bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlling the trans effect induced by nitric oxide and carbon monoxide: H93C myoglobin versus H‐NOX sensors and soluble guanylate cyclase
Authors: Yoo Byung‐Kuk , Lambry Jean‐Christophe , Negrerie Michel
Published: November 2024

Myoglobin (Mb) has been engineered to replace the proximal histidine (His93) with a cysteine in order to investigate the trans effect induced by diatomic ligands using time‐resolved electronic absorption spectroscopy. This single mutation induces a change of heme coordination state and bonding character which change carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) dynamics. In H93C Mb the increased Fe2+–S distance weakens this bond which is replaced with a distal Fe2+–His64 ligation. We measured dynamics very different from wild type Mb but similar with those measured in soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Whereas NO induces a direct negative trans effect, the strain on His64 ligation is sufficient to counteract the positive trans effect due to CO. After photodissociation, geminate recombination of NO to the transient 4‐coordinate heme of H93C occurred with a fast time constant (6.9 ps) identical to that in sGC. Remarkably, we also observed picosecond geminate rebinding of CO to H93C Mb, similarly with sGC in the simultaneous presence of CO and an allosteric stimulator. This CO rebinding dynamics to the 4c‐heme in H93C Mb was never measured in other Mb mutants and demonstrates the existence of 5‐coordinate heme with CO, explaining the synergistic activation of sGC in presence of CO and a stimulator.
Mesopore‐Augmented Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon
Authors: Han Xu , Zhang Ting , Biset‐Peiró Martí , Roldan Alberto , Ceccato Marcel , Lock Nina , Pedersen Steen Uttrup , Morante Joan Ramon , Arbiol Jordi , Daasbjerg Kim
Published: November 2024

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) using nitrogen‐doped carbon (N–C) materials offers a promising and cost‐effective approach to global carbon neutrality. Regulating the porosity of N–C materials can potentially increase the catalytic performance by suppressing the concurrence of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the augmentation of porosity usually alters the active sites or the chemical composition of catalysts, resulting in intertwined influences of various structural factors and catalytic performance. In this study, incorporating secondary carbon sources into the metal‐organic framework (MOF) precursor through nanocasting aimed to selectively enhance the mesoporous structure, allowing for deciphering this effect from other changes in the catalyst composition. Consequently, the developed N–C catalyst exhibited a significant surface area with abundant mesopores, leading to a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) for carbon monoxide (CO) of 95% at −0.50 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). Furthermore, the FE for CO is enhanced across a wide potential range, surpassing previously reported metal‐free N–C eCO2RR catalysts. The investigation reveals that constructing mesoporous structures can induce excellent CO2 catalysis by enhancing the accessibility of active sites while establishing an elevated local pH at these sites.
Enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) composites via stearic acid‐treated zinc oxide filler
Authors: Mallem Oum Keltoum , Zerguine Narimene , Benabid Fatma Zohra , Zouai Foued
Published: November 2024

Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) exhibits limitations in mechanical performance and thermal stability. The aim of this study is to develop composite and nanocomposite materials with enhanced properties using zinc oxide (ZnO) as a filler to address the limitations of rigid PVC. The objective is to produce a cost‐effective material with improved thermal stability and mechanical properties. To enhance dispersion and compatibility with PVC, the ZnO filler was surface‐treated with stearic acid through a mechanical treatment process. The PVC/ZnO composites were prepared via melt mixing using a Brabender plastograph. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction results indicate that the surface treatment significantly altered the ZnO microstructure, leading to improved ispersion within the PVC matrix. Consequently, this modification resulted in enhanced properties of the rigid PVC, with a notable improvement observed at a ZnO filler content of 2 wt%. The thermogravimetric results indicated that treated ZnO increased the thermal stability of PVC composites. The mechanical test (Tensile Testing) reveals that highest modulus of elasticity (2.8 GPa), tensile strength (41 MPa), and elongation at break (38%) was obtained with modified ZnO incorporation.

Highlights

Stearic acid improved ZnO filler dispersion and compatibility in rigid PVC.

Treated PVC/ZnO composites showed better thermal stability and mechanical properties.

FTIR, XRD, and TGA confirmed the surface treatment's impact on composites.
Postlude: A Look Ahead
Authors: Herbst Gernot , Madonski Rafal
Published: November 2024

Here we deal with the future, both nearest and that a bit further. First, supported by the body of knowledge we have put forward with this book, we make a case for using ADRC in the future. Then, we provide key takeaways on how to use ADRC moving forward and how this book can facilitate that. And even though we are heading toward the end of Part II, this is not the end of the book yet. We explain what substantial information is still coming and why it can be especially useful to returning readers. Here we also gather and list all the “cooking recipes” which are ready-to-use procedures to tune and implement all ADRC variants covered in the book. Finally, we take a look at ADRC in a broader sense and discuss possible avenues for its further development.
Aligned yet large dipoles: a SMEFT study
Authors: Bonnefoy Quentin , Kley Jonathan , Liu Di , Rossia Alejo N. , Yao Chang-Yuan
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We study a non-universal flavor scenario at the level of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory, according to which the matrix of Wilson coefficients cuW of an up-type electroweak quark dipole operator is aligned with the up-type Yukawa coupling. Such an alignment usually follows from the assumption of Minimal Flavor Violation (MFV), away from which we step by allowing the entries of cuW to be sizable along the first quark generations. A particular example, which we refer to as “inverse hierarchy MFV”, features Wilson coefficients inversely proportional to quark masses, and arises from BSM models respecting MFV and containing heavy fields that replicate the mass hierarchy of SM quarks. We then analyze the phenomenology driven by cuW at colliders and at lower-energy flavor experiments. We show that precision measurements of the process pp → Wh → γγℓν at FCC-hh could set an upper bound on |cuW| ≲ $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(10−2)(Λ/TeV)2, with Λ the cutoff of the effective field theory. This bound is an order of magnitude stronger than the existing LHC bounds. Moreover, we estimate that Wh → $$ b\overline{b}\ell \nu $$
b

b
¯

ℓ
ν
at HL-LHC could also give competitive bounds. In the low-energy regime, we consider bounds arising from rare kaon decays, which turn out to be loose, |$$ {c}_{uW}^{11} $$

c
uW
11

| <$$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(1)(Λ/TeV)2. We finally demonstrate that our flavor and operator assumptions can be derived from a weakly-coupled UV model, which we choose to simultaneously illustrate the UV origin of inverse hierarchy MFV.
U(1)-charged Dark Matter in three-Higgs-doublet models
Authors: Kunčinas A. , Osland P. , Rebelo M. N.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We explore three-Higgs-doublet models that may accommodate scalar Dark Matter where the stability is based on an unbroken U(1)-based symmetry, rather than the familiar ℤ2 symmetry. Our aim is to classify all possible ways of embedding a U(1) symmetry in a three-Higgs-doublet model. The different possibilities are presented and compared. All these models contain mass-degenerate pairs of Dark Matter candidates due to a U(1) symmetry unbroken (conserved) by the vacuum. Most of these models preserve CP. In the CP-conserving case the pairs can be seen as one being even and the other being odd under CP or as having opposite charges under U(1). Not all symmetries presented here were identified before in the literature, which points to the fact that there are still many open questions in three-Higgs-doublet models. We also perform a numerical exploration of the U(1) × U(1)-symmetric 3HDM, this is the most general phase-invariant (real) three-Higgs-doublet model. The model contains a multi-component Dark Matter sector, with two independent mass scales. After imposing relevant experimental constraints we find that there are possible solutions throughout a broad Dark Matter mass range, 45–2000 GeV, the latter being a scan cutoff.
Discovering heavy neutrino-antineutrino oscillations at the Z-pole
Authors: Antusch Stefan , Hajer Jan , Oliveira Bruno M. S.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Collider-testable type I seesaw extensions of the Standard Model are generally protected by an approximate lepton number (LN) symmetry. Consequently, they predict pseudo-Dirac heavy neutral leptons (HNLs) composed of two nearly degenerate Majorana fields. The interference between the two mass eigenstates can induce heavy neutrino-antineutrino oscillations ($$ N\overline{N}\textrm{Os} $$
N

N
¯

Os
) leading to observable lepton number violation (LNV), even though the LN symmetry is approximately conserved. These $$ N\overline{N}\textrm{Os} $$
N

N
¯

Os
could be resolved in long-lived HNL searches at collider experiments, such as the proposed Future Circular e+e− Collider (FCC-ee) or Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). However, during their Z-pole runs, the LN carried away by the light (anti)neutrinos produced alongside the HNLs prevents LNV from being observed directly. Nevertheless, $$ N\overline{N}\textrm{Os} $$
N

N
¯

Os
materialise as oscillating signatures in final state distributions. We discuss and compare a selection of such oscillating observables, and perform a Monte Carlo simulation to assess the parameter space in which $$ N\overline{N}\textrm{Os} $$
N

N
¯

Os
could be resolved.
Large pseudoscalar Yukawa couplings in the complex 3HDM
Authors: Boto Rafael , Lourenco Luis , Romão Jorge C. , Silva Joao P.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

As LHC’s Run3 unfolds, we peer deeper into the couplings of the 125GeV Higgs (h125) and also test for extra scalars. Even before such extra scalars are found, one can probe them by using the fact that theories with multiple Higgs doublets allow for substantial deviations of the couplings of h125 from their SM values. Indeed, the observed couplings already place stringent limits on such theories. We investigate the curious possibility that h125 couples to the top quark mostly as a scalar, while it couples to the bottom quark mostly as a pseudoscalar. This possibility was allowed by 2017 data for the so-called C2HDM; a two Higgs doublet model with a single source of explicit CP violation. It was shown recently that this possibility disappears when using the full experimental data of 2024. Here we discuss a three Higgs doublet with explicit CP violation (C3HDM), and show that the curious CP-even/CP-odd t/b possibility is partly resuscitated, prompting further experimental exploration of this prospect.
Category of SET orders
Authors: Lan Tian , Yue Gen , Wang Longye
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We propose the representation principle to study physical systems with a given symmetry. In the context of symmetry enriched topological orders, we give the appropriate representation category, the category of SET orders, which include SPT orders and symmetry breaking orders as special cases. For fusion n-category symmetries, we show that the category of SET orders encodes almost all information about the interplay between symmetry and topological orders, in a natural and canonical way. These information include defects and boundaries of SET orders, symmetry charges, explicit and spontaneous symmetry breaking, stacking of SET orders, gauging of generalized symmetry, as well as quantum currents (SymTFT or symmetry TO). We also provide a detailed categorical algorithm to compute the generalized gauging. In particular, we proved that gauging is always reversible, as a special type of Morita-equivalence. The explicit data for ungauging, the inverse to gauging, is given.
Non-analytic terms of string amplitudes from partial waves
Authors: Huang Yu-tin , Paul Hynek , Santagata Michele
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We describe a general formalism based on the partial-wave decomposition to compute the iterative s-channel discontinuity of four-point amplitudes at any loop order. As an application, we focus on the low-energy expansions of type I and II superstring amplitudes. Besides providing new results for their leading and sub-leading logarithmic contributions beyond genus one, our approach elucidates the general structure of non-analytic threshold terms. In the case of open strings, the use of orthogonal colour projectors allows us to efficiently compute all contributions from different worldsheet topologies at a given loop order.
Tensor reduction for Feynman integrals with Lorentz and spinor indices
Authors: Goode Jae , Herzog Franz , Kennedy Anthony , Teale Sam , Vermaseren Jos
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We present an efficient graphical approach to construct projectors for the tensor reduction of multi-loop Feynman integrals with both Lorentz and spinor indices in D dimensions. An ansatz for the projectors is constructed making use of its symmetry properties via an orbit partition formula. The graphical approach allows to identify and enumerate the orbits in each case. For the case without spinor indices we find a 1 to 1 correspondence between orbits and integer partitions describing the cycle structure of certain bi-chord graphs. This leads to compact combinatorial formulae for the projector ansatz. With spinor indices the graph-structure becomes more involved, but the method is equally applicable. Our spinor reduction formulae are based on the antisymmetric basis of γ matrices, and make use of their orthogonality property. We also provide a new compact formula to pass into the antisymmetric basis. We compute projectors for vacuum tensor Feynman integrals with up to 32 Lorentz indices and up to 4 spinor indices. We discuss how to employ the projectors in problems with external momenta.
Classics in abdominal radiology: the jumping deer sign
Authors: Elliott Samantha , Taros Trent , Lustig Adam
Published: November 2024

The “jumping deer sign” is an ultrasonographic pattern that aids in identifying normal liver anatomy and distinguishing it from pathology. It includes the portal vein (deer’s head and body), the gallbladder or cystic duct (tail), and the inferior vena cava (obstacle). This sign helps differentiate portal veins from intrahepatic ducts, crucial for diagnosing conditions like portal hypertension. It also assists in identifying gallbladder pathologies and assessing the IVC for hydration status. The jumping deer sign provides a clear reference for clinicians, improving diagnostic accuracy, especially for those with limited ultrasound experience.
Biological augmentation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone marrow aspirate concentrate: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Park Jae Yong , Ng Hing Cheung James Andrew , Todorov Dominik , Park Shin Young , Lim Hayeon , Shin Eunjae , Yoon Angelina , Ha Joon
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Biological augmentation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) is gaining attention for its theoretical potential to enhance postoperative healing and recovery. However, its clinical benefits remain uncertain, and its high cost raises questions about efficacy. Hence, we systematically reviewed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness of BMAC in ACL reconstruction.

Methods

Our search included Cochrane, EMBASE, OVID, PubMed, and Scopus databases for RCTs evaluating the use of BMAC in ACL reconstruction. Primary outcomes focused on International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores and Lysholm scores. Secondary outcomes included MRI-related outcomes and postoperative complications. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration), with heterogeneity assessed using Cochrane’s Q test and I2 statistics.

Results

221 patients from five RCTs were included, with 109 (49.3%) receiving BMAC augmentation. Follow-up ranged from 11.05 to 24 months. No significant differences were found in postoperative IKDC scores between the BMAC and control groups at, three, six and 12 months. The BMAC group had significantly higher IKDC scores at 24 months; however, this difference was unlikely to be clinically significant. No significant differences were observed in postoperative Lysholm scores at 12 or 24 months. MRI-related outcomes suggested potential graft recovery improvement with BMAC, and complication rates were comparable between groups.

Conclusion

In summary, biological augmentation with BMAC in ACL reconstruction does not significantly improve early patient-reported outcomes but offers potential benefits in graft recovery without increasing complication rates.
Data-based optimisation of intra-hospital patient transport capacity planning
Authors: Kropp Tobias , Gao Yuhao , Lennerts Kunibert
Published: November 2024

Efficient and timely organisational healthcare processes are urgent for patient satisfaction and medical success in hospitals. Despite process analysis and problem identification, there are especially challenges in evaluating and implementing planning alternatives. This is also valid for the planning of resource capacities. There are currently few use cases that offer data-driven, automated solutions and typically significant effort in modeling complex processes and systems is involved. Therefore, we explore the use of a combination of neural networks and metaheuristic algorithms to optimise organisational capacity planning in healthcare. These techniques allow for autonomous learning and optimisation of processes. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is developed in a use case utilising data from approximately 3.5 years of accompanied intra-hospital patient transport in a German hospital in order to be able to make accurate predictions about delayed transports on a day of the week basis. A data preprocessing was performed, aggregating case-wise transportation information into hourly information to serve as input and labelling data for the MLP training. Using a genetic algorithm (GA), hourly input variables such as the number of active transporters, the number of planned transports, or the automation rate of transport dispatching are adapted in order to reduce the model predicted number of delayed transports throughout a day. Through this approach, a theoretical reduction in delayed transports on a day of the week ranging from 27% to 42% could be achieved merely through resource reallocating, without adding additional resources. The performance of both MLP and GA are validated using various measures.
In Silico Clinical Trial for Osteoporosis Treatments to Prevent Hip Fractures: Simulation of the Placebo Arm
Authors: Savelli Giacomo , Oliviero Sara , La Mattina Antonino A. , Viceconti Marco
Published: November 2024

Osteoporosis represents a major healthcare concern. The development of novel treatments presents challenges due to the limited cost-effectiveness of clinical trials and ethical concerns associated with placebo-controlled trials. Computational models for the design and assessment of biomedical products (In Silico Trials) are emerging as a promising alternative. In this study, a novel In Silico Trial technology (BoneStrength) was applied to replicate the placebo arms of two concluded clinical trials and its accuracy in predicting hip fracture incidence was evaluated. Two virtual cohorts (N = 1238 and 1226, respectively) were generated by sampling a statistical anatomy atlas based on CT scans of proximal femurs. Baseline characteristics were equivalent to those reported for the clinical cohorts. Fall events were sampled from a Poisson distribution. A multiscale stochastic model was implemented to estimate the impact force associated to each fall. Finite Element models were used to predict femur strength. Fracture incidence in 3 years follow-up was computed with a Markov chain approach; a patient was considered fractured if the impact force associated with a fall exceeded femur strength. Ten realizations of the stochastic process were run to reach convergence. Each realization required approximately 2500 FE simulations, solved using High-Performance Computing infrastructures. Predicted number of fractures was 12 ± 2 and 18 ± 4 for the two cohorts, respectively. The predicted incidence range consistently included the reported clinical data, although on average fracture incidence was overestimated. These findings highlight the potential of BoneStrength for future applications in drug development and assessment.
New insights in tobacco radiotoxicity: on the research of 210Po in modern heated tobacco product—radioactivity, distribution, and dose assessment
Authors: Szarłowicz Katarzyna , Wójcik Sylwia
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the study was to assess the radiological risk to users and the environment related to the Glo system used to heat tobacco. The concentration of 210Po, radioactivity per cartridge, and radiation dose assessment were evaluated. For comparison purposes, to present the exposure scale, the same analyses were also performed for several traditional cigarettes. The tests were carried out on an alpha spectrometer equipped with a PIPS detector. After examining 60 samples, the concentration of 210Po was found in tobacco that was a filling of Neo cartridges and in traditional cigarettes. 210Po concentrations [in mBq∙g−1] in heated tobacco were higher than in unheated. After heating, a little release of polonium (mBq per cartridge) was observed. The research was also done taking into account the flavor of the Neo cartridges and cartridges from different packages. The 210Po concentrations in heated Neo cartridges were greater than 30 mBq∙g−1 and in traditional cigarettes up to 50 mBq∙g−1. The estimated annual effective dose for Neo cartridges was lower than that for traditional smoking. However, it cannot be concluded that the use of Neo cartridges is healthier and does not affect the environment. What is disturbing is the increase in the number of cartridges used daily, resulting in the creation of waste containing 210Po and, of course, a higher effective dose received by the user.
Large strain consolidation model for very soft soils with prefabricated horizontal drains considering nonlinear compression and creep
Authors: Li Peng-Lin , Song Ding-Bao , Yin Zhen-Yu , Yin Jian-Hua
Published: November 2024

The use of horizontal drains assisted by vacuum loading is an effective method for speeding up the consolidation of dredged soil slurry. However, few studies developed models for the large strain consolidation of clayey slurry with prefabricated horizontal drains (PHDs) under self-weight and vacuum loading considering the effects of nonlinear compression and creep. This study introduces a PHD-assisted finite strain consolidation model considering nonlinear compression and limited creep by incorporating an improved elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equation. Firstly, the governing equations for the consolidation of very soft soil with PHDs were derived and solved by the finite-difference method. Subsequently, the proposed consolidation model was verified by comparing the calculations with the finite element solutions, a laboratory model test, and a field trial performed in Hong Kong. Good agreement with the numerical solutions and measured results indicates that the proposed model can capture the consolidation features with PHD combining staged filling and time-dependent vacuum loading. Then, the proposed model was used to estimate a self-weight consolidation test and field test in Japan to show the performance of the proposed model. Finally, parametric studies were conducted to explore the influence of nonlinear compression and creep on the consolidation of soft soil with PHDs.
System log isolation for containers
Authors: Wang Kun , Wu Song , Cui Yanxiang , Huang Zhuo , Fan Hao , Jin Hai
Published: November 2024

Container-based virtualization is increasingly popular in cloud computing due to its efficiency and flexibility. Isolation is a fundamental property of containers and weak isolation could cause significant performance degradation and security vulnerability. However, existing works have almost not discussed the isolation problems of system log which is critical for monitoring and maintenance of containerized applications. In this paper, we present a detailed isolation analysis of system log in current container environment. First, we find several system log isolation problems which can cause significant impacts on system usability, security, and efficiency. For example, system log accidentally exposes information of host and co-resident containers to one container, causing information leakage. Second, we reveal that the root cause of these isolation problems is that containers share the global log configuration, the same log storage, and the global log view. To address these problems, we design and implement a system named private logs (POGs). POGs provides each container with its own log configuration and stores logs individually for each container, avoiding log configuration and storage sharing, respectively. In addition, POGs enables private log view to help distinguish which container the logs belong to. The experimental results show that POGs can effectively enhance system log isolation for containers with negligible performance overhead.
Jaw exercise in head and neck cancer patients for prevention of temporomandibular disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Saghafi Ellie , Kadhim Kalid , Andås Charlotte Andrén , Cahlin Birgitta Johansson , Finizia Caterina , Axelsson Therese , Kjeller Göran , Tuomi Lisa
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To prospectively evaluate the effect of a preventive jaw-training intervention program on the development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients treated for head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

We randomized 58 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck area into two groups before initiation of a curatively intended oncologic treatment: training with a jaw mobilizer once a day or a control group without active exercise. A comprehensive examination according to diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) was conducted at baseline (before oncologic treatment) 6 and 12 months after completed radiation therapy (RT). The patients recorded training frequency in a diary.

Results

There were significant differences in the changes of maximal incisal opening (MIO) between the intervention and control groups at 6 and 12 months compared to baseline (p = 0.010 and p = 0.012, respectively) with more deterioration in the control group. The control group had a higher prevalence of TMD diagnosis at the 6-month follow-up (p = 0.010) and a close to significant level at the 12-month follow-up (p = 0.055).

Conclusion

This unique study, which evaluates the effect of a preventive jaw-training program for prevention of TMD in patients with HNC undergoing high dose RT, found that the preventive jaw-training program could prevent the deterioration of MIO and development of TMD.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

This preventive exercise program could prevent the deterioration in MIO and the development of TMD in HNC patients, leading to less pain and better jaw function.
Micro- and Nano-structures Formed in Silicon Germanium Undergoing Laser Melting for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Welch Ryan , Şişik Bengisu , LeBlanc Saniya
Published: November 2024

Thermoelectric materials offer a unique solution for active cooling or conversion of heat to electricity within a thermal protection system due to their solid-state nature. Yet, the integration of thermoelectrics into thermal protection systems is hindered by conventional manufacturing processes, which limit the material’s shape. Laser additive manufacturing can enable freeform shapes that allow integration of thermoelectrics into systems that are favorable for thermoelectric energy conversion. Through modeling and experimentation, this work presents single melt line processing and structures of silicon germanium, a high-temperature thermoelectric material, for laser powder bed fusion. Experiments consisted of single melt lines with an Nd-YAG laser and 50-µm spot size on Si50Ge50 and Si80Ge20 powder compacts. We found that laser processing of silicon germanium alloys causes oxidation and processing defects that are resolved through rescanning strategies. Rapid cooling results in a microstructure with silicon-rich grains and germanium entrapped near grain boundaries for Si80Ge20 and dendritic structures in Si50Ge50 which are linked to the degree of undercooling during solidification. Laser-processed silicon germanium contains crystalline defects, nanoscale precipitates, and an average grain size of 24 µm. This work informs laser additive manufacturing of silicon germanium parts and uncovers process-structure relationships of laser-processed silicon germanium alloys.
A Review of Implementation Strategies to Enhance PrEP Delivery for People Experiencing Housing Insecurity: Advancing a Multifaceted High-Touch, Low-Barrier Approach
Authors: Velloza Jennifer , Mehtani Nicky J. , Hickey Matthew D. , Imbert Elizabeth , Appa Ayesha , Riley Elise D.
Published: November 2024

Purpose of Review

This review summarizes key implementation strategies to advance oral and long-acting PrEP delivery for unstably housed people in the United States.

Recent Findings

People experiencing homelessness and housing instability face barriers to PrEP uptake and adherence including lack of safe medication storage, competing basic needs, insurances issues, and/or mental health or substance use disorders. Recent advancements in HIV treatment and prevention provide evidence on high-touch, low-barrier implementation approaches to address these challenges. We compiled these approaches into a multi-component implementation strategy, “SHELTER”, which includes: low-barrier primary care, case management, incentives, outreach, care coordination, multidisciplinary provider collaboration, data tracking, and robust provider-patient relationships.

The US has fallen short of our Ending the Epidemic targets, in part due to challenges in PrEP delivery for people experiencing housing instability. SHELTER provides a comprehensive approach for considering critical components of HIV prevention for this population that can be used in future oral and long-acting PrEP programs.
The effects of the Hand in Hand: Empowering Teachers(HAND: ET) programme on teacher burnout in Slovenia. Do experience and baseline emotional competencies matter?
Authors: Kozina Ana
Published: November 2024

As burnout affects teachers’ health and well-being, as well as their teaching understanding interventions beneficial for prevention is crucial. In this study, we explored possible predictors of the decrease in the dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, cognitive weariness) after the HAND: ET intervention. We used following predictors: teachers’ experience (professional experience and previous experience of activities supporting emotional competencies) and baseline emotional competencies (self-awareness (operationalised as mindfulness), and self-management (operationalised as emotional self-efficacy)). We used data gathered from the Shirom−Melamed Burnout Questionnaire, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, the Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale, and a set of demographic questions in a Slovene sample of in-service teachers (N = 185). Teachers’ experiences were not significant predictors of a decrease in any of the dimension of burnout, while baseline emotional competencies, were significant predictors of emotional exhaustion. The findings support the universal nature of the HAND: ET intervention as well as the importance of continuous support for teachers’ emotional competencies.
Wireless Devices for Optical Brain Stimulation: A Review of Current Developments for Optogenetic Applications in Freely Moving Mice
Authors: Silva Patrícia , Jacinto Luis
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Optogenetics is an invaluable tool to study brain circuits, but typical systems rely on tethered approaches to deliver light to the brain that hinder natural behavior. With the increasing prevalence of complex behavioral phenotyping in neuroscience experiments, wireless devices for optical stimulation offer great promise to overcome these limitations.

Methods

In this work we critically review recent systems engineering and device design approaches to deliver light to the brain with wireless operation for optogenetic experiments.

Results

We describe strategies used for wireless control and communication, wireless power transfer, and light delivery to the brain with a focus on device integration for in vivo operation in freely behaving mice.

Conclusion

Recent advances in optoelectronic systems, material science, and microtechnology have enabled the design and realization of miniaturized wirelessly-controlled optical stimulators for true untethered experiments in rodent models.
More Weakly Biharmonic Maps from the Ball to the Sphere
Authors: Branding Volker
Published: November 2024

In this note we prove the existence of two proper biharmonic maps between the Euclidean ball of dimension bigger than four and Euclidean spheres of appropriate dimensions. We will also show that, in low dimensions, both maps are unstable critical points of the bienergy.
An Analysis of FDA Warning Letter Citations from 2019-2023
Authors: Kwiecinski George
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study investigates trends in the issuance of FDA warning letters from 2019 to 2023. The paper aims to assess past and present FDA statements of inspection efficiency from a quantitative and qualitative perspective.

Methods

An analytical approach combining regex filtering and web scraping was developed to log citations of law within FDA warning letters. The process included identifying recurring keywords for categorization by keyword, department, and legal reference.

Results

From 2019 to 2023, the FDA went from issuing a warning letter 2.98 times per 100 inspections to 4.27 times per 100 inspections, a 43% increase in warning letters issued per 100 inspections.

Conclusions

From 2019 to 2023, the FDA issued more warning letters more frequently when compared to inspection volume, reallocating resources and priorities throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
Seltene Erden in Proteinen: von Biorecycling bis zu Designer-Enzymen
Authors: Zeymer Cathleen
Published: November 2024

Due to their distinct magnetic and optical properties, lanthanides are an essential resource for many modern technologies. The increasing knowledge on lanthanide-utilizing bacteria, and the proteins they evolved to specifically bind these metals, fosters new strategies towards bio-inspired lanthanide recycling and separation. Furthermore, de novo designed proteins have been equipped with lanthanide binding sites to develop functional tools such as MRI contrast agents or artificial photoenzymes.
Eine neue Funktion für HIF: die Umstellung des Metabolismus im Zellzyklus
Authors: Dreute Jan , Pfisterer Maximilian , Schmitz M. Lienhard
Published: November 2024

The family of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) is typically activated by low oxygen concentrations. We observed a transient increase of the HIF-1α protein levels during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, designated as G1-HIF. This cell cycle-regulated form of HIF ensures cell proliferation and survival under conditions of metabolic stress by increasing the levels of key metabolites during the cell cycle. The generation of G1-HIF depends on an AMPK-mediated signaling pathway.
Neuartige synthetische Wirkstoffe zur Tuberkulosebekämpfung
Authors: Krysenko Sergii , Purder Patrick , Hausch Felix , Wohlleben Wolfgang
Published: November 2024

Humane actinobakterielle Krankheitserreger umfassen Pathogene, wie Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Die Bekämpfung der Infektionskrankheiten, die von solchen Organismen verursacht werden, z. B. Tuberkulose, ist immer noch eine globale Herausforderung. In dieser Arbeit wurden neuartige Inhibitoren generiert, die im Modell-Actinobakterium S. coelicolor die Poly- und Monoaminabbauwege blockieren. Ansatz dieser Verbindungen könnte Behandlungsoptionen bei mykobakteriellen Infektionen erweitern.
Arbeitszeiten und Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in der Sozialen Arbeit
Authors: Kahl Yvonne , Bauknecht Jürgen
Published: November 2024

Die Berufsgruppe der Sozialen Arbeit wird auf Basis der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2018 im Vergleich mit anderen Berufen hinsichtlich Umfang und Lage der Arbeitszeiten (abends/nachts, samstags, sonntags), geforderter Flexibilität (Bereitschaftsdienst, Rufbereitschaft, Arbeit auf Abruf), Vereinbarkeit von Arbeitszeitplanung mit privaten und familiären Interessen sowie – bei Beschäftigten mit Kindern – hinsichtlich beruflicher und privater Abstriche aufgrund der Kinder analysiert. Frauen mit Kindern unter 18 Jahren im Haushalt sind in der Sozialen Arbeit deutlich seltener gefordert Abend- oder Nachtarbeit zu leisten als in anderen Berufen. Auch Samstagsarbeit ist bei dieser Gruppe seltener, die Sonntagsarbeit jedoch mehr ausgeprägt als in anderen Berufen. Sozialarbeiterinnen mit Kindern unter 18 Jahren im Haushalt sind zudem mit starker arbeitgeberseitig geforderter Flexibilität konfrontiert. Die Möglichkeit der Rücksichtnahme auf private und familiäre Interessen bei der Arbeitszeitplanung liegt in der Sozialen Arbeit auf durchschnittlichem Niveau, deutlich höher jedoch als bei Lehrer*innen und Pflegekräften. Bei den beruflichen Abstrichen durch Kinder liegen Sozialarbeiterinnen auf demselben Niveau wie die große Gruppe anderer Berufe, unterscheiden sich aber von Erzieher*innen, Lehrer*innen und Pflegekräften. Bei weiblichen Beschäftigten mit Kindern unter 18 Jahren im Haushalt zeigt sich auf Ebene der Berufsgruppen, dass berufliche und private Abstriche durch Kinder stark negativ korreliert sind. Es muss von einer notwendigen Inkaufnahme in mindestens einem Bereich ausgegangen werden, was bei männlichen Beschäftigten derselben Haushaltskonstellation nicht der Fall ist. Sozialarbeiterinnen bewegen sich bei ihrer Entscheidung für den Bereich, in dem Abstriche in Kauf genommen werden, im Durchschnitt der Berufsgruppen. Handlungsbedarfe ergeben sich mit Blick auf Führung, Dienstplanung und Teambedingungen. Als Zielsetzung kann eine Stärkung männlicher Involvierung in das Familienleben gelten.
Bioinspired Ultrasensitive Flexible Strain Sensors for Real-Time Wireless Detection of Liquid Leakage
Authors: Zhou Weilong , Du Yu , Chen Yingying , Zhang Congyuan , Ning Xiaowei , Xie Heng , Wu Ting , Hu Jinlian , Qu Jinping
Published: November 2024

Liquid leakage of pipeline networks not only results in considerable resource wastage but also leads to environmental pollution and ecological imbalance. In response to this global issue, a bioinspired superhydrophobic thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon nanotubes/graphene nanosheets flexible strain sensor (TCGS) has been developed using a combination of micro-extrusion compression molding and surface modification for real-time wireless detection of liquid leakage. The TCGS utilizes the synergistic effects of Archimedean spiral crack arrays and micropores, which are inspired by the remarkable sensory capabilities of scorpions. This design achieves a sensitivity of 218.13 at a strain of 2%, which is an increase of 4300%. Additionally, it demonstrates exceptional durability by withstanding over 5000 usage cycles. The robust superhydrophobicity of the TCGS significantly enhances sensitivity and stability in detecting small-scale liquid leakage, enabling precise monitoring of liquid leakage across a wide range of sizes, velocities, and compositions while issuing prompt alerts. This provides critical early warnings for both industrial pipelines and potential liquid leakage scenarios in everyday life. The development and utilization of bioinspired ultrasensitive flexible strain sensors offer an innovative and effective solution for the early wireless detection of liquid leakage.
Neutron skin and its effects in heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Ding Meng-Qi , Fang De-Qing , Ma Yu-Gang
Published: November 2024

Neutron skin is an exotic phenomenon that occurs in unstable nuclei. In this study, the various effects of the neutron skin on nuclear reactions and their relationship with the properties of nuclear structures are reviewed. Based on numerous studies using theoretical models, strong correlations have been found between the neutron skin thickness and the neutron removal cross section, neutron/proton yield ratio, $$\hbox {t}/{^3\hbox {He}}$$

t
/

3

He

yield ratio, neutron–proton momentum difference, isoscaling parameter, photon production, reaction cross sections for neutron-induced reactions, charge-changing cross-sectional differences of mirror nuclei, astrophysical S-factor, and other quantities in nuclear reactions induced by neutron-rich nuclei. Moreover, the relationships between the neutron skin thickness and certain properties of the nuclear structure, such as $$\alpha$$
α
-cluster formation, $$\alpha$$
α
decay, nuclear surface, nuclear temperature, and proton radii difference of mirror nuclei, have also been investigated. Furthermore, it has also been shown that the neutron skin plays a crucial role in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Experimentally, an unstable nucleus with a neutron skin can be generated by radioactive nuclear beam facilities, and the thickness of the neutron skin can be extracted by measuring the sensitive probes, which further helps impose stringent constraints on the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter and the properties of neutron stars.
Temperament and Child Development in Context
Authors: Lengua Liliana J. , Gartstein Maria A. , Zhou Qing , Colder Craig R. , Jacques Debrielle T.
Published: November 2024

Children's temperament is a central individual characteristic that has significant implications, directly and indirectly, for their social, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and health outcomes, through its evocative and moderating effects on other social and contextual influences. Accounting for these contextual influences is critical to articulating the role of temperament in children's development. This Element defines temperament and describes its roots in neurobiological systems as well as its relevance to children's developmental outcomes, with a focus on understanding the influence of temperament in children's social and environmental contexts. It covers key developmental periods, situating the contribution of temperament to children's development in complex and changing processes and contexts from infancy through adolescence. The Element concludes by underscoring the value of integrating contextual, relational, and dynamic systems approaches and pointing to future directions in temperament research and application.
Active Particles Methods in Economics
Authors: Bellomo Nicola , Burini Diletta , Secchini Valeria , Terna Pietro
Published: November 2024

The aim of this Element is to understand how far mathematical theories based on active particle methods have been applied to describe the dynamics of complex systems in economics, and to look forward to further research perspectives in the interaction between mathematics and economics. The mathematical theory of active particles and the theory of behavioural swarms are selected for the above interaction. The mathematical approach considered in this work takes into account the complexity of living systems, which is a key feature of behavioural economics. The modelling and simulation of the dynamics of prices within a heterogeneous population is reviewed to show how mathematical tools can be used in real applications.
Norm Contestation in the BHR Field—The Role of Corporate Actors as Entrepreneurs, Antipreneurs, and Saboteurs
Authors: Ogunranti Akinwumi
Published: November 2024

The quest for corporate accountability remains unabated in the business and human rights (BHR) field. This paper examines the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) and Business Interest Associations (BIA) as entrepreneurs, antipreneurs and saboteurs in setting human rights standards. Through this conceptualization, this paper argues that corporate accountability remains elusive because of corporate actors’ normative power and influence in the BHR norm contestation. It attributes corporate actors’ influence in the norm contestation to the UN multistakeholder design that sees nonstate actors as partners and stakeholders in setting global human rights standards. This article then argues that to force a norm change in the BHR field, there is a need to rethink the BHR governance model. Corporate actors must be reconceptualized as ‘regulated individuals’ during norm discussions and standard-setting processes.
Product family engineering along the life cycle – research aspects to cope with variability in advanced systems
Authors: Berschik Markus Christian , Zuefle Marc , Laukotka Fabian Niklas , Krause Dieter
Published: November 2024

The evolutionary development of advanced systems (AS) leads to a necessary rethinking of how they can be supported methodically and in terms of processes in product development. Advanced systems engineering (ASE) offers a novel and holistically adaptive approach to facing such challenges in a structured way. However, many of the ASE use cases relate to the development of systems as products, product networks or individual projects. The additional consideration of entire modular product families within AS offers a further decisive advantage for companies, organisations and the people in ASE. By considering modular product families along the entire life cycle in a product family engineering (PFE), the approaches of ASE can bring their impact and potential to additional system levels occurring when considering product families. The systems, which become complex through variety and collaboration, are broken down into their system elements in a structured way and prepared for a common interdisciplinary understanding, as conveyed by ASE. In this paper, the PFE is presented in excerpts using examples of various aspects and points in time of the product’s life as a complementary approach for ASE.
The fluid mechanics of active flow control at very large scales
Authors: Meneveau Charles
Published: November 2024

Losses due to wake interactions between wind turbines can significantly reduce the power output of wind farms. The possibility of active flow control by wake deflection downstream of yawed horizontal-axis wind turbines has motivated research on the fluid mechanics involved. We summarize the findings of a wind tunnel study (Bastankhah & Porté-Agel, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 806, 2016, pp. 506–541) of the flow associated with a yawed model wind turbine, and the insights and modelling developments that have followed this important study.