bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible Interaction of Education and Culture on Basic Conservation Tasks
Authors: Hofmann Richard J. , Ashurey Nadeem
Published: September 2011

A basic conservation continuum is defined (number, mass, length). Scores on the continuum range from 0 to 9 and define a Guttman reproducibility of .94. The continuum provides numerical scores that document individual differences both quantitatively and qualitatively. The continuum is validated using four nearly equal groups of children, a total of 65, from two distinct sociocultural settings. The young children from an Appalachian sociocultural setting showed suppressed conservation scores. For the other three groups the scores were qualitatively but not quantitatively different. Qualitative differences are discussed and the possible effects of schooling are noted.
Performance of Urban and Rural Children on the SOMPA: Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Taylor Ronald L. , Sternberg Les , Partenio Ingrid
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the performance of 527 urban and 133 rural children on the System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA). Of the 47 dependent measures investigated, significant differences in favor of the urban group were found on 27, most of which emphasized physical/motor and sociological aspects. Implications regarding possible bases for these differences including bias on the SOMPA measures were discussed.
Perceptions of Style and Competence in Communication
Authors: Jones Tricia S. , Brunner Claire C. , Remland Martin S.
Published: September 2011

413 undergraduate students completed Norton's Communicator Style Measure and Wiemann's Interpersonal Communication Competence Instrument. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that perceptions of competence in communication are strongly related to the use of a relaxed, supportive, and disclosive communication style. Multiple regression analysis identified the best predictors of perceived competence as friendly, animated, and attentive communication styles.
What Ever Happened to the Norms for the Matching Familiar Figures Test?
Authors: Walker N. William
Published: September 2011

The Matching Familiar Figures Test is used almost exclusively to assess cognitive tempo, e.g., impulsive-reflective, etc., in subjects. Although norms for this test were published by Salkind in 1978, a comprehensive review of the literature on cognitive tempo covering 1979 through 1984 showed only 8% of the reviewed studies used the norms. The problems associated with the failure to use norms, most notably, the inability to generalize findings from one sample to another, are covered.
An Examination of Possible Age Differences in Interrelationships between Intuition, Cognitive Style, and Hemispheric Preference Variables
Authors: Fallik Beverlie , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

Further analyses of data from a large previously reported study were performed to determine whether three age groupings affected previously reported interrelationships between intuition, cognitive style, and hemispheric preference. Although there were comparatively few subjects over 35 yr. of age, membership in age groupings significantly predicted intuition for the oldest group. Older subjects were also significantly more verbal in thinking style and significantly more field dependent. Age differences were unrelated to subjects' hemispheric preference. It was noted again that these results re-flea the constraints of the various measures employed.
Effect of Coding Strategies on Movement Extent as a Function of Cognitive Style
Authors: Anshel Mark H. , Ortiz Melchor
Published: September 2011

Learners differ as to the manner in which they perceive, encode, and store information. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of subjects' predetermined learning (cognitive) style on ability to replicate target locations in a task requiring extent of movement. Subjects were assessed as having one of three cognitive styles, verbal, visual, and tactual. They used three different coding strategies prior to reproducing three sets of three targets and a control (no coding) condition. One coding technique was designed to be compatible with the subject's cognitive style. Multiple regression analyses for absolute error indicated moderate to high prediction of performance using a covert rehearsal technique in a manner similar to each subject's perferred learning style for both immediate and delayed recall. However, predicting performance for the direction of error (CE) was relatively low.
A Test of Minitab's Pseudorandom-Number Generator
Authors: Ferraro F. Richard
Published: September 2011

The reliability of Minitab's pseudorandom-number generator was investigated. Minitab, an interactive statistical computer package, allows the user a variety of statistical tests and analyses. Standard tests of randomness were performed; results indicated that numbers generated by Minitab are suitably random for use in business or educational settings.
Psychological and Behavioral Effects of Mood-Induction Procedures with Children
Authors: Silverman Wendy K.
Published: September 2011

The experimental manipulation of mood in the laboratory is a viable approach for studying mood in children. The present paper describes the use with children of direct mood inductions and the behavioral and cognitive effects. The procedure produces effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring depressed mood. It is concluded that direct induction procedures may enhance current methodological, theoretical, and clinical understanding about depression in children. Recommendations for research are suggested.
Correlations of Scores on Verbal and Nonverbal Measures of Intelligence for Intellectually Gifted Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor R.
Published: September 2011

For 80 intellectually gifted students, intelligent quotients and percentiles from the WISC—R, Stanford-Binet, Standard Progressive Matrices, and the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test were correlated. Pearson correlations were larger among the nonverbal measures of intelligence than between the nonverbal and verbal measures.
An Examination of Development Trends in Field Dependence among Age Groups of 13 to 21 Years of Age
Authors: McLeod Bill
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 120 male and female students each, aged 13 to 15 yr., 16 to 18 yr., and 19 to 21 yr., were tested on Oilman's portable rod-and-frame apparatus to assess field dependence. Analysis indicated that the 16- to 18-yr.-old group was more field independent. Developmental trends indicated decreased field-dependence into late adolescence, and then a reversal indicating an increase in field-dependence beginning in early adulthood (19- to 21-yr.-old group).
Sex Differences and Practice Effects on Two Visual-Spatial Tasks
Authors: Kaplan Barbara J. , Weisberg Frances B.
Published: September 2011

Sex differences on visual-spatial tasks have been assumed to be present in young children, and performance on visual-spatial tasks has been assumed to be resistant to modification. Third and fifth graders were pretested on embedded and successive figures. Half of the 110 children then received limited feedback after which both groups were posttested. Grade, time of testing, and type of task significantly affected visual-spatial performance. Additional study might indicate whether amount of practice influences final level of performance for girls and boys and the asymptote on visual-spatial tasks is similar.
Comments on Tambs, Magnus, and Berg: Twinning and the Right-Shift Theory of Handedness
Authors: Annett Marian
Published: September 2011

The evidence of Tambs, et al. (1986) that left-handedness is caused by environmental and not by genetic factors is shown to be consistent with Annett's right-shift theory of handedness. Maternal effects need to be evaluated in the light of possible reporting biases.
Form Pleasantness: Arousal Processing or Arousal Pick-up?
Authors: Smets G. J. F. , Overbeeke C. J.
Published: September 2011

In what way is physiological arousal implicated in form pleasantness? Does form pleasantness necessarily imply cognitive processing of the arousal response to the visual stimuli? Or can the physiological arousal response also have a direct effect on it? This problem has scientific relevance since it contributes to the settlement of two debates of a similar nature: one between two rival theories of perception and one between two rival theories of emotion. The two theories of perception are the indirect information-processing one as stated by Fodor and Pylyshyn in 1981 versus the direct information pick-up viewpoint as stated by Turvey, Shaw, Reed, and Mace in 1981. The two theories of emotion are the indirect cognition-arousal theory which begins with Schachter in 1964 versus the view that emotions can be the direct result of purely somatic arousal and emotion patterns as stated both by Zajonc and Leventhal in 1984. This is explained in the first part of the article. The second part describes an experiment on the conflicting consequences of these two approaches (the indirect, cognitive and the direct sensory-motor). An inverted U-shaped relation between the arousal potential of visual stimuli and the pleasantness rating of those stimuli is usually found. If the supporters of the direct theories are right, this will always be so however much one tries to manipulate arousal processing. If, on the other hand the cognitivists are right, it would be indeed possible to manipulate the curve. This can be done, for example, by giving the subject bogus feedback relating to his physiological arousal in response to the visual stimuli, under well controlled conditions. This is a much used procedure in the cognitive-arousal theory of emotion. According to the results of the present experiment, this manipulation does not affect the inverted U-shaped relation between the arousal potential of visual stimuli and their pleasantness rating. A direct effect of physiological arousal on form pleasantness appears plausible.
Sensation of Thirst in Normal and Laryngectomized Man
Authors: Miyaoka Yozo , Sakaguchi Takeo , Ada Masamichi Saw , Shingai Tomio
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the larynx in sensation of thirst and to identify precise areas responsible for the sensation in normal and laryngectomized groups. The present analysis showed that the laryngectomized group was less aware of the sensation and less able to localize it than the normal group. Both groups localized the sensation from the base of the tongue to the larynx as well as in the pharynx.
Some Evidence regarding Development of Cerebral Lateralization
Authors: Torrance E. Paul
Published: September 2011

Frequencies of significant rs for right- and left-hemisphere scales of Elementary School and Youth forms of Style of Learning and Thinking increase from K through Grade 8 ( Ns = 1360) as would be expected if cerebral lateralization begins with acquisition of language and is completed in puberty.
Level of Expertise, Interpolated Activity and Contextual Interference Effects on Memory and Transfer
Authors: Del Rey Patricia , Wughalter Emily , Carnes Martha
Published: September 2011

Effects of contextual interference on memory and transfer were investigated using tasks of coincident anticipation in which subjects had to predict the arrival time of a light stimulus. Female sport-skill experts were compared to less experienced subjects. A cognitive-motor interpolated activity was performed by one group of subjects, and this condition was compared with blocked and variable practice conditions. This study investigated the 1985 hypothesis of Lee and Magill that forgetting the cognitive processing steps in the performance of a task would facilitate retention. Analysis indicated some support of Battig's predictions mote at retention than transfer but clearly did not support Lee and Magill's views on forgetting. Expertise was a significant factor in acquisition, retention, and transfer since sport experts responded with less error on almost all measures.
Specific Temporal-Lobe Signs and Enhanced Delayed Cross-Modal Matching Performance
Authors: Sabourin Lise , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Structural damage to the amygdala severely retards delayed cross-modal (tactile-to-sight) matching in primates. Conversely, we hypothesized that people who display signs suggestive of specific temporal lobe lability should show enhanced delayed cross-modal matching performance. The hypothesis was supported. In a single experiment involving 25 subjects, significant negative correlations obtained between the numbers of errors on the cross-modal matching task and numbers of affirmative responses within clusters of items that contained themes of meaningfulness, religious beliefs or ictal, complex partial epileptic (limbic) states. On the other hand, the numbers of errors were not significantly correlated with either clusters of control items or items that are presumed to reflect the function of other temporal-lobe structures. Both matching and questionnaire data were collected under double-blind conditions.
Correlates of Order of Acquisition of Motion Verbs
Authors: Gallivan Joanne
Published: September 2011

In a study of children's production and comprehension of a set of motion verbs, estimated order of acquisition of the words was predicted by measures of order of acquisition of the actions denoted, frequency of occurrence of the words and frequency of occurrence of the actions, but not by a measure of semantic complexity. Exposure to the words and actions appears to be more influential in acquisition of motion verbs than the semantic structures of the words.
Primary and Secondary Deviational Salience: Predictors, Consequences, Symptoms and Strategies
Authors: Morrow J.
Published: September 2011

In this article, the model of deviational salience [italics added], which explains the relationship between self-perceptions and perceptions in general is extended. Original analysis indicated that when individuals evaluate themselves as deviating negatively from their perception of the norm of a salient environmental stimulus, that stimulus becomes mote meaningful. Reexamination of the original data indicates that this outcome also occurs when an individual's self-perceptions are incongruent with quantifiable objective norms. Furthermore, interaction between the two sufficient antecedent conditions of primary deviational salience, negative self-perceptions and incongruence, produces secondary deviational salience. The major dysfunctional consequences of both primary and secondary classifications have been examined. Those most debilitating involve misattribution based on the salient feature and obsessive concern over the feature. Finally, several rational-emotive approaches aimed at reducing deviational salience along with the maladaptive behavioral symptoms have been proposed.
Selected Parameters of Response Organization in Mildly Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Porretta David L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of response organization on reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) of mildly mentally retarded children. Two groups of 30 subjects each were formed: a retarded group 9 yr. of age and a normal group matched for chronological age. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three precued conditions in which they were told that the forthcoming response would be performed with the right or left hand (precue hand), be to the right or left side (precue direction), or cross or not cross the body midline (precue midline). The retarded group performed significantly more slowly than the normal group on both RT and MT. Both groups, however, were able to utilize precued hand information as opposed to other precued variables, indicating that knowing which hand to use is important when organizing responses.
Development of a New Spatial Test
Authors: Eliot John , Medoff David , Kimmel Kent
Published: September 2011

The development of a new colored spatial test is described. Some psychometric characteristics of this new test are presented from a correlational study, and some suggestions about its incorporation into research are offered.
Semantic Satiation as a Perceptual Phenomenon
Authors: Esposito Nicholas J.
Published: September 2011

Prolonged visual fixation of words was hypothesized to affect subjects' (60 women and 20 men) perception of the words rather than directly affecting the meaningfulness of the words. A tachistoscopic search was used. The accuracy of the word search varied as much with the perceptual characteristics of the target words as with their semantic characteristics. The hypothesis was partially confirmed.
Variables Contributing to Successful Aerial Photographic Interpretation
Authors: Mc Donald Robert A. , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

31 males and 64 females ranging in age from 16 to 90 yr. volunteered to take Heim's AH4 intelligence test, the Group Embedded Figures Test of field dependence, and two measures of aerial photographic interpretation. In stepwise multiple regression analyses, intelligence and field independence contributed most to performance on the two aerial photographic interpretation tests. Sex-related differences were found for the McDonald Aerial Photo Feature Identification Test but not for the Avery Visual Search Test.
Comparison of Imagery Styles and Past Experience in Skills Performance
Authors: Ziegler Susan G.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the effects of three types of imagery techniques on the performance of basketball foul shooting. A sample of 93 university students, not currently participating in any type of basketball program, were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 conditions including: control, physical practice only, passive imagery, active imagery, and imagery with physical practice. Results indicated that two of the imagery groups performed better than the traditional physical practice group. Mean scores were then adjusted for years of prior basketball experience. The analysis indicated that the two groups with the least prior basketball experience demonstrated a greater improvement in performance from pre- to posttest than did the traditional physical practice group. Implications for future avenues of research integrating imagery, prior experience, knowledge of results, and attentional focus are discussed.
Ratios in People's Beliefs about Experienced Duration
Authors: Borg Ingwer , Galinat Withold H.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of subjects were confronted with pairs of abstract situations. They were asked to indicate if the situations were likely to be experienced as equally long, or, if not, which of the two would be longer and by how much. The situations were each characterized by one stimulus attribute (pleasant, unpleasant, many, few, variable, monotonous, difficult, easy) or by the distinction of expecting something with high/low tension. Ratio judgments were collected in the format x:y, with x,y from [1, …, 9] and such that x+y = 10. The data proved to be extremely consistent and led to almost the same ratio scales for both groups. This finding strengthens the assumption that people possess highly structured belief systems about duration.
Speech-Motor Equivalence in Aging Subjects
Authors: Rastatter Michael P. , Mc Guire Richard A. , Bushong Laurel , Loposky Michele
Published: September 2011

The peak amplitude of EMG activity was measured from the orbicularis oris superior (OOS), orbicularis oris inferior (OOI), and masseter muscles for three normal, geriatric women (range 70 to 75 yr.) and compared with prior data for a group of normal, 4- and 8-yr.-old children and young adults (range 21 to 29 yr.) The elderly groups' variability across the three muscles paralleled that of the 4-yr.-olds, suggesting that speech-motor equivalence returns to an earlier level of operation in aging speakers. Also, the elderly subjects evidenced reduced levels of average peak EMG activity as compared to those of the other groups. This finding was interpreted as reflecting a loss of general muscle function, a possible concomitant of facial muscle atrophy that accompanies advanced age.
Situation-Specific Expertise and Perceived Control
Authors: Gross William C. , Tiffany Phyllis G. , Billingham Robert E.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the influence that situation-specific expertise might have on locus of control, 387 student/athletes completed Rotter's locus of control and the Dahlhauser Sports Locus of Control inventory. Analysis supported the hypothesis that subjects' expertise within a situation-specific environment will yield a locus of control score significantly more internalized than scores on the more general Rotter instrument. The authors conclude that personal expertise must be taken into account in research dealing with the construct of control. Further, research tailored more specifically to the situation is needed.
Effects of Aging on Responses to Suprathreshold Lingual Vibrotactile Stimulation
Authors: Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Petrosino Linda , Randolph-Tyler Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Lingual vibrotactile suprathreshold sensation magnitudes were investigated across four age groups ( M ages = 7.8 yr., 193 yr., 45.2 yr., and 57.0 yr, age range = 5 to 64 yr.) by employing the psychophysical methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching. Lingual vibrotactile stimuli were presented in combination with auditory stimuli for the cross-modal matching task. For lingual vibrotactile magnitude estimation, both the upper and lower power functions were steeper for the oldest age group. The power functions for cross-modal matching in which the vibratory stimulus was the standard showed asymptotic growth at about 25-dB sensation level for the three older age groups, but not for the youngest age group. Straight-line power functions were obtained for all age groups on the cross-modal matching task when the auditory stimulus was the standard, with the older aged subjects making larger lingual vibrotactile magnitude adjustments to the lower level auditory stimuli than the younger aged subjects. These results are discussed in relation to neurophysiological and behavioral changes which occur during development and aging.
Introversion-Extraversion and Dimensions of Olfactory Perception
Authors: Filsinger Erik E. , Fabes Richard A. , Hughston George
Published: September 2011

A possible relationship between odor perception and introversion-extraversion was explored. 195 subjects completed Eysenck's Introversion-Extraversion Scale and rated strength, familiarity, and pleasantness of four odors. Zero-order correlations were examined and the data were factor analyzed. The introversion-extraversion items formed a factor separate from three olfactory factors.
EEG Alpha Rhythm and Eyelid Flutter
Authors: Rust John
Published: September 2011

A single case of one-to-one correspondence between eyelid flutter and EEG alpha rhythm is repotted. It arose during a battery of experiments into possible personality correlates of eyelid conditioning, EEG evoked potential and skin potential habituation, involving over 400 subjects. The reported phenomenon lasted for one burst of 24 sec. and another of 6 sec. during 40 min. of recording on one subject. The observation is considered in the light of reported cases of links between EEG alpha and epileptic seizure and also between EEG alpha, Parkinsonism, and finger tremor. A time-keeping role for EEG alpha in the brain is postulated.
EMG Biofeedback as a Function of Voice-Quality Change
Authors: Schliesser Herbert F.
Published: September 2011

Changes in electromyography (EMG) accompanying changes in voice quality are reported. Audio recordings were obtained from four normal speakers during production of sustained vowels, counting and reading. These were uttered first in a normal voice and then in a voluntarily produced harsh voice. Perceptual ratings of voice quality of these utterances were made and compared to averaged EMG values obtained during the productions. The surface electrode placement remained unchanged over each of the cricothyroid areas for both normal and harsh voice. For one of the speakers, changes in EMG paralleled changes in vocal quality. For the other three, changes in EMG were variable, and sometimes minimal, in comparison to changes in voice. The results are discussed in relation to the clinical use of EMG for voice disorders.
Reflex Modification of the Human Auditory Startle Blink by Antecedent Interruption of a Visual Stimulus
Authors: Krauter E. Evan
Published: September 2011

The effect of a preceding brief interruption in the illumination of a small numeral eight on the auditory startle blink was investigated in human subjects. In Exp. 1 ( n = 9) trials were given in which a 20-msec. interruption of the visual stimulus preceded elicitation of the startle blink by a loud tone at intervals from 80 to 200 msec. Compared to trials on which the digit was continuously lit but the reflex was elicited, the blink was augmented at 80 msec. and depressed at longer intervals. Exp. 2 ( n = 24) showed that the depressive effect peaked at about 200 msec. and did not depend upon requiring subjects to make judgements concerning the stimuli. In Exp. 3 ( n = 17) dark intervals ranged from 1.25 msec. to 40 msec. and preceded the loud tone by 200 msec. Reflex effects paralleled subjects' reports: dark intervals of 10 msec. or greater reliably inhibited the reflex and subjects reported seeing the dark interval at least 50% of the time at intervals of 8 msec. or greater, suggesting that the reflex method may be useful as an alternative objective technique for measuring visual temporal resolution.
Dream Themes: Effect of a Series of Thematically Related Words on the Content of Dreams
Authors: Tilley Andrew , Luke David , Bohle Philip
Published: September 2011

Dreams can be influenced by external stimuli. In this study attempts were made to influence or direct the theme of a dream or sleep mentation using a series of thematically related words. 10 subjects were presented one of four series of 6 tape-recorded theme words, repeated 10 times, during REM or Stage 2 sleep followed by awakening to collect the dream or mentation report. Of the 40 awakenings, 30 produced a report, 10 of which were judged by two “blind” judges to be on the same or a very similar theme to the words. It was concluded that the theme of a dream can be influenced by the theme of the words.
Machiavellianism, the Control Question Test and the Detection of Deception
Authors: Bradley M. T. , Klohn K. I.
Published: September 2011

Individuals, differing in levels of Machiavellianism, were involved in a mock crime psychophysiological detection of deception study. It was hypothesized that those scoring high on Machiavellianism would perceive detection results as more accurately reflecting their actual guilt or innocence, especially under conditions of high arousal, than those with low scores. The hypothesis was based on assumptions that subjects must appropriately discriminate amongst crime-relevant and irrelevant questions, that this discrimination is moderately difficult with Control Question Tests, and that high-Mach scorers under arousing conditions will make this discrimination more readily than low-Mach scorers. Partial support for the hypothesis was found in that guilty high-Mach scorers were more accurately detected than guilty low-Mach scorers. This result did not hold for innocent Mach scorers, and there was no augmentation of the effect in conditions designed to increase emotional arousal.
Temporal Interval and the Estimation of the Reliability of Work Performance Data
Authors: Rambo William W. , Chomiak Anna M. , Rountree Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The stability of estimates of test-retest reliability was studied in a situation in which the interval separating observation periods was permitted to vary. Weekly production data were collected from 24 women sewing-machine operators, and 16 women in folding and packaging jobs. Correlations between performance periods were assembled into arrays each containing weeks separated by a fixed interval, K. The variability of the distribution of coefficients, Sr, was determined for each value of K, and the regression of S r on K was found to fit the general form Sr = K/( a + bK) for each group. Most of the increase in Sr occurred between the interval K = 1 to 25, and subsequent analyses yielded no significant relationship between the presence of aberrant reliability estimates and the time separating observation periods. Both magnitude of the reliability estimate and the accuracy with which the estimate is made vary as a function of the temporal dimension of the test-retest design.
Anxiety, Locus of Control and Appraisal of Air Pollution
Authors: Navarro P. Larrain , Simpson-Housley P. , De Man A. F.
Published: September 2011

100 residents of Santiago de Chile took part in a study of the relationship among locus of control, trait-anxiety, and perception of air pollution. Concern over the problem of atmospheric pollution and number of antipollution measures taken was related to trait-anxiety. Locus of control was associated with variation in awareness of pollution hazard.
Sensory Origins of Original Verbal Images
Authors: Khatena Joe , Parks Cherri
Published: September 2011

Sounds and Images was administered to 60 college women. The sensory origins of their image responses when identified were mainly and in rank of occurrence, auditory, visual, visual-kinesthetic, visual-auditory-kinesthetic, and visual-auditory. Images of multiple sense origins occurred more frequently than those of a single sense origin. The results are consistent with those of earlier studies.
Positive Correlations between Temporal Lobe Signs and Hypnosis Induction Profiles: A Replication
Authors: Ross Judith , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

48 university students were tested singly. Each student was first asked to complete an inventory that determined the frequency of temporal lobe signs. The subject was then taken into an acoustic chamber and evaluated on the hypnosis induction procedure (HIP) of Spiegel. Positive correlations obtained between the intensity of the sensations of floating and the total induction score and also the number of responses on clusters of items considered as temporal lobe signs. There were no significant correlations between scores on the hypnotic measures and responses for two control clusters of items or a lie scale. The results support the hypothesis that temporal lobe “experiences” and hypnotic susceptibility may share a common factor.
National Percentiles for California Achievement Test and Comparable Scores on Degrees of Reading Power Test
Authors: Kippel Gary M. , Weiner Max
Published: September 2011

As a follow-up to the 1984 work of Weiner and Kippel, national percentiles for California Achievement Test (CAT) and Degrees of Reading Power (DRP) test scores were examined for more than 2,000 students in each of Grades 3 through 9. For CAT grade equivalent and comparable DRP-Unit scores, corresponding national percentiles differed in most instances. Caution is suggested when comparing national percentiles from one standardized test to another, because differences may not necessarily reflect substantive differences in reading performance.
Introversion-Extraversion Measures in Elite and Nonelite Distance Runners
Authors: Frazier Scott E.
Published: September 2011

In this study were examined introversion-extraversion scores of 25 female and 73 male marathon runners with different performance levels. An attempt was made to verify whether long-distance runners are more introverted than other athletes and population norms. Training mileage and running experience were examined for their association with introversion-extra-version. Subjects' scores were similar to the population norms for introversion-extraversion and no significant differences were noted between the successful and unsuccessful performers. A significant interaction of sex with performance reflected higher scores for the elite women.
Categorizing Sensory Reception in Four Modes: Support for Representational Systems
Authors: Wilbur Michael P. , Roberts-Wilbur Janice
Published: September 2011

The study explored the basic tenet of Neurolinguistic Programming theory, the senses through which people receive information. Visual, auditory-tonal, auditory-digital, and kinesthetic sense modalities were objectively categorized as separate modes for receiving information. The responses of 176 study participants in a film-questionnaire setting also indicated more preference for the use of auditory-tonal, auditory-digital, and kinesthetic sensory modes than the visual modality.
Haptic Lateralization, Field Dependence, and Sex
Authors: Van Blerkom Malcolm L.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine the relationship between lateralization and field dependence-independence. Through prior screening, 48 right-handed college students (24 men and 24 women) were identified as either field dependent or field independent on the Embedded Figures Test. Using a unilateral haptic task, field-independent men were more lateralized than field-dependent men. No such differences were found for women. These results are discussed in relation to Witkin's theory of psychological differentiation. Possible differences between men and women are also discussed.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXXIX. Alterations in Imaginings and Suggestibility during Brief Magnetic Field Exposures
Authors: De Sano Christine F. , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

12 male and 12 female volunteers were evaluated for their suggestibility before and after an approximately 15-min. exposure to either sham, 1-Hz or 4-Hz magnetic fields that were applied across their mid-superior temporal lobes. During the field-application subjects were instructed to view a green light that was pulsating at the same frequency as the field and to imagine encountering an alien situation. Results were commensurate with the hypothesis that weak brain-frequency fields may influence certain aspects of imaginings and alter suggestibility.
Depth on a Flat Screen
Authors: Smets G. J. F. , Overbeeke C. J. , Stratmann M. H.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was tested that the coupling of parallax shifts between objects depicted on a monitor screen around a fixation point with the head movements of an observer viewing this screen monocularly around a point coinciding with the fixation point is sufficient to create a convincing depth impression and to enable the observer to make reliable estimations of depth. The estimates were based on monocular vision and involved the aligning of wedges. The investigation consisted of two analogous experiments carried out simultaneously, one on depth estimations virtually in the screen and one on depth estimations virtually in front of the screen. In each experiment three conditions were compared: an active condition in which the coupling of parallax shifts and observer's head movements operated, a passive condition in which it did not, and a real-life set-up to measure the maximum reliability in depth estimation. The hypothesis is confirmed: in the active condition the variances in the alignments are significantly smaller than in the passive condition and approach those in the real-life set-up. This holds not only for estimates in the screen but also for estimates in front of the screen, that is, we can make a thing apparently leap out of the screen towards the observer. Results are interpreted against the background of the debate between the direct and the indirect theories of perception.
Duration of Exposure of Rorschach Stimuli
Authors: Fernández-Ballesteros Rocí'o , Márquez M. Oliva
Published: September 2011

In this study we assessed the influence of duration of exposure of the Rorschach stimuli on the response determinants when the information processing is interrupted using a patterned mask or visual noise. Analysis shows that increasing duration of exposure does not yield a parallel increase in the production of more structured responses. These results are discussed in light of the familiarity of the forms and of the distribution of physical energy or luminance present in the stimulus.
Sit and Reach Flexibility Measures for Boys and Girls Aged Three through Eight Years
Authors: Koslow Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The differences in sit and reach flexibility scores among boys and girls aged 3 through 8 yr. were investigated. Analysis indicated that the sit and reach flexibility test was a reliable measure across trials and sessions for the 300 subjects. Analysis of variance indicated the 3- to 4-yr.-old subjects were significantly more flexible than subjects aged 5 to 8 yr. Also, girls were significantly more flexible than boys across the three age groups. These findings remained significant even when leg/torso and arm/torso ratios served as covariates.
Electroencephalographic Correlates of Temporal Lobe Signs and Imaginings
Authors: Makarec K. , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Significant correlations (0.50) were observed again between scores for the Wilson-Barber Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings and the numbers of experiences that are indicative of temporal lobe lability. In addition, positive correlations (0.42) occurred between temporal lobe EEG measures (scalp electrodes) and numbers of temporal lobe signs. The numbers of alpha seconds per minute from the occipital lobes were correlated (0.57) with the Wilson-Barber cluster that indicated interests in “altered states”. Scores on the childhood imaginings section of the Wilson-Barber Inventory were correlated (0.44) with the numbers of spikes per minute over the temporal lobes when the eyes were closed.
Effects of Cognitive Information on College Students' Self-Concept
Authors: Weinmann Carol A. , Sifft Josie M.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine the effects of cognitive information regarding fitness and nutrition on the self-concept of college students. 126 college students were administered the Tennessee Self-concept Scale; 52 were enrolled in a fitness and nutrition lecture class and the other 74 had never had such a class. The 15 highest and 15 lowest scorers in each group of subjects on the combined personal and physical subscale scores of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale were utilized for the analyses. A 2 × 2 (self-concept × group) analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the gain scores of the high and low self-concept individuals for both the physical and personal self-concept analyses, respectively, with the low self-concept subjects showing the largest improvement. No significant group or interaction effects were found for the physical and personal self-concept analyses of variance. Two independent t tests were used to examine differences between high and low self-concept individuals enrolled in the fitness and nutrition class, and the results supported the earlier findings using the analyses. These findings suggest that instruction regarding fitness and nutrition can influence the self-concepts of college students, particularly those with low self-esteem.
Screening Tests for Use in Hiring Microassemblers
Authors: Riggio Ronald E. , Sotoodeh Yass
Published: September 2011

A series of studies examined the effectiveness of using a group of standardized tests to predict job performance for microassemblers. Subjects included groups of microassemblers ( n = 25) and comparison groups of non-assembly workers ( n = 15) and students ( n = 24). Analysis indicated that scores on a battery of manual dexterity tests and a measure of arithmetic skills were related to ability to perform delicate and somewhat demanding micro-assembly jobs.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XLV. Review of Criticisms of Tectonic Strain Hypothesis
Authors: Little Gregory L.
Published: September 2011

Few criticisms of tectonic strain hypothesis have appeared in either the professional or popular literature. Those that have appeared have tended to attack this correlational research on the basis that the data are unreliable and not comprehensive. This article reviews and comments on the criticisms and concludes that the current arguments against the theory are not valid. It is suggested that if the research can reach full experimental status, the explanation will become extremely useful and important.
Midline and Off-Midline Tongue and Right- and Left-Hand Vibrotactile Thresholds of Stutterers and Normal-Speaking Individuals
Authors: Petrosino Linda , Gorman Peter , Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel
Published: September 2011

Vibrotactile thresholds for 7 male stutterers and 7 normal-speaking men (age range for both groups = 19 to 32 yr.) were obtained from the right, midline, and left sides of the lingual dorsum, and the thenar eminences of both hands. The stutterers showed slightly higher (less sensitive) mean thresholds than the normal speakers for all three lingual test sites. This was not the case for the thresholds obtained from both hands. The preliminary data suggest that oral peripheral sensory integrity might be somewhat different for stutterers than for normal-speaking individuals.
Effects of Spatial Arrangement on 4- and 6-Yr.-Old Children's Memory
Authors: Axia Giovanna , Caravaggi Davide
Published: September 2011

This research is an investigation of the effects of different spatial arrangements of the same items on 4- and 6-yr.-old children's memory. The items were arranged in one of three ways, put in a random order, grouped into categories, or displayed in a configuration reproducing a real-world scene. Each subject was asked both to recall the items verbally and to remember their spatial locations. The results show that only 6-yr.-olds' memory for locations is enhanced by meaningful arrangements of objects in space. It is suggested that there is a developmental gap between memory for “raw” spatial relationships (“locational” cognitive mapping) and memory for spatial relationships which also takes into account the meaning of these relations (“relational” cognitive mapping). Furthermore, for 6-yr.-olds clustering of recall is categorically organized in all conditions. For 4-yr.-olds such clustering appears to reproduce the spatial arrangement of items in a scene, while recall is categorically organized in both categorical and random conditions.
Overt vs Covert Problem Solving, Transfer Effects, and Programming Sequence: I: Inverted Triangles
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

129 college students were individually requested to successively turn 2 of 3 upright triangles upside-down. Triangle A consists of 3 rows of coins: 1 on top, 2 in the middle, and 3 at the bottom. Only 2 coins may be relocated. Triangle B has 4 rows with 4 coins at the bottom. Only 3 coins may be moved. Triangle C is arranged in 5 rows with 5 coins at the bottom. Only 5 coins are allowed to change places. Analysis shows (a) Problem A is the easiest, B in between, and C the hardest. (b) Overt manipulation is more efficient than a covert method. (c) Transfer in all cases is positive, the amount increasing with difficulty of the preceding problem. (d) From easy to difficult problems is more economical than the opposite sequence as measured by the total time required to solve both problems. The advantage is a little greater under the overt than the covert condition.
Self-Monitoring and Perceptions of Furniture Styles
Authors: Thompson Jo Ann Asher , Davis Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

The psychological construct of self-monitoring was used to determine differences among 17 male and 138 female subjects' perceptions of Traditional, Contemporary, and Country styles of furniture. It was predicted and found that high self-monitors were more aware of image and fashion differences among the furniture styles than low self-monitors.
Stimulus-Independence of Dichotic Testing for Perceptual Asymmetry: Sentences versus Unrelated Words
Authors: Williams Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

32 subjects heard two dichotic tapes, one of sentences and one of unrelated words. Difference scores between the ears on the two tapes inter-correlated .52 significantly, suggesting contrary to a previous report, some stimulus-independence of the right-ear advantage.
Problem-Solving Strategies on the Block-Design Task
Authors: Spelberg Henk C. L.
Published: September 2011

Various authors differentiate between an analytic and a synthetic strategy in solving block-design items. In the present study it was investigated whether the choice of one of the two strategies depends on chronological age, intelligence, or block-design total score. The results, based on the scores of 770 subjects equally divided over the 11 WISC—R age categories, indicated that all subjects predominantly use the analytic strategy. The choice of one of the two strategies may well depend on stimulus characteristics rather than on individual processing preferences.
Bilateral Transfer in Mentally Retarded Children of Ages 7 to 17 Years
Authors: Byrd Ronald , Gibson Melvin
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of age on bilateral transfer of mildly mentally retarded girls (IQs of 70 to 90) after practice on a 45-rpm rotary pursuit task. Subjects were 96 girls from 7 to 17 yr. old. Each performed 14 trials on a rotary pursuit task (30-sec. trials, 10 sec. between trials), half performing the first seven trials with the nonpreferred hand, using the preferred hand on the next seven trials. The order was reversed for the remaining subjects. Nonsignificant differences between Trial 1 scores of the two groups indicated that the task was novel. Trial 1 scores of both groups were positively associated with age ( r = 0.5). There was no transfer to preferred hand, with negative transfer occurring to the nonpreferred hand. It was concluded that, for the task used in this study, mentally retarded girls do not experience positive bilateral transfer as do normal, age-matched girls.
Effect of a Personal Growth Group on Self-Actualization of Female Gymnasts
Authors: Mc Clure Bud A. , Holladay Kathy L. , Foster Constance D.
Published: September 2011

No statistically significant increase in scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory were noted, but scores increased some on nine of 12 subscales for eight gymnasts who participated in weekly meetings of a personal growth group during their season, but not for seven control gymnasts.
Retrospective Time Judgments and Clock Duration
Authors: Predebon John
Published: September 2011

Retrospective time judgments of intervals of 16- and 32-sec. duration were obtained by the method of reproduction. The two intervals were filled either with identical or different stimulus events. Time judgments were influenced by the interval events and by the clock duration of the interval. The results are discussed in relation to various hypotheses of retrospective and prospective timing.
Phenomenal Thickness of a Transparent Surface
Authors: Masin Sergio Cesare , Bazzeo Aurora
Published: September 2011

Two basic phenomenal properties of an achromatic transparent surface have so far been reported in the literature, namely, density and lightness. This paper provides experimental support for a new phenomenal variable, the visual thickness of a transparent surface. The more transparent is a surface, the less thick it appears.
Comparison of Inhibition and Consolidation Theories of Spaced Practice Effects
Authors: Ball Linda J. , Payne R. B.
Published: September 2011

Inhibition and consolidation theories of spaced practice effects in psychomotor performance were compared in terms of the accuracy with which they were able to forecast the decremental consequences of massed practice following variable amounts of well-spaced practice on a rotary pursuit task. As predicted by inhibition theory, the rate of performance decrement during the massed trials was independent of the amount of previously spaced practice. This was contrary to an implication of consolidation theory, which predicted an inverse relationship between decremental rate and amount of previous practice. These and kindred data, reviewed herein, continue to sustain inhibition theory as the explanation of choice.