bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of certain anesthetics on distribution of red cells in the dog
Authors: Dupont J. R. , Huggins R. A. , Deavers S. , Smith E. L.
Published: December 2017

The animals were anesthetized with either sodium pentobarbital or morphine alone or in combination and the effects of these drugs were determined on the cell and plasma volumes and hematocrits on unsplenectomized and splenectomized groups. ‘Circulatory’ hematocrit is used to designate the distribution of cells and plasma throughout the circulatory system rather than ‘body’ hematocrit or over-all cell percentage; and BVRcells is used in place of the term Fcells. In unsplenectomized dogs with pentobarbital alone the venous hematocrit is significantly lower than the morphinized or morphine-pentobarbitalized dogs, and the BVRcells (circ. hemat/venous hemat.) is 1.02. The latter figure is significantly different from 0.89 with morphine alone or 0.90 with the combined drugs. Removal of the spleen affected neither the variability of individual dogs nor significantly changed the BVRcells. The action of morphine when given alone, markedly increased the plasma volume and when combined with pentobarbital resulted in a redistribution of red cells; thus the BVRcells was decreased for these groups compared to pentobarbital alone. These data imply that cell and plasma volume should be measured simultaneously and independently for determining the blood volume with the utmost accuracy.
Cardiac fibrillation in batrachia
Authors: Mazzella H.
Published: December 2017

A study was made of fibrillation and its production in the heart of the toad ( Bufo arenarum). Application of a strong electric shock during the interval of the T wave, or just before, produced fibrillatory response in the ventricle. Repetitive stimuli were necessary for production of fibrillation in the auricle. Fibrillation was of a coarse type but at 37°C it occurred more readily and resembled more nearly that of the mammalian heart. At 5°C the opposite effect occurred. Perfusion of the heart with high K+ solution reduced vulnerability while in low K+ fibrillation occurred more readily. Absence of Ca++ shortened durations of induced fibrillations. Changes in mechanical responses were compared with changes in electrograms.
Cardiac output, central blood volume and peripheral resistance in chickens
Authors: Sturkie Paul D. , Vogel James A.
Published: December 2017

Cardiac output was determined on unanesthetized adult male and female white Leghorn chickens by the Stewart-Hamilton dilution technique, using T-1824. Blood pressures were determined and central blood volume and peripheral resistance were calculated. Cardiac outputs for males and females were 143 and 173 ml/kg/min., respectively, and the difference was highly significant. Peripheral resistances (TPRU) were 1.23 and .88/kg for males and females. Central blood volumes averaged 34.6 and 26.7 ml for males and females or 14.4 and 14.9 ml/kg, respectively.
Effects of adrenocorticotropin on temperature- and pressure-dependent metabolic functions
Authors: Hale Henry B. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: December 2017

Effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in low dosage on metabolic aspects were determined in adult male rats acclimated to cold, neutral or hot environments or to low barometric pressure. Urinary determinations provided the means for indirectly assessing metabolic states. The metabolic aspects studied were Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, taurine, ß-alanine, glycine, α-alanine, valine, methionine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, glucose, glucuronic acid, phenolic acids and coproporphyrin. Additionally, fecal determinations were made for coproporphyrin, protoporphyrin and deuteroporphyrin. The interplay between endocrine and environmental factors and their importance to metabolic states during short-term and long-term exposures to environmental extremes thus received some clarification. With the low dosage employed, ACTH had a ‘restraining’ influence on nonspecific metabolic responses.
Endogenous excretion and capacity to absorb dietary cholesterol in the chicken
Authors: Janecek H. M. , Suzuki R. , Ivy A. C.
Published: December 2017

The endogenous fecal elimination of cholesterol in 12 1900-gm (av.) White Leghorn cockerels 14–16 weeks of age kept on a cholesterol-free diet containing 3% cottonseed oil was found to be 20 mg/day, when corrected for the intake of phytosterol. The intestinal capacity to absorb dietary cholesterol under these conditions was found to be 210 mg/day in 12 2100-gm (av.) cockerels 16–21 weeks of age when fed 916, 920 or 1145 mg/day each day for 7 days. The capacity to absorb was the same when the average weight was 1900 gm and 2400 gm, indicating that the intestine had become mature when the cockerels weighed an average of 1900 gm. The serum cholesterol concentration was significantly increased after the ingestion of 85 mg of cholesterol a day for 7 days; this amount was four times greater than the endogenous fecal excretion.
Physiological fractionation of the effect of serotonin on evoked potentials
Authors: Koella Werner P. , Smythies John R. , Bull David M. , Levy Charles K.
Published: December 2017

The effect of serotonin on the evoked potentials depends upon whether the drug is injected into a carotid artery with a normally innervated or a denervated carotid sinus, and also, whether the injection is given into the ipsi or the contralateral artery (with respect to recording). On the basis of these differences the working hypothesis is developed that serotonin exerts its effect upon the cortical potentials via at least three receptor systems: a) by stimulating receptors in the carotid sinus area and thus initiating modulatory impulses in the diffuse unspecific ascending systems b) by stimulating receptors in the brain stem and initiating ascending unspecific modulatory discharge and c) by a direct chemical effect upon the specific sensory pathways. Depending upon the experimental situation, one, two or all three of these factors combine to yield a particular effect on evoked potentials. Quantitative testing of our results indicates the validity of our hypothesis. Furthermore, the results are also indicative of homeostatic adjusting mechanisms. The significance of these findings and practical applicability of this ‘fractionation’ method are discussed.
Effect of stearic acid and cholesterol on biosynthesis of sterol by the chicken liver
Authors: Lin T. M. , Karvinen Esko , Ivy A. C.
Published: December 2017

The liver of the chicken synthesizes cholesterol from C14-1-acetate. Stearic acid fed to chickens at a 10% level by weight in the diet was associated with a significant increase in the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis above that of the control group. Neither our observations nor those in the literature on other species reveal whether the observed augmentation was due to the saturation of the stearic acid. The feeding of cholesterol at a level of 2.5% by weight of the diet decidedly inhibited the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol whether 10% stearic acid was present in (76% inhibition) or absent from the diet (78% inhibition). A relatively large (23%) hepatic synthesis of cholesterol occurred when the diet contained more cholesterol than could be absorbed under the conditions of this experiment.
Comparison of effects of thyroidectomy with propylthiouracil treatment on renal hypertension in rats
Authors: Fregly M. J. , Baker M. I. , Gennaro J. F.
Published: December 2017

Surgical thyroparathyroidectomy (thyroidectomy) prevented the rise in systolic blood pressure to hypertensive levels in rats whose kidneys were bilaterally encapsulated with latex envelopes. This treatment also reduced the systolic blood pressure of ‘normal,’ nonencapsulated rats. The antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil (PTU), acted in the same fashion as surgical thyroidectomy on blood pressure of both kidney encapsulated and nonencapsulated rats. However, PTU appeared to be a more effective treatment than thyroidectomy since blood pressures of both PTU-treated, kidney encapsulated and PTU-treated, nonencapsulated rats were reduced to a greater extent than were the blood pressures of their surgically thyroidectomized counterparts. It was not possible to lower further the blood pressure of surgically thyroidectomized, kidney-encapsulated rats by treatment with PTU, even though the treatment was continued for 20 weeks. Other results of the two treatments were also similar and differed only in degree, viz. decreased growth rate, decreased food intake and anemia. Surgical thyroidectomy decreased water intake of nonencapsulated rats while PTU treatment increased it above that of controls. In the encapsulated groups, however, both treatments decreased water intake below that of control encapsulated rats. Thyroidectomy performed after the kidneys had been encapsulated for 9–19 weeks had only slight effect on blood pressure.
Contributions of bicarbonate ion and of dissolved CO2 to expired CO2 in dogs
Authors: Chinard Francis P. , Enns Theodore , Nolan Mary F.
Published: December 2017

The indicator-dilution technique has been applied to the heart-lung system of anesthetized dogs with injection of test solutions into the right ventricle or pulmonary artery, collection of some thirty anaerobic blood samples over a period of 1 minute from a carotid artery, and collection of expired gases. The test solution contained a reference substance (Na22 or T-1824), labeled water, and C-13- or C-14-labeled HCO3– or dissolved CO2. Under control conditions, losses of the carbon isotopes from the blood stream and recoveries in the expired air indicated equilibration of CO2 amongst its several forms in the time of transit from the site of injection to the alveoli. After administration of acetazoleamide in dosages of 100 down to 20 mg/kg, fractional losses of labeled dissolved carbon dioxide increased by a factor of 4. Confirmatory results were obtained in experiments on the incorporation of O18 from H2O18 into expired CO2. It is concluded that, after inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, peripheral arterial blood differs in composition from end-alveolar capillary blood.
Effect of ouabain on potassium exchange in heart muscle mitochondria
Authors: Schreiber Sidney S. , Oratz Murray , Rothschild Marcus A.
Published: December 2017

Potassium in the working frog ventricle exists in two physiological compartments and the more slowly exchanging compartment is influenced by the amount of work performed, ventricular failure and ouabain. In the present study, the exchange of potassium in mitochondria is investigated both in the control state and after exposure to ouabain, in order to determine whether mitochondria potassium represents the slowly exchanging compartment. Mitochondria potassium represents only 15% of the total ventricular potassium, while the slowly exchanging phase contains about 50%. Ouabain perfusion is associated with inhibition of entrance of potassium into the slowly exchanging ventricular phase, but no isolated specific effect on the mitochondria potassium is found. Alterations in mitochondria potassium directly reflect changes within the total ventricle. A fraction of mitochondria potassium is found to be inexchangeable under the conditions of the experiment. The results indicate that mitochondria potassium does not represent the major part of the slowly exchanging compartment.
Absence of phosphate interchanges in repetitive muscular contraction
Authors: Sacks Jacob , Cleland Mary G.
Published: December 2017

In a series of twitches of the gastrocnemius muscle of the cat at the rate of 3/sec. for 1 hour, beginning 5 minutes after the intravenous injection of tracer phosphate, the specific activities of the middle and terminal P groups of ATP, the terminal P group of ADP, and the P group of phosphocreatine were significantly different from each other to approximately the same extent as the specific activities of these P groups in the companion resting muscle. These findings indicate that the function of ATP in the contraction process does not involve any breakdown and resynthesis, and that the creatine kinase and adenylate kinase reactions which serve as means for the synthesis of ATP in isolated enzyme systems, do not play any significant part in muscular contraction.
Cardiopulmonary mechanics in anesthetized pigs and dogs
Authors: Attinger Ernst O. , Cahill John M.
Published: December 2017

Ventilatory mechanics and pulmonary hemodynamics were investigated in 39 mongrel dogs and 19 pigs under Nembutal anesthesia. It was found that the pig lung is much less compliant than the dog lung but resembles the human lung if the elastic properties are compared with respect to lung weight or functional residual capacity. The pulmonary artery pressure in the pig was found to be around 42 cm H2O. The flow resistance of the pulmonary vasculature of the pig is approximately 12 times as great as that of the human lung and 2–3 times greater than in the canine lung. The compliance of the pulmonary artery is correspondingly decreased. The pig appears to be a more suitable animal for the study of pulmonary vasomotion than dog or man.
Effects of acute atelectasis on lobar blood flow
Authors: Aviado Domingo M.
Published: December 2017

In anesthetized dogs with open chest, atelectasis of the left lower lobe is followed immediately by a reduction in vascular resistance and subsequently by a progressive increase. The latter is related to the exposure of the pulmonary capillaries and veins to an increased content of carbon dioxide in the blood. This local action reduces blood flow by about 15% and cannot account for the greater reduction in flow during chronic atelectasis. It is suggested that chronic atelectasis is accompanied by organic changes that cannot be explored by acute experiments.
Oxygen sensitivity in the insect Prodenia eridania
Authors: Clark Arnold M. , Cristofalo V. J.
Published: December 2017

Both the larval and pupal stages of prodenia eridania are injured by oxygen at increased pressures. The injury is manifested by a reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption, muscular paralysis and failure to develop to the adult stage. In the pupae these effects appear together as a syndrome. Pupae are much more sensitive than larvae. At least 75 psi of oxygen is necessary for injury to larvae while only 45 psi is required to produce injury in the pupae. Injured pupae respire at a rate 2%–5% of the controls while the injured larvae consume oxygen at 60% of the control rate. In attempts to modify this sensitivity by pretreatment with agents which reduce the metabolic rate, it was found that pupae kept at –10°C for 30 minutes before treatment or kept in carbon monoxide or nitrogen for 30 minutes prior to treatment showed none of the injurious effects of oxygen.
Absorption of 3-methylglucose from the intestine of the frog, Rana pipiens
Authors: Csáky T. Z. , Fernald G. W.
Published: December 2017

The rate of absorption of 3-methylglucose from the intestine of the frog ( Rana pipiens) is lower than that of d-glucose but higher than that of d-xylose. The rate of absorption of 3-methylglucose depends on the temperature. The percentage of absorbed 3-methylglucose and that of glucose decreases with the increase in the initial intestinal sugar concentration. In case of d-arabinose and d-xylose such a relationship cannot be established. 3-Methylglucose is transported in vitro from the mucosal compartment into the serosal compartment against a gradient at 30°C but not at 0°C. l-Glucose is not transported against a gradient at 30°C.
Role of temperature in determining effects of thyroxine and propylthiouracil on the motor unit
Authors: Schwartz Neena B. , Ingold Ann H. , Hammond Gerald E. , Gronert Gerald A.
Published: December 2017

Neuromuscular function and body temperature were measured in five groups of rats: 1) hyperthyroid, 2) thyroidectomized hypothyroid, 3) saline control (euthyroid), 4) propylthiouracil hypothyroid and 5) propylthiouracil control (thyroxine plus propylthiouracil). Significant differences occurred among the five groups in twitch and 30/sec. tensions and percentage tension remaining after 5 seconds of stimulation (but not in tetanic tension); the groups ranking in the order one to five (hyperthyroid lowest). Body temperature differences occurred in the inverse order. Twitch and 30/sec. tension, and tension remaining at 5 seconds showed significant inverse temperature coefficients. When the contribution of temperature differences among groups is removed, only the tension elicited during 30/sec. stimulation is a function of treatment. Propylthiouracil exerts nonthyroidally mediated neuromuscular effects, blocked by curare. It is hypothesized that hyperthyroidism reduces muscle tension by reducing the duration of active state of muscle by a) a direct effect on the mechanism controlling the duration and/or b) an indirect effect on the mechanism by an increase in muscle temperature.
Characterization of two ‘mitochondrial’ particulates from rat brain
Authors: Dahl Dennis R. , Jacobs Roberta J. , Samson Frederick E.
Published: December 2017

Two particulate fractions were isolated from a preparation of rat brain mitochondria and some of the physical and chemical properties were studied. The distinguishing physical difference was the color; the heavier, more densely packed particles (P) were dark, while the lighter, loosely packed particles (W) were almost white. The amount of (P) and (W) are approximately equal. P has a higher concentration of protein than W but the nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) concentration is about the same. The per cent water of W is slightly greater than P. The P fraction was capable of oxidative-phosphorylation with several tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates but W had no oxidative capacity. P appears to undergo the typical ‘swelling’ of mitochondria whereas W does not. P and W both increase in amount with the neonatal maturation of the brain.
Liver function following thermal injury
Authors: Gilmore J. P. , Fozzard H. A.
Published: December 2017

Studies of acute changes in hepatic function utilizing the hepatic clearances of rose bengal (I131) and uric acid, and the determination of relative splanchnic oxygen consumption were performed in dogs following a 22 cal/cm2 30% body surface area burn in an attempt to determine the etiology of the hepatic pathologic changes which have been shown to occur following thermal injury. Although rose bengal clearance decreased following injury, arterial-hepatic venous oxygen difference rose sufficiently to increase relative splanchnic oxygen consumption. Plasma uric acid concentration increased following the burn but the arterial-hepatic venous uric acid difference indicated that the changes were not necessarily a result of hepatic dysfunction but could be explained on the basis of accelerated purine catabolism. The postburn administration of morphine effected a significant decrease in the relative splanchnic oxygen consumption. The infusion of dextran did not increase rose bengal clearance proportionate to the resulting increase in plasma volume. The data indicate that hepatic hypoxia does not contribute to the production of early hepatic injury following severe thermal trauma.
Hemodynamic consequences of renin tachyphylaxis and norepinephrine failure of response
Authors: Langford H. G.
Published: December 2017

Renin infusion produced initial increase in blood pressure and peripheral resistance. As infusion continued, blood pressure returned to base-line levels, but peripheral resistance remained slightly elevated. Noradrenaline infusion in the dog did not produce sustained hypertension, but the peripheral resistance remained elevated. Repeated renin injections finally produced no change of blood pressure or peripheral resistance. At this time the animal was nonresponsive to angiotensin. Return of blood pressure to base-line levels despite continued infusion of renin was felt to represent both a ‘cardiovascular failure of response’ and a more specific blockade of angiotensin response.
Renal hemodynamics and antidiuretic hormone release associated with volume regulation
Authors: Baratz Robert A. , Ingraham Raymond C.
Published: December 2017

Following the general reduction of extracellular fluid volume by hemorrhage, or the selective reduction of this volume in the thorax by positive pressure breathing, the volume regulating mechanism of the dog is implicated as part of the over-all compensatory mechanism to such stress situations, and appears to be dominant over any regulation via the osmoreceptors. Both these experimental procedures produce characteristic compensatory cardiovascular reactions, depressed renal function and highly significant increases in the circulating level of antidiuretic hormone. Following the isotonic expansion of the extracellular fluid volume with dextran, or selective expansion of the vascular capacity of the thorax by negative pressure breathing, the volume regulating mechanism appears to be subdominant to the control of body fluid volume via the osmoreceptors. In the case of an increase in extracellular fluid volume, reflex responses directed at volume regulation have no statistically significant action on renal hemodynamics, and any action on the release or inhibition of antidiuretic hormone could not be detected with certainty because of the limiting sensitivity of the bio-assay.
Starvation ulcer in the mouse
Authors: Ogawa T. , Chiles T. , Necheles H.
Published: December 2017

In the Shay rat, nearly all ulcers occur on the prostomach, and recently it was reported that in the starving rat ulcers also form in the prostomach. We had the opposite experience with the starving mouse, in which nearly all ulcers occurred in the glandular stomach. This is quite different from previously reported work on the pylorus-ligated mouse, in which practically all ulcers were found in the prostomach. In the starving mouse, a sex difference was found, with a smaller percentage of ulcers in the female than in the male. Pregnancy does not appear to protect the mouse against the formation of starvation ulcer.
Relationship between choline-deficient fatty liver and chronic alloxan diabetes in rats
Authors: Cohen A. M.
Published: December 2017

Choline deficiency in chronic alloxan-diabetic rats resulted in deterioration of the diabetic state. In alloxan-diabetic rats fed a choline-deficient diet the fatty infiltration of the liver was less than in nondiabetic rats on the same diet. Insulin administered to alloxan-diabetic and nondiabetic, choline-deficient rats further decreased the hepatic fat content and improved the diabetic state in the former. Administration of insulin during life caused a marked increase of fatty-acid synthesis in liver slices from both choline-fed and choline-deficient, alloxan-diabetic rats. Substituting fructose for starch in the choline-deficient diet failed to increase the hepatic fat of the diabetic or the nondiabetic animals. The decrease in hepatic fat following insulin administration to choline-deficient, alloxan-diabetic rats is apparently due to an extrahepatic effect of insulin, for it occurs in spite of the increased synthesis of fat in the liver induced by insulin.
Some hormonal effects on the metabolism of acetate-i-C14 by rat adipose tissue
Authors: Orth Rodney D. , Odell William D. , Williams Robert H.
Published: December 2017

The effects of various hormones on the metabolism of acetate-i-C14 by rat adipose tissue in vitro were investigated. Using an albumin-containing medium, it was found that ACTH, growth hormone, epinephrine and glucagon each caused increased oxygen consumption, a decreased incorporation of acetate into tissue lipid, and an increase in the amount of newly synthesized lipid attached to albumin. The basic mechanism involved in the production of such qualitatively similar effects by each of the hormones studied are unknown.
ATP-stimulated adenylic acid deaminase activity at site of aqueous humor production
Authors: Waitzman Morton B.
Published: December 2017

A specific 5-adenylic acid (5-AMP) deaminase was studied in preparations of hog ciliary process tissue. It was determined that while the activity of this deaminase is enhanced by adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), this activity is not completely blocked in the absence of ATP. Deamination proceeds only at the expense of 5-AMP, but a myokinase-like-active system may be prepared, such that 5-AMP is added to the substrate pool. In this latter case total levels of deamination are generally reflective of added 5-AMP and myokinase-like reaction accumulated 5-AMP. The general acceptance of ciliary process tissue as the site of aqueous humor production leads one to a reasonable conclusion that the very active 5-AMP deaminase studied plays some as yet unexplained role in the dynamics of aqueous secretion. Possibilities concerning the specific role(s) played are discussed. Functional analogy between aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid production is again suggested by the fact that an adenine nucleotide deaminase is found also in choroid plexus tissue.
Cerebrospinal fluid pressures during hypercapnia and hypoxia in dogs
Authors: Small Harold S. , Weitzner Stanley W. , Nahas Gabriel G.
Published: December 2017

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) in the cisterna magna, intra-aortic and intrathoracic venous pressures were measured during apneic oxygenation (diffusion respiration) in dogs under light pentobarbital-succinylcholine anesthesia. CSFP doubled in 2 minutes and reached a peak 375% above control in 10 minutes. During this time there were no consistent changes in arterial or venous pressures. Dogs ventilated with 5, 10 and 15% CO2 showed a similar pattern. Cerebral vasodilatation caused by CO2 is the probable mechanism in both groups. A sustained elevation of CSFP was observed throughout CO2 administration for as long as 90 minutes. In all cases there was a prompt return to control levels on termination of the hypercapnia. Controlled ventilation with 8% O2 caused an average 84% rise in CSFP, with a plateau occurring after 4–5 minutes. This was accompanied by marked increases in arterial and venous pressures. Cerebral vasodilatation probably occurs here also. During 90 seconds of asphyxia the sharpest increase (175%) in CSFP occurred. This was accompanied by marked increases in arterial and venous pressures, and represents the effect of hypoxia and hypercapnia combined.
Physical factors affecting normal and serotonin-constricted pulmonary vessels
Authors: Rudolph Abraham M. , Auld Peter A. M.
Published: December 2017

The effects of changes of pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial pressure on calculated pulmonary vascular resistance were evaluated in open-chest, intact dogs, in which the pulmonary and systemic circulations were separately perfused. Similar observations were made after constricting the pulmonary vessels by continuous infusion of serotonin. An increase in pulmonary blood flow produced a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. At high flows, the calculated resistance in the serotonin-constricted vessels could be reduced to levels considered normal at lower flows in normal vessels. An increase of pulmonary venous pressure resulted in a decrease of calculated resistance up to pulmonary venous pressure levels of 15–20 mm Hg in ‘normal’ vessels, but in serotonin-constricted vessels, resistance continued to be decreased by increase of pulmonary venous pressure up to 25–30 mm Hg. These findings confirm that the usual formula for calculating pulmonary vascular resistance assesses only resistance to flow, but does not provide information regarding vascular tone.
Alterations in tissue blood volume induced by tourniquet application
Authors: Friedman J. J.
Published: December 2017

The application of occluding tourniquets to both hind legs of unanesthetized mice produced widespread changes in the distribution of plasma and red cells throughout the peripheral circulation. Following tourniquet application the plasma volume within all tissues declined except for lung which remained unaltered and muscle which exhibited an increase. The red cell volume changed variably, declining in liver and spleen, rising in kidney and muscle and remaining unchanged in the other tissues analyzed. These changes were suggestive of a somewhat generalized increase in peripherovascular constrictor activity which included venous resistance vessels in addition to arterioles.
Intrarenal venous and tissue pressure and autoregulation of blood flow in the perfused kidney
Authors: Hinshaw Lerner B. , Flaig Robert D. , Logemann Ronald L. , Carlson Curtis H.
Published: December 2017

In experiments on the isolated perfused dog kidney, intrarenal venous pressure, tissue pressure and renal blood flow were measured while renal artery pressure was progressively increased over the autoregulatory range. Results indicate that tissue pressure is closely correlated with simultaneously measured intrarenal venous pressure. As the arterial pressure is increased, the coincident rise in interstitial pressure tends to obliterate intrarenal veins, which however are maintained patent by the upstream arterial pressure head. Intrarenal venous pressures corroborate tissue pressure measurements on the basis that the venous transmural pressure is found to be small regardless of the magnitude of the venous intraluminal pressure. Increases in ‘over-all’ vascular resistance (RA/F) occur in all kidneys, while increases in ‘intrarenal’ resistance (RA-RVint./F; RA-TP/F) are small or absent. Calculated intrarenal resistance is of primary importance in renal hemodynamics since it is derived from the measured pressure drop from renal artery to large intrarenal veins including essentially all of the kidney substance.
Partial activation of prothrombin and generation of prothrombin-R with cathepsin B
Authors: Barnhart Marion I.
Published: December 2017

Maximal yields of prothrombin-R were readily produced from a number of prothrombin derivatives when these were mixed with purified cathepsin B at pH 7.9. Thrombin was not a product when substrates prepared with either mitochondria or cathepsin B were used in the regeneration system. Conditions were found where the formation of prothrombin-R exhibited characteristics of either zero or first order kinetics with respect to the enzyme, cathepsin B. Iodoacetate partially or completely inhibited the formation of prothrombin-R. Various mechanisms which may account for the production of prothrombin-R are discussed.
Role of the spleen in determining total body hematocrit
Authors: Baker Carleton H. , Remington John W.
Published: December 2017

Plasma volumes were measured by T-1824 and cell volumes by Cr51-tagged cells in intact and acutely splenectomized dogs. The blood activity level reached a nearly constant value by about 20 minutes in intact, and 10 minutes in splenectomized dogs. Splenic contraction produced a rise in arterial hematocrit and in activity, but no significant change in the calculated total red cell volume. This indicates that the tagged cells reached an equilibrium concentration in the spleen fairly rapidly. The ratio of total body hematocrit to arterial hematocrit was quite variable between animals. The average for intact dogs was 1.021. After splenic contraction, their ratio was lowered to 0.838. The lowered value persisted for at least 40 days after splenectomy, despite a frequently severe decrease in red cell volume. Due to the variation between animals, the actual value of the ratio has no clear significance. Successive estimations of cell volume in dogs under control conditions showed a standard deviation of 6.4%.
Hematocrit depressor and reticulocyte suppressor in extracts of spleens from normal and postburn rats
Authors: McCarthy M. D. , Darby M. , Oertel I. , Wiens C. , Atherton S.
Published: December 2017

Single subcutaneous injections of supernatant, the equivalent of that from one spleen obtained from either normal or 3-week postburn rat donors and homogenized in phosphate buffer, were given to normal recipient rats in three weight groups, 45–60 gm, 73–84 gm and 245–295 gm. Phosphate buffer controls were injected concomitantly. Effects on the recipients' hematocrits and circulating reticulocyte percentages were observed. Both ‘burned’ and ‘normal’ spleen supernatant depressed hematocrits and reticulocytes. The greatest effect was noted in the 73–84-gm weight class. In a second series of experiments, repeated injections were given for 5 days to normal animals weighing between 190 and 210 gm. The effects of supernatant from both ‘burned’ and ‘normal’ spleens on hematocrits and reticulocyte numbers were compared with those from similarly prepared supernatants of liver and kidney and sera injections. The tissue extracts were given on the basis of 1 gm of the initial wet weight of tissue or serum per 100 gm of body weight of recipient. Only the splenic injections resulted in a progressively sustained hematocrit and reticulocyte depression, with the greatest effect produced by the ‘burned’ spleen extract.
Altered physiological status and [Na] and [K] in intracellular particulates of rat kidney
Authors: Kelly Robert Hine
Published: December 2017

The effects of adrenalectomy, ethanol and aldosterone have been studied on the [Na] and [K] in intracellular particulates prepared from the kidneys of rats on varied sodium intake. The microsome has the highest intracellular concentration of sodium and is the site of marked, independent changes in response to ethanol, aldosterone and high sodium intake. These changes are limited primarily to sodium and potassium ions not readily eluted from this fraction in aqueous solution. Adrenalectomy decreases the [Na] and [K] in all cellular fractions. This change is inhibited by saline supplementation after adrenalectomy. Aldosterone selectively increases the [Na] of the microsome fraction, an effect contrary to that of ethanol. Increased sodium intake in the intact animal blocks the response to ethanol and, in the adrenalectomized animal, the response to aldosterone. Saline supplementation causes a selective increase in microsomal [K], an effect unrelated to adrenalectomy, ethanol or aldosterone. The conclusion suggested is that the microsome fraction is related to renal cellular electrolyte metabolism although the nature of this relationship is obscure.
Ionic effect on intestinal transport of glucose in the rat
Authors: Csáky T. Z. , Zollicoffer Lawrence
Published: December 2017

A loop of upper jejunum of anesthetized rats was perfused in situ with glucose (500 mg/l.) dissolved in either isosmotic Na2SO4, Li2SO4, K2SO4 or MgSO4. Rapid glucose absorption takes place from the Na2SO4 solution, whereas the glucose transport is inhibited if Na is replaced. The rate of inhibition varied: 91% with Li, 86% with K and 75% with Mg. The inhibition is reversible by the subsequent perfusion of the same gut with Na2SO4.
Effect of cold stress on lipogenesis by adipose tissue
Authors: Masoro E. J. , Porter Edith , Patkin Judith
Published: December 2017

The effect of cold stress on acetate metabolism by adipose tissue was investigated. Cold stress did not affect the ability of the epididymal fat pad to oxidize acetate-1-C14 to C14O2. The addition of unlabeled glucose to the incubation medium did not influence the rate of acetate oxidation in the case of adipose tissue obtained from either control or cold-stressed rats. In the absence of unlabeled glucose, more fatty acids from acetate-1-C14 were synthesized by the adipose tissue from control rats than by that from cold-stressed rats, although very little was synthesized by either. The addition of unlabeled glucose to the incubation medium at the physiologic concentration of 100 mg % caused the adipose tissue from both normal and cold-stressed rats to form fatty acids at high rates. It is a striking finding that cold stress, which almost abolishes hepatic lipogenesis, does not appreciably alter adipose tissue lipogenesis.
Restoration of respiration by nerve anastomosis
Authors: Jefferson N. C. , Ogawa T. , Syleos C. , Zambetoglou A. , Necheles H.
Published: December 2017

In dogs, the central stump of an intercostal nerve or of a long thoracic nerve was anastomosed to the distal stump of a phrenic nerve. In the former group, restoration of diaphragmatic respiration occurred in most animals, while in the latter group, this was observed in only one of three experiments. In acute experiments, intercostal nerves showed distinct respiratory impulses in all cases, while in the long thoracic nerves impulses were seen in one of three experiments; they were absent in the lower vagus and femoral nerve.
Effect of denervation on the total metal content of skeletal muscle
Authors: Shimizu Sumio , Kuriaki Kaname
Published: December 2017

Effect of sciatic denervation on the level of potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper and iron in the gastrocnemius of the rat was studied. Following denervation, copper exhibited most pronounced increase in the muscle. Potassium and magnesium did not change at first, but they decreased later; conversely, iron showed initially an apparent increase which became later less obvious. Calcium decreased first, then increased. On the whole, heavy metals appear to be chelated in place of alkaline metals. However, there was also some difference among alkaline metals, calcium behaving somewhat opposite to potassium and magnesium in their chelation.
Oxygen consumption and coronary vascular tone in the isolated fibrillating dog heart
Authors: Hashimoto Koroku , Shigei Tatauro , Imai Shoichi , Saito Yoshiharu , Yago Nagataka , Uei Iwao , Clark Richard E.
Published: December 2017

An improved method of determining the coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption of the Langendorf dog heart preparation with ventricular fibrillation is described. Stable levels of these two functions are obtained for a 6-hour period. The effects of acetylcholine, epinephrine, levarterenol, isoproterenol, methoxamine and Pitressin are studied. Further, the effects of the sympathomimetic amines are studied before and afteŕ treatment with Dibenzyline and the dichloroanalogue of isoproterenol. A significant correlation between coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption is found in all cases. It is concluded that epinephrine and levarterenol cause coronary vasodilation by increasing the myocardial oxygen consumption though initially producing a vasoconstriction. Isoproterenol affects myocardial oxygen consumption and has no direct vascular effect. These studies are interpreted as revealing the existence of sympathetic vasoconstrictor and parasympathetic vasodilator receptors and the absence of pure sympathetic vasodilator receptors in the coronary vessel wall.
Estimation of cardiac output in calves and sheep by the dye and Fick oxygen techniques
Authors: Stowe C. M. , Good A. L.
Published: December 2017

Cardiac output was estimated in calves and sheep by both the Fick dye (T-1824) and oxygen techniques. A method for aortic puncture was developed in order to obtain arterial blood. In 15 unanesthetized calves, the average cardiac output per kilogram, and the average cardiac index was 123 ml/kg/min. and 5.2 l/m2/min., respectively. In 11 calves anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, the corresponding values were 118 ml/kg/min. and 4.5 l/m2/min. Comparable values in six anesthetized ewes were 126 ml/kg/min. and 3.8 l/m2/min. There was close agreement in nine individual comparisons between the results obtained with the dye and Fick oxygen methods.
Plasma and blood volumes in the little brown bat
Authors: Kallen Frank C.
Published: December 2017

Modifications are described which make T-1824 suitable for plasma volume determinations on small bats. An average plasma volume of 6.5 ml/100 gm body weight has been determined for the active little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus; average blood volume, based on plasma volume and hematocrit, is 13.0 ml/100 gm body weight. Seasonal changes have been observed which apparently result primarily from changes in lean body weight and from pregnancy. Young bats have a proportionately greater blood volume. No significant differences have been found between sexes, nor between determinations made during day and night hours. Plasma and blood levels are changing least at the beginning and end of the hibernating period. Comparisons of previous studies suggest that, while a plasma decrease and unchanged cell volume seem generally characteristic of mammals which have entered hibernation, a concurrent drop in heart blood hematocrit of the hibernating bat suggests a redistribution of erythrocytes as well.
Eosinophil populations in blood and bone marrow of normal guinea pigs
Authors: Hudson George
Published: December 2017

A quantitative study of eosinophil granulocytes of bone marrow and blood was carried out in 10 normal guinea pigs of approximately 400 gm body weight. Relative to the population of eosinophils in the blood, there was a very large population of eosinophil granulocytes in the bone marrow. About three-quarters of the marrow eosinophils were of the segmented or band form. These appeared to constitute a relatively large and readily available reserve of cells.
Selective resorption in nephrectomized rats
Authors: Dési I. , Fehér I. , Szalai K.
Published: December 2017

The resorption of sugars, fat and NaCl were studied in uremic and control animals. A 56.5% decrease in glucose resorption and a 48% decrease in xylose resorption was found; that is, the ratio between the two remained unchanged. There was a 14.1% fall in butylstearate resorption; on the other hand, a 290% rise in physiological saline resorption and a 163% rise in the resorption of 2.5% NaCl solution was found.
Stop-flow localization of renal tubular excretion of tetraethylammonium
Authors: Rennick Barbara R. , Moe Gordon K.
Published: December 2017

In stop-flow experiments TEA appeared at about the same proximal level of the tubule as PAH following intravenous or intra-arterial injection during ureteral occlusion. Increasing the duration of occlusion following injection lead to a progressively more distal appearance of TEA and PAH. This movement could be a result of pulsation of the column of fluid in the lumen with resultant slurring of the concentration borders; or of diffusion of intraluminal TEA and PAH from the area of secretion to neighboring low concentration sites; or of distal reabsorption of water with consequent movement of the column.
Urea formation in nephrectomized mice
Authors: Fenton Paul F. , Vakirtzi-Lemonias Catherine
Published: December 2017

The rate of increase of blood urea levels in nephrectomized mice has been studied under a variety of conditions which might influence protein catabolism. Oral administration of substantial amounts of carbohydrates or intravenous administration of 5% glucose led to an increased rate of urea accumulation. The intravenous administration of 20% glucose slowed the rate of urea increase. However, this apparent protein-sparing action could be simulated by the administration of a hypertonic solution of sorbitol.
Effect of diencephalic stimuli on 17-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in unanesthetized dogs
Authors: Suzuki Tatuzi , Romanoff Elijah B. , Koella Werner P. , Levy Charles K.
Published: December 2017

In unanesthetized dogs, adrenal venous blood was collected and its plasma content of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) estimated. Electrodes were implanted in the brain stem and electrical stimulation was performed. The location of the electrode tips was verified histologically. After stimulation of the lower posterior hypothalamic area, as well as the lower thalamic area, the adrenal 17-OHCS secretion rate increased markedly. When the upper posterior hypothalamic area, or the area preoptica was stimulated, the slight increase in 17-OHCS secretion rate first observed was followed by a marked decrease below the prestimulation level. Stimulation of the capsula interna produced no response in adrenal cortical secretion.
Effect of temperature as a stresser on white blood cells, adrenals and bursae of Fabricius of chicks
Authors: Chancellor Lloyd , Glick Bruce
Published: December 2017

The effects of extreme environmental temperatures on white blood cell counts and weights of the bursa of Fabricius—a lymphoepithelial gland—and adrenal glands of young birds was studied. Birds bled immediately after 15–30-minute exposures to temperatures between 112° and 118°F revealed a marked decrease in total white blood cells and percentage of heterophils and an increase in percentage of lymphocytes. When the birds were bled 2 hours after 30 minutes of heat exposure, there was a marked increase in percentage of heterophils and decrease in percentage of lymphocytes. Exposures of 30 minutes to 41°– 44°F temperatures did not have a consistent effect on white blood cells. Neither temperature affected the weights of the bursa of Fabricius or adrenal glands.
Effect of external potassium concentrations, insulin and lactate on frog muscle potassium and respiratory rate
Authors: Smillie L. B. , Manery J. F.
Published: December 2017

L. B. Smillie and J. F. Manery, "Effect of external potassium concentrations, insulin and lactate on frog muscle potassium and respiratory rate."

Page 69: Table 1, Section 3, Insulin effect in the presence of lactate (May, June and July), column 3 (Exptl.) should read RIL for all solutions.

Page 70: 1st column, 4th paragraph, 2nd sentence should read: A marked depression of the oxygen consumption. ...

Page 71: 1st column, 3rd paragraph, 14th line should read: ... Ringer-lactate at the 5th and 6th hours being 136.9 and that in Ringer-insulin-lactate being 81.8 cu mm/gm/hr.

Page 72: 1st column, 1st paragraph, 7th line should read: ... lactate when the metabolic changes invoked by high potassium were in operation.

Page 73: 1st column, 2nd paragraph, 15th line should read: ... muscle and fluid analyses are presented in column 7.

Page 73: 2nd column, 3rd paragraph, 6th line should read: That the depression of the potassium movement is specifically related to insulin and is unrelated to lactate is again implied. ...

Page 74: 1st column, 1st paragraph, 8th line should read: ... the amounts of potassium taken from the medium. ...

Page 76: 2nd column, 3rd paragraph, 9th line should read: ... that phosphocreatine began to be hydrolyzed. ...

Page 77: Reference 1 should read: Manery, J. F., L. B. Smillie and K. E. Toye. J. Cell & Comp. Physiol. 44:336, 1954.
Amino acids in muscle and kidney of potassium-deficient rats
Authors: Brandt Ira K. , Matalka Victor A. , Combs Jerome T.
Published: December 2017

Muscle and kidney taken from rats with potassium-deficiency alkalosis contained a higher concentration of lysine, histidine and arginine than tissue taken from pair-fed control animals. The concentration of anserine, carnosine and alpha-amino nitrogen did not differ in the two groups. Although the concentration of virtually all of the above substances varied with the length of time that the animal had been receiving the experimental diet, the relationship between the data obtained from potassium-deficient animals and from the pair-fed controls remained constant. The results suggest that a mechanism other than replacement of lost potassium as cation may bring about the increase in the basic amino acids during potassium-deficiency alkalosis and that starvation is associated with a predictable variation in some of the amino acid constituents of the tissues.
Growth in adrenalectomized rats
Authors: Reichlin Seymour , Brown Joseph G.
Published: December 2017

A study has been made of the causes of growth failure in adrenalectomized rats and its correction by steroid treatment. Adrenalectomized rats grow less well than normal animals, even when they are given saline drinking water; however, if food in the normal is restricted to the reduced levels consumed by the adrenal-deficient animal, growth is found to be greater in the adrenalectomized than in the normal rat. Somatotrophin content of the pituitaries from adrenalectomized rats maintained on saline was determined by bioassay to be virtually the same as the content of the glands of pair-fed controls. Restoration of growth to normal following adrenalectomy was accomplished by treatment with between 0.94 and 1.87 mg/100 gm body wt/day of a steroid mixture containing corticosterone and desoxycorticosterone acetate in a ratio by weight of 10 to 3.