bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achebe,Chinua
Authors: Innes C. Lyn
Published: August 2017

Regarded by many as the father of contemporary African fiction, Chinua Achebe is almost certainly the world's best‐known African author. His groundbreaking first novelThings Fall Apart(1958) has been translated into over 55 languages and has sold more than 10 million copies. With its sympathetic depiction of a complex traditional African society, its adaptation of English to convey African speech and thought, and its portrayal of the tragic but flawed protagonist Okonkwo, who seeks to resist the imposition of colonial culture,Things Fall Apartprovided a theme and a model that was to influence writers from many parts of the African continent. Together, Achebe's five novels provide a history of Nigeria over a century of colonial and neocolonial rule. As a critic and editor, Achebe has also played a major part in the development of writing throughout the African continent since the 1960s. He was the founding editor of the Heinemann African Writers' Series, which under his guidance between 1962 and 1972 published more than 100 African writers, including many emerging artists, in an affordable paperback format.
A
li,
A
hmed
Authors: Trivedi Harish
Published: August 2017

Ahmed Ali was an Indian fiction writer, poet, and translator who wrote in both Urdu and English. He published his first novel,
Twilight in Delhi
(1940), in the same decade as the founding trinity of Indian fiction in English, R. K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao published theirs, but his career did not unfold to match theirs. His two other slim novels,
Ocean of Night
(1964) and
Of Rats and Diplomats
(1985), have long been out of print; neither came close, in any case, to the inspired vision and artistry for which
Twilight in Delhi
is acclaimed as a minor classic.
A
madi,
E
lechi
Authors: Umoren Anthonia (Tonia) I.
Published: August 2017

Elechi Amadi is a Nigerian writer and an enigmatic thinker whose literary career spans several decades and three literary genres. Amadi has published five plays, four novels, several poems and essays, the Civil War diary
Sunset in Biafra
(1973b), and
Ethics in Nigerian Culture
(1982), an attempt to establish a philosophy for Nigeria. He is a prolific and versatile contributor to African literature whose work reflects his strong belief in discipline and a quest for social order.
A
nthony,
M
ichael
Authors: Da Silva Tony Simoes
Published: August 2017

Michael Anthony's work is characterized by simple but intricately crafted depictions of the everyday lives of Trinidad people, represented in his fiction by the folk of Mayaro. Typically, a novel by Anthony is narrated by a young boy, usually of Afro‐Caribbean and lower socio‐economic background, and involves a close relationship between father and son. Through the interiorized world of experience of the young narrator, Anthony's work offers a celebration of a tightly knit Trinidadian community and of the ways in which identities are formed relationally.
A
rmah,
A
yi
K
wei
Authors: Ogede Ode
Published: August 2017

Ayi Kwei Armah's writing is distinguished by its simultaneous urbanity and obloquy – a style at once crisp and elaborately encrypted, concrete and ornate, naturalistic and symbolic, coarse and sublime, exhortatory and modulated. Typified by its propensity to jolt orthodox certainties and dogmatic convictions, his writing participates in the tradition of exploratory fictions by formerly colonized subjects: though initially devoted to articulating the gamut of the African experience in the wake of the colonial encounter, he has broadened his subject matter to accommodate the contemporary adventures of African Americans who sojourn in Africa in search of their roots.
A
stley,
T
hea
Authors: Sheridan Susan
Published: August 2017

Thea Astley, one of Australia's outstanding fiction writers of the twentieth century, is admired for her unflinching confrontations with the violence that human beings commit against one another – both the daily aggressions of class and gender in suburban and small‐town life, and the violent past and present of colonialism. Although satire, marked by gallows humor and sometimes brutal irony, is the dominant mode of representing these conflicts in her fiction, her portrayal of social outsiders is ultimately compassionate. Her narratives are condensed, her language characterized by metaphor and word play.
Awards and Prizes
Authors: Strongman Luke
Published: August 2017

Literary prizes confer status upon books, authors, and publishers; they are commendations to authors and publishers for a job well done. Prizes that reflect serious literary judgment can impart a sense of literary clout to a work of fiction. They also help publishers sell books and are an important part of the promotion and marketing activities of the book industry. Despite Richard Todd's claim in 1996 that “only the Booker and the Whitbread Prizes really have any significant impact on fiction sales” (62), literary prizes have proliferated since the 1980s in tandem with the rise of world literatures and globalization. Their profusion is a positive influence insofar as they help stimulate writers, publishers, and readers, but negative insofar as arbitrary or ill‐defined awards may be seen more as a tool of commercialism than of literary discrimination. The organizations that bestow prizes may perform a canonizing function by validating dominant metropolitan voices; they may, through their choices, extend the terms of reference for the novel or short story as an art form: for instance, by recognizing experimental forms of narrative, politically disenfranchised authors, or minority cultures.
C
arey,
P
eter
Authors: Birns Nicholas
Published: August 2017

Even though Patrick White won the Nobel Prize in 1973, it was Peter Carey's generation, which also included David Malouf, Kate Grenville, and Frank Moorhouse, whose work brought Australian fiction to the world stage. Of these, Carey's work was both the most popular and the most consequential. Combining the excitement‐filled plots of Victorian fiction, the imaginative splaying of reality and fantasy pioneered by Latin American novelists, and the determination to tell the stories of a largely unknown country shared by so many of his Australian counterparts, Carey canvassed the dreams and nightmares of Australia as no other writer had before him. In a nation whose short history and heritage of conquest, dispossession, and sense of inadequacy toward the rest of the world raised a perpetual sense of self‐doubt, Carey's questioning of the nature of reality would have had pronounced resonance in any case. Carey, though, added to this a particular emphasis on the vocation of the artist, both its soaring possibilities and self‐consuming inauthenticities, and on the way national difference helps define the reception and betrayal of art in an age of globalization. Carey writes about national identity, but he does so in an international arena. His validation of Australian experience opened the door for many Australian writers not only to publish globally, but also to realize there was an audience interested in what they had to say.
de L
isser,
H
erbert
G
.
Authors: Rosenberg Leah Reade
Published: August 2017

Herbert G. de Lisser was Jamaica's most prolific author and powerful journalist in the early twentieth century, a period that saw the decline of British power, the rise of Jamaican nationalism, and an expansion of US influence which fundamentally altered Jamaican society. Author of 23 novels, two travel books, and numerous novellas and short stories, he was the first to make Jamaican literature published in Jamaica a popular and financial success. His fiction was political and comprehensive, articulating his vision not only of contemporary change, but also of Jamaica's history since European conquest.
Desai,Anita
Authors: Mohan Rajeswari
Published: August 2017

One of the earliest Indian novelists writing in English to gain international acclaim, Anita Desai writes about the circumscribed lives of middle‐class protagonists, often focusing on their attempts to negotiate the instability and promise of social change, family turmoil, travel, immigration, and displacement. Over her prolific career she has developed a literary aesthetic that has gradually shifted from the social realism typical of the first generation of South Asian English novelists toward a narrative mode better adapted to her interest in the complicated emotional lives of her characters.
Emecheta,Buchi
Authors: Fischer Susan Alice
Published: August 2017

Nigerian British author Buchi Emecheta's large body of work centers on themes related to survival in the face of abusive power. Examining colonial indoctrination into the ideology of British “superiority,” her novels condemn the legacy of colonialism in Nigeria and the racism Africans encounter in Britain. Just as intently, she questions traditional African practices that devalue and subjugate women.
G
ibson,
W
illiam
Authors: Hancock Brecken Rose
Published: August 2017

Since the publication of his first novel,
Neuromancer
(1984), William Gibson has been called a noir prophet, a computer prophet, a visionary, and the poet of cyberspace. Winning the Nebula, the Hugo, and the Philip K. Dick awards,
Neuromancer
established Gibson as a major writer of science fiction, but the novel's larger influence on mainstream perceptions of technology also secured his position among the major fiction writers of the late twentieth century. Tightly written and eerily predictive of the ubiquitous rise of Web 2.0 culture, this debut novel remains his most groundbreaking and influential work.
Harris,Wilson
Authors: Halpé Aparna
Published: August 2017

Known for his radical mythopoesis and cross‐cultural vision, Wilson Harris remains one of the more daring exponents of the twentieth‐century experimental novel. Rooted in a disavowal of the classical unity of narrative, Harris's work provides complex psychological explorations of the legacies of colonialism and imperialism on environment and community by foregrounding the porous, “unfinished” nature of story.
J
oaquin,
N
ick
Authors: Kanaganayakam Chelva
Published: August 2017

Among the handful of Filipino writers who have made a significant contribution to the literary history of Philippine writing in English, Nick Joaquin is probably the most experimental, challenging, and certainly the most enigmatic.
J
ose,
F.
S
ionil
Authors: Cruz Isagani R.
Published: August 2017

Born on December 3, 1924 in the northern island of Luzon in the Philippines and still writing past the age of 80, Francisco Sionil Jose has been translated into more than 24 languages and is perhaps the best‐known contemporary Philippine writer in the world. Although his native language is Ilocano/Iluko (the third most widely spoken language in the Philippines, next to Filipino/Tagalog and Cebuano), Jose writes novels, short stories, and essays in a language imposed on the country by its colonizer, the United States, during the first half of the twentieth century.
K
ogawa,
J
oy
Authors: Wilson Sheena
Published: August 2017

Novelist, poet, and activist Joy Kogawa was one of the first visible minority writers whose work joined the Canadian literary canon. As a Japanese Canadian woman she is often seen to be writing from the ethno‐cultural margins, despite the enormous popular and critical success of her first novel,
Obasan
(1981). Thematically, Kogawa's writing concentrates on the struggles of characters located on the cultural peripheries, including ethnic others, women, activists, the homeless, and the mentally ill.
Kroetsch,Robert
Authors: Davey Frank
Published: August 2017

Arguably the most persistently innovative Canadian poet‐novelist of the last century, Robert Kroetsch has also made determinative contributions to Canadian literary theory – earning from critic Linda Hutcheon the sobriquet “Mr. Canadian Postmodern” (160). He was born on June 26, 1927 in Heisler, Alberta, and studied at the University of Alberta, McGill University, Middlebury College (Vermont), and the University of Iowa. His work as both poet and novelist has been so substantial that it remains unclear which has been the greater contribution.
L
im,
C
atherine
Authors: Leong Liew‐Geok
Published: August 2017

With eight collections of short fiction, five novels, one novella, two volumes of poetry, and several other books to her name, Catherine Lim is Singapore's most prolific writer of fiction in English.
M
algonkar,
M
anohar
Authors: Parameswaran Uma
Published: August 2017

Manohar Malgonkar, author of 26 works of fiction and history, is one of India's most prolific writers in English. He is the also the longest‐lived. Born on July 12, 1913 near Belgaum in western India, he continued to live in the area until his death on June 14, 2010.
M
arkandaya,
K
amala
Authors: Parameswaran Uma
Published: August 2017

Kamala Markandaya stands at the head of two literary traditions. With such writers as Mulk Raj Anand, R. K. Narayan, and Manohar Malgonkar, she is among the first generation of Indo‐English writers born at the height of the British Raj in India. Her narratives show the tension of the love‐hate relationship between the British and the Indian elite more clearly than those of any other writer, and demand to be read not merely as postcolonial expressions of oppression and victimization but as instances of the ambivalence the West Indian poet Derek Walcott has powerfully articulated as the colonial predicament: “Where shall I turn, divided to the vein? … how choose / Between this Africa and the English tongue I love?” (Walcott 18). Markandaya is also one of the first generation of Indian diasporic writers, alongside Attia Hosain, Raja Rao, and Balachandra Rajan. Between 1954 and 1982, she published on average one novel every three years with reputed publishers in England and the US.
M
itchell,
W. O
.
Authors: Besner Neil Kalman
Published: August 2017

William Ormond Mitchell was Canada's best‐loved literary humorist in the second half of the twentieth century. He brought to Canadian letters a passionately Western Canadian sensibility and an infectious verve and irreverence that animated his fiction, drama, and radio plays (particularly the long‐running and popular CBC Radio series,
Jake and the Kid
, 1950–6, reincarnated on television and in book form). By bridging popular and high culture, he became a populist literary icon. His best‐known novel,
Who Has Seen the Wind
(1947), set in Crocus, a fictionalized Weyburn, Saskatchewan, recreates the traditional story of initiation on the prairies, while his many decades of performing and readings across the country and abroad established Mitchell's distinctive voice and presence as uniquely Western Canadian. Mitchell also enjoyed a fabled career as a teacher of creative writing, particularly at the Banff School of Fine Arts in Alberta, where he directed the program for writers from 1975 to 1986, perfecting his “free fall” technique, encouraging his students to dream directly onto the page.
M
ontgomery,
L. M
.
Authors: Hammill Faye
Published: August 2017

Anne of Green Gables
(1908) is Canada's best‐known book, and one of its most successful exports. It was L. M. Montgomery's first novel, and when it became a major bestseller, her name gained international recognition. But Montgomery's fame has always been contingent on the much greater renown of her character Anne Shirley: today, even the official Prince Edward Island car license plates proclaim the province “Home of Anne of Green Gables” rather than “Birthplace of L. M. Montgomery.” Montgomery tends to be categorized as a children's author, since her novels usually center on youthful heroines and are especially popular with adolescent girls. Among adult readers, though, her reputation rests on a much broader base of literary production, including poetry and autobiography as well as fiction. Her extensive journal, published in five volumes between 1985 and 2004, is now acknowledged as one of her most important achievements, and has a rare value as a detailed and intimate record of a Canadian woman's literary career.
M
udrooroo
Authors: Clark Maureen
Published: August 2017

Australian author Mudrooroo Nyoongah (aka Colin Johnson, S. A. Jivaka, Mudrooroo Narogin, Mudrooroo) is a man of many names and literary talents. He is known mainly for his fiction, a postmodern form of political protest and cultural revival literature, but he has also published books of poetry and literary criticism. Some of his writing has been translated into Italian, German, Russian, and French. Mudrooroo is a follower of the Aboriginal oral tradition with a tendency toward the dialogic rather than the descriptive. He adopts a strategy of elusiveness in his writing to ensure as far as possible that his artistic product avoids categorization within a particular literary framework.
N
arayan,
R. K.
Authors: Thieme John
Published: August 2017

Although significant Indian fiction in English by Bengali writers dates back to the nineteenth century, R. K. Narayan (Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan Swami) is widely regarded as one of the founding figures of the Indian novel in English. Along with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao, he came to the fore in the 1930s as one of the “Big Three” of anglophone Indian fiction who, thanks to British publication, helped to establish the genre internationally. His first novel,
Swami and Friends
(1935), was published in London with the assistance of Graham Greene, who became his lifelong friend and mentor, offering advice on all of his novels up to
The Vendor of Sweets
(1967).
Nkosi,Lewis
Authors: Stiebel Lindy
Published: August 2017

Lewis Nkosi's influence as a writer and critic has been profound, both in Africa and abroad. However, given his at times harsh criticism of South African writing during the apartheid era, together with his exile from South Africa, his reputation within the country was for some time less secure than it was in America and Europe. His significance today stems from the fact that he is one of the few surviving members of theDrumgeneration of writers of the 1950s who continued to write throughout the apartheid and post‐apartheid decades, recording and commenting upon an extraordinary period of South African history. Nkosi is also noted for using a wide variety of genres to express his forthright views: critical essays, short stories, plays, novels, poetry, and even a libretto.
O
kara,
G
abriel
Authors: Maduakor Obi
Published: August 2017

Gabriel Okara belongs to the first generation of self‐conscious artists who began shaping the language of English‐language Nigerian poetry in the 1950s. From the Ijaw community in the Niger Delta region, where common speech itself is seen as poetic, Okara worked the musical cadence of his native tongue into his poetry and fiction.
The Publishing Industry and Fiction
Authors: Brouillette Sarah
Published: August 2017

Two interconnected processes fundamentally reshaped English‐language literary publishing during the twentieth century. On one hand the industry was globalized: companies set up branches and partnerships in anglophone markets first constituted under colonial conditions; and an increasing number of authors originating outside the US or UK were published in London or New York, nodes of access to the largest markets and to the institutions that bestow acclaim. On the other hand, aided by economic liberalization, the industry passed into corporate hands that reached for profit and publicity: small firms merged and were acquired by transnational media corporations or conglomerates; marketing became increasingly central to the work of producing and circulating new writing; and the distinct success of literary fiction meant fresh challenges to distinctions between elite culture and mass media content.
Realism/Magic Realism
Authors: Kortenaar Neil Ten
Published: August 2017

Critics generally acknowledge that postcolonial literature produced outside Europe and white North America has generated one literary mode not found previously elsewhere: magic realism. Magic realism combines fantasy and realism but does not treat the two as distinct realms – as, for instance, the Gothic does – but rather blurs the lines between them. The new mode is global in scope: Gabriel García Márquez from Colombia, Salman Rushdie from India, Ben Okri from Nigeria, and Toni Morrison, the African American novelist, all have written magic realism.
Sealy,I. Allan
Authors: Chopra Rohit
Published: August 2017

I. Allan Sealy is an Indian writer whose literary creations span a gamut of forms from magnificently complicated, labyrinthine edifices spun out of exuberant word play to delicate, haunting worlds conjured up in prose that is powerfully suggestive and precise. His body of work, five novels and a travelogue, reveals a literary sensibility forged by both a thematic eclecticism and a penchant for literary experimentation. Critically acclaimed by reviewers, Sealy's novels have gathered a dedicated, and expanding, circle of admirers in India and elsewhere.
SouthPacific Fiction
Authors: Sharrad Paul
Published: August 2017

Writing in English by people from the South Pacific islands began under the push toward Islander literacy from Christian missions: the London Missionary Society in Tahiti from the 1790s on, followed by the Anglican mission to New Zealand in 1814 and American missions in Hawaii from 1820. Samoa took up Christianity from 1830, and both Western and Polynesian missionaries worked in Melanesia from the 1870s. Most texts were conversion narratives, frontline reports back to mission bases, and some recording of oral traditions and contact history (as with Cook Islanders Maretu and Ta'unga). While overshadowed by white culture, some stories and life writing with literary touches did emerge “under sponsorship”: Florence “Johnny” Frisbie's 1948 travelogue/autobiography,Miss Ulysses of Puka Puka, appeared because of her trader father, the American writer Robert Dean Frisbie; short stories by Maori writers came out in the 1950s in a government‐produced magazine,Te Ao Hou. The first novel by a Pacific Islander is supposed to beMakutu(1960), by the Cook Islands doctor and later politician, Tom Davis, with his wife Lydia.
W
endt,
A
lbert
Authors: Sharrad Paul
Published: August 2017

Albert Wendt is the leading anglophone writer from the South Pacific, not merely for being the first Islander to publish a novel (
Sons for the Return Home
, 1973), but also for his prolific output of stories, novels, poems, drama, and artwork. Wendt is also important for his essays (notably “Towards a New Oceania,” 1976b) and his support for young writers. Concurrent with the Pacific‐wide movement toward political independence from the 1960s on, Wendt's output has engaged with broad postcolonial themes (Frantz Fanon's problematic of the “native intellectual,” V. S. Naipaul's traumatized mimicry, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's satire of corrupted nationalism). Critics have noted his mix of activist anger with existentialist despair, leavened with poetic symbol. His work has been translated into several languages, adapted into two feature films (
Sons for the Return Home
and
Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree)
, and he is now the subject of a documentary film,
The New Oceania: Albert Wendt, Writer
(2005). He has been awarded numerous prizes, an honorary doctorate, and is a Companion of the Order of New Zealand.
W
est
I
ndian Fiction
Authors: Ledent Bénédicte
Published: August 2017

In his 1960 essay,
The Pleasures of Exile
, Barbadian writer George Lamming listed the postwar rise of the West Indian novel as the third most important event in British Caribbean history – after the “discovery” of the islands by Christopher Columbus in the fifteenth century and the abolition of slavery, which led in the nineteenth century to the arrival of East Indians in the Caribbean and made it one of the world's most cosmopolitan areas. This statement evidences the central role played by fiction in the development of a regional sensibility and in the attempts of the West Indian community to come to terms with its painful, century‐long experience of colonialism and exploitation. The rise of the West Indian novel as a “method of investigation” (38) was further linked by Lamming to the migration to England in the mid twentieth century of a number of young male writers, among them Andrew Salkey, Samuel Selvon, and himself. Their presence in the so‐called mother country facilitated the international circulation of their works and triggered an unprecedented upsurge of creativity, with long‐lasting effects on the following generations of writers. This does not mean, however, that there had not been any fiction produced in the West Indies in the early twentieth century, but the novels and short stories published before the 1950s suffered from a relative absence of visibility. And even if they paved the way thematically for the writing that was to come, they lacked, to some extent, the originality, political commitment, and vigor that later became the hallmark of the fiction from the anglophone Caribbean.
W
hite,
P
atrick
Authors: McCann Andrew
Published: August 2017

By the time of his death in 1990, Patrick White had produced one of the greatest and most cohesive bodies of fiction to emerge during the twentieth century. His novels, often epic in scale, are driven by a postromantic, modernist sensibility that obsessively searches for traces of higher meaning and unity in an otherwise disordered and disenchanted universe. These novels draw on the main currents of late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century European fiction, but they reconfigure these currents to accommodate the spatial and psychological specificity of Australian experience.
W
inton,
T
im
Authors: Ben‐Messahel Salhia
Published: August 2017

Tim Winton's writing concerns questions of community and the importance of landscape and seascape in coastal Australia. With a particular interest in the settler's perception of the bush as a site of isolation and boundless space, his lyrical prose addresses themes of nostalgia, the loss of innocence, alienation, exile, and the human relationship to place.
Processing Induced Flaws in Aluminum–Alumina Interpenetrating Phase Composites
Authors: Basista Michał , Jakubowska Justyna , Węglewski Witold
Published: August 2017

This review paper deals with flaws in aluminum–alumina composites and FGMs induced by their manufacturing processes. Aluminum–alumina composites have been studied for many years as potentially interesting materials for applications, for example, in the automotive sector due to their enhanced mechanical strength, wear resistance, good heat conductivity and low specific weight. The focus here is on the interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) manufactured by infiltration of porous alumina preforms with molten aluminum alloys. The primary objective is to provide an updated overview of research findings on a variety of flaws occurring at different stages of the manufacturing processes. Some precautions on how to avoid processing induced flaws in aluminum–alumina bulk composites and FGMs are mentioned.
Role of Ordered Ni Atoms in Li Layers for Li‐Rich Layered Cathode Materials
Authors: Yang Moon Young , Kim Sangryun , Kim Kyungsu , Cho Woosuk , Choi Jang Wook , Nam Yoon Sung
Published: August 2017

Li‐rich layered oxide materials are promising candidates for high‐energy Li‐ion batteries. They show high capacities of over 200 mAh g−1 with the additional occupation of Li in their transition metal layers; however, the poor cycle performance induced by an irreversible phase transition limits their use in practical applications. In recent work, an atomic‐scale modified surface, in which Ni is ordered at 2c sites in the Li layers, significantly improves the performance in terms of reversible capacity and cycling stability. The role of the incorporated Ni on this performance, however, is not yet clearly understood. Here, the effects of the ordered Ni on Li battery performance are presented, based on first‐principles calculations and experimental observations. The Ni substitution suppresses the oxygen loss by moderating the oxidation of oxygen ions during the delithiation process and forms bonds with adjacent oxygen after the first deintercalation of Li ions. These NiO bonds contribute to the formation of a solid surface, resulting in the improved cycling stability. Moreover, the multivalent Ni suppresses Mn migration to the Li‐sites that causes the undesired phase transition. These findings from theoretical calculations and experimental observations provide insights to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li‐rich layered oxides.
Promoting Effect of Ni(OH)2 on Palladium Nanocrystals Leads to Greatly Improved Operation Durability for Electrocatalytic Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Huang Wenjing , Ma Xian‐Yin , Wang Han , Feng Renfei , Zhou Jigang , Duchesne Paul N. , Zhang Peng , Chen Fengjiao , Han Na , Zhao Feipeng , Zhou Junhua , Cai Wen‐Bin , Li Yanguang
Published: August 2017

Most electrocatalysts for the ethanol oxidation reaction suffer from extremely limited operational durability and poor selectivity toward the CC bond cleavage. In spite of tremendous efforts over the past several decades, little progress has been made in this regard. This study reports the remarkable promoting effect of Ni(OH)2 on Pd nanocrystals for electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation reaction in alkaline solution. A hybrid electrocatalyst consisting of intimately mixed nanosized Pd particles, defective Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes, and a graphene support is prepared via a two‐step solution method. The optimal product exhibits a high mass‐specific peak current of >1500 mA mg−1Pd, and excellent operational durability forms both cycling and chronoamperometric measurements in alkaline solution. Most impressively, this hybrid catalyst retains a mass‐specific current of 440 mA mg−1 even after 20 000 s of chronoamperometric testing, and its original activity can be regenerated via simple cyclic voltammetry cycles in clean KOH. This great catalyst durability is understood based on both CO stripping and in situ attenuated total reflection infrared experiments suggesting that the presence of Ni(OH)2 alleviates the poisoning of Pd nanocrystals by carbonaceous intermediates. The incorporation of Ni(OH)2 also markedly shifts the reaction selectivity from the originally predominant C2 pathway toward the more desirable C1 pathway, even at room temperature.
3D Metamorphic Stretchable Microphone Arrays
Authors: Biswas Shantonu , Reiprich Johannes , Cohrs Thaden , Arboleda David T. , Schoeberl Andreas , Mozafari Mahsa , Schlag Leslie , Stauden Thomas , Pezoldt Joerg , Jacobs Heiko O.
Published: August 2017

This article describes the realization of a metamorphic microphone array. The array morphs from a concave to a planar and then to a convex shape. The morphing array enables a better (12×) sound source localization when compared to existing static and planar arrangements. To enable the realization, a novel stretchable (elongated up to 320% of the original length) printed circuit board fabrication process is reported. The fabrication process enables high‐temperature processing, alignment, and registration. Moreover, conventional and otherwise rigid surface mount devices (SMDs) can be used. The process allows the researcher to increase the number of devices (30 SMDs) and interconnects (60 in total) to the required level. As electrical connections, a polyimide‐cladded metal track design is reported; the design sustained 11 050 stretch and release cycles. Moreover, 3D reinforcement frames are reported as an effective measure to shield the SMD components from high levels of stress. The resulting products are millimeter‐thin stretchable rubber‐embedded and electrically interconnected electronic structures with mechanical rubber‐membrane‐like properties. Morphology changes involve deflation and inflation of the membrane to bulge inward or outward. Finally, the use of 3D‐shaped chaperon is discussed to provide additional shape control.
N2‐Selective Autocatalytic Ditriazolylation Reactions of Cyclopropenones and Tropone with N1‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles
Authors: Li Long‐Hai , Jiang Yu , Hao Jian , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: August 2017

N2‐Selective autocatalytic ditriazolylation reactions of cyclopropenones and tropone with N1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles are reported for the first time. In contrast to previous methods for preparing N2‐substituted bis(1,2,3‐triazolyl) compounds, the present reaction achieved ditriazolylation in one step under simple and user‐friendly conditions with a wide substrate scope. A plausible mechanism has been proposed relying on preliminary mechanistic investigations.

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Enzymatische Synthese von Psilocybin
Authors: Fricke Janis , Blei Felix , Hoffmeister Dirk
Published: August 2017

Psilocybin ist der psychotrope, vom Tryptamin abgeleitete Naturstoff der Psilocybe‐Fruchtkörper, der so genannten “Zauberpilze”. Obwohl dessen Struktur seit 60 Jahren bekannt ist, blieb die enzymatische Grundlage ihrer Biosynthese ungeklärt. Wir charakterisierten vier Psilocybin‐Biosyntheseenzyme, nämlich i) PsiD, welches zu einer neuen Klasse pilzlicher l‐Tryptophan‐Decarboxylasen gehört, ii) PsiK, welches den Phosphotransfer‐Schritt katalysiert, iii) die Methyltransferase PsiM, welche einen wiederholten N‐Methyltransfer als abschließenden Biosyntheseschritt katalysiert, sowie iv) PsiH, eine Monooxygenase. In einer kombinierten Reaktion mit PsiD, PsiK und PsiM wurde Psilocybin vom 4‐Hydroxy‐l‐tryptophan ausgehend nach einer schrittökonomischen Route synthetisiert. Angesichts des wieder aufkommenden pharmazeutischen Interesses an Psilocybin könnten unsere Ergebnisse die Grundlage für dessen biotechnologische Produktion schaffen.
Preparation of poly(NaSS‐co‐HEMA) self‐supporting nanofiltration membrane with high cationic permselectivity by electrospinning
Authors: Ni Henmei , Zhou Jinhui , Yang Yadong , Ji Jie , Wu Min
Published: August 2017

A crosslinked nanofibrous cation exchange membrane with high ion permeability and robust mechanical properties was fabricated by electrospinning. Copolymer, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate), was selected as the electrospun material. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the copolymer and nanofibrous mat. After a series of preliminary experiments, the proper solvents and their ratio, H2O/tetrahydrofuran/N,N′‐dimethylformamide (2/1/3 vol/vol/vol), was selected and the electrospinning optimal parameters were determined by orthogonal experiments. Formaldehyde vapor was employed to crosslink the mat. It was observed that the water sorption decreased from 47.9% to 18.4% as the crosslinking time increased from 20 to 32 h. The robust mat with the high tensile strength of 4.85 MPa and 40% elongation at break was obtained at 28 h. The permselectivities of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ were 89%, 85%, and 81%, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45541.
Frequency Interval Gramians Based Structure Preserving Model Order Reduction for Second Order Systems
Authors: Haider Shafiq , Ghafoor Abdul , Imran Muhammad , Malik Fahad Mumtaz
Published: August 2017

A new structure preserving model order reduction technique for second order systems in limited frequency interval is presented. Frequency limited Gramians (FLGs) and corresponding continuous time algebraic lyapunov equations (CALEs) are developed. For solution of CALEs and Cholesky factorization of FLGs, computationally efficient approximation scheme is proposed. Multiple transformations based on balancing of frequency limited position or velocity Gramians are defined in order to compute Hankel singular values (HSVs). Frequency limited second order balanced truncation based on magnitudes of HSVs is performed for order reduction. Moreover, stability conditions for reduced order models (ROMs) are stated and algorithms for achieving stability in ROMs are proposed. Results are compared with existing technique to certify the usefulness of the proposed technique.
Directed Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Neural Crest Stem Cells, Functional Peripheral Neurons, and Corneal Keratocytes
Authors: Zhu Qian , Li Mingming , Yan Chuan , Lu Qiqi , Wei Shunhui , Gao Rong , Yu Mengfei , Zou Yu , Sriram Gopu , Tong Huei J. , Hunziker Walter , Seneviratne Chaminda J. , Gong Zhiyuan , Olsen Bjorn R. , Cao Tong
Published: August 2017

Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a transient and multipotent cell population giving rise to various cell types with clinical importance. Isolation of human NCSCs is extremely challenging that limits our knowledge about neural crest development and application. Here, a defined protocol to efficiently direct human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to NCSCs and multiple neural crest lineages is presented. A unique combination of small molecule inhibitors and growth factors is employed to generate NCSCs from hESCs through a neuroectoderm stage. The self‐renewal and multipotent capacities of hESC‐derived NCSCs are assessed subsequently. In the feeder‐free system, hESC‐derived NCSCs (P75+/HNK1+/AP2α+/PAX6−) in high purity are efficiently generated following neuroectodermal restriction. They can be propagated and differentiated toward multiple neural crest lineages in vitro, such as functional peripheral neurons (β‐tubulin III+/peripherin+), mesenchymal stem cells (CD73+CD90+CD105+), and corneal keratocytes (keratocan+). The in vivo developmental potential of hESC‐derived NCSCs is confirmed using zebrafish embryos. This report is the first demonstration of efficient differentiation of hESCs into corneal keratocytes as a monolayer in a feeder‐free system. Considering the high efficacy of NCSC generation, this new method will be a useful tool for future clinical organ repair and regeneration, such as peripheral nerve regeneration and corneal repair.
Perceptions of voluntary consent among jail diverted veterans with co‐occurring disorders
Authors: Trojano Max L. , Christopher Paul P. , Pinals Debra A. , Harnish Autumn , Smelson David
Published: August 2017

This study assessed perceptions of voluntary consent among 69 veterans who enrolled in a “jail diversion” program for co‐occurring disorders. Perceptions were measured using modified items from the MacArthur Perceived Coercion and Negative Pressure Scales. A majority reported that they “chose to” (88.4%) or “felt free to” (85.5%) enroll. Most reported having “control over” (69.6%) and “more influence than anyone else” regarding (60.9%) their participation. About half reported that enrollment was “their idea” (49.3%). Fewer reported perceptions of negative pressure, including the feeling that someone “talked them into” enrolling (24.6%), “threatened them with the maximum criminal punishment” (13.0%), “offered or promised them something” (5.8%), or “forced” them to enroll (5.8%). Nobody felt “tricked, lied to, or fooled into” participating. Total negative pressure scores were higher in those with combat experience, U = 406.50, p = .016. Although potentially inappropriate pressures were reported, these data suggest that the majority perceived enrollment as voluntary.
Parallel DNA Synthesis on Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Holden Matthew T. , Carter Matthew C. D. , Ting Shannon K. , Lynn David M. , Smith Lloyd M.
Published: August 2017

The fabrication of DNA arrays directly on aminolyzed sheets of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is described. Array surfaces typically employ bifunctional linkers or layers of covalently attached polymers to provide substrate hydroxy groups as synthesis attachment points. An amine treatment is used here to expose hydroxy groups on films of PET. These hydroxy groups can then be used to couple phosphoramidites and initiate the array synthesis without further functionalization steps. Arrays fabricated on these substrates with a maskless array synthesizer are tolerant of the high number of chemical exposure steps required to synthesize relatively long oligonucleotides. The results might be of the greatest use to the synthetic biology community, for whom a flexible and robust substrate could enable new strategies to enhance the throughput of oligonucleotide synthesis.
MnAl Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles as a Dual‐Functional Platform for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and siRNA Delivery
Authors: Zuo Huali , Chen Weiyu , Li Bei , Xu Kewei , Cooper Helen , Gu Zi , Xu Zhi Ping
Published: August 2017

Multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer theranosis have been widely explored for effective cancer detection and therapy. In this work, dually functionalised manganese‐based layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (Mn‐LDH) were examined as an effective anticancer drug/gene delivery system and for T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in brain cancer theranostics. Such Mn‐LDH have been shown to accommodate dsDNA/siRNAs and efficiently deliver them to Neuro‐2a cells (N2a). Mn‐LDH have also shown high biocompatibility with low cytotoxicity. Importantly, the cell‐death siRNA (CD‐siRNA) delivered with Mn‐LDH more efficiently kills brain cancer cells than the free CD‐siRNA. Moreover, Mn‐LDH can act as excellent contrast agents for MRI, with an r1 value of 4.47 mm−1 s−1, which is even higher than that of commercial contrast agents based on Gd complexes (r1=3.4 mm−1 s−1). Altogether, the high delivery efficacy and MRI contrast capability make dual‐functional Mn‐LDH potential bimodal agents for simultaneous cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Self‐Templating Construction of Hollow Amorphous CoMoS4 Nanotube Array towards Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis at Neutral pH
Authors: Wang Weiyi , Ren Xiang , Hao Shuai , Liu Zhiang , Xie Fengyu , Yao Yadong , Asiri Abdullah M. , Chen Liang , Sun Xuping
Published: August 2017

Environmentally friendly electrochemical hydrogen production needs the development of earth‐abundant catalyst materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction with high activity and durability at neutral pH. In this work, the self‐templating construction of a hollow amorphous CoMoS4 nanotube array on carbon cloth (CoMoS4 NTA/CC) is reported, using hydrothermal treatment of a Co(OH)F nanowire array on CC in (NH4)2MoS4 solution. When used as a 3D electrode for hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis, the resulting CoMoS4 NTA/CC demonstrates superior catalytic activity and strong long‐term electrochemical durability in 1.0 M phosphate buffer solution (pH=7). It shows small onset overpotential of 21 mV and requires low overpotentials of 104 and 179 mV to drive geometrical current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm−2, respectively. Density functional theory calculations suggest that CoMoS4 has a more favorable hydrogen adsorption free energy than Co(OH)F.
Small‐Molecule‐Induced Soluble Oligomers of α‐Synuclein with Helical Structure
Authors: Fonseca‐Ornelas Luis , Schmidt Carla , Camacho‐Zarco Aldo R. , Fernandez Claudio O. , Becker Stefan , Zweckstetter Markus
Published: August 2017

Accumulation of α‐synuclein (αSyn) aggregates constitutes the hallmark of synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease. However, many steps from the innocuous, monomeric αSyn toward misfolded oligomers and fibrillar species remain unclear. Here, we show that αSyn can form in solution α‐helical oligomers, which are off‐pathway to fibrillization, through interaction with the tetrapyrrole phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. Chemical cross‐linking combined with mass spectrometry reveals a large number of intermolecular cross‐links along the entire αSyn sequence in the phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate‐stabilized αSyn oligomers. Our study suggests that stabilization of structured oligomers by small molecules provides a viable strategy to interfere with αSyn fibrillization.
An Effective Asphalt UV Blocking Material Based on Host‐Guest Schiff Base/Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Xia Chunhui , Gao Rui , Li Kaitao , Yang Yang , Lin Yanjun , Yan Dongpeng
Published: August 2017

The development of asphalt‐based UV blocking materials is important to extend the alphalt lifespan in road construction. In this work, we put forward that the fabrication of host‐guest system can be an effective way to obtain UV blocking materials. Firstly, a new anionic Schiff base, N,N'‐bis(salicylidine)‐4,4'‐diaminostilbene‐2,2'‐disulfonic acid (SDSD), has been synthesized, which was intercalated into Zn‐Al‐LDH by anion‐exchange method. FT‐IR and XRD illustrate the layered organic–inorganic composite, Zn‐Al‐SDSD‐LDH, has been successfully synthesized with high crystallinity. Laser particle size analyzer, SEM and TEM show that particle size distributions of Zn‐Al‐SDSD‐LDH is in the range 100–500 nm. UV–vis absorption spectra show that Zn‐Al‐SDSD‐LDH has better UV absorption than the pristine Zn‐Al‐LDH and SDSD. Furthermore, the mixture of asphalt and 3 wt% Zn‐Al‐SDSD‐LDH presents enhanced UV blocking property relative to the pristine asphalt after irradiating by UV spray accelerated weathering test. Therefore, this work not only develops a new type of host‐guest Zn‐Al‐SDSD‐ LDH, but also confirms it can be an effective asphalt UV blocking material for practical application.
Classifying malwares for identification of author groups
Authors: Hong Jiwon , Park Sanghyun , Kim Sang‐Wook , Kim Dongphil , Kim Wonho
Published: August 2017

Malwares are growing exponentially in number, and authors of malwares are continuously releasing new ones. Malwares developed by the same author group might have similar signatures. For a number of applications including digital forensic and law enforcement, such characteristics can be used to determine which author group is likely to have released a given malware. In this paper, we describe a new type of classification that identifies which group of authors is most likely to have developed a given malware. We identify and verify a set of various features obtained through static and dynamic analyses of malwares and exploit them for classification. We evaluate our approach through extensive experiments with a real‐world dataset labeled by a group of domain experts. The results show that our approach is effective and provides good accuracy in malware classification.
Venipuncture Procedures: Sources of Human Peripheral Blood Cells, Serum, and Plasma
Authors: Bierer Barbara E. , Strober Warren
Published: August 2017

Peripheral blood is the chief source of mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) for immunologic studies of humans. This appendix presents protocols for obtaining blood by simple venipuncture when relatively small amounts of blood (10 to 100 ml) are necessary or by lymphapheresis when large amounts (300 to 5000 ml) are necessary. Cells collected by these procedures can be further separated by techniques described in Chapter 7. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐Dimensional Single‐Cell Analysis with Mass Cytometry
Authors: Brodie Tess Melinda , Tosevski Vinko
Published: August 2017

Mass cytometry is an analytical technology that combines the sample preparation workflow typical of flow cytometry and the detection capacity of atomic mass spectroscopy, allowing for highly multiplexed measurements of protein or nucleic acid targets on single cells. In 2014, the mass cytometer was adapted for the acquisition of samples from microscopy slides (termed imaging mass cytometry), greatly increasing the applicability of this technology. By using antibodies (or other probes) labeled with purified metal isotopes, the mass cytometer is able to detect up to 50 different parameters (current practical limit) at the single‐cell level, enabling a deep and thorough profiling of individual cells in terms of their cell surface protein phenotype, physiological state, proliferation potential, and many other cell states or features. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nomenclature and Serology of HLA Class I and Class II Alleles
Authors: McCluskey James , Kanaan Carmel , Diviney Mary
Published: August 2017

This overview presents nomenclature and serology information on human leucocyte antigens, or HLA molecules, which are encoded by a cluster of genes linked on the short arm of chromosome 6. This region is known as the major histocompatibility complex and codes for class I and class II molecules, which are distinguished from each other based upon their structure, tissue distribution, and source of peptide antigen, as well as upon their interactions with T cell subsets. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.