bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Exclusion
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 (“A Theory of Exclusion”) develops the primary theoretical argument of the book. In brief, it argues that actors seek to enact order principles to target and weaken entities they believe threaten their future security and enduring primacy. The larger and more immediate the threat, the more likely dominant actors are to pursue significant change to foundational order principles. The chapter first details this core logic of the ordering-to-exclude theory before developing important extensions of and refinements to the argument. Second, it introduces three viable alternative explanations for dominant actor order preferences and deduces testable hypotheses for each that can be evaluated alongside and against ordering-to-exclude theory. Finally, it discusses the research methods that inform the subsequent empirical chapters of the book and previews the structure that each of the nine case studies will take.
Ethnic Parties and Their Candidates Matter
Authors: West Karleen Jones
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that ethnic parties are a type of niche party, while highlighting the political relevance of ethnic parties and providing data on ethnic parties that compete in legislative elections around the world (in Asia, Canada and Western Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa). The chapter then explains how the extant literature on ethnic parties is limited because it ignores the behavior of individual candidates campaigning in their districts. A review of the literature on party behavior shows how individual campaign strategies connect with those goals. The chapter concludes by discussing the innovative methodologies this book uses to demonstrate how individual candidates matter in elections; the text also provides an overview of how the rest of the book advances the view that niche parties are similar to other parties in their behavior, largely because they are constrained by the strategies that individual candidates adopt.
Maoism and Grassroots Religion
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

This book explores grassroots religious life under and after Mao in Rui’an County, Wenzhou, in southeastern China, a region widely known for its religious vitality. Drawing on hitherto unexplored local state archives, records of religious institutions, memoirs, and interviews, it tells the story of local communities’ encounters with the Communist revolution, and their consequences, especially the competitions and struggles for religious property and ritual space. It demonstrates that, rather than being totally disrupted, religious life under Mao was characterized by remarkable variance and unevenness and was contingent on the interactions of local dynamics with Maoist campaigns—including the land reform, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. The revolutionary experience strongly determined the trajectories and development patterns of different religions, inter-religious dynamics, and state-religion relationships in the post-Mao era. This book argues that Maoism was destructively constructive to Chinese religions. It permanently altered the religious landscape in China, especially by inadvertently promoting the localization and even (in some areas) the expansion of Protestant Christianity, as well as the reinvention of traditional communal religion. In this vein, the post-Mao religious revival had deep historical roots in the Mao years, and cannot be explained by contemporary economic motives and cultural logics alone. This book calls for a renewed understanding of Maoism and secularism in the People’s Republic of China.
Introduction
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the book, providing the framework for the theory. It explains policy feedback theory and its limitations. Next, it provides an overview of the book’s theory, which places interest group combat at the center of policy change. It unpacks the theory of the fog of enactment and explains why implementation matters for policy feedback. It then explains how retrenchment can occur both directly—through legislators and regulators—and indirectly—through the parties, the public, and the courts. The chapter also introduces the main policies examined in the book: renewable portfolio standards and net metering laws. It explains why the US electricity system is not building renewable energy fast enough and why alternative technologies face significant barriers to adoption. It concludes with an overview of the entire book, with chapter-by-chapter summaries.
When New Policies Fail to Create a New Politics
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 provides the book’s theory and core argument. The chapter reviews models of policy change that emerged from debates over social policy in advanced democracies at the national level. It defines the book’s key concepts, including interest groups, policy expansion, and retrenchment. It then develops a new model of policy change focused on the fog of enactment and organized combat, outlining both direct and indirect pathways that advocate and opponent interest groups exploit to influence policy post-implementation. Drawing on original survey data from US state legislators and their staff, it provides additional evidence for the book’s theory, supplementing the historical institutionalist case studies in the rest of the book.
An Institutional History of Electricity Politics and Climate Inaction
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3, examines the historical roots of the current conflict over the electricity system. Electric utilities have long held a privileged position in energy policy, controlling state regulatory bodies for most of the twentieth century. Early regulatory decisions surrounding electricity ownership and pricing structures paved the way for contemporary conflicts over renewable energy policies. Notably, utilities used their power to shape policy and technology to their advantage in three ways: they resisted innovation, they shaped the rate structure in ways that exacerbated environmental harms, and they denied the climate crisis and other environmental problems. Taking a historical view, we can see that the electricity system developed the way it did—with large, fossil fuel plants and expensive, privately owned, and poorly maintained electric grids—because it served the interests of these powerful private utilities. This chapter shows how utilities’ delay and denial have undermined progress on climate change.
A Direct Line to Legislators and Regulators
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 concludes the Texas story. Over time, fossil fuel companies and industrial energy consumers came to oppose Texas’s renewable energy policies. Given their political influence over both politicians and regulators, these opponents were able to block reforms from passing in the legislature or being implemented by regulatory bodies. These opponents were successful because they had a direct link to the legislature, with a fossil fuel industry lobbyist reportedly working from a desk in a key senator’s office. This chapter shows how opponents can also use the fog of enactment strategically to resist policy during implementation and how opponent interest groups with sufficient influence can directly undermine policy, even if advocates have previously succeeded in winning policy conflict and initiating positive feedback.
Retrenchment by a Thousand Cuts
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore
Published: April 2020

Chapter 6 explores a case of clean energy retrenchment by a thousand cuts. Kansas first implemented a clean energy law in 2009. The state seemed poised to withstand retrenchment of the renewable portfolio standard due to strong growth in the wind energy industry. However, opponents returned to attack the law year after year and eventually wore down the advocates. Unable to directly overturn the law through the legislature, opponents—including Koch Industries and their allied Americans for Prosperity—worked to weaken support for the policy. They backed politicians in primaries and appointments that were anti-renewables, and they funded astroturfing campaigns. Advocates responded by organizing the public, but they were less politically influential— particularly after the Republican Party made supporting the clean energy rollback a requirement for election funding. Despite the established wind energy industry backing pro-renewable Republicans in primaries, the fossil fuel opponents were eventually able to retrench the law.
Is Music Special for People With Dementia?
Authors: Ghilain Matthieu , Schiaratura Loris , Singh Ashmita , Lesaffre Micheline , Samson Séverine
Published: April 2020

Multitudes of studies support that musical interventions in people with dementia positively affect various domains of their well-being—emotional, cognitive, and behavioral—and also reduce the distress of caregivers. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. This chapter proposes that rhythmic entrainment induced by listening to music, including movements synchronized with musical rhythms, might contribute to the efficacy of music-based interventions for people living with dementia. After reviewing the influence of rhythmic entrainment on motor, cognition, emotion, and social functioning, evidence obtained in dementia research is provided to support this hypothesis. Actions aligned to rhythmic sounds can be modulated by the presence of a partner, and more generally by the social environment, suggesting a link between synchronization to musical rhythm and interpersonal coordination. Finally, a method to measure rhythmic entrainment in people with dementia is presented for use in future researches to increase the intervention efficacy in pathological aging.
Verdict Rendered
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

Southern whites reacted to Lincoln’s election with shocked humiliation and a pledge to defend their honor and rights against the threat of the abolitionism they identified with Lincoln’s victory. Anxieties over economic security and slave resistance now exploded into a full-blown crisis that prepared the way for secession. The economy plunged into a depression as marketing channels for cotton dried up in a severe credit crunch triggered by fears over the nation’s future. The prospect of famine loomed in the countryside and unemployment reach unprecedented levels in Southern cities. Although moderates and conservatives who had supported Bell or Douglas downplayed the immediate threat of a Lincoln presidency and counseled patience, Breckinridge Democrats began openly campaigning for secession. Vigilance committees and volunteer military companies ruthlessly suppressed any expressions of pro-Unionism and redoubled efforts at disciplining and controlling slaves at the local level. Slaves viewed Lincoln as their liberator and stepped up their resistance through setting fires, poisoning the meals of whites, and running away. The secessionists insisted that only an independent South could restore prosperity, quell slave unrest, and save whites from the degradation of submitting to the rule of Yankee masters.
South Carolina Takes the Lead
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

South Carolina had been in the forefront of Southern radicalism since the 1820s, and it took the lead once Lincoln was elected. Pushing to the side the fire-eater Robert B. Rhett and his followers as extremists who would precipitate a war and isolate South Carolina from the other Southern states, moderate lowcountry planters orchestrated a propaganda campaign to achieve peaceful, orderly secession that would pull in the other slave states. Aware that any unified Southern response would be stymied by the temporizing of the Upper South, the secessionists relied on separate state secession to be achieved by popularly elected state conventions. Cooperation would follow among the seceded states. Invoking the horrors of forced emancipation and racial equality under Republican rule with appeals to restore the past glory of South Carolina during the American Revolution, secessionist ideology produced a mandate for immediate secession. To clinch the support of Charleston’s white workers, a harsh repression of free blacks forced many to leave and flee to the North for safety. Sons of planters rushed to join the cause and women in the planter class reveled in their new political role of advocates for secession. Banners, flags, and songs celebrated deliverance from Northern tyranny as workers and clerks flooded the streets of Charleston. Speed was of the essence to ensure that passions did not cool, and once the secessionists pressured the legislature to push the date of the election for convention delegates up to December 6, the state’s secession was a foregone conclusion.
The Market System as a Psychological Mechanism*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz
Published: April 2020

There is a widespread belief that economic efficiency of the market system is a result of the power of the self-interest motivation (“Greed is good”). This is because the market system creates a strong link between the productive activity of market participants (production and supply of goods) and their own access to goods. But, in reality, the size of wealth acquired does not depend directly on the improvement of productive activity: it depends on profit. Profit can be increased in various ways, not only by productivity. The imperfect connection between profit and productivity is the source of various pathological processes in the market if the only motivation of productive activities is self-interests. Alleged remedy for theses defects is extensive state intervention in the market. However, such interventions have their own serious faults. But it is not true that the only motivation of productivity is self-interest. The intrinsic motivation can play a very important role in productive activity if it is not suppressed by overstimulation the self-interest motives.
Icon
Authors: Freeman Margaret H.
Published: April 2020

Icons mean different things to different people. This chapter describes how the term icon is understood in semiotics, linguistics, religion, and popular discourse in order to establish a working definition for understanding how a poem can become an icon. Iconicity is the means whereby poetic features contribute to achieving a poem’s status as an icon. The chapter then takes up two problematic issues in the question of “meaning.” Making objects (nouns) out of actions (verbs) obscures the processes of minding that underlie aesthetic activity. Likewise, separating form from content obscures the integrated relation between “ceptions” (conceptions, perceptions, and proprioceptions) and structures. By replacing these assumptions from a cognitive science approach, the chapter prepares the groundwork for understanding the role of iconicity in the arts. After giving some examples of iconicity in literary critical approaches to poetry, it ends with a brief summary of the main features that constitute poetic iconicity.
What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Really Don’t Know Much at All
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Really Don’t Know Much at All, we explore aspects of psychotherapy that we know or understand with a degree of certainty, such as the potential individuals to change and the effectiveness of psychotherapy. This discussion is followed by concepts that we believe to be true but show limited definitive evidence, specifically to the manner in which psychotherapy is conducted and the impact of care. We can conclude with an overview of psychotherapeutic process that occur but in which little is understood, including what makes good therapy or a good therapist, why people change, and why people do not change.
How and Why Myths and Misconceptions Endure
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In How and Why Myths and Misconceptions Endure, the authors address that many myths and misconceptions about psychotherapy stem from attempting to validate what we think we know or choose to believe. Compelling myths persist, in part, due to individuals’ desire for them to be true. The authors provide an overview of numerous confirmation biases and address how therapeutic may be impacted by multiple truths, and how the standard procedures for therapy may in fact limit clients ability to change. One of the primary challenges for therapists is to change the hearts and minds of clients, which is due, in part, to the discomfort in changing one’s beliefs about their experiences or what they think they know.
How We Really Learn to Do Therapy
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In How We Really Learn to Do Therapy, the authors address how despite years of intensive study in graduate programs to practice mental health and thousands of hours of supervised practice, the greatest teachers are of then the clients. There are numerous holes in graduate education and training. Graduate training is highly structured, but a client’s journey in therapy may be far from a structured, organized process. Moreover, standards of training may cause more divisiveness on who is qualified to treat as opposed to applying any benefit to the potential clients. The client’s story and experience are far more beneficial to addressing rather than the clinician’s own training and experience. No amount of training will ever be enough for every potential client or every potential problem. The answers lie not in facts or truths but in the extent to which clients feel understood.
Balancing Hope and Despair and the Real Reasons for Burnout
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In Balancing Hope and Despair, and the Real Reasons for Burnout, the authors discuss how therapist deal with the despair of their clients, as well as their own personal despair. Addressing client hopelessness repeatedly may have professional consequences and serve as a precursor to burnout, as well as attention to ethical dilemmas, child welfare, abuse, moral issues, and high-risk encounters. Organizational factors can also play a role in burnout. A key to addressing despair is to rekindle hope. By admitting uncertainly, addressing feelings of hopelessness, and noting that the work of a clinician is focused on engaging in client’s feelings of hopelessness, therapists can overcome their feelings of obligation to always be effective. Admitting powerlessness is key to longevity in the profession.
Delta Democracy
Authors: Herrold Catherine E.
Published: April 2020

For decades, the United States has funded democracy promotion programs in the Middle East to little avail. Delta Democracy: Pathways to Incremental Civic Revolution in Egypt and Beyond argues that there is another way forward for US democracy aid. Drawing upon the author’s ethnographic research on Egypt’s nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the wake of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, Delta Democracy uncovers the strategies that local NGOs used to incrementally build a more democratic and just society. As it takes the reader inside the walls of Egypt’s NGOs, the book illuminates local activists’ perspectives on democracy in Egypt and reveals how savvy organizations promoted it as they navigated rapidly evolving opportunities and constraints in the years following the uprisings. Departing from US democracy brokers’ heavy-handed attempts to reform national political institutions, local organizations worked with grassroots communities to build a culture of democracy through public discussion and debate, free expression, and rights claiming. By weaving this democracy building work into public-facing economic development projects, Egypt’s NGOs managed to persevere through years of government crackdowns on civil society. Taking lessons learned from the Egyptian case, Delta Democracy advances our scholarly understanding of how civil society organizations maneuver state repression to combat political authoritarianism. It also offers a concrete set of recommendations on how US policymakers can restructure foreign aid to better connect with global contemporary civic revolutions for democracy.
A Tale of Two Laws
Authors: Plantan Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

This chapter compares recent restrictions on foreign funding or the operation of foreign NGOs in Russia and China, including the 2012 law on “foreign agents” and the 2015 law on “undesirable” organizations in Russia and the 2017 law on the management of overseas NGOs in China. Using open sources and interview data, this chapter compares the development of these laws and their impact on domestic and international civil society groups in both countries. The chapter finds similarities in their timing and motivations for national security, their intentions to shape civil society, and their use of uncertainty as a strategic tool. They differ, however, in how quickly they were created, their choice of public versus private record, and their approach to implementation and punishment. Ultimately, the findings highlight how Russia and China use these laws to repress some groups while allowing others, striking a balance between liberalization and repression.
Holding the Government’s Attention
Authors: Elfstrom Manfred
Published: April 2020

Labor plays an important but underappreciated role in contemporary Chinese and Russian politics. This chapter traces how industrial contention in the two countries has converged and diverged since 1989. It then argues that workers possess powerful leverage over Beijing today. The chapter further posits that employees of state-owned enterprises present a special challenge for Chinese authorities: they are concentrated in particular industries and geographic areas, they include savvy organizers, their employment by the government makes their actions inherently politically loaded, and they have a special claim on the government’s sympathies. These dynamics are illustrated with a brief statistical analysis of state reactions to worker strikes, protests, and riots—coercive and conciliatory—as well as examples of clashes drawn from the news. The chapter concludes by discussing how officials’ fears of state sector activism might shape decision-making in China and other post-state-socialist autocracies across a variety of policy areas.
Rapid Urbanization and Population Changes in Dhaka City
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 provides a brief overview of Dhaka’s demographic transition. It compares Dhaka with other mega cities across the world to understand its current challenges and potential to achieve prosperity and inclusivity. It shows a clear trend of decline in fertility for slum women and a demographic transition in Dhaka city. It analyses population changes in the communities over time, why and how these changes have occurred, and what trends are emerging in this process that need policy attention. These demographic trends and patterns are compared with the ward-level data from the 2011 Population and Housing Census, wherever it was available, to help readers understand population changes in the broader context. The question of decline in fertility for women in slum households, is examined with different hypotheses drawing on relevant theories related to the demographic transition and the demographic dividend. Accordingly, it analyses the factors contributing to the changes and outcomes.
Migration and Occupational Changes
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

The major focus of this chapter is the occupational changes that occurred due to migration, especially on whether the poorer migrants have been able to realise their aspiration for better livelihoods by migrating to Dhaka. It analyses the respondents’ occupational patterns, trends, and changes at different points in time—before migration, immediately after migration, and the occupation at the time of the survey. It confirms structural changes in the economy with the waning of the number of agricultural workers and the increase in those employed in the services, construction, and transport sectors prior to migration. It also addresses the scope for better livelihood for an average urban resident, reviewing data on how long it took them to secure a job, whether it involved any cost, their level of job satisfaction, how long they continued with the same job, and whether they got an opportunity to switch to more-rewarding jobs.
Quality of Life
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

Chapters 6 focuses on the sustainability issues by examining whether the respondents’ access to and quality of basic amenities such as housing, water and sanitation, gas, electricity, and telecommunication has improved over time, as it is key to ensuring sustained development. Given that the results of the longitudinal survey presented in this book show that the poorer segments of Dhaka city reaped benefits of better livelihoods and incomes over the 20-year period between 1991 and 2010, it addresses the concerns raised by the second and third compelling questions. Are these benefits sustainable in the long run? Have these benefits brought qualitative changes creating scope for this group to have a stake in the city’s growing prosperity like their non-poor counterparts? It also addresses quality and equity issues central to the aim of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals and examines the types of changes and the challenges that need to be addressed.
Virgil
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson
Published: April 2020

What emerges most stunningly in Virgil is his ability to help us see the world and human history through many different eyes. The poet never allows us either to rest confident in the morality of empire or to ignore its manifold benefits, not least of which is the poetic art itself. Characterizing “Jupiter in Virgil” is as difficult as characterizing Virgil himself. The portrayal of the god in the Eclogues is fairly conventional, with only the whisper of an association with Octavian; if anything, it is Asinius Pollio who is the “Jupiter figure.” The Georgics presents everything from the menacing architect of the Iron Age to a baby fed by bees. In the Aeneid, Jupiter’s concerns are reduced to fama and imperium, with his complexity deriving mainly from that of those concepts. While we should be cautious about attributing these shifts in focus and tone to changes in Roman society—the three poems, after all, have different genres and purposes—the god’s Virgilian trajectory at least demonstrates some of the ways Augustan poets could use Jupiter as a focus for complex reflections on the centralization and consequences of power.
Making Sense of Affirmative Action
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

What makes affirmative action morally (un)justified? That is this book’s core question. Its main contribution consists in a meticulous scrutiny of the strength of the six main arguments for—i.e., the compensation, the anti-discrimination, the equality of opportunity, the role model, the diversity, and the integration-based justifications—and the five main objections to affirmative action—i.e., the reverse discrimination, the stigma, the mismatch, the publicity, and the merit-based objections—and of how these arguments relate to one another. The book argues that all of the five main objections to affirmative action are either flawed or quite limited in terms of their implications. With regard to the arguments in favor of affirmative action, the book shows why the anti-discrimination and equality of opportunity-based arguments provide strong justifications for many affirmative action schemes. In light thereof and the fact that the five most influential arguments against affirmative action are all flawed or otherwise weak, the overall claim defended in the book is that many of the schemes that people have in mind when they discuss affirmative action (many of which are presently on the retreat) are justified. However, the book also emphasizes that any definitive answer to the question Is affirmative action morally (un)justified? must rest on a wide range of empirical results in the social sciences etc., e.g., about the likely effects of various affirmative action schemes; and that the question, when posed in such general form (unlike when it is asked about specific schemes of affirmative action), admits of no direct positive or negative answer.
Decoding search and partnerships across news, journalism, and social media
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

Semantic news tags processed via cloud servers are in amongst big data and machine learning systems. The latter may have influenced Murdoch’s acquisition of a ‘social media news agency’, and other partnerships, as a mix of new roles across journalism, analytics, and search emerged. Some editing roles in journalism focus on SEO, but Murdoch’s Storyful, which started as a verification business created jobs for cloud operations engineers, viral video editors, and trends editors. Data-mining techniques were a lure for news and social media partnerships circa 2013–2016. In the name of verification, access to big data was matched by social media gaining credibility, evident in Facebook Newswire and other journalism projects. Deep learning methods in search, referrals, and automated tagging have also produced mutual benefits, mostly via third party agreements. However, data sharing for political ends by targeting particular users, and verification projects, have not stopped fake news.
Drone journalism and aviation laws, systems, training, and tech trends
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

The professional use of civilian drones involves training in air safety and law set by aviation authorities, like CASA, which modified its laws, licences, and procedures in 2016. By 2019 media producers in countries like the UK, Australia, and the US, had used drones for almost a decade. Amidst the rules and deterrents, there are mixed benefits in using drones for news media. Prior to 2015 drone training in Australia began with PPL (Private Pilot’s Licence) theory, followed by an alternative pathway of a RePL (Remote Pilot’s Licence). The firsthand experiences of PPL training and subsequent training covers many aviation topics, from flight controllers to OzRunway apps. Beyond training, recent tech trends include networks for drones and swarm systems already used in the US and Korea. However, tracking and registration systems are only just emerging in Australia and drones, regarded as disruptive technologies in the UK, are complicated by Brexit.
Game spaces and the transformation of language for new journalism systems
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

The Semantic CAT Method, informed by participatory design, game design, and language attributes, is used for the elicitation and articulation of domain vocabulary and concepts in journalism and public relations, for the design of new semantic learning systems for journalism. Data in any new systems for journalism will require explicit labels extending to behaviour attributes. For these ends, drawings, creative lists, and game messages were created by journalists using Trigger documents integral to the CAT Method. Explicit domain concepts from doorstop interviews to online noise emerged from participatory drawing as well as game messages for meaningful language statements. The VerbIT technique, conceived by the author, was applied to statements from journalism and public relations, to turn language into imperatives for action, amongst other applied language features for online systems. UML diagrams, including Activity diagrams for logic pathways in professional tasks are also integral to the Semantic CAT Method.
Transnational Networks
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

This chapter describes four circuits of musical practice in the 1920s and 1930s, in order to locate the emergence of Latin America as a musical space. It analyzes: (1) the entertainment scene’s repertoire of Manila, Philippines, in the early 1920s; (2) the Latin American repertoire in the career of Russian Jewish singer Isa Kremer, who ended up in Argentina in the 1930s; (3) the copyright strategy of Sociedad Argentina de Autores, Intérpretes y Compositores de Música (SADAIC), the Argentine society for composers of tango and other popular styles, in the late 1920s; and (4) the Mexican broadcasting system XEW, the very first commercial attempt to build a Latin American musical platform. In every case, local, national, and transational dimensions of musical practice are approached in terms of music genres, market structures, and musical ideologies.
State Musical Populisms
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

This chapter shows the emergence of a regional sense of Latin America as part of the musical pedagogy of the nationalist states at the peak of the state-building efforts to organize, through a variety of instruments of cultural activism, what at the time were called “the masses.” It analyzes particularly the cases of Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina—the three largest countries of the time in population and economic development—from the 1910s through the 1950s. It proposes a comparative history of Latin American musical populisms, focusing in particular on policies of music education, broadcasting, censorship, and experiences of state-sponsored collective singing.
Music and Regionalism Since the 1950s
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

This chapter traces the consolidation of Latin American music as a category and of Latin America as a musical space since the 1950s, as part of a larger web of commercial, political, diplomatic, and musicological practices and discourses that consolidated the region as such. It shows how the discourses and markets discussed in previous chapters ended up shaping the current musical understanding of the region. It describes the decades of inter-American and radical musical Latin Americanism in the region from the 1950s to the 1970s, the expansion of the “Latin music” market in the United States and Latin America since the turn of the twenty-first century, and the naturalized meanings of Latin American music in contemporary culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

The epilogue describes the recent history of political and diplomatic regional projects in Latin America and the Caribbean, which was the context in which the research behind this book took place. It reflects, on the one hand, on the links between contemporary regional formation and the consolidation of Latin American music as a cultural category, and on the links between this category and other geocultural categories in world history, on the other. Finally, it argues in favor of considering Latin America as a project, instead of a given framework, a natural reality, or a historical necessity, and situates the study of Latin American music within a broader reflection on the future possibilities for regionalist projects.
Mechanisms of Criminal Persistence
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 introduces the case studies that compose the qualitative part of the mixed-methods data collection, and examines cases of individuals who persisted in criminal activity after their release from incarceration. Commonly, individuals who returned home to neighborhoods in close proximity to where they resided prior to incarceration tended to quickly fall back into old patterns of behavior, and ended up back in prison in short order. For instance, a contributor to relapse into active drug use is the fact that many released prisoners return home to the same environment, with the same criminal peers and opportunities for drug use, that proved so detrimental to their behavior in the past. This chapter shows that several of the most potent mechanisms of criminal persistence discussed in the literature appear to be particularly damaging in familiar social environments where someone resided in the past.
For Whom Does Moving Matter?
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

With evidence from Chapter 4 that residential relocation is associated with a lower likelihood of reincarceration, Chapter 5 examines whether the magnitude of the association is dependent upon an individual’s incarceration history, age, substance abuse problems, gender, or race. With very few exceptions, evidence reveals that most formerly incarcerated individuals reap some benefit from living in a new physical and social environment. However, some groups benefit far more than others from a fresh start in a new location. The effect of residential change on reincarceration is substantially larger for first-releases from imprisonment relative to repeat offenders. Similarly, formerly incarcerated women benefit more than men, as do Whites relative to Blacks. The only subgroup analysis that did not reveal much difference in the magnitude of the effect of residential relocation was related to substance abuse. Individuals with and without a history of substance abuse each benefitted similarly from a residential change.
The Maintenance of Desistance
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

This is the first of two chapters presenting qualitative evidence for understanding why moving away from old neighborhoods can lead to desistance from crime. Chapter 6 examines the case of a former gang leader named Kenneth who was convicted of manslaughter. Whereas guilt and remorse may have been the initial reasons for Kenneth’s desistance from crime, his post-prison experiences touch upon several potential mechanisms explaining why a change of residence helps maintain his desistance. These mechanisms included marriage and parenthood, employment, separation from criminal peers, reduced opportunity for crime, and a new set of daily routines. More generally, his residential move severed some of his short-term situational inducements to crime and thereby provided a foundation for him to pursue long-term commitments to conformity. Additionally, this chapter explores the utility of residential change for separating individuals from the street codes and violent expectations of an old neighborhood.
Policy Levers to Foster Residential Change and Reduce Recidivism
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 9 seeks to inform public policy debates about how to reduce criminal recidivism, with a particular focus on parole and housing policies. In many states, prisoners released onto parole are legally required to return to their county of last residence, thus contributing to a return to old neighborhoods. Accordingly, this chapter argues that parole policies and practices need to be fundamentally altered. In addition, barriers to securing housing mean that many former prisoners will return to their home neighborhoods even when they do not want to because they simply have nowhere else to go. Such barriers curtail efforts at residential change and residential mobility. This chapter suggests that policies that expand stable housing opportunities for the formerly incarcerated, particularly opportunities outside of their old neighborhoods, may be a fruitful way to reduce recidivism. The chapter concludes by calling for a multipronged approach to reduce recidivism, including both mobility-based strategies and place-based interventions.
Bands of Brothers 1941–1948
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

Several jazz films made just before, after, or during World War II draw or suggest parallels between jazz bands and military units. Some jazz bands benefit from a strong sense of mutual support and commitment to the greater good, as in Blues in the Night. Bands in others movies are challenged by wartime problems: sabotage, mutiny within the ranks, and personality clashes among the leadership (in films involving, respectively, Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey). Two films by director Howard Hawks are examined, Ball of Fire and its remake A Song Is Born, focusing on the latter’s (mis)use of critic Winthrop Sargeant’s analytical work Jazz: Hot and Hybrid. Other films are also discussed.
Suffering Artists 1984–1989
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

The 1980s sees a mix of independent and studio jazz pictures, and a few nonjazz films with jazz characters. Warner Bros. releases two stylish, high-profile pictures: Director Bertrand Tavernier’s ’Round Midnight intertwines the lives and personalities of jazz greats Lester Young, Bud Powell, and the film’s star Dexter Gordon, in the story of an expatriate saxophonist in Paris; Clint Eastwood’s Charlie Parker biopic Bird tells the bebop founder’s story in jumbled chronological order, prefiguring later jazz biopics. Date movie The Fabulous Baker Boys draws a parallel between prostitution and playing insincere commercial music. In the UK’s Stormy Monday, a Polish free-jazz band bedevils an American capitalist. Two low-budget features chronicle unsuccessful bands: in one, amateur dixielanders get and lose a professional job; in another, a New Jersey wedding band fails to graduate to New York jazz clubs.
The Jazz Musician (and Fan) as Character 1959–2016
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

This short chapter looks at instances of jazz musicians as characters in mainstream entertainment after 1992. Unreliable narrators tell tall jazz tales, in the film The Legend of 1900 and on TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. Two jazz musicians save the day in Tom Hanks’s rock movie That Thing You Do! A jazz snob taunts a 1960s folk musician in the Coen brothers’ Inside Llewyn Davis. The discussion also reaches back to some earlier fiction films in which jazz luminaries Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Anita O’Day perform in incongruously modest venues—ending with Benny Golson’s appearance in Steven Spielberg’s The Terminal. Other films are also discussed.
Professionals
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

About half of youth born into the upper-middle class remain in it as adults. This chapter shows how this occurs. Youth who inherit high levels of human, cultural, and economic capital form a professional identity that encourages them to maintain their resource strengths. With these resources, they reproduce their class position.
Family Men
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

There are two types of family men: those raised in conservative communities and with resource strengths, and those raised with resource weaknesses who use the identity to make a virtue of necessity. The former distances themselves from school, college, and work but maintain enough resources to remain insecurely tied to the upper-middle class. The latter distances themselves from school, college, and work too. However, having started with fewer resources, they are unable to stay in the upper-middle class. Still, most are pleased with how their lives unfold: they are on route to marrying, becoming fathers, and providing—becoming the family men they’ve long wanted to be.
Artists and Athletes
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

Youth with more human and cultural capital than economic capital tend to identify as artists and athletes. These identities hold that individuals should follow their passion rather than following the money—making it seem virtuous that their families have little money compared to those in their class. However, by following their passion without thinking about money, they do not realize that there are few full-time jobs in the arts or in sports. They then graduate from college and struggle to find a professional job—putting them on the path toward downward mobility.
What’s Next
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the book’s unanswered questions, reveals the myths the book shattered, and explains the implications of the findings for parents, youth, policy makers, and voters.
The Search for Meaning
Authors: Paul Sharon J.
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores research findings that the brain more easily remembers information it deems useful, relevant, or meaningful. In addition, the brain will pay particular attention to information containing emotional content. The neural mechanisms underlying emotion, motivation, and learning intertwine. The author shares various exercises to take advantage of this aspect of brain function, encouraging singers to find meaning and relevance to their own lives in the texts and music they perform. While perhaps difficult to achieve in an algebra class, the choral classroom provides an ideal environment to encourage an emotional connection to learning by encouraging singers to develop backstories and a deep personal understanding of the texts they sing. Humor is included in the range of emotions that will help encode memories and can be another useful tool in rehearsal.
Psychological Science and the Art of War
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the history of military psychology and its influence on war. Beginning with World War I and continuing to today’s military operations, psychology has provided the military with better ways to select, train, develop, and lead soldiers in combat. Notable contributions of military psychology include aptitude testing, human factors engineering, clinical psychology, cyber technology, and positive psychology. Military psychologists may be civilians or uniformed members of all branches of service. They are employed in universities, government laboratories, hospitals, and nongovernment organizations including corporations and private consulting firms. The Society for Military Psychology is a founding division of the American Psychological Association. Given that the human element is the most important factor in warfare, military psychology is an essential science for winning the wars of today and tomorrow.
Turning Civilians into Soldiers
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

New soldiers must be trained in the special skills and capabilities needed to operate complex weapons systems, endure physical and psychological hardships, and develop the cultural awareness that is necessary for soldiers interacting closely—often in noncombat roles—with people from diverse political, cultural, religious, and social backgrounds. This chapter reviews the history of military training and current training practices and projects new approaches to training that will be necessary in coming years. In particular, the need for high-fidelity simulations that run the gamut from direct combat to complex social interactions such as negotiating with the enemy or the leaders of the local population is explored. Contemporary training must also focus on giving soldiers the personal skills needed to remain psychologically healthy and resilient in an era of persistent warfare.
Learning Music
Authors: Goodman Glenda
Published: April 2020

As the eighteenth century witnessed an expansion of educational opportunities, learning to read and write music imbued amateurs with erudition and discipline. Printed instructional volumes utilized archaic abstract visualizations that encouraged a cerebral approach to learning music, and singing school classes relied on rote memorization of the “rules of music.” The potential drudgery of this approach was mitigated by the sociability of the schools. By the end of the century, volumes of instruction for instruments were increasingly available to American amateurs; these, too, relied on charts that abstracted musical knowledge. The expansion of secular instrumental instruction shifted the emphasis of education from piety (for sacred singing) to refinement. Even as printed instructions pushed toward standardized “rules,” manuscript music books reveal that amateurs embraced a wide range of literate practices, from quite rudimentary to highly advanced. Manuscripts also reveal individuals’ gradual improvement in the technical ability, aural skill, and knowledge of musical vocabulary.