bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snapshots of the Soul
Authors: Blasing Molly Thomasy
Published: January 2022

This book considers how photography has shaped Russian poetry from the early twentieth century to the present day. Drawing on theories of the lyric and the elegy, the social history of technology, and little-known archival materials, the book offers close readings of poems by Boris Pasternak, Marina Tsvetaeva, Joseph Brodsky, and Bella Akhmadulina, as well as by the late and post-Soviet poets Andrei Sen-Sen'kov, Arkadii Dragomoshchenko, and Kirill Medvedev, to understand their fascination with the visual language, representational power, and metaphorical possibilities offered by the camera and the photographic image. Within the context of long-standing anxieties about the threat that visual media pose to literary culture, the book finds that these poets were attracted to the affinities and tensions that exist between the lyric or elegy and the snapshot. The book reveals that at the core of each poet's approach to “writing the photograph” is the urge to demonstrate the superior ability of poetic language to capture and convey human experience.
Marriage—Rites, Analogues, Meanings
Authors: Ferguson Gary
Published: January 2022

This chapter compares the legal point of view of marriage to other forms of contractual and affective relationships current in late medieval and early modern Europe, such as affrèrement or adoptive brotherhood. It explains that affrèrements involved relationships among several men that are similar to marriage, even if these men have wives and children. It also mentions John Boswell, who described Eastern Orthodox liturgies of adelphopoiesis as a form of same-sex union that involved a sexual relationship. The chapter analyzes evidence of the existence of similar ceremonies as affrèrements in the West, namely an ordo ad fratres faciendum that is attested in fourteenth-century Dalmatia. It refers to Iberians in Rome that were described by Michel de Montaigne, who were involved in performing a brotherhood ceremony.
Final Hours
Authors: Ferguson Gary
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts the process of execution of criminals that evolved in significant ways in late medieval and early modern Italy. It details how executions became surrounded with pious action and communal involvement, notably through the foundation of various confraternities that took charge of condemned prisoners in the hours leading up to and following the criminal's death. It also discusses the mission of the Confraternity of San Giovanni, which was to minister to condemned prisoners and “comfort” them according to the confraternity manuals produced to aid the brothers in their work. The chapter covers the principal activity of the lay comforters that includes talking to the condemned men to convince them to make their confession and receive communion before dying. It refers to the wills that the confraternity recorded for each of the condemned men to give them a good death and save their soul in the afterlife.
Voices on Trial
Authors: Ferguson Gary
Published: January 2022

This chapter mentions the prosecution of sodomy in sixteenth-century Rome that was dealt with by the court or the Vicario, while the Inquisition only became involved in cases where there was a suspicion of false belief. It elaborates that in cases involving marriage, it would be dealt with by the Inquisition as they are involved in a sacrament called into question by Protestant Reformers. It also highlights the trial involving the boatman, Battista regarding his part in the marriage of two men, considering him as an interesting figure that have been sexually passive. The chapter elaborates how Battista represents another kind of person that the history of sexuality has not frequently been able to identify in the past and has often associated with modernity. It analyzes Battista's report of being guided to San Giovanni by two youths, which directly reverses the pederastic scenario of adult men abducting boys for sexual purposes.
“Felawe Masculinity”
Authors: Harris Carissa M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how men in same-sex contexts use obscenity to denigrate women and perpetuate rape culture. It argues that this paradigm, sometimes, taught men to have as much sex as possible and to ignore women's nonconsent for the purpose of producing narratives for their peer group, as in the code of “felawe masculinity” embraced by a group of pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Chaucer's portrayal of the “felawe faction” sheds light on how the telling of violent sexual jokes enacts the violence they ostensibly trivialize, as obscenity creates a gendered social dynamic teaching a set of values and relations among men that results in violence and harm. This brand of masculinity is prominent in Fragment I of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, where three men tell fabliaux featuring the obscene verb “swyve.” The chapter then shows how “swyve” creates gendered pedagogical community and teaches men that sexual aggression is both necessary and laudatory. Ultimately, the chapter explores the relationship between masculinity and obscenity that is central to the teaching of “felawe masculinity,” and examines the pedagogical practices of a group of male characters.
“With a cunt”
Authors: Harris Carissa M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the poets at the sixteenth-century Scottish court who use obscene misogyny to foster homosocial community and teach one another codes of masculine sexuality. It details the discussion of insult poetry, in which men use obscene misogyny to teach one another to refrain from intercourse altogether. These exchanges in the literary insult battles known as “flytings,” dislodge the primacy of copulating with women from models of exemplary masculinity. In the code espoused by Chaucer's faction, not having sex is unmanly, while for the flyters over a century later, intercourse imperils one's masculinity and bodily sovereignty. Ultimately, the chapter reveals how flyters draw on three separate but overlapping misogynist cultural traditions to teach their lessons about sexuality: the internalized misogyny in women's criminal quarrels that accuses women of breaking patriarchal rules governing sexual conduct; the literary misogyny articulated by aged male lyric voices that views women's bodies as devouring men's virility; and the clerical misogyny that encourages men to eschew matrimony by invoking women's inherent lasciviousness and moral depravity.
Can You Beat Churchill?
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

How do you get students to engage in a historical episode or era? How do you bring the immediacy and contingency of history to life? This book shares the secret to award-winning success in the classroom, which encourages role-playing for immersive teaching and learning. Combating the declining enrollment in humanities classes, this innovative approach reminds us how critical learning skills are transmitted to students: by reactivating their curiosity and problem-solving abilities. The book provides advice and procedures, both for the use of off-the-shelf commercial simulations and for the instructor who wishes to custom design a simulation from scratch. These reenactments allow students to step into the past, requiring them to think and act in ways historical figures might have. Students must make crucial or dramatic decisions, though these decisions need not align with the historical record. In doing so, they learn, through action and strategic consideration, the impact of real individuals and groups of people on the course of history. There is a quiet revolution underway in how history is taught to undergraduates. This book hopes to make it a noisy one.
Sin Sick
Authors: Pederson Joshua
Published: January 2022

This book draws on the latest research about identifying and treating the pain of perpetration to advance and deploy a literary theory of moral injury that addresses fictional representations of the mental anguish of those who have injured or killed others. The book foregrounds moral injury, a recent psychological concept distinct from trauma that is used to describe the psychic wounds suffered by those who breach their own deeply held ethical principles. Complementing writings on trauma theory that posit the textual manifestation of trauma as absence, the book argues that moral injury appears in literature in a variety of forms of excess. The author closely reads works by Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment), Camus (The Fall), and veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan (Brian Turner's Here, Bullet; Kevin Powers' The Yellow Birds; Phil Klay's Redeployment; and Roy Scranton's War Porn), contending that recognizing and understanding the suffering of perpetrators, without condoning their crimes, enriches the experience of reading — and of being human.
Coda
Authors: Pederson Joshua
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter turns to the question of ethics in wondering whether third parties have any formal responsibility to respond to the pain of the morally injured. In doing so, the chapter proposes a model for thinking about how one might witness moral injury and how it might closely resemble trauma witness. It returns to the seminal question of why one should pay attention to moral injury. While it is certainly good to know that it exists, the chapter questions whether attention should be devoted to it. It asks if attending to it steals focus from the suffering of the traumatized or if moral injury imposes any responsibilities on bystanders.
Conclusion
Authors: Moore Megan
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns to the most famous of medieval reflections on the nature of desire, the thirteenth-century Old French masterpiece by Jean de Meun and Guillaume de Lorris, Le roman de la Rose. It examines why medieval love is so relentlessly associated with pain, violence, death, and grief. Though many have studied the Rose, and though its codicological and literary influence remains uncontested, the chapter seeks to unravel why douleur and amors elide in this text, inviting a reconsideration of the text's deployment of love and the emotional communities it strives to create. It argues that the Rose is a flagship case for all the elements teased out in our erotics of grief: taboo and its transgression. The chapter contemplates how the erotics of grief may play out differently in other communities.
Dying to Learn
Authors: Hunzeker Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This book develops a novel theory to explain how wartime militaries learn. It focuses on the Western Front, which witnessed three great-power armies struggle to cope with deadlock throughout the First World War, as the British, French, and German armies all pursued the same solutions-assault tactics, combined-arms, and elastic defense in depth. By the end of the war, only the German army managed to develop and implement a set of revolutionary offensive, defensive, and combined-arms doctrines that in hindsight represented the best way to fight. The book identifies three organizational variables that determine how fighting militaries generate new ideas, distinguish good ones from bad ones, and implement the best of them across the entire organization. These factors are: the degree to which leadership delegates authority on the battlefield; how effectively the organization retains control over soldier and officer training; and whether or not the military possesses an independent doctrinal assessment mechanism. Through careful study of the British, French, and German experiences in the First World War, the book provides a model that shows how a resolute focus on analysis, command, and training can help prepare modern militaries for adapting amidst high-intensity warfare in an age of revolutionary technological change.
A Vulnerable System
Authors: Stewart Andrew J.
Published: January 2022

As threats to the security of information pervade the fabric of everyday life, this book describes how, even as the demand for information security increases, the needs of society are not being met. The result is that the confidentiality of our personal data, the integrity of our elections, and the stability of foreign relations between countries are increasingly at risk. The book convincingly shows that emergency software patches and new security products cannot provide the solution to threats such as computer hacking, viruses, software vulnerabilities, and electronic spying. Profound underlying structural problems must first be understood, confronted, and then addressed. This book delivers a long view of the history of information security, beginning with the creation of the first digital computers during the Cold War. From the key institutions of the so-called military industrial complex in the 1950s to Silicon Valley start-ups in the 2020s, the relentless pursuit of new technologies has come at great cost. The absence of knowledge regarding the history of information security has caused the lessons of the past to be forsaken for the novelty of the present, and has led us to be collectively unable to meet the needs of the current day. From the very beginning of the information age, claims of secure systems have been crushed by practical reality. The myriad risks to technology, the book reveals, cannot be addressed without first understanding how we arrived at this moment. The book is an enlightening and sobering history of a topic that affects crucial aspects of our lives.
A Tesztüzemi Információs Rendszer eredményei 2020
Authors: Keszthelyi Szilárd
Published: January 2022

Az elemzéshez a Tesztüzemi Információs Rendszer 2020. évi adatait használtuk fel. Az adatgyűjtés összesen 2168 mintaüzemet fog át. A tesztüzemi rendszer mintaadatait az Agrárcenzus 2020 adataival súlyoztuk. Így a tesztüzemi minta segítségével reprezentált és vizsgált 106 ezer gazdaság az összes regisztrált gazdaság által használt földterület 95,3 százalékát művelte, illetve az összes standard termelési érték 97,4 százalékát állította elő. Az egy hektárra jutó árbevétel 10 százalékkal, a közvetlen támogatás 12 százalékkal, valamint az anyagjellegű költségek 4 százalékkal emelkedtek, így a mezőgazdaság jövedelmezősége a nettó hozzáadott érték alapján vizsgálva 19 százalékos növekedést mutat.
Exploration of Cocoa Pod Pest and Damage Level in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Yudha Pajri Ananta , Dwipa Indra , Azwardi Dedi
Published: January 2022

Aims: The study aimed to explore the cocoa pod pests and the damage level of pests in Lima Puluh Kota regency, Indonesia.

Study Design: Purposive random sampling.

Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in cocoa field in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia from January to June 2021.

Methodology: Purposive random sampling was used in the research. Three districts that have cocoa fields were chosen as location of the study. One sub district of each district was chosen and two cocoa fields of each sub district were chosen as sampling. The criteria of field sampling were 1) the field area was 0.5 hectare, 2) the plants age ±4 years and the plants were productive.

Results: The result showed that cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella) and pod sucking bug (PSB) (Helopeltis spp.) were the cocoa pod pest insects in Lima Puluh Kota regency. The percentage of attacked plants by CPB and PSB in Lima Puluh Kota were 21.18% and 56.28% respectively. Attacked pods by CPB and PSB were 10.82% and 79.45%. For attack intensity of CPB and PSB, there were 8.52% and 41.09% respectively.

Conclusion: According to result obtained, the attack intensity of CPB and PSB in Lima Puluh Kota were Slight and Moderate respectively.
Beginning counselor educators’ experiences of growth and challenges in teaching
Authors: Waalkes Phillip L. , Hall Daniel P. , Haugen Jaimie Stickl , Swindle Paula J. , Meyer Jiaying J.
Published: January 2022

In our consensual qualitative research investigation of teaching development, beginning counselor educators’ (N = 13) grew in transitioning from teacher‐centeredness to student‐centered learning approaches, as well as in student engagement, adaptation to student needs, and confidence. They felt challenged by setting boundaries with students and managing time.
Asclepiasdynamics on US rangelands: implications for conservation of monarch butterflies and other insects
Authors: Spaeth Kenneth E. , Barbour Philip J. , Moranz Ray , Dinsmore Stephen J. , Williams C. Jason
Published: January 2022

The genesis of this study is in response to the United States (US) Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listing of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus) on 17 December 2020 in the US Federal Register as a candidate species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Annual censuses have identified that the eastern and western North American monarch migratory populations have been generally declining over the last 20 yr due to a myriad of environmental factors. Monarch reproduction at the larval stage is dependent on the presence of milkweed (Asclepias) plant species. The United States Department of Agriculture‐Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA‐NRCS) National Resource Inventory rangeland data set (~23,400 on‐site samples; 2032 sites with milkweed presence) was used to evaluate milkweed species densities, geolocations, and environmental gradients. Twenty‐two milkweed species were identified on rangelands across 17 sampled US western states, with seven species comprising 65.5% of milkweed frequency of occurrence. The most dominant milkweed species on non‐federal rangelands wereAsclepias viridis,A. syriaca,A. verticillata, andA. speciosa(constancy >10% where milkweed was present).Asclepias speciosawas the dominant species from the standpoint of total plant density for the data set, whereasA. viridiswas the most frequently occurring species. Total milkweed density estimates based on low, midpoint, and high estimates were 1.3, 4.1, and 6.9Bplants on 13.2 M ha. Seven US states (Kansas, Texas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Montana) contained 88.8% of the total estimated ha with milkweed presence. In the Central Great Plains, Northwestern Great Plains, Nebraska Sand Hills, and Flint Hills, Southwestern Tablelands, High Plains, Northwestern Glaciated Plains, and Cross Timbers, Omernik level III ecoregions contained 76.7% of the estimated milkweed plants. Milkweed species density was highest at latitude N35‐40 with decreasing populations toward south (N25‐30) and north (N45‐50) latitudes. Milkweed species densities were greatest at longitude W‐95‐100 and decreased toward the western US with lowest population numbers at W‐120‐125. Analysis of environmental variables showed milkweed species dominance on mollisols, non‐saline sites, neutral pH, well‐drained soils, loam and sandy loam soil textures, and sites with soil organic matter at 1.5–3%. Disturbance gradients and habitat dynamics relating to ecological condition and rangeland health differed among the dominant milkweed species identified in this study.
Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Gao Pei , Peng Wei , Hu Yuan
Published: January 2022

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic effect of LMR in NPC through meta‐analysis.

Methods

The prognostic value of LMR for overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS)/progression‐free survival (PFS) was evaluated by pooling hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The association between LMR and clinicopathological characteristics was estimated by using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.

Results

A total of 7 studies with 3773 patients were included in this meta‐analysis. The results showed that a low LMR was associated with poor OS (HR = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.71–2.20, p < 0.001) and reduced DFS/PFS (HR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.23–1.85, p < 0.001) in NPC. Furthermore, a low LMR was significantly associated with male sex (OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.12–1.59, p = 0.001), T3‐T4 stage (OR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.02–2.45, p = 0.040), and tumor stage III‐IV (OR = 1.54, 95%CI = 1.22–1.95, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study indicated that a low LMR was correlated with poor survival and advanced tumor stage in patients with NPC.
Mechanism of miR‐424‐5p promoter methylation in promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Lv Hong‐Cheng , Lv Yan‐Yan , Wang Gang , Zhang Xie‐Hua , Li Sheng‐Nan , Yue Xiao‐Fen , Lu Wei
Published: January 2022

The current study set out to clarify the role of miR‐424‐5p promoter methylation in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The findings of quantitative real‐time‐polymerase chain reaction and methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting assays elicited that miR‐424‐5p was poorly expressed in HCC tissues and cells while highly methylated. Meanwhile, upon demethylation, miR‐424‐5p expression levels were partly recovered in HCC cells. In addition, miR‐424‐5p upregulation reduced cell viability and elevated apoptosis of HCC cells, in parallel with increased N‐cadherin and decreased E‐cadherin levels. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay further validated that miR‐424‐5p bound to the kinesin family member 2A (KIF2A), and miR‐424‐5p overexpression downregulated KIF2A. In addition, KIF2A overexpression reversed the miR‐424‐5p‐driven changes in terms of cell viability, apoptosis and EMT‐related protein levels. Furthermore, xenograft tumors were established via injection of Huh7 cells, followed by miR‐424‐5p overexpression in vivo, which inhabited KIF2A downregulation and attenuated tumor growth along with decreased Ki67 positive expression, diminished N‐cadherin and elevated E‐cadherin levels. Overall, our findings supported the conclusion that miR‐424‐5p promoter methylation reduced miR‐424‐5p expression and upregulated KIF2A, thereby promoting HCC EMT.
Lipid profile, lipid ratios, apolipoproteins, and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Authors: Tajik Behnam , Voutilainen Ari , Kauhanen Jussi , Mazidi Moshen , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Tuomainen Tomi‐Pekka , Isanejad Masoud
Published: January 2022

The blood level of lipids, apolipoproteins, and lipid ratios are important predictors of some chronic diseases. However, their association with cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) is less known. We evaluated a wide range of lipid profiles and lipid ratios, including low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), very‐low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (VLDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), and apoA1 and B, as well triglyceride and total cholesterol with risk of incident CMM. In 1728 men aged 52.5 ± 5.2 years from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease were included in this study. We defined CMM as coexisting of two or more of stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), coronary heart disease (CHD). A Cox proportional hazard regression method was applied to evaluate the risk of CMM against the exposures. During the mean follow‐up of 22.4 years, 335 men suffered from CMM conditions. Higher serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations were associated with a higher risk of coexisting T2D‐CHD (HRs 1.99 (95% CI, 1.12–3.53) and HRs 1.79 (95% CI, 1.04–3.11), respectively. Whereas higher HDL was associated with lower incident [HRs 0.49 (95% CI, 0.40–1.00)]. The HRs for coexisting T2D‐CHD was 2.02 (95% CI, 1.01–3.07) for total cholesterol/HDL‐C, 1.85 (95% CI, 1.04–3.29) for triglyceride/HDL‐C, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.01–2.31) for Non‐HDL‐C/HDL‐C, and 1.89 (95% CI, 1.03–2.46) for apoB/apoA1. In contrast, serum LDL‐C/apoB ratios were inversely associated with the risk of coexisting T2D‐CHD [HRs 0.50 (95% CI, 0.28–0.90)]. No associations were observed between our exposures and other CMM conditions. In conclusion, elevated triglyceride, VLDL‐C, total cholesterol/HDL‐C, TG/HDL‐C, apoB/apoA1 as well as lower LDL‐C/apoB were independently associated with the higher risk of T2D‐CHD coexistence.
Development and in‐vitro characterization of a novel fetal vesicoamniotic shunt – The Vortex shunt
Authors: Sheth Kunj R. , Danzer Enrico , Johnson Eric , Wall James K. , Blumenfeld Yair J.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To develop and test a novel vesicoamniotic shunt (VAS) to treat fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO), decrease dislodgement and optimize shunt deployment in‐vitro.

Methods

Vesicoamniotic shunt design objectives included: (1) robust and atraumatic fixation elements, (2) kink resistant conduit to adjust to fetal movement and growth, (3) one‐way pressure valve to facilitate bladder cycling, and (4) echogenic deployment visualization aids. The force to dislodge the novel Vortex shunt was compared with existing commercially available shunts in a bench‐top porcine bladder model. Sonographic echogenicity was evaluated with ultrasound‐guided deployment, and the shunt valve pressure measured.

Results

A prototype novel Vortex shunt was developed using braided nitinol “umbrella‐type” ends with a kink‐resistant stem incorporating an internal one‐way valve. The peak force required to dislodge the Vortex shunt was significantly higher than commercially available shunts (p < 0.01). Shunt deployment in the bench‐top model was easily confirmed with ultrasound guidance and the brisk decompression of the inflated porcine bladder thereafter. In‐vitro valve gauge pressure testing mirrored bladder pressures in human LUTO cases.

Conclusion

In‐vitro testing shows that the Vortex shunt may improve deployment, sonographic visualization, kink resistance, and dynamic size adjustment. Validation in preclinical animal models are warranted and currently underway.
Surface Molecular Functionalization of Unusual Phase Metal Nanomaterials for Highly Efficient Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction under Industry‐Relevant Current Density
Authors: Wang Juan , Yu Jinli , Sun Mingzi , Liao Lingwen , Zhang Qinghua , Zhai Li , Zhou Xichen , Li Lujiang , Wang Gang , Meng Fanqi , Shen Dong , Li Zijian , Bao Haibo , Wang Yunhao , Zhou Jingwen , Chen Ye , Niu Wenxin , Huang Bolong , Gu Lin , Lee Chun‐Sing , Fan Zhanxi
Published: January 2022

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a sustainable strategy to relieve global warming and achieve carbon neutrality. However, the practical application of CO2RR is still limited by the poor selectivity and low current density. Here, the surface molecular functionalization of unusual phase metal nanomaterials for high‐performance CO2RR under industry‐relevant current density is reported. It is observed that 5‐mercapto‐1‐methyltetrazole (MMT)‐modified 4H/face‐centered cubic (fcc) gold (Au) nanorods demonstrate greatly enhanced CO2RR performance than original oleylamine (OAm)‐capped 4H/fcc Au nanorods in both an H‐type cell and flow cell. Significantly, MMT‐modified 4H/fcc Au nanorods deliver an excellent carbon monoxide selectivity of 95.6% under the industry‐relevant current density of 200 mA cm−2. Density functional theory calculations reveal distinct electronic modulations by surface ligands, in which MMT improves while OAm suppresses the surface electroactivity of 4H/fcc Au nanorods. Furthermore, this method can be extended to various MMT derivatives and conventional fcc Au nanostructures in boosting CO2RR performance.
Exploring the Neighbourhood – the Sun, the Moon and Jupiter
Authors: Orchiston Wayne , Robertson Peter , Sullivan III Woodruff T.
Published: January 2022

The idea that the Sun may emit radio waves has a long history. As Woody Sullivan (1982) has shown in hisClassics in Radio Astronomy, the idea first gained credence in the 1890s, but initial searches by a number of different investigators proved fruitless (e.g. see Débarbat et al. (2007) for details of Nordmann’s search in 1901). Success would come half-century later, thanks largely to the development of wartime radar.
Threat Modelling of Cyber Physical Systems: A Real Case Study Based on Window Cleaning Business
Authors: Brown Sion , Fox Stephen , Hewage Chaminda , Khan Imtiaz
Published: January 2022

Threat modelling Cyber-Physical System built on cloud infrastructure to monitor and manage the window cleaning operation using Window Cleaning Warehouse as a case study. Focusing on IoT data collection and cloud infrastructure security and the connections with the Cyber-Physical System. External dependencies and trust levels are defined before using trust boundaries and data flow diagrams to highlight attack surfaces. Expected scenarios from the data flow diagrams are discussed to identify violated intended use of the system using STRIDE threat classification. A risk assessment of assets that may be of interest to an adversary aid the discovery of more security risks that are then prioritised using the DREAD methodology. The results of the research present a comprehensive breakdown of vulnerabilities associated with IoT data security for route optimisation ranging from GPS spoofing, to Firestore vulnerabilities in the real-time database to Bluetooth Low Energy vulnerabilities in the IoT hardware, all of which could be common risks in cyber-physical systems designed by SME businesses. The research concludes various security risks applicable to SME businesses adopting industry 4.0 to alleviate the risk of new security breaches to the business through this adoption, increasing the likelihood of successful adoption of industry 4.0.
Repetition and International Law
Authors: Werner Wouter
Published: January 2022

Acts of repetition abound in international law. Security Council Resolutions typically start by recalling, recollecting, recognising or reaffirming previous resolutions. Expert committees present restatements of international law. Students and staff extensively rehearse fictitious cases in presentations for moot court competitions. Customary law exists by virtue of repeated behaviour and restatements about the existence of rules. When sources of international law are deployed, historically contingent events are turned into manifestations of pre-given and repeatable categories. This book studies the workings of repetition across six discourses and practices in international law. It links acts of repetition to similar practices in religion, theatre, film and commerce. Building on the dialectics of repetition as set out by Søren Kierkegaard, it examines how repetition in international law is used to connect concrete practices to something that is bound to remain absent, unspeakable or unimaginable.
Name Dropping: Toward a Uniform Best Practice on Historical Commemoration in Medicine
Authors: Appel Joseph M.
Published: January 2022

The removal of controversial names and monuments from the public sphere in the United States has gained traction in the context of efforts to achieve social justice for historically mistreated and marginalized communities. Such debates are increasingly raising issues in the healthcare setting as hospitals and medical schools grapple with the legacies of figures whose scientific contributions are clouded with ethical transgressions. Present efforts to address these challenges have largely occurred at the institutional level. The results have been guidelines that are complex, highly inconsistent across institutions, and largely downplay the symbolic importance of such historical redress. This paper proposes a simpler three-part test for name and monument removal in the medical and hospital settings that places greater weight on the symbolic importance of the renaming process itself instead of only considering the outcomes.
Mutatis mutandis … On Euthanasia and Advanced Dementia in the Netherlands
Authors: Buijsen Martin
Published: January 2022

Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are common practice in the Netherlands. In response to increasing requests from patients to end their lives, physicians are finding themselves placed in particularly precarious situations because of advance directives written by patients suffering from severe dementia. In April 2020, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands issued two judgments in the so-called Dormicum case: a case involving the deliberate termination of the life of a 74-year-old woman suffering from advanced dementia by a geriatrician in a nursing home in The Hague. The judgment of the lower criminal court was upheld, but the sanction imposed by the appellate disciplinary court was quashed. In this paper, the author reviews the two Supreme Court rulings, argues that both are fundamentally flawed and raises questions as to what they mean for Dutch criminal law, physicians, and patients going forward.
An Ethical Case for Medical Scribes
Authors: Schwan David
Published: January 2022

This article addresses ethical concerns with the use of electronic health records (EHRs) by physicians in clinical practice. It presents arguments for two claims. First, requiring physicians to maintain patient EHRs for medically unnecessary tasks is likely contributing to increased burnout, decreased quality of care, and potential risks to patient safety. Second, medical institutions have ethical reasons to employ medical scribes to maintain patient EHRs. Finally, this article reviews central objections to employing medical scribes and provides responses to each.
Gamified crowdsourcing for idiom corpora construction
Authors: Eryiğit GülŞen , Şentaş Ali , Monti Johanna
Published: January 2022

Learning idiomatic expressions is seen as one of the most challenging stages in second-language learning because of their unpredictable meaning. A similar situation holds for their identification within natural language processing applications such as machine translation and parsing. The lack of high-quality usage samples exacerbates this challenge not only for humans but also for artificial intelligence systems. This article introduces a gamified crowdsourcing approach for collecting language learning materials for idiomatic expressions; a messaging bot is designed as an asynchronous multiplayer game for native speakers who compete with each other while providing idiomatic and nonidiomatic usage examples and rating other players’ entries. As opposed to classical crowd-processing annotation efforts in the field, for the first time in the literature, a crowd-creating & crowd-rating approach is implemented and tested for idiom corpora construction. The approach is language-independent and evaluated on two languages in comparison to traditional data preparation techniques in the field. The reaction of the crowd is monitored under different motivational means (namely, gamification affordances and monetary rewards). The results reveal that the proposed approach is powerful in collecting the targeted materials, and although being an explicit crowdsourcing approach, it is found entertaining and useful by the crowd. The approach has been shown to have the potential to speed up the construction of idiom corpora for different natural languages to be used as second-language learning material, training data for supervised idiom identification systems, or samples for lexicographic studies.
Ultrahypofractionated breast radiotherapy during SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, beyond fast-forward trial: a local experience
Authors: Yahya Sundus , Fatima Tamseel , Irwin Amy Louise , Clayton Melanie , Spooner David , Fernando Indrajit , Stevens Andrea , Sherriff Jenny , Henderson Daniel
Published: January 2022

Background:

During the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust Oncology Department incorporated the ultrahypofractionated regime of 26Gy/5 fractions alongside the moderate hypofractionated regime of 40Gy/15 fractions as part of local adjuvant breast radiotherapy treatment (RT) for eligible patients. We conducted a local study to assess the real-life experience of patients undergoing ultrahypofractionated schedule to compare feasibility and toxicity to the fast-forward trial during the COVID − 19 pandemic.

Methods:

A single institution, retrospective, qualitative study. Patients included had early-stage breast cancer and received adjuvant radiotherapy between 23 March 2020 and 31 May 2020, a total of 211 patients. Inclusion was irrespective of any other neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatments. Data were collected retrospectively for treatment dose, boost dose and toxicity.

Results:

Of the total 211 patients, 85 were treated with 26Gy in 5# and 19 patients received a boost as per the fast-forward protocol. Of these 85 patients, 15·9% did not report any skin toxicity post-treatment. 63·5% of patients reported RTOG Grade 1, 15·9% had RTOG Grade 2, and 1·6% reported RTOG Grade 3 skin toxicity. 3·2% of the patients could not be contacted for follow-up. Of the 19 patients who received a breast boost, 10·53% reported no skin changes. 78·9% reported Grade 1 skin toxicity. Both Grades 2a and 2b skin toxicity were reported by 5·26% each. The patient demographics and tumour characteristics in our study cohort were comparable to those within the fast-forward trial. In terms of post-RT skin toxicity, fewer patients reported any toxicity in the UHB patient cohort versus those in the trial, and the number of Grade 2/3 toxicities reported was also low. A delay in toxicity reporting from 2 weeks for 40Gy/15 to 3 weeks for 26Gy/5 was observed.

Conclusion:

Our study concluded that offering ultrahypofractionation was convenient for patients; reducing the number of hospital visits during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic appeared safe in terms of acute post-RT-related skin toxicity. The reduced hospital visits limited exposure of patients and staff to the SARS-CoV-2 virus while also ensuring efficient use of Radiotherapy Department resources. Local follow-up protocols have been amended to ensure review at 3 weeks for the 26Gy/5 schedule to acknowledge the delay in acute toxicity development. To date, there is only 5-year toxicity and relapse data available from the fast-forward trial; therefore, hypofractionation schedules should be offered to patients as long as they fulfil the criteria and understand the limitations of the study as well as accelerated peer review processes in the face of the pandemic.
Free Wave Effects in Meteotsunamis
Authors: Grue John , Pedersen Geir K. , Saetra Øyvind
Published: January 2022

Free wave generation due to a ship or storm moving past a shallow, great depth change of the water, is measured on the shore (coast), modeled and compared. The free waves are generated at the depth change where the forced wave and velocity field attached to the moving pressure system adjust to the new depth. The wavenumber is a factor 1/12 smaller in the meteotsunami case compared to the ship case. The subcritical depth Froude numbers are similar in the two cases. The meteotsunami that occurred on the Norwegian Coast on 29–30 June 2019 was driven by a supercell thunderstorm moving at speed 110 km/hr. A localized, strong high pressure feature of width of 60 km and crest of 120 km obtained from weather forecast was used as input for a set of simulations of the water‐level response including realistic bathymetry. At the transition between the North Sea and the Norwegian Trench, the storm generated a free depression wave. This arrived at the coast 24 min ahead of the depression attached to the storm. The calculation fits to a period of 23 min, of a series several oscillations of height of 0.3–0.4 m, as measured by the water‐level gauge. An impulsive start‐up generates an additional forerunning elevation wave. Short waves of period of 1/3 of the main ship‐driven waves may originate from the steep gradients of the bow and stern. Similarly, short waves of period 6–7.5 min (0.002–0.003 Hz) are observed in the measured water‐level on the coast.
Telepractice Treatment of Residual Rhotic Errors Using App-Based Biofeedback: A Pilot Study
Authors: Peterson Laura , Savarese Christian , Campbell Twylah , Ma Zhigong , Simpson Kenneth O. , McAllister Tara
Published: January 2022

Purpose:

Although mobile apps are used extensively by speech-language pathologists, evidence for app-based treatments remains limited in quantity and quality. This study investigated the efficacy of app-based visual–acoustic biofeedback relative to nonbiofeedback treatment using a single-case randomization design. Because of COVID-19, all intervention was delivered via telepractice.

Method:

Participants were four children aged 9–10 years with residual errors affecting American English /ɹ/. Using a randomization design, individual sessions were randomly assigned to feature practice with or without biofeedback, all delivered using the speech app
Speech Therapist's App for /r/ Treatment
. Progress was assessed using blinded listener ratings of word probes administered at baseline, posttreatment, and immediately before and after each treatment session.

Results:

All participants showed a clinically significant response to the overall treatment package, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to very large. One participant showed a significant advantage for biofeedback over nonbiofeedback treatment, although the order of treatment delivery poses a potential confound for interpretation in this case.

Conclusions:

While larger scale studies are needed, these results suggest that app-based treatment for residual errors can be effective when delivered via telepractice. These results are compatible with previous findings in the motor learning literature regarding the importance of treatment dose and the timing of feedback conditions.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.18461576
Characterization of climate impacts on a semi-arid agricultural perimeter in Morocco
Authors: Boundi Abdelhaq , Ait Yacine Zehor
Published: January 2022

The manifestations of climate change in precipitation, air temperature and simulated evapotranspiration for crops in the Tadla perimeter in central Morocco are examined. The study area is characterized by a semi-arid climate, with a potential agricultural vocation. This area is exposed to a scarcity of water resources for crop irrigation. To this effect, it is it is treating of rainfall in this area over 60 years (1958-2018) at 27 measuring stations and for temperature and reference evapo-transpiration (ETo) over 49 years (1969-2018) at 4 stations. Following data analysis by homogeneity tests on the agro-climatic time series (Pettitt test, Lee and Heghinian test, Buishand test and Hubert’s segmentation method). It is detecting that there are time breaks on annual rainfall, mean temperature and reference evapo-transpiration at the respective years of 1978, 1995 and 1978. Because of these breaks in time, rainfall is reducing by 36%, atmospheric warming is 1°C and the climate demand for evaporation coupled with plant transpiration increases by 13%. Consequently, the water requirement increases significantly in the agricultural area of crop production.
Effect of pre-harvest practices on physical and colorimetric characteristics of date fruit (cv. ‘Aziza Bouzid’) in Figuig oasis
Authors: Jdaini Kawtar , Alla Fouzia , Guerrouj Kamal , Elhoumaizi Mohamed Aziz
Published: January 2022

Dates represent a very important energy source that contains a wide range of functional, nutritional, bioactive, and aromatic components. Dates characteristics have been widely studied but none has been conducted on the pre-harvest factors responsible for the quality variation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest practices on physical and colorimetric characteristics. The analyses were conducted on twelve samples of ‘Aziza Bouzid’ cultivar and collected at Tmar stage from Figuig oasis. Results obtained for physical parameters show a significant variation between different samples. Weight of ‘Aziza Bouzid’ varied from 5.44 g to 9.04 g. Geometric mean diameter and Porosity varied from 13.08 mm to 17.01 mm and 31.88 % to 42.3 % respectively for ‘Aziza Bouzid’. Highest Chroma and hue values registered for ‘Aziza Bouzid’ were 38.14 and 83.22 and the lowest were 21.1 and 67.15. This study contributes to develop good agricultural practices, help improve the quality and increase the quantity of Moroccan date production.
Simulation and analysis of force on connection of casing thread under alternating load of gas storage
Authors: Song Hanhua , Tian Wei , Li Chen , Li Zaishun , Fan Lianlian , Lu Jian , Gong Yufeng
Published: January 2022

Underground gas storage as the main system of natural gas peak regulation, its construction demand continues to grow in the world. Different from other common oil and gas well strings, the service time of the gas storage string is longer and the service environment is worse, which poses a greater challenge to the integrity design of the string joint. In this paper, starting from the most important connection and sealing performance of the pipe string joint, aiming at the special threaded joint suitable for the gas storage pipe string, based on the analysis of the force and deformation of the gas storage pipe string, the joint connection strength and sealing performance of the pipe string joint under the axial load, internal and external pressure and long-term alternating load are considered. Based on the FINITE element model of VAM TOP special threaded joint, the deformation and sealing behavior of the joint under different composite loads were numerically simulated, and the variation law of joint connection stress and sealing contact pressure with load was obtained, and the most vulnerable failure position and the most dangerous working condition were analyzed.
Response of grassland net primary productivity to climate change in China
Authors: Zhao Yuting , Lin Huilong , Tang Rong , Pu Yanfei , Xiong Xiaoyu , Nyandwi Charles , de Dieu Nzabonakuze Jean , Zhang Yonghui , Jin Jiaming , Tianhu Han
Published: January 2022

To protect the grassland ecosystem’s security, and coordinate the utilisation of grassland resources, explicitly estimating the response of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of 10 grassland groups to future climate change is necessary. Based on the Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System (CSCS) and modified Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model, in conjunction with four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, RCP 8.5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the response of China’s grassland NPP to climate change was simulated and estimated. Results showed that: (1) the simulation accuracy of modified CASA model (R2 = 0.65) is 34% higher than that of CASA model, indicating that the modified CASA was suitable for estimating grassland NPP in China; (2) annual mean NPP and total NPP (2001–18) were 138.4 g C m−2 year−1 and 495.7 T g C, respectively; compared with the period 2001–18, NPP during the 2050 under RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 were predicted with increases of 34.8%, 35.9%, 34.9% and 35.8%, respectively; and (3) from the present-day to the 2050, the NPP of Warm desert exhibited the largest increase (73.2–76.3%), while that of Tundra and alpine grassland the smallest (1.3–1.6%). These differences in NPP increase likely lead to differences in grassland carrying capacity. To respond to the impact of future climate change on grassland, grassland classification management strategies according to different groups should be implemented as grassland NPP changes differently in different grassland groups.