bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Chemical‐Biological Relay Catalytic Method for the Synthesis of (E)‐2‐Cyanoacrylamides Based on the Catalysis of Amorphous Porphyrin‐MOFs and Nitrile Hydratase
Authors: Zuo Weiguo , Wang Guanqun , Yang Shunbin , E Dongxiao , Liu Lin , Li Hengyu , You Song , Jia Xian
Published: June 2023

The combination of the catalytic power of amorphous metal‐organic frameworks (aMOFs) and biocatalysis has greatly boosted the development of novel synthetic strategies due to its functional diversity and stereospecificity. 2‐Cyanoacrylamides are important building blocks for many biologically active molecules. Herein, we described a chemical‐biological relay catalytic method to access (E)‐2‐cyanoacrylamides based on the catalysis of amorphous porphyrin‐MOFs SPUZ‐1 and whole cells of Rhodococcus rhodochrous (nitrile hydratase). The approach was proved to be simple and efficient, and the highest conversion was up to 99%
Edge‐Sharing Octahedrally Coordinated NiFe Dual Active Sites on ZnFe2O4 for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Jiang Zhiyong , Zhu Xiaodi , Wang Zhiyu , Liu Wei , Yan Wensheng , Sivula Kevin , Bao Jun
Published: June 2023

The structural properties of octahedral sites (BOh) in spinel oxides (AB2O4) play vital roles in the electrochemical performance of oxygen‐related reactions. However, the precise manipulation of AB2O4 remains challenging due to the complexity of their crystal structure. Here, a simple and versatile molten‐salt‐mediated strategy is reported to introduce Ni2+ in Boh sites intentionally on the surface of zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4, ZFO) to promote the active sites for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The as‐created photoanode (ZFO‐MSNi) shows a remarkable cathodic shift of ≈ 450 mV (turn‐on voltage of ≈ 0.6 VRHE) as well as three times the 1‐sun photocurrent density at 1.23 VRHE for PEC water oxidation in comparison with bare ZFO. A comprehensive structural characterization clearly reveals the local structure of the introduced Ni2+ in ZFO‐MSNi. Fewer surface trapping states are observed while the precisely introduced Ni2+ and associated neighboring Fe(3‐σ)+ (0<σ<1) sites unite in an edge‐sharing octahedral configuration to function as NiFe dual active sites for PEC water oxidation. Moreover, open circuit potential measurements and rapid‐scan voltammetry investigation give further insight into the enhanced PEC performance. Overall, this work displays a versatile strategy to regulate the surface active sites of photoelectrodes for increasing performance in PEC solar energy conversion systems.
Selective Exposure of Robust Perovskite Layer of Aurivillius‐Type Compounds for Stable Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Huang Jie , Kang Yuyang , Liu Jian‐An , Chen Ruotian , Xie Tengfeng , Liu Zhongran , Xu Xiaoxiang , Tian He , Yin Lichang , Fan Fengtao , Wang Lianzhou , Liu Gang
Published: June 2023

Aurivillius‐type compounds ((Bi2O2)2+(An–1BnO3n+1)2−) with alternately stacked layers of bismuth oxide (Bi2O2)2+ and perovskite (An−1BnO3n+1)2− are promising photocatalysts for overall water splitting due to their suitable band structures and adjustable layered characteristics. However, the self‐reduction of Bi3+ at the top (Bi2O2)2+ layers induced by photogenerated electrons during photocatalytic processes causes inactivation of the compounds as photocatalysts. Here, using Bi3TiNbO9 as a model photocatalyst, its surface termination is modulated by acid etching, which well suppresses the self‐corrosion phenomenon. A combination of comprehensive experimental investigations together with theoretical calculations reveals the transition of the material surface from the self‐reduction‐sensitive (Bi2O2)2+ layer to the robust (BiTiNbO7)2− perovskite layer, enabling effective electron transfer through surface trapping and effective hole transfer through surface electric field, and also efficient transfer of the electrons to the cocatalyst for greatly enhanced photocatalytic overall water splitting. Moreover, this facile modification strategy can be readily extended to other Aurivillius compounds (e.g., SrBi2Nb2O9, Bi4Ti3O12, and SrBi4Ti4O15) and therefore justify its usefulness in rationally tailoring surface structures of layered photocatalysts for high photocatalytic overall water‐splitting activity and stability.
Growth and yield responses of soybean according to subsurface fertigation
Authors: Jong Hyuk Kim , Kang Chang Keun , Rho Il Rae
Published: June 2023

To increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield, appropriate amounts of water and fertilizer are required at optimal times from sowing to maturity. This study was conducted to investigate how soybean growth and yield were affected by irrigation and fertigation using a subsurface drip system, which consisted of a buried (40‐cm underground) drip pipe that can be used in a semipermanent manner without affecting agricultural work on the ground. The amount of water required for the fertigation treatment was determined to be 176 t ha−1 with the sandy loam soil in this experimental field. Fertigation treatments based on 176 t ha−1 were carried out as topdressing applications and were applied through the subsurface drip system based on the fertilizer concentration (nitrogen only: N 20, N 40, N 60 kg ha−1, or compound fertilizer, that is, NPK 1/2 [half of the standard fertilizer amount applied as 16–16–18]). The other treatments included irrigation only and control (nontreatment). The results indicated that the N 20 treatment was the most effective, increasing yield by 83% compared with the control, whereas the N 40, N 60, and NPK 1/2 treatments produced slightly lower yields. In terms of fertigation, an excessive fertilizer concentration increased the growth of aboveground parts but reduces nodulation and yield. These results highlight the effectiveness of fertigation as a form of topdressing fertilization using a subsurface drip system for achieving a high yield and stable soybean production.
Invasive fungal sinusitis risk factors among immunosuppressed hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Munyemana Marie‐Ange , Pande Anupam , Kallogjeri Dorina , Farrell Nyssa F. , Schneider John S. , Kendall Peggy L. , Roland Lauren T.
Published: June 2023

Key points

Invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS) rate and risk factors in transplant recipients were explored

IFS rate is higher in allogeneic recipients with prior transplants and worse comorbidity scores

The at‐risk timeframes for IFS development were identified
Fc N‐glycosylation of autoreactive Aβ antibodies as a blood‐based biomarker for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kronimus Yannick , Albus Alexandra , Hasenberg Mike , Walkenfort Bernd , Seifert Marc , Budeus Bettina , Gronewold Janine , Hermann Dirk M. , Ross J. Alexander , Lochnit Günter , Galuska Sebastian P. , Marcus Katrin , Sitek Barbara , Klotsche Jens , Mengel David , Neumann Sascha , Dodel Richard
Published: June 2023

INTRODUCTION

Naturally occurring autoantibodies (nAbs) against the pathologic isoform of amyloid beta (Aβ42) were found in body fluids and indicate a systemic B cell response that may prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset. N‐glycans attached to immunoglobulin G‐Fab/Fc fragments are features that influence their mechanism of action. The aim was to study the role of N‐glycans in nAbs‐Aβ42.

METHODS

nAbs‐Aβ42 were isolated from AD patients and age‐/sex‐matched controls (n = 40) and immunoglobulin preparations. Glycosylated/deglycosylated nAbs‐Aβ42 were analyzed for their effect on Aβ42’s aggregation, toxicity, and phagocytosis. Glycan structure was analyzed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Deglycosylation of nAbs‐Aβ42 had a major impact on Aβ42’s aggregation/toxicity/phagocytosis. The glycan structure showed considerable differences between AD and controls. We were able to predict disease status with a sensitivity/specificity of 95% (confidence interval [CI]: 76.4–99.7%)/100% (CI: 83.9–100%).

DISCUSSION

N‐glycosylation has been identified as a critical attribute maintaining the beneficial effects of autoreactive Aβ antibodies. These data have consequences for the development of monocloncal Aβ antibodies and may open new avenues for diagnostics.
Transcriptomic and proteomic studies of condylar ossification of the temporomandibular joint in porcine embryos
Authors: Xiang Lei , Li Yongfeng , Wang Xuewen , Liu HuaWei , Chang Ping , Mu Xiaodan , Tianteng Tengyue , Hu Min
Published: June 2023

Background

The ossification mechanism of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyle remains unclear in human embryo. The size and structure of TMJ, shape of articular disc and the characteristics of omnivorous chewing in the pig are similar to those of humans. The pig is an ideal animal for studying the mechanism of ossification of the TMJ condyle during the embryonic period.

Method

In a previous study by our group, it was found that there was no condylar ossification on embryonic day(E) 45, but the ossification of condyle occurred between E75 and E90. In this study, a total of 12 miniature pig embryos on E45 and E85 were used. Six embryos were used for tissue sections (3 in each group). The remaining six embryos were used for transcriptomic and proteomic studies to find differential genes and proteins. The differentially expressed genes in transcriptome and proteomic analysis were verified by QPCR.

Results

In total, 1592 differential genes comprising 1086 up‐regulated genes and 506 down‐regulated genes were screened for fold changes of ≥2 to ≤0.5 between E45 and E85. In the total of 4613 proteins detected by proteomic analysis, there were 419 differential proteins including 313 up‐regulated proteins and 106 down‐regulated proteins screened for fold changes of ≥2 to ≤0.5 between E45 and E85. A total of 36 differential genes differing in both transcriptome and proteome analysis were found. QPCR analysis showed that 14 of 15 selected genes were consistent with transcriptome analysis.

Conclusion

Condylar transcriptome and proteomic analysis during the development of TMJ in miniature pigs revealed the regulatory genes/proteins of condylar ossification.
CuCoO2 Nanoparticles as a Nanoprotease for Selective Proteolysis with High Efficiency at Room Temperature
Authors: Xu Jiahao , Ji Ningning , Guo Mingxiu , Wang Yaru , Xu Xiaolong
Published: June 2023

Many nanoproteases contain tetravalent metal ions and catalyze peptide‐bond hydrolysis only at high temperature (60 °C). Here, we report a new and effective strategy to explore nanoproteases from nanoparticles containing low valent metal ions. We found that flower‐like CuCoO2 nanoparticles (CuCoO2 NPs) containing low valent Cu+ possessed excellent catalytic activity towards selective cleavage of peptide bonds with hydrophobic residues in bovine serum albumin (BSA) at room temperature. CuCoO2 NPs exhibited excellent stability and had great reusability. CuCoO2 NPs also hydrolyzed heat‐denatured and surfactant‐denatured BSA. Mechanism analysis revealed that the high Lewis acidity of Co3+ and the low valence of Cu+ were both essential for the high protease activity of CuCoO2 NPs. The flower‐like structure of CuCoO2 NPs and the strong nucleophilicity of Cu+‐bound hydroxyl endow them with excellent catalytic performance. The findings open a new way for the design and discovery of high‐efficiency nanoproteases.
Active Ensembles in Methane Dehydroaromatization over Molybdenum/ZSM‐5 Zeolite Identified by 2D 1H−95Mo Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Gao Wei , Wang Qiang , Qi Guodong , Liang Jiawei , Wang Chao , Xu Jun , Deng Feng
Published: June 2023

Methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) over Mo‐modified zeolite is a potential catalytic route for converting natural gas into valuable aromatics. However, the active species in this reaction are highly complex, involving diverse Mo species, acidic sites of zeolite, and organic molecules. Herein, we apply 1D 95Mo NMR and 2D 1H‐95Mo heteronuclear correlation solid‐state NMR spectroscopy to directly observe the active ensembles in the confined channels of Mo/ZSM‐5 zeolite during the MDA reaction. We monitor the evolution of the spatial correlations of Mo species with the Brønsted acid sites and organic products (olefins and aromatics) in the zeolite channels. We identified two kinds of MoOxCy species, with the more carbidic one (MoOxCy‐II) exhibiting higher activity for methane activation and benzene formation. The strong spatial interactions between the active Mo species and the organic species in the Mo/ZSM‐5 pores are related to the MDA activity.
Ionic Liquid Templated Ordered Hexagonal Mesoporous Iron Phosphate Molecular Sieves: A Highly Effective Heterogeneous Catalysts with Remarkable Selectivity for Phenol Hydroxylation Reaction
Authors: Kumar Maddila Anil , Selvam Parasuraman
Published: June 2023

A highly organized hexagonal mesoporous iron phosphate framework structure with the designation HMI‐41 was successfully synthesized for the first‐time in a reproducible way using imidazolium‐based ionic liquid as structure directing agent. The unique templating properties of ionic liquid generated a highly ordered well‐crystallized mesoporous matrix having high surface area (445 m2 g−1), thicker pore wall (2.1 nm) and narrow pore size distribution (3.1 nm). The presence of active sites within a tetrahedral framework structure made the novel HMI‐41 catalyst highly effective for phenol hydroxylation in an acidic medium with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The catalyst exhibited outstanding performance, achieving an impressive 80% hydroquinone selectivity and 21% phenol conversion with a hydroquinone‐to‐catechol ratio of seven, which is the highest value ever reported.
Effectiveness of self‐run vs. third‐party sales channels on the consumers' purchase intention: A multi‐method exploration of the moderating role of review volume
Authors: Song Lijuan , Mo Zan , He Yue , Liu Jianhua , Fu Huijian
Published: June 2023

In practice, many prominent electronic retailers (e‐tailers) offer consumers both self‐run (i.e., reselling mode) and third‐party (i.e., agency selling mode) sales channels. However, previous research has not explained how consumers choose between these two channels and the potential moderating factors of that choice. To narrow this gap in the literature, we conducted a cognitive neuroscience‐based experiment and a scenario‐based experiment to investigate how the consumers' purchase intention is impacted by e‐commerce sales channels (self‐run vs. third‐party) and review volume (low vs. high). As per the results of the experiments, the participants were more likely to buy from the self‐run (vs. third‐party) channel when the review volume was low; however, they did not differ in their purchase intention between the self‐run and third‐party channels when the review volume was high (Studies 1 and 2). The neuroscience data yielded similar findings: When the review volume was low, the self‐run channel elicited more pronounced electroencephalography activity regarding the late positive potential (LPP) than the third‐party channel; when the review volume was high, there was no difference in the LPP induced by the two sales channels (Study 1). In addition, the interaction effect between sales channel and review volume on purchase intention was mediated by perceived product quality (Study 2). Based on these findings, we discussed the theoretical and practical implications of the research.
Airlift Photobioreactor for Microalgae Growth from Emissions: Mathematical Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Rampi Murilo Gasparin , Balmant Wellington , Corrêa Diego de Oliveira , Santos Beatriz , Selesu Nelson Fernando Herculano , Severo Ihana Aguiar , Mariano André Bellin , Vargas José Viriato Coelho , Ordonez Juan C.
Published: June 2023

A mathematical model is proposed to describe and simulate microalgae growth from emissions in an outdoor airlift photobioreactor. To this end, the influences of the concentration of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, CO2 present in the exhaust gases, temperature, and light intensity were considered in biomass production. The model was tested under different experimental conditions with biomass concentrations ranging from 2 g L−1 to 4.5 g L−1. Furthermore, the accuracy of the airlift photobioreactor simulations was greater than 90 %. Thus, the developed model was able to satisfactorily describe the experimental data, so that it can be applied in other microalgae systems for optimizing biomass production, both on laboratory and pilot scales.
Investigating Design Rules for Photoinduced Electron Transfer Quenching in Triangulenium Probes
Authors: Dahl Jensen Jesper , Jakobsen Rasmus K. , Yao Zehan , Laursen Bo W.
Published: June 2023

Fluorescent probes based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) quenching of long lifetime triangulenium fluorophores have found multiple applications. For such probes a successful design relies on the right balance between the rate of PET quenching and fluorescence. In a series of ADOTA (A) and DAOTA (D) triangulenium fluorophores appended with aniline‐like quencher moieties, we have investigated the rate of quenching and its relation to thermodynamic driving force, distance, and conjugation within the quencher moiety. Three different quenchers, a short (1), a long (2), and a long twisted (3), 4‐aminophenyl, 4’‐aminobiphenyl, and 2,2’‐dimethyl‐4’‐aminobiphenyl, respectively were investigated. Steady‐state spectroscopy and electrochemistry confirms that the quencher moieties are electronically decoupled from the dyes and have similar oxidation potentials and thus driving force for PET quenching, irrespectively of their different length and conjugation. Time‐resolved fluorescence measurement was used to measure the fast PET quenching, with rate constant kPET ranging from >4×1011 to 2×109 s−1. Interestingly, PET quenching is equally efficient/fast from 1 and 2, even with increase in distance between the donor and the acceptor. However, when twisting the biphenyl in 3, a 20‐fold decrease in quenching is found. Even with this decrease in kPET, the quenching in 3 A/D is still highly efficient, with nearly 99 % quenching. The study show that long lifetime fluorophores can be efficiently switched even by relatively slow PET processes and that PET quencher moieties can be removed far from the fluorophore if conjugated linkers are applied.
Natural Light‐Regulated Switchable Self‐Adhesive Supramolecular Films for Smart Windows
Authors: Luo Sha , Zheng Bo , Dong Shengyi
Published: June 2023

Switchable self‐adhesive films are promising coating materials for constructing smart windows. Compared to commonly used hydrogels, self‐adhesive supramolecular films have a variety of advantages and serve as a universal carrier of stimuli‐responsiveness. In this study, supramolecular adhesive material is processed into self‐adhesive films, which display tough and long‐term stable adhesion to commercially available organic/inorganic glass windows. Spiropyrans are used as the photo‐responsive units to endow smart windows with switchable optical behavior. Reverse photochromism is successfully realized by the combination of supramolecular films and spiropyrans. Reversible and rapid transformations in the color and transmittance of smart windows are fully achieved by natural light irradiation in different weather conditions, including sun, rain, and clouds.
Catalysis by KDM6 Histone Demethylases – A Synergy between the Non‐Heme Iron(II) Center, Second Coordination Sphere, and Long‐Range Interactions
Authors: Rifayee Simahudeen Bathir Jaber Sathik , Chaturvedi Shobhit S. , Warner Cait , Wildey Jon , White Walter , Thompson Martin , Schofield Christopher J. , Christov Christo Z.
Published: June 2023

KDM6A (UTX) and KDM6B (JMJD3) are human non‐heme Fe(II) and 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent JmjC oxygenases that catalyze the demethylation of trimethylated lysine 27 in the N‐terminal tail of histone H3, a post‐translational modification that regulates transcription. A Combined Quantum Mechanics/ Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) study on the catalytic mechanism of KDM6A/B reveals that the transition state for the rate‐limiting hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction in KDM6A catalysis is stabilized by polar (Asn217) and aromatic (Trp369)/non‐polar (Pro274) residues in contrast to KDM4, KDM6B and KDM7 demethylases where charged residues (Glu, Arg, Asp) are involved. KDM6A employs both σ‐ and π‐electron transfer pathways for HAT, whereas KDM6B employs the σ‐electron pathway. Differences in hydrogen bonding of the Fe‐chelating Glu252(KDM6B) contribute to the lower energy barriers in KDM6B vs. KDM6A. The study reveals a dependence of the activation barrier of the rebound hydroxylation on the Fe−O−C angle in the transition state of KDM6A. Anti‐correlation of the Zn‐binding domain with the active site residues is a key factor distinguishing KDM6A/B from KDM7/4s. The results reveal the importance of communication between the Fe center, second coordination sphere, and long‐range interactions in catalysis by KDMs and, by implication, other 2OG oxygenases.
The Role of Conjugation in the Halogen−Lithium Exchange Selectivity: Lithiation of 4,6,7,9‐Tetrabromo‐1,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐perimidine
Authors: Yakubenko Artyom A. , Tupikina Elena Yu. , Antonov Alexander S.
Published: June 2023

The first case of successful suppression of the coordination of a lithium atom with a dialkylamino group by the effective conjugation of the latter with the aromatic core has been discovered. This effect controls regioselectivity of the bromine−lithium exchange in 4,6,7,9‐tetrabromo‐1,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐perimidine, which leads to products with the most effective conjugation. As a result, the product of this quadruple exchange demonstrates no tendency of the coordination of the NMe groups to neighboring lithium atoms despite the absence of steric restrictions. Experimental results are explained by means of quantum chemical calculations: geometry optimization, natural bond analysis and scans using the modredundant scheme.
Influence of Molecular Characteristics and Size Effects in Polystyrene Pyrolysis
Authors: Zimmermann Jana , Mansouri Somayeh , Nobis Christian , Irmer Michael , Beuermann Sabine , Fischlschweiger Michael
Published: June 2023

Understanding the structure‐property‐process relationships in pyrolysis‐based recycling of polymers offers new possibilities, like, energy‐efficient process designs and tailored products. With the consideration of sample size as well as thermal rate effects, the influence of the molecular weight distribution of polystyrene on the pyrolysis kinetics is investigated. It is shown that molecular weight distribution significantly impacts pyrolysis kinetics. Thermal rate and sample weight affect the material conversion rate and are decisive for determining the thermal processing window.
An AIE Star Polymer with Enhanced Co‐Delivery of Drug and Gene for Synergistic Pest Control†
Authors: Zhou Bingcheng , Jiang Qinhong , Li Jie , Yan Shuo , Shen Jie , Liu Lianying , Yin Meizhen
Published: June 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Pesticides, as the most common means of pest managements, have caused a series of problems such as pest resistance and environmental pollution. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) polymers exhibit great potential in biological applications because their fluorescent intensities significantly enhance in the aggregated state. In this paper, an AIE star polymer including a tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE) core and poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) arms is designed and further developed as a multi‐functional nanocarrier for agricultural pest control. The nanocarrier shows high water solubility, good size stability and AIE imaging ability. Meanwhile, the twisted AIE core and positively charged polymer arms make the nanocarrier efficiently co‐load dinotefuran (DIN) and dsRNA via hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, respectively. The AIE star polymer displays low toxicity and high fluorescence traceability. As a result, the nanocarrier co‐loading with DIN and dsRNA exhibits a highly synergistic insecticidal effect with higher pest mortality compared to the separate delivery of DIN and dsRNA. This study develops the AIE star polymer to improve the efficiency of co‐delivery of drug and dsRNA and proposes a new strategy toward efficient and synergistic pest control.
Interleukin‐33 increases type 2 innate lymphoid cell count and their activation in eosinophilic asthma
Authors: Sun Fengfei , Zou Wei , Shi Honglei , Chen Zehu , Ma Donghai , Lin Minmin , Wang Kongqiu , Huang Yiying , Zheng Xiaobin , Tan Cuiyan , Chen Meizhu , Tu Changli , Wang Zhenguo , Wu Jian , Wu Weiming , Liu Jing
Published: June 2023

Background

Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) exacerbates asthma probably through type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Nevertheless, the association between eosinophilic asthma (EA) and ILC2s remains obscure, and the mechanisms by which IL‐33 affects ILC2s are yet to be clarified.

Methods

ILC2s were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, induced sputum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from patients with EA. Confocal microscopy was performed to locate ILC2s in lung tissue and the mRNA expression of ILC2‐related genes was also evaluated in the EA model. The proliferation of ILC2s isolated from humans and mice was assessed following IL‐33 or anti‐IL‐33 stimulation.

Results

The counts, activation, and mRNA expression of relevant genes in ILC2s were higher in PBMCs and airways of patients with EA. In addition, ILC2 cell counts correlated with Asthma control test, blood eosinophil count, Fractional exhaled nitric oxide level, and predicted eosinophilic airway inflammation. IL‐33 induced stronger proliferation of ILC2s and increased their density around blood vessels in the lungs of mice with EA. Moreover, IL‐33 treatment increased the counts and activation of ILC2s and lung inflammatory scores, whereas anti‐IL‐33 antibody significantly reversed these effects in EA mice. Finally, IL‐33 enhanced PI3K and AKT protein expression in ILC2s, whereas inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway decreased IL‐5 and IL‐13 production by ILC2s in EA.

Conclusions

ILC2s, especially activated ILC2s, might be critical markers of EA. IL‐33 can induce and activate ILC2s in the lungs via the PI3K/AKT pathway in EA. Thus, using anti‐IL‐33 antibody could be a part of an effective treatment strategy for EA.
A parallel game model‐based intrusion response system for cross‐layer security in industrial internet of things
Authors: Yu Siyang , Wu Fan , Chen Baoding , Cao Ronghui , Yang Zhibang , Li Keqin
Published: June 2023

With the rise of industrialization, the importance of the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has increased significantly, and with it comes a variety of security threats. Therefore, the security of these networks is critical. Industrial Response Systems (IRSs), as the last line of security, plays an important role in the security system of the Industrial Internet of Things. In this paper, a new IRS model based on the non‐cooperative game is proposed. First, by combining the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) model with the stochastic game model based on the expanded attack tree, our model could effectively perceive the changes at each node. Second, our model incorporates the alarms of intrusion detection system (IDS) and the physical quantities of sensors in Industrial Cyber‐Physical System (ICPS) into the quantization system so that the model can respond to intruders more accurately and comprehensively. Finally, we develop this model based on multiprocessors to speed up the solution process, and adopt an approximation algorithm to reduce the number of iterations of the POMDP
Impact of macroscopic on‐site evaluation on the diagnostic outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Giri Suprabhat , Uppin Megha S. , Kumar Lohith , Uppin Shantveer , Pamu Pramod Kumar , Angadi Sumaswi , Bhrugumalla Sukanya
Published: June 2023

Background

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided tissue acquisition is the preferred modality for diagnosing pancreatic lesions and mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes. Rapid on‐site cytologic evaluation improves the diagnostic outcome of EUS‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) but is unavailable at many centers. Alternatively, macroscopic on‐site evaluation (MOSE) may improve the diagnostic outcome of EUS‐FNA, but data are limited. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of MOSE in improving adequacy and accuracy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data of consecutive patients with pancreatic or lymph nodal lesions undergoing EUS‐guided FNA at a tertiary care center from December 2020 to December 2022. The study's primary outcomes were adequacy and diagnostic accuracy of the EUS‐guided tissue acquisition, with secondary analysis of predictors of adequacy and accuracy.

Results

Data from 124 patients (44.4% male, median age: 54 years) who underwent EUS‐FNA were included in the present analysis. The presence of macroscopic visible core (MVC) on MOSE was reported in 93/124 (75%) cases. An adequate sample for histopathological or cytological examination was obtained in 110/124 (88.7%) cases, while the diagnostic accuracy was 85.5%. On multivariate analysis, the absence of MVC on MOSE was found to be the independent negative predictor of both adequacy (OR 0.092, 95% CI: 0.024–0.349) and accuracy (OR 0.175, 95% CI: 0.057–0.536).

Conclusion

The presence of MVC on MOSE can be an indicator of specimen adequacy and can improve the diagnostic yield of EUS‐FNA.
An automated workflow to assess completeness and curate GenBank for environmental DNA metabarcoding: The marine fish assemblage as case study
Authors: Claver Cristina , Canals Oriol , de Amézaga Leire G. , Mendibil Iñaki , Rodriguez‐Ezpeleta Naiara
Published: June 2023

To successfully implement environmental DNA‐based (eDNA) diversity monitoring, the completeness and accuracy of reference databases used for taxonomic assignment of eDNA sequences are among the challenges to be tackled. Here, we have developed a workflow that evaluates the current status of GenBank for marine fishes. For a given combination of species and barcodes, a gap analysis is performed and potentially erroneous sequences are identified. Our gap analysis based on the four most used genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b) for fish eDNA metabarcoding found that COI, the universal choice for metazoans, is the gene covering the highest number of Northeast Atlantic marine fishes (70%), while 12S rRNA, the preferred region for fish‐targeting studies, only covers about 50% of the species. The presence of too close and too distant barcode sequences as expected by their taxonomic classification confirms the existence of erroneous sequences in GenBank that our workflow can detect and eliminate. Comparing taxonomic assignments of real marine eDNA samples with raw and clean reference databases for the most used 12S rRNA barcodes (teleo and MiFish), we confirmed that both barcodes perform differently and demonstrated that the application of the database cleaning workflow can result in drastic changes in community composition. Besides providing a tool for reference database curation, this study confirms the need to increase 12S rRNA reference sequences for European marine fishes and evidences the dangers of taxonomic assignments by directly querying GenBank. We have developed a workflow that evaluates the current status of GenBank for marine fishes. For a given combination of species and barcodes, a gap analysis is performed and potentially erroneous sequences are identified.
Influence of distance from source population and seasonality in eDNA detection of white‐clawed crayfish, through qPCR and ddPCR assays
Authors: Baudry Thomas , Laffitte Maud , Noizat Charlotte , Delaunay Carine , Ricou Grégoire , Vasselon Valentin , Grandjean Frédéric
Published: June 2023

The white‐clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) is an emblematic taxon of European rivers, found mainly in oxygenated streams, known to be an excellent indicator of river quality. Since several decades, the population of A. pallipes declined in relation to anthropogenic pressure, habitat loss, and competition with pests (invasive crayfish, crayfish plague). This endangered species is now submitted to conservation strategies by freshwater managers in order to survey and protect the remaining populations. In France, traditional surveys in freshwater environments were performed by electric fishing, kick‐net fishing, or trapping, particularly disruptive for the environment and very time‐consuming. However, with the rise of molecular genetic technology, new methods based on the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) have emerged. We present here the results of an optimized study for the detection of the endangered crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes in France, considering certain environmental co‐factors and comparing two PCR methods (qPCR and ddPCR). After improving laboratory procedures, we were able to detect the presence of the crayfish up to 2 km downstream from a known point of presence and unfortunately highlight the disappearance of a historical population, after sampling two consecutive years. Such a level of precision is interesting because it makes it possible to precise the presence of specimens in a relatively restricted area and to orient traditional prospecting, necessary for certain additional studies. During our study, we observed better probabilities of detection during the summer period, but in a growing context of climate change, we advise to adapt the sampling year by year. That said, this methodology is a very useful tool for the detection of rare and/or endemic species and we did not observe any difference between the two PCR methods used.
Functionalization of Pyridine and Quinoline Scaffolds by Using Organometallic Li‐, Mg‐ and Zn‐Reagents
Authors: Dhayalan Vasudevan , Sharma Deepika , Chatterjee Rana , Dandela Rambabu
Published: June 2023

This Review discusses the various methods for functionalizing pyridine and quinoline scaffolds, including direct selective metalation (DoM), halogen/metal exchange reactions, Li, Mg, and Zn insertion, and trans‐metalation approaches, which are then followed by cross‐coupling reactions of the Kumada or Negishi types. Selective deprotonation of aryl or pyridyl/quinolinyl derivatives can be performed using n‐BuLi, LDA, and TMP‐based different organolithium, ‐magnesium, and ‐zinc reagents. The functionalized pyridine and quinoline‐based heterocyclic compounds were prepared by selectively deprotonating with presenting a directing functional group substituted pyridine/quinoline analogues in the presence of TMP‐bases (TMP−Li, Mg, Zn reagents). Different aryl or alkyl Li, Mg, and Zn reagents with electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents undergo transition metal‐catalyzed C(sp2)−C(sp2) and C(sp2)−C(sp3) types of cross‐coupling reactions with pyridine/quinoline halides under mild conditions with the sustainable process producing complex N‐heterocycles. Using moderate and sustainable reaction conditions, sensitive functional group tolerance, and inexpensive and low toxic chemicals, highly functionalization of pyridine and quinoline‐based bioactive therapeutic scaffolds and natural products was accomplished. Therefore, in this article, we provide a succinct overview of the numerous synthetic strategies and practical methods used by various authors between 2010 and 2023 to functionalize pyridine and quinoline analogues using diverse Li, Mg, and Zn organometallic reagents.
Model building of urban energy system and effect analysis of green low‐carbon transition under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality
Authors: Zhao Hongyuan , Liu Pingkuo , Hou Jianchao
Published: June 2023

Under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals background in China, cities are the main force of energy consumption and carbon emission, and their low‐carbon transition development has become the primary task of urban planning. The transitional development of cities not only puts forward higher requirements for the output proportion of new energy, but also puts forward higher requirements for the flexibility of energy system. This paper proposes an optimization model of urban energy system considering the uncertainty output of new energy and new energy vehicles. The uncertainty and operational flexibility of electric vehicles are taken into account at the planning level by using stochastic optimization method. The model considers the expansion and retirement of new energy units and various conversion devices in urban energy system, and ensures the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon reduction goals by imposing constraints on electric vehicles. The case results show that this model can effectively improve the economy and new energy consumption rate of urban energy system, and can meet the carbon reduction demand.
Seizure features and outcomes in 50 children with GATOR1 variants: A retrospective study, more favorable for epilepsy surgery
Authors: Wang Hao , Liu Wenwei , Zhang Yuehua , Liu Qingzhu , Cai Lixin , Jiang Yuwu
Published: June 2023

Objectives

To summarize the clinical features of epilepsy related to DEPDC5, NPRL2, and NPRL3 genes encoding the GATOR1 complex in children and to evaluate the factors affecting the prognosis of these epilepsies.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we reviewed the clinical and genetic characteristics of children with epilepsy related to GATOR1 variants who were admitted to the Peking University First Hospital between January 2016 and December 2021. Potential prognostic factors were assessed by comparing children with and without ongoing seizures.

Results

Fifty probands, including 31 boys and 19 girls were recruited. The median age at onset of epilepsy was 4 months, and 64% of patients had early‐onset epilepsy (≤1 year). The most frequent epileptic seizure type was focal seizure (86%). Among the 50 patients, only six were with de novo variants. According to the novel classification framework for GATOR1 variants, 36 patients were with pathogenic variants and 14 with likely pathogenic variants. DEPDC5 variants were found in 37 patients, NPRL3 in 9, and NPRL2 in 4. The phenotype was similar among the probands, with variants in DEPDC5, NRPL2, or NPRL3. 76% (38/50) of epilepsy related to GATOR1 variants was neuroimaging positive, including brain MRI positive in 31 patients, and MRI combined F‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography positive in the other seven patients. Twenty‐seven patients underwent epilepsy surgery. In total, after initial antiseizure medications alone, 92% (46/50) of patients were drug‐resistant epilepsies, only 8% (4/50) of the probands became seizure‐free but seizure‐free (≥6 m) occurred in 92.6% (25/27) of patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy after epilepsy surgery at the last follow‐up. Patients undergoing epilepsy surgery had better epilepsy prognosis.

Significance

Epilepsy related to GATOR1 variants had high possibility to be drug‐resistant epilepsy and to have positive neuroimaging finding. Epilepsy surgery is the only favorable factor for better seizure prognosis in this kind epilepsy.
Geodynamic control on Pleistocene coral reef development: Insights from northwest Sumba Island (Indonesia)
Authors: De Gelder Gino , Solihuddin Tubagus , Utami Dwi Amanda , Hendrizan Marfasran , Rachmayani Rima , Chauveau Denovan , Authemayou Christine , Husson Laurent , Cahyarini Sri Yudawati
Published: June 2023

The fossil record of Quaternary reef systems, as expressed in uplifted regions by sequences of stacked terraces, has been extensively used either to understand their morphodynamics or to unravel sea level variations. Yet, because these two aspects are intimately linked, Quaternary reef analysis is often underdetermined because the analysis often focuses on single sequences, along one‐dimensional profiles. Here, we take advantage of the lateral variations of coral reef sequences by documenting the morphological variations of the reef sequence on Sumba Island. Near Tambolaka, northwest Sumba, we analysed a reef transect, topography, and associated sedimentological record to obtain a precise coral reef stratigraphy and geomorphic patterns that can be compared with the well‐documented eastern counterpart. In Tambolaka, the reef sequence displays four lower layers of bedded chalky limestone units with a weakly cemented sandy matrix, which we attribute to the Middle Miocene to Pliocene Wakabukak formation based on calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifers. The uppermost layer is a calcretized reefal limestone unit with a well‐lithified sandy matrix, which we attribute to the Plio–Pleistocene reef sequence of the Kalianga formation. Seven marine terraces imprint the regional morphology, four of which we correlate with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, MIS 7e, MIS 9e, and MIS 11c terraces of Cape Laundi, northeast Sumba. When scrutinized at the light of numerical models of reef development, these results indicate that the morphodynamics of reefal sequences is strongly impacted by the tectonic evolution. The geodynamic context sets both the extrinsic conditions of reef development, such as the morphology of the basement and hydrodynamics, and the intrinsic properties, in particular reef growth rate. While the morphodynamic evolution of the sequence is at first‐order representative of the interplay between uplift rates and sea level oscillations, the detailed assemblage of the reef units drastically varies along the coastline.
A 20‐year life history of a pool‐riffle couplet from formation to demise
Authors: Thompson Douglas M. , Hall Sarah J. , Spitzer Ava B.
Published: June 2023

Pool‐riffle couplet maintenance results from an unknown balance between hydraulic influences and sedimentological processes. Periodic monitoring of a study reach on the Blackledge River in Connecticut from 1999 to 2022 provides a unique data set that includes the full evolutionary history of a pool‐riffle couplet formed by a large‐wood (LW) jam. Displacement of the key LW forcing element during a 2021 event provides an opportunity to evaluate the relative importance of hydraulic versus sedimentological pool‐riffle maintenance mechanisms. A comparison of channel‐bed topographic and sedimentological data shows that hydraulic processes associated with the LW constriction dominated pool maintenance along this 90‐m reach. The existing pool lost more than half its residual‐pool depth and width and nearly 80% of the residual‐pool volume in response to changes in hydraulic conditions. The reduction in pool‐riffle amplitude was associated with a decrease in sediment sorting and homogenization of channel‐bed embeddedness. The results show that critical processes maintaining the forced pool‐riffle couplet for more than a decade ceased to operate when the key LW piece was removed by high flows.
Are Low‐Income Households Getting Left Behind in the United Kingdom's Energy Transition?
Authors: Salite Daniela , Miao Ying , Turner Ed
Published: June 2023

The transition to sustainable energy sources is crucial to achieving the 2015 Paris Agreement of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the impacts on the environment and climate, while providing access to affordable, secure, modern, and sustainable energy by 2030—Sustainable Development Goal 7 of the Agreement. Countries around the world are increasingly making diverse and ambitious commitments and taking actions to achieve these goals. The United Kingdom (UK) had a previous goal of reducing GHG emissions by 80 percent compared to 1990 levels by 2050, but in 2019 the country became the first major economy to vow to reach net‐zero by 2050. In 2021, the government under the now extinct Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), published the Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener, containing policies and proposals to achieve this goal in all sectors of the UK economy.
Different driving mechanisms of spatial heterogeneity at the community and landscape levels in the wetland ecosystem dominated by hydro‐ecological processes
Authors: Zhao Dong‐liang , Guo Chao‐fan , Wu Dong‐li , Guo Xiao‐yu
Published: June 2023

The analysis of wetland patterns and their driving mechanisms is the research focus of discussion in wetland ecology. In this study, we tried to analyse the spatial differentiation patterns of community and landscape levels dominated by hydro‐ecological processes. The spatial differentiation patterns of landscape patterns and their driving mechanisms were explored in focus. This study was based on 30‐year land cover data of Baiyangdian Wetland Nature Reserve in North China Plain, China, constructing an ecological response relationship matrix between inundation frequency and vegetation cover frequency for the spatial divide at the community and landscape level. By constructing a landscape index set and analysing the index set using clustering, non‐metric multidimensional scale analysis, discriminant and redundancy analysis, we finally obtained the differentiation characteristics of wetland landscape patterns and their driving mechanisms. The spatial differentiation of community levels along the water level gradient showed a banded distribution pattern of submerged‐floating‐emerge to meadow shrubs, but the stability of the hydrological regime dominated the spatial differentiation of landscape levels. Wetland landscapes along the stability gradient of the hydrological regime were divided into stable and fluctuating zones. The stable zone had the landscape pattern characteristics of low fragmentation, simple and regular shape and high numbers of different patch types; the landscape pattern of the fluctuating zone was characterized by a high fragmentation and complex shape, with a small number of different patch types and a non‐uniform distribution. The analysis of the driving mechanism showed that the stability of the hydrological regime was the only reason for the formation of the landscape pattern of the stable zone. The combined effect of human‐dominated and natural‐supplemented effects jointly drove the formation of the landscape pattern of the fluctuating zone. The influence of human on the landscape pattern of the fluctuating zone showed a trend of spatial expansion from high areas to shallow water areas. The combination of traditional landscape indices and aquatic ecological processes characterized the spatial differentiation of wetland landscape patterns, and also verified the feasibility of this method. This study was a successful example of conducting ecological process‐oriented landscape level spatial differentiation analysis. The results of the study are intended to provide recommendations for the rational and effective use and precise conservation of wetland plant and animal resources and the restoration of wetland ecosystems.