bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in the Regeneration and Genetic Transformation System of Cucumber
Authors: Tan Jihong , Lin Lili , Luo Haiyan , Zhou Shengjun , Zhu Yuqiang , Wang Xin , Miao Li , Wang Huasen , Zhang Peng
Published: July 2022

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), belonging to the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), is one of the major vegetable crops in China. Conventional genetic breeding methods are ineffective for improving the tolerance of cucumber to various environmental stresses, diseases, and pests in the short term, but bio-engineering technologies can be applied to cucumber breeding to produce new cultivars with high yield and quality. Regeneration and genetic transformation systems are key technologies in modern cucumber breeding. Compared with regeneration systems, genetic transformation systems are not yet fully effective, and the low efficiency of genetic transformation is a bottleneck in cucumber cultivation. Here, we systematically review the key factors influencing the regeneration and genetic transformation of cucumber plants, including the selection of genotype, source of explants and forms of exogenous hormones added to the medium, the methods of transgene introduction and co-cultivation, and selection methods. In addition, we also focus on recent advances in the study of molecular mechanisms underlying important agronomic traits using genetic transformation technology, such as fruit length, fruit warts, and floral development. This review provides reference information for future research on improvements in cucumber varieties.
Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering
Authors: Hoła Jerzy , Sadowski Łukasz
Published: July 2022

The progressive development of civil engineering has forced scientists to improve the known methods and techniques of testing building materials, and also to search for new ones, e.g., non-destructive testing (NDT) methods [...]
Assessment of Heavy Metal Distributions in Sand Beaches in the Maltese Islands
Authors: Azzopardi Isaac Matthew , Lia Frederick , Costa Christine
Published: July 2022

This study focuses on the quantification of heavy metals present in 18 sand beaches on the islands of Malta and Gozo. A total of 134 samples were collected, digested using Aqua Regia, and analysed using flame AAS to find the concentration of six heavy metals. Concentrations obtained in descending order are: Sr > Fe > Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu. Using PCA, Fe and Mn resulted as homogenous distributions with a probable prevalent lithogenic origin. Pb is possibly dominantly anthropogenic, while Cu and Zn are of a mixed nature. Cluster analysis was used to prove the interaction between concentrations and different bays from where the samples were gathered. This showed that Ballut Reserve Bay and Rinella Bay in Malta and Marsalforn Bay in Gozo are amongst the bays most affected by heavy metal content. It has been observed that bays with higher heavy metal content lie in the same zones with the highest geological wear rate induced by sea waves. Health risk assessment undertaken for adults and children shows negligible effects of non-carcinogenic risk and cancer risk indices. Potential ecological risk computed for the concentrations obtained showed considerable Cu risk and a moderate Pb risk at the bays analysed, none of which are contaminated with these elements.
High Repetition Rate, Tunable Mid-Infrared BaGa4Se7 Optical Parametric Oscillator Pumped by a 1 μm Nd:YAG Laser
Authors: He Yixin , Yan Chao , Chen Kai , Xu Degang , Li Jining , Zhong Kai , Wang Yuye , Yao Rui , Yao Jiyong , Yao Jianquan
Published: July 2022

A tunable and compact mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on BaGa4Se7 (BGSe) crystal with a repetition rate up to 250 Hz was demonstrated. A high energy and more approachable side-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed as the pump for the BGSe OPO. Due to the pump double-pass single-resonant oscillator (DP-SRO) configuration, the maximum average power of 250 mW and the maximum pulse energy of 1.28 mJ at 4.06 μm was achieved with the repetition rate of 250 Hz and 100 Hz, respectively. The tunable mid-infrared output from 3.42–4.73 μm was obtained. The influence of repetition rate and cavity length was studied and the thermal effect was analyzed.
Assessment and Prediction of Extreme Temperature Indices in the North China Plain by CMIP6 Climate Model
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Lu , Yan Guoying , Bai Huizi , Zhao Yanxi , Ju Minmin , Xu Xiaoting , Yan Jing , Xiao Dengpan , Chen Lirong
Published: July 2022

Extreme temperature events are becoming more frequent due to global warming, and have critical effects on natural ecosystems, social and economic spheres, human production and life. Predicting changes in temperature extremes and trends under future climate scenarios helps to assess the impact of climate change accurately. Based on climate observations from 54 meteorological stations in the North China Plain and the projection data from seven general circulation models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), this paper researches nine representative extreme temperature indices under four typical climate scenarios. The aim is to reveal the temporal and spatial variations in extreme temperature indices in the North China Plain during the past (1971–2010) and the future (2061–2100). The results show that: using a support vector machine (SVM) to perform regression analysis on the multi-GCMs prediction results, the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the multi-model ensemble simulations obtained by the SVM method are lower than those of the arithmetic mean method and can better match the trend of the historical extreme temperature index; the extreme high temperature index is predicted to show a significant upward trend in the future, while the extreme low temperature index will decrease significantly; and there are significant spatial differences in the extreme temperature index in both historical and future periods, with the extreme temperature index under the high radiation forcing scenario (SSP585) showing the most considerable variation and the most significant spatial differences.
Conversion of Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy Using Piezoelectric Materials for Bicycle Lane Lighting Systems
Authors: Jettanasen Chaiyan , Songsukthawan Panapong , Ngaopitakkul Atthapol
Published: July 2022

This study examined the electromechanical characteristics of piezoelectric materials, which constitute a compact renewable energy source; these materials can convert mechanical energy (such as pressure or a cumulative impact) in the form of mechanical stress to electricity. This study further explored systems that require moderate energy and utilize piezoelectric materials to create an energy-generating floor. The electrical characteristics of these piezoelectric materials were studied, including the feasibility of installing them as a power source for road lighting, particularly cycling lanes. Furthermore, the effects of riders’ weights and cycling speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the electric power generated is adequate for the installation of these materials and can thus help improve visibility in the event of insufficient lighting.
Solution of Inhomogeneous Differential Equations with Polynomial Coefficients in Terms of the Green’s Function, in Nonstandard Analysis
Authors: Morita Tohru
Published: July 2022

Discussions are presented by Morita and Sato on the problem of obtaining the particular solution of an inhomogeneous differential equation with polynomial coefficients in terms of the Green’s function. In a paper, the problem is treated in distribution theory, and in another paper, the formulation is given on the basis of nonstandard analysis, where fractional derivative of degree, which is a complex number added by an infinitesimal number, is used. In the present paper, a simple recipe based on nonstandard analysis, which is closely related with distribution theory, is presented, where in place of Heaviside’s step function H(t) and Dirac’s delta function δ(t) in distribution theory, functions Hϵ(t):=1Γ(1+ϵ)tϵH(t) and δϵ(t):=ddtHϵ(t)=1Γ(ϵ)tϵ−1H(t) for a positive infinitesimal number ϵ, are used. As an example, it is applied to Kummer’s differential equation.
Aspects of Designing Inclusively from Practitioner Perspectives
Authors: Lamirande Maxim
Published: July 2022

The concept of inclusion in design is increasingly well known and often recognizes value in a greater diversity of people when creating new buildings, spaces, products, and services. Still, uptake is said to be limited in practice. The theoretical landscape provides several definitions and concerns, but they are often paradoxical. Rather than disentangle theory, this research turns to practitioners who design inclusively. This research explores the ways people advocate for inclusion in design projects, prevailing aspects in the negotiations within multi-stakeholder projects, the motivations and mindsets that drive these aspects, and the opportunities they create for the improved uptake of inclusion. Through discussions (semi-structured interviews) with six individuals from design and architecture, aspects of inclusion from practice emerged. The data were clustered thematically and organized into three parts: general project development, working with others as a team, and designing inclusively. These explorations highlight the value of including a more diverse group of individuals in the negotiations of a design project, the value of bespoke designs, the ever-evolving nature of inclusion, the different ways to present a valuable business case, and the influence of team dynamics. Conflicting perspectives on effective uptake prevail in both practice and theory. Future research will inquire on the most prevalent and valuable aspects of inclusion and their placement within current development processes.
Investigation of Two Prediction Models of Maximum Usable Frequency for HF Communication Based on Oblique- and Vertical-Incidence Sounding Data
Authors: Wang Jian , Shi Yafei , Yang Cheng
Published: July 2022

As one of the key technologies of HF communication, the maximum usable frequency (MUF) prediction method has been widely discussed. To experimentally confirm the reliability of commonly used MUFs prediction models for high-frequency communication, we have compared maximum observed frequencies (MOFs) and predicted MUFs to assess the accuracy of two typical prediction models. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) and relative RMSE (RRMSE) between oblique sounding MOFs and the predicted MUFs were used to assess the model’s accuracy. The oblique sounding path was from Changchun to Jinyang, and the vertical-sounding ionosonde was located in Beijing, which was approximately the midpoint of the oblique sounding circuit. The statistical analysis results show that: (a) the trend of prediction results from the Lockwood and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) model are in good agreement with the observations: the mean RMSE and RRMSE of the INGV model are less than those of the Lockwood model; (b) in the four different periods (sunrise, daytime, sunset, and nighttime) of the whole day, the maximum difference of RMSE between the Lockwood and INGV model is 0.14 MHz (the INGV performs better than the LWM), with the corresponding differences of RRMSE being 0.31% at sunrise and 0.68% at daytime; (c) in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, the minimum RMSE values of the Lockwood and INGV models are 1.51 MHz and 1.37 MHz, respectively, which are obtained in winter, and the corresponding RRMSEs are 11.47% and 11.79%, respectively; (d) in the high and low solar activity epochs, the mean RMSEs of the Lockwood and INGV models are 1.63 MHz, and 1.54 MHz, with corresponding mean RRMSE values of 11.47% and 11.55%. In conclusion, the INGV model is more suitable for MUF prediction over Beijing and its adjacent mid-latitude regions from the RMSE comparison of the two models.
Changes in Extreme Temperature Events and Their Contribution to Mean Temperature Changes during Historical and Future Periods over Mainland China
Authors: Shan Yu , Ying Hong , Bao Yuhai
Published: July 2022

Extreme climate events undoubtedly have essential impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, but the spatiotemporal patterns of extreme climate events at regional scales are unclear. In this study, based on observations and 14 CMIP6 global climate models, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in extreme temperature events at the mainland China scale and different basin scales in historical and future periods, and their relative importance for the changes in mean temperature (Tmean). The results show that at the mainland China scale in the historical period, extreme cold days and extreme cold nights significantly decreased, while Tmean, extreme warm days, and extreme warm nights significantly increased. However, the rates of increase in Tmean and extreme temperature events in the Continental Basin, Southwest Basin and Yellow River Basin are higher than that at the mainland China scale. The multi-model ensemble is the best model for simulating extreme temperature events in mainland China. At the mainland China scale in the future, the trends of Tmean and extreme temperature events are slow, rapid, and extremely rapid under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively. In addition, the changes in the Continental Basin and Songhua and Liaohe River Basin are larger than those at the mainland China scale. In the historical and future periods, the extreme temperature events that have a great influence on the Tmean at the Chinese mainland scale and different basin scales are all related to the minimum temperature. The findings from this study can provide references for formulating scientific and reasonable regional-scale climate change policies.
Stratospheric Polar Vortex as an Important Link between the Lower Atmosphere Circulation and Solar Activity
Authors: Veretenenko Svetlana
Published: July 2022

The stratospheric polar vortex is a large-scale cyclonic circulation that forms in a cold air mass in the polar region and extends from the middle troposphere to the stratosphere. The polar vortex is implicated in a variety of atmospheric processes, such as the formation of ozone holes, the North Atlantic and the Arctic Oscillations, variations in extratropical cyclone tracks, etc. The results presented in this work show that the vortex plays an important part in the mechanism of solar activity influence on lower atmosphere circulation, with variations in the vortex intensity being responsible for temporal variability in the correlation links observed between atmospheric characteristics and solar activity phenomena. In turn, the location of the vortex is favorable for the influence of ionization changes associated with charged particle fluxes (cosmic rays, auroral and radiation belt electrons) that affect the chemical composition and temperature regime of the polar atmosphere as well as its electric properties and cloudiness state. In this work, recent results concerning solar activity effects on the state of the stratospheric polar vortex as well as its role in solar–atmospheric links are discussed.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Valley Wind Systems in the Complex Mountain Topography of the Rolwaling Himal, Nepal
Authors: Jentsch Helge , Weidinger Johannes
Published: July 2022

The diurnal, seasonal, and spatio-temporal characteristics of local wind systems in a steep mountain valley in Nepal are analyzed with the identification of valley wind days (VWDs). Distributed across the Rolwaling Himal valley in Nepal between 3700 and 5100 m a.s.l. at eight automated weather stations (AWSs), meteorological data between October 2017 and September 2018 were examined. VWDs were classified by means of ERA5 reanalysis data and in situ observations, employing established thresholds using precipitation, solar radiation, air pressure, and wind speed data at different pressure levels. Thus, overlying synoptic influences are highly reduced and distinctive diurnal patterns emerge. A strong seasonal component in near-surface wind speed and wind direction patterns was detected. Further analyses showed the diurnal characteristics of slow (approximately 0.5–0.9 m s−1), but gradually increasing wind speeds over the night, transitional periods in the morning and evening, and the highest averaged wind speeds of approximately 4.3 m s−1 around noon during the VWDs. Wind directions followed a 180∘ shift with nocturnal katabatic mountain winds and inflowing anabatic valley winds during the daytime. With AWSs at opposing hillsides, slope winds were clearly identifiable and thermally driven spatio-temporal variations throughout the valley were revealed. Consequently, varying temporal shifts in wind speed and direction along the valley bottom can be extracted. In general, the data follow the well-known schematic of diurnal mountain–valley wind systems, but emphasize the influence of monsoonal seasonality and the surrounding complex mountain topography as decisive factors.
The Application of Fuel-Cell and Battery Technologies in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Dynamic Study
Authors: Pourrahmani Hossein , Bernier Claire Marie Isabelle , Van herle Jan
Published: July 2022

The harmful impacts of fossil-fuel-based engines on the environment have resulted in the development of other alternatives for different types of vehicles. Currently, batteries and fuel cells are being used in the automotive industry, while promising progress in the maritime and aerospace sectors is foreseen. As a case study in the aerospace sector, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was considered. The goal and the novelty of this study are in its analysis of the possibility of providing 960 W of power for a UAV with a weight of 14 kg using a hybrid system of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery and proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The dynamic performance of the system was analyzed considering three different load profiles over time in an optimized condition. PEMFC was the main supplier of power, while the battery intervened when the power load was high for the PEMFC and the system demanded an immediate response to the changes in power load. Additionally, the impacts of the operating temperature and the C-rate of the battery were characterized by the state of the charge of the battery to better indicate the overall performance of the system.
Nano-Based Theranostic Platforms for Breast Cancer: A Review of Latest Advancements
Authors: Arshad Rabia , Kiani Maria Hassan , Rahdar Abbas , Sargazi Saman , Barani Mahmood , Shojaei Shirin , Bilal Muhammad , Kumar Deepak , Pandey Sadanand
Published: July 2022

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly metastatic multifactorial disease with various histological and molecular subtypes. Due to recent advancements, the mortality rate in BC has improved over the past five decades. Detection and treatment of many cancers are now possible due to the application of nanomedicine in clinical practice. Nanomedicine products such as Doxil® and Abraxane® have already been extensively used for BC adjuvant therapy with favorable clinical outcomes. However, these products were designed initially for generic anticancer purposes and not specifically for BC treatment. With a better understanding of the molecular biology of BC, several novel and promising nanotherapeutic strategies and devices have been developed in recent years. In this context, multi-functionalized nanostructures are becoming potential carriers for enhanced chemotherapy in BC patients. To design these nanostructures, a wide range of materials, such as proteins, lipids, polymers, and hybrid materials, can be used and tailored for specific purposes against BC. Selective targeting of BC cells results in the activation of programmed cell death in BC cells and can be considered a promising strategy for managing triple-negative BC. Currently, conventional BC screening methods such as mammography, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are either costly or expose the user to hazardous radiation that could harm them. Therefore, there is a need for such analytical techniques for detecting BC that are highly selective and sensitive, have a very low detection limit, are durable, biocompatible, and reproducible. In detecting BC biomarkers, nanostructures are used alone or in conjunction with numerous molecules. This review intends to highlight the recent advances in nanomedicine in BC treatment and diagnosis, emphasizing the targeting of BC cells that overexpress receptors of epidermal growth factors. Researchers may gain insight from these strategies to design and develop more tailored nanomedicine for BC to achieve further improvements in cancer specificity, antitumorigenic effects, anti-metastasis effects, and drug resistance reversal effects.
Bio-Mimicking Acellular Wet Electrospun Scaffolds Promote Accelerated Integration and Re-Epithelialization of Full-Thickness Dermal Wounds
Authors: Chin Jiah Shin , Madden Leigh E. , Phillips Anthony R. J. , Chew Sing Yian , Becker David L.
Published: July 2022

Scaffolds can promote the healing of burns and chronic skin wounds but to date have suffered from issues with achieving full skin integration. Here, we characterise the wound response by both tissue integration and re-epithelialization to a scaffold using wet electrospinning to fabricate 3D fibrous structures. Two scaffold materials were investigated: poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and PCL + 20% rat tail type 1 collagen (PCL/Coll). We assessed re-epithelisation, inflammatory responses, angiogenesis and the formation of new extracellular matrix (ECM) within the scaffolds in rat acute wounds. The 3D PCL/Coll scaffolds impeded wound re-epithelisation, inducing a thickening of wound-edge epidermis as opposed to a thin tongue of migratory keratinocytes as seen when 3D PCL scaffolds were implanted in the wounds. A significant inflammatory response was observed with 3D PCL/Coll scaffolds but not with 3D PCL scaffolds. Enhanced fibroblast migration and angiogenesis into 3D PCL scaffolds was observed with a significant deposition of new ECM. We observed that this deposition of new ECM within the scaffold was key to enabling re-epithelialization over the scaffold. Such scaffolds provide a biocompatible environment for cell integration to lay down new ECM and encourage re-epithelisation over the implanted scaffold.
Effects of Pulsatile Flow Rate and Shunt Ratio in Bifurcated Distal Arteries on Hemodynamic Characteristics Involved in Two Patient-Specific Internal Carotid Artery Sidewall Aneurysms: A Numerical Study
Authors: Yi Hang , Johnson Mark , Bramlage Luke C. , Ludwig Bryan , Yang Zifeng
Published: July 2022

The pulsatile flow rate (PFR) in the cerebral artery system and shunt ratios in bifurcated arteries are two patient-specific parameters that may affect the hemodynamic characteristics in the pathobiology of cerebral aneurysms, which needs to be identified comprehensively. Accordingly, a systematic study was employed to study the effects of pulsatile flow rate (i.e., PFR−I, PFR−II, and PFR−III) and shunt ratio (i.e., 75:25 and 64:36) in bifurcated distal arteries, and transient cardiac pulsatile waveform on hemodynamic patterns in two internal carotid artery sidewall aneurysm models using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Numerical results indicate that larger PFRs can cause higher wall shear stress (WSS) in some local regions of the aneurysmal dome that may increase the probability of small/secondary aneurysm generation than under smaller PFRs. The low WSS and relatively high oscillatory shear index (OSI) could appear under a smaller PFR, increasing the potential risk of aneurysmal sac growth and rupture. However, the variances in PFRs and bifurcated shunt ratios have rare impacts on the time-average pressure (TAP) distributions on the aneurysmal sac, although a higher PFR can contribute more to the pressure increase in the ICASA−1 dome due to the relatively stronger impingement by the redirected bloodstream than in ICASA−2. CFD simulations also show that the variances of shunt ratios in bifurcated distal arteries have rare impacts on the hemodynamic characteristics in the sacs, mainly because the bifurcated location is not close enough to the sac in present models. Furthermore, it has been found that the vortex location plays a major role in the temporal and spatial distribution of the WSS on the luminal wall, varying significantly with the cardiac period.
Evaluation of 10-Week Neuromuscular Training Program on Body Composition of Elite Female Soccer Players
Authors: Roso-Moliner Alberto , Mainer-Pardos Elena , Arjol-Serrano José Luis , Cartón-Llorente Antonio , Nobari Hadi , Lozano Demetrio
Published: July 2022

(1) Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a 10-week neuromuscular training program (NMT) on the sum of six skinfolds (Σ6S) and body composition variables in elite female soccer players. (2) Methods: Forty-four Spanish elite female soccer players (age: 24.0 ± 4.2 years; height: 164.3 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 60.4 ± 5.5 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or to an experimental group (EG). Participants in the EG completed a specific NMT program of 24 min, three times per week, which included exercises from six different categories (mobility, dynamic stability, anterior chain strength, lumbopelvic control, posterior chain strength, and change of direction). The CG followed their normal strength and conditioning program. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included anthropometric measurements (weight, height, limb circumferences, and bone breadths), and subsequently, body composition factors BMI, Σ6S, body mass, muscle mass, and lean body mass were calculated. Nutrition was standardized by a nutritionist and also load monitored. (3) Results: A two-way mixed analysis of variance (group × time) revealed that there was a significant (p ≤ 0.001) group × time interaction between body mass, fat mass, and Σ6S in favor of NMT. A significant interaction was also observed for body skeletal muscle mass and lean body mass favoring NMT. (4) Conclusions: The application of an NMT program seems to be a useful strategy to improve body composition in elite female soccer players.
Metabolic Scaling in Birds and Mammals: How Taxon Divergence Time, Phylogeny, and Metabolic Rate Affect the Relationship between Scaling Exponents and Intercepts
Authors: Gavrilov Valery M. , Golubeva Tatiana B. , Warrack Giles , Bushuev Andrey V.
Published: July 2022

Analysis of metabolic scaling in currently living endothermic animal species allowed us to show how the relationship between body mass and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) has evolved in the history of endothermic vertebrates. We compared six taxonomic groups according to their energetic characteristics and the time of evolutionary divergence. We transformed the slope of the regression lines to the common value and analyzed three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body size. Correlation between average field metabolic rate (FMR) of the group and its average BMR was shown. We evaluated the efficiency of self-maintenance in ordinary life (defined BMR/FMR) in six main groups of endotherms. Our study has shown that metabolic scaling in the main groups of endothermic animals correlates with their evolutionary age: the younger the group, the higher the metabolic rate, but the rate increases more slowly with increasing body weight. We found negative linear relationship for scaling exponents and the allometric coefficient in five groups of endotherms: in units of mL O2/h per g, in relative units of allometric coefficients, and also in level or scaling elevation. Mammals that diverged from the main vertebrate stem earlier have a higher “b” exponent than later divergent birds. A new approach using three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body mass will be useful for many biological size-scaling relationships that follow the power function.
Analysis of Alternative mRNA Splicing in Vemurafenib-Resistant Melanoma Cells
Authors: Bokharaie Honey , Kolch Walter , Krstic Aleksandar
Published: July 2022

Alternative mRNA splicing is common in cancers. In BRAF V600E-mutated malignant melanoma, a frequent mechanism of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors involves alternative splicing (AS) of BRAF. The resulting shortened BRAF protein constitutively dimerizes and conveys drug resistance. Here, we have analysed AS in SK-MEL-239 melanoma cells and a BRAF inhibitor (vemurafenib)-resistant derivative that expresses an AS, shortened BRAF V600E transcript. Transcriptome analysis showed differential expression of spliceosome components between the two cell lines. As there is no consensus approach to analysing AS events, we used and compared four common AS softwares based on different principles, DEXSeq, rMATS, ASpli, and LeafCutter. Two of them correctly identified the BRAF V600E AS in the vemurafenib-resistant cells. Only 12 AS events were identified by all four softwares. Testing the AS predictions experimentally showed that these overlapping predictions are highly accurate. Interestingly, they identified AS caused alterations in the expression of melanin synthesis and cell migration genes in the vemurafenib-resistant cells. This analysis shows that combining different AS analysis approaches produces reliable results and meaningful, biologically testable hypotheses.
The Role of Tryptophan Dysmetabolism and Quinolinic Acid in Depressive and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Hestad Knut , Alexander Jan , Rootwelt Helge , Aaseth Jan O.
Published: July 2022

Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in both depression and neurodegenerative diseases. The kynurenine pathway, generating metabolites which may play a role in pathogenesis, is one of several competing pathways of tryptophan metabolism. The present article is a narrative review of tryptophan metabolism, neuroinflammation, depression, and neurodegeneration. A disturbed tryptophan metabolism with increased activity of the kynurenine pathway and production of quinolinic acid may result in deficiencies in tryptophan and derived neurotransmitters. Quinolinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, and raised levels in CSF, together with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, have been reported in mood disorders. Increased quinolinic acid has also been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and HIV-related cognitive decline. Oxidative stress in connection with increased indole-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and kynurenine formation may contribute to inflammatory responses and the production of cytokines. Increased formation of quinolinic acid may occur at the expense of kynurenic acid and neuroprotective picolinic acid. While awaiting ongoing research on potential pharmacological interventions on tryptophan metabolism, adequate protein intake with appropriate amounts of tryptophan and antioxidants may offer protection against oxidative stress and provide a balanced set of physiological receptor ligands.
Differences in Biomechanical Characteristics between Made and Missed Jump Shots in Male Basketball Players
Authors: Cabarkapa Dimitrije , Fry Andrew , Cabarkapa Damjana , Myers Chloe , Jones Grant , Philipp Nicolas , Yu Daniel , Deane Michael
Published: July 2022

While the importance of optimal two-point and three-point jump-shooting performance for securing the desired game outcome on various levels of basketball competition has been well documented, there is a limited amount of scientific literature on what biomechanical adjustments in shooting technique comprise the success of each shooting attempt. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the difference in kinetic and kinematic characteristics during the preparatory and release phases of the shooting motion between made and missed jump shots. While standing on a force plate, twenty-nine recreationally active males with prior basketball playing experience attempted 10 two-point and 10 three-point jump shots, combining for a total of 580 attempts. Simultaneously, two high-definition cameras were used to capture kinematic characteristics of interest. Higher elbow positioning during the preparatory phase of the shooting motion, relative to the shooter’s stature, was shown to be a critical kinematic adjustment that differentiated made from missed two-point jump shots. Alongside identical observations regarding the importance of the elbow placement, keeping the torso in a more erect position during the preparatory phase of the shooting motion, having a greater release angle and vertical jump height at the timepoint of the ball release, and attaining higher maximal trajectory height were critical kinematic adjustments that differentiated made from missed three-point jump shots.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid and Tau Levels Identifies Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients Progressing to Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ma Yunxing , Brettschneider Julia , Collingwood Joanna F.
Published: July 2022

Reported levels of amyloid-beta and tau in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were evaluated to discover if these biochemical markers can predict the transition from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A systematic review of the literature in PubMed and Web of Science (April 2021) was performed by a single researcher to identify studies reporting immunologically-based (xMAP or ELISA) measures of CSF analytes Aβ(1-42) and/or P-tau and/or T-tau in clinical studies with at least two timepoints and a statement of diagnostic criteria. Of 1137 screened publications, 22 met the inclusion criteria for CSF Aβ(1-42) measures, 20 studies included T-tau, and 17 included P-tau. Six meta-analyses were conducted to compare the analytes for healthy controls (HC) versus progressive MCI (MCI_AD) and for non-progressive MCI (Stable_MCI) versus MCI_AD; effect sizes were determined using random effects models. The heterogeneity of effect sizes across studies was confirmed with very high significance (p < 0.0001) for all meta-analyses except HC versus MCI_AD T-tau (p < 0.05) and P-tau (non-significant). Standard mean difference (SMD) was highly significant (p < 0.0001) for all comparisons (Stable_MCI versus MCI_AD: SMD [95%-CI] Aβ(1-42) = 1.19 [0.96,1.42]; T-tau = −1.03 [−1.24,−0.82]; P-tau = −1.03 [−1.47,−0.59]; HC versus MCI_AD: SMD Aβ(1-42) = 1.73 [1.39,2.07]; T-tau = −1.13 [−1.33,−0.93]; P-tau = −1.10 [−1.23,−0.96]). The follow-up interval in longitudinal evaluations was a critical factor in clinical study design, and the Aβ(1–42)/P-tau ratio most robustly differentiated progressive from non-progressive MCI. The value of amyloid-beta and tau as markers of patient outcome are supported by these findings.
Whole-Exome Sequencing of Bronchial Epithelial Cells Reveals a Genetic Print of Airway Remodelling in COPD
Authors: Germain Adeline , Perotin Jeanne-Marie , Delepine Gonzague , Polette Myriam , Deslée Gaëtan , Dormoy Valérian
Published: July 2022

The remodelling of the airways is a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but it is highly heterogeneous and erratically distributed in the airways. To assess the genetic print of remodelling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we performed a comparative whole-exome sequencing analysis on microdissected bronchial epithelia. Lung resections from four non-COPD and three COPD subjects (ex-smokers and current smokers) were formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE). Non-remodelled and remodelled bronchial epithelia were isolated by laser microdissection. Genomic DNA was captured and sequenced. The comparative quantitative analysis identified a list of 109 genes as having variants in remodelled epithelia and 160 genes as having copy number alterations in remodelled epithelia, mainly in COPD patients. The functional analysis highlighted cilia-associated processes. Therefore, bronchial-remodelled epithelia appeared genetically more altered than non-remodelled epithelia. Characterizing the unique molecular print of airway remodelling in respiratory diseases may help uncover additional factors contributing to epithelial dysfunctions, ultimately providing additional targetable proteins to correct epithelial remodelling and improve lung function.
Hyperuricemia, a Non-Independent Component of Metabolic Syndrome, Only Predicts Renal Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients without Metabolic Syndrome or Diabetes
Authors: Niu Sheng-Wen , Lin Hugo You-Hsien , Kuo I-Ching , Zhen Yen-Yi , Chang Eddy-Essen , Shen Feng-Ching , Chiu Yi-Wen , Chang Jer-Ming , Hung Chi-Chih , Hwang Shang-Jyh
Published: July 2022

Uric acid (UA) is elevated in metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes (DM). UA is associated with central obesity and blood glucose and is proposed as a criterion of MS. Previous reports showed that UA could predict renal outcome in CKD. However, recent clinical trials did not demonstrate the benefits of urate-lowering agents (ULA) for renal outcome. Whether the prognostic value of UA for renal outcome is independent of MS or secondary to MS in CKD patients is unknown. Our study included 2500 CKD stage 1–4 Asian patients divided by UA tertiles and MS/DM. In linear regression, UA was associated with obesity, C-reactive protein, and renal function. In Cox regression, high UA was associated with worse renal outcome in non-MS/DM, but not in MS/DM: hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of UA tertile 3 was 3.86 (1.87–7.97) in non-MS/DM and 1.00 (0.77–1.30) in MS/DM (p for interaction < 0.05). MS was associated with worse renal outcome, but redefined MS (including hyperuricemia as the 6th criteria) was not. In conclusion, hyperuricemia is associated with worse renal outcome in non-MS/DM and is not an independent component of MS in CKD stage 1–4 patients. Hyperuricemia secondary to MS could not predict renal outcome.
DSCAM-AS1 Long Non-Coding RNA Exerts Oncogenic Functions in Endometrial Adenocarcinoma via Activation of a Tumor-Promoting Transcriptome Profile
Authors: Treeck Oliver , Weber Florian , Fritsch Juergen , Skrzypczak Maciej , Schüler-Toprak Susanne , Buechler Christa , Ortmann Olaf
Published: July 2022

Accumulating evidence suggests that lncRNA DSCAM-AS1 acts tumor-promoting in various cancer entities. In breast cancer, DSCAM-AS1 was shown to be the lncRNA being most responsive to induction by estrogen receptor α (ERα). In this study, we examined the function of DSCAM-AS1 in endometrial adenocarcinoma using in silico and different in vitro approaches. Initial analysis of open-source data revealed DSCAM-AS1 overexpression in endometrial cancer (EC) (p < 0.01) and a significant association with shorter overall survival of EC patients (HR = 1.78, p < 0.01). In EC, DSCAM-AS1 was associated with endometrial tumor promotor gene PRL and with expression of ERα and its target genes TFF1 and PGR. Silencing of this lncRNA by RNAi in two EC cell lines was more efficient in ERα-negative HEC-1B cells and reduced their growth and the expression of proliferation activators like NOTCH1, PTK2 and EGR1. DSCAM-AS1 knockdown triggered an anti-tumoral transcriptome response as revealed by Affymetrix microarray analysis, emerging from down-regulation of tumor-promoting genes and induction of tumor-suppressive networks. Finally, several genes regulated upon DSCAM-AS1 silencing in vitro were found to be inversely correlated with this lncRNA in EC tissues. This study clearly suggests an oncogenic function of DSCAM-AS1 in endometrial adenocarcinoma via activation of a tumor-promoting transcriptome profile.
Increased Subcortical Sodium Levels in Patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Prasuhn Jannik , Göttlich Martin , Großer Sinja S. , Reuther Katharina , Ebeling Britt , Bodemann Christina , Hanssen Henrike , Nagel Armin M. , Brüggemann Norbert
Published: July 2022

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by an aggressive disease course. Total and intracellular-weighted sodium imaging (23Na-MRI) is a promising method for investigating neurodegeneration in vivo. We enrolled 10 patients with PSP and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects; all study subjects underwent a neurological examination, whole-brain structural, and (total and intracellular-weighted) 23Na-MRI. Voxel-wise analyses revealed increased brainstem total sodium content in PSP that correlated with disease severity. The ROI-wise analysis highlighted additional sodium level changes in other regions implicated in the pathophysiology of PSP. 23Na-MRI yields substantial benefits for the diagnostic workup of patients with PSP and adds complementary information on the underlying neurodegenerative tissue changes in PSP.
Significant Decrease in Glycated Hemoglobin, 2h-Post-Load Glucose and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Abnormal Body Mass Index after Therapy with Manual Lymphatic Drainage
Authors: Antoniak Klaudia , Zorena Katarzyna , Jaskulak Marta , Hansdorfer-Korzon Rita , Mrugacz Małgorzata , Koziński Marek
Published: July 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on the insulin resistance parameter (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-peptide, insulin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2h-post-loadglucose (2h-PG) and the concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with abnormal body mass index. The study involved 30 patients, including patients with normal body weight (as a control group; group I; n = 14), overweight patients (group II; n = 9) and obese patients (group III; n = 7). Each patient underwent 10 sessions of MLD therapy, 3 times a week for 30 min. In addition, we measured body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and performed body composition analysis as well as biochemical tests before MLD therapy (stage 0′) and after MLD therapy (stage 1′). A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of C-peptide, BMI, the amount of visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.87, p = 0.003; r = 0.76, p = 0.003, respectively), and the HOMA-IR index, BMI and the amount of visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.86, p = 0.005; r = 0.84, p = 0.042, respectively), before and after MLD therapy. In overweight patients (group II), a statistically significant (p = 0.041) decrease in the hsCRP level by 2.9 mg/L and a significant (p = 0.050) decrease in the 2h-PG level by 12 mg/dL after the MLD therapy was detected. Moreover, in the group of obese patients (group III), a statistically significant (p = 0.013) decrease in HbA1c level by 0.2% after MLD therapy was demonstrated. Our results indicate that MLD may have a positive effect on selected biochemical parameters, with the most favorable changes in overweight patients. Further studies in a larger number of patients are warranted to confirm our findings, to test in-depth their mechanism, and to investigate clinical benefits of this alternative therapy in patients with abnormal body mass index.
Diminazene Aceturate Reduces Angiotensin II Constriction and Interacts with the Spike Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Authors: Matsoukas John M. , Gadanec Laura Kate , Zulli Anthony , Apostolopoulos Vasso , Kelaidonis Konstantinos , Ligielli Irene , Moschovou Kalliopi , Georgiou Nikitas , Plotas Panagiotis , Chasapis Christos T. , Moore Graham , Ridgway Harry , Mavromoustakos Thomas
Published: July 2022

Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) is a putative angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator and angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist (AT1R). Its simple chemical structure possesses a negatively charged triazene segment that is homologous to the tetrazole of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), which explains its AT1R antagonistic activity. Additionally, the activation of ACE2 by DIZE converts the toxic octapeptide angiotensin II (AngII) to the heptapeptides angiotensin 1–7 and alamandine, which promote vasodilation and maintains homeostatic balance. Due to DIZE’s protective cardiovascular and pulmonary effects and its ability to target ACE2 (the predominant receptor utilized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to enter host cells), it is a promising treatment for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). To determine DIZE’s ability to inhibit AngII constriction, in vitro isometric tension analysis was conducted on rabbit iliac arteries incubated with DIZE or candesartan and constricted with cumulative doses of AngII. In silico docking and ligand interaction studies were performed to investigate potential interactions between DIZE and other ARBs with AT1R and the spike protein/ACE2 complex. DIZE, similar to the other ARBs investigated, was able to abolish vasoconstriction in response to AngII and exhibited a binding affinity for the spike protein/ACE2 complex (PDB 6LZ6). These results support the potential of DIZE as a treatment for COVID-19.
Immediate Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Fascial Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Pirri Carmelo , Fede Caterina , Petrelli Lucia , De Rose Enrico , Biz Carlo , Guidolin Diego , De Caro Raffaele , Stecco Carla
Published: July 2022

Extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) are used in the treatment of soft tissue injuries, but their role in the treatment of myofascial pain has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in cell biology of fibroblasts derived from deep/muscular fascia following treatment with ESWs. Primary fascial fibroblasts were collected from small samples of human fascia lata of the thigh of three volunteer patients (two men, one woman) during orthopedic surgery, and put in culture. These cells were exposed to 100 impulses of 0.05 mJ/mm2 with a frequency of 2.5 Hz, using 3D-printed support. This study demonstrated for the first time that ESWs can lead to in vitro production of hyaluronan-rich vesicles immediately after the treatment. At 1, 4, and 24 h after treatment, Alcian blue and Toluidine blue staining; immunocytochemistry to detect hyaluronic acid binding protein (HABP), collagen I, and collagen III; and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that these vesicles are rich in hyaluronan and collagen I and III. The diameter of these vesicles was assessed, highlighting a small size at 1 h after ESW treatment, whereas at 4 and 24 h, they had an increase in the size. Particularly evident was the release of hyaluronan-rich vesicles, collagen-I, and collagen-III starting at 1 h, with an increase at 4 h and maintenance by 24 h. These in vitro data indicate that fascial cells respond to ESW treatment by regulating and remodeling the formation of extracellular matrix.
Colorimetric Systems for the Detection of Bacterial Contamination: Strategy and Applications
Authors: Kim Dong-Min , Yoo Seung-Min
Published: July 2022

Bacterial contamination is a public health concern worldwide causing enormous social and economic losses. For early diagnosis and adequate management to prevent or treat pathogen-related illnesses, extensive effort has been put into the development of pathogenic bacterial detection systems. Colorimetric sensing systems have attracted increasing attention due to their simple and single-site operation, rapid signal readout with the naked eye, ability to operate without external instruments, portability, compact design, and low cost. In this article, recent trends and advances in colorimetric systems for the detection and monitoring of bacterial contamination are reviewed. This article focuses on pathogen detection strategies and technologies based on reaction factors that affect the color change for visual readout. Reactions used in each strategy are introduced by dividing them into the following five categories: external pH change-induced pH indicator reactions, intracellular enzyme-catalyzed chromogenic reactions, enzyme-like nanoparticle (NP)-catalyzed substrate reactions, NP aggregation-based reactions, and NP accumulation-based reactions. Some recently developed colorimetric systems are introduced, and their challenges and strategies to improve the sensing performance are discussed.