bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Shoulders of Giants
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: August 2018

Galileo’s parabolic trajectory launched a new approach to physics that was taken up by a new generation of scientists like Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke and Edmund Halley. The English Newtonian tradition was adopted by ambitious French iconoclasts who championed Newton over their own Descartes. Chief among these was Pierre Maupertuis, whose principle of least action was developed by Leonhard Euler and Joseph Lagrange into a rigorous new science of dynamics. Along the way, Maupertuis became embroiled in a famous dispute that entangled the King of Prussia as well as the volatile Voltaire who was mourning the death of his mistress Emilie du Chatelet, the lone female French physicist of the eighteenth century.
Geometry on my Mind
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: August 2018

This chapter reviews the history of modern geometry with a focus on the topics that provided the foundation for the new visualization of physics. It begins with Carl Gauss and Bernhard Riemann, who redefined geometry and identified the importance of curvature for physics. Vector spaces, developed by Hermann Grassmann, Giuseppe Peano and David Hilbert, are examples of the kinds of abstract new spaces that are so important for modern physics, such as Hilbert space for quantum mechanics. Fractal geometry developed by Felix Hausdorff later provided the geometric language needed to solve problems in chaos theory. Motion cannot exist without space—trajectories are the tracks of points, mathematical or physical, through it.
The Tangled Tale of Phase Space
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents the history of the development of the concept of phase space. Phase space is the central visualization tool used today to study complex systems. The chapter describes the origins of phase space with the work of Joseph Liouville and Carl Jacobi that was later refined by Ludwig Boltzmann and Rudolf Clausius in their attempts to define and explain the subtle concept of entropy. The turning point in the history of phase space was when Henri Poincaré used phase space to solve the three-body problem, uncovering chaotic behavior in his quest to answer questions on the stability of the solar system. Phase space was established as the central paradigm of statistical mechanics by JW Gibbs and Paul Ehrenfest.
From Butterflies to Hurricanes
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: August 2018

Half a century after Poincaré first glimpsed chaos in the three-body problem, the great Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov presented a sketch of a theorem that could prove that orbits are stable. In the hands of Vladimir Arnold and Jürgen Moser, this became the Kolmo–Arnol–Mos (KAM) theory of Hamiltonian chaos. This chapter shows how KAM theory fed into topology in the hands of Stephen Smale and helped launch the new field of chaos theory. Edward Lorenz discovered chaos in numerical models of atmospheric weather and discovered the eponymous strange attractor. Mathematical aspects of chaos were further developed by Mitchell Feigenbaum studying bifurcations in the logistic map that describes population dynamics.
Darwin in the Clockworks
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: August 2018

The preceding chapters established the central role played by families of trajectories in phase space to explain the time evolution of complex systems. This chapter, in turn, uses these ideas to explore the history and development of the theory of natural evolution by Charles Darwin and others. Darwin had many influences, including ideas from Thomas Malthus in the context of economic dynamics. After Darwin, the ideas of evolution matured to encompass broad topics in evolutionary dynamics and the emergence of the idea of fitness landscapes and game theory driving the origin of new species. This chapter shows how the rise of genetics with Gregor Mendel supplied a firm foundation for molecular evolution, leading to the molecular clock of Linus Pauling and the replicator dynamics of Richard Dawkins.
Wordsworth, Waterloo, and Sacrifice
Authors: Shaw Philip
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the author pays particular attention to Wordsworth’s Thanksgiving Ode and to the accompanying sonnet ‘Intrepid sons of Albion!’, revealing the ways in which these poems address ideas of personal and collective sacrifice. With reference to sermons published in the wake of the Battle of Waterloo, Shaw looks at how religious and political rhetoric conspired to convert the shocking toll of victory—an estimated 50,000 dead and wounded—into the compostable soil of national unanimity, and how Wordsworth responded to this communal trauma. For Wordsworth, engagement with national questions of slaughter, sacrifice, and divine providence was inseparable from modes of autobiographical revision.
Bare Death
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: August 2018

In representations of the First World War (1914–1918), the figure of the sacrificial offering appears and reappears to consecrate an otherwise uncertain purpose—to make holy, sacer- facere. On the military side, in Britain especially, the war witnessed a shift from a professional army to a civilian recruit, u a conscript mass, whose individual deaths required justification. The figure of the sacrificial offering recurs with a frequency commensurate with the scale of this first mass war. This quantity of death, however, ultimately overwhelms the logic of sacrifice, which turns on the quality, the specialness, the worthiness, of the individual victim. Drawing on the philosophy of Giorgio Agamben, this chapter argues that the proportionate economy of individual sacrifice is eventually disrupted by indiscriminate slaughter, and the failure of the old model is recorded in a range of British fiction, including works by Richard Aldington, Ford Madox Ford, and David Jones.
‘Freely Proffered’?
Authors: Kendall Tim
Published: August 2018

Writing The Times obituary for Rupert Brooke, Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, contended that in times of crisis ‘no sacrifice but the most precious is acceptable, and the most precious is that which is most freely proffered’. In an age when faith in an afterlife was waning, a freely proffered sacrifice appeared especially virtuous. To praise it was, paradoxically, to insult it—hence the soldier’s insistence, in Brooke’s most famous sonnet, that posterity should remember him strictly according to his own stipulations: ‘think only this of me’. Brooke was a pioneer, understanding that his writings must articulate a new kind of sacrifice. His five sonnets of the sequence ‘1914’ were the first of any significance to be published by a soldier–poet who had seen active service. Dwelling on the reasons to fight and to die, they remained the most influential literary works during the war and afterwards.
The Penny’s Mighty Sacrifice
Authors: Patterson Ian
Published: August 2018

In the (often left-wing) writings on the Spanish Civil War, the idea of sacrifice (both transitive and intransitive) is intertwined with theories and practices of class conflict. The secular bent to much left-wing thinking did not preclude using associations with religious sacrifice to characterize the war’s fatalities; the bombing of Guernica and Madrid, for example, were both described as ‘martyrdoms’. Even in those views of the war that emphasized the importance of dialectical materialism, there is often an inherent logic of self-sacrifice—particularly for those middle-class and intellectual members of the Communist left whose commitment to revolution included a commitment to the supersession of their own individuality in the name of the party. This chapter examines how such ideological figurings of sacrifice are presented in lyrical and elegiac poems by poets such as W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Clive Branson, George Barker, Margot Heinemann, and Cecil Day Lewis.
The Motif of Sacrifice in the Literature and Culture of the Second World War
Authors: Rawlinson Mark
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores how Anglophone literature and culture envisioned and questioned an economy of sacrificial exchange, particularly its symbolic aspect, as driving the compulsions entangled in the Second World War. After considering how Elizabeth Bowen’s short stories cast light on the Home Front rhetorics of sacrifice and reconstruction, it looks at how poets Robert Graves, Keith Douglas, and Alun Lewis reflect on First World War poetry of sacrifice. With reference to René Girard’s and Carl von Clausewitz’s writings on war, I take up Elaine Cobley’s assertion about the differing valencies of the First and Second World Wars, arguing that the contrast is better seen in terms of sacrificial economy. I develop that argument with reference to examples from Second World War literature depicting sacrificial exchange (while often harking back to the First World War), including Evelyn Waugh’s Sword of Honour Trilogy (1952–61), and William Wharton’s memoir Shrapnel (2012).
Reckoning Sacrifice in ‘War on Terror’ Literature
Authors: Houen Alex
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how novelists and poets explore the sacrificial reckonings of the ‘war on terror’ in terms of relations between faith (social and religious), sympathy, and bearing witness. It discusses Ian McEwan’s novel Saturday (2005) and two books of poetry: Claudia Rankine’s Don’t Let Me Be Lonely (2004) and Juliana Spahr’s this connection of everyone with lungs (2005). Both poems balance matters of aesthetics and ethics by comparing modes of bearing witness: watching spectacles of war through television, and testifying to responsibility for others’ lives. The chapter relates those to the contrasting kinds of sacrifice attributed to armed services personnel and jihadi ‘martyrs’. It then discusses how these modes of sacrifice and witnessing are examined in recent novels: Nadeem Aslam’s The Wasted Vigil (2008) and The Blind Man’s Garden (2013); Lorraine Adams’s The Room and the Chair (2010); and James Meek’s We Are Now Beginning Our Descent (2008).
The call to social inclusion: psychosocial care for the marginalized in society
Authors: Larkin Philip J.
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers to what extent palliative care meets the needs of specific groups of people in society who may consider themselves to be vulnerable and marginalized. For most people in society, the experience of being excluded is transient and relatively short-lived. Despite the international call for palliative care to be recognized as a human right, there are challenges to that position and a case here is made to adopt a social justice framework, based on the principles of affective equality in palliative care. Using care studies around these specific groups, the reality of inequity and its impact on the psychosocial dilemmas faced by this group of patients and their families will be discussed.
Psychosocial care in diverse communities and encouraging communities to support each other
Authors: McEnhill Linda
Published: August 2018

This chapter reviews issues of psychosocial care in diverse communities. In the face of ongoing inequity, despite the Equality Act (2010), it analyses the concept of access as it impacts differentially on people from diverse communities. Suggesting that patient leadership, co-production, and compassionate community models of care are all vehicles by which to improve psychosocial care in the face of diminished resources and increased demand as a result of rising numbers of people dying and the need to respond to all who are dying based on need not on diagnosis or social circumstance. Despite a plethora of policy documents and legislation there are still significant numbers of people who are unable to access palliative care in general and specialist palliative care in particular.
Psychosocial care of families in palliative care
Authors: Kissane David W.
Published: August 2018

The families of patients in the palliative care setting have a range of educational and care needs that form part of the basic responsibility of the hospice service. Routine family meetings are an important way to address these needs. Additionally, up to one third of families have some level of dysfunction in their relationships, which prove predictive of morbid bereavement outcomes—prolonged grief and major depressive disorders. These families who carry risk of poorer outcomes need additional care, optimally commenced during palliative care, and continued into bereavement to provide continuity of service. Assessment of family strengths and relational functioning provide insight into clinical targets to support a family. The needs of children, the elderly, disabled, or mentally ill family members need to be addressed alongside those of patients with complex illnesses. A preventive model of family-centred care may involve six to ten family therapy sessions across nine to 18 months.
Diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder (PGD)
Authors: Marziliano Allison M. , Lichtenthal Wendy G. , Prigerson Holly G.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a synthesis and up-to-date summary of studies on prolonged grief disorder (PGD)—an intense, persistent, and disabling response to loss experienced by a significant minority of bereaved individuals. Circumstances surrounding cause of death, relationship with the deceased, and predisposing characteristics of the bereaved individual increase the risk of PGD. PGD is associated with adverse health outcomes, and often is comorbid with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has proven effective in prevention and intervention efforts. Novel interventions have been adapted for subgroups of bereaved samples. New efforts to derive the clinical utility of PGD to create a common dialogue among professionals have been made. Although great strides have been made in developing clinically useful criteria for PGD, future research would benefit from extension to new cultural contexts, and further examination of the clinical utility of the PGD diagnosis.
Suffering as a Virtuous Motive
Authors: Brady Michael S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter proposes that dispositions to suffer can constitute virtues, and that when they do, experiences of suffering are virtuous motives. Brady illustrates this idea by showing that feelings of physical pain and emotional remorse can constitute ‘faculty virtues’, since they outperform feasible competitors in bringing about valuable goods, such as the avoidance of damage, and the provision of apologies and reparations. He then considers a range of objections to this virtue-theoretical approach to suffering—in particular, that dispositions to feel pain are not aspects of character, and thus not virtues as traditionally conceived; and that virtuous motives are intrinsically good, whilst suffering is intrinsically bad—and argues that none of them are convincing.
Suffering, Morality, and Wisdom
Authors: Brady Michael S.
Published: August 2018

Brady argues that suffering is essential to the development and expression of moral virtue, and also the executive virtue of wisdom. He starts by considering the ‘virtue solution’ to the problem of evil, and raises objections to this general line. But he then illustrates the importance of suffering for moral virtue by considering Buddhist thought, and contemporary empirical work. Brady goes on to argue that there are good philosophical and psychological reasons to suppose that suffering is essential for wisdom. Suffering motivates the kind of reflection that is needed for evaluative understanding, whilst at the same time reflection on suffering adversity is positively correlated with wisdom.
Suffering, Communication, and Social Virtue
Authors: Brady Michael S.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter Brady argues that suffering is vital for the proper functioning and flourishing of social groups, because it is essential for the social virtues of justice, love, and faith. He makes this case by first focusing on Biblical and Qur’anic ideas—in particular that suffering is punishment for sin, and a test of faith—but argues that religious teachings have secular parallels. On this view suffering is essential for the legitimate punishment of criminal acts, and for building trust and solidarity in many groups. Central to suffering’s role in bringing about these social goods is its communicative value.
Introduction
Authors: Cureton Adam , Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: August 2018

This introduction explains the main themes of the collection and briefly summarizes the chapters. The essays in the ‘Attitudes and Relationships’ section discuss the attitudes that we can have towards people with disabilities, ourselves included, as we engage in personal relationships of various kinds, including friendship, care-giving, and more casual interactions with strangers. The essays in the ‘Attitudes and Policy’ section focus on the implications of moral attitudes, such as respect and love, for social policies, including reproductive decisions, research to find “cures” for disabilities, and physicians’ assessments of the decision-making capacities of newly disabled patients to accept or reject life-sustaining support. And, the essays in the ‘Justifying Frameworks’ section consider what frameworks are appropriate for justifying and assessing particular relationships and policies. Basic moral attitudes are shown to be relevant in practice but also in how we justify our practices and debate about the scope of our moral consideration.
Beneficence and Disability
Authors: Holtman Sarah
Published: August 2018

This chapter asks what stance is morally appropriate as we consider when, whether, and how to assist persons experiencing physical, emotional, or intellectual disability. Appealing to a variety of intelligent and observant thinkers for inspiration (Ralph Barton Perry, Helen Keller, and Immanuel Kant), it argues that one important aspect of such a stance is an attitude of reciprocal beneficence. This has three central aspects: a perspective of fellowship acknowledging the disabled and the currently able as members of the community of vulnerable human agents; a developed sympathy attuned to gaps in knowledge and failures of imagination and analogy; and a readiness to show gratitude or appreciation for what the currently disabled may teach about the vulnerable moral agency we share. The argument takes initial inspiration from Perry but owes most to its roots in Kantian moral and political theory. It also owes much to wise and insightful enrichments due to Keller.
Respect for Human Beings with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Sensen Oliver
Published: August 2018

Respect for persons is a central element of our ordinary moral views. However, there is a growing demand to include not just normal human adults, but also animals, the environment, and other traditions, etc., and to uphold a unified account of respect that seamlessly includes all of these beings. This chapter argues that this demand is best captured not by a third-person account that grounds the requirement to respect others in an objective value the other possesses, nor in a second-person account, but if one holds that there are internal, first-person reasons to adopt an attitude of respect. This chapter further argues that such reasons can be supported by every major normative outlook, such as Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, and Deontology. The chapter considers which understanding of respect best fits our intuitions, and it then applies this view to the question of respect for intellectually disabled human beings.
“I Would Rather Die than Live Like This”
Authors: Courtwright Andrew M.
Published: August 2018

The medical view of autonomous decision making (MVAD)—in which a patient’s decision-making capacity is evaluated according to his beliefs and understanding of his clinical situation and how his decisions fit within the scope of other things he desires—has been extensively criticized within normative ethics and moral psychology. Using a case in which a newly disabled man refuses additional medical care because he does not want to live as a disabled person, this chapter discusses the MVAD framework that physicians use to evaluate decisions about forgoing life-sustaining treatment for otherwise survivable complications of disability. This approach is more ethically robust than is usually appreciated. However, it can be strengthened by considering autonomy as a Kantian property of the will and not merely a property of individual decisions. This chapter concludes with a discussion of how to approach the newly disabled who are struggling to adjust to their perceived impairments.
Obligations to the Cognitively Impaired in Non-Structured Contexts
Authors: Galvin Richard
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the obligations that individuals who are not designated care-givers have toward those whose disability involves severe cognitive impairment in “non-structured contexts”. This might include casual encounters in routine day-to-day activities. The argument is that familiar accounts of normative ethics, including virtue ethics and (broadly) utilitarian and Kantian views, if unsupplemented and unmodified, fail to provide an adequate account of both the content of and the ground for such obligations. A more promising alternative account suggests that such obligations should be seen as aiding the severely cognitively impaired in acquiring three important human goods: engaging in cooperative efforts, achieving some level of agency, and developing self-respect. Those of us who are not designated care-givers both can and should interact with the severely cognitively impaired in non-structured contexts in ways that assist them in achieving these goods.
Moral Disability, Moral Injury, and the Flight from Vulnerability
Authors: Warren Virginia L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the concept of moral disability, identifying two types. The first type involves disabling conditions that distort one’s process of moral reflection. Examples include the incapacity to consider the long-term future, to feel empathy for others, and to be honest with oneself. A noteworthy example of self-deception is systematically denying one’s own—and humanity’s—vulnerability to the power of others, to accidents, and to having one’s well-being linked to that of others and the eco-system. Acknowledging vulnerability often requires a new sense of self. The second type includes incapacities directly resulting from ‘moral injury’—debilitating, self-inflicted harms when one violates a deeply held moral conviction, even if trying to remain true to another moral value. Examining moral disabilities highlights the moral importance of self-identity. More progress may be made on controversial issues if we discuss who we are, how we connect, and how we can heal.
Introduction
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: August 2018

We must learn to treat the artist as prophetic seer, a visionary whose work recalls a new epiphany of Spirit…revelation continues in history and continues in such a way as to challenge the most deeply cherished certainties of faith.

Thomas J. J. Altizer, The New Apocalypse: The Radical Christian Vision of William Blake...
The Poetics of Belief
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: August 2018

For Thomas J. J. Altizer and Norman O. Brown, Blake helped articulate some of the problems, as well as opportunities, of theology in an age which challenged established ways of thinking about God. Both were attracted to Blake’s antinomian and anti-establishment arguments. Altizer was hagiographic, exaggerating Blake’s importance as a forerunner and spiritual godfather of contemporary radical death-of-god theology. Brown turned to Blake’s corporeal imagery to forge his own ethical, anti-Pauline theology of the body, which sought to replace hierarchical systems with a more democratic and participatory poetics of belief. Both saw Blake as a spiritual and artistic guide, responding to the composite texture of his visual and verbal art and his philosophical interrogations of power and privilege.
America
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: August 2018

When Blake titled his two great American works with the words ‘Visions’ and ‘Prophecy’, he invested the new world with the spiritual and imaginative significance of his favourite artistic forms. The recent battle for independence had revived America’s claim to newness and, while Blake was disillusioned with the reality of the Republic across the Atlantic, he retained his sense of America as a symbol of spiritual and social promise. Blake’s own sense of America’s symbolism influenced many Americans who saw themselves as continuing the task of prophecy and vision. In their attempts to revitalize a society they saw as profoundly corrupted, Blake’s American readers took hold of his own greatest tools: the creative imagination and the possibilities of consciousness. They were sensitive to his tones and textures, finding comedy, mysticism, insight, vision, and social criticism in his work. Blakean forms of bardic song, aphorism, prophecy, and lament became particularly relevant to a literary tradition which centralized the relationship between aspiration and experience. Blakean themes of revelation and perception, the body, revolution, desire, and delight helped shape mythopoeic visions of America....
Asymmetries in Vowel Harmony
Authors: van der Hulst Harry
Published: August 2018

This book deals with the phenomenon of vowel harmony, a phonological process whereby all the vowels in a word are required to share a specific phonological property, such as front or back articulation. Vowel harmony occurs in the majority of languages of the world, though only in very few European languages, and has been a central concern in phonological theory for many years. In this volume, Harry van der Hulst puts forward a new theory of vowel harmony, which accounts for the patterns of and exceptions to this phenomenon in the widest range of languages ever considered. The book begins with an overview of the general causes of asymmetries in vowel harmony systems. The two following chapters provide a detailed account of a new theory of vowel harmony based on unary elements and licensing, which is embedded in a general dependency-based theory of phonological structure. In the remaining chapters, this theory is applied to a variety of vowel harmony phenomena from typologically diverse languages, including palatal harmony in languages such as Finnish and Hungarian, labial harmony in Turkic languages, and tongue root systems in Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Tungusic languages.
Prayer and Meditation
Authors: Brundin Abigail , Howard Deborah , Laven Mary
Published: August 2018

Where, when, and how did individuals pray at home? What tools and devices did they employ to aid their practice of prayer? How were such tools and practices shared between family members and other networks? Via the study of a range of different sources, including archival records, printed books and pamphlets, and images, this chapter roots out domestic practices of prayer that were often far removed from any kind of official guidance. It considers the different stages of preparing to pray, including identifying an appropriate space and time in the home, and the different forms that prayer might take. First-hand accounts demonstrate domestic prayer in action. The final section of this chapter explores the distinctive forms of meditation that were practised within the home.
Printing and Piety
Authors: Brundin Abigail , Howard Deborah , Laven Mary
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the second half of the sixteenth century, which witnessed an outpouring of printed devotional texts aimed at new kinds of readers from lower down the social scale, and asks what impact this form of production might have had on domestic devotion. Three case studies for comparison are chosen: Vicenza, in the Veneto; Macerata, in the Marche; and Naples, the largest city in Europe in the period. An analysis of local, devotional printing helps to give a picture of the kinds of books ordinary people in three very different cities might have been able to buy cheaply in local bookshops to keep in their homes. The chapter argues that the proliferation of printed texts in the late sixteenth century provided opportunities to ordinary people to develop their individual faith in an unprecedented way.
Rethinking Agreement in Plato
Authors: Brown Lesley
Published: August 2018

Plato’s dialogues make abundant use of the verb homologein, invariably translated ‘to agree’. Plato makes extensive use of the verb in its declarative use both in narrative reports of what Socrates and/or his interlocutors said and in direct discourse, as when Socrates invites an interlocutor to homologein that such and such, reminds him that a short while ago he agreed that such and such, and so on. We misunderstand the dialectical situation represented in Socratic discussions if we translate homologein as ‘to agree’. Socrates is interested in whether an interlocutor gives it as his opinion that p, in other words whether he maintains that p. He should not be construed as inviting the interlocutor to agree with himself that p, even when he uses the verb homologein. This thesis has implications for understanding the nature of Socratic examinations and undermines some arguments for a so-called constructive reading. Many Socratic examinations are more confrontational and less co-operative than has been supposed.
Justice and Persuasion in the Republic
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: August 2018

In the Republic Socrates attempts to defend the value of justice, but thinks that such a defence can operate at different levels. The ‘longer route’ defends the value of justice by appealing to the Forms, and more generally the metaphysical worldview sketched in books V–VII. To follow this route would ultimately require philosophical understanding. The ‘shorter route’, as pursued in books II–IV and VIII–IX, defends justice only by appeal to the psychology of the tripartite soul aided by political analysis, but without reference to the Forms. Though the shorter route is appropriate when addressed to sympathetic interlocutors, such as Glaucon and Adeimantus, other arguments take the longer route and are addressed to more radical sceptics about justice, such as Thrasymachus.
Introduction
Authors: Cassis Youssef
Published: August 2018

The introductory chapter provides a historical perspective to the discussion of international centres after the Global Financial Crisis and Brexit. It addresses three sets of questions. The first concerns the definition and ranking of international financial centres; the second concerns the effects, over the long run, of global financial crises on international financial centres, in terms of rise, decline, recovery, and reconfiguration; and the third concerns the ability of international financial centres to reinvent themselves in the face of new adverse conditions. The last set of questions is relevant to the likely effects of Brexit, and takes into account the fact that, historically, leading economic powers have always given rise to a major financial centre. The final part of the introduction is devoted to a presentation, against this historical background, of the eight core chapters of the book.
Tokyo
Authors: Shirai Sayuri
Published: August 2018

Japan has endeavoured to develop its capital Tokyo as one of the top global financial centres. Japan’s advantages are the sheer size of its economy (the third largest in terms of gross domestic product), the status of the Japanese yen as the third international currency after the United States dollar and the euro, and large financial and capital markets with abundant capital. Tokyo has the potential to become a regional financial centre that transfers excess capital to emerging Asian economies. This vision has not fully materialized because Japan’s financial investment continues to be destined towards the United States and Europe and in the form of relatively safe debt securities. Moreover, Japan’s capital remains largely risk-averse, contributing to lack of diversity in domestic capital markets and limited provision of risk capital to the world. This chapter takes an overview of Japan’s financial and capital market developments.
Conclusions
Authors: Wójcik Dariusz , Cojoianu Theodor F.
Published: August 2018

The chapter summarizes observations made in the preceding chapters, and complements them from a geographical perspective, putting developments in the eight countries and eleven financial centres covered in the book in a global context. It starts by looking at the elite of the financial sector, comparing the world’s top centres of investment banking and asset management. Next, it broadens its focus by reviewing trends and patterns of employment in the financial and business services sector as a whole. The following section offers a glimpse of offshore finance and its development since the crisis. In addition, it provides an overview and comparison of developments in fintech and their potential impact on the global map of financial centres. The concluding section considers new geographical ways of conceptualizing relationships among financial centres, financial and business services, and offshore finance, and ends with suggestions for future research.
Finding the Restaurant
Authors: Assael Brenda
Published: August 2018

Chapter 1 offers a typology and geographical survey of the Victorian and Edwardian London restaurant. It opens with a quantitative overview, using Kelly’s Post Office Directories, in order to establish not merely the number of restaurants, but also their locations. The chapter then identifies and details a variety of categories (for example, chophouses, working-class eating houses, small-scale owner-managed dining rooms, street carts, and women’s, vegetarian, and temperance restaurants), while at the same time emphasizing that the polyglot nature of eating often renders such categorization problematic. The restaurant is shown here to be more than just a fashionable West End establishment; it also encompassed modest refreshment rooms spread across the metropolis, in particular the City of London.
Health and Regulation in the Restaurant
Authors: Assael Brenda
Published: August 2018

This chapter places the restaurant in the context of public health issues. Even if they attained superior standards of hygiene in their kitchens and dining rooms, restaurants were vulnerable to contamination and adulteration emanating from suppliers, wholesalers, and markets. Concerns that the restaurant might be a site of pollution and disease inevitably accorded it a significant place in the discourses of official regulation. The culture and conduct of restaurant inspection, while definitely inscribed with the practices of liberal governance, were also required to accommodate themselves to the prerogatives of commercial forces. Moreover, the presence of inspectors should not obscure the fact that the restaurant sector itself was eager to reassure customers that it made every effort to ensure the highest standards of hygiene. Temperance and vegetarian establishments are also discussed here, as sites on which healthy eating was yoked to the pursuit of moral purity and rationalism.
Epilogue
Authors: Assael Brenda
Published: August 2018

The epilogue begins with consideration of the way the nineteenth-century London restaurant features in individual and collective memory. It insists that such memories were not exclusively characterized by notions of dispossession, melancholy, or regret, and the distance between eating out in the middle of the nineteenth century and the dawn of the twentieth century was often expressed through the sentiments of progress and improvement. It then moves on to a reflection on how returning the restaurant to a central role in our understanding of metropolitan history in the Victorian and Edwardian period has important connotations for how the history of Modern Britain, more broadly, might be researched and written. In particular, the restaurant requires more attention to be given to the more materially grounded aspects of the urban experience as much as it does to the more abstracted motifs of representation, performance, and subjectivity.
Matters of substance
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Psychoactive substances vary tremendously in their pharmacological properties, cultural symbolism, and reinforcing effects. Comparative risk assessments indicate that legal substances like tobacco and alcohol are at least as dangerous to health and social welfare as many illicit substances. Any consideration of the public health impact of psychoactive substances needs to take into account three important mechanisms of harm: the physical toxicity of the substance, the intoxicating effects it produces, and its potential for creating a syndrome of drug dependence. Policies on substance use should reflect the social and pharmacological complexities of psychoactive substances as well as the relative differences among them.
Harms associated with illicit drug use
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Five types of morbidity and mortality have been identified as the main health expressions of health harm associated with illicit drug use: 1) overdose; 2) other injury; 3) non-communicable physical disease; 4) mental disorders; and 5) infectious disease. Burden of disease estimates combining years of life lost due to premature mortality and disability indicate that illicit drugs ranked eighth among causes of disease, death, and disability in developed regions of the world. Opioids, cocaine, and amphetamines entail greater risks, especially when they are injected. Many harmful consequences are not completely intrinsic to the properties of the drug, but instead are associated with the physical and social environment in which drug use takes place. These epidemiological considerations need to be taken into account in the allocation of resources for prevention programmes, treatment, and social services.
Health and social services for drug users
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Health and social services attempt to reduce drug-related harm by promoting abstinence, by reducing the frequency of drug use, and by changing behaviours that are harmful to drug users and society at large, such as HIV risk behaviour, drug overdose, and criminal activity. Among the most carefully evaluated programmes are interventions focused on users of heroin and other opioids. The documented benefits of opioid substitution therapy include reduced overdose mortality, less HIV infection, and lower crime rates. Therapeutic communities, contingency management, counselling for marijuana dependence, and brief interventions for at-risk drug use have the next strongest level of evidence. Psychosocial interventions for users of cocaine, methamphetamine, hallucinogens, benzopdiazepines, and club drugs have evidence of effectiveness as well.
Treatment systems for drug users
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Policies affecting the type, amount, and organization of health and social services play an important role in the overall effectiveness of a service system. Countries differ markedly in their service systems, which vary in terms of the availability, accessibility, coordination, cost-effectiveness, and coerciveness of treatment and harm-reduction services. There are now a large number of evidence-informed health and social services that are ready for implementation in systems of care in both low and high-income countries. These interventions, along with innovations in the organization of service systems, can directly address access, equity, and coordination. Coordination between the criminal justice system, mental health services, primary health care, and the treatment system can reduce drug use, improve health, prevent crime, and decrease recidivism. Health and social services organized within an integrated system, can have an impact on the population in a variety of areas targeted by drug policy.
Expectations, Narratives, and Socio-Economic Regimes
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: August 2018

The chapter proposes a history of the grand narratives associated with a succession of recent socio-economic regimes. Since the 2000s, radical uncertainty has greatly increased, given widespread innovation, and the unprecedented complexity of domestic and international interdependencies. In these circumstances, actors cannot form fully rational expectations because the past is a poor predictor of the future. This agony of the rational expectation hypothesis has opened a wide space to consider the role played by economic narratives in conditions of uncertainty. These narratives are generally rather simple in form and promise a drastic reduction of radical uncertainty and system complexity. Businesses use storytelling to convince markets to finance daring, uncertain projects, and economic policy-makers rely on it to coordinate action. In this way, imaginaries and narratives are crucial in moving capitalist spirits—but at the cost of recurring financial and economic crises as each is found wanting in turn.
The Interactional Foundations of Economic Forecasting
Authors: Reichmann Werner
Published: August 2018

How do economic forecasters produce legitimate and credible predictions of the economic future, despite most of the economy being transmutable and indeterminate? Using data from a case study of economic forecasting institutes in Germany, this chapter argues that the production of credible economic futures depends on an epistemic process embedded in various forms of interaction. This interactional foundation—through ‘foretalk’ and ‘epistemic participation’ in networks of internal and external interlocutors—sharpens economic forecasts in three ways. First, it brings to light new imaginaries of the economic future, allowing forecasters to spot emerging developments they would otherwise have missed. Second, it ensures the forecasts’ social legitimacy. And finally, it increases the forecasts’ epistemic quality by providing decentralized information about the intentions and assumptions of key economic and political actors.
Escaping the Reality Test
Authors: Pilmis Olivier
Published: August 2018

Economic crises regularly give rise to criticisms of economists and forecasters for having failed to blow the whistle. Forecasters’ efforts to deal with ‘errors’ and events that contradict their predictions show analogies between forecasting and magic as analysed by Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss in the early twentieth century. The way forecasters depict the process of forecast production pinpoints three different sets of explanations for errors that together seek to discard ‘reality’ (‘what actually happened’) as a relevant criterion for judging forecasts (‘what had been predicted’). Forecasters argue that the ontological indeterminacy of economies and the presence of unanticipated shocks absolve them from blame; they emphasize the value of identifying causal narratives and scenarios even when point forecasts are wrong; and they stress the importance of adhering to professional methods or rituals.
Central Bank Planning
Authors: Braun Benjamin
Published: August 2018

Central banks have increasingly used communication to guide market actors’ expectations of future rates of interest, inflation, and growth. However, aware of the pitfalls of (financial) central planning, central bankers until recently drew a line by restricting their monetary policy interventions to short-term interest rates. Longer-term rates, they argued, reflected decentralized knowledge and should be determined by market forces. By embracing forward guidance and quantitative easing (QE) to target long-term rates, central banks have crossed that line. While consistent with the post-1980s expansion of the temporal reach of monetary policy further into the future, these unconventional policies nevertheless mark a structural break—the return of hydraulic macroeconomic state agency, refashioned for a financialized economy. This chapter analyses the theoretical and practical reasoning behind this shift in the governability paradigm and examines the epistemic and reputational costs of modern central bank planning and the non-market setting of long-term bond prices.
Predicted Uncertainty
Authors: Esposito Elena
Published: August 2018

The chapter analyses the way in which structured finance manages and controls the openness of the future as a source of profit. Financial modelling relies on a specific form of fiction, based on the careful construction of a present image of the future and its uncertainty—expressed by the evaluation of implied volatility. The problem with this approach is that it fails to take account of the reflexive way in which the fictitious future it constructs affects the (not-yet-existing) future reality. This chapter highlights the dual nature of the future as intersection and combination of both the present future and the future present. It concludes that structured-financed models—despite their attempt to control risk by making calculations in the present about the future and about current market expectations of the future—may, in times of turbulence, increase the indeterminacy and unpredictability of future reality.
Processing the Future
Authors: Giraudeau Martin
Published: August 2018

This chapter is an analysis of the project appraisal procedures in place at American Research and Development Corporation (ARD) between 1946 and 1973, under the management of Georges F. Doriot. It shows the importance of knowledge technologies and administrative procedures in the way the venture capital company dealt with uncertain futures. The origins of these knowledge practices are traced back to Georges F. Doriot’s own views on business and more generally to the pragmatist movement in business administration of which he was a member. The conduct of project appraisal at ARD is then observed directly, and this reveals its reliance on a rich set of knowledge and diagnostic techniques as well as administrative procedures. These observations allow for a specification of the nature and role of imagination in the entrepreneurship and venture capital practices examined here—in particular, its close relationship with organized knowledge.