bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Шест писама на арамејском из Хермопоља. Увод, језичка анализа, коментар, арамејски текст и превод
Authors: Ерић Бошко
Published: June 2023

Аутор започиње рад краћим уводом у ком обрађује историју Арамејског народа и језика. Креће од хипотетичких почетака, тј. везе Амореја и Ахламу народа са Арамејацима, као и првог конкретног помена Арамејаца у 12. веку пре Христа, па до ахеменидске Персије, посебно се задржавајући на ширењу арамејског језика. Затим, прелази на представљање особености арамејског језика коришћеног у Хермопољу кроз анализу шест писама које је написао исти аутор у 6. и 5. веку пре Христа, тј. у чему се огледа сличност тог дијалекта, са дијалектима који су му претходили и следили. Након овога, аутор указује на важност изучавања ових и сличних текстова, како за разумевање свакодневног живота и културе арамејског народа у једном историјском тренутку, тако и за разумевање историје јеврејског народа и за изучавање Светог Писма. На крају овог дела рада, пре него што пређе на препис и превод на српски ових шест писама, аутор указује на неке особености конкретног превода на српски и како је неке арамејске изразе и термине преводио на српски.
Схватање љепоте и морала у филозофији Дејвида Хјума
Authors: Милинковић Данијела И.
Published: June 2023

У овом раду ауторова намјера јесте да покаже какво је схватање љепоте и морала код Хјума. С обзиром да је поимање лијепог неодвојиво од поимања самога морала то је и био разлог зашто смо се у овом раду опредијелили за разумијевање ова два појма. Оно што нас је још потакло да се бавимо овим појмовима јесте и данашње стање у умјетности и критици истога. Заправо из контекста данашњег времена, ми више не можемо говорити о јединству лијепо и моралног. То јединство остаје само идеал који смо наслиједили од претходних филозофија, али не значи да не требамо да стремимо ка тим идеалима. Стога, сматрамо да овај рад управо има за циљ, кроз изношење Хјумових естетичких и моралних ставова, да реафирмише идеје јединства моралног и лијепог у умјетностима, али и у цјелини друштва.
A novel computational pipeline for var gene expression augments the discovery of changes in the Plasmodium falciparum transcriptome during transition from in vivo to short-term in vitro culture
Authors: Andradi-Brown Clare , Wichers-Misterek Jan Stephan , von Thien Heidrun , Höppner Yannick D. , Scholz Judith A. M. , Hansson Helle Smedegaard , Hocke Emma Filtenborg , Gilberger Tim-Wolf , Duffy Michael F. , Lavstsen Thomas , Baum Jake , Otto Thomas D. , Cunnington Aubrey J. , Bachmann Anna
Published: June 2023

The pathogenesis of severe
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria involves cytoadhesive microvascular sequestration of infected erythrocytes, mediated by
P. falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). PfEMP1 variants are encoded by the highly polymorphic family of
var
genes, the sequences of which are largely unknown in clinical samples. Previously, we published new approaches for
var
gene profiling and classification of predicted binding phenotypes in clinical
P. falciparum
isolates (Wichers
et al
., 2021), which represented a major technical advance. Building on this, we report here a novel method for
var
gene assembly and multidimensional quantification from RNA-sequencing that even outperforms the earlier approach of Wichers et al., 2021 on both laboratory and clinical isolates across a combination of metrics. It is a powerful tool to interrogate the
var
transcriptome in context with the rest of the transcriptome and can be applied to enhance our understanding of the role of
var
genes in malaria pathogenesis. We applied this new method to investigate changes in
var
gene expression through early transition to
in vitro
culture, using paired sets of
ex vivo
samples from our previous study, cultured for up to three generations. In parallel, changes in non-polymorphic core gene expression were investigated. Unpredictable
var
gene switching and convergence towards
var2csa
were observed in culture, along with differential expression of 19% of the core transcriptome between paired
ex vivo
and generation 1 samples. Our results cast doubt on the validity of the common practice of using short-term cultured parasites to make inferences about
in vivo
phenotype and behaviour.
Drift of neural ensembles driven by slow fluctuations of intrinsic excitability
Authors: Delamare Geoffroy , Zaki Yosif , Cai Denise J , Clopath Claudia
Published: June 2023

Representational drift refers to the dynamic nature of neural representations in the brain despite the behavior being seemingly stable. Although drift has been observed in many different brain regions, the mechanisms underlying it are not known. Since intrinsic neural excitability is suggested to play a key role in regulating memory allocation, fluctuations of excitability could bias the reactivation of previously stored memory ensembles and therefore act as a motor for drift. Here, we propose a rate-based plastic recurrent neural network with slow fluctuations of intrinsic excitability. We first show that subsequent reactivations of a neural ensemble can lead to drift of this ensemble. The model predicts that drift is induced by co-activation of previously active neurons along with neurons with high excitability which leads to remodelling of the recurrent weights. Consistent with previous experimental works, the drifting ensemble is informative about its temporal history. Crucially, we show that the gradual nature of the drift is necessary for decoding temporal information from the activity of the ensemble. Finally, we show that the memory is preserved and can be decoded by an output neuron having plastic synapses with the main region.
Loss of the extracellular matrix protein Perlecan disrupts axonal and synaptic stability during Drosophila development
Authors: Guss Ellen J. , Akbergenova Yulia , Cunningham Karen L. , Littleton J. Troy
Published: June 2023

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) form essential components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane (BM) and have both structural and signaling roles. Perlecan is a secreted ECM-localized HSPG that contributes to tissue integrity and cell-cell communication. Although a core component of the ECM, the role of Perlecan in neuronal structure and function is less understood. Here we identify a role for
Drosophila
Perlecan in the maintenance of larval motoneuron axonal and synaptic stability. Loss of Perlecan causes alterations in the axonal cytoskeleton, followed by axonal breakage and synaptic retraction of neuromuscular junctions. These phenotypes are not prevented by blocking Wallerian degeneration and are independent of Perlecan’s role in Wingless signaling. Expression of Perlecan solely in motoneurons cannot rescue synaptic retraction phenotypes. Similarly, removing Perlecan specifically from neurons, glia or muscle does not cause synaptic retraction, indicating the protein is secreted from multiple cell types and functions non-cell autonomously. Within the peripheral nervous system, Perlecan predominantly localizes to the neural lamella, a specialized ECM surrounding nerve bundles. Indeed, the neural lamella is disrupted in the absence of Perlecan, with axons occasionally exiting their usual boundary in the nerve bundle. In addition, entire nerve bundles degenerate in a temporally coordinated manner across individual hemi-segments throughout larval development. These observations indicate disruption of neural lamella ECM function triggers axonal destabilization and synaptic retraction of motoneurons, revealing a role for Perlecan in axonal and synaptic integrity during nervous system development.
Estudo de caso de custos de produção da avicultura: integrado e integradora na região oeste do Paraná
Authors: Engel Werner , De Paula Germano , Knaul Edson , Hanel Samoel Nicolau
Published: June 2023

Neste trabalho objetiva-se pesquisar estudo de caso de custos de produção da avicultura: integrado e integradora na região oeste do Paraná. O integrado (produtor da agricultura familiar) tem sua propriedade no município de Mercedes e a integradora, localiza-se na região oeste do Paraná. O estudo é de natureza exploratória e os procedimentos referem-se às pesquisas bibliográficas, de endereços eletrônicos, fontes documentais e ao estudo de caso, e dimensões quantitativa e qualitativa. Utilizou-se planilhas eletrônicas para realizar os cálculos dos custos, receitas, pontos de equilíbrios contábil, econômico e financeiro, e dos índices de rentabilidade e fez-se uso do método de Custeio por absorção. Estudou-se a rentabilidade na produção de 18 lotes de 3 aviários, no período de 12/06/2018 a 31/07/2019. O Integrado comercializou a ave para corte, com peso médio de 3,18 kg, preço médio nominal por quilo de R$ 0,23 e custo médio por quilo de R$ 0,14. O lucro médio por quilo de frango foi de R$ 0,09. A integradora teve um custo total médio por quilo de ave de R$ 2,51. Constatou-se que o custo total da integradora, nos três aviários é de R$ 3.111.938,61, deste 98,82% são custos variáveis e 1,18% são fixos. Quanto ao integrado (avicultor), o custo total nos três aviários é de R$ 203.449,94, destes 44,59% são custos variáveis e 55,41% são custos fixos. O integrado obteve resultados positivos com taxa média de lucratividade (6,51%), acima da estimada e superou as taxas de rendimentos de aplicações financeiras (poupança e Selic).
Los mosaicos del paisaje: interacción entre sociedad y naturaleza
Authors: De Pablo Carlos , Martín de Agar Pilar
Published: June 2023

Las interacciones sociedad-resto de la naturaleza, ocupación del suelo incluida, varían en el espacio y en el tiempo, configurando un sistema dinámico cuya materialización espacial es el sistema paisaje. Estos intercambios de materia, energía e información, basados en las necesidades de la sociedad, modifican la heterogeneidad espacial del territorio, basada en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, creando zonas homogéneas y fronteras entre ellas, según los servicios que se utilizan y las características ecológicas del territorio. Este patrón espacial, que refleja el funcionamiento ecológico del territorio, percibido por la sociedad y explotado por ella, es el paisaje estudiado desde el punto de vista ecológico. Se organiza en mosaicos de manchas y fronteras, que responden al aprovechamiento de los servicios por la sociedad. El paisaje puede ser estudiado identificando los mosaicos de los que está compuesto. Las manchas responden a los diferentes recursos y servicios explotados por la sociedad y su patrón espacial, identificado por las fronteras, refleja el funcionamiento ecológico relacionado con esa explotación, que puede favorecer o dificultar dicho aprovechamiento. El patrón espacial, y la tipología de mosaicos de manchas y fronteras, contienen información sobre los problemas, ventajas, dificultades y oportunidades que puede presentar la explotación del territorio por la sociedad. Se muestra un método original para la identificación de mosaicos del paisaje basado en la identificación de conjuntos de manchas con un patrón similar de fronteras. Se discuten algunas ventajas e inconvenientes de su aplicación en diferentes casos.
Utility of Contrast-enhanced 3D T1-weighted CUBE Fat Sat Sequence MRI to Evaluate Pathological Cranial Nerve EnhancementA Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gupta Ruchi , Singh Aishwerya , Kumari Manisha , Suman Sanjay Kumar , Sinha Neetu
Published: June 2023

Introduction: Abnormal Cranial Nerve (CN) enhancement can point towards an underlying disorder or disease severity. Therefore, the depiction of this feature is of utmost importance in the evaluation of various pathologies. Various Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequences have a role in the early identification of such findings. Aim: To study the spectrum of cases of abnormal CN enhancement on MRI and the role of contrast-enhanced 3 Dimensional (3D) T1-weighted CUBE Fat saturated sequence in evaluating pathological CN enhancement. Materials and Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis at Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India. The duration of the study was 2 years, from June 2020 to June 2022. Study included 50 patients who presented with signs and symptoms of CN involvement or were referred for other pathologies with incidental detection of pathological nerve enhancement on 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI Scanner. The data was transferred to a Microsoft Excel 2010 sheet and results were expressed in terms of frequency and percentages. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 33.3±20.9 years. Male to female ratio was 28:22=1.27:1. Infections were the most common cause of abnormal CN enhancement 26 (52%) cases followed by demyelination 3 (6%) cases, haematological malignancy 4 (8%) cases, metastatic neural infiltration 5 (20%), primary neural tumours 4 (18%), Bell’s palsy 1 (2%) case, Tolosa Hunt Syndrome (THS) 1 (2%) case and idiopathic polyneuritis cranialis 1 (2%) case. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced 3D T1 CUBE Fat-saturation (FS) sequence is excellent in depicting abnormal CN enhancement, especially the cisternal segments.
A Study on Adoption Level of Different Recommended Agricultural Practices by Farmers in Kharar Division of Punjab
Authors: Hansda Anand Vikas , Sahoo Satyabrata , Singh Gurshaminder
Published: June 2023

Since agriculture employs half of all workers worldwide, it is the largest employer and the economic engine of rural India. Rural India's development in relation to national development would be reflected in the development of agriculture [1]. Agriculture and allied industries are without a doubt the greatest employer in India, particularly in the vast rural areas. A vital basis for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is also provided by it.  The agriculture industry in India contributes considerably to the economy, accounting for around 18.3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). All of the procedures that a farmer follows from seed to seed, from seed sowing through seed harvesting and storage, are referred to as agronomical practices. A study on agronomic practices followed by 120 farmers from five villages viz. Shakrullapur (28 farmers), Rora (30 farmers), Bibipur (22 farmers), Batta (18 farmers) and Fatehpur-Theri (22 farmers) was considered.The data collected from the respondents include major crops grown, seed rate followed by respondents, fertilizer dose followed, major weeds affecting, major plant diseases, major insect and pests, harvesting methods and yield records. As per the data collected, wheat is cultivated by nearly 87% of the farmers in this region and 100% farmers who are growing wheat, agreed that the Phalaris minor is the major weed affecting the wheat production. The data collected from the farmers shows that, only 59% of the farmers are following recommended seed rate. Sheath blight and Yellow rust are the two major diseases affecting paddy and wheat respectively. And the major pests affecting the production in rice and wheat are grasshoppers and aphids respectively.In order to secure the best crop growth and highest yields, the study's findings showed that farmers used the most recent technology in the fields.
Study of Gaps in Adoption of Improved Tasar Silkworm (Antheraea mylitta D) Rearing Technologies
Authors: Gedam Pravin C. , Bawaskar D. M. , Chowdhary B. N. , Venugopal A. , Ingale A. D.
Published: June 2023

Maharashtra contributes paltry 0.76 per cent of the total production of tasar silk in the country, with 23 MT but the production of tasar silk in the state is found to be dwindling which might be due to the gaps in knowledge and adoption of improved tasar silkworm rearing technologies. Therefore, present investigation was undertaken to assess the gaps in adoption of tasar silkworm rearing technologies and constraints faced by the tasar farmers in adopting the recommended technologies. The study was conducted in Bhandara, Gondia and Gadchiroli districts of Maharashtra. The “Ex-post facto” research design was used for the study. A total 120 tasar silkworm rearing farmers were randomly selected for the study from those selected districts. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the major gaps in adoption were seen the practices such as Integrated Pest Management for the control of gall disease (91.67%), application of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) or vermi-compost @4 kg/plant or 2kg/plans twice in a year (87.50%) and foliar spraying of 1.5% urea twice @ 15 days’ interval before 30 days of rearing (78.33%) and these were ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively. The average gaps in adoption were 52.71 per cent. Similarly, non-availability of quality seeds/Dfls for rearing, non availability of disease resistance/tolerant silkworm races, non-enhancement of seed cocoon/reelable cocoon prices due to non-availability of formal and fair market, no hand holding support during the crop failure from the government, outbreak of diseases due to weather fluctuation and difficulty in adoption of recommended package of practices due to insufficient fund were the major constraints experienced by the tasar silkworm rearers. Thus, proper research, extension, communication and training strategies are needed to be formulated so that the constraints faced in adoption will be removed and the gaps in adoption could be bridged in order to accelerate the rate of adoption of modern tasar silkworm technologies in state and, thus, increasing the scope for boosting the tasar silk production of the state in the years to come.
Effect of Liquidity and Life Cycle on Biological Assets of Quoted Firms in Nigeria Agricultural Sector
Authors: Nnajieze Elizabeth Ifeyinwa
Published: June 2023

This study examined the effect of liquidity and life cycle on biological assets of quoted firms in Nigeria's agricultural sector. The specific objectives were to examine the effect of liquidity, firm size, and firm age on the biological assets of quoted Agricultural firms in Nigeria. An ex-post facto research design was adopted in the study. The study made use of secondary panel data drawn from annual reports and accounts of the sampled agricultural firms for a period of Ten (10) years, 2011-2020. Panel least squares multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses. The result of the analysis showed that leverage has a statistically significant effect on the biological assets of quoted agricultural firms in Nigeria. The implication is that none of the three variables can predict the increase or decrease in biological assets of agricultural firms in Nigeria. The authors recommend that agricultural firms should look for other sources of finance to fund their business activities. Firms should maintain a good liquid condition. Continuous firm growth should be made because of the positive link it has with biological assets. Firms are encouraged to perform changes continuously in both assets and other activities that may be affected by the age of the firm.
Synergetic Influence of Some Tropical Leaf Meals and Garlic on the Haemato-biochemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activities of Weaner Pigs
Authors: Adegbenro Muyiwa , Ayeni A. O. , Olasunkanmi M. O. , Olabanji O. O. , Ajayi F. E. , Oladayo T. O. , Olaleye O. J. , Agbede J. O.
Published: June 2023

Aim: This experiment was designed to study the effects of using garlic-composite leaf meals produced from four (4) different leaves and garlic: bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), scent leaf (Ocimum gatissimum), Neem leaf (Azadirachta indica), Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) and Garlic (Allium sativum) as a premix in the diets of growing pigs. The leaves and garlic were air dried, milled and sieved separately. Thereafter the leaves and garlic were mixed in the ratio of 4 (Vernonia amygdalina): 3 (Moringa oleifera): 1 (Ocimum gatissimum): 1 (Azadirachta indica) and 1 (Allium sativum) to produce the garlic-composite tropical leaf meals. Individual leaves and their composite mix were analyzed for proximate, mineral, antioxidant and the phytochemical components of the leaves were determined using GCMS and other standard methods.

Methodology: Eighteen large white weaner-pigs of eight weeks were allocated in a completely randomized design for this experiment comprising three treatments and three replicates with two pigs per replicate. The average weight of the pigs were 13 kg. Basal diet were formulated and subdivided into three portions in which garlic-composite leaf meals were fed at 0g/kg, 10g/kg, and 20g/kg were used as an additives to the diets of weaner pigs and the diets were designated as I, II and III respectively. The pigs were then assigned to these 3 dietary treatments which were fed to the pigs at 5% of their body weight for 12 weeks experimental period. Water was supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. All data were subjected to analysis of variance.

Results: Dietary inclusion of GCLM on haematology, serum biochemistry indices  and antioxidants significantly (P<0.05) affected the Packed Cell Volume (%), Mean Corpuscular Volume (fl) Lymphocytes (%), Granulocytes (%), Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L), Total Protein (g/l)  and catalase (Ku) of the experimental pigs.

Conclusions: It could be concluded within the limit of this study, that garlic-composite leaf meals had high nutrient potentials for pigs and could completely help growing pigs to improve in body weight as the composite leaf meals increases in pig diets.
Evaluation of Different Varieties and Nitrogen Levels on Growth and Yield of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Devi Langpoklakpam Binita , Debbarma Victor
Published: June 2023

The field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Farm during kharif season, in the Department of Agronomy, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh. The experiment comprised three varieties viz., Chakhao Poireiton (V1), Chakhao Amubi (V2) and Chakhao Angangba (V3); and three rates of nitrogen viz., 60 kg/ha (N1), 70 kg/ha (N2) and 80 kg/ha (N3). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The growth analysis result was observed with the application of [Chakhao Poireiton and nitrogen (80 kg/ha)] produces higher plant height (142.53 cm), maximum number of tillers/hill (13.97), higher plant dry weight (32.49 g), higher panicle length (30.1 cm), maximum number of grains/panicle (153.60), higher test weight (24.01 g), higher grain yield (5.67 t/ha), higher straw yield (11.27 t/ha). However, the maximum gross return (2,38,070.00 INR/ha), maximum net return (1,89,800.00 INR/ha) and maximum benefit cost ratio (3.23) was also obtained with the same treatment 3 [Chakhao Poireiton + nitrogen (80 kg/ha)].
Influence of Different Levels of NPK and Biochar on Physico-chemical Properties of Soil in Field Pea
Authors: Bijarniya Anoj , Thomas Tarence , Swaroop Narendra , Vinay
Published: June 2023

An experiment was conducted during in Rabi season (December 2021 – March 2022) on central research farm of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three levels of NPK and Biochar (0, 50 and 100%). The result shows that application of different levels combination of inorganic fertilizers increased growth, yield of field pea and improved soil chemical properties. It was recorded from the application of NPK and Biochar fertilizers in treatment T9 [NPK @ 100% + Biochar @ 100%] maximum bulk density 1.274 Mg m-3 at and 1.279 Mg m-3, particle density 2.518 Mg m-3 and 1.523 Mg m-3, % pore space 47.71% and 44.68%, water holding capacity 39.75% and 36.82%, pH 7.05 at and 7.15 at, EC 0.473 dS m-1 and 0.479 dS m-1, organic carbon 0.497% and 0.495%, available nitrogen 314.56 kg ha-1 and 311.55 kg ha-1, available phosphorus 38.70 kg ha-1 and 36.28 kg ha-1, available potassium 220.42 kg ha-1 and 217.67 kg ha-1 all parameters at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm best from T1 [ NPK @ 0% + Biochar @ 0 %].
Basmati Rice Exports from INDIA: Towards Global Food Security
Authors: Joshi Neha , Kumar Anil
Published: June 2023

Around 80 percent of the basmati rice produced in India is exported, accomplishing the position of largest exporter. Under this perspective, the study aimed at the estimation of crucial turning points in the export volume of Basmati rice and evaluating the growth and instability in its export during the period of 1980-81 to 2021-22 in the global market. Structural breaks during the study period were computed endogenously using Bai-perrons test to reveal the impact of any policy or economic intervention. The growth and instability have been evaluated for different periods attained from the structural break analysis during the study period. Bai perrons test revealed three significant structural breaks for volume of basmati rice exports dividing the time period into four periods viz I (1980-81 to 2004-05), II (2005-06 to 2010-11), III (2011-12 to 2016-17) and IV (2017-18 to 2021-22). The compound annual growth rate calculated for volume of basmati rice exports varied from -0.06 percent to 17.98 per cent per annum for different periods. This could be seen as the consequence of the liberalization policies adopted in early 1990s. Instability computed employing Cuddy De Valle index was also reported higher with a value of 38.97. This instability could be the result from the volatile changes in exchange rate. Instability was revealed to suffer a downfall during the subsequent subperiods from 35.97 to 3.4 in the third subperiod. The growth rate and instability were reported statistically non-significant during the last subperiod. Since, Basmati rice is strategic export commodity from India, policy interventions for reducing the variability in its exports is recommended to ensure regular supply in the global market.
Cost Effective Analysis of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Maize at Allahabad
Authors: Charitha Kurru , Kumar Ashwani
Published: June 2023

During Kharif 2022, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the cost benefit ratio by using different insecticidal application viz., Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 425ml/ha, Spinetoram 11.7 SC @ 250ml/ha, Azadirachtin 0.15% @ 5ml/ha, Nisco sixer plus @ 500 ml/ha, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 320ml/ha, cypermethrin 25 EC @ 1lit/ha, fipronil 0.6% G @ 60 g/ha and untreated control against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on maize with three replications. Results revealed that highest grain yield was recorded in (T2) Spinetoram 11.7 SC (64.58 q/ha) followed by (T1) Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (60.49 q/ha), (T5) Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC (58.34 q/ha). Insecticidal treatment with (T2) Spinetoram 11.7 SC (1:2.31) had the highest cost benefit ratio, followed by (T1) Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (1:2.11), (T5) Lambda cyhalothrin (1:2.10), (T6) Cypermethrin 25% EC (1:2.04), (T7) Fipronil 0.6 % G (1:2.03), (T4) Nisco sixer plus (1:1.99), (T3) Azadirachtin 0.15 % (1:1.97) over untreated control (1:1.91). End of the experiment it reported that spinetoram is best for crop compare to other chemicals.
Farmers Perception on Climate Change in Udaipur District of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Yadav Sumit Kumar , Sharma F. L. , Sisodia S. S. , Kumar Jitendra
Published: June 2023

Climate change is a severe environmental issue that has a global impact on agricultural output. It is critical to investigate farmers' perception of climate change it is one of the strongest factors in changing farmers' behavior to mitigate climate change and take necessary and appropriate actions to assure agricultural output. The present study was undertaken in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan in order to identify the perception level of farmers about climate change related to weather and climate, Agriculture, and Livestock related activities. A sample of 120 respondents from two tehsils was taken based on a random sampling technique. The study revealed that changes in the onset date of monsoon, very high temperatures during the summer season, the occurrence of drier spell heavy, Pest attacks on crops, decreases quality of products of crops/fruit plants, Poultry and livestock rearing become difficult and scarcity of fodder crops were the important aspects related to higher perception of farmers.
Storability of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Parjane N. V. , Kabre G. B. , Kharde S. A.
Published: June 2023

The present investigation on storability of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae was carried out at Biocontrol Laboratory, Agricultural Entomology Section, College of Agriculture, Dhule during Jan 2018 to Dec 2018. The pure culture of the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae was maintained at Agricultural Entomology Section, College of Agriculture, Dhule on PDA slants.  The storability of the fungus M. anisopliae was studied at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165 and 180 days after storage kept at ambient and freeze temperature. The CFU count was taken by serial dilution technique at 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 and 109 dilution 3 days after inoculation. At 15 day’s interval 1 gm sample was taken from both room and freeze temperature prepared samples of the fungus and the viability of the product was studied by serial dilution technique. The results clearly indicated that the viability of the product kept in ambient temperature was 120 days, while the viability of the product kept in freeze temperature was 165 days. Initial one month, the difference in CFU count among the samples kept at room and freeze temperature was less as compared to later stage of storage. The entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae can be stored safely up to 4 months at ambient temperature and maximum up to 5.5 months at freeze temperature.
Study on Awareness Level of the Respondents Regarding Crop Insurance in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal, India
Authors: Chakraborty Subhajit , Mondal Sabita , Vardhan Peddi Naga Harsha , Sarkar Victor
Published: June 2023

Crop yield and income from farm is always under frequent threat of natural disasters. Crop insurance is considered to be a basic instrument for ensuring stability of farm income by promoting and encouraging technology, investment and credit flow. Still it is not much popular among our farmers. Hence, the study was conducted to understand the awareness level of respondents towards crop insurance in the district of Coochbehar in West Bengal. The study was carried out in Mathabhanga-2 and Cooch Behar -2, blocks of Coochbehar district of West Bengal. The state, district and villages were selected purposively. From three villages namely Tenganmari, Khagribari, Bara Simulguri, Baghmara 100 respondents, were selected randomly.

Data were collected from individual farmers with interview schedule and processed through co -relation coefficient and multiple regressions. Farmers of the present study are aware of the crop insurance but not about different components of insurance. They are aware of bank and agricultural departments but not about other implementing agencies.
Preparation, Sensory and Storage Evaluation of Ber Candy in India
Authors: Marimuthu M. , Easwaran S. , Guhan V. , Vinoth R.
Published: June 2023

In the northern hemisphere, ber is a fruit that grows in tropical and subtropical climates. More than 600 species in 50 genera make up the family. The species Z. jujube Mill (Chinese date or jujube), Z. mauritiana Lamk (Indian date or ber), and Z. spina christi (L.) wild (Christ's thorn) are the most significant in terms of range and commercial value. Ber is grown on an estimated 22,000 hectares of land. The yield potential ranges from one to two quintals per tree each year. According to the current research, the organoleptic score of ber candy gradually decreased while being stored at room temperature.  Up until nine months, candy was permissible.  The product's storage stability is affected by a variety of circumstances.  As a result, it is clear that the product loses its organoleptic quality and storage stability after a specific amount of time.  Temperature has a significant impact on the product's ability to undergo several metabolic processes.
Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activators, Streptokinase and Other Thrombolytics in the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Eljatib Hussam
Published: June 2023

In the United States, coronary artery disease is the most frequently occurring cause of mortality. A century ago, the obstruction of CA was recognized as the root cause of myocardial infarction. Through research, streptokinase was discovered as a beneficial treatment for acute myocardial infarction, lowering mortality. More recent agents, such as tissue plasminogen activators like Tenecteplase, reteplase, and alteplase have also been developed. Today, primary percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolytic therapy have transformed the way acute myocardial infarction is treated, leading to a significant decrease in cardiovascular-related deaths. This paper offers an outline of the different antifibrinolytic agents used to manage acute myocardial infarction.
Using I135-Xe135 Parent-Daughter Isotopic Activity Ratio for Dating a Recent Nuclear Event
Authors: Yamba Kassoum , Sanogo Oumar
Published: June 2023

This work focuses on the determination of time zero nuclear events considering the Xe-135/I-135 isotopic activity ratio. Considered as relevant isotopes for CTBT, theses two radionuclides are usable for radioactive release timing. According the considered databases, some parameters namely A, U and F are evaluated taking into account the numerical difference between the radioactive values from nuclear database. We found that these parameters give different values by considering the databases ENDF 2011 and TENDL 2011. These proposed parameters can be used for a quick and accurate evaluation of the nuclear event time and its upper and lower age limits.
Projected Health Outcomes Associated With 3 US Supreme Court Decisions in 2022 on COVID-19 Workplace Protections, Handgun-Carry Restrictions, and Abortion Rights
Authors: Gaffney Adam , Himmelstein David U. , Dickman Samuel , Myers Caitlin , Hemenway David , McCormick Danny , Woolhandler Steffie
Published: June 2023

Importance

Several recent US Supreme Court rulings have drawn criticism from the medical community, but their health consequences have not been quantitatively evaluated.

Objective

To model health outcomes associated with 3 Supreme Court rulings in 2022 that invalidated workplace COVID-19 vaccine or mask-and-test requirements, voided state handgun-carry restrictions, and revoked the constitutional right to abortion.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This decision analytical modeling study estimated outcomes associated with 3 Supreme Court rulings in 2022: (1) National Federation of Independent Business v Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which invalidated COVID-19 workplace protections; (2) New York State Rifle and Pistol Association Inc v Bruen, Superintendent of New York State Police (Bruen), which voided state laws restricting handgun carry; and (3) Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health Organization (Dobbs), which revoked the constitutional right to abortion. Data analysis was performed from July 1, 2022, to April 7, 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

For the OSHA ruling, multiple data sources were used to calculate deaths attributable to COVID-19 among unvaccinated workers from January 4 to May 28, 2022, and the share of these deaths that would have been prevented by the voided protections. To model the Bruen decision, published estimates of the consequences of right-to-carry laws were applied to 2020 firearm-related deaths (and injuries) in 7 affected jurisdictions. For the Dobbs ruling, the model assessed unwanted pregnancy continuations, resulting from the change in distance to the closest abortion facility, and then excess deaths (and peripartum complications) from forcing these unwanted pregnancies to term.

Results

The decision model projected that the OSHA decision was associated with 1402 additional COVID-19 deaths (and 22 830 hospitalizations) in early 2022. In addition, the model projected that 152 additional firearm-related deaths (and 377 nonfatal injuries) annually will result from the Bruen decision. Finally, the model projected that 30 440 fewer abortions will occur annually due to current abortion bans stemming from Dobbs, with 76 612 fewer abortions if states at high risk for such bans also were to ban the procedure; these bans will be associated with an estimated 6 to 15 additional pregnancy-related deaths each year, respectively, and hundreds of additional cases of peripartum morbidity.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that outcomes from 3 Supreme Court decisions in 2022 could lead to substantial harms to public health, including nearly 3000 excess deaths (and possibly many more) over a decade.
Personal Relationships
Authors: Oakley Justin
Published: June 2023

Personal relationships, such as friendships and family relationships, vary widely in their quality, but play a crucial role in the lives of many of us. A human life with no such partial ties is difficult to imagine, and many believe a life devoid of close personal relationships could not be a life well lived. These were familiar ideas to Aristotle and other ancient Greek philosophers, but the impartialist basis of Kantian and utilitarian approaches to ethics raises challenges about the place of personal relationships in an ethical life. To what extent can Kantian ethics and utilitarianism allow us to engage in friendships and family relationships? Debates about these questions have also led to more abstract disputes about whether such theories are fatally flawed if living by their dictates turns out to be incompatible with genuine friendship, or whether, conversely, friendship itself might have to be renounced by those seeking to live an ethical life. More radically, the special authority that morality and moral reasons are commonly assumed to have is sometimes questioned from a perspective that regards personal relationships as essential to a life worth living. Ethical scrutiny of partiality also extends to questions about the proper grounds of various familial obligations, such as parental obligations to children and adult children's obligations to their elderly parents, and to questions about the content of such obligations, and even whether there are any such special duties in the first place.
Tragedy of the Commons
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: June 2023

A tragedy of the commons occurs when an otherwise renewable resource is consumed at a level that exceeds the level of sustainable use.
Intuitionism, Moral
Authors: Russell Bruce
Published: June 2023

Some propositions seem true to us simply on the basis of our understanding what they say. For instance, it seems true that torturing babies just for the fun of it is wrong and so is punishing the innocent. That type of seeming is called ana prioriintuition, and moral intuitionism is the view that ana prioriintuition about a moral proposition can be evidence (provide a reason) to believe that it is true. Critics question how seemings that are not based on observation could justify us in believing anything, and point to disagreement in intuitions among nonphilosophers from different cultures and socioeconomic classes, and between philosophers, to question whethera prioriintuitions do provide evidence. This entry discusses the nature of moral intuitions, some criticisms of their claimed evidential weight, and some replies to those criticisms.
Aid, Ethics of
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: June 2023

Aid, in the sense of coordinated, voluntary material assistance provided by well‐off groups to address the needs of the less well‐off, can be divided into two broad categories. Humanitarian relief aid seeks to alleviate immediate needs for food, shelter, and medical assistance caused by war, political failure, persecution, or natural disaster. Development aid seeks to foster the social and economic structures that lessen ongoing material deprivation. The aid agencies engaged in these activities include both government and nongovernment organizations (NGOs). Concerning aid of these kinds, two sets of ethical questions arise. The first asks what is the ethical case for providing it, and what is the case against. The second, to which moral philosophy has paid less attention, concerns the ethics of its administration – the ethical issues that arise in the course of supplying it.
Supererogation
Authors: Cureton Adam , Hill Thomas E.
Published: June 2023

“Supererogation” is now a technical term in philosophy for a range of ideas expressed by terms such as “good but not required,” “beyond the call of duty,” “praiseworthy but not obligatory,” and “good to do but not bad not to do.” Examples often cited are extremely generous acts of charity, heroic self‐sacrifice, extraordinary service to morally worthy causes, and sometimes forgiveness and minor favors. Moral philosophers have generally focused on whether or not some of these terms refer to a fundamental moral category and, if so, how the category should be defined, which acts the category includes, and whether various moral theories adequately acknowledge it. This entry traces some of the historical roots of the idea of supererogation, discusses whether utilitarian, Kantian, and other moral theories can incorporate acts that are good to do but not required, and examines whether theories that do so are objectionably imperialistic and demanding. After exploring some contemporary controversies that concern supererogation and noting some important distinctions, the entry ends with a discussion of supererogatory virtue in which someone attains a level of virtue beyond what duty requires.
Firth, Roderick
Authors: Carson Thomas
Published: June 2023

Roderick Firth (1917–87) received his BA from Haverford in 1938 and his PhD from Harvard in 1943. He taught at William and Mary from 1943 to 1945 and at Swarthmore between 1945 and 1953. From 1953 until 1987 he taught at Harvard, where he became Alford Professor in 1962. Most of Firth's writings are in epistemology; he defended a version of radical (Berkeleyan/phenomenalist) empiricism. His reputation in ethics rests almost entirely on his paper “Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer,” which gives the classic statement of the ideal observer theory.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
Authors: Harcourt Edward
Published: June 2023

For a philosopher best known for his work outside ethics and whose best‐known view about ethics is that ethics “cannot be put into words,” there is a surprising amount to say about Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) and ethics. The subject can be divided into two: Wittgenstein's ethics, and developments in ethics under Wittgenstein's influence. The subject of Wittgenstein's ethics itself subdivides into Wittgenstein's explicit writings on ethics, and the ethical significance that his work, even when not explicitly concerned with ethics, has widely been thought to bear.
Miskawayh
Authors: Hansberger Rotraud
Published: June 2023

Abu Ali Miskawayh (d. 1030) is among the most significant and influential writers of philosophical ethics in the medieval Islamic world. In his bookThe Refinement of Characteras well as in a number of smaller ethical treatises, he reports on, discusses, and reworks ancient Greek ethical doctrines, thus presenting his own synthesis of Platonic and Aristotelian ethical thought. He also adapts these ideas for his own contemporary social and religious context. Though covering a range of topics (like the good, happiness, or pleasure), he focuses in particular on virtues and the development of character. His work encompasses detailed discussions of the subdivisions of the cardinal virtues (especially of justice), of the path to acquiring a virtuous character, of the concept and status of pleasure, and of virtues and vices as health and diseases of the soul.
Frustration–aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Ellenberg Molly , Szumowska Ewa , Molinario Erica , Speckhard Anne , Leander N. Pontus , Pierro Antonio , Di Cicco Gabriele , Bushman Brad J.
Published: June 2023

One of the oldest scientific theories of human aggression is the frustration–aggression hypothesis, advanced in 1939. Although this theory has received considerable empirical support and is alive and well today, its underlying mechanisms have not been adequately explored. In this article, we examine major findings and concepts from extant psychological research on hostile aggression and offer an integrative conception: aggression is a primordial means for establishing one's sense of significance and mattering, thus addressing a fundamental social‐psychological need. Our functional portrayal of aggression as a means to significance yields four testable hypotheses: (1) frustration will elicit hostile aggression proportionately to the extent that the frustrated goal serves the individual's need for significance, (2) the impulse to aggress in response to significance loss will be enhanced in conditions that limit the individual's ability to reflect and engage in extensive information processing (that may bring up alternative, socially condoned means to significance), (3) significance‐reducing frustration will elicit hostile aggression unless the impulse to aggress is substituted by a nonaggressive means of significance restoration, (4) apart from significance loss, an opportunity for significance gain can increase the impulse to aggress. These hypotheses are supported by extant data as well as novel research findings in real‐world contexts. They have important implications for understanding human aggression and the conditions under which it is likely to be manifested and reduced.
Comparing brass mesh to tissue equivalent bolus materials for volumetric modulated arc therapy chest wall irradiation
Authors: Keiper Timothy D. , Kisling Kelly , Hua Patricia , Manger Ryan P.
Published: June 2023

Purpose

To compare the superficial dose when using brass mesh bolus (BMB), no bolus, or 3 mm tissue‐equivalent bolus with a pseudo‐flash volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) breast treatment planning technique.

Methods

Two different beam arrangements for right‐sided irradiation and one beam arrangement for bilateral irradiation were planned on an inhomogeneous thorax phantom in accordance with our clinical practice for VMAT postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). Plans were optimized using pseudo‐flash and representative critical organ optimization structures were used to shape the dose. Plans were delivered without bolus, with 3 mm tissue‐equivalent bolus (TEB), or with one‐layer BMB. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSLD) and radiochromic film measurements were taken and analyzed to determine the superficial dose in each case and the relative enhancement from the no bolus delivery.

Results

Superficial dose measured with OSLDs was found to be 76.4 ± 4.5%, 103.0 ± 6.1%, and 98.1 ± 5.8% of prescription for no physical bolus (NB), TEB, and BMB, respectively. Superficial dose was observed to increase from lateral to medial points when measured with film. However, the relative increase in superficial dose from NB was consistent across the profile with an increase of 43 ± 2.1% and 34 ± 3.3% of prescription for TEB and BMB, respectively. The results are in good agreement with expectations from the literature and the experience with tangential radiotherapy.

Conclusion

Three millimeter TEB and one‐layer BMB were shown to provide similar enhancement to the superficial dose compared to delivery without bolus. BMB, which does not significantly affect dose at depth and is more conformal to the patient surface, is an acceptable alternative to 3 mm TEB for chest wall PMRT patients treated with pseudo‐flash PMRT.