bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fuel of Engines
Authors: Garrod Raphaële
Published: January 2025

In the encounter with Gaster, Rabelais roots the emergence of culture not in the human rational ability, but in ingenuity addressing the animal need for food. The whole of culture stems from Gaster’s ability to grow, bake, transport, preserve, and protect grain. This myth of cultural production does not forefront language, but ingenious, illiberal arts of making, from agriculture to architecture and mechanics. Its apparently providential logic is in fact purely ‘automatic’: wit responding swiftly to circumstances leads to catastrophic warfare. Gaster’s final magnetic invention, however, stops bullets and cannon balls and sends them back. Drawing on Galen’s body-economic model from On the Usefulness of Parts and his account of digestion in On the Natural Faculties, but also on his criticism of magnetism and on Renaissance philological debates about the magnet, Rabelais emblematizes in the gastric king inventing culture, war, and its suspension, the functional similarities between digestive and cognitive operations.
Childhood Onset Severe Neurological Impairment
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

Individuals with childhood onset severe neurological impairment (SNI) often thrive. Yet, the nature of having SNI means the desired level of health and quality of life may not be achieved or become insidiously then acutely lost. This book is focused on the intersection between what is intended yet may not be possible, involving uncertain decisions. Evidence-based and hypothesis-driven strategies are offered to improve health and complex symptoms. Equally important, a framework covers when and how to reflect when improvement is first harder to achieve. Communication strategies are integrated throughout and for specific problems. This information can reinforce and expand skills, as well as promote resiliency for individuals and teams, including both paediatric and adult clinicians. Included are innovative tools (ABCD tools in Chapters 1, 4, 5, and 6) and a framework for challenges (gauging diminishing benefit, factoring in parent perspective and all comorbid problems, in Chapter 2). This book also lends itself to research and quality improvement projects.
Introduction
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides a framework for complex chronic problems without easy answers. Problems due to the impaired nervous system can often be improved yet not cured, and treatment benefit can be insidiously lost or never gained. Such problems require individual and system considerations, including communication, consistency, continuity, and a slower pace of care, aided with the ABCD tool (acute, bridge, chronic, direction). Delineating these phases avoids chronic problems being viewed solely as acute problems by new providers. To highlight an example covered, well-managed chronic problems that are triggered by an acute illness need bridge plans rather than a change to the chronic plan. This distinction can lessen polypharmacy and increasingly complex plans without added long-term benefit. The direction phase explicitly notes having or returning to a desired level versus decline. Monitoring direction shifts the focus from each acute event to what is being achieved with acute and chronic treatment phases of care, and requires accounting for the recovery time for monitoring direction and revisiting goals.
Chronic and acute-on-chronic pain and irritability/agitation
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

Recurrent irritability and pain are common in children with severe impairment of the central nervous system, occurring at a high frequency and severity in those with the greatest impairment. This chapter provides a comprehensive approach to the many inherent challenges. The framework starts by recognizing all sources of irritability, including altered emotional state, acute illness, drug toxicity, and pain. The mechanisms of pain generation (nociceptive, neuropathic) and sources for each are covered. The lack of diagnostic tests and criteria for neuropathic pain is addressed with a proposed screening tool and language strategies that assist parents in understanding this complex source of recurrent symptoms. Suggested language addresses other needs, including treatment that can improve though not eliminate neuropathic pain sources and the inherent emotions as a parent navigates chronic pain treatment that lacks cure. Management covered includes non-pharmacological, medications, breakthrough symptom care plans, when to assess for a new nociceptive source, and symptom management strategies as decline in health occurs.
Respiratory problems
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

Respiratory problems in children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) are a common reason for hospitalizations, source of worry and complex decision-making for parents, and cause of significant symptoms. Throughout much of the respiratory trajectory, many children with SNI thrive in between respiratory illnesses. Equally important, many are admitted to the hospital in the last 6 months of life with use of invasive interventions prior to death. This chapter reviews interventions for all children (dental), and those to consider routinely (airway clearance of mucus) versus those to not indicate as needed given the limitations of evidence and higher burden (tracheostomy). Information is framed in the context of a child’s comorbid problems that impact the outcome. Strategies for earlier symptom treatment integration, as acute-on-chronic respiratory exacerbations increase in frequency, are reviewed in detail. Decision-making strategies are covered for surgical interventions and long-term ventilation, including a distinction early in the course of a child’s medical condition versus slowly progressing later in life.
Altered baseline (temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, growth, puberty, sodium regulation)
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

Children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) commonly have alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, growth, puberty, and sodium regulation. This chapter reviews why this can occur and when it represents a deviation from normative data without risk for a child. The goal is to assist with risk tolerance decisions between clinicians and parents, with a distinction between system-level screening for acute risk in all children versus reflecting on a child’s unique circumstances when time allows. This process helps determine when to shift from a number as indicating a problem with risk until proven otherwise, versus a recurrent number that is the child’s tolerated baseline unless a new associated feature is observed. Specific topics include bradycardia, simplified management of chronic hypothermia, reflecting on sepsis risk after an event, growth attenuation, precocious puberty, osteoporosis, and simplified management of hyponatraemia. The goal is a balance between identifying risk and recognizing specific ‘normal abnormal’ circumstance for children with SNI. Language strategies are included.
‘Consumer Welfare’
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

Contemporary antitrust has been all about consumer welfare. For many observers, this focus blinds the policy to the anxieties of suppliers like merchants on Amazon.com or Uber drivers. Only a paradigm shift, so the argument goes, can correct this apparent state of disenfranchisement. The problem with such accounts? They are both misguided and lacking. Misguided because demonstrably false; lacking because devoid of any normative analysis for casting the consumer welfare lodestar into oblivion. This chapter, accordingly, explores whether consumer welfare’s normativity can actually be called into question and where the plight of suppliers might fit in the narrative. ‘Consumer welfare’, it is argued, is a polymorphic ideal supported by debatable consequentialist ethics. While they do not offer an independent reason for discarding it, upstream concerns in the platform economy compound the paradigm’s potential normative flaws.
Despotism
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter deals with platform ‘despotism’. Certain platforms can indeed usefully be analogized to (quasi-)autocratic states whose benevolence is not a given. Can antitrust rationalize the ‘competition problem’ when such autocratic platforms take a despotic turn? This chapter argues that the answer is a qualified yes. From a consumer welfare perspective, claims of platform despotism put antitrust decision-makers in a tight, but usually not insurmountable, spot, although victimized suppliers on labour platforms like Uber do present a particularly tricky conundrum. Decision-makers will accordingly have to pick their (multi-sided) economic models carefully. By contrast, using a competitive process approach is both more honest and more encompassing. Fashioning a sound antitrust algorithm to ensure ‘free’ competition is no easy task, though. For this alternative paradigm not only turns antitrust into a more interdisciplinary and empirical enterprise; it also makes it overtly moralized.
Introduction
Authors: Nomer Nedim , Şahin Kaya
Published: January 2025

This collection of papers is intended to provide a comprehensive survey of the history of political ideas in the Ottoman world from its dawn around 1300 to its downfall in the early twentieth century. These papers, both individually and collectively, shed light on the complex role that ideas have played in all aspects of Ottoman social and political life throughout the history of the Ottoman world, across time, space, social class, and ethnic and religious identity. This collection makes it clear that the Ottoman political regime was not a military dictatorship, but rather a particular kind of monarchical regime which variously sought to politically legitimize and ethically justify its rule in three continents with diverse populations over six centuries. We also find out that the Ottoman social and political world was not a self-enclosed civilization, as it had wide-ranging and multilayered interactions with its neighbors to its north, east, south, and west over extended periods of time. Hence, the Ottoman world had both similarities and differences with its neighbors, as well as with geographically and temporally distant polities.
Legitimizing the Sultanate
Authors: Nomer Nedim , Şahin Kaya
Published: January 2025

This chapter is an exploration into the nature and dynamics of the Ottoman political regime. It uses the reign of Süleyman (1520–1566) as a case study to illustrate our understanding of the sultanate as a notion that was constantly transformed and debated. This period is typically seen as the apogee of sultanic power. As a result, the evolving nature of the sultanate, and the critical approaches to sultanic rule, are not taken much into account. The chapter offers an alternative, more dynamic picture of the Ottoman political scene. It argues that the Ottoman polity, from its emergence around 1300 to its end in 1922, was governed by one single, distinctive political regime: the sultanate (saltanat in Ottoman Turkish). Contrary to its usual characterization as an arbitrary one-man rule, however, the chapter presents the sultanate as a complex ecosystem of interactions, which connected the sultan, the members of the political–military elite, and the subject population in myriad ways. Moreover, while the sultanate preserved its authority and coherence throughout six centuries, it was never the same from one sultan to another, or indeed during the reign of a single sultan. This was due to the nature of the sultanate, which was subject to constant discussion and transformation, indeed experimentation. The discussion focuses on documents produced around the palace, and on political treatises written by members of the Ottoman military–political elite, as these texts are windows into the minds and lives of some movers and shakers of the Ottoman political regime.
Regionalized Hybrid Courts
Authors: Baylis Elena
Published: January 2025

International collaboration in the first wave of hybrid courts followed a consistent pattern: the international partner in each instance was the United Nations (UN). The second wave of hybrid courts evinces a significant change in this configuration. For the first time, two of the three new hybrid courts have been structured as partnerships with regional organizations, the African Union (AU) and the European Union (EU). An additional proposed hybrid tribunal for South Sudan is also being developed as a regional partnership with the AU. From the perspective of the history of hybrid courts, this marks an abrupt change. However, this regional engagement in hybrid tribunals is an expression of a long-term trend towards the development of regional commitments to transitional justice and international criminal law (ICL). The EU and the AU, as well as other regional organizations, have supported various transitional justice endeavours. This chapter assesses the trend towards regional commitments to transitional justice and ICL and the theoretical arguments for regional transitional justice institutions. It then evaluates the engagement of regional actors in the Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Special Prosecutor’s Office (KSC), the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Courts of Senegal (EAC), and the proposed Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS) in light of these trends and arguments.
Institutional Design and (Non)-Complementarity
Authors: Labuda Patryk I.
Published: January 2025

Hybrid tribunals sometimes operate alongside other judicial and non-judicial bodies with similar accountability functions. For instance, a hybrid tribunal can share jurisdictional powers with ordinary national courts, an international criminal tribunal, a truth commission, or other investigative and prosecutorial bodies. When the mandates of these different institutions overlap, relations should be regulated so as to minimize duplication of tasks, prevent unnecessary conflict, encourage cooperation to the extent possible, and maximize cross-fertilization. Drawing on examples from several conflict and post-conflict countries, this chapter explores how best to regulate relations between hybrid tribunals and other judicial and non-judicial institutions with overlapping jurisdictional claims. It will argue that, while the phrase ‘complementarity’ is sometimes invoked in institutional design scholarship, the International Criminal Court’s logic of apportioning jurisdiction is not a helpful way of thinking about regulating relations between hybrid tribunals and other judicial and non-judicial institutions.
Emerging Enforcement Practices of Hybrid Courts
Authors: Greer Philippa
Published: January 2025

The enforcement of sentences is an indispensable component of any effective international criminal justice mechanism. The modern international criminal justice system utilizes imprisonment as its primary sanction, yet the issue of sentencing and the implementation of penalties has often been viewed as more of an afterthought, rather than a starting point, when such institutions are established. Hybrid criminal mechanisms, as well as the United Nations (UN) ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court (ICC), enforce sentences by either employing a domestic solution directly in domestic prisons (a model of ‘local enforcement’), or by adopting an ad hoc cooperating states model, which utilizes existing prison facilities in third states, relying on the cooperation of those states. This chapter addresses the enforcement practices of several hybrid criminal mechanisms to date, evaluating their ability to function robustly and legitimately in this crucial area, as well as the ability of both local and decentralized models of enforcement to enable post-conflict societies to reconcile, strengthen, and address the root causes of prior conflict. It reflects upon broader questions related to legitimacy, accessibility, capacity building, strengthening of the domestic rule of law, and the synthetization and intersection of international and domestic legal regimes with respect to sentence enforcement.
‘Forced Marriage’
Authors: Grey Rosemary
Published: January 2025

When it comes to sexual and gender-based crimes, the two hybrids, the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) have played a key role in setting precedent. Specifically, both tribunals have broken new ground in recognizing ‘forced marriage’ as a crime against humanity: a precedent which has now been followed in two cases at the International Criminal Court (ICC). This chapter explores differing responses to the SCSL’s and ECCC’s precedents on ‘forced marriage’, seeking to show that this development is not as progressive as it may at first appear. Indeed, some commentators think that these courts have under-emphasized the distinction between ‘forced marriage’ and traditional marriage customs, and others think the opposite. The chapter then considers what these two hybrid tribunals have contributed to understandings of sexual violence during the Sierra Leone war and the Democratic Kampuchea period, respectively. It shows that both tribunals made significant progress is recognizing sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls, but neither tribunal sufficiently acknowledged evidence of sexual and gender-based violence experienced by men, boys, and non-binary people.
Hybrid Justice and the Promise and Expectations of Outreach
Authors: Kavran Olga
Published: January 2025

Twenty years have passed since the first outreach programme was established at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). At that time, it was an afterthought in what had become an emerging system of international criminal justice. Today, outreach is considered an essential part of the work of any international or hybrid court or tribunal. For example, the UN Secretary-General, in his report on the establishment of a special court for Sierra Leone, called for ‘a broad public information and education campaign … as an integral part of the Court’s activities’. Similarly, in 2007, the UN report on the steps taken to establish the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) referred to ‘the development of an effective and comprehensive outreach programme bringing the activities of the Special Tribunal closer to the population of Lebanon and the wider region’ as ‘a priority’. Yet, despite the prominent role it seems to have been assigned, outreach is still not necessarily seen as a legal obligation of these institutions, as evidenced by the lack of any reference to outreach in the institutions’ founding documents, the absence of guidelines on how to conduct outreach, and, very often, a lack of funding for outreach programmes. All this results in different approaches by different institutions, ranging from the very conservative to the very innovative. This chapter aims to look at the different approaches taken by hybrid tribunals in respect of their outreach and legacy, and examine them to identify lessons to be learned for the future.
Beyond ‘Fragmentation’
Authors: Dieci Alice
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the potential of hybrid courts to prosecute economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) violations amounting to international crimes from a twofold perspective. It starts by addressing the notion of fragmentation of international criminal law (ICL) in its positive connotation of legal pluralism and judicial creativity and links it to the marginalization of ESCR in ICL. This is done by exploring the limited jurisprudence of some hybrid courts, such as the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers for the Court of Cambodia (ECCC), and the East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SCU) in relation to prosecution of ESCR violations, underlining their limitations and missed opportunities. The chapter then explores some of the inherent features of hybrid courts and their potential to more effectively address ESCR violations, as compared to international, national, or regional courts. It argues that the inclusion of ESCR in a hybridity framework could positively reconcile the tension between the top-down approach of international justice, increasingly perceived as Western-dominated and disproportionately focusing on civil and political rights, and the bottom-up approach of local and regional demands, increasingly pushing for accountability for economic and social violations, such as land grabbing and forced displacement in relation to illegal exploitation of natural resources. It concludes that hybrid courts could provide further legitimacy to international justice and restore trust among affected communities by better reflecting the extent of victimization on the ground, which inevitably includes ESCR violations, and increased human rights’ politicization.
Causal Inference and the People's Health
Authors: Schwartz Sharon , Prins Seth J.
Published: January 2025

This book examines the implications of the “Causal Revolution” in epidemiology for the people’s health. Since the turn of the 21st century, this revolution—introduced to epidemiology as the Potential Outcomes framework—initiated a paradigm shift across the social sciences. This shift influences the questions we ask, the methods we use, the narratives we construct about our study results, and thus the knowledge upon which we base our fights for the people’s health. The guiding principle of the Causal Revolution is simple but profound: researchers should specify if their goal is description, prediction, or causation. Researchers should declare their causal goals even for observational studies; causation should not be reserved for randomized trials. This can prevent misalignment between inferential targets, assumptions, analytic approaches, and interpretations. This principle produced important innovations that clarified assumptions necessary to infer causation from association and engendered methods to mitigate the effects of their violation. But it also reignited debates about the definition of causation, the causal status of important social constructs like class and race, the role of manipulation or intervention in causal inference, and assumptions about how change in the people’s health happens. This book interrogates these debates, critiques attempts at their resolution, and offers a path forward—by embracing causal questions that identify and explain etiologic processes rather than solely estimating the effects of interventions. This in turn expands causal inference to include social forces as causes of the people’s health, and therefore reinvigorates epidemiology’s historical role in targeting systems and structures for change.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwartz Sharon , Prins Seth J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. How we apply causal inference methods depends on the question we are trying to answer and the problem we are trying to solve. Traditional Potential Outcomes approaches are valuable for problems that can be solved with well-defined interventions, such as questions about drug efficacy and other biomedical, clinical, or social policy situations in which a “treatment” can be given to improve a health outcome. But models of causal phenomena—and social phenomena in particular—should generally focus on the explanation of causal processes rather than the prediction or precise estimation of the effects of interventions, to be useful for effecting change.
Ideology, Mindsets, and Military Law
Authors: Peifer Douglas Carl
Published: January 2025

The German military (Wehrmacht) was not apolitical, but rather a pillar of the Third Reich. While much attention has been devoted to officers within the military who resisted Hitler—particularly those associated with the July 20th attempt on Hitler’s life—the Wehrmacht’s leadership stood behind Hitler loyally. The leaders of the military’s judicial apparatus likewise expressed enthusiastic support for Hitler, regarding the Führer’s will as the ultimate legal authority. The legal code distinguished between unauthorized absence and desertion, and there was no provision for conscientious objection. The penetration of Nazi worldviews and values into the military justice apparatus becomes apparent when exploring how jurists determined intent and how those who refused to serve, in particular Jehovah’s Witnesses, were punished.
Epilogue
Authors: Peifer Douglas Carl
Published: January 2025

The extended debate over the status of Wehrmacht deserters in postwar Germany has generated empathy for those who refuse military service because they disagree with the cause or conduct of military conflicts. Following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, German politicians were far more sympathetic to Russians seeking to evade military service or desert than were their counterparts in Poland, the Baltic Republics, and Finland. The epilogue explores how Germany has developed the concept that soldiers are also citizens who should be guided by their internal moral compass, posing the question whether this concept of “inner guidance” (Innere Führung) is exportable or unique to Germany due to its troubling history (Sonderweg, German exceptionalism).
“Hooray for Louis Armstrong!”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter details Louis Armstrong’s imprisonment. It notes the verdict of Armstrong being sent back to the Colored Waif’s Home for an indeterminate amount of time, highlighting that his case would be reviewed in six months. The Waif’s Home offered a music program overseen by an assistant keeper, Peter Davis, who became Armstrong’s first music teacher. The chapter explains that Armstrong played cornet when the Colored Waif’s Home band hit the streets on Labor Day, 1914. He was showing his maturity as a musician and man, continuing to impress his elders, but it all ended when he left the Waif’s Home to move in with his father.
“Destined to Be Great”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks into the notion that Louis Armstrong was destined for greatness. It notes that Armstrong reunited with Morris Karnofsky. After Armstrong likely left Morris Karnofsky’s employment sometime in 1915, he almost immediately found himself back in the coal business after a job provided by one of his mother's new beaus, a coal cart driver for the C. A. Andrews Coal Company. The chapter provides a brief overview of Armstrong’s coal work. It then highlights Armstrong’s huge ambition to help and do "lots" for his mother and family, which would soon evolve into his first regular job as a musician.
“Nothing but Fuck and Fight”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter tells of Louis Armstrong quitting his job at the coal yard after the war was over. Armstrong and Kid Ory spent the next six months performing together regularly, often with clarinetist Johnny Dodds joining them in the front line. The chapter then elaborates on Armstrong’s relationship with Daisy Parker, whom he married when he was only 17 years old. It then explains how Armstrong and Daisy were given the responsibility of watching over his three-year-old cousin Clarence Hatfield, whom Armstrong unconditionally loved regardless of his disability. Outside of his chaotic home life, Armstrong enjoyed plenty of opportunities to play with Kid Ory’s band in early 1919.
“He’s Got to Be Better”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter suggests Richmond, Indiana, as a candidate for a cradle of jazz after Louis Armstrong and King Oliver made their first recordings in 1923. It also notes that King Oliver’s Jazz Band recorded songs with OKeh Records, who knew they had something special and put their promotional resources behind their Chicago recordings. The success of Oliver’s sides led him to receive offers to record for Gennett, OKeh, and Columbia in October 1923 alone. The chapter explains Armstrong’s budding relationship with Oliver as the tour with the Music Corporation of America continued. However, in Miss Lil’s mind, it was the end.
“Big Headed Motherfuckers”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses Louis Armstrong’s arrival in New York. It explains that Armstrong’s playing didn’t win him any immediate friends in Harlem, and the tension only disappeared after a scuffle within the band. Moreover, the influence of Armstrong’s hometown had much to do with his impact on the New York scene. The chapter then elaborates on the legacy of Armstrong’s “Shanghai Shuffle,” which still has the power to dazzle modern-day listeners and make them dance. It then details the conflict between Armstrong and clarinetist Sidney Bechet in the recording studio, highlighting Armstrong’s daring play that led him to win against Bechet.
“A Record of Importance”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks into Louis Armstrong’s recordings with OKeh. Armstrong brought a band together made up of members of the Dickerson band, including Fred Robinson on trombone. Eventually there was a success with Armstrong’s recording of King Oliver’s plaintive blues, “West End Blues,”, nostalgically named for a lakefront section of New Orleans. The success of “West End Blues,” in part due to Armstrong’s stunning opening unaccompanied cadenza, did make other record labels sit up and take notice and try to mimic with other top Black trumpeters the success of the Hot Five. The chapter highlights that Armstrong was now on his way to becoming a pop star.
Navigating Life with Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a miserable, life-altering condition that affects millions of people around the world but is highly treatable. It is characterized by an uncomfortable feeling, typically in the legs, that is worse later in the day, worse when resting, and better with movement. This book reviews the nature of RLS and discusses how the diagnosis is made. It reviews the changes in the brain to dopamine, glutamate, and adenosine that take place to cause RLS as well as the health and social consequences faced by people with the condition. The importance of iron in managing RLS and both prescription and nonprescription therapies are described. Medications such as pramipexole, ropinirole, gabapentin, pregabalin, methadone, and buprenorphine are reviewed, including the harms, such as augmentation and impulse control disorders, caused by some of the most commonly prescribed medications for RLS. Special attention is paid to RLS in the context of pregnancy, hospitalization, dementia, COVID-19, and other medical conditions. In addition, the care of RLS in vulnerable populations is described. Important information for loved ones and caregivers is provided to help them understand the suffering that people with RLS endure and the treatment options available to them. The book closes with a look to the future of RLS and what diagnostic and treatment options might become available in the future.
Treatment of RLS Without Prescription Drugs
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

In many cases, RLS can be treated without the need for prescription drugs. Various techniques take advantage of counterstimulation to reduce symptoms. This includes temperature, pressure, vibration, and electrical stimulation. Distraction is another viable tactic to treat RLS. Vitamin D supplements have good data to support their use in RLS, but magnesium supplements and cannabidiol (CBD) are not supported by research. Dietary strategies include avoiding carbohydrates, particularly sugar, along with caffeine and alcohol, both common triggers. Procedures such as acupuncture and treatment of varicose veins could be helpful for some people. Regular daily exercise is important as well, though overdoing it close to bedtime might make the legs worse.
Gabapentinoids for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

There are three gabapentinoids on the market: gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil, and pregabalin. These drugs are considered first-line therapy for RLS. Gabapentin enacarbil and pregabalin tend to be absorbed better and more reliably effective than gabapentin due to variability in how gabapentin is absorbed in the intestines. Side effects include sedation, confusion, weight gain, depression, and swelling in the ankles. Gabapentinoids can be safely combined with most other drugs with the caution that adding them to other sedating drugs can cause additive effects. It is relatively easy to discontinue gabapentinoids, with little to no withdrawal symptoms.
Opioids for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Opioids are a large class of medications that have been used for centuries to treat RLS. They work when all else has failed. Doses tend to be low and stay low. Each individual opioid has pros and cons, and each one can be tried in succession if needed to maximize benefits and minimize side effects. Methadone and buprenorphine are currently the opioids of choice, but most others, particularly longer-acting extended-release forms, can also be used. Despite the high likelihood of benefit, they are also associated with a high risk of side effects and complications. Opioid use disorder, constipation, sedation, central sleep apnea, and low testosterone are all potential complications of opioid use. Opioids use is often monitored with contracts and urine drug screens to help providers minimize the risk of overdose.
Additional Medications for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Many drugs have been studied in small trials or reported anecdotally to treat RLS. These are mostly cardiovascular drugs and antiseizure drugs. Among the cardiovascular drugs, clonidine and dipyridamole have been shown to improve RLS. The seizure drug with the most supporting evidence is carbamazepine, but oxcarbazepine, topiramate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and valproic acid have all been reported as being effective. These drugs are generally less likely to work for RLS than opioids but tend to carry a more favorable safety profile. Side effects of each of these medications and recommended dosages vary by each drug.
RLS in Pregnancy
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

RLS can develop during any pregnancy, and pregnancy is a particularly high-risk time for developing RLS. It’s more common during second or later pregnancies than in the first pregnancy, and it’s more common in the third trimester than the first. Low iron levels and low folate levels increase this risk further. Treatment of RLS during pregnancy utilizes the same common medications (gabapentinoids, dopamine agonists, and opioids). Each of these drugs can be used during pregnancy if needed, though taking the lowest effective dose can help mitigate any risks. After delivery, about 75% of cases of RLS will resolve, but 25% persist after pregnancy. Breastfeeding while on RLS medications is generally considered safe for babies, with older babies who are consuming some table food at lower risk due to the reduction in breastmilk consumption at that age.
RLS with Other Illnesses
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

RLS does not occur in a vacuum. People with RLS often have other medical conditions as well. If those medical conditions result in hospitalization, RLS can worsen for multiple reasons, such as immobility, inflammation, reduced access to home medications, and new medications that trigger RLS. As RLS is more common with age, there is an overlap between RLS and dementia. Certain medications, such as benzodiazepines, should be avoided when treating RLS patients with dementia. RLS is frequently treated in sleep medicine clinics, and other sleep disorders are often present. Sleep apnea and insomnia have been associated with RLS. RLS can interfere with the treatment of these other conditions if not adequately treated. The interactions between RLS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and RLS and obesity are complex. Likewise, RLS management can be complicated in patients with allergies and immune disorders. Finally, COVID-19 increased rates of RLS, likely due to inflammation.
Massacre at Mystic
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter explains how the Puritan colonies conquered Pequot country and virtually destroyed the Pequot people. When Indians attacked Wethersfield, Connecticut responded by declaring a war in defense of Christ’s kingdom. Soldiers from Connecticut and Massachusetts and their Narragansett, Eastern Niantic, and Mohegan allies devastated the Pequots in a battle-turned-massacre at Mystic. Colonists continued to pursue and capture other Pequots, enslaving them or giving them as captives to other Algonquian communities. Puritan ministers exulted in God’s victory on their behalf, with only Roger Williams offering meaningful dissent.
The Conquests and Triumphs of Christ
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes how Puritans finally began missionary work among Indians in New England. Initially little was done in the way of missionary work. Few Indians converted, though Wequash, a Pequot scout, was a prominent exception. However, when six sachems offered their people as subjects to Massachusetts in exchange for protection, the colony launched efforts to begin evangelizing and civilizing them. John Eliot, the leading missionary in Massachusetts, established praying towns where Indians could live under English laws and receive Christian teaching. Thomas Mayhew launched another successful missionary campaign on Martha’s Vineyard.
Reparations
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes how the United Colonies suppressed repeated Narragansett attempts to assert Narragansett sovereignty. Still smarting from the killing of Miantonomo, the Narragansetts sought to assert their independence from Massachusetts by pledging their allegiance to King Charles I. The Narragansetts went to war against the Mohegans, only for the United Colonies to intervene by imposing a burdensome treaty on the Narragansetts requiring them to pay the massive sum of 2,000 fathoms of wampum. Meanwhile, the United Colonies allowed Uncas to harass Pequots and English colonists at the new settlement of Nameag. The United Colonies eventually granted the Pequots limited autonomy. Their agent, Humphrey Atherton, nearly triggered a war with the Narragansetts, but Roger Williams intervened to keep the peace.
The Wampanoags
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes how despite fervent missionary efforts that converted many Wampanoags to Christianity, Plymouth’s attempt to dominate Philip brought the two peoples to the brink of war. John Eliot tried to convert Philip, but relations were strained by constant friction between colonists and Indians and by major crises in 1667 and 1671. Natick attempted mediation based on Christian principles, but Massachusetts ultimately betrayed Philip, and he was forced to sign a humiliating treaty of subjection to Plymouth. The praying Indian John Sassamon was found dead in 1675, and Philip’s fears amid the resulting trial of three Wampanoags lead him to mobilize his warriors. As Plymouth mobilized, Rhode Island tried to mediate peace. Indians began plundering and vandalizing colonists’ property at Swansea.
Analyzing Verismo Opera
Authors: Lee Ji Yeon
Published: January 2025

The essay examines the aria “Vissi d’arte” from Puccini’s Tosca, focusing on how the aria’s kinetic trajectory carries out the dynamic quality embedded in the text and dramatic circumstances. First, it analyzes the aria according to the traditional recitative-and-aria format, applying ternary form to the aria proper. It then examines the musical organization of the returning section in the aria, which gradually builds a climactic wave moving toward a highpoint and subsiding. This analysis demonstrates how Puccini’s creative approach to the conventional operatic form channels an emotional intensity and dramatic immediacy.
Loco Vocable
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: January 2025

Since the late 1960s, the Argentine musical troupe Les Luthiers has brought laughter to millions across Latin America through storytelling and performances on homemade instruments such as the mandocleta (mandolin-bicycle). One of their long-running fictional characters is composer Johann Sebastian Mastropiero, known to have penned numerous boilerplate commissions but only a single note out of genuine inspiration. Among Mastropiero’s forays into music scholarship was the topic of “tarareo,” the widespread practice of singing melodies with made-up syllables rather than real lyrics. Believing that singing meaningless syllables amounts to poetic waste, Mastropiero devised “tarareo conceptual,” a text-setting technique whereby the syllables are also part of the song’s lyrics. This essay analyzes the Spanish-language song “Aria Agraria” (agrarian aria), a humorous waltz that uses word play and abundant tarareo to depict farmers working the land.
The Logik Blomberg on Skeptical Method and Kant’s Reading of the Enquiry
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: January 2025

In Kant’s Logik Blomberg lectures from 1771, Kant praises Hume in the Enquiry for his smooth skeptical method, in which he argues first for one thing, then for the contrary. Michael Forster has used this passage to argue that Kant did not yet know the Enquiry in 1771, since Hume, he holds, does not use such a method in that work. It can be shown, however, that Kant’s remarks refer to a particular argument in the Enquiry, at EHU 8.32-36. Kant’s use of that argument to typify the Enquiry suggests that Kant sees the Enquiry as a whole as directed, as that argument is, against rationalist theodicy and its foundation in the principle of sufficient reason.
Introduction
Authors: Riley Matthew
Published: January 2025

The introduction explains the approach and methods adopted in the book; the key analytical concepts; and the implications of its new perspective. The book undertakes a broad re-mapping of English music of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by means of the concept of intensive diatonicism and analysis based around musical conventions, specifically the notions of ‘schema’ and ‘topic’. The introduction explains the centrality of Hubert Parry for this study; underlines the guiding metaphor of evolution and the historical continuity of the intensively diatonic repertoire with the immediate Victorian past; and points to a new understanding of the music of Ralph Vaughan Williams, whose works feature prominently in the book.
Smallpox Eradication
Authors: Breman Joel G. , Foege William H. , Henderson Leigh A. , Lewis Rosamund F. , Rimoin Anne W. , Muyembe-Tamfun Jean-Jacques
Published: January 2025

The eradication of smallpox began in the late 1700s with the discovery by Edward Jenner and others that inoculation into the skin with cowpox protected against smallpox. On May 8, 1980, the World Health Assembly (WHA) accepted the conclusions of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication that “the world and all its people have won freedom from smallpox, which was a most devastating disease.” The World Health Organization earned this achievement through its intensified smallpox eradication program (SEP), conducted from 1967 to 1979. The triumph of the SEP has served as an impetus for other disease elimination and eradication initiatives.
Toward the Eradication of Polio
Authors: Andrus Jon Kim , Patel Khusbu , Raghavan Prabha , Seper Sara , Ismail Nevien , Bahl Sunil
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the once-prevalent and paralyzing disease poliomyelitis (polio). In an effort to encapsulate polio, the chapter delves into multiple components presented under three main sections: (1) introduction including polio history and eradication efforts; (2) scientific factors including epidemiology/disease burden, clinical factors, monitoring, and evaluation; and (3) delivery factors including leadership and political will. This chapter also identifies the challenges, key stakeholders, and significant contributions involved in efforts toward polio eradication. Due to dedicated efforts over the years, five of six World Health Organization regions have been certified polio free. Countries with recent detection of polio include Malawi, where a wild poliovirus 1 (WPV) case was detected in 2021, and Pakistan and Afghanistan, which are plagued by both WPV1 and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Further, this chapter summarizes the Global Polio Eradication Initiative’s strategic plan for countries with ongoing cases and sheds light on future recommendations.
Controlling Pandemic COVID-19
Authors: Morens David M. , Kang Gagandeep
Published: January 2025

Rarely has eradication of a newly emerging infectious disease been considered while the disease was in its earliest stages of emergence, when properties of the causative infectious agent remained uncharacterized, when pathogenetic mechanisms had yet to be understood, and when epidemiologic features such as transmissibility and nature of protective immunity were still continually changing. Nevertheless, because COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is among the three deadliest emerging pandemics of the past few centuries (the others being the 1918 influenza pandemic and the HIV/AIDS pandemic, recognized in 1981), its potential to be eradicated must be considered, especially since the 2003 SARS pandemic, caused by a related virus, has disappeared. This review compares the epidemiologic, immunologic, and virologic features of SARS-CoV-2 with those of other human respiratory viruses considered eradicable and ineradicable. The chapter concludes that based on features of the viral agent and human host responses to it, COVID-19 is not eradicable with existing tools. However, using the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in India for context, the chapter suggests that there is much that can be done to control COVID-19 and associated severe disease and mortality without eradication and discusses this important challenge to science, public health, and medicine of the future.
Mpox Control and Prevention
Authors: Gadoth Adva , Halbrook Megan , Hoff Nicole A. , Witte Danae , Kaba Didine , Malembi Emile , Shongo Robert , Kingabeni Placide Mbala , Breman Joel G. , Muyembe-Tamfum Jean Jacques , Rimoin Anne W.
Published: January 2025

Monkeypox, recently renamed mpox, is an orthopoxvirus closely related to smallpox. Previously limited to sporadic outbreaks in rural Central and West Africa with infrequent importation of cases to other locations, a new global mpox outbreak beginning in May 2022 was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization, and has exhibited a number of unprecedented characteristics: 1. The current epidemic is associated with a novel variant (clade IIb.1) and has spread to all populated continents; 2. Until recently, sustained person-to-person transmission was limited, with most point sources stemming from zoonotic exposures spilling over into humans—now it’s become the norm; 3. Transmission now occurs mainly through physical contact during sex, which was previously uncommon, and as such, new clinical presentations have been reported, including anogenital lesions and rashes; 4. Whereas previously mpox spread mostly among children, the current outbreak has been overwhelmingly comprised of men who have sex with men (MSM); and 5. The vast majority of recent infections have been mild and self-limiting, in contrast to historic disease manifestation. Recent circulation of mpox challenges established notions of this disease and present unique concerns for public health surveillance and control. Limited familiarity with mpox beyond Africa, novel clinical presentations, and limited testing availability may have each contributed to underascertainment and underreporting of infections in the early period of the current outbreak. Stigma-informed approaches in communication, community engagement, vaccine reintroduction, and comprehensive surveillance remain critical for future measures of prevention and control.