bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПЕРЕДУМОВИ РОЗВИТКУ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОЇ ЗАЙНЯТОСТІ СІЛЬСЬКОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ
Authors: МАХСМА Марія , ГАВРИЛОВ Володимир , ВОЛОЩУК Сергій
Published: April 2020

Представлено результати анкетування сільського населення щодо його задоволеності трудовою зайнятістю. Актуальність даного дослідження зумовлена різким скороченням робочих місць в агросекторі та потребою пошуку нестандартних, інноваційних форм сільської зайнятості для забезпечення селян роботою за місцем проживання.Метою статті є оприлюднення результатів опитування мешканців сіл щодо їх сприйняття дистанційної зайнятості та обгрунтування пропозицій стосовно її розвитку на сільських територіях. Анкетуванням було охоплено 622 сільських мешканця з 22 областей України.У ході опитування виявлено, що лише третина жителів мають постійну роботу в своєму селі, з них майже 40% зайняті в сільському господарстві. Переважна більшість опитаних незадоволені своєю зайнятістю, серед причин майже половина респондентів назвали низький рівень заробітної плати. Більше третини селян поскаржилися на важкі умови праці. Щодо напрямів покращення своєї зайнятості, то понад чверть опитаних сільських мешканців виявили бажання виїхати на заробітки за кордон, кожний четвертий селянин вбачає покращення своєї зайнятості в пошуку роботи в місті. Також виявлено, що третина селян зацікавлені дистанційною формою зайнятості й готові опановувати інформаційні технології.На основі проведеного опитування визначено передумови розвитку дистанційної зайнятості на сільських територіях, а саме: розвиток сільської інформаційно-комунікаційної інфраструктури; популяризація дистанційної зайнятості серед селян; організація та проведення в селах курсів з підвищення комп’ютерної грамотності тощо. Розвиток дистанційної зайнятості сприятиме підвищенню рівня доходів сільського населення.
Вплив фітоценотичних умов на нагромадження деревини насадженнями за участю Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco у західному регіоні України
Authors: Debryniuk Iurii
Published: April 2020

Pseudotsuga menziesii за відповідних режимів культивування у багатих свіжих і вологих типах лісорослинних умов є швидкорослим деревним видом, придатним для плантаційного лісовирощування.

У молодих насадженнях Західного Лісостепу до 25-30-річного віку псевдотсуга поступається за інтенсивністю росту ялині і особливо – модрині. Якщо в чистих культурах псевдотсуга росте за Іа-Іb класами бонітету, в дубово-дугласієвих – за Іа, в дугласієво-ялинових – за І, то в дугласієво-модриново-ялиновому – за ІІ класом бонітету. Після 35-річного віку псевдотсуга нарощує темпи росту і відставання її середніх таксаційних показників від таких у модрини та ялини зменшується.

Початкове розміщення дугласії в лісових культурах становить в межах 1,5 × 1,0 – 2,5 × 3,0 м за густоти 1,3-6,6 тис. шт.∙га-1 за різних варіантів поєднання з іншими породами. В останній час існує тенденція до створення рідких культур дугласії (2 × 2, 3,5 × 3,5 м і більше) з використанням відселекційованого садивного матеріалу.

В умовах D2-D3 на сірих (темно-сірих) лісових грунтах в добре аерованих місцеположеннях Pseudotsuga menziesii характеризується інтенсивним ростом, високою біотичною стійкістю, нагромаджуючи в 40-60-річному віці близько 600-800 м3∙га-1 стовбурової деревини.

При дослідженні інтенсивності росту різних форм дугласії за будовою кори не встановлено достовірної відмінності між цим показником. Однак, у процесі відбору матеріалу для створення плантаційних насаджень все ж таки перевагу варто надавати особинам зі слабо- та середньоборозенчастою корою як таким, в яких частка кори у загальному об’ємі стовбура є меншою.

У чистих насадженнях псевдотсуги в умовах свіжого груду початкову густоту під час створення плантаційних насаджень доцільно прийняти в межах 1,5-2,0 тис. шт.∙га-1 (з урахуванням ущільнювача загальна густота становить 6,6 тис. шт.∙га-1).

У вологих грудах інтенсивність росту псевдотсуги дещо вища, тому початкова густота породи повинна бути трохи меншою (1,0-1,5 тис. шт.∙га-1), а з урахуванням ущільнювача – 4,5-5,0 тис. шт.∙га-1.
Поширення та аналіз стану похідних ялинових деревостанів в Українських Карпатах
Authors: Lavnyy Vasyl , Pelyukh Oksana
Published: April 2020

Встановлено негативний синергетичний вплив змін клімату та посилення антропогенного навантаження на стан, структуру та функціонування похідних ялинових деревостанів Українських Карпат. Аналіз таксаційних показників похідних ялинових деревостанів Українських Карпат засвідчив критичний стан цих лісових екосистем та їхні негативні наслідки для ведення лісового господарства підприємствами регіону досліджень. Загальна площа похідних ялинників на території Українських Карпат становить 126678,1 га із загальним запасом деревини 43032,5 тис. м3. Найбільшу площу похідні ялинові деревостани займають на території Івано-Франківської – 60514,8 га (47,8% від загальної площі похідних ялинових деревостанів), а найменшу у Чернівецькій області – 13155,1 га або 10,4%. Середній запас похідних ялинників становить 340 м3∙га-1. Серед типів лісу похідні ялинові деревостани на території Українських Карпат найчастіше трапляються у вологій смереково-буковій суяличині, де їхня площа становить 47537,3 га (37,5% від загальної площі похідних ялинових деревостанів). Значна кількість похідних ялинників зосереджена також у вологій смереково-буковій яличині ‒ 17761,2 га (14,0%). Поряд з цим, похідні ялинові деревостани відзначаються високою продуктивністю: найбільшу площу займають деревостани І класу бонітету – 89631 га або 70,8% від загальної площі.

Для вирішення проблеми всихання ялинових насаджень на території Українських Карпат рекомендовано здійснювати моніторинг лісових екосистем та інтегрувати у практику ведення лісового господарства засади наближеного до природи лісівництва. Зокрема, для підвищення біотичної стійкості, стабільності та біорізноманіття похідних ялинових деревостанів необхідно ширше застосовувати рубки переформування.
Изменчивость показателей семян сосны кедровой сибирской, произрастающей в разных лесорастительных районах Сибири
Authors: Matveeva Rimma , Butorova Olga , Dyrdin Sergiy , Tarasenko Iryna
Published: April 2020

Приведены показатели семян сосны кедровой сибирской (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), произрастающей в разных лесорастительных районах Красноярского края и Иркутской области. Объектом исследований явились семена, заготовленные в насаждениях на территории 20 лесничеств. Шишки были собраны в насаждениях и на постоянных лесосеменных участках (ПЛСУ) в конце августа - начале сентября 2016 и 2018 годов. Семена хранились в складских помещениях в ящиках, мешках или россыпью. Исследования проводились с целью изучения массы, жизнеспособности, зрелости семян.  Сопоставлены биометрические показатели семян и их посевные качества. Массу 1000 шт., жизнеспособность, класс качества семян определяли на лесосеменной станции Красноярского края. Биометрические показатели и зрелость семян определяли в СибГУ: зрелость устанавливали по заполнению зародышем семенного канала, выраженную в процентах. Размеры, масса семян, их жизнеспособность и зрелость отличались в зависимости от места сбора. Длина семян варьировала от 10,4 до 12,2 мм, ширина – от 7,8 до 9,8 мм, масса 1000 шт. – от 224,8 до 362,2 г, жизнеспособность составила 78-94 %, степень зрелости – 73,1-95,0 %. В 2018 г. масса 1000 шт. семян была больше на 17,9 %. Уровень изменчивости показателей семян в основном низкий и средний. Выделены насаждения, в которых семена имели наибольшие показатели: Назаровское, Козульское (Средне-Сибирский подтаежно-лесостепной район лесостепной зоны), Саяно-Шушенское, Верхне-Манское (Алтае-Саянский горно-таежный район Южно-сибирской горной зоны) лесничества. Установлена значительная и умеренная зависимость между размерами семян и их массой.
Factores de riesgo asociados a las caídas intrahospitalarias en tres instituciones de Colombia
Authors: Viancha-Galindo Diana Milena , Quemba-Mesa Mónica Paola , González-Artunduaga Eliana Andrea , Pérez-Álvarez Catalina , Sánchez-Vanegas Guillermo
Published: April 2020

Introducción. Las caídas intrahospitalarias son eventos adversos que se relacionan con múltiples factores de riesgo y que tienen implicaciones importantes para los pacientes y los sistemas de salud.Objetivo. Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a las caídas intrahospitalarias en tres hospitales de tercer nivel de Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles. La muestra mínima requerida fue de 270 casos y 270 controles (error alfa del 5%). Se incluyeron 690 pacientes y se analizaron 17 variables. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante el cálculo del OR y el desarrollo de un modelo de regresión logística con un nivel de significancia del 5%.Resultados. Los factores de riesgo fueron tener catéter venoso periférico (OR: 2.92, IC95%: 1.01-8.43), contar con medidas de sujeción o sedación (OR: 2.35, IC95%: 1.11-4.97), tener una estancia hospitalaria mayor a ocho días (OR: 2.85, IC95%: 2.0-4.06), estar en tratamiento con medicamentos de alto riesgo (OR: 2.82, IC95%: 1.86-4.28), no contar con acompañante permanente (OR: 2.68, IC95%: 1.87-3.83) y, por último, ser un paciente no colaborador (OR: 1.61, IC95%: 0.84-3.0), variable sin significancia estadística, pero clínicamente relevante.Conclusión. Fue posible determinar factores de riesgo relacionados a las caídas intrahospitalarias que requieren ser abordados por estas tres instituciones para prevenir y disminuir la presentación de estos eventos adversos. Asimismo, otros hospitales del país pueden utilizar los resultados aquí reportados para mejorar el cuidado de sus pacientes y prevenir este fenómeno dentro de sus instalaciones.
Factores asociados a la percepción de la validez científica de la homeopatía en un grupo de médicos generales de Perú
Authors: Taype-Rondan Alvaro , Miñan-Tapia Armando , Alarcon-Ruiz Christoper Alexander , Zafra-Tanaka Jessica Hanae
Published: April 2020

Introducción. La homeopatía es una terapia ampliamente utilizada en diversas partes del mundo; sin embargo, su eficacia no se ha comprobado científicamente.Objetivo. Evaluar los factores asociados a la percepción de la validez científica de la homeopatía en médicos generales de Perú.Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico. Se realizaron encuestas autoaplicadas a médicos generales que asistieron a los cursos de capacitación y orientación vocacional en especialidad y residentado en salud del Colegio Médico del Perú en 2017. La variable principal del estudio se evaluó por medio de la siguiente pregunta: ¿considera que la eficacia de la homeopatía está científicamente probada? Para evaluar los factores asociados se calcularon razones de prevalencia crudas (RP) y ajustadas (RPa), así como sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%).Resultados. Se incluyeron 285 médicos generales (55.1% mujeres) con una edad mediana de 28 años. Del 67.4% que reportó haber escuchado sobre la homeopatía, 22.5% consideró que su eficacia estaba científicamente comprobada. Lo anterior fue más frecuente en mujeres (RPa: 1.80; IC95%: 1.03-3.16) y menos frecuente en quienes habían publicado algún artículo científico (RPa: 0.23; IC95%:0.06-0.88).Conclusiones. Una parte de los médicos encuestados considera que la eficacia de la homeopatía está científicamente comprobada. Lo anterior puede deberse a vacíos en la educación médica con respecto a las terapias médicas alternativas y complementarias, así como a la influencia de la educación no formal en la toma de decisiones del médico joven.
CPUE STANDARDIZATION OF FRIGATE TUNA (Auxis thazard) CAUGHT BY PURSE SEINE OFF THE COAST OF WESTERN SUMATERA (FMA 572)
Authors: Sulistyaningsih Ririk Kartika , Jatmiko Irwan , Agustina Maya
Published: April 2020

Frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) is one of the major commercial tuna species, both in industrial and small scale fisheries, particularly in the waters off Western Sumatera. In Indonesia, A. thazard is a group of locally called “tongkol” together with A. rochei, Thunnus tonggol, and Euthynnus affinis. This study describes a preliminary examination of frigate tuna catch from purse seine off the coast of western Sumatera (FMA 572). The data were collected daily by an enumerator on the fish landing site from 2013 to 2017, including fishing gear, number of days at sea, catch, length, and weight of frigate tuna. The fishing ground coordinate data provided by the observer on board the vessel. General Linear Model (GLM) with gamma was applied in this study to standardize the CPUE by year, quarter, season, and GT as fixed variables. The results showed that the variation of CPUE was mostly influenced by year and quarter, while season and fleet size (GT) showed less impact on the catch. In general, even though the catch trend declines during the observation years, the population of frigate tuna off the coast of western Sumatera (FMA 572) were considered sustainable.
Three-Phase Partitioning of α-Galactosidase from Aspergillus lentulus: Optimization of System and Characterization of Enzyme
Authors: ÇAMURLU Derya , BAYRAKTAR Hasan , ÇALIŞKAN Sennur , UZEL Ataç , ÖNAL Seçil
Published: April 2020

Üçlü-faz ayırma (TPP) tekniği α-galaktozidazın Aspergillus lentulus’dan tek adımda kısmi saflaştırılması için ilk kez başarıyla kullanıldı. Yüksek aktivite ve saflaştırma katı elde etmek için enzimin ekstraksiyon etkinliğine amonyum sülfat konsantrasyonu, ekstrakt t-butanol oranı ve pH etkisi araştırıldı. Sistemin optimum saflaştırma parametreleri %55(w/v) amonyum sülfat konsantrasyonu, 1:1 (v/v) ham ekstrakt t-butanol oranı ve pH 5.5 olarak belirlendi. Bu optimize TPP sistemi α-galaktosidaz için 5.3 saflaştırma katı ile %178 aktivite verimi oluşturdu. pH 6.5 ve 50oC’de maksimum aktivite gözlendi. α-Galaktozidaz 25-60°C sıcaklık aralığında ve pH 2.6-5.5 aralığında oldukça iyi bir kararlılık gösterdi. KM ve Vmax değerleri sırasıyla 0.365 mM ve 0.093 U olarak belirlendi. Metal iyonları ve şekerler arasında Na2CO3 ve galaktoz enzim aktivitesi üzerinde kuvvetli inhibitor etkisi gösterdi. TPP ile A. lentulus’dan farklı biyokimyasal özelliklere sahip yeni bir α-galaktozidazın elde edilmesi onun çeşitli biyoteknolojik uygulamaları açısından ilgi çekici olacaktır.
New Floristic Records for A4 and A5 squares from Tosya District (Kastamonu)
Authors: TUTTU Gamze , YILDIRIMLI Şinasi , ABAY Gökhan
Published: April 2020

In
this study, 47 taxa are given as new records from Tosya district in Kastamonu
province. The research area is situated in A4 and A5 squares according to the
Davis' grid system. 23 angiospermae taxa for A4 square and 24 angiospermae taxa
for A5 square, totally 47 taxa belonging to 23 families have been determined as
new records. One of them is rare and 9 taxa are endemic.
The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Pine Kindling on the Liver and Kidney Tissues of Diabetic Rats
Authors: DEMİR Ersin , YILMAZ Ökkeş , SARIGÜL Halise
Published: April 2020

This study
aimed to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts from the obtained kindling
wood of pine trees on liver and kidney tissues in diabetes induced by
streptozotocin in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups:
1) Controls, 2) STZ rats 3) STZ rats treated with aqueous extracts from the
obtained kindling wood of pine trees (different doses) for 10 weeks. According
to our results, it was determined that these extracts show beneficial effects
on oxidative stress in liver and kidney tissues. In vitro studies, bovine,
porcine pancreas, fungi and bacteria derived from amylase on enzyme activity of
the pine extracts haven’t been observed the inhibitory effect. Also
disaccharides α-glycosidase enzyme that hydrolyzes on kindling of the pine was
found to not have an inhibitory effect.
Detection of Pesticide via Nanoparticle Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor
Authors: BAKHSHPOUR Monireh , GÖKTÜRK İlgım , ÇAKIR Oğuz , YILMAZ Fatma , BAYSAL Zübeyde , DENİZLİ Adil
Published: April 2020

In this study, Chlorpyrifos (Cps) imprinted
nanoparticles based QCM sensor were prepared for detection of chlorpyrifos
pesticide. Cps imprinted poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-
N-metacryloyl-(L)-tryptophan) (PEDMATrp) nanoparticles were prepared and then
these nanoparticles were attached to the surface of QCM sensor chip. Also,
non-imprinted PEDMATrp QCM sensor was prepared without using the Cps molecule to
evaluate the imprinting efficiency. Cps imprinted and non-imprinted
nanoparticles were characterized by zeta-sizer and Fourier transform infrared
spectrophotometer-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectrophotometer. Cps
imprinted and non-imprinted QCM sensors were also characterized by atomic force
microscopy, ellipsometer, and contact angle measurements. The prepared sensors
were applied for selective Cps detection in aqueous solution for the range of 0.015-2.9
nM. The selectivity studies of the prepared PEDMATrp quartz crystal
microbalance sensor were examined by using competitive pesticide molecules such
as Diazinon and Parathion (0.75 nM), which are similar to Cps in size and
shape. The reusability studies of the prepared sensors were investigated by
applying the same pesticide concentration (1.45 nM), four times consecutively.
Heterologous immune responses in health and disease
Authors: Toptygina A. P.
Published: April 2020

Immunological memory and tolerance represent major achievements and advantages of adaptive immunity. Organisms bearing adaptive immunity display prominent competitive advantages in the fight against infections. Memory immune cells are preserved for decades and are able to repel a second attack of an infectious agent. However, studies performed in the XXI century have shown that even unrelated pathogens may be quickly and effectively destroyed by memory cells. This type of response is called heterologous so that heterologous immune response is mainly typical to viral infections and other intracellular infections, where T-cells play a lead role in protection. This review will discuss various mechanisms involved in implementing T-cell cross-reactivity, describe molecular prerequisites for heterologous T-cell responses. Experimental evidence of memory T-cell potential to heterologous immune response in mouse models and in human infections are also discussed. Heterologous immune response is an important immune arm in adults and the elderly when the yield of naive cells to the periphery declines due to thymus involution. Along with obvious advantages, heterologous immune response leads to imbalanced memory T-cell repertoire, replacement of immunodominant epitopes with minor ones allowing viruses to evade immune response that results in virus persistence, or, conversely, fulminant infection course. Another threat of heterologous immune response due to switch in dominant repertoire of recognizable epitopes is presented by random self-epitope recognition, which can lead to development of autoimmune pathology. Heterologous immunity can also disrupt drug-induced tolerance in organ and tissue transplants and lead to graft rejection. Heterologous immune response should be taken into consideration while developing and using new vaccines, especially in adults and the elderly.
Innate immunity in coronavirus infection
Authors: Smirnov V. S. , Totolyan Areg A.
Published: April 2020

Coronaviruses (CoVs) comprise a polymorphic group of respiratory viruses causing acute inflammatory diseases in domestic and agricultural animals (chicken, pig, buffalo, cat, dog). Until recently, this infection in humans was mainly observed during the autumn-winter period and characterized by a mild, often asymptomatic, course. The situation changed dramatically in 2003, when SARS outbreak caused by pathogenic CoV (SARS-CoV) was recorded in China. A decade later, a new CoV outbreak occurred in the form of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), whereas in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases were recorded, which transformed within the first months of 2020 into the pandemic. In all three cases, CoV disease led to severe bronchopulmonary lesions, varying from dry, debilitating cough to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). At the same time, multiple changes in innate immunity were noted most often manifested as a pronounced inflammatory reaction in the lower respiratory tract, featured by damaged type II pneumocytes, apoptosis, hyalinization of alveolar membranes, focal or generalized pulmonary edema. Destructive processes in the respiratory tract were accompanied by migration of monocytes/macrophages and granulocyte neutrophils to the inflammatory focus. Such events were accompanied by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which magnitude could ascend up to a cytokine storm. SARS-CoV is characterized by symptoms of secondary immunosuppression, manifested by the late onset of interferon production and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes – the key inflammatory factor. The reason for such reaction may be accounted for by CoV arsenal containing extensive set of structural and non-structural proteins exerting pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Delayed IFN production allowed CoV to replicate actively and freely, and when type I IFN synthesis was eventually triggered, its activity was detrimental and accompanied by an aggravated infection course. Thus, SARS can surely be referred to immune-dependent infections with a marked immunopathological component. The purpose of this review was to describe some mechanisms underlying formation of innate immune response to infection caused by pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
Pattern of resilient age-related measles immunity
Authors: Sonis A. G. , Gusyakova O. A. , Gilmiyarova F. N. , Ereshchenko A. A. , Ignatova N. K. , Kuzmicheva V. I. , Borodina I. A. , Nenjajkin S. S.
Published: April 2020

Epidemiological situation describing global measles spread is ambiguous. Along with countries succeeded in measles eradication, there are those wherein measles rate remains at quite high level. Because measles is a vaccine-preventable infection, it may then be eradicated solely by ensuring sufficient population coverage with preventive vaccination. The aim of our study was to assess level of measles immunity in medical workers at the Clinics of Samara State Medical University as well as the Samara State Medical University. There were enrolled 1503 subjects (aged 18–79 years), among which all individuals under 55 (77.58%) but not older counterparts provided with medical record on previous measles vaccination or measles infection. Level of serum measles virus-specific IgG antibodies was measured by using ELISA (VektoKor-IgG, JSC Vector-Best, Novosibirsk), with mean concentration ranging in general population within 1.02±0.02 IU/ ml. Positive results were observed in 72.52% of the examined individuals. Average vs. high measles virus-specific IgG level was detected in 52.90% (mean age — 41.4±0.5 years) and 19.62% (mean age — 54.2±0.72 years) of individuals, whereas at level below threshold — in 27.48% of subjects (mean age — 33.25±0.53 years). Thus, in 34.16% of the surveyed vaccinated individuals mostly presented by young subjects contained anti-measles virus-specific antibodies below protective level. Older age groups were shown to increase in average IgG amount with age. Interestingly, age-related measles immunity pattern was observed: percentage of subjects with high vs. low measles virus-specific IgG level increases and decreases, respectively. Taking into consideration a large percentage of subjects previously vaccinated against measles among carriers of low measles immunity, it may be concluded that measles virus-specific IgG antibody level must be monitored in young adulthood to decide of whether subsequent revaccination is necessary.
Compositionality Decomposed: How do Neural Networks Generalise?
Authors: Hupkes Dieuwke , Dankers Verna , Mul Mathijs , Bruni Elia
Published: April 2020

Despite a multitude of empirical studies, little consensus exists on whether neural networks are able to generalise compositionally, a controversy that, in part, stems from a lack of agreement about what it means for a neural model to be compositional. As a response to this controversy, we present a set of tests that provide a bridge between, on the one hand, the vast amount of linguistic and philosophical theory about compositionality of language and, on the other, the successful neural models of language. We collect different interpretations of compositionality and translate them into five theoretically grounded tests for models that are formulated on a task-independent level. In particular, we provide tests to investigate (i) if models systematically recombine known parts and rules (ii) if models can extend their predictions beyond the length they have seen in the training data (iii) if models’ composition operations are local or global (iv) if models’ predictions are robust to synonym substitutions and (v) if models favour rules or exceptions during training. To demonstrate the usefulness of this evaluation paradigm, we instantiate these five tests on a highly compositional data set which we dub PCFG SET and apply the resulting tests to three popular sequence-to-sequence models: a recurrent, a convolution-based and a transformer model. We provide an in-depth analysis of the results, which uncover the strengths and weaknesses of these three architectures and point to potential areas of improvement.
VERİ MADENCİLİĞİ KÜMELEME YÖNTEMLERİ KULLANARAK KARBON EMİSYONU GÖSTERGELERİ AÇISINDAN OECD ÜLKELERİNİN SINIFLANDIRILMASI
Authors: SEL Ahmet
Published: April 2020

değerleri de yıllar itibariyle artış durumundadır. Sera gazlarının artması günümüzün en önemli sorunlarından biri olan küresel ısınmanın başlıca sebepleri arasındadır. Çalışmada Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) üye olan 36 ülkesinin Dünya Bankası verilerinde yer alan 15 göstergeye göre 1990-2014 yılları değerleri kullanılarak kümeleme analizi uygulanmıştır. Toplam veri sayısının fazla olmasından dolayı veri madenciliği yöntemleri ve iki aşamalı kümeleme analizi kullanılarak veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Uygulama sırasında ideal küme sayısı dört olarak bulunmuştur. SPSS, MATLAB ve WEKA programları kullanılarak kümeleme sonuçları ayrı ayrı elde edilmiştir. Kümeleme yöntemleri olarak iki aşamalı ve self organizing map (SOM) tipi yapay sinir ağları tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen kümeleme sonuçları için ülkelerin yinelenen küme değerleri dikkate alarak birleştirme işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Sonuç olarak kullanılan karbon salınım değerleri yüksekten düşüğe doğru sıralanacak şekilde ülkeler kümelenmiştir. Küme altında bulunan ülkelerin sayıları ise, birinci kümede 1, ikinci kümede 9, üçüncü kümede 10 ülke olmak üzere dördüncü kümede 16 ülke bulunmuştur. Kümeleme sonuçları aynı kümede yer alan ülkelere karbon emisyonu değerlerini düşürmek için uygulanacak programlara yol gösterici olabilir. Ayrıca OECD çatısı altında ilgili kümede yer alan ülkeleri içeren komisyonlar kurulabilir. Son zamanlarda iklim değişiklerinin kendisini fazlasıyla hissettirmesi önlemlerin ve uygulamaların bir an önce hayata geçirilmesini desteklemektedir.
AYLA KUTLU’NUN ROMANLARINDAKİ İNTİHAR İZLEĞİNE DURKHEİM’CI BİR YAKLAŞIM
Authors: ÇOPUR Gürhan
Published: April 2020

Ayla Kutlu, 1980 sonrası Türk edebiyatında, roman ve öykü türündeki eserleriyle yerini alır. Romanlarının yanı sıra çocuk kitapları, öykü kitapları ve öz yaşam öyküsü bulunan yazarın birçok yapıtı sahneye ve televizyona uyarlanmıştır. Ayla Kutlu, derin gözlemlere ve dönem tahlillerine dayanan romanlarında toplumsal ve bireysel izlekleri harmanlayarak eserlerini çok katmanlı bir yapıda kurgular. Bu yönüyle Kutlu’nun romancılığı toplumsal olaylar içerisinde etkilenen kahramanların serüvenlerine odaklanır. Romanlarında Türkiye tarihine etki eden toplumsal olaylar, roman kahramanlarının dünyasında ve onların yaşamı algılayış tarzlarıyla takip edilir. Sosyal meselelere, toplumsal olaylara kayıtsız kalmayan ve eserleri üzerinden tarihe dair özgün yorumunu gerçekleştiren yazar, eserlerini sosyolojik bir kaynak haline getirir. Kutlu’nun romanlarında, özellikle içerisine doğduğu iklime uyum sağlayamamış, dışlanmış ve ötekileştirilmiş kahramanların intihar eylemleri göze çarpar. Bireyin yaşamsal atılımının yitiminin sonucunda bir kurtuluş/kaçış olarak başvurulan ya da tam tersi; birey tarafından kutsanarak bir adanış olarak gerçekleştirilen intiharı Emile Durkheim, toplumun yönlendirdiği sosyolojik bir olgu olarak kabul eder. Durkheim’ın ve takipçilerinin geliştirdiği görüşe göre intihar, bireyin toplum karşısındaki rolü ve tavrına göre şekillenmektedir. Bu kuram, intiharı toplumsal dayanaklarına göre üç ana başlıkta tasnif eder: “Bencil İntihar”, “Elcil İntihar” ve “Kuralsızlık İntiharı”. Çalışmamızda Ayla Kutlu’nun “Cadı Ağacı”, “Ateş Üstünde Yürümek” “Kadın Destanı” ve “Asi… Asi” romanlarında yer alan intihar izlekleri, Emile Durkheim tarafından tanımlanan başlıklar çerçevesinde değerlendirilecektir.
LEARNING AND TEACHING OF LANGUAGES IN GRADES ONE TO SEVEN IN GEORGIA
Authors: KHETAGURI Tamuna , ZANGALADZE Mzia
Published: April 2020

The study investigated various language teaching styles employed by the teachers across the Georgia states within the public schools. Equally, the research looks into different strategies that ensure improved performances of the children as well as instructors, and they deliver their services as mandated by Georgia Standards of Excellence (GSE). The research shows that teachers use multiple styles and strategies in teaching in the state’s public schools. However, the study used questionnaires and interviews as methods of data collection in various selected public schools. Data collected indicates that most of the instructors use the hybrid method of teaching and incorporation of technology factors as a strategy in delivering their mandates.
Different teachers in Georgia State concentrate on delivering quality education systems more so in teaching languages from grades one to seven. To do so, they employ various teaching methods and strategies to meet the standards set by the education authorities such as the Georgia Standards of Excellence (GSE). The results of the study explain that most of the teachers teaching these grades employ a hybrid method, thus offering individual learners with the essential needs and further accommodates a variety of students. Furthermore, due to development in technology, most of the instructors focus on the technological approach as the strategy in effective teaching across all the grades. Moreover, the research recommends investments in home reading and focus on learners with learning disabilities across the Georgia state.
YURT DIŞINDA YAŞAYAN ORTAOKUL ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN BAĞLAMA/SAZ EĞİTİMİ YOLUYLA EDİNDİĞİ KÜLTÜREL KAZANIMLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: ÖZER Levent , ÖZDEK Attila
Published: April 2020

Bu çalışma Kırgızistan/Bişkek
örneği üzerinden yurt dışında yaşayan Türk ve Türk kökenli ortaokul
öğrencilerinin bağlama/saz eğitimi yoluyla edinebilecekleri kültürel
kazanımların tespit edilebilmesini amaçlayan betimsel ve nitel boyutlu bir
araştırmadır. Araştırma yöntemi olarak “Durum Çalışması” (Case Study) ana
başlığı altında “Programın Etkilerine Dayalı Durum Çalışması” (Program Effects
Case Studies) ve “Kritik Olay Durum Çalışmaları” (Critical Instance Case
Studies) araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri tercih edilmiştir. Çalışma için seçilen
öğrencilerin yaş, fiziksel
yeterlilik ve müzikal yetenek olarak birbirlerine yakın
özellikler göstermesine dikkat edilmiştir.
Bu öğrenciler için (dokuz öğrenci) uzman
görüş ve onayları alınarak 15 hafta 30 saatlik özel bir repertuvar
oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan bu özel repertuvarda çalışmanın amacına uygun
olarak Türk kültürüne ait öğeleri içerisinde barındıran, farklı yörelere ait hikâyeleri
olan ve mümkünse halk oyunları ile ilişkili ezgiler tercih edilmiştir. Ezgiler usul ve ses genlikleri yönünden öğrencilerin seviyelerine uygun
olarak seçilmiştir. Özel
olarak oluşturulmuş repertuvarla yürütülen bağlama/saz eğitiminin bu
öğrencilerin kültürel kazanımlarına ne boyutlarda etki ettiğinin ortaya
konulabilmesi için eğitim öncesi/sonrası durumları hakkında sosyal çevreleri olarak
ifade edilen aileleri, sınıf arkadaşları, öğretmenleri, idarecileri ve ayrıca
da kendileri ile açık uçlu görüşme sorularından oluşan formlar yardımıyla
görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler sonrasında elde edilen nitel verilerin
çözümlenmesinde, öğrencilerin kültürel kazanımlarının eğitimden önceki ve
sonraki durumları arasındaki fark, karşılaştırma analizi yöntemi ile
belirlenerek elde edilen bulgular yorumlanmıştır. Bu bulgulara göre özetle,
çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin çalışma öncesi durumlarına kıyasla Türk
kültürüne özgü değerleri benimseyerek daha fazlasını öğrenmeye istekli
oldukları ve öğrendikleri bilgileri sosyal çevreleri ile de paylaştıkları
görülmüştür.
КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗЫСКАНИЯ СТИХОТВОРЕНИЯ ГАЛАКТИОНА ТАБИДЗЕ «СИНИЕ КОНИ»
Authors: GOGOLADZE Tamar
Published: April 2020

Стихотворение видного грузинского поэта Галактиона Табидзе (1892-1959) “Лурджа цхенеби” (Синие кони) было написано до 1915 года, опубликовано в журнале “Циспери канцеби” (,,Голубые роги,,) в 1916 году, с самого начала привлекло внимание обширного круга читателей и литературоведов: как возникла эта идея у поэта-модерниста, что подразумевалось в символике «синих коней» и т.д. Наша статья посвящена этой теме и ставит целью раскрыть как созревает разная информация в помыслах гениального поэта в начале нового столетия (ХХ в.) на фоне модернистского культурологического мышления. В стихотворении «Синие кони» слились и цвет, и стремительность, и тоска и чувство приближения смерти. Оно олицетворено в нераскрытом, своеобразном отражении действительности, переданном художественным словом. Синее привлекло внимание художника Франца Марка (1880-1916), который в 1903 году создает картину «Синий конь», а уже в 1911 году вместе с Василием Кандинским (1866-1944) в Мюнхене организует творческое объединение представителей экспрессионизма «Синий всадник», основной целью которого было освобождение от «окаменелых традиций академичности». Объединение стремилось достичь своеобразного равноправия поэзии во всех формах искусства. Г. Табидзе познает и творчество художников и теоретическое наследие В. Кандинского. На этот факт первым обратил внимание видный грузинский литературовед Р.Сирадзе. В данной статье исследованы только те теоретические и художественные предпосылки, которые способствовали инспирации у Г. Табидзе в стихотворении «Синие кони», первые впечатления от которого отразились в картине грузинского художника Ладо Гудиашвили «Поэт Галактион Табидзе и «Синие кони» (1919 г.). При работе над темой нами была использована теоретическая методология: сравнительно-типологическая, критическая, парадигматическая.
Workplace violence against nurses at Minia district hospitals
Authors: Hassan Ebtesam Esmail , Amein Naglaa Mohammed , Ahmed Sanaa Mohmoud
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Violence against nurses at the workplace is an alarming problem in both developed and developing countries affecting the quality of their work. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of external (patient initiated) and internal violence (initiated by staff members) against nurses and studying the violence-associated factors such as perpetrators, the attitude of nurses following aggression incidents, consequences, and impact on nurses and work.

Methods: A cross-sectional study included 385 nurses from three different hospitals in Minia district was agreed to participate in the study. These hospitals included Health Insurance Hospital, Minia University Hospitals (Minia University Gynecological, Obstetric, and Pediatric Hospital and Minia Renal Hospital), and Minia general hospital. The well-structured questionnaire covered four main domains; sociodemographics, lifetime working experience of violence, external and internal violence and its effects on work, the perpetrators of violence, and attitude of nurses following violent incidents.

Results: More than half of nurses (55.8%) were exposed to workplace violence during their working lifetime. Experiencing external violence (patient initiated) during the past year was significantly higher (57.4%) than the internal (staff initiated) type (33.5%). Verbal violence was the most common type of violence. Reporting violence incidents were done by 68.3% and 38.7% of the nurses who were exposed to external and internal violence, respectively.

Conclusion: Violence against nurses working in different health-care facilities at Minia district was prevalent and has a significant impact on nurses and their work.
Increasing of Reliability of Spacecraft Control System on Base of Robust Diagnostic Models and Division Principle in Parity Space
Authors: Zavedeev A. I.
Published: April 2020

Different directions of creation high reliability integrate spacecraft control system are discussed on base of robust diagnostic models and division principle in parity space. Problems of synthesis spacecraft control system algorithms are examined with incomplete apriory and distorted current information, action of uncontrolled and random factors, information losses and equipment failures. The structure of onboard attitude control system is synthesized and control algorithms are chosen, which guarantee robust stability and failure stability in presence indignant factors and obstacles. An instrumental structure and operational modes of spacecraft attitude control system are described. Methods of dynamic research, computer technology and modeling particularities are indicated. Diagnostic and reconfiguration algorithms for onboard complex of connection, navigation, geodesy satellites and earth inspectoral satellite in prolonged space flight utilization are proposed. Testing procedure is contains two stage: discovering and eliminating faults. Given mathematical system model is researched by means of difference signals, which forms with arise at fault emergence. The failure character is established by deciding rules on base difference signals and measures to it eliminating are took. Questions of onboard spacecraft control system failure stable improving are discussed on base principle reconfiguration with apply to adaptive logic in testing and diagnostic algorithms. The mathematical system model is researching with implementation of analytic reserving. Difference signals are formed, which arise at fault appearance. The adaptive approach to development testing and diagnostic systems provide for realization of flexible logic of control system function to take into account factual onboard equipment state. Special attention is devote to problem influence liquid fuel reactive engine agility on spacecraft control attitude system dynamic characteristics and precision. The effectiveness of prepositional approaches and algorithms is confirmed by mathematical modeling results for several actual technical systems. Recommendations to their practical applications are given.
Psychological assistance to patients after laryngectomy
Authors: Tkachenko G. A. , Podvyaznikov S. O. , Mudunov A. M. , Gusakova Е. V.
Published: April 2020

The study objective is to assess the effectiveness of psychological support to patients with laryngeal cancer after laryngectomy.

Materials and methods.This study included 36 male patients aged between 45 and 62 years with morphologically verified stage II–IV (Т3–4N0–2М0) laryngeal cancer treated in the Department of Head and Neck Tumors, N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology in 2011–2016. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 included 14 patients who received antitumor therapy alone. Group 2 comprised 22 patients who additionally received psychological support. Patients’ mental state was assessed before treatment and 6 months after its completion using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Symptom Check List-90 Revised. Two patients from Group 1 and 1 patient from Group 2 were excluded from the study at the first stage.

Results. We found that patients in both groups had severe psychopathological symptoms (including depression, interpersonal sensitivity, and severe distress) six month after treatment completion (according to the Symptom Check List-90 Revised). Patients who received psychological support demonstrated higher level of depression than healthy controls, but it was still significantly lower than that in patients who received no psychological assistance. Similar results were obtained by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: patients who received psychological support had significantly lower level of depression than patients who had no psychological support (8.3 ± 0.9 vs 10.2 ± 0.6 points respectively).

Conclusion. Patients with laryngeal cancer who received psychological assistance (including cognitive behavioral psychotherapy) demonstrated significantly lower level of depression 6 months after treatment completion compared to those who received no psychological support.
Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in patients with head and neck tumors: literature review and institutional experience
Authors: Alymov Yu. V. , Mudunov A. M. , Podvyaznikov S. O. , Margolin G.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. Patients with head and neck tumors are often require tracheostomy. This procedure represents complex surgical manipulation and is associated with risk of certain complications, including life-threatening.

The study objective is to essess the results of percutaneous tracheostomy with the new SafeTrach technique.

Materials and methods. The study included 21 patients. All patients had a tracheostomy performed using the SafeTrach technique.

Results. Mean duration of tracheostomy with SafeTrach technique was 11.8 ± 3.4 minutes independently of patients’ body mass index or previous treatment (correlation coefficients r = 0.08, p = 0.7 and r = 0.08, p = 0.73, respectively). Among all possible complications of tracheostomy only 1 (4.7 %) case of bleeding in postoperative period was noted in our study.

Conclusion. The SafeTrach technique combines all the benefits of open and percutaneous tracheostomy. It is characterized by simplicity, it does not require endoscopic control, that indicates the feasibility of its widespread implementation.
Free radial forearm flap for reconstruction of postoperative defects in combined and complex treatment of patients with locally-advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Chen H. , Mudunov A. M. , Azizian R. I. , Pustynskiy I. N. , Saprina O. A. , Bolotin M. V.
Published: April 2020

The study objectiveis to assess immediate and long-term results of replacing complex defects with a free radial forearm flap in the multimodal treatment of patients with locally advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

Materials and methods.Twenty eight patients (20 women and 8 men aged 23 to 71 years) with locally advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (including 10 buccal cancers, 8 carcinomas of tongue, 6 carcinomas of the floor of the mouth, 2 retromolar area carcinomas, 1 carcinoma of the hard palate and 1 carcinoma of alveolar region of the lower jaw) underwent tumor surgery with simultaneous plastic reconstruction of the defect using radial forearm free flap at the department of head and neck tumors of N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology within 2010–2018. Primary tumors were detected in 2 patients and 11 patients had residual (n = 7) or recurrent (n = 4) tumors after radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.

Results.An overall success rate was 96.4 %. Postoperative histology revealed that there were no tumor cells at the resection edges. Postoperative complications included: complete flap necrosis in 1 patient with severe concomitant diseases, marginal flap necrosis in 2 patients (in both cases after the necrotic tissue had rejected, wounds were healed by secondary intention), sural veins thrombosis in 1 patient, acute peptic ulcer bleeding on the 6th day after surgery in 1 patient treated with emergency endoscopic hemostasis. No lethal outcomes were reported. Postoperative period lasted in average 14 days. Upon subsequent observation tumor relapse in the oral cavity occurred in 4 (14.3 %) patients, relapses of regional metastases – in 2 (7.1 %). Good aesthetic and functional results were noted. Adequate restoration of breathing, chewing, swallowing and speaking resulted in a full patients’ rehabilitation. In all cases, the radial flap adapted well to the oral cavity organs and corresponded to the surrounding tissues in thickness and consistency.

Conclusion.Use of a radial forearm free flap makes it possible to successfully reconstruct extensive and complex defects after surgery of locally advanced primary and recurrent forms of oral cavity squamous cell cancer of various locations. Due to flap’s high regenerative capabilities, preoperative radiation therapy does not affect the frequency of local complications. It allows restoring vital functions of the oral cavity and achieving good aesthetic and functional results.
Glyciphon ointment for local treatment of basal cell cancer: clinical and pharmacological aspects
Authors: Podvyaznikov S. O. , Mudunov A. M. , Ignatova A. V. , Vasilkin D. A. , Anisimov A. N. , Shchennikov P. I.
Published: April 2020

Introduction.Basal cell cancer (BCC) accounts for up to 80 % of all types of non-melanoma skin cancers. In 97 % of cases, BCC develops on bare facial skin, especially at the nose-forehead border, nose wings, corners of eyes and lips. Surgery can lead to gross cosmetic defects, therefore more and more specialists prefer conservative methods, among which local drug therapy holds a special place.

The study objectiveis to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of glyciphon ointment for BCC local treatment as well as the economic costs.

Materials and methods.The study included 114 patients who underwent BCC local drug therapy with 30 % Glyciphon ointment, where 111 (97.4 %) patients had primary BCC, and 3 (2.6 %) ones – recurrent BCC.

Results.The study recorded 115 cases of use of glyciphon ointment in 114 patients. Doctors were fully satisfied with the treatment results in 101 (88.6 %) cases. In 11 (9.6 %) cases, satisfaction was partial due to severe adverse events (edema and hyperemia of the facial skin, pain), and in 2 (1.7 %) cases the treatment was found unsatisfactory. Eighty-six (93.5 %) patients with adverse events continued Glyciphon ointment therapy. The relapse rate after local drug therapy was 4.4 %, indicating its high efficacy and good tolerance. According to the study, most patients required 1 treatment course with 1 package of Glyciphon. Total cost of the treatment is approximately 17,000 rubles. Total budget expenditures are estimated at 1 billion 190 million rubles. Local BCC therapy with Glyciphon comparing to surgery may save more than 1 billion rubles for the state budget.

Conclusion.Local chemotherapy with 30 % Glyciphon ointment is an effective and safe method to treat BCC. Its use increases treatment availability for patients and can significantly reduce federal expenditures.
Novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and risk groups in obstetrics and gynecology
Authors: Makatsariya A. D. , Bitsadze V. O. , Khizroeva D. H. , Solopova A. G. , Vorobyev A. V. , Stuleva N. S. , Akinshina S. V. , Makatsariya N. A. , Tretyakova M. V. , Elalamy I. , Gris J. C. , Rizzo G. , Nemirovsky V. B. , Kapanadze D. L. , Mitryuk D. V. , Blinov D. V.
Published: April 2020

Dear editors of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction Journal! Due to the particular urgency of the problem of managing patients with a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), we are sending a letter outlining our position on this issue.