bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of SUPG with Bubble Stabilization Parameters and the Standard SUPG
Authors: Liu Xiaowei , Zhang Jin
Published: June 2014

We study a streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method (SUPG) with bubble stabilization coefficients on quasiuniform triangular meshes. The new algorithm is a consistent Petrov-Galerkin method and shows similar numerical performances as the standard SUPG when the mesh Péclet number is greater than 1. Relationship between the new algorithm and the standard SUPG will be explored. Numerical experiments support these results.
FAO-56 Penman-Monteith DailyETofrom Linear Regression Calibrated Hargreaves Equation with Wind Terms in Tropics with Limited Data
Authors: Kra Eric
Published: June 2014

Hargreaves equation (HG), which lacks a wind speed (u2) term, was modified, through a linear regression calibration method, into LHGu which hasu2terms. LHGu is effectively a simplified method for approximating FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (FPM) daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in tropics with only temperature data. In LHGu, the “0.0023” constant term in HG was calibrated as a shifted power function ofu2, and the calibration constant was parametrized as a quadratic function ofu2. LHGu was developed using simulated constantu2data and historical temperature data for four sites in West Africa: Abidjan, Accra, Daloa, and Lome. LHGu matched FPMETobetter than HG over a wide range ofu2: for Accra, foru2range 0.5–6.0 m/s, the modified coefficient of efficiency,E1, varied narrowly (0.83–0.98) for LHGu but widely (0.14–0.95) for HG optimized foru2=2.0 m/s; the corresponding MBE ranges were −0.05–0.01 mm/d for LHGu and 0.02–0.63 mm/d for HG which cannot respond to varying dailyu2. LHGu is useful for quickly computing practically accurate estimates of FPMETofor varying dailyu2where only temperature data are available.
Sanguis draconis, a Dragon’s Blood Resin, Attenuates High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Chang Yi , Chang Ting-Chen , Lee Jie-Jen , Chang Nen-Chung , Huang Yung-Kai , Choy Cheuk-Sing , Jayakumar Thanasekaran
Published: June 2014

Hyperglycaemia, a characteristic feature of diabetes mellitus, induces endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications by limiting the proliferative potential of these cells. Here we aimed to investigate the effect of an ethanolic extract ofSanguis draconis(SD), a kind of dragon’s blood resin that is obtained fromDaemonorops draco(Palmae), on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) under high-glucose (HG) stimulation and its underlying mechanism. Concentration-dependent (0–50 μg/mL) assessment of cell viability showed that SD does not affect cell viability with a similar trend up to 48 h. Remarkably, SD (10–50 μg/mL) significantly attenuated the high-glucose (25 and 50 mM) induced cell toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. SD inhibited high glucose-induced nitrite (NO) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in HUVEC. Western blot analysis revealed that SD treatments abolished HG-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), nuclear transcription factor,κB (NF-κB), VCAM-1, and E-selectin, and it also blocked the breakdown of PARP-116 kDa protein in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that SD increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased Bax protein expression in HG-stimulated HUVEC. Thus, these results of this study demonstrate for the first time that SD inhibits glucose induced oxidative stress and vascular inflammation in HUVEC by inhibiting the ERK/NF-κB/PARP-1/Bax signaling cascade followed by suppressing the activation of VCAM-1 and E-selectin. These data suggest that SD may have a therapeutic potential in vascular inflammation due to the decreased levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activation.
Simultaneous Heterotrophic Nitrification and Aerobic Denitrification byChryseobacteriumsp. R31 Isolated from Abattoir Wastewater
Authors: Kundu Pradyut , Pramanik Arnab , Dasgupta Arpita , Mukherjee Somnath , Mukherjee Joydeep
Published: June 2014

A heterotrophic carbon utilizing microbe (R31) capable of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was isolated from wastewater of an Indian slaughterhouse. From an initial COD value of 583.0 mg/L, 95.54% was removed whilst, from a startingNH4+-N concentration of 55.7 mg/L, 95.87% was removed after 48 h contact. The concentrations of the intermediates hydroxylamine, nitrite, and nitrate were low, thus ensuring nitrogen removal. Aerobic denitrification occurring during ammonium removal by R31 was confirmed by utilization of both nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen substrates. Glucose and succinate were superior while acetate and citrate were poor substrates for nitrogen removal. Molecular phylogenetic identification, supported by chemotaxonomic and physiological properties, assigned R31 as a close relative ofChryseobacterium haifense. TheNH4+-N utilization rate and growth of strain R31 were found to be higher at C/N = 10 in comparison to those achieved with C/N ratios of 5 and 20. Monod kinetic coefficients, half saturation concentration(Ks), maximum rate of substrate utilization(k), yield coefficient,(Y)and endogenous decay coefficient(Kd)indicated potential application of R31 in large-scale SND process. This is the first report on concomitant carbon oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification in the genusChryseobacteriumand the associated kinetic coefficients.
A Differentially Driven Dual-Polarized Dual-Wideband Complementary Antenna for 2G/3G/LTE Applications
Authors: Feng Botao , Li Shufang , An Wenxing , Hong Weijun , Yin Sixing
Published: June 2014

A novel differentially driven dual-polarized dual-wideband complementary patch antenna with high isolation is proposed for 2G/3G/LTE applications. In order to generate dual-polarization and dual-wideband properties, a pair of biorthogonal dual-layerη-shaped tapered line feeding structures is utilized to feed two pairs of dual-layer U-shaped patches, respectively. The upper-layer U-shaped patches mainly serve the upper frequency band, while the lower-layer ones chiefly work for the lower frequency band. Besides, a horned reflector is introduced to improve radiation patterns and provide stable gain. The prototype antenna can achieve a bandwidth of 25.7% (0.78 GHz–1.01 GHz) with a stable gain of7.8±0.7 dBi for the lower band, and a bandwidth of 45.7% (1.69 GHz–2.69 GHz) with a gain of9.5±1.1 dBi for the upper band. Input isolation exceeding 30 dB has been obtained in the wide bandwidth. Thus, it can be potentially used as a base station antenna for 2G/3G/LTE networks.
Ultrawide Bandwidth 180°-Hybrid-Coupler in Planar Technology
Authors: Scherr Steffen , Ayhan Serdal , Adamiuk Grzegorz , Pahl Philipp , Zwick Thomas
Published: June 2014

A new concept of an ultrawide bandwidth 180°-hybrid-coupler is presented. The ultrawideband design approach is based on the excitation of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) mode and a coupled slot line (CSL) mode in the same double slotted planar waveguide. The coupler is suitable for realization in planar printed circuit board technology. For verification of the new concept a prototype was designed for the frequency range from 3 GHz to 11 GHz, built, and measured. The measurement results presented in this paper show a good agreement between simulation and measurement and demonstrate the very broadband performance of the new device. The demonstrated coupler with a size of 40 mm × 55 mm exhibits a fractional bandwidth of 114% centered at 7 GHz with a maximum amplitude imbalance of 0.8 dB and a maximum phase imbalance of 5°.
Blood Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Robelin Laura , Gonzalez De Aguilar Jose Luis
Published: June 2014

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal condition primarily characterized by the selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons. At present, the diagnosis and monitoring of ALS is based on clinical examination, electrophysiological findings, medical history, and exclusion of confounding disorders. There is therefore an undeniable need for molecular biomarkers that could give reliable information on the onset and progression of ALS in clinical practice and therapeutic trials. From a practical point of view, blood offers a series of advantages, including easy handling and multiple testing at a low cost, that make it an ideal source of biomarkers. In this review, we revisited the findings of many studies that investigated the presence of systemic changes at the molecular and cellular level in patients with ALS. The results of these studies reflect the diversity in the pathological mechanisms contributing to disease (e.g., excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration, among others) and provide relatively successful evidence of the usefulness of a wide-ranging panel of molecules as potential biomarkers. More studies, hopefully internationally coordinated, would be needed, however, to translate the application of these biomarkers into benefit for patients.
Optimal Penalties on Deviations from Budgetary Targets
Authors: Menguy Séverine
Published: June 2014

Beyond traditional arguments justifying the introduction of fiscal rules, this paper analyses their potential contribution to an indirect budgetary coordination between the member countries of a monetary union. Indeed, thanks to appropriate fiscal penalties, the noncooperative and decentralized equilibrium could get closer to the optimal equilibrium where the budgetary authorities cooperate. Our macroeconomic model shows that whatever penalty on the structural budgetary deficit would be optimal in case of asymmetric shocks. A moderate penalty on the excessive indebtedness level would be optimal in “normal times,” or in case of asymmetric shocks if openness to trade and price flexibility are sufficiently high, whereas the share of public consumption in GDP, taxations rates, and indebtedness levels is sufficiently weak in the monetary union. Besides, in case of symmetric shocks, a fiscal penalty would be useful to decrease the excessive budgetary activism, even if it doesn’t allow reaching the optimal and first-best equilibrium. Furthermore, the fiscal penalty should always be an increasing function of the share of public consumption in GDP and of taxation rates but a decreasing function of the strength of automatic stabilizers, of openness to trade, and of price flexibility in the member countries of the monetary union.
Archaea: The First Domain of Diversified Life
Authors: Caetano-Anollés Gustavo , Nasir Arshan , Zhou Kaiyue , Caetano-Anollés Derek , Mittenthal Jay E. , Sun Feng-Jie , Kim Kyung Mo
Published: June 2014

The study of the origin of diversified life has been plagued by technical and conceptual difficulties, controversy, and apriorism. It is now popularly accepted that the universal tree of life is rooted in the akaryotes and that Archaea and Eukarya are sister groups to each other. However, evolutionary studies have overwhelmingly focused on nucleic acid and protein sequences, which partially fulfill only two of the three main steps of phylogenetic analysis, formulation of realistic evolutionary models, and optimization of tree reconstruction. In the absence of character polarization, that is, the ability to identify ancestral and derived character states, any statement about the rooting of the tree of life should be considered suspect. Here we show that macromolecular structure and a new phylogenetic framework of analysis that focuses on the parts of biological systems instead of the whole provide both deep and reliable phylogenetic signal and enable us to put forth hypotheses of origin. We review over a decade of phylogenomic studies, which mine information in a genomic census of millions of encoded proteins and RNAs. We show how the use of process models of molecular accumulation that comply with Weston’s generality criterion supports a consistent phylogenomic scenario in which the origin of diversified life can be traced back to the early history of Archaea.
Density Functional Theory Simulations of Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications: Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites and III/V Heterostructures
Authors: Even Jacky , Pedesseau Laurent , Tea Eric , Almosni Samy , Rolland Alain , Robert Cédric , Jancu Jean-Marc , Cornet Charles , Katan Claudine , Guillemoles Jean-François , Durand Olivier
Published: June 2014

Potentialities of density functional theory (DFT) based methodologies are explored for photovoltaic materials through the modeling of the structural and optoelectronic properties of semiconductor hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and GaAs/GaP heterostructures. They show how the properties of these bulk materials, as well as atomistic relaxations, interfaces, and electronic band-lineups in small heterostructures, can be thoroughly investigated. Some limitations of available standard DFT codes are discussed. Recent improvements able to treat many-body effects or based on density-functional perturbation theory are also reviewed in the context of issues relevant to photovoltaic technologies.
Mathematical Modelling of Thermal Process to Aquatic Environment with Different Hydrometeorological Conditions
Authors: Issakhov Alibek
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the mathematical model of the thermal process from thermal power plant to aquatic environment of the reservoir-cooler, which is located in the Pavlodar region, 17 Km to the north-east of Ekibastuz town. The thermal process in reservoir-cooler with different hydrometeorological conditions is considered, which is solved by three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and temperature equation for an incompressible flow in a stratified medium. A numerical method based on the projection method, divides the problem into three stages. At the first stage, it is assumed that the transfer of momentum occurs only by convection and diffusion. Intermediate velocity field is solved by fractional steps method. At the second stage, three-dimensional Poisson equation is solved by the Fourier method in combination with tridiagonal matrix method (Thomas algorithm). Finally, at the third stage, it is expected that the transfer is only due to the pressure gradient. Numerical method determines the basic laws of the hydrothermal processes that qualitatively and quantitatively are approximated depending on different hydrometeorological conditions.
A Tutorial on Implantable Hearing Amplification Options for Adults with Unilateral Microtia and Atresia
Authors: Yu Joannie Ka Yin , Wong Lena Lai Nar , Tsang Willis Sung Shan , Tong Michael Chi Fai
Published: June 2014

Background.Patients with unilateral atresia and microtia encounter problems in sound localization and speech understanding in noise. Although there are four implantable hearing devices available, there is little discussion and evidence on the application of these devices on patients with unilateral atresia and microtia problems.Objective.This paper will review the details of these four implantable hearing devices for the treatment of unilateral atresia. They are percuteaneous osseointegrated bone anchored hearing aid, Vibrant Soundbridge middle ear implant, Bonebridge bone conduction system, and Carina fully implantable hearing device.Methods.Four implantable hearing devices were reviewed and compared. The clinical decision process that led to the recommendation of a device was illustrated by using a case study.Conclusions.The selection of appropriate implantable hearing devices should be based on various factors, including radiological findings and patient preferences, possible surgical complications, whether the device is Food and Drug Administration- (FDA-)/CE-approved, and the finances. To ensure the accurate evaluation of candidacy and outcomes, the evaluation methods should be adapted to suite the type of hearing device.
Sample‐Data Modeling of a Zero Voltage Transition DC‐DC Converter for On‐Board Battery Charger in EV
Authors: Granados-Luna Teresa R. , Araujo-Vargas Ismael , Perez-Pinal Francisco J.
Published: June 2014

Battery charger is a key device in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. On‐board and off‐board topologies are available in the market. Lightweight, small, high performance, and simple control are desired characteristics for on‐board chargers. Moreover, isolated single‐phase topologies are the most common system in Level 1 battery charger topologies. Following this trend, this paper proposes a sampled‐data modelling strategy of a zero voltage transition (ZVT) DC‐DC converter for an on‐board battery charger. A piece‐wise linear analysis of the converter is the basis of the technique presented such that a large‐signal model and, therefore, a small‐signal model of the converter are derived. Numerical and simulation results of a 250 W test rig validate the model.
Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Free Boundary Problem with Logistic Reaction Term
Authors: Cai Jingjing
Published: June 2014

We study a free boundary problem for a reaction diffusion equation modeling the spreading of a biological or chemical species. In this model, the free boundary represents the spreading front of the species. We discuss the asymptotic behavior of bounded solutions and obtain a trichotomy result: spreading (the free boundary tends to+∞and the solution converges to a stationary solution defined on[0+∞)), transition (the free boundary stays in a bounded interval and the solution converges to a stationary solution with positive compact support), and vanishing (the free boundary converges to 0 and the solution tends to 0 within afinitetime).
Effect of a System-Oriented Intervention on Compliance Problems in Schizophrenia: A Pragmatic Controlled Trial
Authors: Skarsholm Hanne , Stoevring Henrik , Nielsen Bent
Published: June 2014

Background. Numerous studies have been conducted with a view to developing strategies for improvement of medical compliance in patients with schizophrenia. All of the studies conducted so far have had an individual approach to compliance based on the assumption that noncompliance is determined individually due to inappropriate behavior in the patient. We conducted a pragmatic controlled trial with a system-oriented approach, to provide a new perspective on compliance and test the efficacy of a multifactorial intervention at the system level in a routine clinical setting, an approach that has not previously been used for the improvement of compliance.Methods. 30 patients were allocated to the system-oriented therapy and 40 patients were allocated to the reference intervention, which consisted of individually based compliance therapy. The follow-up period was six months. Primary endpoint was improvement in compliance, measured by improvement in a compliance scale specifically developed for the project.Results. When accounting for missing values with a multiple imputation approach, we found a tendency toward a difference in both the compliance scale and PANSS favoring the system-oriented therapy, although it did not reach statistical significance. A significant difference in incidence of adverse events and time to first readmission was found. Attrition rates were significantly higher in the reference group and nonsignificant among individuals with lower compliance, which may have diluted effect estimates. This was reflected by significant differences found in an analysis based on a last observation carried forward approach.Conclusion. This study suggests that compliance problems are better solved by a multifactorial intervention at the system level than at the individual level.
A Local Fractional Integral Inequality on Fractal Space Analogous to Anderson’s Inequality
Authors: Wei Wei , Srivastava H. M. , Zhang Yunyi , Wang Lei , Shen Peiyi , Zhang Jing
Published: June 2014

Anderson's inequality (Anderson, 1958) as well as its improved version given by Fink (2003) is known to provide interesting examples of integral inequalities. In this paper, we establish local fractional integral analogue of Anderson's inequality on fractal space under some suitable conditions. Moreover, we also show that the local fractional integral inequality on fractal space, which we have proved in this paper, is a new generalization of the classical Anderson's inequality.
Direct Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Sugars and Sugarcane Bagasse by a RecombinantTrichoderma reeseiStrain HJ48
Authors: Huang Jun , Chen Dong , Wei Yutuo , Wang Qingyan , Li Zhenchong , Chen Ying , Huang Ribo
Published: June 2014

Trichoderma reeseican be considered as a candidate for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) microorganism. However, its ethanol yield needs to be improved significantly. Here the ethanol production ofT. reeseiCICC 40360 was improved by genome shuffling while simultaneously enhancing the ethanol resistance. The initial mutant population was generated by nitrosoguanidine treatment of the spores, and an improved population producing more than fivefold ethanol than wild type was obtained by genome shuffling. The results show that the shuffled strain HJ48 can efficiently convert lignocellulosic sugars to ethanol under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, it was able to produce ethanol directly from sugarcane bagasse, demonstrating that the shuffled strain HJ48 is a suitable microorganism for consolidated bioprocessing.
Lipid Peroxidation, Nitric Oxide Metabolites, and Their Ratio in a Group of Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Caimi Gregorio , Lo Presti Rosalia , Montana Maria , Noto Davide , Canino Baldassare , Averna Maurizio R. , Hopps Eugenia
Published: June 2014

Our aim was to evaluate lipid peroxidation, expressed as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite + nitrate) expressed asNOx, and TBARS/NOxratio in a group of subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS). In this regard we enrolled 106 subjects with MS defined according to the IDF criteria, subsequently subdivided into diabetic (DMS) and nondiabetic (NDMS) and also into subjects with a low triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) index or with a high TG/HDL-C index. In the entire group and in the four subgroups of MS subjects we found an increase in TBARS andNOxlevels and a decrease in TBARS/NOxratio in comparison with normal controls. Regarding all these parameters no statistical difference between DMS and NDMS was evident, but a significant increase inNOxwas present in subjects with a high TG/HDL-C index in comparison with those with a low index. In MS subjects we also found a negative correlation between TBARS/NOxratio and TG/HDL-C index. Considering the hyperactivity of the inducible NO synthase in MS, these data confirm the altered redox and inflammatory status that characterizes the MS and suggest a link between lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and insulin resistance, evaluated as TG/HDL-C index.
Sum of Bernoulli Mixtures: Beyond Conditional Independence
Authors: Bae Taehan , Iscoe Ian
Published: June 2014

We consider the distribution of the sum of Bernoulli mixtures under a general dependence structure. The level of dependence is measured in terms of a limiting conditional correlation between two of the Bernoulli random variables. The conditioning event is that the mixing random variable is larger than a threshold and the limit is with respect to the threshold tending to one. The large-sample distribution of the empirical frequency and its use in approximating the risk measures, value at risk and conditional tail expectation, are presented for a new class of models which we calldouble mixtures. Several illustrative examples with a Beta mixing distribution, are given. As well, some data from the area of credit risk are fit with the models, and comparisons are made between the new models and also the classical Beta-binomial model.
Self-Assembly of TiO2/CdS Mesoporous Microspheres with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity via Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Yu Sujing , Hu Juncheng , Li Jinlin
Published: June 2014

Self assembly of TiO2/CdS mesoporous microspheres was synthesized via hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence spectra (PL). The as-synthesized TiO2/CdS mesoporous microspheres showed superior photocatalytic activity for the degradation of RhB under either visible light or simulated sunlight irradiation; the 10 wt% TiO2/CdS sample showed the best performance. Moreover, this catalyst showed improved stability, and the activity did not decrease significantly after four recycles. The heterojunction between TiO2and CdS may be favorable for the transport of photoinduced electrons from CdS to TiO2. In addition, the mesoporous structure could increase the utilization of light energy and facilitate the diffusion of reactants and products during the photocatalytic reaction.
Soil Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Paddy-Upland Rotation: A Review
Authors: Zhou Wei , Lv Teng-Fei , Chen Yong , Westby Anthony P. , Ren Wan-Jun
Published: June 2014

Paddy-upland rotation is an unavoidable cropping system for Asia to meet the increasing demand for food. The reduction in grain yields has increased the research interest on the soil properties of rice-based cropping systems. Paddy-upland rotation fields are unique from other wetland or upland soils, because they are associated with frequent cycling between wetting and drying under anaerobic and aerobic conditions; such rotations affect the soil C and N cycles, make the chemical speciation and biological effectiveness of soil nutrient elements varied with seasons, increase the diversity of soil organisms, and make the soil physical properties more difficult to analyze. Consequently, maintaining or improving soil quality at a desirable level has become a complicated issue. Therefore, fully understanding the soil characteristics of paddy-upland rotation is necessary for the sustainable development of the system. In this paper, we offer helpful insight into the effect of rice-upland combinations on the soil chemical, physical, and biological properties, which could provide guidance for reasonable cultivation management measures and contribute to the improvement of soil quality and crop yield.
Structure of Small World Innovation Network and Learning Performance
Authors: Song Shuang , Chen Xiangdong , Zhang Gupeng
Published: June 2014

This paper examines the differences of learning performance of 5 MNCs (multinational corporations) that filed the largest number of patents in China. We establish the innovation network with the patent coauthorship data by these 5 MNCs and classify the networks by the tail of distribution curve of connections. To make a comparison of the learning performance of these 5 MNCs with differing network structures, we develop an organization learning model by regarding the reality as having m dimensions, which denotes the heterogeneous knowledge about the reality. We further set n innovative individuals that are mutually interactive and own unique knowledge about the reality. A longer (shorter) distance between the knowledge of the individual and the reality denotes a lower (higher) knowledge level of that individual. Individuals interact with and learn from each other within the small‐world network. By making 1,000 numerical simulations and averaging the simulated results, we find that the differing structure of the small‐world network leads to the differences of learning performance between these 5 MNCs. The network monopolization negatively impacts and network connectivity positively impacts learning performance. Policy implications in the conclusion section suggest that to improve firm learning performance, it is necessary to establish a flat and connective network.
Enhanced Apoptosis of Monocytes from Complication-Free Juvenile-Onset Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 May Be Ameliorated by TNF-αInhibitors
Authors: Myśliwska Jolanta , Ryba-Stanisławowska Monika , Smardzewski Marcin , Słomiński Bartosz , Myśliwiec Małgorzata , Siebert Janusz
Published: June 2014

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is associated with an enhanced apoptosis of different cells and tissues, accelerating occurrence of diabetic microvascular complications. The aim of our study was to determine spontaneous apoptotic potential of the monocyte subsets in juvenile-onset complication-free diabetes mellitus type 1 and to compare them with the corresponding values of the healthy. Moreover, we wanted to assess effects of TNF-R1 blocking agents and those of general TNF-αblocker (Infliximab) on spontaneous apoptosis of monocytes. Sixty randomly selected DM1 patients (14.5 ± 3.2 years) and 30 healthy (13.5 ± 2.8 years) volunteers were enrolled in the study. Our results indicate that three monocyte subsets are distinguishable in the groups of young diabetic patients and the healthy, similarly to in the blood of adults. DM1 patients were characterized by higher values of apoptotic monocytes than the healthy. The manipulation with drugs inhibiting TNF-R1 expression diminished the pool of CD16+apoptotic monocytes. Infliximab reduced the apoptotic CD16−cells. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus type 1 is associated with greater apoptosis of three monocyte subsets which may contribute to the development of microvascular complications. TNF-αmodifiers appear to ameliorate monocyte apoptosis. They may be useful for controlling excessive monocyte apoptosis in diabetic patients.
Effects of the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Olmesartan on Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Function in Mice with Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Maeda Akinobu , Tamura Kouichi , Wakui Hiromichi , Ohsawa Masato , Azushima Kengo , Uneda Kazushi , Kanaoka Tomohiko , Kobayashi Ryu , Ohki Kohji , Matsuda Miyuki , Tsurumi-Ikeya Yuko , Yamashita Akio , Tokita Yasuo , Umemura Satoshi
Published: June 2014

In the present study, we examined the therapeutic effects of olmesartan, an angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R)-specific blocker, in genetically obese diabetic KKAy mice, a model of human metabolic disorders with visceral obesity, with a focus on an olmesartan effect on the adipose tissue. Olmesartan treatment (3 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks significantly lowered systolic blood pressure but did not affect body weight during the study period in KKAy mice. However, there were three interesting findings possibly related to the pleiotropic effects of olmesartan on adipose tissue in KKAy mice: (1) an inhibitory effect on adipocyte hypertrophy, (2) a suppressive effect on IL-6 gene expression, and (3) an ameliorating effect on oxidative stress. On the other hand, olmesartan exerted no evident influence on the adipose tissue expression of AT1R-associated protein (ATRAP), which is a molecule interacting with AT1R so as to inhibit pathological AT1R activation and is suggested to be an emerging molecular target in metabolic disorders with visceral obesity. Collectively, these results suggest that the blood pressure lowering effect of olmesartan in KKAy mice is associated with an improvement in adipocyte, including suppression of adipocyte hypertrophy and inhibition of the adipose IL-6-oxidative stress axis. Further study is needed to clarify the functional role of adipose ATRAP in the pleiotropic effects of olmesartan.
In SilicoMolecular Docking andIn VitroAntidiabetic Studies of Dihydropyrimido[4,5-a]acridin-2-amines
Authors: Bharathi A. , Roopan Selvaraj Mohana , Vasavi C. S. , Munusami Punnagai , Gayathri G. A. , Gayathri M.
Published: June 2014

Anin vitroantidiabetic activity onα-amylase andα–glucosidase activity of novel 10-chloro-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-12-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrimido[4,5-a]acridin-2-amines (3a–3f) were evaluated. Structures of the synthesized molecules were studied by FT-IR,1H NMR,13C NMR, EI-MS, and single crystal X-ray structural analysis data. Anin silicomolecular docking was performed on synthesized molecules (3a–3f). Overall studies indicate that compound3eis a promising compound leading to the development of selective inhibition ofα-amylase andα-glucosidase.
VEGFA Genomic Amplification Tailors Treatment of HCCs with Sorafenib
Authors: Luo Xiaolin , Feng Gen-Sheng
Published: June 2014

Summary: In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Horwitz and colleagues identified a subtype of hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) bearing VEGFA genomic amplification that is particularly sensitive to VEGFA inhibition and is also more sensitive to sorafenib treatment. Taken conjointly, these data suggest that VEGFA genomic amplification can be used as a biomarker for personalized treatment of HCC with sorafenib. Cancer Discov; 4(6); 640–1. ©2014 AACR.

See related article by Horwitz et al., p. 730
Fluorescein Angiography and Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Monitoring Anti-VEGF Therapy in Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Iacono Pierluigi , Battaglia Parodi Maurizio , Papayannis Alexandros , Kontadakis Stylianos , Da Pozzo Stefano , Cascavilla Maria Lucia , La Spina Carlo , Varano Monica , Bandello Francesco
Published: June 2014

Aim: To evaluate the agreement between fluorescein angiography (FA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in detecting myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) activity during bevacizumab treatment. Methods: Thirty-four patients with subfoveal myopic CNV were prospectively enrolled. FA and SD-OCT were performed at baseline and at all planned monthly visits. After the first injection, additional treatments were administered following detection of fluid on SD-OCT and/or leakage on FA. κ-Analysis was performed to examine the agreement between FA and SD-OCT. Results: At baseline, FA and SD-OCT agreed in 26/34 cases (κ = 0.23); sensitivity and specificity were 77.4 and 66.7%, respectively. Seven eyes presented leakage on FA with no fluid on SD-OCT, 1 case showed intraretinal fluid on SD-OCT and no leakage on FA. At the 1-month examination, specificity and κ-value improved, and 30/34 cases showed complete concordance. At the 3- and 4-month examinations, a discordance was noted in 6 cases. From the 5-month examination on, a correspondence was achieved in at least 30/34 cases and reached a perfect match in 11 sessions. Conclusions: Our study confirms the key role of FA in diagnosing myopic CNV. It seems possible there may be a role for SD-OCT in assisting FA to monitor the myopic CNV activity during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody treatment.
Temporal Trends in the Use of High-Dose Potent Statins following Acute Coronary Syndrome in Israel
Authors: Elis Avishay , Pereg David , Dicker Dror , Gevrielov-Yusim Natalie , Goldenberg Ilan , Matetzky Shlomi , Kopel Eran , Klempfner Robert
Published: June 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with the prescription of high-dose potent statin (HDPS) therapy following hospitalization for acute coronary events. Study Design: Sub-analysis was made using the data of 3,525 patients enrolled in the 2008 and 2010 Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Surveys (ACSIS). Methods: Analyses were carried out to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with the prescription of HDPS therapy (atorvastatin 40-80 mg/day or rosuvastatin 20-40 mg/day) at discharge compared with the prescription of lower-dose statins. Results: Among the study patients, 1,387 (39%) were discharged on HDPS, 1,860 (53%) with lower-dose statin regimens and 278 (8%) with no recommendation for statin therapy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pre-admission usage of HDPS and participation in the more recent (2010) ACSIS survey were independently associated with a higher likelihood of HDPS prescription at discharge from the index event (odds ratio, OR, 21.07, p < 0.001, and 5.61, p < 0.001, respectively), whereas factors independently associated with a lack of HDPS prescription included age >75 years (OR 0.76, p = 0.03), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels <100 mg/dl on admission (OR 0.67, p < 0.001) and a history of heart failure prior to the index hospitalization (OR 0.54, p = 0.0018). The 30-day compliance with the HDPS regimen was 98%. Conclusions: The findings show increased use of HDPS therapy in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, although this mode of medical therapy is still underutilized in the important subset of high-risk ACS patients.
Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity: A Neonatal Success Story
Authors: Kreutzer K. , Bassler D.
Published: June 2014

Caffeine, a methylxanthine and nonspecific inhibitor of adenosine receptors, is an example of a drug that has been in use for more than 40 years. It is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in neonatal medicine. However, until 2006, it had only a few relatively small and short-term studies supporting its use. It is thanks to the efforts of Barbara Schmidt and the Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) Trial Group that we now have high-quality and reliable data not only on short-term but also long-term outcomes of caffeine use for apnea of prematurity. CAP was an international, multicenter, placebo-controlled randomized trial designed to determine whether survival without neurodevelopmental disability at a corrected age of 18 months is improved if apnea of prematurity is managed without methylxanthines in infants at a high risk of apneic attacks. CAP was kept simple and pragmatic in order to allow for maximum generalizability and applicability. Infants with birth weights of 500-1,250 g were enrolled during the first 10 days of life if their clinicians considered them to be candidates for methylxanthine therapy. The most frequent indication for therapy reported in CAP was treatment of documented apnea, followed by the facilitation of the removal of an endotracheal tube. Only about 20% of the neonatologists in the trial started caffeine for the prevention of apnea and the findings of CAP cannot automatically be extrapolated to an exclusive prophylactic indication. However, recent data suggest that the administration of prophylactic methylxanthine by neonatologists is now common practice.
Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity: Long-Term Respiratory Outcome
Authors: El Mazloum Dania , Moschino Laura , Bozzetto Sara , Baraldi Eugenio
Published: June 2014

Chronic respiratory morbidity is a common adverse outcome of preterm birth, especially in infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is still a major cause of long-term lung dysfunction with a heavy burden on health care services and medical resources throughout childhood. The most severely affected patients remain symptomatic even in adulthood, and this may be influenced also by environmental variables (e.g. smoking), which can contribute to persistent obstruction of airflow. Of all obstructive lung diseases in humans, BPD has the earliest onset and probably lasts the longest. Since the prevention of BPD is an elusive goal, minimizing neonatal lung injury and closely monitoring survivors remain the best courses of action. This review describes the clinical and functional changes characteristic of the long-term pulmonary sequelae of preterm birth, focusing particularly on BPD.
Transcatheter Occlusion of Azygos/Hemiazygos Vein in Patients with Systemic Venous Collateral Development after the Bidirectional Glenn Procedure
Authors: Lu Minjie , Wu Wenhui , Zhang Gejun , So Aaron , Zhao Tao , Xu Zhongying , Zheng Hong , Xiangli Wei , Tian Liangxin , Liu Sheng , Jiang Shiliang , Zhao Shihua
Published: June 2014

Objectives: To elucidate the feasibility and treatment effects of transcatheter occlusion of the azygos/hemiazygos vein in patients with progressive cyanosis after performing the bidirectional Glenn procedure. Methods: From January 2007 to May 2011, transcatheter closure was performed on 9 patients (7 males and 2 females) aged 5-15 years (median 9 years). Results: A total of 7 azygos veins and 3 hemiazygos veins were occluded successfully. Coils were employed in 4 of the procedures, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occluders in 3, atrial septal defect occluders in 2 and a PDA occluder together with coils in 1 procedure. Immediate complete occlusions were achieved in 9 (81.8%) procedures and trivial residual shunt in 2 (18.2%). The femoral artery oxygen saturation (SaO2) rose from 81 [interquartile range (IQR) 75-86%] to 88% (IQR 84-91%). Conclusions: Patients with superior vena cava azygos vein collateral channels can be treated successfully by transcatheter occlusion with multiple devices. The device for embolization depends on the extent of the severity of the shunt, the size of the lumen of the azygos vein/hemiazygos vein and the candidate location for occlusion.
Stroke in the Rain Forest: Prevalence in a Ribeirinha Community and an Urban Population in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Fernandes Tiótrefis Gomes , Benseñor Isabela Martins , Goulart Alessandra Carvalho , Tavares Bruno Mendes , Alencar Airlane Pereira , Santos Itamar Souza , Lotufo Paulo Andrade
Published: June 2014

Background: Our objective was to determine the cerebrovascular prevalence in a town in the Brazilian Amazon basin and compare the ribeirinhos (riparians) to the urban population in the same municipality. Methods: From May to October 2011, 6,216 residents over 35 years of age in the town of Coari were interviewed using a screening questionnaire, the Stroke Symptom Questionnaire. Cerebrovascular prevalence rates (PRs) from the door-to-door surveillance were calculated according to the location of the home. Results: Respondent totals were 4,897 in the urban area and 1,028 in the rural area. The crude prevalence of stroke was 6.3% in rural and 3.7% in urban areas with differences maintained after sex and age adjustment. Among stroke cases, the ribeirinhos were those with less access to medical care in comparison to the urban area (32.1 vs. 52.5%, p = 0.01), and a positive association between rural area and no medical care for stroke remained (PR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.71), independently of age, sex, education and functional impairment. Conclusions: This study provides the first population-based cerebrovascular prevalence comparison between an urban and a rural population in the Amazon rain forest. The PRs were higher in the ribeirinha compared to the urban population in the same municipality.
Bowel Dysfunction following Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer: A Prospective Study
Authors: Loizzi V. , Cormio G. , Lobascio P.L. , Marino F. , De Fazio M. , Falagario M. , Leone L. , Difiore G. , Scardigno D. , Selvaggi L. , Altomare D.F.
Published: June 2014

Objective: To objectively assess anorectal dysfunction following nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy in stage I-II cervical carcinoma patients. Material and Methods: Between 2008 and 2012, 21 patients with primary cervical cancer stage FIGO I-II were enrolled in this prospective study. All women underwent nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy. Anorectal manometry was performed preoperatively and 6 months after surgery. A paired Student t test was used to assess the statistical difference between the manometric evaluations. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Twenty-one patients were available for follow-up. Maximal and mean anal resting and squeezing pressures were unaffected by the surgical procedure, rectoanal inhibitory reflex and length of the high anal pressure zone did not change after the operation. The minimal volume to elicit rectal sensation, urge to defecate and maximal tolerable volume did not change significantly in the postoperative period, although they decreased in 2 and increased in 3 patients. In addition, rectal compliance did not change after surgery. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between patients who were or were not treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer does not seem to be associated with long-term anorectal dysfunction.
Inflammation and Glycemic Tolerance Status in Pregnancy: The Role of Maternal Adiposity
Authors: Özyer Şebnem , Engin-Üstün Yaprak , Uzunlar Özlem , Katar Ceren , Danışman Nuri
Published: June 2014

Background/Aims: Although the association between inflammation and insulin resistance is well known, the data related to the role of inflammation in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of several inflammatory mediators with the glycemic status in pregnancy. Methods: Leukocyte count, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and interleukin-6 levels were measured in 70 patients with normal glucose tolerance, in 57 patients with impaired glucose tolerance and in 35 patients with GDM as determined based on 50-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 100-gram OGTT results. Results: A significant difference among the groups was seen only with regard to CRP and fibrinogen levels; however, no significant differences were observed after adjustment for body mass index (BMI). CRP was found to be strongly associated with current BMI in all three groups. Conclusion: Maternal serum levels of inflammatory mediators are not related to GDM at the time of the glucose challenge test in the late second or early third trimester. The significant difference in the levels of CRP in different strata of glycemic tolerance was not observed after adjustment for BMI. Adiposity may have a central role in GDM, causing an inflammatory response.
Predictors and Clinical Implications of Minimal ST-Segment Elevation in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jang Se Yong , Bae Myung Hwan , Kim Jae Hee , Park Sun Hee , Lee Jang Hoon , Yang Dong Heon , Park Hun Sik , Cho Yongkeun , Chae Shung Chull
Published: June 2014

Objectives: Some patients with suspected ST-segment elevation (STE) myocardial infarction (STEMI) show STE that does not fulfill the current criteria for STEMI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and prognoses of patients with minimal STEMI. Methods: Between November 2007 and December 2011, 546 patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI were enrolled. Results: The minimal STE group had a higher proportion of women (30.2 vs. 21.0%, p = 0.031), better pre-PCI antegrade flow (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow 2-3, 30.2 vs. 18.8%, p = 0.006) and better collateralization (Rentrop score 2-3, 27.4 vs. 18.1%, p = 0.024) compared to the definite STE group. Multivariate analysis showed that each of them were independent predictors for minimal STE. However, 1-year mortality of the minimal STE group did not differ from that of the definite STE group (7.1 vs. 9.3%, log-rank p = 0.315). Conclusions: Female gender, good collateral flow and good pre-PCI antegrade flow were independent predictors for minimal STE in patients with STEMI. However, minimal STE was not related to a good prognosis in patients with STEMI.