bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial and Fungal Contributions to Carbon Sequestration in Agroecosystems
Authors: Six J. , Frey S. D. , Thiet R. K. , Batten K. M.
Published: February 2006

This paper reviews the current knowledge of microbial processes affecting C sequestration in agroecosystems. The microbial contribution to soil C storage is directly related to microbial community dynamics and the balance between formation and degradation of microbial byproducts. Soil microbes also indirectly influence C cycling by improving soil aggregation, which physically protects soil organic matter (SOM). Consequently, the microbial contribution to C sequestration is governed by the interactions between the amount of microbial biomass, microbial community structure, microbial byproducts, and soil properties such as texture, clay mineralogy, pore‐size distribution, and aggregate dynamics. The capacity of a soil to protect microbial biomass and microbially derived organic matter (MOM) is directly and/or indirectly (i.e., through physical protection by aggregates) related to the reactive properties of clays. However, the stabilization of MOM in the soil is also related to the efficiency with which microorganisms utilize substrate C and the chemical nature of the byproducts they produce. Crop rotations, reduced or no‐tillage practices, organic farming, and cover crops increase total microbial biomass and shift the community structure toward a more fungal‐dominated community, thereby enhancing the accumulation of MOM. A quantitative and qualitative improvement of SOM is generally observed in agroecosystems favoring a fungal‐dominated community, but the mechanisms leading to this improvement are not completely understood. Gaps within our knowledge on MOM‐C dynamics and how they are related to soil properties and agricultural practices are identified.
Influence of Tillage Practices on Soil Structural Controls over Carbon Mineralization
Authors: Yoo Gayoung , Wander Michelle M.
Published: February 2006

The influence of tillage practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is manifested indirectly through the modification of soil structure. This study was conducted at two sites in Illinois where long‐term use of conventional (CT) and no tillage (NT) practices has increased SOC at Monmouth, a silt loam, but not at DeKalb, a silty clay loam soil with higher SOC contents. We evaluated whether soil structural quality could be related to observed SOC mineralization and explain the inconsistent influence of tillage on SOC stocks. Soil physical parameters and soil CO2 evolution rates were measured in 2000, 2001, and 2002. At DeKalb, there was no difference in the mean (μmol m−1 s−1) or specific (μgCO2 s−1/μg SOC) SOC mineralization rates of NT and CT soils. In Monmouth, mean and specific SOC mineralization rates were greater from soils under CT than NT management. This indicates use of NT practices had increased physical protection of SOC at that site. The Q10 equation, which is based on soil temperature and moisture, better explained CO2 efflux in DeKalb than in Monmouth. The poorer fit of the equation in Monmouth reflects its reliance on gravimetric moisture content, which inadequately describes the status of soil water influencing heterotrophic activity. The least limiting water range (LLWR), which integrates the affects of clay content, bulk density, and soil moisture on biological activity and predicted observed soil CO2 efflux patterns (R = 0.600, p = 0.0025) better than any other physical parameter, indicated use of NT practices at Monmouth increased soil compaction or strength enough to reduce C mineralization. In DeKalb, where soils have an inherently high capacity to protect SOC from decay, tillage has had no influence on SOC dynamics. The variable affect of tillage practices on C sequestration were explained by soil physical properties.
Polyacrylamide and Water Quality Effects on Infiltration in Sandy Loam Soils
Authors: Ajwa Husein A. , Trout Thomas J.
Published: February 2006

Slow infiltration rates constrain effective and economical irrigation in some sandy loam soils in California. Polyacrylamide (PAM) has increased soil infiltration in some areas, especially in soils high in clay or silt. Field trials near Fresno, CA, with PAM failed to show improved infiltration. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate PAM effect on infiltration of various quality waters in sandy loam soils. Two formulations of a high molecular weight PAM, a liquid emulsion and a granular, were evaluated on a Hanford sandy loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorthents) in packed soil column experiments. Applying PAM continuously in the infiltration water always decreased infiltration for all PAM concentrations tested (5–20 mg PAM L−1). Final infiltration rates of 5 mg PAM L−1 relative to infiltration rate of deionized water were 65% for emulsion PAM and 36% for granular PAM and these ratios decreased with increasing PAM concentration. Reduction of infiltration rates when PAM was applied with water containing Ca (applied as gypsum) was less than with PAM solution containing Na. Permeability tests of PAM solutions through uniform sands showed a decrease of permeability with increased concentrations, due to an apparent increase in effective viscosity of the solution. The decrease in infiltration rates in this study was likely due to this increase in viscosity when PAM is added to water. This research concluded that PAM applied in irrigation water will reduce infiltration unless the material improves surface soil aggregate structure and sustains pores sufficient to mask the effect of solution viscosity.
Soil Physical Changes Associated with Forest Harvesting Operations on an Organic Soil
Authors: McFero Grace J. , Skaggs R. W. , Cassel D. K.
Published: February 2006

The influence of forest operations on forest soil and water continues to be an issue of concern in forest management. Research has focused on evaluating forest operation effects on numerous soil and water quality indicators. However, poorly drained forested watersheds with organic soil surface horizons have not been extensively investigated. A study was initiated in the Tidewater region of North Carolina to gain a better understanding of the impact of harvesting operations on poorly drained organic soils. Soils on the study site, having >80% organic matter (OM) content to a depth of 60 cm below the soil surface, were classified as shallow organic soils. Soil physical properties were examined by collecting soil cores from control and treatment watersheds in a nested design. Compaction caused by the harvest operation increased bulk density (Db) from 0.22 to 0.27 g cm−3, decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity (ksat) from 397 to 82 cm h−1, and decreased the drained volume for a given water table depth. However, Db following the harvest remained low at 0.27 g cm−3 The drained volume at equilibrium following the lowering of the water table from the soil surface to a depth of 200 cm was reduced by 10% from that of control watershed as a result of harvesting.
Quantity and Spatial Variability of Soil Carbon in the Conterminous United States
Authors: Guo Yinyan , Amundson Ronald , Gong Peng , Yu Qian
Published: February 2006

We estimated the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) inventory for the conterminous USA using the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO). The relative contribution of each soil order and Land Resource Region (LRR) to the national SOC and SIC inventory was determined. There are 302 to 1499 ×108 Mg of SOC and 226 to 937 × 108 Mg of SIC in the upper 2 m of soil in the conterminous USA. About 30 and 80% of the upper 2‐m SOC is in the 0‐ to 0.20‐ and 0‐ to 1.0‐m soil layers, respectively. For SIC, only about 8% of the upper 2‐m SIC is in the upper 0.2 m, and about 50% is in the top 1.0‐m layer. The relative spatial variability of SOC increases dramatically as soil depth increases while the largest relative variability of SIC is in the surface layer. Because of its large area (27% of the soil area in the conterminous USA), Mollisols are the largest contributors both to the SOC stock (about 31 to 39%) and to the SIC stock (about 43 to 44%) in the conterminous USA. The results of this study provide a view of soil C partitioning by taxonomic group and land resource area, information that may be useful for assessing the impact of land use and climatic change on SOC and SIC pools.
Soil Physical and Biological Properties as Affected by Land Leveling in a Clayey Aquert
Authors: Brye Kristofor R. , Slaton Nathan A. , Norman Richard J.
Published: February 2006

Land leveling is a government‐subsidized, water‐conserving agricultural practice common in the Mississippi River Delta region of the midsouthern United States. Though practiced to more uniformly deliver irrigation water, land leveling is a severe soil disturbance that alters the quasi‐equilibrium among near‐surface soil biogeochemical properties. The objectives of this study were to characterize the short‐term impacts of land leveling on the magnitude, variance, and spatial variability and distributions of soil physical and biological properties and to evaluate the impact of land leveling on the relationships among soil properties in a Sharkey clay (very‐fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquert) used for irrigated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in the Mississippi Delta region of northeast Arkansas. Bulk density and clay increased (P < 0.001), while sand, silt, fungal biomass, and fungal/bacterial biomass ratio decreased (P < 0.001) as a result of land leveling. Despite the effect on the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio, hence a significant alteration of the soil microbial community structure, soil bacterial biomass was unaffected by land leveling. The variance associated with silt increased (P < 0.01), while the variance for fungal biomass and the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio increased (P < 0.001) as a result of land leveling. Spatial variability and distributions of soil physical and biological properties and relationships among them were noticeably altered by land leveling. Increased variations in soil physical and biological properties as a result of any soil disturbance will make uniform field management difficult. Compared to a similar study, the magnitudes of near‐surface soil physical and biological property change as a result of land leveling were lower on a clayey Vertisol than on a silt‐loam Alfisol.
Thanatos and Civilization: Lacan, Marcuse, and the Death Drive
Authors: Cho Daniel
Published: March 2006

During the 1950s and 1960s two thinkers, Herbert Marcuse and Jacques Lacan, were conducting a ‘return to Freud’ for very similar reasons. If the differences between them are often advertised, their affinities are less so. In this article, I examine how their ‘return to Freud’ and fidelity to psychoanalysis serves as a common ground to read each in conjunction with the other. Specifically, the Freudian figure of the death drive marks a deep homology within Marcuse and his ethic of ‘The Great Refusal,’ with Lacan's notion of living in-between ‘two deaths.’ Reading each as the dialectical complement of the other, this article concludes by provocatively reversing Marcuse's thesis in Eros and Civilization: ‘Today the fight for death, the fight for Thantos, is the political fight.’
The Educative Potential of Ecological Militancy in an Age of Big Oil: Towards a Marcusean Ecopedagogy
Authors: Kahn Richard
Published: March 2006

This article begins by tracing the conjunction between the birth of radical ecological politics and the New Left, then moves to a reconsideration of whether a Marcusean politics and culture of intolerance and resistance are legitimate under contemporary circumstances. The article then outlines a call for the reconstruction of a Marcusean ‘pro-life’ politics, and then closes with a discussion of how Marcuse provides ecological educators with a theory of politics as education and a revolutionary conception of humanitas, through which Marcuse sought to work to overcome the historical struggle and dichotomy between culture and nature, as well as the human and non-human animal. The conclusion offered is that Marcuse is a founding figure of a revolutionary ecopedagogy that seeks an end to the violent destruction of the earth, as it works to manifest a critical, utopian post-humanism based upon new life sensibilities that attempts to displace domination and repression broadly conceived with ecological and just social alternatives.
Groundwork for the Concept of Technique in Education: Herbert Marcuse and Technological Society
Authors: Pierce Clayton
Published: March 2006

This article articulates the groundwork for a new understanding of the concept of technique through a critical engagement with Herbert Marcuse's critical theory of technology. To this end, it identifies and engages three expressions of technique in Marcuse's work: mimesis, reified labor, and the happy consciousness. It is argued that this mapping of the concept of technique provides the philosophy of education with a new perspective in which to understand the relationship between technology and the educational experience in the contemporary moment. The exposition of technique, moreover, when applied to the educational context, applies not only to technological artifacts per se but also extends to educational policies that share the mutual logic embedded within existing expressions of technique. Finally, it is suggested that Marcuse's project to theorize a ‘qualitatively new form’ of technology must be taken up within the educative process. The article contends that this will require rethinking interactions between students and science and technology within the educational context that can promote and produce democratic and liberatory expressions of technique.
One-Dimensionality and Whiteness
Authors: Calderón Dolores
Published: March 2006

This article is a theoretical discussion that links Marcuse's concept of one-dimensional society and the Great Refusal with critical race theory in order to achieve a more robust interrogation of whiteness. The author argues that in the context of the United States, the one-dimensionality that Marcuse condemns in One-Dimensional Man is best illuminated by the concept of whiteness, which posits that whiteness in the context of white supremacy is an ideological manifestation of capitalism in the United States. The author furthers that the values Marcuse wants to break with or refuse in An Essay on Liberation can be more concretely captured if it is made clear that the ideology of whiteness represents a key part of the normative order of advanced industrial society that must be ‘Refused’. The reproduction of whiteness in educational structures serves to oppress raced, gendered, and classed individuals and communities who deviate from the norms established by the ideology of whiteness. Thus, in the context of education, the author proposes that the crucial theoretical tools we have to challenge one-dimensional education and refuse whiteness are critical race theory and critical multicultural education.
Critical Theory and Information Studies: A Marcusean Infusion
Authors: Pyati Ajit K.
Published: March 2006

In the field of library and information science, also known as information studies, critical theory is often not included in debates about the discipline's theoretical foundations. This paper argues that the critical theory of Herbert Marcuse, in particular, has a significant contribution to make to the field of information studies. Marcuse's focus, for instance, on ‘technical rationality’ as a tool of domination in modern capitalist society is a useful construct for understanding how discourses of information technology are being used to perpetuate modernist notions of information and capitalist logics of consumption. It is argued here that critical theory theory and critical theory of technology have a particular relevance and salience to the study of information, and that any discipline that claims to study the creation, use, classification, and access of information simply cannot ignore the larger socio-political critiques of modern, technological society that Marcuse proposes.
Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions
Authors: Haga Henning A. , Lykkjen Sigrid , Revold Tobias , Ranheim Birgit
Published: February 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of intratesticular administration of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses and cremaster muscle tension during castration of isoflurane-anesthetized stallions.

Animals—28 healthy stallions (mean ± SD age, 4.2 ± 2.8 years) with no testicular abnormalities that were scheduled for castration.

Procedure—Each horse was given acepromazine (20 μg/kg, IM), romifidine (50 μg/kg, IV), and butorphanol (20 μg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (50 μg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal concentration). After 10 minutes at a stable anesthetic plane, a needle was placed in each testicle and either no fluid or 15 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected; 10 minutes after needle placement, surgery was commenced. Pulse rate and arterial blood pressures were measured invasively at intervals from 5 minutes prior to castration (baseline) until 5 minutes after the left spermatic cord was clamped. The surgeon subjectively scored the degree of cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, lidocaine labeled with radioactive carbon (C14) was used and testicular autoradiograms were obtained.

Results—Compared with baseline values, castration significantly increased blood pressure measurements; intratesticular injection of lidocaine decreased this blood pressure response and cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, autoradiography revealed diffuse distribution of lidocaine into the spermatic cord but poor distribution into the cremaster muscle.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In isoflurane-anesthetized stallions, intratesticular injection of lidocaine prior to castration appeared to decrease intraoperative blood pressure responses and cremaster muscle tension and may be a beneficial supplement to isoflurane anesthesia.
Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots
Authors: Flammer Keven , Papich Mark
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics and effects of orally administered fluconazole in African grey parrots.

Animals—40 clinically normal Timneh African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timneh).

Procedure—In single-dose trials, parrots were placed into groups of 4 to 5 birds each and fluconazole was administered orally at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Blood samples for determination of plasma fluconazole concentrations were collected from each group at 2 or 3 of the following time points: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 31, 48, and 72 hours. In multiple-dose trials, fluconazole was administered orally to groups of 5 birds each at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg every 48 hours for 12 days. Trough plasma concentrations were measured 3 times during treatment. Groups receiving 20 mg/kg were monitored for changes in plasma biochemical analytes, and blood samples were collected on days 1 and 13 of treatment to allow comparison of terminal half-life.

Results—Peak plasma concentrations of fluconazole were 7.45 and 18.59 μg/mL, and elimination half-lives were 9.22 and 10.19 hours for oral administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Oral administration of fluconazole for 12 days at 10 or 20 mg/kg every 48 hours did not cause identifiable adverse effects or change the disposition of fluconazole.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of fluconazole to parrots at 10 to 20 mg/kg every 24 to 48 hours maintains plasma concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for several common yeast species. The prolonged dosing interval is an advantage of this treatment regimen.
Kinematics of the equine temporomandibular joint
Authors: Bonin Stephanie J. , Clayton Hilary M. , Lanovaz Joel L. , Johnson Thomas J.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To develop a method of measuring 3-dimensional kinematics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in horses chewing sweet feed.

Animals—4 mature horses that had good dental health.

Procedure—Markers attached to the skin over the skull and mandible were tracked by an optical tracking system. Movements of the mandible relative to the skull were described in terms of 3 rotations and 3 translations. A virtual marker was created on the midline between the rami of the mandibles at the level of the rostral end of the facial crest to facilitate observation of mandibular movements.

Results—During the opening stroke, the virtual midline mandibular marker moved ventrally, laterally toward the chewing side, and slightly caudally. During the closing stroke, the marker moved dorsally, medially, and slightly rostrally. During the power stroke, the mandible slid medially and dorsally as the mandibular cheek teeth moved across the occlusal surface of the maxillary cheek teeth. The 4 horses had similar chewing patterns, but the amplitudes varied among horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The TMJ allows considerable mobility of the mandible relative to the skull during chewing. The method presented in this report can be used to compare the range of motion of the TMJ among horses with TMJ disease or dental irregularities or within an individual horse before and after dental procedures.
Changes in heart rate and heart rate variability in Thoroughbreds during prolonged road transportation
Authors: Ohmura Hajime , Hiraga Atsushi , Aida Hiroko , Kuwahara Masayoshi , Tsubone Hirokazu , Jones James H.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine whether evaluation of heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) during prolonged road transportation in horses provides a sensitive index of autonomic stimulation.

Animals—Five 2-year-old Thoroughbreds.

Procedure—ECGs were recorded as horses were transported for 21 hours in a 9-horse van. Heart rate, high-frequency (HF) power, low-frequency (LF) power, and LF-to-HF ratio from Fourier spectral analyses of ECGs were calculated and compared with values recorded during a 24-hour period of stall rest preceding transportation.

Results—HR, HF power, and LF power had diurnal rhythms during stall rest but not during road transportation. Heart rate was higher and HF power and LF power lower during road transportation than stall rest, and HR, HF power, LF power, and LF-to-HF ratio all decreased with time during road transportation. Heart rate during stall rest was weakly and inversely associated with LF power, but during road transportation was strongly associated with LF power, HF power, and LF-to-HF ratio. Neither LF power nor HF power was correlated with LF-to-HF ratio during stall rest, but LF power was strongly and HF power weakly correlated with LF-to-HF ratio during road transportation. High-frequency power and LF power were significantly correlated with each other during stall rest and road transportation. Heart rate was significantly influenced by LF power and LF-to-HF ratio during stall rest (R2 = 0.40) and by HF power and LF-to-HF ratio during road transportation (R2 = 0.86).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—HR is influenced by different sympathovagal mechanisms during stall rest, compared with during road transportation; HRV may be a sensitive indicator of stress in transported horses.
Comparison of laparoscopic-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of left abomasal displacement in dairy cows
Authors: Seeger Torsten , Kümper Harald , Failing Klaus , Doll Klaus
Published: February 2006

Objective—To compare results obtained by use of laparoscopyassisted abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of dairy cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA).

Animals—120 dairy cows with an LDA.

Procedure—In a prospective clinical trial, cows were randomly allocated to the abomasopexy group (laparoscopy-assisted abomasopexy) or to the control group (omentopexy via right flank). Data were obtained during the first 5 days after surgery and 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery.

Results—59 of 60 cows in the abomasopexy group and all 60 cows in the control group were treated successfully. Median duration was shorter for the laparoscopic procedure (27.5 minutes), compared with that for the control group (38 minutes). Five cows in the abomasopexy group had wound complications and 2 had LDA relapses, compared with 2 wound complications and no relapses in the control group. During the 5 days after surgery, the abomasopexy group had a significantly higher increase in rate of energy intake and milk yield and a more rapid return to reference range for serum glutamic dehydrogenase activity and total bilirubin concentration, compared with results for the control group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Success rates were almost equal for both methods. Advantages of the laparoscopic abomasopexy procedure include practicality, low risk of complications, and rapid postoperative recovery. Contraindications are cardiopulmonary diseases. Other disadvantages include the cost of the instruments and inability to perform the procedure in cows with abomasal adhesions.
Attempted transmission of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and Mycoplasma haemofelis by feeding cats infected Ctenocephalides felis
Authors: Woods James E. , Wisnewski Nancy , Lappin Michael R.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine whether Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (Mhm) can be transmitted by ingestion of Mycoplasma-infected Ctenocephalides felis and by-products (feces, larvae, and eggs).

Animals—10 cats.

Procedure—3 cats were carriers of Mhf, and 1 was a carrier of Mhm. Six cats had negative results of PCR assay for Mhf and Mhm DNA. A chamber containing 100 C felis was bandaged to 2 Mhf carrier cats. Five days later, fleas and by-products were analyzed for Mycoplasma spp DNA. The remaining fleas and a sample of by-products were fed to 2 Mycoplasma-naïve cats. A chamber containing 200 C felis was bandaged to the Mhm carrier cat. Five days later, fleas and by-products were analyzed for Mycoplasma spp DNA. The remaining fleas and a sample of by-products were fed to 2 Mycoplasma-naïve cats. A chamber containing 200 C felis was bandaged to an Mhf carrier cat and Mhm-carrier cat. Three days later, fleas and by-products were analyzed for Mycoplasma spp DNA. The remaining fleas and a random sample of by products were fed to 4 Mycoplasma-naïve cats. All cats were monitored for infection for ≥7 weeks.

Results—Uptake of Mhf and Mhm DNA into fleas and by-products was detected. None of the naïve cats became infected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ingestion of Mycoplasma-infected C felis or by-products is not an important means of transmission for Mhf or Mhm.
Association between limb conformation and retention of sows through the second parity
Authors: Tiranti Karina I. , Morrison Robert B.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine the association between limb conformation scores in gilts and retention through the second parity.

Animals—961 gilts.

Procedure—Gilts were monitored for 1 year. Baseline data recorded were conformation scores for the forelimbs and hind limbs and backfat thickness. Primary outcome was time to removal from a herd, and the secondary outcome was time to removal as a result of lameness.

Results—662 of 961 (68.89%) females remained in herds through the second parity, whereas 299 (31.11%) were removed before the second parity. Survival time for females on the basis of conformation scores for the forelimbs and hind limbs differed significantly for total sow removals and removals as a result of lameness. Females with poor conformation scores for the hind limbs had an increased risk of being removed, compared with risk for females with better conformation scores. Risk of removal specifically as a result of lameness increased as conformation score for the hind limbs became poorer. Proportion of the total population that was removed and could be attributed to undesirable limb conformation was 16.13% for forelimbs and 12.90% for hind limbs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Females with undesirable conformation were removed earlier than females with desirable conformation. This was particularly true for females with low conformation scores for the hind limbs. Selection of gilts on the basis of limb conformation may result in reduced attrition of females and improved performance of herds over time.
Results of a phase II clinical trial on the use of ifosfamide for treatment of cats with vaccine-associated sarcomas
Authors: Rassnick Kenneth M. , Rodriguez Carlos O. , Khanna Chand , Rosenberg Mona P. , Kristal Orna , Chaffin Kelly , Page Rodney L.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine clinical activity and toxic effects of ifosfamide when used to treat cats with vaccine-associated sarcoma (VAS).

Animals—27 cats with a nonresectable, recurrent, or metastatic VAS.

Procedure—Each cat received ifosfamide (900 mg/m2 of body surface area) as an IV infusion during a 30-minute period. Diuresis by infusion of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and administration of mesna were used to prevent urothelial toxicosis. Treatments were administered every 3 weeks, and tumor response was assessed after the second treatment. All ifos-famide-associated toxic effects were graded in accordance with predetermined criteria.

Results—61 treatments were administered to 27 cats (median, 2 treatments/cat; range, 1 to 4 treat-ments/cat). After ifosfamide treatment, 1 cat had a complete response and 10 had partial responses for an overall response rate of 11 of 27 (41%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25% to 59%). Responses lasted from 21 to 133 days (median, 70 days; 95% CI, 60 to 113 days). The acute dose-limiting toxicosis was neutropenia, which was detected 5 to 28 days (median, 7 days) after treatment. Median nadir neutrophil count was 1,600 cells/μL (range, 200 to 5,382 cells/μL). Nine (33%) cats had adverse gastrointestinal effects (primarily salivation during the ifosfamide infusion and inappetence after treatment). Two cats were euthanatized because of severe nephrotoxicosis, and 1 cat developed pulmonary edema during diuresis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ifosfamide has antitumor activity against VAS in cats and is tolerated well by most cats. Ifosfamide should be evaluated as an adjuvant treatment for cats with VAS.
Microanatomic features of pancreatic islets and immunolocalization of glucose transporters in tissues of llamas and alpacas
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Bildfell Robert J. , Fischer Kay A.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To describe the microanatomic features of pancreatic islets and the immunohistochemical distribution of glucose transporter (GLUT) molecules in the pancreas and other tissues of New World camelids.

Animals—7 healthy adult New World camelids, 2 neonatal camelids with developmental skeletal abnormalities, and 2 BALB/c mice.

Procedure—Samples of pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, mammary gland, brain, and adipose tissue were collected postmortem from camelids and mice. Pancreatic tissue sections from camelids were assessed microscopically. Sections of all tissues from camelids and mice (positive control specimens) were examined after staining with antibodies against GLUT-1, -2, -3, and -4 molecules.

Results—In camelids, pancreatic islets were prominent and lacked connective tissue capsules. Numerous individual endocrine-type cells were visible distant from the islets. Findings in neonatal and adult tissues were similar; however, the former appeared to have more non–islet-associated endocrine cells. Via immunostaining, GLUT-2 molecules were detected on pancreatic endocrine cells and hepatocytes in camelids, GLUT-1 molecules were detected on the capillary endothelium of the CNS, GLUT-3 molecules were detected throughout the gray matter, and GLUT-4 molecules were not detected in any camelid tissues. Staining characteristics of neonatal and adult tissues were similar.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In New World camelids, microanatomic features of pancreatic islets are similar to those of other mammals. Data suggest that the poor glucose clearance and poor insulin response to hyperglycemia in adult camelids cannot be attributed to a lack of islet cells or lack of GLUT molecules on the outer membrane of those cells.
Effects of early intensive postoperative physiotherapy on limb function after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with deficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Monk Michelle L. , Preston Christopher A. , McGowan Catherine M.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine effects of early intensive postoperative physiotherapy on limb function in dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) for deficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL).

Animals—8 adult dogs with CCL deficiency.

Procedure—After TPLO, dogs underwent a physiotherapy program 3 times/wk (physiotherapy group; n = 4) or a walking program (home-exercise group; 4). All dogs were evaluated before surgery, 1 and 10 days after surgery, and 3 and 6 weeks after surgery. Thigh circumference (TC), stifle joint flexion and extension range of motion (ROM), lameness, and weight-bearing scores were recorded.

Results—Before surgery, CCL-deficient limbs had significantly reduced TC and reduced flexion and extension ROMs, compared with values for the contralateral control limb. Six weeks after TPLO, the physiotherapy group had significantly larger TC than the home-exercise group, with the difference no longer evident between the affected and nonaffected limbs. Extension and flexion ROMs were significantly greater in the physiotherapy group, compared with values for the home-exercise group, 3 and 6 weeks after surgery. Six weeks after surgery, the difference in flexion and extension ROMs was no longer evident between the affected and nonaffected limbs in the physiotherapy group. Both groups had improvements for lameness and weight-bearing scores over time, but no difference was found between the 2 groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After TPLO in CCL-deficient dogs, early physiotherapy intervention should be considered as part of the postoperative management to prevent muscle atrophy, build muscle mass and strength, and increase stifle joint flexion and extension ROMs.
Risk factors associated with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease in indoor-housed cats
Authors: Buffington C. A. Tony , Westropp Jodi L. , Chew Dennis J. , Bolus Roger R.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine associations between environmental and cat-related factors and lower urinary tract signs in indoor-housed domestic cats.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—238 healthy cats, 157 cats with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease, and 70 cats with other diseases.

Procedure—Data collected from owners of the cats were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, environmental variables, and physical and behavioral signs were analyzed by use of ANOVA and logistic regression analysis to assess which factors were associated with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease.

Results—The only demographic or environmental factors associated with lower urinary tract signs were older age and months owned. In contrast, cats with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease had significantly greater owner-observed gastrointestinal tract signs and scratching, fearful, nervous, and aggressive behaviors.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lower urinary tract signs in indoor-housed cats may be more closely associated with cat-related factors than with demographic or environmental factors.
Protection from challenge following administration of a canarypox virus–vectored recombinant feline leukemia virus vaccine in cats previously vaccinated with a killed virus vaccine
Authors: Grosenbaugh Deborah A. , Leard Tim , Pardo M. Camila
Published: February 2006

Objective—To compare protection against FeLV challenge obtained following administration of 2 doses of an adjuvanted, chemically inactivated, whole FeLV (FeLV-k) vaccine with protection obtained following administration of 1 dose of an FeLV-k vaccine followed by 1 dose of a canarypox virus–vectored recombinant FeLV (rCP-FeLV) vaccine.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—Thirty-two 9-week-old domestic shorthair cats.

Procedure—Cats received 2 doses of the FeLV-k vaccine SC, 21 days apart (n = 11); 1 dose of the FeLV-k vaccine SC and, 21 days later, 1 dose of the rCP-FeLV vaccine transdermally (11); or 2 doses of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control; 10). Four weeks after the second vaccine dose, all cats were challenged with FeLV by means of oronasal administration. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals beginning 21 days after challenge, and serum was tested for FeLV antigen.

Results—All 10 control cats became persistently infected (ie, FeLV antigen detected in ≥ 3 consecutive serum samples) following FeLV challenge, whereas only 1 of 11 cats that received 2 doses of the FeLV-k vaccine and none of the 11 cats that received 1 dose of the FeLV-k vaccine and 1 dose of the rCP-FeLV vaccine did.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that protection against FeLV challenge obtained following SC administration of a single dose of an FeLV-k vaccine followed, 21 days later, by transdermal administration of a single dose of an rCP-FeLV vaccine was similar to that obtained following SC administration of 2 doses of the FeLV-k vaccine 21 days apart.
Use of multigeneration-family molecular dog leukocyte antigen typing to select a hematopoietic cell transplant donor for a dog with T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Lupu Marilena , Sullivan Edmund W. , Westfall Theresa E. , Little Marie-Térèse , Weigler Benjamin J. , Moore Peter F. , Stroup Patrice A. , Zellmer Eustacia , Kuhr Christian , Storb Rainer
Published: February 2006

Case Description—A 7-year-old Golden Retriever was examined because of anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and gradual weight loss.

Clinical Findings—Splenomegaly, pancytopenia, high serum calcium concentration, and high alkaline phosphatase activity were detected. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enlarged mesenteric lymph node and increased signals from the bone marrow of the ilium and vertebral bodies. Histologic examination and immunophenotyping of biopsy specimens confirmed a stage V (b) T-cell malignant lymphoma.

Treatment and Outcome—Clinical remission was attained by use of 2 chemotherapy cycles, followed by an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant performed at 18 weeks after diagnosis. A donor was identified by molecular dog leukocyte antigen typing methods. The patient was conditioned with 2 fractions of 4 Gy total body irradiation delivered 3 hours apart at 7 cGy/min, followed by an IV infusion of recombinant canine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilized leukapheresis product and postgrafting immunosuppression with cyclosporine. Chimerism analyses revealed full donor engraftment that has been maintained for at least 58 weeks after transplant. Remission has been confirmed by normal results of serum thymidine kinase assays and the absence of peripheral blood clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangements.

Clinical Relevance—Systemic chemotherapy induces remissions; however, most dogs succumb to disease recurrence because of multidrug resistance. Outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in dogs can be excellent because of improved donor-recipient selection by use of molecular dog leukocyte antigen typing, compared with early attempts, and better prevention of graft versus host disease, better supportive care, and substitution of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for bone marrow.
Results of rhinoscopy alone or in conjunction with sinuscopy in dogs with aspergillosis: 46 cases (2001–2004)
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R. , Drazenovich Tracy L. , Herrera Melissa A. , Wisner Erik R.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine results of diagnostic testing, including detection of nasal or frontal sinus fungal plaques, in dogs with nasal aspergillosis.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—46 dogs with nasal aspergillosis.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information on computed tomographic findings; rhinoscopic findings, including whether fungal plaques were seen in the nasal cavity; results of frontal sinus trephination and sinuscopy, including whether fungal plaques were seen in the frontal sinus; and results of histologic examination of biopsy specimens.

Results—In 38 (83%) dogs, fungal plaques were seen in the nasal cavity during rhinoscopy, whereas in the remaining 8 (17%), fungal plaques were not seen in the nasal cavity but were seen in the frontal sinus. Duration of clinical signs, proportions of dogs in which the referring veterinarian had performed a nasal examination prior to referral, proportions of dogs with computed tomographic evidence of nasal cavity cavitation or sinus involvement, and proportions of dogs with rhinoscopic evidence of destructive rhinitis were not significantly different between dogs with nasal fungal plaques and dogs with fungal plaques only in the frontal sinus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results confirm that frontal sinus involvement is common in dogs with nasal aspergillosis and suggest that frontal sinus trephination and sinuscopy may aid in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in dogs, particularly dogs with rhinoscopic evidence of destructive rhinitis and computed tomographic evidence of sinus involvement that lack detectable fungal plaques in the nasal cavity.
Substrate versus Catalyst Control of Stereoselectivity in the Cyclopropanation of a Carbon‐Carbon Double Bond Linked to the Reactant Diazoacetate through a Chiral Linker
Authors: Weathers Thomas M. , Doyle Michael P. , Carducci Michael D.
Published: March 2006

The trajectory of a carbon‐carbon double bond onto a metal carbene for cyclopropane formation is dependent on the the configurations of the catalyst and the reacting substrate. Diazoacetates prepared from the butane‐2,3‐diacetals (BDA) of (L)‐ and (D)‐threitol were employed to examine the influence of a remote conformational bias on diastereoselectivity in cyclopropanation. Diastereoselectivities in the dirhodium(II) carboxamidate‐catalyzed diazo decomposition reactions are as high as a 91 : 9 with match/mismatch selectivites, dependent on catalyst configuration, and are favored in the order: Rh2(MEPY)4>Rh2(MEOX)4>Rh2(MEAZ)4> Rh2(MPPIM)4. The reactions catalyzed by the Cu(CH3CN)4PF6/(S,S)‐t‐Bu‐BOX produce as major isomers those in which the relative stereochemistry of the cyclopropane products is the same, regardless of which diazoacetate enantiomer is employed.
Palladium‐Catalyzed O‐Allylation of α‐Hydroxy Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Nave Stefan
Published: March 2006

α‐Hydroxy carbonyl compounds undergo smooth O‐allylation using allylic carbonates and Pd(0) catalysts. This method has significant advantages over other O‐allylation methods as it provides a solution to several problems previously observed for this synthetic transformation.
Facile Synthesis and Ring‐Opening Cross Metathesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocyclic Bicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐ones Using Gaseous Olefinic Reaction Partners
Authors: Mihovilovic Marko D. , Grötzl Birgit , Kandioller Wolfgang , Snajdrova Radka , Muskotál Adél , Bianchi Dario A. , Stanetty Peter
Published: March 2006

The title compounds were prepared by a facile [4+3]‐cycloaddition strategy involving sonochemistry. The oxyallyl species required for the reaction with the corresponding diene was generated from a suitable perbromo ketone with activated zinc under sonification conditions. The resulting dibromo bicyclo compounds were reduced to the target products using a Cu/Zn couple. Ring‐opening cross metathesis of the resulting bicyclic species was established as an efficient method for the diastereoselective preparation of cis‐3,5‐disubstituted cycloketones. Especially gaseous olefins gave symmetrical and unsymmetrical products as versatile platforms for subsequent transformations. This is the first example of such a ring‐opening reaction of a non‐strained ring system.
Mild Conditions for Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Phenols and Aryl Iodides and Bromides
Authors: Ouali Armelle , Spindler Jean‐Francis , Cristau Henri‐Jean , Taillefer Marc
Published: March 2006

Coupling of phenols and aryl bromides can be efficiently performed by means of catalytic amounts of copper iodide and the inexpensive ligand 1 (structure given in Table 1). The reaction is applicable to a wide range of substrates and proceeds at 60–80 °C, the lowest temperatures reported to date for an Ullmann‐type synthesis of diaryl ethers. Moreover, the use of aryl bromides and inexpensive K3PO4 as base make this method attractive for applications on an industrial scale.
Enabling Ligand Screening for Palladium‐Catalysed Enantioselective Aza‐Michael Addition Reactions
Authors: Phua Pim Huat , White Andrew J. P. , de Vries Johannes G. , Hii King Kuok (Mimi)
Published: March 2006

The bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)palladium(II) dihydrate complex, Pd(OTf)2⋅2 H2O (1), is an active palladium(II) precursor for the generation of dicationic palladium(II) catalysts. Parallel ligand screening is enabled for the first time, and twenty‐four chiral ligands were evaluated for the asymmetric aza‐Michael addition of aromatic amines to α,β‐unsaturated N‐alkenoylimides and carbamates. Enantioselectivities of >99% can be obtained. Catalytic precursors generated from 1 using the new protocol have been identified.
Methyltrioxorhenium‐Catalyzed Epoxidation‐Methanolysis of Glycals under Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Conditions
Authors: Goti Andrea , Cardona Francesca , Soldaini Gianluca , Crestini Claudia , Fiani Cinzia , Saladino Raffaele
Published: March 2006

The efficient and high yielding domino epoxidation‐methanolysis of glycals 8–15 has been achieved by oxidation with UHP in MeOH catalyzed by MTO. The products have been conveniently isolated as 2‐acetoxy derivatives 16–23a, b by direct acetylation of the crude mixtures. Homogeneous MTO‐amine complexes 5–7, heterogeneous poly(4‐vinylpyridine)/MTO compounds I–III, and microencapsulated polystyrene/MTO systems IV–VII were also tested and demonstrated their effectiveness as catalysts for the oxidation step. The facial diastereoselectivity of the oxidation ranged from satisfactory to excellent depending on the substrate and could be optimized by ample screening of catalysts. Complete conversions of substrates and nearly quantitative yields of products were obtained under environmentally friendly experimental conditions and with the use of simple work‐up procedures.
Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition Reactions of Ketones with Chalcones
Authors: Wang Jian , Li Hao , Zu Liansuo , Wang Wei
Published: March 2006

A highly enantioselective, organocatalytic Michael addition reaction of unmodified ketones with chalcones has been developed for the first time. The process, catalyzed by (S)‐N‐(pyrrolidin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐trifluoromethanesulfonamide, affords 1,5‐diketones in high yields (73–89%) and with high degrees of enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity (86–97% ee, >30 : 1 dr).
Efficient NADPH Recycling in Enantioselective Bioreduction of a Ketone with Permeabilized Cells of a Microorganism Containing a Ketoreductase and a Glucose 6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Zhang Jie , Witholt Bernard , Li Zhi
Published: March 2006

We have demonstrated, for the first time, the efficient recycling of NADPH in a bioreduction with permeabilized cells of a single microorganism. Permeabilized cells of Bacillus pumilus Phe‐C3 containing an NADPH‐dependent ketoreductase and a glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PDH) were successfully used for the reduction of ethyl 3‐oxo‐4,4,4‐trifluorobutanoate (1) to give (R)‐ethyl 3‐hydroxy‐4,4,4‐trifluorobutanoate (2) in 95% ee with the recycling of NADPH for 4220 times from the externally added NADP+. The permeabilized cells were shown to be stable and active for a long period, allowing for high product concentration with high cofactor TTN by continuing the bioreduction with renewed addition of NADP+. This provides with not only a practical synthesis of (R)‐2 but also a useful method applicable to many microbial oxidoreductions, since G‐6‐PDH is a very common enzyme existing in many microorganisms.