bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIMULATING SOIL WATER RECESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Choudhury Bhaskar J. , Blanchard Bruce J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The antecedent precipitation index (API) has been a useful indicator of soil moisture conditions for watershed runoff calculations, and recent attempts to correlate this index with spaceborne microwave observations have been fairly successful. The prognostic equation for soil moisture used in some of the atmospheric general circulation models (GCM) together with Thomthwaite‐Mather parameterization of actual evapotranspiration leads to API equations. The recession coefficient for API is found to depend on climatic factors as contained in potential evapotranspiration and to depend on soil texture as reflected by field capacity and permanent wilting point. A recently developed model for global insolation is used with climatological data for Wisconsin to simulate the annual trend of the recession coefficient. Good quantitative agreement is shown with the observed trends at Fennimore and Colby watersheds in Wisconsin. This study suggests that API could be a unifying concept for watershed and atmospheric general circulation modeling.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRING AND FALL TEMPERATURES ON THE AVOIDANCE RESPONSE OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC MENHADEN, BREVOORTIA TYRANNUS, EXPOSED TO SIMULTANEOUS CHLORINE‐δT CONDITIONS1
Authors: Hall Lenwood W. , Burton Dennis T. , Margrey Sturart T. , Graves William C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The avoidance response of groups of juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, was evaluated by exposing test species to a range of simultaneous total residual chlorine (TRC) (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg/L) and elevated temperature (0, 2, 4, and 6°C) conditions simulating power plant discharges. This species was tested at both 15 and 20°C to determine possible effects of acclimation temperature on the avoidance response. These temperatures were selected to represent spring or fall thermal conditions when most East Coast power plant facilities initiate power plant chlorination in the spring or terminate the use of this biocide in the fall. An unbalanced 3‐factor factorial design was used to develop response surface avoidance models at 15 and 20°C. The model developed at 15°C showed: (1) an increase in avoidance occurred at all δT conditions as TRC increased from 0.00 to 0.05 mg/L; (2) a greater degree of avoidance occured at TRC concentrations above 0.05 mg/L at all δT conditions; and (3) TRC was the most important term inflencing avoidance. The model for Atlantic menhaden at 20°C showed: 1) avoidance increased with increasing TRC concentration at each δT condition; (2) avoidance did not necessarily increase with increasing δT's at each TRC concentration; (3) greatest avoidance occured at 0°C δT and 0.15 mg/L TRC; and (4) TRC was the most important term influencing avoidance. There was a significant difference (p < 0.00001) between avoidance models at 15 and 20°C. However, when extreme conditions of 0.15 mg/L TRC and 0–6°δT were compared, the degree of avoidance responses (percent time in control area) was similar.
EVALUATION OF A DEPTH PROPORTIONAL INTAKE DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC PUMPING SAMPLERS1
Authors: Eads Rand E. , Thomas Robert B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A depth proportional intake boom for portable pumping samplers was used to collect suspended sediment samples in two coastal streams for three winters. The boom pivots on the stream bed while a float on the downstream end allows debris to depress the boom and pass without becoming trapped. This equipment modifies point sampling by maintaining the intake nozzle at the same proportion of water depth regardless of stage. Data taken by pumping samplers with intakes mounted on the boom were compared with depth integrated hand samples. Pumped samples showed higher concentrations than depth integrated hand samples. Results suggested that cross‐sectional sampling can give high precision with proper placement and calibration of a boom mounted intake.
ESTIMATING RESIDENTIAL FLOOD CONTROL BENEFITS USING IMPLICIT PRICE EQUATIONS1
Authors: Thompson Mark E. , Stoevener Herbert H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An implicit price model relating residential lot value to price determining characteristics of land is developed to measure the benefits of a structural flood control project. Special attention is given to the selection of relevant price determining characteristics of residential lots. An implicit price equation is estimated for both the with and without project conditions. Flood damages are quantified through the use of a dummy variable indicating a flood plain location. The analysis shows that annual flood damages were reduced by $15,275.
COMPARATIVE WATER CHEMISTRY OF FOUR LAKES IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK1
Authors: Baron Jill
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The inorganic chemistry of two pairs of lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park was studied to determine reasons for their similarities and differences. The pairs were located on differing geologic units. It was expected that weathering from the different types of parent material would cause differing cation concentrations between the pairs. This was verified by dissimilar concentrations of those cations which are products of primary weathering. Unexpected was a significant difference in anion concentrations between members of one pair having the same bedrock geology. This difference has been attributed to the presence of a wet sedge meadow above one of the lakes which serves as a biological filter for anions, particularly nitrate and sulfate. It is shown that small scale drainage characteristics which can alter regional atmospheric contributions are important contributors to lake chemistry.
THE CENTRAL ARIZONA WATER CONTROL STUDY: A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATE PLANS USING CONCORDANCE ANALYSIS AND MULTI‐DIMENSION SCALING1
Authors: Massam Bryan H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The Central Arizona Water Control Study (CAWCS) was initiated by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1978. The study attempted to identify and evaluate alternate water management schemes for Central Arizona. By 1981 a set of seven plans had been developed and for each an assessment on a number of economic, environmental, and social factors had been undertaken. This paper offers a formal procedure, using concordance analysis and multi‐dimension scaling, to compare alternate plans using multiple factors in order to produce a classification of the attractiveness of the alternatives. Empirical data for the CAWCS are used to clarify the procedure. The results of the formal analysis are compared to those produced by the CAWCS. A critique of the formal procedure is offered, and it is suggested that it may have utility to assist in the collection of data as well as in the search for a best plan. The procedure allows a number of different types of sensitivity tests to be conducted.
USING HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING MISSION (HCMM) DATA TO ASSESS LAKE WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Miller Woodruff , Rango Albert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A water quality investigation on Utah Lake was conducted during the same time period that the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite was collecting thermal infrared and reflectivity data. Relationships were established and evaluated among HCMM data and lake water quality parameters. Although remotely sensed reflective data have been previously utilized, this study was unique in that thermal emitted data were also correlated to algae concentrations and other indicators. Standard statistical evaluations were made along with utilization of color graphics techniques to identify and plot relationships. The emitted thermal energy was found to have high positive correlations with net algal concentrations and with the predominant species, Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae, a blue‐green alga. No continuous correlation was found for a less abundant red pigment phytoplankton, Ceratium hirundinella. Similar trends, though for negative correlations, were shown for reflectivity data and algal concentrations throughout the spring and summer. Coincidence of areas of warmer emitted energy and darker relfected energy on colorgraphics displays clearly indicate lake areas of high algal concentrations. Night thermal data displayed a strong negative correlation with algal concentration, opposite to day thermal data. Color graphics of warmer day emitted energy and cooler night emitted energy further verify areas of high algal concentrations.
A CHLORIDE BUDGET FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, HEADWATERS TO MOUTH1
Authors: Siegel D. I. , Livermore D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Mass budgets for chloride were estimated from 1975‐1978 for the Mississippi River from headwaters to near the mouth to determine the magnitudes of natural and anthropogenic sources. Annual chloride input from precipitation ranged from about 200 kg mi‐2yr‐1 at Royalton, Minnesota, to about 350 kg mi‐2yr‐1 at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Mass export ranged from about 900 kg mi‐2yr‐1 at Royalton to about 8000 kg mi‐2yr‐1 at Vicksburg. As much as 80 percent of the residual, the difference between input and export, probably is contributed by anthropogenic sources. In particular, semi‐logarithmic scatterplots of monthly total discharge against chloride concentration show that, during early spring, chloride elevations in the Mississippi River and Ohio River are elevated, possibly because of flushing of road salt and leaching of chloride from the accumulated snowpack.
MACROPHYTE COMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN A DREDGED WISCONSIN LAKE1
Authors: Nichols Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper describes the change in the macrophyte community caused by dredging a small Wisconsin lake. In water depths up to 1.5 m, revegetation was rapid after dredging. The plant community changed from one dominated by large‐leafed Potamogeton (pondweed), Megalodonta beckii (water marigold), and Elodea canadensis (waterweed) to one dominated by Chara (stonewort), Najas flexilis (naiad), and Myriophyllum (milfoil). Plant growth ended at the 4 m depth and growth recovered much more slowly in water depths between 1.5 and 4 m. The area between 1.5 m and 2.5 m in particular supported a monotypic milfoil stand after dredging.
CALL FOR PAPERS ‐ INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL HYDROLOGY
Authors: Juan San , Rico Puerto
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Abstracts (3 copies) are due ON OR BEFORE NOVEMBER 1, 1984, to the General Chairman, The abstract should not exceed 200 words and must include the paper's title, all author(s) name(s) and affiliation(s). The full mailing address and telephone number of the senior author must be included. All attendees, including authors, will be expected to pay registration fees at the Symposium.
THE HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING CENTER EXPERIENCE IN NONSTRUCTURAL PLANNING1
Authors: Johnson William K. , Davis Darryl W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Hydrologic Engineering Center, Corps of Engineers, has been engaged in research, training, and project assistance in non‐structural flood control planning for Corps offices across the United States since 1975. Lessons learned from this experience deal with the role of nonstructural measures in flood plain management, the role of creativity in analysis, the role of analysis, and tools for analysis. The role of nonstructural measures in flood control planning depends upon the scale of the problem, the nature of the measure, the degree of protection desired, and whether damage is to existing or future property. An earnest seeking for nonstructural opportunities, a field presence for their formulation, and compatbility with local infrastructure plans are prerequisite to creative use of nonstructural measures. Analysis is a necessary complement of creativity. Several tools for nonstructural analysis have been developed and applied to flood problems involving several hundred and several thousand structures.
NATIONWIDE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF IMPACT ON RECEIVING WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Heaney James P. , Huber Wayne C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Urban stormwater runoff has been recognized as a potential major contributor of pollution to receiving waters. However the projected high costs of control have prompted an examination of the extent to which these impacts have been documented. A nationwide search was conducted for case studies demonstrating a cause‐effect linkage between urban runoff and impairment of beneficial uses in receiving waters. The results indicate that numerous definitions of “impacts” are being used and that few substantive data exist to support many of these allegations. Results of a preliminary impact assessment are presented for the 248 urbanized areas of the United States. Then, the results of more recent efforts to assess these impacts in several case studies are described. This assessment demonstrates the critical need for additional short‐term and long‐term sampling programs.
WASTE INJECTION: TESTING FOR MECHANICAL INTEGRITY1
Authors: Wilcox T. C. , Langlinais J. P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Results of computer calculations are presented which predict the pressure response of a closed casing annulus of an injection well to temperature and pressure variations of the injected waste stream. For example, a 3000 ft. disposal well receiving fluid at 100d̀F might cause an increase in annular pressure of some 500 psi. Graphs summarizing these results are included. The results will be of interest to waste injection well operators, inasmuch as they are required to monitor annulus pressure to prove mechanical integrity of their injection wells.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOFTWATER FLORIDA LAKES AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO ACID PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Hendry Charles D. , Brezonik Patrick L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Based on alkalinity data for 596 lakes, 31 percent of Florida's 7300 lakes have < 100 μeq/l alkalinity and are sensitive to acid depostion. More than two‐thirds of the lakes in 12 northern Florida counties fit this criterion. Increasing aluminum and decreasing nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were observed with decressing pH in a survery of 20 softwater lakes. Maximum measured aluminum values (100‐150 μg/L) are below levels asociated with fish toxicity. Factor analysis showed that lake chemistry was related to three principal factors, representing three major processes: watershed weathering, acidification, and nutrient inputs. An acidification index defined as the difference between excess SO42‐ and excess (Ca2++Mg2+) accounted for 74 percent of the variance in lake pH. Comparison of historical (late 1950a) and present data for pH, alkalinity, and excess SO42‐ indicated loss of alkalinity (>25 μeq/L) and increase in excess SO42‐ (16‐34 μeq/L) in several softwater lakes.
PERCEIVED WATER QUALITY AND THE VALUE OF SEASONAL HOMES1
Authors: Young C. Edwin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The impact of degraded water quality on the value of seasonal homes adjacent to St. Albans Bay on Lake Champaign in northern Vermont is estimated using hedonic price functions. The Value of properties located adjacent to the bay are depressed by about 20 percent, or $4,500 on average, compared with similar nearby properties on the larger but cleaner lake. Water quality degradation resulted in decressed property values of approximately two million dollars in the area surrounding the Bay.
A PRELIMINARY QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ASPEN TO CONIFER SUCCESSION ON WATER YIELD ‐ I. HEAT PULSE METHODOLOGY FOR MODEL CALIBRATION1
Authors: Humphries William , Gifford Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Twenty‐six aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), 20 subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarps (Hook.) Nutt.), and 20 Engelmann spruce (Pices engelmanil (Parry) Engelm.) of various sizes were cut under water and suspended in permanent reserviors at a northern Utah site. The reservoirs were asealed so that all water loss was due to consumption by the trees. Sap velocities, as computed from heat pulse velocities, were related to conducting areas of the tree trunks. Computed transpiration volumes were then correlated with actual water losses from the reservoirs. Coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.87, 0.86, and 0.82 were obtained for the fir, aspen, and sprucs, respectively. Reservoir water loss for each species for each season was then used to adjust a plant activity index for computing transpiration within ASPCON, a model describing the hydrology of aspen to conifer succession. The plant activity index reflects the variation in the capability of a plant community to transpire water over the year. Assumptions and limitations of the heat pulse velocity technique are also outlined.
A PRELIMINARY QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ASPEN TO CONIFER SUCCESSION ON WATER YIELD‐ II. MODELING RESULTS1
Authors: Gifford Gerald F. , Humphries William , Jaynes Richard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Heat pulse velocity techniques were developed for effective monitoring of water movement in aspen (Populus tremuloides), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannif). Water loss was monitored in replicated trees of each species for one year. These data were used to modify the plant activity index (a reflection of the ability of plants to transpire water at various times during a year) and the crop coefficient (a reflection of differences in consumptive use rates of water by different vegetation types when all other factors are held constant) for each species within the model ASPCON, a deterministic, lumped‐parameter model describing the hydrology of aspen to conifer succession. Results of the modeling in dicate 18.6 cm net loss of moisture available for streamflow when spruce replaced aspen, and a loss of 7.2 cm when fir forests replaced aspen. The aspen to conifer successional trend appears, therefore, to be significantly reducing water yields in the western United States.
SIMULATION OF WATER POLLUTION GENERATION AND ABATEMENT ON SUBURBAN WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Glenne Bard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Computer simulation and model calibration of three “suburban” watersheds near Salt Lake City, Utah, indicate that coliform bacteria and suspended solids are produced mainly by the presence of people, domestic animals, vehicles, disposal systems, and other constructed faclities. The importances of each of these activities is investigated and pollution abatement procedures are outlined for purposes of improved watershed management.
CAPITAL COSTS OF RURAL WATER SYSTEMS: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH1
Authors: Ramamurthy Ganapathi , Chicoine David L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In the last two decades the federal government has provided substantial capital to construct rural water distribution systems. Loans at subsidized interest rates and front‐end grants through the Farmers Home Administration have been the main source of this capital. Recent federal policy redirections have reduced substantially the availability of grants and subsidized loans. Because of design and material differences, capital cost estimates from urban systems are not uniformly applicable to rural water services. This study presents an econometric analysis of capital costs, using Illinois rural water system construction contract bids. Cost equations by systems components representing 90 percent of capital costs are estimated. The type of information developed here can be used in initial planning and optimization design models contributing to the efficient provision of rural water services.
A FIELD TECHNIQUE FOR WEIGHING BEDLOAD SAMPLES1
Authors: Carey William P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A technique for weighing bedload samples that was developed for laboratory use has been modified for field application. The technique involves determining the submerged weight of bedload samples as they are collected. The submerged weights are converted to dry weights from a knowledge of the specific gravity of the bedload material. The technique makes bedload transport data available immediately and eliminates costly and time‐consuming steps involved with saving samples for laboratory analysis. Only samples designated for particle‐size or other lab analyses need to be saved.
INLET CONCENTRATION TIME NOMOGRAM FOR URBAN BASINS1
Authors: Akan A. Osman
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A physically‐based nomogram to determine inlet concentration times for composite developed basins is presented. This nomogram is constructed from previously derived kinematic wave formulations of both catchment and gutter flow components of surface runoff. With specified physical properties of a basin and rainfall intensity‐duration relationships, the inlet time can be obtained from the nomogram directly.
THE CENTRAL ARIZONA WATER CONTROL STUDY: A CASE FOR MULTIOBJECTIVE PLANNING AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT1
Authors: Brown Curtis A.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the successful application of a multiobjective planning framework, incorporating substantial public involvement, to a major water resources decision involving intense confilcts. The study was initiated to help resolve more than a decade of controversy over a project proposed to control flooding and provide regulatory storage in the Phoenix, Arizona, area. The public was actively involved in the development of study goals and the specification of acceptable tradeoffs between multiple objectives. A wide range of structural and nonstructural alternatives was formulated and evaluated in relation to these objectives, and broad‐based support was developed for a new plan. Reasons for the successful outcome are discussed, as well as implications for water resources planning under the new Federal Principles and Guidelines.
AN INDEX OF STORED FINE SEDIMENT IN GRAVEL BEDDED STREAMS1
Authors: Mahoney Donald , Erman Don C.
Published: June 2007

An index of sediments less than 0.3 mm stored in the top layer of small streams was estimated by disturbing a fixed area for 2 minutes and catching the resultant sediment drift in downstream traps. The method was used in 24 small northern California streams and was tested by releasing known amounts and sizes of sediments in controlled trails. Field use showed general agreement with an exponential model of decrease in sediment trapped vs. distance. Sites in distrubed reaches (watersheds logged with no streamside buffers or with buffers less than 30 m) had higher indices of stored sediment than control sites. Estimates from controlled trials averaged 7.5 percent higher than actual losses for composite size classes ≤ 0.3 mm, 19.7 percent higher than actual losses for just the ≤ 0.125 mm class, and 15.2 percent for all 14 trials. The method is relatively simple and suitable for remote locations, particularly in studies comparing many small streams.
SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON USE OF LAKE SURVEY DATA1
Authors: Knowlton Matthew F. , Hoyer Mark V. , Jones John R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTS:

Summer lake survey measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLa) from 188 reserviors and natural lakes in the midwest were analyzed to determine the magnitude of major sources of variability. Median variance among replicate samples collected at the same location and time was about 7‐8 percent of the mean for both TP and CHLa. Median observed temporal variability within summers was 27 percent of the mean for TP and 45 percent of the mean for CHLa. Median values of year‐to‐year variance in average TP and CHLa were 22 percent and 31 percent of the mean, respectively. A range of approximately two orders of magnitude was observed among individual estimates of variance in each of these categories. The magnitude of observed temporal variability was affected only slightly by variance among replicate samples on individual days and was weakly correlated with the length of time during which samples were collected from individual lakes. Observed temporal variation was similar between reservoirs and natural lakes when variances were calculated with logtransformed data. The magnitude of temporal and year‐to‐year variance can severely limit the power of statistical comparisons of TP and CHLa means, but has less effect on establishing relative rankings of lake means, Sources and relative magnitude of variability are important in the use of TP and CHLa data in regression models and in the planning of lake surveys and subsequent data analysis.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS FOR PUGET SOUND REGION LAKES1
Authors: Gilliom Robert J.
Published: June 2007

Regression relationships were developed between summer mean total phosphorus (P) concentrations in near‐surface water and both chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi disc transparency for Puget Sound region lakes. Total P concentrations in the lakes studied ranged from 7 to 66 μ/L. The relationship between total P and chlorophyll a, based on data from 69 lakes, explained 57 percent of the variance in chlorophyll a. Predicted chlorophyll a concentrations and 95 percent confidence intervals ranged from 1 +3‐0.5μg/L for 7 μg/L P to about +35‐10μ/L for 66 μ/L P. The relationship between total P and Secchi disc, based on data from 71 lakes, explained 53 percent of the variance in Secchi disc. Predicted Secchi disc transparencies and 95 percent confidence intervals ranged from 5.5 +5.5‐3.0 m for 7 μ/L P to 1.4 +1.5‐0.7 m for 66 μ/L P.
A STAGE‐ACTIVATED TRIGGERING DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC PUMPING SAMPLERS1
Authors: Turton Donald J. , Wigington Parker J.
Published: June 2007

A device to trigger automatic pumping samplers at discrete stages on headwater streams in southeastern Oklahoma was developed. The magnetic switch column employs a sequence of magnetic reed switches wired in parallel and set at 0.03 m (0.10 ft) intervals. A magnetic float inside the column closes the reed switches, therby triggering the sampler as stage rises and falls. The columns were constructed from inexpensive, readily‐available materials. Following installation and field calibration, the columns provided relaible and representative sampling during 12 storms, at three sites. The magnetic switch column may be used in a wide range of research and monitoring sites to improve water quality sampling.
NITRATE TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO STREAM SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Wyer M. D. , Hill A. R.
Published: June 2007

The transformation of nitrate was investigated in diverse stream sediments from six areas of Southern Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Experiments conducted with intact 0‐5 cm depth sediment cores overlain with aerated 5 mg/l nitrate‐N solution reveald considerable nitrate depletion during a six‐day period as a resuit of denitrification and nitrate reduction to ammonium. Nitrification and ammonification also occurred simultaneously with nitrate reduction in many stream sediments. Mixed 0‐5 cm depth sediments collected from 81 stream sites were used to examine the relationship between microbial nitrate removal and sediment characteristics. Rates of nitrate‐N loss from aerated 5 mg/l nitrate‐N solutions overlying these sediments ranged between 11 and 171 mg/m2/day for a 24‐hour incubation period. Rates of nitrate loss for the 24‐hour period exhibited a significant positive correlation (r=0.72) with sediment ammonium content. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and sediment texture also had significant but weak correlations with nitrate loss.
A REMOTE SENSING APPROACH FOR MODELING WATER RESOURCE USE1
Authors: Nellis M. Duane
Published: June 2007

Remote sensing data combined with other spatially referenced data were used to predict water resource use in an irrigated area of Central Oregon. Crop type and irrigation method were determined using color infrared aerial photography and thermal infrared imagery, respectively. These data were combined with crop consumptive use and irrigation method application efficiency values to determine total water applied to a transect sample through the heart of the study area. This information, when integrated with data on canal leakage and storage reservoir seepage, allowed the researcher to predict total water use for the entire management unit. The model developed allowed the researcher to attain results accurate to within 92.0 percent of actual values, suggesting that predictive water use models which use such techniques have tremendous potential for providing water resource managers with near real‐time statistics required for making wise management decisions.
A NUMERICAL ESTUARINE FLOW MODEL1
Authors: Henry F. S. , Ahlert R. C. , Peskin R. L. , Vichnevetsky R.
Published: June 2007

A novel estuarine flow model is proposed. It provides some two‐dimensional features while using an essentially one‐dimensional approach. The model is applied to the Upper Delaware Estuary, and is shown to match available field data with acceptable accuracy. The model is shown to be numerically stable and reasonably mass conservative.
AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE POLICIES FOR CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION1
Authors: Kramer Randall A. , McSweeny William T. , Kerns Waldon R. , Stavros Robert W.
Published: June 2007

An economic analysis of nonpoint source pollution management was conducted for the Nansemond River and Chuckatuck Creek watersheds in Southeast Virginia. The potential effects of alternative public policies on farm income, land use, and pollution loadings were investigated. Regulatory programs could have quite different impacts depending on which pollutant is targeted. Cost‐share rates greater than 50 percent would have little additional effect on pollution from crop enterprises, but would reduce pollution from livestock
CONTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION TO QUALITY OF URBAN STORM RUNOFF1
Authors: Halverson Howard G. , DeWalle David R. , Sharpe William E.
Published: June 2007

Precipitation and runoff samples were collected for 13 storms in a nonindustrial urban area in Central Pennsylvania between July 1980 and June 1981. Runoff was collected from tree surfaces, a residential roof and street, a shopping mall parking lot, a downtown business district alley, and a heavily traveled street. Analysis of the water samples showed 10 to 25 percent of the nitrogen, 25 percent of the sulfate, and less than 5 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in water below a tree was deposited by the precipitation. The residential roof caused insignificant changes in water chemistry. The results for the four paved areas showed that all the nitrogen, and from 16 to 40 percent of the sulfate and 13, 4, and 2 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, respectively, in runoff was deposited by the precipitation. Precipitation can also be an important source of sulfate and phosphorus in runoff. All of the surfaces raised the pH of the runoff, with the largest increases, from a pH of 4 to about 7, occurring in runoff from the paved areas. Precipitation and runoff chemistry was not related to antecedent conditions such as the length of the preceding dry period.
GOLD‐MINING EFFECTS ON HEAVY METALS IN STREAMS, CIRCLE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA1
Authors: LaPerriere Jacqueline D. , Wagener Stephen M. , Bjerklie David M.
Published: June 2007

Placer gold mining, which extracts gold from buried or exposed alluvia, is often conducted on or near streams. Such mining has the potential to adversely affect water quality. Other heavy metals associated with the gold (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper) may be freed to enter streams. Mercury may also enter streams if miners are using it to recover fine particles of gold. These heavy metals are toxic and thus may be harmful to the aquatic life of the streams receiving effluent or runoff from placer mines.

In 1982 we sampled two streams intensively ‐ one heavily mined and one unmined ‐ for total recoverable arsenic, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Only mercury was not significantly higher in concentration in the mined streams. In 1983 we sampled two stream pairs three times, and 10 other sites at least once, for total and dissolved arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Mercury and cadmium were not significantly elevated in mined streams, but the concentrations of total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, and dissolved arsenic and zinc were significantly higher in streams below active placer mining sites than in these that were not being mined or those that had never been mined. Additionally, total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper and dissolved arsenic and copper became elevated after mining began in 1983 on a previously unmined stream.
AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER UTILITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE OF COMPUTERS1
Authors: Shell Richard L. , Damachi Nicholas A.
Published: June 2007

To provide an overview of water utility information systems and the extent of computer use, a direct mail survey of all water utilities serving populations of 2,000 or more in the tri‐state area ‐ Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky ‐ was conducted. The following was determined: 1) utility profile information, e.g., public/private ownership, age, number of accounts, etc.; 2) an assessment of the degree of computerization presently in place to perform various functions; and 3) an assessment of any plans that the utilities may have for future computerization.

To analyze the data, an index of computerization was defined as the number of departments or major activity areas of each utility that presently have some computerization. The relationship between the degree of computerization (measured by this index) and a utility's profile in terms of population served, annual revenue generated, and the number of customer accounts is discussed for each state in the survey. Discriminant analysis revealed strong significant differences between utilities that plan to use computers and those that do not. The differences were identified by the authors. Survey results revealed a rather limited use of computers in the tri‐state area. Enormous potential exists in small and medium sized utilities for computerization to improve operational efficiency.
CHLOROPHYLL‐BIOMASS‐NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS FOR NATURAL ASSEMBLAGES OF FLORIDA PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Canfield Daniel E. , Linda Stephen B. , Hodgson Lynn M.
Published: June 2007

Parallel determination of phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentration were made on spring and summer phytoplankton samples collected from 165 Florida lakes. There was a significant correlation between chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton biomass (r=0.80; P < 0.01). Chlorophyll content per unit phytoplankton biomass ranged over two orders of magnitude. Nitrogen seemed to be a major factor influencing the chlorophyll content of Florida algae. Multiple regression analyses indicated that phytoplankton biomass was dependent on both the total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration. Nutrient‐phytoplankton and Secchi‐phytoplankton relationships for the Florida lakes had higher coefficients of determination if chlorophyll a concentrations rather than phytoplankton biomass data were used in regression analyses.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DROUGHT POLICIES FOR MUNICIPAL WATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Narayanan Rangesan , Larson Dean T. , Hughes Trevor C.
Published: June 2007

During the 1976–77 drought, three principal mechanisms were used to reduce water use in Utah communities: price increases, maximum monthly use restrictions, and restrictions on outdoor watering times. A regression model was developed to explain observed changes in water use, with price, type of restriction, household size, and summer rainfall as independent variables. For an average system, a 1 percent increase in price would reduce water use by 0.07 to 0.09 percent. A 1 percent increase in outdoor watering time restriction reduces use by 0.064 to 0.075 percent. A 1 percent increase in quantity restrictions leads to a reduction in water use of 0.014 to 0.054 percent. The effectiveness of rationing policies is influenced by system characteristics. For example, outdoor watering time restrictions were less effective in systems with above average household size and below average monthly use.
OPTIMAL IDENTIFICATION OF MUSKINGUM ROUTING COEFFICIENTS1
Authors: Wu Jy S. , King Ellis L. , Wang Michael
Published: June 2007

Traditionally, identification of the Muskingum routing coefficients has been based on observations of the linearity of a loop formed by graphically plotting a forward and a reverse path. This graphical procedure is time‐consuming and may not minimize the error of estimation.

A procedure was developed to improve the drawbacks of the graphical method. This procedure calls for (a) the use of least square regression on the forward and reverse paths to determine their respective slopes, and (b) the use of statistical t‐test to evaluate the hypothesis that these two slopes are equal. The computational procedure is repeated, using incremental values of the flow weighting coefficient, x. A graph of the computed t‐value versus x can be constructed. The optimal value of x, as read from the graph, occurs at the minimum computed t‐value. The procedure has been demonstrated superior to the graphical method for three illustrative examples, resulting in a reduction of the error squares by factors ranging from 5 to 6.
CORRELATION OF ANNUAL PEAK FLOWS FOR PENNSYLVANIA STREAMS1
Authors: Wall David J. , Englot Mary E.
Published: June 2007

A common assumption in flood frequency analysis is that annual peak flows are independent events. This study was undertaken to investigate the validity of this assumption with regard to Pennsylvania streams by statistically analyzing the dependence between annual peak flows and to determine if basin carryover effects relate to the degree of dependence. Five tests of dependence, the autocorrelation test, the median crossing test, the turning points test, the rank difference test, and the Spearman rank order serial correlation coefficient test were applied to the series of annual peak flows for 57 streams. Of the 57 streams analyzed, only two exhibited signs of dependence by at least two of the tests performed, and the baseflow component of annual peak flows was found to be unrelated to the degree of dependence exhibited between annual peak flows. It was concluded that the assumption of independence of annual peak flows is valid in flood frequency analysis for Pennsylvania streams.
WATERFALL REAERATION IN THE PASSAIC RIVER1
Authors: Uchrin Christopher G. , Ahlert William K. , Park Seok S. , Schneck Susan R.
Published: June 2007

The effects of waterfall‐induced turbulence on the dissolved oxygen concentration of the Passaic River (New Jersey) at two mostly natural waterfalls were observed during a five‐month period encompassing high to low temperature and flow. A parameter defined by past investigators as the “deficit ratio” was found to be useful for mathematically describing the results. The Great Falls system showed the deficit ratio to be an inverse function of temperature for all events, with good correlation. A relationship was developed for the Little Falls system under low flow showing the deficit ratio to likewise be an inverse function of temperature and a power function of flow.
REGIONAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC MULTIYEAR DROUGHTS1
Authors: Sadeghipour Jamshid , Dracup John A.
Published: June 2007

This paper is concerned with regional frequency analysis of hydrologic multiyear droughts. A drought event is defined by three parameters: severity, duration, and magnitude. A method is proposed here to standardize drought severities with a duration adjustment to enable comparison among drought events. For purposes of a regional study, the index drought method is selected and applied to standardized droughts to give a regional frequency curve. However, the recurrence intervals of the drought events obtained from index drought method are limited to the historic period of record. Therefore, by taking advantage of random variations of droughts in both time and space, a multivariate simulation model is used to estimate exceedence probabilities associated with regional drought maxima. This method, named the regional extreme drought method, is capable of generating a series of drought events which, although they have not occurred historically, are more severe than historic events. By combining the results of the index drought method and regional extreme drought analysis, a regional drought probability graph is constructed which ranges from severe droughts to more frequent droughts. This procedure is applied to the mean annual flow records of streams located in the San Joaquin Valley of California, and drought‐severity‐frequency plots are prepared for 1‐year, 2‐year, and 3‐year durations.
WATER CHEMISTRY OF NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS STRIP MINE AND LIVESTOCK WATER IMPOUNDMENTS1
Authors: Anderson Mark T. , Hawkes Clifford L.
Published: June 2007

The water from 34 strip mine and 9 livestock water impoundments on the Northern Great Plains was analyzed. In all areas the water was classified as slightly brackish or saline. The dominant ion sequence for the study ponds was Na>Ca>Mg>K and SO4HCO3CO3Cl, which differs from most freshwater by the transposition of Na and SO4. Even though mean concentrations of total filterable residue were consistently greater in strip mine ponds, statistically significant differences were not found at the p ≤ 0.05 level between strip ponds and livestock ponds. The macronutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus found in the ponds were neither limiting to primary productivity nor excessive for fresh water. Many ponds contain turbid water. Turbidity restricts light penetration and limits photosynthesis besides making the ponds visually unattractive. The source of water for the pond, whether surface runoff or groundwater, seems to have important bearing on turbidity. The most appropriate use of these strip mine ponds is for waterfowl, warm‐water fisheries, and other wildlife associated with prairie wetlands. However, even these uses are jeopardized by detrimental concentrations of trace elements in the water (Anderson and Hawkes, 1984).
DETECTING UNKNOWN INTERVENTIONS WITH APPLICATION TO FORECASTING HYDROLOGICAL DATA1
Authors: MacNeilt Ian B.
Published: June 2007

To accommodate possible parameter changes in time series at times which are not specified in advance, we propose an adaptive procedure for estimating parameters and for forecasting. The mechanism for activating the adaptive procedure is a successively updated change‐detection statistic. The statistic has small expected value when no change is present and has large value when change takes place ‐ the larger the change, the larger the statistic. The statistic defines discounting factors which determine how much of the past will be used both for estimating parameters and for forecasting. The change‐detection statistic is designed to effect major changes to parameter estimates and to forecasts in a discrete fashion only, as opposed to certain other adaptive procedures that react continuously to perceived fluctuations in data, and so indicate change even when parameters remain fixed. The procedure is illustrated using exponential smoothing and Holt's linear exponential smoothing and is applied to a hydrological series.
KALMAN FILTER ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF DAILY STREAM FLOWS: I. REVIEW, ALGORITHM, AND SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS1
Authors: Bergman M. J. , Delleur J. W.
Published: June 2007

An important class of models, frequently used in hydrology for the forecasting of hydrologic variables one or more time periods ahead, or for the generation of synthetic data sequences, is the class of autoregressive(AR) models. As the AR models belong to the family of linear stochastic difference equations, they have both a deterministic and a stochastic component. The stochastic component is often assumed to have a Gaussian distribution. It is well known that hydrologic observations (e.g., stream flows) are heavily affected by noise. To account explicitly for the observation noise, the linear stochastic difference equation is expressed in state variable form and an observation model is introduced. The discrete Kalman filter algorithm can then be used to obtain estimates of the state variable vector. Typically, in hydrologic systems, model parameters, system noise statistics and measurement noise statistics are unknown, and have to be estimated. In this study an adaptive algorithm is discussed which estimates these quantities simultaneously with the state variables. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by using simulated data.
DESIGN AND IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR DIVERSION AT COAL CREEK MINE1
Authors: Bowles David S. , Grant James L. , Humphries William E. , O'Hayre Arthur P.
Published: June 2007

A diversion system has been designed to carry the flow from East Fork of Coal Creek around the area proposed for mining at Thunder Basin Coal Company's (TBCC) Coal Creek mine in Campbell County, Wyoming. This paper describes the field and analysis procedures necessary to prepare the diversion design and impact evaluation, and the innovative concepts developed for the diversion system design to minimize impacts on downstream channel stability. Under the proposed diversion system design, water from the East Basin of Coal Creek will be diverted at two locations. At one location, flow will be impounded by a small dam and decanted by a pump through a pipeline into East Fork at the location of the second diversion. At this location, a training dike will be placed across the stream channel to divert flows into a diversion channel. Gravity flow along the diversion channel will deliver water to a playa area which will be converted into a detention basin by placing a small dam across its southern end. Flows up to the magnitude of the 24‐hour 2‐year peak flow will be passed directly through the detention basin into Middle Fork with negligible attenuation of flow rates. For less frequent events, water will be stored in the detention basin in order to prevent velocities in Lower Middle Fork from exceeding the maximum permissible velocity above which scouring may occur. Evaporation and seepage losses from the diversion system were estimated to be small and should be more than offset by the addition of water from the playa drainage basin into the Coal Creek drainage.

Velocities predicted for the Lower Middle Fork after‐the diversion is constructed are expected to be low enough that significant erosion of the channel is not expected to occur.
WETLAND BOUNDARIES IN THE NEW JERSEY PINELANDS: ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND DELINEATION1
Authors: Roman Charles T. , Zampella Robert A. , Jaworski Andrew Z.
Published: June 2007

Wetland protection regulations and guidelines often require the delineation of precise wetland boundaries on a case‐by‐case basis. In this study, conducted in the New Jersey Pinelands, an ecological characterization of vegetation composition, soil and hydrologic relationships along upland to wetland Pinus rigida ‐ dominated transittions provided the basis for a multiparameter approach to wetland boundary delineation. The transitional data set was analyzed by direct gradient analysis, cluster analysis and ordination. It is concluded that vegetation composition can be a principal factor in delineating wetland boundaries along natural upland to wetland transitions. However, where distinct vegetation changes are not observed, a feature of our study sites, a multiparameter approach should be used.
ESTIMATES OF THE ECONOMIC VALUE PRODUCTIVITY OF IRRIGATION WATER IN PAKISTAN FROM FARM SURVEYS1
Authors: Hussain Rana Zakir , Young Robert A.
Published: June 2007

Data from two cross‐sectional surveys totaling over 2000 farmers in Pakistan are analyzed with regression techniques to estimate the value productivity of irrigation water and related resources. Returns to irrigation water vary by province, but in general are found to be high relative to estimated costs of obtaining water. Salinity of water supplies is an important productivity depressant. The results will be useful in determining the economic feasibility of various means for augmenting supplies and for improving delivery and application efficiencies.