bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Pseudohalide CN− a Real Halide? A General Symmetry Consideration
Authors: Qin Zhengbo
Published: June 2023

Recently, in light of the significant attention devoted to pseudohalide CN− and cyano radical CN physico-chemical property studies and superhalide behavior exploration in CN−-ligated metal compounds, the photoelectron angular distribution nature of pseudohalide CN− has been directly demonstrated via the photoelectron velocity map imaging technique to be comparable to Cl−. For the halide Cl−, photoelectrons were observed at 266 nm (4.66 eV) to peak, perpendicular to the laser polarization associated with the detachment of p-orbital symmetry. For the analogous pseudohalide CN−, photoelectrons were present at a peak in laser polarization at 266 nm, which can be explained as detachment from mainly atomic s-like orbital symmetry. Although both are often regarded as having the same high electron affinity and similarly strong chemical bonding capabilities to stabilize complexes, their photoelectron angular distributions are distinctly different, which indicates their intrinsically different electronic–structure symmetry (HOMO nature). The approach based on symmetry consideration in this work could be utilized to explain the photoelectron angular distributions of pseudohalide and classic halide ligands via the advanced photoelectron velocity map imaging tool.
Analysis of Results of Digital Electroencephalography and Digital Vectors of Coronavirus Images upon Applying the Theory of Covariance Functions
Authors: Skeivalas Jonas , Paršeliūnas Eimuntas , Paršeliūnas Audrius , Šlikas Dominykas
Published: June 2023

This paper analyses the structures of covariance functions of digital electroencephalography measurement vectors and digital vectors of two coronavirus images. For this research, we used the measurement results of 30-channel electroencephalography (E1–E30) and digital vectors of images of two SARS-CoV-2 variants (cor2 and cor4), where the magnitudes of intensity of the electroencephalography parameters and the parameters of the digital images of coronaviruses were encoded. The estimators of cross-covariance functions of the digital electroencephalography measurements’ vectors and the digital vectors of the coronavirus images and the estimators of auto-covariance functions of separate vectors were derived by applying random functions constructed according to the vectors’ parameter measurement data files. The estimators of covariance functions were derived by changing the values of the quantised interval k on the time and image pixel scales. The symmetric matrices of correlation coefficients were calculated to estimate the level of dependencies between the electroencephalography measurement results’ vectors and the digital vectors of the coronavirus images. The graphical images of the normalised cross-covariance functions for the electroencephalography measurement results’ vectors and the digital vectors of the coronavirus images within the period of all measurements are asymmetric. For all calculations, a computer program was developed by applying a package of Matlab procedures. A probabilistic interdependence between the results of the electroencephalography measurements and the parameters of the coronavirus vectors, as well as their variation on the time and image pixel scales, was established.
A Study on the Various Aspects of Bounce Realisation for Some Choices of Scale Factors
Authors: Saha Sanghati , Güdekli Ertan , Chattopadhyay Surajit
Published: June 2023

The current study examines the realisation of cosmic bounce in two situations involving two distinct scale factor selections, one of which is a scale factor already developed for bouncing and the other of which is a scale factor created by truncating a series expansion of a de Sitter scale factor. Generalized Chaplygin gas (GCG) is assumed to be the background fluid in both situations. When the scale factor is set to the first kind, the pre-bounce scenario’s GCG energy density decreases due to contraction, reaches its lowest point at t=0 during the bounce, and then rises as a result of expansion following the bounce. However, it is noted that the truncation has an impact on the density evolution from pre-bounce in the other scale factor scenario. The influence of bulk viscosity is shown in all circumstances, in addition to the influence of non-viscosity, and the test for stability makes use of the squared speed of sound. At the turn-around places, the null energy criterion is also violated. The final stage of the study includes a cosmographic analysis and a demonstration of the Hubble flow dynamics. In conclusion, we find that inflationary cosmology can also be realized with GCG as the background fluid for two-scale factor options. When the equivalent cosmic parameter is examined for pre-bounce and post-bounce scenarios, a symmetry is frequently seen. The symmetry occurs near the point of bouncing or turning.
Modeling and Improving the Efficiency of Crushing Equipment
Authors: Vasilyeva Natalia , Golyshevskaia Uliana , Sniatkova Aleksandra
Published: June 2023

Over the last few decades, the demand for energy-efficient mineral-processing methods has continued. The necessity to develop energy-efficient technologies for the mineral industry will increase in the future, considering the exhaustion of high-quality resources and severe environmental limitations. The subject of this study is crushing equipment. It is a complex of units designed to reduce the fraction of ore and non-metallic solid materials. It is also designed to make them more symmetrical in order to facilitate their transport and later use in production. Thus, the urgency of using crushers in mining and processing plants is clear, so it is relevant to find ways to optimize their operation and reduce energy consumption. This article presents a systematic review of the task of improving the energy efficiency of crushing units. This is achieved by studying modelling methods and results, the automation of crushing and grinding processes, and the wear reduction of crusher components. On the grounds of the reviewed sources, the main methods of increasing the efficiency of crushing units are identified. A mathematical model of the cone crusher was designed. The simulation error is less than 6%. A simulation experiment was carried out on the mathematical model. The dependences of the current and power of the crusher electric drive on the feeder capacity are determined; the graphs have a symmetrical position relative to the approximating curve (R2 ≈ 0.9).
The Results of Common Fixed Points in b-Metric Spaces
Authors: Aranđelović Ivan D. , Mitrović Zoran D. , Aloqaily Ahmad , Mlaiki Nabil
Published: June 2023

In this paper, we present some results on the existence and uniqueness of common fixed points on d*-complete topological spaces. Our results generalize and improve upon earlier results in the literature. Finally, we give some examples in lp spaces, (p∈(0,1)), where we use the obtained results.
Modernizing the Legacy Healthcare System to Decentralize Platform Using Blockchain Technology
Authors: Aljaloud Abdulaziz , Razzaq Abdul
Published: June 2023

The use of blockchain technology is expanding in various industries, including finance, supply chain management, food, energy, IoT, and healthcare. The article aims to address the challenges of complex medical procedures, large-scale medical data management, and cost optimization in the healthcare industry. By employing blockchain technology, the article aims to enhance data security and privacy while ensuring the integrity and efficiency of the healthcare system. This article focuses on the application of blockchain technology in the healthcare system by reviewing the existing literature and proposing multiple workflows for better data management. These workflows were implemented using the Ethereum blockchain platform and involve complex medical procedures such as surgery and clinical trials, as well as managing a large amount of medical data. The feasibility of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of associated costs, and a model-driven engineering approach is used to recover the architecture of traditional healthcare systems. The aim is to provide stakeholders in the healthcare system with better healthcare services and cost optimization. The solution being proposed automates interactions between different parties involved. Smart contracts were created using Solidity language, and their functions were tested using the Remix IDE. This paper illustrates that our smart contract code was designed to avoid common security vulnerabilities and attacks. To test the framework, a prototype of the smart contract was deployed on an Ethereum TESTNET blockchain in a Windows environment. This study found that the proposed approach is both practical and efficient.
Self-Directed and Self-Designed Learning: Integrating Imperative Topics in the Case of COVID-19
Authors: Ebrahimi Alireza
Published: June 2023

Self-directed learning and self-design became unexpectedly popular and common during the COVID-19 era. Learners are encouraged to take charge of their learning and, often the opportunity to independently design their learning experience. This research illustrates the use of technology in teaching and learning technology with a central theme of promoting self-directed learning with engaging self-design for both educators and learners. The technology used includes existing tools such as web page design, Learning Management Systems (LMS), project management tools, and basic programming foundations and concepts of big data and databases. In addition, end-users and developers can create their own tools with simple coding. Planning techniques, such as Visual Plan Construct Language with its embedded AI, are used to integrate course material and rubrics with time management. Educators may use project management tools instead. The research proposes a self-directed paradigm with self-designed resources using the existing technology with LMS modules, discussions, and self-tests. The research establishes its criteria for ensuring the quality of content and design, known as 7x2C. Additionally, other criteria for analysis, such as Design Thinking, are included. The approach is examined for a technology-based business course in creating an experiential learning system for COVID-19 awareness. Likewise, among other projects, an environment for educating learners about diabetes and obesity has been designed. The project is known as Sunchoke, which has a theme of Grow, Eat, and Heal. Educators can use their own content and rubrics to adapt this approach to their own customized teaching methods.
Toxicokinetics of Deoxynivalenol in Dezhou Male Donkeys after Oral Administration
Authors: Kang Ruifen , Qu Honglei , Guo Yanxin , Ji Chuanliang , Cheng Jie , Wang Yantao , Huang Shimeng , Zhao Lihong , Ji Cheng , Ma Qiugang
Published: June 2023

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is detected in different types of foods and feeds, inducing toxicity in humans and animals. After entering the organism, DON first appears in the plasma; then, it is rapidly absorbed and distributed in various organs and tends to accumulate in the body to exert its toxic effects. This study was performed to investigate the toxicokinetics of DON on Dezhou male donkeys after a single oral dose of 500 μg/kg·BW (body weight). The plasma of donkeys was collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after administration, and the feces and urine were collected at 0 h and at 6 h intervals up to 24 h, followed by 4 h intervals up to 120 h. The concentrations of DON in plasma, urine and feces were determined by HPLC. The peak concentration of DON in plasma was 174.30 μg/L, which occurred at 1.07 h after oral gavage. The recovery of unchanged DON in urine and feces amounted to 19.98% and 6.74%, respectively. Overall, DON was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated in donkeys within 120 h following a single oral dose, which can lead to DON accumulation in the body if ingested for a long time.
Genetic Diversity of Rotaviruses Circulating in Pediatric Patients and Domestic Animals in Thailand
Authors: Jampanil Nutthawadee , Kumthip Kattareeya , Maneekarn Niwat , Khamrin Pattara
Published: June 2023

Rotavirus A is a highly contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans and a wide variety of animals. In this review, we summarized the information on rotavirus described in the studies in the last decade (2008 to 2021) in Thailand, including the prevalence, seasonality, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmission. The overall prevalence of rotavirus infection in humans ranged from 15–33%. Rotavirus infection was detected throughout the year and most frequently in the dry and cold months, typically in March. The diversity of rotavirus genotypes varied year to year and from region to region. From 2008 to 2016, rotavirus G1P[8] was detected as the most predominant genotype in Thailand. After 2016, G1P[8] decreased significantly and other genotypes including G3P[8], G8P[8], and G9P[8] were increasingly detected from 2016 to 2020. Several uncommon rotavirus strains such as G1P[6], G4P[6], and G3P[10] have also been occasionally detected. In addition, most studies on rotavirus A infection in animals in Thailand from 2011 to 2021 reported the detection of rotavirus A in piglets and canine species. It was reported that rotavirus could cross the host species barrier between humans and animals through interspecies transmission and genetic reassortment mechanisms. The surveillance of rotavirus infection is crucial to identify the trend of rotavirus infection and the emergence of novel rotavirus genotypes in this country. The data provide information on rotavirus infection and the diversity of rotavirus genotypes circulating in the pre-vaccination period, and the data will be useful for the evaluation of the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine implementation in Thailand.
Equine Polyclonal Antibodies Prevent Acute Chikungunya Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Barker Douglas , Han Xiaobing , Wang Eryu , Dagley Ashley , Anderson Deborah M. , Jha Aruni , Weaver Scott C. , Julander Justin , Nykiforuk Cory , Kodihalli Shantha
Published: June 2023

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen that causes chikungunya disease (CHIK); the disease is characterized by fever, muscle ache, rash, and arthralgia. This arthralgia can be debilitating and long-lasting, seriously impacting quality of life for years. Currently, there is no specific therapy available for CHIKV infection. We have developed a despeciated equine polyclonal antibody (CHIKV-EIG) treatment against CHIKV and evaluated its protective efficacy in mouse models of CHIKV infection. In immunocompromised (IFNAR−/−) mice infected with CHIKV, daily treatment for five consecutive days with CHIKV-EIG administered at 100 mg/kg starting on the day of infection prevented mortality, reduced viremia, and improved clinical condition as measured by body weight loss. These beneficial effects were seen even when treatment was delayed to 1 day after infection. In immunocompetent mice, CHIKV-EIG treatment reduced virus induced arthritis (including footpad swelling), arthralgia-associated cytokines, viremia, and tissue virus loads in a dose-dependent fashion. Collectively, these results suggest that CHIKV-EIG is effective at preventing CHIK and could be a viable candidate for further development as a treatment for human disease.
The 2022 West Nile Virus Season in Greece; A Quite Intense Season
Authors: Pervanidou Danai , Kefaloudi Chrysovaladou Niki , Vakali Anna , Tsakalidou Ourania , Karatheodorou Myrsini , Tsioka Katerina , Evangelidou Maria , Mellou Kassiani , Pappa Styliani , Stoikou Konstantina , Bakaloudi Vasiliki , Koliopoulos George , Stamoulis Kostas , Patsoula Eleni , Politis Constantina , Hadjichristodoulou Christos , Papa Anna
Published: June 2023

Since 2010, the West Nile virus (WNV) has been established in Greece. We describe the epidemiology of diagnosed human WNV infections in Greece with a focus on the 2022 season. During the transmission period, clinicians were sending samples from suspected cases for testing. Active laboratory-based surveillance was performed with immediate notification of diagnosed cases. We collected clinical information and interviewed patients on a timely basis to identify their place of exposure. Besides serological and molecular diagnostic methods, next-generation sequencing was also performed. In 2022, 286 cases of WNV infection were diagnosed, including 278 symptomatic cases and 184 (64%) cases with neuroinvasive disease (WNND); 33 patients died. This was the third most intense season concerning the number of WNND cases, following 2018 and 2010. Most (96%) cases were recorded in two regions, in northern and central Greece. The virus strain was a variant of previous years, clustering into the Central European subclade of WNV lineage 2. The 2022 WNV season was quite intense in Greece. The prompt diagnosis and investigation of cases are considered pivotal for the timely response, while the availability of whole genome sequences enables studies on the molecular epidemiology of the disease.
Fucose Binding Cancels out Mechanical Differences between Distinct Human Noroviruses
Authors: Feng Yuzhen , Pogan Ronja , Thiede Lars , Müller-Guhl Jürgen , Uetrecht Charlotte , Roos Wouter H.
Published: June 2023

The majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans and livestock is caused by noroviruses. Like most RNA viruses, frequent mutations result in various norovirus variants. The strain-dependent binding profiles of noroviruses to fucose are supposed to facilitate norovirus infection. It remains unclear, however, what the molecular mechanism behind strain-dependent functioning is. In this study, by applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation technology, we studied norovirus-like particles (noroVLPs) of three distinct human norovirus variants. We found differences in viral mechanical properties even between the norovirus variants from the same genogroup. The noroVLPs were then subjected to fucose treatment. Surprisingly, after fucose treatment, the previously found considerable differences in viral mechanical properties among these variants were diminished. We attribute a dynamic switch of the norovirus P domain upon fucose binding to the reduced differences in viral mechanical properties across the tested norovirus variants. These findings shed light on the mechanisms used by norovirus capsids to adapt to environmental changes and, possibly, increase cell infection. Hereby, a new step towards connecting viral mechanical properties to viral prevalence is taken.
A Trivalent HSV-2 gC2, gD2, gE2 Nucleoside-Modified mRNA-LNP Vaccine Provides Outstanding Protection in Mice against Genital and Non-Genital HSV-1 Infection, Comparable to the Same Antigens Derived from HSV-1
Authors: Egan Kevin P. , Awasthi Sita , Tebaldi Giulia , Hook Lauren M. , Naughton Alexis M. , Fowler Bernard T. , Beattie Mitchell , Alameh Mohamad-Gabriel , Weissman Drew , Cohen Gary H. , Friedman Harvey M.
Published: June 2023

HSV-1 disease is a significant public health burden causing orofacial, genital, cornea, and brain infection. We previously reported that a trivalent HSV-2 gC2, gD2, gE2 nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine provides excellent protection against vaginal HSV-1 infection in mice. Here, we evaluated whether this HSV-2 gC2, gD2, gE2 vaccine is as effective as a similar HSV-1 mRNA LNP vaccine containing gC1, gD1, and gE1 in the murine lip and genital infection models. Mice were immunized twice with a total mRNA dose of 1 or 10 µg. The two vaccines produced comparable HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titers, and surprisingly, the HSV-2 vaccine stimulated more potent CD8+ T-cell responses to gE1 peptides than the HSV-1 vaccine. Both vaccines provided complete protection from clinical disease in the lip model, while in the genital model, both vaccines prevented death and genital disease, but the HSV-1 vaccine reduced day two vaginal titers slightly better at the 1 µg dose. Both vaccines prevented HSV-1 DNA from reaching the trigeminal or dorsal root ganglia to a similar extent. We conclude that the trivalent HSV-2 mRNA vaccine provides outstanding protection against HSV-1 challenge at two sites and may serve as a universal prophylactic vaccine for HSV-1 and HSV-2.
New Bacteriophages with Podoviridal Morphotypes Active against Yersinia pestis: Characterization and Application Potential
Authors: Suladze Tamar , Jaiani Ekaterine , Darsavelidze Marina , Elizbarashvili Maia , Gorge Olivier , Kusradze Ia , Kokashvili Tamar , Lashkhi Nino , Tsertsvadze George , Janelidze Nino , Chubinidze Svetlana , Grdzelidze Marina , Tsanava Shota , Valade Eric , Tediashvili Marina
Published: June 2023

Phages of highly pathogenic bacteria represent an area of growing interest for bacterial detection and identification and subspecies typing, as well as for phage therapy and environmental decontamination. Eight new phages—YpEc56, YpEc56D, YpEc57, YpEe58, YpEc1, YpEc2, YpEc11, and YpYeO9—expressing lytic activity towards Yersinia pestis revealed a virion morphology consistent with the Podoviridae morphotype. These phages lyse all 68 strains from 2 different sets of Y. pestis isolates, thus limiting their potential application for subtyping of Y. pestis strains but making them rather promising in terms of infection control. Two phages—YpYeO9 and YpEc11—were selected for detailed studies based on their source of isolation and lytic cross activity towards other Enterobacteriaceae. The full genome sequencing demonstrated the virulent nature of new phages. Phage YpYeO9 was identified as a member of the Teseptimavirus genus and YpEc11 was identified as a member of the Helsettvirus genus, thereby representing new species. A bacterial challenge assay in liquid microcosm with a YpYeO9/YpEc11 phage mixture showed elimination of Y. pestis EV76 during 4 h at a P/B ratio of 1000:1. These results, in combination with high lysis stability results of phages in liquid culture, the low frequency of formation of phage resistant mutants, and their viability under different physical–chemical factors indicate their potential for their practical use as an antibacterial mean.
Bacteriophage-Associated Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Brazilian Poultry
Authors: Pilati Giulia Von Tönnemann , Cadamuro Rafael Dorighello , Filho Vilmar Benetti , Dahmer Mariane , Elois Mariana Alves , Savi Beatriz Pereira , Salles Gleidson Biasi Carvalho , Muniz Eduardo Correa , Fongaro Gislaine
Published: June 2023

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by Escherichia coli and remains a major concern in poultry production, as it leads to significant economic losses due to carcass condemnation and clinical symptoms. The development of antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem of worldwide concern. Lysogenic bacteriophages are effective vectors for acquiring and disseminating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The aim of this study was to investigate the complete genome of Escherichia coli isolates from the femurs of Brazilian broiler chickens in order to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes associated with bacteriophages. Samples were collected between August and November 2021 from broiler batches from six Brazilian states. Through whole genome sequencing (WGS), data obtained were analyzed for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial resistance genes against the aminoglycosides class were detected in 79.36% of the isolates; 74.6% had predicted sulfonamides resistance genes, 63.49% had predicted resistance genes against β-lactams, and 49.2% of the isolates had at least one of the tetracycline resistance genes. Among the detected genes, 27 have been described in previous studies and associated with bacteriophages. The findings of this study highlight the role of bacteriophages in the dissemination of ARGs in the poultry industry.
Preoperative Biomarkers and Survival in Chinese Breast Cancer Patients with HIV: A Propensity-Score-Matched-Cohort Study
Authors: Wu Qian , Deng Li , Cao Ye , Lian Shixian
Published: June 2023

Background: China initiated its national free antiretroviral therapy program in 2004 and saw a dramatic decline in mortality among the population with HIV. However, the morbidity of non-AIDS-defining cancers such as breast cancer is steadily growing as life expectancy improves. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients with HIV in China. Materials and methods: Data from 21 breast cancer patients with HIV and 396 breast cancer patients without HIV treated at the Shanghai public health clinical center from 2014–2022 was collected. After propensity score matching, 21 paired patients in the two groups were obtained and compared. The optimal cut-off value of preoperative biomarkers for recurrence was determined via maximally selected log-rank statistics. Preoperative biomarkers were categorized into high and low groups, based on the best cut-off values and compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The median follow-up time was 38 months (IQR: 20–68 months) for the propensity-score-matching cohort. The progression-free survival at 1, 2 and 3 years for patients with and without HIV were 74.51%, 67.74%, and 37.63% and 95.24%, 95.24%, and 90.48%, respectively. The overall survival for patients with HIV at 1, 2 and 3 years were 94.44%, 76.74%, and 42.63%. After multivariate analysis, Only HIV status (hazard ratios (HRs) = 6.83, 95% [confidence intervals (CI)] 1.22–38.12) were associated with progression-free survival. Based on the best cut-off value, CD8 showed discriminative value for overall survival (p = 0.04), whereas four variables, the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (p = 0.02), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.03), CD3 (p = 0.01) and CD8 (p < 0.01) were suggested be significant for progression-free survival. The univariate analysis suggested that CD3 (HRs = 0.10, 95% [CI] 0.01–0.90) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (HRs = 0.22, 95% [CI] 0.05–0.93) were identified as significant predictors for progression-free survival. Conclusion: In this study, breast cancer in patients with HIV in China reflected a more aggressive nature with a more advanced diagnostic stage and worse prognosis. Moreover, preoperative immune and inflammatory biomarkers might play a role in the prognosis of breast cancer patients with HIV.
Microplitis bicoloratus Bracovirus Promotes Cyclophilin D-Acetylation at Lysine 125 That Correlates with Apoptosis during Insect Immunosuppression
Authors: Yu Dan , Zhang Pan , Xu Cuixian , Hu Yan , Liang Yaping , Li Ming
Published: June 2023

Cyclophilin D (CypD) is regulated during the innate immune response of insects. However, the mechanism by which CypD is activated under innate immunosuppression is not understood. Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV), a symbiotic virus in the parasitoid wasp, Microplitis bicoloratus, suppresses innate immunity in parasitized Spodoptera litura. Here, we demonstrate that MbBV promotes the CypD acetylation of S. litura, resulting in an immunosuppressive phenotype characterized by increased apoptosis of hemocytes and MbBV-infected cells. Under MbBV infection, the inhibition of CypD acetylation significantly rescued the apoptotic cells induced by MbBV, and the point-mutant fusion proteins of CypDK125R-V5 were deacetylated. The CypD-V5 fusion proteins were acetylated in MbBV-infected cells. Deacetylation of CypDK125R-V5 can also suppress the MbBV-induced increase in apoptosis. These results indicate that CypD is involved in the MbBV-suppressed innate immune response via the CypD-acetylation pathway and S. litura CypD is acetylated on K125.
The Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Variant ECQ1
Authors: Mei Xiaowei , Guo Jiahui , Fang Puxian , Ma Jun , Li Mingxiang , Fang Liurong
Published: June 2023

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a re-emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, has become the predominant causative agent of lethal diarrhea in piglets, resulting in huge economic losses in many countries. Furthermore, the rapid variability of this virus has increased the emergence of novel variants with different pathogenicities. In this study, 633 fecal samples collected from diarrheic piglets in China during 2017–2019 were analyzed, and 50.08% (317/633) of these samples were PEDV-positive. The full-length spike (S) genes of 36 samples were sequenced, and a genetic evolution analysis was performed. The results showed that thirty S genes belonged to the GII-a genotype and six S genes belonged to the GII-b genotype. From the PEDV-positive samples, one strain, designated ECQ1, was successfully isolated, and its full-length genome sequence was determined. Interestingly, ECQ1 is a recombinant PEDV between the GII-a (major parent) and GII-b (minor parent) strains, with recombination occurring in the S2 domain of the S gene. The pathogenicity of ECQ1 was assessed in 5-day-old piglets and compared with that of the strain EHuB2, a representative of GII-a PEDV. Although both PEDV strains induced similar fecal viral shedding in the infected piglets, ECQ1 exhibited lower pathogenicity than did EHuB2, as evidenced by reduced mortality and less severe pathological changes in the intestines. These data suggest that PEDV strain ECQ1 is a potential live virus vaccine candidate against porcine epidemic diarrhea.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Reinfection Rates in Malawi: A Possible Tool to Guide Vaccine Prioritisation and Immunisation Policies
Authors: Chisale Master R. O. , Sinyiza Frank Watson , Kaseka Paul Uchizi , Chimbatata Chikondi Sharon , Mbakaya Balwani Chingatichifwe , Wu Tsung-Shu Joseph , Nyambalo Billy Wilson , Chauma-Mwale Annie , Chilima Ben , Yu Kwong-Leung Joseph , Kayira Alfred Bornwell
Published: June 2023

As the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic continues, reports indicate that the global vaccination rate is still far below the target. Understanding the levels of reinfection may help refocus and inform policymakers on vaccination. This retrospective study in Malawi included individuals and patients who tested for COVID-19 infections via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) from the data at the Public Health Institute of Malawi (PHIM). We included all data in the national line list from April 2020 to March 2022. Upon review of 47,032 records, 45,486 were included with a reported 82 (0.18) reinfection representing a rate of 0.55 (95% CI: 0.44–0.68) per 100,000 person-days of follow-up. Most reinfections occurred in the first 90 to 200 days following the initial infection, and the median time to reinfection was 175 days (IQR: 150–314), with a range of 90–563 days. The risk of reinfection was highest in the immediate 3 to 6 months following the initial infection and declined substantially after that, and age demonstrated a significant association with reinfection. Estimating the burden of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections, a specific endurance of the immunity naturally gained, and the role played by risk factors in reinfections is relevant for identifying strategies to prioritise vaccination.
State-of-the-Art Review on the Seismic Performance Assessment of On-Ground Steel Cylindrical Tanks
Authors: Razzaghi Mehran S.
Published: June 2023

Steel cylindrical tanks are vital structures for storing various types of liquid in industrial plants or as a component in a water distributing system. As they sometimes are used to store toxic, flammable, and explosive material, their inapt performance during an earthquake may lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, practicing engineers, researchers, and industry owners are concerned about their structural safety. Meanwhile, the seismic performance of liquid storage tanks is rather complex. Thus, this subject has garnered many researchers’ interest in the past decades. This paper aims to briefly review the most significant studies on the seismic performance of on-ground steel cylindrical tanks. It focuses on analytical approaches and does not include experimental and on-site ones. Finally, the new horizons for the seismic performance assessment of such structures are presented herein.
Temperature-Dependent Growth Characteristics and Competition of Pseudanabaena and Microcystis
Authors: Hu Lili , Wang Haiyan , Cui Jingzhen , Zou Wansheng , Li Jie , Shan Kun
Published: June 2023

Global warming has been considered to accelerate the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms, which are frequently composed of the bloom-forming genera, Microcystis and Pseudanabaena, in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Nonetheless, the impact of changes due to toxin production or lack thereof on the growth of co-existing strains, both arising from increasing temperature, has remained unknown to date. We conducted competition experiments involving toxic Microcystis PCC7806, a non-toxic mcyB− mutant, and two strains of Pseudanabaena (TH-1 and DC-1) identified as P. mucicola. In mono-culture, the specific growth ratio of Pseudanabaena increased; nevertheless, the maximum cell density declined with increasing temperature. The maximum growth ratios of Pseudanabaena TH-1 and Pseudanabaena DC-1 were 0.512 day−1 in the 30 °C group and 0.440 day−1 in the 35 °C group, respectively. The optimum temperature for the growth of Pseudanabaena was 25 °C. Remarkably, there was no significant disparity in the maximum cell density of Microcystis PCC7806 and the mcyB− mutant across varied temperature groups, even though their maximum growth rates differed marginally, reaching 0.280 day−1 and 0.306 day−1 in the 30 °C group, respectively. In co-cultures, the growth of Pseudanabaena TH-1 was uniformly inhibited, whereas that of DC-1 was somewhat influenced by co-culturing with toxic and non-toxic Microcystis, except for the 35 °C group, where inhibition was absent amongst DC-1 and Microcystis. Moreover, the growth of Microcystis was promoted with a co-culture of TH-1 in the 20 °C groups. Conversely, the co-culture of Microcystis with Pseudanabaena DC-1 led to the inhibition of the former in the 30 °C and 35 °C groups. With a Lotka–Volterra competition model, the results showed that Microcystis dominated or co-existed with Pseudanabaena, conforming to expectations from the wild.
Analysis of the Asymmetric Characteristic of Extreme Rainfall Erosivity in 8 Provinces of Southern China during 1961–2020
Authors: Zhu Dayun , Cao Zhen , Zhao Yingshan , Chang Huanhuan , Yang Qian , Xiao Hua
Published: June 2023

The roles of rainfall with various intensities in hydraulic erosion processes are obviously different. In-depth knowledge about the spatiotemporal variation in extreme rainfall erosivity is critical for soil erosion risk assessment and formulation of response measures. In the period of 1961–2020, more than 390,000 erosive rainfall data from 212 meteorological stations were collected to explore the erosion characteristics of different intensities of rainfall erosivity across southern China. The asymmetric characteristic of extreme rainfall erosion was analyzed and expressed by an asymmetric change index (ACI) defined in this study. Correlation analysis was applied to study the impact of global extreme climate events on the ACI. The results showed that different patterns of precipitation had evident asymmetric characteristics in rainfall erosivity, and fewer high-intensity precipitation events contributed to much higher total rainfall erosivity, particularly for rainstorms (≥100 mm). The ACI of the rainfall erosivity exhibited evident spatial heterogeneity; insignificant increasing trends were found in the ACIs for heavy rainfall, torrential, and rainstorm erosivities over the past 60 years. The change rate of ACI varied greatly on both monthly and interdecadal scales, and the ACI of rainstorms showed the maximum linear increasing trend on the long-time scale. There were significantly high correlations between the ACI and erosive rainfall days and the ACI and erosive rainfall (p < 0.01), and the correlation coefficients were relatively higher from May to October, where the precipitation was concentrated. Additionally, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and tropical cyclones clearly influenced the spatiotemporal distribution of the ACI and rainfall erosivity but were limited to specific periods and regions. These results could provide a reference for extreme soil erosion event monitoring and control in southern China.
Energy Transfer and Reverse Flow Characteristics in the Interaction Process between Non-Breaking Solitary Wave and a Steep Seawall: A Case Study
Authors: Lin Chun-Yuan , Huang Ching-Jer , Hsu Tai-Wen , Chen Chih-Hsin
Published: June 2023

This study utilized a two-dimensional numerical viscous wave tank to simulate the run-up and run-down processes of non-breaking solitary waves on a steep seawall. The research aimed to investigate the transformation between wave potential energy and kinetic energy, the evolution mechanisms of the wave and flow fields, and the correlation between the dynamic pressure gradient and the reverse flow near the sloping bed. The numerical model results were consistent with laboratory measurements of free surface elevations and flow velocity profiles, demonstrating the accuracy of the numerical model. This study focused on a solitary wave with a wave-height-to-water-depth ratio of 0.15, propagating on a representative seawall with a steep slope of 1:3 along the western coast of Taiwan. The simulation results indicate that the maximum run-up height occurs when the potential energy is at its highest. Undertow is caused by the adverse pressure gradient within the flow field, and the dynamic pressure on the sloping bed is directly proportional to the free surface elevation. Therefore, by observing the spatial changes in the free surface elevation, we can indirectly determine the occurrence time of undertow.
Design of Chitosan-Polyester Composites to Reduce Particulate Contamination of Washing Wastewater
Authors: Kaurin Tea , Čurlin Mirjana , Šaravanja Ana , Vojnović Branka , Pušić Tanja
Published: June 2023

In this research, the modification of different polyester structures (fabrics and knits) by the biopolymer chitosan was studied to evaluate the effects of the polyester structure and treatments on the particulate pollution of wastewater. The pristine polyester and the chitosan-polyester fabric and polyester knit composites were washed cyclically with standard ECE A detergent at 60 °C. The laser diffraction technique was used to characterize the particle size of the washing wastewaters from the 1–5, 6–10 and 1–10 wash cycles. In addition, the total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were also determined, according to standard procedures. The obtained results show the influence of the polyester fabrics and polyester knit structures and chitosan-polyester composites on the particle size distribution (PSD) in the washing wastewater. Differences in the values of the characteristic parameters, especially the span value and shape factor (k) of the individual curves, are visible, indicating the release of particles during the washing process. The experimental results show that the laser diffraction technique is suitable for characterizing the particle dimensions of the washing wastewater for different pristine polyester structures and chitosan-polyester composites. Modification with chitosan has been shown to provide potential protection against the release of microplastic particles into the environment.
Design of Cost-Effective and Sustainable Treatments of Old Landslides Adapted to the Moroccan Road Network: A Case Study of Regional Road R410 Crossing the Rifan Structural Domain
Authors: Inabi Omar , Attou Mustapha , Benzaazoua Mostafa , Qachar Mohamed
Published: June 2023

The Moroccan road network is susceptible to multiple landslides annually, particularly in the northern regions due to high rainfall and specific geology. These events result in significant economic and social negative consequences, highlighting the need for sustainable and cost-effective solutions for network maintenance. This study outlines the methodology employed in addressing the issues within the RR410 regional road (Rifain region of Morocco), which entailed a thorough examination of the malfunctions, specific surveys, laboratory testing, and problem modeling. By incorporating long-term test-derived shear strength parameters, the model indicated that the road platform was stable, and back analysis using TALREN 4 software allows for model calibration. At kilometric point 23, using earthwork-based solutions (e.g., purging and replacing the base layer, employing granular water-insensitive substitution material) was found to provide a sustainable alternative to the expensive reinforced concrete-based solutions commonly used. Furthermore, these solutions contributed to the use of environmentally friendly and locally sourced materials. Road alignment rectification to anchor the platform in suitable soil was also an effective solution, as demonstrated at kilometric point 48. Additionally, enhancing the drainage and sanitation infrastructure, such as installing draining trenches, spurs, and reinforcing existing water structures, is a crucial aspect of addressing most landslides in the region.
Background Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Monitoring of Natural and Anthropogenically Transformed Landscapes in the Coastal Area Soils
Authors: Dudnikova Tamara , Minkina Tatiana , Sushkova Svetlana , Barbashev Andrey , Antonenko Elena , Konstantinova Elizaveta , Shuvaev Evgenyi , Nevidomskaya Dina , Ivantsov Artem , Bakoeva Gulnora , Gorbunova Marina
Published: June 2023

The large-scale studies of the Lower Don and the Taganrog Bay coastal zone were carried out to determine the background concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. The content of 15 priority PAHs was determined by saponification method with HPLC detection and varied widely from 77 µg kg−1 to 16,017 µg kg−1 with mean and median values of 1040 µg kg−1 and 406 µg kg−1, respectively. PAHs’ highest concentration level was observed in the soils of the Don River delta and industrial areas of Taganrog city affected by pyrogenic contamination sources. Background monitoring sites were mostly represented with hydromorphic (Fluvisols Salic and Tidalic Fluvisols) and automorphic (Rendzic Leptosols, Mollic Leptosols) soil types in the study area. The PAHs content in the soils of the background plots did not exceed 600 µg kg−1, with a share of low-molecular-weight PAHs: about 50%. Benzo(a)pyrene content did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (20 µg kg−1), and low-molecular-weight compounds did not exceed the threshold level for the impact of polyarenes. In automorphic soils, naphthalene and phenanthrene (35–54%) dominated in the composition of the low-molecular-weight PAHs compounds, and only phenanthrene (59–70%) dominated in hydromorphic soils.
Short-Term Ocean Rise Effects on Shallow Groundwater in Coastal Areas: A Case Study in Juelsminde, Denmark
Authors: Forchhammer Mathiasen Ronja , Padkær Haugan Emilie , Raaschou Andersen Theis , Højmark Hansen Henriette , Bondo Medhus Anna , Erbs Poulsen Søren
Published: June 2023

Coastal areas situated at lower elevations are becoming more vulnerable to flooding as a result of the accelerating rise in the global sea level. As the sea level rises, so does the groundwater. Barriers designed to shield against marine flooding do not provide protection against flooding caused by rising groundwater. Despite the increasing threat of groundwater flooding, there is limited knowledge about the relationship between sea level rise and groundwater fluctuations. This hinders the ability to adequately consider sea level rise-induced groundwater flooding in adaptation initiatives. This study aims to investigate how local groundwater in Juelsminde, Denmark, responds to changes in sea level and to evaluate the predictability of these changes using a machine learning model. The influence of the sea on the shallow groundwater level was investigated using six groundwater loggers located between 45 and 210 m from the coast. An initial manual analysis of the data revealed a systematic delay in the rise of water levels from the coast to inland areas, with a delay of approximately 15–17 h per 50 m of distance. Subsequently, a support vector regression model was used to predict the groundwater level 24 h into the future. This study shows how the groundwater level in Juelsminde is affected by sea level fluctuations. The results suggest a need for increased emphasis on this topic.
Physicochemical Properties and Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity of Ceramsite Made from Alum Sludge
Authors: Shi Li , Zhao Xiaohong , Cao Yongxiang , Ma Hongjuan , Sun Xuejun
Published: June 2023

Alum sludge is an inevitable by-product from the water purification process, which had been applied as substrates in some constructed wetlands with good performance, especially for phosphorus (P) adsorption. The raw alum sludge is similar to a clay lump with an irregular shape, and there is a concern of it leaching into water. For better reuse, herein, some sludge was fired to produce alum sludge ceramsite (ASC) with a uniform spherical shape via a four-step process of kneading the sludge ball, air drying, preheating at 400 °C for 10 min, and firing at 600 °C for 5 min. Meanwhile, an air-dried alum sludge ball (adASB) was manufactured for comparison. The physicochemical properties and P adsorption ability of ceramsite were investigated subsequently. Through XRD and FT-IR tests, there was no obvious difference between ASC and adASB on the phase structure, but there was a certain amount of Al-OH group loss on the surface of ASC. The structure of ASC was still amorphous, similar to adASB, while ASC possessed more micropore structure and a bigger specific surface area than adASB. Adsorption experiments showed the P adsorption behaviors of ASC and adASB were much similar, and their adsorption kinetics were in accordance with the two-step adsorption kinetics rate equation and pseudo-second-order kinetics equation. The maximum adsorption capacities of ASC and adASB fitted by the Langmuir model were 1.66 mg/g and 1.89 mg/g, respectively. It should be pointed out that, compared with other adsorbents, the ASC produced in this study still had a greater ability to adsorb P. Therefore, ASC should have a great application potential for P removal in wastewater treatment in China.
An Assessment of the Effects of Light Intensities and Temperature Changes on Cyanobacteria’s Oxidative Stress via the Use of Hydrogen Peroxide as an Indicator
Authors: Rahman Mizanur , Asaeda Takashi , Abeynayaka Helayaye Damitha Lakmali , Fukahori Kiyotaka
Published: June 2023

Humans and other organisms are adversely affected by cyanobacterial blooming. This study aims to investigate the long-term effects of light intensities and different temperatures on Phormidium ambiguum and Pseudanabaena foetida. Enough P. ambiguum and P. foetida cells were acclimated for 24 days at 30 °C, 20 °C, and 10 °C in separate incubators. The starting day sample was collected after 24 days of acclimatization, and a second sample was collected seven days later at light intensities of 10, 30, 50, 200, and 600 µmol m−2 s−1 for each temperature. The optical density (OD730), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, protein content, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, and catalase (CAT) activity were measured. Light intensity changes soon after collection resulted in nearly identical starting day samples at each individual temperature. The H2O2 concentration and algal biomass increased until a light intensity of 200 µmol m−2 s−1 was reached and decreased afterward in each temperature for both species after seven days. In association with an increasing H2O2 concentration, the Chl-a concentration decreased after 50 µmol m−2s−1 of light intensity, affecting the protein content. The algal biomass was significantly lower at 10 °C compared to 30 °C. The CAT activity increased proportionately with the H2O2 concentration and algal biomass. Therefore, water bodies in the field can be illuminated with long-term high light intensities in different temperatures to reduce algal biomass.