bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SIMPLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM USING THE OBLIQUE PHOTO AND DEM
Authors: Nonaka H. , Sasaki H. , Fujimaki S. , Naruke S. , Kishimoto H.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. When a disaster occurs, we must grasp and evaluate its damage as soon as possible. Then we try to estimate them from some kind of photographs, such as surveillance camera imagery, satellite imagery, photographs taken from a helicopter and so on. Especially in initial stage, estimation of decent damage situation for a short time is more important than investigation of damage situation for a long time. One of the source of damage situation is the image taken by surveillance camera, satellite sensor and helicopter. If we can measure any targets in these imagery, we can estimate a length of a lava flow, a reach of a cinder and a sediment volume in volcanic eruption or landslide. Therefore in order to measure various information for a short time, we developed a simplified measurement system which uses these photographs. This system requires DEM in addition to photographs, but it is possible to use previously acquired DEM. To measure an object, we require only two steps. One is the determination of the position and the posture in which the photograph is shot. We determine these parameters using DEM. The other step is the measurement of an object in photograph. In this paper, we describe this system and show the experimental results to evaluate this system. In this experiment we measured the top of Mt. Usu by using two measurement method of this system. Then we can measure it about one hour and the difference between the measurement results and the airborne LiDAR data are less than 10 meter.
INTEGRATION OF KINECT AND LOW-COST GNSS FOR OUTDOOR NAVIGATION
Authors: Pagliari D. , Pinto L. , Reguzzoni M. , Rossi L.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Since its launch on the market, Microsoft Kinect sensor has represented a great revolution in the field of low cost navigation, especially for indoor robotic applications. In fact, this system is endowed with a depth camera, as well as a visual RGB camera, at a cost of about 200$. The characteristics and the potentiality of the Kinect sensor have been widely studied for indoor applications. The second generation of this sensor has been announced to be capable of acquiring data even outdoors, under direct sunlight. The task of navigating passing from an indoor to an outdoor environment (and vice versa) is very demanding because the sensors that work properly in one environment are typically unsuitable in the other one. In this sense the Kinect could represent an interesting device allowing bridging the navigation solution between outdoor and indoor. In this work the accuracy and the field of application of the new generation of Kinect sensor have been tested outdoor, considering different lighting conditions and the reflective properties of the emitted ray on different materials. Moreover, an integrated system with a low cost GNSS receiver has been studied, with the aim of taking advantage of the GNSS positioning when the satellite visibility conditions are good enough. A kinematic test has been performed outdoor by using a Kinect sensor and a GNSS receiver and it is here presented.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF SMARTPHONE AND LEICA C10 LASER SCANNER BASED POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Sirmacek Beril , Lindenbergh Roderik , Wang Jinhu
Published: June 2016

Abstract. 3D urban models are valuable for urban map generation, environment monitoring, safety planning and educational purposes. For 3D measurement of urban structures, generally airborne laser scanning sensors or multi-view satellite images are used as a data source. However, close-range sensors (such as terrestrial laser scanners) and low cost cameras (which can generate point clouds based on photogrammetry) can provide denser sampling of 3D surface geometry. Unfortunately, terrestrial laser scanning sensors are expensive and trained persons are needed to use them for point cloud acquisition. A potential effective 3D modelling can be generated based on a low cost smartphone sensor. Herein, we show examples of using smartphone camera images to generate 3D models of urban structures. We compare a smartphone based 3D model of an example structure with a terrestrial laser scanning point cloud of the structure. This comparison gives us opportunity to discuss the differences in terms of geometrical correctness, as well as the advantages, disadvantages and limitations in data acquisition and processing. We also discuss how smartphone based point clouds can help to solve further problems with 3D urban model generation in a practical way. We show that terrestrial laser scanning point clouds which do not have color information can be colored using smartphones. The experiments, discussions and scientific findings might be insightful for the future studies in fast, easy and low-cost 3D urban model generation field.
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY POWER LINE EXTRACTION USING MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA
Authors: Zhang Shanxin , Wang Cheng , Yang Zhuang , Chen Yiping , Li Jonathan
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Research on power line extraction technology using mobile laser point clouds has important practical significance on railway power lines patrol work. In this paper, we presents a new method for automatic extracting railway power line from MLS (Mobile Laser Scanning) data. Firstly, according to the spatial structure characteristics of power-line and trajectory, the significant data is segmented piecewise. Then, use the self-adaptive space region growing method to extract power lines parallel with rails. Finally use PCA (Principal Components Analysis) combine with information entropy theory method to judge a section of the power line whether is junction or not and which type of junction it belongs to. The least squares fitting algorithm is introduced to model the power line. An evaluation of the proposed method over a complicated railway point clouds acquired by a RIEGL VMX450 MLS system shows that the proposed method is promising.
NATIONWIDE NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES USING LIDAR: STRATEGIES, PROGRESS, AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Blanco A. C. , Tamondong A. , Perez A. M. , Ang M. R. C. , Paringit E. , Alberto R. , Alibuyog N. , Aquino D. , Ballado A. , Garcia P. , Japitana M. , Ignacio M. T. , Macandog D. , Novero A. , Otadoy R. E. , Regis E. , Rodriguez M. , Silapan J. , Villar R.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The Philippines has embarked on a detailed nationwide natural resource inventory using LiDAR through the Phil-LiDAR 2 Program. This 3-year program has developed and has been implementing mapping methodologies and protocols to produce high-resolution maps of agricultural, forest, coastal marine, hydrological features, and renewable energy resources. The Program has adopted strategies on system and process development, capacity building and enhancement, and expanding the network of collaborations. These strategies include training programs (on point cloud and image processing, GIS, and field surveys), workshops, forums, and colloquiums (program-wide, cluster-based, and project-based), and collaboration with partner national government agencies and other organizations. In place is a cycle of training, implementation, and feedback in order to continually improve the system and processes. To date, the Program has achieved progress in the development of workflows and in rolling out products such as resource maps and GIS data layers, which are indispensable in planning and decision-making. Challenges remains in speeding up output production (including quality checks) and in ensuring sustainability considering the short duration of the program. Enhancements in the workflows and protocols have been incorporated to address data quality and data availability issues. More trainings have been conducted for project staff hired to address human resource gaps. Collaborative arrangements with more partners are being established. To attain sustainability, the Program is developing and instituting a system of training, data updating and sharing, information utilization, and feedback. This requires collaboration and cooperation of the government agencies, LGUs, universities, other organizations, and the communities.
UAV AERIAL SURVEY: ACCURACY ESTIMATION FOR AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED DENSE DIGITAL SURFACE MODEL AND ORTHOTHOTO PLAN
Authors: Altyntsev M. A. , Arbuzov S. A. , Popov R. A. , Tsoi G. V. , Gromov M. O.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A dense digital surface model is one of the products generated by using UAV aerial survey data. Today more and more specialized software are supplied with modules for generating such kind of models. The procedure for dense digital model generation can be completely or partly automated. Due to the lack of reliable criterion of accuracy estimation it is rather complicated to judge the generation validity of such models. One of such criterion can be mobile laser scanning data as a source for the detailed accuracy estimation of the dense digital surface model generation. These data may be also used to estimate the accuracy of digital orthophoto plans created by using UAV aerial survey data. The results of accuracy estimation for both kinds of products are presented in the paper.
STATISTIC TESTS AIDED MULTI-SOURCE DEM FUSION
Authors: Fu C. Y. , Tsay J. R.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Since the land surface has been changing naturally or manually, DEMs have to be updated continually to satisfy applications using the latest DEM at present. However, the cost of wide-area DEM production is too high. DEMs, which cover the same area but have different quality, grid sizes, generation time or production methods, are called as multi-source DEMs. It provides a solution to fuse multi-source DEMs for low cost DEM updating. The coverage of DEM has to be classified according to slope and visibility in advance, because the precisions of DEM grid points in different areas with different slopes and visibilities are not the same. Next, difference DEM (dDEM) is computed by subtracting two DEMs. It is assumed that dDEM, which only contains random error, obeys normal distribution. Therefore, student test is implemented for blunder detection and three kinds of rejected grid points are generated. First kind of rejected grid points is blunder points and has to be eliminated. Another one is the ones in change areas, where the latest data are regarded as their fusion result. Moreover, the DEM grid points of type I error are correct data and have to be reserved for fusion. The experiment result shows that using DEMs with terrain classification can obtain better blunder detection result. A proper setting of significant levels (α) can detect real blunders without creating too many type I errors. Weighting averaging is chosen as DEM fusion algorithm. The priori precisions estimated by our national DEM production guideline are applied to define weights. Fisher’s test is implemented to prove that the priori precisions correspond to the RMSEs of blunder detection result.
MONITORING THE SURFACE HEAT ISLAND (SHI) EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Şekertekin A. , Kutoglu Ş. H. , Kaya S. , Marangoz A. M.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The aim of this study is to present the effects of industrial enterprises on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and to retrieve Surface Heat Island (SHI) maps of these regions. SHI is one of the types of Urban Heat Island (UHI) and as the urban areas grow in a city, UHI effect becomes bigger. The city centre of Zonguldak was chosen as study area and Landsat 5 satellite data were used as materials. Zonguldak has important industrial enterprises like thermal power plants and iron and steel plant. ERDEMIR is the biggest iron and steel plant in Turkey and it is one of the biggest ones in Europe, as well. There are three operating thermal power plants in the region namely CATES, ZETES1 and ZETES2. In order to investigate these industrial regions, Landsat 5 satellite data were processed using mono-window algorithm to retrieve LST and they were acquired on 11.09.1987, 18.09.2007 and 29.09.2011, respectively. The obtained results revealed that from 1987 to 2011, spatial and temporal variability in LST in industrial enterprises became higher than the surroundings. Besides, the sizes of SHIs in 2011 are bigger than the ones in 1987. For the countries and governments, having industrial enterprises is crucial for the development and it is also important to present the community better conditions in life. Thus, decision makers should consider mitigating the effects of these regions on LST.
Spec Tool; an online education and research resource
Authors: Maman S. , Shenfeld A. , Isaacson S. , Blumberg D. G.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Education and public outreach (EPO) activities related to remote sensing, space, planetary and geo-physics sciences have been developed widely in the Earth and Planetary Image Facility (EPIF) at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. These programs aim to motivate the learning of geo-scientific and technologic disciplines. For over the past decade, the facility hosts research and outreach activities for researchers, local community, school pupils, students and educators. As software and data are neither available nor affordable, the EPIF Spec tool was created as a web-based resource to assist in initial spectral analysis as a need for researchers and students. The tool is used both in the academic courses and in the outreach education programs and enables a better understanding of the theoretical data of spectroscopy and Imaging Spectroscopy in a 'hands-on' activity. This tool is available online and provides spectra visualization tools and basic analysis algorithms including Spectral plotting, Spectral angle mapping and Linear Unmixing. The tool enables to visualize spectral signatures from the USGS spectral library and additional spectra collected in the EPIF such as of dunes in southern Israel and from Turkmenistan. For researchers and educators, the tool allows loading collected samples locally for further analysis.
THE USE OF UAS FOR RAPID 3D MAPPING IN GEOMATICS EDUCATION
Authors: Teo Tee-Ann , Shih Peter Tian-Yuan , Yu Sz-Cheng , Tsai Fuan
Published: June 2016

Abstract. With the development of technology, UAS is an advance technology to support rapid mapping for disaster response. The aim of this study is to develop educational modules for UAS data processing in rapid 3D mapping. The designed modules for this study are focused on UAV data processing from available freeware or trial software for education purpose. The key modules include orientation modelling, 3D point clouds generation, image georeferencing and visualization. The orientation modelling modules adopts VisualSFM to determine the projection matrix for each image station. Besides, the approximate ground control points are measured from OpenStreetMap for absolute orientation. The second module uses SURE and the orientation files from previous module for 3D point clouds generation. Then, the ground point selection and digital terrain model generation can be archived by LAStools. The third module stitches individual rectified images into a mosaic image using Microsoft ICE (Image Composite Editor). The last module visualizes and measures the generated dense point clouds in CloudCompare. These comprehensive UAS processing modules allow the students to gain the skills to process and deliver UAS photogrammetric products in rapid 3D mapping. Moreover, they can also apply the photogrammetric products for analysis in practice.
GROUND DEFORMATION MONITORING IN QINGDAO COASTAL AREAS BY TIME-SERIES TERRASAR-X IMAGES
Authors: Hou A. Y. , Qiao X. , Li D.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. As a new generation of high resolution and short revisit period of radar satellite, TerraSAR-X is not only able to meet the requirements of monitoring large scale surface subsidence, but also make it possible to monitor the small deformation of the short period. This articles takes the coastal areas of the west coast of Qingdao as the research object. With Small baselines subsets interferometry synthetic aperture radar (SBASI), this paper obtained the period the average annual rate of change from the time series analysis of TerraSAR-X data from April 2015 to October 2014.In order to enrich the historical deformation data of the study area, it analyse the time series of ALOS images from December 2010 to October 2008 with the same method. Finally,it analyse and demonstrate the experimental results.
Coupling of wave and circulation models in coastal–ocean predicting systems: a case study for the German Bight
Authors: Staneva Joanna , Wahle Kathrin , Günther Heinz , Stanev Emil
Published: June 2016

Abstract. This study addresses the impact of coupling between wave and circulation models on the quality of coastal ocean predicting systems. This is exemplified for the German Bight and its coastal area known as the Wadden Sea. The latter is the area between the barrier islands and the coast. This topic reflects the increased interest in operational oceanography to reduce prediction errors of state estimates at coastal scales, which in many cases are due to unresolved non-linear feedback between strong currents and wind waves. In this study we present analysis of wave and hydrographic observations, as well as results of numerical simulations. A nested-grid modelling system is used to produce reliable nowcasts and short-term forecasts of ocean state variables, including waves and hydrodynamics. The database includes ADCP observations and continuous measurements from data stations. The individual and combined effects of wind, waves and tidal forcing are quantified. The performance of the forecast system is illustrated for the cases of several extreme events. The combined role of wave effects on coastal circulation and sea level are investigated by considering the wave-dependent stress and wave breaking parameterization. Also the response, which the circulation exerts on the waves, is tested for the coastal areas. The improved skill of the coupled forecasts compared to the non-coupled ones, in particular during extreme events, justifies the further enhancements of coastal operational systems by including wave effects in circulation models.
The blogosphere and its problems: Web 2.0 undermining civic Webspaces
Authors: Halavais Alexander
Published: June 2016

Blogging is often seen as a proto-Web 2.0 technology and in many ways set the stage for the kinds of applications that followed. But the “blogosphere” also represented a conversational medium that allowed for civic discourse rarely encountered in the fragmented Web 2.0 that followed. Blogospheres were open, distributed, and relatively non-commercial, particularly in their earliest form, and provided civic Webspaces in which people could gather, discuss, and change their social organization. Today’s Web 2.0, while retaining some of the formal elements of blogospheres is more centralized, monopolistic, and commodified. Web 2.0 lost the civic nature of blogospheres, while retaining the formal social and technological structures; and recovering those civic Webspaces should remain at the center of critique of Web 2.0.
Many (to platform) to many: Web 2.0 application infrastructures
Authors: Jamieson Jack
Published: June 2016

Web 2.0 applications have been celebrated for creating opportunities for user generated content and have also prompted concerns about the collection and storage of user information. This paper discusses the infrastructures driving dynamic Web applications — focusing particularly on Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) — and argues that these infrastructures encourage a particular style of user participation that aids the data collection and analysis activities of major Web 2.0 platforms. While these applications provide simple interfaces for many to many content production, in the process they have often inserted themselves as intermediaries. By focusing on the role of Ajax, this paper illustrates ways in which taken-for-granted infrastructures can shape the sorts of communication patterns and relationships that are built upon the Web.
Four dimentional joint moments due to Dirichlet density and their applications in summability of quadruple hypergeometric functions
Authors: Pathan M A , Kumar H , Yadav Priyanka
Published: June 2016

Using the Exton’s multiple joint moments in four dimensional spaces due to Dirichlet density and a generalization of Bosanquet and Kestelman theorem , we prove some theorems in summability of the series containing quadruple hypergeomtric functions. These theorems generalize some well known generating functions and multiplication theorems involving product of hypergeometric functions of one and more variables. We discuss some other applications and establish several interesting particular cases. Finally, we obtain an approximation formula of the series involving Exton’s quadruple hypergeometric function.
Λµ- sets and V µ- sets in generalized topological spaces
Authors: Jeyanthi P , Nalayini P , Noiri T
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we introduce and study some properties of the new sets namely * Λµ- sets , * V µ- sets, * λµ- closed sets, * λµ- open sets in generalized topological space.
Efficient Galerkin solution of stochastic fractional differential equations using second kind Chebyshev wavelets
Authors: Mohammadi Fakhrodin
Published: June 2016

‎Stochastic fractional differential equations (SFDEs) have been used for modeling many physical problems in the fields of turbulance‎, ‎heterogeneous‎, ‎flows and matrials‎, ‎viscoelasticity and electromagnetic theory‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎an‎ efficient wavelet Galerkin method based on the second kind Chebyshev wavelets are proposed for approximate solution of SFDEs‎. ‎In ‎this ‎app‎roach‎‎, ‎o‎perational matrices of the second kind Chebyshev wavelets ‎are used ‎for reducing SFDEs to a linear system of algebraic equations that can be solved easily‎. ‎C‎onvergence and error analysis of the proposed method is ‎considered‎.‎ ‎Some numerical examples are performed to confirm the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method‎.
(–1, 1) metabelian rings
Authors: Jayalakshmi Karamsi , Babu Kommaddi Hari
Published: June 2016

The structure of the set of all non- nilpotent (–1, 1) metabelian rings is studied. An additive basis of a free (–1, 1) metabelian ring is constructed. It is proved that any identity in a non- nilpotent 2, 3-torsion free (–1, 1) metabelian ring of degree greater than or equal to 6 is a consequence four defining identities of  m where m is the metabelian (–1, 1) ring.
Spectrum and fine spectrum of the Zweier matrix over the sequence space cs
Authors: Das Rituparna
Published: June 2016

In this article we have determined the spectrum and fine spectrum of the Zweier matrix Z_s on the sequence space cs. In a further development, we have also determined the approximate point spectrum, the defect spectrum and the compression spectrum of the operator Z_s  on the sequence space cs.
The Nature of Idiomatic Knowledge
Authors: Martinez del Castillo Jesus
Published: June 2016

Since idiomatic knowledge, the knowledge of speakers to speak or competence is exclusive of humans it answers to the nature of humans who are creative and contingent. Idiomatic knowledge is nothing previously made but something being created at the moment of speaking. It is creative because it is individual and new thus answering to the needs of expression of the individual speaker who speaks in accordance with a context and situation. It is contingent and thus historical because speakers learn it from the speaking community they belong to. Depending on the conception the linguist has about language and what to be a human means, idiomatic knowledge may appear as unconscious (Saussure), innate and thus intuitive (Chomsky) or merely intuitive, something learnt in the same way as the other types of knowledge or competence (Coseriu). My aim now is to study the type of intuitive knowledge it is, starting with the human peculiar characteristics of creativity and historicity (Coseriu, Ortega y Gasset) and analyzing the verbal behavior of speakers.
Refleksjonsgrupper i etikk: «Pusterom» eller læringsarena?
Authors: Tønnessen Siri , Lillemoen Lillian , Gjerberg Elisabeth
Published: June 2016

Siden 2007 har HOD og KS satset store ressurser på prosjektet «Samarbeid om etisk kompetanseheving» i kommunale helse- og omsorgstjenester. Hensikten med prosjektet har vært å heve de ansattes etiske kompetanse, og ett av de iverksatte tiltakene har vært å etablere refleksjonsgrupper i etikk. Denne artikkelen er basert på en evaluering av arbeidet i refleksjonsgruppene med fokus på hvordan etikkveilederen, også kalt fasilitator, beskriver arbeidet i gruppene. Hensikten med studien var å utvikle kunnskap om hvordan arbeidet med etikk-refleksjon foregår, samt å diskutere om måten det arbeides på kan forventes å bidra til etisk kompetanseheving blant gruppemedlemmene. Vinteren 2012 gjennomførte vi fokusgruppeintervju i åtte kommuner med ansatte fra ulike deler av den kommunale helse- og omsorgstjenesten, ett intervju i hver kommune, til sammen 33 personer. Data ble analysert og fortolket i tråd med hermeneutisk metode. Resultatene viser at de i refleksjonsgruppene diskuterer alt fra verdier, begreper, fiktive case, dilemmaer til vanskelig situasjoner fra egen praksis. Refleksjonsmetodene varierer i spennet fra fri diskusjon til en strukturert samtale. Fasiltatorenes helsefaglige grunnutdanning og kunnskap om etikk og refleksjon ser ut til å være avgjørende faktorer for om refleksjonsgrupper i etikk mest fungerer som et pusterom, eller blir en læringsarena for etisk kompetanseheving. Resultatene diskuteres i lys av lærings- og refleksjonsteori.Nøkkelord: Etikk, evaluering, fasilitatorer, kommunehelsetjenesten, læring, refleksjonsgrupper English Summary: Ethics reflection groups: Just a “time out” or a learning arena?Since 2007, there has been a nationally prioritised programme aiming to enhance ethics competence in Norwegian community health care. One of many measures has been to establish ethics reflection groups. The purpose of this study was to obtain knowledge about how ethics reflection is carried out and if the reflection strengthens the participants´ competence in ethics. In this article, we focus on how the role of the facilitator, and the objective is to describe and discuss how the facilitator work and facilitate in the groups. We conducted focus group interviews with facilitators from various clinical settings in eight different municipalities. Data were analysed and interpreted according to hermeneutic methodology. The findings show that the discussions in the reflection groups varied from values, concepts and fictional cases to dilemmas and ethically difficult situations from the participants own practice. The methods used varied from free conversation to structured reflection. Competence in ethics and methods of reflection are essential skills facilitators must employ/have to run the groups. We discuss the findings using learning- and reflection theory.Article first published online: 22 MARCH 2016
A self-defense guide against situational pressure in organizations
Authors: Vie Knut Jørgen
Published: June 2016

Book review of Øyvind Kvalnes: Moral reasoning at work: Rethinking ethics in organizations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 108 pages.First published online: 22 MARCH 2016
Arven fra Statens skjermbildefotografering (SSF) / Statens helseundersøkelser (SHUS): En introduksjon til databanken
Authors: Lund-Larsen Per G.
Published: June 2016

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The Norwegian Thyroid Cancer Project: History, achievements and present view on carcinogenesis
Authors: Glattre Eystein
Published: June 2016

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Utvikling og drift av Nettverk for Psykiatrisk Epidemiologi (NEPE)
Authors: Dahl m.fl. Alv A.
Published: June 2016

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The Oslo Health Study: Reminding the non-responders - effects on prevalence estimates
Authors: Selmer m.fl Randi
Published: June 2016

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SDQ - Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire: En orientering om et nytt spørreskjema for kartlegging av mental helse hos barn og unge
Authors: Heyerdahl Sonja
Published: June 2016

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Drug use questions in Norwegian health surveys - response rate and agreement between specific and open-ended questions
Authors: Furu m.fl. Kari
Published: June 2016

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Selvrapportert fysisk aktivitet i 1980- og 1990-årene - Helseundersøkelsene i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT)
Authors: Kurtze m.fl. Nanna
Published: June 2016

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Medfødte misdannelser og fars yrkeseksposisjon
Authors: Irgens m.fl Ågot
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGHypoteser basert på funn fra tidligere studier av misdannelser hos barn av fedre i ulike yrkesgrupper (1), bleetterprøvet i et norsk registermateriale. Materialet besto av data fra Medisinsk fødselsregister (MFR) 1970-93,koblet med data fra Folke- og boligtellinger (FOB) fra 1970, 1980 og 1990 med opplysninger om bl.a. farsyrke. Som referansepopulasjon ble benyttet barn av fedre med alle andre yrker enn det som ble analysert.Barn av malere hadde tendens til økt risiko for spina bifida – OR 2,03 (CI 0,99–3,75) og barn av trykkeriarbeiderehadde økt risiko for klumpfot – OR 1,52 (CI 1,10–2,10). Studien har bidradd til å sannsynliggjøreen kausal sammenheng knyttet til påviste samvariasjoner, dog uten å belyse mekanismer. Tidligere positivefunn hos barn av fedre i enkelte store yrkesgrupper som lærere, elektriske yrker, salgsrelaterte yrker, bønderog sjåfører ble ikke bekreftet i vårt materiale. Eventuelt falske negative funn kan skyldes lav statistisk styrkepå grunn av små grupper eller problemer med ikke differensiell feilklassifisering av eksposisjon.Irgens Å, Krüger K, Skorve AH, Irgens LM. Birth defects and paternal occupational exposure.Hypotheses derived from previous studies tested in a Norwegian registry material.Nor J Epidemiol Aim Method  Results  Conclusion  . The study gave evidence of cause effect relationships in the confirmed positive associations,though without any clarification of possible mechanisms involved. Possible false negative findings might bedue to low statistical power as a result of small occupational groups or non differential problems of misclassificationof exposure.. Offspring of painters had a tendency of increased risk of spina bifida – OR 2,03 (CI 0,99–3,75) andoffspring of printers had an increased risk for talipes – OR 1,52 (CI 1,10–2,10). Positive associationsobserved previously in offspring of fathers in large occupational groups such as teachers, drivers, electricityrelated occupations, sales related occupations and agricultural workers were not confirmed in this dataset.. The study was based on all births in Norway 1970–1993 for which linkage with population censuses1970, 1980 and 1990 could be obtained – about 1 million births. The reference population was offspring ofthe group that did not belong to the actual occupation.ENGLISH SUMMARY . To test, on the basis of a Norwegian registry material, previously established hypotheses on associationsof birth defects with paternal occupation (1).1997; 7 (1): 13-18.
Folsyre og medfødte misdannelser
Authors: Monsen Anne-Lise Bjørke
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGFolsyre, et B vitamin, er viktig for en normal utvikling av fosterets nervesystem. En rekke intervensjonsstudierhar vist at forekomsten av nevralrørsdefekter og misdannelser i hjerne/ryggmarg, kan reduseresmed opptil 70% dersom mor får folsyretilskudd (0,4 / 4,0 mg) fra minst en måned før befruktning til ogmed tredje svangerskapsmåned. Perikonsepsjonell bruk av multivitaminer er også assosiert med reduksjonav andre medfødte misdannelser som leppe-/ganespalte, urinveis- og hjertemisdannelser og manglendeeller misdannede lemmer hos fosteret.Bjørke Monsen A-L. Folic acid and fetal malformations. Nor J Epidemiol 1997; 7 (1): 19-22. ENGLISH SUMMARYFolic acid, a B vitamin, is essential for normal development of the central nervous system during the earlyweeks of gestation. Both observational and intervention studies have demonstrated that periconceptionaladministration of folate (0.4 / 4.0 mg) reduces the occurence and the recurrence rate of neural tube defects.Periconceptional multivitamin supplementation has also been associated with reduction of other congenitalmalformations like cleft lip/palate, urinary tract defects, cardiovascular defects and limb reductions.
Bruk av amniocenteser og chorionbiopsier i Norge
Authors: Haugen Guttorm , Van der Hagen Carl Birger
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGInvasiv prenatal diagnostikk i form av amniocentese (fostervannsprøve) og chorionbiopsi (morkakeprøve)utføres i ca. 2% av alle svangerskap i Norge per år. Dette er betydelig færre undersøkelser ennhva som utføres i de andre nordiske land. De fleste får utført amniocentese pga. høy maternell alder(aldersindikasjon) som her i landet er ≥ 38 år ved fødselstermin. Chorionbiopsi er forbeholdt kvinnermed kjente arvelige lidelser i familien, dvs. kvinner med høy risiko for å få et affisert foster. De undersøkelsersom foreligger over svangerskapsutfall samt forekomst av komplikasjoner etter amniocenteseog chorionbiopsi er hovedsakelig utført i andre land på kvinner med generelt lavere risiko ( ≥ 35 år) ennfor dem som får utført invasiv prenatal diagnostikk i Norge. Pga. vår restriktive praksis kan ikke disseresultatene uten videre overføres til Norge. Vi mangler eksakte data over svangerskapsutfall og evt.komplikasjoner etter disse undersøkelsene i en norsk populasjon.Haugen G, van der Hagen CB. The use of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling in Norway.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYAmniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling are performed in about 2% of all pregnancies in Norwaywhich is far less than in the other Nordic countries. Most of the amniocenteses are performed due toadvanced maternal age. In Norway this is defined as maternal age ≥ 38 years at term. Couples withknown chromosomal aberrations or genetic diseases in their families, i.e. women at a high risk of havingan affected fetus, are offered chorionic villus sampling. Earlier studies on complications and pregnancyoutcome following amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling have been performed in other countriesmainly on women at a lower risk ( ≥ 35 years) than for the women having such tests in Norway. We donot have data on pregnancy outcome and possible complications following amniocentesis and chorionicvillus sampling in a Norwegian population.1997; 7 (1): 29-32.
Prepregnant reproductive risk and subsequent birth outcome among Scandinavian parous women
Authors: Jacobsen m. fl Geir
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThis study examined the impact of maternal prepregnant stature, smoking, and past reproductive characteristicson gestational length, birthweight, weight-for-gestation, and crown heel length. Analyses were basedon 5722 para one and two Caucasian women in Trondheim and Bergen (Norway) and Uppsala (Sweden)who had a singleton pregnancy and who were interviewed before 20 completed weeks of gestation. Dataincluded information about previous induced and spontaneous abortions, prepregnant weight and height,smoking, course and outcome of previous pregnancies with special reference to preterm and low birthweight(LBW) births, and perinatal deaths. Number of adverse outcome predictors was counted for each woman andbirth outcomes were analysed by that number. Separate univariate and multivariate analyses examined theimpact of the individual risk characteristics. Mean birthweight, crown heel length, and gestational lengthwere significantly related to number of prepregnant risk characteristics with a dose response decrease from3750 g, 51.2 cm, and 39.6 weeks to 2955 g, 47.7 cm, and 37.7 weeks for women with zero and six riskfactors, respectively. Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that prepregnant weight, a previousLBW birth, and cigarette smoking around conception were the strongest birthweight predictors with a meanBW reduction of 424 g (95% CI 373, 475 g) and 130 g (95% CI 112, 157 g) for a previous LBW birth and10 cigarettes per day, respectively. As 88% of birthweight variation was left unexplained by theseprepregnancy characteristics, it may be concluded that the major risk factors are either unknown or that mainpredictors of birthweight, such as life style factors, exert their effect during gestation, or both.Key words: Pregnancy, risk factor, parous women, birth outcome
Does normal variation in birthweight confer susceptibility to health problems? A co-twin control study
Authors: Harris m.fl Jennifer R.
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTPopulation-based twin data were used to study whether normal variation in birthweight confersdisadvantage for a variety of health outcomes from birth through young adulthood. The sample consists of5,864 identical and fraternal twins and includes 2,570 intact pairs. Variation in birthweight may beassociated with an increased risk for epilepsy in males and with refractive disorders, chronic ear infectionsand intestinal problems in women. Two variants of the co-twin control design, based on identical twinsonly, were used to control for genetic and shared environmental effects that influence both birthweight andthe health outcome. Results indicated that the prevalence of health outcomes was not greater among thelighter twin from birthweight discordant pairs. Furthermore, intra-pair differences in birthweight betweenmembers of pairs who were health-discordant were significant only for nearsightedness among the MZmales. Due to lack of statistical power these results should be interpreted with caution.
Neonatal alloimmun trombocytopenisk purpura (NAITP)
Authors: Skogen Bjørn
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGNeonatal alloimmun trombocytopenisk purpura (NAITP) opptrer før eller like etter fødselen, og erforårsaket av maternell alloimmunisering mot paternelle (føtale) antigener som ikke er tilstede på morenstrombocytter. Incidensen er 1 pr. 2000/3000 nyfødte. Det finnes ikke noe screening-opplegg for å avsløremødre som kommer til å føde barn med NAITP. Derfor fins det heller ikke noe man kan gjøre før enkvinne føder sitt første barn med tilstanden. I påfølgende svangerskap kan moren følges, og man kanplanlegge tiltak for å redusere risikoen for skade på barnet.Skogen B. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Nor J Epidemiol 1997; 7 (1): 69-72. ENGLISH SUMMARYNeonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (NAITP) manifests itself before or shortly after birthand is caused by maternal alloimmunization to a paternal (fetal) antigen not present on the mother’splatelets. The incidence of the condition in the fetus and neonate is 1 in 2000/3000 live births. There areno screening programs for detecting mothers at risk of delivering infants affected with NAITP. Therefore,no antenatal management is possible in first pregnancies. In subsequent pregnancies there is an opportunityto detect affected fetuses and plan perinatal therapy.
Infeksjon og prematur fødsel
Authors: Arntzen Knut Jørgen , Kjøllesdal Anne Molne , Vatten Lars , Austgulen Rigmor
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGInfeksjon i det intrauterine miljø kan være en viktig årsak til premature rier. Intrauterine infeksjonerunderdiagnostiseres med dagens metoder. Ny kunnskap om molekylære mekanismer gir nye diagnostiskemuligheter og kan åpne for alternative behandlingsformer.Arntzen KJ, Kjøllesdal AM, Vatten L, Austgulen R. Infection and premature birth.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYPrematurity is the cause of a substantial proportion of perinatal morbidity and mortality. It has becomeclear that intrauterine infection is an important underlying cause of premature labour. Unfortunately, ourability to diagnose these infections at an early stage is not well developed, and the effectiveness of availabletherapeutic agents is low. Premature labour caused by infection involves the activation of a networkof inflammatory cytokines and the production of intrauterine prostaglandins. In this paper, we haveattempted to describe recent developments in this area that are relevant to prematurity, and we also discusswhether this knowledge may provide possibilities for therapeutic intervention.1997; 7 (1): 79-84.
Prevalence and treatment of post partum urinary incontinence
Authors: Mørkved Siv , Bø Kari
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYChildbirth is often considered the main etiological factor in the development of female urinary incontinence(UI). For that reason women in the western countries have been encouraged to engage in post partumpelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercise in order to strengthen the pelvic floor. However, the effect of post partumPFM exercise has been sparsely documented. The aim of this article is to review and discuss literaturerelated to prevalence of post partum UI and effect of post partum PFM exercise in the treatment of UI. Thereported prevalence of UI post partum varies from 0.7% to 44%. The variation may be explained bydifferent definitions of UI used in the questionnaires and that the registration of incontinence was done atdifferent intervals after delivery. A few studies have tried to evaluate the effect of post natal PFM exercise.Some have evaluated PFM strength, others the frequency of UI. PFM strength is difficult to measure andthe reliability and validity of the methods used is open to question. Another flaw in some of the previousstudies is the training protocol applied to improve PFM strength. Mørkved and Bø tried to take intoaccount the above mentioned methodological considerations, in a study aiming to evaluate the effect ofpost partum PFM exercise. The results demonstrate that post partum PFM exercise is effective instrengthening the PFM and in the treatment of UI. However, success of PFM exercise is dependent uponboth the training frequency and intensity. This requires a closer follow up of the post partum women, thanthe written information that usually serves this purpose at the present time.Key words  : physiotherapy, pelvic floor muscles, urinary incontinence, post partum exercise, prevalence
Forord
Authors: Tverdal Aage , Graff-Iversen Sidsel
Published: June 2016

Tema:Statens Helseundersøkelser og samarbeidspartnere
Lårhalsbrudd og kroppshøyde
Authors: Meyer Haakon E.
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGDe aller fleste lårhalsbrudd skjer i forbindelse med fall, og de senere år er det blitt mer og mer klart at forholdknyttet til falltraumet er av stor betydning for risikoen for å få lårhalsbrudd. I denne sammenheng harkroppshøyde vakt interesse pga. større fallhøyde og lengre lårhals hos høye personer. Vi har tidligere vist enklar sammenheng mellom kroppshøyde og risiko for lårhalsbrudd. Spørsmålet er om kroppshøyden kan væremed å forklare de observerte forskjellene og forandringene i insidensen av lårhalsbrudd. Data fra Bergen,Nord-Trøndelag og Møre og Romsdal innsamlet i perioden 1963-70 og 1989-93 viser en klar økning i høydenhos to generasjoner 65-67 åringer. Høyden økte i gjennomsnitt med 3,8 cm hos menn og med 3,1 cm hoskvinner. Estimat bygd på gitte forutsetninger viser at dersom høyden i den norske befolkningen hadde blittredusert tilsvarende, ville antall lårhalsbrudd blitt redusert med 15,7% (anslagsvis 1338 lårhalsbrudd per år).Tilsvarende beregninger viser at dersom gjennomsnittshøyden hos nordmenn ble redusert til sydeuropeiskenivå, ville en ha forventet 26,8% færre brudd (reduksjon på anslagsvis 2279 lårhalsbrudd per år). Høyde synessåledes å være en av faktorene som forklarer den økende insidensen av lårhalsbrudd i den norskebefolkningen og de høye bruddratene sammenlignet med andre land.Meyer HE. Hip fracture and body height. Nor J Epidemiol 1997; 7 (2): 175-178. ENGLISH SUMMARYMost hip fractures occur following a fall. During recent years it has become evident that factors associatedwith falling and trauma following a fall are of great importance in the etiology of hip fracture. In this connection,tall persons may have an increased risk of hip fracture due to geometric features of the hip (longerfemoral neck), and greater forces associated with falling. We have previously reported a clear associationbetween body height and the risk of hip fracture. The question is if the observed differences and changes inthe incidence of hip fracture can be attributed to body height. Data from three Norwegian counties collectedduring 1963-70 and 1989-93 showed that height increased by 3.8 cm in men and 3.1 cm in women in twosuccessive generations of persons 65-67 years old examined 24 years apart. It is estimated, under certainassumptions, that if body height in Norwegians was reduced correspondingly (3.8 cm in men and 3.1 cm inwomen), we would have expected a reduction in the number of hip fracture by 15.7% or 1338 hip fracturesper year. Similarly, if body height in Norwegians was reduced to Southern European levels, we would haveexpected a reduction of 26.8% or 2279 hip fractures per year. In sum, height is probably one of several factorscontributing to both the secular increase and geographical differences in the incidence of hip fracture.
Prøveprosjekt med mammografiscreeening i fire fylker; organisering og gjennomføring
Authors: Thoresen Steinar Østerbø
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGRandomiserte kontrollerte studier har vist at systematisk mammografiscreening i aldersgruppen 50 til 69 årreduserer dødeligheten av brystkreft med omlag 30%. I 1994 ble det av Sosial- og helsedepartementetbesluttet å iverksette et prøveprosjekt med mammografi i fire fylker. Prosjektet omfatter kvinner i alderen50-69 år og skal pågå i fire år med to screeningrunder. Utvalgte fylker er Akershus, Hordaland, Oslo ogRogaland. Det er valgt en fylkeskommunal modell i samarbeid med Kreftregisteret, Statens helseundersøkelser(SHUS) og Statens strålevern. Kreftregisteret har den nasjonale prosjektledelse, mens SHUS haransvar for invitasjoner, svarbrev samt innkjøp og drift av busser. Prosjektet skal evalueres både frakostnadsiden og informasjonsvirksomheten. Det utføres to-bilde mammografi med dobbelt tyding. Detførste driftsåret var 1996. Oppmøte før purring ligger på omlag 77%. Det er påvist 337 krefttilfeller.Svulstene er overveiende meget små og uten spredning til lymfeknuter i armhulen. Det har vært få driftsproblemer,og tiltaket er svært godt mottatt blant de inviterte kvinner.Thoresen SØ. Mammography screening in four Norwegian counties: a pilot project.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYOrganised breast cancer screening by mammography can reduce mortality from breast cancer substantially.In Norway a pilot project in four counties was startet in 1996, including 160 000 women in the age group50 to 69 years. Two-view mammography and double reading are performed. So far the attendance rate is77%, before reminders are sent to the women. The attendance rate in the mobile units are high. A total of337 breast cancers have been identified, which is seven out of 1000 screened. The positive predictive valueis 13%. The majority of the invasive tumors are small and without nodal involvement. The pilot project isscheduled for four years and will also be evaluated form the cost/benefit side.1997; 7 (2): 179-182.