bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of stalking of psychological therapists working in primary care by current or former clients
Authors: Hudson-Allez Glyn
Published: September 2005

The prevalence of being a victim of harassment or stalking among the general population of the UK is held to be 11.8 per cent. There has been speculation that the prevalence rate would be higher for psychological therapists, as they could be at risk from their own clients. This study analysed the prevalence of job‐related experiences of harassment or stalking in a postal survey of psychological therapists who worked in primary care. The results showed a prevalence rate of more than twice the national average at 24 per cent. The stalkers, who were equally male or female, fell into three broad categories: those clients who were needy and made early attachments to their therapists; those experiencing erotic transference; and those with personality disorders. The implications of these findings for training and practice are discussed.
Chinese indigenous psychotherapies in Singapore
Authors: Lee Boon-Ooi
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of folk therapies or traditional medicine to counselling in Singapore. It addresses the meanings of the indigenous psychotherapies and then the rationales for understanding them. Three popular Chinese indigenous psychotherapies have been selected for discussion in terms of their aetiology and treatment beliefs about emotional problems: traditional Chinese medicine, dang‐ki (Chinese shamanism), and feng‐shui (Chinese geomancy). Findings from an empirical study are briefly presented to show that Chinese Singaporean clients hold eclectic belief systems encompassing both beliefs derived from thse indigenous psychotherapies and those from Western psychotherapies (e.g. psychodynamic and behavioural therapies). Two cases are presented to illustrate the application of these indigenous psychotherapies in counselling practice.
Experiential congruence: Qualitative analysis of client and counsellor narrative accounts of significant events in time‐limited person‐centred therapy
Authors: Grafanaki Soti , McLeod John
Published: September 2005

The concept of congruence represents a core theoretical construct in the development of client‐centred therapy, and remains fundamental to the practice of experiential approaches to psychotherapy. This study explores the ways in which congruence is experienced during significant moments of therapy. Client and counsellor accounts of moments of congruence/incongruence were collected from six cases of person‐centred counselling, and were analysed using a method of narrative analysis. It was found that participants experienced congruence in a variety of ways, suggesting that the construct does not describe a unitary phenomenon. Congruence was experienced as simultaneously intrapsychic and relational. The effective negotiation of episodes of incongruence comprised a necessary element of effective therapy. Further research into the nature of congruence may be valuable in contributing to new understandings of how therapeutic alliances are made, broken and repaired.
Spiritual emergency and counselling: An exploratory study
Authors: Ankrah Lynda
Published: September 2005

Growing up in a multicultural community in England brought me into close personal contact with the beliefs and perceptions about healing held by people of many different cultures. In many cases, no strong boundary was seen between physical, psychological and spiritual aspects of an illness, and experiences of hearing voices or seeing visions were accepted as normal everyday occurrences. During my training as a counsellor, I came into contact with the work of Stanislav Grof on the concept of spiritual emergency, which, together with the work of African and European authors who were exploring transpersonal aspects of psychology, provided a theoretical framework for researching how counsellors respond to clients wishing to explore experiences of spiritual crisis. This paper describes an exploratory study into the phenomenon of spiritual emergency within counselling. Questionnaires were distributed by post to people known to have been in counselling relationships, and interviews were conducted with three informants reporting different types of spiritual experience. All respondents who completed questionnaires reported having at least one of the ‘non‐ordinary’ experiences classified by Stanislav Grof as characteristics of a ‘spiritual emergency’. Several participants felt unable to explore this experience with their counsellors, some for fear of being labelled as mentally ill, while others found their counsellors helpful and sympathetic. Differences in dealing with spiritual phenomena were apparent between European and non‐European participants. These findings are discussed in relation to theory and practice.
Theoretical approaches to psychological trauma: Implications for research and practice
Authors: Rose Suzanna
Published: September 2005

In recent years, a range of counselling and psychotherapy interventions have been developed in work with clients and patients suffering from the psychological effects of trauma. This paper outlines various theoretical models of psychological trauma, selected because they can specifically encompass both the external aetiology (i.e. the traumatic event) and also explain (to a greater or lesser extent) the enormous range of reactions to that event. These models are critically discussed in terms of their implications for counselling practice, and as guides to further research. Examples are given of ways in which the author has drawn on different theoretical frameworks to inform her own therapeutic practice in work with people experiencing post‐traumatic stress disorder.
Research into the organisation, training and effectiveness of counsellors who work for free
Authors: Armstrong Joe , McLeod John
Published: September 2005

The activities of voluntary or ‘paraprofessional’ counsellors, who work for free, represent a highly significant component of the delivery of psychological therapy in Britain and other countries. However, in recent years there has been relatively little published research into issues associated with the provision of service by counsellors who work on a voluntary part‐time basis, and who typically receive limited training and supervision. This paper introduces a special theme section on counselling in the voluntary sector, which highlights some recent examples of research into the context, organisation, training and effectiveness of such counsellors. Some suggestions are made concerning the research agenda for counselling in the voluntary sector.
Explorations of the effectiveness of a voluntary sector psychodynamic counselling service
Authors: Winter David , Archer Ruth , Spearman Penny , Costello Marie , Quaite Ash , Metcalfe Chris
Published: September 2005

This paper reports two studies of individual psychodynamic counselling provided by a voluntary sector service. The first study examines evidence of the effectiveness of counselling, as evaluated by the General Health Questionnaire and Personal Opinion Survey. Measures of the process of counselling indicated the improvements that clients attributed to counselling, the changes that occurred during it, and the factors that were most beneficial, as well as the approaches used by counsellors. The second study, using the CORE Outcome Measure and ratings of problem severity, found counselling to be equally effective with disadvantaged and non‐disadvantaged clients, as defined by British Department of Health criteria, but these clients differed somewhat in their perceptions of helpful aspects of counselling. Both studies also indicated predictors of positive outcome of counselling. The studies are used to illustrate some of the methodological issues around research in this area.
Using action research to develop an assessment system in a voluntary sector counselling service
Authors: Buckroyd Julia
Published: September 2005

Voluntary sector low and no cost counselling services very often find themselves overwhelmed by clients. This paper describes how one agency decided to deal with this problem by introducing a system of assessment for differential contracts. A piece of action research enabled the development and introduction of a model of assessment that reflected the values of the agency. The guiding principle of the assessment was that the client's way of managing in the world was the best guide to clinical need. The different lengths of contract are described, together with the criteria for deciding which might be appropriate for a client. The model was introduced on the understanding that it could and would be continuously monitored. The reactions of counsellors and clients that were gathered in a review of the working of the model a year later are described.
A feasibility study of the systematic evaluation of client outcomes in a voluntary sector counselling agency
Authors: Gardiner Christine , McLeod John , Hill Irene , Wigglesworth Andrea
Published: September 2005

There is an increasing demand on voluntary sector counselling agencies to evaluate the effectiveness of their work with clients. A pilot study was carried out in a voluntary sector counselling agency to assess the feasibility of adopting a well‐established evaluation system (CORE) designed to measure client outcomes. The paper describes the issues and complexities involved in introducing such a system, and explores the impact of the evaluation on counsellors, staff and users of the service. It is suggested that evaluation can play an important role within voluntary organisations in enabling counsellors and staff to reflect on their work.
Working for free: A fundamental value of counselling
Authors: Bondi Liz , Fewell Judith , Kirkwood Colin
Published: September 2005

This paper challenges two myths about voluntary sector counselling, namely (a) that volunteer counsellors and voluntary sector counselling are the same thing, and (b) that standards of practice in the voluntary sector are significantly different from those elsewhere. The paper also argues that voluntary sector counselling nurtures a deeply felt commitment to respond to human need without monetary recompense. Drawing on evidence from a study of voluntary sector counselling in Scotland, we show that a substantial proportion of voluntary sector counselling is undertaken by paid workers, and that many counsellors who volunteer in one setting undertake paid counselling work in another setting. We demonstrate that the majority of voluntary sector counselling agencies in Scotland work within ethical frameworks developed by the professional bodies for counselling, and we argue that these agencies have been at the forefront of efforts to enhance the quality and safety of counselling services available to the public. We identify and illustrate three overlapping reasons why large numbers of highly qualified counsellors give their time and expertise for free: because of their desire to support the work of agencies through which the accessibility of counselling is extended; because volunteer counselling constitutes personally rewarding and meaningful work; and as an expression of their commitment to give freely of themselves. In conclusion we argue that voluntarism is central to counselling, but that parts of the counselling world are at risk of forgetting this core value.
Counselling students' views and concerns about weeping with clients: A pilot study
Authors: Curtis Russ , Matise Miles , Glass J. Scott
Published: September 2005

This study examines counselling students' concerns and views about a phenomenon that has received little attention in the counselling literature: the counsellor weeping during a session with a client. Over 20 per cent of the counselling students who were surveyed reported being concerned about weeping in session with clients. However, the majority of students believed, to varying degrees, that weeping with clients could facilitate the therapeutic process. This paper sheds light on this unexplored dimension of countertransference, and has implications for those involved in providing counsellor training.
Humanising forces: Phenomenology in science; Psychotherapy in technological culture
Authors: Todres Les
Published: September 2005

One of the concerns of the existential‐phenomenological tradition has been to examine the human implications of living in a world of proliferating technology. The pressure to become more specialised and efficient has become a powerful value and quest. Both contemporary culture and science enable us to have a view of human identity that focuses on our ‘parts’ and the compartmentalisation of our lives into specialised ‘bits’. This is a kind of abstraction, which psychology has also, at times, taken in its concern to mimic the natural sciences. As such, it may unconsciously collude with a cultural trend to view humans as objects, like other objects, and thus fit ‘normatively’ into the emerging world of specialised and efficient systems. This paper examines how the findings of a phenomenological study of psychotherapy reflect a movement by people in psychotherapy to recover their sense of human identity in ways that always transcend any form of objectification. Their human complexity is somewhat restored as they move back towards the concrete details of their lives where the human order has its life. In addition to considering the implications of these findings for restoring the uniquely human dimensions of human identity, the paper also considers the methodological role that an existential‐phenomenological approach can play in supporting a broader view of science. In wishing to be faithful to the human order, it champions the value of the human individual as a starting point in human science. This includes a return to concrete experiences, the balance between unique variations and the ground that we share, and the movement from the particular to the general. As such, a phenomenologically oriented psychology may have an important role to play in helping the broader sciences remember the ‘human scale’ of things.
Cognitive therapy and social power
Authors: Spong Sheila , Hollanders Henry
Published: September 2005

This paper addresses the capacity of cognitive therapy to engage with issues of social power. Some indicators of ‘power‐sensitised counselling’ are proposed and these are discussed with reference to cognitive therapy. ‘Power‐sensitised counselling’ for the purposes of this paper is described as counselling that takes account of power differentials, both across society and within the counselling room. The paper opens a discussion about the potential developments of cognitive therapy that could facilitate an engagement with issues of social power. The significance of these issues for research into cognitive therapy is discussed.
Counselling — Why not? A qualitative study of people's accounts of not taking up counselling appointments
Authors: Snape Catherine , Perren Sara , Jones Lesley , Rowland Nancy
Published: September 2005

The aim of this research was to explore the reasons behind people's decision not to take up a counselling referral. A qualitative study was carried out, using semi‐structured interviews and written responses. The investigation was based in NHS primary care counselling services in a GP practice in the North of England. People who had been referred for counselling by their GP, but did not attend any counselling appointments, were interviewed or invited to submit written comments. Many people talked about the courage it took to ask for help. The referral itself was sometimes therapeutic as it legitimised their distress. The GP's response affected people's decisions. Waiting time and what happened during waiting was important. Some people had their own resources, which they used actively, seeking other sources of help; others were more passive, their lives changed around them. Other factors that contributed to non‐engagement were being referred in a crisis; lack of knowledge about counselling and mental distress; and concern about stigma and its impact on work. Perceived waiting time was the most significant factor for participants in this study, but most people had a combination of reasons for not engaging. Support from the GP, information about the service and being given a realistic expectation of waiting times, may help people feel better able to access counselling services.
Kashmiri women's perceptions of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling
Authors: Shoaib Kamer , Peel Jennifer
Published: September 2005

This paper explores the meaning of mental illness for Kashmiri women, the issues that cause them distress, their coping mechanisms, and their perceptions and understanding of counselling. Interviews were used to compare the experiences and attitudes of two groups of Kashmiri women: those born in Britain and those who had been brought up in Kashmir and had settled in Britain as adults. It was found that Kashmiri women in this study had a clear understanding of mental illness, with little difference in beliefs between those born and raised in the UK and those brought up in Kashmir. In both groups the majority of those who were not aware of formal counselling still wanted to talk to a professional about their emotional distress. The majority of UK born women, and a smaller proportion of Kashmiri born women, were aware of counselling. Most women associated it with talking to someone about one's feelings, about problems in one's heart, in one's mind, and as a means of support when experiencing distress. The implications of these findings for practice are discussed.
Encountering the dream: Intersecting anthropological and psychoanalytical approaches
Authors: Edgar Iain R.
Published: September 2005

The human dream has been a central and contested therapeutic resource for the various schools of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. However, anthropology has been less concerned with human dreaming, though many anthropologists have studied indigenous peoples' dream theories as a consequence of the importance that such people gave to their dreaming. During the twentieth century there has been a fertile interaction between psychoanalytical approaches to dreaming and pertinent anthropological studies. This paper situates these interconnected disciplinary approaches to dreaming in the context of the historical development of thinking about culture and dreaming. The dream is considered as a multiple human resource. Discussion focuses on a fourfold approach to the dream: as therapeutic and existential encounter; as potential social knowledge; as cultural template; and finally as reflexive opportunity. Overall, the paper asserts the centrality of the dream as both a cultural and therapeutic resource.
Matrices in black and white: Implications of cultural multiplicity for research in counselling and psychotherapy
Authors: Moodley Roy
Published: September 2005

There is a lack of resarch into the relationship between culture and ethnicity, and the processes and outcomes of counselling and psychotherapy. This paper explores current and historical approaches to defining ethnicity and cultural identity, and makes suggestions for how these constructs might be more usefully understood.
The culture of psychotherapy supervision
Authors: West William
Published: September 2005

Psychotherapists in training and beyond are expected to receive regular clinical supervision. In Britain many practitioners are required to have life long supervision. This paper draws on recent research into supervision, and highlights a number of areas that have been identified as problematic, including: power and control, spirituality, touch, ethical issues and secrecy. It is suggested that a professional culture of supervision has been constructed that may not reflect the best interests of either clients or practitioners. The implications of this perspective are explored.
Can heterosexual counsellors or generic agencies help same‐sex couples? An exploratory study
Authors: Grove Jan
Published: September 2005

Gay men and women were interviewed in single‐sex focus groups in order to learn more about the therapeutic help that could be offered to people in same‐sex relationships. Interviews were analysed using the constant comparative method. Among the various themes that emerged was the need to have their relationships valued and accepted and the damaging effects of living in a heterosexist and homophobic society. The need for men, in particular, to identify a set of developmental stages for gay relationships was important. Difficulties in seeking help from mainstream organisations are discussed and recommendations made for both counsellors and agencies.
How do counsellors make client assessments?
Authors: Milner Judith , O'Byrne Patrick
Published: September 2005

This paper reports on a consultation exercise undertaken with 18 experienced counsellors on how they make client assessments. These practitioners expressed a high degree of consensus on the purposes of assessment making (to reach a shared understanding with the client about their willingness and ability to undertake a shared therapeutic journey) but the way in which they approached the task varied according to the theoretical orientation they acquired during training. Although most had developed their counselling skills and techniques considerably since initial training, not all had integrated the assessment implications of later experience into their formulation making. The implications of combining single model assessment with eclectic practice are discussed, particularly in relation to making a decision to continue working with a client or to refer a client to a colleague. The authors call for further debate on how counsellors find meaning in what their clients say, why they ask the questions they do at the assessment stage, and how they achieve coherence in relation to ideas and skills accrued through ongoing training and practice. The implications of such a debate for training and supervision are discussed.
Developing therapist self‐understanding through research
Authors: Lees John
Published: September 2005

This paper explores the application of reflexive action research in practice by examining a piece of the author's previously published work. A process of inquiry is described that involves reflexively engaging with original formulations in order to further continuing professional development. Guidelines for conducting this kind of research are described.
Can men talk about problems with weight? The therapeutic implications of a discourse analytic study
Authors: Gillon Ewan
Published: September 2005

This paper discusses the implications for counsellors of a discourse analytic study examining men's talk about body weight. It is argued that research in the area of problems with body has neglected the growing pressures on men to manage body as a feature of self. This research perpetuates the dominant discursive construction of men's relationship to body as unproblematic — a construction that may present many barriers to men in seeking help for any distress encountered. An analysis of men's talk is discussed in terms of the expectation that body is not problematic and the observable downplaying of any concerns acknowledged. The accountability of body as a site of regulation also emerges within the extracts presented. It is argued that this property within the accounts resonates with work highlighting the growing pressures on men to exercise control over body. The contradictions between the two discourses identified are discussed in terms of their therapeutic implications. It is postulated that male distress emerging from the growing pressures to maintain body weight may be neglected within primary care and therapeutic domains if discourses formulating such difficulties as not relevant to men remain dominant.
Counselling provision for staff in the National Health Service in England: A survey of patterns of provision
Authors: Silvester Anita
Published: September 2005

This paper reports the findings of a research project carried out in 2001, mapping the provision of counselling services for staff in the National Health Service in England. A postal survey was used to gather both quantitative and qualitative data in order to produce a picture of service provision in NHS Trusts throughout England. Analysis of information concerning the qualifications, experience and pay structure of counsellors, and patterns of service delivery, revealed significant variations across Health Trusts. Findings are discussed in relation to implications for policy, practice and future research.
Mapping grief: A study in practice using a quantitative and qualitative approach to exploring and addressing the range of responses to loss
Authors: Machin Linda , Spall Bob
Published: September 2005

The Adult Attitude to Grief (AAG) scale was devised for an earlier study (Machin, 2001) to test the validity of a concept of loss, which proposed that grief reactions fall broadly into three categories — ‘overwhelmed’, ‘balanced’ and ‘controlled’. There was statistical support for the proposed differences but the AAG scale, more importantly, provided insight into the diverse reactions taking place in individual bereaved respondents. This paper describes a second study undertaken to examine the clinical usefulness of the AAG scale with clients receiving help within the Psychological Services Operating Unit of the North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare (NHS) Trust. The scale has been used both in its original form with bereaved clients and in a modified form with clients having distress symptoms associated with other losses, such as relationship breakdown or the onset of chronic illness. The use of the AAG scale in this clinical setting suggests that, both as an assessment tool and as a cue for therapeutic dialogue, it provides a promising way of mapping the general and particular characteristics of response to loss in individual clients. Consideration is also given to varying therapeutic approaches needed to help clients regain the equilibrium disturbed by their grief.
The participation of children and adolescents in family counselling: The German experience
Authors: Vossler Andreas
Published: September 2005

This paper reflects the experiences of young people in child guidance and family counselling. For this purpose, first the institutional background of these counselling services in Germany is outlined. The fact that the adolescents concerned feel partly excluded and insufficiently integrated into the counselling process is illustrated through qualitative analysis of the experiences 17 young people had during their counselling process. These empirical findings are critically discussed in terms of the institutional conditions and methodical approaches which counteract the involvement of the actual addressees of the counselling service. The paper concludes that professionals need to attend more to facilitating the participation of young people.
The role of peer counselling and support in helping to reduce anxieties around transition from primary to secondary school
Authors: Slater Peter , McKeown Mick
Published: September 2005

This report describes a study aimed at providing pilot data regarding the effectiveness of peer counselling and support in easing the transition between primary and secondary school. A quasi‐experimental design enabled the intervention in one secondary school to be compared with standard student support in a school in the same area, with regard to various relevant outcome measures taken at three intervals in the course of the transitional year. Descriptive statistics and trends in mean scores illustrate differences in various psychosocial aspects of the two schools that may indicate the value of peer counselling and justify a further, more extensive study. The limitations of this study indicate refinements of design for any future investigation. Semi‐structured interviews with the children, conducted at the same intervals, provided rich qualitative data regarding their experiences of transition to secondary school, observations on the psychosocial stresses in each school, and the extent to which individuals were supported and coped with these stresses.
Real-Time Data Management on a Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Roadknight Chris , Parrott Laura , Boyd Nathan , Marshall Ian W.
Published: September 2005

A multi-layered algorithm is proposed that provides a scalable and adaptive method for handling data on a wireless sensor network. Statistical tests, local feedback, and global genetic style material exchange ensure limited resources such as battery and bandwidth which are used efficiently by manipulating data at the source and important features in the time series are not lost when compression needs to be made. The approach leads to a more ‘hands off’ implementation which is demonstrated by a real world oceanographic deployment of the system.
An Extended Growing Self-Organizing Map for Selection of Clusters in Sensor Networks
Authors: Guru Siddeswara Mayura , Hsu Arthur , Halgamuge Saman , Fernando Saman
Published: September 2005

Sensor networks consist of wireless enabled sensor nodes with limited energy. As sensors could be deployed in a large area, data transmitting and receiving are energy consuming operations. One of the methods to save energy is to reduce the communication distance of each node by grouping them in to clusters. Each cluster will have a cluster-head (CH), which will communicate with all the other nodes of that cluster and transmit the data to the remote base station. In this paper, we propose an extension to Growing Self-Organizing Map (GSOM) and describe the use of evolutionary computing technique to cluster wireless sensor nodes and to identify the cluster-heads. We compare the proposed method with clustering solutions based on Genetic Algorithm (GA), an extended version of Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and four general purpose clustering algorithms. This could help to discover the clusters to reduce the communication energy used to transmit data when exact locations of all sensors are known and computational resources are centrally available. This method is useful in the applications where sensors are deployed in a controlled environment and are not moving. We have derived an energy minimisation model that is used as a criterion for clustering. The proposed method can also be used as a design tool to study and analyze the cluster formation for a given node placement.
Addressing Mobility in Wireless Sensor Media Access Protocol
Authors: Pham Huan , Jha Sanjay
Published: September 2005

Handling mobility in wireless sensor networks presents several new challenges. Techniques developed for other mobile networks, such as mobile phone or mobile adhoc networks can not be applicable, as in these networks energy is not a very critical resource. This paper presents a new adaptive Mobility-aware Sensor MAC protocol (MS-MAC) for mobile sensor applications. In MS-MAC protocol, a node detects its neighbor's mobility based on a change in its received signal level from the neighbor, or a loss of connection with this neighbor after a timeout period. By propagating mobility presence information, and distance from the nearest border node, each node learns its relative distance from the nearest mobile node and from the nearest border node. Depending on the mobile node movement direction, the distances from mobile and border nodes, a node may trigger its neighbor search mechanism to quicken the connection setup time. The simulation results show that, the new mobility-aware MAC protocol can work very energy-efficiently when the network is stationary, whereas it performs much better in terms of throughput than the existing sensor MAC (SMAC) protocol in scenarios involving mobile sensors.
The effect of motivational music on sub‐maximal exercise
Authors: Elliott Dave , Carr Sam , Orme Duncan
Published: September 2005

This study examined the effect of motivational music on a 20‐min sub‐maximal cycle task. Eighteen untrained student volunteers (10 males, 8 females) were required to partake in three experimental conditions: no music, oudeterous (non‐motivational) music, and motivational music. Participants’ in‐task affective states and rate of perceived exertion were assessed on rating scales during the trials and the distance traveled for each trial was recorded. In addition, participants’ attitudes towards the exercise experience were assessed on rating scales administered post‐trial. The results of the study indicate that both motivational and oudeterous music can significantly increase distance traveled when compared to the control condition. However, no significant differences were observed between the two music conditions and the increased exercise intensity associated with musical accompaniments was not associated with an increased perception of effort. Both music conditions elicited increased in‐task affect and generated equally positive post‐task attitudes towards the exercise experience. No significant Gender×Trial interactions were identified for any of the dependent measures.
External scaffold of spherical immature poxvirus particles is made of protein trimers, forming a honeycomb lattice
Authors: Szajner Patricia , Weisberg Andrea S. , Lebowitz Jacob , Heuser John , Moss Bernard
Published: September 2005

During morphogenesis, poxviruses undergo a remarkable transition from spherical immature forms to brick-shaped infectious particles lacking helical or icosahedral symmetry. In this study, we show that the transitory honeycomb lattice coating the lipoprotein membrane of immature vaccinia virus particles is formed from trimers of a 62-kD protein encoded by the viral D13L gene. Deep-etch electron microscopy demonstrated that anti-D13 antibodies bound to the external protein coat and that lattice fragments were in affinity-purified D13 preparations. Soluble D13 appeared mostly trimeric by gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, which is consistent with structural requirements for a honeycomb. In the presence or absence of other virion proteins, a mutated D13 with one amino acid substitution formed stacks of membrane-unassociated flat sheets that closely resembled the curved honeycombs of immature virions except for the absence of pentagonal facets. A homologous domain that is present in D13 and capsid proteins of certain other lipid-containing viruses support the idea that the developmental stages of poxviruses reflect their evolution from an icosahedral ancestor.
LIS1 RNA interference blocks neural stem cell division, morphogenesis, and motility at multiple stages
Authors: Tsai Jin-Wu , Chen Yu , Kriegstein Arnold R. , Vallee Richard B.
Published: September 2005

Mutations in the human LIS1 gene cause the smooth brain disease classical lissencephaly. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we conducted in situ live cell imaging analysis of LIS1 function throughout the entire radial migration pathway. In utero electroporation of LIS1 small interference RNA and short hairpin dominant negative LIS1 and dynactin cDNAs caused a dramatic accumulation of multipolar progenitor cells within the subventricular zone of embryonic rat brains. This effect resulted from a complete failure in progression from the multipolar to the migratory bipolar state, as revealed by time-lapse analysis of brain slices. Surprisingly, interkinetic nuclear oscillations in the radial glial progenitors were also abolished, as were cell divisions at the ventricular surface. Those few bipolar cells that reached the intermediate zone also exhibited a complete block in somal translocation, although, remarkably, process extension persisted. Finally, axonal growth also ceased. These results identify multiple distinct and novel roles for LIS1 in nucleokinesis and process dynamics and suggest that nuclear position controls neural progenitor cell division.
Effects of a Cognition‐Emotion  Focused Program to Increase  Public Participation in  Papanicolaou Smear Screening
Authors: Park SoMi , Chang SoonBok , Chung ChaeWeon
Published: September 2005

Abstract 
Objective
: Despite high incidence rates of cervical cancer in Korea, Papanicolaou (Pap) tests are not utilized as a preventive behavior. This study examined the effects of an emotion‐cognition focused program on the decision of taking Pap tests in Korean women. Design: A non‐equivalent control group post‐test only design was utilized. Sample: A convenience sample was randomly assigned to either experimental (N = 48) or control group (N = 48) after matching for education and age. Measurements: Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test, Champion's Health Belief Model, and Self‐Efficacy Scale were used. Intention and stage of adoption to take a Pap test were measured with single items. Results: Women in the experimental group had significantly higher scores on knowledge of cervical cancer (t = 6.99, p < .001) and perceived benefits of Pap tests (t = 2.91, p < .05), lower scores on procedural (t = −2.45, p < .05) and cognitive (t = −2.66, p < .01) barriers to testing. Improvement in self‐efficacy (t = 3.38, p < .01), strong intention to have the test (t = 2.99, p < .01), and advanced stages of behavior adoption (χ2 = 12.93, p < .01) were also found. Conclusions: Women's perspectives, attitudes of health care practitioners, and clinical environment need to be considered if change is to happen in women's preventive behavior related to Pap test screening.
Community Health Workers and Professional Nurses: Defining the Roles and Understanding the Relationships
Authors: Doherty Tanya M. , Coetzee Minette
Published: September 2005

Abstract  The use of community health workers (CHWs) has been advocated in both developed and developing countries for many years. This article reports the findings of a descriptive research study that explored the relationship between CHWs and nurses working in resource‐poor settings in South Africa. The findings of the study highlight dimensions of complex interactions occurring between these two main providers of care at the district level. Understanding the primary interaction of CHWs with nurses offers further understanding of the broader role of CHWs within the district health system. It is evident that CHWs are ideally suited to play a pivotal role in supporting the public health services. However, their role and functions are not formalized and the effectiveness of programs is often not rigorously evaluated. This article discusses some of the issues related to this cadre of health worker and their role in public health care structures.
Kisspeptin and its Receptor: New Gatekeepers of Puberty
Authors: Messager Sophie
Published: September 2005

The recent finding that the hormone kisspeptin plays a pivotal role in the onset of puberty is one of the biggest discoveries in human reproductive biology in 30 years. Mutations in the receptor for kisspeptin cause humans and mice to fail to reach puberty and to be sterile. It is the first time since the identification of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone that a single gene is found to have such a dramatic effect on reproduction. This discovery opens new possibilities in the treatment of reproductive disorders such as delayed or advanced puberty, infertility and sex hormone‐dependent cancers.
Pre‐reproductive isolation as a consequence of allopatric differentiation between populations of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: HAERTY W. , LESBATS M. , CAPY P.
Published: September 2005

While pre‐reproductive isolations are more and more frequently described between closely related species or within species, very little is known about their conditions of emergence. In Brazzaville, two populations (Kronenbourg and Loua) of Drosophila melanogaster show a premating isolation. Two hypotheses were proposed to explain such a situation: a local sympatric differentiation or an allopatric divergence followed by a secondary contact. A microsatellite analysis, using markers on all chromosomes, strongly suggests that the Kronenbourg population has a European origin. Therefore, the allopatric divergence between Kronenbourg and Loua populations is probably responsible for the sexual isolation observed today in sympatry, after a recent introduction of a European propagule in Brazzaville.
Rapid divergence and postglacial colonization in western North American Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri)
Authors: BURG THERESA M. , GASTON ANTHONY J. , WINKER KEVIN , FRIESEN VICKI L.
Published: September 2005

Post‐Pleistocene avian colonization of deglaciated North America occurred from multiple refugia, including a coastal refugium in the northwest. The location of a Pacific Coastal refugium is controversial; however, multiple lines of evidence suggest that it was located near the Queen Charlotte Islands (also known as Haida Gwaii). The Queen Charlotte Islands contain a disproportionately large number of endemic plants and animals including the Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri carlottae. Using five highly variable microsatellite markers, we studied population structure among eight populations of Steller's jay (N = 150) from geographical areas representing three subspecies in western North America: C. s. carlottae, C. s. stelleri and C. s. annectens. Microsatellite analyses revealed genetic differentiation between each of the three subspecies, although more extensive sampling of additional C. s. annectens populations is needed to clarify the level of subspecies differentiation. High levels of population structure were found among C. s. stelleri populations with significant differences in all but two pairwise comparisons. A significant isolation by distance pattern was observed amongst populations in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. In the C. s. carlottae population, there was evidence of reduced genetic variation, higher number of private alleles than northern C. s. stelleri populations and higher levels of divergence between Queen Charlotte Island and other populations. We were unable to reject the hypothesis that the Queen Charlotte Islands served as a refugium during the Pleistocene. Steller's jay may have colonized the Queen Charlotte Islands near the end of the last glaciation or persisted throughout the Pleistocene, and this subspecies may thus represent a glacial relic. The larger number of private alleles, despite reduced genetic variation, morphological distinctiveness and high divergence from other populations suggests that the Queen Charlotte Island colonization pre‐dates that of the mainland. Furthermore, our results show rapid divergence in Steller's jay populations on the mainland following the retreat of the ice sheets.
Review of capture–recapture methods applicable to noninvasive genetic sampling
Authors: LUKACS PAUL M. , BURNHAM KENNETH P.
Published: September 2005

The use of noninvasive genetic sampling to identify individual animals for capture–recapture studies has become widespread in the past decade. Strong emphasis has been placed on the field protocols and genetic analyses with fruitful results. Little attention has been paid to the capture–recapture application for this specific type of data beyond stating the effects of assumption violations. Here, we review the broad class of capture–recapture methods that are available for use with DNA‐based capture–recapture data, noting the array of biologically interesting parameters such as survival, emigration rates, state transition rates and the finite rate of population change that can be estimated from such data. We highlight recent developments in capture–recapture theory specifically designed for noninvasive genetic sampling data.
Transport rate of calcareous sand in unidirectional flow
Authors: SMITH DAVID A. , CHEUNG KWOK FAI
Published: September 2005

This paper examines the transport of calcareous sand in unidirectional flow and its prediction through existing sediment transport models. A flume experiment of four sand samples collected on Oahu, Hawaii, provides 29 sets of sediment transport data in the bed‐form and suspended transport stages. The measured transport data are compared with direct predictions from four energy‐based transport models developed for siliceous particles. Corrections for the grain‐size, fall velocity, and critical velocity of calcareous sand based on recent research are applied to the models and the results are compared with the direct calculations and measured data. The comparison illustrates the important role particle shape plays in the transport of calcareous sand. All four sediment transport models give consistent predictions and good agreement with the majority of the measured data. Two of the models respond positively to the corrections in both the bed‐form and suspended transport stages indicating that such an approach may provide an interim solution for the transport of calcareous sand.
The expression and promoter specificity of the birch homologs for PISTILLATA/GLOBOSA and APETALA3/DEFICIENS
Authors: Lännenpää Mika , Parkkinen Sinikka , Järvinen Pia , Lemmetyinen Juha , Vepsäläinen Saila , Savola Tuuli , Keinonen Kaija , Keinänen Markku , Sopanen Tuomas
Published: September 2005

B‐function genes determine the identity of petals and stamens in the flowers of model plants such as Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. Here, we show that a putative B‐function gene BpMADS2, a birch homolog for PISTILLATA, is expressed in stamens and carpels of birch inflorescences. We also present a novel birch gene BpMADS8, a homolog for APETALA3/DEFICIENS, which is expressed in stamens. Promoter‐GUS analysis revealed that BpMADS2 promoter is active in the receptacle of Arabidopsis flower buds while BpMADS8 promoter is highly specific in mature stamens. BpMADS2 promoter::BARNASE construct prevented floral organ development in Arabidopsis and tobacco. In birch, inflorescences with degenerated stamens and carpels were obtained. BpMADS8::BARNASE resulted in degeneration of stamens in Arabidopsis and birch causing male sterility. In tobacco, only sepals were developed instead of normal flowers. The results show that the BpMADS2::BARNASE construct can be used to specifically disrupt floral organ development in phylogenetically distant plant species. The stamen‐specific promoter of BpMADS8 is a promising tool for biotechnological applications in inducing male sterility or targeting gene expression in the late stamen development.
Overexpression of Osmyb4 enhances compatible solute accumulation and increases stress tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Mattana Monica , Biazzi Elisa , Consonni Roberto , Locatelli Franca , Vannini Candida , Provera Stefano , Coraggio Immacolata
Published: September 2005

In this paper, we report the metabolic and molecular changes in response to cold and drought induced in Osmyb4 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana compared with the wildtype (WT). The rice Osmyb4 gene codes for a transcription factor (Myb4) induced by cold treatment and, in Arabidopsis transgenic plants, improves cold and freezing tolerance [Vannini C, Locatelli F, Bracale M, Magnani E, Marsoni M, Osnato M, Mattana M, Baldoni E, Coraggio I (2004) Plant J 37: 115–127]. Here, we report the ability of Myb4 to induce also drought tolerance in Arabidopsis transgenic plants. By the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and enzymatic assays, we showed that several compatible solutes (glucose, fructose, sucrose, proline, glycine betaine and sinapoyl malate) accumulate in higher amount in Osmyb4‐overexpressing plants with respect to the WT, both under normal and stress conditions. Considering proline, we also found that in transgenic plants the levels of the mRNAs coding for Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthase (EC not assigned) and for Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.12) were higher and lower, respectively. The constitutive activation of several stress‐inducible pathways and different kinetics in the accumulation of several metabolites, in Myb4 transgenic plants, may represent an advantage to prepare plants to face the stress condition. Moreover, these results taken together suggest that Myb4 integrates the activation of multiple components of stress response.