bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Build Parameters on Process Energy Consumption and Material Usage in Fused Deposition Modelling Method
Authors: Omar N W Y , Shuaib N A , Azmi A I , Hadi M H J A
Published: August 2022

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) process is one of popular 3D printing technologies, especially on printing polymer materials for a rapid prototyping. The process is well known for its resource saving, with no tooling cost required and minimum energy demand. However, the challenge is that the process performances are highly influenced by selection of parameters. From literature, consideration on material usage and process energy demand in FDM processes is still limited. This study used an L9 Taguchi orthogonal array design in investigating effect of build orientation, printing speed and layer thickness on process energy consumption and total material usage in FDM processes. The p-values from ANOVA analysis revealed that only layer thickness and build orientation had significant effect on the outputs. In minimising material usage, the strategy is to select the correct build orientation to avoid need of support structure. For reducing energy demand, optimum layer thickness needs to be determined by considering other factors such as mechanical properties and surface roughness. This study provides preliminary findings which will benefit FDM users in using resources efficiently. Further studies are required to complement the findings from the aspects of mechanical and physical properties of the printed products.
Characteristics of Fast Electric Field Generated by Negative Lightning in Northern Peninsular Malaysia.
Authors: Hwang Yong-Jia , Wooi Chin-Leong , Ahmad Mohd Riduan Bin , Nabipour-Afrouzi Hadi
Published: August 2022

The development and advancement of lightning locating system (LLS) reaches until 2021 and the characteristics of lightning can be studied by observing the electric field produced by lightning. There are several studies proven that preliminary breakdown pulses (PBPs) are always preceded the return stroke, the duration of the PBPs and the time for the PBPs preceded the return stroke tend to be different depends on the types of lightning, regions, and location. This paper observed and recorded the fast electric field changes of negative cloud to ground lightning (CG). Total of ten sample data was captured on 13 May 2021 and selected to be analyzed in detail. Information such as rise time to peak, duration of preliminary breakdown pulses has been recorded. The captured result is compared with the results from other papers. The results show that the PBPs duration are very similar when compared with local results which shows an average of 2.347 ms. While the average time for PBPs to precede the first return stroke is around 9.44 ms and the rise time from 10% to 90% peak of first return stroke shows an average time of 4.86 μs
White Blood Cells Detection Using Saturation Level
Authors: Fairuz Nur Liyana Ezaty Mohd , Marzuki Nurhanis Izzati Che
Published: August 2022

Blood is made up of three main components; erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. Each of these blood components all have their own roles in the human body. Leukocytes, which can be divided into five types; Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Lymphocytes and Monocytes are all part of the body’s defence mechanism to fight against pathogens that could harm the body. Identifying the presence of these blood cells is one of the fundamental ways to diagnose a disease. Hence, blood tests are always being run by physicians in clinical practice. Manually identifying leukocytes is a tedious and time-consuming process, and does not guarantee standardised results as it depends fully on the operator’s skills. Therefore, many works have been done to develop an automated method of leukocyte identification, which aims to reduce the processing time, cost-effective and is efficient in producing standardised results. The proposed method uses the technique of segmenting the nucleus and cytoplasm of leukocytes by extracting it from the Saturation level of the image.
Performance Enhancement of Speed Control for Induction Motor Using Dolphin Algorithm
Authors: Ahmed Firas Saaduldeen , Allu Ahmed A. , Jirjees Maan A.
Published: August 2022

The induction motor is renowned as one of the most motors commonly used in an industry where rapid response and high control precision are needed for a wide range of speeds. In this paper, a field oriented control method (FOCM) has been used to obtain a higher control efficiency by dividing the stator current into torque and field control components, including the space vector pulse width modulation (SV-PWM) technology. FOCM also reduces the harmonics of the inverter output signal and allows the best use of DC voltage. This paper aims to enhance the speed response during a sudden change in load torque or reference speed. The Dolphin Algorithm (DA) is used to find the best parameters of the control circuit in both the current and voltage controllers of the FOCM to improve the motor speed response using two objective functions which are Mean Average Error (MAE) and Mean Error (ME). Simulation results for dolphin-PI controllers show the trial superiority by noting PI controllers error and decrease the delay time during the state change.
Eyeball segmentation and measurement in MRI images of myopic children
Authors: Rayan J E , Mokri S S , Low Y C , Mohd-Ali B , Huddin A B , Mohamad-Shahimin M , Arif N , Abdul-Hamid H , Mohidin N
Published: August 2022

Myopia occurs when the light beam stops before entering the retinal layer, resulting in blurred long-distance vision. Myopia in children is very common nowadays, requiring prompt intervention and effective treatment. Thus, research on myopia among children is aggressively conducted to propose better treatment technology. One of the aspects of myopia research is to analyse the shape of the eyeball and its association with this abnormality. Eyeball imaging is commonly conducted via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, this paper presents eyeball segmentation in MRI images of myopic children based on the Chan-Vese Level Set method. MRI eye images of 35 myopic children were used. The measurement of pertinent lines was also done. The accuracy of the lines’ measurement was compared with the manual measurement. An average difference of 0.2825 mm (std 0.2386mm) for the left eye and 0.2677 mm (std 0.2526 mm) for the right eye were obtained. Also, statistical t-test evaluation showed that both measurements were statistically similar, confirming the agreement between the two. In conclusion, the process of segmentation and measurement of the eyeball is important to furnish the need for myopia treatment research and study on any treatment efficacy.
FPGA implementation of programmable Hybrid PUF using Butterfly and Arbiter PUF concepts
Authors: Devika K N , Bhakthavatchalu Ramesh
Published: August 2022

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) are physical entities that generates output as a function of process variation for a given input. It is an emerging hardware security solution to safeguard Intellectual Property, authentication of devices and to ensure data integrity through fingerprint generation. Delay based PUFs forms one of the popular category among different kinds of PUFs wherein the interconnect and gates delays due to uncontrollable manufacturing deviations are exploited to generate secret keys. However some of the designs such as arbiter and butterfly PUFs are seldom implemented in FPGA due to higher component of routing delay in comparison to random delay. This research work focus on the design of Hybrid PUF using the concepts of Butterfly and Arbiter PUF to reduce the skew delay factor in these PUFs. The proposed structure combines the benefits of both PUFs to increase the randomness and accuracy of the arbiter PUF. The architecture is designed to be programmable to work for any N-bit challenge as input. The PUF structures was simulated using Modelsim and Xilinx Vivado software version 19.2 were the tool used for implementing the design in spartan-7 FPGA.
Development of Detachable Rogowski Coil Current Sensor using PCB for High Voltage Cable Partial Discharge Measurement
Authors: Akhmal S , Isa Muzamir , Abdullah A Z , Nanyan A N , Bohari Z H
Published: August 2022

Insulation failure in High Voltage (HV) cables is evaluated using a variety of monitoring techniques. Previous silicon technologies were outperformed by wide-bandgap semiconductor power devices with faster switching speeds. Their precise current management or current protection measures must be upgraded. As a result, their precise current control or protection measures have become more sophisticated. The traditional Rogowski Coil (RC) with the magnetic core, on the other hand, has low measurement accuracy, a short measuring range, and is difficult to fabricate. This paper presents and discusses the development of a Rogowski Coil using a detachable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) as a current sensor for Partial Discharge (PD) measurement. Furthermore, the development of this innovative current sensor concentrated on the detachable PCB Rogowski Coil’s capability to measure as a high-voltage (HV) current sensor and its sensitivity in fault diagnosis, over-voltage current sensing, and high-impulse current sensing on HV cables. The experimental design, techniques, and measurement parameters used in models were discussed. Finally, a brief analysis of the detachable PCB RC current sensor such as sensitivity, maximum voltage and current detection is presented. This paper can also be used as a guideline for other researchers to develop an advanced RC current sensor using PCB as a HV current sensor in the future. The measurement results of the detachable PCB RC current sensor such as the sensitivity and current detection signal can also be used as a guideline by another researcher. As a result, the goal of this project is to measure PD on HV cables using an RC current sensor by utilising PCB technology.
A built-in self-test module for 16-bit parallel photon counting circuit using 180 nm CMOS process
Authors: Isaak S. , Yeo H.C. , Chang C.K. , Yusuf Y.
Published: August 2022

This study investigated the use of a built-in-self-test (BIST) module detecting catastrophic errors in photon-counter accumulator for liquid contamination level measurement. Efficient algorithms are exceptionally demanded for a high-count rate and low voltage system photon counting circuit on-chip. The photon counter sensors are also required high sensitivity digital counter that encodes the arrival of photon in precise timing to prevent any count erroring the absence of light. The proposed BIST is integrated on the data acquisition system, where the accumulator is located. The design circuit, functionality and topology tests of BIST and circuit under test are realized with 180 nm Silterra CMOS Process. The same Verilog codes are verified using field programmable gate array (FPGA) to predict the hardware functionality prior fabrication. The measurement was able to detect at least 90 % fault coverage within 16-bit data acquisition system at minimum operating frequency of 166.7 MHz.
Performance Analysis of Different Type PV Module for 3kW Residential Roof Top PV System using PVSyst Simulation tool
Authors: Abdullah A. Z , Amlus M H , Azizan N , Sali I M , Rahim M H
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this article is to discuss a performance comparison of solar panel between mono crystalline, poly crystalline and HIT photovoltaic for roof top solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Residential PV power generation is a growing fast nowadays due to technology transfer success to everyone while also serving as a renewable energy source. Correct selection of PV modules possible to get a fast return of investment while wrong selection is vice versa. Three type of PV panel was applying in 3.12kW rooftop PV design in Selangor, Malaysia residential this work for comparison analysis. To make a fair comparison, the PV module analyse with same location, weather, orientation and losses. Simulation was performed fully under PVSyst software and looking at performance ratio system, a yearly balanced, effective output energy, daily output generation, system output generation, and yearly system losses. In this article the performance of three different types of PV panels is demonstrated. The HIT PV module shows the highest yearly performance ratio up to 81 % compare to mono and poly type. The normalized production with standardized variable to evaluate the PV output including collection losses, device losses and energy generated show the HIT type produces lowest losses while highest output. The performance of HIT PV module was good compared to PV module mono and poly type; this is due to the lower losses and high output produce significantly. The PV system’s payback period can be shortened, and the PV system can perform better, if the PV panels are more efficient.
Performance of Backfill Material for Grounding System under High Voltage Condition
Authors: Halim N. H. , Arshad S. N. M. , Hashim N. H. , Adzis Z. , Isa M. , Bakar O. A.
Published: August 2022

Grounding (or earthing) play the main role to in order to protect electrical equipment, building and life from lightning, switching and earth fault occurrences. A good grounding system must be able to dissipated this unwanted charge in very fast time and this can be achieved by reducing the grounding resistance. Introduction to backfill material to be filled into grounding pit is widely implemented in order to lowering the resistance of grounding system. This paper investigates the performance of marconite, cement and sand as part of backfill materials for ufer type grounding system under alternating high voltage and impulse voltage condition. The purpose of high impulse voltage experiments is to determine the performance of above said materials under transient condition while the alternating high voltage experiment to observed the behaviour backfill material under leakage or fault current occurrence. The findings reveal that performance of grounding system may significantly change from the expected result at design stages.
Structural properties of silica under the temperature
Authors: Dung Mai Van
Published: August 2022

The structure of the SiO2 system consisting of 12800 atoms is performed via molecular dynamics simulation with the Tersoff potential. Our simulation shows that the onset of the melting temperature is at 3450 K. This value is much higher than the previous result of Ringdalen and co-workers [26]. The structural evolution of the system is analyzed through the pair radial distribution function, the distribution of the bond length and the distribution of the bond angle. Structural parameters are compared with the previous experimental and simulated results. The mean square displacement is also discussed in this paper.
Analysis and Simulation of Temperature Distribution and Stress Development in Wire EDM of Tungsten Carbide
Authors: Awaludin Ali Imran bin , Tomadi S H , Rosdi D , Mas Ayu H
Published: August 2022

The main objectives of this research are to investigate the performance of temperature distribution and equivalent Von- Mises stress development on tungsten carbide, determine the effect of different machining parameters on the tungsten carbide workpiece, prepare a set of parameters, temperature distribution and stress development that can be compared with the experimental result and to optimize the machining parameters for machining tungsten carbide using wire EDM. However, wire EDM is a complicated stochastic nature process mechanism and it has a very large number of parameters that should be considered. It is quite hard to select the best set of parameters in experimenting. In this research, the Ansys software was used to simulate the maximum temperature and maximum equivalent (Von-Mises) stress result of machining the tungsten carbide by wire EDM. The input parameters selected in conducting the simulation are pulse- on time and servo voltage. The wire diameter, convective coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient, current, thickness of the workpiece and wire material is taken as fixed parameters. By using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array, the optimal value is obtained for maximum temperature and maximum equivalent (Von-Mises) stress. Additionally, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a useful technique to identify the most important factor that affecting the output response.
Performance of a Single-phase Grid-integrated Photovoltaic based DSTATCOM using Modified p-q Theory Control Algorithm.
Authors: Ridzwan M A H , Baharudin N H , Mansur T M N T , Ananda-Rao K , Suboh S M
Published: August 2022

This paper investigates the performance of a single-phase grid-integrated photovoltaic based DSTATCOM by using modified p-q theory control algorithm. Previously, p-q theory controller has been employed for a three-phase DSTATCOM system. Thus, this paper employs a modified p-q theory control algorithm for a single-phase grid-integrated solar PV (GCPV) based DSTATCOM. Thus, the GCPV system has improved with DSTATCOM capabilities such as harmonic reduction for a single-phase distribution system under varying solar irradiances. The simulation results have been obtained by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software in accordance with IEEE Standard 519:2014, which stated that the THD should be less than 8% for the line current at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The performance of the single-phase GCPV based DSTATCOM has been analysed for dynamic and steady-state conditions under varying solar irradiances.
Effect of thin tunnel layers MnO3and V2O5on the enhancement of single-layer organic solar cell efficiency
Authors: Shuvo Naim , Askary Md Abu Hasan Al , Hai Tasmia Binte , Alam Sanney Ul , salsabila Saraban
Published: August 2022

Layer thickness optimization has proven to be effective in the case of increasing Performance Conversion Efficiencies (PCE) of organic solar cells. In this research, optimization of the solar cell is performed and found an efficiency of 9.74%. After that, a solar cell with the insertion of some oxide layers is proposed. Two of them are the thick insulating oxide layers which have helped the efficiency to reach up to 15.23%. Under 1sun and at 1.5AM, the energy spectrum received from the sun has been calculated as 2.43eV for a 510nm light wavelength (has been considered as the peak among the visible light wavelengths), which is much more than the energy band gap of the active material. This incident is supposed to be one of the causes of the high electron tunnelling between the donor and acceptor of the LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital). Apart from its inorganic counterpart, as low charge carrier is the main concern for the organic solar cell, this can help a little by ensuring a high charge carrier and pushing the organic solar cell a step further with respect to its competitor, the inorganic solar cell.
Optimum Sizing and Performance of Fuel Cell Stack Integrated by Boosted DC-DC converter for Running DC Load
Authors: Irwanto M , Hussin N , Suhelmi  , Iswandi  , Azis A , Rimbawati  , Leow W Z , Jufrizal
Published: August 2022

A fuel cell stack (FCS) converts the chemical energy to be the electrical energy through an electrochemical process. One type of FCS is proton exchange membrane (PEM) with hydrogen and oxygen as the main chemical energy source. The PEMFCS has been applied widely for operating direct current (DC) loads. However, the optimum sizing of FCS, DC load and the other supported devices are not considered well, thus the system performance does not have function optimum fully. This paper present the FCS integrated by boosted DC-DC converter for running DC load. The optimum sizing of FCS and boosted DC-DC converter are explained to obtain the required number of FCS and boosted DC-DC converter. A simulation of the FCS integrated boosted DC-DC converter is conducted using SIMULINK MATLAB. The simulation results show that the FCS and boosted DC-DC converter have good performance in the operation of DC load.
Modelling of an Electric Vehicle
Authors: Madhav Sai N , Lekshmi S , Manitha P V
Published: August 2022

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are considered to be as an essential aspect in the immediate term to reduce global emissions and to improve local air quality. The automobile industry will have a substantial transformation in the upcoming five to ten years than it has in the last few decades. The development of technologies promoted a better eco-friendly version of EVs. Electric cars in short are the thought of batteries on wheels and are the future of motoring. Growing concerns over the limited supply of fossil fuels led to the invention of electric cars which truly rely upon the use of an electric drive system rather upon the Internal Combustion Engines. In addition, electric cars diminished the pressure of massive carbon emissions, urban pollution, greenhouse gases, and city noises. This paper proposes an investigative study on electric vehicle modelling, simulation, and step-by-step control design for an effective environment. For the purpose of modelling and simulation of an electric vehicle MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used.
Mathematical modeling and drying characteristics of thin layer drying of bitter gourd in evacuated tube solar dryer-without heat pipe
Authors: Yadav Dhiraj Kumar , Dhurve Priyanka , Arora Vinkel Kumar
Published: August 2022

Evacuated tube solar dryer-without heat pipe (ETSD-WHP), also called direct flow evacuated tube solar dryer was used for preservation and quality analysis of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). Mathematical modeling with eight semi-empirical models and drying characteristics of bitter gourd were carried out in the current study. Bitter gourd was dried in 12 hours from an initial moisture level of 91.85 % to a final moisture level of 6.77 %. The maximum rate of mass removal (drying rate), was found to be 15.15 g moisture/g dry matter/hr at 1 PM when solar radiation was high i.e 735 W/m2. Among all models, the Midilli and Kucuk model was found best fitted for bitter gourd with R2, χ2, and RSME values of 0.9982, 2.43×10-4 and 0.0129, respectively. From the quality analysis, it was observed that the color and water activity of bitter gourd decreased after drying significantly.
An improved grey wolf optimization based MPPT algorithm for photovoltaic systems under diverse partial shading conditions
Authors: Kishore D J Krishna , Mohamed M R , Sudhakar K , Peddakapu K
Published: August 2022

The photovoltaic (PV) systems are performing a substantial role in electric power systems for generating electrical power in various uncertain circumstances. Nonetheless, the PV systems face numerous challenges for power production in the event of partial conditions. Moreover, different types of multiple peak power points (MPPP) are generated in the characteristics of the PV system under diverse partial patterns. The MPPP’s having only one global maximum peak power (GMPP) and the remaining are local peak PowerPoints (LPPP), in which LPPP are interrupted to grab maximum power. Hence, improved grey wolf optimization (I-GWO) approach is developed in this work for enriching the required power generation at partial conditions. The proposed system has been designed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. As per the simulation findings, the suggested I-GWO demonstrates great performance with regards to tracking time, accuracy, and efficiency as compared with other studied algorithms.
Exploration of Pattern Recognition Methods for Motor Imagery EEG Signal with Convolutional Neural Network Approach
Authors: Zahra Hanina N , Zakaria Hasballah , Hermanto Beni R
Published: August 2022

As an application of EEG, Motor Imagery based Brain-Computer Interface (MI BCI) plays a significant role in assisting patients with disability to communicate with their environment. MI BCI could now be realized through various methods such as machine learning. Many attempts using different machine learning approaches as MI BCI applications have been done with every one of them yielding various results. While some attempts managed to achieve agreeable results, some still failed. This failure may be caused by the separation of the feature extraction and classification steps, as this may lead to the loss of information which in turn causes lower classification accuracy. This problem can be solved by integrating feature extraction and classification by harnessing a classification algorithm that processed the input data as a whole until it produces the prediction, hence the use of convolutional neural network (CNN) approach which is known for its versatility in processing and classifying data all in one go. In this study, the CNN exploration involved a task to classify 5 different classes of fingers’ imaginary movement (thumb, index, middle, ring, and pinky) based on the processed raw signal provided. The CNN performance was observed for both non-augmented and augmented data with the data augmentation techniques used include sliding window, noise addition, and the combination of those two methods. From these experiments, the results show that the CNN model managed to achieve an averaged accuracy of 47%, meanwhile with the help of augmentation techniques of sliding window, noise addition, and the combined methods, the model achieved even higher averaged accuracy of 57,1%, 47,2%, and 57,5% respectively.
Application of the Monte Carlo method for evaluating the patch cord length distribution of the central data center crosses using spine-leaf architecture
Authors: Semenov A B , Shishova N A , Klimov D A , Shavrin S S
Published: August 2022

An approach to determining the patch cord length of the central data center crosses with spine-leaf architecture, which is based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed. The possibility of its implementation in Excel spreadsheets is shown. The results of calculating the length distribution when installing the cross in cabinets with a height of 42 and 47U are given. It is established that for the majority of cords the length of 1–1.5 m is sufficient. The need to use 800 mm wide cabinets for the central cross and the possibility of placing it in one cabinet for 126 leaf level switches when building a data center according to the top-of-rack scheme is substantiated.
Computational cooling performance of electronic chips on printed circuit boards
Authors: Durgam Shankar
Published: August 2022

Effect of cooling performance of heated modules resembling integrated circuit (IC) chips on printed circuit boards (PCBs) under natural and forced convection is investigated. Commercially available four different types of substrate materials viz. silica glass, glass epoxy FR4, bakelite, and copper-clad board (CCB) is used for the simulation study. Natural and forced convection cooling scenarios are used for thermal performance with a power input of 7.5 W and 15 W for heaters equipped on a substrate. The main motive of this work is to present and compare thermal performance of heated modules on different substrate materials. Results of FR4 and bakelite with a power input of 7.5 under natural convection are compared with forced convection results at Re = 500 for the same power input. The results show that copper clad boards give a better cooling performance in natural convection scenarios for both the power inputs of 7.5 W and 15 W.
Color-based shadow detection method in aerial images
Authors: M-Desa S , Zali S A , Mohd-Isa W N , Che-Embi Z
Published: August 2022

This study evaluates the performance of shadow detection using different image color models. The pixel-level supervised classification procedure employed in this study includes filtering images, creating a trained shadow model, obtaining shadow masks and post-processing of the output masks. Considering the advent of drones usage, we discuss the results of shadow detection on aerial images. Based on the results, the method using YCbCr color features yielded 92.71% average accuracy. The low performance of shadow detection on images with small shadowed regions and images under various weather conditions indicated that additional investigation is necessary to create detection schemes for challenging input images with high spatial resolution.
The Waste Detection System of Shrimp Feeding with a Waterproof Camera using Yolo Algorithm
Authors: Zainuddin Zaryanti , Tuluran Julian , Achmad Andani , Areni Intan Sari , Tahir Zulkifli
Published: August 2022

This study aims to build a waste detection system of shrimp feeding using the Yolo algorithm. Shrimp are not efficient in utilizing their feed, which is only 70-80%. The remaining shrimp feed will become waste that causes decay and decreased water quality due to the accumulation of high organic matter and toxic compounds, namely nitrite (NO2) and ammonia (NH3). Therefore, a feed waste detection system was developed in this study using You Look Only Once (YOLO). The initial stage is to collect images in the water as training data with a waterproof camera. Furthermore, the image is marked with a Yolo mark. Then training is carried out where it is extracted with the Convolutional neural network layer, which is used as input into the Fully Connected Layer. The output is a weight file that will be used to detect shrimp feed. From the tests carried out, the system produces 96-97% mean average precision (mAP) values at max batches of 4000-10000. Another result shows that the best mAP was obtained at a distance of 25 cm with mAP value of 82.31%.
Design and Implementation of General Hardware Binary Multiplier (2n x 2n) Bits
Authors: Abdulbaqia Alaa Ghazi , Hashim Yasir
Published: August 2022

In this paper, a new general 2n x 2n bits hardware multiplier based on combinatorial has been designed, implemented and analysed. First, a new design for circuit to multiply two binary numbers with 2n bits length, this new design starts with basic 2x2 bits circuit multiplier, n here equal to 1. Then based on this circuit, the 4x4 bits circuit multiplier has been designed. And based on 4x4, the 8x8 bits multiplier has been designed and continually the 16x16 bits multiplier. The final design for general 2nx2n bits multiplier has been presented. All these circuits have been mathematically proved and tested to get the final results.
Conversion of 15-Minutes to 1-Minute Rainfall Distribution Derived from Tropical Rainfall Distribution Measurement
Authors: Bohari Alya Syakirah , Abdullah Abdullah Irfan , Ismail Ahmad Fadzil , Badron Khairayu
Published: August 2022

The radiocommunication sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU R) necessitates a 1-min integration time of rainfall rate to predict attenuation at terrestrial links and earth-space links. Since time series of rainfall that satisfies this requirement is not common, the conversion into corresponding 1-min distribution is suggested as an alternative of time series with longer integration time, T (e.g., 10-,30-,60-minutes). This research reviews existing methods for the conversion of cumulative distributions of rainfall and compares the said conversion methods. Several approaches are utilized to convert the 15-minutes rainfall rate to a 1-min rainfall rate in the tropical area of Kampung Paya Jaras. It found that Segal’s method performs the best conversion procedure overall.
Enhanced Congestion Control Model Based on Message Prioritization and Scheduling Mechanism in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
Authors: Ismail Noraini , Hossain Mohammad Asif , Md.Noor Rafidah , Wahab Ainuddin Wahid Abdul
Published: August 2022

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is an origination of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET), where road vehicles will distribute messages and provide safety alerts to notice hazardous circumstances to the drivers. One of its greatest challenges is ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) owing to channel sharing, high traffic and topology changes in VANETs. These challenges cause of degradation of network performance. Congestion control should be properly considered to improve the network performance and transmission message over VANETs. However, there seem significant limitations to most of the other current congestion control mechanisms. In this paper, an enhanced congestion control model based on prioritization and scheduling-based strategy is proposed. This strategy assigns priorities of the safety messages and non-safety messages based of the message type and network condition. Further, safety message can be classified into event-driven messages and beacon messages. At that point, all messages transmit into the appropriate queue based on their priority and schedule all messages in each queue. However, when new message enqueue, reschedule in each queue may cause additional unwanted delay to be processed cause of inefficient scheduling technique. Thus, an improved dynamic scheduling algorithm also proposed to schedule the messages in this circumstance.
IoT Based Monitoring System for Stingless Bees Colony in IIUM
Authors: Rosli H A , Abdul Malik N , Ahmad Y A
Published: August 2022

Currently, the beekeeping method in IIUM is based on manual monitoring by human inspection to see the condition of the stingless bees. However, frequent manual monitoring by opening the lid can stress the colonies causing colony collapsed disorder (CCD). Therefore, this project offers a smart apiary system prototype to add value in preserving the species and the environment because bees are good pollinators. It can benefit the users in tracking the health status of stingless bees by proposing an IoT-based monitoring system. One way is to develop a real-time autonomous beekeeping system that offers several insights to the apiarists in terms of weight, temperature, humidity and pressure caused by intrusions. These parameters can be monitored with a wireless mobile application. The hardware consists of a microcontroller board (Arduino Uno) based on the ATmega328P, a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, an HX711 load cell sensor and an FSR402 force sensor connected to ESP8266 wifi module for internet access. The user interface was developed with the Blynk platform to display all information and provide alarms for unwanted incidents or emergencies that need to be catered, such as sudden pressure surges exerted on the beehive log and temperature beyond 40°C.
Improvement of facility layout design using Systematic Layout planning methodology
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Naga Malleswari V.
Published: August 2022

A plant layout design is one of the essential tasks for improving industry performance and the wellbeing of the production process. Kharagpur railway station is one of the biggest railway stations in INDIA, and the motorcoach shop is one of the workshops for the maintenance and repairing of the coaches. This workshop consists of the various department for serving the purpose of repairing works. Around ninety employees work for maintenance which comes for repair and maintenance work. It observed that the working area spread through the space and did not utilize it to the maximum extent, and material flows are not systematic. This study aims to redesign the facility layout of the motorcoach shop using Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) to maximize the utilization area and reduce idle space. Two design alternatives were proposed and compared the performance of each design with the initial layout. Based on the calculation of total area facility layout chosen since proposed layout able to improve the utilization by 30% and material flow rate by 20%.
Smart Lawn with Water Sprinkler for Garden Using Arduino UNO
Authors: Yusof K H , Ahmad A S , Basir M S S M , Katim N. I. A. , Zaki M M M
Published: August 2022

This paper presents a system of smart lawn and garden water sprinkler using Arduino UNO, whose water tank can be monitored through smartphone. The main purpose of this system is to minimize the issue of water loss and water delivery system by using Internet of Things (IoT) as a platform to monitor the water tank level/status within range of 20 meters from the WIFI module. In this system, interface YFS201 Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor is used to measure the flow rate and volume of water, while ultrasonic sensor is used to detect water level inside the tank. Two systems (integrated) had been tested. Firstly is the proposed system, where the flow rate and volume of water are displayed on the LCD and the reading of the water tank is displayed on smartphone. The second system is watering clock system, which uses Real Time Clock (RTC) for timer setting purpose. The watering clock system shows the timer of watering session on LCD to ensure the user know their lawn and garden have been watered. The proposed system using the Arduino UNO, IoT Platform and Wi-Fi modules is able to immediately notify consumer to control water losses.
High performance copper-tungsten @graphene composites materials
Authors: Ding Yi , Liu BeiYang , Li MengLin , Hao LiuCheng , Zhu ZhiXiang , Han Yu , Ma FeiYue , Xiang ZhongHua
Published: August 2022

The contacts and fingers in the traditional high-voltage circuit breakers are all made of copper-tungsten alloy materials by powder metallurgy process at present. The conductivity and hardness of existing materials have reached the bottleneck, which can’t meet the requirements of working conditions. Graphene has good electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and high specific surface area. Doped into the traditional copper-tungsten alloy, graphene is expected to greatly improve the electrical conductivity and hardness of copper-tungsten electric contacts, which could make the alloy have excellent mechanical and electrical properties at the same time. It has become the main development direction of current electrical contact materials research. In this paper, the research progress of strengthening methods of traditional copper-tungsten electric contact materials by graphene and other reinforcing agents is systematically reviewed, and the strengthening mechanism of graphene on copper-tungsten electric contact materials is explored, which can provide technical guidance for the development and application of new high strength and high conductivity graphene-reinforced copper-tungsten electric contact materials with new performance and long electrical life.
Statistical analysis of the corrosion inhibition performance of three inorganic compounds on mild steel acid media
Authors: Loto Roland T. , Loto Cleophas A. , Okeniyi Joshua , Olanrewaju Gabriel
Published: August 2022

Sodium benzoate, zinc benzoate and zinc bromide were studied for their corrosion inhibition effect on mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 and HCl solution. Data obtained showed the performance of the inorganic compounds significantly varied with respect to exposure time. Zinc bromide (ZBM) exhibited the most effective inhibition performance on mild steel in H2SO4 solution with optimal inhibition value of 90.96% at 50% concentration, corresponding to corrosion rate of 1.330 mm/y. Sodium benzoate (SB) displayed the least effective inhibition performance with optimal value of 50.5% at 70% concentration corresponding to corrosion rate of 7.284 mm/y. Zinc benzoate (ZB) performed most effectively in HCl solution with inhibition value of 70.17% at 50% inhibitor concentration corresponding to corrosion rate of 1.251 mm/y while zinc bromide contrary to its performance in H2SO4 solution displayed weak inhibition performance in HCl solution with peak value 55.40% at 30% concentration corresponding to corrosion rate of 1.870 mm/y. Statistical data showed in H2SO4 solution, inhibitor concentration significantly influenced the inhibition performance of ZB and ZBM compounds with values of 98.37% and 94.57%. The effect of exposure time was negligible but statistically relevant. The statistical relevance value obtained for SB inhibitor concentration and exposure time are 65.96% and 25.20%. In HCl solution, the statistical relevance of ZBM and ZB exposure time at 58.4% and 41.51% is greater than the corresponding value for concentration at 32.46% and 38.14%. However, SB concentration overwhelmingly influenced the performance of SB compound at statistical relevance value of 95.75%.
Effect of solution treatment on duplex stainless steel weld microstructure of deep-penetration TIG welding
Authors: Ying Zou , Qingfeng Zeng , Lei Li , Yunrui Mao
Published: August 2022

The double-layer gas shielded welding method was adopted in this study. The pure argon gas was used in the inner layer, while a small amount of active gas was added to the outer layer. The welding efficiencies and phase ratios in weld microstructure of 2205 duplex stainless steel under different outer shielding gas conditions were compared. Different solution treatment conditions were applied to the welded joints after welding to explore the effect of solution treatment temperature and time on the weld microstructure. The experimental results showed that the welding efficiency could be improved effectively by adding a proper amount of active gas into the outer protective gas. Proper solution treatment could increase the austenite phase proportion in 2205 duplex stainless steel welds. With the increase of the solution temperature and time, the content of austenite gradually increased, the grain became fine, and the two phases were of uniform distribution.
Temperature field simulation and solidification structure during laser hot wire cladding process
Authors: Li Wen-Quan , Liu Peng-Wei , Liu Xin-Gang , Zhao Ying-Jie , Yamamoto Motomichi , Zhu Song , Sugio Kenjiro , Sasaki Gen
Published: August 2022

In this study, a heat source model designed explicitly for rectangular laser heat sources was developed to simulate the temperature field during the laser hot wire cladding process. The influence of the temperature field on the solidified microstructure was investigated. The difference in morphology and size of solidified microstructure was mainly caused by temperature gradient and cooling rate. The grain morphology in the edge region was mainly columnar crystal with small size. The grain morphology in the central area was mainly equiaxed crystals with the larger size. This study provided a reference for understanding the characteristics of the solidification microstructure and its formation during laser hot wire cladding process.
Influence of perforations on the reduction of the compressive strength of corrugated cardboard
Authors: Sarcevic Iva , Svetec Diana Gregor , Banic Dubravko
Published: August 2022

Perforations on corrugated cardboard boxes serve as a separation line for converting the transport packaging into the shelf-ready display tray. Various perforations placed on different sides of the case affect the structural integrity of the transportation box. The objective of this paper is to determine how much the compressive strength decreases under the influence of perforations and which of the explanatory variables: type of perforation, angle of perforation position or quality of perforated corrugated cardboard, affect the strength of corrugated cardboard the most. Samples were cut from 3 quality of E-flute corrugated cardboard and 3 types of perforations were positioned in 5 defined directions. The samples with and without perforation were measured using an edge crush tester and then compared. Further analysis showed that the angle of the perforation had the greatest effect on the compressive strength. The overall results show that the position of the perforation at an angle of 0° has the greatest influence on the reduction of the compressive strength for all quality of the corrugated cardboard and for all types of perforations, while the reduction of the compressive strength is the lowest at an angle of 70°.
Microstructure and properties of Cu-Cr and Cu-Cr-Mg alloys under different processing conditions
Authors: Peng Lijun , Sun Yuqing , Ma Wanjun , Liu Feng , Ma Jimiao , Huang Guojie , Xie Haofeng
Published: August 2022

Cu-0.5Cr (wt%) and Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Mg (wt%) alloys were manufactured in this study to analyse the relationship between the physical properties and microstructure under different states. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the microstructures of the alloys following homogenization, hot-rolled, solid solution, cold-rolled and aging. The results showed that insoluble Cr phases existed in copper chromium and copper chromium magnesium alloys after holding at 925°C for 12 h for homogenization and hot rolling deformation of 80%, and Mg elements prevented the segregation of Cr phases at grain boundaries. After solution treatment by holding at 1000°C for 1 h, the mean grain size of both alloys were 299 nm and 81 nm, respectively, and the volume fraction of undissolved Cr phase was 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. After 60 % cold deformation treatment, the hardness of the two alloys increased significantly as a result of the work hardening caused by the generation of dislocation. In the aging stage of 450°C for 1 h, lots of Cr precipitates were found in Cu-0.5Cr and Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Mg alloys, with a corresponding hardness of 162.8 HV and 170.1 HV and electrical conductivity of 82.9% IACS and 77.8% IACS, respectively.
Evaporation of fentanyl from ceramics for pulmonary drug delivery: a pilot study
Authors: Vazda Amina , Xia Wei , Engqvist Håkan
Published: August 2022

Fast and non-invasive pain relief has been one of the primary goals in patient care. One suggested solution is to target the lungs, which allows the drug to be absorbed on a large surface area resulting in a very fast onset reaction. Ceramics possess great properties such as adjustable porosity and mild manufacturing conditions making them good candidates for drug delivery systems. Fentanyl is a very suitable component for treating acute and chronic pain due to its short duration of action. In this study, the possibility of using heat to evaporate fentanyl from ceramics for pulmonary drug delivery was evaluated. A slightly modified commercially available product (PAX 3) was used for the evaporation of fentanyl. Calcium sulfate was used as the drug carrier, i.e. by heating the fentanyl loaded calcium sulfate, fentanyl is released and can be inhaled. The ceramic loaded with fentanyl was heated to 230-250°C for 1-10 minutes and the vapor was collected in a syringe. The evaporated drug was collected and quantified with HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography). It was possible to evaporate up to 1.2 μg of the applied drug, while the remaining drug was left in the ceramic. Furthermore, unknown peaks were detected by the HPLC when the ceramics were exposed to higher temperatures and longer heating times. The results showed that it was possible to evaporate fentanyl from ceramics at temperatures below 250°C.
Study on Kinetics of GB and GD hydrolysis by Peroxides with a way of fluoride ion-selective electrode
Authors: Xu Mengxue , Wang Lianyuan , Zhu Haiyan , Zhang Hongpeng , Zhou Chaohua , Miao Ting
Published: August 2022

Fluoride ion-selective electrode was widely used in trace F- test of food, medicinal materials and various water sources, etc.. It could also be used to monitor the concentration change of F- produced by GB and GD (G agents) hydrolysis. In this paper, two sorts of peroxide solutions, 1% sodium percarbonate (SPC) and 1 % sodium percarbonate combined with 0.9 % acetylsalicylic acid solution (SPC-Aspirin), worked as decontamination solutions (decon solutions). In view of the effect of ionic strength of decon solution on F- activity, calibration for linear correlation between the concentrations of standard F- aqueous in decon solutions and its related values showeded on the meter with a fluoride ion-selective electrode was firstly done, kinetic experiments of GB and GD hydrolysis were carried subsequently. Results showed that the components of HOO- in SPC and CH3COOO- in SPC-Aspirin played the major role in catalyzing G agents hydrolysis. The stronger nucleophilicity of decon solution was, the faster G agents hydrolyzed. The first order rate constants of GB and GD hydrolysis in SPC-Aspirin solution were 6.8×10-2 s-1 and 5.8×10-2 s-1, respectively, both above 10 times greater than that in SPC solution. Consequently, the nucleophilicity of CH3COOO- was stronger than HOO-. Due to relatively higher stereo-hindrance effect of GD with pinacolyl group, GD hydrolyzed more slowly than GB.