bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scaling of seismicity induced by nonlinear fluid‐rock interaction after an injection stop
Authors: Johann L. , Dinske C. , Shapiro S. A.
Published: November 2016

Fluid injections into unconventional reservoirs, performed for fluid‐mobility enhancement, are accompanied by microseismic activity also after the injection. Previous studies revealed that the triggering of seismic events can be effectively described by nonlinear diffusion of pore fluid pressure perturbations where the hydraulic diffusivity becomes pressure dependent. The spatiotemporal distribution of postinjection‐induced microseismicity has two important features: the triggering front, corresponding to early and distant events, and the back front, representing the time‐dependent spatial envelope of the growing seismic quiescence zone. Here for the first time, we describe analytically the temporal behavior of these two fronts after the injection stop in the case of nonlinear pore fluid pressure diffusion. We propose a scaling law for the fronts and show that they are sensitive to the degree of nonlinearity and to the Euclidean dimension of the dominant growth of seismicity clouds. To validate the theoretical finding, we numerically model nonlinear pore fluid pressure diffusion and generate synthetic catalogs of seismicity. Additionally, we apply the new scaling relation to several case studies of injection‐induced seismicity. The derived scaling laws describe well synthetic and real data.
Non‐Darcian flow experiments of shear‐thinning fluids through rough‐walled rock fractures
Authors: Rodríguez de Castro Antonio , Radilla Giovanni
Published: November 2016

Understanding non‐Darcian flow of shear‐thinning fluids through rough‐walled rock fractures is of vital importance in a number of industrial applications such as hydrogeology or petroleum engineering. Different laws are available to express the deviations from linear Darcy law due to inertial pressure losses. In particular, Darcy's law is often extended through addition of quadratic and cubic terms weighted by two inertial coefficients depending on the strength of the inertia regime. The relations between the effective shear viscosity of the fluid and the apparent viscosity in porous media when inertial deviations are negligible were extensively studied in the past. However, only recent numerical works have investigated the superposition of both inertial and shear‐thinning effects, finding that the same inertial coefficients obtained for non‐Darcian Newtonian flow applied in the case of shear‐thinning fluids. The objective of this work is to experimentally validate these results, extending their applicability to the case of rough‐walled rock fractures. To do so, flow experiments with aqueous polymer solutions have been conducted using replicas of natural fractures, and the effects of polymer concentration, which determine the shear rheology of the injected fluid, have been evaluated. Our findings show that the experimental pressure loss‐flow rate data for inertial flow of shear‐thinning fluids can be successfully predicted from the empirical parameters obtained during non‐Darcian Newtonian flow and Darcian shear‐thinning flow in a given porous medium.
Shape Memory Silk Protein Sponges for Minimally Invasive Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Brown Joseph E. , Moreau Jodie E. , Berman Alison M. , McSherry Heather J. , Coburn Jeannine M. , Schmidt Daniel F. , Kaplan David L.
Published: November 2016

Porous silk protein scaffolds are designed to display shape memory characteristics and volumetric recovery following compression. Two strategies are utilized to realize shape recovery: addition of hygroscopic plasticizers like glycerol, and tyrosine modifications with hydrophilic sulfonic acid chemistries. Silk sponges are evaluated for recovery following 80% compressive strain, total porosity, pore size distribution, secondary structure development, in vivo volume retention, cell infiltration, and inflammatory responses. Glycerol‐modified sponges recover up to 98.3% of their original dimensions following compression, while sulfonic acid/glycerol modified sponges swell in water up to 71 times their compressed volume, well in excess of their original size. Longer silk extraction times (lower silk molecular weights) and higher glycerol concentrations yielded greater flexibility and shape fidelity, with no loss in modulus following compression. Sponges are over 95% porous, with secondary structure analysis indicating glycerol‐induced β‐sheet physical crosslinking. Tyrosine modifications with sulfonic acid interfere with β‐sheet formation. Glycerol‐modified sponges exhibit improved rates of cellular infiltration at subcutaneous implant sites with minimal immune response in mice. They also degrade more rapidly than unmodified sponges, a result posited to be cell‐mediated. Overall, this work suggests that silk sponges may be useful for minimally invasive deployment in soft tissue augmentation procedures.
Functional Colloidal Stabilization
Authors: Bijlard Ann‐Christin , Wald Sarah , Crespy Daniel , Taden Andreas , Wurm Frederik R. , Landfester Katharina
Published: November 2016

Surfactants can stabilize colloids in dispersion; however, also additional chemical or physical functions can be added by the surfactant chemistry to the colloid. This review covers functional colloid stabilization whereby supplementary features in addition to simple repulsion via physisorbed molecules are described. The utilization of surface‐active functional stabilizers as a fast and flexible method to obtain colloidal particles with significantly improved interaction potential makes functionalization possible. This method has proved to be extremely material‐ and time‐efficient. On account of the self‐assembling ability of the stabilizers, the functional groups can target exact positioning of chemical and/or physical interaction sites directly in the surface region of the colloidal particle. In this review, different strategies for the generation of functional and/or responsive dispersion by precise adjustment of the surfactant chemistry are summarized. By such means, temperature‐, pH‐, redox‐, light‐ and other stimuli have been installed to colloids which are investigated for various applications.
Modifying the inter‐phase drag via solid volume fraction gradient for CFD simulation of fast fluidized beds
Authors: Su Mingze , Zhao Haibo
Published: November 2016

The conventional drag model in two‐fluid simulation, which assumes uniform particle distribution in a computational grid, overestimates the drag force, thus failed in capturing the subgrid‐scale strands and resolvable‐scale clusters. This work proposed a new modification to the conventional drag model through considering the heterogeneous distribution of solid volume fraction (SVF), especially, in the inter‐phase boundary (i.e., cluster boundary). The resulting drag model is a function of particle Reynolds number, SVF and the gradient of SVF. This straightforward modification is consistent with the elaborately filtered‐approach‐based modification method in nature. A CFD simulation for a two‐dimensional riser was conducted to validate the new drag model. The outlet solid mass flux, axial and radial time‐averaged voidages from the new drag model agreed well with the experimental measurements, and these results were far better than those from the conventional homogeneous drag models. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2588–2598, 2017
Flow within theatrical consumption: The relevance of authenticity
Authors: Aykol Bilge , Aksatan Manolya , İpek İlayda
Published: November 2016

Despite its relevance and potential for explaining various arts consumption phenomena, examination of flow within that context has been limited. This study aims to expand knowledge about arts consumer behaviour by integrating flow construct into an explanatory model that examines the relationships among authenticity of core and peripheral aspects of the arts experience, flow, enjoyment, and intention to recommend. Data were collected from 219 theatre audience members through a self‐administered questionnaire and analysed with structural equation modelling. Results show that authenticity concerning the core product positively influences flow and enjoyment, whereas authenticity of venue is instrumental in providing the audience with enjoyment. Flow experienced in theatre is conducive to enjoyment, which, in turn, has a positive effect on intention to recommend. Managers of arts organisations can make inferences from study findings for developing customer communication and education strategies, designing performing arts venues, and managing customer feedback mechanisms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Reactivity of Silylated Ge9 Clusters: Synthesis and Characterization of [ZnCp*(Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3)], [CuPiPr3(Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3)], and [(CuPiPr3)4{Ge9(SiPh3)2}2]
Authors: Mayer Kerstin , Schiegerl Lorenz J. , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: November 2016

We report on the synthesis of new derivatives of silylated clusters of the type [Ge9(SiR3)3]− (R = SiMe3, Me = CH3; R = Ph, Ph = C6H5) as well as on their reactivity towards copper and zinc compounds. The silylated cluster compounds were synthesized by heterogeneous reactions starting from the Zintl phase K4Ge9. Reaction of K[Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3] with ZnCl2 leads to the already known dimeric compound [Zn(Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3)2] (1), whereas upon the reaction with [ZnCp*2] the coordination of [ZnCp*]+ to the cluster takes place (Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) under the formation of [ZnCp*(Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3)] (2). A similar reaction leads to [CuPiPr3(Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3)] (3) from [CuPiPr3Cl] (iPr=isopropyl). Further we investigated the novel silylated cluster units [Ge9(SiPh3)3]− (4) and [Ge9(SiPh3)2]− (5), which could be identified by mass spectroscopy. Bis‐ and tris‐silylated species can be synthesized by the respective stoichiometric reactions, and the products were characterized by ESI‐MS and NMR experiments. These clusters show rather different reactivity. The reaction of the tris‐silylated anion 4 with [CuPiPr3Cl] leads to [(CuPiPr3)3Ge9(SiPh3)2]+ as shown from NMR experiments and to [(CuPiPr3)4{Ge9(SiPh3)2}2] (6), which was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 6 shows a new type of coordination of the Cu atoms to the silylated Zintl clusters.
Definition of the Labile Capping Bond Effect in Lanthanide Complexes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Rodríguez Aurora , Regueiro‐Figueroa Martín , Esteban‐Gómez David , Rodríguez‐Blas Teresa , Patinec Véronique , Tripier Raphaël , Tircsó Gyula , Carniato Fabio , Botta Mauro , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos
Published: November 2016

Two macrocyclic ligands containing a cyclen unit, a methyl group, a picolinate arm, and two acetate pendant arms attached to two nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle either in trans (1,7‐H3Medo2 ampa = 2,2′‐(7‐((6‐carboxypyridin‐2‐yl)methyl)‐10‐methyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4‐diyl)diacetic acid) or in cis (1,4‐H3Medo2 ampa) positions are reported. These ligands provide eight‐coordination to the Ln3+ ions, leaving a coordination position available for a water molecule that occupies a capping position in the twisted square antiprismatic polyhedron (1,4‐H3Medo2 ampa) or one of the positions of the square antiprism (1,7‐H3Medo2 ampa). The charge neutral [Gd(1,7‐Medo2 ampa)] complex presents an unprecedentedly low water‐exchange rate (kex298=8.8×103 s−1), whereas water exchange in [Gd(1,4‐Medo2 ampa)] is three orders of magnitude faster (kex298=6.6×106 s−1). These results showcase the labile capping bond phenomenon: A ligand occupying a capping position is hindered by the environment and thus is intrinsically labile.
A Highly Stable and Insensitive Fused Triazolo–Triazine Explosive (TTX)
Authors: Kumar Dheeraj , Imler Gregory H. , Parrish Damon A. , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: November 2016

A fused‐ring conjugated energetic molecule, 4‐amino‐3,7‐dinitro‐[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐c] [1,2,4]triazine (TTX), has been synthesized in good yield in a two‐step process starting from the known 5‐amino‐3‐nitro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (ANTA). Characterization of TTX shows that it possesses energetic properties approaching those of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX), but with a higher thermal stability and lower sensitivity towards impact and friction.
Mesityl‐Substituted Acene Radical Cations: Decent Stability Comparable to Their Neutral States under Ambient Light and Air
Authors: Uebe Masashi , Kawashima Kenji , Takahashi Kazuki , Ito Akihiro
Published: November 2016

Anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene, with moderately bulky mesityl substituents revealed that their photochemical stability in solution under ambient light and air conditions is comparable to that of the corresponding neutral state, thus indicating the possibility of persistent acene radical cations.
Characterization of a Cell‐Penetrating Peptide with Potential Anticancer Activity
Authors: Gronewold Anja , Horn Mareike , Ranđelović Ivan , Tóvári József , Muñoz Vázquez Sergio , Schomäcker Klaus , Neundorf Ines
Published: November 2016

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are still an interesting and viable alternative for drug delivery applications. CPPs contain considerably high amounts of positively charged amino acids, imparting them with cationic character. Tumor cells are characterized by an enhanced anionic nature of their membrane surface, a property that could be used by CPPs to target these cells. We recently identified a branched CPP that displays a high internalization capacity while exhibiting selectivity for certain tumor cell types. In this study we elucidated this observation in greater detail by investigating the underlying mechanism behind the cellular uptake of this peptide. An additional cytotoxicity screen against several cancer cell lines indeed demonstrates high cytotoxic activity against cancer cells over normal fibroblasts. Furthermore, we show that this feature can be used for delivering the anticancer drug actinomycin D with high efficiency in the MCF‐7 cancer cell line.
The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in pathologically lymph node‐positive prostate cancer
Authors: Jegadeesh Naresh , Liu Yuan , Zhang Chao , Zhong Jim , Cassidy Richard J. , Gillespie Theresa , Kucuk Omer , Rossi Peter , Master Viraj A. , Alemozaffar Mehrdad , Jani Ashesh B.
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Postoperative management of prostate cancer with lymph node involvement (LNI) is controversial. Retrospective evidence supports the selective use of radiotherapy (RT) after extended pelvic lymph node dissection. It is unclear whether this is generalizable to practice in the United States, where extended dissection is uncommon. The authors identified patients with LNI who potentially could derive a survival benefit with adjuvant RT plus androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT).

METHODS

Patients with N1M0 prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) and subsequently received ADT from 2003 through 2011 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Kaplan‐Meier analyses, log‐rank tests, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression were performed using overall survival (OS) as the primary outcome.

RESULTS

In total, 906 of 2569 eligible patients (35.3%) received RT, and RT was more frequently received by patients who were diagnosed in later years, had fewer positive lymph nodes, had involved surgical margins, and were aged <65 years (all P < .05). The 5‐year OS rate was 87% versus 82% in those who received RT versus those who did not (P = .007). After propensity score matching, 826 patients remained in each cohort. RT retained an association with OS (5‐year OS: 88% vs 81%; P = .009; hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.10‐1.86; P = .008). No interaction was identified between the effect of RT on OS across tested strata of total lymph nodes examined, lymph node ratio, total number of positive lymph nodes, margin status, Gleason score, and prostate‐specific antigen.

CONCLUSIONS

RT plus ADT was associated with improved OS after RP in patients with LNI. These results may help guide therapy in the absence of randomized evidence. Cancer 2017;123:512–520. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Improved Radio‐Frequency Magneto‐Optical Trap of SrF Molecules
Authors: Steinecker Matthew H. , McCarron Daniel J. , Zhu Yuqi , DeMille David
Published: November 2016

We report the production of ultracold, trapped strontium monofluoride (SrF) molecules with number density and phase‐space density significantly higher than previously achieved. These improvements are enabled by three distinct changes to our recently‐demonstrated scheme for radio‐frequency magneto‐optical trapping of SrF: modification of the slowing laser beam geometry, addition of an optical pumping laser, and incorporation of a compression stage to the magneto‐optical trap. With these improvements, we observe a trapped sample of SrF molecules at density 2.5×105 cm−3 and phase‐space density 6×10−14, each a factor of 4 greater than in previous work. Under different experimental conditions, we observe trapping of up to 104 molecules, a factor of 5 greater than in previous work. Finally, by reducing the intensity of the applied trapping light, we observe molecular temperatures as low as 250 μK.
Fast and Efficient Neural Conversion of Human Hematopoietic Cells
Authors: Bruzos‐Cidon Cristina , Castaño Julio , Torrecilla Maria , Sanchez‐Pernaute Rosario , Giorgetti Alessandra
Published: November 2016

A major challenge in regenerative medicine is the generation of functionally effective target cells to replace or repair damaged tissues. The finding that most somatic cells can be directly converted into cells of another lineage by the expression of specific transcription factors has paved the way to novel applications. Induced neurons (iNs) represent an alternative source of neurons for disease modeling, drug screening, and potentially, for cell replacement therapy. This unit describes methods for the efficient conversion of blood cells into iNs, including protocols to isolate cord blood CD133+ cells, infect them with Sendai virus vectors that express SOX2 and c‐MYC, and differentiate the infected cells (PB‐MNCs) into mature neurons. A method to reprogram peripheral blood mononuclear cells into iNs is also described. Support protocols describe how to culture rat astrocytes and characterize the electrophysiology of iNs. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
cGMP Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with Messenger RNA
Authors: Ni Yuhui , Zhao Yuanyuan , Warren Luigi , Higginbotham Jennifer , Wang Jiwu
Published: November 2016

Reprogramming somatic cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has presented the biomedical community with a powerful platform to develop new models for human disease. To fully realize the promise of this technology in cell therapy and regenerative medicine, creating iPSCs under current Good Manufacture Practice (cGMP) conditions is paramount. Some reports have described efforts in this regard, resulting in iPSC lines that are cGMP compliant. The technology developed at Allele Biotechnology for footprint‐free, feeder‐free, and xeno‐free reprogramming using only mRNA is very suitable for creating iPSC lines through an established cGMP process. This technology has resulted in a licensing agreement between Allele Biotechnology and Ocata (formerly ACT, now a wholly owned division of Astellas) for clinical applications. All reagents and vessels are certified as cGMP‐produced, all equipment and software are certifiable, and all procedures are carried out in Industry ISO 7 or Class 10,000‐grade cleanrooms. In this revised version of the unit, we describe the core improvements to implement steps toward cGMP‐compliant generation of iPSCs. Recreating a process close to cGMP production in academic research will make these findings more applicable to translational research. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient Generation of Viral and Integration‐Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Derived Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Espinosa‐Jeffrey Araceli , Blanchi Bruno , Biancotti Juan Carlos , Kumar Shalini , Hirose Megumi , Mandefro Berhan , Talavera‐Adame Dodanim , Benvenisty Nissim , de Vellis Jean
Published: November 2016

Here we document three highly reproducible protocols: (1) a culture system for the derivation of human oligodendrocytes (OLs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) and their further maturation—our protocol generates viral‐ and integration‐free OLs that efficiently commit and move forward in the OL lineage, recapitulating all the steps known to occur during in vivo development; (2) a method for the isolation, propagation and maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs); and (3) a protocol for the production, isolation, and maintenance of OLs from perinatal rodent and human brain‐derived NSCs. Our unique culture systems rely on a series of chemically defined media, specifically designed and carefully characterized for each developmental stage of OL as they advance from OL progenitors to mature, myelinating cells. We are confident that these protocols bring our field a step closer to efficient autologous cell replacement therapies and disease modeling. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Safe and Ecological Refluxing with a Closed‐Loop Air Cooling System
Authors: Böhmdorfer Stefan , Eilenberger Gottfried , Zweckmair Thomas , Sumerskii Ivan , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas
Published: November 2016

Off‐the‐shelf computer cooling hardware was used to construct a closed‐loop air cooling system (CLACS) that is distinguished by scalability, low energy, and no tap water consumption. Constructed to be generally used with laboratory condensers, the system was tested with several common low and high boiling solvents and showed a condensation performance equivalent to conventional tap water cooling. Reaction yields were therefore unaffected. Also, long‐lasting Soxhlet extractions showed no performance loss relative to conventional cooling. Optionally, the device can be assembled from low‐voltage components and be powered from a battery, rendering it independent of the main power. Both investment and running costs are minimal, allowing a lab‐wide adoption and elimination of the two major drawbacks of commonly employed tap water cooling: waste of drinking water and the risk of flooding.
In Situ Generated Zinc(II) Catalyst for Incorporation of CO2 into 2‐Oxazolidinones with Propargylic Amines at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Liu Xi , Wang Mei‐Yan , Wang Si‐Yuan , Wang Qi , He Liang‐Nian
Published: November 2016

Incorporation of CO2 into heterocyclic compounds (i.e., 2‐oxazolidinones) under mild conditions, especially at atmospheric pressure still remains challenging. The mononuclear ZnII complex ZnCl2(TBD)2, where TBD=1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene, in this study was demonstrated as a robust catalyst for the carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amines with CO2 to exclusively afford various 2‐oxazolidinones in excellent yields. Notably, the ZnII catalytic species is readily generated in situ from ZnCl2 and TBD without pre‐preparation and further isolation. Such a CO2 fixation protocol could proceed smoothly under atmospheric pressure at mild temperature in an atom economic and environmentally benign manner. 13C NMR and control experiments were performed to explore the possible interaction between ZnII and the carbon–carbon triple bond of propargylic amine. The dual catalytic role of the Zn catalyst to enhance O‐nucleophilicity of the carbamate anion intermediate and activate the carbon–carbon triple bond is proposed based on mechanistic investigations.
Selective One‐Pot Production of High‐Grade Diesel‐Range Alkanes from Furfural and 2‐Methylfuran over Pd/NbOPO4
Authors: Xia Qineng , Xia Yinjiang , Xi Jinxu , Liu Xiaohui , Zhang Yongguang , Guo Yong , Wang Yanqin
Published: November 2016

A one‐pot method for the selective production of high‐grade diesel‐range alkanes from biomass‐derived furfural and 2‐methylfuran (2‐MF) was developed by combining the hydroxyalkylation/alkylation (HAA) condensation of furfural with 2‐MF and the subsequent hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) over a multifunctional Pd/NbOPO4 catalyst. The effects of various reaction conditions as well as a variety of solid‐acid catalysts and metal‐loaded NbOPO4 catalysts were systematically investigated to optimize the reaction conditions for both reactions. Under the optimal reaction conditions up to 89.1 % total yield of diesel‐range alkanes was obtained from furfural and 2‐MF by this one‐pot method.
Shifts in landscape ecohydrological structural–functional relationship driven by experimental manipulations and ecological interactions
Authors: Hoffman Oren , Yizhaq Hezi , Boeken Bertrand
Published: November 2016

Vegetation structure and patchiness are central controllers of ecohydrological function in semiarid regions. The feedback interactions between vegetation patchiness and water redistribution make semiarid ecosystems sensitive to state‐shifts, where nonlinearities appear in the structure–function correlations. Hydrological connectivity of runoff sources is functionally important for source–sink interactions over a range of spatial scales and plays a key role in ecosystem state‐shifts. Accordingly, the study of the functional responses of ecosystems to changes in connectivity is important for assessing the system's resilience in response to drivers of degradation. We used runoff data collected over 18 years in experimentally manipulated plots to study both the primary functional response to the manipulations and the changes in both structure and function over two decades. By comparing simultaneous changes in woody and herbaceous cover, biocrust cover and connectivity, and runoff yield, we examined the interactions among the different cover classes and assessed the functional consequences of these interactions. The manipulated changes in vegetation and biocrust cover caused large differences in runoff yields, with positive correlation between biocrust cover and runoff. However, changes in vegetation patterns reduced these differences, as the spread of herbaceous plant cover, at the expense of biocrust and woody cover, caused a shift in the cover–runoff relationship. The landscape was resilient to degradation due to rapid shrub growth in locations of high biocrust cover. On the other hand, a positive feedback of herbaceous plant cover replacing shrub cover caused a state‐shift, likely driven by a combination of drought recurrence and cessation of grazing.
Losers, winners, and opportunists: How grassland land‐use intensity affects orthopteran communities
Authors: Chisté Melanie N. , Mody Karsten , Gossner Martin M. , Simons Nadja K. , Köhler Günter , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Blüthgen Nico
Published: November 2016

Land use and corresponding habitat loss are major drivers of local species extinctions. Orthoptera as important grassland herbivores showed different responses to land‐use intensity in different studies, and the susceptibility of this group remains unclear. We sampled annually for seven years 150 temperate grassland sites across three regions in Germany, for which land‐use gradients were quantified as mowing, grazing, and fertilization intensity. We analyzed the effects of land‐use intensity on orthopteran diversity and community abundance. To describe species‐specific responses to environmental gradients, we employed a new approach termed “niche model,” coupled with a randomization procedure, which is sensitive even for rare species for which trends may otherwise be difficult to detect. Based on abundance‐weighted means for each species, we quantified the species' occurrence along land‐use gradients and identified potential losers and winners of intensive land use. Overall, high land‐use intensity negatively affected orthopteran diversity across years and regions, corresponding to decreases with high fertilization, mowing, and grazing intensity. Intensive mowing and grazing negatively affected abundance. Diversity and abundance increased with the time after the last cut. The niche model detected 15 of 29 Orthoptera species as losers of land use, showing significantly higher abundance in grasslands with low‐intensity land use. Two species were winners of high land‐use intensity, whereas the remaining 12 were assigned as opportunists. Most species were losers of high fertilization intensity, followed by frequent mowing. Grazing intensity was least detrimental at the species level. Omnivorous, herbivorous, and graminivorous species did not differ in their response to land‐use intensity, whereas bryovorous/lichenivorous Tetrix species showed consistently negative responses to intensive land use. Our highly replicated, long‐term and large‐scale survey suggests that further land‐use intensification threatens many Orthoptera and causes a consistent diversity loss. Low intensity of fertilization, infrequent mowing, and variable grazing will help to maintain a high diversity of orthopterans. The generality of our niche model approach advances studies on species' susceptibility in various study systems.
Response of understory vegetation to salvage logging following a high‐severity wildfire
Authors: Knapp Eric E. , Ritchie Martin W.
Published: November 2016

Timber is frequently salvage‐logged following high‐severity stand‐replacing wildfire, but the practice is controversial. One concern is that compound disturbances could result in more deleterious impacts than either disturbance individually, with mechanical operations having the potential to set back recovering native species and increase invasion by non‐native species. Following the 2002 Cone Fire on the Lassen National Forest, three replicates of five salvage treatments were applied to 15 units formerly dominated by ponderosa pine, covering a range of disturbance intensities from unsalvaged to 100% salvaged. Understory species richness and cover data were collected every two years between 2006 and 2012. Richness of both native and non‐native species did not differ among salvage treatments, but both showed strong changes over time. While cover of forbs and graminoids did not differ with salvage treatment, cover of shrubs was significantly reduced at the higher salvage intensities. The three main shrub species are all stimulated to germinate by fire, potentially leaving seedlings vulnerable to any mechanical disturbance occurring immediately postgermination. Many other native perennial species emerge from rhizomes or other deeply buried underground structures and appear to be less affected by salvage harvest. Over time, the plant community in all salvage treatments shifted from dominance by shrubs and forbs to shrubs and grasses. Most of the grasses were native, exceptBromus tectorum(cheatgrass), which was found in 4% of measurement quadrats in 2006 and 52% in 2012. Our results indicated that understory vegetation change 4–10 years post‐high‐severity wildfire appeared to be influenced more strongly by factors other than salvage logging.
AMF, phylogeny, and succession: specificity of response to mycorrhizal fungi increases for late‐successional plants
Authors: Koziol Liz , Bever James D.
Published: November 2016

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities are important to plant community productivity and diversity; however, the importance of AM fungal composition to community dynamics remains largely unknown. Specificity of plant response to different AM fungal species is a prerequisite for AM fungal composition to have an effect on plant community dynamics. We test determinants of specificity of plant response to AM fungi across six early‐ and six late‐successional tallgrass prairie plants by growing them with one of seven different AM fungal species and a non‐inoculated control. We found that late‐successional species were more responsive, and demonstrated greater specificity, toward individual AM fungal taxa than early‐successional species. There was no phylogenetic signal for plant responsiveness or specificity of plant response. Phylogenetic multiple regressions indicated that successional stage, plant growth rate, and overall responsiveness were significant predictors of fungal specificity independent of shared phylogeny. These results suggest that plant response to mycorrhizal fungi is evolutionarily labile and coevolves with plant life history. Our results also suggest that AM fungal community dynamics can be particularly important for the establishment and subsequent dynamics of late‐successional plants.
Phenotypically resembling myeloid derived suppressor cells are increased in children with HIV and exposed/infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Du Plessis Nelita , Jacobs Ruschca , Gutschmidt Andrea , Fang Zhuo , van Helden Paul D. , Lutz Manfred B. , Hesseling Anneke C. , Walzl Gerhard
Published: November 2016

Increased disease susceptibility during early life has been linked to immune immaturity, regulatory T‐cell/TH2 immune biasing and hyporesponsiveness. The contribution of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) remains uninvestigated. Here, we assessed peripheral MDSC in HIV‐infected and ‐uninfected children with tuberculosis (TB) disease before, during and after TB treatment, along with matched household contacts (HHCs), HIV‐exposed, ‐infected and ‐uninfected children without recent TB exposure. Serum analytes and enzymes associated with MDSC accumulation/activation/function were measured by colorimetric‐ and fluorescence arrays. Peripheral frequencies of cells phenotypically resembling MDSCs were significantly increased in HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) and M.tb‐infected children, but peaked in children with TB disease and remained high following treatment. MDSC in HIV‐infected (HI) children were similar to unexposed uninfected controls; however, HAART‐mediated MDSC restoration to control levels could not be disregarded. Increased MDSC frequencies in HHC coincided with enhanced indoleamine‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), whereas increased MDSC in TB cases were linked to heightened IDO and arginase‐1. Increased MDSC were paralleled by reduced plasma IP‐10 and thrombospondin‐2 levels in HEU and significantly increased plasma IL‐6 in HI HHC. Current investigations into MDSC‐targeted treatment strategies, together with functional analyses of MDSCs, could endorse these cells as novel innate immune regulatory mechanism of infant HIV/TB susceptibility.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of a Molybdate‐Intercalated Iron‐Based Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Mohapatra Lagnamayee , Patra Dhananjaya , Parida Kulamani , Zaidi Syed Javaid
Published: November 2016

Herein, we report the design and successful fabrication of new Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with different Mg/Fe molar ratios (2:1, 3:1, and 4:1) by a coprecipitation method. The prepared Mg/Fe (4:1) LDH sample with high crystallinity and phase purity was further modified by intercalation with molybdate anions. The structural, morphological, optical, electrochemical, and photocatalytic properties of the prepared catalysts were subsequently examined. In comparison with that of the Mg/Fe (4:1) LDH, the photocatalytic activity of the Mg/Fe (4:1) material with molybdate anions intercalated in the interlayer for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) was enhanced, and the processed followed apparent first‐order kinetics. Radical‐trapping experiments demonstrated that h+, OH· radicals, and O2–· radicals are the dominant reactive species for pollutant degradation. The highest photocatalytic activity of molybdate‐intercalated LDH is attributed mainly to the combined effects of its layered structure with MgII–O–FeIII linkages and intercalated molybdate anions, which act as visible‐light absorption centers towards higher wavelengths and can promote charge‐carrier trapping as well as hinder the photogenerated electron–hole recombination. The time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectra demonstrated the prolonged charge separation under visible light.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Containing Vinyl and Allyl Sulfones as Anti‐Trypanosomal Agents
Authors: Doherty William , Adler Nikoletta , Knox Andrew , Nolan Derek , McGouran Joanna , Nikalje Anna Pratima , Lokwani Deepak , Sarkate Aniket , Evans Paul
Published: November 2016

An approach is described to access 1,2,3‐triazole‐derived peptidyl vinyl
sulfones as Trypanosoma brucei brucei inhibitors by using click chemistry, starting
from a common azide intermediate. Among the triazole analogues, biotinylated inhibitors
11 and 12 offer possibilities as probes for the elucidation of target proteases
for this compound class. The development of two syntheses of a
1,2,3‐triazole‐based vinyl sulfone 5 are also presented. This compound
was accessed through a click reaction of a lysine‐derived azide (itself accessed by
diazo transfer), and a phenylalanine‐derived alkyne synthesised by both
Ohira–Bestmann and Corey–Fuchs‐based alkynylation protocols. Several
members of this family of compounds showed promising anti‐trypanosomal activity.
Unexpectedly, one of the most active compounds was allyl sulfone 24, which stems from
the isomerisation of vinyl sulfone 5, and is presumably a reversible inhibitor. A
docking study of the analogues in the active site of the parasitic cysteine protease rhodesain
was carried out in order to gain an insight into their likely interactions with these
enzymes.
Development of duration‐dependent damage‐based inelastic response spectra
Authors: Yaghmaei‐Sabegh Saman , Makaremi Sahar
Published: November 2016

A simple relationship is proposed in this paper to construct damage‐based inelastic response spectra including the effect of ground motion duration that it can be used for damage control in seismic design of structures. This relation is established for three groups of ground motions with short‐duration, moderate‐duration, and long‐duration ranges. To develop the model, the duration effect is included in the cyclic ductility of structures by an energy‐based method, and then strength reduction factors are computed based on this modified ductility (named
). The strength reduction factors were calculated for 44 stiffness‐degrading oscillators having vibration periods between 0.05 and 4.0 s, four ultimate ductility capacities, and five damage levels subjected to 296 earthquake records. The results showed that ductility capacity, damage level, and ground motion duration are effective parameters in the energy dissipation of structures, which affect the
spectra. The
values of short‐period oscillators (e.g., low‐rise structures) under short‐duration records are generally greater than those under moderate‐duration and long‐duration records. Residual analysis has been made in terms of magnitude and distance to examine the validity of the proposed simple expression. Finally, the introduced
spectra were compared with three previously published proposals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Ambiguous human papillomavirus status, elevated p16, and deleted retinoblastoma 1
Authors: Beck Tim N. , Smith Chad H. , Flieder Douglas B. , Galloway Thomas J. , Ridge John A. , Golemis Erica A. , Mehra Ranee
Published: November 2016

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is potentially curable, but treatment planning remains a challenge. Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive disease is often associated with a good prognosis compared with HPV‐negative disease. However, some HPV‐positive HNSCC recurs, often with distant metastases and significant treatment resistance.

Methods and Results

We performed p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH) for high‐risk HPV, and comprehensive genomic profiling on oropharyngeal HNSCC with basaloid features and particularly aggressive disease course, noting a rare genetic event: a deleting mutation (exons 5–17) of the tumor suppressor and dominant cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma 1 (RB1). Genomic and transcriptomic data available through FoundationOne and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were reviewed for additional HNSCC cases with RB1 alterations.

Conclusion

RB1 alterations may have important prognostic implications, particularly in the context of high p16 expression, in both HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative HNSCC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: E34–E39, 2017
Investigation of brain electrophysiological properties among heroin addicts: Quantitative EEG and event‐related potentials
Authors: Motlagh Farid , Ibrahim Fatimah , Rashid Rusdi , Seghatoleslam Tahereh , Habil Hussain
Published: November 2016

This study aims to introduce a new approach of a comprehensive paradigm to evaluate brain electrophysiological properties among addicts. Electroencephalographic spectral power as well as amplitudes and latencies of mismatch negativity (MMN), P300, and P600 components were evaluated among 19 male heroin addicts and 19 healthy nonsmoker subjects using a paradigm consisting of three subparadigms, namely (1) digit span Wechsler test, (2) auditory oddball, and (3) visual cue‐reactivity oddball paradigms. Task 1 provided auditory P300 and P600 in association with working memory. Task 2 provided auditory P300 as well as small and large deviant MMN event‐related potential (ERPs). Finally, task 3 provided visual cue‐reactivity P300. Results show that beta power was higher among heroin addicts while delta, theta, and alpha powers were decreased compared with healthy subjects. ERP analysis confirmed the decline of brain‐evoked potential amplitudes when compared with healthy subjects, thus indicating a broad neurobiological vulnerability of preattentive and attentional processing including attentional deficits and compromise of discrimination abilities. The prolonged latency of ERPs reflects poor cognitive capacity in the engagement of attention and memory resources. On the other hand, an increase of attention towards the heroin‐related stimuli could be concluded from the increase of P300 in the cue‐reactivity condition among heroin addicts. Findings suggest that applying this paradigm in addiction studies benefits comprehensive evaluation of neuroelectrophysiological activity among addicts, which can promote a better understanding of drugs' effects on the brain as well as define new neuroelectrophysiological characteristics of addiction properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal detection of 10q22q23 duplications: dilemmas in phenotype prediction
Authors: Kong Grace Wing Shan , Cao Ye , Huang Jin , Cheng Kwun Yue , Pursley Amber Nolen , Rosenfeld Jill Anne , Edwards Janice G. , Chan Yiu Man , Cheung Sau Wai , Leung Tak Yeung , Choy Kwong Wai
Published: November 2016

Objectives

The phenotype for 10q22q23 duplication is diverse, ranging from intellectual disability and dysmorphism to normal development. Interpreting the clinical significance of the duplication identified in this region is difficult, especially in the prenatal setting. This study aimed to characterize the prenatal findings associated with this submicroscopic imbalance and discuss the dilemmas in predicting the phenotype of 10q22q23 duplications.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of three cases of 10q22q23 duplications diagnosed prenatally by chromosomal microarray analysis. Detailed pregnancy outcome and pediatric follow‐up were documented.

Results

The genotypic and phenotypic features of the reported cases were discussed. 10q22q23 duplications are associated with an unpredictable and variable phenotypic outcome. Despite there was no phenotype found to be shared by 50% of the duplication cases, congenital heart defects, hypotelorism, and developmental delays including speech and motor delay seem to be more common.

Conclusions

The phenotype of 10q22q23 duplication is highly variable prenatally and postnatally. Identification of additional affected individuals with similar duplications is needed to provide further insights into the pathogenesis of this microduplication. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Bedaquiline and Metabolite M2 in Patients With Drug‐Resistant Tuberculosis: The Effect of Time‐Varying Weight and Albumin
Authors: Svensson EM , Dosne A‐G , Karlsson MO
Published: November 2016

Albumin concentration and body weight are altered in patients with multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) and change during the long treatment period, potentially affecting drug disposition. We here describe the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of the novel anti‐TB drug bedaquiline and its metabolite M2 in 335 patients with MDR‐TB receiving 24 weeks of bedaquiline on top of a longer individualized background regimen. Semiphysiological models were developed to characterize the changes in weight and albumin over time. Bedaquiline and M2 disposition were well described by three and one‐compartment models, respectively. Weight and albumin were correlated, typically increasing after the start of treatment, and significantly affected bedaquiline and M2 plasma disposition. Additionally, age and race were significant covariates, whereas concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, sex, or having extensively drug‐resistant TB was not. This is the first population model simultaneously characterizing bedaquiline and M2 PKs in its intended use population. The developed model will be used for efficacy and safety exposure‐response analyses.
Annealing effects on the properties of InGaAsN/GaAsSb type‐II quantum well diodes grown on InP substrates
Authors: Kawamura Y. , Shishido I. , Tanaka S. , Kawamata S.
Published: November 2016

Annealing effects on the properties of InGaAsN/GaAsSb type‐II quantum well (QW) diodes grown on InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were studied. It was found that the peak of electroluminescence (EL) shows drastic red‐shift and the reverse‐biased current of the current–voltage (I–V) characteristic of the type‐II QW diode increases by the annealing. In addition, we found that the electron effective mass of the InGaAsN layer of the type‐II InGaAsN/GaAsSb multiple quantum wells (MQWs) estimated by the temperature dependence of the amplitude of the Shubnikov‐de Haas (SdH) oscillations decreases by the annealing. The mechanism of the observed annealing effects was discussed.
Deposition of quaternary sputtered CIGS nanorods via glancing angle deposition
Authors: Brozak Matthew , Cansizoglu Hilal , Karabacak Tansel
Published: November 2016

Nanostructured materials have become an attractive alternative to their thin film and bulk counterparts in photovoltaic and photoconductivity research. This is mainly attributed to their superior optical and electrical properties. Light trapping in vertically aligned nanostructures results in high optical absorption and provides enhanced carrier collection by utilizing a fully depleted p–n‐junction between the anode and cathode via an isolated ”capping” construction. The combination of these two features can potentially lead to the development of high efficiency nanostructured devices including solar cells, photodiodes, and photodetectors. Optical absorption proper ties of nanorod arrays of CuInx Ga1–xSe2 (CIGS), a p‐type semiconductor with a wide band gap ranging from 1.0 eV to 1.7 eV, are compared to their thin film counterpart. Utilizing an RF sputtering system, a quaternary target, and glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique, vertical arrays of CIGS nanorods were fabricated while conventional films were fabricated by normal incidence deposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated a successful growth of CIGS nanorods. Optical absorption was found to be strongly altered by the presence of the nanorod structures through spectroscopic reflectometry. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)