bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual dynamics simulation for adapters separation of missile launching
Authors: Yang Haigen , Li Luyang , Chen JinXiang , Sun GuiYing , Meng Xiangxin , Yu HongYan , Xu Wenting
Published: February 2021

The process of the adapter separating from the missile plays an important role in the safety and reliability of missile launching, which involves complex dynamics calculations. In order to guarantee the safety of separating the adapter from the missile and successfully launching the missile, this article was concerned with the whole process of the adapter separating from the missile launching system and presented a novel calculation method and visual simulation software to analyze the dynamics process of adapter separation. The dynamics models including the coordinate system, dynamics and kinematic equations, and the forces acting on the adapter are established. The random factors and their distribution law that greatly influence the separation process are analyzed, the confidence intervals of the separation reliability are estimated by using the Monte Carlo method, and an algorithm for calculating the distance between the adapter, missile wing, and tail rudder is proposed. Visual simulation software for analyzing the separation process is designed, which gathers modeling, solving, and analytical processing. Finally, a numerical simulation result is given to verify the validity and correctness of the proposed method and software and analyze the factors affecting the separation reliability of the separating process of adapters for missile launching. The method and software presented in this paper can provide support for the safety design of missile adapter separation.
Effects of phytase supplementation on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, bone mineralisation and phosphorus utilisation in pre-lay pullets fed various levels of phosphorus
Authors: Jing Mingyan , Zhao Shusheng , Rogiewicz Anna , Slominski Bogdan A. , House James D.
Published: February 2021

Context
Reducing the environmental impact of animal production is becoming a really hot topic, especially with raised concerns over excessive flows of nitrogen and phosphorus (P) to the environment.

Aims
The present study was conducted to determine the effects of phytase supplementation on growth, plasma biochemistry, bone mineralisation and P utilisation of pre-lay pullets fed varying levels of non-phytate P.

Methods
A total of 240 Lohmann pullet chicks were randomly allocated to one of six dietary treatments with eight replicate cages (5 birds per cage) per treatment. Six treatments included three phytase-free diets and three diets supplemented with 1000 U/kg phytase; the non-phytate P levels were 2.75–2.50–2.25, 3.75–3.50–3.25 and 4.75–4.50–4.25 g/kg in the former, and 1.75–1.50–1.25, 2.75–2.50–2.25 and 3.75–3.50–3.25 g/kg in the latter, for the age of 0–4, 4–8 and 8–16 weeks respectively.

Key results
No significant differences were found for growth performance, plasma biochemistry (calcium, P, alkaline phosphatase and albumin) and bone mineralisation among dietary treatments, but P retention (%) was different (P < 0.001). Analysis of planned contrasts showed that phytase supplementation increased phytate P retention (P < 0.001), and improving the utilisation of phytate P tended most efficiently under low P conditions. Total P retention rate was reduced slightly by phytase supplementation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
The results indicated that dietary non-phytate P level could possibly be reduced to 1.75, 1.50 and 1.25 g/kg for 0–4, 4–8 and 8–16 weeks of age respectively after phytase supplementation, without compromising pullet growth and performance during the pre-laying period.

Implications
The results of this study will contribute to decreasing P excretion by poultry and reducing the potential environmental impact with land application of manure.
Screening of diseases in wild exotic birds on Tahiti Island – implications for French Polynesian conservation
Authors: Blanvillain Caroline , Saavedra Susana , Withers Tehani , Votýpka Jan , Laroucau Karine , Lowenski Steeve , Modrý David
Published: February 2021

In order to identify potential infectious disease threats to the native avifauna of French Polynesia, an evaluation was performed on the health status of four wild non-native species of birds on the island of Tahiti: common myna, red-vented bulbul, rock dove, and zebra dove. From six locations, a large sample set (151–349 individuals) was tested for several viruses and bacteria, and a small sample set (22–40 birds), because of its proximity to the last remaining population of the critically endangered Tahiti monarch, was checked for more pathogens. Disease-specific screening methods were used. None of the following viruses were found: Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, West Nile virus in 159, 189 and 204 sera; 349 birds examined for poxvirus lesion; avian metapneumovirus and avian adenovirus in 38 and 38 sera; avian polyomavirus in 28 cloacal swabs. The prevalence of bacteria and avian malaria was: Salmonella Heidelberg (5% from 21×10 pooled samples of intestinal contents), Chlamydia spp. (8% on 196 cloacal swabs) including Chlamydia psittaci (3%), Plasmodium relictum – haplotype GRW04 (2% on 205 DNA), Haemoproteus spp. (25% on 205 DNA). In the limited sample set, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bordetella avium and Riemerella columbina were isolated with a prevalence of 3% each in 40 tracheal swabs. The potential role of introduced birds as vectors of zoonosis in French Polynesia and the crucial finding of Plasmodium relictum with several ubiquitous and dangerous pathogens on Tahiti Island should be given the appropriate attention by local authorities and conservationists.
Regulation of neonatal IgA production by the maternal microbiota
Authors: Mu Qinghui , Swartwout Brianna K. , Edwards Michael , Zhu Jing , Lee Grace , Eden Kristin , Cabana-Puig Xavier , McDaniel Dylan K. , Mao Jiangdi , Abdelhamid Leila , Brock Rebecca M. , Allen Irving Coy , Reilly Christopher M. , Luo Xin M.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Infants are born without an established gut microbiota, which develops rapidly after birth and is shaped by the maternal microbiota. However, how the maternal microbiota, through shaping the neonatal microbiota, would affect the establishment of a strong immune system in neonates remains unclear. Here, we show mechanistically how the maternal microbiota regulates the de novo production of neonatal IgA.
Chemical evidence for the persistence of wine production and trade in Early Medieval Islamic Sicily
Authors: Drieu Léa , Orecchioni Paola , Capelli Claudio , Meo Antonino , Lundy Jasmine , Sacco Viva , Arcifa Lucia , Molinari Alessandra , Carver Martin , Craig Oliver E.
Published: February 2021

Significance

As a high-value luxury commodity, wine has been transported across the Mediterranean since the Bronze Age. The wine trade was potentially disrupted during political and religious change brought about by Islamization in the Early Medieval period; wine consumption is prohibited in Islamic scripture. Utilizing a quantitative criterion based on the relative amounts of two fruit acids in transport amphorae, we show that wine was exported from Sicily beyond the arrival of Islam in the ninth century, including to Christian regions of the central Mediterranean. This finding is significant for understanding how regime change affected trade in the Middle Ages. We also outline a robust analytical approach for detecting wine in archaeological ceramics that will be useful elucidating viniculture more broadly.
Linker domain function predicts pathogenic MLH1 missense variants
Authors: London James , Martín-López Juana , Yang Inho , Liu Jiaquan , Lee Jong-Bong , Fishel Richard
Published: February 2021

The pathogenic consequences of 369 unique human HsMLH1 missense variants has been hampered by the lack of a detailed function in mismatch repair (MMR). Here single-molecule images show that HsMSH2-HsMSH6 provides a platform for HsMLH1-HsPMS2 to form a stable sliding clamp on mismatched DNA. The mechanics of sliding clamp progression solves a significant operational puzzle in MMR and provides explicit predictions for the distribution of clinically relevant HsMLH1 missense mutations.
Gatorbulin-1, a distinct cyclodepsipeptide chemotype, targets a seventh tubulin pharmacological site
Authors: Matthew Susan , Chen Qi-Yin , Ratnayake Ranjala , Fermaintt Charles S. , Lucena-Agell Daniel , Bonato Francesca , Prota Andrea E. , Lim Seok Ting , Wang Xiaomeng , Díaz J. Fernando , Risinger April L. , Paul Valerie J. , Oliva Maria Ángela , Luesch Hendrik
Published: February 2021

Significance

Natural products provide the inspiration for most drugs, and marine natural products, in particular, are emerging as promising new therapeutics with new targets or mechanisms of action. Pharmacological targeting of tubulin dynamics has been a validated strategy for cancer therapy for decades, yielding structurally diverse natural products and derivatives, including paclitaxel, vincristine, maytansine, and eribulin, targeting six known and different binding sites. We discovered a chemical scaffold from marine cyanobacteria that targets a seventh tubulin binding site. We report the entire spectrum of the discovered chemical and biological novelties, including the isolation, structure determination, and chemical synthesis of the natural product, and the investigation of its mechanism of action, target identification, and binding mode elucidation at the atomic level.
Continuous electrochemical water splitting from natural water sources via forward osmosis
Authors: Veroneau Samuel S. , Nocera Daniel G.
Published: February 2021

Significance

The growing need for the widespread adoption of renewable energy necessitates scalable energy storage. A potential route to meeting this challenge is electrochemical water splitting driven by renewable energy that will require, at scale, abundant and accessible sources of water. Recognizing that 96.5% of global water reserves exist as brackish water and seawater, water splitting approaches utilizing these sources and other impure water sources are warranted. The approach described here couples water splitting with forward osmosis to enable saltwater to be utilized directly without pretreatment or purification while circumventing the challenges posed by impurities and parasitic energy-wasting side reactions.
Patient satisfaction with total joint replacement surgery for rheumatoid arthritis: a questionnaire survey for the 2020 update of the Japan college of rheumatology clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Sobue Yasumori , Kojima Masayo , Kojima Toshihisa , Ito Hiromu , Nishida Keiichiro , Matsushita Isao , Hirata Shintaro , Kaneko Yuko , Kishimoto Mitsumasa , Kohno Masataka , Murashima Atsuko , Morinobu Akio , Mori Masaaki , Nakayama Takeo , Sugihara Takahiko , Seto Yohei , Tanaka Eiichi , Hasegawa Mieko , Kawahito Yutaka , Harigai Masayoshi
Published: February 2021

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate satisfaction with total joint replacement (TJR) surgery among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We mailed questionnaires to randomly selected members of the Japan Rheumatism Friendship Association, stratified by age and prefecture, throughout Japan. The questionnaire collected demographic and clinical characteristics as well as patients’ satisfaction with TJR and their current therapy.

Results

Of the 1156 patients who returned the questionnaire, 339 (29.3%) responded that they had had TJR of any type. The mean age was 66.6 years, and 94.4% were women. The mean time period from the hip and knee TJR was 14–15 years. Over half of the patients who had had TJR were satisfied with the results, especially those who had had hip (89.6%) and knee TJR (87.3%), who reported a high level of satisfaction. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that, in patients with knee TJR, satisfaction with current therapy was significantly related to whether they were satisfied with the results of the surgery.

Conclusion

Most patients with RA who had undergone TJR were satisfied with the results even after a long period of time, and their level of satisfaction was associated with their satisfaction with current therapy.
The gravitational field of a massless particle on the horizon of a stationary black hole
Authors: Huber Albert
Published: February 2021

In this work, the field of a gravitational shockwave generated by a massless point-like particle is calculated at the event horizon of a stationary Kerr–Newman black hole. Using the geometric framework of generalized Kerr–Schild deformations in combination with the spin-coefficient formalism of Newman and Penrose, it is shown that the field equations of the theory, at the event horizon of the black hole, can be reduced to a single linear ordinary differential equation for the so-called profile function of the geometry. This differential relation is solved exactly. Based on the results obtained, a physical interpretation is given for the found shockwave spacetime, and it is clarified how these results lead back to those of previous works on the subject, which deal with the much simpler cases of gravitational shockwaves in static black hole backgrounds.
Averaging with a time-dependent perturbation parameter
Authors: Fajman David , Heißel Gernot , Jang Jin Woo
Published: February 2021

Motivated by recent problems in mathematical cosmology, in which temporal averaging methods are applied in order to analyse the future asymptotics of models which exhibit oscillatory behaviour, we provide a theorem concerning the large-time behaviour for solutions of a general class of systems. We thus propose our result to be applicable to a wide range of problems in spatially homogenous cosmology with oscillatory behaviour. Mathematically the theorem builds up on the standard theory of averaging in non-linear dynamical systems.
Unit system independent formulation of electrodynamics
Authors: Petrascheck Dietmar
Published: February 2021

Nowadays Maxwell’s equations are formulated merely in the SI system. Physicists should also be familiar with other systems, like the systems of Gauss and Heaviside, but a comparison of equations in different systems is sometimes annoying. In a unified notation it is easier to switch from one system to another and to recognize the consequences of the chosen system. In covariant electrodynamics the comparison of the different systems is based on a frequently used representation of the pseudo-Euclidean metric with four-dimensional electromagnetic quantities. The key role between different systems have the mechanical forces between charges, currents and magnetic poles. They build the basis of the systems and their units.
Dielectric contribution of the IR absorption bands of porous organosilicate glass thin films on a platinum sublayer
Authors: Komandin Gennadiy A , Nozdrin Vadim S , Spektor Igor E , Porodinkov Oleg E , Seregin Dmitry S , Vishnevskiy Alexey S , Vorotilov Konstantin A , Sigov Alexander S
Published: February 2021

Reduction of interconnect capacitance is one of the key ways to increase the speed of an ultra-large-scale integrated circuit (ULSI). A porous organosilicate glass (OSG) thin film on a platinum sublayer was used as a test vehicle for modelling the conductor–insulator electrodynamic properties in an ULSI. Investigation of the structure and residual effect on the dielectric contributions of the IR absorption bands is a direct approach to control the dielectric properties of the film. The absorption band dispersion was simulated by the Drude–Lorentz equations within a framework consisting of a two-layer medium model. The contributions to the dielectric permittivity of IR absorption bands in thin OSG films with different volume porosities were determined. It was shown that the total dielectric permittivity in the IR region was approximately 10% lower than that at low frequencies of the order of 100 kHz. An additional contribution can arise as a result of low-energy excitations and H2O electrodipole relaxation in the microwave—THz range.
Scrutinizing new physics of B

d
→ ϕ(η
(′), π, ω) decay modes
Authors: Mohapatra Manas K
Published: February 2021

We inspect the exclusive hadronic decay modes B

d
→ ϕ(η
(′), π, ω), induced by quark-level transitions such as b → d (ΔS = 0) in the vector-like down quark model. These decay modes exhibit high levels of suppression followed by the predicted branching fraction

O

(

1

0

−
9

)

which leads us to scrutinize physics beyond the standard model. We constrain the new parameter space inferred from experimental limits to the leptonic B

d
→ ℓℓ(ℓ = e, μ, τ) and nonleptonic decay modes B

d
→ η′π
0 and B

u
→ ρ
−
η′. We then check that the new physics contributions have a significant impact on the clearly observed so-called branching ratio of the B

d
→ ϕ(η
(′), π, ω) processes.
Strong valley splitting in d
0 two-dimensional SnO induced by magnetic proximity effect
Authors: Zhang Changcheng , Zhang Shuo , Lin Yifeng , Tao Junguang , Guan Lixiu
Published: February 2021

Strong magnetic interfacial coupling in van der Waals heterostructures is important for designing novel electronic devices. Besides the most studied transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) materials, we demonstrate that the valley splitting can be activated in two-dimensional tetragonal d
0 metal oxide, SnO, via the magnetic proximity effect by EuBrO. In SnO/EuBrO, the valley splitting of SnO can reach ∼46 meV, which is comparable to many TMDCs and equivalent to an external magnetic field of 800 T. In addition, the valley splitting can be further enhanced by adjusting interlayer distance and applying uniaxial strains. A design principle of new spintronic device based on this unique electronic structure of SnO/EuBrO has been proposed. Our findings indicate that SnO is a promising material for future valleytronics applications.
Structure-preserving marker-particle discretizations of Coulomb collisions for particle-in-cell codes
Authors: Hirvijoki Eero
Published: February 2021

This paper contributes new insights into discretizing Coulomb collisions in kinetic plasma models. Building on the previous works (Carrillo et al 2020 J. Comput. Phys. X 7 100066; Hirvijoki and Burby 2020 Phys. Plasmas
27 082307), I propose deterministic discrete-time energy- and positivity-preserving, entropy-dissipating marker-particle schemes for the standard Landau collision operator and the electrostatic gyrokinetic Landau operator. In the case of the standard Landau operator, the scheme preserves also the discrete-time kinetic momentum. The improvements, the extensions of the structure-preserving discretizations by Carrillo et al (2020 J. Comput. Phys. X 7 100066) and Hirvijoki and Burby (2020 Phys. Plasmas
27 082307) to discrete time, are made possible by exploiting the underlying metriplectic structure of the collision operators involved and the so-called discrete-gradient integrators.
A nonlinear M-shaped tri-directional piezoelectric energy harvester
Authors: Chen Keyu , Gao Fei , Liu Zheyuan , Liao Wei-Hsin
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we design and experimentally validate a geometric nonlinear M-shaped tri-directional piezoelectric energy harvester. This harvester adopts a single structural design, which consists of a proof mass and a beam bent into an M shape with both ends fixed. Through structural parameter modification, the vibration directions of the first three resonant modes can be nearly orthogonal, which is beneficial to achieve tri-directional energy harvesting. Finite element analysis is performed to guide the design and analyse the working effectiveness of the proposed harvester. The influence of the geometric parameters on the nonlinear stiffness is investigated to broaden the bandwidth of energy harvesting. In the experimental validation, an obvious hardening effect can be observed in vertical excitation at 0.3 m s−2 base acceleration. On the other hand, the power output of the harvester in three directions is in similar level, indicating the capability of tri-directional energy harvesting.
Survey of subrange inconsistency of long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometers
Authors: Peruzzi A , Rusby R L , Pearce J V , Eusebio L , Bojkovski J , Žužek V
Published: February 2021

The subrange inconsistency (SRI) of a large ensemble of long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs), representative of worldwide production, has been investigated for all pairs of ITS-90 overlapping subranges between 83.8058 K and 933.473 K. The results are reported in terms of various statistical parameters to facilitate their comparison with the results of different authors, although a statistical test, applied to one specific pair of subranges, supported a Gaussian distribution of the results and justified the subsequent use of the mean and standard deviation as statistical parameters. Depending on the pair of overlapping subranges, the mean SRI as calculated varied from −1.23 mK to +0.21 mK and the SRI standard deviation varied from 0.04 mK to 0.62 mK. These numbers generally increased with the upper temperature limit of the pair of subranges, especially where the lower subrange requires a point which is not included in the upper subrange. The contribution to SRI from the fixed-point uncertainty propagation (PoU) was evaluated. The results showed that, although the effect of PoU on SRI largely cancels out for points common to both subranges, PoU still amounts to 59% to 130% of the differences between overlapping pairs of subranges. This means that the differences as calculated are probably a substantial overestimate of the true SRI. It is suggested that this effect is taken into account in making recommendations for typical uncertainties due to non-uniqueness.
Tomographic reconstruction of the runaway distribution function in TCV using multispectral synchrotron images
Authors: Wijkamp T.A. , Perek A. , Decker J. , Duval B. , Hoppe M. , Papp G. , Sheikh U.A. , Classen I.G.J. , Jaspers R.J.E.
Published: February 2021

Synchrotron radiation observed in a quiescent Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) runaway discharge is studied using filtered camera images targeting three distinct wavelength intervals. Through the tomographic simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) procedure the high momentum, high pitch angle part of the spatial and momentum distribution of these relativistic particles is reconstructed. Experimental estimates of the distribution are important for verification and refinement of formation-, decay- and transport-models underlying runaway avoidance and mitigation strategy design. Using a test distribution it is demonstrated that the inversion procedure provides estimates accurate to within a few tens of percent in the region of phase-space contributing most to the synchrotron image. We find that combining images filtered around different parts of the emission spectrum widens the probed part of momentum-space and reduces reconstruction errors. Next, the SART algorithm is used to obtain information on the spatiotemporal runaway momentum distribution in a selected TCV discharge. The momentum distribution is found to relax towards an avalanche-like exponentially decaying profile. Anomalously high pitch angles and a radial profile increasing towards the edge are found for the most strongly emitting particles in the distribution.Pitch angle scattering by toroidal magnetic field ripple is consistent with this picture. An alternative explanation is the presence of high frequency instabilities in combination with the formation of a runaway shell at the edge of the plasma.
Developing and Validating the Assessment Instruments to Measure Students’ Analytical Thinking Ability and Chemical Literacy on Colligative Properties
Authors: Yandriani  , Rery R U , Erna Maria
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the study was to develop and validate the assessment instruments utilized to measure students’ analytical thinking ability and chemical literacy on colligative properties. This study was research and development (R&D) implementing the ADDIE model. However, this study was limited to the validation of products. The assessment instrument was developed based on indicators of analytical thinking ability and chemical literacy and contained 15 items of questions as the result. Based on the validation result conducted by 3 validators, it was found that the average score of validation was 94% for the material; 91% for the language, and 91% for the construction. Moreover, the validation of the assessment of analytical thinking ability and chemical literacy was 93.33%. Thus, this assessment instrument was valid and feasible to be used in order to measure the students’ analytical thinking ability and chemical literacy on the colligative properties.
Validity and Practicality of The Salt Hydrolysis Electronic Module Based on Structured Inquiry with Interconnection of Three Levels of Chemicals Representation
Authors: Rachmawati T. , Azhar M. , Aini S. , Azra F.
Published: February 2021

Salt hydrolysis is one of the chemical’s material with the associated aqueous reaction in solution. The material is difficult to understand for students. Based on interviews, the learning process has not been interconnected by three levels of chemicals representation. The purpose of the research to decide on the validity and practicality of the salt hydrolysis electronic module based on structured inquiry with the interconnection of three levels of chemicals representation. The method of research was used by Researched and Development of Plomp model. The research instruments are used by sheets validation and sheets practicality. The electronic module was validated by 4 experts. The practicality of the electronic module was checked by 2 chemistry teachers and 60 students at two High Schools in Padang City. Validity and Practicality were analyzed by utilizing Cohen’s Kappa Statistic. The outcomes of validation showed that the electronic module had an almost perfect strength of agreement with a Kappa was 0.87. The practicality level had substantial strength of agreement with a Kappa was 0.80 for the student’s reaction and also almost perfect strength of agreement with a Kappa was 0.85 for the teacher’s reaction. Therefore, the result electronic module of salt hydrolysis can be used as a good alternative for teaching-learning chemistry in high school.
Difference evaluation between plant dyed and industrial dyed cotton fabrics based on perceptual factors
Authors: Yin Wei , Lyu Jia , Xu Bugao
Published: February 2021

Combined with the basic theoretical knowledge of Kansei Engineering and clothing materials, the perceptual cognition of consumers for different dyed fabrics was studied, and the perceptual evaluation of dyed fabrics of different materials was compared. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis of the survey data in order to find the characteristics of dyed cotton fabric. The perceptual evaluation results of plant dyed fabric and industrial dyed fabric were discussed. The relationship between the preferences of consumers towards plant dyed and industrial dyed cotton fabrics and the perceptual evaluation were analyzed through regression analysis.
Ergonomic performance research and evaluation method of cycling clothes
Authors: Haitang Zuo , Shan Cong
Published: February 2021

In recent years, with the rapid development of cycling, the cycling clothes have also become more and more popular, however, its poor breathability, sultry wearing, not light skin and some other comfort issues have become the shackles of the rapid growth of this product. From the perspective of clothing ergonomics, the article analyzed the materials of the cycling clothes including fabric attributes, color matching and style structure design, and combined with the current popular intelligent designs technology to expound the current status of the development of cycling clothes. On this basis, the evaluation method of ergonomic performance of cycling clothing was discussed from two aspects: subjective evaluation and objective evaluation, and the development trend of cycling clothes was summarized, which provided related ideas for the design of cycling clothes.
Adding an underwire in bras decreases breast motion and discomfort during locomotion
Authors: Chen X , Sheng X , Sun G , Li Y , Lake M J , Xie H
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to determine whether exercise-induced vertical breast motion and discomfort in women with large breasts decrease when an underwired bra is used compared with when an underwire-free bra is worn. Vertical breast displacement was assessed in nine women (C cup size) who exercised on a treadmill in two bra conditions: underwired bra and underwire-free bra. Perceived breast motion and discomfort were reported by each participant using the visual analogue scale after each bra condition trial. Vertical breast displacement and perceived breast motion and discomfort were compared between the two bra conditions. Vertical breast displacement (p < 0.05) and perceived breast motion (p = 0.007) and discomfort (p = 0.025) were significantly lower in the underwired bra condition than in the underwire-free bra condition. The bra design feature of containing an underwire was effective in decreasing exercise-induced vertical breast motion and discomfort among the women with large breasts. The current research is the first study to explore the effects of including a bra underwire on the change in breast motion and discomfort.
Research progress on the evaluation of thermal and moisture comfort of disposable diapers for babies
Authors: Wu Daiwei , Wang Yunyi
Published: February 2021

In order to further improve evaluation of baby disposable diapers and optimize product design, as well as enhance thermal and moisture comfort and safety of the baby, heat and moisture transfer mechanisms in the wearing state of diapers were analysed, and current evaluation technologies of diaper’s thermal and moisture comfort were summarized from material and product perspectives. In view of current problems, the following suggestions were proposed for improvement: 1) It is necessary to pay attention to the effects of changes after urine absorption in properties of diaper materials and the dynamic changes in size of the micro-space underneath the diaper on thermal and moisture comfort; 2) Experiments for evaluation need to be closer to life scene and the manikin system needs to be standardized; 3) In order to predict skin health of babies in the future research, correlation between thermal and moisture comfort and skin damage needs to be established.
Characterization of a Commercial Thin Film-based Pressure Sensor
Authors: Yang JieHua , Di Ping , Li Qiao , Wang Xi , Ding Hao , Bai YunFeng , Zhu ShiGen
Published: February 2021

Aiming at monitoring of lower limb movement, a MEMS integrated chip packaged in a sensing suit and a thin film pressure sensor packaged in a sensing insole are used to collect lower limb motion information. However, it was found that there was a huge error in the measurement of pressure when using the film-based pressure sensors to monitor the foot pressure in the lower limb movement. Hence, this paper describes a method for calibration of soft pressure sensors and characterizes the pressure through the proposed approach. The results show that there is a nonlinear relationship between the input (pressure) and the output (inverse value of the electrical resistance); the fitting error is about 5.5%; the hysteresis is around 4.2%;the zero drift is about 0.11%; the repeatability error is nearly 10.7% and the uncertainty of the sensor is about 14.64%. Therefore, it suggests that there often are notable repeatability errors and sensor uncertainty in the soft thin film pressure sensors, which would affect the accuracy in the monitoring of lower limb movements.
Ag/polyaniline/reduced graphene polyester conductive fabric with enhanced electromagnetic shielding performance
Authors: Xie Xiangyu , Chen Zhuoming , Xin Binjie
Published: February 2021

The Ag/polyaniline/reduced graphene composite fabric is fabricated via chemical insitu polymerization to adsorb a layer of polyaniline and graphene on the polyester fabric, and then Ag is plated on the fabric surface using magnetron sputtering. The electromagnetic shielding performance of composite fabrics was studied at different concentrations of aniline and graphene, and the influence of magnetron sputtering power and time on fabric performance was further studied. At the same time, the Ag/polyaniline/reduced graphene polyester composite conductive fabric was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that when the concentration of polyaniline was 0.7mol/L and the concentration of graphene was 0.15mol/L, the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding performance of the composite fabric came to the best under controlled sputtering power of 200W and time of 20 minutes.
Research status and Prospect of graphene/MnO2composites for supercapacitors
Authors: Li Anqi , Li Yue , Xin Binjie
Published: February 2021

The latest research progress of graphene/MnO2composites in supercapacitors is reviewed. The theoretical specific capacitance of MnO2is as high as 1370 F/g, but the actual specific capacitance is far less than the theoretical value due to the limitation of MnO2layer thickness. The combination of graphene and MnO2and the anchoring of MnO2nanostructures between graphene nanosheets can effectively inhibit the stacking of graphene and enhance the interfacial charge transfer. With the help of the synergistic effect of the two, it is expected to achieve high specific capacitance, high conductivity and good cycle stability. The preparation method and electrochemical performance of graphene/MnO2composite were introduced. The electrochemical performance was further improved due to the introduction of conductive polymer. Finally, it is pointed out that graphene/MnO2composites and devices still face a series of problems such as safety and reliability, large-scale production and cost reduction. With the continuous maturity and breakthrough of technology, it is expected to be applied in industry, transportation and daily electronic devices.
Extract nano cellulose from flax as thermoelectric enhancement material
Authors: Hu Jing , Li Ranran , Zhang Kaiwei , Meng Yan , Wang Mengqi , Liu Yuqing
Published: February 2021

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is a natural nanomaterial extracted from nature. Because of its inherent low thermal conductivity, CNF is considered to be an ideal and environmentally friendly substrate for the construction of flexible thermoelectric materials. In this paper, flax cellulose nanofibers (FF-CNF) were extracted from flax by ternary oxidation mediated by TEMPO, and then mixed with graphene and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) to prepare composite thermoelectric thin films in order to obtain a kind of flexible thermoelectric composites with excellent thermoelectric properties. The results show that the prepared graphene/FF-CNF/Bi2Te3 composite film has good thermoelectric properties, and the maximum power factor can reach 6.4 × 10−2 μW/mK2. The LED lamp is lit at 70k temperature difference, which opens the way for flexible environment-friendly thermoelectric materials.
Improved Convex Hull Algorithm Applied to Body Size Measurements
Authors: Qi Fang , GuangWu Sun , Yu Chen
Published: February 2021

The Quickhull algorithm is a very efficient convex hull algorithm for many engineering application. Although it can be applied in the clothing industry, its conventional formulation requires massive computational resources when processing point clouds from concave parts of the human body. Thus, we improve the Quickhull algorithm and apply it to accurately estimate human body dimensions. Assuming body symmetry with respect to the sagittal plane, some concave points can be quickly deleted to reduce the number of recursions, enhancing the overall calculation efficiency. Compared with the traditional Quickhull algorithm, the efficiency of the improved algorithm increases by 15.1–24.4%. Additionally, the computation time of the improved Quickhull algorithm is about three-quarters that of Graham’s scan. We expect that this study provides insights on the application of body size measurement and estimation based on 3D scan data.
Research on college students’ garment consumption behavior and low-carbon lifestyle
Authors: Yang Qian , Li Ming
Published: February 2021

We survey 260 college students on their lifestyles on carbon footprint and their garment consumption behavior. Using the methods of factor and cluster analysis in SPSS, we show that there is a strong relationship between a carbon lifestyle and purchasing decisions on garment. Students with low-carbon lifestyle tend more likely to make environmentally friendly decisions. It provides necessary basic information for garment enterprises to develop marketable products and a corresponding market.
Can a virus and viral ideas speed the world’s journey beyond fossil fuels?
Authors: Lovins Amory B , Bond Kingsmill
Published: February 2021

Smart investments in pandemic recovery and contagious new tools for deeper, cheaper energy efficiency could speed existing capital flight from fossil fuels. This could help turn pandemic disruptions into durable climate solutions.
An institutional approach to vulnerability: evidence from natural hazard management in Europe
Authors: Papathoma-Köhle M , Thaler T , Fuchs S
Published: February 2021

Institutional vulnerability to natural hazards has not been thoroughly investigated until now. Yet, institutional vulnerability is strongly connected to all other vulnerability dimensions, and specific socio-economic and physical indicators. Moreover, different types of crises such as economic, political or health crisis strongly affect the institutional capacity of communities to deal with the consequences of natural hazards. For this reason, a deep insight to the institutional dimension of vulnerability is needed in order to reduce disaster risk under the effects of climate but also socio-economic change. In the present paper, institutional vulnerability is defined and its main pillars and drivers are identified. A framework is presented showing the interactions between the drivers of institutional vulnerability and the indicators of other vulnerability dimensions (physical, social, economic, cultural and environmental). The interactions between institutional vulnerability and other vulnerability dimensions are highlighted through three European case studies: Greece, the United Kingdom and Austria. The case studies show how current issues such as the recent financial crisis and Brexit, may directly influence the drivers of institutional vulnerability and consequently all other vulnerability dimensions. The framework and the case studies clearly indicate that institutional vulnerability is an ‘umbrella’ dimension strongly related to all other dimensions and has to be approached as such in order to reduce vulnerability and, consequently, disaster risk.
Agricultural yield geographies in the United States
Authors: Burchfield Emily K , Nelson Katherine S
Published: February 2021

We examine the geographies of agricultural yields in the United States, home to some of the most productive agricultural systems on the planet. We model and map yield divergence from biophysical expectations and regional norms for five major crops—corn, soy, wheat, alfalfa, and hay—and assess how this divergence interacts with farm-level resources, farm(er) characteristics, and landscape context. Our results highlight the ways in which human activity has reinforced and intensified the yield geographies defined by sun, soil, and water alone. Yield gains brought by human activity are strongly associated with increased expenditure on inputs to production and receipts from federal programs, but not with net revenue gains for farmers. These yield gains vary across operator race, gender, farm size, and major US region. We also find that beyond a threshold, increased input expenditure is associated with marginally decreasing yields, raising important questions about the interactions between yields and farmer livelihoods. We conclude by discussing the importance of broadening the production-centric paradigm that has dominated agricultural innovation over the last century to include the well-being of the farmers and ecological systems on which agricultural production ultimately depends.
The decarbonisation of Europe powered by lifestyle changes
Authors: Costa Luís , Moreau Vincent , Thurm Boris , Yu Wusheng , Clora Francesco , Baudry Gino , Warmuth Hannes , Hezel Bernd , Seydewitz Tobias , Ranković Ana , Kelly Garret , Kropp Jürgen P
Published: February 2021

Decision makers increasingly recognise the importance of lifestyle changes in reaching low emission targets. How the mitigation potential of changes in mobility, dietary, housing or consumption behaviour compare to those of ambitious technological changes in terms of decarbonisation remains a key question. To evaluate the interplay of behaviour and technological changes, we make use of the European Calculator model and show that changes in behaviour may contribute more than 20% of the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions required for net-zero by 2050. Behaviour and technology-oriented scenarios are tested individually and in combination for the EU plus the UK and Switzerland. The impacts of behavioural change vary across sectors, with significant GHG emission reduction potential and broader benefits. Changes in travel behaviour limit the rising demand for electricity, natural resources and infrastructure costs from the electrification of passenger transport. Adopting a healthy diet reduces emissions substantially compared to intensifying agricultural practices, while at the same time making cropland available for conservation or bioenergy crops. The trade-offs between energy and food may be substantially alleviated when deploying technological and behavioural changes simultaneously. The results suggest that without behavioural change, the dependency of Europe on carbon removal technologies for its net-zero ambitions increases. Structural changes will be necessary to achieve full decarbonisation by 2050, yet changes in lifestyles are crucial, contributing to achieving climate targets sooner.
Statistics of escape exponent in normal and anomalous diffusion
Authors: Li Jiangdan
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes escape exponent to characterize localization or escape of moving particles, which will determine the diffusion process. So the diffusion process can also be described by the evolution of the distribution density of escape exponent with time. We studied some typical distribution density of escape exponent and discussed their properties, and an interesting phenomenon is that the escape exponent distribution of Brownian particles is δ function in the long time limit. Furthermore, we generate new diffusion process by linear transformation of the escape exponent, and many types of diffusion processes can be obtained by selecting appropriate control parameters. Among the various transformations, only the new diffusion process under the translation transformation correspond to the solution of the distorted diffusion equation.
Properties and carbon stocks of tropical tidal peat soils deposited on coral limestone in Numfor and Supiori Islands, Papua Province
Authors: Gani R A , Barus P A , Sukarman
Published: February 2021

Tidal peatlands in Numfor and Supiori Island, Papua are unique because it accumulates above coral limestone on the tidal environment. The substratum layer is solid coral limestone (lithic contact). The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics and carbon stocks in these areas. The soil samples were collected from each horizon for chemical and physical analysis. Carbon stocks estimation was calculated by multiplying peat thickness, area, bulk density, and organic C content in each soil map unit. The results showed that tidal peat soil reaction was acid to neutral (pH H2O 4.9 to 7.3), while soil salinity was very high (8.32 to 22.3 dS m−1). The cation content is very high in the order of dominance of Na> Ca> Mg> K. Peat thickness varied from shallow to deep (50 to <300 cm). Soil organic C content ranged from 23.03 to 46.99% and bulk density ranged from 0.12 to 0.36 g cm−3. The average of carbon stock in each peat soil map unit was 1.151 to 1.314 t ha−1. Peat soils deposited on coral limestone in this region should be preserved as conservation areas due to its functions as a carbon sink and part of a tidal hydrological unit.
Design and development of information system for tractors distribution based on android in Maros Regency of South Sulawesi
Authors: Kresna A B , Achmad M , Iqbal  , Hanifa A P
Published: February 2021

One of the major issues in agricultural machinery and equipment grant programs is the difficulty to access the information of their distribution. So far, the data collection process is still done manually. This system needs to be replaced with a more reliable and more efficient system to map the distribution of the agricultural machinery and can be accessed through android mobile. This study aimed to design and develop information system based on android that can be used to locate tractors distribution, a case study in Maros Regency. The application was designed using Android Studio and Google Maps API, supported by Firebase google and stored at Firebase cloud. Java was used as the language program, and PHP MySQL was employed as a data basis. An android-based application, namely “GIS Tractor” is designed and released for mapping the distribution of tractors in Maros. The developed system can be easily maintained, and data can be updated in real-time by an administrator and accessed by anyone through a login procedure to access the information of machinery distribution. GIS Tractor application has been successfully tested on Android Operating System 4.0-10.0, enable everyone to find information about tractor distribution.
Spatial landuse planning for developing sustainable food crop areas using land evaluation approach and GIS application (a case study of Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan)
Authors: Bhermana A , Syamsuddin  , Suparman  , Agustini S , Susilawati  , Irwandi D , Firmansyah M A
Published: February 2021

The need of landuse planning become apparent since the lands have the opportunity to be developed. Appropriate landuse planning based on spatial land resource data management is then required, in order to achieve sustainable landuse. The objective of this study was to design and allocate appropriate agricultural land regions for land use policy through extensification and intensification programs in order to support sustainable food crops development areas. The procedure of land resource evaluation consisting of land capability evaluation (LCE) and land suitability evaluation (LSE) was applied to determine land allocation of arable lands for rice farming development. The use of geographic information system (GIS) technology was also employed not only for spatial data management but it can also be applied to support decision making within establishing landuse planning. In the case of Pulang Pisau District, land allocation for extensification and intensification regions are mainly found in southern part and mostly located at watershed areas with each total area of 380,261 ha (36.81%) and 29,941 ha (2.90%), respectively. In order to support these potential areas, specific programs can then be formulated to increase the yield and productivity for these regions.