bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An SEM study of the cephalic region, buccal cavity and male tail of the species of the genus Strongylus Müller, 1780 (Nematoda, Strongyloidea)
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M.
Published: June 2009

The four species of the genus Strongylus Müller, 1780, namely, S. equinus, S. edentatus, S. vulgaris and S. asini were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The buccal cavity of each species was cut transversely and longitudinally and the scanning electron micrographs illustrate the shape of the buccal cavity and the dorsal gutter. The micrographs also show the presence of denticles near the oral rim of the buccal cavity of S. edentatus and the shape of the teeth in the buccal cavity of S. equinus, S. vulgaris and S. asini. The bursa of the four species has three symmetrical lobes, one dorsal and two lateral. The length of the three lobes in relation to each other varies between the species. The genital cone has a single large ventral papilla, a pair of dorsal raylets, a median dorsal cuticular appendage and a variety of cuticular appendages lateral and ventral to the cloaca. The development and arrangement of these components differs between the four species of the genus and can be used as a supportive character for specific identification.
Studies with Brugia pahangi 12. The activity of levamisole
Authors: Rogers Rosemary , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

The effects of levamisole on adults, third stage infective larvae, and microfilariae of Brugia pahangi were studied in in vitro culture and in vivo against developing stages in the vector mosquito and in infected cats. In vitro the drug was effective only at dose levels much higher than can be tolerated by mammals. It was active against the developmental stages of the worm in the vector Aedes aegypti.

The drug was strongly microfilaricidal in cats but less effective against adult worms.
Echinobothrium harfordi sp. nov. (Cestoda: Diphyllidae) from Raja naevus in the North Sea and English Channel
Authors: McVicar A. H.
Published: June 2009

Echinobothrium harfordi sp. nov. from the spiral intestine of Raja naevus in British waters is described and illustrated. The species most closely resembles E. affine as both possess two groups of eleven large apical hooks, but can be distinguished by fewer peduncle spines and by characteristics of the eggs. The intensity of infection in individual hosts was generally low, and although the incidence of infection was high in rays less than 35 cm in length, this fell towards zero in larger rays. The ccstode showed a marked affinity for the first two tiers of the spiral intestine.
The detection of antibodies in human and animal filariases by counterimmunioelectrophoresis with Dirofilaria immitis antigens
Authors: Desowitz Robert S. , Una Steven R.
Published: June 2009

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of precipitin antibody in all of 6 dogs and the 1 cat infected with Dirofilaria immitis and in the serum of 17 of 24 individuals living in a setting of hyperendemic subperiodic bancroftian filariasis. Antigens used in the test were prepared from microfilariae and adult male D. immitis. Some humans and animals had antibodies to both antigens while others had antibodies against microfilariae or adult worms only. The presence of soluble circulating antigen was detected in the sera of two dogs with high microfilaraemias.
Bemerkung zu der Arbeit Otto V. Huffman: “The Kurloff-body, a Spurious Parasite”
Authors: Schilling-Torgau V.
Published: June 2009

Die unter diesem Titel in Vol. iv, No. 4 dieser Zeitschrift erschienene Arbeit V. Huffman's gibt mir Anlaß zu folgenden Bemerkungen, nicht weil ich ihre Ansichten nicht teilte, sondern weil sie geeignet ist, über meine Stellung zu der Frage der Kurloff-Körper einen unrichtigen Eindruck zu erwecken. Im ersten Absatz der Arbeit steht der Satz: “Therefore it is not with surprise that we find Ferrata, Patella, Goldhorn and Schilling and others believing these bodies to be protozoan in nature. Patella however is the only one who claims to have observed a flagellate develop from a Kurloff-body and of course this observation would put an end to all dispute if it could be verified.” Die Arbeit wendet sich indessen nur gegen die Patella'schen Anschauungen, obgleich im Literaturverzeichnis meine Arbeit über die Aehnlichkeit dieser Einschlüsse mit Chlamydozoenkörpern zitiert ist. Die gegen Patella angeführten Beweisgründe decken sich im wesentlichen mit den meinigen (abgesehen von durchaus negativen Flagellatenuntersuchungen, deren Zugehörigkeit von vornherein sehr unwahrscheinlich war), sind aber gerade im morphologischen Teile weit weniger eingehend und führen zu dem gleichen Ergebnis, daβ die Kurloff-Körper sicher keine gewöhnlichen Protozoen sind. Statt aber meine ihm bekannten Resultate zu bestätigen, erwähnt der Autor mich kurz unter den Anhängern der Protozoennatur der Kurloff-Körper. Mit der von mir betonten Aehnlichkeit mit Chlamydozoenkörpern ist keineswegs gesagt, daß sie wie diese noch ziemlich zweifelhaften Gebilde nun wirklich Erzeugnisse einer Infektion (höchstens mit ultravisiblen Erregern) sein müßten; ich habe ausdrücklich ausgesprochen, daß das, was von den Kurloff-Körpern dargestellt wird, eine Reaktionsstruktur der Zelle selbst vielleicht ihres Kerns auf eine unbekannte Ursache zu sein scheint.
Third List of Generic Names for the “Official List of Zoological Names”
Authors: Stiles C. W.
Published: June 2009

The following generic names of animals reported as parasites of man have been submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, by the Helminthological Society of Washington, for inclusion, in the “Official List of Zoological Names”:
The Herter Lectures. II. Trypanosomiasis Lecture delivered on the Herter Foundation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. 9 October, 1912
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The term trypanosomiasis is applied to-day to a group of diseases affecting vertebrates and caused by parasitic Protozoa belonging to the family Trypanosomidae. These parasites occur chiefly in the blood plasma and the typical form possesses an elongated body, an undulating membrane, a single nucleus, a blepharoplast, and a chromatic filament running along its length from near the blepharoplast, along the margin of the undulating membrane, to terminate freely at one end of the body. The latter has a somewhat spiral form, the protoplasm being alveolar and at times showing a granular structure. An axial filament has been described as occurring in some forms. One species, Trypanosoma equiperdum, occurs largely in the lymph, and another, T. gambiense, may invade the cerebrospinal fluid. They are actively motile organisms, multiplying usually by longitudinal or multiple division. Numerous species of trypanosomes have been successfully cultivated in vitro in the presence of haemoglobin, and by this means many trypanosomes have been discovered in animals in which these parasites occur in such scanty numbers that their presence cannot be detected microscopically. Thus, a large percentage of birds and cattle in different parts of the world have been found to harbour trypanosomes in their blood.
Changes in the membrane microviscosity of mouse red blood cells infected withPlasmodium bergheidetected usingn-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid fluorescent probes
Authors: Howard R. J. , Sawyer W. H.
Published: June 2009

A set ofn-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids (n= 2, 6, 9, 12, 16) have been used as fluorescent probes to examine the lipid environment at different depths in the outer membrane of normal mouse erythrocytes and red blood cells fromPlasmodium berghei-infected blood. Fluorescent polarization experiments with normal mouse erythrocytes have demonstrated a typical gradient in microviscosity from the surface to the centre of the bilayer as a consequence of the motional properties of the C-atoms of the phospholipid acyl chains. The fluorescent probes rotate faster in the membrane of purified pluriparasitized cells (> 90% purity) than with the remaining fraction of red blood cells from infected blood (20–40% immature, infected red cells, and uninfected red cells), or normal mouse erythrocytes. This increase in fluidity with heavily infected cells occurs predominantly at the centre of the lipid bilayer, rather than at the membrane surface. A comparison of the polarization values of intact and lysed infected cells indicates that the fluorescent fatty acids preferentially label the plasma membrane rather than the internal membranes of infected cells. The results suggest thatP. bergheiinfection causes a change in the composition and/or organization of the outer membrane of pluriparasitized cells which produces a decrease in membrane microviscosity.
Antigenic variation in clones of animal-infective Trypanosoma brucei derived and maintained in vitro
Authors: Doyle J. J. , Hirumi H. , Hirumi K. , Lupton E. N. , Cross G. A. M.
Published: June 2009

Eighteen clones of variable antigen type 052 of Trypanosoma brucei stock S. 427 were derived and maintained as animal-infective bloodstream forms in vitro for up to 60 days of cultivation. The antigenic composition of such clones was monitored weekly by immunofluorescent analysis of viable trypanosomes, using antisera raised to isolated variant-specific surface glycoproteins of both 052 and a variable antigen type (221) which consistently appeared in the first relapse population of type 052 in vitro. The appearance of new variants was detected in 9 of the 18 clones 18–46 days following initiation of the clone and variable antigen type 221 was found in all 9 clones. On one or more occasions in 8 of such clones, viable trypanosomes were found which did not react with either antiserum but were mouse-infective on the 4 occasions tested and probably represent other variable antigen types. The process of antigen, variation in vitro appears to resemble the process in vivo except that new variant types are detected earlier in vivo. This possibly results from different growth rates of the trypanosomes in vivo and in vitro, together with the fact that elimination of the initial variant population by the host's immune response facilitates the detection of newly arising variable antigen types in vivo.
Characterization of Trypanosoma brucei isolated from lymph nodes of rats
Authors: Tanner M. , Jenni L. , Hecker H. , Brun R.
Published: June 2009

Forms of Trypanosoma brucei isolated from lymph nodes of cyclically or intravenously infected rats, at different stages of infection, were morphologically compared with the corresponding bloodstream forms. Unlike the pleomorphic bloodstream trypanosome population, the lymph node trypanosome population was essentially monomorphic and resembled the slender forms of the bloodstream. Values for the morphometric parameters indicated a position between the slender and the stumpy forms. The number of trypanosomes/ml of blood showed the well-known periodic fluctuations while the number of trypanosomes/g of lymph node remained fairly constant. Serology revealed that lymph node trypanosome populations differed antigenically from the trypanosome populations isolated simultaneously from the bloodstream.
A rapid techinque for the recovery of strongyloid infective larvae from pasture and soil samples
Authors: Young R. R. , Trajstman A. C.
Published: June 2009

A technique is described for the recovery of infective larvae of strongyloid nematodes from sediment resulting from the washing of pasture and soil samples. The process of recovery and counting of larvae is described by a model based on the binomial distribution. Tests of the technique have shown that it will recover approximately 50% of the larvae present in samples of pasture sediment of either 7·5 or 12·5 ml in volume after centrifugation. The efficiency of the technique was independent of the number of larvae present in samples of pasture sediment. The technique was shown to be less efficient and more variable in recovery of larvae from samples of soil sediment. Estimations in efficiency of recovery from soil sediment ranged from 64 to 110·2% and a significant effect of volume of sediment on recovery was detected.
Boophilus microplus: the effect of histamine on the attachment of cattle-tick larvae–studies in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Kemp D. H. , Bourne A.
Published: June 2009

Circumstantial evidence suggests that the earlier detachment of Boophilus microplus larvae from highly resistant cattle follows the release of histamine at the attachment site. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that a proportion of the larvae will detach following injection or infusion of histamine. Other mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine have little or no effect on tick behaviour in vivo. Sensitivity to histamine declines as larval attachments stabilize, and repeated injections have no effect on the weight of larvae after 3 days on the host. Response to histamine is discussed in relation to host resistance, histology of the feeding lesion and larval behaviour.
Total intestinal absorption of glucose and l-methionine in broilers infected with Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima or E. brunetti
Authors: Ruff M. D. , Wilkins G. C.
Published: June 2009

The in vitro absorption of glucose and l-methionine in the intestine of broiler chickens was measured 7, 14 and 21 days post-inoculation (p.i.) with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima or E. brunetti. The small intestine of each bird was divided into 8 regions of equal length and absorption was measured on 3 tissue disks of equal size from each region. The absorption rate of each substrate with each coccidial species was measured based on (1) an equal area from each region, (2) an equal weight from each region, (3) the total absorption in each region and (4) the total potential absorption in the intestine. Comparisons of absorption rate of equal areas in each intestinal region demonstrated that infected birds at 7 days p.i. absorbed significantly less substrate per unit area in the regions of maximum infection than uninfected controls. Malabsorption was less apparent when the weight of the region was used as the unit of measurement. Compensatory absorption was seen in some uninfected regions with E. acervulina. The total potential intestinal absorption at 7 days p.i. was reduced with E. mivati, E. maxima and E. brunetti but not with E. acervulina. At 14 days p.i., total l-methionine and glucose absorption in some regions of the intestine was significantly increased with E. acervulina but not with E. mivati, E. maxima or E. brunetti. No absorption differences were seen at 21 days p.i. with any species.
Selective metabolism of L-serine by Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) in vitro
Authors: Crompton D. W. T. , Ward P. F. V.
Published: June 2009

In a series of in vitro experiments, adult male and female Moniliformis dubius were incubated at pH 6·88 and 37 °C for 3 h in a 2·5 mM solution of 18 amino acids. Fifteen of these were absorbed slightly from the medium, but L-serine was almost completely absorbed while the concentrations of glycine and alanine in the medium increased during the course of the incubation. By using L-[U-14C]serine, it was found that labelled ethanol and CO2 were the main end-products of metabolism excreted into the medium, with smaller amounts of labelled alanine, lactate and acetate. Small amounts of cystathionine with high specific radioactivity were found in extracts of the worms at the end of incubation, together with other radioactive metabolites including glucose, ethanol, lactate, succinate, malate, serine, glycine and alanine. Ammonia was found to be an excretory product of the amino acid metabolism of M. dubius. Possible metabolic pathways and suggestions for the significance of serine metabolism in this parasite are discussed.
The Anatomy of Siphonophora rosarum, Walk., the “Green-fly” pest of the Rose-tree
Authors: Grove A. J.
Published: June 2009

When beginning this investigation it was my intention to make a comparison between the anatomy of the apterous viviparous form and that of the winged viviparous form, to ascertain what differences were present corresponding with the difference in habit of the Aphis in these two stages. I found, however, that the literature bearing on the group to which S. rosarum belongs, was somewhat scanty, and as a rule, rather out of date. It therefore became necessary, before undertaking the comparative work, to obtain a somewhat more complete account of the general anatomy. It is with this idea in view that the following paper has been written; but, as will be seen on perusing it, much more attention has been given to the internal anatomy than to the external parts. It is my intention, now that this first part of the task is completed, to take up my original project. I desire to take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to Professor Bridge, Mr A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Mr Doncaster and Mr Collinge for the valuable assistance and advice they have given me whilst this work has been in progress.
The Drug Treatment of Piroplasmosis in Cattle
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Hadwen S.
Published: June 2009

1. Trypanblau promises to be an efficient remedy for bovine piroplasmosis, since it exerts a direct and obvious effect upon the parasites.

2. The effect of the drug upon Piroplasma bovis is similar to that which it produces upon the canine parasite. The dividing forms are the first to disappear, and after a few hours the pyriform parasites also disappear from the peripheral circulation; the parasites which are detected in the blood after a few hours appear degenerated and rounded or irregular; within nine to 45 hours or less all the parasites have disappeared from the blood.

3. As in canine piroplasmosis the disappearance of the parasites from the blood may be temporary. The parasites also disappear and reappear in small numbers (after two to 11 days) in animals undergoing natural recovery. In three treated animals the parasites reappeared in exceedingly small numbers after five to six days; in two they had not reappeared after 16 and 18 days respectively. The animals show no symptoms and progress towards recovery.

4. It remains to be detercnined (1) how long the blood of treated cows may contain parasites after the apparent recovery, (2) if the parasites in such recovered animals are altered in virulence, (3) if the parasites are capable of infecting ticks.

5. The experiments were conducted on nine cows, of which four served as controls and five were treated with trypanblau. Of the controls two suffered from haemoglobinuria, and one of these died of piroplasmosis; the two other controls had no haemoglobinuria and were very mild cases. All of the treated cows had haemoglobinuria and recovered. In four of the treated cows haemoglobinuria occurred before treatment began.

6. As might be expected, the drug exerts a more rapid effect when injected intravenously. The parasites disappear more slowly after subcutaneous injection of the drug. (Judging from our recent experiments on dogs, the giving of the drug per os promises to be without effect. See This Journal, p. 231.)

7. Although doses of 150–200 c.c. of a saturated watery solution of the dye were used, it is probable that smaller doses will prove efficient. The drug appears to produce no ill-effects upon cattle.

8. The drug, being a dye, has the disadvantage of colouring the tissues, more especially the subcutaneous connective tissues. How long the colouration persists remains to be determined. In any case this disadvantage can scarcely weigh in the balance as against saving the life of the animal, especially when used for breeding purposes.

9. We hope that experiments, which are about to be conducted in the field in Africa and elsewhere, will demonstrate the value of the remedy in practice.

10. Trypanblau and similar drugs should be given a trial in the treatment of Carçeag in sheep and Biliary Fever in horses.
The geographical distribution of Ornithodorus moubata (Murray, 1877)
Authors: Merriman Gordon
Published: June 2009

A precise knowledge of the geographical distribution of Ornithodorus moubata is very desirable, as it bears directly upon the distribution of the Relapsing Fever of Tropical Africa. It therefore appears desirable to publish the accompanying map and a list of places showing the distribution of the tick. Both the map and the list are, however, of necessity far from perfect.
The relapsing fever of Tropical Africa. A Review
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

In the following pages an attempt has been made to give a short summary of our knowledge of the Relapsing Fever of Tropical Africa, and also to include the results of my own experiments and observations on this disease. The literature on the subject is already somewhat considerable and widely scattered, therefore no apology is needed for bringing it together.
Tetrarhynchus erinaceus van Beneden. I. Structure of larva and adult worm
Authors: Johnstone James
Published: June 2009

My attention was first directed to this Cestode in 1906 when I was asked to examine several specimens of edible fish which had been exposed for sale in the public markets and had been condemned as human food on account of the presence of obvious, intrusive bodies in the flesh. In three of these cases the muscles of the flesh of the fishes—a Halibut, a Megrim and a Hake—contained cysts which enclosed the larvae of a Tetrarhynchid, and on examination the latter was identified as T. erinaceus from the peculiar nature of the armature of the proboscides. In another case the wall of the stomach of a Halibut was also infected with the same larvae. Acting on an obsolete principle of Border Law the Fish Inspectors promptly condemned the fishes and then caused them to be examined. I do not think there was any valid reason for the condemnation of the articles of food, for I can find no reference in the literature to the presence of Tetrarhynchids in the human alimentary canal, and there does not appear to be any question of a possible communication of a parasite by the consumption, as food, of such infected flesh. Further the number of larvae present was far too few to lead to any emaciation of the fish, or to the likelihood of the production of toxic substances in the flesh of the animal. Nevertheless the Inspectors probably acted in the interests of the public health in condemning such articles of food as contained obvious cyst-like structures in the flesh, as to the precise nature of which they were ignorant, since there is always the possibility that these bodies might be detrimental to the health of those eating them.
Observations on British Rat-Fleas. July–October, 1911
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The observations here recorded relate to rat-fleas: (I) in Suffolk and North Essex, and (II) in Cambridgeshire.
I. Report on Rat-Fleas in Suffolk and North Essex
Authors: Strickland C. , Merriman G.
Published: June 2009

To summarize our principal observations made in the course of the investigation into the rat-fleas of the suspected plague area of East Suffolk, July—October, 1911:

(1) We found an average of four fleas per rat: 822 rats were examined and 3293 fleas taken.

(2) The average was subject to a local variation (0·6 to 6·5).

(3) 15 species of fleas were taken from the rats, but of these there were only two species, C. fasciatus and C. agyrtes, which occurred in any numbers.

There were C. fasciatus 1986 or about 60 per cent.

C. agyrtes 1257 or about 38 per cent.

Rare species 50 or about 2 per cent.

(4) The average number of fleas per rat and the percentage of rats infested by fleas showed a well-marked seasonal variation, there being a considerable decline in the numbers as the cooler weather came on. Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Ctenophthalmus agyrtes both participated in a similar way in this variation.

(5) C. fasciatus is chiefly found on rats caught near human habitations; C. agyrtes on those caught in the hedgerows.
II. Report on Rat-Fleas in Cambridgeshire
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

The following record relates to fleas collected from rats in and about Cambridge during the period 3rd March, 1909, to 20th November, 1911. We had difficulty in obtaining rats in Cambridge during the year 1911 owing largely to the high price asked by professional rat-catchers who usually sell them for sporting purposes. We have, consequently, included data collected by us during the two years before this investigation was undertaken on behalf of the Local Government Board.
Recent Progress in our Knowledge of Parasitic Worms.
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

During the course of the last few years our knowledge of parasitic worms in all their various relations has advanced and increased to a very considerable and satisfactory extent. From the purely zoological point of view the advances have been of the highest order, many important discoveries having been made, not only in connection with the morphology but also, and particularly, in connection with the development and bionomics of these worms. At the same time there has been a steadily increasing improvement in our ideas of their classification and relationships which has resulted in a much wider and more accurate conception of their zoological nature. While these rapidly accumulating discoveries have greatly extended the knowledge at our disposal, they have, in addition, rendered such facts easier of study and of use, with the result that the economic value of the subject as a whole has been very materially enhanced. Helminthology shares with Protozoology and Entomology the, in some respects, unenviable distinction of being of intrinsic importance not only to medicine, but also to veterinary and agricultural science. It has a smaller but no less definite economic importance in relation to fisheries. Apart from their purely zoological interest it is particularly as agents of disease that the parasitic worms are of importance, but there are a number of other matters connected with habits and distribution, on which a study of parasites may throw considerable light.
The Biology of some North American Ticks of the Genus Dermacentor
Authors: Bishopp F. C. , Wood H. P.
Published: June 2009

No group of ticks presents a more interesting biological study than the genus Dermacentor. The diversity of habits of these ticks is remarkable. These differences in habits, especially when we find them correlated with certain structural characteristics, would lead some to consider splitting the genus into two or more genera or subgenera. This we do not think well advised.
On “Tick Paralysis” in Sheep and Man following Bites of Dermacentor venustus
Authors: Hadwen Seymour
Published: June 2009

“Tick paralysis” occurs in British Columbia and affects man, sheep, and probably other animals. The disease is caused by the bites of Dermacentor venustus Banks. It is usually of short duration, is benign in character, but occasionally it persists for long periods, and may terminate fatally. From an economic point of view, the disease is of some importance to the sheep industry. The causative agent has not been discovered, and the disease has not been reproduced by inoculation. The most likely hypothesis is that the tick injects a toxin which gives rise to symptoms appearing coincidentally with the complete engorgement of the tick. In three consecutive cases, experimentally produced by me in lambs, paralysis occurred six to seven days after the ticks were put on. In no case did I fail to produce paralysis through the agency of the tick bites. It has been proved that D. venustus usually bites sheep along the back-bone; possibly the point of attachment may have some bearing on the symptoms or severity of the case. It is probable that other species of ticks may produce a similar disease. No larvae or nymphs were encountered on sheep, and I have no records of their attacking man in British Columbia.
Pseudo-parasitism
Authors: Shipley A. E.
Published: June 2009

Two very curious cases of pseudo-parasitism have recently come before my notice :—

Towards the middle of last year some centipedes were forwarded to me which had been vomited and passed by a women of 68 years of age. Some of the centipedes emerged through the patient's nose, and it must be mentioned that she was also suffering from a round worm. One of her doctors was of opinion that the centipedes were certainly breeding inside the lady's intestine, and as many as seven or eight, sometimes more, were daily leaving the alimentary canal.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus: Variation in Size and Structure due to Nutrition
Authors: Cunliffe Norman
Published: June 2009

Prof. Nuttall has suggested that I should continue his investigations (1913) on variation in size and structure due to nutrition, using other species of Rhipicephalus and species of other genera.
Note on Cystidicola farionis Fischer. A threadworm Parasitic in The Swim-bladder of a Trout
Authors: Shipley A. E.
Published: June 2009

some hundred and ten years ago, Dr Gotthelf Fischer, in a communication dated from Vienna, described a Nematode living in the swim-bladder of the trout. He named this worm Cystidicola farionis and his description is accompanied by some rough cuts. Bosc (1802) re-described the same Nematode under the name Fissula farionis. The same worm was again described by Rudolphi (1819) under the name Spiroptera cystidicola. Dujardin (1845) mentions it under the name Dispharagus cystidicola. Later it was removed by Schneider (1860) from the genus Spiroptera and placed in Diesing's genus Ancyracanthus. von Linstow uses this generic name “with a difference”; he spells it Ancryacanthus.
The Part played by Pediculus humanus in the Causation of Disease
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The term Pediculosis denotes the pathological condition brought about by infestation with Pediculus humanus, either the head or the body or both of these being affected. Pediculosis may lead directly or indirectly to secondary infections of various kinds. P. humanus (corporis and capitis) has been shown to be the carrier of two important diseases affecting man, namely typhus and relapsing fever.
The Pathological Effects of Phthirus pubis
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Phthirus pubis is not known to serve as a vector of any infective disease.

The pathological effects of its parasitism on man are on the whole of slight degree. Some persons are more sensitive than others to its presence; on the one hand the louse may produce no reaction by its bite or it may be tolerated upon the person for years, on the other hand it may induce pruritus of a more or less severe character, especially in parts of the body that are most infested and where the skin is most delicate, i.e. about the genitalia, the axillae, and eyelids. All grades of pruritus are observable, scratching of which the individual is unconscious may occur, or in the severest cases the scratching goes on day and night, so that by day it may be evident to spectators and aid in diagnosis. The scratching may only begin from the moment when a person realizes that he is infested.

The pale bluish-grey maculae are a specific sign of the presence of Phthirus upon man, but they are not always present. They are induced by the adult louse, are few in number, painless, deep seated, do not disappear on pressure, and measure 0·2–3 cm. in diameter. The maculae mark the site of the insect's bite; they appear 8–24 hours after the louse commences to feed on the spot affected. The bites of P. humanus do not produce maculae caeruleae. The salivary glands of Phthirus and Pediculus give correspondingly positive and negative results when inoculated subcutaneously. The maculae disappear usually within a week after the removal of the offending parasite, and they disappear more rapidly when the skin is irritated. The nature of the maculae remains to be determined, they may be due to extravasated and altered blood.

Apart from the maculae, Phthirus, like P. humanus, fleas and mosquitoes, may cause a febrile condition owing to skin irritation, although this appears to be rare; with the removal of the lice, the fever promptly subsides. Papular eruptions and eczematous inflammation may supervene upon the presence of the louse, but they appear to be largely due to the added insult of scratching the infested skin. The melanism is of non-specific origin, being due to continued scratching which leads to hyperaemia, pigmentation and desquamation. The lesions induced thereby may lead to secondary skin infection with pyogenic bacteria.
Bilharziasis in Natal
Authors: Cawston F. G.
Published: June 2009

In the following pages I shall endeavour to describe the present state of our knowledge of Bilharziasis in Natal and the result of some personal observations extending over the last seven years. The investigations of the Bilharzia Mission to Egypt have drawn attention to the various forms of cercariae which infest several species of fresh-water snail in African rivers. The cercariae which give rise to Bilharzia disease in Egypt are furcocercous cercariae, i.e. they possess a. tail which is divided for a greater or shorter portion of its length. They are characterised, further, by the absence of a pharynx at the commencement of the oesophagus. Similar cercariae are present in one of the species of fresh-water snail which abounds in the infected areas of Natal.
A Discussion onTrypanosoma rhodesiense
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

In a paper published in July 1924, Professor Brumpt has done me good service by criticising certain views of mine on the epidemiology of human trypanosomiasis (Brumpt, 1924).
On a New Trematode Tremiorchis ranarum nov. gen, nov. spec., from the Common Indian Frog Rana tigrina
Authors: Mehra H. R. , Negi Pratap Singh
Published: June 2009

Tremiorchis ranarum nov.gen., nov.sp., was first found in the small intestine and duodenum of thirty-six out of one hundred and two specimens of Rana tigrina examined for the purpose. Subsequently many more frogs have been examined and we have obtained these parasites in one out of every three frogs. Rana tigrina being the commonest species of frog available in Northern India is used as the type for dissection in every laboratory and it appears, therefore, strange that this common Trematode parasite should have remained unknown till now. The number of parasites in a host is very variable. Three hosts were found infected with one parasite each, one had 4, one had 5, one 16, one 18, one 196 and one as many as 204.
Furcocercous Larval Trematodes from San Juan Island, Washington
Authors: Miller Harry M.
Published: June 2009

1. Six new furcocercous cercariae from the north-western United States are described and comparisons with similar forms are made.

2. On the basis of the structure ofCercaria tuckerensisspec. nov. and three cercariae reported in the recent literature it is possible to characterise more precisely the Elvae group, which now contains eight members.

3. The execretory system ofCercaria elvaeMiller, 1923, was re-studied and found to differ from the original description. The bearing of this sort of error on Faust's use of excretory system formulae is touched upon.

4.Cercaria burtiMiller, 1923, originally described from northern Michigan, is reported from San Juan Island.

5. Certain features of the morphology and biology of the furcocercous cercariae are discussed in the light of this and other recent studies.

6. Check List II of the furcocercous cercariae, with eighteen larvae, is given.
On Coelomomyces Stegomyiae and Zografia notonectae, Fungi Parasitic in Insects
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Under the name of Zografia notonectae n.g., n.sp., Bogoyavlensky (1922) has described a new organism which he found parasitic in the body cavity of Notonecta (Hemiptera) collected in ponds in Russia (government of Moscow).
On the Geographical Distribution in the Palaearctic Region of the Ticks Dermacentor reticulatus Fabr. and D. niveus Neum. (Ixodoidea)
Authors: Olenev N. O.
Published: June 2009

The rich material of Ixodoidea in our Museum, which I have recently studied, enables me to give records of the geographical distribution of some genera. The genus Dermacentor of the vast Russian territory, as I have shown elsewhere, is represented by two widely distributed species, D. reticulatus and D. niveus. The collection contains specimens from the following localities.
The Trypanblue Treatment in Piroplasmosis of Domesticated Animals in South Africa
Authors: Goodall A.
Published: June 2009

The following brief notes on the above subject are the outcome of the writer's experience in the use of Trypanblue in cases of piroplasmosis in animals. The inoculations were undertaken under strictly practical conditions in up country districts, and whilst no new discoveries are claimed, it was thought that this short description of the purely utilitarian employment of the drug might prove of interest.
Notes bearing on Van Beneden, Leuckart and Sonsino whose portraits appear in Parasitology, XIV, No. 1.(Portrait-plates XII–XIV)
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Pierre Joseph Van Beneden was born 19 December, 1809, at Malines, Belgium, and died 8 January, 1894, at Louvain. He graduated in medicine (1831) and became Curator of the Natural History Museum, Louvain, where he became Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in 1836. Besides doing zoological work of high value which he pursued actively to the end of his life, he established at his own expense in 1843, a marine aquarium, one of the first of its kind. In parasitology he attained great distinction through his investigations upon the biology of parasitic worms and their relation to their hosts, his work Mémoire sur les vers intestinaux (viii + 376 pp. 28 pis. 4°), published in 1858, bringing him the “grand prix des Sciences physiques” of the Institut de France. In 1875 he published his results in popular form under the title Les commensaux et les parasites dans le régne animal, as one of the International Science Series, this appearing both in English and German translations. His publications number over 200 and he was joint author with Paul Gervais of a general work on medical zoology in two volumes (1859).
Sur les Acanthocéphales de l'Eider (Somateria mollissima L.)
Authors: Kostylev N.
Published: June 2009

LA litérature ne nous offre que des renseignements fort embrouillés sur les Acanthocéphales parasites intestinaux de l'eider (Somateria mollissima L.).Ces parasites furent decouverts par Phipps en 1774–1775 et décrits par lui sous le nom de Sipunculus lendix. Cependant, de la description et surtout des figures de cet auteur on voit bien qu'il ne s'agissait point de Sipunculides mais de vrais Acanthocéphales (Lühe, 1905). Plus tard, d'autres auteurs ont rapporté cette espéce comme synonyme d'Echinorhynchus polymorphus Brems
On the Natural Occurrence of Herpetomonads (Leptomonads) in Mice
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

While engaged in experimental researches on the introduction of insect flagellates, belonging to the genera Herpetomonas and Crithidia, into vertebrates, we have recalled to mind some former observations of ours made in 1909. When examining the blood of mice artificially infected with the spirochaetes of relapsing fever in the Quick Laboratory, Cambridge, we observed flagellates in the peripheral blood of the mice. These flagellates, which were scanty, were studied in fresh preparations by us and drawings of the organism were made with the camera lucida. Some of these drawings are now reproduced, together with others made by us subsequently. The flagellates were also observed by Professor Nuttall and his laboratory assistant, Mr B. G. Clarke, and we were unanimously agreed that the flagellates belonged to the genus Herpetomonas, or Leptomonas as some have since preferred to call it. The significance of the presence of herpetomonads in the blood of mice was very puzzling at the time, and pressure of other work prevented the subject being followed up. During 1911 and 1912, these flagellate organisms have been seen by all of us, but they were always evanescent and could not be found in fixed and stained preparations. The parasites were seen on different occasions in three mice altogether.
Notes on Ticks. IV. Relating to the Genus Ixodes and including a description of three new Species and two new Varieties
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Female (Fig. 1): Colour: scutum, basis capituli, coxae, distal parts of femur and proximal portions of tarsi and intervening articles are blackish brown, the remaining hard parts shading to yellowish-brown. (Dorsal aspect) Body (partly gorged) short and broad. Scutum about as long as broad, 0·87 × 0·85 mm., very slightly emarginated, with rounded scapular angles, antero-lateral borders almost straight, lateral angles situated at the anterior third of the length, posterior border rounded; cervical grooves deep, far apart, but slightly concave outwardly and slightly divergent, fading near the postero-lateral borders; surface glossy, somewhat rugose; punctations few, mostly fine. Capitulum with base roughly equilateral-triangular, short pointed cornua and sinuous dorsal ridge; porose areas not depressed, subcircular, near ridge, the interval less than their width and hollowed. Palps slender, article 1 small, articles 1–2 almost fused, broadest at the distal third of article 3 which is rounded distally; (Ventral aspect) hypostome club-shaped, 4|4 merging to 3|3 and 2|2 posteriorly where the median unarmed ridge broadens, teeth sharp, 12 per external file; basis capituli constricted where the short pointed recurved auriculae arise, posterior margin straight with rounded angles. Venter: vulva between coxae II; anal grooves form a small closed ring situate near the posterior border; spiracle ovoid, macula central. Legs slender; coxa I with short internal and stout external spur; stout external spurs on coxae II–IV progressively decreasing in size; trochanters with slight spurs; tarsus 4 tapering gradually, the distal pseudo-article about thrice as long as the basal; pads large but shorter than the claws.
The Types of the Species of Ascaris described by Baird
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Eight forms, referred to the genus Ascaris, were described by Dr W. Baird between 1853 and 1868, all of which are represented by type-specimens in the British Museum collection. Stossich, in his monograph of the genus Ascaris (1896), mentions six of them, but all these are regarded by him as species inquirendae. Baird's descriptions are in all cases brief, and confined almost entirely to external features, this rendering them inadequate for the requirements of present-day systematic workers. I have, therefore, thought it advisable to undertake a revision of the various types, with a view to deciding more definitely their systematic value, and, where possible, to re-describe those which appeared to me to represent valid species.
Observations on the Habits and Parasites of Common Flies
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

Within the last few years several books and numerous papers have been published dealing with various problems relating to the life-histories, and disease-spreading capacities, of house-frequenting and other nonbiting flies. An intimate knowledge of the habits of flies is essential if the most suitable methods are to be devised in order to diminish their numbers, yet it is only too evident that many of the accepted hypotheses are founded on the most superficial observations, and that extensive and carefully planned experiments, with a few notable exceptions, are conspicuously absent.
Diploscapter coronataas a facultative parasite of man, with a general review of vertebrate parasitism by rhabditoid worms
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

A report is made of nine cases in whichDiploscapter coronatawas found, in great abundance and in all stages of development, in human stomachs containing little or no hydrochloric acid. A critical review is given of the literature of parasitism of vertebrates by rhabditid worms, and it is concluded that these worms may establish themselves and multiply in diseased female urino-genital systems as well as in hypohydrochloric stomachs, and may live as larvae in the skin, particularly when this is mangy, or multiply on the surface of the skin, but that the evidence of establishment in the intestine or respiratory system of mammals is still inadequate.
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt, 1935
Authors: James S. P. , Tate P.
Published: June 2009

In Plasmodium gallinaceum, parasitic in domestic fowls, in addition to the schizogony in red blood corpuscles, schizogony also occurs in monocytes and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. This schizogony in cells other than erythrocytes may be termed, for convenience, exo-erythrocytic schizogony.

Exo-erythrocytic schizonts are characterized by never having malarial pigment (as they live in cells devoid of haemoglobin), by growing to a large size and forming numerous merozoites, up to 50 or 60 or even more.

Exo-erythrocytic schizonts are not confined to leucocytes of the blood stream, but can also develop in fixed endothelial cells of organs such as the brain, lung, liver and spleen.

The brain is an especially important focus of development and, after sporozoite infection, it is the first organ in which exo-erythrocytic schizonts develop. These schizonts may be found in capillaries of the brain as soon as parasitized erythrocytes are present in the peripheral circulation, but as yet they have not been found before parasites-are present in the peripheral blood.

In the brain rows of schizonts may develop and ultimately occlude most of the capillaries in the brain. This blockage of capillaries results in symptoms of general paralysis in the infected birds and death follows in a few days; and it frequently occurs in birds which apparently have been cured of the peripheral infection by treatment with quinine.

The exo-erythrocytic stages of P. gallinaceum occur in birds which have been inoculated with blood or with sporozoites.

During growth, the body of the schizont breaks up into a number of masses or cytomeres, on the periphery of which the merozoites are developed on regularly arranged rows of digitiform processes. A mass of chromatin migrates to the distal end of each process and is cut off to form a merozoite.

The mature schizont consists of a mass of irregular merozoites enclosed in a sac-like membrane which may be the remains of the host cell. The merozoites are composed almost entirely of chromatin and when they are fully developed practically no cytoplasm of the schizont remains.
Some African Diptera Pupipara
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

For the material herein dealt with, I am indebted principally to Mr G. A. H. Bedford of the Division of Veterinary Services of South Africa. Other material collected by the writer from bats in the United States National Museum some years ago and a specimen received from Dr C. R. Kellogg of Foochow, China, are also recorded.