bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fitting Geometric Shapes to Fuzzy Point Cloud Data
Authors: Verhoeven Vincent B. , Raumonen Pasi , Åkerblom Markku
Published: January 2025

This article describes procedures and thoughts regarding the reconstruction of geometry-given data and its uncertainty. The data are considered as a continuous fuzzy point cloud, instead of a discrete point cloud. Shape fitting is commonly performed by minimizing the discrete Euclidean distance; however, we propose the novel approach of using the expected Mahalanobis distance. The primary benefit is that it takes both the different magnitude and orientation of uncertainty for each data point into account. We illustrate the approach with laser scanning data of a cylinder and compare its performance with that of the conventional least squares method with and without random sample consensus (RANSAC). Our proposed method fits the geometry more accurately, albeit generally with greater uncertainty, and shows promise for geometry reconstruction with laser-scanned data.
Enhanced CATBraTS for Brain Tumour Semantic Segmentation
Authors: El Badaoui Rim , Bonmati Coll Ester , Psarrou Alexandra , Asaturyan Hykoush A. , Villarini Barbara
Published: January 2025

The early and precise identification of a brain tumour is imperative for enhancing a patient’s life expectancy; this can be facilitated by quick and efficient tumour segmentation in medical imaging. Automatic brain tumour segmentation tools in computer vision have integrated powerful deep learning architectures to enable accurate tumour boundary delineation. Our study aims to demonstrate improved segmentation accuracy and higher statistical stability, using datasets obtained from diverse imaging acquisition parameters. This paper introduces a novel, fully automated model called Enhanced Channel Attention Transformer (E-CATBraTS) for Brain Tumour Semantic Segmentation; this model builds upon 3D CATBraTS, a vision transformer employed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain tumour segmentation tasks. E-CATBraTS integrates convolutional neural networks and Swin Transformer, incorporating channel shuffling and attention mechanisms to effectively segment brain tumours in multi-modal MRI. The model was evaluated on four datasets containing 3137 brain MRI scans. Through the adoption of E-CATBraTS, the accuracy of the results improved significantly on two datasets, outperforming the current state-of-the-art models by a mean DSC of 2.6% while maintaining a high accuracy that is comparable to the top-performing models on the other datasets. The results demonstrate that E-CATBraTS achieves both high segmentation accuracy and elevated generalisation abilities, ensuring the model is robust to dataset variation.
End-to-End Methodology for Predictive Maintenance Based on Fingerprint Routines and Anomaly Detection for Machine Tool Rotary Components
Authors: Arregi Amaia , Barrutia Aitor , Bediaga Iñigo
Published: January 2025

This work introduces an end-to-end methodology, from data gathering to fault notification, for the predictive maintenance of rotary components of machine tools. This is done through fingerprint routines; that is, processes that are executed periodically under the same no-load conditions to obtain a snapshot of the machine condition. High-frequency vibration data gathered during these routines combined with knowledge about the machine structure and its components are used to obtain failure-specific features. These features are then introduced to an anomaly and paradigm shifts detection algorithm. The method is evaluated through three distinct scenarios. First, we use synthetically generated data to test its ability to detect controlled variations and edge cases. Second, we use with publicly available data obtained from bearing run-to-failure tests under normal load conditions on a specially designed test rig. Finally, the methodology is validated using real-world data collected from a spindle bearing installed in a machine tool. The novelty of this work lies in performing anomaly detection using failure-specific features derived from fingerprint routines, ensuring stability over time and enabling precise identification of machine conditions with minimal data requirements.
Semi-Automated Classification of Side-Scan Sonar Data for Mapping Sabellaria spinulosa Reefs in the Brown Bank, Dutch Continental Shelf
Authors: Gaida Timo Constantin , Binnerts Bas , Bos Oscar
Published: January 2025

Biogenic reefs support marine biodiversity and play a key role in a healthy marine environment. Protecting and enhancing reef-building species, such as Sabellaria spinulosa, require mapping and monitoring strategies. A multi-scale and multi-sensor mapping campaign, including a multi-beam echosounder, side-scan sonar (SSS), box corer and ROV with an attached video camera, has been carried out in the northern Brown Bank (Dutch Continental Shelf) in August 2023. A semi-automated classification workflow, based on a support vector machine (machine learning), was developed to map Sabellaria reefs using SSS and video data. Elevated Sabellaria reefs were classified with a precision and sensitivity of 52% and 49%, respectively. The classified SSS images were merged into full-coverage percentage maps of Sabellaria reef coverage. Located between the swales of the tidal ridges, it was estimated that the reefs cover an area of 3.8 to 5.7% within the surveyed areas. The maps indicate (1) on the large-scale a preference of Sabellaria spinulosa for settlement to the east of the deepest part of the swale and (2) on the small-scale a preference for the troughs towards the stoss side of the megaripples. The employed survey strategy and the developed classification workflow can be extended to other environmental areas and further developed into a standard monitoring procedure.
A Spatial Modeling Approach for Optimizing the Locations of Large-Scale Biogas Plants from Livestock Manure in Bangladesh
Authors: Mahal Zinat , Yabar Helmut
Published: January 2025

Since manure sources are widely dispersed and the disposal of manure in landfills or its direct application onto soil is often restricted by laws in many countries, selecting suitable sites for manure management facilities is an important step for sustainable livestock farming. The main purpose of this study is to explore suitable locations for situating large-scale biogas plants from livestock manure in Bangladesh using spatial modeling. This study analyzed land suitability based on several geographical, topographical, environmental, and socio-economic criteria, which were also optimized by reflecting optimum transportation distances from manure sources to the chosen sites using GIS (Geographic Information System) network analysis. Then, the environmental benefits of selected biogas plants were estimated through mathematical equations. It was found that 475, 15, and 68 large-scale biogas plants were spatially possible from large-animal, small-animal, and poultry manure, respectively, to produce a total electricity of 7682.72 GWh (gigawatt) in 2023. By implementing the proposed scenarios, renewable energy production will be increased in Bangladesh by at least 8.69%, and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions will be reduced by approximately 6636.09 gigagram CO2eq by disposing of 90.14 million tons of manure each year. Hence, the potential selection of biogas plant locations and benefit analysis of different scenarios will guide the establishment of a local decision for the utilization of regional bioenergy from livestock manure in Bangladesh.
Mitigation Strategy of Land Use Mix for Jobs-Housing Mismatch
Authors: Liu Zhuangtian , Wu Shaohua , Zeng Canying , Dang Yunxiao
Published: January 2025

The jobs-housing mismatch phenomenon in urban China stems from the combined effects of housing commodification and the improvement of transportation infrastructure. These factors have contributed to the emergence of lengthy commutes and a range of urban challenges. This study examines the issue of jobs-housing mismatch in large cities, focusing on Hangzhou. It utilizes mobile signaling big data, geographically weighted regression, and spatial analysis to investigate the link between land mixed-use and this mismatch. The results reveal that Hangzhou faces a significant residential-employment mismatch, particularly in a ring-like pattern. Central urban areas are relatively balanced, while residential areas band around the center, and employment areas are scattered both centrally and on the outskirts. Land mixed-use impacts this mismatch spatially. In new developments, increased land use mix exacerbates the mismatch, while in ecological green spaces, it has a suppressive effect. Based on these findings, Hangzhou’s main urban area is divided into nine zones, each with tailored suggestions for balancing residential and employment spaces. This study demonstrates that mobile signaling data can precisely capture micro-level characteristics of residential and employment patterns. A multi-dimensional approach to land mixed-use offers a more comprehensive understanding than a single perspective. The zoning strategy helps establish spatial differences and balance residential-employment relations, providing valuable insights for urban renewal and land function optimization.
A Van Benthem Characterization Result for Distribution-Free Logics
Authors: Hartonas Chrysafis
Published: January 2025

This article contributes to recent results in the model theory of distribution-free logics (which include a Goldblatt-Thomason theorem and a development of their Sahlqvist theory) by lifting van Benthem’s characterization result for modal logic to the more general setting of the logics of normal lattice expansions. Our proof approach makes use of a fully abstract translation of the language of the logics of interest into the language of sorted residuated modal logic, building on an analogous translation of substructural logics recently published by the author. The article is intended as a demonstration and application of a project of reduction of non-distributive logics to (sorted) residuated modal logics. The reduction makes the proof of a van Benthem characterization of non-distributive logics possible, by adapting, reusing and generalizing existing results.
Topological Resilience of Shipping Alliances in Maritime Transportation Networks
Authors: Novaes Mathias Tiago , Sugimura Yoshihisa , Kawasaki Tomoya , Akakura Yasuhiro
Published: January 2025

Background: The resilience of shipping alliances within the global maritime container network (GMCN) has critical implications for global trade. This study examines the topological robustness of strategic alliances (SAs) in liner shipping, focusing on their structural properties and responses to disruptions. Methods: Using pre-2019 container vessel schedule data, we constructed a weighted node-edge network model of the GMCN. Centrality metrics were computed to identify critical nodes, and simulations were conducted to evaluate network robustness under random failures (RFs) and targeted attacks (TAs). Results: The results highlight the GMCN’s scale-free topology, which fosters resilience against RFs but exposes vulnerabilities to TAs on high-centrality nodes like Singapore and Shanghai. Among alliances, 2M and Ocean demonstrated superior resilience, attributed to strategic port selection and extensive coverage, yet their reliance on central hubs presents significant risks. Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of alliance-specific strategies, such as infrastructure investments and redundancy planning, to mitigate vulnerabilities. By bridging gaps in existing literature, the research provides insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders to enhance the robustness and adaptability of maritime logistics networks. These findings contribute to ensuring stable global supply chains within an evolving trade environment.
The Effect of Geometrical Shape of Surface Texture on the Rheology and Tribology of Confined Lubricants
Authors: Peng Fankai , Jabbarzadeh Ahmad
Published: January 2025

Understanding lubrication at the nanoscale is essential for reducing friction. While alkanes, the primary component in most lubricants, have been studied for their molecular structure’s impact on rheology and behavior when confined by solid surfaces, the influence of confining surface texture remains underexplored. This research uses molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the rheological behavior of thin film lubrication between various patterned rough surfaces. The study focuses on sinusoidal, sawtooth, and squaretooth wave-patterned surfaces, using hexadecane as the lubricant. The simulations examine the effects under different normal loads and shear rates. Surface patterns significantly influence the formation and structure of crystalline bridges, depending on shear rates and normal loads. The sawtooth wave-patterned surface exhibits the highest viscosity under low normal load and shear rate conditions, forming crystalline bridges with a molecular orientation perpendicular to the shear direction. The squaretooth patterns exhibit the lowest viscosities due to the nematic order in crystalline bridges with molecules aligned in the shearing direction. The sinusoidal wave-patterned surface shows intermediary viscosity with disordered crystalline bridge groups formed with random molecular orientation. The lowest viscosity provided by the squaretooth pattern surface persists across various conditions, including both transitory and steady states, under high and low loads, and over a wide range of shear rates. However, the difference in shear viscosity is reduced at higher normal loads. This research provides valuable insights for designing nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and other applications where boundary conditions are critical to lubrication.
Contact Load and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis of Eccentric Bearings in RV Reducer Considering the Effects of Roller Profile Modification
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Wang Gang , Wu Daqi , Guan Jian , Chen Wenjie
Published: January 2025

The mechanical and tribological behavior of eccentric bearings is crucial for the performance of a RV reducer. By combining the finite element model (FEM) and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) method, a comprehensive model for the cylindrical roller bearings applied in the RV reducer is developed in this study. During the modeling phase, FEM is utilized to determine the bearing load, taking into account the structural flexibility. The FEM result demonstrates that a 15% increase in the maximum bearing’s load is detected by the FEM compared to the analytical model. After the simulations, the effects of the roller profile modification, the bearing load and the rolling speed on the bearing performance are revealed. The numerical results indicate that the combined generatrix shape roller results in weaker edge effects and stress concentration compared with that of the straight generatrix shape roller and the arc generatrix shape roller. The optimal values of modification length and modification quantity under various load and rolling speed conditions are provided. Furthermore, durability tests on RV reducers equipped with the three types of rollers were conducted. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the combined generatrix shape roller significantly improves the reliability and fatigue life of the RV reducer, corroborating the numerical analyses.
Dynamic Response and Lubrication Performance of Spur Gear Pair Under Time-Varying Rotation Speeds
Authors: Pei Jiaxing , Tian Yuanyuan , Hou Hongjuan , Tao Yourui , Wu Miaojie , Guan Zhigang
Published: January 2025

The rotation speed directly influences the vibration and lubrication behaviors of gear pairs, but studying the effects of time-varying rotation speeds during their operation poses substantial challenges. The present work proposed an approach to analyzing the dynamic response and lubrication performance of spur gear pairs under time-varying rotation speeds. A single-degree-of-freedom torsional dynamics model was established to capture the vibration responses and meshing forces of a gear pair, with the meshing stiffness modulated by the time-varying rotation speed. Additionally, a transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of the gear system was proposed to obtain the pressure pro-file and film shape, incorporating the effects of time-varying rotation speeds. Three types of time-varying rotation speeds were investigated: acceleration, deceleration, and oscillation. The results reveal that the time-varying rotation speed induces chaotic motion of the gear system, resulting in significant changes in the dynamic meshing force, entrainment velocity, and curvature radius of the gear pair compared to those in constant-speed scenarios. The lubrication performance under time-varying rotation speeds also shows diverse dynamic characteristics, highlighting significant differences from that observed under a constant rotation speed. These insights contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of gear dynamics under realistic operating conditions, enhancing gears’ performance and reliability in practical applications.
Optimising β-Ti21S Alloy Lattice Structures for Enhanced Femoral Implants: A Study on Mechanical and Biological Performance
Authors: Emanuelli Lorena , Babaei Melika , De Biasi Raffaele , du Plessis Anton , Trivisonno Andrea , Agostinacchio Francesca , Motta Antonella , Benedetti Matteo , Pellizzari Massimo
Published: January 2025

The metastable β-Ti21S alloy exhibits a lower elastic modulus than Ti-6Al-4V ELI while maintaining high mechanical strength and ductility. To address stress shielding, this study explores the integration of lattice structures within prosthetics, which is made possible through additive manufacturing. Continuous adhesion between the implant and bone is essential; therefore, auxetic bow-tie structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio are proposed for regions under tensile stress, while Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures with a positive Poisson’s ratio are recommended for areas under compressive stress. This research examines the manufacturability and quasi-static mechanical behaviour of two auxetic bow-tie (AUX 2.5 and AUX 3.5) and two TPMS structures (TPMS 2.5 and TPMS 1.5) in β-Ti21S alloy produced via laser powder bed fusion. Micro-CT reveals printability issues in TPMS 1.5, affecting pore size and reducing fatigue resistance compared to TPMS 2.5. AUX 3.5’s low stiffness matches cancellous bone but shows insufficient yield strength and fatigue resistance for femoral implants. Biological tests confirm non-toxicity and enhanced cell activity in β-Ti21S structures. The study concludes that the β-Ti21S alloy, especially with TPMS 2.5 structures, demonstrates promising mechanical and biological properties for femoral implants. However, challenges like poor printability in TPMS 1.5 are acknowledged and should be addressed in future research.
Current Strategies in Developing Antibacterial Surfaces for Joint Arthroplasty Implant Applications
Authors: Cardoso Giovana Collombaro , Correa Diego Rafael Nespeque , Fosca Marco , Pometun Evgenii V. , Antoniac Iulian V. , Grandini Carlos Roberto , Rau Julietta V.
Published: January 2025

Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) remain a significant challenge, occurring in 1% to 2% of joint arthroplasties and potentially leading to a 20% to 30% mortality rate within 5 years. The primary pathogens responsible for PJIs include Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Gram-negative bacteria, typically treated with intravenous antibiotic drugs. However, this conventional approach fails to effectively eradicate biofilms or the microbial burden in affected tissues. As a result, innovative strategies are being explored to enhance the efficacy of infection prevention through the development of antibacterial-coated implants. These coatings are required to demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, minimal local and systemic toxicity, favorable cost-effectiveness, and support for bone healing. In the present review, the analysis of various methodologies for developing antibacterial coatings was performed, emphasizing studies that conducted in vivo tests to advance potential clinical applications. A diversity of techniques employed for the development of coatings incorporating antimicrobial agents highlights promising avenues for reducing infection-related surgical failures.
Study on the Mechanism Between Weld Microstructure and Crack Tie Opening Displacement Fracture Toughness of the Steel Catenary Riser
Authors: Cao Yuxi , Yin Shubiao , Li Ba , Jia Shujun , Li Yuan , Qin Yuqin , Hong Rui , Shuai Kangxin
Published: January 2025

Fracture toughness is an important index related to the service safety of marine risers, and weld is an essential component of the steel catenary risers. In this paper, microscopic structure characterization methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), as well as mechanical experiments like crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and nanoindentation, were employed to conduct a detailed study on the influence of the microstructure characteristics of multi-wire submerged arc welded seams of steel catenary riser pipes on CTOD fracture toughness. The influence mechanisms of each microstructure characteristic on fracture toughness were clarified. The results show that the main structure in the weld of the steel catenary riser is acicular ferrite (AF), but there is also often side lath plate ferrite (FSP) and grain boundary ferrite (GBF). With the increase in the proportion of FSP and GBF in the weld microstructure, the CTOD fracture toughness of the weld decreases gradually. The weld AF is a braided cross arrangement structure, and most of the grain boundary orientation difference is higher than 45°. The effective grain size refinement of AF can effectively prevent crack propagation and significantly improve fracture toughness. GBF is distributed along proto-austenitic grain boundaries PAGB, and the large hardness difference between the GBF and the AF matrix weakens the grain boundary. Cracks can easy be initiated at the interface position of the two phases and can propagate along the GBF grain boundary, resulting in the deterioration of toughness. Although the hardness of FSP is between that of GBF and AF, it destroys the continuity of the overall weld microstructure and is also unfavorable to toughness.
Industrial Investigations of S355 Steel-Grade Homogenization in a 100-Tonne Ladle Furnace
Authors: Jochymczyk Dariusz , Warzecha Marek , Hutny Artur
Published: January 2025

The paper presents the results of industrial research and numerical simulations of the chemical homogenization of liquid steel. The research object was a ladle furnace with a working capacity of the ladle of 100 t at the steel plant of Huta Częstochowa, currently Liberty Częstochowa Sp. z o.o. Industrial research was carried out under standard production conditions of the steelworks. The research included automatic steel sampling, measurement of the bath temperature, controlled measurement of argon flow at a given intensity, and the determination of the concentration of elements in steel samples using a spectrometric analyser. The element introduced in the form of a ferroalloy (FeMn and FeSiMn) played the role of a marker in the study of changes in the chemical composition during the process of dissolution and mixing of the alloying additive. Monitoring changes in the chemical composition of steel after the introduction of the marker was carried out by taking metal samples. The initial and boundary parameters of the modelled processes necessary to perform numerical simulations were determined successively through industrial measurements or determined on the basis of empirical relationships. A two-equation k-ε turbulence model was used to assess the flow inside the tested ladle furnace, and a discrete phase model was used to model gas bubbles. The mixing characteristics of the steel bath after introducing the alloying additive to it were determined. The comparison of the results of numerical simulations with experimental data was based on the analysis of the chemical homogenization process.
Reconstruction and Prediction of Chaotic Time Series with Missing Data: Leveraging Dynamical Correlations Between Variables
Authors: Lv Jingchan , Mao Hongcun , Wang Yu , Yao Zhihai
Published: January 2025

Although data-driven machine learning methods have been successfully applied to predict complex nonlinear dynamics, forecasting future evolution based on incomplete past information remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a novel data-driven approach that leverages the dynamical relationships among variables. By integrating Non-Stationary Transformers with LightGBM, we construct a robust model where LightGBM builds a fitting function to capture and simulate the complex coupling relationships among variables in dynamically evolving chaotic systems. This approach enables the reconstruction of missing data, restoring sequence completeness and overcoming the limitations of existing chaotic time series prediction methods in handling missing data. We validate the proposed method by predicting the future evolution of variables with missing data in both dissipative and conservative chaotic systems. Experimental results demonstrate that the model maintains stability and effectiveness even with increasing missing rates, particularly in the range of 30% to 50%, where prediction errors remain relatively low. Furthermore, the feature importance extracted by the model aligns closely with the underlying dynamic characteristics of the chaotic system, enhancing the method’s interpretability and reliability. This research offers a practical and theoretically sound solution to the challenges of predicting chaotic systems with incomplete datasets.
Belyi Maps from Zeroes of Hypergeometric Polynomials
Authors: Vidunas Raimundas
Published: January 2025

The evaluation of low-degree hypergeometric polynomials to zero defines algebraic hypersurfaces in the affine space of the free parameters and the argument of the hypergeometric function. This article investigates the algebraic surfaces defined by the hypergeometric equation F12(−N,b;c;z)=0 with N=3 or N=4. As a captivating application, these surfaces parametrize certain families of genus 0 Belyi maps. Thereby, this article contributes to the systematic enumeration of Belyi maps.
Characteristics of the First Italian Older Adults Vaccinated with an Adjuvanted Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine
Authors: Domnich Alexander , Orsi Andrea , Lai Piero Luigi , Massaro Elvira , Trombetta Carlo-Simone , Pastorino Julieta , Roihl Charlott , Pianta Marianna , Icardi Giancarlo , Panatto Donatella
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Three respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines have been recently made available for older adults. Understanding the principal characteristics of the first vaccine-takers can pave the way for a successful vaccination campaign. The objective of this study was to explore the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the first Italian users of an adjuvanted RSV vaccine and their attitudes towards RSV and vaccination. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 in Liguria (Italy). Individuals aged ≥60 years with no contraindications to the adjuvanted vaccine RSVPreF3 OA were eligible. Following vaccination, subjects filled in a questionnaire, which comprised items on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, attitudes towards RSV and RSV vaccination and a vaccination trust indicator (VTI). Results: A total of 453 vaccinees completed the survey. Their mean age was 74.9 ± 8.0 years, and 50.6% were males. Nine of ten (89.2%) individuals had ≥1 co-morbidity, of which cardiovascular conditions (70.4%), respiratory diseases (27.6%) and diabetes (18.5%) were the most common. Uptake of the routine vaccines was high: 91.2% and 98.7% received the 2023/2024 season influenza and ≥2 COVID-19 vaccines, respectively. The most common reasons for the current RSV vaccination were general practitioner advice (43.9%), followed by the willingness to be protected against (20.8%) and feelings of being at risk (16.6%) of RSV. The average VTI score was 91.5%, suggesting high trust in vaccines. More positive attitudes towards RSV vaccination were observed (p < 0.01) among subjects who received more COVID-19 vaccine doses, whose reasons for the current RSV vaccination were the willingness to be protected or to be in good health and the feeling of being at risk for RSV. Conclusions: The first Italian users of the novel RSVPreF3 OA vaccine were represented by high-risk individuals with a comparatively high prevalence of co-morbidities, high uptake of the seasonal respiratory vaccines and high trust in immunization.
Functional and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Cognitive Tests and Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain Levels
Authors: Polunosika Elina , Simren Joel , Akmene Arta , Klimovskis Nikita , Blennow Kaj , Pastare Daina , Zetterberg Henrik , Erts Renars , Karelis Guntis
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The disease can manifest and progress with both physical and cognitive symptoms, affecting the patient’s daily activities. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between functional status, cognitive functions, and neurofilament light chain levels in plasma in MS patients. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, MS patients with a relapsing–remitting course (according to McDonald’s criteria, 2017) (n = 42) from Riga East University Hospital and a control group (n = 42) were included. In the MS group, the functional status was determined using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and neurofilament light chain levels in plasma (pNfL) were detected using single molecule array (Simoa) technology. The symbol digit modalities test (SDMT), brief visuospatial memory test—revised (BVMT-R), and the nine-hole peg test (9-HPT) were performed on the MS and control groups, dividing the groups by education level. Results: On the SDMT spreading speed, the MS group performed worse than the control group. The median score for the control group was 94.0, and for the MS group, it was 81.3. Slower performance on the SDMT also correlated with a higher EDSS in the MS group. Cognitive processing speed and memory were better in the control group and among individuals with higher education in both groups. For the BVMT-R, we found no difference between the two groups; both groups were able to learn the task equally well, but we found a weak correlation between age and learning in both groups, which could be related to the normal aging process. Execution reaction speed on the 9-HPT with the dominant hand was slower in the MS group (24.1 s) than in the control group (19.4 s). In the MS group, we observed a trend between SDMT performance and pNfL levels: higher pNfL levels were found in individuals who performed more slowly on the SDMT. Conclusions: Cognitive and fine motor dysfunction correlates with neurological impairment and plasma neurofilament light chain levels in MS patients.
Evaluation of Machinability and Energy Consumption of CK45 Steel Using Synthetic-Based Nanofluid and Minimum Quantity Lubrication Cutting Fluid
Authors: Şap Emine , Usca Üsame Ali , Değirmenci Ünal , Şap Serhat , Uzun Mahir
Published: January 2025

CK45 steel has various industrial uses due to its durability, wear resistance and strength. It is generally used in machinery, automotive industry, hydraulic cylinders, bearings, gears and similar applications. It is important to investigate the machinability properties of CK45 steel, which is frequently used in the manufacturing industry, in different cooling/lubrication environments. This study focused on the effects of a synthetic-based nanofluid cooling strategy and different cutting parameters during the milling of CK45 steel. Additionally, Taguchi analysis was performed to reduce the number of experiments and costs. Sustainable cooling/lubrication techniques were used during milling. A three-axis computer-controlled machine was used for the milling process. According to the findings, flank wear, surface roughness, and energy consumption were reduced by machining in the nanofluid environment. It was observed that Cu nanoparticles added into the nanofluid increased the machinability properties. Furthermore, statistical analysis was employed to ascertain the predominant control variables influencing the response parameters. Machinability efficiency can be increased by using nanoparticulate fluids as a coolant during milling. In addition, costs can be reduced by identifying the most effective factors in the experiment through statistical analysis.
Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of B4C-Reinforced TC11 + xFe Composites Fabricated by HIP
Authors: Qian Shenwei , Wang Nan , Chen Feng , Sun Yangyang , Zhao Jiong , Chang Hui , Feng Liang , Zhou Lian
Published: January 2025

The present study involved (TiB + TiC)/TC11 (Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.2Zr-0.3Si) + xFe titanium matrix composites (TMCs) reinforced by in situ TiB whiskers and TiC particles fabricated by hot isostatic pressing. Microstructure observation reveals a substantial distribution of in situ reinforcements, which form a network-reinforced structure at the prior particle boundaries of the TC11 matrix. The micro–nanoscale TiB whiskers and TiC particles within and surrounding this network serve as effective dislocation pinning. The enhancement of mechanical properties can be attributed to load-bearing strengthening, fine-grain strengthening, and dislocation strengthening. The hardness and compressive strengths were investigated through mechanical properties testing. The hardness increased by 19.4% (2 wt% B4C-reinforced composites) compared with TC11 alloy. However, the addition of 2 wt% Fe at the same B4C level (2 wt% B4C + 2 wt% Fe-reinforced composites) resulted in a significant increase in hardness by 37.5% and 15.2% in compressive strengths of TMC and can be attributed to the solid solution strengthening effect and higher dislocation density provided by the addition of Fe. In addition, the optimal overall properties can be achieved by strictly regulating the addition ratio of 2 wt% Fe and 1 wt% B4C, allowing for a compressive strength of 2301 MPa while still maintaining a compressive strain of 24.6%.
Influence of the Injection Process on Two-Phase Separation in Stainless-Steel Metal Powder Injection Molding
Authors: Li Yan , Peng Xingjie , Zan Xiang , Luo Laima , Wu Yucheng
Published: January 2025

A common issue encountered in metal powder injection molding is the separation of the powder and binder during the injection process, which can give rise to a number of defects. In order to investigate the phenomenon of phase separation in stainless-steel injected flat parts, a numerical simulation methodology was employed by using the Moldex3D R14.0 finite element software to simulate the injection process. Then, the impact of injection parameters on separation was analyzed by comparing key performance indicators such as powder volumetric concentration and density. Furthermore, the extent of the separation was minimized by the optimization of process parameters. The simulation results indicate that the separation of binder and powder is most severe near the gate, where the binder percentage is the highest. The application of elevated mold temperatures, augmented injection rates and reduced injection temperatures can effectively mitigate the two-phase separation phenomenon and enhance the uniformity of powder distribution. This provides a crucial theoretical foundation and technical support for the enhancement of the quality and performance of metal powder injection products.
Serum Uric Acid and Bone Health in Middle-Aged and Elderly Hypertensive Patients: A Potential U-Shaped Association and Implications for Future Fracture Risk
Authors: Song Shuaiwei , Cai Xintian , Hu Junli , Zhu Qing , Shen Di , Ma Huimin , Zhang Yingying , Ma Rui , Zhou Pan , Yang Wenbo , Hong Jing , Li Nanfang
Published: January 2025

Background: The influence of serum uric acid (SUA) on bone metabolism, as suggested by previous studies, remains a contentious issue. SUA plays a complex role in bone health and hypertension, making it challenging to discern its impact on the skeletal status of middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients. This study aims to elucidate the effects of SUA on bone health, with a particular focus on its association with osteoporosis and the risk of fractures. Methods: Multiple linear regression analyzed SUA levels against bone mineral density (BMD) and future fracture risk. Additionally, multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between SUA and osteoporosis. Dose–response relationship analysis was conducted using generalized smooth curve fitting (GSCF) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) methods. Results: With the exception of the total femur region, SUA and BMD showed a positive connection. GSCF analysis revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between SUA and BMD, alongside a U-shaped trend with FRAX scores. Moreover, RCS analysis indicated a U-shaped relationship between osteoporosis risk and SUA levels, with higher risks identified in the first and third tertiles compared to the second tertile. Conclusions: In individuals with middle-aged and older hypertension, SUA is substantially linked to bone health. The identification of an inverted U-shaped relationship with BMD and U-shaped relationships with FRAX scores and osteoporosis risk highlights the nuanced influence of SUA. These findings suggest that both low and high SUA levels may adversely affect bone health, emphasizing the need for further research.
Studying the Oncolytic Activity of Streptococcus pyogenes Strains Against Hepatoma, Glioma, and Pancreatic Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Tsapieva Anna N. , Chernov Alexander N. , Duplik Nadezhda V. , Morozova Anastasiya O. , Filatenkova Tatiana A. , Suvorova Mariia A. , Egidarova Elena , Galimova Elvira S. , Bogatireva Kseniya , Suvorov Alexander N.
Published: January 2025

Background: Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality globally. Conventional treatment modalities, including radiation and chemotherapy, often fall short of achieving complete remission, highlighting the critical need for novel therapeutic strategies. One promising approach involves the oncolytic potential of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) strains for tumor treatment. This study aimed to investigate the oncolytic efficacy of S. pyogenes GUR and its M protein knockout mutant, S. pyogenes strain GURSA1, which was genetically constructed to minimize overall toxicity, against mouse hepatoma 22A, pancreatic cancer PANC02, and human glioma U251 cells, both in vitro and in vivo, using the C57BL/6 mouse model. Methods: The in vitro oncolytic cytotoxic activity of GAS strains was studied against human glioma U251, pancreatic cancer PANC02, murine hepatoma 22a, and normal skin fibroblast cells using the MTT assay and the real-time xCELLigence system. A syngeneic mouse model of hepatoma and pancreatic cancer was used to evaluate the in vivo oncolytic effect of GAS strains. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test with GraphPad Prism software. Results: The in vitro model showed that the live S. pyogenes GUR strain had a strong cytotoxic effect (67.4 ± 1.9%) against pancreatic cancer PANC02 cells. This strain exhibited moderate (38.0 ± 1.8%) and weak (16.3 ± 5.4%) oncolytic activities against glioma and hepatoma cells, respectively. In contrast, the S. pyogenes GURSA1 strain demonstrated strong (86.5 ± 1.6%) and moderate (36.5 ± 1.8%) oncolytic activities against glioma and hepatoma cells. Additionally, the S. pyogenes GURSA1 strain did not exhibit cytotoxic activity against healthy skin fibroblast cells (cell viability 104.2 ± 1.3%, p = 0.2542). We demonstrated that tumor treatment with S. pyogenes GURSA1 significantly increased the lifespan of C57BL/6 mice with hepatoma (34 days, p = 0.040) and pancreatic cancer (32 days, p = 0.039) relative to the control groups (24 and 28 days, respectively). Increased lifespan was accompanied by a slowdown in tumor progression, as evidenced by a reduction in the growth of hepatoma and pancreatic cancer tumors under treatment with GAS strains in mice. Conclusions: Both S. pyogenes GUR and S. pyogenes GURSA1 strains demonstrated strong oncolytic activity against murine hepatoma 22a, pancreatic cancer PANC02, and human U251 glioma cells in vitro. In contrast, S. pyogenes GUR and GURSA1 did not show toxicity against human normal skin fibroblasts. The overall survival rate and lifespan of mice treated with S. pyogenes GURSA1, a strain lacking the M protein on its surface, were significantly higher compared to the control and S. pyogenes GUR strain groups.
The Gut Microbiome Regulates the Psychomotor Effects and Context-Dependent Rewarding Responses to Cocaine in Germ-Free and Antibiotic-Treated Animal Models
Authors: Winters Andrew D. , Francescutti Dina M. , Kracht David J. , Chaudhari Diptaraj S. , Zagorac Branislava , Angoa-Perez Mariana
Published: January 2025

Cocaine use disorder remains a major global health concern, with growing evidence that the gut microbiome modulates drug-related behaviors. This study examines the microbiome’s role in cocaine-induced psychomotor activation and context-dependent reward responses using germ-free (GF) and antibiotic-treated (ABX) models. In GF mice, the absence of a microbiome blunted cocaine-induced psychomotor activation (p = 0.013), which was restored after conventionalization. GF mice also showed reduced cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) (p = 0.002), which normalized after conventionalization. Dopaminergic function, critical for psychomotor responses and reward, was microbiome-dependent, with increased dopamine levels (p = 0.009) and normalized turnover ratios after conventionalization. In the ABX model, microbiome depletion reduced both cocaine-induced locomotion and CPP responses (p ≤ 0.009), further supporting the role of gut microbes in modulating psychomotor and reward behaviors. ABX-treated mice also showed significant declines in microbial diversity, shifts in bacterial structure, and dysregulation in metabolic, immune, and neurotransmitter pathways (p ≤ 0.0001), including alterations in short-chain fatty acids and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. These findings highlight the gut microbiome’s critical role in regulating cocaine’s psychomotor and rewarding effects, offering insights into potential therapeutic strategies for cocaine use disorder.
Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates on Soil Microbial Structure in Paddy Soil When Combined with Rice Straw Return
Authors: Zeng Xiannan , Wang Qi , Song Qiulai , Liang Quanxi , Sun Yu , Song Fuqiang
Published: January 2025

Metagenomic sequencing of the microbial soil community was used to assess the effect of various nitrogen fertilizer treatments in combination with constant rice straw return to the soil in the tiller layer of Northeast China’s black paddy soil used for rice production. Here, we investigated changes in the composition, diversity, and structure of soil microbial communities in the soil treated with four amounts of nitrogen fertilizers (53, 93, 133, and 173 kg/ha) applied to the soil under a constant straw return of 7500 kg/ha, with a control not receiving N. The relationships between soil microbial community structure and soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The results showed that the available K content of the soil significantly (p < 0.05) increased in soil receiving the lowest N-fertilizer dose. When applied at high amounts, N-fertilizer changed the Chao1 and ACE indices of the soil microorganisms (p < 0.05), and the treatments resulted in significant differences in the β-diversity of the soil microorganisms. By NMDS analysis it was demonstrated that the treatment significantly affected the structure of the soil microbial communities. Redundancy analysis showed that the main physicochemical drivers behind these differences were total nitrogen, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available potassium. The soil microbial communities in the control treatment were negatively correlated with nitrate and ammonium nitrogen; the lowest N-fertilizer treatment produced positive correlations with total nitrogen, total potassium, and total phosphorus and negative correlations with ammonium nitrogen; the highest dose negatively correlated with total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, total phosphorus, and pH. This study showed that moderate N fertilizer application is an effective way to increase soil microbial diversity and improve soil quality. This experiment provides technical support for the application of the alternative fertilizer technology of straw return to the field and provides a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of paddy fields in a cold climate.
Gastric Microbiota Associated with Gastric Precancerous Lesions in Helicobacter pylori-Negative Patients
Authors: Kim Han-Na , Kim Min-Jeong , Jacobs Jonathan P. , Yang Hyo-Joon
Published: January 2025

Studies on the gastric microbiota associated with gastric precancerous lesions remain limited. This study aimed to profile the gastric mucosal microbiota in patients with Helicobacter pylori-negative precancerous lesions. Gastric mucosal samples were obtained from 67 H. pylori-negative patients, including those with chronic gastritis (CG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), and dysplasia. The V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. No significant difference was observed in the alpha or beta diversity of the gastric microbiota among the groups. However, a taxonomic analysis revealed a significant enrichment of Lautropia mirabilis and the depletion of Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Solobacxterium moorei, Haemophilus haemolyticus, and Duncaniella dubosii in the IM and dysplasia groups compared to those in the CG group. Prevotella jejuni and the genus Parvimonas were enriched in the IM group. A predictive functional analysis revealed enrichment of the ornithine degradation pathway in the IM and dysplasia groups, suggesting its role in persistent gastric mucosal inflammation associated with gastric precancerous lesions. The gastric microbiota associated with H. pylori-negative gastric precancerous lesions showed an increased abundance of oral microbes linked to gastric cancer and a reduction in anti-inflammatory bacteria. These alterations might contribute to chronic gastric mucosal inflammation, promoting carcinogenesis in the absence of H. pylori infection.