bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Higher Order Elastic Constants, Gruneisen Parameters and Lattice Thermal Expansion of Trigonal Calcite
Authors: Phlip Thresiamma , Menon C. S. , Indulekha K.
Published: March 2012

The second‐ and third‐order elastic constants of trigonal calcite have been obtained using the deformation theory. The strain energy density derived using the deformation theory is compared with the strain dependent lattice energy obtained from the elastic continuum model approximation to get the expressions for the second‐ and third‐order elastic constants. Higher order elastic constants are a measure of the anharmonicity of a crystal lattice. The seven second‐order elastic constants and the fourteen non‐vanishing third‐order elastic constants of trigonal calcite are obtained. The second‐order elastic constants C11, which corresponds to the elastic stiffness along the basal plane of the crystal is greater than C33, which corresponds to the elastic stiffness tensor component along the c‐axis of the crystal. First order pressure derivatives of the second‐order elastic constants of calcite are evaluated. The higher order elastic constants are used to find the generalized Gruneisen parameters of the elastic waves propagating in different directions in calcite. The Brugger gammas are evaluated and the low temperature limit of the Gruneisen gamma is obtained. The results are compared with available reported values.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Azetidinone and Thiazolidinones Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐6‐(2‐naphthalenyl)thiazolo[3,2‐d]thiadiazole
Authors: Patel K. H. , Mehta A. G.
Published: March 2012

2‐Amino‐6‐(2‐naphthalenyl)thiazolo[3,2‐d]thiadiazole [1] was prepared by treatment of KCNS and Br2 on 2‐Amino‐4‐(2‐naphthalenyl) thiazole. This amine on facile condensation with aromatic aldehydes afford Schiff Base/anils/azomethines(2a‐h). These anils on cyclocondensation reaction with chloro acetyl chloride and thio glycolic acid (i.e. mercapto acetic acid) afford 2‐azetidinones and 4‐thiazolidinones respectively. The prepared compounds have been screened on some stains of fungai.
Highly Sensetive Reaction for the Estimation of Carbaryl Using 4‐4ˊ‐ Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone in Environmental Samples
Authors: Bhaskara Besagarahally L. , Nagaraja Padmarajaiah
Published: March 2012

A rapid, sensitive Spectrophotometric method for the determination of ultra trace amount of carbaryl (1‐ Napthyl‐N‐ Methyl Carbamate) is proposed. The method is based on an alkali hydrolysis of carbaryl in the presence of methanolic KOH, followed by coupling with diazotized 4‐41‐ diaminodiphenyl sulfone in an alkaline medium. The water soluble pink dye obtained shows an absorption maximum at 540 nm. The system obeys Beer’s law over the range of 0.06‐2.0μg mL-1. The absorptivity of the coloured product is 7.014 × 104 l mol-1 cm-1 and the developed colour is stable for 48h. The detection limit of Carbaryl is 0.0102 μg mL-1. This method is a very good alternative tool and it can be used successfully for the determination of carbaryl residue in environmental water and grain samples.
Simple Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Zidovudine in Pharmaceuticals Using Chloramine‐T, Methylene Blue and Rhodamine‐B as Reagents
Authors: Basavaiah K. , Kumar U. R. Anil
Published: March 2012

Two new spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the determination of zidovudine(ZDV) in pharmaceuticals. The methods use chloramine‐T (CAT) and two dyes, methylene blue and rhodamine‐B, as reagents and are based on adding of a known excess of CAT to ZDV in hydrochloric acid medium followed by determination of residual oxidant by reacting with a fixed amount of either methylene blue and measuring the absorbance at 665 nm (Method A) or rhodamine B and measuring the absorbance at 555 nm (Method B). In both methods, the amount of CAT reacted corresponds to the amount of ZDV. The absorbance measured is found to increase linearly with concentration of ZDV. Under the optimum conditions, ZDV could be assayed in the concentration range 1.25‐15.0 and 0.25‐3.0 μg ML-1 by method A and method B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities are calculated to be 7.7x103 and 5.6x104 L mol-1 cm-1 for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.035 and 0.005 μg cm-2. The limits of detection and quantification are reported for both methods. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy of the developed methods were evaluated as per the current ICH guidelines. The proposed methods can be readily utilized for bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations.
A New, Eco‐Friendly Method for Iodination of Activated Arenes
Authors: Sathiyapriya R. , Karunakaran R. Joel
Published: March 2012

An effective, eco‐friendly method for iodination of arenes is presented. The reaction of activated aromatics with a mixture of sodium iodate and sodium sulphite in the presence of hydrochloric acid gives mono iodoarenes in high yields.
Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Oxaliplatin in Pure and Dosage Forms
Authors: Srinubabu G. , Rao D. Pundarika , Sridhar L. , Rao J. V. L. N. Seshagiri
Published: March 2012

A simple and reproducible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Oxaliplatin in pure and dosage forms. The method is based on the reaction of the drug with 1, 10 Phenanthroline in presence of ferric chloride, which forms a blood red colored complex exhibiting maximum absorption at 520 nm.
Removal of Lead Ion from Aqueous Solutions Using Sawdust Coated by Polyaniline
Authors: Ansari R. , Raofie F.
Published: March 2012

Polyaniline was synthesized chemically, coated on sawdust via cast method in the form of emeraldine base (EB) from formic acid as solvent, and used as an adsorbent for removal of lead ion or from aqueous solution. The effects of some important chemical and physical factors in removal efficiency have also been investigated. Among the different parameters, the effect of pH was the most prominent. It was found that metal uptake is occurred under neutral or slightly alkaline conditions, while under relatively strong acidic media, the sorption of the investigated metal ions was negligible and desorption is a predominant process. It was found that undoped PANi (EB form) coated on polar substrates such as sawdust (SD) can be used as an effective adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions in water and wastewater treatments. All the previous investigations and applications take advantage of the electrical conductivity (metallic), electrochemical (redox activity) and electrochromic properties of the polyaniline. While; in this research, we have taken advantage of the chelating properties of PANi for metal sorption.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Chalcones of 2‐Hydroxy ‐1‐Acetonapthone and 3‐Acetyl Coumarin
Authors: Prasad Y. Rajendra , Kumar P. Ravi , Deepti Ch. Asha , Ramana M. Venkata
Published: March 2012

Five novel chalcones were synthesised by condensing 2‐hydroxy‐1‐acetonaphthone with aldehyde derivatives in dilute ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen‐Schmidt condensation and another five novel chalcones were prepared by refluxing 3‐acetyl coumarin with aldehydes in the presence of piperidine in ethanol. All these compounds were characterised by means of their IR, 1H NMR spectroscopic data and microanalyses. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds were evaluated by the cup plate method.
Infrared Irradiation Synthesis of Substituted 5‐Oxo‐1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8‐octahydroquinoline Derivatives under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Wang Shu-Xiang , Guo Shao-Bo , Gao Ming-Zhu , Li Ji-Tai , Duan Yun-Fei
Published: March 2012

Infrared irradiation promoted the synthesis of substituted 5‐oxo‐1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8‐octahydroquinoline derivatives. The condensations of 5, 5‐dimethyl‐1, 3‐cyclohexane‐dione, 1, 3‐diaryl‐2‐propen‐1‐one and ammonium acetate in the absence of solvent under infrared irradiation for 3 h gave the title compounds in 67.6%∼86.5% yields.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Some Biologically Active Benzothiazolotriazine Derivatives
Authors: Kriplani Prashant , Swarnkar Pawan , Maheshwari Rinku , Ojha K. G.
Published: March 2012

Synthesis of some biologically active benzothiazolotriazine derivatives by microwave irradiation is reported. 2‐Amino‐6‐substituted benzothiazoles 1 on treatment with benzaldehyde in anhydrous ethanol afforded 2‐benzylidenoimino‐6‐substitutedbenzothiazoles 2 which underwent cyclisation with ammoniumthiocyanate in dioxane to give 2‐phenyl benzothiazolo [3,2‐α]‐s‐triazine‐4‐[3H] thiones 3.These both steps were carried out in microwave. Compound 3 with benzoyl chloride in anhydrous pyridine gave 2‐phenyl‐3‐(benzoyl) benzothiazolo [3,2‐α]‐s‐triazine‐4‐thiones 4 in good yields. The structure of all these compounds have been supported by their elemental analysis and their spectral data. All synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity using standard drug.
Preparation and Utilization of Kapok Hull Carbon for the Removal of Rhodamine‐B from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Shabudeen P. S. Syed , Venckatesh R. , Pattabhi S.
Published: March 2012

A carbonaceous sorbent prepared from the indegeneous agricultural waste (which is facing solid waste disposal problem) Kapok Hull, by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing basic dyes. Batch kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted to determine the sorption and desorption of the Rhodamine‐B from aqueous solution with activated carbon. The factors affecting the rate processes involved in the removal of dye for initial dye concentration, agitation time, and carbon dose and particle size have been studied at ambient temperature. The adsorption process followed first order rate kinetics. The first‐order rate equation by Lagergren was tested on the kinetic data, and isotherm data was analyzed for possible agreement with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations. The intraparticle diffusion rate equation from which adsorption rate constants, diffusion rate constants and diffusion coefficients were determined. Intraparticle diffusion was found to be the rate‐limiting step. The structural and morphological of activated carbon were characterized by XRD and SEM studies respectively.
Simultaneous Estimation of Domperidone and Pantoprazole in Solid Dosage Form by UV Spectrophotometry
Authors: Kumar P. Ravi , Prakash P. Bhanu , Krishna M. Murali , Yadav M. Santha , Deepthi C. Asha
Published: March 2012

Domperidone is an antiemetic and pantoprazole is an antiulcer drug. Simple, precise, rapid and selective simultaneous equation and Q‐ analysis UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of domperidone and pantoprazole from combined tablet dosage forms. The methods involve solving of simultaneous equations and Q‐value analysis based on measurement absorptivity at 216, 287 and 290 nm respectively. Linearity lies between 1‐15 mcg/mL for domperidone and 0‐50 mcg/mL for pantoprazole.
The Reaction of Aromatic Aldehydes and 1,3‐Cyclohexanedione in Aqueous Media
Authors: Li-Bin Liu , Tong-Shou Jin , Li-Sha Han , Meng Li , Na Qi , Tong-Shuang Li
Published: March 2012

The reaction of aromatic aldehyde and 1,3‐cyclohexanedione in aqueous media has been catalyzed by p‐dodecylbenezenesulfonic acid (DBSA) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and yields two products: 9‐aryl‐1, 8‐dioxooctahydroxanthene derivatives and 2,2´‐arylmethylene bis(3‐hydroxy‐ 2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one). This method provides several advantages such as good yield, simple work‐up procedure and environment friendly.
Solvent‐free Synthesis of Nitriles from Aldehydes Catalyzed by KF/Al2O3, Montmorillonite KSF and K10
Authors: Li Li-Jun , Song Ying-Xia , Gao Yan-Su , Li Yan-Feng , Zhang Jian-Feng
Published: March 2012

Multistep and one‐pot conversion of aldehydes to nitriles were carried out conveniently with out solvent using KF/Al2O3, montmorillonite KSF and K10 as catalyst, under microwave irradiation. The reactions are completed within 6‐8 min to give satisfactory yields. KF/Al2O3 was more effective catalyst both in multistep procedure and one‐pot reaction.
RP‐HPLC Determination of Raloxifene in Pharmaceuticl Tablets
Authors: Reddy P. Venkata , Rani B. Sudha , Babu G. Srinu , Rao J. V. L. N. Seshagiri
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase HPLC method is developed for the determination of Raloxifene in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on an inertsil C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (30:70 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 290 nm .The retention time of the drug was 10.609 min. The method produced linear responses in the concentration range of 0.5‐200 µg/mL of Raloxifene. The method was found to be applicable for determination of the drug in tablets.
Simple Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium in Biological and Environmental Samples
Authors: Priya B. Krishna , Subrahmanyam P. , Kumar J. Dilip , Chiranjeevi P.
Published: March 2012

Novel, rapid, highly sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of traces of vanadium (V) in environmental and biological samples, pharmaceutical and steel samples was studied. The method is based on oxidation of 2,4‐ dinitro phenyl hydrazine(2,4‐DNPH) by vanadium (V) followed by coupling reaction with N‐(1‐naphthalene‐1‐yl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine‐dihydrochloride (NEDA) in acidic medium to give red colored derivative or on oxidation of 4‐Amino Pyridine by vanadium (V) followed by coupling reaction with NEDA in basic medium to give pink colored derivative. The red colored derivative having an λmax 495 nm which is stable for 8 days and the pink colored derivative with 525 nm is stable for more than 7 days at 350C. Beer′s law is obeyed for vanadium (V) in the concentration range of 0.02 ‐ 3.5 μg mL–1 (red derivative) and 0.03 – 4.5 μg mL–1 (pink derivative) at the wave length of maximum absorption. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were investigated to enhance the sensitivity of the present method. The detailed study of various interferences made the method more selective. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of vanadium in natural water samples, plant material, soil samples, synthetic mixtures, pharmaceutical samples and biological samples. The results obtained were agreed with the reported methods at the 95 % confidence level. The performance of proposed method was evaluated in terms of Student′s t‐test and Variance ratio f‐test which indicates the significance of proposed method over reported method.
Synthesis of Novel Azetidinone and Thiazolidinones Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Efficacy
Authors: Patel K. H. , Mehta A. G.
Published: March 2012

2‐Amino‐4‐(2‐naphthalenyl) thiazole (1) was prepared from 2‐acetylnapthalene. This amine on facile condensation with aromatic aldehydes afford Schiff Base/anils/azomethines(2a-h). These anils on cyclocondensation reaction with chloro acetyl chloride and thio glycolic acid (i.e. mercapto acetic acid) yields 2‐azetidinones and 4‐thiazolidinones respectively. The prepared compounds have been screened on some stains of bacteria.
Cobalt and Nickel Complexes Bearing 2,6‐Bis(imino)phenoxy Ligands:Synthesis and Ethylene Oligomerization Study
Authors: Du Jian-Long , Li Li-Jun
Published: March 2012

A series of new cobalt and nickel complexes MLX2 (M = Co or Ni, X = Cl) bearing 2,6‐bis(imino)phenoxy ligands have been synthesized. Treatment of the complexes with methylaluminoxane (MAO) leads to active catalysts for ethylene oligomerization. The oligomers are olefins from C4 to C6.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of 5‐(4‐Methyl piperazinyl methylene)‐8‐hydroxy quinoline and its Various Metal Chelates
Authors: Patel I. J. , Vohra I. M.
Published: March 2012

5‐Chloromethyl‐8‐quinolinol was condensed with 4‐methyl piperazine in presence of sodium bicarbonate. The resulting 5‐(4‐methyl piper‐azinylmethylene)‐8‐quinolinol (MPQ) was characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The transition metal chelates viz Cu+2, Ni+2, Co+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cd+2, and Fe+3 of MPQ were prepared and characterized by metal‐ligand (M:L) ratio, IR and reflectance spectroscopies and magnetic properties. The antifungal activity of MPQ and its metal chelates was screened against various fungi. The results show that all these samples are good antifungal agents.
Preparation and Antimicrobial Screeningof Cu (II), Ni (II), Zn (II) Cd (II) Complexes
Authors: Desai R. M. , Shah M. K. , Shah V. H.
Published: March 2012

The metal complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) Cd(II) with organic ligands viz Hydrazine hydrate, 1,2‐N,N′‐Bisammonium thiocarbamoyl ethane and 1,4‐N,N′‐Bisammonium thiocarbamoyl benzene have been prepared. These ligands and metal complexes of dithiocarbamates were screened for their antimicrobial activity against various microbs.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopyan Evolutionary Approach to Drug Design
Authors: Upmanyu Neeraj , Garg Gopal , Dolly Archana , Mishra Pradeep
Published: March 2012

Ever since Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy hit the analytical scene; its capabilities and applications continue to evolve. Originally designed as a way to verify the structure of relatively small compounds, the technology of NMR has exploded and become a valuable means for studying protein structure. NMR has proved to be a valuable tool in pharmaceutical research, as it has entered new arena of drug discovery and structural genomics. NMR can provide information on the three‐dimensional structures of small molecules in solution, high‐molecular‐weight complexes, and the details of enzyme mechanisms that can be used to aid in drug design. In the present scenario, the availability of high magnetic fields; improved software, high resolution probes, and electronics; more versatile pulse programmers; and most importantly the development of 2D, 3D and 4D NMR, have revolutionized the field of drug discovery and development.
Synthesis and Characterization of D‐Lyxono‐γ‐lactone
Authors: Yahyazadeh Asieh
Published: March 2012

D‐lyxono‐γ‐lactone has been prepared in two steps from galactose. The first step potassium lyxonate was obtained in 64% yield and the title compound has been isolated in next step with 75% yield. The structures of the products were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C, mass and microanalysis study.
Effect of Additives on Some Physical Parameters of Palm Oil
Authors: Eddy N. O. , Ekop A. S.
Published: March 2012

Effect of additives (carrot, lime, paw paw and red dye) on the density, viscosity, moisture content and melting point of palm oil (PO) was investigated by dissolving 1g of each additive to 10 mL of pre‐analysed oil in a beaker. The mixture was heated and their their moisture content, melting point, viscosity and density were determined. The result of the analysis shows that all the additives significantly increased the density, moisture content and viscosity (except lime) of the oil. Addition of paw paw and red dye also increased the melting point of the oil while the addition of carrot and lime juice decreased the melting point of the oil.
Synthesis, Characterization and Use of Schiff Bases as Fluorimetric Analytical Reagents
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed N. , Sharif Salah E. A.
Published: March 2012

Many Schiff bases were prepared by condensation reaction of certain aromatic amines with aromatic aldehydes derivatives, then the fluorescence properties of these Schiff bases were examined in acidic and basic media. It shows that, these compounds can be used for spectrofluorimetric monitoring of small pH changes.
Synthesis and Characterization of 9‐Phenyl‐9H‐purin‐6‐amines from 5‐Amino‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carbonitriles
Authors: Yahyazadeh Asieh , Habibi Fatemah
Published: March 2012

9‐Phenyl‐9H‐purin‐6‐amine derivatives have been synthesized in high yields by reaction between 5‐amino‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carbonitrile with HC(OEt)3 and Ac2O followed by reaction with ammonia.
Synthesis, Characterization and Copolymerization of N‐(phenylamino)maleimide with MMA
Authors: Hiran B. L. , Paliwal S. N. , Choudhary Jyoti , Choudhary P. R.
Published: March 2012

The free radical copolymerization of N‐(phenylamino)maleimide (N‐PAMI) was carried. The copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was performed at 65°C with AIBN as the initiator in THF solvent. Resulting copolymer was characterized by density measurement, intrinsic viscosity, solubility, FT‐IR & 1H NMR spectroscopy. Effect of the solvent and time on copolymer yield was also investigated. The molecular weight of copolymer was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal stability of copolymer was determined by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Synthesis, Characterization and Primary Antimicrobial, Antifungal Activity Evaluation of Schiff bases of 4‐Chloro‐(3‐substituted‐phenylimino) ‐ methyl‐[2H] ‐ chromene‐2‐one
Authors: Kasabe Amit , Mohite Vijay , Ghodake Jayesh , Vidhate Jaydeep
Published: March 2012

Coumarins show promising antimicrobial and antifungal activity, this prompted to us to synthesize new derivatives of coumarins. 4‐Chloro‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carbaldehyde was reacted with substituted aniline and rectified spirit to obtain a new series of Schiff bases of 4‐chloro‐(3‐substituted‐phenylimino) ‐methyl‐ [2H]‐chromene‐2‐one (3a-i). Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were investigated for antimicrobial and antifungal activities. The data reported showed that the effect of variation in chemical structure was rather unpredictable. Seldom did a particular structural modification lead to uniform alteration in activity in all tests. The substitution which appeared to be most important for high order of activity in the number of test was the 3‐chloro phenylimino group. The observed antimicrobial and antifungal activities are attributed to the substitution at rdposition of phenylimino moiety.
Photophysical Study of 1,5 – Diaminoanthraquinone in Different Solvents and at Various pH
Authors: Sivakumar P. , Nayaki S. Kothai , Swaminathan M.
Published: March 2012

The absorption and fluorescence spectral properties 1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ) have been investigated in a series of organic solvents of different polarity and in aqueous solutions with Ho / pH /H– in the range ‐10 to 17. The Stokes shifts of DAAQ are correlated with various solvent polarity scales. The better correlation of Stokes shifts of DAAQ with ET(30) indicates the predominance of hydrogen bonding interactions over dipolar interactions. The study also reveals that the fluorescence of DAAQ dication is red shifted on protonation. The abnormal fluorescence of DAAQ is found to be due to large solvent relaxation in polar medium. The acidity constants for various prototropic reactions in So and S1 states are determined and discussed.
New Diazo Coupling Reactions for Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Krishna M. Vamsi , Sankar D. Gowri
Published: March 2012

Simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric procedures were developed for the analysis of Alfuzosin hydrochloride (AFZ) in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. The methods are based on the reaction of AFZ with nitrite in acid medium to form diazonium ion, which is coupled with ethoxyethylenemaleic ester (Method A) or ethylcyanoacetate (Method B) or acetyl acetone (method C) in basic medium to form azo dyes, showing absorption maxima at 440, 465 and 490 nm respectively. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration of 4‐20 μg/mL of AFZ for methods A, B and 3‐15 μg/mL of AFZ for method C. The molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity of AFZ‐ ethoxyethylenemaleic ester, AFZ‐ ethylcyanoacetate and AFZ‐acetyl acetone are1.90 × 104, 0.022; 1.93 × 104, 0.021 and 2.67 × 104 L mole-1 cm-1, 0.015 μg cm-2 respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of AFZ in pharmaceutical formulations.
Assessment of the Quality of Water Treated and Distributed By the Akwa Ibom State Water Company
Authors: Eddy N. O. , Ekop A. S.
Published: March 2012

The quality of water treated and distributed by the Akwa Ibom Water Company has been assessed by analyzing samples of water collected from different distribution points for their physiochemical parameters, major ions, nutrients and bacteriological quality. The observed values were compared with standard values given by the World Health Organization for portable water. The quality of the analysed water is found fit for human consumption.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some New Phenothiazine Derivatives
Authors: Swarnkar Pawan Kumar , Kriplani P. , Gupta G. N. , Ojha K. G.
Published: March 2012

A series of some new phenothiazine derivatives were synthesized with the objective for evaluation as antimicrobials. The title compounds were prepared by a five step synthesis scheme. 2‐Amino‐6‐substituted benzothiazoles (1) on diazotization afford 6‐substituted benzothiazolyl‐2‐diazonium chlorides (2). Reaction of 2 with cold solution of β‐naphthol in dilute NaOH furnishes α‐(2‐diazo‐6‐substituted benzothiazolyl)‐ β‐sodionaphthoxides (3) which on acidification with concentrated HCl gives α‐(2‐diazo‐6‐substituted benzothiazolyl)‐β‐naphthols (4). Reaction of 4 with p‐substituted anilines gives α‐(2‐diazo‐6‐substituted benzothiazolyl)‐β‐(p‐substituted anilino) naphthalenes (5). This synthesis besides by using conventional methods was also attempted using microwave. Fusion of 5 with sulphur in presence of iodine results in α‐(2‐diazo‐6‐substituted benzothiazolyl)‐6‐ substituted [2, 3‐b] benzophenothiazines(6). The structures of all these compounds have been supported by elemental analysis and their spectral studies. All synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity using standard drugs.
Determination of Quantum Yield for the Photochemical Decomposition of Dichloramine‐B and Dibromamine‐B in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium
Authors: Mohana K. N. , Prasad N. , Bhandarkar P. M. Ramadas
Published: March 2012

The photolysis of dihaloamines (RNX2), viz., dichloramine‐B (DCB) and dibromamine‐B (DBB) in aqueous acetic acid (1:1 v/v) solutions has been studied with the UV light source (λ= 2537 Å). The experimental rate law obtained is ‐ d [RNX2] / dt = k′ Io / [RNX2], where Io is the intensity of incident light. The addition of benzenesulphonamide, the product of photolysis or uranyl ion had no significant effect on the rate of photochemical decomposition. A slight decrease in the rate has been observed by the addition of NaCl / NaBr to DCB / DBB solutions. The quantum yield (Φ) for the photolytic decomposition has been computed. A suitable photolytic mechanism and a rate law consistent with the observed results have been proposed.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Pure Form and in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Using Safranin O and Methylene blue
Authors: Krishna Marothu Vamsi , Sankar Dannana Gowri
Published: March 2012

Two simple extractive Spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of rosuvastatin calcium (RST) in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the formation of ion association complexes of the RST with basic dyes safranin O (Method A) and methylene blue (Method B) in basic buffer of pH 9.8 followed by their extraction in chloroform. The absorbance of the chloroform layer for each method was measured at its appropriate λmax against the reagent blank. These methods have been statistically evaluated and are found to be precise and accurate.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Raloxifene Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Annapurna M. Mathrusri , Rao M. E. Bhanoji , Kumar B. V. V. Ravi
Published: March 2012

Three new simple, sensitive, rapid and economical spectrophotometric Methods (A, B and C) have been developed for the determination of Raloxifene Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical bulk and tablet dosage form. Method A is based on the formation of yellow colored chromogen with 0.1N Sodium hydroxide exhibiting maximum absorbance against the corresponding reagent blank. The method B is based on the reaction of Raloxifene with Ferric chloride and 1, 10‐phenanthroline to form blood red colored chromogen. The method C is based on the formation of blood red colored chromogen with Ferric chloride and 2, 2′ bipyridyl. The absorbencies of the chromogens were measured at their respective wavelength of maximum absorbance against the corresponding reagent blank. The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of the bulk drug and its tablet dosage form. The methods have been statistically evaluated and were found to be precise and accurate.
Density and Comparative Refractive Index Study on Mixing Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Eucalyptol with Hydrocarbons at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K
Authors: Sharma Sangita , Patel Pragnesh B. , Patel Rignesh S. , Vora J. J.
Published: March 2012

Density and refractive index have been experimentally determined for binary liquid mixtures of eucalyptol with hydrocarbons (o‐xylene,m‐xylene and toluene) at 303.15 K, 308.15 K and 313.15 K. A comparative study of Lorentz‐Lorenz (L‐L), Weiner (W), Heller (H), Gladstone‐Dale (G-D), Arago‐Biot (A‐B), Eykman (Eyk), Newton (Nw), Eyring‐John (E‐J) and Oster (Os) relations for determining the refractive index of a liquid has been carried out to test their validity for the three binaries over the entire mole fraction range of eucalyptol at 303.15 K, 308.15 K and 313.15 K. Comparison of various mixing rules has been expressed in terms of average deviation. From the experimentally measured values, refractive index deviations at different temperatures have been computed and fitted to the Redlich‐Kister polynomial equation to derive the binary coefficients and standard deviations.
Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium by Capparis deciduas in Acidic Media
Authors: Arora P. , Kumar S. , Sharma M. K. , Mathur S. P.
Published: March 2012

The inhibition efficiency of ethanolic extract of different parts of Capparis deciduas (Ker) in acidic medium has been evaluated by mass loss and thermometric methods. Values of inhibition efficiency obtained from the two methods are in good agreement and are dependent upon the concentration of inhibitor and acid.
Synthesis and Antibiotic Activity of Mebendazole Derivatives of Pharmacological Interest
Authors: Rathore Kavita , Ameta Usha , Ojha Swati , Sharma Ranjana , Talesara G. L.
Published: March 2012

Mebendazole is a well known anti‐helimintic and belongs to the benzimidazole group of medicines. In order to achieve better medicinal results, i.e. enhanced activity and low toxicity, structural modifications are made in the existing drugs. Some 5‐benzoyl‐N‐[1‐(alkoxyphthalimido) benzimidazol‐2‐yl] carbamic acid methyl ester (3a-c) and 5‐benzoyl‐N‐[1‐(2,3‐bis oxyphthalimido∕oxysuccinimido propyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl) carbamic acid methyl ester (7a-b) have been synthesized from two different routes. Structures of the compounds have been established on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral studies. All the synthesized compounds (3a-c) and (7a-b) were assayed in vitro for antimicrobial activity against mebendazole (itself) and standard [ciprofloxacin (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal)].
Isolation of Triterpenoid Glycoside from Bark of Terminalia arjuna using Chromatographic Technique and Investigation of Pharmacological Behavior upon Muscle Tissues
Authors: Patnaik Tanushree , Dey R. K. , Gouda Panchanan
Published: March 2012

This study reports the isolation and characterization of a new triterpenoid glycoside extracted from the bark of Terminalia arjuna. The isolation of the organic compounds was done using simple chromatographic technique. Compound characterization using various spectroscopic technique identify the final isolated compound as Olean‐3β,22β‐diol‐12‐en‐28β‐D‐glucopyranoside‐oic acid. The method of isolation is simple, cost effective and efficient. The preliminary bioactivity of the compound was also evaluated.
Assessment of Ground Water Quality in and around Gobichettipalayam Town Erode District, Tamilnadu
Authors: Palanisamy P. N. , Geetha A. , Sujatha M. , Sivakumar P. , Karunakaran K.
Published: March 2012

Ground water samples collected from different localities in and around Gobichettipalayam town, Erode District, Tamil Nadu were analyzed for their physico‐ chemical characteristics. This analysis result was compared with the WHO & ICMR standards of drinking water quality parameters with the following water quality parameters namely pH, Electrical conductivity, CN-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca & Mg in CaCO3 equivalents, phenolphthalein alkalinity, hydroxide alkalinity, carbonate alkalinity, bicarbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total solids, total suspended solids, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, fluoride etc., The usefulness of these parameters in predicting ground water quality characteristics were discussed. Thus an attempt has been made to find the quality of ground water in and around Gobichettipalayam town, suitable for drinking purposes or not.
Synthesis of 2‐[4‐(10H‐Substituted Phenothiazine‐3‐yl)‐6‐Pyrimidin‐2‐Phenylthiol/ol/amine/thiol] Pyrroles
Authors: Narule Meghasham , Meshram Jyotsna , Santhakumari B. , Shanware A.
Published: March 2012

2‐[4‐Hydroxy benz‐1(propene‐1‐one)]Pyrrole II on treatment with phenyl thiourea, guanidine carbonate, urea and thiourea in alcoholic KOH yielded compounds III, IV, V, VI which on treatment with different aryl anilines gave compounds VII, VIII, IX, X which under goes cyclisation with sulphur and iodine to give 2‐[4‐(10H‐substituted phenothiazine‐3‐yl)‐6‐pyrimidin‐2‐phenylthiol/‐ol/‐amine/‐thiol] pyrrole XI(a‐j), XII(a‐j), XIII(a‐j) and XIV(a‐j) respectively. The structural products were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data.
Validated Reverse Phase HPLC Method for the Determination of Irinotecan in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Balaram V. Murali , Rao J. VENKATESWARA , Ganesh G. Ramakrishnag S. Sankar , Krishna T. Balamurali
Published: March 2012

A simple and rapid reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method was developed and validated for quantitative determination of irinotecan in bulk drug samples and formulations. Irinotecan was analyzed by using reverse phase cyano column (4.6 mmx25 cm, 5 microns), with mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (75:25 v/v), pH adjusted to 2.5 with phosphoric acid. The flow rate was set 0.8 mL/min and the analysis was performed at wavelength 225 nm using Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector at ambient temperature. The method was validated and stability studies were conducted under different conditions. The retention time for irinotecan was around 5.82 minutes. The calibration curves were linear (r ≥ 0.9998) over a concentration range from 20.0 to 80.0 μg/mL. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 8 ng/mL and 24 ng/mL respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to estimate the amount of irinotecan in injection formulations.
Online Determination of Sm, Eu and Yb in Environmental Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Kumar J. Dilip , Prasad P. Reddy , Priya B. Krishna , Ramanaiah P. Subrahmanyam S. , Chiranjeevi P.
Published: March 2012

A procedure was developed for the determination of Sm, Eu and Yb in water samples by inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) after preconcentration on synthesized 5‐(4‐pyridyl azo)‐8‐quinolinol supported by Borassus flabellifer inflorescence (BFI). The sorbed element was subsequently eluted with 0.4 M HNO3 and the acid eluates were analyzed by ICP‐OES. Under the optimal conditions, Sm, Eu and Yb in aqueous samples were concentrated 100‐fold. Recoveries were obtained by the proposed method in the range of 98.6 ‐99.8%. This method was also applied for the analysis of spiked and natural water samples. The results provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis of an adsorption mechanism.
RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Nelfinavir Mesylate in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Prakash K. Vanitha , Rao J. Venkateswara , Raju N. Appala
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of Nelfinavir Mesylate in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried on an ODS column using a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH 6 (90:10 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with detection at 230 nm. The retention time of the drug was 6.68 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 1‐20 mcg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 1.0 and 10.0 mcg/ mL respectively. The percentage assay of Nelfinavir Mesylate was 99.77 %. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of Nelfinavir Mesylate in bulk and tablet dosage form.
Phytochemical Studies of Strychnos potatorum L.f.‐ A Medicinal Plant
Authors: Mallikharjuna P. B. , Rajanna L. N. , Seetharam Y. N. , Sharanabasappa G. K.
Published: March 2012

The present paper deals with the phytochemical screening of therapeutic importance from Strychnos potatorum L.f., an important medicinal plant. This study involves the preliminary screening, quantitative determination and the qualitative thin layer chromatographic separation of secondary metabolites from the root, stem bark and seeds (collected and market) of S.potatorum. Further, HPLC alkaloid profile of the seed has been studied. The generated data has provided the basis for its wide use as the therapeutant both in the traditional and folk medicines.
Determination of Tellurium(IV) in Various Environmental Samples with Spectrophotometry
Authors: Prasad P. Reddy , Kumar J. Dilip , Priya B. Krishna , Subrahmanyam P. , Ramanaiah S. , Chiranjeevi P.
Published: March 2012

A rapid, simple and sensitive spectrophotometer method for the determination of traces and ultra traces of tellurium(IV) were studied. These method were based on either the oxidation of leuco methylene green (LMG) to its blue form of methylene green by tellurium in acidic medium, the formed dye shows an absorption maximum at 650 nm in acetate buffer medium (pH 3.0 to 5.0). Beer’s law were obeyed in the concentration range 0.4‐2.5 µg mL-1, having molar absorptivity and Sandal’s sensitivity of 4.9×104 L mol-1 cm-2 , and 0.0026 µg cm-2, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were investigated to enhance the sensitivity of the present method. The tolerance limit of various ions with this method has been studied. The proposed method was applied for the analysis of tellurium in spiked, river, lake, spring, waste water samples, plant materials and soil samples. The results obtained by the proposed method were superior to the reported method. The performances of proposed methods were evaluated in terms of student’s ‘t’‐test and variance ratio ‘f’‐test which indicates the significance of proposed methods over reported methods.
Mild and Efficient One Pot Synthesis of Imidazolinesand Benzimidazoles from Aldehydes
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Joshi Y. C.
Published: March 2012

A series of some imidazolines and benzimidazoles were synthesizedfrom various aldehydes and 1,2‐diamines in the presence of ceric(IV)ammonium nitrate (CAN). The title compounds were prepared via one stepsynthesis method. The simplicity of the reaction conditions with shorterreaction time and with out use of column chromatography to get the pureproducts in high yields makes this method more attractive for organic chemists.
Sorption Behavior of Cu(II) From Acidic SolutionUsing Weathered Basalt Andesite Products
Authors: Singh Rajesh , Shah Ajay V. , Shah Bhavna A.
Published: March 2012

Wastewater discharged from electroplating industry pose a serioushazard due to their heavy metal load. The objective of this work is to evaluatethe removal of Cu(II) from acidic solution by sorption onto Weathered BasaltAndesite Products (WBAP). WBAP has been characterized and utilized forremoval of copper from aqueous solution over wide range of initial metal ionconcentration (25 mg/L to 500 mg/L), contact duration (0‐8 h), sorbent dose(5‐35 g/L), pH (1.0 to 6.0), and temperature (276 K to 333 K). The sorptionpattern of Cu ions onto WBAP followed Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin‐Kaganer‐Radushkevich isotherms. The thermodynamic parameters (∆H0, ∆S0,and ∆G0) for Cu sorption onto WBAP were also determined.
Application of Activated Carbon for Removal of Arsenic Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Ansari R. , Sadegh M.
Published: March 2012

The activated carbon (AC) was used for removal of As(III) and As(V) ions from aqueous solutions. Sorption experiments were conducted using both batch and column systems. The effect of some important parameters on sorption of these by AC was studied. It was found that among the different factors affecting sorption capacity and efficiency in removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions, the effect of pH and the oxidation state were the most prominent. The optimum pH values for removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solutions using AC was found 12 and 3 respectively. Impregnation of AC with sulphur contain organic dyes, it is possible to improve As(III) uptake considerably.
Transition Metal Complexes of Methyl‐quinolino[3,2‐b][1,5]benzodiazepine and Methylquinolino [3,2‐b][1,5]benzoxazepine: Synthesis, Characterisation and Antimicrobial Studies
Authors: Basavaraju B. , Naik H. S. Bhojya , Prabhakara M. C.
Published: March 2012

The synthesis and characterisation of title complexes of the ligand Methylquinolino[3,2‐b][1,5]benzodiazepine (MQBD) and Methyl‐quinolino[3,2‐b][1,5]benzoxazepine (MQBO) are reported. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic studies, IR, 1H NMR and UV‐visible studies. They have the stoichiometry [ML2Cl2] where M=Co(II)/Ni(II), L=MQBD/MQBO and [MLCl2] where M=Zn(II)/Cd(II), L=MQBD/MQBO. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the metal complexes has been investigated.
Synthesis and Characterization of 6‐Carbamoyl‐1,2‐dihydropurines
Authors: Yahyazadeh Asieh , Hossaini Fatemah
Published: March 2012

The aromatic amines react readily with (Z)‐N‐(2‐amino‐1,2‐dicyanovinyl)formimidate (4) to give the amidines (5a-b), which cyclize in the presence of DBU (1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene) to give the corresponding 2‐(5‐Amino‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)‐2‐iminoacetonitrile (6a-b), which can be isolated. In the presence of aldehyde the formimidoylimidazole lead to novel 6‐carbamoyl‐1,2‐dihydropurines (8a-b). All compounds have been fully characterized by spectroscopic data.
in vitro Antioxidant Activity and Total Polyphenolic Content of Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes
Authors: Nagulendran KR. , Velavan S. , Mahesh R. , Begum V. Hazeena
Published: March 2012

In this study, Antioxidant activity of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes extract (CRRE) was evaluveted in a series of in vitro assay involving free radicals and reactive oxygen species and IC50 values were determined. CRRE exhibited its scavenging effect in concentration dependent manner on superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and property of metal chelating and reducing power. The extract was also studied for lipid peroxidation assay by thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (TBARS) using young and aged rat brain mitochondria. The extract was also effective in preventing mitochondrial lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4/ ascorbate in concentration dependent manner. The results obtained in the present study indicate that C. rotundus rhizomes extract can be a potential source of natural antioxidant.
Screening of Nutritional Parameters for the Production of Protease from Aspergillus Oryzae
Authors: Srinubabu G. , Lokeswari N. , Jayaraju K.
Published: March 2012

Production of protease enzyme by fungus Aspergillus oryzae was investigated. The proteolytic activity was observed when the fungus was grown in the medium containing glucose, malt extract, yeast extract, peptone, K2HPO4, MgSO4 and FeSO4. The present paper describes the screening of media components and fermentation conditions in shake flask. The organism utilized carbon sources glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, dextrin and starch among them glucose was found to be the best carbon source, for nitrogen sources various inorganic and organic media components were investigated among them peptone is found to be the best nitrogen source. 1% cottonseed followed by 2% Soya bean meal was found to be the best inducer. With optimized media two‐fold increase in the protease production. The fungus growth depends on the concentration of carbon, nitrogen and salt solution, where as the enzyme production was also influenced by the culture time, pH and interaction between these two variables.
Study of Complex Formation Between Iodoquinol (IQ) and Co2+ , Mn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ Cations in Binary Aqueous / Non‐aqueous Solvent Using Spectrophotometry
Authors: Nezhadali A. , Hosseini H. A. , Langara P.
Published: March 2012

The complexation reactions between iodoquinol and Co2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ cations were studied in different DMF/H2O binary mixtures at the ionic strength of 0.1(using NaNO3).The spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of formation constants and the stoichiometries. The stoichiometry of the complexes is established 1:1 by Job′s and mole ratio methods. It was found that the stability constants of the complex formed between the ligand (IQ) and the cations in the all cases increase with increasing of the non‐aqueous solvent. In the most cases the maximum formation constants between Zn2+ ion and IQ were obtained respect to the other cations.
Adsorption of Cr(VI) onto Activated Carbons Prepared from Indigenous Materials
Authors: Karthikeyan G. , Ilango S. Siva
Published: March 2012

The adsorption of chromium(VI) on activated carbons prepared from low cost materials has been studied by batch process. The influences of various parameters like contact time, dosage, pH, pHzpc and co‐ions were experimentally verified. The adsorption of Cr(VI) is maximum at strongly acidic medium (pH 3). Adsorption is explained using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with help of chi‐square analysis. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated to understand the nature of adsorption. The surface morphology of the three activated carbons before and after metal sorption was verified using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction studies (XRD).
Impact of Tsunami on the Heavy Metal Accumulation in Water, Sediments and Fish at Poompuhar Coast, Southeast Coast of India
Authors: Prasath P. Martin Deva , Khan T. Hidayathulla
Published: March 2012

Investigations on the accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Pb, Cd and Ni) in water, sediments and fish (Mugil cephalus) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer at Poompuhar coast, lying along the southeast coast of India was studied before and after tsunami. Accumulation of heavy metals was observed in the order of Sediments > Fish > Water. In water, the order was found to be Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd > Co > Pb; Mn recorded a maximum of 506.9µ. L-1 and Pb recorded a minimum of 0.006µ. L-1 . In sediments, the order was Mn > Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb ≈Co ≈Cd ≈ Ni; Mn recorded a maximum of 851.1µg.g-1 and a minimum of below detectable levels were found in Pb, Co, Cd and Ni. In fish, the order was found to be Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Co ≈ Pb ≈ Cd; Fe recorded a maximum of 529.13 µg. g-1 and a minimum of below detectable levels were found in Pb and Cd.