bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifikasi kutukebul (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) dari beberapa tanaman inang dan perkembangan populasinya
Authors: Hidayat Purnama , Yuliani Yuliani , Sartiami Dewi
Published: December 2017

Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) can cause direct and indirect damages on plants, especially vegetables. There is only limited information regarding taxonomy and population dynamic of whiteflies attacking vegetables in Indonesia. This research is conducted to identify species of whitefly collected from chili pepper, tomato, and soybean, and to study their population dynamic. The information gathered from these studies will be useful to support whitefly management in the field. Based on morphology identification of the puparium collected directly from the host plants, there were four species of whitefly identified from chili pepper, tomato, and soybean in Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi, i.e. Bemisia tabaci, Aleurodicus dispersus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and Dialeurodes sp. The presence of B. tabaci on chili pepper and tomato was associated with virus infection that causes yellowing and leaf curl disease. This population of B. tabaci tended to increase along with plant growth and generally reached the highest population when the plant was 60-70 days after planting.
Aktivitas minyak dan serbuk enam spesies tumbuhan terhadap peneluran dan Mortalitas Callosobruchus sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Dadang Dadang , Saputro Budi , Ohsawa Kanju
Published: December 2017

Storage pests remain one of the main problems in storage. The pest attacks occur not only in the field, but also in storage. Control should be done to maintain the quality of storedproducts. The environmentally friendly measures should be implemented to avoid negative impacts to the environment and human being. The objective of this research was to study the mortality and oviposition deterrence caused by powder and oil of six plant species against Callosobruchus sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Flowers of Eugenia aromatica, roots of Vetiveria zizanioides, leaves of Pogostemon cablin, seeds of Ricinus communis, seeds of Foeniculum vulgare, and stems of Cymbopogon citratus were air-dried and milled to yield powder. Oil of six plant species were purchased from local market. Oviposition deterrent bioassay was conducted by no-choice method for both powder and oil, while mortality bioassay was conducted by topical application and residual methods for plant oil only. Several plant species showed high biological activity to Callosobruchus sp. Powder of E. aromatica and oil of V. zizanioides caused high oviposition deterrence, while oil of V. zizanioides and E. aromatica caused high mortality.
Efisiensi pemarasitan parasitoid Trichogramma chilotraeae nagaraja & nagarkatti (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) pada berbagai jumlah inang dan kepadatan parasitoid.
Authors: Hasriyanty Hasriyanty , Buchori Damayanti , Pudjianto Pudjianto
Published: December 2017

The objective of the research was to study behaviour and parasitism efficiency of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilotraeae in relation to host and parasitoid density under laboratory condition. Eggs of Corcyra cephalonica were used as hosts for Trichogramma chilotraeae. Five different host (egg) densities: 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 eggs were provided to one and two active female parasitoids T. chilotraeae. Percentage of parasitism, female progeny, and selfsuperparasitism were counted. Results showed that, host density was found to have a strong effect on parasitism rate, female progeny and selfsuperparasitism. Two parameters, parasitism and selfsuperparasitism decreases with increasing number of host density, in contrast, female progeny increase with increasing host density. Parasitoid density affected selfsuperparasitism and female progeny only on one level of host density (3 hosts) but not to all parameters of other density treatments.
Parameter demografi Opius chromatomyiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) pada lalat pengorok daun Liriomyza Huidobrensis (diptera: agromyzidae)
Authors: Rustam Rusli , Rauf Aunu , Maryana Nina , Pudjianto Pudjianto , Dadang Dadang
Published: December 2017

Opius chromatomyiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an endoparasitoid attacking leafminers in the field. The objective of the research is to study the statitiscal demographic of the parasitoid. Result showed that female lifespan (9.95 days) was shorter than male (11.73). Female fecundity was about 104.73 eggs. with rate of egg production per day was about 9.31 eggs. This parasitois was also found to be female-biased sex ratio. Regarding population parameter, net reproduction rate (Ro) was about 28.55, of increase (λ) 1.23. The stable age of Opius chromatomyiae was about 37.93% eggs, 24.92 % larval, 20.36 % pupae and 16.78 % adult.
Keefektivan padi transgenik terhadap hama penggerek batang padi kuning Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Usyati N. , Buchori Damayanti , Manuwoto Syafrida , Hidayat Purnama , -Loedin Inez H. Slamet
Published: December 2017

Transformation two cry genes (cryIB-cryIAa) and transformation with a single the cry1B gene under the control of a wound-inducible maize proteinase inhibitor gene (mpi) promoter were two approaches that were used to get resistant rice to the rice stemborer which may be had a durable resistance. To obtain information on the effectiveness of seven transgenic rice lines to the rice yellow stemborer S. incertulas, a test was conducted in greenhouse. The seven lines were 1). line 4.2.3 and 2) line 4.2.4 both contain fusion of two cry genes (cryIB-cryIAa); 3) line 3R9 and 4) line 3R7 lines both contain of mpi-cryIB gene; and 5) line 6.11 contains of cryIAb gene by particle bombardment, 6) line DT-cry (Azygous) that do not contain cry gene (null), and 7) DT-cry line contains cryIAb gene by Agrobacterium, and as a negative control, we used three non transgenic rice varieties i.e., Rojolele, Cilosari, and Ciherang. The result showed that transgenic rice lines, except DT-cry and DT-cry (Azygous) lines were effective to suppress damage by the insect, and showed an inhibition effect on the growth of S. incertulas, and had a high level ofresistance than non transgenic rice varieties had. There were differences on resistance value/level among transgenic rice lines. Based on the resistance value, 6.11 line was the highest followed by 4.2.4 line and 3R7 line, these lines were categorized as high resistance. Transgenic rice-4.2.3 line and 3R9 line were categorized as moderat resistance. DT-cry and DT-cry (Azygous) lines were susceptible.
Pengujian Ekstrak Tumbuhan Vitex trifolia L., Acorus colomus L., dan Andropogon nardus L. terhadap Hama Pasca Panen Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) pada Biji Kakao
Authors: SJAM SYLVIA , MELINA MELINA , THAMRIN SULAEHA
Published: December 2017

Araecerus fasciculatus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) is a primary pest mostly found in cocoa bean storage. Controlling A. fascuculatus is highly necessary, as this action would also reduce infestation of secondary pests. Utilization of natural materials as bait or trap is one applicable method to lessen damage and loss during storage. Vitex trifolia L., Acorus colomus L., and Andropogon nardus L are plant species that posess insecticidal properties that can be used to control post harvest pests. Materials used in this experiment are leaves of V. trifolia, rhizome of A. colomus and leaves of A. nardus. The three types of materials are blended and sieved with 300 mesh until finely broken up for make powder formulation. As much as 1 g of powder extract was taken then mixed with additional substract (water + CMC + saw dusts). The mixtures were then shaped in the form of ellipse resembling cocoa beans with approximately similar weight of 0.6 g (± 20 beans). Results show that V. trifolia and A. nardus are highly repellent (90.5 % and 94.5%) to A. fasciculatus, and crhizome of A. colomus is attractant to A. fasciculatus.
Keanekaragaman Serangga Hama dan Musuh Alami pada Lahan Pertanaman Kedelai di Kecamatan Balong-Ponorogo
Authors: RADIYANTO INDRIYA , SODIQ MOCHAMMAD , NURCAHYANI NOENG M.
Published: December 2017

The study aims to determine the presence of pests and natural enemies on soybean plants and to study the effect of insecticides on the diversity. Methods for observation of insects was done by using different type of traps i.e. yellow pan trap, pitfall trap, light trap, sweeping net and direct observation (visual). The presence of pests and natural enemies of soybean plants on plots without insecticide was lower than on the plots that was treated with insecticide. Composition of the population of pests found in soybean plots that were not treated with insecticide were dominated by Aphis sp. followed by Phaedonia inclusa, Riptortus linearis, Nezara viridula and Ophiomyia phaseoli. Composition of the population of natural enemies (predators) found in soybean cropps that were not treated with insecticide was family Coccinellidae followed by Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Mantidae and Oxyopidae. The highest composition of natural enemies (parasites) found in treated and untreated soybean plots were family Braconidae then followed by family Ichneumonidae.
Kemampuan Pemangsaan Menochilus sexmaculatus F. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) terhadap Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Radiyanto Indriya , Rahayuningtias Sri , Widhianingtyas Endah
Published: December 2017

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari respon fungsional dari M. sexmaculatus terhadap mangsanya (R. maidis) pada kepadatan populasi mangsa yang berbeda-beda. Hipotesis penelitian adalah jumlah mangsa dan umur predator akan mempengaruhi laju pemangsaan. Metode penelitian adalah menempatkan secara langsung larva (instar per-tama dan instar keempat) dan betina dewasa M. sexmaculatus bersama dengan mangsanya, R. maidis, dalam berbagai kepadatan populasi (nimfa instar pertama, keempat dan dewasa). Lama waktu pemaparan adalah 13, 14 dan 2 jam bagi stadia pertama, keempat dan betina dewasa M. sexmacula-tus. Selain itu, imago betina M. sexmaculatus juga dipaparkan kepada instar pertama dan keempat R. maidis secara bersamaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan memangsa larva dan stadia dewasa (ima-go) M. sexmaculatus adalah tipe II. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa predator M. sexmaculatus dapat dikategorikan sebagai agen kontrol biologis yang efektif. Kemampuan memangsa stadia dewasa M. sexmaculatus lebih baik dibanding stadia larva. Berdasarkan analisis regresi non linier, pemangsaan maksimum stadia betina dewasa M. sexmaculatus adalah 300 ekor pada berbagai stadia R. maidis selama 24 jam.
5-[4'-(1, 3-BENZOTHIAZOL-2-YL)PHENYL]-2,3,7,8,12,18-HEXAMETHYL-13,17-DI-N-AMYLPORPHIRIN: SYNTHESIS, COORDINATION PROPERTIES AND SORPTION ON POLYPROPYLENE MATERIALS
Authors: Gornukhina Olga V. , Vershinina Irina A. , Kiselev Alexey N. , Kuvshinova Elizaveta M. , Syrbu Sergey A. , Golubchikov Oleg A.
Published: December 2017

5-[4'-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2,3,7,8,12,18-hexamethyl-13,17-di-n-amyl-porphirin was synthesized and its coordination properties with the acetates of cobalt, copper and zinc in acetic acid and pyridine were investigated. On the base of data obtained the kinetic parameters of the complexation reaction were calculated. It was established that in acetic acid the increase in a rate of reaction of complexation is observed in the series: Co+2 < Zn+2 < Cu+2, while the activation energy decreases by a factor of 1.5-2 and the value of preexponential factor is significantly increased. The pyridine is an inverse relationship. Copper and cobalt complexes of porphyrin were used for surface modification of chemically activated polypropylene materials. Based on the electronic spectra, the effective surface concentration of immobilized porphyrin molecules was calculated. It was shown, that there is a direct dependence of the amount of grafted metal complexes on the surface structure of the polymer-carrier and conditions of immobilization of macromolecules. The obtained modified materials were tested for bioactivity with the use of an aqueous suspension of agar-agar infected on the following cultures: Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive culture) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative culture) in the microbial load of 106 cells/ml. The results of the studies were showed that the obtained materials have bacteriostatic resistance to all types of used pathogens.Forcitation:GornukhinaO.V., VershininaI.A., KiselevA.N., KuvshinovaE.M., SyrbuS.A., GolubchikovO.A. 5-[4'-(1, 3-Benzothiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2,3,7,8,12,18-hexamethyl-13,17-di-n-amylporphirin: synthesis, coordinationpropertiesandsorptiononpolypropylenematerials. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 1. P. 49-54
Study of Electron Beam on Electron Cyclotron Waves with AC Field in the Magnetosphere of Uranus
Authors: Kaur R. , Pandey R. S.
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we investigate the electromagnetic electron cyclotron (EMEC) waves in the magnetosphere of Uranus. By using the method of characteristic solution, the expression for dispersion relation is drawn. Following kinetic approach, the growth rate and real frequency of EMEC waves is studied theoretically, considering the injection of cold plasma beam in the Uranian system. The observations made by a space probe launched by NASA, Voyager 2, showed unusual orientation of planet’s spin axis and presence of more particles in high energy tail in Uranian magnetospheric plasma. Therefore, in this paper Kappa distribution is employed instead of usual Maxwellian distribution. The study is extended to the parallel as well as the oblique propagation of EMEC waves with variation in temperature anisotropy, number density of electrons and angle of propagation with respect to magnetic field direction. It is found that these parameters support the growth rate of EMEC waves. But response of real frequency of these waves is not same as that of growth rate for all the cases. Numerical analysis also revealed that as the ratio of number density of cold to hot plasma increases growth rate of EMEC waves also increases. Thus, denser the beam is injected, more the growth can be observed. These results are appropriate for applications to space plasma environments and magnetospheric regimes for detailed comparative planetary study.
Particle and Gas Emission Characterization from Oil and Oil-Dispersant Contaminated Sea Waters due to Breaking Waves
Authors: Afshar-Mohajer Nima , Li Cheng , Rule Ana Maria , Katz Joseph , Koehler Kirsten
Published: December 2017

Crude oil spill incidents occur frequently, leaving seawater bodies with a verity of occupational, ecological and environmental issues from the local to global scale. Application of sub-surface dispersants to the oil contaminated water in order to break up the oil into smaller droplets has been gaining popularity in recent years as an intervention strategy. However, the use of dispersants may also have impacts on the generation and size distribution of aerosolized droplets, as well as changes in emitted gases when subjected to natural processes such as rains, winds and waves.

In this study, systematic real-time measurements of total VOC (TVOC), particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and aerosol size distribution from 10 nm to 20 μm were conducted over a wave tank containing seawater, seawater plus crude oil, or seawater plus crude oil and dispersant. All experiments were performed using a wave tank (L = 6 m, W = 0.3 m and D = 0.6 m) and sensitivity analyses were conducted on key parameters including wave type, wave frequency and concentration of the added contaminants. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, major VOC and PAH emitting gases were determined to be hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, benzene and xylene, several of which are known carcinogens. Length of wave stroke was found to be the most influential parameter in increasing the number concentration of nano-sized particles, with the majority of the aerosolized particles smaller than 15 nm. An average of 10 times increase in TVOC concentration in the air above the water surface was observed after contaminating the sea water by 3.5 mL oil-dispersant mixture (dispersant to oil ratio of 1:25) compared to seawater alone. Wave creation led to 40 times increase in TVOC concentration (~400 times higher than the non-contaminated calm sea water). A micro-bubble generating set-up was used to evaluate whether bubble bursting was the generation mechanism of these nano-sized aerosols. Findings from this study will help to assess the risk of exposure to particulate and gases emissions from oil spills both occupationally (e.g., clean-up workers) and environmentally (e.g., people in nearby residential areas).
Does the current global training curriculum meet the needs of exploration and production?
Authors: Montgomery Aaron , Peach Dennis
Published: December 2017

It is widely understood that oil spill training is a key facet to preparedness but does the current global training curriculum meet the needs of exploration and production? And how do we ensure any training meets a suitable basic standard.

Many operators lean towards the IMO's suite of oil spill response focussed courses, however due to the need for any changes to be agreed by member states courses are slow to be updated. In addition to this the courses are heavily focused on shipping and furthermore the IMO are not an accrediting body. Some organisations do offer accreditation of these courses but they are accredited against a national equivalent standard, again focussing on shipping, not ideal for exploration and production operations outside the country of national equivalence.

The largely shipping approach towards the existing globally focussed training curriculum also poses a challenge as source control of an incident alters from a defined amount and duration to an undetermined amount and duration as well as being outside. This then requires a different approach to managing response strategy and some of the applied techniques for response.

Some regions offer specific exploration and production training structures such as The Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC) in the United Kingdom. Some offer generic training which meets the needs of both shipping, exploration and production and a wider audience such as HAZWOPER in the United States but again, both these examples are regional and do not conform to a harmonised global approach to oil spill response training for exploration and production.

This abstract seeks to explore the existing training regimes, the areas that they cover and standards to which quality of training is measured against. It points towards a suggestion that industry is well set up for global training to shipping incidents but lacks a common approach and standards to which training for incidents involving exploration and production is delivered. Given the current and future level of exploration and production activity the question we need to ask is:

“Shouldn't we have a dedicated harmonised global training curriculum to oil spill response training for global exploration and production activities?”
How much oil is actually removed by evaporation, photo-oxidation and microbial weathering?
Authors: Adhikari Puspa L. , Overton Edward B. , Miles Martin S. , Wong Roberto L.
Published: December 2017

Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds including alkanes, aromatics, asphaltenes, resins and waxes. A number of physical, chemical and biological weathering processes, as well as, vertical sinking followed by burial in sediments act on oil once it is released into the marine waters. The weathering processes cause oil's initial concentration/composition to change into oil residues, and allow natural mechanisms for oxidation and conversion of reduced organic carbons in oil back to CO2 and biomass. Once the lighter compounds are gone due to weathering, and some new oxidative compounds are formed, the heavier constituents left behind as residues ultimately sink to the bottom and/or strand at the coasts. The oil and oil residues can persist much longer in soil and sediments (20–40 years) than in the water column (<6 months), and can have long-term environmental impacts. Thus, it is important to know the amount and fates of the residues produced and transported to the seafloor and/or to the coastal marshes after early oil weathering in marine water column. The understanding of likely fates and behavior of oil allows us to choose and optimize a most appropriate response option. Recent studies have considered hopane as degradation resistant, used hopane normalization to determine the loss of select oil constituents via weathering, and have concluded that a significant proportion of spilled oil quickly is removed. Such analysis, however, are based on percentage removal of GC-amenable alkanes and PAHs, and may not represent the actual amount of loss of spilled oil via weathering processes as a large fractions of the crude oils (higher alkanes, PAHs, oxidative products, asphaltenes, resins and wax) are not GC-amenable which are not accounted in GC-based analysis. In the present study, we conducted a series of laboratory weathering experiments for direct estimation of the actual amount of loss of crude oil via evaporation and biodegradation. A known amount (mass) of BP surrogate oil was mixed into the natural seawater and allowed for weathering for 30 days, simulating natural physical conditions and periodically flushing the water to prevent accumulation of biomass. At the end of the experiment, oil residues were carefully collected, solvent extracted followed by evaporation of solvent and weighing the residues left behind. The comparison of pre-post mass, and mass balance including flushed water, provides direct estimation of loss of oil via weathering. This is a work-in-progress and results will be presented during the conference.
Twenty-six Years After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Volunteers Continue Monitor Long-term Variability of Intertidal Biology in Western Prince William Sound
Authors: Mearns Alan , Janka David , Campbell Rob , Pegau Scott , McLaughlin Kate , Lindeberg Mandy , Eiting Pamela , Shigenaka Gary
Published: December 2017

Marine populations - including fisheries, plankton, seabirds, kelp beds and biota of exposed rocky shorelines - undergo dramatic long term and inter-annual variability due in part to climate variability. Less is known about long-term variability of inter-tidal marine populations on protected rocky shorelines impacted by oil spills. Following over a decade (1989 to 2000) of detailed monitoring of rocky intertidal marine life at previously oiled and unoiled sites in Prince William Sound, the senior author continued photo-monitoring at up to nine sites, with substantial and grateful assistance of other scientists and local citizens. These observations, between 2001 and 2016, added 15 years to the previous 11 years of detailed intertidal monitoring conducted by NOAA HazMat. Further, a landslide in 2000 produced a 300 m long bare rock intertidal surface, not unlike oiled rocky sites areas that were subjected to high-pressure hot-water washing in 1989. This provided an additional unique opportunity to document colonization of fresh substrate on a bare-rock shoreline for more than 12 years. Recovery of conspicuous rocky inter-tidal biota on nearly barren surfaces occurred rapidly and returned to within the range of natural variability in 3 to 4 years. The additional decades of monitoring helped confirm the nature of natural variability and further that there have been 4 - o 10-year fluctuations in the abundance (percent cover) of dominant seaweeds and mussels in Western Prince William Sound. Four periods of heavy rockweed cover were separated by many years of little or no cover both at previously-oiled and unoiled sites indicating this variability had little to do with the spill and subsequent clean up. This variability challenged a common definition of recovery (return to conditions prior to the spill), and added further support to the results of our first decade of detailed monitoring that recovery may be defined as “a return to within the natural range of variability”. This poster acknowledges the assistance of volunteers who went out of their way to visit and photograph the sites, describes the approach and methods used during the most recent 15 years provides graphics highlighting the long-term and inter-annual variability and, hopefully, stimulates others to use annual photography to document and visualize linter-annual biological variability and long-term changes in shoreline biology.
The Aquatic Toxicity of Dissolved Hydrocarbon Gases and the Effect of High Pressure Conditions on Narcosis
Authors: McGrath Joy , Paquin Paul , Joshua Namita , Fanelli Chris , Di Toro D.M.
Published: December 2017

Releases of oil and gas to aquatic environments may result in exposure of aquatic organisms to petroleum hydrocarbons. Methods for evaluating potential toxicity arising from exposure to the liquid hydrocarbons are well developed. The target lipid model (TLM) and toxic unit approach assume that each hydrocarbon component acts via narcosis and the toxicity of each constituent is additive. In the case of possible releases from oil and gas operations in the deep sea, dissolved hydrocarbon gases may be present. The TLM has not been validated for hydrocarbon gases. A complicating factor is the marked increase in the aqueous solubility of hydrocarbon gases as hydrostatic pressure increases with increasing depth. Thus, the exposure of aquatic organisms to dissolved phase gases is also expected to increase with increasing depth. Further, elevated pressure has been shown to reverse narcotic effects on biota (including bacteria, mammals and aquatic organisms). Pressures required for a reversal of effects in the laboratory are rather high (circa 100 – 150 atm), but commensurate with water depths and pressures that exist in the vicinity of some well heads (commonly at 3,000 to 10,000 feet, or a total pressure of 100 – 300 atm). The present study describes how the TLM has been extended to quantitatively address both the aquatic hazard posed by dissolved gases and the role of pressure in mitigating the narcotic effects of dissolved gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. Results indicate that the TLM can be applied to dissolved gases based on the octanol-water partition coefficient of the gas and an adjustment factor to the critical target lipid body burden can be used to account for the effect of elevated pressure on toxicity with increasing depth. This study provides an improved framework for predicting the effects of dispersed oil and gas released in the deep sea environment.
New Guidelines for conducting Endangered Species Act Consultations on Oil Spill Planning and Response Activities
Authors: Tarpley John A. , Crecy Stacey , Marhoffer William , Petras Elizabeth , Higgins Damian , Foster-Taylor Kellie , McFarland Robert , Herod Holly , Sams Michael , Forsythe Barry
Published: December 2017

The framework for cooperation and participation regarding Endangered Species Act (ESA) compliance at every stage of oil spill planning and response activities is contained in an Interagency Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed in 2001; and although the agreement is still valid, the guidance for implementation was in need of updating. The MOA was established between the USCG, EPA, Department of the Interior through the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and the Department of Commerce – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the National Ocean Service. These procedures are designed to help fulfill requirements under ESA Section 7(a)(2) as well as those mandated in the National Contingency Plan. It is a holistic approach to protection and conservation of the ecosystem upon which listed species depend that also facilitates interagency cooperation, reduces paperwork, makes the best use of limited financial and personnel agency resources, and develops a quality response plan. After more than a decade of no consultations on ESA, there was an overall lack of awareness and understanding about environmental compliance on the part of the “action” agencies (USCG & EPA), and about response actions and oil spills on the part of Service agency personnel (NMFS & FWS). Through the National Response Team - National Environmental Compliance (NEC) Subcommittee; guidelines to conduct an ESA Consultation and write a Biological Assessment (BA) were completely re-written for clarity and practicality to meet today's resource-challenged agencies. These guidelines will provide Sectors and Regional Response Teams with numerous suggestions on how to include Best Management Practices to protect species and habitats while developing protection and oil recovery strategies in their Area Contingency Plans (ACP). The guidelines reaffirm how the action agencies and service agencies must work together to best understand the others expertise and needs. The guidelines will identify economies of scale with consultations such that time, effort and costs are reduced for all agencies involved. Knowing the environmental risks in advance will allow planners and response practitioners to develop the most effective strategies while minimizing environmental harm. Smartly built ACPs and new-found economies to writing BAs will greatly advance the ability to be ESA compliant; avoid lawsuits; and support decisions for the most appropriate cleanup methods for specific habitats, in order to maximize oil recover and minimize any impacts to species or habitat.
Unannounced Drill Program: Testing Spill Management Team Capability through Vessel & Facility Oil Spill Contingency Plans
Authors: Shinn Cassidee , Stewart Joe , Addassi Yvonne
Published: December 2017

California has approximately >10,000 vessels calling its ports each year, and 200–300 facilities state wide, many of which are required to have a California Oil Spill Contingency Plan (Contingency Plan) on file with Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR). Spill Management Teams (SMT), either staffed by Contingency Plan holders' employees or contracted out, and the use of the Incident Command System (ICS) structure must be described in these plans. OSPR introduced an unannounced SMT drill program (Program) in 2012 to ensure that Contingency Plan holders can successfully complete the proper initial notifications, activate their SMT, and use ICS in accordance with their approved Contingency Plan and California Code 820.01, Drills and Exercises.

There are multiple goals of this Program, including the enhanced capability of SMTs, OSPR, and other partners. This Program provides continued education and training for Contingency Plan holders and SMTs in an effort to bolster the initial response phase of an actual incident. Through these drills, SMTs must demonstrate that they could make proper notifications and decisions during an actual incident and be staffed with trained personnel in ICS to fill positions before State and Federal representatives respond. Additionally, SMTs should deploy resources listed in their approved Contingency Plans and ensure those resources are up to date, available, and sufficient. Furthermore, drills provide an opportunity for OSPR and SMTs to build relationships through testing these procedures, which should make the initial response more efficient and effective. Lastly, the drills are often conducted with representatives from United States Coast Guard and Environmental Protection Agency, both of which have their own drill programs. Working in conjunction with federal partners ensures continuity and fewer required drills of SMTs.

Since the beginning of the Program, SMTs continue to improve their response capabilities, validated by more successfully completed unannounced drills. OSPR has conducted 30 unannounced drills, all of which were on SMTs for marine facilities and vessels. With the expanded authority of OSPR to regulate facilities statewide in 2015, this Program will continue to grow. Ultimately, a more comprehensive Program should lead to enhanced SMT capability statewide, and therefore better protection of the State's natural resources overall.

The goal of this poster will be to describe: 1) the history and purpose of this Program; 2) the lessons learned and improvements of SMTs and Contingency Plans; and 3) the expansion of the Program from marine to statewide.
The Fate of PAHs Resulting from In-Situ Oil Burns
Authors: Fingas Merv
Published: December 2017

PAHs or Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons are ubiquitous in the environment and are found in crude oils. Many environmental PAHs are derived from combustion of many types including forest fires and barbeques. Some PAHs are toxic to biota and man. The concern addressed in this paper is the fate of PAHs found in crude oils when that oil is burned.

Crude oil burns result in PAHs downwind of the fire, mostly adsorbed to particulate matter, but the PAH concentration on the particulate matter, both in the plume and the particulate precipitation at ground level, is often an order-of-magnitude less than the concentration of PAHs in the starting oil. This includes the concentration of multi-ringed (5 or 6 rings) PAHs, which are often created in other combustion processes such as low-temperature incinerators and diesel engines. There is a slight increase in the concentration of multi-ringed PAHs in the burn residue. When considering the mass balance of the burn, however, most of the PAHs are destroyed by the fire. Destruction efficiencies are typically 99 % or greater.

Diesel fuel contains significant levels of PAHs of smaller molecular size, the 2 to 3-ring PAHs predominating. Burning diesel results in a greater concentration of pyrogenic PAHs of larger molecular sizes. Larger PAHs are either created or concentrated by the fire. Larger PAHs, some of which are not even detectable in the diesel fuel, are found both in the soot and in the residue; however, the concentrations of these larger PAHs are low and often just above detection limits. Overall, more PAHs are destroyed by the fires than are created. As with crude oil burns, the destruction efficiencies for diesel burns are typically 99 % or greater, but often less than those for crude oils. This paper will help to answer the question, are more PAHs destroyed by the fires than are created?
Optimized Airborne Oil Spill Remote Sensing: POSEIDON, the Quantitative Approach
Authors: Pinho Guilherme , Vagata Alessandro , Hengstermann Theo
Published: December 2017

Aerial surveillance is becoming a foundation on the overall oil spill response strategy due to the ability to plan and tactically position response resources in the optimal areas of oil migration. It takes a complete multitasking approach to effectively respond to oil spills. While much of the regulatory focus to date has been on the resources on the sea - vessels, skimmers, dispersants - the reality is that they are only one of the components and not necessarily the most important in combating oil spills. It is imperative to determine the location of oil that is most recoverable, and give quantitative information - thickness, volume, area, classification - whether day or night.

Having the right information at the right time optimizes dramatically the use of all the response resources. And assess the effectiveness of the response and make an accurate natural resources damage assessment is critical and requires as well quantitative and timely information.

In the past the main effort has been directed towards developing airborne sensors with enhanced spill monitoring capability. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the automated processing of oil spill data acquired by integrated airborne sensor platforms. Automated processing and real time relay of immediately usable information to the Incident Command Center is critical during all phases of response.

This paper focuses on advanced data processing and presents ways of improving the usability of airborne multi-sensor oil spill monitoring systems. In this context, is given an overview of currently existing oil spill remote sensing technology like infrared/ultraviolet line scanners, microwave radiometers, laser fluorosensors and radar system. The paper presents POSEIDON, a system for network-based real-time data acquisition, analysis and fusion of multi-sensor data. Also, a method for the distribution of oil spill data and related data products using web-based geographical information systems is described; automated generation of thematic maps of the oil spill scene along with their real-time web-based distribution is becoming more important in marine incident management.
Round-Robin Testing of a New EPA Solidifier Effectiveness Protocol
Authors: Sundaravadivelu Devi , Conmy Robyn N. , Campo Pablo
Published: December 2017

A new laboratory testing protocol for evaluating effectiveness of solidifiers in removing crude oil slicks on the water surface has been developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Since an assessment of a testing protocol requires validation through an inter laboratory study with several independent research partners, a round-robin test was performed by five operators across two laboratories. The protocol was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated to determine if it can satisfactorily differentiate product effectiveness, while still accounting for experimental and operational errors. Each operator evaluated the efficiency of six solidifier products with Arabian Light, Endicott and IFO 120 crude oils. All the experiments were carried out in triplicates and, additionally, an oil alone control sample was run for quality control purposes. The five operators were provided with all the supplies required to conduct the experiment and a detailed standard operating procedure. The results were collected and analyzed statistically to quantify repeatability and reproducibility.

The average repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations were 5.1, 2.7, and 3.3% and 11.2, 10.1, and 13.1% for Arabian Light, Endicott and IFO, respectively. The within-operator error was ≤ 5% regardless of operator and oil type. Due to the difficulty and uncertainty associated with the separation of the solidified and un-solidified mass, the between-operator error was around 10%. The oil alone control had an average repeatability and reproducibility standard deviation of 4.8 and 6.1%, respectively. The variability among operators was also examined with h-statistics and the differences in operator means were found to be statistically insignificant. The variability is deemed acceptable for purposes of differentiating effective from ineffective solidifier products in the laboratory. The results from this round robin experiment will serve as an initial screening tool for the solidifier products in the market and will also help response teams determine the desirability and appropriateness of using a specific solidifier for oil spill remediation.
A NOVEL METHODOLOGY FOR NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS (SPILL IMPACT MITIGATION ASSESSMENT)
Authors: TAYLOR Peter M. , CRAMER Martin A.
Published: December 2017

A key objective for any oil spill response is to minimize the impacts to ecological, socio-economic and cultural resources at risk. To that end, the contingency planners and incident managers have traditionally utilized a formal or informal Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) for selecting the most appropriate response option(s) to minimize spill impacts and promote recovery. The processes used to conduct a NEBA have varied considerably between industry operators, though the outcomes in terms of strategy development have been similar. This variation in NEBA approaches can lead to challenges with communicating the underlying basis of response strategies to stakeholders. The oil industry published updated guidance in 2015 to explain the general principles of the NEBA process and facilitate stakeholder involvement. However, with industry’s increasing reliance on NEBA to enhance the transparency of response strategy development, a consistent methodology for conducting formal NEBAs was required.

In response to the above issue key industry Associations (API, IOGP and IPIECA) initiated a collaborative project on developing a qualitative NEBA methodology that can be utilized if other, fit-for-purpose NEBA methodologies are not applicable or available. Industry has also begun transitioning to a more representative term for the NEBA process which is Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA). Therefore, the SIMA term is used henceforth but it is important to note that the method described herein is not exclusive to the SIMA term and, as with NEBA, only represents one of many approaches that can be utilized to conduct a SIMA.

This qualitative methodology is designed to give a consistent approach to larger or higher consequence oil spill scenarios, where multiple spill response options are being considered and a formal SIMA is warranted. Several industry spill response specialists and an independent expert participated in this project, resulting in the development of Guidance on Implementing Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (IPIECA-IOGP-API 2017 in press).
An Overview of Volunteer Efforts during the Refugio Oil Spill Incident in Santa Barbara, California
Authors: Murphy Cindy , Doty Ima , Moore Andrea
Published: December 2017

Abstract # 2017-168

Historically in California volunteers have been incorporated into oiled wildlife response since the late 1990s. Prior to the Refugio Oil Spill (ROS) incident in May 2015, California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s (CDFW) Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) had not managed Community Volunteers for non-wildlife activities, such as oiled shoreline cleanup. In the first days of the ROS event, members of the public who were interested in volunteering became frustrated, in part due to poor communication regarding volunteer use protocols and initial lack of an established volunteer management structure. Political expectations, in a highly urbanized and environmentally conscious community, also played a role. This paper will address, in part, how the public’s reaction to the ROS created an opportunity to test the Los Angeles / Long Beach Area Contingency Plan Non-Wildlife Volunteer Plan (LA/LB ACP - NWVP)1, and highlight lessons learned from the event and resulting changes to the volunteer program that have evolved.
INSIGHTS FROM A NEW STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS FROM OIL SPILLS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Challenger Greg E. , Gmur Stephan , Lynes Melissa K. , Dunford Michael A.
Published: December 2017

2017-335 ABSTRACT

Major oil spills in the United States often result in some natural resource damages (NRD), which arise from injuries to natural resources and losses of their services. Other things being equal, larger spills lead to larger NRD. Previous research on NRD settlements using multiple-regression analysis identified several factors that predicted variations in damages, other than the number of gallons spilled (Dunford and Lynes 2014). Those factors included the geographic location of the spill, whether threatened and endangered species were injured, whether recreation closures occurred, and whether unvalued compensatory restoration was part of the settlement. The current paper extends the previous research by adding NRD settlements in the past three years, and by exploring a new multivariate statistical method. Specifically, the new method employs a binary division of sample observations to create tree-like regression models, which are used to determine the correlations among the settlement characteristics. The new approach is non-parametric, which means that it imposes no assumptions about the underlying distribution of the predictor variables. The model identifies multiple combinations of key explanatory variables, providing more insights on observed differences in NRD settlement amounts.
Evaluation of Oil Fate and Exposure from a Deep Water Blowout With and Without Subsea Dispersant Injection Treatment as Well as Traditional Response Activities
Authors: French-McCay Deborah , Crowley Deborah , Rowe Jill
Published: December 2017

The goals of subsea dispersant injection (SSDI) into a deep water oil and gas blowout are to increase effectiveness of dispersant treatment over that achievable at the water surface; decrease the volume of oil that surfaces; reduce human and wildlife exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs); disperse the oil over a large water volume at depth; enhance biodegradation; and reduce surface, nearshore and shoreline exposure to floating and surface-water entrained/dissolved oil. Potential tradeoffs include increased water column and benthic resource exposures to oil at depth. In order to better understand the implications of SSDI use, we modeled a hypothetical blowout in the northern Gulf of Mexico to predict oil fate and compare the environmental exposure for no intervention to various response options (i.e., mechanical recovery, in-situ burning (ISB), surface dispersant application, and SSDI). Probabilistic modeling was used to evaluate the influence of variable metocean conditions (i.e., wind, currents, temperature). The results showed that even with a substantial capacity of equipment applied, mechanical and ISB removed only a small fraction of the oil that would otherwise be floating or evaporate. Compared to cases without use of SSDI, SSDI reduced the size of oil droplets by an order of magnitude, substantially decreased the amount of oil on the water surface and on the shoreline, increased dissolution and degradation rates of hydrocarbons at depth, increased weathering rate of rising oil such that floating oil contained much lower content of soluble and semi-soluble hydrocarbons, decreased surface water concentrations of dissolved hydrocarbons, and decreased VOC emissions to the atmosphere and, therefore, reduced human and wildlife exposures to VOCs. The tradeoff was that with SSDI there was greater exposure to hydrocarbons in deep water. However, densities of biota are much lower in deep water than near the water surface, where sensitive early life history stages of fish and invertebrates are most abundant. This approach provides decision makers with quantitative environmental exposures with which they may evaluate risk tradeoffs regarding appropriate response strategies for mitigating impacts from oil and gas released during a deep water blowout.