bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in Fiber and Yarn Properties of Identical Checks in Yield Tests and Nursery Plots of Upland Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Culp T. W. , Harrell D. C.
Published: July 2010

Fiber strength, fiber length, and yarn strength of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety ‘Coker 201’ and the experimental strain Pee Dee 2165 were significantly higher for 3 of 4 years when grown as checks in yield tests rather than in nursery rows at Florence, S. C. Planting dates and population density caused very little variation in fiber and yarn quality. Under some conditions field location or soil type resulted in variation in fiber and yarn quality, but did not account for differences in fiber properties and yarn strength of each check between yield tests and nursery rows. Most of the variation in fiber properties and yarn strength readings was attributed to sampling method, where 50 boll samples were harvested from one‐fourth the area in nursery rows as in yield trial plots. The importance of adequate checks and methods of sampling and measuring quality factors is emphasized when comparisons are made between experimental strains, and particularly across locations and years.
Heterosis, Inbreeding Depression, and Heritability Estimates in a Systematic Series of Grain Sorghum Genotypes1
Authors: Liang G. H. , Reddy C. R. , Dayton A. D.
Published: July 2010

Ten genetic sets of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) each consisting of two pure lines, their F1, F2, and first backcrosses were studied at two locations in two years. Of characteristics observed, grain yield showed the highest heterosis [(F1—better parent)(100)/better parent] as averaged over the 10 sets and likewise had the greatest inbreeding depression [(F1—F2) (100)/F1]. Heterosis was low for plant height and negative for days‐to‐first‐bloom and kernel weight. Narrow sense heritability estimates, for the F2 generation, varied among sets. The estimates for days‐to‐first‐bloom, plant height, and kernel weight were relatively high. In contrast, grain yield had low heritability. Expected genetic advance in F3 yield under selection, was higher than actual advance for most sets, suggesting epistasis.
Tetraploid and Triploid Interspecific Hybrids of Trifolium pratense L., T. diffusum Ehrh., and Some Related Species1
Authors: Schwer J. F. , Cleveland R. W.
Published: July 2010

Tetraploid hybrids were produced from matings of 4x Tritolium pratense L. by 4x T. dilfusum Ehrh., but not from the reciprocal cross. F1 and F2 plants were moderately vigorous and fertile and had very similar morphology. Few examples of phenotypic segregation were found in the F2 families. Backcross plants (T. pratense ✕ F1) were sterile.

Meiosis of 4x hybrids was characterized as follows: (i) hybrids had proportionately more bivalents at than did the autoploid parents; (ii) bivalents were usually the ring type; (iii) multivalents with from three to 18 Chromosomes occurred at MI; (iv) univalents were present at MI and laggard chromosomes at AI and AII; and (v) bridges with fragments were found at AI

The meiotic behavior of the tetraploid hybrids appeared to be consistent with that expected for newly constituted segmental allopolyploids. However, the breeding behavior of hybrids approached that of genomic allopolyploids. In explanation, the majority of functional gametes of the F1 may have come from cells with completely homogenetic chromosome pairing.

A hypo‐triploid hybrid (2n = 21) was obtained from matings of 4x T. pratense by 2x T. diffusum. The plant was vigorous, and partially fertile. A phenotypically variable population was produced from the F1 by openpollination with 2x T. pratense. The F1 had the following meiotic behavior: (i) cells at MI averaged five bivalents and five univalents; (ii) low frequencies of multivalents occurred in units of 3 to 10 chromosomes; (iii) laggards were common at AI and AII; and (iv) single bridges with fragments occurred infrequently at AI and AII.

Heterogenetic associations at MI were somewhat more frequent in the T. pratense ✕ T. diffusum hypo‐triploid than in the T. pratense ✕ T. pallidum triploid, previously reported. Thus, the chromosomes of T. pratense seemed to have more pairing affinities with those of T. diffusum than with those of T. palliclum.

One morphologically abnormal, sterile hybrid was produced from 4x T. pratense mated with 2x T. hirtum All. Its somatic chromosome numbers were variable in roottip cells.

Two phenotypically different hybrids were obtained from 4x T. pratense mated with 2x T. pallidum Waldst. & Kit. One plant was partially fertile; the other, sterile.
Plant Component Yield and Cell Contents of an Adapted and a Tropical Corn, Zea mays L.1
Authors: King C. C. , Thompson D. L. , Burns J. C.
Published: July 2010

Ten plant components (leaf, node, rind, pith, cob, grain, husk, shank, tassel, and undeveloped ear shoots) of normal and fruitless ‘Dixie 18’ and ‘Tuxpeno’ corn, Zea mays L., were separated and analyzed for dry matter yield and percent cell contents (PCC). The objective was to determine the site of dry matter and cell contents accumulation. Components were combined into six vertical plant divisions to provide a nutritional profile of the plants. Weight of dry matter and weight of cell contents were greatest at the base and decreased progressively to the top for both normal and fruitless plants (excluding the ear bearing division). Three plant portions contained the bulk of total cell contents per plant: (i) grain ‐‐ 51 and 44%, (ii) three divisions below the ear ‐‐ 23 and 32%, and (iii) leaf ‐‐ 17 and 18% for normal Dixie 18 and normal Tuxpeno, respectively. Fruitless Dixie 18 plants produced 69% as much cell contents as the normal, and fruitless Tuxpeno 84% of the normal. Normal Tuxpeno produced significantly more dry matter than normal Dixie 18; however, total cell contents did not differ significantly. The data indicate that fruitless plants compensate partially for the absence of grain. The three divisions below the ear contained 23 and 32% of the cell contents of normal Dixie 18 and normal Tuxpeno, respectively; consequently, leaving a high stubble when harvesting silage causes loss of nutrients. Tuxpeno would be satisfactory for certain feeding situations but cultural hazards may limit its use.
Screening 800 F2 Wheat Plants for Sedimentation Value in Eight Hours1
Authors: Fasoulas A. , Papathanasiou G. A. , Goulas C. K.
Published: July 2010

A rapid microsedimentation test is proposed that enables wheat breeders to evaluate very small wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour samples of 0.16 g simply, rapidly, and accurately. In eight hours 400 duplicate or 800 individual F2 plant samples were tested by a team of four while a further increase to 600 duplicate samples may be possible. Pickney's modification of the original test procedure was reduced to micro scale. Changes were also made in milling procedure and reagent ratio. Twentyfour samples were analyzed simultaneously. A high positive correlation exists between result of this test and those of Pickney's modification.
Release of Plant Moisture Stress and Self‐Tripping in Alfalfa1
Authors: Loper G. M.
Published: July 2010

Two experimental clones of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were vegetatively propagated and grown to flowering in a plant growth chamber. Water was withheld from some of the plants to induce plant moisture stress which was measured by the relative turgidity (R.T.) method. After visible wilting was noted, water was supplied and recovery from water stress and flower tripping were measured periodically. Wilted plants recovered in 90 minutes and approximately 70%, of all open florets on one clone tripped within 2 hours. In this clone, percent of tripping after watering was highly correlated with R.T. of the plant before watering (r = — 0.856). Plants of the second clone similarly recovered from wilting, but no tripping occurred. Tripping in some alfalfas may becaused by recovery of turgidity.
Effects of Diplodia Stalk Rot on Stalk Quality in Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Loesch P. J. , Zuber M. S. , Calvert O. H. , Hilderbrand E. S.
Published: July 2010

Four single crosses in corn (Zea mays L.), representing a wide range in stalk‐lodging resistance, were evaluated for reaction to Diploidia maydis (Berk.) in Experiment I. Crushing strength and rind‐thickness values were higher in the lodgingresistant and intermediate single crosses than in the two lodgingsusceptible crosses. Increased stalk rotting, resulting from inoculation with D. maydis, greatly affected crushing strength and stalk rot ratings but had no significant effect on rind thickness. Reductions in crushing strength due to D. maydis were substantially greater for two lodging‐susceptible single crosses than for an intermediate or a resistant one. The two lodging‐susceptible single crosses were also susceptible to D. maydis.

In Experiment II the crushing strength, weight of 5.1‐cm stalk section, and rind thickness were reduced and stalk‐rot ratings increased as plant‐population densities were increased. Crushing strength of the lodging‐resistant single cross was weakened nearly as much as a lodging‐susceptible single cross by D. maydis. Stalk‐rot intensity was negatively correlated with crushing strength. Weight of section and rind thickness were positively correlated with stalk crushing strength. Stalk rot (as a component of crushing strength) was relatively independent of rind thickness and stalk weight. Data from these experiments show that Diplodia is an important variable contributing to stalk quality and has an effect in reducing crushing strength but is relatively independent of rind thickness and weight of stalk section.
Comparisons of Corn (Zea mays L.) Inbreds and Hybrids Grown at Equal Leaf Area Index, Light Penetration, and Population1
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Tanner J. W.
Published: July 2010

Previous yield comparisons between inbred lines and hybrids in corn (Zea mays L.) were generally based upon a common plant density. Hybrids may exhibit a competitive advantage over the inbreds due to their superior size and leaf area. In this study the size differences were eliminated by growing a commercial double‐cross corn hybrid, the two parental single crosses, and their inbred parents at populations that resulted in a common population, a common LAI, and a common percent light penetration value.

At the same plant population the single crosses were superior to their respective inbred parents in: (i) vegetative yield; (ii) grain yield; (iii) rate of grain dry ter accumulation; (iv) length of the grain‐filling period; (v) number of kernels per hectare; and (vi) final kernel weigbt.

At equal LAI and percent light penetration the inbreds equaled their respective single cross progenies in total vegetative yield and number of kernels per hectare. The hybrids were superior to their inbred parents for the other components studied.

The percentage of soluble solids in the stalks was greater in the inbreds, which may have been an effect of the slower rate of grain filling.
Effects of Between‐ and Within‐row Spacing on Components of Lentil Yield1
Authors: Wilson V. E. , Teare I. D.
Published: July 2010

Lentils (Lens esculenta Moench.) are one of the major cash crops grown in the Palouse region of Idaho and Washington. Since their introduction into the region little research has been concerned with improvement of crop production. Therefore, components of seed yields in lentils were studied to estimate effects of within‐ and between‐row plant spacings. Small, medium and large plant types were studied. Row spacings of 15 and 30 cm were used, with 1.5, 3.0, and 12.0 cm spacings between plants within rows. The effects of spacings on seed size, branching, height, leal‐area index, canopy closure, and interception of light energy were measured and compared with seed yields. In general, lentil yields were greater at the narrow (15‐cm) between‐row spacing and at the 1.5 cm spacing between plants within row. Approximately 20% of the large and small plant type lines closed their canopies at the 30 cm between‐row spacing. The medium plant type lines developed partially closed canopies. Closed canopies intercepted about 90% of the incident light energy; the open canopies intercepted about 47%. This indicated the need for narrow within‐ and between‐row spacing. The higher seed yields appeared to be related to leaf area and branching, of which canopy closure is a function. The percentage of light intercepted at the 15 cm spacing between rows was not measured.
Resistance in Wheats to Septoria nodorum1
Authors: Krupinsky J. M. , Schillinger J. A. , Scharen A. L.
Published: July 2010

A total of 2,291 wheats were evaluated for seedling resistance to Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. in the greenhouse. The 20 most resistant lines were selected for evaluation of the adult reaction. Comparisons of selected lines were made on the basis of: (i) grain weight; (ii) kernel number; (iii) delay in heading; (iv) leaf damage; and (v) reduction in head weight. Three Triticum timopheevi Zhuk accessions, one Triticum fungicidum Zhuk, and six common wheats (Triticum aestivum L.), C.I. 12373; C.L 14032; Redhart, C.I. 8898; RedChlef, C.L 12109; Knox 62, C.I. 13701; and Hadden, C.I. 13488, were the 10 most resistant lines
Maternal and Cytoplasmic Effects on Seed Protein Content in Soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill1
Authors: Singh Laxman , Hadley Henry H.
Published: July 2010

Protein contents (in percent) of individual soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, seeds from F1, F2, backcross and parental populations associated with crosses between high and low protein lines were estimated by analyzing small pieces of cotyledons by the micro‐Kjeldahl method. Mean percent protein of F1 seeds did not differ from that of selfed seeds produced on the same plants indicating strong maternal effects. Overall means of F2 and backcross seeds obtained from two pairs of reciprocal crosses differed significantly in percent protein indicating cytoplasmic effects with a 3 to 4% increase being associated with cytoplasms from the high protein lines. Variances of selfed seeds on plants of both high and low protein parental lines were as large as variances of selfed seeds on F1 plants from crosses between these lines. Our results suggest that the genotype of a soybean seed has little influence on percent protein of the seed. Thus selection among individual seeds from a single plant to increase protein percent is probably ineffective in soybeans.
Grain and Plant Nitrogen Relationships in Eight Spring Wheat Crosses, Triticum aestivum L.1
Authors: McNeal F. H. , Berg M. A. , McGuire C. F. , Stewart V. R. , Baldridge D. E.
Published: July 2010

Samples of high and low grain protein content (%) were compared from each of eight spring wheat crosses. The high protein samples were obtained by compositing 14 F3 progeny rows from the high end of the F3 distribution curve; the low protein samples were obtained similarly from the low end of the F3 distribution curve. These composites were seeded at three Montana locations and evaluated for agronomicharacteristics and for grain and plant nitrogen to help determine the nature of the expression of grain nitrogen content in spring wheat.

Grain nitrogen content was negatively related to grain yield and to the graln‐straw ratio. High and low protein composites at Bozeman produced the same amount of above ground plant nitrogen, and each translocated the same percent of nitrogen to grain. However, grain nitrogen content of the high protein composite was significantly higher because of the distribution of a similar amount of nitrogen to a smaller amount of grain.

Differences in plant growth characteristics among the eight crosses seem to account for the differences in grain nitrogen content.
Combining Ability Among Four‐Clone Alfalfa Synthetics1
Authors: Hill R. R. , Leath K. T. , Zeiders K. E.
Published: July 2010

Two groups of experimental alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) synthetics were produced, 36 synthetics from 10 related parents in one group and 24 synthetics from nine unrelated parents in the other. Combining ability variances were estimated for spring growth, yield, recovery after the first harvest, fall growth, stand, and frost damage in a field experiment, and for reaction to seven pathogens in greenhouse experiments.

Significant general combining ability variance was detected for spring growth, yield, recovery after the first harvest, and for reaction to Colletotrichum trifolii Bain and to Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc. in both groups of synthetics. General combining ability variance for stand, and reaction to Phoma herbarum West f. medicaginis West ex. Rab., Uromyces striatus Schroet. var. medicaginis (Pass.) Arth., and to Corynebacterium insidiosum (McCull.) Jens, were significant in one or the other of the two groups. Significant specific combining ability variance was observed for yield, stand, frost damage, and reaction to C. trifolii, U. striatus, and C. insidiosum in one or the other of the groups. Significant combining ability variances were not detected for reaction to Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. and Leptosphaerulina briosiana (Poll.) Graham and Luttrell in either group of synthetics. We concluded that specific combining ability variations in the four‐clone alfalfa synthetics in both groups were so small that breeding procedures that operate on additive gene action would be more effective in development of improved synthetics than attempting to utilize specific combining ability effects by screening numerous experimental synthetics.
Effect of Temperature and Humidity Stress During Flowering on Safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.)1
Authors: Zimmerman L. H.
Published: July 2010

Sensitivity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) during flowering to temperature and humidity stress and genetic variation for such sensitivity has been in question. Cultivars were grown in the greenhouse under similar conditions except for a 24‐hr period during anthesis when they were exposed to temperature and humidity differentials in controlled environment chambers. Plants were exposed to these differentials on the day the second sequentially developing head began blooming, thus enabling measurement of sensitivity to temperature and humidity stress during pre‐, post‐, and anthesis stages of head development. Heads in anthesis and preanthesis were the most sensitive to temperature and humidity stresses. Seed yields of plants subjected to high humidity in low, medium, and high temperature were 10, I9, and 86% less, respectively, than those subjected to comparable temperatures with low humidity. Cultivars responded differently to the stresses for seed number, weight, and yield. Results of the experiment suggest that screening safflower genotypes for tolerance to temperature and humidity stress using controlled environment chambers is practical and a 24‐hr exposure during anthesis is sufficient to differentiate genotypes.
Mathematical Description of the Influence of Temperature and Seed Quality on Imbibition by Seeds of Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Blacklow W. M.
Published: July 2010

Imbibition by seeds of corn (Zea mays L.) was described by the equation W=f(t) — (α‐W0')/exp(kt) where W is the water content of the seed on a dry weight basis, f(t) = α ┼ bt and is the asymptote of the exponential curve where a is the asymptote at time t= 0 and b the slope, and W0' is an adjusted initial water content. The rate constant k was shown to be related to the permeability of the seed to water, α to the initial water capacity of the seed, and b to the rate of change in the water capacity of the seed during imbibition which was related to elongation of the radicle and shoot. The initial water content, W0, was linearly related to the relative humidity of the atmosphere in which the seed had equilibrated. The parameters k, b, and α were not significantly affected when W0 varied from 2.0 to 13.9%. Both k and b increased exponentially with temperature with a Q10 of 2.37 and 1.85, respectively, over the range 12 to 31C and 12 to 32.5, respectively; there was a sharp departure from the exponential relationship outside these ranges of temperature. The energy of activations of the exponential and linear phases of imbibition were 15.3 and 9.1 kcal/mole, respectively. The parameter α varied less dramatically with temperature and was fitted by a fourth order polynomial in temperature with a minimum at 26C. The parameters of the imbibition curve also were a function of age and variety of the seed. A survey of the literature showed that the equation for imbition could be used to describe imbibition of a wide range of seeds. The equation will be used in a mathematical model to predict germination and emergence of corn in a changing environment.
Ripening Activity of C.P.41845 in Sugarcane Having Nitrate‐and Gibberellic Acid‐Stimulated Growth Regimes
Authors: Alexander A. G. , Montalvo‐Zapata R.
Published: July 2010

Ripening activity of C.P.41845, a Monsanto product with growth‐regulatory properties, was examined in immature sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) having divergent growth regimes produced by variable nitrate and gibberellic acid. Plants were propagated in quartz sand with controlled moisture and nutrient supplies. Significant ripening activity was attained with 0.30% C.P.41845 within NO3 and GA regimes highly favorable to growth and sugar utilization rather than sugar accumulation. Growth restriction per se was not needed to produce sugar accumulation. Sucrose, water‐soluble protein, and acid‐invertase levels in immature storage tissue were more sensitive to C.P.41845 action than were growth parameters. Results were consistent with the theory that sugarcane's rapid growth phase can be extended to within a few weeks of harvest with reasonable assurance that ripening can still be accomplished by chemical means.
Studies on the Activity of C.P.41845 in Early‐Juvenile Sugarcane
Authors: Alexander A. G. , Montalvo‐Zapata R.
Published: July 2010

A plantlet method for evaluating sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) ripeners was developed using leaf‐blade and excisedstorage tissues for sucrose and enzyme analyses. Activity parameters were selected on the basis of chemical sensitivity in adult cane and were tested in conjunction with applied C.P.41845 as the standard ripener. Early‐juvenile plants propagated in quartz sand with controlled water and nutrient supplies were sprayed about 4 weeks after germination. Aqueous sugar and protein extracts were prepared with lyophilized leaf and immature storage tissues harvested at 5 or 10 day intervals after treatment. Sucrose, water‐soluble protein, acid invertase, and beta‐amylase values deviated significantly from the control after 5 days and the trends usually persisted up to 15 or 25 days. Divergent growth regimes produced with variable nitrate did not alter the chemical action or parameter sensitivity. Results were consistent with the view that chemicals having authentic ripening potential in adult cane will reflect this potential during the early‐juvenile stage when suitable parameters are measured.
Cytoplasm Effects in Relation to Agronomic Performance of Grain Sorghums, Sorghums bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Atkins R. E. , Kern J. J.
Published: July 2010

Grain sorghums (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) differing in cytoplasmic and genetic factors affecting pollen.sterility were compared during 2 years in Iowa. Six hydrids with normal cytoplasm did not differ significantly from their counterparts in male‐sterility‐induclng cytoplasm for grain yield or the primary components of yield. In 1968 the normal‐cytoplasm hybrids bloomed later (1 day), were shorter (3 cm), and produced greater area of the third leaf from the top (9 cm2) than did the hybrids with sterility‐inducing cytoplasm. In 1967 the two types did not differ significantly for these characters, and the differences do not seem of practical importance in either year.

Crude protein content of the seed and pollen‐sterilty were significantly greater in both years for the sterile‐cytoplasm hybrids. Type of cytoplasm had little effect on the content of protein amino acids in the seed. Fertility‐restoration alleles seemed only to affect pollenfertility, and showed little influence on other characters.
Inheritance and Physiological Effects of Stomatal Frequency in Barley1
Authors: Miskin Koy E. , Rasmusson Donald C. , Moss Dale N.
Published: July 2010

We studied inheritance of Stomatal frequency in five barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), populations and the effect of Stomatal frequency on photosynthesis, transpiration, and Stomatal resistance to diffusion. The latter studies were done using barley lines high and low in Stomatal frequency from two backcross populations.

Heritabilities, estimated by the parent‐progeny regression method, ranged from 22 to 74%. These estimates were for the F2 and F3 generations on the individual plant basis. Realized heritabilities based on simulated high and low selection were in good agreement with the regression estimates, although the estimates were consistently higher for the high than for the low selection.

For plants pretreated to assure open stomata, Stomatal diffusive resistances and transpiration rates differed statistically among lines, but photosynthesis did not. Lines having low Stomatal frequencies had higher Stomatal resistances, and transpired less water than lines with more stomata. A 25% decrease in frequency of stomata reduced transpiration rates by about 24%. Stomatal frequency did not influence the rate of photosynthesis, however. Hence, the possibility exists of altering transpiration without altering photosynthesis by selecting varieties with fewer stomata.
Association Between Chemical Composition of Seed and Seed Yield of Soybeans1
Authors: Hartwig Edgar E. , Hinson Kuell
Published: July 2010

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] lines selected for differences in oil percentage from BC1 and BC2 populations were evaluated for seed yield, oil percentage, and protein percentage. Selection on the basis of oil percentage was effective in obtaining lines distinctly different in protein percentage.

High‐protein lines averaged lower yields than did high‐oil lines. All BC1 lines averaged lower in seed yield than BC2 lines. Evidence is presented to show that factors other than chemical composition have influenced the seed yield level of the lines selected.
Influence of Some Diseases on Achene and Oil Quality of Sunflower1
Authors: Zimmer D. E. , Zimmerman D. C.
Published: July 2010

Downy mildew (Plasmopera halstedii (Farl) Barl. et de Toni) rust (Puccinia helianthi Schw.) verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo‐atrum Reinke and Berth) and head rot (Rhizopus sp.) significantly influenced the achene quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Achenes harvested from rusted plants and plants systemically infected with downy mildew were significantly smaller, lighter, higher in hull percentage, and lower in oil content than achenes harvested from healthy plants. Achenes from plants affected with verticillium wilt were slightly smaller, significantly lighter, lower in oil content, but similar in hull percentage to achenes harvested from healthy plants. Although achenes from plants with head rot were similar in size to achenes harvested from healthy plants, they were significantly lighter, lower in oil, and higher in hull percentage. The relative percentages of the four major fatty acids in the oil (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic) were not altered sufficiently by any of the diseases studied to be an influence on oil quality.
Influence of Temperature on Crown Depth Development of Winter Barley1
Authors: Kail R. M. , Kolp B. J. , Bohenenblust K. E.
Published: July 2010

Ten cultivars of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were tested for depth of crown development at four temperatures. Some cultivars developed significantly deeper crowns than others at a given temperature; they did not respond the same, however, to all temperatures. Some cultivars produced crowns at approximately the same soil depth at the four temperatures, whereas some cultivars produced deeper crowns, and others, shallower crowns as temperatures were increased from 10 to 24 C. Depth of crown of plants grown at 10 C under controlled conditions was significantly associated with winter survival under field conditions.
Vacuum‐Dried Pollen of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Viable after Eleven Years1
Authors: Hanson C. H. , Campbell T. A.
Published: July 2010

After 11 years in storage, the vitality of vacuum‐dried pollen of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) was determined by placing the pollen on stigmas of blossoms of a malesterile clone, 20 DRC. Percent pod set of blossoms so pollinated ranged from 36 to 57; the number of seeds per pod ranged from 2.5 to 3.4. The data showed that pollen for breeding studies can be stored successfully for 11 years under the conditions used in this experiment, although some deterioration in viability occurred.
Resistance to Corn Anthracnose1
Authors: Poneleit C. G. , Politis D. J. , Wheeler Harry
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐one commercially available corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids and 28 inbred lines of corn were inoculated with Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils. to determine the range of resistance present in the hybrids and to identify inbred germplasms resistant to this fungus which causes anthracnose. An isolate of C. graminicola obtained in Kentucky was used for all inoculations in the greenhouse screening tests. All of the hybrids developed anthracnose lesions that were more severe than the resistant inbred line used as a check, but nine of the hybrids had ratings of 2.5 or less, on a 1 to 5 scale, and were considered moderately resistant. Ratings of inbred lines ranged from 2.3 to 4.0. Several of the inbreds consistently had ratings below 3.0 and had restricted lesions that did not kill the leaves.
Genetic Study of Yield and Some of Its Components in Brassica campestris L. Var. ‘Toria’1
Authors: Zuberi M. I. , Ahmed S. U.
Published: July 2010

Four strains of Brassica campestris L. var. ‘Toria’ and their F1 and F2 progenies were studied with respect to yield and yield components. The degree and direction of heterosis varied greatly for different characters and also for different crosses. Both additive and nonadditive gene actions were evident in controlling the characters. Inbreeding depression was significant for number of fruits per plant and total seed yield per plant. The dominance relationships were highly variable. Both positive and negative directions of dominance were indicated for all characters. Heritability estimates were relatively high for all characters. Total seed yield was correlated with number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, and fruit length. Evidence was obtained for the feasibility of selection in early generations in this crop.
Heterosis During the Early Phases of Growth in Intraspecific and Interspecific Crosses of Cotton1
Authors: Marani A. , Avieli E.
Published: July 2010

The performance of interspecific and intraspecific F1 hybrids of Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense planted on two different dates was investigated. The interspecific crosses showed significant heterosis for percentage and time of germination, leaf number, and date of square formation when planted on the first planting date, and for plant height, LAI, and dry matter weight for both planting dates. The G. barbadense intraspecific cross exhibited a higher degree of heterosis than the G. hirsutum one for germination and dry matter weight when planted on the first planting date.

The traits exhibiting significant estimates of heterosis for early planting, but not for late planting, were those associated with the early phases of plant growth. The differences stemming from planting dates were probably due to the low temperature that prevailed after the first planting, since the temperature after the second planting was close to the optimum. We concluded that F1 hybrids have greater phenotypic stability than their parents when confronted with varying temperature conditions. This condition probably results from their heterosis for seedling growth rate under suboptimal temperature regimes.
Deposition, Retention, and Translocation of 2,3,5‐Triiodobenzoic Acid Applied to Soybeans1
Authors: Ohki Kenneth , McBride Landy J.
Published: July 2010

Factors related to TIBA (2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid) deposition and retention on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] leaves and TIBA translocation were studied with 125I‐ and 131I‐ labeled TIBA. Factors studied were four TIBA salt forms and four surfactants at two concentrations of each surfactant.

Mean values for salt forms indicated no salt effect on TIBA deposition. Surfactant type had a pronounced effect on TIBA deposition. Maximum and minimum depositions were attained with Tween‐20 and Triton X‐100, respectively. Both surfactants were nonionic, indicating nonspecificity in relation to ionogenic types of surfactant. The higher surfactant rate varied from no influence to a depressive effect on TIBA deposition, indicating nonspecificity in TIBA‐surfactant concentration relationships.

TIBA retention was enhanced at the higher surfactant rate by the two nonionic surfactants, while no effect was attained by the higher rate of the cationic and anionic surfactants. TIBA was rapidly translocated from recently matured leaves to young developing leaves and tissues of high metabolic activity.
Inheritance and Distribution of Grass‐Dwarfing Genes in Short‐Statured Wheats1
Authors: Fick G. N. , Qualset C. O.
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of the grass‐dwarf phenotype was studied in three crosses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) involving the varieties ‘Ramona 50,’ ‘Nainari 60,’ and ‘Olesen’ crossed with grass‐dwarf ‘UCD 6914.’ F1 and F2 data indicated that grass‐dwarfing genes D1 and D2 in the Ramona 50 and Nainari 60 crosses and D1, D2, and D3 in the Olesen cross interact to produce grass‐dwarf plants. Limited evidence suggested that grass‐dwarfing genes also influence height of plants of a normal phenotype.

UCD 6914 and ‘Cheyenne’ were two of several varieties found to be useful as tester genotypes for detecting the presence of grass‐dwarfing genes among varieties of unknown genotype. Eleven of 20 short‐statured selections from several countries were identified as carrying genes which condition the grass‐dwarf phenotype. The possibiliity that semi‐dwarf varieties may have been derived from variants of the grass‐dwarf type is suggested.
Genetic Variability in Floral Characteristics Influencing Outcrossing in Oryza sativa L.1
Authors: Virmani S. S. , Athwal D. S.
Published: July 2010

The genetic variability and correlation coefficients involving five floral characters were investigated in a group of 29 cultivated and wild rices (Oryza Sp.). Wide variability existed in anther length, stigma length, and percent exserted stigma. The genetic variation constituted a high proportion of the total variation for these traits. Thus, selection for these characters is expected to be highly effective. The percent exserted stigma showed a high positive correlation with stigma length. Both traits also were correlated positively with spikelet length and anther length.

One accession each of Oryza saliva f. spontanea and O. perennis subsp. balunga possessed anthers twice as long as those of cultivars. They also had a much higher proportion of exserted stigmas than most cultivated varieties.
Leaf Pubescence in Oats1
Authors: McDaniel M. E. , Janke G. D.
Published: July 2010

Prominent leaf‐blade pubescence was observed in lines derived from Avena sterilis L./A. byzantina C. Koch crosses. The leaf pubescence is easily seen with the naked eye and also can be detected by touch. The character appears to be rather stable over a wide range of environments. Breeding material possessing this trait is now available for distribution to interested workers. A few samples already have been distributed to allow screening the material for resistance to the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.).
Induced Seed Dormancy in Weeping Lovegrass, Eragrostis curvula1
Authors: Voigt P. W.
Published: July 2010

Induction of dormancy in seeds of weeping lovegrass, Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, by cool temperatures imposed during imbibition was first observed during germination trials of several warm‐season grasses. The purpose of the work reported here was to define the conditions necessary for the induction of this dormancy. Variables studied included: temperature during imbibition, length of temperature treatment, light conditions during treatment and evaluation, and age of seed. An experiment was also conducted to determine if dormancy could be induced in seeds planted in soil. Studies were conducted in growth chambers and greenhouses using several lots of ‘Morpa’ weeping lovegrass.

Dormancy was not induced in a 3‐year‐old seed lot; it was induced only in darkness in a 2‐year‐old seed lot and was induced in darkness, and to a lesser extent in light, in a 1‐year‐old seed lot. Dormancy was not induced at an alternating temperature of (minimum/maximum) 2/7 C within 35 days. It was induced with 21 days at 7/13 C; with 14 days at 13/18 C; and with 7 days at 18/24 C. Germination was normal at 24/29 C. Dormancy was induced in seed planted in soil.

Temperature‐induced dormancy appears to be a mechanism that can maintain and extend seed dormancy in weeping lovegrass. It is at least partly responsible for dormancy induced in nondormant lovegrass seeds planted in cool soil.
Diurnal Changes in Transpiration and Daily Photosynthetic Rate of Several Crop Plants1
Authors: Pallas J. E.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration of soil‐grown, growth chamber‐cultured cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. ‘Empire’), bell pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. ‘California Wonder’), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. ‘Florigiant’), soybean (Gossypium max Merr. cv. ‘Lee’), and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) plants were made during 14‐hour photoperiods: irradiance 1.17 j. cm‐2 min‐1, day‐night temperature 30 C, and CO2 concentration 310 µliter/liter. A diurnal trend in both photosynthesis and transpiration was evidenced by the dicots but not the monocot. The sinusoidal nature of the curves suggest endogenous rhythmic changes in diffusive resistance and/or biochemical activity. As much as twofold changes in cotton and peanut photosynthesis were recorded compared to approximately 30% change in bell pepper and soybean photosynthesis. These findings jeopardize the relevancy of short‐time photosynthetic measurements used in some screening techniques.
Analysis of Irradiation Induced Virescent Mutants and the Identification of a New Virescent Mutant (v5v5,v6v6) in Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Kohel R. J.
Published: July 2010

Seven irradiation induced virescent cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) mutants were analyzed. Four were duplicates of virescent‐1 and two were duplicates of yellowgreen. One virescent was independent of all known virescents. The new virescent was conditioned by recessive duplicate factors, and it was assigned the gene symbols v5v5,v6v6. Linkage analysis showed that the v5 locus resides in the A subgenome on chromosome 1, adjacent to the LL locus; and the v6 locus is on the homeologous D subgenome chromosome 15, adjacent to the Lo locus. No recombination was obtained between v5 and LL or v6 and Lo. The results of this investigation firmly establish the homeology between chromosomes 1 and 15.
Response of Wheat to Foliar Applications of 2‐Chloroethyltrimethylammonium Chloride1
Authors: Myhre D. L. , Sanford J. O. , Bieber G. L. , Pluenneke Ricks H. , Johnson Clarence
Published: July 2010

Responses of ‘Coker 65‐20’ and ‘Blueboy’ varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to a single foliar application of 2‐chloroethyltrimethyl‐ammonium chloride (CCC) were investigated in field experiments at Mississippi State, Miss. In spite of the general reduction in plant height and lodging, the results did not support the hypothesis that a single foliar application of CCC would enable the use of more than 100 kg/ha N to significantly increase grain yield. When severe lodging occurred due to adverse climatic factors, CCC had no beneficial effects, whereas a mechanical support significantly (.01) increased yield 40%.
Effects of Seed Size on Yield and some of its Components in Rapeseed, Brassica Campestris L. Var. Toria1
Authors: Ahmed S. U. , Zuberi M. I.
Published: July 2010

Large and small seeds of each of four strains of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. var. toria) were studied with respect to their effects on five yield‐contributing characters. Highly significant differences in character performance were obtained between large and small categories of seeds. Plants developed from large seeds produced more fruits per plant, larger fruits, heavier seeds, and higher seed yield per plant than plants from small seeds, but had fewer seeds per fruit.
Yield Adjustment for Missing Units in Spring Wheat1
Authors: Busch Robert H. , Ergun Yusuf
Published: July 2010

Plot rows of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) having missing areas were studied to determine if an appropriate correction factor could be determined to adjust plot yields. Areas ranging from 0 to 240 cm (0 to 8 missing units or 50% of the area) were removed in one or two plot rows harvested subsequently for yield. Different genotypes, with diverse agronomic characteristics, were included in different years.

Generally, no significant decrease in yield of the genotypes was detected until more than 60 cm (12.5%) of plot area was removed. Regression analyses were performed each year and indicated that the average slope (b) based on percent reduction in yield per missing unit (30 cm) was about 4.55%. The b values ranged from 3.7 to 5.0% reduction in yield per missing unit across genotypes and years. Satisfactory adjustments of yield, based on the average percent reduction (4.55%), were obtained if yield adjustment was ignored until more than 2 missing units (60 cm) occurred.
Heritabilities of Some Agronomic Characters for the Interspecific Cross of Crambe abyssinica and C. hispanica1
Authors: Meier V. D. , Lessman K. J.
Published: July 2010

Plant selections from PI 247310 (C abyssinica) and PI 279346 (C. hispanica) were paired randomly and hybridized to determine variability present among progeny and to gain estimates of heritabilty for seedling emergence, first bloom, 95% bloom, maturity, height, seed yield, seed size, test weight, and oil percentage. Two experiments were conducted in 1971. Experiment 1 contained parents, F1's, and F2's and Experiment 2 contained parents, F3's, and F4's. Significant differences were found among F3 and F4 entries for all characters except oil percent with ranges in the F4 exceeding that of the parents for 95% bloom, maturity, height, seed size, and test weight. Evidence of heterosis was detected for yield, test weight, and oil percent since the means of the F1 generation for these traits exceeded those of either parent. If characters are ranked according to their heritability estimates, seed yield, oil, and maturity were the lowest; test weight, emergence, height, and seed size were intermediate; and first bloom and 95% bloom were highest.
Factors Influencing Vegetative Growth and Flowering in Astragalus cicer L.1
Authors: Townsend C. E. , McGinnies W. J.
Published: July 2010

Cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) grows and flowers poorly in the greenhouse during the winter. These characteristics retard progress in a plant improvement program. Therefore, the influence of environmental conditions on vegetative growth and flowering of 36 clones of cicer milkvetch was studied in growth chambers, greenhouse, and field. The four growth‐chamber environments were 27 C day‐21 C night, 27 C day‐16 C and 21 C night (4.5 hours at each temperature), 27 C day.21 C night with a low‐temperature pretreatment, and 32 C day‐21 C night with a low‐temperature pretreatment. The low‐temperature pretreatment consisted of placing the clones in the dark for 3 weeks, with 1 week each at 5, 1.5, and ‐2 C. Day length in the growth chambers and greenhouses was 15 hours.

There were significant differences among treatments and clones for number of tillers, length of tallest tiller, total dry weight, days to flower, number of racemes, and number of florets. Preconditioning with low temperatures increased number of tillers per plant. Mean plant height was greater in the growth‐chamber treatments than in the field or greenhouse, but dry‐weight production was highest in the field. The leaf component of total dry weight was higher than the stem component in all environments.

More florets were produced at the 27 C day‐21 C night environment with pretreatment at relatively cool temperatures than at the other growth chamber treatments. Some clones did not require exposure to low temperature for flower induction. Twenty‐one clones flowered in the field the first season, but after going through the winter, all 36 clones flowered the second season. Several clones required exposure to lower temperatures and perhaps for a longer period than those in our low‐temperature environment before flowering was induced.
Genetic Studies of Induced Mutants in Melilotus alba III. Folded Leaflet, Elongated Stem, and Short‐Petiole Dwarf1
Authors: Ronnenkamp R. R. , Haskins F. A. , Gorz H. J.
Published: July 2010

Observations of the F1, F2, and F3 progenies of crosses between normal annual Melilotus alba Desr. and three mutants, folded leaflet, elongated stem, and short‐petiole dwarf, indicate that each of the mutant characters is controlled by a single recessive gene. Proposed symbols for the three mutant genes are f, el, and dsp, respectively. In limited tests for linkage, el appeared to be linked (12% recombination) to a gene for multifoliolate leaves (Mf). No linkage was detected between f and Mf, cu (low ohydroxycinnamic acid), or b (low β‐glucosidase activity).
Cyclic Flowering Patterns in Flax as Influenced by Environment and Plant Growth Regulators1
Authors: Hovland Aurora S. , Dybing C. Dean
Published: July 2010

Studies were conducted to determine the mechanism which regulates flowering pattern in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). CI 1303 flax produced flowers in cycles with distinct blossoming periods separated by brief rest periods (20 days) when grown in the field or in green. house and growth chamber environments in nutrient solution. Removal of bolls at the end of the first flowering period caused prompt renewal of flower production. Daily flower removal resulted in continuous flowering without rest periods and without plant senescence. An increase in light intensity from 14,300 to 25,500 lux increased seed production in the first flowering period, but further increase to 31,900 lux produced no additional increase in yield. Enhancement of CO2 level to 1270 ppm increased flower, boll, and seed production in the first flowering peirod. The plants flowered in cycles in spite of high light and CO2 levels.

Buds excised from the panicle and main‐stem and cultured in vitro produced shoots and then, in 4 to 30 days, produced flowers. Blossoms were produced even by buds which are normally inhibited in the intact plant. Maximum flower counts were obtained from buds isolated at the beginning of a flowering period. Auxins and gibberellin added to the medium at 5 or I0 ppm levels inhibited flower development. It is concluded that cyclic flowering is causally regulated by hormonal systems, but the number of flowers produced in each flowering period is limited by nutritional factors and rate of plant senescence.
Relation of Genes from Hope and Red Egyptian Wheat for Reaction to Stem Rust1
Authors: Williams N. D. , Miller J. D.
Published: July 2010

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) line ISr9d‐Ra, having a gene (Sr9d) for resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) from ‘Hope’, was crossed with ISr9a‐Ra, having a gene (Sr9a) for resistance from ‘Red Egyptian.’ The purpose of the cross was to investigate the linkage or allelic relations between the two genes. The F2 and F3 were inoculated simultaneously with a culture of stem rust race 121 having grey‐brown urediospores and a culture of race 29 having reddish‐brown urediospores. We did not recover recombinants among 746 gametes from F1 plants heterozygous for the two genes and 4140 seedlings from heterozygous F2 plants. The genes from Hope and Red Egyptian were allelic or closely linked.