bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HÉRNIA UMBILICAL GIGANTE EVISCERADA: RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Ferreira Gustavo Souza Arantes , Nakadomari Thaisa , Tabushi Fernanda Lika , Tabushi Felipe Ioshio , Marques Daniela Maria Rosário , Polonio Benur
Published: April 2015

O tratamento cirúrgico nas hérnias umbilicais gigantes complicadas (obstrução, evisceração e/ou contaminação) consiste muitas vezes em tratar a complicação em uma primeira cirurgia e posteriormente corrigir o grande defeito na parede abdominal utilizando-se uma tela de reforço. Relata-se o caso de uma paciente com hérnia umbilical gigante eviscerada no qual se realizou a cirurgia em um tempo com reforço da parede com tela, discute-se os aspectos do caso e a literatura atual
ERROS DE MEDICAÇÃO: UMA ABORDAGEM PARA OS CLÍNICOS
Authors: Mendes Antonio E. M. , Magalhães Francisco Luis Gomide Mafra , Frandoloso Gibran Avelino , Pachaly Maria Aparecida , Carvalho Mauricio
Published: April 2015

Desde a publicação, em 2000, do relatório do Institute of Medicine intitulado “To Err is Human” (Errar é humano), aumentou-se significativamente a atenção sobre a segurança do paciente. A publicação mostrou que os erros no cuidado em saúde nos Estados Unidos têm grande impacto na morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes. Entre os fatores que contribuem para os erros está a complexidade da farmacoterapia moderna, que leva à confusão dos pacientes no momento de gerenciar seus tratamentos e aos erros dos profissionais que prestam assistência à saúde. Assim, os erros de medicação têm grande importância clínica. Entretanto, as definições associadas com esse tipo de erro podem ser confusas, e o impacto sobre os indivíduos e a sociedade pode ser subestimado.O objetivo desse artigo é fornecer uma visão geral dos erros de medicação para os médicos ligados a atenção primária e internistas, com foco em 1) definições e terminologias; 2) incidência; 3) fatores de risco; 4) estratégias de prevenção; e 5) divulgação e consequências legais dos erros de medicação.
PACIENTE DE 78 ANOS SOFRE PARADA CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIA QUAL A CAUSA?
Authors: Frandoloso Gibran Avelino , Pereira da Cunha João Pedro , Lagana Caio Cesar Cervi , Marques Gustavo Lenci , Rathunde Lucas
Published: April 2015

Qual síndrome está associada ao traçado eletrocardiográfico em questão?
Beyond the Subject: Anglo-American Slave Narratives in the Netherlands, 1789-2013
Authors: Huisman Marijke
Published: April 2015

In recent years life writing scholars have increasingly linked the autobiographical genre to human rights causes, such as abolitionism. This article aims to historicize and contextualize the presupposed connection between human rights and the human subject of autobiographical discourse by focusing on the cultural mobility of Anglo-American slave narratives. Tracing their presence in the Netherlands since the late eighteenth century, it is demonstrated that slave narratives were considered of no value to Dutch abolitionism and Dutch debates on slavery and its legacy until very recently. Publishers and readers did, however make sense of slave narratives as sensational, gothic literature. Furthermore, the narratives were appropriated by Dutch fundamentalist Protestants advocating the nation’s emancipation from its state of spriritual “slavery”. Only when secularization converged with post-colonial migration patterns new interpretations stressing Black experience, agency, and subjectivity came to the fore in the Netherlands. Inspired by African-American rhetoric, Afro-Dutch migrants appropriated slave narratives in order to break the public silence on the Dutch history of slavery. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing in June 2014 and published in April 2015.
Comparative Studies of Remazol Brillant Blue Removal by Immobilized Organisms; Investigation of Metabolites by GC/MS and FTIR Spectrometry
Authors: Akdogan Hatice Ardag , Topuz Merve Canpolat
Published: April 2015

Reactive dyes are important chemical pollutants from textile industries. Treatment of effluents from dye-based industries poses a major problem, and biotreatment with white rot fungi seems to be a viable option. The biological treatment of synthetic dyes at a low cost and in the shortest possible time is used especially in dye and textile industries and leads to pollution in the wastewater dumped into the environment by these industries. For this study, decolorization of the recalcitrant dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R by immobilized Pleurotus ostreatus and Coprinus plicatilis was investigated. This dye was removed 100% (dye concentration: 10.0 mg/L) by both immobilized organisms. Extracellular ligninolytic enzyme activities were also measured during the decolorization. There was an attempt to identify metabolites with FTIR spectrometry and GC/MS at the end of the decolorization. These results indicated that the samples did not include any detectable metabolite.
Analytical Method for Determination of Fipronil and its Metabolites in Vegetables Using the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kaur Ramandeep , Mandal Kousik , Kumar Rajinder , Singh Balwinder
Published: April 2015

An easy, simple, and efficient analytical method was validated for the determination of residues of fipronil and its metabolites in different vegetables comprising brinjal, cabbage, capsicum, cauliflower, okra, and tomato. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Rugged and Safe method was used for the extraction and cleanup of fipronil and its metabolites on these vegetables. Final clear extracts of ethyl acetate were concentrated under vacuum and reconstituted into acetone, and residues were determined by GC/MS with an Rtx-5 capillary column. The retention times of desulfinyl, sulfide, fipronil, sulfone, and amide were 11.8, 15.8, 16.4, 19.7, and 24.1 min, respectively. The average recoveries obtained for fipronil and its metabolites at different spiking levels were determined to be above 85% in all samples. The repeatability and reproducibility in different matrixes ranged from 1.36 to 5.42 and 1.75 to 4.53%, respectively, for fipronil and its metabolites. The LOQ of this method was 0.01 mg/kg and LOD was 0.003 mg/kg.
Studies to Improve the Extraction Yields of Incurred Pesticide Residues from Crops Using the QuEChERS Method
Authors: Hepperle Julia , Dörk Daniela , Barth Anja , Taşdelen Bünjamin , Anastassiades Michelangelo
Published: April 2015

The influence of various factors on the extraction yields of incurred pesticides from crops using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method was thoroughly studied. These factors included extraction time, extraction temperature, agitation approach, and in the case of dry commodities, sample comminution grade. Extraction yields increased with increasing extraction time, eventually reaching a plateau. Extraction temperature also played an important role in speeding up extraction, whereas the agitation approach had little influence. Based on our results we propose an extension of the first QuEChERS extraction step to 15 min when using deep frozen samples and to 2 min when using samples at ambient temperature. The extension of the second QuEChERS extraction step was shown to be less effective. Mechanical shakers can be used to facilitate extraction. This minor modification of the QuEChERS method does not alter its simple structure nor increase the manual labor and costs involved. It was further shown that the extraction yields of incurred pesticides strongly depend on their physiochemical properties, with lipophilic pesticides typically showing stronger retardation and higher yields when extraction time and/or temperature are increased. The impact of prolonging the first QuEChERS extraction step from 1 to 15 min on the extraction yields of incurred pesticides from frozen samples was studied on 132 real samples containing 85 different pesticides throughout the polarity range and representing 55 different commodity types. Out of the 408 pesticide/commodity combinations studied, 34% showed >25% yield increases when the extraction time was extended to 15 min. Also, more than half of the 132 studied samples contained at least one incurred pesticide for which the extraction yield increased by more than 25%. Similar extraction retardation effects were also observed for spiked pesticides but only if these were spiked on commodities with intact surface, not to homogenates thereof.
A Rapid Method for the Determination of Vitamin D3 in Milk and Infant Formula by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gill Brendon D , Zhu Xiangjun , Indyk Harvey E
Published: April 2015

A rapid method for the determination of vitamin D3 applicable to milk and infant formula products is described. Samples are saponified at hightemperature, and lipophilic components are extractedinto isooctane in a single tube. Vitamin D3 is derivatized with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) to form a Diels–Alder adduct, which is re-extracted into a small volume of acetonitrile and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS with quantification accomplished by an internal standard technique utilizing deuterium-labeled vitamin D3. The analysis of vitamin D3 as the PTAD adduct offers a significant increase in sensitivity and selectivity, allowing for rapid sample preparation and short chromatographic run times. The method was shown to be accurate, with spike recoveries of 94.7–104.7% and no statistical bias against both a certified reference material (P = 0.37, α = 0.05) and a reference LC-UV analytical method (P = 0.09, α = 0.05). Acceptableprecision was confirmed with a repeatability RSD of 1.4–4.5% and corresponding HorRat values of 0.1–0.2. This high-throughput method is ideal for routine compliance testing, with more than 50 samples/day achievable by a single analyst.
Phytolith Evidence for the Early Presence of Maize in Southern Quebec
Authors: St-Pierre Christian Gates , Thompson Robert G.
Published: April 2015

It has long been believed that maize (Zea maysspp.mays) was introduced in Quebec at around A.D. 1000, at the very beginning of the Late Woodland period. The identification and dating of maize phytoliths extracted from the carbonized encrustations on the interior surfaces of Native American ceramic vessels from three sites located in the St. Lawrence River valley, namely the Hector-Trudel, Station-4, and Place-Royale sites, indicate that this cultigen was rather introduced in that area during the Early Middle Woodland period, ca.400 to 200 B.C. These sites provide the northernmost and possibly the oldest evidence of maize consumption in northeastern North America. More samples of maize phytoliths from the same two sites were dated to the late Middle Woodland period, between A.D. 600 and 800, suggesting an increase in the ubiquity and importance of this new crop in the subsistence strategies. Moreover, the identification of an unknown variety of maize points toward the possibility that a new local variety of maize appeared during the process. This process might have been accompanied by a more intensive and complementary collecting of wild rice. Finally, the results support the hypothesis of an in situ origin of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.
La bibliothèque personnelle de Joseph-Octave Plessis
Authors: Gallichan Gilles
Published: April 2015

Joseph-Octave Plessis (1763-1825), onzième évêque et premier archevêque de Québec, a laissé une des plus importantes bibliothèques personnelles de son époque. On y compte près de 700 titres d’ouvrages, totalisant 3 000 volumes. Sa collection compte des livres portant non seulement sur la théologie et la religion, mais aussi sur plusieurs autres sujets qui nous éclairent sur l’horizon intellectuel et culturel de cet homme d’Église du XIXe siècle, attaché aux traditions catholiques, mais aussi confronté à un pouvoir colonial protestant et aux idées libérales du Siècle des Lumières.
Un débat crucial autour de modernisation et modernité : les positions de Pierre Elliott Trudeau dans La grève de l’amiante (1956) et leur réception
Authors: Lamonde Yvan
Published: April 2015

Les lecteurs les plus perspicaces l’ont bien vu à l’époque : la contribution de Pierre Elliott Trudeau à l’ouvrage collectif La grève de l’amiante (1956) était atypique eu égard aux autres contributions faites à l’enseigne des sciences sociales. L’essai de Trudeau a l’intérêt d’identifier clairement les enjeux non pas seulement ou d’abord de la grève de 1949, mais ceux du changement en cours. Le « monolithisme idéologique » dont il y est question pointe du doigt le défi de la révolution industrielle au Québec et tout autant les responsables du retard sociologique, d’où le portraitcharge auquel le jésuite Jacques Cousineau ne pouvait pas ne pas réagir.
Le gouvernement Duplessis, l’éducation et la culture, 1944-1959
Authors: Harvey Fernand
Published: April 2015

L’intervention du gouvernement de Maurice Duplessis dans les domaines de l’éducation et de la culture a peu retenu l’attention des historiens, sauf sous l’angle négatif pour l’un et l’autre cas. Le présent article se propose de mieux cerner l’idéologie, les stratégies et les réalisations de ce gouvernement dans ces deux domaines jugés inséparables dans l’esprit de Duplessis. Une première partie analyse les actions entreprises en regard de l’enseignement primaire, secondaire et professionnel mis sous pression avec le baby boom d’après-guerre et avec l’amplification des problèmes de financement des infrastructures scolaires. Le rôle des ministres Paul Sauvé, Omer Côté et de leurs collaborateurs y est abordé et, également, les contradictions qui émergent entre l’idéologie confessionnelle et le rôle croissant de l’État. La seconde partie est consacrée à la culture dans son rapport avec les arts, les lettres et le patrimoine. Dans quelle mesure le gouvernement Duplessis a-t-il contribué à développer des institutions culturelles publiques et à financer l’aide à la culture ? Après avoir analysé les dépenses du gouvernement à cet effet, le présent article passe en revue les différents secteurs culturels en considérant le rôle des principaux acteurs dont Maurice Duplessis, Omer Côté et Jean Bruchési. À la lumière de ce bilan, peut-on qualifier les années 1944-1959 comme étant celles de « la grande noirceur » ? Les faits permettent de dresser un portrait beaucoup plus nuancé de la situation.
La mobilité sociale subjective au Québec
Authors: Langlois Simon
Published: April 2015

Cette contribution porte sur la mobilité sociale subjective, soit la représentation sociale qu’ont les individus de leur statut social dans la société par rapport à leur milieu familial d’origine. Un Québécois sur deux a le sentiment d’avoir progressé sur l’échelle sociale et d’avoir acquis un statut social plus élevé que celui qui caractérisait le milieu familial d’origine. La distance sociale qui sépare les individus par rapport à leurs parents est d’autant plus grande que l’âge est plus élevé et les écarts sociaux tels que perçus sont moins marqués chez les plus jeunes Québécois. L’accès aux positions sociales les plus prestigieuses est davantage dépendant des diplômes d’études post secondaires et la reproduction sociale est plus importante en milieu ouvrier, chez les employés de bureau et dans le secteur de la vente et des services. Le sentiment d’appartenir à la classe moyenne est largement répandu au sein de la population québécoise. Les titulaires des professions les plus prestigieuses considèrent en forte proportion appartenir aux classes sociales les plus élevées, alors que les titulaires d’emplois considérés moins prestigieux quant à eux s’identifient en majorité avec les classes les moins élevées. Il en découle que les classes moyennes sont très hétérogènes et diversifiées dans les représentations sociales. La forte identification aux classes moyennes ne suffit pas à créer un groupement cohérent mais elle contribue certainement au sentiment de bien-être collectif et elle est importante pour assurer la cohésion sociale au sein de la société québécoise.
Stimulus-selective crosstalk via the NF-κB signaling system reinforces innate immune response to alleviate gut infection
Authors: Banoth Balaji , Chatterjee Budhaditya , Vijayaragavan Bharath , Prasad MVR , Roy Payel , Basak Soumen
Published: April 2015

Tissue microenvironment functions as an important determinant of the inflammatory response elicited by the resident cells. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Our systems-level analyses identified a duration code that instructs stimulus specific crosstalk between TLR4-activated canonical NF-κB pathway and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) induced non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Indeed, LTβR costimulation synergistically enhanced the late RelA/NF-κB response to TLR4 prolonging NF-κB target gene-expressions. Concomitant LTβR signal targeted TLR4-induced newly synthesized p100, encoded by Nfkb2, for processing into p52 that not only neutralized p100 mediated inhibitions, but potently generated RelA:p52/NF-κB activity in a positive feedback loop. Finally, Nfkb2 connected lymphotoxin signal within the intestinal niche in reinforcing epithelial innate inflammatory RelA/NF-κB response to Citrobacter rodentium infection, while Nfkb2−/− mice succumbed to gut infections owing to stromal defects. In sum, our results suggest that signal integration via the pleiotropic NF-κB system enables tissue microenvironment derived cues in calibrating physiological responses.
Quality control of transcription start site selection by nonsense-mediated-mRNA decay
Authors: Malabat Christophe , Feuerbach Frank , Ma Laurence , Saveanu Cosmin , Jacquier Alain
Published: April 2015

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a translation-dependent RNA quality-control pathway targeting transcripts such as messenger RNAs harboring premature stop-codons or short upstream open reading frame (uORFs). Our transcription start sites (TSSs) analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells deficient for RNA degradation pathways revealed that about half of the pervasive transcripts are degraded by NMD, which provides a fail-safe mechanism to remove spurious transcripts that escaped degradation in the nucleus. Moreover, we found that the low specificity of RNA polymerase II TSSs selection generates, for 47% of the expressed genes, NMD-sensitive transcript isoforms carrying uORFs or starting downstream of the ATG START codon. Despite the low abundance of this last category of isoforms, their presence seems to constrain genomic sequences, as suggested by the significant bias against in-frame ATGs specifically found at the beginning of the corresponding genes and reflected by a depletion of methionines in the N-terminus of the encoded proteins.
Mapping and analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor sequence specificities
Authors: Narasimhan Kamesh , Lambert Samuel A , Yang Ally WH , Riddell Jeremy , Mnaimneh Sanie , Zheng Hong , Albu Mihai , Najafabadi Hamed S , Reece-Hoyes John S , Fuxman Bass Juan I , Walhout Albertha JM , Weirauch Matthew T , Hughes Timothy R
Published: April 2015

Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model for studying gene regulation, as it has a compact genome and a wealth of genomic tools. However, identification of regulatory elements has been limited, as DNA-binding motifs are known for only 71 of the estimated 763 sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs). To address this problem, we performed protein binding microarray experiments on representatives of canonical TF families in C. elegans, obtaining motifs for 129 TFs. Additionally, we predict motifs for many TFs that have DNA-binding domains similar to those already characterized, increasing coverage of binding specificities to 292 C. elegans TFs (∼40%). These data highlight the diversification of binding motifs for the nuclear hormone receptor and C2H2 zinc finger families and reveal unexpected diversity of motifs for T-box and DM families. Motif enrichment in promoters of functionally related genes is consistent with known biology and also identifies putative regulatory roles for unstudied TFs.
Experimental dissolution of molybdenum‐sulphides at low oxygen concentrations: A first‐order approximation of late Archean atmospheric conditions
Authors: Greber Nicolas D. , Mäder Urs , Nägler Thomas F.
Published: April 2015

The abundance of atmospheric oxygen and its evolution through Earth's history is a highly debated topic. The earliest change of the Mo concentration and isotope composition of marine sediments are interpreted to be linked to the onset of the accumulation of free O2 in Earth's atmosphere. The O2 concentration needed to dissolve significant amounts of Mo in water is not yet quantified, however. We present laboratory experiments on pulverized and surface‐cleaned molybdenite (MoS2) and a hydrothermal breccia enriched in Mo‐bearing sulphides using a glove box setup. Duration of an experiment was 14 days, and first signs of oxidation and subsequent dissolution of Mo compounds start to occur above an atmospheric oxygen concentration of 72 ± 20 ppmv (i.e., 2.6 to 4.6 × 10−4 present atmospheric level (PAL)). This experimentally determined value coincides with published model calculations supporting atmospheric O2 concentrations between 1 × 10−5 to 3 × 10−4 PAL prior to the Great Oxidation Event and sets an upper limit to the molecular oxygen needed to trigger Mo accumulation and Mo isotope variations recorded in sediments. In combination with the published Mo isotope composition of the rock record, this result implies an atmospheric oxygen concentration prior to 2.76 Ga of below 72 ± 20 ppmv.
An update to the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM): The quiet time thermosphere
Authors: Drob Douglas P. , Emmert John T. , Meriwether John W. , Makela Jonathan J. , Doornbos Eelco , Conde Mark , Hernandez Gonzalo , Noto John , Zawdie Katherine A. , McDonald Sarah E. , Huba Joe D. , Klenzing Jeff H.
Published: April 2015

The Horizontal Wind Model (HWM) has been updated in the thermosphere with new observations and formulation changes. These new data are ground‐based 630 nm Fabry‐Perot Interferometer (FPI) measurements in the equatorial and polar regions, as well as cross‐track winds from the Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite. The GOCE wind observations provide valuable wind data in the twilight regions. The ground‐based FPI measurements fill latitudinal data gaps in the prior observational database. Construction of this reference model also provides the opportunity to compare these new measurements. The resulting update (HWM14) provides an improved time‐dependent, observationally based, global empirical specification of the upper atmospheric general circulation patterns and migrating tides. In basic agreement with existing accepted theoretical knowledge of the thermosphere general circulation, additional calculations indicate that the empirical wind specifications are self‐consistent with climatological ionosphere plasma distribution and electric field patterns.
Seasonal to decadal variations of sea surface pCO2 and sea‐air CO2 flux in the equatorial oceans over 1984–2013: A basin‐scale comparison of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
Authors: Wang Xiujun , Murtugudde Raghu , Hackert Eric , Wang Jing , Beauchamp Jim
Published: April 2015

The equatorial Pacific and Atlantic Oceans release significant amount of CO2 each year. Not much attention has been paid to evaluating the similarities and differences between these two basins in terms of temporal variability. Here we employ a basin‐scale, fully coupled physical‐biogeochemical model to study the spatial and temporal variations in sea surface pCO2 and air‐sea CO2 flux over the period of 1984–2013 in the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The model reproduces the overall spatial and temporal variations in the carbon fields for both basins, including higher values to the south of the equator than to the north, the annual maximum sea surface pCO2 in boreal spring, and the annual peak in sea‐to‐air CO2 flux in boreal fall in the upwelling regions. The equatorial Pacific reveals a large interannual variability in sea surface pCO2, which is associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. As a contrast, there is a strong seasonality but little interannual variability in the carbon fields of the equatorial Atlantic. The former is driven by the variability of dissolved inorganic carbon but the latter by sea surface temperature. Our model estimates an average sea‐to‐air CO2 flux of 0.521 ± 0.204 Pg C yr−1 for the tropical Pacific (18°S–18°N, 150°E–90°W), which is in good agreement with the observation‐based estimate (0.51 ± 0.24 Pg C yr−1). On average, sea‐to‐air CO2 flux is 0.214 ± 0.03 Pg C yr−1 in the tropical Atlantic (10°S–10°N), which compares favorably with observational estimates.
Day‐to‐day variability and solar preconditioning of thermospheric temperature over Millstone Hill
Authors: Zhang Shun‐Rong , Holt John M. , Erickson Philip J. , Goncharenko Larisa P.
Published: April 2015

We use a continuous 30 day incoherent scatter radar experiment at Millstone Hill in October 2002 to examine day‐to‐day thermospheric variability in exospheric temperature Tex. Solar flux and magnetic activity influences as the main driving factors for day‐to‐day variability are investigated quantitatively. Solar ultraviolet flux levels are based on the TIMED/SEE space weather product, allowing for analysis of ultraviolet flux‐Tex correlation. Tex is most sensitive to solar EUV flux with approximately a 2 day delay at wavelengths of 27–34 nm (including 30.4 nm). In particularly, a 20–60 h time delay occurs in Tex response to EUV flux at 27–34 nm band, with shorter delays in the morning and longer delays in the afternoon and at night. The 1 ∼ 2 day delayed Tex response to solar ultraviolet flux and associated thermospheric solar preconditioning (“memory”) are most significant in the daily mean for the 27–34 nm band, in the diurnal and semidiurnal amplitudes for the soft X‐ray flux at 0.1–7 nm, and in the diurnal amplitude for longer wavelengths. An empirical model driven only by EUV flux at 27–34 nm from 2 days in advance reproduces 90% of the observed variability in the Tex daily mean. With a 2 day time delay, solar X‐ray flux at 0.1–7 nm is correlated positively with Tex diurnal amplitude and negatively with Tex semidiurnal amplitude. Finally, magnetic activity control, as represented by the Dst index, is weaker during the day and stronger at night and is important for the semidiurnal amplitude but not important for the daily mean.
Structure of the Koyna‐Warna Seismic Zone, Maharashtra, India: A possible model for large induced earthquakes elsewhere
Authors: Catchings R. D. , Dixit M. M. , Goldman M. R. , Kumar S.
Published: April 2015

The Koyna‐Warna area of India is one of the best worldwide examples of reservoir‐induced seismicity, with the distinction of having generated the largest known induced earthquake (M6.3 on 10 December 1967) and persistent moderate‐magnitude (>M5) events for nearly 50 years. Yet, the fault structure and tectonic setting that has accommodated the induced seismicity is poorly known, in part because the seismic events occur beneath a thick sequence of basalt layers. On the basis of the alignment of earthquake epicenters over an ~50 year period, lateral variations in focal mechanisms, upper‐crustal tomographic velocity images, geophysical data (aeromagnetic, gravity, and magnetotelluric), geomorphic data, and correlation with similar structures elsewhere, we suggest that the Koyna‐Warna area lies within a right step between northwest trending, right‐lateral faults. The sub‐basalt basement may form a local structural depression (pull‐apart basin) caused by extension within the step‐over zone between the right‐lateral faults. Our postulated model accounts for the observed pattern of normal faulting in a region that is dominated by north‐south directed compression. The right‐lateral faults extend well beyond the immediate Koyna‐Warna area, possibly suggesting a more extensive zone of seismic hazards for the central India area. Induced seismic events have been observed many places worldwide, but relatively large‐magnitude induced events are less common because critically stressed, preexisting structures are a necessary component. We suggest that releasing bends and fault step‐overs like those we postulate for the Koyna‐Warna area may serve as an ideal tectonic environment for generating moderate‐ to large‐ magnitude induced (reservoir, injection, etc.) earthquakes.
Magnetic anisotropy in rhyolitic ignimbrite, Snake River Plain: Implications for using remanent magnetism of volcanic rocks for correlation, paleomagnetic studies, and geological reconstructions
Authors: Finn David R. , Coe Robert S. , Kelly Henry , Branney Michael , Knott Thomas , Reichow Marc
Published: April 2015

Individual ignimbrite cooling units in southern Idaho display significant variation of magnetic remanence directions and other magnetic properties. This complicates paleomagnetic correlation. The ignimbrites are intensely welded and exhibit mylonite‐like flow banding produced by rheomorphic ductile shear during emplacement, prior to cooling below magnetic blocking temperatures. Glassy vitrophyric lithologies commonly have discrepantly shallow remanence directions rotated closer to the orientation of the subhorizontal shear fabric when compared to the microcrystalline center of the same cooling unit. To investigate this problem, we conducted a detailed paleomagnetic and rock magnetic study of a vertical profile through a single ignimbrite cooling unit and its underlying baked soil. The results demonstrate that large anisotropy of thermal remanent magnetization correlates with large (up to 38°) deflections of the stable remanence direction. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility revealed no strong anisotropy. A strong lineation and deflection of the remanence declination suggest that rheomorphic shear above magnetic blocking temperatures is the dominant mechanism controlling the formation of the magnetic fabric, with compaction contributing to a lesser extent. Nucleation and growth of anisotropic fine‐grained magnetite in volcanic glass at high temperatures after, and perhaps also during, emplacement is indicated by systematic variation of magnetic properties from the quickly chilled ignimbrite base to the interior. These properties include remanence directions, anisotropy, coercivity, susceptibility, strength of natural remanent magnetization, and dominant unblocking temperature. The microcrystalline ignimbrite center has a magnetic direction that is the same as the underlying baked soil and, therefore, is a more reliable recorder of the paleofield direction than the glassy margins of highly welded ignimbrites.
Wave power variability and trends across the North Atlantic influenced by decadal climate patterns
Authors: Bromirski Peter D. , Cayan Daniel R.
Published: April 2015

Climate variations influence North Atlantic winter storm intensity and resultant variations in wave energy levels. A 60 year hindcast allows investigation of the influence of decadal climate variability on long‐term trends of North Atlantic wave power, PW, spanning the 1948–2008 epoch. PW variations over much of the eastern North Atlantic are strongly influenced by the fluctuating North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) atmospheric circulation pattern, consistent with previous studies of significant wave height, Hs. Wave activity in the western Atlantic also responds to fluctuations in Pacific climate modes, including the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. The magnitude of upward long‐term trends during winter over the northeast Atlantic is strongly influenced by heightened storm activity under the extreme positive phase of winter NAO in the early 1990s. In contrast, PW along the United States East Coast shows no increasing trend, with wave activity there most closely associated with the PNA. Strong wave power “events” exhibit significant upward trends along the Atlantic coasts of Iceland and Europe during winter months. Importantly, in opposition to the long‐term increase of PW, a recent general decrease in PW across the North Atlantic from 2000 to 2008 occurred. The 2000–2008 decrease was associated with a general shift of winter NAO to its negative phase, underscoring the control exerted by fluctuating North Atlantic atmospheric circulation on PW trends.
High‐resolution mapping of two large‐scale transpressional fault zones in the California Continental Borderland: Santa Cruz‐Catalina Ridge and Ferrelo faults
Authors: Legg Mark R. , Kohler Monica D. , Shintaku Natsumi , Weeraratne Dayanthie S.
Published: April 2015

New mapping of two active transpressional fault zones in the California Continental Borderland, the Santa Cruz‐Catalina Ridge fault and the Ferrelo fault, was carried out to characterize their geometries, using over 4500 line‐km of new multibeam bathymetry data collected in 2010 combined with existing data. Faults identified from seafloor morphology were verified in the subsurface using existing seismic reflection data including single‐channel and multichannel seismic profiles compiled over the past three decades. The two fault systems are parallel and are capable of large lateral offsets and reverse slip during earthquakes. The geometry of the fault systems shows evidence of multiple segments that could experience throughgoing rupture over distances exceeding 100 km. Published earthquake hypocenters from regional seismicity studies further define the lateral and depth extent of the historic fault ruptures. Historical and recent focal mechanisms obtained from first‐motion and moment tensor studies confirm regional strain partitioning dominated by right slip on major throughgoing faults with reverse‐oblique mechanisms on adjacent structures. Transpression on west and northwest trending structures persists as far as 270 km south of the Transverse Ranges; extension persists in the southern Borderland. A logjam model describes the tectonic evolution of crustal blocks bounded by strike‐slip and reverse faults which are restrained from northwest displacement by the Transverse Ranges and the southern San Andreas fault big bend. Because of their potential for dip‐slip rupture, the faults may also be capable of generating local tsunamis that would impact Southern California coastlines, including populated regions in the Channel Islands.
Subglacial Lake CECs: Discovery and in situ survey of a privileged research site in West Antarctica
Authors: Rivera Andrés , Uribe José , Zamora Rodrigo , Oberreuter Jonathan
Published: April 2015

We report the discovery and on‐the‐ground radar mapping of a subglacial lake in Antarctica, that we have named Lake CECs (Centro de Estudios Científicos) in honor of the institute we belong to. It is located in the central part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, right underneath the Institute Ice Stream and Minnesota Glacier ice divide, and has not experienced surface elevation changes during the last 10 years. The ratio between the area of the subglacial lake and that of its feeding basin is larger than those for either subglacial lakes Ellsworth or Whillans, and it has a depth comparable to that of Ellsworth and greater than that of Whillans. Its ice thickness is ∼600 m less than that over Ellsworth. The lake is very likely a system with long water residence time. The recent finding of microbial life in Lake Whillans emphasizes the potential of Subglacial Lake CECs for biological exploration.
Combined analysis of soil moisture measurements from roving and fixed cosmic ray neutron probes for multiscale real‐time monitoring
Authors: Franz Trenton E. , Wang Tiejun , Avery William , Finkenbiner Catherine , Brocca Luca
Published: April 2015

Soil moisture partly controls land‐atmosphere mass and energy exchanges and ecohydrological processes in natural and agricultural systems. Thus, many models and remote sensing products continue to improve their spatiotemporal resolution of soil moisture, with some land surface models reaching 1 km resolution. However, the reliability and accuracy of both modeled and remotely sensed soil moisture require comparison with ground measurements at the appropriate spatiotemporal scales. One promising technique is the cosmic ray neutron probe. Here we further assess the suitability of this technique for real‐time monitoring across a large area by combining data from three fixed probes and roving surveys over a 12 km × 12 km area in eastern Nebraska. Regression analyses indicated linear relationships between the fixed probe averages and roving estimates of soil moisture for each grid cell, allowing us to derive an 8 h product at spatial resolutions of 1, 3, and 12 km, with root‐mean‐square error of 3%, 1.8%, and 0.9%.
Estimation of mesoscale thermospheric wind structure using a network of interferometers
Authors: Harding Brian J. , Makela Jonathan J. , Meriwether John W.
Published: April 2015

We introduce a technique for estimating the regional thermospheric wind field from measurements made by a network of interferometers. Unlike previous work, this technique does not make assumptions about the functional form of the wind field and instead uses inverse theory to find the smoothest wind field that agrees with the measurements. This technique is general and applies to any network making radial velocity measurements. We show reconstructions of the thermospheric wind field over the eastern United States and over eastern Brazil, using data from two distinct networks of Fabry‐Perot interferometers measuring the Doppler shift of the 630.0 nm airglow emission. In Brazil, we find direct evidence of a convergent wind field during the period of rapid thermospheric temperature increase associated with the equatorial midnight temperature maximum.
Topside equatorial ionospheric density, temperature, and composition under equinox, low solar flux conditions
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Milla M. A. , Rodrigues F. S. , Varney R. H. , Huba J. D.
Published: April 2015

We present observations of the topside ionosphere made at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory in March and September 2013, made using a full‐profile analysis approach. Recent updates to the methodology employed at Jicamarca are also described. Measurements of plasma number density, electron and ion temperatures, and hydrogen and helium ion fractions up to 1500 km altitude are presented for 3 days in March and September. The main features of the observations include a sawtooth‐like diurnal variation in ht, the transition height where the O+ ion fraction falls to 50%, the appearance of weak He+ layers just below ht, and a dramatic increase in plasma temperature at dawn followed by a sharp temperature depression around local noon. These features are consistent from day to day and between March and September. Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation data from the Communication Navigation Outage Forecast System satellite are used to help validate the March Jicamarca data. The SAMI2‐PE model was able to recover many of the features of the topside observations, including the morphology of the plasma density profiles and the light‐ion composition. The model, forced using convection speeds and meridional thermospheric winds based on climatological averages, did not reproduce the extreme temperature changes in the topside between sunrise and noon. Some possible causes of the discrepancies are discussed.
Basic Consideration
Authors: Wong Y.S. , Chan C.C. , Nazir Samir
Published: April 2015

With ever tightening regulations regarding fuel economy and emissions, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are expected to comprise a larger portion of vehicle sales using various technologies to reduce fuel consumption. These vehicles have been on the market for over a decade, yet new vehicle models continue to see advances. The internal combustion engine (ICE) has low thermal and mechanical efficiencies and much of the energy of the fuel is dissipated as heat. AnHEVis designed to boost up efficiency of the vehicle drivetrain with integration of the electric propulsion system.HEVdevelopment is driven by advances inICEsimproving combustion with the aid of automotive electronics and by the development of an advanced electric drive and its optimized integration withICE. This chapter discusses features of micro, mild, full, and plug‐inHEVswith the emphasis on functionality of the electrical powertrain.HEVsare classified into series, parallel, series–parallel, and complex hybrids according to the drivetrain topology. This chapter also discusses novelty and energy management strategies of these drivetrains.
Energy Management System ofHEVs
Authors: Abe Shinichi
Published: April 2015

The purpose of energy management in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is to maximize vehicle fuel efficiency. There are two main methods for improving fuel efficiency: managing the energy of the hybrid propulsion system and energy management on a vehicle level. In terms of the hybrid propulsion system, it is necessary to both improve the efficiency of the components and optimize the control strategy between the hybrid propulsion system and the vehicle level systems. From a vehicle level standpoint, efficiency can be improved by reducing energy losses, such as engine idling requests (e.g., by the air conditioner compressor), or by utilizing thermal energy from engine exhaust gas. This chapter will explain these two methods using the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) and integrated motor assist (IMA) system as examples. In addition, this chapter briefly explains the plug‐in hybrid vehicle system, which is likely to be installed in environmentally friendly vehicles in the future.
Steel Processing: Formability of Steel Sheets and Tailor‐Welded Blanks for Automotive Applications
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Kaushik , Panda Sushanta K.
Published: April 2015

In recent decades, great improvements have been made in the production of steel sheets with high formability. Automotive companies are using various grades of steels to meet the customers' ever‐changing demands for low cost and fuel efficient vehicles. Applications of advanced high strength steel and tailored blank technology in stamping of various components are a major boost for steel manufacturers, and hence, steel sheets remain the fair choice for automotive body part fabrication as compared to aluminum and magnesium sheets. In this chapter, various sheet metal‐forming processes and formability diagnostic measures such as limiting drawing ratio, limiting dome height, forming limit diagram were discussed with respect to constitutive properties of the sheet metal, damage model, and design modifications in toolings and blank shape. Emphasis is placed on application of finite element method‐basedCAE(computer‐aided engineering) techniques to predict forming behavior of various steel sheets and tailor‐welded blanks while selecting the right materials for stamping the automotive body components.
Vehicle Safety, Functional Safety,OBDDiagnosis
Authors: Kriso Stefan , Klauda Matthias , Hamann Reinhold
Published: April 2015

With a significantly increasing number of electrical and electronic systems within road vehicles, the complexity of such systems dramatically increases. To prevent these increasingly complex systems from becoming more and more fault‐prone is one of the most important challenges of the future. Systems have to be intrinsically safe whereby owing to the cost pressure within the automotive industry, it is not possible just to double or triple the systems, as it is usual in the avionics industry. This chapter describes the general concept of vehicle safety—especially with regard to functional safety that came into focus within recent years with the advent of a new standard for functional safety of road vehicles—theISO26262.

This chapter gives an overview over the trends why safety of road vehicles becomes more and more important in future, what are the special constraints of the automotive industry. Furthermore, we explain the legal point of view and the key concept ofISO26262, for example, the method of hazard analysis and risk assessment, the concept ofSEooC(safety element out of context), the confidence in the use of software tools, and the random hardware faults and hardware metrics. Some side issues of vehicle safety such as the quality assurance concept and theOBD(on‐board diagnosis) are described.
Semiconductor Sensor (1)—Sensors for Power Trains
Authors: Hanzawa Keiji , Nakabayashi Kenji , Yasukawa Akio , Igarashi Shinya , Hoshika Hiroaki
Published: April 2015

This chapter explains microelectromechanical system (
MEMS
) airflow sensor and semiconductor pressure sensor. Sensing principles, manufacturing processes, possible problems for automotive applications, and their preventive actions are described.
Body
ECU
(Airbag)
Authors: Noguchi Takashi
Published: April 2015

An airbag is a device that protects the occupants of a vehicle at the time of a collision. The airbag
ECU
(electronic control unit) determines when a collision is occurring and deploys the airbags in the vehicle. This chapter describes the phenomena behind collision determination, details of crash testing, and explains the relevant sensing technologies. This chapter also presents details about sensors for airbags, the
ECU
, the component parts of the airbag
ECU
, and the collision determination algorithm.
Body and Lighting
ECU
(Key‐less Entry, Sonar,
HID
,
LED
Usage for Lamps)
Authors: Yamaura Masafumi
Published: April 2015

Although door locks and windows were originally designed to be operated manually, automation through simple switch operation was introduced from the 1970s using motors, solenoids, and controlling
ECUs
. Since then, in addition to the adoption of automatic switch operations, various body control products have also been developed that fully replace manual operation. These have contributed to improving the comfort, usability, and safety of vehicles. This chapter describes the
ECUs
that play a central role in body controls and outlines some of the typical
ECUs
used in body systems.
Body Design, Overview, Targeting a Good Balance between All Vehicle Functionalities
Authors: Tecklenburg Gerhard F. K.
Published: April 2015

Automotive body engineers safeguard the geometrical functions while they are developing the shape of parts and assemblies of the automotive body and safeguarding their geometrical functions. They control the whole product evolution process (
PEP
) from project definition to market launch in close cooperation with the other disciplines involved (systems and functional loads‐based layouts), suppliers, and engineering service providers. While in the 1950s only a few automotive body engineers were involved in the development of a new automotive body, working only on one project at a time, in today's scenario, a large number of engineers from different disciplines are involved in each project, and they all work on several projects simultaneously.

The important fields of work from the point of view of an automotive body engineer are total vehicle integration, packaging, technical support of aesthetic design (styling), concept and serial (mass production) design in the field of exterior features such as body in white (
BIW
), closures, and mounting parts or interior features such as instrument panel, seats, and trim parts. This chapter describes the
PEP
and the distribution of tasks within important areas of product development such as packaging, aesthetic design, concept development on the example of closures, and supplier integration.