bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVISION OF THECOLENISOF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE: LEIODINAE: PSEUDOLIODINI)
Authors: Peck Stewart B.
Published: November 2009

TheColenisof the United States and Canada are reviewed. Three new species are described:Colenis(Colenis)bifidan.sp.,Colenis(Colenis)stephanin.sp., andColenis(Colenis)oran.sp. TheColenissubgenus nameCarcharodesHlisnikovsky is preoccupied:Colenodesis proposed as a replacement name.
CUTICULAR HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS OF THE AQUATIC BEETLEAGABUS ANTHRACINUSMANNERHEIM (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE)
Authors: Alarie Yves , Joly Hélène , Dennie Danielle
Published: November 2009

Relatively little information concerning the cuticular hydrocarbon composition of aquatic insects is known. The cuticular hydrocarbons of the aquatic beetleAgabus anthracinusMannerheim have been identified with the aid of a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The cuticular hydrocarbon profile comprisesn-alkanes (46.8%),n-alkenes (27.1%), and methylalkanes (25.9%) and is basically similar to that of terrestrial Coleoptera. However, the hydrocarbons ofA. anthracinusdiffer in that (i) the shorter chainn-alkanes are present in higher proportion, (ii) there is a relatively lower abundance of methylalkanes, and (iii) the proportion ofn-alkenes is significantly higher.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE AND FOREST STRUCTURE ON DURATION OF FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR OUTBREAKS ACROSS CENTRAL ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Roland Jens , Mackey Brendan G. , Cooke Barry
Published: November 2009

We examined the effect of forest structure and climate on large-scale and long-term patterns of outbreaks of forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstriaHbn., across central Ontario. This was done using previously published data on outbreak duration and forest heterogeneity, combined with high-resolution climatic data simulated by the recently developed Ontario Climate Model. Our analysis, which eliminates some of the spatially confounding effects of forest structure and climate, suggests that both the predicted long-term temperature minimum for the coldest month and the predicted growing degree-days in the first 6 weeks of the growing season are important determinants of outbreak duration, with colder weather being associated with shorter outbreaks. Forest heterogeneity accounts for more variation in outbreak duration than either of the climatic variables.
EVALUATION OF COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FOR CONTROL OF TOMATO PINWORM, KEIFERIA LYCOPERSICELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), ON GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: Shipp J.L. , Wang K. , Ferguson G.
Published: November 2009

Studies were conducted to evaluate the ability of six commercially available species of Trichogramma to parasitize eggs of tomato pinworm (TPW), Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham), and their potential use for biological control of TPW eggs. Of the six species, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenk parasitized the most TPW eggs (40–50%). Further studies assessed the effectiveness of T. pretiosum and T. brassicae as biological control agents for TPW eggs under controlled environmental conditions which simulated conditions that could be found during the greenhouse crop production season. Trichogramma pretiosum caused significantly higher mortality of TPW eggs than did T. brassicae at all parasitoid to host egg (P:H) ratios. Mortality caused by host feeding and stinging increased significantly with increasing P:H ratios for both species. Parasitism by T. pretiosum on TPW eggs was reduced significantly and mortality caused by feeding and stinging increased significantly at 28 °C, compared with those at 20 and 25 °C. No differences were found in parasitoid-induced mortality when T. pretiosum were offered 1-, 2-, or 3-day-old TPW eggs, but parasitoid-induced mortality was reduced significantly when parasitoids were offered 4- and 5-day-old TPW eggs. Based on these trials, a P:H ratio of between 1:1 and 10:1 is recommended for inundative releases of T. pretiosum for control of TPW on greenhouse tomatoes.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A NATIVE SPITTLEBUG (HOMOPTERA: CERCOPIDAE) ON MONTEREY PINE AND AN INTRODUCED TREE PATHOGEN WHICH CAUSES PITCH CANKER DISEASE
Authors: Storer Andrew J. , Wood David L. , Wikler Karen R. , Gordon Thomas R.
Published: November 2009

Juvenile Monterey pines,Pinus radiataD. Don (Pinaceae), in a native stand on the Monterey Peninsula, California, exhibited wilted green shoots in the spring of 1996. The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium subglutinans(Wollenweb. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas f.sp.pini, was subsequently isolated from 95% of these shoots. Spittle masses produced byAphrophora canadensisWalley were observed on the symptomless shoots of many of these trees. The pitch canker fungus was isolated from the feeding sites of this insect on 55% of symptomless shoots, and from shoot sections adjacent to these feeding sites on 29% of the shoots. Shoots with spittlebugs feeding on them in May 1996 were more likely to develop pitch canker disease by September 1996 and March 1997 than shoots without spittlebugs. Shoots with spittle masses in March 1997 were as likely to develop pitch canker disease by May and August 1997 as shoots without spittle masses, but the origin of the infection was most likely whereA.canadensisfeeding had taken place. In a controlled test, the incidence of pitch canker on shoots of potted Monterey pines was dependent on the presence of a spittlebug and a spore suspension of the pathogen. Thus, both field observations and controlled studies show an association between nativeA.canadensisand the introduced pitch canker pathogen. The role ofA.canadensisin the epidemiology of pitch canker disease remains to be determined.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF NEARCTIC COLYMBETINAE (COLEOPTERA: ADEPHAGA: DYTISCIDAE) BASED ON CHAETOTAXIC AND POROTAXIC ANALYSIS OF HEAD CAPSULE AND APPENDAGES OF LARVAE
Authors: Alarie Yves
Published: November 2009

An analysis of the primary setae and pores (campaniform sensilla) of first instars of 32 species of Colymbetinae, 61 species belonging to other dytiscid subfamilies, and seven species belonging to other families of Hydradephaga was performed to deduce the ancestral system of primary setae and pores of the head capsule and head appendages of Colymbetinae. Sixty-one setae and 46 pores have been assigned to the ground-plan pattern of the colymbetine larva, 27 setae and 20 pores on the head capsule and 34 setae and 26 pores on the cephalic appendages. The pattern proposed for the Colymbetinae is remarkably consistent and similar to the condition observed within the Carabidae. However, members of the Colymbetinae differ strongly from those of Hydroporinae which are characterized by several secondary losses. A preliminary phylogenetic reconstruction of the relationships of colymbetine genera studied based on 41 larval features suggests that the Nearctic fauna includes two monophyletic lineages: (1) (Agabus Leach + Ilybius Erichson) + Agabinus Crotch, and (2) {[Colymbetes Clairville + (Rhantus Dejean + Neoscutopterus Balfour-Browne)] + Matus Aubé}.
SAMPLING PLANT BUGS, LYGUS SPP. (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE), IN CANOLA TO MAKE CONTROL DECISIONS
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

Plant bugs in the genus Lygus are pests of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) in western Canada and may require insecticidal control. Sweep-net sampling of field plots and commercial fields in southern Manitoba between 1988 and 1995 was used to develop sequential sampling plans for plant bugs in canola to facilitate control. The variance–mean relationships for plant bug catches were defined by Taylor’s power law, and the parameters of the relationships were the same for field plots and commercial fields. Sampling units of 10, 20, 50, and 100 sweeps per sample had variance–mean relationships with the same slope but different intercepts and required different minimal sample sizes. Samples taken at two crop stages had similar variance–mean relationships, but at a later crop stage the intercept of the relationship differed and the parameters were estimated with less precision. Samples taken in two ways along the edges of commercial fields and at various distances into the fields all gave similar estimates of plant bug density, justifying the use of edge sampling. Experienced samplers caught more plant bugs than inexperienced ones, although the difference was primarily due to the number of nymphs rather than adults that were collected, and this difference was less pronounced in the edge samples. Sweep-net sampling collected less than 10% of the plant bugs present in the sampling area. Sequential decision plans are presented for four sampling units and three crop stages. Sampling commercial canola with a sweep net to make decisions on the need to control plant bugs can be completed in as little as 28–35 min. The sampling is most efficiently conducted with a sampling unit of 10 or 20 sweeps taken along the edge of a field. In an independent test of the sampling method, plant bug densities were classified correctly in relation to the need for control in 20 fields using the minimum sample size.
SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AMBER ZYGENTOMA (INSECTA): FAMILY LEPISMATIDAE
Authors: Mendes Luis F.
Published: November 2009

Ctenolepisma(C.)electranssp.n., from the Dominican amber, is described and compared with the closest living species. The new taxon is the only Lepismatidae known so far in the Dominican Republic amber and corresponds to the only known fossilCtenolepisma.
TWO NEW AMELETUS MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA: AMELETIDAE) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Zloty Jacek , Harper Françoise
Published: November 2009

Two new species, Ameletus minimus sp.nov. and Ameletus quadratus sp.nov., are described and illustrated from material collected in Oregon. Diagnostic features for these two species and their relationships with other Ameletus species are discussed. An identification key to the western species of the Ameletus celer Group is also included.
TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) PARASITOIDS OF BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: O’Hara James E.
Published: November 2009

The bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, causes periodic but severe damage to canola crops in North America, particularly in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. This paper provides information on the tachinid flies (Tachinidae: Diptera) recorded from bertha armyworm in North America. A key to adults is provided for separation of the genera, and each species known from bertha armyworm is characterized with respect to recognition, biology (including hosts), and distribution. The species included are Athrycia cinerea (Coquillett), Blondelia sp., Chetogena claripennis (Macquart) species complex, Chetogena tachinomoides (Townsend) (new record), Eurithia consobrina (Meigen), Exorista mella (Walker), Lespesia archippivora (Riley), Panzeria ampelus (Walker), Phryxe pecosensis (Townsend), Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén), Spallanzania hebes (Fallén) (new record), Winthemia rufopicta (Bigot), and Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius). Eurithia consobrina is a Palearctic species that has been introduced into Canada for control of M. configurata but is probably not established; it is included here in the event it is introduced again and establishment is achieved.
REARING DELPHASTUS CATALINAE (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE): PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE AND A MODELING ANALYSIS
Authors: Pickett C.H. , Casanave K.A. , Schoenig S.E. , Heinz K.M.
Published: November 2009

Delphastus catalinae (Horn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was mass reared to support field studies addressing augmentation and colonization for control of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in southern California. Beetles were reared on B. argentifolii infested poinsettia plants grown inside greenhouses located in northern California. Potted plants, reared from rooted cuttings, were cycled through the rearing system over ca. a 12-week period, then discarded. A total of 174 245 adult beetles were harvested over a 20-week period. Each plant averaged 46 adult beetles (range 21–89) over the same period of time. Harvesting strategies were investigated using a computer simulation model based upon published and hypothesized reproduction and survivorship parameters. Results suggest that removal of approximately 50% of adults per week produced a stable and maximum production of beetles. Actual harvest rates were between 40 and 60% of available beetles. The cost of producing each adult was estimated at US$0.22, with the major cost being labor at 86% of the total.
TECHNIQUE FOR LABELING INDIVIDUAL PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FOR MARK-RECAPTURE STUDIES
Authors: McIntosh Rory L.
Published: November 2009

A simple nontoxic technique to mark and reference the white pine weevil Pissodes strobi (Peck) is described. This marking technique was used to track the movement of individuals to the cohort level through time and space in a young white spruce plantation.
EVALUATION OF A NATURAL RUBBER SLEEVE STOPPER AS A CONTROLLED-RELEASE SUBSTRATE FOR USE IN STUDIES OF SEX-PHEROMONE-MEDIATED MATING DISRUPTION OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER
Authors: Trimble R.M. , Tyndall C.A. , McGarvey B.D.
Published: November 2009

Natural rubber sleeve stoppers were impregnated with 10 mg of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl-acetate, the major component of spotted tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter blancardella(F.), pheromone. In the laboratory, there was a linear decline in the amount of pheromone remaining on stoppers during 8 weeks of exposure to 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. At 30 and 35 °C, the relationship was curvilinear and could be described using a second-order polynomial equation. The estimated rate of evaporation ranged from 0.03 mg/day at 10 °C to 0.08 mg/day at 25 °C; the rate of evaporation at 30 and 35 °C varied with the time since first exposure. There was a linear decline in the amount of pheromone remaining on stoppers during 8 weeks of exposure to fluctuating temperature regimes with average temperatures of 10 °C (i.e., 5–15 °C) and 20 °C (i.e., 15–25 °C). At a fluctuating regime with an average temperature of 30 °C (i.e., 25–35 °C), the relationship was curvilinear and could be described using a second-order polynomial equation. The estimated rate of evaporation was 0.02 and 0.09 mg/day at 5–15 and 15–25 °C, respectively; the estimated daily rate of evaporation at 25–35 °C varied with the time since first exposure. In an orchard, the estimated average rate of evaporation of pheromone from stoppers ranged from 0.05 to 0.31 mg/day and did not vary significantly with temperature. During the first 4 weeks of exposure in an orchard, the observed rate of evaporation was up to 4.4-fold greater than the rate predicted using the relationship between evaporation rate and constant temperatures observed in the laboratory. The potential for using natural rubber sleeve stoppers as controlled-release substrates in studies of sex-pheromone-mediated mating disruption ofP.blancardellais discussed.
REVISION OF THE GENUS MALAISIUS ARROW (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE)
Authors: Li Chun-Lin , Yang Ping-Shih
Published: November 2009

The rhizotrogine genus Malaisius Arrow is revised with descriptions of two new species, M. siamensis from northern montane areas of Thailand, and M. similis from northeast Yunnan, China. The type species, M. mollis Arrow, is redescribed, and Malaisius yunnanus (Moser) (Cyphochilus) is proposed as a new combination. The female of Malaisius is described for the first time and a key to the male species of Malaisius is provided. A discussion of relationships and distinguishing characters of the closely related genera Cyphochilus Waterhouse, Dedalopterus Sabatinelli and Pontuale, and Malaisius is also given.
A NEWQUAESTUSSCHAUFUSS 1861 (COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE: LEPTODIRINAE) FROM THE CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS (SPAIN)
Authors: Salgado Jose M.
Published: November 2009

A troglobite species,Quaestus(Quaestus)acuminatussp.nov., from the Cantabrian Mountains (Province of Asturias, Spain) is described and illustrated. The taxonomic position is discussed and data on its isolation and geographical distribution are given.
BIOLOGY OF CYPHOCLEONVS ACHATES (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), PROPAGATED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE)
Authors: Wikeem Brian M. , Powell George W. , Sturko Allen
Published: November 2009

Cyphocleonus achates (Fahraeus) is a weevil used for the biological control of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Monnet Del La Marck, and spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Monnet Del La Marck, in North America. This research provided specific information on the biology of this insect in British Columbia. Adult weevils were released at six densities (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 male–female pairs) in each of 2 years into plots containing spotted knapweed. Larvae per plant, larval mass, larval survival, adult emergence, and air temperature were measured. Larval production increased with the release density of weevils in both the 1992 cohort and the 1993 cohort. Larval mass did not differ between years. Larval mass also did not vary with the release density of adults or the number of larvae per root. Larval survival of the 1993 cohort ranged from 17 to 48%, whereas that of the 1994 cohort ranged from 0 to 91%. Adult emergence began after the accumulation of 726–1144 degree-days. For both cohorts the date of first emergence occurred earlier, as the average number of larvae per plant increased for both cohorts. Increasing competition for food or space in the roots can induce early emergence. Sex ratios did not vary with date of emergence or release density of adult weevils. Adult emergence increased with the release density in the 1992 cohort, suggesting the average larval densities did not exceed the carrying capacity of the roots. The peak emergence rate increased with the release density in the 1992 cohort, but not in the 1993 cohort because of lower larval survival.
VERTICAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN FLIGHT OVER AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Authors: Boiteau Gilles , Bousquet Yves , Osborn W.P.L.
Published: November 2009

Twenty-one species of Coccinellidae were trapped in flight between 0.8 and 14.3 m from 1992 to 1995 in New Brunswick, Canada. Catches were larger at 0.8 m, with a rapidly decreasing capture rate leading, on average, to more than 50% of the catches at or below 3.8 m every year. The capture rate at 14.3 m was lower than at any of the nine other levels. Hippodamia convergeas Guérin-Méneville flights were distributed close to the ground, with more than 50% of catches at 0.8 m, whereas Mulsantina hudsonica Casey flights were similar at all levels. The strong decreasing gradient of flight as a function of height for Coccinellidae (−0.825) was strongly influenced by that of H. convergens (−1.809) and of Coccinella septempunctata L. (−0.921) and Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant (−0.715). All other species had a slope of less than −0.5. The temporal distribution of flights was species specific, with maximum activity before the end of June for most, but this was not reflected in the frequency of catches for the entire family, which did not differ throughout the season, although they tended to be lower after mid-August. The weekly vertical flight distribution differed from the average distribution pattern only occasionally, probably during periods of long-distance dispersal. These profiles and known catches from a single trap location can be used to estimate dispersal activity at different heights.
OOGENESIS IN THE ADULT OF THE EUROPEAN EARWIGFORFICULA AURICULARIA(DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Tourneur Jean-Claude
Published: November 2009

Oogenesis and associated ovarian development were studied from the onset of adult eclosion to oviposition in the European earwig,Forficula auriculariaL., by examining histological sections of ovarioles and whole mounts of ovaries. Each pair of ovaries contains a mean of 85.4 ovarioles. Chronologically, oogenesis has been divided into four phases, adult emergence, previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis, and choriogenesis, each described here in detail. The mean size of the basal follicle increases from 15 μm at time of adult emergence to 0.9 mm at time of choriogenesis, and the oocyte to trophocyte ratio increases from 1.0 to 4, with a minimum of 0.5 at the onset of previtellogenesis. The oocyte to trophocyte ratio of 0.7 marks the onset of vitellogenesis, which lasts about three times (60 days) as long as previtellogenesis. The extended vitellogenesis is still under way when females bury themselves in the ground, in October, in the Montréal area.
SPRING PARASITISM OF OVERWINTERED EGGS OF LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) BY TELENOMUS NEAR ALSOPHILAE (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Hartling Lester K. , Carter Nelson , Proude Janet
Published: November 2009

New Brunswick experienced its first recorded outbreak of hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in 1989 (Magasi1990). Since 1993, populations have remained at endemic levels. From 1989 to 1994, when annual egg surveys were conducted (from October to April) on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller (Pinaceae) to forecast the next years' population for planning foliage protection programs, the egg parasitoids Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (Hartling et al. 1991) and Telenomus near alsophilae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) were frequently reared from overwintering looper eggs. We believe two factors can cause an underestimation of egg parasitism rates by Telenomus near alsophilae: (i) eggs parasitized by Telenomus near alsophilae can be difficult to identify, and need to be reared to detect the black shading on the chorion which ranges from a mere dark spot to some gradation of black over the entire surface; and (ii) additional parasitism by this parasitoid might occur in spring. Our estimates of egg parasitism rates were as high as 23% (n = 93) from spring-collected looper eggs incorrectly classified as viable until incubated in the laboratory. We describe part of an experiment that confirms spring parasitism by this species, and illustrate the implications to operational looper control operations.
GROUND AND AERIAL MOVEMENT OF ADULT COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN A UNIVOLTINE POPULATION
Authors: Noronha Christine , Cloutier Conrad
Published: November 2009

Pitfall and screen traps were used around potato Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) plots to detect directional patterns of prediapause (two seasons) and postdiapause (one season) movement in a univoltine population of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), from Quebec. Prediapause beetles were sampled for diapause readiness using a feeding–digging test. In 1994, a plot left unprotected from the beetle (moderately defoliated) was monitored. In 1995, movement around a plot left unprotected from the beetle (severely defoliated) was compared to that from a plot protected (only lightly defoliated) by inundative release of the potato beetle predator Perillus bioculatus Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Movement frequency by postdiapause beetles in spring 1995 was low compared with 1994 prediapause movement, especially on the ground. Low-frequency flying persisted over several weeks of postdiapause beetle oviposition, with only a brief period of directionality. Flight movement by satiated prediapause beetles in August 1994 and 1995 was strongly directional, being oriented toward the closest forest border east of the plots, where sampling confirmed overwintering. In both years, satiated prediapause beetles also emigrated by walking, but mostly from densely populated and defoliated plots. Newly emerged (unsatiated) prediapause beetles emigrated en masse from severely defoliated plants, and did so exclusively by walking. Directional walking contrasted with directional flying in being predominantly oriented south-westward to northwestward, suggesting cueing on the sun position during warm hours of the day.
GAMMA RADIATION DOSES FOR PREVENTING PUPARIATION AND ADULT EMERGENCE OFRHAGOLETIS MENDAX(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Sharp Jennifer L. , Polavarapu Sridhar
Published: November 2009

Blueberry maggot,Rhagoletis mendaxCurran, eggs and larvae infesting highbush ’Bluecrop’ and ’Elizabeth’ blueberries,Vaccinium corymbosumL. (Ericaceae), were treated with 4–1200 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment reduced the number of immature stages that pupated and the number of adults that emerged from puparia. The lethal dose for 99.9968% mortality (LD 99.9968%) [lower and upper fiducial limits (FL)] estimated by linear regression analysis to stop pupariation was 1486 (1400–1585) Gy, at the 95% confidence level. The LD 99.99968% (lower and upper FL) estimated to stop flies emerging from puparia irradiated as immature stages was 88 (83–93) Gy, at the 95% confidence level as estimated by regression analysis. An estimated 100 762 larvae were killed, with no survivors, by irradiating 853 918 ’Bluecrop’ blueberries in bulk quantities with 71–776 Gy with a commercial irradiator. No flies or parasites emerged from puparia irradiated as larvae with ≥ 71 and > 80 Gy using commercial and research irradiators, respectively. Infestation rate of blueberry maggot larvae in nonirradiated ’Bluecrop’ and ’Elizabeth’ blueberries averaged 11.1 ± 1.2% and 14.3 ± 2.4%, respectively; the range of infestation rate was from 6.3% to 14.8% and 9.8% to 18%, respectively. Parasitism of blueberry maggot larvae by the larval–puparial parasite,Diachasmimorpha(Opius)mellea(Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), averaged 10.1 ± 2.4% (range 3–13.3%).
COMPARISON OF PLASTIC-LINED TRENCHES AND EXTRUDED PLASTIC TRAPS FOR CONTROLLING LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau G. , Osborn W.P.L.
Published: November 2009

The efficacy of an extruded plastic trap placed on the ground was measured against plastic-lined trenches used to prevent the colonization of potato fields by walking overwintered Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Laboratory comparisons showed that the original standard extruded trap did not capture as many adult beetles as the plastic-lined trench but that this could be corrected by abrading its surface. Beetles took longer to be trapped by the extruded trap than by the trench and walked away more frequently. The efficacy of the two barriers was unaffected by light simulated rain. Field tests in 1996 and 1997 confirmed that plastic-lined trenches can reduce adult abundance and egg deposition within field even when beetle populations were low. The original extruded trap did not significantly reduce egg deposition. However, it is suggested that a modified extruded trap could be used together with the plastic-lined trench to provide temporary closure of untrenched field sections used for farm equipment access or to surround small fields.
A MORPHOMETRIC APPROACH TO THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENUSCERAMIDA(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA: MELOLONTHIDAE)
Authors: Sanmartín Isabel , Martín-Piera Fermín
Published: November 2009

The taxonomy of the genusCeramidaBaraud, 1987, some species of which are severe pests, is considered difficult because of a lack of reliable diagnostic characters. We propose a new approach to the taxonomy of this genus by studying the efficacy of morphometric characters for species discrimination employing multivariate analysis. All members of the genus were included in the analysis. The seven morphometric characters considered were all found to be diagnostic at me species level: width of clypeus at base and at mid-length, and length of clypeus, full body, antennal club and stem, and apical segment of maxillary palp. The most informative character is the length of the antennal club relative to body size. This character divides the genus into three morphological groups. The ratios traditionally employed in the taxonomy of this genus cannot be used as discrete characters because there are no gaps in their range of variation. Our discriminant analysis produced several classification functions that serve as a new taxonomic tool to distinguish between morphologically similar species. Eleven species are recognized within the genus and eight new synonymies are proposed.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF “SMALL CARRION BEETLES” (COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE; CHOLEVINAE) FROM CAVES AND FORESTS OF CUBA AND HISPANIOLA
Authors: Peck Stewart B.
Published: November 2009

Dissochaetus cubensissp.nov. is described from Cuba. New forest and cave records are given for the previously poorly known species Proptomaphaginus apodemus Szymczakowski and Proptomaphaginus darlingtoni (Jeannel) from Cuba and Proptomaphaginus hispaniolensis Peck from the Dominican Republic on the West Indian island of Hispaniola.
DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE EXPOSED TO A BACULOVIRUS WITH OR WITHOUT OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS
Authors: Li S.Y. , Otvos I.S.
Published: November 2009

Fifth-instar larval mortality was compared between male and female Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman exposed in the laboratory to sublethal doses of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (CfMNPV) with or without optical brighteners. More females than males died when the virus was used alone, but differences were not significant. When 1% brightener was added to CfMNPV suspension, differences in larval mortality between males and females were significant for three of the four brighteners tested. In addition, times at which 50% of the larvae died indicated that female larvae died 23 and 39% more quickly than male larvae, respectively, when brightener Blankophor HRS and Tinopal LPW were added to the virus, whereas at times at which 95% of the larvae died indicated that females died 33 and 54% faster than males. Alteration of sex ratio favoring male survival can play a significant role in the biological control of C. occidentalis by the virus.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO TEMPORAL VARIATION IN CONIFER FOLIAGE BY A CATERPILLAR
Authors: Carroll Allan L.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée) (Lepidoptere: Geometridae), consume both new and old foliage within the crowns of their host, balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Miller (Pinaceae), despite the poor nutritional quality generally ascribed to old tissues. Laboratory studies evaluated whether the consumption of old foliage by hemlock looper larvae could be an adaptation to the relative paucity of new versus old foliage, and to the limited temporal window during which young foliage remains high in nutritional quality. Access to new foliage was critical to hemlock looper survival; 55% of larvae fed an exclusive diet of new foliage survived, whereas only 5% and 0% of larvae fed exclusively 1-or 2-year-old foliage survived, respectively. Moreover, larvae reared on branches in synchrony with bud flush were more than twice as likely to survive than those whose emergence was delayed by 2 weeks. Despite the reliance by the hemlock looper upon new foliage for survival, larvae given access to both new and old foliage survived better and were heavier than those restricted to new foliage. By incorporating older foliage into their diet, the hemlock looper can circumvent the limited availability of new foliage, thereby gaining access to more abundant tissues.
TOWARDS PHEROMONE-BASED DETECTION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Morewood P. , Gries G. , Häußler D. , Möller K. , Liska J. , Kapitola P. , Bogenschütz H.
Published: November 2009

The research objective of this study was to develop a pheromone-based detection system for the nun moth, Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus), an important defoliator of spruce, Picea A. Dietrich, and pine, Pinus Linnaeus (Pinaceae), forests in central Europe. In northeastern Germany, comparative analyses of rubber- and polyurethane-based dispensers impregnated with a 20:20:1 blend of (±)-disparlure (cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane), (±)-monachalure (cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane), and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene revealed that polyurethane-based dispensers afforded higher captures of male L. monacha. Species specificity and optimal dose of the pheromone dispenser were tested in deciduous rather than coniferous forests in central Europe to better reflect nonhabitat settings, such as North American ports, in which detection surveys would be conducted. Baiting Unitraps with 2, 20, 200, or 2000 μg [based on (±)-disparlure] of the L. monacha volatile blend resulted in increasing, species-specific captures of male L. monacha with increasing volatile dose. (±)-Disparlure, previously used for detection of L. monacha, tested at the same four doses indiscriminately attracted male L. monacha and male Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus). Polyurethane-based dispensers loaded with at least 200 μg of the L. monacha volatile blend are recommended for sensitive detection surveys of L. monacha in North America.
NEW SPECIES IN THE GENERA MINILIMOSINA ROHÁĈEK AND PHTHITIA ENDERLEIN (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE) FROM ANCIENT SITKA SPRUCE (PINACEAE) FOREST
Authors: Marshall S.A. , Winchester N.N.
Published: November 2009

Diptera caught in malaise traps set in forests of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bon.) Carrière, in the Carmanah Valley, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, included two new species of Sphaeroceridae. Minilimosina sitka Marshall sp.nov. and Phthitia squamosa Marshall sp.nov. are described for the first time and compared with related species. Fourteen other sphaerocerid species caught with these species are listed.
MORTALITY OF MATURE THIRD-INSTAR CARIBBEAN FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) EXPOSED TO MICROWAVE ENERGY
Authors: Sharp Jennifer L. , Robertson Jacqueline L. , Preisler Haiganoush K.
Published: November 2009

Our investigation estimates time–temperature relationships and demonstrates the effect of rapid heating on mortality of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). Mature larvae (third instars) in water were exposed to each of seven temperatures (44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50 °C) and each of five power levels (11, 27.5, 55, 88, and 122 W) in a research-quality microwave oven. Controls were immersed in water for 30 min and not exposed to microwave energy. Data were analyzed by a probit model with three explanatory variables. The variables were time to reach target temperature, power, and final temperature. Temperature needed to control the larvae increased as power increased. Of the power–temperature levels, the only combinations that resulted in > 99% mortality were the lowest power (16 W) at 49 or 50 °C and 30 W at 50 °C. Time required for > 99% mortality decreased with increased power. Thus, as power delivered to larvae increased and time needed to reach exposure temperature deceased, percent mortality decreased. We conclude that rapid heating imposes serious constraints on the use of heat-induced mortality; this result raises important questions that must be addressed because quarantine security may be jeopardized.
BIOLOGY OF PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE) DURING AN OUTBREAK
Authors: Asaro Christopher , Allen Douglas C.
Published: November 2009

The life history of pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), in three pine (Pinaceae) plantations in northern New York is similar to that reported for this species on red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, in Ontario. Adult emergence extended from early May to early June. The sex ratio of emerging adults favored males by as much as 2.7:1. Oviposition occurred from mid-May to early June. Significantly more eggs per fascicle were deposited on the distal third of branches and in the lower third of the crown. Larval feeding took place throughout June. The proportion of prepupae remaining in the soil for more than 1 year varied from 9% to 66% between two sites. There was no evidence of egg parasitism, and egg survival exceeded 95% in each of 2 years. A new species of nematode (Steinernema sp.) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) was recovered from pronymphs. Homaspis interruptus (Provancher) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitized larvae and emerged from 8.5% and 2.8% of the pronymphs in two populations.
SURVEY AND RELEASE OF PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING HOUSE AND STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN DAIRY OPERATIONS
Authors: McKay Tanja , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

In 1995, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a commercially available pupal parasitoid of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), was purchased to examine the status of wasps being sold to Manitoba producers. Percentage of pupae parasitized, numbers of parasitoids per pupa, total parasitoids, and parasitoid sex ratio were determined for each shipment of parasitoids received. To determine the extent to which these wasps could successfully parasitize house flies and stable flies, parasitoids were released weekly in four Manitoba dairy barns and levels of parasitism estimated. In 10 622 freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae, 2.2% were parasitized throughout the season by N. vitripennis, and 5.8% were parasitized by eight other species of parasitoids. Of 11 897 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae, 0.6% were parasitized by N. vitripennis, and 3.4% by eight other species of parasitoids. In four barns where there were no releases of N. vitripennis, 1.1% of 11 779 sentinel pupae were parasitized by four species of parasitoids and 3.8% of 8384 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae were parasitized by nine species. The release of an estimated 3 648 093 N. vitripennis did not result in substantial parasitism in either sentinel pupae or naturally occurring pupae. In 1996, live sentinel house fly pupae (n = 50 842) and house fly and stable fly pupae occurring naturally (n = 4691) were collected in two of the nonrelease barns from the 1995 study to examine the activity of endemic parasitoids. Of the sentinel and naturally occurring pupae sampled, 4.0% and 9.4% were parasitized, respectively. Phygadeuon fumator Gravenhörst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 97.4% and 79.9% of parasitoids collected from sentinel pupae and naturally occurring pupae, respectively. Other parasitoids included Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia subpunctata Först, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigra Latreille, and a species of Trichomalopsis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
POLLEN STORAGE AND FORAGING BY HONEY BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRIES (ERICACEAE), CULTIVAR BLUECROP
Authors: Dogterom Margriet H. , Winston Mark L.
Published: November 2009

We investigated pollen and nectar foraging of honey bees,Apis melliferaL., from pollen-poor and pollen-rich, small and large colonies in blooming highbush blueberry,Vaccinium corymbosumL. cv. Bluecrop fields. The proportion of pollen foragers differed significantly between pollen-rich and pollen-poor colonies after storage levels were manipulated, but foraging and pollen stores returned to similar levels within a week. No differences were found in small colonies, although the proportion of pollen foragers was high (46% and 45% from pollen-rich and pollen-poor colonies, respectively). Only 7.6% of pollen foragers carriedVacciniumsp. pollen in their loads independent of treatment, day, and colony size, whereas 60.8% of nectar foragers carried up to 100 tetrads ofVacciniumsp. pollen on their bodies. The average proportion ofVacciniumsp. pollen carried by nectar and pollen foragers per day and treatment was less than 10%. Our research indicates that when colonies are placed in fields of blooming blueberry flowers, pollen foraging is stimulated in large colonies with stores that are pollen poor, but predominantly for pollen types other than blueberry. This research indicates that nectar foragers are the major visitor of highbush blueberry cv. Bluecrop and suggests that increasing the number of nectar foragers rather than pollen foragers would result in more honey bees foraging on highbush blueberry, in particular cv. Bluecrop.
EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING TREE AND STAND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Shore T.L. , Safranyik L. , Riel W.G. , Ferguson M. , Castonguay J.
Published: November 2009

Tree and site characteristics were compared between 19 groups of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae), infested by Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, and 19 uninfested groups to identify individual or combinations of characteristics associated with Douglas-fir beetle attacks. Of the tree characteristics, diameter, height, age, phloem thickness, bark thickness, and a standardized variable consisting of diameter divided by the last 10 years growth rate (DBHTYG) showed significant differences. None of the site characteristics showed significant differences between infested and uninfested areas. Two models, identified through discriminant analysis, placed 84 and 87% of the data in the correct infestation groups. These models included the variables diameter, height, phloem thickness, aspect, and DBHTYG in various combinations. The results were confirmed using a jackknifed cross-validation approach. These variables have potential for use in the development of a biological process model of tree and stand susceptibility to the Douglas-fir beetle.
TOWARD PHEROMONE-BASED MATING DISRUPTION OF ENARMONIA FORMOSANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON ORNAMENTAL CHERRY TREES
Authors: McNair Crawford , Gries Gerhard , Sidney Mark
Published: November 2009

The potential for pheromone-mediated mating disruption of the cherry bark tortrix (CBT), Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli), was evaluated by attaching PVC tube dispensers to the trunks of mature (> 40 cm diameter at breast height) ornamental cherry trees, Prunus cvs., lining suburban streets of New Westminster and Vancouver, British Columbia. Dispensers released either a blend of (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:OAc, 49.5%), (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:OAc, 49.5%), and (Z)-7-decenyl acetate (Z7-10:OAc, 1%) at a rate of 29 mg/day (Exp. 1), or E9-12:OAc alone at 27 mg/day (Exp. 2), 4 mg/day (Exp. 3), or 0.5 mg/day (Exp. 4). A sticky Delta trap baited with a grey rubber septum impregnated with CBT pheromone components E9-12:OAc (40 μg), Z9-12:AOc (60 μg), and Z7-10:OAc (1 μg) was placed in each tree. Captures of male CBTs in treatment trees were significantly reduced compared with control trees in all experiments. Results suggest that disruption of pheromone-based communication in CBT around individual cherry trees is feasible with a pheromone blend or with E9-12:OAc alone, and could become part of an integrated management strategy for CBT in urban environments.
ALIMENTARY CANAL OF ADULT ACALYMMA VITTATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): MORPHOLOGY AND POTENTIAL ROLE IN SURVIVAL OF ERWINIA TRACHEIPHILA (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE)
Authors: Garcia-Salazar Carlos , Gildow F.E. , Fleischer S.J. , Cox-Foster D. , Lukezic F.L.
Published: November 2009

We describe the morphology of the alimentary canal in adult Acalymma vittata (F.), the vector of Erwinia tracheiphila (Smith) Bergey et al. emend. Hauben et al. (Enterobacteriaceae), the causal agent of bacterial wilt in cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae). The foregut includes a pre-oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, and crop but lacks a well-developed proventriculus. The midgut occupies approximately 65% of the length of the gut, has distinctive ventricular crypts throughout its length, and is lined with a peritrophic membrane, but lacks caeca for harboring symbionts. The hindgut comprises the colon and rectum and four Malpighian tubules. The cuticular intima of both foregut and hindgut bears rows of spines and is thrown into numerous folds. Transmission electron microscopy showed bacteria resembling E. tracheiphila within the hindgut 1 and 30 d after the beetles fed on E. tracheiphila spread between cotyledons of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae). Our observations suggest that the midgut is not appropriate for long-term retention of E. tracheiphila because of the absence of caeca and the presence of a peritrophic membrane. Temporary and long-term pathogen retention may be associated with rows of spines and numerous folds within the foregut and hindgut.
OVERWINTERING DENSITIES AND SURVIVAL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN AND AROUND TOMATO (SOLANACEAE) FIELDS
Authors: Hunt D.W.A. , Tan C.S.
Published: November 2009

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), overwinters in the soil as a diapausing adult. Large numbers of adult beetles fly and walk from potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae), fields to the surrounding forested edges late in the summer (Voss and Ferro 1990). This movement can result in higher densities of diapausing adults in the soil along these edges than in potato fields (Weber and Ferro 1993). Beetles that overwinter in these woody borders show lower levels of overwintering mortality (Weber et al. 1994). Survivorship of overwintering Colorado potato beetle adults was positively correlated with soil depth for studies conducted adjacent to potato fields in New Jersey (Lashomb et al. 1984) and Massachusetts (Weber and Ferro 1993). Lashomb et al. (1984) reported that a 10-cm increase in soil depth decreased winter mortality by 32%.
DESCRIPTIONS OF FLEA LARVAE (SIPHONAPTERA: CERATOPHYLLIDAE:CERATOPHYLLUSSPP.) FOUND IN THE NESTS OF SWALLOWS (AVES: PASSERIFORMES: HIRUNDINIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Pilgrim Robert L.C. , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

Descriptions are provided for larvae of nine species ofCeratophyllusCurtis for which swallows in North America, north of Mexico, are recorded hosts. A detailed description is provided for the larva ofCeratophyllus celsus celsusJordan and for other species only where there are significant differences fromC.c.celsus.Ceratophyllus celsus celsus,Ceratophyllus scopulorumHolland, andCeratophyllus petrochelidoniWagner are characterized by a large number of anal comb (25–42) and anal mound (13–23) setae, but among themselves have not proved separable;Ceratophyllus styx ripariusJordan and Rothschild is remarkable in having two ventral plate setae on all thoracic segments as well as on the eighth and occasionally the ninth abdominal segments;Ceratophyllus idiusJordan and Rothschild andCeratophyllus nigerC. Fox characteristically display stout ventral plate setae on the thoracic segments, as seen inC.c.celsus, but have fewer anal comb and mound setae. We are unable to separate larvae ofC.idiusandC.nigerfrom each other.Ceratophyllus gallinae(Schrank) also has few comb and mound setae, but the ventral plate setae are more slender than evident in other species treated here.Ceratophyllus diffinisJordan andCeratophyllus gareiRothschild, the sole Nearctic representatives of the subgenusEmmareusSmit, are characterized by their short, slender, thoracic ventral plate setae, but have not been separated from each other here. Redescriptions are provided for larvae ofC.gallinaeandC.garei. Descriptions for all other taxa are provided for the first time. A key is provided to the known larvae of species associated with swallows in North America, north of Mexico.