bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tandem Radical Rearrangement/Pd‐Catalyzed Translocation of Bicyclo[2.2.2]lactones. An Efficient Access to the Oxa‐triquinane Core Structure.
Authors: Liao Jyh‐Hsiung , Maulide Nuno , Augustyns Benoit , Marko Istvan E.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Synthesis of cis‐3,4‐Diaryl‐1‐tosylpyrrolidines.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Pai Chun‐Li , Lin Chun‐Yu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Conjugate Addition of Indoles with Electron‐Deficient Olefins Catalyzed by Fe‐Exchanged Montmorillonite K10.
Authors: Singh Devendrapratap U. , Singh Pankajkumar R. , Samant Shriniwas D.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Indole N‐Oxides: TiCl4‐Mediated Baylis—Hillman Reaction of α‐Oxo Cyclic Ketene‐S,S‐acetal with o‐Nitrobenzaldehydes and Subsequent Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Pan Wei , Dong Dewen , Sun Shaoguang , Liu Qun
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Exclusive Formation of 1‐Aryl‐3‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)‐4‐aroylpyrazoles via Regiospecific 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of 3‐Arylsydnones with α,β‐Acetylenic Ketones.
Authors: Hegde Jyoti C. , Rai Ganesha , Puranik Vedavati G. , Kalluraya Balakrishna
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted, Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 1‐(α‐ or β‐Hydroxynaphthyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines by the Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Szatmari Istvan , Lazar Laszlo , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile and Versatile Route to the Synthesis of Fused 2‐Pyridones: Useful Intermediates for Polycyclic Systems.
Authors: Cacciari Barbara , Spalluto Giampiero
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Redox‐Active Tri‐Star Molecule: Merging of TTF and HAT Chemistry.
Authors: Jia Chunyang , Liu Shi‐Xia , Tanner Christian , Leiggener Claudia , Sanguinet Lionel , Levillain Eric , Leutwyler Samuel , Hauser Andreas , Decurtins Silvio
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tandem Transformations of Tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridines under the Action of Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate. A Novel Route to Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]azocines.
Authors: Voskressensky L. G. , Borisova T. N. , Vorob'eva T. A. , Chernyshev A. I. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) Promoted Efficient Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Enugala Ramu , Nuvula Sreelatha , Adapa Srinivas R.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Total Synthesis of Aeruginosamide.
Authors: Chen Zhiyong , Ye Tao
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two Novel Tetrairidoid Glucosides from Dipsacus asper
Authors: Tian Xiao‐Yan , Wang Ying‐Hong , Yu Shi‐Shan , Fang Wei‐Shuo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate in the Presence of Copper Powder
Authors: Sato Kazuyuki , Omote Masaaki , Ando Akira , Kumadaki Itsumaro
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Unsaturated Organometallic Reagents with Trifluoroacetaldimines
Authors: Bonnet‐Delpon Daniele , Begue Jean‐Pierre , Crousse Benoit
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thiocarboxylic O‐Acid Esters
Authors: Glass R. S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Olefin Metathesis: The Early Days (Nobel Lecture).
Authors: Chauvin Yves
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Olefin‐Metathesis Catalysts for the Preparation of Molecules and Materials (Nobel Lecture).
Authors: Grubbs Robert H.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dioxins and Dioxin‐Like Persistent Organic Pollutants in Textiles and Chemicals in the Textile Sector
Authors: Krizanec Bostjan , Le Marechal Alenka Majcen
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in Asymmetric Dihydroxylations
Authors: Zaitsev Alexey B. , Adolfsson Hans
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Capsules, Cages and Three‐dimensional Hosts: Self‐Assembly of Complementary Monomers
Authors: Johnston Martin R. , Latter Melissa J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Acylamidophosphinates: Structure, Properties and Complexation Toward Main Group Metal Cations
Authors: Sokolov F. D. , Brusko V. V. , Zabirov N. G. , Cherkasov R. A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effect of Peptide Glycosylation on the Conformation of the Peptide Backbone
Authors: Tagashira Mizuka , Toma Kazunori
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ruthenium Complexes Bearing N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands: Highly Efficient Metathesis Precatalysts with Enhanced Activity and Selectivity
Authors: Dragutan Valerian , Dragutan Ileana , Demonceau Albert
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Enantioselective Process for a Chiral Phosphodiesterase‐4 Inhibitor
Authors: Chen Cheng‐yi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thioimidates and Their Derivatives
Authors: Nakajima N. , Ubukata M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Homo‐ and Heterochirality in Crystals
Authors: Levkin Pavel A. , Torbeev Vladimir Yu. , Lenev Denis A. , Kostyanovsky Remir G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The CH/π Hydrogen Bond: An Important Molecular Force in Controlling the Crystal Conformation of Organic Compounds and Three‐Dimensional Structure of Biopolymers
Authors: Nishio Motohiro , Umezawa Yoji
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dynamical Models for Two‐Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Peptides
Authors: Hochstrasser Robin M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Test of the dual‐belief system in women with and without phobic fear of spiders: a pilot study
Authors: Pössel Patrick , Holzhay Anja
Published: August 2006

This study tests the so‐called dual‐belief systems. According to this concept, patients with phobia foster two conflicting peripheral beliefs (situational dependent) about the fear‐inducing stimulus. The existence of such conflicting beliefs can only be explained by so‐called bridging core beliefs. These bridging core beliefs are situation independent and integrate the contradictions of the peripheral beliefs. To test the existence of bridging core beliefs, 60 women with and without spider phobia were interviewed during exposition to phobic and neutral stimuli. Women with phobic anxiety reported more phobic emotions, thoughts, and peripheral beliefs during exposure to a phobic stimulus than during exposure to a neutral stimulus. In core beliefs no differences between the two conditions were found. In the non‐phobic control group, no differences were found for the conditions in any of the dependent variables. All together, these data provide support for the existence of dual‐belief systems as well as bridging core beliefs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief treatments for borderline personality
Authors: Hopwood Christopher J.
Published: August 2006

Borderline personality (BP) is prevalent in clinical populations and notoriously difficult to treat. Reasons for this difficulty include complexity of presentation, overall severity of functioning, premature discontinuation and difficulty establishing a therapeutic alliance. Brief treatments for BP are considered, and specific therapeutic goals with potential amenability to brief approaches are discussed, with a focus on the integrative combination of various modalities. It is noted that brief treatments have the potential to ameliorate problems related to premature discontinuation, supplement and enhance long‐term treatments and increase the cost‐effectiveness of treatment. Suggestions for empirical research on brief strategies for treating BP are enumerated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A chip‐based miniaturized format for protein‐expression profiling: The exploitation of comprehensively produced antibodies
Authors: Koga Hisashi , Kyo Motoki , Usui‐Aoki Kazue , Inamori Kazuki
Published: August 2006

Numerous antibodies have been developed and validated in recent years, and show promise for use in novel functional protein assays. Such assays would be an alternative to pre‐existing comprehensive assays, such as DNA microarrays. Antibody microarrays are thought to represent those functional protein assays. While a variety of attempts have been made to apply DNA microarray technology to antibody microarrays, a fully optimized protocol has not been established. We have been conducting a project to comprehensively produce antibodies against mouse KIAA (“KI” stands for “Kazusa DNA Research Institute” and “AA” are reference characters) proteins. Using our library of antibodies, we established a novel antibody microarray format that utilizes surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology. A label‐free real‐time measurement of protein expression in crude cell lysates was achieved by direct readout of the bindings using SPR. Further refinement of the antibody microarray format enabled us to detect a smaller quantity of target proteins in the lysate without the bulk effect. In this review, we first summarize available antibody array formats and then describe the above‐mentioned format utilizing updated SPR technology.
Macroporous polyacrylamide‐based monolithic column with immobilized pH gradient for protein analysis
Authors: Zhu Guijie , Yuan Huiming , Zhao Peng , Zhang Lihua , Liang Zhen , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Yukui
Published: August 2006

Monolithic materials were prepared in capillaries by in situ polymerization of acrylamide, glycidyl methacrylate, and N,N'‐methylenebisacrylamide in the presence of 1,4‐butanediol, dodecanol, and DMSO as porogens. With Ampholine attached to the surface of the porous monolith via epoxide groups, a monolithic‐IPG (M‐IPG) was formed and showed good mechanical and chemical stability. With such a column immobilized by Ampholine 3.5–10, IEF‐MIX 3.6–9.3 was separated and good linearity was obtained. The CIEF behavior of M‐IPG was evinced by comparing the current with that in the open tubular capillary. In addition, the protein mixtures excreted from lung cancer cells of rats were analyzed with such a new M‐IPG column.
A review of the methodology for assessingin vivoantioxidant capacity
Authors: Wood Lisa G , Gibson Peter G , Garg Manohar L
Published: August 2006

Oxidative stress and antioxidant deficiency have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases and conditions. Consequently, over recent years many different supplementation trials have been implemented, aimed at improving clinical outcomes by boosting antioxidant levels. These trials have included supplementation with individual antioxidants, antioxidant combinations and antioxidant‐rich foods, such as fruit and vegetable juices and other plant extracts. To ensure data from these trials is interpreted correctly, it is essential that suitable biomarkers are used to assess changes inin vivoantioxidant activity resulting from supplementation. This review discusses methods for measuring antioxidant activity, including direct measurement of antioxidant concentrations and assays for measuring overall reducing capacity. Antioxidant activity can also be indirectly assessed by monitoring levels of oxidative stress. This review describes biomarkers that can be used to assess oxidative damage to lipids (including F2‐isoprostanes, malondialdehyde, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal, and the hydrocarbons, ethane and pentane), protein (including protein carbonyls and nitrotyrosine) and DNA (via 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine assay). Direct measurement of free radicals is also discussed. Useful information is provided for researchers planning animal and human intervention trials involving antioxidant‐rich foods or supplements, including plant extracts. The development and use of appropriate methodologies is essential if the role of antioxidant supplementation in various diseases and conditions is to be understood. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Terpyridine‐Terminated Homo and Diblock Copolymer LEGO Units by Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Polymerization
Authors: Ott Christina , Lohmeijer Bas G. G. , Wouters Daan , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: August 2006

Summary: Novel block copolymers were synthesized in a controlled fashion by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization starting from a terpyridine‐modified alkoxyamine. An important feature for controlling the efficiency of the polymerization is the presence of excess nitroxide, responsible for the initial rate of deactivation, which eventually leads to a decrease of the polydispersity indices of the desired block copolymer. The materials obtained were characterized by means of 1H NMR, UV‐vis spectroscopy, and GPC. The complexation of the terpyridine ligands resulted in the formation of A‐B‐[Ru]‐C, A‐B‐[Ru]‐B‐A, and A‐B‐[Fe]‐B‐A metallo‐supramolecular block copolymers.

Telechelic polymers bearing a terpyridine end‐group at the α‐position and a nitroxide at the ω‐position were prepared in a living fashion by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization.

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Telechelic polymers bearing a terpyridine end‐group at the α‐position and a nitroxide at the ω‐position were prepared in a living fashion by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization.
Microwave Accelerated Polymerization of 2‐Phenyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine: Kinetics and Influence of End‐Groups on Glass Transition Temperature
Authors: Sinnwell Sebastian , Ritter Helmut
Published: August 2006

Summary: The ring‐opening polymerizations of 2‐phenyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine (PhOZI) with methyl tosylate (MeOTs) and butyl iodide (BuI) as initiators were performed in refluxing butyronitrile. Reaction kinetics under microwave irradiation was compared with conventional oil bath heating. The polymerization rates, under microwave irradiation, showed an acceleration by a factor of 1.8 (independently from the used initiator). The investigation of the thermal properties of the obtained poly(N‐benzoyl‐trimethyleneimine) showed the influence of molecular weight and end‐groups on the glass transition temperature.

The ring‐opening polymerizations of 2‐phenyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine performed in refluxing butyronitrile.

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The ring‐opening polymerizations of 2‐phenyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine performed in refluxing butyronitrile.
Understanding physical activity in adolescent cancer survivors: an application of the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Keats Melanie R. , Culos‐Reed S. Nicole , Courneya Kerry S. , McBride Mary
Published: August 2006

Notwithstanding the remarkable achievements in survival, there is a growing recognition that pediatric cancer survivors are faced with a variety of chronic health problems that may be exacerbated by maladaptive health behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in understanding adolescent survivors' motivation to engage in physical activity. A group of adolescent cancer survivors recalled their beliefs, attitudes, norms, perceptions of control, intentions and post‐treatment physical activity behaviors using a self‐administered, mailed questionnaire in a retrospective design. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the TPB explained 29.1% of the variance in physical activity behavior, with the significant independent correlates being intention (β=0.31,p=0.023) and self‐efficacy (β=0.42,p=0.04). For intention, 33.7% of the variance was explained by the TPB, with affective attitude (β=0.32,p=0.016) and instrumental attitude (β=0.31, p=0.037) making significant unique contributions. The present study has provided some of the first data toward understanding physical activity behavior in adolescent cancer survivors. Specifically, the results suggest that interventions designed to promote physical activity in this population should focus on the development of a positive attitude as well as fostering an enhanced sense of self‐efficacy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma‐Based Modification of Polystyrene Surfaces for Serum‐Free Culture of Osteoblastic Cell Lines
Authors: Wende Kristian , Schröder Karsten , Lindequist Ulrike , Ohl Andreas
Published: August 2006

Summary: Cell culture based diagnostics are of crucial interest for the investigation of osteoporosis, as well as for the screening of new drugs for their corresponding curativeness. In these applications, it is important to cultivate bone cells (HOS 58 osteosarcoma) permanently in a differentiation permitting state in a serum‐free environment. However, the adhesion of HOS 58 cells on polystyrene surfaces takes place in a poor and insufficiently reproducible manner. Thus, the aim of this study was the improvement of polystyrene surface properties to support such a screening system utilizing HOS 58 cells. An ammonia microwave plasma‐based surface modification was developed. Cell culture substrates were equipped with a high density of amino groups, which were utilized for the covalent coupling of collagen I. Thus, the extent and observed homogeneity of HOS 58 cell adhesion were improved markedly. This suggests the possibility of controlling adherence, growth and differentiation of osteoblastic cells desired on a surface for in vitro use.

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Plasma Methods for the Generation of Chemically Reactive Surfaces for Biomolecule Immobilization and Cell Colonization ‐ A Review
Authors: Siow Kim Shyong , Britcher Leanne , Kumar Sunil , Griesser Hans J.
Published: August 2006

Summary: This review surveys methods for the fabrication, by plasma surface treatments or plasma polymerization, of polymeric surfaces and thin plasma polymer coatings that contain reactive chemical groups useful for the subsequent covalent immobilization, by solution chemical reactions or vapor phase grafting, of molecules or polymers that can exert bio‐specific interfacial responses. Surfaces containing amine, carboxy, hydroxy, and aldehyde groups are the subject of this review. Aminated surfaces have been fabricated using various plasma vapors or mixtures and have found wide use for bio‐interface applications. However, in many cases the amine surfaces have a rather limited shelf life, with post‐plasma oxidation reactions and surface adaptation leading to the disappearance of amine groups from the surface. Aging is a widespread phenomenon that often has not been recognized, particularly in some of the earlier studies on the use of plasma‐fabricated surfaces for bio‐interfacial applications, and can markedly alter the surface chemistry. Plasma‐fabricated surfaces that contain carboxy groups have also been well documented. Fewer reports exist on hydroxy and aldehyde surfaces prepared by plasma methods. Hydroxy surfaces can be prepared by water plasma treatment or the plasma polymerization of alkyl alcohol vapors. Water plasma treatment on many polymer substrates suffers from aging, with surface adaptation leading to the movement of surface modification effects into the polymer. Both hydroxy and aldehyde surfaces have been used for the covalent immobilization of biologically active molecules. Aging effects are less well documented than for amine surfaces. This review also surveys studies using such surfaces for cell colonization assays. Generally, these surface chemistries show good ability to support cell colonization, though the effectiveness seems to depend on the process vapor and the plasma conditions. Carboxylate co‐polymer surfaces have shown excellent ability to support the colonization of some human cell lines of clinical interest. Immobilization of proteins onto plasma‐carboxylated surfaces is also well established.

XPS O/C ratios (00 emission) as a function of storage time, of plasma‐polymerized methyl methacrylate deposited at power levels of 5 and 40 W.

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XPS O/C ratios (00 emission) as a function of storage time, of plasma‐polymerized methyl methacrylate deposited at power levels of 5 and 40 W.
Controlled Cell Attachment, Using Plasma Deposited Polymer Microstructures: A Novel Study of Cells‐Substrate Interactions
Authors: Sciarratta Vincenzo , Sohn Kai , Burger‐Kentischer Anke , Brunner Herwig , Oehr Christian
Published: August 2006

Summary: Several actual developments in medical therapy are focussing on the potential of a surface‐dependent selection and proliferation of special cell types. For an improvement of biocompatibility it is interesting to understand the interactions between cells and material surfaces in order to create devices with the respective characteristics. In this paper the possibility to isolate three different tumor cells lines are studied: HEK293, RINm5f and KYM‐1. A procedure by means of plasma polymerization is demonstrated to create hydrophilic microstructures (precursor: AAc) on a hydrophobic (precursor: CHF3) substrate and shown to effectively select RINm5f cells. Moreover, by studying the interaction between culture media and deposited polymers, it is shown that Ca2+ ions and protein adsorption play a fundamental role in the cell‐substrate adhesion and proliferation.

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Anisotropy and vortex behaviour in BiSrCaCuO thin films and multilayers probed by columnar pinning centers
Authors: Raffy H. , Murrills C. D. , Pomar A. , Stiufiuc G. , Stiufiuc R. , Li Z. Z.
Published: August 2006

In this paper we review typical mixed state transport results obtained on a variety of Bi2Sr2Can –1Cun Oy thin films and artificial multilayers, which allowed us to cover the range from low to high anisotropy. The vortex behaviour, 2D or 3D, probed by the pinning properties of columnar defects, is shown to be highly dependant on the anisotropy, and therefore on the microstructure of the system. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laser technologies applied to the fabrication and characterization of bulk Bi‐2212 superconducting materials for power applications
Authors: Angurel L. A. , Díez J. C. , de la Fuente G. F. , Gimeno F. , Lera F. , López‐Gascón C. , Martínez E. , Mora M. , Navarro R. , Sotelo A. , Andrés N. , Recuero S. , Arroyo M. P.
Published: August 2006

Lasers are adequate tools in the processing and characterization of materials. The Applied Superconductivity group at the Aragón Materials Science Institute has been applying different laser techniques in the processing, machining and characterization of bulk high temperature superconductors for high power applications. Textured bulk Bi‐2212 superconductors have been obtained using laser melting zone techniques. We have produced thin bars, monoliths and coatings on metallic and ceramic substrates. Ablation techniques have been used to machine the samples with the required shape for technological applications. And finally, optical techniques have been used as non‐destructive experiments to detect the location of hot‐spots and the positions where environmental degradation starts. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of zaltoprofen in human plasma by liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Lee Heon‐Woo , Seo Ji‐Hyung , Kim Yong‐Won , Jeong Seo‐Young , Lee Kyung‐Tae
Published: August 2006

In the present study, we developed a method coupling liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) to determine zaltoprofen levels in human plasma, using enalapril as internal standard (IS). The high sensitivity and specificity of MS/MS detection enabled the use of small plasma volumes (250 µL) and a simple LLE procedure. Furthermore, the short run‐times (2 min) involved are compatible with the requirements of large‐scale clinical studies. Ion acquisition was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by monitoring the transitions m/z 299.3 > 225.0 for zaltoprofen and m/z 377.4 > 234.2 for the IS enalapril. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 µg/mL and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 0.05 µg/mL. The devised method was linear over the studied range (0.05–20 µg/mL), with r2 > 0.99 and a run‐time of 2 min. Intra‐day precisions fell in the range 2.0–13.8%, inter‐day precisions in the range 2.1–3.9%, and intra‐ and inter‐day accuracies in the range 102.8–114.1%. The described method provides a fast and sensitive analytical tool for zaltoprofen and was successfully applied to a 24‐subject pharmacokinetic study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 39 mycotoxins in wheat and maize
Authors: Sulyok Michael , Berthiller Franz , Krska Rudolf , Schuhmacher Rainer
Published: August 2006

This paper describes the first validated method for the determination of 39 mycotoxins in wheat and maize using a single extraction step followed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) without the need for any clean‐up. The 39 analytes included A‐ and B‐trichothecenes (including deoxynivalenol‐3‐glucoside), zearalenone and related derivatives, fumonisins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, aflatoxins and moniliformin. The large number and the chemical diversity of the analytes required the application of the positive as well as the negative ion ESI mode in two consecutive chromatographic runs of 21 min each. The solvent mixture acetonitrile/water/acetic acid 79 + 20 + 1 (v/v/v) has been determined as the best compromise for the extraction of the analytes from wheat and maize. Raw extracts were diluted 1 + 1 and were injected without any clean‐up. Ion‐suppression effects due to co‐eluting matrix components were negligible in the case of wheat, whereas significant signal suppression for 12 analytes was observed in maize, causing purely proportional systematic errors. Method performance characteristics were determined after spiking blank samples on multiple levels in triplicate. Coefficients of variation of the overall process of <5.1% and <3.0% were obtained for wheat and maize, respectively, from linear calibration data. Limits of detection ranged from 0.03 to 220 µg/kg. Apparent recoveries (including both the recoveries of the extraction step and matrix effects) were within the range of 100 ± 10% for approximately half of the analytes. In extreme cases the apparent recoveries dropped to about 20%, but this could be compensated for to a large extent by the application of matrix‐matched standards to correct for matrix‐induced signal suppression, as only a few analytes such as nivalenol and the fumonisins exhibited incomplete extraction. For deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, the trueness of the method was confirmed through the analysis of certified reference materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for measuring enthalpy of volatilization of a compound, ΔvolH, from dilute aqueous solution
Authors: Wang Tianshu
Published: August 2006

This study has developed a method for measuring the enthalpy of volatilization (ΔvolH) of a compound in a dilute solution via ion‐molecule reactions and gas‐phase analysis using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). The ΔvolH/R value was obtained using an equation with three variant forms either from the headspace concentration of the solution or from individual product ion(s). Under certain experimental conditions, the equation has the simplest form ${\rm \Delta }_{{\rm vol}} H/R = - \ln \left( {{{i_n /I} \over {i_n^{\rm o} /I^{\rm o} }}} \right){\rm /(1/}T - {\rm 1/}T^{\rm o} {\rm )}$, where R is the gas constant (8.314 J · mol−1 · K−1), in and I are the respective product and precursor ion count rates, and T is the temperature of the solution. As an example, a series of 27.0 µmol/L aqueous solutions of acetone was analyzed over a temperature range of 25–50°C at 5°C intervals using H3O+, NO+ and O precursor ions, producing a mean ΔvolH/R value of 4700 ± 200 K. This corresponds with current literature values and supports the consistency of the new method. Notably, using this method, as long as the concentration of the solution falls into the range of Henry's law, the exact concentration does not have to be known and it can require only one sample at each temperature. Compared with previous methods which involve the measurement of Henry's law constant at each temperature, this method significantly reduces the number of samples required and avoids the labour and difficulties in preparing standard solutions at very low concentrations. Further to this, if the contents of a solution were unknown the measured ΔvolH/R from individual product ion(s) can help to identify the origin of the ion(s). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectral characterization of phloroglucinol derivatives hyperforin and adhyperforin
Authors: Sleno Lekha , Daneshfar Rambod , Eckert Gunter P. , Müller Walter E. , Volmer Dietrich A.
Published: August 2006

Active phloroglucinol constituents ofHypericum perforatum(St. John's wort) extracts, hyperforin and adhyperforin, have been studied following ion activation using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and complemented by accurate mass measurements. These two compounds were readily analyzed as protonated and deprotonated molecules with electrospray ionization. MS/MS and MS3data from a quadrupole‐linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometer were employed to elucidate fragmentation pathways. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance measurements afforded excellent mass accuracies for the confirmation of elemental formulae of product ions formed via infrared multiphoton dissociation and sustained off‐resonance irradiation collision‐induced dissociation. Fragmentation schemes have been devised for the dissociation of hyperforin and adhyperforin in negative and positive ion modes. This information is expected to be especially valuable for the characterization of related compounds, such as degradation products, metabolites and novel synthetic analogs of hyperforin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting vicarious traumatization in those indirectly exposed to bushfires
Authors: Byrne Mitchell K. , Lerias Doukessa , Sullivan Nichole L.
Published: August 2006

Post‐traumatic stress through indirect exposure to trauma can mimic the psychological experiences of direct victims. This is referred to as vicarious traumatization, an impairing condition that largely goes undetected in the general population. This study sought to describe this condition and predict those who may be at risk of developing this type of post‐traumatic stress. One hundred and fifteen participants from south‐east New South Wales (NSW) in Australia who had not experienced any direct exposure, loss or injury from the 2001–2002 NSW bushfires were interviewed using the Vicarious Traumatization Questionnaire, Impact of Events Scale and Coping Strategies Indicator. Results indicated that specific peri‐event, post‐event and pre‐event characteristics were able to predict at least 75 per cent of those who experienced vicarious traumatization resulting from the 2001–2002 NSW bushfires. This study was able to identify and describe vicarious traumatization in a sample of the general population. The importance of these results and the issues for further research are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First record of the Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician) δ13C excursion in the North American Midcontinent and its regional implications
Authors: BERGSTRÖM STIG M. , SALTZMAN MATTHEW M. , SCHMITZ BIRGER
Published: August 2006

The most prominent of the two major global δ13C excursions in the Ordovician, the Hirnantian δ13C excursion (HICE), which is previously recorded from the uppermost Ordovician in a few sections in Nevada, Quebec, Arctic Canada, Baltoscandia, Scotland and China, is documented for the first time from the North American Midcontinent. Samples through the Girardeau Limestone and Leemon Formation in Missouri and Illinois show elevated δ13C values of +4‰ to +5‰. Although not determined precisely, the beginning of the HICE is likely to be in the upper part of the Orchard Creek Shale, and it ends in the upper Leemon Formation. Being extraordinarily useful chronostratigraphically, the presence of the HICE makes it possible to provide a firm dating of the study interval, whose age has long been controversial. Comparison between the study sections and coeval HICE sequences in North America and Europe show striking similarities, especially in sea-level history, indicating that major local lowstands reflect eustatic sea-level changes. A comparison with Hirnantian diamictite successions in North and South Africa and Argentina suggests that these lowstands correspond to two major Gondwanan glacial episodes.
ADDITIONAL CONFIRMATION FOR THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE SEASONALITY OF HUMAN CONCEPTIONS
Authors: CUMMINGS DAVID R.
Published: August 2006

Causality for the seasonality of human births, which affects populations wordwide, has been a profound mystery for nearly two centuries. Most explanations for seasonality fail because of inconsistent global application. In two previous studies, Cummings (2002, 2003) hypothesized that human reproduction has been responsive to changes in both seasonal environmental light intensity (surface luminosity) and photoperiod. Except at higher latitudes, photoperiod is of secondary importance to that of environmental light intensity. Because of a lack of data, the presence or lack of cloud cover is used as a general proxy for environmental light intensity. These studies show a positive correlation between conceptual seasonality and cloud cover on a worldwide basis, and propose that there is a delay between exposure to increased light and the onset of conceptions. This delay is three months at higher latitudes and one to two months for lower latitudes. Both studies suggest that an excellent means of hypothesis confirmation would be to provide one or more examples of how a seasonal change in cloud cover might alter the number of conceptions in subsequent months. The present study tests this hypothesis. The percentage of possible sunshine and averaged sunshine hours are used to investigate their influence on seasonality of births in Germany and the Netherlands. The evidence shows that a seasonal change in environmental light intensity preceded a change in the peak months for conceptions in Germany and the Netherlands. Although secondary influences are possible, the primary reason for this transition in peak conceptual months seems to be related to the seasonal changes in environmental light intensity for both countries. Although this transitional relationship was predicted in Cummings (2002, 2003), further research is required, especially with regard to more precise measurements of environmental light intensity and its physiological effect on the human endocrine system.
Alfvén modes in a two-species magnetoplasma with anisotropic perturbation pressure-fluid and kinetic calculations
Authors: ALTMAN C. , SUCHY K.
Published: August 2006

The octic fluid dispersion equation, the kinetic Boltzmann–Vlasov equation and the MHD (scalar pressure) analysis, programmed for a two-species collisionless magnetoplasma in a form permitting direct comparison between them, have been applied to the study of the Alfvén modes in both low- and high-β plasmas. In the low-βregime all methods give essentially the same solutions for the isotropic fast magnetosonic and the field-guided shear Alfvén modes. The real part of the refractive index of the field-guided slow magnetosonic acoustic mode is almost identical in the fluid and kinetic analyses, but is 50% too high in the MHD analysis owing to neglect of the trace-free part of the pressure tensor which drives almost half of the acoustic energy flux. The strong damping of the acoustic mode in both low- and high-β plasmas is drastically reduced by increase of electron temperature, whereas a moderate increase in the perpendicular ion temperature is sufficient to eliminate shear Alfvén damping in high-β plasmas and even to produce wave growth, the effect being more pronounced the higher the plasma β. The fluid analysis shows the electromagnetic energy flux to be negligible in the acoustic mode, in which the acoustic flux is driven both by the trace-carrying and trace-free parts of the pressure tensor, but is usually the dominant component in the (fast) magnetosonic mode.
Lipase‐Mediated Purification of Methyl Nonactate, an Important Natural Product Building Block for Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Dinges Jennifer M. , Bessette Bradley A. , Cox James E. , Redder Casey R. , Priestley Nigel D.
Published: August 2006

Methyl nonactate is a valuable starting material for the production of natural product‐like combinatorial libraries and ketide amino acids, a series of novel conformationally constrained amino acid analogues. Fermentation of Streptomyces griseus generates high titers of macrotetrolide antibiotics from which methyl nonactate can be generated by methanolysis. Unfortunately, this approach generates mixtures of homologues that are not economically separable. We report a specific lipase‐mediated hydrolysis of nonactate derivatives that discriminates between homologues and is the foundation of an economically tractable preparation of methyl nonactate in scale.
The thermal structure of subduction zone back arcs
Authors: Currie Claire A. , Hyndman Roy D.
Published: August 2006

It is well recognized that active arc volcanism at nearly all subduction zones requires temperatures greater than 1200°C in the subarc mantle, despite the underthrusting cool subducting plate. In this study, we document evidence that high upper mantle temperatures are not restricted to the arc but usually extend for several hundred kilometers across the back arc, even in areas that have not undergone extension. For 10 circum‐Pacific back arcs where there has been no significant recent extension, we have compiled observational constraints on the thermal structure using a number of independent indicators of mantle temperature, including surface heat flow, seismic velocity, and xenolith thermobarometry. The observations indicate uniformly high temperatures in the shallow mantle and a thin lithosphere (1200°C at ∼60 km depth) over back‐arc widths of 250 to >900 km. Similar high temperatures are inferred for extensional back arcs of the western Pacific and southern Europe, but the thermal structures are complicated by extension and spreading. A broad hot back arc may be a fundamental characteristic of a subduction zone that places important constraints on back‐arc mantle dynamics. In particular, the thermal structure predicted for slab‐driven corner flow is inconsistent with the observed uniformly high back‐arc temperatures. We favor the alternate model that heat is rapidly carried upward from depth by vigorous thermal convection in the back‐arc upper mantle. Such convection may be promoted by low viscosities, resulting from hydration by fluids from the subducting plate. Following subduction termination, we find that the high temperatures decay over a timescale of about 300 Myr.
Formation of Aromatum Chaos, Mars: Morphological development as a result of volcano‐ice interactions
Authors: Leask Harald J. , Wilson Lionel , Mitchell Karl L.
Published: August 2006

Morphological examination of the Aromatum Chaos depression on Mars supports earlier suggestions that it is a site of cryosphere disruption and release of pressurized water trapped in an underlying aquifer. We infer that the cause of cryosphere disruption was intrusion of a volcanic sill, confined laterally by earlier intruded dikes, and consequent melting of ice by heat from the sill. The vertical extents and displacements of blocks of terrain on the floor of the depression, together with an estimate of the cryosphere thickness, constrain the vertical extent of ice melting and hence the thickness of the sill (∼100 m) and the depth at which it was intruded (∼2–5 km). At least ∼75% of the volume of material removed from Aromatum Chaos must have been crustal rock rather than melted ice. Water from melted cryosphere ice played a negligible role in creating the depression, the process being dominated by released aquifer water. For sediment loads of 30–40% by volume, 10,500–16,500 km3 of aquifer water must have passed through the depression to carry away rock as entrained sediment and erode the associated Ravi Vallis channel. These required water volumes are 2–3 times larger than the amount of water that could reasonably be contained in aquifers located beneath the area of incipiently collapsed ground to the west of Aromatum Chaos and suggest a much larger water source. Given that this source probably also fed the nearby Shalbatana Vallis outflow channel, Gangis Chasma is the most likely candidate.
DEMETER observations of ELF waves injected with the HAARP HF transmitter
Authors: Platino M. , Inan U. S. , Bell T. F. , Parrot M. , Kennedy E. J.
Published: August 2006

Modulated HF heating of the auroral electrojet is used to inject ELF signals into the magnetosphere that are observed on the low altitude DEMETER spacecraft. The HF heater is a component of the High‐Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) facility in Gakona, Alaska, (located at L ∼ 4.9). Simultaneous observations of all six components of the ELF electromagnetic fields on the DEMETER spacecraft are used to estimate the total ELF power radiated downward into the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. ELF signals generated by the HAARP heater are also simultaneously observed at a nearby ground‐based site, allowing a comparison of the ELF power in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide versus that detected on DEMETER. The estimated values of power onboard DEMETER at different frequencies range from 0.32W to 4W, while the values of power estimated from a ground receiver at a distance of 36 km from HAARP range from 2.71W to 4.22W.
Quick transport of primary produced organic carbon to the ocean interior
Authors: Honda M. C. , Kawakami H. , Sasaoka K. , Watanabe S. , Dickey T.
Published: August 2006

Time‐series observations of optical fields in the euphotic layer and particle fluxes at 150 m were made in the western North Pacific for half year of 2005. The ratio of surface photosynthetically available radiation (surface PAR) to in situ quantum irradiance at ca. 40 m (in situ QI), as an index of turbidity, began to increase in the middle of April, peaking between the end of June and the middle of July. Seasonal variability in the ratio of spectral irradiance at a wavelength of 555 nm to that at 443 nm (Ed(555)/Ed(443)) at 40 m, as an index of chlorophyll abundance, synchronized well with the surface PAR/in situ QI ratio. Organic carbon flux also increased between the end of June and the middle of July and correlated well with optical variability. This result suggests that primary produced carbon in the euphotic layer was quickly transported to the ocean interior. Using the Ed(555)/Ed(443) and an empirical equation from shipboard observations, primary productivity was estimated to be ca. 300 mgC m−2 day−1 on average. Assuming that trapping efficiency was only 20% and organic carbon flux decreased drastically between 100 m and 150m, the export ratio at 100 m was estimated to be ca. 30 ± 10%, which is significantly higher than that in other oceans.