bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hexylresorcinol as a General Vermicide
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

During recent years the compounds belonging to the resorcinol series have acquired considerable importance as germicides, and among these compounds the hexyl derivative has provided the optimum working value. While this is reasonably active, a sufficient quantity can be obtained in solution for administration.
Detection of antibodies toAnisakis simplexlarvae by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectrophoresis using crude or purified antigens
Authors: Ramos R. Gutiérrez , Tsuji M.
Published: June 2009

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) were used for the serodiagnosis of larvalAnisakis simplexinfections in man and immunized rabbits. Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration was used for separating crude antigen. Four fractions were obtained. Sera from patients with other helminth infections sometimes cross reacted withAnisakislarval antigens. With IEP, crude antigen is more sensitive than purified antigens. With ELISA, the third fraction is the most sensitive for detecting antibodies toAnisakislarvae in the sera of humans and immunized rabbits.
A New Blood Fluke from an Indian Tortoise,Trionyx gangeticus.
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: June 2009

The hermaphroditic Trematodes from the blood vessels of the turtles are included under the Family Spirorcbidae and represent several genera differing from each other in several features, including the general topography of the genital organs. It originally contained only two genera—SpirorchisandHapalotrema, differing from each other in the number of suckers, the relative position of the genital glands and the number of testes. Owing to these unique differences between them they were referred by Stunkard (1921) to two subfamilies—Spirorchinae and Hapalotreminae. The work prior to 1923 is summed up by Stunkard (1923) in a brilliant memoir, where, besides describing two new genera, one under each of the two subfamilies, from North American turtles, he has clearly elucidated some important points of systematic nature. Subsequently, the same author has considerably added to our knowledge of the group in several memoirs mentioned in the list of references at the end of the present communication.
On some new members of the Genus Kiluluma from the African Rhinoceros
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: June 2009

In a recent study (1924) I have given an account of the genus Kiluluma, describing six species collected by Prof. Leiper from an African rhinoceros in Uganda, and have elucidated certain interesting points in its anatomy. A further study of the material has revealed the presence of four new species which form the basis of the present communication.
On Two Nematode Parasites from the Gizzard of Pea-fowls
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: June 2009

The material on which the following description is based consists of a single pair of male and female worms obtained from under the gizzard lining of a Burmeese Pea-fowl (Pavo muticus). Although the material was so limited, the parasites are of sufficient interest to warrant their description, especially as they show characters which lead one to the conclusion that they represent a hitherto unknown species; also it is a species very closely related to A. (Cheilospirura) hamulosus, a parasite of chickens.
Hexatylus viviparus gen. et sp. nov., a nematode found in a diseased potato tuber
Authors: Goodey T
Published: June 2009

Out of a large number of diseased potatoes sent by a merchant to this Institute and to the Ministry of Agriculture Pathological Laboratory, Harpenden, suspected of eelworm disease due to Tylenchus dipsaci, only one tuber was found by Mr. Buckhurst of the latter laboratory to contain eelworms; all the others, although presenting a naked-eye appearance extremely like that shown by tubers attacked by T. dipsaci, were entirely negative. This tuber was sent to the writer for his opinion on the nema-todes living in it with the result that what appears to be a new genus has been found. It resembles members of the genera Tylenchus and Aphelenchus in that it has a mouth stylet with swellings at its base and might at first sight be mistaken for a representative of one of these genera, a fact which renders a description of it all the more necessary, but differs from them in several morphological details.
The Potato-Root Eelworm in Lincolnshire
Authors: Morgan D. O. , Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

In 1924, Morgan visited South Lincolnshire to investigate the part played by the potato-root eelworm (Heterodera schachtii) in the serious failure of the local potato crop: a note on the investigation appears in this Journal (1925, p. 185). A second visit was made in 1925, as a result of which certain conclusions regarding manuring and the rotation of crops were put forward (this Journal, 1926, p. 49). Towards the end of 1925 the second writer (Peters) made a hurried survey with the object of seeking a possible correlation between the distribution of eelworm cysts and the hydrogen ion concentration of the soil. Such a correlation was actually demonstrated (this Journal, 1926, p. 87) in the case of a selected field for which Morgan had complete data of cyst-counts. The question thus arose as to whether any clear correlations should be shown to exist between the three factors: concentration of cysts, pathological condition of the crop, and reaction of the soil. In other words, was the eelworm associated with the damage? and was it controlled (and therefore controllable) by the effective acidity of the soil? To decide these questions might be a matter of considerable importance, particularly if the eelworm was found to be responsible for the damage, for affirmative answers would open the way to effective treatment, by the adequate liming of soils for instance.
On a collection of Cestodes from Nigeria
Authors: Joyeux Ch. , Baer Jean G.
Published: June 2009

The following collection of Cestodes has been brought together by Prof. A. S. Pearse, of the Duke University, Durham, N.C., during a sojourn in Nigeria for the purpose of studying the parasites of rodents and insectivores.
Observations on the genus Paragonimus Braun with a re-description of P. compactus (Cobblold, 1859) 1899
Authors: Vevers G. M.
Published: June 2009

The earliest record of a mammalian lung fluke was made by Diesing in 1850, who described Distomum rude from the lungs of Lutra brasiliense, from Brazil. This species was transferred to the genus Paragonimus by Stiles and Hassall in 1900.
On a new Cestode parasite of an East African Rock Rabbit (Procavia sp.)
Authors: Baer Jean G.
Published: June 2009

Being engaged on a complete revision of the genus Inermicapsifer Janicki (1910), we had occasion to examine some material from the Helminthological Department of the London School of Tropical Medicine. This material was kindly placed at our disposal by Prof. R. T. Leiper, F.R.S., to whom we here tender our sincerest thanks. We are also indebted to Prof. O. Fuhrmann for his useful advice and criticisms.
On the Chrysanthemum Nematode, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi Schwartz, 1911 and its Control
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: June 2009

This paper embodies certain experiments on control of the nematode Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi Schwartz, 1911, on chrysanthemums, and were started in September 1930 at the request of several commercial chrysanthemum growers in Staffordshire and Warwickshire.
Observations on Paratylenchus macrophallus (de Man, 1880)
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

de Man (1880) described the species Tylenchus macrophallus, obtained from pasture soil, and in a later publication (1884) gave a fuller account of it with drawings. Reasons are given later in the present paper for the removal of this species to the genus Paratylenchus. Micoletzky (1921) established the genus Paratylenchus containing but one species, namely, P. bukowinensis, obtained from around grass roots near Czernowitz in Bukowina. The description was based on a single female specimen which was found only after mounting in glycerine. In spite of this, however, the distinctive characters of the genus were clearly indicated and are sufficiently marked to separate it from the nearly related genus Anguillulina. Cobb (1923) gave a detailed description of the anatomy of another species, also obtained from around grass roots, under the name of Paratylenchus nanus, which he considered might be synonymous with P. bukowinensis, and a brief account of an immature form which he called P. anceps but which very closely resembled his P. nanus. In the case of both of these forms only females were found.
Aphelenchoides hodsoni n. sp., a nematode affecting Narcissus bulbs and leaves.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

In April 1934 Mr. W. E. H. Hodson, Advisory Entomologist, Reading University, sent the writer a portion of narcissus bulb exhibiting disease symptoms. The bulb was a trumpet daffodil, of the variety “Sir Watkin,” from a stock which had been growing in the Isles of Scilly for 40 years or more and had probably never been hot-water treated. It contained a number of nematodes belonging to the genus Aphelenchoides which differed in certain anatomical features from other members of this genus. Good specimens of the worm were not very numerous or favourable for detailed investigation but some measurements and drawings were made at the time and it was hoped that at a later date further and better supplies of the organism would become available. In July 1934 the same species of nematode was found in a portion of diseased narcissus bulb sent to the writer by Mr. L. N. Staniland, Advisory Entomologist, Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, Newton Abbot, when the same peculiarities of structure and appearance were again noted and found to be constant.
Observations on a Nematode Disease of Yams.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Steiner (1931) published a brief note on the occurrence of disease in a yam tuber, from Jamaica, with which there were associated large numbers of a species of nematode which he placed in the genus Hoplolaimus. Steiner and LeHew (1933) published a description of the nematode parasite obtained from this yam and gave it the name Hoplolaimus bradys. At a later date Steiner and Buhrer (1934) recorded the same parasite from a yam coming from Porto Rico.
Ridding Pasture ofTaenia saginataova by Grazing Cattle or Sheep
Authors: Penfold W. J. , Penfold H. Boyd , Phillips Mary
Published: June 2009

Beef measles is prevalent in many parts of the world. The two most important factors which allow the dissemination of the disease are, firstly, the insanitary methods of the disposal of human excreta, and secondly, the habit of eating beef raw or almost raw. To eradicate beef measles andTaenia saginatafrom a country where the inhabitants are eaters of raw beef, would be a costly and difficult undertaking. The fact thatTaenia saginatainfestation of man is a comparatively trivial disease and, therefore, does not induce many infested persons to seek treatment, is another difficulty in preventing its dissemination. Of 90 cases that came to our notice, 65 did so in reply to an offer of £5 reward for a complete tapeworm (1), and, although the average duration of infestation of these cases was 13 years, many had never previously sought treatment. We consider there are two main methods of preventing bovine cysticercosis. The first is to immunize the cattle against the disease, and the second is to prevent cattle from having access toTaenia saginataeggs. With regard to the second method, if means are undertaken to preventTaenia saginaiaova from gaining access to a pasture previously contaminated with them, the problem still remains of getting rid of the ova which are already present. This paper considers the latter problem, and is specially applicable to farms irrigated with human sewage. It has been suggested that pastures may be ridded ofTaenia saginataeggs by grazing sheep.
Nematodes Parasites de Carnivores Malgaches 1.—Vogeloides lerouxi n.sp. et Rictularia affinis Jägerskiöld chez Viverricula indica
Authors: Biocca Ettore , Chabaud Alain G.
Published: June 2009

Les Carnivores malgaches sont rares et difficiles à capturer et, les Nématodes qui les parasitent ne sont pas encore connus. Nous désirons dédier la première espèce étudiée à la mémoire du Docteur P. L. LeRoux, en souvenir de l'amitié dont il nous honora, et en respectueux hommage à la mémoire de ce grand helminthologiste.
An Appreciation, on the Occasion of his 90th Birthday, of Academician K. I. Skrjabin: Founder of the Soviet Helminthological School
Authors: Schikhobalova N. P.
Published: June 2009

On December 7th, 1968, Academician K. I. Skrjabin celebrated his ninetieth birthday and completed 63 years of his scientific career. From humble beginnings as a student of Veterinary Medicine and Natural History at Juriev University where he qualified in the year 1905, he has traversed the long path which led him to become a very distinguished scientist with an international reputation and one of the outstanding helminthologists of all time. His interest in helminthology began during his veterinary work in Central Asia where he made extensive collections of helminths from all groups of vertebrate animals. These he studied from 1912 to 1914 under the guidance of European specialists in helminthology, viz, with Professors Braun and Lühe of Germany, with Professor Fuhrmann of Switzerland and with Professors Railliet and Henry of France. His studies and publications at this time inaugurated Skrjabin as an erudite and accomplished helminthologist and his master's thesis, submitted in 1916, entitled: “Contributions to the characteristics of the helminth fauna of domestic animals in Turkestan” was a brilliant piece of work. In this he emphasised the necessity of establishing special chairs of parasitology and infectious diseases at Veterinary Institutes and Medical Faculties of Universities. A year later the first chair of parasitology was established, at the Novocherkassk Veterinary Institute, and Skrjabin was appointed to it, thus becoming the first professor of parasitology in the country.
Studies on the Epizootiology of Neoascaris vitulorum in Nigeria
Authors: Enyenihi Ulo K.
Published: June 2009

1. The effect of relative humidity on the survival and development of Neoascaris vitulorum eggs to the infective stage is described.

2. Tables showing the percentages of eggs at different stages of development and dead eggs at weekly interval for two different sizes of faecal masses are constructed and the results discussed.

3. Detailed weather graphs showing daily rainfall, average daily relative humidity and evapotranspiration for Ibadan and Obudu during the rainy season of 1964 are constructed and the effect of the weather on survival of Neoascans vitulorum eggs in pasture at these places is discussed.

4. The minimum relative humidity for the survival and development of Neoascaris vitulorum eggs to the infective stage is found to be 80%. The period of survival of eggs in a dry atmosphere depends on the size of the faecal mass containing the eggs. The critical relative humidity for Neoascaris vitulorum eggs is compared with values for other ascarids of domestic animals.
A Technique for Obtaining Axenic Cultures of Rhabditid Nematodes
Authors: Nicholas W. L. , McEntegart M. G.
Published: June 2009

Two methods of setting up axenic cultures of several species of Rhabditinae are described. Both methods depend on the killing and superficial sterilisation of gravid females with a chemcal steriliising agent, and their transferance to an innocuous medium containing antibiotics. The young worms which hatch from the eggs contained in the dead female worms are then collected aseptically. In one method merthiolate is used as a sterilising agent and in the other hydrogen peroxide.

The effectiveness of both methods in freeing the young worms from contaminating micro-organisms has been evaluated by inoculating standard bacteriological culture media with the worms.

Starting with such young worms, bacteria-free cultures have been set up using media previously described by Dougherty and his coworkers for the cultivation of free-living nematodes.
Two Kidney-Flukes from Sudanese Birds, with a Description of a New Species
Authors: Wright C. A.
Published: June 2009

1. Ignavia venusta de Freitas is recorded from the kidneys of two Fish-eagles (Cuncuma vocifer) and a Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) from the Southern Sudan.

2. Ignavia is regarded as a valid genus and to it is transferred Allechinostomum renale Yeh, 1954.

3. Ignavia inops de Freitas (= Echinostomum sp.inq. Dietz, 1910) probably does not belong to the genus Ignavia or even to the subfamily Echinochasminae.

4. A new species of Renicola is described from the kidney of the Goliath heron and is named R. goliath.

5. The affinities of R. goliath are discussed and R. brantae McIntosh and Farr, 1952 is figured.

6. The significance of the occurrence of these two flukes in the Southern Sudan is discussed.
On Brachylaemus (Trematoda) from Marsupials
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: June 2009

Brachylaemus dasyuri (Johnston, 1912) is recorded from Thylacis obesulus (Shaw & Nodder, 1797) from Queensland. It is redescribed and Brachylaemus simile (Johnston, 1912) is confirmed to be a synonym.

A review is made of the species of Brachylaemus recorded from American and Australian marsupials. It seems probable that they have arisen from a common ancestral type parasite in an ancestral marsupial.
Some Notes on Nomenclature (Nematoda)
Authors: Baker A. D. , Sanwal K. C.
Published: June 2009

From time to time the writers have noted some items pertaining to nematode taxonomy that appeared to require some clarification. In this connexion the following brief notes have been assembled and are presented with the hope that they may prove useful.
Studies on the Liver, Lung, Brain and Blood of Experimental Animals Infected withToxocara canis
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: June 2009

Studies were carried out in mice and a monkey (paratenic hosts) and pathological lesions in mice have been described in liver, lung and brain withToxocaralarvae moving actively in the tissues causing damage (haemorrhages and necrosis) with encystment. In both mice and monkey there is essentially an eosinophilic response with lymphocytes and neutrophils also showing rise in the peripheral blood a few days after infection. In mice lymphocytes are the predominant tissue inflammatory cell.
Studies on the mechanism of long term survival ofTaenia taeniaeformisin rats
Authors: Kwa B. H. , Liew F. Y.
Published: June 2009

An attempt was made to determine if blocking antibody is involved in protecting cysticerci ofTaenia taeniaeformisagainst a host immune response. Immunoflourescence microscopy confirmed that host antibody is present on the parasite surface within the capsule. To test if the larvae can still survive after such a coat of blocking antibody is removed, the larvae were trypsinised and then implanted into recipients. The results indicate that blocking antibody could be involved in the survival of 1 year old established larvae. Untrypsinised larvae were normal 14 days after implantation into control or immunised rats. Trypsinised larvae implanted in control rats were alive but showed on intense cell adherence on their surface. On the other hand, trypsinised larvae implanted into immunised rats were dead and completely encapsulated. However, experiments with 1 month old larvae were inconclusive.
The influence of physical factors on the behaviour and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. III. Effect of contact time and dispersion in static and flowing waters
Authors: James C. , Prah S. K.
Published: June 2009

The scanning and infective capacity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia were tested under limited exposure times in small volumes of water, and under increasing mutual dispersion in vessels of different sizes also over increasing horizontal distances, and under different flow rates of water. It was found that the miracidia of both species retained their infective capacity for up to 1 hour in the presence of susceptible snails. The infection rates decreased with decreasing miracidial densities but was still over 50% at 0.4–0.8 miracidia per litre. Both species of miracidia produced high (36–44%) infection rates in host snails situated at a distance of 5 m and equally high infection rates (39–40%) in snails placed in water flowing at a rate of 12–15 cm/sec.

The application of any of these physical factors in the control of schistosomiasis is discussed.
Revision of the genus Paracooperia Travassos, 1935 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M.
Published: June 2009

Only five of the eight species assigned to the genus Paracooperia are considered valid and are redescribed. P. petrowi Memmedov, 1961 and P. indiana Ali and Deshpande, 1970 are considered synonyms of P. nodulosa (Schwartz, 1928) Travassos, 1937 and the synonymy of P. matoffi Le Roux, 1950 with P. nodulosa is confirmed. A key to the species of the genus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Gedoelstascaris n.g. and Ortleppascaris n.g.
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Two new genera, Gedoelstascarisand Ortleppascaris, are proposed for species of ascaridoid nematodes occurring in crocodilians and previously included in Dujardinascaris. Species included in Gedoelstascaris are vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1929 as type species and australiensis Baylis, 1931 (= salomonis Kreis, 1940). These species occur in Crocodylus spp. in Africa and Australia respectively and are characterised by lips with a rostral plate, without interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with well-developed interlabia, lobulated ventriculus, and excretory pore in front of the nerve ring. Species included in Ortleppascaris are: nigra Gedoelst, 1916 (= tasmani Ortlepp, 1932) as type species; alata Baylis, 1947; antipini Mozgovoy, 1950. These species occur in Crocodylus, Caiman and Alligator and are characterized by flat lips with alate margins, without anterior rostral plate, interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with weakly developed interlabia, by an irregular-shaped ventriculus, excretory pore behind or between the subventral lips, and by the presence of lateral alae or cuticular thickenings in the oesophageal region. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the radiation and dispersal of ascaridoids of crocodilians.
Morphological variations within the species Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa in buffaloes and cattle in India, with special reference to the male tail and cuticular ornamentation
Authors: Chauhan P. P. S. , Pande B. P.
Published: June 2009

Morphological variations in Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa, from buffalo and cattle, with special reference to male tail and cuticular ornamentation, have been studied from a large collection of worms available from the infected aortae and ligamentum nuchae, procured from slaughter houses at 3 different localities in Uttar Pradesh, India. Seven variations in the disposition of caudal papillae in males in O. armillata and 14 in O. gutturosa are described. The prevalence of these two Onchocerca species in bubaline and bovine populations appears to be widespread.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Polydelphis, Travassosascaris n.g. and Hexametra
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

The ascaridoid nematodes with more than two uterine branches, which occur in snakes and lizards, are grouped into three genera: (1) Polydelphis (without interlabia, with four uterine branches) containing the type species, P. anoura, occuring in Old World Pythons, with P. brachycheilos as a species dubium. (2) Travassosascaris, a new genus with interlabia and with four uterine branches, with type species T. araujoi (new name for P. quadrangularis (Schneider) of Araujo, 1969) occuring in New World rattlesnakes. (3) Hexametra, (without interlabia, with six uterine branches) containing species in lizards and snakes. In lizards, H. hexametra (type species), H. applanata, H.angusticaecoides and H. rotundicaudata are tentatively differentiated. In snakes, two Hexametra species are tentatively differentiated: (1) H. boddaertii (with three synonyms) in New World pit vipers and colubrids; (2) H. quadricornis (with twenty-two synonyms) in Old World viperids, elapids and colubrids. The morphology, host range, geographical distribution, development and harmful effects of these species are discussed.
Histochemical studies on Raillietina (Raillietina) johri (Cestoda: Davaineidae). I. Nonspecific and specific phosphatases
Authors: Roy T. K.
Published: June 2009

Certain phosphatases have been localized by histochemical techniques in various tissues of a pigeon cestode, Raillietina (Raillietina) johri. Acid phosphatase (AcPase), alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) were present in almost all structures: tegument; subtegumental muscles; subtegumental cells; excretory canal; tsetes; sperm ductules; vas deferens; cirrus sac; cirrus; ovary; receptaculum seminis; vagina; vitelline gland cells; oocytes; uterus; embryonated eggs. AlPase was absent in parenchyma, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. AlPase activity was more intense in the tegument of mature gravid proglottides. AcPase and ATPase were visualized in various stages of spermatogenesis of the parasite. ATPase activity was also observed in chromosomes. 5'-nucleotidase (AMPase) activity was restricted to embryonated eggs only. Functional significance of these phosphatases is discussed.
Immuno-enzymatic assay for the detection ofSchistosoma mansoniantigens in serum of mice harbouring bisexual or unisexual light worm infections
Authors: Ferreira A. W. , Caldini A. L. M. , Hoshino-Shimizu S. , Camargo M. E.
Published: June 2009

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) double antibody technique was standardized for detectingS. mansoniPolysaccharide and protein antigens in serum of infected mice. Anti-sera specific for either worm components were obtained in sheep and peroxidase conjugates prepared from each serum. The immunoenzimatic test for protein could detect as little as 6μg/ml antigens, and the test for polysaccharides 3 μg/ml.

Both bisexual and unisexual male worm low infections were produced, and studied for as long as 27 weeks post-exposure. Worm components were found in serum from both types of infections and in progressively higher percentages of animals until the end of the 27 weeks observations period. For unisexual male infections this percentage reached from about 50% to 60% of mice, and 100% for bisexual infections. Significantly higher antigen concentrations in serum were found at 27 weeks for bisexual infections, no antigen increase being detected in relation to starting egg secretion, which occurred at 5 week infections.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Terranova
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Three species in the genus Terranova occurring in reptiles are redescribed and differentiated: (1) Terranova lanceolata (Molin 1860) new combination, [=Terranova braziliensis (Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1937) Hartwich, 1957] from Melanosuchus niger in Brazil; (2) Terranova crocodili (Taylor 1924) from crocodiles in West Africa and Malaya and from Crocodylus porosus and C. johnstoni in Australia: (3) Terranova caballeroi Barus and Coy Otero, 1966 from colubrine snakes in Louisiana and Florida, U.S.A. and Cuba. The distribution and affinities of these species is discussed. Ascaris quadrata Linstow, 1904 is regarded as a species dubium incertae sedis.
The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 2. Additional studies on selected sera using indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS)
Authors: Matossian R. M. , McLaren Moira L. , Draper C. C. , Bradstreet C. M. Patricia , Dighero Mabel W. , Kane G. J. , Mackinlay L. M. , Rickard M. D.
Published: June 2009

Sixty-one serum samples selected on the basis of reactivity in the complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) test, were further examined for sensitivity and specificity by indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS). Twenty sera from healthy Europeans and 48 samples from patients with either schistosomiasis or trichinosis were also tested. Comparable levels of sensitivity were found between the CF and LA positive sera and IHA, ELISA and DASS. Of the CF positive LA negative group of sera, many were positive by DASS but only a few reacted in IHA and ELISA. Some cross reactivity was also observed in the schistosomiasis sera tested by IHA and ELISA.
Antigenic components of Taenia saginata and their relevance to the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Geerts S. , Kumar V. , Aerts N.
Published: June 2009

22 antigenic components of Taenia saginata proglottides were detected by immunoelectrophoretic (IEP) study. Cross-absorption of the Hyperimmune serum, raised in rabbits against T. saginata, with heterologous and host antigens showed that two thirds of these components were not specific for the cestode. Among the calves experimentally infected with T. saginata eggs, 3 precipitation patterns in IEP were identified depending on the evolutionary stage of the infection. The hydrosoluable extract of T. Saginata was used as antigen. A short precipitating arc present near the antigen well and appearing 3 to 4 weeks post-infection of the calves and a long precipitating arc extending towards the anodic end of the slide and appearing in later stages of infection were found of high diagnostic value. No false-positive reaction or cross-reaction were found. Among the calves harbouring less than 50 cysticerci, false-negative reactions were seen.
Studies of the relationship betweenSchistosomaand their intermediate hosts. III. The genusBiomphalariaandSchistosoma mansonifrom Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, West Indies (St. Lucia) and Zaire (two different strains: Katanga and Kinshasa)
Authors: Frandsen Flemming
Published: June 2009

The compatibility between strains ofSchistosoma mansonifrom Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, the West Indies, and Zaire (two strains which came from Katanga and from Kinshasa), and various species and strains ofBiomphalaria, i.e.,Biomphalaria pfeifferi, B. alexandrina, B. glabrataandB. camerunensiswas investigated. Data as mortality, rate of infection of the surviving snails, duration of infection, cercarial production per day per positive snail, etc., were observed. The main emphasis was placed on determining the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails for each snail population.

It was possible to infect all the tested populations ofB. pfeifferiwith the various strains ofS. mansoni, but the observation as e.g. TCP/100 exposed snails varied greatly according to the population of snail and the strain ofS. mansoni. The results for the remaining species ofBiomphalariavaried greatly, depending on the combination, e.g.B. alexandrinawas only susceptible to the localS. mansonifrom Egypt.

The highest TCP/100 exposed snails was more than 1 million for the strains ofS. mansonifrom Egypt, Kenya and the West Indies inB. alexandrina, B. pfeifferiandB. glabrata, respectively. The next group, with a TCP/100 exposed snails on 7 – 800 000 consists ofS. mansonifrom Sudan, Uganda and Zaire (Katanga) all inB. pfeifferi. The last tested strain ofS. mansoni, Zaire (Kinshasa) yielded a cercarial production on 500 000 per 100 exposed snails inB. pfeifferiandB. camerunensis.

The shortest prepatent period, 19 days, was observed forS. mansonifrom Kinshasa, Zaire, inB. camerunensis, and the longest prepatent period, 25 days, was found for strains from Egypt and from the West Indies inB. alexandrinaandB. glabrata, respectively.

In general, a very long duration of infection, lasting up to 200 days, was observed.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance againstSchistosoma mansoniin the mouse. V. Reduction in the degree of resistance to reinfection after chemotherapeutic elimination of recently patent primary infections
Authors: Doenhoff M. , Bickle Q. , Bain J. , Webbe G. , Nelson G.
Published: June 2009

Effective treatment of mice with six to eight week-old patentS. mansoniinfections with any one of five schistosomicidal agents (Oxamniquine, Praziquantel, potassium antimony tartrate, Niridazole and Hycanthone) resulted in a reduction in the degree of resistance to homologous challenge in the treated animals when compared with the level of resistance to reinfection observed in untreated mice with intact primary infections. Mice challenged five to six weeks after treatment with Praziquantel, Niridazole or Hycanthone demonstrated a lower level of resistance than mice challenged within 10 days of the termination of the chemotherapeutic schedules. Direct comparison of Praziquantel with potassium antimony tartrate indicated that treatment with the former drug allowed retention of a greater level of acquired resistance than the antimonial in the immediate post-treatment period. Resistance to reinfection in Hycanthone-treated mice was not restored by intravenous injection ofS. mansonieggs before challenge.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Angusticaecum and Krefftascaris n.g.
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Ascaridoid nematodes reported from terrestrial and freshwater chelonians are described under two monotypic genera, Angusticaecum and a new genus Krefftascaris respectively. The former genus contain A. holopterum (Rodolphi, 1819) Baylis, 1920 [synonym A. brevispiculum Chapin, 1924], reported in the natural state from testudinid and emydid tortoises in Europe, U.S.S.R., Iran, Brazil and North Africa. Teh latter genus contains a new species, K. parmenteri, reported from chelid freshwater turtles in Eastern Australia. It is concluded that the former is most closely related to species in other genera in terrestrial reptiles, whereas the latter is closest to Gedoelstascaris spp. in crocodilians. Host-parasite relationships over evolutionary time between ascaridoids and chelonians are discussed.
Abnormal development of Hymenolepis nana larvae in immunosuppressed mice
Authors: Lucas S. B. , Hassounah O. , Muller R. , Doenhoff M. J.
Published: June 2009

Observations on the course of Hymenolepis nana infection in immunosuppressed mice are presented. Treatment of the host with hydrocortisone acetate caused superinfection of the bowel with worms and the development of normal cysticercoids in the mesenteric lymph node and liver. Natural infection of mice deprived of their T-cells by pre-adult thymectomy and administration of antithymocyte serum resulted in superinfection and widespread metastasis of aberrant cysticercoids that were greatly enlarged and without scolices, causing death after about five months. The significance of these findings and their possible relevance to human infection with H. nana are discussed.
A new aspidogastrid trematodeLobatostoma hanumanthain.sp. from a marine fish in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Narasimhulu S. V. , Madhavi R.
Published: June 2009

Lobatostoma hanumanthain.sp. is described from the intestine of the carangidTrachinotus blochifrom Bay of Bengal. It anatomical characters are compared with previously described species in the genus. This is the first record of an aspidogastrean from marine fishes of the Indian region.
Five new species of the genusSpirocamallanusOlsen, 1952 (Camallanidae, Nematoda) from marine fishes
Authors: Bashirullah A. K. M. , Williams E. H.
Published: June 2009

Spirocamallanus papillicaudatusn. sp. fromPomadactylus oligodon, S. partitusn.sp. fromPomacentrus partitus, S. spinicaudatusn. sp. fromHolocentrus marinusandS. garnotusn.sp. fromHalichoeres garnotiare described from marine fishes of Puerto Rico which is recorded as a new geographical locality for the genusSpirocamallanus. S. plumierusn.sp. is described from a marine fish,Diapterus plumieri, of the Golfo de Cariaco, Cumana, Venezuela. These new species are distinguished from the known species mainly on the basis of number and arrangement of caudal papillae and different body measurements.
Schizorchis arfaai sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the wood-mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, in caspian area of Iran
Authors: Mobedi I. , Ghadirian E.
Published: June 2009

Schizorchis arfaai sp. n. is described from the wood-mouse in the Caspian area of Iran and its morphological characteristics compared with those of the five previously known species of Schizorchis Hansen, 1948.
The comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis with indirect haemagglutination test for detection of antibodies in experimentally infected guinea pigs withToxocara canis
Authors: Enayat Mohammad S. , Pezeshki Mohammad
Published: June 2009

The humoral response of guinea pigs infected with doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 infectiveToxocara canisova were measured by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect haemmagglutination tests one to five weeks after infection. The antigens used in these measurements were prepared from adultT. canis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis showed lower titres than haemagglutination method, but it was performed rapidly and with case. The possible use of these techniques for immunodiagnosis of human visceral larval migrans is discussed.
The occurrence of Sphaerostoma bramae (Digenea: Allocreadiidae) in the roach from the Worcester-Birmingham canal
Authors: Evans N. A.
Published: June 2009

Two hundred roach (Rutilus rutilus) were examined over a twelve-month period to provide information concerning the occurrence of Sphaerostoma bramae. Infection levels were high during the autumn and winter and at this time of year the parasite population was composed almost exclusively of immature parasites. Maturation was rapid in the spring but was accompanied by a decrease in the infection level. In late summer, after egg-laying, losses due to the death of spent parasites began to be replaced by the recruitment of immature parasites and this recruitment reached its peak in the autumn and winter. The annual cycle of occurrence and maturation is discussed in relation to fluctuating environmental variables and the feeding behaviour of the roach.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Dujardinascaris
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

From the known species occurring in crocodilians, the genus Dujardinascaris is redefined and found to be a homogenous group of species, with dujardini Travassos, 1920 as the type species. The following new species are described and added to the genus: gedoelsti, puylaerti, waltoni, mawsonae and taylorae. The following species are excluded from the genus: vandenbrandeni, australiensis, tasmani, alata and antipini. The distribution of the species in Dujardinascaris is as follows: in African crocodiles—dujardini, madagascariensis, gedoelsti, and puylaerti; in South American caimans—longispicula, paulista, and chabaudi (possibly a synonym of paulista); in North American alligator–waltoni; in Crocodylus acutus—helicina; in the Indian gavial—woodlandi; in crocodiles in Papua New Guinea and Australia—mawsonae and taylorae.

These species are differentiated mainly by the relative length of the spicules and the form of the guber naculum in the males and by the relative length of the vagina and the form of the vulva in the females.
Strongyloides ratti: 1. Parasitological observations on primary and secondary infections in the small intestine of rats
Authors: Moqbel R. , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

Adult Strongyloides ratti were expelled from the small intestine of rats starting 14—18 days after a primary infection. In a secondary infection very few adult worms developed and most of these were expelled before day 14. At the time of expulsion the worms migrated posteriorly in the intestine and their size decreased.
Comparison of glycolytic, pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate shunt, Krebs' cycle enzymes in Ganeo tigrinum parasitizing hibernating and non-hibernating Rana cyanophlyctis and R. tigrina
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Mandawat Sushila
Published: June 2009

The histochemical site and distribution of hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase (GP Rylase), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (key enzymes of glycolysis), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) (pentose phosphate shunt enzymes), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KDH) (key enzymes of Krebs' cycle), malate synthetase (MS) and isocitrate lyase (IL) (enzymes of glyoxylate shunt) in various tissues of Ganeo tigrinum from hibernating and non-hibernating Rana cyanophlyctis and R. tigrina were studied. Differences in their intensities were revealed. Weak activity of GP Rylase and strong activity of hexokinase in flukes from non-hibernating hosts indicates that they utilize glucose through glycolysis for energy turnover. Intense GP Rylase and weak hexokinase activity in worms from hibernating hosts indicates the utilization of glycogen. Strong activity of IDH, SDH, MDH, α-KGD, MS and IL was demonstrable in the tissues of flukes from non-hibernating hosts, suggesting that Krebs' cycle and glyoxylate shunt, respectively, were operating. Tissues of the fluke from hibernating hosts, on the other hand, displayed positive activity only for SDH and MDH; no activity for MS and IL, the enzymes of glyoxylate shunt, was observed, The activity of the above enzymes was found to be relatively low in worms from hibernating hosts.
Retinol deficiency and Dipetalonema viteae infection in the hamster
Authors: Stürchler D. , Hanck A. , Weiser H. , Manz U. , Weiss N.
Published: June 2009

Following chronic retinol (vitamin A) deprivation leading to exhaustion of liver vitamin A reserves below 50 I.U. per liver hamsters were fed diets either deficient in (“Rd”: 250 I.U.A/kg in experiment I, 1000 I.U.A/kg in experiment II) or enriched with retinol (“Rw”: 10000 I.U.A/kg in experiment I and II). After 4 weeks some of the animals (36 in experiment I, 30 in II) were infected with 150 3rd-stage larvae of D. viteae, while clean animals were kept as controls. The retinol status, the immune response (indirect fluorescent antibody test: IFAT) and parasitological parameters were examined up to 8 (experiment I) and 12 weeks (experiment II) post infection (p.i.). Rd hamsters had levelling off of weight gain or weight loss, severely deficient retinol levels in serum and liver, and high mortality. Weight gain was less in infected than in uninfected hamsters, and the capacity of infected Rw animals to restore liver retinol was significantly lower than that of uninfected Rw animals. IFAT titres were similar in Rd and in Rw animals, but microfilaraemia was significantly enhanced at 8 and 10·5 weeks p.i. in Rd hamsters. While the number of worms recovered from Rd and Rw hamsters was similar, there was a significant increase in the ratio of female to male worms in Rd hamsters. Rd hamsters in experiment I produced 3·3 times the worm mass per 100 g body-weight than Rw hamsters. Also, the average mass per female worm was significantly higher in Rd than in Rw hamsters, and this parameter was negatively correlated with the liver retinol concentration in experiment I (r=−0·89). Retinol deficiency has a marked effect on growth and fertility of D. viteae in hamsters.
Observations on the life-cycle and larvel morphogenesis of Cooperia fuelleborni (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) parasitic in impala, Aepyceros melampus
Authors: Anderson Irmgard G.
Published: June 2009

The previously unknown life-cycle of Cooperia fuelleborni, parasitic in impala, is described. The morphology of the developmental stages are compared to those of other Cooperia spp. The similarity between C. fuelleborni and C. curticei is discussed as well as the differences between those two species. The morphological studies showed that C. fuelleborni is closely related to C. curticei of sheep, but also has some affinity with the cattle parasite C. punctata and C. oncophora.
Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs in Tambool, Sudan
Authors: Saad M. B. , Magzoub M.
Published: June 2009

In the Tambool area (Central eastern Sudan) a survey was made of the infection rate of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. From the total of 49 dogs shot by the police authority, 25 (51%) had E. granulosus in their intestines. The range of worm recovery was 7 to 28,400. These high infection and recovery rates could be explained by the rate of infection in the intermediate host (camel) slaughtered in the area.
Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surface of adultHaplorchis pumilio(Looss)
Authors: Srisawangwonk Tuanchai , Kanla Pipatpong , Tesana Smarn , Arunyanart Channarong
Published: June 2009

The surface structure of adultHaplorchis pumiliofrom experimentally infected hamsters was studied in detail using scanning electron microscopy. Almost the entire surface of the worm was covered with scale-like spines regularly arranged in transverse rows. Most spines were pectinate. The size of the spines and the number of the teeth in each individual were largest in the spines around the middle region of the worm. The area surrounding the excretory pore was free of spines displaying a slightly wrinkled appearance. Many ciliated papillae were present on the anterior two-thirds of the body. The papillae on the oral sucker were more abundant than those elsewhere. The body papillae were distributed in a bilaterally symmetrical arrangement, appearing in groups, pairs or singly between the spines.
Schistosoma mansoni: Influence of immunization and challenge schedules on the sites and mechanisms of resistance in CBA/Ca mice vaccinated with highly irradiated cercariae
Authors: Elsaghier A. A. F. , McLaren Diane J.
Published: June 2009

These studies address current controversies over the site(s) of challenge attrition in the murine irradiated vaccine model of immunity toSchistosoma mansoni. Two possibilities have been investigated. Firstly, that the site of death of the radiation-attenuated schistosomes used to vaccinate the mice may vary in different laboratories and secondly, that the skin sites selected for presentation of the immunizing and challenge parasites may influence the final site at which immunity is effected (i.e. ear/abdomen vs tail/tail). The migration of radiolabelled cercariae exposed to 0, 20 or 50 krad of gamma irradiation from the NIMR60Cobalt source was examined in CBA/Ca mice by squashed organ autoradiography. Unirradiated parasites all migrated from the skin to the lungs, and 65% moved on to the liver. Migration of parasites attenuated by exposure to 20 krad of gamma irradiation was delayed, but 76% finally reached the lungs; only 1% was recruited to the liver. The majority of 50 krad attenuated parasites died in the skin, with only 4% accomplishing migration to the pulmonary vasculature. The major site of death (and by implication of antigenic stimulation) of the 20 krad attenuated NIMR strainS. mansoniused routinely for vaccination purposes in our laboratory, is thus the lungs, a finding that does not explain the fact that immunity is mediated primarily in the skin in our model system. Site elimination experiments and squashed organ autoradiography showed conclusively that, irrespective of the skin sites chosen for presentation of the immunizing and challenge population of worms, NIMR challenge parasites are killed predominantly in the skin of vaccinated CBA/Ca mice. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative histological examination of the challenged tail skin of vaccinated mice revealed that inflammatory reactions comprising mononuclear cells and eosinophils develop in this site and function to trap and eliminate challenge larvae, despite a reported reduction in antigen presenting cells in this region.