bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concealment of Communication in Soviet Latvian Drama
Authors: Straumanis Alfreds
Published: September 2011

Translating and publishing of Baltic drama in an organized fashion has been going on since the fall of 1973 at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (SIU-C) under the auspices of the Baltic Theatre project. A group of some twenty individuals of Baltic descent consisting of university professors, graduate students, and volunteers from other walks of life have translated more than sixty Baltic plays. Three of the translated plays have been produced by the Theatre Department of SIU-C and four others by either profesional American theatres, universities, or amateur groups. The first volume of a Baltic-drama anthology, Confrontations with Tyranny, has been published recently.
The Present State of Ukrainian Historiography in Soviet Ukraine: A Brief Overview
Authors: Wynar Lubomyr R.
Published: September 2011

“To write history well, one must live in a free society.”

— Voltaire to Frederick the Great

Historiography, as a special historical discipline, is defined as a history of historical scholarship reflecting the development of historical thought. In the context of this definition the study of modern Ukrainian historiography is directly related to the analysis of present historiographical trends, historical concepts, the conditions under which the discipline developed, the role of Ukrainian historical research centers in Ukraine and the West, the nature and scope of historical serials, critical evaluations of contributions of individual historians, as well as the study of characteristics of various historical schools. In my opinion, the older definition of historiography as the history of historical writings is too narrow and sometimes results only in critical or enumerative historical bibliography covering writings of individual historians.
The Political Implications of Demographic and Industrial Developments in Soviet Central Asia*
Authors: Rywkin Michael
Published: September 2011

Western studies of Russian or Soviet Central Asia originated in England, spearheaded by Anglo-Russian rivalry in the area in the second part of the nineteenth century. British research was dominant until after World War II, covering the field from classical academic study (Royal Central Asian Society) to current affairs (Col. Wheeler's Central Asian Research Center).
Mazepa's Title: Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Mackiw Theodore
Published: September 2011

On September 1, 1707, Hetman Ivan Mazepa was granted the title of Prince (Reichsfürst) of the “Holy Roman Empire” by the Emperor Joseph I.
Soviet Belorussian Publications in the 1970s
Authors: Sadouski John
Published: September 2011

A statistical analysis of publications in the Belorussian language during the last decade reveals an ominous decline in the number of titles and imprints. This has been accompanied, however, by a parallel increase in Russian-language publications in the BSSR. These factors seem to indicate an attempt by policy-makers to homogenize the Soviet population at the expense of Belorussians, and perhaps other nationalities as well.
The Impact of Technological Change on a Bilingual Community: The Case of Duino-Aurisina/Devin-Nabrežina, Italy
Authors: Lokar Alessio
Published: September 2011

The impact of modernization is seen by scholars as one of the main problems met by minority communities. Essentially, it is similar to the main problem of ecology, which deals with the impact of modern means on natural environment, whereas the former studies the impact of such means on traditional cultures, which should be preserved for the future. Case studies are interesting here, as these problems have many sides, and new description may open new views or confirm old ones. This is all the more true if we are lucky enough to have quantitative data.
Party Recruitment in Siberia
Authors: Harasymiw Bohdan
Published: September 2011

Siberia, apparently, is an inhospitable region as far as Communist Party members are concerned. According to T. H. Rigby, both in 1939 and in 1961, a significantly smaller proportion of the CPSU membership was to be found in the Urals and Western and Eastern Siberian regions of the RSFSR than of the general Soviet population. This is surprising, he points out, in view of the area's “relatively small rural population” and its key industries being mining and metallurgy. Beyond the suggestion “that the general comfort and pleasantness of an area is an independent factor in its party membership levels,” one is immediately intrigued by the implications this may have for the political recruitment opportunities of ethnic minorities in these regions. Does it mean that native, non-European minorities have better chances to become party members because Europeans are reluctant to move there? Or, conversely, does it mean that Europeans, because of their higher levels of education, tend therefore to displace the non-Europeans? Is there evidence of any sort of “affirmative action” on behalf of ethnic minorities in Siberia insofar as recruitment into the party, and concurrently access to the better jobs, is concerned?
Worlds Apart: The Swabian Expulsion from Hungary after World War II
Authors: Spira Thomas
Published: September 2011

The German expulsion is a sad chapter of post-World War II Hungrian history. After 1945, hundreds of thousands of Hungary's German-speaking citizens (popularly known as Swabians) were expelled as traitors. They were accused of having joined the Nazi-oriented Volksbund, or of having “volunteered” in the Third Reich's SS forces. The legality, morality, and rationality of the Hungarian government's action will be disputed for many years to come. More useful, however, might be an exploration of this apparently arbitrary and cruel expulsion of German-speaking Hungarian citizens. This essay surveys the troubled relationship that bound the Swabians and Hungarians together in ceaseless controversy from 1918 until the end of World War II. Their misunderstandings were basic and defied solution through dialogue, mutual concessions, or compromise.

Prior to World War I, Hungary's German citizens considered themselves relatively secure in their adopted Magyar-dominated homeland. As Hungarian citizens, they owed allegiance to Franz Josef I in his dual capacity as king of Hungary and as emperor of the supra-national Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Despite some assimilationist efforts by the Magyars after the Ausgleich of 1868, the Swabians felt protected by the presence of a German king-emperor, and by the fact that the empire was largely Germandominated.
Peace and Violence - Sakharov for the Nobel Peace Prize
Authors: Solzhenitsyn Alexander
Published: September 2011

This is the full text of Solzhenitsyn's letter to the Oslo newspaper Aftenposten nominating Sakharov for the Nobel Peace Prize. Because there was no Russian text available in the West at the time of going to press, it had to be translated originally from the Norwegian. Since then, however, a Russian text has become available and the entire translation has been carefully checked and amended.
Book burning and brutality
Authors: Sanders Michael
Published: September 2011

Six months after the coup which was responsible for the overthrow of the government of President Salvador Allende Gossens and for the introduction of military rule in Chile, an Englishman who was among the thousands of detainees in the Santiago Sports Stadium writes about the consequences of the coup for everyday life in the country, as well as for Chilean intellectuals and universities.
Freedom to publish
Authors: Kostelanetz Richard
Published: September 2011

The common subject of bar-room talk - at least in writers' bars - is whether or not newspaper editors and book publishers exercise anything that could properly be called ‘censorship’. Generally speaking, the theory in pluralist societies is that the very plurality of outlets defeats the possibility of censorship and guarantees freedom to publish. It is clear, however, that there are imperfections in even the most plural societies, especially with the intensive commercialisation of all forms of publishing in today's developed economy. Richard Kostelanetz discusses the problem and suggests a novel experiment. This article appeared previously in American PEN Centre's newsletter ‘American PEN’, and will form the preface in the author's forth coming book on literary politics in America to be published by Sheed & Ward.
An Investigation of Line and Dot Forms of the Muller-Lyer and Poggendorff Illusions
Authors: Wenderoth Peter , Wade Nicholas
Published: September 2011

Both the Müller-Lyer and Poggendorff illusions were found to be reduced by about 70% when all-line figures were replaced by all-dot figures. These data are consistent with some other recent reports and they suggest that Coren's (1970) original finding of a 30% reduction represents an underestimation so that, in his terms, cognitive factors do not account for the larger proportion of these illusions. An additional experiment on mixed line and dot Poggendorff figures provided evidence for a similarity effect, so that larger effects occurred with all-line or all-dot figures than with mixed line-dot configurations. Also, mean effects with line-parallels exceeded those with dot-parallels. However, the interaction between these main effects was not significant. Thus, both figural structure (lines vs. dots) and figural homogeneity (all lines, all dots or mixed) may be independent determinants of the Poggendorff effect.
Perceptual Grouping of Speech Components Differing in Fundamental Frequency and Onset-Time
Authors: Darwin C. J.
Published: September 2011

Are there general auditory grouping principles that allow the sounds of a single speaker to be grouped together before phonetic categorisation? Four experiments are reported on the use made of a common fundamental frequency or a common starting time in grouping formants together to form phonetic categories. The first experiment shows that the perception of a vowel category is unaffected by formants being excited at different fundamentals or starting at 100-ms intervals. The second and third experiments show no effect of a different fundamental on the combination of the timbres of pairs of formants presented either binaurally or dichotically to form diphthongs. Onset-time also has no effect with binaural presentation. The fourth experiment finds both an effect of grouping formants by a common fundaental using formant trajectories that do not overlap in frequency, and also an effect of onset-time. Neither a common fundamental nor common onset-time is either a necessary or a sufficient condition for formants to be grouped into a common speech category, although they can be shown to exert an influence. Both these variables exert a considerable influence on the number of sounds that subjects report hearing, even under conditions where they do not influence the reported speech category, indicating a dissociation between mechanisms concerned with “how many” sound sources there are, and those concerned with “what” a source consists of.
Memory for Sentences: The Subject Superiority Effect
Authors: Adams Ray , Berry Colin
Published: September 2011

Three experiments are reported on subject noun superiority in cued recall from S-V-O sentences. In Experiment I surface subjects were superior cues across a wide variety of conditions when the order of nouns/pronouns was matched in sentences and probes. The effect was less clear-cut in Experiment II, when cues and responses were confined to single key words.

The final experiment showed that cue superiority depends on the cue which subjects learn to use in retrieving information from sentences, and can be reversed by brief training. Several other aspects of the results, including a contrast in recall and recognition patterns, suggest that subject cue superiority results from the way subjects process remembered sentences rather than from memory trace structure. It is suggested that failure to control the utilisation of cues for memory retrieval may account for the sometimes elusive nature of the subject superiority effect.
One Process, Not Two, in Reading Aloud: Lexical Analogies Do the Work of Non-Lexical Rules
Authors: Kay Janice , Marcel Anthony
Published: September 2011

It is widely held that there are two (non-semantic) processes by which oral reading may be achieved: (a) by known words visually addressing lexical storage of their complete orthography and phonology; (b) by parsing a letter string into graphemes which are translated by rule into phonemes. Irregular words (HAVE) rely on the former, new and non-words rely on the latter. Recent evidence casts doubt on this view; to meet some of this data a revised version is presented. An alternative view is that the phonology of both words and non-words, at each encounter, is retrieved by analogy with all known words having matching segments.

In a mixed list of words and non-words, presented singly for pronunciation, phonologically ambiguous non-words (NOUCH) were preceded critically by words with the same ambiguous segments, either pronounced regularly (COUCH) or irregularly (TOUCH). Standard (and revised) dual-process theory predicts that preceding words will not affect pronunciation of non-words; analogy theory predicts that they will. Significant biasing effects, compared to control conditions, support analogy theory, but a further modification to dual-process theory enables it to deal with these results. However the presence in critical non-words of morphemes pronounced consistently or inconsistently with the biased pronunciations significantly affected biasing. This makes the case for lexical analogy theory even stronger.

Formal knowledge (descriptive spelling-sound rules) may be used consciously, but does not reflect tacit processes in oral reading, which are better described by a single-process lexical analogy model.
Linguistic Factors in Conditional Reasoning
Authors: Roberge James J.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported which demonstrates the influence of three cognitive variables on adults' abilities to reason with conditional arguments embedded in either causal-temporal or class inclusion content. The three variables are the linguistic form of the conditional rule, the principle of conditional reasoning, and the order of the components in the conditional rule. The results showed considerable similarity in the effects of these factors for the two types of concrete content, but some interesting differences were found. The findings are discussed in relation to the results of recent investigations which involved abstract content and/or other deductive reasoning paradigms.
Formulation and Experimental Verification of Models in Propositional Reasoning
Authors: Krauth J.
Published: September 2011

In Evans (1977) an experiment of Evans and Lynch (1973) based on Wason's selection task is re-analysed. We reformulated the model proposed by Evans as a state model and extended it to a new model by means of which the data of Evans and Lynch (1973), of Manktelow and Evans (1979), and of our own experiments can be explained. The new model is based on a falsification state, a verification state and a matching state.
Models for Letter Cancellation Performance and Their Implications for Models of Reading
Authors: Smith Philip T. , Pattison Helen M.
Published: September 2011

Models for letter cancellation are developed, i.e. for tasks where subjects read a coherent piece of prose at the same time as trying to cancel every target letter they encounter. These models have two components (i) a model of how information is represented by the reader, (ii) a model of how this information is scanned to enable the reader to detect particular target letters. Models of representation range from a photographic image of the printed page to a sophisticated multi-level representation, and models of scanning range from a series of independent saccadic movements (like eye movements) to scans which take into account morphemic and syntactic structure.

Several predictions about the detailed pattern of letter cancellation data are developed on the basis of these models, and these are tested on a data base collected by Smith and Groat (1979). While some support for the simpler models is forthcoming, only the most elaborate models (multi-level representation, syntactically guided scan) can fully account for all the data. While instances can be found where the cancellation task is clearly disrupting the reading task, much of the data are consistent with the notion that the letter cancellation task is not excessively intrusive, and our analyses can thus give us significant information about normal reading.
Simulators and Realism
Authors: Whiteside T. C. D.
Published: September 2011

The objectives of simulation are discussed on the basis of training in procedures or neuromuscular skills, and in relation to the amount of realism required. Motion sickness arising from inadequate co-ordination of visual and motion cues, is considered in relation to fixed and moving base simulators. In the perception of distance and size, the role of ocular convergence is discussed and an experimental approach suggested. The mentally stressful effects of increased responsibility, as robots enable the operator to extend his output, are discussed in relation to its covert symptomatology and to advanced flight concepts.
Reading without Semantics
Authors: Shallice Tim , Warrington Elizabeth K. , McCarthy Rosaleen
Published: September 2011

Analysis of the reading of a neurological patient (HTR) indicates that it is based on the operation of a relatively unimpaired phonological route. Quantitative investigations of type of error, reading speed and the effects of lexicality and spelling-to-sound regularity all support this conclusion. Spelling-to-sound regularity is shown to influence reading not only through regular words being better read than irregular, but also through mildly irregular words being better read than very irregular ones. A model is presented of the operation of the phonological route and of its progressive impairment in certain types of neurological disease.
Visual Pattern Recognition: Size Preprocessing Re-Examined
Authors: Besner Derek
Published: September 2011

Template theories of visual pattern recognition assume the operation of preprocessing routines to deal with irrelevancies such as discrepancies in stimulus size. In three experiments where size was an irrelevant dimension, observers classified pairs of forms as either “same” or “different”. In Experiment I, the classification “different” was required when the stimuli shared the same form but a different orientation, and “same” when the stimuli shared the same form and orientation. Under these conditions RT was an increasing function of the magnitude of the size disparity between stimuli with equal slopes for “same” and “different” judgements. In Experiment II, “different” classifications were made to stimuli that had different forms, and “same” to figures with the same form. This stimulus set produced a size disparity function that interacted with response type; “different” responses had a shallower slope. Experiment III consisted of a mixed stimulus set drawn from both Experiment I and II. Stimuli that produced additive effects of size disparity and response type in Experiment I now produced an interaction between these two factors similar to the one observed in Experiment II. The results of these experiments are interpreted as evidence that previous contradictory results reported in the literature stem from differences in the way the stimulus set is constructed, and that size transformations can not be a necessary operation, at least when “different” judgements are made. The results are problematic for the view that size disparity effects in matching tasks are easily interpretable in terms of a primitive size normalization stage that precedes any comparison operations.
Feedback Control of Hand-Movement and Fitts' Law
Authors: Crossman E. R. F. W. , Goodeve P. J.
Published: September 2011

Fitt's empirical result is stated and its information theoretic interpretation briefly discussed. An alternate derivation from a model assuming continuous velocity control of hand position is shown to fit the motion time data equally well. Detailed studies of hand motion trajectories in Fitts' reciprocal tapping task have confirmed the exponential target approach predicted by this model but also revealed systematic fluctuations that it cannot explain. A further alternate model is therefore presented, based on intermittent feedback with target approach by a sequence of discrete positional corrective motion “impulses”. The second model also predicts motion times in accord with Fitts' Law.

Detailed studies of target aimed translational hand and rotary wrist motions have shown that the intermittent corrective impulses are of approximately Gaussian integral form, with minimum s.d. on the order of 30 msec. for wrist rotation, and recurrence rate about 10/s. Mechanical and physiological interactions capable of explaining this corrective impulse trajectory are discussed, and a model based on balance of forces between agonist and antagonist muscles is briefly developed. The interaction between external (visual) and internal (proprioceptive or kinaesthetic) feedback channels determining impulse amplitude is discussed in the light of results obtained using force disturbance and with amplified, attenuated or delayed visual feedback. It seems that an internal “secondary positional reference” must be postulated to explain results obtained when S is deprived of visual feedback.
Timing and Torque Involvement in the Organisation of a Rapid Forearm Flexion
Authors: Baba D. M. , Marteniuk R. G.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to determine whether the magnitude of force and the timing of force are response parameters involved in the organisation of a rapid forearm flexion to a target. The magnitude of torque and the timing of torque were manipulated independently through manipulations of the total moment of inertia and movement time, and the effect of these manipulations on premotor and motor reaction times was observed. Planned comparison analyses revealed that premotor and motor reaction times increased when a movement, which required the same magnitude of torque as in a fast movement, was performed slower. However, premotor and motor reaction times were not affected when movements were performed at the same speed, but differed with respect to the magnitude of torque required. These results indicate that a different timing requirement in the forthcoming movement is associated with a corresponding change in the amount of central processing time required. Therefore, the timing of torque appears to be a parameter of the movement that is organised in advance of movement execution. However, a change in the specification for the magnitude of torque does not affect the amount of time needed to organise the movement.
Visual Timing in Hitting An Accelerating Ball
Authors: Lee D. N. , Young D. S. , Reddish P. E. , Lough S. , Clayton T. M. H.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the timing of actions relative to events in the environment, we observed subjects leaping to punch a falling ball. We analysed their knee and elbow angles as functions of time for three ball-drop heights, finding that the differences in the functions for the different heights could be explained on the basis that the subjects were gearing their actions to a particular optic variable. This variable specifies the time remaining before contact with an object if the closing velocity is constant; for the falling ball it gives an increasingly accurate estimate of the time-to-contact. Our visuo-moto control model incorporates a delay parameter, the value of which was estimated from the data. In addition, correlations indicated that the knee and elbow were generally quite tightly coupled. The relationship of this task to laboratory tracking tasks and to the timing of actions in everyday life is described.
On the Space-Time Structure of Human Interlimb Co-Ordination
Authors: Scott Kelso J. A. , Putnam Carol A. , Goodman David
Published: September 2011

In three experiments we show, using behavioural measures of movement outcome, as well as movement trajectory information and resultant kinematic profiles, that there is a strong tendency for the limbs to be co-ordinated as a unitary structure even under conditions where the movements are of disparate difficulty. Environmental constraints (an obstacle placed in the path of one limb, but not in the other) are shown to modulate the space-time behaviour of both limbs (Experiment II). Our results obtain for symmetrical (Experiment I) as well as asymmetrical movements that involve non-homologous muscle groups (Experiment III). These findings suggest that in multi-joint limb movements, the many degrees of freedom are organised to function temporarily as a single coherent unit that is uniquely specific to the task demands placed on it. For movements in general, and two-handed movements in particular, such units are revealed in a partitioning of the relevant force demands for each component (a force scaling characteristic) and a preservation of the internal “topology” of the action, as indexed by the relative timing among components. These features, as well as systematic deviations from perfect synchrony between the limbs can be rationalised by a model that assumes the limbs behave qualitatively like non-linear oscillators.
Hemispheric Competence and Perceptual Confusability
Authors: Sergent Justine
Published: September 2011

Hemispheric competence in performing easy and difficult letter classification was examined in an exact replication of a previous experiment by Jonides (1979). The present experiment failed to confirm Jonides's finding of right visual field advantage in conditions of perceptual confusability and left visual field superiority when the stimuli were easily discriminable. The results showed a trend in the opposite direction, but no significant interaction. This divergence is discussed with respect to existing evidence and methodological procedures.
Psychological Analyses of Haptic and Haptic-Visual Judgements of Extent
Authors: Jones Bill
Published: September 2011

Magnitude estimates of haptic extent resulted in positively accelerated psychophysical power function with an exponent of 1.18. However, in two further experiments right-handed male subjects made rating-scale judgements of the combined width of two stimulus blocks. Six widths were used and five replications of the 36 factorial combinations were presented to each subject. In Experiment II both stimuli were out of view and one was held between the thumb and index finger of each hand. In Experiment III one stimulus was held out of view between thumb and finger of the right hand and the second was shown to the subject. Mean ratings in both experiments were fit by a model which assumes that responses are a weighted average of the scale values of the two stimuli (Anderson, 1974 a).
Phonological Spelling
Authors: Hatfield Frances M. , Patterson Karalyn E.
Published: September 2011

A case study is presented of phonological spelling, an acquired spelling disorder in which the primary symptom is the occurrence of phonologically plausible errors (e.g. “flood” → flud). Not all of the patient's spelling errors are as phonologically “perfect” as this example; but it is arguable that the errors primarily derive from a routine which segments a phonological code and assigns orthographic representations to these individual segments. This account of errors in phonological spelling is contrasted with an interpretation of oral reading errors in surface dyslexia. We conclude that errors in the two disorders do not reveal a precise parallel, and that the contrast is partly attributable to the differential role of comprehension in reading and spelling.
Morphological Decomposition: Evidence from Crossed Phonological Dyslexia
Authors: Job Remo , Sartori Giuseppe
Published: September 2011

In this paper we report some clinical data relevant to the issue of whether or not words are decomposed into their constituent morphemes prior to lexical access during reading. The data were obtained from a crossed phonological dyslexic patient who produced many derivational errors in reading aloud. The experimental investigation consisted of a series of tests requiring either reading words and non-words aloud or lexical decision tasks. The results are interpreted as supporting decomposition models of lexical access. In particular, a revised version of the logogen model—which postulates visual recognizers for affixes—seems to fit the data very well.
Timing in Solo and Duet Piano Performances
Authors: Shaffer L. H.
Published: September 2011

Perhaps some of the most refined forms of timing arise in musical performance, particularly in the coordination between musicians playing together. Studies of timing in solo and duet piano performances are described, in which the musicians gave repeat performances of the music. In both solo and duet performances there was expressive use of timing, modulating the tempo of the music and the phase relationship between the voices, and the expressive forms were similar in successive performances of the piece. There was also evidence of separate timing control of the metre and of the production of notes and rests. Thus timing in musical performance is best modelled by assuming two levels of timekeeper, one pacing the metre and the other contained in the movement trajectories of note production, computed by motor procedure in relation to the metre. It is argued that expressive forms are derived from an interpretation of the music rather than memorized; and that coordination between voices in the music is achieved at the level of the metre.
Syntactic Context and Lexical Access
Authors: Tanenhaus Michael K. , Donnenwerth-Nolan Suzanne
Published: September 2011

Recent studies demonstrating that multiple meanings of an ambiguous word are initially accessed even when only one reading is syntactically appropriate with the preceding context can be criticized on at least two grounds. First, many of the syntactic contexts used were not truly restrictive, and, secondly, subjects may not have had time to integrate the context before processing the ambiguous word. In the present study, subjects listened to a sentence ending in an ambiguous word and then made a lexical decision to a target related to either the appropriate or inappropriate reading. Contexts were completely restrictive, and a pause was introduced between the context and the ambiguous word. Multiple access still obtained, providing further support for the claim that lexical access is not guided by syntactic context.
Isolating Cognitive Modules with the Dual-Task Paradigm: Are Speech Perception and Production Separate Processes?
Authors: Shallice Tim , McLeod Peter , Lewis Kristin
Published: September 2011

A dual-task paradigm is used to investigate whether the auditory input logogen is distinct from the articulatory output logogen. In the first two experiments it is shown that the task of detecting an unspecified name in an auditory input stream can be combined with reading aloud visually presented words with relatively little single- to dual-task decrement. The stimuli for both tasks are independent streams of random words presented at rapid rates. A series of control experiments suggest that the first task places a considerable information processing load on the auditory input logogen, the second a considerable load on the phonological output logogen, and that subjects do not switch between the two tasks. The fact that the two tasks can be combined with ease is therefore interpreted as supporting the view that the systems underlying reading aloud and listening are separate. The ease of performance when the input streams are in different modalities, compared to the difficulties when they are in the same, has implications for general models of attention.
The Importance of an Updating Internal Representation of the Environment in the Control of Visual Sampling
Authors: Maule A. J.
Published: September 2011

Theories of visual sampling have been founded on the assumption that human monitors use an internal representation of the environment, which changes over time in accordance with the person's expectations. Experimental evidence supporting this view is equivocal since it is based on sampling performance averaged over long periods of a test session. Two experiments are reported that use the instrumental observing response as an index of sampling. Subjects were set to discover critical events presented to three information sources, and these events were preceded by varying amounts of extra information, which affected event predictability. A procedure for data analysis was developed to evaluate the relation between sampling behaviour and the moment-to-moment changes in the states of the sources. Results supported the view that sampling was dependent on a constantly updating internal representation of the environment.
The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects
Authors: Tipper Steven P.
Published: September 2011

A priming paradigm was employed to investigate the processing of an ignored object during selection of an attended object. Two issues were investigated: the level of internal representation achieved for the ignored object, and the subsequent fate of this representation. In Experiment 1 a prime display containing two superimposed objects was briefly presented. One second later a probe display was presented containing an object to be named. If the ignored object in the prime display was the same as the subsequent probe, naming latencies were impaired. This effect is termed negative priming. It suggests that internal representations of the ignored object may become associated with inhibition during selection. Thus, selection of a subsequent probe object requiring these inhibited representations is delayed. Experiment 2 replicated the negative priming effect with a shorter inter-stimulus interval. Experiment 3 examined the priming effects of both the ignored and the selected objects. The effect of both identity repetition and a categorical relationship between prime and probe stimuli were investigated. The data showed that for a stimulus selected from the prime display, naming of the same object in the probe display was facilitated. When the same stimulus was ignored in the prime display, however, naming of it in the probe display was again impaired (negative priming). That negative priming was also demonstrated with categorically related objects suggests that ignored objects achieve categorical levels of representation, and that the inhibition may be at this level.
A Study of Braille Reading: 1. Reading Speed as a Function of Hand Usage and Context
Authors: Mousty Philippe , Bertelson Paul
Published: September 2011

Evidence regarding the respective functions of the hands in braille reading was sought by considering how reading speed is affected by hand usage and degree of contexual constraint. Twenty-four blind readers read aloud prose, statistical approximations and scrambled words with either hand alone or with the two hands. No overall superiority of one hand was observed in one-handed reading, but there were large and reliable individual differences in pattern of hand superiority, which were not related to general performance level. All subjects read faster with the two hands than with the faster hand alone. The relative gain from two-handed reading was negatively correlated with absolute size of speed difference between the hands in one-handed reading, which suggests that both hands participate in the collection of text information. On the other hand, in each reading condition, reading speed increased with degree of contextual constraint, from scrambled words to prose. The fact that the effect is comparable to the one obtained for visual reading in other studies is inconsistent with the “compensatory processing hypothesis”, according to which readers would depend more on context when the access to textual information is slower. Also inconsistent with the notion are the facts that context effects are not systematically stronger in slow than in fast readers nor for slower than faster hand combinations.
Lexical Information in Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Tabossi Patrizia
Published: September 2011

An experiment was constructed testing predictions derived from the mental model theory. According to this theory, individual words in a sentence provide clues to the building of the mental model of the sentence and need to be interpreted in relation to general knowledge of situations similar to those described in the sentence. After reading a sentence, subjects had to produce, as quickly as possible, one aspect of the meaning of a target noun. The sentence either did or did not contain the target noun, and it primed either one aspect of its meaning or no specific aspect of it. The prediction was that the subjects would be faster and more uniform at producing the primed aspect of the target noun after a priming sentence than at producing any aspect of the noun after a non-priming sentence, and this difference would occur regardless of whether the target noun had occurred in the prior sentence. The results, which confirm the predictions, are discussed in relation to current theories of sentence comprehension.
Derivatives and asymptotics of Whittaker functions
Authors: Matringe Nadir
Published: September 2011

Let

F
F

be a

p
p

-adic field and

G
n

G_n

be one of the groups

G
L
(
n
,
F
)

GL(n,F)

,

G
S
O
(
2
n
−
1
,
F
)

GSO(2n-1,F)

,

G
S
p
(
2
(
n
−
1
)
,
F
)

GSp(2(n-1),F)

, or

G
S
O
(
2
(
n
−
1
)
,
F
)

GSO(2(n-1),F)

. Using the mirabolic subgroup or analogues of it, and related “derivative” functors, we give an asymptotic expansion of functions in the Whittaker model of generic representations of

G
n

G_n

, with respect to a minimal set of characters of subgroups of the maximal torus. Denoting by

Z
n

Z_n

the center of

G
n

G_n

and by

N
n

N_n

the unipotent radical of its standard Borel subgroup, we characterize generic representations occurring in

L
2

(

Z
n

N
n

∖

G
n

)

L^2(Z_nN_n\backslash G_n)

in terms of these characters.

This is related to a conjecture of Lapid and Mao for general split groups, asserting that the generic representations occurring in

L
2

(

Z
n

N
n

∖

G
n

)

L^2(Z_nN_n\backslash G_n)

are the generic discrete series; we prove it for the group

G
n

G_n

.
Burkholderia phytofirmansPsJN PrimesVitis viniferaL. and Confers a Better Tolerance to Low Nonfreezing Temperatures
Authors: Theocharis Andreas , Bordiec Sophie , Fernandez Olivier , Paquis Sandra , Dhondt-Cordelier Sandrine , Baillieul Fabienne , Clément Christophe , Barka Essaïd Ait
Published: September 2011

Several endophytic bacteria reportedly induce resistance to biotic stress and abiotic stress tolerance in several plant species. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) that is able to colonize grapevine tissues and induce resistance to gray mold. Further, PsJN induces physiological changes that increase grapevine tolerance to low nonfreezing temperatures. To better understand how bacteria induced the observed phenomena, stress-related gene expression and metabolite accumulation were monitored in 6-week-old Chardonnay grapevine plantlets after exposure to low nonfreezing temperatures. Under normal conditions (26°C), plantlet bacterization had no significant effect on the monitored parameters. By contrast, at 4°C, both stress-related gene transcripts and metabolite levels increased earlier and faster, and reached higher levels in PsJN-bacterized plantlets than in nonbacterized counterparts, in accordance with priming phenomena. The recorded changes may be correlated with the tolerance to cold stress conferred by the presence of PsJN. This is the first time that PGPR-induced priming has been shown to protect plants against low-temperature stress. Moreover, 1 week after cold exposure, levels of stress-related metabolites had declined more in PsJN-bacterized plants, suggesting that the endophyte is involved in the cold acclimation process via the scavenging system.
First Report of Guinea Grass Smut Caused by Conidiosporomyces ayresii in Japan
Authors: Tsukiboshi T. , Ebina M. , Okabe I. , Sugawara K. , Kouki K.
Published: September 2011

Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is an important C-4 perennial plant that grows in southern Japan. In March 2010, a smut disease was found in grass that is cultivated in the Ishigaki Islands, Okinawa, in southernmost Japan. Spikelets of susceptible cultivars were swollen and filled with gray spore masses and seed production was substantially reduced. Two single-spore isolates of a smut fungus were obtained from infected spikelets and deposited at the NIAS Genebank, Japan as MAFF511519 and 511520. The 28S rDNA sequences of the isolates were analyzed as described by Boekhout et al. (1). The 28S rDNA sequence (GenBank Accession No. AB647346) of isolate MAFF511519 matched that of Conidiosporomyces ayresii (GenBank Accession No. AY819017) isolated from P. maximum with 99.8% similarity. Spores were pale brown to brown, globose to subglobose, verrucose, and 14 to 16 × 15 to 18 μm in diameter with relatively thick walls of 2 to 3 μm. With scanning electron microscopy, warts appeared dense and short with pointed tips. Spores germinated under wet conditions and produced masses of basidiospores. Basidiospores were aseptate, long, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 20 to 37 × 2 to 3 μm, and often germinated into Y-shaped conidia. This description matches previous descriptions (3) of C. ayresii (Berk.) Vánky (Tilletia ayresii Berk.) of the smut pathogen of guinea grass (2). The smut fungus was identified as C. ayresii on the basis of morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis. To produce inoculum, the isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar at 25°C in the dark for 7 days. Two plants of cv. Ryukyu 5-gou with half-flowering heads were grown in a greenhouse for approximately 1 month and then inoculated by atomizing them with conidial suspensions of each isolate (106 conidia/ml). A plant sprayed with sterilized distilled water served as the control. Inoculated heads were covered with plastic bags for 48 h at 25°C. After 30 days, all inoculated plants were symptomatic with swollen spikelets releasing gray spores. Controls remained asymptomatic. The smut fungus was reisolated from released gray spores, confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of smut caused by C. ayresii on guinea grass in Japan.

References: (1) T. Boekhout et al. Stud. Mycol. 38:175, 1995. (2) J. M. Lenné and P. Trutmann. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1994. (3) K. Vánky and R. Bauer. Mycotaxon 43:427, 1992.
Estradiol levels predict bone mineral density in male collegiate athletes: a pilot study
Authors: Ackerman Kathryn E. , Skrinar Gary S. , Medvedova Eva , Misra Madhusmita , Miller Karen K.
Published: September 2011

Objective  Strenuous training commonly results in amenorrhoea, which contributes to bone loss in some female collegiate athletes. However, the impact of athletic training on endocrine function and bone mineral density (BMD) in male collegiate athletes is less well understood. The objective of the study was to investigate the specific endocrine determinants of BMD in male collegiate runners and wrestlers, including the potential impact of gonadal steroid levels.

Design  Cross‐sectional study.

Patients  Twenty‐six division I collegiate male athletes (wrestlers, runners and golfers).

Measurements  Main outcome measures included (i) BMD endpoints measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA); (ii) endocrine end‐points: total and free oestradiol, total and free testosterone; (iii) body composition end‐points: lean and fat mass, measured by DXA; and (iv) exercise end‐points: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), number of miles run weekly and grip strength.

Results  Free and total oestradiol levels were important positive determinants of BMD. In contrast, total and free testosterone levels were not significant predictors of BMD at any skeletal site (except for free testosterone at the radius). In addition, lean body mass, % ideal body weight, total body weight, body mass index (BMI) and hours per week of resistance training were positive predictors of BMD. VO2 max was a negative predictor of BMD. Mean BMD was higher at all skeletal sites in the wrestlers compared with the runners and a comparison group (golfers).

Conclusions  Our data suggest that oestradiol levels, BMI, and resistance training are more important determinants of BMD in male collegiate athletes than testosterone.
CAN MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCE LONG‐TERM INTEREST RATES? IT DEPENDS
Authors: BECKWORTH DAVID , MOON KENNETH P. , TOLES J. HOLLAND
Published: September 2011

Can monetary policy influence long‐term interest rates? Studies that have tackled this question using vector autoregressions (VARs) generally find that monetary policy's influence on long‐term interest rates is small and often statistically insignificant. Other studies, however, using a single‐equation approach, have found a robust relationship. Our study sheds new light on this question by estimating the effect of monetary policy shocks on long‐term interest rates in a VAR with long‐run monetary neutrality restrictions. We find that U.S. monetary policy can strongly influence long‐term interest rates, but only when the Federal Reserve has inflation‐fighting credibility and is able to firmly anchor inflationary expectations. (JEL E43, E51, E52)
PERIODIC SEQUENCES OF ARBITRAGE: A TALE OF FOUR CURRENCIES
Authors: Cross Rod , Kozyakin Victor , O'Callaghan Brian , Pokrovskii Alexei , Pokrovskiy Alexey
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates arbitrage chains involving four currencies and four foreign exchange trader‐arbitrageurs. In contrast with the three‐currency case, we find that arbitrage operations when four currencies are present may appear periodic in nature, and not involve smooth convergence to a ‘balanced’ ensemble of exchange rates in which the law of one price holds. The goal of this article is to understand some interesting features of sequences of arbitrage operations, features which might well be relevant in other contexts in finance and economics.
Effects of a denture adhesive in edentulous patients after maxillectomy
Authors: Sumita Yuka I. , Otomaru Takafumi , Taniguchi Hisashi
Published: September 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00538.x
 
Effects of a denture adhesive in edentulous patients after maxillectomy

Objective:  The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a denture adhesive in edentulous patients after maxillectomy.

Background:  Maxillectomy patients suffer from functional impairments. Denture adhesives (DAs) are the solution in such patients. However, little is known about DAs in maxillectomy patients.

Materials and Methods:  Eight edentulous patients who had undergone maxillectomy were included and divided into three groups. Group 1 (half ≤ remaining residual maxilla), Group 2 (quarter < remaining residual maxilla < half) and Group 3 (remaining residual maxilla ≤ quarter). They were evaluated by a speech intelligibility test and a mixing ability test, respectively. A cream‐type DA called New Poligrip® (GlaxoSmithKline, Tokyo, Japan) was used.

Results:  Applying the DA, speech intelligibility showed a higher score than the data without DA.

Conclusion:  The effects of using a DA depend on the amount of the remaining residual maxilla. Our study showed that if the remaining residual maxilla is less than a quarter (Group 3), it is difficult to have confidence in the effectiveness of the DA to improve masticatory function. On the other hand, the use a DA showed improved speech intelligibility test values in all groups.