bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Formation-Evaluation Technique for the Lower Tertiary in South Texas—Predicting Production in Low-Permeability, Fine-Grained Sandstones
Authors: Rasmus John C. , Horkowitz John P. , Chabernaud Thierry , Graham Peter , Summers Malcolm , Wise Danny
Published: April 2006

The lower Tertiary Wilcox, Yegua, and Vicksburg formations are prolific natural gas plays in south Texas that have been extensively drilled and produced from low-permeability, fine-grained sandstones. It is not unusual to encounter several potential pay zones in each well. What is lacking is a proven formation-evaluation method to determine the highest-productivity water-free producing zones from multiple intervals that can be casually identified on the logs as hydrocarbon-bearing. Connate-water resistivity (Rw) determination is not a major problem, given that many water-bearing sands are usually present. Accurately estimating true clay content, porosity, irreducible water volumes, and permeability present the greatest challenges.

A new spectroscopy-based petrophysical interpretation methodology has been developed that makes use of several unique measurements, namely quantitative elemental concentrations and lithology logs obtained from capture gamma ray spectroscopy devices in open or cased wells. These measurements allow us to more accurately define the clay content, mineralogy, and matrix properties of each potential zone. One significant finding obtained from these measurements is the occurrence of calcite cements detected in many sands that cause a pessimistic density porosity to be computed if not accounted for. This calcite cementation appears to vary dramatically in a lateral sense, indicating that its presence should not be used to condemn an entire layer as being too tight for production, nor provide irrefutable evidence of the expected ability of the layer to contain a hydraulic fracture.

The enhanced elemental and mineralogical analyses provided by the spectroscopy measurements also allow for more accurate bulk volume irreducible water calculations and a means to correct the neutron porosity for clay and matrix effects. By comparing irreducible water volume to bulk volume hydrocarbon, an accurate prediction of water production can be determined. Oil- and gas-bearing intervals can be identified easily from crossover of the matrix-corrected neutron porosity when used in conjunction with the matrix-corrected density porosity. Results are illustrated with several case studies from wells recently drilled and now producing from the Wilcox, Yegua, and Vicksburg formations.
The Continuous-Circulation System: An Advance in Constant-Pressure Drilling
Authors: Jenner J. W. , Elkins H. L. , Springett F. , Lurie P. G. , Wellings J. S.
Published: April 2006

In late July 2003, for the first time since rotary drilling was introduced, a section of hole was drilled without interrupting circulation while new joints of drillpipe were added to the drillstring. This was made possible by the use of the continuous-circulation system (CCS), developed over the previous 3 years by a joint industry project (JIP) that was managed by Maris Intl. and funded by six major oil companies (Shell U.K., BP, Statoil, BG, Total, and Eni),Coupler Development Ltd., and Varco, and supported by the U.K.'s Industry Technology Facilitator. The field trial of the CCS was carried out on a land well being drilled in Oklahoma, U.S.A. Its success marked the end of the JIP and the commencement of commercial development of the system.

The CCS is a new and enabling technology; the potential benefits of which include the following:

Elimination of negative and positive pressure surges when stopping and starting circulation to make a connection. No rig downtime to circulate out cuttings to clear the bottomhole assembly before making a connection. Improved drilling-fluid management. Elimination of kicks on connections. Improved control of equivalent circulation density (ECD). Reduced total connection time (TCT). Reduced chance of stuck pipe during a connection. No downtime in high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells to circulate out connection gas. Reduced wellbore "breathing" or "ballooning." Improved safety around the rig floor.

Potential applications of the system include the following:

Extended-reach drilling (ERD) and horizontal wells. HP/HT wells. Near or underbalance wells. Deepwater wells.

The CCS is also a potential-enabling technology in achieving the "one-tripwell."1 The concept was presented in a paper by inventor L. Ayling at the Offshore Technology Conference, May 2002.2
Cost-Effective Sand-Control Operations Play Key Role in Revitalizing a Mature Gas Field
Authors: Ripa Giuseppe , Ligrone Angelo , Zamparini Angelo , Sportelli Marco , Mathis S. P. , Conte Antonio
Published: April 2006

When revitalizing mature oil or gas fields, the ability to maximizeproductivity while minimizing operating costs is critical. Achieving thesegoals becomes more challenging where sand control is required. This isespecially true in connection with a complex reservoir lithology, which leadsto a variety of fracture and pore pressure gradients and premature waterbreakthrough. In addition, reduced deliverability resulting from pressuredepletion presents additional complications related to achieving acceptableproject economics.

The Barbara field, located in the central Adriatic Sea, is an example ofthis type of reservoir. For this project, a dedicated work team wasassigned to identify and implement the solutions to improve field performancethrough continuous operations optimization. The Barbara field consists ofstacked pay sections that have been depleted since the early 1980s. Toachieve favorable economics, techniques had to be used that would do both:maximize the deliverability of each well and minimize operational costs.

This paper reviews the Barbara field workover program. The evolution oftechniques, equipment, and products leading to enhanced productivity whilesubstantially reducing costs is described. The fluid systems and operationprocedures designed to optimize frac-pack geometry are discussed. Inaddition, the one-trip multizone gravel-pack assemblies are described thatallow multiple zones to be individually fracture packed in a single run, thusproviding significant rig-time reductions without sacrificing completionefficiency. Finally, the complex nature of this reservoir dictates theneed for a variety of completion techniques. This means that fracturepacking was not necessarily an option for all zones. For the intervals atwhich fracturing was not employed, productivity still needed to bemaximized. To accomplish this goal, perforation tunnel-cleanup procedureshave been optimized.
Impact of Body Mass Index Values on Sperm Quantity and Quality
Authors: Kort Hilton I. , Massey Joe B. , Elsner Carlene W. , Mitchell‐Leef Dorothy , Shapiro Daniel B. , Witt Michael A. , Roudebush William E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT: Body mass index (BMI) has been demonstrated to affect female fertility; however, little information is available on the impact of BMI on male fertility or semen parameters. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the relationship between BMI and semen parameters, including sperm chromatin integrity. We analyzed data on semen samples from 520 men who were grouped based upon calculated BMI values (normal, 20–24 kg/m2; overweight, 25–30 kg/m2; obese, >30 kg/m2). The data collected included patient height and weight, semen volume, sperm concentration, percent sperm motility, percent sperm morphology (normal forms), and sperm chromatin integrity (DNA fragmentation index [DFI]). Data were analyzed by regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's test for multiple pairwise comparisons. The overall BMI mean (±SEM) was 27.5 (±0.49) kg/m2. Linear regression revealed a significant (P < .05) and negative relationship between BMI and the total number of normal‐motile sperm cells. ANOVA revealed a significant difference (P < .05) in the total number of normal‐motile sperm cells among the different BMI groups. The number of normal‐motile sperm cells per BMI group was as follows: normal, 18.6 × 106; overweight, 3.6 × 106; and obese, 0.7 × 106. All multiple pairwise comparisons were found to be significantly (P < .05) different. The overall DFI mean (±SEM) was 24.7 (±2.57). Linear regression revealed a significant (P < .05) and positive relation between BMI and DFI. Men presenting with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 have fewer chromatin‐intact normal‐motile sperm cells per ejaculate. Therefore, to ensure maximum fertility potential, patients may be advised to reduce body weight.
Dissecting the Protective Effect of the Seminal Plasma Spermadhesin PSP‐I/PSP‐II on Boar Sperm Functionality
Authors: Garcia Eva M. , Vázquez Juan M. , Calvete Juan J. , Sanz Libia , Caballero Ignacio , Parrilla Inmaculada , Gil Maria A. , Roca Jordi , Martinez Emilio A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT: To dissect the protective activity of PSP‐I/PSP‐II, the effect of the isolated subunits PSP‐I and PSP‐II and their affinity‐purified tryptic peptide and glycan fractions on the viability, mitochondrial activity, and motility of highly diluted boar spermatozoa was investigated. High dilution exerted a negative effect on control spermatozoa. Incubation of spermatozoa with PSP‐I/PSP‐II or with its PSP‐II subunit had a protective effect on sperm functionality, high mitochondrial membrane potential, and sperm motility. These effects were less pronounced when spermatozoa were incubated with the PSP‐I subunit. It was noteworthy that motility was abolished by incubation of spermatozoa with isolated PSP‐I. Trypsin‐degraded PSP‐I/PSP‐II, PSP‐I, and PSP‐II reproduced the effects of the native proteins. Incubating spermatozoa with the glycan‐depleted tryptic‐peptide fraction of PSP‐I/PSP‐II for 5 hours preserved a higher percentage of viable spermatozoa than when sperm was incubated for the same time with the native heterodimer, trypsin‐digested PSP‐I/PSP‐II, the glycan fraction or without added proteins. However, sperm motility decreased as the concentration of added peptide fraction increased. On the other hand, spermatozoa incubated with the glycan fraction showed lower values than spermatozoa incubated with the peptide fraction. We concluded that the subunits of the PSP‐I/PSP‐II heterodimeric spermadhesin exert different activities on sperm functions. The finding that the beneficial effect of the native PSP‐I/PSP‐II on the functionality of highly diluted boar spermatozoa is largely preserved in its isolated PSP‐II subunit and does not appear to require the glycan moiety points to a peptide moiety as a potential sperm function‐preserving additive of highly diluted boar spermatozoa.
Wage labourers in the fragmented labour market of the Gezira, Sudan
Authors: Abdelkarim Abbas
Published: April 2006

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The Gezira scheme has been the focus of considerable attention in the literature of development in tropical Africa, especially during the colonial period. This was because the scheme represented one of the largest agricultural projects initiated by a colonial government. Views on the scheme have been divergent: Gaitskell (1959) describes it as a ‘story of development’ while Barnett (1977) calls it an ‘illusion of development'. The focus of the studies, which are extensive compared to other Sudanese studies, has largely concentrated on the relationship (or so-called partnership) between tenants and government, production requirements and output, as well as occasionally on various aspects of the tenants’ lives and activities. Wage labour, which is the main form of labour, has only been given scant consideration. Even so, the focus has been on its contribution to the total labour requisite and its supply and demand patterns. The social relations of wage labour, and especially relations between tenants and wage labourers as the essential core of production relations in the scheme, have been awarded very little attention. This is the main concern of this article. Compared with most labour-market studies, my intention is to go beyond a mere study of factors affecting supply and demand. In conditions of transition to capitalism and fragmented labour markets, the perception of the social and cultural aspects of labour is indispensable for an adequate understanding of the internal mechanisms of the labour market.
A subsistence society under pressure: the Bemba of northern Zambia
Authors: Stromgaard Peter
Published: April 2006

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The research upon which this article is based was carried out over a period of four months in the Northern and Luapula Provinces of Zambia. Before that, I spent two years working in the area as an agricultural officer. One of the villages described in the article is situated on the western shore of Lake Bangweulu, the other 20 km south of Kasama, the major city of Northern Province, the homeland of the Bemba (Fig. 1). The area is almost exclusively devoted to chitemene shifting cultivation, an agricultural system where crops are grown in the ash from burning the collected, stacked branches that have been lopped and chopped from an pressure, vegetation is now chopped before it is fully regenerated, and the system seems to be starting to break down. A major task during my field stay was to describe the ecological (Stromgaard, 1984a) and economic (Stromgaard, 1984b) aspects of this change, but it soon became apparent that subsistence activity and social structure deeply influenced the village's economic activities.
Social change in eighteenth-century Anlo: the role of technology, markets and military conflict
Authors: Greene Sandra E.
Published: April 2006

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Technological change among the Anlo-Ewe of southeastern Ghana is a subject that has received little attention from scholars, but it is a theme which figures prominently in Anlo oral tradition. Of the technologies mentioned, those associated with lacustrine fishing and salt making are discussed in the greatest detail. Traditional accounts of the fishing industry, for example, agree that when the Ewe-speaking Anlo first settled in their present area (located on the Atlantic coast immediately east and south of the Volta River and Keta Lagoon system) the Anlo were not familiar with the use of boats. As a consequence they employed fishing techniques that restricted such activities to the more shallow sections of the Keta Lagoon. The first boat that was developed (the agowu, made by hollowing out the trunk of the fan palm [Borassus aethiopium]) was said to have been inefficient because it capsized easily (Greene, 1981b: no. 29). A more stable vessel, still in use today and known as the lewu, was introduced, according to the traditions, by Amega Le.
The Quranic school farm and child labour in Upper Volta
Authors: Şaul Mahir
Published: April 2006

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On his way back from his first travels to the interior of the Gambia, Mungo Park describes a ‘schoolmaster’ who entertained him in the Mandingo country while his principal host was on a slave purchasing expedition. The school of this master consisted of seventeen boys who ‘always had their lessons by the light of a large fire before daybreak and again late in the evening’ and who ‘were employed in planting corn, bringing firewood, and in other servile offices, through the day’ (Park, 1799: 313–14). Such rural institutions combining elementary Islamic education and farm production must then have existed in the coastal areas of West Africa for at least two centuries, and spread to other parts of Africa as a result of Islamic expansion. They were agents of proselytization and further Islamization. Consequently Quranic schools are often discussed primarily in their relation to Islamic history. In the present day, however, they continue in some areas as viable alternatives to western-style schools and as units of agricultural production. This paper, which stems from research I conducted in the southern part of central Upper Volta on household farms and wealth stratification, underscores the dual function of these farm schools.
Stock theft and moral economy in colonial Kenya
Authors: Anderson David
Published: April 2006

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From the earliest years of colonial government in Kenya, cattle raiding by Africans against their neighbours, and in particular livestock thefts from European farmers, presented the administration with their most persistent policing problem in the rural areas of the colony. As the period of colonial rule in Kenya was drawing to a close, reported cases of stock theft were once again showing a sharp increase, climbing from 1578 cases in 1955 to 4243 in 1962 (Kenya Police Dept, 1955 and 1962). In a pattern by then familiar to the Kenya administration, this prompted the renewal of demands from the European settler community for more extensive and concerted government action to deal with the activities of the thieves. Settler opinion held that the continuing prevalence of stock theft had much to do with the ‘social prestige’ attached to the crime in many African communities. The unwillingness of the African public to assist in the prevention and detection of stock theft had long been interpreted as a tacit sanctioning of such theft, leading to the conclusion that, within the ‘moral economy’ of many African communities, stock theft was not thought of as a crime at all. ‘After all,’ commented the Provincial Commissioner of the Rift Valley Province in 1959, ‘stock theft is the traditional sport of the young men of many tribes, and the elders cannot be expected to act as kill-joys and stamp it out unless they themselves are liable to suffer.’ This view was applied most readily to the pastoralists of the Rift Valley and western Kenya, the Maasai and Kalenjin, who were commonly involved in crimes of this sort. The belief that stock theft was an acceptable form of accumulation within Kalenjin and Maasai society determined the nature of the legislation put forward by the colonial administration to deal with the crime. Policing and punishment were accordingly based upon the notion of collective responsibility for acts of stock theft, with wide powers to extend collective punishments to families, villages and even entire locations found to be implicated in thefts.
Oríkì, women and the proliferation and merging ofòrìṣà
Authors: Barber Karin
Published: April 2006

1. Two Faces of Yoruba Religion

The proliferation and overlapping of spiritual beings is a feature of many religions. Saints in popular Catholicism and Vishnu'savatārasin Hinduism represent, in different ways, the possibility of spiritual beings that are simultaneously one and many, clusters or series of manifestations whose inner relationships are often not fully explained. Yorubaòrìṣàare in good company. However, the way in which multiple aspects of gods are made and maintained clearly varies from one religious repertoire to another. I suggest that it is important to look at the means or medium by which fractions of gods are established, in order to understand how the relationships between them are conceived. Yorubaòrìṣàcan scarcely be apprehended without taking into account the specific textuality of the oral genres through which they are created, maintained and communicated with.
Introduction: Popular Islam in twentieth-century Africa
Authors: Stewart C. C.
Published: April 2006

The term ‘popular Islam’ at once suggests denial or fragmentation within the Great Tradition or ‘orthodoxy’ in Islam as well as a degree of hostility on the part of those Islamicists and Muslims whose understanding of the oneness of God extends to the indivisibility of His Community. Social scientists may be expected to embrace the notion with more enthusiasm, being accustomed to observing Islam ‘from below’, but legitimate disquiet follows after plumbing the analytical shallows implicit in simple attributions of ‘popular-ness’ to matters of causation, motivation or ideology. Yet, with that said, few students of Islam in Africa cannot cite examples of belief or practice that represent ‘popular Islam’, and most would agree that this frequently bears some relation to the dramatic expansion of Islam during this century in Africa. These were some of the considerations that lay behind the selection of the theme ‘Popular Islam in Twentieth- Century Africa’ for a two-day symposium held at the University of Illinois in April 1984. Five of the papers presented at that meeting – by Louis Brenner and Murray Last, Mbye Cham, Lidwien Kapteijns, Paul Lubeck and Gabriel Warburg – are published with an essay by Abdullahi Osman El-Tom in this issue.
Approaches to the economy of colonial Annaba, 1870–1920
Authors: Prochaska David
Published: April 2006

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The Annaba economy today is Algerian. It is run entirely by Algerians except for the steel mill outside of town. The goods provided are tailored to its mostly Algerian customers (jillabas, harissa, henna), plus selected Western goods made in Algeria or imported from Europe (plastic buckets and gas bottles, Peugeot sedans for those with the money and connections, sitcoms for the few with TVs, commercial films for everyone). Goods are dispensed primarily in a modern suq, or bazaar, although the government also runs a supermarket and department store. French and other Europeans are physically absent from Annaba today for the most part, but Western economic influences persist, like only partly covered-over layers of historical sediment laid down orignally in the colonial period.
The greater risk of fewer deaths: an ethnodemographic approach to child mortality in Hausaland
Authors: Ross Paul J. , Etkin Nina L. , Muazzamu Ibrahim
Published: April 2006

A Nigerian case study illustrates how local understandings of health influence perceptions of infant survival in ways that may juxtapose indigenous interpretations to other ‘objective’ data. Evidence from two extended field investigations of a Hausa-Fulani village, set 12 years apart, suggests a decline in childhood mortality rates attendant upon the increasing availability of biomedicines. We note, however, that local perceptions are that mortality risks are now greater for those less than five years old. Our discussion focuses on the circumstances that inform this ethnodemography and its applicability to other population studies.
The social stuff of revelation: pattern and purpose in Zionist dreams and visions
Authors: Kiernan J. P.
Published: April 2006

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Anthropologists are beginning to investigate the sociological dimension of dreams, at least of those purporting to be channels of religious revelation. Two recent examples of this tendency are Charsley (1973) and Curley (1983), each of whom researched dream phenomena in an African independent church. The sociological approach is a firm rejection of earlier and some current attempts to extract patterns of culture and personality from the subjective reconstruction of the dream-as-dreamed, a purely private event. In contrast, the sociological emphasis isolates as its primary datum the dream-as-told to others, an essentially social act, which leads to an analysis of dreams as social assets, which can be manipulated to advantage or disadvantage. Consequently, the method of analysis demands that as much attention be directed to the act of recounting as to the content of the narration, although in practice this seems to mean that content is subordinated to purpose and can be related to social arrangements only indirectly through purposive action. I shall endeavour to correct this latter impression in subsequent argument. The second methodological requirement is to connect narration to social action, social relations and social organization, and to demonstrate the tactical use of dreams in social encounters.
The fertile past: the Gabra concept of oral tradition
Authors: Kassam Aneesa
Published: April 2006

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This study on the concept of oral tradition is based on three years of fieldwork, between 1980 and 1983, amongst the Gabra of northern Kenya, an Eastern-Cushitic (Oromo) speaking people who originated in southern Ethiopia and who live today on both sides of the Kenya–Ethiopia border. According to the 1978 national census figures, there are about 30,553 Gabra living on the Kenyan side of the border, mainly in the arid waste of the Eastern Province. In this hostile landscape, in the volcanic, boulder-strewn country on the edge of the Chalbi Desert east of Lake Turkana, the Gabra roam with their herds of cattle, camels, sheep and goats in constant search of pasture for their animals.
 chez les Meru tigania-igembe du Kenya
Authors: Peatrik Anne-Marie
Published: April 2006

Our understanding of the sociahorganisation of the Meru Tigania-Igembe (Kenya) now makes it possible to propose a new approach to those East African societies which have age and generation classes. The way these classes are defined and the various rules by which they are set up and recruit members reveal the interconnections between the system of classes and other aspects of Meru society. Most illuminating is the way an individual's actual progress through the stages of life does or does not match his or her progress through the age classes, with their ramifications into descent and marriage as well as into territorial organisation. It is now possible, we believe, to construct a sociology of age and generation class societies, building a model that can be used comparatively. With the data from Meru, we can now include Bantu societies alongside the well known Cushitic and Nilotic examples, and thereby elucidate both the social variables involved and the underlying structures.
Inter-ethnic clan identities, ethnicity, centrisms and biases; a response to Paul Spencer
Authors: Schlee Günther
Published: April 2006

In 1985 I had the opportunity to publish an article with the title ‘Inter-ethnic clan identities among Cushitic-speaking pastoralists’ in this journal. The same year I submitted a book on the same topic as a Habilitation thesis to the University of Bayreuth and I. M. Lewis expressed interest in publishing it in the IAI series. The publication was delayed until 1989, partly because of disagreement with a reader who suggested that I cut out parts which I regarded as central to my argument while inviting me to expand on marginal aspects. The book did not and does not fit the standard pattern for an anthropological monograph in the British tradition, and local lore about ‘how things are done’ sometimes seems to prevent people from tracing the internal logic of an unfamiliar and somewhat complex argument. An adequate analysis of the working of identity processes and micro-cultures in this field of scholarship would require an auto-reflexive effort of anthropology, an effort no less than the one which was necessary for disentangling the web of inter-ethnic clan relationships among the Cushitic-speaking camel herders of northern Kenya.
‘No condition is permanent’: ethnic construction and the use of history in Akuapem
Authors: Gilbert Michelle
Published: April 2006

This article concerns a recent political crisis which led to the fragmentation, in the main along ethnic lines, of the small Ghanaian kingdom of Akuapem. The situation is complex, though one may choose to frame it too simply in terms of hegemony (Akan vis-à-vis Guan) or even as a double hegemony in the sense that arguments on both sides appeal to ‘modern’ notions, to law courts, the constitution and ‘freedom’, and to newspapers in order to propagandise a position rather than to appeal to the authority of ‘traditional’ arbitration, destoolment, ancestral shrines and gods. Ethnicity and identity are notions with many and ill-defined meanings that fragment when separated from the specific situations in which they are used or constructed. To examine ethnicity one must see how ethnicities are ‘entangled’ and relate to each other; one needs, too, an historical perspective, for, whatever selfhood was in the eighteenth or nineteenth century, it is obviously different today. The dense historical and ethnographic details in the article are essential to point to the shape of the social order and to reveal in all their complexity the factors behind the recent fighting and continuing tension in the kingdom.
The chief, the mine captain and the politician: legitimating power in northern Ghana
Authors: Lentz Carola
Published: April 2006

This article explores the strategies of acquiring and legitimating power in Ghana, taking the example of three ‘big men’ from the north, a paramount chief, a mine captain and a politician in the making. After offering some observations on the recent public debate on the (im)morality of power and ‘bigness’, it outlines the biographies of these three ‘big men’ and analyses how they skilfully combine different registers of power and legitimacy. It then analyses the strategies of legitimation and grounds of moral judgement which depend, at least to a certain degree, on the particular relationship of the ‘judge’ with the ‘big man’ in question. The article concludes by discussing the common ‘grammar’ that seems to regulate the debates on ‘bigness’, morality and interest.
How to sustain a living? Urban households and poverty in the Sahelian town of Mopti
Authors: Harts-Broekhuis Annelet
Published: April 2006

Increasingly, the poor are to be found in the urban areas of developing countries. Many urban households, not only the very poor, face economic insecurity and deprivation. Despite the steady growth of low-income groups in the urban areas of Africa, the mechanisms for coping with urban poverty were not studied to any great extent until the end of the 1980s. Most research into the strategies developed by households to cope with poverty had centred on the rural household. This article focuses on the inhabitants of the town of Mopti, situated in the Sahelian zone of Mali on the border of the inland delta of the river Niger. It deals with the subsistence strategies of different types of urban households and their adjustments to uncertain and deteriorating economic circumstances. In analysing these coping mechanisms account is taken of the various factors affecting households' ability to cope with reduced earnings or lack of income, such as their socio-economic position, migration status, composition and size, and ethnic background. A pertinent question in the analysis is whether urban households, in deteriorating circumstances, diversify their sources of income or specialise in one activity.
Experiences of Adults with Learning Disabilities: Positive and Negative Impacts and Outcomes
Authors: Shessel Isabel , Reiff Henry B.
Published: April 2006

This study examined the life experiences of 14 adults with learning disabilities identified tnrough current psychometric assessments. Based on two ethnographic interviews with each of the participants, the study explored both positive and negative impacts and outcomes of living with learning disabilities in adulthood. Positive impact issues addressed the idea of becoming a better and stronger person, a resilience attributable to living with learning disabilities. Negative impacts of learning disabilities included difficulties in daily living, the impostor phenomenon, social isolation, and damage to emotional health. Implications for teaching students with disabilities are discussed.
Placing Archaeology at the Center of Socio-Natural Studies
Authors: Leeuw Sander van der , Redman Charles L.
Published: April 2006

Changing patterns of university and government research and training in this country and abroad force us, as archaeologists, to regularly reevaluate our disciplinary methods and goals. In the absence of careful consideration of these issues, the relative prominence of archaeology may stagnate or even diminish. From our own experience directing large multidisciplinary research projects, we believe that one particularly productive avenue for future archaeological research will be as collaborators in seeking to better understand contemporary socioenvironmental problems. We argue that current environmental research based in life, earth, and social sciences pays inadequate attention to the long time span and slow-moving processes that often underlie environmental crises. Archaeologists, as purveyors of the past, are well equipped to bring this long-term perspective to bear on contemporary issues. Moreover, we are also trained to work in multiple scales of time and space as well as with scientists from various disciplines. The primary obstacles to achieving the type of transdisciplinary research recommended here emanate from distinct vocabulary, concepts, and practices of each disciplinary tradition. We believe that the time is right and our colleagues are willing to see an enhanced role for archaeologists in the study of contemporary environmental issues.
Maize Productivity in the Eastern Woodlands and Great Plains of North America
Authors: Schroeder Sissel
Published: April 2006

Archaeologists and ethnohistorians have long been interested in quantifying potential maize productivity for late prehistoric and early historic Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands. Maize yields obtained by Native Americans using traditional farming techniques in the nineteenth century are compared to yields obtained by nineteenth-century Native Americans using plows, and nineteenth- and twentieth-century farmers in Illinois and Missouri. The result is a notion of average resource productivity for maize that is more reasonable and modest than previous estimates. In this study, the mean yield of maize for nineteenth-century Native American groups who did not use plows was 18.9 bu/acre (stdev=4.1) (1,185.4 kg/ha [stdev=254.1]). Yields on the order of 10 bu/acre (627.2 kg/ha) probably are closer to the average prehistoric yields that were available for subsistence purposes. The mean size of gardens cultivated by nineteenth-century Native American families without plows was .59 acre (stdev=.45) (.24 ha [stdev=.18]). These newly compiled data are used to generate a model of nuclear family household economy and minimal and maximal garden sizes given different levels of maize productivity and consumption. Population estimates made on the basis of previous assessments of high rates of resource productivity will need to be reevaluated.
Architecture and Authority in the Casas Grandes Area, Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Whalen Michael E. , Minnis Paul E.
Published: April 2006

Architecture both reflects and emphasizes the distinctions upon which social and political organization are based. In particular, an "architecture of power" has been recognized in a number of hierarchical, prehistoric cultural contexts, from the Chacoans to the Mississippians. In these cases, the specific architectural style of a central place is replicated at points in the surrounding area, either as an imitative response by local populations or as a tangible reflection of control exerted from the major political center. The latter situation seems the most likely in the area close around the primate center of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico. Here, architectural data from the authors' recent survey and excavation projects are used to recognize a local architecture of power, to trace its distribution, and to postulate several different types of control nodes in the area lying around the primate center. These nodes vary in type and level of elaboration, and it is argued that this variation reflects the nodes" different roles in the organization of Casas Grandes" hinterland.
Evaluating Visual Criteria for Identifying Carbon- and Iron-Based Pottery Paints from the Four Corners Region Using SEM-EDS
Authors: Stewart Joe D. , Adams Karen R.
Published: April 2006

Paint types on black-on-white pottery in the prehistoric American Southwest have had significance for both chronological and sociocultural interpretations. Visual attributes have formed the basis for distinguishing carbon- and mineral-based paints on ancient black-on-white pottery in the American Southwest for over 60 years. In this study, an SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer) system was first used to make an independent objective determination of the mineral or non-mineral paint present on 15 Mesa Verde White Ware sherds. Then, a group of 19 people (including experienced archaeologists and newly trained individuals) examined and classified the paint on these sherds, achieving an overall accuracy of 84.2 percent. This group also ranked in priority order the visual attributes they felt were most useful in determining pottery paint type: nature of edges (fuzzy, sharp), absorption (soaks in, sits on top), luster (shiny, dull), color range (black-gray-blue; black-brown-reddish), flakiness (doesn't flake off, flakes off), thickness (thin, thick), and surface polish (polish striations visible through paint, striations not visible through paint). In each case, the attribute applicable to carbon-based paint is listed first. The most difficult sherds for the group to identify displayed attributes of both carbon and mineral paints. A category for "mixed" paint type, already in use by archaeologists, is a reasonable third category for labeling sherd paint, as long as it does not become a "catch-all" category. For problematic sherds, the SEM-EDS can be used to characterize paint type, then the visual attributes adjusted to improve investigator accuracy in paint type determination.
Old Copper Culture Artifacts in Manitoba
Authors: Steinbring Jack
Published: April 2006

Copper artifacts from Manitoba are compared with types established in Wisconsin. Wittry's typology is confirmed and further clues to chronology are derived from distributional studies of the types. The data on Minnesota copper artifacts are re-examined.
Early Formative Cultures in Georgia and Florida
Authors: Ford James A.
Published: April 2006

History of development of the American Formative concept is briefly outlined. A chronology is presented that covers the three millennia before the Christian Era and which extends from Ecuador to the Ohio Valley. The Stalling’s Island complex of fiber-tempered pottery from the coast of Georgia is compared with the Valdivia Period ceramics of Ecuador, and the Orange fiber-tempered wares of Florida are compared with the Machalilla Period ceramics of Ecuador and related material in Mesoamerica. The conclusion is drawn that these early Southeastern Cultures ultimately derived from the Ecuadorian early Formative by way of colonies that probably existed in the southern part of Mesoamerica.
A Hopewellian Enclosure Earthwork in the Illinois River Valley
Authors: Munson Patrick J.
Published: April 2006

Aerial photographs have revealed a "moat-type" enclosure earthwork, probably pentagonal in shape, at the Hopwellian Ogden-Fettie site in the central Illinois River valley.
The Archaeological Survey: A Defense
Authors: Ruppé Reynold J.
Published: April 2006

It is suggested that four major types of survey can be identified: (1) reconnaissance, which is extensive rather than intensive, and results in a catalog of sites; (2) survey which is done in conjunction with a specific program of excavation and is designed to increase the sample of material culture; (3) limited survey that is problem oriented and is conducted for a specific reason (this is usually the most successful type); and (4) survey that involves intensive study of a local area and is designed to extract all possible information from each site found. It is believed that the last type, despite a large expenditure of time and funds, provides much more information than other types of survey. Data from a survey of Cebolleta Mesa, New Mexico, are presented to document the value of the intensive archaeological survey.
Restoration of the San Dieguito Type Site to Its Proper Place in the San Dieguito Sequence
Authors: Hayden Julian D.
Published: April 2006

In their respective sections of Prehistoric Man in the New World, Heizer and Jennings refer to the San Dieguito type sites as belonging to Phase I of that culture. In a recent review of these sections Meighan emphasizes this allocation to Phase I and denies the validity of the division of the culture into phases, alleging that the entire culture sequence is based on an assertion by Rogers. On the basis of Rogers’ published reports, an analysis by Warren and True, and my own field experience, the type site is properly assigned to Phase III.
Measuring Archaeological Diversity: An Application of the Jackknife Technique
Authors: Kaufman Daniel
Published: April 2006

The jackknife technique is applied here to measures of diversity in an archaeological context. As described, the technique requires no assumptions about the underlying structure of the data being analyzed and, thus, is offered as an alternative to simulation and regression approaches. Most important, with jackknifing it is possible to attach statistical significance to differences in diversity, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between archaeological assemblages.
Development of Architecture, Canyon de Chelly
Authors: Hurt Wesley R.
Published: April 2006

During the summer of 1941 the writer made a survey of the sites in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona, which represent the later phases of Modified Basket Maker and the early phases of the Developmental Pueblo period. The object of this survey was to trace the development of architecture from the early slab-lined pit houses to the above-ground dwellings constructed of linearly-laid stone masonry. Since the writer lacked the facilities for any intensive excavations, the information contained in the paper was on the whole based on surface observation.
Two New Specimens from Ohio
Authors: Ellis H. Holmes
Published: April 2006

During the course of field-work in the summer of 1942 two specimens unusual enough to warrant special notice have been located in private collections.

About 1900 a small mound was opened on the Marion West farm near Saxon, Meigs County, Ohio, along the Ohio River. Mr. West found the inscribed tablet (PI. XXXIX, lower) in this mound. The specimen was obtained shortly afterward by Mr. Richard Allen of Columbus, Ohio, in whose collection it is now preserved. This Adena tablet depicts the conventionalized bird design found on several other specimens of this type. It is particularly reminiscent of the Cincinnati and Richardson tablets. The Allen tablet is 8.9 cm. long, 1.9 cm. thick, and 5.1 cm. wide. It is slightly concavo-convex in cross section.
On the Typological Method
Authors: Rouse Irving
Published: April 2006

The article, “The Typological Concept,” recently published by Alex D. Krieger1 is an encouraging sign that interest in methodology, hitherto confined largely to field work, is now turning as well to the study of specimens in the laboratory. Krieger is to be congratulated for outlining clearly his method of forming types and for a penetrating comparison of that method with other archaeological procedures of classification.

It may be questioned, however, whether the article contributes as much to an understanding of the typological concept as it does to the typological method. In emphasizing the formation of types, Krieger fails to explain what he means by the term “type.” As the present writer understands his remarks, the term “type” is used variously to refer to the categories formed by classifying artifacts (pp. 271-272), to the specimens classified within each category (bottom of pp. 277, 281), and to the pattern of characters used to define each category (pp. 278, 280).
Notes on Archaeological Methods
Authors: Clements Forrest E.
Published: April 2006

Delicate artifacts or small clusters of specimens whose proper excavation in situ would take a great deal of time can be dealt with by a method much used in paleontology but seldom in archaeological work. The material is taken out in a block of the original dirt in which the specimens are imbedded. This block is then shipped to the laboratory where it can be explored at leisure with better facilities for preservation and cleaning of artifacts than usually obtain in the field.

The object or group of objects to be removed in this way should be carefully exposed by loosening and brushing away the earth until the whole surface is visible. After the specimens are photographed, the surrounding earth is then dug away, leaving generous margins, until the undisturbed artifacts rest on a sort of pedestal. This pedestal of earth should be undercut several inches all around.
A Hopewellian Burial Site in the Lower Republican Valley, Kansas
Authors: Schultz Floyd , Spaulding Albert C.
Published: April 2006

The senior author has for a number of years worked on the problem of the numerous and virtually unknown burial sites on the bluffs bordering the valley of the Republican River in Geary and Clay Counties, Kansas. This work has been a matter of some urgency, owing to the prevalence of unsystematic amateur excavation on the more prominent stone cairns found in the area. Fortunately, the complete excavation of the larger cairns involves too much labor for the merely curious, and it has often been possible to salvage material and information despite disturbance.
A Delimitation of the Area and Some of the Archaeology of the Sula-Jicaque Indians of Honduras
Authors: Stone Doris
Published: April 2006

The word “Jicaque” or “Xicaque” appears repeatedly in the literature of Honduras. It is a term that came into being through the Spanish use of Mexican interpreters. The Mexicans, both those brought to Honduras by Cortez and his followers, and those whom the Spaniards found colonizing the country, spoke some form of their own language which the Spaniards, freshly arrived from Mexico, understood. The Central American speech, on the other hand, naturally was foreign. The word “Xicaque” or “Jicaque” in Mexican means the “former inhabitants” and was applied to the people upon whom the Mexican colonists were encroaching or whom the newly arrived Spaniards were conquering.
Fluted Points from Wisconsin
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: April 2006

Recently, two fluted points from Wisconsin were brought to the writer's attention by W. F. Spengler, a student at Phillips Academy. They are the property of his father, Mr. S. L. Spengler of Menasha, Wisconsin, who very kindly sent them to Andover for the writer's inspection. Both finds were surface finds, but in spite of this fact it seems worth recording them, since both are known to have come from the vicinity of Madison. The smaller of the two (PI. XXXVII, Fig. 2, a-a′.) is from the farm of TomHalverson and was found on a field close to the inlet of the Yahara River on the west shore of Lake Kegonsa. Its base, as is shown by the photographs, has the slight prominence characteristic of the type illustrated in Roberts' Fig. 3a and Plates 5b and 6b. Fine retouching has been used to finish the base. The channel flake., which is an extremely shallow one, runs to the tip without hinge fracture.
The California Archaeological Survey
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

The University of California instituted on August 1, 1948, a statewide archaeological survey. Supporting funds are from the State Legislature and are part of the regular University budget. The financing is adequate, and assurance of the Survey being a permanent institution has been given. Work will be done by the Archaeologist, F. Fenenga, and Assistant Archaeologist, F. Riddell, and will entail site survey and mapping, excavation, and publication. Headquarters are in the University of California Museum of Anthropology, and the Survey activities will be integrated with those of the Museum. Close cooperation is envisaged with other institutions which include the University of California at Los Angeles, Santa Barbara College of the University of California, the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, the Los Angeles County Museum, the Southwest Museum, the San Diego Museum of Man, Sacramento College, and the Archaeological Survey Association of Southern California.