bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning of Electronic Properties in Conducting Polymers
Authors: Li Guofeng , Josowicz Mira , Janata Jiří
Published: July 2002

Structural and electronic transitions in poly(thiophenyleneiminophenylene), usually referred to as poly(phenylenesulfidephenyleneamine) (PPSA) upon electrochemical doping with LiClO4 have been investigated. The unusual electrochemical behavior of PPSA indicates that the dopant anions are bound in two energetically different sites. In the so-called "binding site", the ClO4- anion is Coulombically attracted to the positively charged S or N sites on one chain and simultaneously hydrogen-bonded with the N-H group on a neighboring polymer chain. This strong interaction causes a re-organization of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a networked structure linked together by these ClO4- Coulombic/hydrogen bonding "bridges". However, in the "non-binding site", the ClO4- anion is very weakly bound, involves only the electrostatic interaction and can be reversibly exchanged when the doped polymer is reduced. In the repeated cycling, the continuous and alternating influx and expulsion of ClO4- ions serves as a self-organizing process for such networked structures, giving rise to a diminishing number of available "non-binding" sites. The occurrence of these ordered structures has a major impact on the electrochemical activity and the morphology of the doped polymer. Also due to stabilization of the dopant ions, the doped polymer can be kept in a stable and desirable oxidation state, thus both work function and conductivity of the polymer can be electrochemically controlled.
Persistent wheezing in infants with an atopic tendency responds to inhaled fluticasone
Authors: Chavasse R J , Bastian-Lee Y , Richter H , Hilliard T , Seddon P
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND

The role of inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of wheeze in infancy remains unclear.

AIM

To investigate the effect of inhaled fluticasone on symptoms in a group of wheezy infants who had a high risk of progressing to childhood asthma.

METHODS

A total of 52 infants, under 1 year of age, with a history of wheeze or cough and a history (personal or first degree relative) of atopy were prescribed either 150 μg fluticasone twice daily (group F) or placebo (group P), via metered dose inhaler, for 12 weeks following a two week run in period. Symptoms were scored in a parent held diary and the mean daily symptom score (MDS) and symptom free days (SFD) calculated for each two week period.

RESULTS

Thirty seven infants completed the study. Both MDS and SFD improved significantly between the run in and final two week period in group F, but not group P, with a mean difference in change (95% CI) between groups of 1.12 (0.05 to 2.18) for MDS and median difference of 3.0 (0.002 to 8.0) for SFD.

CONCLUSION

Improvement of clinical symptoms in response to fluticasone can be shown in this high risk group of infants. In the absence of effective alternatives inhaled corticosteroids should be considered in this patient group.
Ocular sports injuries: the current picture
Authors: Barr A , Baines P S , Desai P , MacEwen C J
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To determine the recent incidence of eye injury due to sport in Scotland, identify any trend, and establish which sports are responsible for most injury? The type of injury and final visual outcome is also evaluated.

Methods—A prospective observational study of ocular injuries sustained during sport was performed over a one year period. Only patients requiring hospital admission were included. Data were collected on a standardised proforma and entered into a central database. Patients were followed up for at least three months.

Results—Of 416 patients admitted because of ocular injury, 52 (12.5%) resulted from playing a sport. Although all racquet sports together accounted for 47.5% of these injuries, football was the single most common sport associated with ocular trauma, being responsible for 32.5% of cases. The most common clinical finding was macroscopic hyphaema occurring in 87.5% of patients. Overall the final visual acuity was 6/6 in 92.5% of patients.

Conclusions—The incidence of eye injury due to sport at 12.5% is lower than previously reported, suggesting a change in the pattern of ocular trauma. Football is the single most common cause of ocular injury from sport in Scotland, but the wearing of protective headgear would be difficult to instigate. The incidence of hyphaema in sport related ocular trauma (87.5%) is almost double that of all ocular injury (47.8%), so the potential for serious visual loss as the result of a sports injury should not be underrated. Ophthalmologists have a role in protecting this young population at risk by actively encouraging the design and use of protective eyewear.
Indoor rock climbing: who gets injured?
Authors: Wright D M , Royle T J , Marshall T
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To determine the frequency of overuse injury in indoor climbers, the common sites of such injury, and the factors that influence the probability that a climber will have sustained an overuse injury while climbing indoors.

Method—A semisupervised questionnaire was used to survey overuse injury in 295 spectators and competitors at the Entre-Prises World Climbing Championships held in Birmingham 3–5 December 1999. Statistical analysis included simple cross tabulations, calculation of odds ratios, and multiple logistic regression to explore the effect of several factors simultaneously.

Results—Some 44% of respondents had sustained an overuse injury, 19% at more than one site. The most common site of injury was the fingers. Univariate analysis showed that the probability of having sustained a climbing injury is higher in men (p = 0.009), those who have climbed for more than 10 years (p = 0.006), those who climb harder routes (p<0.0005), and those who boulder or lead more than they top rope (p<0.0005). The relation between lead grade and climbing injury is linear. Multivariate analysis removed the effect of sex as an independent predictor.

Conclusions—Many climbers sustain overuse injury. The most at risk are those with the most ability and dedication to climbing. Climbers should be aware of the risk factors that influence injury and be able to spot the signs and symptoms of injury once they occur.
Distinct outcomes of chloride diarrhoea in two siblings with identical genetic background of the disease: implications for early diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Höglund P , Holmberg C , Sherman P , Kere J
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND

Congenital chloride diarrhoea (CLD, OMIM 214700) is a serious inherited defect of intestinal electrolyte absorption transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion. The major clinical manifestation is diarrhoea with high chloride content which can be balanced by substitution. The molecular pathology involves an epithelial Cl−/HCO3− exchanger protein, encoded by the solute carrier family 26, member 3 gene (SLC26A3), previously known as CLD or DRA (downregulated in adenomas). To date, almost 30 different mutations in the SLC26A3 gene have been identified throughout the world. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been established.

PATIENTS/METHODS

Two siblings presenting with CLD were studied for disease history, supplementation, or other treatments, and for mutations in the SLC26A3 gene.

RESULTS

Mutation analysis revealed a homozygous I544N mutation in both patients. However, despite the uniform genetic background of CLD in this family, the clinical picture and outcome of the disease were remarkably different between siblings. The older sibling had a late diagnosis and chronic course of the disease whereas the younger one, who was diagnosed soon after birth and immediately received supplementation therapy, grows and develops normally.

CONCLUSION

Time of diagnosis, substitution therapy, compliance, and compensatory mechanisms are more important modulators of the clinical picture of CLD than the type of mutation in the SLC26A3 gene.
Improved prognosis of Epstein-Barr virus associated childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma: study of 47 South African cases
Authors: Engel M , Essop M F , Close P , Hartley P , Pallesen G , Sinclair-Smith C
Published: July 2002

Aim—To study the distribution of Hodgkin's lymphoma in South African children and report the incidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as regards age, race, sex, and histological subtype; to investigate whether EBV is relevant to survival.

Methods—Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridisation (ISH) to detect EBV were performed on 47 South African children with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, ranging in age from 3 to 14 years and coming from different ethnic backgrounds. The correlation between the presence of the virus and clinical outcome was assessed.

Results—The nodular sclerosing subtype predominated, comprising 89% of cases; the remaining 11% were of the mixed cellularity subtype. EBV was present in 68%. Full clinical data were available for 36 cases; EBV positive patients presented with less aggressive symptoms at diagnosis and had a significantly longer median survival than EBV negative patients.

Conclusions—The distribution of EBV in South African childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma follows a pattern intermediate to that of industrialised and non-industrialised countries. Furthermore, our data suggest that there is an association between poor prognosis and the non-detection of EBV products in South African childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Deprivations, futures and the wrongness of killing
Authors: Marquis Don
Published: July 2002

In my essay, Why abortion is immoral, I criticised discussions of the morality of abortion in which the crucial issue is whether fetuses are human beings or whether fetuses are persons. Both argument strategies are inadequate because they rely on indefensible assumptions. Why should being a human being or being a person make a moral difference? I argued that the correct account of the morality of abortion should be based upon a defensible account of why killing children and adults is wrong. I claimed that what makes killing us wrong is that our premature deaths deprive us of our futures of value, that is, the goods of life we would have experienced had we survived. This account of the wrongness of killing explains why killing is one of the worst of crimes and how killing greatly harms the victim. It coheres with the attitudes of those with cancer or HIV facing premature death. It explains why we believe it is wrong to kill infants (as personhood theories do not). It does not entail that it wrongs a human being to end her life if she is in persistent vegetative state or if her future must consist only of unbearable physical suffering and she wants to die (as sanctity of human life theories do not). This account of the wrongness of killing implies (with some defensible additional assumptions) that abortion is immoral because we were fetuses once and we know those fetuses had futures of value.

Mark Brown claims that this potential future of value account is unsound because it implies that we have welfare rights to what we need to stay alive that most people would reject. I argue that Brown is incorrect in two ways: a welfare right to what we need to stay alive is not directly implied by my account and, in addition, most of us do believe that dependent human beings have substantial welfare rights to what they need to stay alive. Brown argues that depriving us of a future of value of which we have mental representations both is a better explanation of the wrongness of killing and does not imply that abortion is immoral. I reply that (a) if Brown's arguments against my view were sound, those arguments could be easily adapted to show that his view is unsound as well and (b) Brown's view is both ambiguous and unsound on any interpretation.

The most popular class of pro-choice argument strategies appeals to the view that some or all fetuses lack either a mental state or function or a capacity for a mental state or function necessary for possession of the right to life. Desires, interests, sentience, various concepts, moral agency, and rationality have all been suggested as candidates for this crucial mental role. Brown's analysis is one member of this class of strategies. I believe that it is possible to show that none of these strategies is reasonable. However, there are so many of these strategies that the required argument demands something more like a book and less like a short essay. The argument of the following essay is a piece of this larger argument.
Prospective study of work related respiratory symptoms in trainee bakers
Authors: De Zotti Renata , Bovenzi Massimo
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the occurrence of work related respiratory symptoms and to assess the effect of atopy in a group of trainee bakers.

METHODS

A prospective study of work related respiratory symptoms among 125 trainee bakers who were investigated with a questionnaire plus skin prick test with wheat flour and α-amylase allergens at baseline and then after 6, 18, and 30 months.

RESULTS

At the baseline examination, four students (3.2%) complained of respiratory symptoms (cough and rhinitis) when working with flours and four were skin positive to wheat flour or α-amylase. The incidence of work related respiratory symptoms was 3.4% at 6 months, and the cumulative incidence was 4.8% and 9.0% at 18 and 30 months, respectively. The incidence of skin sensitisation to occupational allergens was 4.6% at 6 months and the cumulative incidence was 4.6% at 18 months and 10.1% at 30 months. The generalised estimating equation approach to longitudinal data showed that work related respiratory symptoms in the study population was significantly associated with a personal history of allergic disease (odds ratio (OR) 5.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.8 to 18.2) and skin sensitisation to wheat flour or α-amylase (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.9). Atopy based on prick test was not related to the occurrence of work related respiratory symptoms over time (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.3 to 3.8).

CONCLUSIONS

Personal history of allergic disease is a predisposing factor for the development of symptoms caused by exposure to wheat flour and may be a criterion of unsuitability for starting a career as a baker. Atopy based on the skin prick test is useful for identifying subjects with allergic disease, but should not be used to exclude non-symptomatic atopic people from bakery work.
Crohn's colitis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Boyne Michael S , Dye Kevin R
Published: July 2002

A 17 year old girl with active Crohn's colitis developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura that was managed with intravenous immune globulins and cyclosporin A. The possible association between Crohn's disease and immune thrombocytopenia is explored.
Pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets—a report from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Zargar Abdul Hamid , Mithal Ambrish , Wani Arshad Iqbal , Laway Bashir Ahmad , Masoodi Shariq Rashid , Bashir Mir Iftikhar , Ganie Mohammad Ashraf
Published: July 2002

Pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets (also called vitamin D dependent rickets type I) is one of the types of inherited rickets and is caused by a deficit in renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase. This form of rickets has not been reported from the Indian subcontinent. Three patients with this disorder are presented. These patients were all females aged 3–20 years and presented with growth failure and skeletal deformities. All had florid clinical and radiological rickets. The biochemical abnormalities seen included hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, and hyperphosphatasia. All patients had grossly raised 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and markedly low to undetectable concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. A disturbing feature of this study was the late referral of the patients.
Turkish pepper (extra hot)
Authors: Woywodt Alexander , Herrmann Alena , Choi Mira , Goebel Ursula , Luft Friedrich C
Published: July 2002

A 38 year old female office worker was admitted with a newly discovered blood pressure of 250/110 mm Hg. Evaluation for secondary forms of hypertension was negative and treatment was begun. Sodium excretion was markedly reduced, plasma aldosterone was normal, and plasma renin activity was low. Therefore, presence of an aldosterone-like activity was suspected. Eventually, the patient confessed to abusing “Turkish Pepper”, a brand of Scandinavian liquorice candies and “Fisherman’s Friend”, another brand of liquorice candies, concurrently. After eliminating liquorice from her diet, the hypertension disappeared thus allowing her antihypertensive treatment to be stopped.
Adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction with a synchronous carcinoid of the duodenum
Authors: McCabe H L
Published: July 2002

Duodenal carcinoids are rare tumours. There is an increased incidence of primary carcinomas, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, which occur synchronously with gastrointestinal tract carcinoids. However, the synchronous occurrence of adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction with a duodenal carcinoid has not been previously described. A case report is presented, with discussion of carcinoid tumours and management when occurring synchronously with non-carcinoid tumours.
Decreased sexual function in a young man
Authors: Fisken R A
Published: July 2002

A 36 year old professional man presented with an 18 month history of difficulty in achieving and maintaining an erection. He also described “lack of sex drive”, malaise, and non-specific ill health over several months. He was sometimes able to masturbate successfully but commented that his ejaculate was of small volume. Physical examination showed him to be anxious but he was otherwise normal except for the fact that the testes were smaller than expected (about 12 ml in volume) and soft.
Cutaneous gangrene in a renal dialysis patient
Authors: Pantanowitz L , Harton A , Beckwith B
Published: July 2002

A 54 year old obese man with end stage renal disease secondary to membranous and cresentric glomerulonephritis, receiving haemodialysis, was admitted for painful necrotising abdominal and left groin wounds. He had hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and a 35 pack year smoking history. He was on warfarin sodium for a deep venous thrombosis. His vital signs were normal and a physical examination was remarkable for pitting pedal oedema, carotid bruits, weak left pedal pulses and large, tender, erythematous, and ulcerating subcutaneous masses of the lower abdominal wall. Blood tests revealed a glucose concentration of 6.5 mmol/l, total serum calcium 2.4 mmol/l, albumin 36 g/l, and phosphate 1.9 mmol/l. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were normal and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and antinuclear antibody were negative. Radiographs of his lower legs showed bilateral subcutaneous calcifications. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, and streptococci were isolated from his wounds. A biopsy specimen (fig 1) was taken from these lesions to help make the diagnosis.
Deep Probe: imaging the roots of western North America
Authors: Gorman Andrew R , Clowes Ron M , Ellis Robert M , Henstock Timothy J , Spence George D , Keller G Randy , Levander Alan , Snelson Catherine M , Burianyk Michael JA , Kanasewich Ernest R , Asudeh Isa , Hajnal Zoltan , Miller Kate C
Published: July 2002

Analysis of the Lithoprobe Deep Probe and Southern Alberta Refraction Experiment data sets, focusing on the region between Deep Probe shots 43 and 55, has resulted in a continental-scale velocity structural model of the lithosphere of platformal western Laurentia reaching depths of ~150 km. Three major lithospheric blocks were investigated: (i) the Hearne Province, a typical continental Archean cratonic province lying beneath the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin; (ii) the Wyoming Province, an even older block of Phanerozoic-modified Archean crust with an enigmatic lower lithosphere; and (iii) the YavapaiMazatzal Province, Proterozoic terranes underlying the Colorado Plateau and Southern Rocky Mountains. In this study, the northern two of these regions are investigated with a modified ray-theoretical traveltime inversion routine that respects the spherical geometry of the Earth. The resulting crustal velocity structure, combined with supporting geological and geophysical data, reveals that the Medicine Hat block (MHB), lying between the Hearne and Wyoming provinces, is a third independent Archean crustal block. The subcrustal lithosphere along the profile is homogeneous in velocity structure, but two significant northward-dipping reflectors are apparent and interpreted as relic subduction zones associated with sutures between the three Archean blocks. The Hearne crust is typical of an Archean shield or platform both in its thickness of 3450 km and its seismic velocity structure. The crust of the Archean MHB and Wyoming Province, which ranges in thickness from 49 to 60 km, includes a 1030 km thick high-velocity layer, interpreted to be Proterozoic in age. Such a feature is unexpected beneath Archean crustal provinces, but if the region is considered to be the remanent marginal portion of a larger Archean continent, then the interpreted Proterozoic underplating and lack of an Archean lithospheric root can be explained. The variable topography along the reflective upper and lower boundaries of this layer, especially within the MHB, suggests considerable variability in its emplacement and subsequent tectonic history.
Petrology, age, and tectonic setting of the White Rock Formation, Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia: evidence for Silurian continental rifting
Authors: MacDonald Lisa A , Barr Sandra M , White Chris E , Ketchum John WF
Published: July 2002

The White Rock Formation in the Yarmouth area of the Meguma terrane of southern Nova Scotia consists mainly of mafic tuffaceous rocks with less abundant mafic flows, epiclastic and clastic sedimentary rocks, and minor intermediate and felsic crystal tuff. It is divided into seven map units that appear to young from west to east, inconsistent with a previously assumed synclinal structure. The White Rock Formation is flanked on both northwest and southeast by mainly the Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Halifax Formation; the western contact is interpreted to be a sheared disconformity, whereas the eastern contact appears to be a major brittle fault and shear zone that juxtaposes different crustal levels. The granitic Brenton Pluton forms a faulted lens within the eastern shear zone. A felsic tuff from the upper part of the White Rock Formation yielded a UPb zircon age of 438+32 Ma, identical within error to published ages for the Brenton Pluton and felsic volcanic rocks near the base of the White Rock Formation in the Torbrook area of western Nova Scotia. The chemical characteristics of the mafic volcanic rocks and associated mafic intrusions consistently indicate alkalic affinity and a continental within-plate setting. The felsic volcanic rocks and Brenton Pluton have chemical characteristics of within-plate anorogenic granitic rocks, and the pluton is interpreted to be comagmatic with the felsic volcanic rocks. The igneous activity may have occurred in response to extension as the Meguma terrane rifted away from Gondwana in the latest Ordovician to Early Silurian. Epsilon Nd values are similar to those in voluminous Devonian plutonic rocks of the Meguma terrane, and the magmas appear to have been derived from similar sources.
Rapid verification of wheatHordeum introgressions by direct staining of SCAR, STS, and SSR amplicons
Authors: Hernández P , Dorado G , Cabrera A , Laurie D A , Snape J W , Martín A
Published: July 2002

A range of single tagged site (STS), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were screened for their utility in detecting Hordeum vulgare and H. chilense chromosomes in a wheat background. PCR conditions were optimized for specific amplification of the targeted sequences and to avoid cross-species amplification. Two H. vulgare derived STSs, six H. vulgare derived SSRs, and nine H. chilense derived SCARs were usable for the detection of five H. vulgare and three H. chilense chromosomes by direct ethidium bromide staining of the PCR products in test tubes, avoiding the more costly and time-consuming DNA electrophoresis step. The practical application of the method is illustrated by the identification of a monotelosomic substitution of H. vulgare chromosome 6HS in tritordeum and a monosomic addition of H. chilense chromosome 6Hch in durum wheat.Key words: GISH, Hordeum chilense, Hordeum vulgare, marker-assisted selection, SSR, Tritordeum.
A DNA mismatch repair gene links to thePh2locus in wheat
Authors: Dong Chongmei , Whitford Ryan , Langridge Peter
Published: July 2002

DNA mismatch repair is an essential system for maintaining genetic stability in bacteria and higher eukaryotes. Based on the conserved regions of the bacterial MutS gene and its homologues in yeast and human, a wheat cDNA homologue of MSH6, designated TaMSH7, was isolated by RTPCR. The deduced amino acid sequence of TaMSH7 shows conserved domains characteristic of other MSH6 genes, with highest similarity to maize MSH7 and Arabidopsis MSH7. TaMSH7 is expressed in meristem tissue associated with a high level of mitotic and meiotic activity, with maximum expression in the reproductive organs of young flower spikes. TaMSH7 is located on the short arms of chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D and has been mapped within barley chromosome 3HS. The copy on 3DS is located within the region deleted in the wheat mutant ph2a, which shows altered recombination frequency in the interspecific hybrids. The relationship between the ph2a mutant and TaMSH7 gene function is discussed.Key words: wheat, DNA mismatch repair gene, expression, chromosomal location, Ph2.
A compilation of soybean ESTs: generation and analysis
Authors: Shoemaker Randy , Keim Paul , Vodkin Lila , Retzel Ernest , Clifton Sandra W , Waterston Robert , Smoller David , Coryell Virginia , Khanna Anupama , Erpelding John , Gai Xiaowu , Brendel Volker , Raph-Schmidt Christina , Shoop E G , Vielweber C J , Schmatz Matt , Pape Deana , Bowers Yvette , Theising Brenda , Martin John , Dante Michael , Wylie Todd , Granger Cheryl
Published: July 2002

Whole-genome sequencing is fundamental to understanding the genetic composition of an organism. Given the size and complexity of the soybean genome, an alternative approach is targeted random-gene sequencing, which provides an immediate and productive method of gene discovery. In this study, more than 120 000 soybean expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated from more than 50 cDNA libraries were evaluated. These ESTs coalesced into 16 928 contigs and 17 336 singletons. On average, each contig was composed of 6 ESTs and spanned 788 bases. The average sequence length submitted to dbEST was 414 bases. Using only those libraries generating more than 800 ESTs each and only those contigs with 10 or more ESTs each, correlated patterns of gene expression among libraries and genes were discerned. Two-dimensional qualitative representations of contig and library similarities were generated based on expression profiles. Genes with similar expression patterns and, potentially, similar functions were identified. These studies provide a rich source of publicly available gene sequences as well as valuable insight into the structure, function, and evolution of a model crop legume genome.Key words: Glycine max, genome sequencing, functional genomics.
High-throughput targeted SSR marker development in peach (Prunus persica)
Authors: Wang Ying , Georgi Laura L , Zhebentyayeva Tatyana N , Reighard Gregory L , Scorza Ralph , Abbott Albert G
Published: July 2002

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have proven to be highly polymorphic, easily reproducible, codominant markers. However, developing an SSR map is very time consuming and expensive, and most SSRs are not specifically linked to gene loci of immediate interest. The ideal situation would be to combine a high-throughput, relatively inexpensive mapping technique with rapid identification of SSR loci in mapped regions of interest. For this reason, we coupled the high-throughput technique of AFLP mapping with subsequent direct targeting of SSRs identified in AFLP-marked regions of interest. This approach relied on the availability of peach bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library resources. We present examples of using this strategy to rapidly identify SSR loci tightly linked to two important, simply inherited traits in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch): root-knot nematode resistance and control of the evergrowing trait. SSRs developed in this study were also tested for their transportability in other Prunus species and in apricots.Key words: bacterial artificial chromosome, apricot, molecular markers, Meloidogyne spp., evergrowing gene.
2001 Alcan Award LectureFrom academic research to industrial applications and back again
Authors: Stephan Douglas W
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews our recent research efforts that have taken us from fundamental studies of the reactivity of Ti and Zr complexes to the development of new olefin polymerization catalysts of significant industrial potential. In furthering our understanding of these systems we have probed the unique chemical pathways by which early metal phosphinimide catalysts undergo activation and deactivation.Key words: titanium, zirconium, dehydrocoupling, polyphosphines, olefin polymerization, catalysis, deactivation.
Allozyme analysis of host selection by bark beetles in central Mexico
Authors: Vargas Carlos F , López Alejandro , Sánchez Hermilo , Rodríguez Blanca
Published: July 2002

A study was done to determine if the bark beetles Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford and Dendroctonus valens LeConte exhibit a nonrandom selection pattern of susceptible Pinus lawsonii Rozel and Pinus montezumae Lamb. trees that can be related to genetic differences in the tree species. The study was done in an unmanaged, mature forest in which bark beetle infestations have been reported for 15 years. Samples from attacked and nonattacked trees of both pines species were characterized using allozymes. Collected leaf material was run in starch gels with a lithium hydroxide buffer and 15 markers. Attacked trees were more heterozygous, with the allele frequencies for the enzymes aspartate transaminase-1, carboxylesterase-3, L-leucine aminopeptidase-1, lactate dehydrogenase-2, and peroxidase-2 being significantly higher. Both a hierarchical analysis of genetic variability and measurement of genetic distance found differences between attacked and nonattacked trees in both species. It is suggested that the susceptibility of the trees chosen for infestation by the bark beetles is related to the genetic composition of the trees.
Microsatellite and morphological analysis ofEucalyptus globuluspopulations
Authors: Jones Rebecca C , Steane Dorothy A , Potts Bradley M , Vaillancourt René E
Published: July 2002

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is native to southeastern Australia and is the most important temperate hardwood plantation species in the world. It consists of four subspecies that are morphologically and geographically distinct but that are linked by morphologically and geographically intermediate populations. The Jeeralang provenance, an intermediate population from southeastern Victoria, is an important source of seed for plantations and genetic material for breeding programs because of its superior growth and wood density. To determine the genetic affinities of this provenance, 154 trees from three subspecies and the Jeeralang provenance were sampled. Analysis of 12 morphological characters verified that the Jeeralang provenance is intermediate between subspecies bicostata (Maiden, Blakely, & J. Simm.) Kirkpatr., globulus and pseudoglobulus (Naudin ex Maiden) Kirkpatr., with individuals having closest affinities to either ssp. globulus or ssp. bicostata. However, eight microsatellite loci showed that the Jeeralang provenance has greater affinities to Victorian ssp. globulus to which it is geographically closest. In contrast, Tasmanian and Victorian ssp. globulus are morphologically similar yet appear to be distinct at the molecular level. This study emphasizes the importance of using traits that are unlikely to be influenced by selection when determining the origin and affinities of populations.
A LINEAR-TIME ALGORITHM TO FIND FOUR INDEPENDENT SPANNING TREES IN FOUR CONNECTED PLANAR GRAPHS
Authors: MIURA KAZUYUKI , TAKAHASHI DAISHIRO , NAKANO SHIN-ICHI , NISHIZEKI TAKAO
Published: July 2002

Given a graph G, a designated vertex r and a natural number k, we wish to find k "independent" spanning trees of G rooted at r, that is, k spanning trees such that the k paths connecting r and any vertex v in the k trees are internally disjoint. In this paper we give a linear-time algorithm to find four independent spanning trees in a 4-connected planar graph.
GROUND STATE OF THE MASSLESS NELSON MODEL WITHOUT INFRARED CUTOFF IN A NON-FOCK REPRESENTATION
Authors: ARAI ASAO
Published: July 2002

We consider a model of quantum particles coupled to a massless quantum scalar field, called the massless Nelson model, in a non-Fock representation of the time-zero fields which satisfy the canonical commutation relations. We show that the model has a ground state for all values of the coupling constant even in the case where no infrared cutoff is made. The non-Fock representation used is inequivalent to the Fock one if no infrared cutoff is made.
TRANSITIVITY OF LOCALITY AND DUALITY IN QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Authors: BORCHERS H. J. , YNGVASON JAKOB
Published: July 2002

Duality conditions for Wightman fields are formulated in terms of the Tomita conjugations S associated with algebras of unbounded operators. It is shown that two fields which are relatively local to an irreducible field fulfilling a condition of this type are relatively local to each other. Moreover, a local net of von Neumann algebras associated with such a field satisfies (essential) duality. These results do not rely on Lorentz covariance but follow from the observation that two algebras of (un)bounded operators with the same Tomita conjugation have the same (un)bounded weak commutant if one algebra is contained in the other.
Anomalous Transport: A Mathematical Framework
Authors: Schulz-Baldes H. , Bellissard J.
Published: July 2002

We develop a mathematical framework allowing to study anomalous transport in homogeneous solids. The main tools characterizing the anomalous transport properties are spectral and diffusion exponents associated to the covariant Hamiltonians describing these media. The diffusion exponents characterize the spectral measures entering in Kubo's formula for the conductivity and hence lead to anomalies in Drude's formula. We give several formulas allowing to calculate these exponents and treat, as an example, Wegner's n-orbital model as well as the Anderson model in coherent potential approximation.
TIME DEPENDENT CORRELATIONS IN MARINE STRATOCUMULUS CLOUD BASE HEIGHT RECORDS
Authors: KITOVA N. , IVANOVA K. , AUSLOOS M. , ACKERMAN T. P. , MIKHALEV M. A.
Published: July 2002

The scaling ranges of time correlations in the cloud base height records of marine boundary layer stratocumulus are studied applying the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis statistical method. We have found that time dependent variations in the evolution of the α exponent reflect the diurnal dynamics of cloud base height fluctuations in the marine boundary layer. In general, a more stable structure of the boundary layer corresponds to a lower value of the α-indicator, i.e., larger anti-persistence, thus a set of fluctuations tending to induce a greater stability of the stratocumulus. In contrast, during the periods of higher instability in the marine boundary, less anti-persistent (more persistent like) behavior of the system drags it out of equilibrium, corresponding to larger α values. From an analysis of the frequency spectrum, the stratocumulus base height evolution is found to be a nonstationary process with stationary increments. The occurrence of these statistics in cloud base height fluctuations suggests the usefulness of similar studies for the radiation transfer dynamics modeling.
A SCILAB PROGRAM FOR COMPUTING ROTATING MAGNETIC COMPACT OBJECTS
Authors: PAPASOTIRIOU P. J. , GEROYANNIS V. S.
Published: July 2002

We implement the so-called "complex-plane iterative technique" (CIT) to the computation of classical differentially rotating magnetic white dwarf and neutron star models. The program has been written in SCILAB (© INRIA-ENPC), a matrix-oriented high-level programming language, which can be downloaded free of charge from the site . Due to the advanced capabilities of this language, the code is short and understandable. Highlights of the program are: (a) time-saving character, (b) easy use due to the built-in graphics user interface, (c) easy interfacing with Fortran via online dynamic link. We interpret our numerical results in various ways by extensively using the graphics environment of SCILAB.
A GAUGE INVARIANT REGULATOR FOR THE ERG
Authors: ARNONE S. , KUBYSHIN YU. A. , MORRIS T. R. , TIGHE J. F.
Published: July 2002

A gauge invariant regularisation for dealing with pure Yang-Mills theories within the exact renormalization group approach is proposed. It is based on the regularisation via covariant higher derivatives and includes auxiliary Pauli-Villars fields which amounts to a spontaneously broken SU(N|N) super-gauge theory. We demonstrate perturbatively that the extended theory is ultra-violet finite in four dimensions and argue that it has a sensible limit when the regularization cutoff is removed.
Quantized Color Flux Model for Quark Confinement
Authors: Case Carl T.
Published: July 2002

The principle of flux quantization of gauge fields is used to define a new Quantum Chromodynamic (QCD) theory. Calculated mass spectra results are presented for 26 different baryons. Variations are within 2% of the measured values.
NONCOMMUTATIVE N = 2 p - p′ SYSTEM
Authors: MISRA AALOK
Published: July 2002

We analyze several open and mixed sector tree-level amplitudes in N = 2 p - p′ systems with a constant magnetic B turned on. The three-point function vanishes on-shell. The four-point function, in the Seiberg–Witten (SW) low energy limit,2 is local, indicating the possible topological nature of the theory (in the SW low energy limit) and the possible relation between noncommutativeN = 2 p - p′system in two complex dimensions and in the SW limit, and (non)commutativeN = 2 p′ - p′system in two real dimensions. We discuss three extreme noncommutativity limits (after having taken the Seiberg–Witten low energy limit) of the mixed three-point function, and get two kinds of commutative nonassociative generalized star products. We make some speculative remarks related to reproducing the above four-point tree level amplitude in the open sector, from a field theory.
ORIGIN OF HYSTERESIS AND PLATEAU-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF THE I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF RESONANT TUNNELING DIODES
Authors: ZHAO PEIJI , CUI H. L. , WOOLARD D. L. , JENSEN K. L. , BUOT F. A.
Published: July 2002

In terms of numerical calculation of the coupled Wigner function–Poisson equations, the explanation to the origin of hysteresis and plateau-like behavior of the I-V characteristics of double barrier resonant tunneling devices is put forth. Several basic physical factors play key roles in the process of electron tunneling. Among these the most important factors are the interference of the injected and the reflected electron waves which leads to the formation of an emitter quantum well, the coupling between the energy level in the main quantum well and that in the emitter quantum well, and the coupling between the energy level in the main quantum well and the conduction b and edge or the three-dimensional states in the emitter. The interplay of these factors determines the form of the I-V curve of the resonant tunneling structure. The coupling between the energy levels in the emitter quantum-well and the main quantum-well leads to the plateau behavior of the I-V curves. The strength of the coupling determines the average slope of the plateau-like region in the I-V curve. The bias domain that the coupling exists determines the length of the plateau-like structure in the I-V curve. The domain can be controlled by adjusting the width of the barriers. The hysteresis is shown to be a manifestation of the above-mentioned energy level coupling, the coupling between the energy level in the main quantum well and the conduction b and edge or the three-dimensional states in the emitter, and the quantitative accumulation and distribution of electrons in the emitter region. This work provides new insight for underst and ing the nonlinear I-V behavior and establishes a foundation for the future analysis of bistability and oscillation behavior in resonant tunneling structures.
d-WAVE BIPOLARONIC STRIPES IN CUPRATES
Authors: ALEXANDROV A. S.
Published: July 2002

Two distinct energy scales, the d-wave superconducting order parameter, and the charge segregation in the form of stripes in cuprates are unified in the framework of the bipolaron theory as a result of the formation of mobile bipolarons in the normal state and their Bose-Einstein condensation. Within the theory both the d-wave superconducting order parameter and striped charge distribution result from the bipolaron (center-of-mass) energy band dispersion rather than from any particular interaction.
Polarised EXAFS Study Of In-Plane Distortion In A Pr-Doped BSCCO (2212) Single Crystal
Authors: Dalela S. , Dalela B. , Chaturvedi D. , Singhal R. K. , Jain D. C. , Garg K. B. , Lee J. F. , Choy J. H.
Published: July 2002

Polarised EXAFS measurements on the Cu K edge in a Pr-doped BSCCO (2212) insulating single crystal have been made at room temperature at the SRRC, Taiwan. Measurements have been confined to only the E//a, E//a∧45 and E//b directions within the Cu- O 2 plane as most of the action is here. While the spectra in the E//a and E//b look very similar, the E//a∧45 spectrum does look a little different. EXAFS analysis shows that Cu-O (planar) distances as well as the Debye Waller factor values in different directions turn out to be slightly different indicating a possibility of presence of some in-plane distortion. This appears to be very much in agreement with our XANES results on this system and our EXAFS results on Pr-doped YBCO (123) system reported earlier, which also indicate the presence of some distortion. Presence of Pr is speculated to be the cause for producing this distortion. This would be discussed in some detail taking into account the possibility that Pr, besides quenching holes, may also be displacing the in-plane oxygens.
BRUECKNER THEORY OF NUCLEAR MATTER WITH NONNUCLEONIC DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND RELATIVITY
Authors: MACHLEIDT R.
Published: July 2002

For the past 40 years, Brueckner theory has proven to be a most powerful tool to investigate systematically models for nuclear matter. I will give an overview of the work done on nuclear matter theory, starting with the simplest model and proceeding step by step to more sophisticated models by extending the degrees of freedom and including relativity. The final results of a comprehensive hadronic theory of nuclear matter are compared to the predictions by currently fashionable two-nucleon force models. It turns out that a two-nucleon force can, indeed, reproduce those results if the potential is nonlocal, since nonlocality is an inherent quality of the more fundamental field-theoretic approach. This nonlocality is crucial for creating sufficient nuclear binding.
PLANAR JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS FABRICATED BY FOCUSED-ION BEAM
Authors: Seo Hye-Won , Chen Quark Y. , Wang Chong , Chu Wei-Kan , Chuang T. M. , Lee Shang-Fan , Liou Yung
Published: July 2002

We have fabricated nano-scaled planar superconductor-insulator-superconductor Josephson junctions using focused ion beam (FIB) with beam spot size ~5 nm . To study the effectiveness of this fabrication technique and for the purpose of comparisons, a variety of samples have been made based on high temperature superconducting (HTS) YBa2Cu3O7-δ electrodes. The insulators are either vacuum or silicon dioxide. The samples showed current-voltage (IV) characteristics typical of a resistively shunted junction (RSJ). We will discuss various aspects of the processing methods and the physical significance of the junction characteristics.
STUDY OF COPPER DIFFUSION INTO TANTALUM AND TANTALUM DIFFUSION INTO COPPER
Authors: LOH S. W. , ZHANG D. H. , LI C. Y. , LIU R. , WEE A. T. S.
Published: July 2002

We have carried out direct diffusion measurements of Cu into Ta and Ta into Cu. Thin films of 50nm thickness of Cu were grown onto a thick Ta layer of 1 μm by Ionized Metal Plasma. Samples were annealed in a rapid thermal system from temperatures ranging from 400°C to 800°C for periods of 60s and 180s. The diffusion profile was performed using Secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The Cu diffusion coefficients in Ta can be described by 3.0246 × 10-15 exp(-0.1747eV/kT) at 60s and 2.7532 × 10-15 exp(-0.1737eV/kT) at 180s. The Ta diffusion coefficients in Cu can be described by 2.7532 × 10-15 exp(-0.1773eV/kT) at 60s and 2.1271 × 10-15 exp(-0.1753eV/kT) at 180s. To assure reliability, the extent of both diffusions should be considered in device design and processing.
VARIATIONAL TOTAL ENERGIES FROM Φ- AND Ψ- DERIVABLE THEORIES
Authors: ALMBLADH C.-O. , BARTH U. VON , LEEUWEN R. VAN
Published: July 2002

Starting from many-body perturbation theory we have constructed a new variational expression for the total energy of many-electron systems. This expression is a functional of two independent variables, the one-electron Green function and the screened Coulomb interaction. The new functional as well as a much older variational expression by Luttinger and Ward (LW) are tested on the interacting electron gas. Both functionals yield extraordinary accurate total energies although the new functional requires a much cruder input and is therefore easier to apply to more realistic systems.
An Intrinsic Dissipative Process in Planar Superconductors at Zero Applied Field
Authors: Paracchini C. , Romano' L.
Published: July 2002

The non-ohmic response of several II type planar superconductors in absence of magnetic field is examined as a function of temperature and current. The scaling of the R(T) data at constant current is obtained by plotting the resistance R vs. Q = [T-To(I)]/[Tm-To(I)] , where To(I) and Tm are the temperature limits of the non-ohmic response in the R(T) dependence. Such scaling is obtained in all the considered samples and it seems to be independent on the boundary effects in granular specimens and on the interlayer coupling in multi-planar systems. Because of the variety of the examined samples this behaviour appears to be an intrisic characteristic of planar superconductors. The R(Q) trend is well approximated by R=Ro exp [Formula: see text] and an interpretation based on the current assisted depairing of thermally excited vortex-antivortex pairs is proposed.
Electrorheological Particles Composed of Polymer Core with Controlled Diameter and Electro-Conductive/Nonconductive Double Layers Shell
Authors: Saito Toshiharu , Anzai Hidenobu , Kuroda Shin-ichi , Osawa Zenjiro
Published: July 2002

Novel electrorheological particles (ERP) consisting of polymer core and electroconductive/nonconductive double layers shell were synthesized. The core was prepared by dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate to control the particle diameter and its distribution. The inner conductive and the outer nonconductive layers were composed of silver and silica, respectively.

The ERP was found to form an anhydrous ERF system. ERP with thinner nonconductive layer showed stronger ER effect and higher electric current. ER effect was also increased in inversely proportion to the average diameter of ERP. The number of and the Coulomb interaction between the particles were considered to determine ER effect.