bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composite waterborne polyurethane reinforced with silane modified lignin as an adhesive between polypropylene decorative films and wood‐based panels
Authors: Chang Liang , Luo Shupin , Gao Li , Ren Yiping , Tang Qiheng , Chen Yongping
Published: April 2022

To improve the surface bonding strength of polypropylene (PP) decorative films on wood‐based panels, one kind of lignin, namely sodium lignosulfonate (SL) filled waterborne polyurethane (WPU) composites were used as adhesives on the back of the PP decorative films, and the SL was modified by the addition of two alternative types of silane that contain either ethylene‐acyloxy or epoxy groups. The PP decorative films were hot‐press onto plywood using the different types of SL modified WPU as an adhesive. The SL and SL modified WPU were characterized comprehensively. The surface properties the PP decorative films on plywood surfaces were tested. The results showed that both types of silane can be grafted on the SL between hydrolyzed SiOH groups and OH groups. The long organic chain of silane can physically twist to the WPU, where self‐polymerization of the silane helps to form network structures. As a result, the surface bonding strength of PP decorative films on plywood surfaces largely improved with SL filled WPU adhesives and no detachment occurred in boiling water. Compared with the ethylene‐acyloxy silane, the epoxy silane performed better which was associated with the reactions between the epoxy groups and free water.
Bio‐based polylactic acid or epoxy natural rubber thermoplastic vulcanizates with dual interfacial compatibilization networks
Authors: Xu Xinhu , Ma Lifeng , Liu Congchao
Published: April 2022

The bio‐based thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) composed of polylactic acid (PLA) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was prepared by the dynamic vulcanization method induced by dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and a novel filler, bis(aminopropyl)‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS‐NH2), was added as the compatibilizer. The dynamic vulcanization reaction occurred first, and the PLA‐g‐ENR graft copolymer was formed at the interface of PLA and ENR. With the addition of appropriate amount of PDMS‐NH2, the cross‐linking of ENR was enhanced, and the size of PLA became smaller and more evenly dispersed. The prepared TPVs were found to have dual interfacial compatibilization networks. Mechanical characterization of this polymeric material containing a special structure is performed. TPV achieved the tensile strength at break of 12.8 MPa and elongation at break of 103%, revealing 103% and 329% higher than 6.3 MPa and 24% for the simple blend of ENR/PLA. Meanwhile, the elastic modulus of TPV increased to 352 MPa, which was 1.96 times that of the simple blend. As a result, ENR/PLA composites with high toughness and mechanical strength are achieved and the toughening mechanism and toughening factors were discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of flame‐retardant polyurethane based on new chain extenders
Authors: Zhang Cheng , He Hui , Li Qunyang , Liang Xutong
Published: April 2022

A series of novel flame‐retardant waterborne polyurethanes (FWPU) were synthesized with tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THPO) obtained from the reaction of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate and bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)terephthalate from the alcoholysis of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) as flame‐retardant chain extenders. Influences of THPO on flame retardancy and bonding properties of FWPU were investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, vertical burning test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermogravimetric analysis and shear tensile test. The results of LOI, vertical burning test and CCT indicated that flame retardancy of FWPU was improved with the introduction of THPO. The peak of heat release rate of FWPU with 1.5 wt% THPO was 401 kW m−2. After hard segment flame‐retardant modification, the initial bonding strength of FWPU adhesive increased by 150%, and the final bonding strength decreased slightly. A new way is provided for the design of novel reactive FWPU which maintained better flame retardancy and adhesive properties after hard segment flame‐retardant modification. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Extraction and microscopic analysis of partial shading‐induced defects in a commercial CIGS PV module
Authors: Aninat Rémi , Bakker Klaas , Jouard Laetitia , Ott Cruz Manuel G. S. , Yilmaz Pelin , Theelen Mirjam
Published: April 2022

The ever‐increasing instalment capacity of Cu (In, Ga)(Se, S)2‐based photovoltaics calls for a better understanding and control of their reliability. In this paper, we show how using a coring‐based method, small samples can be extracted from full size commercial modules, and prepared for lab‐scale analysis. The method is applied to a Cu (In, Ga)(Se, S)2 (CIGS) module where a non‐reversible, propagating (‘wormlike’) defect has been created in a controlled partial shading experiment. Through current–voltage, photoluminescence and illuminated lock‐in thermography analyses on an undamaged part of the module, the method used is shown to yield fully functional, undamaged active cells, with a photovoltaic conversion efficiency above the full module efficiency. Where the wormlike defects were present, a typical strong shunting behaviour is observed, as well as an increased sulphur content near the edge of the wormtrails. Furthermore, the wormlike defect propagation is shown to be strongly influenced by the present of specific features near the interconnects, which could be the result of manufacturing. These results demonstrate the potential of coring to analyse module failure with all the laboratory tools available. They also shed some light on how wormlike defects, which are a rare but serious hazard for CIGS modules reliability, can form and propagate in commercial, monolithically interconnected modules.
Grade and stage misclassification in intermediate unfavorable‐risk prostate cancer radiotherapy candidates
Authors: Sorce Gabriele , Flammia Rocco Simone , Hoeh Benedikt , Chierigo Francesco , Hohenhorst Lukas , Panunzio Andrea , Stabile Armando , Gandaglia Giorgio , Tian Zhe , Tilki Derya , Terrone Carlo , Gallucci Michele , Chun Felix K. H. , Antonelli Alessandro , Saad Fred , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: April 2022

Background

We tested for upgrading (Gleason grade group [GGG] ≥ 4) and/or upstaging to non‐organ‐confined stage ([NOC] ≥ pT3/pN1) in intermediate unfavorable‐risk (IU) prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with radical prostatectomy, since both change the considerations for dose and/or type of radiotherapy (RT) and duration of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

Methods

We relied on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (2010–2015). Proportions of (a) upgrading, (b) upstaging, or (c) upgrading and/or upstaging were tabulated and tested in multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

We identified 7269 IU PCa patients. Upgrading was recorded in 479 (6.6%) and upstaging in 2398 (33.0%), for a total of 2616 (36.0%) upgraded and/or upstaged patients, who no longer fulfilled the IU grade and stage definition. Prostate‐specific antigen, clinical stage, biopsy GGG, and percentage of positive cores, neither individually nor in multivariable logistic regression models, discriminated between upgraded and/or upstaged patients versus others.

Conclusions

IU PCa patients showed very high (36%) upgrading and/or upstaging proportion. Interestingly, the overwhelming majority of those were upstaged to NOC. Conversely, very few were upgraded to GGG ≥ 4. In consequence, more than one‐third of IU PCa patients treated with RT may be exposed to suboptimal dose and/or type of RT and to insufficient duration of ADT, since their true grade and stage corresponded to high‐risk PCa definition, instead of IU PCa. Data about magnetic resonance imaging were not available but may potentially help with better stage discrimination.
Development and application of a numerical dynamic model for pesticide residues in apple orchards
Authors: An Quanshun , Wu Yangliu , Li Dong , Hao Xianghong , Pan Canping , Rein Arno
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Limited understanding of the fate of pesticides in apple orchards may lead to recurring pests or pose risks to food safety. In this study, through a field experiment conducted in an apple orchard, a dynamic plant uptake model, coupled with a soil water model, was developed to simulate measured pesticide concentrations in soil and different plant compartments.

RESULTS

Results showed that the overall model could adequately describe the data set of four pesticides in the apple orchard. An estimated 15%–24.7% of applied pesticides were deposited on leaves and 0.37%–0.58% on fruits. Decreasing pesticide concentrations in fruits were observed after pesticide application, with 9.6%–64.8% of this decrease explained by biodegradation, 29.8%–75.8% by fruit growth dilution and 11.3%–47.6% by wash‐off. Furthermore, a first estimation of dietary risks indicated that ingestion of the apples may not represent an acute or chronic risk to human health.

CONCLUSION

The dynamic plant uptake model, coupled with the tipping buckets soil water model, could successfully be fitted to describe to the data set for the fate of four pesticides applied in an apple orchard. The contribution of different pathways to pesticide concentration was highly influenced by precipitation, fruit growth dilution and the characteristics of different pesticides. This model can improve our understanding of pesticide fate in apple orchards and has great potential for supporting food safety assessment and decision‐making to minimize impacts arising from pesticide applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Design of new glycosyl–O‐fipronil conjugates with improved hydrolysis efficiency assisted by molecular simulations
Authors: Wang Bingfeng , Yang Chen , Jiang Xunyuan , Wen Yingjie , Tian Yongqing , Zhao Chen , Xu Hanhong
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

In a previous study, we showed that two glycosyl–pesticide conjugates with a β‐d‐glucoside moiety, N‐{3‐cyano‐1‐[2,6‐dichloro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]‐4‐[(trifluoromethyl)‐sulfinyl]‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl}‐2‐aminoethyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (GOF) and N‐{3‐cyano‐1‐[2,6‐dichloro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐4‐[(trifluoromethyl) sulfinyl]‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl}‐1‐(2‐triazolethyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐methanamine (GOTF), can move in the phloem and be hydrolyzed by β‐glucosidase at different rates. Simulations were carried out to investigate differences in the hydrolysis process in GOF, GOTF and p‐nitrophenyl β‐d‐glucopyranoside (pNPG). A new series of glycosyl–O‐fipronil conjugates was then designed and synthesized based on the simulation results. The phloem mobilities of the new conjugates were examined using a Ricinus model, and their hydrolysis efficiencies based on β‐glucosidase were determined.

RESULTS

New glycosyl–O‐fipronil conjugates GOE2–6 were designed and synthesized. To reduce steric hindrance, the conjugating site of the glycone moiety was moved to the 4′‐sulfonyl group on the pyrrole ring. As a result, the hydrolysis efficiencies of the new conjugates were significantly improved, with GOE4 having the highest hydrolysis efficiency. All five conjugates could be transported in Ricinus phloem sap, consistent with previously studied glycosyl–O‐fipronil conjugates. The insecticidal activities of the conjugates were tested against Plutella xylostella.

CONCLUSION

A strategy for the development of new phloem‐mobile pesticides was proposed: linking a glycosyl group to the existing pesticide structure with a linear alkyl connection approximately four carbons in length. The resultant conjugates feature not only good phloem mobility, but also potential high bioactivity due to the efficient release of active pesticide components under the action of glucosidase. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assimilation of crowd‐sourced surface observations over Germany in a regional weather prediction system
Authors: Sgoff Christine , Acevedo Walter , Paschalidi Zoi , Ulbrich Sven , Bauernschubert Elisabeth , Kratzsch Thomas , Potthast Roland
Published: April 2022

Near‐surface temperature and humidity observations over Germany, coming on the one hand from the citizen weather station's network Netatmo and on the other hand from synoptic weather stations, were assimilated into the limited are mode of the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Model with 2‐km resolution (ICON‐D2). For that we use the Kilometre‐Scale Ensemble Data Assimilation (KENDA) system and a bias‐correction approach that improves the assimilation of the observations by taking into account the diurnal cycle of temperature and humidity variables. Our results show that the assimilation of bias‐corrected observations from Netatmo stations reduces the forecast error considerably; meanwhile, the assimilation of Netatmo observations without bias correction leads to a strong warm bias with a negative impact on forecast performance. In contrast, for the assimilation of synoptic observations the usage of our bias‐correction approach does not lead to any significant decrease in the forecast error, yet reduces the bias for the diurnal cycle of synoptic stations. Overall, it can be concluded that the forecast quality can gain from assimilating Netatmo data, provided an effective bias‐correction approach is applied.
Assessing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectivity by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fomenko Alexey , Weibel Stephanie , Moezi Helia , Menger Kristina , Schmucker Christine , Metzendorf Maria‐Inti , Motschall Edith , Falcone Valeria , Huzly Daniela , Panning Marcus , Rücker Gerta , Hengel Hartmut
Published: April 2022

The cornerstone of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) detection is reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) of viral RNA. As a surrogate assay SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection does not necessarily imply infectivity. Only virus isolation in permissive cell culture systems can indicate infectivity. Here, we review the evidence on RT‐PCR performance in detecting infectious SARS‐CoV‐2. We searched for any studies that used RT‐PCR and cell culture to determine infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 in respiratory samples. We assessed (i) diagnostic accuracy of RT‐PCR compared to cell culture as reference test, (ii) performed meta‐analysis of positive predictive values (PPV) and (iii) determined the virus isolation probabilities depending on cycle threshold (Ct) or log10 genome copies/ml using logistic regression. We included 55 studies. There is substantial statistical and clinical heterogeneity. Seven studies were included for diagnostic accuracy. Sensitivity ranged from 90% to 99% and specificity from 29% to 92%. In meta‐analysis, the PPVs varied across subgroups with different sampling times after symptom onset, with 1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0%–7%) in sampling beyond 10 days and 27% (CI, 19%–36%) to 46% (CI, 33%–60%) in subgroups that also included earlier samples. Estimates of virus isolation probability varied between 6% (CI, 0%–100%) and 50% (CI, 0%–100%) at a Ct value of 30 and between 0% (CI, 0%–22%) and 63% (CI, 0%–100%) at 5 log10 genome copies/ml. Evidence on RT‐PCR performance in detecting infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 in respiratory samples was limited. Major limitations were heterogeneity and poor reporting. RT‐PCR and cell culture protocols need further standardisation.
Evaluating the particle densities of subarctic soils using pedotransfer functions and vis–NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Weber Peter Lystbæk , Hermansen Cecilie , Nørgaard Trine , Pesch Charles , Moldrup Per , Greve Mogens H. , Arthur Emmanuel , de Jonge Lis
Published: April 2022

The particle density (ρs) is a fundamental physical property needed for calculating the soil porosity and phase distributions. While ρs is often estimated using soil organic matter (SOM) content and particle size distribution, the specific densities of each soil component remain unclear in a subarctic agricultural setting. This study aimed to evaluate the ρs of soils from Southwest Greenland using a three‐compartment model (3CM) based on the mixing ratio of SOM derived from loss‐on‐ignition, mineral particles <20 μm (FC), and mineral particles ≥20 μm (CC). We further evaluated the accuracy of the 3CM against pedotransfer functions (PTFs) and visible near‐infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopic models. A total of 324 soil samples from 16 Greenlandic agricultural fields were investigated, covering a wide range in SOM content (0.021–0.602 kg kg–1) and clay content (0.020–0.185 kg kg–1). Despite their high SOM content, the Greenlandic soils exhibited relatively high ρs (1.936–3.044 Mg m–3), which together with a large SOM/organic carbon ratio of 2.16 indicated a high SOM density of 1.493 Mg m–3. The 3CM fit on all soils indicated FC and CC densities of 3.047 and 2.713 Mg m–3, respectively, while a subset of soils (n = 203) from the same geological setting resulted in FC and CC densities of 2.738 and 2.731 Mg m–3. Prediction accuracy of the 3CM (RMSE = 0.067 Mg m–3) was similar to PTFs (RMSE = 0.068–0.070 Mg m–3) and better than vis–NIR spectroscopic models (RMSE = 0.091 Mg m–3).
Monitoring electrode/electrolyte interfaces of Li‐ion batteries under working conditions: A surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic study on LiCoO2 composite cathodes
Authors: Heber Marcel , Hess Christian
Published: April 2022

Lithium‐ion batteries are commonly used for electrical energy storage in portable devices and are promising systems for large‐scale energy storage. However, their application is still limited due to electrode degradation and stability issues. To enhance the fundamental understanding of electrode degradation, we report on the Raman spectroscopic characterization of LiCoO2 cathode materials of working Li‐ion batteries. To facilitate the spectroscopic analysis of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), we apply in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy under battery working conditions by using Au nanoparticles coated with a thin SiO2 layer (Au@SiO2). We observe a surface‐enhanced Raman signal of Li2CO3 at 1090 cm−1 during electrochemical cycling as an intermediate. Its formation/decomposition highlights the role of Li2CO3 as a component of the SEI on LiCoO2 composite cathodes. Our results demonstrate the potential of Raman spectroscopy to monitor electrode/electrolyte interfaces of lithium‐ion batteries under working conditions thus allowing relations between electrochemical performance and structural changes to be established.
Ion Hopping: Design Principles for Strategies to Improve Ionic Conductivity for Inorganic Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Caiyun , Xu Ben Bin , Zhang Xuan , Sun Wenping , Chen Jian , Pan Hongge , Yan Mi , Jiang Yinzhu
Published: April 2022

Solid electrolytes are considered as an ideal substitution of liquid electrolytes, avoiding the potential hazards of volatilization, flammability, and explosion for liquid electrolyte–based rechargeable batteries. However, there are significant performance gaps to be bridged between solid electrolytes and liquid electrolytes; one with a particular importance is the ionic conductivity which is highly dependent on the material types and structures. In this review, the general physical image of ion hopping in the crystalline structure is revisited, by highlighting two main kernels that impact ion migration: ion hopping pathways and skeletons interaction. The universal strategies to effectively improve ionic conductivity of inorganic solid electrolytes are then systematically summarized: constructing rapid diffusion pathways for mobile ions; and reducing resistance of the surrounding potential field. The scoped strategies offer an exclusive view on the working principle of ion movement regardless of the ion species, thus providing a comprehensive guidance for the future exploitation of solid electrolytes.
Maximum longevity and juvenile mortality in zoo‐housed mangabeys
Authors: de Visser Manon , Prins Emile , Bosse Mirte , Crooijmans Richard , ter Meulen Tjerk
Published: April 2022

Little is known about the biology of grey‐cheeked and black crested mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena and Lophocebus aterrimus, respectively). As these primates face threats in the wild, well‐monitored zoo‐housed populations with up to date registries are becoming increasingly valuable to acquire species knowledge and to support conservation efforts. We used international studbooks to extract demographic and genetic information on 519 mangabeys to investigate how life history and parent‐related variables influence maximum longevity and juvenile mortality. Generalized linear mixed models, as well as survival analyses, were applied. Results showed that females lived significantly longer than males, which is not uncommon in primates. Furthermore, our results indicated that the maximum longevity is lower for individuals living in European zoos versus individuals from North American zoos, which may be due to a combination of environmental differences and potential founder effects. We also show that the maternal maximum longevity is positively related to the maximum longevity of the offspring, which may be explained by the inheritance of “good genes“. However, the age of the mother at the moment of birth was negatively related to the maximum longevity of the offspring, which contradicts literature that states that, in primates, more experienced and thus older mothers will raise their offspring better than less experienced mothers. Instead, it is more likely that an “optimal age range” exists for breeding mothers. Our study provides insights into the population biology of captive mangabeys and may be helpful for identifying future research priorities to optimize primate health and welfare directly ex situ, and indirectly in situ.
N = 3 conformal supergravity in four dimensions
Authors: Hegde Subramanya , Mishra Madhu , Sahoo Bindusar
Published: April 2022

Abstract

In this paper we derive the action for N = 3 conformal supergravity in four space-time dimensions. We construct a density formula for N = 3 conformal supergravity based on the superform action principle. Finally, we embed the N = 3 Weyl multiplet in the density formula to obtain the invariant action for N = 3 conformal supergravity. There are two inequivalent embeddings by changing a particular coefficient from real to imaginary. They lead to invariant actions, which will either be the supersymmetrization of the Weyl square term or the Pontryagin density in the eventuality of gauge fixing to Poincaré supergravity. As a consistency check of our formalism, we will show that the supersymmetrization of the Pontryagin density is a total derivative. We will demonstrate this for purely bosonic terms. We will also present the complete action for the supersymmetrization of Weyl square term. We also discuss consistent truncation of N = 4 Weyl multiplet to N = 3 Weyl multiplet and use it for a robust check of our results using the earlier known results in N = 4 conformal supergravity.
Subleading BMS charges and the Lorentz group
Authors: Kol Uri
Published: April 2022

Abstract

The extended BMS group includes supertranslation, dual supertranslation and Lorentz transformations. The generators of these symmetries can be classified according to their parity into “electric” and “magnetic” types. Using a multipole expansion of gravitational sources in the Newman-Penrose formalism, we associate each one of these charges with a particular moment. At leading order, the “electric” and “magnetic” monopole moments correspond respectively to supertranslations and dual supertranslations. At the first subleading order, the “electric” and “magnetic” dipole moments correspond respectively to boosts and rotations, therefore comprising the entire Lorentz group. Electric-magnetic type of duality then rotates the boost and rotation generators into each other.
The coupling flow of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super Yang-Mills theory
Authors: Rupprecht Maximilian
Published: April 2022

Abstract

We offer a novel perspective on $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) theory through the framework of the Nicolai map, a transformation of the bosonic fields that allows one to compute quantum correlators in terms of a free, purely bosonic functional measure. Generally, any Nicolai map is obtained through a path-ordered exponential of the so-called coupling flow operator. The latter can be canonically constructed in any gauge using an $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 off-shell superfield formulation of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM, or alternatively through dimensional reduction of the result from $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 D = 10 SYM, in which case we need to restrict to the Landau gauge. We propose a general theory of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 coupling flow operator, arguing that it exhibits an ambiguity in form of an R-symmetry freedom given by the Lie algebra $$ \mathfrak{su} $$
su
(4). This theory incorporates our two construction approaches as special points in $$ \mathfrak{su} $$
su
(4) and defines a broad class of Nicolai maps for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM.
Freezing of gauge symmetries in the heterotic string on T4
Authors: Fraiman Bernardo , De Freitas Héctor Parra
Published: April 2022

Abstract

We derive a map relating the gauge symmetry groups of heterotic strings on T4 to other components of the moduli space with rank reduction. This generalizes the results for T2 and T3 which mirror the singularity freezing mechanism of K3 surfaces in F and M-theory, respectively. The novel feature in six dimensions is that the map explicitly involves the topology of the gauge groups, in particular acting only on non-simply-connected ones. This relation is equivalent to that of connected components of the moduli space of flat G-bundles over T2 with G non-simply-connected. These results are verified with a reasonably exhaustive list of gauge groups obtained with a moduli space exploration algorithm.
Constraining general U(1) interactions from neutrino-electron scattering measurements at DUNE near detector
Authors: Chakraborty Kaustav , Das Arindam , Goswami Srubabati , Roy Samiran
Published: April 2022

Abstract

The neutrino-electron scattering process is a powerful tool to explore new physics beyond the standard model. Recently the possibility of DUNE Near Detector (ND) to constrain various new physics scenarios using this process have been highlighted in the literature. In this work, we consider the most general U(1) model and probe the constraints on the mass and coupling strength of the additional Z′ from ν − e scattering at DUNE ND. The presence of the Z′ gives rise to extra interference effects. In the context of the general U(1) model, the destructive interference can occur in either neutrino or anti-neutrino channel or for both or none. This opens up the possibilities of getting four different type of signal in the neutrino and ant-neutrino runs of DUNE. We perform the analysis using both the total rate and binned events spectrum. Our results show that in a bin by bin analysis the effect of destructive interference is less compared to the analysis using total rate. We present the bounds on the mZ′− gX plane from ν − e scattering measurements at DUNE ND and compare these with those obtained from other ν − e scattering, COHERENT, and beam dump experiments. We show that the DUNE ND can give the best bound for certain mass ranges of Z′.
Growing up in ethnic enclaves: language proficiency and educational attainment of immigrant children
Authors: Danzer Alexander M. , Feuerbaum Carsten , Piopiunik Marc , Woessmann Ludger
Published: April 2022

Does the regional concentration of immigrants of the same ethnicity affect immigrant children’s acquisition of host country language skills and educational attainment? We exploit the concentration of five ethnic groups in 1985 emanating from the exogenous placement of guest workers across German regions during the 1960s and 1970s. Results from a model with region and ethnicity fixed effects indicate that exposure to a higher own ethnic concentration impairs immigrant children’s host country language proficiency and increases school dropout. A key mediating factor for the detrimental language effect is parents’ lower speaking proficiency in the host country language, whereas inter-ethnic contacts with natives and economic conditions do not play a role in language proficiency or educational attainment.
Oxidative ageing of elastomers: experiment and modelling
Authors: Zaghdoudi M. , Kömmling A. , Jaunich M. , Wolff D.
Published: April 2022

During an extensive test programme at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung, material property changes of EPDM O-rings were investigated at different ageing times and two ageing temperatures of $$125\,^{\circ }\,\hbox {C}$$

125

∘

C

and $$150\,^{\circ }\, \hbox {C}$$

150

∘

C

. To exclude possible diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects that can distort the data, IRHD microhardness measurements were taken over the cross section of compressed O-rings. Continuous stress relaxation measurements were taken on samples free of DLO effects. The additional effect of physical processes to irreversible chemical ones during a long-term thermal exposure is quantified by the analysis of compression set measurements under various test conditions. By combining the different experimental methods, characteristic times relative to the degradation processes were determined. On the basis of experimental data, a microphysically motivated model that takes into account reversible and irreversible processes was developed. The parameter identification strategy of the material model is based on our experimental investigations on homogeneously aged elastomer O-rings. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experiments.
Quantitative performance assessment of Asian stellar cities by a DEA cascade system: a capability interpretation
Authors: Kourtit Karima , Nijkamp Peter , Suzuki Soushi
Published: April 2022

Asia hosts several mega-cities with great economic power, which are often in a mutual competitive relationship. Despite smart specialisation and heterogeneity on national and global markets, they are often in pursuit of the highest possible socio-economic outcome so as to outperform their peers in this dynamic region. The present study seeks to present an operational comparative framework for judging the complex performance of several (12) large urban agglomerations in Asia. In the framework of this paper, these cities are called ‘stellar cities’. Two particular research challenges are addressed: (i) the development and application of a new Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, culminating—after a cascade of sequential analytical steps—in an Autoconfiguration Target Model which serves as a quantitative statistical tool for evaluating the (relative) multidimensional goal-oriented performance of the cities concerned; and (ii) a new functional interpretation of the DEA slack space for the possible improvement of inefficiently operating cities on the basis of Amartya Sen’s capability theory. In the paper, we use an extensive database on 12 Asian stellar cities, extracted from the annual Global Power City Index (GPCI) system which contains more than 60 urban performance indicators, which has been constructed by the Institute of Urban Strategies (Tokyo). We find that the performance ranking of these Asian mega-cities shows the ‘winners’, but also a high variability, with several positive and negative outliers. We conclude that there is clearly scope (‘capability’) for further improvement of the efficiency of most Asian cities in various specific policy domains, as shown by the DEA results.
Technological, institutional, and geographical peripheries: regional development and risk of poverty in the European regions
Authors: Barbero Javier , Rodríguez-Crespo Ernesto
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we analyze the interrelation between technological, institutional, and geographical peripheries. By distinguishing between the quality and quantity of access to information and communication technologies, together with institutional and geographical factors, and using a sample of 229 European regions during the period 2007–2018, we find that the diffusion and quality of information and communication technologies foster economic development and decrease the risk of social exclusion. A similar effect is found for institutional and geographical factors, suggesting that the interplay of these three determinants may be crucial to set up place-based policies.
Approximations of the connection Laplacian spectra
Authors: Burago Dmitri , Ivanov Sergei , Kurylev Yaroslav , Lu Jinpeng
Published: April 2022

We consider a convolution-type operator on vector bundles over metric-measure spaces. This operator extends the analogous convolution Laplacian on functions in our earlier work to vector bundles, and is a natural extension of the graph connection Laplacian. We prove that for Euclidean or Hermitian connections on closed Riemannian manifolds, the spectrum of this operator and that of the graph connection Laplacian both approximate the spectrum of the connection Laplacian.
Free-breathing radial magnetic resonance elastography of the liver in children at 3 T: a pilot study
Authors: Kafali Sevgi Gokce , Armstrong Tess , Shih Shu-Fu , Kim Grace J. , Holtrop Joseph L. , Venick Robert S. , Ghahremani Shahnaz , Bolster Bradley D. , Hillenbrand Claudia M. , Calkins Kara L. , Wu Holden H.
Published: April 2022

Background

Magnetic resonance (MR) elastography of the liver measures hepatic stiffness, which correlates with the histopathological staging of liver fibrosis. Conventional Cartesian gradient-echo (GRE) MR elastography requires breath-holding, which is challenging for children. Non-Cartesian radial free-breathing MR elastography is a potential solution to this problem.

Objective

To investigate radial free-breathing MR elastography for measuring hepatic stiffness in children.

Materials and methods

In this prospective pilot study, 14 healthy children and 9 children with liver disease were scanned at 3 T using 2-D Cartesian GRE breath-hold MR elastography (22 s/slice) and 2-D radial GRE free-breathing MR elastography (163 s/slice). Each sequence was acquired twice. Agreement in the stiffness measurements was evaluated using Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and within-subject mean difference. The repeatability was assessed using the within-subject coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

Fourteen healthy children and seven children with liver disease completed the study. Median (±interquartile range) normalized measurable liver areas were 62.6% (±26.4%) and 44.1% (±39.6%) for scan 1, and 60.3% (±21.8%) and 43.9% (±44.2%) for scan 2, for Cartesian and radial techniques, respectively. Hepatic stiffness from the Cartesian and radial techniques had close agreement with CCC of 0.89 and 0.94, and mean difference of 0.03 kPa and −0.01 kPa, for scans 1 and 2. Cartesian and radial techniques achieved similar repeatability with within-subject coefficient of variation=1.9% and 3.4%, and ICC=0.93 and 0.92, respectively.

Conclusion

In this pilot study, radial free-breathing MR elastography was repeatable and in agreement with Cartesian breath-hold MR elastography in children.
Microscopical Justification of Solid-State Wetting and Dewetting
Authors: Piovano Paolo , Velčić Igor
Published: April 2022

The continuum model related to theWinterbottom problem, i.e., the problem of determining the equilibrium shape of crystalline drops resting on a substrate, is derived in dimension two by means of a rigorous discrete-to-continuum passage by$$\Gamma $$Γ-convergence of atomistic models taking into consideration the atomic interactions of the drop particles both among themselves and with the fixed substrate atoms. As a byproduct of the analysis, effective expressions for the drop surface anisotropy and the drop/substrate adhesion parameter appearing in the continuum model are characterized in terms of the atomistic potentials, which are chosen of Heitmann–Radin sticky-disk type. Furthermore, a threshold condition only depending on such potentials is determined distinguishing the wetting regime, where discrete minimizers are explicitly characterized as configurations contained in an infinitesimally thick layer, i.e., the wetting layer, on the substrate, from the dewetting regime. In the latter regime, also in view of a proven conservation of mass in the limit as the number of atoms tends to infinity, proper scalings of the minimizers of the atomistic models converge (up to extracting a subsequence and performing translations on the substrate surface) to a bounded minimizer of the Winterbottom continuum model satisfying the volume constraint.
Collective choice rules on restricted domains based on a priori information
Authors: Khare Shashwat , Storcken Ton
Published: April 2022

We consider restricted domains where each individual has a domain of preferences containing some partial order. This partial order might differ for different individuals. Necessary and sufficient conditions are formulated under which these restricted domains admit unanimous, strategy-proof and non-dictatorial choice rules.
Observation-driven generation of texture maps depicting dust accumulation over time
Authors: Santos Rebecca L C , Baranoski Gladimir V G
Published: April 2022

The perception of realism in computer-generated images can be significantly enhanced by subtle visual cues. Among those, one can highlight the presence of dust on synthetic objects, which is often subject to temporal variations in real settings. In this paper, we present a framework for the generation of textures representing the accumulation of this ubiquitous material over time in indoor settings. It employs a physically inspired approach to portray the effects of different levels of accumulated dust roughness on the appearance of substrate surfaces and to modulate these effects according to the different illumination and viewing geometries. The development of its core algorithms was guided by empirical insights and data obtained from observational experiments which are also described. To illustrate its applicability to the rendering of visually plausible depictions of time-dependent changes in dusty scenes, we provide sequences of images obtained considering distinct dust accumulation scenarios.
Gauss on least-squares and maximum-likelihood estimation
Authors: Magnus Jan R.
Published: April 2022

Gauss’ 1809 discussion of least squares, which can be viewed as the beginning of mathematical statistics, is reviewed. The general consensus seems to be that Gauss’ arguments are at fault, but we show that his reasoning is in fact correct, given his self-imposed restrictions, and persuasive without these restrictions.
Unintentional response priming from verbal action–effect instructions
Authors: Damanskyy Yevhen , Martiny-Huenger Torsten , Parks-Stamm Elizabeth J.
Published: April 2022

Action–effect learning is based on a theoretical concept that actions are associated with their perceivable consequences through bidirectional associations. Past research has mostly investigated how these bidirectional associations are formed through actual behavior and perception of the consequences. The present research expands this idea by investigating how verbally formulated action–effect instructions contribute to action–effect learning. In two online experiments (Exp. 1, N = 41, student sample; Exp. 2, N = 349, non-student sample), participants memorized a specific action–effect instruction before completing a speeded categorization task. We assessed the consequences of the instructions by presenting the instructed effect as an irrelevant stimulus in the classification task and compared response errors and response times for instruction-compatible and instruction-incompatible responses. Overall, we found evidence that verbal action–effect instructions led to associations between an action and perception (effect) that are automatically activated upon encountering the previously verbally presented effect. In addition, we discuss preliminary evidence suggesting that the order of the action–effect components plays a role; only instructions in a perception–action order showed the expected effect. The present research contributes evidence to the idea that action–effect learning is not exclusively related to actual behavior but also achievable through verbally formulated instructions, thereby providing a flexible learning mechanism that does not rely on specific actual experiences.
Automatic recognition of whole-spine sagittal alignment and curvature analysis through a deep learning technique
Authors: Weng Chi-Hung , Huang Yu-Jui , Fu Chen-Ju , Yeh Yu-Cheng , Yeh Chao-Yuan , Tsai Tsung-Ting
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Artificial intelligence based on deep learning (DL) approaches enables the automatic recognition of anatomic landmarks and subsequent estimation of various spinopelvic parameters. The locations of inflection points (IPs) and apices (APs) in whole-spine lateral radiographs could be mathematically determined by a fully automatic spinal sagittal curvature analysis system.

Methods

We developed a DL model for automatic spinal curvature analysis of whole-spine lateral plain radiographs by using 1800 annotated images of various spinal disease etiologies. The DL model comprised a landmark localizer to detect 25 vertebral landmarks and a numerical algorithm for the generation of an individualized spinal sagittal curvature. The characteristics of the spinal curvature, including the IPs, APs, and curvature angle, could thus be analyzed using mathematical definitions. The localization error of each landmark was calculated from the predictions of 300 test images to evaluate the performance of the landmark localizer. The interrater reliability among a senior orthopedic surgeon, a radiologist, and the DL model was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The accuracy of the landmark localizer was within an acceptable range (median error: 1.7–4.1 mm), and the interrater reliabilities between the proposed DL model and each expert were good to excellent (all ICCs > 0.85) for the measurement of spinal curvature characteristics.

Conclusion

The interrater reliability between the proposed DL model and human experts was good to excellent in predicting the locations of IPs, APs, and curvature angles. Future applications should be explored to validate this system and improve its clinical efficiency.
Electrochemical sensors based on metal nanoparticles with biocatalytic activity
Authors: Białas Katarzyna , Moschou Despina , Marken Frank , Estrela Pedro
Published: April 2022

Biosensors have attracted a great deal of attention, as they allow for the translation of the standard laboratory-based methods into small, portable devices. The field of biosensors has been growing, introducing innovations into their design to improve their sensing characteristics and reduce sample volume and user intervention. Enzymes are commonly used for determination purposes providing a high selectivity and sensitivity; however, their poor shelf-life is a limiting factor. Researchers have been studying the possibility of substituting enzymes with other materials with an enzyme-like activity and improved long-term stability and suitability for point-of-care biosensors. Extra attention is paid to metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, which are essential components of numerous enzyme-less catalytic sensors. The bottleneck of utilising metal-containing nanoparticles in sensing devices is achieving high selectivity and sensitivity. This review demonstrates similarities and differences between numerous metal nanoparticle-based sensors described in the literature to pinpoint the crucial factors determining their catalytic performance. Unlike other reviews, sensors are categorised by the type of metal to study their catalytic activity dependency on the environmental conditions. The results are based on studies on nanoparticle properties to narrow the gap between fundamental and applied research. The analysis shows that the catalytic activity of nanozymes is strongly dependent on their intrinsic properties (e.g. composition, size, shape) and external conditions (e.g. pH, type of electrolyte, and its chemical composition). Understanding the mechanisms behind the metal catalytic activity and how it can be improved helps designing a nanozyme-based sensor with the performance matching those of an enzyme-based device.

Graphical abstract
The sexual and reproductive health of women with mental illness: a primary care registry study
Authors: Hope Holly , Pierce Matthias , Johnstone Edward D. , Myers Jenny , Abel Kathryn M.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to characterise the sexual and reproductive health risks associated with mental illness among women. This was a retrospective cohort study of 2,680,149 women aged 14 to 45 years in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a UK primary care register, linked to 1,702,211 pregnancies that ended between the 1st January 1990 and 31st December 2017. Mental illness was identified in primary care and categorised into the following: common mental illness (depression/anxiety); addiction (alcohol/drug misuse); serious mental illness (affective/non-affective psychosis); other mental illness (eating/personality disorders). Logistic regression estimated the association between mental illness and subsequent risk of recurrent miscarriage and termination. Cox proportional hazards estimated the association between mental illness and time to gynaecological diseases, sexually transmitted infections, reproductive cancers, cervical screen, contraception and emergency contraception. Models were adjusted for calendar year, year of birth, smoking status and ethnicity, region and index of socioeconomic status. Compared to women without mental illness, exposed women were more likely to experience recurrent miscarriage (adjOR = 1.50, 95%CI 1.41 to 1.60), termination (adjOR = 1.48, 95%CI 1.45 to 1.50), gynaecological diseases (adjHR = 1.39, 95%CI 1.37 to 1.40), sexually transmitted infections (adjHR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.43 to 1.51), reproductive cancers (adjHR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.02 to 1.19), contraception (adjHR = 1.28 95%CI 1.26 to 1.29) and emergency contraception (adjHR = 2.30, 95%CI 2.26 to 2.34), and less likely to attend for cervical screening (adjHR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.90 to 0.92). Currently, the sexual and reproductive health needs of women with mental illness are unmet representing significant health inequalities. Clinicians must create opportunities to engage with women in primary care and mental health services to address this gap.
An embodied conversational agent coach to support societal participation learning by low-literate users
Authors: Schouten Dylan G. M. , Deneka Agnes A. , Theune Mariët , Neerincx Mark A. , Cremers Anita H. M.
Published: April 2022

People of low literacy could benefit from automated support when learning about societal participation. We design an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) ‘coach’ that can provide effective learning support to low-literate learners, develop a prototype virtual learning environment, and evaluate this prototype with low-literate end users. First, we inventory the learning support benefits of ECA coaching. Second, we update existing requirements to better specify functional demands for the coach ECA. Third, we write use cases and develop the prototype. Finally, we evaluate the prototype with low-literate users in a mixed-method within-subjects experiment. Results show that the coach influences the subjective learning experience: Participants report higher positive affect, higher user-system engagement, and increased self-efficacy regarding online banking. These results particularly apply to the domain of challenging information skills exercises. Caveats apply: One of four exercises was significantly more difficult than the other three; and coach support rules were not clearly formalized.