bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The State of the Practice: Characterizing and Remediating Contaminated Groundwater at Fractured Rock Sites
Authors: Steimle Rich
Published: August 2002

Characterizing and remediating contaminated groundwater in fractured rock are often the most difficult
challenges facing environmental professionals. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other
U.S. federal agencies, and the Ontario Ministry of Environment recently supported a workshop, held an
international conference, and developed a Web site to promote the understanding of the state of the practice.
Field practitioners and researchers were surveyed and questioned concerning their experiences. This article
summarizes the results of these efforts and provides an overview of the use of characterization methods and
remediation technologies at fractured rock sites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrogen Release Compound: A Cost‐Effective Alternative to PCE Remediation at Dry Cleaning Facilities
Authors: Vigue Bryan W. , Pasrich Gunisha , Koenigsberg Stephen S.
Published: August 2002

Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene or PCE, is one of the most difficult to treat chlorinated
solvents when present in groundwater. Unfortunately, this elusive and recalcitrant compound is also the most
commonly used dry cleaning solvent. As a result, releases of PCE at dry cleaning sites are somewhat common.
Regenesis Bioremediation Products, of San Clemente, California, has developed Hydrogen Release Compound
(HRC), which has been successfully used to promote bioremediation of PCE in groundwater. This product is
directly injected into contaminated groundwater to speed up the natural attenuation of PCE through an anaerobic,
natural process known as reductive dechlorination. A key benefit of HRC is its ability to slowly release hydrogen
over extended periods of time. Reductive dechlorination relies on a steady source and readily available supply of
electron donors as part of the degradation process. Hydrogen is one of the best electron donors available, and
thus, the application of HRC significantly enhances the rate of PCE degradation. For dry cleaners, this technology
can substantially reduce major design, capital, and operating costs, allowing the implementation of a
low‐impact application and remediation solution. This article discusses the use of the HRC to remediate PCE
contamination and presents the results of two specific HRC‐treated dry cleaner sites. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Terrain prediction for an eight‐legged robot
Authors: Urwin‐Wright Stephen , Sanders David , Chen Sheng
Published: August 2002

Most legged robots must negotiate unknown environments with little or no terrain knowledge, as autonomous
terrain mapping for robots is limited. A predictive terrain contour mapping strategy is proposed, which employs
the use of a feed‐forward neural network to predict the contours in environments, based on the positions of
the neighboring legs. The predicted performance is better than previous implementations. © 2002 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Comparison of various methods for combining propagation effects and predicting loss in low‐availability systems in the 20–50 GHz frequency range
Authors: Castanet L. , Lemorton J. , Konefal T. , Shukla A. K. , Watson P. A. , Wrench C. L.
Published: August 2002

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the interest of using ‘combined’ prediction models of attenuation (combinations of single propagation effects) for new Ka, V or EHF SatCom systems. These models allow to calculate the attenuation due to gases, clouds, rain and the melting layer. To reach this objective, results of recent propagation campaigns carrying out radioelectrical links in the 20–50 GHz frequency range are used as references. Results from three different propagation experiments are considered in this paper: OLYMPUS results obtained from the DBOPEX database, ITALSAT results obtained by Rutherford Appleton Labs at Chilton (UK) and CELESTE results obtained by ONERA in South of France. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transformative communication as a cultural tool for guiding inquiry science
Authors: Polman Joseph L. , Pea Roy D.
Published: August 2002

Inquiry‐based science instruction offers great promise as a means of actively engaging students in authentic scientific problem solving, including consideration of research design issues. At the same time, inquiry introduces some difficulties. In particular, familiar “cultural tools” for classroom discourse, such as Initiation‐Reply‐Evaluation sequences, are no longer appropriate because they are premised on known answers and teacher‐driven activity. To help support productive open‐ended science inquiry, coaching strategies that allow for strong student voice and teacher influence are necessary. We describe the sociocultural theory motivating one such strategy, transformative communication, as well as a specific dialogue sequence that can be used as a cultural tool for accomplishing such interaction. We then illustrate the utility of the dialogue sequence in four key episodes within an inquiry‐based high school Earth Science class. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:223–238, 2001.
The response of teachers to new subject areas in a national science curriculum: The case of the earth science component
Authors: King Chris
Published: August 2002

The National Curriculum for Science (NCS) introduced to schools in England and Wales in 1989 contained an earth science component that was new to many secondary science teachers. Ten years after this introduction, a survey was undertaken to test teacher perception of the effectiveness of their teaching in this subject area that was new to them, and to identify factors that might affect this effectiveness. The information gained has been used in reviewing possible curriculum changes and in developing professional development strategies that would improve the effectiveness of NCS earth science teaching. The data collected from science teachers who are currently teaching this earth science component revealed that their background knowledge of earth science from their own education was generally poor, even though most of them considered their knowledge to be “moderate.” The teachers indicated that the achievement of their pupils in earth science is “moderate,” while reports on national testing show it is poor. They reported that their main sources of earth science knowledge and understanding were science textbooks written for 11‐ to 16‐year‐old pupils (with their small earth science content of variable quality) and science colleagues (who often have poor earth science backgrounds too). Most teachers indicated that they needed more support in this area. Overall, the data indicated that while teachers consider their teaching in this area to be “moderate,” other evidence suggests it is poor. If this situation is not to continue it should be addressed. In the longer term the emphasis on the earth science content of the National Science Curriculum could be changed (either enhanced or reduced) within larger scale curriculum changes. Until such curriculum change takes place, effective methods of professional development should be instituted so that teachers have a much improved basis on which to build their earth science teaching. Similar measures would be necessary in other countries and situations in which new curriculum material is introduced through a National Curriculum. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:636–664, 2001.
Development and application of a distance learning system by using virtual reality technology
Authors: Shirato Kimihiro , Sasaki Hitoshi , Takeya Makoto
Published: August 2002

There is a great demand for distance learning in various fields, such as provision of learning opportunities and learning information to infirm children and pupils, introduction of diversified subjects by collaboration among schools, support of credit acquisition, and applications to continuing education. Various distance learning systems have been proposed and put into practice. But, in addition, various problems in the present distance learning systems have been pointed out, involving both installations and operations. This paper proposes the virtual school as a possible new form of distance learning, in which virtual reality technology is used. Based on a prototype virtual school that was developed, the feasibility of the virtual school is investigated. An experimental class using the prototype system is also reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(4): 61–68, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1120
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: IV ISO 14606:2000—Surface chemical analysis—Sputter depth profiling—Optimization using layered systems as reference materials
Authors: Kajiwara K.
Published: August 2002

This International Standard gives guidance on the optimization of sputter depth profiling parameters using appropriate single‐layered and multilayered reference materials in order to achieve optimum depth resolution as a function of instrument settings in Auger electron spectroscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. This International Standard is not intended to cover the use of special multilayered systems such as delta‐doped layers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization/secondary neutral mass spectrometry and cesium attachment secondary ion mass spectrometry of bronze: a comparison
Authors: McCann M. P. , Calaway W. F. , Pellin M. J. , Veryovkin I. V. , Constantinides I. , Adriaens A. , Adams F.
Published: August 2002

Archaeologists have considerable interests in ancient bronzes. They want to know how these alloys were produced and how they corroded with time. Modern bronzes, with compositions very close to that of some ancient bronzes, have been produced and two methods were examined to characterize one of these modern bronzes. Analysis of this modern bronze using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization/secondary neutral mass spectrometry (REMPI/SNMS) is examined in detail and compared to cesium attachment secondary ion mass spectrometry (CsAMS) results. Both REMPI/SNMS and CsAMS were used to quantify the composition of Fe, Ni and Mn in a modern quaternary bronze designed to serve as a certified reference material for an ancient bronze. Both methods exhibit reduced matrix effects when compared to secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and thus quantification should be simplified. It was found that when relative sensitivity factors obtained from a standard bronze material are used to calibrate the instruments, the REMPI/SNMS measurements yield results that were more sensitive and more accurate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact group‐sequential designs for clinical trials with randomized play‐the‐winner allocation
Authors: Stallard Nigel , Rosenberger William F.
Published: August 2002

The use of both sequential designs and adaptive treatment allocation are effective in reducing the number of patients receiving an inferior treatment in a clinical trial. In large samples, when the asymptotic normality of test statistics can be utilized, a standard sequential design can be combined with adaptive allocation. In small samples the planned error rate constraints may not be satisfied if normality is assumed. We address this problem by constructing sequential stopping rules with specified properties by consideration of the exact distribution of test statistics under a particular adaptive allocation scheme, the randomized play‐the‐winner rule. Using this approach, compared to traditional equal allocation trials, trials with adaptive allocation are shown to require a larger total sample size to achieve a given power. More interestingly, the expected number patients allocated to the inferior treatment may also be larger for the adaptive allocation designs depending on the true success rates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of hypothalamically‐elicited emotional behaviours on the circulating plasma volume, plasma levels of catecholamines, ACTH and cortisol
Authors: Mohamed Souher , Kojima Kyoji , Fujimaru Yasuaki , Mori Yoshinobu , Kaname Hitoshi , Sumida Yasuhisa , Kinukawa Naoko , Tashiro Nobutada
Published: August 2002

Influence of hypothalamically‐induced emotional behaviours on the plasma volume, plasma levels of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), ACTH and cortisol were examined in cats. The emotional behaviours consisting of restlessness, threat and searching–biting (S‐B) were elicited intermittently for 6 h by electrical stimulation of the anterior, ventromedial, and lateral hypothalamus, respectively in awake and free‐moving conditions. The blood was sampled three times immediately before, 1 h after and 6 h after the start of stimulation. The E level increased in both restlessness and threat after 1 h, then the levels tended to decrease after 6 h, whereas the NE level increased in both restlessness and threat after 1 h and furthermore increased after 6 h. The plasma ACTH once increased after 1 h in all behaviours thereafter, the level tended to decrease after 6 h. The plasma cortisol level increased in both restlessness and threat behaviours both after 1 and 6 h. The plasma volume in S‐B behaviour increased after 6 h, while in restlessness and threat behaviours it decreased markedly and tended to decrease more in threat than in restlessness after 1 h. These results indicate that the hypothalamically‐induced threat and restlessness behaviours elicited marked activation of sympatho‐adrenomedullary and pituitary adrenocortical systems and hemoconcentration, whereas the S‐B behaviour hardly produced such stress responses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migrating legacy scientific applications towards CORBA‐based client–server architectures
Authors: Sang Janche , Follen Gregory , Kim Chan , Lopez Isaac , Townsend Scott
Published: August 2002

A distributed object is a reusable, self‐contained piece of software that cooperates with other objects on the same machine or across a network in a plug‐and‐play fashion via a well‐defined interface. The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) attempts to provide a collaborative aircraft engine design and simulation environment based on this concept. Many scientific applications in aerodynamics and solid mechanics are written in Fortran. Refitting this legacy Fortran code with distributed objects can increase code reusability. In this paper, we focus on the novel use of a remote variable scheme to help programmers migrate the Fortran code towards a client–server architecture. This scheme gives the client the capability of accessing variables at the server site and makes it easier for programmers to couple component engine code. Through the operator overloading features in C++, remote variables can be used in much the same way as traditional variables. The remote variable scheme adopts the lazy update approach and the prefetch method. Preliminary performance evaluation shows that communication overhead can be greatly reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The epistemological foundations of evolutionary systems designa
Authors: Laszlo Alexander
Published: August 2002

This paper presents the genesis of Evolutionary Systems Design (ESD) as a praxis that draws on General Evolution Theory and Social Systems Design methodology, in addition to Critical Systems Theory, to engage in lifelong learning and human development in partnership with Earth. The origins and foundation of ESD are portrayed as providing the basis for a framework that bridges evolutionary consciousness and evolutionary action. The roots of ESD are traced back to General Evolution Theory on the one hand and to the notions of evolutionary stewardship that grew out of the action—inquiry encounters fostered by the International Systems Institute on the other. It is described how these notions were given operational viability through the methodology of Social Systems Design. The fundamental tenets of ESD are presented and discussed by way of a four‐stage evolutionary learning framework. Finally, the vehicle of Evolutionary Learning Community through which ESD operates is shown to embody the potential for individuals and groups to think, live, and act in harmony with the dynamics of which they are a part as a means to guide the conscious creation of sustainability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Student Affairs and Asian American Studies: An Integrative Perspective
Authors: Alvarez Alvin N. , Liu William Ming
Published: August 2002

Collaborations between student affairs professionals and Asian American studies faculty may be mutually beneficial by contributing to holistic student development and creating supportive environments for Asian American students.
Why testing software under expected operational profiles is not sufficient
Authors: Voas Jeffrey
Published: August 2002

Knowing how reliable software is when it is operating under unusual circumstances poses a problem of uncertainty. JEFFREY VOAS sheds some light on the issue of dealing with data that has been corrupted before entering the software. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute methamphetamine administration upregulates NGFI‐B mRNA expression in the striatum: Co‐localization with C‐FOS immunoreactivity
Authors: Bäckman Cristina , Morales Marisela
Published: August 2002

In this study, the effects of acute methamphetamine administration on expression of the nuclear transcription factor NGFI‐B mRNA and its co‐localization with c‐Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum were evaluated in animals receiving a single dose of methamphetamine (4 mg/kg) given at 2 or 6 h prior to perfusion. All animals received a daily saline injection for 6 days prior to methamphetamine treatment. We have found that, similar to c‐fos activation, NGFI‐B mRNA levels were significantly increased 2 h after methamphetamine treatment and returned to basal levels 6 h later. Induction of NGFI‐B mRNA levels by methamphetamine was highest in central striatum as compared to the dorsomedial distribution pattern observed in control animals. After acute methamphetamine treatment, the distribution pattern of NGFI‐B mRNA upregulation was very similar to that of methamphetamine induced c‐Fos immunoreactivity. However, co‐localization studies with c‐Fos immunoreactivity showed that not all NGFI‐B‐positive cells contained c‐Fos after methamphetamine treatment. Forty‐five percent of all NGFI‐B mRNA expressing neurons contained c‐Fos immunoreactivity in the dorsomedial striatum as compared to 60% in central and 35% in ventrolateral striatum. This study provides a detailed description of the differential spatial and temporal modulation of NGFI‐B and c‐Fos expression in the striatum by acute methamphetamine treatment over time. Synapse 44:158–165, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release and uptake of catecholamines in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis measured in the mouse brain slice
Authors: Miles Petrise Runnels , Mundorf Michelle L. , Wightman R. Mark
Published: August 2002

The release and clearance of electrically evoked catecholamine (CA) in the ventral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTV) in mouse brain slices was evaluated with fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon‐fiber microelectrodes (CFME). Uptake in this region was observed to be markedly slower than in the caudate putamen (CPu). Clearance rates were reduced in the BSTV in both norepinephrine transporter knockout (NET KO) and dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice when compared to results in wild‐type (WT) mice. However, uptake was faster in the BSTV in both the DAT and NET KO mice than in the CPu of DAT KO mice. This indicates that both transporters play a role in CA clearance in the BSTV. The transporters restrict extracellular CA to the general area of the BSTV, as revealed by the diminished signal as the CFME is moved sequentially further and further from the site where CA release is evoked. However, in slices from the DAT KOs and NET KOs, CA release could be observed outside of the BSTV region during such experiments. These results show that the low rate uptake in the BSTV facilitates extrasynaptic diffusion of catecholamine, but that uptake still regulates and limits the range of the transmitter to the region. Slower clearance from the extracellular fluid allows the released CA to act as a volume transmitter and diffuse to distant sites within the region to exert its neurochemical action. Synapse 44:188–197, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent synaptic contacts on glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat cuneate nucleus
Authors: Lue June‐Horng , Chen Seu‐Hwa , Shieh Jeng‐Yung , Wen Chen‐Yuan
Published: August 2002

This study was aimed to clarify whether the primary afferent terminals (PATs), GABAergic terminals, and glutamatergic terminals made direct synaptic contacts with glycine‐IR neurons in the cuneate nucleus of rats. In this connection, injection of the anterograde tracer WGA‐HRP into brachial plexus, antiglycine preembedding immunoperoxidase, and anti‐GABA, along with antiglutamate postembedding immunogold labeling, were used to identify the PATs, glycine‐IR neurons, GABA‐IR terminals, and glutamate‐IR terminals, respectively. The present results showed that HRP‐labeled PATs, immunoperoxidase‐labeled glycine‐IR terminals, immunogold‐labeled GABA‐IR, and glutamate‐IR terminals made axodendritic synaptic contacts with immunoperoxidase‐labeled glycine‐IR neurons. The latter three presynaptic elements also formed axosomatic synapses with glycine‐IR neurons. Statistical analysis has shown that the minimum diameter of the glycine‐IR dendrites postsynaptic to the above‐mentioned four presynaptic elements did not differ significantly. In addition, the synaptic ratio of the glutamate‐IR terminals on the glycine‐IR dendrites was higher than that of GABA‐IR terminals. The synaptic ratio of the GABA‐IR terminals on glycine‐IR dendrite was in turn higher than that of the PATs and glycine‐IR terminals. It is suggested that the PATs and glutamate‐IR terminals on the glycine‐IR neurons may be involved in subsequent postsynaptic inhibition for spatial precision of lateral inhibition. On the other hand, the GABA‐IR and glycine‐IR terminals which make synaptic contacts with the dendrites of glycine‐IR neurons may provide a putative means for disinhibition or facilitation to maintain the baseline neuronal activity in the rat cuneate nucleus. The results of quantitative analysis suggest that glutamate act as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, while GABA, when compared with glycine, may serve as a more powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter on glycine‐IR neurons in the rat cuneate nucleus. Synapse 41:139–149, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gamma‐vinyl GABA (GVG) blocks expression of the conditioned place preference response to heroin in rats
Authors: Paul Mousumi , Dewey Stephen L. , Gardner Eliot L. , Brodie Jonathan D. , Ashby Charles R.
Published: August 2002

We examined the effect of gamma‐vinyl GABA (GVG) on the expression of the conditioned place preference response to intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered heroin in rats. Heroin, but not vehicle, produced a significant conditioned place preference response. Pretreatment of animals with 300 mg/kg of GVG significantly attenuated the expression of the heroin‐induced conditioned place preference response. These results are the first to suggest that systemic GVG may provide an effective alternative to methadone maintenance in the treatment of heroin addiction, since it is without abuse potential and can be used for treatment outside an institutional setting. Synapse 41:219–220, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terminal effects of ethanol on dopamine dynamics in rat nucleus accumbens: An in vitro voltammetric study
Authors: Budygin Evgeny A. , Phillips Paul E.M. , Wightman R. Mark , Jones Sara R.
Published: August 2002

To assess the direct effects of acute ethanol on dopamine (DA) terminals, evoked DA release and uptake were measured in rat nucleus accumbens slices using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry. Low and moderate concentrations of ethanol (20, 45 and 100 mM) did not alter evoked DA release, while high concentrations (150 and 200 mM) significantly decreased DA release (18 and 36%, respectively) in a calcium‐dependent manner. No significant difference was found between the rate of DA disappearance measured before and after the drug. These data indicate that uptake of DA through the dopamine transporter is unaffected by ethanol, even at high concentrations. Therefore, low to moderate concentrations of ethanol have no effect on DA dynamics at the level of the nerve terminal in the nucleus accumbens. This is consistent with the hypothesis that cell body regions of DA neurons are the primary target for the stimulating and reinforcing effects of ethanol. High concentrations of ethanol can locally depress DA release, and this may correlate with the sedative actions of the drug. Synapse 42:77–79, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear seismic response of reinforced‐concrete free‐standing towers with application to TV towers on flexible foundations
Authors: Halabian A. M. , El Naggar M. H. , Vickery B. J.
Published: August 2002

Reinforced‐concrete (R/C) free‐standing towers such as TV towers are often analysed using elastic analyses as fixed‐base cantilever beams, ignoring the effect of soil–structure interaction. To take the capacity of structures after yielding into account, most designers usually prefer to decrease the peak values of the elastic response spectrum for the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) anticipated at the site by a factor called the ductility capacity factor, which varies with the design earthquake level and the structural characteristics of the structure neglecting the effect of supporting soil. To investigate the effect of foundation flexibility on the response of R/C free‐standing towers deforming into their inelastic range during intense ground shaking, a linear sway‐rocking model is applied in numerical modelling of the soil–structure system. The effect of concrete cracking and reinforcement yielding on the elements used in the structure modelling is taken into account by introducing a nonlinear model for R/C frame elements using the moment–curvature (M–ϕ) relation. A method called pseudo‐dynamic analysis is presented to quantify the inelastic seismic response spectrum of a soil–R/C free‐standing system using response spectrum analysis method and push‐over analysis technique. The earthquake responses of cracked and uncracked systems for a practical TV tower and a practical range of soil shear wave velocity are calculated and compared with the objective of understanding how soil–structure interaction influences structural responses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and cellular morphology of R1 Rhabdomyosarcoma cell line irradiated in vitro by gamma‐rays with different dose rates
Authors: Przybyszewski Waldemar M. , Widel Maria , Palyvoda Olena
Published: August 2002

The study examines the relationship between lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and cell morphology after the exposure of R1 Rhabdomyosarcoma cells to two different dose‐rates of gamma rays. Exponential cultures of R1 cells were irradiated with single dose of 5 Gy at high dose rate (0.833 Gy/min) and low dose rate (0.0707 Gy/min). The concentration of two aldehydes, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), were determined. DNA damage induction and repair were measured by using the alkaline version of the comet assay. Cellular alteration was also estimated microscopically as was the frequency of cells with micronuclei and proportion of apoptosis and necrosis. These parameters were evaluated immediately (time 0) and after different times up to 48 h of incubation in 37°C, after irradiation. Results indicate that a low dose rate in comparison to high dose rate caused a significantly higher increase of aldehydes concentration observed at 12 h, followed by obviously higher DNA damage at 48 h and altered cellular morphology. The inverse dose‐rate effect estimated for the gamma rays Co‐60 source was found to be related to the measured biochemical and morphological parameters. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:93–102, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary risk assessment of the wet landscape option for reclamation of oil sands mine tailings: Bioassays with mature fine tailings pore water
Authors: Madill Robert E. A. , Orzechowski Monika T. , Chen Guosheng , Brownlee Brian G. , Bunce Nigel J.
Published: August 2002

Chemical and biological assays have been carried out on the “pore water” that results from the settling of the tailings that accompany bitumen recovery from the Athabasca oil sands. Examination of the nonacidic extracts of pore water by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy allowed the identification of numerous two‐ to three‐ring polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), to a total concentration of 2.6 μg/L of pore water. The PACs were biodegraded by microflora naturally present in the pore water. Acute toxicity was associated principally with the acidic fraction (naphthenic acids) of pore water extracts according to the Microtox assay; other work has shown that acute toxicity dissipates fairly rapidly. Both individual PACs and concentrated pore water extracts showed minimal levels of binding to the rat Ah receptor and induced minimal ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase activity in primary rat hepatocytes, showing an insignificant risk of inducing monooxygenase activity. Taken together with previous work showing negligible mutagenic activity of these extracts, we conclude that it should be possible to develop tailing slurries into biologically productive artificial lakes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 197–208, 2001
Angular dependence of L3 x‐ray emission following L3 sub‐shell photoionization in Pb
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Garg M. L. , Puri Sanjiv , Mehta D. , Singh Nirmal
Published: August 2002

The Ll, Lα and Lβ2,5,6,7,15 x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) differential cross‐sections in Pb were measured at the 13.6 keV incident photon energy (EL3 < Einc < EL2, ELi being the Li sub‐shell binding energy) and in the angular range 90–160°. At this incident photon energy, the L3 sub‐shell vacancies (J = 3/2) are produced only due to the direct ionization and the reduction in the observed anisotropy in the emission of the Ll, Lα and Lβ2,5,6,7,15 x‐rays due to the transfer of unaligned L1 and L2 sub‐shell vacancies (J = 1/2) to the L3 sub‐shell through Coster–Kronig transitions is eliminated. The measurements were performed using Rb secondary exciter in conjunction with the 241Am primary exciter as photon source and a Si(Li) detector. The differential cross‐sections for various x‐rays were found to be angle‐independent within experimental error. Integral cross‐sections for the Ll, Lα and Lβ2,5,6,7,15 x‐rays were also deduced and were found to be in agreement with those evaluated using the most reliable theoretical values of L3 sub‐shell photoionization cross‐section, fluorescence yield and x‐ray emission rates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmids with the Cre‐recombinase and the dominant nat marker, suitable for use in prototrophic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Steensma H. Y. , Linde J. J. M. Ter
Published: August 2002

Two plasmids are described which can be used to remove the ‘loxP‐markerMX‐loxP’ cassettes in strains lacking the ura3 mutation. Both contain the Cre‐recombinase under control of the GAL1 promoter and the natMX cassette with the dominant marker nat, which gives yeasts resistance to the antibiotic ClonNat. pNatCre contains ARSH and CEN6 for maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. pKlNatCre has a Kluyveromyces lactis replication origin and centromere in addition. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative regulation of transcription by the yeast global transcription factors, Gal11 and Sin4
Authors: Nishizawa Masafumi
Published: August 2002

Gal11 and Sin4 proteins are yeast global transcription factors that regulate transcription of a variety of genes, both positively and negatively. Gal11, in a major part, functions in the activation of transcription, whereas Sin4 has an opposite role, yet they are reported to be present as a complex in the so‐called RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. To reveal howthese auxiliary factors participate in switching transcription on and off, a complex formation between Gal11 and Sin4 and its effect on the negative regulation of transcription were studied. Using an artificial promoter that is negatively regulated by Gal11, it was shown that the presence of Sin4 or Pgd1/Hrs1/Med3 was required for Gal11 to repress both basal and activated transcription. Genetic and biochemical studies using a temperature‐sensitive Gal11 mutant showed that the amino acid region 866–910 essential for Gal11 function was also important for repression of transcription and a complex formation with Sin4. Analysis with dam methylase accessibility to the promoter region suggested that nucleosome structure may be involved in negative regulation. Based on these results, possible mechanisms by which a mediator subcomplex regulates transcription is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Manifestations of Carcinoid Disease
Authors: Bax N.D.S. , Woods H.F. , Batchelor A. , Jennings M.
Published: August 2002

Carcinoid tumors are relatively uncommon tumors and their presentation is varied. For these reasons, a high index of suspicion is necessary in order to consider the diagnosis. It is important to separate the “syndrome” from the primary tumor. It is obviously more effective to diagnose the tumor itself before the syndrome manifests itself, usually as a result of metastatic disease. Since the tumors are characteristically slow‐growing, the physician may be misled into thinking the patient has functional problems rather than a tumor. Some data and guidelines are given for focusing on the signs and symptoms of carcinoid disease.
Surgical Significance of Supernumerary Parathyroid Glands in Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Numano Masahiro , Tominaga Yoshihiro , Uchida Kazuharu , Orihara Akira , Tanaka Yuji , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

In secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) fundamentally all parathyroid glands, including supernumerary glands, become hyperplastic, and stimulation of parathyroid glands continues after parathyroidectomy (PTx). Therefore supernumerary glands have special significance during surgery for 2HPT, whether persistent or recurrent HPT. In the present study 570 patients underwent initial total PTx with a forearm autograft. The frequency, type, location, histopathology, and clinical significance of the supernumerary glands were evaluated. At the initial operation 90 supernumerary glands were removed from 82 of 570 patients (14.4%); 12 patients (2.1%) required extirpation of supernumerary glands for persistent/recurrent HPT. Altogether 104 supernumerary glands were identified at operation in 94 of the 570 patients (16.5%). Among these 104 glands, 25 (24.0%) were of the rudimentary, or split, type and 79 (76.0%) of the proper type. Supernumerary glands were most frequently identified in the thymic tongue (53/104, 51.0%); 32 (60.4%) of these 53 glands were identified only microscopically. In 6 of the 570 cases (1.1%), reoperation was required for persistent HPT due to supernumerary glands located in the mediastinum, and 6 patients underwent neck reexploration for recurrence. Histopathologically, 61 of 104 (58.7%) supernumerary glands, including 36 glands recognized only microscopically, showed diffuse hyperplasia, and 43 (41.3%) displayed nodular hyperplasia. Residual small supernumerary glands with diffuse hyperplasia have the potential to be transformed to nodular hyperplasia during long‐term hemodialysis. Therefore all parathyroid glands including supernumerary glands should, if possible, be removed at the initial operation. Routine removal of the thymic tongue and careful examination of the regions surrounding the lower poles of the thyroid, especially on the left side, are important steps in the surgical treatment.
Amebic Liver Abscess: Changing Trends over 20 Years RID="" ID="" This study was presented to the Turkish Surgical Congress in Izmir, Turkey.
Authors: Akgun Yılmaz , Tacyildiz Ibrahim H. , Çelik Yusuf
Published: August 2002

Amebiasis and amebic liver abscess (ALA)
continue to be a major fatal disease in developing countries where unhygienic environmental conditions prevail. Between January 1975 and December 1984 there were 60 patients and from January 1985 to December
1994 there were 44 patients with ALA who were diagnosed and treated. In the first group, all patients were operated on, and drainage was performed. The morbidity and mortality rates were 53.3% and 23.3%, respectively. Metronidazole was given to all patients in the second group, and in those who did not respond to the metronidazole percutaneous needle aspiration was applied. Surgical treatment was performed in seven patients because four did not respond to metronidazole therapy and percutaneous needle aspiration, and in three the abscess ruptured into the peritoneal cavity. The lesion disappeared ultrasonographically after 4 months in all patients. The morbidity and mortality rates were 4.5% and 2.2%, respectively. The result of this study suggests that uncomplicated ALA can be managed conservatively with metronidazole and needle aspiration of the abscess. Operative therapy should be performed for complications of the abscess and when conservative therapy fails.
In Vitro Biomechanical Properties of 2 Compression Fixation Methods for Midbody Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fractures in Horses
Authors: Woodie J. Brett , Ruggles Alan J. , Litsky Alan S.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate 2 methods of midbody proximal sesamoid bone repair—fixation by a screw placed in lag fashion and circumferential wire fixation—by comparing yield load and the adjacent soft‐tissue strain during monotonic loading.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Sample Population10 paired equine cadaver forelimbs from race‐trained horses.

Methods—A transverse midbody osteotomy of the medial proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) was created. The osteotomy was repaired with a 4.5‐mm cortex bone screw placed in lag fashion or a 1.25‐mm circumferential wire. The limbs were instrumented with differential variable reluctance transducers placed in the suspensory apparatus and distal sesamoidean ligaments. The limbs were tested in axial compression in a single cycle until failure.

Results—The cortex bone screw repairs had a mean yield load of 2,908.2 N; 1 limb did not fail when tested to 5,000 N. All circumferential wire repairs failed with a mean yield load of 3,406.3 N. There was no statistical difference in mean yield load between the 2 repair methods. The maximum strain generated in the soft tissues attached to the proximal sesamoid bones was not significantly different between repair groups.

Conclusions—All repaired limbs were able to withstand loads equal to those reportedly applied to the suspensory apparatus in vivo during walking.

Clinical Relevance—Each repair technique should have adequate yield strength for repair of midbody fractures of the PSB immediately after surgery.
Pullout Properties of 3.5‐mm AO/ASIF Self‐Tapping and Cortex Screws in a Uniform Synthetic Material and in Canine Bone
Authors: Murphy Todd P. , Hill C. M. , Kapatkin Amy S. , Radin Alex , Shofer Frances S. , Smith Gail K.
Published: August 2002

Objectives— To compare the pullout properties of 3.5‐mm AO/ASIF self‐tapping screws (STS) to corresponding standard cortex screws (CS) in a uniform synthetic test material and in canine femoral bone. The influence of screw‐insertion technique, test material, and test‐material thickness were also assessed.

Study Design— In vitro experimental study.

Sample Population— Two independent studies: a uniform synthetic test material and paired femurs from mature dogs.

Methods— Mechanical testing was performed in accordance with standards established by the American Society for Testing and Materials for determination of axial pullout strength of medical bone screws. Completely inserted STS, completely inserted CS, and incompletely inserted STS were tested in 3 groups of 10 test specimens each in 4.96‐mm and 6.8‐mm thick sheets of synthetic material. In the bone study, group 1 consisted of 24 completely inserted STS compared with 24 completely inserted CS, and group 2 consisted of 24 incompletely inserted STS versus 24 completely inserted CS. Comparisons were made between paired femurs at corresponding insertion sites. Pullout data were normalized, thereby eliminating the effect of test‐material thickness on pullout properties. Mean values were compared using 2‐way ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.

Results— In both the 4.96‐mm and 6.8‐mm synthetic material, pullout testing of the completely inserted STS demonstrated significantly greater yield strength and ultimate strength than completely inserted CS. There was no significant difference between incompletely inserted STS and completely inserted STS. The 6.8‐mm test material significantly increased yield strength and ultimate strength for all test groups compared with the 4.96‐mm test material. In canine bone, there was no significant difference in yield strength of completely inserted STS and completely inserted CS. Yield strength of completely inserted STS and completely inserted CS were significantly greater than incompletely inserted STS.

Conclusions— Pullout properties of completely inserted STS were significantly greater than corresponding CS in a uniform test material. In canine bone, the pullout strength of STS and CS were not different. Incomplete STS insertion resulted in an 18% reduction in holding power as compared with completely inserted CS and STS in canine bone.

Clinical Relevance— The length of STS used in canine bone should be such that the cutting flutes extend beyond the trans cortex to maximize pullout strength.
Effects of Epidural Anesthesia on Microcirculatory Blood Flow in Free Medial Saphenous Fasciocutaneous Flaps in Dogs
Authors: Lanz Otto I. , Broadstone Richard V. , Martin Robert A. , Degner Daniel A.
Published: August 2002

Objective— To assess the effects of epidural anesthesia using lidocaine on microcirculatory blood flow, volume, and velocity in free fasciocutaneous flaps in dogs.

Study Design— In vivo experimental investigation.

Animal Population— Ten adult dogs weighing 20 to 25 kg.

Methods— A medial saphenous fasciocutaneous free flap was removed and an orthotopic transfer was performed by anastomosing the primary flap vessels back to the medial saphenous vessels. Blood flow (mLLD/min/100 g), volume (%volume or tissue hematocrit) and velocity (mm/s) in the flap were recorded throughout the procedure. After epidural anesthesia, blood flow, volume, and velocity values were again recorded.

Results— Microcirculatory blood flow, volume, and velocity, as measured by a laser‐Doppler flowmeter, failed to reveal any significant changes over time. Immediately after epidural anesthesia, mean arterial pressure was significantly reduced and remained depressed throughout the experimental procedure.

Conclusions— Epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia does not improve microcirculatory flow in free flaps in the pelvic limbs of dogs. No significant change in blood flow to the medial saphenous fasciocutaneous free flap occurred after division and anastomosis of the vascular pedicle.

Clinical Relevance— We recommend that epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine be used with caution in dogs undergoing microvascular free‐flap transfer.
Thermal and Morphological Properties of Polyetherimide Modified Bismaleimide Resins
Authors: Hu Xiao , Zhang Jian , Yue Chee Yoon , Zhao Qusen
Published: August 2002

One type of polyetherimide (PEI) modifier was used as modifier of a bismaleimide (BMI) resin. The effects of the modifier content on the thermal properties and morphological structures of the modified BMI resin systems were investigated. As the modifier content increases the miscibility between the two phases increases and the morphological structure of the modified resin changes from a dispersed system to a particle co-continuous structure and to a phase inverted system at 20% PEI content. This increase in the miscibility and the change in the phase structure should result in the improvement of the adhesion properties of the PEI/BMI blend system.
Glass-fibre-reinforced Composites of Phosphorus-containing Epoxy Resin Systems
Authors: Patel Sandeep R. , Patel Ranjan G.
Published: August 2002

Epoxy systems composed of conventional (DGEBA), tetrajunctional (TGBATC) and phosphorylated (HTAPPO) epoxy resins were used for the fabrication of glass-fibre-reinforced composites using aromatic diamines (DDM and DDS) as curing agents. The fabricated composites were evaluated for their limiting oxygen index, mechanical properties, dielectric properties and chemical resistance. The incorporation of an epoxy fortifier showed significant improvement in mechanical properties.
Ion-Exchange Properties of a 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxyacetophenone-Thiourea-Trioxane Polymer
Authors: Pancholi Hemendra B. , Patel Mohan M.
Published: August 2002

A polymer (HMTT') prepared by condensation of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone and thiourea with trioxane in the presence of an acid catalyst proved to be a selective chelating ion exchange polymerfor certain metals. Chelating ion exchange properties of this polymer were studied for Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and UO2+ ions. A batch equilibration method was employed in the study of the selectivity of metal ion uptake involving the measurements of the distribution of a given metal ion between the polymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. The polymer showed a higher selectivity for Cu2+, Fe2+ and UO2+ ions than for Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ ions.
Physiochemical Studies of PMR Resins. II: Mechanism and Kinetics of Reactions Occurring in the Temperature Range 50°C-315°C
Authors: Grenier-Loustalot Marie-Florence , Grenier Philippe
Published: August 2002

We have studied the amidizaton and imidization reactions in PMI prepolymers in the temperature range of 50°C-315°C by using a commercial cure cycle. The results in this temperature range, obtained with model compounds simulating the different reactions occurring in a PMR resin, indicate that there are competing side reactions leading to highly varied chemical groups, such as imide-amide and anhydride-amine, which may cause degradation of the final properties of the material as a result of the heterogeneity of the medium. A study of the rearrangement and cross-linking reactions has shown that several mechanisms may be involved, depending on whether the systems are in the molten or solid states. The results obtained can be applied to the study of commercial prepregs.
Erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity and therapeutic phlebotomy in porphyria cutanea tarda
Authors: KÓSZÓ FERENC , MORVAY MÁRTA , DOBOZY ATTILA , BODA KRISZTINA
Published: August 2002

On the basis of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase ( UD ) activity in the erythrocytes, and the family history of the disease, different types of porphyria cutanea tarda ( PCT ) can be distinguished. In some cases, however, the distinction may involve some uncertainty (overlapping of subgroups). The question arises of whether the current erythrocyte UD activities in the different types of PCT are determined merely genetically. The erythrocyte UD activities in 72 unrelated patients with different forms of PCT (62 with type I PCT and 10 with type II PCT ), in different stages of the disease, were measured in order to test whether the activity exhibits any change during the long period of recovery. In both types the activities were faintly but significantly increased, from 94.9% (in PCT I) or 54.3% (in PCT II) up to 98.4% or 56.1% respectively. In both types the lower activity in the untreated condition can be attributed to a combination of several factors, including oxidative damage to UD , which results in a minor additional inhibition of the genetically determined enzyme activities.