bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aquatic burst locomotion by hydroplaning and paddling in common eiders (Somateria mollissima)
Authors: Gough William , Farina Stacy C. , Fish Frank E.
Published: April 2015

Common eiders (Somateria mollissima) are heavy sea-ducks that spend a large portion of their time swimming at the water surface. Surface swimming generates a bow and hull wave that can constructively interfere and produce wave drag. The speed at which the wavelengths of these waves equal the waterline length of the swimming animal is the hull speed. To increase surface swimming speed beyond the hull speed, an animal must overtake the bow wave. This study found two distinct behaviors that eider ducks used to exceed the hull speed: (1) “steaming,” which involved rapid oaring with the wings to propel the duck along the surface of the water, and (2) “paddle-assisted flying,” during which the ducks lifted their bodies out of the water and used their hind feet to paddle against the surface while flapping their wings in the air. An average hull speed (0.732±0.046 ms−1) was calculated for Somateria mollissima by measuring maximum waterline length from museum specimens. On average, steaming ducks swam 5.5 times faster and paddle-assisted flying ducks moved 6.8 times faster than the hull speed. During steaming, ducks exceeded the hull speed by increasing their body angle and generating dynamic lift to overcome wave drag and hydroplane along the water surface. During paddle-assisted flying, ducks kept their bodies out of the water, thereby avoiding the limitations of wave drag altogether. Both behaviors provided alternatives to flight for these ducks by allowing them to exceed the hull speed while staying at or near the water surface.
Mechanisms and costs of mitochondrial thermal acclimation in a eurythermal killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Authors: Chung Dillon J. , Schulte Patricia M.
Published: April 2015

Processes acting at the level of the mitochondria have been suggested to affect the thermal limits of organisms. To determine whether changes in mitochondrial properties could underlie shifts in thermal limits, we have examined how mitochondrial properties are affected by thermal acclimation in the eurythermal killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus—a species with substantial plasticity in whole-organism thermal limits. We hypothesized that thermal acclimation would result in functional changes in the mitochondria that could result in trade-offs in function during acute thermal shifts. We measured mitochondrial respiration rates through multiple complexes of the ETS following thermal acclimation (5, 15, 33°C), and assessed maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δp), and rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as an estimate of costs. Acclimation to 5°C resulted in a modest compensation of mitochondrial respiration at low temperatures, but these mitochondria were able to maintain Δp with acute exposure to high temperatures, and ROS production did not differ between acclimation groups, suggesting that these increases in mitochondrial capacity do not alter mitochondrial thermal sensitivity. Acclimation to 33°C caused suppression of mitochondrial respiration due to effects on NADH-dehydrogenase (complex I). These high-temperature acclimated fish nonetheless maintained Δp and ROS production similar to that of the other acclimation groups. This work demonstrates that killifish mitochondria can successfully acclimate to a wide range of temperatures without incurring major functional trade-offs during acute thermal shifts, and that high temperature acclimation results in a suppression of metabolism, consistent with patterns observed at the organismal level.
Body mass affects seasonal variation in sickness intensity in a seasonally-breeding rodent
Authors: Carlton Elizabeth D. , Demas Gregory E.
Published: April 2015

Species that display seasonal variation in sickness intensity show the most intense response in the season during which they have the highest body mass, suggesting that sickness intensity may be limited by an animal's energy stores. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) display lower body masses and less intense sickness when housed in short, winter-like days as opposed to long, summer-like days. To determine if reduced sickness intensity displayed by short-day hamsters is a product of seasonal changes in body mass, we food-restricted long-day hamsters so that they exhibited body mass loss that mimicked the natural photoperiod-induced loss of body mass in short-day hamsters. We then experimentally induced sickness with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and compared sickness responses among long-day food restricted and long- and short-day ad libitum fed groups, predicting that long-day restricted hamsters would show sickness responses comparable to short-day ad libitum hamsters and attenuated in comparison to long-day ad libitum hamsters. We found that long-day restricted hamsters showed attenuated LPS-induced anorexia, loss of body mass, and hypothermia compared to long-day ad libitum animals; however, anorexia remained elevated in long-day restricted animals as compared to short-day ad libitum animals. Additionally, LPS-induced anhedonia and decreases in nest building were not influenced by body mass. Results of hormone assays suggest that cortisol levels could play a role in the attenuation of sickness in long-day restricted hamsters, indicating that future research should target the roles of glucocorticoids and natural variation in energy stores in seasonal sickness variation.
Vocal performance affects metabolic rate in dolphins: implications for animals communicating in noisy environments
Authors: Holt Marla M. , Noren Dawn P. , Dunkin Robin C. , Williams Terrie M.
Published: April 2015

Many animals produce louder, longer or more repetitious vocalizations to compensate for increases in environmental noise. Biological costs of increased vocal effort in response to noise, including energetic costs, remain empirically undefined in many taxa, particularly in marine mammals that rely on sound for fundamental biological functions in increasingly noisy habitats. For this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that an increase in vocal effort would result in an energetic cost to the signaler by experimentally measuring oxygen consumption during rest and a two-min vocal period in dolphins that were trained to vary vocal loudness across trials. Vocal effort was quantified as the total acoustic energy of sounds produced. Metabolic rates (MRs) during the vocal period were, on average, 1.2× and 1.5× resting (RMR) in Dolphin A and B, respectively. As vocal effort increased, we found that there was a significant increase in metabolic rate over resting during the 2-min following sound production in both dolphins and in total oxygen consumption (metabolic cost of sound production plus recovery costs) in the dolphin that showed a wider range of vocal effort across trials. Increases in vocal effort, as a consequence of increases in vocal amplitude, repetition rate, and/or duration, are consistent with behavioral responses to noise in free-ranging animals. Here, we empirically demonstrate for the first time in a marine mammal, that these vocal modifications can have an energetic impact at the individual level and importantly, these data provide a mechanistic foundation for evaluating biological consequences of vocal modification in noise-polluted habitats.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Oxidation Catalysis of a Diniobium-substituted Silicodecatungstate
Authors: Satake Naoto , Hirano Tomohisa , Kamata Keigo , Suzuki Kosuke , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: April 2015

A novel diniobium-substituted silicodecatungstate, [γ-HSiW10O38Nb2(η2-O2)2]5− (I), was successfully synthesized by the reaction of [HNb6O19]7− and [γ-SiW10O36]8− in the presence of H2O2 under acidic conditions. In the presence of a suitable proton source, e.g., HClO4, I could act as a stable homogeneous catalyst for H2O2-based oxidation.
Superwetting Materials of Oil–Water Emulsion Separation
Authors: Si Yifan , Guo Zhiguang
Published: April 2015

With industrial development and population expansion, the problem of water pollution has intensified. The purification of oily water, especially oil–water emulsions, is one of the important topics of environment protection. Traditional filter membranes, to some extent, are useful for the separations of oil–water mixtures but suffer from many limitations and there is no effective way to achieve emulsified oil–water separation. Superwetting materials, based on bionics, have opened a brand-new door to membrane separation techniques. The rise and maturation of nanometer-scale materials also injects new vigor into this research area. In this paper, we review the contributions to oil–water emulsion separation in recent literatures. The principles of superwetting materials in separation of oil–water mixtures have been briefly stated at first. Some classical and latest examples, as well as some great work by our group, have been emphasized. Section 3 is the key point of this article. It covers the most valuable of recent progresses in advanced materials for oil–water emulsion separation, from novel polymer membranes to nanomaterial-based membranes. Of course, special-wettability materials and non-two-dimensional separation methods have also been instructive. The aim of the optimal design of superwetting membranes is to make future researches theoretical, instructive, and practical. Finally, some challenges and the potential promising breakthroughs in this field are also succinctly highlighted.
Ni(II)-Catalyzed Sulfonylation of ortho C–H Bonds in Aromatic Amides Utilizing an N,N-Bidentate Directing Group
Authors: Yokota Ayana , Chatani Naoto
Published: April 2015

The reaction of aromatic amides containing a 5-chloro-8-aminoquinoline moiety as the directing group with arylsulfonyl chlorides in the presence of Ni(OTf)2 as the catalyst results in sulfonylation at the ortho-position. Various arylsulfonyl chlorides can be used as the coupling partners.
Reversible Interconversion between 11,11,12,12-Tetraaryl-1,4-diaza/-1,4,5,8-tetraazaanthraquinodimethanes and Their Cationic Species: Electrochromic and Halochromic Responses
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Umezawa Yu , Sakano Yuto , Tamaoki Hitomi , Katoono Ryo , Fujiwara Kenshu
Published: April 2015

11,11,12,12-Tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-diaza-2,3-diphenyl- and -1,4,5,8-tetraaza-2,3,6,7-tetraphenylanthraquinodimethanes (1 and 2) adopt a bent geometry. They undergo reversible redox interconversion with twisted dications 12+ and 22+, exhibiting a vivid change in color (electrochromism). Treatment with acid also induced drastic color change due to the formation of protonated species H-1+ and H-2+ (halochromism), thus demonstrating their two-way-input chromic behavior.
Mixing of Particulate Material Studied by near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Martínez Lizbeth , Peinado Antonio , Liesum Lorenz
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to characterise by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy the physical parameters that are relevant to the quality of a pharmaceutical blend, such as mean particle size of a granular material, incompatibilities between particle size of the blend components and segregation tendencies. Binary blends consisting of granulated material (96% m/m) and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) (4% m/m) were prepared. Granule particle size was studied using the Kubelka–Munk function. In addition, NIR spectroscopy was applied for the monitoring of the API concentration during a blending step. Convection and diffusion phases were clearly identified.
Demystifying the Black Box: Improving Detection Limits
Authors: Lerud Ryan
Published: April 2015

One of six IDRC 17 Student award recipients, Ryan Lerud is in the PhD programme at Portland State University, being co-advised by Peter Moeck of the Physics Department and Shankar Rananavare of the Chemistry Department. Ryan has been using multivariate statistics to develop a NIR/Vis Portable Fruit Quality Meter as part of his Masters thesis and on-going internship with Felix Instruments, Camas, WA. In this article, Ryan discusses instrument design, the impact that design has on fluctuating temperature and voltage and the effect of the latter on model performance.
Can Private Money Buy Public Science? Disease Group Lobbying and Federal Funding for Biomedical Research
Authors: Hegde Deepak , Sampat Bhaven
Published: April 2015

Private interest groups lobby politicians to influence public policy. However, little is known about how lobbying influences the policy decisions made by federal agencies. We study this through examining lobbying by advocacy groups associated with rare diseases for funding by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the world’s largest funder of biomedical research. Disease group lobbying for NIH funding has been controversial, with critics alleging that it distorts public funding toward research on diseases backed by powerful groups. Our data reveal that lobbying is associated with higher political support, in the form of congressional “soft earmarks” for the diseases. Lobbying increases with disease burden and is more likely to be associated with changes in NIH funding for diseases with higher scientific opportunity, suggesting that it may have a useful informational role. Only special grant mechanisms that steer funding toward particular diseases, which comprise less than a third of the NIH’s grants, are related to earmarks. Thus, our results suggest that lobbying by private groups influences federal funding for biomedical research. However, the channels of political influence are subtle, affect a small portion of funding, and may not necessarily have a distortive effect on public science.

This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Does Organizational Forgetting Affect Vendor Quality Performance? An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Agrawal Anupam , Muthulingam Suresh
Published: April 2015

The development of organizational knowledge and the depreciation of knowledge within organizations are processes that invariably occur concurrently. In the quality domain, many researchers have examined how the development of organizational knowledge (organizational learning) enhances quality performance. We build on this literature and investigate how the depreciation of organizational knowledge (organizational forgetting) affects quality performance. We analyze information on 2,732 quality improvement initiatives implemented by 295 vendors of a car manufacturer and find that organizational forgetting affects quality gains obtained from both learning-by-doing (autonomous learning) and quality improvement initiatives (induced learning); more than 16% of quality gains from autonomous learning and 13% of quality gains from induced learning depreciate every year. Furthermore, the impact of organizational forgetting (i) differs across the types of quality improvement efforts (quality gains from process improvement initiatives depreciate, whereas those from quality assurance initiatives do not), and (ii) depends on where quality knowledge was embedded (depreciation is lower for knowledge embedded in technology than for knowledge embedded in organizational routines or organizational members). Our results highlight the ubiquity of organizational forgetting and suggest the need for continued attention to sustain and enhance quality performance in supply chains.
Fe availability drives phytoplankton photosynthesis rates during spring bloom in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica
Authors: Alderkamp Anne-Carlijn , van Dijken Gert L. , Lowry Kate E. , Connelly Tara L. , Lagerström Maria , Sherrell Robert M. , Haskins Christina , Rogalsky Emily , Schofield Oscar , Stammerjohn Sharon E. , Yager Patricia L. , Arrigo Kevin R.
Published: April 2015

To evaluate what drives phytoplankton photosynthesis rates in the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP), Antarctica, during the spring bloom, we studied phytoplankton biomass, photosynthesis rates, and water column productivity during a bloom of Phaeocystis antarctica (Haptophyceae) and tested effects of iron (Fe) and light availability on these parameters in bioassay experiments in deck incubators. Phytoplankton biomass and productivity were highest (20 µg chlorophyll a L−1 and 6.5 g C m−2 d−1) in the central ASP where sea ice melt water and surface warming enhanced stratification, reducing mixed layer depth and increasing light availability. In contrast, maximum photosynthesis rate (P*max), initial light-limited slope of the photosynthesis–irradiance curve (α*), and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were highest in the southern ASP near the potential Fe sources of the Dotson and Getz ice shelves. In the central ASP, P*max, α*, and Fv/Fm were all lower. Fe addition increased phytoplankton growth rates in three of twelve incubations, and at a significant level when all experiments were analyzed together, indicating Fe availability may be rate-limiting for phytoplankton growth in several regions of the ASP early in the season during build-up of the spring bloom. Moreover, Fe addition increased P*max, α*, and Fv/Fm in almost all experiments when compared to unamended controls. Incubation under high light also increased P*max, but decreased Fv/Fm and α* when compared to low light incubation. These results indicate that the lower values for P*max, α*, and Fv/Fm in the central ASP, compared to regions close to the ice shelves, are constrained by lower Fe availability rather than light availability. Our study suggests that higher Fe availability (e.g., from higher melt rates of ice shelves) would increase photosynthesis rates in the central ASP and potentially increase water column productivity 1.7-fold, making the ASP even more productive than it is today.
Assessment of an incidental finding of left bundle–branch block
Authors: Mair Luke , Warriner David , Payne Gillian
Published: April 2015

Incidental left bundle–branch block occurs in up to 1.5% of healthy adults without symptoms or signs of cardiovascular disease. It may be found during investigation for non-cardiac disease, during preoperative assessment, private health screening or inpatient monitoring. This article outlines how to assess these patients.
Implant-based breast reconstruction with meshes and matrices: biological vs synthetic
Authors: Jacobs Jordan MS , Salzberg C Andrew
Published: April 2015

This article presents an overview of the different acellular dermal matrices and synthetic meshes used in modern-day primary and secondary implant-based breast reconstruction. Case examples are given, along with a description of the senior author's pioneering direct-to-implant reconstruction.
PICO™ incision closure in oncoplastic breast surgery: a case series
Authors: Holt Rachel , Murphy John
Published: April 2015

Single-use negative pressure wound therapy (PICO™) has been used on high-risk surgically incised wounds with encouraging results, but there is no evidence for its use in oncoplastic breast surgery. This article reports a case series with closed incisions in oncoplastic breast procedures following the introduction of PICO™.
Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards: ethical and clinical implications
Authors: Chakraborty Arpita
Published: April 2015

The Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards were introduced in 2009 as an addition to the Mental Capacity Act 2005. This review discusses the legal impact of the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards in the management of incapacitated patients.
London keeps calling, but is the north of the UK still picking up?
Authors: Senior Yvonne
Published: April 2015

Every year, England's capital plays host to an array of medical aesthetic conferences, bringing in hundreds or thousands of delegates in to listen, learn and network. However, as the number of events held in London increases, aesthetic nurses from the northern parts of the UK are spending a lot of money and time to experience it all. Yvonne Senior advises nurses on choosing the right conferences
Clinical evaluation of a silver-impregnated foam dressing in paediatric partial-thickness burns
Authors: Glat P.M. , Zhang S-H. , Burkey B.A. , Davis W.J.
Published: April 2015

Objective:

Mepilex Ag, a silver-impregnated foam dressing, was introduced to our institution in 2007 and our outcomes in the treatment of paediatric burns were observed to improve significantly. In order to confirm these observations, we wanted to evaluate the results of using the silver-impregnated foam dressing in partial-thickness paediatric burns.

Method:

In this retrospective study, the St. Christopher's Hospital burn registry was used to identify subjects, who were otherwise in excellent health at baseline, over an18-month period. Outcomes included length of stay, intravenous narcotic use, and time to healing. No direct comparative studies were performed. This was followed by a non-comparative prospective study involving 22 paediatric patients, aged 1–4 years, with partial-thickness burns. This was a sub-study of a larger randomised controlled trial involving adults with partial-thickness burns, comparing the silver-impregnated foam dressing with Silvadene.

Results:

In the retrospective part of the study, the silver-impregnated foam dressing was used successfully for the treatment of partial-thickness paediatric burns, with few complications and infections, allowing a shorter hospital stay, fewer dressings, and less pain medication than for historical controls. In the non-comparative prospective study, of 22 paediatric patients 50% healed completely within 1 week of treatment. The mean length of stay was 3.77 days and the mean number of dressings used was 1.64. Although narcotic usage was not assessed, patient surveys showed stinging or burning to be recorded as ‘never’ in 13 patients, ‘rarely’ in 8 patients, and ‘sometimes’ in 1 patient.

Conclusion:

The silver-impregnated foam dressing is effective and safe for use in partial-thickness paediatric burns, eliminating the need for daily dressings.

Declaration of interest:

The study was supported by an educational grant from Mölnlycke Health Care.
Non-healing foot ulcers in diabetic patients: general and local interfering conditions and management options with advanced wound dressings
Authors: Uccioli Luigi , Izzo Valentina , Meloni Marco , Vainieri Erika , Ruotolo Valeria , Giurato Laura
Published: April 2015

Medical knowledge about wound management has improved as recent studies have investigated the healing process and its biochemical background. Despite this, foot ulcers remain an important clinical problem, often resulting in costly, prolonged treatment. A non-healing ulcer is also a strong risk factor for major amputation. Many factors can interfere with wound healing, including the patient's general health status (i.e., nutritional condition indicated by albumin levels) or drugs such as steroids that can interfere with normal healing. Diabetic complications (i.e., renal insufficiency) may delay healing and account for higher amputation rates observed in diabetic patients under dialysis treatment. Wound environment (e.g., presence of neuropathy, ischaemia, and infection) may significantly influence healing by interfering with the physiological healing cascade and adding local release of factors that may worsen the wound. The timely and well-orchestrated release of factors regulating the healing process, observed in acute wounds, is impaired in non-healing wounds that are blocked in a chronic inflammatory phase without progressing to healing. This chronic phase is characterised by elevated protease activity (EPA) of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteases (e.g., human neutrophil elastase) that interfere with collagen synthesis, as well as growth factor release and action. EPA (mainly MMP 9, MMP-8 and elastase) and inflammatory factors present in the wound bed (such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNFa) account for the catabolic state of non-healing ulcers. The availability of wound dressings that modulate EPA has added new therapeutic options for treating non-healing ulcers. The literature confirms advantages obtained by reducing protease activity in the wound bed, with better outcomes achieved by using these dressings compared with traditional ones. New technologies also allow a physician to know the status of the wound bed environment, particularly EPA, in a clinical setting. These may be helpful in guiding a clinician's options in treating very difficult-to-heal ulcers.
Innovation and Wound Healing
Authors: Harding Keith
Published: April 2015

Innovation in medicine requires unique partnerships between academic research, biotech or pharmaceutical companies, and health-care providers. While innovation in medicine has greatly increased over the past 100 years, innovation in wound care has been slow, despite the fact that chronic wounds are a global health challenge where there is a need for technical, process and social innovation. While novel partnerships between research and the health-care system have been created, we still have much to learn about wound care and the wound-healing processes.
Matrices estilísticas del Hercules Furens de Séneca: mito, recepción y poética trágica
Authors: Tola Eleonora
Published: April 2015

Seneca’s Hercules Furens presents one version of a well-known myth in literary, artistic, and philosophical tradition. I will identify some stylistic devices of the tragedy in order to make explicit the way in which Hercules’s own ambivalence is related to Seneca’s poetic and generic praxis. I will focalize upon three axes: a. the conceptual ?uctuation around Hercules’s uirtus and labores; b. the thematic inversion through uictor / uictus module, and c. the imaginary of hybridity in connection with the monstrum-motif. Such axes show some of the main dynamics of Senecan poetics, and allow to shed light on the motivations and purposes of including this legendary character in a tragedy of the Neronian period.
DONINI, Pierluigi; FERRARI, Franco. O exercício da razão no mundo clássico. AnnablumeClássica, 2012.
Authors: Santos José Trindade
Published: April 2015

.
Sete falhas fatais na tentativa de derivar o Dátilo Hexâmetro da cola eólica
Authors: David A. P.
Published: April 2015

M. L. West’s attempt to dismiss and discredit my book is here answered with the useful and the substantial. There then follows a critique of attempts to ‘generate’ the dactylic hexameter from smaller, and historically later, lyric metrical phrases. This approach has become an orthodoxy, whose champions include West and G. Nagy.
Que diálogo haveria entre música, arte dramática e dança no teatro antigo grego da época clássica?
Authors: Delavaud-Roux Marie-Hélène
Published: April 2015

Quel dialogisme entre musique, art dramatique et danse dans le théâtre antique grec ? Un art est-il systématiquement mis au service des deux autres ou de leur relation, ou bien ces trois arts collaborent-ils en conservant leur spéci?cité et leur autonomie ? Nous tenterons de répondre à ces questions en utilisant deux exemples. Le premier sera constitué par les vers  321-344 d'Oreste d'Euripide, dont la musique a été retrouvée sur le papyrus dit de l'archiduc Rainier, datant du IIIe s. av. J.-C. (Wien, Osterreichisches National Bibliothek G 2315), et enregistré par l'orchestre Kérylos sous la direction d'Annie Bélis. Le second exemple est le début de la parodos du choeur des grenouilles (vers 209-220) dans la pièce d'Aristophane du même nom, dont la musique ne nous est pas conservée, mais dont les sonorités suggestives, censées représenter des grenouilles-cygnes, peuvent être aisément être exploitées par un acteur/danseur, sur les rythmes ternaires et binaires alternés du texte.
Kunstgeschichte nach dem Spatial Turn
Authors: Burbulla Julia
Published: April 2015

Die Omnipräsenz des Raumes in den Humanwissenschaften hat beeindruckende Ausmaße angenommen. Seit der Beschwörung des Spatial Turns (1989) produziert die transnationale Wissenschaft eine unüberschaubare Zahl von Komposita zum Raum, zur Räumlichkeit oder Raumwissenschaft. Die methodologische Tradition von Raum/Zeit in der Kunstgeschichte blieb jedoch bisher unberücksichtigt. Julia Burbullas Studie nimmt sich erstmals diesem Thema an. Anhand ausgewählter Schriften, u.a. die Immanuel Kants, Erwin Panofskys oder Alexander Dorners, diskutiert sie Raum/Zeit als zentrale kunstgeschichtliche Ordnungen und befragt sie auf ihr Potenzial für eine »modernisierte« Kunstgeschichte.
Flächen - Bahnen - Knoten
Authors: Gebelein Paul
Published: April 2015

Räume sind nicht bereits da, sondern sie werden in sozialer Praxis von den Menschen erzeugt, die in ihnen leben. Technik, die zu einem historischen Zeitpunkt verfügbar ist, präformiert diesen Prozess, ohne ihn jedoch zu determinieren. In seinen Analysen zu Geocaching - eine Praktik der alltäglichen Freizeitgestaltung, die Eigenschaften aktuell prägender Technik (GPS, Datenbanken, Internet) ausnutzt - geht Paul Gebelein den Mustern der Raumerzeugung zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts nach. Ausgehend von den Studien Theodore Schatzkis und Elizabeth Shoves entwickelt er Konzepte der Flächen-, Bahnen- und Knotenräume, die nützliche Werkzeuge darstellen, um zeitgenössische Raumkonstellationen zu analysieren.
The history and evolution of immunoglobulin products and their clinical indications
Authors: Hooper John A.
Published: April 2015

The history of providing antibodies to treat diseases began in the 19th century with the discovery of tetanus and diphtheria toxins and the demonstration that immunity to tetanus and diphtheria infections could be transferred by immune sera. Characterization of the mediators of this immunity resulted in the discovery that antibodies are proteins that can be isolated and used to protect against infectious diseases. Development of a method to isolate antibodies from human plasma that could be safely injected into people initiated the development of human gamma globulin preparations to provide antibodies to patients with inherited antibody deficiencies. To overcome the limitations imposed by intramuscular injection of gamma globulin, intravenous gamma globulin preparations were developed that began to be used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. Thus the original clinical indication for infection prevention was expanded to several other indications that employ large doses to suppress inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The most recent development in immunoglobulin therapy is the production of concentrated immune globulins for subcutaneous injection. Home infusions of subcutaneous immunoglobulin are increasingly used to treat immunodeficient patients and are being studied for other clinical applications.
In-vivo singlet oxygen threshold doses for PDT
Authors: Zhu Timothy C. , Kim Michele M. , Liang Xing , Finlay Jarod C. , Busch Theresa M.
Published: April 2015

Objective:

Dosimetry of singlet oxygen (

Material and methods:

An

Results:

The mean values (standard deviation) of the

Conclusions:

The experimental results of [
Facilitation of Corticostriatal Transmission following Pharmacological Inhibition of Striatal Phosphodiesterase 10A: Role of Nitric Oxide-Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase-cGMP Signaling Pathways
Authors: Padovan-Neto Fernando E. , Sammut Stephen , Chakroborty Shreaya , Dec Alexander M. , Threlfell Sarah , Campbell Peter W. , Mudrakola Vishnu , Harms John F. , Schmidt Christopher J. , West Anthony R.
Published: April 2015

The striatum contains a rich variety of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which play a critical role in the regulation of cAMP and cGMP signaling. The dual-substrate enzyme PDE10A is the most highly expressed PDE in striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) with low micromolar affinity for both cyclic nucleotides. Previously, we have shown that systemic and local administration of the selective PDE10A inhibitor TP-10 potently increased the responsiveness of MSNs to cortical stimulation. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying PDE10A inhibitor-induced changes in corticostriatal transmission are only partially understood. The current studies assessed the respective roles of cAMP and cGMP in the above effects using soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) or adenylate cyclase (AC) specific inhibitors. Cortically evoked spike activity was monitored in urethane-anesthetized rats usingin vivoextracellular recordings performed proximal to a microdialysis probe during local infusion of vehicle, the selective sGC inhibitor ODQ, or the selective AC inhibitor SQ 22536. Systemic administration of TP-10 (3.2 mg/kg) robustly increased cortically evoked spike activity in a manner that was blocked following intrastriatal infusion of ODQ (50 μm). The effects of TP-10 on evoked activity were due to accumulation of cGMP, rather than cAMP, as the AC inhibitor SQ was without effect. Consistent with these observations, studies in neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) knock-out (KO) mice confirmed that PDE10A operates downstream of nNOS to limit cGMP production and excitatory corticostriatal transmission. Thus, stimulation of PDE10A acts to attenuate corticostriatal transmission in a manner largely dependent on effects directed at the NO-sGC-cGMP signaling cascade.
Central 5-HT Neurotransmission Modulates Weight Loss following Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Individuals
Authors: Haahr M.E. , Hansen D.L. , Fisher P.M. , Svarer C. , Stenbæk D.S. , Madsen K. , Madsen J. , Holst J.J. , Baaré W.F.C. , Hojgaard L. , Almdal T. , Knudsen G.M.
Published: April 2015

The cerebral serotonin (5-HT) system shows distinct differences in obesity compared with the lean state. Here, it was investigated whether serotonergic neurotransmission in obesity is a stable trait or changes in association with weight loss induced by Roux-in-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery.In vivocerebral 5-HT2Areceptor and 5-HT transporter binding was determined by positron emission tomography in 21 obese [four men; body mass index (BMI), 40.1 ± 4.1 kg/m2] and 10 lean (three men; BMI, 24.6 ± 1.5 kg/m2) individuals. Fourteen obese individuals were re-examined after RYGB surgery. First, it was confirmed that obese individuals have higher cerebral 5-HT2Areceptor binding than lean individuals. Importantly, we found that higher presurgical 5-HT2Areceptor binding predicted greater weight loss after RYGB and that the change in 5-HT2Areceptor and 5-HT transporter binding correlated with weight loss after RYGB. The changes in the 5-HT neurotransmission before and after RYGB are in accordance with a model wherein the cerebral extracellular 5-HT level modulates the regulation of body weight. Our findings support that the cerebral 5-HT system contributes both to establish the obese condition and to regulate the body weight in response to RYGB.
Axonal Amphoterin mRNA Is Regulated by Translational Control and Enhances Axon Outgrowth
Authors: Merianda Tanuja T. , Coleman Jennifer , Kim Hak Hee , Kumar Sahoo Pabitra , Gomes Cynthia , Brito-Vargas Paul , Rauvala Heikki , Blesch Armin , Yoo Soonmoon , Twiss Jeffery L.
Published: April 2015

High mobility group (HMG) proteins concentrate in the nucleus, interacting with chromatin. Amphoterin is an HMG protein (HMGB1) that has been shown to have extranuclear functions and can be secreted from some cell types. Exogenous amphoterin can increase neurite growth, suggesting that the secreted protein may have growth promoting activities in neurons. Consistent with this, we show that depletion of amphoterin mRNA from cultured adult rat DRG neurons attenuates neurite outgrowth, pointing to autocrine or paracrine mechanisms for its growth-promoting effects. The mRNA encoding amphoterin localizes to axonal processes and we showed recently that its 3′-UTR is sufficient for axonal localization of heterologous transcripts (Donnelly et al., 2013). Here, we show that amphoterin mRNA is transported constitutively into axons of adult DRG neurons. A preconditioning nerve injury increases the levels of amphoterin protein in axons without a corresponding increase in amphoterin mRNA in the axons. A 60 nucleotide region of the amphoterin mRNA 3′-UTR is necessary and sufficient for its localization into axons of cultured sensory neurons. Amphoterin mRNA 3′-UTR is also sufficient for axonal localization in distal axons of DRG neuronsin vivo. Overexpression of axonally targeted amphoterin mRNA increases axon outgrowth in cultured sensory neurons, but axon growth is not affected when the overexpressed mRNA is restricted to the cell body.
Fertility-Regulating Kiss1 Neurons Arise from HypothalamicPomc-Expressing Progenitors
Authors: Sanz Elisenda , Quintana Albert , Deem Jennifer D. , Steiner Robert A. , Palmiter Richard D. , McKnight G. Stanley
Published: April 2015

Hypothalamic neuronal populations are central regulators of energy homeostasis and reproductive function. However, the ontogeny of these critical hypothalamic neuronal populations is largely unknown. We developed a novel approach to examine the developmental pathways that link specific subtypes of neurons by combining embryonic and adult ribosome-tagging strategies in mice. This new method shows thatPomc-expressing precursors not only differentiate into discrete neuronal populations that mediate energy balance (POMC and AgRP neurons), but also into neurons critical for puberty onset and the regulation of reproductive function (Kiss1 neurons). These results demonstrate a developmental link between nutrient-sensing and reproductive neuropeptide synthesizing neuronal populations and suggest a potential pathway that could link maternal nutrition to reproductive development in the offspring.
Tonic Firing Rate Controls Dendritic Ca2+Signaling and Synaptic Gain in Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons
Authors: Hage Travis A. , Khaliq Zayd M.
Published: April 2015

Substantia nigra dopamine neurons fire tonically resulting in action potential backpropagation and dendritic Ca2+influx. Using Ca2+imaging in acute mouse brain slices, we find a surprisingly steep relationship between tonic firing rate and dendritic Ca2+. Increasing the tonic rate from 1 to 6 Hz generated Ca2+signals up to fivefold greater than predicted by linear summation of single spike-evoked Ca2+-transients. This “Ca2+supralinearity” was produced largely by depolarization of the interspike voltage leading to activation of subthreshold Ca2+channels and was present throughout the proximal and distal dendrites. Two-photon glutamate uncaging experiments show somatic depolarization enhances NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+signals >400 μm distal to the soma, due to unusually tight electrotonic coupling of the soma to distal dendrites. Consequently, we find that fast tonic firing intensifies synaptically driven burst firing output in dopamine neurons. These results show that modulation of background firing rate precisely tunes dendritic Ca2+signaling and provides a simple yet powerful mechanism to dynamically regulate the gain of synaptic input.
Synergistic Action of Dendritic Mitochondria and Creatine Kinase Maintains ATP Homeostasis and Actin Dynamics in Growing Neuronal Dendrites
Authors: Fukumitsu Kansai , Fujishima Kazuto , Yoshimura Azumi , Wu You Kure , Heuser John , Kengaku Mineko
Published: April 2015

The distribution of mitochondria within mature, differentiated neurons is clearly adapted to their regional physiological needs and can be perturbed under various pathological conditions, but the function of mitochondria in developing neurons has been less well studied. We have studied mitochondrial distribution within developing mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells and have found that active delivery of mitochondria into their dendrites is a prerequisite for proper dendritic outgrowth. Even when mitochondria in the Purkinje cell bodies are functioning normally, interrupting the transport of mitochondria into their dendrites severely disturbs dendritic growth. Additionally, we find that the growth of atrophic dendrites lacking mitochondria can be rescued by activating ATP-phosphocreatine exchange mediated by creatine kinase (CK). Conversely, inhibiting cytosolic CKs decreases dendritic ATP levels and also disrupts dendrite development. Mechanistically, this energy depletion appears to perturb normal actin dynamics and enhance the aggregation of cofilin within growing dendrites, reminiscent of what occurs in neurons overexpressing the dephosphorylated form of cofilin. These results suggest that local ATP synthesis by dendritic mitochondria and ATP-phosphocreatine exchange act synergistically to sustain the cytoskeletal dynamics necessary for dendritic development.
Mapping Synapses by Conjugate Light-Electron Array Tomography
Authors: Collman Forrest , Buchanan JoAnn , Phend Kristen D. , Micheva Kristina D. , Weinberg Richard J. , Smith Stephen J
Published: April 2015

Synapses of the mammalian CNS are diverse in size, structure, molecular composition, and function. Synapses in their myriad variations are fundamental to neural circuit development, homeostasis, plasticity, and memory storage. Unfortunately, quantitative analysis and mapping of the brain's heterogeneous synapse populations has been limited by the lack of adequate single-synapse measurement methods. Electron microscopy (EM) is the definitive means to recognize and measure individual synaptic contacts, but EM has only limited abilities to measure the molecular composition of synapses. This report describes conjugate array tomography (AT), a volumetric imaging method that integrates immunofluorescence and EM imaging modalities in voxel-conjugate fashion. We illustrate the use of conjugate AT to advance the proteometric measurement of EM-validated single-synapse analysis in a study of mouse cortex.
Muscarinic Receptors Modulate Dendrodendritic Inhibitory Synapses to Sculpt Glomerular Output
Authors: Liu Shaolin , Shao Zuoyi , Puche Adam , Wachowiak Matt , Rothermel Markus , Shipley Michael T.
Published: April 2015

Cholinergic [acetylcholine (ACh)] axons from the basal forebrain innervate olfactory bulb glomeruli, the initial site of synaptic integration in the olfactory system. Both nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are expressed in glomeruli. The activation of nAChRs directly excites both mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) and external tufted cells (ETCs), the two major excitatory neurons that transmit glomerular output. The functional roles of mAChRs in glomerular circuits are unknown. We show that the restricted glomerular application of ACh causes rapid, brief nAChR-mediated excitation of both MTCs and ETCs in the mouse olfactory bulb. This excitation is followed by mAChR-mediated inhibition, which is blocked by GABAAreceptor antagonists, indicating the engagement of periglomerular cells (PGCs) and/or short axon cells (SACs), the two major glomerular inhibitory neurons. Indeed, selective activation of glomerular mAChRs, with ionotropic GluRs and nAChRs blocked, increased IPSCs in MTCs and ETCs, indicating that mAChRs recruit glomerular inhibitory circuits. Selective activation of glomerular mAChRs in the presence of tetrodotoxin increased IPSCs in all glomerular neurons, indicating action potential-independent enhancement of GABA release from PGC and/or SAC dendrodendritic synapses. mAChR-mediated enhancement of GABA release also presynaptically suppressed the first synapse of the olfactory system via GABABreceptors on sensory terminals. Together, these results indicate that cholinergic modulation of glomerular circuits is biphasic, involving an initial excitation of MTC/ETCs mediated by nAChRs followed by inhibition mediated directly by mAChRs on PGCs/SACs. This may phasically enhance the sensitivity of glomerular outputs to odorants, an action that is consistent with recentin vivofindings.
Context-Induced Reinstatement of Methamphetamine Seeking Is Associated with Unique Molecular Alterations in Fos-Expressing Dorsolateral Striatum Neurons
Authors: Rubio F. Javier , Liu Qing-Rong , Li Xuan , Cruz Fabio C. , Leão Rodrigo M. , Warren Brandon L. , Kambhampati Sarita , Babin Klil R. , McPherson Kylie B. , Cimbro Raffaello , Bossert Jennifer M. , Shaham Yavin , Hope Bruce T.
Published: April 2015

Context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is a well established animal model for assessing the neural mechanisms underlying context-induced drug relapse, a major factor in human drug addiction. Neural activity in striatum has previously been shown to contribute to context-induced reinstatement of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol seeking, but not yet for methamphetamine seeking. In this study, we found that context-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking increased expression of the neural activity marker Fos in dorsal but not ventral striatum. Reversible inactivation of neural activity in dorsolateral but not dorsomedial striatum using the GABA agonists muscimol and baclofen decreased context-induced reinstatement. Based on our previous findings that Fos-expressing neurons play a critical role in conditioned drug effects, we assessed whether context-induced reinstatement was associated with molecular alterations selectively induced within context-activated Fos-expressing neurons. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate reinstatement-activated Fos-positive neurons from Fos-negative neurons in dorsal striatum and used quantitative PCR to assess gene expression within these two populations of neurons. Context-induced reinstatement was associated with increased expression of the immediate early genesFosandFosBand the NMDA receptor subunit geneGrin2ain only Fos-positive neurons. RNAscopein situhybridization confirmed thatGrin2a, as well asGrin2b, expression were increased in onlyFos-positive neurons from dorsolateral, but not dorsomedial, striatum. Our results demonstrate an important role of dorsolateral striatum in context-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking and that this reinstatement is associated with unique gene alterations in Fos-expressing neurons.
Optogenetic Evidence for Inhibitory Signaling from Orexin to MCH Neurons via Local Microcircuits
Authors: Apergis-Schoute John , Iordanidou Panagiota , Faure Cedric , Jego Sonia , Schöne Cornelia , Aitta-Aho Teemu , Adamantidis Antoine , Burdakov Denis
Published: April 2015

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a key regulator of multiple vital behaviors. The firing of brain-wide-projecting LH neurons releases neuropeptides promoting wakefulness (orexin/hypocretin; OH), or sleep (melanin-concentrating hormone; MCH). OH neurons, which coexpress glutamate and dynorphin, have been proposed to excite their neighbors, including MCH neurons, suggesting that LH may sometimes coengage its antagonistic outputs. However, it remains unclear if, when, and how OH actions promote temporal separation of the sleep and wake signals, a process that fails in narcolepsy caused by OH loss. To explore this directly, we paired optogenetic stimulation of OH cells (at rates that promoted awakeningin vivo) with electrical monitoring of MCH cells in mouse brain slices. Membrane potential recordings showed that OH cell firing inhibited action potential firing in most MCH neurons, an effect that required GABAAbut not dynorphin receptors. Membrane current analysis showed that OH cell firing increased the frequency of fast GABAergic currents in MCH cells, an effect blocked by antagonists of OH but not dynorphin or glutamate receptors, and mimicked by bath-applied OH peptide. In turn, neural network imaging with a calcium indicator genetically targeted to MCH neurons showed that excitation by bath-applied OH peptides occurs in a minority of MCH cells. Collectively, our data provide functional microcircuit evidence that intra-LH feedforward loops may facilitate appropriate switching between sleep and wake signals, potentially preventing sleep disorders.