bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SARS-COV-2 3CL-PROTEASE INHIBITORS AS ANTIVIRAL AGENT AGAINST COVID-19
Authors: SAADH MOHAMED J.
Published: November 2022

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes coronavirus, and the pandemic has led to efforts to develop appropriate drugs for treatment. Understanding the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 3CL is crucial in unlocking ways of developing effective drugs. Some studies have described the structure of the protease at the DNA and protein levels. Notably, two important proteases help in the drug development process: PLpro and 3CLpro. The 3CLpro, for instance, is helpful in viral replication alongside transcription. The PL is associated with NsP3, a multi-domain protein part of the viral replication and transcription complex which cleaves peptide bonds at specific sites. In vitro studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease inhibitors can contribute to antiviral drug development, especially MG-132, boceprevir, telaprevir, and calpain, which are protein inhibitors with lethal dose values appropriate for drug development. In contrast, there are very limited studies in vivo reporting the appropriateness of protease inhibitors in antiviral drug development.
CHARACTERIZATION AND DISSOLUTION RATE STUDIES OF INCLUSION COMPLEX OF GLIBENCLAMIDE AND HYDROXYPROPYL-Β-CYCLODEXTRIN USING CO-GRINDING METHOD
Authors: FADHILA MUTHIA , HALIM AUZAL , ASSYIFA
Published: November 2022

Objective: Glibenclamide belongs to the 2nd generation sulfonylurea group as an oral antidiabetic with low solubility in water and high bioavailability in systemic circulation (Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II). This study aimed to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of glibenclamide by preparing an inclusion complex of Glibenclamide and Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.
Methods: Inclusion complexes were prepared by the co-grinding method in two ratios 1:1 and 1:2 mol. Characterizations of inclusion complex were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Solubility test was carried out in CO2-free distilled water and dissolution rate was carried out in phosphate buffer pH 7.4.
Results: The results of the SEM analysis showed changes in particle morphology. FT-IR spectroscopy shows a shift in wavenumber. DSC analysis showed a decrease in the melting point of the inclusion complex. XRD characterization results showed a decrease in the intensity of the inclusion complex. Solubility of inclusion complex of glibenclamide increased nine times 1:1 mol inclusion complex, twelve times 1:2 mol inclusion complex compared to intact glibenclamide. The dissolution of glibenclamide, inclusion complex 1:1, and inclusion complex 1:2 in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 medium at 60 min was 17.19%, 34.15% and 52.83% respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be said that the glibenclamide inclusion complex with Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin successfully increases the solubility and dissolution rate of glibenclamide significantly.
APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHODS IN THE PREDICTION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND QUALITY CONTROL OF GOSSYPOL DERIVATIVES
Authors: USPENSKAYA ELENA V. , ZABORKINA POLYNA А. , RYNDINA EVGENIYA A. , PLETENEVA TATYANA V. , MOROZOVA MARIYA A. , KAZIMOVA ILAHA V. , SYROESHKIN ANTON V.
Published: November 2022

Objective: The purpose of this work was to evaluate in silico biological activity profiles of real and virtual molecular structures of gossypol derivatives and to develop methods of Physico-chemical analysis to control their quality.
Methods: Substance of gossypol-acetic acid (GAA) and 14 virtual derivatives; PASS and ChemicDescript QSAR methods; low angle and dynamic laser light scattering (LALLS, DLS) methods; IR Spectroscopy–Cary 630 Fourier Transform IR Spectrometer, UV spectrometry–Cary-60 spectrophotometer, Optical microscopy (Altami BIO 2 microscope); Spirotox method for a sample’s biological activity.
Results: A distance-based topological Balaban index (J) was successfully selected by ChemicDescript analysis; the Pa meaning by PASS Online program showed maximum (from 0.8 to 0.9) variations of antitumor and antiandrogenic and minimum of antiviral activities of GAA derivatives (Pa<0.5) despite the existing literature data. Microscopy and DLS methods demonstrated the values of high powder dispersion d=0.8 nm and weak stability of colloidal particles =-0.9 mV. According to UV data =42.4±0.8 (100 ml·g-1·cm-1) at λmax=380 nm. The LALLS method determined the GAA dissolution rate constant in ethanol: k=0.041±0.004 s-1. The calculated activation energy values of cell biosensor death process in 1 mmol solution of GAA in N,N-DMF: °bsEa=174.36±0.45 kJ·mol-1 in comparison with the solvent medium: °bsEa=213±1.55 kJ·mol-1
Conclusion: The developed approach of chemometric, laser and biotesting methods can be used for the identification of biologically active properties, as well as for qualitative analysis within the development of the standard for the pharmaceutical substance of natural polyphenols.
ENHANCEMENT OF LORATADINE DISSOLUTION BY SURFACE SOLID DISPERSION: THE POTENTIAL USE OF CO-PROCESSED EXCIPIENTS AS ON-SURFACE CARRIERS
Authors: EL-NABARAWI MOHAMED , ELSETOUHY DOAA AHMED , ABDELMONEM REHAB , EL-HOSSEINI AMR
Published: November 2022

Objective: The aim of the work in this study is to enhance the dissolution rate of the poorly water-soluble drug; loratadine employing co-precipitated surface solid dispersions (SSDs) prepared using various hydrophilic on-surface carriers namely; Pearlitol® flash, Parteck® ODT, Prosolv® ODT G2 and Pharmaburst® C1.
Methods: Loratadine solid dispersions (SDs) were prepared by co-precipitation method using copovidone, poloxamer 188 and gluconolactone at different ratios. The best formulae were selected, based on dissolution results obtained, to prepare 16 different SSDs. The prepared SSDs were subjected to drug content and in-vitro dissolution studies and the best formulae were further subjected to solid-state characterization, using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The effect of aging on the best formulae was studied by evaluating the drug content, drug dissolution and the change in the crystalline state using (XRPD).
Results: S1 formula, containing drug: poloxamer 188: pearlitol flash at 1:4:1 ratio, and S9 formula, containing drug: poloxamer 188: prosolv ODT at 1:4:1 ratio showed the highest dissolution efficiency. XRPD and DSC studies of S1 and S9 proved a decrease in drug crystallinity and confirmed solid dispersion formation. The stability study of S1 and S9 showed a slight reduction in the dissolution efficiency (DE) of S1 (from 84.6±0.8 to 81.4±0.7 and 81.4±1.3 at ambient and accelerated conditions, respectively) and a higher reduction in DE of S9 (from 83.5±2.4 to 69.6±1.0 and 57.3±2.9 at ambient and accelerated conditions respectively).
Conclusion: Results obtained obviously confirmed the potential effect of the surface solid dispersion technique, using poloxamer 188 as a hydrophilic carrier and Pearlitol flash as an on-surface carrier, on improving the dissolution of loratadine.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF COCRYSTALS OF A BCS CLASS II DRUG USING GLYCINE AS COFORMER
Authors: NANDA ARUN , ANAND RACHNA
Published: November 2022

Objective: Development of pharmaceutical co-crystals is an interesting area of research as co-crystals are unique because they have the advantages of maintaining drug’s intrinsic properties along with improvement in its physicochemical attributes. Objective of this research was to improvise solubility of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drug (Ezetimibe) along with better dissolution profile using cocrystallization technique.
Methods: In the present study, pharmaceutical cocrystals of a BCS class II drug, Ezetimibe, were prepared using glycine as coformer using neat grinding method. Prepared cocrystals were characterized using Hot Stage Microscopy (HSM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Powder X-Ray Diffract meter (PXRD). In addition, solubility and dissolution studies were also performed.
Results: HSM study and DSC study represented melting at Ezetimibe (166 °C), Glycine (233 °C) and cocrystals (174 °C), respectively. Melting point of cocrystal is between API and coformer, indicating towards interaction. During XRD studies, a new peak was observed at 14.7193 and 23.3211 at position 2θ in comparison to parent peaks of Ezetimibe (18.5537, 19.2737 and 21.6487) and Glycine (19.0631, 21.8418, 25.3521, 35.4189, 39.0489 and 39.1631). PXRD pattern of cocrystals represented several newer peaks (-OH group in API shifted from 3241.42 cm-1 to 3202.61 cm-1and-NH2 in Glycine shifted from 1601.86 cm-1 to 1690.18 cm-1). This indicated towards possible interaction between these two-group leading to cocrystal formation. Improvement in dissolution profile of cocrystals (89.59%) was observed over the pure drug (32.41%) in 90 min.
Conclusion: Pharmaceutical cocrystals of Ezetimibe with glycine as coformer represented a promising approach in tailoring the physicochemical properties.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF FLUPENTIXOL AND NORTRIPTYLINE HCl USING RP-HPLC WITH PDA DETECTOR
Authors: P. SUGANDHA KUMAR , RAMBABU KANTIPUDI
Published: November 2022

Objective: In the current investigation, to separated and validate the cancer healing drugs (Nortriptyline HCl and Flupentixol) through the HPLC (e-2695) instrument containing a PDA detector.
Methods: A simple, selective, validated and well-defined stability that shows isocratic RP-HPLC methodology for the quantitative determination of Nortriptyline HCl and Flupentixol. The chromatographic strategy utilized Agilent eclipse XDB column of dimensions 250x4.6 mm, 5 micron, using isocratic elution with a mobile phase of Methanol and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (40:60). A flow rate of 1 ml/min and a detector wavelength of 250 nm utilizing the PDA detector were given in the instrumental settings. Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines.
Results: LOD and LOQ concentrations for Flupentixol were 0.015 µg/ml, 0.05 µg/ml and for Nortriptyline HCl were 0.3 µg/ml, 1.0 µg/ml. The calibration charts plotted were linear with a regression coefficient of R2>0.999. Recovery, specificity, linearity, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness were determined as a part of method validation and the results were found to be within the acceptable range.
Conclusion: The proposed method to be fast, simple, feasible and affordable in assay condition. During stability tests, it can be used for routine analysis of production samples and to verify the quality of drug samples during stability studies.
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF SOLID MICRONEEDLES ON THE TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR Ɣ-ORYZANOL
Authors: KAUR BHUPINDER , THAKUR NISHANT , GOSWAMI MANISH
Published: November 2022

Objective: This study's goals were to develop a minimally invasive array of biocompatible polymeric solid microneedles and formulate a transdermal patch of drug Ɣ-Oryzanol as per poke and patch technology.
Methods: Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse the morphology of the solid microneedle arrays, which were created using a stereolithography (SLA) printer with high-resolution capabilities (25 and 140 microns for the z and x axes, respectively). Transdermal Patches of Ɣ-Oryzanol were formulated and evaluated for various characterization parameters. Further, the produced microneedle-transdermal drug delivery system of Ɣ-Oryzanol was examined for microneedle insertion skin and permeation of the drug across the porcine skin.
Results: Solid microneedle arrays were manufactured using biocompatible Class I Dental SG resin having dimensions of 600 µm height and 300 µm width with tip diameters of 30 µm and 1.85 mm interspacing (Distance from tip to tip) and they were strong enough to penetrate porcine skin to a depth of 381.356 µm crossing the stratum corneum layer without causing any structural changes. Transdermal patches containing Ɣ-Oryzanol were formulated using different ratios of HPMC: Eudragit E-100. Good, consistent, and transparent films were formulated when the thickness of the film ranges between 0.516±0.25-0.628±0.21 mm, average weights ranged from 168.23±2.61to171.22±1.25(10/cm2), folding endurance ranged in between 10 folds to 12 folds for all the formulations with tensile strength lie between the 0.365 kg/mm2 to 0.465 kg/mm2. All the formulations showed good drug content between 99.3±0.06%-90.4±1.64% with 100% flat surfaces. Moisture content was found in the range of 2.012±0.013 to 4.213±0.031. Drug permeation studies reveal that compound Ɣ-Oryzanol transdermal patches didn’t show significant permeation across porcine skin (4.802.25 g/cm2) without piercing with microneedles while after poking skin using microneedles (74.502.35 g/cm2) drug showed good penetration properties. It was found that the amount of drug delivered increased to 44.251.57 g/cm2 at 2 min, which was 14.502.35 g/cm2 at 1 min to 4 min 74.502.35 g/cm2.
Conclusion: Successful preparation of the Microneedle-Transdermal drug delivery system of Ɣ-Oryzanol and their evaluation indicated that the quality and consistency of the formulated preparation were excellent. With advantages in terms of lowered dose frequency, better patient compliance, and bioavailability, this may find use in the therapeutic field.
SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE ENHANCEMENT OF TELMISARTAN BY SOLID DISPERSION AND PELLETIZATION TECHNIQUES USING KOLLIDON VA 64 AS CARRIER
Authors: VISWANADH K. , KUMAR G. VIJAYA , RAO M. V. BASAVESWARA , VIDYADHARA S.
Published: November 2022

Objective: In the present investigation, an attempt was made to improve the surface characters and solubility of the drug by solid dispersion and coating it on the nonpareil sugar beads as pellets.
Methods: Telmisartan solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using Kollidon VA64 as binder and solubility enhancer, Crospovidone as disintegrant and ethanol was used as the solvent. Telmisartan pellets were prepared by dissolving telmisartan, kollidonVA64, Crospovidone in ethanol in different ratios and coated on nonpareil sugar beads as a drug layer by pan coating technique. All the formulations were further evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as particle size, friability, angle of repose and drug content. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer by using USP apparatus II.
Results: It was observed that the dissolution rate of the solid dispersion formulation TSD5 showed a better dissolution rate to the extent of 1.113 folds and 1.979 folds when compared to a marketed formulation and pure drug, respectively. Similarly, the formulation TPL3containing 1:3 ratio of Telmisartan to Kollidon VA64 showed an improved dissolution rate to the extent of 1.150 folds and 2.045 folds when compared to the marketed formulation and pure drug, respectively. Majority of the formulations displayed first-order release kinetics and were found to be linear with R2 values in the range of 0.905 to 0.994. FTIR analysis and DSC analysis revealed that there was no major interaction between the drug and the excipients used in the design of the formulation. SEM analysis was performed for solid dispersions, pellet formulations and its polymers to determine the surface characteristics.
Conclusion: From the present study, it was observed that the solubility of Telmisartan was enhanced by Kollidon VA 64 in pellet formulations when compared to solid dispersions.
THE PRINCIPAL ASTROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE OPEN CLUSTERS GULLIVER 18 AND GULLIVER 58 DETERMINED USING GAIA EDR3 DATA
Authors: Tadross A. L. , Elhosseiny E. G.
Published: November 2022

A photometric and astrometric study of the two open star clusters Gulliver18 and Gulliver58 was carried out for the first time using the early third data release of the Gaia space observatory (Gaia-EDR3). By studying the proper motions, parallaxes, and color-magnitude diagrams of the two clusters, we determined their actual cluster membership. Therefore, ages, color excesses, and heliocentric distances of the clusters could be determined. The luminosity function, mass function, total mass, mass segregation, and relaxation time of Gulliver18 and Gulliver58 were estimated as well.
US Recession and its Impact on E-commerce and Indian IT Industry
Authors: C Mohan , Gowtham Garaga Gangadhar , G Guruprasad K , A Alexander Rozario
Published: November 2022

Abstract: The major effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing conflicts, including in Ukraine, has had a negative impact on the lives of ordinary people, notably in developing countries, with rocketing commodity and energy prices and interruptions in worldwide logistics related supply chains. As a result, it affected the US economy and plunged it into recession. This paper investigates the effects of the US recession on the Indian IT industry and e-commerce business. Also, this paper deals with the current scenario of the Indian IT Industry.
Text Recognition from Images
Authors: Umatia Safa , Varma Aditi , Syed Aman , Tiwari Khushi , Shah Foram
Published: November 2022

The method of extracting text from photographs is crucial in the current environment. The amount of information being stored in digital form instead than on paper has greatly increased in recent years. This makes it easier to store information and allows for easy retrieval of that information as needed. Pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and post processing are some of the stages in text recognition. The most important action in the pre-processing step is the conversion of a colour image into a binary image, which separates the text from the backdrop. Character separation is aided by the segmentation process. The most important data from the image can be extracted using features to help in text recognition. The classification method makes it possible to locate the text in accordance with clearly stated guidelines. After that, post processing is carried out to minimise errors. Many applications depend heavily on text recognition. This paper provides the different uses of text recognition from photographs as well as a discussion of the text recognition module. This paper also examines related literature.
Arima Model with Box-Cox Transformed Univariate Variable in BSE Sensex
Authors: Ramachandra N , Naidu M Bhupathi , Umar Sk Nafeez , Murali K
Published: November 2022

Abstract: Fluctuation of the stock market’s impact on investments of stocks. Sensex prediction plays an important role in the investment of markets. Predicting the stock market is difficult in market scenarios. The present study attempted to predict the stock market due to its complicated features and also compared different Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models to get the appropriate stock forecasting model using various Box-Cox transformations by using BSE Sensex past daily closing data. The ARIMA Model6 (0 1 0) showed accurate results in calculating the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) values, which indicates the potential of using the ARIMA model for accurate stock forecasting
A Review on Role of Herbal Antioxidants in Periodontitis
Authors: Maurya Sheo Datta , Jain Divya , Porwal Omji , Dhakar Ram Chand , Jayakumararaj R.
Published: November 2022

Periodontal disease or Periodontitis is one of the common public health problems in the world and is most common reason of tooth loss in peoples. Periodontitis is highly prevalent and can affect up to 90% of the world population. Periodontitis is a gum infection that damages the soft tissues and bones present around tooth for support.  Herbs and their extracts have long been used as a therapy for various diseases in the world due to their safety & low cost. Currently herbal medicines are preferred due to their low cost, high safety margin and wider range of medicinal activities. Presence of excess free radicals results in oxidative damage of periodontal tissue. Herbal antioxidant reduces the deleterious action of free radicals and improves the oral health and decrease of inflammatory levels of periodontium. Thus, in this review we described the role of some herbal antioxidants as adjuvants for the management and treatment of Periodontitis.
Keywords: Periodontitis, herbal antioxidants, free radicals, periodontium
Dendrimers as Drug Delivery Carriers in the Dentistry
Authors: Prajapati Sunil Kumar , Tilak Vijay Kumar , Dhakar Ram Chand , Verma Krishan Kumar , Saluja Vikrant , Jayakumararaj R. , Arya Rajeshwar Kamal Kant , Das Manas Kumar , Das Soumya
Published: November 2022

This review gives concise information about the application of dendrimers as drug delivery carrier in the field of drug delivery. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical properties. Due to their terminal groups these show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity. Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry biology, drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self-assembly produces a faster means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their behaviour in vivo.
Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug targeting, nanoscale carriers.
Application of Moringa oleifera in Dentistry
Authors: Meena Raghunandan , Prajapati Sunil Kumar , Nagar Rajendra , Porwal Omji , Nagar Teena , Tilak Vijay Kumar , Jayakumararaj R. , Arya Rajeshwar Kamal Kant , Dhakar Ram Chand
Published: November 2022

All part of the Moringa tree is useful in some way and people depends on it for their livelihood. Oral diseases persist to be a major health problem all over the world. Various microorganisms are found to be the possible pathogens responsible for the oral diseases. The leaves of the Moringa tree are an excellent source of Nutrients like Minerals, Protein and Vitamins (A and C). Moringa tree has approximately 46 antioxidants and it is one of the cheapest sources of natural anti-oxidants. Anti-oxidants supply the free atoms needed by the human body and mitigate the effect of free radicals. M. oleifera contains active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, and triterpenoids which possess antibacterial effects. Moringa oleifera has high mineral and protein content and has been previously investigated for its potential in treating different oral soft tissue diseases.  Present review summarises the various application of Moringa oleifera in the field of dentistry.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Anti-oxidants, Oral diseases, dentistry
Antioxidant Potential of Cordia dichotoma: A Review
Authors: Dhakar Ram Chand , Prajapati Sunil Kumar , Maurya Sheo Datta , Tilak Vijay Kumar , Das Manas Kumar , Das Soumya , Verma Krishan Kumar , Jain Nilesh
Published: November 2022

Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Many phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and glyceridess having different activities were screened and isolated from different parts of C. dichotoma. Various important Pharmacological properties including Antiulcer, Contraceptives, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, analgesic, anticancer, Antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and others have been well documented for this plant. C. dichotoma is a promising source of natural antioxidants which possess remarkable therapeutic action as inflammatory activity. In the present review, we have briefly reviewed the Antioxidant Potential of C. dichotoma that can be followed for future research on this plant for health benefits.
Keywords: Cordia dichotoma, Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, flavonoids
A Brief Review on Nutraceuticals and its Application
Authors: Jain Sameeksha , Purohit Arpana , Nema Prakhar , Vishwakarma Harshna , Jain Prateek Kumar
Published: November 2022

Because of their putative safety, nutraceuticals have sparked tremendous interest. Nutraceuticals are nutritional supplements that are used to improve health, postpone aging, prevent disease and support the healthy functioning of the human body. Nutraceuticals are currently gaining popularity due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. They are classified as dietary supplements or herbal bioactive substances based on their source. Herbal nutraceuticals aid in the maintenance of health and the promotion of optimal health, longevity, and quality of life. Nutraceuticals have demonstrated encouraging results in the treatment of a variety of ailments, including cancer, neurological diseases, cardiovascular disease, and others. The current review provides an overview of several bioactive substances that operate as nutraceuticals (carbohydrates, lipids, edible flowers, alkaloids, medicinal plants, etc.) and their involvement in health benefits. Focus on the need for appropriate diets, health issues associated with failure to adhere to known healthy eating models, development of new nutraceuticals/functional foods/food supplements with novel health benefits, elucidation of mechanisms of action of these products, and to define and understand the analytical, formulation, and regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals. The use of nutraceuticals in the prevention of certain diseases has also been addressed.
Keywords: Nutraceutical, Dietary supplements, Herbal bioactive compounds, Application
An Update on the Recent Emergence of Candida auris
Authors: Jain Monika , Jain Anushree , Khare Basant , Jain Deepak Kumar , Khan Rubeena , Jain Dolly
Published: November 2022

The incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFI) caused by unusual pathogens is on the rise, partly driven by the increased population of immunocompromised patients. The emerging multidrug-resistant yeast pathogen Candida auris (C. auris) has been a source of concern as an agent of healthcare-associated infections. C. auris is emerging multidrug-resistant yeast that causes serious invasive infections with high mortality. It was first discovered in 2009, and since then, individual cases or outbreaks have been reported from over 20 countries on five continents. Controlling C. auris is challenging for several reasons: (1) it is resistant to multiple classes of antifungals, (2) it can be misidentified as other yeasts by commonly available Identification methods, and (3) because of its ability to colonize patients perhaps indefinitely and persist in the healthcare environment, it can spread between patients in healthcare settings. The transmissibility and high levels of antifungal resistance that are characteristic of C. auris set it apart from most other Candida species. A robust response that involves the laboratory, clinicians, and public health agencies is needed to identify and treat infections and prevent transmission. This review highlights epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiological characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges and treatment options of C. auris infections. Infection prevention measures to prevent spread of C. auris and special measures during an outbreak situation have also been reviewed. Rapid emergence of hospital onset C. auris is worrisome. Early diagnosis of C. auris is essential for better outcomes and the implementation of infection prevention measures. Lack of widespread awareness, absence of general availability of diagnostic testing methods, and limited options for treatment of C. auris infections make it a difficult-to-treat pathogen. Further studies are needed for better understanding of this emerging pathogen.
Keywords: Fungal infection, Candida, C. auris, Candidemia, Bloodstream infection
A Comprehensive Review on Tailoring an Herbal Approach for Treatment of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome
Authors: Purohit Arpana , Jain Sameeksha , Nema Prakhar , Jain Deepak Kumar , Vishwakarma Harshna , Jain Prateek Kumar
Published: November 2022

The review gives a brief about poly cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and the symptoms related to the disease. Around 2.2 to 26% of cases of PCOS are present globally. The disorder generally occurs in the reproductive age group of women. The review has a mention of few herbs which can be used to correct the diseased condition. The various herbs have a positive effect on the diseased condition and can be used to cure symptoms like hypothyroidism, hyperplasia, obesity, diabetes, Menorrhagia, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular problems, hyperlipidemia, hirsutism, infertility, irregular menstrual cycle, etc. The herbs included in the review include Bauhinia variegata useful in hormone imbalance, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, and Commiphora wightii are used to regulate the hormones, Cinnamon cassia acts as an anti-oxidant, Tribulus terrestris improves reproductive dysfunction, Hypericum perforatum regulates depression, Commiphora myrrha prevents menorrhagia, Nigella sativa controls cholesterol, Saraca asoca has estrogenic action, Asparagus racemosus promotes folliculogenesis, Tinospora cordifolia regulates menstrual flow, Ocimum sanctum as an anti-oxidant. The plants taken had a positive effect on women with PCOS without causing any side effects. The natural herbs used for the treatment of PCOS did not have any side effects and treated the diseased condition naturally. This review aims to understand the natural plants available for the treatment of the disease naturally. The herbs can be used individually or can be used in combination.
Keywords: Poly cystic ovarian syndrome, Herbal medicine, Herbs, Natural plants
Novel Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview
Authors: Jain Sameeksha , Kirar Meena , Bindeliya Mahima , Sen Lucky , Soni Madhur , Shan Md , Purohit Arpana , Jain Prateek Kumar
Published: November 2022

The performance of an existing medicinal molecule in terms of patient compliance, safety, and efficacy can be greatly enhanced by evolving it from a traditional form to a unique delivery mechanism. An old medication molecule can be given new life as a Novel Drug Delivery System. The limitations of the conventional drug delivery methods are addressed by the innovative drug delivery system, which is a novel method of drug administration. A significant improvement in the ability to release a drug at a specified spot and rate is possible with a novel drug delivery system that is properly developed. Pharmaceutical companies are working to create novel drug delivery systems in order to give medications to patients effectively and with fewer side effects. The fundamentals of novel drug delivery systems, as well as their various varieties, are covered in this article. The scientific requirements to be incorporated in novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, microemulsions, matrix systems, solid dispersions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and so on, can be met by modern phytopharmaceuticals research, though, by determining pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, site of action, required precise dose, etc.

Keywords: Novel drug delivery system, Conventional drug delivery, Pharmaceutical companies, Pharmacokinetics.
Herbal Products for Gynecological Disorders
Authors: Vishwakarma Harshna , Patel Sakshi , Chouksey Sahil , Lodhi Sachin , Kurmi Rituraj , Nema Prakhar
Published: November 2022

Herbal products are often used as an alternative to pharmacological therapy. Menopausal symptoms and gynecological disorders (such as premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea) are the indications where pharmacological therapy may have serious adverse events; hence many women prefer to use herbal products to help with these symptoms. Here, we reviewed plants and derived products, which are commonly used for the abovementioned indications, focusing on clinical data, safely profile and whether or not their use is justified. We noted that limited data are available on the use of some plants for alleviating the symptoms of menopause and gynecological disorders. While black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemose) and red clover (Trifolium pretense) were consistently shown to help reduce menopausal symptoms in clinical studies, currently available data do not fully support the use of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), hops (Humulus lupulus), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), and soybean (Glycine max and Glycine soja) for this indication. For premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) shows effectiveness, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm such effect upon the use of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis).
Keywords: Menopause; Dysmenorrhea; Premenstrual syndrome; Gynecological disorders; Herbal products; Medicinal plants.
Compressive Review on Role of ICH Guidelines in Registration of Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Ahirwar Paramlal , Khare Basant , Jain Prateek Kumar , Jain Anushree , Khan Rubeena , Thakur Bhupendra
Published: November 2022

The International Conference On Harmonization (ICH) Of Technical Requirements Is A Unique Project For Registration Of Pharmaceutical Products Which Are Intended For Human Use. This Brings Together The Regulatory Authorities Of Europe, Japan And United States And Experts From The Pharmaceutical Industry In The Three Regions To Discuss Scientific And Technical Aspects Of Product Registration.The Purpose Is To Make Recommendations On Ways To Achieve Greater Harmonization In The Interpretation And Application Of Technical Guidelines And Requirements For Product Registration In Order To Reduce Or Obviate The Need To Duplicate The Testing Carried Out During The Research And Development Of New Medicines.The Objective Of Such Harmonization Is A More Economical Use Of Human, Animal And Material Resources And The Elimination Of Unnecessary Delay In The Global Development And Availability Of New Medicines Whilst Maintaining Safe Guards On Quality, Safety And Efficacy And Regulatory Obligations To Protect Public Health. It Creates A Venue That Allows All Key Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authorities And Industry Stakeholders The Opportunity To Be More Actively Involved In Pharmaceutical Harmonization Work. It Aimed At The Standardization Of Requirements And Format Along With The Content Of Regulatory Documentation And Brings Down The Pressure On The Price Of Medicines By Enabling Greater Economies Of Scale And A Labelled Regulatory Playing Field. This Paper Is An Effort To Provide The Detailed Information About ICH Guidelines.
Keywords: International Conference On Harmonization, Product Registration, Medicines, Pharmaceutical
Formulation and evaluation of Lamivudine transferosomal gel
Authors: Yameen Syeda Hassan , Shahidulla S.M.
Published: November 2022

Aim and objective: The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate Transferosomal gel of lamivudine.

Method:Lamivudine transferosomes was prepared using thin film hydration method taking span 80, Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether in different  proportion. the formulation was characterised by UV spectroscopy, FTIR, in-vitro drug release, gel evaluations.

Results: Total nine formulations were formulated and optimised formulation F3 showed entrapment efficiency EE (91.17), %CDR (96.12) and small particle size (98.19 nm). SEM of optimized lamivudine Transferosomes appeared as spherical, well identified, unilamellar vesicles. The optimized formulation of Transferosomes was further formulated to gel with Poloxamer 407 gel 0.5%, 1% and 2% w/w ,HPMC k15, Propylene glycol, DMSO. Among these F3 formulation with Poloxamer 407 2%w/w transferosomal gel is the optimised transferosmal gel and showed Spreadability value 6.01±0.12 cm, pH value 5.01 ±0.47. The actual drug content of the Transferosomal gel was found to be 97.29 ±0.66%, which represents good content uniformity. The viscosity of lamivudine Transferosomal gel is found to 5960 ±0.75cps. The percentage drug release for lamivudine Transferosomal gel is 97.31 %. stability studies showed that Transferosomal gel is more stable at 4˚C when compared to other temperatures. The future scope of the study is to perform the In Vivo studies to evaluate the potency of the prepared formulation.

Keywords: Lamivudine Transferosomal gel, Transferosomes, Topical, Anti-viral drug, Thin Film Hydration Technique.
IN-VITRO BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY FOR MARKETED INNOVATOR AND THREE BRANDS LOCAL MANUFACTURING CIPROFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDE TABLETS IN YEMEN
Authors: Alzomor Abdulkarim K. Y. , Al-Madhagi Wafa M. , Aljbry Moath , Almontser Seyaf , Al-Absi Saeed , Khalid Moneef
Published: November 2022

Background and objective: This study is focused to evaluate the in vitro bioequivalence of three brands of ciprofloxacin 500mg tablets from local producer and marketing in Yemen, with innovator brand using in vitro dissolution study under biowaiver conditions by UV spectrophotometer.
Method: The Dissolution profile has been evaluated by testing in dissolution media were USP buffer solution at pH 1.2 (hydrochloric acid solution), pH 4.5 (acetate buffer solution) and pH 6.8 (phosphate buffer solution). Also, further general quality assessment tests of these tablets like weight variation, disintegration time hardness, friability and assay test were accomplished according to proven methods.
Results: All brands conformed to the official specification for uniformity of weight, friability and disintegration time. Content uniformity of chosen tablets shown that all samples contained over 99% (w/w) of labeled chemical content. The profile dissolution finding of all the tablets formulation and the innovator brand were further analyzed with difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2).
Conclusion: These results indicated that the generic Cipro® (C) tablets included in this study was bioequivalent with the chosen innovator brand at 0.2N hydrochloric acid solution, pH 1.2 and the other generic brands bioequivalent with the chosen innovator brand at this medium. Also, the results showed that the three generic ciprofloxacin tablets involved in this study were bioequivalent with the selected innovator brand at pH 4.5 and pH 6.8.
                         
Peer Review History:
Received: 1 September 2022; Revised: 12 October; Accepted: 3 November, Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, amalbgadley@pnu.edu.sa
Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Evren Alğin Yapar, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkiye, evren.yapar@yahoo.com
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QUALITY CONTROL ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF CIPROFLOXACIN 500 MG TABLETS IN YEMEN
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF AQUEOUS, ETHANOL AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF FLACOURTIA INDICA LEAF AND RIPE FRUIT
Authors: Idoko Alexander , Emmanuel Ufedo-Enyo G. , Catherine Orji Ifeoma
Published: November 2022

Aim and Objective: Plants have been exploited over the years for their therapeutic benefits, because they contain a lot of bioactive compounds that have potentials and ability to treat or manage diseases. Thus, this study investigated the qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals in Flacourtia indica (F. indica) aqueous, ethanol and methanol leaf and ripe fruit extracts.
Methods: F. indica leaf and ripe fruit were harvested from a fruiting tree in Emene, Enugu state, Nigeria, and the analyses were done following standard methods.
Results: Qualitative screening revealed that tested extracts contained saponin, tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides and phenol. While proteins and steroids were not detectable in aqueous and ethanol leaf and ripe fruit extracts, they were present in moderately high (++) amount and in trace amount (+) in methanol leaf extract of f. Indica. The quantitative screening comparatively revealed that concentrations of glycosides (mg/ml), flavonoids (mg/ml), alkaloids (mg/ml) and tannins (mg/ml) were higher and phenol (mg/ml) lower in ethanol leaf extract, while in the aqueous leaf extract, phenol (mg/ml) was higher; in the ethanol fruit extract, flavonoids (mg/ml) and alkaloids (mg/ml) were higher, and in the aqueous fruit extract, phenol (mg/ml) and tannin (mg/ml) were higher.
Conclusion: In conclusion, quantitatively, ethanol was a better solvent of extraction than water and methanol and f. indica leaf and ripe fruit are rich sources of secondary bioactive phyto-molecules, which could be consumed for their health and therapeutic benefits.
                         
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 September 2022; Revised: 15 October; Accepted: 6 November, Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com
Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my
Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622,  Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com 
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WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF JATROPHA TANJORENSIS LEAVES
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF BAPHIA NITIDA
ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM
COMPUTATIONAL DRUG REPROPOSING TO IDENTIFY SARS-COV-2 MPRO INHIBITORS: MOLECULAR DOCKING, ADMET ANALYSIS, AND IN-SILICO/IN-VITRO TOXICITY STUDY
Authors: El-Behairy Mohammed Farrag , Fayed Marwa AA , Ahmed Rasha M. , Abdallah Inas A.
Published: November 2022

Aim and Objective: After the COVID-19 outbreak, drug repurposing has emerged as an effective and fast approach for combating the SARS-CoV-2 crisis. in this work, computational drug repurposing has been utilized to identify new SARS-CoV-2Mpro inhibitors.
Methods: Comparative molecular docking studies were used to evaluate the activity of the commercially available oral antiviral drug simeprevir and its degradation products (compounds 1–5) against the main protease (Mpro)of SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 6lu7; resolution: 2.16 Å). Moreover, the ADMET and in-silico toxicity properties of the acidic (compounds 1–3) and oxidative (compounds 4 and 5) degradation products of simeprevir were predicted.
Results: Docking studies revealed good binding affinities for compounds (1–5) against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2, with binding free energies ranging from −6.23 to −7.65 kcal/mol. The acidic degradant 2 exhibited the best affinity and was superior to simeprevir and a natural ligand. All compounds were expected to be safe to the CNS.
Conclusion: Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were expected to possess good human intestinal absorption, whereas compounds 2 and 3 appeared to have moderate intestinal absorption.
                        
Peer Review History:
Received: 1 September 2022; Revised: 11 October; Accepted: 6 November, Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com
Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622,  Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com 
Dr. Nicola Micale, University of Messina, Italy,  nmicale@unime.it
Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, conyeji@oauife.edu.ng
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USE OF COLCHICINE TO COUNTERACT THE STRONG HYPERINFLAMMATORY STATE INDUCED BY SARS-COV-2
THE ROLE OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND ANTIPLATELETS IN PROPHYLAXIS AND/OR TREATMENT OF SEVERE SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC STEM EXTRACT OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE P.BEAUV (SILK COTTON TREE)
Authors: VC Udeh , Emmanuel Agboeze , EO Omeje
Published: November 2022

Background: The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate methanolic extract of Bombax buonopozense (stem) for antimicrobial and phytochemical screening.
Methods: The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense with documented ethno-medicinal  applications were fractionated in different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water) and subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease-causing microorganisms including gram positive and gram negative (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli). The antimicrobial tests were carried out in triplicates, the data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA using statistical package for social science (SPSS).
Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, saponins, saponin glycosides, Tannins, hydrolysable Tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols and volatile oils. Each fractions of the extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested. MIC values of each fractions revealed strong inhibition against all the organisms tested. The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense in chloroform, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and n-butanol showed the following MIC values. S. aureus. 6.25, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 12.5. E. coli  100, 100, 50, 6.25 and 12.5. Salmonella spp. 3.125, 12.5, 25, 3.125 and 12.5 respectively.
Conclusion: This study shows that the extract posses’ antimicrobial properties which can be used as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
                         
Peer Review History:
Received: 25 August 2022; Revised: 8 October; Accepted: 8 November, Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, drambia44@gmail.com
Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my
Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com
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IN -VIVO ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE
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