bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
УСАЛГАА, БОРДООТОЙ НӨХЦӨЛД СОРТ СУДАЛСАН ДҮН
Authors: Оюун-Эрдэнэ С. , Долгор Ц. , Мягмарсүрэн Я.
Published: December 2014

Хур тунадасны хувиарлалтанд мэдэгдэхүйц өөрчлөлт орж, олон жилийн дундаж тунадасны нийлбэр багасч, уур амьсгал гандуу болж байгаа нь тариаланг усалгаанд шилжүүлэх, усалгаатай тариалангийн таримлын бүтэц, сэлгээ, түүнд тохирсон эрчимжсэн сорт гаргах, тариалах агротехнологид шинэчлэлт өөрчлөлт хийх шинжлэх ухааны үндэслэлтэй шийдлийг судлаачдаас шаардаж байна.Усалгаатай тариалан сэргэж эхэлсэн сүүлийн жилүүдэд тариаланчид бухаар тариаланд ашиглаж байсан агротехнологи, таримал, сортоо тариалж эхнээсээ зөрчилд хүрч байна. Манай орны нөхцөлд хамгийн сайн судлагдсан үр тарианы таримал болох буудайн усалгаанд тохирсон сорт Баруун бүсэд нутагшсан Цагаан дэглий-гээс өөр сорт байхгүй, бусад арвай, хошуу будааны усалгаанд тохиромжтой нэг ч нутагшсан сорт одоогоор байхгүй, энэ чиглэлийн сортуудыг бий болгох, тэдгээрийг тарих технологийг боловсруулан үйлдвэрлэлд нэвтрүүлэх нэн чухал байгааг харуулж байна.Судалгааг 2010-2012 онуудад явуулж, уг судалгааны дүнгээр МД-2 дугаар хяналт сорт болон бусад судлагдсан сорт, дугааруудаас нэмүү ургац өгч усалгаа, бордоонд мэдрэмтгий эрчимжсэн сортоор шалгарав.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v12i1.260
ЭЛЭГДЭЛ БОЛОН ҮРЖИЛ ШИМЭЭР ДОРОЙТОН АТАРШИЖ ХАЯГДСАН ТАЛБАЙГ ТАРИМАЛ БЭЛЧЭЭР БОЛГОХ
Authors: Баатарцол Б. , Сайханцэцэг С.
Published: December 2014

Хөрсний үржил шим нь доройтсон, элэгдэж эвдэрсэн цаашид тариаланд ашиглахад хүндрэлтэй атаршсан газрыг олон наст ургамал тариалж бэлчээрт ашиглаж хөрсний үржил шимийг сэргээж, сайжруулах зорилгоор энэхүү судалгааг хийж гүйцэтгэлээ.Атаршсан талбайн хөрс боловсруулах аргыг сонгож, түүний хөрс ургамалд үзүүлэх нөлөөг илрүүлэв.Боловсруулсан талбайд нөмрөг таримлын доор олон наст ургамал тарих боломжийг илрүүлэв. Атаршиж хаягдсан талбайд олон наст таримал ургамал тариалж байгалийн зүй тогтоцод шилжүүлэхийн дээр хөрсийг бордсоноор уг талбайн үржил шимийг тогтворжуулж экологийн тэнцвэрт байдлыг хангах нь судалгааны ажлын шинэлэг тал болно.Тариалан эрхлэх боломжгүй, олон жил ашиглагдаагүй орхигдсон талбайд олон наст тариалснаар уг талбай байгалийн тогтоцод шилжих бөгөөдбэлчээрийн ургамлын төрөл зүйлд олон наст буурцагт ургамлын эзлэх хэмжээ нэмэгдэнэ. Бэлчээрийг ийнхүү сайжруулснаар мал аж ахуйн тэжээлийн хангамж нэмэгдэх нөхцлийг бүрдүүлнэ.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v12i1.263
ХАЯГДАЛ ТОСНООС БИОДИЗЕЛЬ ТҮЛШ ГАРГАЖ ХАРЬЦУУЛАН СУДАЛСАН ҮР ДҮН
Authors: Болор-Эрдэнэ Н. , Энхбаяр Г.
Published: December 2014

Ургамлын хаягдал тос нь биодизель түлш үйлдвэрлэх хамгийн хямд өртөгтэй, эдийн засгийн хувьд хэмнэлттэй нөөцийн нэг юм. Ургамлын цэвэр буюу хүнсний зориулалтаар огт ашиглаагүй тосонд Өөхний Чөлөөт Хүчил (ӨЧХ, Free Fatty Acid, FFA) 0,1% -аас бага хэмжээтэй агуулагдана. Ургамлын хаягдал тосонд агуулагдах энэхүү өөхний чөлөөт хүчил нь биодизель түлш үйлдвэрлэх (transesterification process) процессд учруулдаг. Ийм учраас ургамлын хаягдал тосноос биодизель түлш үйлдвэрлэхдээ өөхний чөлөөт хүчлийг тэглэх тийтэрлэх аргыг (titration) нэмж хэрэглэсэн туршилтын дүнг оруулав.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v12i1.273
Two Perspectives on Proportional Relationships: Extending Complementary Origins of Multiplication in Terms of Quantities
Authors: Beckmann Sybilla , Izsák Andrew
Published: December 2014

In this article, we present a mathematical analysis that distinguishes two distinct quantitative perspectives on ratios and proportional relationships: variable number of fixed quantities and fixed numbers of variable parts. This parallels the distinction between measurement and partitive meanings for division and between two meanings for multiplication—one rooted in counting equal-sized groups, the other in scaling the size of the groups. We argue that (a) the distinction in perspectives is independent from other distinctions in the literature on proportional relationships, including the within measure space versus between measure space ratio distinction; (b) the psychological roots for multiplication suggest the accessibility of the two perspectives to learners; and (c) the fixed numbers of variable parts perspective, though largely overlooked in past research, may provide an important foundation for central topics that build on proportional relationships. We also suggest directions for future empirical research.
Contraceptive Use in Female Recipients of a Solid-Organ Transplant
Authors: Rafie Sally , Lai Sophia , Garcia Juanita E. , Mody Sheila K.
Published: December 2014

Context

Women of reproductive age account for more than one-third of all solid-organ transplant recipients and are advised against becoming pregnant for 1 to 2 years after their surgeries. The risks posed to the woman, the transplanted organ, and the fetus underscore the importance of systems to ensure that patients receive counseling on family planning, including return to fertility, contraceptive use, and when pregnancy can be safely considered, and highly effective methods of contraception.

Objective

To investigate use of contraceptives among women after solid-organ transplant and to identify opportunities to improve care.

Design

A cross-sectional survey study.

Setting

An urban academic medical center.

Patients

Women 18 to 50 years old who have received a kidney, pancreas, and/or liver transplant within the past 1 to 24 months.

Intervention

Participants completed self-administered questionnaires regarding their menstrual pattern, pregnancy history, contraceptive use before and after transplant, and counseling on family planning issues.

Main Outcome Measures

Contraceptive use.

Results

The most common contraceptive method used in both the year preceding transplant and the year after transplant was condoms. Participants desired more counseling on highly effective contraceptive methods, such as intrauterine devices. Participants would like to receive contraceptive counseling from an obstetrician/gynecologist or transplant care team provider.

Conclusion

Female recipients of solid-organ transplants want more counseling on highly effective methods of contraception.
Um contraexemplo à originariedade das razões em What we Owe to Each Other
Authors: Falcato Ana
Published: December 2014

No seu livro de 1998 — What we owe to each other — T. M. Scanlon defendeu sistematicamente que a noção de “razão” é primitiva e não definível noutros termos quando se trata de explicar um curso de acção moralmente relevante. Suportando o seu argumento num modelo muito intuitivo para pensar o que são razões em termos de racionalidade prática, Scanlon defende que qualquer explicação conduz sempre à mesma ideia: uma razão é uma consideração que conta em favor de algo. E conta como tal na medida em que fornece uma razão para aquilo que justifica, explica ou legitima. Parece, portanto, que este é o limite da definição. O meu argumento neste trabalho confronta a posição hiper-racionalista de Scanlon com o exemplo da Acrasia ou fraqueza da vontade, por se tratar de um típico curso de acção que não apenas seria erradamente caracterizado com racional, mas onde o próprio agente falharia sistematicamente na provisão de razões para o seu comportamento.
Intentionality: A philosophical-cognitive approach to mental representations
Authors: Leite Bastos Cleverson , Drunkenmolle Tomas Rodolfo
Published: December 2014

This article critically analyses the notion of intentionality from several philosophical cognitive points of view. The authors argue that the notion of mental representation in the wider sense and intentionality in the narrower sense remains elusive despite accommodated paradoxes, improved semantic precision and more sophisticated strategies in dealing with intentionality. We will argue that different approaches to intentionality appear to be coherent in their inferences. However, most of them become contradictory and mutually exclusive when juxtaposed and applied to borderline questions. While the explanatory value of both philosophy of mind as well as cognitive psychology should not be underestimated, we must note that not even hard-core neuroscience has been able to pin point what is going on in our minds, let alone come up with a clear cut explanation how it works or a definition of what thought really is. To date, however, intentionality is the best of all explanatory models regarding mental representations.
Indexical Sinn: Fregeanism versus Millianism
Authors: Branquinho João
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses two notational variance views with respect to indexical singular reference and content: the view that certain forms of Millianism are at bottom notational variants of a Fregean theory of reference, the Fregean Notational Variance Claim; and the view that certain forms of Fregeanism are at bottom notational variants of a direct reference theory, the Millian Notational Variance Claim. While the former claim rests on the supposition that a direct reference theory could be easily turned into a particular version of a neo-Fregean one by showing that it is bound to acknowledge certain senselike entities, the latter claim is based upon the supposition that a neo-Fregean theory could be easily turned into a particular version of a Millian one by showing that De Re senses are theoretically superfluous and hence eliminable. The question how many accounts of singular reference and content are we confronted with here — Two different (and mutually antagonistic) theories? Or just two versions of what is in essence the same theory? — is surely of importance to anyone interested in the topic. And this question should be answered by means of a careful assessment of the soundness of each of the above claims. Before trying to adjudicate between the two accounts, one would naturally want to know whether or not there are indeed two substantially disparate accounts. Grosso modo, if the Fregean Claim were sound then we would have a single general conception of singular reference to deal with, viz. Fregeanism; likewise, if the Millian Claim were sound we would be facing a single general conception of singular reference, viz. Millianism. My view is that both the Fregean Notational Variance Claim and its Millian counterpart are wrong, though naturally on different grounds. I have argued elsewhere that the Fregean Notational Variance Claim - considered in its application to the semantics of propositional-attitude reports involving proper names — is unsound. I intend tosupplement in this paper such a result by trying to show that the Millian Claim - taken in its application to the semantics of indexical expressions — should also be rated as incorrect. I focus on a certain set of arguments for the Millian Claim, arguments which I take as adequately representing the general outlook of the Millian theorist with respect to neo-Fregeanism about indexicals and which involve issues about the cognitive significance of sentences containing indexical terms.
LA VIRTUD ABDUCTIVA Y LA REGLA DE INTRODUCCIÓN DE HIPÓTESIS EN DEDUCCIÓN NATURAL
Authors: Figueroa Alejandro Ramírez
Published: December 2014

Desde que Peirce la creara, la naturaleza de la inferencia abductiva ha sido interpretada de muchas maneras. Se analizan tres interpretaciones de ella y algunas de sus derivaciones, para luego examinar la posibilidad de considerar la abducción como una virtud argumentativa, de carácter cognitivo, en consonancia con las teorías actuales de las virtudes epistemológicas surgidas a partir de la obra de E. Sosa y de las virtudes argumentativas según A. Aberdein. Sobre la base de dicha interpretación se propone que la abducción puede cumplir con el rol de justificación de aquellas reglas de deducción natural que introducen cláusulas hipotéticas.
A “concessão dolorosa” de Husserl na segunda edição de Prolegômenos: a ideia de verdade em si
Authors: Cortes Tourinho Carlos Diógenes
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo aborda as concessões feitas por Husserl no texto de Prolegômenos, na segunda edição de Investigações Lógicas. O artigo mostra que a concessão mais difícil estaria exatamente na manutenção da ideia de “verdade em si” (Wahrheit an sich). Por um lado, Husserl afirma que a “verdade em si” não poderia depender da constituição da natureza humana, pois tal dependência abalaria o próprio sentido da ideia de “verdade”. Por outro lado, não deixaria de reconhecer a insuficiência da ideia de “verdade em si”, na medida em que tal ideia encobriria o importante problema da relação entre o real e o ideal.
A CAUSALIDADE NA ESFERA DOS SENTIMENTOS SEGUNDO DESCARTES
Authors: Campos Mariana De Almeida
Published: December 2014

Este artigo examina quais teorias da causalidade explicam a ocorrência de sentimentos em animais e homens, segundo Descartes. Esse exame é feito à luz do debate entre as teorias ocasionalista e interacionista, bem como da posição de Descartes nesse debate. Nesse contexto, são discutidas algumas objeções a essas teorias, buscando determinar em quais pontos Descartes poderia ser considerado um adepto de uma ou da outra. A hipótese defendida é a de que ele adota certos aspectos da teoria interacionista para explicar a causalidade entre corpos, que caracteriza a ocorrência de sentimentos em animais. Por outro lado, ressalta-se o uso de duas linguagens em sua explicação da causalidade entre corpos humanos e mentes, que caracteriza os sentimentos humanos. Esse uso é explicado pelo fato de que, no caso desses sentimentos, ele adota uma posição que concilia ocasionalismo e interacionismo.
Counting the Cost: A Report on APC-Supported Open Access Publishing in a Research Library
Authors: Newton Mark P , Cunningham Eva T , O'Connell Kerri
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND At one-hundred twenty-two articles published, the open access journal Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (Tremor) is growing its readership and expanding its influence among patients, clinicians, researchers, and the general public interested in issues of non-Parkinsonian tremor disorders. Among the characteristics that set the journal apart from similar publications, Tremor is published in partnership with the library-based publications program at Columbia University’s Center for Digital Research and Scholarship (CDRS). DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM The production of Tremor in conjunction with its editor, a researching faculty member, clinician, and epidemiologist at the Columbia University Medical Center, has pioneered several new workflows at CDRS: article-charge processing, coordination of vendor services, integration into PubMed Central, administration of publication scholarships granted through a patient-advocacy organization, and open source platform development among them. Open access publishing ventures in libraries often strive for lean operations by attempting to capitalize on the scholarly impact available through the use of templated and turnkey publication systems. For CDRS, production on Tremor has provided opportunity to build operational capacity for more involved publication needs. The following report introduces a framework and account of the costs of producing such a publication as a guide to library and other non-traditional publishing operations interested in gauging the necessary investments. Following a review of the literature published to date on the costs of open access publishing and of the practice of journal publishing in academic libraries, the authors present a brief history of Tremor and a tabulation of the costs and expenditure of effort by library staff in production. NEXT STEPS Although producing Tremor has been more expensive than other partner publications in the center’s portfolio, the experiences have improved the library’s capacity for addressing more challenging projects, and developments for Tremor have already begun to be applied to other journals.
A rare species of Calanthe R.Br. recorded for the first time from India
Authors: Kumar Ramesh , Bhattacharjee Avishek , Singh Sushil Kumar , Sharma Sachin
Published: December 2014

Calanthe hancockii Rolfe is reported here for the first time from India. Its IUCN-status at Indian perspective is also assessed as Critically Endangered [CR B1].
Antistatic Agents
Authors: Walp Leonard E. , by Staff Updated
Published: December 2014

Electrification is the process of producing an electric charge on an object. Static is a surface phenomenon. Objects are thought of as developing static charges either by tribocharging or by induction. Mutual repulsion of fibers having similar charges can cause difficulties in many textile processing procedures.Static charges can be reduced by either reducing the rate of generation or by increasing the rate of dissipation.Antistatic agents operate by increasing the rate of charge dissipation. Antistatic agents must not affect subsequent processing of a material, impair the hand, or affect color, odor and appearance. Antistatic agents are applied to textiles by padding, exhausting, spraying and coating. Antistatic agents include ethoyxlated amines and sulfonates, glycerol monostearate, and fatty alcohols. Antistatics are also important in plastics Dust particles accumulate on plastic and packaging materials making them less attractive for selling. Some charges can cause explosions. This article focuses on the use of antistatics in plastics and textiles.
Report Calls for Balancing Energy Security, Energy Equity, and Environmental Concerns
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2014

Balancing the sometimes conflicting needs for energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability—including trying to limit average global temperature increases—can be a daunting task for countries. A new report focuses on the challenges and potential pathways to achieving this energy “trilemma” of meeting energy and environmental needs.
Defining Urban Geochemistry
Authors: Gardner Christopher B. , Lyons W. Berry , Long David T.
Published: December 2014

From 1950 to 2014, the proportion of the world's population living in urban centers has increased from 30% to 54%, and the United Nations' World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision estimates this number will reach 66%, or 6.3 billion, by 2050. Nearly 90% of this growth is projected to occur in Africa and Asia, which today remain mostly rural.
Static stress triggering explains the empirical aftershock distance decay
Authors: Hainzl Sebastian , Moradpour Javad , Davidsen Jörn
Published: December 2014

The shape of the spatial aftershock decay is sensitive to the triggering mechanism and thus particularly useful for discriminating between static and dynamic stress triggering. For California seismicity, it has been recently recognized that its form is more complicated than typically assumed consisting of three different regimes with transitions at the scale of the rupture length and the thickness of the crust. The intermediate distance range is characterized by a relative small decay exponent of 1.35 previously declared to relate to dynamic stress triggering. We perform comprehensive simulations of a simple clock‐advance model, in which the number of aftershocks is just proportional to the Coulomb‐stress change, to test whether the empirical result can be explained by static stress triggering. Similarly to the observations, the results show three scaling regimes. For simulations adapted to the depths and focal mechanisms observed in California, we find a remarkable agreement with the observation over the whole distance range for a fault distribution with fractal dimension of 1.8, which is shown to be in good agreement with an independent analysis of California seismicity.
What flare and CME parameters control the occurrence of solar proton events?
Authors: Park Jinhye , Moon Y.‐J.
Published: December 2014

In this study we examine the occurrence probabilities of solar proton events (SPEs) and their peak fluxes depending on both flare and coronal mass ejection (CME) parameters: flare peak flux, longitude, impulsive time, CME linear speed, and angular width. For this we use the NOAA SPEs, their associated X‐ray flares, and CME from 1997 to 2011. We divide the data into 16 subgroups according to the flare and CME parameters and estimate the SPE probabilities for the subgroups. The three highest probabilities are found for the following subgroups: (1) fast full halo (55.3%) and fast partial halo (42.9%) CMEs associated with strong flares from the western region and (2) slow full halo CMEs associated with strong flares from the western region (31.6%). It is noted that the events whose SPE probabilities are nearly 0% belong to the following subgroups: (1) slow and fast partial halo CMEs from the eastern region, (2) slow partial halo CMEs from the western region, and (3) slow full halo CMEs from the eastern region. These results show that important parameters to control SPE occurrences are CME linear speed, angular width, and source longitude, which can be understood by the piston‐driven shock formation of fast CMEs and magnetic field connectivity from the source site to the Earth. It is also shown that when the subgroups are separately considered by flare impulsive time and source longitude, the correlation coefficients between the observed and the predicted SPE peak fluxes are greatly improved.
Responses of different ion species to fast plasma flows and local dipolarization in the plasma sheet
Authors: Ohtani S. , Nosé M. , Miyashita Y. , Lui A. T. Y.
Published: December 2014

We investigate the responses of different ion species (H+, He+, He++, and O+) to fast plasma flows and local dipolarization in the plasma sheet in terms of energy density. We use energetic (9–210 keV) ion composition measurements made by the Geotail satellite at r = 10~31 RE. The results are summarized as follows: (1) whereas the O+‐to‐H+ ratio decreases with earthward flow velocity, it increases with tailward flow velocity with steeper Vx dependence for perpendicular flows than for parallel flows; (2) for fast earthward flows, the energy density of each ion species increases without any clear preference for heavy ions; (3) for fast tailward flows, the ion energy density initially increases, then it decreases to below the preceding levels except for O+; (4) the O+‐to‐H+ ratio does not increase through local dipolarization irrespective of dipolarization amplitude, background Bz, X distance, and Vx; (5) in general, the H+ and He++ ions behave similarly. Result (1) can be attributed to radial transport in the presence of the earthward gradient of the background O+‐to‐H+ ratio. Results (2) and (4) suggest that ion energization at local dipolarization is not mass dependent in the energy range of our interest because the ions are not magnetized irrespective of species. Result (3) can be attributed to the thinning of the plasma sheet and the preferable field‐aligned escape of the H+ ions on the tailward side of the reconnection site. Result (5) suggests that the solar wind is the primary source of the high‐energy H+ ions.
Flapping current sheet with superposed waves seen in space and on the ground
Authors: Wang G. Q. , Volwerk M. , Nakamura R. , Boakes P. , Zhang T. L. , Yoshikawa A. , Baishev D. G.
Published: December 2014

A wavy current sheet event observed on 15 October 2004 between 1235 and 1300 UT has been studied by using Cluster and ground‐based magnetometer data. Waves propagating from the tail center to the duskside flank with a period ~30 s and wavelength ~1 RE are superimposed on a flapping current sheet, accompanied with a bursty bulk flow. Three Pi2 pulsations, with onset at ~1236, ~1251, and ~1255 UT, respectively, are observed at the Tixie station located near the foot points of Cluster. The mechanism creating the Pi2 (period ~40 s) onset at ~1236 UT is unclear. The second Pi2 (period ~90 s, onset at ~1251 UT) is associated with a strong field‐aligned current, which has a strong transverse component of the magnetic field, observed by Cluster with a time delay ~60 s. We suggest that it is caused by bouncing Alfvén waves between the northern and southern ionosphere which transport the field‐aligned current. For the third Pi2 (period ~60 s) there is almost no damping at the first three periods. They occur in conjunction with periodic field‐aligned currents one‐on‐one with 72 s delay. We suggest that it is generated by these periodic field‐aligned currents. We conclude that the strong field‐aligned currents generated in the plasma sheet during flapping with superimposed higher‐frequency waves can drive Pi2 pulsations on the ground, and periodic field‐aligned currents can even control the period of the Pi2s.
Jupiter's equatorward auroral features: Possible signatures of magnetospheric injections
Authors: Dumont M. , Grodent D. , Radioti A. , Bonfond B. , Gérard J.‐C.
Published: December 2014

The present study investigates the characteristics of ultraviolet auroral features located equatorward of the main emission appearing in Hubble Space Telescope images of the northern and southern Jovian hemispheres obtained in 2000–2007. On average, one feature is observed every day, but several auroral structures are occasionally seen over a wide range of local times in the same image. Several properties of these features are analyzed, such as their location, emitted power, and lifetime. Additionally, we magnetically map the auroral features to the equatorial plane using the VIPAL model in order to compare their observed properties with those of magnetospheric injections detected by the Galileo spacecraft. The equatorward auroral features show up between the Io footpath and the main auroral emission, at all System III longitudes, in agreement with Galileo measurements. Moreover, we compare the magnetic flux associated with these features with estimates of the outgoing flux related to the radial transport of plasma in the Jovian magnetosphere, and we find that they could account for at least one third of this flux. This comparative study shows that the auroral features under study are most probably related to magnetospheric injections and thus sheds light on the processes involved in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere dynamics.
Investigation of sudden electron density depletions observed in the dusk sector by the Poker Flat, Alaska incoherent scatter radar in summer
Authors: Richards P. G. , Nicolls M. J. , St.‐Maurice J.‐P. , Goodwin L. , Ruohoniemi J. M.
Published: December 2014

This paper investigates unusually deep and sudden electron density depletions (troughs) observed in the Poker Flat (Alaska) Incoherent Scatter Radar data in middle summer of 2007 and 2008. The troughs were observed in the premidnight sector during periods of weak magnetic and solar activity. The density recovered to normal levels around midnight. At the time when the electron density was undergoing its steep decrease, there was usually a surge of the order of 100 to 400 K in the ion temperature that lasted less than 1 h. The Ti surges were usually related to similar surges in the AE index, indicating that the high‐latitude convection pattern was expanding and intensifying at the time of the steep electron density drop. The convection patterns from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network also indicate that the density troughs were associated with the expansion of the convection pattern to Poker Flat. The sudden decreases in the electron density are difficult to explain in summer because the high‐latitude region remains sunlit for most of the day. This paper suggests that the summer density troughs result from lower latitude plasma that had initially been corotating in darkness for several hours post sunset and brought back toward the sunlit side as the convection pattern expanded. The magnetic declination of ~22° east at 300 km at Poker Flat greatly facilitates the contrast between the plasma convecting from lower latitudes and the plasma that follows the high‐latitude convection pattern.
The effect of primary versus secondary processes on the volatile content of MORB glasses: An example from the equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (5°N–3°S)
Authors: Le Voyer Marion , Cottrell Elizabeth , Kelley Katherine A. , Brounce Maryjo , Hauri Erik H.
Published: December 2014

We report microanalysis of volatile and trace element compositions, as well as Fe3+/ΣFe ratios, from 45 basaltic glasses from cruise RC2806 along the equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. The along‐strike variations in volatiles result from the complex geodynamical setting of the area, including numerous transform faults, variations in ridge depth, melting degree, and source composition. The strongest gradient is centered on 1.7°N and encompasses an increase of H2O, Cl, and F contents as well as high F/Zr ratio spatially coincident with radiogenic isotope anomalies. We interpret these variations as source enrichment due to the influence of the nearby high‐μ‐type Sierra Leone plume. South of the St. Paul fracture zone, H2O and F contents, as well as H2O/Ce and F/Zr ratios, decrease progressively. This gradient in volatiles is consistent with progressive dilution of an enriched component in a heterogeneous mantle due to the progressive increase in the degree of melting. These two large‐scale gradients are interrupted by small‐scale anomalies in volatile contents attributed to (1) low‐degree melts preferentially sampling enriched heterogeneities near transform faults and (2) local assimilation of hydrothermal fluids in four samples from dredge 16D. Finally, 20 RC2806 samples described as “popping rocks” during collection do not show any difference in volatile content dissolved in the glass or in vesicularity when compared to the RC2806 “nonpopping” samples. Our observations lead us to question the interpretation of the CO2 content in the highly vesicular 2πD43 “popping rock” as being representative of the CO2 content of undegassed mid‐ocean ridge basalt.
Effects of three‐dimensional crustal structure and smoothing constraint on earthquake slip inversions: Case study of the Mw6.3 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Gallovič František , Imperatori Walter , Mai P. Martin
Published: December 2014

Earthquake slip inversions aiming to retrieve kinematic rupture characteristics typically assume 1‐D velocity models and a flat Earth surface. However, heterogeneous nature of the crust and presence of rough topography lead to seismic scattering and other wave propagation phenomena, introducing complex 3‐D effects on ground motions. Here we investigate how the use of imprecise Green's functions—achieved by including 3‐D velocity perturbations and topography—affect slip‐inversion results. We create sets of synthetic seismograms, including 3‐D heterogeneous Earth structure and topography, and then invert these synthetics using Green's functions computed for a horizontally layered 1‐D Earth model. We apply a linear inversion, regularized by smoothing and positivity constraint, and examine in detail how smoothing effects perturb the solution. Among others, our tests and resolution analyses demonstrate how imprecise Green's functions introduce artificial slip rate multiples especially at shallow depths and that the timing of the peak slip rate is hardly affected by the chosen smoothing. The investigation is extended to recordings of the 2009 Mw6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, considering both strong motion and high‐rate GPS stations. We interpret the inversion results taking into account the lessons learned from the synthetic tests. The retrieved slip model resembles previously published solutions using geodetic data, showing a large‐slip asperity southeast of the hypocenter. In agreement with other studies, we find evidence for fast but subshear rupture propagation in updip direction, followed by a delayed propagation along strike. We conjecture that rupture was partially inhibited by a deep localized velocity‐strengthening patch that subsequently experienced afterslip.
Three‐dimensional shear velocity anisotropic model of Piton de la Fournaise Volcano (La Réunion Island) from ambient seismic noise
Authors: Mordret Aurélien , Rivet Diane , Landès Matthieu , Shapiro Nikolaï M.
Published: December 2014

We cross correlate 4 years of seismic noise from the seismic network of Piton de la Fournaise Volcano (La Réunion Island) to measure the group velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love waves. We average measurements from vertical and radial components to obtain 577 Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. The transverse components provided 395 Love wave dispersion curves. We regionalize the group velocities measurements into 2‐D velocity maps between 0.4 and 8 s. Finally, we locally inverted these maps for a pseudo 3‐D anisotropic shear‐velocity model down to 3 km below the sea level using a Neighborhood Algorithm. The 3‐D isotropic shear‐wave model shows three distinct high‐velocity anomalies surrounded by a low‐velocity ring. The anomaly located below the present “Plaine des Sables” could be related to an old intrusive body at the location of the former volcanic center before it migrated toward its present location. The second high‐velocity body located below the summit of the volcano likely corresponds to the actual preferential dyke intrusion zone as highlighted by the seismicity. The third high‐velocity anomaly located below the “Grandes Pentes” and the “Grand Brûlé” areas and is an imprint of the solidified magma chamber of the dismantled “Les Alizés” Volcano. Radial anisotropy shows two main anomalies: positive anisotropy above sea level highlighting the recent edifice of Piton de la Fournaise with an accumulation of horizontal lava flows and the second one below the sea level with a negative anisotropy corresponding to the ancient edifice of Piton de la Fournaise dominated by intrusions of vertical dykes.
Moored observations of synoptic and seasonal variability in the East Greenland Coastal Current
Authors: Harden B. E. , Straneo F. , Sutherland D. A.
Published: December 2014

We present a year‐round assessment of the hydrographic variability within the East Greenland Coastal Current on the Greenland shelf from five synoptic crossings and 4 years of moored hydrographic data. From the five synoptic sections the current is observed as a robust, surface intensified flow with a total volume transport of 0.66 ± 0.18 Sv and a freshwater transport of 42 ± 12 mSv. The moorings showed heretofore unobserved variability in the abundance of Polar and Atlantic water masses in the current on synoptic scales. This is exhibited as large vertical displacement of isotherms (often greater than 100 m). Seasonally, the current is hemmed into the coast during the fall by a full depth Atlantic Water layer that has penetrated onto the inner shelf. The Polar Water layer in the current then thickens through the winter and spring seasons increasing the freshwater content in the current; the timing implies that this is probably driven by the seasonally varying export of freshwater from the Arctic and not the local runoff from Greenland. The measured synoptic variability is enhanced during the winter and spring period due to a lower halocline and a concurrent enhancement in the along‐coast wind speed. The local winds force much of the high‐frequency variability in a manner consistent with downwelling, but variability distinct from downwelling is also visible.
Seasonal and interannual oxygen variability on the Washington and Oregon continental shelves
Authors: Siedlecki S. A. , Banas N. S. , Davis K. A. , Giddings S. , Hickey B. M. , MacCready P. , Connolly T. , Geier S.
Published: December 2014

The coastal waters of the northern portion of the California Current System experience a seasonal decline in oxygen concentrations and hypoxia over the summer upwelling season that results in negative impacts on habitat for many organisms. Using a regional model extending from 43°N to 50°N, with an oxygen component developed in this study, drivers of seasonal and regional oxygen variability are identified. The model includes two pools of detritus, which was an essential addition in order to achieve good agreement with the observations. The model was validated using an extensive array of hydrographic and moored observations. The model captures the observed seasonal decline as well as spatial trends in bottom oxygen. Spatially, three regions of high respiration are identified as locations where hypoxia develops each modeled year. Two of the regions are previously identified recirculation regions. The third region is off of the Washington coast. Sediment oxygen demand causes the region on the Washington coast to be susceptible to hypoxia and is correlated to the broad area of shallow shelf (<60 m) in the region. Respiration and circulation‐driven divergence contribute similar (60, 40%, respectively) amounts to the integrated oxygen budget on the Washington coast while respiration dominates the Oregon coast. Divergence, or circulation, contributes to the oxygen dynamics on the shelf in two ways: first, through the generation of retention features, and second, by determining variability.
Comprehensive study of emission source contributions for tropospheric ozone formation over East Asia
Authors: Itahashi Syuichi , Hayami Hiroshi , Uno Itsushi
Published: December 2014

Emission source contributions of tropospheric ozone (O3) were comprehensively investigated by using the higher‐order decoupled direct method (HDDM) for sensitivity analysis and the ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT) for mass balance analysis in the comprehensive air‐quality model with extensions (CAMx). The response of O3 to emissions reductions at various levels in mainland China, Korea, and Japan were estimated and compared with results calculated by the brute force method (BFM) where one model parameter is varied at a time. Emissions were assessed at three receptor sites in Japan that experienced severe pollution events in May 2009. For emissions from China, HDDM assessed O3 response with a bias of only up to 3 ppbv (a relative error of 4.5%) even for a 50% reduction but failed to assess a more extreme reduction. OSAT was reasonably accurate at 100% reduction, with a −4 ppbv (−7%) bias, but was less accurate at moderate ranges of reduction (∼50–70%). For emissions from Korea and Japan, HDDM captured the nonlinear response at all receptor sites and at all reduction levels to within 1% in all but one case; however, the bias of OSAT increased with the increasing reduction of emissions. One possible reason for this is that OSAT does not account for NO titration. To address this, a term for potential ozone (PO; O3 and NO2 together) was introduced. Using of PO instead of O3 improved the performance of OSAT, especially for emissions reductions from Korea and Japan. The proposed approach with PO refined the OSAT results and did not degrade HDDM performance.
The Victoria mode in the North Pacific linking extratropical sea level pressure variations to ENSO
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Li Jianping , Tseng Yu‐heng , Sun Cheng , Guo Yipeng
Published: December 2014

The Victoria mode (VM) represents the second dominant mode (empirical orthogonal function, EOF2) of North Pacific variability, independent of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and is defined as the EOF2 of SST anomalies in the North Pacific poleward of 20°N. The present study indicates that the VM is closely linked to the development of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The VM may effectively act as an ocean bridge (or conduit) through which the extratropical atmospheric variability in the North Pacific influences ENSO. The VM can trigger the onset of ENSO via the following two dominant processes: (1) surface air‐sea coupling associated with the VM in the subtropical/tropical Pacific and (2) evolution of subsurface ocean temperature anomalies along the equator associated with the VM. These two processes may force sufficient surface warming to occur in the central eastern equatorial Pacific from spring to summer, which in turn initiates an ENSO event. The VM influence on ENSO relies on a basin‐scale air‐sea interaction dynamic, as opposed to more local‐scale dynamics typically associated with the seasonal footprinting mechanism or Pacific meridional mode. The majority of VM events are followed by ENSO events. These ENSO events triggered by VM include El Niño Modoki (EM) as well as conventional El Niño. There is no evidence that the VM tends to be more conducive to the initialization of EM than conventional El Niño.
Toward quantification and source sector identification of fossil fuel CO2 emissions from an urban area: Results from the INFLUX experiment
Authors: Turnbull Jocelyn C. , Sweeney Colm , Karion Anna , Newberger Timothy , Lehman Scott J. , Tans Pieter P. , Davis Kenneth J. , Lauvaux Thomas , Miles Natasha L. , Richardson Scott J. , Cambaliza Maria Obiminda , Shepson Paul B. , Gurney Kevin , Patarasuk Risa , Razlivanov Igor
Published: December 2014

The Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) aims to develop and assess methods for quantifying urban greenhouse gas emissions. Here we use CO2, 14CO2, and CO measurements from tall towers around Indianapolis, USA, to determine urban total CO2, the fossil fuel derived CO2 component (CO2ff), and CO enhancements relative to background measurements. When a local background directly upwind of the urban area is used, the wintertime total CO2 enhancement over Indianapolis can be entirely explained by urban CO2ff emissions. Conversely, when a continental background is used, CO2ff enhancements are larger and account for only half the total CO2 enhancement, effectively representing the combined CO2ff enhancement from Indianapolis and the wider region. In summer, we find that diurnal variability in both background CO2 mole fraction and covarying vertical mixing makes it difficult to use a simple upwind‐downwind difference for a reliable determination of total CO2 urban enhancement. We use characteristic CO2ff source sector CO:CO2ff emission ratios to examine the contribution of the CO2ff source sectors to total CO2ff emissions. This method is strongly sensitive to the mobile sector, which produces most CO. We show that the inventory‐based emission product (“bottom up”) and atmospheric observations (“top down”) can be directly compared throughout the diurnal cycle using this ratio method. For Indianapolis, the top‐down observations are consistent with the bottom‐up Hestia data product emission sector patterns for most of the diurnal cycle but disagree during the nighttime hours. Further examination of both the top‐down and bottom‐up assumptions is needed to assess the exact cause of the discrepancy.
Diagenesis and clay mineral formation at Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Bridges J. C. , Schwenzer S. P. , Leveille R. , Westall F. , Wiens R. C. , Mangold N. , Bristow T. , Edwards P. , Berger G.
Published: December 2014

The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity found host rocks of basaltic composition and alteration assemblages containing clay minerals at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater. On the basis of the observed host rock and alteration minerals, we present results of equilibrium thermochemical modeling of the Sheepbed mudstones of Yellowknife Bay in order to constrain the formation conditions of its secondary mineral assemblage. Building on conclusions from sedimentary observations by the Mars Science Laboratory team, we assume diagenetic, in situ alteration. The modeling shows that the mineral assemblage formed by the reaction of a CO2‐poor and oxidizing, dilute aqueous solution (Gale Portage Water) in an open system with the Fe‐rich basaltic‐composition sedimentary rocks at 10–50°C and water/rock ratio (mass of rock reacted with the starting fluid) of 100–1000, pH of ~7.5–12. Model alteration assemblages predominantly contain phyllosilicates (Fe‐smectite, chlorite), the bulk composition of a mixture of which is close to that of saponite inferred from Chemistry and Mineralogy data and to that of saponite observed in the nakhlite Martian meteorites and terrestrial analogues. To match the observed clay mineral chemistry, inhomogeneous dissolution dominated by the amorphous phase and olivine is required. We therefore deduce a dissolving composition of approximately 70% amorphous material, with 20% olivine, and 10% whole rock component.
Protein Databases: Operations, Possibilities and Challenges
Authors: Valencia Alfonso
Published: December 2014

The information on protein function, as essential component of biological systems, is essential for the development of biology and biomedicine. The information on proteins is organised in databases that store their sequences, domain organisation, three‐dimensional structures, posttranslational modifications, interactions, molecular functions and other protein features. This information is combined with the proper bioinformatics methods to address complex biological problems. The annotation of splice isoforms is used as a current example of the use of information from central protein databases. Instead of offering a mere catalogue of the many protein databases, which status is periodically reviewed and maintained in ‘The Molecular Biology Database Collection’ (
http://www.oxfordjournals.org/nar/database/c/
), this article reviews the operations necessary to organise and make openly accessible their information as part of the complex ecosystems of bioinformatics infrastructures. Finally, this article revises the main challenges that their sustainability represents.

Key Concepts:

Functional annotation is a process of assigning function to a protein based on the experimental evidence published in the literature or transferred from other proteins with similar sequences.

Process of adding information to database entries by groups of experts typically associated to large databases is known as database curation.

Information transfer is a process of assigning functions or functional characteristics to protein sequences based on the annotations of similar – in most cases orthologos – sequences.

Combining annotations from different publications and database to produce a representative description of protein characteristics and functional properties is known as information integration.

Bioinformatics infrastructure is the collection of databases, bioinformatics methods, and computational resources that provide the essential support to the work of biologists.
Decoding upper limb residual muscle activity in severe chronic stroke
Authors: Ramos‐Murguialday Ander , García‐Cossio Eliana , Walter Armin , Cho Woosang , Broetz Doris , Bogdan Martin , Cohen Leonardo G. , Birbaumer Niels
Published: December 2014

Objective

Stroke is a leading cause of long‐term motor disability. Stroke patients with severe hand weakness do not profit from rehabilitative treatments. Recently, brain‐controlled robotics and sequential functional electrical stimulation allowed some improvement. However, for such therapies to succeed, it is required to decode patients' intentions for different arm movements. Here, we evaluated whether residual muscle activity could be used to predict movements from paralyzed joints in severely impaired chronic stroke patients.

Methods

Muscle activity was recorded with surface‐electromyography (EMG) in 41 patients, with severe hand weakness (Fugl‐Meyer Assessment [FMA] hand subscores of 2.93 ± 2.7), in order to decode their intention to perform six different motions of the affected arm, required for voluntary muscle activity and to control neuroprostheses. Decoding of paretic and nonparetic muscle activity was performed using a feed‐forward neural network classifier. The contribution of each muscle to the intended movement was determined.

Results

Decoding of up to six arm movements was accurate (>65%) in more than 97% of nonparetic and 46% of paretic muscles.

Interpretation

These results demonstrate that some level of neuronal innervation to the paretic muscle remains preserved and can be used to implement neurorehabilitative treatments in 46% of patients with severe paralysis and extensive cortical and/or subcortical lesions. Such decoding may allow these patients for the first time after stroke to control different motions of arm prostheses through muscle‐triggered rehabilitative treatments.