bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foraging Behavior of Goats Browsing in Southern Mediterranean Forest Rangeland
Authors: Chebli Youssef , Otmani Samira El , Chentouf Mouad , Hornick Jean-Luc , Bindelle Jérôme , Cabaraux Jean-François
Published: January 2020

Mediterranean forest rangelands offer an important feed source for goats. Concerns about grazing strategies and management schemes in order to ensure the rangeland sustainability of Southern Mediterranean forest have revived interest in the foraging behavior of goats. This study was conducted to investigate the seasonal changes of feeding behavior of grazing goats in the Southern Mediterranean forest rangeland of Northern Morocco during two consecutive years beginning in 2016. The direct observation method was used to compare diet composition, intake rate, and diet selectivity of goats during three seasons (spring, summer, and fall). Bite mass of each plant species selected by goats was estimated using hand-plucked simulation. The optimal foraging theory was used as a tool to explain the goats foraging decisions. Bite mass range was extremely wide and varied seasonally. The goats’ diet was largely composed of Cistus spp., Lavandula stoechas, Quercus spp., and Myrtus communis. The result shows that the smaller the bite mass, the higher the biting rate, leading to increased short term intake rates. The selection of various plant species during fall and summer enlarged the diet diversity of goats. As expected, goats preferred trees and some shrubs despite their low availability. Consequently, the most available species is not necessarily the most positively selected. Particular high and positive selection of Quercus suber was observed over seasons. The outcomes confirm the high adaptability and ability of goats to select a woody species across seasons. Knowledge about forage availability and the feeding behavior of goats could be used as the first guide for rangeland managers to ensure herd and forest sustainability.
Analysis of Candidate Genes for Growth and Milk Performance Traits in the Egyptian Barki Sheep
Authors: Abousoliman Ibrahim , Reyer Henry , Oster Michael , Muráni Eduard , Mourad Mosaad , Abdel-Salam Rashed Mohamed , Mohamed Ismail , Wimmers Klaus
Published: January 2020

The most common sheep breeds of Egypt are Ossimi, Rahmani, and Barki breeds. The latter one is well adapted to the challenging desert environment, characterized by food shortage and a high temperature fluctuation. Growth performance of Barki sheep has an important economic value in terms of minimizing the shortage of mutton meat in Egypt. Further, milk production is of great importance for feeding newborn lambs. Eight candidate genes, recently associated with production traits in different breeds, were used to study the effect of genotype on lamb growth and ewe milk traits. The examined genes were LEP, IGF1, DGAT1, STAT5A, PRL, CSN1S2, GHR, and GHRHR, of which one representative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the coding region was selected for genotyping. Data from 251 Barki sheep were used in this study. Association analysis between SNPs and lamb growth traits identified rs420693815 of the LEP gene to be significantly associated with weaning weight and average daily gain. In ewes, significant effects on milk yield and composition have been estimated for LEP (rs420693815), STAT5A (rs161082816), PRL (rs422713690), and GHRHR (rs414991449). The results indicated that these genes might be considered as interesting candidates for further investigations to improve growth and milk performance in Barki sheep.
(–)-Epicatechin Reduces the Blood Pressure of Young Borderline Hypertensive Rats During the Post-Treatment Period
Authors: Kluknavsky Michal , Balis Peter , Skratek Martin , Manka Jan , Bernatova Iveta
Published: January 2020

This study investigated the effects of (–)-epicatechin (Epi) in young male borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) during two weeks of treatment (Epi group, 100 mg/kg/day p.o.) and two weeks post treatment (PE group). Epi reduced blood pressure (BP), which persisted for two weeks post treatment. This was associated with delayed reduction of anxiety-like behaviour. Epi significantly increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in the aorta and left heart ventricle (LHV) vs. the age-matched controls without affecting the brainstem and frontal neocortex. Furthermore, Epi significantly reduced the superoxide production in the aorta and relative content of iron-containing compounds in blood. Two weeks post treatment, the NOS activities and superoxide productions in the heart and aorta did not differ from the age-matched controls. The gene expressions of the NOSs (nNOS, iNOS, eNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) remained unaltered in the aorta and LHV of the Epi and PE groups. In conclusion, while Epi-induced a decrease of the rats’ BP persisted for two weeks post treatment, continuous Epi treatments seem to be necessary for maintaining elevated NO production as well as redox balance in the heart and aorta without changes in the NOSs, Nrf2, and PPAR-γ gene expressions.
Development of a Membrane Liquid-Based Thin-Layer Cell Film Maker
Authors: Fang Run , Zeng Libo , Yi Fan
Published: January 2020

Specimen production is a key step in cytological diagnosis. This paper proposes a membrane liquid-based thin-layer cell film maker based on the principle of liquid-based thin-layer cell production. To be specific, the designed maker mainly consists of two parts including the mechanical system and control system. For the mechanical part, a novel type of polar coordinate manipulator is developed with the corresponding working scheme. In order to handle cell breakage and collection, a dynamic sealing head system is designed, which saves cost and improves automation. For the control part, both hardware and software are designed to realize the functions including the motion feedback and control of mechanical components, the measurement and adjustment of the pressure system, and the real-time information interaction between human and machine interface. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed maker is capable of fully meeting the requirements of clinical pathology, clinical detection and diagnosis, owing to the advantages such as the compact structure, high cost performance, stable performance and high satisfaction rate.
Two-Photon Excitation of Azobenzene Photoswitches for Synthetic Optogenetics
Authors: Kellner Shai , Berlin Shai
Published: January 2020

Synthetic optogenetics is an emerging optical technique that enables users to photocontrol molecules, proteins, and cells in vitro and in vivo. This is achieved by use of synthetic chromophores—denoted photoswitches—that undergo light-dependent changes (e.g., isomerization), which are meticulously designed to interact with unique cellular targets, notably proteins. Following light illumination, the changes adopted by photoswitches are harnessed to affect the function of nearby proteins. In most instances, photoswitches absorb visible light, wavelengths of poor tissue penetration, and excessive scatter. These shortcomings impede their use in vivo. To overcome these challenges, photoswitches of red-shifted absorbance have been developed. Notably, this shift in absorbance also increases their compatibility with two-photon excitation (2PE) methods. Here, we provide an overview of recent efforts devoted towards optimizing azobenzene-based photoswitches for 2PE and their current applications.
Application and Evaluation of the Gaofen-3 Satellite on a Terrain Survey with InSAR Technology
Authors: Zheng Yuzhi , Chen Zhenwei , Zhang Guo
Published: January 2020

The Gaofen-3 satellite is the first SAR satellite independently developed in China that achieves interferometric imaging and measurement, which improves upon Chinese civil SAR satellite data. To verify the ability of the Gaofen-3 satellite’s InSAR technology, we acquired data from Dengfeng, China, to evaluate the application and accuracy of an InSAR terrain survey. To reduce the effects introduced by data processing of Gaofen-3 data, high-accuracy InSAR image pair co-registration and phase filtering methods were adopted. Six GCPs data and 1:2000-scale DEM data were used to evaluate the elevation accuracy. In addition, for comparison with other satellites, we processed the dataset of the same area acquired by the non-civilian Yaogan-29 satellite with the same methods and evaluated the results. The experimental results indicated that the interferometric data of the Gaofen-3 satellite can achieve an accuracy of higher than 4 m of interferometric height measurement. Therefore, it will have broad prospects in the domestic InSAR application. Our research provides a certain value for the reference of the development of InSAR sensors in China.
Performance of Solar Absorption-Subcooled Compression Hybrid Cooling System for Different Flow Rates of Hot Water
Authors: Zhang Jinfang , Li Zeyu , Jing Yue , Xu Yongrui
Published: January 2020

The solar absorption-subcooled compression hybrid cooling system (SASCHCS) is tech-economically feasible for high-rise buildings. Since such a system operates with no auxiliary heat source, the performance coupling of its absorption subsystem and solar collectors is sensitive to the variation of hot water flow rate. In this regard, the relationship of system performance and hot water flow rate is required to be clarified exactly. Therefore, this paper aims to illustrate the effect mechanism of hot water flow rate and to propose the corresponding decision criterion. The case study is based on a typical high-rise office building in subtropical Guangzhou. The daily working process of this system with different hot water flow rates is simulated and analyzed. Subsequently, the useful heat of collectors and cooling capacity of the absorption subsystem with the hot water flow rate is discussed in detail. The results show that the SASCHCS operates with hot water temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 90 °C. The energy saving increases with the rise of hot water flow rate, but such variation tends to be flat for the excessively high flow rate. As the collector flow rate increases from 1 m3/h to 10 m3/h, the daily energy saving improves by 21% in August. Similarly, the daily energy saving increases by 37.5% as generator hot water flow rate increases from 1 m3/h to 10 m3/h. In addition, the collector flow rate of 3.6 m3/h (13.33 (kg/m2 h)) and the generator flow rate of 5.2 m3/h (19.26 (kg/m2 h)) are optimal for the annual operation, with considering power consumption of water pumps. This paper is helpful for the improvement of SASCHCS operating performance.
A Context-Aware Middleware Cloud Approach for Integrating Precision Farming Facilities into the IoT toward Agriculture 4.0
Authors: Symeonaki Eleni , Arvanitis Konstantinos , Piromalis Dimitrios
Published: January 2020

The adoption of Precision Farming (PF) practices involving ubiquitous computing advancements and conceptual innovations of “smart” agricultural production toward Agriculture 4.0 is a significant factor for the benefit of sustainable growth. In this context, the dynamic integration of PF facility systems into the Internet of Things (IoT) represents an excessive challenge considering the large amount of heterogeneous raw data acquired in agricultural environments by Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs). This paper focuses on the issue of facilitating the management, process, and exchange of the numerous and diverse data points generated in multiple PF environments by introducing a framework of a cloud-based context-aware middleware solution as part of a responsive, adaptive, and service-oriented IoT integrated system. More particularly, the paper presents in detail a layered hierarchical structure according to which all functional elements of the system cope with context, while the context awareness operation is accomplished into a cloud-based distributed middleware component that is the core of the entire system acting as a Decision Support System (DSS). Furthermore, as proof of concept, the functionality of the proposed system is studied in real conditions where some evaluation results regarding its performance are quoted.
Optimization of Texture Density Distribution of Carbide Alloy Micro-Textured Ball-End Milling Cutter Based on Stress Field
Authors: Zheng Minli , He Chunsheng , Yang Shucai
Published: January 2020

The insertion of micro-textures plays a role in reducing friction and increasing wear resistance of the cutters, which also has a certain impact on the stress field of the cutter during milling. Therefore, in order to study the mechanisms of friction reduction and wear resistance of micro-textured cutters in high speed cutting of titanium alloys, the dynamic characteristics of the instantaneous stress field during the machining of titanium alloys with micro-textured cutters were studied by changing the distribution density of the micro-textures on the cutter. First, the micro-texture insertion area of the ball-end milling cutter was theoretically analyzed. Then, variable density micro-textured ball-end milling cutters and non-texture cutters were used to cut titanium alloy, and the mathematical model of milling force and cutter-chip contact area was established. Then, the stress density functions of different micro-texture density cutters and non-texture cutters were established to simulate the stress fields of variable density micro-textured ball-end milling cutters and non-texture cutters. Finally, the genetic algorithm was used to optimize the variable density distribution of micro-textured cutters in which the instantaneous stress field of the cutters was taken as the optimization objective. The optimal solution for the variable density distribution of the micro-textured cutter in the cutter-chip tight contact area was obtained as follows: the texture distribution densities in the first, second, and third areas are second, and third areas are 0.0905, 0.0712, and 0.0493, respectively.
Evaluation of Selected Sub-Elements of Spatial Data Quality on 3D Flood Event Modeling: Case Study of Prešov City, Slovakia
Authors: Bindzárová Gergeľová Marcela , Kuzevičová Žofia , Labant Slavomír , Gašinec Juraj , Kuzevič Štefan , Unucka Jan , Liptai Pavol
Published: January 2020

Weather-related disasters represent a major threat to the sustainable development of society. This study focuses directly on the assessment of the state of spatial information quality for the needs of hydrodynamic modeling. Based on the selected procedures and methods designed for the collection and processing of spatial information, the aim of this study was to assess their qualitative level of suitability for 3D flood event modeling in accordance with the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) Directive. In the evaluation process we entered geodetic measurements and the digital relief model 3.5 (DMR 3.5) available for the territory of the Slovak Republic. The result of this study is an assessment of the qualitative analysis on three levels: (i) main channel and surrounding topography data from geodetic measurements; (ii) digital relief model; and (iii) hydrodynamic/hydraulic modeling. The qualitative aspect of the input data shows the sensitivity of a given model to changes in the input data quality condition. The average spatial error in the determination of a point’s position was calculated as 0.017 m of all measured points along a watercourse and its slope foot and slope edge. Although the declared accuracy of DMR 3.5 is assumed to be ±2.50 m, in some of the sections in the selected area there were differences in elevation up to 4.79 m. For this reason, we needed a combination of DMR 3.5 and geodetic measurements to refine the input model for the process of hydrodynamic modeling. The quality of the hydrological data for the monitored N annual flow levels was of fourth-class reliability for the selected area.
Optimization of the Polishing Efficiency and Torque by Using Taguchi Method and ANOVA in Robotic Polishing
Authors: Mohsin Imran , He Kai , Li Zheng , Zhang Feifei , Du Ruxu
Published: January 2020

Surface finishing and polishing are important quality assurance processes in many manufacturing industries. A polished surface (low surface roughness) is linked with many useful properties other than providing an appealing gloss to the product, such as surface friction, electrical and chemical resistance, thermal conductivity, reflection, and product life. All these properties require an efficient polishing system working with the best machining parameters. This study analyzed the effects of the different input polishing parameters on the polishing efficiency and torque in the robotic polishing system for the circular-shaped workpieces (such as ring, cylinder, sphere, cone, etc.) by using the Taguchi method and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A customized rotatory passive gripper is designed to hold the watch bezel during polishing. Under the design of experiments (DOE) technique, Taguchi’s L 18 array is selected to find the optimized process parameters for polishing efficiency (based on surface roughness) and torque. Experimental results with the statistical analysis by signal-to-noise ratio and ANOVA (95% confidence level) confirms that the polishing force and tool speed are the most influencing parameter for polishing efficiency in the system. Linear regression equations are modeled for the polishing efficiency and torque. Finally, a confirmation test is conducted for the validation of the experimentation results against actual results.
Real-Time Localization of Epileptogenic Foci EEG Signals: An FPGA-Based Implementation
Authors: Frances-Villora Jose V. , Bataller-Mompean Manuel , Mjahad Azeddine , Rosado-Muñoz Alfredo , Gutierrez Martin Antonio , Teruel-Marti Vicent , Villanueva Vicente , Hampel Kevin G. , Guerrero-Martinez Juan F.
Published: January 2020

The epileptogenic focus is a brain area that may be surgically removed to control of epileptic seizures. Locating it is an essential and crucial step prior to the surgical treatment. However, given the difficulty of determining the localization of this brain region responsible of the initial seizure discharge, many works have proposed machine learning methods for the automatic classification of focal and non-focal electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. These works use automatic classification as an analysis tool for helping neurosurgeons to identify focal areas off-line, out of surgery, during the processing of the huge amount of information collected during several days of patient monitoring. In turn, this paper proposes an automatic classification procedure capable of assisting neurosurgeons online, during the resective epilepsy surgery, to refine the localization of the epileptogenic area to be resected, if they have doubts. This goal requires a real-time implementation with as low a computational cost as possible. For that reason, this work proposes both a feature set and a classifier model that minimizes the computational load while preserving the classification accuracy at 95.5%, a level similar to previous works. In addition, the classification procedure has been implemented on a FPGA device to determine its resource needs and throughput. Thus, it can be concluded that such a device can embed the whole classification process, from accepting raw signals to the delivery of the classification results in a cost-effective Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA device. This real-time implementation begins providing results after a 5 s latency, and later, can deliver floating-point classification results at 3.5 Hz rate, using overlapped time-windows.
The Impact of Indoor Malodor: Historical Perspective, Modern Challenges, Negative Effects, and Approaches for Mitigation
Authors: Dalton Pamela , Claeson Anna-Sara , Horenziak Steve
Published: January 2020

Malodors, odors perceived to be unpleasant or offensive, may elicit negative symptoms via the olfactory system’s connections to cognitive and behavioral systems at levels below the known thresholds for direct adverse events. Publications on harm caused by indoor malodor are fragmented across disciplines and have not been comprehensively summarized to date. This review examines the potential negative effects of indoor malodor on human behavior, performance and health, including individual factors that may govern such responses and identifies gaps in existing research. Reported findings show that indoor malodor may have negative psychological, physical, social, and economic effects. However, further research is needed to understand whether the adverse effects are elicited via an individual’s experience or expectations or through a direct effect on human physiology and well-being. Conversely, mitigating indoor malodor has been reported to have benefits on performance and subjective responses in workers. Eliminating the source of malodor is often not achievable, particularly in low-income communities. Therefore, affordable approaches to mitigate indoor malodor such as air fresheners may hold promise. However, further investigations are needed into the effectiveness of such measures on improving health outcomes such as cognition, mood, and stress levels and their overall impact on indoor air quality.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Flowers to Inhibit Proliferation of Acute and Chronic Primary Human Leukemia Cells, with Adipocyte Differentiation and in Silico Analysis of Interactions between Survivin Protein and Selected Secondary Metabolites
Authors: Heendeniya Saumya Nishanga , Keerthirathna Lakshika. Rangi , Manawadu Chamalika Kanthini , Dissanayake Indeewarie Hemamali , Ali Rizwan , Mashhour Abdullah , Alzahrani Hajar , Godakumbura Pahan , Boudjelal Mohamed , Peiris Dinithi Champika
Published: January 2020

Although the antidiabetic efficacy of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers has been reported, antiproliferative and anti-obesity activities are yet to be explored. We examined the anti-obesity and antiproliferative potentials of different fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol) of N. abor-tristis flower extract for the first time using 3T3-L1 cells, primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from healthy and adult acute myeloid (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients, recombinant Jurkat T cells, and MCF7 cell lines. The in vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using the inhibition of α-amylase enzyme and glucose uptake by yeast cells. The percentage glucose uptake and α-amylase inhibitory activity increased in a dose-dependent manner in the crude and the tested fractions (hexane and ethyl acetate). Inhibition of the 3T3-L1 cells’ differentiation was observed in the ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions, followed by the hexane fraction. Antiproliferative analyses revealed that Nyctanthes exerted a high specific activity against anti-AML and anti-CLL PBMC cells, especially by the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of 1-heptacosanol (hexane fraction), 1-octadecene (hexane and chloroform fractions), and other organic compounds. Molecular docking demonstrated that phenol,2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) and 4-hydroxypyridine 1-oxide compounds showed specificity toward survivin protein, indicating the feasibility of N. abor-tristis in developing new drug leads against leukemia.
Cataloguing and Selection of mRNAs Localized to Dendrites in Neurons and Regulated by RNA-Binding Proteins in RNA Granules
Authors: Ohashi Rie , Shiina Nobuyuki
Published: January 2020

Spatiotemporal translational regulation plays a key role in determining cell fate and function. Specifically, in neurons, local translation in dendrites is essential for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. To achieve local translation, RNA-binding proteins in RNA granules regulate target mRNA stability, localization, and translation. To date, mRNAs localized to dendrites have been identified by comprehensive analyses. In addition, mRNAs associated with and regulated by RNA-binding proteins have been identified using various methods in many studies. However, the results obtained from these numerous studies have not been compiled together. In this review, we have catalogued mRNAs that are localized to dendrites and are associated with and regulated by the RNA-binding proteins fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), RNA granule protein 105 (RNG105, also known as Caprin1), Ras-GAP SH3 domain binding protein (G3BP), cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB1), and staufen double-stranded RNA binding proteins 1 and 2 (Stau1 and Stau2) in RNA granules. This review provides comprehensive information on dendritic mRNAs, the neuronal functions of mRNA-encoded proteins, the association of dendritic mRNAs with RNA-binding proteins in RNA granules, and the effects of RNA-binding proteins on mRNA regulation. These findings provide insights into the mechanistic basis of protein-synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity and memory formation and contribute to future efforts to understand the physiological implications of local regulation of dendritic mRNAs in neurons.
Sperm Lipid Composition in Early Diverged Fish Species: Internal vs. External Mode of Fertilization
Authors: Engel Kathrin M. , Dzyuba Viktoriya , Ninhaus-Silveira Alexandre , Veríssimo-Silveira Rosicleire , Dannenberger Dirk , Schiller Jürgen , Steinbach Christoph , Dzyuba Borys
Published: January 2020

The lipid composition of sperm membranes is crucial for fertilization and differs among species. As the evolution of internal fertilization modes in fishes is not understood, a comparative study of the sperm lipid composition in freshwater representatives of externally and internally fertilizing fishes is needed for a better understanding of taxa-specific relationships between the lipid composition of the sperm membrane and the sperm physiology. The lipidomes of spermatozoa from stingray, a representative of cartilaginous fishes possessing internal fertilization, and sterlet, a representative of chondrostean fishes with external fertilization, have been studied by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), electrospray MS, gas chromatography-(GC) MS, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). NMR experiments revealed higher cholesterol content and the presence of phosphatidylserine in stingray compared to sterlet sperm. Unknown MS signals could be assigned to different glycosphingolipids in sterlet (neutral glycosphingolipid Gal-Cer(d18:1/16:0)) and stingray (acidic glycosphingolipid sulpho-Gal-Cer(d18:1/16:0)). Free fatty acids in sterlet sperm indicate internal energy storage. GC-MS experiments indicated a significant amount of adrenic acid, but only a low amount of docosahexaenoic acid in stingray sperm. In a nutshell, this study provides novel data on sperm lipid composition for freshwater stingray and sterlet possessing different modes of fertilization.
Dill Extract Induces Elastic Fiber Neosynthesis and Functional Improvement in the Ascending Aorta of Aged Mice with Reversal of Age-Dependent Cardiac Hypertrophy and Involvement of Lysyl Oxidase-Like-1
Authors: Fhayli Wassim , Boëté Quentin , Kihal Nadjib , Cenizo Valérie , Sommer Pascal , Boyle Walter A. , Jacob Marie-Paule , Faury Gilles
Published: January 2020

Elastic fibers (90% elastin, 10% fibrillin-rich microfibrils) are synthesized only in early life and adolescence mainly by the vascular smooth muscle cells through the cross-linking of its soluble precursor, tropoelastin. Elastic fibers endow the large elastic arteries with resilience and elasticity. Normal vascular aging is associated with arterial remodeling and stiffening, especially due to the end of production and degradation of elastic fibers, leading to altered cardiovascular function. Several pharmacological treatments stimulate the production of elastin and elastic fibers. In particular, dill extract (DE) has been demonstrated to stimulate elastin production in vitro in dermal equivalent models and in skin fibroblasts to increase lysyl oxidase–like-1 (LOXL-1) gene expression, an enzyme contributing to tropoelastin crosslinking and elastin formation. Here, we have investigated the effects of a chronic treatment (three months) of aged male mice with DE (5% or 10% v/v, in drinking water) on the structure and function of the ascending aorta. DE treatment, especially at 10%, of aged mice protected pre-existing elastic lamellae, reactivated tropoelastin and LOXL-1 expressions, induced elastic fiber neo-synthesis, and decreased the stiffness of the aging aortic wall, probably explaining the reversal of the age-related cardiac hypertrophy also observed following the treatment. DE could thus be considered as an anti-aging product for the cardiovascular system.
New Products Generated from the Transformations of Ferulic Acid Dilactone
Authors: He Ying , Jia Yuan , Lu Fachuang
Published: January 2020

Various ferulic acid (FA) dimers occurring in plant cell walls, such as 8-5-, 8-O-4-, 5-5-, and 8-8-coupled dimers, are effective antioxidants and potential antimicrobials. It is necessary to access these diferulates as reference compounds to validate those isolated from plants. 3,6-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-tetrahydrofuro-[3,4-c]furan-1,4-dione, a 8-8-coupled FA dilactone generated from ferulic acid via radical coupling, has been used to synthesize 8-8-coupled FA dimers although few reports investigated the distribution of products and mechanisms involved in the transformation of FA dilactone. In this work, the FA dilactone, obtained from FA by a peroxidase-catalyzed radical coupling, was reacted under various base/acid conditions. Effects of reaction conditions and workup procedures on the distribution of products were investigated by GC-MS. The isolated products from such treatments of FA dilactone were characterized by NMR. New derivatives of FA dimer including 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3-(hydroxyl-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)succinic acid and 2-(bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-methyl)-succinic acid were produced from NaOH treatment. Another novel 8-8-coupled cyclic FA dimer, diethyl 6-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate was identified in products from FA dilactone treated by dry HCl in absolute ethanol. Mechanisms involved in such transformations were proposed.
Influence of Water-Miscible Organic Solvent on the Activity and Stability of Silica-Coated Ru Catalysts in the Selective Hydrolytic Hydrogenation of Cellobiose into Sorbitol
Authors: Haynes Tommy , Hubert Sharon , Carlier Samuel , Dubois Vincent , Hermans Sophie
Published: January 2020

Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on carbon black were coated by mesoporous protective silica layers (Ru/CB@SiO2) with different textural properties (SBET: 280–390 m2/g, pore diameter: 3.4–5.0 nm) and were tested in the selective hydrogenation of glucose into sorbitol. The influence of key parameters such as the protective layer pore size and the solvent nature were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses proved that the hydrothermal stability was highly improved in ethanolic solution with low water content (silica loss: 99% in water and 32% in ethanolic solution). In this work, the strong influence of the silica layer pore sizes on the selectivity of the reaction (shifting from 4% to 68% by increasing the pores sizes from 3.4 to 5 nm) was also highlighted. Finally, by adding acidic co-catalyst (CB–SO3H), sorbitol was obtained directly through the hydrolytic hydrogenation of cellobiose (used as a model molecule of cellulose), demonstrating the high potential of the present methodology to produce active catalysts in biomass transformations.
Effects of Surface Modification by Means of Low-Temperature Plasma Nitriding on Wetting and Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Borgioli Francesca , Galvanetto Emanuele , Bacci Tiberio
Published: January 2020

Low-temperature nitriding of austenitic stainless steels produces modified surface layers, consisting mainly of the S phase, which improve surface hardness and corrosion resistance. Because of the localized plastic deformations, owing to modified layer formation, and ion bombardment occurring during the process itself, this treatment produces also modifications of surface morphology and roughness, which can affect wettability and corrosion behavior. In this study the effects of plasma nitriding, performed using different treatment conditions, on the surface morphology and roughness, and thus on wettability and corrosion resistance, of AISI 202 specimens with different initial finishings (2D and polished finishing) were investigated. Different probe liquids, having both high (bi-distilled water and solution of 3.5% NaCl) and low (ethanol and rapeseed oil) surface tension, were employed for assessing the wetting behavior with the sessile drop method. The contact angle values for water increased markedly when nitriding was performed on polished samples, while this increase was smaller for 2D samples, and on selected specimens a hydrophobic behavior was observed. Very low contact angle values were registered using low surface tension liquids, suggesting an oleophilic behavior. Corrosion resistance in a 5% NaCl solution was assessed, and it depended on the characteristics of the nitrided specimens.
Recent Advancements in Crystalline Pb-Free Halide Double Perovskites
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Yan Qingfeng
Published: January 2020

Lead halide perovskites have gained more and more attention because of their ease of synthesis and excellent photoelectric properties including a large absorption coefficient, long carrier lifetime, long carrier diffusion length, and high carrier mobility. However, their toxicity, instability, and phase degradation in ambient environments impede their large-scale applications. To address these concerns, it is desirable to find stable alternative halide perovskites without toxicity and with comparable optoelectronic properties to lead-based perovskites. Over the years, a considerable number of lead-free halide perovskites have been added to this family of materials, including A2B’B’’X6, A2BX6, and A3B2X9 type perovskites. Among these, double perovskites with the general formula A2B’B’’X6 are deemed to be a potential alternative to lead halide perovskites as they possess good stability under ambient conditions and excellent optoelectronic properties. In this review, recent progress in exploring Pb-free halide double perovskites is highlighted. The synthesis, composition-tuning, physical properties, and applications of representative 3D, 2D, and nanocrystal A2B’B’’X6 double perovskites are introduced. In addition, perspectives about current challenges and solutions in this field are also provided.
Design of Low-Glared LED Rear Light of Automotive for EU ECE Regulation by Use of Optimized Micro-Prisms Array
Authors: Le Hien-Thanh , Le Lanh-Thanh , Liao Hsing-Yuan , Chen Ming-Jui , Ma Hsin-Yi , Lee Hsiao-Yi
Published: January 2020

A new LED rear light for automotives is proposed and demonstrated for EU ECE R07 regulation. The full rear light is a combination of a position lamp and a braking lamp, and LED light bars and micro-prisms are involved as their essential components. The micro-prisms are applied to homogenize the output of the rear light to decrease glare and accomplish EU ECE standard. Through experiments, it is shown that EU ECE R07 regulation can be met in the proposed rear light, and 12% (position lamps) and 26.5% (braking lamps) higher candela can be enhanced after the optimization of micro-prisms.
Does the Source of Remittance Matter? Differentiated Effects of Earned and Unearned Remittances on Agricultural Productivity
Authors: Ghimire Shankar , Kapri Kul Prasad
Published: January 2020

This paper analyzes the effect of earned and unearned remittances on agricultural productivity in Nepal. This approach differs from the existing practice of studying the impact of total remittances on socio-economic outcomes. In particular, we disaggregate total remittances into earned and unearned remittances, and isolate their impacts on productivity—an individual household’s per labor-hour production of all agricultural output at the market value. Methodologically, we follow a three-stage least squares (3-SLS) approach to overcome the potential endogeneity concerns. We provide evidence that unearned remittances are more effective than earned remittances in increasing agricultural productivity. These results can be useful in understanding the migration-remittance-productivity nexus in Nepal as well as other similar socioeconomic societies from South Asia.
The Mission of Early Childhood Education in the Anthropocene
Authors: Wolff Lili-Ann , Skarstein Tuula H. , Skarstein Frode
Published: January 2020

During the last century, the human way of life has begun to transgress many of the Earth’s biophysical boundaries in an alarming way. The consequences of this are more dramatic and long lasting than ever before. Many researchers even argue that humanity has created a new geological epoch, which they call Anthropocene. Education, even in early childhood (EC), is often presented as a remedy for these complex problems. Yet, how can anyone prepare young children to deal with such tremendous changes? The primary aim of our study is to define and outline what the mission of early childhood education (ECE) might be in the epoch of the Anthropocene. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we have tried to find answers about how the Anthropocene could be addressed in ECE. We have searched for answers in the natural science literature, policy documents, educational research articles and philosophy, and discuss the various standpoints we have identified. We argue that the Anthropocene demands a new, more authentic education; a change towards a more holistic, transformative, sustainability-oriented approach. At the same time, children, as always, have a right to a safe, positive and encouraging childhood.
A Novel Ensemble Approach for the Forecasting of Energy Demand Based on the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Authors: Hao Jun , Sun Xiaolei , Feng Qianqian
Published: January 2020

Accurate forecasting of the energy demand is crucial for the rational formulation of energy policies for energy management. In this paper, a novel ensemble forecasting model based on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for the energy demand was proposed and adopted. The ensemble model forecasts were based on multiple time variables, such as the gross domestic product (GDP), industrial structure, energy structure, technological innovation, urbanization rate, population, consumer price index, and past energy demand. The model was trained and tested using the primary energy demand data collected in China. Seven base models, including the regression-based model and machine learning models, were utilized and compared to verify the superior performance of the ensemble forecasting model proposed herein. The results revealed that (1) the proposed ensemble model is significantly superior to the benchmark prediction models and the simple average ensemble prediction model just in terms of the forecasting accuracy and hypothesis test, (2) the proposed ensemble approach with the ABC algorithm can be employed as a promising framework for energy demand forecasting in terms of the forecasting accuracy and hypothesis test, and (3) the forecasting results obtained for the future energy demand by the ensemble model revealed that the future energy demand of China will maintain a steady growth trend.
The Influence of an Interlayer on Dual Hydraulic Fractures Propagation
Authors: Li Tianjiao , Tang Chun’an , Rutqvist Jonny , Hu Mengsu , Li Lianchong , Zhang Liaoyuan , Huang Bo
Published: January 2020

Multi-cluster hydraulic fracturing of long-range horizontal wells is an approach for enhancing the productivity of low-permeability shale reservoirs. In this study, RFPA-Petrol (rock failure process analysis on petroleum problems) is applied for modeling hydraulic fracture propagation in multilayered formations. RFPA-Petrol based on coupled hydraulic-mechanical-damage (HMD) modeling was first tested by modeling a laboratory scale experiment on a physical (cement) model with a single completion. The modeling demonstrated the capability of RFPA-Petrol for simulating hydraulic fracture propagation. Then, we used RFPA-Petrol to investigate how the difference in material properties between oil-bearing layers and interlayers and the fracturing fluid properties influence the propagation of dual fractures in multilayered laboratory-scale models. In this case, the models with geological discontinuities in the vertical direction are strongly heterogeneous and RFPA-Petrol simulations successfully modeled the fracture configurations.
Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Authors: Balić Anamaria , Vlašić Domagoj , Žužul Kristina , Marinović Branka , Bukvić Mokos Zrinka
Published: January 2020

Omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are nowadays desirable components of oils with special dietary and functional properties. Their therapeutic and health-promoting effects have already been established in various chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases through various mechanisms, including modifications in cell membrane lipid composition, gene expression, cellular metabolism, and signal transduction. The application of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs in most common skin diseases has been examined in numerous studies, but their results and conclusions were mostly opposing and inconclusive. It seems that combined ω-6, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and ω-3 long-chain PUFAs supplementation exhibits the highest potential in diminishing inflammatory processes, which could be beneficial for the management of inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne. Due to significant population and individually-based genetic variations that impact PUFAs metabolism and associated metabolites, gene expression, and subsequent inflammatory responses, at this point, we could not recommend strict dietary and supplementation strategies for disease prevention and treatment that will be appropriate for all. Well-balanced nutrition and additional anti-inflammatory PUFA-based supplementation should be encouraged in a targeted manner for individuals in need to provide better management of skin diseases but, most importantly, to maintain and improve overall skin health.
Analysis of Aldo–Keto Reductase Gene Family and Their Responses to Salt, Drought, and Abscisic Acid Stresses in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Yu Jie , Sun Hao , Zhang Jiaju , Hou Yiyao , Zhang Tiejun , Kang Junmei , Wang Zhen , Yang Qingchuan , Long Ruicai
Published: January 2020

Salt and drought stresses are two primary abiotic stresses that inhibit growth and reduce the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in plants. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a key role in abiotic stress regulation in plants. Some aldo–keto reductases (AKRs) can enhance various abiotic stresses resistance by scavenging cytotoxic aldehydes in some plants. However, there are few comprehensive reports of plant AKR genes and their expression patterns in response to abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified 30 putative AKR genes from Medicago truncatula. The gene characteristics, coding protein motifs, and expression patterns of these MtAKRs were analyzed to explore and identify candidate genes in regulation of salt, drought, and ABA stresses. The phylogenetic analysis result indicated that the 52 AKRs in Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana can be divided into three groups and six subgroups. Fifteen AKR genes in M. truncatula were randomly selected from each group or subgroup, to investigate their response to salt (200 mM of NaCl), drought (50 g·L−1 of PEG 6000), and ABA (100 µM) stresses in both leaves and roots. The results suggest that MtAKR1, MtAKR5, MtAKR11, MtAKR14, MtAKR20, and MtAKR29 may play important roles in response to these stresses.
Immunomodulatory and Regenerative Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Renal Diseases
Authors: Tsuji Kenji , Kitamura Shinji , Wada Jun
Published: January 2020

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory and regenerative effects in many organs, including the kidney. Emerging evidence has shown that the trophic effects from MSCs are mainly mediated by the paracrine mechanism rather than the direct differentiation of MSCs into injured tissues. These secretomes from MSCs include cytokines, growth factors, chemokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins. Many research studies have revealed that secretomes from MSCs have potential to ameliorate renal injury in renal disease models, including acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease through a variety of mechanisms. These trophic mechanisms include immunomodulatory and regenerative effects. In addition, accumulating evidence has uncovered the specific factors and therapeutic mechanisms in MSC-derived EVs. In this article, we summarize the recent advances of immunomodulatory and regenerative effects of EVs from MSCs, especially focusing on the microRNAs.
On Channel Codes for Short Underwater Messages
Authors: Falk Melanie , Bauch Gerhard , Nissen Ivor
Published: January 2020

Acoustic underwater communication is a challenging task. For a reliable transmission, not only good channel estimation and equalization, but also strong error correcting codes are needed. In this paper, we present the results of the coding competition “Wanted: Best channel codes for short underwater messages” as well as our own findings on the influence of the modulation alphabet size in the example of non-binary polar codes. Furthermore, the proposals of the competition are compared to other commonly used channel codes.
Agri-Food Side-Stream Inclusions in the Diet of Alphitobius diaperinus Part 1: Impact on Larvae Growth Performance Parameters
Authors: Gianotten Natasja , Soetemans Lise , Bastiaens Leen
Published: January 2020

Insects are attracting increased attention in western countries as a protein source for feed and food industries. Currently, insect farmers use high-quality (cereal-based) diets. Part of the ingredients in these diets can also be used directly in food applications. To avoid competition and improve the sustainable and economical aspect of insect rearing, a search for alternative insect diets is ongoing. Side-streams from the agri-food sector offer potential. The lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is an insect that is commercially reared on large scale for food application. The current paper reports on six agri-food side-streams that were included in the diet of the lesser mealworm. The impact of 29 diets (single side-streams or mixtures) on the larvae growth was evaluated by monitoring the larval yield, efficiency of conversion of ingested feed, and larval weight. The larvae were able to grow on all diets, but differences in growth were observed. Two side-streams, wheat middlings and rapeseed meal, were proven to support good larval performance when used as a single ingredient. A combination of these two with brewery grains as moisture source provided (1) the best larval growth and (2) the most economically profitable diet. In conclusion, this study illustrates successful rearing of the lesser mealworm on side-stream-based diets.