bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction models for post-discharge mortality among under-five children with suspected sepsis in Uganda: A multicohort analysis
Authors: Wiens Matthew O. , Nguyen Vuong , Bone Jeffrey N. , Kumbakumba Elias , Businge Stephen , Tagoola Abner , Sherine Sheila Oyella , Byaruhanga Emmanuel , Ssemwanga Edward , Barigye Celestine , Nsungwa Jesca , Olaro Charles , Ansermino J. Mark , Kissoon Niranjan , Singer Joel , Larson Charles P. , Lavoie Pascal M. , Dunsmuir Dustin , Moschovis Peter P. , Novakowski Stefanie , Komugisha Clare , Tayebwa Mellon , Mwesigwa Douglas , Knappett Martina , West Nicholas , Mugisha Nathan Kenya , Kabakyenga Jerome
Published: April 2024

In many low-income countries, over five percent of hospitalized children die following hospital discharge. The lack of available tools to identify those at risk of post-discharge mortality has limited the ability to make progress towards improving outcomes. We aimed to develop algorithms designed to predict post-discharge mortality among children admitted with suspected sepsis. Four prospective cohort studies of children in two age groups (0–6 and 6–60 months) were conducted between 2012–2021 in six Ugandan hospitals. Prediction models were derived for six-months post-discharge mortality, based on candidate predictors collected at admission, each with a maximum of eight variables, and internally validated using 10-fold cross-validation. 8,810 children were enrolled: 470 (5.3%) died in hospital; 257 (7.7%) and 233 (4.8%) post-discharge deaths occurred in the 0-6-month and 6-60-month age groups, respectively. The primary models had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.77 (95%CI 0.74–0.80) for 0-6-month-olds and 0.75 (95%CI 0.72–0.79) for 6-60-month-olds; mean AUROCs among the 10 cross-validation folds were 0.75 and 0.73, respectively. Calibration across risk strata was good: Brier scores were 0.07 and 0.04, respectively. The most important variables included anthropometry and oxygen saturation. Additional variables included: illness duration, jaundice-age interaction, and a bulging fontanelle among 0-6-month-olds; and prior admissions, coma score, temperature, age-respiratory rate interaction, and HIV status among 6-60-month-olds. Simple prediction models at admission with suspected sepsis can identify children at risk of post-discharge mortality. Further external validation is recommended for different contexts. Models can be digitally integrated into existing processes to improve peri-discharge care as children transition from the hospital to the community.
Performance of amplicon and capture based next-generation sequencing approaches for the epidemiological surveillance of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern
Authors: Daviña-Núñez Carlos , Pérez Sonia , Cabrera-Alvargonzález Jorge Julio , Rincón-Quintero Anniris , Treinta-Álvarez Ana , Godoy-Diz Montse , Suárez-Luque Silvia , Regueiro-García Benito
Published: April 2024

To control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, healthcare systems have focused on ramping up their capacity for epidemiological surveillance through viral whole genome sequencing. In this paper, we tested the performance of two protocols of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid enrichment, an amplicon enrichment using different versions of the ARTIC primer panel and a hybrid-capture method using KAPA RNA Hypercap. We focused on the challenge of the Omicron variant sequencing, the advantages of automated library preparation and the influence of the bioinformatic analysis in the final consensus sequence. All 94 samples were sequenced using Illumina iSeq 100 and analysed with two bioinformatic pipelines: a custom-made pipeline and an Illumina-owned pipeline. We were unsuccessful in sequencing six samples using the capture enrichment due to low reads. On the other hand, amplicon dropout and mispriming caused the loss of mutation G21987A and the erroneous addition of mutation T15521A respectively using amplicon enrichment. Overall, we found high sequence agreement regardless of method of enrichment, bioinformatic pipeline or the use of automation for library preparation in eight different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Automation and the use of a simple app for bioinformatic analysis can simplify the genotyping process, making it available for more diagnostic facilities and increasing global vigilance.
Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in a raptor rehabilitation center—2022
Authors: Hall Victoria , Cardona Carol , Mendoza Kristelle , Torchetti Mia , Lantz Kristina , Bueno Irene , Franzen-Klein Dana
Published: April 2024

An ongoing, severe outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been circulating in wild and domestic bird populations throughout the world, reaching North America in 2021. This HPAI outbreak has exhibited unique characteristics when compared to previous outbreaks. The global distribution of disease, prolonged duration, extensive number of species and individual wild birds affected, and the large impact on the global poultry industry have all exceeded historical impacts of previous outbreaks in North America. In this study, we describe the results of HPAI surveillance conducted at The Raptor Center, a wildlife rehabilitation hospital at University of Minnesota (Saint Paul, MN, U.S.A.), from March 28th–December 31, 2022. All wild raptors admitted to the facility were tested for avian influenza viruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. All non-negative samples were submitted to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories for confirmatory HPAI testing and genetic sequencing. During the study period, 996 individual birds representing 20 different species were tested for avian influenza, and 213 birds were confirmed HPAI positive. Highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance conducted at The Raptor Center contributed 75% of the HPAI positive raptor detections within the state of Minnesota, located within the Mississippi flyway, significantly augmenting state wildlife surveillance efforts. The viral genotypes observed in birds sampled at The Raptor Center were representative of what was seen in wild bird surveillance within the Mississippi flyway during the same time frame. Wildlife rehabilitation centers provide an opportune situation to augment disease surveillance at the human, wildlife and domestic animal interface during ongoing infectious disease outbreaks.
Understanding the determinants of sweet taste liking in the African and East Asian ancestry groups in the U.S.–A study protocol
Authors: Cheung May M. , Hubert Patrice A. , Reed Danielle R. , Pouget Enrique R. , Jiang Xinyin , Hwang Liang-Dar
Published: April 2024

Background

The liking for sweet taste is a powerful driver for consuming added sugars, and therefore, understanding how sweet liking is formed is a critical step in devising strategies to lower added sugars consumption. However, current research on the influence of genetic and environmental factors on sweet liking is mostly based on research conducted with individuals of European ancestry. Whether these results can be generalized to people of other ancestry groups warrants investigation.

Methods

We will determine the differences in allele frequencies in sweet-related genetic variants and their effects on sweet liking in 426 adults of either African or East Asian ancestry, who have the highest and lowest average added sugars intake, respectively, among ancestry groups in the U.S. We will collect information on participants’ sweet-liking phenotype, added sugars intake (sweetness exposure), anthropometric measures, place-of-birth, and for immigrants, duration of time living in the U.S. and age when immigrated. Ancestry-specific polygenic scores of sweet liking will be computed based on the effect sizes of the sweet-related genetic variants on the sweet-liking phenotype for each ancestry group. The predictive validity of the polygenic scores will be tested using individuals of African and East Asian ancestry from the UK Biobank. We will also compare sweet liking between U.S.-born individuals and immigrants within each ancestry group to test whether differences in environmental sweetness exposure during childhood affect sweet liking in adulthood.

Discussion

Expanding genetic research on taste to individuals from ancestry groups traditionally underrepresented in such research is consistent with equity goals in sensory and nutrition science. Findings from this study will help in the development of a more personalized nutrition approach for diverse populations.

Trial registration

This protocol has been preregistered with the Center for Open Science (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WPR9E).
Readiness of primary care centres for a community-based intervention to prevent and control noncommunicable diseases in the Caribbean: A participatory, mixed-methods study
Authors: Gobin Reeta , Thomas Troy , Goberdhan Sharlene , Sharma Manoj , Nasiiro Robert , Emmanuel Rosana , Rambaran Madan , McFarlane Shelly , Elia Christelle , Van-Veen Davon , Govia Ishtar , Palmer Tiffany , Read Ursula , Cruickshank J. Kennedy , Samuels T. Alafia , Wilks Rainford , Harding Seeromanie
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Epidemiological transition to NCDs is a challenge for fragile health systems in the Caribbean. The Congregations Taking Action against NCDs (CONTACT) Study intervention proposes that trained health advocates (HAs) from places of worship (PoWs), supervised by nurses at nearby primary healthcare centres (PHCs), could facilitate access to primary care among vulnerable communities. Drawing on participatory and systems thinking, we explored the capacity of local PHCs in three Caribbean countries to support this intervention.

Methods

Communities in Jamaica (rural, urban), Guyana (rural) and Dominica (Indigenous Kalinago Territory) were selected for CONTACT because of their differing socio-economic, cultural, religious and health system contexts. Through mixed-method concept mapping, we co-developed a list of perceived actionable priorities (possible intervention points ranked highly for feasibility and importance) with 48 policy actors, healthcare practitioners and civic society representatives. Guided in part by the concept mapping findings, we assessed the readiness of 12 purposefully selected PHCs for the intervention, using a staff questionnaire and an observation checklist to identify enablers and constrainers.

Results

Concept mapping illustrated stakeholder optimism for the intervention, but revealed perceptions of inadequate primary healthcare service capacity, resources and staff training to support implementation. Readiness assessments of PHCs identified potential enablers and constrainers that were consistent with concept mapping results. Staff support was evident. Constraints included under-staffing, which could hinder supervision of HAs; and inadequate essential NCD medicines, training in NCDs and financial and policy support for embedding community interventions. Despite a history of socio-political disadvantage, the most enabling context was found in the Kalinago Territory, where ongoing community engagement activities could support joint development of programmes between churches and PHCs.

Conclusion

Multi-sectoral stakeholder consultation and direct PHC assessments revealed viability of the proposed POW-PHC partnership for NCD prevention and control. However, structural and policy support will be key for implementing change.
The role of Patient and public involvement (PPI) in pre-clinical spinal cord research: An interview study
Authors: Carroll Pádraig , Dervan Adrian , McCarthy Ciarán , Woods Ian , Beirne Cliff , Harte Geoff , O’Flynn Dónal , O’Connor Cian , McGuire Tara , Leahy Liam M. , Gonzalez Javier Gutierrez , Stasiewicz Martyna , Maughan Jack , Quinlan John , Smith Éimear , Moriarty Frank , O’Brien Fergal J. , Flood Michelle
Published: April 2024

Background

Patient and public involvement in research (PPI) has many benefits including increasing relevance and impact. While using PPI in clinical research is now an established practice, the involvement of patients and the public in pre-clinical research, which takes place in a laboratory setting, has been less frequently described and presents specific challenges. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of seriously injured rugby players’ who live with a spinal cord injury on PPI in pre-clinical research.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted via telephone with 11 seriously injured rugby players living with spinal cord injury on the island of Ireland. A purposive sampling approach was used to identify participants. Selected individuals were invited to take part via gatekeeper in a charitable organisation that supports seriously injured rugby players. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.

Findings

Six themes were identified during analysis: ‘appreciating potential benefits of PPI despite limited knowledge’, ‘the informed perspectives of people living with spinal cord injury can improve pre-clinical research relevance’, ‘making pre-clinical research more accessible reduces the potential for misunderstandings to occur’, ‘barriers to involvement include disinterest, accessibility issues, and fear of losing hope if results are negative’, ‘personal contact and dialogue helps people feel valued in pre-clinical research, and ‘PPI can facilitate effective dissemination of pre-clinical research as desired by people living with spinal cord injury.’

Conclusion

People affected by spinal cord injury in this study desire further involvement in pre-clinical spinal cord injury research through dialogue and contact with researchers. Sharing experiences of spinal cord injury can form the basis of PPI for pre-clinical spinal cord injury research.
An examination of early socioeconomic status and neighborhood disadvantage as independent predictors of antisocial behavior: A longitudinal adoption study
Authors: Gresko Shelley A. , Hink Laura K. , Corley Robin P. , Reynolds Chandra A. , Muñoz Elizabeth , Rhee Soo Hyun
Published: April 2024

The present study examined early socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood disadvantage (ND) as independent predictors of antisocial behavior (ASB) and addressed the etiology of the associations (i.e., genes versus the environment) using a longitudinal adoption design. Prospective data from the Colorado Adoption Project (435 adoptees, 598 nonadopted children, 526 biological grandparents of adoptees, 481 adoptive parents, and 617 nonadoptive parents including biological parents of unrelated siblings of adoptees) were examined. SES and ND were assessed during infancy and ASB was evaluated from ages four through 16 using parent and teacher report. Associations between predictors and ASB were compared across adoptive and nonadoptive families and sex. Early SES was a nominally significant, independent predictor of antisocial ASB, such that lower SES predicted higher levels of ASB in nonadoptive families only. ND was not associated with ASB. Associations were consistent across aggression and delinquency, and neither SES nor ND was associated with change in ASB over time. Nominally significant associations did not remain significant after controlling for multiple testing. As such, despite nonsignificant differences in associations across sex or adoptive status, we were unable to make definitive conclusions regarding the genetic versus environmental etiology of or sex differences in the influence of SES and ND on ASB. Despite inconclusive findings, in nonadoptees, results were consistent—in effect size and direction—with previous studies in the literature indicating that lower SES is associated with increased risk for ASB.
Prevalence and determinants of discrimination or harassment of women: Analysis of cross-sectional data from Bangladesh
Authors: Alam M. Iftakhar , Sultana Nigar , Sultana Humaira
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of discrimination against or harassment among Bangladeshi women. The nationally representative cross-sectional data of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019 were employed in the study. Women aged 15-49 were asked whether they felt discrimination or harassment due to seven potential reasons in the last twelve months before the survey. The outcome was a binary variable indicating whether a woman has experienced discrimination or harassment for any of the seven reasons. Responses were obtained from 64378 women and analysed through bivariate and multivariate procedures. The data had a hierarchical structure since women were nested within the clusters. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to analyse the data appropriately. A strong association between discrimination or harassment was seen with the functional difficulties of women. Notably, women with functional difficulties were 1.629 times more likely to experience discrimination or harassment than women without such difficulties. Other significant factors were the respondents’ area, age, education, current marital status, wealth index quintile and ethnicity. The study concludes that education, marital status, functional difficulties and wealth index are the most important determinants of discrimination or harassment of women.
The cross-sectional association of parental psychosocial status with children’s Body Mass Index z-score and the mediating role of children’s energy balance behaviors - the ABCD Study
Authors: Overman Meredith L. , Vrijkotte Tanja , Sánchez Castro Yolanda M. , Harskamp-van Ginkel Margreet W. , Hunsberger Monica , Renders Carry M. , Kremers Stef P. J. , Chinapaw Mai J. M.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Investigate the cross-sectional association between the psychosocial status of mothers and fathers and the BMI z-scores of their 10 to 12-year-old children. Explore whether this association is mediated by children’s diet, physical activity, screen time and sleep. Analyze the moderating effect of the educational levels of both the mother and father on the association.

Design

In a cross-sectional study design, children’s height and weight were measured following a standardized protocol. Parents completed the validated Depression Anxiety and Stress questionnaire, while diet quality, sports participation, time spent in bed and screen time were assessed through child-report using previously validated questions.

Participants

The data for this study were obtained from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, involving children aged 10 to 12 years and both of their parents (N = 1315).

Results

The majority, 80%, of the parents were highly educated and born in the Netherlands, and 68% of the children had a healthy BMI. Maternal or paternal psychosocial status was not significantly associated with children’s BMI z-score (maternal β -0.0037; 95% CI: -0.008 to 0.0007, paternal β 0.0028; 95% CI: -0.007 to 0.002). Screen time mediated the association between paternal psychosocial status and children’s BMI z-score (β = 0.010, 95% CI: 0.002; 0.020). Children’s diet, physical activity, and sleep did not mediate the association between paternal psychosocial status and children’s BMI z-score. Parental educational level was not a moderator.

Conclusions

This research is unique in including four energy balance behaviors and including both mothers and fathers’ psychosocial status. Children withfathers experiencing poorer psychosocial status engaged in more screen time which partly explained their higher BMI z-score.
Validation of deep amplicon sequencing of Dicrocoelium in small ruminants from Northern regions of Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim , Afshan Kiran , Firasat Sabika , Abbas Muhammad , Sargison Neil D. , Betson Martha , Chaudhry Umer
Published: April 2024

Dicrocoelium lancet flukes cause significant production loss in ruminant livestock. Although co-infection with multiple Dicrocoelium species within a host is common, techniques for studying the composition of these complex parasite communities are lacking. The pathogenicity, epidemiology, and therapeutic susceptibility of different helminth species vary, and little is known about the interactions that take place between co-infecting species and their hosts. Here, we describe the first applicationof metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing method to studythe Dicrocoelium species in sheep and goats. First, rDNA ITS-2 sequences of four Dicrocoelium species (Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Dicrocoelium hospes, Dicrocoelium orientalis, and Dicrocoelium chinensis) were extracted from the NCBI public database. Phylogenetic analysis revealed separate clades of Dicrocoelium species; hence, molecular differentiation between each species is possible in co-infections. Second, 202 flukes belonging to seventeen host populations (morphologically verified as belonging to the Dicrocoelium genus) were evaluated to determine the deep amplicon sequencing read threshold of an individual fluke for each of the four species. The accuracy of the method in proportional quantification of samples collected from single hosts was further assessed. Overall, 198 (98.01%) flukes were confirmed as D. dendriticum and 1.98% produced no reads. The comparison of genetic distances between rDNA ITS-2 revealed 86% to 98% identity between the Dicrocoelium species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a distinct clustering of species, apart from D. orientalis and D. chinensis, which sit very close to each other in a single large clade whereas D. hospes and D. dendriticum are separated into their own clade. In conclusion each sample was identified as D. dendriticum based on the proportion of MiSeq reads and validated the presence of this group of parasites in the Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan. The metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing technology and bioinformatics pathway have several potential applications, including species interactions during co-infections, identifying the host and geographical distribution of Dicrocoelium in livestock, drug therapy response evaluation and understanding of the emergence and spread of drug resistance.
Immunization of turkeys with Clostridium septicum alpha toxin-based recombinant subunit proteins can confer protection against experimental Clostridial dermatitis
Authors: John Feba Ann , Criollo Valeria , Gaghan Carissa , Armwood Abigail , Holmes Jennifer , Thachil Anil J. , Crespo Rocio , Kulkarni Raveendra R.
Published: April 2024

Clostridial dermatitis (CD), caused by Clostridium septicum, is an emerging disease of increasing economic importance in turkeys. Currently, there are no effective vaccines for CD control. Here, two non-toxic domains of C. septicum alpha toxin, namely ntATX-D1 and ntATX-D2, were identified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant subunit proteins to investigate their use as potential vaccine candidates. Experimental groups consisted of a Negative control (NCx) that did not receive C. septicum challenge, while the adjuvant-only Positive control (PCx), ntATX-D1 immunization (D1) and ntATX-D2 immunization (D2) groups received C. septicum challenge. Turkeys were immunized subcutaneously with 100 μg of protein at 7, 8 and 9 weeks of age along with an oil-in-water nano-emulsion adjuvant, followed by C. septicum challenge at 11 weeks of age. Results showed that while 46.2% of birds in the PCx group died post-challenge, the rate of mortality in D1- or D2-immunization groups was 13.3%. The gross and histopathological lesions in the skin, muscle and spleen showed that the disease severity was highest in PCx group, while the D2-immunized birds had significantly lower lesion scores when compared to PCx. Gene expression analysis revealed that PCx birds had significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the skin, muscle and spleen than the NCx group, while the D2 group had significantly lower expression of these genes compared to PCx. Peripheral blood cellular analysis showed increased frequencies of activated CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells in the D1 and D2-immunized groups. Additionally, the immunized turkeys developed antigen-specific serum IgY antibodies. Collectively, these findings indicate that ntATX proteins, specifically the ntATX-D2 can be a promising vaccine candidate for protecting turkeys against CD and that the protection mechanisms may include downregulation of C. septicum-induced inflammation and increased CD4+ and CD8+ cellular activation.
Skimming fashion, or how to read skin-deep
Authors: Kavka Misha
Published: April 2024

The semiotic methodology of reading fashion, however well established, has tended to maintain a gap between corporeal reality and aesthetic appearance, ensconced in the idea that fashion is a set of signifiers to be added to or removed from the body like an exo-skeleton of fabrics, accessories and cosmetics. By building on the history of semiotic spectacle through a feminist media studies sensitive to materiality, this article aims to read fashion as not being on but of the body, here understood as a set of kaleidoscopic surfaces, or skins. With a focus on skin as a mediating tissue between body and fashion that bears signification, the article advocates a methodology of reading skin-deep, which is called ‘skimming’ in order to draw attention to a dynamic of looking that moves across the surface, in a departure from traditional theories of the gaze. By paying attention to shapewear, second-skin looks, ‘naked dressing’ and tattoos, reading skin-deep takes skin literally as an element of fashion in order to illuminate the social codifications of gender, race and visibility that accompany the aesthetics of skin-as-fashion. At the heart of this analysis is Kim Kardashian, whose celebrity has become synonymous with fashionable yet controversial modes of self-exposure, especially in her annual appearances at the Met Gala.
The body as archive: A study of Calvin Klein One/Be ‘Altered States’ perfume campaign (1995) through the Somatheque model
Authors: Garcia-Ramos Francisco-José , Heras Daniel de las , Navarro Gaviño Álvaro
Published: April 2024

This article is presented as a methodological proposal for the field of fashion studies based on the interpretive model Somatheque (2013) of the theorist and activist Paul B. Preciado. Through this theoretical model, which draws lines of feminist post-structuralism and queer phenomenology, this study argues that the enunciation of the body as an archive is divided into four layers of analysis: (1) the biological body as a medical discourse, (2) power practices, (3) body techniques and (4) apparatus of verification. This study will provide a detailed analysis of the CK One advertising campaign called ‘Altered States’, launched by Calvin Klein in 1995. Specifically, it will assess the applicability of the Somatheque model in fashion studies by considering perfume as a central object of study within the fashion system. Thus, the study of this campaign serves as an example that illustrates how perfume not only plays a pivotal role in fashion studies but also acts as a significant element in the shaping, producing and encoding of the body within its context and allows for the exploration of fashion as a cultural and biopolitical practice influenced by privilege, asymmetrical power relations and colonial institutions.
Caught in the Crossfire: Unravelling the complex interplay of exploitation and agency in children associated with Boko Haram
Authors: Achilli Luigi
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates the experiences of children associated with Boko Haram in Northeast Nigeria. The central argument posits that, within highly coercive environments, exploitation and agency are mutually constitutive. While acknowledging the prevalent exploitation of these children, it is crucial to recognise how such exploitation is intimately connected to their agency. As economic, social, and political pressures mount, children may perceive participation in Boko Haram (and self-exploitation) as the only viable means to achieve various goals—from protecting their families and communities to seeking self-significance. Consequently, exploitation—whether orchestrated by group leaders or members—may be consciously embraced by children as a means to create new horizons of possibilities. Simultaneously, by engaging in Boko Haram’s activities, children reproduce a system aimed to their own exploitation and vilification. Neglecting the complexities inherent in children’s associations with Boko Haram has potential implications for their reintegration and community healing processes.
Armed Conflict-induced Displacement and Human Trafficking in the Sahel: Organised crime, vulnerabilities, and the accountability of non-state armed groups
Authors: Ogunniyi Daniel
Published: April 2024

Although organised criminal networks and non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have historically exploited conflict situations to commit various crimes, the extent of human trafficking by these entities in the Sahel has barely been interrogated in academic literature. In principle, while states have an obligation to criminalise trafficking in persons, problems arise where the state has lost parts of its territory to NSAGs or is facing ongoing conflicts with such groups. Boko Haram, for instance, controlled a large swath of territory in Northeast Nigeria from 2009 to 2015, with evidence of human trafficking. Therefore, this paper examines two specific aspects of human trafficking in the Sahel conflicts: trafficking by organised criminals and trafficking by NSAGs, especially terrorist organisations. It argues that while domestic laws may be useful in combating trafficking linked to organised criminal networks, the traditional state-centric approach to human rights protection makes human trafficking governance more complicated where NSAGs are involved, especially where they exercise territorial control. The paper unpacks these complexities and highlights the deficits in existing international law treaties. It argues that customary international law could provide a solution to the anti-trafficking governance challenge in the Sahel and makes a case for the adoption of an anti-trafficking Deed of Commitment within the Geneva Call mechanism.
Note for the Perfect Numbers
Authors: Vega Frank
Published: April 2024

This paper tackles a longstanding problem in number theory: the infinitude of perfect numbers. A perfect number is defined as a positive integer whose sum of all its divisors is equal to twice the number itself. While Euclid's method provides a framework for constructing even perfect numbers using Mersenne primes, the infinitude of Mersenne primes remains an open question. If there are finitely many Mersenne primes, then there would also be a finite number of even perfect numbers. In this note, showing that there are finitely many Mersenne primes, we provide a partial answer by proving that is false the infinitude of even perfect numbers. The proof utilizes elementary techniques and relies on properties of the divisor sum function (sigma function) and the inherent structure of prime numbers.
Navigating the Political Terrain
Authors: Santoso Try Riduwan , Abdullah Irwan , Yusuf Muhammad , Zakarias El Bilad Cecep , Sari Rahayu Solihah
Published: April 2024

The involvement of Sufi Ulama of Tarekat Qadariyah-Naqsabandiyah (TQN) Jagaraya in political contestation provides a distinct approach to introduce the presidential candidates they supported in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election. In contrast to the conventional guru-disciple attachment, the Sufi ulama adopt various strategies to modify the standpoint of their Tarekat member and align it with particular political tendencies. The intent of this study is to identify the strategies implemented by the Sufi ulama to collect support for their preferred political candidates within the Tarekat community. By utilizing a qualitative methodology, this study revealed various strategies used by those ulama in introducing political leaders, yet additionally taking the congregation's view regarding its process into consideration. Kiai Raga, with his traditional religious intellectual background, adopts traditional methods of gathering tarekat members who are interested in traditional tarekat rituals. Kiai Alam, on the other hand, embraces digital media to promote his political stance. These two varied methods by the two national Sufi Ulama display a dynamic combination of invention and adaptation, reflecting their diverse efforts to accommodate the political preferences of their respective tarekat members.
Latent Classification and Prediction Factors for Change in Older Adults’ Social Health Trajectory : Focusing on the Growth Mixed Model
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Park Kang-Hyun , Lee Eun-Young
Published: April 2024

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the latent classes for a change in trajectory of the level of social health of older adults who have gone through the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze the characteristics of each class, thereby identifying predictive factors affecting the social health of older adults.
Methods: To analyze the types of changes in the trajectory of the level of social health, Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) data (2019~2021) was used. The subjects of the study were 2845 older adults who responded at all three time points. The Growth Mixed Model (GMM), which is a subject-centered approach, was applied to analyze the latent classes. In addition, χ2 and ANOVA were conducted to identify the characteristics of each latent type, and a multinominal logistic regression was applied to analyze the influencing factors between classes.
Results: As the results of applying GMM indicate, the latent classes for the changes in trajectory of social health were classified into four groups: a low level decrease-increase group, a medium level maintenance-increase group, a high level decrease group, and a high level maintenance group. There was a difference in leisure satisfaction and demographic between classes. In terms of the influencing variables, it was analyzed that the greater the number of women, the more religious the individuals, and the higher their leisure and overall life satisfaction, the higher their probability of belonging to a high level maintenance group.
Conclusion: By applying GMM, this study identified the latent class of the changes in trajectory of the social health level of older adults, and it was found that there were significant differences in leisure satisfaction according to the various types. In addition, the influencing factors that distinguish social health were also analyzed.
Mediating Effect of Oral Health-Related Factors on the Relationship Between Cognitive Function and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Cha Suna , Hong Ickpyo
Published: April 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of oral health factors in the relationship between cognitive function and life satisfaction in the elderly. Methods: This study analyzed 6,169 elderly people aged 60 years or older described in the 8th Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (2020). The oral health factors of the elderly were divided into 'functional dimension factors,' 'psychosocial dimension factors,' and 'pain or discomfort factors' of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). To determine the mediating effect of each factor, a path analysis was conducted using Mplus 8.4. Results: Between cognitive function and life satisfaction, among the oral health factors in the elderly, the functional dimension factor showed the largest partial mediating effect at 23% (β = 0.207, 95% confidence interval; CI = 0.169, 0.207). The psychosocial dimension factor was 22% (β = 0.202, 95% CI = 0.171, 0.236), and the pain and discomfort factor was 16% (β = 0.146, 95% CI = 0.119, 0.175), showing a partial mediating effect. Conclusions: The influence of three oral health-related factors on cognitive function and life satisfaction was confirmed. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the cognitive level of the elderly and identify oral health factors in detail. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish a personalized rehabilitation treatment access strategy and increase the life satisfaction of the elderly.
Health Promotion Intervention for Older Adults Living Alone: A Systematic Review
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Han Jung-Min , Lim Young-Myoung , Park Ji-Hyuk
Published: April 2024

Objective: This study aimed to determine the types and methods of health promotion interventions for older adults living alone that positively impact their physical, mental, and social health. Methods: We used the PubMed, Embase, Research Information Sharing Service, and DBPia databases to extract papers. The search period was from January 2013 to January 2023. The search terms were (“elderly” OR “older” OR “old adult” OR “age”) AND (“health promotion” OR “health improve”) AND (“living alone” OR “live alone”) AND “intervention”. Results: The final analysis included four randomized studies and two experimental control studies. Six types of intervention research were conducted: two home visits, two combined teleintervention and home visits, one phone call, and one agency visit. With the home visit intervention, there were significant differences in physical, mental, and social health except grip strength compared with the control group. Conclusion: Health promotion interventions provided through home visit interventions made the most positive effects regarding healthcare education, exercise, and cognitive programs for older adults living alone. Further research is needed to identify the relevant intervention benefits in terms of health promotion, formulation, and application of strategies to maximize effectiveness.
Preschool Teachers' Perceptions of Individualized Education Programs: Focusing on the Role of Occupational Therapists
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Yun Sohyeon , Kim Inhye , An Hyunseo , Park Hae Yean
Published: April 2024

Objective: This study aimed to understand preschool teachers' perceptions of the establishment and operation of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and identify the difficulties they face in managing challenging behaviors in the classroom. This study also explored the significance and necessity of occupational therapists as professionals using a team approach. Methods: A nationwide online survey was conducted from May 8, 2023 to May 21, 2023. Participants included principals, teachers (both general and special education), and staff from kindergartens and nurseries across the country. A total of 203 responses were analyzed. Results: Overall, 70.9% of respondents, responsible for their respective schools, reported that not only children with disabilities (53.9%) but also those without disabilities (46.1%) exhibited challenging behaviors. Although they were aware of IEPs, the respondents indicated the need for professional development regarding the specifics of IEP expansion and implementation. Conclusion: Preschool teachers desire collaborations with other specialists when handling children who show challenging behaviors in their classrooms. These findings suggest the necessity for more research focused on applying a collaborative team approach in individualized education. This also highlights the need for professional seminars and training related to the importance and role of occupational therapy.
Analysis of Lifestyle Factors Affecting Life Satisfaction and Depression Among the Oldest-old: Using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging Data
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Kim Ah-Ram , Park Ji-Hyuk
Published: April 2024

Objective: This study examined the correlation between life satisfaction, depression, and lifestyle (physical activity, eating habits, participation frequency, and participation diversity) among the oldest-old in Korea, and analyzed lifestyle factors that affect life satisfaction and depression.
Methods: The independent variables analyzed in this study were physical activity, regular eating habits, participation frequency, and participation diversity as lifestyle factors, and dependent variables were life satisfaction and depression. For analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed through SPSS.
Results: As a result of multiple regression analysis, it was confirmed that participation frequency (t = 6.262, p < 0.001) and regular diet (t = 4.627, p < 0.001) had statistical significance as factors influencing life satisfaction, and depression was identified as a factor influencing participation frequency (t = 6.540, p < 0.001) and regular diet (t = 4.061, p < 0.001), which had statistical significance.
Conclusion: This study identified lifestyle factors affecting life satisfaction and depression among the oldest-old in Korea. Therefore, based on the results of this study, a lifestyle-based multifaceted intervention program is needed to improve life satisfaction and depression in the oldest-old in Korea.
Construct Validity of Values System Evaluation Tool Reflected in Lifestyle: A Bifactor Model Approach
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Lim Young-Myoung , Park Ji-Hyuk
Published: April 2024

Objective: The construct validity and reliability of the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile-Values (YLP-V) were verified to measure the value system reflected in lifestyle behaviors. Methods: Data were collected from 300 community-dwelling older adults aged 55 years and older who were registered with an online research organization. The YLP-V was used to collect data, which underwent descriptive statistics, differential item functioning, and factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to estimate the factor structure, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare and confirm the validity of four competing models (single-factor, hierarchical factor, multidimensional factor, and bifactor). Results: Exploratory factor analysis using target rotation revealed that the dimensions of the YLP-V (activity, five items; interest, four items; opinion, nine items) showed factor loadings of 0.4 or higher, indicating good construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the bifactor model (χ2 = 164.58**, degree of freedom = 117, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, standard root mean residual = 0.04, comparative fit index = 0.95, Turker Lewis index = 0.93) demonstrated the best fit among the tested models. Conclusion: We identified a factor structure consistent with evidence for developing the YLP-V, which allows for a micro-level lifestyle approach. The bifactor structure, with 18 items representing activity, interest, and opinion, demonstrated validity, and the YLP-V could be valuable for measuring and understanding the value systems reflected in behaviors within a healthy lifestyle.
Intervention Conditions, Format, and Effect of Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance Intervention for Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Lee Hyeon-Dong , Yoo Eun-Young
Published: April 2024

Objective: This paper systematically reviewed the conditions, forms, and efficacy of CO-OP interventions in patients with stroke. Methods: Relevant research papers published between 2014 and 2023 were obtained via searches in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Korea Citation Index. Among the 164 articles initially found, nine research papers that implemented Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) interventions for stroke patients were included in our analyses. Results: Six of the nine papers described randomized controlled trials of relatively high quality. Most participants were enrolled 1~6 months post-stroke. Cognition and communication were confirmed to be important selection criteria. Most of the selected intervention activity areas were Basic Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Most periods were 4 or 7 weeks, with 10 sessions performed at a pace of fewer than three sessions per week. All studies focused on occupational performance, but recorded potential effects in other areas, including upper extremity function. Assessment tools focused primarily on occupational performance. Among these, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and Performance Quality Rating Scale assessment surveys were the most commonly used. Conclusion: These findings can be used as basic data for research and education on CO-OP interventions for patients with stroke.
Effect of Rehabilitation Programs for Older Adults Living Alone: A Systematic Review
Authors:   The Korean Society of Occupational Therapy, Lee Ho Kyung , Hong Ickpyo
Published: April 2024

Objective: This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the effects of home visits and rehabilitation programs for the elderly living alone, focusing on domestic and international literature. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Research Information Sharing Service databases for articles published between January 2013 and December 2022. We used a search strategy combining the terms “living alone” AND “old adults” AND “rehabilitation” OR “home visit” OR “program.” Six studies were selected based on their relevance to the research question and were evaluated for methodological quality, intervention program method, and effects of home visits and rehabilitation programs. Results: The average PEDro Scale of the papers was 6.6 points, indicating good quality. The home visit and rehabilitation programs included interventions such as exercise programs with telephone counseling and nutrition management programs, integrated play programs, and home visits. Analysis of the six articles revealed significant improvements in mental and physical health in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that home visits and rehabilitation programs can improve mental and physical health in older adults living alone, emphasizing the importance of these interventions tailored to the individual needs of this population. Future research is needed to provide more robust evidence to guide the planning and selection of these customized programs.
SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ÇOCUK HAKLARINA YÖNELİK TUTUMLARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Üstündağ Alev , Karakurt Mine , Emekli Arife
Published: April 2024

Araştırma Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesinde eğitim gören öğrencilerin çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının çeşitli faktörlere göre incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu araştırma nicel araştırma olup, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden genel tarama modeli kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya farklı lisans programlarında eğitim gören 243 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Genel Bilgi Formu” ve “Çocuk Haklarına İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde frekans, yüzde analizleri, Mann Whitney U Testi ve Kruskal Wallis Testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular genel olarak öğrencilerin çocuk haklarına yönelik olumlu tutum içinde olduklarını göstermektedir. Araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin cinsiyetlerine, okudukları bölüme, devam ettikleri sınıfa, kendilerini çocuk hakları savunuculuğu konusunda yeterli görme durumlarına ve çocuk haklarıyla ilgili ders alma durumlarına göre çocuk haklarına yönelik tutumlarının anlamlı şekilde farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Kadın öğrencilerin çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının daha olumlu olduğu, sınıf düzeyi arttıkça öğrencilerin çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının daha olumlu olduğu, çocuk hakları savunuculuğu konusunda kendilerini yeterli gören öğrencilerin çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının daha olumlu olduğu, çocuk haklarıyla ilgili ders almış öğrencilerin çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının daha olumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir.