bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing an Operator Training Program
Authors: Wubbena Robert L.
Published: February 2018

Presented here is an article based on a project report of a joint ABC–AWWA–WPCF–FACE study funded by the Office of Water Program Operations, USEPA. The impetus behind the study is explained and recommendations for developing a training program are given.
Tailoring Instrumentation to the Operator
Authors: Abplanalp Glen H. , Menzenhauer Fred C.
Published: February 2018

Often instrumentation is designed into a water plant with more thought given to its “new toy” value than to its applicability. The authors give some hints in choosing suitable instrumentation, emphasizing that equipment is only as good as its interface with the operator.
Some Practical Experience in Direct Filtration
Authors: Monscvitz J.J. , Rexing D.J. , Williams R.G. , Heckler J.
Published: February 2018

Described here is experience with a direct filtration treatment plant that is part of the Southern Nevada Water System in Las Vegas, Nev. Operational problems with the direct filtration system caused by lack of pretreatment (flocculation) are outlined, as well as studies preparatory to enlarging the plant.
Contaminants In Drinking Water Estimating Costs
Authors: Glauthier T. James , Clark John C.
Published: February 2018

Estimates of the cost of installing GAC treatment have been made by many parties in response to the EPA's proposed regulations on organic contaminants in drinking water. Given the range of cost estimates for GAC treatment the most relevant questions relate to the significance of the cost to customers, the need for health protection, and the appropriate regulatory steps for achieving this protection.
Controlling Organics: Why Now?
Authors: Cotruvo Joseph A. , Wu Chieh
Published: February 2018

Spokesmen for the USEPA Office of Drinking Water explain the rationale behind the proposed organics regulations and their promulgation at the present time.
The Impact of the Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: McHugh Richard P.
Published: February 2018

The effects of the Safe Drinking Water Act are many and wide‐ranging. The author discusses the impacts of the act on public health, utility costs, the employee, the consumer, and the image of the water supply industry.
Radium‐Removal Efficiencies in Water‐Treatment Processes
Authors: Brinck William L. , Schliekelman R. J. , Bennett Dorothy L. , Bell Charles R. , Markwood Ira M.
Published: February 2018

Studies of radium removal by various treatment processes indicate that the means do exist to meet the 5‐pCI/l limit for radium In drinking water.
Treatment‐The Issues Health
Authors: Vogt John E.
Published: February 2018

It is logical to treat many aesthetic water problems with point‐of‐use treatment rather than requiring a central treatment system. It is neither logical nor safe to provide point‐of‐use treatment for adequate health protection where the source of water is of unacceptable or questionable quality.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Lowthian Kenneth M.
Published: February 2018

Besides the scope of general water‐utility operations, the topics discussed in this presentation include the protection of the source of supply watershed, logging operations, the effect of the Safe Drinking Water Act, and uncovered distribution reservoirs.
Point‐of‐Use Water Economics
Authors: Nowlin Duane D.
Published: February 2018

An abstract of a paper presented at an industry‐press round‐table in New Orleans, La., Nov. 10, 1977, by Duane D. Nowlin, Technical Director, Lindsay Div., Ecodyne Corp., St. Paul, Minn.
Mandatory Water Conservation and Tap Allocations in Denver, Colo.
Authors: Miller W. H.
Published: February 2018

A prolonged drought plus federally caused delays in the start of construction of a treatment plant added up to a mandatory conservation and tap‐allocation program in Denver, Colo., during the summer of 1977. Working out the equation to balance deficiencies against existing demands and future needs took long hours of study and deliberation by the Board of Water Comrs.
California's Program for Dealing with the Drought
Authors: Robie Ronald B.
Published: February 2018

California and the West have been hit with some of the most severe drought conditions ever experienced. Nevertheless, the state has been able to withstand the severe conditions brought about by the drought and may even be in a better position to prepare for future dry periods.
Decontamination of Water Containing Chemical Warfare Agents
Authors: Lindsten Don C.
Published: February 2018

Analyzed are the possible dangers of chemical warfare agents in water and possible methods for detecting and eliminating their presence.
Is Chrysotile Asbestos Released From Asbestos‐Cement Pipe Into Drinking Water?
Authors: Hallenbeck William H. , Chen Edwin H. , Hesse Carolyn S. , Patel‐Mandlik Kusum , Wolff Arthur H.
Published: February 2018

To investigate the possibility that asbestos‐cement pipe does, as has been suggested, release asbestos as a contaminant in drinking water, a study was made of water samples from fifteen public water‐supply systems before and after their flow through asbestos‐cement pipes of various ages, lengths, and diameters.
Seven Basic Elements of a Safety Program
Authors: Oliphant Richard J.
Published: February 2018

The first step in improving a utility's employee safety record is a strong safety program, the basic elements of which are outlined here.
Preventive Maintenance Through Survey of Subaqueous Structures
Authors: Mixer J.S.
Published: February 2018

What you don't know can hurt you. The why, what, and how of inspecting various underwater elements of water impoundment systems are outlined.
Some Anomalies in Precoat Filter Operation and Their Effect on Filtration Performance Prediction
Authors: Arora Madan L.
Published: February 2018

Anomalies observed in precoat filter operation should be considered in the design of such filters. The bench‐scale model described in this article can be of great help in the laboratory work that ordinarily precedes rational filtration plant design.
Optimization of Flocculation Time Prior to Direct Filtration
Authors: Treweek Gordon P.
Published: February 2018

Experiments indicate that direct filtration without sedimentation, when preceded by the use of coagulants and adequate flocculation time, can produce finished water turbidities and particle size distributions equivalent to those obtained by more conventional complete treatment.
Haloforms in Drinking Water: A Study of Precursors and Precursor Removal
Authors: Oliver Barry G. , Lawrence John
Published: February 2018

Humic substances, present at high concentrations in most surface waters, are shown to be the major haloform precursors; the importance of methyl ketones as haloform precursors is less certain.
Water Rate Policy: Lessons From Less Developed Countries
Authors: Warford Jeremy J. , Julius DeAnne S.
Published: February 2018

Changing social and environmental factors in the US are rapidly leading to an investment climate for water utilities quite similar to that in developing countries. The constraints faced by less developed countries, and the far‐reaching solutions they have adopted, have special relevance to the future problems of major urban centers in the US.
Optimum Lawn Watering Rates for Esthetics and Conservation
Authors: Barnes John , Borrelli John , Pochop Larry
Published: February 2018

An esthetically pleasing lawn can be achieved with an average water application rate equal to or less than the seasonal evapotranspiration rate.
The Effect of Lake Destratification on Water Quality
Authors: Steichen James M. , Garton James E. , Rice Charles E.
Published: February 2018

This study reports the effect of a modified axial flow pump on the water quality of a stratified lake. The physical‐chemical and biological data collected were used to determine the destratification efficiency of the pump under varying mechanical conditions.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Mayol Juan J.
Published: February 2018

The Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority is a public corporation that employs 4,000 workers, and anticipates major growth in the next decade, which will be largely financed by matching EPA money with local funds. The authority's operation is discussed here.
Package Plants: One Solution to Small Community Water Supply Needs
Authors: Hansen Sigurd P.
Published: February 2018

Package water treatment plants incorporating coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration offer an economical means for small communities to treat surface water supplies to conform with upgraded water quality standards.
Flexible Membrane: An Economical Reservoir Liner and Cover
Authors: Brown James H.
Published: February 2018

The use of a reinforced synthetic rubber membrane to line and cover a diked earth storage reservoir in Eugene, Ore., proved both effective and cost effective as compared with alternative construction methods.
Water System Improvements: An Investment Requiring Repayment
Authors: McNichols William H.
Published: February 2018

Construction of many of the municipal water supply treatment and distribution systems in the west was financed solely with local water user revenues. The people of the west have not received major federal subsidies or grants in the development of necessary water facilities.
Performance Specifications for Water Meters
Authors: Simmonds Leslie E. , Laverty Gordon L.
Published: February 2018

The specifications derived from accelerated wear tests have aided the East Bay Municipal Utility Dist. (Oakland, Calif.) in purchasing acceptable water meters at competitive prices.
Short‐Term Bioassays for Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
Authors: Glatz Bonita A.
Published: February 2018

Because an estimated 80 to 90 percent of all human cancers can be traced to environmental causes, including hazardous compounds in drinking water, tests for measuring the effects of the pure compounds and complex mixtures in question are badly needed. The various short‐term bioassays discussed here go a long way toward meeting this need.
Viruses in the Water Environment: An Underestimated Problem
Authors: Mahdy M.S.
Published: February 2018

Because minute quantities of viruses can infect a susceptible individual, their presence in treated water poses a potential health hazard.
The Effect of the Bicarbonate Ion Concentration on Flocculation With Aluminum Sulfate
Authors: Letterman Raymond D. , Tabatabaie Mojdeh , Ames Ray S.
Published: February 2018

Presented here are the results of a jar‐test study conducted to determine the effect of the initial bicarbonate ion concentration on the efficiency of turibidity removal by flocculation with alum followed by sedimentation.
Conservation “Stilts” Help the Water Utility Stand Tall
Authors: Brigham Arthur P.
Published: February 2018

A sustained conservation effort involves the orderly education of customers to new habits and new techniques that foster efficient use of existing capacity and becomes a factor in the calculation of capital investment in new capacity. Short‐term conservation programs are usually aimed at drastic demand reduction in customer consumption to move the utility through a drought or other crisis situation.
A One‐Year Survey of Trihalomethane Concentration Changes Within a Distribution System
Authors: Brett Robert W. , Calverley Richard A.
Published: February 2018

Over a one‐year survey of the Southern Water Authority's Testwood pumping station (Southampton, England), trihalomethanes (THMs) were found to increase significantly within the distribution system where the treated water contained a chlorine residual, a THM precursor, or both. The authors conclude that if THMs are to be measured to ensure compliance with proposed maximum contaminant levels, the samples must be taken at the consumer's tap.
Removal of Trihalomethane Precursors From Surface Waters Using Weak Base Resins
Authors: Rook John J. , Evans Sheldon
Published: February 2018

The scavenging process described here proved to be approximately 75 percent effective in reducing the chloroform potential of Meuse River water; the corresponding reduction in total trihalomethane potential was about 65 percent.
Trihalomethane Reduction in Operating Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Blanck Clarence A.
Published: February 2018

The results of an experimental program conducted by the American Water Works Service Co. indicate that THMs in finished water supplies can be reduced from 59 to 90 percent in operating water treatment plants.
The Monterrey, Mexico, Water Supply and Sewerage System
Authors: Tamez Federico Garza
Published: February 2018

Immigration from the states neighboring Nuevo Leon has contributed to an extremely high growth rate in the city of Monterrey. To meet the foreseeable demand for water, the Monterrey Water Supply and Sewerage Company has instituted several innovative and forward‐looking measures to provide adequate capital for system expansion.
Groundwater Exploration and Development Techniques
Authors: Willis Robert F.
Published: February 2018

The Portland (Ore.) Water Bureau recently undertook a groundwater exploration and development project, in the course of which many of the techniques described here were successfully employed.
Initial Mixing by Jet Injection Blending
Authors: Chao Junn‐Ling , Stone Brian G.
Published: February 2018

The recognition that conventional methods of initial mixing, which usually have included a turbine or impeller mixer in a mixing chamber, may be inefficient due to backmixing phenomena has resulted in a move toward in‐line blenders. Criteria for the design of in‐line jet injection blenders are described here, illustrated by a sample application.
Improving Adsorption Techniques: An International Effort
Authors: Cotruvo Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

A problem of special concern to many nations is the organic chemical contamination of drinking water resulting from industrial sewage discharges, urban and agricultural runoffs, degradation of natural organic materials, and perhaps primarily from the reaction of those substances with disinfectants during the treatment process. Adsorption techniques are discussed. Background is given on the Drinking Water Pilot Project that is part of the NATO Committee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) started in 1977. Two international conferences on advanced treatment technology are discussed. The key organizers for these German (1978) and Reston, Virginia (1979) Conferences were Heinrich Sontheimer and Wolfgang Kuhn.
Objectives and Procedures for GAC Treatment
Authors: Meijers Adriaan P. , Rook Johan J. , Schultink Bart , Smeenk Johan G.M.M. , van der Laan Johan , Poels Cees L.M.
Published: February 2018

Pollution of water sources for the Netherlands’ 1 billion cubic metre annual water production is sufficiently high that treatment with activated carbon is indispensable. Described here are several currently operating carbon filter installations and pilot plants. Criteria for contact time and run lengths between regenerations are discussed.
Pilot Plant Testing of Activated Carbon Adsorption Systems
Authors: Cairo Patrick R. , McElhaney Jeanne , Suffet Irwin H.
Published: February 2018

Described here are the design and operational experiences with pilot plant testing of carbon adsorption systems used in the treatment of Delaware River water at Philadelphia, Pa.
On the Price Elasticity Debate
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

The elasticity of demand with respect to price is the percentage rate of change in use compared to the percentage rate of change in price, assuming all other factors are unchanged. The debate is in reality a philosophical debate between scientists, who conclude that price should be used to allocate water efficiently, and politicians, who assert that use is unaffected by price.
The Politics of Regionalization: A Public Perspective
Authors: Bumstead John C.
Published: February 2018

Because increasing demands are being made of the water utility industry, regionalization is becoming more appealing. Small, independent systems in particular are having a difficult time meeting growing fiscal, environmental, and user pressures. This paper presents an overview of the politics involved in creating an areawide utility and discusses some of the steps that can be taken to successfully organize such an effort.
Polymer Characterization Based on Zeta Potential and Filtration Resistance
Authors: Welday James M. , Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

Described here is a procedure for characterizing polymers coated on a standard particle; the use of this procedure is demonstrated through the classification of eight commercial polymers for use in water and wastewater treatment.
Water Requirements for Industrial Development
Authors: Kollar K.L. , MacAuley Patrick
Published: February 2018

Described here are criteria for decisions by economic development planners concerned with the requirement for and the impact of water use on industrial siting.
Reservoir Improvements as a Key to Source Quality Control
Authors: Castorina Anthony R.
Published: February 2018

Simple, inexpensive, and permanent measures can significantly improve the source water quality and thus reduce the costs for water treatment.
Grounding of Electric Circuits to Water Services: One Utility's Experience
Authors: Guerrera August A.
Published: February 2018

The separation of protective grounding electrodes from water piping would protect the integrity of the water supplier's piping system and the quality of the water contained therein, as well as minimize hazards to water supply personnel.
The Behavior of Asbestos–Cement Pipe Under Various Water Quality Conditions: A Progress Report
Authors: Buelow Ralph W. , Millette James R. , McFarren Earl F. , Symons James M.
Published: February 2018

Asbestos‐cement pipe has had a reputation for resisting attack by aggressive waters that cause corrosion of metal pipe materials. The results of this study suggest that asbestos–cement pipe behaves much like other piping materials, except PVC, that are commonly used for potable water distribution.
Measuring the Velocity of Water in a Paddled Flocculator
Authors: Bhole Anand G.
Published: February 2018

Described here is an apparatus for measuring the velocity of water that is simple to operate, able to measure only the tangential velocity, sufficiently accurate to measure small fluctuations in velocity, small enough to have no significant effect on the flow pattern, and low in cost.
Disposal and Handling of Water Treatment Plant Sludge
Authors: Reh Carl W.
Published: February 2018

The impetus provided by the Water Pollution Control Act, coupled with the new requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act, has spurred the development and implementation of new technologies for sludge disposal.
Public Notification: Pain or Panacea
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Gaston John M.
Published: February 2018

Eight California surveys were conducted to estimate the percentage of consumers who knowingly received notification in each community and who understood the problem requiring notification, to obtain from consumers an evaluation of the general worth of such notifications, and to develop recommendations regarding the method and content of future consumer notifications.
Will the Four‐Day, 40‐Hour Work Week Replace the Five‐Day 40‐Hour Work Week?
Authors: Anderson David C.
Published: February 2018

Rapid growth in Gladstone, Mo., resulted In Increased requests for the services provided by the water and wastewater department. These requests in turn created demands for additional overtime hours—a demand the city had a difficult time meeting until the institution of a four‐day work week. The new schedule resulted in increased productivity, decreased overtime and sick leave, and better service.
Plant‐Scale Comparison of Direct Filtration Versus Conventional Treatment of a Lake Erie Water
Authors: Westerhoff Garret P. , Hess Alan F. , Barnes Michael J.
Published: February 2018

Plant‐scale comparison of direct filtration versus conventional treatment was achieved by a split stream operation at a 340‐ML/day (90‐mgd) water treatment plant in the state of New York.
Experience With Direct Filtration at Ontario's Lake Huron Treatment Plant
Authors: Foley Paul D.
Published: February 2018

Built at a time when permissible treated water turbidity was higher than the present limit, the Lake Huron direct filtration plant has since been the scene of testing and modification to improve its capacity to meet more stringent treatment objectives despite adverse raw water quality characteristics.
Recent Developments in Direct Filtration
Authors: Tate Carol H. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2018

Color removal, ozonation as a pretreatment, and scanning electron microscopy are among the recent developments in direct filtration which extend the applicability of the process as an economical means of meeting turbidity standards.
A Fluoride Overfeed Incident at Harbor Springs, Mich.
Authors: Leland David E. , Powell Kenneth E. , Anderson Robert S.
Published: February 2018

The four persons who became ill on Nov. 22, 1977, in Harbor Springs, Mich., apparently suffered the first reported cases of illness in the US resulting from a malfunctioning community fluoridation process but this type of incident could occur in any municipal water system that does not properly control chemical feed equipment.
Federal Help for Aging Distribution Systems: A Viable Option
Authors: Matera James J.
Published: February 2018

Locally financed long range major rehabilitation programs are possible for some communities but few of the communities in the Northeast are in this enviable position. Added debt to existing borderline financial ratings would certainly jeopardize the economic status of a community embarking without aid on a water system rehabilitation. The Federal Bank Loan Agency is an institution backed by the federal government that provides large loans at low interest rates. It would not be a give‐away program, but a financially sound one that most responsible managers would accept. It would utilize existing management and personnel with their practical engineering, construction, and operating capabilities, guided by standards and policies involving provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Water for the World: The Scope off the Challenge
Authors: Kalbermatten John M. , Montanari Francis W.
Published: February 2018

Clean, safe water, a universal necessity, is not yet a universal reality. Recognizing the worldwide need for adequate water supplies and sanitation facilities, the United Nations has declared 1981‐1990 the Water and Sanitation Decade. Identifying needs, planning and building satisfactory facilities, and training water supply personnel in developing nations pose a giant task. AWWA members, with an expansive range of knowledge and experience, have taken the first step in making water supply and sanitation facilities a reality for developing nations. “Water for the World—Challenge of the ‘80s” is the theme of AWWA's 1980 Annual Conference & Exposition, at which association members will begin to organize their talents and resources to meet this challenge.
Wanted: Comprehensive Cross Connection Control
Authors: Springer E. Kent
Published: February 2018

People in both water agencies and health departments understand not only the literal meaning but also the liability implications of a cross connection. A cross connection control program that does not include mandatory annual testing and maintenance of all devices by certified personnel is potentially a greater liability than no program at all.
Denver's Potable Reuse Project: Pathway to Public Acceptance
Authors: Work Stephen W. , Rothberg Michael R. , Miller Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

All of the activities related to the safety and quality of potable reuse, involving a variety of disciplines, have been designed into Denver's program so that when technical and economic feasibility have been demonstrated, health professionals and the general public will be able to make intelligent decisions on the acceptability of potable reuse in Denver.
Unions and the Water Utility: The Mythical Monster
Authors: Gorden Stephen F.
Published: February 2018

Stephen F. Gorden, superintendent of water operations for the Portland (ME) Water District, believes that if a utility does not or will not create a meaningful format for labor and management to communicate, then the work force will eventually create one. A union, Gorden believes, is the easiest solution for both management and labor. Gorden's experience with unions has taught him that contrary to popular opinion, a union can not only drive a hard bargain but also provide the latitude and flexibility necessary for management to fulfill its obligations.
Unions and the Water Utility: The Grim Reality
Authors: Money Waiter C.
Published: February 2018

Walter C. Money, president of the Elizabethtown (NJ) Water Co., believes that unions do nothing more than create barriers between labor and management, making communication an effort akin to combat. A well‐managed utility can provide more opportunity, more motivation, and better working conditions than a utility under the rule of a union.
Forecasting Water Demand in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Browne David W. , Minton Gary , Barnhill Clyde
Published: February 2018

The conventional approach to forecasting future per capita water consumption—extrapolating the trend of increasing consumption which has prevailed over the past 30 years—will have to be reevaluated in view of an apparent leveling off of demand in the Pacific Northwest.
Well Water Quality Deterioration in Central Pierce County, Washington
Authors: DeWalle Foppe B. , Schaff Russell M. , Hatlen Jack B.
Published: February 2018

Currently 20 percent of US water consumption is supplied by groundwater, and its contamination is causing considerable alarm. In densely populated Central Pierce County (Wash.), groundwater contamination was found to originate from septic tank drainfields. The highest nitrate and coliform concentrations in groundwater occur when infiltrating rainfall dissolves and leaches these contaminants downward.
In Search of Nationwide Operator Certification
Authors: Delvecchio Fred L.
Published: February 2018

Certification and training programs share common purposes. Legislation establishing certification requirements and statements of goals for training programs both profess two aims: to protect public health and safety, and to protect the environment. In addition, certification and training program managers appear to agree that competent operation and maintenance is the vital link between water systems and the protection of public health, safety, and environment. In other words, if the system is technologically perfect but operation and maintenance is inadequate, the goals of protecting the public health and the environment will not be reached. Certification and training programs are tools to help achieve these common goals. They are not ends in themselves but rather function to protect the public health and environment by establishing a standard of competence in operation and maintenance. The primary objective of certification and training programs is determining whether or not an operator is competent to operate, maintain, and manage a water supply system.
Regulation: the misdirected mission
Authors: Kelley William A.
Published: February 2018

Drinking water quality standards must meet a number of criteria if they are to be effective ‐ they must be reasonable, maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) must be measurable, and the standards must be attainable and necessary as a measure to better protect public health. The Safe Drinking Water Act and the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations are discussed.
Taking account of utility accounting
Authors: Hoper C.H.
Published: February 2018

Utilities generally strive to equip their water systems with the most modern storage, distribution, and treatment facilities available, but many do not apply the same effort to the maintenance and revitalization of their accounting systems.
Breaking the cost barrier to household water service
Authors: Lowry Emmett F.
Published: February 2018

Providing economically feasible household‐connected water systems to the rural, low income areas of a developing nation is a task of almost overwhelming magnitude. The Barangay Water Program in the Philippines, however, is on the way to accomplishing just that. A check of early system installation practices uncovered some surprising facts and ultimately led to several economically viable alternatives to conventional system design.
Reservoir coatings can support bacterial growth
Authors: Ellgas William M. , Lee Raymond
Published: February 2018

Persistently high coliform counts in a portion of the distribution system of the East Bay Municipal Utility District were traced to a growth‐supportive organic coating on the interior of a steel tank. A procedure has since been developed by the utility to test coatings for bacterial growth support potential before the material is applied to the interior of potable water reservoirs. Tests performed on a variety of coatings reveal that selecting a coating that does not support growth, does not impart taste and odor to the water, and does not contain excessive amounts of toxic solvents poses a difficulty for utility design engineers.
Industrial water conservation within the Great Lakes region: an overview
Authors: Antosiak Leonard B. , Job Charles A.
Published: February 2018

Although it is anticipated that industry will dramatically reduce its water withdrawals through recycling and reuse, projections indicate that the amount of water consumption will increase because of industrial expansion and changes in processes. At present, industry is the second major water user in the Great Lakes region, the main source of water being the Great Lakes themselves. Because of this abundant and relatively inexpensive source of water, water quantity is not a problem or an incentive for water conservation: rather, the major impetus is maintaining water quality and monetary savings. Compliance with water quality regulations and economic incentives have already caused many regional industries to conserve water. Additional industrial water conservation will probably be limited to those firms not already in compliance with water quality legislation.
Overzealous consumerism… a triple‐edged sword
Authors: Loiselle Gerard E.
Published: February 2018

The rates that water utilities are allowed to charge for their services are determined by regulatory agencies. Regulation serves as a theoretically suitable substitute for the price competition these companies would face were it not for their status as regulated monopolies. This regulatory process often forces the utility to play “catch up” with inflation which aggravates the impact on public attitudes. The consumer is ultimately the loser if utility companies are denied the opportunity to achieve reasonable earnings.
Safety in the water utility industry
Authors: Becker Harry , Binney Mel , Oliphant Dick , McKeon Thomas , Roberts Bill , Rothenberg Mark
Published: February 2018

For many years the water Industry has been plagued with a disabling injury frequency rate which is consistently higher than the all‐industry average as published by the National Safety Council. Water utility managements in general have been slow in recognizing the high cost of accidents and their effects on operating efficiency and production. As a result, the establishment of formal safety programs is low on the priority list of many water utilities. The purpose of this roundtable, held In Chicago, III., on Oct. 21,1980, was to discuss the need for sound safety programs, review the problems that contribute to the water Industry's poor record, and recommend solutions to those problems. The session was moderated by Thomas McKeon, chairman of AWWA's Accident Prevention Committee, and director of the Special Construction Projects Division of the Hackensack Water Co., Harrington Park, N.J. Participants in the discussion were Harry Becker, director of safety, AWWA; Mel Binney, personnel manager, City Water Board, San Antonio, Tex.; Dick Oliphant, safety director, Board of Water Commissioners, Denver, Colo.; Bill Roberts, assistant general manager, Water Works Board, Birmingham, Ala.; and Mark Rothenberg, operations director, Spring Valley Water Company, West Nyack, N.Y.
Hydropower: a step toward energy independence
Authors: Christensen R.B. , Emerson W.M.
Published: February 2018

There is a recognized need for the United Stales to reduce its dependence on imported oil, and a broad range of energy sources and programs have been proposed in an effort to achieve energy self‐sufficiency. One alternative energy source–hydropower–offers attractive benefits Water supplies with dependable flows and full regulation capabilities are prime candidates for hydropower development.
Coordinating utility location: a defense against distribution system damage
Authors: Cowgill James E.
Published: February 2018

The accommodation of underground utilities in the right‐of‐ways of modern urban streets would be a routine procedure if the space available for these utilities were adequate. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Those involved in the planning, design, construction, or maintenance of utilities are aware of the increasing problems encountered under city streets.
A pilot study of chlorine dioxide use to reduce total trihalomethanes
Authors: Monscvitz J.T. , Rexing D.J.
Published: February 2018

In the development of a 1500‐ML/day treatment plant, consideration was given to alternative means of disinfection to reduce the formation of total trihalomethanes. Chlorine dioxide (CIO2) was examined on a plant scale of 760 ML/day. This article relates the design considerations and problems encountered in the production of CIO2 free of chlorine (Cl2). The chief problem, which remains unresolved, is the development of an analytical technique that can routinely identify CIO2, CI2, chlorates, and chlorites in the same solution.
Use of chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and short‐term free chlorination as alternative disinfectants
Authors: Hubbs Stephen A. , Amundsen Dewey , Olthius Paula
Published: February 2018

To limit the formation of trihalomethanes and to attain adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the Louisville Water Company investigated several disinfection processes using chlorine dioxide, chlorine dioxide and chloramines, and free chlorination–chloramination. From its study the utility concluded that the most effective process incorporates the use of a powerful disinfectant for the primary disinfection step, followed by a persistent secondary disinfectant that is carried into the distribution system.
Increasing employee security and productivity with computers
Authors: Miller William H.
Published: February 2018

Management Is responsible for educating employees so they understand that data processing is a tool to be used, not a monster that is a threat to dignity or job. Employees, through education and training programs, can learn to utilize and enjoy electronic data processing.
Chronoamperometric determination of free chlorine by using a wax‐impregnated carbon electrode
Authors: Hu Hua‐Ching
Published: February 2018

A rapid and sensitive electroanalytical method has been developed for measuring free chlorine in water by using a wax‐impregnated carbon electrode. This method can differentiate free chlorine—the sum of OCI and HOCI—from other combined chlorine species. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate, an active chlorine compound widely used in swimming pool disinfection, was chosen as the model system. The method illustrates that when sodium dichloroisocyanurate is dissolved in water it is only partially dissociated into free chlorine, even at a very low concentration. When isocyanuric acid is added to a solution containing free chlorine, the concentration of the latter drops because of the formation of chlorinated isocyanuric acids and salts. The equilibrium states of both the dissociation and formation reactions are rapidly achieved.
Treatment of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash suspensions by plain sedimentation, coagulation, and flocculation
Authors: Hindin Ervin
Published: February 2018

Aqueous suspensions made from Mount St. Helens volcanic ash, which fell in Pullman, Wash., on May 18,1980, were characterized in terms of pH, conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, turbidity, settleable solids, and fluoride content. Plain sedimentation followed by coagulation‐flocculation successfully reduced the turbidity and fluoride content of the ash suspensions at two alkalinity concentrations and two volcanic ash levels.
Rights and liabilities of water suppliers arising from groundwater pollution
Authors: Selig Edward I.
Published: February 2018

Suppliers of water are subject to exceptionally high standards of care towards the consuming public. Even where contamination is not the result of negligence on the supplier's part, he may be held strictly liable for all resulting injuries to users. Moreover, very small concentrations of organic chemicals in drinking water supplies, detected by sophisticated modern measuring techniques, may be grounds for health authorities closing wells and consumers claiming damages against the supplier for sickness and disease. Suppliers should, therefore, test for priority toxic pollutants (PTPs) and learn both the waste disposal practices and groundwater flow systems of their watersheds, in order to formulate and pursue preventive strategies before trouble occurs. Such strategies may include reduction of pumping rates, demands for land‐use controls in critical recharge zones, and lawsuits for damages and injunctions against upstream sources of contamination.
Eliciting public participation
Authors: Fohs Linda H.
Published: February 2018

Although public acceptance of environmental problems is not so commonplace as public awareness, it is crucial to the successful implementation of environmental programs. Two case histories of planning studies emphasize the necessity of involving the public through communication, education, and preparation efforts. The key to the success of these programs is that they were planned at the local government level and were effective in nurturing public acceptance.
Face to Face
Authors: LaFrankie James V. , Preston David B.
Published: February 2018

This discussion between James V. LaFrankie, president of the American Water Works Company, and David B. Preston, AWWA Executive Director, covers the AWWA management training and development program, regionalization, investor‐owned utilities, drought, emergency planning, water conservation, costs and regulations.
Optimizing coagulants and flocculant aids for settling
Authors: Bratby John R.
Published: February 2018

Different considerations are necessary for optimizing primary coagulant dosage when the coagulant is used alone and when it is used in conjunction with flocculant aids for conventional treatment incorporating sedimentation. Optimization based solely on settled water quality is not wholly satisfactory. If the primary coagulant is applied alone, optimization should be based on an economic analysis relating chemical costs and sedimentation basin costs. If the primary coagulant is used with flocculant aids, optimization should be based on minimizing the clogging of downstream filter surfaces.
Interpreting laboratory results for the design of rapid mixing and flocculation systems
Authors: Bratby John R.
Published: February 2018

This article demonstrates the scope and limitations of laboratory batch experiments when applied to the design of rapid mixing and flocculation systems. A suitable, inexpensive batch reactor is described, along with appropriate methodology and interpretation of results for design in terms of rapid mixing velocity gradient and time and in terms of flocculation intensity, profile, and duration.
Computer modeling off Los Angeles water resources
Authors: Kuebler Bruce W.
Published: February 2018

The city of Los Angeles operates a 545‐km (338‐mi) aqueduct system, pumps groundwater, and purchases water from a regional wholesaler to supply its residents with the water they need. Computer models for surface water and groundwater have been developed to help schedule operations and plan for the future. This paper describes that computer modeling in the context of current water resources issues. It also discusses some pros and cons of computer models.
Water supply reliability theory
Authors: Shamir Uri , Howard Charles D.D.
Published: February 2018

Water supply system reliability can be defined in terms of the shortages that result from failures of a system's physical components. A reliability factor for a single failure or for a selected time period can be defined in terms of the capacity lost during failure, which is measured as a fraction of the demand rate or the demand volume. Since the lost capacity is a random variable, so is the reliability factor, and its probability density function can be derived analytically from that of the lost capacity. Reliability, defined as the probability that a given reliability factor will be achieved, can be increased by adding facilities, storage, pumping capacity, pipelines. The least‐cost combination of facilities can be identified from the cost functions and the probability distributions of the reliability factor.
Deteriorating sources evoke additional concern
Authors: Karalekas Peter C.
Published: February 2018

This letter reiterates the sentiments which appeared in “Deteriorating Sources Deserve Concern,” a letter to the editor which appeared in JOURNAL AWWA, June 1981.
Evaluating a plant's potential for upgrading
Authors: Huckabee Adrian J. , Garrett Jack T.
Published: February 2018

A step‐by‐step method is given to determine whether upgrading an existing water treatment plant is feasible. Methods for selecting possible remedies and identifying constraints are explained.
Drought: Engineering end‐product?
Authors: Carpenter Derr A.
Published: February 2018

Man's development has contributed to increased stormwater runoff volume and velocity, which in turn contribute to floods and reduce opportunities for water to recharge groundwater supplies and prevent droughts. Problems caused by vast areas of asphalt and other impermeable materials and loss of topsoil could be alleviated by inclusion of onsite stormwater drainage controls in land developments, preservation of natural swale systems, and implementation of stormwater and flood plain management programs.
Ground‐level versus elevated storage
Authors: Foland Donald L.
Published: February 2018

Providing finished water and storage facilities for an expanding distribution system necessitates long‐range planning to ensure that customer demands will be met. The relative flexibility of ground‐level versus elevated storage to meet these demands is discussed. Some of the factors considered are past and projected growth of the system, outmoded elevated storage facilities, and limitations of the present storage and trunk main system.
Water for the Third World
Authors: Singhal Ashok K. , Plauché Breck
Published: February 2018

Prompted by the July 1981 “Face to Face” which featured John M. Kalbermatten, water and wastewater adviser to the World Bank, this author urges AWWA involvement with the various international agencies in meeting the water supply needs of the Third World nations.
Face to Face
Authors: Manwaring James F. , Preston David B.
Published: February 2018

In this discussion between James F. Manwaring, executive director of the AWWA Research Foundation, and David B. Preston, AWWA executive director, technology transfer, research needs and funding, and Research Foundation activities and goals are discussed.
P & R protest
Authors: Sayre William B.
Published: February 2018

This letter complains about the view of purveyors of point‐of‐use water conditioning devices taken in the August 1981 “Percolation & Runoff” section of JOURNAL AWWA.
Preventive maintenance programs—must a system be automated?
Authors: Jordan James K.
Published: February 2018

Preventive maintenance is a vital part of efficient, reliable plant operation even if time and budget constraints allow only simple clerical systems of control. The Washington (D.C.) Suburban Sanitary Commission installed a comparatively modest system at its Potomac water filtration plant that provides a consistent, documented program with adequate management controls.
Water representatives provide a systematic approach to meter reading
Authors: Freshman John S.
Published: February 2018

A new meter–reading program in Albuquerque, N.M., solved employee morale problems, decreased customer complaints from more than 12 000 annually to 600 annually, and increased water revenues for the city. Meter readers have been replaced by trained water representatives who take direct responsibility for customer relations.
Conserving water through pricing
Authors: Renshaw Edward F.
Published: February 2018

The problem of water conservation is examined from the perspective of basic economic theory. In some cases it may be appropriate to tax water usage for purposes of conservation rather than for financing additional capacity. Excess revenues could be used as credits on business property taxes to encourage economic expansion or could be rebated to low‐income families and nonprofit institutions.
Laboratory testing of ozonation systems prior to pilot‐plant operations
Authors: Chrostowski Paul C. , Dietrich Andrea M. , Suffet Irwin H.
Published: February 2018

Bench‐scale data and calculations can be used to formulate an experimental protocol for the design and, possibly, the optimization of an ozonation system along with predictions concerning the effects of ozone on an individual water supply.
Effects of salts on activated carbon adsorption of fulvic acids
Authors: Randtke Stephen J. , Jepsen Christopher P.
Published: February 2018

Calcium, magnesium, and sodium significantly influenced the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for fulvic acids from three sources, including a natural groundwater supply. Adsorptive capacity was evaluated as a function of salt type, salt concentration, and pH and was most sensitive to changes in low concentrations of salt. Chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, and phosphate exhibited no observable effect on the adsorption of fulvic acid. Calcium significantly influenced the adsorption of peat fulvic acid by an activated carbon column, the addition of calcium greatly enhanced adsorption, and the withdrawal of calcium from a loaded column resulted in substantial desorption. Salts enhanced the adsorption of dihydroxybenzoic acid but had variable effects on the adsorption of EDTA, citric acid, and aspartic acid.
Costs for supplying alternative community water and sanitation systems in Brazil
Authors: Demke Keith A. , Lauria Donald T.
Published: February 2018

Costs of systems that would provide different levels of water and sanitation services for a Brazilian community were analyzed by using local cost data and computer techniques. At all levels of service, the cost of supplying both water and sanitation is approximately twice that of providing water alone. Of the five systems investigated, one in particular appears to be economically feasible and attractive for many communities throughout the world.
Saving time during master plans and feasibility studies
Authors: Shipman Harold R.
Published: February 2018

Several causes of delay associated with producing master plans and feasibility studies for water and sanitation projects in developing countries are examined for consideration by governments, consultants, and financing agencies. Such delays are strongly related to cost overruns.
Prequalifying construction contractors
Authors: Lower Jay R.
Published: February 2018

Standards and procedures for prequalifying general contractors who are permitted to bid on construction contracts, particularly for public projects, are discussed by an official of the Colorado Contractors Association. Prequalification requirements protect both owners and contractors from the hazard of awarding contracts to low bidders regardless of their ability to perform.