bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Mathur Mohit , Chan Tak Mao , Oh Kook-Hwan , Kooienga Laura , Zhuo Min , Pinto Cibele S. , Chacko Bobby
Published: November 2023

A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), the thirteenth member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, plays a key role in the regulation of activated B cells, the survival of long-lived plasma cells, and immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype class switching. Several lines of evidence have implicated APRIL in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Globally, IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, and it can progress to end-stage kidney disease; yet, disease-modifying treatments for this condition have historically been lacking. The preliminary data in ongoing clinical trials indicate that APRIL inhibition can reduce proteinuria and slow the rate of kidney disease progression by acting at an upstream level in IgAN pathogenesis. In this review, we examine what is known about the physiologic roles of APRIL and evaluate the experimental and epidemiological evidence describing how these normal biologic processes are thought to be subverted in IgAN. The weight of the preclinical, clinical, and genetic data supporting a key role for APRIL in IgAN has galvanized pharmacologic research, and several anti-APRIL drug candidates have now entered clinical development for IgAN. Herein, we present an overview of the clinical results to date. Finally, we explore where more research and evidence are needed to transform potential therapies into clinical benefits for patients with IgAN.
Impact of Excessive Increase in Systolic Blood Pressure after Exercise on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yamashita Takahiro , Sakakura Kenichi , Jinnouchi Hiroyuki , Taniguchi Yousuke , Tsukui Takunori , Hatori Masashi , Tamanaha Yusuke , Kasahara Taku , Watanabe Yusuke , Yamamoto Kei , Seguchi Masaru , Fujita Hideo
Published: November 2023

Objective: Although the clinical outcomes for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have improved significantly, some patients still experience poor clinical outcomes. The available risk classifications focus on the short-term outcomes, and it remains important to find high-risk features among patients with STEMI. In Japan, the 200 m walk electrocardiogram (ECG) test is widely performed before discharge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the excessive increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) following a 200 m walk and the long-term clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI. Methods: We included 680 patients with STEMI and divided those into an excessive increase in SBP group (n = 144) and a non-excessive increase in SBP group (n = 536) according to the SBP increase after a 200 m walk ECG test. We defined an excessive increase in SBP as SBP ≥ 20 mmHg either just after or 3 min after a 200 m walk ECG test. The primary endpoint consisted of major cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, readmission for heart failure, and ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization. Results: The median follow-up duration was 831 days. MACE was more frequently observed in the excessive increase in SBP group (24.3%) than in the non-excessive increase in SBP group (15.1%). Multivariate Cox hazard analysis revealed that the excessive increase in SBP was significantly associated with MACE (HR 1.509, 95% CI: 1.005–2.267, p = 0.047) after controlling for multiple confounding factors. Conclusion: An excessive increase in SBP after the 200 m walk ECG test was significantly associated with MACE in patients with STEMI. The 200 m walk ECG test is simple and low-cost, but may help to identify high-risk patients with STEMI.
An Automatic Internal Wave Recognition Algorithm Based on CNN Applicable to an Ocean Data Buoy System
Authors: Yuan Guozheng , Ning Chunlin , Liu Lin , Li Chao , Liu Yanliang , Sangmanee Chalermrat , Cui Xuerong , Zhao Jinkai , Wang Jiuke , Yu Weidong
Published: November 2023

The application of internal wave recognition to the buoy system is of great significance to enhance the understanding of the ocean internal wave phenomenon and provide more accurate data and information support. This article proposes an automatic internal wave recognition algorithm based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), which is used in the tight-profile intelligent buoy system. The sea profile temperature data were collected using the Bailong buoy system in the Andaman Sea in 2018. The CNN network structure is applied to feature compression of ocean temperature profile data, reducing the input feature amount of the feature recognition network, thereby reducing the overall algorithm parameters and computational complexity. By adjusting the number of convolution kernels and the length of convolution steps, the original data features in the time domain and the space domain are compressed, respectively. The experimental results show that the identification accuracy and robustness of this method are clearly superior to those of other methods. Additionally, the parameter number and calculation amount of this algorithm are very tiny, which greatly improves the possibility of its deployment in the buoy system.
Machine Learning-Based Approach to Wind Turbine Wake Prediction under Yawed Conditions
Authors: Gajendran Mohan Kumar , Kabir Ijaz Fazil Syed Ahmed , Vadivelu Sudhakar , Ng E. Y. K.
Published: November 2023

As wind energy continues to be a crucial part of sustainable power generation, the need for precise and efficient modeling of wind turbines, especially under yawed conditions, becomes increasingly significant. Addressing this, the current study introduces a machine learning-based symbolic regression approach for elucidating wake dynamics. Utilizing WindSE’s actuator line method (ALM) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES), we model an NREL 5-MW wind turbine under yaw conditions ranging from no yaw to 40 degrees. Leveraging a hold-out validation strategy, the model achieves robust hyper-parameter optimization, resulting in high predictive accuracy. While the model demonstrates remarkable precision in predicting wake deflection and velocity deficit at both the wake center and hub height, it shows a slight deviation at low downstream distances, which is less critical to our focus on large wind farm design. Nonetheless, our approach sets the stage for advancements in academic research and practical applications in the wind energy sector by providing an accurate and computationally efficient tool for wind farm optimization. This study establishes a new standard, filling a significant gap in the literature on the application of machine learning-based wake models for wind turbine yaw wake prediction.
Regulation of Fungal Morphogenesis and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus by Hexokinase AfHxk1 through Its Domain Hexokinase_2
Authors: Huang Zongting , Wu Dandan , Yang Sile , Fu Wangzhuo , Ma Dongmei , Yao Yanfang , Lin Hong , Yuan Jun , Yang Yanling , Zhuang Zhenhong
Published: November 2023

As a filamentous pathogenic fungus with high-yield of aflatoxin B1, Aspergillus flavus is commonly found in various agricultural products. It is crucial to develop effective strategies aimed at the prevention of the contamination of A. flavus and aflatoxin. Hexokinase AfHxk1 is a critical enzyme in fungal glucose metabolism. However, the role of AfHxk1 in A. flavus development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence has not yet been explored. In this study, afHxk1 gene deletion mutant (ΔafHxk1), complementary strain (Com-afHxk1), and the domain deletion strains (afHxk1ΔD1 and afHxk1ΔD2) were constructed by homologous recombination. Phenotype study and RT-qPCR revealed that AfHxk1 upregulates mycelium growth and spore and sclerotia formation, but downregulates AFB1 biosynthesis through related classical signaling pathways. Invading models and environmental stress analysis revealed that through involvement in carbon source utilization, conidia germination, and the sensitivity response of A. flavus to a series of environmental stresses, AfHxk1 deeply participates in the regulation of pathogenicity of A. flavus to crop kernels and Galleria mellonella larvae. The construction of domain deletion strains, afHxk1ΔD1 and afHxk1ΔD2, further revealed that AfHxk1 regulates the morphogenesis, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and the fungal pathogenicity mainly through its domain, Hexokinase_2. The results of this study revealed the biological role of AfHxk1 in Aspergillus spp., and might provide a novel potential target for the early control of the contamination of A. flavus.
Antifungal Activity and Type of Interaction of Melissa officinalis Essential Oil with Antimycotics against Biofilms of Multidrug-Resistant Candida Isolates from Vulvovaginal Mucosa
Authors: Ranđelović Marina , Dimitrijević Marina , Otašević Suzana , Stanojević Ljiljana , Išljamović Milica , Ignjatović Aleksandra , Arsić-Arsenijević Valentina , Stojanović-Radić Zorica
Published: November 2023

(1) Background: Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a major therapy issue due to its high resistance rate and virulence factors such as the ability to form biofilms. The possibility of combining commonly used antifungals with natural products might greatly improve therapeutic success. (2) Methods: A total of 49 vulvovaginal isolates, causative agents of recurrent VVC, were tested for their susceptibility to fluconazole, nystatin, and Melissa officinalis essential oil (MOEO). This examination included testing the antibiofilm potential of antifungals and MOEO and the determination of their types of interaction with mature biofilms. (3) Results: Antimicrobial testing showed that 94.4% of the Candida albicans isolates and all the Candida krusei isolates were resistant to fluconazole, while all strains showed resistance to nystatin. The same strains were susceptible to MOEO in 0.156–2.5 mg/mL concentrations. Additionally, the results revealed very limited action of fluconazole, while nystatin and MOEO reduced the amount of biofilm formed by as much as 17.7% and 4.6%, respectively. Testing of the combined effect showed strain-specific synergistic action. Furthermore, the lower concentrations exhibited antagonistic effects even in cases where synergism was detected. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that MOEO had a very good antibiofilm effect. However, combining MOEO with antimycotics demonstrated that the type of action depended on the choice of antifungal drugs as well as the applied concentration.
Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review of the Genus Pneumocystis in Pet, Farm, Zoo, and Wild Mammal Species
Authors: Weissenbacher-Lang Christiane , Grenl Anna , Blasi Barbara
Published: November 2023

A systematic literature search on Pneumocystis in 276 pet, farm, zoo, and wild mammal species resulted in 124 publications originating from 38 countries that were analyzed descriptively and statistically, for which inclusion and exclusion criteria were exactly defined. The range of recorded Pneumocystis prevalence was broad, yet in half of the citations a prevalence of ≤25% was documented. Prevalence was significantly dependent on the method used for Pneumocystis detection, with PCR revealing the highest percentages. Pet animals showed the lowest median Pneumocystis prevalence, followed by farm, wild, and zoo animals. In contrast, pet and farm animals showed higher proportions of high-grade infection levels compared to zoo and wild mammals. Only in individual cases, all of them associated with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, was an underlying immunosuppression confirmed. Acquired immunosuppression caused by other diseases was frequently discussed, but its significance, especially in highly immunosuppressive cases, needs to be clarified. This meta-analysis supported a potential influence of the social and environmental factors of the host on Pneumocystis transmission in wildlife, which must be further elucidated, as well as the genetic diversity of the fungus.
Participatory Landscape Conservation: A Case Study of a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Sosa Neyra , Torres Alejandro , Castro-Lopez Valerio , Velazquez Alejandro
Published: November 2023

Participatory landscape conservation is an innovative approach that weaves together theoretical models and practical applications. Intertropical regions, such as Mexico, face challenges to conciliate regional governability, social justice, and nature conservation. The State of Michoacan is one of these regions where such challenges are exacerbated, particularly nature conservation, due to ongoing territorial disputes. We implemented the participatory landscape conservation approach by creating a complementary form of protected area to deal with ongoing conflicts, drought conditions, and extreme poverty. We conducted participatory mapping and landcover/use analyses as the main methodological tools to reach consensus among stakeholders. We integrated, macro, micro, and social scales to provide sound arguments to integrate local, scholar, and policy makers’ perceptions. The outcomes of the participatory mapping analyses were assessed. The present paper provides evidence of the positive outcome of using The Participatory Landscape Conservation Approach to establish a Biosphere Reserve, safeguarding one of the most biologically diverse and delicate ecosystems consisting of seasonally dry tropical forests within a rather disputed region. We discussed the relevance of our findings and compared them to ongoing regional and global trends in light of other forms of establishing long-term multistakeholder agreements, as is the case for protected areas.
Advancements in Microwave Ablation Techniques for Managing Pancreatic Lesions
Authors: Ardeshna Devarshi R. , Leupold Matthew , Cruz-Monserrate Zobeida , Pawlik Timothy M. , Cloyd Jordan M. , Ejaz Aslam , Shah Hamza , Burlen Jordan , Krishna Somashekar G.
Published: November 2023

Thermal ablation, including microwave ablation, has become increasingly important in the management of many solid tumors, including primary and metastatic tumors of the liver, kidney, and lung. However, its adoption to treat pancreatic lesions has been slowed due to concerns about potential adverse events. The success of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in inoperable pancreatic cancers paved the way for its use in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCLs). In the last decade, other thermal ablation techniques, like microwave ablation, have emerged as alternatives to RFA. Microwaves, with frequencies ranging from 900 to 2450 MHz, generate heat by rapidly oscillating water molecules. Microwave ablation’s advantage lies in its ability to achieve higher intra-lesion temperatures and uniform heating compared with RFA. Microwave ablation’s application in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors has demonstrated promise with similar technical success to RFA. Yet, concern for peri-procedure complications, as well as a dearth of studies comparing RFA and microwave ablation, emphasize the need for further research. No studies have evaluated microwave ablation in PCLs. We herein review thermal ablation’s potential to treat pancreatic lesions.
In Vitro Wear Behavior of Knee Implants at Different Load Levels: The Impact of the Test Fluid
Authors: Schroeder Stefan , Uhler Maximilian , Schonhoff Mareike , Nees Timo A. , Wonerow Tanja , Nuppnau Jens , Mantwill Frank , Kretzer Jan Philippe
Published: November 2023

Calf serum is defined as a test fluid for in vitro knee wear simulation studies in the ISO standard. However, protein degradation typically occurs during in vitro wear simulation. The current study should indicate whether increased loads change the rheological properties of the test fluid and may, therefore, lead to favorable tribological behavior and reduced wear. Three different load levels were simulated in a displacement-controlled knee wear simulation study. The gravimetric wear rates were determined, pressure measurements were performed, and the dynamic viscosity of the test fluids were analyzed after the simulation of 0.5 × 106 cycles. The lowest load level led to the lowest wear rate, and the lowest contact pressure and contact area, compared to the medium and high-load level. Although, the high-load level led to the highest contact pressure and contact area, the wear rates were comparable to the medium-load level. The rheological measurements revealed the highest dynamic viscosity for the high-load level and no differences could be found between the medium and low loading condition. To perform realistic wear simulation studies, the reproduction of the in vivo interrelationships between the shear forces and wear are necessary.
Influence of Artificially Altered Engine Oil on Tribofilm Formation and Wear Behaviour of Grey Cast Cylinder Liners
Authors: Jech Martin , Hofer Alexander , Tomastik Christian , Wopelka Thomas , Gachot Carsten
Published: November 2023

This work investigates the influence of altered engine oil on the tribological performance, focusing in particular on wear and interconnected tribofilm formation. For this purpose, Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) additivated engine oils of different degradation levels, produced in an artificial oil alteration process, were used in tribometer tests with a nitride steel piston ring against a grey cast iron cylinder liner model contact. Parameters were chosen to simulate the boundary and mixed lubrication regime typical for the top dead centre conditions of an internal combustion engine of a passenger car. Wear of the cylinder liner specimens was continuously monitored during the tribometer tests by the radio-isotope concentration (RIC) method, and tribofilms were posteriorly investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results clearly show that the steady-state wear rates for experiments with altered lubricants were significantly lower than for the experiments with fresh lubricants. XPS analysis on the formed tribofilms revealed a decrease in sulphide and an increase in sulphate states for altered oils evaluated at 120 °C oil temperature, correlating with a decrease in steady-state wear rate. This finding emphasizes the role of sulphate species in the tribofilm formation process and its anti-wear capabilities, in contrast to the sulphide species and the (poly-)phosphate species, as outlined in most of the ZDDP literature. Moreover, the RIC signal that represents the amount of wear in the engine oil showed a decrease over time for specific altered lubricants and test conditions. These “negative” trends in the wear signal are remarkable and have been identified as an incorporation of wear particles from the lubricant into the tribofilm. This finding is supported by XPS results that detected an iron-oxide layer with a remarkably similar quantity within the tribofilm on the surface. Based on these findings, an assessment of the minimum film formation rate and particle incorporation rate was achieved, which is an important basis for adequate tribofilm formation and wear models.
Mechanical Properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review
Authors: Luo Haojie , Du Yulei
Published: November 2023

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) display excellent strength, high hardness, exceptional wear resistance and corrosion resistance owing to its amorphous structure. However, the manufacturing of large-sized and complex shaped BMG parts faces significant difficulties, which seriously hinders their applications. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a typical additive manufacturing (AM) technique with a cooling rate of up to 108 K/s, which not only allows for the formation of amorphous structures but also solves the forming problem of complex-shaped BMG parts. In recent years, a large amount of work has been carried out on the LPBF processing of BMGs. This review mainly summarizes the latest progress in the field of LPBF additively manufactured BMGs focusing on their mechanical properties. We first briefly review the BMG alloy systems that have been additively manufactured using LPBF, then the mechanical properties of LPBF-fabricated BMGs including the micro- and nano-hardness, micropillar compressive performance, and macro-compressive and tensile performance are clarified. Next, the relationship between the mechanical properties and microstructure of BMGs produced via LPBF are analyzed. Finally, the measures for improving the mechanical properties of LPBF-fabricated BMGs are discussed. This review can provide readers with an essential comprehension of the structural and mechanical properties of LPBF-manufactured BMGs.
Possibilities of Using Geopolymers in Welding Processes and Protection against High Temperatures
Authors: Parzych Sławomir , Paszkowska Maja , Stanisz Dawid , Bąk Agnieszka , Łach Michał
Published: November 2023

Geopolymer materials have long been known for their competitive properties against traditional construction materials. Their special features include high resistance to elevated temperatures and good fire resistance. They are typically used as insulating materials at temperatures not exceeding 100 °C (because they can achieve a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.060 W/m × K or less under these conditions). Still, they can also be used as thermal insulation at temperatures exceeding 1000 °C. One technology that uses very high temperatures is metal welding technology, where temperatures often exceed as many as 3000 °C. Geopolymers, due to their properties, can also be an interesting new alternative in various welding applications. This paper presents the preliminary results of pot-proofing the resistance of geopolymers to temperatures exceeding 3000 °C. Test results of a foamed geopolymer insulating a steel substrate are presented, and a geopolymer mold for thermite rail welding was made and realistically tested. The results confirmed the feasibility of using cast geopolymer molds for thermite welding of railroad rails. The geopolymer material performed well during the test and no cracks or other damage occurred. The following article presents the potential of using geopolymer materials for welding applications.
Innovative Post-Processing for Complex Geometries and Inner Parts of 3D-Printed AlSi10Mg Devices
Authors: Calvet Martí , Domènech Anna , Vilaró Sergi , Meseguer Toni , Bautista Lorenzo
Published: November 2023

A new technology consisting of new and sustainable chemical polishing treatment for aluminum components with complex shapes, such as heat exchangers, manifolds, busbars, aerospace devices, etc., manufactured by Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies is described in this paper. This technology will contribute to the development of a more efficient manufacturing process driven by AM, reinforcing the main idea of AM, which is based on reducing the amount of material and achieving cost savings through smart and improved designs. The present study shows a significant reduction in the surface roughness of consolidated AlSi10Mg metal parts manufactured by the SLM technique after carrying out the new chemical polishing post-process investigated in this work. Roughness values have been measured by mechanical and optical profilometry. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the chemical polishing, decreasing the roughness by up to 40%, being a reproducible and repeatable post-process. The presence of smut as solid residues on such types of chemical treatments has been also analyzed with XRF and ICP-MS techniques. The results obtained show that Si and Mg precipitates are removed from the metal surface at the last step of the investigated post-process. The percentages of the elements decrease from 25.0% to 8.09% Si and from 0.86% to 0.42% Mg, achieving the alloy smut-free composition on the metal surface. Tensile strength measurements have shown that the post-process described not only maintains the mechanical properties of the bulk material but, in comparison with non-post-processed parts, a slight improvement is observed with respect to the initial values, Young modulus (61.1 GPa to final 62.2 GPa), yield strength (from 236.8 to 246.7 MPa), and tensile strength (from 371.9 to 382.5 MPa) is observed, suggesting that the post-process has positive impact on the printed metal part.
Study on the Mechanical Properties and Mechanism of a Nickel-Iron Slag Cement-Based Composite under the Action of Sodium Sulfate
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Zhou Yuwan , Chen Sili , Meng Jinzhu , Wang Junxiang
Published: November 2023

The accumulated amount of nickel–iron slag has increased with the rapid development of the nickel-iron industry. To determine a method for comprehensively utilizing nickel–iron slag, triaxial compression tests of nickel–iron slag cement-based composite materials under the action of sodium sulfate were conducted, and the effects of the sodium sulfate concentration on the stress-strain relation, shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of the composite materials were analyzed. In addition, the influence mechanism of the nickel–iron slag content and sodium sulfate concentration on the composite was examined. The results revealed that the stress–strain curve of the nickel–iron slag cement-based composites reflected softening. With the increase in the sodium sulfate concentration, the brittleness increased, while the shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle decreased; the addition of nickel–iron slag slowed down the rate at which these parameters decrease. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that nickel–iron slag can improve the internal structure of the cement composite soil, enhance its compactness, and improve its corrosion resistance. The optimum nickel–iron slag content of 14% can improve the cementitious composites’ resistance to sodium sulfate erosion in terms of solid waste utilization and cementitious soil performance. The results obtained can provide technical parameters for preparing and designing cement-based composite materials as well as certain theoretical significance and engineering reference value.
Self-Tuning Controller Using Shifting Method
Authors: Hofreiter Milan , Moučka Michal , Trnka Pavel
Published: November 2023

This paper presents a newly implemented self-tuning PID controller that uses a relay feedback identification using a recently designed relay shifting method to determine the mathematical model of the process and subsequently adjust the controller parameters. The controller is applicable to proportional and integrating systems and is even applicable to systems with transport delays if steady-state oscillation can be achieved in the relay control of the system. After briefly introducing the relay shifting method, the current paper describes the hardware (HW) and software (SW) of the proposed controller in detail. The relay feedback identification and control of a laboratory setup by an automatically tuned controller is demonstrated on a real laboratory device called “Hot air tunnel”. The evaluation of the experiment and the characteristics of the controller are presented at the end of the paper. The advantage of the relay method is that it is not as computationally intensive as other identification methods. It can thus be implemented on more energy-efficient microcontrollers, which is very important nowadays.
Variable-Order Fractional Scale Calculus
Authors: Valério Duarte , Ortigueira Manuel D.
Published: November 2023

General variable-order fractional scale derivatives are introduced and studied. Both the stretching and the shrinking cases are considered for definitions of the derivatives of the GL type and of the Hadamard type. Their properties are deduced and discussed. Fractional variable-order systems of autoregressive–moving-average type are introduced and exemplified. The corresponding transfer functions are obtained and used to find the corresponding impulse responses.
Severe Plastic Deformation of Mg–Zn–Zr–Ce Alloys: Advancing Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Strength for Medical Applications
Authors: Luginin Nikita , Eroshenko Anna , Khimich Margarita , Prosolov Konstantin , Kashin Alexander , Uvarkin Pavel , Tolmachev Alexey , Glukhov Ivan , Panfilov Alexander , Sharkeev Yurii
Published: November 2023

Magnesium-based alloys hold potential for medical applications, but face challenges like rapid bioresorption and limited mechanical strength during early bone healing. In our study, we present a novel Mg–Zn–Zr–Ce alloy with low cerium content (up to 0.1 wt.% Ce) processed using two severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques. Through an innovative combination of multiaxial forging and multipass rolling, we have achieved a fine-grained structure with an average grain size of the primary α-Mg phase of 1.0 μm. This refined microstructure exhibits improved mechanical properties, including a substantial increase in yield strength (σYS) from 130 to 240 MPa, while preserving ductility. The alloy’s composition includes α-Mg grains, cerium and zinc hydrides, and intermetallic phases with cerium and zinc elements. Tensile testing of the fine-grained alloy demonstrates an enhancement in yield strength (σYS) to 250 MPa, marking a 2.8-fold improvement over the conventional state (σYS = 90 MPa), with a modest 2-fold reduction in ductility. Crucially, electrochemical tests conducted in physiological solutions highlight substantial advancements in corrosion resistance. The corrosion current was reduced from 14 to 2 μA/cm2, while polarization resistance decreased from 3.1 to 8.1 kΩ∙cm2, underlining the alloy’s enhanced resistance to biodegradation. Our results show that the novel Mg–Zn–Zr–Ce alloy, after combined SPD, demonstrates mitigated bioresorption and enhanced mechanical properties. Our findings highlight the fact that the introduction of this innovative alloy and the application of SPD represent significant steps towards addressing the limitations of magnesium-based alloys for medical implants, offering potential improvements in safety and effectiveness.
Nano Hotplate Fabrication for Metal Oxide-Based Gas Sensors by Combining Electron Beam and Focused Ion Beam Lithography
Authors: Feng Zhifu , Giubertoni Damiano , Cian Alessandro , Valt Matteo , Barozzi Mario , Gaiardo Andrea , Guidi Vincenzo
Published: November 2023

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors are widely used for gas detection. Typically, the hotplate element is the key component in MOS gas sensors which provide a proper and tunable operation temperature. However, the low power efficiency of the standard hotplates greatly limits the portable application of MOS gas sensors. The miniaturization of the hotplate geometry is one of the most effective methods used to reduce its power consumption. In this work, a new method is presented, combining electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB) technologies to obtain low power consumption. EBL is used to define the low-resolution section of the electrode, and FIB technology is utilized to pattern the high-resolution part. Different Au++ ion fluences in FIBs are tested in different milling strategies. The resulting devices are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Furthermore, the electrical resistance of the hotplate is measured at different voltages, and the operational temperature is calculated based on the Pt temperature coefficient of resistance value. In addition, the thermal heater and electrical stability is studied at different temperatures for 110 h. Finally, the implementation of the fabricated hotplate in ZnO gas sensors is investigated using ethanol at 250 °C.
Passive Electrical Components Based on Cotton Fabric Decorated with Iron Oxides Microfibers: The Influence of Static and Pulsed Magnetic Fields on the Equivalent Electrical Properties
Authors: Bica Ioan , Anitas Eugen Mircea , Choi Hyoung-Jin , Wang Shizhao
Published: November 2023

In this work, environmentally friendly and low-cost passive electrical components (PECs) are manufactured based on composites consisting of cotton fabrics soaked with solutions of silicone oil and different amounts of iron oxides microfibers (μFe). The μFe consists of a mixture of three phases: hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and magnetite (Fe3O4). The equivalent electrical capacitance (Cp) and resistance (Rp) of PECs are measured as a function of magnetic flux density B in a static and pulsed magnetic field superimposed on an alternating electric field of frequency 1 kHz. The relative variation in the hysteresis curves for both Cp and Rp are obtained by measuring them in the ascending and then the descending mode of B. We show that all these three quantities are sensibly influenced by the volume fractions of μFe and by the values of B. The main influence on this behavior is attributed to the semiconductor properties of the α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 components of the oxide microfibers. In addition, it is found that at B≃ 175 mT, the maximum relative variance of the hysteresis curve is about 3.35% for Cp and 3.18 % for Rp. When a pulsed magnetic field is used, it is shown that Cp and Rp closely follow the variation in the magnetic field. Thus, the resulting electrical properties of PECs, together with the fast response to the application of pulsed magnetic fields, make them useful in the fabrication of various devices, such as electric, magnetic, and deformation fields, or mechanical stress sensors with applications in protection against electromagnetic smog, healthcare monitoring, or for human–machine interfacing.
Preliminary Data on Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Other Bacteria, as Well as Absent African Swine Fever Virus in the Gut Microbiota of Wild Mice and Voles from Bulgaria
Authors: Ilieva Yana , Zaharieva Maya Margaritova , Dimitrova Lyudmila , Kaleva Mila D. , Jordanova Joanna , Dimitrova Maya , Beltcheva Michaela , Aleksieva Iliana , Georgiev Yordan , Manasiev Yordan , Najdenski Hristo
Published: November 2023

Small mammals are bioindicator organisms, and, through their gut microbiota (GM), could be carriers of pathogens and resistant bacteria. Also, wild GM composition has been suggested to have large implications for conservation efforts. Seventeen bacterial species were obtained from intestinal samples of Bulgarian yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) via classic microbiological cultivation and biochemical identification. Twelve Gram-negative—Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia kristensenii, Hafnia alvei, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, Serratia proteamaculans, Pseudescherichia vulneris, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. ozaenae, Enterobacter cloacea, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas fluorescens group—and five Gram-positive bacteria, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus hirae, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus, were discovered. Enterobacteriaceae was the most abundant family. The isolates belonged to one of the major reported taxa in rodents, Firmicutes (the Gram-positive species) and to the less abundant, but still among the first, phyla, Proteobacteria (the Gram-negative strains). We did not find any members of the other major phylum, Bacteroidetes, likely due to lack of metagenomic techniques. E. coli and Y. enterocolitica were confirmed with polymerase chain reaction. Almost all strains had pathogenic potential, but the good condition of the test animals suggests their commensal role. The Y. enterocolitica strains did not have the ail pathogenicity gene. There was high prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR), but for the expected species with high level of intrinsic resistance, such as the enterococci and S. marcescens. E. coli and some other species had very low antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in line with other studies of wild rodents. Many of the strains had biotechnological potential; e.g., B. thuringiensis is the most used biological insecticide, with its proteins incorporated into the Bt genetically modified maize. The GM of the tested wild mice and voles from Bulgaria proved to be a source of bacterial diversity; many of the strains were promising in terms of biotechnology, and, in addition, the samples did not contain the African swine fever virus.
Bacterial Biomarkers of the Oropharyngeal and Oral Cavity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Bourumeau William , Tremblay Karine , Jourdan Guillaume , Girard Catherine , Laprise Catherine
Published: November 2023

(1) Background: Individuals with COVID-19 display different forms of disease severity and the upper respiratory tract microbiome has been suggested to play a crucial role in the development of its symptoms. (2) Methods: The present study analyzed the microbial profiles of the oral cavity and oropharynx of 182 COVID-19 patients compared to 75 unaffected individuals. The samples were obtained from gargle screening samples. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was applied to analyze the samples. (3) Results: The present study shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced significant differences in bacterial community assemblages, with Prevotella and Veillonella as biomarkers for positive-tested people and Streptococcus and Actinomyces for negative-tested people. It also suggests a state of dysbiosis on the part of the infected individuals due to significant differences in the bacterial community in favor of a microbiome richer in opportunistic pathogens. (4) Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection induces dysbiosis in the upper respiratory tract. The identification of these opportunistic pathogenic biomarkers could be a new screening and prevention tool for people with prior dysbiosis.
Fecal Microbiome Analysis Distinguishes Bacterial Taxa Biomarkers Associated with Red Fillet Color in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Ahmed Ridwan O. , Ali Ali , Leeds Tim , Salem Mohamed
Published: November 2023

The characteristic reddish-pink fillet color of rainbow trout is an important marketing trait. The gastrointestinal microbiome is vital for host health, immunity, and nutrient balance. Host genetics play a crucial role in determining the gut microbiome, and the host–microbiome interaction impacts the host’s phenotypic expression. We hypothesized that fecal microbiota could be used to predict fillet color in rainbow trout. Fish were fed Astaxanthin-supplemented feed for six months, after which 16s rDNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiome composition in rainbow trout families with reddish-pink fillet coloration (red fillet group, average saturation index = 26.50 ± 2.86) compared to families with pale white fillet color (white fillet group, average saturation index = 21.21 ± 3.53). The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEFse) tool was used to identify bacterial biomarkers associated with fillet color. The alpha diversity measure shows no difference in the red and white fillet groups. Beta diversity principal component analysis showed clustering of the samples along the white versus red fillet group. The red fillet group has enrichment (LDA score > 1.5) of taxa Leuconostoc lactis, Corynebacterium variabile, Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans, and Leucobacter chromiireducens. In contrast, the white fillet group has an enriched presence of mycoplasma, Lachnoclostridium, and Oceanobacillus indicireducens. The enriched bacterial taxa in the red fillet group have probiotic functions and can generate carotenoid pigments. Bacteria taxa enriched in the white fillet group are either commensal, parasitic, or capable of reducing indigo dye. The study identified specific bacterial biomarkers differentially abundant in fish families of divergent fillet color that could be used in genetic selection to improve feed carotenoid retention and reddish-pink fillet color. This work extends our understanding of carotenoid metabolism in rainbow trout through the interaction between gut microbiota and fillet color.
Profile of Pancreatic and Ileal Microbiota in Experimental Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Zhao Mengqi , Cui Mengyan , Jiang Qiaoli , Wang Jingjing , Lu Yingying
Published: November 2023

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, the composition of the pancreatic and ileal microbiota associated with AP is still unknown. This study aims to examine the alterations in the microbial composition of the pancreas and ileum in the context of experimental acute pancreatitis, as well as explore the potential interplay between these two regions. Methods: Caerulein (CAE), caerulein+lipopolysaccharide (CAE+LPS), and L-arginine (ARG) were used to induce AP in mice. The pancreas and ileum were collected for histological study and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed microbial structural segregation between the AP and control groups and between ARG and the two CAE groups (CAE, CAE+LPS) in the pancreas and ileum. Taxonomic analysis at the genus level and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) at the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) level illustrated that AP mice exhibited a marked increase in the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae and a decrease in that of Dietzia both in the pancreas and ileum, and a reduction in Bifidobacterium only in the ileum; in addition, Roseburia was enriched in the two CAE groups in the pancreas and/or ileum, while Escherichia–Shigella expanded in the pancreas of the ARG group. Spearman correlation analysis between pancreatic and ileal microbiota revealed that the abundance of Muribaculaceae and Dietzia in the pancreas was related to that in the ileum. These findings demonstrated that caerulein and L-arginine differentially disturbed the pancreatic and ileal microbiota when inducing AP. Furthermore, these findings provide preliminary support for an association between the microbiota of the pancreas and ileum, which could be caused by AP-induced microbial translocation.
Ocean–Continent Conversion in Beishan Orogenic Belt: Evidence from Geochemical and Zircon U-Pb-Hf Isotopic Data of Luotuoquan A-Type Granite
Authors: Chen Wenliang , Zhang Minjie , Tao Guanghuo , Li Xiaofeng , Yu Qian , Fan Xiaojie , Zhang Jingwei
Published: November 2023

Devonian magmatism is one of the most important tectonothermal events in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). However, little is known regarding the petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the widely distributed Devonian granitoids in the eastern Southern Beishan Orogenic Belt (SBOB). Early-Devonian granitic magmatism has been recognized from the Luotuoquan area, and the granites were emplaced between 404.9 Ma and 399.4 Ma according to LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating. Geochemically, the granites exhibit high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents and are enriched in light rare earth elements as well as Rb, Th, Nd, Zr, and Hf, while being depleted in heavy rare earth elements and Ba, U, Sr, and Ti, with distinct rare earth element fractionation and pronounced negative Eu anomalies. According to the comprehensive analysis, they closely resemble the features typically associated with A-type granites. The zircons εHf(t) values are within the range of +0.90–+5.19 (averaged 3.23) for the monzogranite and syenogranite, whereas their TDM2 values fall between 1.05 and 1.34 Ga, suggesting that the magma source of the monzogranite–syenogranite originated from the partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic crust dominated by metagreywackes. Furthermore, the monzogranite and syenogranite exhibit high temperatures (average 782 °C), thin crustal thickness (average 30 km), and A-type characteristics, suggesting their formation in post-collision extensional settings. We propose the closure of the Beishan Ocean occurred before the early Devonian, followed by a transition in the Southern Beishan Orogenic Belt from a compressional to an extensional setting.
Double Attack to Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders: MAO-B and Nrf2 as Elected Targets
Authors: Basagni Filippo , Di Paolo Maria Luisa , Cozza Giorgio , Dalla Via Lisa , Fagiani Francesca , Lanni Cristina , Rosini Michela , Minarini Anna
Published: November 2023

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a pivotal role in triggering the neurodegenerative pathological cascades which characterize neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In search for potential efficient treatments for these pathologies, that are still considered unmet medical needs, we started from the promising properties of the antidiabetic drug pioglitazone, which has been repositioned as an MAO-B inhibitor, characterized by promising neuroprotective properties. Herein, with the aim to broaden its neuroprotective profile, we tried to enrich pioglitazone with direct and indirect antioxidant properties by hanging polyphenolic and electrophilic features that are able to trigger Nrf2 pathway and the resulting cytoprotective genes’ transcription, as well as serve as radical scavengers. After a preliminary screening on MAO-B inhibitory properties, caffeic acid derivative 2 emerged as the best inhibitor for potency and selectivity over MAO-A, characterized by a reversible mechanism of inhibition. Furthermore, the same compound proved to activate Nrf2 pathway by potently increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation and strongly reducing ROS content, both in physiological and stressed conditions. Although further biological investigations are required to fully clarify its neuroprotective properties, we were able to endow the pioglitazone scaffold with potent antioxidant properties, representing the starting point for potential future pioglitazone-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
Aza Analogs of the TRPML1 Inhibitor Estradiol Methyl Ether (EDME)
Authors: Rühl Philipp , Bracher Franz
Published: November 2023

Estradiol methyl ether (EDME) has recently been described by us as a very potent and subtype-specific inhibitor of the lysosomal cation channel TRPML1. Following the principle of bioisosteres, we worked out efficient synthetic approaches to ring-A aza-analogs of EDME, namely a methoxypyridine and a methoxypyrimidine analog. Both target compounds were obtained in good overall yields in six and eight steps starting from 19-nortestosterone via the oxidative cleavage of ring A followed over several intermediates and with the use of well-selected protective groups by re-cyclization to provide the desired hetero-analogs. The methoxypyridine analog largely retained its TRPML1-inhibitory activity, whereas the methoxypyrimidine analog significantly lost activity.
Emerging Roles of Microrobots for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Biosensors
Authors: Lu Xiaolong , Bao Jinhui , Wei Ying , Zhang Shuting , Liu Wenjuan , Wu Jie
Published: November 2023

To meet the increasing needs of point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis and daily health monitoring, numerous cutting-edge techniques have emerged to upgrade current portable biosensors with higher sensitivity, smaller size, and better intelligence. In particular, due to the controlled locomotion characteristics in the micro/nano scale, microrobots can effectively enhance the sensitivity of biosensors by disrupting conventional passive diffusion into an active enrichment during the test. In addition, microrobots are ideal to create biosensors with functions of on-demand delivery, transportation, and multi-objective detections with the capability of actively controlled motion. In this review, five types of portable biosensors and their integration with microrobots are critically introduced. Microrobots can enhance the detection signal in fluorescence intensity and surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection via the active enrichment. The existence and quantity of detection substances also affect the motion state of microrobots for the locomotion-based detection. In addition, microrobots realize the indirect detection of the bio-molecules by functionalizing their surfaces in the electrochemical current and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy detections. We pay a special focus on the roles of microrobots with active locomotion to enhance the detection performance of portable sensors. At last, perspectives and future trends of microrobots in biosensing are also discussed.