bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition, protein fractionation, essential amino acid potential and antimetabolic constituents of an unconventional legume, Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) seed kernel
Authors: Siddhuraju Perumal , Becker Klaus , Makkar Harinder Paul S
Published: October 2002

Physical characteristics of pods and seeds, proximate composition, different protein fractionation, SDS‐PAGE analysis of proteins, amino acid composition, starch content, fatty acid profiles and various antimetabolic substances of Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) were studied. The pod length and the number of seeds per pod ranged from 55 to 90 cm and from 5 to 11 respectively. The kernel comprised 66.1% of the seed weight (18.41 ± 1.14 g). The seed kernels contained 256.7 g kg−1 crude protein, 108.1 g kg−1 lipid, 27.3 g kg−1 ash and a high content of carbohydrate (585.7 g kg−1). The levels of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and iron were similar to those in conventional pulses. Among the different protein fractions of seed kernels, albumins constituted the major storage proteins (69.7%). The kernel proteins were rich in essential amino acids, particularly sulphur‐containing amino acids, and their values appeared to be higher than the FAO/WHO (1990) reference protein for a 2–5‐year‐old growing child and soybean, and comparable to hen egg. Seed kernel lipids contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids, which accounted for 83% of the total fatty acid recovered. The kernel exhibited high trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities (96.65 mg TI g−1 and 30.02 CIU mg−1 sample respectively) in addition to containing phenolics, phytic acid, lectins and oligosaccharides. Another major toxic constituent was identified as a group of triterpenoid saponins (3.21%), which had high haemolytic activity (HeU) against cattle erythrocytes and caused high mortality in fish. The in vitro digestibility of the kernel protein was low (67%).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of digesta sampling time and dietary protein source on ileal nitrogen digestibility for the growing rat
Authors: Butts Christine A , James Kerry A C , Koolaard John P , Booth Christine L , Donaldson Helen E , Scott Margaret F , Moughan Paul J
Published: October 2002

The effect of time that digesta were collected on the quantity and representativeness of ileal digesta and on the determination of apparent and true ileal nitrogen (N) digestibility for growing rats was investigated. Semi‐synthetic diets containing chromic oxide as an indigestible marker were given to 200 g live weight rats for 8 days as a single daily meal. The experimental treatments comprised six diets (lactalbumin, soy protein isolate, wheat gluten, fish, protein‐free (PF), enzymically hydrolysed casein (EHC)) and four ileal digesta sampling times (3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the start of feeding). On the eighth day the rats were fed and slaughtered according to treatment, and digesta were sampled from the terminal ileum. Endogenous ileal nitrogen excretion was determined using both the protein‐free and peptide alimentation methods. There was a significant (P  = 0.027) effect of experimental diet averaged across sampling times for chromium recovery (CrRec). The CrRec was higher for the rats fed the PF diet than for the other diets. Responses to sampling time varied significantly (P < 0.05) among diets for ileal digesta weight (IDW), nitrogen/chromium (N/Cr) ratio, ileal digesta weight relative to dry matter intake (IDW/DMI), CrRec, N flow, apparent N digestibility and true N digestibility (determined using the protein‐free method). The optimal digesta sampling times for each of the diets were 3 h for PF, EHC, lactalbumin and fish and 4 h for soy protein isolate and wheat gluten. Consequently, 3 or 4 h after the start of feeding is recommended as the optimum ileal digesta sampling time for most purified protein sources when fed to the growing rat as a single daily meal.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A new procedure for extraction and measurement of soluble sugars in ligneous plants
Authors: Gomez Laurent , Rubio Emilie , Augé Magali
Published: October 2002

An original modification of an analytical procedure has been developed to obtain purified extracts for sugar measurement in different parts of ligneous plants by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Extraction was performed at 4 °C in the presence of water, methanol and chloroform. Only a representative part of the alcohol extract (methanol/water) was purified for analysis. An internal marker such as maltotriose, added during extraction, makes it possible to estimate possible sugar loss and to correct concentrations. Compared with a more standard method based on total soluble sugar extraction, this new method is more precise. The use of internal calibration standards shows good linear progression but does not guarantee good accuracy in the absence of a reference method or plant powder standard. It is a robust procedure which can tolerate experimental variations without affecting the results. The high recovery rate (90%) of maltotriose proves the quality of the procedure and makes it possible to correct sugar concentrations to acceptable limits.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Discrimination and classification of adulterants in maple syrup with the use of infrared spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Paradkar M M , Sivakesava S , Irudayaraj J
Published: October 2002

Food adulteration is a profit‐making business for some unscrupulous manufacturers. Maple syrup is a soft target for adulterators owing to its simplicity of chemical composition. The use of infrared spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and near‐infrared (NIR) as a tool to detect adulterants such as cane and beet invert syrups as well as cane and beet sugar solutions in maple syrup was investigated. The FTIR spectra of adulterated samples were characterised and the regions of 800–1200 cm−1 (carbohydrates) and 1200–1800 and 2800–3200 cm−1 (carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and amino acids) were used for detection. The NIR spectral region between 1100 and 1660 nm was used for analysis. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for discriminant analysis, while partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) were used for quantitative analysis. FTIR was more accurate in predicting adulteration using the two different regions (R2 > 0.93 and 0.98) compared with NIR (R2 > 0.93). Classification and quantification of adulterants in maple syrup show that both NIR and FTIR can be used for detecting adulterants such as pure beet and cane sugar solutions, but FTIR was superior to NIR in detecting invert syrups.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of storage on non‐enzymatic browning of liquid infant milk formulae
Authors: Guerra‐Hernandez Eduardo , Leon Gomez Carmen , Garcia‐Villanova Belen , Corzo Sanchez Nieves , Romera Gomez Juan Manuel
Published: October 2002

Furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furosine, lactulose, ascorbic acid and absorbance at 284 and 420 nm (A284 and A420) were all determined in two types of liquid infant formula prepared with different processing protocols. These browning indicators were used to assess the effects of storage and modified atmosphere on the shelf‐life of infant formulae. The study was carried out at 20 and 55 °C for 15, 30 and 90 days. At 20 °C, slight browning was observed and could be evaluated by furosine, furfural and total HMF indicators. At 55 °C, formula type A (pasteurised, spray‐dried and reconstituted) showed more browning in nitrogen storage conditions than did type B. Furfural, HMF, lactulose, A284 and A420 are useful indicators to control the extent of browning reactions in adverse storage conditions.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Lipids and antioxidants in groats and hulls of Swedish oats (Avena sativa L)
Authors: Bryngelsson Susanne , Mannerstedt‐Fogelfors Birgitta , Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Andersson Roger , Dimberg Lena H
Published: October 2002

Concentrations and compositions of total lipids (TL), fatty acids, tocopherols and tocotrienols, avenanthramides and free hydroxycinnamic acids were determined in groats and hulls from single samples of seven Swedish oat cultivars. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the radical 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl as substrate. Results were evaluated by principal component analysis. Consistent differences in value of the variables analysed in groats and hulls were found, groats having higher concentrations of all compounds analysed except free cinnamic acids. Concentrations of E‐vitamers (especially tocotrienols) were high in both groat and hull samples with high TL. Avenanthramides were high in hull samples with high TL, but this was not found in groats. Free cinnamic acids did not follow TL in either groats or hulls. TAC was generally higher in groats than in hulls. The within‐group variation in TAC was less pronounced than that in chemical composition, especially in groats. The results did not suggest any strong relationship between TAC and individual antioxidants.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic rheology of wheat flour dough. I. Non‐linear viscoelastic behaviour
Authors: Khatkar Bhupendar S , Schofield J David
Published: October 2002

Controlled stress rheometry was used to investigate the effects of starch and gluten fractions on the non‐linearity of wheat flour dough. Flour–water dough showed non‐linear viscoelastic behaviour over all stress values in a cyclic stress sweep. The amplitude‐dependent behaviour of the starch and amplitude‐independent nature of the gluten revealed that starch is responsible for the non‐linearity of the flour–water dough system. Adding starch to gluten caused a substantial narrowing of its linear viscoelastic range.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of applying sodium and sulphur fertilisers on the concentrations of elements in water leached from permanent pasture
Authors: Phillips Clive J C , Chiy Paul C
Published: October 2002

The element composition of water leached from a perennial ryegrass pasture to which isonitrogenous quantities of sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate fertilisers had been applied in an experiment lasting 2 years is described. The experimental design also allowed a comparison of the immediate effects of sodium nitrate in the grazing season in which the fertiliser was applied with the residual effects of applying it in the previous year. Applying sodium fertiliser in either 1992 or 1993, but not both years, increased the concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and cobalt and reduced those of phosphorus and molybdenum in leachate. The application of sulphur fertiliser reduced the concentrations of zinc, copper, iron and molybdenum in leachate. It also reduced the concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium, but only when sodium fertiliser was applied in 1992, and not when it was applied in 1993. It is concluded that sulphur fertiliser reduces the leaching of trace elements from the soil and that, in the long term, sodium fertiliser can amplify the effect of applying sulphur fertiliser. Sodium fertiliser in moderate quantities increased the leaching of the major divalent cations but reduced the phosphorus and molybdenum concentrations in leachate.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of oxygen exclusion during cooling of cooked turkey breast on the development of lipid oxidation in the stored product
Authors: Brunton Nigel P , Cronin Denis A , Monahan Frank J
Published: October 2002

In this study it was shown that cooling of freshly cooked turkey breast out of contact with air was highly effective in reducing the subsequent progress of lipid oxidation in the stored chilled (4 °C) product. Compared with cooling in contact with air, lipid oxidation in aerobically stored samples, as measured by muscle concentrations of hexanal and 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, was much lower for breast portions which were either cooled in a nitrogen atmosphere or subjected to hot vacuum packaging. Tissue hexanal concentrations of around 1.4 µg g−1 muscle, which have previously been shown to be associated with the initial stages of sensory detection of oxidised off‐flavours, were reached after 5 and 3 days of storage respectively in nitrogen‐cooled/air‐stored and vacuum‐packed/air‐stored samples compared to only 1 day in breast portions which were cooled and stored in air. Cooling and storing under nitrogen had the effect of almost completely inhibiting lipid oxidation in samples stored for 7 days. An acceptable flavour shelf‐life of approximately 7 days with respect to lipid oxidation was achieved when vacuum‐packed breast portions cooked to an internal temperature of 85 °C were packaged before the core temperature fell below about 60 °C.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Post mortem changes in porcine longissimus muscle incubated with 0.1 M calcium lactate
Authors: Chou Rong‐Ghi R
Published: October 2002

The effects of calcium lactate incubation at 5 °C on post mortem changes in porcine longissimus muscle were studied. Myofibrils were purified from control (CON) and calcium lactate‐incubated (CL) muscles. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 days post mortem. SDS‐PAGE results showed that the disappearance of titin, nebulin, tropomyosin and troponin‐T and the appearance of a ∼30 kDa component were more pronounced in CL samples than in CON samples. Western blots labelled with a monoclonal antibody to desmin also demonstrated that desmin degraded more quickly in CL samples. Our data suggested that calcium lactate incubation might accelerate the post mortem changes in porcine longissimus muscle via activation of calpains.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimal dietary concentrations of vitamin C and chromium for alleviating the effect of low ambient temperature on serum insulin, corticosterone, and some blood metabolites in laying hens
Authors: Şahin K. , Önderci M.
Published: October 2002

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin C (L‐ascorbic acid) and chromium (chromium picolinate, CrPic) on serum insulin, corticosterone, and some metabolites in laying hens (Hy‐Line) reared under a low ambient temperature (6.2°C). One hundred eighty laying hens (32 weeks old) were divided into six groups, with 30 hens per group. The experiment was designed in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using two levels of vitamin C (125 and 250 mg/kg of diet) and three levels of CrPic (200, 400, or 800 μg/kg of diet). The highest values for insulin, total protein, and albumin (P = 0.001) and the lowest values for corticosterone, glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol (P = 0.001) were obtained when 250 mg of vitamin C was included with either 400 or 800 μg Cr per kg of diet. Interaction between vitamin C and chromium was detected for only insulin (P = 0.03). Serum activities of SGOT and SGPT were not influenced by dietary vitamin C or chromium (P > 0.45); however, serum activity of AP increased (P = 0.001). Increasing both dietary vitamin C and chromium caused an increase in serum concentrations of Ca, P, and K (P = 0.001) but a decrease in serum concentrations of Na (P = 0.001). The results of the present study suggest that dietary supplements of vitamin C and chromium alter serum hormone and metabolite status of laying hens and that supplementing a combination of vitamin C (250 mg/kg of diet) and chromium (400 or 800 μg Cr/kg of diet) can positively influence the performance of laying hens reared under low ambient temperature. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:153–161, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative behavior and relative reactivities of some unsaturated compounds towards hexachloroiridate(IV) in perchloric acid medium
Authors: Sen Gupta Kalyan K. , Bhattacharjee Nandini
Published: October 2002

The kinetics of the oxidation of styrene, cinnamic acid, and some of their substituted derivatives by hexachloroiridate(IV) in dimethyl formamide–water mixtures and in the presence of perchloric acid have been investigated. The reactions appear to proceed via the formation of an unstable intermediate 1:1 complex between iridium(IV) and the substrate, followed by the decomposition of the complex in the rate‐determining step. Correlation with σ yielded ρ values of −4.0 and −3.5 which suggests the formation of a cationic intermediate in the rate‐determining step of the reaction. Subsequent cleavage of the carbon–carbon bond yielded the product aldehydes. Thermodynamic and activation parameters associated with the equilibrium and the rate‐determining steps were also evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 411–417, 2002
Synthesis and kinetics of oxidation of some dipeptides with anodically generated manganese(III) sulphate: Mechanistic study
Authors: Kumara M. N. , Gowda D. Channe , Rangappa K. S.
Published: October 2002

Dipeptides (DP) namely phenylalanyl–proline (Phe–Pro), isoleucyl–proline (Ile–Pro), and leucyl–proline (Leu–Pro) were synthesized by classical solution method and characterized. The kinetics of oxidation of these DP by Mn(III) have been studied in the presence of sulphate ions in acidic medium at 26°C. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically at λmax = 500 nm. A first‐order dependence of rate on both [Mn(III)]0 and [DP]0 was observed. The rate is independent of the concentration of reduction product, Mn(II), and hydrogen ions. The effects of varying dielectric constant of the medium and addition of anions such as sulphate, chloride, and perchlorate were studied. The activation parameters have been evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring plots. The oxidation products were isolated and characterized. A mechanism involving the reaction of DP with Mn(III) in the rate‐limiting step is suggested. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 438–444, 2002
Several types of oscillations in Belousov–Zhabotinskii reactions with amino acids as organic substrates
Authors: Li Hexing , Xu Yeping , Wang Minghui
Published: October 2002

Under batch‐reactor conditions, 7 amino acids were employed as organic substrates in Belousov–Zhabotinskii (BZ) oscillations. These amino acids displayed different types of oscillations. Aspartic acid exhibited the classical BZ oscillations owing to the formation of oxalacetic acid (an intermediate of Aspartic acid oxidation) which is easily brominated. Tyrosine exhibited the uncatalyzed BZ oscillations where the metal ion catalyst is not necessary. Cystine, alanine, glycine, and glutamic acid could give rise to sustained oscillations only in the presence of acetone as a coupled organic substrate to remove bromine via bromination, known as the mixed‐substrate BZ oscillations. Serine showed oscillations even in the absence of acetone though serine is not subjected to bromination. Obviously, this is a new kind of BZ type oscillations since no bromination occurred at all. The excess bromine is possibly removed through the reduction by serine and/or its intermediates. Addition of acetone induces the dual‐frequency oscillations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 405–410, 2002
CH bond dissociation enthalpies of fluorinated formates and estimation of their rate constants for the reactions with OH radicals: A DFT study
Authors: Urata Shingo , Uchimaru Tadafumi , Chandra Asit K. , Takada Akira , Sekiya Akira
Published: October 2002

Density functional theory was used to estimate the lifetime of fluorinated formates, which are primary products from the oxidation of hydrofluoroethers. First, the CH bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of 10 fluorinated formates, CnF2n + 1OC(O)H (n = 1–4) and CnHF2nOC(O)H (n = 1–3) have been calculated by using the density functional theory with (RO)B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p). Secondly, from these computed BDEs, the rate constants kOH of the hydrogen abstraction reaction between the fluorinated formates and OH radicals have been estimated using the formulation proposed by Heicklen (Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 13, 651, 1981). We modified the formulation proposed by Heicklen in order to relate BDEs to kOH for formates based on the results of the ab initio studies using standard transition state theory with the G2(MP2) level. Consequently, the kOH of all the formates considered here are estimated to be around 1.5–4.7 × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K. Their lifetimes concerning with the decomposition by OH radicals (τOH) in atmosphere have been evaluated as 0.4–4.5 years from the estimated kOH. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 524–530, 2002
Comparison of the bond strength of composite resin to Er:YAG laser irradiated human enamel pre‐treated with various methods In Vitro
Authors: Otsuki Masahito , Eguro Toru , Maeda Toru , Tanaka Hisayoshi
Published: October 2002

Background and Objective

We have reported that the application of ultrasonic scalers on the Er:YAG laser‐irradiated enamel surface achieved bond strengths of approximately 16 MPa. However, it is reported that a bond strength of 20 MPa is needed to prevent the maginal gaps, so the tensile bond strength (TBS) of composite resin to the Er:YAG laser‐irradiated enamel is still insufficient.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Various methods (phosphoric acid etching, air scaling, ultrasonic scaling, air powder polishing, combination with phosphoric acid etching, and prior mechanical removal methods) were tested as a technique to increase TBS of composite resins to the Er:YAG irradiated enamel.

Results

Both the methods of mechanical removal following Er:YAG laser irradiation and the phosphoric acid etching following irradiation and mechanical removal had significant effects on TBS. TBS in the group with acid etching following air powder polishing showed highest value, 22.0 MPa.

Conclusion

The application of phosphoric acid etching following mechanical removal of Er:YAG laser irradiation was effective to achieve high bond strength. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:351–359, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic low energy laser improves the mechanical strength of repairing medial collateral ligament
Authors: Fung Dicky T.C. , Ng Gabriel Y.F. , Leung Mason C.P. , Tay David K.C.
Published: October 2002

Background and Objectives

Low energy laser therapy has been shown to enhance collagen production but its effect on tissue strength is not well reported. We tested the effects of therapeutic laser on the strength of healing medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) in rats.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four rats received surgical transection to their right MCL and eight received sham operation. After surgery, 16 received a single dose of gallium aluminum arsenide laser to their transected MCL for 7.5 minutes (n = 8) or 15 minutes (n = 8) and eight served as control with placebo laser, while the sham group didn't receive any treatment. The MCLs were biomechanically tested at either 3 or 6 weeks post‐operation.

Results

The normalized ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and stiffness of laser and sham groups were larger than control (P < 0.001). The UTS of laser and sham groups were comparable. Laser and sham groups had improved in stiffness from 3 to 6 weeks (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

A single dose of low energy laser therapy improves the UTS and stiffness of repairing MCL at 3 and 6 weeks after injury. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:91–96, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Threshold photoionization in time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Braun Julian Erik , Neusser Hans Jürgen
Published: October 2002

I.
Introduction
17

 II.
Techniques and Methods
18

A. Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometer
18

   1. Linear TOF‐MS
18

   2. Reflectron
18

B. Resonance Enhanced Multi‐Photon Ionization (REMPI)
18

C. Threshold Ionization
20

   1. PIPECO
20

   2. Pulsed‐Field Threshold Ionization
20

   3. Mass‐Analyzed Threshold Ionization (MATI)
21

D. Threshold Ion Separation by Kinetic Energy Differences
21

   1. In a Reflecting Potential
22

   2. In a Double‐Stage Acceleration Setup
22

   3. In an Ion Trap
22

III.
Application of Threshold Ionization Techniques
24

A. Ion Spectroscopy
24

   1. Molecules
24

   2. Clusters
25

   3. Cluster Ion Dissociation Thresholds and Binding Energies
25

   4. Excited Electronic States of Molecular Cations
29

B. Intermediate‐State Dynamics
29

C. Rydberg State Dynamics
31

   1. Resolving the MATI Peak
31

   2. Field‐Induced Rydberg‐Core Coupling
32

D. State‐Selected Ion‐Molecule Reactions
32

IV.
Summary and Outlook
32

Acknowledgments
33

References
33

Multi‐photon excitation in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (TOF‐MS) is shown to lead to threshold ions with defined internal energy. A powerful technique for the production of threshold ions is based on the excitation of high long‐lived Rydberg states embedded in the ionization continuum. The Rydberg molecules are separated with suitable separation techniques from ions produced by a direct multi‐photon ionization process. Finally, the ionization of the Rydberg molecules in a delayed pulsed electric field leads to threshold ions. This work reviews several separation techniques, and reports on applications of threshold ionization for investigation of the structure, energetics, and dynamics of neutral molecules, molecular cations, and cluster cations. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 21:16–36, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10014
Altruism, agency, and the competitiveness of family firms
Authors: Schulze William S. , Lubatkin Michael H. , Dino Richard N.
Published: October 2002

The core belief among agency theorists is that when a firm is both owned and managed by family members, its governance structure is efficient. We argue that this belief over‐simplifies the complexity of exchanges that occur among the family firm's decision agents, and does not conform to reality. We develop an alternative agency view of family firm governance that accounts for agency problems that are understated in extant agency models. These problems are rooted in the firm's ownership structure, as well as the altruistic relationships that exist between the firm's decision agents. We conclude with four propositions that address the competitive implications of this alternative view. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of performance distress on aggressive competitive behavior: a reconciliation of conflicting views
Authors: Ferrier Walter J. , Fhionnlaoich Cormac Mac , Smith Ken G. , Grimm Curtis M.
Published: October 2002

Prior research on how ex ante performance impacts competitive behavior has led to conflicting conclusions. Prospect theory, for example, suggests that poor performance promotes aggressive behavior, whereas threat–rigidity theory predicts the opposite. We attempt to reconcile these conflicting views by incorporating a contingency perspective that empirically tests, specifically, how top management team heterogeneity and a favorable industry context moderate the relationship between poor performance and competitive aggressiveness. Our findings suggest that performance‐distressed firms managed by heterogeneous top management teams are less likely to compete aggressively. However, contrary to predictions, performance‐distressed firms competing in competition‐buffered industries are more likely to compete aggressively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of sway in Parkinson's disease using a new inclinometry‐based method
Authors: Viitasalo Maria K. , Kampman Ville , Sotaniemi Kyösti A. , Leppävuori Seppo , Myllylä Vilho V. , Korpelainen Juha T.
Published: October 2002

In order to analyze balance control, we developed a new inclinometry‐based method to provide direct information about body sway in the side‐to‐side and forward–backward directions. We tested the clinical utility of this method for analyzing balance in Parkinson's disease (PD), and studied the clinical correlates of the balance measures in PD. Postural sway was measured during quiet stance with eyes open and eyes closed in 28 PD patients and in 32 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects. Postural sway was modeled using side‐to‐side and forward–backward directional sway movements, sway velocity, and sway area. The amount of postural sway in the PD patients was greater than in the control subjects, the higher level being most marked in patients with severe or long‐duration PD. All the side‐to‐side directional sway parameters were abnormal in the PD patients compared with the control subjects (P < 0.05), whereas the forward–backward directional parameters did not differentiate the two groups. The most sensitive measures of sway were path length, velocity, and area. The duration and severity of PD seem to be particularly associated with the amount of side‐to‐side directional postural sway. This new inclinometric method appears to be useful in quantifying postural sway and evaluating balance impairment in PD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Myoclonic dystonia as unique presentation of isolated vitamin E deficiency in a young patient
Authors: Angelini Lucia , Erba Anna , Mariotti Caterina , Gellera Cinzia , Ciano Claudia , Nardocci Nardo
Published: October 2002

We describe a young patient affected by vitamin E deficiency with mutation in the tocopherol tranfer protein alleles and the unique presentation as myoclonic dystonia, which was practically the only symptom for 6 years before ataxia became evident. Vitamin E supplementation markedly improved both symptoms. This unusual clinical phenotype must be considered, because isolated vitamin E deficiency is eminently treatable. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Effect of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin on quality of life in patients with stiff‐person syndrome
Authors: Gerschlager Willibald , Brown Peter
Published: October 2002

The therapeutic effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on the stiff‐person syndrome (SPS) have been described exclusively in case reports or open‐label studies in terms of clinical outcomes. We investigate whether IVIG improves quality of life (QoL) in the SPS. Six patients with the classic form of SPS completed a generic QoL instrument, the SF‐36, and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before treatment as well as 2 weeks after completion of a course of IVIG. There was significant improvement in the SF‐36 subscores for pain, social functioning, general mental health, and energy–vitality with treatment. The VAS also improved significantly. We conclude that treatment with IVIG improves QoL in the SPS. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Beyond the iron mask: Towards better recognition and treatment of depression associated with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Burn David J.
Published: October 2002

This review examines the frequency of depression complicating Parkinson's disease (PD), its aetiology and clinical features, and also how it may be recognised and treated. Studies investigating the frequency of depression in PD have yielded figures ranging between 2.7% and 70%. Methodological differences account for much of the disparity. The aetiology of depression in PD is complex, and probably relates to both biological and exogenous factors. Dysfunction of multiple neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonergic system, may be involved. Mood disturbances resulting from deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may provide a fruitful area for future research, and assist our understanding of the neural networks involved in mediating depression. Several recent studies have confirmed that depression in the PD patient is a major determinant of quality of life and that this is closely related to dysfunction in other clinically important health areas. The validity for many existing scales in the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of depression in the PD patient has not been established. The Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression appear to have good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when compared with DSM‐IV criteria. Recommendations for the optimal drug treatment of depression in PD are difficult to give, due to an inexplicable dearth of sizeable, placebo‐controlled studies. A majority of physicians would probably now opt for a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the depressed PD patient. There is no good evidence that these drugs are associated with a worsening of motor features, but they should probably not be coprescribed with selegiline, because of the risk of causing a potentially serious serotonin syndrome. Several studies have suggested that depression in the PD patient is associated with a more rapid deterioration in cognitive and motor functions, perhaps as a surrogate marker for more extensive brainstem cell loss. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Monosymptomatic resting tremor and Parkinson's disease: A multitracer positron emission tomographic study
Authors: Ghaemi Mehran , Raethjen Jan , Hilker Rüdiger , Rudolf Jobst , Sobesky Jan , Deuschl Günther , Heiss Wolf‐Dieter
Published: October 2002

We sought to elucidate the relationship between monosymptomatic resting tremor (mRT) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We studied eight mRT patients (mean Hoehn and Yahr [H&Y], 1.1 ± 0.4), eight patients with PD (mean H&Y, 1.5 ± 0.8), who showed all three classic parkinsonian symptoms, and seven age‐matched healthy subjects. Subjects underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multitracer positron emission tomography (PET) with 6‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐dopa (F‐dopa), [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), and [11C]raclopride (RACLO). PD and mRT patients did not show significant differences in F‐dopa‐, RACLO‐, or FDG‐PET scans. In F‐dopa‐ and RACLO‐PET, significant differences between the pooled patient data and control subjects were found for the following regions: anterior and posterior putamen ipsilateral and contralateral to the more affected body side, and ipsilateral and contralateral putaminal gradients of the Ki values. Furthermore, we found a difference for the normalized glucose values of the whole cerebellum between the control group (0.94 ± 0.06) and PD patients (1.01 ± 0.04; P < 0.05) but not for the mRT group (0.97 ± 0.03). Our findings indicate that monosymptomatic resting tremor represents a phenotype of Parkinson's disease, with a nearly identical striatal dopaminergic deficit and postsynaptic D2‐receptor upregulation in both patient groups. We suggest that the cerebellar metabolic hyperactivity in PD is closer related to akinesia and rigidity rather than to tremor. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Impact of cervical dystonia on quality of life
Authors: Camfield Laura , Ben‐Shlomo Yoav , Warner Thomas T. ,   The Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group
Published: October 2002

We studied the effect of cervical dystonia on quality of life in a cohort of 289 patients by using a generic health status measurement scale (SF36). Cervical dystonia had a significant negative impact on quality of life compared with age‐matched general population data. This negative impact was comparable to that seen in multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Long‐Term follow‐up of globus pallidus chronic stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Durif Franck , Lemaire Jean‐Jacques , Debilly Bérengère , Dordain Gérard
Published: October 2002

To assess the long‐term follow‐up of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) stimulation, six patients were evaluated every year by using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Three years postoperatively, GPi stimulation led to a significant improvement of dyskinesia severity (50%, P = 0.05) and activities of daily living (subscore of quality of life scale, 9%, P = 0.05). However, the improvement induced by chronic pallidal stimulation on the mean daily duration in the off state was lost at the last assessment. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Acupuncture therapy for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shulman Lisa M. , Wen X. , Weiner William J. , Bateman Dinorah , Minagar Alireza , Duncan Robert , Konefal Janet
Published: October 2002

Interest in alternative medical treatments, including acupuncture, is increasing. Alternative treatments must be subjected to the same objective standards as all medical treatments. A non‐blinded pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of acupuncture (ACUPX) for the symptoms of (PD) was performed. Twenty PD patients (mean age, 68 years; disease duration, 8.5 years; Hoehn and Yahr [H&Y] stage, 2.2; Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score [UPDRS], 38.7) each received acupuncture treatments by a licensed acupuncturist. All patients were treated with two acupuncture treatment sessions per week. The first seven patients received 10 treatments and the last 13 patients 16 treatments. Patients were evaluated before and after ACUPX with the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP); UPDRS; H&Y; Schwab and England (S&E); Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); quantitative motor tests, including timed evaluations of arm pronation supination movements, finger dexterity, finger movements between two fixed measured points, and the stand‐walk‐sit test; and a patient questionnaire designed for the study. Following ACUPX, there were no significant changes in the UPDRS, H&Y, S&E, BAI, BDI, quantitative motor tests, total SIP or the two SIP Dimension scores. Analysis of the 12 SIP categories not corrected for multiple comparisons revealed a post‐ACUPX improvement in the sleep and rest category only (P = 0.03). On the patient questionnaire, 85% of patients reported subjective improvement of individual symptoms including tremor, walking, handwriting, slowness, pain, sleep, depression, and anxiety. There were no adverse effects. ACUPX therapy is safe and well tolerated in PD patients. A range of PD and behavioral scales failed to show improvement following ACUPX other than sleep benefit, although patients reported other discrete symptomatic improvements. A broad battery of tests in PD patients suggested that ACUPX resulted in improvement of sleep and rest only. This finding needs to be verified using more in‐depth and controlled evaluation of ACUPX for PD‐related sleep disturbance. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Further evidence for an association of the Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Met‐54 allele with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Carmine Andrea , Buervenich Silvia , Sydow Olof , Anvret Maria , Olson Lars
Published: October 2002

Paraoxonase1 (PON1) is an arylesterase mainly expressed in the liver that hydrolyzes organophosphates such as pesticides, reported risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), and other neurotoxins. A Leu‐Met 54 polymorphism in the gene for PON1‐affecting enzyme activity was recently shown, employing a new restriction enzyme technique, to be associated with Parkinson's disease. We examined the same polymorphism by automated capillary sequencing in a sample of Caucasian subjects from the Stockholm area in Sweden (127 healthy individuals and 114 patients with PD) and found similar distributions and a similar difference in our sample. The genotype distribution in our PD material was LL 36.0%, LM 45.6%, and MM 18.4%; in our control material, it was LL 45.7%, LM 44.1%, and MM 10.2%. Based on the previously established increase in allele frequencies of the lower‐activity Met‐variant of PON1, we could confirm a significant association using a one‐sided χ2 test. Results remained significant with a two‐sided χ2 test, allowing for both increases and decreases in frequencies. Our data confirm an association between the PON1 Leu‐Met 54 polymorphism and PD by demonstrating a similar association. The distribution between familial and nonfamilial PD patients was equal. No other synonymous or nonsynonymous polymorphisms were found in the sequenced coding region of PON1. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Adult‐onset tic disorders
Authors: Eapen Valsamma , Lees Andrew J. , Lakke J.P.W.F. , Trimble Michael R. , Robertson Mary M.
Published: October 2002

We report on 8 patients with adult‐onset motor tics and vocalisations. Three had compulsive tendencies in childhood and 3 had a family history of tics or obsessive–compulsive behaviour. In comparison with DSM‐classified, younger‐onset Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, adult‐onset tic disorders are more often associated with severe symptoms, greater social morbidity, a potential trigger event, increased sensitivity, and poorer response to neuroleptic medication. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) inhibitors as new promising drugs for diabetes, neurodegeneration, cancer, and inflammation
Authors: Martinez Ana , Castro Ana , Dorronsoro Isabel , Alonso Mercedes
Published: October 2002

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) was initially described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism, but is now known to regulate a diverse array of cell functions. Two forms of the enzyme, GSK‐3α and GSK‐3β, have been previously identified. Small molecules inhibitors of GSK‐3 may, therefore, have several therapeutic uses, including the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes type II, bipolar disorders, stroke, cancer, and chronic inflammatory disease. As there is lot of recent literature dealing with the involvement of GSK‐3 in the molecular pathways of different diseases, this review is mainly focused on the new GSK‐3 inhibitors discovered or specifically developed for this enzyme, their chemical structure, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships, with the aim to provide some clues for the future optimization of these promising drugs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 4, 373–384, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10011
Microsurgical reconstruction of lower limb bone defects following tumor resection using vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap
Authors: El‐Gammal Tarek Abdalla , El‐Sayed Amr , Kotb Mohammed M.
Published: October 2002

This study included 25 patients with lower limb tumors who had wide local resection and reconstruction by vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap, and who had their surgery performed at least 24 months before the end of the study. The average age at operation was 23.5 years. Twenty‐three tumors were malignant;16 were staged as high‐grade sarcomas (stage IIA, stage IIB, and Ewing's sarcoma). Tumor volume averaged 293.2 cc (range, 41.4–860). The resulting defect after tumor resection averaged 16 cm (range, 9–20 cm). The fibula was inserted as a single strut in 21 patients, and as a double‐barrel construct in 4 patients. Fixation was augmented by interlocking nail in 11 cases, bridge plate in 9 cases, and external fixator in 5 cases. Twenty‐four (96%) flaps survived. All grafts united in an average period of 4.5 months (range, 3–8 months) after transfer. Two secondary procedures were necessary to achieve graft union. Full weight bearing was possible after an average period of 7.5 months (range, 5–14 months). Significant hypertrophy (≥30% of original fibular diameter) occurred in 85% of patients after an average period of 10 months from the index operation. In the latest follow‐up radiographs (mean, 32 months), the degree of hypertrophy averaged 90% (range, 30–200%). Graft fracture occurred in three patients, and all healed conservatively. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society rating score (MTSRS) averaged 21.2 points at the end of the first postoperative year, and 23.6 at the end of the study. © 2002 Wiley Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:193–198 2002
High‐permittivity dielectric resonator antenna excited by a rectangular waveguide
Authors: Leung K. W. , Lo H. Y. , So K. K. , Luk K. M.
Published: October 2002

A low‐profile equilateral‐triangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) of very high permittivity (εr = 82) is excited with the use of a rectangular waveguide. It is found that the present configuration has a very wide impedance bandwidth of 11.4%, which is 3.8 times of that of the previous aperture‐coupled DRA. The return loss, radiation patterns, and antenna gain of the new configuration are investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 157–158, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10401
Frequency‐adjustable circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna
Authors: Huang Chih‐Yu , Kuo Jieh‐Sen
Published: October 2002

Design of a microstrip‐line‐feed slot‐coupled cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for circular polarization (CP) is investigated experimentally. The occurrence of the two orthogonal near‐degenerate resonant modes is mainly excited by a perturbed annular slot that is, a C‐shaped slot. The CP resonant frequency can be adjusted by using different slot sizes. Experimental results of the proposed C‐slot coupled DRA are presented and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 211–213, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10419
Four new ursane‐type saponins from Morina nepalensis var. alba
Authors: Teng Rong Wei , Xie Hong Yan , Wang De Zu , Yang Chong Ren
Published: October 2002

Four new ursane‐type saponins, monepalosides C–F, together with a known saponin, mazusaponin II, were isolated from Morina nepalensis var. alba Hand.‐Mazz. Their structures were determined to be 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐&[alpha;‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosylpomolic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (monepaloside C, 1), 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐&[alpha;‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)]‐β‐D‐xylopyranosylpomolic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (monepaloside D, 2), 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐&[beta;‐D‐glucopyranosy‐(1 → 2)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosylpomolic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (monepaloside E, 3) and 3‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosylpomolic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (monepaloside F, 4) on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. 2D NMR techniques, including 1H–1H COSY, HMQC, 2D HMQC‐TOCSY, HMBC and ROESY, and selective excitation experiments, including SELTOCSY and SELNOESY, were utilized in the structure elucidation and complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations between meCP2 mutations, x‐chromosome inactivation, and phenotype
Authors: Hoffbuhr K. C. , Moses L. M. , Jerdonek M. A. , Naidu S. , Hoffman E. P.
Published: October 2002

Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder of early postnatal brain growth in girls. Patients show a normal neonatal period with subsequent developmental regression and a loss of acquired skills (communication and motor skills), deceleration of head growth, and development of typical hand stereotypies. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the X‐linked methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene (MeCP2) cause most typical cases of Rett syndrome. The MeCP2 gene encodes a protein that binds methylated cytosine residues of CpG dinucleotides and mediates, with histone deacetylases and transcriptional repressors, the transcription “silencing” of other genes. Girls with Rett syndrome exhibit mosaic expression for the MeCP2 defect at the cellular level, with most patients showing random X‐inactivation and approximately equal numbers of cells expressing the normal MeCP2 gene and the mutated MeCP2 gene. In rare cases, females with a MeCP2 mutation escape phenotypic expression of the disorder because of nonrandom X‐inactivation and the preferential inactivation of the mutated MeCP2 allele. Nonrandom patterns of X‐inactivation may also contribute to the clinical variability often seen in girls with Rett syndrome. The spectrum of clinical phenotype caused by MeCP2 mutations is wide, including milder “preserved speech” variants, the severe congenital Rett variant, and a subset of X‐linked recessive mental retardation in boys. Studies have shown that atypical and classical Rett syndrome can caused by the same MeCP2 mutations, indicating clinical phenotype is variable even among girls with the same MeCP2 mutation. The relationship between type of MeCP2 mutation, X‐inactivation status, and clinical phenotype of Rett syndrome is complex and likely involves other environmental and polygenic modifiers. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:99–105. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.