bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring COVID‐19 patient's dignity and satisfaction: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Helali Sotoodeh Mina , Ahmadi Shad Maryam , Zare Mohammad , Khorasanizadeh Mohammad Hossein , Gillespie Mark
Published: March 2024

Aim

With the outbreak of COVID‐19 and associated challenges such as increased workload for health providers and shortage of equipment, it became more challenging to maintain patients' dignity and satisfaction. This study evaluated the patients' dignity and satisfaction with COVID‐19 in Kashan, Iran, in 2021.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive study.

Methods

In total, 385 patients recovered from COVID‐19 were selected through sequential sampling method. Data were collected using demographic, patient dignity inventory, and patient satisfaction questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis, independent t‐test, ANOVA, and Spearman‐Brown coefficient.

Results

The mean age of patients was 50.57. The mean scores of patients' dignity and satisfaction were 1.622 ± 0.653 and 3.851 ± 0.548 (out of 5), respectively. The dignity rating was associated with age, gender, education, underlying disease, and length of hospital stay (p < 0.05); but patient satisfaction was only associated with education (p = 0.002). The results indicated that dignity and satisfaction have a significant direct correlation (r = −0.23, p < 0.001).

Patient or Public Contribution

This study was designed based on the research priorities and needs in the field of clinical research and patients were involved in conducting the study via participating in data collection.
Designing and implementing a synchronized multi‐university cover crops course
Authors: Basche Andrea , Renner Karen A. , Haramoto Erin R. , Menalled Uriel D. , Wortman Sam E. , Park Dara , Smith Richard G. , Baas Dean G. , Tully Katherine L. , Ryan Matthew R.
Published: March 2024

The increasing attention around cover crops in US agriculture to address many sustainability challenges necessitates targeted educational approaches to support future agriculture professionals. This article describes the process by which a team of educators, with different areas of expertise and from different regions, collaborated to design and implement a multi‐university, semester‐long, hybrid course titled “Cover Crops in Agroecosystems.” Course development occurred over 2 years during which the format, learning outcomes, as well as synchronized topics and activities were discussed, negotiated, and finalized. The course consisted of weekly pre‐recorded lecture videos, in‐person labs, and remote synchronous multi‐site meetings. An end‐of‐semester survey administered at six universities in fall 2022 found that students valued the multi‐regional dimension of the course, including learning from different instructors and interacting with students from other institutions. The survey also found broad student agreement that learning objectives were achieved, particularly around topics of cover crop agronomy and management. The team's experience with course development highlights how designing and implementing a multi‐university course where students report a quality learning experience is achievable. However, course execution ultimately required considerable effort, more than 2 years of planning, as well as ongoing team discussions and modifications that did not significantly reduce the time needed to prepare a more traditional individual instructor‐led course. Course execution also required considerable flexibility in decision‐making that aligned with different university constraints, instructor styles, and student needs. This effort and flexibility resulted in a quality student experience on a topic area of importance for advancing sustainable agriculture.
75 Years of women representation in Afghanistan: Looking back to look forward
Authors: Mosamim Parwiz , Villeneuve Jean‐Patrick
Published: March 2024

This article analyzes barriers and facilitators to Afghan women's representation in the last 75 years, from Zahir Shah (1933–1973) to Ashraf Ghani (2014–2021) and now under the Taliban (2021–…). We conducted a qualitative analysis using administrative documents and related academic contributions from each period to address this topic. The analysis shows that the representation of women in Afghanistan's public administration (PA) has been limited and passive in terms of both numbers and impacts. Historically, Afghanistan's PA has remained a mostly patriarchal system, where prejudice and gender‐based discrimination are a reality in government organizational structures. Our findings show that socio‐economic and political realities have contributed to gender inequality and the underrepresentation of Afghan women in PA. These realities include international invasions, conflicts, frequent regime changes, and cultural elements, which encompass a strong traditional culture, specific religious and patriarchal mindsets, and an overall lack of attention to gender issues. Results also reveal that over the past 75 years, women have not been actively involved in the development and decision‐making processes in the country. As a result, Afghanistan has never experienced a representative PA that mirrors the demographical groups of society, notably women. This study indicates that the interests of Afghan women have mostly been ignored in the policy‐making process and that issues of diversity and gender equality in PA were not on the agenda of the different Afghan regimes.
Enhancing damage resistance in tubular triaxial hybrid braided composites: Innovative production and tensile modulus prediction with damage analysis
Authors: Ghamkhar Ghazal , Johari Majid Safar , Bodaghi Mahdi
Published: March 2024

Braided composite structures, characterized by their inherent brittleness, necessitate precise damage prediction and prevention to ensure structural integrity/reliability. This study introduces an innovative method for enhancing damage resistance in tubular triaxial hybrid braided composites. These composites employ Epoxy resin as the matrix, with polyester serving as the bias yarn, and glass and basalt as the axial yarns, woven at varying braiding angles. Tensile tests reveal a compelling trend: a reduction in the braiding angle correlates with an increase in the failure load, indicative of quasi‐ductile behavior. A model is also derived for predicting tensile elastic modulus, which demonstrates a strong correlation with experimental results. Furthermore, finite element simulations are utilized to analyze damage within the triaxial hybrid braided composite specimens, providing empirical confirmation of progressive damage occurrence. This research offers a promising avenue for designing/manufacturing advanced composite materials with superior damage‐resistance holding immense potential across a spectrum of engineering applications.

Highlights

The tubular triaxial hybrid braided composites were produced by Epoxy resin as the matrix, with polyester as the bias yarn, and glass and basalt as the axial yarns at different braiding angles.

An innovative method was introduced for enhancing damage resistance in tubular triaxial hybrid braided composites.

The effect of operating parameters (braiding angle, type of bias yarns, production method) was investigated.

Was tried to predict tensile modulus values in tubular triaxial hybrid braided composites by finite element simulation and developed equations.

Finite element simulation exhibited excellent performance in the prediction of tensile behavior of structures manufactured by the innovative method.
Synergistic effect of positive temperature coefficient and thermally conductive micro‐nano fillers on electrical and thermal properties of epoxy resin
Authors: Rahman Taqi ur , Chen Xiangrong , Zhang Tianyin , Wang Qilong , Yin Kai , Awais Muhammad , Paramane Ashish
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the effect of positive temperature coefficient (PTC) fillers, i.e., barium strontium titanate (BST‐60) and nano hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) fillers, on thermal and dielectric insulation properties of epoxy (EP). The electrical resistivity, DC breakdown strength, space charge, thermal conductivity, thermogravimetric analysis, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of EP composites were measured. Results indicate that, below curie temperature, the EP composites containing 0.5 and 1 wt% of BST and 5 wt% of h‐BN have superior electrical resistivity, breakdown strength, and thermal conductivity. However, above curie temperature, the EP composites containing 2 and 2.5 wt% of BST and 5 wt% of h‐BN have superior insulation properties than the pure EP and other composites. While the thermal properties of EP improve with an increase in h‐BN loading to 10 wt%, its dielectric properties are slightly compromised due to the presence of tiny defects in the composite material. It is hypothesized that the BST‐60 suppresses the negative temperature coefficient effect (NTC) of EP by regulating the electrical resistivity above the curie point, whereas nano h‐BN enhances the thermal conductivity of EP by constructing a heat dissipation path. The proposed mechanism for charge dynamics along with heat conduction‐dissipation explains the fillers' behavior at different temperatures.

Highlights

Analysis of epoxy composites with polydopamine‐modified BST and h‐BN fillers.

PTC fillers are used to mitigate the negative temperature effect of epoxy.

Optimal fillers wt% improves dielectric and thermal properties.

This study shows that optimized epoxy composites can be used for packaging.
Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome, large cystic hygroma, and cleft palate: Rare and severe fetal presentations of RYR1‐ and NEB‐related congenital myopathies
Authors: Jackson Molly , Thomas Mary Ann , Suchet Ian , Mahallati Houman , Kuret Verena , Lauzon Julie
Published: March 2024

Congenital myopathies are a genetically heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders that commonly present with congenital hypotonia and weakness but can also present broadly. The most severe presentation is neonatal with arthrogryposis and, rarely, fetal akinesia and pterygia, features also seen in lethal multiple pterygium syndrome (LMPS). We describe two fetuses with similar phenotype, including hydrops fetalis, large cystic hygromas, bilateral talipes, and fetal akinesia in the second trimester. Genetic diagnoses were made using exome sequencing. Both fetuses had a severe form of congenital myopathy. In the first fetus, we identified two novel compound heterozygous likely pathogenic variants consistent with autosomal recessive RYR1‐related congenital myopathy (congenital myopathy 1B). In the second fetus, we identified two likely pathogenic variants, one of which is novel, likely in trans consistent with a diagnosis of autosomal recessive NEB‐related congenital myopathy. Reaching a genetic diagnosis for these fetuses allowed the families to receive accurate genetic counseling for future pregnancies. These fetuses highlight the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of LMPS, and support a broad approach to genetic testing.
Advance in pediatric spinal cord injury
Authors: Zheng Jian , Nan Guoxin
Published: March 2024

The incidence rate of spinal cord injury in children is lower than that in adults, accounting for about 5% of all spinal cord injuries. Motor vehicle accidents are the main cause of spinal cord injuries in children. As the spine of children is still in the process of growth and development, the anatomical structure and biomechanics have unique characteristics, and its etiology, injury site, and clinical manifestations are different from those of adults. Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis can lead to severe spinal deformity and neurological complications. Children and adolescents with spinal cord injuries may suffer from lifelong disability, which will do great harm to children, families, and society. Early magnetic resonance imaging examination can effectively avoid underdiagnosis of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality and select appropriate treatment. In addition, it is also important to establish a family‐centered rehabilitation model to help the affected children reintegrate into society and achieve the goal of returning to normal life. This article reviews the etiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, complications, and treatment of spinal cord injury in children and adolescents.
Antagonistic functions of CTL1 and SUH1 mediate cell wall assembly in Arabidopsis
Authors: Thuy Nguyen Thi , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Hong Suk‐Whan
Published: March 2024

Plant genomes contain numerous genes encoding chitinase‐like (CTL) proteins, which have a similar protein structure to chitinase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family but lack the chitinolytic activity to cleave the β‐1,4‐glycosidic bond in chitins, polymers of N‐acetylglucosamine. CTL1 mutations found in rice and Arabidopsis have caused pleiotropic developmental defects, including altered cell wall composition and decreased abiotic stress tolerance, likely due to reduced cellulose content. In this study, we identified suppressor of hot2 1 (suh1) as a genetic suppressor of the ctl1hot2‐1 mutation in Arabidopsis. The mutation in SUH1 restored almost all examined ctl1hot2‐1 defects to nearly wild‐type levels or at least partially. SUH1 encodes a Golgi‐located type II membrane protein with glycosyltransferase (GT) activity, and its mutations lead to a reduction in cellulose content and hypersensitivity to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, although to a lesser extent than ctl1hot2‐1 mutation. The SUH1 promoter fused with the GUS reporter gene exhibited GUS activity in interfascicular fibers and xylem in stems; meanwhile, the ctl1hot2‐1 mutation significantly increased this activity. Our findings provide genetic and molecular evidence that the antagonistic activities of CTL1 and SUH1 play an essential role in assembling the cell wall in Arabidopsis.
Toward a person‐centered ethics framework for autonomy in spinal cord injury research and rehabilitation
Authors: Nuechterlein Anna , Olmos Pérez Alexandra , Rossi Fabio , Swift Jody , Townson Andrea , Illes Judy
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we explore how the concepts of autonomy and autonomous choice are understood in the context of spinal cord injury in the academic literature, both in reporting on research results and more broadly on outcomes and quality of life. We find inconsistent, framework‐absent portrayals of autonomy as well as an absence of discourse that draws upon ethical constructs and theory. In response, we advance a person‐centered framework for spinal cord injury research that combines both lived experience and a disability ethics approach to fill this gap.
Self‐perceptions of masculinities and testicular cancer: Qualitative explorations
Authors: Dax Victoria , Ftanou Maria , Tran Ben , Lewin Jeremy , Ayton Darshini , Seidler Zac , Wallace Tania , Wiley Joshua F.
Published: March 2024

Objective

Masculinities have been explored in men with testicular cancer (TC), though limited contemporary research is available on traditional masculine norms important to masculine self‐perception. The purpose of this research was to explore the discourse of TC experience in relation to masculine self‐perception.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive study was conducted consisting of semi‐structured interviews with 21 men. Men were aged between 31 and 47 (Mage = 35.7). Most men were diagnosed with Stage 1 cancer (66.6%), all men had finished active treatment and time since diagnosis ranged from 17.3 to 71.8 months (M = 47.2). Independent coding was conducted by two researchers and was refined in coding meetings with authors. Themes were developed in a predominantly deductive manner, and analysis of themes was undertaken using a reflexive analysis approach.

Results

Traditional masculine norms showed differing relationships to masculine self‐perception. Two main themes were identified [1] Maintained or enhanced masculine self‐perception and [2] threats to masculine self‐perception. Subthemes demonstrated that maintaining emotional control, strength and ‘winning’ was important to men, and reduced physical competencies (i.e., strength, sexual dysfunction, virility) challenged self‐perception. Strict adherence to traditional norms in response to threatened self‐perception related to psychological distress.

Conclusion

Leveraging traditionally masculine norms such as physical strength and control and developing flexible adaptations of masculinities should be encouraged with men with TC to retain self‐perception and potentially enable better coping. Masculine self‐perception of gay/bisexual men may centre around sexual functioning, though further research is required.
Cognitive effects of long‐term androgen deprivation therapy in older men with prostate cancer
Authors: Pergolizzi Denise , Flaherty Kathleen R. , Saracino Rebecca M. , Root James C. , Schofield Elizabeth , Cassidy Caroline , Katheria Vani , Patel Sunita K. , Dale William , Nelson Christian J.
Published: March 2024

Objective

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment for prostate cancer (PCa), with increasing numbers of men on ADT for longer. Limited evidence suggests ADT impacts cognition. This study addressed gaps in the literature by focusing on older men with PCa and assessing ADT usage longer than 1 year.

Methods

This study of 133 men ≥65 years of age with PCa included two groups: (1) men on ADT for 1–3 years (ADT‐exposed), and (2) a comparison group of men with PCa not on ADT (ADT‐unexposed). Group comparisons on individual neuropsychological test scores are reported, as well as effect sizes (Cohen's d).

Results

Half (n = 67) of the sample was ADT‐exposed and half (n = 66) were unexposed. The average age was 72 years, most were White, and over 50% had at least secondary education. There were no statistically significant differences between groups by age, race, or education. Unadjusted analyses showed the ADT‐exposed group, compared with the ADT‐unexposed group, performed significantly lower in domains of verbal learning (d = 0.45–0.52, p = 0.01 to <0.01), verbal recall (d = 0.33–0.54, p = 0.06 to <0.01), and possible effects in visuospatial construction (d = 0.33, p = 0.08 to 0.06). When controlling for age and education, similar patterns emerged. The ADT exposed‐group performed significantly lower in domains of verbal learning (d = 0.45–0.52, p = 0.06 to 0.03) and verbal recall (d = 0.33–0.54, p = 0.11 to 0.03), and possible effects in visuospatial construction d = 0.33, p = 0.18 to 0.13.

Conclusions

This study suggests long‐term ADT exposure impacts verbal learning, verbal recall, and possibly visuospatial abilities in older men (≥65) with PCa. The potential cognitive effects of ADT should be discussed with older patients considering long‐term use of ADT.
Adaptable SEC‐SAXS data collection for higher quality structure analysis in solution
Authors: Matsui Tsutomu , Rajkovic Ivan , Mooers Blaine H. M. , Liu Ping , Weiss Thomas M.
Published: March 2024

The two major challenges in synchrotron size‐exclusion chromatography coupled in‐line with small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SEC‐SAXS) experiments are the overlapping peaks in the elution profile and the fouling of radiation‐damaged materials on the walls of the sample cell. In recent years, many post‐experimental analyses techniques have been developed and applied to extract scattering profiles from these problematic SEC‐SAXS data. Here, we present three modes of data collection at the BioSAXS Beamline 4–2 of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL BL4‐2). The first mode, the High‐Resolution mode, enables SEC‐SAXS data collection with excellent sample separation and virtually no additional peak broadening from the UHPLC UV detector to the x‐ray position by taking advantage of the low system dispersion of the UHPLC. The small bed volume of the analytical SEC column minimizes sample dilution in the column and facilitates data collection at higher sample concentrations with excellent sample economy equal to or even less than that of the conventional equilibrium SAXS method. Radiation damage problems during SEC‐SAXS data collection are evaded by additional cleaning of the sample cell after buffer data collection and avoidance of unnecessary exposures through the use of the x‐ray shutter control options, allowing sample data collection with a clean sample cell. Therefore, accurate background subtraction can be performed at a level equivalent to the conventional equilibrium SAXS method without requiring baseline correction, thereby leading to more reliable downstream structural analysis and quicker access to new science. The two other data collection modes, the High‐Throughput mode and the Co‐Flow mode, add agility to the planning and execution of experiments to efficiently achieve the user's scientific objectives at the SSRL BL4‐2.
Biosafety aspects of RNAi‐based pests control
Authors: Chen Yimeng , De Schutter Kristof
Published: March 2024

While the overuse of classical chemical pesticides has had a detrimental impact on the environment and human health, the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) offered the opportunity to develop new and sustainable approaches for pest management. RNAi is a naturally occurring regulation and defense mechanism that can be exploited to effectively protect crops by silencing key genes affecting the growth, development, behavior or fecundity of pests. However, as with all technologies, there is a range of potential risks and challenges associated with the application of RNAi, such as dsRNA stability, the potential for off‐target effects, the safety of non‐target organisms, and other application challenges. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in RNAi and in‐depth discussion and analysis of these associated safety risks, is required to limit or mitigate potential adverse effects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Resistance risk assessment for benzovindiflupyr in Sclerotium rolfsii and transmission of resistance genes among population
Authors: Cui Kaidi , Jiang Chaofan , Sun Longjiang , Wang Mengke , He Leiming , Zhou Lin
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND

Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil‐borne fungal pathogen which is distributed worldwide. In previous study, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide benzovindiflupyr has been identified for its great antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii. This study is aimed to investigate the resistance risk and mechanism of benzovindiflupyr in Sclerotium rolfsii.

RESULTS

Eight stable benzovindiflupyr‐resistant isolates were generated by fungicide adaptation. Although the obtained eight resistant isolates have a stronger pathogenicity than the parental sensitive isolate, they have a fitness penalty in the mycelial growth and sclerotia formation compared to the parental isolate. A positive cross‐resistance existed in the resistant isolates between benzovindiflupyr and thifluzamide, carboxin, boscalid and isopyrazam. Three‐point mutations, including SdhBN180D, SdhCQ68E and SdhDH103Y, were identified in the benzovindiflupyr‐resistant isolates. However, molecular docking analysis indicated that only SdhDH103Y could influence the sensitivity of Sclerotium rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. After mycelial co‐incubation of resistant isolates and the sensitive isolate, resistance genes may be transmitted to the sensitive isolate. The in vivo efficacy of benzovindiflupyr and thifluzamide against benzovindiflupyr‐resistant isolates was a little lower than that against the sensitive isolate but with no significant difference.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested a low to medium resistance risk of Sclerotium rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. However, once resistance occurs, it is possible to spread in the population of Sclerotium rolfsii. This study is helpful to understanding the risk and mechanism of resistance to benzovindiflupyr in multinucleate pathogens such as Sclerotium rolfsii. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Pressure‐Induced Structural Stability, Mechanical, and Optoelectronic Properties of Pb2ScTaO6 Perovskite: a Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Ben‐nana Mouad , Agouri Mohamed , Abbassi Abderrahman , Iacomi Felicia , Benachir Elhadadi
Published: March 2024

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the cubic double‐perovskite compound Pb2ScTaO6, exploring its structural stability, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. The material's response to hydrostatic pressure, using density functional theory with the FP‐LAPW approach, is investigated. The analysis, validated by experimental and theoretical data, reveals Pb2ScTaO6's semiconductor nature with a bandgap of 3.129 eV, which decreases under hydrostatic pressure. Furthermore, the assessment of the material's elastic constants confirms its mechanical stability and the optical properties across ultraviolet and infrared spectra suggest potential applications in optoelectronic devices.
Metastability in Dark Current Diode Characteristics of Chalcogenide Photovoltaic Modules
Authors: Friedel Bettina
Published: March 2024

While present trends in commercial photovoltaic (PV) are set on a‐Si/c‐Si heterojunctions and promising perovskites, the chalcogenides still attract interest as an excellent candidate for coming multi‐ and heterojunction devices with perovskites. Continuously enhanced over the years, typical metastabilities in thin‐film devices still cause issues under outdoor operation. Unfortunately, qualitative assessment in commercial PV is solely focused on data at the maximum power point of its operation, whether in simple on‐site PV plant monitoring or following latest standards for certified laboratory testing, thus metastabilities merely register as undefined power fluctuations. Herein, it is shown that dark current characteristics are a simple and yet field‐fit method, to identify metastable changes and take suitable counter measures. With this study, using commercial CdTe and CIGS showcase modules of various manufacturers and production generations, it is demonstrated how dark current characteristics allow to pinpoint physical changes of the individual module, between its pristine state, outdoor operation, dark degradation, and stabilization, like a fingerprint. Using the two‐diode model, it is shown that alterations to respective regimes of the characteristic can be assigned to typical defects, defining the module's current state, and be used to it as a guide to evaluate its recuperation via preconditioning treatments.
High‐Performance of Self‐Powered UV–Visible CdS (PVP)/PbI2 Heterojunction Photodetector
Authors: Yang Lei , Huang Mingkun , Wang Yue , Kang Yuanhao , Wang Le , Zhang Niumiao
Published: March 2024

Herein, the Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)‐assisted CdS/PbI2 heterojunction UV–visible photodetector is constructed by the sol–gel spin coating method. The X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer demonstrate the synthesis and successful complexation of PVP, CdS, and PbI2. The UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and UV photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of CdS and PbI2 are carried out to prove that the CdS and PbI2 form a type II heterojunction. Compared with pure CdS film photodetector, the CdS (PVP)/PbI2 heterojunction photodetector has self‐powered characteristics, and exhibits excellent photoconductivity in the UV–visible with higher switching ratios, detection rates, and faster response times of 1.1 × 105, 9.77 × 1011 Jones, and 20 ms, respectively, which has great potential in the field of UV–visible self‐powered photodetector.
A High Channel Mobility and a Normally‐off Operation of a Vertical GaN Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistors using an AlSiO/AlN Gate Stack Structure on m‐plane Trench Sidewall
Authors: Kanechika Masakazu , Ito Kenji , Narita Tetsuo , Tomita Kazuyoshi , Iwasaki Shiro , Kikuta Daigo , Kachi Tetsu
Published: March 2024

An AlSiO/AlN‐interlayer gate stack formed on c‐plane GaN metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) devices was previously developed to enhance the interface of the gate insulator. By utilizing this gate stack structure, a channel mobility of over 200 cm2 Vs−1 on c‐plane was obtained. However, the threshold voltage was negative because of the polarization charge at the AlN/GaN interface. This study extends the application of this gate stack structure to the nonpolar m‐plane, which is obtained from a trench sidewall. Both a high channel mobility of 150 cm2 Vs−1 and a threshold voltage of 1.3 V is successfully achieved, normally‐off operation. This achievement holds significant promise for the gate structure of a GaN trench‐gate MOS field‐effect transistor (MOSFET). The limiting factor of the channel mobility is Coulomb scattering in a low electric field, whereas surface roughness scattering is dominant in a higher field.
Recent Advances in Nanoclay‐ and Graphene‐Based Thermoplastic Nanocomposites for Packaging Applications
Authors: Ghosh Suman Kumar , Das Narayan Chandra
Published: March 2024

Over the past few years, thermoplastic nanocomposites reinforced with different types of nanofillers have seen widespread use in the automotive, pharmaceutical, food packaging and electronic sectors. Among the different nanofillers used to fabricate thermoplastic composite–based packaging materials, nanoclay and graphene are very beneficial for producing high‐barrier packaging materials. The high aspect ratio and large surface area of both nanoclay and graphene facilitate uniform filler dispersion and tortuous path in the thermoplastic matrix, which ultimately improves the physico‐mechanical, thermal and barrier to oxygen, water vapour and light as well as antimicrobial properties, which are key requirements for packaging materials. Because graphene nanomaterials are electrically and thermally conductive, these thermoplastic nanocomposites may display excellent electrical‐, thermal‐ and microwave‐shielding capabilities, allowing them to be used in electronic packaging. This review aims to summarize the preparation and characterization of thermoplastic nanocomposites based on different types of nanoclay, graphene and graphene derivatives, as well as their prospective applications in food and electronic packaging. This review paper also discusses the factors that can affect the performance and attributes of these packaging materials, such as processing conditions, types of nanofillers, functionalization or modification of nanofillers for better filler dispersion and so forth. This paper presents a comprehensive and state‐of‐the‐art article on nanoclay‐ and graphene‐loaded thermoplastic nanocomposite–based packaging materials.
A dual‐channel transferable RUL prediction method integrated with Bayesian deep learning and domain adaptation for rolling bearings
Authors: Guo Junyu , Wang Zhiyuan , Yang Yulai , Song Yuhang , Wan Jia‐Lun , Huang Cheng‐Geng
Published: March 2024

Many deep learning methods typically assume that the marginal probability distribution between the training and testing bearing data is similar or the same. However, the probability distribution of rolling bearings may deviate significantly under diverse working conditions. To address the above limitations, a novel transferable remaining useful life (RUL) prediction method integrated with Bayesian deep learning and unsupervised domain adaptation (DA) is proposed. First, the signal alignment is executed on the data after the first prediction time to maintain the same granularity and scale across both source and target domains. Second, the multi‐domain features are extracted and sent into the dual‐channel Transformer network (DCTN) incorporating the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) to adequately exploit the abundant degradation information. Then, the DA module is incorporated into the model to mitigate the distribution discrepancies of the extracted high‐level merged features between the source and target domains. Finally, by applying the variational inference method, the DCTN‐CBAM is extended to the Bayesian deep neural network, and the RUL prediction and its corresponding confidence intervals can be conveniently derived. In addition, the generalization capability and effectiveness are validated through six bidirectional transfer RUL prediction tasks across two rolling bearing datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that it could provide a more reliable RUL prediction and efficiently account for the prediction uncertainty.
The effects of pastoral hill country natural landscape features and land management practices on nitrate losses and its potential attenuation for improved water quality
Authors: Chibuike Grace , Singh Ranvir , Burkitt Lucy
Published: March 2024

Pastoral farming on hill country landscapes influences nitrogen (N) dynamics and its losses to freshwater. This study reviewed the current literature identifying key effects of pastoral hill country landscape features and land management practices on nitrate losses to receiving waters. The review also highlighted the potential effects of inherent landscape features on nitrate attenuation pathways for better water quality outcomes. Intensive land use activities involving high rates of fertiliser application, higher stocking rates and cattle grazing, relative to sheep grazing, are more likely to increase nitrate loss, especially on lower slopes. However, soils with a high carbon (C) storage capacity such as allophanic soils potentially limit nitrate loss via denitrification in subsoil layers. Hill country seepage wetlands also offer an opportunity to attenuate nitrate loss, though their efficacy is largely impacted by hydrological variations in their inflows and outflows. By enhancing the natural nitrate attenuation capacity of seepage wetlands, mapping and strategic use of high subsoil denitrification potential, effective riparian management, efficient fertiliser and grazing practices and the incorporation of these farm management strategies into Freshwater Farm Plans (FWFPs), wider environmental and farm productivity/profitability goals, including improved water quality, would be achieved on pastoral hill country landscapes.
Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesized using Dopamine as a Reducing and Capping Agent
Authors: Shumbula Ndivhuwo P. , Ndala Zakhele B. , Nkabinde Siyabonga S. , Nchoe Obakeng , Mpelane Siyasanga , Shumbula Poslet M. , Muthwa Sindisiwe F. , Mdluli Phumlani S. , Mente Pumza , Njengele‐Tetyana Zikhona , Tetyana Phumlani , Mlambo Mbuso , Moloto Nosipho
Published: March 2024

We present a study focused on the controlled fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through colloidal synthesis, employing dopamine as a reducing and capping agent. By manipulating the concentration of silver nitrate, the production of spherical AgNPs with distinct particle diameters (16, 24, 48, and 74 nm) was achieved. The investigation extended to the evaluation of AgNPs′ impact on human embryonic kidney cells, revealing a concentration‐dependent response. At lower AgNPs concentrations, cell viability remained nearly 100 %, progressively declining with rising AgNPs concentrations. Importantly, the cytotoxic thresholds observed were notably elevated, underscoring the relatively mild to moderate toxicity profile of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the antimicrobial efficacy of these synthesized AgNPs was probed against E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains. Notably, the AgNPs exhibited robust antimicrobial activity, with superior performance exhibited by smaller‐sized particles compared to larger ones. Impressively, the minimum inhibitory concentration reached as low as 3.5 μg/mL, indicating their potent antimicrobial potential. The achieved distinct particle diameters, concentration‐dependent cytotoxic responses, and potent antimicrobial efficacy against bacterial strains underscore the multifaceted potential of these nanoparticles. These findings contribute valuable insights for their application in diverse fields, from biomedicine to antimicrobial solutions.
Silver Nanoparticles as Antiviral and Antibacterial Agents: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis Methods and Therapeutic Application
Authors: Sabaghian Hanieh
Published: March 2024

Silver nanoparticles have shown inhibitory capabilities and its use in battling viral infections are strengthened by its potent antibacterial activity. Notably, since it directly affects antiviral efficacy, the proper choice of synthesis process for making silver nanoparticles is a vital element to be taken into consideration. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections involves creating silver particles at the nanoscale with unique antimicrobial properties. Various methods exist for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, including chemical reduction, green synthesis, and physical methods. Chemical reduction involves using reducing agents to convert silver ions into silver nanoparticles. Green synthesis employs reducing agents in an environmentally friendly manner. Physical methods rely on techniques such as laser ablation or thermal evaporation to produce silver nanoparticles. In order to provide technological guidance for choosing antiviral silver nanoparticle manufacturing methods, this paper introduces and explores alternative synthesis methods for creating silver nanoparticles.
5‐Bromosalicylaldehyde: Theoretical, Experimental and Spectroscopic (FT‐IR, Raman, H1and C13‐NMR, UV‐Vis) Studies and Their Photovoltaic Parameters
Authors: Bahçeli Semiha , Sarıkaya Ebru Karakaş , Dereli Ömer
Published: March 2024

This study aims to identify a 5‐bromosalicylaldehyde (5BSA) and assess its performance for application in organic solar cells. In the current work, the 5BSA was investigated using various techniques such as FT‐IR, Raman, NMR, and UV‐Vis spectroscopy to characterize the title molecule. The possible conformers of the 5BSA were studied using the MMFF methodology in Spartan software. The geometry optimization of modifications for each conformation was computed using the DFT approach for the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) functional. The energy and dipole moment of most stable form were determined −1879057.42 kcal/mol and 1.455 Debye, respectively. The FT‐IR and Raman vibrational frequencies, the H1and C13NMR chemical shift values (in vacuum and in DMSO‐d6), the UV spectrum calculations (both in vacuum and in the solvent ethanol), the HOMO‐LUMO energy, and the map of MEP. Meanwhile, by considering the properties of organic photovoltaic cells, the open‐circuit voltage (VOC), hole reorganization energy (λh) and electron reorganization energy (λe), light‐harvesting efficiency (LHE), total reorganization energy (λtotal), the short‐circuit current density (Jsc), the driving force (ΔGinject), binding energy (Eb) were also computed for the title compound. In addition, transition density matrix (TDM) and density of states (DOS) analyses were conducted for the 5BSA molecule.
Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using Homogeneous Carbon Dots with a Molecular Cobalt Catalyst
Authors: Kim Dongseok , Bhattacharjee Subhajit , Lam Erwin , Casadevall Carla , Rodríguez‐Jiménez Santiago , Reisner Erwin
Published: March 2024

A simple and precious‐metal free photosystem for the reduction of aqueous CO2 to syngas (CO and H2) is reported consisting of carbon dots (CDs) as the sole light harvester together with a molecular cobalt bis(terpyridine) CO2 reduction co‐catalyst. This homogeneous photocatalytic system operates in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor (triethanolamine) in DMSO/H2O solution at ambient temperature. The photocatalytic system exhibits an activity of 7.7 ± 0.2 mmolsyngas gCDs−1 (3.6 ± 0.2 mmolCO gCDs−1 and 4.1 ± 0.1 mmolH2 gCDs−1) after 24 hours of full solar spectrum irradiation (AM 1.5G). Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization supports that this photocatalytic performance is attributed to a favorable association between CDs and the molecular cobalt catalyst, which results in improved interfacial photoelectron transfer and catalytic mechanism. This work provides a scalable and inexpensive platform for the development of CO2 photoreduction systems using CDs.
Carrier Transport in Low‐Dimensional Tin Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Yong , Yao Huanhuan , Yin Mingyu , Zhang Miao , Hao Feng
Published: March 2024

Recently, the emerging of low‐dimensional tin perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) by introducing bulky organic spacers has attracted extensive attention. It can not only inhibit the oxidation of Sn2+, but also reduce the ion migration and self‐doping effect. Thanks to these advantages, the TPSCs have achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 15% recently. However, the introduction of organic spacers impedes the carrier transport and thus limits the attainable PCE. Therefore, it is important to understand the carrier‐transport mechanism in low‐dimensional perovskite to develop more efficient and stable TPSCs. In this review, the latest progress of carrier transport in low‐dimensional TPSCs is summarized in detail. First, the characteristics of carrier transport in low‐dimensional tin perovskites are discussed. Then, the strategies to improve carrier transport are discussed, mainly from the aspects of crystal orientation, crystallization kinetics, defects, interface energy level alignment, quantum well effect, and exciton binding energy. Finally, the future challenges and prospects are expounded to prepare high‐performance and stable low‐dimensional TPSCs.
Emergency mitigation of drought worldwide: Qualitative descriptive design
Authors: Ha Kyoo‐Man
Published: March 2024

A popular idea is that slow‐moving droughts worldwide require long‐lasting emergency mitigation. In this article, we describe our study on how human society could improve its emergency mitigation of droughts for the ultimate objective of emergency management. The research methodology involved a qualitative descriptive design. As a paradigm shift, we initially examined middle‐term emergency mitigation to regional droughts to draw the implementation of long‐term emergency mitigation to regional droughts through three stakeholders (i.e., three analytical units such as international institutions, drought‐prone nations, and drought‐resistant nations). A major finding was that the three stakeholders should transform their current middle‐term drought mitigation strategies into long‐term drought mitigation ones. Based on the effectiveness of long‐term emergency mitigation, they must address multiple alternatives to include the strategic vision, Earth's community approach, social impacts of drought, drought fund initiative, lessons from few national cases (e.g., Australia and UAE), education, and scenario‐based training and could integrate droughts with other issues. It is advised that in the future, researchers will expand their study to encompass all nations worldwide.
Numerical analysis of thermal improvement in hydrogen‐based host fluids under buoyancy force and EPNM effects: Study for vertical cylinder
Authors: Adnan  , Abbas Waseem , Eladeb Aboulbaba , Kolsi Lioua
Published: March 2024

The nanofluids became much of interest due to their superior heat mechanism over the conventional fluids. The addition of nanoparticles in the host solvent enhances the internal ability of the liquid to store and transmit heat. Therefore, these fluids are widely used in biomedical engineering, detergents, medication, applied thermal engineering, mechanical, and chemical engineering and so forth. Keeping in mind the significance of nanofluids, this study is conducted to investigate the comparative heat transmission in and under the Effective Prandtl Number Model (EPNM) effects over a vertical permeable cylinder. Formulation of the model is carried out over a vertical cylinder about the stagnation point and the heat transport model is achieved after the successful implementation of the cylindrical stream function, nanofluids effective characteristics, and cylindrical similarity equations. The mathematical treatment was done via RK technique and furnished the results. The nanofluids have the capacity to control the fluid motion more effectively than ordinary fluid and combined convection is better where rapid fluid movement is desired. In the existence of EPNM, higher heat transmission is achieved and is prominent for based on their thermophysical values. Further, the skin friction and Nusselt number are optimum for against .
Analytic and numerical bootstrap for the long-range Ising model
Authors: Behan Connor , Lauria Edoardo , Nocchi Maria , van Vliet Philine
Published: March 2024

Abstract

We combine perturbation theory with analytic and numerical bootstrap techniques to study the critical point of the long-range Ising (LRI) model in two and three dimensions. This model interpolates between short-range Ising (SRI) and mean-field behaviour. We use the Lorentzian inversion formula to compute infinitely many three-loop corrections in the two-dimensional LRI near the mean-field end. We further exploit the exact OPE relations that follow from bulk locality of the LRI to compute infinitely many two-loop corrections near the mean-field end, as well as some one-loop corrections near SRI. By including such exact OPE relations in the crossing equations for LRI we set up a very constrained bootstrap problem, which we solve numerically using SDPB. We find a family of sharp kinks for two- and three-dimensional theories which compare favourably to perturbative predictions, as well as some Monte Carlo simulations for the two-dimensional LRI.
Topology of critical points in boundary matrix duals
Authors: Yerra Pavan Kumar , Bhamidipati Chandrasekhar , Mukherji Sudipta
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Computation of topological charges of the Schwarzschild and charged black holes in AdS in canonical and grand canonical ensembles allows for a classification of the phase transition points via the Bragg-Williams off-shell free energy. We attempt a topological classification of the critical points and the equilibrium phases of the dual gauge theory via a phenomenological matrix model, which captures the features of the $$\mathcal{N}$$ = 4, SU(N) Super Yang-Mills theory on S3 at finite temperature at large N. With minimal modification of parameters, critical points of the matrix model at finite chemical potential can be classified as well. The topological charges of locally stable and unstable dynamical phases of the system turn out to be opposite to each other, totalling to zero, and this matches the analysis in the bulk.
Tidal Calibration of the Gladwin Tensor Strain Monitor (GTSM) Array in Taiwan
Authors: Mandler Eugenio , Canitano Alexandre , Belardinelli Maria Elina , Nespoli Massimo , Serpelloni Enrico , Linde Alan
Published: March 2024

To ensure the accuracy and reliability of crustal strain measures, sensors require a thorough calibration. In Taiwan, the complicated dynamics of surface and subsurface hydrological processes under semi-tropical climate conditions conjugated with the rough surface topography could have impacted strainmeter deployment, pushing the installation conditions astray from the optimal ones. Here, we analyze the complex response of 11 Gladwin Strain Monitor (GTSM) strainmeter type deployed in north and central Taiwan and we propose a novel calibration methodology which relies on waveform modeling of Earth and ocean tidal strain-related deformations. The approach is completely data-driven, starting from a simple calibration framework and progressively adding complexity in the model depending on the quality of the data. However, we show that a simple quasi-isotropic model (three calibration factors) is generally suitable to resolve the orientation and calibration of 8 instruments out of 11. We also highlight the difficulty of clearly defining the behavior of instruments that are highly affected by hydrological forcing.