bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diplomacy Systems and Processes
Authors: Rana Kishan S.
Published: November 2014

What are the key characteristics of the diplomacy of India and China? To what extent is diplomatic capacity an issue in the management of a country’s foreign policy? For example, the number of executive level officials in the diplomatic machinery of China and India (the foreign ministries, embassies, consulates and other subsidiary offices) varies greatly in size, composition and work methods. Compared to about 1200 diplomat-rank officials in India, China has over 6500 diplomats—not counting new recruits who serve as non-diplomatic staff for their first three years, before being promoted as ‘attachés’ under their ‘3-3-4’ system. This and several other elements (structure, competence and capability) constitute a country’s ‘diplomatic capacity’; this concept has drawn new attention in the past five years. Another example is that both are large countries with a number of provinces; 1 the methods used to bring them into the external policy process offers rich material for comparison, with some clear learning. China’s larger diplomatic machine does not always translate into greater effectiveness. Some Indian methods are unique and score over China’s. This essay draws on research since 1999, comparing foreign ministries (one outcome of which was Asian Diplomacy, Rana 2007).
‘All Good is of Parents’ and its Chinese Context
Authors: Li Shi
Published: November 2014

Without doubt, parental love is one of the world’s greatest emotions, regarded as the premise of the filial piety (Xiao in Chinese pinyin) of Chinese people. However, to enhance filial duties, the notion of ‘all good is of parents’ in the official campaigns of China is worth further investigation. This article seeks to verify the hypothesis ‘all good is of parents’ by examining conflicts between the hypothesis and reality, first through classic documents and current documentary reporting in China, and then through the lens of psychology.
Using a Model of Analysts’ Judgments to Augment an Item Calibration Process
Authors: Hauser Carl , Thum Yeow Meng , He Wei , Ma Lingling
Published: November 2014

When conducting item reviews, analysts evaluate an array of statistical and graphical information to assess the fit of a field test (FT) item to an item response theory model. The process can be tedious, particularly when the number of human reviews (HR) to be completed is large. Furthermore, such a process leads to decisions that are susceptible to human errors. A key finding from behavioral decision-making research has shown that a parametric model of human decision making often outperforms the decision maker himself. We exploit this finding by seeking a model to mimic how analysts integrate FT item level statistics and graphical performance plots to predict the analyst’s assignment of the item’s status. The procedure suggests a set of rules that achieves a desired level of classification accuracy, separating situations in which the evidence supports firm decisions from those situations that would likely benefit from HRs. Implementation of the decision rules accounts for an estimated 65% reduction in calibrations requiring HRs.
A randomised test of printed educational materials about melanoma detection: Varying skin self-examination technique and visual image dose
Authors: King Andy J , Carcioppolo Nick , Grossman Douglas , John Kevin K , Jensen Jakob D
Published: November 2014

Objective:

Melanoma incidence and mortality rates continue to rise globally, making it essential for researchers to identify effective approaches to disseminating information to the public that improve key outcomes. This study compared two skin self-examination (SSE) educational strategies: the ABCDE (asymmetry, border irregularity, multiple colours, diameter greater than 6 mm and evolution over time) approach and the ugly duckling sign (UDS).

Design:

A randomised experiment testing different presentations of SSE techniques and visual image dose.

Setting:

The experiment took place at a shopping centre in the Midwest USA.

Method:

Participants ( N = 301) participated in the study in which they viewed brochures featuring one of two SSE training methods, ABCDE or UDS, along with a low, moderate or high dosage (frequency) of visual images.

Results:

The brochures improved willingness to perform SSE and skin cancer knowledge across all groups, with brochures featuring the UDS increasing willingness to perform SSE as visual image dose increased. Sensitivity and specificity outcomes were similar across all groups, with a slight advantage found for displaying a moderate visual image dose visualising the ABCDE condition (sensitivity = .63, specificity = .79).

Conclusions:

Overall, both the ABCDE and UDS approaches demonstrated utility in improving early skin cancer detection and education. A balanced presentation of typical and atypical nevi images seems to be an important consideration when presenting visual and written information about melanoma to laypersons.
Bioactive and Thermally Compatible Glass Coating on Zirconia Dental Implants
Authors: Kirsten A. , Hausmann A. , Weber M. , Fischer J. , Fischer H.
Published: November 2014

The healing time of zirconia implants may be reduced by the use of bioactive glass coatings. Unfortunately, existing glasses are either bioactive like Bioglass 45S5 but thermally incompatible with the zirconia substrate, or they are thermally compatible but exhibit only a very low level of bioactivity. In this study, we hypothesized that a tailored substitution of alkaline earth metals and alkaline metals in 45S5 can lead to a glass composition that is both bioactive and thermally compatible with zirconia implants. A novel glass composition was analyzed using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, dilatometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and heating microscopy to investigate its chemical, physical, and thermal properties. Bioactivity was tested in vitro using simulated body fluid (SBF). Smooth and microstructured glass coatings were applied using a tailored spray technique with subsequent thermal treatment. Coating adhesion was tested on implants that were inserted in bovine ribs. The cytocompatibility of the coating was analyzed using L929 mouse fibroblasts. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the novel glass was shown to be slightly lower (11.58·10–6 K–1) than that of the zirconia (11.67·10–6 K–1). After storage in SBF, the glass showed reaction layers almost identical to the bioactive glass gold standard, 45S5. A process window between 800 °C and 910 °C was found to result in densely sintered and amorphous coatings. Microstructured glass coatings on zirconia implants survived a minimum insertion torque of 60 Ncm in the in vitro experiment on bovine ribs. Proliferation and cytotoxicity of the glass coatings was comparable with the controls. The novel glass composition showed a strong adhesion to the zirconia substrate and a significant bioactive behavior in the SBF in vitro experiments. Therefore, it holds great potential to significantly reduce the healing time of zirconia dental implants.
Social Support From Parents and Friends for Chinese Adolescents in Singapore
Authors: Cheung Hoi Shan , Sim Tick Ngee
Published: November 2014

This study tested the situational hypothesis, by examining the perceived availability of three types of social support (emotional, informational, and instrumental) from parents and friends, with respect to occupational and interpersonal relationships issues. Participants were 257 Chinese Singaporean adolescents (120 males, 137 females) between ages 14 and 16. Results showed that males perceived greater parental than friend support, regardless of domains and types of social support. Females perceived greater parental than friend support in the occupational domain, but no significant difference was observed in the interpersonal relationship domain. Females also perceived greater emotional support from friends than parents, but more informational and instrumental support from parents than friends. These findings highlighted contextual and gender differences in the understanding of social support in adolescence. The results were also contrary to predictions according to the situational hypothesis and demonstrated the central influence of parents in the Chinese family, particularly on sons.
Magnetism in India’s Metros: A Study on Migrants’ Choice of Destination
Authors: Das Dipendra Nath , Bhusan Sweta
Published: November 2014

A significant feature of the third world urbanisations, including India, is that most of the population is concentrated in few big cities and metropolitan areas. The article attempts to categorise the four top Indian metro cities in terms of their stage of growth, assess the components of population growth and summarise the migration dynamics in terms of the migrants’ choice of destination. The cores of the metropolitan areas have more population concentration than the peripheral zones. In all the four metropolitan cities, population growth rate is decelerating and, in some cases, it is even found to be negative. City cores are experiencing huge flow of out-migration and are growing mainly because of the natural increase. A significant feature characterising all the four top metros is that majority of the migratory movement (both in-migration and out-migration) has taken place in short distances mostly to and from the adjoining districts of the urban agglomeration (UA). It has emerged that the four cities in recent years have witnessed a higher volume and rate of population growth towards the periphery. Delhi and Mumbai have been more preferred destination of migration than Kolkata and Chennai and their vibrancy is reflected in the higher degree of alluring and fusing capacity to the in-migrating population.
Rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers: A Case Study in Bhopal
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Singh Shyam
Published: November 2014

The Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) is the part of a mission mode programme of the Indian Government that aims at providing access to basic amenities and services, including housing security, to urban poor living in slums. The article discusses the implementation of the BSUP in the city of Bhopal. The article throws a point for discussion whether providing a house under the programme is enough to improve the quality of life of urban poor and the programme delivers a complete package as it has been promised in the BSUP guidelines issued by the government. The article looks at two specific dimensions of the implementation of the BSUP: whether stated objectives of the BSUP have been fulfilled and whether the living conditions in the newly constructed settlements are sustainable. The article compares three cases in the city of Bhopal to probe these two specific dimensions. The cases include a newly constructed settlement under the BSUP, a transit camp where habitants of a displaced slum are waiting to shift to a newly constructed settlement under the BSUP and an existing slum, which was expected to be rehabilitated in the future.
Urban Development and Exclusion of the Poor: An Integrated Perspective
Authors: Jakhanwal S.P.
Published: November 2014

The study focus on the urgency and relevance of debate on the subject in the context of (a) MDG 7 (b) Rangarajan Committee’s Report and (c) new versions of MDG and JnNURM on the anvil. The latest UN report (mid-2014) saying that one-third of the world’s extreme poor are in India is of serious concern.

Urban poverty, all over the globe, has many dimensions. It can be viewed from economic, spatial and social/cultural perspectives. Being multi-dimensional in its genesis and manifestations, it calls for multi-pronged strategies. In India, policy makers have concentrated on (a) planning and policy framework (b) in situ improvement of slums (basic services for the urban poor (BSUP); (c) affordable housing; and (d) improving skill and job opportunities of slum dwellers.

Interestingly, in a recent survey in 127 cities on the perceived constraints to inclusiveness, the highest tally was for failures of planning/policy framework and not the scarcity of funds. While emphasising the role of city governments in ensuring inclusiveness, the author relies on knowledge gathered by UN-HABITAT in ‘success cities’.

The urban divide can possibly be encapsulated in three D’s: dynamics of the divide (DD), characteristics of the divide (CD) and bridging the divide (BD).
Book Review: Hari Mohan Mathur, Displacement and Resettlement in India: The Human Cost of Development
Authors: Guha Abhijit
Published: November 2014

Hari Mohan Mathur, Displacement and Resettlement in India: The Human Cost of Development, London, Routledge, 2013, xix + 227 pp., £85.
Book Review: Misra, R. P. (ed.), Urbanisation in South Asia: Focus on Mega Cities
Authors: Mukherjee Sonali
Published: November 2014

Misra, R. P. (ed.), Urbanisation in South Asia: Focus on Mega Cities, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 2013, i–xxiii + 506 pp., ₹1295 (Hardcover).
Book Review: Vandana Vasudevan, Urban Villager: Life in an Indian Satellite Town
Authors: Pankaj Ashok K.
Published: November 2014

Vandana Vasudevan, Urban Villager: Life in an Indian Satellite Town, Delhi, Sage, 2013, x + 280 pp., ₹625.
Urban Growth and Exclusion of the Poor
Authors: Saxena K.B.
Published: November 2014

Urban growth in India is not equitable across different size categories, with concentration in large cities and low level of growth in small and medium towns. Market-oriented reforms in urban governance have increased this inequity as reflected in the implementation of JnNRUM and UIDSMMT programmes. This has also produced a bias against the poor in large cities in absorbing migrants and the level of infrastructure and services available to them in the areas where they reside when compared to the colonies of households with high income.
Situational Evidence
Authors: Katz Jack
Published: November 2014

There is unexamined potential for developing and testing rival causal explanations in the type of data that participant observation is best suited to create: descriptions of in situ social interaction crafted from the participants’ perspectives. By intensively examining a single ethnography, we can see how multiple predictions can be derived from and tested with field notes, how numerous strategies are available for demonstrating the patterns of nonoccurrence which causal propositions imply, how qualitative data can be analyzed to negate researcher behavior as an alternative causal explanation, and how folk counterfactuals can add to the evidentiary strength of an ethnographic study. Explicating the potential of field notes for causal explanation may be of interest to methodologists who seek a common logic for guiding and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, to ethnographic fieldworkers who aim at connecting micro- to macro-social processes, to researchers who use an analogous logic of explanation when working with other forms of qualitative data, and to comparative–analytic sociologists who wish to form concepts and develop theory in conformity with an understanding that social life consists of social interaction processes that may be captured most directly by ethnographic fieldwork.
The Role of Emotions and Culture in the Third-Person Effect Process of News Coverage of Election Poll Results
Authors: Kim Hyunjung
Published: November 2014

The current study examines how discrete emotions function in the manifestation of the third-person effect of news coverage of election poll results. An online survey was conducted employing a sample of undergraduate students from the United States ( n = 197) and South Korea ( n = 178) before the 2012 presidential elections in the two countries. Results demonstrate that third-person perception is negatively associated with pride, which, in turn, is positively linked to political participation intention only for the supporters of a losing candidate. For U.S. respondents, third-person perception is positively associated with anger, which is positively associated with support for restrictions on polling news. For South Korean respondents, the mediation of anxiety between third-person perception and political participation intention is significant for the supporters of a losing candidate. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Jesus’ Breath: A Physiological Analysis of πνεῦμα within Paul’s Letter to the Galatians
Authors: Barrier Jeremy W.
Published: November 2014

In Gal. 3.14-16 Paul connects the ‘promised’ σπέρμα of Abraham with the experience of the ‘spirit’ in Galatia. Since ‘spirit’ occurs nowhere in Gen. 12–22, Paul’s equation (i.e., ‘promise’ equals ‘spirit’) is considered to be an interpretive leap. This article is an attempt to explain this gap by demonstrating how Paul’s argument hinges upon a Greco-Roman physiological metaphor. By ﬁrst outlining ancient concepts of physiology, and in particular the role of πνεῦμα as it relates to the σπέρμα of the human body, one can see how these ideas would have been understandable even within the popular imagination. The role of πνεῦμα within Gal. 3 makes better sense when it is understood according to ancient notions of physiology and medicine. Recognition of the physiological language employed by the apostle in Galatians leads to an enhanced understanding of Pauline theology.
Gospels before Normativization: A Critique of Francis Watson’s Gospel Writing
Authors: Bauckham Richard
Published: November 2014

This extended review of Francis Watson, Gospel Writing, engages critically with some of the major arguments of the book, including Watson’s case against Q and for Luke’s use of Matthew, his claim that the Gospel of Thomas preserves a very early genre of gospel writing, his argument that the Gospel of John is dependent on the Egerton Gospel, and his account of the process (‘normativization’) that produced the canon of the four gospels. His work is criticized generally for neglecting the wider literary context of the gospels in ancient Jewish and Graeco-Roman literature.
Unconflicted Goal Striving
Authors: Koletzko Svenja H. , Herrmann Marcel , Brandstätter Veronika
Published: November 2014

This research introduces low goal ambivalence as a relevant correlate of goal self-concordance. In three studies, we tested the hypothesis that university freshmen’s ambivalence toward the goal of completing their degree mediates the effect of goal self-concordance on subjective well-being. In Studies 1 and 2, differences in goal ambivalence accounted for effects of goal self-concordance on concurrent life satisfaction and affect at the end of the freshman year. Study 3 evidenced a longitudinal mediation effect of goal ambivalence on 1-year post-entry increases in life and study satisfaction, which were explained through perceptions of goal progress at the end of the freshman year. Decomposing self-concordance into autonomous and controlled motivation revealed non-redundant parallel effects for both subcomponents. These results point to ambivalence as a significant experience in goal pursuit and suggest that it represents an additional explanatory variable in the self-concordance model of goal striving and longitudinal well-being.
Revisiting the Determinants of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Arin K. Peren , Huang Victor Zengyu , Minniti Maria , Nandialath Anup Menon , Reich Otto F. M.
Published: November 2014

Entrepreneurship has long been seen as an important instrument in stimulating and generating economic growth. The amount of research trying to identify key factors that drive entrepreneurship is considerable; yet, little consensus has been achieved. We argue that this lack of consensus could be on account of model uncertainty as empirical studies often tend to be selective on what variables are included in the final model. Drawing on recent literature, we demonstrate the benefits of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) in reducing the impact of model uncertainty on empirical research in entrepreneurship. Additionally, BMA provides measures of variable importance and can be seen as a complementary approach to dominance/relative importance analysis. We show that when model uncertainty is corrected for, gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, the marginal tax rate, and the volatility of inflation are the only macro variables significantly and universally associated with aggregate entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the emphasis on inflation and taxation suggests that governments have the power to influence the quantity and distribution of entrepreneurial activity by setting incentives that are not entrepreneurship specific but overlap significantly with general and fundamental principles of economic stability.
Use of Electronic Health-Related Datasets in Nursing and Health-Related Research
Authors: AL-Rawajfah Omar M. , Aloush Sami , Hewitt Jeanne Beauchamp
Published: November 2014

Datasets of gigabyte size are common in medical sciences. There is increasing consensus that significant untapped knowledge lies hidden in these large datasets. This review article aims to discuss Electronic Health-Related Datasets (EHRDs) in terms of types, features, advantages, limitations, and possible use in nursing and health-related research. Major scientific databases, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, were searched for studies or review articles regarding using EHRDs in research. A total number of 442 articles were located. After application of study inclusion criteria, 113 articles were included in the final review. EHRDs were categorized into Electronic Administrative Health-Related Datasets and Electronic Clinical Health-Related Datasets. Subcategories of each major category were identified. EHRDs are invaluable assets for nursing the health-related research. Advanced research skills such as using analytical softwares, advanced statistical procedures, dealing with missing data and missing variables will maximize the efficient utilization of EHRDs in research.
Meta-Analyses of Predictors of Hope in Adolescents
Authors: Yarcheski Adela , Mahon Noreen E.
Published: November 2014

The purposes of this study were to identify predictors of hope in the literature reviewed, to use meta-analysis to determine the mean effect size (ES) across studies between each predictor and hope, and to examine four moderators on each predictor–hope relationship. Using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for the literature reviewed, 77 published studies or doctoral dissertations completed between 1990 and 2012 met the inclusion criteria. Eleven predictors of hope were identified and each predictor in relation to hope was subjected to meta-analysis. Five predictors (positive affect, life satisfaction, optimism, self-esteem, and social support) of hope had large mean ESs, 1 predictor (depression) had a medium ES, 4 predictors (negative affect, stress, academic achievement, and violence) had small ESs, and 1 predictor (gender) had a trivial ES. Findings are interpreted for the 11 predictors in relation to hope. Limitations and conclusions are addressed; future studies are recommended.
A comparative study of apparent diffusion coefficient and intravoxel incoherent motion-derived parameters for the characterization of common solid hepatic tumors
Authors: Zhu Liuhong , Cheng Qihua , Luo Wenbin , Bao Lijun , Guo Gang
Published: November 2014

Background

The performance of diffusion-weighted imaging parameters for characterizing hepatic tumors is controversial.

Purpose

To compare the performances of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-derived parameters, including the pure diffusion coefficient (D), perfusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f), in the characterization of common solid hepatic tumors.

Material and Methods

Twelve healthy volunteers and 43 patients underwent free-breath diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) of the liver using eight b values (10–800 s/mm2). Twelve regions of interest (ROIs) of normal liver tissue in healthy volunteers and 49 hepatic lesions (23 hepatocellular carcinomas [HCCs], 16 hemangiomas, and 10 metastases) were measured. Conventional ADC(0,500) and ADCtotal obtained by the mono-exponential model, as well as D, D*, and f were calculated. Student t-tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were also performed.

Results

ADC(0,500), ADCtotal, and D were significantly lower in the malignant group ([1.48 ± 0.35] × 10−3 mm2/s; [1.35 ± 0.30] × 10−3 mm2/s; [1.18 ± 0.33] × 10−3 mm2/s) compared to the hemangioma group ([2.74 ± 1.03] × 10−3 mm2/s; [2.61 ± 0.81] × 10−3 mm2/s; [1.97 ± 0.79] × 10−3 mm2/s]. D* did not differ among multiple comparisons. For the area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC), the maximum value was attained with ADCtotal (0.983) and was closely followed by ADC(0,500) (0.967), with lower values obtained for D (0.837), f (0.649), and D* (0.599). Statistically significant differences were found between the AUC-ROC of both ADCs (ADCtotal and ADC(0,500)) and D. There was no statistically significant difference between the AUC-ROC of ADCtotal and ADC(0,500).

Conclusion

ADCs showed superior diagnostic performance compared to IVIM-derived parameters in detecting differences between the malignant group and hemangioma group.
CT characteristics of dehiscent sigmoid plates presenting as pulsatile tinnitus: a study of 23 patients
Authors: Geng Wei , Liu Zhaohui , Fan Zhanming
Published: November 2014

Background

Although some features of dehiscent sigmoid plates as a cause of pulsatile tinnitus (PT) have been reported, detailed imaging findings have not been evaluated.

Purpose

To retrospectively evaluate the computed tomography (CT) features of dehiscent sigmoid plates associated with PT.

Material and Methods

The CT images of 23 PT patients were assessed to evaluate the features of the dehiscent sigmoid plates, lateral sinuses, and temporal bone pneumatization.

Results

A total of 31 defects were found on the PT side. Twenty-five defects involved the superior curve or the descending segment, four involved above both sites, and only two involved the inferior curve. Twenty-six defects involved the anterior border or the anterolateral border, and only five involved the lateral border of the sigmoid sinus. The dehiscent sigmoid plate was on the dominant side in all 18 patients with a unilateral dominant lateral sinus, and on the right side in two patients and on the left side in three patients with co-dominant lateral sinuses. Fourteen patients had hyperpneumatization and nine had good pneumatization of temporal bone. Fifteen of the 17 patients with resolution of PT after surgery had a single defect. Four of the six patients with persistence of PT after surgery had more than one defect.

Conclusion

Sigmoid plate dehiscence often involves the anterior or anterolateral border of the superior curve or the descending segment of the sigmoid sinus on the side of the dominant lateral sinus, which often coexists with extensive pneumatization of the temporal bone.
Estrogen Receptor and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Expression in Equine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Hughes K. , Scase T. J. , Foote A. K.
Published: November 2014

Equine mammary tumors are uncommon, and relatively sparse histopathologic and molecular data exist. The present study describes the histopathologic features of 7 such tumors, which exhibited infiltrative growth, intermediate to high mitotic rates, and focally extensive necrosis. The tumors exhibited variably strong staining for vimentin and cytokeratin 14, as well as frequently weak cytoplasmic staining for pan-cytokeratin. E-cadherin expression was strong. Interestingly, a subgroup of the tumors exhibited strong nuclear staining for estrogen receptor α. Three of 7 tumors exhibited nuclear expression of the transcription factor STAT3, suggesting that STAT3 was transcriptionally active. Rare to absent nuclear STAT3 expression was observed in carcinomas exhibiting moderate to intense staining for cytokeratin 14. This investigation confirms previous investigators’ assertions that equine mammary tumors have a malignant phenotype. A subset of the equine mammary tumors exhibited estrogen receptor α expression, suggesting that these tumors may potentially have similar molecular characteristics to their feline and canine counterparts.
Consensus Statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Authors: Becker Patricia , Carney Liesje Nieman , Corkins Mark R. , Monczka Jessica , Smith Elizabeth , Smith Susan E. , Spear Bonnie A. , White Jane V. ,   Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,   American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Published: November 2014

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (the Academy) and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.), utilizing an evidence‐informed, consensus‐derived process, recommend that a standardized set of diagnostic indicators be used to identify and document pediatric malnutrition (undernutrition) in routine clinical practice. The recommended indicators include z scores for weight‐for‐height/length, body mass index‐for‐age, or length/height‐for‐age or mid–upper arm circumference when a single data point is available. When 2 or more data points are available, indicators may also include weight gain velocity (<2 years of age), weight loss (2–20 years of age), deceleration in weight for length/height z score, and inadequate nutrient intake. The purpose of this consensus statement is to identify a basic set of indicators that can be used to diagnose and document undernutrition in the pediatric population ages 1 month to 18 years. The indicators are intended for use in multiple settings (eg, acute, ambulatory care/outpatient, residential care). Several screening tools have been developed for use in hospitalized children. However, identifying criteria for use in screening for nutritional risk is not the purpose of this paper. Clinicians should use as many data points as available to identify and document the presence of malnutrition. The universal use of a single set of diagnostic parameters will expedite the recognition of pediatric undernutrition, lead to the development of more accurate estimates of its prevalence and incidence, direct interventions, and promote improved outcomes. A standardized diagnostic approach will also inform the prediction of the human and financial responsibilities and costs associated with the prevention and treatment of undernutrition in this vulnerable population and help to further ensure the provision of high‐quality, cost‐effective nutritional care.
Communicatively Restricted Organizational Stress (CROS) I
Authors: Boren Justin P. , Veksler Alice E.
Published: November 2014

In this article, we conceptualized a new organizational variable, Communicatively Restricted Organizational Stress (CROS). CROS is a perceived inability to communicate about a particular stressor and functions to exacerbate negative outcomes related to the appraisal of that stressor. To aid in our conceptualization, we reviewed extant literature on organizational stress and social support. We also collected open-ended data from a national sample of 354 workers. The responses to these questions lead us to specific themes about the nature and function of CROS. Finally, we propose a conceptual conditional process model with two primary propositions: (a) An organizational member who reports high levels of CROS will experience negative outcomes, regardless of reported level of social support and (b) an organizational member who reports high levels of CROS will experience negative outcomes, regardless of the severity of the stressor.
Vehicle predictive control based on the recursive subspace identification method
Authors: Ba Tengyue , Guan Xiqiang , Zhang Jianwu
Published: November 2014

Vehicle active control is an important technology for vehicle safety and performance. Most vehicle control systems are based on models, and the effects of model-based controllers are more dependent on the model parameters. In order to improve the adaptability and the veracity of a control system, a new vehicle predictive control method is proposed. Based on the recursive optimized version of the predictor-based subspace identification method, the vehicle model can be identified from input–output data. According to the predicted outputs and the optimal criterion, two predictive controllers are derived. One is called the recursive subspace predictive controller, and the other is called the recursive subspace predictive controller with integrator, which is an improved form to handle integrated white noise. Compared with the outputs from traditional predictive control, the predicted outputs in this paper are obtained directly from the subspace identification process at each step, which avoids the difficult process of solving Diophantine equations. In this paper, a simulation vehicle model, which is made up of a seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle model and a magic formula tyre model, is used to verify the effectiveness of the controllers. By numerical examples, it can be shown that the proposed methods not only are effective for vehicle control in the linear domain but also can track the desired values well and can improve the effect of vehicle control even when the lateral tyre forces reach saturation.
Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecules Attenuate Postresuscitation Myocardial Injury and Protect Cardiac Mitochondrial Function by Reducing the Production of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in a Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Yao Lan , Wang Peng , Chen Mingdi , Liu Yuanshan , Zhou Lili , Fang Xiangshao , Huang Zitong
Published: November 2014

The objective of this study is to examine whether carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) can decrease the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiac mitochondria, thereby protecting against postresuscitation myocardial injury and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction after resuscitation in a rat model of ventricular fibrillation (VF), and further investigated the underlying mechanism. Rats suffered 8 minutes of untreated VF and resuscitation and were randomized into the control group with vehicle infusion and the CORM group with CO-releasing molecule 2 (CORM2) treatment. Animals in the Sham group were instrumented without induced VF and resuscitation. Effects of CORM2 on cardiac function, myocardial oxidative stress, cardiac mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial ROS generation were assessed. Moreover, to further evaluate the direct effect of CORM2 on cardiac mitochondria isolated from resuscitated rats, we measured mitochondrial function and ROS generation when isolated cardiac mitochondria were directly incubated with different concentrations of (CORM2). Compared with the Sham group, the control and CORM groups demonstrated impaired cardiac function, increased myocardial injury, and aggravated mitochondrial damage. CORM2 improved cardiac performance and attenuated myocardial damage and oxidative stress in resuscitated rats. Additionally, animals with CORM2 treatment showed the decreased generation of cardiac mitochondrial ROS, alleviated mitochondrial injury, and preserved mitochondrial function and complex activities when compared with the control group. In isolated cardiac mitochondria incubated with CORM2, low concentrations of CORM2 (20 μmol/L) mildly uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, leading to reduced mitochondrial ROS production. In contrast, high concentrations of CORM2 (60 μmol/L) resulted in the reverse effect presumably due to its excessive uncoupling action. These findings suggest that CORM2 attenuates oxidative stress of the heart and improves cardiac function after resuscitation. The mechanism was probably that CO, the product of CORM2, reduces the production of cardiac mitochondrial ROS and thereby attenuates mitochondrial injury and dysfunction during the postresuscitation period, due to the transient uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration.
Reflections on Regime Politics
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: November 2014

With hindsight covering a quarter of a century of Regime Politics, this reflection calls for refashioning the concept of an urban regime into a more encompassing idea of a multitiered political order. As an approach to political change, cross-time comparisons suggest that periodization can highlight how forces conjoin in different ways as political development unfolds. From this perspective, there is little reason to expect to find in today’s cities a stable and cohesive governing coalition held together around a high-priority agenda. Yet the need for resources to be commensurate with policy goals and the strength of purpose in the face of an established mind-set are key lessons to be retained from the past experiences of Atlanta and other cities. While systemic inequality continues as an overarching reality, mitigating responses can be worked out in the middle ground between structure and agency.
Synergistic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Fatty Acids on Toxicity to Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Cao Yi , Roursgaard Martin , Kermanizadeh Ali , Loft Steffen , Møller Peter
Published: November 2014

Fatty acids exposure may increase sensitivity of intestinal epithelial cells to cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs). This study evaluated the synergistic effects of ZnO NPs and palmitic acid (PA) or free fatty acids (FFAs) mixture (oleic/PA 2:1) on toxicity to human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells. The ZnO NPs exposure concentration dependently induced cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells showing as reduced proliferation and activity measured by 3 different assays. PA exposure induced cytotoxicity, and coexposure to ZnO NPs and PA showed the largest cytotoxic effects. The presence of FFAs mixture did not affect the ZnO NPs-induced cytotoxicity. Filtration of freshly prepared suspension of NPs through a 0.45-µm pore size membrane significantly reduced the cytotoxicity, indicating a role of concentration or size of particles in cytotoxic effects. The ZnO NPs and PA coexposure induced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) but not intracellular ROS production, whereas FFAs mixture exposure did not induce mROS and inhibited intracellular ROS. Both ZnO NPs and fatty acids (PA and FFAs mixture) promoted lysosomal destabilization, which was not correlated with cytotoxicity. These results indicated that PA can enhance ZnO NPs-induced cytotoxicity probably by the augmentation of mROS production, whereas FFAs mixture did not affect ROS production. Synergistic effects between ZnO NPs and fatty acids may be important when considering NPs toxicity via oral exposure.
Parental perception of family functioning in everyday life with a child with ADHD
Authors: Moen Øyfrid Larsen , Hedelin Birgitta , Hall-Lord Marie Louise
Published: November 2014

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe and investigate family characteristics in relation to support, behaviour of the child, family functioning and sense of coherence from the parents’ perspective in families with a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A further aim was to explore predictors of family functioning. Methods: The study population consisted of 1964 parents of children with ADHD aged 15 years old and younger. In all, 265 parents responded to a questionnaire (response rate 48.2%; 217 mothers and 48 fathers). In addition to questions about the parents, children, family characteristics and support from health services, the questionnaire included the Family Assessment Device (FAD), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Sense of Coherence (SOC) and Social Cohesion and Support Index (SCS). Data were analysed with descriptive, comparative and standard multiple regression analyses. Results: Parents with ADHD reported a weaker SOC and poorer FAD in the family than parents without ADHD. Parents with children medicated for ADHD were significantly more satisfied with social support (SCS), rated their children’s behaviour as less problematic and reported better family functioning. Parents’ age, SOC, SCS, SDQ and support from the community health services explained 46.2% of the variation in FAD. Conclusions: A strong SOC, social support and support from the community health services were strongly associated with a positive effect on family functioning. Parents with ADHD reported a weaker SOC and poorer family functioning than parents without ADHD. This knowledge may be useful and should be taken into account when planning support for such families.
Veronica Mars, fandom, and the ‘Affective Economics’ of crowdfunding poachers
Authors: Hills Matt
Published: November 2014

This article considers ‘affective economics’ in relation to the phenomenon of crowdfunding. It focuses on ‘fan-ancing’, where media fans are targeted by crowdfunding campaigns. Returning to Henry Jenkins’ work enables consideration of how Veronica Mars’ creator Rob Thomas has enacted a kind of affective economics by positioning himself as a fan-like showrunner, resistant to commercial/official industry practices, thereby according with Kevin Roberts’ notion of ‘lovemarks’, as well as discursively prefiguring Thomas’ use of Kickstarter for the Veronica Mars movie campaign in 2013. Taking this specific Kickstarter as a case study, I also theorise Veronica Mars’ fan-consumers as ‘crowdfunding poachers’ who made the Kickstarter meaningful in relation to their own fan identities at the same time as willingly auto-commodifying their fandom. Focussing on how Veronica Mars Kickstarter–related producer and fan activities illustrate multiple circuits of exchange value and use value, I argue that an intensified ‘dialectic of value’ is in operation here.
Kickstarting trans*: The crowdfunding of gender/sexual reassignment surgeries
Authors: Farnel Megan
Published: November 2014

The crowdfunding of gender/sexual reassignment (G/SRS) surgeries is a recent and controversial phenomenon on which there currently exists no academic commentary. This article considers three particular G/SRS crowdfunding campaigns with a focus on two primary elements: the aesthetic and commodified positions of trans* bodies, and the role of the potential backers, the crowds of crowdfunding. Both, I argue, are shaped by specific platform regulations as well as by broader social and political norms specific to and beyond trans* bodies. At stake in these distinctions are the extent to which trans* bodies are permitted to be defined as art and/or commodities, as well as the conditions under which backers are compelled (or not) to provide emotional, financial and political support for trans*-positive causes. Digital media, I conclude, is increasingly playing a role in defining, producing and challenging the modes of normativity that determine the livability of life for precarious subjects.
Crowdfunding independent and freelance journalism: Negotiating journalistic norms of autonomy and objectivity
Authors: Hunter Andrea
Published: November 2014

In recent years, news organizations have been struggling to find viable business models, with many media outlets either closing or facing budget cuts, resulting in fewer journalists working with fewer resources. One solution that has been gaining momentum is the practice of crowdfunding. This move has been heralded as one that puts audiences in a position of power, in that they have a say in what journalists pursue, but how does the role of the professional journalist change when giving up some control of the news process? This article argues that journalists who crowdfund strongly believe in the journalistic norm of autonomy, but at the same time feel a great deal of responsibility towards their funders, which is potentially a point of conflict. They also challenge the journalistic norm of objectivity, often using crowdfunding as an avenue to create journalism with a ‘point of view’, or advocacy journalism.
Guilt and ethical choice in consumption
Authors: Chatzidakis Andreas
Published: November 2014

Research into consumer ethics has grown substantially since the 1990s. However, it is predominantly influenced by socio-cognitive and attitudinal models that treat everyday consumer decisions as the outcome of carefully weighting abstract moral principles against utilitarian outcomes. This article counter-proposes a psychoanalytic approach to consumer guilt and moral choice that draws on Freudian and Kleinian contributions. In particular, conceptualisations of unconscious (rather than conscious) guilt, the notion of guilt being the cause rather than outcome of moral behaviour, and the distinction between persecutory and reparative anxieties. In doing so, it corroborates a view of everyday morality as less rational, less deliberate and firmly embedded in psychodynamic processes that largely escape individual awareness. Potential implications and avenues for more psychoanalytically inspired treatments of consumer ethics are discussed.
Disconnected/connected
Authors: Reyes Ian , Dholakia Nikhilesh , Bonoff Jennifer K.
Published: November 2014

Informed by nonparticipant observations of public cell phone use, we offer a Lacanian theorization of common social scenes involving mobile communication technologies. Identifying paradoxes of the mobile mediascape, such as connected versus disconnected and public versus private, we turn to Lacan’s distinction between the look and the gaze to read and reconcile these tensions. Moving beyond understanding cell phones as fetish objects, we use Lacan’s theory of the gaze as a means to understand the existential dilemma, a lack of being, which underwrites the pleasures of consumption. At the heart of the matter is how cell phones mobilize users’ desires and anxieties as social subjects in a mediatized consumptionscape.
Electromechanical modelling of a new class of nanocomposite cement-based sensors for structural health monitoring
Authors: D’Alessandro Antonella , Ubertini Filippo , Materazzi Annibale Luigi , Laflamme Simon , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: November 2014

This work focuses on the analysis of a new nanocomposite cement-based sensor (carbon nanotube cement-based sensor), for applications in vibration-based structural health monitoring of civil engineering structures. The sensor is constituted of a cement paste doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, so that mechanical deformations produce a measurable change of the electrical resistance. Prior work of some of the authors has addressed the fabrication process, dynamic behaviour and implementation to full-scale structural components. Here, we investigate the effectiveness of a linear lumped-circuit electromechanical model, in which dynamic sensing is associated with a strain-dependent modulation of the internal resistance. Salient circuit parameters are identified from a series of experiments where the distance between the electrodes is parametrically varied. Experimental results indicate that the lumped-circuit model is capable of accurately predicting the step response to a voltage input and its steady-state response to a harmonic uniaxial deformation. Importantly, the model is successful in anticipating the presence of a superharmonic component in sensor’s output.