bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MESOSCOPIC SCALE OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE ALLOYING, SURFACE PHASE TRANSITIONS, DOMAIN COARSENING, AND 3D ISLAND GROWTH: Pb on Cu(100)
Authors: KELLOGG G. L. , PLASS R. A.
Published: August 2002

Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) is used to investigate the dynamics of Pb overlayer growth on Cu(100). By following changes in surface morphology during Pb deposition, we measure the amount of Cu transported to the surface as the Pb first alloys into the surface during formation of the c(4×4) phase and subsequently dealloys during conversion to the c(2×2) phase. We find that the added coverage of Cu during alloying is consistent with the proposed model for the c(4×4) alloy phase, but the added coverage during dealloying is not consistent with the accepted model for the c(2×2) phase. To account for the discrepancy, we propose that Cu atoms are incorporated in the c(2×2) structure. Island growth and step advancement during the transition from the c(2×2) to [Formula: see text] structure agrees with this model. We also use LEEM to identify the order and temperature of the two-dimensional melting phase transitions for the three Pb/Cu(100) surface structures. Phase transitions for the [Formula: see text] and c(4×4) structures are first-order, but the c(2×2) transition is second-order. We determine that rotational domains of the [Formula: see text] structure coarsen from nanometer- to micron-sized dimensions with relatively mild heating (~ 120°C), whereas coarsening of c(4×4) domain requires considerably higher temperatures (~ 400°C). In studies of three-dimensional island formation, we find that the islands grow asymmetrically with an orientational dependence that is directly correlated with the domain structure of the underlying [Formula: see text] phase.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULARLY-POLARIZED-LIGHT PHOTOELECTRON DIFFRACTION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES ON SURFACES
Authors: ENOMOTO K. , MIYATAKE Y. , FUKUMOTO K. , KOBAYASHI A. , HATTORI K. , DAIMON H. , KOTSUGI M. , SUGA S. , NAKATANI T. , MATSUSHITA T.
Published: August 2002

Circular dichroism has been measured in the photoelectron diffraction of bulk W 4f photoelectrons from the W(110)(1×1) clean surface. The forward focusing peaks along the symmetric axis in the diffraction pattern showed an azimuthal rotation similar to those reported in a prior experiment on Si(001) and chemically shifted W 4f photoelectrons from the W(110)(1×1)-O surface. The emission angle dependence of the rotation angles has been measured and analyzed for the first time and the angles observed are in good agreement with those calculated using the formula Δ ϕ=m/kR sin 2θ derived previously by Daimon et al. [Jpn. J. Phys.32, L1480 (1993)] considering the angular dependence of m. This property gives a basis for the analysis of structure or various magnetic and electronic properties on surfaces.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF fcc Fe THIN FILMS
Authors: KAKIZAKI A. , KAMAKURRA N. , SAWADA M. , HAYASHI K. , SAITOH T.
Published: August 2002

The magnetic properties of fcc Fe thin films with a thickness of 1–11 monolayers (ML) grown at room temperature on fcc Co, which was prepared more than 15 ML on Cu(001), have been studied by spin-resolved core level and valence band photoelectron spectroscopy. The observed exchange split valence band structures show that Fe films below 11 ML are in a high spin ferromagnetic phase. Based on the line shape analysis of 3s core level spectra with a cluster model calculation and considering the probing depth of photoelectron spectroscopy, we demonstrate that in the 5–11 ML region, only the topmost few layers of Fe film reveal ferromagnetism as observed in the Fe/Cu(001) system.
MICROSCOPIC UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROL OF SURFACES AND INTERFACES OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS FOR MESOSCOPIC DEVICES
Authors: HASEGAWA HIDEKI
Published: August 2002

Microscopic properties of free surfaces and metal–semiconductor interfaces related to successful realization of mesoscopic devices are discussed for III–V compound semiconductors, with a particular emphasis on Fermi level pinning. Surface states causing pinning are present even on freshly MBE-grown clean (001) and (110) surfaces with well-defined surface structures. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurement gives anomalous spectra with large conductance gaps, and this can be explained by tip-induced local charging of surface states. Pinning on free surfaces can be considerably suppressed by a surface passivation using an ultrathin MBE-grown silicon interface control layer (Si ICL). In mesoscopic scale metal–semiconductor contacts, Fermi level pinning underneath the metal contact itself is remarkably reduced with the use of the optimum in situ electrochemical metal deposition. However, Fermi level pinning on the surrounding free surfaces has large effects on current transport and capacitance properties in such contacts.
A HETEROEPITAXIAL MULTI-ATOMIC-LAYER SYSTEM OF GRAPHENE AND h-BN
Authors: OSHIMA C. , TANAKA N. , ITOH A. , ROKUTA E. , YAMASHITA K. , SAKURAI T.
Published: August 2002

Multi-atomic-layer systems stacked with monolayer graphene/monolayer h-BN/Ni(111) have been grown in an epitaxial manner. The graphene overlayer formation changes drastically the interfacial interaction between the h-BN layer and Ni(111). As a result, a peculiar property of the monolayer h-BN on Ni(111) changes to a bulklike one. The π–d orbital hybridization at the interface disappears. Accordingly, a metallic character of monolayer h-BN disappears, the soft TO⊥ phonon returns to the bulk one, and the reduced lattice constant of h-BN on Ni(111) also returns to the bulk one. In contrast, the h-BN overlayer formation does not change the interface between the monolayer graphene and Ni(111). From those data, the strength order of interfacial bonds changes as follows: graphene/Ni(111) > graphene/h-BN > h-BN/Ni(111).
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING FOR FRACTURE OF THE HOOK OF THE HAMATE
Authors: Kato H. , Nakamura R. , Horii E. , Nakao E. , Yajima H.
Published: August 2002

We experienced 16 patients with a fracture of the hook of the hamate. The routine posteroanterior view raised the suspicion of fracture in four of 13 patients (31%), the carpal tunnel view showed the actual fractures in six of 14 patients (43%), and the supine oblique radiographic view of the wrist showed fractures in eight of ten patients (80%). Computed tomography corroborated the fracture in all eight patients (100%). Computerized tomography proved most useful for accurate diagnosis of fracture of the hook of the hamate.
APPROXIMATING NASH EQUILIBRIA IN NONZERO-SUM GAMES
Authors: ALTMAN EITAN , POURTALLIER ODILE , HAURIE ALAIN , MORESINO FRANCESCO
Published: August 2002

This paper deals with the approximation of Nash equilibria in m-player games. We present conditions under which an approximating sequence of games admits near-equilibria that approximate near-equilibria in the limit game. We apply the results to two classes of games: (i) a duopoly game approximated by a sequence of matrix games, and (ii) a stochastic game played under the S-adapted information structure approximated by games played over a sampled event tree. Numerical illustrations show the usefulness of this approximation theory.
ON THE COMPENSATION OF IMPERFECT INFORMATION IN DYNAMIC GAMES
Authors: SHINAR JOSEF , SHIMA TAL , GLIZER VALERY Y.
Published: August 2002

A linear pursuit-evasion game with first-order acceleration dynamics and bounded controls is considered. In this game, the pursuer has to estimate the state variables of the game, including the lateral acceleration of the evader, based on the noise-corrupted measurements of the relative position vector. The estimation process inherently involves some delay, rendering the information structure of the pursuer imperfect. If the pursuer implements the optimal strategy of the perfect information game, an evader with perfect information can take advantage of the estimation delay. However, the performance degradation is minimised if the pursuer compensates for its own estimation delay by implementing the optimal strategy derived from the solution of the imperfect (delayed) information game. In this paper the analytical solution of the delayed information game, allowing to predict the value of the game, is presented. The theoretical results are tested in a noise-corrupted scenario by Monte Carlo simulations, using a Kalman filter type estimator. The simulation results confirm the substantial improvement achieved by the new pursuer strategy.
Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil
Authors: Jetter Alexander , Kinzig‐Schippers Martina , Walchner‐Bonjean Monika , Hering Ursula , Bulitta Jürgen , Schreiner Philipp , Sörgel Fritz , Fuhr Uwe
Published: August 2002

Background And Objectives

Because of extensive first‐pass metabolism, oral bioavailability of sildenafil reaches only 40%. Formation of the primary metabolite, N‐desmethylsildenafil, is mainly mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. In this study we investigated the influence of grapefruit juice, containing inhibitors of intestinal CYP3A4, on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil and N‐desmethylsildenafil.

Methods

In a randomized crossover study, 24 healthy white male volunteers received single 50‐mg doses of sildenafil. Two doses each of 250 ml grapefruit juice or water, respectively, were administered 1 hour before and together with the drug. Plasma concentrations of sildenafil and N‐desmethylsildenafil were determined up to 24 hours post dose by use of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (limit of quantification, 1 ng/ml).

Results

Grapefruit juice changed the area under the sildenafil plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity [AUC(0‐∞)] from 620 [1.53] ng/ml • h to 761 [1.58] ng/ml • h (geometric mean with geometric standard deviation), corresponding to a 23% increase (90% confidence interval, 13%‐33%). N‐Desmethylsildenafil AUC(0‐∞) increased by 24% (90% confidence interval, 17%‐32%). Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of sildenafil and N‐desmethylsildenafil were essentially unchanged. There was a trend toward a prolonged time to reach Cmax during the grapefruit juice period (from a median of 0.75 hour to a median of 1.13 hours), corresponding to an increase by 0.25 hour (90% confidence interval, 0–0.63 hour). Interindividual variability was pronounced in both periods.

Conclusions

Grapefruit juice increases sildenafil bioavailability and tends to delay sildenafil absorption. Sildenafil pharmacokinetics may become less predictable with grapefruit juice. Although patients usually will not be endangered by concomitant use of grapefruit juice, it seems advisable to avoid this combination.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 21–29; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121236
Nonhomogeneous Resolution of Images of Natural Scenes
Authors: séré Boubakar , Marendaz Christian , Hérault Jeanny
Published: August 2002

The aim of this research is to model and simulate the loss of visual resolution as a function of retinal eccentricity in the perception of natural scenes. The model of visual resolution is based on a space-variant low-pass filter, having a variable convolution kernel according to retinal eccentricity. The parameters of the model are computed from psychophysical measures of visual acuity as a function of retinal eccentricity. The implementation of the model allowed us to generate images of scenes with nonhomogeneous space-variant resolution, simulating the filtering executed by the eye. These scenes are used to test and optimise the model by means of experiments in static vision (through tachistoscopic presentations) and in dynamic vision where the resolution of the scene is computed, in real-time, as a function of the location of gaze.
Testing the Aesthetic Significance of the Golden-Section Rectangle
Authors: Russell Phil A
Published: August 2002

The aesthetic significance of the golden-section rectangle was tested in two studies designed to obviate some of the criticisms of earlier experiments. In the first, employing the method of use, the mean sides-ratios of samples of paintings from five subject-matter categories (landscape, still life, head-and-shoulders portrait, upper-body portrait, full-length portrait) provided no evidence for the significance of the golden section. However, the sides ratio of portraits varied between categories in ways that were consistent with the requirements of the proportions of the subject matter. In the second study, using the method of production, participants produced the most pleasing four-sided shape, under four instruction conditions. Under a ‘portrait painting’ condition and a ‘landscape painting’ condition, the mean sides-ratios differed significantly from the golden section. Under two ‘context free’ geometric shape conditions—horizontal rectangle and vertical rectangle—the mean sides-ratio approximated the golden section. The results are discussed in terms of the methodological requirements for a valid test of the aesthetic significance of the golden section and the possibility that this ratio may indeed have special significance.
Methylation of arsenic in vitro by cell extracts from bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis): effect of acute exposure of plants to arsenate
Authors: Wu JieHua , Zhang Ren , Lilley Ross McC.
Published: August 2002

Compared with microorganisms and mammalian tissues, information is scant on
the enzymes responsible for arsenic metabolism in plants. This study
investigated the arsenic methylation activities extractable from leaves and
roots of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. plants grown in complete
nutrient media and exposed to arsenate (135–538 M) for 3 d before
harvesting. Methylation activity was determined in leaf and root extracts
using an in vitro assay based
onS-[3H-methyl]adenosyl-L-methionine
(3H-SAM) with either arsenite or arsenate as substrate.
Arsenite methylation activity was low in leaf extracts from plants not exposed
to arsenate, but was greatly enhanced after acute exposure, with the induced
methylation activity greatest in extracts from plants exposed to 269 M
arsenate. Monomethylarsonate (MMA) was the predominant early product, but over
longer assay times dimethylarsinate (DMA) accumulated at the rate of 660 amol
mg protein–1 min–1 to
levels exceeding MMA. With arsenate as substrate, methylation activity was
much lower than with arsenite, implying that arsenite is the preferred
substrate for methylation. Root extract assays exhibited no DMA, however small
amounts of MMA were formed with arsenite as substrate. In contrast to leaves,
the methylation activity did not increase in root extracts from plants exposed
to arsenate. These findings suggest that arsenate in the plant growth medium
was taken up by the roots and converted to arsenite before methylation
proceeded in the leaves, accompanied by induction of arsenic methyltransferase
activities.
Vibration Control with State-Switched Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Clark William W.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a semi-active control law is used to switch the electrical shunt circuit of a piezoelectric actuator for energy dissipation in a simple mechanical system. Switching is carried out between open-circuit (high stiffness) and short- or resistive-circuit (low stiffness) states. The actuator is held in its high stiffness state when the system is moving such that energy can be stored in the actuator. When the system’s motion would cause it to receive energy back from the actuator, the actuator is switched to a low stiffness state, dissipating the energy. In this paper, the concept is developed starting with the governing piezoelectric equations. Numerical simulation results are presented which show that the technique provides energy dissipation that is comparable to other piezoelectric shunt mechanisms, using optimal shunt resistance in each case. Finally, a brief analysis is presented in which the piezoelectric element is used in a flexible beam element to illustrate the effects of a parallel structural stiffness on such a switching method.
Torsional Actuator and Stepper Motor Based on Piezoelectric d15 Shear Response
Authors: Glazounov A. E. , Zhang Q. M. , Kim C.
Published: August 2002

Two novel devices, torsional actuator and torsional stepper motor, are described and their performance is investigated in detail. Both devices were designed to produce large angular displacement and large torque output from the piezoelectric d15 shear response. In the torsional actuator, the large displacement can be achieved due to built-in amplification of piezoelectric strain using the aspect ratio of a piezoelectric tube. It is shown that the displacement can be controlled by changing the length of the tube, and that the blocking torque developed is independent of the length. It is also shown that the performance of the actuator does not change under external torque load, and that the prestress in radial direction improves the mechanical strength of the actuator without affecting the produced displacement. In the stepper motor, the unlimited angular displacement of the rotor is produced by accumulating the piezoelectric strain by using a direct coupling mechanism between the stator and the rotor, where a clutch drives the rotor by locking it. The direct coupling makes it possible to transmit the whole power generated in the piezoelectric tube to the rotor, and thus achieve the high efficiency of the motor. Also, the locking mechanism allows smooth motion either in a continuous or stepwise fashion within a 360° interval with a precise control over angular positioning. In addition, the advantage of both devices is their simplicity and a possibility to produce them in the compact package.
Hygrothermal Effects on Painted and Unpainted Glass/Epoxy Composites—Part A: Moisture Absorption Characteristics
Authors: Pavan Raja M.V. , Saravanan V. , Dinesh A. R. , Rao Y. J. , Srihari Shylaja , Revathi A.
Published: August 2002

Moisture diffusion behaviour of glass/epoxy composites coated with a polyurethane base paint and those without the paint were studied on immersion in water at 323 K. Neat resin castings of the epoxy resin system were also studied for comparison. The composite specimens with paint showed lower moisture absorption values than those of the unpainted specimens subjected to the same immersion conditions. The diffusion parameters obtained from the experiment conducted up to saturation limits agreed well with the data computed using moisture absorption programme (M8 gain) proposed by G. S. Springer. The mixture rule for moisture absorption was also verified for the weight fraction studied. Further, Fickian correlation was found to exist in all the cases.
A Fire Safety Ranking System for Karaoke Establishments in Hong Kong
Authors: Chow W. K. , Lui Gigi C. H.
Published: August 2002

A 20-point fire safety ranking system is proposed for assessing the fire safety provisions for existing karaoke establishments in Hong Kong. The deviations of the existing karaoke establishments from the new codes are investigated. Attributes are grouped into four areas as the key parameters for local fire safety requirements, passive building design, active fire protection systems and fire safety management. From the results of two surveys carried out in May 1998 and December 1999, fire safety levels of 45 karaokes are rated. It is observed that the scores are relatively low, and fire safety provisions must be enhanced. A long-term plan is to carry out in-depth studies on karaoke fires. An immediate action is to improve the fire safety management which should play an important role in keeping a karaoke safe.
Measurement of the Moisture Storage Capacity Using Sorption Balance and Pressure Extractors
Authors: Janz MÅrten , Johannesson BjÖrn F.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents measurements of the moisture storage capacity for several different porous building materials. The storage capacity is measured by a sorption balance in the hygroscopic range and with pressure plate and pressure membrane extractors in the superhygroscopic range. The results are presented both as retention curves and sorption isotherms and indicate, among other things, that some materials have a large hysteresis between absorption and desorption in the superhygroscopic range. This is contrary to what sometimes has been postulated.
Assessment of Explanted PTCA Balloons
Authors: Behrend D. , Zinner G. , Sternberg K. , Schroeder M. , Schmitz K. P. , Haubold A.
Published: August 2002

The data presented here are part of a on-going study to define the surface characteristics and properties of explanted PTCA catheters in a further effort to address some of the ramifications of the re-use issue.

PTCA balloon catheter were examined after angioplasty in one hundred and sixty-eight patients ( n = 168). This series included six balloon types from three manufacturers. The fresh fixed and dehydrated balloons were examined at first with light microscopy and then in a scanning electron microscope. X-ray semiquantitative microanalysis and FT-IR-ATR analysis were also performed on the balloons. Because most blood proteins are water soluble, we examined unfixed balloons with a protein silver staining kit for detection of adhered proteins described by Heukeshoven. A further method for protein detection is the Lowry-analysis. With this method water insoluble proteins can be observed.

Our study has shown convincingly that all deployed angioplasty catheters were coated with adherent protein layers. Plaque particles were found embedded in the surfaces of most of the balloons examined. Fissuring and micro tearing of balloon surfaces was noted. FT-IR-ATR analyses of the blood contacted balloon surfaces did not show any peaks indicative of proteins on the balloon surface. The silver staining method also did not show any evidence of protein adsorption on the balloons. On the other hand, the Lowry-analysis yielded clear evidence that water insoluble proteins were adherent to the balloon surfaces. The average measured protein concentration was 17 μg/ml.
Heat Shrinkable Polymer Blends Based on Grafted Low Density Polyethylene and Polyurethane Elastomer—Part II
Authors: Mishra J. K. , Das C. K.
Published: August 2002

Heat shrinkability of a polymer, which depends on the elastic memory, can be introduced into the system in the form of an elastomeric phase. The present study deals with the measurement of heat shrinkability of a blend of grafted polyethylene and polyurethane elastomer. The grafting materials used are vinyl triacetoxy silane and maleic anhydride. The coupling agents used are ethane diol and 4,4′-diamino diphenyl sulphone. From Torque Rheometry it is found that the maximum amount of interchain crosslinking is obtained in the sample containing silane grafted LDPE. Shrinkability was measured at room temperature, 120°C, 150°C, and 180°C. Shrinkability is greater in the high temperature stretched sample than in the room temperature stretched sample. Shrinkability depends on various factors such as orientation of the stretched sample, unrecoverable viscous flow, which occurs during stretching, and degree of interchain crosslinking. Interchain crosslinking between grafted polyethylene and elastomer improves the shrinkability. Probable interactions between the rubber and plastic phase are confirmed by IR spectroscopy. Extraction of the elastomeric phase is restricted due to interchain crosslinking as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
GAUSS SUM INVARIANTS, VASSILIEV INVARIANTS AND BRAIDING SEQUENCES
Authors: Stoimenow A.
Published: August 2002

We introduce a new approach to Vassiliev invariants. This approach deals with Vassiliev invariants directly on knots and does not make use of diagrams. We give a series of applications of this approach, (re)proving some new and known facts on Vassiliev invariants.
Sinorhizobium meliloti in Australian soils: population studies of the root-nodule bacteria for species of Medicago in soils of the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia
Authors: Brockwell J.
Published: August 2002

Populations of Sinorhizobium meliloti(formerly
Rhizobium meliloti — the root-nodule bacteria
for Medicago) from soils at 32 sites on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia,
were enumerated and evaluated for nitrogen-fixing effectiveness in association
with Medicago laciniata,
M. littoralis, M. polymorpha,
M. rugosa, M. tornata and
M. truncatula. These symbiotic values were related to
physical features of the environment, viz. soil type, soil reaction, mean
annual rainfall, and the presence or absence and frequency of occurrence of
sown and naturalised annual species of Medicago
(medics).
Large populations of S. meliloti (ranging from 270 to
460000 per gram of soil) were detected in 28 of the 29 soils where medics
occurred. One or more species of medic were found in 29 of the 32 soils
examined. The other 3 soils were relatively moist and acidic in reaction with
a mean soil pH (CaCl 2 ) of 5.5. It could be inferred
that the presence of populations of S. meliloti was
dependent on the occurrence of species of Medicago.
Other features of the environment had no impact on the size of
S. melilotipopulations, except insofar as they
influenced the occurrence of medics.
All populations of S. meliloti were effective in
nitrogen fixation for M. littoralis and
M truncatula, the 2 species most commonly sown as legume
components of the cereal–pasture farming systems of the Eyre Peninsula.
Effectiveness of populations of S. meliloti for
M. polymorpha, M. rugosa and
M. tornata was significantly greater
(P<0.05) in soils where
M. polymorpha occurred than where it did not. Otherwise,
the symbiotic capacity of the root-nodule bacteria was not influenced by soil
type, soil pH, rainfall or the presence or absence of particular medics.
There are many indications that medic productivity on the Eyre Peninsula is in
decline with detrimental consequences for the nitrogen economy of the farming
systems. The almost universal occurrence in soils of the Eyre Peninsula of
large populations of S. meliloti that were effective for
M. littoralis and M. truncatula
indicated that, whatever the reasons for ‘medic decline’, the
condition is not attributable to inadequacies of the naturally occurring
populations of root-nodule bacteria.
HETEROGENEOUS DIGITAL LIBRARY QUERY PLATFORM USING A TRULY DISTRIBUTED MULTI-AGENT SEARCH
Authors: ZINCIR-HEYWOOD A. N. , HEYWOOD M. I. , CHARTWIN C. R. , TUNALI T.
Published: August 2002

A platform for performing multi-agent searches in heterogeneous digital libraries is proposed. This differs significantly from previous approaches by completely removing the concept of a centralized search engine. Specifically, the organization of information held on domain index servers is constrained to conform to a virtual tree representation based on facets and global keyword concept schema particular to the set of information providers associated with the domain of interest (e.g. preparatory intranet). Simulation studies are used to compare this platform against a digital library platform presently in use, which employs the traditional central server scheme. Improvements in terms of query service time and robustness are demonstrated.
Symptomatology and Medication Monitoring for Public Mental Health Consumers: A Cultural Perspective
Authors: Lutz Wilma J. , Warren Barbara Jones
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: With the increased focus and impetus on pharmacological interventions, psychiatric mental health nurses have become concerned about consumers’ ability to understand and monitor their symptoms and medications.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among cultural factors, stressors, moderators, medication monitoring, and psychiatric symptoms in consumers with severe mental disorders.

STUDY DESIGN: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data from a longitudinal research project conducted in Ohio. The sample was comprised of 199 consumers receiving community-based services within the public mental health system.

RESULTS: Age, gender, and race were associated with indicators of medication monitoring. The model explained 51% of the variance in depression, 35% in anxiety, and 43% in psychoticism.

CONCLUSION: Consumers’ culture is an important facet in the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms and the ability to monitor medications.
Behavioral Disturbances Associated with Dementia: Nursing Implications
Authors: Boyd Mary Ann
Published: August 2002

As “baby boomers” come of age, the number of older adults will dramatically increase. The demand for nursing care of the elderly population will be at an all-time high, especially for those with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type, one of the most devastating illnesses that threatens this group. The care of the patient with Alzheimer’s disease is particularly challenging because researchers and clinicians are only beginning to understand this very complicated disorder. This article presents an overview of the care and treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Specific nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions are discussed within the context of cognitive impairment and the behavioral/psychological (consistency) symptoms of dementia.
Beyond Soft Institutionalism: Accumulation, Regulation, and Their Geographical Fixes
Authors: MacLeod Gordon
Published: August 2002

This author offers a circumspect appraisal of the recent controversies surrounding an ‘institutional turn’ in economic geography and urban and regional studies. He contends that, although the prevailing institutionalist perspectives undoubtedly yield many welcome innovations and useful departures, they are also beset by certain conceptual difficulties. These include, first, a thin political economy most discernible in the failure to appreciate fully the crucial role of the state in shaping the urban – regional process, and a related weakness in examining the asymmetries of power which enframe the governance of space economies. Second, there is a danger of drifting towards a soft institutionalism: a tautological trap that could invite researchers and policymakers mistakenly to envisage the presence or otherwise of a regional ‘institutional thickness’ or a local ‘social capital’ as an adequate explanation of uneven economic development. It is then contended that one relatively mature but continually evolving institutionalist political – economic framework, the Regulation Approach, might help to redress these deficits and to illuminate further our understanding of urban – regional economic change. Recent contributions examining the shifting geographies of accumulation and the rescaling of regulation are viewed to be particularly germane in this regard.
Ecologies of Creativity: The Village, the Group, and the Heterarchic Organisation of the British Advertising Industry
Authors: Grabher Gernot
Published: August 2002

In the 1980s, the hegemony of the large US advertising networks has been challenged by a new breed of London-based agencies who pioneered what is known in the trade as ‘second wave’. On the one hand, second wave implied the emancipation of Soho from an ‘outpost of Madison Avenue’ to the ‘advertising village’ on the basis of momentous product and process innovations. On the other hand, a few London agencies rose to global top positions on the crest of the second wave by transforming themselves from international advertising networks into global communication groups. This paper starts from the assumption that both, the localised cluster of advertising agencies in the advertising village (the ‘Village’) and the global communications group (the ‘Group’), share basic principles of social organisation. It aims at demonstrating that the organisational logic of both the Village and the Group can be conceptualised in terms of a heterarchy. By drawing on case-study evidence from Soho on the one hand and from the world leading communications business, WPP, on the other, the five basic features of heterarchies—diversity, rivalry, tags, projects, and reflexivity—will provide the conceptual tools for the investigation into the social organisation of the Village and the Group.
Liberalization Policies and Foreign Companies in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Grant Richard
Published: August 2002

Globalization in the periphery of the world economy is a poorly understood phenomenon. Africa is stereotypically ‘excluded’ from globalization, and research has not clarified that general negative assessment for specific places in Africa. To redress this deficiency, I examine globalization empirically from the ground upwards through an analysis of foreign companies. Primary and secondary data were collected at the local level to examine the nature and extent of foreign corporate activity in Accra, Ghana. The evidence points to growing inclusion in, rather than exclusion from, the world economy, to increasing service-sector rather than extractive-sector investment, and to foreign companies producing for local and regional markets as well as for international markets. Foreign companies employ a range of strategies to embed themselves in the local market: establishing joint ventures, developing local products, joining national stock markets, and historicizing their presence in the market. This study reemphasizes the need for place-specific fieldwork to enable us to make accurate statements about globalization in particular locations.
The Geography of International Trade in Services: Australia and the APEC Region
Authors: O'Connor Kevin , Daniels Peter
Published: August 2002

This paper develops a new perspective to describe and account for the geography of trade in advanced services. The authors begin by acknowledging the national and global significance of trade in advanced services within national economic change and also global trade policy. They find current approaches to this issue, based on firm decisionmaking, are narrow, and seek out a broader perspective. The foundation for that perspective incorporates established research on the preconditions necessary for the growth of advanced services in a modern economy. The authors argue that the presence or absence of these preconditions in trading nations shapes the likelihood of service firms creating imports or exports of services. Hence the framework focuses on home-country and host-country conditions as explanatory factors of service trade. The framework is illustrated by an analysis of the trade in advanced services from Australia, especially with its northern Asia Pacific neighbours which now figure as the main destinations for Australia's goods trade. This analysis shows that Australia does have a well-developed advanced producer services sector, but only a small part of its trade involves these activities. The explanation is found in the lack of the appropriate host conditions in the markets that are important in its goods trade. That interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the United States and United Kingdom (with favourable host–market circumstances) remain much more important destinations for Australia's small advanced producer service export activity. A policy implication is that the long-term growth of Australia's service exports to its Asia-Pacific neighbours will depend upon institutional change within those markets.
Coming and Going in Slovakia: International Labour Mobility in the Central European ‘Buffer Zone’
Authors: Williams Allan M , Baláž Vladimír , Kollár Daniel
Published: August 2002

The collision between economic systems after 1989 led to significant new forms of mobility. East Central Europe became a legally and institutionally constructed ‘buffer zone’ between Western Europe and the CIS, Commonwealth of Independent States—the former USSR. The opportunities for and costs of migration in the buffer zone were shaped by the ‘double territorial shock’ of the transition: reinterationalisation and the withdrawal of massive state intervention in support of regional convergence. The authors provide a comparative study of mobility and migration into and out of the buffer zone, through case studies of Ukrainians working in Slovakia, and Slovakians working in Austria. Whereas the Ukrainians are largely confined to the secondary-labour market, the Slovakians are found in both segments of the dual labour market. This leads to different implications in respect of ‘brain drain’ and ‘brain waste’ of international skilled-labour mobility, as well as amplifying income differences. The overall effect in both cases is to contribute to the reproduction of economic inequalities in the buffer zone, and this is explored through an analysis of savings and investment and future employment intentions. The conclusions are particularly pessimistic in respect of the wage differentials required to persuade Ukrainian migrants to return to their country of origin.
The Contribution of Suppressed and Induced Traffic in Highway Appraisal, Part 1: Reference States
Authors: Williams Huw C W L , Van Vliet Dirk , Kim Kwang Sik
Published: August 2002

In this paper and its sequel we investigate the contribution of suppressed and induced traffic to emissions and user benefits derived from new roads and capacity changes under different pricing regimes. Equilibrium transport models are used to appraise selected highway and pricing policies over the period 2000–20. Here we examine the suppression of demand through increasing congestion in two reference states against which capacity changes will be appraised in the second paper. The first state is the consequence of ‘doing nothing’ over the twenty-year period; the second corresponds to the imposition of marginal cost (congestion) pricing on network links. Taking both a network model of Cardiff, and a single representative link (SRL) model, we estimate the effect of suppressed demand on the emission of: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, and carbon dioxide. We show both analytically and numerically that, by reducing effective growth and moderating speeds, the suppression of traffic can have significant implications for vehicle emissions in the peak period, the effect varying in proportion to the elapsed time from the base year. At a travel time elasticity of −0.25, congestion pricing is shown to make an important contribution to containing all emissions, reducing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide peak volumes by a quarter to a third of their unpriced level by the year 2010.
Ward-Level Deprivation and Individual Social and Economic Outcomes in the British Household Panel Study
Authors: McCulloch Andrew
Published: August 2002

This paper is an investigation of the association between the level of social deprivation in electoral wards and various aspects of individuals' lives using data from the British Household Panel Study 1991 to 1998 and the 1991 Census. The main finding is to establish that ecological associations of various indicators of individual adversity with a census-based indicator of area deprivation are largely, if not entirely, accounted for by individual and household characteristics. For some outcomes there is evidence that social and economic inequalities between more and less disadvantaged individuals are especially marked in more affluent areas, rather than in more deprived areas. This emerges in the form of significant interactions between residence in social housing and ward deprivation in models allowing such interdependence. At the same time, there is evidence of variation in the experience of adverse life events between wards not accounted for by individual and household factors and area deprivation. It is concluded that, although individual characteristics are very important for the differences in social and economic outcomes observed between people, their geographical setting also has some significance. The results have implications for policies aiming to reduce social and economic inequalities
Community Currencies: Small Change for a Green Economy
Authors: Seyfang Gill
Published: August 2002

The author critically evaluates the impact and potential of a community currency—or local money system—known as the ‘local exchange trading scheme’ (LETS), to contribute to sustainable local development (SLD). Two distinct and contrasting models for sustainable development are described: a mainstream approach, focused on local regeneration [termed here the ‘local economic development’ (LED) approach]; and a radical ‘green’ or ‘new economics’ strategy (referred to as ‘sustainable local development’ or SLD). In the elaboration of these models the functions of community currencies within each perspective are outlined, and the basis for an evaluate framework is provided. Most previous analysis of LETS has used a broadly LED perspective; this paper focuses on an evaluation for SLD, as this has not previously been comprehensively done. For SLD, community currencies should enable people to: meet local needs through informal employment; revalue and redefine ‘work’; promote localisation and self-reliance; shift consumption patterns towards sharing, recycling, reuse, and reducing resource use; and build green social networks. Findings from a case-study LETS indicate that this community currency is successful in allowing participants to make small changes in their lifestyles, consumption, and employment patterns towards SLD, but there are limitations of size, scope, funding and management to be overcome before this could be achieved more effectively with LETS. However, following the LED-relevant prescriptions for upscaling and mainstreaming would undermine the qualities which align LETS with SLD perspective, and this highlights the importance of choosing appropriate evaluative frameworks, particularly when appraising sustainable-development initiatives.
A Position-Sensitive Sequence-Alignment Method Illustrated for Space–Time Activity-Diary Data
Authors: Joh Chang-Hyeon , Arentze Theo A , Timmermans Harry J P
Published: August 2002

Sequence-alignment methods which have been recently introduced in time-use research analyse the cross-sectional as well as the sequential information embedded in space–time activity-diary data. As these methods have been developed to trace the evolutionary history of random mutations of the elements in biological sequences, they are not appropriate to measure the distances by which activities change their sequential order in activity diaries. In this paper we report on the development of a position-sensitive sequence-alignment method for activity analysis. First, the problem is specified, and the key concepts to analyse the problem are addressed. Then, the principles of the new method are introduced. The method is illustrated with data on activity patterns collected in the Netherlands. The paper concludes with a critical discussion of the basic assumptions of the method and avenues of future research are identified.
Dutch Sector-Wide Supplementary Pensions: Fund Governance, European Competition Policy, and the Geography of Finance
Authors: Clark Gordon L , Bennett Paul
Published: August 2002

There is considerable interest in the design and funding of European pension systems. While many commentators emphasise the financial burden of underfunded European social security systems, less understood are the structure and performance of European supplementary pensions. We introduce readers to the Dutch system of funded supplementary pensions, focusing upon the governance structure of those pension funds in the context of European competition policy. From the early 1950s the Dutch government has encouraged the development of employer-sponsored and industry-wide supplementary pensions covering most employed Dutch workers. As the government has slowly discounted the real value of social security, supplementary pensions have come to play an increasingly important role in maintaining high levels of income replacement upon retirement. From the perspective of Anglo-American competition policy, these pension institutions appear unusual. In many instances, firms are required to participate in sector schemes, denying them the right to make separate arrangements with competing financial institutions. Moreover, many sector schemes are mutually owned financial conglomerates selling services to captive internal markets. Referencing the decision of the European Court of Justice in Maatschappij Drijvende Bokken BV we assess the arguments for and against this model of pension provision in the light of European competition policy and the geography of finance. While we are sympathetic to the goals of social solidarity, the underlying structure of governance combines the risks of moral hazard with limited transparency and accountability.
Suburban Mixed-Use Centres and Urban Dispersion: What Difference do they Make?
Authors: Filion Pierre
Published: August 2002

In a context of growing car dependency and suburban sprawl, planners search for ways of intensifying urban development and reducing reliance on the automobile. The creation of planned mixed-use centres intended to become hubs of transit and pedestrian movement within the dispersed suburban environment represents one such intensification strategy. I investigate three suburban mixed-use centres in the Greater Toronto Area, selected for their advanced level of development, and identify the planning rationales and objectives that have led to their creation. To verify the extent to which they meet their intensification goal, I monitor the three selected centres' level of development, modal split, land-use pattern, inner synergy, and inner movements. Findings are mixed. If the suburban centres have been successful in attracting development and attaining levels of transit use, pedestrian movement and inner synergy exceeding those of the typical suburban area, they are not as distinct from the remainder of the suburb as intended and thus fall short from their planning objectives. I conclude that a strategy combining the creation of nodes (such as suburban mixed-use centres) with high-density, transit-oriented corridors within the suburban environment would be more effective in bringing intensification to this portion of the metropolitan region.
Agglomeration Economies: Ambiguities and Confusions
Authors: Parr John B
Published: August 2002

Although considerable reliance has been placed on the concept of agglomeration economies in the analysis of industrial location, it tends to be ill-defined, and the term has come to assume a variety of connotations. A system of classification for agglomeration economies is outlined, which differs in several respects from previous ones, both in terms of definition and coverage. Certain aspects of this classification are explored, and attention is then given to a number of issues surrounding the concept of agglomeration economies that do not appear to have been adequately considered. These include the extent of agglomeration economies, the possible absence of agglomeration economies at a given agglomeration, and the spatial context of agglomeration economies.
Business Networks and Suppliers' Locational Choice
Authors: Lee Yong-Sook
Published: August 2002

In this paper I examine the circumstances under which proximity is important to assemblers and suppliers in the South Korean auto industry. In order to understand suppliers' locational calculus, I analyze the power relations between the national state, assemblers as the chaebol, and suppliers and offer a multifaceted causal analysis of suppliers' spatial patterns. I show that only more dedicated suppliers producing either bulky or modular components tend to be co-located with their assembly plants for economic benefits resulting from geographical proximity. I also show that suppliers who transact with several assemblers are relatively more powerful in their markets and thus freer in their location decisions than are dedicated suppliers and prefer remaining in the Seoul metropolitan area, the major agglomeration of R&D activities, markets, and government organizations. These findings challenge the assembler-centric spatial logic of the business network approach, which has the hypothesis of co-location between assemblers and suppliers.