bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular detection of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Herpes Virus-4 (BoHV-4) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) in aborted ruminant fetuses from Kars province in Northeast Turkey
Authors: Yilmaz Volkan , Coskun Nuvit , Sahin Mithat
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Herpes Virus-4 (BoHV-4) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in the tissue of aborted ruminant fetuses using molecular methods. Therefore, internal organ samples (lung, liver and spleen, total n=48) were collected from ruminant abortions (10 lambs and 12 calves) in small-scale family operations in the province of Kars, Turkey. The presence of BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 nucleic acids was investigated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for the Glycoprotein C (gC) and Glycoprotein B (gB) gene respectively, and the presence of BVDV nucleic acid with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 nucleic acids could not be detected in any of the tissue samples. However, eight of the twelve aborted calves (66.66%) and thirteen material samples (52%) from twenty-five of the internal organs from these calves tested positive for BVDV RNA. Data obtained from this study and identification of the BVDV-specific antigen in aborted fetuses in the province of Kars proves that the BVDV infection is present in the region and plays an important role in cases of abortion observed in cattle. In addition, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 do not seem to play a role in cases of ruminant abortion in sampled fotuses.
Analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in Korea dairy farms
Authors: Park Hong-Je , Kim Gyeong-Dong , Lee Chi-Ho , Kang Myung-Hwa , Min Kwan-Sik
Published: March 2016

A total of 2,194 bulk-tank milks from dairy farms were investigated, and of which 842 dairy farms (55,263 cattle) were assessed to detect persistently infected (PI) individual cattle by performing ELISA. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to develop a rapid screening test for detecting Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in ear tissues. Testing for the bulk-milk tank from dairy farms showed that 2,007 (91.5%) out of a total of 2,194 farms were determined to be positive for BVDV, while only 187 bulk-milk tanks (8.5%) were negative. A total of 55,263 cattle were tested for BVDV, of which 669 (1.2%) cattle from 387 farms (46%) were identified as PI. The distribution of PI was 178 (65.4%) of 272 herds under 14 months. A 220 (80.9%) herds were found in less than 23 month ages. Four infected herds were identified as PI based on RT-PCR analysis. BVDV protein was shown to be localized within epidermal hair bulb cells. This approach of targeted testing of dairy herds using ELISA and RT-PCR for pre-diagnostic testing proves to markedly reduce BVDV-infected herds in Korean dairy farms and in Korean Native Cows.
Few heavy metal levels in certain tissues of cattle in Burdur of Turkey
Authors: Kocasari Fatma , Yurdakul Ozen Kursun , Kart Asim , Yalcin Halil , Keyvan Erhan , Bayezit Murat
Published: March 2016

In the present study, the occurrence of some heavy metals was determined in muscle, liver and kidney tissues of cattle in Burdur, Turkey. The samples were analyzed for cadmium, lead, arsenics and mercury using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry in 50 samples. Concentrations of Cd exceed the permissible limits in 2 samples of muscle tissues (0.05 mg/kg), while the concentrations of Cd in the liver and kidney tissues were below the allowed limits (0.5 mg/kg for liver; 1.0 mg/kg for kidney). One sample in muscle tissue contained Pb above the allowed limit (0.1 mg/kg). Arsenic was detected in one sample of muscle, liver and kidney tissues. Hg was not detected in any of the samples. A high proportion of samples did not contain detectable level of the heavy metals. Except for Cd and Pb in muscle tissue, concentrations of other metals were below the permissible limits.
Effect of different feeding systems on the fattening performance, slaughter-carcass characteristics and meat quality in lambs
Authors: Karaca Serhat , Yilmaz Ayhan , Kor Askin , Bingöl Mehmet , Keskin Siddik
Published: March 2016

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of different feeding systems on the fattening performance, slaughter and carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Norduz male lambs. Lambs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 each, as follows: 2M (2 meals/day), 4M (4 meals/day) and SF (self-feeder). Then, lambs were fed according to these regimes for 70 days to determine the feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, carcass fatness and meat quality traits such as pH, color and water holding capacity. Although live weights and daily weight gains were found to be similar among the groups, significant differences were found in the daily feed intake (2M: 1.53 kg; 4M: 1.70 kg; SF: 1.89 kg) among groups (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in slaughter and carcass characteristics except dressing percentage (2M: 49.69%; 4M: 50.59%; SF: 48.46%). Meat quality traits were also similar among groups, except for pH24h (2M: 5.77; 4M: 5.95; SF: 6.10) (p<0.01).
Difference in drought resistance among three Brassica species at different growing stages and application of zeolite
Authors: Alipour Akbar , Zahedi* Hossein
Published: March 2016

One of the factors limiting the growth of crops is water deficit. A split plot factorial experiment was conducted in Qazvin (Iran) to determine the effects of water deficit stress on three Brassica species at different growing stages and application of zeolite in 2010-12 growing seasons. In these experiments factorial combination of different levels of water deficit stress (regular irrigation (I0), withholding irrigation from flowering stage to end of plant life cycle (I1), and withholding irrigation from pod stage to end of plant life cycle (I2) and zeolite were applied (0 and 10 t.ha-1), in main plot units, and different species (B. napus, B. rapa and B. junceu) were placed in sub plot units. Results showed that interactions among water deficit stress and different species, different water deficit stress and two zeolite amounts were significant for number of branches per plant, length of main, sub and total plant pod, and seed oil yield. Application of zeolite in all water deficit regimes increased the seed oil percent and seed oil yield and in interaction between these two factors, I1 without zeolite reduced the seed oil yield, in comparison to I0 and zeolite application.
Effect of crop geometry and drip irrigation levels on sugarcane in South Saurashtra region of India
Authors: Kumawat P. D. , Kacha D. J. , Dahima N. U.
Published: March 2016

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of crop geometry and irrigation levels on sugarcane under drip irrigation at Main Sugarcane Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Kodinar during 2011-14. The treatment consisted of three crop geometry (90 cm normal planting, paired row planting (60: 90 cm) and paired row planting (60: 120 cm) and three drip irrigation levels (0.5 PEF, 0.7 PEF and 0.9 PEF) and with an extra treatment (control) having surface irrigation (90 cm) at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio. Experimental results indicated that paired row (60: 90 cm) planting gave significantly higher cane yield (101.04 t/ha) over 60: 120 cm paired row planting (88.82 t/ha) and remained at par with 90 cm row spacing (97.34 t/ha). Drip irrigation level of 0.9 PEF gave significantly higher cane yield (108.63 t/ha) over 0.7 PEF (96.01 t/ha) and 0.5 PEF (82.56 t/ha). Juice quality parameters like brix, sucrose, purity and sugar recovery percent were not affected significantly due to either crop geometry or different drip irrigation levels. Significantly higher cane yield was recorded under drip irrigation (95.74 t/ha) compared to surface irrigation (76.86 t/ha). The total water use was not affected due to different crop geometries. Water use decreased constantly in 0.7 and 0.5 PEF compared to 0.9 PEF and accordingly WUE increased.
Moringa oleifera: A new challenge reducing heavy metal toxicity: A review
Authors: Jiraungkoorskul Kanitta , Jiraungkoorskul Wannee
Published: March 2016

Various parts of Moringa oleifera i.e., fruit, seed, leave, flower, bark, and root, have been used extensively in traditional medicine. One of these usages is the reducing of heavy metal toxicity. The mechanism of metal removal property by using the characteristic of its surface morphology and functional groups to uptake the heavy metal. Moreover this plant reduced the metal toxicity in living organism by its antioxidant properties. The advantage utilization of this plant is very interesting as it can easily be cultivated worldwide. Its biosorbent properties are inexpensive, availability, profitability easy of operation, effectiveness in reducing the concentration of heavy metal ions to very low levels. Besides, this plant is reported to have various chemical constituents that have the biological activities including the depletion of metal concentration and the antioxidant properties that are potential to reduce the oxidative stress induced by heavy metal.
Occurrences and characterization of endophytic Gluconacetobacter isolated from sugarcane tissues of North Eastern region of India
Authors: Ao1 Merasenla , Gayan Anjuma , Buragohain Smirta , Nath* Dhruba Jyoti
Published: March 2016

Sugarcane plants including roots were collected from 21 sugarcane growing locations of Golaghat, Dimapur and Jorhat districts of North Eastern region for isolation of endophytic Gluconacetobacter. Based on the nitrogenase activity, only eight isolates were selected for further characterization of Gluconacetobacter. The nitrogenase activity of the isolates ranged in between 12.4 to 72.4 n mole C2H4 h-1 culture-1. The characteristic yellowish surface pellicles were formed on inoculating the selected isolates into semisolid LGI medium and acetic LGI medium. On enumeration in LGI plates, the frequencies of well recognized Gluconacetobacter like colonies ranged in between 0.75 and 7.68 x 105 (cfu g-1 fresh tissue). Colony morphology of the isolates was irregular flat, irregular raised or circular raised yellow colonies of 1-5 mm in diameter. Light brown to brown pigmentation was observed on potato agar plates and light brown pigmentation with clearing of plates was observed on GYC plates. All the isolates exhibited gram negative and shape of the cells were rods. Reactions to extracellular and intracellular enzymes as well as to the various carbon sources by the isolates explained the diversity among them. The IAR profiles of the eight isolates against twelve antibiotics exhibited wide variation in their response to various antibiotics.
Combining ability, heterotic grouping and patterning of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] lines for high seed yield
Authors: Singh Chandra Mohan , Arya Madhuri , Mishra S. B. , Pandey Anil
Published: March 2016

An investigation was done to study the combining ability, heterotic grouping and patterning of mungbean lines using diallel analysis. The parents viz DMS-03-17-2 (for days to maturity, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, seeds per pod, seed index, harvest index, seed yield per plant); IPM-2K-14-9 (for plant height); Meha (for primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, average intermodal length, pod length, seeds per pod & seed yield per plant); DMS-01-34-2 (for secondary branches per plant & seed index) and SML 1151 (for seed index) were found best general combiners, whereas crosses namely IPM-2K-14-9/ DMS 03-17-2 (for plant height), SML 1151/ DMS 01-34-2 (seed index) and SML 1151/ Meha, IPM-2K-14-9/ Meha, IPM-2K-14-9/ DMS 03-17-2 & Meha/ DMS 01-34-2 (for seed yield/ plant) were top specific combiners and heterotic for respective traits. The pattern of heterotic grouping based on seed size and yield indicated that, heterosis was not only dependent upon the genetic distance between clusters; diversity within group was also showing remarkable heterosis.
Amelioration of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by coinculation of ACC deaminase-containing rhizospheric bacteria with Mesorhizobium strains
Authors: Chaudhary Deepika , Sindhu Satyavir Singh
Published: March 2016

Chickpea is a major legume crop grown in the semi-arid tropics and its yields are adversely affected by salinity. In this study, 55 rhizobacterial isolates obtained from the chickpea rhizosphere soil were screened for their salt tolerance. At 3% NaCl concentration, 41.8% rhizobacterial isolates formed colonies varying from 0.5-10 mm size and only 10.9 per cent isolates showed growth at 4% NaCl concentration. Significant growth on ACC supplemented medium plates was observed in 32.7% rhizobacterial isolates. Coinoculation studies with ACC+ as well as ACC- Mesorhizobium and rhizobacterial isolates were made on chickpea under chillum jar conditions containing sloger’s broth with salt (EC, 4dS/m) and without salt. Coinoculation of Mesorhizobium isolate MBD26 (ACC+) and rhizobacterial isolate RHD18 (ACC+) formed 59 nodules/plant and caused 112.9% increase in plant dry weight as compared to uninoculated control plants at 50 days of plant growth, whereas in the presence of salt, only 31.2% increase in plant dry weight was observed in comparison to uninoculated plants. At 80 days of plant growth, coinoculation of Mesorhizobium isolate MBD26 (ACC+) with rhizobacterial isolate RHD18 (ACC+) further increased the nodule number (78 nodules/plant) and 141.9% increase in shoot dry weight was observed as compared to uninoculated plants. Thus, it was concluded that coinoculation of ACC+ Mesorhizobium and rhizobacterial isolates showed more stimulatory effect on nodulation and plant biomass under normal and salt amended treatments.
Inheritance of fresh seed dormancy in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) developed for mapping population TAG 24 x GPBD 4 in groundnut (Arachis hypogeal L.)
Authors: Naganagoudar* Y.B. , Kenchanagoudar P.V. , Rathod1 Santosha , Keerthi2 C.M. , Nadaf H.L. , Channappagoudar B.B.
Published: March 2016

Pre harvest sprouting in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds belonging to sub species fastigiata is undesirable, since it leads to substantial loss of seeds, both in quantity and quality. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of fresh seed dormancy in mapping population of TAG 24 x GPBD 4, where in 268 RILs developed from this mapping population. Freshly harvested seeds of mature pods from these RILs were assessed for this dormancy by paper towel test method in laboratory. In the mapping population developed from TAG 24 x GPBD 4, the chi square (c2) test was not significant for the deviation from the expected 3:1 (dormant: non-dormant) ratio. Here it fitted in the 15:1 (non-dormant: dormant) ratio at 14 days after harvest ( less than 70%). This study showed that seed dormancy in this mapping population was controlled by duplicate recessive gene.
Greengram productivity enhancement through foliar spray of nutrients
Authors: Kulkarni* Shyamrao , Upperi S.N. , Jadhav1 R. L.
Published: March 2016

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2012 and 2013 at AEEC, Lingsugur, UAS, Raichur. Nine treatments were laid out in randomised design with three replications. Among different sources of nutrients, foliar spray of Panchagavya (5 %) at flower initiation recorded significantly higher grain yield of greengram compared to other treatments however, it was at par with foliar of spray of 19:19:19 (1%) in both year and as well in pooled analysis. The significantly lower grain yield was recorded in control plot in both the years.
Early generation selection for yield and its related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.]
Authors: Singh Tejbir , Sharma Amitesh
Published: March 2016

The relative efficiency of different selection criteria in early generation (F2) was evaluated in two crosses of soybean. The selection criteria used were (i) selection of plants in F2 generation having high and low mean values for different characters, (ii) randomly selected plants and (iii) selection of plants based on an index involving highest mean values for the different characters. The selection group patterns of F3 selected F4 progeny revealed that (a) plants selected for single character identified more number of F4 progenies than on the basis of an index and randomly selected plants in both the crosses, (b) plants selected for their high mean values further screened more number of F4 progenies than having low means, and (c) selection of plants in F2 generation based on number of pods per plant proved most efficient selection criteria for seed yield improvement.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of DAPG-producing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Sherathia D. , Dey R. , Thomas M. , Dalsania T. , Savsani K. , Pal K. K.
Published: March 2016

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) thrive in the rhizosphere of plants and play a beneficial role in plant growth, and development along with biocontrol activities. The present study was undertaken with the aim of developing rhizobacterial inoculants for groundnut for enhancement of growth and yield and suppression of major soil-borne fungal diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii (stem rot) and Aspergillus niger (collar rot). Out of a total of 154 rhizobacterial isolates obtained from groundnut rhizosphere, 78 isolates were selected on the basis of in vitro antifungal activities against three major soil-borne fungal pathogens of groundnut, i.e. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Sclerotium rolfsii. The selected isolates were further screened for the production of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) by the gene specific PCR amplification of phlD gene. A total of 11 rhizobacterial isolates were found to have DAPG-producing genes and selected for further studies. Gene specific primers were also used for characterization of the isolates for plant growth-promoting and biocontrol traits. The qualitative and quantitative estimation of the various attributes of the isolates were also carried out. Majority of the isolates showed production of IAA, siderophores and fluorescent pigments. The DAPG-producing rhizobacterial isolates have great potential as bio-inoculants for groundnut crop for suppressing soil-borne fungal pathogens and to enhance growth and yield.
Synergistic promoting influence of citric acid, spinach and garlic on the bioavailability of iron and zinc from legumes
Authors: Luo Yu-Wei , Li Jing
Published: March 2016

Inherent phytic acid and tannins interfere with bioavailability of iron and zinc from plant-based foods. Food acidulants, b-carotene-rich vegetables and Allium spices are understood to promote mineral in vitro bioavailability from legumes. In this study, it has been verified whether these promoters would counter negative effects of phytate and tannin on bioavailability of iron and zinc from legumes. Combinations of promoters – citric acid, spinach and garlic with phytic acid and tannin exogenously added individually were examined for their influence on iron and zinc bioavailability from the legumes. Effect of these promoters was generally dominant in the presence of phytic acid or tannic acid. The negative effect of the inhibitor was not only annulled, but also the positive influence of the promoter was fully retained. This information helps to evolve diet-based strategy to maximize mineral bioavailability and prevent deficiency situations prevalent in population dependent on plant foods.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on growth, yield and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Mudalagiriyappa  , Ali M. Sameer , Ramachandrappa B. K. , Nagaraju  , Shankaralingappa B. C.
Published: March 2016

A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2012-13 and 2013-14 on red sandy clay loam soil to study the effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on chickpea. The experiment consisted of fifteen treatments which were replicated thrice in RCB Design. Results indicated that spray of water soluble fertilizer (19:19:19) at 1.5 % concentration at flowering and pod development stage along with basal application of fertilizers (13.5: 25: 25 kg N, P2O5, K2O) significantly increased growth attributes, yield and benefit cost ratio in chickpea cultivation. Further increase in spray concentration up to 2.0 % did not significantly improve the performance of chickpea.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF BIOSURFACTANT BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA USING CASSAVA FLOUR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER AS MEDIA
Authors: Suryanti Venty , Hastuti Sri , Handayani Desi Suci
Published: March 2016

Biosynthesis of biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been prepared using cassava flour industrial wastewater (manipueira) as medium. The optimum condition of the biosurfactans biosynthesis was obtained using media containing nutrient broth and manipueira without centrifugation (NBM) with 4 days fermentation. UV-Vis and FT-IR spectra indicated that the biosurfactant was a rhamnolipid containing hydroxyl, ester, carbocylic and aliphatic carbon chain functional groups. Biosurfactant exhibited critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 576  mg/L and surface tension value of 0.045  N/m. The biosurfactant was able to decrease the interface tension and form emulsion with benzene, toluene, gasoline and palm oil. This biosurfactant showed w/o emulsion system.
UTILIZATION OF α-KERATIN OF CHICKEN FEATHERS AS ADSORBEN OF LEAD ION
Authors: Latifah Rais Nur , Ernia Roro , Pramono Edi
Published: March 2016

Research of Pb ions adsorption with chicken feathers adsorbent has been conducted. This research aims to determine adsorption properties of activated chicken feathers and the chicken feathers that were not activatedby Na2S for Pb ions. The adsorption process was conducted by batch method with variation of the concentration, pH, and contact time. Pb content in solution is characterized by AAS spectroscopy (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). The results show that the contact time and pH condition for adsorption equilibrium are 60 min for activated chicken feathers and 90 min for chicken feathers which were not activated by Na2S at pH 8. Pb absorption by chicken feathers follows Freundlich isotherm and the reaction kinetics follow the Ho equation.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF β-SITOSTEROL AND STIGMASTEROL MIXTURE FROM ROOT BARK OF SLATRI (Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f)
Authors: Saputra Doni Eko , Handayani Nestri , Wartono Muhammad Widyo
Published: March 2016

Chemical isolation and identificationof root bark of CalophyllumsoulattriBurm. f. have been conducted. Isolation was conducted by maceration with ethyl acetate as solvent. Ethyl acetate extract was separated and purified by vacuum liquid chromatography and flash chromatography which was guided by thin layer chromatography to obtain yellowish white solid. Isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopy methods such as UV, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC and were compared to the references. Based on the analysis result it’s known that the compounds are the mixture of?-sitosterol and stigmasterol.
OPTIMIZING OF TIO2 SEPARATION FROM BANGKA ILMENITE BY LEACHING PROCESS USING HCL
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sayekti , Hidayatullah Hari , Pramono Edi
Published: March 2016

Separation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) from ilmenite Bangka has been done byleaching processusing HCl. Before the leaching process, ilmenite was roastedat 900oC for pre-oxidation (preliminary - oxidation). Leaching process carried out by variation of HCl concentration and Fe0 reducing agents. While the re-deposition of dissolved Ti4+ ion achieved by hydrolysis - condensation using 2-propanol-H2O solvents. Leaching the pre-oxidazed ilmenite shows the phase change of  pseudobrokite (Fe2TiO5) into hematite (Fe2O3) and synthetic rutile (TiO2). Formation of the synthetic rutile was characterized by the loss of intensity of Fe2TiO5 at 26.65º and the increasing intensity of rutile TiO2 at 27.49º.The dissolution rate of both titanium and iron was found to be increased, generally, by increasing acid concentration in case of HCl as well as by increasing ilmenite: Fe0 ratio. Precipitation of the dissolved titania with 2-propanol -H2Oof 8:2(v /v) produced anatase TiO2 due to the hydrolysis and condensation of Ti-tetra isopropoxide complexes.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORO ACETIC ACID CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE REACTION OF CARBOXYMETHYL CHITOSAN FORMATION ON CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY AND THERMAL STABILITY
Authors: Purnawan Candra , Pramono Edi , Purwanto Purwanto
Published: March 2016

The research on the effect of chloro acetic concentration and temperature reaction of carboxymethyl chitosan formation on cation exchange capacity and thermal stability of polymer have been done. Carboxymethyl chitosan was synthesized by reaction of chitosan and chloro acetic acid with NaOH as catalyst. Polymer was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrofotometer, cation exchange capacity test, and thermal analysis with thermogravimetric method. Carboxymethyl chitosan has strong FTIR adsorption of carboxyl group (-COO-) in 1606,70 cm-1 and 1444,68 cm-1. The increasing of chloro acetic acid concentration and reaction temperature decreased cation exchage capacity and changed thermal stability of polymer.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF C-HEXYL CALIX[4]RESORCINARENA FROM RESORCINOL-HEPTANAL CONDENSATION
Authors: Handayani Desi Suci , Amin Zainal Arifin Almaqqomul , Kusumaningsih Triana , Masykur Abu
Published: March 2016

Synthesis of  C-hexyl  calix[4]resorcinarene  through condensation reaction between resorcinol  and  heptanal  with  HCl  catalyst  has  been  investigated.  Synthesis  conducted  by the ratio of resorcinol: heptanal (1:1) using reflux for 6 hours in ethanol. Structural  analysis of  the  product  was  done  by  FTIR  and 1 H-NMR  spectroscopy,  while  the  characterization was  done  by  determining  melting  point.  The  product  was  golden  brown  powder  with  a yield 99.43%  and  melting point more than 300 °C.  Structural analysis with FTIR and 1 HNMR  known  vibration  and  signals  characteristic  of  calix[4]resorcinarena  group, the vibrations of the CH  bridge. Vibration of CH bridge appearance at wave number 1445 cm-1 and 1456  cm-1, while signal of CH bridge appearance at chemical shifts from  4.17 to 4.21 ppm.
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION METAL PRECURSOR Co AND Mo ON CHARACTER OF CoMo / USY CATALYST
Authors: Nugrahaningtyas Khoirina Dwi , Hidayat Yuniawan , Saputri Tiara Diah
Published: March 2016

The preparation and characterization of bimetallic catalysts using impregnation method with a variation of concentration of precursor sequence Co and Mo metal  obtained  catalyst K 1 [Co (0.018 M) - Mo (0.037 M)/USY]. K 2 [Co (0.026 M) - Mo (0.055 M)/USY], K 3 [Co (0.035 M) - Mo (0.074 M)/USY], K 4 [Co (0.05 M) - Mo (0.11 M )/USY] and K 5 [Co (0.107 M) - Mo (0.22 M)/USY].

Character of the catalyst in terms  of crystallinity was analyzed by XRD. The result shows that there is no cristalinity damage of USY after impregnation but the amorphous cristalin structure was obtained.  Amount of metal content was analyzed by XRF and the catalyst morphology by SEM-EDS. The result shows that the higher the concentration of Co and Mo so that find the higher content of metal in catalyst of the prepared catalyst increase. K 4 shows the best characteristic of catalysts prepared in this research. Analysis of K 4 is proving that Co and Mo are presented in catalyst
CHARACTERISTICS OF Chlorella sp BIOMASS IMMOBILIZED ON CHITOSAN (Chlo-Kit) FOR ADSORPTION OF CHROMIUM(III) SOLUTION
Authors: Zaharah Titin Anita , Shofiyani Anis , Sayekti Endah
Published: March 2016

Properties of biosorbent prepared from biomass of Chlorella sp immobilized on chitosan (Chlo-Kit) have been studied for adsorption of Chromium(III). Chlo-Kit adsorbent prepared by following steps: dissolving chitosan to get hydrogel form, immobilization of biomasson chitosan hydrogel, beads formation and crosslinkingthe adsorbent beads using epichlorohydrin reagent.
Characterization using FT-IR spectrophotometry  and SEM showed that mechanism of biomass immobilization on chitosan involves electrostatic interactions between the functional groups of such both materials. Biomass immobilized on chitosan (Chlo-Kit) showed the higher stability in acid medium than un-immobilized biomass. Adsorption of Cr(III) metal ion on Chlo-Kit occured at optimum pH of 4-5 and followed well the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption capacity of Cr(III) on Chlo-Kit was 68.965 mg/g, about 91% higher than that on Chlorella biomass
EFFECT OF TANNASE ON CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF CASHEW APPLE JUICE (Anacardium occidentale Linn)
Authors: Anwar Yunita Arian Sari
Published: March 2016

We previously produced tannase from Aspergillus niger using solid state medium. In the present study the enzyme used cashew apple juice. The aim this research was to know effect of tannase on chemical parameters of cashew apple juice. The concentration of tannase used was 0%; 0.02%; 0.04%; 0.06%; 0.08% and 0.1% (v/v). The chemical properties of the juice produced by enzymatic method were compared with the juiced produced through high temperature treatment (100oC).  This research showed that the addition of 0.1% of tannase enzyme provide the best product according to the lower content of tannins than the content of tannins in the juice produced with high temperature treatment. The tannase treatment did not change the vitamin C content, content of protein and pH. Meanwhile, high temperature treatment decreased the content of vitamin C and protein.
CYTOTOXIC COMPOUND FROM ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF Brucea javanica (L.) Merr FRUIT AGAINST HeLa CELL LINE
Authors: Nurlina Nurlina , Widiyantoro Ari
Published: March 2016

The pure compound relatively (85 mg) was isolated from 4.5 kg Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. fruits sample. It was obtained from ethyl acetate fraction as a red-brownish amorphous solid of melting point 202-206 oC. Phytochemical screening of isolate showed positive result of terpenoid group. Based on analysis by UV, IR,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and by comparison with known related compounds, indicated that isolate is quassinoid compound named Picras 3- en- 21- oat acid, 15-(acetyloxy)-13,20- epoxy-3-(ß-D- glucopyranosyloxy)-11, 12- dihydroxy -2, 16- dioxo -, methyl ester. Cytotoxic test using MTT assay method showed that compound have IC50 9,7 µg/mL.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE REACTION WITH IODIDE IN ACID CONDITION
Authors: Rosalia Ayuni Dita , Patiha Patiha , Heraldy Eddy
Published: March 2016

This research aimed to find out I- reaction order in the mechanism of  hydrogen peroxide reaction with iodide in acid condition, to find out the form of rate law, and to show the role of H+ in reaction. The experiment for determining reaction order was carried out with isolation method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The order reaction was obtained from the r value approaching one, the results of its linear regression. The form of rate law was viewed from the presence or absence of oxygen gas. Meanwhile the role of H+ in reaction was determined by observing the pH value in 60 minutes.

The result of experiment shows that the mechanism of reaction has rate law in the form of fraction, in which I- could be in zero and first orders. In addition, the rate law in this experimental condition is not an addition in the absence of O2 and relatively equal kobs value in the same order. The role of H+ is observed not as catalyst, but reactant.
PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TiO2 NANO SUPPORTED ON MEMBRANE CELLULOSE ACETATE/NATA DE COCO (CA/NDC) IN PHOTODEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE
Authors: Prawithasari Roro Ernia , Fadilah Ilma , Mudjijono Mudjijono , Saraswati Teguh Endah , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi
Published: March 2016

Study of synthesis and effectiveness of membrane catalyst of cellulose acetate/nata de coco-TiO2 nano (CA/NDC-TiO2 nano) in photodegradation of methylene blue in batch system has been investigated. TiO2nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method followed by calcination at 450oC. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images indicate nano TiO2 has been successfully synthesized with average particle diameter as 88,63±4,37 nm.  X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of nano TiO2  shows some characteristic peaks of anatase TiO2 were still existed. Membrane photocatalyst of CA/NDC- nano TiO2 was prepared via phase inversion method by mixing TiO2 nanoparticles with CA casting solution. Thermogravimetric analysis shows three decomposition steps of CA/NDC-nano membrane as well as CA/NDC membrane. Photodegradation of methylene blue was conducted with nano-TiO2  particles and CA/NDC-TiO2 membrane for 50 minutes in batch system. The absorbance changes were measured by spectrophotometer at wavelength of 664.6 nm. The result shows the photodegradation rections tended to follow second order reaction. According to the rate constant value, k, the photocatalytic effectivity using CA-NDC/nano TiO2 membrane and nano TiO2photocatalysts in metilen blue photodegradation, statistically were not significantly different.
STUDY OF CONFORMATIONAL PREFERENCES OF ERYTHRO-CAROLIGNAN E ASSESSED BY THE COUPLING BETWEEN H7'-H8' IN DIFFERENT NMR SOLVENTS
Authors: Rudiyansyah Rudiyansyah , Sapar Ajuk , Masriani Masriani
Published: March 2016

Erythro-carolignan E (1) has been obtained from the ethanol extract of the wood bark of Durio affinis Becc. This research was conducted in order to prove that conformational preferences of compound 1 were solvent dependent. On the basis of 1H-NMR data, the relative configuration of compound 1 was characterized by a coupling constant (3JHH) value of 3.3 Hz at H-7' in CDCl3. The coupling constant (3JHH) values of H-7' in compound 1 has changed to 4.1 Hz and 5.3 Hz in pyridine-d5 and acetonitrile-d3 respectively. As a result, the conformation of compound 1 at C7'-C8' has changed in different NMR solvents.  In conclusion, structure oferythro-carolignan E that contains a dihydroxy group at C7'-C8' is able to change in different NMR solvent.
SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF HYDROXY OF CITRONELLOL WITH CHLORIDE USING A MIXTURE OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND SULPHURIC ACID
Authors: Sayekti Endah , Silalahi Imelda H , Zaharah Titin Anita
Published: March 2016

Substitution reaction of hydroxy of citronellol with chloride using a mixture of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) has been conducted. The citronellol was obtained from the reduction of citronellal using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at room temperature for 30 minutes. Substitution of hydroxy of citronellol with chloride ion was carried out at 80 oC and molarity ratio of citronellol and NH4Cl 1:1, 1:2; 1:3; and 1:4 respectively. Identification of the product by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the substitution reaction produced 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1-chlorocyclohexane compound with rendemen 64,49 % in mol ratio of 1:4. The infra red (IR) analysis showed that there was a vibration at wave number 763 cm-1 which is a typical C-Cl vibrations.
PHOTOCATALYTIC REDUCTION OF Cu(II) ION AND TiO2-CATALYZED PARACETAMOL PHOTODEGRADATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD IN WASTE TREATMENT
Authors: Anggraini Devina Ingrid , Hp Eka Susanti , Santosa Erliena Okta Guna
Published: March 2016

Recently, the issue of heavy metals are wastes is become popular such as Cu, Co, Pb, and etc. Furthermore, the presence of Cu together with paracetamol as pharmacy waste. Photocatalytic process could be an alternative to avoid the situation. This research investigated the influence of irradiation and the initial concentration of paracetamol toward TiO2-catalyzed photoreduction of Cu(II). The research aims to develop a photoreduction method that is catalyzed by TiO2 in the presence of paracetamol in reducing Cu(II) and paracetamol concentration. Cu(II) photoreduction process was (II) conducted in a close reactor equipped with a UV lamp. The remaining Cu(II) in solution was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to determine its concentration and paracetamol concentration by visible spectrophotometry method. Results showed that the use of photocatalyst TiO2improves the photoreduction of  Cu(II), 15-45 minutes irradiation also contributes the increment, over the time a tiny decrease in photoreduction effectivity occur, however. At initial paracetamol concentration, 50 to 250 mg/L lead to an increase in photodegradation of paracetamol, and large decline occur over e.i. 250 mg/L,  however. The presence of paracetamol may increase the effectiveness of Cu(II) photoreduction due to the prevention of  radical OH• and electrons recombination. The most effective photoreduction of  25 mL solution of ion Cu(II) 10 mg/L is readily achieve in reaction conditions  using  20 mg of TiO2 by 45 minutes irradiation in the present of 25 mL of paracetamol 250 mg/L. By those Cu(II) ion was reduced by 98.87 % and 14.73 % of paracetamol was degraded.
Forecast-based analysis for regional water supply and demand relationship by hybrid Markov chain models: a case study of Urumqi, China
Authors: Wang B. , Liu L. , Huang G. H. , Li W. , Xie Y. L.
Published: March 2016

A clear understanding of regional water supply and demand trend is crucial for proper water resources planning and management in water-deficient areas, especially for Northwest China. In this study, three hybrid stochastic models (Markov chain model, unbiased Grey-Markov model and Markov model based on quadratic programming) were developed separately for predicating the available water resources, water demand, and water utilization structure in Urumqi. The novelty of this study arises from the following aspects: (1) compared with other models, the developed models would provide ideal forecasting results with small samples and poor information; (2) this study synthetically took into account water supply and demand, water utilization structure trend; (3) the prediction results were expressed as interval values for reducing the forecasting risk when carrying out water resources system planning and operational decisions. Analysis of water supply and demand in Urumqi under different reuse ratios was also conducted based on the forecasting results. The results would help managers and policy-makers to have a clear understanding of regional water supply and demand trend as well as the water utilization structure in the future.
Infrastructure asset management – the TRUST approach and professional tools
Authors: Alegre Helena , Coelho Sérgio T. , Vitorino Diogo , Covas Dídia
Published: March 2016

Strategic asset management (AM) of urban water infrastructures faces the challenge of dealing with expensive and long-lasting assets of a very diverse nature and wide-ranging useful lives and costs. Typically, utility managers inherit an infrastructure with assets in assorted conditions and stages in their lifecycle. They are expected to manage their value in order to ensure adequate service, and make sure that what they pass on to their successors is capable of continuing to do so. Long-term vision is needed, and sound transition paths must be sought in order to ensure that urban water services are sustainable, without jeopardizing the quality of the service provided during the transition. Focusing on the transition to more sustainable services, the TRUST project revisited the concept of sustainability, explored pressures and drivers, and developed and tested a roadmapping methodology to cope with the implementation of disruptive solutions. Leading-edge analysis and assessment methods and tools were developed, multiple technologies were tested, scientific and guidance publications were produced. All of this can be explored and absorbed into a coherent management process. This paper describes the TRUST approach for infrastructure AM, addressing strategic, tactical and operational planning, supported by professional-grade software.
Property of Cu2O-CuO/ZSM-5 nanocomposite and degradation process of azo dye AO7 without sacrificial agent (H2O2)
Authors: Kong Wusong , Qu Hongxia , Chen Peng , Ma Weihua , Xie Huifang
Published: March 2016

In this study, Cu2O-CuO/ZSM-5 nanocomposite was synthesized by the impregnation method, and its catalytic performance for the destruction of AO7 in aqueous solutions was investigated. The morphology, structure and surface element valence state of Cu2O-CuO/ZSM-5 were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The operating conditions on the degradation of AO7 by Cu2O-CuO/ZSM-5, such as initial pH values, concentration of AO7 and catalyst dosage were investigated and optimized. The results showed that the sample had good catalytic activity for destruction of AO7 in the absence of a sacrificial agent (e.g. H2O2): it could degrade 91% AO7 in 140 min at 25 °C and was not restricted by the initial pH of the AO7 aqueous solutions. Cu2O-CuO/ZSM-5 exhibited stable catalytic activity with little loss after three successive runs. The total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies increased rapidly to 69.36% and 67.3% after 120 min of treatment by Cu2O-CuO/ZSM-5, respectively.
The Validity and Precision of the Comparative Interrupted Time-Series Design
Authors: St.Clair Travis , Hallberg Kelly , Cook Thomas D.
Published: March 2016

We explore the conditions under which short, comparative interrupted time-series (CITS) designs represent valid alternatives to randomized experiments in educational evaluations. To do so, we conduct three within-study comparisons, each of which uses a unique data set to test the validity of the CITS design by comparing its causal estimates to those from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that shares the same treatment group. The degree of correspondence between RCT and CITS estimates depends on the observed pretest time trend differences and how they are modeled. Where the trend differences are clear and can be easily modeled, no bias results; where the trend differences are more volatile and cannot be easily modeled, the degree of correspondence is more mixed, and the best results come from matching comparison units on both pretest and demographic covariates.
Hydrobiological Study of the Yamuna River at Kalpi, District Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Shukla Manoj Kumar , Khare Pushpendra Kumar , Singh Ravindra
Published: March 2016

Hydro biological study of the Yamuna river at Kalpi in India was carried out for a period of twelve month (October 2013 to September 2014). Four sampling stations were selected for sampling purpose. Collected samples were evaluated for fourteen physico-chemical parameters such as W.T., pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, T.D.S., T.H., T.A., Cl, SO4, PO4, NO3, D.O., B.O.D. and C.O.D. and four biological parameters such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic macrophytes and fishes. Present study reveals that water quality of the Yamuna river was not fit for drinking purpose but it was satisfactory for fish culture and irrigation purpose. Presence of both pollution tolerant and pollution intolerant species of biological parameters shows that this water was moderately polluted during course of study. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -41 to 46
Nature, History, and Culture as Tourism Attractors: The Double Translation of Insider and Outsider Media
Authors: Stoddart Mark C. J. , Graham Paula
Published: March 2016

Since the 1992 cod fishing moratorium, the province of Newfoundland and Labrador has redefined social-environmental relationships with coastal landscapes in pursuit of tourism development. We explore how coastal landscapes are defi ned for tourists through traditional and digital media produced by Newfoundland-based tourism operators and the provincial government. We examine how these discourses are then translated by "outsider" mass media in Canada, the US, and the UK, thereby connecting local environments to global flows of tourism. To understand this process of translation and circulation we analyze television ads, websites, and newspaper articles. Additional insight is provided through interviews with tourism operators and promoters about their media work. Drawing on a co-constructionist approach and tourism mobilities literature, we argue that the post-moratorium shift toward tourism has resulted in the packaging and insertion of Newfoundland landscapes into global tourist/travel discourses in multiple ways that depend on medium of circulation and target audience.
Dam Close Water Resources and Productions of Harmony in Central Japan
Authors: Cunningham Eric J.
Published: March 2016

This article examines socio-cultural circulations associated with dams and other water management technologies in central Japan. Such technologies and the circulations of water they enable link communities across Japan's rural and urban spaces in social, political, economic, and cultural ways. They also produce anxieties by highlighting social inequalities and the disparate impacts of water resource development in modern Japan. Using Makio Dam in central Japan as a case study, I argue that actors in both upstream and downstream communities actively imagine and enact social relationships that work to ease the tensions that arise from unidirectional flows of water by producing sensations of harmony and common identity.
Public Participation and Trade-Offs in Flood Risk Mitigation: Evidence from Two Case Studies in the Alps
Authors: Scolobig Anna , Pellizzoni Luigi , Bianchizza Chiara
Published: March 2016

There is an increasing demand for improvement of the quality of decisions about flood risk mitigation by fostering public participation in decision-making. However, the extent and way in which formalized participation guarantees good outcomes is still a matter of discussion. This article analyzes different approaches to decision-making for flood risk mitigation by comparing two experiences in the Italian Alps. In Vipiteno-Sterzing, decisions were made by involving citizens in a structured participatory process. In Malborghetto-Valbruna, a formally technocratic (yet substantially inclusive) approach was adopted after the flood that affected the municipality in 2003. Our results critically review the perspective that structured participation is always something "good." In this regard, the way relevant trade-offs between public and private goods were acknowledged and dealt with turned out to be crucial. At the same time, effective participation is closely related to citizens' actual engagement, institutional responsiveness to residents' needs and expectations, and the capacity to harmonize different views and types of knowledge in the development of risk mitigation options. Policy context, choice of approach and quality of outcomes appear as "nested" issues. Further research is needed in order to assess different experiences of decision-making and to set robust conditions for better outcomes in public participation.
Improved Homology Model of the Human all-trans Retinoic Acid Metabolizing Enzyme CYP26A1
Authors: Awadalla Mohamed , Alshammari Thamir , Eriksson Leif , Saenz-Méndez Patricia
Published: March 2016

A new CYP26A1 homology model was built based on the crystal structure of cyanobacterial CYP120A1. The model quality was examined for stereochemical accuracy, folding reliability, and absolute quality using a variety of different bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, the docking capabilities of the model were assessed by docking of the natural substrate all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), and a group of known azole- and tetralone-based CYP26A1 inhibitors. The preferred binding pose of atRA suggests the (4S)-OH-atRA metabolite production, in agreement with recently available experimental data. The distances between the ligands and the heme group iron of the enzyme are in agreement with corresponding distances obtained for substrates and azole inhibitors for other cytochrome systems. The calculated theoretical binding energies agree with recently reported experimental data and show that the model is capable of discriminating between natural substrate, strong inhibitors (R116010 and R115866), and weak inhibitors (liarozole, fluconazole, tetralone derivatives).