bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of oviposition and time of marble addition to feed on quality of table eggs
Authors: Pavlovski Zlatica , Vitorovic Dusko , Skrbic Zdenka , Lukic Milos
Published: September 2009

Investigation of the effect of oviposition and time of addition of marble was carried out on 360 Shaver layer hens divided into three groups. During six week trial (from age of 72 to 78 weeks) hens were fed standard diet according to recommendations for Shaver genotype where main source of Calcium was limestone. First group of hens was control and they were fed standard mixture, second group of hens received additionally each morning 2g of ground marble distributed over the feed, and third group of hens received 2 g of ground marble twice a day - Ig in the morning (8 a.m) and Ig in the afternoon (1 p.m). At the end of each week period quality of fresh laid eggs was investigated. Following egg quality characteristics were measured: egg mass (g), shell mass (g), shell thickness (um), shell deformation (um), shell breaking force (kg) and Haugh units were calculated. Obtained results have shown that oviposition had no significant effect on investigated traits. Addition of large particles of marble had positive effect on strength of egg shell. Compared to control group, morning addition of 2g of marble per hen or addition of Ig.in the morning and Ig in the afternoon caused statistically highly significant increase of egg shell strength expressed through greater breaking force and lower value of shell deformation as well as higher values of shell mass and thickness. Compared to control and trial group I, quality of egg white expressed through Haugh units was significantly lower in trial group III.
Influence of high levels of inorganic selenium on activity of glutathione-peroxidase (GSP-Px) in blood plasma of chickens
Authors: Joksimovic-Todorovic Mirjana , Jokic Zivan
Published: September 2009

The effect of high levels of inorganic selenium (NaiSeOs) was investigated on activity GSH-Px in blood plasma of chickens. For experiment, 140 chickens were used which were divided in 7 groups. The experiment lasted 42 days. The chickens of I group were not fed supplemental selenium. The chickens of II III, IV, V, VI and VII group were fed 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30mg Se/kg of diet in form of Na2SO3. For determination of activity of GSH-Px spectrografic method was used. The highest activity of GSH-Px was found at the beginning of the experiment in all examined chickens (the eleventh day). The chickens of II, III, IV and V group had significantly higher activity and chickens of VI and VII group had lower activity then I group.
Meat quality parameters of broilers from different rearing systems
Authors: Bogosavljevic-Boskovic Snezana , Mitrovic Sreten , Radovic Vera , Petrovic Milun
Published: September 2009

Bearing in mind certain established European Union regulations on non-industrial poultry meat production, experimental investigations were conducted with the aim to examine the effect of two different rearing systems (free-range rearing and extensive rearing in the chicken pen) on some meat quality characteristics. Investigation results on the shares of muscular tissue, bones and skin in major carcass parts (breasts, thighs and drumsticks) were used as poultry meat quality parameters. Based upon the obtained study results, it could be concluded that a somewhat higher meat share in breasts and drumsticks was recorded with the free-range-reared broilers as compared to the extensively reared ones. A somewhat higher meat share in the drumsticks was registered with the hens whereas other differences from the point of view of the sex effect were small.
Current bacterial diseases of fresh water fishes
Authors: Jeremic Svetlana , Radosavljevic Vladimir , Jakic-Dimic Dobrila
Published: September 2009

From the beginning of fish cultivation, diseases have appeared as a serious problem in this branch of agriculture. In recent years, by the intensifying of production, fish diseases have become even more significant and complex field. Bacterial diseases are constant threat for fish farming, and because of rapid course and severity of clinical manifestations the represent significant part of fish pathology, and also have great economical importance. Harmful effects of bacterial diseases on fishes are: increased morbidity and mortality rate, decreased feed conversion efficiency, decreased growth rates, weakening of fishes, and reproduction problems. In order to examine epizootiological situation and occurrence of bacterial diseases among cultured fish in Serbia, three year research was carried out in 7 carp farms and 3 rainbow trout farms. Also, regular systematic examinations were conducted. Samples of internal organs, skin and gills were inoculated with streak-plate technique on standard and differential culture media plates. Inoculated plates were incubated for 24-48 hours at 20?C and 30?C. After incubation period, colonies were examined, and determination was done on the basis of following characteristics of colonies: form, color, mucosity granulation, roughness and hemolytic properties. Determination of bacterial isolates was done by using API 20E, API rapid. API Coryne systems, and by agglutination method with hyper immune aera. The most frequent diseases among the farmed carp and rainbow trout populations in the examined fish farms were: Bacterial gill disease, Columnaris disease. Yersiniosis Renibacteriosis, Erythrodermatitis. Motile Aeromonas and Pseudomonas infections. Based on the obtained results, modern diagnostic methods were implemented and proper prevention and successful therapy was taken.
Importance of beef production in Serbia
Authors: Miscevic Branislav , Aleksic Stevica , Josipovic Slavko , Pantelic Vlada , Smiljakovic Tatjana , Ostojic Dusica
Published: September 2009

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Parameters of the quality of bull sperm and fertility
Authors: Perkovic Stevan , Vukovic Dragan , Zdravkovic Ljubisa , Vukicevic Zoran
Published: September 2009

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Endocrine changes in two behavioral types of cows exposed to heat
Authors: Gudev D. , Popova-Raltcheva Simona , Moneva Penka , Johnson H.D.
Published: September 2009

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Biometrics and biomathematics in sustainable livestock production
Authors: Fľak Pavel
Published: September 2009

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Genetic principles relating to improvement of milk yield in sheep and goats
Authors: Petrovic Milan , Mekic Cvijan , Ruzic Dragana , Zujovic Miroslav
Published: September 2009

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Technical aspects of accepting the embryos of sheep-donors using median laparotomy and laparoscopy
Authors: Ralchev Iliya , Maslev Tzonko , Todorov Marin , Hristova Tzvetomira
Published: September 2009

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Animal welfare conditions for free ranging sheep in Norwegian predator habitats
Authors: Asheitn Leif , Eik Lars
Published: September 2009

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Amino acid composition of milk from Tsigai and Karakachanska sheep breeds reared in the Central Balkan mountains region
Authors: Gerchev Gercho , Mihaylova Gyurga , Tsochev Ivan
Published: September 2009

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Goat breeding, need and possibility in households located in hilly-mountainous and plain regions
Authors: Zujovic Miroslav , Tomic Zorica , Petrovic Milan , Ivanovic Snezana , Nesic Zorica
Published: September 2009

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Toxoplasmosis of goats and its role and importance in pathology of goat production
Authors: Pavlovic I. , Ivanovic Snezana
Published: September 2009

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Effect of particular sire and dam lines on the pregnancy length of Arabian mares
Authors: Pieszka Magdalena , Kulisa Maria , Łuszczyński J. , Długosz Bogusława , Borysiewicz-Gardeła Joanna
Published: September 2009

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Current physiological aspects of fetal growth and parturition in the pig
Authors: Wahner Martin , Fisher Kathleen
Published: September 2009

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Enhancing sow performance and welfare by choice of dietary energy substrates
Authors: Edwards Sandra
Published: September 2009

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The histochemical profile of the muscle fibre in fatteners - genetic and non-genetic factors
Authors: Migdał Władisław , Wojtysiak Dorota , Paściak Piotr , Barowicz Tadeusz , Pieszka Marek , Połtowicz Katarzyna , Zivkovic Branislav , Fabijan Mihal
Published: September 2009

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Probiotics in gilt nutrition
Authors: Zivkovic Branislav , Migdal Władisław , Radovic Cedomir , Fabjan Mihal , Kosovac Olga
Published: September 2009

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The comparable estimatimation of meat quality of pigs breeds and their combinations in Lithuania
Authors: Jukrta Vigilijus , Jukna Celovas
Published: September 2009

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Pig carcass classification in Slovakia: New formulas for two point method and measuring instruments
Authors: Bahelka Ivan , Demo Peter , Peskovicová Dana
Published: September 2009

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Morphological findings on reproductive organs in gilts with prolonged prepubertal anestrus
Authors: Stancic Blagoje , Gagrcin Mladen , Radovic Ivan , Kovcin Stanimir
Published: September 2009

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The influence of the condition of the umbilical cord at birth on the vitality of a newborn piglet
Authors: Fischer Kathleen , Brüssow K. , Wähner M.
Published: September 2009

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The effects of season and rearing systems on meat quality traits
Authors: Bogosavljevic-Boskovic Snezana , Mitrovic Sreten , Radovic Vera , Doskovic Vladimir
Published: September 2009

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Effect of lighting program on development of follicles during sexual maturation of laying hens
Authors: Peric Lidija , Milosevic Niko , Uscebrka Gordana , Zikic Dragan , Bozic A.
Published: September 2009

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Quality and plant association structure of grasslands on Stara Planina Mountain
Authors: Tomic Zorica , Nesic Zorica , Mrfat-Vukelic Slavica , Zujovic Miroslav
Published: September 2009

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Natural grasslands as basis of livestock development in hilly-mountainous regions of Central Serbia
Authors: Stosic Milorad , Lazarevic Dragi , Dinic Bora , Terzic Dragan , Simic Aleksandar
Published: September 2009

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The importance of sown grasslands and share of legume species in the mixtures for the livestock production
Authors: Lazarevic Dragi , Stosic Milorad , Lugic Zoran , Terzic Dragan
Published: September 2009

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Productive and qualitative traits of pea fodder and grain depending on nitrogen nutrition
Authors: Stevovic Vladeta , Djukic Dragan , Djurovic Dragan , Mandic Leka
Published: September 2009

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Resistance of certain alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L.) to root rot in field conditions
Authors: Krnjaja Vesna , Tomic Zorica , Levic Jelena , Nesic Zorica
Published: September 2009

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Understanding the buffering capacity in feedstuffs
Authors: Levic Jovanka , Prodanovic Olivera , Sredanovic Slavica
Published: September 2009

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New production technologies for traditional Greek meat products
Authors: Ambrosiadis Ioannis
Published: September 2009

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Influence of potassium sorbate and sodium lactate in combination with modified atmosphere packaging on stability of refrigerated chicken breast muscle
Authors: Kenawi M.A. , Abdel-Aal H.A. , Abbas H.M.
Published: September 2009

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Chemical and sensory characteristics of Svrljig white cheese
Authors: Macej Ognjen , Jovanovic Snezana , Barac Miroljub , Seratlic Sanja , Vucic Tanja
Published: September 2009

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Specific trait of Pirot kachkaval
Authors: Mijacevic Zora , Petrovic Milan , Bulajic Snezana
Published: September 2009

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Experiences in selecting on a total merit index in the Austrian fleckvieh breed
Authors: Miesenberger J. , Fuerst C.
Published: September 2009

Spotted cattle breed is the most common breed in Austria. Austrian Spotted cattle breed is bred as a dual purpose breed for more than 100 years. The breeding objective has changed over the time according to the different economic importance of the traits and according to the different possibilities in using estimated breeding values (EBVs) for selection. Since 1998 the breeding objective is defined as the aggregate genotype of production traits and functional traits. All economically important traits are combined according to their economic weights in the total merit index (TMI). The TMI is calculated by combining the EBVs of all traits using a selection index procedure. The index weights (b-values) are estimated depending on the reliabilities of the EBVs and are therefore different from animal to animal. Considering the intensive international exchange of semen from the best bulls, the cooperation in the breeding programs and the similar economic situation in agriculture the breeding organizations of Germany and Austria decided to make a joint across-country evaluation for all traits. Since November 2002 breeding values for all traits and as a logical conclusion the TMI are evaluated jointly. The result is a high acceptance of the EBVs and the TMI by the farmers because of smaller changes of the breeding values for national and foreign bulls between consecutive evaluations. The realized economic gain in the different traits is very close to the expected economic gain. In the last 10 years on average 88.2 % of the economic gain were realized in the milk traits, 4.2 % in the beef traits and 7.6 % were realized in the fitness traits.
Technological improvement of the quality of beef from the aspect of transport of young cattle to slaughtering
Authors: Aleksic Stevica , Petrovic Milan , Miscevic Branislav , Sretenovic Ljiljana , Pantelic Vlada , Josipovic Slavko , Tomasevic Dusica , Trenkovski Snezana
Published: September 2009

Results of author's own research as well as results obtained by other researchers are presented in this paper and relate to the effect of duration of transport on demonstration of stress syndrome in young cattle and on quality of meat. Stress syndrome in young cattle is caused by the stressor affecting the organism and bringing it into the state of stress. As consequence of the stress, prior to slaughtering, is occurrence of DFD syndrome. Such meat is characterized by special traits (Dark, Firm, Dry) which is the reason why it is called DFD meat. Until recently, research in the field of production of young cattle for slaughtering focused only on nutrition, reproduction and pathology issues, and reactions of animals to changes in their environment weren't much studied. Therefore, EU has passed set of directives and regulations referring to animal transport conditions. Significance of the application of mentioned directives and regulations is in providing minimum demands relating to welfare of animals and in the same way reduce to minimum stress factors which are especially harmful in beef production. Results of our investigation of pH24 M. longissimus dorsi in young bulls which were transported 150 km show that approximately one quarter (28%) of investigated muscles had pH24 6,0 or above this value. Contrary to this, values of pH24 M. longissimus dorsi in young bulls transported only 15 km were within allowed limits, meat had no DFD traits.
The effect of year on phenotypic variability of performance traits of boars tested at the central test station
Authors: Mijatovic Milan , Petrovic Milica , Radojkovic Dragan , Pusic Milovan
Published: September 2009

The basic goal of these investigations was to reconsider the hypothesis that year is an important factor which statistically affects phenotypic variability of production traits registered in performance test under conditions of a central test station and make decision to include this effect in models for estimation of phenotypic and genetic parameters which are needed for the genetic evaluation. The investigations were carried out over a seven year period (from 1995 to 2001) in the Station for testing of production capacities of swine at Agricultural Corporation "Beograd" in Padinska Skela. The examinations included a total of 738 tested animals of following breeds: Swedish Landrace, Large White and Hampshire. All three breeds were analyzed together because number of tested boars of Swedish Landrace and Hampshire breed was too small in comparison to the Large White breed. The least squares method was used to test the significance of the effects of year on variability of production traits. Test of significance showed that the year at the start of the test influenced (P<0.001) all feed efficiency traits and all growth traits except test duration and average daily gain. The body composition traits were significantly influenced (P<0.01 and P<0.001) by year except muscle depth. However, it was not expected that the body weight at the start of the test and at the end of the test was influenced (P<0.05 and P<0.001) by year at the start of the test. The weight at the start and at the end of the test must stay within strict limits proposed by the testing rules. These investigations showed that effect of year should be included in the models that are used to estimate of phenotypic and genetic parameters which are needed for the genetic evaluation of boars tested under conditions of the central station.
Probiotic Beta Plus in nutrition of sows and piglets
Authors: Zivkovic Branislav , Nikic Dejan , Migdal Wladyslaw , Radovic Cedomir , Fabjan Mihal , Kosovac Olga , Pejcic Sasa
Published: September 2009

Effects of the use of probiotic Beta Plus in nutrition of gestating and lactating sows, suckling piglets, weaned piglets were investigated. Obtained results showed that: introduction of Beta Plus in concentrations of 0.1% in diets had an effect which was characterized by: - smaller losses of body mass of sows during lactation period, by 21.8%, - shorter service period of sows, by 2.95 days, - more weaned piglets, 0.20 piglets/litter, and - better gain, by 6.69%, and more favorable feed conversion ratio, by 0.9% in weaning piglets Generally we recommend the use of probiotic Beta Plus in nutrition of sows, suckling piglets and weaned piglets.
Forming egg shape index as influenced by ambient temperatures and age of hens
Authors: Nikolova Nedeljka , Kocevski Dragoslav
Published: September 2009

The effects of ambient temperatures and hen?s age were investigated on poultry farm on the south of R. Macedonia, where annually average temperature was higher then other regions. In nine-month period of testing were included summer, autumn and winter season. Two groups of hens (ISA-BROWN) were used; the first one was younger (to 45-week age) and second was older (above 45-weeks). Once a month, about 100 eggs were examined, so the final number of tested eggs was 877. Average shape index was 75.19% for all eggs. High significance (p<0.01) showed both factors: age and season. Eggs from younger hens had index value of 76.16%, which is pointed on eggs with rounded shape, while older hen's eggs had index 74.20% with elongated shape. In summer and autumn season, most of eggs were with elongated shape while rounded shape had eggs in winter season.
Energetic and protein values of new Bulgarian feedstuffs
Authors: Petkova Mariana
Published: September 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate the energetic and protein values of some new Bulgarian feedstuffs (green forages and Industrial by-products). The evaluation was made on the basis of data on chemical composition (Weende method) according to the new energy and protein evaluation system. For each feed the following parameters are given: calculated values of GE, ME,NEL NEG; for protein value: calculated values of PDIA, PDIME, PDIE, PDIMN and PDIN.
Application of the technology of improvement of body development traits as a basis for milk production in Simmental cattle population in Serbia
Authors: Bogdanovic V. , Djedovic Radica , Perisic P. , Petrovic M.M.
Published: September 2009

To analyze variability and heritability of body development traits and possibilities for their improvement data of 371 performance tested Simmental bulls were used. Average test-on (120 days of age) and test-off (365 days of age) height at withers (HW), circumference of chest (Cir), depth of chest (DC), width of round (WR), width of hip (WH) and body length (BL) were 99.88?3.49 and 126.00?2.65 cm, 127.42?6.14 and 184.76?5.95 cm, 42.55?2.25 and 60.90?2.15 cm, 32.56?3.01 and 47.63?2.67 cm, 30.26?2.12 and 44.14?1.93, 106.69?5.99 and 147.57?4.65 cm, respectively. Average values for test-on and test-off index of body frame (IBF), index of chest depth (ICD), index of body compactness (ICBL), and index of massiveness (IM) were 106.8?4.44 and 117.13?3.11%, 42.61?1.90 and 48.34?1.45%, 119.59?5.19 and 125.27?4.26%, 127.58?4.86 and 146.65?4.30%, respectively. Heritability estimates for test-off height at withers, circumference of chest, depth of chest and body length were 0.43, 0.30, 0.33 and 0.29. Possibilities for improvement of body development traits were done according to their phenotypic and genetic variability. Obtained results confirm that exist enough variability in major body development traits in Simmental bulls which can be utilized not only for genetic improvement of milk production in their daughter, but also for improvement of overall body traits in Simmental population in Serbia.
Productive indices of sheep breeds and varieties reared in the conditions of Central Balkan mountains
Authors: Genkovski D.
Published: September 2009

Main productive indicators (live weight, wool-yield, wool length, economic fertility, biological fertility) at different ages of sheep from Karakachanska breed and Local Sredno Staroplaninsko and Tetevensko varieties were examined. The results showed that the sheep from Tetevensko variety indicated the highest values of live weight from the birth to 3.5 years of age, and the lowest - those from Karakachanska breed. The highest value of mean daily growth was examined from the birth to 3-months age in all groups of the study. It was highest for Tetevensko variety - 0.240 kg and for Karakachanska breed - the lowest, 0.217 kg, respectively. The highest wool-yield in all groups was at 18-months age - Karakachanska breed - 3.65 kg, Sredno Staroplaninsko variety - 3.42 kg, Tetevensko variety - 3.75 kg and with age it decreased. The sheep from Karakachanska breed at 18-months age were with the longest wool - 28.15 cm, and with the shortest one from Tetevensko variety at 4.5-years of age- 13.03 cm. With age it decreased insignificantly in all groups. The sheep from Tetevensko variety, followed by those from Local Sredno Staroplaninsko variety, indicated the highest values of economic and biological fertility.
The effect of systematical factors on quantity and quality of sheep milk
Authors: Petrovic M.P. , Ruzic-Muslic Dragana , Zujovic M.
Published: September 2009

Quantity and quality of sheep milk represent framework of any research and development projects which have as an objective creation of prerequisites for production of highly valued dairy products, primarily cheeses. It is a known fact that milk production in sheep varies depending on many factors of hereditary nature, but also numerous environmental factors. The major factors are: breed, condition, breeding value, order of lactation, stage/phase of lactation, number of lambed offspring, nutrition, housing and health condition. Objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of major systematical factors on milk yield and quality of milk in populations reared in the region of Stara Planina mountain. Research is main component of the project carried out in the region of Stara Planina mountain - Visok. Sheep included in the research are representatives of Pirot Pramenka and Pirot improved population. Investigation included three herds of 100-300 sheep, control of milk yield was carried out using standard method once a month, and quality of milk was determined on apparatus of the milk-test type. For processing of data in analysis of systematical influences we applied procedure of linear model, observing the effects of the year, order of lactation, type of lambing of dam and size of litter. Based on the performed research, processed and presented results we can conclude that the milk yield of investigated sheep of both genotypes varied depending on the year and lactation. The highest milk quantity was registered in the third year and third lactation, which was statistically significant in case of both genotypes. In the first and second year of research, as well as order of lactation, milk yield was different, or in other words we could observe considerable increase in the second year and second lactation, also significant. In both genotypes, values of mutual differences are neglect able and statistically insignificant. Content of fat and proteins in sheep milk from both observed populations decreased slightly from the first to third year, as well as from the first to third lactation, and observed differences were statistically significant. Sheep born as singles had slightly higher milk yield, and determined difference wasn?t statistically significant. Deviations in regard to the content of fat and proteins weren?t great, which indicated that type of lambing had no significant effect on these sheep milk traits. Breeding sheep which have lambed and reared two lambs had higher milk yield, and determined differences were statistically significant. Size of litter had no significant effect on content of fat and protein considering that established differences weren?t statistically significant.
Radiation-hygienic supervision in cattle production by application of HACCP system
Authors: Mitrovic Radosav , Kljajic Ranko , Vicentijevic Mihajlo
Published: September 2009

In this work is exposed instructive methodology for introducing and conducting HACCP system in intensive livestock production on the example of bullock fattening as a typical representative of intensive breeding. Aim is establishing radiation-hygienic supervision. Attention is focused on the fattened bull calves as a key link in chain of food production. In reference to selection of row materials components necessity in production of concentrated food for fattened bull calves in intensive breeding and establishing certain radiation-hygienic balance by using prognostic-selective methodology, as a grant of radiation safety ness.
Optimisation of the breeding value model of Simmental bull sires
Authors: Panic Jovanka , Vidovic V.
Published: September 2009

In this research 245 cows were included. They are daughters of ten sires, and they realized 548 lactations in the period from year 2000 to 2003. Data were used from two cattle farms, "Backa" and "Pobeda" that are located on government property "Krivaja". In this research influences of systematic factors like farm, year, season or lactation have been included. Breading values are evaluated for all qualities (milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage and persistency of milk production). Sires are ranked based on average milk yield of his daughters.
Theory of electrophoresis and application possibilities
Authors: Trenkovski Snezana , Cmiljanic R. , Smiljakovic T. , Marinkov G. , Stojanovic LJ.
Published: September 2009

In this paper, simplified theory of electrophoresis is presented. The effect of certain actors on course of electrophoresis. Presented theoretical elements enable easier work and obtaining of more reliable data. Based on medium used, voltage, direction and dimensions categorization of electrophoresis is presented. Also, possibilities for use of electrophoresis in livestock production, medicine, veterinary science and pharmacy are also presented in the paper. It is stressed that by application of electrophoresis genetic variants related to certain production trait can be determined, which enables better selection in livestock production. Also, by application of this method in investigation of biological material we can find out more about physiological and metabolical processes related to main functions of the organism, nutrition, health condition and genetics.
Factors influencing proper nutrition of cows in dry period
Authors: Sretenovic Ljiljana , Aleksic S. , Petrovic M.M. , Petrovic M.P. , Stojanovic LJ.
Published: September 2009

In order to ensure high milk production and provide good reproductive performances of high yielding cows, in properly balanced diets in dry period beside major nutritive substances it is necessary to include certain additives such as yeast cells, organically bound selenium and chromium in order to overcome problems in so called transitional period. At the same time, it is very important to correct during dry period all omissions and mistakes from previous lactation, primarily correcting of body condition of cows. Providing of mentioned prerequisites is guarantee not only for preservation of good health condition but also for improvement of quality of meat and milk.
Nutrition as factor of improvement of production of sheep milk on the territory of Stara Planina mountain
Authors: Ruzic-Muslic Dragana , Petrovic M.M. , Petrovic M.P. , Nesic Z. , Marinkov G. , Vorkapic M.
Published: September 2009

Investigation was carried out on the territory of Stara Planina mountain, Pirot mnucipality, in villages: Dojkinci, Brlog, Jelovica, Visocka Rzana and Rsovci, from 700-1200 m above sea level, on farms with greater number of sheep (over 100 heads) which in regard to the breeds structure were mainly Pirot pramenka breed, and insignificant number of heads were crosses of Pirot Pramenka and W?rttemberg. Research included analysis of pasture from the aspect of floristic and chemical composition. In regard to botanical composition it was concluded that grasses were present with approx. 50%, leguminous plants with 15% , and herbaceous plants with 35%. Share of crude protein in investigated samples varied from 4,81 to 13,57%, and of crude fibre from 20,67 to 37,17%. Yield of forage on pastures was from 0,6 to 2,0 t/ha. Low yield as well as unsatisfactory floristic composition of pastures resulted from poor care, especially lack of fertilization and their unplanned and inefficient use which was reflected on milk yield of sheep, in lactation of 180 days it was from 69,16-70,40 kg. Improvement of botanical composition can be achieved by application of fertilizers since in this way the share of useful grasses (Poaceae) and leguminous plants (Fabaceae) is increased, and share of herbaceous plants in total mass of pasture is reduced, which represents one of our goals in research on the Pirot territory of Stara Planina mountain. In order to preserve the quality and phytodiversity of plant species we suggested as optimal way of pasture utilization, combination of pasture and cutting system. In winter nutrition period, on investigated locations, introduction of haylage in nutrition of sheep used for production of milk is recommended, because of its higher nutritive value compared to hay.
Quality of milk from Serbian white goat in first lactation
Authors: Zujovic Miroslav , Tomic Zorica , Petrovic M.P. , Ruzic-Muslic Dragana , Stojanovic LJ.
Published: September 2009

Goat milk is biologically highly valuable protein food intended for nutrition of offspring and as raw material for preparation of different dairy products. Therefore, in our opinion, it was justified from zoo technical, genetical and economical aspect to direct our attention towards Serbian white diary goat and study basic traits of this breed. Based on our previous investigations of traits of Domestic white goat we have established that this was a domestic population of expressed hereditary milk traits and good quality of milk. This lead to more detailed study of the quality of milk obtained from the genotype called Serbian white goat in first lactation, created based on Domestic white goat, especially since there is great interest in breeding of this specific genotype on the territory of Serbia and also abroad. Based on performed investigations and established results it can be concluded that Serbian white goat belongs to the dairy goat type and is our best goat population. Regarding the quality of analyzed milk, in general it is of medium quality, however, the percentage of fat, proteins and lactose is very high, which is very important for dairy industry and further processing of milk into high quality goat cheeses which appear on our markets in very small quantities. Processing of goat milk into high quality cheese types is now performed in small number of mini dairy plants.
Corn meal in broiler chicken nutrition
Authors: Milosevic Niko , Stanacev V. , Kovcin S.
Published: September 2009

In this paper the effect of application of corn meal in broiler chicken nutrition is presented. In meals the corn grain (C) is replaced by corn meal in the amount 100 % (T1) and 50 % (T2). Experiment lasted 42 days in system 3 x 4 (3 treatments x 4 repetitions). In every treatment 300 chicken were included. Feeding of chicken was ad libitum, with three meals: starter with 23,30 % CP and 12,78 MJ/kg ME; grower with 20,30 % CP and 13,10 MJ/kg ME, and finisher 17,70 % CP and 13,25 MJ/kg ME. Results of investigation are: body weight of chicken C-2106g, T1- 2103g, and T2-2130g; daily growth C-50,13g, T1-50,08g, and T2-50,72g; mortality of chicken C-3,64 %, T1-2,50 %, and T2-5,00 %; feed conversion ratio C-1,91 kg/kg, T1-1,97 kg/kg, and T2-1,93 kg/kg. Differences in production parameters were not statistically significant. Processing percentage was uniform among groups and differences in contents of abdominal fat were minimal. Differences in these parameters were not statistically significant. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that the nutritive value of corn meal in broiler chicken nutrition is on level of corn grain and that this nutrient can be used in the nutrition of broiler chicken as well as the corn grain.
Influence of mechanical treatment during curing on some properties of "Dimljena svinjska pecenica"
Authors: Okanovic Djordje , Mihajlovic B. , Lilic S.
Published: September 2009

In this paper the influence of mechanical treatment during the curing on the quality of "Dimljena svinjska pecenica" is investigated. Meat used in this experiment was divided into two groups, control and experimental. Meat of experimental group was mechanically treated after injection of brine in the tumbler. Parameters of meat yield after brining, weight loss after smoking and thermal treatment and chemical and sensory characteristics of final products were investigated. According to the results of examination the final product produced with mechanically treated meat had more desirable sensory characteristics as are the color, juiciness and softness, as well as high amount of water and protein and low percentage of fat.
Cattle production: Current situation and future directions of development in Republic of Serbia
Authors: Aleksic S. , Petrovic M.M. , Sretenovic Lj. , Pantelic V. , Tomasevic D. , Ostojic-Andric D.
Published: September 2009

Number of heads of cattle in the last 11 years is constantly decreasing. In this period, number of cattle is reduced by 18%. Number of cows and pregnant heifers reduced by 14%. Data indicate that at the end of 2006 1,096.000 heads of cattle were registered. It should be pointed out that number of cows and pregnant heifers of 710.000 heads at the end of 2006 which are included in reproduction represent the future of Serbian cattle production in future. Dominant breeds are Domestic Spotted and Simmental cattle, participating by about 70% in total number, then crossbreds of Domestic Spotted and Simmental and Busha cattle participating with about 25%, and about 5% goes to Black and Red-White cattle of European White-Black and Holstein races. Production of cow's milk is in slight constant increase. This can be explained by increased production of milk per cow. Genetic progress in milk traits was achieved by utilization of progeny tested bulls on milk and increased scope of artificial insemination of cows and heifers. Production of meat is in constant decrease which is consequence of reduction of total number of cattle as well as insufficient number of slaughterhouses with EU certificate. Of total quantity of produced meat, in Central Serbia 69.000 t and in Vojvodina 21.000 t of meat is produced. Starting from the current situation in cattle production, and on basis of previous practice, domestic and international, and development of cattle breeding, fast and efficient transformation of cattle production is necessary, enlargement of agricultural farms and forming of specialized farmers for production of meat and milk. Systems of certification and registration which would increase the product value should be introduced on specialized farms. Milk produced in this way can have added value on the market through special dairy products (hard cheeses, semi hard cheeses, white-soft cheeses and milk beverages). Agricultural households/farms specializing in meat production have objective - production of beef for domestic needs and export. Future of export of Serbian meat is first of all in production of beef of high quality which complies with demands of specific markets (Italy, Greece, etc.).
Meat: From functional food to diseases of modern civilization
Authors: Migdał W. , Zivkovic B.
Published: September 2009

nema
Present state and prospects for animal husbandry development in the Republic of Bulgaria
Authors: Kozelov L. , Gudev D.
Published: September 2009

The report contains analysis on the present state, and perspectives for the development of Bulgarian animal husbandry on the eve of the integration with European union. During the period 1990-2000 the animal husbandry in Bulgaria fell into a deep crisis. After this period Bulgarian animal husbandry showed a stable trend for survival. The integration of Bulgaria with EU outlines good perspectives for the development of sheep, goat and beef cattle breeding. Another promising direction is the production of ecologically clean animal products. The development of Bulgarian animal husbandry will depend to a great extent on the reinstatement of the lost Bulgarian markets in Russia, in the countries from the former USSR (Union of the soviet socialistic republics) and in the Arab countries by offering specific Bulgarian animal products.
Genetic trends for production and non-production traits in Simmental breed in Slovenia
Authors: Potocnik K. , Stepec M. , Krsnik J.
Published: September 2009

The main part of Slovenian Simmental breed is selected for milk production. Genetic changes in a population should be checked in the case of selection on more traits at the same time. The estimation of genetic trend is the best tool to follow genetic changes in a population. In this paper we present the estimated genetic trends for traits with high economic weight in total selection of Slovenian Simmental breed. Results show that the greatest genetic progress was attained for milk production trait and conformation traits for udder. In other traits not so high genetic progress was attained. In the case of muscularity significant negative genetic progress was attained in the last 12 years.
Current aspects of artificial insemination in pigs
Authors: Wähner M. , Geyer M.
Published: September 2009

nema
Dietary non-pharmacological alternatives to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in swine
Authors: Biagi G.
Published: September 2009

The first weeks after weaning are a critical stage for piglets characterized by high incidence of diarrhoea and low weight gain. These problems were counteracted with the use of antibiotic growth promoters that may as a side-effect induce the selection of antibiotic-resistant genes in animal and human pathogens. For this reason, the European Union decided to completely ban the antibiotics used as growth promoters as of January 2006. As a consequence of this decision, alternative strategies to modulate the piglet gastrointestinal environment have been the object of many studies. The use of non-pharmaceutical dietary supplements, such as organic acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and essential oils has been shown to improve piglet post-weaning health and growth performances but results are sometimes controversial. Moreover, the role of molecules that can influence gastrointestinal and immune development in the newly weaned piglet has been investigated. The proper choice and use of a non-pharmacological dietary supplement might improve piglet productivity but it has to be considered that dietary supplements usually increase the feed price, which means that the gains in productivity should exceed the increased costs.
Nutritive value index of treated wheat straw with Pleurotus fungi
Authors: Fazaeli H.
Published: September 2009

Wheat straw was inoculated with spawns of two species of Pleurotus fungi (coded: PF and PO) and incubated in a fermentation room at 22?5?C and 70?5, relative humidity. After 17 days of spawning, when the substrate was completely covered by fungal mycelia, half of the bags were removed from the fermentation room, sun dried and used for in vitro measurements and in vivo study as well, using of sheep. For the remainder of the bags, fermentation was allowed for seven weeks during which the fruiting mushroom was harvested two times, and then spent straw was collected and dried under the sun. In a feeding trial, in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of treated straw was compared with initial straw in cattle, when the dietary treatments were: 1) Initial wheat straw (IWS); 2) Fungal (PF) treated wheat straw before mushroom formation (FTWS); 3) Fungal (PF) spent wheat straw (SPWS) after mushroom was harvested. Results showed that, the fungal treatments significantly (P<0.05) affected the nutrient composition of wheat straw by increasing the CP and ash, but decreasing the OM, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose (CL) and hemi cellulose (HCL) contents. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM were significantly (P<0.05) the highest for PF treated straw but the lowest for the initial straw. The in vivo digestibility of most components were significantly (P<0.05) increased, in sheep, however treatment PF showed the higher amounts of digestibility than that of the PO with exception for crude protein CP and HCL. Regarding the feeding trial by cow, results indicated that, the highest amount of DM and OM digestibility were found in FTWS followed by SPWS, but the initial straw had the lowest digestibility (P<0.05). Average daily intake of DM, OM, as well as the digestible DM and OM intake were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments. In comparison to the IWS, PO inoculated straw increased the voluntary intake of digestible DM and OM, at the stage of mycellial running, however, the digestibility and intake of SPWS were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to the level of initial straw. In conclusion, fermentation of wheat straw by Pleurotus florida and P. ostreatus, improved the nutritive value of straw although the effect of P.F. was more than that of the P.O. In addition, fungal treatment of straw before mushroom formation, improved the nutritive value index, but no enhancement was found in SPWS comparing with the initial straw.
Phenotypic and genetic parameters of reproductive traits of black and white cows with different share of HF genes
Authors: Petrovic M.M. , Aleksic S. , Smiljakovic T. , Pantelic V. , Ostojic-Andric D.
Published: September 2009

In this paper, results of the effect of direct and indirect selection of quantitative fertility traits of cattle end heritability level are presented. Study of the quantitative genetic parameters was carried out on three large farms of Black and White, Holstein-Friesian cattle. Investigation included 3900 first calving cows, daughters of 54 bull sires. The effect of genetic group of the head of cattle (genotype) and of the herd on fertility and milk traits of heifers and first calving cows of Black and White breed was investigated. Genetic group of the head of cattle (genotype) had no significant effect in variation of the fertility traits compared to general average (P<0.01). The effect of herd caused statistically significant and highly significant deviation from the general average, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01. Established heritability coefficients for fertility traits had low values for age at insemination (0,112), duration of pregnancy (0,045) and duration of service period (0,097). Results were obtained by applying mathematicalstatistical analysis of data - using mixed model (Harvey, 1990). Mathematical-statistical analysis of data was carried out using linear methods with fixed influence through model of Least Squares (LS method). Genotype of the head of cattle caused no significant deviation of fertility traits (P>0,05).
Reproduction behavior and performance of beef cattle herd in free ranging environment of "Warta Mouth" national park
Authors: Dobicki A. , Nowakowski P. , Kierzek M. , Zachwieja A. , Baranowski P.
Published: September 2009

The observations conducted on a herd of beef cattle, extensively free grazed, demonstrated that cows in oestrus, breeding bulls (sires) and young bulls showed a wide range of sexual behavior. In the cow-cow relation mutual mounting was a standard sexual behavior, confirmed by 88.9% of observations. In the relation between sire and cow in oestrus, of the four forms of activity initiated by the cow, rubbing against a sire and mounting him was recorded in 100% of observations. The evaluation of the activity of the sire in relation to a cow in oestrus covered seven behavioral forms, of which as standard one may consider: sniffing and rubbing against, tasting the cow?s urine and mounting in an attempt at a sexual act, while mounting ended by a sexual act was not always the standard - 88.9% of observations. Young bulls manifested their sexual behavior by sniffing the cow in oestrus, often attempting to mount, following the sire and being always driven away. Driving away of the rival by a dominant sire was a standard behavior in relations between sires remaining close to a cow in oestrus. During the three year period of studies calving rate averaged 96.5%, while losses of calves as still born or dead during the first day after birth reached 1.5%. The best calving ratio was recorded for Salers cows (98.7%), while beef crossbred, Limousine, Hereford and Simmental cows demonstrated similar results (96.3-97.9%), and cows of the Charolais breed performed significantly (P?0.01) poorer (94.1%). Moreover, in the group of Charolais cows the largest percentage of still born calves (2.3%) was demonstrated.
Breeding strategy in small and closed livestock populations
Authors: Bogdanovic V. , Djedovic R. , Perisic P. , Petrovic M.M.
Published: September 2009

This paper reviews the main characteristics of small and/or closed livestock populations. Although the emphasis during the realization of the genetic improvement in animal breeding is put on commercial breeding programmes, autochthonous breeds, races, strains, even herds of domestic animas, at the same time represent a potentially important segment for achieving the maintenance of the overall livestock production. These programmes are particularly important for the improvement of populations of animal genetic resources, as well as for the improvement of production in rural marginal areas. One of the main parameters for determining the size, and also the potential danger of a population is a so called effective size of the population (Ne). This parameter is determined according to the available number of male and female head of breeding stock in the population or in the herd and it varies under the influence of the sexes, changes in the size of the families, changes in the size of the population during time, as well as overlapping of the generations. Apart from the improvement of the economically important traits, the breeding programmes in small populations first of all must provide the increase of the effective size of the population aiming to limit or decrease the inbreeding, as well as the decrease of the variance in the size of the family. This is mainly achieved with so called "circular breeding plans" the sires being replaced by sons in the reproduction, and dams by daughters. The shortage of the generation interval by the change of the presence of some age categories i.e. larger number of young animals and animals that are at the peak of production comparing to a small number of older animals, can additionally influence on the genetic improvement of the traits.