bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Parallel and Serpentine Configurations for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Guo N. , Leu M. C. , Koylu U. O.
Published: October 2014

A network‐based optimization model was developed to optimize the channel dimensions of flow fields in order to achieve a uniform flow distribution and improve the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Different flow field configurations, including parallel, parallel‐in‐series, and serpentine, were investigated using the present optimization model. Two cases, with and without considering reactant consumption, were compared to show the effect of including reactant consumption on the flow field designs. The results demonstrated that the optimized designs significantly improved the flow velocity distribution in all the configurations investigated. The optimized designs with consideration of reactant consumption exhibited more uniform flow velocity distribution when the entire fuel cell unit was considered. Additionally, the performances of PEM fuel cells for the conventional and optimized flow field designs were studied with a three‐dimensional, two‐phase fuel cell simulation model, and the computational results showed that the optimized designs with considering reactant consumption produced the highest maximum power density for each configuration investigated. These results show that the network‐based model is capable of optimizing various flow field configurations with flexibility and indicate the importance of considering reactant consumption in the optimization model.
Differential lateralization of hippocampal connectivity reflects features of recent context and ongoing demands: An examination of immediate post‐task activity
Authors: Hartzell James F. , Tobia Michael J. , Davis Ben , Cashdollar Nathan M. , Hasson Uri
Published: October 2014

Neuroimaging studies have shown that task demands affect connectivity patterns in the human brain not only during task performance but also during subsequent rest periods. Our goal was to determine whether ongoing connectivity patterns during rest contain information about both the current rest state, as well as the recently terminated task. Our experimental design consisted of two types of active tasks that were followed by two types of low‐demand rest states. Using this design, we examined whether hippocampal functional connectivity during wakeful rest reflects both features of a recently terminated task and those of the current resting‐state condition. We identified four types of networks: (i) one whose connectivity with the hippocampus was determined only by features of a recently terminated task, (ii) one whose connectivity was determined only by features of the current resting‐state, (iii) one whose connectivity reflected aspects of both the recently terminated task and ongoing resting‐state features, and (iv) one whose connectivity with the hippocampus was strong, but not affected by any external factor. The left and right hippocampi played distinct roles in these networks. These findings suggest that ongoing hippocampal connectivity networks mediate information integration across multiple temporal scales, with hippocampal laterality moderating these connectivity patterns. Hum Brain Mapp 36:519–537, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional brain networks: Linking thalamic atrophy to clinical disability in multiple sclerosis, a multimodal fMRI and MEG Study
Authors: Tewarie Prejaas , Schoonheim Menno M. , Schouten Daphne I. , Polman Chris H. , Balk Lisanne J. , Uitdehaag Bernard M.J. , Geurts Jeroen J.G. , Hillebrand Arjan , Barkhof Frederik , Stam Cornelis J.
Published: October 2014

Thalamic atrophy is known to be one of the most important predictors for clinical dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS). As the thalamus is highly connected to many cortical areas, this suggests that thalamic atrophy is associated with disruption of cortical functional networks. We investigated this thalamo‐cortical system to explain the presence of physical and cognitive problems in MS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were performed in 86 MS patients and 21 healthy subjects. We computed cortical functional networks for fMRI and MEG by respectively the Pearson's correlation coefficient and the phase lag index using the same automated anatomical labeling atlas for both modalities. Thalamo‐cortical functional connectivity was only estimated using fMRI. We computed conventional network metrics such as clustering coefficient and path length and analyzed the minimum spanning tree (MST), a subnetwork and backbone of the original network. MS patients showed reduced thalamic volumes and increased thalamo‐cortical connectivity. MEG cortical functional networks showed a lower level of integration in MS in terms of the MST, whereas fMRI cortical networks did not differ between groups. Lower integration of MEG cortical functional networks was both related to thalamic atrophy as well as to increased thalamo‐cortical functional connectivity in fMRI and to worse cognitive and clinical status. This study demonstrated for the first time that thalamic atrophy is associated with global disruption of cortical functional networks in MS and this global disruption of network activity was related to worse cognitive and clinical function in MS.Hum Brain Mapp 36:603–618, 2015. ©2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Some uses of Metaphor
Authors: Cade Brian W.
Published: October 2014

This paper will look at how metaphor can he used to bypass those more conscious mental “sets” that delimit thought and action and inhibit creativity in problem‐solving. Examples of its use will be presented.
Overview of Outcome Research in Family Therapy: Methodological Considerations1
Authors: Cross Darryl G.
Published: October 2014

This paper recognizes that establishing the effectiveness of therapy is important for practitioners and researchers alike, but that to date, there has generally been a failure in family therapy research to demonstrate efficacy. This is essentially due to the complexity of variables interacting in therapy and the practical realities of implementing research in the field setting which has, in turn, produced studies of poor methodology typically leading to ambiguous results and conclusions. A more rigorous approach to experimentation together with single‐case methodology (which currently is under‐utilized) can assist in providing clearer demonstrations of therapeutic efficacy.
Marital Interaction and Depressed Women**
Authors: Heins Terry
Published: October 2014

Most people diagnosed as depressed are currently married. The interaction of depressed patients with their spouses can contribute to the understanding of depressive syndromes. Questionnaires show promise of being a useful method of assessing marital interaction. From a questionnaire and interview study involving 75 psychiatric patients and 46 non‐patients, a group of 22 married women inpatients with a depressive illness was matched by age to a group of 22 married women attending a family planning clinic. The depressed women were more likely to perceive their marriage as having less emotional involvement, fewer positive expressions of affection and more negative feelings and to perceive their husbands as dominating. These results broadly confirm previous studies. Hafner's spouse‐aided therapy may be the most useful type of family therapy approach for depressed women.
Examination of the relation between an assessment of skills and performance on auditory–visual conditional discriminations for children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kodak Tiffany , Clements Andrea , Paden Amber R. , LeBlanc Brittany , Mintz Joslyn , Toussaint Karen A.
Published: October 2014

The current investigation evaluated repertoires that may be related to performance on auditory‐to‐visual conditional discrimination training with 9 students who had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The skills included in the assessment were matching, imitation, scanning, an auditory discrimination, and a visual discrimination. The results of the skills assessment showed that 4 participants failed to demonstrate mastery of at least 1 of the skills. We compared the outcomes of the assessment to the results of auditory–visual conditional discrimination training and found that training outcomes were related to the assessment outcomes for 7 of the 9 participants. One participant who did not demonstrate mastery of all assessment skills subsequently learned several conditional discriminations when blocked training trials were conducted. Another participant who did not demonstrate mastery of the auditory discrimination skill subsequently acquired conditional discriminations in 1 of the training conditions. We discuss the implications of the assessment for practice and suggest additional areas of research on this topic.
The safety of functional analyses of self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Kahng SungWoo , Hausman Nicole L. , Fisher Alyssa B. , Donaldson Jeanne M. , Cox Jessica R. , Lugo Monica , Wiskow Katie M.
Published: October 2014

Functional analysis is the most precise method of identifying variables that maintain self‐injurious behavior (SIB), and its use may lead to more effective treatment. One criticism and potential limitation of a functional analysis is that it may unnecessarily expose individuals to a higher risk of injury (Betz & Fisher, 2011). The purpose of this study was to determine if there were higher levels and severity of injury during the functional analysis than outside the functional analysis. We conducted a retrospective records review of 99 participants admitted to an inpatient unit for the treatment of SIB. The results showed that injury rates were relatively low across all situations and that when injuries occurred, they were usually not severe. These findings suggest that the functional analysis of SIB is relatively safe when appropriate precautions are taken.
A heparin‐mimicking reverse thermal gel for controlled delivery of positively charged proteins
Authors: Peña Brisa , Shandas Robin , Park Daewon
Published: October 2014

Positively charged therapeutic proteins have been used extensively for biomedical applications. However, the safety and efficacy of proteins are mostly limited by their physical and chemical instability and short half‐lives in physiological conditions. To this end, we created a heparin‐mimicking sulfonated reverse thermal gel as a novel protein delivery system by sulfonation of a graft copolymer, poly(serinol hexamethylene urea)‐co‐poly(N‐isopropylacylamide), or PSHU‐NIPAAm. The net charge of the sulfonated PSHU‐NIPAAm was negative due to the presence of sulfonate groups. The sulfonated PSHU‐NIPAAm showed a typical temperature‐dependent sol‐gel phase transition, where polymer solutions turned to a physical gel at around 32°C and maintained gel status at body temperature. Both in vitro cytotoxicity tests using C2C12 myoblast cells and in vivo cytotoxicity tests by subcutaneous injections demonstrated excellent biocompatibility. In vitro release tests using bovine serum albumin revealed that the release from the sulfonated PSHU‐NIPAAm was more sustained than that from the plain PSHU‐NIPAAm. Furthermore, this sulfonated PSHU‐NIPAAm system did not affect protein structure after 70‐day observation periods. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2102–2108, 2015.
Surface chemistry gradients on silicone elastomers for high‐throughput modulation of cell‐adhesive interfaces
Authors: Mohan Greeshma , Gallant Nathan D.
Published: October 2014

Combinatorial and high‐throughput approaches to screening cell responses to material properties accelerate the speed of discovery and facilitate the identification of cell instructive cues or trends that may be missed by discrete sampling. However, these technologies have not yet been widely applied to materials with tissue‐like stiffness. The fabrication of monotonically varying surface chemistry gradients on polydimethylsiloxane, an elastic biomaterial, and the influence of these engineered surfaces on protein adsorption and adherent cell morphology were explored in this study. Crosslinked networks of polydimethylsiloxane were functionalized with a hydrophobic self‐assembled monolayer and then modified by spatiotemporally regulated ultraviolet ozonolysis to obtain gradients of oxygenated species ranging from ∼10° to ∼100° in water contact angle. Automated microscopy and image analysis of fibroblast cell morphology revealed a strong correlation between cell spreading and hydrophobicity. However, structural and functional analysis of the fibronectin interface indicated a proportional increase in cell spreading with adsorption, but a biphasic relationship with fibronectin conformation, underscoring the complexity of the adhesive interface. This work demonstrates the development of an elastomer surface modification platform that can be extended to future combinatorial studies of biological responses to chemical and mechanical material properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2066–2076, 2015.
Generalized Quadrangles and Transitive Pseudo‐Hyperovals
Authors: Bamberg John , Glasby S. P. , Popiel Tomasz , Praeger Cheryl E.
Published: October 2014

A pseudo‐hyperoval of a projective space , q even, is a set of subspaces of dimension such that any three span the whole space. We prove that a pseudo‐hyperoval with an irreducible transitive stabilizer is elementary. We then deduce from this result a classification of the thick generalized quadrangles that admit a point‐primitive, line‐transitive automorphism group with a point‐regular abelian normal subgroup. Specifically, we show that is flag‐transitive and isomorphic to , where is either the regular hyperoval of PG(2, 4) or the Lunelli–Sce hyperoval of PG(2, 16).
Protrusio acetabuli: Joint loading with severe pincer impingement and its theoretical implications for surgical therapy
Authors: Liechti Emanuel F. , Ferguson Stephen J. , Tannast Moritz
Published: October 2014

Severe pincer impingement (acetabular protrusio) is an established cause of hip pain and osteoarthritis. The proposed underlying pathomechanism is a dynamic pathological contact of the prominent acetabular rim with the femoral head‐neck junction. However, this cannot explain the classically described medial osteoarthritis in these hips. We therefore asked: (1) Does an overload exist in the medial aspect of the protrusio joint? and (2) What is the influence of three contemporary joint‐preserving procedures on load distribution in protrusio hips? In vivo force and motion data for walking and standing to sitting were applied to six 3D finite element models (normal, dysplasia, protrusio, acetabular rim trimming, acetabular reorientation, and combined reorientation/rim trimming). Compared with dysplasia, the protrusio joint resulted in opposite patterns of von Mises stress and contact pressure during walking. In protrusio hips, we found an overload at the medial margin of the lunate surface (54% higher than normal). Isolated rim trimming further increased the medial overload (up to 28% higher than protrusio), whereas acetabular reorientation with/without rim trimming reduced stresses by up to 25%. Our results can be used as an adjunct for surgical decision making in the treatment of acetabular protrusio. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:106–113, 2015.
Effects of Different Extents of Pulley Release on Tendon Excursion Efficiency and Tendon Moment Arms
Authors: Lu Szu‐Ching , Yang Tai‐Hua , Kuo Li‐Chieh , Jou I‐Ming , Sun Yung‐Nien , Su Fong‐Chin
Published: October 2014

To compare the excursion efficiency and moment arms of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and profundus (FDP) among different conditions of pulley integrity related to trigger finger treatment, cadaveric fingers were first tested with an intact pulley system, and then the first (A1) and second (A2) annular pulleys were released gradually from the proximal to distal part. Linear position sensors and a motion capture system were used to measure the tendon excursion and joint rotation simultaneously. The tendon excursion efficiency was defined as the range of motion of the involved joints per unit of tendon excursion, and the tendon moment arm was determined by the slope of the linear fitting result of tendon excursion versus metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint rotation. No significant differences were found between the release of the A1 pulley and the release extending to half the proximal part of the A2 pulley in the FDP excursion efficiency and the moment arms of FDS and FDP with respect to the MCP joint. These results imply that the release could extend to half the proximal A2 pulley, if necessary, without significantly decreasing the FDP excursion efficiency and increasing the moment arms of FDS and FDP with respect to the MCP joint. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:224–228, 2015.
Molecular markers for colon diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy
Authors: Herzig Daniel O. , Tsikitis Vassiliki L.
Published: October 2014

Colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC), the second leading cancer‐related death in the United States, remains a global public health issue. Sporadic CRC is considered the result of sequential mucosal changes from normal colonic mucosa to adenocarcinoma. Efforts in understanding the molecular pathways leading to CRC tumorigenesis may lead to identifying novel, individually tailored therapeutic targets for patients. In this review, we focus on well‐published prognostic and predictive markers in CRC and examine their role in clinical practice. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:96–102. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrated image reconstruction and gradient nonlinearity correction
Authors: Tao Shengzhen , Trzasko Joshua D. , Shu Yunhong , Huston John , Bernstein Matt A.
Published: October 2014

Purpose

To describe a model‐based reconstruction strategy for routine magnetic resonance imaging that accounts for gradient nonlinearity (GNL) during rather than after transformation to the image domain, and demonstrate that this approach reduces the spatial resolution loss that occurs during strictly image‐domain GNL‐correction.

Methods

After reviewing conventional GNL‐correction methods, we propose a generic signal model for GNL‐affected magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions, discuss how it incorporates into contemporary image reconstruction platforms, and describe efficient nonuniform fast Fourier transform‐based computational routines for these. The impact of GNL‐correction on spatial resolution by the conventional and proposed approaches is investigated on phantom data acquired at varying offsets from gradient isocenter, as well as on fully sampled and (retrospectively) undersampled in vivo acquisitions.

Results

Phantom results demonstrate that resolution loss that occurs during GNL‐correction is significantly less for the proposed strategy than for the standard approach at distances >10 cm from isocenter with a 35 cm field‐of‐view gradient coil. The in vivo results suggest that the proposed strategy better preserves fine anatomical detail than retrospective GNL‐correction while offering comparable geometric correction.

Conclusion

Accounting for GNL during image reconstruction allows geometric distortion to be corrected with less spatial resolution loss than is typically observed with the conventional image domain correction strategy. Magn Reson Med 74:1019–1031, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The thermic effect of sugar‐free Red Bull: Do the non‐caffeine bioactive ingredients in energy drinks play a role?
Authors: Miles‐Chan Jennifer L. , Charrière Nathalie , Grasser Erik K , Montani Jean‐Pierre , Dulloo Abdul G
Published: October 2014

Objective

Consumption of energy drinks is increasing amongst athletes and the general public. By virtue of their bioactive ingredients (including caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, and B‐group vitamins) and paucity of calories, sugar‐free “diet” versions of these drinks could be a useful aid for weight maintenance. Yet little is known about the acute influence of these drinks, and specifically the role of the cocktail of non‐caffeine ingredients, on resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation. Therefore, the metabolic impact of sugar‐free Red Bull (sfRB) to a comparable amount of caffeine was compared.

Methods

REE and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured in eight healthy young men by ventilated‐hood indirect calorimetry for 30 min baseline and 2 h following ingestion of 355 ml of either: sfRB + placebo, water + 120 mg caffeine, or water + placebo, according to a randomized cross‐over design.

Results

sfRB and water + caffeine both increased REE to the same degree (+4%). Additionally, sfRB briefly increased RQ. Water + caffeine had no effect on RQ relative to water + placebo.

Conclusions

sfRB enhanced thermogenesis and marginally shifted RQ to favor carbohydrate oxidation. The stimulatory effects of sfRB on REE are mimicked by water + caffeine, indicating that the auxiliary ingredients do not influence this thermic effect. The metabolic effects of sfRB are primarily due to caffeine alone.
Coming unmoored: Disproportionate increases in obesity prevalence among young, disadvantaged white women
Authors: Robinson Whitney R. , Kershaw Kiarri N. , Mezuk Briana , Rafferty Jane , Lee Hedwig , Johnson‐Lawrence Vicki , Seamans Marissa J. , Jackson James S.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Since the 1980s, older, low‐educated White women experienced an unprecedented decrease in life expectancy. We investigated whether a similar phenomenon was evident among younger women for obesity.

Methods

Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, age‐adjusted changes were estimated in the prevalence of overall and abdominal obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, waist circumference > 88 cm) between 1988‐1994 and 2003‐2010 among non‐Hispanic White women aged 25‐44 years, stratified by educational attainment (<high school (HS), HS, some college, college degree). To address bias from secular increases in educational attainment, White women's changes in obesity prevalence were compared to changes among similarly educated Black women.

Results

Relative increases in overall obesity were disproportionately larger for low‐educated (<HS) compared to college‐educated White women: 12.3 (95% CI: 3.1, 21.5) percentage points (ppts). For overall and abdominal obesity, general trends indicated dissimilar racial differences by educational attainment. For instance, overall obesity increased more in Blacks than Whites among college‐educated (9.9 ppts) but not low‐educated (−2.5 ppts) women.

Conclusions

Contemporary young, low‐educated White women showed indications of disproportionate worsening of overall obesity prevalence compared to more educated White and similarly educated Black women. Low education levels are more powerful indicators of obesity risk among contemporary White women than 30 years ago.
Obesity depresses the anti‐inflammatory HSP70 pathway, contributing to NAFLD progression
Authors: Cangeri Di Naso Fábio , Rosa Porto Rossana , Sarubbi Fillmann Henrique , Maggioni Lucas , Vontobel Padoin Alexandre , Jacques Ramos Rafael , Corá Mottin Claudio , Bittencourt Aline , Anair Possa Marroni Norma , Ivo Homem de Bittencourt Paulo
Published: October 2014

Objectives

To evaluate whether reduced activity of the anti‐inflammatory HSP70 pathway correlates with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression and with markers of oxidative stress because obesity activates inflammatory JNKs, whereas HSP70 exerts the opposite effect.

Methods

Adult obese patients (N = 95) undergoing bariatric surgery were divided into steatosis (ST), steatohepatitis (SH), and fibrosis (SH+F) groups. The levels of HSP70, its major transcription factor, HSF1, and JNKs were assessed by immunoblotting hepatic and visceral adipose tissue; data were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Plasma biochemistry (lipids, HbA1c, HOMA, hepatic enzymes, and redox markers) was also evaluated.

Results

In both liver and adipose tissue, decreased HSP70 levels, paralleled by similar reductions in HSF1 and reduced plasma antioxidant enzyme activities, correlated with insulin resistance and with NAFLD progression (expression levels were as follows: ST > SH > SH + F). The immunohistochemistry results suggested Kupffer cells as a site of HSP70 inhibition. Conversely, JNK1 content and phosphorylation increased.

Conclusions

Decreased HSF1 levels in the liver and fat of obese patients correlated with impairment of HSP70 in an NAFLD stage‐dependent manner. This impairment may affect HSP70‐dependent anti‐inflammation, with consequent oxidative stress and insulin resistance in advanced stages of NAFLD. Possible causal effects of fat cell senescence are discussed.
Morphology and microphase separation of star copolymers
Authors: Park Jicheol , Jang Sangshin , Kon Kim Jin
Published: October 2014

Star copolymers have attracted significant interest due to their different characteristics compared with diblock copolymers, including higher critical micelle concentration, lower viscosity, unique spatial shape, or morphologies. Development of synthetic skills such as anionic polymerization and controlled radical polymerization have made it possible to make diverse architectures of polymers. Depending on the molecular architecture of the copolymer, numerous morphologies are possible, for instance, Archimedean tiling patterns and cylindrical microdomains at symmetric volume fraction for miktoarm star copolymers as well as asymmetric lamellar microdomains for star‐shaped copolymers, which have not been reported for linear block copolymers. In this review, we focus on morphologies and microphase separations of miktoarm (AmBn and ABC miktoarm) star copolymers and star‐shaped [(A‐b‐B)n] copolymers with nonlinear architecture. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1–21
Probability‐weighted nonlinear stochastic optimal control strategy of quasi‐integrable Hamiltonian systems with uncertain parameters
Authors: Gu X. D. , Zhu W. Q.
Published: October 2014

The nonlinear stochastic optimal control problem of quasi‐integrable Hamiltonian systems with uncertain parameters is investigated. The uncertain parameters are described by using a random vector with λ probability density function. First, the partially averaged Itô stochastic differential equations are derived by using the stochastic averaging method for quasi‐integrable Hamiltonian systems. Then, the dynamical programming equation is established based on stochastic dynamical programming principle. By minimizing the dynamical programming equation with respect to control forces, the optimal control forces can be derived, which are functions of the uncertain parameters. The final optimal control forces are then determined by probability‐weighted average of the obtained control forces with the probability density of the uncertain parameters as weighting function. The mean control effectiveness and mean control efficiency are used to evaluate the proposed control strategy. The robustness of the proposed control is measured by using the ratios of the variation coefficients of mean control effectiveness and mean control efficiency to the variation coefficients of uncertain parameters. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the proposed control strategy and its effectiveness and robustness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do Management Actions to Restore Rare Habitat Benefit Native Fish Conservation? Distribution of Juvenile Native Fish Among Shoreline Habitats of the Colorado River
Authors: Dodrill M. J. , Yackulic C. B. , Gerig B. , Pine W. E. , Korman J. , Finch C.
Published: October 2014

Many management actions in aquatic ecosystems are directed at restoring or improving specific habitats to benefit fish populations. In the Grand Canyon reach of the Colorado River, experimental flow operations as part of the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program have been designed to restore sandbars and associated backwater habitats. Backwaters can have warmer water temperatures than other habitats, and native fish, including the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha, are frequently observed in backwaters, leading to a common perception that this habitat is critical for juvenile native fish conservation. However, it is unknown how fish densities in backwaters compare with that in other habitats or what proportion of juvenile fish populations reside in backwaters. Here, we develop and fit multi‐species hierarchical models to estimate habitat‐specific abundances and densities of juvenile humpback chub, bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis and speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus in a portion of the Colorado River. Densities of all four native fish were greatest in backwater habitats in 2009 and 2010. However, backwaters are rare and ephemeral habitats, so they contain only a small portion of the overall population. For example, the total abundance of juvenile humpback chub in this study was much higher in talus than in backwater habitats. Moreover, when we extrapolated relative densities based on estimates of backwater prevalence directly after a controlled flood, the majority of juvenile humpback chub were still found outside of backwaters. This suggests that the role of controlled floods in influencing native fish population trends may be limited in this section of the Colorado River. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Response of a Sand‐Dominated River to Installation and Removal of a Temporary Run‐of‐the‐River Dam
Authors: Costigan K. H. , Ruffing C. M. , Perkin J. S. , Daniels M. D.
Published: October 2014

Run‐of‐the‐river dams (RORDs) comprise the vast majority of dams on river systems and are commonly removed as a part of stream restoration strategies. Although these dams are routinely removed, few studies have documented the geomorphological responses of sand‐bed rivers to the removal of RORDs. We examined the response of a large sand‐bed river located in South‐Central Kansas, USA, to the installation and removal of a dam that is installed annually for seasonal recreational purposes. Channel adjustments were tracked using cross‐sections sampled over the course of 7 months as the dam was installed and subsequently removed. Multivariate spatiotemporal analysis revealed emergence of channel stability when the dam was in place for most cross‐sections, except for those immediately adjacent to or at great distances from the dam. Our results provide an approximation for how sand‐bed rivers respond to RORD construction and removal and are useful for guiding management decisions involving preservation or restoration of connectivity. Results of this study suggest that sand‐bed rivers are resilient and recover quickly when transient RORDs are removed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing assay agreement estimation for multiple left‐censored data: a multiple imputation approach
Authors: Lapidus Nathanael , Chevret Sylvie , Resche‐Rigon Matthieu
Published: October 2014

Agreement between two assays is usually based on the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), estimated from the means, standard deviations, and correlation coefficient of these assays. However, such data will often suffer from left‐censoring because of lower limits of detection of these assays. To handle such data, we propose to extend a multiple imputation approach by chained equations (MICE) developed in a close setting of one left‐censored assay. The performance of this two‐step approach is compared with that of a previously published maximum likelihood estimation through a simulation study. Results show close estimates of the CCC by both methods, although the coverage is improved by our MICE proposal. An application to cytomegalovirus quantification data is provided. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systemic Analysis of Pensions: The Case of the Taiwanese Primary School Teacher Pension Fund
Authors: Peng Hui‐Ling , Hsiao Chih‐Tung , Yao Ming‐Hung
Published: October 2014

The phenomena of population ageing and the declining trend of birth rate have had a significant impact on each country's pension system and resulted in bankruptcy crisis. The primary school teacher pension system is the first one to suffer this impact among the government sectors. We explore the system's behaviour with a system dynamics approach. The results show that the financial crisis in the primary school teacher pension system in Taiwan is subject to the interaction of system‐internal and environmental variables. The simulations of policy reforms of changing contribution rates and operating performance of the pension system are also discussed. This study confirms that the system dynamics approach could support decision‐makers in the public context to adopt systemic policies that may strongly contrast with the current—and often recurrent—strategies applied by the public context. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verbesserung der Tragfähigkeit von Ankerplatten mit angeschweißten Kopfbolzen in stabförmigen Stahlbetonbauteilen
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Ruopp Jakob , Ožbolt Ana
Published: October 2014

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Tragverhalten von steifen Ankerplatten mit Kopfbolzen in stabförmigen Stahlbetonbauteilen insbesondere unter Schubbeanspruchung quer zum Bauteilrand, aber auch unter zentrischer Zugbeanspruchung. Für beide Belastungsrichtungen wurden Versuche mit Ankerplatten in Stahlbetonbauteilen mit einer Standardbügelbewehrung in gerissenem und ungerissenem Beton durchgeführt.

Außerdem erfolgten zahlreiche numerische Simulationen mit dem FE‐Programm MASA. Die FE‐Modelle wurden an den Versuchsergebnissen verifiziert, so dass umfangreiche Parameterstudien durchgeführt werden konnten. Dadurch konnten weitere Effekte untersucht werden, die das Anwendungsfeld der Ankerplatten erweitern und die Entwicklung eines sicheren Bemessungsmodells unterstützen.

Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse aus Versuchen und FE‐Simulationen wurde für Ankerplatten mit Kopfbolzen in stabförmigen Stahlbetonbauteilen ein Komponentenmodell zur Berechnung der Traglast dieser Ankerplatten unter Schub sowie zentrischem Zug entwickelt, das die im Bauteil vorhandene Bewehrung berücksichtigt und das Tragverhalten der Ankerplatte realistisch wiedergibt.

Improvement of the load carrying capacity of anchor plates with welded headed studs in narrow reinforced concrete members. This contribution deals with the structural behavior of stiff anchor plates with welded headed studs in narrow reinforced concrete members under shear loading perpendicular to the edge as well as pure tension loading. For both directions of loading tests were carried out with anchor plates in concrete structures with a standard stirrup reinforcement in cracked and non‐cracked concrete.

Furthermore numerous numerical simulations using the finite element program MASA have been done. The FE models were verified by the experimental results and extensive parameter studies were carried out. Further effects were examined which extend the application field of the anchor plates and support the development of a reliable design model.

Based on these experimental and numerical results a component model for the calculation of the load capacity of anchor plates with headed studs in narrow reinforced concrete structures under shear loads and tension loads has been developed. The model takes into account the reinforcement in the concrete member and predicts the resistance of the anchor plate in a realistic way.
Systemparkhaus in Beton‐Stahlverbund‐Bauweise
Authors: Dammeyer Klaus
Published: October 2014

In einer Bauzeit von nur elf Monaten entstand auf dem Firmengelände der Liebherr‐Werk Biberach GmbH das größte Parkhaus der Stadt Biberach. Die filigrane Konstruktion aus Beton‐ und Stahlverbund‐Elementen, für deren schlüsselfertige Erstellung die Firmengruppe Max Bögl im Mai 2013 den Auftrag erhielt, bietet auf neun Etagen mit einer Gesamthöhe von 32 m Platz für knapp 1 000 Pkws.

Der 12,5‐Mio €‐Neubau am baden‐württembergischen Standort Biberach ist erforderlich, weil Liebherr in den nächsten Jahren trotz fehlender Erweiterungsflächen weiterhin in den Ausbau der Produktionskapazitäten investieren will. Seit August 2014 steht deshalb den Mitarbeitern ein eigenes, 60 m x 52 m großes Parkhaus mit rund 33 000 m2 Gesamtnutzfläche zur Verfügung, sodass der bisherige Parkplatz für zukünftige Ausbaumaßnahmen des Kranspezialisten genutzt werden kann.
Animal communication
Authors: Kaplan Gisela
Published: October 2014

Animal communication is first and foremost about signal transmission and aims to understand how communication occurs. It is a field that has contributed to and been inspired by other fields, from information technology to neuroscience, in finding ever better methods to eavesdrop on the actual ‘message’ that forms the basis of communication. Much of this review deals with vocal communication as an example of the questions that research on communication has tried to answer and it provides an historical overview of the theoretical arguments proposed. Topics covered include signal transmission in different environments and different species, referential signaling, and intentionality. The contention is that animal communication may reveal significant thought processes that enable some individuals in a small number of species so far investigated to anticipate what conspecifics might do, although some researchers think of such behavior as adaptive or worth dismissing as anthropomorphizing. The review further points out that some species are more likely than others to develop more complex communication patterns. It is a matter of asking how animals categorize their world and which concepts require cognitive processes and which are adaptive. The review concludes with questions of life history, social learning, and decision making, all criteria that have remained relatively unexplored in communication research. Long‐lived, cooperative social animals have so far offered especially exciting prospects for investigation. There are ample opportunities and now very advanced technologies as well to tap further into expressions of memory of signals, be they vocal or expressed in other modalities.WIREs Cogn Sci2014, 5:661–677. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1321

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Neuroscience > Behavior

Neuroscience > Cognition
Treatment and Prevention of Rh Isoimmunization
Authors: Agarwal Krishna , Rana Anubhuti , Ravi Anoosha K.
Published: October 2014

Rhesus (Rh) isoimmunization is an important clinical entity in India and other developing countries, which is responsible for fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, and if not treated, it can result in intrauterine fetal demise. Rh isoimmunization is responsible for severe jaundice in neonates, which can be severe enough to cause kernicterus with debilitating consequences, if not treated adequately. It can be prevented with simple measures and treated if recognized in time.
Turbulence statistics in Couette flow at high Reynolds number
Authors: Pirozzoli Sergio , Bernardini Matteo , Orlandi Paolo
Published: October 2014

We investigate the behaviour of the canonical turbulent Couette flow at computationally high Reynolds number through a series of large-scale direct numerical simulations. We achieve a Reynolds number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Re}_{\tau } = h/\delta _v \approx 1000$, where $h$ is the channel half-height and $\delta _v$ is the viscous length scale at which some phenomena representative of the asymptotic Reynolds-number regime manifest themselves. While a logarithmic mean velocity profile is found to provide a reasonable fit of the data, including the skin friction, closer scrutiny shows that deviations from the log law are systematic, and probably increasing at higher Reynolds numbers. The Reynolds stress distribution shows the formation of a secondary outer peak in the streamwise velocity variance, which is associated with significant excess of turbulent production as compared to the local dissipation. This excess is related to the formation of large-scale streaks and rollers, which are responsible for a substantial fraction of the turbulent shear stress in the channel core, and for significant increase of the turbulence intermittency in the near-wall region.
Social Networking and the Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Adolescents in Australia
Authors: Bourgeois Amanda , Bower Julie , Carroll Annemaree
Published: October 2014

Technology and social networking tools and sites are changing the way young people build and maintain their social connections with others (Boyd & Ellison, 2008). This study utilised a new measure, The Self in a Social Context, Virtual Connectedness subscale (SSC-VC subscale), to examine the effects of social networking tools and sites on social and emotional wellbeing among 1,037 Australian young people aged 11–18 years. A maximum likelihood factor analysis identified three strong factors: Fit In (α = .81), Public Self (α = .79) and Connected Self (α = .83). Significant main effects were revealed for the number of times students checked their Facebook F(12, 2415) = 13.8, p < .001, and for gender, F(3, 913) = 10.8, p < .001, but no interaction effect was found. Univariate tests also revealed a significant difference for Frequency of checking Facebook, F(4, 915), = 4.98, and for Gender, F(1, 915), = 46.92, p < .001 on the dependent variable of Emotional Difficulties. These findings suggest that social networking sites, though used differently by males and females, provide an important forum for building social connections across groups.
THE DWORKINIAN RELIGION OF VALUE
Authors: Domingo Rafael
Published: October 2014

As Ronald Dworkin was writing his Einstein lectures “Religion without God,” at New York University (NYU) in the fall of 2011, I was also working in Washington Square, as a fellow of the NYU Straus Institute for the Advanced Study of Law and Justice. On December 8, just a few days before Dworkin delivered the lectures at the University of Bern, I had the opportunity to attend the last session of his famous Colloquium in Legal, Political, and Social Philosophy at Furman Hall. In that session, co-led by his colleague and friend Thomas Nagel, Dworkin presented the manuscript of his Swiss lectures. After the seminar, we had an anticipatory celebration of Dworkin's eightieth birthday, which would take place three days later. And that was the last time I would see Ronald Dworkin—which might explain why I remember in such detail that seminar, in which he talked about religion without God with more spontaneity and improvisation, I imagine, than he would in the Einstein lectures days later.
Is There a Culture War? Conflicting Value Structures in American Public Opinion
Authors: JACOBY WILLIAM G.
Published: October 2014

This article examines the “culture war” hypothesis by focusing on American citizens’ choices among a set of core values. A geometric model is developed to represent differences in the ways that individuals rank-order seven important values: freedom, equality, economic security, social order, morality, individualism, and patriotism. The model is fitted to data on value choices from the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. The empirical results show that there is an enormous amount of heterogeneity among individual value choices; the model estimates contradict any notion that there is a consensus on fundamental principles within the mass public. Further, the differences break down along political lines, providing strong evidence that there is a culture war generating fundamental divisions within twenty-first century American society.
ON REGULAR SUBGROUPS OF THE AFFINE GROUP
Authors: CATINO FRANCESCO , COLAZZO ILARIA , STEFANELLI PAOLA
Published: October 2014

Catino and Rizzo [‘Regular subgroups of the affine group and radical circle algebras’,Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.79(2009), 103–107] established a link between regular subgroups of the affine group and the radical brace over a field on the underlying vector space. We propose new constructions of radical braces that allow us to obtain systematic constructions of regular subgroups of the affine group. In particular, this approach allows to put in a more general context the regular subgroups constructed in Tamburini Bellani [‘Some remarks on regular subgroups of the affine group’Int. J. Group Theory,1(2012), 17–23].
Lemierre's syndrome – an unusual complication of otitis externa in a young, healthy female
Authors: Davidoss N , Ha J F , Anderson J R , Rodrigues S
Published: October 2014

Background:

Lemierre's syndrome, which affects previously healthy, young adults, is a rare complication secondary to infections in the head and neck that result in septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein.

Method:

This paper reports a case of a young, healthy female with malignant otitis externa, which resulted in the development of Lemierre's syndrome. A review of the relevant literature was also carried out. This involved a search of the Medline database using multiple search terms including ‘Lemierre’, ‘septic thrombophlebitis’, ‘otitis externa’, ‘internal jugular vein thrombosis’ and ‘management’.

Results:

The patient presented with fever, left-sided otalgia, otorrhoea, neck swelling and pain. She was subsequently diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome and managed accordingly.

Conclusion:

Lemierre's syndrome is a potentially fatal complication associated with significant morbidity. A high index of suspicion is required for prompt recognition and the early institution of treatment.
Disorder-dissociated effects of fluoxetine on brain function of working memory in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chantiluke K. , Barrett N. , Giampietro V. , Brammer M. , Simmons A. , Rubia K.
Published: October 2014

Background.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often co-morbid and share performance and brain dysfunctions during working memory (WM). Serotonin agonists modulate WM and there is evidence of positive behavioural effects in both disorders. We therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate shared and disorder-specific brain dysfunctions of WM in these disorders, and the effects of a single dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine.

Method.

Age-matched boys with ADHD (n = 17), ASD (n = 17) and controls (n = 22) were compared using fMRI during an N-back WM task. Patients were scanned twice, under either an acute dose of fluoxetine or placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized design. Repeated-measures analyses within patients assessed drug effects on performance and brain function. To test for normalization effects of brain dysfunctions, patients under each drug condition were compared to controls.

Results.

Under placebo, relative to controls, both ADHD and ASD boys shared underactivation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Fluoxetine significantly normalized the DLPFC underactivation in ASD relative to controls whereas it increased posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) deactivation in ADHD relative to control boys. Within-patient analyses showed inverse effects of fluoxetine on PCC deactivation, which it enhanced in ADHD and decreased in ASD.

Conclusions.

The findings show that fluoxetine modulates brain activation during WM in a disorder-specific manner by normalizing task-positive DLPFC dysfunction in ASD boys and enhancing task-negative default mode network (DMN) deactivation in ADHD.