bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting surface mining influences in an integrated mining design and planning system
Authors: Galica Dominik , Malinowski Leszek , Kuchenbecker-Gacka Joanna , Frycz Tomasz
Published: May 2024

While planning the exploitation of a deposit, the volume and quality of coal in the longwall parcels are taken into consideration, however, designers must consider many other aspects and among them, the influence of the planned mining on the ground surface. This article presents the possibility of using the Subsidence module, integrated with mining planning tools, to perform approximate analyses of the mining influence on the surface. The assumptions of the calculation model used in the module are presented, including the general characteristics of the influence function used for forecasting. The results of the prognosis for two longwalls were compared to a reference solution routinely used to perform this type of prognosis. The differences resulting from the use of a simpler calculation model and a different method of calculating horizontal displacements were characterized. The advantages of integrating spatial data about the deposit, the projected exploitation, and its effects, which allowed a much faster assessment of the scale of projected deformations and basing the calculations on detailed geological and mining data, were also presented.
Establishing the influence of the excavator standard sizes on the kaolin pit mining system parameters
Authors: Lozhnikov Oleksii , Drebenstedt Carsten , Rypiak Bohdan , Corpas Iglesias Francisco A.
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the issue of the overburden excavators effective standard sizes substantiation in the conditions of the development of kaolin pits. The influence of the excavator standard dimensions on the total weight of the extraction and loading equipment in the pit at a given annual productivity of the pit was investigated. It has been proven that when the shovel capacity of a hydraulic excavator increases by 7 times from one to 7 m3, the total number of excavators in the conditions of the Rozivskyi kaolin pit decreases by 6.7 times from 20 to 3, and their total metal capacity decreases by 2.3 times from 760 to 348 t. The established dependences of the daily productivity of the equipment and the excavation work cost on the excavator shovel volume allow claiming that scheme where using 5 Volvo EC 750D excavators and 10 Volvo A45 dump trucks is the most effective. The worst performance for all types of costs is the technological scheme using 20 Volvo 350D excavators and 17 Volvo A45 dump trucks. When using 5 Volvo EC 750D excavators and 10 Volvo A45 dump trucks in the proposed scheme, the cost of excavation works up to 34.5 UAH/m3and is minimal due to the lowest costs for depreciation and repair of equipment, as well as for fuel and lubricants.
The use of the open-source software QGIS for the assessment of the risk caused by mining the longwall face to buildings on the ground surface
Authors: Brzozoń-Patała Natasza , Kozakiewicz Ryszard
Published: May 2024

The aim of our work is to present a variant analysis of the threat to buildings in the event of mining the underground coal seam using longwall face. QGIS, the currently open-source spatial information system, was used to assess the threat to buildings. The assessment consisted of comparing the hazard category of the mining area with the resistance category of the building. In the case of mines, an inventory of the resistance of buildings is carried out during the development of mining plans. The second important aspect of our work is the transition from traditional CAD technology to the use of GIS technology. The new technology makes it easier and quicker to carry out analyses such as the threat posed by mining to listed buildings. It helps to produce annexes to the mining plan, such as hazard maps for buildings and a table listing buildings at risk.
Pre-prosthetic Schuchardt Osteotomy: The contribution of computer-assisted surgical planning
Authors: Samama Mickaël , Masliah Julia
Published: May 2024

Premature loss of teeth leads to an inevitable egression of opposing teeth. Schuchardt osteotomy is a quick and efficient alternative to create a prosthetic space compatible with prosthetic rehabilitation. Its planning and execution are now facilitated by the rise of digital technology and specialized softwares. Through virtual simulation of the osteotomy and the creation of surgical guides, they offer enhanced safety and predictability. Communication between the practitioner and the laboratory, as well as between the practitioner and the patient, is strengthened. In this clinical case, we will detail the key steps in digital planning, and the surgical protocol for a segmental Schuchardt osteotomy for preprosthetic purposes.
3D Simulation of Active thin Structures in a Viscous Fluid and Application to Mucociliary Transport
Authors: Decoene Astrid , Martin Sébastien , Méziane Chabane
Published: May 2024

We propose a hierarchy of mathematical models for the numerical simulation of active thin structures in a viscous fluid and its application to mucociliary clearance. Our aim is to simulate large forests of cilia and analyze the collective dynamics arising in the flow, as well as their impact on the efficiency of the mucus transport. In a 3D model we describe the cilia individually and study their joint actions on the fluid. The model is built upon a 3D Stokes problem with singular source terms that represent the action of the 1D cilia on the fluid, including the influence of the background flow (making the problem nonlocal). Surface tension between the periciliary layer and the mucus is taken into account. From the 3D model we also derive a 1D space averaged model, describing the dynamics of the mean velocity of the mucus that is propelled by the cilia, hence allowing lower computational costs and still providing useful characterization of the efficiency of the transport. Mathematical properties of the models (existence and uniqueness of solutions in suitable functional spaces) are analyzed. Numerical simulations highlight the influence of critical parameters on the efficiency of the mucociliary transport in the case of dense forests of cilia.
Penser la diversité pour accroître la résilience des systèmes d’élevage
Authors: Moulin Charles-Henri
Published: May 2024

La diversité permet de renforcer la résilience des élevages. La résilience est la capacité à faire face aux impacts de chocs (épizootie, variations de prix) et de tendances (changement climatique, augmentation du prix des énergies fossiles). Une exploitation d’élevage présente de multiples sources de diversité : troupeaux, surfaces, ressources alimentaires, produits animaux et végétaux, etc. Ces diversités peuvent être subies ou au contraire construites par l’éleveur. En organisant son élevage, l’éleveur peut le rendre plus robuste pour supporter des aléas, sans avoir à intervenir. La combinaison de plusieurs activités permet de faire face à des variations des cours ou des extrêmes climatiques, qui n’impactent pas les différentes activités de la même façon. L’éleveur peut aussi réaliser des ajustements en réponse à un choc : il peut modifier, d’une année à l’autre, l’équilibre des volumes de produits qu’il vend aux différents opérateurs de l’aval avec qui il travaille régulièrement. Enfin, des sources de diversité peuvent l’aider à transformer son système pour faire face à la répétition de chocs et à des tendances d’évolution de son environnement. Si la diversité est globalement intéressante pour renforcer la résilience, une source de diversité peut permettre de faire face à certains aléas, mais pas à d’autres. Les sources de diversité sont liées entre elles : un élevage doit être pensé comme un système pour assurer un équilibre entre résilience et efficience.
Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen – digitale Diabetestherapie mit CGM Teil 1
Authors: Pia Bretschneider Maxi , Schwarz Peter E.H.
Published: May 2024

Im April 2024 ist mit Vitadio die erste digitale Gesundheitsanwendung (DiGA), welche Patientinnen und Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 unterstützt, dauerhaft im DiGA Verzeichnis des BfArMs gelistet. Zudem sind folgende 3 DiGAs vorläufig ins Verzeichnis aufgenommen: mebix (vorläufige Zulassung 07/23), glucura Diabetestherapie (vorläufige Zulassung 01/24) und Una Health für Diabetes (vorläufige Zulassung 02/24) 1, 2, 3, 4. Dabei stehen mit den DiGAs glucura Diabetestherapie und Una Health für Diabetes nun 2 Anwendungen zur Verfügung, die einen CGM-Sensor beinhalten. In diesem Artikel der DiGA-Serie wird die DiGA glucura Diabetestherapie unter die Lupe genommen, die wichtigsten Informationen präsentiert, sowie kleine Einblicke in die App gewährt.
White light computer-aided optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps in routine clinical practice
Authors: Rondonotti Emanuele , Bergna Irene Maria Bambina , Paggi Silvia , Amato Arnaldo , Andrealli Alida , Scardino Giulia , Tamanini Giacomo , Lenoci Nicoletta , Mandelli Giovanna , Terreni Natalia , Rocchetto SImone , Piagnani Alessandra , Di Paolo Dhanai , Bina Niccolò , Filippi Emanuela , Ambrosiani Luciana , Hassan Cesare , Correale Loredana , Radaelli Franco
Published: May 2024

Background and study aims Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems could make the optical diagnosis (OD) of diminutive colorectal polyps (DCPs) more reliable and objective. This study was aimed at prospectively evaluating feasibility and diagnostic performance of AI-standalone and AI-assisted OD of DCPs in a real-life setting by using a white light-based system (GI Genius, Medtronic Co, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States).

Patients and methods Consecutive colonoscopy outpatients with at least one DCP were evaluated by 11 endoscopists (5 experts and 6 non-experts in OD). DCPs were classified in real time by AI (AI-standalone OD) and by the endoscopist with the assistance of AI (AI-assisted OD), with histopathology as the reference standard.

Results Of the 480 DCPs, AI provided the outcome “adenoma” or “non-adenoma” in 81.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.5–84.6). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of AI-standalone OD were 97.0% (95% CI 94.0–98.6), 38.1% (95% CI 28.9–48.1), 80.1% (95% CI 75.2–84.2), 83.3% (95% CI 69.2–92.0), and 80.5% (95% CI 68.7–82.8%), respectively. Compared with AI-standalone, the specificity of AI-assisted OD was significantly higher (58.9%, 95% CI 49.7–67.5) and a trend toward an increase was observed for other diagnostic performance measures. Overall accuracy and negative predictive value of AI-assisted OD for experts and non-experts were 85.8% (95% CI 80.0–90.4) vs. 80.1% (95% CI 73.6–85.6) and 89.1% (95% CI 75.6–95.9) vs. 80.0% (95% CI 63.9–90.4), respectively.

Conclusions Standalone AI is able to provide an OD of adenoma/non-adenoma in more than 80% of DCPs, with a high sensitivity but low specificity. The human-machine interaction improved diagnostic performance, especially when experts were involved.
Copper-Promoted Dimerization of Benzyl Thiocyanates to Access Functionalized Bibenzyls
Authors: Ranjan De Saroj , Singh Sandeep
Published: May 2024

The synthesis of bibenzyl derivatives holds significance in organic chemistry due to their diverse pharmacological and synthetic applications. Herein, we report a novel copper-promoted dimerization reaction for the efficient synthesis of functionalized bibenzyls from benzyl thiocyanates. The coupling reaction proceeds under aerobic and mild conditions through a cascade C–S bond cleavage in one pot. Diverse substituents, including electron-withdrawing groups on the aryl ring, are well tolerated to afford the desired products in moderate to good yields. The developed protocol could be utilized to obtain the cross-coupling product from two different electron-deficient benzyl thiocyanates.
Fear of Missing Out Syndrome and its Impact on Sleep Quality in Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Oliveira Jullyane Laysa de Carvalho , Carvalho Neta Otília Jurema de , Athayde Rodolfo Augusto Bacelar de
Published: May 2024

Objective Fear of missing out (FOMO) is a type of social anxiety defined as “intense concern that others may be experiencing rewarding experiences without one's presence,” which can lead to illness. Excessive smartphone use is often associated with FOMO. This study aimed to investigate FOMO among medical university students, as well as factors associated with sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and excessive smartphone use.

Materials and Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using electronic questionnaires and the following scales: FOMO scale/score, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS SV).

Results Participants included 142 individuals (mean age 23.73 ± 4.98 years, 97 [68.3% female]). All participants were smartphone users. Fear of missing out was present (FOMO score 22.08 ± 6.71) along with poorer sleep quality (PSQI 7.26 ± 3.08) and excessive smartphone use (SAS SV 30.21 ± 10.20). Moderate/severe anxiety (BAI) was reported by 35.2% of participants, while 16.9% had moderate/severe depression (BDI). Positive correlations were found between PSQI and FOMO (p < 0.05), as well as between SAS SV and FOMO (p < 0.001), PSQI (p < 0.001), BAI (p < 0.001), and BDI (p < 0.001).

Discussion High levels of FOMO, poorer sleep quality, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and excessive smartphone use were found among medical students. Furthermore, a positive correlation was demonstrated between these factors, which can directly impact the physical and mental health, as well as the academic performance of these young individuals.
Effects of Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation on MCH and Hypocretin Systems
Authors: Agamme Ana Luiza Dias Abdo , Tufik Sergio , Torterolo Pablo , D'Almeida Vânia
Published: May 2024

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and hypocretins (Hcrt) 1 and 2 are neuropeptides synthesized in the lateral hypothalamic area by neurons that are critical in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Their receptors are located in the same cerebral regions, including the frontal cortex and hippocampus. The present study aimed to assess whether 96 hours of paradoxical sleep deprivation alters the functioning of the MCH and hypocretin systems. To do this, in control rats with normal sleep (CTL) and in rats that were deprived of paradoxical sleep (SD), we quantified the following parameters: 1) levels of MCH and hypocretin-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); 2) expression of the prepro-MCH (Pmch) and prepro-hypocretin (Hcrt) genes in the hypothalamus; 3) expression of the Mchr1 and Hcrtr1 genes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus; and 4) expression of the Hcrtr2 gene in the hippocampus. These measures were performed at 6 Zeitgeber time (ZT) points of the day (ZTs: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20). In the SD group, we found higher levels of MCH in the CSF at the beginning of the dark phase. In the frontal cortex, sleep deprivation decreased the expression of Hcrtr1 at ZT0. Moreover, we identified significant differences between the light and dark phases in the expression of Mchr1 and Hcrtr1, but only in the CTL animals. We conclude that there is a day/night modulation in the expression of components of the MCH and hypocretin systems, and this profile is affected by paradoxical sleep deprivation.
Forging the medieval amidst loss: The Public Record Office of Ireland and Ireland’s medieval history
Authors: Biggs Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

In the aftermath of the destruction of the Public Record Office of Ireland (PROI) in June 1922 during the opening battle of the Irish Civil War, and with it seven centuries of records, historians and archivists have had to be creative in their search for sources for medieval Irish history. In response to this loss, they have forged a distinctive historiographical tradition using records now in English collections, as well as antiquarian transcripts and publications. Beginning with the work of Edmund Curtis in the 1920s, this tradition has sought to list, identify, and edit for publication replacement sources for records lost with the PROI for an Irish and international audience. More recently, scholars have made these collections digitally and publicly accessible worldwide with the CIRCLE and Beyond 2022 Projects at Trinity College Dublin. This article looks at how the lost records and a century of recovery efforts have shaped understandings of Ireland’s medieval past and its colonial relationship with England.
Effect of the contextual (community) level social trust on women’s empowerment: an instrumental variable analysis of 26 nations
Authors: Auchynnikava Alena , Habibov Nazim , Lyu Yunhong , Fan Lida
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of contextual (community) level social trust on women’s empowerment. The specific knowledge gap explored in this study is that the previous studies theorized that community trust has a positive impact on women’s empowerment. Thus, an increase in trust in the community will empower women. However, such an assumption has been never empirically tested and confirmed. Against this backdrop, the present paper develops a theoretical argument on why the increase in community trust should lead to a higher level of women empowerment. Then, a cross-country survey was used as a data source to test the effect of community trust on women’s empowerment. A traditional single-stage OLS and instrumental variable regressions are estimated to test the effect of community trust on women’s empowerment and quantify the magnitude of such impact. The key finding of this paper is that community trust indeed significantly strengthens the empowerment of women by increasing women’s ownership of assets and improving the decision-making authority of women in the family. Importantly, our findings are robust for the separate rural and urban samples, as well as the samples of younger and older women. Equally, our findings are robust for an alternative set of instruments. The main implication of these findings is that policymakers, social administrators, and government authorities who are working on promoting gender equality should give priority to promoting community-based interventions that nurture and maintain women’s trust.
Investigating the impact of spatial dependence and heterogeneity on airport relationships: Empirical evidence from China
Authors: Wu Zhen , Lai Po-Lin , Shang Kuo-Chung , Fang Mingjie
Published: May 2024

This research focused on the relationships among 34 major airports in China, analyzing how these relationships are influenced by spatial dependence and heterogeneity. Using a spatial econometric model, it found that passenger traffic in China’s airports displays a mutually driven aggregation effect. Furthermore, the study revealed that the airport relationship changes from complementarity to competition as the geographic distance between them decreases. The study also classified the main airports in China into three hierarchical levels and found significant complementarity and competition among those within the hub-and-spoke network structure. Specifically, this study identified a complementary relationship among regional trunk and local branch airports, as-well-as significant competition among hub airports. Crucially, the study suggests that the absence of a hub airport weakens the collaborative interactions between different types of airports, emphasizing the critical importance of hub airports for the connectivity and operational efficiency of China’s airport network.
Innovation rate and population structure moderate the effect of population size on cumulative technological culture
Authors: Bluet Alexandre , Osiurak François , Reynaud Emanuelle
Published: May 2024

Cumulative technological culture is defined as the increase in efficiency and complexity of tools and techniques over generations that allowed humans to conquer the whole Earth. While one part of the puzzling ability of humans to develop such a form of culture lies in their cognitive capacities giving rise to reliable transmission of information, another lies in the impact of demographic factors. Indeed, many studies have examined the impact of population size, innovation rate and population structure on cumulative technological culture. Here, we present a computational model based on a previous model of micro-society that we extended to study the impact of population size and the influence of innovations on cumulative technological culture. Our results showed that population size exhibits an influence on cumulative technological culture, principally in small-scale populations. Additionally, the model suggests that the innovation rate constrains cumulative technological culture and the importance of population size. Indeed, when innovations are frequent, the impact of population size is diminished. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that individuals rely more on themselves than on others to innovate in earlier generations as well as in small populations. However, when populations grow as well as in later stages of evolution, reliance on innovation from others increases. Overall, these results indicate that population size has a limited impact on cumulative technological culture and that other demographic factors such as innovation rate could offer a viable alternative explanation for archeological records.
Polysaccharide functionalization reduces lipid vesicle stiffness
Authors: Jahnke Kevin , Pavlovic Marko , Xu Wentao , Chen Anqi , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Arriaga Laura R. , Weitz David A.
Published: May 2024

The biophysical properties of lipid vesicles are important for their stability and integrity, key parameters that control the performance when these vesicles are used for drug delivery. The vesicle properties are determined by the composition of lipids used to form the vesicle. However, for a given lipid composition, they can also be tailored by tethering polymers to the membrane. Typically, synthetic polymers like polyethyleneglycol are used to increase vesicle stability, but the use of polysaccharides in this context is much less explored. Here, we report a general method for functionalizing lipid vesicles with polysaccharides by binding them to cholesterol. We incorporate the polysaccharides on the outer membrane leaflet of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and investigate their effect on membrane mechanics using micropipette aspiration. We find that the presence of the glycolipid functionalization produces an unexpected softening of GUVs with fluid-like membranes. By contrast, the functionalization of GUVs with polyethylene glycol does not reduce their stretching modulus. This work provides the potential means to study membrane-bound meshworks of polysaccharides similar to the cellular glycocalyx; moreover, it can be used for tuning the mechanical properties of drug delivery vehicles.
Power, solidarity, and sajiao in dementia care
Authors: Lin Shumin
Published: May 2024

While scholars in the sociolinguistics of aging have shown that communication in eldercare is characterized by the predominance of infantilizing speech or elderspeak, sajiao, a self-infantilizing speech, has not been examined in this context. Further, current research on sajiao has focused primarily on young women. How sajiao is used in intergenerational communication involving adults and older adults is rarely examined. Drawing on two years of ethnography in two adult day centers in Taiwan, this paper examines the negotiation of power and solidarity through sajiao in dementia care. Sajiao is used for both task-oriented/transactional goals and interpersonal/relational goals and often serves multifunctional purposes to influence and to connect simultaneously. The intent and effect of sajiao as strategies of persuasion and influence (that is, power) and/or strategies of engagement and connection (that is, solidarity) is jointly constructed and negotiated. The multiple data sources of this longitudinal study—including ethnographic observations, interviews, and video-recordings—allow for richly contextualized interpretations of interactional episodes and reflective accounts, revealing a complex picture of power and solidarity negotiated through sajiao. This study contributes to research on eldercare communication by demonstrating the ambiguity and polysemy of discursive strategies in eldercare communication with regard to power and solidarity.
Polysemies and the one representation hypothesis
Authors: Vicente Agustín
Published: May 2024

Polysemy has attracted much interdisciplinary interest in recent times. Recent discussions in psycholinguistics focus on the different processing profiles of polysemous and homonymous words, and on how to explain such different profiles. Much current research assumes that while homonymous meanings are stored in different lexical entries in the mental lexicon, polysemous senses relate to just one lexical representation, be this a list of senses or a core meaning formed by features common to all the different senses. However, there is growing skepticism towards such a one-representation hypothesis. After differentiating regular and irregular polysemies along several dimensions (not only in terms of sense representation, but also in terms of sources, acquisition and word class distribution), this paper argues that the variants of the one representation model can meet some of the challenges that have been raised. However, there are further challenges that have not yet been considered. On the one hand, nested polysemies (senses generated on the basis of iterations of metonymies or metaphors) put some pressure on the idea that senses of irregular polysemies share some set of features. On the other hand, sharing some features that could constitute a core meaning may not be sufficient for entering in co-activation patterns. In sum, while the paper defends the one-representation hypothesis in the light of recent skepticism, it also calls for further research and an eventual reformulation of the hypothesis.
“It’s like I got a new pair of glasses”
Authors: Müller Mareike
Published: May 2024

This study focuses on a specific group of sojourners that has thus far remained rather unexplored in the context of study-abroad research, namely, students with extensive prior experiences of living in, traveling to, and/or familial ties with target-language mediated communities. To this end, this study examines data obtained through episodic interviews with three American students, who grew up in close contact with German-speaking communities and studied abroad in Austria for four weeks. By means of thematic analysis, the pre-study abroad sojourn motives and reflections on sense of self, home, and belonging are contrasted with these students’ immediate and delayed post-study abroad accounts. The results shed light on both the challenges young adults grapple with due to their international biographies and the transformative effects students attribute to their short-term sojourns with regard to redefining who they are and what meaning different places of home and heritage have within their individual trajectories.
L2 interactional competence in a short-term service-learning and study abroad program
Authors: Koike Dale A. , Tocaimaza-Hatch Cecilia
Published: May 2024

This case study explores one Spanish L2 learner’s interactional competence (IC) during a short-term study abroad
program that featured service-learning (SL). The goal of the study is to describe the learner’s IC in interactions in the SL
context. Data for analysis derive primarily from dialogues between the focal participant and interlocutors from her SL network and
are analyzed qualitatively using Young’s (2019) categories of identity, linguistic, and
interactional resources. Key findings include: (a) the participant co-constructed identities as an American and a teacher with her
interlocutors; (b) use of linguistic resources suggests accommodation to Peninsular Spanish, possibly heightened by increased
contact with native speakers in SL; and (c) SL afforded a space where the learner felt confident trying out linguistic and
interactional features. Findings describe the participant’s IC and suggest the value of the SL context for meaningful interaction
in short-term study abroad programs.
‘You Still Need to Care for the patient’. Experiences of Forensic Mental Health Professionals with Inpatient Aggression
Authors: Verstegen Nienke , Peters-Scheffer Nienke , Didden Robert , de Vogel Vivienne
Published: May 2024

Forensic mental health professionals are frequently exposed to inpatient aggression, which may negatively affect their physical and mental health. Current studies offer limited insight into how this may affect staff-patient interactions in the aftermath of aggression. A qualitative study was conducted to explore professionals’ experiences with exposure to aggression. Thirteen semi-structured interviews and three focus groups were conducted with 25 professionals working in a high secure forensic mental health unit. A thematic analysis was conducted in consensus among three researchers. Five main themes were generated in the analysis: exposure to different forms of aggression, factors that shape the impact of aggression, emotional reactions, managing emotional reactions, and managing relationships with patients. These themes form a complex interplay. Feelings of anger and fear, intrusive memories, and avoidant or agitated behavior toward patients are frequently reported, affecting both the personal and professional lives of participants. Interpersonal relationships between team members can promote or hinder adequate management of feelings that arise after exposure to aggressive incidents. The tremendous impact that exposure to inpatient aggression may have on professionals, and the way that they care for their patients requires more attention.
Deep learning–based eye tracking system to detect distracted driving
Authors: Xin Song , Zhang Shuo , Xu Wanrong , Yang YuXiang , Zhang Xiao
Published: May 2024

To investigate drivers’ gaze behavior and the characteristics of their gaze positions while driving, a natural driving behavior test method was employed alongside a non-contact eye-tracking device to conduct an in-vehicle experiment for collecting gaze data. Initially, we utilized the traditional approach to delineate the area of interest, analyzing variations in pupil diameter, gaze positions, and the duration spent in each area throughout the driving task, thereby compiling statistics on drivers’ gaze patterns. Subsequently, harnessing the You Only Look Once version 5 architecture, we can precisely identify the position of vehicles and obstacles from the captured images. Enhancements to the network model—including streamlining and integrating an attention mechanism—have significantly refined target detection accuracy. In the final analysis, by correlating drivers’ gaze data with the positional information of upcoming obstacles, we can accurately assess where drivers are looking. This fusion of data allows for a more nuanced observation of gaze dispersion and position within a one-second timeframe, providing valuable insights into drivers’ attention distribution and driving behaviors.
Artificial neural network assisted spectral scatterometry for grating quality control
Authors: Mattila Aleksi , Nysten Johan , Heikkinen Ville , Kilpi Jorma , Korpelainen Virpi , Hansen Poul-Erik , Karvinen Petri , Kuittinen Markku , Lassila Antti
Published: May 2024

Spectral scatterometry is a technique that allows rapid measurements of diffraction efficiencies of diffractive optical elements (DOEs). The analysis of such diffraction efficiencies has traditionally been laborious and time consuming. However, machine learning can be employed to aid in the analysis of measured diffraction efficiencies. In this paper we describe a novel system for providing measurements of multiple measurands rapidly and concurrently using a spectral scatterometer and an artificial neural network (ANN) which is trained utilising transfer learning. The ANN provides values for the pitch, height, and line widths of the DOEs. In addition, an uncertainty evaluation was performed. In the majority of the studied cases, the discrepancies between the values obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and artificial neural network assisted spectral scatterometer (ANNASS) for the grating parameters were below 5 nm. Furthermore, independent reference samples were used to perform a metrological validation. An expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 5.3 nm was obtained from the uncertainty evaluation for the measurand height. The height value measurements performed employing ANNASS and SEM are demonstrated to be in agreement within this uncertainty.
Escape experience Aeroseum: a classical mechanics escape room
Authors: Kilde Löfgren Sebastian , Wevers Merel , Weidow Jonathan , Karlsteen Magnus , Enger Jonas
Published: May 2024

Classical mechanics has long been a conceptually challenging topic for students. Escape Experience Aeroseum offers a novel approach to help address this issue by integrating classical mechanics into an educational escape room (EER). The escape room creatively combines physics with aerospace engineering principles, with the aim of aiding learners in making more sense of classical mechanics concepts through solving interactive, hands-on challenges. In the paper, we discuss the design and educational potential of Escape Experience Aeroseum, including the need for adaptability and appeal across different educational settings. By introducing an EER centered around classical mechanics, this work contributes to the growing interest in developing and evaluating EERs as a possible means to increase students learning, engagement, and interest in physics.
A hands-on activity to introduce the structure of NV-center quantum bits in diamond
Authors: Ockhorst Rutger , Koopman Lodewijk , Pols Freek
Published: May 2024

For the start of a secondary school level lesson series on quantum computing, we designed a hands-on modeling activity where students construct a model diamond lattice with a nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect. NV centers find application as qubits and sensitive magnetometers. This activity aims to help students visualize the structure of such NV centers within the diamond lattice, making the subject matter more tangible. The activity has proven to be challenging but feasible. It features both collaborative and competitive elements thereby surely creating an energizing buzz in the classroom.
Numerical study of the influence of electron inertial effects and electron dynamics on tearing mode instability
Authors: Shi Botong , Wang Jiaqi , Liu Dongjian , Ma Zhiwei
Published: May 2024

The tearing mode instabilities were numerically studied in two distinct models: the finite electron inertial magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and the electron MHD (EMHD). The finite electron inertial MHD model employed a modified Hall-MHD model that incorporated the electron inertial effects in the generalized Ohm’s Law. On the other hand, the electron dynamics were described by the EMHD model. It is found that both electron inertial effects and electron dynamics significantly influence the linear and nonlinear growth of tearing mode instabilities, with electron dynamics playing a more dominant role. The dependence of the linear growth rate of tearing modes on the electron inertial length de
was investigated. The results show that electron inertial effects enhance the growth rate but resemble the behavior of resistivity η. Whereas, in the EMHD model, electron inertia plays a dominant role in tearing mode instabilities. Additionally, a study on the nonlinear saturation of (2,1) tearing modes was conducted, demonstrating consistency with relevant analytical theories. The study indicates that, in both models, the magnetic island exhibits faster growth and achieves a larger saturated island width as de
increases.
Low-cost sensor-based damage localization for large-area monitoring of FRP composites
Authors: Demo Luke B , Tronci Eleonora M , Nieduzak Tymon B , Feng Maria Q , Aitharaju Venkat R
Published: May 2024

In recent years, there has been growing interest in self-sensing structural materials across research and industry sectors. Detecting and locating structural damage typically requires numerous sensors wired to a data acquisition (DAQ) circuit, rendering implementation impractical in real structures. This paper proposes an innovative, cost-effective sensor network for damage detection and localization in fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The innovation encompasses three key elements: (1) utilizing carbon fiber tows within the composite as piezoresistive sensors, eliminating the need for additional foreign sensor devices; (2) introducing a novel sensor layout wherein sensor tow branches with varied resistance values are connected in parallel, reducing the number of connections to the DAQ circuit and cutting manufacturing costs significantly; (3) developing a practical sensor terminal fabrication technique to minimize manufacturing expenses. The proposed design methodology for the branch resistance values is first validated using a demonstration panel. Subsequently, the overall strategy is assessed by conducting impact tests on carbon and glass fiber-reinforced composite specimens. Results validate the sensor’s ability to accurately detect and locate structural damage.
Binary system modes of matrix-coupled multidimensional oscillators
Authors: Wang Chongzhi , Shao Haibin , Tan Ying , Li Dewei
Published: May 2024

The standard Kuramoto model has been instrumental in explaining synchronization and desynchronization, two emergent phenomena often observed in biological, neuronal, and physical systems. While the Kuramoto model has turned out effective with one-dimensional oscillators, real-world systems often involve high-dimensional interacting units, such as biological swarms, necessitating a model of multidimensional oscillators. However, existing high-dimensional generalizations of the Kuramoto model commonly rely on a scalar-valued coupling strength, which limits their ability to capture the full complexity of high-dimensional interactions. This work introduces a matrix, A, to couple the interconnected components of the oscillators in a d-dimensional space, leading to a matrix-coupled multidimensional Kuramoto model that approximates a prototypical swarm dynamics by its first-order Fourier harmonics. Moreover, the matrix A introduces an inter-dimensional higher-order interaction that partly accounts for the emergence of 2
d
system modes in a d-dimensional population, where each dimension can either be synchronized or desynchronized, represented by a set of almost binary order parameters. The binary system modes capture characteristic swarm behaviors such as fish milling or polarized schooling. Additionally, our findings provides a theoretical analogy to cerebral activity, where the resting state and the activated state coexist unihemispherically. It also suggests a new possibility for information storage in oscillatory neural networks.
Beam optics of RF ion sources in view of ITER’s NBI systems
Authors: den Harder N. , Barnes M. , Heinemann B. , Lindqvist M. , Nocentini R. , Orozco G. , Wimmer C. , Wünderlich D. , Fantz U. , Veltri P.
Published: May 2024

A low beamlet divergence is crucial for the efficiency of the ITER-NBI systems, since it affects the transmission of the beam through the duct. There is a requirement of 7 mrad e-folding divergence for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam. Significantly higher divergences (10–15 mrad) have been observed in RF-source based experiments albeit at low beam energy. This could be the consequence of a broad perpendicular velocity distribution of the H−/D− particles before extraction. This paper explores this hypothesis and its implications for ITER. To estimate H−/D− perpendicular temperatures in the RF-driven BATMAN Upgrade test facility, spatially resolved measurements of the beam power density are compared with IBSimu calculations. The estimated perpendicular temperatures show a strong dependence on the source filling pressure, decreasing from approximately 4 eV at 0.3 Pa to 2 eV at 0.4 Pa. Ion-optics calculations of the ITER-HNB grid system are performed to evaluate whether the temperatures estimated in the BATMAN Upgrade test facility are tolerable in view of beam-grid interaction and beamline transmission. The beamline transmission is fairly insensitive to the perpendicular temperature, but the heat loads at the downstream grids increase with the perpendicular temperature.
The potency of fungal entomopathogens isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda as endophytic plant-growth promoter
Authors: Sari J M P , Herlinda S , Elfita  , Suwandi S
Published: May 2024

Previous studies have identified endophytic fungi as plant growth promoters and insect pest management. In the current study, six fungal isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were isolated from larval corpses of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and tested for their ability to colonize leaf tissue through root and leaf applications or foliar-spray and to promote the growth of young maize (Zea mays) plants. The maize growth attributes examined were germination rate, height, dry and fresh weight, and leaf area. The research was conducted in May until June 2023 in Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia. The results revealed that M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were isolated from the cadavers of S. frugiperda and confirmed to be endophytic fungi. Root application was more effective to enhance the fresh weight, plant height, and leaf area of maize compared to foliar-spray. The fungi could significantly enhance the fresh weight, plant height, and leaf area of the young maize plants. The best isolate that could enhance the maize growth was the B. bassiana WTTJC260521A isolate. These findings suggest that M. anisopliae and B. bassiana isolated from fall armyworm corpses that had the potential to enhance maize plant growth through root applicaton.
The role of Hymenoptera parasitoids as mortality factors of Silba adipata McAlpine on cayenne pepper plants: parasitism and distribution patterns
Authors: Widaningsih D , Suriani N L , Supartha I W
Published: May 2024

Silba adipata (Diptera: Loncaeidae) is a new species that attacks white cayenne pepper in Bali. The research aimed to explore the role of these three types of parasitoids. New variables that have never been used before include spatial and altitudinal distribution patterns, the relationship between the level of parasitism and the level of population density of A. adipata according to plant phenology, and the level of parasitization of parasitoids on hosts at various altitudes in Bali, Indonesia. This research was carried out from April to July 2021 using a survey method in which samples were taken purposively from sample plants. The three parasitoids were distributed in all districts, except F. arisanus and A. japonica which were not found in Denpasar and Jembrana. Three parasitoid species play a role in controlling S. adipata in Bali Indonesia, namely A. japonica, F. arisanus, and D. longicaudata. Among the three parasitoids, A. japonica was most dominant at altitudes >750-1000 MASL, while F. arisanus at altitudes >500 - >1000 MASL and D. longicaudata at altitudes >250-500 MASL. The population densities of the three parasitoids were densely associated with S. adipata populations. The parasitoid that most effectively controls S. adipata in the field is F. arisanus.
Population dynamics of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stảl.) in rice fields and their association with the entomopthoralean fungus
Authors: Anwar R , Nurul Fatia W , Ulpiyah
Published: May 2024

The rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the primary food sources for Indonesian people. The Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens is one of the most devastating rice insect pests in Indonesia. The entomopthoralean fungus, Pandora delphacis is reported to be able to infect BPH naturally in the rice field. This research aims to identify the entomopthoralean fungi phase and determine the level of fungal infection and its relations with the population dynamic of BPH in rice fields. This research was conducted in 2015 and 2016 on rice fields at Bogor Regency and Subang Regency; and in 2017 at Karawang Regency, West Java. The sampled BPH were collected from rice fields. The microscope slide squash mounts in lactophenol cotton blue were made for the insects and it was examined with a microscope compound to determine if hyphal bodies, conidiophore, primary conidia, secondary conidia, saprophytic fungi, and resting spores were present. The results showed that the entomopthoralean fungi phase found on BPH are hyphal bodies, primary conidia, secondary conidia, and saprophytic fungi. The fungus infected all the phases of the BPH, from the first nymphal phase to adult.
A sustainable and ecological approach to integrated cocoa pest management in Indonesia
Authors: Rizal M , Karmawati E , Siswanto  , Trisawa I M , Samsudin  , Rismayani  , Rohimatun  , Indriati G , Mardiningsih T L , Kardinan A , Maris P , Tarigan N
Published: May 2024

Cocoa is one of Indonesia’s leading plantation crops, playing a crucial role in providing employment, generating foreign exchange, and income for farmers. However, many cocoa plantations are old and damaged due to inadequate maintenance and pest attacks. Farmers frequently apply crop management practices without considering the environmental impact, such as using inorganic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and herbicides, and intensive land exploitation. There is a need to increase sustainable cocoa production while preserving environmental quality and resources. The strength and weaknesses of all available resources supporting cocoa production including integrated pest management were analysed by collecting primary and secondary data in cocoa production centre. Sustainable and ecological approach which utilizes natural resources efficiently without harming the environment with technological support were used. Research and extension institutions in Indonesia which developed technologies to address pest problems are also considered in synthesizing recommendation of sustainable cocoa IPM.
Pollinator insects on sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) in South Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Herlin W , Fitriyani D , Akbario R , Aziz M , Nurfadila Y , Muhammad G , Rizkawati V
Published: May 2024

Sugar palm production depends heavily on pollinator insects, including some insects related to A. pinnata. This study aimed to identify pollinating insect species, distribution, and biodiversity in four South Sumatran regions. Sweep nets and yellow sticky traps placed around the flowers of sugar palms were used to catch insects once a week. The trap is set up once every 24 hours. In the Ogan Ilir region, pollinating insect species such as Epuraea aestiva, Mystrops costaricensis, Elaidobius sp., Gabrius sp., and Brachypepluis sp. have been found. Apis meliefera, Apis cerana, Poliba occidentalis, Papilio sp., and Drosophila are found in the Musi Banyuasin of Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI). Drosophila, Graphium agamemnon, Appias libythea, Pothantus lydia, Mycalesis perseus, Vespa affinis, Tetragonula laeviceps, Tabanus sp., Aedes albopictus, Neurothemis fluctuans, Ypthima baldus, Cupha erymanthis, and Apis cerana were found in Muara Enim. Additionally, Muara Enim had the highest pollinator population, while Ogan Ilir had the lowest. Observations showed that the yellow sticky trap technique operated more effectively than the sweep net. The community is anticipated to gain from research by learning more about pollinating insects connected to sugar palms, their role in the surrounding ecosystem, and the bioecology of sugar palms.