bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOIL, SITE AND LAND CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Rowe J. Stan
Published: February 2014

Forest management is a kind of land management, and the forester's attention is increasingly drawn to the physical land base from which forestry values derive.Various approaches to the inventory of forest land are discussed: through soil classification with its inherited agronomic background, through site classification whose yardstick is productivity, through classification using few or many environmental factors, and through classification based on morphological features of the land itself.Purpose is implicit in all classifications and different purposes lead to different classifications. It is suggested that forestry purposes are best served by a land classification which initially breaks the landscape pattern into geomorphological parts, each relatively constant as to surface materials. These can be further divided into relatively homogeneous forest-land patches or ecosystem units, the basis for study and prediction of productivity. As a means of reducing complexity, land inventory needs to be placed within a geographic framework of regions or zones.
A TEN-YEAR TEST FOR TRANSPLANTED WILD BLACK AND RED SPRUCE
Authors: Baskerville G. L.
Published: February 2014

Wild black and red spruce seedlings were lifted at the Acadia Forest Experiment Station and planted at Green River, New Brunswick in 1950. By 1960 survival averaged 38 per cent for the two species and they had reached an average height of six feet.
CONTROL OF NEEDLE-CAST OF DOUGLAS FIR BY ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Weir L. C.
Published: February 2014

Phyto-actin, Actidione, and chemical derivatives of Actidione were applied as stem sprays and as foliar sprays to Douglas fir trees infected by Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd. All materials provided a reduction in infection level although some trees exhibited little response. Phytotoxicity was evidenced by tree mortality and needle loss. Actidione was shown to move systematically in stem-treated Douglas fir.
WEEKLY RADIAL INCREMENT OF BALSAM FIR IN QUEBEC AS RELATED TO McLINTOCK'S TREE CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Gagnon J. D.
Published: February 2014

Radial increments of 38 balsam fir trees (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) differing in height, crown class and vigour, were studied to determine if their correlation with the McLintock classification was better than that with either total height, crown class, vigour class or crown ratio. Measurements at weekly intervals during the 1961 growing season have shown the superiority of the McLintock tree classification over the other four. It seems, therefore, that the interaction of the factors involved in McLintock classification is essentially valid even for very short predictions.
REGENERATION OF BALSAM FIR AND SPRUCE ABOUT FIFTEEN YEARS FOLLOWING RELEASE BY SPRUCE BUDWORM ATTACK
Authors: Fye R. E. , Thomas J. B.
Published: February 2014

Regeneration plots were established near Laniel, P.Q., and in the Black Sturgeon and Cedar Lake areas of northwestern Ontario in 1950 to study the origin and development of regeneration in stands devastated by the spruce budworm. Results of tallies in 1950 and 1955 have been published, and this paper presents subsequent changes up to 1962. New balsam fir and spruce seedlings continue to become established on favourable seed beds in stands where seed trees survived the budworm outbreak. Some advanced growth, developing on the plots since the overstory was removed, began producing seed in 1962, although roadside trees of similar age and size were producing seed earlier. Balsam fir and spruce seedlings released by the budworm outbreak have grown rapidly, and are now retarding the height growth of some of the reproduction. The ratios of balsam fir to spruce reproduction calculated in 1950, 1955, and 1961 show considerable fluctuation within the same plots. Nevertheless, the general trend, toward a higher proportion of balsam fir in the reproduction than in the original stand of trees, which was established before the spruce budworm outbreak, has remained virtually unaltered.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON HEIGHT GROWTH OF DOUGLAS FIR ON A POOR SITE
Authors: Knight H.
Published: February 2014

Results of ten different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on seven-year-old, planted, open-grown Douglas fir on a low-quality site are presented. Annual height growth and foliar observations were used to indicate response. Results show an increase in height growth from fertilizer applications, except one, when compared to the control. The response to the four-ounce ammonium sulfate treatment suggests this amount to be optimum in this trial. Generally the greatest response was in the larger trees. Four of the fertilizer treatments caused needle defoliation. Two treatments killed trees.
NOTES ON FOOD HABITS OF SMALL MAMMALS OF THE WHITE SPRUCE FOREST
Authors: Wagg J. W. Bruce
Published: February 2014

Cage feeding of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, and red-backed mice, Clethrionomys gapperi, showed a daily maximum seed consumption of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, of about 1,000 seeds and of white spruce, Picea glauca, of 2,000 seeds. There was no difference in the amount of seed consumed by the two species of mice. Lodgepole pine seed was preferred over white spruce.Meadow voles, Microtus spp., readily ate lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings following germination. Red-backed mice also ate seedlings but not to the same degree as the meadow voles. The deer mouse was not tested.
HEIGHT GROWTH LOSSES DUE TO ANIMAL FEEDING IN DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATIONS, VANCOUVER ISLAND, B.C.
Authors: Mitchell K. J.
Published: February 2014

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were examined to determine the effect of animal feeding upon height growth.Length of internodes and evidence of past leader damage were recorded and cumulative average height-age growth curves compared for undamaged trees and for trees suffering various intensities of damage.The average reduction in tree height attributable to animal feeding in heavily browsed plantations varied from one-half to two feet over a period of 8 to 10 years. It is unlikely that either tree volume or quality at rotation age would be seriously affected.Exposed trees were browsed more heavily than those protected by vegetation or logging slash.
A TREE VOLUME TABLE FOR RED PINE BY CROWN WIDTH AND HEIGHT
Authors: Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

A multiple regression analysis of parameters which can be measured or interpreted on aerial photographs showed that crown width and tree height exhibit a good correlation with diameter at breast height. A tree volume table based on the above relationship was constructed and tested with good results.
DERIVATION OF THINNING REGIMES THROUGH USE OF A MODEL FOR BALSAM FIR IN QUEBEC
Authors: Vezina P. E.
Published: February 2014

A thinning regime was derived through use of a model developed to grow balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) trees at any desired size between the limits set by normal and open stand densities. Interpolations were made between the normal number of trees in fully-stocked even-aged balsam fir stands and the number at which crowns of fully open-grown individual balsam fir just close at square spacing. The increase in the number of trees in a fully-stocked balsam fir stand of a given average d.b.h. being little influenced by site was used to establish the basis for the thinning regime. The simple regime prescribes a pre-commercial and two commercial thinnings, and a regeneration cutting when the stand reaches about 7 inches in d.b.h. From comparisons of the amount of growing stock of the hypothetical thinned stands with that of unmanaged fully-stocked stands, it would seem that a managed stand of balsam fir might carry a basal area per acre of 49, 58, and 75 per cent of the unmanaged stands at average d.b.h.'s of 3, 5 and 7 inches respectively.
SOME FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALLUS IN POPLAR CUTTINGS
Authors: Bloomberg W. J.
Published: February 2014

The effect of temperature, moisture content of the cutting, and location within the shoot and cutting on callus production were investigated in Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, P. canadensis Moench 'Regenerata', and P. canadensis 'Robusta Bachelieri'. Callus production increased with temperature and moisture content although not to the same extent in the three varieties. Cuttings from the base of the shoot produced more callus than those from the upper part. The latter cuttings produced more callus from the end which had been lowermost in the parent shoot than that which had been uppermost. However, cuttings from the base of the shoot showed this difference between ends of cuttings only in P. 'Regenerata'.
OBSERVATIONS ON FOLIAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEVERAL CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Beaton J. D. , Moss A. , MacRae I. , Konkin J. W. , McGhee W. P. T. , Kosick R.
Published: February 2014

Concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur in needles of alpine fir, amabilis fir, western red cedar, Douglas fir, western hemlock, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce and Sitka spruce trees growing in a number of areas of British Columbia was determined.Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of alpine fir seedlings was 1.05-1.85, 0.18-0.26, 0.70-1.08, 0.29-.044, 0.07-0.11, and 0.12-0.16 per cent, respectively. The nutrient content in the same order was 0.99, 0.16, 1.20, 0.30, 0.08, and 0.12 per cent in a single group of amabilis fir samples.In the lone set of western red cedar samples the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were in the order of 0.73, 0.13, 0.52, 1.16, 0.10 and 0.07 per cent.The percentage of the six nutrients in current Douglas fir needles from seven locations was 0.88-1.37, 0.12-0.22, 0.38-0.70, 0.16-0.44, 0.07-0.18, and 0.14-0.25 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively.The nutrient content of current needles of western hemlock from three sites was N = 0.86-1.17, P = 0.11-0.19, K = 0.28-0.57, Ca = 0.18-0.27, Mg = 0.08-0.12 and S = 0.10-0.15 per cent.Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and S concentration in current needles from three lots of lodgepole pine seedlings was 1.18-1.77, 0.15-0.18, 0.45-0.62, 0.16-0.26, 0.11-0.14 and 0.12-0.21 per cent, respectively. The corresponding values in needles from older trees were in the order 0.97-1.12, 0.09-0.12, 0.35-0.39, 0.15-0.16, 0.08-0.12 and 0.09-0.11.Per cent N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of Engelmann spruce seedlings was in the order 1.26-1.72, 0.21-0.29, 0.71-0.80, 0.44-0.58, 0.13-0.15 and 0.13-0.19. Concentration of these nutrients in older trees was 0.92-1.08, 0.20, 0.70-0.88, 0.28-0.33, 0.11-0.12 and 0.12-0.14 per cent, respectively.
GROWTH HABITS OF MOUNTAIN MAPLE IN THE ONTARIO CLAY BELT
Authors: Vincent A. B.
Published: February 2014

In 1962 the growth habits of mountain maple were examined on two 1/160-acre plots in each of three areas in the Northern Ontario Clay Belt. It was found on two plots that the canopy which developed following logging came from about 3,200 clones per acre which were established 15 to 25 years previously. Most of the stems originate vegetatively from dormant buds near the bases of existing stems. Up to 95 percent of the stems developed since release. Dying stems produce more progeny than healthy ones. Relative growth rates of mountain maple and over-topped spruce and fir reproduction indicate that it will require at least 35 years for a portion of the reproduction to pierce the maple canopy.
FRÉQUENCE ET INTENSITÉ DU CHANCRE CYTOSPORÉEN DANS LES PLANTATIONS D'ÉPINETTE DU QUÉBEC
Authors: Ouellette G. B. , Conway J. M. , Bard G.
Published: February 2014

Cytospora canker was observed in all the plantations of white and Norway spruce examined in the Province of Quebec and in some natural stands of indigenous spruce species. Disease incidence was particularly high in the Grand'Mère and Saint-Lazare plantations where it has existed since at least 1943 and 1955, respectively. Favorable periods for infection occurred at fairly regular intervals and development of cankers was more pronounced some years than others. No clear-cut correlation was found between rainfall, temperature, and disease intensity. The disease is becoming more prevalent and poses a threat to existing spruce plantations in Québec.
EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON NURSERY SEEDBEDS OF WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

Several kinds of seedbed mulch were used in an experiment to study frost heaving of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in a nursery. Treatments consisted of silica gravel (of three sizes), hardwood sawdust, vermiculite, shredded sphagnum, mixed silica and sphagnum, and rye straw (the regular nursery mulch). These were applied to beds sown in the fall of 1958, 1959 and I960. Shading of beds during the winter between the first and second growing seasons was also examined.During the first growing season, several counts were made of the number of trees and weeds. At the beginning of the second growing season a count was made of the trees heaved and the residual stand. At the beginning of the third growing season, samples were taken for laboratory measurements of top length, root length, stem diameter, oven-dry weight and top-root ratio.The sawdust mulch was superior in most respects. It permitted the highest germination and survival, better prevention of heaving than rye straw, and better weed control than rye straw. Although the sawdust mulch treatment produced small and poorly balanced trees this was believed due chiefly to high bed density, and compared favourably with the rye straw. The use of hardwood sawdust as a mulch offered considerable advantage over the presently used rye-straw.Heaving was found to be a minor cause of mortality over the three year period examined. Shading of the beds offered no advantage in reducing this loss.
A SIMULATION MODEL FOR STUDYING THE EFFECT OF STAND STRUCTURE ON HARVESTING PATTERN
Authors: Newnham R. M.
Published: February 2014

A simple simulation model is described which imitates the passage of a mechanical harvester, such as the Beloit or Hiabob harvesters, through a pulp-wood stand. Using this model, which has been programmed for an I.B.M. 1620 computer, it is possible to study the effect that stand structure and machine size have on harvesting pattern. Modifications to the model to include estimates of operating time are suggested. In its final form the model could furnish information that will be of much use to the machine designer and to the woodland manager.
EFFECTS OF DEFOLIATION ON YOUNG UPLAND TAMARACK IN MANITOBA
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Nairn L. D.
Published: February 2014

Young tamarack were subjected to four successive years of different amounts of artificial defoliation. Fifty percent mortality occurred after two years of complete defoliation but lesser amounts caused no mortality within four years. Foliage production, stem increment, and possibly root growth were reduced by as little as 25% defoliation.
WILDLAND INVENTORY AND MAPPING
Authors: Lacate D. S.
Published: February 2014

Present interest in land use planning is drawing attention to the necessity for land classification and mapping systems that will serve as a basis for rational land use decisions. Various programs and approaches to the inventory of wildlands throughout Canada are reviewed. An approach for dividing landscapes into ecologically significant units for forestry, wildlife, recreation and agricultural purposes is outlined.
TO THIN OR NOT TO THIN: SOME NORDIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE QUESTION
Authors: Wiksten Ake
Published: February 2014

Using data from a Swedish thinning experiment in a 100-year-old Scots pine stand, the author reviews some of its financial aspects with a view to provoking thoughts on the applicability of thinning in Canada.
DEVELOPMENT OF A WHITE PINE UNDERPLANTATION IN THINNED AND UNTHINNED ASPEN
Authors: Clements John R.
Published: February 2014

In 1936, part of a dense 12-year-old aspen sucker stand was thinned. In the following year thinned and unthinned portions of the stand were underplanted with 2-2 white pine stock.By 1950, most seedlings were still small and slow-growing. Mortality among these individuals was high in the following 10 years but mortality was fairly light among seedlings of taller height classes. Height growth of seedlings continued to be poor so long as the crowns were below the shrub layer.White pine planted beneath young aspen stands require care at least until they are about 4 feet tall, especially on moist sites. The underbrush must be controlled, otherwise excessively high mortality and poor growth of the survivors will result.
ROOT PRUNING OF NURSERY STOCK
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

In the fall of 1958, an experiment was begun at Midhurst Nursery to study the effects of root pruning at different stages of growth and at two depths, on 3-0 stock of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Root pruning was done by undercutting broadcast-sown seedbeds at two inch and four inch depths; in the fall as 2-0 (Sept. 16, 1958), in the spring at start of growth (April 30, 1959), during flush of growth (May 28, 1959) and towards end of terminal growth (June 25,1959).Seedbed counts were taken before lifting, in fall 1959, to study mortality. Random samples were taken on date of lifting (Sept. 17, 1959), for laboratory measurements to study effects on seedlings size. Other random samples were planted in experimental designs at Larose Forest. Counts of survival, and measurements of terminal growth were taken at the first, third and fifth year after planting.Results showed no mortality in the nursery but that all root pruning reduced height growth. Root pruning of white spruce after the flush of growth (June 25) increased survival and growth after outplanting, over that of unpruned stock. None of the treatments increased survival or growth of white pine. Depth of root pruning had no significant effect.
RELATIVE QUALITY OF THE MAJOR FOREST ASSOCIATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN B.C. INTERIOR FOR GROWTH OF LODGEPOLE PINE, ENGELMANN SPRUCE, DOUGLAS-FIR AND ALPINE FIR
Authors: Stanek Walter
Published: February 2014

Height growth of lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir and alpine fir was investigated in the Douglas-fir and Engelmann Spruce-Alpine Fir Zones of the Interior of British Columbia. In the same forest association each species has a characteristic site index at the age of 100 years (SI/100). Regression equations were calculated for predicting SI/100 of several species in different associations. Regression equations were also developed for estimating SI/100 of Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir and alpine fir from known SI/100 of lodgepole pine. The latter species was selected because of its common occurrence in the two zones. In addition regression equation was calculated for predicting SI/100 of lodgepole pine from known SI/100 of Engelmann spruce. All regression equations apply to naturally established stands in the study area.
DECADE OF INTENSIVE CULTIVATION OF POPLARS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA SHOWS NEED FOR LONG-TERM RESEARCH TO REDUCE RISKS
Authors: Smith J. H. G. , Blom G.
Published: February 2014

There is a large surplus of low value black cottonwood and other hardwoods in British Columbia. Greatly improved utilization and management are needed to make effective use of B.C. hardwoods.During the past decade, in their efforts to develop an economical supply of high quality veneer logs and pulpwood, West Tree Farms has encountered and solved many operational problems. Therefore, the experience described herein should be of interest to other Canadian foresters who may be faced before long with the need to intensify forest management.Much can be learned in a short period of time. For example, after only 11 years in the field, black cottonwoods and hybrid poplars planted in 1956 either as one-year-old rooted trees or rootless trees (sets) have reached a size considered commercial in many parts of Canada. They averaged 8 inches in dbh and 70 feet in height in October, 1966.Growth and yield of black cottonwood are excellent but it is difficult to grow in nurseries and inferior in form and natural pruning when compared with 'robusta' and similar hybrid poplars. Establishment of hybrid poplars requires either very expensive site preparation and many weedings and thinning or relatively economical strip clearing and planting of either large rooted trees or sets at wide spacings. The latter is preferable in B.C.Prospects for improvement of tree growth and wood quality are excellent but, like development of effective programs for preventing and controlling losses from disease, insects, and other pests, tree improvement requires much long-term research. Research and practice should be sustained and closely related. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the Province of British Columbia will make more land available for tree farming, and that the Federal Government will support the kinds of research needed to improve the programs started by West Tree Farms and others interested in poplar cultivation.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING TREE TAPER SUGGESTS THAT SIMPLER METHODS ARE BEST
Authors: Kozak A. , Smith J. H. G.
Published: February 2014

Trials of multivariate and other methods for analysis of tree taper are described. It is concluded that use of simple functions, sorting, and graphical methods is adequate for many uses in operations and research.
SCLERODERRIS LAGERBERGII GREMMEN, A NEW THREAT TO NURSERIES IN NORTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Punter David
Published: February 2014

The occurrence of Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen on Pinus ssp. in and near Northern Ontario nurseries is reported. Symptoms and damage are described. Sanitation in the neighbourhood of nurseries is advocated as a first step in control.
PERIODICITY OF HEIGHT GROWTH IN WHITE SPRUCE REPRODUCTION
Authors: Hellum A. K.
Published: February 2014

A one-year phenological study with white spruce seedlings in central Alberta has shown that seasonal height growth is positively correlated with length of growing period, size of terminal bud, and length of terminal. Bud size is closely related to seedling height but is also affected by factors of the environment and genetic variability among seedlings.
EFFECTS OF CAPTAN ON THE GERMINATION OF WHITE SPRUCE, JACK AND RED PINE SEED
Authors: Cayford J. H. , Waldron R. M.
Published: February 2014

Several greenhouse experiments were carried out to study the effects of Captan-50W on the germination of white spruce, jack and red pine seed. Results indicated that Captan-50W was phytotoxic to seeds of these species but its effect on germination varied depending upon sowing method. It significantly increased total germination of surface-sown seed and decreased germination of depth-sown seed; for both sowing methods it increased the proportion of abnormal germinants. The net effect was to decrease the number of normal germinants both for depth and surface sowing; the decrease was much greater with surface sowing.
Relationships Between External Features and Trunk Rot in Living Yellow Birch
Authors: Lavallée André , Lortie Marcel
Published: February 2014

Although broken branches and branch stubs are the most frequently encountered external signs of defects in the trunk of yellow birch, they were found to be less important than mechanical injuries as indicators of the incidence and volume of decay. Frequency and extent of decay were directly related to the extent of wood surface exposed after an injury. Presence of decay, as related to size of wounds, differed in the two localities studied. The rate of linear extension of decay was higher when the causal organism had penetrated through larger wounds, especially in older trees. Heartwood discoloration was found in similar amounts at all the sites studied, and trees with extensive columns of discoloration usually showed numerous visible injuries. A pathological classification of yellow birch, based on external signs, and which seems to be adequate for the selection of high quality trees in a stand, is presented.
Détermination de la qualité de l'érable à sucre d'après des signes apparents de carie
Authors: Lavallée André
Published: February 2014

In both localities where the dissections were performed, mechanical injuries, frost cracks and large broken branches were found responsible for the entry of most of the extensive defects in the trunk of living sugar maple. Within an injury class, the average volume of cull following large injuries was greater than that following small injuries. A quality classification system is presented and seems appropriate for a cull estimation before cutting.
Forest Harvesting and Water Management
Authors: Jeffrey W. W.
Published: February 2014

Forest harvesting affects water management. Total water yield, flow regime and water quality are affected. Usually, in Western Canada, these effects — whether for good or ill — are accidental and are not taken into consideration in management. This is at least partly due to resource management people being resource oriented (technocentric) rather than society oriented (democentric) in their attitudes. Forest harvesting-water management interactions represent a technical problem of ultimate social importance. To cope with this problem requires coordination of resource uses, improved communication and administrative organization, more democentricity, expanded research into socio-economic factors, more attention to long-term environmental goals, examination of land tenure systems, more land use planning, re-orientation of resource management education, a broadening of social conceptual awareness, and increased professional staffing.
Changing Forestry Environment: The Full Forest
Authors: deGrace L. A.
Published: February 2014

The Crooked River Forest, a unit managed by the government of British Columbia, is typical of the eight other units which surround Prince George. Many professionals are involved in the progressive development of the forest. Socially foresters share concern with others for a native population, for the welfare of the numerous employees of an active woods industry, and for the growing use of forest and waterways for recreation. Numerous pressures of rights-of-way, industrial sites, and parks, indicate a growing necessity to keep tight rein on tendencies to prodigality in converting forest acreage to other purpose. Departmental organization of the provincial government allows a high degree of liaison and co-operation between branches, and there is a satisfactory basis to develop intelligent land use.
Protein and caloric content of lodge pole pine needles
Authors: Boag D. A. , Kiceniuk J. W.
Published: February 2014

The level of crude protein and the caloric content of the needles of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) were investigated. Crude protein levels averaged 4.52 per cent of air-dry weight. No significant difference could be demonstrated in protein levels between samples taken,1) in May and November2) at 6,300 and 5,700 feet altitude, and3) from old and young trees growing on the same site.No evidence of changed protein levels was found in samples taken from trees growing on a site burned intensively 20 years previously. Caloric content of lodgepole pine needles averaged 4,973 calories per gram. Caloric values did not differ significantly between trees growing on the same and different sites.
An Underplanting experiment with White Pine and White Spruce Seedling and Transplant Stock
Authors: Wang B. S. P. , Horton K. W.
Published: February 2014

Experimental underplanting of 2-0, 3-0 and 2-2 white pine and white spruce stock was carried out on scarified strips in two low-grade hardwood stands in central Ontario to find the relative suitability for stand conversion. Three-year results show that site preparation is a key to successful survival and height growth. Comparisons of costs per "surviving inch of height growth" indicate that 3-0 stock is superior to the 2-2 and 2-0, that white pine is somewhat better than white spruce, and that the survival and, growth were better beneath the tolerant than beneath the intolerant hardwoods.
Fuel Consumption by a Prescribed Burn in Spruce-Fir Logging Slash in Alberta
Authors: Kiil A. D.
Published: February 2014

One 20-acre spruce-fir slash block was burned at moderate fire hazard. Weather, fuel-sampling, ignition pattern and fire effects are reported. The burn effectively reduced the slash-fuel-loading to a level where the spread of wildfire through the residual fuels is unlikely and cleared the site for planting by eliminating much of the physical barrier of fine-fuel concentrations. The burn did not, however, eliminate the possibility of a slow spread of wildfire through the remaining humus.
Seed — From Collection To Established Tree
Authors: Kennedy Larry L.
Published: February 2014

The problems of identifying seed source at the time of collection and following the seed through to the established plantation are not difficult, they are only time consuming. A simple method with critical periodic reviews should suffice to ensure lasting identification.
Larches for Reforestation and Tree Improvement in Eastern Canada
Authors: MacGillivray H. G.
Published: February 2014

The potential of Larix species for reforestation and tree improvement in eastern Canada is stressed. Tree-improvement research should take advantage of the early flowering habit, rapid juvenile growth, and the wide spectrum of adaptability of Larix species and hybrids to maximize wood production on short rotations. The potential of native and introduced species is reviewed. Some research useful to the planter and tree breeder in eastern Canada is presented. Suggestions for further tree-improvement research in Larix are outlined.
Genetic Variation and Its Exploitation in White and Engelmann Spruce
Authors: Roche L. , Holst M. J. , Teich A. H.
Published: February 2014

Genetic variation in white and Engelmann spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and P. engelmannii Parry) reported in the literature is reviewed, and proposals are made to use this information to increase productivity in current forestry practice and to direct future research.Because research in the genetic variation of these species has only recently been initiated, it will take decades before the products of breeding can be utilized. The best way to exploit genetic variation in the species during the long waiting period between the initiation of a breeding program and the attainment of its objectives is to (1) demarcate seed zones, (2) establish seed production areas, (3) maintain a seed register and, (4) locate nurseries in appropriate climatic zones (match provenance with nursery). The forester who follows these practices will likely succeed in producing a productive man-made forest.
How to Save Southern Ontario's Woodlots
Authors: Kirk M. D.
Published: February 2014

Farm woodlots are the principle source of quality hardwoods on which many wood-using industries of Southern Ontario and the St. Lawrence Valley depend. They are now seriously depleted to the point of exhaustion. The economic consequences will be felt most in regions where the influx of other industry is insufficient to absorb the slack. To avert this trend, a system of astringent controls over the privately owned woodlots is recommended.
The Effect of Logging and Intensive Camping on Vegetation in Riding Mountain National Park
Authors: de Vos A. , Bailey R. H.
Published: February 2014

The effects of logging and intensive camping on the composition and structure of vegetation in disturbed forest communities in the eastern portion of Riding Mountain National Park were investigated by quantitative and qualitative methods.The results indicated that logging favours the growth of shrubs, and tall coarse grasses and forbs, and hinders the development of small herbs. With few exceptions, logging did not appear to be responsible for the elimination of any species. The effects of logging on plant succession are discussed.Camping was found to be detrimental to indigenous vegetation on intensively used areas.
Review: Forestry and Economic Development
Authors: Nautiyal J. C.
Published: February 2014

not available
The Silvicultural Significance of Geographic Variation in the White Engelmann Spruce Complex in British Columbia
Authors: Roche Laurence
Published: February 2014

One hundred and sixty-two spruce provenances, representing allopatric and sympatric populations of white, Engelmann, and Sitka spruce in British Columbia were sown in a coastal nursery. Twelve of these provenances were randomized in four replications, two of which were of regular nursery soil and two of an artificial soil mix. One hundred and fifty were randomized in six replications, all of which were of the artificial soil mix. In the second nursery year a plastic greenhouse was placed over two replications of the 12 provenances.An assessment of the growth behavior of all provenances showed a strong correlation between time of entering dormancy and geographic origin. A high correlation between time of entering dormancy and total growth is also demonstrated. The dormancy curve is shown to characterize a provenance with some accuracy.High-elevation provenances, which were the first to enter dormancy, were stunted in growth and exhibited a "rosette" appearance as a result of decreased internode length, while certain low-elevation provenances from the interior of British Columbia grew as well as Sitka spruce.On the basis of these results, recommendations are made in regard to the propagation of interior spruce in coastal nurseries, both in the open and in plastic greenhouses, and in regard to the displacement of spruce provenances in the interior of British Columbia. It is emphasized that these recommendations are tentative and will be modified as information accumulates concerning the genecology of white and Engelmann spruce in British Columbia. A major source of new information in this respect will be the long-term field trials that followed the study reported here.
Methods for Successful Afforestation of a Weed Infested Clay Soil
Authors: Althen F. W. Von
Published: February 2014

The effects of plowing and tilling, fertilization, and chemical weed control on survival and height growth of newly planted seedlings of black locust, silver maple, white ash, white pine, and white spruce were investigated in a non-replicated study in southern Ontario. Cost-benefit relationships of treatments were computed. Plowing and tilling improved growth of all species with average increases ranging from 37 per cent for white spruce to 750 per cent for white ash. Plowing and tilling plus weed control greatly improved growth of all hardwood species and resulted in the most favourable growth-cost relationship. Fertilization improved growth of locust, ash, and maple by 200, 500, and 700 per cent respectively, but failed to increase conifer growth. Application of 12 pounds of simazine increased ash mortality by 67 per cent. White spruce was subject to severe frost heaving following complete weed control.
CO2 Enriched Air Increased Growth of Conifer Seedlings
Authors: Yeatman C. W.
Published: February 2014

The dry weight of 3-week-old seedlings of white spruce, Norway spruce, jack pine and Scots pine was 30–80% greater than the control when grown in atmospheres enriched 3- to 5-fold with carbondioxide. Seedlings also responded positively to a difference in light intensity. CO2 enriched atmospheres might profitably be used for the short term propagation of tree seedlings grown in greenhouses.
Forest Resources Research Policies: U.SA and U.K.
Authors: Thirgood J. Vincent
Published: February 2014

The U.K. and U.S. present very different research situations. Forest conditions and forestry in each country are discussed and the differing research philosophies described. Particularly significant are the problem solving nature of U.K. in-service research, closely linked with practice, and the contribution of technically trained foresters. The principle forest-related British research agencies are identified and the special characteristics of U.K. research are described. Its methods of deployment of resources and the high return for funds invested provide several indications for possible development of problem-solving, developmental oriented forest resources research in Canada that can make a major impact on practice.
Policy Problems with Multi-Product Logging in Ontario
Authors: Herridge A. J.
Published: February 2014

The development of multi-product logging in Ontario has long been recognized as desirable for the forest economy as a whole. However, the growth of multi-product logging practice has been hindered by technical considerations in logging and transportation, by the resistance of organized labour to handling materials produced by non-union workers, and — most important — by constraints arising from the system of land tenure and timber licences. Flexibility and cooperation are needed among pulp and paper companies, other forest industries, and the provincial government.
Shelterwood Felling in Late Successional Stands in Alberta's Rocky Mountain Subalpine Forest
Authors: Day R. J.
Published: February 2014

The silviculture of the spruce-pine phase of the Alberta subalpine forest is discussed in relation to ecological problems and previous work.A trial of uniform shelterwood felling combined with seedbed preparation is described and followed to the third year.The abundant regeneration confirms the importance of shelter for spruce reproduction and suggests that practical methods be advised to provide it.Progressive strip cutting with scarification is suggested.
The Effects of Forests on Precipitation
Authors: Golding Douglas L.
Published: February 2014

Debate has continued for many years as to the influence of the forest on the amount of precipitation falling in the vicinity of the forest itself as well as over wide regions. Evidence for such an influence is reviewed with reference to measurement of rainfall within the forest and moistening of the atmosphere by forest transpiration. Much of this evidence is circumstantial, some of which is based only on casual observation. Meteorological factors such as orographic effect, condensation and freezing nuclei, and vapor content of the atmosphere are discussed. This evidence, while based on analyses of the physical system, is not conclusive or completely satisfying either. The conclusion reached is that the maximum effect that may reasonably be attributed to the forest is a five per cent increase in precipitation, and this only in particular circumstances.
Methods and Treatments Used To Secure Natural Regeneration in British Columbia
Authors: Gilmour J. R.
Published: February 2014

Natural regeneration will continue to play an important role in forest management practices in British Columbia despite the recent increase in artificial regeneration. It is anticipated that by the time the artificial regeneration programme has been fully developed, up to fifty per cent of the areas logged will be restocked artificially, leaving the other fifty per cent to restock naturally.
Container Planting in Ontario
Authors: MacKinnon George E.
Published: February 2014

An average of 17 million tubed seedlings were planted annually in the Province of Ontario from 1966 to 1969. Plans call for increasing the programme to an estimated 20 million tubed seedlings in 1971.Tubed seedlings provide a supply of seedling stock, which can be planted during the summer months, making the best use of available labour supply. Other advantages are ease of planting on shallow-soiled sites, ease of handling, low planting costs, and flexibility provided by production of seedlings on short notice to meet immediate needs. The principal species grown are black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, red pine and white pine. The ground is generally site prepared prior to planting by mechanical scarification or prescribed burning. Planting is carried out at average spacing of 1,000 trees per acre. Survival figures of recent planting, after one year, indicate survival comparable to that of standard bare-rooted nursery stock.
Some economic implications of methods of charging stumpage
Authors: Nautiyal J. C. , Love D. V.
Published: February 2014

Crown land timber in Ontario is normally sold from a license held by private industry on the basis of the volume harvested. The paper shows that this method is less efficient economically than a method of lump-sum charges for the volume of timber available within the license. The implications of the level of competition in the market for timber vis-a-vis the method of charging stumpage are discussed. The futility of trying to improve utilization standards by legal measures is shown; it is suggested that encouraging competition in the timber market and charging for timber on a lump-sum basis are socially desirable and result in appropriate levels of utilization. The proposal has been advanced on theoretical grounds; administrative problems associated therewith are not considered.
A field test of the accuracy of the Barr and Stroud Type FP-12 optical dendrometer
Authors: Bell John F. , Groman William A.
Published: February 2014

Trees in a 55-year-old stand of Douglas-fir were measured with a Barr and Stroud Type FP-12 dendrometer while standing, then measured with tape and caliper after they were felled. The chi-square test of accuracy for diameters, whether determined according to size, elevation, or distance, fell within a range from ±0.222 to ±0.298 inch, and percentage accuracies varied from ±2.12 to ±3.25. The chi-square test of accuracy for stem lengths decreased from ±0.272 foot (±0.991 percent) at an average elevation of 23.30 feet for an 11.40-foot segment to ±0.782 foot (3.96 percent) for a 14.22-foot average segment at an average elevation of 62.91 feet.This study indicates that upper-stem diameters and segment lengths determined by the Barr and Stroud optical dendrometer are highly accurate under field conditions. Thus, the optical dendrometer provides the forester with a means of eliminating tree-volume tables. Results suggest that, for the first time, volume growth of the upper stem can be accurately determined on standing trees by making repeated measurements over an extended time.
Étude de la régénération après coupe rase dans des peuplements feuillus et mélangés de l'ouest québécois
Authors: Boivin Jean-Louis
Published: February 2014

not available
Establishing and managing natural areas
Authors: Telfer E. S.
Published: February 2014

not available
Classification of forest land for recreational potential and scenery
Authors: Hamill Louis
Published: February 2014

not available
The relation of forest fertilization to disease incidence
Authors: Hesterberg Gene A. , Jurgensen Martin F.
Published: February 2014

not available
Water-storage weight changes in British Columbia Interior logs
Authors: McIntosh J. A. , Meyer R. W.
Published: February 2014

not available
Nursery soil fumigation affects growth and phosphorus nutrition of pine and spruce seedlings
Authors: Campagna Jean Paul , White Donald P.
Published: February 2014

not available
Sustained yield, timber mining, and the concept of eclogical rotation; a British Columbian view
Authors: Kimmins J. P.
Published: February 2014

not available
Nonlinear site index equations for several major Canadian timber species
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

Nonlinear regression analysis and least-squares approximation techniques were employed to derive equations describing the published site index curves for several major Canadian timber species. Models expressing both height as a function of age and site index and site index as a function of stand height and age were developed. These equations facilitate computer processing of site index information. Also, the first partial derivative of height equations with respect to age provides approximate annual height growth estimates.
Estimation versus measurement of tree heights in forest inventories
Authors: Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

not available
Aspects of forestry in Hungary
Authors: Telfer E. S. , Schemnitz S. D.
Published: February 2014

In central Hungary forest managers have achieved notable success in afforestation of both excessively dry and frequently flooded sites with valuable tree species. Planting of pines in predug trenches and angle-planting of specially-grown pine seedlings in furrows have successfully afforested dry sand areas. More moist sites have been afforested by planting poplar shoots in boreholes. Inundated areas have been planted with poplars of the Italian Clone No. 214 and the "Robusta" variety. Management practices are modified to enable forests to support dense game populations. Afforestation of difficult sites is justified not only on the basis of future wood production but also for amenity purposes and for game production. The successful establishment of plantations is the product of local ecological knowledge and an innovative approach to silvicultural techniques.
Effect of storage on germination of R-55 repellent-treated seed of white spruce
Authors: Radvanyi A.
Published: February 2014

Determination of seed fate by radio-tracer methods have indicated seed losses to small mammals in Alberta could be as high as 50% during some years even when the widely accepted formulation of aluminum powder-endrin-arasan-latex had been applied to protect the seed supply in direct seeding operations. The need for a better seed coating formulation led to the development and evaluation of a potent rodent repellent, R-55, to protect spruce seeds from rodent damage. As part of the evaluation of this repellent, white spruce seeds were coated with a 4:1 (weight ratio) mixture R-55/graphite and latex. Treated and non-treated (controls) seed lots were stored in a refrigerator for a 2-year period during which eight germination tests were conducted at 2–3 month intervals to test seed viability. Except for one slight mid-winter decline in germination corresponding to a possible seasonal response of the seeds, no significant decline in germination resulted with storage up to 2 years duration. Studies with other coniferous seeds suggest considerable variability in seed species in response to the R-55/graphite coating and to storage of the treated seed.
Forest diversity: An approach to forest wildlife management
Authors: Siderits Karl
Published: February 2014

The Superior National Forest has instituted a forest wildlife habitat management program which identifies vegetational type, age classes and stand distribution as prime management components. The program incorporates basic ecological principles pertaining to diversity and stability, enabling land managers to pinpoint wildlife management needs more accurately in terms of habitat diversity.
Irregular Anatomical Features of Wood as an Aid in Silviculture
Authors: Glerum C.
Published: February 2014

Anatomical irregularities in xylem caused by frost, drought and insect attack are described. The value of these irregularities as a diagnostic tool for silviculture and in determining the history of a tree is discussed.
Root Regeneration of Fall-Lifted White Spruce Nursery Stock in Relation to Soil Moisture Content
Authors: Day R. J. , MacGillivray G. R.
Published: February 2014

The root regenerating potential of fall-lifted 2+0 white spruce nursery stock is described after transplanting into soil-maintained at 8, 10 and 15% soil moisture content (SMC) in glass fronted root boxes. At 15% SMC (0.1 bar soil moisture tension), which is close to field capacity, root regeneration began 10 days after transplanting and root elongation continued at a high rate for the remainder of a 40-day study period. At 10% SMC (0.6 bar SMT) root regeneration was delayed until 20 days after transplanting and root elongation was at a slower rate. At 8% SMC (1.5 bars) root regeneration and elongation was negligible. Plant moisture stress measured at 40 days was least when root regeneration was most and vice versa. The results suggest that field planting of white spruce in soils with moisture tensions of over 0.6 bar will be hazardous.