bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ETNOBOTANI OBAT PADA MASYARAKAT SUKU PENGULUH DI KPHP LIMAU UNIT VII HULU SAROLANGUN, JAMBI
Authors: Has Dini Hardiani , Zuhud Ervizal A. M. , Hikmat Agus
Published: April 2020

Masyarakat Suku Penguluh merupakan masyarakat lokal yang tinggal di kawasan pegunungan karst di daerah Bukit Bulan, Kecamatan Limun, Kabupaten Sarolangun. Pengetahuan pemanfaatan tumbuhan telah melekat dalam kebudayaan masyarakat sebagai obat, pangan, bahan bangunan dan sebagai bahan ritual. Penurunan pengetahuan pengobatan secara trandisional bagi generasi muda dikhawatirkan menyebabkan hilangnya informasi mengenai pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi etnobotani spesies tumbuhan obat oleh masyarakat Suku Penguluh serta menyusun strategi konservasi dalam pengembangan spesies tumbuhan obat di kawasan hutan produksi KPH Limau Unit VII Hulu di Kabupaten Sarolangun Jambi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2018 – Januari 2019. Data etnobotani diperoleh melalui metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam. Tercatat 100 spesies tumbuhan obat yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati 33 jenis penyakit. Spesies yang memiliki nilai ICS yang tinggi mengidentifikasikan bahwa spesies tersebut sangat berperan dalam kehidupan masyarakat terhadap penyembuhan penyakit yaitu rambutan (Naphelium lappaceum), kasai (Pometia alnifolia), pisang kemali (Musa balbisiana), Kates (Carica papaya) dan pinang (Areca catechu). Strategi konservasi dalam pengembangan tumbuhan tumbuhan obat dapat dilakukan dengan cara : (1) Memaksimalkan pemakaian obat herbal yaitu dapat dilakukan dengan: a) Membuat pelatihan dalam mengolah obat herbal menjadi sebuah produk yang siap pakai oleh pihak KPHP, b) Pengaturan dosis obat herbal yang mempercepat penyembuhan oleh perguruan tinggi, c) Pemasaran tumbuhan obat yang sudah ada sehingga masyarakat mudah menjualnya oleh pemerintah daerah; (2) Pengembangan budidaya dan model-model pemanfaatan yang tidak mengganggu populasi; (3) Pengembangan obat tradisional menjadi nilai ekonomi.

 

Kata kunci: etnobotani, pengetahuan tradisional, strategi konservasi, suku penguluh, tumbuhan obat
POPULASI DAN KARAKTERISASI FENOTIP KANTONG SEMAR (Nepenthes spp.) DI TAMAN KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI HUTAN PELAWAN KABUPATEN BANGKA TENGAH, PROVINSI KEPULAUAN BANGKA BELITUNG
Authors: Armanda Armanda , Anggraeni Anggraeni , Wahyuni Tri
Published: April 2020

Kantong semar (Nepenthes spp.) merupakan tumbuhan yang mampu menjebak serangga dan binatang kecil lainnya. Tercatat sebanyak 139 jenis tersebar di Asia Tenggara. Di provinsi Bangka Belitung, Nepenthes spp. ditemukan di Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati Hutan Pelawan. Informasi data mengenai karakteristik fenotif dan habitat Nepenthes spp. belum pernah dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mendata jumlah populasi dari masing-masing jenis dan mengkarakterisasi fenotip Nepenthes spp. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menemukan 3 spesies yaitu Nepenthes gracilis Korth dengan populasi sebanyak 348 individu, Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack dengan populasi sebanyak 18 individu dan Nepenthes ampullaria Jack dengan populasi sebanyak 45 individu. Indeks keanekaragaman (H’) sebesar 0,36 dan tergolong rendah. Karakteristik fenotif jumlah daun steril berkisar 2-37 helai, daun fertil berkisar 1-12 helai, panjang daun berkisar 9,5-37,2 cm, lebar daun berkisar 1,7-8,2 cm dan tebal daun berkisar 2,1-3,6 mm. Panjang kantong berkisar 3,4-22,2 cm dan diameter kantong berkisar 1,6-4,4 cm. Bentuk silinder (gracilis), tempayan (ampullaria), terompet (rafflesiana kantong atas), bulat telur (rafflesiana kantong bawah). Variasi corak kantong berupa bintik-bintik merah, sayap dan renda bervariasi, kantong atas tidak bersayap, yang bersayap umumnya kantong bawah dan ber-renda, tutup kantong terdiri atas bentuk proporsional dan tak proporsional. Panjang batang berkisar 44-550 cm, diameter batang berkisar 7,0-8,5 mm dan panjang sulur berkisar 1,0-34,4 cm. Posisi sulur terdiri atas posisi membelakangi, menyamping dan di depan mulut kantong.

 

Kata kunci: karakteristik fenotif, keanekaragaman, Nepenthes spp.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yeşil Muhasebe Konusundaki Algıları ve Farkındalıkları: Bir Üniversite Örneği
Authors: TARSUSLU Sinan , ÇİL KOÇYİĞİT Seyhan
Published: April 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin yeşil
muhasebe konusundaki algı ve farkındalık düzeyini ölçmek ve bu algı ve
farkındalık düzeyinin demografik değişkenlerden etkilenip etkilenmediğini
belirlemektir. Çalışmaya Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve
İdari Bilimler Fakültesinde eğitim gören 215 “İşletme” ve “Sağlık Yönetimi”
bölüm öğrencileri katılmıştır. Veriler “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Yeşil Muhasebe
Algı ve Farkındalık Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Yeşil muhasebe algı ve
farkındalık ölçeği ortalaması (x̄=2.30±0.50) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların “Yeşil
Muhasebe Algısı” boyut ortalaması (x̄=3.11±0.55) “Çevre Bilinci” (x̄=2.38±0.52), “Yeşil Muhasebe Eğitimi” (x̄=3.08±0.75) ve “Yeşil Muhasebe Farkındalığı” (x̄=2.88±0.58) boyutlarına göre ortalamalarının daha yüksek
olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin yeşil muhasebe algı ve farkındalıkları
ile bölüm, muhasebe alanında staj veya iş tecrübesi, yaş, sınıf, akademik
ortalama, mezun olduktan sonra yapmayı düşündüğünüz meslek gibi değişkenler
arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlılık tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak öğrencilerin yeşil
muhasebe algı ve farkındalıkları demografik değişkenlere göre işletme bölümü
öğrencilerinde, muhasebe alanında staj veya iş deneyimi olanlarda, 25 ve üstü
yaşa sahip, 4. sınıf olan, ortalaması 2,51-3,00 ve 3,51-4,00 arasında ve mezun
olduktan sonra mali müşavirlik- muhasebecilik mesleğini seçmeyi düşünen
öğrencilerde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Karayolları Motorlu Araçlar Zorunlu Mali Sorumluluk Sigortasında Fiyatlama Rejimi ve Riskli Sigortalılar Havuzuna İlişkin Değerlendirme
Authors: UMUT Muharrem
Published: April 2020

Türk sigortacılık sektöründe sorumluluk sigortalarının payı ve önemi dünya uygulamalarına benzer şekilde gittikçe artmaktadır. Sorumluluk sigortalarındaki Karayolları Motorlu Araçlar Zorunlu Mali Sorumluluk Sigortasının (zorunlu trafik sigortasının) yeri ise hayati önemdedir. Sigortalılar için yaptırılması ve sigorta şirketleri için de sunulması zorunluluğu bulunan zorunlu trafik sigortasının, gerek sigorta şirketlerinin portföylerindeki ağırlığı gerekse ülkemizdeki yaygınlığına bağlı olarak bilinirliği en fazla olan sigorta türüdür. Bu nedenle, kamu otoritesince bu sigortaya yönelik yapılan herhangi bir müdahale sonucunda ilgili tüm taraflardan olumlu veya olumsuz tepkiler alınmakta ve uzun süre tartışılmaktadır. Söz konusu sigortada duyarlılığın en fazla oluştuğu, diğer ifadeyle en çok tepkilere neden olduğu konu ise şüphesiz fiyat seviyesidir. Fiyat seviyesine bağlı olarak zaman içinde kamu otoritesince çeşitli müdahale ve düzenlemeler yapılmış olup temel amacı, primlerin makul oranlara getirilmesi olmuştur. Nitekim 2015 yılı ve sonrasında fiyatlarda yaşanan yükselişler sonucu, önce 2017 yılında zorunlu trafik sigortası primlerinde tavan fiyatlar belirlenmiş, sonrasında ise riskli sigortalılar için bir havuz oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Türk Sigortacılık sektöründe önemli bir yere ve paya sahip olan ve sigorta türü bakımından ülkemizde en fazla yaygınlığı haiz zorunlu trafik sigortasının mahiyetine, kapsamına ve sunduğu teminatlara yer verilmiş, serbest tarifeye geçişle birlikte zaman içinde sigorta fiyatlarında yaşanan dalgalanmalara bağlı olarak kamu otoritesince yapılan müdahalelere ve düzenlemelere nedenleriyle birlikte yer verilmiştir. Daha sonra, son zamanlarda yaşanan fiyat yükselişlerine yönelik olarak kamu otoritesince getirilen tavan fiyat ve riskli sigortalılar havuzu uygulamalarına ilişkin açıklamalarda bulunularak gelecek dönemlerdeki olası etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.
Stratejik Pazarlama Performansını Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi
Authors: AYDIN Şeyma Nur , GÖKDENİZ İsmail
Published: April 2020

Küreselleşme ile birlikte teknolojide yaşanan gelişmeler, rekabetin yoğunlaşması, insan ihtiyaçlarının artması ve çeşitlenmesi pazarlama faaliyetlerinde pek çok gelişmeye neden olurken, pazarlamanın kontrolünü de zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Pazarlama kontrolü için performans ölçütlerinin seçimi son derece önemlidir. Bu nedenle pazarlama yöneticileri faaliyet gösterilen sektör ve işletme türüne göre doğru performans ölçütlerini belirlemeye çalışırlar. Bazı ölçütler sektöre ve işletmeye uymamasına rağmen sadece kantitatif verilere dayanması gibi sebeplerle yine de tercih edilmektedir. Ancak ölçüt seçiminde gerçekçi davranmak gerekir. Kolay ölçülmesinden dolayı sadece kantitatif verilerden yararlanmak geleceğe yönelik doğru bir bilgi sunmayabilir. Bu nedenle pazarlama performansının belirlenmesinde kantitatif ve kalitatif verilerin birlikte değerlendirildiği bir yaklaşım izlemek daha uygun olabilir. Bu çalışmada pazarlama performansının belirlenmesi için hem finansal hem de finansal olmayan ölçütlerin bir arada yer aldığı hiyerarşik bir model önerilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan pazarlama performans ölçütleri literatür taraması ve konuyla ilgili bilimsel çalışmalara sahip olan akademisyenlerin görüşleri sonucunda şekillenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, çalışmaya konu olan işletmenin pazarlama performansını ölçerken baz aldığı pazarlama stratejileri öğrenilmiştir. Değerlendirme, pazarlama yöneticisinin bu stratejiler doğrultusunda performans ölçütlerine verdiği puanlama ile gerçekleşmiştir. Performans ölçütlerinin ağırlığı Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi yöntemi ile hesaplanmış ve hiyerarşik model oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın son aşamasında ise işletmenin pazarlama performans ölçütlerinin mevcut durumu hakkında genel değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
Tocotrienols in Bone Protection: Evidence from Preclinical Studies
Authors: Meister Maureen L. , Mo Huanbiao , Ji Xiangming , Shen Chwan‐Li
Published: April 2020

Osteoporosis is a degenerative bone disease affecting millions, mostly the aging population. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts maintain the balance in bone resorption and formation. Changes occurring in the differentiation, proliferation and activity of these two cell types result in lower bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration, leading to compromised bone strength. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress disrupt the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Tocotrienols, vitamin E isoforms with an unsaturated hydrophobic tridecyl chain, reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by downregulating reactive oxygen species, nuclear factor‐κB activation and pro‐inflammatory cytokines and upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzyme in bone cells. Consequently, tocotrienols increase bone mineralization, promote osteoblast differentiation, and suppress osteoclast formation and differentiation. In vivo studies using various animal models of osteoporosis show improved biomarkers of bone formation and bone strength with tocotrienol supplementation. Tocotrienol‐mediated downregulation of the mevalonate pathway that provides substrates for the biological activities of small guanosine triphosphate‐binding proteins may also contribute to the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Clinical studies are needed to confirm the bone‐protection offered by tocotrienols that are found in abundance in plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds and oils, which are also known for their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects.
Espaço social e simbólico do negro na produção acadêmica brasileira das Relações Internacionais no século XXI
Authors: Jesus Blenda Santos de
Published: April 2020

O Brasil foi o último país das Américas a abolir o comércio transatlântico de pessoas, e, ainda hoje o afrodescendente sofre com a marginalização de sua figura, em razão do embranquecimento da sua identidade e conhecimento. Essa prática, conhecida como colonialismo epistemológico, atinge principalmente, mas não exclusivamente, a produção acadêmica das Relações Internacionais (RI). Nesse contexto, o presente artigo objetiva analisar a representação das relações raciais na produção acadêmica brasileira das Relações Internacionais no século XXI. Para isso, investigamos quais vozes são predominantes nas RI e por quê, seguida de uma contextualização do negro na construção do discurso social e simbólico brasileiro, e a identificação de sua figura na produção acadêmica brasileira das RI. Utilizou-se abordagem metodológica de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, com método de investigação dialético. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, foi realizada revisão de literatura nacional e internacional e levantamento da produção acadêmica nacional stricto sensu.
Escravismo Atlântico no século XIX: a construção do "internacional" no mar
Authors: Bezerra Gustavo Alvim de Góes , Salgado Pedro , Yamato Roberto Vilchez
Published: April 2020

Este artigo almeja trazer o comércio transatlântico de pessoas escravizadas para o centro do debate historiográfico e teórico das Relações Internacionais, em particular no que tange à formação e evolução do sistema internacional de Estados soberanos. Tal movimento se dá fundamentalmente em dois passos. Em um primeiro momento, promovemos uma discussão nos termos da Escola Inglesa, como tradição teórica que se debruça sobre a evolução histórica da política internacional. Demonstramos, com esse engajamento crítico, o silenciamento da disciplina para a escravização transatlântica como uma “instituição fundamental” da “sociedade internacional”. No segundo momento, avaliamos as consequências teóricas da inclusão do comércio e exploração do trabalho de pessoas no rol de instituições fundamentais que formam a sociedade internacional. Questionamos se tal inclusão é suficiente para desfazer o que identificamos como “silêncio constitutivo” que a escravidão atlântica representa para a disciplina e se a inclusão desta instituição internacional reforma as premissas eurocêntricas sobre as quais se baseia a Escola Inglesa. A partir daí, propomos uma reflexão epistemológica sobre a historiografia das Relações Internacionais que aponta para um diálogo mais profundo entre teoria e história, a partir de evoluções recentes nos campos da Sociologia Histórica e dos estudos Pós/Decoloniais.
Aequinoxialem Non Peccari: anarquia, estado de natureza e a construção da ordem político-espacial
Authors: Santos Filho Onofre Dos
Published: April 2020

A máxima do século XVI, ultra aequinoxialem non peccari – ao sul da linha equinocial não se peca –, expressa mais do que uma divisão entre vício no Sul e virtude no Norte. Exprime um sistema de localização espacial que, a partir do Trópico de Câncer, demarca dois mundos: um ao Norte, baseado no Direito das Gentes europeu que regula o exercício da violência e as relações entre os nascentes Estados territoriais; outro ao Sul, não sujeito a este Direito, aberto ao exercício da violência pelos Estados europeus na tomada de terra do Novo Mundo. Processo de domínio que mais tarde os contratualistas racionalizarão através de nova clivagem: sociedades não contratuais ao sul do Trópico de Câncer; sociedades contratuais ao norte do Trópico de Câncer. Isso resultou no entendimento dos povos do Sul vivendo em situação de anarquia no estado de natureza, o que autorizou o recurso à força pelos colonizadores, legitimando a construção de um novo ordenamento social. Tendo em vista este processo, o propósito deste ensaio é o de analisar a extensão da ideia de anarquia e de estado de natureza às interações internacionais e suas implicações para a interpretação do internacional a partir das relações Sul-Norte.
Expression of PCNA, MMP-9, p53, Bax and Bcl-2 in canine transmissible venereal tumors
Authors: KARAKURT Emin , KURU Mushap , DAĞ Serpil , BEYTUT Enver , NUHOĞLU Hilmi , DEMİR Murat Can , KAÇAR Cihan , KARATAŞ Özhan , YILDIZ Ayfer
Published: April 2020

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the proliferative, metastatic and apoptotic capacities of TVT cases, which are in various phases of development, by using immunohistochemical markers. The material of this study consisted of twelve female and six male dogs diagnosed with TVT brought to our department between 2007 and 2020 years. Diff-quick staining was applied to the smear taken from tumoral masses for cytological examinations. Tumoral tissues from dogs were fixed in a 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde solution. After routine tissue procedures Hematoxylin & Eosin stain was applied to the sections. Tissue sections were investigated under a light microscope and photographed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the tissues using the avidin-biotin immune peroxidase complex method. As a result of macroscopic, cytological and histopathological examinations, TVT positive cases were divided into three according to their developmental stages. While the expression of PCNA, MMP-9, mutant p53 and Bcl-2 increased significantly in progressive cases compared to regressive and stable cases, Bax expression increased significantly in regressive cases compared to progressive and stable cases. In conclusion, we thought that the mentioned markers are very useful for understanding the prognosis of TVT, the tumor aggressiveness and the survival of the malignant cells.
PEMBUATAN BETON CAMPURAN STYROFOAM MENGGUNAKAN AGREGAT PASIR BENGAWAN SOLO
Authors: Hasyim Achmad , Kartikasari Dwi
Published: April 2020

Concrete becomes a building material that has an important role and is in great demand. Composite materials concrete that is easily obtained is the advantages of concrete today. The specific gravity of concrete depends on the material making up of concrete. The smaller specific gravity of concrete will make the concrete have a lightweight; this will affect the dead load of the building. This research aims to find out how the process and also the effect of styrofoam mixture using Bengawan Solo River sand with the initial quality used is K-250. The research method used is the experimental method and even the study of previous research theories. Test specimens used are cylindrical, with variations in the percentage of the addition of styrofoam 0%, 1%, and 1.5%. Compressive strength testing is performed at the age of 7 days of concrete. The test results show that the addition of styrofoam in a concrete mixture affects the compressive strength of concrete, with the addition of styrofoam the percentage of 1% obtains a compressive strength of 21.899 MPa, while the addition of styrofoam percentage of 1% obtains a compressive strength of 20.453 MPaBeton menjadi material bangunan yang memeiliki peran penting dan banyak diminati. Material penyusun beton yang mudah didapatkan menjadi keunggulan beton saat ini. Berat jenis beton bergantung pada material penyusun beton. Berat jenis beton yang lebih kecil akan membuat beton memiliki bobot yang ringan, hal tersebut akan berpengaruh pada beban mati bangunan. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses dan pengaruh campuran styrofoam menggunakan pasir Sungai Bengawan Solo dengan mutu awal yang dgunakan yaitu K-250. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode eksperimental dan juga kajian teori penelitian terdahulu. Benda uji yang digunakan berbentuk silinder dengan variasi prosentase penambahan styrofoam 0%, 1% dan 1.5%. Pengujian kuat tekan dilakukan saat umur beton 7 hari. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan penambahan styrofoam dalam campuran beton mempengaruhi kuat tekan beton,  dengan  penambahan  styrofoam prosentase 1% memperoleh kuat tekan sebesar 21,899 MPa, sedangkan penambahan styrofoam prosentase 1% memperoleh kuat tekan sebesar 20,453 Mpa.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI CAMPURAN PAVING BLOCK (Ditinjau dari Kuat Tekan dan Resapan Air)
Authors: Sucahyo Ilham Adji , Agustapraja Hammam Rofiqi , Damara Bobby
Published: April 2020

The main objective of this study was to find out and analyze how much the influence of the coconut shell charcoal had on changes in compressive strength and water absorption in the K-175 paving block. This research method is experimental research, which is a research of making paving block specimens, by conducting activities or experiments using coconut shell waste as a mixture of paving blocks, with a mix design mix referring to the comparison of concrete mix with K-175 quality (SNI 03-2834-2000). The conversion value of compressive strength of specimens at the age of 7 days to 28 days from specimens N, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% is 271,80 kg/cm², 205,12 kg/cm², 102,57 kg/cm²,76,92 kg/cm² and 64,11 kg/cm² respectively. In the normal test code, the paving block is classified as class B quality, while the 5% specimen code is classified as class B quality, for the test object code 10%, 15%, and 20% do not meet the paving block quality standards. The results of the water absorption test increased in paving blocks with a combination of coconut shell charcoal. All of them have increased water infiltration on paving blocks.Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa seberapa besar pengaruh arang tempurung kelapa terhadap perubahan kuat tekan dan resapan air pada paving block K-175. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen, yaitu penelitian pembuatan benda uji paving block, dengan cara melakukan kegiatan atau percobaan pemanfaatan limbah tempurung kelapa sebagai campuran paving block, dengan perbandingan mix design mengacu pada perbandingan campuran beton dengan mutu K-175 (SNI 03-2834-2000). Hasil nilai konversi kuat tekan benda uji pada umur 7 hari ke umur 28 hari dari benda uji N, 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% adalah 271,80 kg/cm², 205,12 kg/cm², 102,57 kg/cm²,76,92 kg/cm² dan 64,11 kg/cm². Pada kode benda uji normal paving block tergolong dalam mutu kelas B, sedangkan pada kode benda uji 5% tergolong dalam mutu kelas B, untuk kode benda uji 10%, 15%, dan 20% tidak memenuhi standar mutu paving block. Hasil dari uji resapan air  paving  block  dengan  penambahan  arang  tempurung kelapa dari benda uji 5%, 10%, 15% dan 20%. Kesemuanya mengalami peningkatan resapan air pada paving block.
Отсутствие формирования толерантности при длительном применении нового структурного аналога фенибута — цитрокарда
Authors: Тюренков Иван Николаевич , Бугаева Любовь Ивановна , Багметова Виктория Владимировна , Бородкина Людмила Евгеньевна , Кривицкая Анастасия Николаевна
Published: April 2020

Изучена возможность развития толерантности к новому структурному аналогу фенибута — цитрокарду (цитрат 4-амино-3-фенилбутановой кислоты) при длительном введении самцам и самкам крыс. Установлено, что цитрокард как при однократном, так и длительном (14 дней, 1 и 6 мес) введении в дозах 50 мг/кг (экспериментально доказанная эффективная) и, в меньшей степени, 250 мг/кг (5-кратная эффективная) у самцов и самок крыс проявляет ноотропное действие — увеличивает латентный период первого захода в тёмный отсек в тесте «Условная реакция пассивного избегания» и латентный период подныривания в тесте «Экстраполяционное избавление», а также анксиолитический эффект — увеличивает время пребывания животных в открытых рукавах «Приподнятого крестообразного лабиринта» и количество заходов в них. В дозе 700 мг/кг (условно субтоксическая, приближается к 1/2 LD50) на фоне вялости и заторможенности, вероятно, связанных с возникновением седативного эффекта в этой дозе, цитрокард ухудшает когнитивные функции у животных и уменьшает количество перемещений в либиринте. Перечисленные эффекты цитрокарда во все сроки введения были равной степени выраженности, что свидетельствует об отсутствии развития толерантности к нему у животных.
A Thermal Comfort Evaluation Using a Statistical Analysis of Interior Temperature for a Building Located in Constantine, Algeria
Authors: BOUDJBİR Hind , MAHRI Zine Labidine , ELAYOUBI Kreda Salah Eddine
Published: April 2020

The objective of this study is to analyze the thermal behavior of a residential building with an aim of estimating thermal comfort in this building for a case of passive air conditioning. Passive air conditioning can play a major role in promoting energy efficiency in the building sector [1]. Considering that this sector is one of the main targets of the improvement of energy efficiency, since it represents today more than one-third of the worldwide consumption of energy and an equivalent amount of its associated emissions [2]. In Algeria, this sector has the highest energy consumption. Its consumption represents more than 42% of the total final consumption [3].
The Effect of Heat Treatment on Hardness for Various Submerged Arc Welded Parts
Authors: AKÇAKALE Nürettin
Published: April 2020

In industrial applications, the welding of different materials is widely used for taking advantage of the superior properties and reducing the overall costs. While a wide variety of welding methods are used in joining these different materials, the most widely used welding method in the automotive industry, especially in the use of thin sheet designs, is submerged welding. In this study, the application of submerged welding in joining different metals was discussed in detail. The advantages and limitations of the method compared to other welding methods used in joining different metals are given. Various welding procedures that may be an alternative to the method for joining different materials are also included. As an application, 304 grade austenitic stainless steel and St 37 sheet materials were welded under 3 different currents and 3 different designs by submerged welding, and their effects on the hardness values of the weldments were analyzed.
New species of Phaeomoniellales from a German vineyard and their potential threat to grapevine (Vitis vinifera) health
Authors: Kraus C. , Damm U. , Bien S. , Voegele R.T. , Fischer M.
Published: April 2020

Recently, the order Phaeomoniellales was established that includes fungi closely related to Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, a phytopathogen assumed to be the main causal agent of the two most destructive grapevine trunk diseases, Petri disease and esca. Other species of this
order are reported as pathogens of other economically important crops, like olive, peach, apricot, cherry, plum, rambutan, lichee or langsat. However, they are rarely isolated and hence, little is known about their ecological traits and pathogenicity. During a 1-yr period of spore trapping
in a German vineyard divided in minimally and intensively pruned grapevines, 23 fungal strains of the Phaeomoniellales were collected. Based on morphological and molecular (ITS, LSU and tub2) analyses the isolated strains were assigned to eight different species. Two species
were identified as P. chlamydospora and Neophaeomoniella zymoides, respectively. The remaining six species displayed morphological and molecular differences to known species of the Phaeomoniellales and are newly described, namely Aequabiliella palatina, Minutiella
simplex, Moristroma germanicum, Mo. palatinum, Neophaeomoniella constricta and N. ossiformis. A pathogenicity test conducted in the greenhouse revealed that except for P. chlamydospora, none of the species of the Phaeomoniellales isolated from spore traps is
able to induce lesions in grapevine wood.
النظرة المسيحية للتاريخ في منهج كتابات كنائس المشرق التاريخية
Authors: Jasim Haidar
Published: April 2020

أسهمت نشاطات اباء الكنيسة المسيحية مساهمة واضحة في مختلف المجالات التي شكلت جانبا من اهتماماتهم، سيما ما تعلق منها بالتدوين التاريخي وتوثيق الأحداث والأوضاع السياسية والاقتصادية والثقافية لمجتمعاتهم او للمجتمعات التي استقروا في كنفها، الا ان التدوين التاريخي عند الرهبان المسيحيين ارتبط بفلسفة خاصة، تفاعلت مع التطورات العقائدية – السياسية لتشكل مدرسة قائمة بذاتها، امتد تأثير رؤيتها ومنهجها ليشمل فترات زمنية مهمة في الشرق والغرب، تركز بشكل اساس حول فكرة النجاة والخيار الالهي للإنسان، ولم تقتصر هذه النشاطات بتناول جانب معين بذاته، بل اضافت دراسات آباء الكنيسة أيضاً في مجالات معرفية مهمة خارج الاطار الديني، كتاريخ الفكر والفلاسفة، ودراسة العصور بمختلف الفترات قبل المسيحية وبعدها، سيما العصر الوسيط وعصر النهضة وفي الدراسات اللغوية، كون مدونات الاباء مكتوبة بلغات متنوعة، وهي بالمجمل، استمرت بنفس المنهجية التي درجت عليها المؤلفات التاريخية منذ عهد يوسابيوس القيصري، فشكلت كتابات الرهبان ومدوناتهم ورسائلهم - تبعا للإشارات الانفة الذكر- نوعا من انواع التدوين التاريخي المؤدلج، دينيا في البداية، ومن ثم ارتبطت هذه الأدلجة بالجانب السياسي ابتداء من ارتباطات البابويات الشرقية والغربية والهيئات الكنسية والارساليات التبشيرية بالإمبراطوريات الكبرى على مر السنين، الا انه اتخذ صيغا منهجية حداثوية عند مؤرخي الكنائس الشرقية، ازداد عمقا ووضوحا بعد النصف الثاني من القرن عشرين.
استعمالات الارض الحضرية في مدينة الصلاحية
Authors: فائق رضا عاتكة
Published: April 2020

ان كل مدينة لها استعمالات متعددة تقتسم اراضيها حتى وان كانت تلك المدينة تشتهر بوظيفة معينة وتنتشر في مدينة الصلاحية عدة استخدامات منها الاساسية (التجارية ، والصناعية ، والسكنية) وغير الاساسية مثل (الخدمات ، والنقل والمرور) وتشكل هذه الاستعمالات التركيب الداخلي لمدينة الصلاحية وقد تم اعتماد المنهج الوظيفي والاحصائي في دراسة استعمالات الارض وتم دراسة نشأة المدينة وتوضيح العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية التي اثرت في نمو المدينة مما اثر على نمو الاستعمالات الحضرية ، كما اوضح البحث المساحات والنسب كل استعمال من مساحة المدينة الكلية ونسبته من المساحة المعمورة وتوضيح كل استعمال  واعداد العاملين فيه ومواقع انتشاره كما توصل لعدة استنتاجات وتوصيات مهمة .
التباين المكاني لمستويات التلوث الضوضائي
Authors: مجهول الزيادي سلام , عبد الكاظم الشيباني ميثم , حمزة الجوذري علي
Published: April 2020

يعد التلوث الضوضائي ابرز سمات المجتمع المعاصر لأنه يعد مصدراً للقلق وعدم الاستقرار من خلال تأثيره على صحة وراحة الانسان وعلى نوعية الحياة التي يعيشها، وفي مدينة سومر ولاسيما في الآونة الاخيرة تعرضت الى مصادر مختلفة من الضوضاء يصعب السيطرة عليها بسبب الزيادة الحاصلة في عدد السكان والنمو الاقتصادي، فضلاً عن الزيادة السريعة في عدد مركبات النقل المختلفة والمولدات الكهربائية الاهلية وممارسة العديد من الاعمال التجارية والصناعية اذ بينت الدراسة من خلال التحقق من مستويات الضوضاء في مناطق مختلفة من المدينة ونفذت اعمال القياس في اكثر من (50) موقع مختار وان اغلب تلك القياسات تتعدى المستويات المقبولة للضوضاء وفق معايير منظمة الصحة العالمية ومن ثم ما يصاحبها من مخاطر واثار صحية وإنتاجية على العاملين والافراد
أثر درجات الحرارة والامطار في انتاج محصولي القمح والشعير في محافظتي ديالى وميسان
Authors: Muhammad Alwan Sundus , Nasser Abbas Kawther
Published: April 2020

تتمحور هذه الدراسة حول اثر عنصرين مهمين من عناصر المناخ في  زراعة وإنتاج محصولي القمح والشعير في محافظتين من محافظات العراق هما  ديالى وميسان بهدف الكشف عن الامكانات المناخية لزراعتهما وانتاجهما في تلك المحافظتين. يعد محصولي القمح والشعير من أهم المحاصيل الحقلية المزروعة في المحافظتين، اذ تمتلكان إمكانيات واسعة للتوسع بزراعتهما وإنتاجهما؛ وهناك فرصة كبيرة لزيادة غلة الدونم الواحد عن طريق حل المشاكل وعلى راسها مشكلة الملوحة المتزايدة بالاراضي الزراعية، فضلا عن استخدام البذور المحسنة والتسميد وهو امر متاح في ظل نظام الري السائد في المحافظتين. اوضحت الدراسة المتطلبات المناخية لكل محصول من المحاصيل قيد الدراسة  من درجات الحرارة والامطار واثرها في زراعة وانتاج تلك المحاصيل، اذ اظهرت نتائج  الدراسة ملائمة مناخية من حيث درجة الحرارة وعدم ملائمة للامطار التي يتم تعويض النقص فيها عن طريق الري.
COVID 19 Dicas De Segurança - Safety tips (English - Portuguese)
Authors: Mukherjee Arka Prava
Published: April 2020

Este documento foi elaborado com base em experiências pessoais do autor durante o surto de COVID-19 na China. O autor adotou essas medidas para se manter seguro durante os 40 dias de quarentena que teve que suportar de 25 de janeiro de 2020 até 10 de março de 2020. O autor é um cientista e é um cidadão indiano que atualmente trabalha para uma empresa multinacional. O autor solicita sinceramente a todos os leitores que utilizem este documento com bom senso e se adaptem de acordo com suas condições locais, fonte de alimento e situação financeira. As dicas fornecidas são para aliviar as pessoas que sofrem de bloqueio COVID-19 e tem sido feito de boa fé. Por favor, use o bom senso e não desconsidere a ciência. Este documento foi originalmente destinado à distribuição dentro do círculo amigo do autor. Este documento será posteriormente usado para escrever um relatório de projeto.
Perangkat keras komputer
Authors: mtholibfm
Published: April 2020

Perangkat keras komputer merupakan perangkat keras yang dapat dilihat dirasah secara langsung oleh manusia. Perangkat keras komputer adalah semua bagian fisik komputer, dibedakan dengan data yang berada didalamnya atau yang beroperasi didalamnya sedangkan perangkat lunak merupakan perangkat yang dapat dilihat dan tidak dapat disentuh secara langsung oleh manusia. Perangkat lunak yang menyediakan instruksi buat perangkat keras untuk menyelesaikan tugasnya
PENGEMBANGAN E-GOVERNMENT DI DKI JAKARTA (STUDI PORTAL RESMI PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA)
Authors: Wijarnoko Muhammad Amfahtori , Asy'ari Muhammad Agiel , Rouf Abdur
Published: April 2020

Provinsi DKI Jakarta telah menerapkan adanya egovernment menjadi sarana komunikasi dengan masyarakat untuk menunjang kegiatan pemerintahan provinsi untuk lebih memudahkan pelayanan terhadap stakeholder yang berkepentingan seperti masyarakat dan pihak swasta menggunakan kemajuan teknologi informasi. Kualitas portal web tersebut dari segi informasi, relevansi, dan ketersediaannya tentu akan menjadi sorotan bagi para stakeholder karena status Jakarta sebagai Ibu Kota Negara dan ini menuntut untuk penerapan egovernment yang terbaik. Sehingga perlu adanya pengembangan yang berkelanjutan dengan tetap memperhatikan kesiapan infrastruktur pendukung, serta sumber daya manusia pegawai pemerintahan dan masyarakat. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur yang digunakan untuk pembelajaran dan pemahaman informasi yang terkait dengan pokok pembahasan penelitian. Hasil yang didapat dari pembahasan ini yaitu pengembangan egovernment merupakan proses eksplorasi yang melalui langkah-langkah mempersiapkan, mematangkan, memantapkan, dan terakhir memanfaatkan sesuatu yang di dalamnya ada aspek pendukung dalam pemerintah, kesiapan jumlah sumber daya, dan manfaatnya berdampak langsung ke masyarakat. Pengembangan egovernment pada portal resmi Provinsi DKI Jakarta perlu dilakukan evaluasi.
PERANGKAT KERAS (HARDWARE) PADA KOMPUTER
Authors: Siregar Azizah Gustina
Published: April 2020

Sistem komputer adalah suatu jaringan elektronik yang terdiri dari perangkat lunak danperangkat keras yang melakukan tugas tertentu (menerima input, memproses input, menyimpan perintah-perintah, dan menyediakan output dalam bentuk informasi). Selain itu dapat pula diartikan sebagai elemen-elemen yang terkait untuk menjalankan suatu aktivitas dengan menggunakan komputer. Komputer dapat membantu manusia dalam pekerjaan sehari-harinya, pekerjaan itu seperti: pengolahan kata, pengolahan angka, dan pengolahan gambar. Elemen dari sistem komputer terdiri dari manusianya (brainware), perangkat lunak (software), set instruksi (instruction set), dan perangkat keras (hardware). Dengan demikian komponen tersebut merupakan elemen yang terlibat dalam suatu sistem komputer. Tentu saja hardware tidak berarti apa-apa jika tidak ada salah satu dari dua lainnya (software dan brainware).
MAKALAH VOLLEY TIARA ANGELIA
Authors: Angelia Tiara
Published: April 2020

makalah ini berisi tentang penjelasan mengenai olahraga bola volley
The curse of the Andaman Sea Crisis: Policy implications for Africa on Mixed Migration Flows
Authors: Mutsvara Shepherd , Kugonza Gorret
Published: April 2020

This paper evaluates the collective failure of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) in protecting the victims of the Andaman Sea crisis in May 2015. It draws parallels between the ASEAN region’s efforts to contain mixed migrant flows and that of the African Union in Libya and Eritrea. Little attention has been given to the policy implications for the African Union (AU) after the aftermath of the Andaman Sea crisis in 2015. As a result, the key question for determination in this paper is two-fold. Firstly, it needs to be determined, through literature review, if Malaysia’s policy of border securitization dithered with the principle of non-refoulment by making the Andaman Sea victims pawns at the hands of smugglers and traffickers. The second line of inquiry draws policy prescriptions for the African Union by evaluating how the European Union has implemented border management projects in an effort to contain migrants transiting to Europe through Libya.
Pemberian Kompensasi, Pelatihan Kerja dan Kepuasan Kerja Upaya Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan
Authors: Andriani Citra
Published: April 2020

This study entitled the effect of Compensation, Job Training and Job Satisfaction onMarketing Employee Performance. The formulation of the problem in this study waswhether the effect of Compensation, Job Training and Job Satisfaction on MarketingEmployee Performance.. The purpose of this study was to determine whether theinfluence of Compensation, Job Training and Job Satisfaction on Marketing EmployeePerformance.This research was conducted on marketing employees. While the time of this study wasconducted for 11 days, namely on 18 January to 28 January 2020. The population of thisstudy were employees, while the sample of this research is marketing employeesamounting to 97 people. Keywords: Compensation, Training, Job Satisfaction, Employee Performance
MAKALAH LOMPAT JAUH DAN LOMPAT TINGGI
Authors: Hasibuan Gusma Indah
Published: April 2020

Lompat jauh merupakan salah satu bagian dari nomor lompat dalam olahraga atletik. Ada beberapa definisi tentang lompat jauh, diantaranya menurut J.M Ballesteros, (1979:54) mengemukakan bahwa, “lompat jauh adalah kecepatan horisontal yang dibuat sewaktu dari awalan dengan gaya vertikal yang dihasilkan dari kekuatan kaki tolak. Menurut Mochamad Djumidar A. Widya dalam bukunya yang berjudul belajar gerak-gerak dasar aletik dalam bermain (2004:65) mengartikan lompat jauh adalah suatu gerakan mengangkat tubuh dari suatu titik ke titik yang lain yang lebih maju atau tinggi dengan ancang-ancang lari cepat atau lambat dengan keseimbangan yang baik”. Dari beberapa definisi yang telah dikemukakan dapat disimpulkan bahwa lompat jauh merupakan suatu gerakan melompat sejauhjauhnya yang didahului dengan lari awalan kemudian diteruskan dengan menolak pada papan tumpuan, melayang di udara, dan akhirnya mendarat kembali pada bak pasir.Perlu ditekankan di sini bahwa gerakan-gerakan tersebut di atas merupakan suatu rangkaian gerakan yang berkelanjutan atau tidak terputus-putus. Lompat jauh merupakan salah satu nomor dari cabang atletik. Teknik lompat jauh dapat dibagi menjadi empat tahap yaitu, awalan, menumpu, melayang dan mendarat. Sedangkan gaya dalam lompat jauh ada tiga yaitu gaya jongkok, gaya menggantung dan gaya jalan di udara. Gerak lompat jauh merupakan perpaduan dari unsur latihan: kecepatan (speed), kekuatan (strenght), kelenturan (flexibility), daya tahan (Endurance), ketepatan (acuration) yang dikoordinasikan menjadi satu gerakan yang baik dan sempurna sehingga menghasilkan suatu prestasi yang sangat didambakan. Para peneliti membuktikan bahwa suatu prestasi lompat jauh tergantung pada kecepatan daripada awalan atau ancang-ancang. Namun demikian seseorang yang memiliki sprint yang baik belum tentu seorang pelompat. Oleh karenanya disamping memiliki kemampuan sprint yang baik harus didukung juga dengan kemampuan dari tolakan kaki atau tumpuan. Untuk lebih jelasnya teknik dalam lompat jauh akan diuraikan sebagai berikut.
13. KEPEMIMPINAN PENDIDIKAN
Authors: asifa putri , Afriansyah Hade
Published: April 2020

Leadership is the ability to influence other people, subordinates or groups, has special expertise in a specific field to achieve organizational goals or a group.While educational leadership is an ability and process of influencing, guiding, coordinating, and mobilizing other people who are related to the development of education and the implementation of education and teaching, so that the activities carried out can be more efficient and effective in achieving educational goals and teaching.Leaders have the power to regulate their members but the power given must be used responsibly. Responsible means not to use the powers that have been given for the benefit of himself or the individual, not authoritarian or all decisions must be based on his decision but not the result of the deliberations of its members.
lompat jauh
Authors: Ramandika Niki
Published: April 2020

Pola hidup sehat mempunyai peranan yang penting untuk meningkatkan danmempertahankan kebugaran jasmani seseorang. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesehatan di dalam pola hidup sehat adalah makanan dan olahraga. Di samping makanan dan olahraga yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan adalah gaya hidup seseorang, misalnya suka merokok, minum minuman keras, dll. Untuk mendapatkan kebugaran jasmani yang baik perlu memahami pola hidup sehat, yaitu: (1) Makan yang cukup, baik kualitas maupun kuantitas, (2) Istirahat, supaya tubuh memiliki waktu untuk recovery (pemulihan), sehingga dapat melakukan aktivitas dengan nyaman, dan (3) Berolahraga, yaitu salah satu alternatif yang paling efektif untuk memperoleh kebugaran, sebab berolahraga bermanfaat untuk fisik, psikis, maupun sosial. Di samping itu untuk meningkatkan dan mempertahankan kebugaran jasmani perlu menghindari gaya hidup yang kurang baik, supaya tidak mempengaruhi kesehatan, sehingga tubuh selalu dalam keadaan sehat dan bugar.
Review Jurnal “Boosting Indonesia’s Tourism Sector to be Competitive” (Steffi Monika - 130218310 - KP B - (34))
Authors: Monika Steffi
Published: April 2020

Review Jurnal “Boosting Indonesia’s Tourism Sector to be Competitive” (Steffi Monika - 130218310 - KP B - (34))
Tugas Makalah Aktivitas Lompat Jauh
Authors: nst Nasywa fadhilah
Published: April 2020

Makalah tentang Aktivitas Lompat Jauh
A network biology approach for identifying crucial host targets for COVID-19
Authors: Barman Ranjan Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Anirban , Maulik Ujjwal , Das Santasabuj
Published: April 2020

In late December 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 originated in Wuhan city of china, has infected over 30,00,000 people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a causative agent of COVID-19 that has killed over 2,11,000 people and created social and financial crisis globally. Currently, there is no effective antiviral drugs and vaccine available for the prevention of COVID-19. Therefore, the scientific community is more focused on drug repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we propose a network biology approach to identify candidate biomarkers for COVID-19. We critically analyze SARS-CoV-2 targeted human proteins and their interaction network. We utilize a combination of essential network centrality measures and functional properties of human proteins to find the critical human targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection. From the candidate pool of 301 human proteins, interestingly we found that PRKACA, RHOA, CDK5RAP2, and CEP250 are candidates for therapeutic targets for COVID-19. PRKACA and CEP250 have also been found by another group for potential candidates for drug targets in treating COVID-19. We found that potential candidate drugs/compounds such as guanosine triphosphate, remdesivir, adenosine monophosphate, MgATP, and H-89 dihydrochloride for COVID-19. Most of the therapeutics development studies for COVID-19 are tried to block RNA synthesis through RNA dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP). Our findings also suggest for blocking RNA synthesis in treating COVID-19.
E-SDM Individu - Claudia Yoland Purnomo - 130118015
Authors: Purnomo Claudia Yoland
Published: April 2020

Kehidupan digital di zaman sekarang semakin canggih, sehingga membuat dunia bisnis semakin sulit untuk bersaing. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan terobosan untuk tetap bertahan dan bisa berkinerja secara optimal. Seperti halnya membangun organisasi dalam lingkungan kerja agar karyawan dapat terlibat dalam hal-hal positif. Dengan adanya organisasi ini karyawan dapat berkembang. Kehidupan digital semakin berkembangnterlebih di era 4.0.
Gas sensors based on dielectrophoresis of graphene, and graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide A Review
Authors: Azimi shamim
Published: April 2020

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label-free, accurate, fast, and low-cost diagnostic technique that uses the principles of polarization and the motion of bioparticles in applied electric fields. DEP occurs when uncharged particles in the solution are subject to a spatially non-uniform alternating-current (AC) electric field, resulting in the motion of particles by creating a polarizability gradient between the particles and the suspending medium. The movement of particles in DEP is based on the difference in polarizability between the particles and the surrounding medium. If the particles move toward the electrode edge, the region of high electric field gradient, the response is called positive DEP (p-DEP). At the same time, if the particles move away from the electrode edge, the response is called negative DEP (n-DEP). This phenomenon provides a powerful and versatile tool for the non-destructive manipulation of nanoscale materials, allowing for the control of the resistance and the type of the assembly. This technique has been proven to be beneficial in various fields, including environmental research, polymer research, sensors, biosensors, microfluidics, medicine, and diagnostics. This paper reviews the fundamentals of DEP and its specific application in the incorporation of graphene, graphene oxide(GO), and reduced graphene oxide(RGO), enabling the assembly of individual two-dimensional nanostructures at predefined locations in microdevices for gas sensor applications. The review provides an essential framework for parallel fabrication approaches of graphene-based devices.
Nonlinearity of Concreteness and Semantic Depth: The Logistic Curve
Authors: Roy Baijayanta
Published: April 2020

Abstractness of a concept is viewed from two broad perspectives. Concreteness – the amount of sensory information in a concept and Precision – the amount of general information present in a concept. Though Concreteness and Precision is known to have been two different ways of measuring abstractness, the relationship between the two is not clear. This study proposes that the Mean Concreteness of words in a given Depth range (a measure of Precision) has a nonlinear relationship with Depth and can be modelled by a Generalized Logistic Function. The justification of the asymptotical upper and lower limit of Mean Concreteness in the Logistic model is based on the assumption of the ineffability of sensory information and embodied cognition. The proposed mathematical description based on generalized logistic function showed a good fit for the data collected from Brysbaert Dataset (R2 = 0.939) and was fairly accurate in predicting the Mean Concreteness scores in MRC psycholinguistic Dataset (R2 = 0.911).
Asymptotically Corrected Person Fit Statistics for Multidimensional Constructs with Simple Structure and Mixed Item Types
Authors: Hong Maxwell , Lin Lizhen , Cheng Alison
Published: April 2020

Person fit statistics are frequently used to detect deviating behavior when assuming an item response model generated the data. A common statistic, $l_z$, has been shown in previous studies to perform well under a myriad of conditions. However, it is well known that $l_z$ does not follow a standard normal distribution when using an estimated latent trait. As a result, corrections of $l_z$, called $l_z^*$, have been proposed in the literature for specific item response models. We propose a more general correction that is applicable to many types of data, namely survey or tests with multiple item types and underlying latent constructs, which subsumes previous work done by others. In addition, we provide corrections for multiple estimators of $\theta$, the latent trait, including MLE, MAP and WLE. We provide analytical derivations that justifies our proposed correction, as well as simulation studies to examine the performance of the proposed correction with finite test lengths. An applied example is also provided to demonstrate proof of concept. We conclude with recommendations for practitioners when the asymptotic correction works well under different conditions and also future directions.