by Root-Zone Warming in Poinsettia
Authors: Janes Harry W. , McAvoy Richard
Published: October 2022

Poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cv. Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond) were grown in separate greenhouses, one in which the night air temperature was maintained at 16.7°C and another where the air temperature was allowed to fall to 11.5°. The cool-air-treated plants were subjected to root-zone temperatures of 17°, 23°, 26°, and 29°. In general, the deleterious effects of cool air temperatures could be reversed by root-zone warming at 23°.
The Effect of BAS 106, Ancymidol, and Chlormequat on Chrysanthemum and Poinsettia
Authors: Jay Holcomb E. , Ream Sally , Reed Jeffrey
Published: October 2022

Application of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10 pentaaza-tetracyclo-5,4,102,6 08,11-dodeca-3-9-diene (BAS 106) by granular (1G) application to the medium surface or 50% wettable powder (50 WP) soil drench were compared with standard methods of application for (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), and alpha-cyclopropyl-alpha-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) for their retardation of chrysanthemum and poinsettia growth. A 32 mg/pot BAS 106 (50 WP) rate caused temporary venial chlorosis of the leaves. BAS 106 (1G) at 6 mg/pot and BAS 106 (50 WP) at 8 mg/pot retarded Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat, ‘Always Pink’ as effectively as daminozide spray at 2500 mg/liter; whereas the same treatments were more effective on chrysanthemum ‘Ritz’ than either a 2500 mg/liter spray or 0.25 mg/pot ancymidol drench. BAS 106 (1G) topdressed at 18 mg/pot or a BAS 106 (50 WP) drench at 8 mg/pot retarded Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ‘Brilliant Diamond’ and ‘Paul Mikkelsen’ as much as a 0.5 mg/pot ancymidol drench and more than a 3000 mg/liter chlormequat drench.
Influence of Temperature and Daylength on Growth and Flower Yield of Anigozanthos manglesii D. Don (Haemodoraceae)
Authors: Hagiladi A.
Published: October 2022

Seedlings of Anigozanthos manglesii D. Don responded positively to watering and fertilization when the night temperature was 12° to I5°C; at higher temperatures, these factors caused seedling death. Cold treatment (10°C for 17 hours a day for a month) of seedlings prior to planting stimulated growth, new fan production, and flower yield. Temperatures below 10° promoted flower differentiation, whereas cultivation at higher temperatures reduced flower yield. Illuminating plants at night from 2200 to 0200 HR did not affect flower yield when plants were grown at relatively low temperatures, but it did reduce yields when they were grown in a heated greenhouse.
Effect of H2SO4 and GA3 on Seed Germination of Zamia furfuracea
Authors: Dehgan B. , Schutzman B.
Published: October 2022

Seeds of Zamia furfuracea Ait. (cardboard plant) were treated following removal of the sarcotesta (fleshy seed coat) with concentrated H2SO4 and 1000 ppm GA3 in a 4 × 4 factorial combination. The highest total germination of 82.2% in an average time of 74.5 days (germination value = 0.070) was achieved when seeds were exposed to H2SO4 for 15 minutes. Average number of days to germination was reduced to 37.7 when 30 minutes of H2SO4 treatment was followed by 24-hour GA3 soak without significantly affecting percent germination (germination value = 0.103). Interactions of H2SO4 and GA3 are explained by the effect of H2SO4 on sclerotesta (stony seed coat) thickness and the effect of GA3 on the accelerated development of an immature embryo.
‘Green Ice’ Muskmelon
Authors: Nugent P. E. , Hoffman J. C. , Andrus C. F. , Rhodes B. B.
Published: October 2022

‘Green Ice’ is a green-fleshed muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) adapted to the climatic conditions prevalent in the southeastern United States and is well-suited for both commercial and home garden production. It is a high-yielding ‘Honey Ball’-type muskmelon that produces round to oval, pale gray-green, medium-sized fruit that turn cream-colored and slip from the vine at maturity. The thick light-green flesh has a pleasing aroma and sweet flavor and is high in vitamin C. The vigorous plants are resistant to race 3 of powdery mildew [Spaerotheca fuliginea (Schlect ex Fr.) Poll.] and tolerant to most pests and environmental stresses of the region.
An Endowment Opportunity for Horticulturists
Authors: Paul Larsen R.
Published: October 2022

“The greatest use of a life is to spend it on something that outlasts it” (William James).
In Vitro Propagation of African Violet Chimeras
Authors: Smith R. H. , Norris R. E.
Published: October 2022

The direct formation of adventitious buds from leaf tissue of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) resulted in the maintenance of the parent chimera pattern. Low cytokinin levels contributed to the formation of a single, symmetrical rosette.
Response of Container-grown ‘Hicks’ Yew to Preplant Chilling and Postplant Night Lighting
Authors: Lumis Glen P. , Gail Johnson A.
Published: October 2022

Preplant chilling of rooted cuttings and postplant night lighting influenced the growth of ‘Hicks’ yew (Taxus × media Rehd. ‘Hicksii’). Supplemental light from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, provided during the first year, enhanced shoot length and number in the first year, but not in the second. Compared to natural light, HPS increased shoot length 3 to 5 times and shoot number 3 and 4 times in the first year. The influence of incandescent light on growth was less, being significant on unchilled but not chilled plants, and not beneficial when continued for 2 years. In the second year, plants under natural light grew as much or more than plants under either HPS or incandescent light. The trend of increased shoot length in the first year by chilled plants under natural light was not evident for lighted plants, nor was there any benefit of chilling on shoot number. A trend for less growth in the second year by chilled plants was evident. The delay in initiation and development of buds on accelerated plants had an adverse effect on growth the second year.
The Development of Juvenile and Adult English Ivy When Grown Alone and Together in Solution Culture
Authors: Clark James R. , Campbell Alan
Published: October 2022

Cuttings of juvenile and mature English ivy (Hedera helix L.) were rooted and grown in a solution culture system, both alone and in combination. No reversion of the mature form to the juvenile form occurred when mature and juvenile cuttings were grown together, but reversion occurred in 4.2% of mature cuttings grown alone. Of mature cuttings, 73% of those grown alone and 50% grown with juvenile cuttings rooted and were growing at the end of 6 months. Shoot growth generally preceded root growth in mature cuttings.
Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar and Blend Response to Bluegrass Billbug
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Bishop D. M. , Steinegger D. H. , Bruneau A. H.
Published: October 2022

A cultivar and blend trial of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) demonstrated differential cultivar responses to larval infestation and injury by bluegrass billbug (Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal). Correlation between billbug injury ratings and billbug larval density was r = 0.92. Injury ratings and larval density for blends approximated mean response for cultivars in pure stands. These results suggested that blending could be beneficial in reducing injury symptoms, if appropriate cultivars were selected.
Effect of Wounding Method on Rooting and Water Conductivity in Four Woody Species of Air-layered Foliage Plants
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry
Published: October 2022

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex. Hornem. ‘Robusta’, F. benjamina L., Schefflera arboricola Hayata ex Kanehira, and Dracaena marginata Lam. were air-layered using 2 wounding methods. Rooting was best in double-slit F. elastica, but girdling produced a greater number of roots in the other 3 species. Girdling D. marginata stems induced coarse, unbranched roots, while a finer, more fibrous root system was produced on double-slit plants. Water conductivity through the wounded stem segments was reduced substantially in all 4 species by either form of wounding, with girdled stems having the lowest conductivities for S. arboricola and the 2 Ficus species.
Effects of Chilling and Photoperiod on Forcing Astilbe
Authors: Beattie D. J. , Holcomb E. J.
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Astilbe X arendsii Arends ‘Avalanche’, ‘Deutschland’, ‘Fanal’, and ‘Red Sentinel’ were chilled for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks at 5°C. Maximum flower number, height, and fresh weight occurred when plants were chilled for 12 weeks. No flowering occurred when ‘Avalanche’ or ‘Deutschland’ were chilled for less than 9 weeks or when ‘Fanal’ and ‘Red Sentinel’ were chilled for less than 6 weeks. ‘Fanal’ and ‘Red Sentinel’ grew significantly taller when forced under a 14-hour than under a 9-hour photoperiod.
Ethylene Evolution and Flowering of Cold- and GA-treated ‘Redwing’ Azaleas
Authors: Nell T. A. , Bodnaruk W. H. , Joiner J. N. , Sheehan T. J.
Published: October 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA)-treated ‘Redwing’ azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) flowered in half the time required for cold-treated plants. Visual plant quality and flower uniformity were equal in both treatments. Ethylene evolution of buds was monitored in plants receiving cold treatment, receiving GA application, or remaining in the greenhouse without a dormancy-breaking treatment. Ethylene was not detectable in untreated plants or in cold-treated plants during cold treatment. Ethylene in buds was detected on the 4th day after removal from the cooler and was found to correspond to ethylene generation in GA-treated plants.
A Genetic Abnormality Causing Virus-like Symptoms and Sterility in Cowpea
Authors: Brantley B. B. , Kuhn C. W.
Published: October 2022

A mutant trait discovered in a planting of ‘Knuckle Purple Hull’ cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walk.] is characterized by proliferated leaf buds, by narrow, elongated, distorted leaflets with irregular margins and abnormal vein curvature, and by sterility caused by failure of the style to elongate. In most flowers, the stigma remained enclosed by the united stamens. Inheritance of this trait is governed by a single recessive gene for which the symbol pbs, for proliferated buds, is proposed.
Flowing Solution Culture for the Mung Bean Rooting Bioassay
Authors: Robbins James A. , Paul J. L. , Reid M. S.
Published: October 2022

A description for the design and use of a flowing solution culture for the mung bean bioassay is presented. A single module for the system is an assembly of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, Tygon tubing, and 12 hypodermic syringe barrels to accomodate 60 cuttings of mung bean, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz, (5 per syringe barrel). Solution is circulated by an electric fluid pump. A comparison of this system with conventional vial culture indicates no difference in mean root numbers and their standard deviation, although a more stable solution pH is maintained in the flowing system. In the vial system, pH drifted by as much as 1.4 units within 12 hours, but only 0.2 units in the flowing system. The system presented is ideal for investigations where a stable rooting environment is required.
Response of Apple Growth and Flowering to Shade and Ground Covers
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Crowe A. D.
Published: October 2022

‘Summerland’ (regular-bearing) and ‘Macspur’ (spur-bearing) apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing (M) 26 rootstock were grown in pots under 4 shade treatments (100%, 88%, 50% and 12% full sun) and with grass, bare soil, and white plastic ground covers. ‘Macspur’ trees grew and flowered more than ‘Summerland’ trees. The 2 strains responded similarly to shade, but responded differently to ground covers. The greatest increase in fresh weight, number of shoots, and blossom clusters for ‘Macspur’ resulted with white plastic, while the least response was with grass; the reverse held for ‘Summerland’.
Peach Responses to Dikegulac
Authors: Arnold C. E. , Aldrich J. H. , Martin F. G.
Published: October 2022

Dikegulac [2,3:4,6-bis-0-(1-methylethylidene)-a-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid] was applied by handgun to the drip-point on May 27, 1978 at 0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm to trees of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. June Gold] 2 months after transplanting. Tree height and width decreased and lateral branching increased with increasing concentration of dikegulac. Phytotoxicity was concentration-dependent. All treatments were repeated on May 21, 1979, and a 3rd application of 500 and 1000 ppm was made on August 8, 1979. The best control of vegetative growth in 1979 was from biannual applications since foliar phytotoxicity was reduced. No effect on flowering date or number was detected in March 1980.
The Effects of Some Chemicals and Growth Substances on Pollen Germination and Tube Growth of Date Palm
Authors: Asif Mir I. , AI-Tahir Osman A. , Farah A. F.
Published: October 2022

Boric, fumaric, gibberellic (GA), indoleacetic (IAA), and succinic acids at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 ppm in a basic sucrose and agar medium stimulated pollen germination and tube growth of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Both germination and tube growth increased with increasing concentration of boric acid, GA, and IAA without injurious effects. Maximum pollen germination was observed at 0.05 ppm succinic acid and 0.5 fumaric acid.
FLBG-1 Pepper Breeding Line
Authors: Subramanya R. , Ozaki H. Y. , Zitter T. A.
Published: October 2022

FLBG-1 is a sweet pepper (Capsicum an-nuum L.) breeding line that has been tested to be immune to Florida strains of tobacco etch (TEV) and potato Y (PVY) viruses. It is also tolerant to pepper mottle virus (PeMoV). FLBG-1 could be a useful parent for breeding virus-resistant sweet and hot peppers of the yellow or light-green, fruited types such as ‘Cubanelle’, ‘Hungarian Yellow Wax’, and ‘Sweet Banana’.
Coordinated Effort to Enhance Development of Cold Hardy Landscape Plants
Authors: Pellett Harold
Published: October 2022

Although the world germplasm potential is immense, relatively little concentrated effort is being made to develop superior landscape plant materials and only a few institutions are involved in breeding activities. With a coordinated national effort tremendous improvements in adapted plant materials with superior aesthetic qualities could be realized for all areas of the country with relatively modest cost. The keys to a successful national effort are careful coordination and wise planning of activities utilizing knowledge available to us in genetics, plant breeding, and physiology.
Mode of Action of Air Pollutants in Injuring Horticultural Plants
Authors: Tibbitts T. W. , Kobriger J. M.
Published: October 2022

An attempt has been made here to condense the great volume of literature for many different air pollutants and from many different plant systems. Only those responses that have been reported for several species are emphasized and our discussion is limited to responses obtained with intact plants.
A Method for Measuring Leaf Volume, Density, Thickness, and Internal Gas Volume
Authors: Raskin Ilya
Published: October 2022

A fast, simple, and accurate method is presented for the determination of volume, thickness, and density of leaves and the volume of internal air spaces of leaves and other plant organs. The method is based on the application of Archimedes’ principle and involves the determination of the buoyant force acting on plant organs submerged in water.
In Vitro Plant Development from Bulbil Explants of Two Dioscorea Species
Authors: Asokan M. P. , O’Hair S. K. , Litz R. E.
Published: October 2022

Bulbil explants of one Dioscorea bulbifera L. and two D. alata L. genotypes were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium which was modified to contain 500 mg/liter NH4NO3 as the only N source. Factorials involving kinetin, 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), benzylamino purine (BA), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were tested. Plant development was obtained from one D. alata genotype using 10.0 to 14.0 mg/liter kinetin in combination with 0.01 to 0.02 mg/liter 2,4-D.
Relative Water Demand in Container-grown Ornamental Plants
Authors: Fitzpatrick George
Published: October 2022

Relative water use patterns for 12 species of container-grown ornamental plants, areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl.), ficus (Ficus benjamina L.), gumbo-limbo [Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.], parlor palm (Chamaedorea elegans Mart.), paurotis palm [Acoelorrhaphe wrightii (Griseb. + Wendl.) Wendl. ex Becc.], philodendron (Philodendron selloum Koch), pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.), schefflera (Brassaia actinophylla Endl.), seagrape [Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.], silver buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus var. sericeus Fors, ex DC.), silver palm [Coccothrinax argentata (Jacq.) Bailey], and West Indian mahogany [Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.] were measured by comparison of actual water consumption with growth rates and predicted potential evapotranspiration rates. Growth rates as determined by the change in size index over time were used to characterize species as slow, moderate, or fast-growing. The lowest relative water demand was seen in the slow-growing species. Highest relative water demand occurred in the moderate and fast-growing species. Certain moderate and fast-growing plants such as West Indian mahogany, philodendron, and pigeon plum exhibited relative water demand rates not significantly different from the slow-growing species. Monthly potential evapotranspiration rates were closely related to actual irrigation demand levels in all 12 species.
‘Suwannee’ and ‘Conquistador’ Grapes
Authors: Mortensen J. A.
Published: October 2022

‘Suwannee’ and ‘Conquistador’ are 2 new cultivars of bunch grape (Vitis X sp.) released by the University of Florida. Both are resistant to Pierce’s disease (PD), a major limiting factor to grape production in the South (6).
‘Harvest Queen’ and ‘Harrow Delight’ Pear
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Spearman G. A.
Published: October 2022

‘Harvest Queen’ and ‘Harrow Delight’ are high-quality pear cultivars introduced for early fresh-market and home garden use. At Harrow, ‘Harvest Queen’ ripens during the 3rd week of August, one week before ‘Bartlett’, and ‘Harrow Delight’ ripens during the 2nd week of August, 2 weeks before ‘Bartlett’ (Table 1). Both cultivars are resistant to fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al., and are adapted to conditions in southern Ontario.
Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Brassica campestris Breeding Lines with Resistance to Clubroot, Turnip Mosaic, and Downy Mildew
Authors: Leung Hei , Williams P. H.
Published: October 2022

Hybrid crucifers have been produced via the S-allele controlled sporophytic incompatibility, a system which is generally limited by intensive labor input and occasional instability in the expression of certain S-alleles. Additionally, most F1 hybrids lack the broad spectrum of disease resistance essential for wide adaptability. A cytoplasmic male sterile (ems) system in brassica, induced by the substitution of Brassica nuclei into a ems Raphanus cytoplasm, R1 (3), has provided a potentially useful system for the production of brassica hybrids. Moreover, the pollen control provided by the R1 ems system facilitates the incorporation of disease resistance by backcrossing ems plants to resistant recurrent parents. Based on this approach, we have developed ems Brassica campestris L. germplasms with resistance to clubroot, (caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.), downy mildew [Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Ex. Fr.], and turnip mosaic (turnip mosaic virus) (5). In this report, we describe the release of 5 lines of ems B. campestris ssp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage): Badger 28A, 28B, 28C, 28D, and 28E; 2 lines of ems B. campestris ssp. chinensis (pak choy): Badger 29A, and 29B; one line of ems B. campestris ssp. narinosa: Badger 30; and one line of ems B. campestris ssp. rapifera (turnip): Badger 31. These breeding lines would be potentially useful for the production of multiple-disease-resistant (MDR) B. campestris F1 hybrids.
Agricultural Research Policy Issues; B.Y. Morrison Memorial Lecture1
Authors: Ruttan Vernon W.
Published: October 2022

Over the last 50 years, U.S. agriculture has been transformed from a resource-based industry to a science-based industry. It has been transformed from a traditional to a high-technology sector. There are relatively few sectors in the U.S. economy that have been able to maintain their technological leadership. Agriculture is one of those sectors. The future growth of the U.S. economy will depend very heavily on those sectors that are able to maintain their technological leadership—that can continue to generate the dividends resulting from productivity growth. We are part of a world in which scientific and technological leadership in agriculture can no longer be ours by default. Some countries seem more willing than the United States to recognize and to build on complementarity between the public and private sectors. If we are to realize the gains from this complementarity it will place a special burden on each of the 3 major performers of agricultural research—federal, state, and private—to recognize their responsibility for supporting policies that will maintain the strength of the other 2.
Photometric, Radiometric, and Quantum Light Units of Measure: A Review of Procedures for Interconversion
Authors: Thimijan Richard W. , Heins Royal D.
Published: October 2022

Conversion constants and procedures necessary to interconvert photometric, radiometric, and quantum light units are described for sunlight and 9 electrical light sources.
Water Retention of Container Soils Transplanted into Ground Beds
Authors: Nelms L. R. , Art Spomer L.
Published: October 2022

Water stress resulting from inadequate soil water retention following transplanting is a major cause of container-grown transplant failure. The relatively small water supply contained in the soil containers used in nursery and bedding plant production is reduced further by enhanced drainage following transplanting. This drainage phenomenon, which has received little previous attention, was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Samples of 2 suitable container soils were embedded in simulated ground bed soil and retained in a container; water retention of the embedded soil, surrounding ground bed soil, and contained soil was monitored simultaneously to determine if the embedded soil (analogous to a container-grown transplant’s soil) retained less water than the contained soil. The embedded soils lost 30% to 85% of their estimated available water within a few hours, whereas contained soils lost the same quantity only after 3 or 4 days of surface evaporation. A simultaneous increase in water content in the surrounding ground bed soil indicated that the rapid water loss from the embedded soil was due to water movement into the surrounding soil. A similar water loss following subsequent irrigation of the embedded and ground bed soils indicated that this embedded soil water loss is primarily a drainage phenomenon. This effect was concluded to be a potentially significant factor affecting transplant survival.
Root Zone Temperature Effects on Greenhouse Roses in Relation to Supplementary Lighting at Reduced Air Temperature
Authors: Tsujita M. J. , Dutton R. G.
Published: October 2022

Two cultivars of Rosa hybrida L.—‘Samantha’ and ‘Gabriella’—budded on R. manetti rootstock were grown at root-zone temperatures of 13°C (control-ambient), 18°, and 23° at 13° air night temperature under natural light conditions or natural light plus 55 ± 5 µmol s−1m−2 HPS nightly. Stem length of ‘Samantha’ roses was increased at 23° and the quality index was reduced at 18° soil temperatures. An interaction between light and soil temperature occurred in ‘Gabriella’ roses, where stem length and diameter, fresh weight, quality index, and yield were improved with increased soil zone temperature under natural daylength conditions, but the reverse was the case with HPS supplementary irradiation. Scion cultivar differences on the identical rootstock influenced the response of the plants to root-zone heating and HPS lighting.
The Effects of Bud Maturity on Fertilization in Brassica campestris L.
Authors: Allee Leslie , Mutschler Martha A.
Published: October 2022

Pollen tube growth and ovule fertilization was observed in 3- to 7-mm-long pistils in flowers of a rapid cycling population of Brassica campestris L. Pollen tubes grew past the ovules to the base of the ovaries in pistils 3- or 4-mm-long. The pollen tubes were guided toward the ovules in buds 5-mm-long or longer and in flowers of compatible or incompatible plants. Brightly florescent spots were observed at the micropyle of ovules in pistils 4-mm or longer, but not in smaller buds.
Sources of Phaseolus Species Resistance and Leaf and Pod Differential Reactions to Common Blight
Authors: Schuster Max L. , Coyne Dermot P. , Behre Tareke , Leyna Henry
Published: October 2022

Eight known resistant lines of Phaseolus vulgaris L., one resistant line of P. acutifolius A. Gray, and the susceptible ‘Dark Red Kidney’ were evaluated in the greenhouse for their leaf and pod reactions to 7 isolates of Xanthomonas phaseoli (E.F. Sm.) Dows. [= Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (E.F. Sm. Dye)] from the Dominican Republic (DR) and Nebraska isolate EK-11. P. acutifolius had the highest leaf and pod resistance, followed by Great Northern (GN) Nebr. #1 sel. 27 and Pinto Nebr. EP-1, while the leaves of PI 207262 were highly susceptible to isolates, DR-7 and DR-12. A significant host entry × isolate interaction occurred both for leaf and pod reactions but in some lines the reaction of these plant parts to the isolates was different. Plants of BAT 93 (CIAT) has resistant leaves but susceptible pods to all isolates except Nebr. EK-11, while leaves of BBSR-130 were susceptible to the DR-12 isolate, but its pods were moderately resistant to all isolates.
Summer Squash Tolerances to Selected Herbicides
Authors: Frost D. J. , Gorske S. F. , Wittmeyer E. C.
Published: October 2022

Dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid), ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], napropamide (2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide), DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), and a tank mixture of bensulide [O-O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide] plus naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) were evaluated for weed control and tolerance of yellow straightneck, crook neck, and zucchini summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Throughout the growing season, napropamide was most injurious to all cultivars. Napropamide resulted in unacceptable injury to young seedlings, and generally reduced early and total yields. DCPA and ethalfluralin treatments were consistently nonphytotoxic. Broadleaf weed control was not acceptable with any treatment due to the lack of control of smallflower galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.). Ethalfluralin and napropamide were very effective in controlling annual grasses.
Year-round Production of Apple Fruit from Container-grown Trees
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: October 2022

A 39-week production schedule is described in which container-grown apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Red Chief Delicious, Sundale Spur Golden Delicious, and Paulared) are cycled through 4 weeks of cold acclimation, 7 weeks of chilling, 5 weeks of growth before flowering, 21 weeks of fruit growth and maturation, and 2 weeks growth after fruit harvest.
Breaking Seed Dormancy of ‘Nemaguard’ Peach
Authors: Davies Fred T.
Published: October 2022

This paper describes a laboratory exercise for overcoming dormancy requirements of seeds of ‘Nemaguard’ peach [Prunus domestica (L.) Batsch] through selected mechanical, chemical, and environmental treatments.
Vegetable Gardening in the United States: A History, 1565-1900
Authors: Becker Robert F.
Published: October 2022

To gain a full appreciation of the present, it is often useful to review and consider what transpired in the past. This paper briefly examines one aspect of horticultural history: vegetable gardening in the United States before 1900. The 1st part will concern the home kitchen garden; the 2nd will deal with the development of commercial vegetable growing.
Peach Fruit Abscission by Shading and Photosynthetic Inhibition
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. , Del Valle T. B. , Barden J. A. , Young R. W.
Published: October 2022

Shading of nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] scaffold limbs 45-58 days after full bloom caused seed discoloration and fruit abscission. Shading of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] scaffold limbs from 31-41 days after full bloom caused greater fruit adscisson than shading from 11-21 or 21-31 days after bloom. The photosynthetic inhibitor, 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil), applied to whole trees 35 days after full bloom induced fruit abscission. Terbacil at 500 ppm or higher caused excessive thinning. Fruit size was larger than hand thinned fruit, since overthinning occurred. Fruit color, soluble solids, and firmness of fruit from the 500 ppm treated trees were similar to fruit from hand thinned trees. No leaves abscissed, but marginal chlorosis occurred on less than 30% of the leaves at harvest. Flower bud numbers per cm of terminal length were similar to the hand thinned trees, but much greater than unthinned trees. Residue analysis of fruit at harvest from the 500 ppm terbacil treatment revealed 0.07 ppm in the fruit.
Pecan Kernel Proteins and Their Changes with Kernel Development
Authors: Wood B. W. , Reilly C. C.
Published: October 2022

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) Koch] kernel development is characterized by rapid accumulation of dilute acid and dilute alkali soluble proteins and decline of buffer and alcohol soluble proteins during embryo and cotyledon expansion. Mature kernels contained 7.8% protein, consisting of 51% acidic glutelins, 27% alkali glutelins, 9% concentration alkali, 7% prolamine, 4% albumin, and 1% globulin. Each fraction was composed of at least 2 proteins throughout kernel development. Proteins in each fraction were comprised primarily of neutral amino acids, but individual amino acid levels were highest for basic amino acids, with relatively high levels of lysine and sulfur containing amino acids. Electrophoresis of acid soluble glutelins revealed at least 7 subunits with molecular weights of 102, 58, 37, 30, 26, 19, and 16 (x 103). The data are considered in relation to alternate bearing and manipulations of fruit maturity.