bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengetahuan Dengan Kemampuan Komunikasi Terapeutik Perawat Pada Pasien Anak Usia Prasekolah (Knowledge and Nurses' Therapeutic Communication Skills in Pre-School Age Patient)
Authors: Idayati Idayati , Vellyana Diny , Sondang Sondang
Published: February 2021

AbstractHaving treatment in a hospital (hospitalization) is an unpleasant and threatening experience for everyone, especially for children who are still in the process of growth and development. One way to resolve this problem is to use therapeutic communication effectively which will and will be carried out nursing actions. To communicate with children, special approaches or techniques are needed so that the relationship can run well according to the child's growth and development. One of the predisposing factors according to Lawrencen Green's theory is knowledge, when a nurse has good knowledge, her ability in therapeutic communication will be good too. The aim of study is to determine the relationship of knowledge with the therapeutic communication skills of nurses in pediatric patients. This research uses survey analytic methode with crosssectional. Sample in the study were 66 nurses in inpatient rooms of Graha Husada Hospital,technique purposive samplingfor sampling.Data analysis using the Spearman Rank (Rho) correlation test with a significance level (α = 0.05)  is obtained p value 0.025 (p <0.05). There is relationship of knowledge with therapeutic communication ability of nurses in pediatric patients treated at Graha Husada Hospital  Bandar Lampung. Nurses are expected to be able to improve services in providing nursing care to pediatric patients, especially preschool age pediatric patients. AbstrakBerobat di rumah sakit (hospitalisasi) merupakan pengalaman yang tidakmenyenangkan dan mengancam bagi setiaporang,terutama bagi anak – anak yang masih dalam proses tumbuh kembang. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan komunikasi terapeutik secara efektif yang akan dilakukan tindakan keperawatan. Untuk berkomunikasi dengan anak diperlukan pendekatan atau teknik khusus agar hubungan dapat berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan tumbuh kembang anak. Salah satu faktor predisposisi menurut teori Lawrence Green adalah pengetahuan, bila perawat memiliki pengetahuan yang baik maka kemampuannya dalam komunikasi terapeutik juga akan baik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dengan keterampilan komunikasi terapeutik perawat pada pasien anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 66 perawat ruang rawat inap Rumah Sakit Graha Husada dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman Rank (Rho) dengan tingkat signifikansi (α = 0.05) diperoleh dari niai p 0.025 (p<0.05). Ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan kemampuan komunikasi terapeutik perawat pada pasien anak yang di rawat di RS Graha Husada Bandar almpung. Perawat diharapkan mampu meningkatkan pelayanan dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan kepada pasien anak khususnya pasien anak usia prasekolah.
THE IMPACT OF CORONAVIRUS (COVID19) PANDEMIC ON HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (HEIs) IN YEMEN: CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Al-Baadani Ahmed Abdulkarem , Abbas Mohammed
Published: February 2021

Since the beginning of this year, the world has lived in one of the most difficult stages since the Great Depression during the 1930s. All sectors have been affected significantly because of the suspension and other actions that have been taken, such as social distancing and self-isolation that has occurred because of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. This has affected the education sector, particularly Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the world in general and Yemen in particular. Universities in Yemen as a result, stopped their activities preventively to contain the spread of the novel corona virus among students. Each country reacted in a different way based on their capabilities. Some countries immediately shifted to online education and others faced obstacles however, country like Yemen is under great pressure from different aspects. As a result, this procedure caused many challenges for higher education institutions in Yemen which prevent an easy adaptation to the new situation such as: internet and infrastructure weaknesses, cope with change difficulties, academics career stability, university's financial stability, the complexity of some applied disciplines, student's mental health, and costs of fast transformation. As a result of the mentioned challenges, this study suggested some recommendations to overcome from this situation or any other urgent situations in the future that may shutdown the educational system. Finally, because of the complex and interrelated difficulties in Yemen, the authors suggested an implementation through a 5-year plan under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education in Yemen.

 

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Assessing Physical Risks from Climate Change: Do Companies and Financial Organizations Have Sufficient Guidance?
Authors: Pinchot Ariel , Zhou Lihuan , Christianson Giulia , McClamrock Jack , Sato Ichiro
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this paper is to provide companies and financial organizations with a common understanding of climate-related physical risks according to climate science, to identify gaps in the publicly available guidance to assess those risks, and to propose potential resources that would facilitate better risk assessment and, in turn, risk management. To do so, we analyze climate-related physical risk assessment guidance from leading corporate disclosure initiatives to examine whether existing publicly available guidance aligns with climate science and provides consistent terminology and robust methodologies for risk assessment. The analysis reveals that the guidance do not share a robust understanding and approach to identifying and assessing physical climate risks, which could result in unmanaged risks, reduced resilience, and ultimately financial losses. The findings are relevant for companies, financial organizations, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings agencies, climate data and analytical service providers, disclosure initiatives, and others seeking to assess exposure to physical risks from climate change, as well as climate scientists and policymakers seeking to influence the private sector.
Farklı Kanatlı Türlerine Ait Pekten Okuliler Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Histolojik Çalışma
Authors: KORKMAZ Deniz , HAREM İsmail Şah
Published: February 2021

Yapılan çalışmada farklı kanatlı türlerine (baykuş, bıldırcın, devekuşu ve Pekin ördeği) ait pekten okuli örneklerinin ışık mikroskobik olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla alınan doku örnekleri formolde tespit edilerek parafinde bloklanmış, rutin histolojik işlemlerden sonra Masson’s trikrom tekniği ile boyanmış ve incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucu tüm kanatlı türlerinde pekten okuliyi oluşturan temel yapı aynı olsa da pektende pili sayılarının, kan damarları çapı ve yerleşiminin, melanosit miktar ve yerleşiminin farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu verilere göre en fazla pili sayısına sahip devekuşlarının aynı zamanda en geniş damar çapına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte pili sayısı en az olan baykuşların daha küçük çaplı damarlara sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Tüm bu veriler pekten okulinin hayvan türüne göre yapısal farklılıklarının olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu yapısal farklılıkların hayvanların büyüklükleri, avlanma ve beslenme çeşitlilikleri ile ilgili olduğu, bu konu ile ilgili daha kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Effect of pre-cooling agent on intensity of pricking pain at intraoral injection site in adults: An experimental study.
Authors: Munazza Aziz  , Shahbaz Ahmed  , Fazal-ur-Rehman Qazi  , Farah Naz  , Marina Shah  , Prena Moorpani
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective: To determine the effect of pre-cooling agent on the intensity of pricking pain at the intraoral injection site in adult patients.
Method: An in-vivo interventional study, using split-mouth technique was conducted in the Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, DUHS, Karachi, between September 2018 to August 2019. Total 152 adult patients meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, and consent form was signed to investigate the pricking pain perception during needle administration. Topical anesthesia (benzocaine gel) was applied on left side (control) for 1 min whereas on the experimental (right) side the refrigerated cartridge was placed for 2 minutes. Infiltration anesthesia was then administered on both sides respectively. Patient’s pain perception ratings were measured through Visual analog scale (VAS). After profound anesthesia was achieved, restorative treatment was performed under rubber dam isolation. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 24.
Results: The effect of pre-cooling agent i.e. refrigerated cartridge, was statistically significant (P-value <0.05) on the intensity of pricking pain at the intraoral injection site among the age group of 41 to 50 years and female participants of 21to 30 years whereas the effect of pre-cooling agent was found statistically insignificant among the male participants of the age group of 21 to 30 years and irrespective of gender within 31 to 40 years of age.
Conclusion: Pre-cooling agent was found effective in decreasing pricking pain sensed by the patients. Precooling agent can be used without topical anesthesia before administering infiltration because cryoanesthesia
Continuous...
Polymorphism of TGF-β1, TР53, CHEK2, ATM genes аnd chromosomal aberrations in workers at coal thermal electric power station
Authors: Minina Varvara I. , Nelyubova Yulia A. , Sokolova Anastaiya O. , Savchenko Yana A. , Ryzhkova Anastaiya V. , Soboleva Olga A. , Astaf’eva Evgeniya A. , Glushkov Andrey N.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Working conditions at coal-fired power plants cause an increased risk of the formation of chromosomal damage in workers. The contribution of the variability of the structure of the genes controlling the cell cycle and apoptosis to the occurrence of cytogenetic disorders induced by such mutagens has been little studied. Material and methods. The polymorphic variants of the genes: TP53 (rs1042522), CHEK2 (rs555607708), ATM (rs1801516), TGF-β1 (rs1800469), and the level of chromosomal aberrations (CA) in the lymphocytes of the blood were studied. Three hundred twenty-six workers of coal-fired power plants and 267 individuals who did not work in industrial enterprises were examined. All individuals were Caucasians, residents of Kemerovo (Western Siberia, Russia). Results. The level of CA in blood lymphocytes in thermal power plant workers was established to be statistically significantly higher than that of residents of the same locality who never works in industrial enterprises (3.05 ± 0.09% versus 1.67 ± 0.07%, p = 0, 000001). The prevalence of the polymorphic variants of the TP53 (rs1042522), CHEK2 (rs555607708), ATM (rs1801516), TGF-β1 (rs1800469) genes in the group of workers was the same to those in the comparison group and corresponded to the global data obtained in Caucasians. In the group of workers with the TT genotype of the TGF-β1 gene, the frequency of metaphases with chromosome damage was statistically significantly higher than in individuals with the CC genotype (4.07 ± 0.41% versus 2.85 ± 0.10%, p = 0.006). Discussion. For the first time a significant contribution of polymorphic variants of TGF-β1 genes to the formation of chromosomal damage in working coal-fired power plants was revealed. This may be associated with an increased level of expression of the multifunctional cytokine TGF-β1 in owners of the TT genotype and its ability to influence proliferation, apoptosis, telomerase activity, and other critical cellular processes. Conclusion. The results of the study I, ndicate that not only the complex of industrial genotoxicants, but also individual genetic characteristics of the organism can influence on the formation of cytogenetic disorders in workers at thermal power plants.
Hygienic aspects of robotization: risk factors and safety principles
Authors: Bukhtiyarov Igor V. , Denisov Eduard I.
Published: February 2021

The paper presents a review and essays on the hygienic aspects of the problem of robotics. The absence of generally accepted international terminology is noted. There is given a definition of basic terms as a robot, an artificial intelligence system (AIS), and a cyber-physical system (CFS) - according to authoritative sources. In the literature, the term robot is often used to mean CFS. The origin of robots in Russia is briefly described. The role of AIS as the basis of a technological breakthrough is considered. There is represented statistical data on the scientific, economic, and social aspects of the introduction of robotics. Robots are believed to be more likely to replace tasks rather than jobs and create new types of them. The medical and social aspects of robotization based on the experience of the European Union, the USA, and South Korea are examined, and the prospects of creating "smart jobs" are emphasized. The types of robots and their application in industry and medicine for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation are described. It is emphasized that robots are the most advanced machines. The dangers created by robots, their causes, and possible consequences from physical (noise, vibration), chemical, electrical, ergonomic, and other perils are described. The presence of both "traditional" and new risk factors is noted. The systematics of the stages of human-robot interaction is proposed: ethical aspects in the design, communication psychology, contacts with the machine during its use and safety aspects, human physiological responses, possible clinical manifestations of health disorders. The safety principles of robots and CFS are formulated, and that the "smarter" the robots, the greater the risks of program failures and breakdowns are noted. The role of information hygiene and the need for training and health education of workers and the population are examined. Estimates are given of the prospects for the robotization of the profession. The occupation of hygienists in the era of digitalization and robotization is noted to have a future.
Phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages in experimental animals exposed to chrosotil– asbestos dust
Authors: Koygeldinova Sholpan S. , Ibrayev Serik A. , Bazeluk Lyudmila T. , Kasymova Aygul K. , Talaspayeva Aisulu Ye.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The exposure to dust, including chrysotile asbestos, is known to lead to the mobilization of alveolar macrophages, accompanied by the activation of free radical oxidation and the release of mediators stimulating fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Material and methods. Thirty outbred male rats were divided into two groups: 1 - control with a period of 4 months (n = 15), the 2-experienced group subjected to 4-month seed with chrysotile asbestos dust (n = 15). Under ether anesthesia, animals of the experimental group once were installed intratracheally in the respiratory tract using a syringe 1.0 ml of the sterile saline solution containing a suspension (50 mg) of chrysotile dust - asbestos. Then, the animals were killed, their bronchial washes, centrifuged, smears from the sediment, were subsequently visualized with a microscope. Fat metabolism was assessed by the content of phospholipids in the cell, according to G.A. Merkulov. Determination of hydroxyproline in the pulmonary homogenate. The statistical differences between the two groups were assessed with the Student’s t-test. Data were expressed as mean ± SE. Probability values of p <0.05 were considered significant. Results. The chronic exposure to chrysotile asbestos dust with a period of 4 months was found to causes a decrease in the activity of phagocytic cells and an increase in the destructive forms of alveolar macrophages in bronchoalveolar washes, excessive accumulation of phospholipids and an increase in oxyproline. Pneumofibrosis develops due to the cytotoxic and membrane-damaging effect of chrysotile asbestos dust. Conclusion. Thus, chrysotile asbestos dust from the Zhitikarinsky site, attributed to nanoparticles and multicomponent in chemical composition, has a cytotoxic effect, accompanied by activation of phagocytic pulmonary membrane and membrane-destructive changes in cells with accumulation of phospholipids.
SOBRE EL ÁMBITO COMPETENCIAL DE LOS ENTES LOCALES. LA INTERPRETACIÓN DE LA JURISPRUDENCIA CONSTITUCIONAL DE SU ALCANCE EN MATERIA AMBIENTAL
Authors: FUENTES I GASÓ JOSEP RAMON
Published: February 2021

Este trabajo analiza el impacto de la jurisprudencia constitucional sobre la Ley 27/2013, de 27 de diciembre, de Racionalización y Sostenibilidad de la Administración Local, con especial referencia a la interpretación que realizan las últimas sentencias, recaídas en 2016 y 2017, de la nueva reordenación de las competencias locales y a su impacto sobre las competencias locales en materia ambiental. En este caso, se aborda el alcance de las competencias propias de los municipios sobre el llamado «medio ambiente urbano», las competencias de los municipios distintas de las propias y de las atribuidas por delegación y las competencias de las provincias sobre la prestación de servicios municipales medioambientales.

Lan honetan, Toki administrazioaren arrazionalizazioari eta iraunkortasunari buruzko abenduaren 27ko 27/2013 Legean jurisprudentzia konstituzionalak duen inpaktua aztertu da, eta bereziki 2016ko eta 2017ko azken epaiek tokiko eskumenen banaketa berriari eta horrek ingurumen alorreko tokiko eskumenetan dituen inpaktuari buruz egiten dituzten interpretazioak, alegia. Kasu honetan udalek «hiriko ingurumenaren» inguruan dituzten eskumenen irismena, udalen beste eskumen batzuk, eskumen propioez eta eskuordetzaz esleitutakoez gain, eta probintziek ingurumeneko udal zerbitzuak emateari buruz dituzten eskumenak aztertu dira.

This work analyzes the impact of the constitutional case law upon Act 27/2017 of December 27th on the rationalization and sustainability of the Local Administration, with particular reference to the interpretation provided by the last judgments, delivered in 2016 and 2017, concerning the new re-ordering of local competences and their impact over municipalities¿ own competences in environmental matters. In this case, the article deals with the scope of the municipalities own competences regarding the so called «urban environment», the municipalities¿ competences different to their owns and to those allocated by delegation and the provinces¿ competences over the provision of environmental services by municipalities.
Diagnóstico y manejo de la anquilosis dentoalveolar
Authors: Cardozo María Alejandra , Hernández Jesús Alberto
Published: February 2021

La Anquilosis Dentoalveolar es una anomalía dental, en la cual se presenta perdida de continuidad del ligamento periodontal, lo que lleva a la unión del hueso alveolar con el cemento o la dentina. Esto impide el proceso eruptivo normal y el crecimiento vertical óseo del diente anquilosado, mientras que los dientes adyacentes siguen su proceso de erupción y crecimiento alveolar normal. Esta situación genera que el diente alterado esté por debajo del plano oclusal, dando la impresión de estar sumergido. La anquilosis es casi exclusiva de la dentición primaria y su prevalencia varía entre 1,3 y 8,9%, presentándose con mayor frecuencia en los primeros molares primarios inferiores. Su etiología exacta aun se desconoce, pero existen diferentes teorías acerca del origen de esta alteración, una de estas es el factor genético y la perturbación del metabolismo local del ligamento periodontal. La presencia de anquilosis puede favorecer el desarrollo de diversas alteraciones en la dentición, como perdida de perímetro del arco, inclinación de dientes adyacentes, perdida de espacio y alteraciones de la masticación entre otras. Por esto es de gran importancia el diagnóstico clínico y radiográfico para la realización de un tratamiento oportuno para prevenir y minimizar el desequilibrio oclusal. Las alternativas terapéuticas para la anquilosis dentoalveolar son controvertidas, y la decisión de tratamiento básicamente esta orientada con base en los hallazgos clínicos y radiográficos, en las implicaciones clínicas y en la severidad de la infraoclusión.
ANALYSIS OF THE LANDSCAPE: BOTANICAL GARDEN OF PORTO ALEGRE/ANÁLISE DA PAISAGEM: JARDIM BOTÂNICO DE PORTO ALEGRE
Authors: BARRETO MEDEIROS ORLEY , VERDUM ROBERTO
Published: February 2021

A criação do Jardim Botânico no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, em 1958, e a conformação do bairro querecebe o mesmo nome em 1959, acontece atrelado à realização do primeiro Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano domunicípio. Assim, para fins desse estudo, serão apresentados aspectos da paisagem urbana de Porto Alegre no contexto do processo de urbanização, com vistas à valorização dos espaços verdes. Para isso, estabelece-se como objetivo, analisar a paisagem do Jardim Botânico, com vistas a fornecer subsídios para o planejamento e a gestão dessa área verde, a partir do reconhecimento da importância da paisagem como categoria de análise na Geografia. Como resultado principal verifica-se a importância do Jardim Botânico como elemento harmonizador da paisagem urbana, tanto do bairro em que se insere quanto ao espaço urbano de Porto Alegre. Destaca-se também, a sua importância para a educação ambiental, para o conhecimento e o desenvolvimento das ciências relacionadas aos aspectos climáticos, litológicos, pedológicos, geomorfológicos e dos biomas Rio Grande do Sul ali preservados e estudados
Review on Deep Learning and Neural Network Implementation for Emotions Recognition
Authors: Rajab Asaad Renas
Published: February 2021

Recently, we humans integrate into the world of our smart phones and our portable electronic devices to the point that that world can numb us in one way or another and separate us from the real world, so that we and the generations that come after us are fully adapted to dealing with huge amounts of digital information, so they are ready to be absorbed faster And ready to deal with it more efficiently than previous generations, but during this process of rapid adaptation and adapting to the digital age gradually begins to lose one thing, this thing is what the machine has not given it yet and it is human emotions. A key step in the humanization of robotics is the ability to classify the emotion of the human operator. In this paper we present the design of an artificially intelligent system capable of emotion recognition trough facial expressions. Three Promising neural network architectures are customized, trained. and subjected to various classification tasks, after which the best performing network is further optimized. The applicability of the final model is portrayed in a live video application that can instantaneously return the emotion of the user. Technology experts have found that we can create empathy through technology as well, which will consequently lead to what is known as “emotional intelligence.” Instead of seeking about digital communication that is losing us to real communication, experts have found that we can employ technology in favor of that type of communication to restore Soul for social and emotional relationships that technology has lost its advantages for many years.
Factores críticos de la planificación del desarrollo territorial en El Salvador
Authors: Editor El
Published: February 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 70, No. 743, 2015: 433-439.
THE EFFECT OF COMPARISON BETWEEN SOYBEAN EXTRACT AND JICAMA EXTRACT AND DURATION OF FERMENTATION ON SOYGHURT QUALITY
Authors: Naibaho Benika , Hutagalung Handaniel , Pandiangan Samse
Published: February 2021

Soyghurt is a fermented soy milk product using Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria. Efforts to enrich drinks high in antioxidants are carried out by combining food ingredients that can function as antioxidants such as soybeans and jicama. The combination of these two food ingredients and the assistance of the fermentation process by S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricans was expected to increase antioxidant activity in soyghurt production.This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely: the first factor was the ratio of soybean juice and yam juice (S) which consisted of 4 treatment levels, namely: S0 = 100: 0, S1 = 75: 25, S2 = 50: 50, S3 = 25: 75, S4 0: 100. Meanwhile for the second factor was the duration of fermentation (F) which consisted of 3 levels of treatment, namely: F0 = 6 hours, F1 = 8 hours, F2 = 10 hours. The parameters observed were total solids, total acid, organoleptic value, antioxidant activity, and total lactic acid bacteria in jicama soyghurt on the best samples.The results showed that both treatment factors had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on total solids, total acid, and organoleptic tests of soyghurt. The study showed that the comparison of soybean juice and jicama juice and fermentation duration resulted a high protein content value of 9.18% and was in accordance with the SNI yoghurt protein content, namely minimum of 3.5%. Antioxidant activity of yam bean soyghurt obtained an IC 50 value of 18.110 mg / L and it was a very strong antioxidant. Total lactic acid bacteria on yam soyghurt was 108 CFU / ml and it was high.Based on this research results, it was suggested that soyghurt processing may use a combination with other types of fruits and use natural food coloring to give different flavors and increase the nutritional values of soyghurt.
SROI Methodology as a Vector of Sports’ Development
Authors: LITVIN Andrey V. , P. ARKALOV Dmitry
Published: February 2021

The study is devoted to the use of the SROI methodology as a determining factor in the effectiveness of the use of budgetary funds provided for sports. Municipal sports’ organizations were considered as an applied base. The ratio of financial investments to the number of athletes and sports results made it possible to identify the weaknesses of the current management system, as well as to revise the approach to the formation of the sports structure in the municipality. The division of sports organizations into four categories allowed them to be further optimized, combined and enlarged.
The State Aid Instruments in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Kubera Paulina
Published: February 2021

The COVID 19 outbreak has hit the global (including the EU) economy unexpectedly and with great force. Many so far healthy undertakings have had to face the looming lack of liquidity.
An Empire of Letters: The Vindolanda Tablets, Epistolarity, and Roman Governance
Authors: Stanley Liz
Published: February 2021

Around 800 Roman tilia—writing tablets made from folded slivers of wood veneer and a little over postcard size—have been found in archaeological investigations at Vindolanda, a Roman fort in northern England. Dated to the period 85 CE to 130 CE, their existence is helping revise knowledge of the Roman letter and the part it played in how military governance was organized, the ways in which personal, public, and military aspects were interrelated, as well as informing other relationships existing between the occupying imperial legions and local Britons. Discussion focuses on four connected areas of inquiry. Firstly, it explores the relationship of the several hundred letters to the many other kinds of Vindolanda writings, for this gives perspective on the boundaries of these different genres and the uses to which they were put. Secondly, it analyzes the many overlaps that exist between what are one-to-one letters and what are public documents, and it considers the significance of this for understanding the legion as a form of familia. Thirdly, it discusses the role that letters and their cognates, and writing and records generally, played in Roman military occupation and rule. The Vindolanda letters had a particular import because their characteristic mode of expression facilitated and enhanced connections between members of the auxiliary cohorts, in ensuring that the performance of military duties occurred in the context of familia-like bonds, and for this to permeate beyond the letters, to the life-and-death activities of soldiering involved. And fourthly, it discusses the importance for epistolary studies of these matters.
Impacts of multi-layer overlap on contrail radiative forcing
Authors: Sanz-Morère Inés , Eastham Sebastian D. , Allroggen Florian , Speth Raymond L. , Barrett Steven R. H.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Condensation trails (“contrails”) which form behind aircraft are
estimated to cause on the order of 50 % of the total climate forcing of
aviation, matching the total impact of all accumulated aviation-attributable
CO2. The climate impacts of these contrails are highly uncertain, in
part due to the effect of overlap between contrails and other cloud layers.
Although literature estimates suggest that overlap could change even the
sign of contrail radiative forcing (RF), the impacts of cloud–contrail overlaps
are not well understood, and the effect of contrail–contrail overlap has
never been quantified. In this study we develop and apply a new model of
contrail radiative forcing which explicitly accounts for overlap between
cloud layers. Assuming maximum possible overlap to provide an upper bound on
impacts, cloud–contrail overlap is found to reduce the shortwave-cooling
effect attributable to aviation by 66 % while reducing the longwave-warming effect by only 37 %. Therefore, on average in 2015, cloud–contrail
overlap increased the net radiative forcing from contrails. We also quantify
the sensitivity of contrail radiative forcing to cloud cover with respect to
geographic location. Clouds significantly increase warming at high latitudes
and over sea, transforming cooling contrails into warming ones in the
North Atlantic corridor. Based on the same data, our results indicate that
disregarding overlap between a given pair of contrail layers can result in
longwave and shortwave radiative forcing being overestimated by up to 16 %
and 25 %, respectively, with the highest bias observed at high optical
depths (> 0.4) and high solar zenith angles (> 75∘). When applied to estimated global contrail coverage data for
2015, contrail–contrail overlap reduces both the longwave and shortwave
forcing by ∼ 2 % relative to calculations which ignore
overlap. The effect is greater for longwave radiation, resulting in a 3 %
net reduction in the estimated RF when overlap is correctly accounted for.
This suggests that contrail–contrail overlap radiative effects can likely be
neglected in estimates of the current-day environmental impacts of aviation.
However, the effect of contrail–contrail overlap may increase in the future
as the airline industry grows into new regions.
Observations on aerosol optical properties and scavenging during cloud events
Authors: Ruuskanen Antti , Romakkaniemi Sami , Kokkola Harri , Arola Antti , Mikkonen Santtu , Portin Harri , Virtanen Annele , Lehtinen Kari E. J. , Komppula Mika , Leskinen Ari
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Long-term statistics of atmospheric aerosol and especially cloud scavenging
were studied at the Puijo measurement station in Kuopio, Finland, during
October 2010–November 2014. Aerosol size distributions, scattering
coefficients at three different wavelengths (450, 550, and 700 nm),
and absorption coefficient at wavelength 637 nm were measured with a special
inlet system to sample interstitial and total aerosol in clouds. On average,
accumulation mode particle concentration was found to be correlated with
temperature with the lowest average concentrations of 200 cm−3 around
0 ∘C increasing to 800 cm−3 at 20 ∘C. The
scavenging efficiencies of both scattering and absorbing material were
observed to have a slightly positive temperature correlation in in-cloud
measurements. At 0 ∘C, the scavenging efficiencies of
scattering and absorbing material were 0.85 and 0.55 with slopes of 0.005
and 0.003 ∘C−1, respectively.
Scavenging efficiencies were also studied as a function of the diameter at
which half of the particles are activated into cloud droplets. This analysis
indicated that there is a higher fraction of absorbing material, typically
black carbon, in smaller sizes so that at least 20 %–30 % of interstitial
particles within clouds consist of absorbing material. In addition, the
PM1 inlet revealed that approximately 20 % of absorbing material was
observed to reside in particles with ambient diameter larger than
∼ 1 µm at relative humidity below 90 %. Similarly,
40 % of scattering material was seen to be in particles larger than 1 µm. Altogether, this dataset provides information on the size-dependent aerosol composition and in-cloud scavenging of different types of
aerosol. The dataset can be useful in evaluating how well the size-dependent aerosol composition is simulated in global aerosol models and how
well these models capture the in-cloud scavenging of different types of
aerosol in stratus clouds.
Sudden changes in nitrogen dioxide emissions over Greece due to lockdown after the outbreak of COVID-19
Authors: Koukouli Maria-Elissavet , Skoulidou Ioanna , Karavias Andreas , Parcharidis Isaak , Balis Dimitris , Manders Astrid , Segers Arjo , Eskes Henk , van Geffen Jos
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The unprecedented order, in modern peaceful times, for
a near-total lockdown of the Greek population as a means of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, commonly known as
COVID-19, has generated unintentional positive side-effects with respect to the
country's air quality levels. Sentinel-5 Precursor/Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (S5P/TROPOMI) monthly mean tropospheric nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) observations show an average change of −34 % to
+20 % and −39 % to −5 % with an average decrease of −15 % and −11 %
for March and April 2020 respectively, compared with the previous year, over
the six larger Greek metropolitan areas; this is mostly attributable to vehicular
emission reductions. For the capital city of Athens, weekly analysis was
statistically possible for the S5P/TROPOMI observations and revealed a
marked decline in the NO2 load of between −8 % and −43 % for 7 of the
8 weeks studied; this is in agreement with the equivalent
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Aura observations as
well as the ground-based estimates of a multi-axis differential optical
absorption spectroscopy ground-based instrument. Chemical transport
modelling of the NO2 columns, provided by the Long Term Ozone Simulation European Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) chemical
transport model, shows that the magnitude of these reductions cannot solely
be attributed to the difference in meteorological factors affecting NO2
levels during March and April 2020 and the equivalent time periods of the
previous year. Taking this factor into account, the resulting decline was
estimated to range between ∼ −25 % and −65 % for 5
of the 8 weeks studied, with the remaining 3 weeks showing a
positive average of ∼ 10 %; this positive average was postulated to be due to the
uncertainty of the methodology, which is based on differences. As a result
this analysis, we conclude that the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown and the
restriction of transport emissions over Greece is ∼ −10 %.
As transport is the second largest sector (after industry)
affecting Greece's air quality, this occasion may well help policymakers to
enforce more targeted measures to aid Greece in further reducing emissions
according to international air quality standards.
Stationary and portable multipollutant monitors for high-spatiotemporal-resolution air quality studies including online calibration
Authors: Buehler Colby , Xiong Fulizi , Zamora Misti Levy , Skog Kate M. , Kohrman-Glaser Joseph , Colton Stefan , McNamara Michael , Ryan Kevin , Redlich Carrie , Bartos Matthew , Wong Brandon , Kerkez Branko , Koehler Kirsten , Gentner Drew R.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The distribution and dynamics of atmospheric pollutants are
spatiotemporally heterogeneous due to variability in emissions, transport,
chemistry, and deposition. To understand these processes at high
spatiotemporal resolution and their implications for air quality and
personal exposure, we present custom, low-cost air quality monitors that
measure concentrations of contaminants relevant to human health and climate,
including gases (e.g., O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, CH4, and
SO2) and size-resolved (0.3–10 µm) particulate matter. The
devices transmit sensor data and location via cellular communications and
are capable of providing concentration data down to second-level temporal
resolution. We produce two models: one designed for stationary (or mobile
platform) operation and a wearable, portable model for directly measuring
personal exposure in the breathing zone. To address persistent problems with
sensor drift and environmental sensitivities (e.g., relative humidity and
temperature), we present the first online calibration system designed
specifically for low-cost air quality sensors to calibrate zero and span
concentrations at hourly to weekly intervals. Monitors are tested and
validated in a number of environments across multiple outdoor and indoor
sites in New Haven, CT; Baltimore, MD; and New York City. The evaluated
pollutants (O3, NO2, NO, CO, CO2, and PM2.5) performed
well against reference instrumentation (e.g., r=0.66–0.98) in urban field
evaluations with fast e-folding response times (≤ 1 min), making them
suitable for both large-scale network deployments and smaller-scale targeted
experiments at a wide range of temporal resolutions. We also provide a
discussion of best practices on monitor design, construction, systematic
testing, and deployment.
Assessing the sources of particles at an urban background site using
both regulatory instruments and low-cost sensors – A comparative
study
Authors: Bousiotis Dimitrios , Singh Ajit , Haugen Molly , Beddows David C. S. , Diez Sebastián , Edwards Pete M. , Boies Adam , Harrison Roy M. , Pope Francis D.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Measurement and source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants is crucial for the assessment of air quality and the implementation of policies for its improvement. In most cases, such measurements use expensive regulatory grade instruments, which makes it difficult to achieve wide spatial coverage. Low-cost sensors may provide a more affordable alternative, but their capability and reliability in separating distinct sources of particles have not been tested extensively yet. The present study examines the ability of a low-cost Optical Particle Counter (OPC) to identify the sources of particles and conditions that affect particle concentrations at an urban background site in Birmingham, UK. To help evaluate the results, the same analysis is performed on data from a regulatory-grade instrument (SMPS) and compared to the outcomes from the OPC analysis. The low-cost sensor analysis manages to separate periods and atmospheric conditions according to the level of pollution at the site. It also successfully identifies a number of sources for the observed particles, which were also identified using the regulatory-grade instruments. The low-cost sensor, due to the particle size range measured (0.35 to 40 μm), performed rather well in differentiating sources of particles with sizes greater than 1 μm, though its ability to distinguish their diurnal variation, as well as to separate sources of smaller particles, at the site was limited. The current level of source identification demonstrated makes the technique useful for background site studies, where larger particles with smaller temporal variations are of significant importance. This study highlights the current capability of low-cost sensors in source identification and differentiation using clustering approaches. Future directions towards particulate matter source apportionment using low cost OPCs are highlighted.
Role of Eddy Diffusion in the Delayed Ionospheric Response to
Solar Flux Changes
Authors: Vaishnav Rajesh , Jacobi Christoph , Berdermann Jens , Codrescu Mihail , Schmölter Erik
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Simulations of the ionospheric response to solar flux changes driven by the twenty-seven days solar rotation have been performed using the global 3-D Coupled Thermosphere/Ionosphere Plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) physics- based numerical model. Using the F10.7 index as a proxy for solar EUV variations in the model, the ionospheric delay at the solar rotation period is well reproduced and amounts to about 1 day, which is consistent with satellite and in-situ measurements. From mechanistic CTIPe studies with reduced and increased eddy diffusion, we conclude that the eddy diffusion is a primary factor that influences the delay of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC). We observed the peak response time of atomic oxygen to the molecular nitrogen ratio to solar EUV flux changes quickly during the increased eddy diffusion compared with weaker eddy diffusion. These results suggest that an increase in the eddy diffusion leads to faster transport processes and an increased loss rates resulting in a decrease of the ionospheric time delay. Furthermore, we found that an increase in solar activity leads to an enhanced ionospheric delay. At low latitudes, the influence of solar activity is stronger, as EUV radiation drives ionization processes that lead to composition changes. Hence, the combined effect of eddy diffusion and solar activity lead to longer delay in the low and mid latitude region.
Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation
Authors: Adams Michael P. , Atanasova Nina S. , Sofieva Svetlana , Ravantti Janne , Heikkinen Aino , Brasseur Zoé , Duplissy Jonathan , Bamford Dennis H. , Murray Benjamin J.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In order to effectively predict the formation of ice in clouds we need to know which subsets of aerosol particles are effective at nucleating ice, how they are distributed and where they are from. A large proportion of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in many locations are likely of biological origin, and some INPs are extremely small being just tens of nanometers in size. The identity and sources of such INPs are not well characterized. Here, we show that several different types of virus particles can nucleate ice, with up to about one in twenty million virus particles able to nucleate ice at −20 °C. In terms of the impact on cloud glaciation, the ice-nucleating ability (the fraction which are ice nucleation active as a function of temperature) taken together with typical virus particle concentrations in the atmosphere lead to the conclusion that virus particles make a minor contribution to the atmospheric ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial influenced atmosphere. However, they cannot be ruled out as being important in the remote marine atmosphere. It is striking that virus particles have an ice-nucleating activity and further work should be done to explore other types of viruses for both their ice-nucleating potential and to understand the mechanism by which viruses nucleate ice.
Training a convolutional neural network to conserve mass in data assimilation
Authors: Ruckstuhl Yvonne , Janjić Tijana , Rasp Stephan
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In previous work, it was shown that the preservation of physical properties in the data assimilation framework can significantly reduce forecast errors. Proposed data assimilation methods, such as the quadratic programming ensemble (QPEns) that can impose such constraints on the calculation of the analysis, are computationally more expensive, severely limiting their application to high-dimensional prediction systems as found in Earth sciences. We, therefore, propose using a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on the difference between the analysis produced by a standard ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the QPEns to correct any violations of imposed constraints. In this paper, we focus on the conservation of mass and show that, in an idealised set-up, the hybrid of a CNN and the EnKF is capable of reducing analysis and background errors to the same level as the QPEns.
La dialéctica de los modos de conocimiento en Ḥasdai Crescas
Authors: Fernández López José Antonio
Published: February 2021

La importancia filosófica de Ḥasdai Crescas (c. 1340-1411) reside en su desarrollo de un pensamiento dotado de profundidad y originalidad donde convergen la concepción judía tradicional, las fuentes aristotélicas y neoplatónicas, pero también la nueva ciencia desarrollada en el siglo XIV. A los largo de las páginas de Or Hashem Crescas trata de demostrar la contradicción existente entre el aristotelismo maimonidiano y la tradición judía. Para su autor, quien profesa la religión judía puede y debe hallar en ella la fundamentación racional de su fe. Desde un posicionamiento intelectual que privilegia el conocimiento fiducial por encima de las especulaciones racionales, Crescas, no obstante, lleva la racionalidad hasta sus límites en un ejercicio de crítica filosófica que no escatima esfuerzos de comprensión y contrastación de todas las teorías que en las páginas de Or Hashem son examinadas. Objetivo del presente artículo es el estudio específico del debate fe-razón en la obra de Crescas, en concreto, en su análisis de los atributos divinos. Queremos mostrar la singularidad, las contradicciones, el carácter heurístico y los límites de una forma de filosofía antifilosófica única en la historia del pensamiento judío medieval.
The terms of a theoretical approach of the natural and divine world in George Pachymeres
Authors: Petridou Lydia , Terezis Christos
Published: February 2021

In this article, we are investigating the methods in which George Pachymeres, the commentator of the De divinis nominibus of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, epistemologically approaches the natural and the divine reality. It becomes clear that every judgement on God starts from the sensible world, so a reversed induction is revealed. Although the existence of God is never questioned, no final conclusion about his self-founding way of existing can be drawn. Considering the substantial difference between the two levels, two are the ways in which the natural world and the divine transcendent reality are approached. In the first case, the thinking subject functions mostly in natural-empirical terms, while in the second one it follows a mystical-intuitive course. Nevertheless, the context is consistently realistic.
Quality considerations and malformation surveillance in a marine stocking program
Authors: Silbernagel Constance , Shane Michael , Drawbridge Mark
Published: February 2021

Marine enhancement programs can be helpful for the conservation of important species. Many variables are considered in managing a marine enhancement program, and external fish quality prior to release should be one of them. Quality assessment aids in understanding the influence of rearing
variables, limits a recognizable cultured fish phenotype, and maximizes the success of the conservation program by emulating the survivorship potential of wild stocks. We rear white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, for stock enhancement and developed a semiquantitative assessment and
control program to document and reduce the incidence of abnormal physical attributes prior to their release. Clearing and staining techniques were used to define normal processes of ossification, and wild fish surveys were performed to understand variability in natural stock morphology. In
the hatchery, A. nobilis were examined in lots of 125 fish cohort –1 at 50 and 80 d post hatch of their development. Specimens evaluated were normal or classified as having malformations involving the bone or cartilage (13 categories) ranked 1–3, mild to severe. Malformations
that were unique or differed substantially from wild A. nobilis specimens were culled from the cultured cohort as part of a quality control process prior to release. The most common malformations involved the head region, which accounted for 98% of all hard tissue malformations. Malformations
of the jaws accounted for 30% of observed malformations and lower jaw prognathism was the most common observation. This program has proven useful for identifying malformations and minimizing the release of affected cultured marine fish.