bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wild bees preferentially visitRudbeckiaflower heads with exaggerated ultraviolet absorbing floral guides
Authors: Horth Lisa , Campbell Laura , Bray Rebecca
Published: March 2014

Here, we report on the results of an experimental study that assessed the visitation frequency of wild bees to conspecific flowers with different sized floral guides. UV absorbent floral guides are ubiquitous in Angiosperms, yet surprisingly little is known about conspecific variation in these guides and very few studies have evaluated pollinator response to UV guide manipulation. This is true despite our rich understanding about learning and color preferences in bees. Historical dogma indicates that flower color serves as an important long-range visual signal allowing pollinators to detect the flowers, while floral guides function as close-range signals that direct pollinators to a reward. We initiated the work presented here by first assessing the population level variation in UV absorbent floral guides for conspecific flowers. We assessed two species, Rudbeckia hirta and R. fulgida. We then used several petal cut-and-paste experiments to test whether UV floral guides can also function to attract visitors. We manipulated floral guide size and evaluated visitation frequency. In all experiments, pollinator visitation rates were clearly associated with floral guide size. Diminished floral guides recruited relatively few insect visitors. Exaggerated floral guides recruited more visitors than smaller or average sized guides. Thus, UV floral guides play an important role in pollinator recruitment and in determining the relative attractiveness of conspecific flower heads. Consideration of floral guides is therefore important when evaluating the overall conspicuousness of flower heads relative to background coloration. This work raises the issue of whether floral guides serve as honest indicators of reward, since guide size varies in nature for conspecific flowers at the same developmental stage and since preferences for larger guides were found. To our knowledge, these are the first cut-and-paste experiments conducted to examine whether UV absorbent floral guides affect visitation rates and pollinator preference.
The medial approach for the treatment of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Tarassoli P. , Gargan M. F. , Atherton W. G. , Thomas S. R. Y. W.
Published: March 2014

The medial approach for the treatment of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in whom closed reduction has failed requires minimal access with negligible blood loss. In the United Kingdom, there is a preference for these children to be treated using an anterolateral approach after the appearance of the ossific nucleus. In this study we compared these two protocols, primarily for the risk of osteonecrosis.

Data were gathered prospectively for protocols involving the medial approach (26 hips in 22 children) and the anterolateral approach (22 hips in 21 children) in children aged <  24 months at the time of surgery. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head was assessed with validated scores. The acetabular index (AI) and centre–edge angle (CEA) were also measured.

The mean age of the children at the time of surgery was 11 months (3 to 24) for the medial approach group and 18 months (12 to 24) for the anterolateral group, and the combined mean follow-up was 70 months (26 to 228). Osteonecrosis of the femoral head was evident or asphericity predicted in three of 26 hips (12%) in the medial approach group and four of 22 (18%) in the anterolateral group (p = 0.52). The mean improvement in AI was 8.8° (4° to 12°) and 7.9° (6° to 10°), respectively, at two years post-operatively (p = 0.18). There was no significant difference in CEA values of affected hips between the two groups.

Children treated using an early medial approach did not have a higher risk of developing osteonecrosis at early to mid-term follow-up than those treated using a delayed anterolateral approach. The rates of acetabular remodelling were similar for both protocols.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:406–13.
Comments on the Impact of the Good Friday Earthquake on the Alaskan Economy
Authors: Rogers George W.
Published: March 2014

Notes that the dominance of the public sector, in particular the Federal Government, and the abnormally low role of private business, in the economy of Alaska, are factors which minimize effects of loss and speed reconstruction. In the short term, the economy was stimulated by the disaster, but continued dependence on Federal support is viewed as economically undesirable.
Postglacial Distribution Patterns of Mammals in the Southern Coastal Regions of Alaska
Authors: Klein David R.
Published: March 2014

Discusses the spread of mammals from two refugia (a northern: interior Alaska-Bering Sea, and a southern) since the Wisconsin glacial maximum. Evidence that subsequently submerged coastal shelves aided the spread of fauna is reviewed. The brown bear, thinhorn sheep and one race of moose (Alces alces gigas) are identified as spreading from the northern refugium, whereas the black bear, deer, elk, mountain goat, bighorn sheep and other races of moose originated from south of the continental ice sheet. The wolf is believed to be a comparatively late arrival. Problems of mammalian colonization of the Alexander Archipelago are considered. The faunal affinities and origins of a number of small mammals are briefly discussed.
The Vertical Profile of Wind at Lake Hazen, N.W.T.
Authors: Jackson C.I.
Published: March 2014

Reports a series of observations of tropospheric wind speeds measured by pilot balloon at Lake Hazen, north interior Ellesmere Island, 16 May-18 Aug, 1961. These data are compared with simultaneous observations at the coastal stations Alert and Eureka. Anomalously low mean wind speeds up to 7000 ft are analyzed. Two interacting contributory factors are identified: the influence of local relief and marked year-round thermal stability. This persistent inversion can only be dispelled on exceptional occasions when upper winds attain 25 mph in summer and 70 mph in winter.
The Recognition of Arctic Brown Soils in Northeast Greenland
Authors: Ugolini Fiorenzo C.
Published: March 2014

Reports the recognition of soils in the Mesters Vig district of Scoresby Land as being Arctic Brown soils corresponding to those identified in Alaska and USSR. The zonal distribution of this soil group is thus believed established. The favorable and limiting conditions of the soils are described, and the effects upon them of frost processes noted.
Notes on the Scientific Results of the University of Ottawa Expedition to Somerset Island, 1964
Authors: Dineley D.L.
Published: March 2014

Summarizes investigations into the stratigraphy and paleontology of Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Tertiary formations. The geomorphology of raised shorelines and limestone formations was studied, and a number of magnetometer surveys carried out.
Insects and Related Terrestrial Invertebrates of Ellef Ringnes Island
Authors: McAlpine J.F.
Published: March 2014

Reports results of collecting and observing arthropod fauna over a 25-day period in July-Aug. 1960 at the Polar Continental Shelf Project base at Isachsen, where the summers are unusually cold. Some 75 species are believed present in an environment closely approaching the limits of biotic tolerance, and detailed descriptions are given of most of these (Latin names), with their characteristic habitats and global distributions. They include spiders, mites, springtails and insects, particularly midges. The view is elaborated that only those species able to withstand frequent interruptions of development in various stages and a life cycle extending over several years are able to survive. Specimens at all stages of development were found simultaneously. Other adaptations to extremely severe environmental conditions were mentioned. The role occupied by the lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus is described, as the habits of a third of the arthropod species are linked with it. The very low flying habits of some species are noted. The age of the entire island biota is placed within the last 200 years, and the source area considered to be the islands to the east, principally Axel Heiberg, the means of dispersal being wind, ice rafts, mammals and birds.
Chlorophyll in Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Apollonio S.
Published: March 2014

Reviews investigations 1961-1963 into chlorophyll concentrations in sea ice in both arctic and antarctic regions. Results are compared with own researches off Devon Island, Canada, which are reported in detail. Chlorophyll a and c concentrations were obtained from underside of ice by a 7.5 cm diam ice corer and light penetration was measured by freezing a photometer into the ice; readings of both are tabulated. Chlorophyll values exceed concentrations in open sea water. The values were found to fall with increased light, and the high ratio of c to a is interpreted as a adaptation for maximum absorption of blue light through ice and snow. The algae are associated mainly with young ice peripheral to the Arctic Ocean. As a primary production resource, an estimated volume of 25 X 10*6 kg of chlorophyll a for a two-month for the arctic region is considered conservative.
Growth and Decay of Lake Ice in the Vicinity of Schefferville (Knob Lake), Quebec
Authors: Shaw J.B.
Published: March 2014

Reports an investigation into the relative proportions and rates of growth and decay of white ice (snow ice) and black ice on lakes in this area. The mode of formation and conditions of weather, snow cover, prevalence of slush, etc favoring white ice growth are detailed, with graphs. The ice-building potential of a heavy snow cover is emphasized, and the combination of high temperature, snowfall and light winds is considered particularly favorable for white ice formation.
William A. Dotson
Authors: North America Arctic Institute Of
Published: March 2014

Lieutenant William A. Dotson, USN, was killed on 27 November 1964 near Cape Newenham, Alaska, while conducting an aerial ice reconnaissance mission. An ll-year veteran of polar operations, Lt. Dotson was recognized for many outstanding contributions in the field of ice observing and forecasting. During tours of duty at the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, he pioneered in establishing ice surveillance in both Arctic and Antarctic Regions. He was an early proponent of the use of radar as an ice observational tool. Representing the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, he was instrumental in the success of the joint US-Canadian Project TIREC which was designed to exploit TIROS satellite sea ice photography for developing interpretation techniques. In June 1963, in view of his wide knowledge of pack ice he was selected as the first Naval Weather Service ice forecaster for the entire Alaskan area. Lt. Dotson's zeal and dedication will be remembered by the many ice scientists who have benefited from his endeavours in polar operations.
On the Oceanography of the Nansen Sound Fiord System
Authors: Ford Wm. L. , Hattersley-Smith G.
Published: March 2014

Summarizes exploration of the fiord system of northwest Ellesmere and northeast Axel Heiberg Islands, from discovery in 1883 to 1962, and describes in detail results of oceanographic surveys in 1962. Temperature and salinity data are graphed and analyzed. Water warmer than -10C below 100 m is believed to be derived from the Atlantic water intermediate layer in the Arctic Ocean. A persistent inversion at 40 m in the Tanquary and other upper fiords is theorized as being due to trapping of direct solar insolation. Conditions conductive to this are discussed.
The Squatters of Whitehorse: A Study of the Problems of New Northern Settlements
Authors: Lotz J.R.
Published: March 2014

Identifies two types of settlement in the Canadian North, the older centers of transportation, fur-trading and mining, and the post-1950 planned mining communities. Some of the former, such as Whitehorse,have an uncertain resource base and the problems arising are discussed. A social survey in 1960 of its ten squatter communities, 310 dwellings, is summarized (cf No 73605), and factors fostering them identified. Casual and uncertain employment, lack of capital and skills, and difficulties of adjustment to changing conditions, shared alike by Indians (12% of total) and others, initiate and maintain squatting. The analysis includes size of household, dwelling types (tabulated), ethnic composition, employment characteristics, etc. 31.7% of the households consisted of single men, 128 individuals. Attempts to evict and resettle the squatters are described in a conclusion and the uncertain future of such subarctic urban centers as Whitehorse discussed.
An Eskimo Graffito in Eastern Greenland
Authors: Zavatti Silvio
Published: March 2014

Notes a find in 1963 of the likeness of a running dog scratched on rock on Kutdlek Island; the graffito is probably of the Sarqaq Culture.
Five Collections of Cumacea from the Alaskan Arctic
Authors: Given Robert R.
Published: March 2014

Lists, with detailed morphologic and taxonomic information, several species of these crustaceans collected 1948-1950 by various parties. The latter, working in the area described, with pertinent station data and species recovered. Some taxonomically significant variations are noted among the species listed, also some range extensions.
The Microbiology of Some Permafrost Soils in the Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T.
Authors: Ivarson K.C.
Published: March 2014

Reports on the microbial flora of soil samples obtained in northern Mackenzie District in July 1960. Large numbers of microorganisms were found, more in the tundra-boreal forest transition types than in the tundra, also more in uncultivated than in cultivated soils. Decrease in incubation temperature reduced the numbers of actinomycetes and bacteria in the tundra-boreal forest transition soils but less effect on those from tundra soils and on fungi numbers. Predominance of the various fungi genera isolated however was influenced by temperature.
Ornithological Observations in the Askinuk Mountains and Scammon Bay Area, Yukon Delta, Alaska
Authors: Höhn E.O.
Published: March 2014

Notes sighting in May-June 1965 of 87 species of birds; seven specified as not expected beyond the tree line. Nesting northern phalaropes were observed to have an egg-laying interval of 24-48 hr and no evidence of territorial behavior.
B. Frank Heintzleman (1888-1965)
Authors: Reed John C.
Published: March 2014

B. Frank Heintzleman, a Fellow of the Arctic Institute since 1955, died in Juneau, Alaska on 24 June, 1965. Mr. Heintzleman was an outstanding Alaskan and a leader in the development of the Territory for many years. After Alaska became a State, Mr. Heintzleman devoted most of his time to the encouragement and nurturing of its development possibilities. Frank Heintzleman was born in Fayetteville, Pennsylvania, in 1888. He was a forester and received his B.S. in Forestry from the Pennsylvania State College in 1907 and his M.F. from Yale in 1910. He was appointed the Regional Forester for Alaska in 1937 and held that position until 1953. During the same interval he was the Commissioner for Alaska of the Department of Agriculture. During World War II he directed the Alaska Spruce Log Program, a public agency formed to take Sitka spruce from Alaska forests for aircraft material. In 1953 he became the Governor of the Territory of Alaska, a position which he held until 1957. Alaska will miss Frank Heintzleman. His broad knowledge of the State, his long experience, his high principles and his dedication to the development of the State were invaluable.
Early Canadian Icebreakers
Authors: Fraser R.J.
Published: March 2014

Reminisces on icebreaking vessels used in charting the Hudson Bay route prior to World War I. Several were sold to the Russians for war service in arctic waters, and one, the Earl Grey, subsequently became well known as the Fedor Litke.
Mycology in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Savile D.B.O.
Published: March 2014

Reviews studies of fungi north of the limit of spruce, and discusses arctic fungi characteristics and potential scientific significance. Environmental adaptations in reproduction, life cycle, dispersal, host plants, and morphology are described. Extensions in the known ranges of four species are noted.
Some Notes on Mysis Relicta and Its Relatives in Northern Alaska
Authors: Holmquist Charlotte
Published: March 2014

Reports studies of mysids on the Arctic Slope and adjacent continental shelf off Barrow in summer 1961. Several localities, their physical and chemical properties and faunal compositions described, were investigated as possible habitats of Mysis. M. relicta were found in abundance in a freshwater lake, a marine lagoon, and a metahaline pond; the species apparently prefers shallow inland waters to the open sea. The absence of mysids from several freshwater lakes is attributed to isolation. Dispersal in this unglaciated area is considered, also possible interspecific competition between M. relicta and litoralis.
A Glaciological Reconnaissance of the Columbia Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Nielsen Lawrence E.
Published: March 2014

Reports 1955 and 1957 investigations of this glacier in the Chugach Mts. near Valdez. Snow depths (less than expected), accumulation, and ablation (greatest on warm, windy days) were studied at 3180-9500 ft on the main and east branches. Variations in snow depth with altitude and location on the glacier were also examined. Accumulation-ablation ratios, compared for various parts of Columbia and for some other Alaskan glaciers, indicate that the main branch is gaining and the east branch losing strength. The beginning of a new crevasse, also a large ice avalanche were seen in 1957.
Changing Patterns of Indian Trapping in the Canadian Subarctic
Authors: VanStone James W.
Published: March 2014

Describes changes observed among Chipewyans at Snowdrift in southwestern Mackenzie District in 1960-1961, and considers their duplication and significance throughout the Subarctic. At Snowdrift, trapping has decreased in area, intensity, and popularity. Among the factors responsible are other sources of income (mainly government), establishment of a school, improved village housing, and fluctuations in fur prices. Trapping patterns in various other communities examined from the literature indicate a general decline in the western and, to a lesser extent, eastern Subarctic. Some factors however, especially lack of other job opportunities, tend to foster continued trapping.
Entomological Studies in the Lake Hazen Area, Ellesmere Island, Including Lists of Species of Arachnida, Collembola, and Insecta
Authors: Oliver D.R.
Published: March 2014

Notes investigations in 1961 and 1962 at Camp Hazen and lists the species collected in 1961: 11 arachnid, 14 collembole, and 189 insect species; 25 others were collected in 1962. Species previously recorded in the Queen Elizabeth Islands are indicated; and a second list is given of those (15 arachnid, 17 collumbole, and 39 insects) recorded on the Islands but not taken at Camp Hazen.
Variation of Soil Temperatures in Ogotoruk Valley, Alaska
Authors: Weedfall Robert O.
Published: March 2014

The study on which this paper is based was made under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Its purpose was to provide sufficient meteorological and climatological information about Ogotoruk Valley so that any changes in the biosphere and ecology of the valley after the proposed atomic excavation of the harbour could be more easily related to variations in the climate rather than to radiation aftereffects. ... The micrometeorological station network (Fig. 1) extended from the mouth of Ogotoruk Creek on the Chukchi Sea up to 6.5 miles inland, and the stations were spread on both sides of the 2-mile-wide valley. Specialized instrumentation was necessary only for the soil thermometers and pyrheliographs. The soil thermometers were of the hydrocarbon-in-steel type, manufactured by the Palmer Thermometer Company and permitted daily reading of the maximum and minimum temperature since the preceding observation. They were clamped between radiation shields for measuring air temperatures at 5 and 50 cm. above the ground and were buried at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 50-cm. depths in the soil at each of the stations. Solar radiation was measured by pyrheliographs with 7-day clockworks furnished by the Belfort Instrument Company. Almost two full summers of weather and soil temperature data were collected during 1960 and 1961. ...
The Micrometeorological Tower at Resolute, N.W.T.
Authors: Munn R.E.
Published: March 2014

Describes this tower in the Canadian Arctic Islands, and summarizes data, obtained Aug. 1957-Feb. 1961, on vertical profiles of temperature. Average hourly and monthly differences in temperature at 100 and 6.4 ft are presented. These show a temperature drop with increased height in daylight, and a rise with height during darkness, also an unexplained inversion in mid-afternoons, Apr.-June.
A Note on Ice Island WH-5
Authors: Nutt D.C. , Coachman L.K.
Published: March 2014

As reported by Hattersley-Smith, Ice Island WH-5, the easternmost and largest (approximately 20 by 9 km.) of the islands resulting from the massive calving of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf during the winter 1961-2, drifted eastward, whereas the other four islands drifted westward. WH-5, tracked through radar photography by the U.S. Navy "Birdseye" ice reconnaissance flights, continued its eastward movement during the winter 1962-3. It entered the Lincoln Sea, moved south through Robeson Channel and between February 24 and 28, 1963 became lodged across Kennedy Channel, with one end resting against the shore of Ellesmere Island and the other end held by mid-channel Hans Island. In this position the ice island formed an effective barrier to the southward movement of sea-ice from the Arctic Ocean. Open water soon appeared south of the obstruction and by May extended well into Kane Basin. In a study of WH-5 during the summer of 1963 emphasis was placed on physical oceanography, both to observe the local influence of the ice island and to take advantage of the unusual presence of open water in an area where ice normally restricts ship operations. The study was directed by D. C. Nutt and L. K. Coachman and was sponsored by the Arctic Institute with support from the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the U.S. Coast Guard and the collaboration of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, the U.S. Military Sea Transportation Service and the U.S. Air Force at Thule, Greenland. ... This brief note, based only on data immediately available, is being published to provide timely information on the recent drift and break-up of ice island WH-5. A more comprehensive report will follow. ...
The Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute, Leningrad
Authors: Garrett T.
Published: March 2014

Describes the organization and functions of this institute under the Northern Sea Route Board. Its duties, eight departments, laboratories, staff, library, museum, etc. are noted as visited in 1963; work of its North Pole drifting stations 1-11 mentioned. About 70 % of the Institute's research effort is devoted to the Arctic.
Pollen Diagrams in the Mackenzie Delta Area, N.W.T.
Authors: Mackay J.R. , Terasmae J.
Published: March 2014

Considers postglacial climatic changes in northern Mackenzie District, from palynological and other evidence. Peat from exposures in two areas, also alluvial sediments from a drill hole were analyzed; pollen diagrams with radiocarbon control are presented for the peat. From these investigations and geomorphic interpretation of the exposures, fossil evidence, etc., a tentative climatic sequence is proposed; deglaciation about 12,000 yrs ago, a cool-dry climate 8500-7500 B.P., a warmer and drier period, and increased moisture and cooling climate in late postglacial time. The last changes are indicated by increases in alder and Ericaceae and formation of pingos.
"Ikaite", a New Mineral from Greenland
Authors: Pauly Hans
Published: March 2014

Describes a calcium hexahydrate found in Ika Fjord, south of Ivigtut Peninsula. Samples collected from the bottom of a skerry in Aug. 1962 were examined; optical data and chemical determinations are given. The new mineral, to be called ikaite, is apparently formed through the action of bicarbonate-carrying springs at the bottom of the fjord. It may occur widely in cold waters.
SIPRE Ice-Corer for Obtaining Samples from Permanently Frozen Bogs
Authors: Hughes Owen L. , Terasmae J.
Published: March 2014

Discusses the effectiveness of sampling devices demonstrated by summer 1962 field use in northern Yukon and laboratory tests in Mar. 1963. Hand drilling in Yukon Territory produced excellent cores, but the cutting teeth in the ice-corer were quickly dulled from mineral matter; holes 7-8 ft deep required three hrs drilling. Tests with power drives indicated that a two-man team could core a frozen bog 8 ft deep in 30-45 min. The two types of power units tested: a McCulloch chainsaw motor, and a Haynes earth drill, were both adequate; details are given.
Landform Studies in the Middle Hamilton River Area, Labrador
Authors: Morrison A.
Published: March 2014

Describes 1961-1962 investigations mainly to determine the events responsible for a system of canyons in the Grand Falls area. Directions of ice movement, orientation and composition of till-fabric, and patterned ground were examined; samples from peat bogs were analyzed and radiocarbon-dated. It is tentatively concluded that: the landforms were shaped by ice movements from the southwest and later the northwest; and most of the canyon formation occurred before deglaciation (about 5700 yrs ago) while the level of the ice surface and the water table within the ice were falling, and the ratio of water to ice increasing.
George M. Douglas (1875-1963)
Authors: North America Arctic Institute Of
Published: March 2014

George M. Douglas (1875-1963), engineer and explorer, died at his home in Lakefield, Ontario, Canada earlier this year. He was born in Halifax, N.S., Canada and received his education in Canada and Great Britain. During a long career as engineer and consulting engineer in Mexico and Arizona, U.S.A. he led five expeditions into the regions around Great Bear and Great Slave lakes in the Northwest Territories of Canada. He was mainly interested in copper and other mineral deposits and on his first expedition went as far afield as Coppermine River, where he found that the copper deposits, which had been known since the 18th century, were larger than had been suspected. He did mainly pioneering work in these areas, which formed the foundations for later explorations. Besides articles for professional journals he wrote "Lands Forlorn" (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1914), an account of the expedition in 1911-12. In 1949 he was elected a Fellow of the Arctic Institute and he was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Geographical Society, a member of several professional societies and of American and Canadian clubs.
Olaus J. Murie (1889-1963)
Authors: North America Arctic Institute Of
Published: March 2014

Dr. Olaus J. Murie (1889-1963), biologist, and a Fellow of the Arctic Institute since 1949, died at his home in Moose, Wyoming, U.S.A. in October. He did considerable field work in New Zealand, Labrador, and Alaska. His faunal studies in the Arctic were mainly concerned with the biology and ecology of large mammals, but his interests extended also to ornithology. He had been Director of the Wilderness Society since 1946 and was active in wild life conservation in wilderness environments. In recognition of his many achievements he received an honorary degree, as well as many other honours and awards.
Glaciation on the Arctic Slope of the Brooks Range, Northern Alaska
Authors: Detterman R.L. , Bowsher A.L. , Dutro, Jr. J. Thomas
Published: March 2014

Reconstructs glacial history of the area (approx. 68-69 30 N, 147-162 W) on the basis of observations during 1944-1953 of the nature and extent of glacial deposits in the central part of the Range between Shainin and Itkillik Lakes and in the southern part of the Foothills Province from the Shaviovik River west to Etivluk River. Distribution is mapped and characteristics described of deposits from six glaciations for which a tentative chronological sequence is established: Anaktuvuk and Sagavanirktok of Pre-Wisconsin age; Itkillik and Echooka of Early Wisonsin; Alapah Mountain of Late Wisconsin; and Fan Mountain of Recent age. Terrace deposits and Pleistone alluviations are mentioned.
Observations on the Behaviour of Certain Arctic Birds
Authors: Höhn E.O.
Published: March 2014

Report on observations on 14 species of birds (loons, old squaw, ptarmigan, plover, jaegers, sandpipers, phalarope, gulls, tern) made in Mackenzie District in summer 1955, mostly near the mouth of the Anderson River (69 59 N, 129 W). Calls, alarm or distraction behavior, play, courtship, attack real or feigned, display flights, etc., are noted. Two general observations are included: on distraction displays and falcon hunting habits in the presence of a human intruder.
Patterns Resulting from Glacier Movements North of Foxe Basin, N.W.T.
Authors: Blackadar R.G.
Published: March 2014

Maps and describes features indicating marine transgression and ice movement in the area approx. 64-71 N, 74-88 W, viz.: raised beaches, marine shell localities, perched boulders, glacial striae, drumlinoid ridges, glacial flutings, craig and tail structures, eskers, and directions of ice movement. The maximum extent of the last marine submergence is considered and the presumed extent mapped. Elevations in feet of raised beaches and marine shell localities are given.
Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions
Authors: Tedrow J.C.F. , Cantlon J.E.
Published: March 2014

Discusses, on basis of studies in northern Alaska, soil forming processes in arctic regions and considers the relation between vegetation and soils and problems of classification and mapping. Tundra soils are poorly drained, mineral in nature, and underlain by permafrost at depths of 1-2 ft Arctic brown soils form under free drainage, are mineral in character, and confined to ridges, terrace edges, and stabilized dunes. The active layer in such soils is usually deep. Downslope movement and frost action tend to disrupt any orderly morphology in both wet and well-drained sites. Moisture conditions in arctic soils exert a marked selective influence on vegetation.--from SIPRE.
Seed Germination in Arctic and Alpine Species
Authors: Bliss L.C.
Published: March 2014

Account of germination tests made with the aim of ascertaining seed viability of plants from the arctic tundra of Alaska (near Umiat, 69 22 N, 152 10 W) and the alpine tundra of Wyoming. A greater proportion of the latter germinated (of 26 species, 21 i.e. 80%; of 36 arctic species, 22 or 61%); though individual species from both tundras showed a high percentage of germination. Conditions affecting germination, influence of light and darkness, wetness, etc., are analyzed.
Northern News
Authors: North America Arctic Institute Of
Published: March 2014

Two articles are included in this edition of Northern News. The first is "Glacial-geomorphological research in the Howells Valley and the watershed district of central Quebec-Labrador" by E. Darbyshire who concluded that the ice sheet in this area melted to form thin, separate masses occupying the valleys between the ridges of the Labrador Trough and that there is no evidence for ice-dammed lakes. The second article is "Biological studies in Ungava during 1958" by P.M. Driver.
Geological Results of Four Expeditions to Ubekendt Ejland, West Greenland
Authors: Drever Harald I.
Published: March 2014

Outlines petrological discoveries made in 1938, 1939, 1950 and 1957 by British expeditions to this island in the Umanak Fjord region: an abundance of magnesia-and lime-rich intrusions and lavas; a central intrusive complex in the south where acid and basic magmas co-exist; and a suite of dykes, lavas, and pyroclastic rocks on the west coast. Status of research on problems raised by these findings is reported. Discussion is included of author's investigations in 1957 of the olivine-rich rocks in the lower group of lavas and the minor intrusions cutting them. Detailed information on variations in the intrusions and on their relationship with the lavas is presented.
Earth-Potential Electrodes in Permafrost and Tundra
Authors: Hessler V.P. , Franzke A.R.
Published: March 2014

Describes installation at Point Barrow of two sets of electrodes to obtain earthpotential data for use in ionospheric studies. The first set, installed in a 6 x 6 ft excavation down to permafrost (12 in. in Aug. 1955) was five untreated electrodes, which became useless during the winter with resistances increasing by several orders of magnitude as ground temperatures dropped, a pronounced increase occurring below 0 F. A second set, installed in summer 1956 with sodium chloride incorporated in the fill, proved practical for recording earth potentials, maintaining resistances of less than 5,000 ohms throughout the winter.
Northern News
Authors: North America Arctic Institute Of
Published: March 2014

The news items include: 1) Geomorphological work along the north shore of Great Bear Lake by Annemarie Kröger; 2) Lichenometrical studies in West Greenland by R.E. Beschel; and 3) Geomorphological investigations in the Kaumajet Mountains and Okak Bay (North River) region of Labrador by R.F. Tomlinson.
Glaciation of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador
Authors: Ives J.D.
Published: March 2014

Considers role of these mountains in glaciation of Labrador-Ungava, assessing particularly events in late-Wisconsin times with respect to final disappearance of both continental and local ice masses. Conflicting theories are discussed, and evidence presented, based on physiography and findings from summer 1956 field work, including unmistakable erratics on summits at 4,000-5,000 ft. The highest summits were completely submerged by eastward moving continental ice during the Wisconsin glaciation; local glaciers never reached significant dimensions; rapid melting in situ of thick masses of ice occurred during the final Wisconsin stages. Two or three separate glacial periods are recognized from the morphology of the area. Instantaneous glaciation of a large area of the Labrador-Ungava Plateau probably initiated a continental ice sheet in northeastern North America at the onset of each glacial period. Also pub. in International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Association of Scientific Hydrology, 11th assembly report of proceedings 1958, v. 4, p. 372-86.
Ice Fog as a Problem of Air Pollution in the Arctic
Authors: Robinson Elmer , Thuman William C. , Wiggins Ernest J.
Published: March 2014

Extensive field programs were undertaken in Alaska during the winters of 1952-1954 to determine the causes of ice-fog formation. Ice fog forms at temperatures near -30 C and below in populated areas and is particularly troublesome at military installations. It poses no threat to health but seriously restricts visibility. The fog is a direct result of supersaturation of the cold air with water vapor from man-made sources. The only methods of curtailing its formation appear to be restricting vapor emission into the air or confining emission to selected fall stacks. Microphotographs of ice fog particles collected at various temperatures are included.
The Cache at Victoria Harbour
Authors: Wright Noel
Published: March 2014

This [cache] was established by Captain John Ross on May 28, 1832, just before the "Victory" was abandoned. In a "tunnel", the long and troublesome excavation of which is described in Chapter 48 of his "Narrative", he deposited the following valuable scientific instruments: one 36-inch transit, one 9-inch theodolite, one 3½-inch astronomical telescope, 5 feet 6 inches long, four chronometers, and also some gunpowder. Unfortunately, he never recorded the whereabouts of the tunnel! ... There are, however, two clues to the position of the cache, afforded by illustrations in the "Narrative". ... Of course, after 125 years it is more than possible that the site of the tunnel has been obliterated by landslides, but a skull has been found by an R.C.M.P. patrol from Spence Bay on the opposite side of the harbour, close to the mapped position of J. Dixon's grave [a seaman who died while the tunnel was being excavated], it may still be worth the while of any future visitors to Victoria Harbour to look on the eastern side of the harbour for John Ross's cache. ...
Observations on the Bioclimate of Some Taiga Mammals
Authors: Pruitt, Jr. William O.
Published: March 2014

Reports a study at Fairbanks, Alaska, 1954-56, on the thermal environment of the moss-covered forest floor, the habitat mainly of red-backed voles, shrews, weasels, and red squirrels. Thermistors recorded temperatures at the surface, 6 ft above, and 3, 6, and 9 in below. Findings during the snow-free and snow periods are discussed, including stable temperature comparatively warm in winter and cool in summer. Effects of various snow cover thickness on the range and fluctuations of subnivean temperatures are noted. Contrast between the under-and above-snow environments causes the mammals to abandon surface activity when the cover reaches 15-20 cm depth.
The Autobiography of an Alaskan Eskimo
Authors: VanStone James W.
Published: March 2014

Recollections of Attungoruk, a Point Hope Eskimo born in 1928, of his childhood and school days, early trapping and hunting adventures, adolescent courtships, various short-term jobs at Candle, Kotzebue, Alaska Railroad, Eielson Air Force Base, etc.; his return to Point Hope, marriage and birth of children. It is a life pattern of a typical North Alaska Eskimo who seeks summer employment outside his village to supplement income derived from winter hunting. Attungoruk's narrative is prefaced and annotated by VanStone who conducted areal community studies from Sept. 1955 to Aug. 1956.
Geomorphological Investigations in the Torngat Mountains of Northeastern Labrador-Ungava
Authors: Ives J.D.
Published: March 2014

... The central area of study lay athwart the Labrador-Quebec boundary on the watershed between Nakvak Brook, which drains into Saglek Fiord, and the Koroksoak (Korok) River, which flows westwards into Ungava Bay. ... Attention was concentrated on an extensive system of lateral moraines and kame terraces which slope eastwards from the watershed towards the head of Saglek Fiord. Similar systems were examined in the through-troughs to the south. The whole complex represents the late-Pleistocene limits of trunk glaciers flowing through the mountains towards the east and supplied by an ice cap of continental proportions west of the height of land. At this stage the higher summits stood as nunataks well above the level of the ice, and an extensive series of ice-dammed lakes was held against the western slopes of the highland finding outlets over ice-free cols into the Atlantic. Detailed studies in the watershed area provide a chronology of the final emergence of the area from the last ice sheet, and the draining of the ice-dammed lakes. A final stage was represented by a mass of ice in the lower valley of the Koroksoak which dammed a lake to the level of the col, at 1,050 feet, whence it drained into Nakvak Brook and ultimately into the Atlantic. Glacial erratics, found on summits up to 4,000 feet above sea level, corroborate the conclusions of the previous summer's work suggesting that at some stage the highest summits were inundated by ice flowing from the west. The data compiled from the two summers' work prompt the conclusion that during late-Pleistocene times the Torngat Mountains were influenced by two distinct glaciations, separated by an interglacial period of considerable intensity. The final glaciation, during which large areas remained ice-free, is tentatively correlated with the "classical" Wisconsin of central North America whereas the date of the preceding glacial period is uncertain. It may be the equivalent of the Illinoian Glaciation, or even be of post-Sangamon age, and in this case be comparable with a cold phase tentatively identified in central North America, which is older than the "classical" Wisconsin Glaciation, and is separated from the latter by a warmer period. Reconnaissance from the air during flights along the Labrador coast and some distance inland suggests that these general conclusions might well be applicable to the entire coastal zone of Labrador. ...
Arctic Investigations by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 1956-57
Authors: Fisher H.D.
Published: March 2014

... In 1956 fisheries studies were concentrated in the Mackenzie Delta region between Herschel Island and Tuktoyaktuk, where fishes are relatively varied and abundant. ... In addition to substantial beluga and ringed seal collections which were made for the mammal investigations, about 11,000 fish were sampled in all. ... a preliminary survey of fish stocks in Pelly and Garry lakes of the Back River system was undertaken .... The lakes, which are shallow (20-30 feet), were found to support sufficient stocks of whitefishes and lake trout to permit organized subsistence fishing should this be necessary. ... In 1957 one party carried out fisheries studies up the Mackenzie River from Aklavik to Fort Norman, and another surveyed fish stocks at Coppermine, N.W.T. An intensive study was made of the char run in Rowley River on Rowley Island, Foxe Basin by the M .V. Calanus and in northern Hudson Bay by whaleboat and by peterhead from Coral Harbour. Forty-five walrus were tagged in the latter area, and 20 were examined in detail. In Foxe Basin 60 walrus and 220 seals were sampled. The reproductive cycle, ages at maturity, and life expectancy have to a large extent been clarified by work on aging from growth layers in the cementum of molar teeth and in tusk development. ... In 1956 and 1957, a continued increase in the fishery for pilot whales in Newfoundland (1956 catch, about 10,000) led to emphasis on population studies. Investigations were begun as well on minke whales or lesser rorquals, with a small fishery at Dildo, Newfoundland as the source of material. ... During a 12-month period beginning in September 1955, collecting of plankton, benthos and hydrographic samples was carried out in northern Foxe Basin from the M.V. Calanus, based at Igloolik. Biological samples included net plankton, microplankton, bottom fauna and intertidal collections. Hydrographic sections were run across Fury and Hecla Strait, and between Jens Munk and Koch, Koch and Rowley, Koch and Baffin, Baffin and Bray, and Bray and Rowley Islands. Additional stations were occupied and water temperature, salinity, oxygen and phosphate values were determined. It thus has been possible to follow through a complete yearly cycle of hydrography and productivity in Foxe Basin. ...
Activities of the Geographical Branch in Northern Canada, 1947-1957
Authors: Fraser J. Keith
Published: March 2014

The Geographical Branch of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys was created in 1947. Under its terms of references, part of its responsibility is the collection and analysis of geographical information on northern Canada, in particular the territories under the jurisdiction of the federal government. In the decade since the Branch's inauguration, geographers have carried out various kinds of field surveys in the Canadian Arctic and subarctic, from the northern coast of Ellesmere Island to the Hudson Bay coastal plain in Ontario, and from the Alaska boundary to Labrador. These surveys have varied from parties formed entirely of geographers to individual shipboard observers or representatives on collaborative teams of scientists. The collection of basic information on the vast unknown expanses of the Arctic is peculiarly suited to the application of geographic methods. Utilizing the trimetrogon and vertical photography carried out since World War II, geographers have applied sampling techniques in interpreting larger areas, making intensive field studies of representative terrain types and expanding them by use of the air photos in delimiting, describing and analysing physiographic regions. Studies in physical geography have been the backbone of the work of the Branch in the Arctic. Air photo interpretation keys have been prepared for 14 areas: Alert, Eureka, Mould Bay, Resolute, Mackenzie Delta, Darnley Bay, Coppermine, Bathurst Inlet, Boothia Isthmus, Wager Bay, Southampton Island, Kaniapiskau-Koksoak Rivers in Ungava, the Hudson Bay Railway, and the Kenogami River. Reports on the human geography of various areas were included in the field reports and are mainly unpublished; several studies in historical geography also resulted from the field surveys. ...
Riqueza e frequência de espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em genótipos de amendoim forrageiro no Acre, Norte do Brasil
Authors: Azevedo José Marlo Araújo de , Assis Giselle Mariano Lessa de , Saggin Junior Orivaldo José , Azevedo Hellen Sandra Freires da Silva
Published: March 2014

O potencial da cultura do amendoim forrageiro associada aos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) tem sido objeto de alguns estudos, porém a influência do genótipo sobre essa associação é pouco relatada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a densidade de esporos, riqueza de espécies, a frequência e ocorrência relativa de FMAs associados a genótipos de amendoim forrageiro. Foram coletadas amostras simples de solo de 45 genótipos pertencentes ao Banco Ativo de Germoplasma na Embrapa Acre. As amostras de solo foram coletadas a 5 cm de profundidade, com três repetições em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As amostras de solo foram levadas para o Laboratório de Micorrizas da Embrapa Agrobiologia, para determinação da densidade de esporos e identificação das espécies de FMAs. Foi realizada análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott. Destacaram-se quatro genótipos de A. pintoi e dois híbridos interespecíficos, que apresentaram maior densidade de esporos. Foi verificada a ocorrência de 21 espécies de FMAs nas amostras de solo. A riqueza variou entre três e dez espécies. Três espécies de FMAs apresentaram elevada frequência relativa: Glomus macrocarpum (100,0%), Acaulospora tuberculata (97,8%) e Racocetra verrucosa (88,99%). Conclui-se, assim que: (i) Existe variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de amendoim forrageiro quanto à promoção da esporulação e riqueza de espécies de FMAs nas suas rizosferas; (ii) As espécies de FMAs Glomus macrocarpum, Acaulospora tuberculata, Racocetra verrucosa possuem alta presença na rizosfera dos genótipos de amendoim forrageiro, devendo serem estudadas visando sua introdução na cultura.
A new combination in Peristethium (Loranthaceae) expands the genus' range into the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone
Authors: Caires Claudenir Simões , Gomes-Bezerra Kadja Milena , Proença Carolyn Elinore Barnes
Published: March 2014

The genus Peristethium, characterized by determinate inflorescences protected by deciduous bracts, occurs in the northwest of South America, as well as Costa Rica and Panama. The main objective of this paper was to transfer one species to what we believe is its correct generic placement in Peristethium, that likewise implies in a shift of the genus' distribution beyond the Amazon. A new combination, Peristethium reticulatum, is proposed, based on Struthanthus reticulatus, described from Tocantins in 1980. The sexual dimorphism of the inflorescences of P. reticulatum (sessile male flowers and pedicellate female flowers) associated with male inflorescences that are inserted at leafless nodes are unique within the genus. The male flowers have dimorphic stamens, well-developed anthers and a pistiloid, whilst female flowers have robust styles and stigmas, and much reduced staminodes. Peristethium reticulatum and P. polystachyum occurs in the Amazon regions of Brazil, with the former recorded also in the ecotone with the Central Brazilian savannas (Cerrados).