bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxa–diketopiperazines: Access and Conformational Analysis of Potential Turn Inducers
Authors: Berthet Mathéo , Lebrun Aurélien , Martel Arnaud , Cheviet Thomas , Martinez Jean , Parrot Isabelle
Published: July 2017

An improvement of the 1,2,5‐oxadiazine‐3,6‐diones (Oxd) synthesis and reactivity is described in this paper. The methodology has been successfully applied to produce a library of this poorly studied scaffold, which can be considered as an oxa‐diketopiperazine (oxa‐DKP). Significantly, the first crystal structures of oxa‐DKP were obtained and compared to the diketopiperazine ring. Finally, a straightforward procedure concerning the coupling of various amino acids with oxa‐DKP heterocycles to afford original peptidomimetics was reported. The conformational analysis realized on di‐ and tripeptide analogs revealed that the oxa‐DKP skeleton exhibited remarkable β‐turn inducer properties.
Intragranular Ferrite Formed in a V–Ti–N Medium‐Carbon Steel Containing MnS Inclusions
Authors: Zhao Fan , Zhou Ningbo , Wu Meng , Jiang Bo , Xie Jianxin , Liu Yazheng
Published: July 2017

This paper studies the formation of intragranular ferrite in a V–Ti–N medium‐carbon steel containing MnS inclusions. The (Ti, V)(C, N) particles precipitating on MnS inclusions are confirmed to be the main nucleation sites of intragranular ferrite. Because of the small lattice mismatch and low‐energy ferrite/V(C, N) interphase boundary, the vanadium‐rich edge of (Ti, V)(C, N) particles increases the nucleation potency of intragranular ferrite. The interphase of MnS inclusions and austenite provides suitable sites for (Ti, V)(C, N) particles to grow big enough to reach the critical size for intragranular ferrite nucleation. Furthermore, the efficiency of the formation of intragranular ferrite starts to increase rapidly when the length of MnS inclusions decreases to less than 10 µm. The shape of intragranular ferrite is also significantly influenced by the length of MnS inclusions. In addition, the intragranular ferrite is confirmed to have a new type of orientation relationship with the particles precipitating in liquid phase, which indicates that the orientation relationship between the intragranular ferrite and (Ti, V)(C, N) particles is not sole, but diversified.
The Enactive Automaton as a Computing Mechanism
Authors: Dewhurst Joe , Villalobos Mario ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2017

Varela, Thompson, and Rosch illustrated their original presentation of the enactive theory of cognition with the example of a simple cellular automaton. Their theory was paradigmatically anti-computational, and yet automata similar to the one that they describe have typically been used to illustrate theories of computation, and are usually treated as abstract computational systems. Their use of this example is therefore puzzling, especially as they do not seem to acknowledge the discrepancy. The solution to this tension lies in recognizing a hidden background assumption, shared by both Varela, Thompson, and Rosch and the computational theories of mind which they were responding to. This assumption is that computation requires representation, and that computational states must bear representational content. For Varela, Thompson, and Rosch, representational content is incompatible with cognition, and so from their perspective the automaton that they describe cannot, despite appearances, be computational. However, there now exist several accounts of computation that do not make this assumption, and do not characterize computation in terms of representational content. In light of these recent developments, we will argue that it is quite straightforward to characterize the enactive automaton as a non-representational computing mechanism, one that we do not think they should have any objections to.
Motor Intentions and Non-Observational Knowledge of Action
Authors: Blomberg Olle , Brozzo Chiara ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2017

According to the standard story given by reductive versions of the Causal Theory of Action, an action is an intrinsically mindless bodily movement that is appropriately caused by an intention. Those who embrace this story typically take this intention to have a coarse-grained content, specifying the action only down to the level of the agent’s habits and skills. Markos Valaris (2015) argues that, because of this, the standard story cannot make sense of the deep reach of our non-observational knowledge of action. He concludes that we therefore have to jettison its conception of actions as mindless bodily movements animated from the outside by intentions. Here we defend the standard story. We can make sense of the reach of non-observational knowledge of action once we reject the following two assumptions: (i) that an intended habitual or skilled action is a so-called basic action—that is, an action that doesn’t involve any finer-grained intentions—and (ii) that an agent, in acting, ismerely executing one intention rather than a whole hierarchy of more or less fine-grained intentions. We argue that (i) and (ii) are false.
High‐Pressure Synthesis of the First Ternary Melilite‐Type Compound Sc1.67B3O7
Authors: Schmitt Martin K. , Ploner Kevin , Hejny Clivia , Huppertz Hubert
Published: July 2017

Sc1.67B3O7 was synthesized in a high‐pressure/high‐temperature experiment at 3.5 GPa/1200 °C employing a Walker‐type multianvil module. The compound was characterized with X‐ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. It crystallizes in the tetragonal, acentric space group P421m (no. 113) with the lattice parameters a = 6.6597(4) and c = 4.4364(3) Å. Sc1.67B3O7 is the first ternary compound adopting the melilite‐type structure and therefore the simplest representative of this manifold structure family.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of New Zirconium(IV) Bent Metallocenes comprising η8‐Cyclooctatetraenyl and Bulky Cyclopentadienyl Ligands
Authors: Rausch Janek , Liebing Phil , Kühling Marcel , Lorenz Volker , Hrib Cristian G. , Hilfert Liane , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: July 2017

The new zirconium bent metallocenes (COT)Zr(CptBu2)Cl (1) and (COT)Zr(Cp′′)Cl (2) were synthesized in a straightforward manner and in high yields (1: 91 %, 2: 86 %) by treatment of in situ‐prepared (COT)ZrCl2(THF) with 1 equiv. of K(CptBu2) or K(Cp′′), respectively (COT = η8‐cyclooctatetraenyl; CptBu2 = η5‐1,3‐di‐tert‐butylcyclopentadienyl; Cp′′ = η5‐1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl). Subsequent reaction of 1 with 1 equiv. of phenyllithium afforded the σ‐phenyl derivative (CptBu2)Zr(COT)Ph (3) as orange crystals in 83 % isolated yield. All three new compounds were structurally characterized through single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Parastomal Hernia Repair with a 3D Funnel Intraperitoneal Mesh Device and Same‐Sided Stoma Relocation: Results of 56 Cases
Authors: Fischer Ines , Wundsam Helwig , Mitteregger Martin , Köhler Gernot
Published: July 2017

Background

Parastomal hernias (PSHs) are a common and challenging issue. In previous studies, three‐dimensional (3D) funnel mesh devices have been used successfully for the repair of PSHs.

Methods

We performed an analysis of prospectively collected data of patients who underwent a same‐sided stoma reposition with 3D funnel‐shaped mesh augmentation in intraperitoneal (IPOM) position at our department between the years of 2012 and 2015. Primary outcome parameters were intra‐ and postoperative surgical complications and recurrence rate during the follow‐up period.

Results

Fifty‐six patients could be included in this analysis. PSH repair was performed in 89.3% as elective surgery and in 73% in laparoscopic technique. A concomitant incisional hernia (EHS type 2 and 4) was found in 50% and repaired in a single‐step procedure with PSH. Major postoperative complications requiring redo surgery (Clavien–Dindo ≥3b) were identified in 8.9% (5/56). Overall recurrence rate was 12.5% (7/56). Median follow‐up time was 38 months, and a 1‐year follow‐up rate of 96.4% was reached.

Conclusion

PSH repair with 3D funnel mesh in IPOM technique is safe, efficient and easy to perform in laparoscopic and open surgical approaches providing advantageous results compared to other techniques. Furthermore, simultaneous detection and treatment of concomitant incisional hernias has shown favorable. However, the mesh funnel distends and becomes shortened encasing a bulky bowel mesentery and further shrinkage happens eccentric. Changing mesh construction according to lengthening the funnel could possibly lead to reduction in recurrence.
Cost‐Effectiveness of a Locally Organized Surgical Outreach Mission: Making a Case for Strengthening Local Non‐Governmental Organizations
Authors: Gyedu Adam , Gaskill Cameron , Boakye Godfred , Abantanga Francis
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Many low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) have a high prevalence of unmet surgical need. Provision of operations through surgical outreach missions, mostly led by foreign organizations, offers a way to address the problem. We sought to assess the cost‐effectiveness of surgical outreach missions provided by a wholly local organization in Ghana to highlight the role local groups might play in reducing the unmet surgical need of their communities.

Methods

We calculated the disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) averted by surgical outreach mission activities of ApriDec Medical Outreach Group (AMOG), a Ghanaian non‐governmental organization. The total cost of their activities was also calculated. Conclusions about cost‐effectiveness were made according to World Health Organization (WHO)‐suggested parameters.

Results

We analyzed 2008 patients who had been operated upon by AMOG since December 2011. Operations performed included hernia repairs (824 patients, 41%) and excision biopsy of soft tissue masses (364 patients, 18%). More specialized operations included thyroidectomy (103 patients, 5.1%), urological procedures (including prostatectomy) (71 patients, 3.5%), and plastic surgery (26 patients, 1.3%). Total cost of the outreach trips was $283,762, and 2079 DALY were averted; cost per DALY averted was 136.49 USD. The mission trips were “very cost‐effective” per WHO parameters. There was a trend toward a lower cost per DALY averted with subsequent outreach trips organized by AMOG.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that providing surgical services through wholly local surgical mission trips to underserved LMIC communities might represent a cost‐effective and viable option for countries seeking to reduce the growing unmet surgical needs of their populations.
Radioactive Iodine Ablation Decrease Recurrences in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma with Lateral Lymph Node Metastasis in Chinese Patients
Authors: Xue Shuai , Wang Peisong , Liu Jia , Chen Guang
Published: July 2017

Introduction

We aimed to carry out a retrospective study from a single institution to determine whether radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation decreases the risk of recurrence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients that presented with lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed a total of 6361 consecutive PTMC patients who initially underwent surgery for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma at the First Hospital of Jilin University, between January 2005 and February 2015. Altogether, 137 patients with PTMC with LLNM have been enrolled in our study.

Results

The disease‐free survival period was significantly shorter for the RAI (−) patients than for the RAI (+) patients (p = 0.0074 by the log‐rank test). The disease‐free survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 93.02 and 87.5%, respectively, in the RAI (−) group and 100 and 96.81%, respectively, in the RAI (+) group. CLNM ratio and LLNM ratio were factors identified for multivariate analysis by Cox’s proportional hazards method yielding risk ratios of 7.281 [CI 1.804–17.554; p = 0.010] and 1.157 [CI 1.0125–9.381; p = 0.048] in the RAI (−) group.

Conclusion

Taken together, RAI may be beneficial for PTMC with LLNM, especially when CLNM ratio or LLNM ratio was greater than 0.5.
Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Epidural Analgesia Versus Different Analgesic Regimes Following Oesophagogastric Resection
Authors: Hughes Michael , Yim Ivan , Deans D. A. Christopher , Couper Graeme W. , Lamb Peter J. , Skipworth Richard J. E.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Effective analgesia following open oesophagogastric (OG) resection is considered a key determinant of recovery. This review aimed to compare epidural to alternative analgesic techniques in patients undergoing major open resection for OG cancer.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted of randomized controlled trials comparing epidural with alternative analgesic methods in open OG surgery. Primary outcome was the overall post‐operative morbidity rate. Secondary outcomes included pulmonary complication rates, length of stay (LOS) and pain scores at 24 h.

Results

Six trials which comprised of 249 patients were identified (3 following gastrectomy and 3 following oesophagectomy). Following gastrectomy, secondary outcomes including pulmonary complications and dynamic pain scores at 24 h were improved in the epidural groups. No difference was observed in overall morbidity rates or LOS. Following oesophagectomy, overall morbidity rates were not reported at all. LOS was not shortened, and rest pain was not significantly different in the epidural group, but dynamic pain scores were reported to be improved.

Conclusion

Few trials of analgesic regimen have been performed following open OG resection. In those trials that have been performed, epidural analgesia has not been shown to reduce overall morbidity. Epidural is associated with reduced pulmonary complications after gastrectomy, but no benefit has been shown after oesophagectomy. Whilst widespread investigation of minimally invasive OG techniques currently takes place, it is clear that the most effective patient pathway following open OG surgery, particularly oesophagectomy, is still not proven. Further trials are required.
Significance of Body Mass Index for Postoperative Outcomes after Lung Cancer Surgery in Elderly Patients
Authors: Matsuoka Katsunari , Yamada Tetsu , Matsuoka Takahisa , Nagai Shinjiro , Ueda Mitsuhiro , Miyamoto Yoshihiro
Published: July 2017

Background

Although the frequency of elderly patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer has been increasing, indications for surgery in elderly patients are still controversial. Low body mass index is a significant predictor of poor prognosis in elderly patients with various medical conditions. Then, we examined the long‐term outcome of elderly patients who had undergone thoracic surgery for lung cancer, focusing especially on body mass index.

Patients and methods

Between January 2004 and March 2011, 1673 patients with lung cancer underwent surgical resection at our institution. Among these patients, we retrospectively examined 158 patients aged 80 years or older.

Results

Perioperative morbidity and mortality rates were 41.8 and 1.3%, respectively. Among 149 patients who were completely followed up, 80 patients (53.7%) died. The overall postoperative survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 66.9 and 49.9%, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that sex (female), smoking index (pack‐years <20), histology (non‐squamous cell carcinoma), pathological stage (stage I) and BMI (within normal BMI) were statistically significant factors associated with better outcome. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with a low (<18.5 kg/m2) or high (≥25 kg/m2) body mass index had a significantly and poorer prognosis than patients with a normal body mass index.

Conclusion

Body mass index is a more useful prognostic factor than other clinical factors including pathological stage in elderly patients. Because elderly patients with low and high body mass index have a significant poor prognosis, surgeons and pulmonologist should take this into account when consider surgical indication for such elderly patients.
Burr‐Hole Craniostomy for Chronic Subdural Hematomas by General Surgeons in Rural Kenya
Authors: Kanyi John K. , Ogada Timothy V. , Oloo Mark J. , Parker Robert K.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common condition that causes significant morbidity and mortality. In rural sub‐Saharan Africa, there are very few neurosurgeons. Yet, cSDH is treatable by relatively simple surgical intervention with potential for rapid clinical improvement.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with cSDH who underwent burr‐hole trephination at Tenwek Hospital, Kenya, between July 2014 and July 2016. We extracted and compared the clinical presentation, risk factors, operative details, and outcomes.

Results

A total of 119 patients were identified with a mean age of 61.3 years. The majority were men (80%). The main predisposing factors were trauma (54.6%) and alcohol intake (34.4%). Patients were generally managed with two burr‐holes, irrigation, and a subdural drain, remaining for a median of 2 days. Operations were assisted by general surgery residents under direct supervision of senior residents (46), general surgeons (65), and neurosurgeons (8). Complications included recurrence (5.2%), subdural empyema (2.5%), postoperative seizures (3.4%), and mortality (6.7%). Improvement of symptoms was noted in 91% of all patients.

Conclusion

Operative management of cSDH can be safely performed in rural facilities by general surgeons familiar with the procedure and with the institutional resources. The majority of patients had satisfactory outcomes.
How Safe is Performing Cholecystectomy in the Oldest Old? A 15‐year Retrospective Study from a Single Institution
Authors: Novello Matteo , Gori Davide , Di Saverio Salomone , Bianchin Matteo , Maestri Lorenzo , Mandarino Francesco Vito , Cavallari Giuseppe , Nardo Bruno
Published: July 2017

Background

Globally, the number of people aged 80 years or over, the “oldest old,” is the fastest growing population group. Because of the strong association between age and gallstone disease, both prevalence and incidence of this disease are increasing. The feasibility of the cholecystectomy in octogenarians has been evaluated in several studies that confirmed the safety of the operation. However, the safety of this procedure in nonagenarians is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of cholecystectomies in nonagenarians and identify related predictors for postoperative hospital length of stay (LOS) and in‐hospital mortality up to 30 days postoperatively.

Methods

More than 500 cholecystectomies, both open and laparoscopic, were performed between January 2000 and September 2015 at our institution in patients 80 years and older. These statistics include both elective and emergent admissions. A retrospective review of charts over the last 15 years was conducted to compare mortality and length of postoperative stay among two patient groups: 319 octogenarians and 36 nonagenarians. Parameters evaluated include demographics, surgical presentation, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, main diagnosis, comorbidities, type of surgery performed, LOS and in‐hospital mortality. All data were analyzed with STATA (v.13) software, using a multivariate logistic regression after determining the statistically significant variables through a stepwise regression.

Conclusions

We found out that being nonagenarian, compared to octogenarian, is not a significant risk factor in terms of LOS and in‐hospital mortality within 30 days postoperatively. Despite that, the mortality rate among nonagenarians is still remarkably high as almost every patient was admitted in an emergent setting. The most remarkable predictor for mortality among the two groups was an “afternoon/night emergency” surgical presentation (OR 25.5, CI 1.53–42.35, p = 0.02). Thus, the surgical emergency management for gallbladder disease at our institution should be critically reevaluated. Performing the procedure in laparoscopy predicted a significant reduction (−5 days, CI −8.5 to −1.4, p = 0.006) of LOS, while presenting with “gallbladder and bile duct stones” (+6.3 days, CI 1.5–11.1, p = 0.01) or “acalculous cholecystitis” (+4.7 days, CI 0.4–9.2, p = 0.03) had the opposite effect. Despite the remarkable mortality rate of our series, being nonagenarian should not be considered as a reason to avoid gallbladder surgery in case of need. Our study suggests that nonagenarians are more suitable surgical candidates than may have previously expected.
Changes in appetite, energy intake, body composition, and circulating ghrelin constituents during an incremental trekking ascent to high altitude
Authors: Matu Jamie , O’Hara John , Hill Neil , Clarke Sarah , Boos Christopher , Newman Caroline , Holdsworth David , Ispoglou Theocharis , Duckworth Lauren , Woods David , Mellor Adrian , Deighton Kevin
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Circulating acylated ghrelin concentrations are associated with altitude-induced anorexia in laboratory environments, but have never been measured at terrestrial altitude. This study examined time course changes in appetite, energy intake, body composition, and ghrelin constituents during a high-altitude trek.

Methods

Twelve participants [age: 28(4) years, BMI 23.0(2.1) kg m−2] completed a 14-day trek in the Himalayas. Energy intake, appetite perceptions, body composition, and circulating acylated, des-acylated, and total ghrelin concentrations were assessed at baseline (113 m, 12 days prior to departure) and at three fixed research camps during the trek (3619 m, day 7; 4600 m, day 10; 5140 m, day 12).

Results

Relative to baseline, energy intake was lower at 3619 m (P = 0.038) and 5140 m (P = 0.016) and tended to be lower at 4600 m (P = 0.056). Appetite perceptions were lower at 5140 m (P = 0.027) compared with baseline. Acylated ghrelin concentrations were lower at 3619 m (P = 0.046) and 4600 m (P = 0.038), and tended to be lower at 5140 m (P = 0.070), compared with baseline. Des-acylated ghrelin concentrations did not significantly change during the trek (P = 0.177). Total ghrelin concentrations decreased from baseline to 4600 m (P = 0.045). Skinfold thickness was lower at all points during the trek compared with baseline (P ≤ 0.001) and calf girth decreased incrementally during the trek (P = 0.010).

Conclusions

Changes in plasma acylated and total ghrelin concentrations may contribute to the suppression of appetite and energy intake at altitude, but differences in the time course of these responses suggest that additional factors are also involved. Interventions are required to maintain appetite and energy balance during trekking at terrestrial altitudes.
Marker-assisted breeding to develop the drought-tolerant version of Sabitri, a popular variety from Nepal
Authors: Dixit Shalabh , Yadaw Ram Baran , Mishra Krishna Kumar , Kumar Arvind
Published: July 2017

Sabitri is a rice variety grown in a large part of the rainfed areas of Nepal. It was originally developed for irrigated condition; hence, this variety suffers high yield decline under drought. Two QTLs, qDTY
3.2
and qDTY
12.1
, with large effects on grain yield under drought were identified in the Sabitri background in separate QTL mapping studies. The present study reports the development of Sabitri near isogenic lines (NILs) with combinations of these two QTLs and their characterization under drought. To do so, marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) was combined with phenotypic selection to develop high-yielding drought-tolerant NILs with Sabitri grain type. Apart from this, drought-tolerant variants for grain type with high yield under non-stress were identified among the developed NILs. Early days to flowering of up to 13 days and reduction in plant height of up to 13 cm as compared to Sabitri were observed in the developed NILs. Some of these NILs showed higher yield compared to Sabitri and relatively higher tolerance to drought, indicating the capture of positive alleles and interactions during the course of selection. The developed NILs possessed high yield potential which make them suitable materials for the testing of water-saving technologies in irrigated areas. Based on their performance, these NILs can be deployed in rainfed areas in Nepal and other countries of South Asia to increase yield stability.
The Network Survival Method for Estimating Adult Mortality: Evidence From a Survey Experiment in Rwanda
Authors: Feehan Dennis M. , Mahy Mary , Salganik Matthew J.
Published: July 2017

Adult death rates are a critical indicator of population health and well-being. Wealthy countries have high-quality vital registration systems, but poor countries lack this infrastructure and must rely on estimates that are often problematic. In this article, we introduce the network survival method, a new approach for estimating adult death rates. We derive the precise conditions under which it produces consistent and unbiased estimates. Further, we develop an analytical framework for sensitivity analysis. To assess the performance of the network survival method in a realistic setting, we conducted a nationally representative survey experiment in Rwanda (n = 4,669). Network survival estimates were similar to estimates from other methods, even though the network survival estimates were made with substantially smaller samples and are based entirely on data from Rwanda, with no need for model life tables or pooling of data from other countries. Our analytic results demonstrate that the network survival method has attractive properties, and our empirical results show that this method can be used in countries where reliable estimates of adult death rates are sorely needed.
Aerodynamic investigation of S-duct intake for high power turboprop installed on a channel wing
Authors: Atalayer Ç. , Friedrichs J. , Wulff D.
Published: July 2017

Installation effects on the S-duct intakes of a high power turboprop were investigated by comparing three different nacelle configurations as the channel wing, over-the-wing and conventional tractor wing using computational fluid dynamic methods. The interaction of the propeller, the wing, and the nacelle on the scoop type turboprop intakes were identified in terms of recovery and distortion on the aerodynamic interface planes. An actuator disc model was used to simulate the propeller downstream effects. The channel wing installation of S-ducts showed approximately 2% higher total pressure recovery than the other configurations. The channel wing configuration with a wrap-around S-duct experienced a 2% lower circumferential distortion intensity, whereas over-the-wing had an increase by 3% in comparison to the tractor wing. It was also observed that the S-duct type had a greater influence on the radial distortion intensity than the installation type. The swirl coefficient distribution showed that multiple peaks occurred as opposed to swirl results based on a single sector of the aerodynamic interface plane. The difference between swirl peaks of shaft penetration S-duct was reduced by 14% when installed on channel wing, whereas the peaks of wrap-around experienced 90° phase shift, and their difference showed 10% increase on channel wing.
High-order detached-eddy simulation of external aerodynamics over an SAE notchback model
Authors: Islam A. , Thornber B.
Published: July 2017

This research explores the modification and implementation of a Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES) in a high-order compressible solver and its application to automotive aerodynamics. This was conducted on a 20° SAE Reference Notchback Model with a Reynolds number of 2.23 × 105. This DES algorithm implemented within FLAMENCO, which is finite-volume research code operating over multi-block meshes, was used for all the simulations. The primary objectives were to capture unsteady flow features, separated coherent structures and also relax the meshing requirements to improve accessibility to turbulence-resolving methods for realistic configurations. This also aims to better understand the separated flow physics, especially around the base surfaces of the car. Simulations for three mesh refinement levels were compared to wind-tunnel measurements. Even on relatively coarse meshes (~7 m cells) for DES, time-averagedCpwas obtained with maximum errors of <8%.
A multisite study of performance drivers among institutional review boards
Authors: Caligiuri Michael , Allen Karen , Buscher Nate , Denney Lisa , Gates Cynthia , Kantelo Kip , Magit Anthony , Sak Rachael , Firestein Gary S. , Fontanesi John
Published: July 2017

Introduction

The time required to obtain Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is a frequent subject of efforts to reduce unnecessary delays in initiating clinical trials. This study was conducted by and for IRB directors to better understand factors affecting approval times as a first step in developing a quality improvement framework.

Methods

807 IRB-approved clinical trials from 5 University of California campuses were analyzed to identify operational and clinical trial characteristics influencing IRB approval times.

Results

High workloads, low staff ratios, limited training, and the number and types of ancillary reviews resulted in longer approval times. Biosafety reviews and the need for billing coverage analysis were ancillary reviews that contributed to the longest delays. Federally funded and multisite clinical trials had shorter approval times. Variability in between individual committees at each institution reviewing phase 3 multisite clinical trials also contributed to delays for some protocols. Accreditation was not associated with shorter approval times.

Conclusions

Reducing unnecessary delays in obtaining IRB approval will require a quality improvement framework that considers operational and study characteristics as well as the larger institutional regulatory environment.
Attitudes and reported practice of paediatricians and child psychiatrists regarding the assessment and treatment of ADHD in Ireland
Authors: Honorio Neto F. , Tatlow-Golden M. , Mulligan A. , Gavin B. , McNicholas F.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

This mixed-method national survey has obtained original data on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) attitudes, assessment and treatment regimes reported by paediatricians and child psychiatrists; and has compared their clinics. It has examined the extent of involvement of Irish paediatricians in the management of ADHD.

Methods

A questionnaire was designed, based on a review of literature and ADHD guidelines, and piloted by expert clinicians. Universal recruitment was conducted among Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) consultants (n=71) and community/general paediatric consultants (n=72). Quantitative and qualitative data was collected and analysed.

Results

There was an overall response rate of 43%. A dedicated ADHD clinic is offered in 79% of CAMHS services, but only in one paediatric service. Participants reported that the assessment of ADHD involves multidisciplinary work and this was only established in CAMHS clinics. Medication is initiated by 82% of child psychiatrists and only 22% of paediatricians.

Conclusions

This first national study of ADHD attitudes and practices presents comprehensive data regarding the management of children with ADHD in CAMHS and paediatric settings in Ireland. Paediatricians reported a minor role in managing ADHD. Study limitations are related to subjective reporting rather than case note audit, and a moderate response rate for the paediatricians’ participants.
Rapid distortion of turbulence into an open turbine rotor
Authors: Graham J. M. R.
Published: July 2017

Rapid distortion of turbulence (RDT) theory is applied to homogeneous, isotropic turbulence incident on a horizontal axis turbine rotor such as a wind turbine or tidal-stream turbine. The mean flow field of the rotor which distorts the turbulence is represented by the commonly used axisymmetric actuator disc model due to Betz and Joukowski. The fluctuating streamwise component of the turbulence distorted by this field is calculated at the actuator disc plane. Turbulence velocity intensities and spectra are evaluated for general ratios of turbulence integral length scale to the rotor diameter, including the small-scale limit for which the original homogeneous strain analysis of Batchelor and Proudman may be applied. The distortion of the mean velocity profile of an incident rotor wake which may be considered a zero frequency disturbance relevant to wind and tidal turbine operation in large arrays is also analysed by the same method, treating it as a deterministic disturbance in the incident flow.
Low-Reynolds-number diffusion-driven flow around a horizontal cylinder
Authors: Alias Anis A. M. , Page Michael A.
Published: July 2017

Diffusion-driven flow occurs when any insulated sloping surface is in contact with a quiescent stratified and viscous fluid. This startling fluid motion is generally very slow, and is caused by a hydrostatic pressure imbalance due to bending of isotherms near the surface. In contrast to previous studies of the phenomenon, the low-Reynolds-number case is considered here, for which the induced steady motion is influenced by viscous and density diffusion over a much larger length scale than the size of the insulated object. The relevant linear equations of steady two-dimensional motion in a linearly stratified fluid are solved for a circular cylinder using a matched two-region approach that yields analytical solutions for the streamfunction and the density variations both close to and far from the object. The exact analytical expressions for the solutions in the ‘outer-flow region’ are new, and after matching enable accurate solutions to be evaluated easily at any point. Similar qualitative behaviour is expected under similar conditions near isolated objects of other shapes, including for a sphere. Implications for multiple objects are also discussed.
Effective slip lengths for immobilized superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Crowdy Darren G.
Published: July 2017

Analytical solutions are found for both longitudinal and transverse shear flow, at zero Reynolds number, over immobilized superhydrophobic surfaces comprising a periodic array of near-circular menisci penetrating into a no-slip surface and where the menisci are no longer shear-free but are taken to be no-slip zones. Explicit formulae for the associated longitudinal and transverse effective slip lengths are derived; these are then compared with analogous results for superhydrophobic surfaces of the same characteristic geometry but where the menisci are shear-free. The new formulae give results that are consistent with recent experimental observations that have prompted suggestions that menisci that are assumed to be free of shear have in fact been immobilized. Significantly, for transverse shear flow, it is found that at critical downward meniscus protrusion angles of around$47^{\circ }$, for many surface geometries, it is impossible to distinguish, purely from the effective slip length, between a no-shear and a no-slip boundary condition. We also find that immobilized menisci bowing into the grooves at supercritical angles just below$90^{\circ }$can be almost twice as slippery to transverse shear as no-shear menisci. The results are relevant to recent discussion as to whether surface immobilization, due to contamination by surfactants or other physical mechanisms, is compromising drag reduction properties expected from an assumed no-shear condition.
Investigation on Propeller Slipstream by Using an Unstructured Rans Solver Based on Overlapping Grids
Authors: Gong X. Q. , Ma M. S. , Zhang J. , Tang J.
Published: July 2017

Based on unstructured hybrid grid and dynamic overlapping grid technique, numerical simulations of Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations were performed and investigation on isolated propeller aerodynamic characteristics and effects of propeller slipstream on turboprops were undertaken. The computational grid consisted of rotational subzone of propeller and stationary major-zone of aircraft, and walls criterion was used in the automatic hole-cutting procedure. Distance weight interpolation and tri-linear interpolation were developed to transfer information between the rotational and stationary subzones. The boundaries of overlapping grids were optimized for fixed axis rotation. The governing equations were solved by dual-time method and Lower Upper-Symmetric Gauss-Seidel method. The method and grid technique were verified by isolated propeller configuration and the computational results were in well agreement with the experimental data. The grid independence was studied to establish the numerical results. Finally, the flow around a turboprop case was simulated and the influence of propeller slipstream was presented by analyzing the surface pressure contours, profile pressure distribution, vorticity contours and profile streamline. It's indicated that the slipstream accelerates and rotates the free stream flow, changing the local angle of attack, enhancing the downwash effects, affecting the pressure distribution on wing and horizontal tail, as well as increasing the drag coefficient, pitching moment coefficient and the slope of lift coefficient.
Numerial Study of Vortex-Induced Vibration of Circular Cylinder Adjacent to Plane Boundary Using Direct-Forcing Immersed Boundary Method
Authors: Chern M. J. , Lu G. T. , Kuan Y. H. , Chakraborty S. , Nugroho G. , Liao C. B. , Horng T. L.
Published: July 2017

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is an important physical phenomenon as one design a riser or a cylindrical structure in ocean. As the riser or the cylindrical structure is adjacent to a seabed, the boundary effect on VIV is not fully understood yet. The direct-forcing immersed boundary (DFIB) method is used to investigate a two-degree-of-freedom VIV of a flexible supported circular cylinder adjacent to a plane boundary in this study. Furthermore, the effect of the VIV of cylinder on skin friction of the plane boundary is investigated. The effects of varying reduced velocity and gap ratio on VIV are discussed. Only a single vortex street is found when the cylinder is close to plane boundary. Hydrodynamic coefficients of the freely vibrating cylinder are analyzed in time and spectral domains. Furthermore, nearly round oval-shaped motion is observed as the so-called lock-in phenomenon occurs. The skin friction of the plane boundary is predicted by the DFIB model. Results show that the vibrating cylinder in the boundary layer flow can reduce the friction effectively. This proposed DFIB model can be useful for the investigation of VIV of the structures under the plane boundary effect even for a small gap between the cylinder and the boundary.
The effect of team emotional intelligence on team process and effectiveness
Authors: Lee Changyu , Wong Chi-Sum
Published: July 2017

Team emotional intelligence is expected to have a significant impact on intrateam conflict and team effectiveness. However, to date, there has been a dearth of empirical evidence of this link. Taking a comprehensive approach, our study contributes to the literature on intrateam conflict and team emotional intelligence. Data collected from 79 teams in South Korean companies reveal that team emotional intelligence is negatively related to team process (i.e., task conflict and relationship conflict) and positively related to team effectiveness (i.e., team performance, innovation, and cohesion). In addition, team emotional intelligence has a moderating effect on decoupling task conflict and relationship conflict. Our findings also indicate that team emotional intelligence decreases the negative effects of task conflict on team effectiveness, and of relationship conflict on team cohesion. We conclude this study with a discussion of limitations and implications for future research.
Early-stage interaction between settlement and temperature-gradient metamorphism
Authors: WIESE MAREIKE , SCHNEEBELI MARTIN
Published: July 2017

Snow metamorphism and settlement change the microstructure of a snowpack simultaneously. Past experiments investigated snow deformation under isothermal conditions. In nature, temperature gradient metamorphism and settlement often occur together. We investigated snow settlement in the first days after the onset of temperature-gradient metamorphism in laboratory experiments by means of in-situ time-lapse micro-computed tomography. We imposed temperature gradients of up to 95 K m−1 on samples of rounded snow with a density of ~230 kg m−3 and induced settlement by applying 1.7 kPa stress with a passive load on the samples simultaneously. We found that snow settled about half as fast when a temperature gradient was present, compared with isothermal conditions. The change in specific surface area after 4 days caused by temperature-gradient metamorphism was only a few percent. The viscosity evolution correlated with the amount of the temperature gradient. Finite element simulations of the snow samples revealed that stress-bearing chains had developed in the snow structure, causing the large increase in viscosity. We could show that a small change in microstructure caused a large change in the mechanical properties. This explains the difficulty of predicting snow mechanical properties in applications such as firn compaction or snow avalanche formation.
ARISTOPHANES'ACHARNIANS591–2: A PROPOSED NEW INTERPRETATION
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: July 2017

Kenneth Dover proposes an explanation of this joke in which the gist is to be understood in terms of ‘homosexual rape as an expression of dominance’, so that Dicaeopolis is offering himself up for use as a pathic by Lamachus. Dover believes that the joke becomes ‘intelligible if the assumption is that the erastēs handles the penis of the erōmenos during anal copulation’. Others have seen a circumcision joke here. Alan Sommerstein explains how the joke would work either of these ways.
Predictive simulations of operation scenarios for EAST with METIS code
Authors: Li Y. C. , Li M. H. , Ding B. J. , Artaud J. F. , Peysson Y. , Ekedahl A. , Wang M. , Wang X. J. , Xu H. D. , Shan J. F. , Liu F. K.
Published: July 2017

Upgraded heating and current drive (H/CD) systems have been equipped on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). With the upgraded H/CD systems, the operation space of EAST is extended, and the ability to achieve higher performance is improved. In this paper, a 0.5 dimension transport code named Minute Embedded Tokamak Integrated Simulator (METIS) is applied to predict the EAST operation space and to assess the current drive capability of the 4.6 GHz lower hybrid current drive system. Predictive simulation of several EAST scenarios, including steady-state high confinement mode (H-mode), advanced regime, high normalized beta and high electron temperature, are also performed with the available H/CD systems. The simulation results provide a guidance for forthcoming advanced EAST experiments.
Characterization of the mating-type locus (MAT) reveals a heterothallic mating system inKnightiella splachnirima
Authors: LUDWIG Lars R. , SUMMERFIELD Tina C. , LORD Janice M. , SINGH Garima
Published: July 2017

In the present study, we characterized the mating-type locus ofKnightiella splachnirima(Icmadophilaceae) using degenerate and inverse PCR techniques. We screened for the presence of both mating-type locus idiomorphs in DNA extracts of minuscule samples of haploid thalline tissue. We found that only one of the two idiomorphs was present in each sample, and the mating-type ratio (MAT1-1:MAT1-2) was very balanced, being 8:10 and 13:14 at local and global scales, respectively. This indicates that the species is probably self-incompatible and requires the presence of compatible mating partners for sexual reproduction (heterothallic mating system). Furthermore, we provide a mating-type screening protocol withK. splachnirimaspecific mating-type locus primers, which could serve as an essential tool for the conservation management of this rare Australasian endemic.
Ramalina europaeaandR. labiosorediata, two new species of theR. pollinariagroup (Ascomycota:Ramalinaceae), and new typifications forLichen pollinariusandL. squarrosus
Authors: GASPARYAN Arsen , SIPMAN Harrie J. M. , LÜCKING Robert
Published: July 2017

Ramalina europaeaGasparyan, Sipman & Lücking andR. labiosorediataGasparyan, Sipman & Lücking, two species of theR. pollinariagroup, are described here as new to science.Ramalina europaea, widely distributed in Europe, can be distinguished by small, punctiform, often terminal soralia starting out on small, spine-like branchlets, whereasR. labiosorediatafrom North America differs fromR. pollinarias. str. andR. europaeain the almost exclusively terminal soralia formed on the tips of normal lobes, originating from the underside and becoming irregularly labriform. Morphological characters, chemistry, ecology and geographical distribution are discussed and a key to the species of theRamalina pollinariagroup is provided. The topology of a maximum likelihood tree based on ITS shows the presence of three well-supported clades, corresponding to the morphological differences of the three species. The status of several historical names variously placed in synonymy with or described as infraspecific entities ofR. pollinariais reassessed and a new neotype and an epitype are designated forLichen pollinarius, a neotype forL. squarrosus, making it a synonym ofR. farinacea, and lectotypes forR. pollinariavar.elatior, making it a synonym ofR. pollinarias. str., and for var.humilis, a taxon of yet unknown affinity.
Heterocyphelium leucampyx(Arthoniales, Ascomycota): another orphaned mazaediate lichen finds its way home
Authors: VAN DEN BROECK Dries , LÜCKING Robert , GAYA Ester , CHAVES José Luis , LEJJU Julius B. , ERTZ Damien
Published: July 2017

Heterocypheliumis a mazaediate genus containing a single species,H. leucampyx. The species was originally described from Cuba within the genusTrachylia(Arthoniales,Arthoniaceae) and later placed in various genera of the collective orderCalicialess. lat. For the past three decades,Heterocypheliumwas considered an orphaned genus (incertae sedis) within the Ascomycota, since morphology alone could not resolve its systematic position. In this study, we added molecular data with the aim of resolving this uncertainty. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of newly generated sequence data from the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA small subunit (mtSSU) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2) provide clear evidence thatHeterocyphelium leucampyxis nested within the orderArthoniales, in the familyLecanographaceae, sister to the genusAlyxoria.Heterocypheliumis a further example of parallel evolution of passive spore dispersal, prototunicate asci and the occurrence of a mazaedium in the Ascomycota, and another calicioid genus whose systematic placement could be eventually clarified by means of molecular data.Heterocypheliumis the fourth mazaediate genus inArthoniales, in addition toSporostigma,TylophorellaandTylophoron.
The genus Xenolecia (Lecideaceae s. lat., Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed.), including a second species in the genus from Campbell Island, New Zealand
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M. , THÜS Holger
Published: July 2017

The new species Xenolecia cataractarum Fryday is described from Campbell Island. It differs from X. spadicomma, the only other species of the genus, in having much smaller apothecia and ascospores, an olivaceously pigmented epihymenium (brown in X. spadicomma), and a thallus with a non-amyloid medulla and norstictic acid (amyloid medulla and confluentic acid in X. spadicomma). Xenolecia spadicomma is reported here from several localities on the Falkland Islands and three from the Región de Los Lagos, Chile, which are the first reports of this species since its description from Isla Wellington in the south-west of Patagonia in 1868. A full description of X. spadicomma is also provided.