bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auxetic Yarn Made with Circular Braiding Technology
Authors: Jiang Ning , Hu Hong
Published: November 2018

This paper reports a new type of auxetic yarn made with circular braiding technology to overcome the yarn slippage problem in the conventional helical auxetic yarn structure. Various auxetic yarn structures are firstly produced on a vertical circular braiding machine with 16 yarn carries by changing the number and arrangement of stiff yarn as well as diameter of elastic yarn and core yarn, and then tested under single and repeating tensile conditions. The results show that not only yarn slippage problem could be overcome in the newly developed auxetic yarn structure, but also an early activation and a higher magnitude of negative Poisson's ratio could be achieved. The results also show that all structural parameters including stiff yarn number and arrangement, core yarn, and elastic yarn diameter have an influence on the auxetic effect of the novel yarn structure. Since the new auxetic yarn is produced by using standard braiding manufacturing technique and conventional non‐auxetic yarns, there are few technological barriers for its large‐scale manufacture for practical application.
DFT Calculation about Oxygen Vacancy to Promote Adsorption of a CO Molecule on Single Au‐Supported Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Li Lei , Li Wenshi , Zhu Canyan , Mao Ling‐Feng
Published: November 2018

The properties and behavior of a single Au atom supported anatase TiO2(001) surface are calculated using density functional theory (DFT) methods. The structures and energies of adsorbed single Au on an anatase TiO2(001) surface with surface oxygen vacancy, as well as subsurface oxygen vacancy, are systematically determined. Initially, the surface threefold coordinated oxygen vacancy adjacent to a single Au atom, rather than the surface two‐fold coordinated oxygen vacancy and subsurface threefold coordinated oxygen vacancy, results in more stability for anatase TiO2(001) surface with an Au adatom. Afterwards, the CO molecule is more strongly adsorbed on the single Au‐supported TiO2(001) surface with surface threefold coordinated oxygen vacancy when comparing to other structures. This is attributed to the more negatively charged Au single‐atom caused by a surface threefold coordinated oxygen vacancy presents concededly active for CO adsorption.
Black Silicon With Ultra‐Low Surface Recombination Velocity Fabricated by Inductively Coupled Power Plasma
Authors: Iandolo Beniamino , Sánchez Nery Adriana P. , Davidsen Rasmus S. , Hansen Ole
Published: November 2018

Black silicon is a naturally antireflective Si surface with great potential for high‐efficiency solar cells. In particular, black silicon surfaces can be obtained using reactive ion etch in a maskless, single‐step process regardless of crystallinity and with minimal material loss. Surface damage from the etching process, however, result in surfaces with high recombination velocity, thus limiting solar cell efficiency. We have developed a method to texture Si surfaces using non‐cryogenic reactive ion etch with a plasma sustained exclusively by inductively coupled power, thereby minimizing surface damage. We achieved a target reflectance of 3% or lower in the wavelength range 300–1000 nm after an etch time of 2 min. Surfaces coated with Al2O3 deposited by atomic layer deposition showed recombination velocity as low as 6.9 cm s−1 on p‐type Czochralski wafers, almost the same values as measured on planar reference surfaces (6.8 cm s−1). This corresponds to an implied open circuit voltage as high as 757 mV for a cell with thickness of 180 μm and base resistivity of 4 Ω cm. These results indicate that our method for texturing of Si surfaces is suitable for fabrication of high‐efficiency single junction Si solar cells.
Specific emitter identification for satellite communication using probabilistic neural networks
Authors: Wu Xiaopo , Shi Yangming , Meng Weibo , Ma Xiaofei , Fang Nian
Published: November 2018

Electromagnetic signal emitted by satellite communication (satcom) transmitters are used to identify specific individual uplink satcom terminals sharing the common transponder in real environment, which is known as specific emitter identification (SEI) that allows for early indications and warning (I&W) of the targets carrying satcom furnishment and furthermore the real time electromagnetic situation awareness in military operations. In this paper, the authors are the first to propose the identification of specific transmitters of satcom by using probabilistic neural networks (PNN) to reach the goal of target recognition. We have been devoted to the examination by exploring the feasibility of utilizing the Hilbert transform to signal preprocessing, applying the discrete wavelet transform to feature extraction, and employing the PNN to perform the classification of stationary signals. There are a total of 1000 sampling time series with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation originated by five types of satcom transmitters in the test. The established PNNs classifier implements the data testing and finally yields satisfactory accuracy at 8 dB(±1 dB) carrier to noise ratio, which indicates the feasibility of our method, and even the keen insight of its application in military.
Homogeneous Metal Nitrate Hydroxide Nanoarrays Grown on Nickel Foam for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Ma Yan , Chu Jiayu , Li Zhennan , Rakov Dmitrii , Han Xijiang , Du Yunchen , Song Bo , Xu Ping
Published: November 2018

Developing facile routes for fabricating highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is in great demand but remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel molten salt decomposition method to prepare 3D metal nitrate hydroxide (MNH, M = Ni, Co, and Cu) nanoarrays homogenously grown on different conductive substrates, especially on nickel foam (NF) for OER applications, is reported. Compared with the as‐prepared CoNH/NF and CuNH/NF, NiNH/NF presents a superior electrocatalytic OER activity and stability in an alkaline solution, with a very low overpotential of only 231 mV versus a reversible hydrogen electrode to deliver a geometrical catalytic current density of 50 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 81 mV dec−1, outperforming most reported transition metal compound catalysts. Structural investigation after the OER process reveals the morphology integrity of the nanoarrays but the formation of metal oxyhydroxide (for NiNH and CoNH) or oxide (for CuNH) as the likely real active species. These metal nitrate hydroxide non‐noble metal electrocatalysts can be prepared by an economical and simple method, with enhanced intrinsic activity and long‐term stability and durability, which might be new candidates for energy conversion and storage applications.
Electrochemical Sensor Platforms Based on Nanostructured Metal Oxides, and Zeolite‐Based Materials
Authors: Anu Prathap M. U. , Kaur Balwinder , Srivastava Rajendra
Published: November 2018

Electrochemical sensors have drawn significant attention over the last couple of decades because of their ability to improve detection of organic and inorganic analytes found in the field of biotechnology, environmental sciences, medicine, and food quality control. This personal account summarizes the state‐of‐art research carried out in the construction and evaluation of nanostructured metal oxides and zeolite based electrochemical sensors. Metal oxides and zeolite‐based nanomaterials have many unique and extraordinary properties such as tunable redox activity, surface functionalization ability, optimum conductivity, large surface area, biocompatibility and so forth. In this personal account, the current advances in electrochemical sensor applications of metal oxides, zeolite‐based nanomaterials, and their nanocomposites are described for the single and simultaneous determination of organic & inorganic contaminants present in water bodies, physiological bio‐molecules present in human blood & urine samples, and organic contaminants present in food materials.Moreover, concluding section focuses discussion on the future developments and applications of these materials in various emerging technologies.
Variational and numerical analysis of a quasistatic thermo‐electro‐visco‐elastic frictional contact problem
Authors: Baiz Othmane , Benaissa Hicham , Moutawakil Driss El , Fakhar Rachid
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we study a quasi‐static contact problem between a thermo‐electro‐viscoelastic body and an electrically and thermally conductive foundation. The contact is modeled using a normal compliance contact condition with Coulomb's friction law, a regularized electrical contact condition and a heat flux contact condition taking into account the frictional heating effects. After introducing the model, the functional framework and the assumptions about the data, we derive the variational formulation of the model and prove its solvability. The proof is based on results of variational inequalities and fixed point argument. Finally, we investigate a fully discrete approximation using, respectively, Euler scheme and finite element method for the spatial variable and the time derivatives. Some error estimates are then derived, leading to convergence results under suitable additional regularity conditions.
Monopole bubbling via string theory
Authors: Brennan T. Daniel
Published: November 2018

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a string theory description of generic ’t Hooft defects in

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

SU(N) supersymmetric gauge theories. We show that the space of supesrsymmetric ground states is given by the moduli space of singular monopoles and that in this setting, Kronheimer’s correspondence is realized as T-duality. We conjecture that this brane configuration can be used to study the full dynamics of monopole bubbling.
On the time dependence of holographic complexity in a dynamical Einstein-dilaton model
Authors: Mahapatra Subhash , Roy Pratim
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We study the holographic “complexity = action” (CA) and “complexity = volume” (CV) proposals in Einstein-dilaton gravity in all spacetime dimensions. We analytically construct an infinite family of black hole solutions and use CA and CV proposals to investigate the time evolution of the complexity. Using the CA proposal, we find dimensional dependent violation of the Lloyd bound in early as well as in late times. Moreover, depending on the parameters of the theory, the bound violation relative to the conformal field theory result can be tailored in the early times as well. In contrast to the CA proposal, the CV proposal in our model yields results similar to those obtained in the literature.
Wilson coefficients for Higgs boson production and decoupling relations to $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\alpha}_s^4\right) $$
Authors: Gerlach Marvin , Herren Florian , Steinhauser Matthias
Published: November 2018

Abstract

An important ingredient for the calculation of Higgs boson properties in the infinite top quark mass limit is the knowledge of the effective coupling between the Higgs bosons and gluons, i.e. the Wilson coefficients C

H
and C

HH
for one and two Higgs bosons, respectively. In this work we calculate for the first time C

HH
to four loops in a direct, diagrammatic way, discussing in detail all issues arising due to the renormalization of operator products. Furthermore, we also calculate the Wilson coefficient C

H
for the coupling of a single Higgs boson to gluons as well as all four loop decoupling relations in QCD with general SU(N

c
) colour factors. The latter are related to C

H
and C

HH
via low-energy theorems, which are used to obtain five-loop results for the Wilson coefficients.
Radial coordinates for defect CFTs
Authors: Lauria Edoardo , Meineri Marco , Trevisani Emilio
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We study the two-point function of local operators in the presence of a defect in a generic conformal field theory. We define two pairs of cross ratios, which are convenient in the analysis of the OPE in the bulk and defect channel respectively. The new coordinates have a simple geometric interpretation, which can be exploited to efficiently compute conformal blocks in a power expansion. We illustrate this fact in the case of scalar external operators. We also elucidate the convergence properties of the bulk and defect OPE decompositions of the two-point function. In particular, we remark that the expansion of the two-point function in powers of the new cross ratios converges everywhere, a property not shared by the cross ratios customarily used in defect CFT. We comment on the crucial relevance of this fact for the numerical bootstrap.
Precision immunoprofiling by image analysis and artificial intelligence
Authors: Koelzer Viktor H. , Sirinukunwattana Korsuk , Rittscher Jens , Mertz Kirsten D.
Published: November 2018

Clinical success of immunotherapy is driving the need for new prognostic and predictive assays to inform patient selection and stratification. This requirement can be met by a combination of computational pathology and artificial intelligence. Here, we critically assess computational approaches supporting the development of a standardized methodology in the assessment of immune-oncology biomarkers, such as PD-L1 and immune cell infiltrates. We examine immunoprofiling through spatial analysis of tumor-immune cell interactions and multiplexing technologies as a predictor of patient response to cancer treatment. Further, we discuss how integrated bioinformatics can enable the amalgamation of complex morphological phenotypes with the multiomics datasets that drive precision medicine. We provide an outline to machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence tools and illustrate fields of application in immune-oncology, such as pattern-recognition in large and complex datasets and deep learning approaches for survival analysis. Synergies of surgical pathology and computational analyses are expected to improve patient stratification in immuno-oncology. We propose that future clinical demands will be best met by (1) dedicated research at the interface of pathology and bioinformatics, supported by professional societies, and (2) the integration of data sciences and digital image analysis in the professional education of pathologists.
Geometric aspects of p-capacitary potentials
Authors: Fogagnolo Mattia , Mazzieri Lorenzo , Pinamonti Andrea
Published: November 2018

We provide monotonicity formulas for solutions to the
p
-Laplace equation defined in the exterior of a convex domain. A number of analytic and geometric consequences are derived, including the classical Minkowski inequality as well as new characterizations of rotationally symmetric solutions and domains. The proofs rely on the conformal splitting technique introduced by the second author in collaboration with V. Agostiniani.
The return of investment of hospital-based surgical quality improvement programs in reducing surgical site infection at a Canadian tertiary-care hospital
Authors: van Katwyk Sasha , Thavorn Kednapa , Coyle Doug , Moloo Husein , Forster Alan J. , Jackson Timothy , Schramm David
Published: November 2018

Objective

We performed a return-on-investment analysis comparing the investment in surgical site infection (SSI) prevention programs in a hospital setting to the savings from averted SSI cases.

Design

A retrospective case costing study using aggregated patient data to determine the incidence and costs of SSI infection in surgical departments over time. We calculated return on investment to the hospital and conducted several sensitivity and scenario analyses.

Setting

Data were compiled for the Ottawa Hospital (TOH), a Canadian tertiary-care teaching institution.

Patients

We used aggregated records for all hospital patients who underwent surgical procedures between April 2010 and January 2015.

Intervention

We estimated the potential cost savings of the hospital’s surgical quality improvement program, namely the Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) and the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP).

Results

From 2010 to 2016, TOH invested C$826,882 (US$624,384) in surgical quality improvement programs targeting SSI incidence and accrued C$1,885,110 (US$1,423,460) in cumulative savings from averted SSI cases, generating a return of $2.28 (US$3.02) per dollar invested (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.67 to 7.37). The study findings are sensitive to the estimated cost to the hospital per SSI case and the rate reduction attributable to the prevention program.

Conclusions

The NSQIP and CUSP have produced a positive return on investment at TOH; however, the result rests on several assumptions. This positive return on investment is expected to continue if the hospital can continue to reduce SSI incidence at least 0.25% annually without new investments. Findings from this study highlight the need for continuous program evaluation of the quality improvement initiatives.
Atmospheric Pollution, Health, and Height in Late Nineteenth Century Britain
Authors: Bailey Roy E. , Hatton Timothy J. , Inwood Kris
Published: November 2018

In nineteenth century Britain atmospheric pollution from coal-fired industrialization was on the order of 50 times higher than today. We examine the effects of these emissions on child development by analysing the heights on enlistment during WWI of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s. We find a strong negative relationship between adult heights and the coal intensity of the districts in which these men were observed as children in the 1901 census. The subsequent decline in atmospheric pollution likely contributed to the long-term improvement in health and increase in height.
Investment Commonality across Insurance Companies: Fire Sale Risk and Corporate Yield Spreads
Authors: Nanda Vikram , Wu Wei , Zhou Xing (Alex)
Published: November 2018

Insurance companies often follow highly correlated investment strategies. As major investors in corporate bonds, their investment commonalities subject investors to fire sale risk when regulatory restrictions prompt widespread divestment of a bond following a rating downgrade. Reflective of fire sale risk, the clustering of insurance companies in a bond has significant explanatory power for yield spreads, controlling for liquidity, credit risk, and other factors. The effect of insurer clustering on bond yield spreads is more evident for bonds held to a greater extent by capital-constrained insurance companies, those with ratings closer to National Association of Insurance Commissioners risk categories with larger capital requirements, and during the financial crisis.
Orthographic processing and children’s word reading
Authors: DEACON S. HÉLÈNE , PASQUARELLA ADRIAN , MARINUS EVA , TIMS TALISA , CASTLES ANNE
Published: November 2018

Theories of reading development generally agree that, in addition to phonological decoding, some kind of orthographic processing skill underlies the ability to learn to read words. However, there is a lack of clarity as to which aspect(s) of orthographic processing are key in reading development. We test here whether this is orthographic knowledge and/or orthographic learning. Whereas orthographic knowledge has been argued to reflect a child’s existing store of orthographic representations, orthographic learning is concerned with the ability to form these representations. In a longitudinal study of second- and third-grade students, we evaluate the relations between these two aspects of orthographic processing and word-reading outcomes. The results of our analyses show that variance captured by orthographic knowledge overlaps with that of word reading, to the point that they form a single latent word-reading factor. In contrast, orthographic learning is distinctive from this factor. Further, structural equation modeling demonstrates that early orthographic learning was related to gains in word reading skills. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of word-reading development.
CT evaluation of aberrant right subclavian artery: anatomy and clinical implications
Authors: Krupiński Maciej , Irzyk Małgorzata , Moczulski Zbigniew , Banyś Robert , Dwojak Ireneusz , Urbańczyk-Zawadzka Małgorzata
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The aim of the study was to perform CT angiography-based evaluation of aberrant right subclavian artery prevalence, anatomy, and its influence on clinical symptoms.

Methods

A total of 6833 patients who underwent 64-slice or dual-source CT angiography and those who revealed aberrant right subclavian artery underwent evaluation of its anatomy and were interviewed for the presence of clinical symptoms.

Results

Aberrant right subclavian artery was found in 32 (0.47%) patients consisting of 13 males and 19 females, with mean age of 60.8±13.4 years. Among the interviewed 30 (94%) patients, oesophageal compression was observed in 14 cases (47%) and tracheal compression in three cases (10%). None of the patients underwent surgery related to aberrant right subclavian artery. Dysphagia was the most common clinical symptom in nine cases (30%), and in those patients the median distance between aberrant right subclavian artery and trachea was lower (4 mm) than in individuals without dysphagia (7.5 mm) (p = 0.009). The median lumen area of the aberrant right subclavian artery at the level of oesophagus was higher in patients with dysphagia (208 mm2) compared with individuals without dysphagia (108 mm2) (p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Aberrant right subclavian artery is a rare occurring abnormality in CT angiography. In the evaluated adult population, the most common symptom was dysphagia, which occurred in patients with decreased distance between aberrant right subclavian artery and trachea and increased lumen area of the aberrant artery at the level of compressed oesophagus.
Blue Endorsements Matter: How the Fraternal Order of Police Contributed to Donald Trump’s Victory
Authors: Zoorob Michael
Published: November 2018

Conventional accounts of Donald Trump’s unexpected electoral victory stress idiosyncratic events and media celebrity because most observers assume this unusual candidate won without much organized support. However, considerable evidence suggests that the support of conservative organizational networks, including police unions such as the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP), propelled Trump to victory. The FOP is both a public-sector union and a conservative, mass-membership fraternal association that was courted by the Trump campaign at a time of politically charged debates about policing. Four years before, the FOP had refused to endorse Republican candidate Mitt Romney because he opposed public-sector unionism, which provided fruitful and rare variation in interest-group behavior across electoral cycles. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I find that FOP lodge density contributed to a significant swing in vote share from Romney to Trump. Moreover, survey evidence indicates that police officers reported increased political engagement in 2016 versus 2012. Belying the notion that Trump lacked a “ground game,” this research suggests that he tapped into existing organizational networks, showing their enduring importance in electoral politics.
Differences in Facial Emotional Recognition Between Patients With the First-Episode Psychosis, Multi-episode Schizophrenia, and Healthy Controls
Authors: Bosnjak Kuharic Dina , Makaric Porin , Kekin Ivana , Lukacevic Lovrencic Iva , Savic Aleksandar , Ostojic Drazenka , Silic Ante , Brecic Petrana , Bajic Zarko , Rojnic Kuzman Martina
Published: November 2018

Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess the differences in facial emotional recognition (FER) between patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), patients with multi-episode schizophrenia (SCH), and healthy controls (HC) and to find possible correlations of FER with psychopathology in the two patient groups. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study enrolling 160 patients from two psychiatric hospitals in Croatia (80 FEP and 80 SCH) and 80 HC during the period from October 2015 until October 2017. Patients were assessed once during their hospital treatment, using the Penn Emotion Recognition Task for assessment of FER, rating scales for psychopathology and depression and self-reporting questionnaires for impulsiveness, aggression, and quality of life. Results: The number of correctly identified emotions significantly decreased from HC to FEP [Δ −7%; 95% confidence interval (CI) [−12% to −3%], effect size r = 0.30] and more markedly in SCH (Δ −15%; 95% CI [−25% to −10%], effect size r = 0.59) after the adjustment for age and gender and correction for multiple testing. Correct FER for negative emotions, but not for happiness and neutral emotions, had a statistically significant negative correlation with some features on the scales of psychopathology, impulsivity and aggression in both patient groups. Conclusions: Impairment of FER is present from the first episode of schizophrenia and increases further with multiple psychotic episodes, but it may depend on or contribute to clinical symptoms. Therefore, assessment of FER should be included in the clinical assessment and integrated in the plan of treatment from the beginning of the illness. (JINS, 2019, 25, 165–173)
DETECTING SCAPEGOAT EFFECTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATES AND MACROECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS: A NEW APPROACH
Authors: Pozzi Lorenzo , Sadaba Barbara
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a new testing method for the scapegoat model of exchange rates. A number of steps are implemented to determine whether macro-fundamentals are scapegoats for the evolution of exchange rates. Estimation is conducted using a Bayesian Gibbs sampling approach applied to eight countries (five developed and three emerging) versus the USA over the period 2002Q1–2014Q4. The macro-fundamentals that we consider are real GDP growth, the inflation rate, the long-run nominal interest rate, and the current account to GDP ratio. We calculate the posterior probabilities that these macro-fundamentals are scapegoats. For the inflation rate, these probabilities are considerably higher than the imposed prior probabilities of ½ in five out of eight countries (in particular, the Anglo-Saxon economies).
Disrupting Regulation, Regulating Disruption: The Politics of Uber in the United States
Authors: Collier Ruth Berins , Dubal V.B. , Carter Christopher L.
Published: November 2018

Platform companies disrupt not only the economic sectors they enter, but also the regulatory regimes that govern those sectors. We examine Uber in the United States as a case of regulating this disruption in different arenas: cities, state legislatures, and judicial venues. We find that the politics of Uber regulation does not conform to existing models of regulation. We describe instead a pattern of “disruptive regulation”, characterized by a challenger-incumbent cleavage, in two steps. First, an existing regulatory regime is not deregulated but successfully disregarded by a new entrant. Second, the politics of subsequently regulating the challenger leads to a dual regulatory regime. In the case of Uber, disruptive regulation takes the form of challenger capture, an elite-driven pattern, in which the challenger has largely prevailed. It is further characterized by the surrogate representation of dispersed actors—customers and drivers—who do not have autonomous power and who rely instead on shifting alignments with the challenger and incumbent. In its surrogate capacity in city and state regulation, Uber has frequently mobilized large numbers of customers and drivers to lobby for policy outcomes that allow it to continue to provide service on terms it finds acceptable. Because drivers have reaped less advantage from these alignments, labor issues have been taken up in judicial venues, again primarily by surrogates (usually plaintiffs’ attorneys) but to date have not been successful.
Bounded Rationality without Bounded Democracy: Nudges, Democratic Citizenship, and Pathways for Building Civic Capacity
Authors: Button Mark E.
Published: November 2018

The behavioral sciences are playing an increasingly important role in the design and implementation of public policy worldwide. While there have been several important critiques of the latest policy revolution linking the behavioral sciences and the state in the pursuit of human behavioral change, few scholars have investigated the potential costs of “nudging” for democratic citizenship and the deliberative capacities upon which democratic self-governance relies. A central purpose here is to consider the possible civic consequences of nudging within the pursuit of otherwise desirable social outcomes (like improved public health, energy conservation, or higher rates of financial saving). Through a critical investigation of the governing philosophy of the “nudging state” and drawing on the policy feedback literature, I argue that the recent behavioral turn in public policy risks overlooking or bypassing the personal capacities and institutional conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of democratic citizenship. Evidence from the empirical assessment of deliberative democracy shows how liberal societies can fruitfully address bounded rationality while facilitating civic virtues like public practical reason without violating liberty or constraining pluralism.
The Ecclesiastical Roots of Representation and Consent
Authors: Møller Jørgen
Published: November 2018

Recent attempts to explain the development of medieval representative institutions have neglected a long-standing insight of medieval and legal historians: Political representation and rule by consent were first developed within the Catholic Church following the eleventh-century Gregorian Reforms and the subsequent “crisis of church and state”. These practices then migrated to secular polities in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This was facilitated by the towering position of the Church in medieval society in general and the ubiquitous “areas of interaction” between religious and lay spheres in particular. I document these processes by analyzing the initial adoption of proctorial representation and consent at political assemblies, first, within the Church, then in lay polities. These findings corroborate recent insights about the importance of religious institutions and diffusion in processes of regime change, and they shed light on the puzzling fact that representation and consent—the core principles of modern democracy—only arose and spread in the Latin west.
It’s the End of the World and They Know It: How Dystopian Fiction Shapes Political Attitudes
Authors: Jones Calvert W. , Paris Celia
Published: November 2018

Given that the fictional narratives found in novels, movies, and television shows enjoy wide public consumption, memorably convey information, minimize counter-arguing, and often emphasize politically-relevant themes, we argue that greater scholarly attention must be paid to theorizing and measuring how fiction affects political attitudes. We argue for a genre-based approach for studying fiction effects, and apply it to the popular dystopian genre. Results across three experiments are striking: we find consistent evidence that dystopian narratives enhance the willingness to justify radical—especially violent—forms of political action. Yet we find no evidence for the conventional wisdom that they reduce political trust and efficacy, illustrating that fiction’s effects may not be what they seem and underscoring the need for political scientists to take fiction seriously.
A Discussion of Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s How Democracies Die
Authors: Cramer Katherine J.
Published: November 2018

Among the many scholarly attempts to reckon with the causes and consequences of Donald Trump’s rise, few have attracted popular attention on the scale of Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s How Democracies Die. Seldom do books by political scientists make it onto the New York Times best sellers list, but this one has, a testament to its broad influence. Levitsky and Ziblatt situate Trumpism within a broader comparative and historical context in order to assess its similarities to and differences from democratic breakdowns elsewhere, particularly in Europe and Latin America. Their broad argument is that modern slides into authoritarianism are not the result of revolutions or military coups, but rather the consequence of a steady erosion of political norms and the assault on such fundamental democratic institutions as an independent judiciary and a free press. In short, contemporary democracies die not as a result of men with guns attacking from outside the system, but rather because elected leaders from inside that system slowly undermine them. Judged from this standpoint, the authors argue that American democracy is now in real danger, and they offer a range of suggestions for saving it. How convincing is Levitsky and Ziblatt’s analysis of democratic breakdown, and how well does it apply to the American case? How useful are the solutions that they offer for rescuing American democracy? We have asked a range of prominent scholars from across the discipline to consider these questions in the present symposium.
Porphyrien – wann daran denken, wie abklären und behandeln?
Authors: Minder Anna E. , Barman-Aksözen Jasmin , Zulewski Henryk , Schneider-Yin Xiaoye , Minder Elisabeth I.
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Porphyrien sind eine Gruppe von meist erblichen Stoffwechselkrankheiten, die sich entweder durch akute Abdominalkoliken oder durch Hautveränderungen an belichteten Hautstellen manifestieren. Bei einem Porphyrieverdacht während einer symptomatischen Phase kann die Diagnose durch kostengünstige Screeningtests abgeklärt werden. Nach einem positiven Screeningtest wird der genaue Typus der Porphyrie in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Porphyriezentrum bestimmt und die beste Therapie-Modalität festgelegt.
Macht und inadäquate Machtanwendung in der Psychiatrie
Authors: Scheydt Stefan
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Wenn psychisch erkrankte und helfende Menschen aufeinander treffen, dann ist das Miteinander immer auch von einer Asymmetrie zwischen ihnen geprägt. Überlegungen, wie der Macht und dem Machtmissbrauch im psychiatrischen Alltag begegnet werden kann, sollten eine Selbstverständlichkeit sein.
Fe and Nutrients in Coastal Antarctic Streams: Implications for Primary Production in the Ross Sea
Authors: Olund Sydney , Lyons W. Berry , Welch Susan A. , Welch Kathy A.
Published: November 2018

The Southern Ocean (SO) has been an area of biogeochemical interest due to the presence of macronutrients (N, P, and Si) but lack of the expected primary production response, which is thought to be primarily due to Fe limitation. Because primary production is associated with increased drawdown of atmospheric CO2, it is important to quantify the fluxes of Fe and other nutrients into the SO. Here we present data from subaerial streams that flow into the Ross Sea, a sector of the coastal SO. Water samples were collected in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, and analyzed for macronutrients and Fe to determine the potential impact of terrestrial water input on the biogeochemistry of coastal oceanic waters. The physiochemical forms of Fe were investigated through analysis of three operationally defined forms: acid‐dissolvable Fe (no filtration), filterable Fe (<0.4 μm), and dissolved Fe (<0.2 μm). The combined average flux from two McMurdo Dry Valley streams was approximately 240 moles of filterable Fe per year. The dissolved fraction of Fe made up 18%–27% of the filterable Fe. The stream data yield an average filterable stoichiometry of N3P1Si100Fe0.8, which is substantially different from the planktonic composition and suggests that these streams are a potential source of Fe and P, relative to N and Si, to coastal phytoplankton communities. While the Fe flux from these streams is orders of magnitude less than estimated eolian and iceberg sources, terrestrial streams are expected to become a more significant source of Fe to the Ross Sea in the future.
Carbon Fluxes and Primary Magma CO2Contents Along the Global Mid‐Ocean Ridge System
Authors: Le Voyer Marion , Hauri Erik H. , Cottrell Elizabeth , Kelley Katherine A. , Salters Vincent J. M. , Langmuir Charles H. , Hilton David R. , Barry Peter H. , Füri Evelyn
Published: November 2018

The concentration of carbon in primary mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), and the associated fluxes of CO2outgassed at ocean ridges, is examined through new data obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) on 753 globally distributed MORB glasses. MORB glasses are typically 80–90% degassed of CO2. We thus use the limited range in CO2/Ba (81.3 ± 23) and CO2/Rb (991 ± 129), derived from undegassed MORB and MORB melt inclusions, to estimate primary CO2concentrations for ridges that have Ba and/or Rb data. When combined with quality‐controlled volatile‐element data from the literature (n = 2,446), these data constrain a range of primary CO2abundances that vary from 104 ppm to 1.90 wt%. Segment‐scale data reveal a range in MORB magma flux varying by a factor of 440 (from 6.8 × 105to 3.0 × 108m3/year) and an integrated global MORB magma flux of 16.5 ± 1.6 km3/year. When combined with CO2/Ba and CO2/Rb‐derived primary magma CO2abundances, the calculated segment‐scale CO2fluxes vary by more than 3 orders of magnitude (3.3 × 107to 4.0 × 1010mol/year) and sum to an integrated global MORB CO2flux of × 1012mol/year. Variations in ridge CO2fluxes have a muted effect on global climate; however, because the vast majority of CO2degassed at ridges is dissolved into seawater and enters the marine bicarbonate cycle. MORB degassing would thus only contribute to long‐term variations in climate via degassing directly into the atmosphere in shallow‐water areas or where the ridge system is exposed above sea level.
A Parameterization for Volcanic Heat Flux in Heat Pipe Planets
Authors: Kankanamge Duminda G. J. , Moore William B.
Published: November 2018

Rocky planets with high levels of internal heat production experience high rates of melting and extensive volcanic resurfacing in the heat pipe mode of planetary heat transport. On Earth, this took place prior to the onset of plate tectonics during the first billion or more years. The extraction of melt from a planetary mantle affects the mantle dynamics, the temperature structure of the interior, the viscosity of mantle material, and the timescales of thermal equilibration in the mantle, and therefore, developing a quantitative parameterization for heat transport by volcanism is necessary to calculate the thermal histories of terrestrial planets efficiently. In this work, we develop a quantitative parameterization of heat transport in planetary mantles including the effect of melting. The heat flux due to melting, the internal temperature of the mantle, the temperature of the lid base, the lid thickness, and the heat flux due to conduction were calculated using the parameterization for different cases of solidus gradient and surface melting temperatures, and the values were compared with the results of numerical simulations for validation. The good fit achieved (<15% relative error) over a large range of melt fluxes with no additional parameters indicates that the parameterization usefully and accurately models the process of mantle convection including melting.
Coupling Water and Carbon Fluxes to Constrain Estimates of Transpiration: The TEA Algorithm
Authors: Nelson Jacob A. , Carvalhais Nuno , Cuntz Matthias , Delpierre Nicolas , Knauer Jürgen , Ogée Jérome , Migliavacca Mirco , Reichstein Markus , Jung Martin
Published: November 2018

Plant transpiration (T), biologically controlled movement of water from soil to atmosphere, currently lacks sufficient estimates in space and time to characterize global ecohydrology. Here we describe the Transpiration Estimation Algorithm (TEA), which uses both the signals of gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration (ET) to estimate temporal patterns of water use efficiency (WUE, i.e., the ratio between gross primary productivity and T) from which T is calculated. The method first isolates periods when T is most likely to dominate ET. Then, a Random Forest Regressor is trained on WUE within the filtered periods and can thus estimate WUE and T at every time step. Performance of the method is validated using terrestrial biosphere model output as synthetic flux data sets, that is, flux data where WUE dynamics are encoded in the model structure and T is known. TEA reproduced temporal patterns of T with modeling efficiencies above 0.8 for all three models: JSBACH, MuSICA, and CASTANEA. Algorithm output is robust to data set noise but shows some sensitivity to sites and model structures with relatively constant evaporation levels, overestimating values of T while still capturing temporal patterns. The ability to capture between‐site variability in the fraction of T to total ET varied by model, with root‐mean‐square error values between algorithm predicted and modeled T/ET ranging from 3% to 15% depending on the model. TEA provides a widely applicable method for estimating WUE while requiring minimal data and/or knowledge on physiology which can complement and inform the current understanding of underlying processes.
Correction: Publisher Correction: Single-cell RNA-seq reveals cell type-specific transcriptional signatures at the maternal–foetal interface during pregnancy
Authors: Nelson Andrew C. , Mould Arne W. , Bikoff Elizabeth K. , Robertson Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2018

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 11414 (2016), Published 25 April 2016; Updated 23 November 2018 In the original version of this Article, the accession codes section within the Methods was inadvertently omitted. This section has now been added in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Clinical predictors of long-term survival in newly diagnosed transplant eligible multiple myeloma — an IMWG Research Project
Authors: Usmani Saad Z. , Hoering Antje , Cavo Michele , Miguel Jesus San , Goldschimdt Hartmut , Hajek Roman , Turesson Ingemar , Lahuerta Juan Jose , Attal Michel , Barlogie Bart , Lee Jae Hoon , Kumar Shaji , Lenhoff Stig , Morgan Gareth , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Durie Brian G. M. , Moreau Philippe
Published: November 2018

Purpose: multiple myeloma is considered an incurable hematologic cancer but a subset of patients can achieve long-term remissions and survival. The present study examines the clinical features of long-term survival as it correlates to depth of disease response. Patients & Methods: this was a multi-institutional, international, retrospective analysis of high-dose melphalan-autologous stem cell transplant (HDM-ASCT) eligible MM patients included in clinical trials. Clinical variable and survival data were collected from 7291 MM patients from Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Korea, Spain, the Nordic Myeloma Study Group and the United States. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to assess progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Relative survival (RS) and statistical cure fractions (CF) were computed for all patients with available data. Results: achieving CR at 1 year was associated with superior PFS (median PFS 3.3 years vs. 2.6 years, p < 0.0001) as well as OS (median OS 8.5 years vs. 6.3 years, p < 0.0001). Clinical variables at diagnosis associated with 5-year survival and 10-year survival were compared with those associated with 2-year death. In multivariate analysis, age over 65 years (OR 1.87, p = 0.002), IgA Isotype (OR 1.53, p = 0.004), low albumin < 3.5 g/dL (OR = 1.36, p = 0.023), elevated beta 2 microglobulin ≥ 3.5 mg/dL (OR 1.86, p < 0.001), serum creatinine levels ≥ 2 mg/dL (OR 1.77, p = 0.005), hemoglobin levels < 10 g/dL (OR 1.55, p = 0.003), and platelet count < 150k/μL (OR 2.26, p < 0.001) appeared to be negatively associated with 10-year survival. The relative survival for the cohort was ~0.9, and the statistical cure fraction was 14.3%. Conclusions: these data identify CR as an important predictor of long-term survival for HDM-ASCT eligible MM patients. They also identify clinical variables reflective of higher disease burden as poor prognostic markers for long-term survival.
Global identification of Arabidopsis lncRNAs reveals the regulation of MAF4 by a natural antisense RNA
Authors: Zhao Xinyue , Li Jingrui , Lian Bi , Gu Hanqing , Li Yan , Qi Yijun
Published: November 2018

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and plant development. Here, we identified 6,510 lncRNAs in Arabidopsis under normal or stress conditions. We found that the expression of natural antisense transcripts (NATs) that are transcribed in the opposite direction of protein-coding genes often positively correlates with and is required for the expression of their cognate sense genes. We further characterized MAS, a NAT-lncRNA produced from the MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING4 (MAF4) locus. MAS is induced by cold and indispensable for the activation of MAF4 transcription and suppression of precocious flowering. MAS activates MAF4 by interacting with WDR5a, one core component of the COMPASS-like complexes, and recruiting WDR5a to MAF4 to enhance histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3). Our study greatly extends the repertoire of lncRNAs in Arabidopsis and reveals a role for NAT-lncRNAs in regulating gene expression in vernalization response and likely in other biological processes.
Physics and applications of charged domain walls
Authors: Bednyakov Petr S. , Sturman Boris I. , Sluka Tomas , Tagantsev Alexander K. , Yudin Petr V.
Published: November 2018

The charged domain wall is an ultrathin (typically nanosized) interface between two domains; it carries bound charge owing to a change of normal component of spontaneous polarization on crossing the wall. In contrast to hetero-interfaces between different materials, charged domain walls (CDWs) can be created, displaced, erased, and recreated again in the bulk of a material. Screening of the bound charge with free carriers is often necessary for stability of CDWs, which can result in giant two-dimensional conductivity along the wall. Usually in nominally insulating ferroelectrics, the concentration of free carriers at the walls can approach metallic values. Thus, CDWs can be viewed as ultrathin reconfigurable strongly conductive sheets embedded into the bulk of an insulating material. This feature is highly attractive for future nanoelectronics. The last decade was marked by a surge of research interest in CDWs. It resulted in numerous breakthroughs in controllable and reproducible fabrication of CDWs in different materials, in investigation of CDW properties and charge compensation mechanisms, in discovery of light-induced effects, and, finally, in detection of giant two-dimensional conductivity. The present review is aiming at a concise presentation of the main physical ideas behind CDWs and a brief overview of the most important theoretical and experimental findings in the field.
Characterization of inflammatory breast cancer: a vibrational microspectroscopy and imaging approach at the cellular and tissue level
Authors: Mohamed Hossam Taha , Untereiner Valérie , Proult Isabelle , Ibrahim Sherif Abdelaziz , Götte Martin , El-Shinawi Mohamed , Mohamed Mona Mostafa , Sockalingum Ganesh D. , Brézillon Stéphane
Published: November 2018

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) has a poor prognosis because of the lack of specific biomarkers and its late diagnosis.
Radio frequency alternating electromagnetic field enhanced tetraruthenium polyoxometalate electrocatalytic water oxidation
Authors: Tsubaki Shuntaro , Hayakawa Shogo , Ueda Tadaharu , Fujii Satoshi , Suzuki Ei-ichi , Zhang Jie , Bond Alan , Wada Yuji
Published: November 2018

RF-enhanced electrocatalytic water oxidation by protonated tetraruthenium polyoxometalate.
From oxide to a new type of molecular tungsten compound: formation of bitetrahedral cluster complexes [{W6(μ4-O)2(μ3-CCN)4}(CN)16]10− and [{W6(μ4-O)2(μ3-As)4}(CN)16]10−
Authors: Yarovoy Spartak S. , Smolentsev Anton I. , Kozlova Svetlana G. , Kompankov Nikolay B. , Gayfulin Yakov M. , Asanov Igor P. , Yanshole Vadim V. , Mironov Yuri V.
Published: November 2018

Two new mixed-valence tungsten cluster anions with bitetrahedral cores, {W6(μ4-O)2(μ3-CCN)4} and {W6(μ4-O)2(μ3-As)4} were synthesized from WO3.