bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioavailability of heavy metals in surface sediment of Anzali International Wetland, Iran
Authors: Amini Zhaleh , Hatami-Manesh Masoud , Aazami Jaber , Savabieasfahani Mozhgan
Published: August 2022

The study aimed to determine the metal concentration, mobility, bioavailability, ecological risk, and toxicity in the surface sediment of Anzali International Wetland. Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Fe Concentrations in 33 samples are reported here. A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical forms of metals. To assess ecological risk (Er), Risk Index (RI), Toxic Unit (TU), the sum of Toxic Units (ΣTUs), Toxic Risk Index (TRI), and modified Hazard Quotients (mHQ) were calculated. Mean concentrations of heavy metals (mean ± S.D.) were Zn (95.46±20.71) > Cr (19.79±2.79) > Ni (18.49±5.23) > Pb (13.97±3.20) > As (6.45±1.87) > Cd (0.90±0.34). Cd exhibited the highest mobility and bioavailability, while Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, and As, were found mainly in residual fractions, which are non-bioavailable and pose a little ecological risk. Cd showed the highest levels in the reducible and organic phases; Cr, Pb, Zn, and Ni had the lowest ones. Ecological risk assessment suggested that Cd had “moderate” to “considerable” risk potential at some sampling sites. Risk index indicated that Anzali sediment had “low” to “moderate” risk potential (150 < RI < 300). Based on values of RI, ∑TUs, and mHQ we conclude that sediment of Anzali Wetland has low to moderate risk potential and low toxicity.
Joint and Individual inversion of DC and MT datasets based on Variable Particle Swarm-Grey Wolf Optimizer and Bayesian Statistical Approach
Authors: Sarkar Kuldeep , Mukesh Mukesh , Singh Upendra K
Published: August 2022

In this paper, a new stochastic technique known as variable Particle Swarm - Grey Wolf Optimizer (vPSOGWO), a combination of metaheuristic algorithms based swarm intelligence with distinct capacities for exploration and exploitation is employed. To evaluate the efficacy of the hybrid algorithm, joint and individual inversion of various amount of synthetic datasets and finally applied on field example over various geological terrains namely for individual inversion of DC data from Digha, India and New Brunswick of Canada; MT sounding data from Sundar Pahari, Dhanbad and Puga valley, Ladakh of India and for joint inversion of DC and MT sounding data from South Central Australia. Furthermore, a posterior Bayesian probability density function using 1000 models has been computed to estimate a mean global model and uncertainty assessment. We examined the inverted results, which indicate that the results of the vPSOGWO have been shown to be more accurate than those of the PSO, GWO, and state-of-the-art variant of classic approaches. Additionally, geological significance of crustal thickness of approximately 76.581.96 km was resolved over Puga-valley, India, and is in good agreement with published data. As a result, the new approach greatly reduces uncertainty and enhances model resolution, bringing them closer to actual models.
The Up-Regulation of TP53 Impairs Decidualization by Promoting Apoptosis of Decidual Stromal Cells in Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Feng Xiaoling , Wang Yunrui , Zhao Xiaoxuan , Jia Dan , Liu Yuxi , Zhao Yan
Published: August 2022

Objectives: This study aims to clarify the regulation mechanism of TP53 in the impaired decidualization of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA).Methods: RNA-seq analysis was conducted on decidual stromal cells (DSCs) from patients with URSA and healthy controls. TP53 overexpression lentivirus and TP53 shRNA lentivirus were respectively transfected into the human endometrial stromal cell (ESC) line before induced decidualization in vitro. And then apoptosis and decidualization markers were examed. In addition, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) UNQ6494 overexpressed plasmid was constructed and transfected into primary ESCs with lentivirus before induced decidualization according to the results of RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, and cell cycle-related indicators were detected by RT-PCR.Results: 2557 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in URSA were identified by RNA-seq, which were mainly enriched in the p53 signaling pathway. Besides, lncRNA UNQ6494 was closely related to p53 in the transcriptome analysis. After infected with TP53, the apoptosis of DSCs was increased through p53/bax signal transduction in the process of decidualization in vitro and the level of decidualization markers PRL and IGFBP1 were decreased. Besides, over expressed lncRNA UNQ6494 increased the mRNA level of ATM, ATR, p53 as well as affected the level of p21, cycline and CDK2 that were associated with cell cycle arrest, which may be the intrinsic cause accounting for the activation of p53/bax dependent apoptosis.Conclusion: The activation of p53/bax dependent apoptosis in ESCs impaires decidualization in URSA, which may be closely related to lncRNA UNQ6494 and cell cycle arrest.
The longstanding galaxy missing-baryon problem is solved by a large reservoir of hot gas permeating their halos
Authors: Nicastro Fabrizio , Krongold Yair , Fang Taotao , Fraternali Filippo , Mathur Smita , Bianchi Stefano , Bongiorno Angela , De Rosa Alessandra , Piconcelli Enrico , Zappacosta Luca , Bischetti Manuela , Feruglio Chiara , Gupta Anjali
Published: August 2022

The number of baryons hosted in the disks of galaxies (stars and interstellar gas and dust) is lower than expected based on the mass of their dark-matter halos and the fraction of baryon-to-total matter in the universe, giving rise to the so called galaxy missing-baryon problem. The presence of cool circum-galactic matter gravitationally bound to the galaxy up to distances of at least ten times the size of the galaxy’s disk, mitigates the problem but is far from being sufficient for its solution. It has instead been suggested that the galaxy missing baryon may hide in a much hotter gaseous phase of the circum-galactic medium, possibly at the halo virial temperature and co-existing with the cool phase. However, current mass estimates of this possible hot phase are only loose lower limits. Here we exploit the best available X-ray spectroscopic data of known cool circum-galactic systems to show that the galaxy missing baryonic mass is indeed found in a hot medium surrounding the disks of galaxies and permeating their entire halos, at temperatures consistent with their virial temperatures. Main tracers of this hot medium are highly ionized light elements that only retain one or two electrons and that are only visible in the X-rays. Our measurements solve the long-standing galaxy missing baryon problems and contribute importantly to the understanding of the continuous cycle of baryons in-and-out of galaxies throughout the life of the universe.
Evolution of solar-type activity: acoustic and magnetic energy generation and propagation in β Hydri (G2 IV)
Authors: Fawzy Diaa E. , Cuntz Manfred
Published: August 2022

We examine the acoustic and magnetic energy generation and propagation in β Hydri (G2 IV). The underlying motivation for this work is based on the solar, stellar, and galactic relevance of β Hyi (a star in the Southern hemisphere), which is readily understood as a prime example and proxy of the future Sun --- thus allowing assessments and analyses of the secular decay of solar activity. Regarding the magnetic energy generation, we consider longitudinal flux tube waves. We also assess acoustic waves. For the acoustic wave energy flux, the difference between the results obtained for β Hyi and the Sun is significantly smaller than typically attained for main-sequence stars, which is largely due to the gravity-dependence of the acoustic energy generation. Furthermore, we study the height-dependent behavior of the magnetic energy flux for different magnetic filling factors corresponding to different flux tube spreadings. Finally, we comment on possible directions of future research.
Spatiotemporal kernel of a three-component differential equation model with self-control mechanism in vision
Authors: Kondo Shintaro , Mori Masaki , Sushida Takamichi
Published: August 2022

This investigation examined a three-component differential equation model with a self-control mechanism in vision, proposed as a slight extension of the 1976 C. S. Peskin's lateral inhibition model, by analyzing the input signal I=I(t,x) depending on time t and position x ∈ R. Investigations revealed that a solution could be represented in the convolution integral form and that T>0 existed such that the integral kernel Kp(t,x) was positive for x ∈ R and t ∈ (0,T). We also numerically demonstrated from experimental neurophysiological observations that Kp(t,x) includes the Mexican-hat function and the temporal biphasic function under certain conditions, and there was a time lag before the Mexican-hat function appeared in Kp(t,x). We also numerically predicted that an asymmetrical temporal response in the self-control mechanism plays a vital role in obtaining visual impressions for afterimage rotations.MSC Classification: 35A08 , 35K08 , 35K57 , 44A35
Heterogeneous Tail Generalized Common Factor Modeling
Authors: Hediger Simon , Näf Jeffrey , Paolella Marc , Polak Pawel
Published: August 2022

A multivariate normal mean-variance heterogeneous tails mixture distribution is proposed for the joint distribution of financial factors and asset returns (referred to as Factor-HGH). The proposed latent variable model incorporates a Cholesky decomposition of the dispersion matrix to ensure a rich dependency structure for capturing the stylized facts of the data. It generalizes several existing model structures, with or without financial factors. It is further applicable in large dimensions due to a fast ECME estimation algorithm. The advantages of modelling financial factors and asset returns jointly under non-Gaussian errors are illustrated in an empirical comparison study between the proposed Factor-HGH model and classical financial factor models. While the results for the Fama-French 49 industry portfolios are in line with Gaussian-based models, in the case of highly tail heterogeneous cryptocurrencies, the portfolio based on the Factor-HGH model doubles the average return while keeping the volatility, the maximum drawdown, the turnover, and the expected-shortfall at a low level.
Existence and Compatibility of Positive Solutions for Boundary Value Fractional Differential Equation with Modified Analytic Kernel
Authors: Kalsoom Amna , Afsheen Sehar , Azam Akbar , Ali Faryad
Published: August 2022

In this article, a Green’s function for a fractional boundary value problem in connection with modified analytic kernel has been constructed to study the existence of multiple solutions of a type of characteristic fractional boundary value problems. It is done here by using a well-known result: Krasnoselskii fixed point theorem. Moreover, a practical example is created to understand the importance of main results regarding the existence of solution of a boundary value fractional differential problem with homogeneous conditions. This example analytically and graphically, explains circumstances under which the Greens functions with different types of differential operator are compatible. MSC Classification: 34B18 , 45B05
Diffraction-limited hyperspectral mid-infrared single-pixel microscopy
Authors: Ebner Alexander , Gattinger Paul , Zorin Ivan , Krainer Lukas , Rankl Christian , Brandstetter Markus
Published: August 2022

In this contribution, we demonstrate a hyperspectral mid-infrared (MIR) microscope based on multidimensional single-pixel imaging (SPI). The microscope employs a high brightness MIR supercontinuum source for broadband (1.55 µm - 4.5 µm) sample illumination. Hyperspectral imaging capability is achieved by a single micro-opto-electro-mechanical digital micromirror device (DMD), which provides both spatial and spectral differentiation. For that purpose the operational spectral bandwidth of the DMD was significantly extended into the MIR spectral region. In the presented design, the DMD fulfills two essential tasks. On the one hand, as standard for the SPI approach, the DMD sequentially masks captured scenes enabling diffraction-limited imaging in the tens of millisecond time-regime. On the other hand, the diffraction at the micromirrors leads to dispersion of the projected field and thus allows for wavelength selection without the application of additional dispersive optical elements, such as gratings or prisms. In the experimental part, first of all, the imaging and spectral capabilities of the hyperspectral microscope are characterized. The spatial and spectral resolution is assessed by means of test targets and linear variable filters, respectively. At a wavelength of 4.15 µm a spatial resolution of 4.92 µm is achieved with a native spectral resolution better than 118.1 nm. Further, a post-processing method for drastic enhancement of the spectral resolution is proposed and discussed. The performance of the MIR hyperspectral microsopce is demonstrated for label-free chemical imaging and examination of polymer compounds and red blood cells. The acquisition and reconstruction of Hadamard sampled 64×64 images is achieved in 450 ms and 162 ms, respectively. Thus, combined with an unprecedented intrinsic flexibiliy gained by a tunable field of view and adjustable spatial resolution, the demonstrated design drastically improves the sample throughput in MIR chemical and biomedical imaging.
Evaluation of the Treatment Alternatives for Spinal Cord Tumors Using Analytical Evaluation Models
Authors: Onakpojeruo Efe Precious , Uzun Berna , Ozsahin Ilker , Ozsahin Dilber Uzun
Published: August 2022

Spinal cord tumors are the abnormal mass of cells that grow, divide and multiply uncontrollably in the spinal cord. Treatment of spinal cord tumors depends on the type, the affected site, the level of complications, and the spread levels. The treatment of spinal cord tumors is not limited to conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery methods but also other techniques, including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, proton therapy, interventional radiology, radiofrequency ablation, and cryoablation. This study compares the treatment alternatives for spinal cord tumors using a multi-criteria decision-making technique called the fuzzy preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE). These alternatives are evaluated based on certain criteria, which include reliability, use in isolation, cost of treatment, complications during use, side effects, pain relief rate, recovery period, session duration, necrotic tumor rate, and survival rate. The results show that radiofrequency ablation with the highest net outranking flow (0.2604) was the most preferred treatment alternative for the spinal cord tumor. Followed by cryoablation (with 0.1370 net flow), and then, surgery with (-0.0415 net flow). This study indicates that the fuzzy PROMETHEE technique is very effective in producing solutions for health care decision-makers facing problems of uncertainty and can be improved with the availability of more alternatives and criteria based on the specific needs of the patients individually.
ANALISIS STRENGTHS DAN OPPORTUNITY DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH PADA KELOMPOK SUMBER MAKMUR DI DESA PAYUDAN DUNDANG
Authors: Tsabit Ahmad Majdi , Akbar Dana Rizki , Imron Moh.
Published: August 2022

Payudan Dundang Village has a lot of potential for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) which are sourced from agriculture and plantations. This study aims to analyze and to identify the problems faced and formulate strategies in the development of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Payudan Dundang Village, as one of the leading sectors in helping improve the economy of the people of Payudan Dundang Village. This research used qualitative method through a process of observation, interviews, and documentation presented in the form of data, then the data analysis used SWOT matrix analysis to find out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The informants used as the data source consisted of the Leader of Group Sumber Makmur, member of grup Sumber Makmur, Payudan Dundang people. The research implementation time is one mount. The results of this study indicate that there are problems for every Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSMEs) actor in Payudan Dundang Village such as: Product packaging, marketing, resources human, the introduction of technology, social and economy, so that the development of MSMEs in Payudan Dundang Village, has not been implemented properly. While the right strategy for developing MSMEs in Payudan Dundang Village Guluk- guluk district is the SO (Growth) Strategy. The SO (Growth) strategy is a strategy that utilizes existing strengths to increase its competitive advantage.
Comparison of Various Local Anesthetics During Conversion of Epidural Analgesia in Childbirth to Anesthesia During Cesarean Section
Authors: Aleksandrovich Yu. S. , Karabaev D. I. , Ryazanova O. V. , Nezabudkin S. N. , Barakaeva F. R.
Published: August 2022

The objective: to estimate efficiency of local anesthetics in the conversion of epidural analgesia during physiological childbirth into anesthesia for emergency surgery for delivery.

Subjects and Methods: A randomized prospective study was conducted. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the local anesthetic being used. In the first group (n = 49), 2% solution of lidocaine was administered in combination with 0.1 mg of adrenaline, in the second group (n = 48) – 0.5% bupivacaine, in the third group (n = 46) ‒ 0.75% ropivacaine. The study evaluated the onset rate, level, duration of the sensorimotor block, the severity of the pain syndrome, and revealed the frequency of unsuccessful conversion.

Results: In the 1st group, the conversion was not success in 16.3% of women, in the 2nd group ‒ in 14.6%, and in the 3rd ‒ 10.9% of cases, due to that general anesthesia was used. When assessing the pain syndrome, the minimum score on the VAS scale 3 hours after surgery was observed with ropivacaine use. The fastest sensory block developed when using 2% lidocaine solution in combination with adrenaline. The motor block preserved for the longest time after administration of bupivacaine, in this regard, patients from the 2nd group began to activate later.

Conclusions. The use of 0.5% bupivacaine solution as a local anesthetic during the conversion of epidural analgesia into anesthesia provides a sufficient level of anesthesia that allows surgical intervention. However it is accompanied by a more pronounced motor block, and it has a negative effect on the early activation of maternity patients in the postoperative period. The use of 0.75% solution of ropivacaine hydrochloride provides the most favorable conditions for operative delivery which is confirmed by low estimates of the intensity of pain on the VAS scale, both immediately before surgery and three hours after surgery, the minimum time from the moment of induction to the incision of the skin, ensuring adequate sensory block, the absence of pronounced motor block, and early activation of maternity patients.
Anesthesia, Sedation and Memory – Is Everything So Simple?
Authors: Churakov V. O. , Zaitsev A. Yu. , Anokhin K. V. , Dubrovin K. V. , Bukinich A. M. , Vzorin G. D. , Nurkova V. V.
Published: August 2022

The study of neural plasticity and related memory functions is one of the fundamental fields in anesthesiology. Understanding this issue is very important both for the physician - the anesthesiologist-resuscitator, and for the patient. This review of the literature describes structures and processes of the central nervous system which in a sense are the target for the amnestic action of sedation and anesthesia medications. The possibilities of implicit and explicit memory formation depending on different levels of sedation and anesthesia are considered. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of action of GABAergic drugs on the processes of memory consolidation and reconsolidation.
Living-Related Liver Retransplantation in a Child: When it Seems Impossible (A Clinical Case)
Authors: Novikov D. I. , Zaitsev A. Yu. , Filin A. V. , Charchyan E. R. , Metelin A. V.
Published: August 2022

The objective: to show the possibility of anesthesia during liver retransplantation in a child in the absence of adequate vascular access.

A clinical case of liver retransplantation in a 10-year-old patient with liver transplant dysfunction and acquired thrombophilia is considered. In 2011, the child underwent Kasai portoenterostomy, and in 2012, living-related transplantation of the left lateral liver bisegment from a related donor was performed due to liver cirrhosis as an outcome of biliary atresia. Also, the child had multiple surgical interventions due to perforations of the small intestine with underlying segmental venous mesenteric thrombosis. In the long term after the transplantation, irreversible transplant dysfunction developed with manifestations and worsening of hepatocellular insufficiency, encephalopathy, as well as recurrent bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus and cardiac orifice. The clinical situation was complicated by the lack of adequate vascular access due to total thrombosis of the venous system, thrombosis of the superior and inferior vena cava. The only possible option for ensuring adequate venous access was the implantation of a tunneled catheter into the right atrium of the right atrium for prolonged standing in conditions of single-lung ventilation through right-sided thoracotomy.
Identification of PSMB9 and CXCL13 as Immune-related Diagnostic Markers for
Rheumatoid Arthritis by Machine Learning
Authors: Li Zhuo , Chen Yue , Zulipikaer Maimaiti , Xu Chi , Fu Jun , Deng Tao , Hao Li-Bo , Chen Ji-Ying
Published: August 2022

Background:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes significant
physical and psychological damage. Although researchers have gained a better understanding of the mechanisms
of RA, there are still difficulties in diagnosing and treating RA. We applied a data mining approach based
on machine learning algorithms to explore new RA biomarkers and local immune cell status.

Methods:

We extracted six RA synovial microarray datasets from the GEO database and used bioinformatics to
obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and associated functional enrichment pathways. In addition, we
identified potential RA diagnostic markers by machine learning strategies and validated their diagnostic ability
for early RA and established RA, respectively. Next, CIBERSORT and ssGSEA analyses explored alterations
in synovium-infiltrating immune cell subpopulations and immune cell functions in the RA synovium. Moreover,
we examined the correlation between biomarkers and immune cells to understand their immune-related
molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of RA.

Results:

We obtained 373 DEGs (232 upregulated and 141 downregulated genes) between RA and healthy controls.
Enrichment analysis revealed a robust correlation between RA and immune response. Comprehensive
analysis indicated PSMB9, CXCL13, and LRRC15 were possible potential markers. PSMB9 (AUC: 0.908,
95% CI: 0.853-0.954) and CXCL13 (AUC: 0.890, 95% CI: 0.836-0.937) also showed great diagnostic ability in
validation dataset. Infiltrations of 16 kinds of the immune cell were changed, with macrophages being the
predominant infiltrating cell type. Most proinflammatory pathways in immune cell function were activated in
RA. The correlation analysis found the strongest positive correlation between CXCL13 and plasma cells,
PSMB9, and macrophage M1.

Conclusions:

There is a robust correlation between RA and local immune response. The immune-related
CXCL13 and PSMB9 were identified as potential diagnostic markers for RA based on a machine learning approach.
Further in-depth exploration of the target genes and associated immune cells can deepen the understanding
of RA pathophysiological processes and provide new insights into diagnosing and treating RA.
The Mechanisms Underlying the Pharmacological Effects of GuiPi
Decoction on Major Depressive Disorder based on Network Pharmacology
and Molecular Docking
Authors: Chen Liyuan , Ye Tianyuan , Wang Xiaolong , Han Lu , Wang Tongxing , Qi Dongmei , Cheng Xiaorui
Published: August 2022

Background and Aim:

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common affective disorder.
GuiPi decoction (GPD) is used to treat depression in China, Japan, and Korea. However, its
effective ingredients and antidepressant mechanisms remain unclear. We attempted to reveal the
potential mechanisms of GPD in the treatment of MDD by network pharmacology and molecular
docking. In addition, we conducted an enzymatic activity assay to validate the results of molecular
docking.

Methods:

GPD-related compounds and targets, and MDD-related targets were retrieved from databases
and literature. The herb-compound-target network was constructed by Cytoscape. The protein-
protein interaction network was built using the STRING database to find key targets of GPD on
MDD. Enrichment analysis of shared targets was analyzed by MetaCore database to obtain the potential
pathway and biological process of GPD on MDD. The main active compounds treating MDD
were screened by molecular docking. The PDE4s inhibitors were screened and verified by an enzyme
activity assay.

Results:

GPD contained 1222 ingredients and 190 potential targets for anti-MDD. Possible biological
processes regulated by GPD were neurophysiological processes, blood vessel morphogenesis,
Camp Responsive Element Modulator (CREM) pathway, and Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling
crosstalk in MDD. Potential pathways in MDD associated with GPD include neurotransmission, cell
differentiation, androgen signaling, and estrogen signaling. Fumarine, m-cresol, quercetin, betasitosterol,
fumarine, taraxasterol, and lupeol in GPD may be the targets of SLC6A4, monoamine
oxidase A (MAOA), DRD2, OPRM1, HTR3A, Albumin (ALB), and NTRK1, respectively. The IC50
values of trifolin targeting Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4A and girinimbine targeting PDE4B1 were
73.79 μM and 31.86 μM, respectively. The IC50 values of girinimbine and benzo[a]carbazole on
PDE4B2 were 51.62 μM and 94.61 μM, respectively.

Conclusion:

Different compounds in GPD may target the same protein, and the same component in
GPD can target multiple targets. These results suggest that the effects of GPD on MDD are holistic
and systematic, unlike the pattern of one drug-one target.
A Review on Aptamers Selection and Application in Heart Diseases
Diagnosis
Authors: Rhouati Amina , Rhouati Adel , Marty Jean Louis
Published: August 2022

Biomarkers detection and quantification in biological fluids play a key role in the screen-ing, diagnosing and treating several diseases. Recently, a large number of aptamers have been selected and applied for the sensing of different biomarkers. Combined with different transducers, aptamers provide simple and rapid tools that allow highly sensitive and selective detection. Cardiol-ogy requires an accurate assessment of cardiac biomarkers for a complete diagnosis of cardiovascu-lar diseases. The analysis is generally performed by immunoassays using antibodies as biorecogni-tion elements. This review paper focuses on using aptamers as a promising alternative for antibodies in cardiac biomarkers biosensing. First, the different aptamers specific to the most important cardiac biomarkers are Troponin I, the peptide of B-type natriuretic peptide and myoglobin. Then, in the second part, we overview the electrochemical aptasensors principle and characteristics reported in the literature in the last five years.
Short Oligo(dA) and Oligo(dC) Mediated Synthesis of Anisotropic Silver
Nanoparticles under Blue LED Light Activation
Authors: Sritong Navaporn , Chumsook Siwat , Chumpol Jiraporn , Krubphachaya Pongrit , Siri Sineenat
Published: August 2022

Background:

Synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles is mostly reported, but the use of
DNA, especially short oligonucleotides, to mediate the production of anisotropic AgNPs is still questioned.

Objective:

This work aims to use 30-mer oligo(dA) and oligo(dC) (or A30 and C30) to assist the
formation of anisotropic AgNPs under blue LED irradiation.

Method:

We reported a simple synthesis reaction containing AgNO3, A30 (or C30), and sodium
borohydride, which were exposed to 460 nm LED light for 24 h. The obtained AgNPs were characterized
and assayed for antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Results:

With exposure to 460 nm LED light, A30 and C30 could mediate the transition from spherical
to hexagonal shapes of AgNPs with average sizes of 16 − 18 nm. Analyses of X-ray diffraction
and selected area electron diffraction indicated the face-centered cubic crystal structure of AgNPs.
A30- and C30-AgNPs exhibited similar antioxidant activities; IC50 of 78.68 ± 0.83 and 73.91 ± 0.46
μg mL−1, respectively. They also possessed antibacterial activities against Gram-negative Escherichia
coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Scanning electron micrographs revealed surface
pores and rupture of bacterial cells in response to AgNPs.

Conclusion:

Oligonucleotides of only 30 residues are shown to assist the generation of anisotropic
AgNPs under activation of blue LED irradiation, in which the synthesized AgNPs still exhibited
antioxidant and antibacterial activities, suggesting a simple method to synthesize non-spherical
AgNPs using short-length DNA.
The Molecular and Functional Changes of Neural Stem Cells in Alzheimer’s
Disease: Can They be Reinvigorated to Conduct Neurogenesis
Authors: Abu-El-Rub Ejlal , Khasawneh Ramada R. , Almahasneh Fatimah A. , Aloud Basma Milad , Zegallai Hana M.
Published: August 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered one of the most complicated neurodegenerative disorders,
and it is associated with progressive memory loss and remarkable neurocognitive dysfunction that
negatively impacts the ability to perform daily living activities. AD accounts for an estimated 60-80% of
dementia cases. AD's previously known pathological basis is the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates
and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles by tau hyperphosphorylation in the cell bodies of neurons that
are located in the hippocampus, neocortex, and certain other regions of the cerebral hemispheres and limbic
system. The lack of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the activation of oxidative stress cascade may
also contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. These pathological events can lead to irreversible loss of neuronal
networks and the emergence of memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction that can engender an
abnormal change in the personality. AD cannot be cured, and to some extent, the prescribed medications
can only manage the symptoms associated with this disease. Several studies have reported that the regenerative
abilities of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) remarkably decline in AD, which disturbs the
balancing power to control its progression. Exogenous infusion or endogenous activation of NSCs may be
the ultimate solution to restore the neuronal networks in the brain of AD patients and regenerate the damaged
areas responsible for memory and cognition. In this mini-review, we will touch upon the fate of
NSCs in AD and the utilization of neurogenesis using modified NSCs to restore cognitive functions in
AD.
Molecular Mechanisms of Sanguinarine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Ullah Asmat , Aziz Tariq , Ullah Najeeb , Nawaz Touseef
Published: August 2022

Historically, natural plant-derived drugs received a great impact of consideration in the treatment of several
human-associated disorders. Cancer is a devastating disease and the second most cause of mortality. Sanguinarine
(SANG), a naturally isolated plant alkaloidal agent, possesses chemo-preventive effects. Several studies have revealed
that SANG impedes tumor metastasis and development by disrupting a wide range of cell signaling pathways and its
molecular targets, such as BCL-2, MAPKs, Akt, NF-κB, ROS, and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, its low chemical
stability and poor oral bioavailability remain key issues in its use as a medicinal molecule. A novel method (e.g., liposomes,
nanoparticles, and micelles) and alternative analogs provide an exciting approach to alleviate these problems
and broaden its pharmacokinetic profile. Cancer-specific miRNA expression is synchronized by SANG, which has also
been uncertain. In this critical study, we review the utilization of SANG mimics and nano-technologies to improve its
support in cancer. We focus on recently disclosed studies on SANG anti-cancer properties.
SARS-CoV-2 and Co-morbidities
Authors: Beyh Yara S. , Sachdeva Riya , Narayan K. M.Venkat , Bhasin Manoj
Published: August 2022

In
December 2019, cases of pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, China, which was indicated
to be due to a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. This virus
shares a lot of similarities with the previous SARS-Cov and MERS-Cov, yet its spread
has been recorded to be much faster, with more than 80 million cases and close to
1 million deaths in the USA by March 2022. Further, the CDC has released a list
of health conditions that increase the risk of acquiring the virus and its
severity by 12- folds. Those conditions include diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, chronic kidney disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, sickle cell anemia, obesity, and immunocompromised states. The two
common mechanisms increasing the susceptibility of patients with any of the
aforementioned co-morbidities are 1) increased inflammation causing a “cytokine
storm”; and 2) suppressed or delayed immune system response, which is expected
to be highly responsive in infections. The “cytokine storm” is characterized by
an increased release of cytokines that cause an impaired response of the
macrophages and lymphocytes that are expected to be highly responsive under any
state of infection. Further, these conditions are known to be states of chronic
low-grade inflammation, which adds to the cytokine storm with the suppression
of the immune response. This disruption equally influences the involvement of
B-cells and T-cells in the resolution of infections. Finally, some conditions
may suffer from disturbances at the levels of the respiratory system, such as difficulty
breathing, accompanied by respiratory muscles inefficiency and inequality in ventilation
perfusion, causing hypoxia and the increased need for mechanical ventilation
and ICU admission. The objective of this chapter is to introduce the main chronic
conditions mostly influenced by SARS-Cov-2, the severity of the virus, its prevalence
among the recorded cases, and the consequence observed at the level of the immune
system.
COVID-19 and Diabetic Foot
Authors: Rastogi Ashu
Published: August 2022

The
COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented event that has taken a toll on the care
of people with chronic illness, especially diabetes and its complications. Foot
complications in diabetes encompass the whole spectrum from “at-risk foot to”, neuropathic
foot ulcer, diabetic foot infections, claudication, gangrene, and Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Guidelines suggest annual foot examination in people with diabetes and more
frequently in those with foot ulcers or vasculopathy. COVID-19 pandemic has
necessitated a lack of face-to-face consultations or examination and reliance
on telemedicine or video call facilities for interaction with the patients. We
provide a useful guide for the physicians regarding the examination of the foot
and early recognition of risk factors for foot ulcers, signs of foot
infections, ischemic changes, and active Charcot foot. Diabetic foot infections
(DFI) and infected foot ulcers carry poor prognoses as they may culminate in
amputation and mortality. Hence, triage of patients to recognize the signs of
life-threatening infections that mandate hospitalization is discussed. The
serological tests, tissue culture, radiological imaging for the diagnosis of
DFI, along with the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of DFI, are
detailed. The diagnosis of Charcot foot is altogether difficult, but early identification
of telltale signs through video consultation and appropriate offloading total
contact cast will help these patients to prevent deformities and amputations. Overall,
continued communication with video calls, telemedicine facility, and group chats,
including Whatsapp, will encourage patients for self-examination of foot and
aid in better management of diabetic foot during these testing times.
COVID-19 And Chronic Kidney Diseases
Authors: Makkar Vikas , Mehta Sudhir , Sethi Suman , Kaur Simran , Sohal P.M.
Published: August 2022

The
SARS-Coronavirus-19 disease has emerged as a global health challenge and has
engulfed almost all countries since it was first reported in Wuhan, China. Patients
with CKD have not been spared from the wrath of this pandemic and are bearing
the brunt of it along with the rest of the population. Most of the patients
with CKD have underlying comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension and are
at an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Some of the manifestations of
COVID-19 include proteinuria, hematuria, AKI, and acute CKD, requiring various
forms of renal replacement therapy. Multiple mechanisms proposed for this
damage include direct invasion, cytokine storm, hemodynamic derangements, and
many others that are still undergoing extensive research. Since SARS COV 2 enters
the cells through ACE 2 receptors, there are concerns regarding the use of ACE
inhibitors and ARBs in patients already on these drugs. There are concerns
regarding the use of immunosuppressants in various immune-mediated kidney
diseases (postponing planned doses of methylprednisolone/cyclophosphamide/rituximab).
Hemodialysis patients are exposed to potential sources of coronavirus as they
have to repeatedly report to hospitals for their dialysis sessions. Measures
regarding safeguarding dialysis staff from COVID -19 are contentious issues,
especially in resource-limited settings. Almost all renal transplant patients
are on lifelong immunosuppressive agents, making them more vulnerable to
infections. Therefore, CKD patients have unique issues in the management of
COVID and CKD, which we need to understand to develop protocols for the
management of these problems.
COVID-19 in Children and Newborn
Authors: Daniel Roshan , Saini Shiv Sajan
Published: August 2022

COVID 19 has already affected more than 191 million people worldwide and has claimed
more than 4 million lives to date (22nd July 2021). Yet, we still do not completely understand this
disease. Data on children are even more sparse, making it difficult to lay down
a comprehensive guideline for the same.

However, thanks to a handful of studies, we now understand that children are less affected,
are less infectious, have lesser mortality and risk of complications. Children with
underlying chronic diseases and infants under 1 year are especially at risk and
are advised selective shielding. Diagnosis is done by RT-PCR or serology, just
like in adults. Most affected children are asymptomatic, and even the
symptomatic children have a good outcome and usually need supportive management
and monitoring only. Up to 7% of children were found to require PICU support,
and mortality was less than 2%. Most deaths were attributed to underlying
conditions and immunological complications, especially MIS-C. Treatment is
predominantly supportive, with little consensus on specific treatments,
including corticosteroids, remdesivir, and IVIg. Management is best
individualized by a multidisciplinary team involving pediatricians, hematologists,
immunologists, and intensivists. Prevention of COVID 19 can be achieved by
proper hygiene, face masks, and social distancing. The upcoming vaccines are
expected to bring down the cases and hopefully bring this pandemic to a halt.
The “Stomachache” of Medicine: Concepts and Mechanisms of Abdominal Pain
Authors: KARCIOGLU Ozgur , YENİOCAK Selman , HOSSEINZADEH Mandana , Bahar SEZGIN Seckin
Published: August 2022

Abdominal pain (AP) is by far among the most common complaints in healthcare institutions. Approximately every tenth patient in the acute setting is estimated to present with AP. Although cultural, geographical and sociodemographic variations exist, it is an outstanding complaint in all patient groups, independent of age and gender. Although it can be a manifestation of an intraabdominal pathology itself, a serious systemic or extraabdominal condition can be revealed following a thorough investigation of AP. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate the patient systemically, a focused but elaborate history, and extensive physical examination not confined to the abdomen in order to establish important diagnoses. Inspection, auscultation, percussion, superficial and deep palpation are important elements of the examination methods for the abdomen. Each positive or negative finding on examination should be interpreted cautiously for the individual patient. After history and evaluation narrow the list of differential diagnoses (DD), ancillary investigations including laboratory tests and radiological modalities can be ordered.
Specific Diagnoses and Management Principles of the Upper Digestive Canal
Authors: KARCIOGLU Ozgur , YENİOCAK Selman , HOSSEINZADEH Mandana , Bahar SEZGIN Seckin
Published: August 2022

Acute abdominal conditions which frequently necessitate emergency
interventions and/or surgery include visceral perforations i.e., gastric and duodenal
ulcer, bleeding and rarely, ingested foreign bodies causing tissue damage, e.g., button
batteries. However, the differential diagnosis (DD) of patients presenting with acute
abdominal pain is much broader than this, including many benign conditions as well.
Acute gastroenteritis, acute gastritis and peptic ulcer disease are benign and mostly
temporary diseases which may be relieved with simple treatments and follow-up.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (with or without esophageal varices) may cause hemorrhagic
shock unless expedient management is pursued. Ingested foreign bodies can constitute
emergency conditions with tissue damage, especially when lodged in a specific site.
The most important thing about button batteries is the prevention of their ingestion.
Complications increase in direct proportion to time wasted.
Specific Diagnoses and Management Principles of the Intestines and Lower Digestive Canal
Authors: KARCIOGLU Ozgur , YENİOCAK Selman , HOSSEINZADEH Mandana , Bahar SEZGIN Seckin
Published: August 2022

Acute appendicitis, visceral perforations, diverticulitis (including bleeding
and abscesses) acute calculous cholecystitis, acute ischemic bowel, mesenteric artery
ischemia and infarction can cause acute abdominal conditions which prompt
emergency interventions. Inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s
disease) may be followed up in some time without remarkable complications, although
at some point with abscesses, hemorrhagic diarrhea and acute abdominal syndromes.
However, the differential diagnosis (DD) of patients presenting with acute abdominal
pain is much broader than this, including many benign conditions as well. Some
etiologies of abdominal pain such as cholangitis strangulated hernias, colonic
diverticulitis, perianal/ perirectal abscesses and fistulas may progress and turn into life threatening conditions like abdominal sepsis without proper management.
Specific Diagnoses and Management Principles of the Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases
Authors: KARCIOGLU Ozgur , YENİOCAK Selman , HOSSEINZADEH Mandana , Bahar SEZGIN Seckin
Published: August 2022

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases are among common illnesses which
cause major morbidity and mortality in the middle-aged and elderly patients and some
specific subpopulations. Some geographic predispositions also exist for some diseases.
For example, pain, fever, jaundice, and hepatomegaly can be noted in hydatic cyst
disease which may cause allergic reaction and portal hypertension in the Southeast
Europe and the Middle East. Of note, hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases are
commonly confused with each other, which may complicate diagnostic and therapeutic
processes. A patient with biliary stones may be asymptomatic or suffer from acute or
chronic cholecystitis, biliary colic, obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, mucocele,
empyema, acute pancreatitis, gallstone ileus, and carcinoma. Cholecystitis and
cholangitis are among diseases with high morbidity especially in the elderly and thus
need to be ruled out in any patient with abdominal pain evaluated in acute and primary
care setting. Some diagnostic clues are extremely helpful, such as Charcot triad which
suggest severe cholecystitis (right upper quadrant AP, jaundice and fever) or
cholangitis when complicated by altered mental status and hemodynamic instability.
Acute pancreatitis refers to acute response to injury of the pancreas is referred to.
Chronic pancreatitis, on the contrary, results from permanent damage to the endocrine
and exocrine functions of the gland. Ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic
resonance imaging are among invaluable tools in diagnosing these diseases, together
with specific laboratory adjuncts such as serum lipase for pancreatitis and bilirubin for
obstructive jaundice. Definitive treatment encompasses surgical procedures, mostly in
patients with acute abdomen due to gallstones or pancreatic necrosis.
Abdominal Trauma and Pain
Authors: KARCIOGLU Ozgur , YENİOCAK Selman , HOSSEINZADEH Mandana , Bahar SEZGIN Seckin
Published: August 2022

Trauma is the most common cause of death in the young population,
predominantly males. Abdominal trauma is a leading source of occult bleeding which
is the second cause of early-phase deaths following major head injury. Uncontrollable
bleeding constitutes the most common cause of preventable deaths especially if the
management of shock is delayed. Penetrating trauma leads to significant morbidity and
mortality, nonetheless, diagnosed more easily with its remarkable presentation.
The main goal in the evaluation of the abdomen in the acute setting is to uncover (i.e.,
not to overlook) the injuries requiring surgery without delay, rather than to diagnose
specific injuries in detail. Signs and symptoms of progressing shock states vary from
patient to patient, and sometimes very subtle changes can herald impending doom.
The clinician should be proactive in detecting the injuries, using both evaluation
findings and bedside ultrasound together with other advanced imaging techniques when
necessary, keeping in mind that occult injuries can evolve in time insidiously. Ongoing
intraabdominal bleeding is an ominous finding which precedes advanced hemorrhagic
shock and needs to be sought for carefully in patients with trauma.
Abdominal Pain: Essential Diagnosis and Management in Acute Medicine
Authors: KARCIOGLU Ozgur , YENİOCAK Selman , HOSSEINZADEH Mandana , Bahar SEZGIN Seckin
Published: August 2022

Abdominal pain is one of the frequent reasons for admission to emergency departments in hospitals. Diagnosis in patients presenting abdominal pain is a challenge for physicians owing to several indications, and a lack of contraindications. Delay in diagnosis and misdiagnosis is a common problem even for the most experienced emergency physician or general surgeon. Disruptions that may be related to ancillary services such as radiology and biochemistry also increase the difficulty.

Abdominal Pain: Essential Diagnosis and Management in Acute Medicine is a definitive diagnosis guide that serves as a quick reference that supplements medical examinations. It gives physicians involved in a range of medical specialties (emergency medicine, family medicine, gastroenterology, general surgery) an understanding of how to apply procedures to expediently relieve pain where possible, after evaluating and recording the initial vital signs and findings on systemic examination.

Key Features

- Covers abdominal pain diagnosis and patient management patient in a systematic and structured manner in 12 chapters

- Chapters are dedicated to specific topics

- Presents an individualized approach tailored for the patient to address common problems

- Gives general working knowledge for specific diseases in the list of possible diagnoses

- Provides a guide to situations involving trauma and surgery