bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parameterization and regionalization of Cd sorption characteristics of sandy soils. II. Regionalization: Freundlich k estimates by pedotransfer functions
Authors: Springob Günther , Böttcher Jürgen
Published: December 2011

The aim was to describe Cd sorption in spatially variable sandy soils of the ‘Fuhrberger Feld’ catchment area as a prerequisite for prognosis of Cd transport in soil and of the threat of groundwater pollution. Thus, the possibility is evaluated to derive a generalized Freundlich equation based on multiple regressions relating the retention parameters k and M (from isotherm data of part 1 of this study) to basic soil properties (pedotransfer functions). For the parameter M (exponent), the correlation ‘measured vs estimated’ was weak (r2 < 0.5) whereas k was well predictable by pedotransfer functions. The best regression was obtained if organic carbon (OC). clay content and H+ activity were combined as independent variables (r2 up to 0.96). The obtained k values were much higher than those from comparable literature models, probably due to lower ionic strength and different composition of our background solutions used for the isotherms. As a critical evaluation, the estimates for k were used to derive solute Cd concentrations (Cest) which then were compared to measured data (range 0.1–3 μg L−1). The best but still unsatisfactory r2 was 0.77, obtained if Gest was compared to Cd in 0.01 Mc Ca(NO3)2 equilibria (Cd0). Cd in fresh soil solution (Cdz) showed no significant correlation with Cest, except for one relationship where OC had been excluded from the preceding multiple regression of k. Generally, the role of the variable OC remained unclear. Direct multiple regressions of measured solute Cd vs soil properties (bypassing k, no sorbed fraction) yielded much closer correlations, with r2 = 0.9 for Cd0 vs OC, H+ activity, clay (log data, OC decreases C) and r2 = 0.7 for Cd2 vs OC, H+ activity, clay (log data, OC enhances C).
Hierarchical, Plasma Nanotextured, Robust Superamphiphobic Polymeric Surfaces Structurally Stabilized Through a Wetting–drying Cycle
Authors: Gnanappa Arun Kumar , Papageorgiou Dimitrios P. , Gogolides Evangelos , Tserepi Angeliki , Papathanasiou Athanasios G. , Boudouvis Andreas G.
Published: December 2011

Plasma etched and simultaneously randomly roughened (nanotextured) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrates show hierarchical roughness and complex high‐aspect‐ratio morphology. Here, they are investigated as superamphiphobic surfaces, after plasma deposition of a thin fluorocarbon film. Inspired by the need to allow their “real world” use, we explore two major stability issues of such superamphiphobic surfaces: (i) the structural stability of the nanotexture against capillary and adhesion forces during successive wetting–drying cycles, and (ii) the thermodynamic stability (robustness) of these surfaces related to the maximum sustainable pressure of the Cassie–Baxter inhomogeneous wetting state. We show that surfaces etched in oxygen plasma up to 4 min (with texture height ≈600 nm) are stable against successive wetting–drying cycles, while surfaces treated for longer time show highly porous nanofibrous morphology which is coalesced and stabilized upon wetting, allowing their potential long‐term use. Robust superhydrophobic and superoleophobic behavior is observed in drop compression tests with water (on 2, 4, 10 min plasma etched surfaces) and diiodomethane (on 4 and 10 min plasma etched surfaces), respectively, and no wetting transition is observed for these two liquids even at maximum drop compression possible (1.5 kPa). Robust oleophobic behavior with sticky surfaces is observed for 1 and 2 min etching and with diiodomethane without transition to wetted states even upon maximum compression. On the contrary, wetting transition is observed for soya oil upon repeated compression.

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Glycine insertion at protease cleavage site of SNAP25 resists cleavage but enhances affinity for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A
Authors: Ho Mengfei , Goh Cheong‐Hian , Brothers Michael C. , Wang Shihua , Young Ryan L. , Ou Yuxiang , Lui Juliana Nga‐Man , Kalafatis Marinos , Lan Xiuwan , Wolf Abigail E. , Rienstra Chad M. , Wilson Brenda A.
Published: December 2011

The light chain of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A‐LC) is a Zn‐dependent protease that specifically cleaves SNAP25 of the SNARE complex, thereby impairing vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions. The C‐terminus of SNAP25 (residues 141–206) retains full activity for BoNT/A‐LC‐catalyzed cleavage at P1‐P1' (Gln197‐Arg198). Using the structure of a complex between the C‐terminus of SNAP25 and BoNT/A‐LC as a model to design SNAP25‐derived pseudosubstrate inhibitors (SNAPIs) that prevent presentation of the scissile bond to the active site, we introduced multiple His residues to replace Ala‐Asn‐Gln‐Arg (residues 195–198) at the substrate cleavage site, with the intent to identify possible side‐chain interactions with the active site Zn. We also introduced multiple Gly residues between the P1‐P1' residues to explore the spatial tolerance within the active‐site cleft. Using a FRET substrate YsCsY, we compared a series of SNAPIs for inhibition of BoNT/A‐LC. Among the SNAPIs tested, several known cleavage‐resistant, single‐point mutants of SNAP25 were poor inhibitors, with most of the mutants losing binding affinity. Replacement with His at the active site did not improve inhibition over wildtype substrate. In contrast, Gly‐insertion mutants were not only resistant to cleavage, but also surprisingly showed enhanced affinity for BoNT/A‐LC. Two of the Gly‐insertion mutants exhibited 10‐fold lower IC50 values than the wildtype 66‐mer SNAP25 peptide. Our findings illustrate a scenario, where the induced fit between enzyme and bound pseudosubstrate fails to produce the strain and distortion required for catalysis to proceed.
Green/yellow luminescence from highly strained BeZnCdSe quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Kasai J. , Akimoto R. , Hasama T. , Ishikawa H. , Fujisaki S. , Tanaka S. , Tsuji S.
Published: December 2011

We have investigated the luminescent properties of highly strained BeZnCdSe quantum wells (QWs). Single‐QW structures were grown on (001) n‐GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy with various Cd beam pressures. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed that the lattice mismatch between the BeZnCdSe QW and the GaAs substrate changed from 2.1% to 3.0% as the Cd beam pressure was increased. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that the peak wavelength was nearly proportional to the lattice mismatch for each sample. Fluorescence microscopy measurements revealed that the PL images of all the samples showed a similar luminescence distribution, but the images of samples having the lattice mismatch of 2.8% and 3.0% showed some dark lines. These results suggest that flat QW layers were formed in all the samples, but the lattice relaxation of the QW layer occurred in highly strained samples with lattice mismatches greater than 2.8%. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of AlN material properties through vibration analysis of thin membranes
Authors: Lebedev Vadim , Knöbber Fabian , Heidrich Nicola , Sah Ram Ekwal , Pletschen Wilfried , Cimalla Volker , Ambacher Oliver
Published: December 2011

In this work, the mechanical properties of thin piezoelectric AlN films along with the methods and instruments to obtain this information with sufficient accuracy via dynamic (vibration) and static analyses of thin membranes are reported. In addition, the impact of different damping mechanisms on the amplitude of forced oscillations have been considered in order to obtain the analytical expression relating the resonant amplitude of membrane to the ambient gas pressure. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InGaAs HEMTs with T‐gate electrodes fabricated using HMDS SiN mold
Authors: Yoshida Tomohiro , Akagawa Keisuke , Otsuji Taiichi , Suemitsu Tetsuya
Published: December 2011

We report a method using SiN molds to controlling the shape of T‐gate electrodes. The SiN molds were constructed of multilayer SiN films with different etching properties. The SiN was deposited by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) vapor. The SiN molds were used to fabricate T‐gate electrodes for InGaAs high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Two types of HEMTs were fabricated using the molds with different SiN layer structures. The gate delay analysis of the HEMTs showed that the difference in the parasitic gate delay reflects the shape of the T‐gate electrodes. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Halide based MBE of crystalline metals and oxides
Authors: Greenlee Jordan D. , Calley W. Laws , Henderson Walter , Doolittle W. Alan
Published: December 2011

A halide based growth chemistry has been demonstrated which can deliver a range of transition metals using low to moderate effusion cell temperatures (30‐700 °C) even for high melting point metals. Previously, growth with transition metal species required difficult to control electron beam or impurity inducing metal organic sources. Both crystalline oxide and metal films exhibiting excellent crystal quality are grown using this halide‐based growth chemistry. Films are grown using a plasma assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) system with metal‐chloride precursors. Crystalline niobium, cobalt, iron, and nickel were grown using this chemistry but the technology can be generalized to almost any metal for which a chloride precursor is available. Additionally, the oxides LiNbO3 and LiNbO2 were grown with films exhibiting X‐ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve full‐widths at half maximum of 150 and 190 arcseconds respectively. LiNbO2 films demonstrate a memristive response due to the rapid movement of lithium in the layered crystal structure. The rapid movement of lithium ions in LiNbO2 memristors is characterized using impedance spectroscopy measurements. The impedance spectroscopy measurements suggest an ionic current of.1 mA for a small drive voltage of 5 mV AC or equivalently an ionic current density of ∼87 A/cm2. This high ionic current density coupled with low charge transfer resistance of ∼16.5 Ω and a high relaxation frequency (6.6 MHz) makes this single crystal material appealing for battery applications in addition to memristors. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Protective Effects of Astaxanthin from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on Murine Gastric Ulcer Models
Authors: Murata Kenta , Oyagi Atsushi , Takahira Dai , Tsuruma Kazuhiro , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Ishibashi Takashi , Hara Hideaki
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin extracted from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on gastric mucosal damage in murine gastric ulcer models. Mice were pretreated with astaxanthin for 1 h before ulcer induction. Gastric ulcers were induced in mice by oral administration of hydrochloride (HCl)/ethanol or acidified aspirin. The effect of astaxanthin on lipid peroxidation in murine stomach homogenates was also evaluated by measuring the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The free radical scavenging activities of astaxanthin were also measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. Astaxanthin significantly decreased the extent of HCl/ethanol‐ and acidified aspirin‐induced gastric ulcers. Astaxanthin also decreased the level of TBARS. The ESR measurement showed that astaxanthin had radical scavenging activities against the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical and the superoxide anion radical. These results suggest that astaxanthin has antioxidant properties and exerts a protective effect against ulcer formation in murine models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization and regulator design for a one‐dimensional unstable wave equation with input harmonic disturbance
Authors: Guo Wei , Guo Bao‐Zhu
Published: December 2011

This paper considers the parameter estimation and stabilization of a one‐dimensional wave equation with instability suffered at one end and uncertainty of harmonic disturbance at the controlled end. The backstepping method for infinite‐dimensional system is adopted in the design of the adaptive regulator. It is shown that the resulting closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable. Meanwhile, the estimated parameter is shown to be convergent to the unknown parameter as time goes to infinity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the absolute risk of dying from colorectal cancer and from other causes using population‐based cancer registry data
Authors: Lee Minjung , Cronin Kathleen A. , Gail Mitchell H. , Feuer Eric J.
Published: December 2011

This paper describes how population cancer registry data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute can be used to develop a prognostic model to predict the absolute risk of mortality from cancer and from other causes for an individual with specific covariates. It incorporates previously developed methods for competing risk modeling along with an imputation method to address missing cause of death information. We illustrate these approaches with colorectal cancer and evaluate the model discriminatory and calibration accuracy by time‐dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and calibration plot. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An autoregressive linear mixed effects model for the analysis of unequally spaced longitudinal data with dose‐modification
Authors: Funatogawa Ikuko , Funatogawa Takashi
Published: December 2011

The assessment of the dose–response relationship is important but not straightforward when the therapeutic agent is administered repeatedly with dose‐modification in each patient and a continuous response is measured repeatedly. We recently proposed an autoregressive linear mixed effects model for such data in which the current response is regressed on the previous response, fixed effects, and random effects. The model represents profiles approaching each patient's asymptote, takes into account the past dose history, and provides a dose–response relationship of the asymptote as a summary measure. In an autoregressive model, intermittent missing data mean the missing values in previous responses as covariates. We previously provided the marginal (unconditional on the previous response) form of the proposed model to deal with intermittent missing data. Irregular timings of dose‐modification or measurement can also be treated as equally spaced data with intermittent missing values by selecting an adequately small unit of time. The likelihood is, however, expressed by matrices whose sizes depend on the number of observations for a patient, and the computational burden is large. In this study, we propose a state space form of the autoregressive linear mixed effects model to calculate the marginal likelihood without using large matrices. The regression coefficients of the fixed effects can be concentrated out of the likelihood in this model by the same way of a linear mixed effects model. As an illustration of the approach, we analyzed immunologic data from a clinical trial for multiple sclerosis patients and estimated the dose–response curves for each patient and the population mean. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale Localization Sampling Based on Nanoantenna Arrays for Super‐resolution Imaging of Fluorescent Monomers on Sliding Microtubules
Authors: Kim Kyujung , Yajima Junichiro , Oh Youngjin , Lee Wonju , Oowada Shinsuke , Nishizaka Takayuki , Kim Donghyun
Published: December 2011

Sub‐diffraction‐limited imaging of fluorescent monomers on sliding microtubules in vitro by nanoscale localization sampling (NLS) is reported. NLS is based on periodic nanohole antenna arrays that create locally amplified electromagnetic hot spots through surface plasmon localization. The localized near‐field hot spot temporally samples microtubular movement for enhanced spatial resolution. A fourfold improvement in spatial resolution compared to conventional wide‐field microscopy is demonstrated. The resolution enhancement is achieved by imaging rhodamine‐labeled microtubules that are sampled by the hot spots to provide sub‐diffraction‐limited images at 76 nm resolution in the direction of movement and 135 nm orthogonally. The intensity distribution produced by the NLS is measured to be broader than that of conventional imaging, which is consistent with the improvement of imaging resolution. Correlation studies between neighboring nanoantennas are also performed. This confirms the possibility of measuring microtubular transport dynamics. NLS can be useful for moving objects that have a high labeling density or for performing fluctuation spectroscopy in small volumes, and may allow “super‐resolution on demand” by customizing nanoantenna structures for specific resolution needs.
Regenerative nanomedicine and the treatment of degenerative retinal diseases
Authors: Zarbin Marco A. , Montemagno Carlo , Leary James F. , Ritch Robert
Published: December 2011

Regenerative medicine deals with the repair or the replacement of tissues and organs using advanced materials and methodologies. Regenerative nanomedicine uses nanoparticles containing gene transcription factors and other modulating molecules that allow reprogramming of cells in vivo as well as nanomaterials to induce selective differentiation of neural progenitor cells and to create neural‐mechanical interfaces. In this article, we consider some applications of nanotechnology that may be useful for the treatment of degenerative retinal diseases, for example, use of nanoparticles for drug and gene therapy, use of nanomaterials for neural interfaces and extracellular matrix construction for cell‐based therapy and neural prosthetics, and the use of bionanotechnology to re‐engineer proteins and cell behavior for regenerative medicine. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:113–137. doi: 10.1002/wnan.167

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: I. Hydrophobic Soil Removal
Authors: Rojvoranun Sureeporn , Chadavipoo Chairat , Pengjun Wikanda , Chavadej Sumaeth , Scamehorn John F. , Sabatini David A.
Published: December 2011

The mechanism of particulate soil detergency using aqueous surfactant systems is not well understood. In this research, carbon black (model hydrophobic soil) removal from a hydrophilic (cotton) and hydrophobic (polyester) fabric is studied using anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants. The zeta potential, solid/liquid spreading pressure, contact angle and surfactant adsorption of both soil and fabric are correlated to detergency over a range of surfactant concentrations and pH levels. Electrostatic repulsion between fabric and soil is generally found to be the dominant mechanism responsible for soil removal for all surfactants and fabrics. Steric effects due to surfactant adsorption are also important for nonionic surfactants for soil detachment and antiredeposition. Solid/liquid interfacial tension reduction due to surfactant adsorption also aids in detergency in cationic surfactant systems. Wettability is not seen as being an important factor and SEM photos show that entrapment of soil in the fabric weave is not significant; the particles are only attached to the fabric surface. Anionic surfactants perform best, then nonionic surfactants. Cationic surfactants exhibit poor detergency which is attributed to low surfactant rinseability.
Medieval Market Morality
Authors: Davis James
Published: December 2011

This important study examines the market trade of medieval England by providing a wide-ranging critique of the moral and legal imperatives that underpinned retail trade. James Davis shows how market-goers were influenced not only by practical and economic considerations of price, quality, supply and demand, but also by the moral and cultural environment within which such deals were conducted. This book draws on a broad range of cross-disciplinary evidence, from the literary works of William Langland and the sermons of medieval preachers, to state, civic and guild laws, Davis scrutinises everyday market behaviour through case studies of small and large towns, using the evidence of manor and borough courts. From these varied sources, Davis teases out the complex relationship between morality, law and practice and demonstrates that even the influence of contemporary Christian ideology was not necessarily incompatible with efficient and profitable everyday commerce.
The Book of the Farm
Authors: Stephens Henry
Published: December 2011

Henry Stephens (1795–1874) was a farmer and later a writer on agriculture. After attending lectures on chemistry and agriculture at the University of Edinburgh he boarded with a Berwickshire farmer, George Brown, and gained experience of agricultural work. In 1820 Stephens acquired his own farm, on which he used modern and experimental farming methods. In 1837 he sold the farm, and devoted the rest of his life to writing guides to farming for the use of inexperienced farmers. These influential volumes, first published in 1842, contain Stephens' detailed descriptions of contemporary farming practices. He describes in meticulous detail all aspects of farming, including livestock care and slaughter, dairying, irrigation practices and crop culture. Arranged by season and including copious high-quality illustrations of farming equipment, these extremely popular and fascinating volumes were considered the standard work on practical Victorian agriculture. Volume 3 describes tasks performed in summer and autumn.
The Language of Stories
Authors: Dancygier Barbara
Published: December 2011

How do we read stories? How do they engage our minds and create meaning? Are they a mental construct, a linguistic one or a cultural one? What is the difference between real stories and fictional ones? This book addresses such questions by describing the conceptual and linguistic underpinnings of narrative interpretation. Barbara Dancygier discusses literary texts as linguistic artifacts, describing the processes which drive the emergence of literary meaning. If a text means something to someone, she argues, there have to be linguistic phenomena that make it possible. Drawing on blending theory and construction grammar, the book focuses its linguistic lens on the concepts of the narrator and the story, and defines narrative viewpoint in a new way. The examples come from a wide spectrum of texts, primarily novels and drama, by authors such as William Shakespeare, Margaret Atwood, Philip Roth, Dave Eggers, Jan Potocki and Mikhail Bulgakov.
Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India
Authors: Elphinstone Mountstuart
Published: December 2011

Mountstuart Elphinstone (1779–1859) was a Scottish diplomat and colonial administrator. After joining the civil service of the East India Company in 1796 he was appointed the first British envoy to the Court of Kabul in 1808. In 1819 he was appointed the Governor of Bombay, and after his retirement in 1827 he devoted his life to historical and literary studies. First published in 1815, this volume contains Elphinstone's detailed description of the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Elphinstone describes the geography, economy and political situation of the kingdom and provides a brief account of Afghan history. He also gives the first detailed ethnographic accounts of the various Afghan tribes and ethnic groups in the kingdom. This fascinating volume informed British military and diplomatic policy in the region until the 1840s, and remained the main source of information on the culture of the Afghan tribes for much of the nineteenth century.
England's Baltic Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Fedorowicz J. K.
Published: December 2011

England's relationship with the Baltic trading area has remained a generally neglected aspect of English commercial development in the seventeenth century. The spectacular colonial ventures have traditionally attracted more historical attention, although the Baltic trade in this period was more fundamental to the English economy: it supplied precisely those naval commodities, such as flax, hemp, timber, pitch and tar, which facilitated the creation of fleets for the colonial trades. Medieval English trade had been conditioned by a search for markets, and the predominantly agricultural economy of the Polish Commonwealth proved to be an ideal target for cloth exports. By the early seventeenth century, however, this traditional relationship was changing. The growing English fleets demanded steady supplies of naval stores which Poland was increasingly unable to supply, while the Polish economy, weakened by wars and entering a period of decline, could no longer afford the luxury of cloth imports from England.
Rationalizing Parliament
Authors: Huber John D.
Published: December 2011

Rationalizing Parliament examines how institutional arrangements in the French Constitution shape the bargaining strategies of political parties. The book investigates the decision by French cities to include in the Constitution legislative procedures aimed to 'rationalize' the policy-making role of parliament and analyses the impact of these procedures on policy outcomes, cabinet stability and political accountability. Drawing on diverse methodological approaches, including formal models, multivariate statistics, historical analysis and qualitative case studies, Professor Huber contributes to general theoretical debates about the endogenous choice of institutions, and about the exogenous impact of institutional arrangements on political decision-making. Through its use of theories developed in the American politics literature, the study reveals important similarities between legislative politics in the United States and in parliamentary systems and shortcomings in conventional interpretations of French institutional arrangements.
Joyce and Wagner
Authors: Martin Timothy Peter
Published: December 2011

In correspondence and conversation, James Joyce kept himself aloof from his age, and denigrated recent art and thought at almost every opportunity. 'In the last two hundred years,' he declared, 'we haven't had a great thinker.' This book reveals that in spite of his protestations Joyce was profoundly influenced by one of the major figures of nineteenth-century culture, the composer Richard Wagner. Timothy Martin documents Joyce's exposure to Wagner's operas, and defines a pervasive Wagnerian presence in his work, identifying scores of allusions. Wagner emerges as an important source in the development of literary modernism, and - alongside Flaubert and Ibsen - as one of Joyce's most important influences from the previous century. The revisionary impact of this empirical study in cultural history was to present Joyce as far more a child of the nineteenth century than he wished to acknowledge, much more than Joyce's students historically recognised.
Archaeoastronomy in the Old World
Authors: Heggie D. C.
Published: December 2011

This volume summarises the proceedings of a conference which took place at the University of Oxford in September 1981. Held under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union and the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science, the meeting reviewed research in Old World Archaeoastronomy. The publisher received the final typescript for production in March 1982. The papers in this book are concerned with shedding light on a controversial aspect of European prehistory, especially that of north-west Europe: was astronomy practised here in the late Neolithic and bronze ages, and if so, what was its purpose? These questions are of obvious interest to prehistorians, but fresh interest in them has been stimulated largely by those whose professional background is in the pure and applied sciences, while they raise technical issues which have aroused the interest of statisticians and astronomers.
Population and Development Projects in Africa
Authors: Clarke John I.
Published: December 2011

The urgent needs of economic development and of specific development projects throughout Africa have marked effects on the mobility, distribution and demography of local populations. In this wide-ranging volume, professional geographers and others examine the problems of relating development goals to their potential impact on populations and population change. Attention is paid to developments in Mozambique, Zambia, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, and particularly to the Republic of the Sudan, where there is concern for the balance between urgent needs for the economic development of the Nile's waters, and the effects on patterns of human settlement. This book, brought together for the Commission on Population Geography of the International Geographical Union, will be of value to all concerned with the economic, social and political development of Africa.
Australian Cartel Regulation
Authors: Beaton-Wells Caron , Fisse Brent
Published: December 2011

Cartel regulation is a prime element of competition policy and an essential means of minimising the adverse effects of cartel activity on economic welfare. However, effective cartel regulation poses distinct challenges for governments, competition authorities and commentators across the globe. In Australian Cartel Regulation, leading competition law experts Caron Beaton-Wells and Brent Fisse reflect on developments in anti-cartel law in Australia over the last 30 years. They provide a comprehensive account of the current law on cartels as well as discussing key issues that may arise in the future. This definitive volume not only identifies the practical and theoretical issues, but also recommends workable solutions, and does so with the benefit of comparative analysis of the anti-cartel laws of major overseas jurisdictions. Many of the issues identified and discussed in Australian Cartel Regulation are common to any scheme designed to regulate cartel conduct.
The Domesday Geography of Eastern England
Authors: Darby H. C.
Published: December 2011

This edition has been considerably revised to take account of further research on this subject and place-name identification. The treatment of statistics for boroughs has been brought into line with the other volumes in this series, a number of maps have been altered, and a short section of 'Vineyards' with one new map has been added to the last chapter.
Cellular Structures in Topology
Authors: Fritsch Rudolf , Piccinini Renzo
Published: December 2011

This book describes the construction and the properties of CW-complexes. These spaces are important because firstly they are the correct framework for homotopy theory, and secondly most spaces that arise in pure mathematics are of this type. The authors discuss the foundations and also developments, for example, the theory of finite CW-complexes, CW-complexes in relation to the theory of fibrations, and Milnor's work on spaces of the type of CW-complexes. They establish very clearly the relationship between CW-complexes and the theory of simplicial complexes, which is developed in great detail. Exercises are provided throughout the book; some are straightforward, others extend the text in a non-trivial way. For the latter; further reference is given for their solution. Each chapter ends with a section sketching the historical development. An appendix gives basic results from topology, homology and homotopy theory. These features will aid graduate students, who can use the work as a course text. As a contemporary reference work it will be essential reading for the more specialized workers in algebraic topology and homotopy theory.
The Syntax of Russian
Authors: Bailyn John Frederick
Published: December 2011

The study of Russian is of great importance to syntactic theory, due in particular to its unusual case system and its complex word order patterns. This book provides an essential guide to Russian syntax and examines the major syntactic structures of the language. It begins with an overview of verbal and nominal constituents, followed by major clause types, including null-copular and impersonal sentences, WH-questions and their distribution, and relative and subordinate clauses. The syntax behind the rich Russian morphological case system is then described in detail, with focus on both the fairly standard instances of Nominative, Accusative and Dative case as well as the important language-specific uses of the Genitive and Instrumental cases. The book goes on to analyze the syntax of 'free' word order for which Russian is famous. It will be of interest to researchers and students of syntactic theory, of Slavic linguistics and of language typology.
Lion and Dragon in Northern China
Authors: Johnston Reginald F.
Published: December 2011

Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston (1874–1938) was a colonial administrator and scholar with a lifelong fascination with China who was appointed tutor to the young Puyi (1906–1967), who became emperor at the age of two. Johnston was highly favoured by the emperor, receiving several imperial titles and residing in the Forbidden City. His account of his time as Puyi's tutor, Twilight in the Forbidden City, also reissued in this series, was dramatised in the film The Last Emperor. Previously, Johnston had served in a variety of colonial service positions, including three years as commissioner of the British-held territory of Weihaiwai. This book, first published in 1910, is Johnston's examination of Weihaiwei, which he considered to be a microcosm of Chinese life. Writing with obvious affection, Johnston outlines the history, culture, festivals and local folklore of Weihaiwei and explores what the future could hold for the city.
Rethinking the Gods
Authors: van Nuffelen Peter
Published: December 2011

Ancient philosophers had always been fascinated by religion. From the first century BC onwards the traditionally hostile attitude of Greek and Roman philosophy was abandoned in favour of the view that religion was a source of philosophical knowledge. This book studies that change, not from the usual perspective of the history of religion, but as part of the wider tendency of Post-Hellenistic philosophy to open up to external, non-philosophical sources of knowledge and authority. It situates two key themes, ancient wisdom and cosmic hierarchy, in the context of Post-Hellenistic philosophy and traces their reconfigurations in contemporary literature and in the polemic between Jews, Christians and pagans. Overall, Post-Hellenistic philosophy displayed a relatively high degree of unity in its ideas on religion, which should not be reduced to a preparation for Neoplatonism.
The Law and Politics of WTO Waivers
Authors: Feichtner Isabel
Published: December 2011

Despite being an important legal instrument in the law of the WTO, the waiver has hitherto been the subject of little scholarly analysis. Isabel Feichtner fills this gap by challenging the conventional view that the WTO's political bodies do not engage in significant law-making. She systemises the GATT and WTO waiver practice and suggests a typology of waivers as individual exception, general exception and rule-making instruments. She also presents the procedural and substantive legal requirements for the granting of waivers, deals with questions of judicial review and interpretation of waiver decisions, and clarifies the waiver's potential and limits for addressing the need for flexibility and adaptability in public international law and WTO law in particular. By connecting the analysis of waiver competence and waiver practice to the general stability/flexibility challenge in public international law, the book sheds new light on the WTO, international institutions and international law.
Ergodic Control of Diffusion Processes
Authors: Arapostathis Ari , Borkar Vivek S. , Ghosh Mrinal K.
Published: December 2011

This comprehensive volume on ergodic control for diffusions highlights intuition alongside technical arguments. A concise account of Markov process theory is followed by a complete development of the fundamental issues and formalisms in control of diffusions. This then leads to a comprehensive treatment of ergodic control, a problem that straddles stochastic control and the ergodic theory of Markov processes. The interplay between the probabilistic and ergodic-theoretic aspects of the problem, notably the asymptotics of empirical measures on one hand, and the analytic aspects leading to a characterization of optimality via the associated Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation on the other, is clearly revealed. The more abstract controlled martingale problem is also presented, in addition to many other related issues and models. Assuming only graduate-level probability and analysis, the authors develop the theory in a manner that makes it accessible to users in applied mathematics, engineering, finance and operations research.
A Chronological History of Voyages into the Arctic Regions
Authors: Barrow John
Published: December 2011

Sir John Barrow (1764–1848), a founder and early president of the Royal Geographical Society, served as Second Secretary to the Admiralty for forty years. He was responsible for promoting polar exploration, and published two books on the subject for general readers, both now reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. This, the earlier of the two, appeared in 1818 and is a chronological account of Arctic voyages from the Viking period to the early nineteenth century, and of the intensifying search for a northern route between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Barrow covers the expeditions of European explorers including Cabot, Frobisher, Barentz, Hudson and Baffin. He quotes extracts from their journals to create a vivid picture of the extreme conditions experienced by the explorers, their battles against cold, disease and starvation, their impressions of the plentiful Arctic wildlife, and both friendly and hostile encounters with the Inuit.
Jesus and the Forgiveness of Sins
Authors: Hägerland Tobias
Published: December 2011

The Gospels record that Jesus purported to forgive sins. What significance would such a claim have had for his contemporaries and what would the implications have been for his identity as a first-century popular prophet? Tobias Hägerland answers these questions and more as he investigates the forgiveness of sins in the mission of the historical Jesus. The Gospels are interpreted within the context of first-century Judaism as part of a broader reconstruction of Jesus' career as a healer and prophet, and rhetorical criticism is introduced as a tool for explaining how the gospel tradition about Jesus and forgiveness developed. Hägerland combines detailed exegesis and rigorous methodology with a holistic view of the historical Jesus, evaluating recent scholarship about first-century Jewish prophets and utilizing previously neglected textual evidence to present a thorough investigation of the theology of forgiveness in early Judaism and primitive Christianity.
Modern Fortran
Authors: Clerman Norman S. , Spector Walter
Published: December 2011

Fortran is one of the oldest high-level languages and remains the premier language for writing code for science and engineering applications. This book is for anyone who uses Fortran, from the novice learner to the advanced expert. It describes best practices for programmers, scientists, engineers, computer scientists and researchers who want to apply good style and incorporate rigorous usage in their own Fortran code or to establish guidelines for a team project. The presentation concentrates primarily on the characteristics of Fortran 2003, while also describing methods in Fortran 90/95 and valuable new features in Fortran 2008. The authors draw on more than a half century of experience writing production Fortran code to present clear succinct guidelines on formatting, naming, documenting, programming and packaging conventions and various programming paradigms such as parallel processing (including OpenMP, MPI and coarrays), OOP, generic programming and C language interoperability.
Management of Freshwater Biodiversity
Authors: Reynolds Julian , Souty-Grosset Catherine
Published: December 2011

Integrating research into freshwater biodiversity and the role of keystone species, this fascinating book presents freshwater crayfish as representatives of human-exacerbated threats to biodiversity and conservation. It uses examples from these and other large decapod invertebrates to explore how communities function and are controlled, alongside the implications of human demands and conflicts over limited resources, notably the severe impacts on biodiversity. The discussion is structured around three key topics – the present situation of crayfish in world freshwater ecosystems, the applications of science to conservation management and knowledge transfer for successful crayfish management. It outlines the historic exploitation of crayfish, addressing the problems caused by invasive alien forms and explaining the importance of correct identification when dealing with conservation issues. Offering a global perspective on freshwater systems, the book ultimately highlights how the conservation of such large and long-lived species will help protect ecosystem quality in the future.
Friendship and Empire
Authors: Burton Paul J.
Published: December 2011

In this bold new interpretation of the origins of ancient Rome's overseas empire, Dr Burton charts the impact of the psychology, language and gestures associated with the Roman concept of amicitia, or 'friendship'. The book challenges the prevailing orthodox Cold War-era realist interpretation of Roman imperialism and argues that language and ideals contributed just as much to Roman empire-building as military muscle. Using a constructivist theoretical framework drawn from international relations, Dr Burton replaces the modern scholarly fiction of a Roman empire built on networks of foreign clients and client-states with an interpretation grounded firmly in the discursive habits of the ancient texts themselves. The results better account for the peculiar rhythms of Rome's earliest period of overseas expansion – brief periods of vigorous military and diplomatic activity, such as the rolling back of Seleucid power in Asia Minor and Greece in 192–188 BC, followed by long periods of inactivity.
Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China
Authors: Chen Xi
Published: December 2011

Xi Chen explores the question of why there has been a dramatic rise in and routinization of social protests in China since the early 1990s. Drawing on case studies, in-depth interviews and a unique data set of about 1,000 government records of collective petitions, this book examines how the political structure in Reform China has encouraged Chinese farmers, workers, pensioners, disabled people and demobilized soldiers to pursue their interests and claim their rights by staging collective protests. Chen suggests that routinized contentious bargaining between the government and ordinary people has remedied the weaknesses of the Chinese political system and contributed to the regime's resilience. Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China challenges the conventional wisdom that authoritarian regimes always repress popular collective protest and that popular collective action tends to destabilize authoritarian regimes.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: December 2011

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 4 contains the third part of his Lives of the Poets, his last major work. This was a commission to provide short accounts of over fifty poets of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and set a new standard for English literary biography. Although not all of the subjects have been regarded as eminent by posterity, the work was a great success. The volume also includes miscellaneous historical and literary biographies of figures such as Paolo Sarpi, Sir Francis Drake and Roger Ascham.
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his Death
Authors: Livingstone David
Published: December 2011

One of the most renowned nineteenth-century British explorers of Africa, David Livingstone (1813–73) was a medical missionary who received the Royal Geographical Society gold medal in 1855. His fame was established by his 1853–6 coast-to-coast exploration of the African interior, and by the best-selling Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, published upon his return to England in 1857 (also reissued in this series). Livingstone's last expedition in search of 'the true source of the Nile', undertaken in 1866, forms the core of this two-volume travel diary, published posthumously in 1874. Volume 2 describes the last two years of his life, when, after his meeting with the journalist Henry Morton Stanley in 1871, Livingstone insisted on staying in Africa despite his poor health. It includes details about his death and the journey to bring his body back to the British authorities, reported by Livingstone's attendants Chuma and Susi.
Selections from the Works of the Baron de Humboldt, Relating to the Climate, Inhabitants, Productions, and Mines of Mexico
Authors: Humboldt Alexander von
Published: December 2011

Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was one of the most respected scientists of his time; Darwin called him 'the greatest scientific traveller who ever lived'. From 1799 Humboldt spent five years exploring the Americas, reporting his findings in thirty volumes, published over a period of more than twenty years from 1805. His Essai Politique, describing northern New Spain, particularly Mexico, was one of the first studies of a single country written to take account of both its history, its society and its political development. In 1824, the English mining engineer John Taylor published this abridged translation, combining it with passages from Humboldt's Geognostical Essay on the Superposition of Rocks in order to provide a focussed account of Mexico's mining concerns and opportunities. Including detailed maps, this work contains exhaustive statistics, particularly with regard to trade, agriculture and mining, alongside geographical studies and observations on the population and government.
From Another Place
Authors: Bottomley Gillian
Published: December 2011

Never before have so many people ended up in a place different from where they began, something which made the twentieth century a century of migration. Culture is central to the process of migration, yet it is rarely examined in studies of the political economy of labour migration. Originally published in 1992, From Another Place explores definitions and understandings of the relations between migration and cultural processes, calling into question the interrelation between circumstance and cultural practice. It is an insightful attempt to move away from the limitations of dichotomous explanations of migration, using the findings of sociology, political economy and literature in the discussion of cultural beliefs and practices. The book is a fascinating, empirically grounded study, useful in its discussion of the dynamics of gender and class as well as those of ethnicity and culture.