bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender‐Related Outcomes in Saphenous Vein Graft Interventions
Authors: Osherov Azriel , Perl Leor , Gallego‐Colon Enrique , Furman Aryel , Bental Tamir , Levi Amos , Vaknin‐Assa Hana , Codner Pablo , Kornowski Ran , Kheifets Mark
Published: December 2024

Background

Saphenous vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention (SVG‐PCI) is a relatively common procedure in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Although internal mammary artery is considered optimal, SVG is still used in the majority of patients.

Aims

Investigating the potential role of gender differences in the incidence and outcomes of SVG‐PCI.

Methods

The study was based on a prospectively collected registry of 1199 consecutive patients (169 female) who underwent SVG‐PCI in a tertiary medical center between 2004 and 2023. Primary outcomes included MACE (death, myocardial infarction [MI], target vessel revascularization [TVR], stroke) and mortality, at 1 and 3 years.

Results

Female patients were older (73.6 ± 9.1 years vs. 70.6 ± 9.7 years, p < 0.001), suffered from higher rates of diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure (78.1% vs. 61.3% p < 0.001, 13.6% vs. 7% p < 0.003, 66.3% vs. 51.8% p < 0.001 respectively). Additionally, female patients had lower trans‐radial access use (11.9% vs. 19.3%, p < 0.025), and underwent SVG‐PCI earlier following their CABG procedure (11.3 ± 6.2 years vs 12.9 ± 6.1 years, p < 0.003), as compared to male patients. There were no differences in MACE rates between the groups. Mortality was higher in the female group at 1 year (13.6% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.003), but no significant differences were observed at 3 years (24.3% vs. 20.9%, p = 0.320). Cox regression analysis identified age, renal function, ejection fraction, MI and trans‐femoral as independent risk factors for mortality.

Conclusion

Gender‐specific monitoring and early intervention, especially for women, are required for better management of graft patency, potentially improving long‐term outcomes.
Association of Proximal Vessel Tortuosity with Technical Success and Clinical Outcomes: Analysis From the Progress‐CTO Registry
Authors: Strepkos Dimitrios , Rempakos Athanasios , Alexandrou Michaella , Mutlu Deniz , Carvalho Pedro E. P. , Bahbah Ali , Kostantinis Spyridon , Choi James W. , Gorgulu Sevket , Jaffer Farouc A. , Chandwaney Raj , Alaswad Khaldoon , Basir Mir B. , Azzalini Lorenzo , Ozdemir Ramazan , Uluganyan Mahmut , Khatri Jaikirshan , Young Laura , Poommipanit Paul , Aygul Nazif , Davies Rhian , Krestyaninov Oleg , Khelimskii Dmitrii , Goktekin Omer , Tuner Hasim , Rafeh Nidal Abi , Elguindy Ahmed , Rangan Bavana V. , Mastrodemos Olga C. , Voudris Konstantinos , Al‐Ogaili Ahmed , Burke M. Nicholas , Sandoval Yader , Brilakis Emmanouil S.
Published: December 2024

Background

Proximal vessel tortuosity can hinder wiring and equipment delivery during chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Aims

We sought to examine the association of proximal vessel tortuosity with the short and long‐term outcomes of patients undergoing CTO PCI.

Methods

We examined the association of proximal vessel tortuosity with clinical outcomes in patients who underwent CTO PCI at 50 US and non‐US centers between 2012 and 2024.

Results

Of 14,141 patients, 3,974 (28.1%) had moderate or severe proximal vessel tortuosity. Patients with moderate or severe proximal vessel tortuosity had more comorbidities and more complex angiographic characteristics, such as longer lesion length and higher prevalence of side branch at the proximal cap. Lesions with moderate or severe proximal tortuosity required greater procedure and fluoroscopy time. On unadjusted analyses, moderate/severe proximal vessel tortuosity was associated with lower technical success and higher incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). In multivariable analysis, moderate/severe proximal vessel tortuosity was associated with lower technical success (odds ratio [OR]: 0.77; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.67, 0.89) but similar MACE (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.73). Higher operator volume (≥ 30 CTO PCI cases per year) was associated with higher technical (85.2% vs. 75.6%, p < 0.001) and procedural success (83.6% vs. 74.5%, p < 0.001) but also higher risk of perforation (6.49% vs. 3.57%, p < 0.001) but not pericardiocentesis, in lesions with moderate/severe proximal vessel tortuosity.

Conclusions

Moderate or severe proximal vessel tortuosity is independently associated with lower technical success in CTO PCI but not with MACE. High‐volume operators are more likely to successfully perform CTO PCI in lesions with moderate/severe tortuosity at the cost of higher risk of perforation, without higher MACE.
Management and Outcomes of Pulmonary Embolism in Women of Reproductive Age Admitted to Urban Versus Rural Areas Compared to Men
Authors: Bansal Mridul , Mehta Aryan , Ahmad Khansa , Bortnick Anna E. , Nagaraja Vinayak , Hyder Omar N. , Dawn Abbott J. , Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra
Published: December 2024

There are limited and conflicting data on sex and urban‐rural disparities in outcomes of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) in the reproductive age group. Our object was to assess sex disparities in the reproductive age group cohort. All adult non‐elective admissions in the reproductive age group (18−49 years) with a primary diagnosis of PE and with no missing sex/age data were identified using the National Inpatient Sample. Females and males were stratified into rural and urban location based on hospital information. Outcomes of interest included in‐hospital mortality, complication rates, variations in management, total hospitalization costs, and length of stay. During 01/01/2016 to 12/31/2020, 180,898 PE admissions aged 18−49 years were identified (rural—12,319 [6.8%]). Females comprised 54.8% and 55.1% of the rural and urban cohorts, respectively. Overall, compared to males, females in urban and rural regions had largely comparable rates of definitive PE interventions, except lower rates of catheter directed therapy (4.7 vs. 3.6%, p < 0.001) in females admitted to urban hospitals. Despite younger age, higher comorbidity, and lower utilization of PE interventions, females in both regions had similar unadjusted in‐hospital mortality (rural 1.1% vs. 1.0%; p = 0.93 and urban 1.8% vs. 1.7%; p = 0.78) and hospitalization costs compared to males. In conclusion, females of reproductive age group had comparable in‐hospital outcomes to males in both urban and rural areas. Females in urban areas had lower utilization of advanced PE interventions, potentially indicating selective management strategies in different settings.
Intravascular Ultrasound‐Guided Versus Angiography‐Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review, Meta‐Analysis, and Meta‐Regression of Randomized Control Trials
Authors: Ahmed Mushood , Nadeem Zain Ali , Ahsan Areeba , Javaid Hira , Jain Hritvik , Shahid Farhan , Ahmed Raheel , Mamas Mamas A.
Published: December 2024

Background

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) allows better assessment of coronary artery lesion characteristics than angiography alone. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to comprehensively synthesize the available evidence regarding the efficacy of IVUS guidance compared to angiography‐guided PCI.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search of major bibliographic databases from inception until April 2024 was conducted to identify randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing IVUS‐guided PCI versus angiography‐guided PCI. Risk ratios (RR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using the random‐effects model, with a p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Fifteen RCTs were included with 9354 patients undergoing PCI. IVUS‐guided PCI was associated with a lower risk of cardiac death [RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.72], major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) [RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.80], myocardial infarction [RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.94], stent thrombosis [RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.81], target lesion revascularization [RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.75], and target vessel revascularization [RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.69] compared to angiography‐guided PCI. IVUS‐guided PCI was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward a reduced risk of all‐cause mortality [RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.01]. Meta‐regression showed a nonsignificant moderating effect of the duration of follow‐up, age of patients, diabetes mellitus, and acute coronary syndrome presentation of patients on pooled outcomes.

Conclusion

IVUS‐guided PCI reduced cardiac death, MACE, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target lesion revascularization, and target vessel revascularization compared to angiography‐guided PCI.
Conservatively Treated Giant‐Sized Rasmussen Aneurysm: Case Report of a Rare Sequela of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Adjei Prosper , Ocran Edward Ebo , Osei‐Alomele Jerry Kevin Boafo , Abiti Belynda
Published: December 2024

Rasmussen aneurysm is a rare cause of tuberculosis‐related hemoptysis, which affects about 0.007% of the general population. This case report highlights the role of conservative treatment as a valuable therapeutic option in hemodynamically stable patients, particularly in resource‐constrained settings with limited access to endovascular embolization techniques.
A Novel Anodic Heterostructure Based on Commercial 1J50 Permalloy for Urea‐Assisted Water Splitting
Authors: Lin Li , Zhang Hongxu , Dai Zhiyong , Wan Rongchun , Fu Liming , Shan Aidang , Chen Lijia
Published: December 2024

A commercially available magnetic metallic material, 1J50 permalloy, was employed in this work to fabricate a novel anode for the urea‐assisted electrocatalysis. Featuring the simple surface treatments of electrode substrate, including elemental leaching to modulate the Ni/Fe ratio in KSCN solution and subsequent chronopotentiometric aging in test solution, the as‐fabricated anode can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.355 V (RHE) in 1 M KOH solution containing 0.33 M urea, without suffering all the disadvantages of traditional anodes, e.g., complicated fabrication process and impossible substrate regeneration. It was evidenced that Ni can be sustained at first and oxidized subsequently to form UOR‐active species in divalent or trivalent states; whereas Fe, after elemental leaching, can be mainly oxidized to form Fe3O4 with acceptable electric conductivity, and the remnant is incorporated into the lattices of Ni‐containing species for Ni–Fe synergy. Thus, the outstanding UOR performance is directly associated with the hetero‐structure composed mainly of the UOR‐active LDH decorated with the electrically conductive Fe3O4 particles and other UOR‐enhancing (oxy)hydroxides.
Assessment of Conformal Prediction and Standard Normal Distribution for Autonomous Consensus One‐Class Classification
Authors: Redd Hyrum J. , Kalivas John H.
Published: December 2024

Determining if target samples are members of a particular source class of samples has a large variety of applications within many disciplines. In particular, one‐class classification (OCC) is essential in many areas, such as food contamination or product authentication. There are numerous widely accepted methods for OCC, but these OCC methods involve optimizing tuning parameters such as the number of principal components (PCs). This study presents the development and application of a rigorous autonomous OCC process based on a hybrid fusion consensus technique, termed consensus OCC (Con OCC). The Con OCC method uses the new physicochemical responsive integrated similarity measure (PRISM) composed of multiple similarity measures all independent of optimization. Similarity values are fused to a single value describing the degree of sample similarity to a collection of samples. Two approaches are developed to translate each sample‐wise PRISM value to a probability of class membership: conformal prediction p‐values and z‐scores. These two methods are evaluated as separate Con OCC processes using seven datasets measured across a variety of instruments. In both cases, class membership labels are not used to set decision thresholds, and classifiers are not optimized relative to respective tuning parameters. Results indicate that z‐scoring often produces better results, but conformal prediction provides greater consistency across datasets. That is, z‐score values tend to range across datasets while conformal prediction p‐values do not.
Aspects of TBM cutterhead design and performance in very hard rock mass
Authors: Rosam Christoph , Zimmer Sebastian , Wannenmacher Helmut
Published: December 2024

Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) have revolutionized underground excavation, offering efficient, and cost‐effective solutions for tunneling projects worldwide. With an increasing demand for tunnels in geologically challenging or very hard and abrasive conditions, understanding the critical aspects of cutterhead design and its impact on TBM performance is crucial for successful tunneling operations. Little experience is documented on the performance and durability of TBM operating in “very hard” rock conditions. An unbiased performance quantification is established based on a shared understanding of hard rock conditions. The actual design of TBMs demands can only cover certain aspects of TBM–rock mass interaction, demanding further adoption and improvements of primary and secondary wear.
Biotin Conjugated Fe(III)‐Triscatecholate Complex as Tumour Targeting T1 MRI Contrast Agent via Second Sphere Water Relaxation
Authors: Duraiyarasu Maheshwaran , Senthil Kumaran S , Mayilmurugan Ramasamy
Published: December 2024

The biotin‐conjugated Fe(III) catecholate complex [Fe(BioL)3]3−, Fe(BioL)3 (BioLH2=N‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenethyl)‐5‐((3aS,4S,6aR)‐2‐oxohexahydro‐1H‐thieno[3,4‐d]imidazol‐4‐yl)pentanamide) is reported as targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) to increase the payload for early‐stage imaging of tumours. The high spin state and octahedral coordination of the Fe(III) complex are confirmed by EPR spectra and DFT optimized structure, respectively. The overall formation constant (log K) of Fe(BioL)3 is determined as 45, which is higher than the known, more stable complex [Fe(EDTA)]. The complex Fe(BioL)3 exhibited r1 relaxivity of 3.09±0.10 and 1.95±0.09 mM−1 s−1 at 25 °C and 37 °C, respectively, at 1.41 T and pH 7.35 via second‐sphere water interactions as due to the absence of inner water coordination. The interaction of Fe(BioL)3 with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) displayed enhanced relaxivity of 5.16±0.15 and 10.0±0.19 mM−1 s−1, respectively, at 25 °C and pH 7.3 possibly via lengthening of rotational correlational time. The complex Fe(BioL)3 uptake studies with the avidin, a biotin‐binding protein pocket, showed 46 and 37 % enhancements of r1 and r2 relaxivities. Complex Fe(BioL)3 showed 80 % cell viability of the human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells, and 89 % of iron has been uptaken into cells.
Dehydrocoupling of Ammonia/Amine Boranes and Related Transformations Catalysed by Group 4 Metal Complexes
Authors: Rippke Mirko , Tian Ximei , Reiß Fabian , Wu Lipeng , Beweries Torsten
Published: December 2024

Ammonia borane and amine boranes are main group analogues of alkanes, which are characterised by their large gravimetric hydrogen content. This hydrogen can be released in dehydrocoupling and dehydropolymerisation reactions to obtain B−N oligomers and polymers that are of importance as precursors for functional B−N materials. Furthermore, amine boranes are potent reagents for application in transfer hydrogenation reactions, representing a versatile, easy‐to‐handle alternative to the use of gaseous hydrogen for the reduction of organic compounds. Compared to late transition metals, complexes of readily available and comparatively inexpensive electropositive group 4 metals have been used to a much lesser extent. This review summarises the developments in the field of dehydrocoupling of amine boranes and transfer hydrogenation with these reagents, catalysed by complexes of group 4 metals. We analyse the background for these developments using examples and reaction mechanisms and provide an outlook for future developments in this field of research.
Synthesis of Lewis Acid‐Base Adducts Between Potassium Dihydrogenpnictogenides and Group 13 Lewis Acids
Authors: Dollberg Kevin , Michel Nick , Schmücker Hanne , Seus Stefan , Jakobi Celina , Richter Roman‐Malte , von Hänisch Carsten
Published: December 2024

Lewis acid‐base adducts between potassium dihydrogenpnictogenides [K(18c6)PnH2] (Pn=P, As) and Trialkylgallanes (GaMe3, GaEt3, GatBu3) as well as BH3 were synthesized. In the course of these investigations, we were able to fully characterize a row of compounds of the type [K(18c6)(thf)0‐2][PnH2(ER3)2] (E=B: R=H; E=Ga: R=Me, Et, tBu). Based on the successful syntheses of these species, we also synthesized several compounds of the composition [K(18c6)(thf)0‐2][Pn(SiMe3)2(ER3)n] (n=1, 2) starting from [KPn(SiMe3)2] (Pn=P and As) and ER3 (E=B, Al, In: R=Me; E=Ga: R=Me, Et, tBu). All isolated compounds, were examined by NMR spectroscopy, infra‐red spectroscopy and elemental analysis. A selection of the compounds presented were also examined by means of X‐ray structure analysis on the single crystal. The obtained adducts of negatively charged [PnH2]− and [Pn(SiMe3)2]− fragments with Lewis acids are a class of compounds that has scarcely been investigated to date.
Cucurbit[8]Uril‐Stabilized Charge Transfer: An Efficient Supramolecular Approach Toward a Heterogeneous Organic Photocatalyst for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Luo Yi , Nie Haigen , Zou Cuijuan , Fan Yan , Ni Xin‐Long
Published: December 2024

Host‐stabilized charge transfer (HSCT) has been widely utilized in macrocycle‐derived supramolecular assemblies and architectures. However, there has been less research attention focused on the direct fabrication of pure organic photocatalysts using HSCT. Herein, four viologen derivatives (m‐PV2+, m‐BPV2+, d‐PV2+, and d‐BPV2+) with different electron donor‐acceptor (D−A) structures were synthesized. Their host‐guest complexes with cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) in an aqueous solution could be switched using the substituted electron donor moieties, in which the host‐guest complexes of m‐BPV2+@Q[8] and d‐BPV2+@Q[8] exhibited HSCT interactions. Control experiments revealed that the d‐BPV2+@Q[8] complex had the strongest ability to sensitize singlet oxygen (1O2). This was ascribed to the increased π‐conjugation of d‐BPV2+@Q[8], which led to more effective HSCT upon encapsulation by the Q[8] host. Consequently, the d‐BPV2+@Q[8] complex could be easily employed as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for the photooxidation reaction of thioether com‐pounds with high selectivity. In particular, d‐BPV2+@Q[8] was successfully applied to the synthesis of sulfoxide drugs, such as the con‐version of inexpensive Iberverin ($7.0 per gram) to the expensive bioactive inhibitor Iberin ($19500.0 per gram) in high yield (94 %).
Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of gem‐Difluorinated Saturated Oxygen Heterocycles as Bioisosteres for Drug Discovery
Authors: Melnykov Kostiantyn P. , Liashuk Oleksandr S. , Holovach Serhii , Shatnia Valeriia , Horbenko Artur , Lesyk Dmytro , Melnyk Varvara , Skrypnik Daniil , Beshtynarska Anna , Borysko Petro , Viniichuk Oleksandr , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: December 2024

A comprehensive study on the physicochemical properties of gem‐fluorinated O‐heterocyclic substituents is reported. Systematic additive effects of introducing O‐ and gem‐CF2 group introduction on acidic properties (pKa) of the corresponding carboxylic acids/protonated primary amines were demonstrated. The impact of the O/CF2 moieties on lipophilicity (LogP) was found to be complex; significant mutual influence of the corresponding polar moieties governed the compound's overall properties in this case. Biological evaluation of MAPK kinase inhibitors incorporating the title substituents demonstrated their utility as promising fragments for bioisosteric replacements in drug discovery campaigns.
Subclinical Myocardial Dysfunction Assessment Using Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Patients With Psoriasis: A Pilot Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Jain Hritvik , Jain Jyoti , Dey Debankur , Modi Rishika , Alomari Omar , Ahmed Mushood , Singh Jagjot , Odat Ramez M. , Ahmed Raheel , Nashwan Abdulqadir J.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with elevated cardiovascular risk due to inflammatory and oxidative stress. Two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (2D‐STE) can detect both regional and global myocardial strain. Impairment of ventricular strain can assist in the early detection of myocardial dysfunction. Subclinical myocardial dysfunction in psoriasis has not yet been elucidated with inconsistent results.

Methods

A systematic literature search of various databases was conducted to identify studies comparing global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) between patients with psoriasis and healthy controls. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using the inverse‐variance random‐effects model in Review Manager Software Version 5.4.1.

Results

Eleven studies with 879 participants (501 patients with psoriasis and 378 healthy controls) were included. Psoriasis was associated with a statistically significant reduction in GLS [SMD: –1.04; 95% CI: –1.45, –0.62; p < 0.00001] and GCS [SMD: –0.66; 95% CI: –1.27, –0.05; p = 0.03] compared to healthy controls.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that patients with psoriasis are at an elevated risk of subclinical myocardial dysfunction, as shown by the reduced GLS and GCS. Early assessment of subclinical impairment in psoriasis will allow targeted intervention and may mitigate future adverse cardiovascular events. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate these results.
Contemporary trends in utilization of metastasectomy in the era of targeted and immunotherapies
Authors: Passman Jesse E. , Kallan Michael J. , Roberson Jeffrey L. , Ginzberg Sara P. , Amjad Wajid , Soegaard Ballester Jacqueline M. , Tortorello Gabriella , Fraker Douglas , Karakousis Giorgos C. , Bartlett Edmund K. , Wachtel Heather
Published: December 2024

Background

Metastasectomy is a useful adjunct in the management of metastatic cancer. Widespread adoption of novel targeted and immunotherapies has improved the survival profiles of multiple malignancies, which has potentially altered the role of metastasectomy. This study aimed to characterize trends in metastasectomy across five primary cancers eligible for these therapies.

Methods

The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who underwent metastasectomy in the United States (2016–2021). Patients with procedure codes for resection of the lung, liver, adrenal gland, brain, or small bowel and concurrent diagnosis codes for secondary malignant neoplasm of that site were included. Subjects were subcategorized by primary malignancy: colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, or renal cancer. Sample weights were used to produce national estimates, which were incidence adjusted by primary malignancy. Trends in utilization were calculated with average annual percent change (AAPC) and linear regression coefficients.

Results

Colorectal cancer was the most frequent indication for metastasectomy (n = 57,644 cases), followed by lung cancer (n = 55,090 cases), breast cancer (n = 12,616 cases), renal cancer (n = 8427 cases), and melanoma (n = 5658 cases). Utilization of metastasectomy increased over the study period for breast cancer (AAPC, +10.6%; p = .013) and melanoma (AAPC, +8.3%; p = .040) but did not change for lung cancer (AAPC, −1.6%; p = .26), colorectal cancer (AAPC, +0.3%; p = .83), or renal cancer (AAPC, +2.3%; p = .36).

Conclusions

Between 2016 and 2021, utilization of metastasectomy increased significantly for melanoma and breast cancer. The role of metastasectomy will likely continue to develop as new treatment protocols improve survival profiles for patients with metastatic disease.
Improving survival for patients with metastatic non–small cell lung cancer in the immunotherapy era
Authors: Zhang David , Rohatgi Anjali
Published: December 2024

The article by Wang et al. demonstrates that immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has increased survival for patients with metastatic non–small cell lung cancer, although the increases in overall survival and progression‐free survival are typically less than demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. These discrepancies are likely caused by lower rates of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in the real world compared to clinical trial populations and by differences in patient characteristics.
The 2021 US Preventive Services Task Force lung cancer screening eligibility criteria disproportionately exclude younger Black patients with lung cancer
Authors: Potter Alexandra L. , Kuhan Sangkavi , Senthil Priyanka , Mansur Arian , Haridas Chinmay , Srinivasan Deepti , Kumar Arvind , Zheng Wei , Warner Erica T. , Yang Chi‐Fu Jeffrey
Published: December 2024

Background

The 2021 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) lung cancer screening guideline may continue to exclude many younger Black individuals who have not yet accumulated enough smoking pack‐years to be eligible for screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the proportions of Black and White patients with lung cancer, stratified by age at diagnosis, who would have been eligible for lung cancer screening.

Methods

Incident lung cancer cases among Black and White individuals aged 50–80 years with a smoking history in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS) were identified for analysis. The proportions of Black and White individuals, stratified by age at diagnosis, who would have qualified for screening under the 2013 and 2021 USPSTF guidelines were calculated.

Results

A total of 1856 individuals met inclusion criteria. Compared to the 2013 USPSTF guideline, the 2021 USPSTF guideline significantly increased the proportions of Black and White patients with lung cancer who would have qualified for screening in all age groups evaluated. However, under the 2021 USPSTF guideline, there remained a notable racial disparity in lung cancer screening eligibility, particularly among younger patients with lung cancer. Only 47.4% and 61.9% of Black patients aged 50–54 and 50–59 years, respectively, would have qualified for screening under the 2021 USPSTF guideline compared to 80.3% and 88.8% of White patients aged 50–54 and 50–59 years, respectively. With increasing age, the racial disparity in lung cancer screening eligibility between Black and White patients with lung cancer was reduced, and there were no longer any statistically significant differences in screening eligibility between Black and White patients with lung cancer aged 70–74 and 75–80 years. Of Black individuals aged 50–54 and 55–59 years who were ineligible for screening, 100% and 97.5% were ineligible because they had smoked fewer than 20 pack‐years, respectively.

Conclusions

This analysis of SCCS participants with lung cancer found that the 2021 USPSTF eligibility criteria disproportionately exclude many younger Black individuals with lung cancer, primarily because they have too few smoking pack‐years.
In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Progression in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma Orthotopic Mouse Model: A Comparison Between the Tail Vein Injection and Intranasal Instillation Methods
Authors: Yamada‐Hara Miki , Takahashi Naoki , Byun Ji Won , Zeng Liping , Wang Zhihe , Tanaka Arisachi , Malakoutikhah Zahra , Hayashi Tomoko , Webster Nicholas J. G. , Raz Eyal , Bertin Samuel
Published: December 2024

Metastasis remains a leading cause of cancer‐related mortality, yet its study has been constrained by the lack of reliable animal models that faithfully replicate this complex process. Syngeneic models for studying lung cancer metastasis are limited, with the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model being the most commonly employed. The conventional LLC orthotopic model involves injecting LLC cells intravenously (i.v.) via the tail vein into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. However, this model has significant drawbacks, such as tumor development in multiple anatomical sites, incomplete lung tumor penetrance, and challenges in monitoring lung tumor growth. This article highlights the advantages of using luciferase‐expressing LLC cells combined with bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to quantify tumor progression in live animals. We demonstrate that both white‐ and black‐furred C57BL/6 mice can be used for BLI. Finally, we propose that intranasal (i.n.) instillation of LLC cells offers a valuable alternative to the traditional i.v. tail vein injection method, particularly for its simplicity and improved reproducibility. Although the LLC i.n. model does not recapitulate the metastasis process via the blood vascular route, it is an effective model for studying tumor seeding within the lungs and is particularly useful for analyzing the impact of the lung microenvironment on tumor initiation and progression. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Lewis lung carcinoma intravenous injection method

Support Protocol: In vivo bioluminescence imaging

Basic Protocol 2: Lewis lung carcinoma intranasal instillation method
Boosting Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Diformylfuran via Atomically Bridged Indium in In‐SnS2
Authors: Putta Rangapppa Akkammagari , Xue Wenhua , Chowdhury Anirban , Liu Yixuan , Lee Jong‐Min , Zhao Jun
Published: December 2024

The photocatalytic conversion of biomass‐based platform molecules, such as 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), holds significant importance for the utilization of biomass resources. This study focuses on the unique ability of atomically bridged indium (In) atoms that encourages inactive SnS2 surface and steer the selective HMF oxidation process under solar light. Experimental results suggest that In confined SnS2 structure provides not only favorable sites and electronic structures for the synergistic activation of HMF/O2 but also benefit in charge carrier dynamics, thus influencing the overall activity and selectivity of the SnS2 catalyst. In addition, in‐situ spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) analysis uncovered the multifunctional role of In sites in promoting the key steps of the catalytic process, from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to regulated adsorption/activation of *HMF which serves as the rate limiting step of the overall HMF oxidation process. Consequently, the optimized In‐SnS2‐0.75 photocatalyst demonstrated excellent photo oxidation performance, reaching a high HMF conversion efficiency, yield, and selectivity of 91.2, 73 and 80 % respectively, in just two hours of the reaction. This study highlights the strategic approach of rationally designed catalytic systems in order to tune the ROS and the product distribution of the HMF oxidation process.
Application of Human Papillomavirus‐DNA Test on Salivary Gland Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Samples Confirms the Absence of the Virus in Primary Neoplasms and Demonstrates for the First Time Its Presence in Salivary Intraglandular Cysts
Authors: Cozzolino Immacolata , Ronchi Andrea , Montella Marco , Ruggiero Raffaella , Cappiello Rosaria , Savarese Giovanni , Colella Giuseppe , Franco Renato
Published: December 2024

Background

The correlation between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and salivary gland neoplasms is still controversial. Data in the literature are conflicting, reporting the presence of the HPV‐DNA in a significant percentage of cases or none. We investigated the presence of HPV in a series of salivary gland neoplasms using fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) samples to explore its potential oncogenic role in salivary gland tumor development.

Methods

The study included 66 salivary gland lesions from 65 patients. For all cases, residual cytological material in the needle hub, once direct smears were obtained, was fixed by rinsing the needle in Cytolyt hemolytic and preservative solution (Hologic Inc. Marlborough, MA 01752 USA). The samples fixed in the Cytolyt hemolytic and preservative solution (Hologic Inc. Marlborough, MA 01752 USA) were centrifuged at 252 g, then the sediment was transferred to the Preservcyt solution and used for the detection of HPV‐DNA.

Results

We found evidence of the presence of HPV in two salivary intraglandular cysts lined by squamous cell epithelium. Furthermore, we also found HPV in three metastatic oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) located in the parotid gland. Regarding primary salivary gland tumors, the HPV test produced negative results in all cases.

Conclusion

HPV testing produced negative results in all primary salivary gland tumors, failing to confirm the potential involvement of HPV infection in the pathogenesis of salivary gland tumors. Instead, the presence of HPV DNA in samples of salivary intraglandular cysts, never reported before, may be an interesting fact, which however requires further evaluation.
Heme Oxygenase‐1 Overexpression Activates the IRF1/DRP1 Signaling Pathway to Promote M2‐Type Polarization of Spinal Cord Microglia
Authors: Lin Wenping , Cai Ziming , Liang Jinzhu , Miao Ping , Ruan Ye , Li Pian , Lin Shuhui , Tian He , Yu Qinghe , He Xu
Published: December 2024

Microglia‐mediated neuroinflammatory responses have a critical function in the spinal cord injury (SCI) mechanism, and targeted modulation of microglia activity has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy for SCI. Heme oxygenase 1(HO‐1) regulates the close dynamic crosstalk between oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This investigation aimed to study the molecular pathways by which HO‐1 regulates the inflammatory response of microglia. We cultivated primary rat spinal cord microglia and BV2 cell lines and used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate microglia to establish an in vitro model. The adeno‐associated virus (AAV) was used to induce HO‐1 overexpression to observe the effects of HO‐1 overexpression on microglia survival, morphological changes, microglia activation, inflammatory cytokines secretion, mitochondrial dynamics, and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammatory complex and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathways. It was found that HO‐1 overexpression was successfully induced using an AAV on microglia in vitro. HO‐1 overexpression increased microglia survival and reduced microglia apoptosis in the inflammatory microenvironment. Overexpressed HO‐1 inhibited microglia M1‐type polarization, downregulated the NF‐κB signaling pathway, inhibited NLRP3 inflammatory complex activation, and reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors. Overexpressed HO‐1 maintained the stability of mitochondrial dynamics and inhibited excessive mitochondrial cleavage. Further experiments showed that overexpression of HO‐1 activated the interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1)/dynamin‐related protein 1 (DRP1) signaling pathway, thereby promoting microglia M2‐type polarization and improving neuronal survival. This study demonstrates that HO‐1 activates the IRF1/DRP1 axis, promoting M2 polarization in microglia and attenuating neuroinflammation by suppressing the NF‐κB signaling pathway. These outcomes offer new visions and important clues for effectively managing SCI in the clinic.
The Incremental Growth of Data Infrastructure in Ecology (1980–2020)
Authors: Baker Karen S. , Millerand Florence
Published: December 2024

After decades of growth, a research community's network information system and data repository were transformed to become a national data management office and a major element of data infrastructure for ecology and the environmental sciences. Developing functional data infrastructures is key to the support of ongoing Open Science and Open Data efforts. This example of data infrastructure growth contrasts with the top‐down development typical of many digital initiatives. The trajectory of this network information system evolved within a collaborative, long‐term ecological research community. This particular community is funded to conduct ecological research while collective data management is also carried out across its geographically dispersed study sites. From this longitudinal ethnography, we describe an Incremental Growth Model that includes a sequence of six relatively stable phases where each phase is initiated by a rapid response to a major pivotal event. Exploring these phases and the roles of data workers provides insight into major characteristics of digital growth. Further, a transformation in assumptions about data management is reported for each phase. Investigating the growth of a community information system over four decades as it becomes data infrastructure reveals details of its social, technical, and institutional dynamics. In addition to addressing how digital data infrastructure characteristics change, this study also considers when the growth of data infrastructure begins.
The Environmental Light Characteristics of Forest Under Different Logging Regimes
Authors: Coetzee Bernard W. T. , van Zyl Layla
Published: December 2024

Light is a fundamental attribute and key abiotic driver in forest ecosystems. Although the ecological effects of light itself is well studied, capturing the complex parameters that constitute the whole light environment remain an intricate research endeavor. Here, we apply the newly introduced environmental light field (ELF) technique in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We captured whole light scenes with repeat photography and processed it to measure both the spectral composition of light in the red‐green‐blue range, as well as its variation, or “contrast‐span”, using the newly introduced International System of Units (SI); “lit”. We compare across major and globally common utilized forest types—primary, secondary, and selectively logged areas, as well as a completely cleared area as a control. We find that the ELF system is able to effectively capture key aspects of the local light environment across the range of forest types. The distribution of light intensity and its spectral composition across our study is hardly uniform, with primary forest and a clearing showing two orders of magnitude difference in light. Blue light predominates the sky areas of the clearing, indicating the Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere. In general, radiance decrease with increasing intactness of the forest, and selectively logged and primary forest show the most similar environmental light characteristics. Owing to its ability to capture fine scale variations in light across elevation gradients, their spectral characteristics, as well as their intensities, the ELF system should become a useful tool in better quantifying light in ecology. In particular, we discuss its potential use in restoration ecology.
Duration of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate treatment and continuation of RAASi therapy after a hyperkalaemia episode
Authors: Pollack Charles V. , Arroyo David , Kanda Eiichiro , Lázaro Ignacio José Sánchez , Lesén Eva , Franzén Stefan , Gray Christen M. , Lipińska Anna , Murohara Toyoaki , Rastogi Anjay
Published: December 2024

Aims

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) are foundational in the management of heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) but increase the risk of hyperkalaemia. To facilitate continuation of RAASi therapy, guidelines suggest managing hyperkalaemia using newer potassium binders such as sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC). This observational study describes the likelihood of continued RAASi therapy by duration of SZC treatment.

Methods

The study population included non‐dialysis‐dependent adults diagnosed with HF and/or CKD who initiated outpatient SZC treatment while receiving RAASi therapy. Patients were identified using healthcare registers and claims data from the United States, Japan and Spain. SZC treatment duration was described using the Kaplan–Meier method. Hernán's clone–censor–weight (CCW) approach, using principles of trial emulation, was applied to evaluate the likelihood of continued RAASi therapy at specific time points by distinct SZC treatment durations, using a weighted Kaplan–Meier method and Z‐tests.

Results

The study included 7980 patients, from the United States (n = 4849), Japan (n = 2759) and Spain (n = 372). Across the three countries, mean patient age was 73.1–75.0 years, 53.2%–66.4% of patients were male, 39.0%–75.0% had HF and 76.9%–95.3% had CKD. Between Days 30 and 120, the percentage of patients remaining on SZC treatment decreased from 36.5% to 12.8% in the United States, from 63.8% to 33.7% in Japan, and from 81.9% to 65.0% in Spain. In the United States, patients who continued SZC treatment beyond 30 days had a higher likelihood of continuing RAASi therapy for up to 90 days (P < 0.001), and continuing SZC treatment beyond 60 days was superior for continuing RAASi therapy for up to 6 months (P < 0.001), versus earlier SZC discontinuation. At 120 days, the likelihood of remaining on RAASi therapy was 69%–70% for SZC treatment durations exceeding 60 days, versus 59% for shorter durations (1–30 days) (P < 0.001). Similar patterns were observed in Japan. At 120 days, the likelihood of remaining on RAASi therapy was 86%–87% for SZC treatment durations exceeding 90 days, versus 82% for shorter SZC treatment durations (1–30 days) (P < 0.05). The CCW analyses were not deemed feasible in the Spanish dataset due to the smaller initial sample size and few patients having a relatively short SZC treatment duration.

Conclusions

Patients with longer SZC treatment experience sustained protection against RAASi discontinuation, and the risk of RAASi discontinuation resumes once SZC is discontinued.
Hydrogenation of 1‐Octene Using Homogenous Pyrazolyl Nickel(II) Complexes as Pre‐Catalysts: Experimental and Computational Studies
Authors: Olaoye Oluwasegun E. , Oyetunji Olayinka A. , Demissie Taye B. , Darkwa James
Published: December 2024

We present the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activities of four bis(pyrazolyl)nickel(II) complexes (1–4) in the hydrogenation of 1‐octene. Characterization techniques, such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations (DFT) were employed. These complexes exhibited significant catalytic activities for olefin hydrogenation under mild experimental conditions. The tert‐butyl‐substituted bis(pyrazolyl)nickel(II) complex 2 demonstrated the highest conversion of 1‐octene to n‐octane. The catalyst's recyclability was demonstrated over multiple cycles with minimal activity loss. Catalytic evaluations involved optimizing parameters such as temperature, pressure, and reaction time. Homogeneity tests confirmed the homogeneous nature of these catalytic systems. The reaction mechanism was studied using DFT calculations. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the nickel(II) complexes in enabling the hydrogenation of 1‐octene.
Recent Advances in Sustainable Total Synthesis and Chiral Pool Strategies with Emphasis on (−)‐Sclareol in Natural Products Synthesis
Authors: Selka Ayyoub , Abidli Abdelnasser , Schiavo Lucie , Jeanmart Loïc , Hanquet Gilles , Lubell William D.
Published: December 2024

Starting materials for sustainable total synthesis often come from the chiral pool: carbohydrates, cyclitols, amino acids, and terpenes. In the terpene family, (−)‐sclareol has served as a sustainable, readily available, and versatile chiral building block for the synthesis of numerous natural products. (−)‐Sclareol possesses a unique structure that has consequently promoted its integration as a core framework within various structurally complex and biologically active substances, including sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, and sesterterpenoids. (−)‐Sclareol has facilitated access to diverse synthetic key intermediates, promoting the sustainable synthesis of several natural products. Herein, a review is presented covering the recent trends in sustainable total syntheses and the application of chiral pool approaches with emphasis on the preparation of natural products through diverse routes employing (−)‐sclareol as chiral educt. Innovative catalytic and synthetic protocols using (−)‐sclareol are also analyzed and discussed.
Recent Advances in Diphenylmethanone Oxime Reagent Chemistry for Unsaturated Bond Bifunctionalization via Energy Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Luo Xue‐Ling , Luo Di‐Jing , Qin Lu‐Lu , Ye Zhi‐Peng , Xia Peng‐Ju
Published: December 2024

The concurrent installation of C−X (C, O, S, N) and C−N bonds across unsaturated bond skeletons is an effective strategy for the preparation of ubiquitous motifs in pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. In recent years, the rapid development of bifunctionalization reactions has resulted in the emergence of bifunctional reagents as a research hotspot in this field. Among these, diphenylmethanone oxime reagents with highly active N−O bonds featuring low dissociation energy have significantly advanced the research of bifunctionalization. These reagents possess special features to simultaneously form two chemical bonds or introduce two functional groups, which not only streamlines synthetic pathways but also enhances synthetic efficiency, displaying an excellent atom‐ and step‐economy. In addition, diphenylmethanone oxime reagents have been extensively employed in organic synthesis, attributed to their ability to facilitate the construction of complex organic structures and to provide innovative reaction pathways. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of various diphenylmethanone oxime reagents and their applications in the bifunctional modification of unsaturated bonds through visible‐light‐mediated triplet–triplet energy transfer catalysis (TTEnT).
Electrochemical Oxidative Hydroxychalcogenation of Olefins with Disulfides/Thiols/Diselenides and H2O as Nucleophilic Oxygen Sources
Authors: Li Wenxue , Li Junwu , Sun Fengkai , Miao Man , Lan Xiao‐Bing , Yu Jian‐Qiang , Liu Pengpeng , Li Houyuan , Wang Rui , Zhang Jian , An Zhenyu
Published: December 2024

A direct electrochemical redox reaction of olefins and disulfides/thiols/diselenides without external oxidants has been developed, which includes the hydroxychalcogenation of olefins. This procedure exhibited good functional group tolerance, and a series of β‐hydroxysulfide/β‐hydroxyselenide derivatives were obtained in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies and cyclic voltammetry were also conducted to elucidate the reaction process.
Machine Learning‐Assisted Optimization of Additive Engineering in FAPbI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Achieving High Efficiency and Long‐Term Stability
Authors: Qu Weihua , Xie Qiang , Chen Yufeng
Published: December 2024

Additive engineering in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been proven to enhance device performance, yet comparing the effects of different additives through experimental methods is still a challenge. Herein, machine learning (ML) is used to quantitatively analyze the impact of additive engineering on performance of PSCs, utilizing a dataset with 778 samples and 39 input features. Key features affecting device performance are identified, revealing that alkali metal additives boost short‐circuit current, alkylamine additives improve open‐circuit voltage, and passivation at A‐site defects is more beneficial than at interstitial sites. Using the results gained from the ML approach, the performance of PSCs improves significantly, achieving an efficiency of 23.50%, with VOC and JSC values of 1.16 V and 25.35 mA cm−2, respectively, markedly higher than those of the control samples.