bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Respiratory symptoms are more common among short sleepers independent of obesity
Authors: Björnsdóttir Erla , Janson Christer , Lindberg Eva , Arnardottir Erna Sif , Benediktsdóttir Bryndís , Garcia-Aymerich Judith , Carsin Anne Elie , Real Francisco Gómez , Torén Kjell , Heinrich Joachim , Nowak Dennis , Sánchez-Ramos José Luis , Demoly Pascal , Arenas Sandra Dorado , Navarro Ramon Coloma , Schlünssen Vivi , Raherison Chantal , Jarvis Debbie L , Gislason Thorarinn
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Sleep length has been associated with obesity and various adverse health outcomes. The possible association of sleep length and respiratory symptoms has not been previously described. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sleep length and respiratory symptoms and whether such an association existed independent of obesity.

Methods

This is a multicentre, cross-sectional, population-based study performed in 23 centres in 10 different countries. Participants (n=5079, 52.3% males) were adults in the third follow-up of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III. The mean±SD age was 54.2±7.1 (age range 39–67 years). Information was collected on general and respiratory health and sleep characteristics.

Results

The mean reported nighttime sleep duration was 6.9±1.0 hours. Short sleepers (<6 hours per night) were n=387 (7.6%) and long sleepers (≥9 hours per night) were n=271 (4.3%). Short sleepers were significantly more likely to report all respiratory symptoms (wheezing, waking up with chest tightness, shortness of breath, coughing, phlegm and bronchitis) except asthma after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), centre, marital status, exercise and smoking. Excluding BMI from the model covariates did not affect the results. Short sleep was related to 11 out of 16 respiratory and nasal symptoms among subjects with BMI ≥30 and 9 out of 16 symptoms among subjects with BMI <30. Much fewer symptoms were related to long sleep, both for subjects with BMI <30 and ≥30.

Conclusions

Our results show that short sleep duration is associated with many common respiratory symptoms, and this relationship is independent of obesity.
Managing acute pain in dogs
Authors: Grint Nicki
Published: August 2017

This review describes the analgesic drugs and techniques that can be used when a canine patient presents in acute pain. Factors to consider when deciding how to treat acute pain in dogs are discussed.
Using acupuncture to treat pain in horses
Authors: von Schweinitz Dietrich Graf
Published: August 2017

Interest in the use of acupuncture in people and in animals continues to grow, both from the general public and from academic institutions, including many leading western medical and veterinary teaching hospitals. This is despite ongoing debate regarding the traditional concepts of acupuncture and their translations versus a western medical approach centred on the principles of evidence‐based medicine (EBM). This article focuses on the EBM aspects of acupuncture and how it works physiologically, and the use of acupuncture for pain management.
Internet-based stress management for distressed managers: results from a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Persson Asplund Robert , Dagöö Jesper , Fjellström Ida , Niemi Linnea , Hansson Katja , Zeraati Forough , Ziuzina Masha , Geraedts Anna , Ljótsson Brjánn , Carlbring Per , Andersson Gerhard
Published: August 2017

Objective

The aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) was to evaluate the efficacy of a guided internet-based stress management intervention (iSMI) among distressed managers compared with a attention control group (AC) with full access to treatment-as-usual.

Method

A total sample of 117 distressed managers, mainly employed in the healthcare, IT, communication and educational sector, were randomised to either iSMI (n=59) or an AC group (n=58). The iSMI consisted of eight modules including cognitive behavioural stress management and positive management techniques. Participants received a minimal and weekly guidance from a psychologist or master-level psychology student focusing on support, feedback and adherence to the intervention. Self-report data were assessed at pre, post and 6 months after the intervention. The primary outcome was perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale-14). The secondary outcomes included mental and work-related health outcomes.

Results

Participants in the iSMI intervention reported significantly less symptoms of perceived stress (d=0.74, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.19) and burnout (d=0.95, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.37) compared with controls, at postassessment. Significant medium-to-large effect sizes were also found for depression, insomnia and job satisfaction. Long-term effects (6 months) were seen on the mental health outcomes.

Conclusion

This is one of the first studies showing that iSMIs can be an effective, accessible and potentially time-effective approach of reducing stress and other mental-related and work-related health symptoms among distressed managers. Future studies are needed addressing distressed managers and the potential of indirect effects on employee stress and satisfaction at work.
Tobacco retail environment near housing programmes for patients with mental health conditions in New York City
Authors: Rogers Erin S , Vargas Elizabeth A
Published: August 2017

Objectives

The current study sought to characterise the tobacco retail environment of supportive housing facilities for persons with mental health (MH) conditions in New York City (NYC) and to estimate the potential impact of a tobacco retail ban near public schools on the retail environment of MH housing in NYC.

Methods

Texas A&M Geocoding Services was used to geocode the addresses of housing programmes for patients with MH conditions, non-MH residences, public schools and tobacco retailers in NYC. ESRI ArcMap was used to calculate the number of tobacco retailers within a 500-foot radius around each housing programme and school address point, and the Euclidean distance to the nearest retailer. Generalised linear models were used to compare retail counts and distance between MH and non-MH residences.

Results

The mean number of tobacco retailers within 500 feet of an MH housing programme was 2.9 (SD=2.3) and the mean distance to nearest tobacco retailer was 370.6 feet (SD=350.7). MH residences had more retailers within 500 feet and a shorter distance to the nearest retailer compared with non-MH residences in Brooklyn, the Bronx and Staten Island (p<0.001). Banning tobacco licences within 350, 500 or 1000 feet of a school would significantly improve the tobacco retail environment of MH housing programmes and reduce disparities between MH and non-MH residences in some boroughs.

Conclusions

People with MH conditions residing in supportive housing in NYC encounter a heavy tobacco retail environment in close proximity to their home, and in some boroughs, one worse than non-MH residences. Implementing a ban on tobacco retail near public schools would improve the tobacco retail environment of MH housing programmes in NYC.
Sedimentology of Late Holocene fluvial levee and point-bar deposits from the Cambodian tract of the Mekong River
Authors: Gugliotta Marcello , Saito Yoshiki , Ben Bunnarin , Sieng Sotham , Oliver Thomas S. N.
Published: August 2017

The study of channel margin deposits is crucial to better understand fluvial systems and has significant social and economic implications. This paper describes sedimentological features of Late Holocene levee and point-bar deposits from five excellent outcrop exposures along the Cambodian tract of the Mekong River. Point-bar deposits show a typical fining-upward trend with low-angle inclined bedding and consist of gravelly sand, sand and mud beds. Levee deposits show a typical coarsening-upward or no clear vertical grain-size trend and consist of mud and very fine sand beds. Channel margin deposits formed in the outer river bend show a simple levee element, whereas inner bend deposits show more complex architecture with combinations of point-bar and levee elements. Water-level fluctuations play a fundamental role in the construction of point-bar and levee architecture; the resulting deposits show evidence of strong river currents with rapid sedimentation alternating with evidence of subaerial exposure with no sedimentation. This combination of sedimentary features can also form in other environments, but is distinctive of channel margin deposits forming in climates with a pronounced seasonality, including large and perennial rivers in tropical savannah climate areas.
Toward the Next Generation of Assessment
Authors: Mach Katharine J. , Field Christopher B.
Published: August 2017

Through integrative assessment, experts evaluate the state of knowledge on complex problems relevant to societies. In this review, we take stock of recent advances and challenges, rooting our analysis in climate change assessment. In particular, we consider four priorities in assessment: (a) integrating diverse evidence including quantitative and qualitative results and understanding, (b) applying rigorous expert judgment to evidence and its uncertainties, (c) exploring widely ranging futures and their connections to ongoing choices and actions, and (d) incorporating interactions among experts and decision makers in assessment processes. Across these assessment priorities, we survey past experiences, current practices, and possibilities for future experimentation, innovation, and learning. In our current era of climate and broader global change, integrative assessment can bolster decisions about contested and uncertain futures. We consider both opportunities and pitfalls in synthesizing and encompassing evidence and perspectives. Our aim is to advance transparent assessment for a sustainable future.
Muscle paralysis induces bone marrow inflammation and predisposition to formation of giant osteoclasts
Authors: Ausk Brandon J. , Worton Leah E. , Smigiel Kate S. , Kwon Ronald Y. , Bain Steven D. , Srinivasan Sundar , Gardiner Edith M. , Gross Ted S.
Published: August 2017

Transient muscle paralysis engendered by a single injection of botulinum toxin A (BTxA) rapidly induces profound focal bone resorption within the medullary cavity of adjacent bones. While initially conceived as a model of mechanical disuse, osteoclastic resorption in this model is disproportionately severe compared with the modest gait defect that is created. Preliminary studies of bone marrow following muscle paralysis suggested acute upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1. We therefore hypothesized that BTxA-induced muscle paralysis would rapidly alter the inflammatory microenvironment and the osteoclastic potential of bone marrow. We tested this hypothesis by defining the time course of inflammatory cell infiltration, osteoinflammatory cytokine expression, and alteration in osteoclastogenic potential in the tibia bone marrow following transient muscle paralysis of the calf muscles. Our findings identified inflammatory cell infiltration within 24 h of muscle paralysis. By 72 h, osteoclast fusion and pro-osteoclastic inflammatory gene expression were upregulated in tibia bone marrow. These alterations coincided with bone marrow becoming permissive to the formation of osteoclasts of greater size and greater nuclei numbers. Taken together, our data are consistent with the thesis that transient calf muscle paralysis induces acute inflammation within the marrow of the adjacent tibia and that these alterations are temporally consistent with a role in mediating muscle paralysis-induced bone resorption.
IPF lung fibroblasts have a senescent phenotype
Authors: Álvarez Diana , Cárdenes Nayra , Sellarés Jacobo , Bueno Marta , Corey Catherine , Hanumanthu Vidya Sagar , Peng Yating , D’Cunha Hannah , Sembrat John , Nouraie Mehdi , Shanker Swaroop , Caufield Chandler , Shiva Sruti , Armanios Mary , Mora Ana L. , Rojas Mauricio
Published: August 2017

The mechanisms of aging that are involved in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are still unclear. Although it has been hypothesized that the proliferation and activation of human lung fibroblasts (hLFs) are essential in IPF, no studies have assessed how this process works in an aging lung. Our goal was to elucidate if there were age-related changes on primary hLFs isolated from IPF lungs compared with age-matched controls. We investigated several hallmarks of aging in hLFs from IPF patients and age-matched controls. IPF hLFs have increased cellular senescence with higher expression of β-galactosidase, p21, p16, p53, and cytokines related to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as well as decreased proliferation/apoptosis compared with age-matched controls. Additionally, we observed shorter telomeres, mitochondrial dysfunction, and upon transforming growth factor-β stimulation, increased markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our data suggest that IPF hLFs develop senescence resulting in a decreased apoptosis and that the development of SASP may be an important contributor to the fibrotic process observed in IPF. These results might change the existing paradigm, which describes fibroblasts as aberrantly activated cells, to a cell with a senescence phenotype.
Baroreflex and neurovascular responses to skeletal muscle mechanoreflex activation in humans: an exercise in integrative physiology
Authors: Drew Rachel C.
Published: August 2017

Cardiovascular adjustments to exercise resulting in increased blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) occur in response to activation of several neural mechanisms: the exercise pressor reflex, central command, and the arterial baroreflex. Neural inputs from these feedback and feedforward mechanisms integrate in the cardiovascular control centers in the brain stem and modulate sympathetic and parasympathetic neural outflow, resulting in the increased BP and HR observed during exercise. Another specific consequence of the central neural integration of these inputs during exercise is increased sympathetic neural outflow directed to the kidneys, causing renal vasoconstriction, a key reflex mechanism involved in blood flow redistribution during increased skeletal muscle work. Studies in humans have shown that muscle mechanoreflex activation inhibits cardiac vagal outflow, decreasing the sensitivity of baroreflex control of HR. Metabolite sensitization of muscle mechanoreceptors can lead to reduced sensitivity of baroreflex control of HR, with thromboxane being one of the metabolites involved, via greater inhibition of cardiac vagal outflow without affecting baroreflex control of BP or baroreflex resetting. Muscle mechanoreflex activation appears to play a predominant role in causing renal vasoconstriction, both in isolation and in the presence of local metabolites. Limited investigations in older adults and patients with cardiovascular-related disease have provided some insight into how the influence of muscle mechanoreflex activation on baroreflex function and renal vasoconstriction is altered in these populations. However, future research is warranted to better elucidate the specific effect of muscle mechanoreflex activation on baroreflex and neurovascular responses with aging and cardiovascular-related disease.
The effect of inert gas choice on multiple breath washout in healthy infants: differences in lung function outcomes and breathing pattern
Authors: Gustafsson Per M. , Bengtsson Lovisa , Lindblad Anders , Robinson Paul D.
Published: August 2017

The detrimental effects on breathing pattern during multiple breath inert gas washout (MBW) have been described with different inhaled gases [100% oxygen (O2) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)] but detailed comparisons are lacking. N2- and SF6-based tests were performed during spontaneous quiet sleep in 10 healthy infants aged 0.7–1.3 yr using identical hardware. Differences in breathing pattern pre and post 100% O2 and 4% SF6 exposure were investigated, and the results obtained were compared [functional residual capacity (FRC) and lung clearance index (LCI)]. During 100% O2 exposure. mean inspiratory flow (“respiratory drive”) decreased transiently by mean (SD) 28 (9)% ( P < 0.001), and end-tidal CO2 (carbon dioxide) increased by mean (SD) 0.3 (0.4)% units ( P < 0.05) vs. air breathing prephase. During subsequent N2 washin (i.e., recovery phase), the pattern of change reversed. No significant effect on breathing pattern was observed during SF6 testing. In vitro testing confirmed that technical artifacts did not explain these changes. Mean (SD) FRC and LCI in vivo were significantly higher with N2 vs. SF6 washout: 216 (33) vs. 186 (22) ml ( P < 0.001) and 8.25 (0.85) vs. 7.55 (0.57) turnovers ( P = 0.021). Based on these results, SF6 based MBW is the preferred methodology for tests in this age range.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inert gas choice for multiple breath inert gas washout (MBW) in infants has important consequences on both breathing pattern during test performance and the functional residual capacity and lung clearance index values obtained. Data suggest the detrimental effect of breathing pattern of 100% O2 and movement of O2 across the alveolar capillary membrane, with direct effects on MBW outcomes. SF6 MBW during infancy avoids this and can be further optimized by addressing the sources of technical artifact identified in this work.
Effect of M-current modulation on mammalian vestibular responses to transient head motion
Authors: Lee Choongheon , Holt J. Chris , Jones Timothy A.
Published: August 2017

The precise role and mechanisms underlying efferent modulation of peripheral vestibular afferent function are not well understood in mammals. Clarifying the details of efferent action may lead to new strategies for clinical management of debilitating disturbances in vestibular and balance function. Recent evidence in turtle indicates that efferent modulation of M-currents is likely one mechanism for modifying afferent discharge. M-currents depend in part on KCNQ potassium conductances (Kv7), which can be adjusted through efferent activation of M1, M3, and/or M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). How KCNQ channels and altered M-currents affect vestibular afferent function in vivo is unclear, and whether such a mechanism operates in mammals is unknown. In this study we used the KCNQ antagonist XE991 and the KCNQ activator retigabine in anesthetized mice to evaluate the effects of M-current modulation on peripheral vestibular responses to transient head motion. At low doses of XE991, responses were modestly enhanced, becoming larger in amplitude and shorter in latency. Higher doses of XE991 produced transient response enhancement, followed by steady-state suppression where latencies and thresholds increased and amplitudes decreased. Retigabine produced opposite effects. Auditory function was also impacted, based on results of companion auditory brain stem response testing. We propose that closure of KCNQ channels transforms vestibular afferent behavior by suppressing responses to transient high-frequency stimuli while simultaneously enhancing responses to sustained low-frequency stimulation. Our results clearly demonstrate that KCNQ channels are critical for normal mammalian vestibular function and suggest that efferent action may utilize these mechanisms to modulate the dynamic characteristics and gain of vestibular afferent responses.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of calyceal KCNQ channels and associated M-current in normal mammalian vestibular function is unknown. Our results show that calyceal KCNQ channels are critical for normal vestibular function in the intact mammal. The findings provide evidence that efferent modulation of M-currents may act normally to differentially adjust the sensitivity of vestibular neurons to transient and tonic stimulation and that such mechanisms may be targeted to achieve effective clinical management of vestibular disorders.
Paralytic Ileus Secondary to Methamphetamine Abuse: A Rare Case
Authors: McKelvie Mark Aidan , Gercek Yuksel
Published: August 2017

Methamphetamine hydrochloride, colloquially referred to as “crystal meth,” is a potent psychoactive amphetamine derivate. Methamphetamine produces stimulant effects in the user including increased energy and alertness as well as inducing intense euphoric symptoms and suppressing appetite through its dopaminergic, serotonergic, and adrenergic actions. Use of methamphetamine can adversely affect cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal physiology leading to significant morbidity. We present a rare case of paralytic ileus secondary to methamphetamine abuse which has only once before been described in the literature.
HIF-2α Promotes Dissemination of Plasma Cells in Multiple Myeloma by Regulating CXCL12/CXCR4 and CCR1
Authors: Vandyke Kate , Zeissig Mara N. , Hewett Duncan R. , Martin Sally K. , Mrozik Krzysztof M. , Cheong Chee Man , Diamond Peter , To L. Bik , Gronthos Stan , Peet Daniel J. , Croucher Peter I. , Zannettino Andrew C.W.
Published: August 2017

Disease progression and relapse in multiple myeloma is dependent on the ability of the multiple myeloma plasma cells (PC) to reenter the circulation and disseminate throughout the bone marrow. Increased bone marrow hypoxia is associated with increased recirculation of multiple myeloma PCs. Accordingly, we hypothesized that during chronic hypoxia, activation of HIF-2α may overcome the bone marrow retention signal provided by stromal-derived CXCL12, thereby enabling dissemination of multiple myeloma PCs. Here we demonstrate that HIF-2α upregulates multiple myeloma PC CXCL12 expression, decreasing migration toward CXCL12 and reducing adhesion to mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. We also found that HIF-2α strongly induced expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 in multiple myeloma PCs. CCR1 activation potently induces multiple myeloma PC migration toward CCL3 while abrogating the multiple myeloma PC migratory response to CXCL12. In addition, increased CCR1 expression by multiple myeloma PCs conferred poor prognosis in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients and was associated with an increase in circulating multiple myeloma PCs in these patients. Taken together, our results suggest a role for hypoxia-mediated CCR1 upregulation in driving the egress of multiple myeloma PCs from the bone marrow. Targeting CCR1 may represent a novel strategy to prevent dissemination and overt relapse in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5452–63. ©2017 AACR.
The Blebbishield Emergency Program Overrides Chromosomal Instability and Phagocytosis Checkpoints in Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Jinesh Goodwin G. , Kamat Ashish M.
Published: August 2017

Genomic instability and immune evasion are hallmarks of cancer. Apoptotic cancer stem cells can evade cell death by undergoing cellular transformation by constructing “blebbishields” from apoptotic bodies. In this study, we report a novel linkage between genomic instability and phagocytosis evasion that is coordinated by the blebbishield emergency program. Blebbishield emergency program evaded genomic instability checkpoint, expressed genomic instability–associated genes at distinct phases of cellular transformation, exhibited chromosomal instability, and promoted increase in nuclear size. Blebbishields fused with immune cells to evade phagocytosis, and the resultant hybrid cells exhibited increased migration, tumorigenesis, metastasis, red blood cell recruitment to tumors, and induced hepatosplenomegaly with signatures of genomic instability, blebbishield emergency program, and phagocytosis evasion to offer poor prognosis. Overall, our data demonstrate that the blebbishield emergency program drives evasion of chromosomal instability and phagocytosis checkpoints by apoptotic cancer stem cells. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6144–56. ©2017 AACR.
Circulating Triglycerides and the Association of Triglycerides with Dietary Intake Are Altered by Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid Glycoprotein Polymorphisms
Authors: Robinson Katie N. , Vazquez-Vidal Itzel , Marques Courtney , Andrade Flavia Cristina Drumond , Aradillas-Garcia Celia , Teran-Garcia Margarita ,   The UP AMIGOS Team
Published: August 2017

Background: Circulating fetuin-A (FetA) inhibits insulin receptor signaling and activates the toll-like receptor 4 proinflammatory cascade; thus, it may contribute to metabolic syndrome. Polymorphisms in alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG), the gene which codes FetA, may influence metabolic syndrome progression in higher-risk ethnic groups. We aimed to identify whether individual variation in AHSG influences biomarkers of metabolic disease and obesity in young Mexican adults. Methods: The participants were Mexican college applicants (18-25 years, n = 641). Dietary intake, anthropometric data, and blood for the analysis of biomarkers and genetics were collected. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AHSG (rs2518136 and rs4917) were genotyped. Results: Neither AHSG SNP was associated with body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference. rs4917 C allele carriers had lower triglycerides (TG) than T allele homozygotes (98.85 ± 2.3 vs. 112.2 ± 5.2 mg/dL, p = 0.0113). BMI was strongly associated with TG (p < 0.0001) regardless of genotype. The relationship between circulating TG and dietary intake of carbohydrates and saturated fat was significant in rs4917 CT allele heterozygotes only (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: rs4917 T allele carriers had higher TG. This relationship was exaggerated in individuals with overweight and obesity. Dietary intake was significantly associated with TG in only those with heterozygosity at rs4917, suggesting that these individuals may be more susceptible to dietary interventions.
Subretinal Injection: A Review on the Novel Route of Therapeutic Delivery for Vitreoretinal Diseases
Authors: Peng Yingqian , Tang Luosheng , Zhou Yedi
Published: August 2017

Compared to intravitreal injection, subretinal injection has more direct effects on the targeting cells in the subretinal space, which provides a new therapeutic method for vitreoretinal diseases, especially when gene therapy and/or cell therapy is involved. To date, subretinal delivery has been widely applied by scientists and clinicians as a more precise and efficient route of ocular drug delivery for gene therapies and cell therapies including stem cells in many degenerative vitreoretinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, and Leber's congenital amaurosis. However, clinicians should be aware of adverse events and possible complications when performing subretinal delivery. In the present review, the subretinal injection used in vitreoretinal diseases for basic research and clinical trials is summarized and described. Different methods of subretinal delivery, as well as its benefits and challenges, are also briefly introduced.
Recurrent Patent Foramen Ovale-Related Cerebral Infarcts Alternately Causing Bilateral Hand Paresis
Authors: Lee Seung-Jae
Published: August 2017

Isolated hand paresis is a rare presentation of stroke, which mostly results from a lesion in the cortical hand motor area, a knob-like area within the precentral gyrus. I report the case of a patient who experienced recurrent ischemic stroke alternately involving bilateral hand knob areas, causing isolated hand paresis. There was no abnormal finding on brain and neck magnetic resonance angiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and 48-h Holter monitoring, and there were no abnormal immunologic and coagulation laboratory findings. The only embolic source was found to be a patent foramen ovale, which was proven on transesophageal echocardiography. The patient underwent percutaneous device closure of patent foramen ovale after alternately repeated paresis of both hands despite antiplatelet treatment. This case suggests that ischemic stroke affecting the cortical knob area, albeit extremely rare, may recur due to a patent foramen ovale, and it necessitates complete investigation, including transesophageal echocardiography, to identify possible embolic sources.
Gênero e política: representações da mulher no discurso da Veja
Authors: Amaral Muriel Emídio Pessoa do , Arias Neto José Miguel
Published: August 2017

A proposta desse artigo é de analisar, sob a ótica de Michel Foucault, o discurso da matéria Bela, recatada e ‘do lar’, que foi veiculada no site da Veja. No entendimento de Foucault, o discurso ultrapassa a ordem semântica e pode ser considerado um disposi‑ tivo de poder. Este artigo pretende analisar, segundo esta ótica, a intenção discursiva do site na produção de representações – de gênero e de sexualidade – de mulheres que se projetam no espaço político, cristalizando determinados signos e renegando outros.
Mujeres, movimientos emacipatorios y liderazgos disruptivos: la organización barrial Tupac Amaru desde el norte argentino
Authors: Gaona Melina
Published: August 2017

Este artigo procura analisar a organização Barrial Tupac Amaru de Jujuy (Argentina) a partir de uma crítica cultural com perspectiva de gênero. Esta abordagem questiona-se sobre uma configuração popular na qual se reconhecem características emancipatórias comuns aos movimentos de mulheres e, por outro lado, as características destacáveis na enunciação performativa por parte da líder da organização Tupac Amaru. Ambas propostas pretendem lançar luz a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero nas dimensões de um movimento questionado e discutido e, neste momento, vastamente percorrido desde o plano acadêmico, jurídico, midiático e social em seu conjunto.
Torta de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas): implicações hepatotóxicas
Authors: Honorato Claucia Aparecida , Silva Cesar José da , Flores-Quintana Carolina Isabel , Mendonça Simone , Nascimento Camila Aparecida , Marcondes Vanessa Menegatti , Parente Bruna Oliveira , Araújo Miguel Augusto Machado de
Published: August 2017

O pinhão-manso tem se destacado como oleaginosa potencial para a produção de biocombustível. A torta, coproduto da extração do óleo, poderia ser utilizada na alimentação animal. No entanto, algumas variedades de pinhão-manso são tóxicas, limitando sua incorporação em dietas animais. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a hepatotoxicidade de dietas acrescidas de torta de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) em ratos. Foram utilizados trinta e cinco (35) ratos Wistar (Rattus norvergicus) machos adultos com peso inicial de 352,1 ± 26,8 g. Os animais foram alimentados por 21 dias com as dietas: controle, 10, 25, 40 e 50% TPM. Na alimentação com 50% TPM os animais apresentaram-se prostrados e com piloereção. O desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência apresentaram diminuição conforme o aumento da inclusão de TPM nas dietas. Em ratos submetidos a 10 e 25% TPM houve aumento de 17,52% no índice hepatossomático em relação ao grupo controle. O aumento de TPM na dieta de ratos promoveu aumento da atividade das enzimas ALT e AST. A avaliação anatomo-histopatológica revelou que, independentemente dos níveis testados, a TPM na alimentação de ratos provoca hipertrofia dos hepatócitos, com redução das reservas energéticas. Este estudo demonstrou que a utilização de TPM resultou em diminuição do consumo de alimento associado à perda de peso devido ao quadro clínico de toxicidade demonstrado pelas alterações bioquímica e histopatológica no fígado. Conclui-se que a inclusão de torta de pinhão-manso na alimentação de ratos apresenta alto potencial hepatotóxico levando a lesões no parênquima hepático.
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Is Associated With Major Amputation and Mortality in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: De Haan Judith J. , Haitjema Saskia , den Ruijter Hester M. , Pasterkamp Gerard , de Borst Gert J. , Teraa Martin , Verhaar Marianne C. , Gremmels Hendrik , de Jager Saskia C. A.
Published: August 2017

Background

Peripheral artery disease (
PAD
) is one of the most common clinical presentations of atherosclerosis, and its prevalence is still increasing. Despite improvement of health care, morbidity and mortality risks remain high, including the risk of amputation. GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15) is a member of the transforming growth factor family that is involved in apoptosis and inflammation; therefore,
GDF
15 is a potential biomarker to identify patients at high risk of adverse clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results

Circulating
GDF
15 levels were measured using a multiplex immunoassay in patients with critical limb ischemia and
PAD
from 2 different patient cohorts that included patients with clinically manifest
PAD
: the
JUVENTAS
(Rejuvenating Endothelial Progenitor Cells via Transcutaneous Intra‐Arterial Supplementation) trial (n=160, 67 major events; critical limb ischemia) and the Athero‐Express Biobank (n=386, 64 major events;
PAD
). Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that high levels of
GDF
15 were associated with increased risk of major events, defined as major amputation (at or above the ankle joint) and all‐cause mortality, in both cohorts (highest versus lowest,
JUVENTAS
: hazard ratio: 4.01 [95% confidence interval, 2.05–7.84;
P
<0.0001]; Athero‐Express: hazard ratio: 3.27 [95% confidence interval, 1.64–6.54;
P
=0.0008]). In the
JUVENTAS
trial, this was more pronounced in women. Cox proportional multivariable regression models with median follow‐up of 3 years, corrected for common confounders, showed hazard ratios of 1.70 (95% confidence interval, 1.18–2.69;
P
=0.0053) and 1.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.02–2.41;
P
=0.041) per 2.78‐fold increase of
GDF
15 in
JUVENTAS
and Athero‐Express, respectively.

Conclusions

High
GDF
15 levels are associated with increased risk of major amputation and/or death in
PAD
patients.
GDF
15 levels could be of additive value to identify patients who are at high risk of amputation or death and could help guide treatment choices.
Tissue-Selective Salvage of the White Matter by Successful Endovascular Stroke Therapy
Authors: Kleine Justus F. , Kaesmacher Mirjam , Wiestler Benedikt , Kaesmacher Johannes
Published: August 2017

Background and Purpose—

White matter (WM) is less vulnerable to ischemia than gray matter. In ischemic stroke caused by acute large-vessel occlusion, successful recanalization might therefore sometimes selectively salvage the WM, leading to infarct patterns confined to gray matter. This study examines occurrence, determinants, and clinical significance of such effects.

Methods—

Three hundred twenty-two patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion subjected to mechanical thrombectomy were included. Infarct patterns were categorized into WM
−
(sparing the WM) and WM
+
(involving WM). National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale–based measures of neurological outcome, including National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement or National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale worsening, good functional midterm outcome (day 90-modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2), the occurrence of malignant swelling, and in-hospital mortality were predefined outcome measures.

Results—

WM
−
infarcts occurred in 118 of 322 patients and were associated with successful recanalization and better collateral grades (
P
<0.05). Shorter symptom-onset to recanalization times were also associated with WM
−
infarcts in univariate analysis, but not when adjusted for collateral grades. WM
−
infarcts were independently associated with good neurological outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 3.003; 95% confidence interval, 1.186–7.607;
P
=0.020) and good functional midterm outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 8.618; 95% confidence interval, 2.409–30.828;
P
=0.001) after correcting for potential confounders, including final infarct volume. Only 2.6% of WM
−
patients, but 20.5% of WM
+
patients exhibited neurological worsening, and none versus 12.8% developed malignant swelling (
P
<0.001), contributing to lower mortality in this group (2.5% versus 10.3%;
P
=0.014).

Conclusions—

WM infarction commonly commences later than gray matter infarction after acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Successful recanalization can therefore salvage completely the WM at risk in many patients even several hours after symptom onset. Preservation of the WM is associated with better neurological recovery, prevention of malignant swelling, and reduced mortality. This has important implications for neuroprotective strategies, and perfusion imaging-based patient selection, and provides a rationale for treating selected patients in extended time windows.
The Medieval Chinese Gāthā and Its Relationship to Poetry
Authors: Mazanec Thomas J.
Published: August 2017

This paper investigates the shifting definitions of the term gāthā (Ch. ji) over an 800-year period, from the earliest sūtra translations into Chinese until the mid-tenth century. Although the term originally referred to the verse sections of scriptures, gāthās soon began to circulate separately, used in ritual, contemplative, and pedagogical practices. By the late sixth century, it began to mean something like “Buddhist verse.” Over the course of the Tang, gāthās came to take on the formal features of poetry, eventually becoming all but indistinguishable from elite verse. However, the word gāthā was always seen as something inferior to real poetry, and, by the late Tang, we find poet-monks belittling other monks’ didactic verses so as to distinguish their own work and avoid the taint of the word gāthā. 

Cet article explore l’évolution du sens du terme gāthā (ch. ji) sur une période s’étendant sur plus de huit cent ans, depuis les premières traductions des sūtra en chinois jusqu’au milieu du dixième siècle. Bien que ce terme désignât à l’origine les parties rimées des textes sacrés bouddhiques, les gāthās très tôt commencèrent à circuler indépendamment et à être employées dans les pratiques rituelles, contemplatives et pédagogiques. Vers la fin du sixième siècle, il devint synonyme de « poésie bouddhique ». Au cours de la dynastie des Tang, les gāthās adoptèrent les règles formelles de la poésie, si bien qu’ils devinrent quasiment identiques aux autres formes d’expression poétique des élites. Le mot gāthā cependant continua à évoquer un style inférieur à celui de la « vraie » poésie, et à la fin des Tang des moines-poètes moquèrent les vers didactiques composés par d’autres moines dans le but de distinguer leur propres compositions et de se démarquer des connotations peu flatteuses du terme gāthā.
Alien Voices under the Bean Arbor: How an Eighteenth-Century French Jesuit Translated Doupeng xianhua 豆棚閒話 as the “Dialogue of a Modern Atheist Chinese Philosopher”*
Authors: Wu Huiyi
Published: August 2017

This article examines an eighteenth-century French Jesuit’s translation of the final chapter of the early Qing collection of vernacular stories Doupeng xianhua 豆棚閒話 (Idle Talks under the Bean Arbor), which became a “philosophical dialogue” of a “modern atheist Chinese philosopher.” The trajectory of the text is examined by analyzing the layers of meaning superposed upon it by a succession of agencies: the original author Aina Jushi 艾衲居士, a Jiangnan literatus who philosophized on the fall of the Ming dynasty; Father François-Xavier Dentrecolles, the Jesuit missionary who translated the text with extensive commentaries of his own to make a case against atheism; the Parisian editor Jean-Baptiste Du Halde who published the translation in the landmark of Jesuit sinology, Description de l’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise (1735); the engravers in Paris and the Hague who remolded its cosmological diagrams to conform to their own scientific and aesthetic standards; and finally, its European re-translators and readers, some of whom used it as a weapon against the Jesuits and the Catholic Church. The gains and losses of the Doupeng xianhua during this process are discussed, as well as the new light brought by the French translation on its circulation in Qing China. Finally, the challenge this atypical case poses to received narratives of the Sino-Western cultural exchange through the Jesuit mission is assessed. 

Cet article examine la traduction au XVIIIe siècle, par un jésuite français, du dernier chapitre du recueil de contes vernaculaires Doupeng xianhua 豆棚閒話 (Propos oisifs sous la tonnelle des haricots), qui devient un « dialogue philosophique » d’un « philosophe chinois athée moderne ». La trajectoire de ce texte est retracée en analysant les strates successives de sens superposées sur ce texte grâce à des acteurs divers : l’auteur de l’original Aina Jushi 艾衲居士, un lettré du Jiangnan qui a philosophé sur la chute de la dynastie des Ming ; le missionnaire jésuite François-Xavier Dentrecolles qui a traduit le texte avec une profusion de commentaires de son propre cru contre l’athéisme ; l’éditeur parisien Jean-Baptiste Du Halde qui a publié cette traduction dans la Description de l’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise (1735), un monument de la sinologie française ; les graveurs à Paris et à La Haye qui ont retravaillé les diagrammes cosmologiques conformément à leurs propres normes scientifiques et esthétiques ; et enfin, les re-traducteurs et lecteurs européens de ce texte, certains desquels l’ont utilisé contre les jésuites et l’Église catholique. La conclusion évoque les gains et les pertes du Doupeng xianhua au cours de ce processus et l’éclairage que peut apporter cette traduction française sur la diffusion de l’original dans la Chine des Qing. Elle envisage enfin le défi posé par ce cas atypique aux récits conventionnels sur la médiation des jésuites dans les échanges culturels entre la Chine et l’Europe.
Cricotracheal Resection in Children 2 Years of Age and Younger
Authors: Johnson Romaine F. , Rutter Michael , Cotton Robin , Vijayasekeran Shyan , White David
Published: August 2017

Objectives

We examine the surgical outcomes of cricotracheal resection in children 2 years of age and younger.

Methods

We performed a retrospective case study involving a single tertiary care children's hospital. All patients who underwent cricotracheal resection from 1993 through January 2006 were included. Patients 2 years old and younger were compared to patients more than 2 years of age (range, 2 to 44 years). The primary outcomes measured were decannulation and complication rates. We used X2 analyses for categorical variables to detect differences in proportions, Student's t-tests for continuous data, and logistical regression to explore for confounding. Significance was set at α = .05, 2-tailed.

Results

Fifteen children 2 years of age or younger were identified. Most patients underwent a single-stage operation (n = 12). The overall decannulation rate was 87% (2 failures). Two patients younger than 2 years had postoperative complications, including 1 patient who developed anastomosis dehiscence. When compared to the patients over 2 years of age, patients younger than 2 were more likely to undergo a single-stage procedure (p < .01). Additionally, the cricotracheal resection was more likely to be their first attempt at airway reconstruction (p = .002). Complication and decannulation rates were similar in both groups.

Conclusions

Cricotracheal resection can be performed safely and effectively in children less than 2 years old.
Fresh Evidence and Factual Innocence in the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal
Authors: Roberts Stephanie
Published: August 2017

One of the main criticisms of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal has been that it is deficient at identifying and correcting the wrongful convictions of the factually innocent. These criticisms stem from the court’s perceived difficulties in relation to appeals based on factual error. The main ground of appeal for errors of fact is fresh evidence, and these appeals are particularly problematic because they require the court to trespass on the role of the jury somewhat in assessing new evidence on appeal against the evidence at trial in order to determine whether the conviction is unsafe. The broad consensus is that the court’s difficulties are caused by three main issues: its deference to the jury verdict; its reverence for the principle of finality; and a lack of resources to deal with huge numbers appealing. There is less agreement in identifying the source of the problems because it is not clear whether they derive from legislative powers or the interpretation of those powers by the judiciary. This article uses both qualitative and quantitative empirical research in order to try to determine what the court’s approach is in fresh evidence appeals and, if there are problems, whether it is the law or the interpretation of the law by the judiciary which is to blame. It also proposes reforms designed to make it easier for the court to rectify miscarriages of justice.
Urban poverty and vulnerability in India: A social policy perspective
Authors: Loughhead Susan , Mittal Onkar
Published: August 2017

This article explains the characteristics of the urban poor and makes a strong case for its analysis and understanding at an individual, household and community level. The paper argues that policy makers need to make a conceptual distinction between social development and social protection during both the planning and implimentation of any antipoverty policy. To shift policy making towards this approach a considerable effort to shift in resource flows will be required. Analysis of the causes and symptoms of urban poverty needs to be improved, innovative partnership between different stakeholders (poor people as well as community leaders, governments, the pivate sector, NGOs and donors etc.) need to be developed and policy makers need to be clear about what they are trying to achieve — to raise all the poor to the improving condition and to keep them there or to continue with palliative measures which keep the poor in their vulnerable condition?
Urban poverty: Alleviation strategies
Authors: Gaur K. D. , Jawa Rachita
Published: August 2017

In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine extent of urban poverty in India. Further, it has been sought to analyze various dimensions, issues, of urban poverty and also factors responsible for prevalence of poverty in urban areas. An attempt has also been made to review urban poverty alleviation programmes and suggest new approaches for its eradication. Mainly secondary sources of data have been used.
Housing poverty in urban India
Authors: Sandhu R. S.
Published: August 2017

In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the nature, extent and causes of housing poverty in India. Housing stock, new household formation, homelessness, type of structure, number of rooms and households, slums and squatter settlements, housing investment, housing affordability, ownership occupancy, water connection and toilets have been taken as indicators of housing poverty. The paper is based on secondary sources. It concludes that mainly critically poor, low income groups and low middle income groups are suffering from housing poverty. The main causes of housing poverty is existing socio-economic and political systems and unrealistic and insensitive attitude of ruling elite towards the growing needs of poor in growing cities. There is lack of political will rather than the resources. The need of hour is strong political will for comprehensive understanding of phenomenon and enhancement of human capabilities with public action and democratic government support.