bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porous infrastructures and the politics of upward mobility in Brazil's public housing
Authors: Kopper Moisés
Published: October 2018

In Brazil's post‐neoliberal government of upward mobility and public policies, infrastructures are the symbiosis of experimental forms of government, political action, and practices of consumption. This article draws from a four‐year‐long multiscalar ethnography of Minha Casa Minha Vida, the country's largest public housing program. It uncovers the temporalities of infrastructural hope unleashed as people wait for—and engage with—their first homeownership. Specifically, I focus on struggles over the design and implementation of surveillance and security technologies by residents of one such condominium, charting how aspirations for “the good life” crystallize in emerging—yet ephemeral—collectives of consumer‐citizens. My contention is that desires for infrastructure elucidate the ubiquity and ever‐elusiveness of middle‐class affects in Latin American social mobility. The tangled worlds of desire and materials illuminate the workings of a middle‐class sensorial: the topography of images and affects through which class mobility is experienced and located in time and space. Trailing the movement, saturation and porosity of housing materialities and their embroilment with emergent forms of sociality decode the ambiguous economic and political subjectivities flourishing in the aftermath of fraught urban interventions.
Development of the local proton concentration during pulse anodizing
Authors: Lämmel Christoph , Heubner Christian , Schneider Michael , Michaelis Alexander
Published: October 2018

The literature describes various beneficial effects of the pulse anodizing of aluminum related to the corrosion resistance, hardness, and electronic properties of the oxide layer, the thermal impact during the anodizing process as well as reduced energy consumption. In spite of the considerable improvements, the understanding of basic mechanisms and the specific impact of the applied pulse parameters are still under discussion. Herein, the local development of the electrolyte concentration during pulse anodizing in sulfuric acid is investigated by means of finite element computations. The impact of the thickness of the porous oxide, the applied current density, and the pulse frequency are examined systematically. The results suggest that the electrolyte concentration at the oxide/electrolyte interface can be effectively controlled by applying tailored pulse parameters.
A shared‐parameter continuous‐time hidden Markov and survival model for longitudinal data with informative dropout
Authors: Bartolucci Francesco , Farcomeni Alessio
Published: October 2018

A shared‐parameter approach for jointly modeling longitudinal and survival data is proposed. With respect to available approaches, it allows for time‐varying random effects that affect both the longitudinal and the survival processes. The distribution of these random effects is modeled according to a continuous‐time hidden Markov chain so that transitions may occur at any time point. For maximum likelihood estimation, we propose an algorithm based on a discretization of time until censoring in an arbitrary number of time windows. The observed information matrix is used to obtain standard errors. We illustrate the approach by simulation, even with respect to the effect of the number of time windows on the precision of the estimates, and by an application to data about patients suffering from mildly dilated cardiomyopathy.
Investigation on the Different Photocatalytic Properties of Bismuths Oxychlorides: Bi12O15Cl6 versus Bi3O4Cl versus BiOCl
Authors: Gu Wenhao , Xu Juan , Teng Fei , Ul Abideen Zain
Published: October 2018

It is found that under UV light (λ≤420 nm) irradiation, the photo activity of Bi12O15Cl6 is 1 times higher than that of BiOCl for the degradation of methyl orange (MO), which is mainly attributed to the wider light absorption range and higher charge separation efficiency, but rather than BET area (4.5 m2g−1 vs. 15.9 m2g−1). Under visible light (λ>420 nm) irradiation, the photo activity of Bi12O15Cl6 is 3.3 times higher than that of Bi3O4Cl for the degradation of MO, which is mainly attributed to the higher charge separation efficiency and higher BET area (0.4 m2g−1), rather than light absorption range (2.86 vs. 2.63 eV). Under UV light irradiation (λ≤420 nm), the photo activity of BiOCl is 1 times higher than that of Bi3O4Cl for the degradation of MO, which is mainly ascribed to the higher BET area (15.9 vs. 0.4 m2g−1) and the higher charge separation efficiency, rather than light absorption (3.4 vs. 2.63 eV). This work suggests that various affecting factors should be fully investigated to correctly understand the photochemical properties of a photocatalyst.
Preparation and Properties of a ZnO/PVA/β‐CD Composite Electrode for Rechargeable Zinc Anodes
Authors: Zhang Zejie , Zhou Debi , Li Zhihui , Zhou Liang , Huang Boyun
Published: October 2018

ZnO/PVA/β‐CD composite electrode was prepared by chemical crosslinking method. The FT‐IR spectrum of the composite electrode shows that the absorption peaks in 3379 cm−1 owing to the O−H stretching vibration decreased significantly, indicating the decreased of the hydroxyl number. The blue shift of the absorption peak at 3900 cm−1 owing to the O−H stretching vibration proves that the complex substance formed after cross‐linked reaction is more stable. Compared with the bare electrode, the cycle numbers of the composite electrode increased from 40 to 80 before the discharge capacity of the battery reduced to 80% of the maximum capacity at the charge/discharge current density of 25 mA⋅cm−2, which revealed that the cycle life of the composite electrode was longer than the bare electrode. SEM spectrum of the composite after 80 cycles that the active substances were embedded in the composite electrode regularly with good morphology and no obvious dendrite while there was a large number of dendrite inside the bare electrode, which indicated that there was an effect of combination between the complex substance and the active Zn. The results of the polarization curves and the AC impedance measurements show that the composite electrode has high electrochemical activity and low internal resistance.
Ultrafast Fabrication of TiO2‐Inlaid Multilayered Carbon for Supercapacitor
Authors: Wang Qingtao , Zhang Zhonghao , Wang Lipeng , Zhang Yongxia , Zhou Xiaozhong , Ma Guofu
Published: October 2018

TiO2/C composite have been widely used in photoelectrochemistry and electrochemistry. Herein, we report a simple and ultrafast approach to produce TiO2/C nanocomposite. Multilayered Ti3C2Tx, i. e. MXenes material, was oxidized into TiO2/C nanocomposite under microwave irradiation in 20 seconds. The resulting TiO2/C nanocomposite have a multilayer carbon structure and the TiO2 crystals are embedded in the carbon layer. The interlayered TiO2 could effectively prevent the restacking of carbon flakes. As an electrode material, the special structure of TiO2/C can increase the diffusion channel of ions and improve the transmission of electrons. Therefore, the TiO2/C nanocomposite exhibit good cycle stability. The TiO2/C nanocomposite are expected to be used for other electrode materials, such as lithium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries and photoelectrocatalysis devices.
Effect of Temperature on the Catalytic Property of Pd‐P for the Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Yang Gaixiu , Yang Juntao , Li Lianhua , Lv Pengmei , Sun Yongming , Yuan Zhenhong , Yang Jun
Published: October 2018

The development of active anode catalysts for the oxidation of formic acid is of great importance in direct formic acid fuel cells, which show promising prospect as a potential power generator for portable electronic devices and vehicular applications. Herein, carbon supported palladium‐phosphorus (Pd−P/C) catalysts with a high content of P0 are successfully prepared at different temperatures and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and so on. The effects of the synthesis temperature on the activity and stability of Pd−P/C catalysts for formic acid oxidation are also investigated by electrochemical measures. The results of the study indicate that the catalytic activity of the catalysts toward formic acid oxidation decreases in the order of Pd‐P85> Pd‐P45>Pd/C > Pd‐P25 (the numbers refer to the preparation temperatures of the samples), and the stability of the four catalysts determined by the ratio between the steady‐state current and initial current through chronoamperometric measurements is in the following order: Pd‐P85 > Pd‐P45 > Pd‐P25 > Pd/C. The Pd−P/C catalysts prepared at elevated temperatures are more stable and active than the Pd/C catalyst because of the inclusion of P. Therefore, the Pd−P/C catalyst prepared at appropriate temperature is a promising anode catalyst indirect formic acid fuel cells.
Short‐term load forecasting based on wavelet neural network with adaptive mutation bat optimization algorithm
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Wei , Li Shengtao , Wang Weiguo , Zou Hao , Dou Zhenhai
Published: October 2018

To improve the accuracy of short‐term load forecasting of power systems, according to the nonlinearity and uncertainty of short‐term load sequence, a short‐term power load forecasting method combined with wavelet neural network (WNN) and adaptive mutation bat optimization algorithm (AMBA), which is based on the variance of the population's fitness, is proposed in this paper. The model determines the mutation probability of the current optimal individual based on the variance of the population's fitness and the current optimal solution, performs Gaussian mutation on the global optimal individual, and carries out the second optimization on the bat individuals after mutation. AMBA is employed to optimize the network parameters of WNN, improving the prediction accuracy of WNN and speeding up its training. Then the AMBA‐WNN forecasting model is built. The AMBA‐WNN model is used to predict short‐term load of a certain city in China as a case study. The results show that the model can effectively improve the accuracy of short‐term load forecasting and has good practical significance. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emergency Bleeding Control Interventions After Immediate Total‐Body CT Scans in Trauma Patients
Authors: Treskes Kaij , Saltzherr Teun P. , Edwards Michael J. R. , Beuker Benn J. A. , Den Hartog D. , Hohmann Joachim , Luitse Jan S. , Beenen Ludo F. M. , Hollmann Markus W. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , Goslings J. Carel ,   the REACT‐2 study group, Sierink J. C. , Schep N. W. L. , Peters R. W. , Tromp T. J. , Brink M. , van Vugt R. , Harbers J. S. , Wertenbroek M. W. J. L. A. , ten Duis K. , Rood P. P. M. , De Rooij P. P. , Van Lieshout E. M. M. , Bingisser R. , Bless N. , Zaehringer C.
Published: October 2018

Background

Immediate total‐body CT (iTBCT) is often used for screening of potential severely injured patients. Patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions benefit from fast and optimal trauma screening. The aim of this study was to assess whether an initial trauma assessment with iTBCT is associated with lower mortality in patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions.

Methods

In the REACT‐2 trial, patients who sustained major trauma were randomized for iTBCT or for conventional imaging and selective CT scanning (standard workup; STWU) in five trauma centers. Patients who underwent emergency bleeding control interventions following their initial trauma assessment with iTBCT were compared for mortality and clinically relevant time intervals to patients that underwent the initial trauma assessment with the STWU.

Results

In the REACT‐2 trial, 1083 patients were enrolled of which 172 (15.9%) underwent emergency bleeding control interventions following their initial trauma assessment. Within these 172 patients, 85 (49.4%) underwent iTBCT as primary diagnostic modality during the initial trauma assessment. In trauma patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions, in‐hospital mortality was 12.9% (95% CI 7.2–21.9%) in the iTBCT group compared to 24.1% (95% CI 16.3–34.2%) in the STWU group (p = 0.059). Time to bleeding control intervention was not reduced; 82 min (IQR 5–121) versus 98 min (IQR 62–147), p = 0.108.

Conclusions

Reduction in mortality in trauma patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions by iTBCT could not be demonstrated in this study. However, a potentially clinically relevant absolute risk reduction of 11.2% (95% CI − 0.3 to 22.7%) in comparison with STWU was observed.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01523626.
An interfacial zone evolutionary optimization method with manufacturing constraints for hybrid components
Authors: da Silva de Siqueira Renan , Mozgova Iryna , Lachmayer Roland
Published: October 2018

New multi-material manufacturing technologies demand the development of new mechanical design approaches, as seen in the production of hybrid components through Tailored Forming. Thereby, a new class of high-performance multi-material parts aiming for enhanced properties, such as lightweight properties, can be constructed and brings with it new challenges. The objective of this paper is to develop a method for finding the optimal material distribution for such multi-material components. Thereunto, Topology Optimization techniques were reviewed, focusing on the progress made on multi-materials and manufacturing constraints implementations. Following, a new method was developed and analyzed, called Interfacial Zone Evolutionary Optimization (IZEO), and here expanded for a multi-material approach. This method makes use of the Evolutionary Algorithms methodology to solve structural optimization problems and provides a flexible way to implement manufacturing constraints. Finally, some cases are presented, in which the developed tool was able to generate a multi-material and manufacturable high-performance design.

Highlights The potential of Interfacial Zone Evolutionary Optimization method is analyzed. An extension for multi-material design problems is presented. A set of manufacturing constraints is numerically implemented with success. A manufacturable design for hybrid components is successfully generated. Method is used for the development of Tailored Forming design research.
THEORETICAL AND SOCIOECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FIRE FOODWAYS
Authors: Sullivan Alan P. , Mink Philip B.
Published: October 2018

Archaeological investigations of the effects of anthropogenic fire on the subsistence economies of small-scale societies, particularly those of the prehispanic northern American Southwest, are embryonic in scope and disciplinary impact. When burning has been mentioned in such studies it typically has been with reference to its alleged effectiveness in clearing land or deforesting areas for maize agriculture. In this article, in contrast, we present the results of our initial efforts to estimate the yield and socioecological consequences of cultivating a common fire-responsive ruderal—amaranth—whose growth is enabled by anthropogenic burning of understory vegetation in the Southwest's pinyon-juniper ecosystems. With data from the Upper Basin (northern Arizona), we show that, in an area that is not environmentally conducive to maize production, populations could be supported with systematic, low-intensity anthropogenic fires that promoted the growth of amaranth and other ruderals, such as chenopodium, which consistently dominate archaeobotanical and pollen assemblages recovered from a variety of archaeological and sedimentary contexts in the region. Based on this evidence, as well as modern fire ecological data, we propose that fire-reliant ruderal agriculture, in contrast to maize agriculture, was a widespread, sustainable, and ecologically sound practice that enhanced food supply security independently of variation in soil fertility and precipitation.
SCALING THE SIZE, STRUCTURE, AND DYNAMICS OF RESIDENTIALLY MOBILE HUNTER-GATHERER CAMPS
Authors: Hamilton Marcus J. , Buchanan Briggs , Walker Robert S.
Published: October 2018

Short-term hunter-gatherer residential camps have been a central feature of human settlement patterns and social structure for most of human evolutionary history. Recent analyses of ethnohistoric hunter-gatherer data show that across different environments, the average size of hunter-gatherer bands is remarkably constant and that bands are commonly formed by a small number of coresident families. Using ethnoarchaeological data, we examine the relationship between the physical infrastructure of camps and their social organization. We compiled a dataset of 263 ethnoarchaeologically observed hunter-gatherer camps from 13 studies in the literature. We focus on both the scale of camps, or their average size, structure, and composition, and the dynamics that governed their variation. Using a combination of inferential statistics and linear models, we show that the physical infrastructure of camps, measured by the number of household features, reflects the internal social organization of hunter-gatherer bands. Using scaling analyses, we then show that the variation among individual camps is related to a predictable set of dynamics between camp area, infrastructure, the number of occupants, and residence time. Moreover, the scale and dynamics that set the statistical variance in camp sizes are similar across different environments and have important implications for reconstructing prehistoric hunter-gatherer social organization and behavior from the archaeological record.
Sensitivity analysis of potential capacity and safety of flow corridor to self-separation parameters
Authors: Ye B. , Shortle J. , Ochieng W. , Yong T.
Published: October 2018

A flow corridor is a new class of trajectory-based airspace that encloses groups of flights which fly along the same path in one direction and accept responsibility for separation from each other. A well-designed corridor could reduce the airspace complexity, decrease the workload of air traffic controllers and increase the airspace capacity. This paper analyses the impact of different self-separation parameters on capacity and conflicts of the flow corridor. Both the quantitative impact and interaction effects of pairs of parameters are evaluated using the combined discrete-continuous model and Monte Carlo simulation method. The simulation results show that although the initial separation is the dominating factor, the interactions between initial separation and separation buffer, minimum separation, extra switch buffer, extra threshold buffer and velocity difference threshold also have some significant impacts on the capacity and conflicts for the flow corridor.
A dural arteriovenous fistula associated with an encephalocele presenting as otitis media with effusion
Authors: Ahmed W , Connor S , Obholzer R , Pai I
Published: October 2018

Objective

This case report illustrates an unusual case of a dural arteriovenous fistula and an associated encephalocele presenting as otitis media with effusion.

Case report

A 53-year-old man presented with right-sided hearing loss and aural fullness of 2 years’ duration. Examination revealed ipsilateral post-auricular pulsatile tenderness. Computed tomography showed transcalvarial channels suggestive of dural arteriovenous fistula. Further magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the presence of a temporal encephalocele herniating through the tegmen tympani defect, as well as the abnormal vascularity. Angiography confirmed a Cognard type I dural arteriovenous fistula, which is being managed conservatively. Surgical repair of the encephalocele was recommended but declined by the patient.

Conclusion

Dural arteriovenous fistula is an uncommon intracranial vascular malformation rarely seen by otolaryngologists, with pulsatile tinnitus being the usual presentation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of dural arteriovenous fistula presenting with conductive hearing loss and otalgia.
Heavenly freedom, derivative freedom, and the value of free choices
Authors: KITTLE SIMON
Published: October 2018

Sennett (1999) and Pawl and Timpe (2009; 2013) attempt to show how we can praise heavenly agents for things they inevitably do in heaven by appealing to the notion of derivative freedom. Matheson (2017) has criticized this use of derivative freedom. In this article I show why Matheson's argument is inconclusive but also how the basic point may be strengthened to undermine the use Sennett and Pawl and Timpe make of derivative freedom. I then show why Matheson is mistaken to claim that the value of free choice depends on an agent retaining the ability to change their mind; in so doing I demonstrate that some choices which result in fixed outcomes – a feature of the choices leading to impeccability – can indeed be valuable even if they cannot be undone.
Chechens: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?
Authors: Shinar Chaim
Published: October 2018

This article seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) why have the Chechen leaders become extremely religious, whereas at the beginning of the Russo-Chechen conflict in the 1990s, they were predominantly secular; and (2) what led the Chechens to use terrorism to fulfil their aspirations for complete independence from Russia. The article shows that the flow of foreign religious terrorists into the republic, as well as financial assistance to the Chechen population and its fighting leaders, turned the Chechen leaders from predominantly secular ones into extremely religious ones. At the same time, the traumatization of the Chechens by Russia’s disproportionate use of force against civilians was the reason that Chechens use terrorism against the Russian forces.
Introduction: The Snow of Yesteryear
Authors: Weissmann Gerald
Published: October 2018

This Focus presents a bouquet of personal essays written in response to re-reading C.P. Snow’s historic formulation of ‘The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution’. Each of the authors, in person and in writing, stands in the vanguard of contemporary science and/or the liberal arts. Their essays, based on Snow’s description of a cultural gap between scientists and the ‘literary intellectuals’, will explore the state of the two cultures today and probe whether the digital age has put our humanist heritage at risk. Six decades after Snow’s presentation, we’ll ask if the cultural split he defined remains pertinent in the age of Twitter – and if our common culture faces greater threats today.
What is Moral Enhancement?
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: October 2018

The idea of moral enhancement has no clear meaning. This is because the idea of being moral has no clear meaning. There are numerous ways in which one might go astray, morally speaking, and each of these ways, in turn, fragments on further analysis. The concept of moral enhancement is as broad, messy, and mottled as the reasons why people behave badly. This mottled character of moral failure calls into question the feasibility of (non-traditional) programmes of moral enhancement.
Is Moral Enhancement a Right, or a Threat to Rights?
Authors: Shook John R.
Published: October 2018

Enhancements for morality could become technologically practical at the expense of becoming unethical and uncivil. A mode of moral enhancement intensifying a person's imposition of conformity upon others, labeled here as “moral righteousness”, is particularly problematic. Moral energies contrary to expansions of civil rights and liberties can drown out reasoned justifications for equality and freedom, delaying social progress. The technological capacity of moral righteousness in the hands of a majority could impose puritanical conformities and override some rights and liberties. Fortunately, there cannot be a human right or a civil right to access righteous moral enhancement, and governments would be prudent to forbid such technology for moral righteousness. From an enlarged perspective, less righteousness could lead to a more just society. Going further, if a neurological intervention for moral righteousness could be invented, so too could moral de-enhancement, here labeled as “moral toleration”. Perhaps moral toleration deserves as much commendation as so-called moral enhancement. Justice with less delay can be justice enhanced.
Microscopic Chemical Characterization and Reactivity in Cementing Systems of Elephant Grass Leaf Ashes
Authors: Roselló Josefa , Soriano Lourdes , Savastano Holmer , Borrachero M. Victoria , Santamarina Pilar , Payá Jordi
Published: October 2018

Many agrowastes are being used for energy production by combustion in power plants. This process generates huge amounts of ash, which has a potential pozzolanic activity for blending with Portland cement or hydrated lime. In this paper, the ash obtained from elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum var. purple) leaves (EGLs) was studied, including the silicon content and its distribution, the presence of other compounds, and in addition, the presence of silica bodies (phytoliths). Combustion temperatures of 450 and 650°C produced an unaltered inorganic skeleton (spodogram), whereas at 850°C, there is a sintering process because of high potassium content in the ash. Phytoliths and different types of hairs were identified, and they contained high percentages of silica. Magnesium (mainly as periclase) was distributed in the most porous parts in the interior of the leaves. The silica can react with calcium hydroxide (pozzolanic reaction) forming calcium silicate hydrates (observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis). Fixed lime percentages at 28 curing days (63%) indicated the high reactivity of EGL ashes in calcium hydroxide pastes due to the pozzolanic reaction. This study demonstrates the possibility of the reuse of ashes from EGLs for the production of environmental-friendly cements.
Development of a tool to identify and assess psychosocial and spiritual needs in end-of-life patients: The ENP-E scale
Authors: Mateo-Ortega Dolors , Limonero Joaquín T. , Maté-Méndez Jorge , Beas Elba , González-Barboteo Jesús , Barbero Elisabeth , Ela Sara , Gómez-Batiste Xavier
Published: October 2018

Objective

The goal of this study is to describe the development of a new tool, the Psychosocial and Spiritual Needs Evaluation scale Instrumento de Evaluación de Necesidades Psicosociales y Espirituales del Enfermo al Final de Vida (ENP-E), designed to assess the psychosocial needs of end-of-life (EOL) patients. And, secondarily, to describe the face validity and psychometric properties of this instrument in the Spanish-speaking context.

Method

The scale was developed through a seven-stage process: (1) literature review; (2) expert panel establishment; (3) discussion and agreement on the most relevant dimensions of psychosocial care; (4) description of key indicators and consensus-based questions to evaluate such dimensions; (5) assessment of the scale by external palliative care (PC) professionals; (6) evaluation by patients; and (7) analysis of scale's psychometrics properties. To assess content validity, 30 PC professionals and 20 patients evaluated the questionnaire. To determine psychometric properties, 150 participants completed these scales: the ENP-E; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; item 15 from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 15 Palliative; and the Distress Thermometer.

Result

All respondents evaluated the tool as “excellent.” In terms of construct validity, the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74) and temporal stability (test-retestr= 0.74,p< 0.1) were both adequate. On the factorial analysis, four factors (emotional-wellbeing, social support, spiritual, and information) explained 58.4% of the variance. This scale has a sensitivity of 76.3%, specificity of 78.9%, and the cutoff is 28.

Significance of results

To provide quality PC to EOL patients, it is essential to determine the psychosocial factors that influence well-being. This requires the use of reliable and specific instruments. The ENP-E is a novel tool that provides a systematic, holistic assessment of the psychosocial needs of EOL patients. Its routine use would allow clinicians to monitor such needs over time. This would, in turn, permit comprehensive, highly individualized interventions to improve effective PC approach.
She Who Shall Not Be Named: The Women That Women's Organizations Do (and Do Not) Represent in the Rulemaking Process
Authors: English Ashley
Published: October 2018

Though the concept of intersectionality has been in circulation for nearly 30 years and women's organizations have long been criticized for failing to prioritize the concerns of women of color, poor women, and LGBTQ women, more research is needed to determine precisely why women's organizations do and do not discuss those intersectional identities during policy debates. This study analyzes 1,021 comments that women's organizations submitted to rulemakers to test a series of hypotheses about how women's organizations’ references to women's intersectional identities increase or decrease depending on the organization's primary constituency and ideology, the proposed rule's target population, and other features of the policy-making context. Using automated text analysis and a series of models, it shows that women's organizations do discuss intersectionally marginalized women in their comments. However, not all subgroups of women are equally represented during the process. Women's organizations focus on women's sexual orientations and gender identities more than their races, ethnicities, nationalities, or socioeconomic statuses. Intersectionally marginalized women also tend to receive the most attention when commenters are from organizations that are explicitly focused on representing intersectionally marginalized women and when bureaucrats include references to intersectionally marginalized women in their proposed rules.
Social Justice Feminists and Their Counter-Hegemonic Actions in the Post-World War II United States, 1945–1964
Authors: McGuire John Thomas
Published: October 2018

Building upon the theoretical framework of Italian activist and scholar Antonio Gramsci, and using historical and public administrative sources, this article argues that while social justice feminism as a social movement in the United States declined by 1940, former participants continued their counter-hegemonic actions after World War II. Facing a new political and cultural hegemony increasingly dominated by fears of atomic annihilation, Soviet domination, and domestic Communist infiltration, women progressives, such as Frieda Miller and Esther Peterson, developed new approaches to continuing their counter-hegemonic aims, particularly through reviving an alternative view of public administration. Miller and Peterson thus helped prepare the way for women's activism in the United States to shift from economic security to equal rights by the mid-1960s, thus establishing an increasingly effective counter-hegemonic effort against the continuing patriarchal hegemony.
Roger G. Barry (1935–2018)
Authors: Weaver Ronald , Meier Walt , Fetterer Florence
Published: October 2018

Barry, a giant in climate and cryospheric sciences, pioneered the archival of computer data and traveled the world to share his vision with others.
Investigations of Mesoscopic Complexity of Small Ice Crystals in Midlatitude Cirrus
Authors: Järvinen E. , Wernli H. , Schnaiter M.
Published: October 2018

During the Mid‐Latitude CIRRUS campaign small (<50 μm) ice crystals were characterized for their mesoscopic complexity using the Small Ice Detector Mk. 3. It was found that the majority (76%) of all measured small ice crystals were complex. Although some differences were found between the distributions of the complexity parameters between different cloud systems, no real correlation between the mesoscopic complexity and cloud formation mechanisms (liquid origin or in situ) was found. Some decrease in mesoscopic complexity was detected during those missions affected by Saharan dust outbreaks. The link between the crystal growth conditions and the observed mesoscopic complexity was investigated in a case study of an in situ cirrus with the help of trajectory analysis. A relatively weak correlation of r = 0.33 was found between the mesoscopic complexity and the maximum supersaturation with respect to ice along the ice particle trajectory.
Global state and potential scope of investments in watershed services for large cities
Authors: Romulo Chelsie L. , Posner Stephen , Cousins Stella , Hoyle Fair Jenn , Bennett Drew E. , Huber-Stearns Heidi , Richards Ryan C. , McDonald Robert I.
Published: October 2018

Investments in watershed services (IWS) programs, in which downstream water users pay upstream watershed service suppliers for actions that protect drinking water, are increasing in number and scope. IWS programs represent over $170 million of investment in over 4.3 million ha of watersheds, providing water to over 230 million people. It is not yet fully clear what factors contribute to the establishment and sustainability of IWS. We conducted a representative global analysis of 416 of the world’s largest cities, including 59 (14%) with IWS programs. Using random forest ensemble learning methods, we evaluated the relative importance of social and ecological factors as predictors of IWS presence. IWS programs are more likely present in source watersheds with more agricultural land and less protected area than otherwise similar watersheds. Our results suggest potential to expand IWS as a strategy for drinking water protection and also contribute to decisions regarding suitable program locations.
Spin transfer torque driven higher-order propagating spin waves in nano-contact magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Houshang A. , Khymyn R. , Fulara H. , Gangwar A. , Haidar M. , Etesami S. R. , Ferreira R. , Freitas P. P. , Dvornik M. , Dumas R. K. , Åkerman J.
Published: October 2018

Short wavelength exchange-dominated propagating spin waves will enable magnonic devices to operate at higher frequencies and higher data transmission rates. While giant magnetoresistance (GMR)-based magnetic nanocontacts are efficient injectors of propagating spin waves, the generated wavelengths are 2.6 times the nano-contact diameter, and the electrical signal strength remains too weak for applications. Here we demonstrate nano-contact-based spin wave generation in magnetic tunnel junctions and observe large-frequency steps consistent with the hitherto ignored possibility of second- and third-order propagating spin waves with wavelengths of 120 and 74 nm, i.e., much smaller than the 150-nm nanocontact. Mutual synchronization is also observed on all three propagating modes. These higher-order propagating spin waves will enable magnonic devices to operate at much higher frequencies and greatly increase their transmission rates and spin wave propagating lengths, both proportional to the much higher group velocity.
Reconfigurable infrared hyperbolic metasurfaces using phase change materials
Authors: Folland T. G. , Fali A. , White S. T. , Matson J. R. , Liu S. , Aghamiri N. A. , Edgar J. H. , Haglund R. F. , Abate Y. , Caldwell J. D.
Published: October 2018

Metasurfaces control light propagation at the nanoscale for applications in both free-space and surface-confined geometries. However, dynamically changing the properties of metasurfaces can be a major challenge. Here we demonstrate a reconfigurable hyperbolic metasurface comprised of a heterostructure of isotopically enriched hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in direct contact with the phase-change material (PCM) single-crystal vanadium dioxide (VO2). Metallic and dielectric domains in VO2 provide spatially localized changes in the local dielectric environment, enabling launching, reflection, and transmission of hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) at the PCM domain boundaries, and tuning the wavelength of HPhPs propagating in hBN over these domains by a factor of 1.6. We show that this system supports in-plane HPhP refraction, thus providing a prototype for a class of planar refractive optics. This approach offers reconfigurable control of in-plane HPhP propagation and exemplifies a generalizable framework based on combining hyperbolic media and PCMs to design optical functionality.
Long non-coding RNA-dependent mechanism to regulate heme biosynthesis and erythrocyte development
Authors: Liu Jinhua , Li Yapu , Tong Jingyuan , Gao Jie , Guo Qing , Zhang Lingling , Wang Bingrui , Zhao Hui , Wang Hongtao , Jiang Erlie , Kurita Ryo , Nakamura Yukio , Tanabe Osamu , Engel James Douglas , Bresnick Emery H. , Zhou Jiaxi , Shi Lihong
Published: October 2018

In addition to serving as a prosthetic group for enzymes and a hemoglobin structural component, heme is a crucial homeostatic regulator of erythroid cell development and function. While lncRNAs modulate diverse physiological and pathological cellular processes, their involvement in heme-dependent mechanisms is largely unexplored. In this study, we elucidated a lncRNA (UCA1)-mediated mechanism that regulates heme metabolism in human erythroid cells. We discovered that UCA1 expression is dynamically regulated during human erythroid maturation, with a maximal expression in proerythroblasts. UCA1 depletion predominantly impairs heme biosynthesis and arrests erythroid differentiation at the proerythroblast stage. Mechanistic analysis revealed that UCA1 physically interacts with the RNA-binding protein PTBP1, and UCA1 functions as an RNA scaffold to recruit PTBP1 to ALAS2 mRNA, which stabilizes ALAS2 mRNA. These results define a lncRNA-mediated posttranscriptional mechanism that provides a new dimension into how the fundamental heme biosynthetic process is regulated as a determinant of erythrocyte development.
Author Correction: Nucleation of superfluid-light domains in a quenched dynamics
Authors: Figueroa Joaquín , Rogan José , Valdivia Juan Alejandro , Kiwi Miguel , Romero Guillermo , Torres Felipe
Published: October 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
A genosensor for detection of HTLV-I based on photoluminescence quenching of fluorescent carbon dots in presence of iron magnetic nanoparticle-capped Au
Authors: Zarei-Ghobadi Mohadeseh , Mozhgani Sayed-Hamidreza , Dashtestani Fariba , Yadegari Amir , Hakimian Fatemeh , Norouzi Mehdi , Ghourchian Hedayatollah
Published: October 2018

Carbon dots and Fe3O4@Au were synthesized to develop a new biosensor to detect DNA target. We investigated the photoluminescence property of carbon dots (CDs) in the presence of Fe3O4-capped Au (Fe3O4@Au). Firstly, we designed two dedicated probes for unique long sequence region of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 genome. One of the probes was covalently bound to the CDs. In the absence of target, CDs-probe was adsorbed on the surface of Fe3O4@Au through two possible mechanisms, leading to quenching the fluorescence emission of CDs. The fluorescence emission of CDs was recovered in the presence of target since double-stranded DNA cannot adsorb on the Fe3O4@Au. Also, Fe3O4@Au can adsorb the unhybridized oligonucleotides and improves the accuracy of detection. The specificity of the proposed biosensor was confirmed by BLAST search and assessed by exposing the biosensor to other virus targets. The experimental detection limit of the biosensor was below 10 nM with linear range from 10 to 320 nM.
Evaluation of plant contamination in metabarcoding diet analysis of a herbivore
Authors: Ando Haruko , Fujii Chieko , Kawanabe Masataka , Ao Yoshimi , Inoue Tomomi , Takenaka Akio
Published: October 2018

Fecal DNA metabarcoding is currently used in various fields of ecology to determine animal diets. Contamination of non-food DNA from complex field environments is a considerable challenge to the reliability of this method but has rarely been quantified. We evaluated plant DNA contamination by sequencing the chloroplast trnL P6 loop region from food-controlled geese feces. The average percentage of contaminant sequences per sample was 1.86%. According to the results of generalized linear models, the probability of contamination was highest in samples placed in wet soil. The proportion of contaminant sequences was lowest at the earliest sampling point and was slightly higher in samples placed in open conditions. Exclusion of rare OTUs (operational taxonomic units) was effective for obtaining reliable dietary data from the obtained sequences, and a 1% cutoff reduced the percentage of contaminated samples to less than 30%. However, appropriate interpretation of the barcoding results considering inevitable contamination is an important issue to address. We suggest the following procedures for fecal sampling and sequence data treatment to increase the reliability of DNA metabarcoding diet analyses: (i) Collect samples as soon as possible after deposition, (ii) avoid samples from deposits on wet soil, and (iii) exclude rare OTUs from diet composition estimations.
Trajectories of brain development in school-age children born preterm with very low birth weight
Authors: Sripada K. , Bjuland K. J. , Sølsnes A. E. , Håberg A. K. , Grunewaldt K. H. , Løhaugen G. C. , Rimol L. M. , Skranes J.
Published: October 2018

Preterm birth (gestational age < 37 weeks) with very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight ≤ 1500 g) is associated with lifelong cognitive deficits, including in executive function, and persistent alterations in cortical and subcortical structures. However, it remains unclear whether “catch-up” growth is possible in the preterm/VLBW brain. Longitudinal structural MRI was conducted with children born preterm with VLBW (n = 41) and term-born peers participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) (n = 128) at two timepoints in early school age (mean ages 8.0 and 9.3 years). Images were analyzed with the FreeSurfer 5.3.0 longitudinal stream to assess differences in development of cortical thickness, surface area, and brain structure volumes, as well as associations with executive function development (NEPSY Statue and WMS-III Spatial Span scores) and perinatal health markers. No longitudinal group × time effects in cortical thickness, surface area, or subcortical volumes were seen, indicating similar brain growth trajectories in the groups over an approximately 16-month period in middle childhood. Higher IQ scores within the VLBW group were associated with greater surface area in left parieto-occipital and inferior temporal regions. Among VLBW preterm-born children, cortical surface area was smaller across the cortical mantle, and cortical thickness was thicker occipitally and frontally and thinner in lateral parietal and posterior temporal areas. Smaller volumes of corpus callosum, right globus pallidus, and right thalamus persisted in the VLBW group from timepoint 1 to 2. VLBW children had on average IQ 1 SD below term-born MoBa peers and significantly worse scores on WMS-III Spatial Span. Executive function scores did not show differential associations with morphometry between groups cross-sectionally or longitudinally. This study investigated divergent or “catch-up” growth in terms of cortical thickness, surface area, and volumes of subcortical gray matter structures and corpus callosum in children born preterm/VLBW and did not find group × time interactions. Greater surface area at mean age 9.3 in left parieto-occipital and inferior temporal cortex was associated with higher IQ in the VLBW group. These results suggest that preterm VLBW children may have altered cognitive networks, yet have structural growth trajectories that appear generally similar to their term-born peers in this early school age window.
Temporal and spatial characteristics of sediment sources on the southern Yangtze Shoal over the Holocene
Authors: Cao Chao , Cai Feng , Zheng Yongling , Wu Chengqiang , Lu Huiquan , Bao Jingjing , Sun Quan
Published: October 2018

The sediment sources of the Yangtze Shoal were traced by analysing surface and core sediment particle size, detrital and clay minerals, carbon and nitrogen isotopes, and radioisotope dating. In the estuary, the sediments are dominated by silty clay, high stable mineral, and extremely high illite/chlorite. Stable organic carbon isotopes (δ13C-TOC) indicated a marine-dominated mixture. On the shoal, the sediments are mainly composed of fine sand, high unstable mineral. The δ13C-TOC indicated predominantly marine sedimentation. The average TOC of core sediments was ~0.26%, and the average TN was ~0.05%. The TOC/TN was 5.4–7.8, the δ13C-TOC was −19.8 to −22.1‰, and the age of the sediments spanned the last ~10.8 ka (Holocene). The sediments and provenance of the Yangtze Shoal have been controlled by the East Asian monsoon, sea level change, riverine sediment flux and ocean circulation. The intervals 8.3–6.3 ka and 3.8–1.5 ka, are characterized by Yangtze River sources, whereas 6.3–3.8 ka and 1.5–0.8 ka, are characterized by a source mixture with Yellow River input. Tracing the multiple sources effectively confirms the hypothesis that the southern Yangtze Shoal was a delta formed by combined sedimentation from the Yangtze River and Yellow River during times of low sea level.
Investigation of carrier confinement in direct bandgap GeSn/SiGeSn 2D and 0D heterostructures
Authors: Rainko Denis , Ikonic Zoran , Vukmirović Nenad , Stange Daniela , von den Driesch Nils , Grützmacher Detlev , Buca Dan
Published: October 2018

Since the first demonstration of lasing in direct bandgap GeSn semiconductors, the research efforts for the realization of electrically pumped group IV lasers monolithically integrated on Si have significantly intensified. This led to epitaxial studies of GeSn/SiGeSn hetero- and nanostructures, where charge carrier confinement strongly improves the radiative emission properties. Based on recent experimental literature data, in this report we discuss the advantages of GeSn/SiGeSn multi quantum well and quantum dot structures, aiming to propose a roadmap for group IV epitaxy. Calculations based on 8-band k∙p and effective mass method have been performed to determine band discontinuities, the energy difference between Γ- and L-valley conduction band edges, and optical properties such as material gain and optical cross section. The effects of these parameters are systematically analyzed for an experimentally achievable range of Sn (10 to 20 at.%) and Si (1 to 10 at.%) contents, as well as strain values (−1 to 1%). We show that charge carriers can be efficiently confined in the active region of optical devices for experimentally acceptable Sn contents in both multi quantum well and quantum dot configurations.
Isolation of a novel glycyrrhizin metabolite as a causal candidate compound for pseudoaldosteronism
Authors: Morinaga Osamu , Ishiuchi Kan’ichiro , Ohkita Takeshi , Tian Chuanting , Hirasawa Asuka , Mitamura Miaki , Maki Yasuhito , Yasujima Tomoya , Yuasa Hiroaki , Makino Toshiaki
Published: October 2018

Pseudoaldosteronism is a common adverse effect associated with traditional Japanese Kampo medicines. The pathogenesis is mainly caused by 3-monoglucuronyl glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA), one of the metabolites of glycyrrhizin (GL) contained in licorice. We developed an anti-3MGA monoclonal antibody (MAb) and an ELISA system to easily detect 3MGA in the plasma and urine of the patients. However, we found that some metabolites of GL cross-reacted with this MAb. Mrp2-deficient Eisai Hyperbilirubinemia rats (EHBRs) were administered glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), and we isolated 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-glucuronide (1) from the pooled urine with the guidance of positive immunostaining of eastern blot as the new metabolite of GL. The IC50 of 1 for type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) was 2.0 µM. Similar plasma concentrations of 1 and GA were observed 12 h after oral administration of GA to EHBR. Compound 1 was eliminated via urine, whereas GA was not. In Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats orally treated with GA, compound 1 was absent from both the plasma and the urine. Compound 1 was actively transported into cells via OAT1 and OAT3, whereas GA was not. Compound 1, when produced in Mrp2-deficiency, represents a potential causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism, and might be used as a biomarker to prevent the adverse effect.