bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative study on selective stacking of zwitterions in large‐volume sample matrix by moving reaction boundary in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Qin Wei‐Hua , Cao Cheng‐Xi , Li Shan , Zhang Wei , Liu Wei
Published: July 2005

The paper advanced the theoretical procedures for quantitative design on selective stacking of zwitterions in full capillary sample matrix by a cathodic‐direction moving reaction boundary (MRB) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) under control of electroosmotic flow (EOF). With the procedures, we conducted the theoretical computations on the selective stacking of two test analytes of L‐histidine (His) and L‐tryptophan (Trp) by the MRB created with 30 mM pH 3.0 formic acid‐NaOH buffer and 2–80 mM sodium formate. The results revealed the following three predictions. At first, the MRB cannot stack His and Trp plugs if less than 12.5 mM sodium formate is used to form the MRB and prepare the sample matrix. Second, the MRB can stack His and/or Trp sample plugs completely if higher than 50 mM sodium formate is chosen to form the MRB. Third, the MRB can only focus His plug completely, but stack Trp plug partially if 20–50 mM sodium formate is used; this implied the complete MRB‐induced selective stacking to His rather than Trp. All the three predictions were quantitatively proved by the experiments. With great dilution of sample matrix and control of EOF, controllable, simultaneous and MRB‐induced selective stacking and separation of zwitterions were achieved. The theoretical results hold evident significances to the quantitative design of selective stacking conditions and the increase of detection sensitivity of zwitterions in CE. In addition, the control of EOF by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) can evidently improve the stacking efficiency to both His and Trp.
Poly(methacrylic acid‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction applied to simultaneous analysis of some amphetamine derivatives in urine by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Wei Fang , Fan Yi , Zhang Min , Feng Yu‐Qi
Published: July 2005

A method based on in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was proposed for simultaneously determining four amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in urine. A poly(methacrylic acid‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary column, which can provide sufficient extraction efficiency, was introduced for the extraction of amphetamines from urine samples. The hydrophobic main chains and acidic pendant groups of the monolithic column make it a superior material for extraction of basic analytes from aqueous matrix. After extraction, the samples were analyzed by CZE. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid) and 20% methanol v/v, with a temperature and voltage of 25°C and 20 kV, respectively. By applying electrokinetic injection with field‐amplified sample stacking, detection limits of 25–34 µg/L were achieved. Excellent method of reproducibility was found over a linear range of 0.1–5 mg/L. Determination of these analytes from abusers' urine sample was also demonstrated.
A new species of Allium subgen. Melanocrommyum sect. Compactoprason (Alliaceae) from Iran
Authors: Mashayekhi S. , Zarre S. , Fritsch R. M. , Attar F.
Published: July 2005

Allium hooshidaryae Mashayekhi, Zarre & R. M. Fritsch sp. nova (sect. Compactoprason) from Kordestan is newly described. Its taxonomic affiliation and relationship is discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zwei neue fossile Hölzer der Morphogattung OrnoxylonFelix emend. Süss aus tertiären Schichten von Frankreich und Ungarn
Authors: Süss H.
Published: July 2005

Die Geschichte der Morphogattung Ornoxylon Felix 1882 wird diskutiert, ihre Diagnose verändert und zwei neue tertiäre Ornoxyla, Ornoxylon grandiporosum sp. nova aus Pontlevoy in Frankreich und O. mikófalvense sp. nova aus Mikófalva in Ungarn, werden beschrieben. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of glass dissolution products on the detection of proteins by silver staining
Authors: Hall M. M. , Clare A. G.
Published: July 2005

The influence of glass dissolution on the silver staining of proteins was investigated by reacting glass microspheres of varying chemical durability in boiling Laemmli sample buffer (LSB) for up to 5 min. All three of the investigated glass compositions leached Na+ ions to varying degrees during boiling in LSB, thereby causing an increase in the pH of the sample buffer. The LSB supernatant from the dissolution tests was mixed with unreacted LSB containing human serum albumin (HSA) and standard one‐dimensional SDS‐PAGE was performed. Silver staining was then used to visualize protein bands within the gel. The 30 Na2O·70 SiO2 glass exhibited pronounced degradation as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Further experiments employing solutions of neat LSB and reacted LSB (i.e., LSB containing glass dissolution products) mixed at varying ratios demonstrated the apparent significance of sample pH in affecting the inhibition of silver staining. The cause of this behavior may be due to an interference with the fixation stage of the staining protocol, thereby resulting in the loss of protein in subsequent rinsing stages. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Evaluation of polymerization of light‐curing hybrid composite resins
Authors: Kwon Yong Hoon , Jeon Geon‐Hoo , Jang Chang‐Min , Seol Hyo‐Joung , Kim Hyung‐Il
Published: July 2005

The quality of polymerization of hybrid composite resins was tested to explore their feasibility for dental restorations. For this, microhardness, polymerization shrinkage, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and surface morphology were evaluated during or after light curing in conjunction with the thermocycling process. Each product had different microhardness values. The repeated thermal stimulus has no specific effect on the change of microhardness. The difference of microhardness between the thermocycled specimens and specimens stored only in distilled water was minor. The measured microhardness had a linear correlation with the filler content (vol %) of the tested specimens. The polymerization shrinkage had rapidly increased only during the light curing, and then it reached a plateau. Among the specimens, Z250 showed the least amount of shrinkage for all tested thicknesses. Regardless of the product, the shrinkage values increased as the specimens became thick. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the control specimens ranged between 42 and 55 μm/°C in the temperature range of 30–80°C. The coefficient showed an inverse correlation with the filler content. Through the thermocycling process, Palfique Estelite showed randomly propagating cracks on the surface. Larger fillers showed a more apparent detachment than the smaller fillers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
A great pioneer of clinical science remembered: Introduction to the special issue in honor of Paul E. Meehl
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O. , Waller Niels G.
Published: July 2005

An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Clinical Psychology 62(6) 2006, 777 [].

In this special issue, the seminal contributions to clinical psychology of Paul E. Meehl, who passed away in 2003, are commemorated. The nine articles comprising this special issue chronicle Meehl's remarkable intellectual biography and examine his influence on diverse domains of psychology, including the clinical versus actuarial prediction debate, the cognitive activity of the clinician, personality assessment and trait theory, the etiology of schizophrenia, the shortcomings of statistical significance testing, and the use of metascientific methods to evaluate competing models of human nature. These articles illustrate not only Meehl's legendary brilliance but also his pivotal role in forcing clinical psychologists to think more clearly and incisively about their subject matter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1201–1207, 2005.
Essential Paul Meehl lessons for personality assessment psychology
Authors: Harkness Allan R.
Published: July 2005

The author presents four essential Meehl lessons for personality assessment. First, Meehl's particular form of the integration of science and practice is described. Second, by outlining Meehl's Hedonic Capacity conjecture, Meehl's contribution to the inclusion of personality individual differences in generating the full clinical picture and in planning treatment is recognized. The third Meehl lesson is on the nature and importance of theory in test development and application programs. The fourth Meehl lesson is a more general epistemological lesson for psychology. Meehl's role in destroying the fantasy of an easy methodological formula for a scientific psychology is described. His program of taxometric research is shown to be an example of demanding greater material implications from theory. Meehl's corroboration index is described and contrasted with the p value of statistical significance testing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1277–1294, 2005.
Utilization of waste gas containing methyl chloride from 2,2‐dichlorovinyldimethyl‐phosphate (DDVP) production
Authors: Aydın Adnan , Afşar Hüseyin
Published: July 2005

Methyl chloride is a major waste in the production of 2,2‐dichlorovinyldimethylphosphate (DDVP) and its emissions need to be treated for environmental protection. The use of methyl chloride as a raw material for several industrial products is a solution to reduce the effects of the pollutant. Quantitative methyl chloride conversions into both methanol and 2‐methoxynaphthalene have been investigated and the milestones of full‐scale industrial applications are given. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationship between vestibular lamina, dental lamina, and the developing oral vestibule in the upper jaw of the field vole (Microtus agrestis, Rodentia)
Authors: Witter Kirsti , Pavlikova Hana , Matulova Petra , Misek Ivan
Published: July 2005

Formation of the oral vestibule is ignored in most studies on tooth development, although dental and vestibular lamina are closely related to each other. Knowledge about morphogenetic processes shaping the oral vestibule is missing almost completely. The aim of this study was to assess the developmental relationship between dental and vestibular lamina as well as formation of the oral vestibule in the upper jaw of the field vole (Microtus agrestis), a small rodent representing an attractive model species for comparative dental studies. Three‐dimensional reconstruction revealed that the upper vestibular lamina of the vole joins the antemolar part of the diastemal dental lamina, similar to mouse. Later, this lamina complex regresses and the vestibular lamina is separated from the molar epithelium. Participation of the vestibular lamina in dental lamina formation, as hypothesized for mouse, therefore remains unclear. Except for increased apoptosis in the regressing diastemal dental lamina, spatial segregation of mitoses or apoptoses could be detected neither in the jaw arch epithelium nor in the adjacent mesenchyme. Therefore, in contrast to tooth primordia, apoptosis and mitosis seem to play a minor role in shaping of the upper oral vestibule. The buccal vestibule develops secondarily, probably in consequence of general growth of the head and localized differentiation of cells. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple measurement of gluconeogenesis by direct 2H NMR analysis of menthol glucuronide enrichment from 2H2O
Authors: Ribeiro Angela , Caldeira M. Madalena , Carvalheiro Manuela , Bastos Margarida , Baptista Carla , Fagulha Ana , Barros Luisa , Barosa Cristina , Jones John G.
Published: July 2005

The contribution of gluconeogenesis to fasting glucose production was determined by a simple measurement of urinary menthol glucuronide (MG) 2H enrichment from 2H2O. Following ingestion of 2H2O (0.5% body water) during an overnight fast and a pharmacological dose (400 mg) of a commercial peppermint oil preparation the next morning, 364 μmol MG was quantitatively recovered from a 2‐h urine collection by ether extraction and a 125 μmol portion was directly analyzed by 2H NMR. The glucuronide 2H‐signals were fully resolved and their relative intensities matched those of the monoacetone glucose derivative. The pharmacokinetics and yields of urinary MG after ingestion of 400 mg peppermint oil as either gelatin or enteric‐coated capsules 1 h before breakfast were quantified in five healthy subjects. Gelatin capsules yielded 197 ± 81 μmol of MG from the initial 2‐h urine collection while enteric‐coated capsules gave 238 ± 84 μmol MG from the 2‐ to 4‐h urine collection. Magn Reson Med 54:429–434, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo diffusion weighted 19F MRI using SF6
Authors: Pérez‐Sánchez José M. , de Alejo Rigoberto Pérez , Rodríguez Ignacio , Cortijo Manuel , Peces‐Barba Germán , Ruiz‐Cabello Jesús
Published: July 2005

Diffusion weighted 19F images of rat lung in vivo using SF6 are presented. Projection‐reconstruction images were acquired by filling the rat lung with a mixture of SF6 and air, during 64 successive apneas. Each apnea lasted for 6 s, the time required to perform 100 accumulations of each k‐space radial phase step for the five values of the diffusion gradient (TR = 10 ms). After diffusion images were acquired, an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map was generated, yielding an average value for the ADC of 2.22 × 10‐6 m2/s and SD for ADC values of 1.27 × 10‐6 m2/s. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo diffusion weighting imaging application and the first ADC map obtained using 19F MRI. Magn Reson Med 54:460–463, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of glutamate in the human brain at 3 T using optimized constant time point resolved spectroscopy
Authors: Mayer Dirk , Spielman Daniel M.
Published: July 2005

A CT‐PRESS sequence was implemented on a 3‐T MR scanner and optimized for the detection of the C4 resonance of glutamate. By simulating the sequence using the full density matrix it was found that 121 chemical shift encoding steps in t1 with an increment Δt1 = 1.6 ms were sufficient to separate the glutamate C4 resonance. The simulations also showed that the highest signal‐to‐noise ratio was achieved at an average echo time of 131 ms. When using an eightfold undersampling scheme in f1 in order to reduce the minimum total measurement time, the average echo time was 139 ms with 17 encoding steps (Δt1 = 12.8 ms). The sequence was tested on phantoms containing solutions of various brain metabolites and on healthy human volunteers. Besides resolving glutamate, other resonances detected in vivo comprised N‐acetyl aspartate, total creatine, choline containing compounds, and myo‐inositol. However, glutamine resonances could not be resolved due to severe signal overlap from glutamate and N‐acetyl aspartate. Magn Reson Med 54:439–442, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysmorphic neuromuscular junctions associated with motor ability in cerebral palsy
Authors: Theroux Mary C. , Oberman Karyn G. , Lahaye Justine , Boyce Bobbie A. , DuHadaway David , Miller Freeman , Akins Robert E.
Published: July 2005

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent neurologic disease in children and a leading cause of severe physical disability. Research and clinical experience indicate that children with CP have abnormal neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and we present evidence that nonapposition of neuromuscular junction components is associated with the severity of motor system deficit in CP. Leg muscle biopsies collected from ambulatory (n = 21) or nonambulatory (n = 38) CP patients were stained in order to detect acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE). Image analysis was used to calculate the extra‐AChE spread (EAS) of AChR staining to estimate the amount of AChR occurring outside the functional, AChE‐delimited NMJ. Nonambulatory children exhibited higher average EAS (P = 0.025) and had a greater proportion of their NMJs with significantly elevated EAS (P = 0.023) than ambulatory children. These results indicate that physical disability in children with CP is associated with structurally dysmorphic NMJs, which has important implications for the management of CP patients, especially during surgery and anesthesia. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Terminal Schwann cell structure is altered in diaphragm of mdx mice
Authors: Personius Kirkwood E. , Sawyer Robert P.
Published: July 2005

The diaphragm muscle of the mdx mouse is a model system of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, since it completely lacks dystrophin and shows severe fiber necrosis and loss of specific muscle force by 4–6 weeks of age. Changes in neuromuscular junction structure also become apparent around 4 weeks including postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor declustering, loss of postsynaptic junctional folds, abnormally complex presynaptic nerve terminals, and muscle fiber denervation. Normally, terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) cap both nerve terminals and acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, and play a crucial role in regeneration of motor axons following muscle denervation by guiding axons to grow from innervated junctions to nearby denervated junctions. However, their role in restoring innervation in dystrophic muscle is unknown. We now show that TSCs fail to cap fully the neuromuscular junction in dystrophic muscle; TSCs extend processes, but the organization of these extensions is abnormal. TSC processes of dystrophic muscle do not form bridges from denervated fibers to nearby innervated endplates, but appear to be directed away from these endplates. Adequate signaling for TSC reactivity is present, since significant muscle fiber denervation and acetylcholine receptor declustering are present. Thus, significant structural denervation is present in the diaphragm of mdx mice and the ability of TSCs to form bridges between adjacent endplates to guide reinnervation of muscle fibers is impaired, possibly attenuating the ability of dystrophic muscle to recover from denervation and ultimately leading to muscle weakness. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Signaling at the vertebrate synapse: New roles for embryonic morphogens?
Authors: Salinas Patricia C.
Published: July 2005

The formation of synapses is critical for functional neuronal connectivity. The coordinated assembly at both sides of the synapse is fundamental for the proper apposition of the neurotransmitter release machinery on the presynaptic neuron and the clustering of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels on the receptive postsynaptic cell. This process requires bidirectional communication between the presynaptic neuron and its postsynaptic target, another neuron, or muscle fiber. Extracellular signals such as WNT, TGF‐β, and FGF factors are emerging as key target‐derived signals required for the initial stages of synaptic assembly. Studies in invertebrates are also providing new insights into the function of these signals in synaptic growth and homeostasis. During early embryonic patterning, WNT, TGF‐β, and FGF factors function as typical morphogens in a concentration‐dependent manner to regulate cell fate decisions. This mode of action raises the provocative idea that these same morphogens might also provide a coordinate system for axons to establish the distance to their targets during axon guidance and synapse formation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 64: 435–445, 2005
Morphogen signaling at the vertebrate growth cone: A few cases or a general strategy?
Authors: Bovolenta Paola
Published: July 2005

Axon navigation relies on the competence of growth cones to sense and interpret attractive and repulsive guidance cues present along their trajectory. For most neurons, this process is mediated by a limited number of conserved families of ligand‐receptor signaling systems, including Ephrin/Eph, Netrins/DCC‐Unc5, Slits/Robo, and Semaphorins/Plexin‐Neuropilin. Recent studies have demonstrated that some neurons respond also to well‐known secreted signaling molecules, best known for their roles as morphogens, such as BMP7, SHH, FGF8, and Wnt. Thus, retina ganglion cell axon navigation is influenced by FGF, SHH, and possibly BMP signaling. Similarly, commissural neurons in the spinal cord respond sequentially to the activity of BMP, SHH, and Wnt to extend toward and away from their intermediate target, the floor plate. The data that support this conclusion will be summarized and how morphogens may signal at the growth cone will be discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 64: 405–416, 2005
Mechanisms of morphogen movement
Authors: Strigini Maura
Published: July 2005

Morphogens are defined as signaling molecules that are produced locally, yet act directly at a distance to pattern the surrounding field of cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. In recent years many laboratories have devoted their attention to how morphogens actually reach distant cells. Several models have been proposed, including diffusion in the extracellular space and planar transcytosis. A combination of genetic, developmental, and cell‐biological approaches have been taken to tackle this issue. I will present the models and discuss the types of experiments that have been designed to test them. It stands out that most of the work has been carried out in Drosophila. Morphogens contribute to patterning of the vertebrate nervous system, and the same signaling molecules have recently been shown to play important, possibly instructive, roles in axon guidance. Little, if anything, is known about the movement of morphogens in the context of nervous system development. The long‐standing tradition of biophysical studies on diffusion in the brain extracellular space, along with the sophisticated in vitro culture systems developed in neurobiology laboratories, may provide new tools and ideas to test these models in a new context. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 64: 324–333, 2005
PRIDE: The proteomics identifications database
Authors: Martens Lennart , Hermjakob Henning , Jones Philip , Adamski Marcin , Taylor Chris , States David , Gevaert Kris , Vandekerckhove Joël , Apweiler Rolf
Published: July 2005

The advent of high‐throughput proteomics has enabled the identification of ever increasing numbers of proteins. Correspondingly, the number of publications centered on these protein identifications has increased dramatically. With the first results of the HUPO Plasma Proteome Project being analyzed and many other large‐scale proteomics projects about to disseminate their data, this trend is not likely to flatten out any time soon. However, the publication mechanism of these identified proteins has lagged behind in technical terms. Often very long lists of identifications are either published directly with the article, resulting in both a voluminous and rather tedious read, or are included on the publisher's website as supplementary information. In either case, these lists are typically only provided as portable document format documents with a custom‐made layout, making it practically impossible for computer programs to interpret them, let alone efficiently query them. Here we propose the proteomics identifications (PRIDE) database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride) as a means to finally turn publicly available data into publicly accessible data. PRIDE offers a web‐based query interface, a user‐friendly data upload facility, and a documented application programming interface for direct computational access. The complete PRIDE database, source code, data, and support tools are freely available for web access or download and local installation.
SPS' Digest: The Swiss Proteomics Society selection of proteomics articles
Authors: Hoogland Christine , Lion Niels , Palagi Patricia M. , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Tissot Jean‐Daniel
Published: July 2005

Despite the consolidation of the specialized proteomics literature around a few established journals, such as Proteomics, Molecular and Cellular Proteomics, and the Journal of Proteome Research, a lot of information is still spread in many different publications from different fields, such as analytical sciences, MS, bioinformatics, etc. The purpose of SPS' Digest is to gather a selection of proteomics articles, to categorize them, and to make the list available on a periodic basis through a web page and email alerts.
Evidence that DL‐3‐aminobutyric acid and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl induce resistance against bacterial head rot disease of broccoli
Authors: Pajot Emmanuel , Silué Drissa
Published: July 2005

Head rot of broccoli caused by Pseudomonas marginalis (Brown) Stevens and P. fluorescens Migula is a major disease in Brittany (France). To date, no accession with a satisfactory field resistance has been identified, and available pesticides are not effective in controlling the disease. The aim of this study was to test whether acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM), DL‐3‐aminobutyric acid (BABA) and potassium phosphonate (K2HPO3), known to induce resistance against various diseases, can help protect broccoli against head rot. The susceptible broccoli F1 hybrids Marathon and Shogun were grown in a greenhouse until head formation. They were then sprayed with ASM (0.23 mM AI), BABA (20 mM AI) or potassium phosphonate (37.41 mM AI) until runoff. In one experiment, heads from treated plants were excised, inoculated (104 cfu ml−1) and incubated in Magenta GA7 vessels. In another experiment, heads were inoculated on treated living plants. Disease ratings were made 5 days after inoculation. Antibiotic‐ and water‐treated plants served as controls. Results obtained showed that, on excised treated heads, potassium phosphonate was not protective and disease scores were comparable with those of the water control. BABA‐ and ASM‐treated excised heads were poorly, but significantly, protected. On whole plants with heads attached, the latter two compounds were much more effective. ASM‐induced resistance increased in effectiveness over 8 days after inoculation, whilst that induced by BABA decreased. This result suggests that testing disease resistance inducers on excised broccoli heads is not accurate. ASM and BABA may offer alternative methods for controlling head rot of broccoli. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
New concepts for regio‐ and stereoselective bis‐ and triscyclopropanations of C60
Authors: Hirsch Andreas
Published: July 2005

The synthesis of isomerically multiple adducts of C60 with a defined three‐dimensional structure is still one of the most challenging tasks of exohedral fullerene chemistry. The inherent regioselectivity of successive additions of addends such as malonates to the fullerene's [6,6]‐double bonds is only moderate. In most cases difficult‐to‐isolate mixtures of regioisomers are obtained. The regioselectivity can be significantly improved if multifunctional addends able to undergo two or more additions are allowed to react with C60. Preorganization and minimization of strain energy within the addend skeleton reduce the number of sterically allowed addition patterns. Improved concepts for highly regio‐ and stereoselective bis‐ and triscyclopropanations of C60 are described. Two examples of the bisadditions with complete regioselectivity leading to trans‐2‐ and cis‐2 are presented. Here, the two malonate binding sites are linked by rigid tetraphenylporphyrin and calix‐[4]‐arene spacers. Selective trisadditions were achieved with the easy‐to‐synthesize and easy‐to‐modify tripodal addends 5–7, where the malonates are held together by a focal aryl moiety. Another very elegant approach for bis‐ and trisadditions involves cyclo‐[n]‐alkylmalonates. Selection between addition patterns with and without rotational axes is possible by choosing the right combinations of the flexible alkyl chains connecting the malonates. If alkyl chains of identical lengths are used bis‐ and trisadducts such as 19–21 and 25 with rotational symmetry are formed with high regioselectivity. These addition patterns are avoided if cyclo‐[n]‐malonates containing alkyl chains of different lengths are employed. In this case adducts such as 26 and 27 with Cs‐symmetry are formed. The use of the chiral cyclo‐[3]‐malonate 28 allows for the regio‐ and stereoselective synthesis of the enantiomerically pure e,e,e‐trisadducts 29 and 30 containing an inherently chiral addition pattern with C3‐symmetry. © 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 5: 196–208; 2005: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20047
Elemental characterization of aerosols in urban and rural locations in Bangladesh
Authors: Boman J. , Gatari M. J. , Wagner A. , Hossain M. I.
Published: July 2005

Bangladesh became the first country in South Asia to ban the use of lead in gasoline in 1999. In 2003, two‐stroke engine auto rickshaws were banned in the city centre of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh and one of the Asian mega‐cities, in an attempt to improve the air quality. In July and August 2003, fine aerosol particles (PM2.5) were collected in Dhaka and in Rangpur in the northern part of the country. The aim was to study the effect of the action and to characterize PM2.5 particles in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Sampling was done with a cyclone of Dewell–Higgins type equipped with Teflon filters with a pore size of 3 µm. Day‐ and night‐time filters were collected in an attempt to understand the possible difference in air pollution between the two periods. An energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer with three‐axial geometry was utilized for the analysis of the elemental content of the particles. Large variations of concentrations for most elements in both Dhaka and in Rangpur were observed. Most of the elemental concentrations in Dhaka in daytime were higher than at night whereas the opposite was the case for Rangpur. The concentrations showed a significant influence of human activities and weather. Considerable concentrations of Pb were found despite the official ban of leaded gasoline. Motor transport, especially the two‐stroke engine taxis and elements remobilized by burning, were the major sources identified. This is the first report on elemental concentrations in PM2.5 particles in both Dhaka and Rangpur. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximin 9, a novel free thiol containing antimicrobial peptide with antimycoplasma activity from frog Bombina maxima
Authors: Lee Wen-Hui , Zhang Jie , Zhang Ying-Xia , Jin Yang , Lai Ren , Zhang Yun
Published: July 2005

Amphibian skin is a rich resource of antimicrobial peptides, like maximins and maximin Hs from frog Bombina maxima. Novel cDNA clones encoding a precursor protein, which comprises a novel maximin peptide (maximin 9) and reported maximin H3, were isolated from two constructed skin cDNA libraries of B. maxima. The predicted primary structure of maximin 9 is GIGRKFLGGVKTTFRCGVKDFASKHLY‐NH2. A surprising substitution is at position 16, with a free cysteine in maximin 9 rather than usual conserved glycine in other reported maximins. Maximin 9, the homodimer form and its Cys16 to Gly16 mutant were synthesized and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Unlike previously reported maximin 3, the tested bacterial and fungal strains were resistant to maximin 9, its homodimer and the Cys16 to Gly16 mutant (with MICs >
100 μM). On the other hand, interestingly, while eight clinical Mollicutes strains were generally resistant to maximin 9 homodimer and its Cys16 to Gly16 mutant, most of them are sensitive to maximin 9 at a peptide concentration of 30 μM, especially in the presence of dithiothreitol. These results indicate that the presence of a reactive Cys residue in maximin 9 is important for its antimycoplasma activity. The diversity of antimicrobial peptide cDNA structures encountered in B. maxima skin cDNA libraries and the antimicrobial specificity differences of the peptides may reflect well the species’ adaptation to the unique microbial environments.
Analysis of the efficiency of the rabbit whey acidic protein gene 5′ flanking region in controlling the expression of homologous and heterologous linked genes
Authors: Devinoy Eve , Montoliu Lluís , Baranyi Mária , Thépot Dominique , Hiripi László , Fontaine Marie-Louise , Bodrogi Lilla , Bősze Zsuzsanna
Published: July 2005

For 10 years, the regulatory regions of the mouse and rabbit whey acidic protein gene have been used to express heterologous proteins in the milk of transgenic mice, as well as to produce pharmaceutical proteins, on a large scale, in the milk of transgenic livestock. To date, a broad range of expression levels have been detected, and elucidation of the structure-function relationship in these regulatory regions might help to achieve high levels of expression, reproducibly. An extended 5′ regulatory region (17·6 kb v. 6·3 kb) of the rabbit whey acidic promoter resulted in an increased frequency of rabbit whey acidic protein expression in transgenic mice. However, the expression levels were low compared with the high expression levels achieved in both transgenic mice and rabbits using the heterologous κ-casein in the 6·3 kb rabbit whey acidic protein 5′ regulatory region. These results underline the importance of the 3’ downstream regulatory regions, which still need to be better characterized in the whey acidic protein gene.
Characteristics of attempted suicides seen in emergency-care settings of general hospitals in eight low- and middle-income countries
Authors: FLEISCHMANN ALEXANDRA , BERTOLOTE JOSÉ M. , De LEO DIEGO , BOTEGA NEURY , PHILLIPS MICHAEL , SISASK MERIKE , VIJAYAKUMAR LAKSHMI , MALAKOUTI KAZEM , SCHLEBUSCH LOURENS , DE SILVA DAMANI , TUONG NGUYEN VAN , WASSERMAN DANUTA
Published: July 2005

Background. The objective was to describe patients presenting themselves at emergency-care settings following a suicide attempt in eight culturally different sites [Campinas (Brazil), Chennai (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South Africa), Hanoi (Viet Nam), Karaj (Iran), Tallinn (Estonia), and Yuncheng, (China)].

Method. Subjects seen for suicide attempts, as identified by the medical staff in the emergency units of 18 collaborating hospitals were asked to participate in a 45-minute structured interview administered by trained health personnel after the patient was medically stable.

Results. Self-poisoning was the main method of attempting suicide in all eight sites. Self-poisoning by pesticides played a particularly important role in Yuncheng (71·6% females, 61·5% males), in Colombo (43·2% males, 19·6% females), and in Chennai (33·8% males, 23·8% females). The suicide attempt resulted in danger to life in the majority of patients in Yuncheng and in Chennai (over 65%). In four of the eight sites less than one-third of subjects received any type of referral for follow-up evaluation or care.

Conclusions. Action for the prevention of suicide attempts can be started immediately in the sites investigated by addressing the one most important method of attempted suicide, namely self-poisoning. Regulations for the access to drugs, medicaments, pesticides, and other toxic substances need to be improved and revised regulations must be implemented by integrating the efforts of different sectors, such as health, agriculture, education, and justice. The care of patients who attempt suicide needs to include routine psychiatric and psychosocial assessment and systematic referral to professional services after discharge.
Escherichia coliO157 outbreak associated with fresh unpasteurized goats' cheese
Authors: ESPIÉ E. , VAILLANT V. , MARIANI-KURKDJIAN P. , GRIMONT F. , MARTIN-SCHALLER R. , De VALK H. , VERNOZY-ROZAND C.
Published: July 2005

A family cluster of three cases ofEscherichia coliO157 infection was identified in France. Two cases developed haemolytic–uraemic syndrome. The source was fresh unpasteurized goats' cheese, produced by an independent producer. ThreeE. coliO157 strains, isolated from one HUS case and faeces of one cow and one goat, were indistinguishable by toxin type and PFGE pattern.
Temperature dependence of reportedCampylobacterinfection in England, 1989–1999
Authors: TAM C. C. , RODRIGUES L. C. , O'BRIEN S. J. , HAJAT S.
Published: July 2005

Campylobacteris the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in England and Wales, with 45 000 cases reported annually.Campylobacterincidence is highly seasonal; the consistent peak in late spring suggests a role for meteorological factors in the epidemiology of this organism. We investigated the relationship between ambient temperature andCampylobacterenteritis using time-series analysis to study short-term associations between temperature and number ofCampylobacterreports adjusted for longer-term trend and seasonal patterns. We found a linear relationship between mean weekly temperature and reportedCampylobacterenteritis, with a 1°C rise corresponding to a 5% increase in the number of reports up to a threshold of 14°C. There was no relationship outside this temperature range. Our findings provide evidence that ambient temperature influencesCampylobacterincidence, and suggest that its effect is likely to be indirect, acting through other intermediate pathways.
A ray‐tracing model to account for off–great circle HF propagation over northerly paths
Authors: Zaalov N. Y. , Warrington E. M. , Stocker A. J.
Published: July 2005

Off–great circle HF propagation effects are a common feature of the northerly ionosphere (i.e., the subauroral trough region, the auroral zone, and the polar cap). In addition to their importance in radiolocation applications where deviations from the great circle path may result in significant triangulation errors, they are also important in two other respects: (1) In systems employing directional antennas pointed along the great circle path, the signal quality may be degraded at times when propagation is via off–great circle propagation modes; and (2) the off–great circle propagation mechanisms may result in propagation at times when the signal frequency exceeds the maximum usable frequency along the great circle path. A ray‐tracing model covering the northerly ionosphere is described in this paper. The results obtained using the model are very reminiscent of the directional characteristics observed in various experimental measurement programs, and consequently, it is believed that the model may be employed to enable the nature of off–great circle propagation effects to be estimated for paths which were not subject to experimental investigation. Although it is not possible to predict individual off–great circle propagation events, it is possible to predict the periods during which large deviations are likely to occur and their magnitudes and directions.
High spectral and temporal resolution observations of Saturn kilometric radiation
Authors: Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Gurnett D. A. , Cecconi B. , Louarn P. , Lecacheux A. , Zarka P. , Rucker H. O. , Boudjada M. , Kaiser M. L.
Published: July 2005

This paper presents the first high‐resolution dynamic spectra of Saturn kilometric radiation acquired upon Cassini's approach and first orbits of Saturn. The emissions display upward and downward drifting features with bandwidths down to ∼200 Hz and drift rates of a few kHz per second. At other times, the emissions are much more diffuse or continuous, showing little spectral structure on scales of 10 or 20 kHz. The fine structure is strikingly similar to Earth's auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) and Jovian auroral radio emissions in many respects. The dynamic spectral features provide insight into the highly nonlinear nature of the cyclotron maser instability believed to generate the emissions. We use ideas developed to explain the fine structures at Earth to suggest features and processes in the auroral acceleration region which may result in Saturn's fine structures.
Single station estimation of seismic source time function from coda waves: The Kursk disaster
Authors: Sèbe Olivier , Bard Pierre‐Yves , Guilbert Jocelyn
Published: July 2005

We propose a high‐resolution technique for estimating the source time function of a seismic event from only one record. This technique is based on the spectral factorization of the minimum phase wavelet from the most random part of a seismogram: its coda. As the coda non‐stationarity is inconsistent with the classical spectral factorization theory, we develop a two‐step algorithm: first, the diffuse coda field is whitened to remove the non‐stationary attenuation effect; second, the minimum phase wavelet equivalent of the seismic source time function is estimated. Applied to the recordings of the Kursk's wreck, this method gives a source wavelet strikingly similar to the general shape of an underwater explosion, allowing us to infer its depth and yield. Based on the fundamental “random” character of diffusive waves, this approach opens up promising applications for new blind deconvolution methods.
Extraordinary isotopic fractionation in ozone photolysis
Authors: Miller Charles E. , Onorato Robert M. , Liang Mao‐Chang , Yung Yuk L.
Published: July 2005

Analysis of experimental ozone absorption spectra reveals that ultraviolet photolysis within the structured Huggins band yields extraordinary wavelength‐dependent isotopic fractionation, oscillating between complete enrichment and complete depletion for changes of less than 2 nm in the excitation wavelength. Visible photolysis yields wavelength‐dependent fractionation that varies from −300‰ to +300‰. Photochemical modeling demonstrates photolysis contributes fractionation up to +45‰ to the heavy ozone anomaly in the middle stratosphere with measurable 17O and 18O isotopologue‐dependent variations as a function of altitude despite the fact that the extraordinary photolysis‐induced isotopic fractionation effect is dampened in the atmosphere due to the integration over all excitation wavelengths.
Initial uptake of ozone on Saharan dust at atmospheric relative humidities
Authors: Chang R. Y.‐W. , Sullivan R. C. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: July 2005

To better evaluate heterogeneous loss mechanisms for ozone in the atmosphere, the initial uptake kinetics of ozone on mineral dust surfaces was studied at room temperature under dry conditions and at elevated relative humidity. Ozone was added to a static absorption cell containing a glass tube coated with a thin film of Saharan dust collected from silt deposits on the Cape Verde Islands. Ozone concentrations were monitored by UV absorption at 254 nm, from which the reactive uptake coefficient in the first 10 s was calculated. An increase in initial ozone concentration from 2 × 1012 to 1 × 1014 cm−3 results in a decrease in the initial reactive uptake coefficient from 6 × 10−6 to 2 × 10−7, respectively, revealing a negative dependence of initial reactive uptake on initial ozone concentration. Simultaneously exposing the Saharan dust to ozone and water vapor at 50% and 75% relative humidity does not significantly change the initial reactive uptake coefficient.
Mannosamine supplementation extends the N‐acetylglucosaminylation of recombinant human secreted alkaline phosphatase produced in Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) insect cell cultures
Authors: Estrada‐Mondaca Sandino , Delgado‐Bustos Luz Adrián , Ramírez Octavio T.
Published: July 2005

A major limitation of the insect cell–baculovirus expression vector system is its poor capacity to perform complex glycosylation, since the glycoproteins produced are usually only of the high‐mannose and paucimannose types. Nonetheless, recent evidence indicates that, under various conditions, some insect cell lines are capable of producing complex‐type glycans. In the present study, we assessed the effects of supplementation with ManN (mannosamine) ManNAc (N‐acetylmannosamine) and Cyt (cytidine) on the glycosylation of recombinant human secreted alkaline phosphatase produced by suspension cultures of Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) BTI‐Tn5B1‐4 cells. Addition of ManN in the range 5–20 mM resulted in a 10‐fold increase of the terminal GlcNAc (N‐acetylglucosamine) associated with the recombinant protein produced after baculovirus infection. Such an increase yielded a maximum of 12.5% hybrid glycans having terminal GlcNAc with respect to total N‐linked glycans. In contrast, no changes in the glycan composition associated with recombinant human secreted alkaline phosphatase were observed on supplementation with up to 20 mM ManNAc or up to 1.5 mM Cyt. N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase activity in cell extracts was decreased on incubation with 20 mM ManN, but not with 20 mM ManNAc or 1.5 mM Cyt, indicating that the increased proportion of hybrid glycans obtained on the addition of ManN could be a result of N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase inhibition.
Experimental optimization of enzymic kinetic resolution of racemic flurbiprofen
Authors: Zhang Hua Yun , Wang Xin , Ching Chi Bun , Wu Jin Chuan
Published: July 2005

Immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) was employed for the kinetic resolution of racemic flurbiprofen by the method of enantioselective esterification with alcohols. However, the presence of accumulated water from the esterification influenced the enantiomeric ratio and reaction rate, due to increased rate of hydrolysis of the esterified enantiomer. In the present study, the procedure for optimizing the experimental resolution of the racemate was tested, with a focus on solvent and alcohol types, inhibition of alcohol substrates and the nature of the reversible reaction. The optimal concentration of feed flurbiprofen (180 mM or 44 mg/ml) was determined on basis of the maximum water content favourable for esterification, in single resolution, with the use of methanol in the solvent of cyclohexane.
An experimental study on the instability of elliptical liquid bridges
Authors: Uguz A. Kerem , Alvarez N. J. , Narayanan R.
Published: July 2005

The breakup point of an elliptical liquid bridge was investigated experimentally in a Plateau chamber using two density-matched liquids. The objective was to show that a liquid bridge with elliptical end plates is more stable than a companion circular bridge whose end plates are of the same area as the ellipses. The volume in the elliptical liquid bridge was fixed to be the same as the volume of the hypothetical companion cylindrical bridge at its theoretical critical point. The end plates were parallel and oriented so that they were not twisted with respect to one another. Using two different sizes of ellipses whose semimajor axes were slightly deviated from the radii of the companion circles, it was found that the elliptical liquid bridge breakup point was nearly 3% longer than the corresponding circular bridge. This demonstrated that a deviation from the circular geometry offers greater stability.
Electrical transport properties of aluminum-implanted 4H–SiC
Authors: Pernot J. , Contreras S. , Camassel J.
Published: July 2005

The free hole density and low-field mobility of aluminum-doped 4H–SiC were investigated in the temperature range of 100–900K, both, experimentally and theoretically. Experimental data for implanted p-type 4H–SiC were compared with theoretical calculations using parameters determined for high-quality epitaxial layers. The deformation potential for intra- and intervalley scattering by acoustic phonons and the effective coupling constant for intra- and intervalley scattering by nonpolar optical phonons were determined. The detailed analysis of the implanted layers with aluminum-targeted concentration ranging from 3.33×1018to1021cm−3 shows that (i) about half of the implanted atoms are electrically active in the SiC lattice, (ii) a systematic compensation of about 10% of the doping level is induced by the implantation process, (iii) two different ionization energies for the aluminum atoms have to be used. Their origin is discussed in terms of inequivalent hexagonal and cubic lattice sites. Finally, the doping dependence of the ionization ratio and Hall mobility are given for non- and weakly (10%) compensated material at 292K. The maximum achievable mobility for low-doped material in p-type 4H–SiC is shown to be 93cm2∕Vs at room temperature.