bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Common Cold at the Turn of the Millennium
Authors: Van Cauwenberge Paul B. , van Kempen Muriel J.P. , Bachert Claus
Published: July 2007

Upper respiratory tract infections are one of the most common infectious diseases in man and are characterized by transient, relatively mild symptoms. Human rhinoviruses are known to be the major causative agent in adult common colds and their relative importance has further increased with the use of the sensitive RT-PCR technique. Characteristic for a common cold is the selective neutrophil recruitment and time-limited increase in mediator, cytokine, and chemokine concentrations that orchestrate chemotaxis, transmigration, and activation of inflammatory and immunocompetent cells. Common cold symptoms are found to correlate to rhinovirus-induced IL-8 elaboration and neutrophil activation. Treatment of rhinoviral upper respiratory tract infections consists of an inhibition of viral infection by antiviral agents and/or a reduction of symptoms by damping the host inflammatory response.
The Nose versus the Environment: 1982 and Today
Authors: Riechelmann H.
Published: July 2007

A brief overview of recent publications dealing with the effects of environmental pollutants on upper respiratory tract mucosa is presented It mainly focuses on airborne irritants, substances inducing epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and epithelial damage, and on inflammatory changes of nasal mucosa associated with environmental pollutants. Data from epidemiologic surveys, human exposure studies. animal experiments, and in vitro studies have improved present concepts of the significance of environmental pollutants for upper respiratory diseases. Although various national and international initiatives have resulted in a considerable reduction of indoor and outdoor pollutants within recent years, environmental pollutants continue to affect upper respiratory tract health of the population in urban areas and industrialized regions. Continuing efforts to reduce emissions of air pollutants are indispensable.
Nasal Polyposis: From Cytokines to Growth
Authors: Bachert Claus , Gevaert Philippe , Holtappels Gabriele , Cuvelier Claude , Van Cauwenberge Paul
Published: July 2007

Nasal polyposis (NP) is a chronic inflammatory condition that is mostly characterized by an infiltration of eosinophils. How this eosinophilic inflammation leads to polyp formation remains largely unclear. In order to identify the most important factors in polyp growth, first we report the histologic features of two early stage manifestations of eosinophilic nasal polyps compared to their surrounding normal mucosa and mature polyps from the same patients. Histomorphologic analysis of these early stage manifestations of NP showed the presence of eosinophils, forming a subepithelial cap over a pseudocyst area that was filled with albumin. In mature NP, a large pseudocyst area containing albumin was surrounded by subepithelial eosinophilia. Second, in an approach to quantify and to study possible relations between eosinophilic inflammation and changes in extracellular tissue components we measured interleukin-5 (IL-5), eotaxin, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), leukotrienes (LTC4/D4/E4), transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1), fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, and albumin in nasal tissue homogenates of 31 subjects. Nasal polyp samples (n = 16) were obtained during routine endonasal sinus surgery, whereas control non-polyp samples (n = 15) from subjects with (6) and without (9) allergic rhinitis were obtained from the inferior turbinate during septum surgery. In the group of polyp patients 11 received no treatment, whereas 5 were treated with oral glucocorticoids (GCS) within 4 weeks before surgery. IL-5 was measurable in 8 of 11 untreated NP, whereas IL-5 could not be detected in all 15 controls nor in 4 of 5 oral corticoid-treated polyps. The comparison between the untreated polyp group and controls showed significantly higher concentrations of IL-5, eotaxin, ECP, and albumin in polyp supernatants, whereas TGF-β1 was significantly lower. In the oral GCS-treated group, ECP and albumin were significantly reduced compared to untreated nasal polyps. The same tendency, but not reaching significance, was seen for eotaxin and fibronectin, while no difference was found for LTC4/D4/E4 and hyaluronic acid between the groups. Our observations suggest a deposition of albumin (and possibly other plasma proteins) and extracellular matrix proteins, which may be regulated by the subepithelial eosinophilic inflammation, as a possible pathogenic principle of polyp formation and growth. IL-5 and eotaxin are found to be key factors for eosinophilic accumulation and activation in NP. Oral corticoid treatment may lead to the shrinkage of NP by downregulation of the eosinophilic inflammation and reduction of the extravasation and deposition of albumin in NP.
Nasal Polyposis and Allergy: Is There a Correlation?
Authors: Voegels Richard L , Santoro Patricia , Butugan Ossamu , Formigoni Lázaro G.
Published: July 2007

Nasal polyposis (NP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa. The etiology and formation of NP are still not elucidated and have been debated for many years. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of nasal allergy in the development of NP. The following aspects were analyzed: age, sex, and patient's symptoms; correlation between asthma, aspirin intolerance, and NP; serum immunoglobulin levels and eosinophil; and concentration of interleukins 1β, 3, and 4 in NP. Thirty-nine patients with NP were selected, 13 of them allergic and 26 non-allergic. A control group of 11 individuals was also studied. The concentrations of interleukins 1β, 3, and 4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was a higher incidence of NP after the fourth decade of life and among men. We found no correlation of asthma or aspirin intolerance with the presence or absence of allergy. Serum levels of IgE and eosinophils were significantly higher in patients with allergy and NP and the concentrations of interleukins 3 and 4 were positively correlated with NP. There was no difference in interleukin 3 and 4 concentration between the non-allergic group with NP and the control group, suggesting that these interleukins do not play an important role in the etiology and formation of NP. These results suggest that the immunologic pathway involved in the etiology of NP is different from the one correlated with allergy (IgE-mediated).
Substance P Immunoreactive Sensory Axons as a Subset of the Total Axonal Population in the Maxillary Sinus of the Rabbit: A Characterization of Normal and Infected Mucosa
Authors: Young Eytan , Kajander Keith C. , Rimell Frank , Ho Bo , Goldman Josh
Published: July 2007

Substance P (SP), one of the neuropeptides released from sensory nerves, is thought to mediate neurogenic inflammation. Although SP immunoreactive axons have been described in the sinus mucosa, no attempt has been made to characterize SP fibers as a subset of all axons present in the sinus mucosa. In addition, no study to date has characterized the changes in infected sinus mucosa. The maxillary sinus mucosa of New Zealand white rabbits was harvested from control animals and in animals with induced maxillary sinusitis. Immunohistochemical staining of the sinus mucosa for both Protein Gene Product 9.5 (PGP), a nonspecific marker for all nerves, and for SP was performed on II animals: 3 controls and 8 infected. In sinus mucosa from the control rabbits, <50% of all axons labeled by PGP were immunoreactive for SP. In infected mucosa, the absolute number of axons found by PGP staining decreased and nearly all of these remaining fibers were also immunoreactive for SP. We conclude that the phenotypical labeling of nerve fibers seen in normal mucosa is altered by bacterial-induced infection.
Leukotriene B4 Levels in Rabbit Maxillary Sinusitis: Limitations of the Current Model
Authors: Hurley Daniel B. , Smith Gregory S. , Vogler George A. , Desponde Yashwant , Citardi Martin J.
Published: July 2007

Since the late 1980s, the rabbit model for sinusitis has been widely used for experimental studies on sinusitis; however, the clinical relevance of these experimental data has been questioned. To elucidate the role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of sinusitis, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels were determined in acute Streptococcus pneumoniae sinusitis in this model. The rabbit model for acute maxillary sinusitis was utilized. Briefly, the right maxillary ostium of each New Zealand white rabbit was occluded with cyanoacrylate under general anesthesia. Twenty-four hours after occlusion, the occluded sinus received an inoculation of 108 Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 10813) or a sham inoculation of saline alone. Rabbits were then sacrificed one week later, and the maxillary sinus mucosae were harvested. Leukotriene B4 levels were determined by ELISA assay. LTB4 levels in the sinuses inoculated with bacteria tended to be higher; however, statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences between the experimental and control groups. It is possible to reliably assess leukotriene B4 levels in this model of sinusitis. Although the data suggest a trend for elevated LTB4 levels, statistical analysis did not support this conclusion. The study also demonstrated significant limitations in the current rabbit model for sinusitis; that is, the standard human sinus bacterial pathogens are minimally pathogenic in rabbit sinuses and the small size of the sinus limits the material available for assay. Further modifications of the model are necessary. After such adjustments, the role of leukotrienes in sinusitis may be further explored.
Dilated Pupil during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: What does it Mean?
Authors: Badia Lydia , Lund Valerie J.
Published: July 2007

Endoscopic sinus surgery has become the standard of care for the surgical management of chronic sinus disease. Sinus disease and its surgical treatment carry the risk of orbital complications, irrespective of the approach. Orbital complications associated with sinus surgery include nasolacrimal duct damage, extraocular muscle injury, intraorbital hemorrhage/ emphysema, and direct optic nerve damage, resulting in blindness. The finding of an unequal pupil at the end of a procedure would be a cause of considerable concern, but it is most likely due to the topical contamination of the eye with a mydriatic pharmacological agent commonly used in endoscopic sinus surgery.
Use of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) in Rhinologic Disease
Authors: Senior Brent A. , Glaze Camille , Benninger Michael S.
Published: July 2007

Chronic rhinosinusitis has been shown to have an adverse impact on the quality of life in those afflicted as determined by a number of standardized outcome tools. We have utilized a standardized, statistically validated, disease-specific tool, the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI), to investigate the disability suffered by 292 consecutive patients with nine unique rhinologic diagnoses, including chronic rhinosinusitis. Physical, functional, and emotional domains were assessed. We have found that individuals with rhinologic disease in general have lower physical scores, followed by functional scores and emotional scores. Individuals with chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis have the greatest level of disability, while those with aspirin triad are least affected.
Effects of Topical Budesonide Treatment on Glucocorticoid Receptor mRNA Down-Regulation and Cytokine Patterns in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Henriksson Gert , Norlander Tomas , Forsgren Joachim , Stierna Pontus
Published: July 2007

The effects of a topically applied corticosteroid, budesonide, on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (CR) mRNA and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine patterns in patients with nasal polyps were evaluated. All patients were eligible for surgical polypectomy, and a majority of them had been treated with nasal steroids. Patients were given 400 μg b.i.d. (group A, n = 11), 200 μg bid. (group B, n = 10), or no treatment (group C, n = 15) during two months before polypectomy. Morning serum cortisol was analyzed on the day of surgery. Surgically removed polyps were taken for analysis of GR mRNA expression by solution hybridization. Remaining tissue was cryostat-sectioned, whereafter quantification of the cytokines interleukin 1β, interleukin 2, interleukin 4, interleukin 5, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor a, and interferon γ was made by immunohistochemistry and digitized image analysis. No significant differences among the three groups were found for any of the parameters investigated. Conclusion: nasal polyps do not respond with down-regulation of CR mRNA or cytokines following topical corticosteroid treatment. The proposed corticosteroid resistance may be inherent, or induced by a change of local tissue bioavailability.
Elevation of Nasal Mucosal Temperature Increases the Ability of the Nose to Warm and Humidify Air
Authors: Abbott David J. , Baroody Fuad M. , Naureckas Edward , Naclerio Robert M.
Published: July 2007

The nose functions to warm and humidify inspired air. The factors that influence these functions have been studied to a limited degree. We have developed a method for measuring the temperature and relative humidity of the air before and after nasal conditioning to study nasal function. In this experiment we studied the effects of raising the mucosal surface temperature by immersion of the feet in warm water. Six subjects (avg. age = 27.0 years) were randomized to immersion of the feet in 30°C and 40°C water. The nasal mucosal temperature increased significantly from the 32.2 ± 1.3°C during immersion in the 30°C water to the 33.1 ± 1.2°C during immersion in 40° water (p < 0.05). No significant difference in nasal volume was noted between the 30° (17.8 ± 4.5 cc) and the 40° (17.7 ± 5.3 cc) immersions. There was a significant increase in the conditioning capacity of the nose (as measured by total water content of inspired air) in response to cold-air challenge during the 40° immersion (1669 ± 312 mg water) when compared to the 30° immersion (1324 ± 152 mg water). From these data we deduce that warming of the nasal mucosa improves the ability of the nose to condition inspired air without a significant change in the volume of the nasal cavity.
Detection of the Nasal Cycle
Authors: Moinuddin Rizwan , Mamikoglu Bulent , Barkatullah Sameer , Corey Jacquelynne P.
Published: July 2007

The nasal cycle is a fluctuation of nasal patency due to the stages of congestion and decongestion of the nasal mucosa on both the right and left nasal conchae. We compared the effectiveness of the rhinostereometer in detecting the presence of a nasal cycle with the acoustic rhinometer whose effectiveness we have demonstrated in previous studies. The rhinostereometer measures the horizontal range of the most anterior portion of the inferior turbinate. The acoustic rhinometer measures the volume and various cross-sectional areas of the nostril using a pulse emitted from a sound tube. Among some of the subjects tested, it was found that rhinostereometer and acoustic rhinometer measurements of nasal patency correlated reasonably well with r values up to 0.78. The overall correlation between rhinostereometry and acoustic rhinometry was not as strong at r = 0.36. Observed variations between rhinostereometry and acoustic rhinometry could be a result of certain confounding variables that may have altered the nasal cycle between measurements.
CSF Rhinorrhea: 95 Consecutive Surgical Cases with Long Term Follow-Up at the Mayo Clinic
Authors: Gassner Holger G. , Ponikau Jens U. , Sherris David A. , Kern Eugene B.
Published: July 2007

A persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is potentially lethal, and surgical treatment is often required. CSF leak repair is an infrequently performed procedure, and only limited information is available on the long term success of the surgical techniques that are used. This retrospective chart review includes 95 patients who underwent various types of repair surgery for CSF rhinorrhea at the Mayo Clinic. The purpose of this study was to extract factors such as the choice of sealing material, etiology, location of defect(s), surgical approach, and previous procedures, and to analyze their association with the long term success and failure of surgical repair. The mean time interval in this study between unsuccessful surgery and recurrence was 50.8 months, and the mean follow-up 109 months. Among the various approaches, defects repaired endonasally had the lowest recurrence rate. Local nasal mucosa advancement flaps failed more frequently (83.3% failure) than other types of graft material (p = 0.023). These failures took place in a delayed fashion (mean interval until failure: 80 months). Local osteo-mucoperiosteal or chondro-mucoperichondrial flaps (22.2% recurrence rate) and free graft material (15.6% recurrence rate) had the best outcome. The use of fibrin glue to fixate free grafts did not improve the result in this series. Transcranial procedures were associated with a higher complication rate than extracranial procedures (12.9% versus 3.2%). Overall, successful repair was achieved in 91.6% of the patients. We discourage the use of mucosa advancement flaps and advocate free grafts or pedicled osteomucoperiosteal or chondro-mucoperichondrial flaps as sealing material of choice in the majority of cases. The occurrence of delayed failure has to be considered when evaluating reports of CSF rhinorrhea after surgical repair.
Asymptomatic Enophthalmos: The Silent Sinus Syndrome
Authors: Gillman Grant S. , Schaitkin Barry M. , May Mark
Published: July 2007

Although uncommon, enophthalmos may be a presenting symptom of chronic maxillary sinusitis with secondary attentuation of the orbital floor. As such, an awareness of this entity, known as the “silent sinus syndrome,” is important to all practising otolaryngologists. Two such cases are presented herein, together with a discussion of the pathophysiology, management, and current literature.
Nonsurgical versus Endoscopic Sinonasal Surgery for Rhinogenic Headache
Authors: Ramadan Hassan H.
Published: July 2007

Headaches of sinonasal origin have been described lately. Terms such as middle turbinate syndrome have been used to describe this entity. The true incidence of this headache is unknown. A concha bullosa or a hypertrophied middle turbinate have been associated with these cases. Mucosal contact between the middle turbinate and the nasal septum or the lateral wall of the nose have been attributed as the cause of referred pain in the face. We present data on 23 individuals with refractory primary headache in the absence of any significant sinus symptoms. The duration of the symptoms of these individuals ranged between 4 and 13 years with a mean of 7.2 years. Fifteen patients agreed to undergo surgery, whereas eight refused surgery. After a mean of 23 months of follow-up, all those who did not have surgery continued to have pain that required excessive medications, whereas 60% of those who had surgery reported marked relief of their headaches. Those who had symptoms for less than 7 years had a greater chance of success (OR = 2). Sinonasal surgery seems to be helpful in alleviating primary headaches, especially in individuals whose duration of symptoms is less than 7 years.
The Impact of Cigarette Smoking and Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Nasal and Sinus Disease: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Benninger Michael S.
Published: July 2007

Tobacco smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have both been implicated in a number of acute and chronic medical problems including heart and lung disease and several cancers. The impact of tobacco smoke on disorders of the nose and paranasal sinuses is less well understood, although there is growing evidence that such exposure can have a significant impact on nasal and sinus function. A comprehensive review of the literature reveals that tobacco smoking is associated with acute and chronic rhinitis, but may actually be negatively correlated with the development of allergic rhinitis. In those patients with allergies, nasal and sinus symptoms may be exacerbated by tobacco smoking. ETS exposure is associated with acute and chronic nasal symptoms in adults and children, snoring in children and teenagers, and may be associated with an earlier onset and more significant symptoms for individuals with a predisposition to developing allergies. Both primary and environmental tobacco smoke are related to increases in nasal and sinus cancer. Tobacco smoking and ETS are associated with significant nasal and sinus disease and cancer.
Inferior Turbinate Goblet Cell Secretion in Patients with Perennial Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis
Authors: Berger Gilead , Moroz Alexander , Marom Zvi , Ophir Dov
Published: July 2007

Perennial rhinitis is clinically associated with a significant increase in nasal mucus secretion. Moreover, it has already been established that the number of goblet cells, in the inferior turbinates of patients with perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, does not differ from that of normal subjects. Thus a question is raised, whether the above-mentioned phenomenon is ascribed exclusively to submucosal glandular activity, or may also be a result of a nonhyperplastic increase of goblet cell functional activity. This study was conducted to assess inferior turbinate goblet cell mucus secretion in a cohort of patients with perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis compared with normal controls. A semiquantitative morphometric method was used to examine goblet cell mucus secretion in sections stained with Alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff. Mucus secretion in each section was established in terms of secretory ratio, calculated as the number of secreting goblet cells divided by the number of nonsecreting ones. The mean secretory ratio of patients with perennial allergic (n = 11) and nonallergic rhinitis (n = 23) was 0.89 and 0.57, respectively, compared to controls (n = 10) 0.25. Statistical analysis confirmed that the secretory ratio of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis was significantly higher than that of the control group. No significant difference prevailed between patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis and controls, as well as between allergic and nonallergic patients. Based on the results of the study, a basal state of nasal goblet cell mucus secretion in nonstimulated healthy people was established. Furthermore, it was concluded that the enhancement in mucus discharge, from the inferior turbinate goblet cells of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, was attributed to a nonhyperplastic increase of nasal goblet cell functional activity.
Apoptosis and P53 in Inverting Papilloma of the Sinonasal Tract
Authors: Mirza Natasha , Nofsinger Yoon Choi , Kroger Hans , Sato Yuich , Furth Emma Elizabeth , Montone Kathleen T.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this study was to identify apoptotic bodies and p53 positivity in inverting papilloma lesions to study these two as biomarkers in premalignant lesions. Archival specimens of 15 patients with inverting papilloma between the years 1992 and 1995 were retrieved. In situ end labeling technique was used to identify apoptotic bodies. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect p53 in the same specimens. The clinical course was evaluated conducting a retrospective chart review in these patients. Compared to normal epithelium, inverting papilloma lesions had a greater proportion of apoptotic bodies, which was nearly statistically significant (average 0.506/100 cells for inverting papilloma compared with 0.1/100 cells for the normal surrounding tissue). Four cases of inverting papilloma were p53 positive. There was, however, no association between p53 positive staining and the apoptotic rate. The minimum follow-up for patients was 2 years. All had a uniformly good clinical outcome with only one patient who was p53 positive showing concurrent squamous cell carcinoma. We concluded that inverting papilloma contained a higher average number of apoptotic bodies compared with normal surrounding sinonasal tissue. This showed a trend toward a positive between the apoptotic rate and premalignancy, suggesting both increased cellular proliferation and increased cell death may occur in such lesions. In this study p53 did not show a positive association with the apoptotic rate, suggesting that p53 may not be directly involved in the apoptotic regulatory pathway in inverting papillomas.
Sensory-Specific Balance Training in Older Adults: Effect on Proprioceptive Reintegration and Cognitive Demands
Authors: Westlake Kelly P , Culham Elsie G
Published: July 2007

Background and Purpose

Age-related changes in the ability to adjust to alterations in sensory information contribute to impaired postural stability. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effect of sensory-specific balance training on proprioceptive reintegration.

Subjects

The subjects of this study were 36 older participants who were healthy.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to a balance exercise group (n=17) or a falls prevention education group (n=19). The primary outcome measure was the center-of-pressure (COP) velocity change score. This score represented the difference between COP velocity over 45 seconds of quiet standing and each of six 5-second intervals following proprioceptive perturbation through vibration with or without a secondary cognitive task. Clinical outcome measures included the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. Assessments were conducted at baseline, postintervention, and at an 8-week follow-up.

Results

Following the exercise intervention, there was less destabilization within the first 5 seconds following vibration with or without a secondary task than there was at baseline or in the falls prevention education group. These training effects were not maintained at the 8-week follow-up. Postintervention improvements also were seen on the FAB Scale and were maintained at follow-up. No changes in ABC Scale scores were identified in the balance exercise group, but ABC Scale scores indicated reduced balance confidence in the falls prevention education group postintervention.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results of this study support short-term enhanced postural responses to proprioceptive reintegration following a sensory-specific balance exercise program.
Selected Blood Serum Elements in Van (Turkey) Cats
Authors: Altunok V. , Yazar E. , Yuksek N.
Published: July 2007

The Turkish Van cat originates from eastern Turkey. One of the characteristic features of Van cats is the colour of their eyes, which can be both eyes blue, both eyes amber or one eye blue and the other amber. Serum essential trace, macro and industrial element concentrations of Van cats (n = 47) according to sex, age, hair length and eye colour differences were investigated. Serum aluminium, arsenic, boron, barium, cobalt, chromium, copper, gallium, indium, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, nickel, selenium, silver, sulphur, strontium, vanadium and zinc were measured with ICP-OES plasma optical atomic emission spectrometer. In result, serum aluminium, barium, copper, manganese and strontium levels in male cats were found higher (p < 0.05) than in female cats. Serum aluminium, copper, manganese, strontium and zinc amounts of blue-blue eyed cats were found higher (p < 0.05) than amber-amber, amber-blue and blue-amber eyed cats, and serum lithium of blue-amber eyed cats was higher (p < 0.05) than blue-blue eyed cats. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) found in the age and hair length groups. Our results indicate that several of the blood serum elements of Van cats may be related to their eye colours and sex differences.
Foraging Strategy of Mouflon During the Hunting Season as Related to Food Supply
Authors: Heroldová M. , Homolka M. , Kamler J. , Koubek P. , Forejtek P.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to compare the diet composition based on rumen contents of mouflons from two localities differing in food supply. In northern Moravia (NM), secondary forests with dominance of conifers prevailed, whereas in southern Moravia (SM) forests with broad-leaved trees dominated. A total of 50 (NM, n = 23; SM, n = 27) quantitative and qualitative rumen analyses were carried out. In rumen specimens from both localities broad-leaved tree species predominated (NM 32.56% of volume; SM 38.92% v) during the autumn-winter season. Among the woody plants, ash was the most frequently consumed in both localities and in both diets approximately the same amount was found (17% v). In SM the mouflon consumed a high-energy diet of various seeds (34% v); acorns and horse chestnuts were the most abundant. Coniferous shoots were consumed in NM (14% v) twice as much as in SM (7% v). A higher number of food items (S = 70) and food diversity (H' = 3.49) was found in NM than in SM (S = 58; H'= 2.88). The quantitative similarity index (SI) of both diets (individual diet items) was low (SI = 39.12%). When calculated for the main diet groups the SI was higher (73.60%). The nutritional value (metabolisable energy) of the diet was correlated with diet quality (seeds, broad-leaved tree leaves). Mouflon is considered as a typical grazer but we found that during autumn and winter periods both Moravian subpopulations preferred browse and, where available, high-energy food for successful over-wintering. In SM the individuals had a non-significant tendency to be heavier and also their body fat content was higher (p = 0.035). The body condition of mouflons was thus related to the quality of the food supply in the biotope.
Protection through L-Carnitine on Tissue Oxidant Status and Sialic Acid Content in Tilmicosin-Induced Alterations in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Kart A. , Karapehlivan M. , Yapar K. , Citil M. , Akpinar A.
Published: July 2007

The macrolide antibiotic tilmicosin is known to induce cardiotoxic effect when administered at large doses. In this work, the effects of tilmicosin were evaluated with respect to alterations in total sialic acid, malondialdehyde and glutathione content of the heart, liver, kidney and lung tissues after single subcutaneous injection of 75 mg/kg tilmicosin with or without L-carnitine (500 mg/kg for 5 days daily via s.c. route) in BALB/c mice. L-carnitine is a co-factor serving in the mitochondrial β-oxidation of long chain fatty acids, and it was reported to be protective in several types of toxicity cases probably via multi-factorial mechanisms. Twenty eight mice were divided into 4 groups including group 1 (control), group 2 (L-carnitine), group 3 (tilmicosin) and group 4 (tilmicosin plus L-carnitine). Following the administration of treatments, tissue samples were collected, and the samples were assayed for malondialdehyde, glutathione and total sialic acid content. Mice receiving tilmicosin treatment alone had significantly higher malondialdehyde and total sialic acid concentrations (except for MDA of lungs) but lower glutathione concentration in selected tissues compared to those of the control, group 2 (Carnitine only) and group 4 (L-carnitine plus tilmicosin) (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found associated with the assayed indicators between the control and mice treated with L-carnitine plus tilmicosin. These results suggest that tilmicosin may cause oxidative stress in the heart, liver, lung and kidneys, but the adverse effects could be attenuated by L-carnitine administration.
Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Porcine Teschovirus 1 in Lithuania
Authors: Sereika V. , Lelesius R. , Zienius D.
Published: July 2007

The objective of the present work was to study the serological status and epidemiological situation of porcine teschovirus 1 (PTV-1) on swine farms in different Lithuanian regions by using virus neutralization test and virus isolation. Clinical, epidemiological, serological and virological examinations were performed for the diagnosis of Teschen disease (porcine enterovirus encephalomyelitis, TE). Swine blood serum samples (n = 1680) were collected on 28 farms (60 samples per farm) of 8 regions in 2003. For virus isolation 29 samples of pathological material were taken from the brains of pigs (2 - 4 months of age) that died suddenly on seven swine farms in five regions. Epidemiological and clinical examination revealed no signs of porcine enterovirus encephalomyelitis on 32 Lithuanian swine farms. PTV-1 was not isolated and identified in the PK-15 cell culture. Antibodies against PTV-1, detected by using VNT, were found on all investigated farms and in all age groups. Negative serum (2.3%, 39 from 1680) samples were found in 15.5% (16 from 103) of 2-4-month-old pigs and in 4.7% (23 from 494) of 4-6-month-old ones. The positive serological and negative epidemiological, clinical and virological results suggest that less virulent or avirulent PTV-1 strains were spread on Lithuanian swine farms.
Presence and Seroprevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Pigs in Turkey
Authors: Metiner K. , Ak S.
Published: July 2007

In this study, the presence and seroprevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs raised in various regions of Turkey were investigated. For this purpose, 384 lung, tonsil and blood samples were taken by random sampling during the slaughter. The pigs did not show any signs of clinical respiratory tract disorders at the time of slaughter. Organ samples were used for isolation, and specific antibodies in 384 sera samples (of which 368 belonged to animals used in organ sampling) were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For isolation, the lung and tonsil samples were inoculated onto PPLO agar plates with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and A. pleuropneumoniae (serotype 12) was isolated from only one of the tonsil samples. Of the 384 blood samples, 258 (67.2%) were found to be positive. 209 (54.4%) of the positive samples were determined to be group 1, and 49 (12.8%) were determined to be group 2. The effect of age and sex of the samples were found to be non-significant by statistical analysis of the ELISA data (p > 0.05). Isolation of A. pleuropneumoniae indicates the presence of the infection in Turkey for the first time and high seroprevalence supports this finding.
Prevention of Bone Bridge Formation Using Transplantation of the Autogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Physeal Defects: An Experimental Study in Rabbits
Authors: Plánka L. , Nečas A. , Gál P. , Kecová H. , Filová E. , Křen L. , Krupa P.
Published: July 2007

Physeal cartilage is known to have poor self-repair capacity after injury. Evaluation of the ability of cultured mesenchymal stem cells to repair damaged physis is the topic of current research. In 10 immature New Zealand white rabbits autogenous mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted into a iatrogenic physeal defect in a lateral portion of the distal growth plate of the right femur. The same defect without stem cells transplantation in the left femoral distal physis served as a control. In our study, we used our own technique of implantation of MSCs with a newly modified gel scaffold (New Composite Hyaluronate/Collagen Type I/Fibrin Scaffold). The rabbits were euthanized 4 months after transplantation. Bone length discrepancy and valgus deformity were measured from femoral radiographs. Healing of the defect was investigated histologically. The ability of mesenchymal stem cells to survive and promote cartilage healing in the physeal defect was assessed by immunofluorescence. Average difference in femur length measured from surgery to euthanasia (4 months) was 0.61 ± 0.19 cm after preventive transplantation of MSCs in the right femur, but only 0.11 ± 0.07 cm in the left femur. Average angular (valgus) deformity of the right femur with MSCs preventively transplanted to iatrogenically damaged distal femoral physis was 1.2 ± 0.72 °. Valgus deformity in the left femur was 5.4 ± 2.5 °. Prophylactic transplantation of autogenous mesenchymal stem cells to iatrogenically damaged distal growth plate of the rabbit femur prevented a bone bridge formation and resulted in healing of the physeal defect with hyaline cartilage. Immunofluorescence examination showed that the chondrocytes newly formed in growth zone are the result of implanted MSCs differentiation. Femur growth in traumatized physis was maintained even after transplantation of autogenous MSCs. As compared with the opposite femur (with physeal defect but without transplanted MSCs), the bone showed no significant shortening or valgus deformity (p = 0.018).
Immunological Indicators in Dogs Affected by Deep Pyoderma
Authors: Špruček F. , Toman M. , Faldyna M. , Svoboda M.
Published: July 2007

We examined the immune state of dogs with deep pyoderma to elucidate the relationship between clinical symptoms and immunological processes. We measured selected immunological parameters in control dogs (n = 10) and dogs of various breeds (German Shepherds were not included) affected by deep pyoderma (n = 25). We found that the affected dogs had increased relative counts of neutrophils, decreased relative and absolute counts of lymphocytes, higher relative counts of CD3+ lymphocytes and CD8+ lymphocytes but lower relative counts of CD21+ lymphocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes. The affected dogs exhibited a reduced activity of nonstimulated as well as mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Lower values of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in affected dogs were conditioned by the young age of animals. Nevertheless, the changes found in our study were not expressed in all animals.
Combating Varroa destructor in Honeybee Colonies Using Flumethrin or Fluvalinate
Authors: Gregorc A. , Škerl M. I. Smodiš
Published: July 2007

Mite mortality in two apiaries, one with 32 and the other with 15 honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) colonies, was recorded prior to and after flumethrin or fluvalinate treatments and after a control, oxalic-acid application. During the 42- and 51-day pre-treatment periods, the average daily natural mite drop was 0.04 (± 0.04) and 2.82 (± 2.19), respectively, which represents 1.09% (± 1.06) and 3.84% (± 3.04) of the total number of mites found during the experiment. The flumethrin or fluvalinate applications resulted in an average mite mortality at the two apiaries of 214.46 (± 260.02) and 4,098.64 (± 2,508.31). The treatments resulted in a 19.11% (± 14.62) and a 39.28% (± 10.47) reduction in the number of mites in slightly infested colonies and 94.30% (± 4.26) and 96.24% (± 3.14) in highly infested colonies. The difference in treatment efficacy between both apiaries was significant (P < 0.001) and indicates that fluvalinate and flumethrin are highly efficacious in dealing with highly infested honeybee colonies with sealed brood. The importance of effective mite control in colonies with a high level of natural mite mortality is discussed in this study.
Noonan syndrome
Authors: Allanson Judith E.
Published: July 2007

Noonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant condition caused by multiple genes in the RasMAPK pathway. The adult phenotype can be extremely subtle, and many adults are diagnosed only after the birth of a more obviously affected child. Whether diagnosis is made in childhood or adulthood, initial and ongoing evaluation of many systems can have considerable health benefits. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis and management of medical problems in adults with Williams–Beuren syndrome
Authors: Pober Barbara R. , Morris Colleen A.
Published: July 2007

Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a multi‐system disorder that requires ongoing management by a primary care physician familiar with the natural history and common medical problems associated with the condition. Some abnormalities are unique to WBS, such as the elastin arteriopathy that often manifests as supravalvar aortic stenosis and hypertension. Still other features, such as diverticulosis, are seen in the general population but tend to present earlier in WBS. Life long monitoring of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems is essential to the clinical management of individuals with Williams–Beuren syndrome. Constipation should be aggressively managed, and symptoms of abdominal pain should prompt an evaluation for diverticulosis/diverticulitis. While the mean IQ of WBS is in the mild mental retardation range, difficulties with attention and anxiety are more likely to negatively impact independent functioning in the adult with WBS. There is no evidence for decline in cognitive ability over time, but adaptive functioning may be improved with treatment of anxiety by both behavior and medical modalities. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of 88 adult patients referred for genetics evaluation
Authors: Maves Stephanie N. , Williams Marc S. , Williams Janet L. , Levonian Peter J. , Josephson Kevin D.
Published: July 2007

We present a series of 88 adult patients referred for diagnostic genetic services in two settings. Patients referred for prenatal diagnosis, adult‐onset neurodegenerative disease or cancer susceptibility counseling were specifically excluded from analysis. Information was obtained regarding age, gender, referral sources, previous genetics evaluation, referring diagnosis, final diagnosis, diagnostic test, and recommendations. The patients were able to be grouped into seven general categories: multiple congenital anomalies with or without mental retardation (26 patients), collagen‐connective tissue disorders (18 patients), mental retardation (12 patients), chromosomal abnormalities (12 patients), bone growth disorders (6 patients), endocrine/metabolic (8 patients), and miscellaneous (6 patients). Patients and referring providers were not surveyed regarding utility of the evaluation. However, genetics notes were reviewed on all patients and potential benefits of the evaluation were identified. All patients had at least one potential benefit, with the majority having several. This study represents one of the largest published groups of non‐institutionalized adult patients that have undergone comprehensive genetic evaluation. The role of the clinical geneticist as a member of the health care team in this population will be discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased impact strength of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) blend composites by using isocyanate as a reactive processing agent
Authors: Harada Masaki , Ohya Tsubasa , Iida Kouji , Hayashi Hideki , Hirano Koji , Fukuda Hiroyuki
Published: July 2007

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blended with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was prepared in the presence of lysine triisocyanate (LTI) by using a twin‐screw extruder and injection molding machine. The physical properties, rheological behavior, compatibility, and morphology were investigated by using a tensile test, a Charpy impact test, melt mass‐flow rate (MFR) measurements, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The impact strength of PLA/PBS(90/10 wt %) blend composite was about 18 kJ/m2 in the absence of LTI, and it increased to 50–70 kJ/m2 in the presence of LTI at 0.5 wt %. The MFR value of PLA/PBS(90/10 wt %) decreased from 25 g/10 min at 200°C in the absence of LTI to approximately 3 g/10 min in the presence of LTI. These results imply that isocyanate groups of LTI reacted with both terminal hydroxyl or carboxyl groups of the polymers. Spherical particles at 1 μm were observed by using LSCM in the presence of LTI. These results indicate that the LTI is a useful reactive processing agent to increase the compatibility of PLA/PBS blend composites to increase the impact strength of PLA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of cross‐linkable poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s
Authors: Ding F. C. , Wang S. J. , Xiao M. , Han D. M. , Meng Y. Z.
Published: July 2007

A novel class of crosslinkable poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s with relative high molecular‐weight and good solubility were successfully synthesized by the copolymerization of bisphthalazinone containing monomer, 3,3′‐diallyl‐4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl and 4,4′‐di‐ fluorobenzophenone. The synthesized polymers with inherent viscosities in the range of 0.42 to 0.75 dL/g can form flexible and transparent membranes by casting from their solution. The crosslinking reaction of these polymers can be carried out by thermally curing of the virgin polymers in or without the presence of crosslinking agent. The experimental results demonstrated that the crosslinking reaction also occurred to some extent during the polymerization. The crosslinked polymers exhibited equivalent glass transition temperature (Tg) at lower crosslinking density, and showed higher Tg than virgin polymers at higher crosslinking density. The crosslinked high‐temperature polymer can be used as the base material for high temperature adhesive, coating, enamel material, and composite matrices. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Effects of acidity and hydrolysis on the UV and fluorescence spectra of poly(2‐acetylamino‐1, 4‐phenylene) and its hydrolyzed derivatives in acidic solutions
Authors: Huang W. Y. , Huang P. T. , Chang M. Y. , Liaw B. R. , Han Y. K.
Published: July 2007

Poly(2‐acetylamino‐1,4‐phenylene) was synthesized by coupling polymerization of 2,5‐dibromoacetanilide. Partially hydrolyzed poly(2‐acetylamino‐1, 4‐phenylene)s were prepared with a degree of hydrolysis per repeating unit from 15 to 98%. UV spectra and fluorescence were studied in DMSO and DMF/water solutions with varied acidity. The UV absorption maximum of poly(2‐acetylamino 1,4‐phenylene) is red‐shifted from 255 to 285 nm with increasing degree of hydrolysis. At low degree of hydrolysis the emission spectra of polymers in DMSO/water solutions at different concentrations show that the emission λmax is almost independent of concentration. However, when the extent of hydrolysis increased, the emission bands were red‐shifted and became dependent of concentration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Public perceptions of biotechnology
Authors: McHughen Alan
Published: July 2007

The very term ‘Biotechnology’ elicits a range of emotions, from wonder and awe to downright fear and hostility. This is especially true among non‐scientists, particularly in respect of agricultural and food biotechnology. These emotions indicate just how poorly understood agricultural biotechnology is and the need for accurate, dispassionate information in the public sphere to allow a rational public debate on the actual, as opposed to the perceived, risks and benefits of agricultural biotechnology. This review considers first the current state of public knowledge on agricultural biotechnology, and then explores some of the popular misperceptions and logical inconsistencies in both Europe and North America. I then consider the problem of widespread scientific illiteracy, and the role of the popular media in instilling and perpetuating misperceptions. The impact of inappropriate efforts to provide ‘balance’ in a news story, and of belief systems and faith also impinges on public scientific illiteracy. Getting away from the abstract, we explore a more concrete example of the contrasting approach to agricultural biotechnology adoption between Europe and North America, in considering divergent approaches to enabling coexistence in farming practices. I then question who benefits from agricultural biotechnology. Is it only the big companies, or is it society at large – and the environment‐also deriving some benefit? Finally, a crucial aspect in such a technologically complex issue, ordinary and intelligent non‐scientifically trained consumers cannot be expected to learn the intricacies of the technology to enable a personal choice to support or reject biotechnology products. The only reasonable and pragmatic alternative is to place trust in someone to provide honest advice. But who, working in the public interest, is best suited to provide informed and accessible, but objective, advice to wary consumers?