bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Control, Martial Conformity, and Community Entanglement
Authors: Weaver John C.
Published: January 2014

The aim of this inquiry into the composition and conduct of the Hamilton police force in the early twentieth century is to indicate the merit of certain historical criticisms of policing while modifying them with evidence about inefficiency and inconcistency in the performance of social control measures as well as evidence of positive activities in the area of social services. The city police were called upon to enforce moral order by religious and elite groups; they were asked to be domestic missionaries. However, their working-class origins and the temptations encountered on the beat made them inconsistent if not indefferent enforcers of morality. When required to protect private property during strikes, they did so but lacked the resources to be an effective complement to the strike-breaking measures of large concerns. Although their very presence may have deterred crime, their actual crime prevention and detection activities were ineffectual. They performed other urban functions: enforcing bylaws and statutes that dealt with everything from the regulation of trade to public health, looking for missing persons, returning lost children, operating a hostel for the homeless, and dealing with assorted situations of potential and actual violence. The police had the most varied and sensitive duties of all urban-service professionals, but were the least well trained and educated.
Reiss, Steven A. City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports
Authors: Robertson James Oliver
Published: January 2014

City Games is a very badly written book about a very interesting topic: the relationships between the development of American cities and the development of organized sports. The book is valuable to anyone trying to understand or teach American sports history because it is a compendium of most of the important developments in American spectator sports. It has the added value that the sports are discussed particularly as they have related to urban ethnic groups.
Kemble, Roger. The Canadian City St John's to Victoria: A Critical Commentary
Authors: Griffiths Nan
Published: January 2014

Books on the topic of Canadian cities, particularly those that set out to address the physical, phenomenal environment, are not common. The publication of such a text is therefore welcome, sight unseen.
W. C. Clark and the Politics of Canadian Housing Policy, 1935-1952
Authors: Bacher John
Published: January 2014

To a remarkable extent the course of Canadian housing policy from 1935 to 1952 was set by the deputy minister of finance, W. C. Clark. By developing programs that stimulated the building of new homes for sale, he was able to deflect growing calls for a substantial federal program of subsidized low rental housing. Working in close consultation with representatives of mortgage-lending institutions, including D'Arcy Leonard, and with David Mansur, inspector of mortgages for Sun Life and later president of Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Clark was able to build an alliance of realty interests, home builders, life insurance companies, and material supply companies, such as retail lumber dealers. This alliance prevailed over public-housing supporters: trade unions, large construction companies, architects, social workers and urban planners. Clark was largely responsible for drafting the Dominion Housing Act of 1935 and the national housing acts of 1938 and 1944. Although all his legislation was geared to building new homes, and reducing political criticism, these acts also contained misleading and unworkable provisions for low-income housing. During World War 11 Clark reluctantly accepted rent-control and federal rental housing, but he restricted their scope and oversaw their phasing out by his long-time associate Mansur. Clark was also crucial in developing government programs that fostered large residential builders to plan future urban communities.
Changing Patterns of Great Lakes Vessel Ownership As a Factor in the Economic Development of Toronto, 1850-1860
Authors: Davidson Malcolm E.
Published: January 2014

L'article analyse les transformations survenues au niveau du nombre et de la nature des navires des Grands Lacs appartenant aux hommes d'affaires de Toronto et aux marins, durant la décade 1850-1860, en les situant dans le plus vaste contexte de l'économie urbaine. La comparaison des données recueillies pour cette décade indique que, durant les années 1850, les entrepreneurs torontois réduisent leurs engagements financiers envers les navires à vapeur et les augmentent dans le secteur de la navigation à voile. Cela laisse supposer que cette préférence est d'ordre financière et peut avoir été concomitante avec les investissements requis pour le développement de l'hinterland du nord et de l'ouest. Les résultats de cette recherche sont mis en relation avec les études de White, McCalla et Baskerville sur les hommes d'affaires de Toronto.
Three Preconfederation Painters of the Canadian City. Part III. Joseph Légaré
Authors: Caulfield Jon
Published: January 2014

James Cockburn, James Duncan et Joseph Légaré sont des peintres réputés auteurs de scènes illustrant la vie citadine et le paysage urbain de la période précédant la Confédération. lueurs oeuvres peuvent être considérées soit comme des artefacts culturels liés à la vie sociale et éclairant la compréhension de la période; soit comme des objets esthétiques relevant du domaine semi-autonome de l'Art et qui doivent être examinés dans le cadre de la sociologie critique; ou encore comme des documents historiques offrant un témoignage direct sur le paysage urbain, physique et social, d'avant la Confédération. Cet article s'intéresse davantage à la première approche, tout en indiquant certaines orientations de recherches relatives aux deux autres approches.
Bibliography: Research in Urban History 1987-1988
Authors: Gallina Paul
Published: January 2014

Preface: It is beyond the intended scope of this bibliography to provide a comprehensive compilation of urban history research for the years 1987-1988. Nonetheless, one could readily argue that this compilation is a fair representative sample of the international literature for these years, and, as such, an attempt to provide at least limited bibliographical control to a burgeoning interdisciplinary literature. Since Urban History Review is concerned with the historical evolution of urban Canada in a broad sense, an added effort has been made to include Canadian material.
Études d’histoire urbaine en Italie : résultats et tendances
Authors: Carozzi Carlo
Published: January 2014

This paper offers an assessment of the major trends of the research on urban history carried on in Italy during the last two decades and dealing with the period 1850-1970. According to the autor, it is impossible to understand the recent studies without a careful examination of the major transformations of the Italian urban and regional structures during recent decades. The paper presents in a thematical order the most significant publications.
Parks Canada's Architectural Styles Series
Authors: Luckyj Natalie
Published: January 2014

Cameron, Christina and Janet Wright. Second Empire Style in Canadian Architecture. Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archeology and History, No. 24, 1980. Pp. 247.119 black and white plates; 1 colour cover plate. $10.00 (Can), $12.00 (US).
Agriculture as an Urban Activity: Social Forces in Winnipeg's Grain Industry
Authors: Novek Joel
Published: January 2014

L'industrie céréalière des Prairies a été largement analysée au niveau de son impact économique, mais elle mérite également d'être examinée à fond comme une institution sociale qui a été influencée par des facteurs -sociaux et politiques. Parmi ceux-ci, se situe en tête le conflit entre les producteurs des Prairies et les marchands de céréales qui a conduit à une segmentation de l'industrie en propriétés privées et en coopératives de production. De plus, l'intervention politique accrue a également conduit à la croissance d'un large segment contrôlé publiquement. Tous les segments de l'industrie sont en train d'être affectés à long terme par des tendances à la consolidation, la bureaucratisation et l'application de l'informatique de pointe. Ces activités sont orientées davantage vers la stabilité plutôt que vers une croissance rapide de l'économie de Winnipeg. Elles indiquent aussi l'émergence d'une division du travail où les organisations urbaines remplissent une variété d'activités de service au profit de la production géographiquement dispersée de l'hinterland.
Three Preconfederation Painters of the Canadian City, Part I, James Cockburn
Authors: Caulfield Jon
Published: January 2014

James Cockburn, James Duncan et Joseph Légaré sont des peintres réputés auteurs de scènes illustrant la vie citadine et le paysage urbain de la période précédant la Confédération. Leurs oeuvres peuvent être considérées soit comme des artefacts culturels liés à la vie sociale et éclairant la compréhension de la période; soit comme des objets esthétiques relevant du domaine semi-autonome de VArt et qui doivent être examinés dans le cadre de la sociologie critique; ou encore comme des documents historiques offrant un témoignage direct sur le paysage urbain, physique et social, d'avant la Confédération. Cet article s intéresse davantage à la première approche, tout en indiquant certaines orientations de recherches relatives aux deux autres approches.
Local Politics and Local Planning: A Case Study of Hamilton, Ontario, 1915-1930
Authors: Terpstra Nicholas
Published: January 2014

Une étude des buts et des stratégies de développement à Hamilton montre la convergence des rapports professionnels et des comités civiques de développement reste trop limitée pour estimer Vampleur du mouvement local de développement urbain et ses éléments essentiels d'embellissement et d'efficacité. Le Town Planning Board (TPB) consultant municipal engagé en 1915 et le rapport de Vingénieur-urbaniste Noulan Cauchon de 1917 reflètent la coexistence de deux forces chez les partisans du développement de Hamilton. La période de Vaprès-guerre entraîne des changements dans la composition du TPB et le développement de politiques adéquates de zonage diminue l'influence politique du TPB et conduit à son abandon par les embellisseurs influents vers 1923. Tandis que l'inefficace TPB poursuit l'achèvement de son plan de zonage en 1928, les embellisseurs se sont dirigés vers les parcs administratifs et les comités routiers lesquels, dotés de pouvoirs et de budgets par la législation provinciale, constituent de bien meilleurs instruments de réalisation des plans à long terme réclamés dans le rapport Cauchon et poursuivit sans succès à travers le TPB. Vers 1930, l'efficacité des urbanistes est disparue tandis que les embellisseurs ont surmonté les défis politiques de leurs plans au profit de boulevards paysagers et d'une expansion majeure du système de parcs.
À propos de quelques transformations récentes de Montréal : de la ville « tentaculaire » à la métropole québécoise
Authors: Polèse Mario
Published: January 2014

Nous profitons de cette rubrique pour livrer quelques réflexions personnelles inspirées de quinze années de recherches menées à l'INRS-Urbanisation sur l'économie de Montréal et des régions québécoises. Nous nous référerons souvent aux travaux effectués à l'INRS; le lecteur ne trouvera cependant pas dans ce texte une revue exhaustive des travaux de l'INRS-Urbanisation sur la région de Montréal.
Six Texts for Urban Geography: A Review
Authors: Tunbridge J. E.
Published: January 2014

This review deals with six broadly urban-geographical texts, but is primarily concerned with their value to historically-oriented Canadian urbanists; consideration of each book is necessarily too brief to be fully comprehensive. They fall into two groups: the first three are too marginal to merit the attention of this journal's constituency; the latter three all develop urban geographical thinking into important and innovative areas which very clearly call for our consideration.
Regional Urban History: A Statistical and Cartographic Survey of Huron and Southern Bruce Counties, 1864-1981
Authors: Dahms Fred A.
Published: January 2014

L'auteur utilise des méthodes statistiques et cartographiques pour retracer l'évolution d'un groupe de localités établies dans le comté de Huron et dans la partie sud du comté de Bruce, de 1864 à 1981. Malgré le fait que le nombre de localités varie de 30 à 95 durant cette période, les 15 centres qui dominent économiquement la région présentent une stabilité remarquable tout au long de la période. La compétition, la date de fondation, la situation géographique et les transformations de la technologie des transports comptent pour beaucoup dans les tendances observées. Les endroits établis plus tôt continuent souvent de bénéficier de la force d'impulsion provoquée par leur taille et leur ancienneté, tandis que les centres de services développés plus récemment se trouvent défavorablement affectés par l'adoption de l'automobile et par le dépeuplement rural. L'étude d'un groupe de localités sur une longue période facilite les interprétations sur l'évolution des endroits particuliers.
Canadian Municipalities and Conditions of Fiscal Austerity in International Perspective: A Report and Some Observations
Authors: Lightbody James , Walker David
Published: January 2014

Dans ce texte, les auteurs résument les conditions historiques bien connues, bases de la situation fiscale actuelle des municipalités canadiennes. A l'intérieur de ce contexte global, les stratégies d'austérité, utilisées par les fonctionnaires des administrations municipales ailleurs dans le monde, deviennent déplus en plus suggestives pour les administrateurs qui essaient désespérément de concilier les demandes de services avec la prudence fiscale. Les auteurs présentent des observations générales à partir de rapports récents sur l'Austérité fiscale vieille d'une génération et le projet d'Innovation urbaine en relation avec les résultats préliminaires de leurs propres recherches.
A Regional Framework for Urban History
Authors: Stelter Gilbert A.
Published: January 2014

L'histoire urbaine n'a peut-être pas réalisé ce que prévoyait H.J. Dyos à son sujet, parce quelle s'est trop restreinte aux strictes limites de la ville. Ce texte propose une plus large structure régionale basée sur une meilleure connaissance du traditionnel concept Métropole/Hinterland. Il existe quatre types de relations ville-région identifiées à partir de plusieurs niveaux distinctifs : les villes et le système urbain international; VEtat-nation comme région; les régions au sein de VEtat-nation; la ville et son hinterland local. Des exemples ont été choisis à partir d'expériences urbaines canadiennes, américaines, latino-américaines et autraliennes. Une importante conséquence de cette perspective régionale indique que les petites localités, villages et villes, peuvent aussi être considérées comme une partie intégrante de la trame complexe des concentrations de population à l'intérieur d'une région.
Mississauga: Heritage Management in an Ordinary Place
Authors: McIlwraith Thomas F.
Published: January 2014

La gestion des ressources architecturales pose des défis particuliers dans une ville qui compte un grand nombre de constructions ordinaires et peu d'édifices ou de sites traditionnellement considérés comme remarquables. Lorsque les bâtiments ne se distinguent pas de façon évidente, des affiches appropriées peuvent aider les citoyens. Toutefois, ce processus d'identification risque de devenir incontrôlable étant donné l'abondance des caractéristiques susceptibles d'être retenues. L'exemple de Mississauga illustre le besoin essentiel d'une stratégie de conservation du patrimoine pour des localités de ce type et montre comment une telle stratégie peut servir avantageusement les intérêts d'une ville au sens large.
Town Fathers and Urban Continuity: The Roots of Community Power and Physical Form in Hamilton, Upper Canada in the 1830s
Authors: Doucet Michael , Weaver John C.
Published: January 2014

Cet article constitue à la fois une recherche empirique et une déclaration théorique. En opposition à une vision de l'histoire urbaine morcelée en périodes distinctes, il insiste sur le fait qu'il existe au contraire des éléments de continuité très importants. En effet, la continuité semble être l'élément fondamental de l'expérience urbaine au Canada, spécialement au cours des 19e et 20e siècles. L'aménagement de la ville, le rôle moteur des élites municipales, la concentration de la richesse et l'expression spatiale des caractéristiques économiques et sociales possèdent tous des racines profondes, allant même jusqu'aux premières décades dans le cas d'Hamilton, objet particulier de cette étude. Au niveau des sources matérielles, cet article utilise le rôle d'évaluation de 1839; cependant il met en garde contre des interprétations abusives ou erronées de ce document. Il soulève des questions à propos d'études américaines qui ont tenté des comparaisons sur la concentration des richesses à travers le temps. Cet article soutient que le facteur intangible d'accès au crédit était et demeure l'ingrédient vital de la richesse et du pouvoir Cet accès caractérise le Métropolitanisme, un thème historiographique qui fait ressortir la notion de continuité dans l'histoire urbaine canadienne.
Bibliography: Recent Publications Relating to Canada's Urban Past
Authors: Bloomfield Elisabeth
Published: January 2014

This is the fourth annual bibliography to appear in the October issue of the Urban History Review. It was originally organized to follow the format of Canada's Urban Past: A Bibliography to 1980 and Guide to Canadian Urban Studies by Alan F.J. Artibise and Gilbert A. Stelter (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981).
Urban History and the Politics of the Property Tax: The Case of Single Residential Property in the City of Toronto, 1920s-1970s
Authors: White Randall
Published: January 2014

Dans un passé récent, la réforme de la taxe foncière à Toronto a été contrecarrée par des théories sur les «éléments progressifs» du taux de base de l'imposition résidentielle, qui ont pour effet de maintenir les perspectives de modifications régressives des charges fiscales résidentielles à la remorque d'une réévaluation. L'étude de l'évolution de la taxe de base, dans cinq villes voisines depuis le début des années 1920, indique que ces éléments progressifs sont en grande partie une conséquence involontaire des transformations historiques des marchés immobiliers des environs. De plus, tout le potentiel existant pour des modifications régressives de la taxe pourrait être contrebalancé d'une manière significative par une revision, dans le traditionnel système de taxe foncière de la ville, de la formule d'exemption, partiellement graduée, des maisons d'habitation. Quoi qu'il en soit, l'histoire urbaine de la fiscalité torontoise illustre bien les défis politiques et techniques posés par la réforme de la taxation foncière à travers l'évaluation de la valeur marchande.
Absentee Landlordism and Municipal Government in Nineteenth Century St. John's
Authors: Baker Melvin
Published: January 2014

Cet article examine Vinfluence du système des baux relatif à la tenure des terres sur la structure du gouvernement municipal St-Jean au 19e siècle. Cette influence est visible dans la silhouette de St-Jean, dans ses rues et sa croissance physique, dans les bâtiments administratifs, dans la taxation municipale servant à défrayer les services locaux et aussi dans la formation des institutions municipales elles-mêmes. Elle explique également les échecs du Parlement terre-neuvien et du Conseil municipal de St-Jean dans leurs tentatives visant à taxer annuellement les revenus que les propriétaires absents, majoritairement britanniques, obtiennent de la location de leurs propriétés situées à St-Jean. Ces efforts sont stimulés par les locataires qui souhaitent que les propriétaires absents assument leur part de la taxation municipale. Il existe un ressentiment naturel à St-Jean à l'égard des propriétaires absents et de leurs agents. Les locataires sont également irrités par la hausse constante de la valeur du terrain urbain et ce, sans que les absents ne soient mis à contribution. Cette situation a une importance considérable sur le développement de St-Jean, pour qui le système de tenure des terres, non seulement décourage l'imposition de taxes foncières, mais travaille également contre l'établissement d'un gouvernement municipal. Par conséquent, au 19e siècle le gouvernement municipal de St-Jean diffère des voies plus traditionnelles suivies par les édiles d'autres villes canadiennes comme Halifax ou Toronto. A St-Jean, le Conseil municipal, établi en 1888, contrôle seulement l'eau, les rues, les égouts, les parcs, les pompiers et les règlements de construction. Tandis que le Parlement terre-neuvien détient la responsabilité des autres institutions et services de la ville. Après 1888, l'histoire du Conseil municipal se définit par une auto-règlementation limitée, caractérisée par une administration et un pouvoir législatif inadéquats, par l'ingérence politique et par des revenus insuffisants.
General Introduction to the Issue
Authors: Hulchanski J. David
Published: January 2014

It has been fifty years since Canada began implementing housing programs on a continuing basis and forty years since a national housing agency, the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, was established. Canadians have a right to ask: After a half century of housing programs and the expenditure of many billions of dollars, why do we still have housing problems? There is no denying that Canadians are among the best housed people in the world. What matters more than comparisons with other countries, however, is the comparison of Canadians with each other. Such a comparison raises the question of distribution: the wide disparity in the quality, quantity and affordability of the shelter occupied by rich and poor households, by home owners and renters, by urban and rural populations, and by native and non-native Canadians.
Canadian Housing "Policy" in Perspective
Authors: Bacher John C.
Published: January 2014

Cet article présente une vue d'ensemble de l'histoire de la politique canadienne en matière de logement. Il passe en revue les origines des programmes implantés de même que les options qui furent rejetées. Il compare également la politique canadienne du logement avec les approches utilisées par les autres états démocratiques prospères du monde occidental pour résoudre leurs problèmes de logement. L'article constate que la politique canadienne du logement ne manque pas d'ironie. En effet, ce sont les programmes d'assistance à la propriété destinés aux groupes à moyen revenu et les subsides aux investisseurs privés qui émergent continuellement au milieu des demandes politiques de financement public de logements locatifs pour les groupes à faible revenu. Par rapport aux autres pays occidentaux, l'engagement ferme du gouvernement canadien vis-à-vis l'assistance au marché reste exceptionnel. La cohésion entre le gouvernement et le milieu des affaires débute dans les années 1930, tandis qu'un gouffre se creuse entre les fonctionnaires fédéraux chargés du logement et les défenseurs du logement social. L'article estime que cette inclinaison de la politique canadienne du logement en faveurs des Canadiens mieux nantis, qui n'ont pas besoin de l'aide gouvernementale pour se procurer un logement décent, n'est pas accidentelle mais qu'elle reflète les moeurs du marché qui a façonné tous les efforts fédéraux en matière de logement.
"Thousands of our men are getting practically nothing at all to do"
Authors: Brennan Patrick H.
Published: January 2014

Unemployment relief work programs undertaken in Saskatchewan cities during 1929-32 and 1938-40 were not a failure. Carried out with an unavoidable minimum of "mismanagement" and "waste," they produced useful assets and badly needed employment, and not surprisingly were strongly supported by local taxpayers and the able-bodied unemployed alike. This record and the determined if too often unsuccessful efforts by the administrations and unemployed in Regina and Saskatoon to have even more relief money channelled into such "work and wages schemes" are an indictment of the federal response to the unemployment crisis and the impossible situation in which the flawed doctrine of "local responsibility" placed local governments. As such, the history of these programs serves as a useful corrective to the widespread impression that Prairie cities failed to show sufficient leadership or initiative in dealing with the unemployment crisis during the 1930s.
L’Arsenal fédéral de Québec 1933-1946
Authors: Gelly Alain
Published: January 2014

Au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, VArsenal fédéral occupe une place omniprésente à l'intérieur de la structure industrielle de Québec. À la lumière des éléments marquants de Vhistoire de cette enterprise, cet article examine l'importance de VEtat fédéral dans le développement phénoménal de l'Arsenal durant les années 1930 et 1940. Dans une moindre mesure, il décrit aussi l'importance de cette croissance sur l'industrie de la Vieille capitale.
The Homes Front
Authors: White Jay
Published: January 2014

No city in Canada was closer to the front lines of battle in 1942 than Halifax, Nova Scotia. But Halifax, like the rest of the country, was unprepared for a long war and the city struggled to cope with the heavy demand placed on her housing stock and municipal services. In one respect, Halifax was ready: the massive federal investment in new piers and rail facilities, begun before the First World War, enabled the port to accommodate huge British battleships and passenger liners converted into troopships. Her commodious harbour provided safe haven from German U-boats to hundreds of Allied merchantmen. But on the domestic front, Halifax could not even begin to manage the effects of a 10% rise in population in less than two years. Few industrial jobs, limited housing construction, a very high transient population, and a reluctance on the part of the federal government to accept responsibility for local problems all contributed to Halifax having a "rather uncomfortable rail seat at the spectacle of war. " — quotation from "Gateway to the World", film produced by the Nova Scotia Department of Industry and Publicity, 1946.
Thermal analysis of self-heating in saddle MOSFET devices
Authors: Oh Hyun Gon , Jeong Cherlhyun , Cho Il Hwan
Published: January 2014

The self-heating effects (SHEs) of saddle metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and gate dimensional impacts on thermal characteristics have been investigated on the basis of a realistic thermal conductivity of silicon and other materials. Thermal characteristics were analyzed by thermal resistance of Si channel. Since Si material has larger thermal conductivity than that of silicon dioxide, it is shown that the length of the side gate of saddle MOSFETs determines heat dissipation of Si channel. Side gate of saddle MOSFETs can be one of the important parameter in device optimization.
Growth of square Si single bulk crystals with large side-face widths using noncontact crucible method
Authors: Nakajima Kazuo , Murai Ryota , Morishita Kohei
Published: January 2014

The noncontact crucible method was used to prepare square Si single bulk crystals. The size of the square part of the ingots was determined by the side-face width of the four-cornered pattern that appeared on the top surface. We obtained square Si single crystals with sizes of 9.4 × 9.7 and 10.9 × 11.0 cm2 that had no fan-shaped {110} faces and had diagonal lengths of up to 91% of the crucible diameter. To obtain large square Si single bulk crystals with a large side-face width using the present method, the importance of establishing a larger low-temperature region in the Si melt while maintaining a smaller initial temperature reduction was considered.
An ultrasonic method for isolating nonclay components from clay‐rich material
Authors: Hoke Gregory D. , Schmitz Mark D. , Bowring Samuel A
Published: January 2014

We present an efficient method for high‐volume heavy mineral separation from clay‐rich rocks using an ultrasonic probe. The ultrasonic clay separator (UCS) is an easily constructed device that allows for the recovery of high‐density minerals, as small as 10 µm, with a minimum of sample preparation. Heavy mineral recovery from clay‐rich material with the UCS yields a greater number of small (<100 µm) grains and approximately double the amount of material from that of gravity settling and decanting. Despite development with heavy mineral recovery in mind, the UCS should suitable for recovering small grain size geologic materials from flocculating clay‐rich material.
Persistent flow acceleration within the interior of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Doyle Samuel H. , Hubbard Alun , Fitzpatrick Andrew A. W. , van As Dirk , Mikkelsen Andreas B. , Pettersson Rickard , Hubbard Bryn
Published: January 2014

We present surface velocity measurements from a high‐elevation site located 140 km from the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet, and ~ 50 km into its accumulation area. Annual velocity increased each year from 51.78 ± 0.01 m yr−1 in 2009 to 52.92 ± 0.01 m yr−1 in 2012—a net increase of 2.2%. These data also reveal a strong seasonal velocity cycle of up to 8.1% above the winter mean, driven by seasonal melt and supraglacial lake drainage. Sole et al. (2013) recently argued that ice motion in the ablation area is mediated by reduced winter flow following the development of efficient subglacial drainage during warmer, faster, summers. Our data extend this analysis and reveal a year‐on‐year increase in annual velocity above the equilibrium line altitude, where despite surface melt increasing, it is still sufficiently low to hinder the development of efficient drainage under thick ice.
The Indonesian Throughflow response to Indo‐Pacific climate variability
Authors: Sprintall Janet , Révelard Adèle
Published: January 2014

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is the only open pathway for interocean exchange between the Pacific and Indian Ocean basins at tropical latitudes. A proxy time series of ITF transport variability is developed using remotely sensed altimeter data. The focus is on the three outflow passages of Lombok, Ombai, and Timor that collectively transport the entire ITF into the Indian Ocean, and where direct velocity measurements are available to help ground‐truth the transport algorithm. The resulting 18 year proxy time series shows strong interannual ITF variability. Significant trends of increased transport are found in the upper layer of Lombok Strait, and over the full depth in Timor Passage that are likely related to enhanced Pacific trade winds since the early 1990s. The partitioning of the total ITF transport through each of the major outflow passage varies according to the phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) or El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In general, Pacific ENSO variability is strongest in Timor Passage, most likely through the influence of planetary waves transmitted from the Pacific along the Northwest Australian shelf pathway. Somewhat surprisingly, concurrent El Niño and positive IOD episodes consistently show contradictory results from those composites constructed for purely El Niño episodes. This is particularly evident in Lombok and Ombai Straits, but also at depth in Timor Passage. This suggests that Indian Ocean dynamics likely win out over Pacific Ocean dynamics in gating the transport through the outflow passages during concurrent ENSO and IOD events.
The role of suspended load transport in the occurrence of tidal sand waves
Authors: Borsje B. W. , Kranenburg W. M. , Roos P. C. , Matthieu J. , Hulscher S. J. M. H.
Published: January 2014

Tidal sand waves are dynamic bed patterns which are formed by the complex interaction between hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and geomorphology. Field data from the southern North Sea reveal that sand waves are absent where suspended load transport is the dominant transport mode. In order to understand the mechanisms responsible for the absence of sand waves, we study the influence of suspended load transport on the formation of tidal sand waves with a numerical process‐based geomorphological model (Delft3D). Model simulations are presented in which the vertical eddy viscosity and sediment diffusivity are both spatially and temporally variable (k‐ε turbulence model). First, it is shown that the preferred wavelength of sand waves for a relatively large grain size increases by the inclusion of suspended sediment, while for a relatively small grain size the flat bed is stable and no sand waves evolve. Second, it is shown that suspended load transport causes the suppression of long sand waves, resulting in a finite range of wavelengths that experience growth. Finally, by varying flow velocity amplitude and grain size, critical conditions for sand wave formation are found, i.e., conditions for which sand waves are marginally generated.
Clustered Mutations in Human Cancer
Authors: Roberts Steven A , Gordenin Dmitry A
Published: January 2014

Mutations are the frequent cause of cancer. They are mostly viewed as independent events distributed randomly across chromosomes. However, mutation distribution can be affected by permanent or transient features of genome structure and function. The extreme form of nonrandom distributions is a mutation cluster with multiple mutations concentrated in a tiny fraction of the genome. Multiple lesions in abnormally long regions of transient single‐strandeddeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)can cause mutation clusters, which have been found in a majority of human cancer types. Mutation spectra indicated that many clusters in cancer genomes were caused by a subclass of apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing polypeptide‐like (APOBEC) cytidine deaminases. These enzymes function to restrict retroviruses and retrotransposons by converting cytidine to uridine in single‐strandedcomplementary DNAs (cDNAs). The simple mutation spectra in clusters aided in highlighting APOBECs among the complex set of mutagenic mechanisms operating throughout many cancer genomes. Thus, clusters are an analytical tool for deciphering cancer mutation mechanisms.

Key Concepts:

Mutation clusters are unusually tightly spaced groups of mutations.

Error‐prone translesion synthesis across multiple lesions in single‐stranded DNA is a mechanism of clustered mutagenesis.

Mutation clusters have been found across many types of human cancers.

Strand‐coordinated clusters can be a tool for deciphering mutagenic mechanisms operating in cancer.

Mutations in C‐ or G‐coordinated clusters in human cancers are caused by a subclass of APOBEC cytidine deaminases normally serving to restrict viral and endogenous retroelements.

APOBEC‐induced mutation clusters as well as single mutations are widespread through many types of human cancers.
Hamburger, Viktor
Authors: Jiang Lijing
Published: January 2014

Viktor Hamburger (1900–2001) was a German‐American embryologist who, through investigating the relationships between the developing peripheral organs, such as limbs and the development of the central nervous system in amphibians and chicks, established neuroembryology from a tradition of experimental embryology. His work prepared the foundation upon which the nerve growth factor was discovered in his laboratory.
Genetics of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Gorman Kristen F , Julien Cedric , Oliazadeh Niaz , Tang Qilin , Moreau Alain
Published: January 2014

Genetic approaches to complex diseases are subject to the currently available technological innovations, and successes or failures using these approaches influence our hypotheses for the genetic contributions to complex diseases. Common complex diseases with a genetic contribution result in the bulk of healthcare expenses through chronic care. It is thought that an understanding of the genetic contributions to common complex diseases will allow for advances in disease prevention, mitigation of disease pathogenesis and curative treatments. The authors discuss genetic approaches to complex diseases from the perspective of idiopathic scoliosis, a prevalent vertebral deformity syndrome that involves the integration of clinical, psychological, mechanical, and basic science disciplines. The authors focus specifically on the different hypotheses and approaches for genetic study, drawing on past studies and discussing possible future studies, with consideration of technological innovations.

Key Concepts:

The genetic basis of idiopathic scoliosis is not well understood.

Idiopathic scoliosis is a complex deformity syndrome with a complex genetic component.

Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common form of human spinal deformity.

IS imposes a substantial healthcare cost through bracing, hospitalisations, surgery and chronic back pain.

Identification of IS genes might lead to innovations in screening and treatment.
Single‐step ultrasonic synthesis of biodiesel from crude Jatropha curcas oil
Authors: Choudhury Hanif A. , Srivastava Pulkit , Moholkar Vijayanand S.
Published: January 2014

A novel single‐step process with chlorosulfonic acid catalyst for ultrasonic biodiesel synthesis using feedstock with high free fatty acid content is investigated.Jatropha curcas oil has been used as the model feedstock with methanol as alcohol. The distinct merit of chlorosulfonic acid is that it catalyzes both esterification and transesterification reactions. Moreover, chlorosulfonic acid also counteracts inhibition caused by water formed during esterification, which is the cause for very slow kinetics of acid catalyzed transesterification. In addition, sonication of the reaction mixture also causes strong micromixing and emulsification that enhances the transesterification kinetics. Statistical optimization of the process shows 93% yield for 8.5 wt % catalyst, 20:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio and temperature of 333 K. Peculiar feature of this process is that high yield is seen at moderate temperature and molar ratio, which are much smaller than that for conventional sulfuric acid catalyzed processes. The activation energy for the process (57 kJ/mol) is at least 3× lower than the energy for sulfuric acid catalyzed transesterification. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that the net Gibbs energy change for the single‐step process is almost same as that for sulfuric acid catalyzed process. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1572–1581, 2014
Prevalence of antigen‐specific immunoglobulin E on mucosal brush biopsy of the inferior turbinates in patients with nonallergic rhinitis
Authors: Reisacher William R. , Bremberg Maria G.
Published: January 2014

Background

This study investigates the prevalence of local, antigen‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) from mucosal brush biopsy (MBB) of the inferior turbinates in people diagnosed with chronic, idiopathic, nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) based on negative skin and/or in vitro testing.

Methods

A standard cytology brush was used to harvest epithelial cells from the inferior turbinates of 20 adults. These cells were then processed and tested for the presence of total and antigen‐specific IgE to 9 common aeroallergens using immunofluorescence. The relationships between detectable IgE and quality of life (QOL), self‐reported seasonal symptoms and season of specimen collection were determined.

Results

Antigen‐specific IgE for at least 1 antigen was detected on MBB in all of 20 (100%) study participants with a mean of approximately 3 sensitizations per participant. IgE to cockroach was present in 18 of 20 (90%) participants. There was no significant association noted between QOL scores or self‐reported seasonal symptoms and the presence of specific IgE to any of the study antigens, although the presence of white oak and ragweed IgE was significantly higher in patients tested during the pollen season.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that, using MBB of the inferior turbinates, antigen‐specific IgE to at least 1 airborne allergen is detectable in 100% of the idiopathic, NAR study population. This rate of sensitization is notably higher than previous reports, suggesting that the prevalence of atopic disease in the general population may be higher than current estimates. Testing for local sensitization should be considered as part of the complete evaluation for atopic disease.
Complications from office sclerotherapy for epistaxis due to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT or Osler‐Weber‐Rendu)
Authors: Hanks John E. , Hunter David , Goding George S. , Boyer Holly C.
Published: January 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate adverse clinical outcomes following office‐based sclerotherapy using sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) for epistaxis due to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias (HHT or Osler‐Weber‐Rendu).

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 36 adult patients treated with STS sclerotherapy for severe and/or recurrent epistaxis due to HHT was performed.

Results

A total of 153 separate treatment sessions were analyzed. Each patient underwent an average of 4.3 sessions with an average of 7 intralesional injections per session. Bleeding during the procedure was experienced by 8 patients with a maximum reported blood loss of 200 mL in 1 patient, but less than 50 mL in all others. Seven patients reported some postinjection pain, which included nasal, cheek, and eye pain. Nasal congestion, sneezing, and vasovagal responses were each noted to occur 2 times. No complications of postprocedural visual loss, deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolus, transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke, or anaphylaxis were encountered.

Conclusion

Conventional therapies used in the management of HHT‐related epistaxis, such as laser coagulation, septodermoplasty, selective arterial embolization, and Young's occlusion each have specific associated complications, including worsened epistaxis, septal perforation, foul odor, nasal crusting, and compromised nasal breathing. STS is a safe office‐based treatment option for HHT‐mediated epistaxis that is associated with exceedingly few of the aforementioned serious sequelae.
Correlates of traumatic brain injury among juvenile offenders: A multi‐site study
Authors: Vaughn Michael G. , Salas‐Wright Christopher P. , DeLisi Matt , Perron Brian
Published: January 2014

Background

There is some evidence that antisocial individuals, including young delinquents, are significantly more likely than people in the general population to incur a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Extant studies are hampered by methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes, lack of control for confounding effects, and use of single sites and may lack representativeness.

Hypothesis

The hypothesis for this study is that young offenders with a history of TBI will not only be at higher risk of impulsivity and negative emotionality than their non‐injured peers but also that those with TBI will have had more previous victimisation experiences.

Methods

Data from two sites (Philadelphia, PA and Phoenix, AZ) in a substantial longitudinal, prospective study – the Pathways to Desistance Study – were used to compare young people (average age 16 years) who reported TBI with those who did not. Independent variables were behavioural, criminogenic and psychosocial measures.

Results

Male youths were about twice as likely as young females to report TBI. Such injury was associated with higher impulsivity and negative emotion ratings, even after allowing for potentially confounding factors, including sex. In addition, TBI was independently associated with self‐reported experience of victimisation.

Conclusions/implications

This extends the generalisability of earlier suggestions of a relationship between TBI and offending, and various factors thought likely to mediate the relationship. The implications are, thus, that it is likely to be of practical value to screen young people who get into the criminal justice system for a history of TBI, and thus to allow for more specific tailoring of interventions to reduce the range of associated problems, including likely reoffending. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership Matters: Addressing the Student Success and Completion Agenda
Authors: McClenney Byron N.
Published: January 2014

This chapter describes a movement to significantly increase student attainment in community and technical colleges. The observations of Leadership Coaches in Achieving the Dream, developed over a nine‐year period of involvement, provide insight into the leadership required to transform institutional culture.
Maximizing Data Use: A Focus on the Completion Agenda
Authors: Phillips Brad C. , Horowitz Jordan E.
Published: January 2014

The completion agenda is in full force at the nation's community colleges. To maximize the impact colleges can have on improving completion, colleges must organize around using student progress and outcome data to monitor and track their efforts. Unfortunately, colleges are struggling to identify relevant data and to mobilize staff to review student information that can lead to action: changes in policy and practice that improve student completion. The authors present their model for engaging educational institutions in using data to make good decisions about increasing completion.
Unconventional Assembly of Bimetallic Au–Ni Janus Nanoparticles on Chemically Modified Silica Spheres
Authors: Jia Lei , Pei Xiaowei , Zhou Feng , Liu Weimin
Published: January 2014

This paper reports that Janus AuNi nanoparticles (JANNPs) can self‐assemble onto silica spheres in a novel way, which is different from that of single‐component isotropic nanoparticles. JANNPs modified with octadecylamine (ODA) assemble onto catechol‐modified silica spheres (SiO2OH) to form a very special core–loop complex structure and finally the core–loop assemblies link each other to form large assemblies through capillary force and the hydrophobic interaction of the alkyl chains of ODA. The nanocomposites disassemble in the presence of vanillin and oleic acid because of the breakage of the catechol–metal link. Vanillin‐induced disassembly enables the JANNPs to reassemble into a core–loop structure upon ODA addition. The assembly of SiO2OH and isotropic Ni or Fe3O4 particles generates traditional core–satellite structures. This unconventional self‐assembly can be attributed to the synergistic effect of Janus specificity and capillary force, which is also confirmed by the assembly of thiol‐terminated silica spheres (SHSiO2) with anisotropic JANNPs, isotropic Au, and Ni nanoparticles. These results can guide the development of novel composite materials using Janus nanoparticles as the primary building blocks.
Research Note: Integrative Ties as an Approach to Managing Organizational Conflict
Authors: Gawerc Michelle I.
Published: January 2014

This research note highlights the importance of integrative bonds as a means of managing organizational conflict. Drawing on Gamson and Modigliani's (1963) theory on integrative ties, the author argues for this approach to be considered in the future as an alternative but complementary approach to managing conflict in organizations.