bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rocks and minerals for the collector, Hull-Maniwaki, Quebec, Ottawa-Peterborough, Ontario
Authors: Sabina A P
Published: February 2015

Occurrences of minerals, rocks and fossils are described from about two hundred easily accessible localities in the Gatineau River area between Hull and Maniwaki, Quebec, and along Highway 7 from Ottawa to Peterborough, Ontario. The localities furnish a wide
variety of specimen material and some minerals and rocks suitable for lapidary purposes.

In the Gatineau district, which reached its peak of mining activity in the 1880s and l890s, there are numerous abandoned mica-apatite mines. Good specimens of these minerals and of associated silicate minerals are available from the dumps. Other nonactive mines in this region include deposits of
iron, brucite, molybdenum, feldspar, barite, zinc, asbestos, quartz and limestone. Minerals and rocks suitable for lapidary purposes can be found, for example serpentine, marble, scapolite, feldspar (peristerite, amazonite), diopside, graphic granite, but this area is not notable for its variety or
abundance of ornamental-type material. One mine, the Leduc, was exploited for gem (tourmaline). Fossils occur only in the Hull area.

Deposits in the Ottawa-Peterborough area that are currently in operation include talc, nepheline, marble, and limestone. Inactive mines are more numerous; they were worked for gold, fluorite, iron, feldspar, sulphur, arsenic, lead, copper, uranium, apatite and actinolite. The earliest gold mines in
Ontario were operated in the area north of Madoc and Kaladar, and some of the earliest iron mines were worked in the Marmora area. Nepheline, cancrinite, marble, serpentine, epidote, peristerite and graphic granite are examples of the available lapidary material. Ordovician fossils are abundant in
road- cuts and in limestone quarries near Peterborough.
Selective Neck Dissection (IIa, III): A Rational Replacement for Extended Supraomohyoid Neck Dissection in Patients with N0 Supraglottic and Glottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zohdi Ismail , Sharkawy Louay S. El , Bestar Mahmoud F. El , Tawab Hazem M. Abdel , Hamela Mo'men A.A. , Hareedy Amal A.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of selective neck dissection of sublevel IIa and level III in cases of glottis and supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma in the absence of lymph node metastasis and to show if there is value in dissecting the sublevel IIb or level IV in these cases.

Patients and Methods

Twenty-five patients with N0 glottic or supraglottic cancer were subjected to unilateral or bilateral selective neck dissection according to the site and the extent of the tumor, and the specimens were histopathologically examined for metastasis.

Results

Twenty-five patients (23 males and 2 females) with mean age of 55.72 years were included in the study. Lymph node metastasis to sublevel IIa and level III was found in 6/25 (24%) cases with glottic or supraglottic carcinoma, while to sublevel IIb and level IV was found in 1/25 (4%) with P-value of 0.05, which is statistically significant.

Conclusion

Selective neck dissection of level IIb is not required in cases of the supraglottic laryngeal cancer. Dissection of sublevel IIa and level III takes less time and is effective. Dissection of level IV is not needed in the case of supraglottic cancer.
Evaluation of Pulmonary and Systemic Toxicity of Oil Dispersant (COREXIT EC9500A®) following Acute Repeated Inhalation Exposure
Authors: Roberts Jenny R. , Anderson Stacey E. , Kan Hong , Krajnak Kristine , Thompson Janet A. , Kenyon Allison , Goldsmith William T. , McKinney Walter , Frazer David G. , Jackson Mark , Fedan Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Oil spill cleanup workers come into contact with numerous potentially hazardous chemicals derived from the oil spills, as well as chemicals applied for mitigation of the spill, including oil dispersants. In response to the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, a record volume of the oil dispersant, COREXIT EC9500A, was delivered via aerial applications, raising concern regarding potential health effects that may result from pulmonary exposure to the dispersant.

Methods

The current study examined the effects on pulmonary functions, cardiovascular functions, and systemic immune responses in rats to acute repeated inhalation exposure of COREXIT EC9500A at 25 mg/m3, five hours per day, over nine work days, or filtered air (control). At one and seven days following the last exposure, a battery of parameters was measured to evaluate lung function, injury, and inflammation; cardiovascular function; peripheral vascular responses; and systemic immune responses.

Results

No significant alterations in airway reactivity were observed at one or seven days after exposure either in baseline values or following metha-choline (MCh) inhalation challenge. Although there was a trend for an increase in lung neutrophils and phagocyte oxidant production at one-day post exposure, there were no significant differences in parameters of lung inflammation. In addition, increased blood monocytes and neutrophils, and decreased lymphocyte numbers at one-day post exposure also did not differ significantly from air controls, and no alterations in splenocyte populations, or serum or spleen immunoglobulin M (IgM) to antigen were observed. There were no significant differences in peripheral vascular responsiveness to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agonists or in blood pressure (BP) responses to these agents; however, the baseline heart rate (HR) and HR responses to isoproterenol (ISO) were significantly elevated at one-day post exposure, with resolution by day 7.

Conclusions

In summary, acute repeated exposure to COREXIT EC9500A did not alter pulmonary function, lung injury/inflammation, systemic immune responses, or vascular tone, but did cause transient chronotropic effects on cardiac function.
Análisis probabilístico de estándares de emisión para el dimensionamiento volumétrico de tanques de tormenta
Authors: Andrés-Doménech Ignacio , Marco Segura Juan B. , Vallés Morán Francisco J. , Albentosa Hernández Eduardo
Published: February 2015

El impacto ambiental sobre los medios receptores que provocan los vertidos de escorrentías urbanas desde un tanque de tormentas para el control de la contaminación puede enfocarse de dos formas diferentes: estableciendo los denominados estándares de emisión (Emisión Standards, ES) o bien los objetivos de calidad ambiental (Environmental Quality Standards, EQS). El primer nivel en cuanto a objetivos de protección lo constituyen los estándares de emisión. Con ellos se estudian e imponen restricciones a los vertidos, evaluando su frecuencia, volumen, carga contaminante, etc. Las más habituales hacen referencia a la frecuencia de los vertidos y a la reducción del volumen de escorrentía vertido al medio receptor. El artículo presenta el desarrollo de un modelo analítico probabilístico para el análisis de estándares de emisión en un tanque de tormentas para el control de la contaminación procedente de escorrentías urbanas. Los resultados obtenidos se aplican y se contrastan mediante simulación matemática en una cuenca de la ciudad de Valencia. Finalmente, se sintetizan en ábacos que proporcionan el valor del estándar de emisión alcanzado en función de los dos parámetros básicos de diseño del tanque: su volumen y el caudal derivado a depuración.
Bilateral Pheochromocytoma with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Rare Case
Authors: Gupta Brajesh B , Changole Sanjay S , Nandagawali Vishal , Kadam Chandratej Chandrkant
Published: February 2015

Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine-secreting tumors of neuroectodermal origin. Different clinical presentations, various preoperative and intraoperative complications and their potential to become malignant provide a challenge in diagnosing and managing these cases. We report a rare case of bilateral pheochromocytoma with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. He was diagnosed with bilateral pheochromocytoma with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy presenting at the age of 15 years without evidence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN-2), or any familial syndrome or metastasis and then offered a surgery which was first cancelled due to uncontrolled hypertension. He was then taking alpha blocker for 8 years until he was again admitted to our institute. After prior blood pressure control with alpha and beta blocker drugs, open bilateral adrenalectomy was done without any complications. intraoperative spikes in blood pressure was managed with short acting antihypertensives, such as esmolol and labetalol. Postoperatively, patient is given steroid and under follow-up to rule out malignancy and other complications.

How to cite this article

Gupta BB, Changole SS, Nandagawali V, Kadam CC. Bilateral Pheochromocytoma with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Rare Case. World J Endoc Surg 2014;6(3):107-109.
Experimental investigation of ion-ion recombination at atmospheric conditions
Authors: Franchin A. , Ehrhart S. , Leppä J. , Nieminen T. , Gagné S. , Schobesberger S. , Wimmer D. , Duplissy J. , Riccobono F. , Dunne E. , Rondo L. , Downard A. , Bianchi F. , Kupc A. , Tsagkogeorgas G. , Lehtipalo K. , Manninen H. E. , Almeida J. , Amorim A. , Wagner P. E. , Hansel A. , Kirkby J. , Kürten A. , Donahue N. M. , Makhmutov V. , Mathot S. , Metzger A. , Petäjä T. , Schnitzhofer R. , Sipilä M. , Stozhkov Y. , Tomé A. , Kerminen V.-M. , Carslaw K. , Curtius J. , Baltensperger U. , Kulmala M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We present the results of laboratory measurements of the ion-ion recombination coefficient at different temperatures, relative humidities and concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide. The experiments were carried out using the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at CERN, the walls of which are made of conductive material, making it possible to measure small ions. We produced ions in the chamber using a 3.5 GeV c−1 beam of positively-charged pions (π+) from the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) and with galactic cosmic rays, when the PS was switched off. The range of the ion production rate varied from 2 to 100 cm−3s−1, covering the typical range of ionization throughout the troposphere. The temperature ranged from −55 to 20 °C, the relative humidity from 0 to 70%, the SO2 concentration from 0 to 40 ppb, and the ozone concentration from 200 to 700 ppb. At 20 °C and 40% RH, the retrieved ion-ion recombination coefficient was (2.3 ± 0.7) × 10−6cm3s−1. We observed no dependency of the ion-ion recombination coefficient on ozone concentration and a weak variation with sulfur dioxide concentration. However, we found a strong dependency of the ion-ion recombination coefficient on temperature. We compared our results with three different models and found an overall agreement for temperatures above 0 °C, but a disagreement at lower temperatures. We observed a strong dependency of the recombination coefficient on relative humidity, which has not been reported previously.
Safety, efficacy and outcomes of the new GreenLight XPS 180W laser system compared to the GreenLight HPS 120W system for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in a prospective nonrandomized single-centre study
Authors: Eken Alper , Soyupak Bulent , Acil Meltem , Arpaci Taner , Akbas Tugana
Published: February 2015

Introduction: We compare and evaluate the safety, efficacy, and short-term outcomes of the new GreenLight XPS 180W (GL-XPS) laser system with the former generation GreenLight HPS 120W (GL-HPS) system for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a prospective nonrandomized single-centre study.Methods: From May 2012 to June 2013, 161 consecutive patients with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH were included: 88 patients were treated with the GL-HPS system and 73 were treated with the GL-XPS system. The perioperative variables International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL), and maximum flow rate (Qmax) were recorded at baseline, at one month and 6 months. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was assessed at baseline.Results: The mean age was 70.2 years in the GL-HPS group and 68.6 years in the GL-XPS group. Prostate volumes were 62.3 mL and 61.3 mL, respectively. Both groups showed significant postoperative improvement in the IPSS, QOL, Qmax variables compared to baseline levels. There were no significant differences in improvement in IPSS and QOL between groups. However, both operating and catheterization times were shorter in patients in the GL-XPS group. The overall postoperative complication rate was similar in both groups.Conclusion: Both GreenLight systems provide safe, effective tissue vaporization with significant clinical relief of BPH obstruction. The GL-XPS system appears more favourable with regard to reduced operating and hospitalization time, suggesting more cost-effective and efficient tissue removal.
On-table urethral catheterisation during laparoscopic appendicectomy: Is it necessary?
Authors: Nason Gregory J , Baig Sher N , Burke Matthew J , Aslam Asadullah , Kelly Michael E , Walsh Leon G , Flood Hugh D , Giri Subhasis K
Published: February 2015

Introduction: Laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) is the most commonly performed surgical emergency procedure. The aim of this study was to highlight a series of iatrogenic bladder injuries during LA and suggest a simple method of prevention.Methods: A retrospective review was carried out of all LA performed in a university teaching hospital over a two year period 2012-2013. Iatrogenic visceral injuries were identified and operative notes examined.Results: During the study period 1124 appendicectomies were performed. Four iatrogenic bladder injuries occurred related to secondary trocar insertion. No patient was catheterised preoperatively. One of the injuries was identified intra-operatively, another in the early postoperative period where as two re-presented acutely unwell post-discharge from hospital. Three were repaired by laparotomy and one laparoscopically.Conclusion: Iatrogenic secondary trocar induced bladder injuries are a rare but preventable and potentially serious complication of LA. Urethral catheterisation during LA is a safe and simple method which can prevent this complication.
Hablemos de ángeles calvos, demonios pelones y figuras grotescas en la escultura barroca gallega
Authors: López Vázquez José Manuel
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: The unusual bald angels depicted in the interior of the sounding board of the pulpit on the Gospel side of the Monastery of San Martiño Pinario in Santiago de Compostela are the starting point to undertake an iconographical study of the representation of demons in Galician Baroque sculpture, primarily in that found in Santiago de Compostela. In this analysis I go beyond the mere identification of its characteristic attributes in order to try to reconstruct the contents that they could communicate within their cultural context. In order to do so, I turn to sources derived from sacred and profane literature, as well as to Neostoicism as the prevailing trend in Spanish Catholicism of the Counter-Reformation. Finally, considering the fact that we are dealing with works of art whose form must therefore also be interrogated as a possible transmitter of emphatic contents, instead of analyzing them only as simple products of Baroque style, I stress their stylistic mode, especially, the grotesque one that was used in the majority of the examples. Furthermore, the accumulation of new meanings gleaned as a result of the mode´s analysis allows me to interpret important works of sculpture, such as two of the reliefs of Pinario’s main altarpiece: the Miracles of the Child and of the Pine Tree, from a distinctive and more enriching perspective, such as KEYWORDS: Iconography, Angels, Demons, Stylistic Mode, Neostoicism   RESUMEN: La inusual representación de unos ángeles calvos en el interior del tornavoz del púlpito de evangelio del monasterio compostelano de San Martiño Pinario es el punto de partida para un estudio iconográfico de la representación del demonio en la escultura barroca gallega y, fundamentalmente, en la compostelana. En nuestro análisis no nos quedamos en el mero reconocimiento de los atributos que lo caracterizan, sino que, además, tratamos de reconstruir los contenidos que estos podían trasmitir en su contexto cultural, para lo cual acudimos a fuentes de literatura sacra y profana y al neoestoicismo como corriente preponderante en el catolicismo español postridentino. Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta que estamos ante obras de arte y que, por consiguiente, su forma también debe ser interrogada como posible trasmisora de contenidos enfáticos, en vez de analizarlas solo como obras de estilo barroco, hacemos hincapié en su modo estilístico, y particularmente, en el grotesco, en el que, en su mayoría, fueron  plasmadas. Este incremento de significados a través del análisis del modo nos permite, además, interpretar con una perspectiva distinta y más enriquecedora obras importantes en dicha escultura como son los relieves de los milagros del niño y del pino del retablo mayor de Pinario. PALABRAS CLAVES: Iconografía, Ángeles, Demonios, Modo estilístico, Neoestoicismo.
VARIABILIDADE FÍSICO-QUÍMICA ENTRE E INTRAPLANTA DE SEMENTES DE ALGODÃO
Authors: Neto Alves de Oliveira Emanuel , Da Costa Santos Dyego , Sousa Santos Jonas , Das Chagas Vidal Neto Francisco , Barros de Albuquerque Esther Maria
Published: February 2015

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a variabilidade dos componentes físico-químicos, entre eintraplanta, de sementes de duas cultivares de algodoeiro herbáceo (BRS-272 e BRS-273) colhidas em trêsposições verticais da planta (baixeiro, média e ponteiro) e duas posições horizontais (1ª e 2ª posições frutíferas).Posteriormente, as sementes foram submetidas às análises físico-químicas. A menor umidade foiencontrada nas sementes da cultivar BRS-272 do 1º fruto das posições vertical média e ponteiro da planta.Observou-se uma variação de 18,42% a 25,00% no teor de lipídios, e de 27,39% a 31,98% para proteínas.Os maiores valores de carboidratos foram encontrados nas sementes da BRS-273 do 2º fruto da posiçãovertical ponteiro e os de cinzas na base das cultivares. As sementes da cultivar BRS-272 do 1º e 2º fruto daposição vertical ponteiro foram as amostras que apresentaram os maiores teores de fósforo. Os maioresteores de ferro foram encontrados nas sementes da cultivar BRS-273 do 1º fruto e do 2º fruto da posiçãovertical média da planta e de potássio na mesma cultivar, nas sementes do 1º fruto e do 2º fruto da base. Emrelação ao teor de lipídios, as maiores porcentagens foram encontradas na base da planta. Conclui-se queexiste variação fenotípica entre e intraplanta para os genótipos estudados.
IMERSÃO DE SEMENTES DE CAFEEIRO EM ÁGUA EM DIFERENTES TEMPOS E TEMPERATURAS Coffee seeds water imbibition at different periods and temperatures
Authors: Pereira Kikuti Ana Lúcia , Pereira Carlos Eduardo , Kikuti Hamilton , Mendes Guimarães Renato
Published: February 2015

As sementes de cafeeiro perdem rapidamente a viabilidade, dificultando seu armazenamento e, consequentemente,a formação de mudas durante o período adequado. Neste sentido, são necessárias práticas quepossibilitem o aumento da porcentagem, velocidade e uniformidade da germinação. Objetivou-se nesse trabalhoverificar a influência de diferentes tempos e temperaturas de imersão em água na qualidade fisiológicade sementes de cafeeiro. Para tanto, foram utilizadas sementes de Coffea arabica, as quais foram submetidasà imersão em água em quatro temperaturas (30, 35, 40 e 45 ºC), durante três períodos (4, 8 e 12 horas).Foram utilizadas como testemunha sementes não submetidas à imersão. Para avaliação das sementes foramrealizadas as seguintes determinações: teste de germinação, teste de emergência de plântulas e índice develocidade de emergência de plântulas. Conclui-se que a imersão das sementes de cafeeiro em água porcurtos períodos, até 12 horas, não é suficiente para aumentar a germinação e o vigor do lote de sementes. Autilização da temperatura de 45 ºC, principalmente com o aumento do tempo de imersão, reduz o potencialfisiológico das sementes de cafeeiro.
Produtividade e composição proteica do capim-elefante recebendo adubação orgânica e mineral
Authors: De Arruda Guilherme Mendes  Machado Franco , Factori Marco Aurélio , Costa Ciniro , Meirelles Paulo Roberto de Lima , Da Silva Marina Gabriela Berchiol , De Lima Vania Luzia Fournou , Hadlich Janaina Conte , Da Silva Márcia Pereira
Published: February 2015

Foi avaliado neste trabalho o efeito do uso da cama de frango em substituição ao adubo químico em pastagemde Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier sobre a produtividade de massa seca e o teor de proteína brutadesta forragem. A área utilizada foi uma pastagem de P. purpureum cv Napier plantada em linha em soloarenoso. A área utilizada para as parcelas foi de 800 metros quadrados, subdividida em cinco blocos comtrês parcelas. Os cortes foram efetuados a cada 42 dias, sendo avaliada a área durante um ano. Os tratamentosutilizados foram: T1 - cama de frango na dosagem de 20 toneladas por hectare, aplicada de umaúnica vez, 30 dias antes do primeiro ciclo de pastejo; T2 - cama de frango na dosagem de 20 toneladas porhectare, dividida em cinco aplicações, respectivamente, nos cinco ciclos de pastejo de verão (quatro toneladaspor aplicação); T3 - ureia na dosagem de 150 kg por hectare. Foram efetuadas separações morfológicase por estratos (45-100 e >100 cm) durante o período do experimento. O delineamento experimental foiem blocos ao acaso (cinco blocos com três parcelas por bloco). Não ocorreram diferenças na produção demassa seca de forragem entre os tratamentos, nas frações resultantes da separação botânica (folha, colmo ematerial senescente) e nem na estratificação e teor de proteína bruta da forragem. O uso da cama de frango como adubo orgânico em substituição à ureia é viável em função da obtenção de níveis semelhantes deprodutividade e qualidade do capim-elefante.
Stratospheric sulfur and its implications for radiative forcing simulated by the chemistry climate model EMAC
Authors: Brühl C. , Lelieveld J. , Tost H. , Höpfner M. , Glatthor N.
Published: February 2015

Multiyear simulations with the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC with a microphysical modal aerosol module at high vertical resolution demonstrate that the sulfur gases COS and SO2, the latter from low‐latitude and midlatitude volcanic eruptions, predominantly control the formation of stratospheric aerosol. Marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and other SO2 sources, including strong anthropogenic emissions in China, are found to play a minor role except in the lowermost stratosphere. Estimates of volcanic SO2 emissions are based on satellite observations using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Ozone Monitoring Instrument for total injected mass and Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat or Stratospheric Aerosol and Gases Experiment for the spatial distribution. The 10 year SO2 and COS data set of MIPAS is also used for model evaluation. The calculated radiative forcing of stratospheric background aerosol including sulfate from COS and small contributions by DMS oxidation, and organic aerosol from biomass burning, is about 0.07W/m2. For stratospheric sulfate aerosol from medium and small volcanic eruptions between 2005 and 2011 a global radiative forcing up to 0.2W/m2 is calculated, moderating climate warming, while for the major Pinatubo eruption the simulated forcing reaches 5W/m2, leading to temporary climate cooling. The Pinatubo simulation demonstrates the importance of radiative feedback on dynamics, e.g., enhanced tropical upwelling, for large volcanic eruptions.
Evaluation of the radiation budget with a regional climate model over Europe and inspection of dimming and brightening
Authors: Chiacchio Marc , Solmon Fabien , Giorgi Filippo , Stackhouse Paul , Wild Martin
Published: February 2015

Shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) components of the radiation budget at the surface and top of atmosphere (TOA) are evaluated in the regional climate model RegCM version 4 driven by European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis over Europe. The simulated radiative components were evaluated with those from satellite‐based products and reanalysis. At the surface the model overestimated the absorbed solar radiation but was compensated by a greater loss of thermal energy while both SW and LW TOA net fluxes were underestimated representing too little solar energy absorbed and too little outgoing thermal energy. Averaged biases in radiative parameters were generally within 25 W m−2, were dependent on differences by as much as 0.2 in cloud fraction, surface, and planetary albedo and less dependent on surface temperature associated with the surface longwave parameters, and are in line with other studies. Clear‐sky fluxes showed better results when cloud cover differences had no influence. We also found a clear distinction between land versus water with smaller biases over land at the surface and over water at the TOA due to differences in cloud fraction and albedo. Finally, we inspected dimming and brightening for the period 1979–2010 with an indication for dimming early in the time series (i.e., 1979–1987) and brightening after, which agrees with surface‐based observations. After 2000, however, a decrease in the brightening by more than 1 order of magnitude was evident which is in contrast to the continued brightening found in surface records and satellite‐derived estimates.
Effects of submarine groundwater discharge on the present‐day extent of relict submarine permafrost and gas hydrate stability on the Beaufort Sea continental shelf
Authors: Frederick J. M. , Buffett B. A.
Published: February 2015

We investigate the role of submarine groundwater discharge on the offshore temperature and salinity field and its effect on the present‐day extent of submarine permafrost and gas hydrate stability on the North American Beaufort Shelf with a two‐dimensional numerical model based on the finite volume method. This study finds that submarine groundwater discharge can play a large role in submarine permafrost evolution and gas hydrate stability, suggesting that local hydrology may control the evolution of submarine permafrost as strongly as does sea level or paleoclimatic conditions. Submarine permafrost evolution shows transient behavior over potentially long time scales (e.g., several glacial cycles) before a balance of density‐ and pressure‐driven flows is established with the permeability variations imposed by the overlying permafrost layer. The “detectable” offshore permafrost extent is related to the quasi‐stationary location of the saltwater‐freshwater transition. Larger values of submarine groundwater discharge allow permafrost to extend farther offshore because fresh pore water preserves relict ice. Therefore, differences in the permafrost extent at locations that share similar paleoclimatic history may be explained in part by differences in the local hydrology. Gas hydrate stability on the North American Beaufort Shelf may be more widespread than currently thought because low‐ice saturation, highly degraded submarine permafrost likely exists beyond the boundary detectable by common geophysical methods.
Experimental study on effects of geologic heterogeneity in enhancing dissolution trapping of supercritical CO2
Authors: Agartan Elif , Trevisan Luca , Cihan Abdullah , Birkholzer Jens , Zhou Quanlin , Illangasekare Tissa H.
Published: February 2015

Dissolution trapping is one of the primary mechanisms that enhance the storage security of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) in saline geologic formations. When scCO2dissolves in formation brine produces an aqueous solution that is denser than formation brine, which leads to convective mixing driven by gravitational instabilities. Convective mixing can enhance the dissolution of CO2and thus it can contribute to stable trapping of dissolved CO2. However, in the presence of geologic heterogeneities, diffusive mixing may also contribute to dissolution trapping. The effects of heterogeneity on mixing and its contribution to stable trapping are not well understood. The goal of this experimental study is to investigate the effects of geologic heterogeneity on mixing and stable trapping of dissolved CO2. Homogeneous and heterogeneous media experiments were conducted in a two‐dimensional test tank with various packing configurations using surrogates for scCO2(water) and brine (propylene glycol) under ambient pressure and temperature conditions. The results show that the density‐driven flow in heterogeneous formations may not always cause significant convective mixing especially in layered systems containing low‐permeability zones. In homogeneous formations, density‐driven fingering enhances both storage in the deeper parts of the formation and contact between the host rock and dissolved CO2for the potential mineralization. On the other hand, for layered systems, dissolved CO2becomes immobilized in low‐permeability zones with low‐diffusion rates, which reduces the risk of leakage through any fault or fracture. Both cases contribute to the permanence of the dissolved plume in the formation.
Effects of tidal fluctuations and spatial heterogeneity on mixing and spreading in spatially heterogeneous coastal aquifers
Authors: Pool María , Post Vincent E. A. , Simmons Craig T.
Published: February 2015

We study the combined effect of heterogeneity in the hydraulic conductivity field and tidal oscillations on the three‐dimensional dynamics of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. We focus on the quantification of its impact on solute mixing and spreading of the freshwater–seawater interface. Three‐dimensional Monte Carlo realizations of log‐normally distributed permeability fields were performed, and for each realization, numerical variable density flow and solute transport simulations were conducted. Mixing is characterized by the spatial moments of concentration. The enhanced solute mixing is quantified by an effective dispersion coefficient. The simulations show that heterogeneity produces an inland movement of the toe location along with a significant widening of the transition zone, which is linearly proportional to the product of the arithmetic mean of the correlation lengths in the three spatial dimensions (λa) and the permeability field variance (
). We find that once tidal oscillations are included, as the degree of heterogeneity increases, the combined effect of heterogeneity and tidal oscillations on mixing and spreading of the interface reduces. This is explained by the fact that an increase in the log‐permeability variance induces an increase in both the effective permeability and the spatial connectivity, which implies a more uniform hydraulic response to tidal forcing and, as a result, the degree of mixing decreases. This study also identifies that the mixing behavior induced by tidal oscillations in heterogeneous coastal aquifers is controlled by the effective tidal mixing number (
) which depends on the amplitude, the period, the storativity, and the effective horizontal permeability.
Crack Evolution and Estimation of Fracture Toughness of HfO2/SiCN(O) Polymer Derived Ceramic Nanocomposites
Authors: Sujith Ravindran , Zimmermann Andre , Kumar Ravi
Published: February 2015

In this study the crack evolution and fracture toughness of HfO2/SiCN(O) ceramic nanocomposites were studied. These ceramics crack radially under indentation in contrast to Hertzian crack in SiOC ceramics. This difference was attributed to the variance in Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus to hardness ratio. Fracture toughness by crack opening displacement and radial crack length measurement was 0.8–1.2 MPa.m1/2 and 2.5–3 MPa.m1/2, respectively. The open network forming structure resulted in the over estimation of fracture toughness value by RCL.
State of health estimation of lithium‐ion batteries: A multiscale Gaussian process regression modeling approach
Authors: He Yi‐Jun , Shen Jia‐Ni , Shen Ji‐Fu , Ma Zi‐Feng
Published: February 2015

Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation in lithium‐ion batteries, which plays a significant role not only in state of charge (SOC) estimation but also in remaining useful life (RUL) prognostics is studied. SOC estimation and RUL prognostics often require one‐step‐ahead and long‐term SOH prediction, respectively. A systematic multiscale Gaussian process regression (GPR) modeling method is proposed to tackle accurate SOH estimation problems. Wavelet analysis method is utilized to decouple global degradation, local regeneration and fluctuations in SOH time series. GPR with the inclusion of time index is utilized to fit the extracted global degradation trend, and GPR with the input of lag vector is designed to recursively predict local regeneration and fluctuations. The proposed method is validated through experimental data from lithium‐ion batteries degradation test. Both one‐step‐ahead and multi‐step‐ahead SOH prediction performances are thoroughly evaluated. The satisfactory results illustrate that the proposed method outperform GPR models without trend extraction. It is thus indicated that the proposed multiscale GPR modeling method can not only be greatly helpful to both RUL prognostics and SOC estimation for lithium‐ion batteries, but also provide a general promising approach to tackle complex time series prediction in health management systems. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1589–1600, 2015
A silicon‐assisted synthesis of (E)‐β‐haloenamides from N‐vinylamides
Authors: Szudkowska‐Frątczak Justyna , Zaranek Maciej , Hreczycho Grzegorz , Kubicki Maciej , Grabarkiewicz Tomasz , Pawluć Piotr
Published: February 2015

(E)‐β‐Iodoenamides and (E)‐β‐iodoenimides can be easily obtained from N‐vinyl derivatives (N‐vinylamides and N‐vinylimides) by stereoselective ruthenium‐catalysed silylative coupling with vinyltrimethylsilane (Marciniec coupling) and subsequent stereospecific silicon–iodine exchange. Bromodesilylation of (E)‐β‐silylenimides affords (E)‐β‐bromoenimides, while the analogous reactions involving (E)‐β‐silylenamides lead to decomposition of substrates. N‐Halosuccinimides have been found as the most effective halogenating agents in the desilylation step under mild conditions. The ruthenium‐catalysed silylation/halodesilylation sequence can be performed in a one‐pot procedure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of zeolites on solidification/stabilization of mercury‐contaminated wastes in chemically bonded phosphate ceramics: stabilization effect and mechanism study
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Zhang Shaoqing , Long Lin
Published: February 2015

In this study, two kinds of zeolites materials [natural zeolite (NZ) and thiol‐functionalized zeolite] were added to the chemically bonded phosphate ceramics (CBPCs) processes for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of mercury‐contaminated hazardous wastes. The stabilization effect of the process and the stabilization mechanism are investigated in detail. Strong promotion effects of zeolites on the stability of mercury in the hazardous wastes were obtained, and the technology showed great advantages toward traditional Portland cement process. Not only high stabilization efficiency is obtained but also lower dosage of solidification and stabilization agents were used compared with Portland cement process. Treated by thiol‐functionalized zeolite (TFZ) and CBPC under optimum parameters, the waste containing 1500 mg Hg/kg could successfully pass the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test. The S/S technology using NZ and CBPC could effectively reduce the mercury waste containing 625 mg Hg/kg pass the TCLP limit. The functions of NZ for reinforcing S/S of Hg‐containing CBPC matrixes could be assumed as physical filling by fine zeolites particles and microencapsulation by cementing gel formed by zeolites and phosphate; while for CBPC and TFZ processes, the reaction of SH with Hg to form HgS may play a major role in the stabilization of mercury. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of nanoclay distribution on morphology and mechanical behavior of rubber‐modified polyolefins
Authors: Babaienejad Moein , Bagheri Reza
Published: February 2015

Polyolefin blends have attracted great attention for years because of their improved physical and mechanical properties; especially when micro/nanofillers are present in the compound. Previous investigations have proven that incorporation of small amounts of nanoclay can enhance physical and mechanical properties of the polymer. This research has focused on the role of clay distribution on morphology and mechanical properties of ternary nanocomposites containing a rubbery phase. High‐density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/clay (HDPE/EVA/clay) is opted as a typical model for this purpose. EVA is selected to act as both compatibilizer, because of having polar vinyl groups, and rubber‐modifier, because of its elastomeric properties, in this ternary blend. Nanocomposite preparation was performed via one‐ and two‐step mixing routes to achieve two different desired morphologies. Tensile and Izod impact tests, and different microscopic techniques, were used to evaluate nanostructure and mechanical performance of blends. Results of the study proved two distinct morphologies forming as a result of different incorporated processing techniques. Mixing components simultaneously leaded to a structure in which, clay platelets are located at the HDPE/EVA interface, whereas in the two‐step processing route, most of the clay platelets are encapsulated by the EVA second phase particles. According to the results of the current study, encapsulation of the nanofillers by the second rubbery phase harms mechanical properties of the blend and should be avoided. On the other hand, much better mechanical performance is obtained when the clay platelets are located at the matrix/rubber interface. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41993.
The crosslinking of poly (ether ether ketone): Thermally and by irradiation
Authors: Al Lafi Abdul G. , Parker David J. , Hay James N.
Published: February 2015

Crosslinking of amorphous poly (ether ether ketone) films was carried out by means of thermal annealing at 400°C as well as by irradiation with 11.0 MeV proton beam at different dose rate ranging from 1.75 to 15.5 kW g−1. The materials properties of the resulting films were investigated by mean of light microscopy, sol‐gel analysis, two‐dimensional infra‐red correlation spectroscopy, 2DCOS‐IR, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that both chain scission and crosslinking yields were decreased by an increase of dose rate and the ratio of crosslinks to chain scission was increased from 0.9 to 1.4. The 2DCOS‐IR analysis in the region 1400–1800 cm−1 showed progressive development of new bands at 1470 and 1740 cm−1, which have been used to support the presence of crosslinking and chain scission reactions. The glass transition temperature also increased in line with increasing crosslinking density, but the results showed a limiting plateau value for the glass transition
, which depended only on the absorbed dose. This suggests that crosslinking was limited and did not increase after a specific value of the dose rate. Crosslinking by irradiation has many advantages over thermal annealing; in particular it is a one step rapid process producing a variety of homogeneously crosslinked, good quality films available for chemical modification. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41999.
Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Evaluations of Novel Apoptotic and Anti‐Angiogenic Spiro Cyclic 2‐Oxindole Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐tetrahydroquinolin‐5‐one
Authors: Ghozlan Said A. S. , Mohamed Magda F. , Ahmed Ahmed G. , Shouman Samia A. , Attia Yasmin M. , Abdelhamid Ismail A.
Published: February 2015

A novel series of cyclic 2‐oxindole derivatives incorporating 2‐amino‐tetrahydroquinolin‐5‐one were prepared. The structures of the prepared compounds were elucidated using different spectral tools. The regio‐orientation of the reaction products was elucidated through NOE difference experiments and through using substituents on the ortho position to affect further cyclization. Antitumor and antimicrobial evaluations were performed on the prepared compounds. Most of these compounds exhibited high to moderate antimicrobial activity. With respect to the antitumor activity, the compounds showed more potent cytotoxic effect only toward the human breast cancer cell line MCF‐7. Also, we found that derivatives containing an ester group (8c, 11b, 14b, and 15b) are more active than those containing a cyanide group (8a, 11a, 14a, and 15a). Moreover, compounds 15b and 8b are the most active derivatives in this group. These two compounds showed apoptotic inhibition of the proliferation of human breast adenocarcinoma MCF‐7 cells through DNA fragmentation, induction of the tumor suppressor protein p53, induction of caspase‐9, and finally the inhibition of angiogenesis by decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor expression and secretion.
Linear Parameter Varying Switching Attitude Tracking Control for a Near Space Hypersonic Vehicle Via Multiple Lyapunov Functions
Authors: Huang Yiqing , Sun Changyin , Qian Chengshan
Published: February 2015

This article deals with the problem of linear parameter varying (LPV) switching attitude tracking control for a near space hypersonic vehicle (NSHV). Firstly, nonlinear attitude dynamics of the NSHV is modeled as a slow‐fast loop polytopic LPV model by using Jacobian linearization and Tensor‐Product (TP) model transformation approach. Secondly, for less conservative controller design purpose, the flight envelope is divided into four sub‐regions. Slow loop and fast loop LPV controllers are designed for each sub‐region. Based on switching character function, these slow loop and fast loop LPV controllers are then switched in order to guarantee the closed‐loop NSHV system to be asymptotically stable and satisfy a specified performance criterion. The existed conditions of the desired LPV switching controller are deduction by linear matrix inequations (LMIs) and the system stability analysis is given by multiple Lyapunov functions (MLPs), therefore, compared with existing switching control scheme, the proposed LPV switching control method is less conservative. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fracto‐mechanoluminescence induced by impulsive deformation of II–VI semiconductors
Authors: Tiwari Ratnesh , Dubey Vikas , Ramrakhiani Meera , Chandra B. P.
Published: February 2015

When II–VI semiconductors are fractured, initially the mechanoluminescence (ML) intensity increases with time, attains a maximum value Im at a time tm, at which the fracture is completed. After tm, the ML intensity decreases with time, Im increase linearly with the impact velocity v0 and IT initially increase linearly with v0 and then it attains a saturation value for a higher value of v0. For photoluminescence, the temperature dependence comes mainly from luminescence efficiency, ηo; however, for the ML excitation, there is an additional factor, rt dependent on temperature. During fracture, charged dislocations moving near the tip of moving cracks produce intense electric field, causes band bending. Consequently, tunneling of electrons from filled electron traps to the conduction band takes place, whereby the radiative electron–hole recombination give rise to the luminescence. In the proposed mechanism, expressions are derived for the rise, the time tm corresponding to the ML intensity versus time curve, the ML intensity Im corresponding to the peak of ML intensity versus time curve, the total fracto‐mechanoluminescence (FML) intensity IT, and fast and slow decay of FML intensity of II–VI semiconductors. The FML plays a significant role in understanding the processes involved in biological detection, earthquake lights and mine failure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of digestive enzymes with tunable light emitting quantum dots: a thorough Spectroscopic investigation
Authors: Ellappan Vaishnavi , Kesavan Manibalan , Ramalingam Parameshwari , Kulandaivel Jeganathan , Rajalingam Renganathan
Published: February 2015

In this article, we have examined the direct spectroscopic and microscopic evidence of efficient quantum dots‐ α‐chymotrypsin (ChT) interaction. The intrinsic fluorescence of digestive enzyme is reduced in the presence of quantum dots through ground‐state complex formation. Based on the fluorescence data, quenching rate constant, binding constant, and number of binding sites are calculated under optimized experimental conditions. Interestingly, fluorescence quenching method clearly illustrated the size dependent interaction of MPA‐CdTe quantum dots. Conformational change of ChT was traced using synchronous fluorescence measurements, circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the AFM results revealed that the individual enzyme molecule dimensions were changed after interacting with quantum dot. Consequently, this result could be helpful for constructing safe and effective utilisation of QDs in biological applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting protein−protein interfaces using macrocyclic peptides
Authors: Gao Meng , Cheng Kui , Yin Hang
Published: February 2015

Protein−protein interactions (PPIs) are critical in numerous biological processes including signaling transduction, function regulations, and disease development. To regulate PPIs has been thought to be challenging due to their highly dynamic and expansive interfacial areas. Nonetheless, successful examples have been reported of targeting PPIs using small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Peptides, especially macrocyclic peptides have proven to be a particularly useful tool to inhibit PPIs for their exquisite potency, stability and selectivity. Herein we review the recent developments of this area of research, focusing on the macrocyclic peptides isolated from natural products, identified from library screening, and rationally designed based on structures, as PPI regulators. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 310–316, 2015.
Random mutagenesis of amelogenin for engineering protein nanoparticles
Authors: Bonde Johan , Bülow Leif
Published: February 2015

Nanoparticles made from recombinant proteins offer excellent potential for several nanotechnological applications. However, only a very limited number of proteins are currently being used for such purposes due to limited availability and stability. Therefore, we have investigated the enamel matrix protein amelogenin as a new alternative protein for use as recombinant nanoparticles. Amelogenin is a robust protein that has the ability to self‐assemble into nanosized particles termed nanospheres. This self‐assembly property of amelogenin is highly pH‐dependent, and modifications of the solubility behavior for amelogenin can be particularly important for some applications such as drug delivery, where responsiveness at a specific pH is an essential property. In this study, an amelogenin mutant library was created and used to screen amelogenin variants with modified solubility/aggregation profiles in response to externally applied pH changes. Fifty amelogenin mutants were identified and produced recombinantly, purified and characterized. Several mutants with distinct solubility profiles were obtained that could form uniform nanospheres, ranging from 30 to 60 nm in hydrodynamic diameter. The mutants displayed a shifted onset of pH‐dependent aggregation compared to wild‐type amelogenin. At physiological pH, some mutants formed soluble nanospheres, while others generated nanosphere aggregates, suggesting different practical uses for the different mutants. By mixing and co‐assembling mutant and wild‐type amelogenin at different ratios, the level of nanosphere aggregation could be tuned at a given pH. By exploring combinations of different amelogenin variants it is possible to control aggregation events in nanomedical applications where a specific pH response is required. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1319–1326. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.