bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbicidal and pesticidal properties of some 1,5‐benzodiazepines, 1,3,5‐benzotriazepines and 3,1,5‐benzothiadiazepines
Authors: Clifford David P. , Jackson David , Edwards Roy V. , Jeffrey Peter
Published: November 2006

Series of 1,5‐benzodiazepines, 1,3,5‐benzotriazepines and 3,1,5‐benzothiadiazepines were prepared and tested for pesticidal and herbicidal activity. No one compound showed a general effect but individual compounds exhibited specific activities.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds X 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethyicyclopropanecarboxylates with ethylenic substituents at position 3 on the cyclopropane ring
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Needham Paul H. , Pulman David A.
Published: November 2006

The insecticidal activities against houseflies (Musca domestica L.) and mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae Fab.) of the chrysanthemate bioresmethrin, and of 31 related 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates with alkenyl, alkadienyl or alkoxycarbonylalkenyl substituents at position 3 of the cyclopropane ring are compared to determine the relative influence of the isobutenyl sidechain (as in chrysanthemates) and of the other side chains. Several substituents, in particular (E)‐ or (Z)‐butadienyl or ‐pentadienyl, give considerably greater activity than isobutenyl but alkoxycarbonyl compounds are less potent.
Determination and confirmation of methomyl residues in soil and water
Authors: Fung Kenneth K. H.
Published: November 2006

Gas chromatographic methods for the determination of methomyl residues in soil and water utilising the flame photometric detector are described. Complete extraction of methomyl residues in soil and water was obtained and the analytica.1 results were reproducible. Recovery of 90–96 % of methomyl residues was possible based on 50 g of soil and 1 litre of water. The identity of methomyl residues determined was confirmed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.
Metabolism of benomyl in carrot, strawberry and apple
Authors: Rouchaud Jean P. , Lhoest Georges J. , Mercier Michel J. , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of benomyl was studied in carrots treated with high rates of benomyl, and in strawberries and apples treated at normal rates. The same metabolites were observed in both cases though, at normal rates, their concentrations were low but significant. Detected by means of gas‐liquid chromatography they were: carbendazim, 2‐aminobenzimidazole (2‐AB), benzimidazole, 2‐aminobenzonitrile, o‐phenylene‐diamine and the conjugates of carbendazim and 2‐AB. o‐Phenylenediamine has not hitherto been reported as a metabolite of benomyl. Two unidentified compounds were also observed by gas‐liquid chromatography; their mass spectra were obtained by means of combined gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Metabolism of 2‐aminobenzimidazole and benzimidazole in melon plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean P. , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

Melon plants grown in a liquid nutrient solution were separately treated either with benomyl, 2‐aminobenzimidazole (2‐AB), or benzimidazole (BZ), and after 60 days each compound had decomposed into significant concentrations of metabolites, those from 2‐AB and BZ corresponding to the metabolites from benomyl. This supported the following postulated metabolic pathway for benomyl in melon plants: benomyl → carbendazim → 2‐AB→BZ

Involvement of the other identified metabolites of benomyl (2‐aminobenzonitrile, o‐phenylenediamine, aniline, and the conjugates of carbendazim and 2‐AB) cannot be proposed unequivocally. In the extracts from plants treated with 2‐AB or BZ, new and unidentified metabolites have also been observed using gas‐liquid chromatography (g.l.c.).
Metabolism of the fungicide triforine in barley plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean P. , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

The metabolic fate of [3H]‐triforine in barley plants has been studied. 15 and 30 days after treatment, unchanged triforine amounted to 57.5 and 43.2% respectively, and of three soluble metabolites detected, piperazine (0.3 and 4.0%) and N‐[2, 2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl] formamide (12.9 and 8.4%), the latter for the first time as a metabolite in plants, were identified using t.1.c. with four solvent systems. The solid residue contained 23.1 and 38.2% of bound label after 15 and 30 days respectively.
Movement and rate of decomposition of ethoprophos in soil columns under field conditions
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze , Voerman Simon
Published: November 2006

The rates of degradation and downward movement of ethoprophos (O‐ethyl SS‐dipropyl phosphorodithioate) were measured under field conditions in four soils in aluminium columns (40 cm long). A 10% granular formulation was incorporated in the top 10 cm at a rate of 10.0–10.5 kg a.i./ha. Under outdoor conditions during spring and summer, loss of ethoprophos approximated to first order kinetics; the half‐life was about 87 days in a humic sand and a peaty sand, with pH values of 4.5 and 4.6, respectively. In a sandy loam and a loam soil with pH values of 7.2 and 7.3, respectively, the half‐life ranged between 14 and 28 days. Under experimental conditions with fallow soils and 35.3 cm rainfall, the downward movement of substantial concentrations of ethoprophos by leaching and diffusion was restricted to a few centimetres.
The search for new insecticides for tsetse fly control
Authors: Hadaway Alan B. , Barlow Fred , Turner Christopher R. , Flower Leonard S.
Published: November 2006

Tests to evaluate candidate insecticides and formulations for tsetse control are described, and some data are presented to indicate that some new synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. permethrin and NRDC 161) are effective for a long period at such extremely low doses that they could have a pronounced influence on future tsetse control operations.
Further development of bendiocarb for the control of disease vectors with particular reference to the housefly, Musca domestica L.
Authors: Lemon Roger W. , Bromilow Clive R.
Published: November 2006

Bendiocarb is recommended for the control of a wide range of arthropod pests associated with buildings. They include ants, bed bugs, carpet beetles, cockroaches, fleas and silverfish. The compound is currently being developed for the control of adult Musca domestica L. Preliminary tests in the laboratory gave promising results and subsequently a series of field experiments were conducted in the Middle East. These involved treatment of farm buildings, a slaughterhouse and parts of an urban area in which domestic refuse was the source of the fly problem. The trials demonstrated that bendiocarb spray (2.4 g a.i. + 10 g sucrose/litre) will effectively control adult flies for a period of 7–14 days in hot, arid climatic conditions.
Effects of particle size and active ingredient content on residual activity of chlorpyrifos wettable powder formulations against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.)
Authors: Macquillan Michael J. , Shipp Erik
Published: November 2006

In a laboratory experiment Cydia pomonella (L.) eggs, two days from eclosion, were placed on apples which had been sprayed five weeks previously with chlorpyrifos (125 mg/litre) from five formulations. Four were wettable powders (250 g a.i./kg) with particles ca 4, 5, 9 and 10 μm in diameter and one (500 g a.i./kg) with particles 2 μm in diameter. The treated apples were aged in direct sunlight. The percentage of apples without deep entries by first instar larvae one week after positioning of eggs, was greater the greater the ratio of active ingredient content of a formulation to total wettable powder particle surface area.
The role of ethylene in the response of plants to stress
Authors: Hall Michael A. , Kapuya Juma A. , Sivakumaran Seenivasagam , John Allan
Published: November 2006

Work is described showing that marked changes in endogenous ethylene levels in plants occur in response to the imposition of water stress. The means whereby these changed levels are brought about is discussed in relation to findings on the movement of ethylene within and out of the plant, the involvement of other endogenous growth regulators and the effects of plant age. The role of ethylene in mediating changes in the patterns of plant growth and development in response to water stress is assessed.
Further evaluation of permethrin for biting‐fly control
Authors: Blackman Gerald G. , Hodson Michael J.
Published: November 2006

Laboratory tests in a fly chamber and field trials in the UK and Australia have shown that permethrin, (3‐phenoxybenzyl (1R,1S)‐cis,trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2, 2‐dime‐thylcyclopropanecarboxylate) containing 25: 75 cis: trans isomers, applied as water emulsions to cattle and horses will control biting flies. Satisfactory protection against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and excellent control against the horn fly, Haematobia (Lyperosia) irritans (L.) was achieved on cattle. Good control was obtained on horses against the stable fly and the sand fly Culicoides spp. These early results are encouraging and toxicity and residue data suggest that permethrin would be a safe insecticide to use on livestock for the control of biting flies of veterinary importance.
Cost‐benefit analysis and investment appraisal in relation to pest control measures
Authors: Bradbury Frank R. , Loasby Brian J.
Published: November 2006

A distinction is drawn between cost‐benefit analysis and investment appraisal. Both are methods for evaluating projects, with cost‐benefit analysis looking at proposals from the angle of the larger community in contrast to investment appraisal which looks at them from the individual, or firm, point of view. The time value of money is examined and also the treatment by cost‐benefit analysis of social values and other elements outside the purview of investment appraisal, the so‐called externalities or spillovers. Cost‐benefit analysis of pest control measures is shown to depend heavily on analysis of the complexities and interactions of the biological/biochemical systems involved. This leads to the conclusion that the main thrust of cost‐benefit studies in the pesticide field is to improve our understanding of pest problems and thereby to improve the efficiency of pest control measures, to the benefit of both the industry and the public.
A laboratory device for producing single drops in uniform sizes of 150–450 μm diameter
Authors: Merritt Colin R. , Drinkwater John A.
Published: November 2006

A device is described which can produce single drops of liquids in uniform sizes. Drop size can be adjusted, and with an aqueous solution of a non‐ionic surfactant (“Agral”; 1 ml/litre) sizes 160–490 μm diam. were produced. Suitable techniques of calibration are given. The device is a useful research tool for study of the effects of form of deposit on herbicide performance.
A collaborative study of residues on wheat of chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, methacrifos and pirimiphos‐methyl. 1. Method development
Authors: Desmarchelier James , Bengston Mervyn , Connell Meville , Minett William , Moore Barry , Phillips Mervyn , Snelson John , Sticka Rex , Tucker Kenneth
Published: November 2006

The accuracy and reproducibility of analytical methods for the assay of five organophosphorus grain protectants have been investigated by a coordinated test programme. Results were assessed using data from field applications of chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, methacrifos and pirimofos‐methyl at commercial silos in New South Wales and Queensland. A satisfactory analytical procedure is recommended following an extended series of tests.
Rapid evaluation of phosphine permeability through various flexible films and coated fabrics
Authors: Kashi Kattera P. , Muthu Mysore , Majumder Suvendu K.
Published: November 2006

Phosphine permeability through forty‐one different flexible films and coated fabrics including polyethylene, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, rubber and cellulose was tested using a sensitive indicator strip. It diffused through all of them; the rate of diffusion, however, varied among them. Four, namely 0.53 mm thick high molecular weight polyethylene, 0.07 mm thick wax paper laminated with polyethylene, 0.23 mm thick unsupported polyvinyl chloride and 0.44 mm thick polyvinyl chloride treated cloth coated with aluminium paint on the cloth side, were the least permeable. Proper screening of commercially available polymer films before their use for fumigation is emphasised. The discussion of the results attempts to rank the films or laminates on the basis of their relative permeability of phosphine. The physicochemical principles of permeability and rapid evaluation method for assessing the performance of flexible film barriers are also discussed.
Fenbendazole. II. Biological properties and activity
Authors: Düwel Dieter
Published: November 2006

Fenbendazole has a broad spectrum of activity against immature and adult helminths of the intestinal tract and lungs at an oral dose of 5–7.5 mg/kg. This compound has a wide margin of safety in domestic animals without teratogenic side effects. Data are given on metabolism, mode of action and excretion.
Degradation of the pyrethroid insecticide WL 41706, (±)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, in soils
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Standen Mervyn E.
Published: November 2006

The degradation of the insecticide WL 41706, (±)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, (I), in two soils from Spain and one from the UK has been studied in the laboratory. Samples of (I) labelled separately with 14C in the benzyl ring (uniform labelling) and at C(1) of the cyclopropyl ring were used. The insecticide underwent degradation by hydrolysis at the cyano group to form the amide and carboxylic acid analogues. However, the major degradative route was hydrolysis at the ester linkage leading initially to the formation of 3‐phenoxy‐benzoic acid and 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid. When a sandy clay soil was treated with [benzyl−14C]‐WL 41706 under balance conditions, 14CO2 was evolved at a steady rate and 16 % of the applied radiolabel was detected as 14CO2 over a 26 week period. The rate of degradation of I was most rapid on a moist sandy clay (loss of 50 % initial quantity in 4 weeks) but it was considerably slower on dry sandy clay and moist clay soils (> 16 weeks). Under flooded, anaerobic conditions the rate of hydrolysis of the insecticide was slower than under aerobic conditions and the 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid and 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid were found to accumulate over the 24 weeks of the experiment.
Actions of isothiocyanates on the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana
Authors: Sattelle David B. , Callec Jean‐Jacques
Published: November 2006

A simple sucrose‐gap method for determining the effects of neurotoxicants on the insect central nervous system is used to investigate the mode of action of various isothiocyanates which are known potent inhibitors of insect choline acetyltransferase. The application of 2‐isothiocyanatoethyltrimethylammonium iodide to desheathed sixth abdominal ganglia of Periplaneta americana produces rapid effects on synaptic transmission at the cercal‐nerve, giant‐fibre synapses. Monitoring effects on the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and changes of resistance and potential of the postsynaptic membrane indicate that this compound acts primarily on the postsynaptic membrane. Similar actions are noted for other isothiocyanates investigated.
A note on the persistence of phosfolan on cotton leaves and glass surfaces under field conditions
Authors: Belal Mohammed H. , Fahmy Hosni S. M. , Abdallah Mounir D. , Awad Toson M.
Published: November 2006

A study of phosfolan deposited from sprays indicated that most of it is degraded within a week in the presence of light and air. It disappears more rapidly on cotton leaves than on glass because much of it migrates into the leaf interior within 7 h of application. Degradation within the leaf proceeds more slowly than on the leaf surface or on glass.
Assessing the efficiencies of low and high volume methods of applying pesticides to tobacco
Authors: Cole James S. , Zvenyika Zvenyika
Published: November 2006

Low volume carbendazim sprays (25–100 litre/ha) applied with a knapsack mistblower fitted with twin nozzles or a mesh diffuser were compared with high volume sprays (760 litre/ha) from three pairs of ‘Spraying Systems’ Y6 nozzles on the vertical boom of a knapsack pressure sprayer. The carbendazim concentration and total amount deposited were measured by thin‐layer chromatography and bioassay. The twin nozzles, which directed two spray streams 50° apart, deposited most fungicide on the plants using 100 litre/ha, and in two experiments 76 and 80% of theoretical amounts applied per plant were detected in or on the leaves. At 25 litre/ha, the distribution was less uniform and the deposit efficiency was 74%. The mesh diffuser at 100 litre/ha was less efficient; where the spray was directed between and parallel to the rows of tobacco the deposits were 26 and 42% of the total carbendazim applied, whereas directing the spray at an angle of about 45° towards the rows of tobacco increased the deposit to 57%. Sprays applied at a pressure of 410 kPa (4.1 bar) from Y6 nozzles deposited only 16% of the active ingredient onto the leaves. Better control of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum was obtained with dinocap using the mesh diffuser than with either the Y6 nozzles or with dusts from a motorised duster.
Metabolism of [2,5‐14c]piperazine in barley plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

The shoots of barley plants root‐treated with [2,5‐14C]piperazine were analysed 30 days after treatment. Methanol extraction left a solid residue which contained 31.9% of 14C (all percentages refer to the total of 14C incorporated into the shoots); further extraction with acidified methanol and dimethyl sulphoxide dissolved respectively 3.2% and 5.8% of 14C. The initial methanol extract contained radioactive piperazine (16.8%), iminodiacetic acid (8.6%), glycine (15.4%), oxalic acid (7.2%), and un‐identified compounds (20.1%). In barley, piperazine is the product of the most advanced metabolism so far identified of the fungicide triforine, 1,4‐bis(2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐formamidoethyl)piperazine; the results obtained here show that piperazine is certainly not the end‐product of the metabolism of triforine in barley.
Inhibition of biological hydrolysis of parathion in rice straw‐amended flooded soil and its reversal by nitrogen compounds and aerobic conditions
Authors: Rajaram K. P. , Rao Y. R. , Sethunathan N.
Published: November 2006

The effect of nitrogen compounds and moisture regimes on the inhibition of the biological hydrolysis of parathion in rice straw‐amended soil under flooded conditions was studied. Single applications of rice straw, potassium nitrate or ammonium sulphate to the flooded soil, inoculated with parathion‐hydrolysing enrichment culture, inhibited the hydrolysis of the insecticide; the inhibition was reversed, however, in combined applications of rice straw with potassium nitrate or with ammonium sulphate. Aqueous extracts of rice straw‐amended soils incubated under flooded undisturbed conditions as well as at 100% moisture inhibited the hydrolysis. The inhibitory factor was not formed in rice straw‐amended flooded soils incubated at 50 and 75% moisture levels.
Conversion rates of aldicarb and its oxidation products in soils. III. Aldicarb
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze , Houx Norbert W. H. , Dekker Abraham
Published: November 2006

Aldicarb was incubated in seven soils at 15°C and its loss was well described by first‐order kinetics. Rate constants varied between 0.078 day−1 in a peaty sand to 0.35 day−1 in a clay loam. The concentration‐time relationships for aldicarb, its sulphoxide and its sulphone were approximated by a computation model which was used to analyse the importance of the various consecutive and simultaneous reactions. It was computed that 91 to 100% of the aldicarb would be oxidised to its sulphoxide.
Residues of diuron and phytotoxic degradation products in aquatic situations. II. Diuron in irrigation water
Authors: Bowmer Kathleen H. , Adeney John A.
Published: November 2006

When diuron is used as a soil‐residual herbicide in irrigation canals, water quality is protected in standard practice by ‘flushing’–the diversion of the first discharge of water to the drainage system before irrigation is resumed. In three canals treated with diuron at about 40–45 kg ha−1, flushing for 4 h was relatively inefficient, removing 15% or less of the residual diuron in the sediment. In one other canal approximately 40% was removed during flushing. Cumulative loss of diuron was proportional to the square root of the time of water discharge. The effect of the time interval between treatment and flushing was investigated in trials on soils of typically heavy texture. When flushing closely followed treatment about 6 kg diuron ha−1 was removed but in three trials, for a range of times from treatment of 5–15 weeks, losses were similar and about 2.5 kg ha−1, suggesting that a restriction of longer than 5 weeks is unlikely to reduce contamination. In a contrasting soil of sandier texture greater movement of diuron away from the sediment surface probably contributed to a five‐fold reduction of diuron extracted in flushing. These data were used to calculate the effects of flushing time on both the concentrations of diuron in water discharged to drains for subsequent re‐use and the concentrations in the irrigation water, to aid assessment of hazard to crops. Flushing times required for residues in water to reach 0.1 μg ml−1, calculated by extrapolation, were in the order of days so that it may be necessary to restrict the use of diuron to farms which can retain the discharge water within their own boundaries, or to areas where dilution in receiving waters can be shown to be adequate.
Controlled release of pheromones
Authors: Campion Derek G. , Lester Ralph , Nesbitt Brenda F.
Published: November 2006

Insect pheromones, in particular sex pheromones, are becoming increasingly important in pest management. As they are both expensive to synthesise and biologically very active, efficient means of controlled release are essential if they are to be used effectively and economically in the field. Pheromone‐baited traps can be used for monitoring insect pest populations and for this purpose a long‐lasting attractant source with release rate closely simulating that of the insect is required. A second approach involves permeation of the atmosphere with attractant or inhibitory components of sex pheromones in order to disrupt communication between the sexes and thus reduce mating and diminish subsequent larval infestations. For this method to be effective is necessary to maintain the pheromone concentration in treatment areas at a suitably high level for several weeks. The two approaches have led to the development of different kinds of dispensing systems. To provide an attractant source in traps, pheromones have been incorporated into solid polymers, notably polythene and rubber, whilst for communication disruption, microencapsulation and ‘hollow fibre’ techniques have been developed. Recent advances are reviewed and future prospects discussed.
The symbiotes of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) in strains resistant and susceptible to demeton‐S‐methyl
Authors: Ball Brenda V. , Bailey Leslie
Published: November 2006

The lengths of individual symbiotes and the numbers of these per unit area in ultrathin sections of the mycetomes did not differ significantly between strains of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) that were resistant or susceptible to demeton‐S‐methyl in Britain. This is contrary to observations made in Germany on the symbiotes of similar aphids resistant or susceptible to parathion.
A gas‐chromatographic method for the determination of dichlorvos in air
Authors: Bryant Richard J. , Minett William
Published: November 2006

A sensitive, specific and convenient method for the determination of dichlorvos in air is described. The method involves the use of glass tubes containing potassium nitrate for trapping dichlorvos vapour from the air and flame‐photometric gas chromatography for the determination of dichlorvos. The recovery of dichlorvos is 80% and the coefficient of variation for the method is 10%. The method gives results which compare favourably with those obtained by the Drechsel bottle procedure. In addition, the method requires only low sample volumes and can be applied to determine levels of dichlorvos in confined spaces. The sampling flow rate is not critical but storage of the sampling tubes below room temperature prior to analysis is necessary.
A comparison of the efficiency of sprays of two drop‐size ranges in an apple orchard
Authors: Allen John G. , Butt Denis J. , Dicker Gerald H. L. , Hunter Laurence D.
Published: November 2006

A two‐season trial of a mist blower‐sprayer with improved air‐flow characteristics was made to assess the relative efficiency of 120 and 180 μm mass median diameter (MMD) drop‐size sprays for the control of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) in a hedgerow‐type apple orchard. The principal pesticide was binapacryl, applied at two rates for each drop‐size. Under typical commercial conditions the smaller drop‐size approximately halved the incidence of apple mildew found when the conventional 180 μm MMD drop‐size spray was used; there was no conclusive advantage against red spider mite. Unexpectedly large variations occurred in the deposits from the weekly applications and were related to the humidity during spraying.
Hydrolysis of the wild oat herbicides flamprop‐methyl, flamprop‐ethyl, flamprop‐isopropyl and benzoylprop‐ethyl
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Stokes Sylvia
Published: November 2006

Kinetic measurements of the hydrolysis rates of flamprop‐methyl, flamprop‐ethyl,a flamprop‐isopropyl and benzoylprop‐ethyl have been carried out and the hydrolysis products analysed. The similarity of the data to that obtained from the hydrolysis of alkyl acetates show that these esters are hydrolysed by bimolecular acyl bond fission in both acidic and basic media. No buffer or salt effects on the rates were observed. The hydroxyl ion rates were approximately 10000 times faster than the protoncatalysed rates, so that optimum stability is found in solutions of pH 4. Equations are given to calculate hydrolysis rates when the pH exceeds 4 at ambient temperatures.
Permeation of organic molecules of widely differing solubilities and of water through isolated cuticles of orange leaves
Authors: Davis David G. , Mullins Jeanette S. , Stolzenberg Gary E. , Booth Gordon D.
Published: November 2006

Water penetrated through isolated leaf cuticles of dwarf orange (Citrus mitis Blanco, ‚Calamondin’︁) as undissociated molecules because both [18O] water (1H218O) and HTO (1H3H16O) permeated at the same rate. HTO penetrated to 3 to 21% of the theoretical equilibrium value (TEV) in an unstirred system within 10 days for astomatous cuticles and 50 to 60% of TEV for stomatous cuticles. The permeability coefficient (k) of HTO through astomatous cuticles at 25°C was 6.8 × 10−7 cm s−1. Two highly water‐soluble 14C‐labelled compounds, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ylamine [aminotriazole (BSI) or amitrole (ISO)], and two nearly water‐insoluble 14C‐labelled compounds, 1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl) and 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline (dicloran), were compared to HTO as a reference standard in permeation studies. All four organic molecules permeated without decomposing. The relative k values for TCA, aminotriazole, carbaryl, HTO and dicloran were 0.32, 0.47, 0.71, 1.0, and 1.5 respectively. Although this suggested that the permeation of organic molecules may be inversely related to water solubility, this could not be established with certainty due to large variations in the data. The k values were obtained for 12 other organic compounds through a variety of biological and model membranes or were calculated from the literature. Any relationships between k and various molecular characteristics were unclear because a wide variety of cuticle sources and experimental design was used by different investigators working in this area. The calculation of k is considered essential in all permeability studies so that comparisons can be made between laboratories.
Uptake of the systemic fungicide triadimefon by clover and its effect on symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Authors: Fisher David J. , Pickard John A. , McKenzie Carol M.
Published: November 2006

Clover is frequently grown in rotation with cereals in order to increase soil nitrogen. The systemic fungicide triadimefon, widely used against cereal pathogens, is readily taken up from soil by clover and degraded to a single major metabolite. Plant weight and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium trijolii are affected only by concentrations of triadimefon in soil that are much in excess of those likely to be encountered in practice. Triadimefon residues are thus unlikely to affect nitrogen fixation by clover under field conditions.
O‐ethyl O‐isopropyl O‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate, a new experimental insecticide and acaricide
Authors: Konec̆ýa Václav , Varkonda Štefan , Kovac̆ic̆ová Jana , Bátora Vojtech , Vargová Mária
Published: November 2006

The insecticidal and acaricidal action, anti‐cholinesterase activity and toxicity to rats of a new experimental pesticide, O‐ethyl O‐isopropyl O‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate (I), and those of some by‐products found in the technical material, are described. High insecticidal and acaricidal effectiveness of I was found in laboratory and field trials. The activity as a soil insecticide in field trials was equal to, or greater than, that of other chemicals used at present.
Morphogenetic effects of diflubenzuron, an inhibitor of chitin deposition, on the coconut black‐headed caterpillar (Nephantis serinopa myer)
Authors: Sundaramurthy V. T. , Santhanakrishnan K.
Published: November 2006

Feeding the last instar larvae of Nephantis serinopa, the coconut black‐headed caterpillar, on coconut leaves that had been dipped in diflubenzuron suspensions (0.2‐4.0 g litre−1) and dried, inhibited the moulting process and caused morphogenetic deformities of their pupae. The inhibition of moulting ranged from 27.5 to 75% The maximum effect was produced by suspensions of 4.0 g litre−1 when only 5% of the larvae survived to become adults against 97.5% of untreated larvae.
Persistence of 2,4,5‐T in a heavy clay soil
Authors: Walker Allan , Smith Allan E.
Published: November 2006

The persistence of the herbicide 2,4,5‐T was studied at different controlled temperatures and moisture levels in Regina heavy clay. Degradation approximated to first‐order kinetics and the half‐life varied from about 4 days at 35°C and 34% soil moisture to about 60 days at 10°C and 20% soil moisture. The laboratory data were used in conjunction with the appropriate measurements of surface soil temperature and moisture content in the field to simulate the degradation pattern for the herbicide in five separate micro‐plot experiments. Satisfactory agreement with the observed patterns of loss was obtained in two of the experiments but in the other three, the model over‐estimated rates of loss. It is suggested that the reason for this was the difficulty of obtaining a correct measure of soil moisture content to use in the simulation program.
Analysis of polar metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides on an anion‐exchange chromatographic column
Authors: Houx Norbert W. H. , Jongen Wim M. F. , De Vries Anje W. , Welling Wim , Dekker Abraham
Published: November 2006

A simple and rapid procedure is described for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites of malathion and other insecticides. The omission of an extraction at low pH, and mild conditions of anion‐exchange chromatography on QAE‐Sephadex prevent the degradation of a malathion metabolite, S‐(1‐carboxy‐2‐ethoxycarbonyl)‐ethyl O,O‐dimethyl phosphorothioate (malaoxon α‐carboxylic acid), which takes place under strongly acid conditions. Disadvantages of the commonly used fractionation of malathion and malaoxon metabolites based on partitioning are discussed.
Residual sprays for the control of the crazy ant Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) in the seychelles
Authors: Haines Ian H. , Haines Jennifer B.
Published: November 2006

Attempts to find suitable quick‐acting toxic sprays, for the control of Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) in buildings, involved investigations of the toxicity and weathering properties of several insecticide formulations. Their mammalian toxicity was also considered and, particularly for indoor applications, their odour and non‐staining properties. Bendiocarb, gamma‐HCH and chlorpyrifos were particularly effective, killing ants rapidly after minimal contact with spray deposits, but gamma‐HCH and chlorpyrifos weathered better than bendiocarb and were therefore more suitable for outdoor applications.
Potentiation of warfarin toxicity to roof rats (Rattus rattus) by L‐histidine and by vitamin K adsorbers
Authors: Rao Muktha Bai Krishnoji
Published: November 2006

The efficacy of warfarin alone or with various additives was tested against roof rats (Rattus rattus). Warfarin alone at 50 mg kg−1 of bait killed 37% of the roof rats where‐as the additives, L‐histidine (40 mg kg−1 of bait), activated‐clay, charcoal and carbon (10 g kg−1 of bait), tested individually, produced no mortality. However, when warfarin wascombined with each of these additives in turn, only the L‐histidine combination resulted in 100% mortality while the other combinations killed 88, 75 and 63% of the test rats respectively. Further trials of paired comparison tests were carried out in order to evaluate the efficacy of the warfarin/L‐histidine combination under different environmental conditions. All the rats succumbed to this combination in both cage and rattery conditions when there was no alternative food. Mortality decreased to 60% in cage and 70% in rattery when alternative food was provided alongside the poison bait. Rats tended to die more quickly with the L‐histidine combination than with warfarin alone. Field trials also confirmed that this combination was effective in reducing roof rat infestations as shown by the yield of corpses, the post‐poison bait intake and post‐operational surveillance.
Time‐controlled cholinesterase reactions as a means of measuring water‐soluble residues of organophosphorus insecticide spray deposits on plant surfaces
Authors: Uk Solang
Published: November 2006

Ellman's method of cholinesterase assay which is often used for residue analysis of organophosphorus insecticides has been modified by adding the protein denaturant, sodium dodecyl sulphate, to control the duration of the reaction. In doing so, the reaction time can be standardised to facilitate the measurement in a field laboratory of residues of water‐soluble organophosphates, particularly on plant surfaces that have been subjected to sprays. Thirty samples can be analysed in 1 h by timing each step of the procedure for a series of 30 reaction tubes at 1‐min intervals from the incubation of the enzyme with the insecticide to the final addition of the sodium dodecyl sulphate. Results from a series of aerial spray trials are presented and discussed briefly as an example of a field application of the method.
The effect of gamma‐HCH upon the ultrastructure of the neurohaemal organs on the median nerves of the stick insect (Carausius morosus)
Authors: Osborne Michael P.
Published: November 2006

Topical application of gamma‐HCH induced considerable ultrastructural changes and damage in the cellular components of the neurohaemal organs on the median nerves of Carausius morosus. The cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the glial cells became much more opaque to electrons and shrinkage occurred in the cellular wrappings surrounding the nerve axons. The cytoplasm of the tracheal wall cells and end cells also increased in electron density. Damage to the nervous elements was less evident than to the glial cells but some clumping and increase in electron opacity of the axoplasm took place. Neurosecretory granules could fragment and/or become less opaque to electrons. Some axons that lacked a glial‐cell sheath and contained neurosecretory granules appeared to be disrupted or degenerating. At very high doses there was an apparent reduction in the number of storage granules and an increase in exocytotic profiles in some neurosecretory axons. These results are discussed in relation to the possible modes of action of gamma‐HCH upon the nervous system of insects.
The relative susceptibility of two field collections of Bulinus truncatus (Audouin) to trifenmorph
Authors: Daffalla Ash A‐R. , Duncan John
Published: November 2006

Chemical control of the intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis, based on copper sulphate, has been practised in the Sudan Gezira since 1956. A continued use of the more recent trifenmorph blanket‐treatments raises the question of eventual resistance to this molluscicide. Two collections of Bulinus truncatus (Audouin), from a treated and an untreated area of the Gezira, have therefore been subjected to laboratory rearing, bioassay and measurement of the rate of uptake of the chemical into the snail. A difference in susceptibility could be shown and this has been tentatively attributed to the rather more marked difference, in penetration rate of the molluscicide, between the two groups of snails.
Toxic effects of surfactants applied to plant roots
Authors: Horowitz Menashe , Givelberg Assia
Published: November 2006

Six surfactants used as additives to pesticide sprays, were applied in aqueous solution to the roots of sorghum plants. After a few hours of exposure to the surfactant solution, ions and amino‐acids leaked from the roots into the ambient solution, presumably due to a loss of membrane integrity. After 2‐3 days, the plants wilted and, at high concentrations of surfactants, they died. Toxic effects varied with the surfactant and its concentration, but no clear relationship was found between the physical effect of lowering the surface tension, the release of solutes by the roots, and the injury caused to the plant. The results are of significance because of the proposed use of sewage effluents, known to contain detergents, for irrigation purposes in Israel.
Studies on the degradation of bis(tributyltin) oxide in soil
Authors: Barug Daniel , Vonk Johannes W.
Published: November 2006

The degradation of bis(tri[1‐14C]butyltin) oxide in two soils (1 mg tin kg−1) has been studied under laboratory conditions. Half of the applied compound disappeared from unsterilised silt loam and sandy loam in approximately 15 and 20 weeks, respectively; it disappeared also from the sterilised soils but to a lesser extent. The formation of small amounts of dibutyltin derivatives was established by thin‐layer chromatography both in the unsterilised and sterile soils. The amount of unextractable radioactivity increased with time in the unsterilised and sterile soils. In the unsterilised soils 14C was released as [14C]carbon dioxide in amounts equivalent to 20% of the applied radioactivity for silt loam and 10.7% for sandy loam over a period of 42 weeks. Almost no [14C]carbon dioxide was released from the sterile soils, confirming microbial participation in the degradation of the compound in the unsterilised soils.
Synthesis and screening of a new group of fungicides: 1‐(2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: van Gestel Jef , Heeres Jan , Janssen Marcel , van Reet Gustaaf
Published: November 2006

A series of substituted 1‐(2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,2,4‐triazoles has been prepared and evaluated in the glasshouse for fungicidal activity. Compounds with 2,4‐dichloro substitution on the phenyl ring and with a lower alkyl side chain on dioxolane ring were found most promising for the control of powdery mildew gherkins and barley and for the control of bean rust. These compounds were systemically active and some are being developed commercially for various applications.
Established pyrethroid insecticides
Authors: Elliott Michael
Published: November 2006

The sequences of compounds, leading from the natural pyrethrins to the present established pyrethroids, are described so as to provide a background for considering the more recent advances discussed in succeeding papers.
The pyrethrins and related compounds; Part XXIII:Kinetic control in the formation of pyrethroidal estersb
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S.
Published: November 2006

The unequal amounts of the two diastereomers of (RS)‐1‐(3‐phenoxyphenyl)ethyl (RS)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutyrate, obtained from equimolar proportions of the alcohol and acyl chloride under normal conditions, imply stereoselectivity in the reaction. The extent to which this depends on the nature of the α‐substituent for arange of 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters, on the nature of the acid, and on the method of esterification is investigated. Selectivity arises from kinetic, rather than thermodynamic control.
Alkyl aryl ketone oxime O‐ethers: A novel group of pyrethroids
Authors: Bull Michael J. , Davies J. Hugh , Searle Robert J. G. , Henry Arthur C.
Published: November 2006

The alkyl phenyl ketone oxime O‐benzyl ethers are a new group of insecticidal compounds. Although they lack the ester linkage, they resemble the pyrethroids in general, and the esters of 2‐phenylalkanoic acids, in particular fenvalerate, because they show similar physiological effects on isolated nerve preparations and on whole insects; they also show a similar pattern of change of biological activity in response to structural change. The compounds may exist as two geometric isomers, of which only the (E) series shows significant biological activity; this observation appears to have some bearing on the relationship between conformation and activity in the pyrethroid series as a whole.
Degradation of the natural pyrethroids
Authors: Otieno Dismas A. , Pattenden Gerald
Published: November 2006

Present knowledge about the degradation of the natural pyrethroids under photochemical, thermal and acid or base conditions is summarised.
Carbendazim formulations for the eradication of Dutch elm disease
Authors: Cooke Louise R. , Clifford Derek R. , Gendle Peter , Holgate Margaret E.
Published: November 2006

Formulations containing carbendazim (40 or 80 mM) in hydrochloric acid (180 or 320 mM) were pressure‐injected into elms previously inoculated with the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi (the cause of Dutch elm disease) and their performance as eradicants assessed. All formulations caused some damage to foliage but leaves regenerated. Treatment with carbendazim (80 mM) in hydrochloric acid (180 mM) resulted in four out of five trees remaining free from disease, not only immediately after treatment, but also throughout the following season. Injection of acid alone resulted in rapid death of the trees.
A trial to determine the persistence of carbendazim pressure‐injected into elms
Authors: Cooke Louise R. , Clifford Derek R. , Gendle Peter , Holgate Margaret E.
Published: November 2006

The persistence of carbendazim in elm twigs, after pressure‐injection of the commercial formulation ‘Lignasan’ into the trunks, was monitored by bioassay. Initial distribution was poor (38% of twigs contained no detectable fungitoxicant) and after 53 days carbendazim was detected in only 19% of the twigs. In groups of control and injected trees inoculated with Ceratocystis ulmi (the cause of Dutch elm disease) on one of five dates between July and September, disease development was limited and a significant (P=0.05) reduction in symptoms in injected trees was detected only in those inoculated on the first date (2 July 1976). Both the very erratic distribution of fungitoxicant and the restricted disease development, which precluded demonstration of a correlation between fungitoxicant level at inoculation and subsequent symptom expression, were attributed to the effects of the abnormally hot, dry summer in 1976.
Daminozide residues in sweet cherries, and their determination by colorimetric and gas‐liquid chromatographic methods
Authors: Allen John G.
Published: November 2006

Daminozide residues in fruit from sweet cherry trees were determined over a period of 4 years as part of an investigation into the effects of growth regulators. Analysis was by the usual colorimetric method. Additionally, for the 2 final years, a gas‐liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine the 1,1‐ dimethylhydrazine produced by hydrolysis of daminozide residues and to confirm the results from the first method.
Uptake of phorate by lettuce
Authors: Suett David L. , Padbury Christine E.
Published: November 2006

Following experimental and commercial applications to soil of a granular formulalation of phorate (O,O‐diethyl S‐ethylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate), residues in the soil and in lettuce were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. When applied by the bow‐wave method as a continuous logarithmically‐changing dose ranging from approximately 0.9 to 16.0 kg a.i. ha−1, the proportional rate of oxidation in soil of phorate sulphoxide to phorate sulphone was inversely related to dose. Ten weeks after application, total phorate residues in the soil had declined by about 35% at all dose levels. Residues in mature lettuce, from the 1‐5 kg ha−1 dose‐range, comprised the parent and oxygen analogue sulphoxides and sulphones; the relative proportions of the individual metabolites were independent of dose. Over this dose‐range, total residue concentrations in the crop became proportionally slightly greater with increasing dose. When single doses of 1.1, 2.0 or 2.2 kg a.i. ha−1 were applied at drilling, the total residue concentrations in the lettuce declined from 5 mg kg−1 in seedlings from some treatments to <0.05 mg kg−1 at harvest. In plants raised in peat blocks containing 10 or 20 mg a.i. per block, however, residues in seedlings totalled 45‐47 mg kg−1 and declined to only 0.7 mg kg−1 at harvest. It was concluded that bowwave applications of phorate when field‐sowing lettuce were unlikely to lead to unacceptable residues in the harvested crop, but that residues in lettuce raised in phorate‐treated peat blocks may be unacceptably high.
Delayed toxicity after intravenous administration of bioresmethrin to rats
Authors: Gray Andrew J. , Connors Thomas A.
Published: November 2006

Capillary gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of seven commercial samples of bioresmethrin [5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (1R)‐trans‐chrysanthemate] demonstrated that each contained toxicologically significant amounts (1‐5%) of the (1R)‐cis‐isomer (cismethrin) as an impurity. Intravenous injection of the labelled compounds to rats indicated that the concentrated solutions of these compounds may precipitate in the blood and subsequently become trapped in the lung. Slow release of the toxic isomer impurity probably accounts for the delay in appearance of symptoms after intravenous administration of impure bioresmethrin. Similarly, higher doses of cismethrin can be tolerated when concentrated solutions are administered intravenously.
Uptake of pesticides from water and soil by earthworms
Authors: Lord Kenneth A. , Briggs Geoffrey G. , Neale Michael C. , Manlove Rosemary
Published: November 2006

The uptake of pesticides by earthworms from aqueous solutions was examined and shown to be a reversible physical process. Measurements of distributions of pesticides between aqueous solutions and worm solids showed that adsorption coefficients were related to octanol‐water distribution coefficients, as are soil‐water distributions. From these relationships it was calculated that concentration factors of stable chemicals in earthworms from soil should be similar, except for polar substances which penetrate poorly, and be determined mainly by the soil organic matter content. Examination of uptake from soils indicated that the calculated concentration factors are unlikely to be achieved because of slow diffusion of chemicals in soils and because of metabolism in the soil or the worm.