bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Argument Diagrams to Argumentation Mining in Texts
Authors: Peldszus Andreas , Stede Manfred
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the authors consider argument mining as the task of building a formal representation for an argumentative piece of text. Their goal is to provide a critical survey of the literature on both the resulting representations (i.e., argument diagramming techniques) and on the various aspects of the automatic analysis process. For representation, the authors also provide a synthesized proposal of a scheme that combines advantages from several of the earlier approaches; in addition, the authors discuss the relationship between representing argument structure and the rhetorical structure of texts in the sense of Mann and Thompsons (1988) RST. Then, for the argument mining problem, the authors also cover the literature on closely-related tasks that have been tackled in Computational Linguistics, because they think that these can contribute to more powerful argument mining systems than the first prototypes that were built in recent years. The paper concludes with the authors’ suggestions for the major challenges that should be addressed in the field of argument mining.
Brain Architecture for Visual Object Identification
Authors: Torres Gustavo , Jaime Karina , Ramos Félix
Published: September 2013

Visual memory identification is a key cognitive process for intelligent virtual agents living on virtual environments. This process allows the virtual agents to develop an internal representation of the environment for the posterior production of intelligent responses. There are many architectures based on memory modules for environment visual elements identification, as if they were invariant, this way of processing a visual scene is different from the one that real humans use. This document presents the description of a visual memory identification model based on current neuroscience state of art. Furthermore; the proposed model considers memory as a system that treats information in three stages: to encode, store and retrieve acquired knowledge about the environment. On the other hand, the authors validate the implementation of their approach with two identification tasks: when the stimulus is known and when it is unknown. Actually, this work is part of a proposal for a cognitive architecture that will let the authors create virtual agents with more credible human behaviors.
Identification of TLR4 as the Receptor That Recognizes Shiga Toxins in Human Neutrophils
Authors: Brigotti Maurizio , Carnicelli Domenica , Arfilli Valentina , Tamassia Nicola , Borsetti Francesca , Fabbri Elena , Tazzari Pier Luigi , Ricci Francesca , Pagliaro Pasqualepaolo , Spisni Enzo , Cassatella Marco A.
Published: September 2013

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by intestinal Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli infections is a worldwide health problem, as dramatically exemplified by the German outbreak occurred in summer 2011 and by a constant burden of cases in children. Shiga toxins (Stx) play a pivotal role in HUS by triggering endothelial damage in kidney and brain through globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) receptor targeting. Moreover, Stx interact with human neutrophils, as experimentally demonstrated in vitro and as observed in patients with HUS. A neutrophil-protective role on endothelial damage (sequestration of circulating toxins) and a causative role in toxin delivery from the gut to the kidney (piggyback transport) have been suggested in different studies. However, the receptor that recognizes Stx in human neutrophils, which do not express Gb3Cer, has not been identified. In this study, by competition and functional experiments with appropriate agonists and antagonists (LPS, anti-TLR4 Abs, respectively), we have identified TLR4 as the receptor that specifically recognizes Stx1 and Stx2 in human neutrophils. Accordingly, these treatments displaced both toxin variants from neutrophils and, upon challenge with Stx1 or Stx2, neutrophils displayed the same pattern of cytokine expression as in response to LPS (assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, or multiplexed Luminex-based immunoassays). Moreover, data were supported by adequate controls excluding any potential interference of contaminating LPS in Stx-binding and activation of neutrophils. The identification of the Stx-receptor on neutrophils provides additional elements to foster the understanding of the pathophysiology of HUS and could have an important effect on the development of therapeutic strategies.
Multiparametric Analysis of Host Response to Murine Cytomegalovirus in MHC Class I–Disparate Mice Reveals Primacy of Dk-Licensed Ly49G2+ NK Cells in Viral Control
Authors: Prince Jessica , Lundgren Alyssa , Stadnisky Michael D. , Nash William T. , Beeber Amira , Turner Stephen D. , Brown Michael G.
Published: September 2013

MHC class I Dk and Ly49G2 (G2) inhibitory receptor–expressing NK cells are essential to murine CMV (MCMV) resistance in MA/My mice. Without Dk, G2+ NK cells in C57L mice fail to protect against MCMV infection. As a cognate ligand of G2, Dk licenses G2+ NK cells for effector activity. These data suggested that Dk-licensed G2+ NK cells might recognize and control MCMV infection. However, a role for licensed NK cells in viral immunity is uncertain. We combined classical genetics with flow cytometry to visualize the host response to MCMV. Immune cells collected from individuals of a diverse cohort of MA/My × C57L offspring segregating Dk were examined before infection and postinfection, including Ly49+ NK subsets, receptor expression features, and other phenotypic traits. To identify critical NK cell features, automated analysis of 110 traits was performed in R using the Pearson correlation, followed with a Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. Hierarchical clustering of trait associations and principal component analyses were used to discern shared immune response and genetic relationships. The results demonstrate that G2 expression on naive blood NK cells was predictive of MCMV resistance. However, rapid G2+ NK cell expansion following viral exposure occurred selectively in Dk offspring; this response was more highly correlated with MCMV control than all other immune cell features. We infer that Dk-licensed G2+ NK cells efficiently detected missing-self MHC cues on viral targets, which elicited cellular expansion and target cell killing. Therefore, MHC polymorphism regulates licensing and detection of viral targets by distinct subsets of NK cells required in innate viral control.
Caloric restriction increases internal iliac artery and penil nitric oxide synthase expression in rat: Comparison of aged and adult rats
Authors: Ozbek Emin , Simsek Abdulmuttalip , Ozbek Mustafa , Somay Adnan
Published: September 2013

Because of the positive corelation between healthy cardiovascular system and sexual life we aimed to evaluate the effect of caloric restriction (CR) on endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, nNOS) expression in cavernousal tissues and eNOS expression in the internal iliac artery in young and aged rats. Young (3 mo, n = 7) and aged (24 mo, n = 7) male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 40% CR and were allowed free access to water for 3 months. Control rats (n = 14) fed ad libitum had free access to food and water at all times. On day 90, rats were sacrified and internal iliac arteries and penis were removed and parafinized, eNOS and nNOS expression evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Results were evaluated semiquantitatively. eNOS and nNOS expression in cavernousal tis- sue in CR rats were more strong than in control group in both young and old rats. eNOS expression was also higher in the internal iliac arteries of CR rats than in control in young and old rats. As a result of our study we can say that there is a positive link between CR and neurotransmitter of erection in cavernousal tissues and internal iliac arteries. CR has beneficial effect to prevent sexual dysfunction in young and old animals and possible humans.
Results of the surgical correction of urinary stress incontinence according to the type of transobturator tape utilized
Authors: Padilla-Fernández Bárbara , García-Cenador Maria Begoña , Gómez-García Ana , Mirón-Canelo José Antonio , Gil-Vicente Ángel , Silva-Abuín Juan Miguel , Lorenzo-Gómez María Fernanda
Published: September 2013

Objectives: To analyze the short and long term results of tapes of different materials used to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI). A secondary objective was to evaluate the ability to adjust the tape after implantation. Materials and methods: Retrospective chart review of 355 patients with SUI operated between March 2003 and October 2011. Eight different types of transobturator tapes were used: Gynecare TVT-O®, Monarc®, SAFYRE®, Contasure KIM®, I-Stop®, DynaMesh®, Aris® Bandellete and Swing-band®. Results and complications were recorded. Results: The mean age at operation was 61 years. Correction of SUI was achieved in 87.88% of cases. The best results were obtained with Contasure KIM® (98.26 % continence). The tape was well tolerated and was elastic enough to be able to be adjusted 48-72 hours after implantation without deformation. Slings with macropores and over lock stiches on the superior and inferior borders presented the lower rates of postoperative urinary retention, pain, perior postoperative bleeding and urinary tract infections. Conclusions: Transobturator tension free tapes require a short operation time and have a low complication rate. The possibility of adjustment in the early postoperative period increases the success rate and reduces complications. Knotless meshes with macropores and over lock stiches appear to be better balanced, are quite resistant to stretching and deformation when readjusted after implantation and present a low infection rate.
Prostatic abscess: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Porfyris Orestis , Kalomoiris Paraskevas
Published: September 2013

We report a case of prostatic abscess in a 52 year old male with a history of diabetes mellitus. The abscess was treated successfully with surgical drainage by transurethral unroofing of the cavity of the abscess. The use of transrectal ultrasound is valuable in the diagnosis, treatment and follow up of the abscess, while drainage is usually necessary for the treatment, which can be done by transrectal, transperineal and transurethral route.
Fatal Malignant Metastastic Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma Presenting in a Young Woman: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Wyluda Edward , Baquero Giselle , Lamparella Nicholas , Abendroth Catherine , Drabick Joseph
Published: September 2013

Epithelioid angiomyolipomas (EAMLs) are rare mesenchymal tumors whose malignant variant is extremely uncommon and highly aggressive. Treatment strategies include chemo radiation, transcatheter arterial embolization and surgical resection, which has remained the mainstay treatment. Targeted therapies including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors such as Temsirolimus may offer some hope for progressive malignant EAMLs that are not amenable to other treatment modalities. We report a fatal case in a young female who presented with rapidly progressive metastatic EAML that did not respond to mTOR therapy. The literature has shown reduction in tumor burden with the use of mTOR inhibitors, but unfortunately due to the rarity of malignant EAML, a meaningful approach to treatment remains challenging.
Angiofibrolipoma of the Calf
Authors: Uwale Eyesan Samuel , Christopher Ayeni Shola , Adesope Adesina Stephen , Tolulope Kehinde Gideon , Olawepo Ayokunle , Kazeem Ibrahim Olatunde
Published: September 2013

Angiofibrolipoma is a neoplasm composed of fibrocytes, capillaries and matured adipose tissues. It is a rare histopathologic variant of lipoma, characterized by matured adipocytes, blood vessels and dense collagenous tissues. It is an extremely rare tumor with very few cases reported in the literature. We are reporting a 9-year-old boy who presented with a right calf swelling noticed since birth, slowly increasing in size which became painful about a year prior to presentation (at about the age of 8 years). The mass extended from the popliteal fossa to the junction of the gastro-soleus. Mid calf circumference on the right was 44 cm and 24 cm on the left. Clinically there was no foot drop. He had neither preceding trauma nor fall. He had no systemic symptom. Pre-operative plain radiographs, incisional biopsy and other ancillary investigations were done. Histopathology result after excisional biopsy revealed angiofibrolipoma and postoperative clinical improvement was significant. To our knowledge, such a case has not been previously reported in the literature.
Where sexuality and spirituality meet: An assessment of Christian teaching on sexuality and marriage in relation to the reality of 21st century moral norms
Authors: Tukker Marilize E.
Published: September 2013

Christians and the church tend to shy away from talking about sex, premarital sex and sex outside of marriage. God and sex are rarely mentioned in the same sentence, and yet people still have a deep need for spirituality, to experience God in their lives and to seek guidance on sexual matters. It becomes a dilemma when the question is posed: where do sexuality and spirituality meet? One way to answer this question is to attempt to find a link between spirituality and sexuality. In this way, spirituality could gain relevance, and expressing one’s sexuality could find a moral foundation. People are both spiritual and sexual creatures – with the need to express their spirituality and sexuality in a moral, but unashamedly natural way. This article attempts to find alternative solutions for our complex society – on the subject of marriage and sexuality. The intention is not to dismiss the institution of marriage, but rather to renegotiate the terms and structure of marriage in the 21st century.
The ministry of hope at grassroots level in a post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Du Plessis Amanda L.
Published: September 2013

In this article the the ministry of hope to women without hope are investigated in the South African context of hope and reconciliation. Since apartheid ended 19 years ago, a democratic policy has been followed. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was assigned the task to lead the population of South Africa to hope and reconciliation. The question may truly be asked whether the current picture could be that of a healed country. On the one hand, a large part of the population demonstrates a negative attitude regarding future expectations of South Africa; on the other hand, there are people at grassroots level who strive daily to bring about reconciliation in society by trying to make life easier for others. Utilising the available resources, which are minimal, the women called Mamas Africa are examples of people who serve the hopeless with hope every day. The central theoretical argument is that the Mamas Africa phenomenon has the potential of bringing hope, should it branch out widely. The concept of Mamas Africa refers to women from all races who promote mutual commitment based on their faith, and also make a difference in the South African society. In this article, an empirical investigation was made into the motivation behind the Mamas Africa phenomenon in the first place. Secondly, a normative investigation was conducted into the theology of hope from the perspective of reformed theology; and finally, pragmatic guidelines have been provided for the ministry of hope to the hopeless in the South African society.In hierdie artikel word die bediening van hoop en versoening aan oënskynlik hooplose vroue ondersoek in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks van hoop en versoening. Dit is reeds 19 jaar sedert apartheid afgeskaf is en ’n demokratiese beleid in Suid-Afrika gevolg word. Die Waarheids- en Versoeningskommissie (WVK) is getaak om die bevolking van Suid-Afrika na hoop en versoening te lei. Dit wil egter voorkom asof die bevolking van Suid-Afrika tans verder van rekonsiliasie is as direk na 1994. Die vraag kan tereg gevra word of dit ’n beeld is van ’n land wat genesing beleef. Ondanks die staking van die WVK se werksaamhede en die oorwegend negatiewe ingesteldheid van ’n groot deel van die bevolking rakende die toekomsverwagtinge in Suid-Afrika, is daar diegene op grondvlak wat elke dag daarna streef om versoening in die samelewing te bewerkstellig deur die lewe van ander te probeer vergemaklik. Die vroue genaamd ‘Mamas Afrika’ is voorbeelde van diegene wat, met die minimum hulpbronne tot hulle beskikking, daagliks die hooploses met hoop bedien. Die konsep Mamas Afrika verwys na vroue van alle rasse wat hulle, as uitvloeisel van hulle geloof en vertroue in God, beywer tot onderlinge versoening. Die vraag wat hier ter sprake is, is die volgende: Wat is die relevansie van die Christelike hoop en versoening as dryfveer vir morele aksie in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing se groei na versoening en nasiewording soos toegepas deur die Mamas Afrika?
Symmetric and non-symmetric quantum Capelli polynomials
Authors: Knop F.
Published: September 2013

We introduce families of symmetric and non-symmetric polynomials (the quantum Capelli polynomials) which depend on two parameters q and t. They are defined in terms of vanishing conditions. In the differential limit

(q = t^\alpha\, {\rm and}\, t \to 1)

they are related to Capelli identities. It is shown that the quantum Capelli polynomials form an eigenbasis for certain q-difference operators. As a corollary, we obtain that the top homogeneous part is a symmetric/non-symmetric Macdonald polynomial. Furthermore, we study the vanishing and integrality properties of the quantum Capelli polynomials.
Twisting on associative algebras and Rota–Baxter type operators
Authors: Uchino Kyousuke
Published: September 2013

We introduce an operation called “twisting” on the Hochschild complex by analogy with Drinfeld’s twisting operations. By using the twisting and derived bracket constructions, we study differential graded Lie algebra structures associated to the bi-graded Hochschild complex. We show that Rota–Baxter type operators are solutions of Maurer–Cartan equations. As an application of twisting, we give a construction of associative Nijenhuis operators.
Specialization of Formal Cohomology and Asymptotic Expansions
Authors: Colin Violaine
Published: September 2013

Following a work of Andronikof, we build a theory of Whitney specialization for

C^∞

-functions and holomorphic functions. To an

ℝ

-constructible sheaf, we associate a

\mathcal D

-module. In particular, the constant sheaf gives the germs of functions asymptotically developable.
Emotional Intelligence and the Occupational Therapist
Authors: McKenna Jacqui , Mellson Jo-Anne
Published: September 2013

Mayer and Salovey (1997) have described emotional intelligence as the understanding, perception, use and management of emotions of self and others. Emotional intelligence skills mediate emotional labour and support development of professional and therapeutic relationships, fostering the application of person-centred, holistic principles (McKenna 2007). The occupational therapist's ability to understand, mediate and manage the emotions of self and others undoubtedly has an impact on their effectiveness (Mayer and Cobb 2000), and on their ability to engage with service users, carers, colleagues and students. This opinion piece explores links between ability in emotional intelligence and the competent occupational therapist.
Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Perioperative Patient Management of Lung Transplantation Surgery
Authors: Esper Stephen A
Published: September 2013

Lung transplantation is the only option for patients with end-stage lung disease. Chronic obstructive lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis and primary pulmonary hypertension are few common indications for lung transplantation. Patients with end-stage lung disease may have pre-existing cardiovascular compromise related to pulmonary hypertension and other cardiovascular lesions, such as coronary artery disease or valvular heart disease. Preoperative evaluation and optimization of hemodynamics is expected to improve outcomes from lung transplantation. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability is common during lung transplantation and requires highest level of cardiovascular monitoring. After transplantation, vascular anastomosis should be evaluated for flow patterns to rule out obstruction from stenosis or thrombosis. Postoperative complications are common and include bleeding, cardiac failure and hypoxemia from right to left shunt. Primary graft dysfunction may necessitate mechanical cardiorespiratory support. Transesophageal echocardiography plays a central role in preoperative evaluation, intraoperative hemodynamic management, evaluation of pulmonary vascular anastomosis, diagnosis of postoperative complications and also in the critical care management of mechanical cardiorespiratory support.

How to cite this article

Subramaniam K, Esper SA. Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Perioperative Patient Management of Lung Transplantation Surgery. J Perioper Echocardiogr 2013;1(2):48-56.
Infective Endocarditis: The Anesthesiologist's Perspective
Authors: Kiran Usha , Saini Kulbhushan , Makhija Neeti , Choudhury Arindam , Rajput Randhir Singh , Airan Balram
Published: September 2013

Infective endocarditis (IE) usually involves one or more heart valves resulting in vegetation, perforation, abscess, fistula and/or pseudoaneurysm formation. In IE, the mainstay of treatment remains antimicrobial agent for 4 to 6 weeks. However, 40 to 60% requires surgical intervention because of some complications. Surgery could be risky in the active stage of the disease, but it becomes essential to avoid preoperative heart failure, irreversible structural damage and also to prevent systemic embolization. Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examination is an important diagnostic modality for guiding therapeutic decisions. We recently managed four patients of IE. Two of them presented with mitral valve vegetations resulting in severe mitral regurgitation and one with aortic root abscess. We monitored TEE in all the four cases throughout the surgery.

How to cite this article

Kiran U, Choudhury A, Makhija N, Saini K, Rajput RS, Airan B. Infective Endocarditis: The Anesthesiologist's Perspective. J Perioper Echocardiogr 2013; 1(2):57-61.
Coexistence of Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis can make the Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect Challenging
Authors: Rajput Randhir Singh , Das Sambhunath
Published: September 2013

Missing the diagnosis of atrial septal defect (ASD) increases morbidities to patient and may require second surgery or intervention. Chronic constrictive pericarditis produces thickening and calcification of pericardium. The detection of any intracardiac lesion may be difficult by echocardiography due to the masking or shadowing effect of calcified pericardium. We report a case of 30-year-old male presented with congestive heart failure, dyspnea and abdominal swelling. Transthoracic echocardiography diagnosed constrictive pericarditis with no evidence of ASD. The contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) showed extensive diffuse pericardial calcification with a large ASD. In the operating room initial transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examination was not able to detect any ASD. Agitated saline injected through the central venous line into right atrium showed bubbles in the left atrium under TEE monitoring. Subsequent movement of TEE probe in deeper position detected the ASD. It is recommended that all the views and methods of echocardiography examination may be practiced in difficult moments to avoid missing the presence of ASD.

How to cite this article

Das S, Rajput RS. Coexistence of Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis can make the Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect Challenging. J Perioper Echocardiogr 2013;1(2):66-68.
Inter-calibration of polar imager solar channels using SEVIRI
Authors: Meirink J. F. , Roebeling R. A. , Stammes P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Accurate calibration of satellite imagers is a prerequisite for using their measurements in climate applications. Here we present a method for the inter-calibration of geostationary and polar-orbiting imager solar channels based on regressions of collocated near-nadir reflectances. Specific attention is paid to correcting for differences in spectral response between instruments. The method is used to calibrate the solar channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on the geostationary Meteosat satellite with corresponding channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the polar-orbiting Aqua satellite. The SEVIRI operational calibration is found to be stable during the years 2004 to 2009, but offset by −8, −6, and +3.5 % for channels 1 (0.6 μm), 2 (0.8 μm), and 3 (1.6 μm), respectively. These results are robust for a range of choices that can be made regarding data collocation and selection, as long as the viewing and illumination geometries of the two instruments are matched. Uncertainties in the inter-calibration method are estimated to be 1 % for channel 1 and 1.5 % for channels 2 and 3. A specific application of our method is the inter-calibration of polar imagers using SEVIRI as a transfer instrument. This offers an alternative to direct inter-calibration, which in general has to rely on high-latitude collocations. Using this method we have tied MODIS-Terra and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instruments on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites 17 and 18 to MODIS-Aqua for the years 2007 to 2009. While reflectances of the two MODIS instruments differ less than 2 % for all channels considered, deviations of an existing AVHRR calibration from MODIS-Aqua reach −3.5 and +2.5 % for the 0.8 and 1.6 μm channels, respectively.
Estimating temporal and spatial variation of ocean surface pCO2 in the North Pacific using a self-organizing map neural network technique
Authors: Nakaoka S. , Telszewski M. , Nojiri Y. , Yasunaka S. , Miyazaki C. , Mukai H. , Usui N.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. This study uses a neural network technique to produce maps of the partial pressure of oceanic carbon dioxide (pCO2sea) in the North Pacific on a 0.25° latitude × 0.25° longitude grid from 2002 to 2008. The pCO2sea distribution was computed using a self-organizing map (SOM) originally utilized to map the pCO2sea in the North Atlantic. Four proxy parameters – sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer depth, chlorophyll a concentration, and sea surface salinity (SSS) – are used during the training phase to enable the network to resolve the nonlinear relationships between the pCO2sea distribution and biogeochemistry of the basin. The observed pCO2sea data were obtained from an extensive dataset generated by the volunteer observation ship program operated by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). The reconstructed pCO2sea values agreed well with the pCO2sea measurements, with the root-mean-square error ranging from 17.6 μatm (for the NIES dataset used in the SOM) to 20.2 μatm (for independent dataset). We confirmed that the pCO2sea estimates could be improved by including SSS as one of the training parameters and by taking into account secular increases of pCO2sea that have tracked increases in atmospheric CO2. Estimated pCO2sea values accurately reproduced pCO2sea data at several time series locations in the North Pacific. The distributions of pCO2sea revealed by 7 yr averaged monthly pCO2sea maps were similar to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory pCO2sea climatology, allowing, however, for a more detailed analysis of biogeochemical conditions. The distributions of pCO2sea anomalies over the North Pacific during the winter clearly showed regional contrasts between El Niño and La Niña years related to changes of SST and vertical mixing.
Continuing 137 Cs release to the sea from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant through 2012
Authors: Kanda J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The rate of cesium-137 (137Cs) release to the sea from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant for the period until September 2012 was estimated. Publicly released data on 137Cs radioactivity in seawater near the power plant by Tokyo Electric Power Company strongly suggest a continuing release of radionuclides to the sea. The plant has an artificial harbour facility, and the exchange rate of harbour water with surrounding seawater was estimated by the decrease in radioactivity immediately after an intense radioactive water release. The estimated exchange rate of water in the harbour was 0.44 d−1 during the period from 6 to 19 April. The 137Cs radioactivity in the harbour water was substantially higher than that of seawater outside and remained relatively stable after June 2011. A quasi-steady state was assumed with continuous water exchange, and the average release rate of 137Cs was estimated to be 93 GBq d−1 in summer 2011 and 8.1 GBq d−1 in summer 2012.
DIRECTION-DEPENDENT AND MULTIAXIAL STRESS-SOFTENING BEHAVIOR OF CARBON BLACK–FILLED RUBBER
Authors: Kahraman Hasan , Haberstroh Edmund
Published: September 2013

The mechanical behavior of filled rubbers depends on the maximum stretch previously reached and consequently on the induced stress softening. This softening effect is referred to as the Mullins effect. Current investigations point out that the Mullins effect exhibits a significant directional dependence, which calls for an anisotropic material model. But for the formulation and validation of anisotropic material models, there is still a lack of suitable experimental data. For this the purpose, experiments based on chloroprene rubber (CR) are reported. To trace the anisotropic Mullins effect, the standard test method for characterization of the isotropic mechanical behavior must be extended. The appropriate type of specimen enables us to perform multiple load steps with alternating load directions. After repeated stretching in the same direction, a subsequent first uniaxial loading in any other direction is characterized by a stiffer stress–strain behavior compared with the stabilized curve of the previous primary load. Hence, the experimental results confirm the deformation-induced anisotropy. To identify the multiaxial material behavior after the prestretching in one direction, a biaxial tensile-testing machine is developed. A specific property of the biaxial tensile-testing machine is the independent control of both the loading axes. Thus, the rubber material can be subjected to arbitrary loading histories. Therefore, a cross-shaped specimen with four arms is used. Multiple slits parallel to the sides on each arm ensures the homogenous uniaxial load condition in the primary load. In the secondary load step, the loading axis, which was previously inactive, is moved in a uniform manner as the master axis or in any arbitrary defined ratio. The experimental results confirm the deformation-induced anisotropy of the Mullins effect. In summary, the material behavior significantly results from the deformation mode and the loading direction applied in the loading history.
EFFECT OF IN SITU SURFACE-MODIFIED NANO–ZINC OXIDE ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CONVENTIONAL VULCANIZATION IN NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Man Zhongbiao , Deng Li , Yang Miao , Chen Yuehui , Jin Zhengjie
Published: September 2013

In situ surface-modified nano–zinc oxide (ZnO) had been prepared by the sol-gel method. The microscopic structure of the ZnO particles was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy was used to observe the dispersal of ZnO in conventional vulcanization of natural rubber (NR). Properties such as cure and tensile characteristics as well as heat-resistance oxygen aging properties were researched and compared. The vulcanized structure of vulcanizate was studied by the balance-swelling method and chemical-detecting process. Results demonstrated that the dispersal of in situ surface-modified nano-ZnO in NR vulcanizate was better than that of ordinary ZnO. Compared with the addition of 5 phr of ordinary ZnO in NR, the tensile strength and elongation of NR vulcanizate filled with 2 phr of in situ surface-modified nano-ZnO increased by 0.55% and 10.34%, respectively. Meanwhile, the retention of tensile strength and elongation of vulcanizate increased by 35.85% and 19.36%, respectively.
Guidelines for the Statistical Analysis of a Collaborative Study of a Laboratory Method for Testing Disinfectant Product Performance
Authors: Hamilton Martin A , Hamilton Gordon Cord , Goeres Darla M , Parker Albert E
Published: September 2013

This paper presents statistical techniques suitable for analyzing a collaborative study (multilaboratory study or ring trial) of a laboratory disinfectant product performance test (DPPT) method. Emphasis is on the assessment of the repeatability, reproducibility, resemblance, and responsiveness of the DPPT method. The suggested statistical techniques are easily modified for application to a single laboratory study. The presentation includes descriptions of the plots and tables that should be constructed during initial examination of the data, including a discussion of outliers and QA checks. The statistical recommendations deal with evaluations of prevailing types of DPPTs, including both quantitative and semiquantitative tests. The presentation emphasizes tests in which the disinfectant treatment is applied to surface-associated microbes and the outcome is a viable cell count; however, the statistical guidelines are appropriate for suspension tests and other test systems. The recommendations also are suitable for disinfectant tests using any microbe (vegetative bacteria, virus, spores, etc.) or any disinfectant treatment. The descriptions of the statistical techniques include either examples of calculations based on published data or citations to published calculations. Computer code is provided in an appendix.
An Automated Online TurboFlow™ Cleanup LC/MS/MS Method for the Determination of 11 Plasticizers in Beverages and Milk
Authors: Ates Ebru , Mittendorf Klaus , Senyuva Hamide
Published: September 2013

An automated sample preparation technique involving cleanup and analytical separation in a single operation using an online coupled TurboFlow (RP-LC system) is reported. This method eliminates time-consuming sample preparation steps that can be potential sources for cross-contamination in the analysis of plasticizers. Using TurboFlow chromatography, liquid samples were injected directly into the automated system without previous extraction or cleanup. Special cleanup columns enabled specific binding of target compounds; higher MW compounds, i.e., fats and proteins, and other matrix interferences with different chemical properties were removed to waste, prior to LC/MS/MS. Systematic stepwise method development using this new technology in the food safety area is described. Selection of optimum columns and mobile phases for loading onto the cleanup column followed by transfer onto the analytical column and MS detection are critical method parameters. The method was optimized for the assay of 10 phthalates (dimethyl, diethyl, dipropyl, butyl benzyl, diisobutyl, dicyclohexyl, dihexyl, diethylhexyl, diisononyl, and diisododecyl) and one adipate (diethylhexyl) in beverages and milk.
Determination of Chlorinated Phenoxy Acid Herbicides in Tobacco by Modified QuEChERS Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yang Fei , Bian Zhaoyang , Chen Xiaoshui , Liu San San , Liu Yang , Tang Gangling
Published: September 2013

A new method for determination of phenoxy acid herbicide residues in tobacco based on the use of liquid extraction/partition and dispersive SPE followed by HPLC/electrospray ionization-MS/MS is reported. Formic acid (2%, v/v) in acetonitrile as the extraction solvent and inclusion of citrate buffer helped partitioning of all analytes into the acetonitrile phase. Quantitative analysis was done in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode using two combinations of selected precursor ion and product ion transition for each compound. The recoveries obtained for each pesticide ranged between 85 and 110% at two spike concentration levels. Good linear relationships were observed, with the correlation coefficient (r2) >0.998 for all analytes. The method is simple, efficient, and sensitive, and each of its performance characteristics meets the requirements for determination of phenoxy acid herbicide residues in tobacco.
Simultaneous Determination of 13-cis and all-trans Vitamin A Palmitate (Retinyl Palmitate), Vitamin A Acetate (Retinyl Acetate), and Total Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol and DL-α-Tocopherol Acetate) in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by Normal Phase HPLC: First Action 2012.10
Authors: McMahon Adrienne , Christiansen Scott , Shine Lynsey , Loi Calvin , Dowell Dawn
Published: September 2013

This HPLC method, with both variable UV and fluorescence detection, allows for the simultaneous determination of vitamin A palmitate, vitamin A acetate, and total vitamin E in infant, pediatric, and adult nutritional formulas. The concentration of each vitamin form is calculated by comparison with standards of known concentration. Following hydrolysis, the vitamins are extracted into iso-octane and analyzed by normal phase (NP) HPLC. The method was evaluated for linearity, precision, and accuracy using a selection of the Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) matrixes, including milk-based, soy-based, and hydrolyzed protein, as well as high- and low-fat products. A single-laboratory validation has been completed for all analytes using a selection of SPIFAN matrixes. Performance parameters included a working range of 2–450 μg/100 g ready-to-feed for vitamin A and 0.03–8.0 mg/100 g reconstituted final product for vitamin E. LOD was <1.0 μg and <0.1 mg/100 g reconstituted final product for vitamins A and E, respectively; RSD was 1.08–8.70% over a range of concentration; and average recoveries of 97.4–101.3%. Repeatability of <4% for vitamin A and <8% for vitamin E was calculated from five laboratories using this method. Results indicate that this method is suitable for the analysis of vitamins A and E in all forms of infant, adult, and pediatric formulas (powders, ready-to-feed liquids, and liquid concentrates). The Expert Review Panel (ERP) of Infant Formula reviewed this method separately for vitamins A and E, including all available method validation data at the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Annual Meeting on September 29, 2012. Following evaluation of the data for both methods, the ERP agreed that both methods met the standard method performance requirements articulated by SPIFAN. The ERP granted First Action status to both methods, and recommended that a single method be published for the simultaneous determination of vitamin A palmitate, vitamin A acetate, and total vitamin E (DL-α-tocopherol and DL-α-tocopherol acetate) in infant formula and adult nutritionals by NP HPLC.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Alan
Published: September 2013

The theme of this issue of the Urban History Review/Revue d’histoire urbaine is "The New Cultural History and Urban History," a theme intended to answer a question about the place of the city in a recent trend in historical research. The aim of this issue is to demonstrate where the new cultural history offers insights for urban history. The articles in this issue demonstrate this potential, each in its own way. Yet, at the same time, each also suggests to cultural historians that studies grounded in the urban past help illuminate many of the broader questions that interest them. Among the basic assumptions underlying this issue is the belief that, for much of Western civilization in the 20th century, the city has been more than a scene for cultural expression. That is, the culture of modernity, a culture involving rapid social change, commodification, mass society,’ and fragmentation, did not just develop in the city. It is a culture of the city. This, I suggest, has been a missing element in the explosion of new research into such topics as historical memory, consumerism, and ritual, grouped together loosely as the "New Cultural History."
Commemorating the Loyalists in the Loyalist City: Saint John, New Brunswick, 1883–1934
Authors: Marquis Greg
Published: September 2013

Historical consciousness in Saint John, New Brunswick, at present is fragmented. From the 1880s until the mid-1950s, public history was dominated by memories of the 1780s Loyalist founders of the city. This article examines the creation of Loyalist historiography by writers such as Hannay and Raymond, and public commemoration of the Loyalists in a city where most of the population was of non-Loyalist descent. Views of the Loyalists were neither monolithic nor unchanging, but public celebrations stressed their triumph over adversity and contributions to provincial, national, and Imperial progress. The 1904 De Monts-Champlain Tercentenary and the 1927 Irish Famine commemoration were tentative challenges to the dominant historical discourse. The founding of a provincial museum between 1929 and 1934 signalled a shift in public history away from an amateur, voluntary approach to historical knowledge production based on professionals working for the state.
Introduction : redonner à la ville son autonomie comme objet de recherche
Authors: Dagenais Michèle
Published: September 2013

Quelles sont les tendances récentes de la recherche en histoire urbaine? Quelles préoccupations et quelles questions animent, aujourd’hui, les chercheurs? Comment l’histoire urbaine est-elle définie par ceux qui la pratiquent? Voilà un ensemble d’interrogations maintes fois formulées s’agissant de l’histoire urbaine, un domaine qui, plus que tout autre, a toujours eu de la difficulté à définir sa spécificité et ses objets d’analyse de manière très précise.
L’urbain : un entre-deux historiographique. Les villes italiennes à l’époque contemporaine. Parcours de lectures à travers les thèmes de l’historiographie récente
Authors: Adorno Salvatore
Published: September 2013

L’article aborde certains nœuds du débat historiographique actuel sur les ville italiennes. Il analyse d’abord la capacité de résistance de la société rurale et la manière dont celle-ci a conditionné Vhistoriographique du rapport ville/campagne. Il explique ensuite comment le déclin du paradigme historiographique du méridiona-lisme classique et Vaffirmation du modèle de la troisième Italie ont réactivé Vintérêt pour les villes méridionales et les centres de l’Italie du Nord-Est. Puis, l’article explique comment la dialectique de l’histoire administrative entre le centre et la périphérie et celle de l’histoire politico-culturelle entre construction des identités locales et processus de nationalisation ont représenté une clé de lecture de la ville italienne contemporaine. Enfin, l’article aborde brièvement comment l’historiographie italienne a confronté le rapport entre morphologie physique, morphologie sociale et morphologie des représentations de la ville.
North American Urban History: The Everyday Politics and Spatial Logics of Metropolitan Life
Authors: Sies Mary Corbin
Published: September 2013

At the start of the twenty-first century, North American urban history is flourishing. Compared to twenty-five years ago, the field has become more interdisciplinary and intellectually invigorating. Scholars are publishing increasingly sophisticated efforts to understand how the city as space intersects the urbanization process, as well as studies that recognize the full complexity of experiences for different metropolitan cohorts. A burgeoning literature connects the everyday cultural experiences of urban North Americans with larger social processes and issues of historical analysis. Such a rapidly evolving field defies attempts to summarize the state of its scholarship. This essay will therefore confine itself to a survey of five themes of recent scholarship on the urban history of Canada and the United States: social class and the city, housing studies, urban life and politics, city-suburb relationships, and race relations and the metropolis. These diverse bodies of literature challenge our common wisdom about how cities and suburbs work and inspire urbanists to approach their topics with fresh eyes, an interdisciplinary purview, and an open mind.
Tertiarisation et transformation de l’espace urbain : la rue McGill à Montréal (1842–1934)
Authors: Poitras Claire
Published: September 2013

Cette article prend comme terrain d'étude un espace montréalais (la rue McGill) afin d'analyser le processus de tertiarisation entre les années 1842 et 1934. D'une manière spécifique, nous traitons des dimensions urbanistiques et architecturales reliées à ces changements. Condensé de l'histoire du tertiaire urbain à Montréal, l'aménagement de la rue McGill met en lumière des tendances de développement qui prévalent dans la métropole moderne. Jusqu'en 1900, l'économie tertiaire est contrôlée par des marchands de tailles variées et dont les activités s'inscrivent dans un marché local et régional. Après 1900, les activités commerciales reculent pour faire place aux activités manufacturières et aux bureaux dans le secteur des transports et des communications. La place du tertiaire de direction marque alors le nouveau rôle assumé par la rue McGill dans l'économie montréalaise.
Swatting Flies for Health: Children and Tuberculosis in Early Twentieth-Century Montreal
Authors: Minnett Valerie , Poutanen Mary-Anne
Published: September 2013

Responding to an appeal by city physicians and health reformers to destroy a prodigious disease carrier, the housefly, the Montreal Daily Star launched an island-wide contest infuly 1912, offering prizes to children who collected the most dead flies. Nearly a thousand children, largely from working-class families, participated in a three-week-long "Swat the Fly" competition. Engaging Montreal children in this contest underscores a popular idea at the time that the best way to improve public health and combat the ignorance of a generation was to arm a new one with knowledge. While historians recognize that children’s participation in campaigns to promote public health measures was pivotal to their success, youngsters are often rendered as passive recipients of reformers’ efforts. We argue the contrary: children were active agents in public health crusades both as consumers and as advocates.
Modernizers and Traditionalists in Postwar Hamilton, Ontario: The Fate of a Farmers’ Market, 1945-1965
Authors: Robinson Danielle
Published: September 2013

Between 1945 and 1965, the Hamilton Farmers’ Market was hailed as both an irreplaceable cultural and historical gem, and condemned as an antiquated institution not worth the land it occupied. The market debates occurred in the midst of post—World War II suburban sprawl, fuelled and facilitated by the automobile. This change in the postwar landscape accommodated the rise of powerful modernist ideology as well as a traditionalist response. Debates over the market’s fate touched on reducing, relocating, or eliminating the market completely. The chosen solution—constructing a parking ramp on the market site, and housing the market on the ground level of the structure—was implemented by October I960. This was a victory for the city’s modernizers, and foreshadowed the more extensive urban renewal efforts that dominated regional politics in the late 1960s and 1970s.