bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accumulation Period for Stockpiling Perennial Forages in the Western Canadian Prairie Parkland
Authors: Baron Vern S. , Dick A. Campbell , Bjorge Myron , Lastiwka Grant
Published: October 2005

Grazing stockpiled perennial forage can reduce a beef producer's winter feeding costs. The objective of this study was to determine optimum rest or accumulation periods for perennial forage species adapted to the western Canadian parkland. The research was conducted for 3 yr at Lacombe, AB, Canada. Stockpiled forage grass and alfalfa species (Medicago sativa L., M. falcata L.), with four accumulation periods, were harvested (second cut) on 15 October after a first cut on one of four dates: 1 July, 15 July, 1 August, or 15 August. Forage yield and nutritive value were determined for each period–species combination. Nutritive value measurements included concentrations of in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), crude protein, water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). ‘Algonquin’ alfalfa yielded more than ‘SC MF3713’ alfalfa and all grasses during 1998 (Year 1) when cut on or after 1 August. However, by 2000 the yield differences among species had decreased at periods beginning 1 and 15 August. Meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.) had stable yields from year to year and was similar to or greater than Algonquin at the 15 July period. Bromegrass and alfalfa species required an accumulation period beginning as early as 15 July, while others required first cutting as early as 1 July to provide adequate stockpiled yield. Alfalfa nutritive value decreased more with longer accumulation periods than grasses. Neutral detergent fiber and WSC concentrations of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) did not change substantially with accumulation period, making it desirable for stockpiling, given a long accumulation period.
Modeling Spikelet Sterility Induced by Low Temperature in Rice
Authors: Shimono Hiroyuki , Hasegawa Toshihiro , Moriyama Masahisa , Fujimura Shigeto , Nagata Takayuki
Published: October 2005

Accurate prediction of spikelet sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a prerequisite for accurately predicting grain yield in cool climates, since severe yield losses frequently occur when spikelet sterility is induced by cool temperatures during reproductive growth. Both cool air temperature (Ta) and cool water temperature (Tw) are detrimental factors that can cause spikelet sterility, but a large discrepancy between Ta and Tw is often observed in paddy fields. The depth of water can also affect spikelet sterility. We proposed a model that accounted for the effects of Ta, Tw, and water depth on spikelet sterility, and was based on panicle temperature (Tp), then tested the model using 23 independent sets of field data from northern Japan. We also quantified the role of daily amplitude (the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures) and differences in plant sensitivity to temperature in determining spikelet sterility. A cool‐irrigation experiment revealed that spikelet sterility depended more strongly on Tp than on Tw or Ta. We also developed six models using “cooling degree‐day” concept. The model based on Tp had higher accuracy than models based solely on Tw or Ta. In addition, average temperature was a better predictor than minimum temperature. Accounting for the difference in temperature sensitivity also improved the model's accuracy. A model that considers these factors would thus improve prediction accuracy for spikelet sterility due to cool weather.
Assessing Strategies for Orobanche sp. Control Using a Combined Seedbank and Competition Model
Authors: Grenz Jan H. , Manschadi Ahmad M. , DeVoil Peter , Meinke Holger , Sauerborn Joachim
Published: October 2005

Infection with the parasitic weed crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) causes considerable yield losses in legumes grown in Mediterranean climates. Strategies to control the parasite must include the long‐term containment of its soil seedbank. This requires a better understanding of seedbank and competition dynamics. Hence, we built a model of crenate broomrape seedbank dynamics and combined it with a model of broad bean (Vicia faba L.)–crenate broomrape competition within the simulation framework of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM). Parasite seed production is modeled as a function of parasite dry weight, which is an output of the competition model. Newly produced seeds are progressively added to the top‐most of three vertically organized seed classes and vertically redistributed by tillage. Seed viability loss follows negative exponential functions, with the rate of seed decay depending on soil moisture status. Effects of further external factors, such as temperature, are not yet included. Viable parasite seeds present at sowing of a host crop serve as input to the next run of the competition model. We quantified effects of environment, rotation, tillage, hand‐pulling, and combined strategies on parasite seedbank dynamics and broad bean yield through multiseason simulations. Modeled responses compared well with previously reported field observations. Results suggest that only by combining several management approaches, such as delayed sowing, no‐till, and hand‐pulling, can parasite populations be contained.
Yield Forecasting for Olive Trees: A New Approach in a Historical Series (Umbria, Central Italy)
Authors: Fornaciari Marco , Orlandi Fabio , Romano Bruno
Published: October 2005

In recent years, the relationship between flowering and fruit production was studied and evaluated in several wind‐pollinated species. In olive (Olea europaea L.), the pollen‐monitoring technique was introduced to determine pollen indexes as indicators of flowering, evaluating in some cases the predictive role of the variable. Recently, to investigate the reproductive efficiency, the Pollen Index (calculated during the entire flowering period) was replaced by the pollen emissions during the effective pollination period (EPP). In this study, in particular, an EPP elaborated (EPPe) value was derived from the EPP values and the average values of the meteorological variables. The regression analysis, considering winter chill accumulation, summer sums of minimum temperatures, and the EPPe, confirmed the strong relationship among meteorological variables, pollen emission, and final production in our study areas. This study has shown the need to use pollen data obtained from aerobiological monitoring in harvest‐forecasting models in anemophilous plants such as olive. In particular, in the statistical models, pollen provides a synthesis of the historical information of the entire biological‐reproductive cycle of the plant while meteorological trends interpret the incidental phenomena.
Managing Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Canola with Seeding Date, Plant Density, and Seed Treatment
Authors: Dosdall Lloyd M. , Stevenson F. Craig
Published: October 2005

Fall seeding of canola can increase equipment and manpower efficiencies for producers, hasten crop maturity, and improve seed quality, but no previous studies have examined effects of this practice on infestations of flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the major pests of crop seedlings in North America. Field experiments were conducted at Vegreville, Fort Saskatchewan, and Lethbridge, AB, Canada from 1998 through 2000 to determine the effect of fall versus spring seeding of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) on feeding damage by flea beetles. Interactions with seeding rate and seed treatment on flea beetle damage also were investigated. Flea beetle damage was greater on plants of B rapa than B napus, on spring‐seeded canola than on plants seeded in fall, and on plants that developed from seed treated with Vitavax Single (containing carboxin) than on plants treated with Vitavax rs (containing carboxin, thiram, and lindane). Mean flea beetle damage per plant declined with an increase in seeding rate. Canola seeded in fall reached 50% flowering about 10 d earlier than plants seeded in April and about 20 d before plants seeded in May. Fall‐seeded plants matured 5 to 21 d earlier than plants seeded in April and about 10 to 30 d before plants seeded in May. Seeding in fall enabled plants to progress beyond the vulnerable cotyledon stage by the time that most flea beetle injury occurred. Seeding canola in fall, at rates selected to achieve vigorous plant stands, is an important component of an integrated management strategy for flea beetles, with the potential for substantially reducing insecticide use in this crop.
End-User Acceptance of a Learning Management System in Two Hybrid Large-Sized Introductory Undergraduate Courses: A Case Study
Authors: Pan Cheng-Chang “Sam” , Gunter Glenda , Sivo Stephen , Cornell Richard
Published: October 2005

Drawing from the Technology Acceptance Model, this correlational study was intended to determine student users' adoption of WebCT and its relationship to their final grade. In acknowledging the relevance of human-computer interaction, the author attempted to investigate a belief-attitude-behavior relationship in a WebCT setting. Given a social learning approach, two external variables affecting the relationship were taken into account. The qualitative inquiry involved two large-sized undergraduate hybrid courses with a total of 469 students participating. To model both direct and indirect causal effects as well as measurement error, path analysis was conducted, using structural equation modeling. Implications for practitioners and researchers and addressed.
Systemic Model for Examination of Countrywide School Computerization
Authors: Wasserman Egoza , Millgram Yitzchak
Published: October 2005

This article presents a study whose purpose was to examine how the educational system functions following the assimilation of a technological environment and how the relationships between the subsystems are affected and affect each other following this change. The study took place over the course of three years in schools in the State of Israel using questionnaires, observations, case description, and focus groups. This study used the Systemic Control Model (SCM), which provides a system of feedback and control. Through application of the model significant data is received informing one about the progression of the change process while the execution of the stages and various processes are being carried out. The process of introducing the computer as an educational tool into the educational system necessitated the application of two control models: the in-depth control model and the time continuum control model. The in-depth control model examined the various factors that participated in the process and their mutual influence, and the time continuum model received feedback at various points in time. The major conclusion of the study is that the combined activation of both control models is a condition for the success of the assimilation process of any education system change.
French multicentre prospective observational study of laparoscopicversusopen colectomy for sigmoid diverticular disease
Authors:   Association Française de Chirurgie, Alves A , Panis Y , Slim K , Heyd B , Kwiatkowski F , Mantion G
Published: October 2005

Background

The aim of this study was to compare in-hospital morbidity and mortality rates after elective laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery for sigmoid diverticular disease (SDD).

Methods

This prospective national multicentre observational study included all consecutive patients undergoing open or laparoscopic elective colectomy for SDD in a 4-month period between June and September 2002. Postoperative in-hospital mortality and morbidity in the two groups were compared.

Results

Three hundred and thirty-two consecutive patients undergoing either laparoscopic (163 patients) or open (169 patients) colectomy for SDD were analysed. Overall postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 0·3 and 23·8 per cent respectively. The morbidity rate was significantly higher in the open than in the laparoscopic group (P < 0·001), leading to a significantly longer hospital stay (P < 0·001). The morbidity rate remained significantly higher in the open group when the patients were matched for age (P = 0·015) or American Society of Anesthesiologists score (P = 0·028). An open procedure (relative risk (RR) 2·13 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·29 to 3·45)), age over 70 years (RR 1·62 (95 per cent c.i. 1·14 to 2·30)) and intraperitoneal contamination (RR 2·54 (95 per cent c.i. 1·18 to 5·50)) were identified as independent risk factors for morbidity.

Conclusion

A laparoscopic approach to elective treatment of SDD may be associated with reduced postoperative morbidity and hospital stay. A randomized study is required to confirm these results.
Sentinel node detection after preoperative short-course radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma is not reliable
Authors: Braat A E , Oosterhuis J W A , Moll F C P , de Vries J E , Wiggers T
Published: October 2005

Background

Seninel node (SN) detection may be used in patients with colonic carcinoma. However, its use in patients with rectal carcinoma may be unreliable. To address this, SN detection was evaluated in patients with rectal carcinoma after short-course preoperative radiotherapy.

Methods

Patent Blue V (1–2 ml) was injected peritumorally and submucosally directly after total mesorectal excision (TME) in 34 patients. The first one to four blue lymph nodes were categorized as SNs. All lymph nodes (non-SNs and SNs) were examined by conventional haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. If the SN was negative for metastasis, additional sections were immunostained with anticytokeratin CK7/8. In addition, SN detection was performed in 57 patients with colonic carcinoma.

Results

A SN was identified in 26 of 34 patients with rectal carcinoma. In three the SN was the only positive lymph node. There were six false-negative SNs (sensitivity 40 per cent) and two patients were upstaged. By contrast, SN detection was possible in 56 of 57 patient with colonic carcinoma with a sensitivity of 90 per cent, and four patients were upstaged.

Conclusion

The SN procedure for rectal carcinoma is not reliable in combination with TME and preoperative short-course radiotherapy.
Precoagulation minimizes blood loss during standardized hepatic resection in an experimental model
Authors: Fioole B , van der Bilt J D W , Elias S G , de Hoog J , Borel Rinkes I H M
Published: October 2005

Background

Precoagulation of liver tissue before transection is a novel concept in hepatic surgery. Comparative data with conventional techniques are lacking. This study tested the hypothesis that precoagulation results in reduced blood loss during hepatic transection.

Methods

Precoagulation was performed with two different devices, the TissueLink floating ball (group 1) and a dissecting sealer (group 2), and compared with ultrasonic dissection (group 3). For each technique 12 partial liver resections were performed in six pigs. Blood loss per dissection surface area was the main outcome parameter.

Results

The transected surface area was similar in all groups. Animals in groups 1 and 2 had significantly less blood loss than those in group 3 (3·6 and 1·3 versus 11·9 ml/cm2 respectively; P = 0·009 and P = 0·002). One pig in group 1 died as a result of wound dehiscence. In one animal in group 2 a gastric perforation was observed after death. In group 3 bile leakage occurred in two animals, and a large haematoma was observed on the transection surface in one animal after death.

Conclusion

Precoagulation of liver tissue before transection is associated with less blood loss compared with ultrasonic dissection.
Intra-anal and rectal application of l-erythro methoxamine gel increases anal resting pressure in healthy volunteers
Authors: Nisar P J , Gruss H-J , Bush D , Barras N , Acheson A G , Scholefield J H
Published: October 2005

Background

This study examined the effect of a single local application of l-erythro methoxamine, an α1-adrenoceptor agonist, on mean anal resting pressure (MARP) and cardiovascular variables in healthy volunteers.

Methods

l-Erythro methoxamine gel was administered in a single-blind manner; 0·3–3 per cent gels were applied perianally (n = 12), 1–3 per cent gels intra-anally (n = 16) and 1 per cent gel rectally (n = 8). MARP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before application and for up to 6 h afterwards. Blood samples were taken to estimate plasma drug levels.

Results

Perianal gel produced no increase in MARP. Intra-anal 1 per cent and 3 per cent gel produced a significant rapid rise in MARP for 4 and 5 h respectively after application (P = 0·012 and P = 0·017 respectively). Rectal 1 per cent gel increased MARP for 2 h after application (P = 0·036). Intra-anal gel resulted in an increase in systolic blood pressure (1 per cent gel at 2 h, P = 0·042; 3 per cent gel at 4 h, P = 0·017). One per cent intra-anal and rectal gels caused a decrease in the pulse rate for 2 h after application (P = 0·012 and P = 0·018 respectively). Six subjects complained of nausea and three of headache after gel application.

Conclusion

Intra-anal and rectal gel produced a sustained rise in MARP with rapid onset in volunteers. This raises the possibility of a therapeutic application for l-erythro methoxamine in patients with passive incontinence and internal anal sphincter dysfunction.
Proton‐ and Redox‐Controlled Switching of Photo‐ and Electrochemiluminescence in Thiophenyl‐Substituted Boron–Dipyrromethene Dyes
Authors: Röhr Holger , Trieflinger Christian , Rurack Knut , Daub Jörg
Published: October 2005

A luminescent molecular switch in which the active thiol/disulfide switching element is attached to a meso‐phenyl‐substituted boron–dipyrromethene (BDP) chromophore as the signalling unit is presented. The combination of these two functional units offers great versatility for multimodal switching of luminescence: 1) deprotonation/protonation of the thiol/thiolate moiety allows the highly fluorescent meso‐p‐thiophenol‐BDP and its nonfluorescent thiolate analogue to be chemically and reversibly interconverted, 2) electrochemical oxidation of the monomeric dyes yields the fluorescent disulfide‐bridged bichromophoric dimer, also in a fully reversible process, and 3) besides conventional photoexcitation, the well separated redox potentials of the BDP also allow the excited BDP state to be generated electrochemically (i.e., processes 1) and 2) can be employed to control both photo‐ and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the BDP). The paper introduces and characterizes the various states of the switch and discusses the underlying mechanisms. Investigation of the ortho analogue of the dimer provided insight into potential chromophore–chromophore interactions in such bichromophoric architectures in both the ground and the excited state. Comparison of the optical and redox properties of the two disulfide dimers further revealed structural requirements both for redox switches and for ECL‐active molecular ensembles. By employing thiol/disulfide switching chemistry and BDP luminescence features, it was possible to create a prototype molecular ensemble that shows both fully reversible proton‐ and redox‐gated electrochemiluminescence.
Localized unresectable non‐rhabdo soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities in pediatric age
Authors: Cecchetto Giovanni , Alaggio Rita , Dall'Igna Patrizia , Bisogno Gianni , Ferrari Andrea , Gigante Cosimo , Casanova Michela , Sotti Guido , Zanetti Ilaria , Carli Modesto
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

Treatment of initially unresectable nonrhabdo soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) in pediatric age is debated, due to their different chemosensitivity. The authors objective was to evaluate clinical features and treatment results observed in a series of Italian patients over a 24‐year period.

METHODS

Fifty‐two patients age 8–18 years (median 8 years) were observed (1979–2002). Primary sites were on the lower limbs in 41 and on the upper limbs in 11 cases. Clinical TNM and surgical Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Staging systems were adopted. Therapeutic guidelines recommended an initial biopsy plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Aggressive delayed surgery of residual disease, including compartmental resections, was recommended. Radiotherapy was suggested only for patients age > 3 years when surgery was incomplete or not feasible.

RESULTS

The evaluation was performed dividing the patients into two categories according to their chemosensitivity. Chemosensitive (CTs) sarcomas, 21: synovial sarcoma, 11; extraosseous Ewing sarcomas, 5; primitive peripheral neuroectodermic tumors, 5. Nonchemosensitive (CTns) sarcomas, 31: fibrosarcoma, 11; malignant peripheral nerve sheet tumors, 10; liposarcoma, 2; hemangiopericitoma adult type, 2; epithelioid sarcoma, 2; and alveolar soft part sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, clear cell sarcoma, and sarcoma NOS, each 1. Nineteen of 21 patients with CTs‐NRSTS were alive without disease: the 5‐year overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were 94.4% and 79.3%, respectively; 23 of 31 patients with CTns‐NRSTS were alive without disease: 5‐year OS and PFS were 75.3% and 68.3%, respectively. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was complete or partial in 10 of 20 evaluable CTs and in 8 of 26 evaluable CTns tumors. The achievement of complete delayed resection was particularly important for CTns‐NRSTS. Tumor size < 5 cm, distal site, and tumor grading for CTns sarcomas were often linked to a favorable outcome; no conclusive results were detected concerning age of the patients or T status of the tumor.

CONCLUSIONS

Multidisciplinary treatment without mutilating procedures allowed the cure of most patients with CTs and CTns‐NRSTS. Relapses were cured in several cases of CTs tumors, whereas almost all patients with relapsed CTns tumors died due to the high rate of metastatic spread. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A comparison of sequenced individual and group psychotherapy for patients with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Nevonen Lauri , Broberg Anders G.
Published: October 2005

Objective

The current study examined the effectiveness of individual (IND) versus group (GRP) therapy for patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), using a manual of sequenced treatment with cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) followed by interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT).

Method

Eighty‐six participants with BN were matched and randomized to 23 sessions of IND or GRP. Participants were measured pretreatment and posttreatment and at 1‐year and 2.5‐year follow‐ups using both intent‐to‐treat and completer samples.

Results

The intent‐to‐treat analysis revealed that the percentage of participants recovered and remitted was equivalent between IND and GRP. Significant group differences were found between completers on binge eating and compensatory behavior with greater improvement for IND. On most measures, effect sizes were larger for IND at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion

Sequencing CBT and IPT worked well in both IND and GRP formats. We found few outcome differences between IND as opposed to GRP. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk factors and patterns of onset in binge eating disorder
Authors: Manwaring Jamie L. , Hilbert Anja , Wilfley Denise E. , Pike Kathleen M. , Fairburn Christopher G. , Dohm Faith‐Anne , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H.
Published: October 2005

Objective

The current study examined risk factors in women with binge eating disorder (BED) who began binging before dieting (binge‐first [BF]) compared with women with BED who began dieting before binging (diet‐first [DF]). It further aimed to replicate findings regarding eating disorder and general psychopathology among BF versus DF subtypes.

Method

One hundred fifty‐five women with BED completed the Oxford Risk Factor Interview to retrospectively assess risk factors occurring before eating disturbance onset. Clinical interview assessed eating disorder and general psychopathology.

Results

Overall, no significant differences in risk factors emerged between the groups. The BF group had a significantly earlier onset of BED than the DF group. In contradistinction to previous studies, the DF group endorsed more eating disorder psychopathology and lifetime diagnosis of any substance use disorder.

Conclusion

Limited support was seen for different risk factors in BF versus DF women, suggesting similar etiologic pathways in both subtypes. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An update on the definition of “excessive exercise” in eating disorders research
Authors: Mond Jonathan M. , Hay Phillipa J. , Rodgers Bryan , Owen Cathy
Published: October 2005

Objective

The current study informed the definition of “excessive exercise” by examining relations between exercise behavior, eating‐disordered behavior, and quality of life (QOL) in a community sample of women.

Method

Self‐report measures of frequency of exercise, obligatory exercise and motivation for exercise, and of eating disorder psychopathology and QOL, were completed by 3,472 women aged 18–42 years who engaged in regular exercise.

Results

The extent to which exercise is intended to influence weight or shape and the degree to which guilt is experienced when exercise is postphoned were the exercise variables most strongly associated with elevated levels of eating disorder psychopathology and reduced QOL. Subgroups of participants who reported exercising solely for weight and shape reasons (n = 322 [9.3%]), intense guilt after postponement of exercise (n = 136 [3.9%]), or both (n = 116 [3.3%]), had markedly elevated levels of eating disorder psychopathology. There was no association between excessive exercise and reduced QOL after the effects of eating disorder psychopathology were statistically controlled.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that exercise is excessive when its postponement is accompanied by intense guilt or when it is undertaken solely to influence weight or shape. Operational definitions of excessive exercise might usefully include reference to these terms. The findings may also be of benefit in informing the content of prevention programs, which address dysfunctional exercise behavior. Excessive exercise is unlikely to be associated with impairment in psychosocial functioning in the absence of eating disorder psychopathology. It may, however, be a useful indicator of such psychopathology. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Twelve‐year course and outcome predictors of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Fichter Manfred M. , Quadflieg Norbert , Hedlund Susanne
Published: October 2005

Objective

The current study presents the long‐term course of anorexia nervosa (AN) over 12 years in a large sample of 103 patients diagnosed according to criteria in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV).

Method

Assessments were made at the beginning of therapy, at the end of therapy, at the 2‐year follow‐up, at the 6‐year follow‐up, and at the 12‐year follow‐up. Self‐rating and an expert‐rating interview data were obtained.

Results

The participation rate at the 12‐year follow‐up was 88% of those alive. There was substantial improvement during therapy, a moderate (in many instances nonsignificant) decline during the first 2 years posttreatment, and further improvement from 3 to 12 years posttreatment. Based on a global 12‐year outcome score, 27.5% had a good outcome, 25.3% an intermediate outcome, 39.6% had a poor outcome, and 7 (7.7%) were deceased. At the 12‐year follow‐up 19.0% had AN, 9.5% had bulimia nervosa‐purging type (BN‐P), 19.0% were classified as eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). A total of 52.4% showed no major DSM‐IV eating disorder and 0% had binge eating disorder (BED). Systematic—strictly empirically based—model building resulted in a parsimonious model including four predictors of unfavorable 12‐year outcome explaining 45% of the variance, that is, sexual problems, impulsivity, long duration of inpatient treatment, and long duration of an eating disorder.

Conclusion

Mortality was high and symptomatic recovery protracted. Impulsivity, symptom severity, and chronicity were the important factors for predicting the 12‐year outcome. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overeating among seriously overweight children seeking treatment: Results of the children's eating disorder examination
Authors: Levine Michele D. , Ringham Rebecca M. , Kalarchian Melissa A. , Wisniewski Lucene , Marcus Marsha D.
Published: October 2005

Objective

We sought to examine rates of eating disorder symptoms among seriously overweight children seeking treatment using the Eating Disorder Examination for Children (ChEDE) and to provide initial data about their association with treatment outcome.

Method

Overweight children (N = 27) 8–13 years old were interviewed using the ChEDE before participating in a family‐based behavioral treatment program. Height and weight were measured pretreatment, posttreatment, and approximately 8 months posttreatment.

Results

Fifteen percent of children reported subjective bulimic episodes (SBE). Weight loss did not differ for children with and without SBEs, but concerns about body shape were related to larger weight losses during treatment.

Conclusion

A considerable minority of treatment‐seeking overweight children report an episodic sense of loss of control over eating. Loss of control is related to other disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, but does not appear to affect treatment outcome. Future studies are needed to replicate these initial findings. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of 3D Dandelions and 2D Nanowalls of Copper Phosphate Dihydrate on a Copper Surface and Their Conversion into a Nanoporous CuO Film
Authors: Wu Xufeng , Shi Gaoquan , Wang Shibin , Wu Peiyi
Published: October 2005

3D dandelion‐like porous nanostructures and 2D nanowalls of copper phosphate dihydrate built up of thin nanosheets have been synthesized simply by corrosion of a copper foil with aqueous phosphoric acid under mild conditions. The composition of the nanostructures has been confirmed by XRD, ICP‐AES, and Raman spectroscopy. Controlling the initial concentration of the acid and the conditions of drop drying allows control of the morphology of the nanostructures. The phosphate nanostructures can be converted into nanoporous CuO films by pyrolysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Influence of Solvent on Ligand‐Substitution Reactions of PtII Complexes as Function of the ‐Acceptor Properties of the Spectator Chelate
Authors: Weber Christian F. , van Eldik Rudi
Published: October 2005

A detailed kinetic study of the substitution reactions of [PtII(L3)Cl]+ complexes, where L3 represents a tridentate N‐donor chelate which contains different numbers of π‐acceptor pyridine units, with thiourea as a function of nucleophile concentration, temperature and pressure was undertaken in a series of solvents of different polarity, viz. 1‐pentanol, 1‐propanol, ethanol, methanol and water. The substitution behaviour of [Pt(diethylenetriamine)Cl]+ (aaa), [Pt{2,6‐bis(aminomethyl)pyridine}Cl]+ (apa), [Pt{bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine}Cl]+ (pap) and [Pt(terpy)Cl]+ (ppp) was studied in the selected solvents. In the case of alcoholic solutions, an increase in the substitution rate with increasing length of the carbon chain was observed, which is ascribed to the possible role of van der Waals forces in stabilizing the transition state. In the case of methanol and water as solvent, the second‐order rate constants correlate with the polarity of the solvent. The activation parameters for the substitution of the aaa, apa, pap, and ppp complexes in methanol and water were determined, from which evidence for an associative mechanism was obtained. The introduction of π‐acceptor ligands leads to a higher electrophilicity of the platinum(II) centre and consequently a higher lability of the complex. The reactivity of the complexes is controlled by a combination of solvent and π‐acceptor effects. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Keyed permutations for fast data scrambling
Authors: Bagini Vittorio , Morgari Guglielmo
Published: October 2005

The hardware design of key‐controlled networks that uniformly generate sets of permutations of any even number of inputs is studied. A model is developed in which a necessary and sufficient condition to obtain a one‐to‐one correspondence between key values and permutations is found. Furthermore the network depth corresponding to the maximum key length matching the condition is determined. An algorithm for designing networks with the stated properties is given and a generalisation to any odd number of inputs is obtained. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
Simulation of viscous water column collapse using adapting hierarchical grids
Authors: Greaves Deborah M.
Published: October 2005

An adaptive hierarchical grid‐based method for predicting complex free surface flows is used to simulate collapse of a water column. Adapting quadtree grids are combined with a high‐resolution interface‐capturing approach and pressure‐based coupling of the Navier–Stokes equations. The Navier–Stokes flow solution scheme is verified for simulation of flow in a lid‐driven cavity at Re=1000. Two approaches to the coupling of the Navier–Stokes equations are investigated as are alternative face velocity and hanging node interpolations. Collapse of a water column as well as collapse of a water column and its subsequent interaction with an obstacle are simulated. The calculations are made on uniform and adapting quadtree grids, and the accuracy of the quadtree calculations is shown to be the same as those made on the equivalent uniform grids. Results are in excellent agreement with experimental and other numerical data. A sharp interface is maintained at the free surface. The new adapting quadtree‐based method achieves a considerable saving in the size of the computational grid and CPU time in comparison with calculations made on equivalent uniform grids. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational modelling of variably saturated flow in porous media with complex three‐dimensional geometries
Authors: McBride D. , Cross M. , Croft N. , Bennett C. , Gebhardt J.
Published: October 2005

A computational procedure is presented for solving complex variably saturated flows in porous media, that may easily be implemented into existing conventional finite‐volume‐based computational fluid dynamics codes, so that their functionality might be geared upon to readily enable the modelling of a complex suite of interacting fluid, thermal and chemical reaction process physics. This procedure has been integrated within a multi‐physics finite volume unstructured mesh framework, allowing arbitrarily complex three‐dimensional geometries to be modelled. The model is particularly targeted at ore heap‐leaching processes, which encounter complex flow problems, such as infiltration into dry soil, drainage, perched water tables and flow through heterogeneous materials, but is equally applicable to any process involving flow through porous media, such as in environmental recovery processes. The computational procedure is based on the mixed form of the classical Richards equation, employing an adaptive transformed mixed algorithm that is numerically robust and significantly reduces compute (or CPU) time. The computational procedure isaccurate(compares well with other methods and analytical data),comprehensive(representing any kind of porous flow model), and iscomputationallyefficient. As such, this procedure provides a suitable basis for the implementation of large‐scale industrial heap‐leach models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the construct validity of willingness to pay valuations using objective information about risk and health benefit
Authors: Philips Zoë , Whynes David K. , Avis Mark
Published: October 2005

This paper describes an experiment to test the construct validity of contingent valuation, by eliciting women's valuations for the NHS cervical cancer screening programme. It is known that, owing to low levels of knowledge of cancer and screening in the general population, women both over‐estimate the risk of disease and the efficacy of screening. The study is constructed as a randomised experiment, in which one group is provided with accurate information about cervical cancer screening, whilst the other is not. The first hypothesis supporting construct validity, that controls who perceive greater benefits from screening will offer higher valuations, is substantiated. Both groups are then provided with objective information on an improvement to the screening programme, and are asked to value the improvement as an increment to their original valuations. The second hypothesis supporting construct validity, that controls who perceive the benefits of the programme to be high already will offer lower incremental valuations, is also substantiated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HCV-Associated B Cell Clonalities in the Liver Do Not Carry the t(14;18) Chromosomal Translocation *
Authors: Sansonno Domenico , Tucci Felicia Anna , De Re Valli , Lauletta Gianfranco , Montrone Michele , Libra Massimo , Dammacco Franco
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Infection with HCV can be associated with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification assays for

Bcl-2

/IgH rearrangement were performed on nucleic acids extracted from portal tract inflammatory infiltrates, isolated with laser capture microdissection (LCM), from liver biopsy sections of 16 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with and without extrahepatic B cell–related disorders. Results were compared with total DNA extracted from core liver biopsy specimens and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We failed to demonstrate specific

Bcl-2

/IgH amplicons either in liver tissue or in PBMCs in all patients of the current series. Multiple PCR assays for variable diversity joining (VDJ) IgH gene rearrangements were also performed in the liver compartment. Selective amplification compatible with mono or oligoclonal B cell clonotypes was demonstrated in 80% (6/8) and 25% (2/8) of patients with and without clinical evidence of B-cell disorders. VH1 and VH3 were the most represented VH families.

In situ

expression of Bcl-2 protein was carried out by immunohistochemistry on liver biopsy sections. Bcl-2 protein was detected in 2 (12.5%) patients who did not associate extrahepatic disorders.
In conclusion
, current data support the concept that production of IgH gene rearrangements is not associated with

Bcl-2

/IgH chromosomal translocation in hepatic compartment. Liver overexpression of Bcl-2 protein may occur in at least a minor proportion of HCV-infected patients. (Hepatology 2005.)
Antidepressants and their effect on sleep
Authors: Mayers Andrew G. , Baldwin David S.
Published: October 2005

Given the relationship between sleep and depression, there is inevitably going to be an effect of antidepressants on sleep. Current evidence suggests that this effect depends on the class of antidepressant used and the dosage. The extent of variation between the effects of antidepressants and sleep may relate to their mechanism of action. This systematic review examines randomised‐controlled trials (RCTs) that have reported the effect that antidepressants appear to have on sleep. RCTs are not restricted to depressed populations, since several studies provide useful information about the effects on sleep in other groups. Nevertheless, the distinction is made between those studies because the participant's health may influence the baseline sleep profiles and the effect of the antidepressant. Insomnia is often seen with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), with all tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) except amitriptyline, and all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with venlafaxine and moclobemide as well. Sedation has been reported with all TCAs except desipramine, with mirtazapine and nefazodone, the TCA‐related maprotiline, trazodone and mianserin, and with all MAOIs. REM sleep suppression has been observed with all TCAs except trimipramine, but especially clomipramine, with all MAOIs and SSRIs and with venlafaxine, trazodone and bupropion. However, the effect on sleep varies between compounds within antidepressant classes, differences relating to the amount of sedative or alerting (insomnia) effects, changes to baseline sleep parameters, differences relating to REM sleep, and the degree of sleep‐related side effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer incidence of persons with down syndrome in Finland: A population‐based study
Authors: Patja Kristiina , Pukkala Eero , Sund Reijo , Iivanainen Matti , Kaski Markus
Published: October 2005

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a predisposition to leukaemia and testicular cancer, but data on the incidence of cancers are yet sparse. A cohort of 3,581 persons with DS was identified from a National Registry of Finnish persons with intellectual disability collected between 1978 and 1986 and followed‐up for cancer incidence until 2002. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were defined as ratios of observed number of cancer cases to those expected from the national cancer incidence rates, by age and sex. The overall cancer risk was equal to that of the general population, but a significantly high risk of leukaemia (SIR 10.5, CI 95% 6.6–15.8) and testicular cancer (SIR4.8, CI 95% 1.8–10.4) was found. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of race and baseline PSA on longitudinal PSA
Authors: McGreevy Katharine , Rodgers Keith , Lipsitz Stuart , Bissada Nabil , Hoel David
Published: October 2005

There is an increasing debate regarding the frequency of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing and the current primary screening modality used to detect prostate cancer. The purpose of this study is to determine whether PSA screening intervals should be based on initial PSA. Our study explores longitudinal changes of PSA levels in black and white males separately. Study participants were 768 white and 450 black males attending an annual prostate cancer screening. We fit a longitudinal repeated measures model separately for blacks and whites and estimated the probability of PSA converting to greater than 4.0 ng/ml at a follow‐up year given baseline PSA range among males without an abnormal DRE. Black and white males with a baseline PSA between 0 and 1.0 ng/ml, with a healthy or enlarged prostate, have a less than 1% chance that their PSA will increase above 4.0 ng/ml over the following 5 years. Black and white males with a PSA between 1.0 and 1.9 ng/ml have a less than 1% chance of PSA conversion to greater than 4.0 ng/ml over the next year. Our findings further support that annual screening for prostate cancer may not be necessary, specifically males with a baseline PSA less than 2.0 may not need to undergo annual screening. Our results suggest that race does not affect the longitudinal trend of PSA enough to warrant setting screening intervals based on race. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thyroid hormone receptor β1 in normal colon and colorectal cancer–association with differentiation, polypoid growth type and K‐ras mutations
Authors: Hörkkö Tuomo T. , Tuppurainen Karoliina , George Susannah M. , Jernvall Petra , Karttunen Tuomo J. , Mäkinen Markus J.
Published: October 2005

The precursors for colorectal cancer include polypoid (conventional), flat and serrated adenomas. Polypoid growth in polypoid adenomas and serrated adenomas is associated with K‐ras mutations. The regulation of polypoid or nonpolypoid growth is not well known, but could be related to trophic stimuli, such as thyroid hormones. Hence, we investigated the expression pattern of thyroid hormone receptor TRβ1 in colorectal mucosa and in colorectal tumours and its relationship to tumour growth type. One hundred fourteen colorectal carcinoma specimens were evaluated for TRβ1. Normal mucosa, adjacent adenomatous component (N = 46) and lymph node metastases (N = 28) were analysed when present, and the results were confirmed by Western blot analysis in selected cases. Nuclear TRβ1 was almost always present in normal epithelium (96%), but less frequent in adenomas (83%) and in cancer (68%; p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). TRβ1 was associated with polypoid growth, presence of K‐ras mutations and also with a higher WHO histological grade and advanced Dukes' stage. Cytoplasmic expression of TRβ1 was observed in nonneoplastic and neoplastic epithelium. In Western blot analysis, a 58 kDa band corresponding to TRβ1 was expressed in normal mucosa and in colorectal cancer specimens with positive immunohistochemistry. Association of TRβ1 expression with growth pattern and the presence of K‐ras mutations suggest that abnormalities in thyroid hormone signalling involving TRβ1 play a role in the development of some types of colorectal adenocarcinomas. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between genetic alterations and prognosis in sporadic colorectal cancer
Authors: Chang Shih‐Ching , Lin Jen‐Kou , Yang Shung Haur , Wang Huann‐Sheng , Li Anna Fen‐Yau , Chi Chin‐Wen
Published: October 2005

Because chromosomal chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI) are important genetic alterations in colorectal cancers, we classified the sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC) on the status of the CIN and MSI and explored their molecular profiles. A total of 213 colorectal tumors were collected for analysis of DNA ploidy, MSI, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), mutation of p53 (exons 5 to 9), Ki‐ras (exons 1 and 2) and BRAF (V599E). Relationships between clinicopathological variables and molecular analyses were analyzed with the χ2 test (Yates' correction). Kaplan–Meier survival curves were compared using log‐rank test. Variables with p < 0.1 were entered into the Cox regression hazard model for multivariate analysis. High microsatellite instability (MSI‐H) existed in 19 tumors (8.9%), which were more likely to be right‐sided (31.6%) with poor differentiation (26.3%). Seventy‐one (33.3%) tumors were diploid and 142 (66.7%) were aneuploid. Mutations in p53, Ki‐ras and BRAF were found in 45.1%, 41.8% and 4.2% of tumors, respectively. Based on MSI, and CIN, 3 classes were defined: (i) High microsatellite instability MSI‐H tumors: young age, high carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, right colon, poorly differentiated, mucin production, high BRAF mutation, lower allelic loss and relatively good prognosis; (ii) Microsatellite stability (MSS) diploid tumors: right colon, poorly differentiated, less infiltrative tumor, mucin production, lower allelic loss and low p53, BRAF mutation; (iii) MSS aneuploid tumors: more infiltrative invasion, greater allelic loss and high p53 mutation. According to multivariate analysis, tumor stage and p53 mutation were significantly associated with disease progression. The MSS diploid and MSS aneuploid CRCs could be subtyped with p53 mutation and had different prognostic outcome and molecular profiles. The 4‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) of patients with MSS‐diploid, wild‐type p53 tumors was 67% and significantly higher than those of patients with MSS‐diploid, mutant p53 CRC (30%, p = 0.003). The same trend was found in patients with MSS‐aneuploid CRC(wild p53 vs. mutant p53, 64% vs. 41%, p = 0.009). We concluded that CIN, MSI and p53 mutation status might be used as a multiple parameter profile for the prognosis of sporadic colorectal cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.