bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioconjugation with Thiols by Benzylic Substitution
Authors: Watanabe Kenji , Ohshima Takashi
Published: February 2018

A benzylic substitution of 3‐indolyl(hydroxyl)acetate derivatives with thiols proceeded specifically in the presence of amino, carboxy, and phosphate groups in weakly acidic aqueous solutions under nearly physiological condition, while no reaction occurred at pH over 7. Kinetic studies revealed that the reaction followed second‐order kinetics (first‐order in the reactant and first‐order in thiol) in contrast with the SN1 mechanism of common benzylic substitution of alcohols. The utility of the present method for functionalization of biomacromolecules was demonstrated using several model proteins, such as lysozyme, insulin, trypsin, and serum albumin. The catalytic bioactivity of lysozyme in lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells was completely retained after the modification.
Stereoselective Transfer Semi‐Hydrogenation of Alkynes to E‐Olefins with N‐Heterocyclic Silylene–Manganese Catalysts
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Peng , Mo Zhenbo , Luecke Marcel‐Philip , Driess Matthias
Published: February 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Matthias Driess at the Technical University in Berlin. The image depicts the “catchy performance” conducted by the efficient silylene crab. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201705745.
Production and Structural Analysis of Membrane‐Anchored Proteins in Phospholipid Nanodiscs
Authors: Raltchev Kolio , Pipercevic Joka , Hagn Franz
Published: February 2018

Structural studies on membrane‐anchored proteins containing a transmembrane (TM) helix have been hampered by difficulties in producing these proteins in a natively folded form. Detergents that are required to solubilize the hydrophobic TM helix usually destabilize the soluble domain. Thus, TM helices are removed for structural studies, which neglects the pivotal role of a membrane on protein function. This work presents a versatile strategy for the production of this protein class attached to phospholipid nanodiscs. By inserting the TM‐helix into nanodiscs and a subsequent SortaseA‐mediated ligation of the soluble domain, membrane‐anchored BclxL could be obtained in a folded conformation. This strategy is suitable for high‐resolution structure determination as well as for probing membrane location by NMR. This method will be applicable to a wide range of membrane‐anchored proteins and will be useful to decipher their functional role in a native membrane environment.
Polydopamine‐Derived, In Situ N‐Doped 3D Mesoporous Carbons for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Qu Konggang , Wang Yinghua , Zhang Xianxi , Chen Hongyan , Li Haibo , Chen Baoli , Zhou Huawei , Li Dacheng , Zheng Yao , Dai Sheng
Published: February 2018

N‐doped mesoporous carbons (NMCs) have drawn a lot of interest as alternative electrocatalysts to replace noble metals. The maximized surface areas endow NMCs substantially increased active sites and thus greatly promote the catalytically apparent performance. Herein, polydopamine (PDA) is employed to derive NMCs by a facile hard‐templating method. The newly‐developed NMC‐900 shows highly catalytic efficiency in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), comparable to that of Pt/C and superb stability greatly surpassing Pt/C, attributed to its fascinating componential and structural merits. The componential‐favored graphitic N and pyridinic N afforded highly efficient and stable metal‐free active sites. The structurally large surface area (536 m2/g) and well‐aligned 3D mesoporous architecture provided sufficiently exposed active sites and unimpeded reaction channels for ORR. Both the good electrical conductivity and hydrophilic surface of NMC‐900 ensured an expedited ORR process.
Controlling the Outgrowth and Functions of Neural Stem Cells: The Effect of Surface Topography
Authors: Simitzi Chara , Karali Kanelina , Ranella Anthi , Stratakis Emmanuel
Published: February 2018

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self‐renewing cells that generate the major cell types of the central nervous system, namely neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, during embryonic development and in the adult brain. NSCs reside in a complex niche where they are exposed to a plethora of signals, including both soluble and physical signals such as compressive and shear stresses, but also discontinuities and differences in morphology of the extracellular environment, termed as topographical features. Different approaches that incorporate artificial micro‐ and nano‐scale surface topographical features have been developed aiming to recapitulate the in vivo NSC niche discontinuities and features, particularly for in vitro studies. The present review article aims at reviewing the existing body of literature on the use of artificial micro‐ and nano‐topographical features to control NSCs orientation and differentiation into neuronal and/or neuroglial lineage. The different approaches on the study of the underlying mechanism of the topography‐guided NSC responses are additionally revised and discussed.
Macrocycles Bearing Ferrocenyl Pendants and their Electrochemical Properties upon Binding to Divalent Transition Metal Cations
Authors: Zeng Zhanghua , Belousoff Matthew J. , Spiccia Leone , Bond Alan M. , Torriero Angel A. J.
Published: February 2018

Metal complexes of Cu2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ formed with the ligands [Fc(cyclen)] (1) and [Fc(cyclen)2] (2) (Fc=ferrocene, cyclen=1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane) are synthesised and characterised. The X‐ray structure of the Cu2+ complex of 2, Fc([Cu(cyclen)(CH3CN)]2(ClO4)4, is reported, and shows that the two positively charged Cu2+‐cyclen units have a coordination number of five, adopting a distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal configuration. The Cu2+‐cyclen units are arranged in a trans‐like configuration with respect to the Fc group, presumably to minimise electrostatic repulsion. The voltammetric oxidation of the free ligands 1 and 2 in a CH2Cl2/CH3CN (1:4) solvent mixture yields two closely spaced oxidation processes. Both electron‐transfer steps are associated with the ferrocenyl moiety, implying strong communication between the cyclen nitrogen atoms and the ferrocenyl group. In contrast, cyclic voltammograms display only a simple reversible one‐electron process if 1 and 2 are complexed with Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, or Co2+. Binding of these metal ions produces a significant shift in the reversible midpoint potential (Em). Except for Ni2+, Em is linearly proportional to the charge density of the transition metal ion, demonstrating that 1 and 2 may undergo redox switching. The diffusion coefficients of Fc, DmFc, 1 and 2, and their metal ion complexes correlate well with their molecular weights.
Electrical model of the alkaline electrolyser dedicated for SPICE
Authors: Górecki Krzysztof , Górecki Paweł , Zarębski Janusz
Published: February 2018

In this paper, properties of the alkaline electrolyser fed from the voltage source, producing the rectangular pulse train, were investigated. A model of this electrolyser for SPICE in the form of an electrical network was proposed. The structure of this electrical model was described, and the values of parameters of the model were presented. The correctness of this model was verified experimentally in a wide range of frequency. Using the worked out model, several characteristics of the electrolyser were calculated, and the influence of amplitude, frequency, and the duty factor of the supplying voltage on productivity and watt‐hour efficiency of the electrolysis process was discussed. The investigations were performed for 2 different concentration values of the KOH solution.
Development of an Image Processing Method for Automatic Inspection of Wear of Throw‐away Tips
Authors: WANG TING , CHEN YEN‐WEI , ISHIZAKI YOSHITOMO , MIYAMOTO MASARU , HATTORI TOMOHITO
Published: February 2018

The built‐in inspection is very important for quality control in precision cutting by throw‐away tip. We propose a new automatic inspection method for tool ware of industrial devices. We first do contrast enhancement of the ware image and then segment the cutting ware region by using Otsu thresholding method from the enhanced image. The area of the cutting ware region is used as a measure of cutting ware degree. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for automatic inspection of throw‐away tips in precision cutting.
CRT Survey II: a European Society of Cardiology survey of cardiac resynchronisation therapy in 11 088 patients—who is doing what to whom and how?
Authors: Dickstein Kenneth , Normand Camilla , Auricchio Angelo , Bogale Nigussie , Cleland John G. , Gitt Anselm K. , Stellbrink Christoph , Anker Stefan D. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Gasparini Maurizio , Hindricks Gerhard , Blomström Lundqvist Carina , Ponikowski Piotr , Ruschitzka Frank , Botto Giovanni Luca , Bulava Alan , Duray Gabor , Israel Carsten , Leclercq Christophe , Margitfalvi Peter , Cano Óscar , Plummer Chris , Sarigul Nedim Umutay , Sterlinski Maciej , Linde Cecilia
Published: February 2018

Background

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality in appropriately selected patients with heart failure and is strongly recommended for such patients by guidelines. A European Society of Cardiology (ESC) CRT survey conducted in 2008–2009 showed considerable variation in guideline adherence and large individual, national and regional differences in patient selection, implantation practice and follow‐up. Accordingly, two ESC associations, the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Failure Association, designed a second prospective survey to describe contemporary clinical practice regarding CRT.

Methods and results

A survey of the clinical practice of CRT‐P and CRT‐D implantation was conducted from October 2015 to December 2016 in 42 ESC member countries. Implanting centres provided information about their hospital and CRT service and were asked to complete a web‐based case report form collecting information on patient characteristics, investigations, implantation procedures and complications during the index hospitalisation. The 11 088 patients enrolled represented 11% of the total number of expected implantations in participating countries during the survey period; 32% of patients were aged ≥75 years, 28% of procedures were upgrades from a permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator and 30% were CRT‐P rather than CRT‐D. Most patients (88%) had a QRS duration ≥130 ms, 73% had left bundle branch block and 26% were in atrial fibrillation at the time of implantation. Large geographical variations in clinical practice were observed.

Conclusion

CRT Survey II provides a valuable source of information on contemporary clinical practice with respect to CRT implantation in a large sample of ESC member states. The survey permits assessment of guideline adherence and demonstrates variations in patient selection, management, implantation procedure and follow‐up strategy.
Heptanuclear Cage CuII‐Silsesquioxanes: Synthesis, Structure and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Bilyachenko Alexey N. , Levitsky Mikhail M. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Zubavichus Yan V. , Shul'pina Lidia S. , Shubina Elena S. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Shul'pin Georgiy B.
Published: February 2018

Two prismatic phenyl‐ (PhSiO1.5)14(CuO)7 (1, 29 % yield) and methyl‐ (MeSiO1.5)14(CuO)7 (2, 19 % yield) heptacoppersilsesquioxanes were obtained by the interaction of Cu,Na‐based cage silsesquioxanes [(RSiO1.5)12(CuO)4(NaO0.5)4] (R = Ph, Me) with 4,4′‐bipyridine and pyrazine, respectively, acting as “silent witness” ligands. Unusual molecular topologies of both compounds 1 and 2, which are the first representatives of cage silsesquioxanes with seven metal ions in their cores, were established by X‐ray diffraction studies. Complex 1 was found to be an active precatalyst in the oxidation of alkanes and 1‐phenylethanol to alkyl hydroperoxides and acetophenone, respectively. Alkanes were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, and the alcohol was oxidized by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide.
Acid‐Promoted Cascade Cyclization to Produce 2‐(4′‐Alkoxyaryl)‐3,4‐Fused Tricyclic Dihydrobenzopyrans via a Vinylidene para‐Quinone Methide Intermediate
Authors: Choi Dongil , Shiga Naoki , Franzén Robert , Nemoto Tetsuhiro
Published: February 2018

We developed a novel method for synthesizing 2‐(4‐hydroxyaryl)‐3,4‐fused tricyclic dihydrobenzopyrans with 2,3‐syn and 3,4‐syn motif based on the acid‐promoted cascade cyclization via vinylidene para‐quinone methide intermediates. Using easily prepared linear substrates, TFA‐promoted cascade cyclization proceeded in the presence of triethylsilane, affording a series of five to seven‐membered ring‐fused dihydrobenzopyran derivatives in moderate to excellent yield in a highly diastereoselective manner. The developed method provided new access to potent and selective ERβ agonists.
Synthesis of 3‐Iodobenzofurans by Electrophilic Cyclization under Solventless Conditions in a Ball Mill
Authors: Mantovani Anderson C. , Hernández José G. , Bolm Carsten
Published: February 2018

Under mechanochemical conditions, electrophilic cyclizations of 2‐alkynylanisoles provide 3‐iodobenzofurans in the absence of a solvent. Equimolar amounts of iodine are sufficient for achieving good yields. The eco‐friendly reaction conditions are mild, and various functional groups are tolerated.
Total Synthesis of Catunaregin and Preliminary Evaluation of Its Antitumor Activity
Authors: Abe Hideki , Hikichi Takuma , Emori Kosuke , Yokosuka Akihito , Mimaki Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Toyoharu , Ito Hisanaka
Published: February 2018

The total synthesis of catunaregin in both racemic and optically active forms was accomplished. The enantioselective synthesis uses the Evans aldol strategy, with an oxazolidinone or thiazolidinethione as the chiral auxiliary. The key features include a syn‐selective aldol reaction to form the Evans‐syn or non‐Evans‐syn product, and a successive ketalization reaction of a furanyl diol derivative under acidic conditions. The biological properties of the synthetic racemate and both enantiomers were evaluated against A549 and HL‐60 human cancer cells.
Electrochemical Detection of As (III) on a Manganese Oxide‐Ceria (Mn2O3/CeO2) Nanocube Modified Au Electrode
Authors: Ren Baiyu , Sudarsanam Putla , Kandjani Ahmad Esmaielzadeh , Hillary Brendan , Amin Mohamad Hassan , Bhargava Suresh K. , Jones Lathe A.
Published: February 2018

Ceria cubes decorated with manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn2O3/CeO2 nanocubes) were synthesized and used to modify a Au electrode for analysis of As(III) in aqueous solution. This modified electrode displayed improved sensitivity than either oxide on their own, indicating a synergistic effect due to the effect of Mn2O3 on the properties of CeO2. The improved sensitivity could be ascribed to the enhanced As (III) adsorption ability of Mn2O3/CeO2 nanocube during electrochemical pre‐concentration, combined with the well known As(III) sensing qualities of the gold substrate. The Mn2O3/CeO2 nanocube modified gold electrode behaved as a promising sensor with stable, repeatable square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) peaks, separated from common interfering ions in natural water including Cu (II) under practical conditions. Repeatability and stability studies revealed the As (III) sensor to be robust and reliable, with a sensitivity of 0.0414 μA/ppb and a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.35 ppb under optimized conditions, indicating a possible general use of this class of heteronanostructures in electroanalytical chemistry for studies that rely upon adsorption of deposition of the analyte prior to stripping analysis.
Covalent Bonded Graphene/Neutral Red Nanocomposite Prepared by One‐step Electrochemical Method and its Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Uric Acid
Authors: Liu Chang , Xu Zhikun , Liu Ling
Published: February 2018

A nanocomposite Graphene/Neutral Red (GNR) was fabricated via a facile electrochemical method by reducing graphene oxide (GO) and covalent bonding with NR on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in one step. The bond between NR and graphene was characterized and demonstrated by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), UV‐vis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR). Electrochemical data revealed that the GNR resulted in a sensitivity enhancement of uric acid (UA) oxidation and CV curve shown that the catalytic oxidation current is linearly dependent on UA concentration in the range of 0.5–50 μM and 50 μM−2 mM with a detection limit of 0.076 μM (S/N=3). The existing ions and physiological interferents were tested and they were nearly negligible or have a very small influence. Moreover, 2 weeks stability was obtained. By compared with other UA sensor, the present method is simple than previous report and the performance is better.
Synthesis of thiophene derivatives with long‐lasting citrusy type odour
Authors: Kost Bartłomiej , Matysiak Sylwia , Kula Józef , Bonikowski Radosław
Published: February 2018

Starting from 3‐methylthiophene, 11 new sensory‐active thiophene derivatives were synthesized. Among them, 3‐(5‐butyl‐3‐methylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐1‐methylpropyl acetate (3), 2,5‐dibutyl‐3‐methylthiophene, and 1‐methyl‐3‐(3‐methylthiophen‐2‐yl)propyl acetate (12) were characterized by long‐lasting citrus scents. The individual enantiomers of esters 3 and 12, which have been characterized in terms of fragrance, were also obtained.
Physicochemical and nutritional properties of rice as affected by parboiling steaming time at atmospheric pressure and variety
Authors: Zohoun Elvire V. , Tang Erasmus N. , Soumanou Mohamed M. , Manful John , Akissoe Noel H. , Bigoga Jude , Futakuchi Koichi , Ndindeng Sali A.
Published: February 2018

To elucidate the effect of different parboiling steaming time on the physicochemical and nutritional quality of rice, four varieties, NERICA1, NERICA7, IR841, and WITA4, were soaked at the same initial temperature (85°C) and steamed for 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 min. NERICA7 steamed for 25 min recorded the highest head rice yield (71.9%). Nonparboiled IR841 recorded the shortest cooking time (17.0 min), while NERICA1 steamed for 35 min recorded the longest cooking time (26.1 min). NERICA1 steamed for 45 min was the hardest (63.2 N), while nonparboiled IR841 was the softest (28.7 N). NERICA7 recorded higher peak and final viscosities across all steaming times compared to the other varieties. NERICA7 steamed for 35 and 45 min recorded the lowest total starch (77.3%) and the highest protein (13.2%) content, respectively. NERICA7 steamed for 25 and 45 min recorded the highest phosphorus (0.166%), magnesium (572 mg/kg), and potassium (2290 mg/kg) content, respectively. We conclude that, depending on desired physicochemical and nutritional properties, specific varieties and steaming times can be selected to achieve those outcomes.
Galactomannan from Trigonella foenum‐graecum L. seed: Prebiotic application and its fermentation by the probiotic Bacillus coagulans strain MTCC 5856
Authors: Majeed Muhammed , Majeed Shaheen , Nagabhushanam Kalyanam , Arumugam Sivakumar , Natarajan Sankaran , Beede Kirankumar , Ali Furqan
Published: February 2018

Health benefits of dietary fibers are currently being widely recognized. However, the assessment of dietary fiber as a prebiotic is essential and also important for the development of an improved synbiotic commercial preparation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of galactomannan extracted from fenugreek seeds as a prebiotic fiber and also its fermentation by the probiotic strain Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. Nondigestibility by the gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme hydrolysis of galactomannan were determined using an in vitro model mimicking the in vivo conditions. Further, anaerobic fermentation and utilization of galactomannan by the B. coagulansMTCC 5856 was investigated followed by selective inhibition of Escherichia coliATCC 25922. The galactomannan from fenugreek seeds was found to be nondigestible to gastric acid and also to pancreatic enzymatic hydrolysis. The galactomannan was fermented and utilized (71.4%) by the B. coagulansMTCC 5856, and also significant amount of short‐chain fatty acids production was also observed. Furthermore, B. coagulansMTCC 5856 inhibited the E. coliATCC 25922 growth when cocultured with galactomannan suggesting competitive fermentation of probiotic bacteria. Galactomannan exhibited prebiotic activity and also showed suitability with probiotic B. coagulansMTCC 5856 in a synbiotic combination. This study provides the first scientific evidence of galactomannan from fenugreek seeds as a prebiotic that may play an important role in modulating gut flora by acting as substrate to beneficial microbes.
Surgical management of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy: American Head and Neck Society Consensus Statement
Authors: Fundakowski Christopher E. , Hales Nathan W. , Agrawal Nishant , Barczyński Marcin , Camacho Pauline M. , Hartl Dana M. , Kandil Emad , Liddy Whitney E. , McKenzie Travis J. , Morris John C. , Ridge John A. , Schneider Rick , Serpell Jonathan , Sinclair Catherine F. , Snyder Samuel K. , Terris David J. , Tuttle R. Michael , Wu Che‐Wei , Wong Richard J. , Zafereo Mark , Randolph Gregory W.
Published: February 2018

“I have noticed in operations of this kind, which I have seen performed by others upon the living, and in a number of excisions, which I have myself performed on the dead body, that most of the difficulty in the separation of the tumor has occurred in the region of these ligaments…. This difficulty, I believe, to be a very frequent source of that accident, which so commonly occurs in removal of goiter, I mean division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.” Sir James Berry (1887)
Transformation/dissolution characterization of tungsten and tungsten compounds for aquatic hazard classification
Authors: Huntsman Philippa , Skeaff Jim , Pawlak Marcin , Beaudoin Robert
Published: February 2018

The transformation/dissolution protocol (T/DP) for metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds was applied to determine the transformation/dissolution (T/D) characteristics of yellow tungsten trioxide, WO3; blue tungsten oxide, WOx, x taken as 2.9; tungsten disulphide, WS2; tungsten metal, W; 3 samples of tungsten carbide, WC; sodium tungstate, Na2WO4 · 2H2O; ammonium paratungstate (APT), (NH4)10(H2W12O42) · 4H2O; and ammonium metatungstate (AMT) (NH4)6(H2W12O40) · 3H2O. The T/D data were used to derive aquatic hazard classification outcomes under the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS) and European Union Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (EU CLP) schemes by comparing the data with selected acute and chronic ecotoxicity reference values (ERVs) of 31 and 3.37 mg W/L, respectively. In addition to the concentration of total dissolved tungsten (W), the T/D solutions were analyzed for the concentration of the tungstate anion, because speciation can be an important factor in establishing the ecotoxicity of dissolved metals. Results show that the tungstate anion was the predominant W-bearing species in solution for all substances examined at pH 6 and 8.5. It was found that the 100 mg/L loadings of both the yellow WO3 and the blue WOx exceeded the 31 mg/L acute ERV, so they would classify as Acute 3-Chronic 3 under the UN GHS scheme but they would not classify under the EU CLP. An effect of pH on the reactivity of the W metal was observed with 3% and 16% W dissolution at pH 6 and 8.5, respectively. Tungsten metal would not classify under either the UN GHS or EU CLP schemes nor would the WS2. The WCs were the least reactive in terms of the 1% or less dissolution of the contained W at pH 6. A critical surface area for WC was calculated. The sodium tungstate, APT and the AMT all yielded, at pH 8.5, total dissolved W concentrations that would result in UN GHS Acute 3-Chronic 3 classifications. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:498–508. © 2018 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management © 2018 SETAC

Key Points

Transformation/Dissolution characteristics of W metal and 7 W compounds were examined for aquatic hazard classification. An adaption of the existing high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method is reported to provide quantitative determinations of the concentrations of total dissolved W and the tungstate anion in the same run. Results show that the tungstate anion was the predominant W-bearing species in solution for all substances examined, which is important for ecotoxicity. An effect of pH on the reactivity of the W metal and the W compounds was observed, with the substances being more reactive at pH 8.5 than at pH 6.
Low T3 syndrome as a predictor of poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Gao Rui , Chen Rui‐Ze , Xia Yi , Liang Jin‐Hua , Wang Li , Zhu Hua‐Yuan , Zhu Wu Jia‐ , Fan Lei , Li Jian‐Yong , Yang Tao , Xu Wei
Published: February 2018

Low triiodothyronine (T3) state is associated with poor prognosis in critical acute and prolonged illness. However, the information on thyroid dysfunction and cancer is limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of low T3 syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Two hundred and fifty‐eight patients with detailed thyroid hormone profile at CLL diagnosis were enrolled. Low T3 syndrome was defined by low free T3 (FT3) level accompanied by normal‐to‐low free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. A propensity score‐matched method was performed to balance the baseline characteristics. Multivariate Cox regression analyses screened the independent prognostic factors related to time‐to‐first‐treatment (TTFT) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS). Area under the curve (AUC) assessed the predictive accuracy of CLL‐International Prognostic Index (IPI) together with low T3 syndrome. The results showed that 37 (14.34%) patients had low T3 syndrome, which was significantly associated with unfavorable TTFT and CSS in the propensity‐matched cohort, and it was an independent prognostic indicator for both TTFT and CSS. Serum FT3 level was positively related to protein metabolism and anemia, and inversely related to inflammatory state. Patients with only low FT3 demonstrated better survival than those with synchronously low FT3 and FT4, while those with synchronously low FT3, FT4 and TSH had the worst clinical outcome. Low T3 syndrome together with CLL‐IPI had larger AUCs compared with CLL‐IPI alone in TTFT and CSS prediction. In conclusion, low T3 syndrome may be a good candidate for predicting prognosis in future clinical practice of CLL.
Survey of Free‐Living Nematodes and Amebas in Municipal Supplies
Authors: Chang Shih L. , Woodward Richard L. , Kabler Paul W.
Published: February 2018

The persistent occurrence of free‐living nematodes in a city water supply was reported in May 1959, and has led to the speculation that the presence of nematodes in municipal water supplies may be more common than has been generally realized. A survey of a representative group of large city water supplies in the United States has, therefore, been conducted. A search for viable cysts of free‐living amebas in the finished waters has also been made. Arrangements for collection and shipment of one raw‐ and one finished‐water sample were made either directly with the water utility, water commissioners, state health departments, or through the regional offices of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS). All samples were collected in 2 1/2‐liter plastic bottles and shipped without refrigeration or preservatives. Upon receipt of the samples, the entire volume of each sample was filtered through a SS type (3 μ pore size) membrane filter, and the concentrate was examined in the manner described in the previous article. When nematodes were observed under the microscope, the whole concentrate was pipeted into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 500 rpm for 5 min. The sediment thus obtained was used in preparing stained specimens for identification. When a concentrate showed a worm population of more than 10 per gallon, half of the sediment was used in identification and the other half in cultivation by the technique described in another report. When a raw‐water sample had a high turbidity and, consequently, a poor filterability, 500‐1,000 ml was filtered through 2‐4 membranes. The concentrate was washed from each membrane and examined separately to avoid the possibility of overlooking nematodes hidden by particulate matter. When amebic cysts were shown to be present in a finished‐water sample, 2‐3 drops of the sediment, after centrifuging, were placed on a buffered sucrose nitrate agar plate preseeded with Proteus mirabilis for viability and identification.
Taste and Odor Problems in New Reservoirs in Wooded Areas
Authors: Allen E. Jerry
Published: February 2018

The paper discusses problems presented by wooded areas, such as deciduous trees adjacent to wooded‐area reservoirs and decaying vegetation that contribute to taste and odor problems and attract beavers, resulting in increased color, bacterial contamination, and increased taste and odor problems. Improper cutting of trees and vegetative covering in close proximity to a reservoir can cause erosion, and logging operations within the timbered drainage area for a storage reservoir can contribute to a reservoir's contamination by algae. An example is given of Little Rock, Arkansas, where carefully planned clearing and grubbing of the Big Maumelle project site was accomplished to prevent taste and odor problems in large reservoirs in forested areas. The concise specifications related to the clearing and grubbing of Seattle's Tolt River Reservoir basin project are given as an example of how to avoid taste and odor problems.
Zeta Potential and Its Application to Difficult Waters
Authors: Riddick Thomas M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses zeta potential and its application to difficult waters. Topics covered include: reappraisal of turbidity; reappraisal of coagulation; factors affecting flocculation; stages of flocculation; zeta potential control; zeta potential variations of colloid particles; the nature of zeta potential; determination of electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential; zeta potential control at Waterford; and, hypothesis on coarse turbidity and colloid removal.
Determining Reserve and Equalizing Storages
Authors: Neumayer Carl A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses general definitions of reserve and equalizing storage, along with contrasting the basic concepts underlying the intended function of reserve storage and equalizing storage. The article presents several empirical formulas, which can be used in applicable situations to determine the amount of fire reserve storage needed at present or in the future. A statistical method illustrating how present and future equalizing storage needs may be determined is presented, and several general observations are made concerning some of the factors involved in locating reserve or equalizing storage facilities in the distribution system.
Effects of River Physical and Chemical Characteristics on Aquatic Life
Authors: Patrick Ruth
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effects of physical and chemical characteristics on aquatic life in rivers in the southern and eastern parts of the U.S. Topics discussed include: the importance of aquatic life in a river; the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of a river on the human use of a river without serious harm to aquatic life; and, the effect of these characteristics on the ways in which aquatic life indicate the consequences of municipal and industrial wastes.
Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes in Virus Removal
Authors: Hobeck Gordon G. , Clarke Norman A. , Dostal Kenneth A.
Published: February 2018

Previous reviews made by Clarke and Chang, and the Task Group 2760 P report pointed out that there was a need for much more quantitative information regarding the fate of human viruses in the environment and water treatment plants. This was particularly true in the matter of filtration, both in the ground and in rapid filters that usually follow flocculation and settling. In an effort to fill some of the gaps, pilot water plant studies were carried out with poliovirus at the R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center for 20 months, and the significant findings to date are presented in this article. The article includes a discussion by Herbert O. Hartung of the St. Louis County Water Company, and also Chairman of the Task Group 2760 P – Viruses in Water. He congratulates the authors for accurately reporting their observations without attempting to draw general and definitive conclusions or to prescribe standards. Because of relatively gross laboratory methods and lack of epidemiological correlations, Task Group 2760 P – Viruses in Water recommends additional studies to show the effect of lime softening and excess lime softening on virus removal. Because of the value of excess lime softening for removing some other protein‐type substances, such a study for virus removal seems appropriate. The task group also recommends that the capacity of activated carbon to absorb viruses be studied.
States' Rights in Water Law
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

Sweeping claims to water in the western part of the U.S. by the federal government, supported by favorable court decisions, have been met with stiff protest from municipal leaders, the states, and Congress itself. As demands for water draw drastically upon present sources of supply, conflicts between state and federal control and use of water have intensified. The problem is national in scope, but its impact is greatest in the public land states of the semiarid west, where the water margin is thinnest, and where federal ownership of millions of acres of land establishes a federal premise for claiming proprietorship, paramount rights, or title in fee simple absolute to all unappropriated waters in many states.
Adsorption in Heterogeneous Aqueous Systems
Authors: Weber Walter J. , Morris J. Carrell
Published: February 2018

This article discusses investigations of adsorption on carbon from binary solute systems in order to understand the behavior of activated carbon with mixed solutions. Results indicate that each solute affects adversely both the rate of adsorption and the equilibrium capacity for adsorption of the other compound present. Although such a pattern was to be expected, the small amount of experimental data previously available directly related to adsorption of pollutants from wastewaters did not show such effects. The present data are more in accord with the expected behavior on the basis of the current understanding of the adsorptive process.
Effectiveness of Potassium Permanganate for Disinfection
Authors: Cleasby J. L. , Baumann E. R. , Black C. D.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the effectiveness of potassium permanganate as a disinfectant for the common enteric bacteria. Escherichia coli was the test organism species. The effectiveness of various concentrations of potassium permanganate was observed at two temperatures and at three pH levels. Selected variables include the levels common to water treatment practice.
Exterior Corrosion of Cast‐Iron Pipe
Authors: Romanoff Melvin
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a field burial program by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to determine the effect of soil properties on the corrosion of the commonly used metals. During the 30‐year period between 1922 and 1952, data were obtained on 37,000 specimens of metals, alloys, and protective coatings after exposure up to 17 years at 128 test locations throughout the United States. In 1958, additional specimens of materials that had not been completely investigated in the earlier tests, including specimens of ductile‐iron pipe, were buried at six test sites.
Measurement of Low Turbidities
Authors: Black A. P. , Hannah Sidney A.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses some of the optical properties of suspended matter that affect turbidity measurements and suggests procedures for obtaining more representative measurements of relatively low‐turbidity waters.
Maintenance of Well Efficiency
Authors: Stramel Gilbert J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study to provide data for a better understanding of the effect of velocity and effective open area. The effect of open area on the rate of flow was considered to be important. Two specimens of continuous‐slot wire‐wrapped screens and two louver‐type screens were used. This article is primarily concerned with the problems associated with good well design. A successful program for maintenance of high production efficiency should include the following: the application of all of the well design techniques described in the literature; the consideration of entrance velocities, at both the face of the well screen and the bore hole gravel pack face; well pumping at proper design rates; and, the implementation of an aggressive program of well redevelopment.
Coagulation of Organic Color With Hydrolyzing Coagulants
Authors: Hall Eric S. , Packham Ronald F.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the coagulation of organic color using humic substances that were isolated from river water and separated into an acid insoluble (humic) fraction and an acid soluble (fulvic) fraction. The objective was to compare the behavior of the two fractions; a previous study indicated that differences in the properties of organic color in different waters were probably due more to the variations in the proportions of these fractions than to the properties of the individual fractions. Coagulation tests were made at different pH values on solutions of known ionic composition containing different concentrations of humic and fulvic acids. The coagulation method consisted of adding a calculated quantity of a suitable acid to the coagulant so that the total addition of acid equivalents was constant.
Influence of Removal of Forest Cover on Movement of Water and Associated Elements Through Soil
Authors: Gessel Stanley P. , Cole Dale W.
Published: February 2018

To evaluate specific details of water and elemental movement through a forest ecosystem, a lysimeter detection and recording system has been perfected and installed in an area of the Cedar River watershed of the city of Seattle. The lysimeter system allows collection of data pertinent to watershed management that is not possible with the small treated‐watershed approach. The system also facilitates the study of both the forest and the soil in relation to subsurface flow.
Use of Iodine for Disinfection
Authors: Black A. P. , Kinman R. N. , Thomas W. C. , Freund Gerhard , Bird E. D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study to determine the effectiveness of iodine as a water disinfectant, and to determine the health effects of this type of disinfection on a human population. The water in two water systems supplying three Florida correctional institutions and serving a total of approximately 700 people has been continuously disinfected with iodine for a period of 19 months under carefully planned chemical, bacteriologic, and medical controls. To date, 57 mil gal of water has been iodinated. The studies will continue until June 1966.
Chemical Nature of Organic Color in Water
Authors: Christman R. F. , Ghassemi Masood
Published: February 2018

The primary objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical structures of color molecules, the similarity of colored waters from different sources, and the environmental factors involved in the production of color. Oxidation with alkaline‐CuO was found to be an effective method of degrading the complex color molecule to recognizable chemical structures. Evaluation of the effect of the oxidation technique on model compounds, coupled with the knowledge of seven color degradation products, resulted in the proposal of a hypothetic structural formula for color‐producing molecules in water. Further experiments revealed a close similarity between the degradation products of color solids and the water‐soluble organic components of wood and soil.
Phenolic Analyses by Direct Aqueous Injection Gas Chromatography
Authors: Baker Robert A.
Published: February 2018

This article summarizes the preliminary results of a continuing investigation to develop gas‐liquid chromatographic procedures using direct injection of aqueous samples for analysis of phenolic‐type materials in water. This study demonstrated the ability of these procedures to separate and identify structurally related materials, determined the method's precision and accuracy, and compared its advantages and limitations with the commonly employed 4‐aminoantipyrine colorimetric method.
National Water Data Program
Authors: Hackett O. Milton
Published: February 2018

This article presents an approach to planning a national water data network. Involved are three principal steps: the inventory of existing data and data activities; the establishing of needs for data; and, a design for a system to efficiently fill these needs.
Effect of Subsidence on Well Fields
Authors: Roll J. Robert
Published: February 2018

This article briefly discusses the problems that have arisen in the Santa Clara Valley, California, related to subsidence as a result of overpumping of the groundwater basin. Among the many undesirable effects is the damage to wells in the area.
Summary Report on the Residential Water Use Research Project
Authors: Linaweaver F. P. , Geyer John C. , Wolff Jerome B.
Published: February 2018

This paper summarizes the final results of the 1961‐1966 Residential Water Use Research Project. Johns Hopkins University, sponsored by the Technical Studies Program of the Federal Housing Administration, and in cooperation with sixteen participating water utilities, conducted studies to determine water use patterns and demand rates in residential areas, and determine the major factors influencing residential water use. This project elucidated sprinkling demands, provided a basis for improved design criteria for water distribution systems, and may make possible the development of more equitable water rate structures.
Foam Separation Method for the Clarification of Natural Waters
Authors: Grieves Robert B.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to test the foam separation process on natural waters from various sources. Several samples of natural water were clarified by foam separation with surfactants, including those to which sediment had been added to increase the raw water turbidity. The dosage ranged from 10 to 60 mg/l, according to the turbidity of the raw water. When the surfactant was fed in several doses, the clarifying effect of any one dose was found to be uninfluenced by previous doses. Three quaternary ammonium salts gave similar results. Of the three, EHDA‐Br. required the lowest dosage. The use of bentonite clay as a flotation aid permitted some reduction in surfactant dosages. For a 2‐liter raw‐water volume, clarification can be achieved in about 45 minutes with a collapsed foam production of 5‐20 ml and surfactant concentrations in the residual waters of 1‐2 mg/l. The process appears quite promising for clarifying highly turbid waters and should be tested with natural waters on a continuous flow basis.
Aeration of Wahnbach Reservoir Without Changing the Temperature Profile
Authors: Bernhardt Heinz
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the results of aeration tests on the Wahnbach Reservoir in Siegburg, Federal Republic of Germany, that the Wahnbach Reservoir Association has conducted since 1961.
Heterotrophic Iron‐Precipitating Bacteria
Authors: Clark Francis M. , Scott Robert M. , Bone Ester
Published: February 2018

In this study, non‐filamentous heterotrophic bacteria with the ability to cause iron precipitation were isolated from water in a ferric ammonium citrate medium. Aerobacter aerogenes was the most common of the organisms found, especially in surface waters. All the bacteria appeared to have two characteristics in common, the ability to utilize citrate as a carbon source and the production of capsular material. Microscopic observations showed a large capsule which appeared to be encrusted with iron. Much of the iron can be removed with the capsule by sonication. In the ferric ammonium citrate medium where the iron is bound with citrate and ammonia, it is hypothesized that this complex material is absorbed into the cell, the carbon from the citrate is utilized, and the remaining iron is absorbed in the capsule. Although different types of organisms were isolated, three cultures were chosen and studied, Aerobacter aerogenes, Serratia indica, and Bacillus pumilus. As in much of the previously reported work, ferric ammonium citrate was used as the organic iron complex. The advantage of this compound is that iron is held in solution under alkaline conditions as high as pH 9.0‐9.5. None of the cultures produced a pH high enough to cause iron precipitation.
Chemical Interactions of Dissolved Silica With Iron (II) and (III)
Authors: Schenk John E. , Weber Walter J.
Published: February 2018

In defining the role of dissolved silica in water quality transformations, it is essential first to obtain sufficient information regarding the chemical nature of the various species of silica, which may exist under different conditions in dilute aqueous solution. Secondly, considerations must be given to the chemical interaction of these species with other major components of natural waters, and with the various materials added in the course of water treatment. This article describes some of the results of an investigation of several of the reactions of dissolved silica in dilute solution. In recognition of the role of chemical interactions in coagulation processes, the effects of silicic acid on iron hydrolysis may eventually help to explain the mechanisms by which polymeric‐activated silica functions as a coagulant aid.
Humic Substances in Water and the Effect of Impoundment
Authors: Gjessing E. T. , Samdal J. E.
Published: February 2018

There is little information available on the magnitude of the increase in color and organic matter caused by impoundment. This article presents information from practical experience in the catchment area of Trehorningen, Baerum, Norway. Gjessing previously described a downstream decrease in color in the water‐course of Trehorningen, and an increase in the dammed‐up Lake Aurevann. This article gives further details concerning the work.
Corrosion as a Primary Cause of Cast‐Iron Main Breaks
Authors: Fitzgerald John H.
Published: February 2018

This article outlines the corrosion process with emphasis on cast iron pipe. Data are cited to show the relationship between breaks and known corrosion phenomena. Finally, recommendations for corrosion control and hence a reduction of main breaks are discussed.
Upflow Filtration Process
Authors: Hamann Carl L. , McKinney Ross E.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by presenting an overview of past research on upflow filtration. The article then discusses small‐scale laboratory upflow filtration studies conducted at the Lawrence, Kansas, Water Treatment Plant. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the feasibility of purifying Kansas River water by combining coagulation and filtration in one high‐rate process. The method used was similar to the Russian contact clarification process, and coagulants were injected into the raw water immediately ahead of two upflow sand filters, with coagulation and clarification taken place within the filter beds. Studies included investigation of the effects of the rate of filtration and the depth of sand on the operation of the filters, with emphasis on studies of high filtration rates. Alum was used as the coagulant. Addition of a polymer with the alum was also studied. Jar tests were conducted prior to each filter run to determine the minimum alum dosage that would produce a pin point floc.
FILTER RATE CONTROL WITHOUT RATE CONTROLLERS
Authors: Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

Control of filtration rate for gravity sand filters has long been achieved by effluent rate control systems. Two systems of influent rate control are now available that have many advantages over the traditional system, with one method used in Taiwan showing especial promise.