bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insights on the pathogenesis of paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma
Authors: Kantorovich Vitaly , Pacak Karel
Published: September 2018

Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare chromaffin cell tumors (PPGLs) that at times raise significant challenges in clinical recognition, diagnosis, and therapy and when undiagnosed could associate with severe morbidity. Recent discoveries in PPGL genetics propelled our understanding in the pathophysiology of tumorigenesis and allowed the application of functional classification of pathogenetically distinct groups of PPGLs. This also resulted in a qualitative change in our approach to clinical assessment, diagnosis, and therapy of different subgroups of PPGLs. Establishment of the fact that mutations in multiple components of the PHD–VHL–HIF-2α pathway associate with pseudohypoxia-driven tumorigenesis allowed us not only to better understand the effect of this phenomenon but also to more deeply appreciate the value of functional abnormalities in the physiologic tissue oxygen-sensing mechanism. Mutations in the tricarboxylic acid cycle–related genes opened an additional window into understanding the physiology of one of the basic cellular metabolic pathways and consequences of its disruption. Mutations in the kinase signaling–related genes allow the PPGL field to join a massive innovative process in therapeutic advances in current oncology. New pathophysiologically distinct groups of mutations will widen and deepen our understanding of additional pathways in PPGL tumorigenesis and hopefully introduce additional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. All of these developments are tremendously important in our understanding of both the normal physiology and pathophysiology of PPGLs and are strong tools and stimuli in the development of modern approaches to all components of medical management.
Discovery and description of the first human Retro-Giant virus
Authors: Lusi Elena Angela , Caicci Federico
Published: September 2018

Background:Robert Gallo reported the first human retrovirus HLTV in 1980. What we report here is the first human giant virus, Mimivirus-like, with a retroviral core.

Methods:  The isolation of human giant viruses from human T cells  Leukaemia was performed on 25% sucrose gradient. The purified viral pellet was examined using electron microscopy (EM), after immunolabelling with anti-FeLV gag p27 moAb, used for its ability to bind conserved epitopes among different mammalian retroviruses. These human giant viruses were tested for reverse transcriptase activity. RNA extracted from the viral  particles was initially amplified with the Pan Retrovirus PCR technique.  In  addition,a shotgun whole genome sequence was performed. 

Results:EM showed the presence of ~400 nm giant viruses, mimivirus-like, specifically labelled by anti-FeLV gag p27 Ab. The giant viruses had the reverse transcribing property. Whole genome sequence showed the presence of transforming retroviral genes in the large viral genome confirming that the Retro-Giant viruses are a distinct branch, missing from the current classification of retroviruses.

 Conclusions:Although sharing some of the morphological features with Mimiviruses, this human giant virus differs substantially from environmental DNA-giant viruses isolated so far, in that it manifests a unique mammalian transforming retroviral core and T cell tropism. The virus should not be confused with a classic human retrovirus nor even a large human retrovirus, but an ancestral human giant virus, mimivirus-like, with a mammalian retroviral core. Certainly, the oncogenic potential of the viral particle and its T cell tropism is of concern and further studies are needed to clarify the role of this giant virus in human diseases and evolution of archetypal retroviruses.
Creative Competence in the System of Professional Communication
Authors: Семенова Л. , Semenova L.
Published: September 2018

The article defines the value of creative competence for the modern communication specialist, as well as the comprehension of creativity and creative competence. The characteristic of activity of the expert in the sphere of professional communications is given. The article presents the historiographical aspect of the problem, structural models of creativity and creative competence, the algorithm consisting of five stages and methods of its formation in the conditions of modernization and innovation of higher education. The principles of formation of this phenomenon and organizational and pedagogical conditions are named. The article highlights the reasons for the low level of specialists’ creative competence in the field of professional communications and the problems of its formation in the university.
Debates Technology as a Practical Realization of Student-Centered Approach in Education
Authors: Колесникова Н. , Kolesnikova N. , Медведева Н. , Medvedeva N.
Published: September 2018

The challenging task for a teacher nowadays is to help students prepare for real world interaction in a foreign language. Therefore, the choice of proper methodological approach that not only enables students to attain some general educational and research goals, but also engages students in a variety of cognitive and linguistic tasks is of paramount importance. The article proceeds from the assumption that involving students into debates is one of the ways to create productive EFL learning environment and maximize students’ achievements. In addition to providing meaningful listening, speaking practice, debates are also highly effective for developing argumentation skills for persuasive speech. The purpose of the article is to present the rationale behind using debate in EFL classes and provide a step-by-step guide that will give teachers everything they need to know for conducting debate in an English class. The authors hope that the contribution to the subject of developing speaking skills can give those interested in this expanding area of teaching an alternative perspective to consider as well as enhance professional competence.
Digital Logistics As a New Model of the Functioning of Transport and Logistics Systems and Complexes
Authors: Скруг Валерий , Skrug Valeriy
Published: September 2018

The article describes the elements of state regulation of innovative development of the economy. The main indicators characterizing the penetration of information technologies are analyzed, comparison with the world leaders in the field of digital economy is given. The barriers to the development of innovations in logistics have been identified. The essence of the digitalization of logistics emerged in response to the global challenges of the digital economy. The conclusion is made that logistics in the digital economy creates intellectual mobility as a new industry that combines the movement of physical objects, financial and human flows and, therefore, requires serious changes for future supply chains.
Features of Unfair Competition in the MediaSphere
Authors: Быкова О. , Bykova O. , Ольховская М. , Ol'hovskaya M. , Рябушева Д. , Ryabusheva D.
Published: September 2018

Civilized market relations suggest active entrepreneurial activity and as a matter of fact competitive relations acting as an acting force in the change of price politics and production quality. However, the modern world economy characterizes not only with progressive development with correctly aligned competitive relations, but also characterizes with dishonest methods of leading entrepreneurial activity, dealing damage not only to the business, but also to the consumers and society as a whole.
Philosophy of Economics in Russia: birth of tradition
Authors: Орехов Андрей , Oryekhov Andryey
Published: September 2018

The monograph deals with various problems of formation of the philosophy of Economics in Russia, its relationship with the philosophy of economy, as well as the structure of the philosophy of Economics, its functions and subject.
Designed for bachelors, masters and postgraduates studying philosophy and Economics, as well as other courses related to philosophical and methodological problems of economic science.
Abstracting and annotating scientific texts in English
Authors: Маньковская Зоя , Mankovskaya Zoya
Published: September 2018

The textbook is intended for the formation of students of higher educational institutions skills of abstracting and annotating scientific texts.
The manual contains a large number of exercises and design tasks, through which students are introduced to the linguistic features of annotations, conceptual maps, abstracts, abstracts and other secondary sources of information on a wide range of problems relating to the current state of information, space technology, nanotechnology, space monitoring, the latest structural materials. Step-by-step description of steps to perform abstract tasks and the availability of tables, which summarize the features of scientific texts and requirements for their annotation and abstracting, promotes the development of practical skills necessary to present the results of research work of students in the media.
The manual is addressed to students and graduate students of higher educational institutions. It will be useful to all who are engaged in research work and feel the need to disseminate its results in the global scientific space through scientific journals, materials of international scientific symposia and conferences.
State regulation of prices (tariffs) in the Russian Federation: administrative and legal aspects
Authors: Зайкова Светлана , Zaykova Svetlana
Published: September 2018

The training manual discusses the theoretical foundations of state regulation of yen (tariffs) in the Russian Federation, especially the formation and development of administrative pricing, as well as issues of administrative responsibility for violation of the order of pricing. Various opinions of scientists on the topic are covered, questions and tasks for independent work, practical tasks, test tasks, topics for abstracts and reports, a list of the main regulatory legal acts and sources of literature are given.
The manual is designed to meet the requirements of the GEF IN the areas of training 030900 " Jurisprudence "(master's level), 40.03.01" Jurisprudence "(bachelor's level), 40.05.04" Judicial and prosecutorial activities " (level of specialty).
It is addressed to students, graduate students, teachers of economic and law universities and faculties; researchers and practitioners; a wide range of readers interested in the theory and practice of Russian administrative pricing. Designed for practical training in the disciplines of "Administrative law", "Financial law", "Pricing", "State regulation of the economy."
Exploring the Value of Waiting During Labor
Authors: Hicklin Karen , Ivy Julie S. , Payton Fay Cobb , Viswanathan Meera , Myers Evan
Published: September 2018

Of the nearly four million births that occur each year in the United States, almost one in three is a cesarean delivery. Despite the increasing C-section rate over the years, there is no evidence that the increase has caused a decrease in neonatal or maternal mortality or morbidity. Bayesian decision analysis is used to model the decision between classifying a patient as “failure-to-progress,” which is cause for a C-section, using current information (prior probability) or information gathered (posterior probability) as labor continues. The Bayesian decision models determine the conditions under which it is appropriate to gather additional information (i.e., take an observation) before deciding to end labor and perform a C-section based on the decision maker’s belief about successful labor. During an observation period, the decision maker learns more about the patient and her medical state and the likelihood of a successful vaginal delivery is updated. This study determines the conditional value of information (conditional on the decision maker’s prior belief) and determines the conditions under which information has positive value. This model can be used to facilitate shared decision making for labor and delivery through communicating beliefs, risk perceptions, and the associated actions.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/serv.2018.0205 .
Women’s College Hospital Uses Operations Research to Create an Ambulatory Clinic Schedule
Authors: Eagen Brendan K. , Chan Timothy C. Y. , Carter Michael W.
Published: September 2018

Notes. Women’s College Hospital (WCH) in Toronto, Canada offers roughly 300 outpatient clinics every week. In this article, the authors describe a project started in April 2011 with WCH to design a new schedule for their clinics to accommodate a move to a new hospital building, which was completed in May 2013. They developed an integer programming model to optimize the assignment of clinics to timeslots and locations, based on the desire to minimize changes from the historical schedule. In cooperation with senior leadership of WCH, the authors tested multiple scenarios that explored changes to space utilization policies at WCH and ultimately generated a new clinic schedule, which WCH implemented in May 2013. In this paper the authors highlight the value the work has created for WCH and present lessons learned in development of the model and through collaboration with the WCH team.
A view from the other side of the Atlantic
Authors: Tingle John
Published: September 2018

John Tingle, Associate Professor (Teaching and Scholarship), Nottingham Trent University, discusses a recently published patient safety report from the USA within the context of global initiatives to improve the safety of care.
CPD: a priority for nurse retention?
Authors: Scammell Janet
Published: September 2018

Janet Scammell, Associate Professor (Nursing), Bournemouth University, discusses whether prioritising the provision of continuing professional development would help improve nurse retention levels
What is diabulimia and what are the implications for practice?
Authors: Chelvanayagam Sonya , James Janet
Published: September 2018

Diabulimia has become a common term used to describe a condition when a person with type 1 diabetes has an eating disorder. The individual may omit or restrict their insulin dose to lose/control weight. Evidence suggests that as many as 20% of women with type 1 diabetes may have this condition. The serious acute and long-term complications of hyperglycaemia are well documented. Detection of this condition is challenging and health professionals need to be vigilant in assessing reasons for variable glycaemic control and weight changes. Management requires a collaborative response from the specialist diabetes team in conjunction with the mental health team. Nurses must ensure that they are aware that the condition may be possible in all patients with type 1 diabetes but especially younger female patients. These patients require timely intervention to prevent any severe acute or long-term complications.
Ambulatory approach to cancer care. Part 1: the patient experience
Authors: Comerford Diana , Shah Raakhee
Published: September 2018

Ambulatory care (AC) is an approach within which inpatient chemotherapy regimens and supportive care are delivered in an outpatient service. Patients receive their treatments and supportive care daily in AC and stay at a nearby hotel or their home, rather than in an inpatient bed. A systematic literature search found a growing amount of literature on AC and the specific regimens used. However, little was found on AC with regard to the patient experience, safety, the benefits and challenges of running an AC service. This series of three articles is based on the authors' experiences of working within an AC service at a major London teaching hospital. The authors discuss the approach and explore how it can improve the patient experience. They look at the roles of the multidisciplinary team and their part in patient safety, and the benefits, challenges and cost considerations of an AC service.
Better pathways to success? – A study of foundation studies alumni
Authors: Teo Ian , Chang Shanton
Published: September 2018

Foundation studies (or pathways) programmes (FSPs) seek to prepare international students for their transition into university by providing bridging courses to meet their academic, sociocultural and personal needs. The growth of such programmes over the previous decade has boomed to over 1000 English-medium providers worldwide and has been valued at $1.4 billion with no indication of slowing down. While these programmes serve an instrumental purpose in terms of providing international students with a pathway into university, it has become clear that these students seek more than just a qualification by the end of their sojourn, and value also the quality of their broader relationships, preparation and participation at university. For more than 25 years, Trinity College Foundation Studies (TCFS) in Melbourne has served to prepare a wide-range of international students for their higher education (HE) studies. The present study will report on quantitative and qualitative data derived from TCFS alumni who were surveyed at the start of 2017. In particular, two branches of alumni-related expectations and experiences will be addressed. First, the types of extra-curricula activities respondents reflected upon as being important for their broader welfare or well-being while enrolled as foundation students will be discussed. Second, findings involving the types of support they sought during and after university, and the ways in which they wished to reconnect with TCFS will be described. Implications and recommendations relating to the aforementioned data will subsequently be presented.
Aktivitas Antagonis Bakteri Endofit Asal Mangrove terhadap Ralstonia solanacearum dan Meloidogyne spp.
Authors: Oktafiyanto Muhammad Firdaus , Munif Abdul , Mutaqin Kikin Hamzah
Published: September 2018

The main diseases of tomato caused by wilt bacteria (Ralstonia solanacearum) and root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) may cause significant yield losses and need to be managed. Recently, biocontrol approach especially using endophytic bacteria has been developed to control plant pathogens. This research was aimed to obtain endophytic bacteria from 2 species of mangrove, which effectively controlled root knot nematode and wilt bacteria. A total of 843 endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated from 2 species of mangroves. The bacteria isolates were further subjected for biosafety assay. The results of the test showed that 403 endophytic bacteria gave negative reaction in hypersensitive and hemolytic tests. Furthermore, 19 isolates effectively suppressed the growth R solanacearum and killed Meloidogyne in in vitro test. Physiological test showed that 14 and 11 isolates of the bacteria were able to produce protease and chitinase, respectively. This research provides a new information that endophytic bacteria from mangrove has a potency as a biocontrol agents.
Su P.Ibscher S.N. (= P.Berol. 18122) Note Di Lettura E Ipotesi Di Ricostruzione Dei Vv. 1–6
Authors: Cutuli Silvia
Published: September 2018

This article considers a new reading of the first lines in P.Ibscher s.n. (= P.Berol. 18122). Meleager and Theseus have a conversation in the underworld. The former hero asks the latter about his presence in the kingdom of death. The sequence of direct questions reflects the narrative modalities of meetings between heroes attested in Homeric epic.
Foreign official holdings of US treasuries, stock effect and the economy: a DSGE approach
Authors: Francois John Nana
Published: September 2018

This paper examines the effects of shocks to foreign official holdings of long-term U.S. Treasuries (FOHL) on macroeconomic aggregates using a dynamic general equilibrium model. The model treats short- and long-term bonds as imperfect substitutes through endogenous portfolio adjustment frictions. This provides a channel for changes in relative supply of assests to influence asset prices. Three key findings emerge: (1) positive shocks to FOHL impact the long-term interest rate and the term spread negatively through a stock effect channel – defined as persistent changes in interest rates as a result of movement along the Treasury demand curve. This result is consistent with findings in the empirical literature. (2) Through a feedback mechanism from an endogenous term structure in the model, the decline in the long-term interest rate induces an expansion in economic activity which leads to an increase in consumption, output and inflation. Both the stock effect and the feedback mechanism are generated by the portfolio frictions. (3) Higher degrees of persistence of FOHL shocks or imperfect asset substitution generate a prolonged negative stock effect following shocks to FOHL. This causes a longer delay of the term spread to return to its steady state after it falls; hence, inducing an extended and stronger stimulative feedback effect from the endogenous term structure into the modeled economy.  These findings help explain macroeconomic events such as the so-called ``Greenspan conundrum'' of the mid 2000s.
A Unified Algorithm for Solving Split Generalized Mixed Equilibrium Problem, and for Finding Fixed Point of Nonspreading Mapping in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Jolaoso Lateef Olakunle , Oyewole Kazeem Olawale , Okeke Chibueze Christian , Mewomo Oluwatosin Temitope
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this paper is to study a split generalized mixed equilibrium problem and a fixed point problem for nonspreading mappings in real Hilbert spaces.We introduce a new iterative algorithm and prove its strong convergence for approximating a common solution of a split generalized mixed equilibrium problem and a fixed point problem for nonspreading mappings in real Hilbert spaces. Our algorithm is developed by combining a modified accelerated Mann algorithm and a viscosity approximation method to obtain a new faster iterative algorithm for finding a common solution of these problems in real Hilbert spaces. Also, our algorithm does not require any prior knowledge of the bounded linear operator norm. We further give a numerical example to show the efficiency and consistency of our algorithm. Our result improves and compliments many recent results previously obtained in this direction in the literature.
Novel PWM Control with Modified PSO-MPPT Algorithm for Reduced Switch MLI Based Standalone PV System
Authors: Panda Kaibalya Prasad , Anand Abhisekh , Bana Prabhat Ranjan , Panda Gayadhar
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes a new version of swam optimization based algorithm for maximum power harvesting from the multilevel inverter (MLI) based photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. The ability of modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach is investigated for varying environmental conditions and partial shading condition. Moreover, the tracking performance is compared with perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT and standard PSO-MPPT techniques. MLIs are chosen over conventional two-level inverters due to many advantages such as; power quality improvement in PV generation system, reduce the filter size requirement etc. With the increase in number of levels; the conventional MLI circuit leads to bulky & costly due to the requirement of more number of power electronics switches. Therefore, in this work a novel MLI with reduced number of switches has been developed for off-grid PV system. Harmonic reduction is principally depended on the modulation strategy used to control the MLI. In this regard, a logical switching state selection PWM control technique is presented for the proposed MLI. The overall system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and new solution to attain MPPT from standalone PV generation system has also been validated experimentally in the laboratory.
Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors
Authors: Ferrari Simone , Schuck Carsten , Pernice Wolfram
Published: September 2018

Integration of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with nanophotonic waveguides is a key technological step that enables a broad range of classical and quantum technologies on chip-scale platforms. The excellent detection efficiency, timing and noise performance of these detectors have sparked growing interest over the last decade and have found use in diverse applications. Almost 10 years after the first waveguide-coupled superconducting detectors were proposed, here, we review the performance metrics of these devices, compare both superconducting and dielectric waveguide material systems and present prominent emerging applications.
Investigation of Gamma-Ray’s Transmission Geometries for the Measurement of Attenuation Coefficients
Authors: Mann Kulwinder Singh , Mann Sukhmanjit Singh
Published: September 2018

For the measurement of attenuation parameters of any material for gamma (γ)-rays, the narrow-beam transmission geometry is one of the essential requirements. Linear attenuation coefficient (μ, cm−1), half value layer thickness and mean free path are some fundamental parameters used for the analysis of γ-ray attenuation behaviour of any material. The complete experimental setup used to measure these parameters is termed as γ-ray transmission geometry. The geometrical parameters such as the size of collimator aperture, thickness of sample (absorber), source to absorber (SA) distance, absorber to detector distance and source to detector distance (STD) are deciding factors for the nature of γ-ray transmission geometry. A novel geometrical parameter, scattered-to-transmission ratio (STR), has been proposed in this investigation. STR provides qualitative information of various geometrical parameters. It provides influence on the nature of transmission geometry for experimental measurements by various geometrical parameters and buildup factor. To investigate its influence, STR values have been analysed by varying sizes of collimator aperture between 3 and 12 mm and absorber thicknesses between 20 and 280 mm for fixed SA and STD. Six standard building materials (cement black, cement white, clay, red mud, lime stone and plaster of paris) have been used for the investigation. The point isotropic γ-ray sources Cs-137 (3700 M Bq) and Co-60 (370 M Bq) have been used in this study. It has been found that STR provides better information of scattered γ-rays by the material than its buildup factor (B). Additionally, CSTR (the critical value of STR) serves as an extensive parameter to distinguish between narrow-beam (good) and broad-beam (poor) γ-ray transmission geometries.
Introduction
Authors: Man Simeon
Published: September 2018

The introduction begins with a question many racial minorities, whether directly or indirectly, faced in the 1960s: do you want to join the army or go to jail? The question, I contend, not only reflected the austerity of racialized life in the United States at the time but also broadly reflected a governing logic that emerged globally in the post-1945 age of decolonization. The introduction lays out the book’s central arguments by explaining three important concepts: the “decolonizing Pacific,” “soldiering,” and “race war.” It situates the book within Asian American history and U.S. history, and it suggests the need to broaden our conception and approach to these fields by engaging with global histories of empire and decolonization.
Securing Asia for Asians
Authors: Man Simeon
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the U.S. buildup of the armed forces of allied nations in East Asia immediately following World War II, focusing in particular on South Korea. The United States justified militarization in the name of teaching Asians how to defend their newly acquired freedom from communism, and, more broadly, of building an Asia for Asians. The chapter argues that this effort carried unintended consequences, as the attempt to incorporate “free Asians” into the U.S. military empire simultaneously heightened the specter of subversive Asians within the military and in the United States in the 1950s.
Introduction
Authors: Moeller Kathryn
Published: September 2018

As corporations search for new frontiers of capitalist growth in the context of ongoing economic crises, they are making a business case for investing in poor, racialized girls and women in the Global South as a way to end poverty and promote economic growth and corporate profit. This chapter identifies this phenomenon as an instantiation of corporatized development and situates it within the context of the interrelated discourses of bottom-billion capitalism, philanthrocapitalism, gender equality, and third world difference. It introduces Nike Inc.’s investment in the Girl Effect through the Nike Foundation in the context of the corporation’s attempt to recover from transnational criticism of its well-documented abusive labor practices, and it situates the Girl Effect within the context of the racialization and feminization of global capitalism.
Negotiating and Resisting the Carceral Social Order
Authors: Lopez-Aguado Patrick
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how affiliated identities are performed within a context in which individuals must read each other’s position in the carceral social order. Specifically, I examine how participants use space and style to signal one’s ties to the racialized groups institutionalized in punitive settings. Additionally, this chapter explores how individuals attempt to negotiate and resist the prevailing carceral social order when they do not fit neatly into the system’s organizational schema. Participants who have a mixed-race identity or who have family members in rival gangs have to figure out how they will navigate a divisive environment in which their position is not immediately clear. In these instances, individuals have to choose one affiliation over another or, in some cases, attempt to exclude themselves from the carceral social order altogether by refusing to affiliate with anyone.
Inland Shift
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

This book uses Southern California to explore a series of questions about the relationship between globalization, race, space, and class. It begins with an analysis of how growing consumer demand, innovative retail business practices, and the infrastructure required to support global commodity chains made Southern California into the largest trade gateway in the United States. Warehouse work and the contentious spatial politics of inland Southern California’s logistic landscape provide the data to examine how the shifting ground of money and people intersected with local histories to reterritorialize race and capitalism at the turn of the twenty-first century. While global logistics innovations provided the impetus for capital and the state to transform Southern California’s economy, it also created pockets of resistance among labor, community, and environmental groups, who argued that commodity distribution exposed them to economic and environmental precarity. How people gave meaning to space and mobilized them to contest logistics space is at the crux of this project. The book is divided into three parts. The first part provides an introduction into the spatial politics of Southern California’s logistics regime by showing how the forces of global economic restructuring after the 1980s intersected with regional entrepreneurial actors to produce Los Angeles and inland Southern California as a space for logistics. I argue that logistics represents a major rearticulation of modern capitalist space. Part 2 examines how the flexible production and distribution systems that were critical to the expansion of global capitalism during the neoliberal age were responsible for creating social and economic precarity for logistics workers, many of whom were undocumented. The final part of the book shows how regional development policies and global restructuring combined with demographic change to reterritorialize Southern California’s geographies of race and class. The book concludes by showing how inland Southern California became a key site for the production of new Latinx geographies.
The Poster Children of Pakistan
Authors: Elias Jamal J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the visual representation of children in the religious poster arts of Pakistan. As in the previous chapter, it locates the representation of childhood within the history of religion and education in the society. The chapter provides a brief history of poster arts in Pakistan, contextualizing the importance of chromolithography in a broader South Asian context. It continues the analysis of cuteness undertaken in the previous chapter, locating it within a broad framework of beauty, which it then demonstrates is related to virtue and goodness in Islamic thought. Focusing on the differences between the ways in which girls and boys are represented, the chapter argues for important differences in the way the gender of children is conceptualized in Islamic societies, introducing a category called girl-women as an indeterminate female age category that lies between the undisputed girlhood of the child and adult womanhood, which is actualized through marriage and motherhood.
Managing the Trauma of Labor
Authors: Scott Kaia
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by Kaia Scott, discusses the U.S. military’s use of film to deploy psychiatric ideas and treatment techniques throughout all levels of personnel during the Second World War. It describes military psychiatric films that were shown to teach soldiers, officers, and doctors psychiatric monitoring and management techniques and also films that were used as medical tools in the therapeutic treatment of soldiers on a mass scale. The use of film to promote military psychiatry as a strategy for making manpower more efficient is contextualized within changes occurring in psychiatry during the interwar and postwar period. The chapter shows that the military’s use of media to destigmatize psychiatric ideas in an attempt to optimize the labor of “normal” persons converged with and greatly amplified particular trends in the psychiatric discipline by putting enormous institutional resources behind them.
The Cinema Intelligence Apparatus
Authors: Brennan Nathaniel
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by Nathaniel Brennan, discusses the efforts of the Museum of Modern Art Film Library to make use of captured enemy motion pictures on behalf of the federal government’s wartime intelligence programs during World War II. While the chapter presents an overview of the film library’s governmental intelligence work, ranging from matters of storage to the challenges of training analysts, the central case study examines the work of British anthropologist Gregory Bateson, whose work at the film library consisted of trying to define an objective approach to the study of culture through cinema and the preparation of a test film that would instruct American soldiers about the peculiarities of the German character. Although Bateson’s plans did not materialize, the efforts of Margaret Mead to adapt Bateson’s anthropological film methodology for the Cold War nonetheless influenced the development of postwar film studies and the analysis of national cinemas.
Hagesias as Sunoikistēr
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: September 2018

This chapter reveals what happens when a seer is included in a foundation and the poetic maneuvers required to effect this incorporation. I consider both the broader historical and political significance of Pindar’s description of the seer Hagesias in Olympian 6 as a sunoikistêr (cofounder) as well as how Hagesias’s double role (as both a seer and a sunoikistêr) is handled within Pindar’s poetics. By praising Hagesias in the ode as an athletic victor, seer, and sunoikistêr, Pindar marks Hagesias as a figure who enjoys enormous ritual power. Insofar as he characterizes the seer as a sunoikistêr, however, Pindar also introduces an uneasy element of competition into Hagesias’s relationship with his own patron, Hieron, the self-proclaimed oikist of Aitna.
Drift Dialectics
Authors: Ferrell Jeff
Published: September 2018

This chapter documents the pervasive presence of drift and drifting populations throughout the contemporary world, arguing that drift may well be the defining global trajectory of our time. It then explores four dialectics of drift: drift as a historical and contemporary phenomenon; drift as dependency and autonomy; drift as individual and collective behavior; and drift as hope and despair. The chapter concludes that the distance that drift puts between the drifter and the social order is often a place of deprivation and despair, but also a hard-earned space for critique and imagination.
Music of Tragedy
Authors: Weiss Naomi A.
Published: September 2018

The Music of Tragedy offers a new approach to the study of classical Greek theater by examining the use of musical language, imagery, and performance in the late work of Euripides. Drawing on the ancient conception of mousikē, in which words, song, dance, and instrumental accompaniment were closely linked, Naomi Weiss emphasizes the interplay of performance and imagination—the connection between the chorus’s own live singing and dancing in the theater and the images of music-making that frequently appear in their songs. Through detailed readings of four plays, she argues that the mousikē referred to and imagined in these plays is central to the progression of the dramatic action and to ancient audiences’ experiences of tragedy itself. She situates Euripides’s experimentation with the dramaturgical effects of mousikē within a broader cultural context, and in doing so, she shows how he both continues the practices of his tragic predecessors and also departs from them, reinventing traditional lyric styles and motifs for the tragic stage.
Being Christian in Vandal Africa
Authors: Whelan Robin
Published: September 2018

Recent work on the notoriously passionate Christian conflicts of the later Roman Empire has elucidated their wide-ranging political and social implications. However, the fifth-century conquest of the Roman West by “barbarian” rulers brings this train of inquiry to a juddering halt, as scholars of early Christianity turn eastward for new doctrinal developments, and early medieval historians focus on political continuity and ethnic identity in the new kingdoms. This book argues that Christian controversy retained its sophistication and its sociopolitical consequences in the post-imperial West. It examines church conflict under the Vandals, who ruled the former Roman province of Africa (the modern-day Maghreb) from 439 to 533 CE. Exploiting neglected Christian texts, this book exposes a sophisticated culture of disputation between Nicene (“Catholic”) and Homoian (“Arian”) Christians, and it explores their rival claims to represent the true church, which consciously evoked earlier ecclesiastical controversies. It argues that this Christian conflict cannot be firewalled from other developments in post-imperial Africa, revealing its implications for issues of social identity and political formation. Through careful comparison with the evidence for Homoian Christianity in the other barbarian successor kingdoms, it seeks to set out a new framework for understanding Christian identity across the post-imperial West.
Rebel Kinship beyond Humanity
Authors: Dubal Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how new relations involving rebels were forged through rather than outside of or in the face of violence. These relations, which included marriages, brotherhoods and sisterhoods, clans, and other forms of love and mutual belonging, challenged “humanity” as a form of kinship and as a sentimental community. Militant kinships drew boundaries between insiders and outsiders in a way that humanity cannot except by expelling other humans from humanity. Moreover, these kinships thrived with real meaning in the fertile ground of violence, even as they were condemned from the outside as forced, enslaved, or otherwise inhuman(e). Humanity morally denied the meaning of these kinships and simultaneously drew boundaries of mutual belonging that excluded the LRA.
Better Safe Than Sorry
Authors: MacKendrick Norah
Published: September 2018

How toxic are the products we consume on a daily basis? Whether it’s triclosan in toothpaste, formaldehyde in baby shampoo, endocrine disruptors in water bottles, or pesticides on strawberries, consumers are increasingly concerned about the chemicals in their food and personal care products. Norah MacKendrick chronicles these concerns, showing how individuals attempt to avoid exposure to toxics in the aisles of the grocery store using a practice she calls “precautionary consumption.” Through an innovative analysis of the history of environmental regulation in the United States, the advocacy work of environmental health groups, the expansion of the corporate health food chain Whole Foods Market, and the words of a diverse group of mothers, MacKendrick ponders why the problem of toxics in the retail landscape has been left to individual shoppers—and to mothers in particular. She reveals how precautionary consumption is a costly and time-intensive practice, one that is connected to cultural ideas of femininity and good motherhood, but is also most available to upper- and middle-class households. Better Safe than Sorry powerfully argues that precautionary consumption places a large and unfair burden of labor on women, and does little to advance environmental justice.
Strategies of Segregation
Authors: García David G.
Published: September 2018

This book unearths the ideological and structural architecture of enduring racial inequality within and beyond schools in Oxnard, California. This meticulously researched narrative spanning 1903 to 1974 excavates an extensive array of archival sources to expose a separate and unequal school system and its purposeful links with racially restrictive housing covenants. The book recovers powerful oral accounts of Mexican Americans and African Americans who endured disparate treatment and protested discrimination. The book's analysis is skillfully woven into a compelling narrative that culminates in an examination of one of the nation's first desegregation cases filed jointly by Mexican American and Black plaintiffs. This transdisciplinary history advances our understanding of racism and community resistance across time and place.
Urbanization and Economic Networks
Authors: Boehm Ryan
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the profound economic consequences of creating new polities by merging cities, elites, and fiscal regimes into new urban centers. It argues that the Hellenistic polis functioned as a core economic node in the vast patchwork of the fiscal regimes of the Hellenistic kingdoms, shifting from the primarily village-and palace-based system of Persian rule. The chapter focuses on several interconnected spheres: the effects of urbanization on the civic economy (i.e., the polis itself and its fiscal regime), the issue of land tenure and the relationship between civic territory and royal land, and the concomitant creation of regional leagues and wider networks of exchange. The chapter considers the vexing issue of monetization and the extent to which urbanization can serve as a proxy for economic growth, relating this study to questions about premodern economies and the economic effects of empires that are important questions in other fields. Drawing on recent approaches of economic historians (in particular, the new institutional economics and more apolitical models of Mediterranean connectivity), it examines how the heavy reliance on urbanization reveals a more explicitly economic basis for Hellenistic state building than is often assumed.
Introduction
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

The Spanish language in the United States has a long history. An American Language rediscovers the politics of the Spanish language in the period following the U.S.-Mexican War. The story begins with the United States takeover of Mexican lands that included American Indians and Mexican settlers. The settlers became U.S. citizens at the end of the war through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. These Spanish-speaking Mexican settlers thereafter used the treaty as the arbiter of their citizenship, making them treaty citizens. The United States permitted Spanish to become a language of politics in the Southwest in the nineteenth century. Comparing Spanish as a political language across the Southwest and Puerto Rico provides an opportunity to understand larger shifts in national views of citizenship. Comparing federal, state, territorial, and local approaches to the Spanish language also demonstrates the resilience of Spanishlanguage preferences among residents of the Southwest. Spanish is an American language due to its long history and continuing importance in the nation. Tracing the multilingual history of the nation provides an opportunity to include the United States into larger discussions of how migration changes a nation and how its citizens view language.
A Language of Identity
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

At the turn of the twentieth century, the influx of Mexican immigrants due to the Mexican Revolution transformed the view of Spanish in the Southwest. Previously seen as a language of government and society, Spanish increasingly became a language of foreigners and radicals. New Mexico’s treatment of Spanish differed from the rest of the Southwest, though even its commitment to translations waned by the end of the 1930s. Yet monolingual Spanish speakers persisted in filing petitions with local, state, and federal officials, as well as voting in high numbers. Spanish language letters sent to county and state political party leaders provide the evidence for this chapter. Sent in the first two decades of the twentieth century, they document the continued active political participation of nuevomexicanos despite increased emphasis on English.
Profit and Passion
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

This book recounts four centuries of the history of women labeled public women, whores, and prostitutes in New Spain’s archival records and works of literature from Spain and Mexico. Performing conventional gender roles, women resisted the archival inscription of these labels, so this complex story of multi-layered viceregal sex work acknowledges the ambiguities and limitations of documenting the history of sexuality via written sources. The elusive, ever-changing terminology for prosecuted women in the early modern Iberian world, voiced by kings, jurists, magistrates, inquisitors, and bishops, as well as disgruntled husbands and neighbors, foreshadows the increasing regulation, criminalization, and polarizing politics of modern global transactional sex. Key themes include: the history of the word “prostitute/prostitution,” narratives presented by women in a court setting, the creation of a victim narrative by defendants and prosecutors, legal history, and the importance of the economic and familial context in shaping sexual transactionality. Sources used come from the archives of police, church, and inquisitorial investigations. Interpretations are shaped by archival and sex work activism theories.
Simultaneous estimation of Curcumin and Gefitinib in bulk by using RP-HPLC technique with PDA detector
Authors: Savale Sagar Kishor
Published: September 2018

Plan: RP-HPLC method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of curcumin and Gefitinib in bulk.
Preface: RP-HPLC chromatographic method the been widely employed in the determination of individual components in a mixture or fixed dose combination. For the ternary mixture containing Curcumin and Gefitinib, no chromatographic method for simultaneous evaluation has been reported so far. Thus our aim is to develop a simultaneous estimation method for curcumin and gefitinib by using an RP-HPLC method using a PDA detector.
Methodology: The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The recovery studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the method.
Outcome: The proposed method was found to be accurate, repeatability and consistent. It was successfully applied for the analysis of the drug in the marketed formulation and could be effectively used for the routine analysis of formulation containing the drug without any alteration in the chromatography conditions.