bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of graphics in computing
Authors: Entwistle David
Published: November 2010

Computing needs a coherent and shared means of graphic expression, to describe what it is doing and how it is doing it, to the lay public, the industry's non-professional designers and to computer scientists. This will promote effective information display on computer equipment while fostering a better understanding for all of computing's aims and methods. Examples are given of areas of computing which are clear candidates for graphic innovation and some form of standardisation. Some obstacles to this are considered.
An overview of nontabular methods for statistical presentation of data before this century
Authors: Reidhaar James W.
Published: November 2010

This paper overviews the early developments of statistical graphics
Manuals for health workers
Authors: Godwin Peter
Published: November 2010

Writing from considerable practical experience in East Africa and elsewhere, the author provides guidelines for the writing of manuals for paramedical workers. These guidelines are grouped under two main headings: problems of relevance (what the manual should say); and problems of usability (how it should say it).
Pictures with words
Authors: Mulvey Jeremy
Published: November 2010

This paper addresses the relationship of pictures and words in illustrated books and newspapers. The author introduces and discusses Roland Barthes' distinction between anchor and relay relationships, and a further development of this distinction by Alain-Marie Bassy. In an anchor relationship, the interpretation of an illustration is anchored to one of its possible meanings by a caption or other linguistic explanation. In a relay relationship, words and pictures are mutually reliant, as in a comic strip. The author suggests that 'defining the relationships between picture and text in this way, has implications for layout.'
Designing in fives
Authors: Carter Kathy , Wiseman Neil
Published: November 2010

This paper discusses a computer-assisted design system that makes use of multiple windowing, and its implementation f or typeface design. The system assigns each of five levels in the design task to a separate window, and allows the effect of changes made at any level to be seen in the other windows. The system is designed to be acceptable to designers and to avoid inhibiting their creativity.
Some observations on the design of William Playfair's line graphics
Authors: Costigan-Eaves Patricia
Published: November 2010

The work of William Playfair, who is often landed as an originator of most modern-day graphic methods, has received very Utile systematic scrutiny and analysis. Playfair made his graphic debut with the publication in 1786 of The commercial and political atlas; this cycled through several editions and permutations* With one or two exceptions, Play f air's second major graphic contribution was A letter on our agricultural distresses, their causes and remedies of 1821, While Playfak has been credited with having 'invented' bar, circle and pie graphics, it was ime graphics he favoured most and used most frequently This paper contains some observations on the evolution of his approach to the design of line graphics; it examines some of the pitfalls of this approach. His astute insight into the value of the graphic method is most noteworthy and is also examined in this paper.
Collocational Frameworks in Spanish
Authors: Butler Christopher S.
Published: November 2010

Collocational frameworks are discontinuous combinations of grammatical items which enclose lexical words (e.g., a_of in English). In this paper, the concept of collocational framework is applied to the analysis of five corpora of Spanish which allow comparisons across a range of communication channel types. Twenty-eight frameworks, consisting of articles and/or prepositions, are investigated in terms of their quantitative importance in texts and their selectivity for the lexical words they enclose. Although measures of quantitative significance and selectivity show strong correlations across all types of text, these correlations are to some extent sensitive to the spoken/written dimension. The lexical collocates also show clear semantic groupings. Implications of the work for linguistic theory and description and for language teaching and learning are briefly discussed.
Further Experiments in Bilingual Text Alignment
Authors: Somers Harold
Published: November 2010

We describe and experimentally evaluate an alternative algorithm for aligning and extracting vocabulary from parallel texts using recency vectors and a similarity measure based on Levenshtein distance. The work is largely inspired by Fung and McKeown 's DK-vec, though we use a simpler algorithm. The technique is tested on two sets of parallel corpora involving English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, and Japanese. We attempt to evaluate the importance of parameters such as frequency of words chosen as candidates, the effect of different language pairings, and differences between the two corpora.
Drawbacks and Pitfalls of Machine-Readable Texts for Linguistic Research
Authors: Facchinetti Roberta
Published: November 2010

The paper highlights and discusses some practical issues related to the drawbacks and pitfalls of computerised texts in regard to both databases themselves and the software employed to codify and search them. In the first place, some corpora and databases are compiled in such a way as to be searched and analysed by means of tools which allow only specific kinds of search to be made. This often prevents scholars from carrying out their own free study of the data, thus hindering an effective, targeted analysis. Moreover, in some cases, the need for comprehensiveness leads to the codification and classification of subjective aspects like the text difficulty and the participants' social level This subjectivity of interpretation might mislead the researchers in a socially-orientated analysis. Finally, despite being highly sophisticated, the techniques employed for automated grammatical and part-of-speech tagging as well as for semantic and prosodic parsing appear not to be totally reliable, since mistakes in the codification of simple items are likely to occur. Each of the above thorny issues, together with some other minor matters, are testified to with instances drawn from the author's personal linguistic research on a variety of synchronic and diachronic corpora and databases.
Successful Turn-bidding in English Conversation
Authors: Anping He , Kennedy Graeme
Published: November 2010

This paper reports a study of the phenomenon of successful turn-bidding (STB) in a corpus of English conversation taken from the London-Lund Corpus of spoken English. It analyses the features of the language environment associated with turn-bidding speech acts and the linguistic devices which are used by the turn-bidders. It also examines the effect of different speech domains, different speakers' relationships, social status, and gender on the incidence of successful turn-bidding. Finally, consideration is given to the importance of successful turn-bidding strategies for the learning and teaching of English by speakers of other languages.
"Agile" and "Uptight" Genres
Authors: Hundt Marianne , Mair Christian
Published: November 2010

This paper is a follow-up study to previous investigations based on the analysis of parallel British and American corpora from the early 1960s and 1990s. It focuses on variables that are suspected to contribute to the growing "colloquicdisation " of the norms of written English, that is, a narrowing of the gap between spoken and written norms. Such a shift in stylistic preferences has been observed in both socio-cultural approaches to language and corpus-based studies. Contrasting material from the press and academic prose sections of standard one-million-word corpora, we are able to show that the two genres differ in the degree to which they are open to innovations or prone to retain conservative features. What we are proposing is a cline of openness to innovation ranging from "agile " to "uptight" genres.
Machine interpretation
Authors: Jekat Susanne J. , Klein Alexandra
Published: November 2010

This article,1 discusses the problems of machine translation focusing on a special task, i.e. automatic dialogue interpreting. In the translation of spoken discourse, there is an increasing tendency to use pragmatic information which is commonly associated with speech or dialogue acts in order to handle the problems encountered in speech processing.
After discussing some characteristics of spoken language as well as principal constraints operating on speech-to-speech translation, we will give a very brief overview of existing approaches, and then switch to the extended description of a sample solution within the VERBMOBIL-Project where transfer is assisted by a dialogue-act component. The last section describes how, with limited use of available information, transfer based on dialogue acts might result in new solutions for existing problems.
Information processing and a computational approach to the study of simultaneous interpretation
Authors: Massaro Dominic W. , Shlesinger Miriam
Published: November 2010

We begin by describing some challenges to psychological inquiry and to the understanding of simultaneous interpretation. We then articulate the computational and hypothesis-testing approach to inquiry, and illustrate a general information-processing model. We discuss some experimental and theoretical studies of language processing carried out within the information-processing approach. We analyze not only behavioral measures of language processing but also its phenomenal experience. We close with a review of two current hypotheses about simultaneous interpreting and consider some methodological hurdles in the study of this fascinating skill.
Corpus-based methods for NLP and translation studies
Authors: Armstrong Susan
Published: November 2010

This paper gives an overview of current topics and themes in corpus-based studies of language that could be of relevance for interpretation research. Basic methods and their practical use in NLP and speech applications are presented. Issues in data acquisition and annotation, the basis for all data-oriented work, are also discussed. The paper concludes with some suggestions on how this work could be applied to corpus-based interpretation studies.
The reading aloud of English Language Texts in simultaneously interpreted conferences
Authors: Messina Alessandro
Published: November 2010

This paper explores an important variable affecting interpretation quality, usually considered a major source of difficulty for interpreters: the situation in which speakers read their texts. In particular, it focuses on the reading aloud of English language texts to be interpreted simultaneously. A corpus consisting of ten authentic speeches recorded during various conferences has been analyzed. Five of them were delivered by native speakers, the other five by non-native speakers. The analysis of the corpus has been performed on the transcriptions of the oral delivery of the written texts. Several features have been analyzed, ranging from the peculiarities of written texts, such as high lexical density and lack of redundancy (i.e. assessment of whether the texts presented such features even when delivered orally) to the departures speakers made from the written texts, to pauses and speech rate. The article concludes with a number of practical suggestions speakers should be advised to follow before reading texts that are to be interpreted simultaneously, in order to facilitate the interpreter's task.
Labour, the Enterprise Gap and the Red Queen
Authors: Derbyshire James , Haywood Garry
Published: November 2010

This paper shows that Labour's enterprise policy targeted a closure of the ‘enterprise gap’, which is a disparity in the number of enterprises per 10,000 of the resident adult population in less prosperous compared with wealthier regions. Labour's policy has assumed that this gap can be closed through an increase in startup rates in these less prosperous regions. The paper shows that while Labour has managed to deliver an improvement in start-up rates, this has not brought about a closure of the enterprise gap as they expected. It uses the Red Queen Effect as a metaphor to explore the reasons for Labour's failure to close the enterprise gap, concluding that the scale of the increase in start-up rates that would be necessary to begin closing the enterprise gap may be unrealistic.
New students' psychological well‐being and its relation to first year academic performance in a UK university
Authors: Topham Phil , Moller Naomi
Published: November 2010

Aims: This study (1) profiled the well‐being of first year students entering one UK university, and (2) explored whether initial well‐being and year end academic performance were correlated. Method: A total of 117 students (mean age 21, 67% female) completed the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation‐General Population, and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; academic achievement data were collected from academic records. Results: Almost a quarter of the sample reported quasi‐clinical levels of psychological distress and moderate to very severe social anxiety. Quasi‐clinical levels of psychological distress were associated with low self‐esteem and social anxiety. No statistically significant links were found between well‐being as assessed at the beginning of the first year and academic achievement at the end of the first year. Discussion: The failure to find a link in this study between initial well‐being and academic performance at the end of the first year suggests that further investigation is required to understand how academic achievement is related to student well‐being.
Motives for Participation, Initial Expectations, and Satisfaction with Group Psychoeducation Among Forensic Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Aho-Mustonen Kati , Miettinen Raili , Räty Hannu
Published: November 2010

The aim of the present study was to examine the motives, initial expectations and satisfaction with group psychoeducation among forensic patients with schizophrenia in a high-security setting. Two complementary methods were applied: a total of 39 patients were interviewed and anonymous questionnaire data ( n= 34) were collected from them. The results of the study offer positive indications about group psychoeducation among severely ill forensic patients with schizophrenia in terms of high acceptability and high overall positive feedback. Interviews revealed that patients need and appreciate new information about their illness, the opportunity to discuss illness-related issues, and the possibility to get support from other patients. We find it promising that some of these severely ill patients had been able to reflect on the educational information in their personal situations in such a way that it had become the participant's personal knowledge. The interview data, however, revealed also some concerns and dissatisfaction which was more person-specific and mainly related to the group content and format. These issues should be considered when conducting such groups in the future. Methodologically, we suggest combining quantitative and qualitative methods to better understand the process, effects, experiences, and satisfaction with psychosocial interventions among such patients.
PRISM: A Promising Paradigm for Assessing and Managing Institutional Violence: Findings from a Multiple Case Study Analysis of Five Scottish Prisons
Authors: Johnstone Lorraine , Cooke DavidJ.
Published: November 2010

PRISM: Promoting Risk Intervention by Situational Management ( Johnstone & Cooke, 2008 ) provides a systematic process for evaluating a range of situational risk factors known to influence institutional violence in prisons and secure hospital settings. This paper reports on findings from the first multiple case-study evaluation using this protocol. We applied PRISM in the Scottish Prison Service (SPS). The SPS is a modern prison system. It respects prisoners’ human rights, maintains order and control via humane and dignified means, and works towards the rehabilitation of prisoners and reducing reoffending rates overall. The SPS comprises a national headquarters where relevant policies and protocols are derived but governors and senior management teams are based within the local prisons to ensure the effective running of the organisation. While the SPS can boast decreasing rates of serious violence, there are significant variations across sites. We used PRISM to explore the relevance of situational risk factors to understanding these variations. Results suggested that the protocol was a promising paradigm for assessing risk factors unique to each site as well as showing utility for exposing problems related to the national policies and practices. The risk assessment led to a range of risk management interventions being proposed. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Preventing High-Risk Drinking among College Students: A Social Marketing Case Study
Authors: Glassman Tavis J. , Dodd Virginia , Miller Eleanor Maureen , Braun Robert E.
Published: November 2010

Investigators implemented a social marketing intervention to reduce alcohol consumption at a large university in the southeastern United States. The objective was to decrease high-risk drinking and drinking and driving and to change the perception that alcohol use increases sexual opportunities among college students. Formative research revealed that high-risk college students associate undesirable social consequences with excessive drinking (e.g., embarrassing oneself, annoying peers, offending the other sex, or burdening friends). An intervention was developed in which the product was avoiding the social stigma associated with excessive alcohol consumption. Promotional materials illustrating the social repercussions associated with excessive alcohol use and promoting the advantages of moderating one's drinking were disseminated in popular student venues; price was raised by increased law enforcement; and place was addressed by providing alcohol-free alternative activities. Evaluation included a time-series design in which students completed an anonymous online standard alcohol and drug survey and reviewing campus records of drinking under the influence (DUI) citations, alcohol-related judicial violations, and emergency department transports for alcohol overdose. Self-reported high-risk drinking, drinking and driving, and the perception that alcohol facilitates sexual opportunity rates decreased 33%, 45%, and 21%, respectively. DUI violations, alcohol-related judicial violations, and student transports to the emergency department for alcohol overdose decreased 13%, 28%, and 37%, respectively. Programmatic goals and objectives were met. Social marketing interventions appear to be a promising and cost-effective means to reduce high-risk drinking and the associated consequences among college students. Addressing social ramifications appears to be more motivating than conveying the prevalence of high-risk drinking.
Strategies for the Social Marketing Mix: A Systematic Review
Authors: Luca Nadina Raluca , Suggs L. Suzanne
Published: November 2010

The marketing mix is a key component of social marketing providing one of the differential points in bringing about behavior and social change. There is a dearth of information regarding the strategies used for the mix in social marketing interventions. This systematic review identifies the strategies used in the social marketing mix, product, price, place, promotion, policy, and partnerships, and their associated outcomes, in health behavior change interventions. A systematic literature search was conducted for peer-reviewed articles published in English from 1990 to 2009 that reported social marketing interventions addressing disease prevention, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, HIV, STDs, reproductive health, physical activity, nutrition, and tobacco. Articles must have identified at least 3 of the Ps of the marketing mix, reported the evaluation, and met the 6 social marketing benchmarks criteria. Twenty-four studies describing 17 interventions met the inclusion criteria. The complete marketing mix was identifiable in 5 interventions. Strategies such as removing perceived barriers, using the Internet for placement, applying innovative promotion, involving communities, and supporting policies were identified as current practices. The results identified a number of strategies that showed potential for the marketing mix with important implications for practice.
The initial representation in reasoning towards an interpretation of conditional sentences
Authors: Schroyens Walter , Braem Senne
Published: November 2010

All accounts of human reasoning (whether presented at the symbolic or subsymbolic level) have to reckon with the temporal organization of the human processing systems and the ephemeral nature of the representations it uses. We present three new empirical tests for the hypothesis that people commence the interpretational process by constructing a minimal initial representation. In the case of if A then C the initial representation captures the occurrence of the consequent, C, within the context of the antecedent, A. Conditional inference problems are created by a categorical premise that affirms or denies A or C. The initial representation allows an inference when the explicitly represented information matches (e.g., the categorical premise A affirms the antecedent “A”) but not when it mismatches (e.g., “not-A” denies A). Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed that people tend to accept the conclusion that “nothing follows” for the denial problems, as indeed they do not have a determinate initial-model conclusion. Experiment 3 demonstrated the other way round that the effect of problem type (affirmation versus denial) is reduced when we impede the possibility of inferring a determinate conclusion on the basis of the initial representation of both the affirmation and the denial problems.
Observed reach trajectory influences executed reach kinematics in prehension
Authors: Hardwick Robert M. , Edwards Martin G.
Published: November 2010

Previous studies have demonstrated that the observation of action can modulate motor performance. This literature has focused on manipulating the observed goal of the action, rather than examining whether action observation effects could be elicited by changing observed kinematics alone. In the study presented here, observed reach trajectory kinematics unrelated to the goal of the action were manipulated in order to examine whether observed movement kinematics alone could influence the action of the observer. Participants observed an experimenter grasp a target object using either a normal or an exaggeratedly high reaching action (as though reaching over an invisible obstacle). When participants observed the experimenter perform actions with a high reach trajectory, their own movements took on aspects of the observed action, showing greater wrist height throughout their reaching trajectory than under conditions in which they observed normal reaching actions. The data are discussed in relation to previous findings which suggest that kinematic aspects of observed movements can prime action through kinematic or intention based matching processes.
The acquisition of morphological knowledge investigated through artificial language learning
Authors: Merkx Marjolein , Rastle Kathleen , Davis Matthew H.
Published: November 2010

Affix knowledge plays an important role in visual word recognition, but little is known about how it is acquired. The authors present a new method of investigating the acquisition of affixes in which participants are trained on novel affixes presented in novel word contexts (e.g., sleepnept). Experiment 1 investigated the role of semantic information on affix acquisition by comparing a form-learning condition with a condition in which participants also received definitions for each novel word. Experiment 2 investigated the role of long-term consolidation on affix acquisition by comparing knowledge of learned affixes two days and nearly two months after training. Results demonstrated that episodic knowledge of affixes can be acquired shortly after a single training session using either form or semantic learning, but suggested that the development of lexicalized representations of affixes requires the provision of semantic information during learning as well as a substantial period of offline consolidation.
Motor inhibition associated with the affordance of briefly displayed objects
Authors: Vainio Lari , Hammarén Laura , Hausen Maija , Rekolainen Emma , Riskilä Sinikka
Published: November 2010

Research has demonstrated that left- and right-hand responses are facilitated when they are performed with the hand compatible with the orientation of a viewed object. This suggests that graspable objects automatically activate the motor representations that correspond to their orientation. It has recently been proposed that similar positive stimulus–response compatibility effects (PCE) may turn into negative compatibility effects (NCE) when a prime object is displayed very briefly. These NCEs are suggested to reflect motor inhibition mechanisms—motor activation triggered by briefly viewed objects may be treated by the motor system as unwanted, and thus it is rapidly inhibited. We examined whether the motor activation triggered by the orientation of a task-irrelevant object is similarly inhibited when the object is displayed briefly. In Experiment 1, a NCE was observed between the orientation of an object and the responding hand when the object was displayed for 30 or 70 ms. The effect turned into a PCE when the object was displayed for 370 ms. Experiment 2 confirmed that this motor inhibition effect was produced by the handle affordance of the object rather than some abstract visual properties of the object.
Timing is everything: Changes in presentation rate have opposite effects on auditory and visual implicit statistical learning
Authors: Emberson Lauren L. , Conway Christopher M. , Christiansen Morten H.
Published: November 2010

Implicit statistical learning (ISL) is exclusive to neither a particular sensory modality nor a single domain of processing. Even so, differences in perceptual processing may substantially affect learning across modalities. In three experiments, statistically equivalent auditory and visual familiarizations were presented under different timing conditions that either facilitated or disrupted temporal processing (fast or slow presentation rates). We find an interaction of rate and modality of presentation: At fast rates, auditory ISL was superior to visual. However, at slow presentation rates, the opposite pattern of results was found: Visual ISL was superior to auditory. Thus, we find that changes to presentation rate differentially affect ISL across sensory modalities. Additional experiments confirmed that this modality-specific effect was not due to cross-modal interference or attentional manipulations. These findings suggest that ISL is rooted in modality-specific, perceptually based processes.
Improving structure alignment-based prediction of SCOP families using Vorolign Kernels
Authors: Hamp Tobias , Birzele Fabian , Buchwald Fabian , Kramer Stefan
Published: November 2010

Motivation: The slow growth of expert-curated databases compared to experimental databases makes it necessary to build upon highly accurate automated processing pipelines to make the most of the data until curation becomes available. We address this problem in the context of protein structures and their classification into structural and functional classes, more specifically, the structural classification of proteins (SCOP). Structural alignment methods like Vorolign already provide good classification results, but effectively work in a 1-Nearest Neighbor mode. Model-based (in contrast to instance-based) approaches so far have been shown to be of limited values due to small classes arising in such classification schemes.

Results: In this article, we describe how kernels defined in terms of Vorolign scores can be used in SVM learning, and explore variants of combined instance-based and model-based learning, up to exclusively model-based learning. Our results suggest that kernels based on Vorolign scores are effective and that model-based learning can yield highly competitive classification results for the prediction of SCOP families.

Availability: The code is made available at: http://wwwkramer.in.tum.de/research/applications/vorolign-kernel.

Contact:  kramer@in.tum.de

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Going, going, gone: the impact of white-nose syndrome on the summer activity of the little brown bat (
Myotis lucifugus
)
Authors: Dzal Yvonne , McGuire Liam P. , Veselka Nina , Fenton M. Brock
Published: November 2010

Since its discovery in the winter of 2005–2006, white-nose syndrome (WNS) has killed over one million little brown bats (
Myotis lucifugus
) in the American northeast. Although many studies have reported die-offs of bats at winter hibernacula, it is important to understand how bat mortality linked to WNS at winter hibernacula affects bat activity levels in their summer ranges. In the summer (May–August) of 2007, 2008 and 2009, we recorded echolocation calls to determine bat activity at sites along the Hudson River, NY (within approx. 100 km of where WNS was first reported). We documented a 78 per cent decline in the summer activity of
M. lucifugus
, coinciding with the arrival and spread of WNS. We suggest that mortality of
M. lucifugus
in winter hibernacula is reflected by reduced levels of activity in the summer and that WNS affects the entire bat population of an area, and not only individual hibernacula.
The mechanism of porosity formation during solvent-mediated phase transformations
Authors: Raufaste Christophe , Jamtveit Bjørn , John Timm , Meakin Paul , Dysthe Dag Kristian
Published: November 2010

Solvent-mediated solid–solid phase transformations often result in the formation of a porous medium, which may be stable on long time scales or undergo ripening and consolidation. We have studied replacement processes in the KBr–KCl–H2O system using bothin situandex situexperiments. The replacement of a KBr crystal by a K(Br,Cl) solid solution in the presence of an aqueous solution is facilitated by the generation of a surprisingly stable, highly anisotropic and connected pore structure that pervades the product phase. This pore structure ensures efficient solute transport from the bulk solution to the reacting KBr and K(Br,Cl) surfaces. The compositional profile of the K(Br,Cl) solid solution exhibits striking discontinuities across disc-like cavities in the product phase. Similar transformation mechanisms are probably important in controlling phase-transformation processes and rates in a variety of natural and man-made systems.
Loss of functionally unique species may gradually undermine ecosystems
Authors: O'Gorman Eoin J. , Yearsley Jon M. , Crowe Tasman P. , Emmerson Mark C. , Jacob Ute , Petchey Owen L.
Published: November 2010

Functionally unique species contribute to the functional diversity of natural systems, often enhancing ecosystem functioning. An abundance of weakly interacting species increases stability in natural systems, suggesting that loss of weakly linked species may reduce stability. Any link between the functional uniqueness of a species and the strength of its interactions in a food web could therefore have simultaneous effects on ecosystem functioning and stability. Here, we analyse patterns in 213 real food webs and show that highly unique species consistently tend to have the weakest mean interaction strength per unit biomass in the system. This relationship is not a simple consequence of the interdependence of both measures on body size and appears to be driven by the empirical pattern of size structuring in aquatic systems and the trophic position of each species in the web. Food web resolution also has an important effect, with aggregation of species into higher taxonomic groups producing a much weaker relationship. Food webs with fewer unique and less weakly interacting species also show significantly greater variability in their levels of primary production. Thus, the loss of highly unique, weakly interacting species may eventually lead to dramatic state changes and unpredictable levels of ecosystem functioning.
Wrath of God: religious primes and punishment
Authors: McKay Ryan , Efferson Charles , Whitehouse Harvey , Fehr Ernst
Published: November 2010

Recent evidence indicates that priming participants with religious concepts promotes prosocial sharing behaviour. In the present study, we investigated whether religious priming also promotes the costly punishment of unfair behaviour. A total of 304 participants played a punishment game. Before the punishment stage began, participants were subliminally primed with religion primes, secular punishment primes or control primes. We found that religious primes strongly increased the costly punishment of unfair behaviours for a subset of our participants—those who had previously donated to a religious organization. We discuss two proximate mechanisms potentially underpinning this effect. The first is a ‘supernatural watcher’ mechanism, whereby religious participants punish unfair behaviours when primed because they sense that not doing so will enrage or disappoint an observing supernatural agent. The second is a ‘behavioural priming’ mechanism, whereby religious primes activate cultural norms pertaining to fairness and its enforcement and occasion behaviour consistent with those norms. We conclude that our results are consistent with dual inheritance proposals about religion and cooperation, whereby religions harness the byproducts of genetically inherited cognitive mechanisms in ways that enhance the survival prospects of their adherents.
Flight in slow motion: aerodynamics of the pterosaur wing
Authors: Palmer Colin
Published: November 2010

The flight of pterosaurs and the extreme sizes of some taxa have long perplexed evolutionary biologists. Past reconstructions of flight capability were handicapped by the available aerodynamic data, which was unrepresentative of possible pterosaur wing profiles. I report wind tunnel tests on a range of possible pterosaur wing sections and quantify the likely performance for the first time. These sections have substantially higher profile drag and maximum lift coefficients than those assumed before, suggesting that large pterosaurs were aerodynamically less efficient and could fly more slowly than previously estimated. In order to achieve higher efficiency, the wing bones must be faired, which implies extensive regions of pneumatized tissue. Whether faired or not, the pterosaur wings were adapted to low-speed flight, unsuited to marine style dynamic soaring but adapted for thermal/slope soaring and controlled, low-speed landing. Because their thin-walled bones were susceptible to impact damage, slow flight would have helped to avoid injury and may have contributed to their attaining much larger sizes than fossil or extant birds. The trade-off would have been an extreme vulnerability to strong or turbulent winds both in flight and on the ground, akin to modern-day paragliders.
Zobellella aerophila sp. nov., isolated from seashore sand, and emended description of the genus Zobellella
Authors: Yi Hana , Song Jaekyeong , Cho Jang-Cheon , Chun Jongsik
Published: November 2010

A strictly aerobic, nitrate-reducing, motile, rod-shaped member of the class Gammaproteobacteria, designated strain JC2671T, was isolated from a seashore sand sample from Dokdo, Korea. The isolate reduced nitrate to nitrite, but not to nitrogen, and required NaCl for growth. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Zobellella within the order Alteromonadales with sequence similarities of 96.0–97.6 % to strains of Zobellella species with validly published names. However, in DNA–DNA hybridization studies, a low genomic relatedness (43 %) between strain JC2671T and the type strain of Zobellella denitrificans indicated that the isolate represented a novel genomic species. The polar lipid pattern (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol), predominant cellular fatty acids [C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c)] and the DNA G+C content (59 mol%) of the novel strain were consistent with its assignment to the genus Zobellella. In contrast, a number of phenotypic characteristics, namely a requirement of NaCl for growth, the inability to grow under facultatively anaerobic conditions, the absence of nitrite reduction and differences in carbohydrate utilization and enzymic activities, clearly distinguished the novel isolate from other species of the genus Zobellella. Data from this polyphasic study indicate that strain JC2671T represents a novel species in the genus Zobellella, for which the name Zobellella aerophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC2671T ( = KACC 15081T  = JCM 17110T). The description of the genus Zobellella has been emended accordingly.
High-resolution genome-wide in vivo footprinting of diverse transcription factors in human cells
Authors: Boyle Alan P. , Song Lingyun , Lee Bum-Kyu , London Darin , Keefe Damian , Birney Ewan , Iyer Vishwanath R. , Crawford Gregory E. , Furey Terrence S.
Published: November 2010

Regulation of gene transcription in diverse cell types is determined largely by varied sets of cis-elements where transcription factors bind. Here we demonstrate that data from a single high-throughput DNase I hypersensitivity assay can delineate hundreds of thousands of base-pair resolution in vivo footprints in human cells that precisely mark individual transcription factor–DNA interactions. These annotations provide a unique resource for the investigation of cis-regulatory elements. We find that footprints for specific transcription factors correlate with ChIP-seq enrichment and can accurately identify functional versus nonfunctional transcription factor motifs. We also find that footprints reveal a unique evolutionary conservation pattern that differentiates functional footprinted bases from surrounding DNA. Finally, detailed analysis of CTCF footprints suggests multiple modes of binding and a novel DNA binding motif upstream of the primary binding site.
The differential involvement of the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices in response conflict affects behavioral flexibility in rats trained in a new automated strategy-switching task
Authors: Oualian Catherine , Gisquet-Verrier Pascale
Published: November 2010

To assess the role of the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices in mediating strategy switching, rats were trained in a new automated task in a Y-maze allowing a careful analysis of rats' behavior. In this situation, rats can only use two egocentric (Right, Left) and two visual (Light, Dark) strategies. In the first experiment, rats with PL, IL, or PL/IL lesions were compared with sham-operated rats when trained to reach a criterion of 10 consecutive correct responses with a light strategy before being trained with a response strategy (rule shifting), and finally with the reversed response strategy (reversal). In the second experiment, sham-operated and PL-lesioned rats had their first two strategy switches in the reverse order, which was followed by a second rule shifting and reversal. The results indicate that lesions did not affect initial acquisition, but impaired the first rule shifting and reversal. Thorough analyses of rats' performance indicate that lesioned rats were still able to demonstrate some behavioral flexibility but have difficulties in solving response conflicts, which in turn may affect behavioral flexibility. Both areas were differentially involved in the resolution of response conflict, with the IL involved in the choice of strategy previously known to be nonvalid, and the PL in the selection and maintenance of that strategy.
Comparative Functional Genomic Analysis ofSolanumGlandular Trichome Types
Authors: McDowell Eric T. , Kapteyn Jeremy , Schmidt Adam , Li Chao , Kang Jin-Ho , Descour Anne , Shi Feng , Larson Matthew , Schilmiller Anthony , An Lingling , Jones A. Daniel , Pichersky Eran , Soderlund Carol A. , Gang David R.
Published: November 2010

Glandular trichomes play important roles in protecting plants from biotic attack by producing defensive compounds. We investigated the metabolic profiles and transcriptomes to characterize the differences between different glandular trichome types in several domesticated and wild Solanum species: Solanum lycopersicum (glandular trichome types 1, 6, and 7), Solanum habrochaites (types 1, 4, and 6), Solanum pennellii (types 4 and 6), Solanum arcanum (type 6), and Solanum pimpinellifolium (type 6). Substantial chemical differences in and between Solanum species and glandular trichome types are likely determined by the regulation of metabolism at several levels. Comparison of S. habrochaites type 1 and 4 glandular trichomes revealed few differences in chemical content or transcript abundance, leading to the conclusion that these two glandular trichome types are the same and differ perhaps only in stalk length. The observation that all of the other species examined here contain either type 1 or 4 trichomes (not both) supports the conclusion that these two trichome types are the same. Most differences in metabolites between type 1 and 4 glands on the one hand and type 6 glands on the other hand are quantitative but not qualitative. Several glandular trichome types express genes associated with photosynthesis and carbon fixation, indicating that some carbon destined for specialized metabolism is likely fixed within the trichome secretory cells. Finally, Solanum type 7 glandular trichomes do not appear to be involved in the biosynthesis and storage of specialized metabolites and thus likely serve another unknown function, perhaps as the site of the synthesis of protease inhibitors.
Spermidine Is a Morphogenetic Determinant for Cell Fate Specification in the Male Gametophyte of the Water FernMarsilea vestita
Authors: Deeb Faten , van der Weele Corine M. , Wolniak Stephen M.
Published: November 2010

Here, we show that the polyamine spermidine plays a key role as a morphogenetic determinant during spermatid development in the water fern Marsilea vestita. Spermidine levels rise first in sterile jacket cells and then increase dramatically in spermatogenous cells as the spermatids mature. RNA interference and drug treatments were employed to deplete spermidine in the gametophyte at different stages of gametogenesis. Development in spermidine-depleted gametophytes was arrested before the completion of the last round of cell divisions. In spermidine-depleted spermatogenous cells, chromatin failed to condense properly, basal body positioning was altered, and the microtubule ribbon was in disarray. When cyclohexylamine, a spermidine synthase (SPDS) inhibitor, was added at the start of spermatid differentiation, the spermatid nuclei remained round, centrin failed to localize into basal bodies, thus blocking basal body formation, and the microtubule ribbon was completely abolished. In untreated gametophytes, spermidine made in the jacket cells moves into the spermatids, where it is involved in the unmasking of stored SPDS mRNAs, leading to substantial spermidine synthesis in the spermatids. We found that treating spores directly with spermidine or other polyamines was sufficient to unmask a variety of stored mRNAs in gametophytes and arrest development. Differences in patterns of transcript distribution after these treatments suggest that specific transcripts reside in different locations in the dry spore; these differences may be linked to the timing of unmasking and translation for that mRNA during development.
ABI4 Mediates Abscisic Acid and Cytokinin Inhibition of Lateral Root Formation by Reducing Polar Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shkolnik-Inbar Doron , Bar-Zvi Dudy
Published: November 2010

Key steps in a plant's development and adaptation to the environment are the initiation and development of lateral roots (LRs). LR development is regulated by auxin, the major plant hormone promoting LR formation, its counteracting hormones cytokinin, and abscisic acid (ABA). Here, we show that mutating ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4), which encodes an ABA-regulated AP2 domain transcription factor, results in an increased number of LRs. We show that ABI4 is expressed in roots and that its overexpression impairs LR development. Root expression of ABI4 is enhanced by ABA, and cytokinin and is repressed by auxin. Using hormone response promoters, we show that ABI4 also affects auxin and cytokinin profiles in the root. Furthermore, LR development in abi4 mutants is not altered or inhibited by cytokinin or ABA. Expression of the auxin-efflux carrier protein PIN1 is reduced in ABI4 overexpressors, enhanced in abi4 mutants, and is less sensitive to inhibition by cytokinin and ABA in abi4 mutants than in wild-type plants. Transport levels of exogenously applied auxin were elevated in abi4 mutants and reduced in ABI4 overexpressors. We therefore suggest that ABI4 mediates ABA and cytokinin inhibition of LR formation via reduction of polar auxin transport and that the resulting decrease in root auxin leads to a reduction in LR development.
Members of the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN Transcription Factor Family Are Involved in the Regulation of Secondary Growth inPopulus
Authors: Yordanov Yordan S. , Regan Sharon , Busov Victor
Published: November 2010

Regulation of secondary (woody) growth is of substantial economic and environmental interest but is poorly understood. We identified and subsequently characterized an activation-tagged poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) mutant with enhanced woody growth and changes in bark texture caused primarily by increased secondary phloem production. Molecular characterization of the mutation through positioning of the tag and retransformation experiments shows that the phenotype is conditioned by activation of an uncharacterized gene that encodes a novel member of the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) family of transcription factors. Homology analysis showed highest similarity to an uncharacterized LBD1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, and we consequently named it Populus tremula × Populus alba (Pta) LBD1. Dominant-negative suppression of Pta LBD1 via translational fusion with the repressor SRDX domain caused decreased diameter growth and suppressed and highly irregular phloem development. In wild-type plants, LBD1 was most highly expressed in the phloem and cambial zone. Two key Class I KNOTTED1-like homeobox genes that promote meristem identity in the cambium were downregulated, while an Altered Phloem Development gene that is known to promote phloem differentiation was upregulated in the mutant. A set of four LBD genes, including the LBD1 gene, was predominantly expressed in wood-forming tissues, suggesting a broader regulatory role of these transcription factors during secondary woody growth in poplar.
Using linked data to classify web documents
Authors: Fripp Dominic
Published: November 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find a relationship between traditional faceted classification schemes and semantic web document annotators, particularly in the linked data environment.

Design/methodology/approach

A consideration of the conceptual ideas behind faceted classification and linked data architecture is made. Analysis of selected web documents is performed using Calais' Semantic Proxy to support the considerations.

Findings

Technical language aside, the principles of both approaches are very similar. Modern classification techniques have the potential to automatically generate metadata to drive more precise information recall by including a semantic layer.

Originality/value

Linked data have not been explicitly considered in this context before in the published literature.