bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Definition for Strong Rieszian Summability and its Relationship to Strong Cesaro Summability
Authors: Boyd A. V. , Hyslop J. M.
Published: May 2009

1. Introduction. Given a series we define , by the relations

The series Σan is said to be summable (C, k) to the sum s, if

as n→∞, and strongly summable (C, k), k>0, with index p, to the sum s, or summable [C; k, p] to the sum s, if
Generalisation of an Integral due to Hardy
Authors: Ragab Fouad M.
Published: May 2009

§ 1. Introductory. The integral

where b>0, was given by Hardy (1). It was proved by applying Mellin's inversion formula. An alternative proof, based on the differential equation

satisfied by Kn(x), has been given by the author (2).
The Product of Two Legendre Polynomials
Authors: Dougall John
Published: May 2009

1. It is known that any polynomial in μ. can be expanded as a linear function of Legendre polynomials [1]. In particular, we have

The earlier coefficients, say A0, A2, A4 may easily be found by equating the coefficients of μp+q, μp+q-2, μp+q-4 on the two sides of (1). The general coefficient A2k might then be surmised, and the value verified by induction. This may have been the method followed by Ferrers, who stated the result as an exercise in his Spherical Harmonics (1877). A proof was published by J. C. Adams [2]. The proof now to be given follows different lines from his.
An Expression for Bernoulli Numbers
Authors: Jamieson A. M.
Published: May 2009

In Muir's Theory of Determinants, Vol. III, pp. 232–237, there will be found accounts of papers by H. Nägelsbach, J. Hammond and J. W. L. Glaisher, in which expressions for the Bernoulli numbers are obtained in terms of determinants. In the present paper an expression for Bn will be derived which appears to be new, but which is very like some of those mentioned by Muir.
A Linear Relation between E-Functions
Authors: Ragab F. M.
Published: May 2009

The formula to be proved is

The formulae required in the proof are the Barnes Integral

and Whipple's Formula (1)

§ 2. Proof of the Formula. From (2) the E-function on the left of (1) is equal to
Energetics of asteroid dynamos and the role of compositional convection
Authors: Nimmo F.
Published: May 2009

The conditions under which a dynamo can operate in the core of a small planetary body or asteroid are examined. Compositional convection driven by inner core growth is thermodynamically much more efficient than thermal convection at driving a dynamo, but whether asteroid cores crystallize in this fashion is currently uncertain. Inner core solidification will drive dynamo activity in cores larger than ≈50–150 km in radius. Dynamo activity requires core cooling rates exceeding ∼0.001–0.1 K/My if compositional convection occurs. In the absence of an inner core, cooling rates of ∼1–100 K/My or heating by 60Fe within 10–20 Myr of solar system formation are required to drive a dynamo. If inner core growth is important (as for the IVB iron meteorite parent body) then a dynamo should develop with magnetic paleointensities that depend on the core sulphur content. If 60Fe decay is dominant, the frequency of asteroid dynamo occurrence is predicted to decay with distance from the Sun.
Radiation damage to amorphous carbon thin films irradiated by multiple 46.9 nm laser shots below the single-shot damage threshold
Authors: Juha L. , Hájková V. , Chalupský J. , Vorlíček V. , Ritucci A. , Reale A. , Zuppella P. , Störmer M.
Published: May 2009

High-surface-quality amorphous carbon (a-C) optical coatings with a thickness of 45 nm, deposited by magnetron sputtering on a silicon substrate, were irradiated by the focused beam of capillary-discharge Ne-like Ar extreme ultraviolet laser (CDL=capillary-discharge laser; XUV=extreme ultraviolet, i.e., wavelengths below 100 nm). The laser wavelength and pulse duration were 46.9 nm and 1.7 ns, respectively. The laser beam was focused onto the sample surface by a spherical Sc/Si multilayer mirror with a total reflectivity of about 30%. The laser pulse energy was varied from 0.4 to 40 μJ on the sample surface. The irradiation was carried out at five fluence levels between 0.1 and 10 J/cm2, accumulating five different series of shots, i.e., 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40. The damage to the a-C thin layer was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) optical microscopy. The dependence of the single-shot-damaged area on pulse energy makes it possible to determine a beam spot diameter in the focus. Its value was found to be equal to 23.3±3.0 μm using AFM data, assuming the beam to have a Gaussian profile. Such a plot can also be used for a determination of single-shot damage threshold in a-C. A single-shot threshold value of 1.1 J/cm2 was found. Investigating the consequences of the multiple-shot exposure, it has been found that an accumulation of 10, 20, and 40 shots at a fluence of 0.5 J/cm2, i.e., below the single-shot damage threshold, causes irreversible changes of thin a-C layers, which can be registered by both the AFM and the DIC microscopy. In the center of the damaged area, AFM shows a-C removal to a maximum depth of 0.3, 1.2, and 1.5 nm for 10-, 20- and 40-shot exposure, respectively. Raman microprobe analysis does not indicate any change in the structure of the remaining a-C material. The erosive behavior reported here contrasts with the material expansion observed earlier [L. Juha et al., Proc. SPIE 5917, 91 (2005)] on an a-C sample irradiated by a large number of femtosecond pulses of XUV high-order harmonics.
A broadband imaging system for research applications
Authors: Yefremenko V. , Gordiyenko E. , Shustakova G. , Fomenko Yu. , Datesman A. , Wang G. , Pearson J. , Cohen E. E. W. , Novosad V.
Published: May 2009

We have developed a compact, computer-piloted, high sensitivity broadband imaging system for laboratory research that is compatible with various detectors. Mirror optics allow application from the visible to the far infrared spectral range. A prototype tested in conjunction with a mercury cadmium telluride detector exhibits a peak detectivity of 6.7×1010 cm Hz1/2/W at a wavelength of 11.8 μm. Temperature and spatial resolutions of 0.06 K and 1.6 mrad, respectively, were demonstrated.
Structural study on the phase separation in Sm1−xCaxMnO3 (0.8≤x≤0.92)
Authors: Kim Bongju , Tong P. , Kwon Daeyoung , Wu Youngsoo , Ahn Jai Seok , Jeong Il-Kyoung , Kim Sung Baek , Cheong S-W. , Kim Bog G.
Published: May 2009

We have investigated the details of phase separation in the electron-doped manganites Sm1−xCaxMnO3 (0.8≤x≤0.92) by using temperature dependent x-ray diffraction. The lattice of the low-temperature orthorhombic phase is distorted to various extents according to the strength of the coexisting monoclinic phase. Meanwhile, the room-temperature lattice becomes more distorted due to the increasing Jahn–Teller active Mn3+ ions by Sm3+ doping. On the other hand, the substitution of Ca2+ with Sm3+ introduces the Mn3+–Mn4+ pairs, which favor the double exchange ferromagnetism. As a result of the competition between the lattice distortion and electron doping level, the modified phase diagram have been presented, including the high-temperature Griffiths phase and the ground state with competing multiphases.
Upconversion luminescence in Er-doped γ-AlON ceramic phosphors
Authors: Zhang F. , Wang S. W. , Liu X. J. , An L. Q. , Yuan X. Y.
Published: May 2009

γ -AlON : Er 3 + phosphors with different Er3+ concentration for upconversion luminescence were prepared by a combination of carbothermal reduction and nitridation and solid-state synthesis methods. The effect of Er3+ content on emission spectra was investigated. Under the excitation of 980 nm diode laser, green emission centered at 548 nm and red emission centered at 666 nm were observed, which are ascribed to the transition of S43/2/H211/2→I415/2 and F49/2→I415/2 of Er3+ ions, respectively. The pump power dependence indicates a two-photon process involved in the upconversion luminescence. The ratio of red emission relative to green emission was enhanced with the increase in Er3+ concentration. The possible mechanisms were discussed.
Fully printed silicon field effect transistors
Authors: Härting M. , Zhang J. , Gamota D. R. , Britton D. T.
Published: May 2009

This letter demonstrates the use of a traditional screen printing approach for the fabrication of silicon field effect transistors. Using purely additive patterning technologies at room temperature conditions, with no additional postprocessing steps, transistors have been produced on paper substrates that have performance characteristics comparable to amorphous silicon thin film transistors. Insulated gate field effect transistors employing n type silicon in the semiconductor layer operate in accumulation mode with effective carrier mobilities in the range 0.3 to 0.7 cm2 (V s)−1.
High sensitivity photoconductivity based measurement setup for the determination of effective recombination lifetime in silicon wafers
Authors: Cornagliotti E. , Kang X. , Beaucarne G. , John J. , Poortmans J. , Mertens R.
Published: May 2009

We describe a high sensitivity measurement setup for the determination of recombination parameters in semiconductors at low levels of carrier injection. The setup is based on a lock-in amplifier and on a commercially available contactless conductivity detector. The information on recombination is extracted through the analysis, assuming quasi-steady-state conditions, of the low frequency, sinusoidally modulated photoconductivity signal induced by the illumination of a 950 nm light emitting diode array. Experimental results show a substantial increase in sensitivity with respect to traditional transient or quasi-steady-state techniques based on the same detection principle. The sensitivity bonus can be exploited for the extension of the carrier injection range for which effective recombination lifetime is measurable, both in the case of p-type and n-type wafers.
Ion spectrometer composed of time-of-flight and Thomson parabola spectrometers for simultaneous characterization of laser-driven ions
Authors: Choi I. W. , Kim C. M. , Sung J. H. , Yu T. J. , Lee S. K. , Kim I. J. , Jin Y.-Y. , Jeong T. M. , Hafz N. , Pae K. H. , Noh Y.-C. , Ko D.-K. , Yogo A. , Pirozhkov A. S. , Ogura K. , Orimo S. , Sagisaka A. , Nishiuchi M. , Daito I. , Oishi Y. , Iwashita Y. , Nakamura S. , Nemoto K. , Noda A. , Daido H. , Lee J.
Published: May 2009

An ion spectrometer, composed of a time-of-flight spectrometer (TOFS) and a Thomson parabola spectrometer (TPS), has been developed to measure energy spectra and to analyze species of laser-driven ions. Two spectrometers can be operated simultaneously, thereby facilitate to compare the independently measured data and to combine advantages of each spectrometer. Real-time and shot-to-shot characterizations have been possible with the TOFS, and species of ions can be analyzed with the TPS. The two spectrometers show very good agreement of maximum proton energy even for a single laser shot. The composite ion spectrometer can provide two complementary spectra measured by TOFS with a large solid angle and TPS with a small one for the same ion source, which are useful to estimate precise total ion number and to investigate fine structure of energy spectrum at high energy depending on the detection position and solid angle. Advantage and comparison to other online measurement system, such as the TPS equipped with microchannel plate, are discussed in terms of overlay of ion species, high-repetition rate operation, detection solid angle, and detector characteristics of imaging plate.
Gaussian diffusion sphere model to predict mass transfer due to diffusional particle deposition on a flat surface in laminar flow regime
Authors: Yook Se-Jin , Ahn Kang-Ho
Published: May 2009

Gaussian diffusion sphere model (GDSM) was developed to predict mass transfer in a flow parallel to a flat surface in laminar flow regime. The GDSM is based on the prediction of deposition probability of particles by calculating the volume fraction of a sphere overlapping with the surface, where the distance a particle diffuses for a certain time within the sphere is statistically weighted by a Gaussian distribution with the standard deviation equal to the root-mean-square net displacement by Brownian motion. Mean mass transfer coefficient predicted by the GDSM agreed very well with that calculated by the laminar boundary layer theory.
The numerical condition of electron correlation theories when only active pairs of electrons are spin-unrestricted
Authors: Lawler Keith V. , Parkhill John A. , Head-Gordon Martin
Published: May 2009

The use of spin-unrestriction with high-quality correlation theory, such as coupled-cluster (CC) methods, is a common practice necessary to obtain high-quality potential energy surfaces. While this typically is a useful approach, we find that in the unrestricted limit of ROHF fragments (the unrestricted in active pair orbitals) the CC equations are singular if only the strongly correlated electrons are considered. Unstable amplitudes which do not represent the physics of the problem are easily found and could be unwittingly accepted without inspection. We use stability analysis and the condition number of the CC doubles Jacobian matrix to examine the problem, and present results for several molecular systems with a variety of unrestricted cluster models. Finally a regularization of the CC equations is proposed, using a dynamic penalty function, which allows us to apply CC, and Lagrangian gradient formulas even in the singular limit.
Atomic structure of Zr–Cu glassy alloys and detection of deviations from ideal solution behavior with Al addition by x-ray diffraction using synchrotron light in transmission
Authors: Georgarakis K. , Yavari A. R. , Louzguine-Luzgin D. V. , Antonowicz J. , Stoica M. , Li Y. , Satta M. , LeMoulec A. , Vaughan G. , Inoue A.
Published: May 2009

The atomic structure of Zr–Cu binary amorphous alloys was studied using real space pair distribution functions derived from x-ray diffraction. The structure can be modeled by an ideal solution approximation because of relatively weak Cu–Zr atomic interactions. Addition of Al to Zr–Cu metallic glasses modifies the atomic structure in the short and medium range order because of the strongly attractive interaction between Al and Zr atoms. These interactions generate strong deviations from the ideal solution behavior.
Tomography of fluctuating biological interfaces using defocusing microscopy
Authors: Glionna G. , Oliveira C. K. , Siman L. G. , Moyses H. W. , Prado D. M. U. , Monken C. H. , Mesquita O. N.
Published: May 2009

We show that a bright-field defocused microscope is effectively a phase-contrast microscope, but with advantages over the conventional one and maintaining the same optical resolution. In a multilayered transparent object, the height amplitude (static and dynamic) of each interface can be measured separately with nanometer sensitivity. By scanning the position of the objective focal plane in relation to the surfaces of a red blood cell, we obtain quantitative information on height fluctuations from each surface individually, which can be analyzed with our model of a defocused microscope and compared with theoretical models.
Hydrodynamic modeling of optically excited terahertz plasma oscillations in nanometric field effect transistors
Authors: Marinchio H. , Sabatini G. , Palermo C. , Pousset J. , Torres J. , Chusseau L. , Varani L. , Shiktorov P. , Starikov E. , Gružinskis V.
Published: May 2009

We present a hydrodynamic model to simulate the excitation by optical beating of plasma waves in nanometric field effect transistors. The biasing conditions are whatever possible from Ohmic to saturation conditions. The model provides a direct calculation of the time-dependent voltage response of the transistors, which can be separated into an average and a harmonic component. These quantities are interpreted by generalizing the concepts of plasma transit time and wave increment to the case of nonuniform channels. The possibilities to tune and to optimize the plasma resonance at room temperature by varying the drain voltage are demonstrated.
Al
0.83
In
0.17
N
lattice-matched to GaN used as an optical blocking layer in GaN-based edge emitting lasers
Authors: Castiglia A. , Feltin E. , Cosendey G. , Altoukhov A. , Carlin J.-F. , Butté R. , Grandjean N.
Published: May 2009

Nitride-based blue laser diode structures with either Al0.83In0.17N/Al0.07Ga0.93N or Al0.87In0.13N bottom claddings have been fabricated and compared to standard structures including solely Al0.07Ga0.93N bottom claddings. Lasing emission at 415 nm is achieved in gain-guided structures at room temperature under pulsed current injection. Devices including the Al0.83In0.17N/Al0.07Ga0.93N bottom cladding exhibit superior device performance. This is a consequence of a better optical mode confinement, as expected from modeling.
Room temperature photocurrent spectroscopy of single zincblende and wurtzite InP nanowires
Authors: Maharjan A. , Pemasiri K. , Kumar P. , Wade A. , Smith L. M. , Jackson H. E. , Yarrison-Rice J. M. , Kogan A. , Paiman S. , Gao Q. , Tan H. H. , Jagadish C.
Published: May 2009

Simple photolithographic techniques are used to fabricate single InP nanowire devices with back-to-back Schottky barriers. Direct imaging of the photoresponse shows that the active regions of the device are spatially localized near the reverse-biased Schottky barrier. By tuning the laser excitation energy from below to well above the energy gap, photocurrent spectroscopy can illuminate the zincblende or wurtzite nature of the nanowire device even at room temperature.
Enhanced photoluminescence of heavily n-doped germanium
Authors: El Kurdi M. , Kociniewski T. , Ngo T.-P. , Boulmer J. , Débarre D. , Boucaud P. , Damlencourt J. F. , Kermarrec O. , Bensahel D.
Published: May 2009

We show that a significant enhancement of the direct band gap photoluminescence can be achieved at room temperature in bulk Ge and Ge-on-insulator heavily n-doped by gas immersion laser doping. The photoluminescence signal from bulk Ge and Ge-on-insulator increases with the donor concentration. An enhancement factor of 20 as compared to the undoped material is achieved near the 1550 nm wavelength for active dopant concentrations around 5×1019 cm−3. These results are supported by calculations of the Ge spontaneous emission spectrum taking into account the doping effect on the electron distribution in the direct and indirect conduction band valleys.
Analysis of strain fields in silicon nanocrystals
Authors: Yılmaz Dündar E. , Bulutay Ceyhun , Çağın Tahir
Published: May 2009

Strain has a crucial effect on the optical and electronic properties of nanostructures. We calculate the atomistic strain distribution in silicon nanocrystals up to a diameter of 3.2 nm embedded in an amorphous silicon dioxide matrix. A seemingly conflicting picture arises when the strain field is expressed in terms of bond lengths versus volumetric strain. The strain profile in either case shows uniform behavior in the core, however, it becomes nonuniform within 2–3 Å distance to the nanocrystal surface: tensile for bond lengths whereas compressive for volumetric strain. We reconcile their coexistence by an atomistic strain analysis.
Phenomenological local field enhancement factor distributions around electromagnetic hot spots
Authors: Le Ru E. C. , Etchegoin P. G.
Published: May 2009

We propose a general phenomenological description of the enhancement factor distribution for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and other related phenomena exploiting large local field enhancements at hot spots. This description extends naturally the particular case of a single (fixed) hot spot, and it is expected to be “universal” for many classes of common SERS substrates containing a collection of electromagnetic hot spots with varying geometrical parameters. We further justify it from calculations with generalized Mie theory. The description studied here provides a useful starting point for a qualitative (and semiquantitative) understanding of experimental data and, in particular, the analysis of the statistics of single-molecule SERS events.
Microhydration effects on a model SN2 reaction in a nonpolar solvent
Authors: Nelson Katherine V. , Benjamin Ilan
Published: May 2009

Using a recently developed empirical valence bond model for the nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2) in solution, we examine microhydration effects on the benchmark Cl−+CH3Cl reaction in liquid chloroform. Specifically, the effect of the hydration of the reactive system by one to five water molecules on the reaction-free energy profile and the rate constant is examined. We find that the activation-free energy is highly sensitive to the number of water molecules hydrating the nucleophile, increasing the barrier by about 4 kcal/mol by the first water molecule. With five water molecules, the barrier height is 10 kcal/mol larger than the barrier in bulk chloroform and only 3 kcal/mol below the barrier in bulk water. A number of properties vary monotonically with the number of water molecules, including the rate of change in the system’s electronic structure and the solvent stabilization of the transition state. These and other properties are a rapidly varying function of the reaction coordinate. Deviation from transition state theory due to barrier recrossing is not large and falls between the behavior in bulk water and bulk chloroform.
The transport properties of boron nanostructures
Authors: Li G. Q.
Published: May 2009

The transport properties of devices made from boron nanoribbons with different sizes and sandwiched between metallic electrodes are investigated. The boron nanoribbons are constructed from the stable boron sheet. In general the transport properties of the different sizes differ from each other. In particular, the transport properties of the boron ribbons show strong dependence on their width and the gap of peak is inversely proportional to its width. As a consequence the I-V characteristics are rather different in the different sizes and the wider boron ribbon greatly enhances the conductance through the device.
Pattern induced phase transition of vortex motion in high-Tc films
Authors: Wördenweber R. , Hollmann E. , Schubert J. , Kutzner R. , Ghosh Ajay Kumar
Published: May 2009

A micropattern induced transition in the mechanism of vortex motion and vortex mobility is demonstrated for high-Tc films. The competition between the anomalous Hall effect and the guidance of vortices by rows of microholes (antidots) leads to a sudden change in the direction of vortex motion that is accompanied by a change of the critical current density and microwave losses. The latter demonstrates the difference in vortex mobility in the different phases of vortex motion in between and within the rows of antidots.
Changes in mortality following HIV and AIDS and estimation of the number of people living with diagnosed HIV/AIDS in Australia, 1981 - 2003
Authors: Nakhaee Fatemeh , Black Deborah , Wand Handan , McDonald Ann , Law Matthew
Published: May 2009

Objective: To investigate changes in mortality following HIV and AIDS in Australia. Methods: The results of a linkage between HIV/AIDS diagnoses and the National Death Index (NDI) to the end of 2003 were used to estimate mortality rates following HIV/AIDS. Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were calculated for deaths following HIV, with and without AIDS, in three periods of treatment; before antiretroviral therapy (≤1989), pre- and early-HAART (1990–1996) and HAART (1997–2003). Crude mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 1000 person-years. The total number of people living with HIV/AIDS was estimated. Results: There were 1789 deaths following HIV without AIDS and 6730 deaths after AIDS. For deaths following HIV without AIDS, the SMRs were 2.99, 1.22 and 1.6 during the periods before 1990, 1990–1996 and 1997–2003. For deaths after AIDS the SMRs were 137.84, 28.64 and 4.55 in the periods one to three, respectively. The crude death rate following HIV without AIDS increased from 16.8 before 1986 to 19.6 in 2003. Death rates after AIDS decreased from 958.7 up to 1986 to 60.4 in 2003. The number of new HIV diagnoses increased to 1276 in 1990 then decreased to 780 in 2003, while AIDS diagnoses increased to 950 in 1994 then decreased to 252 in 2003. The total number of people living with HIV was estimated to be 7873 in 1989, and 12828 in 2003. Conclusion: Mortality following AIDS decreased while deaths before AIDS remained low. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has increased.
Endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with a horseshoe kidney and graft thrombosis in early follow-up
Authors: Brechtel K. , Kalender G. , Heller S. , Schmehl J. , Stock U. , Scheule A. M. , Claussen C. D. , Tepe G.
Published: May 2009

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a well-established alternative to open surgery. The presented case underwent endovascular therapy of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with the anatomical prerequisite of a horseshoe kidney. We describe the technique used, including the embolization of aortic side branches, to avoid endoleaks, and the management of thrombotic complications during follow-up.
The Cerebral Cortex and Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a brief summary of the evidence regarding functional specialization of the cortex. It then reviews the role of experience in shaping the responses of neurons in various cortical areas. There are striking commonalities in the forms of plasticity observed across cortical areas and among different types of experiential modifications. These commonalities provide the basis for the subsequent outline of general rules for how memories are represented in the cortex and, more specifically, how memory is embedded in the various networks, a fundamental part of these networks in operation.
A Brain System for Procedural Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard
Published: May 2009

Researchers have divided procedural memory into two general types. One type involves the acquisition of habits and skills, the capacity for a very broad variety of stereotyped and unconscious behavioral repertoires. The other type of procedural memory involves specific sensory-to-motor adaptations, that is, adjustments of reflexes, such as changing the force exerted to compensate for a new load, or acquisition of conditioned reflexes that involve novel motor responses to a new sensory contingency. This chapter analyzes the brain systems that support these two types of unconscious learning. It shows that procedural learning is mediated by a complex circuitry involving the motor cortical areas and two main subcortical loops, one through the striatum and another through the cerebellum.
Drinking
Authors: Rowland Neil E.
Published: May 2009

This chapter is organized around a construct of hydromineral homeostasis and focuses on water and mineral consumption in rats. It provides a brief overview of the main body fluid compartments, of how fluids are gained and lost by those compartments, and of relevant neural and hormonal signals. The test environment and sodium preference and appetite are also discussed.
Foraging
Authors: Whishaw Ian Q.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses foraging behavior in rats. It describes eating behavior, food protection and theft, food carrying, and some aspects of their neural control. The rich array of behaviors related to food handling in the rat provides a challenge to investigators of the neural control of behavior. Eating behavior can also be a useful measure in a wide range of studies, including those related to addiction, eating disorders, individual differences, and spatial and temporal behavior.
Stress
Authors: Koolhaas Jaap M. , de Boer Sietse F. , Buwalda Bauke
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines stress models in the rat using the biology of the rat and its natural defense mechanisms as a starting point. It focuses on tests that explore the capacity of rats to cope with ecologically relevant problems. Stress models challenge the natural defense mechanisms and hence call on the adaptive capacity of the animal. However, rather than pushing the animal toward a stress physiological ceiling, it might be far more informative to explore the natural factors that determine and modulate the individual adaptive capacity. These factors include not only perinatal and adult (social) experience but also factors that affect the speed of recovery after a stressor.
Play and Fighting
Authors: Pellis Sergio M. , Pellis Vivien C.
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines play and fighting behavior in rats. It begins with a discussion of serious fighting of adults, which is then contrasted with the playful fighting of juveniles. It shows that serious and playful fighting are distinct behaviors in rats, with play derived from sex, not aggression. Rats have modified the sexual content of play fighting and have co-opted its use in adulthood for quasi-aggressive purposes.
Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Metz Gerlinde A. , Kolb Bryan , Whishaw Ian Q.
Published: May 2009

This chapter provides an overview of the seven main categories of behavioral assessment and describes some individual tests of behaviors in each category. It is broken into seven sections that provide overviews on a selection of behavioral tests useful in assessing that behavioral category. Representative references are provided for each test, but the reader is directed to specific chapters earlier in the book for more extensive reference lists. The test descriptions are intended to present a summary of a given test procedure rather than presenting the apparatus and procedural details; these can be obtained in cited methods references.
1 Asia and the Future of Capital Punishment
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E.
Published: May 2009

This introductory chapter explains why this is a critical time for the death penalty in Asia and why Asia will be so significant in determining the future course of the death penalty worldwide. The first section provides a short review of the history of death penalty policy since the end of World War II; it focuses on western Europe, which has been the center of a two-stage change in death penalty practice and theory: first capital punishment was abolished, then the stated reasons for concern about state execution were transformed from criminal justice questions into basic principles about limiting the power of governments to ignore the interests of any of their citizens. The second section outlines some of the unanswered questions that remain about the death penalty. The most fundamental open question is how far the European-led campaign to end execution will go. The third and final section shows why Asia is a critical proving ground for theories about capital punishment and for claims about the future of death as a criminal sanction.
4 A Lesson Learned?
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E.
Published: May 2009

After a brief history of capital punishment through the Marcos era, this chapter describes and explains the two Philippine abolitions and some of the other major death penalty developments that have occurred since Marcos was driven into exile and democratization began in this nation. Several themes are prominent, including volatility in death penalty policy and ambivalence about its usage, the high salience of capital punishment in the Philippine polity, the influence of the Catholic Church and of transnational flows of money and ideology, the European-like nature of the first abolition, the “developmentally precocious” nature and timing of the second abolition, and the high frequency of extrajudicial killing. At the end of this story the question remains whether the second abolition has permanently ended the battle over capital punishment in the Philippines or whether it is just one milepost on a journey that the Philippine death penalty will continue to travel. Although some observers believe capital punishment could be revived again, that seems unlikely, not least because the death penalty that was imagined at the time of restoration in 1994 turned out to be very different from the death penalty that was actually delivered.
9 The Pace of Change
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E.
Published: May 2009

On current evidence, the abolition of capital punishment in Asia is not a question of “if” but of “when,” and the critical issues concern the pace and processes of change rather than the direction changes will take or their eventual end point. That said, a large margin of error accompanies efforts to guess the rate at which Asian capital punishment will change. Should we think in terms of a few years, a few decades, or a few centuries? What are the leading indicators of the cessation of executions? And what contingencies could slow the process? These are the central concerns of this concluding chapter.
The Effect of Treaties on Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Sauvant Karl P. , Sachs Lisa E.
Published: May 2009

In recent years, the treaties and strategies promoting global investment have changed dramatically. The widespread liberalization of economic policy has effectively spurred an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI). By encouraging foreign investors to enter international markets, many countries are witnessing exponential growth within their economies and local industries. The surge of FDI not only brings capital for emerging or growing industries, but it is also capable of boosting the country's economy by creating greater access to financing, more job opportunities, and potential knowledge and technology spillovers. The basic purpose of concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double taxation treaties (DTTs) is to signal to investors that investments will be legally protected under international law in case of political turmoil and to mitigate the possibility of double taxation of foreign entities. But the actual effect of BITs and DTTs on the flows of foreign direct investment is debatable. This book assesses the performance of these treaties, and presents the most recent literature on BITs and DTTs and their impact on foreign investments.
The Framework of Investment Protection: The Content of BITs
Authors: Muchlinski Peter
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents an overview of the most common provisions found in International Investment Agreements (IIAs), focusing on bilateral investment treaties (BITs), as they represent the most common type of IIA. These provisions include the preamble, provisions defining the scope of application of the treaty, standards of treatment, and dispute settlement clauses.
Explaining the Popularity of Bilateral Investment Treaties
Authors: Guzman Andrew T.
Published: May 2009

This chapter looks at why BITs have become the preferred method for governing the relationship between foreign investors and host governments in developing countries. It offers a novel explanation of why developing states fought aggressively against the former rule of “prompt, adequate, and effective” compensation for expropriation and in favor of a more lenient standard, and yet contemporaneously flocked to sign treaties that offer investors much greater protection than did the old rule of customary international law. It shows that although an individual country has a strong incentive to negotiate with and offer concessions to potential investors—thereby making itself a more attractive location relative to other potential hosts—developing countries as a group are likely to benefit from forcing investors to enter contracts with host countries that cannot be enforced in an international forum, thereby giving the host a much greater ability to extract value from the investment. The chapter offers a comprehensive explanation for the behavior of developing countries and assesses the desirability of BITs. It discusses the welfare implications of BITs as compared to the “appropriate compensation” standard that developing countries have advocated at the UN. It demonstrates that although BITs increase global efficiency, they likely reduce the overall welfare of developing countries. Finally, the chapter discusses the impact of BITs on customary international law.
The Effects of Bilateral Tax Treaties on U.S. FDI Activity
Authors: Blonigen Bruce A. , Davies Ronald B.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the first estimates of the effects of bilateral treaties governing the taxation of foreign direct investment (FDI) on bilateral FDI activity. The chapter proceeds as follows. Section A discusses U.S. tax treaties including their history, how they are formed, and their key functions. Section B presents empirical methodology and data. Section C presents results and the last section concludes. There is no systematic evidence that bilateral tax treaties affect FDI activity, despite statements by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and other sources that such agreements are meant to increase the efficiency of world capital flows. Instead, the results suggest that either the provisions of a treaty have no effect, or the positive and negative aspects of treaty formation largely cancel one another.
Do Double Taxation Treaties Increase Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries?
Authors: Neumayer Eric
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines whether double taxation treaties (DTTs) attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries. It begins by describing the importance of foreign investment to developing countries and illustrates the growth of DTTs. It then reviews the existing empirical studies, presents the research design, and reports results. The final section concludes with the finding that DTTs are effective in attracting FDI, but only in the group of middle-, not low-, income developing countries.
Evaluation of Foliar Sprays of Bacteriophages for the Management of Bacterial Canker in Greenhouse Tomatoes
Authors: Ingram David M. , Lu Shi-En
Published: May 2009

AgriPhage applied as a preventative foliar spray significantly reduced severity of bacterial canker of greenhouse tomato in two of three years. Area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) indicated that AgriPhage slowed the progression of bacterial canker symptom development by 50% and 59% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Plant mortality was significantly reduced by 76% in 2006 as compared to the inoculated control. AgriPhage-treated plants produced significantly greater total yield in 2006 only. Copper and Kasumin sprays also significantly reduced severity (AUDPC) of bacterial canker in 2007 as compared to the inoculated control. However, none of these treatments reduced symptom development or increased yield in 2008.

Accepted for publication 9 April 2009. Published 12 May 2009.
Isolated Liver Transplant in Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome: Insights Into Outcomes and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Dell‐Olio D , Beath SV , de Ville de Goyet J , Clarke S , Davies P , Lloyd C , Protheroe S , Millar AJW , Kelly DA , Gupte GL
Published: May 2009

Objective:

Selected infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS) and progressive intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) may benefit from isolated liver transplantation (iLTx). The aim of the study is to identify risk factors for unfavourable outcome in iLTx.

Patients and Methods:

A retrospective review of medical records from 1998 to 2005 was undertaken. Risk factors were assessed by comparing long‐term survivors with those who died after iLTx.

Results:

Fifteen iLTx were performed in 14 infants with IFALD. All were parenteral nutrition (PN) dependent, but had tolerated enterally 54% (38–100) of energy intake before iLTx. Median residual bowel was 60 cm (30–200). Eight out of 14 had intact ileocaecal valve (ICV). Median bilirubin was 298 μmol/L (87–715) and all had portal hypertension. Eight out of 9 survivors were weaned from PN after median 15 months. In 4 out of 9 children, nontransplant surgery after iLTx facilitated intestinal adaptation. Growth velocity had improved at 3 years after iLTx (P = 0.001). Five children who died had poor enteral tolerance following iLTx (P < 0.002), which correlated with pretransplant dysmotility seen in 4 out of 5 children shown by contrast studies (P = 0.02) and increased frequency of line infections before (>6/year P < 0.04) and after (P < 0.001) iLTx.

Conclusions:

Isolated liver transplantation is a lifesaving option for selected children with SBS and IFALD. Revised criteria are proposed: progressive IFALD; 50 cm functional bowel in absence of ICV or 30 cm with ICV; 50% daily energy intake tolerated enterally for 4 weeks with satisfactory growth; and children with dysmotile bowel should be assessed for combined liver/bowel transplant unless the dysmotility is resolved and associated with minimal line infections.
Improved performance control on the Grid
Authors: Tellier M.E. , Riley G.D. , Freeman T.L.
Published: May 2009

In the 2005 paper by Mayes
et al
., a threshold-based performance control system (PerCo) was described and an initial experimental evaluation was presented. The objective of the current paper is to investigate the role of the threshold value in PerCo and to place the threshold-based rescheduling heuristic on a more principled footing. Simulation enables us to identify the ‘optimal’ threshold value for a particular application scenario, and we show that this optimal value results in a 10 per cent improvement in performance for the application considered by Mayes
et al
. Furthermore, we find that the execution time of this optimal threshold-based schedule is very close (within 0.5%) to the execution time that results from a linear programming optimal schedule.
Louisiana: a model for advancing regional e-Research through cyberinfrastructure
Authors: Katz Daniel S. , Allen Gabrielle , Cortez Ricardo , Cruz-Neira Carolina , Gottumukkala Raju , Greenwood Zeno D. , Guice Les , Jha Shantenu , Kolluru Ramesh , Kosar Tevfik , Leger Lonnie , Liu Honggao , McMahon Charlie , Nabrzyski Jarek , Rodriguez-Milla Bety , Seidel Ed , Speyrer Greg , Stubblefield Michael , Voss Brian , Whittenburg Scott
Published: May 2009

Louisiana researchers and universities are leading a concentrated, collaborative effort to advance statewide e-Research through a new cyberinfrastructure: computing systems, data storage systems, advanced instruments and data repositories, visualization environments and people, all linked together by software programs and high-performance networks. This effort has led to a set of interlinked projects that have started making a significant difference in the state, and has created an environment that encourages increased collaboration, leading to new e-Research. This paper describes the overall effort, the new projects and environment and the results to date.
Integrating Open Grid Services Architecture Data Access and Integration with computational Grid workflows
Authors: Kukla Tamas , Kiss Tamas , Kacsuk Peter , Terstyanszky Gabor
Published: May 2009

Although many scientific applications rely on data stored in databases, most workflow management systems are not capable of establishing database connections during workflow execution. For this reason, e-Scientists have to use different tools before workflow submission to access their datasets and gather the required data on which they want to carry out computational experiments. Open Grid Services Architecture Data Access and Integration (OGSA-DAI) is a good candidate to use as middleware providing access to several structured and semi-structured database products through Web/Grid services. The integration technique and its reference implementation described in this paper enable e-Scientists to reach databases via OGSA-DAI within their scientific workflows at run-time and give a general solution that can be adopted by any workflow management system.
Novel submission modes for tightly coupled jobs across distributed resources for reduced time-to-solution
Authors: Chakraborty Promita , Jha Shantenu , Katz Daniel S.
Published: May 2009

The problems of scheduling a single parallel job across a large-scale distributed system are well known and surprisingly difficult to solve. In addition, because of the issues involved in distributed submission, such as co-reserving resources, and managing accounts and certificates simultaneously on multiple machines, etc., the vast number of high-performance computing (HPC) application users have been happy to remain restricted to submitting jobs to single machines. Meanwhile, the need to simulate larger and more complex physical systems continues to grow, with a concomitant increase in the number of cores required to solve the resulting scientific problems. One might reduce the demand on load per machine, and eventually the wait-time in queue, by decomposing the problem to use two resources in such circumstances, even though there might be a reduction in the peak performance. This motivates a question. Can otherwise monolithic jobs running on single resources be distributed over more than one machine such that there is an overall reduction in the time-to-solution? In this paper, we briefly discuss the development and performance of a parallel molecular dynamics code and its generalization to work on multiple distributed machines (using MPICH-G2). We benchmark and validate the performance of our simulations over multiple input datasets of varying sizes. The primary aim of this work, however, is to show that the time-to-solution can be reduced by sacrificing some peak performance and distributing over multiple machines.
The assembly and disassembly of ecological networks
Authors: Bascompte Jordi , Stouffer Daniel B.
Published: May 2009

Global change has created a severe biodiversity crisis. Species are driven extinct at an increasing rate, and this has the potential to cause further coextinction cascades. The rate and shape of these coextinction cascades depend very much on the structure of the networks of interactions across species. Understanding network structure and how it relates to network disassembly, therefore, is a priority for system-level conservation biology. This process of network collapse may indeed be related to the process of network build-up, although very little is known about both processes and even less about their relationship. Here we review recent work that provides some preliminary answers to these questions. First, we focus on network assembly by emphasizing temporal processes at the species level, as well as the structural building blocks of complex ecological networks. Second, we focus on network disassembly as a consequence of species extinctions or habitat loss. We conclude by emphasizing some general rules of thumb that can help in building a comprehensive framework to understand the responses of ecological networks to global change.