bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning by… Knowledge and skills acquisition through work-based learning and research
Authors: Fergusson Lee
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Issues around informal, non-formal and formal learning, intended and unintended learning and competencies and capabilities have been considered in work-based learning (WBL). However, demarcated modes of learning, or what can be called strategies or pedagogies of learning, associated with experience of work environments have yet to be examined. One mode of learning which has been highlighted in relation to work is reflective practice, and its centrality to learning at work has been established. But reflective practice as a core skill, and its relation to other approaches to learning and research in WBL, remains uncovered. The purpose of the present study therefore is to identify different modes of learning as they appear in the literature and to present a proto-theoretical “learning by …” model for WBL and research founded on learning by reflection.

Design/methodology/approach

Proto-theoretical modelling and qualitative descriptions of each mode of learning.

Findings

Work environments, and the higher degree WBL programmes which support them, should provide learning via every available mode of learning, thereby allowing students to find their own best orientation to learning and encourage it by any means.

Originality/value

The proto-theoretical model and 12 modes of learning applied to WBL are unique to this study. WBL provides participants of work with multiple opportunities and approaches to learn and similarly provides multiple modes through which learning can occur on the basis of knowledge and skills in reflective practice.
Densification behaviour of pure copper processed through cold pressing and binder jetting under different atmospheres
Authors: Romano Tobia , Migliori Emanuele , Mariani Marco , Lecis Nora , Vedani Maurizio
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Binder jetting is a promising route to produce complex copper components for electronic/thermal applications. This paper aims to lay a framework for determining the effects of sintering parameters on the final microstructure of copper parts fabricated through binder jetting.

Design/methodology/approach

The knowledge gained from well-established powder metallurgy processes was leveraged to study the densification behaviour of a fine high-purity copper powder (D50 of 3.4 µm) processed via binder jetting, by performing dilatometry and microstructural characterization. The effects of sintering parameters on densification of samples obtained with a commercial water-based binder were also explored.

Findings

Sintering started at lower temperature in cold-pressed (∼680 °C) than in binder jetted parts (∼900 °C), because the strain energy introduced by powder compression reduces the sintering activation energy. Vacuum sintering promoted pore closure, resulting in greater and more uniform densification than sintering in argon, as argon pressure stabilizes the residual porosity. About 6.9% residual porosity was obtained with air sintering in the presence of graphite, promoting solid-state diffusion by copper oxide reduction.

Originality/value

This paper reports the first systematic characterization of the thermal events occurring during solid-state sintering of high-purity copper under different atmospheres. The results can be used to optimize the sintering parameters for the manufacturing of complex copper components through binder jetting.
Educators' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to the implementation of screeners for developmental language disorder and dyslexia
Authors: Komesidou Rouzana , Feller Melissa J. , Wolter Julie A. , Ricketts Jessie , Rasner Mary G. , Putman Coille A. , Hogan Tiffany P.
Published: January 2022

Developmental language disorder (DLD) and dyslexia are common but under‐identified conditions that affect children's ability to read and comprehend text. Universal screening is a promising solution for improving under‐identification of DLD and dyslexia; however, we lack evidence for how to effectively implement and sustain screening procedures in schools. In the current study, we solicited input from educators in the United States around perceived barriers and facilitators to the implementation of researcher‐developed screeners for DLD and dyslexia. Using thematic analysis, we identified barriers and facilitators within five domains: (1) features of the screeners, (2) preparation for screening procedures, (3) administration of the screeners, (4) demands on users and (5) screening results. We discuss these findings and ways we can continue improving our efforts to maximise the contextual fit and utility of screening practices in schools.

Highlights

What is already known about this topic

DLD and dyslexia are common but under‐identified disorders.

Universal screening can improve under‐identification of DLD and dyslexia.

What this paper adds

This paper presents useful information about contextual and process factors that may facilitate or hinder implementation of universal screening for DLD and dyslexia in schools.

Implications for theory, policy or practice

This paper is an important starting point in understanding what it takes to implement universal screening for DLD and dyslexia in schools. Our findings offer several suggestions of contextual and process factors that might influence the implementation trajectory. They also highlight the importance of leveraging educators' knowledge of routine practice to improve uptake of evidence‐based programmes for children with DLD and dyslexia.
Lactobionic acid production by Pseudomonas taetrolens in a fed‐batch bioreactor using acid whey as substrate
Authors: Sarenkova Inga , Sáez‐Orviz Sara , Ciprovica Inga , Rendueles Manuel , Díaz Mario
Published: January 2022

Acid whey causes a major disposal problem for the dairy industry due to its low pH and high salt concentration. Lactobionic acid (LBA) production by whey fermentation is an inexpensive process. The goal of this work was to employ acid whey for LBA production. Acid whey was fermented in a bioreactor, adding Pseudomonas taetrolens LMG 2336 at 30°C and 6.5 pH, with 1.5‐Lpm oxygen aeration and 350‐rpm agitation. Three fermentation tests were carried out with a different amount of inoculum (10%, 30% and 10% three times within 24 h). Results indicated that repeatedly adding P. taetrolens inoculum to the acid whey substrate allows a complete lactose conversion into LBA, while the lactose oxidation process was insufficient in the sample where the inoculum was only added at the beginning of the fermentation process (only 29.7% LBA production with 10% inoculum). The physiological heterogeneity of P. taetrolens was determined by multiparametric flow cytometry, and results showed that there was a phenotypic adaptation of the microorganism due to the changes observed in its heterogeneity and physiological state. The results achieved will help to recycle acid whey for value‐added product production such as LBA production.
Icy affairs: Understanding recent advancements in the freezing and frozen storage of fish
Authors: Jia Hui , Roy Koushik , Pan Jinfeng , Mraz Jan
Published: January 2022

Freezing methods have evolved over the last 30 years. This review states the effect of various freezing methods on the quality of fish and seafood. Freezing temperatures, freezing, and frozen storage temperatures were also analyzed and reviewed. The changes in the ice crystal, protein, and lipid affect the fish quality and nutritional value during freezing and frozen storage. Freezing methods when combined with various additives or preprocessing approaches help improve the efficacy of freezing and frozen storage. Several experimental or emerging methods also have positive effects on the products' quality. According to the metadata reanalysis of quality markers, freshly frozen fish using different freezing methods may vary much in terms of ice diameter, but not others. High pressure freezing or immersion freezing‐derived fish retains the best quality through frozen storage. More data are required on freezing methods (electrical‐assisted freezing, microwave‐assisted freezing, magnetic‐assisted freezing, radiofrequency‐assisted freezing, and the commercial's application and investment should be considered in the future. This review sheds light on finding a balanced initial shear force during freezing and the use of certain additives to control freezing‐related damages. Focusing on ice diameter alone may be futile (e.g., liquid N2 freezing). Future optimization of technologies should be in a way that several processes along the farm to fork such as freezing, frozen storage, thawing, thermal processing of fish, and even refabrication of food should mutually complement each other's needs to deliver safe and high‐quality fish to the consumer's plate, even after a prolonged shelf‐life.
Aqueous ozone: Chemistry, physiochemical properties, microbial inactivation, factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness, and application in food
Authors: Premjit Yashaswini , Sruthi N. U. , Pandiselvam R. , Kothakota Anjineyulu
Published: January 2022

The need for sustainable food production and the demand for fresh and minimally processed foods have prompted remarkable research in novel food processing technologies that ensure safe and shelf‐stable food for a large population. Long‐established techniques such as heating, drying, and freezing have been associated with nutrient loss and high energy consumption. This trend has drawn attention to the practice of employing ozone in several food applications owing to its significant disinfectant and antimicrobial efficiency. The aqueous form of ozone has been found to show greater efficacy than its gaseous form, with faster decomposition rates leaving no harmful residues. The current study presents an overview of the latest scientific literature on the properties, chemistry, and generation of aqueous ozone, emphasizing the factors affecting process efficiency. The review scrupulously focuses on food decontamination, starch modification, pesticide degradation, and seed germination effects of aqueous ozone, highlighting the optimum processing parameters and salient findings of some major studies. A brief insight into the limitations and future trends has also been presented. Aqueous ozone has been acclaimed to have the potential to cause significant changes in the food matrix that could result in constructive modifications with outcomes entirely dependent on the processing conditions. Indirect and direct reactions involving hydroxyl radical and molecular oxygen atoms, respectively, form the basis of the ozone reaction in aqueous media, providing a distinctive kind of advanced oxidation process that offers certain crucial benefits. With a shorter half‐life in water as compared to air, the rapid decomposition of aqueous ozone to oxygen, leaving no harmful residues, adds to its advantages.
Whole mulberry leaves as a promising functional food: From the alteration of phenolic compounds during spray drying and in vitro digestion
Authors: Hu Qi‐rui , Lai Peng‐wei , Chen Fang , Yu Yan‐fang , Zhang Bing , Li Hongyan , Liu Rong , Fan Yawei , Deng Ze‐yuan
Published: January 2022

This study investigated the potential of processing whole mulberry leaves as nutraceutical foods rich in phenolic compounds by spray drying with different drying aids. The results indicated that the spray‐dried product 6 (24.2% whey protein isolate [WPI], 33.3% mulberry leaves solid, 38.7% maltodextrin, 3.8% soybean lecithin) with high WPI/mulberry leaves solid ratio possessed the best physical properties, the highest total phenolic compounds level and antioxidant capacity among all the products. Specifically, free chlorogenic acid and rutin were increased by two to three times, but free isoquercitrin and astragalin lost more than 50% in product 6 compared with fresh mulberry leaves. For in vitro digestion, rutin, isoquercitrin, and astragalin (the antioxidative phenolic compounds in mulberry leaves) showed higher bioaccessibility than chlorogenic acid (p < 0.05) in product 6. Meanwhile, the phenolic compounds bioaccessibility of product 6 was 10–20 times higher than that of fresh whole mulberry leaves. Considering the increased level and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds, whole mulberry leaves could be developed as potential functional foods by spray drying under the protection of WPI.

Practical Application

The spray‐dried whole mulberry leaves can be consumed as a beverage, meal replacement powder, or used as additive during food processing.
Characteristic volatiles analysis of Dongbei Suancai across different fermentation stages based on HS‐GC‐IMS with PCA
Authors: Han Yanqiu , Wang Chen , Zhang Xiaoli , Li Xiao , Gao Ya
Published: January 2022

Volatile flavor compounds determine the holistic, unique, sensory characteristic of fermented food. The characteristic volatiles across the fermentation process of Dongbei Suancai (DS) were investigated by headspace‐gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry (HS‐GC‐IMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 19 representative flavor substances were identified in the samples. The differences of volatiles in naturally and inoculated‐fermented DS from different fermentation stages were detected. Ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 3‐methyl butanoate, acetone, butanone, 2, 3‐butanedione, and dimethyl disulfide are important volatile substances in DS, which were all found to be formed in the prophase of fermentation. As fermentation proceeds, inoculated DS showed an improved flavor with ester aromatic substances becoming enriched, including propyl bytanoate and ethyl hexanoate. Furthermore, inoculated fermentation leads to a typical component, namely 3‐methylbutanol, being generated after the addition of Lactobacillus Plantarum LND 399 as a starter. The PCA was subsequently conducted based on the signal intensity of the identified volatile substances and showed that DS samples were distinguished favorably in mutually independent comparative spaces. This study revealed that the combination of HS‐GC‐IMS and PCA is an effective tool for analysis of the characteristic volatiles in DS samples.

Practical Application

This study has shown that the combination of HS‐GC‐IMS and PCA is an effective tool for analysis of the characteristic volatiles in DS samples. This will provide a useful method for the identification and classification of DS flavor.
High molecular weight DNA extraction strategies for long‐read sequencing of complex metagenomes
Authors: Trigodet Florian , Lolans Karen , Fogarty Emily , Shaiber Alon , Morrison Hilary G. , Barreiro Luis , Jabri Bana , Eren A. Murat
Published: January 2022

By offering extremely long contiguous characterization of individual DNA molecules, rapidly emerging long‐read sequencing strategies offer comprehensive insights into the organization of genetic information in genomes and metagenomes. However, successful long‐read sequencing experiments demand high concentrations of highly purified DNA of high molecular weight (HMW), which limits the utility of established DNA extraction kits designed for short‐read sequencing. The challenges associated with input DNA quality intensify further when working with complex environmental samples of low microbial biomass, which requires new protocols that are tailored to study metagenomes with long‐read sequencing. Here, we use human tongue scrapings to benchmark six HMW DNA extraction strategies that are based on commercially available kits, phenol–chloroform (PC) extraction and agarose encasement followed by agarase digestion. A typical end goal of HMW DNA extractions is to obtain the longest possible reads during sequencing, which is often achieved by PC extractions, as demonstrated in sequencing of cultured cells. Yet our analyses that consider overall read‐size distribution, assembly performance and the number of circularized elements found in sequencing results suggest that column‐based kits with enzyme supplementation, rather than PC methods, may be more appropriate for long‐read sequencing of metagenomes.
Sex‐specific aging in animals: Perspective and future directions
Authors: Bronikowski Anne M. , Meisel Richard P. , Biga Peggy R. , Walters James R. , Mank Judith E. , Larschan Erica , Wilkinson Gerald S. , Valenzuela Nicole , Conard Ashley Mae , de Magalhães João Pedro , Duan Jingyue (Ellie) , Elias Amy E. , Gamble Tony , Graze Rita M. , Gribble Kristin E. , Kreiling Jill A. , Riddle Nicole C.
Published: January 2022

Sex differences in aging occur in many animal species, and they include sex differences in lifespan, in the onset and progression of age‐associated decline, and in physiological and molecular markers of aging. Sex differences in aging vary greatly across the animal kingdom. For example, there are species with longer‐lived females, species where males live longer, and species lacking sex differences in lifespan. The underlying causes of sex differences in aging remain mostly unknown. Currently, we do not understand the molecular drivers of sex differences in aging, or whether they are related to the accepted hallmarks or pillars of aging or linked to other well‐characterized processes. In particular, understanding the role of sex‐determination mechanisms and sex differences in aging is relatively understudied. Here, we take a comparative, interdisciplinary approach to explore various hypotheses about how sex differences in aging arise. We discuss genomic, morphological, and environmental differences between the sexes and how these relate to sex differences in aging. Finally, we present some suggestions for future research in this area and provide recommendations for promising experimental designs.
Disposable kin: Shifting registers of belonging in global care economies
Authors: Amrith Megha , Coe Cati
Published: January 2022

As is well discussed in the literature, paid domestic workers become like kin through living with and caring for their employers. Exploring two disparate cases, aging Asian domestic workers in Singapore and African eldercare workers in the United States, the article focuses on two critical junctures when these kin relations are disavowed: the care worker's retirement and the death of a patient. We argue that the flexible registers of kinship that characterize care workers’ relationships with their employers revert, at the end of employment, to fixed notions of kinship based on blood and marriage. These essentialist understandings of kinship arise around inheritance and the worker's care in older age and in illness, enabling employers, states, and private care agencies to avoid post‐employment obligations to domestic workers. The fluctuation between kinship‐as‐doing and kinship‐as‐essence marginalizes domestic workers in a globalized economy as disposable kin, denying their belonging as citizens or social equals.
Global implicit function theorems and the online expectation–maximisation algorithm
Authors: Nguyen Hien Duy , Forbes Florence
Published: January 2022

The expectation–maximisation (EM) algorithm framework is an important tool for statistical computation. Due to the changing nature of data, online and mini‐batch variants of EM and EM‐like algorithms have become increasingly popular. The consistency of the estimator sequences that are produced by these EM variants often rely on an assumption regarding the continuous differentiability of a parameter update function. In many cases, the parameter update function is not in closed form and may only be defined implicitly, which makes the verification of the continuous differentiability property difficult. We demonstrate how a global implicit function theorem can be used to verify such properties in the cases of finite mixtures of distributions in the exponential family, and more generally, when the component‐specific distributions admit data augmentation schemes, within the exponential family. We then illustrate the use of such a theorem in the cases of mixtures of beta distributions, gamma distributions, fully visible Boltzmann machines and Student distributions. Via numerical simulations, we provide empirical evidence towards the consistency of the online EM algorithm parameter estimates in such cases.
Comparison of feeding diets including dried or ensiled peanut vines as forage sources on the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community in young Holstein bulls
Authors: Zhang Liyang , Shang Yuan , Li Jichao , Fu Tong , Lian Hongxia , Gao Tengyun , Shi Yinghua , Li Ming
Published: January 2022

The objectives of this study were to compare the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community of young bulls fed with diets including dried or ensiled peanut vines and to investigate whether the combination of dry peanut vine and corn silage could exhibit better feeding effects. Forty‐five young Holstein bulls were selected and fed for 60 days. The total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated as follows: (1) a dry peanut vine‐based diet (DPV), (2) a peanut vine silage‐based diet (PVS), and (3) a whole‐plant corn silage mixed with the DPV (WPCS‐DPV). The ratio of dietary concentrate to forage was 50:50. The results showed that the dried and ensiled peanut vines used in beef diet exhibited no difference in the average daily gain of bulls (p = 0.490). The pH of rumen fluid in bulls fed with the WPCS‐DPV and PVS diets was lower than that in bulls fed with the DPV diet (p < 0.001). The bulls fed with the DPV diet had increased Ace and Chao1 values of rumen bacterial community compared with bulls fed with the PVS diet (p < 0.05). This study confirmed the feasibility of ensiling as a preservation procedure for peanut vines and provides a reference for its utilization schemes.
Career aspirations and trajectories of geographies of health and health care graduates: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Barakat Caroline , Crighton Eric , Cardwell Francesca , Yousufzai Susan
Published: January 2022

Despite the diverse academic training of health geographers and their capacity to think spatially and temporally when focusing on complexities of people's health in changing environments, career‐related concerns have been raised due to the dearth of academic jobs in the sub‐discipline. Given these concerns, an understanding of the career aspirations and trajectories of health geography graduates, as well as their experiences within and outside academia, has the potential to inform the progression and evolution of the sub‐discipline. This cross‐sectional study of members of the Geography of Health and Health Care Specialty Group of the Canadian Association of Geographers (n = 56) found that acquiring academic work remains the desired career goal for many geography graduates. While a majority of participants aspired to work in academia, some participants reported insecurity in obtaining academic jobs, and precarity in this trajectory. Although belonging to the specialty group has contributed positively to the experiences of graduates in providing network opportunities and job positions, there were calls for critical engagement of the group in mentorship, networking, and increasing exposure to careers outside of academia to help inform the future direction and the inter‐relationship of academics within the sub‐discipline of health geography.
Retracted: An empirical intrusion detection system based on XGBoost and bidirectional long‐short term model for 5G and other telecommunication technologies
Authors: Karthikraja Chinnathangam , Senthilkumar Jayaprakasam , Hariharan Rajadurai , Usha Devi Gandhi , Suresh Yuvaraj , Mohanraj Vijayakumar
Published: January 2022

Recently, intrusion detection system (IDS) has become an essential remedy to protect networks from malicious activities and attacks. The attacks force the network activities under risk and cause network data as an unrecoverable one. The attacks have different features in nature and their detection rate is low. An efficient attack detection system requires a huge volume of network transactions and relevant features for training. But the existing datasets have significant and nonsignificant features together. Hence, the significant feature selection plays a major role to detect the attacks. For this reason, this paper adopts the XGBoost approach to identify the relevant (significant) features of the attacks in the dataset. After this XGBoost, this article applies the bidirectional long short term model (Bi‐LSTM) for the detection and classification of the attacks. This Bi‐LSTM model is a novel approach to the IDS and very effective to increase the detection rate. Thus, this article focuses on feature reduction and classification of the attacks. The experimental results show that the proposed XGBoost and Bi‐LSTM combination outperforms in detecting attacks.
Growth rate mediates hidden developmental plasticity of female yellow dung fly reproductive morphology in response to environmental stressors
Authors: Walters Richard J. , Berger David , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Bussière Luc F. , Rohner Patrick T. , Jochmann Ralf , Thüler Karin , Schäfer Martin A.
Published: January 2022

Understanding how environmental variation influences even cryptic traits is important to clarify the roles of selection and developmental constraints in past evolutionary divergence and to predict future adaptation under environmental change. Female yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria) typically have three sperm storage compartments (3S), but occasionally four (4S). More spermathecae are thought to be a female adaptation facilitating sperm sorting after mating, but the phenotype is very rare in nature. We manipulated the flies' developmental environment by food restriction, pesticides, and hot temperatures to investigate the nature and extent of developmental plasticity of this trait, and whether spermatheca expression correlates with measures of performance and developmental stability, as would be expected if 4S expression is a developmental aberration. The spermathecal polymorphism of yellow dung fly females is heritable, but also highly developmentally plastic, varying strongly with rearing conditions. 4S expression is tightly linked to growth rate, and weakly positively correlated with fluctuating asymmetry of wings and legs, suggesting that the production of a fourth spermatheca could be a nonadaptive developmental aberration. However, spermathecal plasticity is opposite in the closely related and ecologically similarScathophaga suilla, demonstrating that overexpression of spermathecae under developmental stress is not universal. At the same time, we found overall mortality costs as well as benefits of 4S pheno‐ and genotypes (also affecting male siblings), suggesting that a life history trade‐off may potentially moderate 4S expression. We conclude that the release of cryptic genetic variation in spermatheca number in the face of strong environmental variation may expose hidden traits (here reproductive morphology) to natural selection (here under climate warming or food augmentation). Once exposed, hidden traits can potentially undergo rapid genetic assimilation, even in cases when trait changes are first triggered by random errors that destabilize developmental processes.
College Student Loneliness and the Reopening of Campuses During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Vaterlaus J. Mitchell
Published: January 2022

This exploratory study aimed to understand students’ experience with loneliness and COVID‐19 during the reopening of campuses in Fall 2020. College students (n = 237) at a northwestern university completed online surveys that included theThree Item Loneliness Scaleand items related to COVID‐19 (diagnosis, quarantine, concern, feelings of safety, and commitment to following public health interventions) in November 2020. In total, 64% of the sample reported being lonely. Students who were lonely were also more likely to report higher concern about COVID‐19 and more commitment to following the public health interventions than students who were not lonely.
ENKD1 is a centrosomal and ciliary microtubule‐associated protein important for primary cilium content regulation
Authors: Tiryaki Fatmanur , Deretic Jovana , Firat‐Karalar Elif Nur
Published: January 2022

Centrioles and cilia are conserved, microtubule‐based structures critical for cell function and development. Their dysfunction causes cancer and developmental disorders. How microtubules are organized into ordered structures by microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) and tubulin modifications is best understood during mitosis but is largely unexplored for the centrioles and the ciliary axoneme, which are composed of stable microtubules that maintain their length at a steady‐state. In particular, we know little about the identity of the centriolar and ciliary MAPs and how they work together during the assembly and maintenance of the cilium and centriole. Here, we identified the Enkurin domain containing 1 (ENKD1) as a component of the centriole wall and the axoneme in mammalian cells and showed that it has extensive proximity interactions with these compartments and MAPs. Using in vitro and cellular assays, we found that ENKD1 is a new MAP that regulates microtubule organization and stability. Consistently, we observed an increase in tubulin polymerization and microtubule stability, as well as disrupted microtubule organization in ENKD1 overexpression. Cells depleted for ENKD1 were defective in ciliary length and content regulation and failed to respond to Hedgehog pathway activation. Together, our results advance our understanding of the functional and regulatory relationship between MAPs and the primary cilium.
Protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit β suppresses PMA/ionomycin‐induced T‐cell activation by negatively regulating PI3K/Akt signaling
Authors: Gao Rui , Li Xin , Gao Huiying , Zhao Ke , Liu Xian , Liu Jinfang , Wang Qi , Zhu Yaxin , Chen Hui , Xiang Shensi , Zhan Yiqun , Yin Ronghua , Yu Miao , Ning Hongmei , Yang Xiaoming , Li Changyan
Published: January 2022

The precise regulation of the T‐cell activation process is critical for overall immune homeostasis. Although protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is required for T‐cell development and function, the role of PPP2CB, which is the catalytic subunit β isoform of PP2A, remains unknown. In the present study, using a T cell‐specific knockout mouse of PPP2CB (PPP2CBfl/fl Lck‐Cre+), we demonstrated that PPP2CB was dispensable for T‐cell development in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs. Furthermore, PPP2CB deletion did not affect T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐induced T‐cell activation or cytokine‐induced T‐cell responses; however, it specifically enhanced phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin‐induced T‐cell activation with increased cellular proliferation, elevated CD69 and CD25 expression, and enhanced cytokine production (inteferon‐γ, interleukin‐2 and tumor necrosis factor). Mechanistic analyses suggested that the PPP2CB deletion enhanced activation of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt signaling pathway and Ca2+ flux following stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin. Moreover, the specific PI3K inhibitor rescued the augmented cell activation in PPP2CB‐deficient T cells. Using mass spectrometry‐based phospho‐peptide analysis, we identified potential substrates of PPP2CB during PMA plus ionomycin‐induced T‐cell activation. Collectively, our study provides evidence of the specific role of PPP2CB in controlling PMA plus ionomycin‐induced T‐cell activation.
Popping the balloon: Abrupt onset of a spinal CSF leak and spontaneous intracranial hypotension in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a case report
Authors: Sulioti Gary , Gray Linda , Amrhein Timothy J.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a debilitating neurologic condition that is often thought of as separate from idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The unique case presented here details a spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that developed abruptly following a CSF pressure elevating maneuver in a patient with pre‐existing intracranial hypertension, raising the possibility of a causative link between the two conditions.

Results

A 40‐year‐old woman with symptomatic IIH developed a dural tear of a thoracic spinal nerve root sleeve during an episode of Valsalva maneuver leading to a CSF leak and development of symptomatic SIH. This was successfully treated with epidural blood and fibrin glue patch and the patient is now symptom‐free.

Discussion

The implication of a possible causative link between elevated CSF pressure and subsequent development of dural rupture and SIH raises important questions regarding the pathophysiology of SIH in some cases. Furthermore, it suggests that there could be a potential prophylactic benefit of CSF pressure lowering medications in preventing the development of SIH in patients with IIH.
Using game‐like animations of geometric shapes to simulate social interactions: An evaluation of group score differences
Authors: Brown Matt I. , Speer Andrew B. , Tenbrink Andrew P. , Chabris Christopher F.
Published: January 2022

This study introduces a novel, game‐like method for measuring social intelligence: the Social Shapes Test. Unlike other existing video or game‐based tests, the Shapes Test uses animations of abstract shapes to represent social interactions. We explore demographic differences in Shapes Test scores compared to a written situational judgment test (SJT). Gender and race/ethnicity only had meaningful effects on written SJT, scores while no effects were found for Shapes Test scores. This pattern of results remained after controlling for general mental ability and English language exposure. We also found metric invariance between demographic groups for both tests. Our results demonstrate the potential for using animated shape tasks as an alternative to written SJTs when designing future game‐based assessments.
Investor relations under short‐selling pressure: Evidence from strategic signaling by company site visits
Authors: Ling Xiaoxu , Yan Siyuan , Cheng Louis T. W.
Published: January 2022

Exploiting the staggered deregulation of short sales in China as a quasi‐experiment, we investigate whether firms change investor relations (IR) strategy when they face short‐selling pressure. We document significant increases in IR efforts as measured by the frequency of company visits when firms’ stocks become shortable in the market. Our cross‐sectional tests further reveal that pilot firms’ engagements of such IR activities vary with their ex‐ante operating performance, accounting quality, short‐selling threat and ownership structure. Moreover, we find that pilot firms with higher IR efforts experience fewer subsequent short sales. We further document that corporate IR efforts are associated with more positive media coverage and facilitate subsequent external financing and capital investment. In addition to the site visits, we also find that pilot firms increase their response rates on online IR platforms. Collectively, results are consistent with our prediction that firms take proactive IR actions as strategic signaling to assist investor communication and discourage short sellers. The findings also suggest that IR activities are effective to reconstruct market perceptions and mitigate downside impacts on firms’ operations produced by short sales.
Evolution of static allometry and constraint on evolutionary allometry in a fossil stickleback
Authors: Voje Kjetil L. , Bell Michael A. , Stuart Yoel E.
Published: January 2022

Allometric scaling describes the relationship of trait size to body size within and among taxa. The slope of the population‐level regression of trait size against body size (i.e. static allometry) is typically invariant among closely related populations and species. Such invariance is commonly interpreted to reflect a combination of developmental and selective constraints that delimit a phenotypic space into which evolution could proceed most easily. Thus, understanding how allometric relationships do eventually evolve is important to understanding phenotypic diversification. In a lineage of fossil Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus doryssus), we investigated the evolvability of static allometric slopes for nine traits (five armour and four non‐armour) that evolved significant trait differences across 10 samples over 8500 years. The armour traits showed weak static allometric relationships and a mismatch between those slopes and observed evolution. This suggests that observed evolution in these traits was not constrained by relationships with body size, perhaps because prior, repeated adaptation to freshwater habitats by Threespine Stickleback had generated strong selection to break constraint. In contrast, for non‐armour traits, we found stronger allometric relationships. Those allometric slopes did evolve on short time scales. However, those changes were small and fluctuating and the slopes remained strong predictors of the evolutionary trajectory of trait means over time (i.e. evolutionary allometry), supporting the hypothesis of allometry as constraint.
Leases as Forms
Authors: Hoffman David A. , Strezhnev Anton
Published: January 2022

We offer the first large‐scale descriptive study of residential leases, based on a novel dataset of ~170,000 residential leases filed in support of over ~200,000 Philadelphia eviction proceedings from 2005 through 2019. These leases are highly likely to contain unenforceable terms, and their pro‐landlord tilt has increased sharply over time. Matching leases with individual tenant characteristics, and to 16,261 unique owner‐landlords, we show that unenforceable terms are likely to be associated with more expensive leaseholds in richer, whiter parts of the city. This result is linked to particular landlords' growing adoption of shared forms, originally created by nonprofit landlord associations, and more recently available online for a nominal fee. Generally, such shared form leases contain worse rules for tenants than the proprietary leases they replace. Over time, it has become easier and cheaper for landlords to adopt such common forms, meaning that access to justice for landlords strips tenants of rights.
Effect of Endolift laser on upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis treatment
Authors: Nilforoushzadeh Mohammad Ali , Heidari‐Kharaji Maryam , Behrangi Elham , Lotfi Elaheh , Roohaninasab Masoumeh , Nouri Maryam , Najar Nobari Niloufar
Published: January 2022

Drooping of the upper eyelid and eyebrow (ptosis) is common among people and cause the patients dissatisfaction. Various methods have been developed to treatment of the upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis. However, the current methods focus on surgery to improve the disorder. But patients are worried about the risks of the procedure, and seeking for a non‐invasive alternative method. Therefore, non‐invasive methods with consistent efficient improvement are needed, especially for middle‐aged patients. This study was conducted of 9 patients who underwent the upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis. Endolift laser method was used to treat the patients’ upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis. The biometric assessment was used to evaluate the efficiency of the technique. Also the results were evaluated by 3 board‐certified dermatologists (blind). Additionally, patients’ satisfaction was evaluated at the end of the treatment. The biometric results showed that Endolift laser can increase the thickness, density, and elasticity of the skin in the eyelid area. The patient's satisfaction results showed excellent improvement in the 90% of patients. The results by the dermatologist displayed improvement in about 90% of patient. Endolift laser has been proved efficient and consistent for upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis rejuvenation and treatment.
Prevalence and determinants of medication administration errors in clinical wards: A two‐centre prospective observational study
Authors: Jessurun Janique Gabriëlle , Hunfeld Nicole Geertruida Maria , de Roo Michelle , van Onzenoort Hein Antonius Walterus , van Rosmalen Joost , van Dijk Monique , van den Bemt Patricia Maria Lucia Adriana
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives

To identify the prevalence and determinants of medication administration errors (MAEs).

Background

Insight into determinants of MAEs is necessary to identify interventions to prevent MAEs.

Design

A prospective observational study in two Dutch hospitals, a university and teaching hospital.

Methods

Data were collected by observation. The primary outcome was the proportion of administrations with one or more MAEs. Secondary outcomes were the type, severity and determinants of MAEs. Multivariable mixed‐effects logistic regression analyses were used for determinant analysis. Reporting adheres to the STROBE guideline.

Results

MAEs occurred in 352 of 2576 medication administrations (13.7%). Of all MAEs (n = 380), the most prevalent types were omission (n = 87) and wrong medication handling (n = 75). Forty‐five MAEs (11.8%) were potentially harmful. The pharmaceutical forms oral liquid (odds ratio [OR] 3.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43–7.25), infusion (OR 1.73, CI 1.02–2.94), injection (OR 3.52, CI 2.00–6.21), ointment (OR 10.78, CI 2.10–55.26), suppository/enema (OR 6.39, CI 1.13–36.03) and miscellaneous (OR 6.17, CI 1.90–20.04) were more prone to MAEs compared to oral solid. MAEs were more likely to occur when medication was administered between 10 a.m.–2 p.m. (OR 1.91, CI 1.06–3.46) and 6 p.m.–7 a.m. (OR 1.88, CI 1.00–3.52) compared to 7 a.m.–10 a.m. and when administered by staff with higher professional education compared to staff with secondary vocational education (OR 1.68, CI 1.03–2.74). MAEs were less likely to occur in the teaching hospital (OR 0.17, CI 0.08–0.33). Day of the week, patient‐to‐nurse ratio, interruptions and other nurse characteristics (degree, experience, employment type) were not associated with MAEs.

Conclusions

This study identified a high MAE prevalence. Identified determinants suggest that focusing interventions on complex pharmaceutical forms and error‐prone administration times may contribute to MAE reduction.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings of this study can be used to develop targeted interventions to improve patient safety.
RNAi therapy with givosiran significantly reduces attack rates in acute intermittent porphyria
Authors: Sardh Eliane , Harper Pauline
Published: January 2022

Acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) is a group of inherited metabolic disorders that affect hepatic heme biosynthesis. They are associated with attacks of neurovisceral manifestations that can be life threatening and constitute what is considered an acute porphyria attack. Until recently, the sole specific treatment for acute porphyria attacks consisted of the intravenous administration of hemin. Although attacks are often sporadic, some patients develop recurrent acute attacks, with devastating effects on quality of life. Liver transplantation has historically been the sole curative treatment option. The clinical manifestations of AHP are attributed to the accumulation of the heme precursor 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). Advances in molecular engineering have provided new therapeutic possibilities for modifying the heme synthetic pathway. We reviewed the background and current status of AHP treatment using liver‐directed small interfering RNA targeting ALAS1. The therapeutic aim was to normalize the levels of ALAS1, which is highly upregulated during acute porphyria attacks. Givosiran is now an approved drug for use in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older. The results of clinical trials have shown that givosiran treatment leads to a rapid and sustained reduction of ALAS1 mRNA, decreased heme precursor levels, and a decreased rate of acute attacks compared with placebo. The clinical trials (phases I, II, and III) were all randomized and placebo controlled. Many patients enrolled in the initial clinical trials have continued treatment in open label extension and extended/compassionate‐use programs in countries where givosiran is not yet commercially available.
Chemical Composition and Flexural Strength Discrepancies Between Milled and Lithography‐Based Additively Manufactured Zirconia
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Al‐Haj Husain Nadin , Barmak Abdul B. , Pérez‐López Javier , Raigrodski Ariel J. , Özcan Mutlu
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the chemical composition, flexural strength, and Weibull characteristics of milled and lithography‐based additively manufactured (AM) zirconia.

Materials and methods

A virtual design of a bar (25×4×2 mm) was completed using a software program. The standard tessellation language file was used to manufacture all the specimens: 3Y‐TZP zirconia (Priti multidisc ZrO2 monochrome) milled (M group) and 3Y‐TZP zirconia (LithaCon 3Y 210) lithography‐based AM (CeraFab System S65 Medical) (AM group) bar specimens (n = 20). The chemical composition of the specimens was determined by using energy dispersive X‐ray (EDAX) elemental analysis in a scanning electron microscope. Flexural strength was measured in all specimens using 3‐point bend test according to ISO/CD 6872.2 with a universal testing machine (Instron Model 8501). Two‐parameter Weibull distribution values were calculated. The Shapiro‐Wilk test revealed that the data were normally distributed (p < 0.05). Flexural strength values were analyzed using independent Student's t‐test (α = 0.05).

Results

There were no major chemical composition differences observed between M and AM groups. The AM specimens (1518.9 ± 253.9 MPa) exhibited a significantly higher flexural strength mean value compared to the milled (980.5 ± 130.3 MPa) specimens (DF = 13, T‐value = –5.97, p < 0.001). The Weibull distribution presented the highest shape for M specimens (11.49) compared to those of AM specimens (6.95).

Conclusions

There was no significant difference in the chemical composition of milled and AM zirconia material tested. AM zirconia tested exhibited significantly higher flexural strength compared with the milled zirconia evaluated.
Knowing how you see me: Exploring meta‐accuracy of personality, emotions and values and their links with relationship well‐being among young adults
Authors: Tissera Hasagani , Lydon John E.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Do people (i.e., metaperceivers) know their romantic partners’ (i.e., perceivers’) impressions, displaying meta‐accuracy? Is it related to relationship well‐being? We explored two components of meta‐accuracy: (1) positive meta‐accuracy (i.e., knowing the perceiver’s positive impressions of the metaperceiver), and (2) distinctive meta‐accuracy (i.e., knowing the perceiver’s unique impressions of the metaperceiver). First, we compared baseline levels of each component across three domains (personality, emotions, values), and, second, examined and compared their links with relationship well‐being.

Method

A sample of 205 romantic couples were recruited. The Social Accuracy Model was adapted for analyses.

Results

Metaperceivers displayed both positive and distinctive meta‐accuracy across all domains, and displayed greater positive emotion meta‐accuracy and distinctive personality meta‐accuracy compared to the other domains. Positive meta‐accuracy, in general, was related to metaperceivers’ relationship well‐being and distinctive meta‐accuracy, in general, was related to relationship well‐being for metaperceivers and perceivers. Further, positive personality meta‐accuracy was associated with relationship well‐being for metaperceivers, and positive emotion meta‐accuracy was associated with relationship well‐being for metaperceivers and perceivers.

Conclusion

Overall, the present research broadens the meta‐accuracy literature by expanding it to a novel domain (values) and highlighting the relative contributions of domains that has been previously explored in isolation (personality and emotions).