bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GABAergic neurons that pioneer hippocampal area CA1 of the mouse: Morphologic features and multiple fates
Authors: Jiang Minghui , Oliva Anthony A. , Lam Trang , Swann John W.
Published: August 2002

Dramatic changes occur in the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) immunoreactivity in mouse hippocampus during postnatal development. Most striking is the presence of a dense population of immunopositive cells in stratum radiatum and stratum oriens in area CA1 during the first postnatal week. Between days 5 and 10, these cells disappear and the GAD67 immunoreactivity begins to resemble that of adulthood. These neurons are considered pioneer cells, and studies were undertaken to determine their fate. Between days 5 and 50, area CA1 doubles in size; however, the loss of cells expressing GAD67 mRNA cannot be explained solely by dilution resulting from hippocampal growth. In stratum radiatum, cell loss is particularly dramatic. Although between days 5 and 15, many cells seem to migrate from stratum radiatum to its border with stratum lacunosum‐moleculare, both fate maps of pioneer cells labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on embryonic day 13 (E13) and in situ DNA end‐labeling studies suggest that some cells die by means of programmed cell death. However, not all pioneer cells die, because many cells labeled with BrdU on E13 are present in adulthood and express markers for and have anatomic features of hippocampal interneurons. In conclusion, events that underlie the age‐dependent disappearance of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) ‐ergic pioneer cells are complex and cannot be completely explained by dilution in an expanding neuropile. Although some GABAergic pioneer cells likely undergo programmed cell death during the first postnatal weeks, others relocate within hippocampal laminae and terminally differentiate into the interneurons of adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:176–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and characterization of a cell surface marker for embryonic rat spinal accessory motor neurons
Authors: Schubert William , Kaprielian Zaven
Published: August 2002

The developing mammalian spinal cord contains distinct populations of motor neurons that can be distinguished by their cell body positions, by the expression of specific combinations of regulatory genes, and by the paths that their axons take to exit the central nervous system (CNS). Subclasses of spinal motor neurons are also thought to express specific cell surface proteins that function as receptors which control the guidance of their axons. We identified monoclonal antibody (mAb) SAC1 in a screen aimed at generating markers for specific subsets of neurons/axons in the developing rat spinal cord. During early embryogenesis, mAb SAC1 selectively labels a small subset of Isl1‐positive motor neurons located exclusively within cervical segments of the spinal cord. Strikingly, these neurons extend mAb SAC1‐positive axons along a dorsally directed trajectory toward the lateral exit points. Consistent with the finding that mAb SAC1 also labels spinal accessory nerves, these observations identify mAb SAC1 as a specific marker of spinal accessory motor neurons/axons. During later stages of embryogenesis, mAb SAC1 is transiently expressed on both dorsally and ventrally projecting spinal motor neurons/axons. Interestingly, mAb SAC1 also labels the notochord and floor plate during most stages of spinal cord development. The mAb SAC1 antigen is a 100‐kD glycoprotein that is likely to be the rat homolog of SC1/BEN/DM‐GRASP, a homophilic adhesion molecule that mediates axon outgrowth and fasciculation. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:368–383, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corticopulvinar connections of areas V5, V4, and V3 in the macaque monkey: A dual model of retinal and cortical topographies
Authors: Shipp S.
Published: August 2002

The connection zones of cortical areas V3, V4, and V5 (MT) with the thalamic pulvinar nucleus in the macaque monkey were identified. A combination of single‐ and dual‐tracer techniques was used to study their topography and to establish whether these zones occupy separate or overlapping pulvinar territories. In each case, the retinotopic distribution of tracer in the pulvinar was charted by reference to its parallel distribution within the maps of cortical areas V1 and V2. Each of the areas V3, V4, and V5 were found to connect with both the 1° and the 2° maps located within the inferior and lateral pulvinar nuclei and to respect the previously identified topographies of these maps. However, V5 connects to a narrow zone lining the rostrolateral margin of the lateral and inferior pulvinar and V4 to a broader zone within the body of these two nuclei, which is adjacent to but separate from the V5 zone; the V3 zone overlaps both. Focal injections into cortex produce columns of pulvinar label whose trajectory defines a line of isorepresentation. The lines of isorepresentation in the 1° and 2° maps are approximately linear and parallel and adopt a rostrolateral to caudomedial axis; in the 1° map, this axis is roughly perpendicular to the facet of the inferior pulvinar that lies adjacent to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The connections of V5 and V4 can be modelled as successive zones along the axis of isorepresentation, with registered visual topographies. The scheme is extended by existing reports that inferotemporal cortex connects to the caudomedial pole of this axis—reflecting an occipitotemporal cortical gradient, in that V1 and other prestriate areas, e.g., V3, connect to the opposite pole. Thus a simple model of the mapped volume in the pulvinar arises, in which a unidimensional cortical topography is represented orthogonally to retinal topography. Adjoining this volume medially, within the inferior and medial pulvinar, is a second, heavier zone of V5 connectivity, which is poorly topographic. Both the medial and the rostrolateral zones of V5 connectivity may overlap with previously identified regions of tectal input to the pulvinar.J. Comp. Neurol. 439:469–490, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An objective incremental formulation for the solution of anisotropic elastoplastic problems at finite strain
Authors: Chatti S. , Dogui A. , Dubujet Ph. , Sidoroff F.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents an objective formulation for the anisotropic elastic–plastic problems at large strain plasticity. The constitutive equations are written in a rotating frame. The multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is adopted and the formulation is hyperelastic based. Since no stress rates are present and the incremental constitutive law was formulated in a rotating frame, the formulation is numerically objective in the time integration. Explicit algorithm was proposed and has been optimized with regard to stability and accuracy. The incremental law was integrated in fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC) method to model anisotropic elastic–plastic problems at finite strain. Structural tests are carried out for isotropic and orthotropic materials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient transformation with Gauss quadrature rule for weakly singular integrals
Authors: Yun Beong In
Published: August 2002

The superiority of the use of non‐linear transformations, in numerical evaluation of the weakly singular integrals, has been recently demonstrated. In this paper, we propose a new non‐linear transformation containing a parameter which has most properties of the sigmoidal transformation. The sigmoidal behaviour of the present transformation, ΩEm(b;x) is governed not only by the order m but also by the parameter b≠0. It is shown that the presented transformation together with the Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule can better the asymptotic truncation error of the approximation effectively by controlling the value of b.

Comparison of the present method with a well‐known sigmoidal transformation, in numerical examples, shows that more accurate evaluation of weakly singular integrals can be obtained so long as the number of integration points is moderately large. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of parallel preconditioners for adaptive hp FEM discretization of incompressible flows
Authors: Bauer Andrew C. , Patra Abani K.
Published: August 2002

Adaptive hp finite element (FEM) approximations of incompressible flow make special demands on parallel solution algorithms. We report here on the performance of standard algebraic preconditioning techniques for the efficient solution of such problems. We employ a Schur complement scheme to eliminate the ‘bubble’ degrees of freedom associated with the velocity field, thus removing the zeros from the diagonals and enabling the use of standard algebraic techniques. Using new data management strategies and the PETSc library of iterative solvers for linear systems, numerical results for Jacobi, Block Jacobi and Additive Schwartz preconditioners are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balancing Neumann‐Neumann methods for incompressible Stokes equations
Authors: Pavarino Luca F. , Widlund Olof B.
Published: August 2002

Balancing Neumann‐Neumann methods are introduced and studied for incompressible Stokes equations discretized with mixed finite or spectral elements with discontinuous pressures. After decomposing the original domain of the problem into nonoverlapping subdomains, the interior unknowns, which are the interior velocity component and all except the constant‐pressure component, of each subdomain problem are implicitly eliminated. The resulting saddle point Schur complement is solved with a Krylov space method with a balancing Neumann‐Neumann preconditioner based on the solution of a coarse Stokes problem with a few degrees of freedom per subdomain and on the solution of local Stokes problems with natural and essential boundary conditions on the subdomains. This preconditioner is of hybrid form in which the coarse problem is treated multiplicatively while the local problems are treated additively. The condition number of the preconditioned operator is independent of the number of subdomains and is bounded from above by the product of the square of the logarithm of the local number of unknowns in each subdomain and a factor that depends on the inverse of the inf‐sup constants of the discrete problem and of the coarse subproblem. Numerical results show that the method is quite fast; they are also fully consistent with the theory. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parallel versions of Stone's strongly implicit algorithm
Authors: Reeve J. S. , Scurr A. D. , Merlin J. H.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we describe various methods of deriving a parallel version of Stone's Strongly Implicit Procedure (SIP) for solving sparse linear equations arising from finite difference approximation to partial differential equations (PDEs). Sequential versions of this algorithm have been very successful in solving semi‐conductor, heat conduction and flow simulation problems and an efficient parallel version would enable much larger simulations to be run. An initial investigation of various parallelizing strategies was undertaken using a version of high performance Fortran (HPF) and the best methods were reprogrammed using the MPI message passing libraries for increased efficiency. Early attempts concentrated on developing a parallel version of the characteristic wavefront computation pattern of the existing sequential SIP code. However, a red‐black ordering of grid points, similar to that used in parallel versions of the Gauss–Seidel algorithm, is shown to be far more efficient. The results of both the wavefront and red‐black MPI based algorithms are reported for various size problems and number of processors on a sixteen node IBM SP2. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the distribution of large data sets in theory and practice
Authors: Rauch Felix , Kurmann Christian , Stricker Thomas M.
Published: August 2002

Multicasting large amounts of data efficiently to all nodes of a PC clusteris an important operation. In the form of a partition cast it can be used to replicate entire software installations by cloning. Optimizing a partition cast for a given cluster of PCs reveals some interesting architectural tradeoffs, since the fastest solution does not only depend on the network speed and topology, but remains highly sensitive to other resources like the disk speed, the memory system performance and the processing power in the participating nodes. We present an analytical model that guides an implementation towards an optimal configuration for any given PC cluster. The model is validated by measurements on our cluster using Gigabit‐ and Fast‐Ethernet links. The resulting simple software tool, Dolly, can replicate an entire 2 GB Windows NT image onto 24 machines in less than 5 min. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromosomal imbalances in primary and metastatic melanomas revealed by comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Balázs Margit , Ádám Zsuzsa , Treszl Andrea , Bégány Ágnes , Hunyadi János , Ádány Róza
Published: August 2002

Characteristic genetic changes underlying the metastatic progression of malignant melanoma is incompletely understood. The goal of our study was to explore specific chromosomal alterations associated with the aggressive behavior of this neoplasm. Comparative genomic hybridization was performed to screen and compare genomic imbalances present in primary and metastatic melanomas. Sixteen primary and 12 metastatic specimens were analyzed. We found that the pattern of chromosomal aberrations is similar in the two subgroups; however, alterations present only in primary and/or metastatic tumors were also discovered. The mean number of genetic changes was 6.3 (range 1–14) in primary and 7.8 (range 1–16) in metastatic lesions. Frequent losses involved 9p and 10q, whereas gains most often occurred at 1q, 6p, 7q, and 8q. Distinct, high‐level amplifications were mapped to 1p12–p21 and 1p22–p31 in both tumor types. Amplification of 4q12–q13.1, 7q21.3‐qter and 8q23‐qter were detected only in primary tumors. The 20q13‐qter amplicon was present in a metastatic tumor. The number of genetic alterations were significantly higher in primary tumors which developed metastases within one year after the surgery compared to tumors without metastasis during this time period. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with centromeric and locus‐specific probes was applied to validate CGH results on a subset of tumors. Comparison of FISH and CGH data gave good correlation. The aggressive behavior of melanoma is associated with accumulation of multiple genetic alterations. Chromosome regions, which differ in the primary and metastatic lesions, may represent potential targets to identify metastases‐related chromosomal alterations. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:222–232, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: A cytologic dilemma. Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Chang Andrea , Bassett Lawrence , Bose Shikha
Published: August 2002

Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast is a rare benign tumor made up of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The cytologic features of this lesion are not well defined. This report describes the cytologic features of a case of adenomyoepthelioma characterized by hypercellularity and the presence of many atypical epithelial cells, leading to the erroneous diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Review of the cytology literature shows that this condition frequently mimics the cytologic features of a number of benign and malignant breast lesions, thus representing not only an important potential pitfall in the diagnosis of carcinoma but also a differential diagnosis to consider in a variety of breast lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:191–196; DOI 10.1002/dc.10073 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of “proximal‐type” epithelioid sarcoma
Authors: González‐Peramato Pilar , Jiménez‐Heffernan José A. , Cuevas Jesus
Published: August 2002

The cytologic and immunocytologic findings in a case of recurrent “proximal‐type” epithelioid sarcoma (ES) of the vulva are presented. This is a recently described neoplasm that differs clinically and morphologically from conventional ES. Cytologic smears showed a dissociated population of large, atypical neoplastic cells with bi‐ and multinucleated cells, abundant cytoplasm, and rhabdoid‐like morphology. Due to its different clinical management it must be differentiated from metastatic carcinoma and melanoma. From a practical perspective, its differentiation from other epithelial‐like sarcomas is less important. In conclusion the cytopathologic findings of “proximal‐type” ES show a good correlation with histopathology, permitting the diagnosis of recurrences and metastases. When accompanied by adequate clinical information and ancillary studies, a specific preoperative recognition seems possible. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:122–125. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of additional slides from residual Preservcyt™ material in difficult ThinPrep® gynecologic specimens: A prospective study of 58 cases
Authors: Hoerl H. Daniel , Wagner Joanne L. , De Las Casas Luis E. , Shalkham John E. , Hafez G. Reza , Kurtycz Daniel F.I.
Published: August 2002

ThinPrep® purportedly increases the sensitivity of cervicovaginal cytology for detecting abnormal squamous and glandular cells. The value of additional slides from residual Preservcyt™ material to characterize difficult lesions is unknown. Fifty‐eight cases were studied to determine the utility of additional slides for diagnosis and to assess cellular uniformity. In 32 (55%), repeat slides helped make a definitive diagnosis, including 18 atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASCUS) reclassified as low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) (13), high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) (4), or endometrial adenocarcinoma (1); 5 LGSIL reclassified as HGSIL; 3 atypical glandular cells of uncertain significance (AGUS) reclassified as LGSIL (1) or HGSIL (2); 2 LGSIL?HGSIL classified as LGSIL; and 4 cases confirmed as LGSIL (2) or HGSIL (2). Results were compared to follow‐up clinical information, including subsequent cervicovaginal samples and biopsies. The number of abnormal cells was similar between slides in most cases. We conclude that, while ThinPreps prepared from the same vial have similar numbers of abnormal cells, additional slides can be helpful for diagnosis in select cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:141–147. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of monocyte/macrophage cell populations in effusions: A comparative study using flow cytometric immunophenotyping and immunocytochemistry
Authors: Risberg Bjørn , Davidson Ben , Nielsen Søren , Dong Hiep P. , Christensen Jette , Johansen Preben , Asschenfeldt Pia , Berner Aasmund
Published: August 2002

The objective of the present study was to compare the efficiency of immunophenotyping using flow cytometry (FCM) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) in the detection of macrophages in serous effusions. Cytoblock sections from 90 effusions were stained for the monocyte/macrophage marker CD14, using ICC. Fresh‐frozen samples of all cases were analyzed for CD14 expression, using FCM. Epithelial, lymphoid, and mesothelial cell populations were identified using antibodies against Ber‐EP4, CD45, and N‐cadherin, respectively. Results were compared with clinical parameters and morphological diagnosis. Thirty‐nine specimens were cytologically diagnosed as malignant, containing tumor cells of nonhematologic origin, whereas 46 were interpreted as benign. Two additional specimens were diagnosed as indeterminate or suspicious for malignancy, and 3 specimens contained lymphoma cells. CD14‐positive cells were detected in 85/90 (94%) of effusions using FCM, and in all 90 specimens using ICC. The percentage of CD14‐positive cells was highly variable, but in some specimens was as high as 76% using FCM and 85% using ICC. A good association was observed between the two methods in the detection of CD14‐positive cells (P < 0.001). The presence of macrophages in effusions showed an association with female gender, using both FCM (P = 0.002) and ICC (P = 0.011), but none with effusion site, patient age, clinical and cytological diagnosis, or presence of Ber‐EP4‐positive cells (P > 0.05). The presence of Ber‐EP4‐positive cells showed a strong association with the cytological diagnosis of malignancy (P < 0.001). In conclusion, macrophages are a significant cell population in effusions, of both benign and malignant etiology, due to both their size and their possible confusion with cancer cells. Both FCM and ICC aid in the recognition of these cells, and thus provide an effective tool for the identification of different cell populations in effusions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:214–219, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor development for the treatment of heart failure
Authors: Peterson J. Thomas , Li Hua
Published: August 2002

Matrix metalloprotease inhibitor (MMPi) drug discovery initially focused on the therapeutic use of these compounds as antineoplastic and antiarthritis agents to reduce metastases and joint matrix degradation, respectively. However, increased MMP expression has been shown to occur after myocardial ischemia (MI) and during progressive heart failure (HF). Inhibition of MMP activity has been shown to limit left ventricular aneurysm, slow atherosclerotic plaque progression, and reduce left ventricular dilation after MI in mice as well as preserving left ventricular geometry and function in several animal HF models. A growing literature indicates that MMPi treatment may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, especially prevention of heart failure. The objective of this article is to define the role of MMPs in HF, identify which MMPs are upregulated, and outline potential limitations of MMPi therapy in this disease. Drug Dev. Res. 55:29–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine receptor signaling in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Fredholm Bertil B. , Arslan Giulia , Halldner Linda , Kull Björn , Schulte Gunnar , Ådén Ulrika , Svenningsson Per
Published: August 2002

This overview will focus on recent data from our laboratory. The four cloned human adenosine receptors stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells were studied with respect to signaling via cyclic AMP and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases. Adenosine acted as a full agonist at all the adenosine receptors when increases (A2A or A2B receptors) or decreases (A1 and A3 receptors) in cyclic AMP accumulation were studied. Adenosine was approximately equipotent at A1, A2A, and A3 receptors, but approximately 50 times higher concentrations were needed at A2B receptors. The potency of adenosine was such that levels encountered under basal physiological conditions (30–300 nM) were sufficient to activate all but the A2B receptors. Inosine was a low‐efficacy agonist at A1 and A3 receptors but was inactive at A2A and A2B receptors. Thus, adenosine is the most important agonist and the only one at A2A and A2B receptors. When MAP kinase signaling was examined, adenosine was equipotent at all the four receptors, and significant activation was noted at 100 nM adenosine. The potency of adenosine is dependent not only on the type of receptor but also on receptor number. Thus, high potency of adenosine is seen only where the receptor is expressed abundantly. These and other results are reviewed and discussed in relation to agonist and antagonist effects in vivo. In particular, we summarize recent data that show that adenosine tonically activates A2A receptors in the basal ganglia. Some aspects of the use of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in the treatment of Parkinson disease also are highlighted. Drug Dev. Res. 52:274–282, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological characterization of the rat brain P2Y1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells: Ca2+ signaling and receptor regulation
Authors: Vöhringer Christian , Reiser Georg
Published: August 2002

The increasing number of ATP‐ and UTP‐sensitive membrane receptors identified by cloning represent either ligand‐activated ion channels (P2X) or G‐protein‐coupled receptors (P2Y). Adenosine, ATP, and UTP have potential application in the management of pain, cancer, and some cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and are also involved in inflammatory processes in the brain. Therefore, P2Y receptors seem to be promising therapeutic targets. Multiple P2Y receptor subtypes, classified pharmacologically, are mainly linked to activation of phospholipase C (PLC). The present study further characterizes the rat brain P2Y1 wild‐type receptor (rP2Y1‐wt) and the eGFP‐tagged receptor (rP2Y1‐eGFP) stably expressed in HEK293 cells, thus shedding light on receptor regulation. Both receptors were analyzed by measuring Ca2+ responses in single cells. The rP2Y1‐eGFP receptor was coupled to Ca2+ release like the rP2Y1‐wt receptor. Experiments using the PLC inhibitor U73122 confirm the functional activation of PLCβ through rP2Y1‐eGFP activation. The P2Y1‐selective agonists 2‐MeSADP and 2‐MeSATP were most potent at the heterologously expressed receptors. We found a ligand selectivity typical for P2Y1 receptors (2‐MeSADP = 2‐MeSATP > ADP > ATPαS, ATP >> UTP). Fluorescence microscopy and Ca2+ measurements confirm that the rP2Y1‐eGFP receptor during homologous desensitization is subjected to processes leading to agonist‐induced internalization. The kinetics of receptor resensitization were also examined. Therefore, rP2Y1‐eGFP expressing cells are suitable to determine the physiological P2Y1 receptor signaling pathway and can be a helpful tool to identify drugs acting at P2Y1 receptors as possible therapeutic targets. Drug Dev. Res. 53:172–179, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzyme specificity and tissue distribution of zenarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, and its relevance in the use of zenarestat as a therapeutic agent against diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Takakura Shoji , Minoura Hideaki , Shimoshige Yukinori , Minoura Kyoko , Kawamura Ikuo , Fujiwara Tomoichi , Saitoh Takashi , Shimojo Fumio , Seki Jiro , Goto Toshio
Published: August 2002

The enzyme specificity and tissue distribution of zenarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, was investigated in diabetic rats. Zenarestat inhibited both rat sciatic nerve aldose reductase (AR) activity and recombinant human AR with IC50 values of 7.5 and 44 nM, respectively. However, the IC50 value for rat aldehyde reductase of zenarestat was 2.4 μM and the compound did not inhibit any other enzymes tested, e.g., enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, NADPH‐dependent enzymes such as nitric oxide synthase and glutathione reductase, at a concentration of 0.1 mM. Two weeks of treatment with zenarestat in diabetic rats reduced sorbitol concentration in sciatic nerve, lens, retina, and renal cortex with ED50 values of 6.9, 41.0, 37.6, and greater than 100 mg/kg, respectively. The tissue distribution of zenarestat was higher in the sciatic nerve as compared with lens and retina. Zenarestat also reduced sorbitol concentration in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in diabetic rats. These data indicate the relevance of zenarestat as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy. Drug Dev. Res. 54:27–34, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing
Authors: Grelotti David J. , Gauthier Isabel , Schultz Robert T.
Published: August 2002

Investigations of face processing in persons with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) inform upon theories of the development of “normal” face processing, and the story that emerges challenges some models of the nature and origin of cortical face specialization. Individuals with an ASD possess deficits in face processing and a lack of a fusiform face area (FFA). Evidence from studies of ASD can be conceptualized best using an expertise framework of face processing rather than models that postulate a face module in the fusiform gyrus. Because persons with an ASD have reduced social interest, they may fail to develop cortical face specialization. Face specialization may develop in normal individuals because they are socially motivated to regard the face, and such motivation promotes expertise for faces. The amygdala is likely the key node in the system that marks objects as emotionally salient and could be crucial to the development of cortical face specialization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 213–225, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10028
Lower incidence of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with glimepiride versus glibenclamide
Authors: Holstein Andreas , Plaschke Armin , Egberts Eick‐Hartwig
Published: August 2002

Background

Severe hypoglycaemia is a potentially life‐threatening condition. The aim of the present study was to compare the frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with glimepiride versus glibenclamide.

Methods

This prospective, population‐based, 4‐year study examined the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia in a region of Germany with 200 000 inhabitants. The blood glucose of all 30 768 patients who attended the emergency department of the region's central hospital was determined to detect severe hypoglycaemia, which was defined by the requirement for intravenous glucose or glucagon injection and blood glucose value of <2.8 mmol/l. Additionally, 6631/7804 patients (85%) attended to by the emergency medical services received a blood glucose test at the emergency site. The regional prescribing frequency of both sulphonylureas was determined by an independent external institute.

Results

Despite glimepiride being prescribed more frequently than glibenclamide (6976 vs 6789 person‐years), glimepiride induced fewer episodes of hypoglycaemia (6 vs 38 episodes); one episode occurred with a combination of the two preparations. The incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was 0.86/1000 person‐years for glimepiride and 5.6/1000 person‐years for glibenclamide. The characteristics of the 45 patients who presented with sulphonylurea‐associated hypoglycaemia were as follows: mean age 79 years (95% CI 75.2; 82.6); glycosylated haemoglobin 5.4% (95% CI 5.1; 5.7); impaired renal function in 62%.

Conclusions

In people with type 2 diabetes, glimepiride was associated with fewer episodes of severe hypoglycaemia than glibenclamide in routine clinical use. However, severe hypoglycaemia did occur with glimepiride and may be minimised if treatment targets are determined on an individual basis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence and onset features of diabetes in African‐American and Latino children in Chicago, 1985–1994
Authors: Lipton Rebecca , Keenan Hillary , Onyemere K. U. , Freels Sally
Published: August 2002

Aims

The study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diabetes in minority children residing in Chicago, IL, USA, and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of those with type 1 to those with youth‐onset type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Medical records were obtained on 735 insulin‐treated African‐American and Latino children aged 0–17 years at onset, and diagnosed between 1985 and 1994; 195 of the children were interviewed. Subjects were presumed to have type 2 diabetes if they fitted specific criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted and Poisson regression was used to analyze time trends.

Results

Ten‐year average annual incidence of childhood diabetes for African‐Americans [15.2/105, 95% confidence interval (CI): 13.5, 17.0] was significantly higher than for Latinos (10.7/105, 95% CI: 9.1, 12.6). The average annual incidence was 10.3/105 population for type 1 and 3.2/105 for those with presumed type 2 diabetes. Most patients (99.6% of type 1, 94.1% of type 2) exhibited more than one of the classic onset symptoms of type 1 diabetes. Mean age at diagnosis was older, 13.1 versus 10.5 years, and there were more females, 62.4%, versus 49.8%, among the type 2 patients; ethnicity was not an important distinguishing factor.

Conclusion

The risk of childhood diabetes increased among African‐Americans and Latinos between 1985 and 1994, driven by an increase in children with type 2 diabetes. This is likely related both to an increase in risk factors, i.e. obesity, and to changes in diagnostic practice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turn‐off, drop‐out: Functional state switching of cadherins
Authors: Lilien Jack , Balsamo Janne , Arregui Carlos , Xu Gang
Published: August 2002

The classic cadherins are a group of calcium dependent, homophilic cell–cell adhesion molecules that drive morphogenetic rearrangements and maintain the integrity of cell groups through the formation of adherens junctions. The formation and maintenance of cadherin‐mediated adhesions is a multistep process and mechanisms have evolved to regulate each step. This suggests that functional state switching plays an important role in development. Among the many challenges ahead is to determine the developmental role that functional state switching plays in tissue morphogenesis and to define the roles of each of the several regulatory interactions that participate in switching. One correlate of the loss of cadherin‐mediated adhesion, the “turn‐off” of cadherin function, is the exit, or “drop‐out” of cells from neural and epithelial layers and their conversion to a motile phenotype. We suggest that epithelial mesenchymal conversions may be initiated by signaling pathways that result in the loss of cadherin function. Tyrosine phosphorylation of β‐catenin is one such mechanism. Enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on β‐catenin is almost invariably associated with loss of the cadherin‐actin connection concomitant with loss of adhesive function. There are several tyrosine kinases and phosphatases that have been shown to have the potential to alter the phosphorylation state of β‐catenin and thus the function of cadherins. Our laboratory has focused on the role of the nonreceptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B in regulating the phosphorylation of β‐catenin on tyrosine residues. Our data suggest that PTP1B is crucial for maintenance of N‐cadherin‐mediated adhesions in embryonic neural retina cells. By using an L‐cell model system constitutively expressing N‐cadherin, we have worked out many of the molecular interactions essential for this regulatory interaction. Extracellular cues that bias this critical regulatory interaction toward increased phosphorylation of β‐catenin may be a critical component of many developmental events. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced expression and stable transmission of transgenes flanked by inverted terminal repeats from adeno‐associated virus in zebrafish
Authors: Hsiao Chung‐Der , Hsieh Fon‐Jou , Tsai Huai‐Jen
Published: August 2002

Mosaic expression of transgenes in the F0 generation severely hinders the study of transient expression in transgenic fish. To avoid mosaicism, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene cassettes were constructed and introduced into one‐celled zebrafish embryos. These EGFP gene cassettes were flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) from adeno‐associated virus (AAV) and driven by zebrafish α‐actin (pα‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR) or medaka β‐actin promoters (pβ‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR). EGFP was expressed specifically and uniformly in the skeletal muscle of 56% ± 8% of the pα‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected survivors and in the entire body of 1.3% ± 0.8% of the pβ‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected survivors. Uniform transient expression never occurred in zebrafish embryos injected with EGFP genes that were not flanked by AAV‐ITRs. In the F0 generation, uniformly distributed EGFP could mimic the stable expression in transgenic lines early in development. We established five transgenic lines derived from pα‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected embryos crossed with wild‐type fish and 11 transgenic lines derived from pβ‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected embryos crossed with wild‐type fish. None of these transgenic lines failed to express the transgene, a result confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Stable mendelian transmission of the transgenes was achieved in both α‐actin and β‐actin transgenic lines without changing the patterns of expression and integration. Progeny inheritance test and Southern blot analysis results strongly suggest that transgenes flanked by AAV‐ITRs were integrated randomly into the genome at a single locus with a concatamerized multiplier. Thus, incorporating AAV‐ITRs into transgenes results in uniform gene expression in the F0 generation and stable transmission of transgenes in zebrafish. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and biophysical simulation of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling
Authors: Gödde Ralf , Kurz Haymo
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this report is to introduce a new computer model for the simulation of microvascular growth and remodeling into arteries and veins that imitates angiogenesis and blood flow in real vascular plexuses. A C++ computer program was developed based on geometric and biophysical initial and boundary conditions. Geometry was defined on a two‐dimensional isometric grid by using defined sources and drains and elementary bifurcations that were able to proliferate or to regress under the influence of random and deterministic processes. Biophysics was defined by pressure, flow, and velocity distributions in the network by using the nodal‐admittance‐matrix‐method, and accounting for hemodynamic peculiarities like Fahraeus‐Lindqvist effect and exchange with extravascular tissue. The proposed model is the first to simulate interdigitation between the terminal branches of arterial and venous trees. This was achieved by inclusion of vessel regression and anastomosis in the capillary plexus and by remodeling in dependence from hemodynamics. The choice of regulatory properties influences the resulting vascular patterns. The model predicts interdigitating arteriovenous patterning if shear stress‐dependent but not pressure‐dependent remodeling was applied. By approximating the variability of natural vascular patterns, we hope to better understand homogeneity of transport, spatial distribution of hemodynamic properties and biomass allocation to the vascular wall or blood during development, or during evolution of circulatory systems. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arrested differentiation and epithelial cell degeneration in zebrafish lens mutants
Authors: Vihtelic Thomas S. , Yamamoto Y. , Sweeney M.T. , Jeffery W.R. , Hyde David R.
Published: August 2002

In a chemical mutagenesis screen, we identified two zebrafish mutants that possessed small pupils. Genetic complementation revealed these two lines are due to mutations in different genes. The phenotypes of the two mutants were characterized using histologic, immunohistochemical, and tissue transplantation techniques. The arrested lens (arl) mutant exhibits a small eye and pupil phenotype at 48 hr postfertilization (hpf) and lacks any histologically identifiable lens structures by 5 days postfertilization (dpf). In contrast, the disrupted lens (dsl) mutants are phenotypically normal until 5 dpf, and then undergo lens disorganization and cell degeneration that is apparent by 7 dpf. Histology reveals the arl mutant terminates lens cell differentiation by 48 hpf, whereas the dsl lens exhibits a defective lens epithelial cell population at 5 dpf. Lens transplantation experiments demonstrate both mutations are autonomous to the lens tissue. Immunohistochemistry reveals the retinal cells may suffer subtle effects, possibly due to the lens abnormalities. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for an articulatory awareness deficit in adult dyslexics
Authors: Griffiths Sarah , Frith Uta
Published: August 2002

Dyslexia is widely considered to be associated with impaired performance on phonological awareness tasks. However, it is likely that orthographic knowledge also influences performance on these tasks. In this study, adult dyslexics, for whom reading is no longer a major problem, were compared to a control group on a measure of articulatory awareness, a task which is not confounded with orthography. The dyslexic group showed deficits on the task in comparison to the control group. We hypothesize that information about articulatory movements for specific phonemes is less accessible to dyslexics because of a deficient phonological processing system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of Dyslexia among art students
Authors: Wolff Ulrika , Lundberg Ingvar
Published: August 2002

It is widely held opinion that dyslexia is associated with remarkably artistic creativity. Speculations on different brain structures and brain functions have been proposed as an explanation. Very few objective studies have been reported that confirm the conjectures on the relationship between dyslexia and artistic creativity. Two studies are reported on the prevalence of dyslexia among university students—one group of art students and one group of students from non‐art disciplines. The admission to the art schools were extremely demanding, possibly implying that the students were genuinely talented, and that their choice of training did not reflect a compensation for failure in conventional academic fields. Art academy students reported significantly more signs of dyslexia than non‐art university students. Objective testing showed that art students had significantly poorer phonological skills than non‐art students. Thus, according to self‐reports combined with objective testing, the incidence of dyslexia was far higher among art students. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Participation in aesthetic sports and girls' weight concerns at ages 5 and 7 years
Authors: Davison Kirsten Krahnstoever , Earnest Mandy B. , Birch Leann L.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The relationship between participation in aesthetic, or appearance‐oriented, sports and weight concerns was assessed among young girls.

Method

Participants were part of a larger longitudinal study and included 197 and 192 girls and their mothers when girls were 5 and 7 years, respectively. At each age, girls' weight concerns and sport participation were assessed and girls were classified as participating in aesthetic sports (dance, gymnastics, cheerleading, baton twirling, swimming, aerobics, figure skating), non‐aesthetic sports (volleyball, soccer, basketball, softball, hockey, tennis, martial arts, track) or no sports.

Results

Girls in the aesthetic sport group reported higher weight concerns than girls in the nonaesthetic and no sport groups at ages 5 and 7 years. In addition, girls participating in aesthetic sports at ages 5 and 7 years reported the highest weight concerns at age 7.

Discussion

Participation in aesthetic, or appearance‐oriented, sports may foster a heightened focus on weight and body shape among girls. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord XX: 312–317, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10043
The relationship between compulsive buying and eating disorders
Authors: Mitchell James E. , Redlin Jennifer , Wonderlich Steve , Crosby Ross , Faber Ron , Miltenberger Ray , Smyth Joshua , Stickney Marci , Gosnell Blake , Burgard Melissa , Lancaster Kathy
Published: August 2002

Objective

Compulsive buying has received increased research attention in the last decade. The disorder has high rates of comorbidity for other disorders, including eating disorders. This study explored the possible relationship between compulsive buying and eating disorders.

Method

Twenty women who scored in the pathological range on a measure of compulsive buying and 20 controls were recruited via the media. Various measures of psychopathology and eating disorder symptoms were administered to both groups.

Result

Compulsive buyers were significantly more likely to have a higher lifetime history of substance abuse or dependence. No differences existed between normal controls and compulsive buyers in prevalence of current or lifetime eating disorders, nor were there differences in scores of eating‐related psychopathology.

Discussion

This work failed to demonstrate an increased risk for eating disorders in compulsive buyers, although a higher rate of substance dependence or abuse and higher scores on pathological personality dimension scales were seen. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32:107–111, 2002.
Weight‐related and shape‐related self‐evaluation in eating‐disordered and non–eating‐disordered women
Authors: McFarlane Traci , McCabe Randi E. , Jarry Josee , Olmsted Marion P. , Polivy Janet
Published: August 2002

Objective

Weight‐ and shape‐related self‐evaluation refers to the process whereby an individual determines her self‐worth based on an evaluation of her body weight and shape. This is a hallmark feature of both anorexia and bulimia nervosa, as specified in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of weight‐related self‐evaluation in eating‐disordered women.

Method

Eating‐disordered patients, restrained eaters, and unrestrained eaters completed an experimenter‐designed questionnaire that examines different dimensions of weight‐related self‐evaluation (i.e., the Multidimensional Weight‐Related Self‐Evaluation Inventory).

Results

Results revealed that weight‐related self‐evaluation is a feature shared, to some extent, by both eating‐disordered patients and restrained eaters. However, eating‐disordered patients extend weight‐related self‐evaluation to include more domains of self‐esteem than did restrained eaters.

Discussion

These findings support a multidimensional approach to weight‐related self‐evaluation and further our understanding of the process of weight‐related self‐evaluation in eating‐disordered patients. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 328–335, 2001.
Changes in cue reactivity following treatment for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Carter Frances A. , Bulik Cynthia M. , McIntosh Virginia V. , Joyce Peter R.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To examine changes in cue reactivity following cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa and to evaluate whether changes are associated with treatment modality or treatment outcome.

Method

Subjects were 135 women (17–45 years old) with a current, primary diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. They were participants in a randomized clinical trial examining the additive efficacy of exposure and nonexposure‐based behavior therapy to a core of CBT. Physiological, self‐report, and behavioral measures of cue reactivity to individualized high‐risk binge foods were obtained at pretreatment and posttreatment. Primary, secondary, and tertiary outcome measures are reported for posttreatment.

Results

Bulimic patients experienced significant changes in cue reactivity following treatment. With the exception of salivary reactivity, patients experienced less reactivity at posttreatment. Changes in cue reactivity were not related to treatment modality, but were related to positive treatment outcome for self‐report measures of cue reactivity.

Discussion

Favorable treatment outcome among bulimic women is associated with low cue reactivity on self‐report measures at posttreatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 336–344, 2001.