bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hybrid method for lattice image reconstruction and deformation analysis
Authors: Zhang Hongye , Peng Runlai , Wen Huihui , Xie Huimin , Liu Zhanwei
Published: June 2022

Geometric phase analysis (GPA) is a powerful tool to investigate the deformation in nanoscale measurement, especially in dealing with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The traditional GPA method using the fast Fourier transform is built on the relationship between the displacement and the phase difference. In this paper, a nano-grid method based on real-space lattice image processing was firstly proposed to enable the measurement of nanoscale interface flatness, and the thickness of different components. Then, a hybrid method for lattice image reconstruction and deformation analysis was developed. The hybrid method enables simultaneous real-space and frequency-domain processing, thus, compensating for the shortcomings of the GPA method when measuring samples with large deformations or containing cracks while retaining its measurement accuracy.
Single projection driven real-time multi-contrast (SPIDERM) MR imaging using pre-learned spatial subspace and linear transformation
Authors: Han Pei , Chen Junzhou , Xiao Jiayu , Han Fei , Hu Zhehao , Yang Wensha , Cao Minsong , Ling Diane C , Li Debiao , Christodoulou Anthony G , Fan Zhaoyang
Published: June 2022

Objective. To develop and test the feasibility of a novel Single ProjectIon DrivEn Real-time Multi-contrast (SPIDERM) MR imaging technique that can generate real-time 3D images on-the-fly with flexible contrast weightings and a low latency. Approach. In SPIDERM, a ‘prep’ scan is first performed, with sparse k-space sampling periodically interleaved with the central k-space line (navigator data), to learn a subject-specific model, incorporating a spatial subspace and a linear transformation between navigator data and subspace coordinates. A ‘live’ scan is then performed by repeatedly acquiring the central k-space line only to dynamically determine subspace coordinates. With the ‘prep’-learned subspace and ‘live’ coordinates, real-time 3D images are generated on-the-fly with computationally efficient matrix multiplication. When implemented based on a multi-contrast pulse sequence, SPIDERM further allows for data-driven image contrast regeneration to convert real-time contrast-varying images into contrast-frozen images at user’s discretion while maintaining motion states. Both digital phantom and in-vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the technical feasibility of SPIDERM. Main results. The elapsed time from the input of the central k-space line to the generation of real-time contrast-frozen 3D images was approximately 45 ms, permitting a latency of 55 ms or less. Motion displacement measured from SPIDERM and reference images showed excellent correlation (

R

2

≥
0.983

). Geometric variation from the ground truth in the digital phantom was acceptable as demonstrated by pancreas contour analysis (Dice ≥ 0.84, mean surface distance ≤ 0.95 mm). Quantitative image quality metrics showed good consistency between reference images and contrast-varying SPIDREM images in in-vivo studies (mean

NMRSE
=
0.141
,
PSNR
=
3
0.12
,
SSIM
=
0.88

). Significance. SPIDERM is capable of generating real-time multi-contrast 3D images with a low latency. An imaging framework based on SPIDERM has the potential to serve as a standalone package for MR-guided radiation therapy by offering adaptive simulation through a ‘prep’ scan and real-time image guidance through a ‘live’ scan.
Passively Q-switched Pr:YLF laser with a Co,Fe:ZnSe saturable absorber
Authors: Ud Din Syed Zaheer , Yang Zixin , Li Shanming , Hang Yin , Yang Qi , Li Chun , Ren Xianghe , Zu Yuqian
Published: June 2022

An iron-cobalt co-doped ZnSe polycrystalline (Co,Fe:ZnSe) was prepared by the thermal diffusion method, and its nonlinear optical response was characterized for the first time. Using the as-prepared Co,Fe:ZnSe as a saturable absorber (SA), the blue laser diode pumped Q-switched Pr:YLF laser at 607 nm (orange), and 639 nm (red) was successfully realized. For 607 nm, the Q-switched laser delivered the shortest pulse width of 59 ns with a repetition rate of 15 kHz. For 639 nm, the shortest pulse width and maximum repetition rate were 119 ns and 32 kHz, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the Co,Fe:ZnSe SA has a great potential for optical pulse generation in the visible region.
Reduction in RF sheath rectification with insulating antenna enclosure walls
Authors: Bal G. , Compernolle B.V. , Pribyl P. , Martin M.J. , Larson J. , Carter T.A.
Published: June 2022

Radiofrequency (RF) sheath rectification is one of the most prominent deleterious effects associated with ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) heating in fusion plasmas. RF sheaths and associated effects, such as impurity generation and convective cell generation, need to be mitigated to ensure that ICRF is a viable option for heating in future fusion devices. Experiments were performed on the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) at UCLA to explore the effects of using electrically-insulating antenna enclosures on RF rectified sheaths. Three different enclosure side-wall materials were used, including copper, MACOR (electrically insulating), and MACOR over copper. In the case of the MACOR–copper side walls, the non-conductive MACOR material was exposed to the bulk plasma but a layer of copper was added below to allow for image currents to flow. All three of the experiments had similar plasma density, temperature, and background magnetic field. In the case of the copper enclosure, RF rectified potentials, many times the local electron temperature, and associated formation of convective cells were observed and reported Martin M. et al (2017 Phys. Rev. Lett.
119 205002). In the experiments with MACOR and MACOR–copper enclosures, RF rectification was significantly reduced. Additionally, these latter two experiments showed no evidence of convective cell formation. Although the results from the MACOR experiment are reminiscent of the results obtained in ASDEX-U with a three-strap antenna optimized to reduce image currents on the antenna limiters Bobkov V. et al (2016 Nucl. Fusion
56 084001), the MACOR–copper experiment seems to suggest that insulating plasma facing materials have at least an equally strong impact on reducing potential rectification.
Design and performance of a terahertz Fourier transform spectrometer
for axion dark matter experiments
Authors: Dona K. , Liu J. , Kurinsky N. , Miller D. , Barry P. , Chang C. , Sonnenschein A.
Published: June 2022

Dedicated spectrometers for terahertz radiation with [0.3,
30] THz frequencies using traditional optomechanical interferometry
are substantially less common than their infrared and microwave
counterparts. This paper presents public documentation for the
design and initial performance measurements of a tabletop Fourier
transform spectrometer (FTS) for terahertz spectral analysis using
infrared optics in a Michelson arrangement. This is coupled to a
broadband pyroelectric photodetector designed for [0.1, 30] THz
frequencies. We measure spectra of narrowband and broadband input
radiation to characterize the performance of this instrument above
10 THz, where signal-to-noise is high. This device is constructed
in the context of research-and-development for the recently-proposed
Broadband Reflector Experiment for Axion Detection (BREAD), where
the optical components can be applied to ongoing efforts for testing
the pilot experiment.
Determination of Oxidation Stability of Palm-Oil Biodiesel and Biodiesel-Diesel Blends by Rancimat and RSSOT Methods
Authors: Devitasari Rossy Dwi , Fathurrahman Nur Allif , Katili Marsha , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo , Bethari Sylvia Ayu , Anggarani Riesta , Aisyah Lies , Maymuchar
Published: June 2022

Determination of oxidation stability becomes a critical fundamental analysis to ensure biodiesel quality. The biodiesel’s degradation by oxidation may compromise fuel properties and engine durability due to forming products of fatty acid decomposition. In this present study, the oxidation stability of palm-oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel (cetane number 48) was determined using EN 15751 (Rancimat Method) and ASTM D 7545 (Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test, RSSOT Method). Here, the determination from either test was compared and analyzed using ANOVA and the mathematical function. Based on the result, diesel fuel has oxidation stability 11 times higher than palm-oil biodiesel, analyzed by the RSSOT method. Additionally, the correlation factor of oxidation stability of biodiesel samples in this work was 21.52 and for biodiesel blend (B20 to B90) it was 23.66 that was used as a conversion oxidation value between RSSOT and Rancimat method. The models presented a high correlation with the R2
values of 0.9535 for biodiesel samples and 0.9823 for biodiesel blend (B20-B90) indicated the accuracy of the models to predict the value of oxidation stability of both the Rancimat and the RSSOT accelerated oxidation methods.
In vitro long term differentiation and functionality of three-dimensional bioprinted primary human hepatocytes: application for in vivo engraftment
Authors: Cuvellier Marie , Rose Sophie , Ezan Frédéric , Jarry Ulrich , de Oliveira Hugo , Bruyère Arnaud , Drieu La Rochelle Christophe , Legagneux Vincent , Langouët Sophie , Baffet Georges
Published: June 2022

In recent decades, 3D in vitro cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) have been increasingly developed to establish models capable of faithfully mimicking main liver functions. The use of 3D bioprinting, capable of recreating structures composed of cells embedded in matrix with controlled microarchitectures, is an emergent key feature for tissue engineering. In this work, we used an extrusion-based system to print PHH in a methacrylated gelatin (GelMa) matrix. PHH bioprinted in GelMa rapidly organized into polarized hollow spheroids and were viable for at least 28 d of culture. These PHH were highly differentiated with maintenance of liver differentiation genes over time, as demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis and functional approaches. The cells were polarized with localization of apico/canalicular regions, and displayed activities of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes that could be regulated by inducers. Furthermore, the implantation of the bioprinted structures in mice demonstrated their capability to vascularize, and their ability to maintain human hepatic specific functions for at least 28 d was illustrated by albumin secretion and debrisoquine metabolism. This model could hold great promise for human liver tissue generation and its use in future biotechnological developments.
A Novel Curriculum Review Process for Initiating the Incorporation of Antiracist Principles Into Epidemiology Course Work
Authors: Seiler Jessie , Hajat Anjum , Khosropour Christine M , Guthrie Brandon L , Balkus Jennifer E
Published: June 2022

There is growing acknowledgement of the legacy of White supremacy and racism in the discipline of epidemiology. Our department in the University of Washington School of Public Health undertook a systematic effort to begin addressing institutionalized racism and inclusive teaching in our courses. In July 2020, we introduced a new tool (the “Course Development Plan” (CDP)) to advance our curriculum. The CDP includes 2 components: 1) a guideline document that provides strategies on how to modify curricula and classroom teaching to incorporate antiracism and principles of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI); and 2) a structured worksheet for instructors to share EDI and antiracism practices they already incorporate and practices they plan to incorporate into their classes. Worksheets for each class are submitted prior to the beginning of the quarter and are reviewed by a peer faculty member and at least 1 epidemiology student; reviewers provide written feedback on the CDP worksheet. Further evaluation to assess the impact of the CDP process on classroom climate is ongoing. In this commentary, we discuss our department’s efforts, the challenges we faced, and our hopes for next steps.
Hydathodes in ferns: their phylogenetic distribution, structure and function
Authors: Mehltreter Klaus , Wachter Hanna , Trabi Christophe , Testo Weston , Sundue Michael , Jansen Steven
Published: June 2022

Background and Aims

Ferns are the second largest group of vascular plants and are distributed nearly worldwide. Although ferns have been integrated into some comparative ecological studies focusing on hydathodes, there is a considerable gap in our understanding of the functional anatomy of these secretory tissues that are found on the vein endings of many fern leaves. In this study, we aimed to investigate the phylogenetic distribution, structure and function of fern hydathodes.

Methods

We performed a global review on fern hydathodes and their phylogenetic distribution, carried out an ancestral character state reconstruction, and studied the structure, guttation and elemental composition of salt residues of eight species, and the diurnal patterns of xylem pressure of two species.

Key Results

Hydathodes are known from 1189 fern species, 92 genera and 19 families of 2 orders, Equisetales and Polypodiales. Stochastic character mapping indicated multiple gains and losses of hydathodes at the genus level, occurring especially during the last 50 million years of fern evolution. Hydathodes were located on the adaxial leaf surface and characterized by a cytoplasm-rich, pore-free epidermis, and became functional for several weeks after nearly complete leaf expansion. In two species, positive xylem pressure built up at night, potentially facilitating guttation. Guttation fluid was rich in Ca and often Si, but also contained P, Mg, Na and Al.

Conclusions

Stochastic character mapping and the structural and functional diversity of hydathodes indicate multiple origins, and their presence/absence in closely related taxa implies secondary losses during fern evolution. Positive xylem pressure and high air humidity play an important role as drivers of guttation. Hydathodes may contribute to the regulation of leaf nutrient stoichiometry by the release of excessive compounds and minerals other than waste products, but the presence of essential chemical elements in salt residues also indicates possible leakage.
Environment to embryo: intersections of contaminant exposure and preimplantation embryo development in agricultural animals
Authors: McGraw Maura S , Daigneault Bradford W
Published: June 2022

Environmental impacts on reproductive function are well documented in humans, yet little information is known about the effects on large animals. The interface of environment and reproduction has evolved prudently with a concerted effort to ensure global food sustainability tightly integrated with the application of technological advances in agriculture production that include nutrient and resource management. Exposure to environmental toxicants through chemical pesticide application and industry practices has coincided with a decline in cattle and human fertility. The increased adoption of agriculture animals for human biomedical models further emphasizes the importance of understanding the consequences of livestock exposure to environmentally and physiologically relevant levels of contaminants to preimplantation embryo development. In addition, increased awareness of paternal contributions to the early embryo that include both genetic and nongenetic factors supports the need to define environmental interactions from gamete to genome. Herein we summarize current knowledge of common environmental contaminants on reproductive function including direct and indirect effects on embryo development success in livestock. Information obtained from a diverse number of species including humans is presented to illustrate gaps in knowledge within livestock directly pertaining to agriculture success, sustainability, clinical practice, and biomedical research.
Sports injury and stressor-related disorder in competitive athletes: a systematic review and a new framework
Authors: Yang Sophie Xin , Cheng Siyu , Su Diana Linyi
Published: June 2022

Background

For professional athletes, sports injury has been considered one of the most influential factors determining their athletic careers' duration and quality. High-intensity training and competitiveness of the sports competition are perhaps critical causes of sports-related stress. This article reviews the relevant research on sports injuries and stressor-related disorders. Further, it explores the following three issues in depth: (1) Do physical injuries caused by competitive sports lead to acute or posttraumatic stress disorder for athletes? What are the abnormal stress responses? (2) What diagnoses are currently available for sports injury related traumatic stress disorder? (3) What kinds of psychological rehabilitation are available for trauma-related symptoms in sports injury? How efficient are they in alleviating these symptoms?

Methods

The study searched electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, etc. And reference lists of included papers were also screened. Two researchers selected the literature strictly according to the inclusion criteria and sorted them out. Based on the proved conclusions, the study established a new framework to manage traumatic stress disorders after the injury occurred.

Results

16 articles were included in the study. (Q1: N = 10; Q2: N = 3; Q3: N = 3 ) The findings of this review suggested that athletes who suffer from sports injuries are more likely to experience abnormal physiological or psychological stress responses, which may become a massive challenge for athletes to continue their sports careers at a competitive level. However, there is a minimal understanding of addressing sports injury-related traumatic stress disorder from a biological perspective. Thus, it is challenging to build a scientific basis for diagnosis, screening, and treatment. In addition, the current diagnostic tool for athletes stress disorder still heavily relies on subjective measurement, and the treatment plan is not different from that of the general population.

Conclusions

It highlighted that sports-related stress disorder could be the greatest challenge to return to competition for injured athletes. The present study indicated the importance of systematically identifying the symptoms of sports-related stress disorder and improving the current diagnosis and treatment system.
Ultrasound Elastography in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review of Accuracy Compared with Histopathological Assessment
Authors: Dal Buono Arianna , Faita Francesco , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Danese Silvio , Allocca Mariangela
Published: June 2022

Background and Aims

Ultrasound elastography [USE] is an innovative, non-invasive, promptly available, ancillary technique that has been proposed in the evaluation of intestinal fibrosis as a monitorable biomarker, in terms of stiffness. The non-invasive estimate of fibrosis by USE appears appealing for dedicated physicians, in order to optimise the treatments for inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients [surgical vs non-surgical]. We aimed to systematically review literature evidence on ultrasound elastography in IBD patients.

Methods

For this qualitative systematic review, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus to identify all studies, published until October 2021, investigating the application of USE in IBD patients compared with histopathological assessment.

Results

Overall, 12 papers published between 2011 and 2019 were included. A total of 275 IBD patients were included: 272 Crohn’s disease [CD] [98.9%] and three ulcerative colitis [UC] [1.1%]. Seven [58.3%] and four [41.6%] studies investigated strain elastography [SE] and shear wave elastography [SWE], respectively; in one study [0.1%] both techniques were addressed. The histological evaluation was largely conducted on surgical specimens and in two studies endoscopic biopsies were also included. The histological assessment was semi-quantitative in all the included studies, except for two where the fibrosis was evaluated only qualitatively. In 10/12 publications USE could accurately distinguish inflammation from fibrosis in the examined bowel tracts.

Conclusions

From the preliminary available data, an overall moderate-to-good accuracy of USE in detecting histological fibrosis [10/12 studies] was found. Point-shear wave elastography has been shown to perform superiorly. Further studies are needed to confirm these evidences.
Degenerated BioBentall graft with failing stentless bioprosthesis and dissection of the aortic conduit treated with a bail-out valve in valve procedure: a case report
Authors: Fineschi Massimo , Contorni Francesco , Carrera Arcangelo , Neri Eugenio
Published: June 2022

Background

The Bentall procedure is commonly performed to treat combined aortic valve and ascending aorta disease requiring surgical correction. Although the technique has been shown to provide favourable long-term outcomes, both the valvular prosthesis and the aortic conduit can go through structural degeneration. Increasing use of the biological prosthesis opened to percutaneous treatment of valvular deterioration according to a valve-in-valve (ViV) technique. On the contrary, damages of the tube graft are normally referred to repeated surgical operation.

Case summary

In the present case, a patient with a biological Bentall graft was diagnosed with severely deteriorated stentless aortic prosthesis and dissection of the conduit arising from a tube wall tear closely located to the valvular plane. The attempted redo surgery was technically unfeasible because of severe mediastinal adhesions; therefore, a ViV procedure with a balloon expandable transcatheter heart valve was performed in order to contemporarily treat the valve prothesis dysfunction and the aortic tube dissection. No procedure-related complications occurred and subsequent aortic computed tomography angiography showed the sealing of the graft wall false lumen.

Discussion

Surgical reintervention remains the treatment of choice for degeneration of a previous Bentall surgery, especially when damages of the aortic conduit exist. Nevertheless, when surgery has to be discarded, ViV can be a reliable option as a bail-out strategy to deal with combined aortic valve dysfunction and tube dissection.
The comparisons of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal squamous cancer
Authors: Xiao Xin , Yang Yu-Shang , Zeng Xiao-Xi , Shang Qi-Xin , Luan Si-Yuan , Zhou Jian-Feng , Li Xiao-Kun , Fang Pin-Hao , Hu Yang , Chen Long-Qi , Yuan Yong
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NACI) followed by oesophagectomy for locally advanced oesophageal squamous carcinoma.

METHODS

Patients receiving NACI or chemoradiotherapy between September 2019 and September 2021 were identified. The primary outcomes were tumour response and survival. Secondary outcomes were toxic effects and postoperative complications. The propensity score matching for enrolled patients was performed.

RESULTS

Data of 149 patients with clinical stage II–IV oesophageal squamous cancer, including 55 receiving NACI and 94 receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACR), were analysed after propensity score matching. With regard to tumour response score, 24 (43.6%) and 59 (62.8%) patients were scored 0/1 in the NACI and NACR groups, respectively (P = 0.023). Of note, 17 (30.9%) patients in the NACI group achieved pathological complete response (CR) (ypT0N0), while 48 (51.1%) patients in NACR group achieved pathological CR (P = 0.026). NACR was associated with the higher risk of postoperative pneumonia (P = 0.034) and less lymph nodes and stations dissected (P ≤ 0.001). The 1-year cumulative overall survival rate was 94.5% and 86.2% in the NACI and NACR groups, respectively (P = 0.170).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that NACI compared with NACR was associated with lower pneumonia rate and was safe and feasible for locally advanced oesophageal squamous cancer. However, the tumour regression score and the pathological CR rate of patients treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy were lower than those of patients treated with NACR. The short-term follow-up results were comparable between 2 treatment modalities.
Effectiveness of brief interventions in primary care for cannabis users aged from 12 to 25 years old: a systematic review
Authors: Chazal Camille , Roux Charline , Kinouani Shérazade , Schuers Matthieu , Fortin Frédéric , Pereira Bruno , Blanc Olivier , Piñol-Domenech Nathalie , Brousse Georges , Vorilhon Philippe , Laporte Catherine
Published: June 2022

Introduction

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of brief interventions realized in primary care in reducing cannabis use for adolescents and emerging adults.

Methods

PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo, and Central (Cochrane Library) were searched until December 2020. Randomized controlled trials conducted in primary care, concerning in-person brief interventions for non-medical cannabis users aged from 12 to 25 years old were eligible for inclusion. Brief interventions had to last 30 min or less. Patients with comorbid mental health disorder or very specific populations were not included.

Results

One thousand eighty hundred and fifty-five studies were identified through database searching; only 8 studies involving 2,199 patients were included for qualitative synthesis after double reading and data extraction. Randomized controlled trials selected were heterogeneous regarding screening tools, initial levels of cannabis use and cannabis outcomes measures. Brief interventions were all based on motivational interviewing techniques or personalized feedback. Seven studies consisted in a single session of brief intervention. Six studies involved also other substance users. No significant reduction of cannabis use after brief intervention was found for most studies, especially in the long term. A trend of decreased cannabis consequences, such as negative psychosocial repercussions, perception of cannabis use by peers, or driving under the influence of cannabis, was reported.

Conclusion

The current state of knowledge does not allow us to say that the brief intervention is effective in reducing cannabis use among adolescents in primary care. We found a mild positive effect on cannabis consequences after brief intervention. Mixed qualitative and quantitative studies are need to better evaluate the impact of brief intervention and his faisability. PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews): n° CRD42016033080.
Autophagy modulates the metabolism and growth of tomato fruit during development
Authors: Alseekh Saleh , Zhu Feng , Vallarino José
G , Sokolowska Ewelina M , Yoshida Takuya , Bergmann Susan , Wendenburg Regina , Bolze Antje , Skirycz Aleksandra , Avin-Wittenberg Tamar , Fernie Alisdair R
Published: June 2022

Although autophagy is a conserved mechanism operating across eukaryotes, its effects on crops and especially their metabolism has received relatively little attention. Indeed, whilst a few recent studies have used systems biology tools to look at the consequences of lack of autophagy in maize these focused on leaf tissues rather than the kernels. Here we utilized RNA interference (RNAi) to generate tomato plants that were deficient in the autophagy-regulating protease ATG4. Plants displayed an early senescence phenotype yet relatively mild changes in the foliar metabolome and were characterized by a reduced fruit yield phenotype. Metabolite profiling indicated that metabolites of ATG4-RNAi tomato leaves just exhibited minor alterations while that of fruit displayed bigger difference compared to the WT. In detail, many primary metabolites exhibited decreases in the ATG4-RNAi lines, such as proline, tryptophan and phenylalanine, while the representative secondary metabolites (quinic acid and 3-trans-caffeoylquinic acid) were present at substantially higher levels in ATG4-RNAi green fruits than in WT. Moreover, transcriptome analysis indicated that the most prominent differences were in the significant upregulation of organelle degradation genes involved in the proteasome or chloroplast vesiculation pathways, which was further confirmed by the reduced levels of chloroplastic proteins in the proteomics data. Furthermore, integration analysis of the metabolome, transcriptome and proteome data indicated that ATG4 significantly affected the lipid metabolism, chlorophyll binding proteins and chloroplast biosynthesis. These data collectively lead us to propose a more sophisticated model to explain the cellular co-ordination of the process of autophagy.
LTBK-04. LATE BREAKING ABSTRACT: MEK162 (binimetinib) in children with progressive or recurrent low-grade glioma: a multi-institutional phase II and target validation study
Authors: Robison Nathan , Pauly Jasmine , Malvar Jemily , Gardner Sharon , Allen Jeffrey , Margol Ashley , MacDonald Tobey , Bendel Anne , Kilburn Lindsay , Cluster Andrew , Bowers Daniel , Dorris Kathleen , Ullrich Nicole , De Mola Rebecca Loret , Alva Elizabeth , Leary Sarah , Baxter Patricia , Khatib Ziad , Cohen Kenneth , Davidson Tom Belle , Plant Ashley , Bandopadhayay Pratiti , Stopka Sylwia , Agar Nathalie , Wright Karen , Nelson Marvin , Chi Yueh-Yun , Kieran Mark
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activation is the primary driver for most pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGG). MEK162 (binimetinib) is an orally bioavailable MEK1/2 inhibitor with superior brain penetration in a preclinical model. The primary objective of this multi-institutional phase II and target validation study was to assess stratum-specific efficacy of binimetinib in progressive pLGG.

METHODS

Eligible children aged 1-18 years with previously treated radiographically progressive pLGG were enrolled and treated with binimetinib, starting dose 32mg/m2/dose twice daily. Stratum 1 included patients with pLGG with documented BRAF fusion; stratum 2, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)-associated pLGG; stratum 3, sporadic pLGG without documented BRAF fusion; and stratum 4, patients undergoing planned tumor biopsy who began binimetinib preoperatively. Partial and minor responses (PR and MR) were defined as ≥50% and ≥25% decrease in maximal two-dimensional measurements.

RESULTS

Of 86 patients enrolled, 85 were evaluable for response. Of these, 48 (56%) showed a radiographic response (30 PR and 18 MR) in the first year of treatment. Response rate for stratum 1 (n=28) was 50% (12 PR and 2 MR); 12 (43%) had stable disease (SD) and 2 (7%) progressive disease (PD). Stratum 2 (n=21) response rate was 43% (5 PR, 4 MR), with 12 (57%) SD and no PD. Stratum 3 (n=29) response rate was 69% (10 PR, 10 MR), 4 (14%) SD and 5 (17%) PD. Stratum 4 (n=7) include 3 PR, 2 MR, 2 SD. Nineteen (22%) discontinued treatment for toxicity (most commonly dermatologic), and an additional 42 (49%) required dose reduction. Median dose at the time of PR/MR was 28mg/m2; responses were seen at doses as low 16mg/m2.

CONCLUSION

Binimetinib is highly effective in the treatment of both NF1-associated and sporadic pLGG, with or without documented BRAF fusion. Modified dosing strategies to improve tolerability may be considered in future trials.
Neonatal stabilization in Canada: Updates to acute care of at-risk newborns (ACoRN) practices and programming
Authors: Aylward Deborah , Coughlin Kevin
Published: June 2022

Disparities in preterm birth and neonatal mortality rates persist in Canada, in part as the result of insufficient training in newborn resuscitation and stabilization care, and inconsistent adherence to best practices. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) has been the standard of care in all facilities providing perinatal care in Canada since the 1990s, but perinatal care providers and educators have continued to recognize gaps in knowledge and skill when stabilizing newborns post-resuscitation, especially in settings where this care is encountered infrequently. The Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns (ACoRN) program was developed to bridge such gaps. In ACoRN, an initial Primary Survey and systems-based care pathways (Sequences) prioritize and guide the assessment, essential care, and management of at-risk or unwell newborns in the first hours and days of life. This practice point highlights changes to practice and recommendations since 2012, when the ACoRN text and program were last revised. Like NRP, ACoRN is administered in Canada by the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS). A newly revised and updated textbook and teaching program, both launched in 2021, will standardize care, increase competence and confidence among perinatal care providers, and improve neonatal outcomes in Canada and elsewhere in years to come.
La stabilisation néonatale au Canada : des mises à jour aux pratiques du Programme de soins aigus aux nouveau-nés à risque (ACoRN)
Authors: Aylward Deborah , Coughlin Kevin
Published: June 2022

On constate des écarts dans les taux de prématurité et de mortalité néonatale au Canada, en partie à cause d’une formation insuffisante en réanimation et en stabilisation néonatales et de même que d’une adhésion inégale aux pratiques exemplaires. Depuis les années 1990, le Programme de réanimation néonatale est la norme dans tous les établissements qui prodiguent des soins périnatals, mais les fournisseurs et les formateurs de soins périnatals ont continué d’observer des lacunes sur le plan des connaissances et des habiletés en matière de stabilisation des nouveau-nés après la réanimation, particulièrement dans les milieux où ces soins sont rarement requis. Le Programme de soins aigus aux nouveau-nés à risque (ACoRN) a été mis sur pied pour corriger ces lacunes. Dans l’ACoRN, une évaluation primaire et des trajectoires pour soigner les divers systèmes organiques (les séquences) priorisent et orientent l’évaluation, les soins essentiels et la prise en charge des nouveau-nés à risque ou malades pendant les premières heures et les premiers jours de vie. Le présent point de pratique fait ressortir les changements aux pratiques et aux recommandations depuis 2012, année de la dernière révision du texte et du fonctionnement de l’ACoRN, qui n’était alors offert qu’en anglais. À l’instar du Programme de réanimation néonatale, l’ACoRN est géré par la Société canadienne de pédiatrie au Canada. Un manuel et un programme d’enseignement révisés, mis à jour, traduits en français et lancés en 2021 standardiseront les soins, accroîtront les compétences et la confiance chez les dispensateurs de soins périnatals et amélioreront les pronostics néonatals au Canada et ailleurs au cours des prochaines années.
The Singularity Category Of An Exact Category Applied To Characterize Gorenstein Schemes
Authors: Christensen Lars Winther , Ding Nanqing , Estrada Sergio , Hu Jiangsheng , Li Huanhuan , Thompson Peder
Published: June 2022

We construct a non-affine analogue of the singularity category of a Gorenstein local ring. With this, Buchweitz’s classic equivalence of three triangulated categories over a Gorenstein local ring has been generalized to schemes, a project started by Murfet and Salarian more than ten years ago. Our construction originates in a framework we develop for singularity categories of exact categories. As an application of this framework in the non-commutative setting, we characterize rings of finite finitistic dimension.
DETAILED INDOOR RADON SURVEY IN DWELLINGS OF PROVISIONAL RADON-PRONE AREAS IN KOREA
Authors: Park Jaewoo , Kim Yong-Jae , Chang Byung-Uck , Kim Kwang Pyo
Published: June 2022

The objective of this study is to determine indoor radon concentrations for 11 counties in Korea, develop a detailed radon distribution map and compare the results by some factors influencing indoor radon levels. The radon survey was conducted for 7 y in provisional radon-prone areas selected based on the previous national surveys. The total number of samples was >2.5% of the entire dwellings by each county. The annual average indoor radon concentration for the survey areas had a geometric mean of 94 Bq m−3 with 6.6% of all sampled dwellings showing values exceeding 300 Bq m−3. Some areas with relatively high indoor radon concentration were identified through a spatial distribution map. Seasonal variations were observed with commonly the highest concentration in winter, and house characteristics influencing indoor radon levels. This study can serve as a basis for developing national radon action plans and guide for additional regional radon surveys.
Impacts of Host Genotype and Grafting on Root, Rhizosphere, and Core Microbiomes in Theobroma cacao Seedlings
Authors: Schmidt Jennifer , Firl Alana , Crow Taylor , DuVal Ashley , Livingstone Donald
Published: June 2022

Recent advances in understanding microbial contributions to plant growth and soil health have sparked interest in breeding plants that cultivate a beneficial microbiome. However, optimizing phytobiomes requires knowledge of the genetic architecture of host influence on the associated microbiome, and this knowledge is particularly lacking in perennial crops such as Theobroma cacao. Grafting adds an additional layer of complexity. What are the relative impacts of rootstock and scion on the root and rhizosphere microbiomes?
The genetic risk factors for pregnancy‐induced hypertension: Evidence from genetic polymorphisms
Authors: Wei Wenwen , Wang Xin , Zhou Yuanzhong , Shang Xuejun , Yu Hongsong
Published: June 2022

Pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH) is a multifactorial and severe pregnancy complication including preeclampsia/eclampsia, gestational hypertension, chronic (pre‐existing) hypertension, and preeclampsia/eclampsia variants superimposed on chronic hypertension. PIH‐induced maternal mortality accounts for approximately 9% of all maternal deaths over the world. A large number of case‐control studies have established the importance of various genetic factors in the occurrence and development of PIH. In this narrative review, we summarized the genetic risk factors involved in the renin‐angiotensin system, endothelin system, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and other functional networks, with the aim of sorting out the genetic factors that may play a potential role in PIH and providing new ideas to elucidate the pathogenesis of PIH.
Access Denied
Authors: Horrill Tara C. , Martin Donna E. , Lavoie Josée G. , Schultz Annette S. H.
Published: June 2022

Inequitable access to oncology care is a significant issue among Indigenous Peoples in Canada; however, the perspectives of oncology nurses have not been explored. Guided by an interpretive descriptive methodology, we explored nurses' perspectives on access to oncology care among Indigenous Peoples in Canada. Nurses described the health care system as “broken” and barriers to accessing oncology care as layered and compounding. Lack of culturally safe care was articulated as a significant issue impacting equitable access, while biomedical discourses were pervasive and competed with nurses' attempts at providing culturally safe and trauma- and violence-informed care by discounting the relational work of nurses.
Double Dosing Levonorgestrel-Based Emergency Contraception for Individuals With Obesity
Authors: Edelman Alison B. , Hennebold Jon D. , Bond Kise , Lim Jeong Y. , Cherala Ganesh , Archer David F. , Jensen Jeffrey T.
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVE:

To assess whether dose escalation (ie, doubling the dose) of emergency contraception that contains levonorgestrel (LNG) improves pharmacodynamic outcomes in individuals with obesity.

METHODS:

We enrolled healthy, reproductive-age individuals with regular menstrual cycles, body mass index (BMI) higher than 30, and weight at least 176 lbs in a randomized pharmacodynamic study. After confirming ovulation (luteal progesterone level greater than 3 ng/mL), we monitored participants with transvaginal ultrasonography and blood sampling for progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol every other day until a dominant follicle measuring 15 mm or greater was visualized. At that point, participants received either oral emergency contraception with LNG 1.5 mg or 3 mg (double dose) and returned for daily monitoring for up to 7 days. Our primary outcome was the difference in the proportion of participants with no follicle rupture 5 days postdosing (yes or no) between groups. The study had 80% power to detect a 30% difference in the proportion of cycles with at least a 5-day delay in follicle rupture (50% decrease).

RESULTS:

A total of 70 enrolled and completed study procedures. The two groups had similar baseline demographics (mean age 28 years, BMI 38). We found no difference between groups in the proportion of participants without follicle rupture more than 5 days post–LNG dosing (LNG 1.5 mg: 18/35 [51.4%]; LNG 3.0 mg: 24/35 [68.6%], P=.14). Among participants with follicle rupture before 5 days, the time to rupture did not differ between groups (day at 75% probability of no rupture is day 2 for both groups).

CONCLUSION:

Individuals with higher BMIs and weights experience a higher risk of failure of emergency contraception with LNG and exhibit an altered pharmacokinetic profile. However, the simple strategy of doubling the dose does not appear to be an effective intervention to improve outcomes.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, 02859337.
Treatment Preferences and Gender Affirmation of Nonbinary and Transgender People in a National Probability Sample
Authors: Lane Megan , Waljee Jennifer F. , Stroumsa Daphna
Published: June 2022

Although visibility of nonbinary gender identities continues to improve in the United States, there is still a paucity of medical literature on the unique needs and experiences of nonbinary individuals. Using the TransPop survey, we compared gender-affirming treatment preferences and societal affirmation among nonbinary individuals, transmen, and transwomen using bivariate analysis and multivariable linear regression. Nonbinary individuals had or desired surgery and hormones at lower rates compared with binary transgender individuals. Nonbinary respondents had lower rates of adjusted and nonadjusted societal affirmation. This study showed variation in both treatment preferences and societal affirmation, which should be considered in clinical care and research studies clustering transgender and nonbinary individuals in analysis.
A Trauma-Informed and Gender-Inclusive Medical Nomenclature
Authors: Sahmoud Amine , Hamilton Daniel , Pope Rachel
Published: June 2022

Transgender individuals face discrimination in several contexts and spaces, which exacerbates dysphoria and disparities in mental and physical well-being. Gender-exclusionary environments in the health care system lead to limitations in access to care and unaddressed health care needs. The full spectrum of gender is often not recognized in the field of medicine, which is predicated on the binary of male and female. Obstetrics and gynecology is societally viewed as a field for cisgender women, but transgender individuals can, and do, benefit from services offered by obstetricians and gynecologists. It is imperative that all specialties consider which aspects of care can be altered to promote the safety and health care of medically marginalized groups, including transgender patients. Alternative vocabulary to gendered language commonly used in medicine is discussed in three contexts: patient counseling, medical records, and institutional language. Understanding and using gender-inclusive language is an important step to create safer, respectful, affirming spaces for transgender people to receive medical care.
Hepatitis C Virus Testing During Pregnancy After Universal Screening Recommendations
Authors: Kaufman Harvey W. , Osinubi Ademola , Meyer William A. , Khan Mohammed , Huang Xiaohua , Panagiotakopoulos Lakshmi , Thompson William W. , Nelson Noele , Wester Carolyn
Published: June 2022

The study evaluates the effect of the 2020 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations on hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening among pregnant persons nationally and by health insurance type. The study included 5,048,428 pregnant persons aged 15–44 years with either Medicaid or commercial health insurance who had obstetric panel testing performed by Quest Diagnostics, January 2011–June 2021. Antibody screening for HCV infection increased before and accelerated after the updated recommendations in early 2020. Disparities in HCV testing by health insurance status were substantial over the entire study period. Despite substantial progress in the proportion of pregnant persons screened for HCV infection, current testing rates fall short of universal recommendations.
Trends in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in the United States From 1989 to 2020
Authors: Bruno Ann M. , Allshouse Amanda A. , Metz Torri D. , Theilen Lauren H.
Published: June 2022

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect up to 8% of pregnancies, but updated national trends are lacking. We performed a repeated cross-sectional analysis of individuals with singleton pregnancies who delivered at greater than 20 weeks of gestation, with data in the U.S. National Vital Statistics System from 1989 to 2020. Temporal trends in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, chronic hypertension, and eclampsia were characterized using joinpoint regression. Overall, 122,329,914 deliveries were included. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increased from 2.79% in 1989 to 8.22% in 2020, representing an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 3.6% (95% CI 3.0–4.1%). Chronic hypertension increased (AAPC 4.1%, 95% CI 3.3–4.9%), whereas eclampsia decreased (AAPC −2.5%, 95% CI −4.0% to −1.0%). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with significant morbidity and mortality; the rising incidence is concerning.
Female Genital Mutilation and Cutting and Obstetric Outcomes
Authors: Bonavina Giulia , Kaltoud Randa , Ruffolo Alessandro Ferdinando , Candiani Massimo , Salvatore Stefano
Published: June 2022

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the association of type III female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and de-infibulation with immediate maternal and neonatal outcomes. Women with type III FGM/C were compared with women with type I or II FGM/C or no FGM/C. Only uncomplicated singleton, full-term pregnancies with the fetus in vertex presentation were included. There was a greater frequency of postpartum hemorrhage and the use of mediolateral episiotomy in women with type III FGM/C. Mediolateral episiotomy was associated with a reduced rate of any spontaneous perineal laceration as well as third-degree and fourth-degree lacerations in women with type III FGM/C who underwent de-infibulation.