bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Distribution of White-Matter Hyperintensities in Alzheimer Disease, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, and Healthy Aging
Authors: Holland Christopher M. , Smith Eric E. , Csapo Istvan , Gurol Mahmut Edip , Brylka Douglas A. , Killiany Ronald J. , Blacker Deborah , Albert Marilyn S. , Guttmann Charles R.G. , Greenberg Steven M.
Published: February 2008

Background and Purpose—

White-matter hyperintensities (WMHs) detected by magnetic resonance imaging are thought to represent the effects of cerebral small-vessel disease and neurodegenerative changes. We sought to determine whether the spatial distribution of WMHs discriminates between different disease groups and healthy aging individuals and whether these distributions are related to local cerebral perfusion patterns.

Methods—

We examined the pattern of WMHs by T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery–weighted magnetic resonance imaging in 3 groups of subjects: cerebral amyloid angiopathy (n=32), Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment (n=41), and healthy aging (n=29). WMH frequency maps were calculated for each group, and spatial distributions were compared by voxel-wise logistic regression. WMHs were also analyzed as a function of normal cerebral perfusion patterns by overlaying a single photon emission computed tomography atlas.

Results—

Although WMH volume was greater in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease/mild cognitive impairment than in healthy aging, there was no consistent difference in the spatial distributions when controlling for total WMH volume. Hyperintensities were most frequent in the deep periventricular WM in all 3 groups. A strong inverse correlation between hyperintensity frequency and normal perfusion was demonstrated in all groups, demonstrating that WMHs were most common in regions of relatively lower normal cerebral perfusion.

Conclusions—

WMHs show a common distribution pattern and predilection for cerebral WM regions with lower atlas-derived perfusion, regardless of the underlying diagnosis. These data suggest that across diverse disease processes, WM injury may occur in a pattern that reflects underlying tissue properties, such as relative perfusion.
Grading Carotid Intrastent Restenosis
Authors: Setacci Carlo , Chisci Emiliano , Setacci Francesco , Iacoponi Francesca , de Donato Gianmarco
Published: February 2008

Background and Purpose—

The accuracy of carotid ultrasound has not been well established in predicting intrastent restenosis (ISR) after carotid artery stenting (CAS). The aim of this study is to determine different degrees of ISR using ultrasound velocity criteria compared to percentage of stenosis at angiography.

Methods—

This is a 6-year prospective study. After CAS procedure, each patient underwent angiography for measuring ISR (NASCET method) which was compared to peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and the ratio between PSV of internal carotid artery and common carotid artery (ICA/CCA). This was done within 48 hours, thus creating a baseline value. Ultrasound (US) examination was performed at day 30, at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and then yearly. Patients with an increase in PSV greater than 3 times the baseline value or in presence of PSV ≥200 cm/s underwent angiography.

Results—

814 CAS procedures, 6427 US examinations, and 1123 angiographies were performed. ISR ≥70% and ISR ≥50% was detected, respectively, in 22 patients and in 73 patients. We defined velocity criteria for grading carotid ISR: PSV ≤104 cm/s, if <30% stenosis; PSV:105 to 174 cm/s if 30% to 50% stenosis; PSV:175 to 299 cm/s if a 50% to 70% stenosis; PSV ≥300 cm/s, EDV ≥140 cm/s, and ICA/CCA ≥3.8 if a ≥70% stenosis. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves for ISR ≥70% were, respectively, for PSV, EDV, and ICA/CCA: 0.99, 0.98, and 0.99.

Conclusions—

US grading of carotid ISR can guarantee a correct follow-up after CAS if new customized velocity criteria are validated by skilled operators using a specific protocol of follow-up in a certified laboratory.
Vascular and Nonvascular Mimics of the CT Angiography “Spot Sign” in Patients With Secondary Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Gazzola Steve , Aviv Richard I. , Gladstone David J. , Mallia Gabriella , Li Vivian , Fox Allan J. , Symons Sean P.
Published: February 2008

Background and Purpose—

The newly-described computed tomography angiography (CTA) Spot Sign is present in about one third of patients with acute primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH) and predicts hematoma expansion. This sign has not been systematically evaluated in patients with secondary causes of ICH, and mimics have not been characterized. The purpose of this study was to assess for the presence of the Spot Sign in secondary ICH and to document potential mimics of the Spot Sign and their distinguishing features.

Methods—

We performed a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients presenting with ICH to our regional stroke center between January 2002 and May 2007. Ninety-six ICH patients underwent a CT stroke protocol including CTA. CTA documented a secondary cause for hemorrhage in 30 patients (31%). Each patient was assessed for the presence or absence of the CTA Spot Sign or a mimic by 2 blinded neuroradiologists. Clinical and radiological features of PICH and secondary ICH were compared.

Results—

No patients with secondary ICH had a true CTA Spot Sign, but several Spot Sign mimics were identified including: micro AVM, posterior communicating artery aneurysm, Moya Moya, and neoplasm-associated calcification. The secondary ICH group was younger (
P
=0.0001) and less likely to be hypertensive at presentation (
P
=0.0114). Significant hematoma expansion (>33% increase from baseline volume) occurred in 20% of secondary ICH patients and 28% of PICH patients (
P
=0.2463).

Conclusion—

This study describes mimics of the CTA Spot Sign and classifies them as vascular (microAVM, aneurysm, Moya Moya) or nonvascular (tumor and choroid plexus calcification). Evaluation of the noncontrast CT together with the CTA source images is an essential part of the evaluation for the Spot Sign. Vessels entering the hematoma from the periphery are indicative of an underlying vascular lesion. Our findings suggest that the Spot Sign may be rare in secondary ICH and most specific for PICH.
Walking Speed and Risk of Incident Ischemic Stroke Among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: McGinn Aileen P. , Kaplan Robert C. , Verghese Joe , Rosenbaum Daniel M. , Psaty Bruce M. , Baird Alison E. , Lynch John K. , Wolf Philip A. , Kooperberg Charles , Larson Joseph C. , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia
Published: February 2008

Background and Purpose—

Walking speed is a simple, reliable, and valid measure of functional status that has been shown to be strongly correlated with age-related outcomes and may be an indicator of subclinical cerebrovascular disease. However, few studies have investigated the association of walking speed with risk of incident ischemic stroke.

Methods—

The present analyses included 13 048 postmenopausal women (mean age 65 years) from the Women’s Health Initiative free of stroke at baseline, 264 of whom had incident ischemic strokes on follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the relationship between performance on a timed walk and risk of incident ischemic stroke. Multivariate adjustment included age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, depression, arthritis, hypertension, smoking, systolic blood pressure, treated diabetes, hormone use, NSAID use, aspirin use, self-reported general health, and history of coronary heart disease.

Results—

Slower walking speed was a significant predictor of incident ischemic stroke. After multivariate adjustment, the hazard for incident ischemic stroke was increased for the slowest walking speed tertile compared to the fastest walking speed tertile (HR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.36). Additional adjustment for other physical function variables (grip strength and chair stands) did not change the association significantly.

Conclusions—

Slow walking speed was found to be a strong predictor of increased risk of incident ischemic stroke among postmenopausal women independent of other established risk factors for stroke.
Notes On the Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit (Bho 519)
Authors: Maccoull Leslie S.B.
Published: February 2008

This text, the editio princeps of which was published in 1887, has not been studied since 1901. It is the narrative of the passion and martyrdom of a certain John, a Coptic Christian who had apostasized to Islam but decided to return and, openly proclaiming his Christian faith, was executed in Cairo on a date fixed at 29 April 1211 C.E. Wherther John of Phanijoit actually existed or not, the construction of his story reflects the tensions in multi-ethnic Egyptian society under the Ayyubids and the changing nature of what it meant to be a Christian living under Muslim rule.
The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory
Authors: Leierer Stephen J. , Blackwell Terry L. , Strohmer Douglas C. , Thompson Richard C. , Donnay David A. C.
Published: February 2008

Using aggregate scores from 281 female and 133 male rehabilitation counselors, the researchers developed prototypical Strong Interest Inventory (SII) profiles. They used these profiles to explore the interests, preferences, and professional identity of rehabilitation counselors. Using the General Occupational Themes (GOTs), Basic Interest Scales (BISs), Occupational Scales (OSs), and Personal Style Scales (PSSs), which make up the newly revised SII, the authors obtained empirically defined prototypical profiles for female and male rehabilitation counselors. The Social—Artistic Holland-code dyad was a reoccurring theme across the each profile. Although there are differences in each of the SII scales across genders, the authors found congruence not only within the scales of a particular gender but also across genders. Consistencies and inconsistencies among the GOTs, BISs, OSs, and PSSs are discussed. Implications for counselor recruitment and practice are also discussed.
Extending the Present Understanding of Organizational Sensemaking
Authors: Jeong Hong-Sang , Brower Ralph S.
Published: February 2008

Despite a growing literature on the topic, our understanding of organizational sensemaking remains somewhat fragmented, and discussions have not yet fully integrated related ideas into a conceptual framework that includes the contextual terrain in which these activities occur. This article offers such a model. We begin with a story from a Korean fire inspector, delineating the process of his sensemaking into three stages: noticing, interpretation, and action. We demonstrate how sensemaking can be understood in three separate contexts— the ecological, institutional, and social relational. We show how each context provides a setting for a unique account of the three stages of sensemaking. We derive four theoretical propositions and conclude with implications and discuss prospects for this promising research area.
The Development of Public Institutions
Authors: Boin Arjen , Christensen Tom
Published: February 2008

Some public organizations take on the qualities and characteristics of an institution. They become vessels for societal ambition, combining reliable performance with high levels of legitimacy. The functioning and effects of these highly institutionalized organizations are well researched. How these public institutions come about remains somewhat of a mystery, however. Empirical accounts of public institutions consistently identify leadership as a crucial explanatory variable. Conventional wisdom in the field of public administration research, on the other hand, suggests it is impossible for leaders to single-handedly create an organization that effectively serves multiple, complex, and mutually exclusive goals in a volatile environment that is characterized by impatient politicians, scrutinizing media, critical citizens, and scarce resources. This article revisits the relation between leadership and the institutionalization of public organizations. Building on theoretical work and case studies of public institutions, it formulates an analytical framework for studying the role of leadership in institutionalization processes.
John Locke and Public Administration
Authors: Tuckness Alex
Published: February 2008

John Locke, whose thought greatly influenced the American founding, makes an important contribution to contemporary public administration theory and to our understanding of the history of American public administration. Locke's theory gives an account of why it is legitimate for public administrators to sometimes perform functions that are legislative or judicial in nature and encourages public administrators to interpret directives from those with greater political authority in light of a respect for rights and the public good. Historically, Locke put his ideas into practice as he helped oversee the administration of the early American colonies and made proposals for administrative reform.
Understanding the Relations Between Different Forms of Racial Prejudice: A Cognitive Consistency Perspective
Authors: Gawronski Bertram , Peters Kurt R. , Brochu Paula M. , Strack Fritz
Published: February 2008

Research on racial prejudice is currently characterized by the existence of diverse concepts (e.g., implicit prejudice, old-fashioned racism, modern racism, aversive racism) that are not well integrated from a general perspective. The present article proposes an integrative framework for these concepts employing a cognitive consistency perspective. Specifically, it is argued that the reliance on immediate affective reactions toward racial minority groups in evaluative judgments about these groups depends on the consistency of this evaluation with other relevant beliefs pertaining to central components of old-fashioned, modern, and aversive forms of prejudice. A central prediction of the proposed framework is that the relation between “implicit” and “explicit” prejudice should be moderated by the interaction of egalitarianism-related, nonprejudicial goals and perceptions of discrimination. This prediction was confirmed in a series of three studies. Implications for research on prejudice are discussed.
Reciprocity of prosocial behavior in Japanese preschool children
Authors: Fujisawa Keiko K. , Kutsukake Nobuyuki , Hasegawa Toshikazu
Published: February 2008

This study investigated the reciprocity of prosocial behavior among 3- and 4-year-old Japanese preschool children during free-play time. Matrix correlation tests revealed positive correlations between the frequencies of object offering given and received within dyads and between the frequencies of helping given and received within dyads. These results suggest that young children reciprocate prosocial behavior spontaneously. Positive correlations were also found between the frequencies of object offering and helping behavior exchanged within dyads, suggesting that children exchanged the two types of prosocial behaviors (i.e., “interchanged”). The interchange was independent of both reciprocity within object offering and reciprocity within helping behavior in 4-year-olds. Friends reciprocated object offerings more frequently than non-friends, suggesting that friendship affects the quantitative aspect of reciprocity. These data provide refined evidence of reciprocity among children and also suggest that reciprocity becomes more complicated as children grow older.
How should people act in inheritance situations? Specifying differences in expectations
Authors: Goodnow Jacqueline J. , Lawrence Jeanette A.
Published: February 2008

To check proposals about differences in what people think should occur in inheritance situations, two groups (mean ages 18 and 75 years) judged several actions involving inheritable things (e.g., a son sells his father's war medals; a grandfather sends all his possessions to auction). Cluster analysis confirmed that (1) differences took the form of variations in the priority given to various concerns (concerns with family feelings, family heritage, and individual rights), (2) age was associated with priority differences (the older group more often gave priority to family feelings and to individual rights), and (3) priorities were linked to views about appropriate goals and to levels of disapproval for various actions. The results bring out ways to specify differences across and within age groups, and point to ways of extending the analysis of inheritance expectations.
Understanding of self and maternal warmth predict later self-regulation in toddlers
Authors: Jennings Kay D. , Sandberg Ian , Kelley Sue A. , Valdes Lourdes , Yaggi Kirsten , Abrew Amy , Macey-Kalcevic Melody
Published: February 2008

Research on the development of self-regulation has focused primarily on the roles of maternal behavior and attention, but cognitive understanding of the self is also likely to contribute, as is exposure to maternal depression. In this study toddlers' understanding of self-as-object and understanding of agency were assessed behaviorally at both 20 and 27 months ( N = 100). Maternal warmth during interactions was also observed at both ages. Half of the toddlers had been exposed to maternal depression. At 34 months toddlers' self-regulation was assessed behaviorally. As expected, toddlers' early understanding of the self (both self-as-object and agency) as well as maternal warmth predicted self-regulation later in toddlerhood. Maternal depression, however, was not associated with self-regulation. These findings provide empirical support for the theoretical construct of the self-system and suggest that early cognitive understanding of the self enables toddlers to better regulate their behavior.
Evaluation of oxygenators and centrifugal pumps for long-term pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Thiara A.P.S. , Hoel T.N. , Kristiansen F. , Karlsen H.M. , Fiane A.E. , Svennevig J.L.
Published: February 2008

Objective: Two extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuits for children under 10 kg were evaluated and compared for plasma leakage, hemolysis, blood transfusions, and durability. Methods: Group A ( n = 20) was supported by ECMO circuits with the Minimax oxygenator and the Biomedicus centrifugal pump. Group B ( n = 10) was supported by ECMO circuits with the Lilliput 2 ECMO oxygenator and the Rotaflow centrifugal pump. Results: ECMO circuit durability, as measured by oxygenator lifespan, was significantly better in Group B than in Group A (p = 0.04). There was significantly lower hemolysis, measured by plasma free hemoglobin, in Group B ( p = 0.019), and patients in Group B had significantly less need for antithrombin III transfusion ( p = 0.004). No plasma leakage was observed in Group B oxygenators, but plasma leakage was observed in all Group A oxygenators. Conclusion: The combination of a Rotaflow centrifugal pump and Lilliput 2 ECMO oxygenator in pediatric ECMO circuits improved durability and reduced circuit-induced hemolysis. This improvement may be due to the low priming volume, the oxygenator's plasma leakage resistance, the suspended rotor of the centrifugal pump, or a combination of these factors. Perfusion (2007) 22, 323—326.
Low molecular starch versus gelatin plasma expander during CPB: does it make a difference?
Authors: Boks Ricardo H , Wijers Marianne J , Hofland Jan , Takkenberg Johanna J M , Bogers Ad J J
Published: February 2008

Background: Non-protein plasma expanders carry a risk of potentially severe allergic reactions. As prime for cardiopulmonary bypass, we routinely use a gelatin plasma expander. Plasma expanding during anesthesia is achieved with high molecular starch (200/0.5 kDalton) in combination with Ringer Lactate solution (RL) and in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with a low molecular starch (130/0.4 kDalton). We evaluated the feasibility of low molecular starch in combination with RL (group LMSRL) versus gelatin plasma expanding (group GPE) for priming CPB circuits in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a randomized prospective trial. Methods: One hundred and eighty adults who underwent primary valve or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery were equally stratified into 3 series of 60 patients with the routinely used oxygenators; Capiox RX-25, CML Duo and Quadrox-D. Then they were randomised by drawing lots and allocated into the LMSRL or GPE groups. We compared hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelet count, activated clotting time (ACT), lactate and colloid osmotic pressure (COP), blood loss, transfusion need, urine production and ICU stay. In addition, we monitored the average trans-oxygenator fluid resistance (AFR) for each type of oxygenator. Results: The COP is significantly lower in the LMSRL group (20 mmHg ± 0.2 versus 18 mmHg ± 0.2, p < 0.0001); as was the total use of plasma expanders (3846ml ± 98 versus 3059ml ± 77, p < 0.001). All other parameters were not significantly different. When comparing the observed AFR for the three types of oxygenators, a lower AFR in the LMSRL group ( p < 0.02) was noted for the Capiox RX-25®. Conclusions: This study shows a lower need for plasma expanders in patients who receive only starch plasma expanders. Further, we noted a lower COP in the LMSRL group, but since the mean COP was >17 ± 0.2 mmHg, this cannot be considered of clinical importance. In conclusion, our study result supports the use of low molecular starch as a good alternative choice for priming CPB. Perfusion (2007) 22, 333—337.
Design and Manufacture of a Composite Flywheel Press-Fit Multi-Rim Rotor
Authors: Ha Sung K. , Han Hoon H. , Han Young H.
Published: February 2008

The pre-compression that develops in a press-fit multi-rim rotor suppresses tensile stresses caused by the curing process and high speed rotational centrifugal forces, increasing the overall performance of the flywheel rotor. In this study, the interferences and the rim thickness of up to five rims of graphite/Ep and glass/Ep are analyzed to maximize the specific energy density (SED) of a multi-rim composite flywheel rotor. Three states are considered: (a) cured rims with residual stress prior to press-fitting; (b) a stationary press-fitted rotor; (c) a rotor at maximum rotational speed. Two methods of press-fitting rims are presented. One method has each rim machined with tapered inner and outer rim surfaces. The other method uses a guiding rim to expand the outer rim and guide the inner rim into the expanded outer rim. An optimized multi-rim rotor, composed of one glass/Ep rim and one graphite/Ep rim, is scaled to have energy storage capability of 5 kWh, and is successfully manufactured by machining tapered rims and hydraulic pressing.
An Experimental Study of the Water-Assisted Injection Molding of PA-6 Composites
Authors: Liu Shih-Jung , Shih Chang-Chi
Published: February 2008

This report was carried out to study experimentally the water-assisted injection molding process of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 (Nylon-6) composites. Experiments were carried out on an 80 ton injection molding machine equipped with a lab scale water injection system, which included a water pump, a water injection pin, a pressure accumulator, a water tank equipped with a temperature regulator, and a control circuit. The materials used were Nylon and 30% glass fiber-filled Nylon composites. A spiral mold cavity was used to mold the composites. After molding, the lengths of water penetration in molded parts were measured. The effects of different processing parameters on the lengths of water penetration were determined: melt temperature, mold temperature, melt-filling speed, short-shot size, water pressure, water temperature, water hold, and water injection delay time. Mechanical property tests were performed on the water-assisted injection molded parts. X-ray diffraction was also employed to identify the structural parameters of the materials. In addition, the in-mold temperature distribution of the polymeric materials during the cooling process was measured. Irregular water penetration in molded parts was observed, and water temperature was found to affect the crystallinity distribution of molded parts. Nevertheless, its effects on the tensile properties of molded materials were relatively limited.
Temperature Dependence of Accumulation of Fiber Breakages under Tensile Loading for Unidirectional CFRP Laminates
Authors: Noda Junji , Nakada Masayuki , Miyano Yasushi
Published: February 2008

The temperature dependence of the tensile damage process as well as the tensile strength in unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates is investigated experimentally and numerically. The constant strain rate (CSR) tensile tests for CFRP laminates are carried out at room temperature (RT) and 120°C. The damage process under tensile loading is recorded by using a digital microscope to comprehend the accumulation of fiber breakages observed with increasing strain. The fiber breakages observed under tensile loading increase strongly in the vicinity of ultimate failure load, and this behavior decreases with increasing temperature. The clusters of fiber breakages observed at RT cannot be observed at 120°C. These experimental results lead to the fact that the number of fiber breakages and the existence of cluster of fiber breakages are influenced by the temperature dependent stress-strain relation of matrix resin. Then, a new simulation based on finite element model considering the stress-strain relation of matrix resin is proposed. The damage process and strength predicted numerically by the proposed simulation agree well with experimental results. Therefore, the temperature dependent mechanism for the damage process, including the generation of clusters as well as the strength, is quantitatively shown.
Predictors of Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Lawoko Stephen
Published: February 2008

Attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) were compared between Zambian and Kenyan men on sociodemographic, attitudinal, and structural predictors of such attitudes. Data were retrieved from the latest Demographic and Health Surveys in each country. The results showed that many men in Zambia (71%) and Kenya (68%) justified IPV to punish a woman for transgression from normative domestic roles. In priority order, sociodemographic, autonomy, and access-to-information indicators predicted attitudes toward IPV in both countries. Whereas in Kenya, education reduced the likelihood of justifying IPV, the reverse was observed in Zambia. Access to information reduced the likelihood of justifying IPV among men in Zambia but not in Kenya. Men's positive attitudes toward women's autonomy reduced the likelihood of justifying IPV in Kenya but not in Zambia. Differences in specific predictors between the countries demonstrate the significance of capitalizing on need-adapted interventions tailored to fit conditions in each country.
Reliability and Validity of the SCL-90-R PTSD Subscale
Authors: Carlozzi Noelle E. , Long Patricia J.
Published: February 2008

Two studies examined the psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subscale of the SCL-90-R. Study 1 examined SCL-90-R responses from 2,361 college women to determine whether this subscale can appropriately assess the three dimensions of PTSD. Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha suggest that this subscale is best conceptualized as a unidimensional index of PTSD symptomatology. Study 2 confirmed these results in a sample of 1,044 college men and women. Findings in the second sample also supported the subscale's validity, as it correlates well with the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and with trauma frequency and can discriminate between individuals with and without PTSD diagnoses. Results suggest that the SCL-90-R PTSD subscale is a reliable, but unidimensional, measure for screening for distress associated with PTSD. Although there is some support for the usefulness of this scale, especially with women, it should only be considered a general indicator of distress with limited use for men.
Partner's Stake in Conformity and Abused Wives' Psychological Trauma
Authors: DeMaris Alfred , Kaukinen Catherine
Published: February 2008

This study investigates the potential buffering effect of help-seeking in the association between intimate partner assault and women's psychological trauma, and how this, in turn, may depend on the partner's stake in conformity. The sample consists of 374 women reporting the experience of domestic violence from a current intimate partner, drawn from the larger survey Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men in the United States, 1994-1996. Help-seeking did not appear to buffer the impact of assault severity, contrary to expectation. However, the partner's stake in conformity did condition the effect of his or her having been arrested. Victims had higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when police arrested partners of average or below-average stake in conformity. But victims of partners characterized by higher than average stake in conformity did not show elevated PTSD due to their partners having been arrested. On the other hand, PTSD was higher among women experiencing more emotional abuse from the partner.
Testing Telephone and Web Surveys for Studying Men's Sexual Assault Perpetration Behaviors
Authors: DiNitto Diana M. , Bridget Busch-Armendariz Noël , Bender Kimberly , Hyeyoung Woo  , Tackett-Gibson Melissa , Dyer James
Published: February 2008

Three pilot studies were conducted to obtain information about sexual assault perpetration from adult men in the United States. Each used the same random digit-dial sampling and recruitment strategy. One pilot was administered by telephone and two via the Web. Response rates in all pilots were low. Although results cannot be generalized beyond the sample, of the 97 men who completed the surveys, approximately 40% in each pilot reported some sexual assault behavior, broadly defined. Contrary to expectations, telephone respondents reported a wider range of sexual assault behaviors. Suggestions for improving response rates include offering a choice of participation methods.
Beyond Fear
Authors: Rizvi Shireen L. , Kaysen Debra , Gutner Cassidy A. , Griffin Michael G. , Resick Patricia A.
Published: February 2008

This study examines peritraumatic (and posttrauma) responses in a sample of female crime victims who had been sexually or physically assaulted within the previous 2 months. Women were interviewed about their emotional and behavioral responses during the trauma and assessed for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology. Results indicate that women experience a wide range of behavioral and emotional responses during a traumatic event and that these responses have implications for posttrauma adjustment. Women who experienced behaviors typical of a freeze response are more likely to have a greater degree of symptomatology after the assault. Peritraumatic emotions, other than fear, such as sadness, humiliation, and anger, also appear to be related to posttrauma depression symptoms. These findings highlight the necessity of exploring the full range of possible reactions during a trauma.
Ethics in Telehealth Nursing Practice
Authors: Rutenberg Carol , Oberle Kathleen
Published: February 2008

Telehealth nurses frequently encounter ethical issues in practice. The ability to identify moral dimensions of practice concerns is an important first step in resolving such issues. In this article, some common ethical terms are explained, and typical ethical problems for Telehealth nurses described. A conceptual model applicable to Telehealth nursing is presented and discussed as a framework for ethical reflection. Characteristics of ethical Telehealth nurses are outlined, and the importance of values clarification in ethical practice emphasized.
End of Life Intensive Care: Pain and Symptom Management at Home
Authors: Jennings PJ
Published: February 2008

Symptom management at the end of life can be a challenge for any provider. With careful assessment and tenacity, providers need to determine the cause of any discomfort and determine the best possible treatment. Sometimes the best intervention is presence. Sitting with the patient and family, listening, answering questions, and providing reassurance should not be discounted.
Do U.S. Gambling Industries Cannibalize Each Other?
Authors: Walker Douglas M. , Jackson John D.
Published: February 2008

Many states facing recent fiscal crises have looked to legalized gambling in an attempt to ease fiscal constraints. Although there has been some research on the economic effects of gambling, no study has offered a comprehensive analysis of the interindustry relationships of lotteries, casinos, horse racing, and greyhound racing. In this article, we use seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimation to analyze the relationships among gambling industries in the United States. Our results indicate that some industries “cannibalize” each other (e.g., casinos and lotteries, and horse and dog racing), whereas other industries help each other (e.g., casinos and horse racing, dog racing and lotteries, and horse racing and lotteries). The study also examines the effects of adjacent-state gambling and a variety of demographic variables. This analysis provides a foundation for further research on how to optimize tax revenues from legalized gambling.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with COPD: a report of five cases and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Samarakoon P. , Soubani AO
Published: February 2008

Background: There are increasing reports describing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without the classic risk factors for this severe infection. The available literature on this association is based on case reports or small case series. The aim of this review is to systematically review these cases and describe the clinical features, diagnostic studies and outcome.

Methods: We identified all the cases of IPA and COPD reported in the literature and had enough clinical information. We also included five cases of IPA in patients with COPD identified by the authors. These cases were systematically reviewed for clinical features, diagnostic studies and outcome.

Results: There were 60 cases of IPA in patients with COPD identified from the literature. The total number of cases reviewed was 65. The mean age was 65.1 years, the mean FEV1 was 39% of predicted ( n = 17, range 19—56%). Forty-nine patients were documented to be on systemic corticosteroids. The mean dose was 24mg/day (range 15—65 mg/day). Five patients were only on inhaled corticosteroids and in 11 patients there was no documentation of corticosteroid therapy. The clinical and radiological findings were nonspecific. Thirteen patients had documented evidence of disseminated IPA. Sputum examination was positive for Aspergillus in 76% and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage that was positive in 70%. The diagnosis of IPA was definite in 43 patients and probable in 22 patients. Forty-six patients were treated with anti-fungal therapy. Fifty-nine patients (91%) died with IPA.

Conclusion: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is an emerging serious infection in patients with COPD. The majority of these patients have advanced COPD and/or on corticosteroid therapy. The clinical and radiological presentation is nonspecific. High index of suspicion is necessary for the timely treatment of these patients. Chronic Respiratory Disease 2008; 5: 19—27
Surveillance Recommendations for Developing Effective Tobacco Prevention and Control Interventions for Low-SES Populations
Authors: Louis Galen
Published: February 2008

On October 6 and 7, 2005, a diverse panel of experts was invited to Atlanta, Georgia by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Smoking and Health to discuss, explore, and share their ideas on how to identify and subsequently plan effective interventions with low socioeconomic status populations in regard to tobacco prevention and control. The invited participants had expertise in three areas: surveillance and evaluation, program planning, and health communications. This article summarizes the methods, processes, discussions, and recommendations that emerged from the surveillance and evaluation group. Current surveillance systems have had success at identifying high-risk populations, but usually at the national or state level. Interventions occur at the local level, and current data are woefully inadequate in providing direction as far as programming planning. It is recommended that an eight-step approach be used for surveillance and monitoring that includes qualitative data collection and participatory planning models.
Significance of Alterations in Plasma Lipid Profile Levels in Breast Cancer
Authors: Franky Dhaval Shah  , Shilin Nandubhai Shukla  , Pankaj Manubhai Shah  , Patel Hiten R. H. , Prabhudas Shankerbhai Patel
Published: February 2008

Hypotheses. The relationship between lipids and breast cancer is obscure. Until now, conflicting results have been reported on the association between lipids and risk of breast cancer in women. Therefore, the major aim of this study is to examine the role of alterations in lipid profile in breast cancer. Study Design. Plasma lipids (ie, total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], and triglycerides [TG]) were analyzed from 70 controls, 30 patients with benign breast disease (BBD), 125 untreated breast cancer patients, and 93 posttreatment follow-up samples. Methods. Samples were analyzed using highly sensitive and specific spectrophotometric methods. Results. Plasma TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG were significantly lower ( p = .042, p = .003, p = .024, p = .014, respectively) in patients with BBD compared with controls. Plasma TC and HDL were significantly lower ( p = .026, p = .0001, respectively), and VLDL and TG were significantly higher ( p = .009, p = .05) in breast cancer patients as compared with controls. Plasma VLDL and TG were significantly higher in breast cancer patients as compared with patients with BBD. The receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that plasma TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG levels could significantly discriminate ( p = .001, p = .005, p = .005, p = .005, respectively) between controls and patients with BBD. Plasma levels of TC, HDL, VLDL, and TG could significantly distinguish ( p = .01, p = .002, p = .001, p = .002, respectively) between controls and breast cancer patients. Plasma levels of VLDL and TG could significantly discriminate ( p = .000, p = .000, respectively) between patients with BBD and breast cancer patients. Odds ratio analysis revealed that higher levels of TC and HDL were significantly associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk ( p = .01 and p = .0001, respectively), whereas higher levels of VLDL and TG were significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk ( p = .001 and p = .002, respectively). Plasma VLDL and TG levels were significantly lower in complete responders as compared with pretreatment levels ( p = .000, p = .000, respectively), and plasma TC and LDL levels were significantly lower in nonresponders as compared with pretreatment levels ( p = .015, p = .009, respectively). Conclusion. The alterations in lipid profile levels showed a significant correlation with breast cancer risk, disease status, and treatment outcome.
The Effect of a Complex Healing Treatment on 2-Year Survival Rate of Patients With Malignant Tumors
Authors: He Xiaomei  , Fan Jingchuan
Published: February 2008

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to discuss the effect of an intervention measure combining oncology, psychology, and sociomedicine on survival and quality of life in cancer patients. Methods. 639 cases of malignant tumor were divided into intervention and control groups. Follow-up was completed on 254 cases in the intervention group (93.38%) and 330 cases in the control group (89.91%). The intervention consisted of systematic mass anticancer education and rehabilitation activities guided by specialists over the period of 2 years, while the control group was in a state of self-rehabilitation. Differences between groups in survival status and survival rate for different disease stages were reviewed after 2 years. Survival status was evaluated by the Cox proportional hazards model. Results. Statistical analysis of survival was controlled for sociological variables such as marriage and age. The 2-year survival in stage 2 patients was 94.84% (108/114) in the intervention group and 80.67% (121/150) in the control group. There was a striking and significant ( P < .01) difference in 2-year survival rates. Further analysis disclosed that 2-year survival rate for early- and medium-stage patients was 88.03% (163/177) in the intervention group and 82.8% (184/222) in the control group. Conclusion . An intervention including oncology, psychology, and sociomedicine improved 2-year survival rate in early and middle stages of malignant tumor.
Arterial Chemotherapy and Conformal Radiation Abolish Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Guan Yong-Song , Qing He  , Ping Li  , Fu Yu-Chuan , Zhao Shao-Wei
Published: February 2008

Malignant biliary obstruction has been a challenge to clinical practitioners, especially when it is serious and complete. Chemotherapy or radiation alone is often unsuccessful. In this study, the authors report a 59-year-old patient with complete common bile duct obstruction caused by cholangiocarcinoma who was treated with arterial chemotherapy followed by 3-dimensional conformal radiation, which resulted in a good clinical outcome.
Themed Review: Lifestyle Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Janiszewski Peter M. , Saunders Travis J. , Ross Robert
Published: February 2008

The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, dysfunctional glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure. Approximately 1 in 4 Americans currently has the metabolic syndrome and are thus at an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and mortality. Leading health authorities recommend lifestyle modification consisting of exercise and caloric restriction for treatment and prevention of the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this report is to review the evidence that considers lifestyle modification as a treatment strategy for the metabolic syndrome. The influence of lifestyle modification on abdominal obesity, dysfunctional glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure is considered. Findings suggest that interventions consisting of exercise and/or caloric restriction are associated with improvement in all components of the metabolic syndrome, although the magnitude of this effect varies according to the specific component studied and additional factors such as baseline values. The evidence presented supports the promotion of lifestyle modification as an efficacious strategy for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
Transrectal Sonographic Findings in Chronic Prostatitis
Authors: Gulek Bozkurt , Evliyaoglu Yalcin
Published: February 2008

The authors evaluated transrectal sonographic (TRS) findings in 31 patients who had clinical and laboratory evidence compatible with chronic prostatitis. A comparative parallel study was also carried out in a group of 14 healthy volunteers who did not have any clinical or laboratory findings consistent with prostatitis. The TRS findings in these groups were statistically analyzed, and comparisons were made. There was statistical evidence that some of these TRS findings were consistent with, and almost pathognomonic for, chronic prostatitis.
Persistent Right Umbilical Vein and Left-Sided Gallbladder
Authors: Rokade Muktachand Laxman
Published: February 2008

Three cases of persistent right umbilical vein associated with left-sided gallbladder are presented. This poorly understood, rare variant is due to obliteration of the left umbilical vein during embryonic development. The left-sided gallbladder, associated with persistent right umbilical vein, is not anomalous positioning of the gallbladder but an embryologic abnormality of the umbilical vein that causes the gallbladder to migrate to the left of the ligament teres. Findings and clinical relevance are discussed.
Enhancing Image Quality Using Advanced Signal Processing Techniques
Authors: Smith Lisa , Perron Andrea , Persico Angela , Stravinskas Elena , Cournoyea Darrin
Published: February 2008

The main expectation of a sonographer is to obtain images of diagnostic quality. This requires the fundamental knowledge of spatial, contrast, and temporal resolution. To help determine which of these parameters needs to be optimized, one needs a well-defined clinical approach. Once satisfactory imaging is achieved, advanced signal processing tools can then be applied to further enhance image quality beyond that of good acoustic windows and tissue paths. Spatial compounding and tissue harmonic imaging are two commonly used tools that have significant clinical relevance in diagnostic sonography. These tools have their own unique applications and benefits, as well as limitations. When used correctly, they have shown to significantly improve image quality, allowing for the possibility of increased accuracy and an improvement in diagnostic confidence.
Angiogenic endothelium shows lactadherin-dependent phagocytosis of aged erythrocytes and apoptotic cells
Authors: Fens Marcel H. A. M. , Mastrobattista Enrico , de Graaff Anko M. , Flesch Frits M. , Ultee Anton , Rasmussen Jan T. , Molema Grietje , Storm Gert , Schiffelers Raymond M.
Published: February 2008

Angiogenic endothelium plays a crucial role in tumor growth. During angiogenesis, complex alterations in the microenvironment occur. In response, the endothelium undergoes phenotypic changes, for example overexpression of αv-integrins. Here, we show that the overexpression of αv-integrins on angiogenic endothelial cells is engaged in phagocytic actions involving binding (“tethering”) and uptake (“tickling”) of lactadherin (also termed MFG-E8)–opsonized particles. Phosphatidylserine (PS)–exposing multilamellar vesicles, “aged” erythrocytes, and apoptotic melanoma cells incubated with lactadherin were all phagocytosed by angiogenic endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated lactadherin expression in and around tumor blood vessels making opsonization in situ plausible. By engineering the surface of erythrocytes with covalently coupled cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides—mimicking lactadherin opsonization—we could induce phagocytosis by angiogenic endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, this was confirmed by cytochalasin D preincubation. When RGD-erythrocytes were administered intravenously in tumor-bearing mice, blood vessel congestion followed by tumor core necrosis was seen. Moreover, RGD-erythrocytes could delay tumor growth in a murine melanoma model, possibly through induction of tumor infarctions. These results reveal that angiogenic endothelial cells have phagocytic properties for lactadherin-opsonized large particles and apoptotic cells. Implications of our findings for diagnostic and therapy of angiogenesis-driven diseases are discussed.