bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Facebook Apps and Activities on Purchase Intention: The Evidence from Cambodian Consumers
Authors: Mong Mara
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT Facebook has been widely used as a marketing tool for online businesses in Cambodia. It has been utilized by business owners to create relationships with customers and build trust between business owners or retailers and their customers. This study aims to examine the most important Facebook features and activities that influence consumers’ purchase intentions as well as the relationship between those factors and their purchase decisions. The data in this study was obtained from an online survey of 407 respondents in Cambodia who have had an experience buying products and services via Facebook online stores. The results indicated that sharing is the most important factor which influences consumers’ decision on buying products and services and influences the future consumers’ purchase decision. The other important factors are positive comments, number of likes, and friends’ likes. However, location check-in does not have a significant impact on the consumers’ purchase intention. These findings may contribute to online business owners’ or retailers’ insight of Facebook features with activities so that they can well strategize to maximize their online sales on the Facebook platform. Keywords: Purchase intention; Facebook features
PENDEKATAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM STUDI ISLAM
Authors: Labib Ahmad
Published: February 2024

In studying Islam, several approaches can be used, one of which is the educational approach. The educational approach in Islamic studies is one of the paradigms or one's point of view used in interpreting Islamic values through education with a focus on forming a complete human being and having faith in Allah SWT. Without an approach, it will be very difficult for everyone to understand and understand. The method used in this research is to use library research or library research which takes several references or libraries according to the themes discussed. The discussion of the educational approach in Islamic studies or studies is inseparable from the approach of moral education because actually in Islam or what is contained in the Qur'an or the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad himself has taught or described education whose educational orientation is to achieve goodness or happiness. in this world and the hereafter. And among the moral or moral education that can be achieved is the cultivation of values, cognitive moral   development, value analysis, value explanation, affection approach and cooperative learning approach.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI GURU MELALUI PELATIHAN PENELITIAN TINDAKAN KELAS
Authors: Rosidin
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru MTs. NU 04 Muallimin Weleri di Kabupaten Kendal provinsi Jawa Tengah. Peningkatan kompetensi guru dilakukan melalui Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Pelatihan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dilakukan dengan strategi siklus yang dilakukan dengan tahapan dari identifikasi masalah, perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Berdasarkan identifikasi masalah bahwa masih banyak guru yang mengalami kesulitan dalam menyusun PTK dan melaksanakannya di kelas. Lemahnya kemampuan mereka dalam menyusun PTK disebabkan oleh keterbatasan pengetahuan atau pemahaman mereka tentang PTK secara praktek. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan evaluasi. Dalam pelatihan menunjukkan bahwa para guru berpartisipasi aktif untuk memiliki keseriusan, kemauan, dan motivasi yang tinggi untuk mengembangkan penelitian tindakan kelas. Dalam meningkatkan keberhasilan pada proses pembelajaran salah satunya melalui penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Manfaat PTK di antaranya adalah membantu guru memperbaiki mutu pembelajaran, meningkatkan profesionalisme guru dan meningkatkan kompetensi guru. Kegiatan pelatihan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini memberikan dampak terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan yang signifikan tentang pemahaman penelitian tindakan kelas, pengolahan dan analisis data penelitian tindakan kelas. Hasil akhir dalam penelitian ini adalah proses pelatihan memberikan manfaat bagi guru, yaitu dapat meningkatkan pemahaman guru pada Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, menumbuhkan motivasi dalam menyusun PTK dan melaksanakan PTK, serta bagi sekolah dapat meningkatkan kinerja sekolah melalui peningkatan profesionalisme guru. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan masukan guru di sekolah lainnya sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru melalui Penelitian Tindakan Kelas.
MEMBANGUN SIKAP MODERASI BERAGAMA MELALUI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM (STUDI MODERASI BERAGAMA MELALUI KEGIATAN PESANTREN MAHASISWA AN-NUR SURABAYA)
Authors: M. Bagas Kurnia PS Alaika , Ihwanun Nafi’  , Yusrolana Nor Haqiqi
Published: February 2024

Pesantren merupakan pendidikan yang unik khas Indonesia, salah satunya pesantren mahasiswa an-Nur Surabaya yang memiliki ciri khas tersendiri yakni pendidikan informal, yaitu kajian studi Islam secara general, murajaah hafalah al-Qur’an dan studi hadits serta berkerja sama dengan lembaga lain seperti seminar serta halaqoh. Adanya kegiatan tersebut, mahasiswa harus menyeimbangi baik dari kegiatan pesantren maupun dari kegiatan kampus, salah satunya dengan mengajarkan tentang mewujudkan sikap moderasi beragama. Moderasi beragama merupakan sarana mewujudkan suatu hal penyeimbang dan berperan penting antara mahasiswa dan pesantren. Dengan hal itu, penelitian ini akan memaparkan implementasi moderasi beragama dengan melalui kegiatan pesantren mahasiswa An-Nur Surabaya. Pendekatan penelitian ini menggunakan studi kasus, sedangkan metode penelitian ini mengggunakan deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Berkenaan dengan Creswell mengemukakan bahwa studi kasus sebagai pendekatan kualitatif di mana peneliti mengumpulkan beberapa informasi atau data dalam bentuk deskripsi kasus tersebut. Dalam artikel ini memfokuskan bagaimana moderasi beragama di pesantren mahasiswa, kemudian bagaimana implementasi moderasi beragama melalui kegiatan pesantren mahasiswa An-Nur Surabaya.
Tỷ bạch cầu đa nhân/bạch cầu lympho máu trong tiên lượng bệnh nhân nhồi máu não cấp
Authors: Trần Bùi Bình Chi , Hoàng Khánh
Published: February 2024

Background: The neutrophil – lymphocyte ratio (NLR) reflects the balance between the innate immune response (neutrophils) and adaptive immunity (lymphocytes). Recently, several studies have demonstrated that high NLR is an independent predictor of poor clinical outcome in stroke patients. However, other studies have shown that this ratio has no clear effect on mortality. We investigated the relationship between NLR and severity through the Glasgow and NIHSS scales in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Methods: A study of 115 patients diagnosed with AIS at Hue University Hospital of Medicine and Pharmacy and Hue Central Hospital from February, 2022 to February, 2023. In this study, we use questionnaire to collect essential research information. NLR, Glasgow and NIHSS scales were measured at the time of admission. Results: We included 115 patients with AIS. Average of age is 70,6±11,9 years, male/female ratio as 1,4:1. NLR is moderately negatively correlated with Glasgow (r=-0.354, p<0.001) and moderately positively correlated with NIHSS (r=0.465, p<0.001). The accuracy in predicting the possibility of severe or higher consciousness disorder on the Glasgow scale of NLR is not good (AUC=0.641, p>0.05). The accuracy in predicting clinical severity on the NIHSS scale of NLR is quite good (AUC=0.767; p=0.003 <0.05). The NLR cut-off point at admission is 5,1128 with a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 78.6%. Conclusion: NLR has been shown to be associated with severity according to the Glasgow and NIHSS scales and have high sensitivity and specificity in helping to identify severe patients according to the NIHSS scale in patients with AIS.
Efecto de un consorcio bacteriano en el crecimiento, morfología, pigmentos y toxicidad del dinoflagelado Gymnodinium catenatum
Authors: Ramírez-Rodríguez Dulce V , Band-Schmidt Christine J , González-Acosta Bárbara , Hernández-Sandoval Francisco E , Aquino-Cruz Aldo , Quijano-Scheggia Sonia I , Bustillos-Guzmán José J
Published: February 2024

Gymnodinium catenatum, un dinoflagelado productor de toxinas paralizantes, es una de las especies de dinoflagelados más estudiadas, sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre sus interacciones con bacterias. En este estudio se determinó el efecto de un consorcio bacteriano en cepas de G. catenatum. Se emplearon 4 cepas de G. catenatum aisladas de Bahía de Santiago, Colima; Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán; Bahía Concepción y Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur. De la cepa originaria de la costa de Colima se aisló un consorcio bacteriano compuesto de 3 bacterias empleando placas de agar con medio GSe. Se incubaron a una salinidad de 34, a 24 °C y en un ciclo de 12:12 h L:O. Gymnodinum catenatum se cultivó en medio GSe líquido en las mismas condiciones que las bacterias. La interacción entre los microorganismos se evaluó inoculando el consorcio bacteriano en las cepas de G. catenatum. Se determinó la abundancia máxima, las tasas de crecimiento, la longitud de cadenas y el perfil de pigmentos y toxinas paralizantes en G. catenatum en presencia y ausencia del consorcio bacteriano. En presencia de las bacterias no se observó la misma respuesta en el crecimiento de las cepas de G. catenatum, ni en el perfil y contenido de toxinas, pero sí se observó un incremento significativo en el número de células en cadena. También se notaron cambios en la morfología de G. catenatum. Además, en presencia del consorcio bacteriano, en la mayoría de las cepas incrementó el contenido de pigmentos accesorios. Los resultados sugieren que el consorcio bacteriano pudiera ser un agente estresante para G. catenatum proporcionando nuevas perspectivas de interacción entre las bacterias y G. catenatum.
The Effects of Structural Transformation of the Indian Economy on the Land Use Pattern
Authors: Khan Faridus Mamun , Bezbaruah M. P.
Published: February 2024

Due to high density of population the per capita availability of land in India is comparatively less than the rest of the world. As a result, issues concerning the effective and efficient use of scarce land resources are becoming increasingly important in the Indian context.  Importance of agriculture in the economy has been declining in terms of the sector’s share in GDP. On the other hand, the importance of the service sector is rapidly growing.  Urbanisation has also increased significantly. Given these trends, it is quite possible that the land-use pattern in India has also been changing over the years in response to the structural changes that its economy has been going through. With this possibility in mind, the paper aims to examine whether changes in sectoral composition of the economy are reflected in the country’s land use pattern also. Further, it explores if changes in the sectoral land shares have any correspondence with comparative sectoral land productivity trends. Data on Gross Value Added (GVA) and Land -Use Pattern, accessed from relevant websites of the Government of India have first been processed by computing ratios and percentage, and drawing trend lines. Further, econometric methods have been used to estimate annual compound growth rates.  Results show that agriculture has been able to sustain overall growth, including an increase in food-grain production, despite stagnations in its land share. Non-agricultural sectors have been able to claim increasing shares of land from the reduction of barren, unculturable, and cultivable wastelands. But the important point to note here is that the land-share of non-agriculture has been increasing not at the expense of agriculture but from progressively bringing to use lands which were previously not under any economic use. This is a positive development in economic use of the country’s limited land resource.
Syphilis in pregnancy: knowledge of pregnant and puerperous women / Sífilis na gestação: conhecimento de gestantes e puérperas
Authors: Pinto Keli Regiane Tomeleri da Fonseca , Panas dos Santos Oliveira Pamela , Zani Adriana Valongo , Bernardy Catia Campaner Ferrari , Alves Emily Marques , Medeiros Fabiana Fontana
Published: February 2024

Objetivo: identificar o conhecimento de gestantes e puérperas acerca da sífilis. Método: pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de instrumento semiestruturado, entre abril a julho de 2021, com 18 gestantes/puérperas com diagnóstico de sífilis na gestação. As respostas foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra, sendo utilizado para análise a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: identificou-se três ideias centrais: 1) Conhecimento sobre a sífilis, 2) Buscando conhecimento sobre a sífilis e 3) Falsa prevenção. O conhecimento das participantes mostrou-se conflitante, pois algumas apresentaram algum conhecimento e outras nenhum, sendo que todas deveriam ter sido orientadas sobre a doença. Considerações finais: identificou-se uma falha no atendimento ofertado nos serviços de saúde. Assim, estratégias voltadas à educação em saúde devem ser incentivadas e implementadas no acompanhamento de pré-natal, ofertando a promoção e prevenção da saúde, a fim de reduzir os casos de sífilis na gestação.
A Cosmorama of Now
Authors: McLean Will
Published: July 2005

Cosmorama defined both AD and the spirit of the times during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Its fantastically diverse range of technically orientated contributions were sent in from all over the world and served as a rich resource for generations of students and practising architects. Will McLean has been inspired to trawl for more contributions ever since reading the bound copies whilst studying architecture during the late 1980s. These are some of his most recent ones. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Memory of Possibilities
Authors: Hardingham Samantha
Published: July 2005

The 1970s was a time of profound change in the life of AD. Printing methods radically changed to include a lot more colour, the editorial board comprised a healthy generational mix and, by the middle of the decade, the magazine turned to book form. Guest‐editor Samantha Hardingham discovers how the magazine came into its own by publishing everything from ideas on paper to the working details of a sports stadium whilst maintaining a healthy ongoing dialogue between its contributors and readers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Out‐in‐the‐Open University
Authors: Lister Nick
Published: July 2005

There is a tradition of maps as inserts in magazines to assemble particular points of interest that are relevant and useful to the moment. AD was, and is, no exception to this, and as a student research assistant in the Research Centre for Experimental Practice (EXP) at the University of Westminster, Nick Lister has generated a group of maps for the current phase of David Greene and EXP's research project LAWUN – the Invisible University. The original project imagined a serviced landscape, and was presented in the pages of AD between 1968 and 1970. Today, the research speculates on the relationship between mobile and wire‐free technology and the architecture school in determining the future education of an architect. These maps present three types of serviced landscapes present in the UK in 2004: regional parkland ecologies, locations and access between places of higher education, and the national mobile communications network. These typologies relate the first stage of a comparative study that will be used to develop the brief of the Invisible University. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Agora at Dronten
Authors: Madge James
Published: July 2005

Rarely has a single building represented and fostered so completely the notion of public realm by serving its public first before drawing attention to itself. James Madge finds the Agora at Dronten, in the Netherlands, one such triumph. Through analysing Martin Pawley's review of the building in AD in 1969, Madge wonders if it could only have been built in the Netherlands and whether we in the UK will ever learn. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing Without Computers
Authors: Frazer John
Published: July 2005

John Frazer trained as an architect in London and at Cambridge during the 1960s and 1970s. He identified at the very earliest stages of their development how the processing power of computers might assist the design process, and then tried to imagine the effects of this on the role of the architect, the client/user and the environment. For 30 years he has confronted this issue with tireless enthusiasm through teaching, researching and designing. Here, he presents a very personal rough guide To where he has been, with a thought for where he thinks we are at now. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Info‐Urbanisation of China
Authors: Jachna Tim
Published: July 2005

For indicators as to how high‐speed development responds to massive growth in population, all eyes look to China. Tim Jachna describes how the Chinese government intends to learn from the technological teething troubles of the West, and bypass them altogether by investing heavily in a digitally networked urban culture. This means drawing a much closer link between rural and urban populations until they blend into one. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
It's All About Getting What You Want What We Want Is to Make Work That Fits
Authors: Fior Liza , Clarke Katherine , Handler Sophie
Published: July 2005

Today we live in a culture of institutionalised public realm – it is not the grass‐roots activity of the 1970s. However, Liza Fior, Katherine Clarke and Sophie Handler of muf architecture explain how the collaborative nature of the practice, both internally and in its approach to any project brief, defines how, today, a community is as strong as the questions it is prepared to ask of itself. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
I Love CAD
Authors: Clear Nic
Published: July 2005

The following pieces form part of a series of works that Nic Clear refers to as ‘scatological drawings’. These use the basic format of a cad layout to develop narrative themes, albeit within an abstract compositional framework. Specifically developed to accompany the text, the three drawings shown here are constructed through the juxtaposition of various cultural references taken from the text, from pornography to ironmongery details, graphically constructed by adapting formal organising principles based on perspectival and orthographic projections and parodying GUI layouts. The effect is to create something Clear calls ‘General Dis‐Arrangement drawings’. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Surrealism and Architecture (With Some Stylistic Apologies to André Breton)
Authors: Goodbun John , Cunningham David
Published: July 2005

In one of the rare pieces in this issue to address the turn, or, rather, clash of architectural events of the latter part of the decade, Jon Goodbun and David Cunningham mark the occasion with a tribute to the 1978 issue of AD entitled ‘Architecture & Surrealism’, which highlights that whatever the dominant dogma at the time, thankfully there is always more than one way to view a collage and cacophony of thought and material. First, though, take a position. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustaining Technology
Authors: Webb Robert
Published: July 2005

To attempt to capture the extent of the engagement in environmental and ecological issues by architects during the early 1970s as viewed through the pages of AD is an issue in itself. The editorial policy of the magazine at that time was such that it actively commissioned articles and global surveys that would inform the profession of the environmental impact of construction long before ‘sustainability’ became a convenient buzz word. Robert Webb is one of a new generation of environmental engineers who acknowledges a debt to those who helped to define the terms we use so readily today. He sees how architects fell off the environmental wagon during the middle of the 1970s and are only now beginning to climb back on, but wonders how much understanding of our planet has been lost in the interim. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active Narratives
Authors: Brayer Marie‐Ange
Published: July 2005

The archive at the Fonds Régional d'Art Contemporain du Centre (frac Centre), Orléans, France, houses an outstanding collection of experimental architectural models and drawings from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Marie‐Ange Brayer has worked closely with the archive for many years and is now its director. Here, she draws out some examples from the collection to describe how the emergence of ‘narrative’ in 1960s and 1970s Europe, and then in the us, transformed the architectural project from the singular representation of form into a multidimensional shared script for action. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thinkorama
Authors: Clayfield Marion , Smith Maggie , Doherty Gary , Marguc Petra , Doherty Gary , Bunschoten Raoul , Reed Annalise , Fox Michael , Watson Victoria , Teatum Tom , noodleJam  , Wilson David , Inamura Miki , Lawrence David , Whitaker Amy
Published: July 2005

Thinkorama is a special section devised for this issue dedicated to ideas, thinking about ideas, writing about and making ideas. Full credit for the title must go to champion and first lady of architectural ideas, director of the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Phyllis Lambert, who coined the phrase on the eve of a presentation of Cedric Price's ‘Potteries Thinkbelt’ in November 2003 at the University of Westminster. The event, called ‘SuperCrit’, was endorsed by Price, but his untimely death in the summer of that year prevented him from presenting the project himself. It was therefore handed to a group of friends and associates to argue the profundity of this great architectural work‐on‐paper. As for now … Price would have us remember, it is up to all to keep on thinking. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bevk Perovic arhitekti
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: July 2005

An exciting new crop of young Slovenian architects is coming out of Ljubljana. Valentina Croci explores the work of Bevk Perovic arhitekti, a practice whose finely honed hybrid approach owes as much to the contextualism of the great Ljubljanan master Joze Plecnik, as Vasa Perovic's exposure to contemporary Dutch architectural thought and design at the Berlage Institute in Amsterdam. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opera House Copenhagen
Authors: Melvin Jeremy
Published: July 2005

Jeremy Melvin describes how Henning Larsen Tegnestue's design for the new Opera House in Copenhagen, on the site of an old naval dockyard, was driven as much by a desire to connect with the city as by the finest auditorium. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soho Court, London
Authors: Stewart Bruce
Published: July 2005

Bruce Stewart describes how a patient and ever‐persistent approach to planning have paid off for Archer Architects, the designers of a mixed‐use housing scheme in the centre of London's Soho. The designers/ considered response to ‘community benefit’ and the existing urban fabric have enabled them to overcome the stalemate on a site that has suffered from ‘planners' blight’ since the 1970s. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blurring the Lines Case Studies of Current CAD/CAM Techniques ‐ BIX
Authors: Chaszar André
Published: July 2005

The design of buildings is usually regarded as taking place before – or at latest during – their construction, yet arguably they continue to evolve via passive or active processes throughout their lifetimes, affected as they are by everything from the weather to occupant‐induced modifications to responses by environmental control systems. Another, more overt kind of change is observable at the recently built Kunsthaus in Graz, Austria, where the bix installation transforms the building's primary facade in accordance with programming by invited artists. This animated field of light fixtures both literally embodies an example of ‘performative’ architecture and foreshadows a whole range of potentially creative effects achievable through in‐service alterations of a building's state, as posited by André Chaszar in this fifth instalment of AD's ‘Blurring the Lines’ series of CAD/CAM case studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bubble Bar
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: July 2005

Howard Watson describes how the Lonsdale Bar in West London has taken a 1970s Tardis‐inspired vision of the future as the starting point for its very contemporary treatment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Philip Webb: Pioneer of Arts & Crafts Architecture
Authors: Kirk Sheila
Published: July 2005

Arts and Crafts architecture has reached an important turning point in its reassessment. The ‘International Arts and Crafts’ exhibition opens at the V&A in London from 17 March to 24 July 2005 (before travelling on to the Indianapolis Museum of Art in autumn this year, and the de Young Museum in San Francisco in spring 2006). Coinciding with this is Wiley‐Academy's publication of the first definitive monograph of leading Arts and Crafts architect Philip Webb (1831–1915). This long‐awaited book, by architectural historian Sheila Kirk, includes specially commissioned photography by Martin Charles. Interweaving biography with evocative descriptions of all of Webb's seminal buildings, Kirk perceptively breathes life into one of the quietest members of William Morris's circle, and provides a new understanding of the buildings of a man who offered strong principles and firm guidelines yet at the same time allowing ample freedom of design. Here, she describes the relevance of Webb's national vernacular approach for architecture today. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of Sodium Cholate Micellar Solutions
Authors: Bottari Emilio , Buonfigli Alessio , Festa Maria Rosa
Published: July 2005

To study the composition of sodium cholate solutions, an investigation was carried out at 25 °C and in N(CH3)4Cl, as a constant ionic medium, at three different concentrations (W = 0.100; 0.500 and 0.800 mol dm‐3). Electromotive force measurements of three different galvanic cells, the first involving a glass electrode for hydrogen ions, the second an electrode for sodium ions and the third a lead amalgam electrode, were performed. Independently, lead (II) cholate solubility measurements in the presence of sodium ions were performed, as well. The experimental results obtained from both approaches were explained by assuming the formation of aggregates in cholate and sodium of different composition depending on W and on the cholate concentration. The maximum aggregation found number for cholate was 24 and even aggregation numbers were markedly predominant. Only two species with odd aggregation number were found, but at a low percentage. The assumed species and the relative constants were compared with those found for the other sodium salt of cholanic acids.
Chemical Vapor Generation of Cu: Optimization of Generation Media
Authors: Xu Shukun , Sturgeon Ralph E. , Guo Yan , Zhang Weimin , Zhao Hongfeng
Published: July 2005

Acetic acid was used to enhance the efficiency of chemical vapor generation (CVG) of copper. The volatile product was formed at room temperature following merging of the sample solution with a flowing stream of 0.1 % NaBH4; ICP‐OES was used for detection. A precision of 1.6 % RSD (n=11, 0.2 mg/L) was realized at sampling frequencies of about 90/h. A detection limit of 0.4 ng/mL (3σ) was obtained. Sensitivity was enhanced approximately 8‐fold over conventional pneumatic nebulization sample introduction. Compared with CVG in an optimized HCl or HNO3 medium, sensitivity was increased by an order of magnitude using acetic acid and the reductant concentration was reduced to only 10 % of that required with HCl or HNO3. The generation efficiency was estimated to be 18 % or 70 %, depending on the method used to evaluate it. The methodology was successfully used to the determine copper in human hair and low alloy steel certified reference materials.
Ratios between Content of Fatty Acids as Markers for Mixture of Cow and Goat Milk
Authors: Antonilli Marco , Bottari Emilio , Festa Maria Rosa
Published: July 2005

The fat of mixture of goat and cow milk, extracted by di‐ethylic ether, was gas chromatographically analysed in order to propose an analytical procedure suitable to reveal small additions of cow milk to goat milk. The obtained results show evident differences in the percentages of some fatty acids. An attempt to apply the peak area ratios, corresponding to the methyl esters of fatty acids, suggested by the literature for cow milk did not yield good results. Other ratios suitable to reveal even the presence of low percentages (up to 5 %) of cow milk in goat milk were found and proposed in this paper. Such ratios are sensitive and can be defined markers towards cow or goat milk and also towards extraneous fat like lard or colza seeds oil.
Bioremediation of Toluene and Naphthalene: development and Validation of a GC‐FID Method for Their Monitoring
Authors: Bianchi Federica , Careri Maria , Mustat Lara , Malcevschi Alessio , Musci Marilena
Published: July 2005

Bioremediation of toluene and naphthalene in liquid cultures of bacteria grown in the presence of these aromatic compounds as unique sources of carbon was investigated by gas chromatography (GC). For this purpose, a method based on the use of GC with flame ionization detection was developed and validated. Validation was carried out in terms of limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity, precision and trueness. In the case of naphthalene, LOD and LOQ values of 0.43 and 0.72 mg kg‐1 were achieved. Linearity was established over one order of magnitude in the range of interest, i.e. 10‐100 mg kg‐1. Excellent precision was obtained both in terms of intra‐day repeatability and between‐day precision on two concentration levels (RSD % lower than 0.5 %). A recovery of 97.9 ± 0.2 % (n=3) was calculated by addition of 640 mg kg‐1 of naphthalene to the Bushnell & Haas mineral salts basal solution containing the micro‐organisms. Findings clearly showed a reduction of the naphthalene content equal to 50 % and 75 % after two and four weeks of contact with the micro‐organisms, whereas a lower degradation was shown in the case of toluene. Finally bioremediation activity was ascribed to two different microbial populations, Bordetella Petrii and Bacillus Sphericus, which survived in the polluted medium.
Stratigraphic and Geochemical Study of Clastic Sediments of the Grotte di Stiffe Karstic System
Authors: Ruggieri Fabrizio , Mazzeo Pietro
Published: July 2005

The present work reports the results of a geochemical and stratigraphic study carried out on clastic sediments from the karstic system of the Grotte di Stiffe in Abruzzo. In order to describe in more significant manner the system from which the sediments have been taken, the rocks from which they derive and ground samples from the plateau immediately above the caves have also been examined. Stratigraphic and chemical studies, with particular regard to the presence of heavy metals, have been performed on some 50 cm of drawn sediment, utilising atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The data obtained in this way have been subjected to Principal Components Analysis in order to investigate possible correlations.
The Second Acidic Constant of Salicylic Acid
Authors: Porto Raffaella , de Tommaso Gaetano , Furia Emilia
Published: July 2005

The second dissociation constant of salicylic acid (H2L) has been determined, at 25 °C, in NaCl ionic media by UV spectrophotometric measurements. The investigated ionic strength values were 0.16, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 M. The protolysis constants calculated at the different ionic strengths yielded, with the Specific Interaction Theory, the infinite dilution constant, log β1° = 13.62 ± 0.03 , for the equilibrium L2‐ + H+ ⇌ HL−. The interaction coefficient between Na+ and L2‐, b(Na+, L2‐) = 0.02 ± 0.07, has been also calculated.
Study of Thermal Behavior of Vitamin D3 by Pyrolysis ‐ GC ‐ MS in Combination with Boiling Point ‐ Retention Time Correlation
Authors: Sun Yu'an , Liu Baoxia , Wang Guoqing , Zhang Rongjie , Xie Bing
Published: July 2005

The thermal behavior of vitamin D3 was studied based on pyrolysis‐GC‐MS technique. It was pyrolyzed at 600 °C, 750 °C, 900 °C, respectively. The pyrolysis product were separated With an HP‐5 column and identified by the NIST mass spectral search program in combination with the correlation of boiling point and retention time (BP‐RT). There are totally 50 components, including mono aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were determined. It is shown that the contents of the PAHs are increasing with the increasing of the pyrolysis temperature. The contents of the determined components vary from 0.04 % to 37.08 %.
113Cd NMR and Fluorescence Studies of Multiple Binding Mechanisms of Cd(II) by the Suwannee River Fulvic Acid
Authors: Grassi Maria , Daquino Vittorio
Published: July 2005

The binding of Cd (II) by the fulvic acid from a Suwannee River (FA) was investigated at various pH values and reactants ratios by 113Cd NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The NMR results provided evidences that the FA‐Cd interactions occur through a variety of binding modes and mechanisms. Different kinds of organically bound Cd‐species were detected in the 1.8‐10.8 pH range depending on the FA/Cd ratios. Labile complexes (amenable to Cd‐aminoacidic and Cd‐hydroxy interactions or outer‐sphere complexes) were observed at low pH and FA/Cd levels while stronger interactions (of carboxylate‐type or inner‐sphere complexation) took place as the pH and/or the FA concentration were increased. At pH ca. 6 insoluble FA‐Cd adducts were primarily produced but, at relatively large FA concentration, only soluble complexes, stable in the whole pH 1.8‐10.8 range, were formed. A complementary analysis, by fluorescence spectroscopy, provided clear evidences of FA‐Cd association/aggregation phenomena. While no noticeable effects occurred with soluble samples, the formation of insoluble adducts led to significant enhancements of the emission fluorescence spectra. Although other explanations could not be excluded, this result was accounted for by modifications of the optical properties of the ligand itself due to sedimentation of the heavier components. Fluorescence enhancement was also observed on samples before the effective precipitation and interpreted as spectroscopic evidence of the onset of aggregation phenomena.
Electrocatalytical Oxidation of Hydroquinone with Ferrocene Covalently Bound to L‐Cysteine Self‐Assembled Monolayers on a Gold Electrode
Authors: Kan Xian‐wen , Deng Xiang‐hui , Zhang Wen‐zhi , Wang Guang‐Feng , Li Mao‐guo , Tao Hai‐sheng , Fang Bin
Published: July 2005

The preparation of a gold electrode modified by ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FcA) covalently bound to L‐cysteine self‐assembled monolayer (FcA‐SAM) is described. The modified electrode shows an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of hydroquinone (QH2) and accelerates the electron transfer rate. The anodic overpotential is reduced by ca. 290 mV compared to those obtained at bare gold electrodes. The charge transfer coefficient and the apparent surface electron transfer rate constant for the redox couple of Q/QH2 at the modified electrode are found to be 0.425 and 0.96 s‐1, respectively. The catalytic current response of DPV increases linearly with the QH2 concentration from 5.7×10‐7 to 3.2×10‐4 M. The estimation of QH2 in a simulative sample is satisfactory. The method is simple, quick, and sensitive.
Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Weksberg Rosanna , Shuman Cheryl , Smith Adam C.
Published: July 2005

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a clinically heterogeneous overgrowth syndrome associated with an increased risk for embryonal tumor development. BWS provides an ideal model system to study epigenetic mechanisms. This condition is caused by a variety of genetic or epigenetic alterations within two domains of imprinted growth regulatory genes on human chromosome 11p15. Molecular studies of BWS have provided important data with respect to epigenotype/genotype–phenotype correlations; for example, alterations of Domain 1 are associated with the highest risk for tumor development, specifically Wilms' tumor. Further, the elucidation of the molecular basis for monozygotic twinning in BWS defined a critical period for imprint maintenance during pre‐implantation embryonic development. In the future, such molecular studies in BWS will permit enhanced medical management and targeted genetic counseling. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and molecular overlap in overgrowth syndromes
Authors: Baujat Geneviève , Rio Marlène , Rossignol Sylvie , Sanlaville Damien , Lyonnet Stanislas , Merrer Martine Le , Munnich Arnold , Gicquel Christine , Colleaux Laurence , Cormier‐Daire Valérie
Published: July 2005

Here, we report the clinical and molecular analysis of 75 patients with overgrowth and mental retardation, including 45 previously reported cases [Rio et al., 2003; Baujat et al., 2004]. Two groups are distinguished: group I corresponding to patients with recognizable overgrowth syndromes (Sotos syndrome (SS), Weaver syndrome (WS), Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS), and del(22)(qter) syndrome) (60 cases) and group II corresponding to unclassified cases (15 patients). We investigated NSD1 and GPC3 deletions or mutations, 11p15 abnormalities, and 22qter deletions. Surprisingly, in Group I, two SS patients had 11p15 abnormalities and two patients with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome had NSD1 aberrations. In group II, two cases of del(22)(qter) were identified but neither NSD1, 11p15, nor GPC3 abnormalities were detected. These results emphasize the clinical and molecular overlap in overgrowth conditions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NSD1 mutations in Sotos syndrome
Authors: Faravelli Francesca
Published: July 2005

Sotos syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a typical facial appearance, macrocephaly, accelerated growth, developmental delay, and a variable range of associated abnormalities. The NSD1 gene was recently found to be responsible for Sotos syndrome, and more than 150 patients with NSD1 alterations have been identified. A significant ethnic difference is found in the prevalence of different types of mutation, with a high percentage of microdeletions identified in Japanese Sotos syndrome patients and with intragenic mutations in most non‐Japense patients. NSD1 aberrations are rather specific for Sotos syndrome, but have also been detected in patients lacking one or more major criteria of the disorder, namely overgrowth, macrocephaly, and advanced bone age. Thus, new diagnostic criteria should be considered. Studies have reported different frequencies of mutations versus non‐mutations in Sotos syndrome, thus indicating allelic or locus hetereogeneity. Although some authors have suggested genotype/phenotype correlations, further studies are needed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteus syndrome: An update
Authors: Cohen M. Michael
Published: July 2005

Proteus syndrome is a complex disorder consisting variably of disproportionate, asymmetric overgrowth of body parts; cerebriform connective tissue nevi; epidermal nevi; vascular malformations of the capillary, venous, and lymphatic types; and dysregulated adipose tissue. Serious complications may ensue, such as pulmonary embolism, cystic lung disease, and various neoplasms. Somatic mosaicism, lethal in the nonmosaic state, is the best working hypothesis. Although Proteus syndrome data are consistent with this hypothesis, it has not been proven. The etiology is unknown to date. Diagnostic criteria are emphasized because misdiagnosis of Proteus syndrome is common. Finally, evaluation and management are discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor predisposition in Costello syndrome
Authors: Gripp Karen W.
Published: July 2005

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital anomaly syndrome. Although it may be classified as an “overgrowth” syndrome due to slightly increased birth weight and relative macrocephaly, it is characterized by severe postnatal failure to thrive and short stature. Patients with CS have an increased risk for malignant tumors, a hallmark of several model overgrowth syndromes. The most common tumor in CS is rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), followed by neuroblastoma and bladder carcinoma. The occurrence of bladder carcinoma in adolescents is distinctly unusual as this is typically a neoplasm of older adults and is not seen with increased frequency in other tumor predisposition syndromes. The increased tumor frequency in CS led to the proposal of a screening protocol, consisting of abdominal and pelvic ultrasounds, and urine studies for catecholamine metabolites and hematuria. It has since become apparent that patients with CS have an increased excretion of catecholamine metabolites in urine without the presence of an identifiable catecholamine secreting tumor. Thus, the urine assay for catecholamines is unhelpful as a screening test for neuroblastoma and should not be used in this population. The benefit of abdominal and pelvic ultrasound and urinalysis for hematuria as screening tests remains to be shown. A timely diagnosis of CS is a necessary prerequisite for awareness of the increased tumor risk. Once a malignancy has been identified, treatment should follow standard protocols. Additional medical problems characteristic for CS, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia, need to be considered and addressed appropriately. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of outcome in perinatal arterial stroke: A population‐based study
Authors: Lee Janet , Croen Lisa A. , Lindan Camilla , Nash Kendall B. , Yoshida Cathleen K. , Ferriero Donna M. , Barkovich A. J. , Wu Yvonne W.
Published: July 2005

Some infants with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAS) experience development of cerebral palsy (CP), epilepsy, and cognitive impairment, whereas others have a normal outcome. Previous prognostic studies rarely have included all diagnosed cases of PAS within a population. Among 199,176 infants born within Kaiser Permanente from 1997 to 2002, we electronically identified head imaging reports and physician diagnoses suggesting stroke. The diagnosis of PAS was confirmed by review of brain imaging and medical records. Presentation of PAS was considered delayed if symptoms were only noted after 28 days. Outcomes were determined by chart review. Of 40 infants with PAS, 36 were observed over 12 months. Abnormal outcomes included CP (58%), epilepsy (39%), language delay (25%), and behavioral abnormalities (22%). A delayed presentation was associated with increased risk for CP (relative risk [RR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–4.2). Radiological predictors of CP included large stroke size (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2–3.2) and injury to Broca's area (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3–5.0), internal capsule (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.4), Wernicke's area (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.8), or basal ganglia (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.3). Among infants with PAS, specific radiological findings and a lack of symptoms in the newborn period are associated with increased risk for CP. Ann Neurol 2005
Extending the dramaturgical framework in marketing: Drama structure, drama interaction and drama content in shopping experiences
Authors: Moisio Risto , Arnould Eric J.
Published: July 2005

The dramaturgical framework in marketing provides a rich theoretical framework for understanding shopping experiences. The purpose of this paper is to extend the current dramaturgical framework on shopping experiences by distinguishing between drama structure, drama interaction and drama content. The extended dramaturgical framework provides a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which cultural resources, active consumer agency and formal components of shopping performances contribute to shopping experiences. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dressing for the thrill: An exploration of why women dress up to go shopping
Authors: Johnstone Micael‐Lee , Conroy Denise M.
Published: July 2005

This paper focuses on the pleasurable aspects of shopping from an experiential perspective, ritual behaviour being the focal point. This research adopts an interpretive methodological approach and relies on phenomenological interviews with a range of women to explain how ritual behaviour and ritual artefacts contribute to pleasurable shopping experiences. The findings suggest that the dressing ritual is an important determinant of whether or not the shopping experience will be perceived as pleasant or unpleasant. Equally important, the ritual of dressing was found to play an important role for many of the participants in their maintenance of self. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thrift shopping: Combining utilitarian thrift and hedonic treat benefits
Authors: Bardhi Fleura , Arnould Eric J.
Published: July 2005

Through an ethnography of shopping that takes place in five thrift stores in a US midwestern town, the authors examine the role of thrift in a shopping process that is both economic and hedonic—‘thrift shopping’. Taking a dialectical perspective on the study of shopping (Sherry, 1990), Miller's (1998) findings on the role of thrift are extended by showing that in the thrift shopping context thrift coexists with treat, and the pursuit of thrift can itself become a hedonic experience. In addition, the authors identify six ways in which consumers practise thrift in thrift shopping and the hedonic benefits that they derive from this money‐saving activity. The findings challenge the traditional frugality perspective of dichotomising thrift and hedonic desire being opposite and contradictory orientations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the ‘shopping imaginary’: The dreamworld of women's magazines
Authors: Stevens Lorna , Maclaran Pauline
Published: July 2005

This paper focuses on the consumer imagination and, more specifically, on the imaginary shopping spaces which women's magazines create. It addresses the anticipatory, imaginary and experiential consumption which this medium invites. The paper explores how women's magazines function as ‘dreamworlds’ of shopping; and how contemporary readers consume these imaginary shopping spaces. In order to illustrate what the authors term the ‘shopping imaginary’, they draw on findings from a study of women's experiential consumption of magazines, which show the multifaceted ways around which imaginary consumption is explored and enjoyed by women. The study suggests that women's magazines, like department stores, are spaces that facilitate and celebrate just looking and browsing, and, above all, they are shopping spaces that address the power of the imagination within them. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.