bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—Notes on some Coastal Features in Co. Waterford
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of ‘submerged forests’ on the coast of co. Waterford has long been known, though no mention of them was made in the Survey Memoir published in 1865. The more recent discovery of pre-glacial beaches and raised wave-cut rock-platforms along the south coast of Ireland between Baltimore and Carnsore Point has thrown still further light on Post-Tertiary movements of the land-margin; and accordingly some new observations on these phenomena in a hitherto unmarked locality may be of interest.
VI.—The Evolution of Stomatopora dichotomoides (d'Orbigny)
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

Alecto dichotomoides was the name given by d'Orbigny in 1849 to a specimen figured by Michelin in 1841 from the Bajocian of Bayeux, or of Moutiers, Calvados, Normandy, and identified by Michelin as A. dichotoma, Lamouroux.
VIII.—On some Fossiliferous Keuper Rocks at Bromsgrove (Worcestershire)
Authors: Wills L. J.
Published: May 2009

The counties of Warwick and Worcester have yielded the majority of Keuper fossils recorded from England. The history of their discovery commenced about seventy years ago with a paper by Murchison and Strickland, where there is a description of the area. They distinguished two divisions, the lower of which they identified as Bunter, chiefly on the evidence of a plant, Echinostdchys oblovgus, Brongn. This division was found to be, for the most part, composed of sandstones, and contained in Worcestershire plant remains and in Warwickshire bones and teeth. The localities where fossils were found were Ombersley, Hadley, Elmley Lovett, all on the west side of the Droitwich basin, Bromsgrove on the east of it, and in the Warwick district.
V.—Notice of New Fish Remains from the Blackband Ironstone of Borough Lee, Near Edinburgh. No. II
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Cranial structure typically palæoniscoid, with wide gape and oblique suspensorium; teeth conical, sharp, incurved, of different sizes, larger alternating with smaller. Fins palmæoniscoid, fulcrated; dorsal nearly opposite the interval between the ventrals and the anal; caudal powerfully heterocercal, deeply cleft, inequilobate. Body-scales thin, rounded, but seldom symmetrically so, deeply imbricating; their external free or ganoid areæ distinctly marked off, and sculptured with closely set ridges which are apparently tubular internally. Scales of the caudal body-prolongation of the usual pakæoniscoid contour.
IV.—On the Age of the Gebel Ahmar Sands and Sandstone, the Petrified Forest, and the Associated Lavas between Cairo and Suez
Authors: Barron T.
Published: May 2009

The geological age of these beds has been the subject of much speculation by various geologists. In 1845 Orlebar claimed to have found the Gebel Ahmar Sandstone at No. 3 Station on the Old Post Road to Suez, overlying Miocene beds containing Scutella Zitteli. O. Fraas in 1867 imagined he could trace a gradual passage between the Upper Moqattam and these beds, and concluded, therefore, that they were of marine origin and Lower Oligocene age, as they had undergone the same general earth-movements as the Eocene beds.
II.—The Structure of Glacier-Ice and its bearing upon Glacier-Motion
Authors: Deeley R. M. , Fletcher George
Published: May 2009

During last August the writers made a short stay in Switzerland and the Savoy, with a view to examine the structure of the ice of several of the larger glaciers. For this purpose a rough polariscope was used. It was so designed that a sheet of ice about two inches square, made very thin by cutting and melting, could be placed between the polarizer and analyzer. Notwithstanding that the thin slide so prepared, and held between glass plates, melted away rather rapidly, we succeeded in making a number of drawings of sections cut from the ice at different parts of the glacier, and at various angles with the line of motion. In some cases, however, where the structure was very fine-grained, the samples melted away before they could be sketched.
III.—An Interesting Contact-Rock, with Notes on Contact-Metamorphism
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

The phenomena to be observed in this special rock seem to me to strikingly bear out some of the ideas and views I expressed in my former paper, when I assumed “that under such conditions, solutions of mineral constituents would be formed of great density, amounting to something like an ‘aqueous fusion’ of the substances involved, and that these solutions could solidify to amorphous and more or less indefinite compounds, or would be capable, under some conditions of cooling, of giving rise to definite minerals.”
VII.—On the Pitch Lake of Trinidad
Authors: Peckham S. F.
Published: May 2009

After a recent visit to Trinidad I am led to add my testimony to that of the numerous observers, who for more than a hundred years have written concerning this remarkable phenomenon.
IV.—The Glacial Deposits of Aberdeenshire
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

Mr. Dugald Bell, F.G.S., has been so good as to send me a copy of his paper on the “Shelly Clays and Gravels of Aberdeenshire,” on which I beg leave to offer a few observations, as it deals with a subject in which I take much interest, namely, the origin and mode of formation of such deposits. His paper is mainly based upon one by Mr. T. F. Jamieson, of Ellon, also published in the same journal, and on a recent memoir by the Geological Survey of Scotland. There is no difference amongst these authors of any importance as regards the structure and composition of these post-Tertiary deposits, which are found adjoining the coast of Aberdeenshire; and they may be briefly described as follows, in descending order:—
V.—On the Pitch Lake of Trinidad
Authors: Peckham S. F.
Published: May 2009

Near the crest of the ascent to the lake the road divides: one branch passing to the left and south ascends over the rim of the basin of the lake, and skirting the lake for about a quarter of its circumference passes over the hill to the south-west, as described by Mr. Manross. The right-hand branch follows the flow of the pitch and enters upon the lake simply by a change of grade from a sharp ascent to a very slight inclination upwards towards the centre of the lake. I was particularly impressed with this fact, and took pains to verify my first impression upon a second visit, as it proved conclusively that, notwithstanding the vast quantities of pitch that had been removed from the lake, there is still a movement out of the lake, glacier-like, down the slope to the sea.
V.—Recent Coast Erosion at Southwold and Covehithe
Authors: Spiller John
Published: May 2009

The sixteenth of May last was a disastrous date for Southwold and the neighbourhood, for, owing to the prevalence of northerly winds on this and the two previous days, culminating in a moderate gale, the tides rose to an abnormal height, and this, combined with a rough sea, made fearful inroads upon the soft, sandy cliff and the shingle on the foreshore, washing away a large piece of land and creating a new cove at the northern boundary of the little town. The effect would have been worse but for the existence of a clay-footing and promontory at the extreme point, and two immense concrete blocks constructed a few years ago to act as a break water and give protection to this part of the cliff. These latter proved of temporary service, but became so shattered and disintegrated that they must be replaced, or a sea-wall built, to resist further inroads at the next high-flowing tide. Similar erosion has occurred on the face of Easton Bavents cliff and at Covehithe, and it is feared that the loss of land at those places will render Southwold all the more assailable in future. Upon two occasions during the winter of 1894–5 (December and January) the tide rose to even greater height, and inundated large tracts of salt-marsh around Southwold, making two ruptures in the railway embankment and stopping the trains for a few days, but as there happened fortunately to be no wind at the time the damage done to the sea-front was confined to the sweeping of the shingle further south, with comparatively little damage to the cliffs of Southwold. It became necessary, however, to remove all the boats and capstans from the beach and pull them up the cliff or drag them inland; and this had again to be done on the 15th and 16th May.
VI.—The Southern Character of the Molluscan Fauna of the Coralline Crag Tested by an Analysis of its more Abundant and Characteristic Species
Authors: Harmer F. W.
Published: May 2009

The close resemblance between the Molluscan fauna of the Coralline Crag and that of the Mediterranean at the present day has long been known and is universally recognized. It has been customary, however, to take the whole list of shells from this deposit, for the purpose of comparison, without reference to the greater or less abundance of the different species; but in discussing the affinities of the fauna from this, or indeed from any other horizon of the East Anglian Crags, it may be misleading to attach as much importance to the presence of a shell, of which only one or at the most a very few specimens have been discovered during so many years, as to the occurrence of forms which are found in such countless profusion as sometimes to compose a large proportion of the whole number of the shells present. Out of about 440 species of Mollusca from the Coralline Crag given by Mr. Wood in his well-known Monograph (excluding varieties), nearly 90 are said to be represented by unique specimens only, while more than 100 others have very rarely been met with. It is true that some of these rarer forms may be only locally rare, although it is worthy of notice that, with few exceptions, the species which are common in the Diestien beds of Belgium, believed to be approximately contemporaneous with the Coralline Crag, are also common in that deposit. On the whole, without ignoring altogether the existence of the rarer forms, it seems that a consideration of the general facies of the fauna of each of the different horizons of the Crag, and of its characteristic fossils, is more important and is likely to give more reliable results than an analysis of all the species of each bed, irrespective of the greater or less frequency with which they have been found.
III.—On the Sandstones in the Upper Keuper in Warwickshire
Authors: Brodie Rev. P. B.
Published: May 2009

I HAVE read with much interest Mr. Horace Brown's account in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE for February, 1896, of the boring for water in the Trias at Stratford-on-Avon. In it he makes brief allusion to the sandstones in the Upper Keuper, and refers to Mr. Howell's statement of the occurrence of certain sandstones near Henley-in-Arden. He does not seem to be aware that similar sandstones are more or less widely spread over a considerable area in some parts of the Midlands, north and north-east of Henley and north-west of Warwick at a higher level, the highest point being 445 feet above the level of the sea. Many years ago I noticed some sandstone in Miss Phillips' park at Edstone not given in the Survey Map, and I informed my friend the late Professor Ramsay of the fact. These sandstones may also be seen in many places, especially in the parish of Rowington. They are exposed on the banks of the canal and along the road leading to Warwick, and were formerly obtained from quarries in the parish now long ago filled up, according to certain old documents in our parish chest, which gives an account of payments made for stone from this place, and our fine church and others in the neighbourhood and some old houses are built of it. When the Great Western Railway was made here a deep cutting through the sandstones was exposed along the line at Finwood in this parish; and lately they were detected when the new line to Henley was constructed. All the higher ridges in this district—they can hardly be called hills—are composed of the sandstones, the lower ground, where the marls and sandstones have been denuded, being formed of the red marls below. Sections are generally rare, as the stone is seldom employed except at Shrewley quarry near here, where the best section of the Upper Keuper beds are exposed. There are about two beds of useful stone: the upper one is inferior to the lower or bottom rock, which is a hard sandstone of some thickness and makes a good building stone, and is used by the Canal Company. This quarry is famous for many interesting fossils so scarce in the Trias, and is noted for the remains of fish, viz., Semionotus, Acrodus (spines and teeth), footprints of Labyrinthodon, and, the rarest of all, moulds of several species of mollusks, the only British locality where any shells have been found. I may add that the wells in the parish are fairly supplied with water from the sandstones, but it is hard and more or less charged with sulphates.
VI.—Archæodiadema, a New Genus of Liassic Echinoidea
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

Owing to the absence from England of any marine fossils of Triassic age—except the few obscure shells described by Mr. R. B. Newton—the Lias yields the first English representatives of the Neozoic Echinoidea. The fauna is not rich in species, and as a rule the specimens are small; but it is of interest, as its members are primitive in character, and as they foreshadow many of the main lines of evolution followed by the rich Echinoid faunas of the Oolites. Some months ago Mr. Beeby Thompson showed me some specimens from the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire, which form an interesting addition to the primitive types of Liassic Echinoidea; they belong to a new genus, which is the simplest known form of the Diadematinæ, and occupies the same relation to the remaining members of that subfamily that Eodiadema occupies to the Orthopsinæ.
VII.—Notes on Professor Bonney's “Ice-Work.”—Glen Roy
Authors: Bell Dugald
Published: May 2009

Besides his numerous papers intended for experts in geological science, Professor Bonney is to be congratulated on the lengthening list of his more popular writings on the subject. A general notice of his recently-published volume on “Ice-Work” has already appeared in these pages. The present writer desires, with all respect, to add a few notes on some points in which Scottish readers are more particularly interested.
I.—Note on the Skeleton of Diaphorapteryx Hawkinsi, Forbes, a Large Extinct Rail from the Chatham Islands
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

It is a well-known fact that many islands in which there is no indigenous mammalian fauna, have been, and in some cases are still, inhabited by flightless birds, which are usually of considerable size. Mauritius and Rodriguez are good examples of such islands; in the former the dodo and aphanapteryx, in the latter the solitaire and erythromachus, existed at least as late as the beginning of the seventeenth century, when, owing to their inability to escape from their foes by flight, they fell easy victims to the crews of ships touching at the islands, and also to the various domestic animals, such as dogs, cats, and pigs, introduced by man.
IV.—Clays, Shales, and Slates
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

I Have recently been examining a series of specimens of Silurian slates from Scotland, specially collected because of the very intense shearing they have undergone. These and the accompanying other rocks are all crushed and torn out in a most remarkable degree, and the microscope shows how severely their constituents have been acted upon mechanically. Yet the crystalline and mineralogical development is seen to be but very moderate indeed. The micaceous mineral is all in one plane, and transverse sections, in polarized light, show that it is a felted, wavy, and puckered mass of interwoven flakelets, with chloritic substance intimately diffused among it, and still more apparent in separate little streaks and lenticles. The small amount of quartz present is rolled out into long, thin lenticles also. But the micaceous mineral itself is not at all far advanced, either as to size of its flakes or the nature of the mineral. It is still an impure, rather deeply-coloured greenish-yellow substance; not any of it has arrived at the stage of muscovite, and dehydration shows, in a remarkable manner, how very considerable its impurity still is. In its original condition, the slate gives sections which present a very uniform appearance under the microscope. The colour is the same all over, and the only indication of the presence of bands of varying nature is found in a very slight increase, in some layers, of the coarseness of grain and of the number of quartz-lenticles, and in the diffusion of the chloritic substance. But after heating the specimen, the effects seen in the sections are most striking. There are now many bands of different colours, yellow, red, greenish-brown, and brown, presenting very strong contrasts, and showing that noticeable differences in chemical composition must have existed in different thin layers of the seemingly homogeneous slate. Not only the interwoven chlorite, but also the micaceous mineral, has taken on these tints in very decided degrees. It must have been unusually impure. It has lost, after heating, nearly all its action in polarized light.
II.—The Geological Work of the Conway Spitzbergen Expedition
Authors: Garwood E. J. , Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The discovery by Keilhau in 1827 of Carboniferous fossils in Spitzbergen first called attention to the geological interest of this archipelago. The collections subsequently made by Robert during the voyage of the “Recherche” in 1838, by Loven in 1837, by Drasche in 1872, and by the series of Swedish expeditions under Baron A. E. von Nordenskiöld between 1858 and 1873, proved the occurrence of beds belonging to the Archean, Lower Palæozoic, Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Miocene systems. The fossils collected by these explorers are now in the museums of Christiania, Paris, Stockholm, and Vienna; but up till the present the only collections in London are a few specimens of Devonian fish obtained by exchange, and of Carboniferous Brachiopods collected by Mr. Lamont. It was, therefore, part of the work of Sir Martin Conway's expedition to obtain a series of fossils to represent as fully as possible all the successive faunas and floras of this far northern archipelago. Previous work on the geology of Spitzbergen had, moreover, been carried out on the coast, and it was Sir Martin Conway's main object to explore the interior. These two considerations lessened the thoroughness of the geological study of the country and the extent of the collections, for we had to travel long distances to reach rocks of different systems, and transport of heavy geological specimens from the interior was difficult. Nevertheless, considerable collections were made, which, besides serving to represent the Spitzbergen fossils, will probably aid in the more exact correlation of the horizons from which they come, and throw light on the migrations of the faunas.
IV.—Note on the occurrence of Nummulitic Limestone in South-Eastern Africa
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

The object of this communication is to place upon record the existence of Nummulitic rocks in South-Eastern Africa; the result of an examination of specimens brought me by their discoverer, Mr. David Draper, F.G.S., of Johannesburg, the enterprising Secretary of the Geological Society of South Africa.
VIII.—Recent Borings in the Red Marl, near Liverpool
Authors: Morton G. H.
Published: May 2009

During the years 1890–2 an important boring was made in the Red Marl, rather under a mile NNE. of Altcar and nearly two miles east from Formby station. Previous to 1890, the formation was supposed not to exceed 400 feet in thickness, the amount proved at Birkdale many years ago.
II.—Note on the Geological Age of the Shales of the Parys Mountain, Anglesey
Authors: Williams G. J.
Published: May 2009

The rocks of the Parys Mountain, which lies about two miles to the south of the town of Amlwch in Anglesey, were described in 1878 by the late Mr. T. Fanning Evans, H.M. Inspector of Mines, who regarded the Parys Mountain “as an outlying piece of ground, geologically identical with the region in which the great slate-mines of Festiniog occur, and from which it differs only in being developed on a much smaller scale, and in being highly metalliferous.”
III.—The Selbornian of Stonebarrow Cliff, Charmouth
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

Although the succession of Cretaceous beds on Black Ven is well known and much has been written on the various members of the series, only cursory references have been made to those on Stonebarrow Cliff on the east of Charmouth, and the lower beds have never been recorded therefrom. A full list of the literature on the geology of this district, including all that has been written on the Selbornian, is given in the Survey Memoir on the “Geology of Sidmouth and Lyme Regis” and another bibliography in the account of the last excursion to Lyme by the Geologists’ Association.
II.Classification of Dinosaurs
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

In the present review of the Dinosaurs, I have confined myself mainly to the type specimens which I have described, but have included with them other important remains where these were available for investigation. The extensive collections in the museum of Yale University contain so many of the important type specimens now known from America, that they alone furnish an admirable basis for classification, and it was upon these mainly that I first established the present system, which has since been found to hold equally good for the Dinosaurs discovered elsewhere. In the further study of these reptiles, it was also necessary to examine both the European forms and those from other parts of the world, and I have now studied nearly every known specimen of importance. These investigations have enabled me to make this classification more complete, and to bring it down to the present time.
II.—Notes on a Series of Trilobites Obtained by Mr. Howard Fox, F.G.S., from the Devonian of Cant Hill, St. Minver, Cornwall
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In September of last year I received from Mr. Howard Fox, F.G.S., of Falmouth, nine specimens of Trilobites for the purpose of determination and description. They are all more or less fragmentary, and distorted by slaty cleavage, as is usually the case with fossils from these Devonian Slates of Cornwall and Devon, reminding one of the distorted Trilobites and Starfishes from the Lower Devonian Slates of Bundenbach, Germany.
VI.—The Classification of the Phacopidæ
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

The family of Trilobites termed Phacopidæ has been defined by Beecher as follows:—“Glabella tumid, widest in front. Free cheeks continuous, united anteriorly. Suture extending from in front of the genal angles inward to the eyes, and thence forward around the glabella. Eyes generally large, always with distinct facets, schizochroal. Thorax of eleven segments with grooved pleura. Pygidium usually large and of many segments; limb ribbed; margin entire or dentate.”
III.—On a Lepidodendroid Stem from the Coal-Measures
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: May 2009

Among the numerous Lepidodendroid remains in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), there is one which presents several characters of unusual interest. It is a cast, obtained from the Middle Coal-measures of South Staffordshire, near Dudley, and belongs to the Johnson Collection.

A portion of the specimen is figured on p. 209. It will be noticed that the mammillated leaf-cushions are distant from one another, and are separated by broad bands of striated bark. This is an unusual feature in the case of British Lepidodendra. The preservation is fairly good, except in the details of the leaf-scar. In the specimen thirteen leaf-cushions are represented, forming portions of five spiral series. The cushions are rhomboidal in outline, and at first sight do not appear to be very sharply marked off from the bark. On closer inspection, however, they are seen to be moderately well defined, although the lateral angles are flattened and obscured by the encroachment of the bark. They measure from 1.8 to 2 cm. in length, and from .6 to .7 cm. at their greatest width. The upper and lower extremities lie in one plane, which is the median plane of the cushion, and are inclined neither to the right nor to the left (of. Lepidodendron serpentigerum). The cushions stand out in high relief, and depart somewhat from the form of a low truncated pyramid so commonly seen amongst Lepidodendra. However, this is in no wise remarkable, for examples of Lepidodendra having raised cushions are not rare, in cases where the stems have to some extent escaped crushing.
VI.—On Earth-Shakes in Mining Districts
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The term ‘earth-shake’ has been applied to local disturbances of the earth which owe their origin, either in part or wholly, to artificial causes. Typical examples of earth-shakes are those which are occasionally felt at Sunderland and other places on the magnesian limestone of the Durham coast, and which have been attributed by Prof. Lebour to rock-falls in underground channels, enlarged no doubt by pumping in connection with the local water-supply. Other examples are the shocks frequently felt in mining districts, and either caused or precipitated by mining operations. Earth-shakes of this class have occurred in the Rhondda Valley in Glamorganshire on June 22, 1889, April 11 and May 2, 1894, and October 16,1896; in the neighbourhood of Camborne on June 4 and 10, 1902; at Pendleton, near Manchester, on February 27, 1899, and April 7, 1900; at Kilsyth in Stirlingshire on February 16, 1898, and in various other districts.
VI.—Old Lamps or New? Another Contribution to Devonshire Controversial Geology
Authors: Lowe Harford J.
Published: May 2009

Unsolved geological problems, or what perhaps may be better described as obscure points in geological history round which conflicting hypotheses have arisen, are to be found in many parts of our Islands, but Devonshire seems to be an usually prolific field for them. Mr. W. H. Hudleston, F.R.S., in his presidential address to the Devonshire Association in 1889, enumerates nine questions propounded by Pengelly in 1868 as still requiring special consideration in the future. Of these possibly three may be said to have nearly or quite got beyond the controversial stage, but in the meantime others have arisen, and it would thus appear that the undecided position of numerous points demanding further investigation is the normal condition of a science in the developmental stage.
I.—On Olivine Nodules in the Basalt of Calton Hill, Derbyshire
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H.
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to place on record the occurrence of olivine nodules in a British basalt which, though closely allied in structure to some of the Tertiary basalts of the Continent, belongs undoubtedly to the Carboniferous age. Olivine nodules frequently occur in the Continental basalts and have been considered by some writers as inclusions of peridotites, but by others as segregations from the magma.
II.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoœcia generally elongated, but very variable in shape and dimensions; length of area ·68 to ·48 mm., breadth of area ·36 to ·2 mm.; no fornt wall, side walls very low, with a further depression at the head of the zoœcium, and furnished all round with slender buttresses, which are much more easily distinguished in the upper part of the zoœcium, owing to their greater size and Projection there, than in the lower Part.
II.—Notes on the Fossil Flora of the Bristol Coal-Field
Authors: Lillie D. G.
Published: May 2009

More than twenty-three years have now passed since Dr. Kidston published his memoir on the fossil flora of the Somerset and Bristol Coal-field, and in the meanwhile no further additions to our knowledge have been made. Kidston's paper was chiefly concerned with the plant-remains of the southern or Radstock portion of the basin. Those from the northern or Bristol area have only been studied incidentally. This would seem quite natural on account of the greater size and industrial importance of the Radstock Coal Series, and from the fact that this locality has been long known to yield the finest and best preserved impressions of fossil plants to be found in any coal-field in the British Isles. The collieries in the Bristol district are comparatively few and smaller, fossil plants being much scareer and less well preserved.
III.—Some New Species of the Cirripede genus Scalpellum from British Cretaceous Rocks
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of Charles Darwin's memorable monograph on the Fossil Lepadidæ (Palæontographical Society, 1851) little has been written on the British Cretaceous Cirripedes. Among the thirteen species of Scalpellum which Darwin figured and described, ten are British, and, so far as I am aware, only one, Scalpellum attenuatum, has since been added to their number. Several species have, however, subsequently been described from Foreign Cretaceous Rocks.
IV.—The Geology of the Dolgelley Gold-belt, North Wales
Authors: Andrew Arthur R.
Published: May 2009

The town of Dolgelley lies slightly outside the main tract of gold-bearing country of Merionethshire, but it forms a convenient headquarters from which to visit the various gold-mines and auriferous lodes. The Dolgelley Gold-belt lies within the area covered by the quarter-sheets 27 N.E., 27 S.E., 32 S.E., 33 N.W., 33 N.E., 33 S.W., 36 N.W., 36 N.E. of the 6 inch Ordnance Survey maps of Merionethshire. It is on the north side of the estuary of the Mawddach, extending from the sea at Barmouth to the locality of Gwynfynydd on the north-east. The belt forms the south-eastern flank of a range of high ground sloping down to the south and south-east from the mountains of Rhinog, Diphwys, and Garn. It is drained by several tributaries of the Mawddach, of which the principal are the Afons Hirgwm, Cwm-llechen, Cwm-mynach, Wnion, Las, Gamlan, Eden, and Gain.
IV.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In the Slade Beds of Upper Slade there occur small flattened leaf-like bodies generally fused together in a linear series of 2–4, but sometimes singly. These fossils have a somewhat puzzling aspect, but they may be referred without any doubt to the Bryozoa, though to a new and undescribed genus and species.
VII.—The Occurrence of Plant Remains in Olivine Basalt in the Bo'ness Coalfield
Authors: Cadell Henry M.
Published: May 2009

In a paper wliich I read before the Edinburgh Geological Society on 26th January, 1880, and which appears in the Transactions, vol. iii, pp. 304–325, a general stratigraphical account is given of the extensive scries of interbedded volcanic rocks of the Bo'ness Coalfield in Linlithgowshire.
II.—Fossil Plants from Egypt
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: May 2009

The following notes on three fossil plants handed to me by Dr. Hume have been written at the request of Capt. Lyons, Director-General of the Survey Department of Egypt. The material is unfortunately too fragmentary to admit of satisfactory determination; but in view of our ignorance in regard to the former vegetation of Egypt, it is desirable to put on record all available information. Of the three fossils only one is sufficiently well preserved to be referred with any degree of certainty to a genus.
III.—The Lower Ordovician Rocks of Scandinavia, with a Comparison of British and Scandinavian Tremadoc and Arenig Rocks
Authors: Fearnsides William G.
Published: May 2009

As a worker among the Lower Palæozoic rocks of Wales I have for some years devoted a good deal of time to the study of Tremadoc and Arenig rocks, and in common with others have therefore often wished to check the results attained in that district of great thicknesses and tectonic complication by reference to the thinner and more fossiliferous series of the undisturbed areas of Northern Europe. When, therefore, the Senate of the University of Cambridge granted me the Worts Fund for travelling scholars, and instructed me to study the interrelationships of the Tremadoc and Arenig Series in Scandinavia, I at once took advantage of the opportunity, and spent the months of May, June, and July in hammering over those rocks in the field.
IV.—North Norfolk Geology: The Chalk and its Dislocation
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In venturing to offer some further criticisms on the interpretation of the phenomena presented by Norfolk geology published in the memoirs of the Geological Survey and elsewhere, I may state that these criticisms are the result of several visits to the county in which I have either drawn or made detailed notes of nearly every critical section along the coast.
II.—The Lower Ordovician Rocks of Scandinavia, with a Comparison of British and Scandinavian Tremadoc and Arenig Rocks
Authors: Fearnsides William G.
Published: May 2009

Considering now the details of the various districts, we notice that in South Öland the basal beds are shaly and conglomeratic; the higher part is calcareous, and by increase in the proportion of matrix passes into a creamy-white limestone which is wonderfully fossiliferous (0 1 and C). The highest beds are again glauconitic, soft, and shaly. Northward the proportion of calcareous material diminishes, and a band of shale with Shumardia, whose lithology and fossil content agree with that of the Ottenby Ceratopyge shales below the unconformity, is interstratified with the limestone. This bed is quite inconstant, but in Central Öland another shale band containing Euloma occurs low down in the limestone. Beyond Borgholm (05 and 06) all limestone disappears, and only glauconitic shale separates the alternating of Dictyonema shale and Obolus conglomerate from the Orthoceras limestone above. In Central Öland the glauconite shales and Ceratopygekalk attain their maximum thickness of nearly seven feet, but in the north are again reduced to little more than one foot.
II.—Note on two Rark Forms of Actinocamax from the English Upper Chalk. G. C. Crick—Actinocamax from the English Chalk
Authors: Ckick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The present note relates to two specimens. One was obtained by Mr. G. E. Dibley, F.G.S., from the Micrazter cor-anguinum zone of the Chalk at Gravesend, and now forms part of the British Museum collection (register number C. 10576); the other is in the collection of Dr. H. P. Blackmore, F.G.S., of Salisbury (to whom I am indebted for the loan of the fossil), and was obtained from West Harnham, near Salisbury, at the base of the zone of Actinocamax quadratus. Being the more nearly perfect, the Salisbuiy specimen is described first.
I.—Evidences of a Mandible of a New Labyrinthodont from the Upper Karroo Beds of Cape Colony (Ptychosphenodon Browni)
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

I am indebted to Mr. Alfred Brown, of Aliwal North, for the opportunity of describing a small fragment of a lower jaw of a Labyrinthodont which shows some unusual characters in the dentition and in the composition of the mandible (Pl. XIX, Fig. 1). Hitherto the evidence of the structure of the mandible has been imperfectly recorded in these South African reptiles.

Mr. Brown's specimen is a small transverse segment, probably from the left ramus, at some little distance behind the symphysis. This position may be indicated by an angular ridge upon the inner side, which is becoming more elevated as it extends forward. There is no suggestion of the original length of the mandible, which may have been eighteen inches. The fragment is little more than an inch and a half long. In section the jaw is subquadrate, somewhat depressed, being two inches wide and an inch and a half deep. The external surface of the bones shows no trace of sculpture. From its slightly water-worn condition the specimen (Fig. 1) was probably obtained from the reconstructed bed at the railway station at Aliwal North, which yields Theriodonts and other fossils.

The external bone is apparently vertical, traversed on the lower third by a deep longitudinal groove, in which there is a faintly marked suture. The dentary bone above the groove is slightly convex up to the alveolar margin, and shows what may be a sinuous impression above the groove. The bone below the groove, which may be infra-dentary, is well rounded on to the base.
I.—The Structure of Glacier Ice
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for April, 1895, p. 152, the results of some observations made by Mr. George Fletcher, F.G.S., and myself on the structure of glacier ice were given.

Thin plates of ice were made by cutting and melting, and then examined in polarized light. In all cases it was found that the individual crystals were in close contact, there being no evidence of the presence of a eutectic separating them. The crystals in the same piece varied very greatly in size, and had very irregular outlines.

As the sections which we figured were in all cases drawn by hand, I thought it advisable to construct a special form of instrument with which to obtain actual photographs of thin sections of glacier ice. The instrument eventually used consisted of two bundles of thin glass plates, one being used as a polarizer and the other as an analyser. They were fixed vertically above each other, and between them was the glass stage upon which the thin ice sections rested. Below the analyser was a small lens throwing the image of the ice section upon a photographic plate.

Last Summer, accompanied by Mr. H. Arnold-Bemrose, M.A., F.G.S., who kindly assisted me in the matter, I visited the Furka Pass, and we obtained photographs of the ice of the Rhône Glacier.

Figs. 1 and 2 are full-sized photographs of thin slices of ice. Samples with small crystals were selected, so as to bring many crystals within the limits of the field. The ice section was about 03 inch thick, and where the surface between two crystals is at an angle with the glass plate upon which the ice section rested, interference fringes are consequently to be seen.
V.—Further Notes nn the Arthropoda of the British Coal-Measures
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

For some years past a Committee of Littleborough and Rochdale geologists, consisting of Messrs. W. H. Sutcliffe, Walter Baldwin, W. A. Parker, S. S. Platt, and others, have devoted themselves to the task of working out the beds of shale containing clay-ironstone nodules, a portion of the Middle Coal-measures at Sparth Bottoms, half a mile south-west of Rochdale Town Hall, in beds estimated to occur 135 feet above the Royley Mine Coal-seam.

In the clay-ironstone nodules occur well-preserved ferns, Calamites, Sigillariœ, shells of Carbonicola acuta and other Coal-measure lamellibranchs, whilst the number of Arthropoda obtained is probably unsurpassed in any locality of this formation.

The first Arthropod obtained from Sparth Bottoms was noticed by Mr. Walter Baldwin, F.G.S., under the name of Prestwichia, rotundata, Prestw., sp. (Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, part 6, 1901, pp. 149–155, with a plate); the second in 1903, by the same geologist, who identified it as Bellinurus bellulus, König (op. cit., vol. xxviii, part 8, pp. 198–202). The third and most important discovery was made by Mr. W. A. Parker, F.G.S., namely, a new species of fossil Scorpion, which was described and figured in 1904 by Messrs. Baldwin & Sutcliffe under the name of Eoscorpius Sparthensis (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lx, p. 396, fig. 2). These geologists have continued their researches, of which a brief account was given by me at the York Meeting of the British Association (1906). Many subsequent finds have been most obligingly confided to me by these gentlemen, and through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Sutcliffe the specimens figured have since been presented to the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), the only condition imposed being that they should be described.
III.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. New Fossils from the Dufton Shales
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A small collection of fossils was made a few years ago by Mr. V. M. Turnbull from a cutting on the Alston Road, near Melmerby, and the author has already described a new species of Lichas (L. melmerbiensis) which was included amongst them. Several more new species of trilobites and other groups are now described, and the complete list of the fauna is as follows:—.
IV.—On the Systematic Position of the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Titanosaurus
Authors: Nopcsa Baron Francis
Published: May 2009

Being prevented by other work from continuing at present my work on the Danian (Laramie) Dinosaurs of Transylvania, I wish briefly to draw attention to the fact that the Upper Cretaceous Titanosaurus, as known from the Montagne Noire in France and from the Cretaceous formation of Argentina, and perhaps also from East Africa (as already pointed out by Fraas), has nothing to do with the Sauropoda, but belongs to the Trachodontid Orthopods, as proved by the abundant Transylvanian material at my disposal.
I.—Erosion and Deposition by the Indus
Authors: Hill Arthur
Published: May 2009

“The Indus has been eroding severely on the right bank, about 30 miles higher up than the erosion which I told you threatened the railway at Rohri on the left bank. The chord of the curve of the bank attacked was over 2¼ miles long, and the erosion at the apex would be as much as 100 feet a day: it amounted to 3400 feet in forty days. It has given us a good deal of trouble, as with a big breach here the water would travel 120 miles before it would be forced back to the river by the hills on the edge of the deltaic deposits, and loop embankments of great length had hastily to be constructed behind the portions of the flood-embankments threatened with erosion. We succeeded with two loops, but with the third had a breach in the weak new loop; the men have been able to keep it from spreading more than 700 feet wide, and have since got it nearly under control.
VI.—Glyptops ruetimeyeri (Lyd.), a Chelonian from the Purbeck of Swanage
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

The Manchester Museum contains two ‘turtles’ from the Middle Purbeck Cap and Feather Bed of Swanage which are referable to Lydekker's Thalassemys ruetimeyeri. The first of these, L. 7017, was purchased from Swanage in 1906, and consists of a carapace lacking all the marginals, but otherwise complete and undisturbed. The second, L. 9520, was obtained by the writer from a quarry some 2 miles west of Swanage in March of this year. This specimen, although crushed, is important because it retains the whole shell, both carapace and plastron, with the exception of some of the peripherals.
II.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Novak considered this form within the range of variation of Cellepora depressa, Hag., but Canu recognizes it as a Rhagasostoma. It appears to be so closely related to a very distinct and persistent form which is very abundant and characteristic at Trimingham that I do not like to treat them as anything but two forms of a single hitherto unnamed species, and the form admirably figured by Novak must of course be the type of the species.
VI.—On a Fossil Sole and a Fossil Eel from the Eocene of Egypt
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Two well-preserved Teleostean fishes from the Eocene Limestone of Tura, between Heluan and Cairo, have been submitted to me by Dr. W. F. Hume, Director of the Geological Survey of Egypt. They apparently represent new species, but, like most fishes of Eocene age, they are remarkably modern in type, and one seems to be referable to an existing genus. With them were found remains of two species of Percoid fishes, which are scarcely sufficient for exact determination.
I.—The Structure of Glaciers
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

In August, 1841, Professor J. D. Forbes, in company with Professor Agassiz and Mr. Heath, spent some time upon the Lower Glacier of the Aar, and Forbes states that it was then for the first time that he noticed the veined or ribboned structure of glaciers. Although the description given in the communication he made to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in December of the same year is most interesting, he does not state clearly how the structure is related to the glacier grains of which the ice streams are built up.
II.—On the Discovery of Bembridge Limestone Fossils on Creechbarrow Hill, Isle of Purbeck
Authors: Keeping Henry
Published: May 2009

When last year I had an opportunity of examining a few rocks and fossils from the limestone of Creechbarrow Hill, which the late Mr. W. H. Hudleston considered of Bagshot age, I at once suspected that they belonged to the Bembridge Limestone. Upon my pointing this out to Professor Hughes he requested me to go down to examine the ground, which I did in November of last year, but I found only the same fossils which Mr. Hudleston had recorded, namely, Melanopsis and Paludina. On my return to Cambridge I expressed the opinion that better evidence would probably be obtained if a few openings were made here and there, and the Professor arranged that I should carry out a further examination of the area at a more convenient season. This I have done, and I now offer the results of my further researches.
V.—The Plasticity of Rocks and Mountain Building
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

British geologists must have read Professor Coleman's Address to the Geological Section of the British Association with great pleasure and interest. As Professor Coleman remarks, geology finds some of its most seductive problems in the neglected extremes of the earth's history. Out of the apparent tangle of the ‘drifts’ and Archæan Gneisses Canadian geologists are now evolving an orderly sequence which must exercise considerable influence upon the progress of geology in other lands. The seemingly unnatural conjunction of Pleistocene and Archæan, Professor Coleman states, has furnished the clue to certain puzzling problems of the Archæan.
VI.—On the Classification of the Lower Carboniferous Rocks
Authors: Johns Cosmo
Published: May 2009

In this communication it is proposed to briefly note the divisions which have been proposed for the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Great Britain and Belgium; to discuss their validity in the light of the important additions that have been made to our knowledge during the last few years; and to suggest a new classification which, while expressing the physical and faunal changes which characterized that particular time interval, shall be generally applicable and at the same time do justice to the workers who have contributed most largely to our knowledge.
I.—On a Reconstructed Skeleton of Diprotodon in the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

For many years palæontologists have anxiously awaited the reconstruction of the complete skeleton of Diprotodon by Dr. E. C. Stirling, Mr. Zietz, and their colleagues in the South Australian Museum. In 1893, when it was announced that numerous nearly complete skeletons of this gigantic extinct marsupial had been discovered in the arid interior of South Australia, it was hoped that all details of its osteology would soon be known; but the difficulties of excavating and transporting the fragile bones, and the skill and patience needed in preparing them after they reached the Museum in Adelaide, were so considerable as to necessitate long delay in obtaining satisfactory results. At last, however, a mounted reproduction of a skeleton has been completed in plaster, and Dr. Stirling has published three excellent photographs of the specimen in the “Report of the Board of Governors of the Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery of South Australia for 1905–6,” lately received. The Governors of the South Australian Museum have given a copy of this restoration to the University of Cambridge, where it is now mounted in the Museum of Zoology. They have also generously presented to the British Museum a set of actual limb-bones and caudal vertebræ, with sufficient plaster casts to complete the reconstructed skeleton which is shown in Plate XV. As this restoration differs in some respects from that in Adelaide, it appears to need a brief explanation.