bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Color Morphs in the Eastern Mosquitofish Experience Different Social Environments in the Wild and Laboratory
Authors: Kraft Brittany , Williams Emily , Lemakos Valerie A. , Travis Joseph , Hughes Kimberly A.
Published: September 2016

The social environment of an animal is an especially interesting component of its environment because it can be shaped by both genetic and non‐genetic variation among social partners. Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are those created when genetic variation in social partners contributes to variation in an individual's phenotype; a potentially common form ofIGEoccurs when the expression of a behavioral phenotype depends on the particular genotypic combination of interacting individuals. AlthoughIGEs can profoundly affect individual‐ and group‐level fitness, population dynamics, and even community structure, understanding their importance is complicated by two inherent challenges: (1) identifying individuals with genetic differences in social interactions that can contribute toIGEs and (2) characterizing natural social interactions that potentially involveIGEs. As a first step toward addressing both these challenges in the same system, we investigated social interactions involving genetically distinct male color morphs in the poeciliid fishGambusia holbrookiunder natural and laboratory conditions. Previous work indicates that melanic (M) and silver (S) males differ in social behavior and in how conspecifics respond to them, suggesting the potential forIGEs. We used a combination of live and video recording of social groups in two natural populations and in the laboratory to determine the potential forIGEs to contribute to behavioral variation in this species. We found that M males had more social partners, and especially more female social partners than did S males, in nature and in the laboratory. These results suggest that both direct and indirect genetic effects have the potential to play a role in the expression and evolution of social behavior inG. holbrooki.
Where do they go? The effects of topography and habitat diversity on reducing climatic debt in birds
Authors: Gaüzère Pierre , Princé Karine , Devictor Vincent
Published: September 2016

The spatial tracking of climatic shifts is frequently reported as a biodiversity response to climatic change. However, species’ range shifts are often idiosyncratic and inconsistent with climatic shift predictions. At the community scale, this discrepancy can be measured by comparing the spatial shift in the relative composition of cold‐ vs. warm‐adapted species in a local assemblage [the community temperature index (CTI)] with the spatial shift in temperature isotherms. While the local distribution of climate change velocity is a promising approach to downscaling climate change pressure and responses, CTI velocity has only been investigated on a continental or national scale. In this study, we coupled French Breeding Bird Survey data, collected from 2133 sites monitored between 2001 and 2012, with climatic data in order to estimate the local magnitude and direction of breeding season temperature shift, CTI shift, and their spatiotemporal divergence – the local climatic debt. We also tested whether landscape characteristics that are known to affect climate velocity and spatial tracking of climate change mediated the climatic debt on the local scale. We found a clear spatial structure, together with heterogeneity in both temperature and CTI spatial shifts. Local climatic debt decreased as the elevation, habitat diversity, and the naturalness of the landscape increased. These results suggest the complementary effects of the local topographic patterns sheltering more diverse microclimates and the increasing permeability of natural and diversified landscape. Our findings suggest that a more nuanced evaluation of spatial variability in climatic and biotic shifts is necessary in order to properly describe biodiversity responses to climate change rather than the oversimplified descriptions of uniform poleward shifts.
BRAF V600E mutation in biliary proliferations associated with α1‐antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: Angkathunyakul Napat , Rosini Francesca , Heaton Nigel , Foskett Pierre , Quaglia Alberto
Published: September 2016

Aims

Both homozygous and heterozygous α1‐antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency patients are at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but also of developing cholangiocarcinoma and combined HCC and cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of our study is to report a series of bile duct adenomas (BDAs) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCs) in adult AAT deficiency patients, observed in our institution over a 5‐year period. Our observational study includes a detailed investigation of their immunohistochemical profile and BRAF V600E mutation status.

Methods and results

Eleven biliary lesions from five AAT deficiency patients (six BDAs from three cirrhotic patients with other concurrent liver diseases; three BDAs and two ICCs from two non‐cirrhotic patients) were identified between 2010 and 2015 during routine histological investigation. Most BDAs expressed CD56, EpCAM, CD133, and CA19‐9, similarly to hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), and carried the BRAF V600E mutation (87.5%). One ICC showed a similar immunohistochemical profile but no evidence of the BRAF V600E mutation.

Conclusions

Most of the biliary proliferations in AAT deficiency patients have an appearance of BDA with an HPC‐related immunohistochemical profile. Their frequent BRAF V600E mutations support their neoplastic nature, but not necessarily their progression to ICC. We believe that this may depend on the patient genotype, or require a different pathway or a second mutational hit for malignant transformation. We postulate that BDA represents a heterogeneous group of biliary lesions, and that those associated with AAT deficiency may constitute a group of their own.
Reintegration upon return: insights from Ecuadorian returnees from Spain
Authors: Mercier Marion , David Anda , Mahia Ramón , De Arce Rafael
Published: September 2016

Using the ECM2 survey data on Ecuadorian migrants returning from Spain, we investigate the determinants of reintegration upon return. We study how the migration experience, but also the before‐ and after‐migration characteristics, correlate with migrants’ outcomes upon return. We adopt a broad conception of reintegration, considering jointly labour market‐related outcomes that proxy for structural reintegration and subjective indicators that provide insights on sociocultural reintegration. The determinants of these two types of outcomes appear to be different: reintegration indeed encompasses multiple dimensions which cannot be captured by a single indicator. Our results suggest that return assistance programmes’ efficiency in helping reintegration could be improved by (I) targeting, ex‐ante, returnees who plan to launch their own business, and, ex‐post, the most vulnerable workers (women, older returnees, unemployed), and (ii) facilitating the labour market integration of foreign‐educated returnees. They also call for further research to better understand the consequences of these programmes.
Intraindividual and Interindividual Differences in Spontaneous Eye Blinking: Relationships to Working Memory Performance and Frontal EEG Asymmetry
Authors: Bacher Leigh F. , Retz Shirley , Lindon Courtney , Bell Martha Ann
Published: September 2016

The rate and timing of spontaneous eye blinking (SB) may be used to explore mechanisms of cognitive activity in infancy. In particular, SB rate is believed to reflect some dimensions of dopamine function; therefore, we hypothesized that SB rate would relate to working memory performance and to frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry. Forty, 10‐month‐old infants completed an A‐not‐B task while SB and EEG were measured throughout. We found that SB rate varied across phases of the task, variability in SB rate was positively related to working memory performance, and frontal EEG asymmetry was related to individual differences in the rate of SB. Results provide indirect, but convergent support for the hypothesis that SB rate reflects dopamine function early in human development. As such, these results have implications for understanding the tonic and phasic effects of dopamine on cognitive activity early in human development.
Recent progress in microrobots for ophthalmic therapies
Authors: Ullrich F. , Nelson B.J.
Published: September 2016

Efficient ocular surgery must be precise, safe and cost effective. Minimally invasive microrobots for ophthalmic applications have been introduced for high precision motion with force feedback. Research demonstrates the potential of wireless magnetic microrobots for targeted drug delivery to the retina and operations in the posterior eye segment without the need for a vitrectomy.
Laser for vitreous floaters
Authors: Tassignon M.J.
Published: September 2016

Background

The presence of a space between the posterior capsule and the anterior vitreous was first proposed in 1887 but difficulties inherent in examining this structure had made it impossible to visualize this area in vivo until now. Estimation of the size of this space was considered as impossible.

Materials and methods

We utilize an optical coherence tomography system attached to the Zeiss Opmi Lumera 700/Rescan microscope (Zeiss Ltd, Germany) to provide real‐time images of the Berger space, the anterior hyaloid and the ligament of Wieger.

Results

The results of three patients show beautiful real‐time OCT images of the Berger space and of the ligament of Wieger. In one high myopic eye there was even evidence of anterior vitreous detachment (AVD).

Conclusion

Previously unseen transparent structures of the eye can now be imaged intraoperatively using real‐time OCT. This technique provides information on the status of the posterior capsule but more interestingly from the anterior hyaloid and its posterior capsule attachment by the ligament of Wieger. These previously unseen changes in the anterior hyaloid may contribute to the better understanding of the posterior segment complications after cataract surgery.
Spectrum of indications, patient selection, options for astigmatic corrections, pre‐ and postoperative patient care
Authors: Szentmary N.
Published: September 2016

First different options for correcting corneal astigmatism in a phakic or pseudophakic eye are discussed controversally. In a second step we present a general overview on indications and contraindications for toric implants and criteria for selecting appropriate patients are shown. In a third step we address obligatory and facultative examination modalities prior to surgery and for monitoring of the postoperative results. Special focus is given to the preoperative patient counseling about potential risks and signs of complications.
Vitrectomy for vitreous floaters
Authors: Ascaso F.
Published: September 2016

Symptomatic vitreous ‘floaters’ are one of the most common presenting complaints in the clinics of ophthalmologists. Although most patients will accept observation as the symptoms often improve spontaneously, in a subset of patients the symptomatic, persistent vitreous opacifications do not disappear with time and may become highly bothersome in daily life. During the past two decades, more and more patients have been treated for persistent floaters. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and Nd:YAG laser photodisruption have been considered.

Since Robert Machemer introduced PPV in the early 1970s, and with the progressively decreasing gauge size, the idea of using this surgical technique for vitreous opacities has become a hot topic in the ophthalmologic community. PPV is the gold standard for mechanical removal of vitreous opacities. The so called ‘floaterectomy’ shows resolution of vitreous opacities in over 95% of cases and patient satisfaction rates range from 85 to 94%, with improvement in contrast sensitivity and quality of life. Microincisional vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) has been shown to decrease operative times, surgically induced trauma and postoperative inflammation, leading to a more rapid recovery and in a more safety manner.
Multiloaded microparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of retinal diseases
Authors: Herrero‐Vanrell R. , Arranz A. , García‐Caballero C. , Guzmán M. , Andres‐Guerrero V. , García‐Feijoo J. , Molina‐Martínez I.T. , Bravo‐Osuna I.
Published: September 2016

Retinal degenerative pathologies are becoming more prevalent due to the increase in society longevity. As most of retinal diseases are multifactorial, successful therapy requires a combination of drugs. Furthermore, effective concentrations of active substances must be maintained in the retinal target site for long periods of time. Due to the poor accessibility of retinal tissues, intraocular injections of therapeutic molecules are needed with the risk of adverse events. Biodegradable multi‐loaded microspheres (MSs) offer an excellent alternative to multiple administrations as they are able to incorporate and deliver several therapeutic molecules in a controlled fashion for extended periods of time. Contrary to larger devices, administration of MSs is performed without the need of surgical procedures. Moreover, they disappear from the site of administration after delivering the drug. Personalized therapy can be easily achieved by selecting the amount of microspheres depending on patient's needs.

Support: MICINN MAT 2013–43127R; UCM‐Research‐Group 920415, Oftared RD12/0034/0003.
EVER Past president lecture: lessons from the Fascinating World of Bestrophinopathies
Authors: Leroy B.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To describe the genotypes and phenotypes in patients with bestrophinopathies.

Methods

Examples of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy will be compared with the phenotype of patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy and autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy.

Results

Phenotypes of BVMD range from asymptomatic, normal fundi in heterozygous BEST1 mutation carriers, to classic macular egg yolk‐like lesions. Biallelic BEST1 mutations cause ARB, characterized by shallow retinal detachments in the posterior pole, with hyperautofluorescent deposits in the watershed zone and superonasal to the optic disc. In addition, there are small, inner retinal, cystoid changes. Rod‐cone dystrophy (RCD) develops later. Subacute angle closure glaucoma is frequent. ADVIRC patients show a 360° peripheral hyperpigmented band, peripapillary staphylomata, RCD and microcornea. Unique mutations in one BEST1 allele cause ADVIRC. Electro‐oculography is abnormal in all bestrophinopathies first.

Conclusions

Bestrophinopathies are a diverse group of conditions caused by either mono‐ or biallelic mutations in BEST1. Whereas ADVIRC is very different, BVMD and ARB show considerable overlap. This suggests that a threshold of bestrophin protein production, blurring the differences between dominant or recessive mechanisms of disease, may be the main determinant of the phenotype. Abnormal EOGs indicate primary RPE involvement.
Stem cells in reparing optic nerve damage
Authors: Pebay A. , Gill K. , Needham K. , van Bergen N. , Lim S. , Hernandez D. , Liang H. , Kearns L. , Hung S. , Hewitt A. , Mackey D. , Trounce I. , Wong R.
Published: September 2016

Modelling Leber's Hereditary Optic neuropathy using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an invaluable tool for disease modelling in vitro. Here, we report the generation of iPSCs from LHON patients, their differentiation to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) for subsequent modelling of phenotypic abnormalities. We also report the manipulation of mitochondrial DNA to correct LHON iPSCs by generation of cybrids. Comparison of LHON iPSCs and their isogenic cybrid control provide novel information on the potential cellular mechanisms leading to RGC death observed in human patients.
The RPE/photoreceptor complex
Authors: Osborne N.
Published: September 2016

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/ photoreceptor complex constitutes the choroid, Bruch's membrane and the photoreceptor outer segments. The RPE interacts with Bruch's membrane and the photoreceptors, which it faces across the sub‐retinal space. In these interactions the RPE acts as three types of cell ‐ epithelium, macrophage, and glia. There are a number of selective interactions between the choroid, Bruch's membrane, RPE and photoreceptors related to ion and water transport, vitamin A transport, phagocytosis of shed portions of outer segments, ensheathment of photoreceptors outer segments, and electrical responses. The purpose of the course is to discuss the RPE/photoreceptor complex in terms of structure and function and particularly related to the transport of constituents associated with photo‐transduction.
How to fast track your research career
Authors: Bechrakis N.E.
Published: September 2016

What is your primary aim? Is it research, because you are intrinsically interested in finding and discovering new things, or is it a way of achieving better career opportunities?

Why fast track? It is usually the persistence that prevails. Look for the tortoise and the hare. Which one are you?

Look for opportunities. Life has a much bigger phantasy than ourselves, and unexpected black swans are encountered often, so what really makes the difference is what you make out of your opportunities. Use them, you will get them.

Be authentic and reliable. Your superiors, peers and subordinates need to count on you, this will make all the difference.

Try to grasp the trend. In order to do that, you need to know the current situation and possibly how it evolved towards the status quo. Next step is to challenge it.
Intravitreal pharmacotherapy of CME related to conservative management of uveal melanomas
Authors: Bechrakis N.E.
Published: September 2016

Eye salvaging treatment of uveal melanomas are commonly associated with the development of cystoid macular edema. The extend and severity of this complication is associated with the size and location of the tumour treated. Tumours that are located closer to the fovea and are larger in size bear a higher risk of developing CME. Different treatment strategies have been employed to address this issue. Laser coagulation of the ischemic retinal areas, surgical removal of the initiating tumour, and more recently pharmacological concepts either by anti‐VEGF agents, or by intravitreal steroid applications have been proposed as potential treatment options for this problem.
Lanosterol reversal of protein aggregation in cataract
Authors: Zhang K. , Zhao L. , Zhu J. , Hou R. , Wang S. , Yan Y.
Published: September 2016

The human lens is comprised largely of crystalline proteins assembled into a highly ordered, interactive macro‐structure essential for lens transparency. Any disruption of protein interactions will alter this delicate structure, with consequent protein aggregation and cataract formation. Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness, and currently the only treatment is surgical removal of cataractous lenses. The precise mechanisms by which lens proteins prevent aggregation and maintain lens transparency are largely unknown. Lanosterol is an amphipathic molecule enriched in the lens. It is synthesized by lanosterol synthase (LSS) in a key cyclization reaction of a cholesterol synthesis pathway. Here we identify two distinct homozygous LSS missense mutations in two families with extensive congenital cataracts. Both of these mutations affect highly conserved amino acid residues and impair key catalytic functions of LSS. Treatment by lanosterol, but not cholesterol, significantly decreased preformed protein aggregates both in vitro and in cell‐transfection experiments. Our study identifies lanosterol as a key molecule in the prevention of lens protein aggregation and points to a novel strategy for cataract prevention and treatment.
Laboratory work‐up and specialized investigations
Authors: Pleyer U.
Published: September 2016

Based on the anatomical involvement of the eye intraocular inflammation is classified into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. All subtypes of uveitis are potentially related to infectious and noninfectious etiologies.

This presentation will assist the participants in accurately diagnosing uveitis in a step latter approach including physical and laboratory investigations.

In addition, a tailored approach based on confounding clinical observations with specialized investigations will help to further differentiate clinical entities. In cases of suspected intraocular infections the option of intraocular fluid evaluation for antibody testing and polymerase chain testing against the causative agent will be presented. Taken together, this part of the course will provide a rational decision‐making strategy for diagnosis of patients with uveitis.
You Tube: different tubes for different glaucomas: ex press
Authors: Munoz M.
Published: September 2016

Objective

We will show the current evidence about the Express device in glaucoma surgery; technique, utility, indications, relative contraindications, absolute contraindications and possible complications of the procedure.

We'll point out the scientific evidence available with a practical and critical approach.

We'll explain the surgical procedure and some tips based on the clinical experience.

Finally, we will present interim results from a prospective randomized trial from our research group, currently active.
Stimuli‐responsive systems for tuneable ocular drug delivery
Authors: Rupenthal I.D. , Yasin N. , Bisht R. , Chen Y.S. , Jin J. , Jaiswal J. , Svirskis D.
Published: September 2016

Retinal diseases are currently treated by frequent injections of a drug‐containing solution into the eye, an unpleasant procedure that may lead to complications and low treatment adherence. This has been partially addressed by developing implants that once sutured into the sclera or injected into the vitreous can release drug over months to years. However, once these implants are in place, drug release rates cannot be altered based on individual patient needs. Our research within the Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit aims to develop stimuli‐responsive implants that are able to slowly release drug over time, while also allowing for tuneable top‐up dosing based on the disease progression. One such implant is based on porous conducting polymers using an anionic drug as the dopant. While baseline drug release is achieved by diffusion, further drug bursts can be activated by application of a small electrical signal. Two other systems are based on photo‐sensitive polymers that can be cured or activated once injected into the vitreous by shining light through the cornea. This presentation will cover the preparation and evaluation of these stimuli‐responsive systems including in vitro release data.
Prevention of Herpes and Zoster keratitis
Authors: Labetoulle M. , Rousseau A.
Published: September 2016

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella‐zoster Virus (VZV) are two leading causes of sight‐threatening keratitis. They are able to become latent in nervous system, especially the trigeminal ganglia in which they can reactivate, thus producing new viral particles that finally reach the cornea.

Episodes of HSV keratitis may occur spontaneously or following a triggering factor like immunosuppression (including topical steroids), topical inflammation and nerve injuries. Ocular surgery, which combines several of these factors, is a strong risk factor of HSV keratitis reccurence. In case of exposure to one of these triggering factors, prevention with oral antiviral drugs reduces the risk of relapse of HSV keratitis.

For VZV, the main risk factor of keratitis is the occurrence of chickenpox or herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) some days to weeks before. The prescription of oral antiviral drugs at the time of cutaneous rash is efficient for reducing the risk of ocular complications of HZO. However, the arrival of the anti‐HZO vaccine could change the deal in the next years.
Pathophysiology of uveitis
Authors: Dick A.
Published: September 2016

This talk will overview the pathophysiology of non‐infectious uveitis in relation to recent SUN (standardised uveitis nomenclature) disease classification. The experimental and translational human evidence of autoimmunity and activation of immunity will be discussed. In addition the talk will highlight the pathways and mechanisms of tissue damage that results in sight‐threatening disease. Traditionally, despite active immune regulatory mechanisms operative within the ocular environment, inflammation still occurs. Activated antigen and non‐antigen specific T cells are generated in uveitis. The interplay with innate immunity and in particular cells of myeloid lineage both systemically and within the local environment dictate the severity and extent of pathology we observe. The understanding of immune responses during the uveitis open many avenues to potential novel immunotherapies that not only suppress inflammation but attempt to redress immune balance, tolerance and local homeostasis within ocular tissues.
Therapeutic management of uveitis
Authors: Dick A.
Published: September 2016

This talk will overview the contemporary therapeutic approaches to treatment of noninfectious non‐infective ocular inflammatory disease. Treatment of non‐infectious uveitis has over past 15 years expanded from the use of traditional therapies including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to the deployment of targetting the immuneresponse with biologic therapies with monoclonal antibodies and immunoadhesins. Such use will be exemplified with case reports during the talk. Evidence of efficacy of immunosuppressants in the treatment of uveitis, the role of predicting steroid responsiveness, the use of monotherapy with immunosuppression and finally the pathways and evidence of success of biologic therapy will be provided.
Genetics in microphthalmia
Authors: Calvas P. , Davis E. , Ragge N. , Fares‐Taïe L. , Srour M. , Michaud J. , Kaplan J. , Rozet J.M. , Chassaing N.
Published: September 2016

Congenital malformations of the eye comprise a wide spectrum of developmental defects. Anophthalmia‐microphthalmia (AM) is the most severe end of these conditions. The different ocular malformations are thought to be part of an overlapping spectrum of embryonic developmental defects. Phenotypic overlap is emphasized by molecular results demonstrating that the same genes may lead to variable defects. We aimed at delineating the molecular bases of AM in order to improve knowledge on eye development as well as patient care. We follow one of the largest cohort of ocular developmental defects cases with extensive clinical and genetic analyses and report here extensive genetics analysis delineating a valuable genetic epidemiology of AM triggering genes. To date a genetic cause is identified in less than half of the patients suffering AM. The most likely explanation for this is that only a small proportion of causative genes have been identified. That is, we report here the strategy used to identify novel AM genes among rare and mainly sporadic patients. This led highlighting the malformation spectrum of already known genes and delineating original pathways respectively involved in retinoic acid metabolism and Sonic Hedgehog signalling.
Irradiation induced maculopathy: pathogenesis and therapeutic approach with anti‐VEGF's
Authors: Zografos L.
Published: September 2016

Irradiation induced maculopathy is a major complication following conservative management of uveal melanomas with brachytherapy or proton beam irradiation. It occurs generally 1.5–3 years following treatment. An early attempt (6 months) or a late occurance (8 years or more) is also possible. Functional loss depends to the irradiation dose as well as the presence of predisposing risk factors (diabetic retinopathy, previous serous retinal detachment of the macula with attempt of the outer retina).

Fluoresceine angiography, OCT‐A, OCT en face and B‐mode OCT are the imagine techniques used in order to quantify the anatomic damage. These examinations allow to observe the modifications of the inner and outer perifoveal capillary network and to quantify the extend of the cystoid macular edema.

Visual function is mainly correlated with the damages of the deep capillary plexus observed in the OCT‐A. A therapeutic approach with anti‐VEGF's can be considered in all the cases with minimal or mild damage of the deep capillary plexus.
Tricks for the spotlight – handling media
Authors: Somner J.
Published: September 2016

A short guide to opportunities for getting your research out there. Taking in traditional outlets and more novel web 2.0 tools. Some simple dos and don'ts with examples.
Physiology and clinical relevance of this parameter
Authors: Abegao Pinto L.
Published: September 2016

Ocular Pulse Amplitude (OPA) refers to a fluctuation in pressure with the cardiac cycle. It has been widely used as a surrogate endpoint for ocular circulation with a number of studies inferring which ocular tissue, structural characteristics and vascular beds are responsible for this fluctuation. Accordingly, a number of ocular and conditions have been consistently associated with extreme OPA values (either high or low). Ranging from glaucoma to carotid stenosis, these conditions will be reviewed, thus providing the audience with a glimpse of the state of the art in the clinical implications of this parameter.
Using iPS cells to uncover cilia protein function and model disease
Authors: Schwarz N.
Published: September 2016

Primary cilia are small, hair‐like protrusions on most cells and the photoreceptor outer segment is a highly specialised light sensing primary cilium. Retinitis pigmentosa 2 (RP2) is a cilia and basal body protein that is involved in regulating ciliary protein traffic. Mutations in the RP2 gene lead to a severe form of X‐linked RP. Patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide a potent new technology, which allows the directed differentiation of most cell types to model disease. Recent advances have included the differentiation of iPSC into retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells and three‐dimensional optic cups, which are stratified and express photoreceptor progenitor cells. We have reprogrammed skin fibroblasts from an RP2 patient, carrying the most common RP2 stop mutation R120X, into iPSC and differentiated them into RPE cells, allowing us to study RP2 mutation disease mechanisms in vitro. Using translational read‐through drugs (PTC124 and G418) we have successfully restored full‐length, functional RP2 in these cells. Therefore, using iPSC to model disease in relevant cell types and tissues provides an important tool for the evaluation of potential therapies.
New insights into corneal lymphangiogenesis
Authors: Chen L.
Published: September 2016

Lymphatic research has progressed rapidly in recent years. The cornea provides an ideal tissue for lymphatic study due to its accessible location, transparent nature, and lymphatic‐free but‐inducible features. Once induced by an inflammatory, infectious, chemical or immunogenic insult, corneal lymphatics enhance high volume delivery of antigens and immune cells, and accelerate transplant rejection. Our research goal is to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of corneal lymphangiogenesis and to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. This presentation will introduce our recent advances in corneal lymphatic research and the implications in both ocular and non‐ocular diseases.
Behçet's disease, VKH, sarcoidosis
Authors: Khairallah M. , Khochtali S. , Abroug N.
Published: September 2016

Ocular involvement associated with Behçet disease is characterized by a relapsing remitting panuveitis with diffuse vitritis, retinal infiltrates, and occlusive vasculitis. Proper management relies on the early use of immunosuppressive drugs in combination with corticosteroids and administration of biologic agent in resistant and severe posterior segment involvement. VKH disease is a bilateral panuveitis that may be associated with extraocular manifestations. Exudative retinal detachment, associated with typical imaging findings, is the most specific feature to acute VKH disease. Sunset glow fundus is typical to chronic VKH disease. Complications are more likely to occur in the chronic recurrent phase. The mainstay of treatment for acute VKH disease relies on systemic corticosteroid therapy for at least 6 months. Immunosuppressive therapy is mainly used in chronic recurrent disease.

Main ocular features of sarcoidosis include bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis, vitritis with snowballs, multifocal chorioretinitis, and segmental periphlebitis. Diagnosis may be challenging in the absence of apparent systemic involvement. Treatment of sarcoidosis relies on corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, in severe cases.
Orbital pathology: Differential diagnostic challenges
Authors: Heegaard S.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To present the most important and frequent orbital tumors that the clinician will encounter.

Material

Both the clinical data as well as the pathological description will be described in detail. Especially differential diagnostic challenging cases will be presented.

Results

Clinical pearls on how to differentiate the different orbital tumors will be given.

Conclusion

The correlation between clinical features and the pathological characteristics is presented in this lecture.
Retinal oxygen extraction
Authors: Werkmeister R. , Aschinger G. , Linsenmeier R. , Schmetterer L.
Published: September 2016

Adequate function of the retina is dependent on proper oxygen supply. A number of common sources of blindness go hand in hand with abnormalities in perfusion and alterations in oxygenation. In humans, the inner retina is oxygenated via the retinal circulation.

In this talk, a method to calculate total retinal oxygen extraction based on measurement of total retinal blood flow using dual‐beam bidirectional Doppler OCT and measurement of oxygen saturation by spectrophotometry is presented. Eight healthy subjects were included in the study and breathed ambient room air and 100%, respectively, while perfusion and oxygenation parameters were measured. Total retinal blood flow was 44.3 ± 9.0 μl/min during baseline and decreased to 18.7 ± 4.2 μl/min during 100% oxygen breathing. A pronounced decrease in retinal oxygen extraction from 2.33 ± 0.51 μl(O2)/min to 0.88 ± 0.14 μl(O2)/min during breathing of 100% oxygen was calculated.The introduced approach that allows measuring retinal oxygen extraction in humans, may have considerable potential for diagnosis, and risk stratification treatment monitoring in patients with retinal vascular disease.
Surgical management in orbital tumors
Authors: Briscoe D.
Published: September 2016

Surgical management of orbital tumors is based on several basic principles.

A thorough clinical history and examination should be made before viewing imaging.

The location of the mass with regard to the optic nerve and the involvement of the extraconal or intraconal space are factors which will determine the surgical approach taken.

In addition a tumor involving the surgical apex of the orbit should be carefully considered before operation. The use of small minimal incisions give better results and less morbidity, and should be used where possible. Video presentations of approaches and pictures of numerous cases are presented.
Treat & extend versus PRN in AMD
Authors: Pruente C.
Published: September 2016

Basically 3 different approaches to anti‐VEGF treatment in AMD are in clinical use, a fixed regimen using monthly or bi‐monthly injections (IVI), a PRN strategy and a Treat and Extend (T&E) regimen.

T&E is a proactive and individualized anti‐VEGF treatment regimen. Basically IVI are performed monthly until stability is achieved. When disease activity is stable or the retina is dry the interval for the next IVI and control visit is extended by 1 or 2 weeks. The maximum tolerated interval usually is 12 weeks during the first 2 years of treatment. If activity reoccurs the interval is shortened by 1 to 4 weeks. In consequence this means each visit includes a diagnostic examination and an IVI, independently of the status of disease activity.

Evidence for T&E is limited as there are no randomized controlled studies available. However it is frequently used in clinical routine. Results from extensive case series in the literature demonstrate better functional outcome compared to PRN, less visits compared to PRN and fixed strategies and a mean number of about 6–8 injections during the first year of treatment.
The electrophysiology of patients with nyctalopia
Authors: Holder G.
Published: September 2016

The lecture will use a case‐based approach to demonstrate the value of electrophysiological testing in the diagnosis and management of patients with nyctalopia. The diagnostic features of various inherited and acquired diseases will be described, including photoreceptor dystrophies, congenital stationary night blindness, fundus albipunctatus, melanoma associated retinopathy, vitamin A deficiency and others.
General structure and function of the retina
Authors: Grzybowski A.
Published: September 2016

The invention of the ophthalmoscope in the 19th century led to the development of ophthalmology as a discipline. The retina is an accessible part of the central nervous system and has consequently been studied extensively. There is now a growing use of OCT to obtain information related to brain neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson diseases as well as migraine.

Two aspects of human retinal structure based on physiology and morphology can be distinguished. They are the various retinal layers that consist of either neuron perikarya or neuronal processes. The other, is the distinction between central (macula, fovea) and periphery parts of the retina. Major cell‐types in the retina are pigment epithelial, photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, ganglion and glial cells and an understanding of their roles in healthy and unhealthy retina remains a challenge. Ocular photoreception for example, was thought to be mediated exclusively by rods and cones until the beginning of the 21st century and only recently have photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) been discovered. The aim is to discuss certain aspects of retinal structure related to function.
Difficulties in the diagnosis of achromic fundus lesions and hemorragic lesions
Authors: Desjardins L.
Published: September 2016

Achromic choroidal lesions can be an achromic melanoma, a choroidal hemangioma or a metastasis. It is rarer to have scleritis ar the origin of an achromic chorodal mass but this can be seen in sarcoidosis rarely

Achromic choroidal melanomas are not rare. They are often mushroom shape and have a typical ultrasonographic aspect. In the presence of an achromic melanoma, it is always important to rule out the possibility of a metastasis by doing a chest and abdominal CT.

Metastasis are easy to diagnose when they occur in a patient with known metastatic disease, when they are multiple or bilateral. They are trickier when they are unique with no known previous cancer. This is quite frequent in lung cancer where the choroidal mass is often the first manifestation

Choroidal hemangioma have a typical orange color and can be easily diagnosed by indocyanin green angiography (early hyper and wash out on the late phase)

Hemorragic mass are frequent in older patient, especially in case of diabetes and high blood pressure. If there is a doubt MRI with gadolinium injections or dopler ultrasonography can easily differentiate a hematoma from, a choroidal tumor
Update in medical management of Graves' orbitopathy
Authors: Salvi M.
Published: September 2016

Management of GO must be based on the assessment of activity and severity of the disease. Activity is usually assessed with the Clinical Activity Score (CAS), while severity is classified, according to EUGOGO as mild, moderate‐to‐severe and sight‐threatening. Prompt restoration of stable euthyroidism is recommended in the presence of GO. In moderate‐severe disease, steroids have been widely employed because of their anti‐inflammatory activity, although 20–30% of patients are not responsive or present with disease reactivation at the end of therapy. Some novel immunosuppressors have been employed in clinical studies and showed interesting results. Potential targets for therapy in GO are the TSH and the IGF‐1 receptor on the fibroblasts, inflammatory cytokines, B and T cells and the PIK3/mTORC1 signaling cascades for adipogenesis. A recent open study has shown that tocilizumab, an anti‐sIL‐6R antibody, inactivates GO. Consistent data on the efficacy of rituximab have been reported over the past decade and more recently in randomized controlled trials. The availability of new therapies will expand the therapeutic options for GO patients and allow clinicians to really personalize the treatment to better suit the patients’ unmet needs.
Moderate to severe dry eye – a promising indication for scleral lenses
Authors: Doan S. , Delcampe A.
Published: September 2016

The space between the scleral lens and the ocular surface is called the reservoir and can be filled with aqueous agents, thus allowing for a permanent hydration of the cornea. This property is a major advantage of scleral lenses in dry eye. Furthermore, the lenses protect the epithelium from lid frictions and may also promote corneal epithelial growth. Finally, scleral lenses decrease sensory nerve stimulation, decreasing symptoms, even in moderate dry eye patients.
Cell lines of conjunctival tumours and their potential use in research
Authors: Jager M.J. , Cao J.
Published: September 2016

Conjunctival melanoma is a rare malignancy, which may give rise to metastases. An effective treatment of these metastases is as yet lacking. Conjunctival melanoma have been found to share specific mutations with cutaneous melanoma, such as mutations in the BRAF genes. As specific treatments have been developed for cutaneous melanoma, one can either try these in patients, or find ways to screen drugs in models of conjunctival melanoma. Models include the use of conjunctiva melanoma cell lines, which can be grown in vitro or as xenografts in immunodeficient mice, in zebrafish, or in egg embryos. As there are only a few cell lines available, one may consider developing xenografts from freshly‐obtained conjunctival melanoma, and then try to grow new cell lines, or trst drugs directly on these xenografts.

Using three cell lines with different growth characteristics, we studied the effect of several drugs on cell growth and apoptosis, and we determined immunological characteristics of these cell lines.
Controversies in the use of NSAIDs
Authors: Pleyer U.
Published: September 2016

Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) remains the most common cause of poor visual outcome following cataract surgery. Whereas acute PCME may resolve spontaneously, some patients will suffer from vision impairment and are difficult to treat. Even though PCME has been already described 50 years ago, its pathophysiology remains uncertain and a multitude of mechanisms have been suggested. As broad as the mechanisms, are the options to treat this condition. Topical nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids either as mono‐ or combined therapy are commonly used as first line approach. When ineffective, systemic treatment with these agents might be an option. Alternatively, intravitreal application of corticosteroids and anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) may offer an effective choice, when first line treatment failed. A critical evaluation of the current knowledge reveals that the optimal treatment of PCME remains unclear and needs further investigation. In addition, prevention should be of foremost importance and is also an open issue. Identification of risk factors, application of NSAIDs and consequent follow up are probably essential steps to avoid this complication.
It′s not just keratokonus – some general fitting techniques for scleral lenses in so many scenarios
Authors: Carrasquillo K.G.
Published: September 2016

Scleral lenses are receiving wide attention and traction among clinicians treating complex corneal disease for numerous reasons. The fact that they provide same benefits of a gas permeable rigid optical surface as corneal RGPs, renders them a viable alternative to treat distorted corneas. However, the fact that they vault the cornea, rest entirely on the sclera and hold a fluid reservoir over the cornea expands the use and benefits these lenses offer when treating ocular surface disease. Providing the cornea with the appropriate microenvironment to promote healing and protecting the ocular surface from the environment or lids and lid margins, these lenses are proving to be a powerful tool for the treatment of complex corneal disease, even in cases recalcitrant to conventional therapy, surgical and/or topical. We show cases where scleral lenses have been successful in treating not only RGP failures for distorted corneas, but also in cases of severe dry eye secondary to GVHD, Sjorgrens, rheumatoid arthritis, in limbal stem cell deficiency from SJS and chemical burn, in neurotrophic keratitis from Familial Dysautonomia, HSV, diabetes, acoustic neuroma, and severe exposure from facial paralysis, and/or trauma.
You Tube: Different tubes for different glaucomas: Non valved Tube&Plate implants
Authors: Duch S.
Published: September 2016

This course aims to introduce to the glaucoma surgeon in the valve and shunts procedures. The rationale and the understanding of the basic technique will be discussed, as well as the different tricks to individualize this surgery to any type of patient. Videos and open discussion will allow the audience to participate in the clinical cases presented during the course.
Myopic Retinal detachment
Authors: Berrod J.P.
Published: September 2016

Half non traumatic retinal detachment (RD) happens in myopic eyes with a ten folds risk in eyes over three diopters. Most of RD are related with an atrophic round hole or a horseshoe tear in the periphery. Retinal detachments in highly myopic eyes are characterized by the location of the breaks posteriorly to the equator, the presence of para vascular breaks, or the presence of posterior pole RD without break associated with staphyloma or foveoschisis. Treatment of RD is challenging because of the difficulty of placing a posterior buckle, the increased risk of anterior segment ischemia and a higher risk of PVR in case of relapse. Most of patients are treated by primary vitrectomy with the use of dye or triamcinolone to facilitate visualization of posterior hyaloid during cortical vitreous peeling. The primary success rate ranges between 75 and 90% after single procedure using gas tamponnade. Encircling band, macular buckling, or silicone oil are only used if a second procedure is needed.
Laser Trabeculoplasty Is the glaucoma fraternity completely convinced?
Authors: Gazzard G.
Published: September 2016

Laser Trabeculoplasty: drop‐free nirvana or false‐hope?

Evolution of laser trabeculoplasty continues, as does debate about its place in the glaucoma treatment hierarchy.

Evidence of clinical effectiveness, patient choice, cost‐effectiveness and impact on health‐related quality of life guide treatment choices: I shall review the latest developments in the science of laser treatments to the trabecular meshwork.