bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Red mason bee (Osmia bicornis) thermal preferences for nest sites and their effects on offspring survival
Authors: Ostap-Chec Monika , Kierat Justyna , Kuszewska Karolina , Woyciechowski Michal
Published: April 2021

Ectotherms usually require a narrow range of thermal conditions for development; thus, parental selection of oviposition sites is crucial. In a field experiment, we investigated female solitary red mason bee (Osmia bicornis) preferences for potential nest site temperatures and their effects on offspring development. The results showed that bees detected and avoided nest sites with high temperatures (28°C) and often chose cooler (24°C) or ambient temperatures (average 18–20°C). This is a protective behaviour because offspring survival decreases with increasing nest temperature, mostly due to mortality at the egg stage. Elevated temperatures also led to weight loss in adult bees. However, hot nest temperatures appeared to deter adults or kill parasite larvae, as the highest numbers of parasites were observed in unheated nests. We concluded that choosing the proper temperature for nests is an important element in bee life strategies, especially in warming environments.
Counting the dead and making the dead count: configuring data and accountability
Authors: Rappert Brian
Published: April 2021

This article examines the relation between counting, counts and accountability. It does so by comparing the responses of the British government to deaths associated with Covid-19 in 2020 to its responses to deaths associated with the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Similarities and dissimilarities between the cases regarding what counted as data, what data were taken to count, what data counted for, and how data were counted provide the basis for considering how the bounds of democratic accountability are constituted. Based on these two cases, the article sets out the metaphors of leaks and cascades as ways of characterising the data practices whereby counts, counting and accountability get configured. By situating deaths associated with Covid-19 against previous experience with deaths from war, the article also proposes how claims to truth and ignorance might figure in any future official inquiry into the handling of the pandemic.
Nutzung und Wirkung eines kognitiv aktivierenden Unterrichts bei nicht-gymnasialen Schülerinnen und Schülern
Authors: Merk Samuel , Batzel-Kremer Andrea , Bohl Thorsten , Kleinknecht Marc , Leuders Timo
Published: April 2021

Bisherige Untersuchungen zu kognitiv aktivierendem Unterricht belegen überwiegend positive Effekte auf die Leistungsentwicklung der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Jedoch wird die Wirkung eines solchen Lernangebots bei leistungsschwächeren Lernenden selten untersucht. Der Fokus des vorliegenden Beitrags liegt daher auf der Nutzung und Wirkung kognitiv aktivierenden Unterrichts bei Schülerinnen und Schülern an Haupt- und Realschulen. Es wurde untersucht, (1) ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der beobachteten kognitiven Aktivierung und dem Ausmaß selbstberichteter kognitiver Aktivität der Schülerinnen und Schüler gibt und (2) ob sich die in den beobachteten Unterrichtsstunden erzielten Lernzuwächse der Schülerinnen und Schüler mit dem Ausmaß kognitiver Aktivierung im Unterricht und der selbstberichteten kognitiven Aktivität erklären lassen. Dazu wurden 60 videographierte Mathematikstunden hinsichtlich ihres Ausmaßes an kognitiver Aktivierung hochinferent bewertet, die entsprechenden Schülerinnen und Schüler (N = 608) aus der achten Jahrgangsstufe an Haupt- und Realschulen zu ihrer kognitiven Aktivität im Unterricht befragt sowie ihre Leistung im Prä-Post-Design erfasst. Die Vorhersage der kognitiven Aktivität bzw. des Leistungszuwachses wurde mithilfe eines Mehrebenen-Designs untersucht. Erwartungswidrig zeigte sich Evidenz für die Nichtexistenz eines Zusammenhangs zwischen kognitiver Aktivierung und kognitiver Aktivität, jedoch bestätigen die Ergebnisse die Annahme, dass der Leistungszuwachs der Schülerinnen und Schüler unter anderem durch das Ausmaß kognitiver Aktivierung in den Lernbegleitungsphasen moderiert wird. Implikationen für die weitere Forschung werden diskutiert.
Jugend, romantische Liebe und das gute Leben
Authors: Schweiger Gottfried
Published: April 2021

In diesem Text werde ich zwei Thesen entfalten: Erstens, dass romantische Liebe Teil einer guten Jugend ist. Liebe als Teil einer guten Jugend hat mehrere Bestandteile: Jugendliche sollten romantische Liebe erleben können, wenn sie es wollen. Sie sollten das Wissen und die Fähigkeiten erlangen, romantische Liebe zu verstehen und adäquat mit den positiven Potentialen und auch den Risiken umgehen zu können. Jugendliche sollten lernen, die möglichen Enttäuschungen, die mit romantischer Liebe verbunden sein können, adäquat zu verarbeiten und darin gegebenenfalls Unterstützung erfahren. Jugendliche sollten darin befähigt werden, die sozialen und kulturellen Normen und Praktiken, die die Vorstellungen romantischer Liebe prägen, zu reflektieren und zu hinterfragen. Zweitens ist zu klären, welche moralischen Rechte und Pflichten die Eltern und staatliche Institutionen haben. Ich plädiere dafür, diese so zu verstehen, dass sie Jugendliche in der Erlangung und adäquaten Auslebung romantischer Liebe unterstützen und ihnen bei der Entwicklung dieser Fähigkeiten die notwendigen Ressourcen zur Verfügung stellen sollten.
Geochemical variations due to salinization in groundwater along the southeast coast of India
Authors: Rajendiran Thilagavathi , Sabarathinam Chidambaram , Chandrasekar Thivya , Panda Banajarani , Mathivanan Mahalakshmi , Nagappan Ganesh , Natesan Devaraj , Ghai Meenu , Kumar Singh Dhiraj , Alagappan Ramanathan
Published: April 2021

In recent years, the extraction of groundwater (GW) in coastal aquifers has rendered the fragile aquifers more saline due to the sea water intrusion. Groundwater from the coastal aquifers of the Pudhucherry region were sampled to study the process of salinization. An integrated approach was adopted to identify the salinization process, by coordinating the results of borehole geophysics, rainfall pattern, water level variation, hydrochemical characters and multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 136 groundwater samples were collected during two different seasons, southwest monsoon (SWM) and northeast monsoon (NEM). The major cations and anions were analyzed adopting standard procedures. Resistivity and litholog indicate that the southeastern (SE) part of the study region has lower resistivity than in north. Based on electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) values, most of the samples are potable, except for few samples from southeastern region. The study results indicated that higher values of Na, EC, K, SO4, Mg and Cl were observed during NEM, indicating leaching of salt into the aquifer and ion exchange process. The predominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater was Na-Cl and Ca–Mg–Cl type reflecting the saline water and the mixing process of saltwater and fresh groundwater, respectively. Though more number of samples with higher EC was noted in NEM, the results of PCA and correlation analysis indicate the predominance of leaching of salts and intense agricultural activities. The process of sea water intrusion was observed to be dominant during SWM.
Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Tsegaye Lewoye , Bharti Rishikesh
Published: April 2021

Soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Ethiopia. Lack of land use planning, environmental protection, over-cultivation, and overgrazing are prominent causes of erosion and sedimentation. This study is conducted in Anjeb watershed located in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. In this study, the quantity and distribution of soil erosion, sediment delivery ratio (SDR), and sediment yield of the watershed were assessed by employing remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and revised universal soil loss equation analysis capabilities. Important data sets of topography, soil, conservations practices, cover management, and rainfall factors were processed and superimposed in GIS analysis, and soil loss rate, SDR, and sediment yield of the watershed were derived. Based on the result found, the watershed was categorized into six classes of erosion: slight (0–5), moderate (5–10), high (10–15), very high (15–30), severe (30–50), and very severe (> 50) t ha−1 yr−1. The estimated average annual soil loss was 17.3 t ha−1 yr−1. The soil loss rate is higher in the steeper and topographically dissected part of the watershed. The average sediment delivery capacity was about 0.122. The result showed that the average sediment yield in the watershed was grouped into classes of low (< 2.5), moderate (2.5–7.5), high (7.5–12.5), very high (12.5–22.5), severe (22.5–40), and very severe (> 40) t ha−1 yr−1. It is found that from a total of 20,125.5 t yr−1 eroded soil over the whole watershed 2254.5 t yr−1 of sediment has been brought and deposited to the channels. Sediment accumulation from the watershed threatens the storage capacity and life span of Anjeb reservoir which is the source of irrigation water downstream. The study provides an insight to planners and resource managers to design and implement practices of watershed management to reduce erosion and enhance land productivity and to minimize the reservoir sediment accumulation.
Promotion of active ageing through interactive artificial agents in a smart environment
Authors: Menezes Paulo , Rocha Rui P.
Published: April 2021

Societies in the most developed countries have witnessed a significant ageing of the population in recent decades, which increases the demand for healthcare services and caregivers. The development of technologies to help the elderly, so that they can remain active and independent for a longer time, helps to mitigate the sustainability problem posed in care services. This article follows this new trend, proposing a multi-agent system composed of a smart camera network, centralised planning agent, a virtual coach, and robotic exercise buddy, designed to promote regular physical activity habits among the elderly. The proposed system not only persuades the users to perform exercise routines, but also guides and accompanies them during exercises in order to provide effective training and engagement to the user. The different agents are combined in the system to exploit their complementary features in the quest for an effective and engaging training system. Three variants of the system, involving either a partial set of those agents or the full proposed system, were evaluated and compared through a pilot study conducted with 12 elderly users. The results demonstrate that all variants are able to guide the user in an exercise routine, but the most complete system that includes a robotic exercise buddy was the best scored by the participants.

Article Highlights

Proposal of a multi-agent system to help elderly adopting regular physical activity habits.

A virtual coach and a robotic exercise buddy provide both guidance and companionship during the exercise.

A pilot study conducted with 12 elderly users demonstrated an effective and engaging training system.
BBX11 promotes red light-mediated photomorphogenic development by modulating phyB-PIF4 signaling
Authors: Song Zhaoqing , Heng Yueqin , Bian Yeting , Xiao Yuntao , Liu Jiujie , Zhao Xianhai , Jiang Yan , Deng Xing Wang , Xu Dongqing
Published: April 2021

phytochrome B (phyB) acts as the red light photoreceptor and negatively regulates the growth-promoting factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING 4 (PIF4) through a direct physical interaction, which in turn changes the expression of a large number of genes. phyB-PIF4 module regulates a variety of biological and developmental processes in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that B-BOX PROTEIN 11 (BBX11) physically interacts with both phyB and PIF4. BBX11 negatively regulates PIF4 accumulation as well as its biochemical activity, consequently leading to the repression of PIF4-controlled genes’ expression and promotion of photomorphogenesis in the prolonged red light. This study reveals a regulatory mechanism that mediates red light signal transduction and sheds a light on phyB-PIF4 module in promoting red light-dependent photomorphognenesis.
Policy Entrepreneurship at the Street Level
Authors: Cohen Nissim
Published: April 2021

This Element aims to connect the literature of street-level bureaucrats with that of policy entrepreneurship in order to analyze why and how bureaucrats operating at the street level can promote policy change in public administration at the individual level. I demonstrate how street-level bureaucrats act as policy entrepreneurs in different contexts around the globe to promote policy change and analyze what they think of policy entrepreneurship and what they do about it in practice. For this purpose, I use multiple research methods: a survey, in-depth interviews, focus groups and textual analyses. I also offer recommendations to decision-makers to promote street-level policy entrepreneurship, highlighting the benefits of doing so. Lastly, I critically discuss the normative aspects of street-level policy entrepreneurship: ultimately, is it desirable?
Faraway, so close: a spatial account of the Conte I government formation in Italy, 2018
Authors: Giannetti Daniela , Pedrazzani Andrea , Pinto Luca
Published: April 2021

The formation of the ‘yellow-green’ government that took office in Italy after the general election held on 4 March 2018 looked puzzling to many commentators as the two coalition partners – the Five Star Movement and the League – appeared to be quite distant on the left–right continuum. In this article, we argue that despite being widely used in the literature, a unidimensional representation of parties' policy positions on the encompassing left–right scale is inadequate to explain the process of coalition governments' formation. We focus first on coalition outcomes in Italy in the period 2001–18. Our statistical analysis including, among other variables, parties' policy distance on the left–right dimension performs rather well until 2013 but fails to predict the coalition outcome in 2018. To solve the puzzle, we propose a two-dimensional spatial account of the Conte I government formation in which the first dimension coincides with the economic left–right and the second one is related to immigration, the European Union issues and social conservatism. We show that the coalition outcome ceases to be poorly understandable once parties' policy positions are measured along these two dimensions, rather than on the general left–right continuum.
Comparative transcriptomics reveals desynchronisation of gene expression during the floral transition between Arabidopsis andBrassica rapacultivars
Authors: Calderwood Alexander , Hepworth Jo , Woodhouse Shannon , Bilham Lorelei , Jones D. Marc , Tudor Eleri , Ali Mubarak , Dean Caroline , Wells Rachel , Irwin Judith A. , Morris Richard J.
Published: April 2021

Comparative transcriptomics can be used to translate an understanding of gene regulatory networks from model systems to less studied species. Here, we use RNA-Seq to determine and compare gene expression dynamics through the floral transition in the model speciesArabidopsis thalianaand the closely related cropBrassica rapa. We find that different curve registration functions are required for different genes, indicating that there is no single common ‘developmental time’ between Arabidopsis andB. rapa. A detailed comparison between Arabidopsis andB. rapaand between twoB. rapaaccessions reveals different modes of regulation of the key floral integratorSOC1, and that the floral transition in theB. rapaaccessions is triggered by different pathways. Our study adds to the mechanistic understanding of the regulatory network of flowering time in rapid cyclingB. rapaand highlights the importance of registration methods for the comparison of developmental gene expression data.
‘Making men fall’: queer power beyond anti-normativity
Authors: Hendriks Thomas
Published: April 2021

In modern social thinking, norms are generally thought of in opposition to a space of freedom that is more or less curtailed by and through processes of normalization. ‘Transgression’ thereby becomes an implicit or explicit act of resistanceagainstthe norm. This is particularly clear in Western Queer Theory, where a political and analytical investment in anti-normativity has – paradoxically – become a field-defining norm. Yet such strong anti-normativity can become a liability when trying to do justice to actually existing queer dynamics in past and present African realities. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork among sexually dissident young men who call themselves ‘fioto’ in urban Democratic Republic of Congo, this article shifts the always already oppositional relationship between queerness and normativity – not by arguing that queer is normal too or by showing that queer lives produce their own norms alongside heteronormativity, but by suggesting that queerness is a potentialofnormativity, rather than an opposition to it. It specifically thinks with two groups offiotofriends in Kisangani to show how and why norms generated their own queerness – as something that was already there as an inherent dimension of their own dynamism and multiplicity.
Nonunitary Parties, Government Formation, and Gamson’s Law
Authors: COX GARY W.
Published: April 2021

Following the coalition literature highlighting intraparty politics (e.g., Giannetti and Benoit 2009; Laver 1999; Strøm 2003), I address the well-known “portfolio allocation paradox” (Warwick and Druckman 2006) by introducing a new model of government formation based on two main assumptions. First, no actor has a structural advantage in the negotiations leading to government formation. Second, all actors who can deprive the coalition of a majority (or other critical threshold size) must be included in the negotiations—not just parties. Whereas standard bargaining models are inconsistent with Gamson’s Law, the model proposed here implies that equilibrium portfolio allocations should be mostly Gamsonian but with a small-party bias, as the empirical literature has long found. Empirically, I show that my model outperforms the literature’s standard specification (due to Browne and Franklin 1973). Moreover, one of the model’s new predictions—that candidate-centered electoral rules should promote more Gamsonian portfolio allocations—is supported.
Truthmaking, resemblance, and divine simplicity
Authors: Morvarid Mahmoud
Published: April 2021

According to the traditional doctrine of divine simplicity, if an intrinsic predication of the form ‘God is F’ is true, thenGod's F-nessexists and is identical with God. To avoid the absurdity of identifying God with a property, a number of philosophers have proposed thatGod's F-nessshould be interpreted, not as a property God possesses, but as thetruthmakerfor ‘God isF’, which is God himself. I shall argue that given some plausible assumptions, the truthmaker interpretation would undermine the highly plausible idea that there are ‘natural’ predicates which apply univocally or (at least) analogically to both God and some created beings. The only way in which the advocate of the truthmaker interpretation can avoid this problem is to embrace wholesale radical nominalism (with its own costs). That is to say, the truthmaker interpretation is far more constrained than it might initially appear to be.
Being Together at a Distance, Talking and Avoiding Talk: Making Sense of the Present in Victory Square, Tianjin
Authors: Thireau Isabelle
Published: April 2021

This paper explores a “public gathering” which took place every evening from 1991 to 2017 in Victory Square (Shengli guangchang 胜利广场), a public square in Tianjin. The essay opens with an analysis of the type of publicness that stems from the way participants “do things together.” It then describes how a specific public realm appears through the way participants “talk together.” It finally suggests that even if they are overrun with doubt, indeterminacy and anxiety, or embedded in a specific distance-based sociality, the conversations on Victory Square are not a minor, secondary activity. On the contrary, they take place on a common stage where participants interact with one another, reveal themselves as unique individuals and discuss their everyday affairs and common practices. Grasped as an “intermediary public sphere,” this type of gathering engenders and reinforces not only shared meanings and evaluations but also practical knowledge whose validity goes beyond this situated gathering.
Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Amirkalali Bahareh , Khoonsari Mahmoodreza , Sohrabi Masoud Reza , Ajdarkosh Hossein , Motamed Nima , Maadi Mansooreh , Nobakht Hossein , Gholizadeh Esmaeel , Zamani Farhad
Published: April 2021

Objective:

The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Design:

The current study was done with a population-based cross-sectional design. The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and NAFLD. Substitution analyses were also performed.

Setting:

Amol and its suburban areas in Iran.

Participants:

Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data.

Results:

Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05).

Conclusions:

Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA.
The struggle for memory: Jian Bozan on historical materialism
Authors: Rogacz Dawid
Published: April 2021

This paper offers a first analysis of the philosophy of history developed by Jian Bozan (1898–1968), the author of China's earliest comprehensive exposition of historical materialism. Despite his central importance for the establishment of professional historical studies in PRC, the existing studies neglect Jian's original contribution to the development of Chinese Marxism and his pre-war works in general, focusing solely on his participation in the debate over the relation between history and theory in the 1960s. The paper seeks to fill this lacuna by providing a critical account of Jian Bozan's understanding of historical laws, progress, the stages of history, human freedom and the class struggle. Jian's synthesis of historicism and historical materialism, which at a time was seen as an alternative to the Maoist view of history, was officially condemned during the Cultural Revolution and led to his premature death. However, this paper demonstrates that, following the public rehabilitation of the thought of Jian Bozan in 1978, it was his system that had an important impact on the historiography in Dengist China. Furthermore, the paper argues that Jian's approach to historical materialism brought many novelties in relation to the preceding Sino-Marxist views of history.
Deglacial Ice Sheet Instabilities Induced by Proglacial Lakes
Authors: Quiquet Aurélien , Dumas Christophe , Paillard Didier , Ramstein Gilles , Ritz Catherine , Roche Didier M.
Published: April 2021

During the last deglaciation (21–7 kaBP), the gradual retreat of Northern Hemisphere ice sheet margins produced large proglacial lakes. While the climatic impacts of these lakes have been widely acknowledged, their role on ice sheet grounding line dynamics has received very little attention so far. Here, we show that proglacial lakes had dramatic implications for the North American ice sheet dynamics through a self‐sustained mechanical instability which has similarities with the known marine ice sheet instability consequently providing fast retreat of large portions of the ice sheet over the continent. This instability mechanism is likely important in contributing to deglaciation of terrestrial glaciers and ice sheets with proglacial lakes at their margins as it can substantially accelerate the mass loss. Echoing our knowledge of Antarctic ice sheet dynamics, proglacial lakes are another manifestation of the importance of grounding line dynamics for ice sheet evolution.
Transport of Tracers and Pesticides Through Fractured Clayey Till: Large Undisturbed Column Experiments and Model‐Based Interpretation
Authors: Mosthaf K. , Rolle M. , Petursdottir U. , Aamand J. , Jørgensen P. R.
Published: April 2021

Leaching of contaminants through fractured aquitards such as clayey tills may occur due to typically slow matrix advection and diffusion, or it can be dramatically enhanced in the presence of preferential flow through fractures and macropores. Sorption also plays a crucial role since it can significantly impact contaminant leaching and residence times. These different mass‐transfer mechanisms imply a distinct transport behavior and very different time scales for contaminant leaching toward underlying aquifer systems. However, the prevalent controls on contaminant transport and their effects are difficult to assess. This paper shows a detailed characterization of flow and transport processes under water‐saturated conditions in two large undisturbed columns (LUCs) collected from two visually similar fractured/macroporous clayey tills typical for the Northern hemisphere. Flow‐through tracer and pesticide experiments revealed a contrasting transport behavior. In one column, transport through fractures/macropores was dominant, whereas matrix advection and diffusion had a distinct influence on solute transport in the other column. Detailed 3D discrete‐fracture‐matrix models were developed to illuminate prevalent controls on contaminant transport and to quantitatively interpret the flow‐through experiments with a minimal number of fitting parameters. Nonequilibrium sorption kinetics were included to reproduce the transport behavior of the considered pesticide. The parameters determined from the two LUC experiments were integrated in a vertical cross‐section model to investigate the influence of varying fracture properties on vertical solute transport through surficial clayey till aquitards. The analysis showed that small fracture apertures in deeper parts of the aquitard could substantially prolong solute migration times and control solute fluxes.
Laboratory Evidence of a Pre‐Existing Instability That Can Enhance the Ionospheric Heating Efficiency
Authors: Ling Yiming , Liu Yu , Lei Jiuhou , Li Minchi , Liu Xiangqun
Published: April 2021

Ionospheric heating by high‐power electromagnetic waves is a powerful and efficient tool to study plasma physics as the ionosphere is used as a nature plasma laboratory. An important and long‐standing issue is how to improve the heating efficiency. It is difficult to uncover all the underlying physical processes that influence the heating efficiency in actual ionospheric experiments. Therefore, controlled experiments have been designed and conducted in a laboratory plasma facility to study the high‐frequency heating processes in an ionospheric‐like collisional plasma. The energy of the injected wave was transferred into the plasma through nonlinear interactions, such as the parametric decay instability (PDI). Our results suggest that the existing background wave mode could significantly decrease the excitation threshold of the parametric instability, indicating that the PDI can be much easily excited.
Turbulent Mixing and the Formation of an Intermediate Nepheloid Layer Above the Siberian Continental Shelf Break
Authors: Schulz Kirstin , Büttner Stefan , Rogge Andreas , Janout Markus , Hölemann Jens , Rippeth Tom P.
Published: April 2021

Intermediate nepheloid layers (INLs) form important pathways for the cross‐slope transport and vertical export of particulate matter, including carbon. While intermediate maxima in particle settling fluxes have been reported in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, direct observations of turbid INLs above the continental slope are still lacking. In this study, we provide the first direct evidence of an INL, coinciding with enhanced mid‐water turbulent dissipation rates, over the Laptev Sea continental slope in summer 2018. Current velocity data show a period of enhanced downslope flow with depressed isopcynals, suggesting that the enhanced turbulent dissipation is probably the consequence of the presence of an unsteady lee wave. Similar events occur mostly during ice free periods, suggesting an increasing frequency of episodic cross‐slope particle transport in the future. The discovery of the INL and the episodic generation mechanism provide new insights into particle transport dynamics in this rapidly changing environment.
A new basal hadrosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the latest Cretaceous Kita-ama Formation in Japan implies the origin of hadrosaurids
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshitsugu , Takasaki Ryuji , Kubota Katsuhiro , Fiorillo Anthony R.
Published: April 2021

Here we describe a partial hadrosaurid skeleton from the marine Maastrichtian Kita-ama Formation in Japan as a new taxon,Yamatosaurus izanagiigen. et sp. nov., based on unique characters in the dentition. Our phylogenetic analysis demonstratesYamatosaurus izanagiibelongs to Hadrosauridae, composed ofHadrosaurus foulkii + (Yamatosaurus izanagii + (Saurolophinae + Lambeosaurinae)). The coracoid lacks a biceps tubercle as in non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids, suggesting its presence is a key feature for the clade of Saurolophinae and Lambeosaurinae. The evolutionary rates analysis further supports that shoulder and forelimb features, which are likely to have been involved in locomotion, were important for the early evolution of Hadrosauridae. Our biogeographic analyses show that basal hadrosaurids were widely distributed in Asia and Appalachia, that the clade of Saurolophinae and Lambeosaurinae originated in Asia, and that eastern Asia may have served as a refugium of relict hadrosauroid taxa such asPlesiohadros djadokhtaensis,Tanius sinensis,andYamatosaurus izanagiiduring the Late Cretaceous. The contemporaneous occurrence of basal (Yamatosaurus izanagii) and derived (Kamuysaurus japonicus) hadrosaurids during the Maastrichtian in Japan is the first record in Asia. Because of the long geographical distance between these localities, they likely did not co-exist, but instead demonstrate some level of provinciality.
Practical clinical and radiological models to diagnose COVID-19 based on a multicentric teleradiological emergency chest CT cohort
Authors: Schuster Paul , Crombé Amandine , Nivet Hubert , Berger Alice , Pourriol Laurent , Favard Nicolas , Chazot Alban , Alonzo-Lacroix Florian , Youssof Emile , Cheikh Alexandre Ben , Balique Julien , Porta Basile , Petitpierre François , Bouquet Grégoire , Mastier Charles , Bratan Flavie , Bergerot Jean-François , Thomson Vivien , Banaste Nathan , Gorincour Guillaume
Published: April 2021

Our aim was to develop practical models built with simple clinical and radiological features to help diagnosing Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] in a real-life emergency cohort. To do so, 513 consecutive adult patients suspected of having COVID-19 from 15 emergency departments from 2020-03-13 to 2020-04-14 were included as long as chest CT-scans and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results were available (244 [47.6%] with a positive RT-PCR). Immediately after their acquisition, the chest CTs were prospectively interpreted by on-call teleradiologists (OCTRs) and systematically reviewed within one week by another senior teleradiologist. Each OCTR reading was concluded using a 5-point scale: normal, non-infectious, infectious non-COVID-19, indeterminate and highly suspicious of COVID-19. The senior reading reported the lesions’ semiology, distribution, extent and differential diagnoses. After pre-filtering clinical and radiological features through univariate Chi-2, Fisher or Student t-tests (as appropriate), multivariate stepwise logistic regression (Step-LR) and classification tree (CART) models to predict a positive RT-PCR were trained on 412 patients, validated on an independent cohort of 101 patients and compared with the OCTR performances (295 and 71 with available clinical data, respectively) through area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC). Regarding models elaborated on radiological variables alone, best performances were reached with the CART model (i.e., AUC = 0.92 [versus 0.88 for OCTR], sensitivity = 0.77, specificity = 0.94) while step-LR provided the highest AUC with clinical-radiological variables (AUC = 0.93 [versus 0.86 for OCTR], sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.91). Hence, these two simple models, depending on the availability of clinical data, provided high performances to diagnose positive RT-PCR and could be used by any radiologist to support, modulate and communicate their conclusion in case of COVID-19 suspicion. Practically, using clinical and radiological variables (GGO, fever, presence of fibrotic bands, presence of diffuse lesions, predominant peripheral distribution) can accurately predict RT-PCR status.
Aqueous and pH dependent coacervation method for taste masking of paracetamol via amorphous solid dispersion formation
Authors: Al-kasmi Basheer , Alsirawan M. H. D. Bashir , Paradkar Anant , Nattouf Abdul-Hakim , El-Zein Hind
Published: April 2021

Taste masking of paracetamol was achieved by preparing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) using modified coacervation method. The method is based on dissolving the drug and polymeric carrier in water adjusted to certain pH level. Then, precipitation of ASD granules is performed by gradually changing pH level. Therefore, the chosen drug and polymer should obtain appropriate acidic or basic groups to enable pH-dependent solvation. Moreover, using solubility enhancing additives such as sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and low viscosity polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) found to be essential in aiding drug/polymer aqueous solvation which enhanced amorphization, hence taste masking and drug loading. Solid dispersion between Paracetamol and Eudragit E was formed and that proved by FT-IR, DSC, PXRD and SEM. Also, Paracetamol was released after 2 min in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid medium and the taste of masking forms are accepted from all volunteers. Modified coacervation method does not involve organic solvents, high temperatures, or sophisticated instruments commonly used in taste masking methods. Using PEG 400 resulted in significantly higher drug loading and dissolution rate compared to SLS granules. Moreover, using previously reported scoring system for the evaluation of taste masking methods shows that pH dependent coacervation obtained high scoring over common methods and thus display a robust potential for industrial applications.
Accuracy of two pulse-oximetry measurements for INTELLiVENT-ASV in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational study
Authors: Katayama Shinshu , Shima Jun , Tonai Ken , Koyama Kansuke , Nunomiya Shin
Published: April 2021

Recently, maintaining a certain oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) range in mechanically ventilated patients was recommended; attaching the INTELLiVENT-ASV to ventilators might be beneficial. We evaluated the SpO2 measurement accuracy of a Nihon Kohden and a Masimo monitor compared to actual arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). SpO2 was simultaneously measured by a Nihon Kohden and Masimo monitor in patients consecutively admitted to a general intensive care unit and mechanically ventilated. Bland–Altman plots were used to compare measured SpO2 with actual SaO2. One hundred mechanically ventilated patients and 1497 arterial blood gas results were reviewed. Mean SaO2 values, Nihon Kohden SpO2 measurements, and Masimo SpO2 measurements were 95.7%, 96.4%, and 96.9%, respectively. The Nihon Kohden SpO2 measurements were less biased than Masimo measurements; their precision was not significantly different. Nihon Kohden and Masimo SpO2 measurements were not significantly different in the “SaO2 < 94%” group (P = 0.083). In the “94% ≤ SaO2 < 98%” and “SaO2 ≥ 98%” groups, there were significant differences between the Nihon Kohden and Masimo SpO2 measurements (P < 0.0001; P = 0.006; respectively). Therefore, when using automatically controlling oxygenation with INTELLiVENT-ASV in mechanically ventilated patients, the Nihon Kohden SpO2 sensor is preferable.

Trial registration UMIN000027671. Registered 7 June 2017.
Cellular pyrimidine imbalance triggers mitochondrial DNA–dependent innate immunity
Authors: Sprenger Hans-Georg , MacVicar Thomas , Bahat Amir , Fiedler Kai Uwe , Hermans Steffen , Ehrentraut Denise , Ried Katharina , Milenkovic Dusanka , Bonekamp Nina , Larsson Nils-Göran , Nolte Hendrik , Giavalisco Patrick , Langer Thomas
Published: April 2021

Cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) elicits a type I interferon response, but signals triggering the release of mtDNA from mitochondria remain enigmatic. Here, we show that mtDNA-dependent immune signalling via the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase‒stimulator of interferon genes‒TANK-binding kinase 1 (cGAS–STING–TBK1) pathway is under metabolic control and is induced by cellular pyrimidine deficiency. The mitochondrial protease YME1L preserves pyrimidine pools by supporting de novo nucleotide synthesis and by proteolysis of the pyrimidine nucleotide carrier SLC25A33. Deficiency of YME1L causes inflammation in mouse retinas and in cultured cells. It drives the release of mtDNA and a cGAS–STING–TBK1-dependent inflammatory response, which requires SLC25A33 and is suppressed upon replenishment of cellular pyrimidine pools. Overexpression of SLC25A33 is sufficient to induce immune signalling by mtDNA. Similarly, depletion of cytosolic nucleotides upon inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis triggers mtDNA-dependent immune responses in wild-type cells. Our results thus identify mtDNA release and innate immune signalling as a metabolic response to cellular pyrimidine deficiencies.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pyrazole-linked aloe emodin derivatives as potential anticancer agents
Authors: Kumar Guddeti Dileep , Siva Bandi , Vadlamudi Sravanthi , Bathula Surendar Reddy , Dutta Hashnu , Suresh Babu K.
Published: April 2021

In connection with our continuous efforts to generate new derivatives from lead compounds isolated from traditional medicinal plants, a series of aloe-emodin derivatives were synthesized and assessed for potential anticancer activity against a panel of cancer cell lines.
Recent advances in the development of fluorescent chemosensors for Al3+
Authors: Roy Partha
Published: April 2021

The synthetic procedures and sensing properties of fluorescent chemosensors for Al3+ based on 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, rhodamine, coumarin, MOFs, etc. have been accounted.
Constructing chiral gold nanorod oligomers using a spatially separated sergeants-and-soldiers effect
Authors: Meng Dejing , Li Xu , Gao Xinshuang , Zhang Chenqi , Ji Yinglu , Hu Zhijian , Ren Lingling , Wu Xiaochun
Published: April 2021

A spatially separated sergeants-and-soldiers effect is demonstrated to be a feasible and flexible strategy in fabricating chiral plasmonic superstructures.
Acid-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of two cyanamides and one ynamide: highly regioselective synthesis of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidines
Authors: Dubovtsev Alexey Yu. , Zvereva Valeria V. , Shcherbakov Nikolay V. , Dar'in Dmitry V. , Novikov Alexander S. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu.
Published: April 2021

Triflic acid (10 mol%) catalyzes the highly regioselective [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition between two cyanamides and one ynamide to grant the 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine core.
Inter-capsule fusion and capsule shell destruction using dynamic covalent polymers
Authors: Wang Yifei , Quevedo Khamila , Pentzer Emily
Published: April 2021

Herein, capsule shells containing hindered urea bonds were prepared using interfacial polymerization in an oil-in-oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets.
Fabrication of a necklace-like fiber separator by the electrospinning technique for high electrochemical performance and safe lithium metal batteries
Authors: Liao Can , Han Longfei , Wu Na , Mu Xiaowei , Hu Yuan , Kan Yongchun , Song Lei
Published: April 2021

Fabrication of necklace-like fiber separator by electrospinning technique with admirable ionic conductivity and thermal shrinkage properties exhibits an excellent effect of inhibiting lithium dendrites by “three defense line” mechanism.
Divalent ligand-monovalent molecule binding
Authors: Janssen Mathijs , Stenmark Harald , Carlson Andreas
Published: April 2021

Simultaneous binding of a divalent ligand to two identical monovalent molecules is a widespread phenomenon in biology and chemistry. This article presents results for the concentrations of bound complexes for arbitrary ratios of ligand-to-molecule concentrations.
Enzymes hosted in redox-active ionically cross-linked polyelectrolyte networks enable more efficient biofuel cells
Authors: Coria-Oriundo Lucy L. , Cortez M. Lorena , Azzaroni Omar , Battaglini Fernando
Published: April 2021

Self-assembled nanobiocatalyst. Phosphate-mediated cross-linking of redox polyelectrolytes and glucose oxidase leads to self-assembled nanostructures with higher output power density per mol of mediator, thus enabling more efficient biofuel cells.
Sex-dependent vulnerability of fetal nonhuman primate cardiac mitochondria to moderate maternal nutrient reduction
Authors: Pereira Susana P. , Tavares Ludgero C. , Duarte Ana I. , Baldeiras Inês , Cunha-Oliveira Teresa , Martins João D. , Santos Maria S. , Maloyan Alina , Moreno António J. , Cox Laura A. , Li Cun , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Nijland Mark J. , Oliveira Paulo J.
Published: April 2021

Poor maternal nutrition in pregnancy affects fetal development, predisposing offspring to cardiometabolic diseases. The role of mitochondria during fetal development on later-life cardiac dysfunction caused by maternal nutrient reduction (MNR) remains unexplored.

We hypothesized that MNR during gestation causes fetal cardiac bioenergetic deficits, compromising cardiac mitochondrial metabolism and reserve capacity.

To enable human translation, we developed a primate baboon model (Papio spp.) of moderate MNR in which mothers receive 70% of control nutrition during pregnancy, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) offspring and later exhibiting myocardial remodeling and heart failure at human equivalent ∼25 years. Term control and MNR baboon offspring were necropsied following cesarean-section, and left ventricle (LV) samples were collected. MNR adversely impacted fetal cardiac LV mitochondria in a sex-dependent fashion. Increased maternal plasma aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and elevated cortisol levels in MNR concomitant with decreased blood insulin in male fetal MNR were measured. MNR resulted in a two-fold increase in fetal LV mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MNR resulted in increased transcripts for several respiratory chain (NDUFB8, UQCRC1, and cytochrome c) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase proteins. However, MNR fetal LV mitochondrial complex I and complex II/III activities were significantly decreased, possibly contributing to the 73% decreased ATP content and increased lipid peroxidation. MNR fetal LV showed mitochondria with sparse and disarranged cristae dysmorphology.

Conclusion: MNR disruption of fetal cardiac mitochondrial fitness likely contributes to the documented developmental programming of adult cardiac dysfunction, indicating a programmed mitochondrial inability to deliver sufficient energy to cardiac tissues as a chronic mechanism for later-life heart failure.
Image defogging based on amended dark channel prior and 4‐directional L1 regularisation
Authors: Yang Yuliang , Long Wei , Li Yanyan , Shi Xiaoqiu , Gao Lin
Published: April 2021

The dark channel prior (DCP) algorithm has been widely used in the field of image defogging because of its simple theory and clear restoration result. However, the DCP algorithm has significant limitations. This study clarifies the relationship between halo artfacts and the size of the dark channel patch of the DCP algorithm and analyses the reason why the colour of close‐range white objects appears distorted in the restored images. An amended DCP method is then proposed to solve these problems, utilising a locally variable weighted 4‐directional L1 regularisation and a corresponding parallel algorithm to optimise the transmission. A deep neural network, 4DL1R‐net, is then trained to further enhance the processing speed. Extensive experiments demonstrate that this method is effective. The proposed method can obtain clear details, maintain the natural clarity of images, and achieve significant improvements over state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Line formation of He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å in a small-scale reconnection event
Authors: Libbrecht Tine , Bjørgen Johan P. , Leenaarts Jorrit , de la Cruz Rodríguez Jaime , Hansteen Viggo , Joshi Jayant
Published: April 2021

Context. Ellerman bombs (EBs) and UV bursts are small-scale reconnection events that occur in the region of the upper photosphere to the chromosphere. It has recently been discovered that these events can have emission signatures in the He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å lines, suggesting that their temperatures are higher than previously expected.

Aims. We aim to explain the line formation of He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å in small-scale reconnection events.

Methods. We used a simulated EB in a Bifrost-generated radiative magnetohydrodynamics snapshot. The resulting He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å line intensities were synthesized in 3D using the non-local thermal equilibrium (non-LTE) Multi3D code. The presence of coronal extreme UV (EUV) radiation was included self-consistently. We compared the synthetic helium spectra with observed raster scans of EBs in He I 10 830 Å and He I D3 obtained at the Swedish Solar Telescope with the TRI-Port Polarimetric Echelle-Littrow Spectrograph.

Results. Emission in He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å is formed in a thin shell around the EB at a height of ∼0.8 Mm, while the He I D3 absorption is formed above the EB at ∼4 Mm. The height at which the emission is formed corresponds to the lower boundary of the EB, where the temperature increases rapidly from 6 × 103 K to 106 K. The synthetic line profiles at a heliocentric angle of μ = 0.27 are qualitatively similar to the observed profiles at the same μ-angle in dynamics, broadening, and line shape: emission in the wing and absorption in the line core. The opacity in He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å is generated through photoionization-recombination driven by EUV radiation that is locally generated in the EB at temperatures in the range of 2 × 104 − 2 × 106 K and electron densities between 1011 and 1013 cm−3. The synthetic emission signals are a result of coupling to local conditions in a thin shell around the EB, with temperatures between 7 × 103 and 104 K and electron densities ranging from ∼1012 to 1013 cm−3. This shows that both strong non-LTE and thermal processes play a role in the formation of He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å in the synthetic EB/UV burst that we studied.

Conclusions. In conclusion, the synthetic He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å emission signatures are an indicator of temperatures of at least 2 × 104 K; in this case, as high as ∼106 K.