bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Subjected to Tempforming
Authors: Dolzhenko Anastasiia , Dolzhenko Pavel , Dudko Valeriy , Kaibyshev Rustam , Belyakov Andrey
Published: February 2025

The developed microstructures and their deformation behavior were studied in a high-strength low-alloy steel subjected to tempforming, i.e., tempering followed by large-strain rolling at temperatures of 823 K or 923 K. Tempforming has been recently proposed as an advanced treatment for low-alloy steels in order to substantially increase their impact toughness at low temperatures. However, the mechanical properties, especially the fatigue behavior, of tempformed steels have not been studied in sufficient detail. The present study, therefore, is focused on the strengthening mechanisms of the tempformed steel, placing particular emphasis on the low-cycle fatigue behavior. Tempforming resulted in a lamellar-type microstructure with a high dislocation density and dispersed Cr23C6 carbide particles. The size of the latter particles increased from 25 nm to 40 nm with an increase in tempforming temperature. The transverse grain size and dislocation density comprised 550 nm and 2.6 × 1015 m−2 after tempforming at 823 K or 865 nm and 1.8 × 1015 m−2 after processing at 923 K, respectively. Tempforming led to significant strengthening, which was attributed to high-density dislocations arranged in low-angle subboundaries. The yield strength of 1140 MPa or 810 MPa was observed for the steel samples tempformed at 823 K or 923 K, respectively. The low-cycle fatigue behavior depended on the plastic strain amplitude, which, in turn, was controlled by the previous strengthening under tempforming conditions besides the total strain amplitude. An increase in the plastic strain amplitude promoted fatigue softening that was caused by a decrease in the dislocation density as a result of subgrain coalescence.
Completely Smooth Lower-Order Penalty Approach for Solving Second-Order Cone Mixed Complementarity Problems
Authors: Wu Qiong , Hao Zijun
Published: February 2025

In this paper, a completely smooth lower-order penalty method for solving a second-order cone mixed complementarity problem (SOCMCP) is studied. Four distinct types of smoothing functions are taken into account. According to this method, SOCMCP is approximated by asymptotically completely smooth lower-order penalty equations (CSLOPEs), which includes penalty and smoothing parameters. Under mild assumptions, the main results show that as the penalty parameter approaches positive infinity and the smooth parameter monotonically decreases to zero, the solution sequence of asymptotic CSLOPEs converges exponentially to the solution of SOCMCP. An algorithm based on this approach is developed, and numerical experiments demonstrate its feasibility. The performance profile of four specific smooth functions is given. The final results show that the numerical performance of CSLOPEs is better than that of a smooth-like lower-order penalty method.
Average Size of Ramanujan Sum Associated with Divisor Function
Authors: Li Xin , Zhai Wenguang
Published: February 2025

Let m and n be positive integers, and let c(m,n) denote the Ramanujan sum. In this paper, we establish an asymptotic formula for the mean value of c(m,n), which is associated with the divisor function, over both m and n.
Cost Optimization of AC Microgrids in Grid-Connected and Isolated Modes Using a Population-Based Genetic Algorithm for Energy Management of Distributed Wind Turbines
Authors: Grisales-Noreña Luis Fernando , Vega Héctor Pinto , Montoya Oscar Danilo , Botero-Gómez Vanessa , Sanin-Villa Daniel
Published: February 2025

This research investigates the effectiveness of four metaheuristic algorithms, the Population-Based Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, JAYA, and Generalized Normal Distribution Optimizer, for managing the energy production of wind-based distributed generators (DGs). The aim is to reduce operational costs in a 33-node microgrid (MG) operating under both connected and isolated configurations. The study seeks to identify the most efficient algorithm for minimizing operational expenses in distributed generation systems, specifically in terms of energy production and purchasing costs, as well as the maintenance costs of DGs. Due to limited statistical validation and unrealistic operational constraints in previous studies, we propose a novel framework that offers a robust, reproducible solution for optimizing the management of wind-based distributed generators in microgrids. Through 100 independent trials for each algorithm and configuration, rigorous statistical analyses are conducted, including ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test, to assess performance consistency and the significance of cost reduction outcomes across algorithms. The results indicate that the PGA demonstrates superior cost efficiency and stability, particularly in the connected MG configuration.
Identifying Higher-Order Moment Risk Contagion Between the US Dollar Exchange Rate and China’s Major Asset Classes
Authors: Zou Zongfeng , Zhang Chao , Li Judong
Published: February 2025

This study explores the risk nexus between the US dollar (USD) market and China’s major financial assets through a co-higher-order testing framework with market regime switching. Specifically, we utilize robust statistical measures such as co-skewness, co-kurtosis, and co-volatility to investigate the connectedness between the US dollar index and a variety of representative financial products in China, including A-shares, the RMB (Chinese Yuan) exchange rate, government bonds with various maturities, and money markets, during the period from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2023. The empirical results provide evidence of the existence of financial contagion during market regime shifts and also reveal various patterns of cross-market interconnection paths, particularly concerning the third and fourth moment channels. This suggests that the transmission of asymmetric risk and extreme risk, as described in our model, is indeed in place. Furthermore, we discuss practical implications for investors and market regulators in terms of investment decisions and policy coordination.
Non-Steroidal FXR Agonistic Dimeric 2-Methyl-4-(1-glycerol)furan with Lipid-Lowering Activities from Marine-Derived Nocardiopsis sp. ZSN1
Authors: Jiang Yongjun , Lei Zhen , Fang Jiebin , Wu Yanping , Sun Chengpeng
Published: February 2025

Five novel 2-methyl-4-(1-glycerol)furan (MGF) dimers, namely nocardifuran A (1), 13-acetyl-nocardifuran A (2), 15-epi-nocardifuran A (3), nocardifuran B (4), and nocardifuran C (5), were isolated from the Gause liquid fermentation of the marine-derived Nocardiopsis sp. ZSN1. Their structures were elucidated through HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data analysis, and ECD calculations. Compounds 1–4 were identified as derivatives of MGF with its rearrangement of furan or pyran derivatives, while compound 5 was identified as the derivative of MGF with an indole derivative. These MGF dimers, representing a new structural class, were isolated from a marine microorganism for the first time, thereby enhancing chemical diversity. Screening for farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonistic activity revealed that MGF dimers could activate FXR. Furthermore, bioactivity evaluations demonstrated that these types of compounds exhibited lipid-lowering activity with lower cytotoxicity in vitro. Consequently, our findings not only contribute to the chemical diversity of marine-derived MGF-type natural products but also offer potential insights into the development of MGF dimers as lead compounds for FXR agonists in the dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism.
Bioactive Terpenes from Marine Sponges and Their Associated Organisms
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Lei Yu , Xu Muwu , Zhao Bingxin , Xu Shihai
Published: February 2025

In recent years, marine natural products have continued to serve as a pivotal resource for novel drug discovery. Globally, the number of studies focusing on Porifera has been on the rise, underscoring their considerable importance and research value. Marine sponges are prolific producers of a vast array of bioactive compounds, including terpenes, alkaloids, peptides, and numerous secondary metabolites. Over the past fifteen years, a substantial number of sponge-derived terpenes have been identified, exhibiting extensive structural diversity and notable biological activities. These terpenes have been isolated from marine sponges or their associated symbiotic microorganisms, with several demonstrating multifaceted biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. In this review, we summarize 997 novel terpene metabolites, detailing their structures, sources, and activities, from January 2009 to December 2024. The structural features and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of different types of terpenes are broadly analyzed and summarized. This systematic and comprehensive review will contribute to the summary of and speculation on the taxonomy, activity profiles, and SAR of terpenes and the development of sponge-derived terpenes as potential lead drugs.
Effects of Microorganisms in Fish Aquaculture from a Sustainable Approach: A Review
Authors: Amillano-Cisneros Jesús Mateo , Fuentes-Valencia María Anel , Leyva-Morales José Belisario , Savín-Amador Macario , Márquez-Pacheco Henri , Bastidas-Bastidas Pedro de Jesús , Leyva-Camacho Lucía , De la Torre-Espinosa Zamaria Yoselin , Badilla-Medina César Noé
Published: February 2025

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector. However, it faces significant challenges, including demand from a growing global population, which is estimated to reach 10.4 billion by the year 2100, disease outbreaks, environmental impacts, and the overuse of antibiotics. To address these issues, sustainable alternatives such as the use of microorganisms (probiotics, bacteriophages, and genetically modified microorganisms) have gained attention. This review examines the effects of these microorganisms on fish aquaculture, focusing on their potential to improve growth, health, and disease resistance while reducing environmental impacts. Probiotics, particularly lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, have been shown to enhance immune responses, digestive enzyme activity, and nutrient absorption in fish. Bacteriophages offer a promising alternative to antibiotics for controlling bacterial pathogens, with studies demonstrating their efficacy in reducing mortality rates in infected fish. Additionally, genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) have been explored for their ability to produce beneficial compounds, such as enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, which can improve fish health and reduce the need for chemical treatments. Despite their potential, challenges such as regulatory hurdles, public acceptance, and environmental risks must be addressed. This review highlights the importance of further research to optimize the use of microorganisms in aquaculture and underscores their role in promoting sustainable practices. By integrating these biological tools, the aquaculture industry can move towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.
Upcycling of Waste Durian Peel into Valued Fe/N Co-Doped Porous Materials as Peroxymonosulfate Activator for Terramycin Oxidation
Authors: Zheng Kewang , Liu Rui , Shen Lihang , Li Wei , Qin Caiqin
Published: February 2025

Nitrogen-doped graphene-coated Fe nanoparticles (EC@N6Fe0.6-700) were synthesized through the pyrolysis of a durian peel-supported urea ferric salt mixture. These materials were subsequently utilized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for oxidation of terramycin (TEC). The incorporation of an optimal amount of urea and ferric nitrate during the synthesis of materials significantly improves the catalytic activity of the resulting catalysts after pyrolysis. Using EC@N6Fe0.6-700 catalyst at a concentration of 0.10 g L−1, 98.55% oxidation of 20 mg L−1 TEC is achieved within 60 min. Additionally, EC@N6Fe0.6-700 exhibits exceptionally low metal leaching, with levels remaining below 0.25 mg L−1. The EC@N6Fe0.6-700 shows remarkable stability during oxidation and effectively resists interference, reusability, and robust stability throughout the oxidation process. The mechanism of the EC@N6Fe0.6-700/PMS/TEC system is determined, and the 1O2 is the main reactive oxygen species (ROSs). The XPS analysis confirms that the primary active sites are Fe0, as well as nitrogen-doped regions within the carbon matrix. This research demonstrates that by integrating iron and nitrogen with durian peel, it is possible to develop a PMS activator with satisfactory oxidation performance for the degradation of environmental pollutants.
Nutritional Quality of Rye Bread with the Addition of Selected Malts from Beans
Authors: Czubaszek Anna , Gertchen Mateusz , Gasiński Alan , Miedzianka Joanna , Kawa-Rygielska Joanna
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of partial rye flour (RF) replacement with white bean malt (WBM) and red bean malt (RBM) on the baking and the nutritional quality of bread. The addition of white and red bean malts to the rye flour reduced the falling number and the maximum viscosity of the paste. Significant differences in the color of the crust and crumb of baked bread were shown. The addition of malt from bean seeds did not cause significant changes in the consumer assessment of bread. In some cases, a 30% increase in the polyphenols content was observed and an improvement in the antioxidant properties of bread with WBM and RBM was noted. Also, the overall protein and essential amino acids content in the bread was significantly increased. Due to WBM and RBM addition, the quantity of volatile compounds was higher than it was in the control sample, and in specific instances, it had doubled compared to the control sample.
Rational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thiazole/Thiazolidinones Multitarget Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Molecules
Authors: Tratrat Christophe , Petrou Anthi , Fesatidou Maria , Haroun Micheline , Chohan Mohamad , Geronikaki Athina
Published: February 2025

Background: HIV-1 RT inhibitors were the first drugs approved to treat AIDS and remain key components of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). While HAART effectively suppresses viral replication and slows disease progression, it has limitations, including long-term side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, highlighting the need for new treatments. Objectives: Based on our previous experience, and insights from existing inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and RNase H, we aim to design and synthesize safer, multifunctional molecules. Methods: Using molecular docking studies, these compounds will incorporate pharmacophores targeting multiple stages of the HIV life cycle to enhance efficacy, reduce resistance, and improve pharmacokinetics. The compounds were synthesized via a one-pot three component reaction. The synthesized compounds were identified using spectroscopy and tested in vitro for activity against key HIV targets, including RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) and RNAse H. Results: Among the synthesized compounds, several demonstrated strong inhibitory activity, with compound 11 showing IC50 values comparable to the reference drug Nevirapine, and compound 4 exhibiting dual inhibition of both RT and RNase H activities. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, combining computational modeling with experimental validation, to identify promising leads for therapeutic development.
Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins in the Management of Osteoarthritis: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Ma Xiaodong , Chin Kok-Yong , Ekeuku Sophia Ogechi
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The consumption of food rich in anthocyanins, a natural pigment found in plants, has been associated with improved joint health. However, systematic efforts to summarise the effects of anthocyanins and their deglycosylated forms, anthocyanidins, in managing osteoarthritis (OA) are lacking. This scoping review aims to comprehensively summarise the current evidence regarding the role of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in OA management and highlights potential research areas. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in January 2025 to look for primary studies published in English, with the main objective of investigating the chondroprotective effects of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, regardless of their study designs. Results: The seven included studies showed that anthocyanins and anthocyanidins suppressed the activation of inflammatory signalling, upregulated sirtuin-6 (cyanidin only), and autophagy (delphinidin only) in chondrocytes challenged with various stimuli (interleukin-1β, oxidative stress, or advanced glycation products). Anthocyanins also preserved cartilage integrity and increased the pain threshold in animal models of OA. No clinical trial was found in this field, suggesting a translation gap. Conclusions: In conclusion, anthocyanins and anthocyanidins are potential chondroprotective agents, but more investigations are required to overcome the gap in clinical translation.
Niosomes as Vesicular Nanocarriers in Cosmetics: Characterisation, Development and Efficacy
Authors: Lens Marko
Published: February 2025

In an era of significant developments in cosmetic chemistry and growing demand for efficacious skincare products, the efficient delivery of active molecules has been a challenge in formulations of cosmetics. In order to improve the performance of active compounds, the use of different nanotechnology-based systems have been explored in cosmetic chemistry. Niosomes, self-assembled vesicular nanocarriers, have been used in the cosmetic industry since the 1970s. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the encapsulation of active cosmetic compounds using niosomes as potential carriers for their sustained and targeted delivery. The review discusses the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of niosomes, including preparation methods, advantages and limitations. Various applications of niosomes in the cosmetic industry are presented together with the permeation and efficacy data from conducted in vitro and in vivo studies. Future perspectives of these nanocarriers for cosmetic applications are highlighted.
Non-Uniform Microlens Array Based on Photonic Nanojets for Remote Raman Sensing of Subsurface Analytes
Authors: Li Xiang-Yu , Lin Han-Yu , Ye Wen-Ding , You En-Ming , Liu Jing
Published: February 2025

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for surface molecular analysis due to its ability to provide molecular fingerprint information. However, its application to subsurface analytes is limited by destructive or invasive methods that compromise the detection accuracy. To address this, we introduce a non-uniform microlens array based on the photonic nanojet (PNJ) principle to realize subsurface remote Raman sensing. Using finite element simulations, the microlens design was optimized with a central lens radius of 5 μm and side lenses of half this radius, achieving a 52% increase in the focal length and a subwavelength spatial resolution compared to a single microlens. The non-uniform design also enhanced the Raman intensity by 85%, enabling sensitive detection of the subsurface analytes. The design’s versatility was validated with a rectangular microlens array, which showed similar improvements. Fabrication using 3D printing produced experimental results closely aligned with those of simulations, with focal length deviations of less than 9% at 1550 nm. These findings demonstrate that non-uniform microlens arrays are scalable, non-invasive, and effective tools for Raman spectroscopy, offering potential applications in biomedicine, materials science, and environmental monitoring, advancing the capabilities of subsurface sensing technologies.
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants in the Context of Gastrointestinal Health: A Review
Authors: Julián-Flores Antonio , Aguilar-Zárate Pedro , Michel Mariela R. , Sepúlveda-Torre Leonardo , Torres-León Cristian , Aguilar Cristóbal N. , Chávez-González Mónica L.
Published: February 2025

Medicinal plants represent promising sources for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders because of their abundance in bioactive compounds with therapeutic properties. Throughout history, various plant species have been used to alleviate digestive ailments, and studies have revealed the presence of metabolites with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The secondary metabolites responsible for these properties include alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, with the latter, particularly flavonoids, being the most associated with their bioactivities. Gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastrointestinal cancer, are caused primarily by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and the consumption of raw or undercooked foods. These conditions significantly impact human health, necessitating the development of safer and more effective therapeutic alternatives. After an extensive literature review, several plant species with widespread use in the treatment of these disorders were identified, including Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha spicata, Melissa officinalis, Artemisia ludoviciana, Flourensia cernua, Phoradendron californicum, and Turnera difusa. This study revealed that the analyzed plants are rich in bioactive compounds, which confer their medicinal properties. However, many other plants commonly used to treat digestive disorders have been scarcely studied, highlighting the need for further research.
Ion Interference Reduces the Uptake and Accumulation of Magnesium Ions in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Zou Jishuang , Shi Lihe , Cheng Weiting , Wang Yulin , Liao Yankun , Gu Junbin , Wang Tingting , Zhang Qi , Ye Jianghua , Wang Haibin , Jia Xiaoli
Published: February 2025

Magnesium (Mg) ions play a crucial role in the growth and development of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). In this study, the ion kinetic method was used to analyze the effect of ions from various elements on the Mg ion uptake rate in two tea plant varieties (Rougui and Shuixian). Additionally, Mg ion content and the expression intensity of CsMGT5 gene in the tea plant’s root system were measured to further understand how different elemental ions affect Mg ion uptake and accumulation. The results revealed that while the trends in the effects of different elements on Mg ion uptake were similar in both Rougui and Shuixian roots, the magnitude of these effects was lower in Rougui and higher in Shuixian. In the presence of only Mg ions in the solution, the tea plant’s root system exhibited the highest intensity of CsMGT5 gene expression, the fastest uptake rate of Mg ion, and the highest Mg content. Conversely, the presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ions alone reduced CsMGT5 gene expression, Mg ion uptake rate, and Mg content in the tea plant’s root system. However, differences in the impact of these three elements on Mg ion uptake and accumulation were not statistically significant. In addition, with the increase in the types of added ions, the Mg ion uptake rate by tea plants gradually declined, indicating a decreasing demand, with Mg accumulation showing a downward trend. Statistical analysis of correlations showed that CsMGT5 gene expression in the tea plant’s root system positively regulated the maximum uptake rate of Mg ion (Imax value, 0.94 **). The Imax value negatively regulated Mg ion content in solution (Cmin value, −0.94 **), and the Cmin value negatively regulated Mg ion content in the tea plant’s root system (−0.95 **). In conclusion, the presence of different elemental ions significantly influenced the uptake and accumulation of Mg ions in tea plants, with the magnitude of this effect intensifying as the number of elemental types increased. A positive correlation was observed between the capacity for Mg ion uptake and accumulation capacity in the tea plant’s root system and the expression intensity of the CsMGT5 gene within the root system. This study offers valuable insights and serves as an important reference for leveraging Mg to regulate tea plant growth in practical agricultural applications.
Development of Forest Tree Species Composition: Selected Results of the National Forest Inventory of Lithuania
Authors: Petrokas Raimundas , Manton Michael , Kulbokas Gintaras , Muraškienė Milda
Published: February 2025

Forest development forms the foundation for the advancement of sustainable forest management that integrates the knowledge of natural and anthropogenic processes with ecological and biological insights. This study aims to emphasize the role of assisted natural regeneration and balanced forest development phases in fostering closer-to-nature management approaches, contributing to resilient forest ecosystems capable of self-regulation and biodiversity support in the face of anthropogenic and climatic challenges. This study focuses on forest development in Lithuania based on five National Forest Inventories (NFIs) from 2002 to 2022. We examine the tree volume structure of the growing stock by stand type and forest type series from the point of view of stand age and forest development phases. This is performed by applying the standardized methodologies of the Lithuanian National Forest Inventory. Our analysis focuses on broader patterns derived from the selected NFI data rather than stand-level details. Our findings demonstrate that long-term observation of dynamic National Forest Inventories can aid in the development of closer-to-nature forest management methods for different forest type series. In order to implement the European Union’s strategy and policy for closer-to-nature forest management, we call for the use of “assisted succession” methods in commercial forests, promoting the formation of mixed-species forest stands with multi-cohort age profiles, including old-growth all-aged forest patches of >121 years.
Numerical Prediction and Experimental Validation of Deposited Filaments in Direct Ink Writing: Deposition Status and Profile Dimension
Authors: Tu Yongqiang , Zhang Haoran , Shi Xue , Fan Jianyu , Bao Baohua , Lu Gang , Han Fuwei , Wu Hao , Hassan Alaa
Published: February 2025

The deposition status and profile dimension of deposited filaments have an impact on the quality of the printed parts fabricated by direct ink writing (DIW). Previous works often failed to realize the full quantitative characterizations of the detailed influence of the process parameters on the deposition status and profile dimension. Herein, we predict and analyze the deposition status and profile dimension by proposing an improved three-dimensional (3D) numerical model. The prediction accuracy of the proposed numerical model is verified through filament deposition experiments. The maximum relative errors of width and height between the experimental and simulation results of cross-sections are 10.13% and 7.37%, respectively. The effect of process parameters on the deposition status and profile dimension has been quantified. Critical process parameters are identified as the dimensionless nozzle velocity (V*) and the dimensionless height (H*). Three deposition statuses named over-deposition, pressed deposition and freeform deposition are characterized depending on the combination of V* and H*. The current work demonstrates an effective approach for the prediction of the deposition status and profile dimension of the deposited filaments along with the investigation of the effects of process parameters in DIW based on numerical simulations.
Insights into Enhanced Oil Recovery by Viscosity Reduction Combination Flooding System for Conventional Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: He Hong , Ning Wenhui , Pei Haihua , Chen Ruping , Tian Yuhang , Liu Yibo , Zuo Qingying
Published: February 2025

To settle the problems of high energy consumption and carbon emissions in the thermal recovery of heavy oil, the viscosity reduction combination flooding (V-RCF) method is proposed to enhance oil recovery for conventional heavy oil reservoirs. The performance of the viscosity reduction combination flooding (V-RCF) system composed of polymer, emulsifying surfactant, and ultra-low interfacial tension surfactant was evaluated. The interfacial tension between oil and water continues to be maintained at 10−3 mN/m as the concentration of ultra-low interfacial tension surfactant(L) increases. The viscosity reduction rate of the V-RCF system reaches over 95%. A series of parallel sand pack flooding experiments were carried out to investigate enhanced oil recovery. The enhanced oil recovery (EOR) efficiency of the V-RCF under various injection modes was compared, and the best injection mode was suggested. The incremental oil recovery of the V-RCF system under multiple slug injection modes is higher than that under single slug injection mode. The optimum slug injection sequence of the V-RCF system is injecting a polymer-emulsifying surfactant(P+R) slug firstly, and then, injecting a polymer-ultra-low interfacial tension surfactant(P+L) slug. The optimum slug size ratio of polymer-emulsifying surfactant(P+R) slug and polymer-ultra-low interfacial tension surfactant(P+L) slug is 2:1. The microfluidic flooding results have further confirmed that the best recovery rate is achieved when the slug ratio is 2:1 from a microscopic perspective.
Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing for Forest Conservation and Management: A Case Study of the Gran Chaco in Central Argentina
Authors: Alaggia Francisco G. , Innangi Michele , Cavallero Laura , López Dardo Rubén , Pontieri Federica , Marzialetti Flavio , Riera-Tatché Ramon , Gamba Paolo , Carranza Maria Laura
Published: February 2025

Anthropogenic alteration of tropical and subtropical forests is a major driver of biodiversity loss; notably, the Chaco Forest, which is the largest dry forest in the Americas, is among the most impacted regions. Sustainable forest management, a key objective of the UN’s 15th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), underscores the need for advanced monitoring tools. This study integrates Sentinel-2 remote sensing (RS) spectral indices with field data to analyze forests under varying management regimes and levels of alteration in a representative area of the Chaco region (Chancaní Provincial Reserve and surrounding areas of the West Arid Chaco). Forest structure types and conservation levels were linked to monthly spectral index behavior using linear mixed models. Spectral indices such as the BI (Brightness Index), NDWIGao (Normalized Difference Water Index), and MCARISent (Modified Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index) effectively differentiated forest stands by conservation status and structural alteration. This combined RS and field data approach proved highly effective for detecting and characterizing forests with diverse conservation and sustainability conditions. The methodology demonstrates significant potential as a reliable RS-based tool for monitoring forest health and supporting progress toward SDG targets, particularly in regions like the Chaco Forest, which face extensive anthropogenic pressures.
A Transfer Learning Approach for Toe Walking Recognition Using Surface Electromyography on Leg Muscles
Authors: Manni Andrea , Rescio Gabriele , Carluccio Anna Maria , Caroppo Andrea , Leone Alessandro
Published: February 2025

Gait is a complex motor process that involves the coordination and synchronization of various body parts through continuous interaction with the environment. Monitoring gait is crucial for the early detection of abnormalities, such as toe walking, which is characterized by limited or absent heel contact with the floor during walking. Persistent toe walking can cause severe foot, ankle, and musculature conditions; poor balance; increased risk of falling or tripping; and can affect overall quality of life, making it difficult, for example, to participate in sports or social activities. This study proposes a new approach to detect toe walking using surface Electromyography (sEMG) on lower limbs. sEMG sensors, by measuring the electrical activity of muscles, can see signals before the movement corresponding to muscle activation, contributing to an early detection of a possible problem. The sEMG signal presents significant complexity due to its noisy nature and the challenge of extracting meaningful features for classification. To address this issue and enhance the model’s robustness across different devices and configurations, a Transfer Learning (TL) approach is introduced. This method leverages pre-trained models to effectively handle the variability of sEMG data and improve classification accuracy. In particular, Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is applied to sEMG-filtered signals (with time windows of 1 s) to convert them into 2D images (scalograms). Preliminary tests were performed on a public dataset using some of the most well-known pre-trained architectures, obtaining an accuracy of about 95% on InceptionResNetV2.
An IoT-Enabled mHealth Sensing Approach for Remote Detection of Keratoconus Using Smartphone Technology
Authors: Askarian Behnam , Askarian Amin , Tabei Fatemehsadat , Chong Jo Woon
Published: February 2025

Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive eye disease and a major cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management, yet conventional diagnostic methods rely on expensive and bulky imaging devices, limiting accessibility, especially in resource-constrained settings. This paper introduces a novel smartphone-based approach for the early detection of KC, leveraging screen-projected Placido disc patterns and an advanced image processing framework. Unlike traditional corneal topographers, our method utilizes a unique Placido disc projection technique and a machine learning-based classification model to analyze corneal irregularities with high precision. With a sensitivity of 96.08%, specificity of 97.96%, and overall accuracy of 97% on our dataset, the proposed system demonstrates exceptional diagnostic reliability. By transforming a standard smartphone into an effective screening tool, this innovation provides an affordable, portable, and user-friendly solution for early KC detection, bridging the gap in eye care accessibility and reducing the global burden of undiagnosed keratoconus.
Tiny Language Models for Automation and Control: Overview, Potential Applications, and Future Research Directions
Authors: Lamaakal Ismail , Maleh Yassine , El Makkaoui Khalid , Ouahbi Ibrahim , Pławiak Paweł , Alfarraj Osama , Almousa May , Abd El-Latif Ahmed A.
Published: February 2025

Large Language Models (LLMs), like GPT and BERT, have significantly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), enabling high performance on complex tasks. However, their size and computational needs make LLMs unsuitable for deployment on resource-constrained devices, where efficiency, speed, and low power consumption are critical. Tiny Language Models (TLMs), also known as BabyLMs, offer compact alternatives by using advanced compression and optimization techniques to function effectively on devices such as smartphones, Internet of Things (IoT) systems, and embedded platforms. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of TLM architectures and methodologies, including key techniques such as knowledge distillation, quantization, and pruning. Additionally, it explores potential and emerging applications of TLMs in automation and control, covering areas such as edge computing, IoT, industrial automation, and healthcare. The survey discusses challenges unique to TLMs, such as trade-offs between model size and accuracy, limited generalization, and ethical considerations in deployment. Future research directions are also proposed, focusing on hybrid compression techniques, application-specific adaptations, and context-aware TLMs optimized for hardware-specific constraints. This paper aims to serve as a foundational resource for advancing TLMs capabilities across diverse real-world applications.
High-Sensitivity Goos-Hänchen Shift Sensing via Surface Plasmon Resonance and Beam Displacement Amplification
Authors: Li Qian , Xu Enze , Zhang Xiaoliang , Tian Jianguo , Liu Zhibo
Published: February 2025

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technology has been widely utilized in fields such as biomedicine, food safety, and drug screening for real-time, rapid, and label-free detection of biomolecular interactions. However, conventional SPR sensing methods find it difficult to provide the necessary sensitivity and stability when detection applications go toward ultra-low concentrations and tiny molecular weight analytes. Here, we present a high-sensitivity Goos–Hänchen shift sensing based on SPR and beam displacement amplification technology (BDAT). The incorporation of BDAT significantly amplifies the magnitude of GH shift with remarkable stability, enhancing the sensing sensitivity by an order of magnitude. The sensor achieves a sensitivity of 3.62 × 104 μm/RIU and a minimum detection limit of 3.10 × 10−5 RIU. Furthermore, both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that GH shift sensing offers superior performance compared with traditional intensity-based SPR, particularly for low-concentration solutions. The BDAT approach amplifies GH shifts by at least 12 times, significantly improving sensitivity. With the use of SPR and BDAT, we are able to generate a large GH shift, which makes it easier to detect low concentrations and offers a wide range of possible uses in clinical diagnostics and biomedicine.
Pseudo-Obstruction After Reversal of Ileostomy
Authors: Carlaw Kirsten R. , Drahman Aizat , Di Re Angelina
Published: February 2025

Background: Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACP) is a life-threatening, rare condition of non-mechanical colon dilatation that can result in bowel ischaemia and perforation. The aetiology is relatively unknown but includes older age coupled with high comorbidity, decreased parasympathetic activity, certain medications, chemoradiotherapy and recent surgery. There are limited research data on ACP following reversal of ileostomy after ultra-low anterior resections (ULAR), thus this systematic review included cases from various types of bowel surgeries. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of relevant articles was conducted using the EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. Two cases of ACP following ileostomy reversal after ULAR for rectal cancer were also reported from the authors’ rural institution. This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Results: A total of 522 studies were screened of which five case reports were included. Two case series (six patients) and the two patients from the authors’ rural institution developed ACP following reversal of ileostomy post-ULAR with potential causes being the > 6 months’ time from initial surgery to reversal causing prolonged colonic mucosal inflammation and reduced wall contractile strength. Anastomotic leak and chemoradiotherapy were other considerations. One of the rural patients developed right colon ischaemia and perforation needing urgent laparotomy, right hemicolectomy and formation of end ileostomy and mucous fistula. Conservative treatment included aperients, enemas, flatus tube, bedside or endoscopic decompression, and neostigmine. Conclusions: Early recognition is vital to treat ACP with medical therapy and decompression to prevent bowel ischaemia and perforation. Further research is needed to better characterise the aetiology, incidence and management strategies for this rare condition.
Comparative Approach to Municipal Transparency: Which Index Best Assesses Compliance in Spain?
Authors: Zafra-Gómez Elisabeth , Márquez-Arenas Lorena , Navarro-Ruiz María Angustias , Povedano-Fernández Pablo , Zafra-Gómez Jose Luis
Published: February 2025

Transparency in public entities has been an issue that has attracted great attention from academics in recent years, and on which there has been a significant regulatory effort, both internationally and in the national legislations of the different countries. Given the diversity of proposed transparency measurement indices for public entities in the previous literature, it could be understood that research in this field has so far not provided fully satisfactory results to measure, evaluate, and compare transparency practices in the entities. This would justify the need to continue investigating in this field, taking as a reference the active disclosure obligations set out in the legislation. The objective of this work focuses on the evaluation of the transparency of Spanish local authorities with a population of more than 175,000 inhabitants, using a Transparency Index constructed from the items included in the standardised programme of the Spanish Court of Audit, and its comparison with the results achieved using the Bidimensional Transparency Index (BTI). It can be concluded that different methodologies from various regulators lead to distinct evaluations, as demonstrated by the application of the Li test in this study. The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of an index that provides a summary measure of the level of compliance with all the aspects that the Court of Audit considers fundamental in relation to compliance with the LTAIBG with respect to the obligation of active publicity of local entities. This index would make it possible to complement with a “summary” score the content of the audit reports of the CoA, which would provide a clearer view of the level of compliance of local entities, as well as a comparison with other comparable entities in terms of size, thus favouring “competition” among them, which could lead to an improvement in the levels of compliance with the active disclosure obligations established in the law.
Geoenvironmental Engineered Structures for Water Protection: Challenges and Perspectives for Sustainable Liners
Authors: Marchiori Leonardo , Albuquerque Antonio , Andrade Pais Luis , Boscov Maria Eugênia Gimenez , Cavaleiro Victor
Published: February 2025

Geoenvironmental engineered barriers, such as geotechnical and hydraulic layered structures called liners, are essential for protecting the environment from pollution. Liners are usually compacted clay liners (CCL), geomembranes (GM), geosynthetic clay liners (GCL), or a combination of these liners (composite liners), which require significant attention concerning materials, techniques, and procedures to perform adequately. This work reviews the function of geotechnical and hydraulic barriers as liners and highlights the lack of investigation and problematic aspects of them. In addition, the work provides an overview of the literature around earthworks which are liners’ specific configurations, such as landfills, dams, ponds, wastewater lagoons, and vertical barriers. Furthermore, the main investigations, issues, and perspectives are demonstrated, and are discussed alongside the trending research areas and sustainable new materials. This work highlights different directives in several countries for liner construction standards and testing program specifications, analyzing their economic aspects. The main studies on the subject have been compiled, and a bibliometric analysis was performed. Thus, this paper concludes by pointing out gaps in the research regarding alternative materials and structures within geoenvironmental investigations on liners, and signposts future scientific threads related to sustainable development.
Land Cover Transformation and Population Growth: Impacts on Coastal Environment of The Gambia (1990–2020)
Authors: Dibba Bintou , Yaffa Sidat , Sawaneh Mamma , Adzawla William
Published: February 2025

The coastal zone of The Gambia, which contributes 36% to the country’s GDP, has experienced considerable transformation due to increased socioeconomic development and urbanisation. This growth has significantly altered the coastal landscape, intensifying pressure on the environment and increasing vulnerability to climate hazards. A study used cloud-free Landsat imagery from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 for assessing land use and land cover (LULC) changes and population growth. The analysis classified LULC into five categories: barren land, built-up areas, vegetation cover, water bodies, and wetlands. The findings highlighted dramatic changes in LULC over the past three decades. Barren land increased by 46%, and built-up areas surged by 680%. In contrast, vegetation cover decreased by 35%, water bodies by 31%, and wetlands by 14%. These transformations correlate with rising population densities along the coastline, particularly within 10–25 km of the shore. The substantial growth in built-up areas and reduction in vegetation are directly linked to urbanisation and population pressure. This rapid change exacerbates the vulnerability of coastal communities to extreme weather events such as flooding and tropical windstorms. To address these challenges, it is crucial for the government and stakeholders to implement policies that manage coastal congestion and encourage development in inland regions. Such measures should consider the impacts of population growth on coastal environments and aim to ensure the long-term sustainability of The Gambia’s coastal ecosystems by mitigating risks associated with climate change.
Research on the Influencing Factors of Rural E-Commerce Participation Behavior of New Agricultural Management Entities Based on the Regional Micro Survey Data of Jilin Province
Authors: Zhao Guiyu , Liu Xiaoxi
Published: February 2025

Rural e-commerce, as a new industry and business model, shows high revenue potential, and new agricultural management entities are the main force of agricultural production in rural areas, but the overall participation of new agricultural management entities in rural e-commerce is still low. Therefore, this paper explores the factors affecting the participation of new agricultural management entities in rural e-commerce to increase their participation rate and thus enhance their sustainable business capacity. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, this paper empirically analyzes the factors influencing the rural e-commerce participation behavior of new agricultural management entities using structural equation modeling. It adopts multivariate ordered logistic regression modeling and multi-group structural equation modeling to explore the influence factors on the participation behaviors of different types of new agricultural management entities’ e-commerce participation behavior influence factor differences. The empirical results show that subjective norms, behavioral attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and social environment of new agricultural management entities have a significant positive effect on behavioral intention and an indirect impact on participation behavior; the perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention of new agricultural management entities have a direct and significant positive effect on participation in rural e-commerce behaviors; behavioral intention plays a mediating role in the relationship between perceived behavioral control and participation behavior, and the control variables have a significant positive effect on the participation behavior of different types of new agricultural management entities. The control variables for different types of new agricultural management entities participate in the rural e-commerce behavior of the influencing factors. There are significant differences; subjective norms, behavioral attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and other variables on different types of new agricultural management entities participate in the intention to join in the participation of different types of behavior and participation in the behavior of the existence of a different degree of significant positive impact. Therefore, to stimulate new agricultural management entities to participate in rural e-commerce enthusiasm, the actual needs of new agricultural management entities to carry out targeted e-commerce training, as well as different types of new agricultural management entities to develop differentiated e-commerce support strategies, to enhance their ability to operate sustainably.