bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Workforce Elements
Authors: Lamoureux Donna , Huckshorn Kevin Ann
Published: December 2019

Please click here to read the article.
Time for Stronger Services and Stricter Laws
Authors: Daniels Katherine
Published: December 2019

Please click here to read the stalking article and here to read the article on mental health issues of college students.
SCALABLE AND QUANTITATIVE DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE INITIAL BUILDING DESIGN STAGES OF REFURBISHMENT
Authors: Andersen Sarah C. , Møller Kathrine L. , Jørgensen Simon W. , Jensen Lotte B. , Birkved Morten
Published: December 2019

Decision-making within the building industry often involves various criteria of very different natures. Some are qualitative, others quantitative, some are objective, others subjective, but ultimately, they should all be aggregated and handled holistically in order to support decision-making. This process can also be referred to as multicriteria decision-making (MCDM). Some aspects of MCDM are often conducted unconsciously and non-transparently. By implementing mathematical methods that have been proved applicable for MCDM, multi-criteria decision-making processes can be handled more consciously and transparently and thus be made reproducible. The calculation method presented allows quantitative sustainability and qualitative indicator values to be accounted for with the level of importance desired.

The MCDM method used is Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). As the model has already been described well in the scientific literature and is used frequently, the aim is to illustrate how TOPSIS can be applied for transparent decision-making within the building industry in the context of urban renewal and refurbishment schemes through case studies of various scales and descriptions.

The case studies focused on in this paper incorporate a variety of specific prechosen criteria, including environmental performance, functional parameters and technical parameters. The case studies cover different parameters of refurbishment in a major hospital compound in Denmark due to be taken out of operation. One central design decision is whether to refurbish or demolish the old hospital buildings.

The results reveal that decision support is first of all dependent on how the decision-making tool is applied and what choices are made in relation to the actual calculations. However, by implementing a mathematically based MCDM method like that being assessed in the case studies presented, the decisions and their arguments become transparent and are easily communicated within a project group. As a result, the tool is considered to be universally applicable across most decision-making contexts within the building industry.
House and Mobility: Portuguese Hindus and Brazilians in Lisbon in face of housing constraints
Authors: Ávila Cachado Rita , Frangella Simone
Published: December 2019

This paper explores analytically the relation between experiences of vulnerability, regarding housing processes for people in different kinds of mobility in urban settings. Drawing reflections from two ethnographic contexts in which we have been working, the Hindu-Gujarati and the Brazilian populations in Lisbon, we reflect upon the contours of their experiences, recounting their migration process, and different ways of being under housing vulnerability, as well as their responses to excluding urban politics. The lack of places to inhabit, drives people to different housing solutions, and to a constant mobility, through migration and remigration. These conditions are experienced differently according to the temporality of the mobility paths and projects, and to the type of relation/confrontation with housing policies. Hence, the aim is to understand: what are the strategies of settling within a dynamic of constant mobility? How vulnerability is expressed and qualified in these different settings?
In-Between
Authors: Shaffer Laurie Robbins
Published: December 2019

This chapter uses an exploratory study that examines the experiences of American Sign Language-English interpreters who provide all or a substantial part of their service in the healthcare context to discuss the notion of visibility. The visibility or invisibility of the interpreter is intertwined with discussion and research on role, conduct, and the tensions that exist between the framing of the interpreter as community member and the framing of the interpreter as professional. The exploratory study analyzes nine in-depth interviews to reveal the complexity that exists in-between. The in-between spaces are times when the interpreter is not actively engaged in interpreting and times when she is faced with the choice to remain visible or not. In these moments in-between, the construct of the interpreter as a conduit collides with that of interpreter as community partner. The findings reveal a complex set of challenges that have significant impact on interpreters' responses and actions.
Coloured light pollution in the urban environment
Authors: Kowalska Justyna
Published: December 2019

The article deals with issues related to colored lighting occurring in urban space. On the example of the Colosseum Amphitheatre 3D model, applications of colorful illumination were shown and the rationale for using color in individual cases was discussed. The aim of the article is to draw attention to proper planning and modernization of lighting to limit the negative interference of light in the ecosystem. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. R. Boyce, "The benefits of light at night", Building and Environment, 151, 356-367 (2019) CrossRef Y. Hu,T. Zhang ,J. Chen, D. Ma ,C. Cheng, " Hybrid Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Low Color-Temperature and High Efficiency for Physiologically- Friendly Night Illumination", Israel Journal of Chemistry, 54, 979-985 (2014) CrossRef W. Jernarczyk, "Dwa oblicza światła", Kosmos, 64, 625-632 (2015) DirectLink J.D.Bullough, M.S Mies, "The blue-light hazard:A review", Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,29, 6-14 (2013) CrossRef M. Rivas., P.T. Santidrian, J. U. Dieguez, A. Marco, " Leatherback hatchling sea-finding in response to artificial lighting:Interaction between wavelenght and moonlight", Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 463, 143-149 (2015) CrossRef S. Marcinkowska, E. Tęgowska, "Oddziaływanie światła o różnym spectrum na bezkręgowce zmierzchu I pełnego dnia", Kosmos, 64, 589-597 (2015) DirectLink P. Jakubowski, "Wpływ rozkładu widmowego mocy promienistej ulicznych opraw oświetleniowych typu LED na zanieczyszczenie światłem otoczenia", Kosmos, 64, 643-653 (2015) DirectLink K. Skarżyński, "Iluminacja obiektów architektonicznych a zanieczyszczenie środowiska światłem", Kosmos, 64, 553-562 (2015) DirectLink P. Tabaka, I. Fryc, "Zależność poziomu zanieczyszczenia otoczenia światłem od kształtu krzywej użytkowanej oprawy oświetleniowej", Kosmos, 64, 669-677 (2015) DirectLink W.Żagan, K.Skarżyński, "Analysis of light pollution from floodlighting: Is there a different approach to floodlighting?", Light and Engineering, 25, 75-82 (2017) DirectLink J.Kowalska, "Zanieczyszczenie światłem barwnym obrazu miast", Polish Journal for Sustainable Development, 21, 69-76 (2017) CrossRef C.Gardner, "The use and misuse of coloured lighting in the urban enviroment", Optics&Laser Technology, 38, 366-376 (2006) CrossRef
Treba li poučavati redoslijedu pridjevnih modifikatora u složenoj imenskoj skupini?
Authors: Matovac Darko
Published: December 2019

U radu se prikazuje empirijsko istraživanje koje je za cilj imalo istražiti imaju li govornici hrvatskoga kao drugog i stranog jezika (HJ2) odstupanja pri nizanju pridjevnih modifikatora u složenim imenskim skupinama, npr. sportska nova odlična majica umjesto odlična nova sportska majica. U uvodnom dijelu rada donosi se kratak teorijski usmjeren pregled ustrojstva složene imenske skupine u hrvatskom jeziku te se iznesene tvrdnje o redoslijedu pridjevnih modifikatora u takvim imenskim skupinama provjeravaju pretraživanjem korpusa. U istraživanju se pak kreće od polazišne pretpostavke da govornici HJ2 nemaju odstupanja u nizanju pridjevnih modifikatora u složenim imenskim skupinama zbog toga što se u udžbenicima i priručnicima za učenje HJ2 redoslijed pridjevnih modifikatora u složenim imenskim skupinama ne objašnjava, a poučavatelji HJ2 ne navode da govornici HJ2 imaju sustavna odstupanja. Rezultati istraživanja, do kojih se došlo provođenjem upitnika među govornicima HJ2 na razini A1.1 i B2.2, pokazuju, međutim, da govornici HJ2 imaju odstupanja u nizanju pridjevnih modifikatora u složenim imenskim skupinama te se posljedično donosi zaključak da bi ih se tomu trebalo poučavati. Uzimajući u obzir učestalost složenih imenskih skupina s više pridjevnih modifikatora donose se preporuke o tome kako bi to poučavanje trebalo izgledati.
Représentations de l'enseignant natif chez les apprenants slovènes au niveau secondaire
Authors: Lamy-Joswiak Anne-Cécile
Published: December 2019

La notion de représentation circule largement dans le champ de la didactique des langues et des cultures (DLC) depuis une vingtaine d'années, et les nombreux travaux relatifs à ce sujet la déclinent en une multiplicité d'objets. Les images et les perceptions que les acteurs sociaux se font d'une langue, de ce que sont ses normes, ses caractéristiques, son statut par rapport à d'autres langues, influencent grandement les processus et les stratégies d'apprentissage qu'ils développent et emploient pour en user. Ce qui relevait auparavant du domaine de la psychologie, comme les attitudes et les comportements, est désormais lié à celui des représentations sociales. Selon Jodelet, la représentation sociale est « une forme de connaissance socialement élaborée et partagée, ayant une visée pratique et concourant à la construction d'une réalité commune à un ensemble social ». Quant à sa construction et son fonctionnement, Moscovici lui attribue deux processus : l'objectivation et l'ancrage.
Analysis of French grammatical gender errors committed by learners in Tanzanian universities
Authors: Manyasa Jonace
Published: December 2019

This paper analyses the grammatical gender errors committed by learners of French as a foreign language in four Tanzanian universities: UDSM, UDOM, DUCE and Makumira (University of Dar es Salaam, University of Dodoma, Dar es Salaam University College of Education and Makumira University). The paper has three specific objectives: (i) to identify grammatical gender errors, (ii) to account for their sources and (iii) to propose a corrective treatment. The study included a total of 61 respondents. The data was collected through learners' written texts in French from which a corpus was developed. The study was guided by the error analysis approach and interlanguage theory. The data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings show that grammatical gender errors were found with regard to the masculine definite article (29.73%), the feminine definite article (24.32%), the masculine indefinite article (22.97%), the feminine indefinite article (16.22%) and possessive adjectives (6.76%). These findings show there is a need to help learners of French as a foreign language in the context of Tanzania using the recommended strategies.
Inducing and blocking labeling
Authors: Miyagawa Shigeru , Wu Danfeng , Koizumi Masatoshi
Published: December 2019

Japanese has functional elements with grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic functions. Case markers mark grammatical relations; the Q-particle clause-types the sentence as an interrogative; and the topic marker designates a phrase as the topic of the sentence. Along with these functions, we argue that these functional elements have a uniform function of assisting in the labeling of structures. There are two ways in which they do so. In one case, a functional element attaches to an item that cannot otherwise project to induce projection, an idea we base on Richards’s Contiguity Theory. In the other case, a functional element attaches to an item that is projectable but requires the projection to be blocked, allowing a sister item to project. The Q-particle is an example of a functional element that, when attached to an otherwise unprojectable C, induces the C to project. In contrast, case markers attach to XPS, which are inherently projectable, and block them from projecting, allowing the sister element to project, following Saito. The same goes for topic marking. Across languages, many functional elements have this role of assisting in the labeling of structures. The Q-particle in Japanese, which allows the C to project, is similar to agreement in Romance, in which the agreement morpheme on T induces the T to project without the need to move an element to the specifier. Case marking, which blocks projection of a XP, is similar to augment vowels in Bantu, and it is no accident that these vowels have a case-like distribution. Finally, we speculate on how case marking and movement, both functioning to allow the sister node to project, have common properties of blocking projection.
Pierre Lévy and the Future of Internet
Authors: Lollini Massimo
Published: December 2019

Semantic Metadata, Humanist Computing and Digital Humanities, opens with an important interview with Pierre Lévy that reconstructs the key moments of his philosophical vision of the internet, and the World Wide Web, up to his most recent and highly innovative proposal of the Information Economy MetaLanguage (IEML).

In the “Interventions” section our journal features an important reflection by Dino Buzzetti on the distinction between Humanities Computing and Digital Humanities. The essay, originally published in Italian, critically supports the rationales behind Humanities Computing, characterized by a primary interest in methodological issues and their epistemological background. Buzzetti reconstructs accurately the history of this idea starting from the seminal works of scholars like Jean- Claude Gardin, who underlined the need for an awareness that computation applied to the humanities requires both representation (data structures), and information processing (algorithms).

The three projects that are introduced in the third part of the journal respond differently to the theoretical solicitations presented in the first two sections. Following the categories of Pierre Lévy, we should say that, even if in a different way, all three projects are the product of a collective intelligence and at the same time contribute to expand the knowledge of a physical territory (in the case of Noisemakers! and of The Dialogues Bioregional Project) or of a literary tradition (in the case of #LauraSpeaks), making the process of their digital processing transparent.
Collective Intelligence, the Future of Internet and the IEML: Interview to Pierre Lévy by Art Farley and Massimo Lollini
Authors: Lévy Pierre , Farley Art , Lollini Massimo
Published: December 2019

Collective Intelligence, the book in French, that Pierre Levy wrote before the existence of the worldwide web, when only the Internet existed, it's a philosophical vision of the future, a philosophical vision of what could be a global civilization based on the digital and the general interconnection of all the computers. In the interview, Levy addresses the creation o the WWW by Tim Berners Lee as a form of collective intelligence. He then discusses Berners Lee's proposal for a reform of the WWW to avoid its confiscation by the big platforms, such as Google, Facebook, and Amazon. Then, he introduces his most recent project the IELM as a tool for semantic metadata and a code between the natural languages and the algorithms, and all the apparatus of computations.
An Investigation of the Perceptions and Experiences of the EFL Teachers and Learners About the Effectiveness of Blended Learning at Taif University
Authors: Gulnaz Fahmeeda , Althomali Amani Dakheel Allah , Alzeer Daliyah Hesham
Published: December 2019

The traditional face-to-face teaching, despite being constantly criticized by the methodologists and ever-emerging modern approaches, has never lost its scope in the (EFL) English as a Foreign Language context. Researchers and pedagogues, in order to get the both ends meet, have converged traditional face-to-face instructions and online activities into the concept of blended learning. By establishing on previous works and contexts, the present study aims at investigating Taif University’s EFL teachers and learners’ positive and negative perceptions and experiences towards the effectiveness of online (CLMS) Cambridge Learning Management System and on-site learning environments. The work utilized triangulation in the use of research methods, i.e., both qualitative and quantitative methods overlap each other: (i) structured interview of experienced EFL (4 male and 4 female) teachers of Taif University, with maximum open ended questions, exhibit qualitative dimensions of the study; (ii) an opinionnaire developed with closed ended questions by employing Likert’s five point scale to collect the data from 100 male and 100 female EFL learners of Taif University, represents quantitative perspective of the work. The opinionnaire includes 22 items and has been developed to measure the four subscales; learners’ beliefs and attitudes, promising strands that help develop learners’ confidence and language coupled with the perils that impede their creativity and motivation to learn. The findings of the study indicate that the level of strengths of blended learning is higher than its limitations. Learners found themselves satisfied being more exposed to the target language through vivid images, videos, audios, reading texts, chatting and discussion forums and acknowledged that (BLE) blended learning environment enhanced their language proficiency.
Competência de órgãos federais na persecução de infrações ambientais (penais ou administrativas) enquadradas na Lei 9.605 de 1998
Authors: Silva Carlos Eduardo , Costa Sandro Luiz da
Published: December 2019

O demasiado e complexo arcabouço legal brasileiro compromete o entendimento e operacionalização da ação e do processo administrativo e/ou penal sobre infratores ambientais. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi o de descrever a competência dos órgãos federais na persecução de infrações ambientais (penais ou administrativas) enquadradas na Lei nº 9.605/98, demonstrando os fluxos de trabalho dos órgãos envolvidos, através de levantamento tipológico funcionalista e fundamentação teórica pertinente, para dotar os operadores do Direito dos conhecimentos necessários para atuação nesta segmentação criminológica. Por fim, e então objeto maior deste estudo, tem-se clareza de que todos os órgãos policiais, sejam administrativos ou judiciários, nas esferas internacional, federal, estadual e/ou municipal, inclusive todas as pessoas, tem o dever de agir para combater os atos lesivos ao meio ambiente em sua mais ampla concepção. Tendo na esfera federal, objeto desta observação, o IBAMA, o ICMBIO, a Polícia Rodoviária Federal, e a Capitania dos Portos da Marinha do Brasil como agências federais administrativas, e a Polícia Federal como agência federal judiciária, todas aptas a isolada ou integradamente, oferecer denúncias e informações ao Ministério Público Estadual ou Federal, a depender das características da infração.
Impact of Agricultural Price Policy on Major Crops in Egypt
Authors: Eliw Moataz , A. Ismail Osman , A. El-Bardisy Harb
Published: December 2019

Agricultural production, like other economic activities, is affected by the success of agricultural economic policies pursued by government from leaving the farmer free to cultivate his land with the desired crops and to take his production and marketing decisions in light of the mechanisms of supply and demand and the movement of prices in the markets without any intervention by the government. Therefore, the government's intervention influences the farmers' desire to grow any of the crops through its agricultural policies by imposing taxes or subsidizing inputs. To achieve the research objectives, we applied the Policy analysis matrix, where is one of the essential modern methods used in policy analysis. Besides, it helps to examine the impacts of government intervention policies across different stages of the flow of goods. In addition, it helps to assess and measure such policies' efficiency in achieving the hoped-for objectives and examine their impacts on producers, consumers, and the macro-level economic conditions. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) can be calculated by calculating nominal and effective protection coefficients and then identifying the policy adopted by the government, whether it is a protectionist policy or a policy of direct or indirect taxes on the producers of those crops. Also, the calculation of the cost of domestic resources to determine the relative advantage. Where wheat, maize, rice, and potatoes are among the most crucial strategic food and industrial crops in Egypt.
The Effect of Vernonia amygdalina on Chloroquine-induced Cardiotoxicity in Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: O. Adebayo Rebecca , M. S. Atiba Peterson , G. Akunna Gabriel , O. Olabiyi Olaleye
Published: December 2019

Background: Cardiotoxicity could result from chemotherapeutic drugs or other medications used in disease control such as antimalarial drugs.

Chloroquine (C.Q), an antimalarial agent has also been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, giardiasis, extra-intestinal amebiasis and lupus erythematous. However, its cardiotoxic roles have been documented.

Vernonia amygdalina del. (V.A) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. These ameliorative and protect effects have been attributed to the presence of flavonoids. There is a paucity of data to support the cardioprotective potentials of this important neutraceutical. We aimed to evaluate the possible effects of Vernonia amygdalina on Chloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar models.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male adult Wistar rats were randomized into four groups of six rats each: I, Control: given normal feed and water ad libitum for 28 days; II, administered 30 mg/kg body weight chloroquine orally for 28 days; III, administered 30 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine orally for 28 days and with 400mg/kg bodyweight of Vernonia amygdalina for another 14 days; VI, administered Vernonia amygdalina 400mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Antioxidant parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and histology of rat cardiac muscles were examined in the different groups.

Results: There was a significantly (p<0.0.05) increase in MDA level, reduced GSH level, increased SOD activity, and altered microanatomy of the rat cardiac muscle in the positive control group when compared with those of the negative control group. The changes in MDA and GSH concentration and SOD activity parameters were significantly (p<0.0.05) mitigated in rats co-treated with V.A when compared with the positive control rats. Similarly, co-administration of V.A with C.Q inhibited chloroquine induced-cardiotoxicity by reducing the altered microanatomy of the cardiac muscle of the rat.

Conclusion: It was concluded that V.A ameliorated chloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats via its antioxidant property.
Anisotropy and Bianisotropy
Authors: Mackay Tom G. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh
Published: December 2024

The electromagnetic properties of an isotropic medium are the same in all directions. Accordingly, isotropic media are characterized simply by scalar constitutive parameters which relate the induction field phasors and to the primitive field phasors and . In contrast, anisotropic media exhibit directionally dependent electromagnetic properties, such that is not aligned with and/or is not aligned with . Furthermore, recent advances have focused attention on bianisotropic media, wherein both and are anisotropically coupled to both and . Therefore, dyadics (i.e., second‐rank Cartesian tensors) are needed to relate the primitive and the induction field phasors in both anisotropic and bianisotropic media. Correspondingly, these media exhibit a vastly more diverse range of phenomena than do isotropic media. A consequence of this wealth of interesting properties is that electromagnetic analyses are considerably more complicated for anisotropic and bianisotropic media than for isotropic media. In this chapter, anisotropic and bianisotropic media are discussed in terms of their constitutive dyadics and space–time symmetries. Planewave propagation, dyadic Green functions, and the conceptualization of anisotropic and bianisotropic media via homogenization are described. A brief account of anisotropic and bianisotropic behavior in nonlinear media concludes this chapter.
Electromagnetic Analysis of Planar Multilayers
Authors: Michalski Krzysztof A.
Published: December 2024

The computation of electromagnetic fields in planar, multilayered, uniaxial media is discussed. In particular, a complete set of electric and magnetic dyadic Green functions (DGFs) is derived for such media in a computationally efficient and convenient to use form, based on a spectral domain transmission line equivalent network along the axis normal to the stratification. Efficient methods for the computation of the Sommerfeld integrals that arise in the DGFs are also presented.
Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain Analysis
Authors: Taflove Allen , Hagness Susan C.
Published: December 2024

For over 100 years after the publication of Maxwell's equations in 1865, essentially all solution techniques for electromagnetic fields and waves were based on Fourier‐domain concepts, assuming
a priori
a time‐harmonic (sinusoidal steady‐state) field variation and possibly the existence of a particular Green's function or a set of spatial modes. In 1966, Kane Yee's seminal paper introduced a complete paradigm shift in how to solve Maxwell's equations, reporting a field evolution‐in‐time technique that subsequently evolved into the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. In the decades since the publication of Yee's paper, there has been an explosion of interest in FDTD and related grid‐based time‐marched solutions of Maxwell's equations among scientists and engineers. During this period, FDTD modeling has evolved to an advanced stage enabling large‐scale simulations of full‐wave time‐domain electromagnetic wave interactions with volumetrically complex structures over large frequency ranges, spatial scales, and timescales. Currently, FDTD modeling spans the electromagnetic spectrum from ultralow frequencies to visible light. FDTD modeling is routinely conducted as an invaluable virtual laboratory bench in scientific inquiry and exploration in electrodynamics; as an integral part of the electromagnetic engineering design and optimization process; and as a powerful forward solver in imaging and sensing inverse problems. This article reviews the technical basis of the key features of FDTD solution techniques for Maxwell's equations and provides 18 modeling examples spanning the electromagnetic spectrum to illustrate the power, flexibility, and robust nature of FDTD computational electrodynamics simulations.
Microwave Thermoacoustic Tomagraphic Imaging
Authors: Garrett David C. , Xu Yuan , Wang Lihong V.
Published: December 2024

After introducing the principles of thermoacoustic tomography, we summarize the mechanisms and models of the dielectric properties of biological tissues in the microwave frequency range. Next, we introduce some theoretical results from studies of thermoacoustic tomography, including information about optimal microwave frequencies, effects of acoustical heterogeneity, limited‐view thermoacoustic tomography, reconstruction algorithms, and spatial resolution. Experimental setups are then reviewed in terms of their specifications and performance, and results from phantom, animal, and human imaging are summarized. Finally, in the interest of clinical applications, safety and practical considerations are reviewed.
Quasi‐Optical Circuits
Authors: Shiroma Wayne A. , DeLisio Michael P.
Published: December 2024

Quasioptical circuits use components typically associated with optics, such as lenses, mirrors, and polarizers but are targeted toward the millimeter‐ and sub‐millimeter‐wave regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum between 30 GHz and a few terahertz. This chapter focuses on active quasioptical circuits used for generating, amplifying, and processing millimeter‐wave beams.
High‐Power Microwave Sources
Authors: Prasad Sarita
Published: December 2024

High‐power microwave (HPM) sources are at the heart of an HPM‐directed energy weapons (DEWs) system. Based on recent defense news articles seen in online magazines such as
The Warzone
, it is becoming more and more apparent that in the future the survival of a nation may depend on its DEW capability.

This chapter provides a brief synopsis of a wide range of microwave tubes which are used for the generation of HPM signals. The chapter starts with a brief introduction on DEWs and their applications followed by a discussion on the basic building blocks of an HPM system. The sections that follow contain generalized physics of operation, frequency range, and output power capability of the following HPM tubes: magnetrons, backward wave oscillators (BWOs), klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), gyrotrons, virtual cathode oscillators (VCOs), magnetically insulated line oscillators (MILOs), transit time oscillators (TTOs), split cavity oscillators (SCOs), and reltrons. Of all the microwave tubes, the magnetron has been discussed in a little more detail because of its rich history. References have been provided for readers who wish to gain further knowledge in each area.
Stable Radical Polymers as New Electroactive Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Emerging Applications
Authors: Xiong Yufeng , Li Yingjiang , Cui Xinfang , Li Shiwei , Peng Xiangdong , Ju Yanyun , Zhou Tong , Feng Rui , Zhang Yang , Wang Zehong , Wang Qing , Dong Lijie
Published: December 2024

Extensive research over recent decades has demonstrated the feasibility of producing stable radical polymers (SRPs) by exploring structure–stability relationships. Owing to their excellent redox activities and inherent paramagnetic characteristics, SRPs are emerging as key functional materials with considerable potentials for various applications such as in organic electrodes, semiconductors, magnetic materials, and quantum information technologies. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the most widely investigated and representative families of SRPs. Innovative strategies for the design and synthesis of SRPs and the relationship among the physicochemical properties, electronic structures, and resulting functionalities of these polymers are discussed. Moreover, recent advancements in the applications of SRPs are highlighted. Finally, the key challenges in radical chemistry and material functionalization, offering insights into the transformative potential of these materials for future applications, are emphasized.
Xanthan‐Induced Gelation in Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions: Altering Self‐Assembly and Optical Purity
Authors: Balcerowski Tadeusz , Dumanli Ahu Gümrah
Published: December 2024

Cellulose nanocrystals are charged rod‐like nanoparticles that can spontaneously organize into cholesteric mesophases upon evaporation to produce photonic films with circular polarization. In this study, it is demonstrated that through the modulation of gelation and kinetics of phase separation via the addition of a strong gelating agent, xanthan gum, the cellulose nanocrystals produce flexible photonic films with improved optical purity in terms of circular reflection. The work reveals the self‐assembly behavior as a function of xanthan gum through the volume depletion mechanism, quenching of the tactoids at the early stages of the self‐assembly, and evaporation into cholesteric films. In dried films, this leads to significant reduction in the domain size and the absence of domain folding which is usually caused by the merger of large tactoids. Despite the reduction in metallic iridescence caused by the entrapment of cellulose nanocrystal tactoids, the films exhibit improved macroscopic color uniformity across 30–60° observation angles, which implies a combined effect of surface texturing and scattering of visible light induced by incorporating xanthan gum within the co‐assembled structure. Overall the work provides new insights into the gelation mechanism in hybrid cellulose nanocrystal systems and presents an efficient approach to control the self‐assembly and macroscopic color appearance.
Mapping Binding Sites for Efficient Hole Extraction in Lead Halide Perovskites through Sulfur‐Based Ligand Engineering
Authors: De Soumyadeep , Singh Siddharth , Aggarwal Pooja , Govind Rao Vishal
Published: December 2024

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) rapidly emerge as promising materials for photovoltaics. However, to fully harness their potential, efficient charge extraction is crucial. Despite rapid advancements, the specific active sites where acceptor molecules interact remain inadequately understood. Surface chemistry and interfacial properties are pivotal, as they directly impact charge transfer efficiency and overall device performance. This study identifies and maps binding sites for hole transporters, examining their influence on charge transfer dynamics through ligand engineering with 2,3‐dimercaptopropanol (DMP), a compound with a strong affinity for lead (Pb). DMP effectively passivates Pb sites in CsPbBr3 (CPB) NCs, enhancing photoluminescence (PL) by forming stable chelating bonds. DMP‐modified CPB nearly completely suppresses hole transfer to ─COOH‐functionalized ferrocene (FcA) and partially suppresses transfer to ─NMe2‐functionalized ferrocene (FcAm), suggesting an alternative hole extraction pathway for FcAm. This is further supported by enhanced hole transfer in bromine‐excess CPB (CPB‐Br(XS)) synthesized via SOBr2 treatment. The distinct binding interactions and charge transfer dynamics are validated through steady‐state and time‐resolved PL, along with transient absorption spectroscopy. These findings underscore the role of strategic ligand engineering in enhancing perovskite NC‐charge acceptor interactions, enabling better charge extraction, higher solar cell efficiency, and reduced lead toxicity through strong Pb binding.
Electrical Stimulation Therapy – Dedicated to the Perfect Plastic Repair
Authors: Deng Kexin , Luo Ruizeng , Chen Ying , Liu Xiaoqiang , Xi Yuanyin , Usman Muhammad , Jiang Xupin , Li Zhou , Zhang Jiaping
Published: December 2024

Tissue repair and reconstruction are a clinical difficulty. Bioelectricity has been identified as a critical factor in supporting tissue and cell viability during the repair process, presenting substantial potential for clinical application. This review delves into various sources of electrical stimulation and identifies appropriate electrode materials for clinical use. It also highlights the biological mechanisms of electrical stimulation at both the subcellular and cellular levels, elucidating how these interactions facilitate the repair and regeneration processes across different organs. Moreover, specific electrode materials and stimulation sources are outlined, detailing their impact on cellular activity. The future development trends are projected from two perspectives: the optimization of equipment performance and the fulfillment of clinical demands, focusing on the feasibility, safety, and cost‐effectiveness of technologies.
The nitrogen value of cover crops: How much N can cover crops replace?
Authors: Marcillo Guillermo S. , Thapa Resham , Mirsky Steven B. , Martin Nicolas
Published: December 2024

Achieving high corn yields while reducing fertilizer losses seems attainable through nitrogen (N) management decisions that include the use of cover crops (CCs). To determine whether CCs result in a net positive balance between N fertilization and crop utilization, we used US field trial data comparing corn systems with and without CCs, and estimated the amount of N fertilizer that CCs would replace and lead to equivalent grain yields under both systems. Overall, applying lower nitrogen rates to corn without cover crops resulted in similar or higher yields when legumes were used as cover crops (indicating positive nitrogen replacement in the amount of 62 kg ha−1), but lower yields when grasses were used as cover crops (indicating negative nitrogen replacement in the amount of 24 kg ha−1). Our results illustrate the benefits and trade‐offs of integrating single CC species into a corn system, that is, reducing N inputs with legume CCs or supplementing N fertilizer to avoid possible grain yield penalties in the case of grass CCs. Quantifying the N replacement value of CCs would facilitate field‐level recommendations and policy regulations aimed at promoting sustainable corn production in the United States.

Core Ideas

Managing N fertilizer rates is essential for maximizing the benefits of legume and grass cover crops in corn‐based systems.

N fertilizer replacement of grass and legume cover crops was assessed based on data from field experiments in the United States.

Legume cover crops were found to positively replace N fertilizer; potentially reducing corn N inputs.

Grass cover crops were found to negatively replace N fertilizer; potentially requiring supplementary fertilizer to reduce corn yield penalties.
Sol–gel pore‐confined strategy to synthesize atomically dispersed metal sites for enhanced CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Li Youzhi , Wang Dashuai , Liu Hualong , Bao Yanran , Zhao Xuesong , Sun Chen , Li Zhongjian , Lei Lecheng , Hou Yang , Yang Bin
Published: December 2024

Excavating highly efficient and cost‐effective non‐noble metal single‐atom catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is of paramount significance. However, the general and universal strategy for designing atomically dispersed metals as accessible active sites is still in its infancy. Herein, we reported a general sol–gel pore‐confined strategy for preparing a series of isolated transition metal single atoms (Fe/Co/Ni/Cu) anchored on nitrogen‐doped carbon matrix. Benefiting from synergistic effect of M‐N4 coordination and neighboring N doping, the Fe‐N4‐C catalyst exhibited superior capability with a Faradaic efficiency of 96.9%, achieving highly stable electrocatalytic activity for more than 20 h. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed the changes in the dxz orbital of Fe, with a decrease in the out‐of‐plane component. Thus, a lower free energy barrier (ΔG) in thermodynamic pathway and the accelerated proton transfer to *COOH in kinetic pathway both enhanced electrocatalytic process.
Bias‐Independent True Random Number Generator Circuit using Memristor Noise Signals as Entropy Source
Authors: Park Jinwoo , Kim Hyunjoong , Kim Hyungjin
Published: December 2024

Inherent noise characteristics of memristor devices can be utilized in stochastic computing applications such as true random number generators (TRNGs). However, the ratio between capture and emission time can significantly affect the randomness of generated bit streams by TRNGs. Herein, a bias‐independent TRNG circuit is presented, utilizing the random telegraph noise (RTN) signal of the memristor as a random entropy source. This design considers the condition‐dependent RTN characteristics, including capture time and emission time constants, which vary with read voltage (Vread) and temperature conditions in the high‐resistance state of the fabricated memristor. The TRNG circuit, comprising an edge detection circuit and an N‐bit counter, is experimentally demonstrated to validate hardware feasibility with the optimized external clock frequency, which can mitigate the biases induced by Vread and temperature. Finally, the performance of the designed TRNG circuit is evaluated using autocorrelation functions and National Institute of Standards and Technology tests, confirming its capability to produce random number bitstreams.
Community‐Sourced Reporting of Mortalities in Angelman Syndrome (1979–2022)
Authors: Gomes Adriana T. , Moore Amanda , Cross Meagan , Hardesty Cristy , David Kelly , Sampedro Maria Galan , Dube Sophie , Weil‐Chalker Sharon , Montepagano Adela Gentil , Christel Ursula , Martin Rachel , Wheeler Anne , Tan Wen‐Hann , Bird Lynne M. , Bichell Terry Jo
Published: December 2024

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1:20,000. Life expectancy appears to be normal, however, data regarding lifespan in AS are scarce. Until 2018, there was no unique diagnosis code for AS, thus true incidence, prevalence, mortality and morbidity rates are unknown. A social media effort was launched by caregivers of people with AS to gather community‐sourced data to understand AS mortality risks. Information on 220 deaths was verified with obituaries and public postings. Respiratory illness was the primary cause of death among people with AS overall, followed by accidents and seizures. Surprisingly, sudden unexpected death in sleep (SUDS) was the fourth most common cause, which has not been reported previously. Approximately 91% of people with AS have epilepsy, thus some SUDS cases may represent sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy (SUDEP). Causes of death vary by age, and differ from the general population. Though there are obvious limitations to data collected through social media, grass roots science is a starting point to amass preliminary data and inform future epidemiological research on AS.
Photocatalytic Deoxygenative Alkylation with Alcohols via Xanthates or Thionocarbonates
Authors: Luo Wei , Chen Zhong , Yu Bing
Published: December 2024

Recent advancements in photocatalytic strategies have expanded the range of alkylating agents, including alkyl carboxylic acids and saturated hydrocarbons. Notably, alcohols are preferred for their availability, stability, and safety compared to traditional alkylating reagents such as alkyl halides. This review summarizes recent developments in photocatalytic deoxygenative alkylation using alcohols, specifically through the formation of xanthates or thionocarbonates.
A Highly Biocompatible Polyoxotungstate with Fenton‐like Reaction Activity for Potent Chemodynamic Therapy of Tumors
Authors: Xiao Hui‐Ping , Du Man‐Yi , Sun Xian‐Bin , Xu Ruo‐Fei , Li Dong‐Miao , Yue Sheng‐Nan , Cai Ping‐Wei , Sun Rong‐Zhi , Zhang Zi‐Zhong , Huang Xing , Li Xin‐Xiong , Gao Yu , Zheng Shou‐Tian
Published: December 2024

Integrating Fenton chemistry and nanomedicine into cancer therapy has significantly promoted the development of chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Nanoscale polyoxometalates (POMs), with their reversible redox properties, exhibit promising potential in developing outstanding CDT drugs by exploring their Fenton‐like catalytic reactivity in tumor environments. However, such research is still in its infancy due to the challenges of acquiring POMs that are both easily prepared and possess ideal therapeutic effects, physiological solubility, biocompatibility and safety. In this work, we report the synthesis of a new crystalline antimonotungstate {Dy2Sb2W7O23(OH)(DMF)2(SbW9O33)2} (1, DMF=N, N‐dimethylformamide) with gram‐scale high yield via a facile “one‐pot” solvothermal reaction. 1 exhibits not only a soluble and water‐stable POM nanocluster, but also excellent catalytic activity for hydroxyl radical‐generating Fenton‐like reactions. Further biomedical studies reveal that 1 can trigger cell apoptosis and promote lipid peroxidation, exhibiting high cytotoxicity and selectivity towards B16‐F10 mouse melanoma cancer cells with an IC50 value of 4.75 μM. Especially, 1 can inhibit melanoma growth in vivo with favorable biosafety, achieving a 5.2‐fold reduction in tumor volume and a weight loss of 76.0 % at the dose of 70 μg/kg. This research not only demonstrates the immense potential of antimonotungstates in CDT drug development for the first time but also provides new insights and directions for the development of novel anticancer drugs.
Toward Rhenium‐Based Circularly Polarized OLEDs Using Tailored Chiral Re(CO)3 Emitters
Authors: Davydova Maria P. , Xu Ting , Agafontsev Alexander M. , Meng Lingqiang , Wolff Mariusz , Petyuk Maxim Yu. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Berezin Alexey S. , Tkachev Alexey V. , Meng Hong , Artem'ev Alexander V.
Published: December 2024

Chiral rhenium(I) emitters exhibiting circularly polarized phosphorescence (CPP) are an attractive mainstay for CP organic light‐emitting diodes (CP‐OLEDs). However, the efficiency of such emitters is not ideal, and they have never been explored for circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) applications. Here, we have tailored robust chiral Re(I) complexes with improved CPP properties, and demonstrated CPEL from rhenium emitters for the first time. Two pairs of enantiomeric Re(I) complexes have been synthesized by introducing of one or two chiral menthol groups into 1,10‐phenanthroline unit (phen) of archetypical emitters [ReBr(CO)3(phen)]. The designed complexes exhibit a yellow CPP with enhanced |glum| factors (up to 2.5×10−2) and a good quantum efficiency. The pioneering Re(I)‐based CP‐OLEDs (based on the obtained emitters) exhibit yellow CPEL with |gEL| factors of up to 6.2×10−3 and a maximal external quantum efficiency of 13.2 %. This work highlights the good potential of chiral Re(I) emitters for CPEL applications, and opens up a new shortcut to CPP‐active Re(I) complexes.
Atomistic Transport Mechanisms in Lithium Salt‐Doped Ionic Covalent Organic Framework Electrolytes
Authors: Cheng Lei , Deng Yanhao , Huang Jun , Zhang Zhengyang , Duan Huanan , Kim Yoonseob , Wang Yanming
Published: December 2024

Ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) have garnered significant attention as potential single‐ion conductive solid‐state electrolytes, where researchers have made substantial efforts in designing iCOF‐based composites, aiming to improve their intrinsic low conductivity. One successful case is to fill iCOF channels with lithium salts, such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). However, the ion transport mechanisms in these composite electrolytes are still largely unknown, hindering their further improvement. Here molecular dynamics simulations were employed to systematically predict the ion diffusivity in iCOF (e. g., TpPa‐SO3Li COF)‐LiTFSI composite electrolytes with varying LiTFSI compositions at different temperatures. A positive correlation was observed between Li+ diffusivity and LiTFSI:iCOF ratio, which was also verified by our experiments. Interestingly, the Li+ diffusion energy barrier obtained by the Arrhenius equation exhibited nearly no dependency on the LiTFSI concentration, indicating the importance of temperature‐insensitive microstructural‐related factors. Radial distribution functions revealed that with a higher LiTFSI proportion, the coordination number of SO3− decreases, while that of TFSI− increases, suggesting a competition between these two species in the Li+ solvation shell. Furthermore, configurational entropy and bond orientational order parameter calculations examined the degree of disorder in the Li+ solvation structure. These results should improve our mechanistic understanding of iCOF‐based electrolytes.