bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Group reorientation and migration of amphiphilic polymer bearing phosphorylcholine functionalities on surface of cellular membrane mimicking coating
Authors: Yang Shan , Zhang Shi‐Ping , Winnik Françoise M. , Mwale Fackson , Gong Yong‐Kuan
Published: July 2007

Amphiphilic polymers bearing phosphorylcholine (PC) groups can form films of interfacial structure similar to that of the outer membrane of living cells. The films, as prepared, present PC groups to the external aqueous environment and exhibit good biocompatibility. However, under certain conditions, the surface structure can change irreversibly due to the reorientation and deep migration of the surface groups. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic contact angle measurements, and cell culture experiments were used to investigate the reorientation and migration of the surface groups of an amphiphilic PC‐polymer coating. When the polymer surface is immersed into or drawn out of water, significant reorientation and group migration occurs, as suggested by the large difference between the advancing and receding contact angles. Angle‐resolved XPS measurements indicate that the hydrophobic groups move to the air/film interface while the hydrophilic groups migrate towards the bulk of the polymer coating. Long periods of aging may result in irreversible changes of the surface structure and decrease the biocompatibility of the materials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Characterization of hydrogels prepared from copolymerization of the different degrees of methacrylate‐grafted chondroitin sulfate macromers and acrylic acid
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Fung , Tsai Hung‐Yu , Peng Yu‐Shiang , Wang Li‐Fang , Chen Jenn‐Shing , Lu Shui Chun
Published: July 2007

Different degrees (between 20 and 75%) of methacrylate‐grafted chondroitin sulfate (CS‐MA) were synthesized. These CS‐MA macromers were further copolymerized with acrylic acid (AA) at the molar ratio of 1 to 5 to form hydrogels. The sol percents of these CS‐MA‐AA hydrogels decreased and the cross‐linking densities were studied with respect to the degrees of MA substitution onto CS‐MA. The cytotoxicity with the increase in degree of MA substitution (DS) onto CS‐MA as well as their hydrogels prepared from the corresponding macromers was tested using 293T cells. The cell viability of human dermal fibroblast and mescenchymal stem cells was further tested upon exposure to 75% CS‐MA for 1‐, 3‐, and 7‐day incubation period. The hydrogels maintained degradability for long periods of time as evidenced by SEM. A model protein, BSA, demonstrated the prolong‐release behaviors of these hydrogels in simulated gastric fluids and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions and a faster release rate in the presence of chondroitinase and esterase at pH 7.4. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
A model of strategy decision making
Authors: Greenley Gordon E.
Published: July 2007

There is still a lack of agreement on how future strategies should be formulated in companies. In this article, a simple model is given, which explains a range of five fundamental decisions that need to be addressed when formulating strategies within a company. The focus is on the nature of strategy decisions, with the aim of alleviating some of the confusion surrounding the formulation of strategy.
A multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing tension‐free vaginal tape surgery and no treatment for the management of stress urinary incontinence in elderly women
Authors: Campeau L. , Tu L.M. , Lemieux M.C. , Naud A. , Karsenty G. , Schick E. , Corcos J.
Published: July 2007

Aims

The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that elderly women undergoing tension‐free vaginal tape surgery (TVT) will have a better quality of life (QOL) and satisfaction compared to non‐treated women despite age‐ and technique‐related potential morbidity.

Methods

This multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial enrolled a total of 69 women aged over 70 years who initially consented to be randomized to either undergo immediate TVT surgery or to wait for 6 months before submitting to the same surgery (control group). The main outcomes measured at every visit (pre‐randomization, 8–12 weeks and 6 months) consisted of the Incontinence‐Quality of Life (I‐QOL) Questionnaire, the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Urinary Problems Self‐assessment Questionnaire, among others.

Results

The analysis included 31 patients in the immediate surgery group and 27 subjects in the control group. Peri‐operative complications in the immediate surgery group were bladder perforation (22.6%), urinary retention (12.9%), urinary tract infection (3.2%) and de novo urgency (3.2%). At 6 months, the mean I‐QOL scores for the TVT and control groups were respectively 96.5 ± 15.5 and 61.6 ± 19.8 (P < 0.0001); mean Patient Satisfaction scores were respectively 8.0 ± 2.7 and 2.0 ± 2.4 (P < 0.0001); and mean Urinary Problems scores were respectively 4.5 ± 4.3 and 11.6 ± 3.5 (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

At 6 months post‐randomization, the group of elderly women who underwent immediate TVT surgery showed a significant improvement in QOL, patient satisfaction and less urinary problems compared to the group of women waiting for the same surgery. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:990–994, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Training women volunteers to seek major gifts
Authors: Taylor Martha A.
Published: July 2007

The University of Wisconsin empowers women philanthropically by giving them the skills to seek support. A plan that started with focus groups and developed into a structured training program to empower women as donors and effective solicitors has had an excellent effect at the university and is a model for others.
The road least traveled: Board roles in fundraising
Authors: Wagner Lilya
Published: July 2007

Although nonprofit board members are often reluctant to get involved in fundraising, their roles and responsibilities are of serious consequence to nonprofit organizations. Board members can be motivated and trained to be of maximum benefit in resource development, and at the same time they can experience great satisfaction in their involvement.
Trustees and staff: Building effective fundraising teams
Authors: Seiler Timothy L. , Tempel Eugene R.
Published: July 2007

A series of interviews with staff and trustees of not‐for‐profits with a record of successful fundraising offers a model for staff and trustee interaction in the fundraising process.
Organizational readiness for successful fund development: A systematic and holistic approach
Authors: Boguch Janet
Published: July 2007

Effective fundraising does not occur piecemeal or as an isolated organizational subset but depends on constant attention to organizational nurturance, to process as well as product, and to the dynamics of organizational readiness for fundraising.
Explanations for current levels of religious giving
Authors: Hoge Dean R.
Published: July 2007

Several explanatory factors that are important for understanding religious giving are explored: the different forms of reciprocity and altruism, the impact of institutional factors, and the free rider problem.
New directions in contemporary Jewish philanthropy: The challenges of the 1990s
Authors: Kosmin Barry A.
Published: July 2007

World events and demographic trends among American Jews suggest changes in giving patterns and some structural problems for Jewish philanthropy. A renewed focus on Jewish identity will be a prerequisite to continued raising of funds for Jewish causes.
Philanthropic cultures of generational archetypes
Authors: Eastman Charles L.
Published: July 2007

We often talk in the vernacular about differences between generations, but we rarely apply the idea to our philanthropical activities. This chapter introduces a model of generational archetypes that can explain a lot about donor behavior and be an important tool when planning the appropriate fundraising strategy.
The human dimension and change concept: The impact of people interacting with technology
Authors: Matijevic Paul J.
Published: July 2007

Personnel face challenges when technology is introduced into the workplace. This chapter discasses the difficulties involved in developing and implementing an effective technology plan.
The implementation of a new system
Authors: Ranney Michael O.
Published: July 2007

Opera/Columbs, a small nonprofit organization, successfilly installed and adapted to a new computer system. This experience, described here, may help others make the same transition.
The right tool for the job
Authors: Mills‐Groninger Tim
Published: July 2007

There are many important issues to consider when selecting fundraising software–involving both the software itself and the organization that will we it.
Reports and report generation that effectively support a fundraising organization
Authors: O'Neil Pamela J.
Published: July 2007

High‐quality reports stem from good data collection, excellent communication, and awareness of findraising objectives on the part of the individuals who prepare them.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology – driving research and applications
Authors: Correia A. , Pérez M. , Sáenz J. J. , Serena P. A.
Published: July 2007

Nanoscience and nanotechnology represent scientific‐technical areas that in less than twenty years have gone from being in the hands of a small group of researchers who glimpsed their great potential, to constitute one of the recognized pillars of scientific progress for the next decades. This paper illustrates how the irruption of the nanotechnologies will directly affect human beings by substantially improving diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as our capacities to interact with our surroundings. Governments around the world have realized the important role that nanotechnology deserves, and during the last decade budgets allocated to research and development in nanotechnology have continuously increased. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the support of voice call continuity across UMTS and wireless LANs
Authors: Salkintzis Apostolis K. , Passas Nikos , Skyrianoglou Dimitris
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we address the architecture and the procedures that can enable voice call handover from UMTS to WLAN and we also study how efficiently the WLAN can support the voice calls transferred from UMTS. Our study is based on a practical simulation model that lets us quantify the maximum number of voice calls that can be handed over from UMTS to WLAN, subject to maintaining the same level of UMTS QoS and respecting some WLAN policies. In addition, several other voice call performance metrics are derived. Our results indicate that an IEEE 802.11e access point can support a limited number of voice calls handed over from UMTS, which depends primarily on the applied WLAN bandwidth sharing policy (i.e., how the bandwidth is shared between WLAN voice and data users) and the QoS requirements. The performance of the WLAN scheduling algorithm is also of paramount importance and in our study we consider the so‐called ARROW scheduler. Although the simulation results are derived for a specific bandwidth sharing policy, they can readily be scaled and provide practical upper bounds for the number of UMTS voice calls that can be seamlessly admitted to a WLAN access point. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved micro‐extraction cell for supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of fatty acids
Authors: Artz Willam E. , Sauer Robert M.
Published: July 2007

An improved supercritical fluid micro‐extraction cell of increased reliability was designed for on‐line supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography (SFE/SFC) of food and other lipid‐related samples. The key components in the modified cell include a Swagelok stainless steel reducing union with a dual ferrule as the cell, with polyetherether‐ketone (PEEK) ferrules and nuts to connect the cell to the control valve. The new cell did not leak under all conditions examined (100–500 atmospheres, 40–80°C), even after numerous extractions (>250). The quantitative performance of the cell was evaluated with fatty acid standard solutions, technical grade fatty acid sources and wheat flour. The percent relative error (%RE) for the fatty acid standards and technical‐grade fatty acid samples was ≤6.0% for oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid. The %RE for oleic and linoleic acid in the whole‐wheat samples was ≤10%. The results demonstrate that the new extraction cell can be used for quantitative extractions and that the sensitivity of the SFE/SFC technique is excellent. Similar SFE/SFC methods could prove useful in studying the interaction of free fatty acids with various food components such as enzymes, amylose and proteins.
Fatty acid composition of melon seed oil lipids and phospholipids
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. , Nwosu Chigozie V.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acid compositions of crude melon seed oil from two different sources were compared. Melon seeds fromCitrullus vulgaris (syn.C. lanatus) contained phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylserine (PS), whereas melon seeds fromCitrullus colocynthis contained only PC and LPC, but not PS. Analysis of the total lipids revealed that the major fatty acid of the oils was 18:2n‐6.Citrullus vulgaris seed oil contained 71.3% andC. colocynthis contained 63.4% of 18:2n‐6. The predominant fatty acids in theC. vulgaris PC were 18:2n‐6 (32.2%), 18:1n‐9 (26.4%) and 16:0 (22.2%), whereas theC. colocynthis PC contained 44.6% of 18:1n‐9 as the major fatty acid. The level of monoenes in theC. colocynthis variety (46.2%) was different from theC. vulgaris (27.3%). The major fatty acid in the LPC was 18:1n‐9 for both varieties. Notably, theC. colocynthis variety did not contain any PS. The major fatty acids in theC. vulgaris PS were 18:1n‐9 (37.9%) and 18:2n‐6 (33.7%). Of all the phospholipids, LPC contained the greatest amount of monoenes, 48.6–52.4%.
Composition of American distilled tall oils
Authors: Magee Thomas V. , Zinkel Duane F.
Published: July 2007

The composition of the acidic components was determined for a cross section of distilled tall oil products produced in the United States. The composition varied widely as a result of different process designs and operations. Filtration of those products that crystallize offers a potential for upgrading some distilled tall oils. In the course of this work, a new resin acid, 7,15‐pimaradien‐18‐oic acid, was isolated and identified.
Semi‐volatile and volatile compounds formed by degradation of triglycerides in a pressurized reactor
Authors: Knothe G. , Bagby M. O. , Ryan T. W. , Wheeler H. G. , Callahan T. J.
Published: July 2007

The products formed during precombustion reactions of several saturated and unsaturated triglycerides upon their injection into a reactor, simulating conditions that exist in a diesel engine, were collected. Two traps were employed in order to distinguish between volatile and semi‐volatile components. The resulting samples were analyzed with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry techniques. Various aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were detected as major degradation products. Oxygenated degradation products were found in smaller numbers. Differences observed in the samples compared to previous work are attributed to the higher temperature used in the present study (450°Cvs. 400°C). The environment (air or nitrogen) had considerable influence on product formation. The number of components was less for samples of tripalmitin, tristearin and triolein reacted under nitrogen than under air; but more components were formed from trilinolein and trilinolenin under nitrogen atmosphere than under air.
Production of 15‐, 16‐ and 17‐hydroxy‐9‐octadecenoic acids by bioconversion of oleic acid withBacillus pumilus
Authors: Lanser A. C. , Plattner R. D. , Bagby M. O.
Published: July 2007

SeveralBacillus strains were tested for their ability to hydroxylate oleic acid. Two strains—BD‐174 and BD‐226—converted oleic acid into a trio of hydroxy‐octadecenoic acids. Bioconversion in 72–120 hr produced 5–11% of hydroxy acids relative to oleic acid as measured by gas chromatography. These acids were identified as the 15‐, 16‐ and 17‐hydroxy‐9‐octadecenoic acids by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of trimethyl silyl derivatives of the product acids and their hydrogenated counterparts.
Spaced spiral weave metallic cloth as a column packing material for stripping soybean oil
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Ingebo Robert D.
Published: July 2007

A study of the effect of liquid distribution on the performance of a packed column resulted in the development of a distributor head for feeding which not only improved the distribution but decreased the steam consumption by about 20% and increased the column capacity by about 30% when stripping soybean oil‐trichloroethylene miscella from 20% to 0.02% residual solvent. Liquid distribution: studies with rolled packing units composed of 10‐mesh reinforced spiral weave stainless steel cloth with 1/2‐inch Berl saddles as spacers between turns showed that these units maintained a very uniform distribution of liquid down the stripping column. A column 8 inches in diameter with packing units having a total height of 78 inches had a capacity, when operated with the distributor head on 20% soybean oil‐trichloroethylene miscella, for stripping 229 pounds of soybean oil per hour to a residual solvent content of 0.02%, using 0.20 pound of steam per pound of oil.
The effect of trichloroethylene in the hydrogenation of soybean and cottonseed oils
Authors: Norris F. A. , Mattil K. F. , Lehmann W. J.
Published: July 2007

It has been found that at concentrations greater than. 003% trichloroethylene retards the rate of hydrogenation of vegetable oils without any apparent effect upon selectivity of hydrogenation. However it is not an irreversible catalyst poison, and oils containing relatively large amounts of trichloroethylene have been successfully hydrogenated in the laboratory and pilot plant.

In those cases where the concentration in the refined oil was sufficient to inhibit the rate of hydrogenation, it was possible to increase the rate considerably by means of additional purging of the converter, addition of extra quantities of catalyst, or the addition of normal quantities of catalyst in divided portions. These are considered to be emergency measures inasmuch as it is believed that efficiently operated solvent extraction plants should produce stripped oils which, after refining, can be hydrogenated under normal conditions without difficulty.

It has been demonstrated that each of the three most common methods of refining crude oils. greatly reduces the concentration of trichloroethylene in the oils so that crudes containing excessive amounts of added trichloroethylene hardened with little or no difficulty after being refined by any one of the three methods. DIRECT SUPPORT A03O2061 00003
Comparative value of fatty acids and resin acids of tall oil in soaps
Authors: Snell Foster Dee , Reich Irving
Published: July 2007

A study has been made of the detergency and foaming power of soaps made from a typical acid‐refined American tall oil. Sodium soap of tall oil, straight tall oil fatty‐acid soap, and straight tall oil resin‐acid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty acid‐resin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash‐test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of fatty soap to resin soap.

The data indicate in terms of detergency: a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better than tall oil fatty‐acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils; c) both tall oil resin‐acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall oil fatty‐acid and resin‐acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps, indicating a synergistic effect.

As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without unsaponifiables is equivalent to a corresponding mixture of sodium oleate and sodium rosinate. The presence of unsaponifiables lowers both detergency and foaming. Tall oil soap is somewhat less sensitive to hard water than sodium oleate.

Significant differences between detergencies of soaps, and especially between soap mixtures, are obscured when launderometer tests are run at moderate soap concentrations. These differences are readily detected at lower concentrations.
Mixtures of soap and a commercial alkyl aryl sulfonate
Authors: Flett L. H. , Morgan O. M. , Hoyt L. F.
Published: July 2007

This middle ground between the soaps and synthetics has not been actively exploited in spite of the intense current interest in the straight products. It has been a no man's land where the manufacturers of synthetic detergents have carefully avoided soap, which they regard as outside of their field, while many manufacturers of soap have been indifferent to the effect of the synthetic detergents.

In spite of this general indifference work has been done on both sides of the fence with a continually increasing use of the mixtures. Where mixtures have been ready‐made, the soap manufacturers have been largely responsible for their manufacture.

Commercial mixtures of soaps and synthetics have been sold where synthetic detergents have been found to improve soap for specific uses. This trend is certain to expand. The present success should encourage further research and development commensurate with the increasing commercial importance of the products.
Factors influencing phospholipid adsorption on silica from soybean oil miscella
Authors: Brown Helen G. , Snyder H. E.
Published: July 2007

Phospholipids can be removed from crude soybean oil miscellas by adsorption on silica. The adsorption is not complete even though the silica has not been saturated. Micelle formation and calcium salts of phospholipids were ruled out as causes for the incomplete adsorption pattern, and competition for adsorption sites by triglyceride was judged to be the likely cause.
Determination of the total glucosinolate content in canola by reaction with thymol and sulfuric acid
Authors: DeClercq D. R. , Daun J. K.
Published: July 2007

Intact glucosinolates in seeds and meals of rapeseed and canola were isolated and purified on small DEA ion‐exchange columns. After being eluted with potassium sulfate the glucosinolates were hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid to produce thioglucose which was determined as a complex with thymol. The method was compared to a gas liquid chromatography (GLC) procedure which determines aliphatic glucosinolates. The extra amount of glucosnilates found (ca. 14]gmmol/g oil‐free) was equal to the sum of those not determined by GLC. The thymol method had a standard error of ±3 µmol/g compared with a standard error of ±1 µmol/g for the GLC procedure for the same set of 18 samples ranging from 10 µmol/g to 100 µmol/g (oil‐free, 8.5% moisture basis) of aliphatic glucosinolates.
Sodium dialkyl phosphates: Surfactant properties and use in heavy duty detergents
Authors: Cooper R. S. , Urfer A. D.
Published: July 2007

A study of the physical and surface active properties of the sodium salts of dialkyl phosphates has been made. These compounds have been evaluated for use as surfactants in built detergents and their performance has been compared with commercial surfactants.

The dialkyl hydrogen phosphates contained from 16舑26 carbon atoms per molecule and were prepared from both straight chain alcohols and commercially available branched chain alcohols.

In general, the surface active properties of the branched chain compounds are better than their corresponding straight chain compounds. Good detergency performance is obtained when the number of carbon atoms per molecule is between 17 and 23. Optimum performance is obtained with the symmetrical didecyl hydrogen phosphate salts made from commercial decyl alcohol produced by the oxo‐process.
The endosperm lipids of three Canadian wheats
Authors: McKillican Mary E. , Sims R. P. A.
Published: July 2007

Flour samples were prepared from intact and degermed kernels of Hard Red Spring, Soft White Spring, and Amber Durum wheats. The 舠free舡 (hexane soluble) and 舠bound舡 (hexane resistant, water‐saturatedn‐butanol extractable) lipids were extracted from the six flours and separated quantitatively by silicic acid column chromatography. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) was used to monitor the column and to resolve the lipid classes into components. Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) was used to obtain the fatty acid composition of the triglyceride, sterol ester, and phospholipid fractions, and also to determine the nature of the sterol components of the unesterified sterol and sterol ester classes.

Similar patterns of lipid classes were shown by all three varieties; the differences were in the degree of dominance. In fatty acid composition some varietal differences were found but the greatest difference was between lipid classes.
Autoxidation of fatty materials in emulsion. II. Factors affecting the histidine‐catalyzed autoxidation of emulsified methyl linoleate
Authors: Coleman J. E. , Hampson J. W. , Saunders D. H.
Published: July 2007

Several factors which affect autoxidation of methyl linoleate in emulsion have been examined. Data are presented which indicate: 1) In the presence of histidine, the ionic (anionic) emulsifiers examined promote autoxidation of emulsified methyl linoleate, but nonionic emulsifiers do not. 2) The concentration of an emulsifier affects the rate of oxygen absorption. 3) Inorganic salts (0.1 M or less) such as sodium chloride, sodium acetate and sodium sulfate affect oxygen absorption of emulsified methyl linoleate prepared with either ionic or nonionic emulsifiers. In histidine‐catalyzed autoxidation there is a suppressing effect in the case of the ionic and a promotional effect in the case of the nonionic. In uncatalyzed autoxidation, these salts have a promotional effect in ionic emulsions and none in nonionic emulsions. 4) Sodium phosphate buffers completely suppress autoxidation due to histidine catalysis, but do not suppress the normal uncatalyzed autoxidation of emulsified methyl linoleate. 5) The pro‐oxidative effects of histidine and histidine‐metal ion complexes on emulsified unsaturated materials is not limited to polyolefins but also includes mono‐olefinic compounds.
Quantitative analysis of lipids by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Blank M. L. , Schmit J. A. , Privett O. S.
Published: July 2007

A procedure is described for the quantitative analysis of neutral and phospholipids by thinlayer chromatography (TLC) employing densitometry. The chromatophates are prepared with the usual solvent systems. The spots are charred under standard conditions and analyzed with a Photovolt Corp. densitometer equipped with a special stage designed for holding 20ȕ20 cm chromatoplates. Each spot on the chromatoplate gives a peak of density values which is used for quantitative analysis.

Radioactive lipids are analyzed by autoradiography by the densitometry of radiograms of chromatoplates developed from X‐ray films.

The precision of the method is demonstrated on model mixtures of mono, di‐and triglycerides, neural and phospholipids and C14 labeled lipids.

Results of the analysis of several samples of rat liver lipids compared closely to those obtained by silicic acid column chromatography.
Soybean unsaponifiables: Hydrocarbons from deodorizer condensates
Authors: Evans C. D. , Oswald J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: July 2007

Molecular distillation of deodorizer condensates followed by chromatography on alumina, gave substantial quantities of hydrocarbons free of other unsaponifiable constituents. Squalene comprised 50% of the hydrocarbon fraction and contained practically all the unsaturation. A crystalline, saturated hydrocarbon fraction of 4.2% was composed primarily of C29 and C31 paraffins. An unresolved fraction was composed of two major components, each estimated to contain about 30 or 35 carbon atoms. Minor amounts of many hydrocarbons with chain lengths of 15\s‐35 carbon atoms were present but not completely identified. C14 analysis showed that the hydrocarbons are natural to soybean oil and they are not artifacts arising from petroleum solvent residues.
On the polarographic behaviour of the palmitates and myristates of copper and cobalt
Authors: Malik W. U. , Haque Rizwanul
Published: July 2007

Pyridine complexes of myristates and palmitrates of copper and cobalt were found to be reducible at the dropping mercury electrode in 1) LiCl in 1:1 benzene methanol mixture; 2) MeHSO4 in 1:1 benzene methanol mixture; and 3) KCl in glycol. The diffusion current was found to be a linear function of concentration. Hence it was concluded that this linear relationship can be successfully employed for the estimation of cobalt and copper concentration in their respective soaps.
Vitamin A activity of acidulated soybean soapstocks in chicks
Authors: Budowski P. , Ascarelli I. , Gross Jeana , Nir I. , Bondi A.
Published: July 2007

Acidulated soybean soapstock increased the vitamin A storage in the livers of young chicks receiving a practical‐type diet and improvet the survival of chicks reared on vitamin A‐deficient diets. The biological activity was mainly associated with one of the carotenoids present in the acidulated soapstock. This pigment is characterized by its red color on the MgO column, its position below lutein but slightly above cryptoxanthin on the same column, and itssingle absorption max at 460 mॖ in the visible region. Evidence is presented to show that the pigment is an artefact formed from lutein during the acidulation of raw soapstock and that it is identical with 3艂‐hydroxy‐3,4‐dehydro‐ॆ‐carotene, a dehydration product of lutein.
Detergency: Micellar relationships of an anionic‐nonionic surfactant mixture
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: July 2007

The micellar characteristics of the mixed micelles formed by three ratios of an anionicnonionic surfactant mixture have been compared with the detergencies imparted by the three combinations to aqueous alkaline cleaning solutions of ca. pH 12. It was found that detergency increases with increasing charge on, and number of anionic monomers in, the mixed micelles. Improved detergency appears to be connected to a reduction in micellar dissociation.
Solvent extraction in the soybean industry
Authors: Myers Noel W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

This paper comments on solvent plant operation with regard to maximizing grind rate and its effect on plant performance. Data is presented on a miscella evaporator and on extractor retention time vs. residual oil in the spent flakes. Calculations are presented to justify the investment for an oversize extractor in any existing or proposed plant installation based on product yield value. Attention is drawn to an existing publication by Othmer in 1955 which suggests some extractor design theory that would seem to warrant increased attention.
Products formed by photosensitized oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Terao J. , Matsushita S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Photosensitized oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester was carried out using methylene blue as a sensitizer. Oxidation products, monohydro‐peroxides, were identified as trimethylsilyl derivatives. Methyl oleate gave the 9‐ and 10‐isomers; methyl linoleate, the 9‐, 10‐, 12‐, and 13‐isomers; and methyl linolenate, the 9‐, 10‐, 12‐, 13‐, 15‐, and 16‐isomers, respectively. The double bond to which the hydroperoxide group attached was shifted to the adjacent position in each isomer. Thus, both conjugated and nonconjugated isomers were present in methyl linoleate monohydroperoxides and methyl linolenate monohydroperoxides. By the inhibition experiment, it was ascertained that the above reaction proceeded via singlet oxygen. The relative rates of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate were 1.0∶1.7∶2.3, respectively. These results obtained from the methyl esters were applied to the photosensitized oxidation of triglycerides purified from vegetable oils, and the reaction mechanism on triglycerides was proposed.
Aphananthe aspera kernel oil: A rich source of linoleic acid
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuo , Ihara Shogo , Koyama Yoshito
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

The seed kernels ofAphananthe aspera Planch. yielded 50.8% of a pale yellow oil. The fatty acid composition determined by gas liquid chromatography was: 5.3% palmitic, 0.1% hexadecenoic, 3.0% stearic, 6.1% oleic, 85.1% linoleic, and 0.4% linolenic acids.
Drying oils from 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylolcyclohexanol and linseed fatty acids
Authors: Wittcoff Harold
Published: July 2007

It has been found that TMC may be esterified readily with linseed acids when 10% excess of alcohol is used. The optimum temperature of esterification is 235°C. The esterification is greatly facilitated by the use of catalysts such as lead stearate, with which an acid number of seven may be obtained in eight hours. Zinc stearate and uranyl stearate are likewise good catalysts, not only for the esterification of TMC but also for the esterification of glycerol.

When the linseed esters of glycerol, pentaerythritol, and TMC are compared it is found that the last exhibits the advantage of a faster initial drying time although the final drying times of the pentae‐rythritol and TMC esters are the same. Both dry considerably faster than glycerol. The TMC oil exhibits a further advantage in that it dries to the hardest film of all three oils. Results of a similar nature were obtained with soybean oil acid compositions.
The adsorptive capacity of cotton for sodium oleate
Authors: Gardiner K. W. , Smith L. B.
Published: July 2007

The adsorption of soap on cotton from solutions of pure sodium oleate has been investigated. The adsorbate has been shown to be an acid soap of the composition 1 NaO1: 1 HO1. The addition of free sodium hydroxide represses hydrolysis and reduces the adsorption. The acid soap may be removed from the fabric by repeated boiling distilled water rinses or the adsorptive capacity for fresh acid soap may be restored by converting the adsorbed material to lime soap by rinsing in hard water. The resulting lime soap is largely retained by the fiber and on repeated washes accumulates in substantial amounts.
Lauric acid‐containing triglycerides in seeds of umbellularia californica nutt. (Lauraceae)
Authors: Reynolds T. , Dring J. V. , Hughes C.
Published: July 2007

A white crystalline material isolated from the seeds ofUmbellularia californica consisted mainly of the mixed triglyceride, dilaurocaprin, with smaller amounts of trilaurin and dicaprolaurin and a trace of tricaprin. The yield of crude oil from a tree growing at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, was considerably less than that reported previously for trees growing in California.
Combination of silver ion and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography in the fractionation of herring oil triacylglycerols
Authors: Laaksoo Päivi , Christie William W.
Published: July 2007

Triacylglycerols from North Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) were separated according to the degree of unsaturation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the silver ion mode. Each of the eleven fractions collected was then separated by reversed‐ phase HPLC, which in these circumstances separated the molecules according to the combined chain‐ lengths of the fatty acyl residues only. One hundred thirty fractions were obtained for fatty acid analysis.

Almost 50% of the triacylglycerol molecules had six or more double bonds in their fatty acyl residues. Saturated‐dimonoenes and disaturated‐ monoenes, 18.9% and 10.4%, respectively, were the most plentiful fractions of the more saturated species. Such a complex mixture of molecules was present that the most abundant subfractions from reversed‐ phase HPLC represented less than 5% of the total. Indeed, the largest single molecular species [16:0‐ 22:l‐ 22:6(n− 3)] represented only 2.8% of the total. These sequential analyses by complementary techniques made it possible to obtain a considerable amount of information on the composition of molecular species, but it was still not possible to identify all components.
Thermodynamics of solid formation in cottonseed oil
Authors: Kapseu C. , Kayem G. J. , Balesdent D. , Dellacherie J.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study is to establish thermodynamic relations which govern the equilibrium of solid formation during the cooling of cottonseed oil either when tripalmitin is added to it or when the oil is cooled in the presence of solvent with consequent enrichment of the solid phase in certain triacylglycerols. We have established analytical expressions of the functions and variables of state that can describe the experimental results obtained.

The effect of the addition of tripalmitin to refined cottonseed oil is well represented by simple expressions.
Phospholipid composition of canola oils during the early stages of processing as measured by TLC with flame lonization detector
Authors: Przybylski R. , Eskin N. A. M.
Published: July 2007

Canola oils at initial stages of processing from different crushing plants were analyzed for phosphatides. The major phospholipid components identified and quantified in refined canola oils were phosphatidic acid and phos‐phatidylinositol. Phosphatidic acid was the main phosphorus component identified in solvent extracted canola oil samples. The two‐dimensional separation that was used combined classical thin‐layer chromatography with quantitation on chromarods in an Iatroscan with a flame ionization detector. Phosphatides quantitated with this procedure ranged from 0.1 to 20 μg with a coefficient of variation of 4.4 to 7.2%. Using the modified procedure, recoveries of better than 90% were obtained for all phospholipids analyzed.
Surface adsorption in the mixtures of sodium dodecylsulphate and oxyethylenated nonylphenol with different oxyethylenation degrees
Authors: Carrion Fife F. J.
Published: July 2007

The effectiveness of surface adsorption in an aqueous solution of mixtures of surfactants composed of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulphate, mixed with a nonionic one, polyoxyethylenated nonylphenol, was studied. Their behavior was compared separately. This surface adsorption was characterized by the values of the surface tension at 25°C of the total concentrations below, but near to the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the mixtures mentioned. These were obtained as a function of different proportions of surfactants in the mixture and different chain lengths of nonionic polyoxyethylenated surfactant. The total surface excess concentrations of the surfactant mixtures and the average of molecular area per surfactant species at the aqueous solution/air interface were calculated. Finally, the values were analyzed vs the above parameters.
Preparation of deuterium‐labelled methyl linoleate and its geometric isomers from natural seed oils
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Rakoff H. , Emken E. A.
Published: July 2007

Multi‐gram quantities of deuterium‐labelled methyl linoleate (methyl cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate) and its geometric isomers are readily synthesized fromCrépis alpina (70–80% cis‐9‐octadecen‐12‐ynoic acid) andVernonia galamensis (70–80% 12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid) seed oils. Methylcis‐ 9,cis‐ 12‐ andtrans‐ 9,cis‐ – octadecadienoate‐12,13‐d2 were prepared by the Lindlar‐catalyzed reduction (with D2 gas) of methylcis‐ 9‐ and trans‐9‐octadecen‐12‐ynoates, respectively. Methyltrans‐ 9‐ octadecen‐12‐ynoate was synthesized by thep‐toluene‐sulfinic acid‐catalyzed isomerization of the corresponding cis isomer. Methylcis‐ 9fiis‐ 12., trans‐ 9fiis‐ 12;cis‐ 9,trans‐ 12‐ andtrans‐ 9, frans‐12‐octadecadienoate‐d2, d4 and d6 were prepared by the Wittig coupling (with stereochemical control) of the appropriate d2‐, d4‐ or de‐alkyltriphenyl‐phosphonium salt with methyl 12‐oxo‐cis‐9‐ ortrans‐ 9‐ dodecenoate (prepared by the para‐periodic acid cleavage of methyl 12,13‐dihydroxy‐cis‐9‐ or trans‐9‐octadecenoate). Thecis dihydroxy ester was synthesized fromVernonia galamensis seed oil by acetolysis, saponification and then esterification. Thecis dihydroxy ester was isomerized by nitric acid/sodium nitrite to thetrans form and purified by silver resin chromatography. Isotopic purities ranged from 88% (for the d6 isomers) to 99% (for the d2 isomers).
Hydrogenation of oxidized soybean oil
Authors: Covey Jesse E. , Wan Peter J.
Published: July 2007

Anderson Clayton Foods, Richardson, TX 75080 Portions of refined and bleached soybean oil were stored at various temperatures for various lengths of time, then hydrogenated to 70 iodine value (IV) to find the effect of peroxides on the rate of hydrogenation and on characteristics of hydrogenated product. Samples were treated up to 3 wk at up to 65°C and provided samples with peroxide values (PV) of up to 358. All samples were analyzed, hydrogenated, and reanalyzed. Peroxides affected the fatty acid composition as determined by gas chromatography, the calculated iodine value based on fatty acid composition, and rate of hydrogenation. Peroxides also affected the selectivity of hydrogenation and slope of the solids curve in hydrogenated products.
Hydroperoxide formation in soybean seeds during storage
Authors: Clark P. K. , Snyder H. E.
Published: July 2007

‘Forrest’ soybeans were stored for two yearsand the extracted lipids were assayed for hydroperoxide content. The crude lipid was separated by high‐ performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and three hydroperoxide peaks plus the triglyceride peak were measured every two months. There was a lag in hydroperoxide production for the first nine months followed by a steady increase for the remaining twenty‐ two months. This method of measuring changes in lipid oxidation should be useful for monitoring seed changes in germination and vigor during storage.
Composition of soybean lecithin
Authors: Scholfield C. R.
Published: July 2007

Commercial soybean lecithin is a complex mixture containing ca. 65–75% phospholipids together with triglycerides and smaller amounts of other substances. The major phospholipids include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and inositol‐containing phosphatides. Other substances reported include carbohydrates, pigments, sterols and sterol glycosides. This paper reviews the nature of the compounds found in soybean lecithin and our present knowledge of its composition.
A review of lecithin chemistry and glandless cottonseed as a potential commercial source
Authors: Cherry J. P. , Gray M. S. , Jones L. A.
Published: July 2007

Industrial lecithin can be fractionated as phospholipids and glycolipids after neutral lipids and protein‐containing contaminants are removed. The polar lipids are very reactive and are difficult to extract and purify from oilseeds. Their purity and special properties can be improved by a number of methods including solvent fractionation, hydrogenation, sulfonation, and ethoxylation. Studies are determining the role of the polar lipids of lecithin in (a) the synthesis of triglycerides in maturing seeds, (b) the structure of biological membranes, and (c) the molecular basis of the functionality of food ingredients. Lecithin, having both polar and nonpolar groups, has high surface activity and is reactive with both oil and protein, making it an excellent emulsifying agent in food systems; lecithin also slows autoxidation and enzyme hydrolysis of fats. Cottonseed lecithin is low in linolenic acid, prevents flavor deterioration of soybean oil and can be used to stabilize sunflower oil against color change during high temperature use. Gossypol binds to lecithin in oil from glanded cottonseed economically negating it as a commercial source of this product. New cultivars producing glandless, or gossypol‐free cottonseed, may have potential as commercial sources of edible lecithin.
Gas chromatographic analysis of cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed oils
Authors: Fisher G. S. , Schuller W. H.
Published: July 2007

A gas chromatographic method of analysis for cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed oil, as the methyl esters, is described. With a glass column packed with a methyl silicone substrate on an inert support, methyl sterculate and methyl malvalate can be chromatographed without decomposition. Although methyl malvalate was not well resolved from methyl linoleate, it could be quantitated accurately at concentrations as low as 0.03% by a peak‐height method. Quantitation can be done manually with an internal standard, or with a data system without an internal standard. The method does not require calibration with a cyclopropenoid acid standard, i.e., it is a primary method. Results compare favorably with those obtained by HBr titration. Less than 1 mg of oil is required for an analysis.
Ethylene oxide oligomer distribution in nonionic surfactants via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: Allen M. C. , Linder D. E.
Published: July 2007

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using adsorption columns combined with linear gradient elution has been developed for the determination of ethylene oxide (EO) distribution in nonionic surfactants. The quantitative ethoxylate adduct distribution in single‐carbon‐number and mixed‐carbon‐number primary alcohol‐based samples can be obtained. The HPLC method is also applicable for determining the molar EO distributions in diverse ethylene oxide adduct compounds such as alkylphenol ethoxylates, branched alcohol ethoxylates and secondary alcohol ethoxylates. Nonionic surfactant samples containing adducts up to 25 mol have been successfully separated and the individual adducts quantitated.
Open pollinated and hybrid sunflower seed structures that may affect processing for oil
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Akin D. E. , Robertson J. A.
Published: July 2007

Oil and wax contents of confectionery (non‐oil) and oilseed, open‐pollinated and hybrid sunflower seed and their hulls, testae, and kernels were determined. Wax content inversely correlated with hull content, and the degree to which the seeds were compressed corre‐lated with hull thickness. Light and electron microscopy showed increased connective tissue in the hybrid seed. This combination of higher wax content in the dehulled hybrids and increased connective tissue between hull and kernel could explain the reports of high wax content of the oil from newly developed hybrid seed.
Odor considerations in the use of frying oils
Authors: Mounts T. L.
Published: July 2007

Odors generated into cooking and serving areas during use of oils in pan frying and deep‐fat frying are of concern to home and institutional consumers and, in some respects, to industrial users. Odor considerations are factors in the selection of types of oils to be used in both domestic and foreign markets. Comparative techniques have been developed to evaluate room odor characteristics of frying oils. Evaluation research has been done on various oils and cooking fats for room odors developed during frying. Improved odor characteristics contributed by additives to oils have been studied, as well as relationship between the linolenate content of soybean oil and its characteristic room odor. The nature of the volatile constituents which contribute to room odors during frying is the subject of continuing research efforts.