bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of a Biotechnology Industry Clerkship
Authors: Kleinberg Michael L. , Bayles Greg
Published: January 2018

A 6-week biotechnology clerkship program sponsored by Immunex Corporation is described. The expansion of the biotechnology industry coupled with the rapid acceptance of biotechnology-derived products in routine medical care has led to the need to incorporate biotechnology education programs into the pharmacy curriculum. During a competency-based program, students gain experience in areas throughout the company, including professional services, regulatory affairs, pharmacoeconomics, manufacturing, marketing and marketing research, sales training, quality assurance, and the legal department. Successful completion of the program requires that students demonstrate predefined competencies. Students who meet competencies in less than the allotted time are encouraged to obtain experience outside the program description. The clerkship has been overwhelmingly successful, and other biotechnology companies are encouraged to offer similar programs.
Basic Bibliographies
Authors: Kabat Hugh F.
Published: January 2018

To help readers monitor the most important developments in specialized areas associated with hospital pharmacy practice, Hospital Pharmacy commissions Basic Bibliographies by guest editors, who have expertise in their respective fields. These guest editors survey the relevant literature and rank approximately 15 to 20 references that represent the most significant scientific (theoretical and empirical) and practice contributions in their respective areas. The more fundamental are listed first so that persons with limited time can select readings appropriate to their needs.
Drug Sales, Integrated Care, and Patient Management
Authors: Vogenberg F. Randy
Published: January 2018

Managed health care has changed the way health services are provided and paid for. It is still evolving. Many pharmacists have already felt the impact of these changes. This continuing feature illuminates the many facets of managed care with special emphasis on how these changes may affect pharmacists working in health systems. The expertise provided by pharmacists will be needed to fulfill the potential of affordable, comprehensive, and quality health care as promised by managed care. Pharmacists must understand what is happening, why it is happening, and what is likely to happen in the future. To be an active and effective player, you must understand what is happening on the field.
A Medication Use Evaluation of Adverse Events Associated with Colony-Stimulating Factor Therapy
Authors: Rotella Denise L.
Published: January 2018

A retrospective medication use evaluation (MUE) was used to determine the comparative incidence of adverse events in patients treated with colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). CSFs are high-cost, high-volume medications in our practice setting, and the incidence of side effects is an important factor that influences our physicians when they choose a CSF. Data collection elements were selected by key pre-scribers, and the MUE was conducted under the authority of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The medical records of 30 patients treated with sargramostim and 30 patients treated with filgrastim were reviewed by a pharmacist. The incidence and severity of adverse events and selected clinical outcomes were found to be similar in the two groups. It was concluded that differences in adverse event profiles should not be used to differentiate CSFs. The MUE results were used to educate physicians regarding the differences and similarities of CSFs and to encourage use of the preferred agent, sargramostim.
Altretamine and Trastuzumab
Authors: Solimando Dominic A.
Published: January 2018

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy makes it mandatory that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column reviews various issues related to the preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy, both commercially available and investigational.
Feverfew
Authors: Chavez Mary L. , Chavez Pedro I.
Published: January 2018

It is widely recognized that alternative therapies have increased in use, and pharmacists are being asked more often to provide information on these products. Alternative therapy products are classified as “dietary supplements,” according to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). In section 3 of DSHEA, a dietary supplement is defined as a product intended to supplement the diet and contains one or more of the following: a vitamin, a mineral, or an herb or other botanical or amino acid. According to section 4, these products are excluded from the regulatory approval of the Food and Drug Administration. It is the goal of this feature to provide a critical and unbiased evaluation of alternative therapy products.
How to Interpret Immunization Schedules and Records
Authors: Grabenstein John D.
Published: January 2018

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunopro-phylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to help you ensure proper immunologic drug use in your practice.
Preventing Tragedies Caused by Syringe Tip Caps Herceptin and Neumega Packaging Contribute to Drug Preparation Errors Communication Dynamics and Oncology Medication Errors Use Visual Cues to Provide Error Clues
Authors: Cohen Michael R.
Published: January 2018

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again–perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program, which is presented in cooperation with the Institute of Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 1-800-233-7767 (1-800-23-ERROR).

Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writer's names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.
Overcoming Immunization Disparities Based on Race or Ethnicity
Authors: Grabenstein John D.
Published: January 2018

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunopro-phylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to help you ensure proper immunologic drug use in your practice.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA New Dosage Forms and Indications Agents Pending FDA Approval Market Withdrawals Major Labeling Changes
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: January 2018

This monthly feature is designed to help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications and dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Each month, new information will be added to the table and older information will be removed. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information; however, if there are any questions, please let us know at hospitalpharmacy@fandc.com .
National Patient Rights Bills: A Comparison
Authors: Wilson C. Nick
Published: January 2018

Managed health care has changed the way health services are provided and paid for. It is still evolving. Many pharmacists have already felt the impact of these changes. This continuing feature illuminates the many facets of managed care with special emphasis placed on how these changes may affect pharmacists working in health systems. The expertise provided by pharmacists will be needed to fulfill the potential of affordable, comprehensive, and quality health care as promised by managed care. Pharmacists must understand what is happening, why it is happening, and what is likely to happen in the future. To be an active and effective player, you must understand what is happening on the field.
Interferon a-2a and Interferon a-2b
Authors: Solimando Dominic A.
Published: January 2018

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy makes it mandatory that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column reviews various issues related to the preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy, both commercially available and investigational.
Clinical Trial Web Sites
Authors: Flory Stefanie M. , Seamon Matthew J. , Duru Ayeshia
Published: January 2018

This bimonthly column will keep readers up-to-date on the Internet as a source of drug information. Examples of using the Internet to answer inquiries and prepare for committee meetings will be taken from the authors' experiences at a drug information center. A list of reliable web sites—as well as some examples of sites that have not been useful—will be included in each column.
Learning and Process Improvement after a Sentinel Event
Authors: Henry Terese R. , Azuma Laura , Shaban Hanan M.
Published: January 2018

At a Denver area hospital in October 1996, a medication error resulted in the death of an infant. With assistance from the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, the departments involved performed a root-cause analysis to determine the specific safety failures that led to the error. The pharmacy department determined its role in the error, then developed a mathematics competency requirement, a medication order double-check system, and clinical pharmacy services that addressed the identified system failures.
Cilostazol
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri
Published: January 2018

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The July 1999 Formulary monographs are on orli-stat, insulin aspart, budesonide suspension for nebulization, estradiol vaginal tablet, and doxycycline hyclate. The DUE is on rofecoxib.
Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Common Acute Care Parenteral Admixtures
Authors: Sodorff Michelle M. , Galt Kimberly A. , Galt Michael , Foral Pamela A.
Published: January 2018

This project set out to determine the recommended maximum concentrations of 15 commonly used acute care parenteral medications from the literature and manufacturer data and to describe the practices of representative hospital pharmacy departments nationwide regarding maximum concentration guidelines. Literature review and manufacturers provided little information on maximum concentrations. Sixty percent of pharmacy departments surveyed provide guidelines to staff, with a wide range of maximum concentrations reported between departments. A majority (64%) of the individual drug guidelines adopted by departments exceed literature-supported data. A clear need exists for studies of stability and potency for many parenteral admixture products at concentrations higher than the current labeling. A chart of literature- and manufacturer-provided data and practice guidelines based on information from the surveyed institutions is presented here.
Accuracy of Medical Records in Documenting Drug Therapy in Routine Surgical Procedures
Authors: Heineck Isabela , Ferreira Maria B. C. , Doering Paul L. , Schenkel Eloir Paulo
Published: January 2018

The accuracy of medical records with regard to routine antibiotic prophylaxis was evaluated at a Brazilian hospital. Data were obtained from 99 patients undergoing surgical procedures using two methods: (1) from a specific form filled out by the anesthetist immediately after surgery and (2) from the medical record after approximately 1 month. Data collected in the operating suite were used as our “gold standard” of what actually happened. The likelihood of antibiotic prophylaxis having been used according to the guideline if the medication administration record indicated that it had been was 83%. In cases in which the record reviewer observed that the antibiotic prophylaxis had not been used according to the guideline, the likelihood of patients having, in fact, received the drug correctly was 11%. In conclusion, the medical records were generally accurate.
Vaccines and Antibodies in Relation to Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Grabenstein John D.
Published: January 2018

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunopro-phylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to help you ensure proper immunologic drug use in your practice.
Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex in Sucrose Injection
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri
Published: January 2018

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The August 1999 Formulary monographs are on rofecoxib/celecoxib, rosiglitazone, rivastigmine, doxercalciferol, oseltamivir. The DUE is on rosiglitazone.
Point-of-Care Automated Dispensing Devices; Herbal Products; Proper Medication Orders; Expiration Dating
Authors: Rich Darryl S.
Published: January 2018

This column addresses questions from readers about any issue, process, standard, or future direction of the Joint Commission, whether it relates to home care, the hospital, or other practice environment. The objective is to give you a better insight into the Joint Commission accreditation process in your own practice site. Any question is fair game.
Understanding the Impact of Health Care System Trends on Pharmacy (Part 2 of 2)
Authors: Vogenberg F. Randy
Published: January 2018

Managed health care has changed the way health services are provided and paid for. It is still evolving. Many pharmacists have already felt the impact of these changes. This continuing feature illuminates the many facets of managed care with special emphasis placed on how these changes may affect pharmacists working in health systems. The expertise provided by pharmacists will be needed to fulfill the potential of affordable, comprehensive, and quality health care as promised by managed care. Pharmacists must understand what is happening, why it is happening, and what is likely to happen in the future. To be an active and effective player, you must understand what is happening on the field.
Estrogen Therapy for Recurrent Epistaxis: Case Histories and Literature Review
Authors: Mehrizi Ali , Weber D. Raymond
Published: January 2018

Four cases that exemplify the nonapproved use of estrogens in the treatment of epistaxis are presented. The literature on estrogen treatment of recurrent epistaxis is reviewed, with an emphasis on efficacy and toxicity, and the various types of estrogens and dosage forms available are discussed.

Estrogen use in the treatment of epistaxis is supported by a number of published patient studies. The optimal dose of estrogen has not been determined, but treatment seems to require a systemic dose higher than that used for birth control. Estrogen products applied topically to the nostrils at the site of epistaxis have also controlled bleeding. There are, however, no randomized, controlled trials to confirm these beneficial effects. Estrogens should thus be reserved for recurrent epistaxis that does not respond to more conservative measures.
Itraconazole Injection
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri
Published: January 2018

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The September 1999 Formulary monographs are on adefovir dipivoxil, meloxicam, reboxetine mesylate, ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution, and rapacuronium. The DUE is on pioglitazone.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA; New Dosage Forms and Indications; Agents Pending FDA Approval; Major Labeling Changes
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: January 2018

This monthly feature is designed to help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications and dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Each month, new information will be added to the table (shown in bold type) and older information will be removed. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information; however, if there are any questions, please let us know at hospitalpharma-cy@drugfacts.com .
Orlistat
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri
Published: January 2018

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The October 1999 Formulary monographs are on zanamivir, pioglitazone, levobupivacaine, temozolomide, and insulin glargine. The DUE is on zanamivir.
Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and Fluorouracil (CMF) Regimen
Authors: Waddell J. Aubrey , Holder Neil A. , Solimando Dominic A.
Published: January 2018

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy makes it mandatory that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column reviews various issues related to the preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy, both commercially available and investigational.
Two Protodynastic Objects in Brussels and the Origin of the Bilobate Cult-Sign of Neith
Authors: Hendrickx Stan
Published: January 2018

New publication and discussion of two fragmentary stone objects of Protodynastic date in the Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire in Brussels, together with a further fragment from one of them, found a few years ago in the excavations of the DAIK at Umm el-Qa'ab. The carved decoration of both includes representations of the click beetle (Agrypnus notodonta Latr.), sacred to Neith. From their iconography, it is suggested that the bilobate cult-sign of Neith originally consisted of the image of two click beetles, flanking two crossed arrows attached to a pole.

Three different symbols of Neith can be distinguished during the Protodynastic Period: the bilobate object, two crossed arrows, and two bows tied together. The original meaning of the bilobate object seems to have been forgotten before the end of the Old Kingdom, and during the Middle Kingdom it lost its original form and was henceforward depicted as an oval. The significance given to it at that time remains open to discussion, but its traditional identification as a shield is most probably the result of the far more recent assimilation of Neith to the Greek goddess Athena.
The Length of Sneferu's Reign and how Long it Took to Build the ‘Red Pyramid’
Authors: Krauss Rolf
Published: January 2018

Statistical analysis of dated documents from Sneferu's reign implies that the cattle count took place more often annually than biennially. Thus the ‘twenty-fourth occasion of the (cattle) count’, which is the highest date yet known for Sneferu and which exceeds the 24 years allotted him in the Turin Canon, cannot be equivalent to 45 regnal years but rather to about 30. On the basis of the dates preserved on blocks from the king's Red Pyramid, a model can be constructed to demonstrate that about eleven years were required for its construction. This period accords well with a reign of about 30 years.
Amenhotep III and Amarna: Some New Considerations
Authors: Johnson W. Raymond
Published: January 2018

The monuments of Amenhotep III at Amarna have long perplexed scholars by their ambiguous nature. In the first section of this paper the deification of Amenhotep III is examined through his votive sculpture, which appears after his Year 30 rendered in a new artistic style featuring unusual solar iconography. In the second section a new identification of a statuette group excavated by Petrie at Amarna, UC 004, is proposed, and the criteria for that identification examined. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theological relationship between Amenhotep III and Akhenaten expressed in their art, where Amenhotep III's later iconography reflects his identification with the sun's disk and the creator-god Atum-Re, while Akhenaten's iconography emphasizes his role as Atum's firstborn, Shu. It is suggested that the two kings ruled together in the ritual roles of Atum and Shu as an integral part of Amenhotep III's deification programme, and that the senior king was the original focus of his son's Aten cult.
A New ‘Robbery’ Papyrus: Rochester Mag 51.346.1
Authors: Goelet Ogden
Published: January 2018

First publication of Papyrus Rochester MAG 51.346.1, dated to the fourth month of Peret, day 15 of the first year of the ‘Repeating-of-Births’, corresponding to Year 19 of Ramesses XI. It lists the thefts by the Chief Doorkeeper of the Karnak Temple, Djehuty-hotep, and reads as if it were an abridgement of a much longer and more detailed report. New light is shed on Djehuty-hotep, who is mentioned in other related manuscripts as one of the chief culprits in the extensive plundering of royal and temple property at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty. By providing evidence that even the Karnak temple had been plundered, the Rochester papyrus suggests that the ‘Repeating-of-Births’ presented Herihor with the need to conduct an extraordinary anticorruption campaign in the early part of this period.
Two Oracle Petitions Addressed to Horus-Khau with Some Notes on the Oracular Amuletic Decrees
Authors: Fischer-Elfert Hans-W.
Published: January 2018

Publication of two oracle petitions from the papyrus collection in Berlin, dating to the late Twentieth or early Twenty-first Dynasty and addressed to the hitherto unknown Horus-khau. Despite some typical Thinite personal names, their place of origin seems to be el-Hiba in the 18th Upper Egyptian nome. Further reflections on other oracle texts from this Theban stronghold follow as well as some considerations on the Oracular Amuletic Decrees.
The Adoption of Ankhnesneferibre at Karnak
Authors: Leahy Anthony
Published: January 2018

A new edition of the stela (Cairo JE 36907) recording the adoption of Ankhnesneferibre as heiress to the god's wife of Amun at Karnak and her subsequent accession. The physical context in which the stela might have been set up, and the Theban environment of its composition are fully considered, as are the age of the princess and the Twenty-sixth Dynasty historical background.
Osiris Bricks
Authors: Tooley Angela M. J.
Published: January 2018

Discussion of rectangular pottery containers (‘bricks’) with a recessed image of Osiris, together with a catalogue of extant examples. These are related to the Festival of Khoiak, when images of Osiris were made of soil and grain. The containers are defined as matrices for the creation of such Osiris figures. Their date and a western Theban provenance are suggested through discussion of Osirian cult activity, particularly at Medinet Habu, during the Third Intermediate and Late Periods.
A Fragment of the Book of the Dead in Waseda University Library, Tokyo
Authors: Uchida Sugihiko
Published: January 2018

Publication of a papyrus fragment of the Book of the Dead, dating from the early Eighteenth Dynasty, preserved in the collection of Waseda University Library, Tokyo.
An Unusual Canopic Jar in the Royal Ontario Museum
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: January 2018

Publication of a canopic jar acquired by the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto in 1994 (995.11.4). Its form and unusual text are discussed; it is dated to the Twenty-first Dynasty, and attributed to a northern context. A curious feature is that although finely made and quite finished, it omits any mention of the name of the deceased.
Remarks on ‘An Unusual Private Stela of the Twenty-First Dynasty from Coptos’
Authors: Iversen Erik
Published: January 2018

A few improvements are suggested to the translation of the stela Cairo JE 71902 published by Aly Abdalla in JEA 70 (1984), 65–72, pls. xvi–xvii.
The National Museums of Scotland Saqqara Survey Project 1993–1995
Authors: Mathieson Ian , Bettles Elizabeth , Clarke Joanne , Duhig Corinne , Ikram Salima , Maguire Louise , Quie Sarah , Tavares Ana
Published: January 2018

The National Museums of Scotland is engaged in producing an up-to-date archaeological and sub-surface geophysical map of an interesting and little explored area of the necropolis of Memphis at Saqqara. The area concerned comprises the Gisr el-Mudir (also known as the ‘Great Enclosure’) at the southern boundary, the open valley between the Sekhemkhet complex and the Gisr el-Mudir stretching north to the Serapeum and containing the L-shaped enclosure at the Old Kingdom tombs around the mastaba of Ptahhotep, the area of the Serapeum and its dependencies and the valley to the north-west of the Sacred Animal complex down to the edge of the remnant lake at Abusir in the north. Structural details, ceramics, archaeological contexts, human and animal skeletal remains from sondage trenches excavated to confirm geophysical anomalies are described and discussed.
The Text of Khakheperreseneb: New Readings of Ea 5645, and an Unpublished Ostracon
Authors: Parkinson R. B.
Published: January 2018

A new transcription of The Words of Khakheperreseneb from British Museum EA 5645, incorporating several new readings, and from a hitherto unpublished ostracon (corresponding to EA5645 recto 10–11). A transcription of another text on EA 5645 is included.
New Kingdom Glass-Melting Crucibles from Qantir-Piramesses
Authors: Rehren Thilo , Pusch Edgar B.
Published: January 2018

Recent work at Qantir-Piramesses revealed a group of crucibles related to glass-working. At least 40 individual crucibles were identified, dating to the reign of Ramesses II or slightly earlier. They are almost cylindrical in shape. The fabric was a local Nile clay (Vienna Nile E) without much visible temper. Most fragments are coated on the inside with a white layer. The crucibles resemble finds from Tell el-Amarna, also attributed to New Kingdom glass-working. They also relate to a solid glass ingot fitting precisely into the reconstructed crucibles. The crucible fragments from Qantir allow us to deduce their original mode of operation, and give new insight into the organisation of Egyptian glass-making and high temperature industries.
An Oracular Amuletic Decree of Khonsu in the Cleveland Museum of Art
Authors: Bohleke Briant
Published: January 2018

CMA 14.723 (= P. Cleveland 14.723) belongs to the genre of texts known as Oracular Amuletic Decrees, compositions promulgated by deities to protect the wearer from physical and spiritual dangers. Although the surviving corpus is homogeneous in nature and of limited chronological scope, it is part of a larger ‘inoculation programme’ to protect juveniles from childhood diseases, accidents and premature death.
Factors affecting ability and satisfaction with social roles in persons with neurological conditions: The importance of mobility and stigma
Authors: Warner Grace , Desrosiers Johanne , Packer Tanya , Stadnyk Robin
Published: January 2018

Introduction

The accomplishment of social roles and the satisfaction derived from participating in social roles are two important concepts in occupational therapy. Despite their importance, not much is known about how the two concepts differ. The objective of this study was to explore and compare the clinical and environmental factors correlated with accomplishment and satisfaction in social roles.

Method

This secondary analysis used data from a nested mixed method study. Participants ( n = 88) were Canadian adults, living with a range of neurological conditions. Linear regression analysis was used to identify factors that significantly affected the accomplishment and satisfaction of five social role domains (responsibility, interpersonal relationships, community life, employment and recreation).

Results

The variable of mobility was significantly associated with accomplishment of all five social role domains. Stigma, however, surfaced as the most important variable for satisfaction with social roles. It was significantly associated with all social role domains except employment.

Conclusion

From this analysis it appears that social role accomplishment and satisfaction have distinct correlates. Stigma is an important correlate of social role satisfaction that needs to be understood in more depth and addressed by occupational therapists so individuals with neurological conditions can maximize their satisfaction with social participation.
Short-term changes in occupational therapy students’ self-efficacy for therapeutic use of self
Authors: Hussain Ratna A , Carstensen Tove , Yazdani Farzaneh , Ellingham Brian , Bonsaksen Tore
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Self-efficacy concerned with the therapeutic use of self is important for occupational therapists, and students need to develop the skills and the self-efficacy required to meet interpersonal challenges in practice. This study examined short-term changes in occupational therapy students’ self-efficacy for using therapeutic modes, for recognizing clients’ interpersonal characteristics, and for managing interpersonal events. Factors associated with such changes were also examined.

Method

A sample of 89 Norwegian occupational therapy students from two universities was used, and the students completed three questionnaires 2–3 weeks after a workshop and at 3 months’ follow-up. Changes on the outcome measures were analyzed with t-tests for dependent samples, and factors associated with the outcome changes were analyzed with linear regression analyses.

Results

During the follow-up period, the students improved their self-efficacy scores on all three outcome measures. Higher age was associated with more improvement on two of the outcome measures.

Conclusion

The occupational therapy students improved their self-efficacy for therapeutic use of self during the brief follow-up period. Thus, the time in education, either university-based or practice-based, seems to add to students’ self-efficacy for clinical skills in this area. Higher age appears to be a resource for gaining more self-efficacy from attending educational courses.
Do Serial and Non-Serial Investors Behave Differently?: An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Van Osnabrugge Mark
Published: January 2018

This research investigates the differences between experienced private investors (‘serial angels’) in the UK, who have funded three or more unquoted ventures, and their less experienced counterparts (‘non-serial angels’). Using a theoretical base and data on 141 business angels, this study tentatively concludes that, relative to non-serial angels, serial angels may be less concerned with agency risks and more concerned with market risks. In particular, serial angels limit their investments more to (and conduct slightly more research on) industry sectors in which they have personal experience, prefer markets with less competition, choose to co-invest, are slightly less involved in their investments, and are less concerned with the location of the venture.
The Effect of Market Orientation and Organizational Flexibility on Corporate Entrepreneurship
Authors: Barrett Hilton , Weinstein Art
Published: January 2018

Corporate entrepreneurship (CE), flexibility (F), and market orientation (MO) are being recognized as key success factors in our increasingly competitive, global economy. This study builds a model (CEFMO) and examines the relationships among these factors and the relationship between these variables and business performance. All of these factors are controllable by management. Practical application of this research can lead to increased effectiveness for the firm and benefits for the firm's stakeholders.
Religion and Enterprise: An Introductory Exploration
Authors: Dodd Sarah Drakopoulou , Seaman Paul Timothy
Published: January 2018

This study argues that religion and enterprise enjoy a complex and interdependent relationship. Analyzing the relationship between society, religion, and enterprise illustrates that religion operates as an environmental munificence factor. Investigating the relationship between the individual religion and enterprise shows that religion affects believers’ entrepreneurial activity, influencing the decision to become an entrepreneur, enterprise management, and the entrepreneur's contact network. Turning to theory, enterprise, and religion, we note that the spectre of Weber still haunts some analyses of the entrepreneurial middle class, and the literature does not clarify the extent of religiosity among entrepreneurs. Using quantitative techniques to study the level of religiosity among a sample of British entrepreneurs we found it to be similar to that of non-entrepreneurial samples. The low levels of religious belief and practice in Britain suggests that religion may not be a significant environmental munificence factor for British entrepreneurship.
The Genesis of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Brazeal Deborah V. , Herbert Theodore T.
Published: January 2018

The study of entrepreneurship is still in its infancy. Kuhn (1962) points out that fields of knowledge evolve through paradigm competition and the search for better answers to new sets of inquiries, in which the maturing field of entrepreneurship, too, should be engaged. Barriers to evolutionary advances in entrepreneurship include the field's uneven development, its lack of consistency of terminology or method, and its relative isolation from developments in key informing fields. To avoid fragmentation and to enhance the opportunity for the systematic development of the entrepreneurship paradigm, an exploration of its parameters is proposed. Considered are three concepts central to entrepreneurship but heretofore unexamined in an integrated fashion by entrepreneurship researchers. The intent is to explicate their separate and joint conceptual relationships to and means by which they inform or add to the field. A rudimentary process model addressing the factions of change, innovation, and creativity in association with the entrepreneurial event is presented as a fundamental basis for providing continuity and structural consistency to the evolving field of entrepreneurship. Finally, a call is made for careful definitions and explorations of differentiated (but oft-equated) central entrepreneurial terms, processes, and perspectives.
Developing a Process Model of Intrapreneurial Systems: A Cognitive Mapping Approach
Authors: Russell Robert D.
Published: January 2018

This paper uses a cognitive mapping approach to build a model of corporate entrepreneurship from an organizational perspective. This approach analyzes corporate entrepreneuring from a systems viewpoint and facilitates an understanding of the process through which entrepreneurial firms generate innovation. Additionally, the application of Maruyama's (1963) concept of “morphogenetic” systems provides a possible explanation for the nonlinear changes that are characteristic of intrapreneurship.
Corporate Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, and Competence Development
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. , Nielsen Anders P. , Bogner William C.
Published: January 2018

The literature highlights the importance of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) for improving a company's market and financial performance. This paper extends the literature by focusing on the knowledge-creation processes within a firm's formal and informal CE activities. This multifaceted knowledge, which encompasses organizational, technical, and social dimensions, is developed by individuals or groups and diffused throughout the organization. Whether radical or incremental, this knowledge can generate new skills, which a company can then use to reconfigure the sources of its competitive advantage. This paper also discusses the role of intrapreneurs and CE champions, particularly in the creation and use of social capital, in the development of dynamic competencies.
Defining the Family Business by Behavior
Authors: Chua Jess H. , Chrisman James J. , Sharma Pramodita
Published: January 2018

It is generally accepted that a family's involvement in the business makes the family business unique; but the literature continues to have difficulty defining the family business. We argue for a distinction between theoretical and operational definitions. A theoretical definition must identify the esence that distinguishes the family business from other businesses. It is the standard against which operational definitions must be measured. We propose a theoretical definition based on behavior as the essence of a family business. Our conceptual analysis shows that most of the operational definitions based on the components of family involvement overlap with our theoretical definition. Our empirical results suggest, however, that the components of family involvement typically used in operational definitions are weak predictors of intentions and, therefore, are not always reliable for distinguishing family businesses from non-family ones.
The Sustainability of the Entrepreneurial Orientation—Performance Relationship
Authors: Wiklund Johan
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has become an important and extensively researched topic in the literature. Empirical results suggest that EO may influence firm performance. However, it is important to determine whether the EO-performance relationship is sustainable since EO can be a resource-consuming strategic orientation. This research examines the sustainability of the EO-performance relationship; i.e., whether EO affects performance during an extended period of time or is a “quick fix” where performance is only temporarily affected. Using data from Swedish small firms, the results indicate that there is indeed a positive relationship between EO and performance. This relationship also increases over time. The results show that investments in EO may be worthwhile for small firms since they pay off over an extended period of time.
Entrepreneurship in Established Organizations: The Case of the Public Sector
Authors: Morris Michael H. , Jones Foard F.
Published: January 2018

The potential role of entrepreneurship in public sector organizations is explored. Entrepreneurship is conceptualized as a manageable process with underlying dimensions of innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness. Unique characteristics of the public sector environment are examined, and a number of core principles and concepts from entrepreneurship are applied. Arguments against the application of these concepts are addressed. Results are reported of a survey of 152 public sector managers in South Africa. The findings suggest that these managers find entrepreneurship to be a salient concept for their organizations, and that the key obstacles to its implementation are very similar to those reported by corporate managers. Implications are drawn for theory and practice, and a number of suggestions are made for further research.
The Antecedents and Consequences of Firm-Level Entrepreneurship: The State of the Field
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. , Jennings Daniel F. , Kuratko Donald F.
Published: January 2018

Empirical research into firm-level entrepreneurship spans over a quarter of a century. This article reviews the current state of this research by identifying key trends in 45 published empirical studies; examining the key issues addressed and methods used to examine them; and outlining six key areas that need greater attention in future research.
Rusmiddelbruk blant skolebarn i Zimbabwe
Authors: Eide Arne H.
Published: January 2018

A classroom survey among 3 211 secondary-school students was conducted in four provinces in Zimbabwe in 1994. The lifetime prevalence and measures of more frequent use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and inhalants are presented as well as an analysis of the relationship between drug use and social and cultural predictors. Respondents were selected by means of a two-stage random sample design. Data collection followed international standardised procedures. Stratification was based on the identification of four different socio-cultural groups. Cultural orientation was operationalised by means of a Likert-type 14-item scale on choice of media, language and music. Exploratory principal component analyses revealed a 2-factor solution, representing a Global and a Local cultural orientation dimension. Results showed that self-reported drug use in general varied between the social groups and that experience increased with increasing socioeconomic status. For cannabis and inhalants use, the social distribution differed from that of alcohol and tobacco in that the subgroups low and high on the socio-economic dimension scored highest. Use of all four drugs was positively associated with global cultural orientation, whereas local cultural orientation was negatively associated with use of alcohol and tobacco. For cannabis and inhalants, no relationship with local cultural orientation was demonstrated.
With alcohol beyond the order of everyday life
Authors: Lalander Philip
Published: January 2018

Based on an ethnographical study of a group of young Swedish politicians, the author carries out a discussion concerning two major questions: How can one understand and interpret orgiastic behavior at parties? In what way does the use of alcohol make orgiastic behavior legitimate at parties? The author claims that the use of alcohol in different types of rituals may be seen as a way to travel beyond the structures of everyday life into another reality in which certain interaction and self-presentation norms become less important and less used. Alcohol is thus used as a symbol in a rite of passage. Using the anthropologist Turner's words, this other reality can be seen as liminal. The individual who enters this reality can do things which she would otherwise find taboo or inconvenient. The body is central in this liminal and carnevalistic reality and the individuals can play with different forms of taboos. The party may thus be seen as an escape zone for people who discipline themselves in their everyday life. The group is of major importance in the transgression. Through rituals in the group, the transgression becomes legitimate. The group also helps the individual to come back to everyday life.
Changes in Young People's Alcohol Consumption with Improved Availability of Medium Strength Beer. The Case of Pietarsaari
Authors: Valli Raine
Published: January 2018

After a lengthy battle, Pietarsaari finally sanctioned the retail sale of medium strength beer in 1993. Since then, medium strength beer has been available not only at the State retail shops selling wines and spirits but also at various grocery shops in the area. This article explores changes in the alcohol consumption of 13–17 year-olds within one year of the liberalisation. A control group from the city of Porvoo was included in the study in order to discern the changes actually resulting from the sanctioning of retail sale from changes that were caused by more general social change. The Pietarsaari sample included all the young people attending schools: some 1,300 pupils both at the beginning of the study and in the final survey. As feared by those who had opposed the liberalisation, age limits were observed less strictly: more and more minors were able to purchase alcohol from the grocery shops. The year also saw a notable rise (from 30 % to 44 %) in the consumption of medium strength beer. The overall alcohol consumption in Finland did not increase, however; the change was purely structural in nature. Medium strength beer became the alcoholic beverage of choice for both girls and boys, even though girls had previously shown a preference for wines.
Humour and Mundane Reasoning about Alcohol Drinking
Authors: Abrahamson Maria
Published: January 2018

Group discussions were conducted, in five different occupational categories, in a medium-sized Swedish town. The occupational areas were media, politics, business, culture and civil service. An analysis is presented of how the interviewees expressed their alcohol habits in serious speech as compared to humorous speech. The participants' statements concerning their own alcohol consumption are related to expressions of what are called modulations in systemic functional linguistics. These form part of the ideational component of language, which concerns the way we communicate experience. Our choice of modulations demonstrates our attitude to the conditions that we describe regulate our ability to act. In serious speech, the speakers tend to value cautious drinking, setting sharp limits to how and when the use of alcohol is appropriate. As regards humorous speech, however, the situation is to a large extent the opposite: the interviewees picture themselves as under external constraints in connection to alcohol. The issues where we find humour are also where we find controversy in serious speech. The differences of opinion that arise, concerning everyday habits and the role model one represents as a parent, give rise to a number of jokes. The parts of serious discource that concern other people display a very different content, having to do with drinking too much, not being able to handle one's liquor consumption and not being permitted to drink alcohol – a content reflected in humorous form when the interviewees talk about themselves.