bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning Styles in Adult Education: a Study of County Extension Agents
Authors: Pigg Kenneth E. , Busch Lawrence , Lacy William B.
Published: March 2007

This Study explored the effectiveness of Kolb's Learning Style Inventory in identifying learning styles and implications for designing education programs for County Extension Agents in Ken tucky (N = 349) to assess its usefulness in identifying learning styles and in designing appropriate adult learning experiences. The results indicate a variety of learning styles among the population adult learning experiences. The results indicate a variety of learning styles among the population with one dominant style being identified. Despite minimal correlations between individual learn ing styles and preferences for particular educational techniques, it is contended that the inven tory provides a potentially useful framework for designing and conducting adult educational pro grams.
A Decision-Making Approach to Needs Assessment and Objective Setting in Continuing Medical Education
Authors: Mazmanian Paul E.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to describe educational needs assessment and objective setting strategies in continuing medical education (CME) program development. A general model por traying needs assessment, objective setting, and program development was developed from descriptions of practice at ten major medical schools. Research methods used to guide the inquiry were those of grounded theory.

Results indicated that the predominant stimuli of program ideas were social structural forces external to the CME organizational unit. Planners responded by recognizing a possible problem in medical practice, identifying and gathering resources for analyzing a program idea, refor mulating the program idea, and proposing a change in learner behavior. Three types of planning behavior—coordinative, administrative, and consultative—enabled CME program planners to facilitate systematic decision-making by planning groups.
Factorial Structure of Differences in Teaching Behavior Related To Adult/Pre-Adult Student Age Status
Authors: Darkenwald Gordon G.
Published: March 2007

In an earlier study, a diverse sample of teachers who taught both adults and pre-adults reported specific differences in how they taught younger and older students. Using the same data base, the present inquiry sought to determine if these differences exhibited a conceptually meaningful underlying structure and, if so, whether or not this structure was similar for school teachers and college instructors. Principal components analysis yielded two orthogonal factors labelled "responsiveness" and "control." The factor structure was similar for school teachers and their college-level counterparts, although discipline was less salient for the latter group. The results resemble the teacher-centered and learner-centered factors identified by prior researchers as well as Knowles's concepts of andragogy and pedagogy. The analysis provided qualified support for the earlier study's conclusion that teachers tend to emphasize learner-centered or responsive behaviors when teaching adults. Future research needs to examine variables other than adult/pre-adult age status that may influence the extent to which teachers of adults engage in responsive as opposed to controlling behavior.
Understanding the Decision to Participate in Formal Adult Education
Authors: Henry Gary T. , Basile Kathleen C.
Published: March 2007

This study's purpose was to gain a better understanding of the decision to participate in formal adult education. To this end, a sample of individuals who were motivated to attend adult education courses was surveyed. Some were participants in continuing adult education courses at an urban university and others were individuals who called the adult education program at the same university but never enrolled in a course. The objective of this study was to uncover differences between these motivated populations. A comprehensive model including motives and deterrents was employed as the study framework. A logistic regression was used to determine what factors do the best at differentiating between the two groups. Contrary to some previous studies, if major changes occurred in the individuals' lives, they were less likely to enroll. Knowledge for its own sake and meeting new people were found to be weak motivational factors, which increase the odds of nonparticipation. Cost, as other studies point out, is a major deterrent. Social and institutional factors as well as the availability of substitutes to meet individual needs appear to influence the decision to participate.
Project-Based Learning in Professional Organizations
Authors: Poell Rob F. , Van Der Krogt Ferd J. , Warmerdam John H. M.
Published: March 2007

This study describes a method of project-based learning applicable in work organizations. The essence of this method lies in the connection of learning and working in group projects, fine-tuned to the needs of the participants and to the possibilities offered by the organization. The method is conceptually underpinned by the learning-network theory. Following an overview of the characteristics of the project-based learning method, a comparison is made with other action-based methods. An empirical illustration is provided by a discussion of four learning projects conducted in regional probation institutions, which are found to differ from each other in several respects. It is concluded that the project-based learning method can yield a surplus value compared to more traditional types of education and training. It also makes higher demands, however, on the learning and work systems of the organization and on the involvement of the learners.
Novice to Expert: An Exploration of How Professionals Learn
Authors: Daley Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

Although researchers have recently focused on the nature of expertise, the link between learning and the development of expertise remains to be more fully explored. The purpose of this study was to analyze the different learning processes undertaken by novices and experts. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with novice and expert nurses for the purpose of analyzing and comparing how their learning developed in clinical practice. Results indicated that novice learning is contingent on concept formation and assimilation. Novice learning is also framed by the feelings novices experience in the context of practice. Expert learning, on the other hand, was identified as a constructivist process using active concept integration and self-initiated strategies. Additionally, novices and experts identified different organizational factors that facilitated or hindered their learning. Experts were able to articulate systemic issues that affected their learning, whereas novices identified disparate individual issues. Implications for research and practice of continuing professional education are examined.
Young Adolescents' Human Figure Drawings as Indicators of Psychopathology
Authors: Kurdek Lawrence A. , Darnell-Goetschel Glenna
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which aspects of 44 young adolescents' (mean age = 13.9 years) human figure drawings were related to self-reported symptomatology as assessed by the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R). Drawings were spontaneously and serendipitously generated in a low reactivity nonclinic setting. As claimed by proponents of the clinical utility of human figure drawings, subjects who shaded their figures or omitted the eyes from their figures had high SCL-90-R anxiety scores. However, claims that aspects of human figure drawings indicate social anxiety and hostility were not supported. It is concluded that adolescents' human figure drawings can provide reliable information about anxiety, but that such data need to be used in conjunction with other test data.
Return for Follow-Up Care and Contraceptive Continuation Among Adolescents
Authors: Balassone Mary Lou
Published: March 2007

Family planning service providers have noted a greater than 50% nonreturn rate among adolescent clients. Those who fail to return to the clinic are likely to discontinue their use of contraceptives and be at riskfor an unintendedpregnancy. Case record reviews of a random sample of adolescent oral contraceptive users were used to investigate variables correlated with nonreturn for follow-up care. Compared to adolescents who returned to the clinic, those least likely to return had a sexually transmitted disease, had irregular menstrual periods, had a pap smear over a year prior to the initial clinic visit, reported more general health problems, were referred for additional tests, and had waited longer since first coitus to obtain birth control. Implications for the development of a method to screen adolescents for risk of contraceptive discontinuation are drawn.
Helping Adolescents Cope with the Death of a Peer
Authors: McNeil Joan N. , Silliman Benjamin , Swihart Judson J.
Published: March 2007

The authors present an exploratory study of grief and coping responses of students in a rural Midwestern high school 18 months after a peer's death from leukemia. Evidence indicated both continued bereavement as well as several expected patterns of immediate grief and coping responses. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of close and more distant friends of the dead peer indicated that whereas close friends were more likely to have had frequent thoughts about death, experienced difficulty discussing death, and reported life changes following a peer's death, all students experienced some difficulty coping. Implications for individual and school system adjustment are discussed.
Alcohol, Drugs, and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Eisen Susan V. , Youngman Deborah J. , Grob Mollie C. , Dill Diana L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the type, frequency, and chronicity of alcohol and drug use, impact of such use on functioning, and concomitant psychiatric diagnoses, symptomatology, and behavioral problems among adolescent psychiatric inpatients. The sample consisted of 29 males and 19 females under 20 years of age consecutively admitted to a psychiatric hospitaL Self-report and clinical measures were used to assess substance use and other psychiatric symptoms and problems. Results suggested that approximately 50% of the sample had problems with alcohol or drugs. Those with substance abuse problems reported more difficulty with interpersonal relationships, daily living skills, depression/anxiety, anud impulsivity than did those without substance abuse problems. Other symptoms and problems preceded alcohol and drug use. The findings are consistent with those of several other studies and support the need for identification and appropriate treatment for the substance abuse as well as for other psychiatric symptoms and problems.
Identity Style, Gender, and Social-Cognitive Reasoning
Authors: Berzonsky Michael D.
Published: March 2007

This study was undertaken to evaluate whether different styles of resolving identity questions can be differentiated along various social-cognitive dimensions and whether gender differences are evident. Identity style refers to differences in how individuals process self-relevant information as they negotiate (or manage to avoid) identity issues. Three styles were investigated: (a) informational, (b) normative, and (c) diffuse/ avoidant. Participants with an information-oriente4, self-exploratory identity style were significantly more motivated to engage in active information processing (need for cognition) and were more receptive to new ideas, personal feelings, and actions (experiential openness) than were their normative or diffuse/avoidant counterparts. Relative to both informational and diffuse/avoidant types, normative-oriented individuals were significantly less open to and willing to consider information that might threaten hard-core areas of the self, such as personal values and actions. No significant Identity Style x Gender interactions were found; male andfemale subjects with the same identity style did not differ along these social-cognitive variables. The results are considered in terms of a social-cognitive view of identity development.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support among Homeless Youth
Authors: Unger Jennifer B. , Kipke Michele D. , Simon Thomas R. , Johnson Christine J. , Montgomery Susanne B. , Iverson Ellen
Published: March 2007

Evaluated in this study was the extent to which stress, coping strategies, and social support were associated with depressive symptoms, poor physical health, and substance use in homeless youth. Data were obtained from a stratified random sample of 432 homeless youth recruited.from service sites and street sites in Los Angeles, California. Stres,sful life events were associated positively with symptoms of depression, poor physical health, and substance use. Use of emotion-focused coping strategies increased the risk of symptoms of depression, poor health, and substance-use disorders, whereas use of problem-focused coping strategies decreased the risk of alcohol use disorder and poorhealth. Social support decreased the risk of symptoms of depression and poor health but was not related to the risk of substance use. Results indicate that effective coping skills and social support may counteract the negative efficts of stressful life events on physical and psychological health in homeless youth.
Identity Status, Identity Processing Style, and the Transition to University
Authors: Berzonsky Michael D. , Kuk Linda S.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the role that differences in identity orientations may play as students negotiate the transition to a university context. Measures of identity status, identity processing style, and student developmental tasks were administered to 363 entering university freshmen. Results indicated that differences in identity statuses accounted for significant variation in the students’ progress on measures of academic autonomy, educational involvement, and mature interpersonal relationships. Moreover, in most cases these associations were mediated by the students’identity processing style. In general, the findings suggest that students with an informational identity style are best prepared to effectively adapt within a university context, whereas those with a diffuse/avoidant style are most apt to encounter difficulties.
Defensive Pessimism and Optimism Correlates of Adolescent Future Orientation
Authors: Seginer Rachel
Published: March 2007

This study examined the links between academic and social defensive pessimism and optimism strategies and adolescents’future orientation in two prospective domains: education and military service. Analyses of data collected from Israeli 11th graders indicated (a) the prediction concerning domain specificity was corroborated so that academic strategies were significantly linked to prospective education components, and social strategies to prospective military service components and (b) investment in prospective life-course domains was linked to adolescents’employment of optimistic rather than defensive pessimism strategies. Findings emphasize the optimism underpinning future orientation and the need to distinguish between short-term and long-term effects of defensive pessimism on performance and psychological well-being. It was suggested that defensive pessimism may be positively associated with future orientation are both prospectively directed. Defensive pessimism may facilitate short-term planning and task performance but hinder the motivation to invest in the construction of long-range future orientation.
Multilevel Risk Models for Retrospective Age-Of-Onset Data
Authors: Pickles Andrew , Pickering Kevin , Taylor Colin , Sutton Stephen , Yang Shuying
Published: March 2007

Survival analysis provides a natural conceptual framework for considering risk.However, survey data on age of onset typically possess measurement error and sample design complexities that are absent from the usual settings in which survival analysis is applied.The authors describe a random effects discrete time survival model that addresses these problems.They illustrate its use by an analysis of retrospective report data on the age of onset of smoking from two cross-sectional school-based studies.
The Relation of Family and School Attachment to Adolescent Deviance in Diverse Groups and Communities
Authors: Dornbusch Sanford M. , Erickson Kristan Glasgow , Laird Jennifer , Wong Carol A.
Published: March 2007

This longitudinal study used a national probability sample of adolescents to examine whether attachments to the family and school reduced five forms of adolescent deviance: cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana use, delinquency, and violent behavior. The authors assessed whether these factors reduced the overall frequency, prevalence, and intensity of each problem behavior. The study also examined the power of these attachments to reduce deviance among adolescents who were differentiated in terms of gender, ethnicity, and their community’s level of economic deprivation. Overall, adolescent attachments to family and school tended to reduce the overall frequency, prevalence, and intensity of deviant involvement, regardless of community context, gender, or ethnic group. Parental reports of attachment to the adolescent, compared with adolescent reports of connection to the family, were the stronger predictors of lower levels of deviance. Attachment to school predicted lower levels of initiation of deviant behavior but did not predict the intensity of deviance.
Photoperiodic Control of Reproduction and Molt in the Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
Authors: Meijer Theo
Published: March 2007

An adaptive decline in average clutch size with progressive date of laying is char acteristic of most bird species with a single clutch of variable size per year. The effect of photoperiod on timing of laying, clutch size, and subsequent molt was investigated in kestrel pairs breeding and raising their young in captivity. In natural daylight (nLD), clutch size, under ad libitum feeding, showed the same decline with date as in nature. Birds breeding later also started molt later and molted faster (more feathers simultaneously), so that all birds completed molt more or less at the same time.

Constant long days (LD 17.5:6.5 and LD 13:11) from December 1 onward advanced both reproduction and molt. The LD 17.5:6.5 group developed the reproductive system faster, had a shorter courtship period, and laid eggs earlier than the LD 13:11 group. In both photoperiods there was a decrease in clutch size with progressive laying date, similar to that in nLD. Molt started in both groups at about the end of the laying period and slowed down in the longer photoperiod, especially in males. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) changes in the two pho toperiods were different for males and females. Males showed the expected slower LH re sponse in the shorter photoperiod, but the initial LH response by females was the same in both photoperiods. Data on LH, reproductive behavior, and body mass suggest that females have a wider annual reproductive window than males. Data on time of laying and number of eggs suggest that clutch size in the kestrel is determined by laying date itself, following an endog enous rhythm that is phase-locked to the reproductive cycle.
Diet-Dependent Switch from Circadian to Hourglass-Like Operation of an Insect Photoperiodic Clock
Authors: Dumortier Bernard , Brunnarius Jeannine
Published: March 2007

The results of resonance experiments gave evidence that circadian organization was involved in photoperiodic diapause induction of Pieris brassicae. However, giving the larvae an artificial diet instead of the host plant deeply altered the resonance effect and led to a response that could be accounted for by the operation of a noncircadian timer (hourglass). This important change, however, had no effect on the insect's ability to discriminate between short- and long-day 24-hr cycles. Thus, it is possible via the metabolism to switch the pho toperiodic mechanism to a circadian or an hourglass-like mode of operation without impairing the photoperiodic time measurement.
Cycloheximide Inhibits Light-Induced Phase Shifting of the Circadian Clock in Neurospora
Authors: Johnson Carl Hirschie , Nakashima Hideaki
Published: March 2007

Cycloheximide inhibits light-induced phase shifting of the circadian clock and protein synthesis in Neurospora. Light resetting is not inhibited in mutants whose protein synthesis is resistant to cycloheximide. When light and cycloheximide are presented together at various circadian phases, the final phase shift is always determined by cycloheximide. This dual-treatment phase response curve approach may be useful for other studies using pharmacological treatments to analyze clock pathways. Taken together, the results suggest that synthesis of a protein (or proteins) is involved in the photo- transduction pathway of the circadian clock in Neurospora.
Pinealectomized Rats Entrain and Phase-Shift to Melatonin Injections in a Dose-Dependent Manner
Authors: Warren Wade S. , Hodges Donald B. , Cassone Vincent M.
Published: March 2007

Previous work has shown that daily injections of the pineal hormone melatonin ( N-acetyl, 5-methoxytryptamine) entrain the free-running locomotor rhythms of rats held in constant darkness (with a median effective dose [ED50] of 5.45 ± 1.33 μg/kg) and in constant bright light. The present experiments determined the dose-response characteristics of entrainment and phase shifting to daily and single melatonin injections in both sham-operated (SHAM) and pinealectomized (PINX) rats. The data indicated an ED50 of 332 ± 53 ng/kg and 121 ± 22 ng/kg for SHAM and PINX rats, respectively, during the entrainment experiment. The ED50's for the entrainment experiment were considerably lower than doses previously employed, and much lower than doses employed in reproductive and metabolic studies in rats and hamsters. The data indicated that no partial entrainment occurred; nor were there differences in phase angle, length of activity, or period among all effective doses. Next, a single injection of 1 mg/kg melatonin has previously been shown to cause a phase advance of approximately 45 min when administered at about circadian time (CT) 10. We found that both SHAM and PINX animals phase-advanced, in a dose-dependent manner to a single melatonin injection given at CT 10. The data for the phase-shifting experiment indicated an ED 50 of 8.19 ± 0.572 μg/kg and 2.16 ± 0.326 μg/kg for SHAM and PINX animals, respectively, with an average phase advance of 40 min for both groups. Together, the data suggest that the presence of the pineal gland is not necessary for the effects of melatonin on the rat circadian system, and that PINX animals are marginally more sensitive to melatonin than their SHAM controls.
Temperature Effects on the Resetting of the Phase of the Neurospora Circadian Rhythm
Authors: Gooch Van D. , Wehseler Richard A. , Gross Cristin G.
Published: March 2007

Various temperatures relative to a 25°C control have been applied as phase-resetting agents in release-assay experiments using the conidiation rhythm of the mold Neurospora crassa. The larger the difference in temperature from the 25°C control, the stronger the phase-resetting effects. Phase- resetting curves of the weak type (type 1) are observed for temperatures up to 28°C and down to 22°C, whereas temperatures above 28°C and less than 22°C generally cause phase-resetting curves of the strong type (type 0). Singularity behavior occurs at approximately 22°C and 28°C when 25°C is used as the control temperature. When a different control of 29.5°C is used in a release-assay experiment and the resetting temperature is 25°C, near-singularity behavior is observed.
Photoperiodic Effects on Tumor Development and Immune Function
Authors: Nelson Randy J. , Blom Joan M. C.
Published: March 2007

Seasonal changes in adaptations associated with winter coping strategies have been frequently studied. Central among the suite of energy-saving, winter-coping strategies is the suspension of reproductive activities. The inhibition of reproduction by nontropical rodents is mediated by daylength changes. Although balanced annual energy budgets are critical, survival and subsequent reproductive success also require avoiding predators, illness, and early death. Because the stressors of winter could lead to suppressed immune function, we hypothesized that animals should have evolved survival strategies involving immunoenhancement. Short daylengths provide a predictive cue to individuals that could be used to enhance immune function in advance of stress-induced immunosuppression. In Experiment 1, adult female deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were housed in either long (LD 16:8) or short (LD 8:16) days for 8 weeks, then injected with the chemical carcinogen 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or with the DMSO vehicle alone. Animals were evaluated weekly for 8 weeks after injection. None of the animals treated with DMSO developed tumors in any of the experiments. Nearly 90% of the long-day deer mice injected with DMBA developed squamous cell carcinoma. None of the short-day deer mice injected with DMBA developed tumors. Small lesions developed at the site of injection; short-day females had less severe lesions and healed faster than long-day females. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to i.p. injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) did not differ between photoperiodic conditions. The role of estrogens in the photoperiodic responses was evaluated in Experiment 2: Ovariectomized or sham-ovariectomized deer mice received estradiol benzoate replacement therapy or a control procedure in long daylengths for 8 weeks prior to injection of DMBA or DMSO, then were monitored for 8 additional weeks. Females treated with DMBA developed tumors at the same rate, regardless of estrogen manipulation. Estrogen did not affect healing rates. In Experiment 3, female deer mice were injected with a slurry of microspheres that either contained bromocriptine or were empty. Suppression of prolactin with bromocryptine resulted in a decrease of tumor incidence from 55.6% to 24% in long-day females 8 weeks after injection with DMBA. Healing rates were not affected by prolactin manipulations. Silastic capsules that were filled with either melatonin or cholesterol were implanted into long-day female deer mice in Experiment 4; 8 weeks later, females received an injection of either DMBA or DMSO, then were monitored for 8 weeks. Approximately 66% of females implanted with cholesterol and injected with DMSO developed histologically verified tumors. None of the melatonin-implanted mice developed tumors. Melatonin did not affect healing rates. Taken together, these results indicate that photoperiod can exert a functionally significant effect on immune processes and clinical disease.
Phase Response Curves to Neuropeptide Y in Wildtype and Tau Mutant Hamsters
Authors: Biello S.M. , Mrosovsky N.
Published: March 2007

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing fibers project from the intergeniculate leaflet to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. NPY has been shown to phase shift the circadian locomotor activity rhythm of wildtype hamsters, producing large phase advances in the subjective day and small delays in the subjective night. Previous studies have implicated this pathway in the mediation of activity-induced resetting of the circadian clock. Homozygous tau mutant and wildtype hamsters respond very differently to pulses of activity Not only is the amplitude of the phase response curve exaggerated in the mutants with shifts of up to 7 h, but the stimuli are effective at different times during the cycle. Homozygous tau mutant hamsters and wildtype controls were implanted with guide cannulas aimed at the suprachiasmatic nucleus and injected with NPY at various times during the circadian cycle. The responses of homozygous tau mutant hamsters to NPY resembled their responses to nonphotic stimuli in both timing and direction of phase shift. This finding provides correlational evidence that NPY is involved in the effects of nonphotic behavioral events on the circadian system.
Effects of Daily Melatonin Administration on Circadian Activity Rhythms in the Diurnal Indian Palm Squirrel (Funambulus pennanti
Authors: Rajaratnam S.M.W. , Redman J.R.
Published: March 2007

Exogenous melatonin induces phase shifts in circadian rhythms ac cording to a phase response curve in nocturnal rodents, several nonmammalian diurnal species, and humans. Daily administration of melatonin entrains rhythms within a narrow circadian window of sensitivity in these species. Entrainment to exogenous melatonin has not previously been demonstrated in a (nonhuman) diurnal mammal. The authors examined the effects of daily melatonin administration (via food) in the diurnal Indian palm squirrel, Funam bulus pennanti. The effects of melatonin or vehicle were examined at two times of day: zeitgeber time 0 (ZT 0: light onset time) and ZT 12 (dark onset time). In addition to melatonin- and vehicle-treated squirrels, there was a third group of squirrels that received no treatment. Squirrels were held initially under 12:12 light-dark (LD) cycles, and melatonin (1 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered in food (a raisin) at either ZT 0 or ZT 12 for a total of 17 days. On the third day of treatment, constant lighting (LL) was imposed. Treatment continued at the same ZTs for a further 14 days. The number of days before free-running commenced under constant conditions was assessed for squirrels in each treatment group. Results showed that regardless of the ZT of administration, the number of days before free-running commenced was significantly greater in melatonin-treated squirrels than in vehicle-treated and untreated squirrels, and there was no difference between vehicle-treated and untreated squirrels. Although there was not a significant difference in the number of days before free-running com menced between the two times of administration, the results showed a trend for greater sensitivity to melatonin at ZT 12. This study has therefore demonstrated that the palm squirrel circadian system is entrainable to melatonin at both times of day tested, ZTs 0 and 12. This finding is in contrast to previous melatonin entrainment studies in other species, where entrainment generally occured at only one phase, around circadian times 10 to 12. Interspecies differences in response to melatonin were discussed.
Policy Implications of Recent Behavioral Research in Transportation Demand Management
Authors: Wachs Martin
Published: March 2007

Transportation planners are increasingly adopting policies aimed at changing travel choices made by citizens. Rather than trying to solve transportation problems by building highways and transit routes, transportation demand management relies on incentives and disincentives to promote carpooling, vanpooling, transit use, and changed work hours. These approaches attempt to accommodate travel demand by more efficiently utilizing existingfacilities. Although many argue that transportation behavior cannot be changed, this review demonstrates that many years of behavioral science research on travel show otherwise. Commuters respond to differences in travel time and travel cost and to changes in work hours and other attributes of travel in systematic ways that are quite predictable. As a consequence, travel demand management is a promising approach to regional transportation planning.
The Psychological Status of Vietnamese Chinese Women in Refugee Camps
Authors: Nishimoto Robert H. , Chau Kenneth L. , Roberts Robert W.
Published: March 2007

The psychological resources that refugee women bring to bear in refugee camps are important predictors of their and their families' eventual adaptation to their country of final settlement. This article reports on a study of the psychological status of 59 Vietnamese Chinese women in refugee camps in Hong Kong who were awaiting permanent resettlement. It describes the factors that affected the women's levels of health and depression and presents implications for social work services and social policy.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Responses to a Sexist Problem
Authors: Curtiss Christina Risley , Weinbach Robert W.
Published: March 2007

The AIDS crisis has diverted the professionals' and the public's attention from other sexually transmitted diseases. These diseases are biologically sexist in that they have the greatest impact on women and, if the women are pregnant, on their babies. This article discusses the incidence and conse quences of five of the most common sexually transmitted diseases—syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital herpes, and pelvic inflammatory disease—and presents specific recommendations for social work intervention related to both prevention and treatment.
On the Lookout
Authors: Faulkner Audrey
Published: March 2007

On the Lookout is the place for readers of AFFILIA to find tidbits about interesting events, activities, research, obscure publications, and the like. Generally, the editors pique your interest and direct you to sources for further information. This month we offer a fuller description of one successful project that others may wish to emulate. -EDS.
Two Outstanding Black Women in Social Welfare History: Mary Church Terrell and Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma , Francis E. Aracelis
Published: March 2007

Mary Church Terrell and Ida B. Wells-Barnett were outstanding black women reformers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article describes their contributions to the fight for human rights by reframing data from secondary sources and analyzing some of the women's original works.
Feminist Theory, Critical Theory, and Management's Romance With the Technical
Authors: Fenby Barbara Lou
Published: March 2007

This article explores action theory, based on critical theory, as a theoretical base for feminist social workers in management positions. Rather than emphasizing the technical aspects of management, action theory focuses on introspection, the reflective use of the self, and choices that are consistent with one's moral beliefs. Similarities be tween action theory and feminist theory are presented to provide feminist managers in patriarchal organizations with an understand ing of how radical action is possible.
The Impact of Machismo on Hispanic Women
Authors: Quiñones Mayo Yolanda , Resnick Rosa Perla
Published: March 2007

Because of the increasing number of Hispanic women in the United States and their severe socioeconomic, health, and mental health needs, social workers must empower these women, so they can participate in the mainstream society. This article discusses the values that Hispanic women bring from their countries of origin, which are dictated by the belief in male superiority and dominance, popularized as machismo, and legitimated through patriarchal social systems. In addition, it presents suggestions for empowering Hispanic women at both the micro and macro levels, including work with individual women and changing policies and social systems to build a global response to violence against women.
Messages from the NGO Forum on Women, Beijing 1995
Authors: Roche Susan E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes two events at the 1995 Nongovernmental Organizations Forum in Beijing—the Tribunal on Women's Human Rights and the plenary session, Countering the Rise of Conservatism in Its Various Forms—in which messages promoting women's rights were presented and discusses how social workers can apply these messages in the United States.
Income Packaging as a Survival Strategy for Welfare Mothers
Authors: Miranne Kristine B.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on the results of a national study and a series of focus groups, this article argues that most women, including welfare recipients, package income, that is, combine resources from men, the market, and the state to support their families. Accepting the concept of income packaging and incorporating it into social welfare policies would reduce the stigma attached to the receipt of welfare and, in the long run, would decrease the dependence of poor women and their families on welfare benefits.
The Significance of Resources in Models of Risk
Authors: GILGUN JANE F. , KLEIN CHRISTIAN , PRANIS KAY
Published: March 2007

This study was a test of general hypotheses on the significance of resources to risk-only models. Its purpose was to test whether adding resources to models of risk would move some participants from high-risk to lower risk categories. To do this test, the authors used a known-group logistic hierarchical regression analysis composed of 1,311 male and female prison inmates, and two different samples of male and female noninmates totaling 1,703 comparison participants. The authors found through four separate tests that adding resources significantly increased the fit of the model and the percentages of correctly classified inmates and noninmates. The results of the present research provide empirical support for the idea that risk-only models leave out important information related to resources. Assessments that include personal, familial, and community resources and risks will be more accurate and comprehensive than those that focus on risks alone.
A Closer Look at the Nature of Intimate Partner Violence Reported by Women With a History of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: DiLILLO DAVID , GIUFFRE DAWN , TREMBLAY GEORGE C. , PETERSON LIZETTE
Published: March 2007

This study provides an examination of violence occurring in the couple relationships of female survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Participants were 240 low-income women, 113 of whom (47%) reported some history of CSA. Compared with non-sexually abused women, those who had experienced CSA reported that their couple relationships were more likely to have involved several severe forms of violence, including hitting, kicking, and beating. Comparisons of the directional patterns of partner violence revealed that a greater proportion of CSA survivors' relationships had involved at least one incident of both man-to-woman and woman-to-man aggression. An unexpected finding was that a significant number of all intimate relationships were reported by women to have involved one or more acts of woman-to-man violence only. Findings are discussed in the context of current knowledge about CSA and intimate partner violence; directions for future research are suggested.
Bullying Gangs Among Immigrant Adolescents From the Former Soviet Union in Israel
Authors: TARTAKOVSKY EUGENE , MIRSKY JULIA
Published: March 2007

This article describes and analyzes the phenomenon of bullying gangs, which emerged in groups of adolescents who immigrated to Israel from the former Soviet Union (FSU) without their parents. Such gangs typically consisted of a number of youth organized hierarchically, who attempted to control other members of the group. They created a group structure and a defined set of rules that regulated the interactions between group members and those with the external environment. Bullying, physical violence, alcohol, drug consumption, and petty theft were among the behaviors typical to such gangs. It is suggested that the gangs be viewed as a defense mechanism employed in an attempt to regain control in an unfamiliar environment and in the absence of a reliable parental figure. Immigration and adolescence, alienating attitudes of the absorbing environment, and culturally determined models of behavior are discussed as factors that contribute to the creation of such gangs.
The FoSOD
Authors: SCHNEIDER SANDRA L. , WRIGHT ROBERT C.
Published: March 2007

Denial is a major obstacle that stands in the way of successfully treating child molesters. This article describes the FoSOD (an acronym for Facets of Sexual Offender Denial), a psychometrically sound measure of the multifaceted construct of denial. Evidence is provided to support and clarify existing denial taxonomies, with the identification of six distinct facets of denial pertaining to the sexual offense itself (including victim harm), extent of behavior, intent, perceived victim desire, planning, and risk of relapse (including sexually deviant preferences). Results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the FoSOD and its subscales for measuring denial in child molesters. Results also suggest how each of the measured facets of denial in contrast with related measures can be used to monitor treatment progress and to better understand the child molester. The FoSOD captures child molesters' attitudes toward their offense and their commitment to changing sexually abusive behavior patterns.
Aggression Between Heterosexual Dating Partners
Authors: RIGGS DAVID S. , O'LEARY K. DANIEL
Published: March 2007

The authors used structural equation analyses of data obtained from a survey of 345 college undergraduates (232 women, 113 men) to test a predictive model of dating aggression based on the background-situational model proposed by Riggs and O'Leary (1989). Results offer initial support for the background-situational model. Among men and women, dating aggression was directly related to the individual's attitudes about dating aggression, history of aggressive behavior, and conflict within the relationship. However, the predicted association between family of origin violence and attitudes toward aggression and general aggressive behavior was found only among women. Among men, the predictors explained more than 60% of the variance in the latent variable of relationship aggression; among women, 32% of the variance was explained. Discussion focuses on the utility of the background-situational model for understanding etiological factors of dating aggression and indentifying targets for interventions aimed at reducing the problem.
Dissociative and Sexual Behaviors in Children and Adolescents With Sexual Abuse and Psychiatric Histories
Authors: FRIEDRICH WILLIAM N. , JAWORSKI THERESA M. , HUXSAHL JOHN E. , BENGTSON BRAD S.
Published: March 2007

Dissociative and sexual behaviors were assessed in a sample of 350 children ages 7-18. Four groups were evaluated: a nonpsychiatric comparison sample, a psychiatric sample with no history of sexual abuse, a psychiatric sample with clear evidence of sexual abuse, and another group for whom sexual abuse was likely but not substantiated. All children completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist-Children (TSC-C), and varying numbers completed the Rorschach and MMPI. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBC), Child Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI), and Child Dissociation Checklist (CDC). Mean differences on the Dissociation and Sexual Concerns subscales of the TSC-C existed between the nonpsychiatric and psychiatric groups. The Dissociation subscale was significantly correlated with MMPI Scale 8 and CDC. Sexual Concerns were significantly related to sexual content on the Rorschach, CBC sex problems, and the CSBI. Duration and nature of abuse significantly contributed over and above age and gender in predicting total score on the Dissociation subscale.
Psychological Distress Among Men Experiencing Physical and Emotional Abuse in Heterosexual Dating Relationships
Authors: SIMONELLI CATHERINE J. , INGRAM KATHLEEN M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined men's experiences of both emotional and physical abuse in their heterosexual dating relationships. Seventy male undergraduates responded to questionnaires about their current or most recent relationship. Approximately 90% of the men reported having received at least one form of verbal aggression or other emotional abuse from their partner in the past year, and 40% reported having been the target of at least one act of physical violence from their partner. Men who reported receiving more emotional and physical abuse in their dating relationships also reported greater levels of overall psychological distress and depression. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.
Saturn Corp.-A Different Kind of Pay
Authors: Bohl Don L.
Published: March 2007

Any effort to explain the success of General Motors' Saturn Corporation must address a complex combination of factors, including Saturn Corp.'s unique "Memorandum of Agreement" with the United Auto Workers, extensive employee training in team-based production systems, no-price-hassle sales policy, and design of the car itself. Another factor, often overlooked, is the company's distinctive "risk and reward" pay plan. Developed jointly by GM management and the UAW, the plan sets base wages for the Spring Hill, Tennessee, plant lower than the national average for GM workers. An atrisk component with a heavy emphasis on ongoing training brings pay to a level equal with the national average, and a reward component, based on productivity and quality, provides opportunity for earning significantly more than the national rate. Evidence to date suggests that the plan has been highly effective. But the future is uncertain. America has lost its taste for small cars, and Saturn faces the challenge of changing its strategies to cope with these new market conditions.
Ten Questions to Ask Yourself about Compensation Surveys
Authors: Werner Steve , Konopaske Robert , Touhey Chris
Published: March 2007

Most compensation professionals use compensation surveys to some extent. Survey users should be aware that some surveys are less accurate than others, and even valid surveys may be misused or misleading. The authors provide ten questions users of compensation surveys should ask themselves about the survey before using it to make critical compensation decisions. The questions include: "How well does the survey describe the job being measured?" "What is the effective date of the data?" and "Who were the participants in the survey?" The authors encourage compensation survey users to apply these ten questions to any compensation survey before using the survey in organizational decision-making.
Whatever Happened to the Exclusionary Rule? The Burger Court and the Fourth Amendment
Authors: Jackson Donald W. , Riddlesperger James W.
Published: March 2007

Since his confirmation in 1969, Chief Justice Burger viewed the exclusionary rule as an unnecessary and unreasonable intrusion on law enforcement. For the greater part of his tenure he was unable to muster a majority that would entirely support his views but was only able to "chip away" at the edges of the exclusionary rule. Recently the inroads on the rule have become more substantial, or at least so it seems to the casual court watcher. In this paper the evolution of the Supreme Court's treatment of the exclusionary rule since 1969 is examined. Where empirical evidence exists on its consequences and efficacy, that is taken into account as well.
Tools For Structuring Court Discretion: What Do They Work For And Why Don't They Work Better?
Authors: Gottfredson Stephen D. , Gottfredson Don M.
Published: March 2007

Guidelines models intended to structure court discretion typically have been developed using descriptive study methods, and yet have been criticized precisely because they are intended to be descriptive of past practice. Others have criticized descriptive sentencing guidelines because they are insufficiently prescriptive. To date, only one known study has developed, implemented, and evaluated a guidelines model containing both descriptive and prescriptive components. In this paper, we argue that many criticisms made of guidelines models suggest a misunderstanding of these fundamental concepts, that evaluations of guidelines effectiveness often ignore important issues of implementation and intention, and that, when properly developed, implemented, and evaluated, effectiveness clearly may be demonstrated. Finally, we show that fundamental conflicts between normative and descriptive models may constrain effectiveness in many applications of guidelines.