bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reappraisal With Meta-Analysis of the Addition of Gram-Positive Prophylaxis to Fluoroquinolone in Neutropenic Patients
Authors: Cruciani Mario , Malena Marina , Bosco Oliviero , Nardi Stefano , Serpelloni Giovanni , Mengoli Carlo
Published: November 2003

Purpose: Past reports and meta-analyses indicate that fluoroquinolones are highly effective in preventing Gram-negative infections in neutropenic cancer patients, but offer inadequate coverage for Gram-positive infections. We evaluated by meta-analysis the efficacy of the addition of antimicrobial agents with enhanced Gram-positive activity to prophylaxis with quinolones.

Materials and Methods: Randomized trials comparing fluoroquinolones alone (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, or norfloxacin) with fluoroquinolone in combination with Gram-positive prophylaxis (rifampin, vancomycin, amoxicillin, roxithromycin, or penicillin) were retrieved. We pooled relative risks (RRs) using a fixed-effects model.

Results: Nine trials (1,202 patients) published between 1993 and 2000 meet inclusion criteria. Compared with fluoroquinolone alone, Gram-positive prophylaxis reduced total bacteremic episodes (RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.88), streptococcal infections (RR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.44 to 3.37), coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.04), and rate of febrile patients (RR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.16). Occurrence of clinically documented infections, unexplained fever, and infectious mortality was similar in the two groups. The addition of Gram-positive prophylaxis, however, significantly increased side effects (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.76). Rifampin use resulted in a higher incidence of undesirable effects.

Conclusion: Considering the lack of cut-clear benefit on some parameters of morbidity and mortality, routine use of Gram-positive prophylaxis is not advisable. This strategy, however, should be particularly valuable in subgroups of patients at high risk of streptococcal infection (eg, those with severe and prolonged neutropenia or mucositis, and those receiving cytarabine). Problems of tolerability and the potential for the emergence of resistant microorganisms should be considered when prescribing prophylaxis with enhanced Gram-positive activity to neutropenic patients.
Fallopian Tube and Primary Peritoneal Carcinomas Associated With BRCA Mutations
Authors: Levine Douglas A. , Argenta Peter A. , Yee Cindy J. , Marshall David S. , Olvera Narciso , Bogomolniy Faina , Rahaman Jamal A. , Robson Mark E. , Offit Kenneth , Barakat Richard R. , Soslow Robert A. , Boyd Jeff
Published: November 2003

Purpose: The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of BRCA mutations among Ashkenazi Jewish patients with fallopian tube carcinoma (FTC) or primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC), to study the clinicopathologic features of these cancers, and to estimate the risks of these cancers in association with a BRCA mutation.

Patients and Methods: A retrospective review at two institutions identified 29 Jewish patients with FTC and 22 Jewish patients with PPC. These patients were genotyped for the three Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA founder mutations (185delAG and 5382insC in BRCA1 and 6174delT in BRCA2). Surgical and pathologic information, family history, and survival data were obtained from hospital records. All statistical tests were two sided.

Results: Germline BRCA mutations were identified in five of 29 patients with FTC (17%) and nine of 22 patients with PPC (41%). Mutation carriers had a younger mean age at diagnosis than patients without a mutation (60 v 70 years; P = .002). The overall median survival was 148 months for mutation carriers and 41 months for patients without a mutation (P = .04). For BRCA mutation carriers, the lifetime risks of FTC and PPC were 0.6% and 1.3%, respectively.

Conclusion: Substantial proportions of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with FTC or PPC are BRCA mutation carriers. Patients with BRCA-associated FTC or PPC are younger at diagnosis and have improved survival compared with patients without a BRCA mutation. Although the lifetime risks of FTC or PPC for patients with BRCA heterozygotes are greater than those for the general population, the absolute risks seem relatively low.
Breast Cancer in Younger Women: Reproductive and Late Health Effects of Treatment
Authors: Ganz Patricia A. , Greendale Gail A. , Petersen Laura , Kahn Barbara , Bower Julienne E.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: In 1997, we initiated a cohort study to evaluate quality of life (QOL) and reproductive health outcomes in younger female breast cancer survivors.

Materials and Methods: Using listings from two tumor registries, we recruited women with stage 0, I, or II breast cancer who were 50 years or younger at diagnosis and were also disease-free survivors for 2 to 10 years. A mailed survey questionnaire assessed medical and demographic factors, health-related QOL, mood, outlook on life, and reproductive health outcomes.

Results: We recruited 577 women, who ranged in age from 30 to 61.6 years (mean, 49.5 years) and were surveyed approximately 6 years after diagnosis. Almost three fourths had received some form of adjuvant therapy. Amenorrhea occurred frequently as a result of treatment in women ≥ 40 years at diagnosis, and treatment-associated menopause was associated with poorer health perceptions. Across the cohort, physical functioning was quite good, but the youngest women experienced poorer mental health (P = .0002) and less vitality (energy; P = .03). Multiple regression analyses predicting QOL demonstrated better outcomes in African-American women, married or partnered women, and women with better emotional and physical functioning, whereas women who reported greater vulnerability had poorer QOL.

Conclusion: Overall QOL in younger women who survive breast cancer is good, but there is evidence of increased emotional disruption, especially among the youngest women. Factors that may contribute to poorer health perceptions and QOL include experiencing a menopausal transition as part of therapy, and feeling more vulnerable after cancer.
Intensive Methotrexate and Cytarabine Followed by High-Dose Chemotherapy With Autologous Stem-Cell Rescue in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Primary CNS Lymphoma: An Intent-to-Treat Analysis
Authors: Abrey Lauren E. , Moskowitz Craig H. , Mason Warren P. , Crump Michael , Stewart Douglas , Forsyth Peter , Paleologos Nina , Correa Denise D. , Anderson Nicole D. , Caron Dawn , Zelenetz Andrew , Nimer Stephen D. , DeAngelis Lisa M.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of intensive methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDT) with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL).

Patients and Methods: Twenty-eight patients received induction chemotherapy using high-dose systemic methotrexate (3.5 g/m2) and cytarabine (3 g/m2 daily for 2 days). Fourteen patients with chemosensitive disease evident on neuroimaging then received high-dose therapy using carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan with autologous stem-cell rescue.

Results: The objective response rate to the induction-phase chemotherapy was 57%, and median overall survival is not yet assessable, with a median follow-up time of 28 months. The overall median event-free survival time is 5.6 months for all patients and 9.3 months for 14 patients who underwent transplantation. Six of these 14 patients (43%) remained disease-free at last follow-up. Treatment was well tolerated; there was one transplantation-related death. Prospective neuropsychologic evaluations have revealed no evidence of treatment-related neurotoxicity.

Conclusion: This treatment approach is feasible in patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL without evidence of significant related neurotoxicity. Although the transplantation results are similar to those achieved in patients with aggressive or poor-prognosis systemic lymphoma, the low response rate to induction chemotherapy and the significant number of patients who experienced relapse soon after HDT suggest that more aggressive induction chemotherapy may be warranted.
Localized Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Treated With Radiation Therapy Has Excellent Clinical Outcome
Authors: Tsang Richard W. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Pintilie Melania , Wells Woodrow , Hodgson David C. , Sun Alexander , Crump Michael , Patterson Bruce J.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) is a distinct lymphoma with unique clinicopathologic features. We report the clinical outcome of stage I and II MALT lymphoma treated with involved field radiation therapy (RT).

Patients and Methods: From 1989 to 2000, 103 patients with stage IE and IIE disease were referred. Their median age was 60 years, with a 2:1 female predominance. Presenting sites were stomach (17 patients), orbital adnexa (31 patients), salivary glands (24 patients), thyroid gland (13 patients), and other sites (18 patients). Ninety-three patients received RT—85 received RT alone, and eight received chemotherapy and RT—with a median dose of 30 Gy. The median follow-up time was 5.1 years.

Results: A complete response (CR) to RT alone was achieved in 84 of 85 patients. Among CR patients, 14 experienced relapse. Relapse sites were mostly contralateral paired-organ or distant MALT locations and, infrequently, lymph nodes. The crude local control rate with RT was 95.3% (81 of 85 patients). No relapses were observed in patients with stomach or thyroid lymphoma, whereas 14 of 63 patients (22%) experienced relapse in the other sites. The overall 5-year survival rate was 98%, and the disease-free survival rate was 77%. Transformed lymphoma was observed in 14% of patients (two of 14) experiencing relapse.

Conclusion: Moderate-dose RT achieved excellent local control in localized MALT lymphomas and had curative potential for three fourths of the patients. Gastric and thyroid MALT lymphomas had better outcome, whereas distant failures were common for other sites. Despite relapse, the disease often maintained an indolent course.
Electrochemical Detection of Protons Produced in an Electrode Reaction Using Interdigitated Microarray Electrodes
Authors: Ojima Hiroyuki , Umeda Minoru , Mohamedi Mohamed , Uchida Isamu
Published: November 2003

This work describes the use of interdigitated array electrodes (IDAE) for proton detection. Methanol electrooxidation in sulfuric acid solution was exemplified. Reduction currents originating in the reaction product generated by methanol electrooxidation on a Pt generator electrode were observed at the Pt collector electrode, the potential of which was fixed in the hydrogen evolution region. In order to reduce the background current of hydrogen evolution, an Hg‐plated Pt collector electrode was fabricated. Compared to the Pt collector electrode, the reduction current observed at the Hg collector electrode was extremely small. The product detected was found to be a proton from the current responses observed at Pt and Hg collector electrodes.
Electrocapillary Activity and Adsorptive Accumulation of U(VI)‐Cupferron and U(VI)‐Chloranilic Acid Complexes on Mercury Electrode
Authors: Novotný L. , Navrátil T. , Sander S. , Bašová P.
Published: November 2003

Interfacial activity of uranium(VI)‐cupferron and uranium(VI)‐chloranilic acid (CAA) complexes (in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 4.6 or 0.1 M NaClO4 respectively) on polarized mercury electrode at 110 mV, 10 mV or −240 mV respectively vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), and under conditions of the application of adsorptive stripping voltammetric techniques was studied. It revealed a competitive effect of interfacial activity of the mentioned complexes consisting in a nonmonotonous effect of the bulk concentration of U(VI) on the adsorption of the mentioned complexing reagents at their constant concentrations. At concentrations lower than 5×10−5 mol L−1 the complexes U(VI)‐cupferron or U(VI)‐CAA exhibited a relatively strong electrosorption providing the adsorption coefficients β of the order 104 L mol−1, the maximum surface excess Γm ≈ 5 to 10 μmol m−2 and average Frumkin interaction coefficients reaching their absolute values 2 to 2.6.
Hierarchical analysis of large‐scale two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis experiments
Authors: Rubinfeld Amit , Keren‐Lehrer Tsipi , Hadas Gil , Smilansky Zeev
Published: November 2003

Large‐scale two‐dimensional gel experiments have the potential to identify proteins that play an important role in elucidating cell mechanisms and in various stages of drug discovery. Such experiments, typically including hundreds or even thousands of related gels, are notoriously difficult to perform, and analysis of the gel images has until recently been virtually impossible. In this paper we describe a scalable computational model that permits the organization and analysis of a large gel collection. The model is implemented in Compugen's Z4000™ system. Gels are organized in a hierarchical, multidimensional data structure that allow the user to view a large‐scale experiment as a tree of numerous simpler experiments, and carry out the analysis one step at a time. Analyzed sets of gels form processing units that can be combined into higher level units in an iterative framework. The different conditions at the core of the experiment design, termed the dimensions of the experiment, are transformed from a multidimensional structure to a single hierarchy. The higher level comparison is performed with the aid of a synthetic “adaptor” gel image, called a Raw Master Gel (RMG). The RMG allows the inclusion of data from an entire set of gels to be presented as a gel image, thereby enabling the iterative process. Our model includes a flexible experimental design approach that allows the researcher to choose the condition to be analyzed a posteriori. It also enables data reuse, the performing of several different analysis designs on the same experimental data. The stability and reproducibility of a protein can be analyzed by tracking it up or down the hierarchical dimensions of the experiment.
Further advances in the development of a data interchange standard for proteomics data
Authors: Orchard Sandra , Zhu Weimin , Julian Randall K. , Hermjakob Henning , Apweiler Rolf
Published: November 2003

American Society for Mass Spectrometry 51st Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, 8–12 June, 2003

The Protein Standards Initiative (PSI) aims to define community standards for data representation in proteomics and to facilitate data comparison, exchange and verification. Significant progress was made in advancing the design and implementation of a draft standard for exchanging experimental data from proteomics experiments involving mass spectrometry at the 51st Annual Conference of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. In collaboration with the American Society for Tests and Measurements, the PSI propose to publish this first draft at the forthcoming HUPO 2nd World Congress in Montreal, 8–11 October 2003.
RNA interference: on the road to an alternate therapeutic strategy!
Authors: Dave Rajnish S. , Pomerantz Roger J.
Published: November 2003

RNA interference (RNAi) is a newly described natural biological phenomenon mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules which target viral mRNA for degradation by cellular enzymes. RNAi has become a method of choice for studying gene function, especially in mammalian systems. With proof‐of‐concept studies already presented against a wide variety of human pathogens and several innovative methods of delivering the siRNA to a wide variety of primary cells available, the role for siRNA as a potential therapeutic strategy is becoming increasingly clear. This review presents recent advances in this direction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic optimization methods in optimal engineering design under stochastic uncertainty
Authors: Marti K.
Published: November 2003

Problems from optimal plastic design are based on the convex, linear or linearized yield/strength condition and the linear equilibrium equation for the generic stress (state) vector. Having to take into account, in practice, stochastic variations of the model parameters (e.g. yield stresses, plastic capacities) and external loadings, the basic stochastic optimal plastic design problem must be replaced by an appropriate deterministic substitute problem. After considering stochastic optimization methods based on failure/survival probabilities and presenting differentiation techniques and differentiation formulas for probability of failure/survival functions, a direct approach is presented using the construction and failure costs (e.g. costs for damage, repair, compensation for weakness within the structure, etc.). Based on the basic mechanical survival conditions, the failure costs may be represented by the minimum value of a convex and often linear program. Several mathematical properties of this program are shown. Minimizing then the total expected costs subject to the remaining (simple) deterministic constraints, a stochastic optimization problem is obtained which may be represented by a “Stochastic Convex Program (SCP) with recourse”. Working with linearized yield/strength conditions, a “Stochastic Linear Program (SLP) with complete fixed recourse” results. In case of a discretely distributed probability distribution or after the discretization of a more general probability distribution of the random structural parameters and loadings as well as certain random cost factors one has a linear program (LP) with a so‐called “dual decomposition data” structure. For stochastic programs of this type many theoretical results and efficient numerical solution procedures (LP‐solver) are available. The mathematical properties of theses substitute problems are considered, and numerical solution procedures are described.
An intercomparison and evaluation of aircraft‐derived and simulated CO from seven chemical transport models during the TRACE‐P experiment
Authors: Kiley Christopher M. , Fuelberg Henry E. , Palmer Paul I. , Allen Dale J. , Carmichael Gregory R. , Jacob Daniel J. , Mari Celine , Pierce R. Bradley , Pickering Kenneth E. , Tang Youhua , Wild Oliver , Fairlie T. Duncan , Logan Jennifer A. , Sachse Glen W. , Shaack Todd K. , Streets David G.
Published: November 2003

Four global scale and three regional scale chemical transport models are intercompared and evaluated during NASA's Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) experiment. Model simulated and measured CO are statistically analyzed along aircraft flight tracks. Results for the combination of 11 flights show an overall negative bias in simulated CO. Biases are most pronounced during large CO events. Statistical agreements vary greatly among the individual flights. Those flights with the greatest range of CO values tend to be the worst simulated. However, for each given flight, the models generally provide similar relative results. The models exhibit difficulties simulating intense CO plumes. CO error is found to be greatest in the lower troposphere. Convective mass flux is shown to be very important, particularly near emissions source regions. Occasionally meteorological lift associated with excessive model‐calculated mass fluxes leads to an overestimation of middle and upper tropospheric mixing ratios. Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) depth is found to play an important role in simulating intense CO plumes. PBL depth is shown to cap plumes, confining heavy pollution to the very lowest levels.
Evaluating regional emission estimates using the TRACE‐P observations
Authors: Carmichael G. R. , Tang Y. , Kurata G. , Uno I. , Streets D. G. , Thongboonchoo N. , Woo J.‐H. , Guttikunda S. , White A. , Wang T. , Blake D. R. , Atlas E. , Fried A. , Potter B. , Avery M. A. , Sachse G. W. , Sandholm S. T. , Kondo Y. , Talbot R. W. , Bandy A. , Thorton D. , Clarke A. D.
Published: November 2003

Measurements obtained during the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) experiment are used in conjunction with regional modeling analysis to evaluate emission estimates for Asia. A comparison between the modeled values and the observations is one method to evaluate emissions. Based on such analysis it is concluded that the inventory performs well for the light alkanes, CO, ethyne, SO2, and NOx. Furthermore, based on model skill in predicting important photochemical species such as O3, HCHO, OH, HO2, and HNO3, it is found that the emissions inventories are of sufficient quality to support preliminary studies of ozone production. These are important finding in light of the fact that emission estimates for many species (such as speciated NMHCs and BC) for this region have only recently been estimated and are highly uncertain. Using a classification of the measurements built upon trajectory analysis, we compare observed species distributions and ratios of species to those modeled and to ratios estimated from the emissions inventory. It is shown that this technique can reconstruct a spatial distribution of propane/benzene that looks remarkably similar to that calculated from the emissions inventory. A major discrepancy between modeled and observed behavior is found in the Yellow Sea, where modeled values are systematically underpredicted. The integrated analysis suggests that this may be related to an underestimation of emissions from the domestic sector. The emission is further tested by comparing observed and measured species ratios in identified megacity plumes. Many of the model derived ratios (e.g., BC/CO, SOx/C2H2) fall within ∼25% of those observed and all fall outside of a factor of 2.5.
Rate constant for the reaction CH3 + CH3 → C2H6 at T = 155 K and model calculation of the CH3 abundance in the atmospheres of Saturn and Neptune
Authors: Cody Regina J. , Romani Paul N. , Nesbitt Fred L. , Iannone Mark A. , Tardy Dwight C. , Stief Louis J.
Published: November 2003

The column abundances of CH3 observed by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) satellite on Saturn and Neptune were lower than predicted by atmospheric photochemical models, especially for Saturn. It has been suggested that the models underestimated the loss of CH3 due to poor knowledge of the rate constant k of the CH3 + CH3 self‐reaction at the low temperatures and pressures of these atmospheres. Motivated by this suggestion, we undertook a combined experimental and photochemical modeling study of the CH3 + CH3 reaction and its role in determining planetary CH3 abundances. In a discharge flow‐mass spectrometer system, k was measured at T = 155 K and three pressures of He. The results in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1 are k(0.6 Torr) = 6.82 × 10−11, k(1.0 Torr) = 6.98 × 10−11, and k(1.5 Torr) = 6.91 × 10−11. Analytical expressions for k were derived that (1) are consistent with the present laboratory data at T = 155 K, our previous data at T = 202 K and 298 K, and those of other studies in He at T = 296–298 K and (2) have some theoretical basis to provide justification for extrapolation. The derived analytical expressions were then used in atmospheric photochemical models for both Saturn and Neptune. These model results reduced the disparity with observations of Saturn, but not with observations of Neptune. However, the disparity for Neptune is much smaller. The solution to the remaining excess CH3 prediction in the models relative to the ISO observations lies, to a large extent, elsewhere in the CH3 photochemistry or transport, not in the CH3 + CH3 rate.
Autotrophy, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen limitation in the Baltic Sea: A paradox or a buffer for eutrophication?
Authors: Thomas Helmuth , Pempkowiak Janusz , Wulff Fred , Nagel Klaus
Published: November 2003

The autotrophic Baltic Sea acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2, however it is also characterised by nitrogen limitation and nitrogen accumulation, the latter indicating heterotrophy. Physical and biogeochemical processes generate this paradox, since the developments of the seasonal thermocline, the spring bloom and the riverine nitrogen inputs start during early spring. The Baltic Intermediate Water (BIW) is separated from the above surface layer, i.e., from the euphotic zone preventing a significant amount of the former winter mixed layer nitrogen from being used by phytoplankton, which finally becomes nitrogen limited. The deepening of the mixed layer in autumn reintegrates the nitrogen constrained within the BIW into the surface layer. Nitrogen in turn accumulates over an annual time scale depending on the riverine nitrogen loads. The temporal nitrogen enclosure in the BIW buffers the potential impact of nutrient inputs on the Baltic Sea and its trophic state.
Temperature, age and crust thickness distributions of Loki Patera on Io from Galileo NIMS data: Implications for resurfacing mechanism
Authors: Davies Ashley Gerard
Published: November 2003

A high‐spatial‐resolution, multi‐wavelength observation by the Galileo NIMS instrument has been analysed to determine the temperature and area distribution of a large portion of the ionian volcano Loki Patera. The temperatures of the cooler components from a two‐temperature fit to the data can be used to determine ages of the surface. The age of the floor along a profile across the floor of the caldera ranges from ∼10 to ∼80 days. This puts the start of the resurfacing in July/early August 2001, yielding a resurfacing rate of approximately 1 km/day, with the new lava spreading from the SW corner of the caldera in a NE direction. This rate is consistent with resurfacing by foundering of the crust on a lava lake. However, the temperature distribution may also result from the emplacement of flows. Implied crust thicknesses (derived using a lava cooling model) range from 2.6 to 0.9 m.
Energetic particles over Io's polar caps
Authors: Williams D. J. , Thorne R. M.
Published: November 2003

We present results obtained from the Galileo satellite's Energetic Particles Detector during its final two encounters in 2001 with Jupiter's moon Io. These encounters returned the first data from just above Io's polar caps. They complement previous low‐latitude data and provide a new perspective of Io's interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere and ionosphere. The evolution of electron and ion distributions was measured from the upstream region throughout the polar cap traversals. From the time of initial field contact with Io and continuing throughout the encounter these distributions evolve in a manner consistent with adiabatic motion along the Io‐Jupiter field line. At encounter all particles develop narrow trapped‐like distributions indicative of the creation of a near‐Io magnetic bottle caused by an enhancement of field at Io's upstream surface. The measured pitch angle distributions indicate a field enhancement of up to 10%–15% higher than the field observed at Galileo's position. Distribution evolution times agree roughly with particle bounce times on the Io‐Jupiter field line. The ion distribution evolution times provide an estimate of ∼3–7 km/s for the field line convection speed across Io's polar caps, a value small (∼10%) compared with the upstream convection speed. Along with these trapped distributions, beams of ions and electrons are observed streaming into Io's polar caps throughout the encounters. The continued observation of ion beams across the polar cap is consistent with their half‐bounce times. The data further indicate that the convection speed may vary as the polar cap is traversed. The one exception to the adiabatic particle behavior discussed above is the observation of intense electron beams streaming into Io's polar caps. The polar cap electron beams are similar to those previously measured in Io's wake [Williams et al., 1996] and apparently originate from the same source. The source has been located at low (∼0.5 RJ) altitudes on the Io‐Jupiter field line [Williams et al., 1999]. The intensities of the electron beams indicate strong acceleration in the source region. Following the suggestion of Mauk et al. [2001], we conclude that the electron beams most likely form the downward (toward Jupiter) current portion of the overall current system established by Io's interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere and ionosphere. A map of the observed beam locations for all Io encounters provides a rough measure of the spatial extent of this downward current.
Inertia gravity wave generation by the tropospheric midlatitude jet as given by the Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment radio soundings
Authors: Plougonven R. , Teitelbaum H. , Zeitlin V.
Published: November 2003

Generation of inertia gravity waves by the midlatitude tropospheric jet is studied on the basis of the data obtained from the radio soundings over the North Atlantic during the Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment campaign. A sample of 224 radio soundings is used to analyze the wave activity as a function of the distance to the jet. It is shown that radio soundings displaying the most intense gravity wave activity, both in the stratosphere and in the troposphere, are the ones closest to the jet axis. Thus the jet region is the dominant source of gravity waves in this region far from orography. Further examination allows for identification of two specific regions of the flow that are associated with intense gravity wave activity: the vicinity of the maximum of the jet velocity and the regions of strong curvature of the jet. The detailed case studies we provide suggest that geostrophic adjustment is the dynamical mechanism responsible for the generation of large‐amplitude inertia gravity waves in the regions of the strong curvature of the wind. The generation of waves in the vicinity of the regions where the wind veers, in the deep troughs of the geopotential, appears to be systematic.
Meteorology of proposed Mars Exploration Rover landing sites
Authors: Toigo Anthony D. , Richardson Mark I.
Published: November 2003

A descriptive study of the near‐surface meteorology at three of the potential Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landing sites (Terra Meridiani, Gusev Crater, and Melas Chasma) is presented using global and mesoscale models. The mesoscale model provides a detailed picture of meteorology on scales down to a few kilometers but is not well constrained by observations away from the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites. As such, care must be taken in the interpretation of the results, with there being high confidence that the types of circulations predicted will indeed occur and somewhat less in the quantitative precision of the predictions and the local‐time phasing of predicted circulations. All three landing sites are in the tropics and are affected by Hadley circulation, by diurnal variations due to the global thermal tide, and by planetary scale topography (in these particular cases from Tharsis, Elysium, and the global topographic dichotomy boundary). Terra Meridiani is least affected by large variations in local topography. Mean winds at Terra Meridiani during MER landing would be less than 10 m/s with little vertical shear. However, these low wind speeds result from strong mixing in the early afternoon convective boundary layer, which creates its own hazard in the horizontal variation of vertical winds of up to 8 m/s (both upward and downward). In Gusev Crater the topography of Ma'adim Vallis and the crater rim generates strong diurnally reversing channeling of wind in Ma'adim Vallis and diurnally reversing radial flow in the crater associated with thermal slope winds on the crater rim. The overturning circulation in Gusev Crater slightly suppresses the daytime convective boundary layer. Melas Chasma in Valles Marineris provides an example of strong topographic forcing of near‐surface circulation. Of particular interest is the channeling of regional scale wind toward the center of the Tharsis plateau during the evening. This results in a surface level jet along the canyon of over 25 m/s. Drainage of air from the plateau and into the canyon produces vertical winds down the canyon walls in the evening of over 5 m/s. In contrast, during the early afternoon (MER landing time), horizontal winds at the proposed MER landing site are relatively calm, with little mean shear with height. This results from the proposed site being in a region of local divergence and the action of daytime convection. The nature of flow in Melas Chasma results in an interesting dual maximum in boundary convection and depth, with the usual daytime afternoon free convective maximum being joined by a mechanically forced nighttime boundary layer of almost 2 km depth.
Healing of transplanted composite bone grafts–implants: a pilot animal study
Authors: Cordioli Giampiero , Atiyeh Fady , Piattelli Adriano , Majzoub Zeina
Published: November 2003

Abstract: This experimental pilot study was undertaken to evaluate healing of titanium implants transplanted with the surrounding bone into recipient osseous sites in the rabbit mandible. One short implant was inserted in the horizontal portion of the mandible in each of 10 New Zealand rabbits. Subsequently, and during the same session, the implant with 1.5–2.0 mm of bone circumferentially was removed using a trephine bur and immediately transplanted in a through‐and‐through hole prepared in the contralateral aspect of the mandible. Three months following the transplantation, the animals were sacrificed and the mandibles processed for histological evaluation. The healing pattern was assessed in relation to (1) bone bridging at the interface between the bone core and the surrounding recipient osseous tissue, (2) differences in bone density between the transplanted bone cylinder and the bone at the margins of the recipient site, and (3) bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) at the interface. The transplanted graft–implant cores were integrated within the recipient sites in five out of the 10 specimens while the remaining five bone–implant cores showed fibrous encapsulation. Various patterns of resorption were observed within the peri‐implant transplanted hard tissues. Percentage BIC ranged between 1% and 72% in the fibrous‐encapsulated specimens and between 20% and 62% in the integrated transplants. Within the limits of this pilot study, the results suggest that immediate transplantation of endosseous implants with their surrounding bone into congruous recipient osseous sites cannot predictably yield graft‐implant incorporation and osseointegration of the implants. This alternative surgical modality of immediately transplanting a composite bone graft‐implant from highly cortical intraoral or extraoral sites to enhance bone quality and/or volume in implant recipient sites such as the maxillary sinus and tuberosity areas needs to be further investigated.
Does mass rearing of field collected Trichogramma brassicae wasps influence acceptance of European corn borer eggs?
Authors: Kölliker‐Ott Ursula M. , Bigler Franz , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: November 2003

The purpose of our study was to identify a trait that changes quickly during Trichogramma mass rearing, and that could therefore be used to monitor stock deterioration. Quality deterioration in mass reared Trichogramma wasps was evaluated by examining host acceptance behaviour of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on the target host Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). We compared three replicate lines (designated ‘E’) reared in the laboratory on the factitious host Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) for 27 generations, a line ‘O’ reared in the laboratory on O. nubilalis for 24 generations, and a line ‘F’ reared in the laboratory on O. nubilalis for only two generations. All lines were initiated from field collections of O. nubilalis egg masses. We also evaluated natal host effects by rearing each line on E. kuehniella as well as on O. nubilalis for the last generation prior to testing. The percentage of wasps accepting the O. nubilalis egg mass was significantly higher for the E lines (69.6%) than for the F line (46.5%), while wasps of the O line showed intermediate (57.4%) acceptance. Thus, wasps laboratory reared on E. kuehniella performed better than wasps which had recently been collected in the field. Wasps of the O line showed extended probing behaviour compared to the other lines. Lines did not differ in the duration from the first host contact to the beginning of the drilling, probing or trembling behaviour. Natal host (E. kuehniella or O. nubilalis) did not affect acceptance of the target host O. nubilalis. Even though there is some evidence of adaptation to laboratory rearing conditions, we found no indication for quality deterioration in terms of acceptance behaviour of the target host O. nubilalis when T. brassicae was mass reared on the factitious host E. kuehniella.
Florida Scrub‐Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) are Sentinels More When Well‐Fed (Even with no Kin Nearby)
Authors: Bednekoff Peter A. , Woolfenden Glen E.
Published: November 2003

Sentinels occupy high, exposed positions while other group members forage nearby. If sentinel behavior involves a foraging–predation risk trade‐off, animals should be sentinels more when fed supplemental food. When individual Florida scrub‐jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) were fed fragments of peanuts, during the following 30 min they shifted 30% of their time from foraging to sentinel behavior. In a follow‐up experiment, we fed either one or two members in each group. As before, the jays reduced their foraging and spent much more time as sentinels when given supplemental food. In each treatment, pairs were sentinels simultaneously considerably less often than expected by chance. The dramatic shift from foraging to sentinel behavior suggests that for Florida scrub‐jays sentinel behavior brings substantial benefits for no greater cost than that of lost opportunities to forage. Because the results held for simple mated pairs of scrub‐jays, we argue that kin selection and social prestige are not necessary to explain sentinel behavior.
Effects of an Er : YAG laser and the Vector® ultrasonic system on the biocompatibility of titanium implants in cultures of human osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Rothamel Daniel , Sculean Anton , Georg Thomas , Scherbaum Werner , Becker Jürgen
Published: November 2003

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an Er : YAG laser (ERL) and the Vector® ultrasonic system (VS) on the biocompatibility of titanium implants in cultures of human osteoblast‐like cells (SAOS‐2). One hundred and sixty‐eight titanium discs with four different surfaces (sand‐blasted and acid‐etched, titanium plasma‐sprayed, machine‐polished, and hydroxyapatite‐coated) were used to evaluate cell attachment. The samples were equally and randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) an ERL at an energy level of 100 mJ/pulse and 10 Hz using a special application tip, (2) the VS using carbon fibre tips, or (3) untreated control (C). The discs were placed in culture plates, covered with a solution of SAOS‐2 cells, and incubated for 7 days. The specimens were then washed with phosphate buffer to remove cells not attached to the surface, and the adherent cells were stained with hematoxilin–eosin. Cells were counted using a reflected light microscope and the cell density per mm2 was calculated. Additionally, cell morphology and surface alterations of the titanium discs after treatment were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All titanium discs treated with ERL demonstrated nearly the same cell density per mm2 as the untreated C surfaces. There was a significant decrease in the number of cells that attached to the implant surfaces treated with VS. The SEM examination showed no visible differences between lased and C titanium surfaces. All surfaces treated with VS showed conspicuous surface damage and debris of the used carbon fibres. The results of the present study indicate that (i) ERL does not damage titanium surfaces and subsequently does not influence the attachment rate of SAOS‐2 cells, and (ii) VS, used with this type of carbon fibre tip, does not seem to be suitable for the instrumentation of titanium surfaces.
Osseotite® vs. machined surface in poor bone quality
Authors: Weng Dietmar , Hoffmeyer Marianne , Hürzeler Markus B. , Richter Ernst‐Jürgen
Published: November 2003

Implant sites with low bone content have exhibited lower implant survival rates than dense bone areas. Alterations of the implant surface seem to influence the bone‐to‐implant contact rate and may have an impact on implant failure rates in such sites. It was the objective of this animal study to histomorphometrically compare two different implant surfaces in so‐called poor bone quality sites. All premolars on one side of the mandible were extracted in five fox hounds. After a healing time of 8 months, four screw‐type implants (two with a machined surface (ICE group) and two with a double acid‐etched (Osseotite®) surface (OSS group)) were inserted into the mandible. Upon insertion, the implant apex was located in the ‘hollow’ part of the dog mandible, where the bone content is low. After 4 months healing, histomorphometric evaluations were performed. All implants osseointegrated clinically and histologically. Periapical density measurements revealed similar bone contents in both groups (ICE 49.9±16.7%, OSS 52.2±8.4%; P>0.05). Despite these similar amounts of bone content in the apical area around the implant, the Osseotite® implant surface had a significantly higher bone‐to‐implant contact rate than the machined surface (OSS 62.9±12.4%, ICE 39.5±13.0%; P<0.01). It is concluded from this animal experiment that, in poor bone quality sites, an implant with an Osseotite® surface can achieve a significantly higher bone‐to‐implant contact compared to a machined surface.
Host catalogue for the Turkish Tachinidae (Diptera)
Authors: Kara K. , Tschorsnig H.‐P.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: An annotated host catalogue is given for Turkish Tachinidae.
Regulation of Capacitation of Canine Spermatozoa during Co‐culture with Heterologous Oviductal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Petrunkina AM , Simon K , Günzel‐Apel A‐R , Töpfer‐Petersen E
Published: November 2003

Contents

Progress of essential steps of the capacitation is coordinated in the oviductal isthmus, where sperm are stored in close contact with the epithelium. A crucial capacitational event is the phosphorylation of sperm membrane proteins. Regulation of the tyrosine phosphorylation by the oviduct has not been examined in dog sperm yet. The aim of this work was to study the effect of dog sperm binding to porcine oviductal epithelium on capacitation‐induced cellular and molecular changes. Epithelial cells were stripped from the oviducts of post‐puberal sows and cultured for 5–7 days at 39°C and 5% CO2on Biomatrix‐covered Chamber slides. Sperm washed through Percoll was co‐incubated with the oviductal epithelium cell cultures in a bicarbonate Tyrode's medium. During co‐incubation, sperm membrane changes, the state of tyrosine phosphorylation and motility were determined after 3, 30, 90, 180, 240 and 360 min. Significant increases in the percentage of capacitated and dead cells were observed in unbound sperm, while bound sperm remained uncapacitated, live and motile. An increasing tyrosine phosphorylation of tail proteins in bound, unbound and control sperm suspensions and a subsequent phosphorylation of head proteins in unbound and control sperm suspensions were observed. A significant difference regarding head phosphorylation (p < 0.05) was found between sperm bound to oviductal epithelium and unbound sperm. Binding occurred mainly in sperm with non‐ phosphorylated heads, while higher proportions of phosphorylated cells were found in unbound populations. The head phosphorylation progressed significantly during incubation in unbound spermatozoa (p < 0.05); however, it was suppressed in population of sperm attached to oviductal epithelium. Significant correlations between motility parameters related to hyperactivation and tail phosphorylation were found in unbound sperm. These observations support the hypothesis that spermatozoa with non‐phosphorylated heads preferentially attach to epithelial cells. It can be concluded that tyrosine phosphorylation of head membrane proteins and capacitation are delayed in canine spermatozoa being in closed contact with oviductal epithelium.
The Spatial Distribution of Housing‐Related Ordinary Income Tax Benefits
Authors: Gyourko Joseph , Sinai Todd
Published: November 2003

We estimate how tax subsidies to owner‐occupied housing are distributed spatially across the United States and find striking skewness. At the state level, the mean tax benefit per owned unit in 1990 ranged from $917 in South Dakota to $10,718 in Hawaii. The dispersion is slightly greater when benefit flows are measured at the metropolitan‐area level. Even assuming the subsidies are funded in an income progressivity‐neutral manner, a relatively few metro areas, primarily in California and the New York–Boston corridor, are shown to gain considerably while the vast majority of areas have relatively small gains or losses.
Modeling Spatial Variation in Housing Prices: A Variable Interaction Approach
Authors: Fik Timothy J. , Ling David C. , Mulligan Gordon F.
Published: November 2003

The absolute location of each real estate parcel in an urban housing market has a unique location‐value signature. Accessibility indices, distant gradients and locational dummies cannot fully account for the influence of absolute location on the market price of housing because there are an indeterminable number of externalities (local and nonlocal) influencing a given property at a given location. Furthermore, the degree to which externalities affect real estate values is not only unique at each location but highly variable over space. Hence, absolute location must be viewed as interactive with other determinants of housing value. We present an interactive variables approach and test its ability to explain price variations in an urban residential housing market. The statistical evidence suggests that the value of location, as embodied in the selling price of housing units, may not be separable from other determinants of value. It is recommended that housing valuation models, therefore, be specified to allow site, structural and other independent attributes to interact with absolute location—{x, y} coordinates—when accounting for intraurban variation in the market price of residential housing. This approach is especially useful when estimating the value of housing for geographic areas where very little is known a priori about the neighborhoods or submarkets.
Rental Expectations and the Term Structure of Lease Rates
Authors: Clapham Eric , Gunnelin Åke
Published: November 2003

We consider the term structure of lease rates in a general setting where both rents and interest rates are stochastic. The framework is applicable to any leasing market, but we focus on real estate. We find that the ``expectations hypothesis", that is, forward rates are unbiased estimators of future rents, requires similar assumptions as in interest rate theory to hold. To study bias magnitude, simulations are performed using a parameterization of the general framework. Different realistic values for risk aversion and interest rate stochastics can generate widely different shapes of the term structure, holding objective expectations constant. Thus an expected increase in rent is consistent with a downward‐sloping term structure and vice versa.