bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Smoking on Mortality in 80-Year-Old Japanese from the General Population
Authors: Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Takata Yutaka , Matsumoto Takayuki , Esaki Motohiro , Ansai Toshihiro , Iida Mitsuo
Published: June 2008

Background: It is well known that cigarette smoking is the main health hazard in middle-aged people.However, data regarding smoking and health in old-aged people are limited, especially in the Japanese population. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the influence of smoking on mortality in the elderly Japanese population. Methods: A cohort of 690 individuals of 80 years of age were categorized into 3 groups: non-smokers, ex-smokers and current smokers. The adjusted mortality after 4 years was compared among the 3 groups. The possible influence of smoking status on the cause of death was also investigated. Results: The overall mortality was significantly higher in males [relative risk (RR): 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–5.2] and females (RR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–9.5) in the current-smoker group than in the non-smoker group. The risk of any-cause mortality in the ex-smoker group was not statistically different from that in the non-smoker group. In males, current smokers died of cancer more frequently than non-smokers (RR: 10.7, 95% CI: 1.3–90.8). Cardiovascular disease was a significant cause of death in female current smokers (RR: 5.2, 95% CI: 1.6–16.9). This difference in mortality was not observed between groups of non-smokers and ex-smokers of both genders. In male smokers, there was a positive relationship between the daily amount of consumed cigarettes and overall mortality. Conclusion: Smokers should be encouraged to stop smoking, since habitual smoking increases the risk of mortality even in old age.
Acute Exercise May Exacerbate Oxidative Stress Response in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Fatouros Ioannis G. , Pasadakis Ploumis , Sovatzidis Apostolos , Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Panagoutsos Stylianos , Sivridis Dimitrios , Michailidis Ioannis , Douroudos Ioannis , Taxildaris Kiriakos , Vargemezis Vasilios
Published: June 2008

Background/Aims: Hemodialyzed patients (HD) demonstrate elevated oxidative stress (OXS) levels. Exercise effects on OXS response and antioxidant status of HD was investigated in the present study. Methods: Twelve HD and 12 healthy controls (HC) performed a graded exercise protocol. Blood samples, collected prior to and following exercise, were analyzed for lactate, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. Results: HC demonstrated higher time-to-exhaustion (41%), lactate (41%) and VO2 peak (55%) levels. At rest, HD exhibited higher TBARS, PC, and catalase activity values and lower GSH, GSH/GSSG, TAC, and GPX levels. Although exercise elicited a marked change of OXS markers in both groups, these changes were more pronounced (p < 0.05) in HD patients. After adjusting for VO2 peak, differences between groups disappeared. VO2 peakwas highly correlated with GSH/GSSG, TBARS, TAC and PC at rest and after exercise. Conclusions: These results imply that HD demonstrate higher OXS levels and a lower antioxidant status than HC at rest and following exercise. Acute exercise appears to exacerbate OXS response in hemodialyzed patients probably due to diminished antioxidant defense. However, aerobic capacity level seems to be related to OXS responses in this population.
Early Identification and Intervention in Depressive Disorders: Towards a Clinical Staging Model
Authors: Hetrick S.E. , Parker A.G. , Hickie I.B. , Purcell R. , Yung A.R. , McGorry P.D.
Published: June 2008

Background: Depressive disorders are common and associated risks include the onset of secondary disorders, substance use disorders, impairment in social and occupational functioning, and an increase in suicidality. As the onset often occurs in youth, there is a clear imperative for early identification and intervention to ameliorate, if not prevent, associated distress. Methods: An extensive search of relevant databases and an ancestry search was undertaken. Results: There is a limited but growing body of literature on this topic that is discussed in relation to a clinical staging model, which may prove to be a useful framework for identifying where an individual lies along the continuum of the course of a depressive illness thus allowing interventions to be matched for that stage. The identification of a subsyndromal and prodromal stage of depressive disorders provides early intervention opportunities. Conclusions: It is argued that a clinical staging heuristic may increase the number of those treated early, which may in turn delay or prevent onset, reduce severity, or prevent progression in the course of depressive disorders.
What Can We Learn about Autism from Autistic Persons?
Authors: Chamak Brigitte , Bonniau Beatrice , Jaunay Emmanuel , Cohen David
Published: June 2008

Background: To date, few studies have focused on the viewpoints of autistic persons themselves despite an increasing number of published autobiographies. The aim of this study is to highlight their personal experiences, and to compare them to scientific and medical knowledge and representations. Method: Adopting an anthropological approach, we analyzed 16 autobiographical writings and 5 interviews with autistic persons. We systematically screened this material and explored the writers’ sociodemographic characteristics, cognitive skills and interests with a focus on their sensory-perceptual experiences and their representations of autism. Results: The authors’ ages (22–67 years), their countries (n = 8) and backgrounds were varied, and most of them were high-functioning individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome. The most striking observations were that all of them pointed out that unusual perceptions and information processing, as well as impairments in emotional regulation, were the core symptoms of autism, whereas the current classifications do not mention them. Conclusions: Our results suggest that what has been selected as major signs by psychiatric nosography is regarded as manifestations induced by perceptive peculiarities and strong emotional reactions by the autistic persons who expressed themselves. These considerations deserve to be taken into account by professionals to better understand the behavior and needs of autistic persons. We propose to include this point in the reflection on the next psychiatric classifications.
The Effect of Statin Pretreatment on Infarct Volume in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Nicholas J.S. , Swearingen C.J. , Thomas J.C. , Rumboldt Z. , Tumminello P. , Patel S.J.
Published: June 2008

Background: Treatment with statins reduces infarct volume in animal models of ischemic stroke, independently of the effect on cholesterol. This study examined this effect in humans by testing whether patients taking statins at onset of ischemic stroke had smaller infarct volumes than those not taking statins. Methods: The study design was a retrospective cohort analysis of all verified ischemic stroke patients admitted to the Medical University of South Carolina Hospital, in 2002–2006, with magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Patients were grouped according to statin status at admission and compared relative to infarct volume, calculated (blinded to statin status) from DWI. Results: A smaller than median infarct volume following ischemic stroke was associated with the interaction of statin pretreatment and positive diabetes status. This association remained significant (p = 0.01) in multivariable analysis even after controlling for factors related to demographics, comorbidities and risk factors, clinical features on admission, use of other medications and stroke features. Conclusions: Among ischemic stroke patients in this study, infarct volume below the median was significantly associated with statin pretreatment among those with diabetes.
Tear Film Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Retinopathy
Authors: Yu Ling , Chen Xiaoming , Qin Gang , Xie Hanping , Lv Peng
Published: June 2008

Purpose: To investigate whether diabetes mellitus is correlated with tear film dysfunction. Methods: Tear film function tests including tear film breakup time (BUT), fluorescein staining, Schirmer I test, rose Bengal staining, total tear protein detection, tear sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and TMS-4 corneal topography were performed. A dry-eye questionnaire was used. Results: Compared with the control group and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group, in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group, the BUT and the value of the Schirmer I test were reduced significantly (p < 0.01); corneal fluorescein staining scores, the positive rate of rose Bengal staining and the surface regularity index (SRI) and surface asymmetry index (SAI) were higher (p < 0.01); concentrations of lactoferrin and tear-specific prealbumin were lower (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively). In diabetic patients, the SRI and SAI were positively correlated with fluorescein staining scores (r = 0.754, 0.480, p < 0.01, respectively), and the dry-eye symptoms were significantly related to an abnormal BUT and Schirmer I test (p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The declined tear film function is severer in the patients with PDR than in those with NPDR. Besides the traditional methods, tear SDS-PAGE and TMS corneal topographic indices contribute to the discovery of tear film dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Anterior Optic Neuropathy Associated with Adalimumab
Authors: von Jagow Burkhard , Kohnen Thomas
Published: June 2008

Purpose: Our purpose was to report a case of anterior optic neuropathy with pupillary edema in a patient treated with the TNF-α-antagonist adalimumab. Methods: We report the case of a 60-year-old woman with optic neuropathy in 1 eye after 6 months of treatment with adalimumab. Results: The patient developed decreased visual acuity of the left eye. The ocular findings were left optic disc swelling and bleeding at the rim, superior visual field depression in both eyes and left afferent pupillary defect. Adalimumab was discontinued and the visual acuity recovered slowly. Conclusions: Like infliximab, the modern TNF-α antagonist adalimumab is associated with optic neuropathy. Ophthalmologists should thus be alert when seeing patients treated with adalimumab.
Potent in vitro Activity of the Albumin Fusion Type 1 Interferons (Albumin-Interferon-Alpha and Albumin-Interferon-Beta) against RNA Viral Agents of Bioterrorism and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Virus
Authors: Subramanian G.Mani , Moore Paul A. , Gowen Brian B. , Olsen Aaron L. , Barnard Dale L. , Paragas Jason , Hogan Robert J. , Sidwell Robert W.
Published: June 2008

Background: The type 1 interferons (INF-α and INF-β) are potent antiviral agents. Albumin-INF-α and albumin-INF-β are novel recombinant proteins consisting of IFN-α or IFN-β genetically fused to human albumin. Methods: The in vitro antiviral activity of albumin-IFN-α was evaluated against representative bioterrorism viral agents and the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. Antiviral activity was assessed using inhibition of cytopathic effect and neutral red staining. Results: EC50 values for albumin-IFN-α ranged from <0.1 ng/ml for Punta Toro virus to 65 ng/ml for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the neutral red assay. Albumin-IFN-β showed 75- and 360-fold greater in vitro activity than albumin-IFN-α against Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome, respectively. Conclusion: Further evaluation of these long-acting albumin-IFN fusion proteins as prophylactic or therapeutic agents against these viral agents of bioterrorism in relevant primate models is warranted.
Effect of Doxorubicin on Telomerase Activity and Apoptotic Gene Expression in Doxorubicin-Resistant and -Sensitive MCF-7 Cells
Authors: Eskiocak Uğur , İşeri Ozlem Darcansoy , Kars Meltem Demirel , Biçer Atilla , Gunduz Ufuk
Published: June 2008

Background: Dose- and time-dependent effects of doxorubicin on telomerase activity (TA) and expression levels of hTERT, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bax were investigated in doxorubicin-resistant and -sensitive MCF-7 cells. Methods: Doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/R was developed from sensitive MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line and acquired resistance was demonstrated by XTT and mRNA analysis of MDR1 and MRP1 genes. Expression levels were determined by RT-PCR. Newly developed rapid and simple TRAP-silver staining assay was used to assess TA levels. Results: Doxorubicin-selected MCF-7 cells were 107-fold resistant to the drug and overexpress MDR1 and MRP1 genes. 72 h doxorubicin incubation caused a decrease in TA in parallel with a small decrease in hTERT level in both sensitive and resistant cells. Bcl-2 expression level decreased upon doxorubicin application in sensitive cells. However, the Bcl-xLlevel increased in sensitive cells after 72 h of doxorubicin incubation. Conclusion: This report demonstrates the inhibitory effects of doxorubicin on TA in both resistant and sensitive MCF-7 cells possibly through modulation of the apoptotic pathway genes.
Distribution of the Non-AT1, Non-AT2 Angiotensin-Binding Site in the Rat Brain: Preliminary Characterization
Authors: Karamyan Vardan T. , Speth Robert C.
Published: June 2008

The discovery of a novel, non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site for angiotensin II (Ang II) in the brain adds a new dimension to the brain angiotensin system. The distribution of the non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site in the rat brain was determined using radioligand-binding assays and in vitro receptor autoradiography. There is a marked rostral to caudal gradient of the density of this binding site from the olfactory bulbs to the cervical spinal cord, with a consistent binding affinity, Kd ∼ 1–3 nM. Binding is widespread throughout the brain, however, areas of very intense binding are present in a large number of brain regions. The olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulb has the highest binding site density. Very high binding site density is also seen in the cerebral cortex with highest binding density in pyriform, insular and entorhinal cortex. Very high binding occurs in brain regions associated with dopaminergic reward (nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area) and motor (substantia nigra, caudate/putamen) systems. Very high to high binding also occurs in brain regions associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (nucleus basalis of Meynert, substantia innominata). Very high to high binding is also seen in brain regions associated with cardiovascular regulation (subfornical organ, median, medial and anteroventral preoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, solitary tract nucleus), areas that harbor high densities of the AT1 Ang II receptor subtype. High non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site density is present in brain regions containing high levels of the AT2 Ang II receptor subtype (amygdala, several thalamic nuclei, superior colliculus). Very high binding is also present in the choroid plexus, peri-third ventricular ependyma, and the subcommissural organ. The widespread, yet discrete distribution of high levels of this binding site suggests that it could function as a component of the blood-brain barrier, as a highly specific angiotensinase, or as a receptor for Ang II that mediates known and novel functions of this peptide, or that it serves as a clearance receptor for Ang II.
From Leningrad to London: The Saga of Kulchitsky and the Legacy of the Enterochromaffin Cell
Authors: Drozdov Ignat , Modlin Irvin M. , Kidd Mark , Goloubinov Viktor V.
Published: June 2008

By the end of the 19th century, the subject of internal secretion and the consequences of its perturbations had been explored in considerable depth but with little clear understanding. Despite the anatomic delineation of the majority of the glands and tissues that comprised the gross endocrine system, the cellular basis and the interactions between the ‘internal glands’ and the nervous system had not been clearly delineated. Prominent early investigators in the field included Rudolf Peter Heidenhain (1834–1897), who described a novel class of clear cells (1868), Paul Langerhans (1847–1888), who identified pancreatic islets in 1869, and M.C. Ciacco (1877–1956), who coined the term ‘enterochromaffin’ (1906). Their contributions facilitated the description of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) by F. Feyrter (1938) which allowed for the understanding of a syncytial regulatory system that consisted of both endocrine and neural components. This rich developmental history often reveals the name of Kulchitsky, but little recognition has been given to his seminal contributions. Indeed the Russian, Nikolai Konstantinovich Kulchitsky (1856–1925), both due to his modest and unassuming nature and the tragic events of his life, was little recognized and has been relegated to a mere eponymous attribution. In reality, his life bears legacy to rich scientific contributions spanning a great teaching and scientific career at Kharkov University, to responsibilities as the Imperial Minister of Education for all of Russia. He identified the Kulchitsky cell, trained and mentored numerous professors of histopathology, was incarcerated by the Bolsheviks and worked in a soap factory to save his life. He and his family finally fled on a British battleship with the remnants of the Russian Royal family to England where he secured a position with Bayliss and Starling at University College, London (UCL). His mysterious demise in a lift-shaft accident on his 69th birthday tragically terminated a life of great service to science and teaching. He excelled as a histopathologist and was responsible for the early description of tonsillar and gut epithelial leucocytes as well as defining components of the Ascaris life cycle. At UCL, his contributions to the anatomic delineation of muscle nerve endings were highly regarded and widely admired. It is, however, his identification of the enterochromaffin cell in 1897 for which he is most remembered since this observation formed the basis for the subsequent delineation of the DNES and provided the cellular framework on which the discipline of gut neuroendocrinology would be established.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Is Critical for Circadian Regulation of Glucocorticoids
Authors: Loh Dawn H. , Abad Catalina , Colwell Christopher S. , Waschek James A.
Published: June 2008

Background/Aims: Circadian control of behavior and physiology is a central characteristic of all living organisms. The master clock in mammals resides in the hypothalamus, where the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes daily rhythms. A variety of recent evidence indicates that the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is critical for normal functioning of the SCN. The aim of our study was to examine the possible role of VIP in driving circadian rhythms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Methods: Circulating ACTH and corticosterone concentrations were determined by round-the-clock sampling under diurnal and circadian conditions. The responsive aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis were tested by application of acute stress by footshock and light. Results: We demonstrate that the circadian rhythms in ACTH and corticosterone are lost in VIP-deficient mice. The ability of light to induce a corticosterone response was also compromised in the mutant mice, as was photic induction of Per1 in the adrenal glands. In contrast, the acute stress response was apparently unaltered by the loss of VIP. Conclusion: Thus, our data demonstrate that VIP is essential for the circadian regulation of an otherwise intact hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Training and Detraining Effects on Functional Fitness after a Multicomponent Training in Older Women
Authors: Carvalho M.J. , Marques E. , Mota J.
Published: June 2008

Background: Several studies have been carried out in order to evaluate the potential influence of increased physical activity on the health, biological ageing and functional ability of the elderly. However, only limited information is available on the effects of multicomponent training and detraining on functional performance. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8-month multicomponent training and 3-month detraining on the functional fitness of older women. Methods: Fifty-seven women were randomly assigned to an exercise (n = 32; 68.4 ± 2.93 years) or a control group (n = 25; 69.6 ± 4.20 years). The training program consisted of 2 sessions per week of aerobic, strength, balance and flexibility exercises. The functional fitness test battery was performed to assess the physical parameters associated with independent functioning in older adults. Results: No significant changes were observed in body mass index and cardiovascular endurance as a result of the exercise training. Training induced significant (p < 0.05) improvements in chair stand (27.3%), arm curl (17.4%), chair sit-and-reach (17.4%), up-and-go (11%) and back scratch (14.5%) tests. However, both upper and lower body strength and upper and lower flexibility declined significantly after detraining in the exercise group. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the negative effects of interrupting exercise on several physical parameters of functional fitness.
Overproduction of Very Low–Density Lipoproteins Is the Hallmark of the Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Adiels Martin , Olofsson Sven-Olof , Taskinen Marja-Riitta , Borén Jan
Published: June 2008

Insulin resistance is a key feature of the metabolic syndrome and often progresses to type 2 diabetes. Both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are characterized by dyslipidemia, which is an important and common risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Diabetic dyslipidemia is a cluster of potentially atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities that are metabolically interrelated. Recent evidence suggests that a fundamental defect is an overproduction of large very low–density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, which initiates a sequence of lipoprotein changes, resulting in higher levels of remnant particles, smaller LDL, and lower levels of high-density liporotein (HDL) cholesterol. These atherogenic lipid abnormalities precede the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes by several years, and it is thus important to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the overproduction of large VLDL particles. Here, we review the pathophysiology of VLDL biosynthesis and metabolism in the metabolic syndrome. We also review recent research investigating the relation between hepatic accumulation of lipids and insulin resistance, and sources of fatty acids for liver fat and VLDL biosynthesis. Finally, we briefly discuss current treatments for lipid management of dyslipidemia and potential future therapeutic targets.
Quantifying the Predictability of Winter River Flow in Iberia. Part I: Interannual Predictability
Authors: Gámiz-Fortis Sonia , Pozo-Vázquez David , Trigo Ricardo M. , Castro-Díez Yolanda
Published: June 2008

The interannual variability and predictability of the winter streamflow of the main Iberian Peninsula international rivers (Douro, Tejo, and Guadiana) are examined for the period 1923–2004. In the first part of this paper, a singular spectral analysis was carried out to isolate the main oscillatory components of the streamflow series. Results showed a similar model structure for the three rivers, including the following components: (i) a nonlinear trend that contains variability at periods of 20–30 yr, (ii) modulated amplitude oscillations with associated periods in the bands 2–3, 4–5, and 6–8 yr, and (iii) a red noise process. These models accounts for the bulk of winter river flow variance, ranging between 64% (Guadiana) and 96% (Douro). In general, the amount of variability associated with the low-frequency component is similar to that associated with the interannual variability. The analysis of the association between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the streamflow variability proved this relationship to be complex and nonstationary. In particular, it is found that only when the NAO presents high amplitude oscillations is this mode capable of dominating the streamflow variability.

In Part II, autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) models were fitted to the filtered streamflow series and an interannual forecasting experiment was conducted. Results were tested against the raw streamflow series. The percentage of variance explained by the models ranged from 25% to 62%. Additionally, the ARMA models presented useful one-year-ahead forecasting skills. Particularly during the validation period (1986–2004) the models performed between 51% and 53% better than climatology. The skill against persistence proved to be much greater, indicating that the climatology is a better benchmark than persistence for streamflow forecasting in Iberia. Finally, the developed models were, in most cases, able to accurately predict the phase of the streamflow, with a percentage of agreement that ranged from 54% to 90% throughout the validation period.
Tripleclouds: An Efficient Method for Representing Horizontal Cloud Inhomogeneity in 1D Radiation Schemes by Using Three Regions at Each Height
Authors: Shonk Jonathan K. P. , Hogan Robin J.
Published: June 2008

Radiation schemes in general circulation models currently make a number of simplifications when accounting for clouds, one of the most important being the removal of horizontal inhomogeneity. A new scheme is presented that attempts to account for the neglected inhomogeneity by using two regions of cloud in each vertical level of the model as opposed to one. One of these regions is used to represent the optically thinner cloud in the level, and the other represents the optically thicker cloud. So, along with the clear-sky region, the scheme has three regions in each model level and is referred to as “Tripleclouds.” In addition, the scheme has the capability to represent arbitrary vertical overlap between the three regions in pairs of adjacent levels. This scheme is implemented in the Edwards–Slingo radiation code and tested on 250 h of data from 12 different days. The data are derived from cloud retrievals using radar, lidar, and a microwave radiometer at Chilbolton, southern United Kingdom. When the data are grouped into periods equivalent in size to general circulation model grid boxes, the shortwave plane-parallel albedo bias is found to be 8%, while the corresponding bias is found to be less than 1% using Tripleclouds. Similar results are found for the longwave biases. Tripleclouds is then compared to a more conventional method of accounting for inhomogeneity that multiplies optical depths by a constant scaling factor, and Tripleclouds is seen to improve on this method both in terms of top-of-atmosphere radiative flux biases and internal heating rates.
Necessity of Routine Pelvic Radiograph in the Pediatric Blunt Trauma Patient
Authors: Ramirez Dana W. E. , Schuette Jennifer J. , Knight Vinita , Johnson Elizabeth , Denise Justin , Walker Allen R.
Published: June 2008

Background Pelvic radiographs are obtained frequently in pediatric blunt trauma. The authors hypothesize that there are clinical indicators that can predict pelvic fracture on a pelvic radiograph in the pediatric blunt trauma patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 or 15.

Methods A retrospective case-control study of 33 patients with pelvic fractures and 63 patients without pelvic fractures was performed.

Results 8 evaluated clinical indicators showed that pelvic contusions and abrasions ( P = .026), hip/pelvic pain ( P<.001), abdominal pain and distension ( P = .006), back pain ( P = .080), hip held in rotation at presentation ( P = .026), and femur deformity/pain ( P = .002) were independently predictive of pelvic fracture. In combination, absence of hip/pelvic pain, pelvic contusions and abrasions, abdominal pain/distension, and femur deformity/pain showed a negative predictive value of 87%.

Conclusion Clinical indicators may be useful in determining the need for pelvic radiographs in awake and alert pediatric blunt trauma patients.
Political Culture Versus Socioeconomic Approaches to Predicting Police Strength in U.S. Police Agencies
Authors: Zhao Jihong , Ren Ling , Lovrich Nicholas P.
Published: June 2008

A variety of theories have emerged that offer plausible explanations, one from the political institutional perspective and others from sociological perspective. There has been renewed interest in the effect of local political structure on police strength in the policing literature. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to assess the two main competing approaches that can explain variation in police employment across cities. The authors used a longitudinal data set collected from the same 280 cities in 1993, 1996, 2000, and 2003. A two-way fixed-effects panel model, used in the statistical analysis, indicates that the political culture approach, which focuses on local government structures, largely fails to contribute to the variation of police strength. The alternative socioeconomic approach better predicts police force levels across U.S. municipal police departments.
Teaching or Service?
Authors: Veltri Barbara Torre
Published: June 2008

Business Week and Fortune Magazine suggest that Teach for America (TFA) is a beneficial postgraduation option for corps members, who teach for a finite commitment in low—socioeconomic status urban school districts. This longitudinal qualitative study examines the complex issues that surround TFA through the voices of TFA corps members, mentors, and administrators. Insiders inform readers about the site-based realities, corporate-like model, affiliation with a high-profile national organization, and districts' hiring policies—all of which set TFA teachers apart from non-TFA teachers. Data integrate interviews and teacher researcher field notes, gathered during 8 years from more than 300 participants, who discuss their TFA teaching experiences candidly. Findings suggest that TFA corps members are learning the culture(s) of schools and the community on the job as well as other complexities of teaching. Questions persist with respect to TFA's current model, mission, and goals.
State, peasants and land reclamation
Authors: Saikia Arupjyoti
Published: June 2008

The present work examines the changing notion of wastelands and contested rights over it in Assam in the last 200 years. As the East India Company gradually became aware of this region, they expressed their serious interest in the wastelands. The initial intervention took place with the discovery of tea plants in Assam, and the Company administration began to lease out such lands to the European planters. During the 1830s and 1870s, a significant amount of such lands was transferred to the planters. It was from the 1870s that the newly established provincial forest department began to affirm its right over the forest resources of the province. Though the forest department asserted its sole right over the forested land, the planters also began to reaffirm their distinctive right over it. While these two components of the colonial state struggled for their respective share of the wastelands, the peasant society also articulated their claim over these lands. In the late twentieth century, as the forests came under the increasing control of human intervention and there was agricultural activity, the conflict between the two frontiers of agrarian and forest boundaries became prominent.
Young Adult Romantic Relationships: The Role of Parents' Marital Problems and Relationship Efficacy
Authors: Cui Ming , Fincham Frank D. , Pasley B. Kay
Published: June 2008

This study examined the link between parental divorce and marital conflict and young adult romantic relationships, and it tested whether offspring efficacy beliefs and conflict mediate this association. Young adults (N = 358) provided data at three time points each separated by 7-week intervals. Results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that (a) parents' marital conflict, rather than parental divorce, was associated with offspring conflict behavior; (b) relationship efficacy mediated this association; and (c) conflict behavior, in turn, mediated the association between efficacy beliefs and the quality of offspring romantic relationships. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the impact of parents' marital problems on romantic relationships in young adulthood. Their implications for preventive interventions and future research are also outlined.
The content of relational uncertainty within marriage
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K.
Published: June 2008

Two studies were conducted to examine relational uncertainty within marriage. Study 1 gathered open-ended data from 85 individuals to identify issues spouses are unsure about. Findings indicated 12 content areas, including uncertainty about children, communication, career issues, finances, health, commitment, extended family, sex, retirement, religious beliefs, leisure time, and household chores (RQ1). Only the commitment theme paralleled the doubts salient in dating relationships (RQ2). Study 2 surveyed 125 couples to develop self-report measures of the themes. Hierarchical linear modeling results revealed negative associations between relational uncertainty and marital quality (RQ3, RQ5). The self source (RQ4) and the communication and sex themes (RQ6) were the strongest predictors of marital quality. These findings illuminate the nuances of relational uncertainty within marriage.
Stretching Positions for the Posterior Capsule of the Glenohumeral Joint
Authors: Izumi Tomoki , Aoki Mitsuhiro , Muraki Takayuki , Hidaka Egi , Miyamoto Shigenori
Published: June 2008

Background

Various stretches have been introduced for the posterior shoulder; however, little quantitative analysis to measure stretching of the posterior capsule has been performed.

Hypothesis

The current shoulder stretching program is not sufficient to stretch the entire posterior capsule.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Using 8 fresh-frozen cadaver shoulders (average age, 82.4 years), 8 stretching positions for the posterior capsule were simulated by passive internal rotation. Stretching positions of 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of elevation in the scapular plane; 60° of flexion; 60° of abduction; 30° of extension; and 60° of flexion and horizontal adduction were adopted. Strain was measured in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the capsule. The measurement of strain was instituted from reference length.

Results

With internal rotation, mean strain on the upper capsule was 3.02% at 0° of elevation and 3.35% at 30° of extension. Strain on the middle capsule at 0° and 30° elevation was 0.78% and 4.77%, respectively; on the lower capsule, it was 5.65% and 2.24% at 30° and 60° of elevation, respectively, and 2.88% at 30° of extension. Increase in strains of the upper, middle, and lower capsule with internal rotation at 0°, 30°, and 60° of elevation were statistically significant, respectively ( P < .01). Other shoulder positions demonstrated no positive strain values.

Conclusions

Based on the results of this cadaver study, large strains on the posterior capsule of the shoulder were obtained at a stretching position of 30° of elevation in the scapular plane with internal rotation for the middle and lower capsule, while a stretching position of 30° of extension with internal rotation was effective for the upper and lower capsule.

Clinical Relevance

The current posterior capsule stretching program of the shoulder was not sufficient to stretch the entire posterior capsule.
Should Adolescents Go Back to the Basics?
Authors: Joseph Laurice M. , Schisler Rebecca
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this review was to explore the effectiveness of teaching basic reading skills to adolescents. Studies that were published in the past 20 years from 1986 to 2006 were selected and reviewed on the basis of specific criteria for inclusion. Results indicated that there were 23 studies that met the criteria. Findings revealed that various programs and methods designed to teach basic reading skills were implemented with adolescents to determine their effectiveness on word identification, fluency, and comprehension skills. An analysis revealed an overall strong effect of teaching basic reading skills on adolescents' reading achievement performance, particularly on their fluency performance. Limitations and directions for future research are described as well as implications for secondary educators.
Listening for Competence Through Documentation
Authors: Suárez Stephanie Cox , Daniels Karen J.
Published: June 2008

This case study uses documentation as a tool for formative assessment to interpret the learning of twin boys with significantly delayed language skills. Reggio-inspired documentation (the act of collecting, interpreting, and reflecting on traces of learning from video, images, and observation notes) focused on the unfolding of the boys' nonverbal communication skills that helped inform planning and implementing instruction. Documentation is displayed, with an interpretation of the learning and a demonstration of the boys' strengths and competencies. The authors discuss how a public display of documentation sparked a collaborative inquiry among teachers, family, and the children themselves. Implications for practice outline guidelines in using documentation to assess learning.
Synthesis and Properties of a Liquid Crystalline Thermoset Epoxy Resin Containing 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Groups
Authors: Balamurugan Rathinam , Kannan Palaninathan
Published: June 2008

A new liquid crystalline thermoset (LCT) based on 1,3,4-oxadiazole was prepared from liquid crystalline epoxy resin containing oxadiazole and diaminodiphenyl methane. The LCT was characterized and compared with the conventional thermoset. The Time—Temperature Transformation diagram was constructed to determine an appropriate set of cure cycles. The goal of this paper was centered on the evaluation of the mechanical performances of this new class of thermoset. In the case of LC thermoset, a higher Tg and good fracture resistance were noticed than that of the conventional thermoset. The LC thermoset exhibited higher thermal stability when compared with the conventional non-LC thermosets. The results tempted to consider the LCT materials as potential candidates for advanced composites.
Income Security for Workers
Authors: Stapleton David C. , Burkhauser Richard V. , Peiyun She  , Weathers Robert R. , Livermore Gina A.
Published: June 2008

The current mix of public and private programs to support workers after they experience disability onset provides benefits to millions of workers and former workers. Yet, despite the large and growing costs of these programs, the inflation-adjusted household incomes of workers with disabilities have been falling for more than two decades, both absolutely and, especially, relative to the incomes of those without disabilities. The aging of the baby boom generation is likely to make matters worse, and the government's fiscal circumstance will make it increasingly difficult to sustain existing public programs. Current public policy initiatives might eventually improve the disability support system, but they are not likely to ward off the adverse consequences of the pending crisis. Policy changes that leverage existing private sector practices and capabilities might achieve greater success but have received little attention and are far from proven.
Home-Based Viewing (El Velorio) After Death: A Cost-Effective Alternative for Some Families
Authors: Gonzalez Faustino , Hereira Mildreys
Published: June 2008

After the death of a loved one, giving an opportunity to view the body helps bring families and friends together to celebrate the life and mourn the passing of a person. This gathering, known as a Wake or a Viewing, precedes the burial and usually lasts from 1 to several days. In the United States, the viewing now takes place in funeral parlors, away from the decedent's home. However, there are still several countries and people who keep the body at home where the family and friends are invited to say their goodbyes. We present here 2 cases for which our Hospice assisted the families with a home viewing. These were indigent people who could not afford embalming or the additional cost of a viewing in a parlor and who, without this opportunity, would have not had time to get together and mourn and celebrate life as friends, family, and community.
From Empire to Iraq and the “War on Terror”
Authors: Ellison Graham , O'Reilly Conor
Published: June 2008

Charting the enduring export appeal of policing models from (Northern) Ireland, this article sheds some light on the processes by which policing models are communicated and actively promoted to the global policing environment. The authors demonstrate how the transplantation of the Irish colonial model (ICM) represents an early example of the globalization of policing. The legacy of counterinsurgency expertise embedded within the ICM remains a historical constant and is a key factor in relation to the increasing commodification of the contemporary Northern Irish policing model, a model that successfully blends counterterrorism experience with a template for democratic policing reform. By juxtaposing these models, the authors provide a conceptual framework through which to assess the contemporary substance of policing transfer. The authors conclude by suggesting that the seductiveness of these policing models is largely attributable to lessons in counterinsurgency and notions of “Ireland as the solution” to a host of complex security scenarios.
Multimodal evoked potentials measure and predict disability progression in early relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jung P , Beyerle A , Ziemann U
Published: June 2008

In 37 patients with early relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), a multimodal EP score (mEPS) and clinical scores (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and multiple sclerosis functional composite (MSFC)) were obtained prospectively over 24 months. Changes in mEPS correlated with changes in EDSS (Spearman’s ρ = 0.69, p < 0.0001) and MSFC (ρ = –0.41, p < 0.02). Patients with relevant EDSS progression ( n = 7) showed stronger mEPS deterioration than clinically stable patients (10.8 ± 3.2 versus 1.3 ± 0.8, p < 0.005). Baseline mEPS was not significantly correlated with baseline EDSS but with EDSS after 24 months (ρ = 0.39, p < 0.02). The data suggest that serial mEPS measure and moderately predict clinically relevant disease activity in the therapeutically most relevant early stage of RRMS.
Area deprivation and trends in inequalities in self-rated health in Spain, 1987—2001
Authors: Daponte-Codina Antonio , Bolívar-Muñoz Julia , Toro-Cárdenas Silvia , Ocaña-Riola Ricardo , Benach-Rovira Joan , Navarro-López Vicente
Published: June 2008

Aims: This study examined the impact that individual social position and municipal area deprivation levels had on trends in inequalities in self-rated health in Spain, between 1987 and 2001. Methods: The study was based on cross-sectional data of the National Health Surveys of Spain for the years 1987, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 2001 (n=84,567). The indicators used were educational level and occupational class, and deprivation level as the indicator of municipal areas. Multilevel logistic regression models were made, with individuals nested into municipal areas. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. To evaluate trends, the relative index of inequality was calculated. Results: At the individual level, the likelihood of less-than-good health between those with no formal education as compared to those with graduate-level education increased from OR=2.66 (95% CI: 2.06—3.38) in 1987 to OR=3.62 (95% CI: 2.95—4.63) in 2001 among women. The values for men were OR=2.27 (95% CI: 1.89—2.72) and OR=2.94 (95% CI: 2.36—3.68) respectively. Living in areas with the highest deprivation levels as compared to the lowest systematically increased the likelihood of less-than-good health. The likelihood of reporting less-than-good health among women with no formal education as compared to women with graduate-level education in municipal areas with the highest deprivation levels increased from OR=3.61 (95% CI: 2.39—5.45) in 1987 to 4.85 (95% CI: 3.06—7.69) in 2001. Among men, the corresponding magnitudes were OR=2.07 (95% CI: 1.39—3.08) and OR=4.16 (95% CI: 2.52—6.89). Conclusions: Inequalities in self-rated health increased in Spain in this period. These inequalities may be explained by the social conditions existing throughout the period of reference, and the pattern varies according to gender, municipal area deprivation levels, and the individual indicator of social position used.
The effect of temperature on mortality in Stockholm 1998—2003: A study of lag structures and heatwave effects
Authors: Rocklöv Joacim , Forsberg Bertil
Published: June 2008

Aims: To describe seasonal patterns of natural mortality in Stockholm as well as the temperature—mortality relationship and the lag structure for effects of high and low temperatures; to describe the impact of high temperatures on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, and the general effect of high temperatures in different age groups; and to investigate whether there is any indication of an additional heatwave or cold spell effect. Methods: Generalized additive Poisson regression models were fitted to mortality and temperature data from Stockholm from the period 1998—2003, controlling for influenza, season, time trends, week day, and holidays. Results: The mortality in Stockholm followed a seasonal pattern, with a peak in the winter season. The ``optimal temperature'' was around 11—12°C. Above this temperature, the cumulative general relative risk (RR) corresponded to a 1.4% (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.8—2.0) increase per °C, and below this temperature the cumulative RR corresponded to a 0.7% (95% CI=0.5—0.9) decrease per °C. Age-specific RRS were estimated above the threshold for age <65 years, age 65—74 years, and age >74 years, with estimated increases of 0.5% (not significant), 1.5% (not significant) and 1.6% (95% CI=0.9—2.3) per °C, respectively. The RRs for cardiovascular and respiratory causes were studied above the breakpoint, and estimated to be 1.1% (95% CI=0.3—2.0) and 4.3% (95% CI=2.2—6.5) per °C, respectively. The lag structures from moving averages and polynomial distributed lag models coincided with a rather direct effect during summer (lag 0 and 1) and a more prolonged effect during winter, covering about a week. The inclusion of an indicator of heatwaves added an increase in daily mortality of 3.1—7.7%, depending on the threshold. Conclusions: These results show that the predicted increase in heat events must also be taken seriously in Scandinavia, whatever the extent of the decreasing cold related mortality. The relative risks associated with heat and heatwaves seem stronger than the cold effects and thus a larger public health threat, since northern populations have not yet adapted to heat as have been done over a long time for the cold periods. The pressure on the healthcare sector will probably increase in the warm season, periodically it may become even greater than the pressure due to cold weather, which will be a new phenomenon for the healthcare sector to cope with. We need to be prepared for these kind of events by developing adaptation and education strategies to handle the consequences that a warmer climate will have for public health and the healthcare sector.