bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Evolutionary Perspective: The Nomadic Forager Model
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

What are the evolutionary costs and benefits of aggressive behavior? Some likely costs include being injured, getting killed, harming relatives if fighting with them, losing friends, taking time and energy away from other necessary pursuits such as finding food or mating, and, among humans, getting yourself expelled from the group. 1 A central point is that engaging in aggression can be dangerous and has the potential for reducing an individual’s fitness in various ways.2 Animals sometimes die as a result of injuries sustained in fights, as observed, for instance, among hyenas, lions, and various primates, but as ethologist Robert Hinde assesses, “death and injury are less common than might be expected.” Aggression researchers Caroline and Robert Blanchard explain: “In evolutionary terms ... successful individuals will be those with techniques which enable them to avoid agonistic situations involving serious possibilities of defeat or injury, while leaving them to continue in more promising situations.”3
“Rain the Rebels Out”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

Lincoln Began To Think about Union grand strategy almost from the first day of the war. On April 25, 1861, the day the 7th New York regiment marched into Washington to ease fears of a rebel coup de main, Lincoln mused aloud to his secretary John Hay about how the administration could regain control of the crisis. “I intend at present,” he declared, “to fill Fortress Monroe with men and stores; blockade the ports effectually; provide for the entire safety of the Capitol; keep them quietly employed in this way, and then go down to Charleston and pay her the little debt we are owing her.”
“Peace Does Not Appear So Distant as It Did”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

Lincoln’s Hope that the victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg might herald a swift end to the war went unfulfilled. In Virginia, Lee regrouped and even managed to reinforce his army, bringing its strength back up to sixty thousand men. Though much of his offensive potential had been squandered in the summer campaign, he remained as dangerous as ever on the defensive, and Meade evidenced little eagerness to challenge him. In the West, Union Major General William Rosecrans maneuvered the rebels out of Chattanooga, but gratifying as that was, the western Confederate army remained intact and poised for a counterstroke.
“A Worthy Object”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

The New Year Began Amidst A Surge Of Optimism. Like many others, Lincoln hoped—even expected—that 1864 would be the year the war ended. After the spectacular Union triumphs of the previous year, it seemed impossible that the secessionists could hold out much longer. Lincoln’s hopes soared in May when it appeared that Grant had won a slugfest in the tangle of Virginia undergrowth known as the Wilderness, and he began to believe that the war might be brought to an end that summer. Lincoln closely followed the news of Grant’s operations in Virginia and, as much as he could, Sherman’s in Georgia, but he focused as well on the looming election.
“I Must Refer You to General Grant”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

The High Hopes of Spring evaporated amidst the apparent military stalemate of late summer. The casualty lists printed in northern papers were horrifying, and the price of gold continued to climb as speculators lost confidence in the ability of the national government to satisfy its creditors. Lincoln’s call for five hundred thousand more troops in July, only five months after calling for five hundred thousand in February, produced cries that the meat grinder of war was insatiable.
Introduction
Authors: Diouf Sylviane A
Published: November 2023

On a January Night in 2002, a truck backed up to a statue in front of Union Missionary Baptist Church, north of Mobile, Alabama. One or two people got out, cut through parts of the heavy bronze bust, ripped it from its brick base, and disappeared with their loot. The theft shocked and angered the congregation of pastor A. J. Crawford, Sr. They had just celebrated the New Year and were preparing to commemorate, the following month, the 130th anniversary of the church. Unlike those of the Virgin Mary or George Washington, this statue was the only one of its kind in the country. The theft struck at the very core of a community that will never have any equivalent in North America. Determined to bring the statue back home, the congregation established a reward fund. In case the bust was not found, the money would be used to cast a new one. The wooden model, carved fifty years earlier, was still in town.
Freedom
Authors: A.Diouf Sylviane
Published: November 2023

He Roads Heading South to Mobile were crowded, packed with people with baskets on their heads; barefoot children in tattered shirttails, with bundles tied to their backs; women with babies on their hips; families pushing rickety and wobbly old carts, sleeping in ditches, cooking, eating, resting on the side of the road. Four million people had been freed, more than 10 percent of them in Alabama, and they were on the move. Some were gone the minute they heard the news; they gathered children and clothes, and they were gone. “Most of the niggers took what all they have on their heads and walked off,” freedman Lindly Hardley recalled.The first restriction that servitude had imposed on its victims was immobility. Their world was circumscribed to the house, the farm, or the plantation, and venturing outside of these limits was not permitted without written permission. So, to feel really free, men, women, and children had to walk away, leave the fields and the quarters, travel wherever they pleased—far away or just up the road—without asking for a pass.
Going Back Home
Authors: A.Diouf Sylviane
Published: November 2023

The Year 1901 Marked The Beginning of a new era in Alabama, one that for African Americans looked ominously like Southern whites’ idea of “the good old days” of William Foster and Timothy Meaher’s fame. On April 23, 70,300 men voted for and 45,500 against a convention to draft a new constitution that, among other reactionary items, would disenfranchise the overwhelming majority of blacks and many poor whites. The Democratic Campaign Committee had sent out letters advising party members to ratify the constitution in envelopes marked “White Supremacy, Honest Elections, and the New Constitution One and Inseparable.” One of the cynical rationales for black disfranchisement was that the black vote had been so flagrantly manipulated—to maintain white domination—that it was necessary, in order to have fair and honest elections, to simply suppress it. As the convention’s president, John B. Knox, summed up, “the negro is not being discriminated against on account of his race, but on account of his intellectual and moral condition.” The Mobile Daily Register explained that disenfranchisement “was the best thing that could happen for them, not excepting even their emancipation.” Liberation, it continued, came only with manhood and intelligence and “the negro has not had any of these conferred upon him.” By disenfranchising the masses, the constitution would help intelligent Negro men strive for education and elevation.
The Sol-Fa-Mi
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

a French m a unscripted from Dijon contains a setting by Gallup of Confitibor tibi Domine (Psalm 111, known in English as “I will praise the Lord with all my heart”).1 Gallup’s sacred music is every bit as graceful as his secular music, and full of elegant details. Two versions of the music that opens this motet are shown below. The first version is from the soprano’s initial entrance and features a melodic Sol-Fa-Mi linked to a Long cadence that supports elements of a Do-Re-Mi and a Pinner.
An Andantino Affettuoso by Niccolò Jommelli
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

birthday celebrations for Carl Eugene, Duck e of Württemberg, were crowned with opera serial. As a connoisseur of music, having studied the clavier with no less than C. P. E. Bach, the duke expected the very best. Indeed he spared no expense to ensure that his court opera was the equal of any in Europe. For his ballet master he engaged the famous Parisian Jean-Georges Navarre (1727–1810), for his head chapel master the Neapolitan Jommelli. Great violinists like Antonio Loll (ca. 1725–1802) and Petro Nadine (1722–1793) played in his orchestra (the theorist Daubed sat as second flute). For the celebrations of 1764 the renowned tenor Archangel Crotona would sing the role of Demofoonte, King of Thrace (and allegorical stand-in for the duke). The loving spouses— Tim ante and Direct—were sung by the famous castrato Giuseppe April (Naples-trained author of the solfeggio discussed in chaps. 2 and 9) and the prima donna Maria Masi-Giura. One of the highlights of the evening would be their duet “La destroy ti chide.”
Il Filo a poco adagio by Joseph Haydn
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

like Gallup’s famous ha marks of musical l excellence, “beauty, clarity, and fine modulation” (“vaghezza, chiarezza, e buona modulazione”),1 Leopold Mozart’s hallmarks of a master composer, “good technical composition and the arrangement of material: il filo” (“der guests, und die Droning, il filo”),2 can be difficult to translate into the language of our time. I, for instance, read Leopold as describing two concepts, with the second named in both German and Italian, while Emily Anderson, the enormously talented translator of Mozart’s letters, took Leopold’s laconic remark to have three parts—”good composition, sound construction, il filo.”3 The English words “composition” and “construction” seem insufficiently distinct. In my view, Leopold’s use of Satz refers to the craft of musical composition, with all its rules and preferred procedures, while Droning refers to the choices made in the serial disposition of musical material. Placing things in a suitable order creates the cognitive thread (il filo) that, like Ariadne’s thread which led Theseus through the labyrinth, guides the listener through a musical work. One might have wished for Leopold to expand on il filo, since it appears to have had an accepted meaning among the Mozart’s and perhaps among musicians of that time generally. Like so many musical terms of the eighteenth century, whether adagio, concerto, crescendo, or font, it was Italian in provenance and probably disseminated through both Italian musicians working in the north and northern musicians studying in Italy.4 As a metaphor the term is, of course, open to many interpretations. In this chapter, I will approach it from four perspectives—schemata, paths, pertinent, and sketches—in the hope of establishing a more prosaic definition, one that nonetheless is important for understanding how the Mozart’s and other gallant musicians conceived of the art of composition.
A Model Adagio by Johann Joachim Quantz
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

three of the k eys to success at an eighteenth-century court were held by Johann Joachim Quants (1697–1773). He was a highly talented performer (on the flute primarily), he composed music that delighted his aristocratic audiences (in Dresden first, and later in Berlin), and he learned how to please powerful princes (the Elector of Saxony and, most importantly, Frederick the Great, King of Prussia). As simultaneously “composer for the royal court,” “composer for the royal chamber,” and “professor of flute for the king of Prussia,” Quants received ten times the salary of the king’s harpsichord player, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788), even though Bach was a musician of staggering abilities. Successful music at court was not about “art for art’s sake,” to use the Romantic phrase. Christian Gottfried Krause (1719–1770), a prominent Berlin lawyer and musical devotee at the Berlin court, described C. P. E. Bach as a musical Milton whose melodies required “thorough prior acquaintance” before they could please.1 Not every courtier had the time or inclination for “thorough prior acquaintance.” A winning strategy for a court composer was thus to create music that could be understood and enjoyed on first hearing, and Quantz played that game to perfection.
Impact Of The Environment On The Genome
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

Changes in DNA chemical composition, integrity, or structure may be induced through endogenous or exogenous factors, the latter of which may be chemical or physical factors. Genomic instability may occur as a direct or indirect result of environmental factors. The interactions between the environment and germinal tissues (ovary, eggs, testes, and sperm) and interaction between the environment and the developing organism during critical periods of vulnerability are of particular concern. Insight into agents that damage DNA and into mechanisms of DNA repair have been in part derived through studies on hereditary disorders characterized by a tendency to develop tumors.
Molecular Defects In Cancer: Application To Therapy
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

It is important to consider how understanding of the underlying molecular defects in cancer may be utilized to develop therapies. Many conventional chemotherapy agents target the propensity of cancer cells for unrestricted proliferation. However, treatments with agents that damage DNA or interfere with DNA synthesis have toxic side effects. The margin of difference in impact on cancer and normal cells is small (Adler and Gough 2007). Newer approaches to therapy are often based on exploiting the molecular differences between cancer cells and normal cells. A number of new approaches to therapy that are based on much older observations on differences between cancer cells and normal cells seek to target differences in metabolism, for example, the fact that cancer cells tend to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy through glycolysis rather than through oxidative phosphorylation. Pharmacological interventions that reverse this trend in cancer cells stimulate apoptosis of those cells.
Phenomes, Phenotypes, And Clinical Genetic Services
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

Gene function may be speculated on based on sequence, domain structure, and homology to other sequences. Hall (2003) emphasized that clues about the function of a gene may be forthcoming from clear clinical descriptions of patients who are found to have mutations. She noted in addition that descriptions on longitudinal studies in such patients are important because physical features change over time and different problems emerge as these patients age. Hall has drawn attention to the fact that lack of detailed clinical information will compromise progress in the understanding of biology and disease.
Intelligence, Academic Achievement, and Creativity
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

For some readers, this chapter will be the “bottom line” of the book, and I suspect that a few may have skipped forward to this point seeking an answer to the question “Will deafness affect my child’s intelligence or academic success?” Those who have read everything up to this point, however, will suspect (correctly) that the question is really a very complex one. As I have argued in other places, the key here will be understanding the cognitive underpinnings of learning in terms of both the knowledge and skills that deaf children bring to the learning context and what is presumably necessary in order to take advantage of educational opportunities and interventions (Detterman & Thompson, 1997).
Introduction: Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip , Young Marilyn B
Published: November 2023

In the late summer of 2005, even as a real war raged in Iraq, a group of men in surplus military gear moved out on patrol through the scrub of central Virginia, hunting for Viet Cong. Hiding somewhere out there, men and women in black pajamas waited in ambush. “To get to Vietnam,” Phuong Ly, a reporter for the Washington Post explained, “follow Interstate 64 to Louisa, V[irginia]. Signs show the way: ‘To the Nam,’ ‘Phou Bai—2 km.’ “ The encampment, and the battles, took place on a fifty-acre clearing where some scorched forest land added a “nice touch.” As one participant observed: “Looks like it’s been napalmed.”
The United States and the Making of the Helsinki Final Act
Authors: Morgan Michael Cotey
Published: November 2023

One of the defining moments of Gerald Ford’s brief presidency came during his 1976 election campaign against Jimmy Carter. During the second of their debates, panelist Max Frankel of the New York Times asked Ford whether the Russians had taken the upper hand in the Cold War. Communism was dangerously popular in France and Italy, the United States had bolstered communist prestige by recognizing East Germany as a legitimate state, and, by signing the Helsinki Final Act, Frankel contended, Ford had effectively accepted Soviet “dominance in Eastern Europe.” Ford had prepared for a question along these lines. He insisted that his administration was dealing with Moscow “from a position of strength.”
Thanks for the Fish: Nixon, Kissinger, and Canada
Authors: Bothwell Robert
Published: November 2023

One of the more difficult tasks for Henry Kissinger’s assistants while he was secretary of state was extracting time for a visit from the Canadian ambassador. It was a duty Secretary Kissinger accepted with a sinking heart. Watching the ambassador heave into his office followed by a minion loaded down with binders, the secretary tried some heavy humor: “I hope you haven’t come to talk to me about the sex life of the salmon.” But that, as he knew very well, was the topic, for as long as politeness and a busy schedule would allow.
Women in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Winslow Barbara
Published: November 2023

Perhaps one of the most striking features of the twentieth century has been the dramatic transformation of women’s status. In 1900, women were excluded from the formal organizations of political and economic life and socially defined primarily by their marital status. With very few exceptions, women could not vote, serve on juries, or hold elective office, and they were legally as well as socially barred from a wide range of professions and occupations. Women had no legal right to contraception or abortion. In some states, only married women could own property. Marriage was deemed to be the only appropriate condition, and divorced women were socially ostracized. Divorced or abandoned mothers had no legal right to custody of their own children. The Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees equal protection under the law, did not include women as “persons.” Yet over the course of a century, women entered all aspects of public life—the workforce, politics, professions, arts, the armed forces, sports, media, and popular culture. Throughout this transformation, several themes have remained constant for women—the protection of mothers and children in the home and workplace and the struggle for equality in the economic and political life of the nation, peace, reproductive rights, and sexual freedom. At the same time, women have been deeply divided by race, class, nationality, ethnicity, and region and have often not acted collectively on these issues.
Conceptualizing U.S. Women’s History through Consumerism
Authors: Scanlon Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Early studies of consumer culture in the United States viewed women as dupes of advertising and other media entities: Women received the message that they were “born to shop,” and they followed that dictate without considering its gendered economic or political consequences—or its suitability for their lives. In the history of consumer culture, such marginalization of women as historical actors has operated on two planes, depicting women as the passive recipients of men’s dictates about money and power, and marking the work women do, purchasing products for themselves and their families, as an activity to be mocked (“Women’s place is at the mall”) and as a meager social undertaking rather than an essential economic contribution. Such understandings leave us with a woefully inadequate picture of Americans ‘ historical relationships to the getting and spending of money. This chapter explores how teaching about consumerism from a gendered historical perspective can provide students with a richer and more complex engagement not only with the history of women but also with the history of the development of consumerism and consumer capitalism in the United States.
Conceptualizing the Female World of Religion in U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Welter Barbara
Published: November 2023

I teach the history of religion in the United States and the history of women in the United States as part of the same continuum of change, continuity, individuals, and ideas. I find that the questions posed in both subjects are similar, but even more interesting is the fact that the questions are never really answered—the next generation poses them again, in a slightly different context, from slightly different perspectives, but impelled by similar needs. Like Gertrude Stein’s last words: It is not the answer we seek in the study but the questions themselves. The students I teach are either completely without religious knowledge, have some cultural but little historical knowledge of their own religion, or, in rare cases, are better trained in biblical exegesis than I am and far more willing to debate its merits.
Introduction: The Present State Of Atlantic History
Authors: Morgan Philip D , Greene Jack P
Published: November 2023

Atlantic history is an analytic construct and an explicit category of historical analysis that historians have devised to help them organize the study of some of the most important developments of the early modern era: the emergence in the fifteenth century and the subsequent growth of the Atlantic basin as a site for demographic, economic, social, cultural, and other forms of exchange among and within the four continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean—Europe, Africa, South America, and North America—and all the islands adjacent to those continents and in that ocean. As people, pathogens, and plants—to mention just three key agents of change—moved ever more intensively across the Atlantic, profound transformations occurred in all spheres of life. Events in one place had repercussions in others. Atlantic history, as John Elliott elegantly puts it, involves the study of “the creation, destruction, and re-creation of communities as a result of the movement, across and around the Atlantic basin, of people, commodities, cultural practices, and values.”
Priority-Setting Skills
Authors: Stein James Rodriguez Adam , Romanelli Lisa Hunter
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters discussed ways to establish a strong working relationship with parents using engagement, listening, collaboration, and boundary-setting skills. When you first meet parents, the most important thing you can do is to listen actively to their story. Once you have offered a supportive ear, you can ask specific questions to clarify your understanding of the parents’ concerns. Then you can begin to try to set priorities about actions that need to be taken on behalf of parents’ children.
Getting a Mental Health Evaluation
Authors: Romanelli Lisa Hunter , Rodriguez James , Burton Geraldine , Stein Adam
Published: November 2023

An accurate assessment is the first step in securing appropriate mental health treatment for a child. Parents may need your guidance in helping them decide the proper venue for an assessment based on their child’s needs and circumstances. Parents should be given the most up-to-date information to facilitate their ability to make good decisions and guide their child’s mental health care. Accessing the mental health system begins by understanding the key players and what services they can offer. Parents can avoid much delay by knowing what types of assessment services are available and how they will go about finding answers. In order to assist parents, you will need a welldeveloped practical understanding of assessments and who can conduct them.
Descartes and Aquinas on Per Se Subsistence and the Union of Soul and Body
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: November 2023

Aquinas explicitly recognizes a weak and a strong notion of per se subsistence, or equivalently, a weak and a strong notion of what it is to be what he calls a “this something” (hoc aliquid). The weak notion of per se subsistence amounts to existing without existing in a subject. Aquinas says that a hand subsists per se in this weak sense, but denies that accidental and material forms (which include the souls of plants and animals) subsist per se. The strong or proper notion of per se subsistence requires, in addition to subsistence in the weak sense, subsisting completely in the nature of a species. Human beings, animals, and plants meet both conditions, but since hands and eyes are merely parts they do not subsist completely in the nature of a species.
The Union and Interaction of Mind and Body (Part 2)
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: November 2023

The Aristotelian model of causation with which Descartes was familiar is far different from our post-Humean model of causation. APer Hume, the paradigm example of causation is one billiard ball striking another and the second billiard ball rolling away. In such a case there are two events, where the prior event is the cause of the subsequent event. For the Aristotelians, a paradigm example of causation would be a person liPIing a vase. The effect is the vase’s being liPIed, and the cause could be viewed either as the person doing the liPing or the person’s act of liPing. In such a case, it would be wrong to say that the effect is an event or process subsequent to the cause. The vase’s being liPed is not temporally subsequent to the person’s act of liPing (nor would we say it is subsequent to the person). Indeed, the stronger claim can be made that in such a case, there is really only one event or process. The person’s liPing of the vase is not a different event or process from the vase’s being liPed. This Aristotelian model of causation is characterized by the doctrine of the identity of action and passion: the agent’s action is one and the same change as the passion undergone by the patient.
Freedom and Strength of Will Descartes and Albritton
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: November 2023

In his intriguing and entertaining presidential address to the American Philosophical Association, Rogers Albritton defends the Cartesian view that the will is so free in its nature that it cannot be constrained.1 But Albritton’s account of freedom of the will differs in some fundamental ways from Descartes’s account. In this essay, I shall examine the differences between the two accounts. In defending absolute freedom of the will, Albritton distinguishes freedom of will from two other notions with which it is open confused. First, he argues decisively against the pervasive tendency to identify freedom of will with freedom of (bodily) action.2 To restrict someone’s freedom of movement, by putting him in chains or even by administering curare, is not to diminish the will’s freedom. Such measures diminish only the efficacy of the will; that is, they disable the will, but they do not affect its freedom. On Albritton’s view, our will is free if what we propose to do is up to us.3 Our will is efficacious if our proposing to do something brings about its being done. Albritton is surely correct that we might freely propose to do something that does not get done because our will is ineffective.
Early Repertoire Suggestions
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

For most North American male singers of university or conservatory age, it is almost always most rewarding to begin voice study with literature in the native language, which generally is English. Possibilities seem endless, but should include some of the basic literature listed here. Because of the favorability of the Italian language for singing, every young baritone should early encounter a number of songs (arieantiche) in Italian. The following list contains items readily available in commercial collections. The proliferation of phonetic sounds in the French language may make it wise to delay early assignments for the native English-language speaker. However, for the singer who has some acquaintance with the rules of French pronunciation, a few excellent sources are listed here. Because the heart of the artsong literature lies in the lied, a singer should begin exploring German-language sources as early as possible.
Early Life at Busseto
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

‘… but alas! born poor, in a poor village, i hadn’t the means of acquiring any education; they put a wretched spinet under my hands and some time after that I started writing notes … notes one after the other. That’s all … And the fact is that now I’m an old man I have great doubts as to the value of those notes … ’ Verdi’s own words written to Caterina Pigorini Beri on the eve of his seventy-eighth birthday in a mood of depression have too often been taken by biographers at their face value as a thumbnail sketch of his career. Nor did he himself discourage this. The story of the illiterate peasant boy who rose by his own effort to become his country’s tutelary deity had a great appeal for a moralising century—another progress from log-cabin to White House. The truth is less dramatic though not quite as different as certain recent writers would have us believe. Verdi’s background was indeed provincial; and because of it he made his way slowly even though from an early age his gifts were never in doubt. No Italian composer of comparable eminence had to wait until the age of
Return to Busseto
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

if as a rule great artists are rarely good businessmen, verdi must be accounted an exception. From the start he was determined that the money he earned should not he idle. In 1844 following the success of Emani he had bought some property near his native hamlet of Le Roncole. This he sold in 1848 putting the proceeds to the purchase of the farm house, S. Agata, where for the time being he settled his parents. In 1845 he had acquired the Palazzo Cavalli in the main street of Busseto. Clearly the Bussetani can have been in no doubt that their most distinguished citizen would sooner or later come to live amongst them. What they underestimated was his desire for independence. Already when arranging for the dedication of I Lombardi there are signs that he was finding the behaviour even of such a valued friend as Demaldé intolerably officious. About this time it was planned to build a municipal theatre in Busseto. Verdi had given the idea a cautious blessing, adding that he might be prepared to write an opera for it when his other engagements should permit; that even Frezzolini and Poggi might be persuaded to appear. Soon this
Chamber Compositions
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

if the majority of verdi’s chamber works are of marginal interest only, the fault lies not so much in his lack of aptitude for the medium as in the musical tradition of his time and place. In Italy, since the beginning of the century, only opera was considered to have any importance. The few remaining practitioners of instrumental music pursued their activity abroad—Cherubini in France, Boccherini in Spain, Clementi in England. The last descendant of the great violin school of Corelli and Tartini was Niccolô Paganini whose art was of a very different kind: taut, memorable themes extended with a maximum of technical display and a minimum of musical thought. Liszt, his pianistic counterpart, who had no such melodic fertility, made far more of Paganini’s themes than Paganini himself.
6. Inventing a TraditionJohn Cage’s ‘‘Composition in Retrospect’’
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

In the opening sentence of a little-known text, ‘‘An Autobiographical Statement,’’ first delivered as a paper in Japan in 1989, John Cage recalls once asking Aragon, the historian, ‘‘how history was written,’’ to which Aragon responded, ‘‘You have to invent it.’’ In the latter part of his life, Cage gave substantial attention to his own personal history. He has made numerous efforts to acknowledge his debt to others and the family of kindred spirits with whom he identified. For example, he made no secret of the fact that he wrote his 4’33’’ after seeing Robert Rauschenberg’s white paintings and his Music of Changes after hearing Morton Feldman’s graphic music, that he thought of micro-macro rhythmic structure in his music as a response to Schonberg’s structural harmony, and his meiotic texts as examples of Marshall McLuhan’s ‘‘brushing information’’ against information. In the Harvard lectures, I–VI, se- lections from his favorite writers, musicians, artists, and philosophers make up an entire section of the book, attesting to an interest in tradition per se, in the conscious and explicit transmission of ideas from one generation to another.
The Ironies of Gender, or Virility and Politics in the Music of Augusta Holme`s
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

The male-dominated musical world often wants women composers to act like men and write music like men. But when they do, they are ‘‘accused’’ of virility. This situation raises a number of questions for women in music. Is it wise to resist writing as a woman? What are the ad- vantages and the pitfalls? Can a woman maintain a reputation based on the gains achieved in this way? What implications do such choices have for one’s personal identity? The case of Augusta Holmes`s (1846–1903) raises issues as vital today as they were a hundred years ago, those that come up whenever a woman takes chances, ‘‘thinks big,’’ or addresses topics of social relevance in her music. Holme`s negotiated the complexities and ironies of gender and achieved remarkable success. She used her music both to engage and to escape the social and musical stereotypes of her day. In her youth, her long blond hair helped her to get attention. Later, through her own gender-bending manipulation of ambiguities, she encouraged a different identity.
Moving From Performance to Performative Ethnography and Back Again
Authors: Wong Deborah
Published: November 2023

I’m watching San Jose Taiko play “Gendai ni Ikiru” (“Living in the Present”) (San Jose Taiko 1998).1 I’ve seen them perform it live more than once, and I have two video versions of it. This isn’t my favorite version, but I still get a rush when I watch them make the move that’s part of its central motive. I know what it would feel like to play that jazzy phrase, and actually I’m dying to do it. The best part of the phrase is when the right hand strikes the drumhead and the left arm is simultaneously flung out over the top of the taiko, like an arrow. That’s how you play it. But actually, I’ve never played it, and probably never will: it’s one of San Jose’s signature pieces, and I’m not a member of San Jose Taiko so I simply wouldn’t play it. Yet I know the piece, having watched them play it so many times, and I can feel my left arm zinging out while I watch, and I immediately feel exuberance and joy when I do it, because that’s the vibe San Jose Taiko has—it’s their hallmark. They have this fantastic energy, and it’s different from any other taiko group. Their technique and their level of skill is very high—enviably so—but you can also see the community base in their playing. I think you can see their dedication to the Japanese American community in their playing. Or maybe I just think I see it because I know it’s there: I know several of their members and I’ve seen how they interact with other taiko players. They have a very inclusive and non-egocentric approach to taiko, and this is manifested in their spirit and ki, energy. It shows, and the more you know about it, the more it shows. They’re probably my favorite taiko group (aside from the one I’m in, of course) and I would actually give anything to be in San Jose Taiko.
Working with the Masters
Authors: kippen james
Published: November 2023

The guru-shishya paramparc thus provides for the inheritance of a musical tradition and often is the cultural model of the natural relationship between father and son. The disciple learns not only the craft, but also the trade secrets. He learns how to behave as a member of the artist’s community and how to become a professional performer on stage—and accordingly learns not only the art of making music but of being a musician.
Film and Film: Beckett and Early Film Theory
Authors: Engelberts Matthijs
Published: November 2023

Beckett and cinema: the topic means paying close attention to his Film, a work whose very title indicates reflexivity. Beckett’s well- known 1963 screenplay and the somewhat less well-known 1964 film (directed by Alan Schneider and starring the nearly seventy-year-old Buster Keaton) have been extensively commented on—for instance, by Gilles Deleuze, who in his famous Cinema 1, so admirably steeped in film his- tory, applies an analysis to Film that allows him to state: “the directions and the schemas that [Beckett] gives himself, and the moments that he distinguishes in his film, only go half-way towards disclosing his intention” (67).
The Last 50 Years of Headache History: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Lance James W
Published: November 2023

When we encountered a suspicious headache history in the 1950s, how did we investigate it? The first step was to obtain a plain X-ray of the skull to look at the pituitary fossa, auditory meatus, and position of the calcified pineal gland— perhaps even using Chamberlain’s line or Bull’s angle to eliminate platybasia. Next, an electroencephalogram was used as a screening test to check for focal changes. If a focal abnormality were found, or if there were lateralizing symptoms or signs on examination, a direct puncture arteriogram was next on the list, often performed by neurologists or neurosurgeons, as neuroradiologists were thin on the ground in those days. If suspicions remained, and there were no signs of raised intracranial pressure, a pneumoen-cephalogram was undertaken, a diabolical test in which air was trickled into the lumbar sac with the patient sitting and head flexed so that the passage of air through the ventricular system could be visualized radiologically—at the expense of a splitting headache in the recipient.
Pathophysiology of Headache(S)
Authors: Goadsby Peter J , Oshinsky Michael L
Published: November 2023

Migraine is the most common form of disabling primary headache that afflicts our patients (see Chapter 3, this volume) so its pathophysiology deserves particular attention. Moreover, the explosion of knowledge on the primary headaches (Lance and Goadsby, 2005) since the last edition of this volume makes a chapter on generic headache pathophysiology no longer practical, or indeed sensible, as it once seemed (Goadsby, 2001b). Certainly the pain-producing structures in the head are generic and their anatomy and physiology is addressed elsewhere (see Chapter 6, this volume). Here, we attempt to integrate what is known of the anatomy and physiology of the pain structures with the possible brain mechanisms that may underpin migraines by dissecting the pathophysiology from a clinical viewpoint. Patients and physicians alike value an understanding of the condition as a prelude to, indeed pivotal to, its management. This chapter attempts to provide that background.
Headaches Associated with Head Trauma
Authors: Young William B , Packard, Russell C , Katsarava Zaza
Published: November 2023

Post concussive headache (PCH) is a new headache that follows a blunt or open injury to the head or brain (Headache Classification Committee, 2004). Post concussion syndrome is a constellation of symptoms that may follow a mild to moderate closed head injury. Symptoms of post concussion syndrome include headache, depression, irritability, memory impairment, alcohol intolerance, dizziness or vertigo, attention and concentration difficulties, and loss of libido. Concussion, minor head injury, and minor traumatic brain injury are difficult to define, compared with moderate or severe injury, in which structural damage is evident. The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine defined minor traumatic brain injury as “a traumatically induced physiological disruption of brain function” with at least one of the following: (1) any period of loss of consciousness; (2) any memory loss for events just before or after the accident; (3) any alteration in mental state at the time of the accident; and (4) focal neurologic deficits that may or may not be transient (Packard, 1999).
Cervicogenic Headache
Authors: Bogduk Nikolai , Bartsch Thorsten
Published: November 2023

Cervicogenic headache is among the best understood of the headaches in terms of its anatomy and physiology. Essentially it is pain referred to the head from the upper cervical spine. For this reason, it has been recognized more widely by pain specialists and manual therapists, accustomed to treating spinal pain, than by mainstream headache specialists. Amongst headache specialists, the entity has been disputed, largely because of controversies concerning the validity of its diagnosis. Unlike other headaches, cervicogenic headache defies diagnosis by clinical features and conventional imaging. Therefore, headache specialists have lacked means of making the diagnosis. However, the diagnosis can be made using fluoroscopically guided diagnostic blocks.
The Eye and Headache
Authors: Corbett, James J , Brazis Paul W
Published: November 2023

Eye pain, periorbital and retro-orbital pain, and headache or facial pain referred to the orbital region are common presenting complaints to ophthalmologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, family practitioners, and internists. In many cases, the symptoms are magnified by the patient’s concerns about possible blindness, the presence of an eye or brain tumor, or the presence of other dangerous conditions such as a cerebral aneurysm. Many patients with headache look to ocular disease as the cause of headache, given the ubiquitous belief that headaches are often the result of eye disease or the wrong glasses. In reality, the eyes are rarely the cause of common headaches (Tomsak, 1991; Martin and Soyka, 1993).
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and the Aesthetics of Patricide
Authors: Kramer Richard
Published: November 2023

We have been taught by history to speak of Emanuel Bach as a function of, an exponent of, the great Bach. The name itself, those four sacred letters enshrined as a topos in the nineteenth century, insists that we do so. It signifies always the great Bach, and always an idealization of only a core of Bach’s music that had come to stand for some transcendental power over the notes—a technical, intellectual, and spiritual power that everyone after Bach could only admire and seek to emulate.
Late Works
Authors: Kramer Richard
Published: November 2023

In a letter of 13 May 1780, having sent two sonatas and three rondos to Breitkopf on 21 March, Emanuel Bach now establishes the order of this second volume in the series “für Kenner und Liebhaber,” and adds: “since you write that these 5 pieces amount only to something over 7 sheets, I will send you another short sonata in A major in the next mail.” The new sonata was sent a week later, on 19 May, with an instructive note: “the entire sonata must be played to the end in the same tempo and without a break; accordingly . . . it is not necessary to indicate any tempo other than Allegretto at the beginning.”
“They Treated Me as if I Were Dead”: Peripheralization and Discrimination
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: November 2023

“When I came back to work, some colleagues wouldn’t even look at me,” Deborah, the psychiatrist with breast cancer, said, shaking her head in dismay. “People passed me in the corridor as if I wasn’t there—as if I hadn’t come back.” Ill physicians faced obstacles due not only to internal psychological states, and interactions with providers, but also to relationships with bosses and other staff at work. Colleagues had to decide how to act toward sick doctors, and did so in a range of manners, approaching them as either doctors or patients. Fellow physicians had to decide whether to reduce the status and standing of these ill colleagues, and could support or avoid them. In turn, these ill physicians’ senses of self were profoundly shaped by perceptions of how others viewed them.
Theravāda Philosophy of Mind and the Person: Anatta-lakkha a Sutta, Mahā-nidāna Sutta, and Milindapañha
Authors: Harvey Peter
Published: November 2023

Of the following three selections, the first two, the Anatta-lakkha a Sutta and a part of the Mahānidā na Sutta, are from the Theravādin Pali canonical collection of discourses attributed to the Buddha. The third is from a postcanonical Pali text, the Milindapañha. While they all contain points and arguments of philosophical relevance, they are not as such systematic philosophical texts, and to properly appreciate their nuances and implications, one needs to understand something of their context of thought and practice.
Saxophon
Authors: Ely Mark C , Van Deuren Amy E
Published: November 2023

Acoustical Properties: The acoustical and physical tonal characteristics of an instrument that affect its sound quality. Although the saxophone is considered a woodwind instrument, it is also commonly referred to as a “hybrid” instrument because is shares characteristics of both brass and woodwind instruments. Specifically, it is made of brass and has a conical instrument tube; however, the vibration of a single reed produces the sound and the key design is similar to other woodwind instruments. These design characteristics result in a Flexible sound that blends well with both brass and woodwind instruments. 9is inherent Flexiblity enables the saxophone to adapt to a wide range of musical styles and ensemble settings.
The Best Men: Philadelphia
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Until the Great War of 1914–18 Osler was a doctor without borders. A man of railroads and steamers and an early automobile enthusiast, he was unusually peripatetic, a medical wanderer geographically as well as clinically and in print. His sense of membership in a catholic profession was more important to him than his national, ethnic, or regional roots. ‘By his commission the physician is sent to the sick, and knowing in his calling neither Jew nor Gentile, bond or free, perhaps he alone rises superior to those differences which separate and make us dwell apart, too often oblivious to the common frailties which should bind us together as a race,’ he said at a celebration to honor Virchow in 1891. Towards the end of the century he began to show mild traces of an Anglo-Saxon ‘race’ consciousness and British imperialist fervor, but he was never even casually antiSemitic. In an age when prejudice against Jews was common among lateVictorian Anglo-Saxons and Americans, Osler had none at all.
Osler’s Afterlife
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Full circle. The day after his death, Osler’s body lay on a table for postmortem pathological investigation. It had been his wish, in keeping with his sense of medical tradition, that the attending physician do the autopsy. Osler would also have approved, possibly instructed, that the procedure take place in his home. It is a scene hard for us to imagine – the draining, cutting, sawing, oozing – even doctors remark on how messy and unpleasant the job must have been. Osler had said that he wished he could be present, having taken such a lifelong interest in the case.

A.G. Gibson and an assistant took only ninety minutes to examine the internal organs and remove the brain, which was to go to America. Gibson confirmed the pleurisy, empyema, and abscesses in the lung that everyone had suspected towards the end of the illness. He could not find the source of the hemorrhage that had been the immediate cause of death – possibly something had gone wrong with the surgery or the cleansing of Osler’s wound – but the mess in Osler’s lower right lung, which was turned to pus by bacterial action, made it evident that the bleeding had been a mercy. At best he might have lingered for a week or two.