bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cercetarea monografică a portului popular românesc în cadrul Școlii Sociologice de la București. Momentul Lucia Apolzan
Authors:   Institutul de Etnografie și Folclor „Constantin Brăiloiu”, Cherciu Ion
Published: October 2020

In the interwar Romanian culture, the Sociological School of Bucharest led by D. Gusti had a unique approach of the folk culture which was seen as a living organism in constant movement and evolution. Folk creations - musical and literary, peasant costume and artefacts etc. are no longer treated as "museum or archive objects ", but as living and interdependent parts composing a giant gear – the social corpus. Therefore, not only songs, but also singing, not only stories, but the storytelling etc. will be studied, precisely – and especially – the "social functions" of those creations. For the peasant costume, not the pieces themselves will be studied, as before, but their "making" and "wearing". From this perspective which considerably broadens the research horizon, the work of Lucia Apolzan is not just an exemplary thematic monograph on folk costume and domestic industry in Țara Moților, but also a fundamental book, unique in Romanian ethnography and culture. The secret of this success lies in the "monographic approach" of the topic and in the author's attachment to the investigated area, meaning that thorough ethnographic research greatly benefits from contribution of other disciplines, such as history, geography, political economy, oral tradition etc., and from the constant observation of the "social relations" involved in making and using of the peasant costume. Capturing, for the first time, the specific, intimate dialectical relations that underlie the existence and the "evolution" of the folk costume, and "encoding" them in "basic rules", general and always valid for the investigated field require, as the author believes, a "reconsideration" and "upgrading" of this work, victim itself of times of sad memory for the Romanian culture; this is particularly so since, after "the moment Lucia Apolzan", the descriptivism and aestheticism, back in force, as working methods and means of expression in the scientific discourse, have continuously dominated most works about the folk costume in our country.
Șarpele ceresc și calendarul agrar
Authors:   Academia Română, Institutul Astronomic Cluj-Napoca, Szücs-Csillik Iharka , Maxim Zoia ,   Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei
Published: October 2020

This study will try to find answers to the question "Why did our ancestors use the snake symbol and sign in their nonverbal communication?" When we observe the snake’s life and behaviour, we come to understand why Neolithic men used the snake symbol, and why it was important for our ancestors to represent the snake. The snake signs as revealed by archaeological finds enable us to deepen the research about these „famous reptiles”. During the Neolithic, the snake was a symbol for good, helping humankind, but also unknowable and unpredictable, so for the Neolithic men the snake became sacred. That is the reason why they represented the sacred snake on vases, bracelets, buildings, even more, the snake can be found on the sky as a unique constellation charting. In Romanian tradition the snake has many meanings, the best known is that of the guardian serpent (the snake of the house), which represents the protector of the household goods, or the foreteller of rain. Connections between the snake and the cyclic regeneration of nature appeared not only are not typical to Romania. Frequently encountered signs of the snake are the following: the spiral; zigzag; ascending meander; little sticks; chain of S’s; the alphabetical character S (snake in attack); the shape of the S letter around the eggs (circles)
Master planningul pentru dezvoltarea Parcului Etnografic din Cluj-Napoca. Direcții pentru asigurarea accesului persoanelor cu deficiențe de vedere
Authors:   Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei, Sălăgean Tudor
Published: October 2020

Transylvanian Museum of Ethnography, a representative institution of the Romanian museology, has already built a solid reputation in the field of programs and adaptations addressed to people with disabilities. The most significant achievement in this field was the opening in 2009 of the first permanent tactile exhibition, which become a landmark for the Romanian museology. Participation of the museum, in partnership with the department of Special Psychopedagogy of the Babes Bolyai University, at the project Bridging the Gap between Museums and Visually Impaired Persons (BaGMIVI), founded under the Erasmus+ Program, has led to a significant increase in skills in this fiels, as well as to a significant improvement of the interna land international with institutions and specialists in the area of the project. Moreover, this project was carried aut in parallel with the master planning activity for the museum’s outdoor section, the National Ethnographic Park Romulus Vuia, a museum sector in which are carried out new accesibility projects, in order to offer a better response to the needs of people with visual impairments.
Seismic Response of Buildings with Soft Story
Authors: S ElRefaie , M Saif
Published: October 2020

Extending lifts` reinforced concrete cores to foundations usually restricts services and lobby functions of a building. A core supported on columns at core`s corners is considered a good alternative for sorting out this problem. However, this will cause an abrupt reduction in the lateral stiffness of the building below the cores level i.e. soft story vertical irregularity. Hence, large lateral displacement of the building is expected causing its instability and potentially results in its collapse. No caution at seismic response parameters (for instance, lateral story drift ratio) is found in the current codes for buildings having soft stories. The ratio between the lateral stiffness of a given story and that of a story / three stories above is the only parameter found in current codes, for example UBC and ASCE7 codes, to identify a soft story criterion. In this paper, the seismic response of a building due to change in the level at which the central core is planted and the distribution of the columns supporting it is investigated. Partial support of reinforced concrete cores via underneath columns is found to be an effective means of enhancing the lateral stiffness of the building and reducing its lateral side sway. This effect is extremely dependent on the level of the soft story i.e. the level at which the cores are planted. The phenomena of the UBC and ASCE7 codes for identifying the soft story in a building needs to be revised. Keywords: Soft Story; Seismic Loads; Vertical Irregularity; Drift Ratio; Concrete; Cores;
Development of HACCP System for Assurance of Product Safety in A Gherkin Pickle Industry
Authors: Prakash Jamuna , Sahoo Madhusmita
Published: October 2020

Gherkin (Cucumis anguria), which is being widely grown in India now is processed to produce fermented, fresh pack pickles principally for export market. Hazard analysis and critical control point is a system to ensure good quality and safety of the food products. The present study was planned to develop HACCP system for a gherkin pickle industry along with the assessment of microbial quality for multiple product variations. Eight variants of pickles were prepared using spices and preservative and subjected to microbial analysis on 0, 7th and 15th day following standard methods. HACCP study which included the seven principles and twelve steps of HACCP was carried out with a decision tree protocol. Results showed that there was no growth of E. coli, lactobacilli, yeast or mold even after 15 days of storage in any sample stored at ambient or under refrigeration. The study of HACCP system indicated two critical control points in the whole process of making pickles, namely metal detection and pasteurization, for which the limits were identified.Proper monitoring system for the developed protocol would assure a safe product for human consumption. Keywords: Gherkin Pickle; Microbial Assessment; Decision Tree; Hazard Analysis; Critical Control Point; Quality Assurance
Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis)
Authors: Bista Rojina , Ghimire Arjun , Subedi Sadikshya
Published: October 2020

Fresh Aloe vera leaves were collected from Itahari, Sunsari district Nepal and were well washed with distilled water and subjected to cabinet drying at 50°C until constant weight of sample was obtained. Thus, obtained dry powder was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus in two different solvents i.e. methanol and ethanol and further concentrated using rotatory vacuum evaporator that was used for Total Phenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and tannin content determination. The mean values of methanolic and ethanolic extract were then statistically analyzed at 5% level of significance by paired t-test. Fresh Aloe vera leaves were extracted in 96% methanol to determine chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll- b and total carotene content. Similarly, 99% methanol was used to determine Total Antioxidant Capacity (TOAC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay of fresh Aloe vera leaves. Keywords: Aloe-Vera; Total Phenol Content; Total Flavonoid Content; Total Tannin Content; Antioxidant Activity
Stratigraphical influence on chalk cave development in Upper Normandy, France: implications for chalk hydrogeology
Authors:   University of Rouen-Normandy/CNRS, Ballesteros Daniel , Farrant Andrew ,   British Geological Survey, Nehme Carole ,   University of Rouen-Normandy/CNRS, Woods Mark ,   British Geological Survey, Todisco Dominique ,   University of Rouen-Normandy/CNRS, Mouralis Damase ,   University of Rouen-Normandy/CNRS
Published: October 2020

Classically, the Upper Cretaceous Chalk Group aquifer of northwest Europe is conceptualized as a homogenous dual-porosity aquifer, with high porosity related to its fine-grained porous matrix, and intermediate hydraulic conductivity associated with fractures. However, an increasing number of hydrological studies visualize the Chalk as a heterogeneous karst aquifer due to the localised presence of dissolutionally enlarged conduits. Field investigation suggests that cave development is guided by distinct stratigraphical and tectonic discontinuities within the rock mass. Identifying which potential inception horizons within the Chalk aquifer are favoured, and why, is important for developing future robust conceptual models of groundwater behaviour. This study focusses on the Chalk of the Upper Normandy region in France where karstic conduits are common and are linked to major sources of groundwater for public water supply. We analyse the geometry and geomorphology of six chalk caves exposed in the Seine Valley with an aggregated length of over 5.7 km, along with other caves in southern England, and identify the key inception horizons associated with their development. The data shows that prominent Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian hardgrounds have influenced the development of 68% of the studied caves length, with sheet-flints and marl seams also playing a prominent role. Caves developed on or between hardgrounds typically display a complex interlinked anastomotic passage network, whereas passages subjected to paragenetic conditions caused by a high sediment flux tend to be concentrated into fewer, larger conduits. The new evidence from Normandy and Southern England demonstrates the role of lithostratigraphy, and in particular stratigraphical discontinuities on conduit development. The data reinforces the idea that the Chalk aquifer should be viewed as a heterogeneous triple porosity karstic aquifer, in which conduit development is influenced by key stratigraphical discontinuities. This improved conceptual model can be used to develop better groundwater flow models and improved catchment delineation.
Training End-to-End Dialogue Systems with the Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus
Authors: Lowe Ryan , Pow Nissan , Serban Iulian Vlad , Charlin Laurent , Liu Chia-Wei , Pineau Joelle
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we construct and train end-to-end neural network-based dialogue systems usingan updated version of the recent Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus, a dataset containing almost 1 million multi-turn dialogues, with a total of over 7 million utterances and 100 million words. This dataset is interesting because of its size, long context lengths, and technical nature; thus, it can be used to train large models directly from data with minimal feature engineering, which can be both time consuming and expensive. We provide baselines  in two different environments: one where models are trained to maximize the log-likelihood of a generated utterance  conditioned on the context of the conversation, and one where models are trained to select the correct next response from a list of candidate responses. These are both evaluated on a recall task that we call Next Utterance Classification (NUC), as well as other generation-specific metrics. Finally, we provide a qualitative error analysis to help determine the most promising directions for future research on the Ubuntu  Dialogue Corpus, and for end-to-end dialogue systems in general.
Aerosol pH and chemical regimes of sulfate formation in aerosol water during winter haze in the North China Plain
Authors: Tao Wei , Su Hang , Zheng Guangjie , Wang Jiandong , Wei Chao , Liu Lixia , Ma Nan , Li Meng , Zhang Qiang , Pöschl Ulrich , Cheng Yafang
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Understanding the mechanism of haze formation is crucial for the development
of deliberate pollution control strategies. Multiphase chemical reactions in
aerosol water have been suggested as an important source of particulate
sulfate during severe haze (Cheng et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). While
the key role of aerosol water has been commonly accepted, the relative
importance of different oxidation pathways in the aqueous phase is still
under debate mainly due to questions about aerosol pH. To investigate the
spatiotemporal variability of aerosol pH and sulfate formation during
winter in the North China Plain (NCP), we have developed a new aerosol water
chemistry (AWAC) module for the WRF-Chem model (Weather Research and
Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry). Using the WRF-Chem-AWAC model, we
performed a comprehensive survey of the atmospheric conditions
characteristic for wintertime in the NCP focusing on January 2013. We find
that aerosol pH exhibited a strong vertical gradient and distinct diurnal
cycle which was closely associated with the spatiotemporal variation in
the abundance of acidic and alkaline fine particle components and
their gaseous counterparts. Over Beijing, the average aerosol pH at the
surface layer was ∼5.4 and remained nearly constant around
∼5 up to ∼2 km above ground level; further
aloft, the acidity rapidly increased to pH ∼0 at
∼3 km. The pattern of aerosol acidity increasing with altitude
persisted over the NCP, while the specific levels and gradients of pH varied
between different regions. In the region north of ∼41∘ N, the mean pH values at the surface level were typically
greater than 6, and the main pathway of sulfate formation in aerosol water
was S(IV) oxidation by ozone. South of ∼41∘ N, the
mean pH values at the surface level were typically in the range of 4.4 to 5.7,
and different chemical regimes and reaction pathways of sulfate formation
prevailed in four different regions depending on reactant concentrations
and atmospheric conditions. The NO2 reaction pathway prevailed in the
megacity region of Beijing and the large area of Hebei Province to the south
and west of Beijing, as well as part of Shandong Province. The transition
metal ion (TMI) pathway dominated in the inland region to the west and the
coastal regions to the east of Beijing, and the H2O2 pathway
dominated in the region extending further south (Shandong and Henan
provinces). In all of these regions, the O3 and TMI pathways in aerosol
water, as well as the gas-particle partitioning of H2SO4 vapor,
became more important with increasing altitude. Sensitivity tests show that the rapid
production of sulfate in the NCP can be maintained over a wide range of
aerosol acidity (e.g., pH =4.2–5.7) with transitions from dominant TMI pathway regimes
to dominant NO2∕O3 pathway regimes.
Review of experimental studies of secondary ice production
Authors: Korolev Alexei , Leisner Thomas
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice
particles in tropospheric clouds. Future improvement of the accuracy of
weather prediction and climate models relies on a proper description of SIP
in numerical simulations. For now, laboratory studies remain a primary tool
for developing physically based parameterizations for cloud modeling. Over
the past 7 decades, six different SIP-identifying mechanisms have
emerged: (1) shattering during droplet freezing, (2) the rime-splintering
(Hallett–Mossop) process, (3) fragmentation due to ice–ice collision, (4) ice particle fragmentation due to thermal shock, (5) fragmentation of
sublimating ice, and (6) activation of ice-nucleating particles in transient
supersaturation around freezing drops. This work presents a critical review
of the laboratory studies related to secondary ice production. While some of
the six mechanisms have received little research attention, for others
contradictory results have been obtained by different research groups.
Unfortunately, despite vast investigative efforts, the lack of consistency
and the gaps in the accumulated knowledge hinder the development of
quantitative descriptions of any of the six SIP mechanisms. The present work
aims to identify gaps in our knowledge of SIP as well as to stimulate
further laboratory studies focused on obtaining a quantitative description
of efficiencies for each SIP mechanism.
Lidar observations of Cirrus clouds at Palau island (7°33′ N,
134°48′ E)
Authors: Cairo Francesco , De Muro Mauro , Snels Marcel , Di Liberto Luca , Bucci Silvia , Legras Bernard , Kottayil Ajil , Scoccione Andrea , Ghisu Stefano
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A polarization diversity elastic backscatter lidar has been deployed in the equatorial island of Palau in February and March 2016, in the framework of the EU Stratoclim project. The system operated unattended in the Atmospheric Observatory of Palau Island from 15 February to 25 March 2016, during nighttime. Each lidar profile extends from the ground to 30 km height. Here the dataset is presented and discussed in terms of the temperature structure of the UTLS, obtained from co-located radiosondings. During the campaign, several high altitude clouds were observed, peaking approximately 3 km below the Cold Point Tropopause (CPT) located above 17 km. Their occurrence was associated with cold anomalies in the Upper Troposphere (UT). Conversely, when warm UT anomalies occurred, the presence of cirrus was restricted to a 5 km thick layer centered 5 km below the CPT. Thin and subvisible cirrus were frequently detected close to the CPT. The particle depolarization ratios of these cirrus was generally lower than the values detected in the UT clouds. CPT cirrus occurrence showed a correlation with cold anomalies likely triggered by stratospheric wave activity penetrating the UT. The back trajectories study revealed a thermal and convective history compatible with the convective outflow formation for most of the cirrus clouds, suggesting that the majority of air masses related to the clouds had encountered convection in the past and had reached the minimum temperature during its transport in less than 48 hours before the observation. A subset of SVC, with low depolarization and high lidar ratio and with no sign of significative recent uplifting, may be originated in situ.
Technical note: On comparing greenhouse gas emission metrics
Authors: Enting Ian , Clisby Nathan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Many metrics for comparing greenhouse gas emissions can be expressed as an instantaneous Global Warming Potential multiplied by the ratio of airborne fractions calculated in various ways. The Forcing Equivalent Index (FEI) provides a specification for equal radiative forcing at all times at the expense of generally precluding point by point equivalence over time. The FEI can be expressed in terms of asymptotic airborne fractions for exponentially growing emissions. This provides a reference against which other metrics can be compared.
Modelling ground displacement and gravity changes with the MUFITS simulator
Authors: Afanasyev Andrey , Utkin Ivan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We present an extension of the MUFITS reservoir simulator for modelling the ground displacement and gravity changes associated with subsurface flows in geologic porous media. Two different methods are implemented for modelling the ground displacement. The first approach is simple and fast and is based on an analytical solution for the extension source in a semi-infinite elastic medium. Its application is limited to homogeneous reservoirs with a flat Earth surface. The second, more comprehensive method involves a one-way coupling of MUFITS with geomechanical code presented for the first time in this paper. We validate the accuracy of the development by considering a benchmark study of hydrothermal activity at Campi Flegrei (Italy). We investigate the limitations of the first approach by considering domains for the geomechanical problem that are larger than those for the fluid flow. Furthermore, we present the results of more complicated simulations in a heterogeneous subsurface when the assumptions of the first approach are violated. We supplement the study with the executable of the simulator for further use by the scientific community.
Modelling dynamic interactions between soil structure and the storage and turnover of soil organic matter
Authors: Meurer Katharina Hildegard Elisabeth , Chenu Claire , Coucheney Elsa , Herrmann Anke Marianne , Keller Thomas , Kätterer Thomas , Nimblad Svensson David , Jarvis Nicholas
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Models of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and turnover can be useful tools to analyse the effects of soil and crop management practices and climate
change on soil organic carbon stocks. The aggregated structure of soil is
known to protect SOC from decomposition and, thus, influence the potential
for long-term sequestration. In turn, the turnover and storage of SOC
affects soil aggregation, physical and hydraulic properties and the
productive capacity of soil. These two-way interactions have not yet been
explicitly considered in modelling approaches. In this study, we present and describe a new model of the dynamic feedbacks between soil organic
matter (SOM) storage and soil physical properties (porosity, pore size distribution, bulk density and layer thickness). A sensitivity analysis was first performed to understand the behaviour of the model. The identifiability of model parameters was then
investigated by calibrating the model against a synthetic data set. This
analysis revealed that it would not be possible to unequivocally estimate
all of the model parameters from the kind of data usually available in field
trials. Based on this information, the model was tested against measurements
of bulk density, SOC concentration and limited data on soil water
retention and soil surface elevation made during 63 years in a field trial
located near Uppsala (Sweden) in three treatments with different organic matter (OM) inputs
(bare fallow, animal and green manure). The model was able to accurately
reproduce the changes in SOC, soil bulk density and surface elevation
observed in the field as well as soil water retention curves measured at the
end of the experimental period in 2019 in two of the treatments.
Treatment-specific variations in SOC dynamics caused by differences in OM
input quality could be simulated very well by modifying the value for the OM
retention coefficient ε (0.37 for animal manure and 0.14 for
green manure). The model approach presented here may prove useful for
management purposes, for example, in an analysis of carbon sequestration or
soil degradation under land use and climate change.
Life and death in the Chicxulub impact crater: a record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Authors: Smith Vann , Warny Sophie , Grice Kliti , Schaefer Bettina , Whalen Michael T. , Vellekoop Johan , Chenot Elise , Gulick Sean P. S. , Arenillas Ignacio , Arz Jose A. , Bauersachs Thorsten , Bralower Timothy , Demory François , Gattacceca Jérôme , Jones Heather , Lofi Johanna , Lowery Christopher M. , Morgan Joanna , Nuñez Otaño Noelia B. , O'Keefe Jennifer M. K. , O'Malley Katherine , Rodríguez-Tovar Francisco J. , Schwark Lorenz ,   the IODP–ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Thermal stress on the biosphere during the extreme warmth of the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was most severe at low
latitudes, with sea surface temperatures at some localities exceeding
the 35 ∘C at which marine organisms experience heat
stress. Relatively few equivalent terrestrial sections have been
identified, and the response of land plants to this extreme heat is
still poorly understood. Here, we present a new record of the PETM
from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater that has been
identified based on nannofossil biostratigraphy, an acme of the
dinoflagellate genus Apectodinium, and a negative carbon
isotope excursion. Geochemical and microfossil proxies show that the
PETM is marked by elevated TEX86H-based sea surface
temperatures (SSTs) averaging ∼37.8 ∘C, an
increase in terrestrial input and surface productivity, salinity
stratification, and bottom water anoxia, with biomarkers for green and
purple sulfur bacteria indicative of photic zone euxinia in the early
part of the event. Pollen and plants spores in this core provide the
first PETM floral assemblage described from Mexico, Central
America, and the northern Caribbean. The source area was a diverse
coastal shrubby tropical forest with a remarkably high abundance of
fungal spores, indicating humid conditions. Thus, while seafloor anoxia
devastated the benthic marine biota and dinoflagellate assemblages
were heat-stressed, the terrestrial plant ecosystem thrived.
CH4 and N2O fluctuations during the penultimate deglaciation
Authors: Schmidely Loïc , Nehrbass-Ahles Christoph , Schmitt Jochen , Han Juhyeong , Silva Lucas , Shin Jinwha , Joos Fortunat , Chappellaz Jérôme , Fischer Hubertus , Stocker Thomas F.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Deglaciations are characterized by the largest natural changes in methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations of the past 800 thousand years. Reconstructions of millennial to centennial-scale variability within these periods are mostly restricted to the last deglaciation. In this study, we present composite records of CH4 and N2O concentrations from the EPICA Dome C ice core covering the penultimate deglaciation at temporal resolutions of about ~ 100 years. Our data permit the identification of centennial-scale fluctuations standing out of the overall transition to interglacial levels. These features occurred in concert with reinvigorations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and northward shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The abrupt CH4 and N2O rises at about ~ 134 and ~ 128 thousand of years before present (hereafter ka BP) are assimilated to the fluctuations accompanying the Dansgaard–Oeschger events of the last glacial period, while rising N2O levels at ~ 130.5 ka BP are assimilated to a pattern of increasing N2O concentrations that characterized the end of Heinrich stadials. We suggest the 130.5-ka event to be driven by a partial reinvigoration of the AMOC. Overall, the CH4 and N2O fluctuations during the penultimate deglaciation exhibit modes of variability that are also found during the last deglaciation. However, trace gas responses may differ for similar type of climatic events, as exemplified by the reduced amplitude and duration of the 134-ka event compared to the fluctuations of the Bølling–Allerød during the last deglaciation.
Meteorological observations collected during the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide Experiment (SPADE), April–June 2019
Authors: Thériault Julie M. , Déry Stephen J. , Pomeroy John W. , Smith Hilary M. , Almonte Juris , Bertoncini André , Crawford Robert W. , Desroches-Lapointe Aurélie , Lachapelle Mathieu , Mariani Zen , Mitchell Selina , Morris Jeremy E. , Hébert-Pinard Charlie , Rodriguez Peter , Thompson Hadleigh D.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The continental divide along the spine of the Canadian Rockies in southwestern Canada is a critical headwater region for hydrological drainages to the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic oceans. Major flooding events are typically attributed to heavy precipitation on its eastern side due to upslope (easterly) flows. Precipitation can also occur on the western side of the divide when moisture originating from the Pacific Ocean encounters the west-facing slopes of the Canadian Rockies. In other storms, substantial precipitation can fall on both sides. Meteorological data over this critical region are sparse, with few stations located at high elevations. Given the importance of all these types of events, the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide Experiment (SPADE) was initiated to enhance our knowledge of the atmospheric processes leading to storms and precipitation on either side of the continental divide. This was accomplished by installing specialized meteorological instrumentation on both sides of the continental divide and carrying out manual observations during an intensive field campaign from 24 April–26 June 2019. On the eastern side, there were two field sites: (i) at Fortress Mountain Powerline (2076 m ASL) and (ii) at Fortress Junction Service, located in a high elevation valley (1580 m ASL). On the western side, Nipika Mountain Resort, also located in a valley (1087 m ASL), was chosen as a field site. Various meteorological instruments were deployed including two Doppler LiDARs, three vertically pointing micro rain radars and three optical disdrometers. The three main sites were nearly identically instrumented, and observers were on site at Fortress Mountain Powerline and Nipika Mountain Resort during precipitation events to take manual observations of precipitation type and microphotographs of solid particles. The objective of the field campaign was to gather high temporal frequency meteorological data and to compare the different conditions on either side of the divide to study the precipitation processes that can lead to catastrophic flooding in the region. Details on field sites, instrumentation used, and collection methods are discussed. Data from the study are publicly accessible from the public Federated Research Data Repository (https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0221) (Thériault et al., 2020). This dataset will serve as a baseline for future work on atmospheric conditions over major orographic features by comparing the varying conditions on either side of a large topographic feature. This paper also provides a sample of the data gathered during a precipitation event.
Hydrometeorological, glaciological and geospatial research data from the Peyto Glacier Research Basin in the Canadian Rockies
Authors: Pradhananga Dhiraj , Pomeroy John W. , Aubry-Wake Caroline , Munro D. Scott , Shea Joseph , Demuth Michael N. , Kirat Nammy Hang , Menounos Brian , Mukherjee Kriti
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This paper presents hydrometeorological, glaciological and geospatial data of the Peyto Glacier Research Basin (PGRB) in the Canadian Rockies. Peyto Glacier has been of interest to glaciological and hydrological researchers since the 1960s, when it was chosen as one of five glacier basins in Canada for the study of mass and water balance during the International Hydrological Decade (IHD, 1965–1974). Intensive studies of the glacier and observations of the glacier mass balance continued after the IHD, when the initial seasonal meteorological stations were discontinued, then restarted as continuous stations in the late 1980s. The corresponding hydrometric observations were discontinued in 1977 and restarted in 2013. Data sets presented in this paper include: high resolution, co-registered DEMs derived from original air photos and LiDAR surveys; hourly off-glacier meteorological data recorded from 1987 to present; precipitation data from nearby Bow Summit; and long-term hydrological and glaciological model forcing datasets derived from bias-corrected reanalysis products. These data are crucial for studying climate change and variability in the basin, and to understanding the hydrological responses of the basin to both glacier and climate change. The comprehensive data set for the PGRB is a valuable and exceptionally long-standing testament to the impacts of climate change on the cryosphere in the high mountain environment. The dataset is publicly available from Federated Research Data Repository at https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0259 (Pradhananga et al., 2020).
Evaluation of Climate Change Impact on Extreme Temperature Variability in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Mohamed Mostafa A. , El-Sayed El-Mahdy Mohamed
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In this paper, spatial and temporal patterns of changes in extreme temperatures are investigated using 10 meteorological stations data for the period 1950–2018 in the Blue Nile basin. Monthly temperature data for the basin were used in the study. Long-term trends in the Blue Nile Basin annual and monthly temperatures were investigated. The statistical significance of the trend is calculated by applying the Mann-Kendall (MK) test. The analysis of data was performed using the coefficient of variance, anomaly index. The results showed that the annual maximum and minimum temperature is increasing significantly with a magnitude of 0.037° and 0.025 °C per decade respectively in the period from 1950–2018. The result of the Mann-Kendall analysis test revealed a marked increase in mean maximum and minimum temperatures trend over time significantly during the study period (the minimum temperature rate is more evident than the maximum). The long-term anomalies of mean annual minimum temperature revealed the inter-annual variability while the trend after 1977 was higher than the long-term average that is proof of the warming trend existence since the last two decades of the 20th century.
WETMETH 1.0: A new wetland methane model for implementation in Earth system models
Authors: Nzotungicimpaye Claude-Michel , MacDougall Andrew H. , Melton Joe R. , Treat Claire C. , Eby Michael , Lesack Lance F. W. , Zickfeld Kirsten
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Wetlands are the single largest natural source of methane (CH4), a powerful greenhouse gas affecting the global climate. In turn, wetland CH4 emissions are sensitive to changes in climate conditions such as temperature and precipitation shifts. However, biogeochemical processes regulating wetland CH4 emissions (namely microbial production and oxidation of CH4) are not routinely included in fully coupled Earth system models that simulate feedbacks between the physical climate, the carbon cycle, and other biogeochemical cycles. This paper introduces a process-based wetland CH4 model (WETMETH) developed for implementation in Earth system models and currently embedded in an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Here we: (i) describe the wetland CH4 model; (ii) evaluate the model performance against available datasets and estimates from the literature; (iii) analyze the model sensitivity to perturbations of poorly constrained parameters. Historical simulations show that WETMETH is capable of reproducing mean annual emissions consistent with present-day estimates across spatial scales. For the 2008–2017 decade the model simulates global mean wetland emissions of 158.6 Tg CH4 yr1, of which 33.1 Tg CH4 yr1 are from wetlands north of 45° N. WETMETH is highly sensitive to parameters for the microbial oxidation of CH4, which is the least constrained process in the literature.
Development of an atmosphere–ocean coupled operational forecast model for the Maritime Continent: Part 1 – Evaluation of ocean forecasts
Authors: Thompson Bijoy , Sanchez Claudio , Heng Boon Chong Peter , Kumar Rajesh , Liu Jianyu , Huang Xiang-Yu , Tkalich Pavel
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This article describes the development and ocean forecast evaluation of an atmosphere-ocean coupled prediction system for the Maritime Continent (MC) domain, which includes the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The coupled system comprises regional configurations of the atmospheric model MetUM and ocean model NEMO, at a uniform horizontal resolution of 4.5 km × 4.5 km, coupled using the OASIS3-MCT libraries. The coupled model is run as a pre-operational forecast system from 1 to 31 October 2019. Hindcast simulations performed for the period 1 January 2014 to 30 September 2019, using the stand-alone ocean configuration, provided the initial condition to the coupled ocean model. This paper details the evaluations of ocean-only model hindcast and 6-day coupled ocean forecast simulations. Direct comparison of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) with analysis as well as in situ observations are performed for the ocean-only hindcast evaluation. For the evaluation of coupled ocean model, comparisons of ocean forecast for different forecast lead times with SST analysis, and in situ observations of SSH, temperature and salinity have been performed. Overall, the model forecast deviation of SST, SSH, and subsurface temperature and salinity fields relative to observation is within acceptable error limits of operational forecast models. Typical runtimes of the daily forecast simulations are found to be suitable for the operational forecast applications.
Hydrologically Informed Machine Learning for Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: Towards Distributed Modelling
Authors: Herath Herath Mudiyanselage Viraj Vidura , Chadalawada Jayashree , Babovic Vladan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Despite showing a great success of applications in many commercial fields, machine learning and data science models in general, show a limited use in scientific fields including hydrology. The approach is often criticized for lack of interpretability and physical consistency. This has led to the emergence of new paradigms, such as Theory Guided Data Science (TGDS) and physics informed machine learning. The motivation behind such approaches is to improve the physical meaningfulness of machine learning models by blending existing scientific knowledge with learning algorithms. Following the same principles, in our prior work (Chadalawada et al., 2020), a new model induction framework was founded on Genetic Programming (GP) namely Machine Learning Rainfall-Runoff Model Induction Toolkit (ML-RR-MI). ML-RR-MI is cable of developing fully-fledged lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff models for a watershed of interest using the building blocks of two flexible rainfall-runoff modelling frameworks (FUSE and SUPERFLEX). In this study, we extend ML-RR-MI towards inducing semi-distributed rainfall-runoff models. This effort is motivated by the desire to address the decreasing meaningfulness of lumped models which tend to particularly deteriorate within large catchments where the spatial heterogeneity of forcing variables and watershed properties are significant. Henceforth, our machine learning approach for rainfall-runoff modelling titled Machine Induction Knowledge-Augmented System Hydrologique Asiatique (MIKA-SHA) captures spatial variabilities and automatically induces rainfall-runoff models for the catchment of interest without any subjectivity in model selection. Currently, MIKA-SHA learns models utilizing the model building components of FUSE and SUPERFLEX. However, the proposed framework can be coupled with any internally coherent collection of building blocks. MIKA-SHA’s model induction capabilities have been tested on the Red Creek catchment near Vestry, Mississippi, United States. The resulted model architectures through MIKA-SHA are compatible with previously reported research findings and fieldwork insights of the watershed and are readily interpretable by hydrologists.
Future runoff regime changes and their time of emergence for 93
catchments in Switzerland
Authors: Muelchi Regula , Rössler Ole , Schwanbeck Jan , Weingartner Rolf , Martius Olivia
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Assessments of climate change impacts on runoff regimes are essential for adaptation and mitigation planning. Changing runoff regimes and thus changing seasonal patterns of water availability have strong influence on various sectors such as agriculture, energy production or fishery. In this study, we use the most up to date local climate projections for Switzerland (CH2018) that were downscaled with a post-processing method (quantile mapping). This enables detailed information on changes in runoff regimes and their time of emergence for 93 rivers in Switzerland under three emission pathways RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. Changes in seasonal patterns are projected with increasing winter runoff and decreasing summer and autumn runoff. Spring runoff is projected to increase in high elevation catchments and to decrease in lower lying catchments. Despite strong increases in winter and partly in spring, the yearly mean runoff is projected to decrease in most catchments. Results show a strong elevation dependence for the signal and magnitude of change. Compared to lower lying catchments, runoff changes in high elevation catchments (above 1500 masl) are larger in winter, spring, and summer due to the strong influence of reduced snow accumulation and earlier snow melt as well as glacier melt. Under RCP8.5 (RCP2.6) and for catchments with mean altitude below 1500 masl, average relative runoff change in winter is +27 % (+5 %), in spring −5 % (−6 %), in summer −31 % (−4 %), in autumn −21 % (−6 %), and −8 % (−4 %) throughout the year. For catchments with mean elevation above 1500 masl, runoff changes on average by +77 % (+24 %) in winter, by +28 % (+16 %) in spring, by −41 % (−9 %) in summer, by −15 % (−4 %) in autumn, and by −9 % (−0.6 %) in the yearly mean. The changes and the climate model agreement on the signal of change increase with increasing global mean temperatures or stronger emission scenarios. This amplification highlights the importance of climate change mitigation. Under RCP8.5, early times of emergence in winter (before 2065; period 2036–2065) and summer (before 2065) were found for catchments with mean altitudes above 1500 masl. Significant changes in catchments below 1500 masl emerge later in the century. However, not all catchments show a time of emergence in all seasons and in some catchments the detected significant changes are not persistent over time.
Unraveling intractable water conflicts: the entanglement of science and politics in decision-making on large hydraulic infrastructure
Authors: Godinez-Madrigal Jonatan , Van Cauwenbergh Nora , van der Zaag Pieter
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The development of large infrastructure to address the water
challenges of cities around the world can be a financial and social burden
for many cities because of the hidden costs these works entail and social
conflicts they often trigger. When conflicts erupt, science is often
expected to play a key role in informing policymakers and social actors to
clarify controversies surrounding policy responses to water scarcity.
However, managing conflicts is a sociopolitical process, and often
quantitative models are used as an attempt to depoliticize such processes,
conveying the idea that optimal solutions can be objectively identified
despite the many perspectives and interests at play. This raises the
question as to whether science depoliticizes water conflicts or whether instead
conflicts politicize science–policy processes. We use the Zapotillo dam and
water transfer project in Mexico to analyze the role of science–policy
processes in water conflicts. The Zapotillo project aims at augmenting urban
water supply to Guadalajara and León, two large cities in western
Mexico, but a social and legal conflict has stalled the project until today.
To analyze the conflict and how stakeholders make sense of it, we
interviewed the most relevant actors and studied the negotiations between
different interest groups through participant observation. To examine the
role of science–policy processes in the conflict, we mobilized concepts of
epistemic uncertainty and ambiguity and analyzed the design and use of water
resources models produced by key actors aiming to resolve the conflict.
While the use of models is a proven method to construct future scenarios and
test different strategies, the parameterization of scenarios and their
results are influenced by the knowledge and/or interests of actors behind
the model. We found that in the Zapotillo case, scenarios reflected the
interests and strategies of actors on one side of the conflict, resulting in
increased distrust of the opposing actors. We conclude that the dilemma of
achieving urban water security through investing in either large
infrastructure (supply augmentation) or alternative strategies (demand-side
management) cannot be resolved if some key interested parties have not been
involved in the scientific processes framing the problem and solution space.