bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
14. Industrial Designs
Authors: Aplin Tanya , Davis Jennifer
Published: October 2021

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses design protection in the UK and EU and the impact of the UK’s departure from the EU on this protection. In particular, it traces the history of industrial design protection before turning to examine in detail the registered designs and unregistered design right systems. The chapter also analyses the relationship between copyright and industrial designs, the tensions that arise from this interrelationship, and how this interface will be regulated in future under UK law.
Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

Cases & Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law is an invaluable resource. Extracts have been chosen from a wide range of historical and contemporary cases and materials to illustrate the reasoning processes of the courts and to show how legal principles are developed. The extracts from the leading cases in the field are combined with legal, political, and philosophical materials and linked together with explanatory text, alongside extensive notes and questions for discussion. The book takes a critical look at the main doctrines of constitutional law as well as the principles of administrative law, examining the operation of the constitution in relation to Parliament, the government, and the citizen. Incisive commentary throughout the text provides explanation and analysis of the key issues and challenges in constitutional and administrative law. The thirteenth edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in legislation, case law, and politics, including the process and implications of exiting the EU, and the UK’s new post-Brexit legal arrangements; continuing change and challenges to the devolution settlement in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland; major Supreme Court decisions in Miller (No.2) / Cherry, UNISON, the Scottish Continuity Bill Reference, and Privacy International; new developments in relation to ministerial responsibility and parliamentary accountability (including the impact of the coronavirus pandemic); proposed repeal of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011; and discussion of proposals for reforms of judicial review and tribunal appeal processes, as well as proposed reform of ombudsmen. This text continues to provide instant access to an unrivalled collection of up-to-date judgments, statutory provisions, official publications, and other policy materials.
3. The Rule of Law
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the constitutional principle of the rule of law. First the concept of the rule of law is introduced, including discussion and criticisms of Dicey’s understanding of the principle. The difference between formal and substantive understandings of the rule of law is explored, then the chapter examines the rule of law as a broad political doctrine requiring law to be clear and prospective. Finally, the chapter uses in depth analysis of case law to explain the idea of government according to law in the UK: it examines the need for legal authority for official acts, the principle of legality, and the rule of law as a substantive constitutional principle.
5. The Royal Prerogative and Constitutional Conventions
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

This chapter reviews the royal prerogative and constitutional conventions, and the relationship between these two sources of constitutional rules. The first section identifies the various types of prerogative power and explores recent examples where these such powers have been placed on a statutory basis, as well as proposals to reverse this process, such as by repealing the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 and reviving the royal prerogative. It also examines attempts to codify constitutional practice, including the Crown’s personal prerogative of the appointment of the Prime Minister in the Cabinet Manual, and the interaction between prerogative and statute in the courts. The second section of the chapter explores constitutional conventions as a source of the constitution, their relationship with law, and their nature as rules of political behaviour. It considers the treatment of conventions in the courts, whether they can obtain legal force, and the feasibility and desirability of codifying conventions. The important connections between the royal prerogative and constitutional conventions are analysed at various points throughout the chapter.
8. Devolution
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on devolution. The nature of the asymmetrical devolution of legislative and executive power to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland is outlined, along with the position in England, with the ongoing change to these arrangements analysed. Some issues related to devolution which have been raised in the UK courts are then considered, with the chapter using a range of examples in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to discuss the extent to which the devolution settlement is dynamic and continuing to change. It concludes by exploring the impact of Brexit on devolution in particular.
9. Human Rights
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

This chapter deals with the area of human rights. It first considers the former position on human rights in the UK, then the European Convention on Human Rights and its incorporation into domestic law by the Human Rights Act 1998. The chapter explores the extent to which human rights law applies to private bodies performing public functions, how it affects the interpretation of legislation, when courts may find legislation compatible with Convention rights and when they may issue a declaration of incompatibility, and examines the adoption and the application of the proportionality test.
10. Judicial Review: The Grounds
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

This chapter introduces the nature and constitutional role of judicial review. It then examines the various grounds of review, which have been placed in three classes: illegality, procedural impropriety, and irrationality. The chapter also discusses the substantive aspect of legitimate expectations and the relationship between irrationality and proportionality in pure domestic law.
12. Ombudsmen
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the institution of the ombudsman, its origins, the conditions of access and the jurisdiction of the parliamentary, health service and local government ombudsmen and the key ideas of maladministration and injustice. It also reviews how ombudsmen handle and resolve complaints and seek improvements by public bodies in their handling of complaints, and the learning of lessons, as well as considering the outcome of investigations and remedies recommended by the ombudsman. Finally, the chapter discusses the process developed by the ombudsmen in dealing with complainants dissatisfied with the service they have received and how the courts deal with the judicial reviews brought against ombudsmen by complainants. Note is also made of the research on judicial reviews brought against these ombudsmen.
Left ventricular assist device implants in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: do we need cardiopulmonary bypass?
Authors: Pappalardo Federico , Potapov Evgenij , Loforte Antonio , Morshuis Michiel , Schibilsky David , Zimpfer Daniel , Riebandt Julia , Etz Christian , Attisani Matteo , Rinaldi Mauro , Haneya Assad , Ramjankhan Faiz , Donker Dirk , Jorde Ulrich P , Lewin Daniel , Wieloch Radi , Ayala Rafael , Cremer Jochen , Bertoldi Letizia , Borger Michael , Lichtenberg Artur , Gummert Jan , Saeed Diyar ,   the Durable MCS after ECLS study group
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES

Implanting a durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in a patient on extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is challenging. The goal of this study was to compare the results of patients from a European registry who had a durable LVAD implanted with or without transition from ECLS to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

METHODS

A total of 531 patients on ECLS support who had an LVAD implant between January 2010 and August 2018 were analysed; after 1:1 propensity score matching, we identified and compared 175 patients in each group.

RESULTS

The duration of preoperative ECLS was 7 [standard deviation (SD) 6] vs 7 (SD 6) days in patients with or without CPB (P = 0.984). The surgical time was longer in the CPB group [285 (SD 72) vs 209 [SD 75] min; P ≤ 0.001). The postoperative chest tube output was comparable [1513 (SD 1311) vs 1390 (SD 1121) ml; P = 0.3]. However, re-exploration for bleeding was necessary in 41% vs 29% of patients with or without CPB (P = 0.01) and a significantly higher number of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma [8 (SD 8) vs 6 (SD 4) units; P = 0.001 and 6 (SD 7) vs 5 (SD 5) units; P = 0.03] were administered to patients operated on with CPB. A postoperative mechanical right ventricular support device was necessary in 50% vs 41% of patients (P = 0.08). The stroke rate was not significantly different (P 0.99). No difference in survival was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Omitting CPB for an LVAD implant in patients on ECLS is safe and results in shorter operating time, less re-exploration for bleeding and fewer blood products. However, no survival benefit is observed.
Did primary spontaneous pneumomediastinum risk factor alter in the period of COVID-19 pandemia?
Authors: Aker Cemal , Sezen Celal Buğra , Sezen Ayşegül İnci , Doğru Mustafa Vedat , Özbek Merve , Metin Muzaffer , Cansever Levent , Bedirhan Mehmet Ali
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we aimed to establish risk factors for primary spontaneous pneumomediastinum associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reveal those which are significant.

METHODS

The study included 62 patients with primary spontaneous pneumomediastinum who presented to our hospital between 11 March 2020, the date of the first-reported COVID-19 case in our country, and 3 January 2021. Of these, 14 patients (22.6%) had COVID-19 and 48 patients (77.4%) did not have COVID-19.

RESULTS

Of the 62 patients included in the study, 41 (66.1%) were male and 21 (33.9%) were female. The mean age was 28.90 ± 16.86 (range, 16–84) years. The most common symptom at admission was chest pain (54.8%). The mean age of the patients with COVID-19 was 39.35 ± 23.04 years and that of the patients without COVID-19 was 25.85 ± 13.45 years (P < 0.001). In receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve for age was 0.785 (95% confidence interval: 0.648–0.922) and the optimal cut-off value was 24 years for COVID-19-positive patients. The highest sensitivity and specificity values were 0.857 and 0.729. Twelve (85.79%) of the COVID-19-positive primary spontaneous pneumomediastinum patients were aged 24 years or older (P < 0.001). Five patients (8.1%) had positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction test but no abnormal findings on computed tomography.

CONCLUSIONS

Having an age of more than 24 years was associated with a higher prevalence of pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 patients and emerged as an important risk factor. Multicentre studies with more cases are needed to determine whether pneumomediastinum is associated with additional other risk factors related to COVID-19.
How Did Environmental Governance Become Complex? Understanding Mutualism Between Environmental NGOs and International Organizations
Authors: Green Jessica F , Hadden Jennifer
Published: October 2021

Recent international relations scholarship has adopted the perspective of organizational ecology (OE) to explore a range of questions related to organizational emergence, strategy, and death. These studies draw attention to organizational competition as the mechanism underpinning important transformations in global governance. We argue that existing work in IR that uses OE has overlooked the importance of another strand of sociological theory that focuses on dynamics of mutualism between organizations. We illustrate the importance of mutualism by focusing on a crucial case: the evolution of different “populations” of organizations working in environmental governance during its critical 1970–1990 period. Our analysis demonstrates that as the environmental consciousness of the 1970s took hold, international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) increasingly captured new resources and stimulated new attention to the issue. Rather than viewing these new actors as competition, existing international organizations (IOs) sought to incorporate and legitimate INGOs, promoting their growth. And in turn, INGOs sought to support and legitimate the activities of the existing IOs, promoting growth of Secretariats and treaties. Our account offers an important organizational-level story that shows that dynamics of mutualism help account for the increased complexity of global governance.
Cellular senescence and its impact on the circadian clock
Authors: Ahmed Rezwana , Reza Hasan Mahmud , Shinohara Kazuyuki , Nakahata Yasukazu
Published: October 2021

Ageing is one of the greatest risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases, and cellular senescence is one of the major causes of ageing and age-related diseases. The persistent presence of senescent cells in late life seems to cause disarray in a tissue-specific manner. Ageing disrupts the circadian clock system, which results in the development of many age-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiac diseases and sleep disorders and an increased susceptibility to infections. In this review, we first discuss cellular senescence and some of its basic characteristics and detrimental roles. Then, we discuss a relatively unexplored topic on the link between cellular senescence and the circadian clock and attempt to determine whether cellular senescence could be the underlying factor for circadian clock disruption.
Property Inheritance, Deferred Reference and Copredication
Authors: Gotham Matthew
Published: October 2021

There are sentences that are coherent and possibly true, but in which there is at the very least the appearance of a conflict between the requirements of two (or more) predicates that are applied to the same argument. This phenomenon, known as copredication, raises various issues for linguistic theory. In this paper I defend and develop an approach to the issues of counting and individuation in copredication put forward in previous work, in dialogue with criticisms made by Liebesman & Magidor and their own positive account of copredication.
Defining the Family of Washington: Meaning, Blood, and Power in the New American Nation
Authors: Good Cassandra
Published: October 2021

This article examines the many meanings of family that George Washington deployed throughout his life, with particular attention to his claim to having “no family.” Drawing on kinship theory, historiography, and Washington’s writings, it situates his varied understandings of family in the context of Anglo-American notions of inheritance law, lineage, and blood. Washington’s and his fellow Americans’ definitions of family were also intimately tied to the political ideals of a new republic hoping to sever family from government power. Careful analysis of the family as an ever-changing and situational process in Washington’s life provides a model for an alternative way of approaching family history.
What explains immigrant–native gaps in European labor markets: The role of institutions
Authors: Guzi Martin , Kahanec Martin , Kureková Lucia Mýtna
Published: October 2021

The understanding of how institutional and policy contexts affect immigrant integration is essential for any effort to foster a sustainable and effective migration and integration policy framework. Immigrant–native labor market gaps may arise not only due to differences in human capital or other socio-economic and demographic characteristics, but also due to differentiated impacts of institutions and policies on otherwise similar immigrants and natives. Different integration policy approaches are needed to close the gaps arising through these different mechanisms. This article exploits the variation across Europe to study the institutional and policy determinants of immigrant–native gaps in host labor markets. Using the EU Labor Force Survey as the primary source of data and a novel analytical approach, we study immigrant–native gaps in labor force participation, unemployment, low-skilled employment, and temporary employment and measure the contribution of institutional and policy contexts to the part of these gaps that cannot be explained by immigrant–native differences in characteristics. Our findings confirm that institutional and policy contexts play a significant role in immigrant integration and highlight the importance of tailoring policy approaches with regard to the causes of immigrant–native gaps.
Found: a rapidly spinning white dwarf in LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9
Authors: Pelisoli Ingrid , Marsh T R , Dhillon V S , Breedt E , Brown A J , Dyer M J , Green M J , Kerry P , Littlefair S P , Parsons S G , Sahman D I , Wild J F
Published: October 2021

We present optical photometry of the cataclysmic variable LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 taken with the high-speed, five-band CCD camera HiPERCAM on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias. We detect pulsations originating from the spin of its white dwarf, finding a spin period of 24.9328(38) s. The pulse amplitude is of the order of 0.2 per cent in the g band, below the detection limits of previous searches. This detection establishes LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 as only the second white dwarf magnetic propeller system, a twin of its long-known predecessor, AE Aquarii. At 24.93 s, the white dwarf in LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 has the shortest known spin period of any cataclysmic variable star. The white dwarf must have a mass of at least 0.7 M⊙ to sustain so short a period. The observed faintest u-band magnitude sets an upper limit on the white dwarf’s temperature of $\sim\!25\, 000$ K. The pulsation amplitudes measured in the five HiPERCAM filters are consistent with an accretion spot of $\sim\!30\, 000\,$K covering ∼2 per cent of the white dwarf’s visible area, although spots that are hot and smaller, or cooler and larger cannot be ruled out.
Survival in patients with radiological diagnoses of glioblastoma: a retrospective study of 115 patients on a best supportive care pathway
Authors: Riley James , Hodson James , Petrik Vladimir
Published: October 2021

Aims

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating disease with notoriously poor survival. Studies examining survival in patients given best supportive care (BSC) are few and far between. All patients harbouring brain tumours referred to the Neuro-oncology service at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham are recorded in the Somerset Cancer Registry. We set out to analyse survival times and identify patient and tumour-related factors significantly affecting prognosis.

Method

We identified 126 patients from 2015 to 2019 in our Somerset Cancer Registry with radiological diagnoses of glioblastoma for whom the Neuro-oncology MDT recommended BSC. We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical records and radiological images. 11 patients were excluded (8 due to insufficient imaging data, 2 who underwent subsequent surgery, 1 patient with brain metastases). Survival was measured in completed weeks since the index MDT decision. Associations between survival time and both patient- and tumour-related factors were assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 22 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY), with p<0.05 deemed to be indicative of statistical significance throughout.

Results

Data were available for N=115 patients (69 males, 46 females), with a mean age of 79 ± 8 years. All patients died within 32 weeks of diagnosis, with a median survival time of 8 weeks. Only 8 patients survived for more than 20 weeks. Survival was significantly shorter in those with a greater number of main cerebral structures affected (p=0.044), with a median of 6 vs. 10 weeks for 3 or more vs. 1 structures affected (hazard ratio: 1.61, 95% CI: 0.99-2.62). Bilateral tumours involving the corpus callosum were also associated with shorter survival (p=0.039). None of the other factors considered were found to be significantly associated with survival, including age (p=0.193), gender (p=0.371), performance status (p=0.300) and tumour size (p=0.331).

Conclusion

With the exception of the number of main cerebral structures affected (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, corpus callosum, insula, basal ganglia and brain stem), patient- and tumour-factors traditionally used by the MDT to prognosticate do not correlate with survival time in patients receiving BSC for radiological diagnoses of GBM. With 50% of the cohort dying within 8 weeks it is clear that we must reconsider the timing of referrals to palliative and hospice care. Finally, the fact that some patients survived for more than half a year with no surgical or oncological treatment suggests that the process of selecting patients for BSC vs aggressive treatments needs refinement.
Constitutional Balancing and State Interests
Authors: Valentine Shiffrin Seana
Published: October 2021

This chapter continues to explore consequences of the communicative conception of democratic law by considering an issue about constitutional balancing: When can a discretionary interest asserted by a state be balanced against a constitutional liberty interest? Criticizing the US Supreme Court’s decision in Washington v. Glucksberg, in which a ban on assisted suicide was upheld as constitutional on the basis of an asserted state interest in preserving human life, it argues that balancing requires more than the mere assertion of an interest; rather, the state must show a commitment to and investment in that interest by adopting consistent policies that further the interest. Failure to insist on this requirement undermines the idea, implicit in the communicative conception, that law must aspire to articulate a coherent set of moral commitments.
Replies to Commentators
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: October 2021

This chapter responds to the commentaries by Kolodny, Brooks, and Stilz by elaborating on and adding to points made in the first three chapters. In connection with Chapter 1, it addresses various aspects of the requirement to communicate respect, including the collective character of the required communication, the effectiveness and appropriateness of law as its form, the need for equal participation in crafting it, and the possibility of individual dissent from it. It also considers whether the communicative conception offers a plausible normative account of the motivations underlying democratic movements. In connection with Chapters 2 and 3, it expands on the democratic character of common law and defends the claim that states may pursue discretionary interests, arguing that this pursuit is compatible not only with specific requirements of justice but also with liberalism.
Top Management Teams
Authors: Wiersema Margarethe F. , Hernsberger Joshua S.
Published: October 2021

Scholarly interest in the firm’s top management is an important research topic given their influence on strategic decision-making and firm outcomes, as well as increased media attention and activist investor scrutiny of the firm’s executives. The past experiences, knowledge, and skills of the firm’s top management team (TMT) represent the stock of the firm’s strategic human capital, which, along with their social capital and cognitive perspectives, influences strategic decision-making. This chapter provides a brief overview of the current state of research on TMTs and addresses limitations of this research before proposing an agenda for future research. The intent is to suggest avenues of scholarly inquiry to better understand how the firm’s TMT, through its interactions, attributes, and behavior, influences strategic decision-making. In doing so, the chapter could serve to encourage future research that will provide practical insight on how companies and boards can have more effective executive teams.
Cultural Snapshots
Authors: Pauker Kristin , Lamer Sarah A. , Ansari Shahana , Weisbuch Max
Published: October 2021

Racial inequality persists in modern American society and permeates domains ranging from healthcare to education. Scientists typically trace such racial inequality to implicit (rather than explicit) racial bias, and some argue that implicit racial bias is better understood as a contextual or cultural variable rather than as an individual difference variable. Here, this body of work is expanded by highlighting a method—cultural snapshots—for identifying contextual patterns of information that explain and facilitate socially situated implicit racial bias. Cultural snapshots enable scientists to (a) characterize the cultural information commonly and frequently encountered by a collective, (b) examine how such cultural information influences the cognitions of individuals, and (c) draw conclusions about the emergence of shared cognition. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some ways this approach could be applied to other types of cultural patterns and the benefits of examining implicit racial bias at a cultural level more broadly.
Relational Methodology
Authors: Allen James , Rivkin Inna D. , Trimble Joseph E.
Published: October 2021

Research in community settings, or field work, can be a challenging, lengthy, and even frustrating experience. The work can be especially difficult in ethnocultural communities when the researcher is working with the deep cultural lifeways and thoughtways of people who are different. Such challenges can be eased through use of certain principles and philosophies associated with the way research is conducted. This chapter introduces these principles and philosophies, which constitute elements of a relational methodology for applied research. This chapter highlights the central relevance of relational methodology in research with ethnocultural communities through focus on research with Indigenous communities. Over the past fifty years, a robust emergent literature has developed in these communities, placing them at the forefront of developments in relational methodology. In the introductory section a definition of relational methodology is offered and then some of its various implications are explored. Implications extend to the responsibilities of the researcher, nature of the research relationship, time spent in the research process, and validity and nature of the knowledge produced by the research. The final section emphasizes selected ethical principles underlying relational methodology that are associated with its collaborative research approach and the role of principled cultural sensitivity. These research ethics guide and shape relational methodology. The intent is to define relational methodology as a critical, core, and often neglected component of research methods in studies with ethnocultural communities and other communities experiencing disenfranchisement, disparities, and inequities.
Methodologies for Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Experiences
Authors: Willett Zachary Z. , Lawley Kendall A. , Lehman Barbara J. , Scollon Christie N.
Published: October 2021

This chapter addresses how cross-cultural comparisons can magnify response biases, and it provides guidelines for selecting a survey methodology which minimizes these confounds. The tendency for response biases to be compounded by cross-cultural comparison is discussed in terms of research methodology (the collection of momentary versus retrospective reports) and research subject (episodic versus semantic knowledge). An overview of three methodologies is provided: global self-report measures (including those sourced from existing archival datasets), experience sampling methodologies (ESM), and the day reconstruction method; the logistical and theoretical strengths and weaknesses of each method are compared. The intention of this chapter is to (a) illustrate how culture can interact with response biases, resulting in interactions which—if mishandled—can threaten the validity of comparative studies, and (b) assist researchers in minimizing this risk via the selection of an appropriate research methodology according to their own theoretical interests and logistical limitations.
Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: October 2021

Gioachino Rossini’s The Barber of Seville surveys the opera’s fascinating performance history, mapping out the myriad changes that have affected the work since its premiere, exploring many of the personalities responsible for those alterations, and taking into account the range of reactions that these changes have prompted in spectators and critics from the nineteenth century to the present. Opening with a wide-ranging overview of the types of alterations that have been imposed on Rossini’s score for the past two centuries, the first chapter addresses the mechanics behind these changes as well as the cultural forces that both fostered and encouraged them. The book next looks at some of the earliest revivals, drawing attention to alterations that were made to the score and to individual singers who were responsible for the changes, especially those who appeared in the roles of Almaviva and Bartolo. An entire chapter is devoted to Rosina, examining the wide array of creative liberties that prima donnas have unremittingly and unrepentantly taken with their interpretations of this character. The final sections turn to the opera’s recent history, observing how the Rossini Renaissance brought with it a new dedication to the “work concept” and to shedding the types of alterations that had long characterized performances of this work. The book closes with a consideration of operatic consumerism from the nineteenth century to the present, exploring the myriad ways that one can now experience The Barber of Seville in all its recorded, digitized, and commodified glory.
The Annexation of Thessaly
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

The annexation of the region of Thessaly to Greece was a turning point in the organization and life of the Muslims in the region. Thessaly did not become part of Greece after a revolution or a military conflict but after prolonged negotiations with the Ottoman state, which were conducted under the auspices of the Great Powers at the time. About 40,000 Muslims lived in Thessaly (11 percent of the region’s total population) prior to the region’s annexation to Greece, and both the Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers forced the Greek state to adopt an institutional framework with the aim of protecting the religious and cultural autonomy of Muslims. Religious officials (muftis) became community leaders, sharia courts were in operation to judge family and property affairs for the Muslims, and aspects of sharia became part of the country’s legal system.
Poverty, Solidarity, and Poor-Led Social Movements
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: October 2021

Poor-led social movements seek to transform the structures that exclude, subordinate, and exploit people who live in poverty. The people in these movements know that durable poverty reduction ultimately depends upon the social and political empowerment of the poor. Yet despite the paradigm-shifting contributions of poor activists, their insights and visions of poverty eradication have been largely neglected in philosophical responses to poverty, which focus instead on the obligations of individuals and institutions in affluent states. The erasure of people living in poverty as central agents of justice puts normative theorists out of step with progressive, pro-poor approaches to poverty reduction and development, and with research on the important role of grassroots social movements in these processes. From rural landless workers in Brazil, to urban shack dwellers in South Africa, to unemployed workers impoverished by neoliberal economic policies in Argentina, poor-led organizations and movements advance a more political understanding of poverty—and of what is needed to eradicate it. Addressed primarily to political theorists and philosophers, this book shows how these groups develop the political consciousness and collective capabilities of poor communities, and help to create the basis for solidaristic action among poor populations. Defending the idea of a political responsibility for solidarity, Deveaux shows how nonpoor outsiders can help to advance a transformative anti-poverty agenda by supporting the efforts of poor-led social movements.
Toward a Relational Approach to Poverty
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: October 2021

This chapter defends a relational approach to poverty, drawing on research in critical poverty studies, capability theory, development ethics, as well as postcolonial critiques of development. While Amartya Sen’s framing of poverty as sustained capability deprivation laid the groundwork for a relational conception of poverty that has since been adopted by many chronic poverty and development researchers, it does not take sufficient account of the structural power inequalities that underpin poverty—disempowering and impoverishing particular social groups. As a corrective to these deficiencies, the author proposes the adoption of the relational poverty approach that has emerged from within chronic poverty and development research. This more relational, and political, view of chronic poverty is both reflected in and illuminated by the perspectives, insights, and strategies of many poor communities and their social movements in the global South.
City Living
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This book is about urban spaces, urban dwellers, and how these spaces and people make, shape, and change one another. It is the first systematic philosophical investigation of the nature of city life and city dwellers. It draws on empirical and ethnographic work in geography, anthropology, urban planning, and several other disciplines in order to explore the impact that cities have on their dwellers and that dwellers have on their cities. It begins with a philosophical exploration of spatially embodied agency and of the specific forms of agency and spatiality that are distinctive of city living. It explores how gentrification is enacted and experienced at the level of embodied agency, arguing that gentrifying spaces are contested territories that shape and are shaped by their dwellers. The book then moves to an exploration of repurposed cities, which are cities materially designed to support one sociopolitical order but in which that order collapsed, leaving new dwellers to use the space in new ways. Through a detailed original ethnography of the repurposed cities of Berlin and Johannesburg, the book makes the case that in repurposed cities, we can see vividly how material spaces shape and constrain the agency and experience of dwellers, while dwellers creatively shape the spaces they inhabit in accordance with their needs. The book ends with a reconsideration of the right to the city, asking what would be involved in creating a city that enabled the agency and flourishing of all its diverse inhabitants.
Saints of Resistance
Authors: Lee Christina H.
Published: October 2021

Saints of Resistance is the first non-religious study focused on the dynamic life of saints and their devotees in the Spanish Philippines from the sixteenth through the early part of the eighteenth century. It offers an in-depth analysis of the origins and development of the beliefs and rituals surrounding some of the most popular saints in the Philippines during the period of early Spanish rule, namely, Santo Niño de Cebu, Our Lady of Caysasay, Our Lady of the Rosary La Naval, and Our Lady of Antipolo. This study recovers the voices of colonized Philippine subjects as well as those of Spaniards who, through veneration of miraculous saints, projected and relieved their grievances, anxieties, and histories of communal suffering. Based on critical readings of primary sources, it traces how individuals and their communities refashioned iconographic devotions to the Holy Child and to Mary by often introducing non-Catholic elements to their cults, derived from pre-Hispanic, animistic, or Chinese traditions. This book ultimately reveals how Philippine natives, Chinese migrants, and Spaniards reshaped the imported devotions as expressions of dissidence, resistance, and survival.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Christina H.
Published: October 2021

The Introduction offers an overview of the cultural and historical contexts in which the devotion to the saints developed in the Philippines under Spanish rule. It explains that many of the most important saints in the Philippines today were introduced during a period when the Spanish colonial system and the demands of the trans-Pacific trade centered in Manila dramatically impacted the socioeconomic structures, cultures, and livelihood of the Philippine natives. Given this context of fraught sociocultural change, it proposes a study for understanding why these Catholic figures become so entrenched in Philippine cultures. It discusses the existing scholarship on popular religious practices and explains the methodology applied in this study. It also provides a synopsis of each forthcoming chapter.
What Are Self-Cultivation Philosophies?
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter defines the concept of a self-cultivation philosophy. This proposes that human beings can and should move from a troubled state of existence to some ideal state of being via spiritual exercises guided by some philosophical analysis. Philosophy is defined as a reflective practice that seeks understanding of fundamental assumptions in our life. Philosophy may be a practical discipline or a theoretical one, and it may be based on whatever cognitive capacities human beings possess, including reason and awareness. This claim is defended by reference to virtue epistemology. Self-cultivation philosophy has a four-part structure: an account of human nature, an existential starting point, an ideal state of being, and a transformation program. The transformation program consists of exercises which have four functions: Cognition, Purification, Doctrine, and Habituation. Self-cultivation philosophies are often expressed in transformational texts intended to guide people in how to live their lives according to the philosophy
The Survival Nexus
Authors: Weiss Charles
Published: October 2021

The impact of science and technology on world affairs is shaped by politics, economics, business, ethics, law, psychology, and culture. This nexus is a neglected aspect of international affairs. It cuts across and unites diverse issues critical to human survival: climate change, global health, nuclear weapons, Internet governance, cybersecurity, jobs, competitiveness, poverty, hunger, and the management of new technologies like autonomous weapons, hypersonic missiles, geoengineering, and gene drivers. Advances in science and technology promise both great benefits and critical threats. Appropriate policies can stimulate and guide scientific and technological advances to create new ways to achieve a healthy environment, sustainable energy systems, equitable growth, full employment, and reduced poverty. But we are allowing technology to push ourselves into uncharted and dangerous territory. Long-standing modes of international cooperation are under increasing pressure, and too little effort is being made to strengthen and update them. Nor are the strong global norms being built that are needed to manage new technologies. Underlying all of the global problems discussed in this book are considerations of basic ethics: willingness to respect scientific facts, to act today to forestall long-term dangers, and to ensure equitable sharing of the benefits, costs, and risks from advances in science and technology.
The Historical Challenge to Realism and Essential Deployment
Authors: Alai Mario
Published: October 2021

This chapter outlines how Deployment Realism resists Laudan and Lyons’s objections to the “No Miracle Argument” by arguing that a hypothesis is most probably true when it is deployed essentially in a novel prediction. Criticizing Psillos’s criterion of essentiality, Lyons argued that Deployment Realism must committed itself to all the actually deployed assumptions and concluded that the No Miracle Argument and Deployment Realism fail, since many actually deployed assumptions proved false. The chapter replies that an essentiality condition is required by Occam’s razor and that there is, in fact, a simpler formulation of essentiality that escapes Lyons’s criticisms and rescues the No Miracle Argument and Deployment Realism from their purported historical counterexamples: a hypothesis is essential when it has no proper parts (in Yablo’s sense) sufficient to derive the same prediction. The chapter concludes that, although essentiality so conceived cannot be detected prospectively, this is just natural, and it is not a problem but an advantage for Deployment Realism.
Transnational Solidarity of Salafi ʿUlama
Authors: Ismail Raihan
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the history of transnational networks of Salafi ʿulama in the context of Islamism. It looks at the emergence of Salafi cross-border connections which began as apolitical, but gradually mutated, witnessing the development of the activist haraki trend. The chapter then examines how both haraki and quietist ʿulama forged regional alliances to preserve their interpretations of political Islam by endorsing other ʿulama of similar views. These interactions cross national boundaries, and take place within the framework of domestic, regional, and global political circumstances. The chapter analyzes whether these political circumstances foster or destabilize the networks of ʿulama as they attempt to construct and maintain Salafi political or apolitical identity.
Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama: The Debate over the Sunni-Shi'a Divide
Authors: Ismail Raihan
Published: October 2021

This chapter shifts to an issue of great significance in the development of the networks of Salafi ʿulama. The chapter examines the responses of the ʿulama of both persuasions to the threat of jihadi Salafism. It examines the internal debates within each trend (activist and quietist) as the ʿulama struggled to discredit violent extremism. It further analyzes how the transnational networks of Salafi ʿulama along haraki/quietist lines are fostered or destabilized in dealing with jihadi Salafism given the local circumstances of individual ʿulama. The chapter also analyzes the contestation of Salafi ideals as the ʿulama attempt to absolve themselves from being associated with jihadi Salafi ideology.
Introduction
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

The Introduction addresses the relationship between literature and legislation in Second Empire France. It begins with the charges of obscenity and irreligion brought against Flaubert (Madame Bovary) and Baudelaire (Les Fleurs du Mal) in 1857 and discusses how in his subsequent review of Madame Bovary Baudelaire responds to the banning of six of his poems by mounting a defence of the poetic imagination. He argues that individual readers and not the state should be left to judge literary works for themselves. The figure of the ‘poet as alternative lawgiver’ is then situated in relation to the public role of poets as it was understood in the preceding decades. It is proposed that, for Baudelaire, beauty—an effect rather than an intrinsic quality—is principally an experience of harmonious conjecture whereby the reader is invited to participate in the poet’s own resistance to a number of orthodox legislations.
Melancholy and Baudelaire
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

Part II focuses on melancholy (Chapters 4 and 5) and begins a commentary on Les Fleurs du Mal (Chapters 6–10), which will be completed in Part IV (Chapters 15–19). This chapter focuses on melancholy itself, the condition and its history. It proposes that for Baudelaire melancholy is neither a form of pathological mental disorder nor a mere mood but the irremediable default experience of all humanity—what he terms ‘le Mal’. There follows a brief exploration of the possible biographical basis for Baudelaire’s focus on melancholy and then discussion of its depiction in the prose narrative La Fanfarlo (1847) and in two poems, ‘Le Gouffre’ and ‘Sur Le Tasse en prison d’Eugène Delacroix’. The final section examines how Jean Starobinski has analysed Baudelaire’s poetic treatment of melancholy in relation to traditional iconography, especially the mirror, and as an intuitive anticipation of more recent psychiatric and psychoanalytic approaches to the condition.
The Beauty of Ill-Being
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the eighteen poems published in June 1855 under the title of ‘Les Fleurs du Mal’ and shows how they recall earlier themes from the Lesbos and limbo poems while introducing new preoccupations—particularly the figure of Satan—that will inform the completed editions of Les Fleurs du Mal. It proposes that the relationship between melancholy and beauty now moves centre-stage, and it argues that Baudelaire here explores (as also in the so-called ‘Douze poèmes’ sent to Théophile Gautier in 1851–2) various scenarios of resistance to melancholy, notably the role of creative art in response to the destructiveness of ‘le Mal’. It is further argued that Baudelaire envisaged Les Fleurs du Mal as a Satanic counterpart to Dante’s Divine Comedy, both as a catalogue of ‘le Mal’ and as the account of a journey from birth to death under the auspices of Satan as rebel and alternative lawgiver.
Imagination and Resistance
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

Part III examines the new importance that Baudelaire attaches, following the trial of Les Fleurs du Mal, to the creative imagination as an instrument of resistance and alternative ‘government’. This chapter analyses his three essays on the life and work of Edgar Allan Poe, in which Baudelaire sees Poe as exemplifying the power of the imagination both to subvert normative thinking and to confront the destructive effects of melancholy by constructing new worlds. Baudelaire finds in Poe an image—and self-portrait—of the poet as outcast and embodiment of protest, a thinker probing the mysteries of nature in search of new explanatory laws: in short, a writer engaged in what Baudelaire calls ‘conjecturisme’. For Poe, as for Baudelaire’s alternative poet-lawgiver, beauty is a form of justice, and the public value of poetry lies not in overt didacticism but in the carefully crafted articulation of an original moral and intellectual vision.
Versification and the Poetic Idea
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses how for Baudelaire the rules of versification spring from a deep-rooted human need for the beauty of harmonic relations, what in Fusées he calls the ‘idée poétique’ and illustrates with the description of a ship under sail. The chapter examines some of the ways in which prosody constitutes meaning in his poems, focusing particularly on the third and fourth ‘love cycles’. Pursuing the argument advanced in the previous chapter that the sameness of melancholy is resisted by the variety of verse, it provides a statistical overview of the different metres, verse forms, and rhyme schemes employed in the 127 poems comprising Les Fleurs du Mal (1861), and of the distribution of poetic forms across the collection. It shows how almost every poem is formally different from every other. The chapter ends by considering the concatenated structure of the collection and the formal effects of a sequential reading.