bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognisance, participation and protected areas in the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: RUIZ-MALLÉN ISABEL , NEWING HELEN , PORTER-BOLLAND LUCIANA , PRITCHARD DIANA J. , GARCÍA-FRAPOLLI EDUARDO , MÉNDEZ-LÓPEZ M. ELENA , SÁNCHEZ-GONZALEZ M. CONSUELO , DE LA PEÑA ANTONIO , REYES-GARCÍA VICTORIA
Published: November 2013

Local people's involvement in the management of conservation initiatives is central to ongoing debates on the relative merits of distinct biodiversity conservation models. Since different governance models provide distinct opportunities for local people to participate in the management of protected areas, their knowledge of these governance models and motivation to collaborate will vary. This paper analyses cognisance and participation in (1) government-imposed biosphere reserves and (2) community conservation areas, in which ecotourism projects take place. Qualitative and quantitative data (n = 205) were gathered in two indigenous communities in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Whereas local cognisance of community-driven conservation initiatives is not always greater than cognisance of government-imposed Biosphere Reserves, local participation is always greater. Cognisance of and participation in conservation initiatives depend on the management approach, extent of external resource support, and a community's social organization. Gender and land holding status influence access to information about conservation initiatives, since men with land rights had more access than other people. More participatory mechanisms for decision-making and direct communication strategies between managers and local people are required to improve communities’ involvement in conservation.
Risk factors associated with the presence of hepatitis E virus in livers and seroprevalence in slaughter-age pigs: a retrospective study of 90 swine farms in France
Authors: WALACHOWSKI S. , DORENLOR V. , LEFEVRE J. , LUNAZZI A. , EONO F. , MERBAH T. , EVENO E. , PAVIO N. , ROSE N.
Published: November 2013

The frequency of sporadic cases of hepatitis E in humans in developed countries has increased in recent years. The consumption of raw or undercooked pig liver-based products has been identified as an important source of human infection. The question of possible massive human exposure to this zoonotic agent has been raised by the high prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine herds. However, little is known about the epidemiology of HEV on pig farms. A retrospective study, based on a previous prevalence study of 185 farms, was conducted on 90 farms located in Western France, randomly selected from this database, to identify factors associated with the presence of HEV in pig livers and HEV seroprevalence in slaughter-age pigs. At least one HEV RNA-positive liver was found in 30% of the sampled farms while seroprevalence in slaughter-age pigs at the farm level reached almost 75%. Different factors were associated with the two conditions. The risk of having HEV-positive livers was increased by early slaughter, genetic background, lack of hygiene measures and surface origin of drinking water. High HEV seroprevalence was associated with mingling practices at the nursery stage and hygiene conditions. These results can be used to determine on-farm measures to reduce within-farm HEV spread and infection of slaughter-age pigs.
Compulsivity and impulsivity—personal reflections: why now and why here?
Authors: Hollander Eric
Published: November 2013

This issue of CNS Spectrums contains a unique collection of manuscripts that examine compulsivity and impulsivity from a broad range of perspectives and helps to shape our evolving understanding of compulsivity and impulsivity as orthogonal symptom dimensions arising from parallel tightly regulated brain circuits giving rise to a spectrum of overlapping diagnostic categories.
The acquisition of coda consonants by Mandarin early child L2 learners of English
Authors: RATTANASONE NAN XU , DEMUTH KATHERINE
Published: November 2013

Little is known about the acquisition of phonology in children learning a second language before the age of four. The study of Mandarin children's early learning of English coda consonants is of particular interest because of the different syllable structures permitted in the two languages. Using an elicited imitation task, this study explored the acquisition of coda consonants and related phrase-final lengthening in twelve three-year-old Mandarin-speaking children exposed to Australian English at preschool. Performance was good on /t/ and /s/ codas, but worse on the phonologically and morphologically more complex /ts/ coda. Although /n/ is one of the few codas permitted in Mandarin, both perceptual and acoustic analysis revealed surprisingly poor performance, suggesting possible L1 Mandarin effects. As expected, longer exposure to English resulted in better coda production. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms underlying L2 phonological and morphological acquisition in early child second language learners (ECL2).
Implications of inconsistent anaemia policies for children and adolescents in Africa
Authors: Hamdan Musa , Brabin Bernard , Bates Imelda
Published: November 2013

Objective

To evaluate the quality of policies concerning the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anaemia in children and adolescents; to determine to what extent these are evidence-based; and to use this analysis to inform the policy-making process.

Subjects

Children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.

Setting

Almost 50 % of children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa are anaemic, which has profound effects on their intellectual and physical development and their chance of survival. Evidence-based policies are essential to reduce anaemia but because it is caused by an array of interdependent factors, developing policies is challenging.

Design

Forty-six policy documents concerning the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anaemia in children and adolescents were identified and analysed.

Results

There was policy consensus on the usefulness of Fe supplements, the need to treat co-morbidities and the use of blood transfusions for severe anaemia. Information about diagnosis was scarce, and messages regarding the control of anaemia were mixed. Few of the policies were tailored for the African context and they were located on several websites hosted by different health programmes.

Conclusions

The weakest aspects of the policies and consequently the priorities for better policy making were: lack of adherence to WHO recommendations for guideline development; little involvement of African practitioners/policy makers in the guideline group and as peer reviewers; and lack of harmonisation, demonstrating the need to establish a single body responsible for developing/revising anaemia policies.
Liver intake in 24–59-month-old children from an impoverished South African community provides enough vitamin A to meet requirements
Authors: Nel Jana , van Stuijvenberg Martha E , Schoeman Serina E , Dhansay Muhammad A , Lombard Carl J , du Plessis Lisanne M
Published: November 2013

Objective

To assess the contribution of liver to the vitamin A intake of 24–59-month-old children from an impoverished South African community where liver is frequently consumed and vitamin A deficiency previously shown to be absent.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Northern Cape Province, South Africa.

Subjects

Children aged 24–59 months (n150). Vitamin A intake from liver was assessed using a single 24 h recall and a quantified liver frequency questionnaire. In addition, information on vitamin A intake via the national fortification programme was obtained from the 24 h recall and information on vitamin A supplementation from the Road-to-Health Chart. Height, weight and socio-economic data were also collected.

Results

Stunting, underweight and wasting were prevalent in 36·9 %, 25·5 % and 12·1 % of children. Mean daily vitamin A intake from liver was 537 and 325 μg retinol equivalents measured by the 24 h recall and liver frequency questionnaire, respectively. Liver was consumed in 92·7 % of households and by 84·7 % of children; liver intake was inversely related to socio-economic status (P< 0·05). The food fortification programme contributed 80 μg retinol equivalents and the vitamin A supplementation programme 122 μg retinol equivalents to daily vitamin A intake.

Conclusions

The study showed that liver alone provided more than 100 % of the Estimated Average Requirement of the pre-school children in this impoverished community. The results also challenge the notion generally held by international health bodies that vitamin A deficiency, poor anthropometric status and poverty go together, and reinforces the fact that South Africa is a culturally diverse society for which targeted interventions are required.
In Situ Imaging of Nano-Droplet Condensation and Coalescence on Thin Water Films
Authors: Barkay Zahava
Published: November 2013

Two related aspects of nano-droplet condensation and droplets coalescence are studied for droplets on self-supported thin water films. The experiments are conducted in the environmental scanning electron microscope using wet scanning transmission electron microscopy. Favorable condensation sites are examined and in-situ position-controlled condensation experiments are conducted. The interaction among condensed multi-droplets as well as between a single droplet and the underneath nano-thick water film are dynamically examined with 10nm lateral resolution. The droplet round shape is reshaped to flat-like facets in-between droplets of 30-230 nm separation. Dynamic imaging of a few minutes duration shows a delayed coalescence effect, being explained by increased droplet-droplet electrostatic interaction relative to van der Waals interaction.
Empirical analysis of legal institutions and institutional change: multiple-methods approaches and their application to corporate governance research
Authors: BUCHANAN JOHN , CHAI DOMINIC HEESANG , DEAKIN SIMON
Published: November 2013

The claim that institutions matter for economic growth and development has so far received a more extensive theoretical treatment than an empirical or methodological one. Basing our approach on a coevolutionary conception of relations between law and the economy, we link theory to method and explore three techniques for analysing legal institutions empirically: ‘leximetric’ measurement of legal rules, time-series econometrics and interview-based fieldwork. We argue that while robust measurement of institutions is possible, quantitative techniques have their limits, and should be combined with fieldwork in a multiple-methods approach.
THE EXPRESSIVITY OF FACTUAL CHANGE IN DYNAMIC EPISTEMIC LOGIC
Authors: KUIJER LOUWE B.
Published: November 2013

A commonly used dynamic epistemic logic is one obtained by adding commonknowledge and public announcements to a basic epistemic logic. It is known from Kooi (2007) that adding public substitutions to such a logic adds expressivity over the class K of models. Here I show that substitutions also add expressivity over the classes KD45, S4 and S5 of models. Since the combination of common knowledge, public announcements and substitutions, was shown in Kooi (2007) to be equally expressive to relativized common knowledge these results also show that relativized common knowledge is more expressive than common knowledge and public announcements over KD45, S4 and S5. These results therefore extend the result from van Benthem et al. (2006) that shows that relativized common knowledge is more expressive than common knowledge and public announcements over K.
Risk for Mania and its Relationship to Implicit and Explicit Achievement Motivation
Authors: Finucane Lucy , Jordan Gabriele , Meyer Thomas D.
Published: November 2013

There is evidence that bipolar disorders are associated with achievement-related cognitions such as setting high goals. A psychodynamic model, the manic defense hypothesis, postulates that a threat to fragile self-esteem triggers grandiosity and manic behaviors in vulnerable people. Vulnerability to bipolar disorders should therefore be positively associated with indicators of explicit hope of success (HS) and implicit fear of failure (FF). Using an online sample (n = 252), we tested these hypotheses using the well-validated Hypomanic Personality Scale as risk indicator for mania, the Multi-Motive Grid for achievement motivation, controlling for current and lifetime depression. Contrary to expectations, we found that vulnerability for mania was significantly and positively related to implicit HS but not to FF after controlling for depression. All measures were self-report tools. Our results contradict the Manic Defense Hypothesis, but they are in line with the idea that achievement-related cognitions are of relevance to vulnerability in bipolar disorders. This is in line with research focusing on the role of the Behavioral Activation System in relation to vulnerability for mania.
Metabolic analysis of Chlorobium chlorochromatii CaD3 reveals clues of the symbiosis in ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’
Authors: Cerqueda-García Daniel , Martínez-Castilla León P , Falcón Luisa I , Delaye Luis
Published: November 2013

A symbiotic association occurs in ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’, a phototrophic consortium integrated by two species of phylogenetically distant bacteria composed by the green-sulfur Chlorobium chlorochromatii CaD3 epibiont that surrounds a central β-proteobacterium. The non-motile chlorobia can perform nitrogen and carbon fixation, using sulfide as electron donors for anoxygenic photosynthesis. The consortium can move due to the flagella present in the central β-protobacterium. Although Chl. chlorochromatii CaD3 is never found as free-living bacteria in nature, previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies have revealed that there are differential transcription patterns between the symbiotic and free-living status of Chl. chlorocromatii CaD3 when grown in laboratory conditions. The differences occur mainly in genes encoding the enzymatic reactions involved in nitrogen and amino acid metabolism. We performed a metabolic reconstruction of Chl. chlorochromatii CaD3 and an in silico analysis of its amino acid metabolism using an elementary flux modes approach (EFM). Our study suggests that in symbiosis, Chl. chlorochromatii CaD3 is under limited nitrogen conditions where the GS/GOGAT (glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthetase) pathway is actively assimilating ammonia obtained via N2 fixation. In contrast, when free-living, Chl. chlorochromatii CaD3 is in a condition of nitrogen excess and ammonia is assimilated by the alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) pathway. We postulate that ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’ originated from a parasitic interaction where the N2 fixation capacity of the chlorobia would be enhanced by injection of 2-oxoglutarate from the β-proteobacterium via the periplasm. This consortium would have the advantage of motility, which is fundamental to a phototrophic bacterium, and the syntrophy of nitrogen and carbon sources.
Moderate changes in nutrient input alter tropical microbial and protist communities and belowground linkages
Authors: Krashevska Valentyna , Sandmann Dorothee , Maraun Mark , Scheu Stefan
Published: November 2013

We investigated the response of soil microbial communities in tropical ecosystems to increased nutrient deposition, such as predicted by anthropogenic change scenarios. Moderate amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and their combination were added along an altitudinal transect. We expected microorganisms and microbial grazers (testate amoebae) to significantly respond to nutrient additions with the effect increasing with increasing altitude and with duration of nutrient additions. Further, we expected nutrients to alter grazer–prey interrelationships. Indeed, nutrient additions strongly altered microbial biomass (MB) and community structure as well as the community structure of testate amoebae. The response of microorganisms varied with both altitude and duration of nutrient addition. The results indicate that microorganisms are generally limited by N, but saprotrophic fungi also by P. Also, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefited from N and/or P addition. Parallel to MB, testate amoebae benefited from the addition of N but were detrimentally affected by P, with the addition of P negating the positive effect of N. Our data suggests that testate amoeba communities are predominantly structured by abiotic factors and by antagonistic interactions with other microorganisms, in particular mycorrhizal fungi, rather than by the availability of prey. Overall, the results suggest that the decomposer system of tropical montane rainforests significantly responds to even moderate changes in nutrient inputs with the potential to cause major ramifications of the whole ecosystem including litter decomposition and plant growth.
Mammalian Mon2/Ysl2 regulates endosome-to-Golgi trafficking but possesses no guanine nucleotide exchange activity toward Arl1 GTPase
Authors: Mahajan Divyanshu , Boh Boon Kim , Zhou Yan , Chen Li , Cornvik Tobias Carl , Hong Wanjin , Lu Lei
Published: November 2013

Arl1 is a member of Arf family small GTPases that is essential for the organization and function of Golgi complex. Mon2/Ysl2, which shares significant homology with Sec7 family Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factors, was poorly characterized in mammalian cells. Here, we report the first in depth characterization of mammalian Mon2. We found that Mon2 localized to trans-Golgi network which was dependent on both its N and C termini. The depletion of Mon2 did not affect the Golgi localized or cellular active form of Arl1. Furthermore, our in vitro assay demonstrated that recombinant Mon2 did not promote guanine nucleotide exchange of Arl1. Therefore, our results suggest that Mon2 could be neither necessary nor sufficient for the guanine nucleotide exchange of Arl1. We demonstrated that Mon2 was involved in endosome-to-Golgi trafficking as its depletion accelerated the delivery of furin and CI-M6PR to Golgi after endocytosis.
X-ray irradiation-induced formation of luminescent silver clusters in nanoporous matrices
Authors: Coutino-Gonzalez Eduardo , Grandjean Didier , Roeffaers Maarten , Kvashnina Kristina , Fron Eduard , Dieu Bjorn , De Cremer Gert , Lievens Peter , Sels Bert , Hofkens Johan
Published: November 2013

The formation of highly luminescent silver clusters in zeolites using X-ray lithography is reported in this study.
Enzymatic halogenation of the phenolic monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol with chloroperoxidase
Authors: Getrey Laura , Krieg Thomas , Hollmann Frank , Schrader Jens , Holtmann Dirk
Published: November 2013

Enzymatic halogenation of thymol and its derivatives has been shown using a bioelectrochemical approach with chloroperoxidase.
Yellow NIR dye: π-fused bisbenzoBODIPYs with electron-withdrawing groups
Authors: Nakamura Mitsunori , Kitatsuka Manami , Takahashi Kohtaro , Nagata Toshi , Mori Shigeki , Kuzuhara Daiki , Okujima Tetsuo , Yamada Hiroko , Nakae Takahiro , Uno Hidemitsu
Published: November 2013

Stable benzene-fused bisbenzoBODIPY with four cyano groups is ideal for a NIR-selective dye, which shows strong absorption in the NIR region and good transparency in the visible region.
Hybrid nanomaterial-based nanofluids for micropower generation
Authors: He Yuan , Vasiraju Shiva , Que Long
Published: November 2013

A new type of SWNT–CuS NP nanofluid has been synthesized for a nanofluid-based power generator to operate a temperature sensor.
Carbon nanotube-supported dendritic Pt-on-Pd nanostructures: growth mechanism and electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Ghosh Sourov , Mondal Siniya , Retna Raj C.
Published: November 2013

Synthesis of carbon nanotube supported dendritic Pt-on-Pd nanoparticles and their composition-dependent electrocatalytic performance towards oxygen reduction reaction are demonstrated.
Graphene aerogel supported Fe5(PO4)4(OH)3·2H2O microspheres as high performance cathode for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Han Sheng , Wang Jinzuan , Li Shuang , Wu Dongqing , Feng Xinliang
Published: November 2013

Three-dimensional (3D) macroporous graphene aerogel-supported Fe5(PO4)4(OH)3·2H2O (iron(iii) hydroxide phosphate dihydrate) microspheres (GA/IHPDs) have been fabricated by the hydrothermal mineralization of Fe3+ and PO43− ions in the presence of graphene oxide (GO).
Chemically tunable cationic polymer-bonded magnetic nanoparticles for gene magnetofection
Authors: Takafuji Makoto , Kitaura Kumiko , Nishiyama Takuro , Govindarajan Srinath , Gopal Vijaya , Imamura Takashi , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: November 2013

This study evaluates the efficiency of novel non-viral vectors consisting of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with the chemically tunable cationic polymer forin vitrogene magnetofection.
Uniaxial macroscopic alignment of conjugated polymer systems by directional crystallization during blade coating
Authors: Dörling Bernhard , Vohra Varun , Dao Toan Thanh , Garriga Miquel , Murata Hideyuki , Campoy-Quiles Mariano
Published: November 2013

We present a single step, solution based method to deposit polymer films with uniaxial orientation and demonstrate its potential by fabricating polarization sensitive photovoltaic devices.
Defect rich seed mediated growth: a novel synthesis method to enhance defect emission in nanocrystals
Authors: Asok Adersh , Kulkarni A. R. , Gandhi Mayuri N.
Published: November 2013

Defect rich seed mediated growth is reported for synthesising different sized ZnO QDs with enhanced and size tunable defect emission.
High energy flux thermo-mechanical test of 1D-carbon-carbon fibre composite prototypes for the SPIDER diagnostic calorimeter
Authors: De Muri M. , Cavallin T. , Pasqualotto R. , Dalla Palma M. , Cervaro V. , Fasolo D. , Franchin L. , Tollin M. , Greuner H. , Böswirth B. , Serianni G.
Published: November 2013

Operation of the thermonuclear fusion experiment ITER requires additional heating via injection of neutral beams from accelerated negative ions. In the SPIDER test facility, under construction in Padova, the production of negative ions will be studied and optimised. STRIKE (Short-Time Retractable Instrumented Kalorimeter Experiment) is a diagnostic used to characterise the SPIDER beam during short pulse operation (several seconds) to verify if the beam meets the ITER requirements about the maximum allowed beam non-uniformity (below ±10%). The major components of STRIKE are 16 1D-CFC (Carbon-Carbon Fibre Composite) tiles, observed at the rear side by a thermal camera. This contribution gives an overview of some tests under high energy particle flux, aimed at verifying the thermo-mechanical behaviour of several CFC prototype tiles. The tests were performed in the GLADIS facility at IPP (Max-Plank-Institut für Plasmaphysik), Garching. Dedicated linear and nonlinear simulations were carried out to interpret the experiments and a comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results is presented. The results of some morphological and structural studies on the material after exposure to the GLADIS beam are also given.
Instantaneous normal mode analysis for intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations of water from atomic point of view
Authors: Chen Yu-Chun , Tang Ping-Han , Wu Ten-Ming
Published: November 2013

By exploiting the instantaneous normal mode (INM) analysis for models of flexible molecules, we investigate intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations of water from the atomic point of view. With two flexible SPC/E models, our investigations include three aspects about their INM spectra, which are separated into the unstable, intermolecular, bending, and stretching bands. First, the O- and H-atom contributions in the four INM bands are calculated and their stable INM spectra are compared with the power spectra of the atomic velocity autocorrelation functions. The unstable and intermolecular bands of the flexible models are also compared with those of the SPC/E model of rigid molecules. Second, we formulate the inverse participation ratio (IPR) of the INMs, respectively, for the O- and H-atom and molecule. With the IPRs, the numbers of the three species participated in the INMs are estimated so that the localization characters of the INMs in each band are studied. Further, by the ratio of the IPR of the H atom to that of the O atom, we explore the number of involved OH bond per molecule participated in the INMs. Third, by classifying simulated molecules into subensembles according to the geometry of their local environments or their H-bond configurations, we examine the local-structure effects on the bending and stretching INM bands. All of our results are verified to be insensible to the definition of H-bond. Our conclusions about the intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations in water are given.
Temperature distributions in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell from 3-D numerical modeling
Authors: Rainey E. S. G. , Hernlund J. W. , Kavner A.
Published: November 2013

We present TempDAC, a 3-D numerical model for calculating the steady-state temperature distribution for continuous wave laser-heated experiments in the diamond anvil cell. TempDAC solves the steady heat conduction equation in three dimensions over the sample chamber, gasket, and diamond anvils and includes material-, temperature-, and direction-dependent thermal conductivity, while allowing for flexible sample geometries, laser beam intensity profile, and laser absorption properties. The model has been validated against an axisymmetric analytic solution for the temperature distribution within a laser-heated sample. Example calculations illustrate the importance of considering heat flow in three dimensions for the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. In particular, we show that a “flat top” input laser beam profile does not lead to a more uniform temperature distribution or flatter temperature gradients than a wide Gaussian laser beam.
Wall-parallel stereo particle-image velocimetry measurements in the roughness sublayer of turbulent flow overlying highly irregular roughness
Authors: Mejia-Alvarez R. , Christensen K. T.
Published: November 2013

Stereo particle-image velocimetry measurements were conducted in a streamwise–spanwise (x − z) plane deep within the roughness sublayer (y = 0.047δ; δ is the boundary-layer thickness) of a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer overlying highly irregular surface roughness replicated from a turbine blade damaged by foreign-material deposition. The ensemble-averaged streamwise velocity defect revealed the tendency of the roughness to promote channeling of the flow in the form of low-momentum pathways (LMPs) and high-momentum pathways. Enhanced turbulent and vortical activity was observed both between and along the spanwise boundaries of these streamwise-elongated pathways. In particular, streamwise pathways of wall-normal vortex cores of opposing rotational sense were observed along the spanwise boundaries of the identified LMP in the rough-wall flow. Conditional averaging revealed that these counter-rotating vortical motions are associated with streamwise flow against the mean-flow direction and could perhaps be the origination mechanism of the LMPs. Two-point correlation coefficients of velocity and swirling strength reflected large-scale streamwise coherence of these quantities along and outboard of the identified LMP in the rough-wall flow, supporting the notion that the motions responsible for the LMP have large-scale, streamwise coherence. Finally, the influence of different topographical scales of the roughness on the flow in the roughness sublayer was explored using low-order models of the original, full surface as originally proposed by R. Mejia-Alvarez and K. T. Christensen [Phys. Fluids 22(1), 015106 (2010)]. While a model containing only the largest topographical scales qualitatively reproduced the features of the full-surface flow, additional intermediate topographical scales were required to quantitatively reproduce the statistical and structural nature of the full-surface flow in the roughness sublayer.
Van der Waals density functional study of the structural and electronic properties of La-doped phenanthrene
Authors: Yan Xun-Wang , Huang Zhongbing , Lin Hai-Qing
Published: November 2013

By the first principle calculations based on the van der Waals density functional theory, we study the crystal structures and electronic properties of La-doped phenanthrene. Two stable atomic geometries of La1phenanthrene are obtained by relaxation of atomic positions from various initial structures. The structure-I is a metal with two energy bands crossing the Fermi level, while the structure-II displays a semiconducting state with an energy gap of 0.15 eV, which has an energy gain of 0.42 eV per unit cell compared to the structure-I. The most striking feature of La1phenanthrene is that La 5d electrons make a significant contribution to the total density of state around the Fermi level, which is distinct from potassium doped phenanthrene and picene. Our findings provide an important foundation for the understanding of superconductivity in La-doped phenanthrene.
Extreme waves generated by modulational instability on adverse currents
Authors: Ma Yuxiang , Ma Xiaozhou , Perlin Marc , Dong Guohai
Published: November 2013

Physical experiments focusing on the propagation of gravity waves of finite depth on adverse currents were implemented to examine their effect on the development of the modulational instability and to study the geometric characteristics of extreme waves. A series of wave trains with varying initial steepness, perturbation frequency, and initial perturbed strength were mechanically generated in a wave-current flume. The present results show that opposing currents can speed the growth of the modulational instability, verifying the previous theory qualitatively. A current-modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation can predict the measured sideband growth rates well for wave trains with lower perturbation frequencies, but overestimated those with higher perturbation frequencies. On the other hand, the limiting steepness of extreme waves measured in the presence of opposing currents was smaller than that measured in quiescent water. Additionally, current strength was found to have limited influence on the geometric properties of extreme waves as well as on their limiting steepness.
Photoabsorption spectrum of helium trimer cation—Theoretical modeling
Authors: Kalus René , Karlický František , Lepetit Bruno , Paidarová Ivana , Gadea Florent Xavier
Published: November 2013

The photoabsorption spectrum of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm He}_3^+$\end{document} He 3+ is calculated for two semiempirical models of intracluster interactions and compared with available experimental data reported in the middle UV range [H. Haberland and B. von Issendorff, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 8773 (1995)]. Nuclear delocalization effects are investigated via several approaches comprising quantum samplings using either exact or approximate (harmonic) nuclear wavefunctions, as well as classical samplings based on the Monte Carlo methodology. Good agreement with the experiment is achieved for the model by Knowles et al., [Mol. Phys. 85, 243 (1995); Knowles et al., Mol. Phys. 87, 827 (1996)] whereas the model by Calvo et al., [J. Chem. Phys. 135, 124308 (2011)] exhibits non-negligible deviations from the experiment. Predictions of far UV absorption spectrum of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm He}_3^+$\end{document} He 3+, for which no experimental data are presently available, are reported for both models and compared to each other as well as to the photoabsorption spectrum of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm He}_2^+$\end{document} He 2+. A simple semiempirical point-charge approximation for calculating transition probabilities is shown to perform well for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm He}_3^+$\end{document} He 3+.
Orbital-optimized density cumulant functional theory
Authors: Sokolov Alexander Yu. , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: November 2013

In density cumulant functional theory (DCFT) the electronic energy is evaluated from the one-particle density matrix and two-particle density cumulant, circumventing the computation of the wavefunction. To achieve this, the one-particle density matrix is decomposed exactly into the mean-field (idempotent) and correlation components. While the latter can be entirely derived from the density cumulant, the former must be obtained by choosing a specific set of orbitals. In the original DCFT formulation [W. Kutzelnigg, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 171101 (2006)] the orbitals were determined by diagonalizing the effective Fock operator, which introduces partial orbital relaxation. Here we present a new orbital-optimized formulation of DCFT where the energy is variationally minimized with respect to orbital rotations. This introduces important energy contributions and significantly improves the description of the dynamic correlation. In addition, it greatly simplifies the computation of analytic gradients, for which expressions are also presented. We offer a perturbative analysis of the new orbital stationarity conditions and benchmark their performance for a variety of chemical systems.
A comment on the construction of the maximal globally hyperbolic Cauchy development
Authors: Wong Willie Wai-Yeung
Published: November 2013

Under mild assumptions, we remove all traces of the axiom of choice from the construction of the maximal globally hyperbolic Cauchy development in general relativity. The construction relies on the notion of direct union manifolds, which we review. The construction given is very general: any physical theory with a suitable geometric representation (in particular all classical fields), and such that a strong notion of “local existence and uniqueness” of solutions for the corresponding initial value problem is available, is amenable to the same treatment.
Recovery of less relaxed state in Zr-Al-Ni-Cu bulk metallic glass annealed above glass transition temperature
Authors: Saida Junji , Yamada Rui , Wakeda Masato
Published: November 2013

The relaxation state of metallic glass is determined by the cooling rate at low temperatures in a supercooled liquid. Based on this result, we can control the relaxation state of Zr55Al10Ni5Cu30 bulk metallic glass by recovery annealing just above the glass transition temperature (Tg). We rejuvenate the relaxation state for approximately 50% in the enthalpy of relaxation at a cooling rate of 4.4 K/s after annealing, as compared with that of the as-cast state. Mechanical softening also occurred upon the rejuvenation. The results suggest another method of controlling the structure of metallic glasses to improve their properties.
Understanding plume splitting of laser ablated plasma: A view from ion distribution dynamics
Authors: Wu Jian , Li Xingwen , Wei Wenfu , Jia Shenli , Qiu Aici
Published: November 2013

Plume splitting in low-pressure ambient air was understood in view of ion distribution dynamics from the laser ablated Al plasma (1064 nm 0.57 J/mm2) by combining fast photography and spatially resolved spectroscopy. In the beginning, the spectral lines were mainly from the Al III ion. Then, the Bragg peak in stopping power of the ambient gas to Al III could be the dominant reason for the enhanced emission from the fast moving part, and the recombination of Al III to Al I-II ions near the target surface was response to the radiations from the slow moving/stationary part. As the ambient gas pressure increased, stopping distances of the Al III decreased, and radiation from the air ions became pronounced. The laser shadowgraph image at 1100 Pa indicated that the shock wave front located between the fast moving and slow moving parts. Electron densities of the fast moving plasma, which peaked at the plasma front, were on the order of 1016 cm−3, and the electron temperatures were 2–3 eV.
Photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of Au-TiO2 nanocomposite on monolayer graphene: From experiment to theory
Authors: He Wangxiao , Huang Hongen , Yan Jin , Zhu Jian
Published: November 2013

The formation of the Au-TiO2 nanocomposite on monolayer Graphene (GTA) by sequentially depositing titanium dioxide particles and gold nanoparticles on graphene sheet was synthesized and analyzed in our work. The structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties of samples were thoroughly investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Photocatalytic performance of GTA, graphene (GR), TiO2, and TiO2 -graphene nanocomposite (GT) were comparatively studied for degradation of methyl orange, and it was found that GTA had highest performance among all samples. More importantly, antibacterial performance of this novel composite against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungus was predominant compared to GR, TiO2, and GT. And the result of biomolecules oxidation tests suggested that antimicrobial actions were contributed by oxidation stress on both membrane and antioxidant systems. Besides, the rate of two decisive processes during photocatalytic reaction, the rate of the charge transfer (kCT) and the rate of the electron-hole recombination (kR) have been studied by Perturbation theory, Radiation theory, and Schottky barrier theory. Calculation and derivation results show that GTA possesses superior charge separation and transfer rate, which gives an explanation for the excellent oxidation properties of GTA.
Communication: An accurate global potential energy surface for the ground electronic state of ozone
Authors: Dawes Richard , Lolur Phalgun , Li Anyang , Jiang Bin , Guo Hua
Published: November 2013

We report a new full-dimensional and global potential energy surface (PES) for the O + O2 → O3 ozone forming reaction based on explicitly correlated multireference configuration interaction (MRCI-F12) data. It extends our previous [R. Dawes, P. Lolur, J. Ma, and H. Guo, J. Chem. Phys. 135, 081102 (2011)] dynamically weighted multistate MRCI calculations of the asymptotic region which showed the widely found submerged reef along the minimum energy path to be the spurious result of an avoided crossing with an excited state. A spin-orbit correction was added and the PES tends asymptotically to the recently developed long-range electrostatic model of Lepers et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 137, 234305 (2012)]. This PES features: (1) excellent equilibrium structural parameters, (2) good agreement with experimental vibrational levels, (3) accurate dissociation energy, and (4) most-notably, a transition region without a spurious reef. The new PES is expected to allow insight into the still unresolved issues surrounding the kinetics, dynamics, and isotope signature of ozone.
Acoustic subwavelength imaging of subsurface objects with acoustic resonant metalens
Authors: Cheng Ying , Zhou Chen , Wei Qi , Wu DaJian , Liu XiaoJun
Published: November 2013

Early research into acoustic metamaterials has shown the possibility of achieving subwavelength near-field acoustic imaging. However, a major restriction of acoustic metamaterials is that the imaging objects must be placed in close vicinity of the devices. Here, we present an approach for acoustic imaging of subsurface objects far below the diffraction limit. An acoustic metalens made of holey-structured metamaterials is used to magnify evanescent waves, which can rebuild an image at the central plane. Without changing the physical structure of the metalens, our proposed approach can image objects located at certain distances from the input surface, which provides subsurface signatures of the objects with subwavelength spatial resolution.
Alternative Regimes of Transnational Environmental Certification: Governance, Marketization, and Place in Alaska's Salmon Fisheries
Authors: Foley Paul , Hébert Karen
Published: November 2013

Transnational certification and ecolabeling programs have become an important new site of environmental governance, as well as an emerging arena for action and conflict in international trade. This paper explores the implementation of Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification in salmon fisheries in the US state of Alaska in the early 2000s, the growing opposition within the industry to MSC certification through periods of reassessment, and the emergence of an alternative Alaska certification initiative in 2011. It suggests that these shifts were rooted in struggles over understudied third-party certification and labeling processes that we conceptualize as marketized governance. The paper further shows how certification and labeling can obscure and expose competing industry interests and power relations, provoke struggles over fisheries' social representation, and open up novel avenues for cooperation and change, indicating ambiguity in the social and cultural implications of neoliberal modes of governance. Finally, the paper suggests that the ascendancy of the MSC has sparked the emergence of new political and economic geographies of certification and ecolabeling in Alaska and other jurisdictions where place-specific and other initiatives vie for governance and market legitimacy.
Performative Vulnerability: Climate Change Adaptation Policies and Financing in Kiribati
Authors: Webber Sophie
Published: November 2013

This paper explores some of the perverse effects of climate change adaptation policies and financing in the Republic of Kiribati, a low-lying island nation in the Central Pacific. I examine how encounters between financiers and government officials might produce vulnerability to climate change. I draw throughout from field research conducted in Kiribati, an archetypical ‘vulnerable-to-climate-change’ place, and a preeminent site for experimentation in climate change adaptation. By discussing several instances where Government of Kiribati elites are required to enact vulnerability in order to secure climate change adaptation financing, I demonstrate that such encounters are performative. This research contributes to theories of performativity in showing that the matrix conditioning and compelling such performative enactments of vulnerability is socionatural, consisting of a collective of climate change impacts, adaptation-finance technocrats, and many others. Thus, I demonstrate that vulnerability is not a latent condition, but, rather, an emergent effect of an assemblage of facts, expert actors, and objects.
One Hundred Years of Labor Control: Violence, Militancy, and the Fairtrade Banana Commodity Chain in Colombia
Authors: Brown Sandy
Published: November 2013

This paper explores the role of Fairtrade certification in mediating banana production relations in Urabá, Colombia. While the country has long been incorporated into the world banana economy, the region's fraught history of dispossession, exploitation, and resistance make it a useful site through which to consider its more recent articulation into the Fairtrade banana commodity chain. In some respects, the emergence of Fairtrade in Urabá could be framed as a win–win. Banana growers have enrolled in certified commodity chains as a way to add value, stabilize their position in a volatile global market, and bring additional resources to workers. However, Fairtrade's role in reframing Urabá as a site of ethical banana production has been contingent upon multiple forms of marginalization and devaluation, expressed in their most extreme form through an armed conflict that swept the region during the last two decades of the 20th century. Fieldwork conducted with banana workers and growers in Urabá suggests that Fairtrade programs resonate with the local industry's longer term strategy to promote voluntarism as the appropriate mechanism for alleviating poverty and inequality. In addition, by creating disparities in the material resources and structures of negotiation available to banana workers, Fairtrade has produced new uneven geographies within the regional banana production complex. These developments are particularly problematic given their potential to undermine labor solidarity in the face of an erosion of labor standards in the global banana economy and the reassertion of elite control in the region.
Life for Sale? The Politics of Lively Commodities
Authors: Collard Rosemary-Claire , Dempsey Jessica
Published: November 2013

When so many facets of nonhuman life are commodified daily with little challenge, this paper looks to shed light on what is objectionable about commodifying nonhuman life. As a contribution in this direction, we undertake a comparative examination of the formation of two different but equally lively, and international, commodities: Exotic pets and ecosystem carbon. In this paper we first set out to understand what characteristics of life matter in the production of the commodity. We argue that a particular mode of value-generating life predominates in each commodity circuit: in exotic pet trade, an individualized, ‘encounterable’ life; in ecosystem services, an aggregate, reproductive life. Second, we find that hierarchies between humans and other beings are highly generative in the formation and effects of lively commodities. On one hand, these hierarchies cast nonhumans in a disposable state that is integral to the functioning of exotic pet trade; on the other hand, these hierarchies are partly what ecosystem services are designed to address. Nevertheless, we find that reproduction of uneven species geographies is at work in both economies. The degree and nature of effect on the material conditions of nonhuman lives is, however, distinct, and our conclusion calls for greater attention to these differences.
Dis/Articulations and the Hydrosocial Cycle: Postapartheid Geographies of Agrarian Change in the Ceres Valley, South Africa
Authors: Debbané Anne-Marie
Published: November 2013

This paper analyzes the role of the hydrosocial cycle in producing and sustaining uneven geographies of capitalist agriculture in the Ceres Valley, a major center of South Africa's high-value deciduous fruit industry I explore ways in which the mobilization, appropriation, and transformation of water resources become intertwined with and reinforce the radicalized capitalist relations that have characterized the local political economy of export fruit production since the 19th century These relations have solidified over time as they have been able to adapt to shifting political–economic and political–ecological dynamics. Focusing on the postapartheid period, I examine how white agrarian capital has been able to maintain and even strengthen its dominance over the regional economy despite the dramatic shuffling of political and economic priorities. I pay particular attention to how the fatal combination of the liberalization of agricultural markets and the financialization of water supply becomes articulated through interconnected sociospatial processes of dispossession, devaluation, and disinvestment. I argue that questions of access to and control over the hydrosocial cycle not only reveal how marginalized and radicalized social actors—farm workers, small-scale farmers, township residents—become differentially articulated with and disarticulated from existing and emerging circuits of capital accumulation. It also opens promising analytical and political avenues through which to illuminate and confront uneven geographies of capitalist development in ways that highlight the linked sociospatial processes of production and social reproduction.