bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First-principles electrostatic potentials for reliable alignment at interfaces and defects
Authors: Sundararaman Ravishankar , Ping Yuan
Published: March 2017

The alignment of electrostatic potential between different atomic configurations is necessary for first-principles calculations of band offsets across interfaces and formation energies of charged defects. However, strong oscillations of this potential at the atomic scale make alignment challenging, especially when atomic geometries change considerably from bulk to the vicinity of defects and interfaces. We introduce a method to suppress these strong oscillations by eliminating the deep wells in the potential at each atom. We demonstrate that this method considerably improves the system-size convergence of a wide range of first-principles predictions that depend on the alignment of electrostatic potentials, including band offsets at solid-liquid interfaces, and formation energies of charged vacancies in solids and at solid surfaces in vacuum. Finally, we use this method in conjunction with continuum solvation theories to investigate energetics of charged vacancies at solid-liquid interfaces. We find that for the example of an NaCl (001) surface in water, solvation reduces the formation energy of charged vacancies by 0.5 eV: calculation of this important effect was previously impractical due to the computational cost in molecular-dynamics methods.
Capability of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy about nanoscale analysis of strained silicon for semiconductor devices production
Authors: Lucia Arianna , Cacioppo Onofrio Antonino , Iulianella Enrico , Latessa Luca , Moccia Giuseppe , Passeri Daniele , Rossi Marco
Published: March 2017

Localized strained silicon was observed with a suitable resolution in a real semiconductor device by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The device was made via a standard industrial process and its silicon trench isolation structures were used for the silicon strain analysis obtaining results according to finite element method-based simulation data. We have achieved a reliable and repeatable enhancement factor obtaining a trace of strained silicon along the structure with suitable nanometer spatial resolution compatible with IC industry requirements. We demonstrate that the complexity to analyze a real 3D structure, directly from the production lines and not ad hoc realized, entails the challenges to individuate the optimal tip shape, tip contact angle, tip composition, tip positioning system, laser power, and wavelength to achieve an appropriate plasmon resonance inducing a relevant signal to noise ratio. This work gives the base to address the development in TERS optimization for real industrial applications.
Thickness dependence of spin wave excitations in an artificial square spin ice-like geometry
Authors: Li Y. , Gubbiotti G. , Casoli F. , Morley S. A. , Gonçalves F. J. T. , Rosamond M. C. , Linfield E. H. , Marrows C. H. , McVitie S. , Stamps R. L.
Published: March 2017

We present a comparative study of the spin wave properties in two magnetic films patterned into an artificial square spin ice-like geometry. The array elements are rectangular islands with the same lateral dimensions but with different thicknesses: 10 nm and 30 nm. Using Brillouin light scattering, the frequencies of spin wave excitations were measured as a function of the magnetic field going from positive to negative saturation. We find substantial changes with thickness to spin wave mode frequencies and the number of detected modes. Frequencies of spin waves localized at element edges are observed to evolve non-monotonically with magnetic fields and soften at critical fields. These critical fields enable us to extract information of the magnetization reversal of individual islands within the array. Finally, we discuss the effects of separation between islands and examine the possibilities for dynamic coupling through the overlap of collective edge modes.
Surface magnetism and proximity effects in hexaboride thin films
Authors: Cen Cheng , Ma Yanjun , Wang Qiang , Eom Chang-Beom
Published: March 2017

The unexpected ferromagnetism in alkaline hexaborides has attracted extensive research efforts. The exceptionally high Curie temperature sustained by very low density of magnetic moments is yet to be clearly understood. Here, we report the magnetic properties studied in CaB6 and SrB6 thin films and their heterostructures with SmB6 grown by pulsed laser deposition. A coexistence of ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic orders with 2D-type magnetic anisotropy was observed in CaB6 and SrB6. Boron deficiency and closely correlated local oxidization were found at the film surface that contacts air and its interface with the oxide substrate. These results suggest that the magnetism observed is likely generated by two thin surface/interface layers with high concentration of boron vacancies which are energetically stabled by oxygen cation. Additionally, clear suppression of the superconductivity proximity effect in SmB6 film was observed when SmB6 was grown on top of the magnetic CaB6. Such results demonstrate the interesting perspective of engineering multifunctional heterostructures by coupling the surface magnetic layer with the diversity of other hexaboride materials.
Elucidation of fine-scale genetic structure of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) populations in Papua New Guinea and northern Australia
Authors: Nowland Samantha J. , Southgate Paul C. , Basiita Rose K. , Jerry Dean R.
Published: March 2017

The development of a sandfish (Holothuria scabra) mariculture industry within Papua New Guinea (PNG) is of great socio-economic importance. However, the lack of knowledge surrounding the current population genetic structure throughout the region has raised concern about the genetic impacts of hatchery-augmented sea ranching on already diminished wild populations. The present study evaluated the current population genetic structure of sandfish within PNG, and more broadly across northern Australia, to inform sustainable mariculture practices and provide baseline genetic data within these regions. Microsatellite-based population genetic analyses were used to determine the genetic diversity within subpopulations. This analysis found that although microsatellite loci varied widely in the number of alleles (3–28), the overall allelic diversity was similar among all populations sampled. The level of genetic substructuring among all populations sampled was low, although significant (FST=0.037, P=0.000). Most of these differences were driven by distinctness of the Australian populations from those in PNG, whereby results indicated that PNG populations exhibited a panmictic stock structure. No distinct patterns of genetic isolation by distance were detected among the populations examined. Information obtained from the present study will improve the management of restocking programs and support a sustainable future for the PNG sandfish mariculture industry.
Cytokine receptor signaling is required for the survival of ALK− anaplastic large cell lymphoma, even in the presence of JAK1/STAT3 mutations
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhang Yong , Petrus Michael N. , Xiao Wenming , Nicolae Alina , Raffeld Mark , Pittaluga Stefania , Bamford Richard N. , Nakagawa Masao , Ouyang Sunny Tianyi , Epstein Alan L. , Kadin Marshall E. , Del Mistro Annarose , Woessner Richard , Jaffe Elaine S. , Waldmann Thomas A.
Published: March 2017

Significance

Activating Janus kinase (JAK) mutations occur only in a minority of T-cell malignancies, which would appear to limit the clinical application of JAK inhibition for these diseases. Our study suggests that targeting JAK might be of value in treating diverse forms of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)
−
anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Most exogenous cytokine-independent ALK− ALCL cells of diverse origins responded to JAK inhibition regardless of JAK mutation status. The JAK inhibitor sensitivity of these cells correlated with their positive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation status. Using retroviral shRNA knockdown, we showed that all JAK inhibitor-sensitive cells were dependent on JAK1/STAT3 for survival. Cytokine receptor signaling and gain-of-function JAK1/STAT3 mutations contribute to JAK1/STAT3 dependency. Our data suggest that JAK inhibition maybe a rational therapy for patients with phosphorylated STAT3
+
ALK− ALCL.
On the survival of humanity
Authors: Frick Johann
Published: March 2017

What moral reasons, if any, do we have to ensure the long-term survival of humanity? This article contrastively explores two answers to this question: according to the first, we should ensure the survival of humanity because we have reason to maximize the number of happy lives that are ever lived, all else equal. According to the second, seeking to sustain humanity into the future is the appropriate response to the final value of humanity itself. Along the way, the article discusses various issues in population axiology, particularly the so-called Intuition of Neutrality and John Broome’s ‘greediness objection’ to this intuition.
Clustering of integrin α5 at the lateral membrane restores epithelial polarity in invasive colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Starchenko Alina , Graves-Deal Ramona , Yang Yu-Ping , Li Cunxi , Zent Roy , Singh Bhuminder , Coffey Robert J.
Published: March 2017

Apicobasolateral polarity is a fundamental property of epithelial cells, and its loss is a hallmark of cancer. Integrin-mediated contact with the extracellular matrix defines the basal surface, setting in motion E-cadherin–mediated cell–cell contact, which establishes apicobasolateral polarity. Role(s) for lateral integrins in this polarization process and the consequences of their disruption are incompletely understood. We show that addition of an integrin β1–activating monoclonal antibody, P4G11, to invasive colorectal cancer cells in three-dimensional type 1 collagen reverts the invasive phenotype and restores apicobasolateral polarity. P4G11 induces clustering of integrin α5β1 at lateral, intercellular surfaces. This leads to deposition and polymerization of fibronectin and recruitment of paxillin to sites of lateral integrin α5β1 clustering and is followed by tight junction formation, as determined by ZO-1 localization. Inducible elimination of integrin α5 abrogates the epithelial-organizing effects of P4G11. In addition, polymerization of fibronectin is required for the effects of P4G11, and addition of polymerized superfibronectin is sufficient to induce tight junction formation and apicobasolateral polarization. In the normal human colon, we show that integrin α5 localizes to the lateral membrane of terminally differentiated colonocytes and that integrin α5 staining may be reduced in colorectal cancer. Thus we propose a novel role for integrin α5β1 in regulating epithelial morphogenesis.
Letter to Stanley Ede
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to his school friend Stanley Ede, ca. 1912-1913, on wanting to be a doctor.
Letter to His Family
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to his family, Donald humorously describes the anticipation of his return home from boarding school in two weeks time. He calls himself ‘the missing one’ and is grateful for his mother’s sending him more money, guessing (by telepathy) that he needed it. He also jokes about a fellow pupil.
The Night Attack
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay written at boarding school, Donald wittily describes a mock military manoeuvre between the school cadets of The Leys School and the Cambridge University army training corp. It is representative of buoyant and enthusiastic schoolboy humour, as well as illustrating the preparation for war in local settings.
Varicella Encephalitis and Vaccinia Encephalitis with Nancy Gibbs
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Gibbs Nancy
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott and Gibbs present two cases, one under the care of Winnicott and Gibbs of varicella encephalitis, and the other a case under the care of Dr H. B. Russell of vaccinia encephalitis. Both cases were patients at the Queen’s Hospital for Children. The two cases are very similar in type and looked clinically like rather severe cases of typical epidemic encephalitis lethargica; in both cases, there was complete recovery.
Encephalitis after Measles and Chicken-pox
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this case, Winnicott presents the case of a two-year-ten-month-old girl who seems to have no power of balancing: the attempt to balance brings about terror which makes apparent a respiratory difficulty.
Abscess in Frontal Lobe: Post-Mortem Findings in Case Shown at a Previous Meeting of the Section with Elizabeth O’Flynn
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , O’Flynn Elizabeth
Published: March 2017

Winnicott and O’Flynn present the case of a six-year-old at death, who had been under observation at the Queen’s Hospital for Children for several years. Besides the odd complaints from which she suffered, it was always felt that some more important disease might be present. The child always did well in hospital and at the convalescent home. Later, acute symptoms pointed directly to intracranial disease, and tuberculous meningitis was expected. A postmortem report revealed a large abscess in the right frontal lobe of the brain, involving the whole anterior half of the right hemisphere, and extremely congested kidneys.
Pathological Sleeping
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott describes the case of a nine-year-old girl Brought to Queen’s Hospital for Children on account of falling asleep in the daytime. This had been a symptom since soon after tonsillectomy at the age of seven years. At the same time, she became very nervous at night-time and began to have nocturnal enuresis. When awake, she was lively, ate well, enjoyed playing games with her friends; at night, she would lie awake and knock until her mother came.
The Nose and Throat
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 4 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott discusses treatment for adenoids and tonsils complaints, noting the craze for removal of the septic foci in cases where the doctor is unable to make the diagnosis Winnicott argues that no physically healthy child should be operated on for removal of tonsils and adenoids.
Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 6 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott introduces the nature and chief manifestations of rheumatic fever He contends that but for the possible complication of heart disease, rheumatic arthritis could be left to take care of itself, and lays down some principles of management.
Anxiety ( continued )
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 13 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott comments on the roles of the child’s doctor and of the child’s parents in the gestation and treatment of anxiety disorders, making particular reference to the sexual enlightenment of the child.
Disease of the Nervous System
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 14 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott uses case histories to distinguish between physical diseases of the nervous system and conditions related to emotional disturbance.
Walking
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 15 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott describes the pleasure gained by the baby in mastering walking and describes some physical and nonphysical causes of delay in the onset of walking, posture and movement.
Convulsions, Fits
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 17 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott discusses the common occurrences of convulsions and fits in infants, using case histories to consider those with organic causes and those without a physical basis.
Contribution to a Discussion on Enuresis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this contribution, Winnicott presents the difficulties and the merits of a psychoanalytic approach to enuresis.
Mental Hygiene of the Pre-School Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott argues that three distinct approaches to the study of the toddler are possible: these concern the physical, the intellectual and the emotional development, respectively. Each has its importance according to Winnicott. He discusses the common tendency to give the first, physical development, more than its share of relative attention, with the idea being that if you look after the body of the little child everything else about him looks after itself.
Review: Wayward Youth
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review of Aichhorn’s influential book Wayward Youth.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter to Roger Money-Kyrle 13 May 1937 on primitive behaviour.
Introduction to Volume 1
Authors: Robinson Ken
Published: March 2017

The Introduction to Volume 1 discusses Winnicott’s early work and life: his medical education at Barts, his early experiences as a paediatrician, his move towards including the psychological side of the study of the baby and child, his subsequent psychoanalytical educational and the beginnings of his integration of paediatrics and psychoanalysis. The author explores Winnicott’s relationship with his paediatric and psychological peers at this early stage in his career, and discusses his influence and the contemporaneous recognition of his work.
Early Disillusion
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott explores a particular analytic case and the early life experience of prohibition of pleasure leading to a secret ongoing fantasy world.
Child Department Consultations
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This is a report to the BPAS on cases that came through their Child Department over a period of one year. Winnicott describes the difficulties and disappointments of the endeavour, as well as its success.
A Doctor Looks at the Psychiatric Social Worker
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this speech delivered to a class of psychiatric social workers, Winnicott gives a personal and specialized account of the value and importance of the psychiatric social worker to the kind of work he does as a doctor, analyst and consultant to provide for children with special social needs.
The Wearing of Masks in the Nursing of Premature and Older Infants (abstract)
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This abstract of a paper given to paediatricians by Winnicott discusses the emotional effect on babies of being nursed by staff wearing medical masks for protection.
Letter to Roger North
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott corresponds with magistrate Roger North about the care and treatment of those young people considered to be delinquent, criminal and in need of confinement.
Introduction to a Symposium on the Psycho-Analytic Contribution to the Theory of Shock Therapy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this introduction to a symposium, Winnicott encourages the Scientific Secretary of the BPAS to set up a research group for the purpose of collecting the fruits of analysts’ individual experiences around shock therapy.
What About Father?
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and essay, Winnicott describes the role of the father in the family set-up and discusses why it is sometimes difficult for a father to take part in his infant’s upbringing. He stresses how important it is that the child has a strong father who can be respected and loved, as well as a loving mother.
What Do We Mean by a Normal Child?
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and essay Winnicott discusses what is meant by normality in the range of behaviour in children, and how difficult it is to define accurately. He suggests that there are two meanings to the word normal. One is useful to the psychologist, who needs a standard, and who has to call everything abnormal that is imperfect. The other is useful to doctors, parents, and teachers when they want to describe a child who seems likely eventually to grow up into a satisfactory member of society, in spite of the fact that symptoms and inconvenient behaviour problems are clearly present.
Ocular Psychoneuroses of Childhood
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott states that whereas the majority of children coming to the eye doctor are able to accept the reassurance that their eyes are either well or that they simply need glasses, a proportion of children are unable to accept reassurance and will feel that something is being hidden from them. In these cases, specialised management is required.
Thinking and the Unconscious
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott deals with the limits of using rational thought in politics, economics, and human affairs without taking the unconscious into consideration. He discusses the concept of Greed and how sound economics acknowledges the existence and value (as well as the danger) of personal and collective Greed and tries to harness it.
Home Again
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and essay, Winnicott deals with the return of children after the end of the evacuation scheme set up during World War II. The essay deals with the official end of evacuation, with mothers returning to the care of their own homes from their stint working in factories, and with the concept of ‘home’ as understood by children.
Children’s Hostels in War and Peace
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay considers Winnicott’s clinic at Paddington Green Children’s Hospital (a medical out-patient department) and describes how it has a proportion of cases needing hostel management. Two broad categories of such children exist in peacetime: (1) homeless children or those whose parents cannot form a stable background where a child can develop and (2) children with a mentally ill parent. Such children need what children who were difficult to billet needed: environmental stability, personal management, and continuity. Winnicott describes his work with the hostels, and the importance of finding a link between the child, the parents, and the hostel wardens. He regrets the closing of wartime hostels, causing the loss of accommodation for the early antisocial cases, and the current existence of practically no provision for mad children.
Educational Diagnosis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay for teachers, Winnicott discusses how doctors make diagnoses and asks: what is the equivalent in schools? Children with different emotional needs require different approaches from their schools. For the child from a stable home, the school is a place for learning and teaching. Other children need help managing moods and dealing with extremes of behaviour, and this requires careful relations between school and home and, ideally, work in small groups. A child who is anti-social and whose home has failed needs special management, and there are those who need school to provide what is lacking at home.
The Child and Sex
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott argues that the basis of sexual health is laid down in childhood, and then reworked in adolescence. The little child’s physical sex feelings include types of fantasy appropriate to their age. In all cases there is a capacity for identification with the parent of either sex, so a child’s fantasy life contains the whole range of relationships, regardless of its own actual sex. Ordinarily a child’s play is enriched by sexual ideas and symbolism. If there is strong sex-inhibition, play-inhibition follows. Normal healthy play is concerned with sexual ideas and symbols, and a sex-inhibited child is a poor companion. Winnicott concludes that many of the fears of childhood are associated with sexual ideas and excitements, and with consequent conscious and unconscious mental conflicts. Difficulties of the sexual life of the child account for many psychosomatic disorders, especially those of a recurring type.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal, Winnicott agrees that clinical reports of leucotomy are needed but hopes that this treatment process will not gain in popularity.
Review: The Personality of the Preschool Child: The Child’s Search for His Self
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review Winnicott describes how this study manages to avoid many of the familiar objections surrounding testing and measuring children. He feels instead the author’s aim is to study the pre-school child and not to churn out statistics. Winnicott finds it interesting, in many respects original, and a welcome non-therapeutic approach.
Primary Introduction to External Reality: The Early Stages
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this lecture, Winnicott discusses the difference between child guidance, paediatrics, and psychiatry. The importance of seeing the child not as a body or a mind but as both as a person is highlighted. The importance of the environment is stressed.
Review: Handbook of Child Guidance
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his review of Handbook of Child Guidance by Ernest Harms, Winnicott expresses the opinion that, although book covers everything, it does not contain one original idea.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The Times, Winnicott frames a response to reports on delinquency, crime, and insanity and emphasises the importance of considering the ‘other half’ of every antisocial act, that is, society’s revenge feelings. Unpunished misdemeanours or crimes swell the reservoir of unconscious public revenge, and it is important to educate the public that the antisocial child or adult is antisocial because he is ill. The law must follow this by considering how far public (unconscious) feeling needs punishment to be given, regardless of the psychiatric diagnosis.
Letter to R. S. Hazlehurst
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This letter to R. S. Hazlehurst is in response to Hazlehurst’s letter on antisocial behaviour, and describes what can be contributed by psychoanalysis.
Review: Art Versus Illness
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review of Art Versus Illness, by Adrian Hill, Winnicott holds that ‘the main idea’ in this book ‘is that when ill people are not too ill they absolutely need help in the management of their souls, or inner worlds, or whatever you call it’ from art-based activity. The negative and positive aspects of the profession of Occupational Therapy are raised. On the whole Winnicott values this book and also values the already artistically inclined trainee for this area of help for those who are ill.
The Baby as a Going Concern
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott emphasises that the mother’s bond with her baby is very powerful at the beginning and that she should be allowed to be preoccupied with her baby at this, the natural, time. The mother’s enjoyment in caring for her child is productive for the baby. Each baby is a going concern. After birth, the baby becomes a lodger in the arms of mother. The baby grows, and the mother provides an environment.
Instincts and Normal Difficulties
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott discusses how ordinary healthy children present all kinds of normal difficulties which are chiefly to do with instincts. In health there are excitements which are derived from impelling physical needs or excitements relating to love. Naturally these needs cannot always be fully satisfied. A mother who sees frustration, anger, or rage in their child knows it does not mean the child is ill. These intense feelings can be painful, and the child may find ways to dampen down his instincts, such as not accepting certain foods. Instincts and excitements of course also arise in relation to excretion and sexual feelings: every possible variation can be found, if one knows enough children. This is not necessarily illness, rather little children discovering all sorts of techniques for managing feelings which are intolerable. Tremendous forces are at work, yet all the mother need to do is to keep the home together, and relief will come through the operation of time.
‘Yes, But How Do We Know It’s True?’
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this talk for psychology and social work students, Winnicott describes why it is no wonder that it is so difficult to learn about psychology. At first students learn about psychology the same way they learn about other things, that is, with no contribution from oneself. In the second stage they ask, ‘Yes, but how do we know this is true?’ While most types of teaching take the student out of themselves, psychology that matters tends to throw the student back into themselves. We are all human beings ourselves, and if we learn about others we learn about ourselves. Winnicott describes the problem of learning about dynamic psychology based on knowledge, rather than dealing with children, or indeed with people at all.
Review: The Inner World of Man: With Psychological Drawings and Paintings
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review Winnicott expresses his opinion that the book has more to do with religion than psychology.
Letter to Melanie Klein
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott writes of the response to his paper ‘Anxiety Associated with Insecurity’ to defend people, himself included, who may develop Klein's ideas in their own way. He tells Klein that her ideas will only live if they are rediscovered and reformulated by people who possess originality, within the psycho-analytic movement and outside it. He believes that her work made him and others see that insanity will one day be understood mainly in psychological terms, but decries the fact that the psychology of artistic creation and the creativity that infuses life in general is not covered in her work.
Review: Maternal Care and Mental Health
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, written with Masud Khan, Winnicott describes Bowlby as ranging ‘widely over the subject, giving us the benefit of his experience which is enriched by his study of the literature’. Winnicott judges the chapter on theoretical problems unsatisfactory. Theoretical statements in the other chapters are much more satisfying although more popularly phrased.
Two Adopted Children
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay discusses the problems of adoption. Children, Winnicott says, do not have to thank their parents for their conception. With adopted children it is otherwise. Difficulties can often be predicted at the time of adoption, and he believes that problems here link up with the psychology of the deprived child; when the early history has not been good enough in respect of the environment, the foster-mother is taking on ‘a case’ rather than a child, and in becoming a mother she becomes a therapist of a deprived child.
Letter to W. Clifford M. Scott
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott regrets the position he took on Scott’s paper at a recent scientific meeting and outlines his own difference from Klein on the achievement of the ‘depressive position’ in psychic development.
Letter to Harry Guntrip
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Guntrip for the paper he sent him on blocked analysis and discusses situations when something more than interpretation is needed in an analysis. He is interested in the idea of the introjection of the bad object and why the original introjection should be bad. He thinks this bypasses the origins of internal objects and Klein’s work.
Review: Clinical Management of Behavior Disorders in Children
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott praises the Bakwins for their efforts to link the work of paediatricians and child psychiatrists, but he finds that their book lacks a comprehensive psychological theory.
Letter to Thomas Stapleton
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This letter forms an exchange with his colleague Stapleton to canvass opinion for a memorandum on homosexuality from Paddington Green Hospital.
Play in the Analytic Situation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott emphasises the importance of play in both child and adult analysis. In adult analysis, he says, one expects to rely on dreams, hallucinations, and fantasies, but play is still vitally important.
Withdrawal and Regression
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This paper gives an account of the analysis of a patient who did not actually become clinically regressed, but for whom regressions were localized in momentary withdrawal states which occurred in the analytic sessions. Winnicott states that during these moments of withdrawal unexpected things happen which the patient is sometimes able to report. If the analyst can hold the patient as soon as the withdrawn state appears, then the withdrawal state becomes a regression. Unlike a regression the withdrawn state is not profitable and when the patient recovers from a withdrawn state he or she is not changed. Winnicott further proposes that whenever we understand a patient in a deep way and show that we do so by a correct and well-timed interpretation we are holding the patient, and taking part in a relationship in which the patient is in some degree regressed and dependent.
Holding and Interpretation: Fragment of an Analysis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This is an extended case history of a patient first seen in the early 1940s. This work includes a great deal of interpretation and is an opportunity to see Winnicott at work, and contains discussion of regression, regression to dependence, withdrawal, and interpretation.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to his friend Money-Kyrle suggesting a confidential meeting to discuss differences and difficulties around groups formed within the British Psycho-analytical Society. He is interested in Klein’s work and concerned by propaganda about it that is circulating.
Adopted Children in Adolescence
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott expresses his belief that adopted children at adolescence are not the same as other children, finding puberty more of a strain, due to ignorance about their personal origin. Because the adopted child is greatly concerned about heredity and the transmission of unknown genetic factors, adopted children must be clearly told the facts of life.
Letter to Anna Freud
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Anna Freud commending her contribution to Volume 9 of The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. He suggests that he might write something to extend it and wonders if she has a group he might present it to.
Letter to Anna M. Kulka
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Anna M. Kulka, Winnicott congratulates her on her paper ‘Kinesthetic Needs and Motility in Earliest Infancy’, which he found very interesting. He discusses his views of ego development and the oral erotic relationship in infant feeding. He further recommends the paper ‘Importance du rôle de la motricité dans la relation d’objet’, by Pierre Marty et Michael Fain, based on a paper read at the Congress of Psychoanalysis given in 1955.
Address Introducing Margaret Mead, VIIIth Ernest Jones Lecture
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this address, Winnicott as President of the BPAS welcomes Margaret Mead, President of the World Federation Mental Health, as speaker to the eighth Ernest Jones lecture. He describes his own first meeting with Jones before emphasising the value of Mead’s contributions to the understanding of the mother-infant relation.
Letter to Tsuicheu Cheu
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott addresses Dr Tsuicheu Cheu, whom he met at a paediatrics congress in Copenhagen in 1956.
Letter to Martin James
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Martin James, Winnicott thanks him for his comments and remarks that he thinks they are trying to say the same thing when they speak of illusion and disillusionment.
Letter to Mary Applebey
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Mary Applebey, General Secretary of The National Association for Mental Health, Winnicott discusses the pamphlet The Case as the Patient Sees It. Winnicott states his belief that, although he is hesitant to write an introduction for such a work, such patient-focused views can have great value for analysts and social workers carrying out work with these patients.
Foreword to The Case as the Patient Sees It: Psychoanalysis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his Foreword to this volume on psychoanalysis, in the series The Case as the Patient Sees It, Winnicott describes the work as valuable in supporting the perspective of patients.
The Capacity to Be Alone
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott discusses what makes it possible for the human being to develop a capacity to be alone. He states that, at first, for the infant, there is no experience of its own body as separate from the environment (the mother). But gradually the individual takes in the ego-supportive mother and becomes able to be alone without frequent reference to the mother or mother symbol. To arrive at what Winnicott calls the stage of ‘I am’ in the self, is only possible because of a protective environment from the very early stages onwards, when the mother is preoccupied with the infant and orientated to his ego requirements through her identification with him and his needs. In time the individual becomes able to forgo the actual presence of a mother or mother-figure.
Letter to Augusta Bonnard
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott commends August Bonnard on the work she sent him to read, and recognizes her own genuine contribution to the area that both he and Rene Spitz, in their different ways, have advanced on the subject of primary maternal preoccupation.
The Mother’s Contribution to Society
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This piece of writing is the postcript to the collection of Winnicott’s first series of broadcast talks. In it Winnicott states that the roles of fathers and mothers, especially mothers, in bringing up their children has not been fully recognized for the major task that it is. He also suggests that if mothers are not sufficiently recognized and valued, there can be a vague unacknowledged societal fear of a dependence upon, and domination by, woman. Winnicott assumes most mothers know what their children need intuitively and are unlikely to read books such as his own.
Health Education Through Broadcasting
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses his opinion of the uses of the broadcast media to promote health education in terms of psychology, and not just in terms of matters of physical health or of the prevention and treatment of diseases.
Letter to Anna Freud
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Anna Freud for her presentation at the Royal Society of Medicine, noting its great importance for the development of a relationship between psychoanalysis and psychiatry in Britain.
Letter to Joan Riviere
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Joan Riviere, Winnicott thanks her for her helpful notes to him in his preparation of the Ernest Jones obituary. He also regrets that she is upset about notices he had sent out as President about her birthday celebrations and a party that had been organised for her by Paula Heimann.
Child Analysis in the Latency Period
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this talk to the International Congress of Child Psychiatry in Lisbon, Winnicott discusses what may be the best treatment for the children who need help during the latency period of their development. He does not distinguish child psychiatry from child analytic treatments, but rather feels that any therapist working in this area would benefit from an analytic training. He feels that allowing for playing rather than talking during treatment is important and recognizes that it is largely the very ill child that will be brought for treatment at this stage of life.
Review: Envy and Gratitude
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review of Melanie Klein’s Envy and Gratitude, Winnicott summarises Klein’s theories of the origin of envy, oral sadism and the emotional development of the infant and small child. He describes how, in Klein’s view, envy would then be a by-product of the developing mother-infant relationship and of the ego organisation in the infant.
Introduction to Volume 5
Authors: Johns Jennifer , Johns Marcus
Published: March 2017

Volume 5 concerns Winnicott’s writing at the height of his career, between 1955-1959, in which his thinking and his personal and professional life are put into a broad historical context, from Winnicott’s medical education and discovery of Freud to his double career in paediatrics and psychoanalysis. The introduction to this volume covers this period of great social and political change, including discussion of papers and letters relating to the conflicts within the British psychoanalytic world, in particular with Melanie Klein (whose monograph Envy and Gratitude was published in this period), as well as John Bowlby and Anna Freud. A range of papers, reflecting the wide scope of his audiences during this period, are discussed, including ‘The Anti-Social Tendency’, ‘Primary Maternal Preoccupation’, ‘The Capacity to be Alone’, and the book publication of ‘Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena’.
Saying ‘No’
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This radio broadcast forms part of a series of discussions between a group of mothers, with a brief comment from Winnicott in response. Winnicott suggests that when the mother says ‘No’ to her child, she, together with her husband, introduces an external reality and the idea of limits to her child. Infants learn first about their own aggressive impulses, and, at a slightly later stage, links to their destructiveness. The parent’s responses create complex feelings for the baby as regards himself and the mother. Both parents have to manage their own feelings in response to those of their baby and not retaliate. The mother’s version of morality has to do until the infant develops a personal morality through coming to know that of the mother and the father.
Letter to Michael Balint
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott writes to Michael Balint about a paper of Balint’s presented to the British Society. Winnicott believes that though they work from different perspectives both of them are interested in early environmental provision, and what happens when there is a failure at that level. Winnicott disputes Balint’s term ‘primary love’ because for him there is no relationship until the infant has established the capacity to make relationships. Winnicott doubts whether an infant is aware when the environment is satisfactory, but thinks he is affected when it fails. Initially, for Winnicott, the infant is only present in an unintegrated way. Winnicott also disagrees with Balint’s use of the word ‘harmonious’ in primary love because he thinks that this term signifies that a highly complex defence (i.e. negative, also) organization is at work in the child who is no longer a new baby or a pre-natal infant.
Letter to Wilfred Bion
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott expresses his enjoyment of Bion’s paper and asks him to further describe the psychotics on whom he bases his ideas.
Feeling Guilty
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This radio talk records a conversation between Winnicott and Clare Raynor, a writer and broadcaster on child care and health, on the propensity of mothers to experience many guilt feelings around their children. They discuss the issue of one parent feeling jealous of the rival parent for the child’s love, an ageing mother feeling jealous as her young daughter starts her life, fears of the possible abnormality of the newborn and much more. Winnicott conveys how normal and common these feelings of anxiety and guilt are.
Ego Integration in Child Development
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper describing the integration of the ego in child development, Winnicott proposes that the relative strength of the ego of the child depends on maternal provision from the start. The mother enables the baby to relate to her as a ‘subjective object’ so that the potential ‘unthinkable anxiety’ states may never have to be faced. However, if there are failures of this care, then distortions of the ego do occur. Winnicott lists these as falling to pieces, falling forever, no relationship to the body and no orientation sense. Winnicott refers to infantile schizophrenia (autism), to latent schizophrenia and to the False Self defence in relation to the distortions of the ego. If all is well, however, integration, personalization and object relating follow for the infant, together with the sense of ‘I am’. A unit self is based on this ego strength and growth is thus enabled.
Randomized, Prospective Double-Blinded Study Comparing 3 Different Doses of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Fluorescence-Guided Resections of Malignant Gliomas
Authors: Stummer Walter , Stepp Herbert , Wiestler Otmar D. , Pichlmeier Uwe
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND: Five-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is used for fluorescence-guided resections of malignant glioma at a dose of 20 mg/kg; yet, it is unknown whether lower doses may also provide efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a double-blinded randomized study comparing 3 different doses of 5-ALA.

METHODS: Twenty-one patients with suspected malignant glioma were randomly assigned to 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg 5-ALA. Investigators were unaware of dose. Intraoperatively, regions of interest were first defined in tumor core, margin, and adjacent white matter under white light. Under violet–blue illumination, the surgeon's impression of fluorescence was recorded per region, followed by spectrometry and biopsy. Plasma was collected after administration and analyzed for 5-ALA and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) content.

RESULTS: The positive predictive value of fluorescence was 100%. Visual and spectrometric fluorescence assessment showed 20 mg/kg to elicit the strongest fluorescence in tumor core and margins, which correlated with cell density. Spectrometric and visual fluorescence correlated significantly. A 10-fold increase in 5-ALA dose (2-20 mg/kg) resulted in a 4-fold increase of fluorescence contrast between marginal tumor and adjacent brain. tmax for 5-ALA was 0.94 h for 20 mg/kg (0.2 kg: 0.50 h, 2 mg/kg: 0.61 h). Integrated PPIX plasma levels were 255.8 and 779.9 mcg*h/l (2 vs 20 mg/kg). Peak plasma concentrations were observed at 1.89 ± 0.71 and 7.83 ± 0.68 h (2 vs 20 mg/kg; average ± Standard Error of Mean [SEM]).

CONCLUSION: The highest visible and measurable fluorescence was yielded by 20 mg/kg. No fluorescence was elicited at 0.2 mg/kg. Increasing 5-ALA doses did not result in proportional increases in tissue fluorescence or PPIX accumulation in plasma, indicating that doses higher than 20 mg/kg will not elicit useful increases in fluorescence.