bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DIDOS OF BOOK FOUR: GENDER, GENRE, AND THEAENEIDIN PROPERTIUS 4.3 AND 4.4
Authors: Xinyue Bobby
Published: September 2018

In the second poem of Propertius’ fourth book, the form-shifting deity Vertumnus claims that he is suited to any role that he is associated with because he can appear convincingly as a girl or a man:indue me Cois: fiam non dura puella; /meque uirum sumpta quis neget esse toga?(‘dress me in Coan silk, I shall be a gentle maiden: and who would say that I am not a man when I don the toga?’, 4.2.23–4). Later in Propertius 4.9, another gender ambiguous character, Hercules, while trying to gain entry into the shrine of the Bona Dea, boasts that he had woven and performed a handmaiden's service (4.9.47–50):idem ego Sidonia feci seruilia pallaofficia et Lydo pensa diurna colo;mollis et hirsutum cinxit mihi fascia pectus,et manibus duris apta puella fui.I have also done the tasks of a slave-girl in a Sidonian gownand worked at the daily burden of the Lydian distaff.A soft breastband has surrounded my shaggy chest,and with my hard hands I was a fitting girl.Scholars have noted that the language used by Propertius to depict gender inversion in these episodes has profound implications for understanding the generic complexity of the poet's new, more aetiological, fourth book. DeBrohun points out that, when Hercules recalls the soft (mollis) breastband on his hairy (hirsutum) chest – a contrast further substantiated by his claim that he had become apuellawith rough hands (manibus duris) – the hero ‘softens’ his appearance in terms that resonate strongly with the Augustan poets’ expression of the terminology of Callimachean poetics, thus allowing readers to interpret this scene as an act of generic realignment that symbolizes Book 4's attempt to accommodate both grand topics and erotic narratives.
Latin Literature
Authors: Whitton Christopher
Published: September 2018

‘Statius’Thebaid’, someone donnishly quipped, ‘has no sufficient reason to exist.’ Kyle Gervais might beg to differ. Like theThebaiditself, his commentary on Book 2 has grown over many years, and deserves to be taken very seriously. The crisp introduction sets the tone and clearly signals priorities in its four sections, a rising tetracolon for author, problems of editing, intratexts, and intertexts; not a word on style and prosody, and reception is excluded on the ground that Statius’ ownimitatiois quite enough to be getting on with. The text is newly constituted, with ample apparatus and text-critical discussion: Gervais joins Barrie Hall's rebellion against the bifid stemma, but fairly questions his view that theThebaidshould be easy reading; he accordingly diverges from his edition nearly a hundred times, and offers a translation which, if less old-falutin’ than Shack's Loeb, does an equally good job of disabusing anyone who thought it would be quicker to read Statius in English. The notes are full and rich: words aren't wasted, but both philological graft and literary interpretation amply attest to fine scholarship, good sense, and long thought.
The pattern of symptom change during prolonged exposure therapy and present-centered therapy for PTSD in active duty military personnel
Authors: Brown Lily A. , Clapp Joshua D. , Kemp Joshua J. , Yarvis Jeffrey S. , Dondanville Katherine A. , Litz Brett T. , Mintz Jim , Roache John D. , Young-McCaughan Stacey , Peterson Alan L. , Foa Edna B. ,   For the STRONG STAR Consortium
Published: September 2018

Background

Few studies have investigated the patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom change in prolonged exposure (PE) therapy. In this study, we aimed to understand the patterns of PTSD symptom change in both PE and present-centered therapy (PCT).

Methods

Participants were active duty military personnel (N = 326, 89.3% male, 61.2% white, 32.5 years old) randomized to spaced-PE (S-PE; 10 sessions over 8 weeks), PCT (10 sessions over 8 weeks), or massed-PE (M-PE; 10 sessions over 2 weeks). Using latent profile analysis, we determined the optimal number of PTSD symptom change classes over time and analyzed whether baseline and follow-up variables were associated with class membership.

Results

Five classes, namely rapid responder (7–17%), steep linear responder (14–22%), gradual responder (30–34%), non-responder (27–33%), and symptom exacerbation (7–13%) classes, characterized each treatment. No baseline clinical characteristics predicted class membership for S-PE and M-PE; in PCT, more negative baseline trauma cognitions predicted membership in the non-responder v. gradual responder class. Class membership was robustly associated with PTSD, trauma cognitions, and depression up to 6 months after treatment for both S-PE and M-PE but not for PCT.

Conclusions

Distinct profiles of treatment response emerged that were similar across interventions. By and large, no baseline variables predicted responder class. Responder status was a strong predictor of future symptom severity for PE, whereas response to PCT was not as strongly associated with future symptoms.
Criticisms of U. S. Policy
Authors: Pfaff William
Published: September 2018

It is difficult not to see elements of desperation and despair, in much that is being said about the international situation. This is a time when events seem in the saddle; when attempts to control the technology of destruction seem all but hopeless; when American policies founded largely upon good will seem failing, and a major part of the world turns from us in disillusionment and often in hatred
The Question of Space
Authors: Fedder Edwin H.
Published: September 2018

The satellites in orbit overhead herald our entry into a new era, an era which will be as different from the Machine Age as the Machine Age was from die Middle Ages. We have conquered the basic problem of launching vehicles into outer space, but we have not determined a program for controlling space. If the space age is to provide opportunities for mankind greater than merely providing the staging ground for World War III, a legal system must be formulated which will regulate the use of outer space by the earth. Outer space is not covered by international law; yet we cannot afford the luxury of anarchy.
The Soviet Economic Challenge
Authors: Greene James
Published: September 2018

The speed with which economics has sped to the front of the Cold War over the past four years has caught the West-used to diplomatic maneuvering and “little wars”-off guard. We have, as yet, no adequate answer to what may well prove to be Communism's most devastating weapon-a Soviet economy producing at a greater per capita rate than the United States. No nation of free men ever rallied round a column of statistics, and yet, clearly, that is where the current battle between East and West has moved.

The change, it now seems, was inevitable. When they continue for any period of time, “total” wars, both hot and cold, slip more and more from the grasp of those charged with diplomacy and come to rest upon the impersonal powers of clashing armies, armies either on the battlefields or in the factories.
The Political Challenge
Authors: Harrington Michael
Published: September 2018

During the campaign, John F. Kennedy directed a sharp attack on the foreign policy of the Eisenhower Administration. In listing the particulars of his indictment—that Cuba was leaning toward the Communist camp, that Chana and Guinea also were moving into the Soviet orbit, that Mr. Eisenhower's proposed visit to Japan was a debacle—the Democratic nominee was specific and forceful.

And yet, in so far as he sketched his own foreign policy views in the campaign, John F. Kennedy did not propose any basic, sweeping changes. In every speech, his major “positive” proposal involved strengthening our armaments position.
Questions for Americans
Authors: William Loos A.
Published: September 2018

From what perspective should we who are concerned with religion and international affairs view the current foreign policy situation? Two factors of overriding importance stand out. First is the movement away from a bi-polar world and toward the pluralization of the world; second is the power shift, doubtless limited in character, but no less real, favoring the USSR at the expense of the U. S. A. (Henry A. Kissinger flatly asserts that “the missile gap in the period 1961-65 is now unavoidable”; and it is recognized by all competent observers that the USSR is leading the U. S. A. two to one in scientists under age thirty-five.)
The Churches And The World Crisis
Authors: Weigel Gustave
Published: September 2018

One does not have to be a political scientist to realize that the international situation has gotten steadily worse in the last fifty years. In the first years of this century, world power was in the hands of a few European nations. The general pattern of international society was kept stable through the British policy of balancing the powers. The wide world was under the control of the four or five great nations. The natives of controlled lands might be restless but there was really nothing which they could do about their fates.

It is useless and childish to refuse to see what has now happened. It is a poor consolation to say that we have avoided open war The Communists are doing very well without it, and the West is losing as effectively as if it had lost a series of battles. For Communist purposes Cold War is more effective than hot war could ever be, and if hot war is necessary they are resolutely ready for the plunge. They have the initiative everywhere and the West can only devise hurried defenses against the latest Communist objective.
America: Its Purpose and its Power
Authors: Morgenthau Hans J.
Published: September 2018

The supranational ordering of atomic power is the indispensable precondition for survival, but it tells us nothing about the purpose for which we want to survive. And while this problem has been the object of protracted negotiations, the United States, as the leading nation of the non-Communist world, was called upon to act as though that problem were on the way to solution, as though mankind and, more particularly, Western civilization would survive, and to fashion out of its power and leadership a common purpose for the whole non-Communist world.

The United States was expected to use its predominant power on behalf of the purpose that would be not only its own but also one in which the non- Communist world could recognize its distinct character and in whose achievement it could experience a common destiny.
Failures in Foreign Policy
Authors: Buehrig Edward H.
Published: September 2018

Though we have been on the winning side of the two major wars of this century, American diplomacy has not been equally clear-cut in its results. Dealing as it does with the imponderables of history, it is in the nature of diplomacy to be blurred both in its successes and failures. Yet the frustration that we have known cannot be dismissed merely on the ground that one must allow for a margin of error and hope for the best.

American policy between the wars was a fiasco of monumental proportions. That the failure was one of omission rather than commission in no way exonerates us from a measure of responsibility for the outbreak of the second World War. We reaped the consequences of our own folly. Mr. Buehrig is professor of government at Indiana University.
The Morality of Thermonuclear Deterrence
Authors: Douglass James W.
Published: September 2018

During last year's Military Procurement Authorization Hearings, a Senator requested that a speech relating current defense policy to the Christian just war doctrine be inserted into the record. He was quick to note, however, that he agreed only with some of the speaker's views on defense policy, not with the moral principles outlined: “You won't find them in any-doctrine in any church; in fact, the Catholic Church justifies the use of force to protect life and property.” Another Senator pointed out that the speech included the statement, “According to Christian doctrine the use of force to oppress evil can be justifiable under certain conditions,” and added the caution: “I would hope the implication is not that under certain other conditions it would be wrong to resist evil.“
After the Crisis
Authors: Smith Maynard
Published: September 2018

Whatever the final outcome of the Cuban confrontation, it cannot be doubted that the decisive action taken by the United States has scuttled, for the present at least, the Soviet Union's offensive military base in the Western hemisphere. That it has not settled the “Cuban problem” is, in terms of the intent of the recent action, true but irrelevant. It was not designed to settle the problem of Cuba but to eliminate the menacing military presence of the Soviet Union in Cuba.

The decision to check this dramatic extension of Soviet military capability met with substantial popular approval, however varied and incompatible the reasons, however strange the bedfellows.
Morals and Strategy
Authors: Brodie Bernard
Published: September 2018

The community of intellectual and moral leaders of the nation have tended to treat with an aloofness that certainly reflects a feeling of moral opprobrium those who labor in the field of national defense, especially those who contribute to the intellectual content of that field. They frequently speak or write as if those professionally involved with national defense have somehow betrayed their intellectual heritage.
Peaceful Coexistence: From Panch Shila to Fulbright
Authors: Power Paul F.
Published: September 2018

When Senator J. William Fulbright recently called for an an end to certain myths in American foreign policy he provoked, not unexpectedly, a debate over basic issues. Some of these are issues that Prime Minister Nehru grappled with in his long political career, issues that are neatly summed up in the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence found in the preamble of the Sino-Indian Agreement on Tibet, signed April 29, 1954.

Although the Tibetan treaty expired in 1962, the norms in the preamble continue to play a vital role in world affairs.
Western Interests and the New Europe
Authors: Gelber Lionel
Published: September 2018

There is need for a fresh look at some basic European policies which most of the Western Powers have, until recently, agreed on. Most utterances by Western statesmen, most comments in print and on the air have assumed, for instance, that the reunification’ of Germany and British entry into the Common Market would further the interests of the West. On these two focal issues the attentive public has, in general, heard only one side of the case. The principal reason is obvious. Dissent obtains fewer outlets when opinion media and policymakers see eye to eye.
Analogue and numerical modelling of shape fabrics: application to strain and flow determination in magmas
Authors: Arbaret Laurent , Fernandez Angel , Ježek Josef , Ildefonse Benoît , Launeau Patrick , Diot Hervé
Published: September 2018

We summarise numerical and analogue models of shape fabrics, and discuss their applicability to the shape preferred orientation of crystals in magmas. Analyses of flow direction and finite strain recorded during the emplacement of partially crystallised magmas often employ the analytical and numerical solutions of the Jeffery's model, which describe the movement of noninteracting ellipsoidal particles immersed in a Newtonian fluid. Crystallising magmas, however, are considered as dynamic fluid systems in which particles nucleate and grow. Crystallisation during magma deformation leads to mechanical interactions between crystals whose shape distribution is not necessarily homogeneous and constant during emplacement deformation. Experiments carried out in both monoparticle and multiparticle systems show that shape fabrics begin to develop early in the deformation history and evolve according to the theoretical models for low-strain regimes. At large strains and increasing crystal content, the heterogeneous size distribution of natural crystals and contact interactions tend to generate steady-state fabrics with a lineation closely parallel to the direction of the magmatic flow. This effect has been observed in all threedimensional experiments with particles of similar size and for strain regimes of high vorticity. On the other hand, studies of feldspar megacryst sub-fabrics in porphyritic granites suggest that these record a significant part of the strain history. Thus, the fabric ellipsoid for megacrysts evolves closer to the strain ellipsoid than for smaller markers. This behaviour results from the fact that the matrix forms of the melt and smaller crystals behave like a continuous medium relative to the megacrysts. Consequently, in the absence of these markers, and because the fabric intensities of smaller particles such as biotite are stable and lower than predicted by the theory, finite strain remains indeterminate. In that case, strain quantification and geometry of the flow requires the addition of external constraints based on other structural approaches.
Ethics, Technology, and Nuclear War, II : How do nuclear weapons affect our military policy?
Authors: Coffey Joseph I.
Published: September 2018

Since the end of World War II, the United States has aimed at deterring aggression against this country or its allies by a judicious combination of longlange nuclear striking forces and other forces armed with both nuclear and conventional weapons. (The verb "to deter" is defined as "to inhibit" or, in a more absolute usage, as "to prevent." One of the ambiguities of the concept of deterrence is that no one, including ourselves, is clear as to which usage is meant, much less which may prevail.) Of late years, as the Soviet Union achieved and developed a nuclear capability, deterrence has increasingly rested on the ability of the United States to launch a devastating retaliatory blow against anyone attacking the U.S. or, by extension, our allies.
Vietnam: The Basic Question
Authors: Forest James H.
Published: September 2018

The most basic question raised by the war in Vietnam is not one of tactics but of war itself. Our problem is not whether to use gas, napalm, phosphorous or defoliants—nor even whether torture should be permitted: it is quite simply whether we should be resorting to arms at all.

I am well aware this question is not new, especially within the religious communities. With a few alterations here and there, the exchange in ancient Rome between Celsus and Origen (debating whether Cliristians should serve in the army) would be considered timely in any contemporary journal.
Nasser and the Neutral Countries
Authors: Power Paul F.
Published: September 2018

To justify Nikita Khrushchev's removal from office, the new Kremlin leaders have cited this grievous fault: during the Aswan Dam celebrations in May 1964 he granted a Hero of the Soviet Union award to President Nasser of the United Arab Republic without first securing approval from the Supreme Soviet's Presidium. This example may or may not take a major place in the catalogue of Khrushchev's purported mistakes, but the award itself points up the attention Gamel Abdel Nasser still receives in world politics after a decade of controversy and uncertainty about his international status. Russian medals— and American corn—do not prove Nasser's arrival as a leader with significant standing, although great power recognition contributes to that status. That proof depends upon the rank he may gain as the leader of the nonaligned world.
Answering the Critics
Authors: Brownfeld Allan C.
Published: September 2018

The frequency with which myths about the war in Vietnam are given some degree of credibility is an indication of the lack of real understanding on the part of many Americans, not only average citizens who might not be. expected to understand the nuances of international law and diplomatic wrangling, but also those often self-proclaimed “sophisticated observers” who, on occasion, seem to understand so much that they fail to grasp the central point at issue.
The Test of the “Just War”
Authors: Zakn Gordon
Published: September 2018

Let me begin by confessing that my personal opposition to the American military operations in North and S.outh Vietnam derives from a broader commitment to religious pacifism. I regard the acts being performed by our government and its forces as a direct violation of the letter and the spirit of the Christian revelation. To the extent that they are conducted “in my name,” so to speak, without affording me or the others who share my convictions some effective and still legal way to dissociate myself from this immorality, my rights as a citizen to live according to my religious beliefs are also being violated.
Vietnam: Some Thoughts on Protest
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

A rational grasp of the opposition to U.S. policy requires an understanding of that policy's method and presuppositions. It is a prudential policy posture, in which the end is identified and possible means are judged in terms of their contribution to the end. Such a decision presupposes several extremely important points. First, it presupposes that ethical principles, whether religiously or philosophically derived, do not in themselves solve problems, but go into the solution along with the circumstances. It perceives, for example, that in a concrete case such as Vietnam, typically several values, ends, or principles will be in conflict: we value life as a good-in-itsclf, but we value also freedom and order.
Intervention: The Responsibility of Power
Authors: Thompson Robert G. K.
Published: September 2018

I will not here discuss whether it is right or wrong for a country to intervene in the affairs of other states. I will assume that great powers will interfere with small powers and consider, rather, how the great power should exercise its responsibilities.

We must begin by recognizing two major difficulties that face a great power. The first is that many of the problems—in fact most of the problems—which it faces in dealing with small countries are immune to power. This applies particularly to a Communist insurgency, which is designed to be immune to the application of power. It also applies, of course, to intervention which is perfectly respectable and normal, such as the giving of aid. In the case of aid, many of the problems are impervious to power in its broadest sense, that is, to resources, material, money, and so on.
Indonesia-Dutch Relations
Authors: Palmier Leslie H.
Published: September 2018

Relations between Indonesia and the Netherlands have shown a rancour on the Indonesian side, and en obduracy on the part of the Netherlands, unparallelled in the relations between any other ex-colony and its former imperial master. The bitterness of Indian nationalists has dissipated itself into a reverence for things English above all others, whilst the French attitude in Indo-China, similar in many ways to that of the Dutch in the Indies, and the fighting in the Indo-Chinese war, far heavier than those of the Netherlands military actions in 1948 and 1949, have still left the peoples of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos with warrior feelings for France than the Indonesian government has for the Netherlands.
The Nuremberg Precedent and Conscientious Objection
Authors: O'Brien William V.
Published: September 2018

Accounts of litigations and debates over conscientious objection frequently mentioned the precedent of the Nuremberg and other war crimes trials. It is argued that if men may be tried and executed for participation in aggressive wars and illegal wartime acts there must be a moral right and duty to refuse such participation. Indeed, there should be a right to avoid possible trial as a war criminal, I will attempt to assess the validity of this argument generally and its relevance to the Freedom House characterization as a “fantasy” of individual interpretation of the prerogative of conscientious objection.
The Rise of Indonesian Political Parties
Authors: Singh Vishal
Published: September 2018

The development of the Indonesian party system in the first quarter of this century can be traced to various factors. The defeat of Russia by Japan started a chain of now ideas in Asian minds which finally led to the overthrow of the European powers in Asia. But this event in isolation could not have achieved much. The overthrow of the Manchu Empire in China in 1911 by the Chinese nationalist revolutionaries under the leadership of Sun Yet Sen, created a new national consciousness among the Chinese in Indonesia, and Indonesian nationalism partly owes its origin to reaction against-this new-born nationalism among overseas Chinese in Indonesia.
Old Wine in New Bottles
Authors: Nevins Lawrence
Published: September 2018

Among the many curious questions raised by the Portuguese revolution is: Why did so many career officers, proudly wearing the decorations of a colonialist fascist state, emerge as such passionate militants of the left? Three explanations are commonly offered. First, it is said, the social origins of the younger officers are closer to the working class than to the aristocracy; second, contact with African freedom fighters convinced them that they too should be Third World revolutionaries; and third, social intercourse with educated draftees drew them into the contemporary climate of opinion.
America's Military Burden in the Third World
Authors: Lefever Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

Most Americans agree that our protracted involvement in the defense of South Vietnam has become a watershed in our security commitment to the Third World, but there is less agreement on what the central “lesson of Vietnam” is. For a few persons, “no more Vietnams” means the virtual renunciation of our non-nuclear military commitments, but for most of us, including the President, the ambiguities and frustrations of Vietnam mean that we should be even more selective about our active military participation in the future than in the past.
Vietnam — and Beyond
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

The military utility of the limited Cambodian campaign should be clear to those capable of assessing the facts. It will help protect the withdrawal of American troops, and reduce the Communist capability to launch attacks in the southern half of South Vietnam. It will, in short, help the process of Vietnamization. On the other hand, the fate of the I.on Nol regime in Pnompenh remains in doubt. Should South Vietnam, and perhaps other countries in Southeast Asia, help the new Cambodian government after American withdrawal, it could withstand the efforts of Sihanouk. Hanoi et. al. The venture gained time at least to shore up the Lon Nol regime, while not assuring its survival. Nixon's expressed hope that the venture might prod Hanoi into serious negotiations can be dismissed in the light of North Vietnamese patience and determination.
Fact and Fiction
Authors: Inman John
Published: September 2018

Several recent books have been looked upon at the United Nations with varying degrees of interest and enthusiasm. Since the U.N. is in the U.S., and since its life is dependent upon the U.S. Government, it is natural that any utterances by prominent U.S. officials about the role of the U.N. in American foreign policy are read with fascination, trepidation and at times bewilderment. And indeed George W. Ball's The Discipline of Power was read at the U.N. with morbid fascination, bewilderment and despair. Unlike all previous heads of a U.S. delegation to the U.N., Ambassador Ball was the first who had not been a public figure, and he had no U.S. constituency.
The U.N. and its Critics
Authors: Higgins George G.
Published: September 2018

“Theologians, like metaphysicians,” an English friar observes in a recent treatise on political philosophy, “are particularly susceptible to the attractions of what has been called the linotype school of history. They can easily be found to argue … that if certain ideas are applied then they arc bound to produce certain results. If all men served justice there would be no social problems—if free trade were adopted the world would be economically balanced and stable—both arguments impose a hypothesis after much the same fashion.” This method, he continues, is legitimate but only within limits.
Religious Experience and a New Foreign Policy
Authors: Maguire Daniel C.
Published: September 2018

It is invigorating to speak of “man come of age” and to proclaim that modern man has marched, with noble maturity, from his sacral and myth-bound past into the secular present. An abundant and exuberant literature has celebrated this grand event. Sacral man, however, is alive and thriving and finds himself in something of the position of Mark Twain who, when he read of his own death in the paper, immediately wrote to the editor: “The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.”
The University and the Unhinging of Society
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

The attention of the Western world has been concentrated very forcibly in recent years on the meaning and the place of the university in contemporary society. Student unrest and political “activisim” have gained widespread publicity in all communications media and in every legislature. In France, Mexico, Czechoslovakia, Japan, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the United States, the university confrontation has occasioned grave civil crises that have shaken the very stability of government itself. The origin and nature of this phenomenon is rooted in the intellectual history of the modern world which has sought to effect a humanism totally subject to man's intellectual and technological control. What we are now seeing is how this control is passing from thought and technique to political and messianic action, to movements which profess to “re-create” man in the midst of his most pressing crises of poverty, race, war, and equality.
Henry Kissinger's Approach to Foreign Policy
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

“Henry Kissinger is without question the most brilliant American polemicist in the general area of foreign and national policy. He possesses an unusual ability to seize particular positions and publicize them in a compelling manner… .” So wrote Professor Morton Kaplan, a leading champion of a “scientific” approach to the study of international politics, in a review of the “traditionalist” Kissinger's The Necessity. for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy (1960). President Nixon's choice of Kissinger as his advisor on National Security Affairs marks the perpetuation of academies in that role, McGeorge Bundy of Harvard and Walt W. Rostow of M.I.T. having served as predecessors under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.
Political Theory and Clerical Radicalism
Authors: Monson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

When viewed within the perspective of a possibly new American foreign policy, two sets of dramatic and apparently unrelated current events display a clear relationship. On the one hand are particular influences upon the thought of the radical left in America and elsewhere, notably the neo-Marxist ideas of men like Herbert Mareuse'and the Third World revolution ideas of men like Frantz Fanon. On the other hand there are recurring references to differences in the way clerical defections are taking place in the United States and Europe. An interesting framework for unifying these apparently unrelated phenomena suggests itself from the broader perspective of traditional Western political theory.
The Latin American Church Today: North American Perceptions
Authors: Colonnese Louis M.
Published: September 2018

The Latin American Church has succeeded in formulating valid theological perceptions and pastoral initiatives based upon its reality. It has also forged terms which accurately express newly formulated concepts of Latin America's self-understanding, self-identity and world role within the context of man's salvific quest. These terms adequately describe the Latin American reality and are clearly understood in the milieu to which they pertain. However, they have not gained currency in the glossary of inter-American dialogue and sometimes create confusion rather than clarity in the minds of North Americans who are unfamiliar with their true meaning.

The Latin American Church speaks to us of the legitimate aspirations of its people for liberation and the term conjures up threatening images of rebellion, anarchy and chaos in the North American subconscious. The Latin American Church speaks of communitarianism and North Americans subconsciously envision some menacing form of welfare state which threatens our national deification of the work-and prosper Protestant ethic. The Latin American Church speaks of educational philosophy or Conscientization and North Americans subconsciously equate this with some devious form of brain-washing.
Stilwell and the Vietnam Experience
Authors: Pfaff William
Published: September 2018

Barbara Tuchman's good book on General Stilwell and America's wartime China policy provides an illuminating introduction to that elaborate record of America's Vietnam involvement which the Pentagon, thanks to the New York Times, provided for us recently. The really interesting thing is not the way in which these two accounts of American adventure in Asia are alike but the way in which they are different.
The State of the Middle East, and the State of Middle East Studies
Authors: AlRoy Gil Carl
Published: September 2018

The well-informed, frequently puzzled by foreign affairs, are sometimes even mystified by problems of the Middle East, an area of unusual volatility, controversy, and seeming unpredictability. Yet that area need not be less knowable than other regions. Actually, the Middle East may well prove to be more intelligible and predictable than most regions.

There are, I admit, some genuinely puzzling s pects to the Middle East—one is the military ascendancy of a small and reputedly unmarital people over vast masses of war like people. But after several decades of unremitting hostility to Jewish political assertiveness in the Middle East, it is surely a suspension of rationality to suppose—as most of us seem to—that the atmosphere can be cleared by some semantic formulation.
China in our Mind's Geography
Authors: Pfaff William
Published: September 2018

There are hatreds which are devoted to real things and people, and there is a hatred which displaces inner violence onto any accessible external object. The deepest causes for hate are racial, fraternal, communal. No trip by Henry Kissinger will mend the savagery of Moslem Pakistani toward Bengali Hindu or solve the fixed enmities of Ulster, for such wars are merciless and personally felt, "popular" in the most terrifying significance of that word.

America's turbulent relationship with China, and the Kissinger expedition, cannot be understood in terms of such hatred. Yet one does find in American feelings toward China a violent and unstable emotion that cannot be accounted for in a relationship based solely on rational calculations of interest and advantage.
American Jews, Israel and Public Policy
Authors: Brickner Balfour
Published: September 2018

Israel the David has become Israel the Goliath. In the eyes of millions, a much-admired underdog withstood heroically, even miraculously in June of 1967, the threat of annihilation from the giant military menace of the combined Arab armies. Four and a half years later this underdog has become, in the minds of those same millions, an aggressive, obstinate, muscle-bound upstart, not only blocking all possibilities for normalcy in the Middle East but, far more dangerously, threatening the peace of the world. As this reversal of image hardens, political postures change. Here in America, those in the political center see Israel as an obstacle to broader economic trade and thus to easier diplomatic relations with the vast Arab world, while from the left, Israel stands condemned as an imperialist tool of the capitalist powers, preventing the legitimate national liberation of millions of oppressed Arab fellahin.
Moral Discourse Under Fire: The Example of the Middle East
Authors: Little David
Published: September 2018

George Kennan, a prominent spokesman of the "realist" political school, said some years ago: "Let us face it: in most international differences elements of right and wrong, comparable to those that prevail in personal relationships, are— if they exist at all, which is a question—simply not discernible to the outsider. Where is the right and wrong of the Kashmir dispute? I am glad it is not my task to seek it. And how about the conflict between the Israeli and the Arabs? The very establishment of the State of Israel, at which we Americans warmly connived, was—whether right or wrong—essentially an act of violence."
Bangladesh and the Theory of Just War
Authors: Ranly Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

It is widely believed that in the recent India-Pakistan conflict the United States backed the wrong, that is, the losing, side. Not enough attention has been paid the possibility that the United States backed the wrong, that is, the immoral, side. This is an effort to look at that possibility within the framework of the traditional “just war theory,” a theory that may turn out to be a great deal more serviceable than its contemporary critics suggest.

The principles governing a just war were first spelled out by Saint Augustine and are an integral part of scholastic moral theology even today when the whole theory has been subjected to a new and rigorous scrutiny.
The Ideology of Spain's Technocratic Catholicism
Authors: Marsal Juan Francisco
Published: September 2018

Spanish counterrevolutionary thought was born in the eighteenth century as a reaction against the Rationalism of the Enlightenment which, advancing from France, threatened the ideological apparatus of absolutism. It represented the intellectual aspect of the struggle between the class interests of the rising bourgeoisie and the two partners of traditional monarchic power, the nobility and the clergy. The intelligentsia of the regime based their ideological defense on the traditional myths, opposing that "Reason" which represented in their judgment the spirit of Evil itself.
The Taiwan Tangle
Authors: Bueler William M.
Published: September 2018

Recent setbacks notwithstanding, the Nationalist Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek still has a tight grip on Taiwan. Beyond maintaining effective control over its diverse constituents, the government has also brought reasonable prosperity. Just as clearly, however, the regime has feet of clay.

The entire political system of Nationalist China rests upon the myth that it is the government of all China. The myth has finally been exploded in the diplomatic realm, but on Taiwan it remains the fragile foundation of the regime's power and very existence. The legitimacy of the regime derives from legislative and electoral bodies elected on the Mainland in the 1940's.
Jesus and the Political World
Authors: Gutierrez Gustavo
Published: September 2018

The current concern about the liberation of the oppressed, about the social revolution which is to transform the present order, about the counterviolence opposed to the violence which the existing order produces—and with which it defends itself—have all led many Christians to ask themselves about the attitude of Jesus regarding the political situation of his time. The question may surprise us. If so, it is because we take it for granted that Jesus was not interested in political life: his mission was purely religious.
The Academic Depression
Authors: Riesman David
Published: September 2018

Men and women receiving their bachelor's degrees now have for the most part been those who entered college near the end of what has been the greatest boom period in American academic history. With accelerating momentum during the last four years, it can at least be suggested that the academic analogue of the Great Crash of 1929 has occurred. Universities are even more diversified than the securities listed on the stock exchanges; they are not so closely interlinked; hence, what is a depression in some institutions is a mild recession or a plateau in others, and perhaps a pause that refreshes in still others. There are surely some institutions (until recently, the University of Texas was one) so richly supported that they could use the slack market for faculty as a time for academic bargain-hunting.
The New Federalists
Authors: Keys Donald F.
Published: September 2018

The movement for a governed world has undergone a mutation recently and shows signs of again becoming an important factor in the intellectual and political worlds—for the first time since the early 1950's. The new federalism, or, if you like, neo-federalism, is no less idealistic than the old, but the time scales are different and the policies more pragmatic.

Organizations and movements are not the same thing. The movement for a federated world really got under way immediately following World War II, and at first there was a high degree of congruency between the United World Federalists and the movement.
Israel—the Years Ahead
Authors: Curtis Michael , Freund Gerald , Horowitz Irving Louis , Marks John H. , Siegel Seymour , Solomonow Allan
Published: September 2018

Unpredictable and potentially inflammable, the Middle East is currently experiencing an unusual degree of tranquillity and stability. For the United States this is a moment for satisfaction, if not yet of optimism or rejoicing.

The U.S. has played a major role in producing a climate of greater realism in which some Arab states are prepared to recognize Israel, if certain conditions are met, and in which the desire to resort to armed force to obtain a solution has been significantly reduced. It was the chief force in achieving in August, 1970, a cease-fire, now over thirty months old, between Egypt and Israel. It has reached an understanding with the Soviet Union on the need to prevent acts of hostility in the area and to localize any conflicts that occur. It has maintained the balance of power in the area by its supply of arms and aid to Israel without forfeiting all relationships with Arab states.
Palestinians in Purgatory
Authors: Rouleau Eric
Published: September 2018

On the medieval porch of the Haram-el-Ibrahimi, the great mosque of Hebron whose proud and massive walls are a monument from Herodian rimes, three Israeli soldiers stand guard. Leaning nonchalantly on their machine guns, they scrutinize the visitors, courteously asking them to put on the head covering that is strictly required in synagogues. As one climbs the long stone staircase toward the entrance of the mosque the sound of a Jewish liturgical chant, at first faint and indistinct, grows louder until it becomes deafening.

About a hundred faithful, many of them soldiers in uniform with their heads capped with yarmulkes, stand and shake to and fro before the candlelit Torah fervently celebrating their office. For the first time in fourteen centuries Jews are able to worship in the building that contains the "Tombs of the Patriarchs" Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, a site sacred to both Muslim and Jew.
Encounter in Jerusalem
Authors: Vorspan Albert
Published: September 2018

It is almost a year since we returned to the States from Israel. A number of things have changed since then and some of our memories have dimmed. And not only for us. The Tel Aviv airport massacre, which occurred while we were in Jerusalem, is probably dimmer in most people's memory than the horrifying killings at the Munich Olympics or the Libyan plane disaster in Sinai. Still, we believe we learned some things that endure, that will not readily fade from mind.

We lived in Jerusalem for four months and we travelled the country like nomads, trying to catch the peculiar essence of Israel. But it's silly; born Israelis can't even catch it.
Growing Up Palestinian
Authors: Turki Fawaz
Published: September 2018

In the year 1948 Israel became a state and I became stateless. For the next twentyfive years Israelis were building a nation and I was inhabiting a world of nothingness in which I experienced no halcyon period, no moment when my very essence as a man was not negated and my very rights as a human being were not dismissed. In 1948 the world applauded the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. I was a Palestinian, and the Jewish homeland was being established in my country, at the cost of displacing me and creating in us all a nation in exile.
The Hatch and Brood of Time
Authors: Sisk John P.
Published: September 2018

There was a time during the sixties when Catholics, intoxicated with what we were convinced had come to us bottled in bond from Vatican II, were among the most optimistic predictors around. In our more extravagant moments some of us talked and wrote as if we were inspired by a scenario drawn up at a summit meeting presided over by Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan. Some of this optimism was still present when Commonweal brought out its “Church in the Year 2000” issue (October 31, 1969), though by then the more pronounced thing was the wrath of those who had begun to discover how laggard the Church was in its efforts to live up to the scenario that had been prepared for it.
The Liturgy of the Environment
Authors: Behan R. W.
Published: September 2018

A society's culture is a compound of many expressions of value. Each one is an argument, a “position paper” of sorts, or a liturgy to be recited; most of them are subjected to scrutiny and susceptible to change. We are, I hope, changing our American arguments about defending freedom around the world and, closer to home, about the place of the woman, the black, the Chicano or the Indian in our social structures and behaviors.

There is one such expression of value—I call it the Liturgy of the Environment—that is only rarely scrutinized. That means it is rarely criticized, and that means it does not change much.
Rationalizing the Hell of War
Authors: Johnson James T.
Published: September 2018

Early in Gordon Zahn's “War and Its Conventions” (Worldview, July, 1973) the author sets forth the proposal that “the Vietnam conflict be taken as a test case by writers who would persist in the illusion that just war standards and conditions are, or indeed could be, taken into account in the policy decisions reached by military leaders and magistrates.” By the end of this same article Zahn has moved on to the more startling proposal that an international tribunal of “theologians and other specialists in religion and in the presumed influence religion has upon the affairs of man” be convoked to render judgment on the morality of the Vietnam war. Since these two propositions have no necessary direct relationship, and since in the pages separating them Zahn does not connect them, one is left wondering just what Zahn intends to say in this article.
Arabs and Africans
Authors: Hunter Frederic
Published: September 2018

A remarkable series of events in the first half of this year altered the customary pattern of relations between Africa's Arab nations and its black African states.

Suddenly events suggested that the Arab nations might manage a resurgence of their influence in black Africa. They broke the normal pattern in which feelings of indifference, and sometimes distrust, are submerged in the name of continental unity and in the practice of a you-scratch-my-back-I'll-scratchyours kind of Third World solidarity. Even more, it appeared as if conditions south of the Sahara might favor this resurgence of Arab influence.
Further Thoughts About An American Dilemma
Authors: Myrdal Gunnar
Published: September 2018

I take this opportunity to correct at least a few lingering misunderstandings of my old book. I am sometimes asked whether race relations in America, rooted in centuries of tragic and often hideous history and still injecting its peculiar bias in all social, economic and political relations in the country, could be “resolved” like a mathematical problem or an engineering project. Even after another thirty years we will be living with it, though it will have altered. I do hope that changes will proceed more rapidly than in the last five or seven years and that they will more consistently move toward a greater fulfillment of American ideals and aspirations.