bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strength Analysis of Wooden Bends
Authors: Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: March 2007

An analytical method is presented for calculating the strengths of bends made of solid wood. The analysis is based on a finite element method of solution for the stress field, and on appropriate failure criteria adopted from the theory of composite materials.
Hygrothermal Effects on the Stress Field of Laminated Composites
Authors: Bouadi Hacene , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the effects of temperature and humidity on the stress field of laminated composites are investigated. A three-dimensional finite element program based on dis placement field was developed and the stress field induced by hygrothermal and/or initial strain was evaluated. Boundary conditions of zero-stress on the free surfaces were not taken into account in this preliminary investigation.

Numerical results of the three-dimensional stress field for [90/0]2s laminates were plotted as a function of position. It is observed that some of the stress components induced by hygrothermal change are significant to cause failure of the laminate.
Three-Dimensionally Braided Preform for a Composite Connecting Rod: Concept Development and Demonstration
Authors: Malkan Sanjiv R. , Ko Frank K.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing near-net-shape (NNS) three-dimensionally braided connecting rod preforms for 4-stroke automobile engines. Based on a design methodology, several design concepts for the NNS manufacturing of connecting rod preforms have been demonstrated. Making use of the concept of geometric hybrid design, the regions of near stress concentration and crack ini tiation were strategically reinforced. A parallel study was also carried out to assess the feasibility of resin impregnation into the dense 3-D fiber network of connecting rod pre forms.

By demonstrating the feasibility for NNS manufacturing of the connecting rod preforms, this study has established a foundation for further exploration of large scale manufacturing as well as stimulating more creative use of 3-D braided fibrous structures for the structural reinforcement of automobile components.
Numerical Analysis of Notched Shear Specimens for Composite Materials
Authors: Pintado Publio , Cañas Jose , Morton John
Published: March 2007

A new Compact Double-Notched specimen [1] for measuring in-plane shear properties of laminated fiber composites is analyzed using the Finite Element method. The uniformity and purity of the shear stress distributions for unidirectional and bidirectional laminates are assessed and compared to those of the losipescu configuration currently under consideration for adoption as an ASTM standard.

It is shown that the promising experimental results from the preliminary evaluation of the Compact Double-Notched specimen followed from a fortuitous laminate stacking se quence. The new test configuration suffers from the fundamental drawback that large stress raisers occur near, but outside, the test zone so that the load range for unidirectional laminates would be very small and the specimen could not be used for strength mea surement.
The Measurement of the Three Principal Elastic Moduli of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Tao H. , Zhang Y. , Cameron J. , Smith R.W.
Published: March 2007

A filament winding technique for the manufacture of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites with highly reproducible properties is described. Since the intrinsic vibration frequency of an elastic bar is dependent on the elastic modulus of the bar material, the elastic modulus may be calculated from the resonant frequency measured by an acoustic vibration test. A simple sonic method has been used to measure the elastic moduli along the three principal directions in certain unidirectional composites. The results obtained are discussed.
A Study of the Physical Properties of Epoxy Resin Composites Reinforced with Knitted Glass Fiber Fabrics
Authors: Shen Chou  , Wu Chi-Jen
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to find the best way of knitting glass fibers and then discusses the mechanical properties of the rib-stitch structural fabrics reinforced with epoxy resin.
Stresses and Deformations in Thick-Walled Cylinders Subjected to Combined Loading and a Temperature Gradient
Authors: Tutuncu N. , Winckler S.J.
Published: March 2007

Stresses and deformations in composite cylindrical tubes as a result of combined loading (internal and external pressure, axial load, applied torque) and a tem perature gradient through the wall thickness are studied. The composite tubes studied are, in general, long thick-walled cylinders made of arbitrarily oriented—with respect to the tube axis—orthotropic plies. A displacement-based linear elasticity solution is used in the analysis. Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT), which assumes the composite lami nate to be in a state of plane stress, does not predict any stresses in the thickness direction; however, in thick-walled tubes, through-the-thickness stresses may not always be negligi ble. The elasticity solution has shown that, under internal pressure only, in angle-ply and single-ply tubes, the resulting radial stress is virtually independent of the ply fiber orienta tion. In cross-ply tubes, these stresses show significant differences. In the case of a uni form temperature change only, the nonlinear distribution of the radial stress changes substantially depending on the ply fiber orientation. Another difference between the CLPT and Elasticity Theory for the analysis of cylindrical tubes is found in predicting the maxi mum twist rate of the cylinder with unbalanced wall laminate. Elasticity Theory has shown that for thick-walled, single-ply cylinders subjected to a uniform temperature change, the maximum twist rate occurs at the ply orientation angle greater than 45° , de pending on the wall thickness and the mean radius of the cylinder, as opposed to 45° as predicted by the CLPT. The twist rate in thin-walled tubes subjected to internal pressure only is found to be much greater than in thick-walled tubes, due to the presence of large radial and hoop stresses in thick walls. In multi-layer cylinders, jumps in hoop and axial stresses have been observed at ply interfaces. Their magnitudes are shown to depend upon the angles of fiber orientation.
Non-Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) and PEEK-Based Composites
Authors: Damore A. , Pompo A. , Netti P. , Masi E. , Nicolais L.
Published: March 2007

It has been recognized for some time that, immediately upon cooling to temperatures below their glass transition, polymers are characterized by departure from the equilibrium chain conformation. The viscoelastic properties of the amorphous and semicrystalline PEEK and of a PEEK-based composite (APC2) have been analyzed as a function of the aging time and related free volume relaxation at temperatures close to the glass transition region. The effect of thermal treatments on the three systems is presented. The presence of a second phase, namely crystallite and fibers, determines a loss of the mobility of the polymeric amorphous chains and consequently a decrease of the rate of the free volume relaxation. Creep tests approaching "zero stress" were performed on samples subjected to different thermal histories.
In-Mold RIM Kinetics via Mid-Infrared Fiber Optic FT-IR
Authors: Priester R.D. , Mcclusky J.V. , Cortelek D.I. , Carleton P.S. , Porter J.R. , Dehaseth J.A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the basic chemical reactions and morphology de velopment in polyurethane polymers has been studied extensively. Interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, phase separation and chemical crosslinking, play a major role in the matrix formation of the polymer and have a pronounced effect on its processability and ultimate physical and mechanical properties. These interactions are, to a very large degree, controlled by the stoichiometry, relative reaction rates, inherent solubilities and chemical composition of the starting components, as well as the mixing and metering con ditions. A variety of techniques have been used to study the final polymer; very few are adaptable for the study of the dynamics of the reaction injection molding (RIM) process.
Creep, Fatigue and Fire Resistance of Chemical Resistant Tank Sandwich Cores
Authors: Chevalier James L.
Published: March 2007

Three important engineering parameters in the design of sandwich com posite chemical resistant tanks (i.e., flat sided tankage or externally loaded cylindrical tanks such as buried tanks or vacuum tanks) are creep, fatigue and fire resistance. In this study, the creep properties of end-grain balsa (EGB), hexagonal honeycombs constructed of aluminum or aramid fiber-paper and PVC cores were compared. In reverse bending fa tigue, properties of EGB and PVC cores were compared. Results indicate that EGB and 9.0 1b. Nomex honeycomb are the only cores investigated capable of operation at both room temperature and 160°F (71 °C). Further EGB has a fatigue limit 2 to 2.4 times that of PVC cores. While EGB by itself is an ASTM E-84 Class 2 material, with the proper skins and resin system, it can meet Class 1 requirements.
Gel Prediction of Unsaturated Polyester Resins from a Resin Molecular Aspect
Authors: Pezron Erwoan , Yang Yeong-Show , Suspene Laurent
Published: March 2007

The influence of chemical structure of unsaturated polyester (UP) prepoly mer on gelation of UP resins is studied by varying NPG content in the UP prepolymer backbone. Also, the effects of styrene concentration and solvent quality on gelation are evaluated. A corrected gelation model concerning free radical ionization reaction based on a microgel mechanism is proposed. The critical free radical concentration, Rc/f, needed to reach gelation state for each studied system is determined and is correlated with Flory interaction parameter, χ. A linear relationship of Rc/f and χ is obtained, which provides an opportunity to predict the gelation of UP resins from a resin molecular aspect.
Effect of the Interfacial Interleaf to the Interlaminar Fracture and Intralaminar Fracture of a New BMI Matrix Composites System
Authors: Luo Yu Xu  , Kou Chang-He
Published: March 2007

Systematic studies were conducted to investigate the effect of the introduc tion of a soft thermoset adhesive layer at appropriate interface to the interlaminar fracture and intralaminar fracture of the BMI matrix based composite laminates. Tests include DCB and ENF tests for measuring interlaminar fracture toughnesses, quasi static tension test on the crossply laminates and edge delamination test for measuring matrix crack initi ation, edge delamination onset, mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness and the ulti mate laminate strength. The improvements of the interlaminar fracture toughnesses of the GFRP and CFRP laminates are significant. An elastic foundation beam model is intro duced to analyze the interleaved DCB specimen. Results show stress concentration at the crack-tip of the interleaved DCB specimen is reduced. Besides the factor of the possible formed plastic zone in interleaf, the modified interlaminar bond strength of the adhesive/ composites interface may lead to higher interlaminar fracture toughness. The edge delamination strength and the mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness in interleaved laminate are raised significantly. However, the interleaf has no significant effect on the laminate strength because the interfacial interleaf only improves the interlaminar fracture feature while the final laminate fracture is controlled by the intralaminar properties of the lamina. On the matrix cracking in interleaved laminate, both the matrix crack growth rate and its final saturation crack density decrease in the interleaved multidirectional laminate. The matrix crack was found to initiate early in the interleaved crossply laminate. This*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed Journal of REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES, Vol. 13-June 1994 0731-6844/94/06 0509-32 $6.00/0 @ 1994 Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.result agrees with the analysis of the one-dimensional shear-lag model. But in the edge delamination specimen, matrix crack initiation is raised by the interleaf.
The Potential for Low Cost Thermoplastic Pultrusion
Authors: Wilson Maywood L. , Buckley John D.
Published: March 2007

For the past several years, thermoplastic pultrusion technology develop ment has concentrated on high-performance polymers, for example: polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherimide (PEI), and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS). While these polymers are more likely to find use as engineering materials for aircraft and spacecraft, lower tem perature, lower cost fiber reinforced thermoplastics have a greater potential in the automo tive, industrial, recreational, and building supplies markets.
Leisure Time, Activities, Preferences, and Competence: Implications for the Morale of Older Adults
Authors: Mancini Jay A. , Orthner Dennis K.
Published: March 2007

This conceptual overview examines four leisure components that impact upon the older adult's morale: time, activities, preferences, and competence. The interrelationships between these components are also discussed. Research needs concerning leisure and recreation in the lives of the aged are listed and im plications for the helping professions are posited.
Older Adults' Expectations of Support from Family and Friends
Authors: Mancini Jay A. , Simon Joyce
Published: March 2007

Informal support may be a key factor in successful aging. This study examined the expectations of older people for family and friend support concerning assistance, intimacy, and social integration. Ninety-one residents of a high-rise apartment complex were interviewed. In general, greater breadth of support was expected from family members, but expectations of close friends were also considerable. Relatively less was expected of casual friends. Greatest expectatzonal differences involved assistance; few differences were related to social integration. Expectations of intimacy were similar for family members and close friends. The size of the informal support network was more significant for expectations regarding close friends.
Problem Drinking Participants in Programs for the Elderly: Programmatic Considerations
Authors: Kosberg Jordan I. , McCarthy Edwin J.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about how programs and services for the elderly identify, perceive, and deal with problem drinking participants. A survey was undertaken of 50 nutrition, day care, and multiservice programs for the elderly in one area of West Central Florida. It was learned that there was an inability to identify older problem drinkers and even when identified, seldom were the necessary referrals made to alcoholism agencies in the area. Implications are discussed related to agency policies toward problem drinkers, staff training, and formal linkages between programs for the elderly and alcoholism agencies.
How Do We Explain Differences in the Level of Care Received by the Institutionalized Elderly?
Authors: Kart Cary S. , Palmer Neil M.
Published: March 2007

Based on datafrom the 1977 National Nursing Home Survey, this studyfocuses on factors that may be useful in explaining differences in the level of care received by institutionalized elderly people. The final model, in which we employed a logit approach to log-linear modeling, includes the direct effects of marital status, source ofpayment, age, sex, and number of chronic illnesses, as well as an interaction term that includes marital status and age. Should we expect a better match between the needs of the institutionalized elderly and services offered by institutional environments ? Given the current political economy of old age institutions, it may be too much to expect this segment of the health care system to be organized "rationally. "
Taiwan and Its Elderly: Taxi Nurses and Home Care
Authors: Cowart Marie E. , Streib Gordon F.
Published: March 2007

A home health care service in the newly industrializing country of Taiwan has some of the features of home care services in the United States, but also has developed some qualities that make it unique to the local culture. While services provided and the role of the nurse were somewhat similar, payment mechanisms and transportation differed. This case study shows how a newly industrializing countryfaced with a rapidly increasing proportion of older citizens is adapting its social services and health system to the increasing demands of an aging society.
Attitudes of Decision Makers Toward Adult Day Care
Authors: Adams Rebecca G.
Published: March 2007

There is a growing body of literature on adult day care, but there appear to be no studies of those who make decisions about older adults'participation. This article begins to fill this gap. The results suggest several directions for entrepreneurs and local planners. Adult day-care centers need to advertise extensively to children of older adults, their special friends, and older adults themselves. Large centers in central locations would probably not be as successful as small programs, perhaps in churches catering to a local homogeneous clientele. Centers arranged for the convenience of the decision makers, providing care during nonworking hours and transportation, would probably flourish. The data consist of 1985-1986 telephone interviews with 247 current and potential decision makers who lived in Greensboro, N.C.
A Longitudinal Study of the Causal Relationship Between Social Networks and Health of the Poor Frail Elderly
Authors: Mor-Barak Michál E. , Miller Leonard S.
Published: March 2007

Research over the past two decades has documented a positive relationship between social support and health. The causal interpretation of these associations has, however, been unclear. This study aims at filling the gap in our understanding of this causal link with respect to the frail poor elderly. The main questions addressed are, Does lack of social ties affect the elderly's health? or are unhealthy people less likely to establish and maintain social ties? We employed a time-series panel design to overcome problems of causal explanations and examine social networks and health in a sample of 3,559 poor frail elderly, participants of the California Multipurpose Senior Services Project. The results indicate that social networks have a positive effect on health (though only in the short run). However, neither the subjective nor the objective health measures have a significant effect on social networks. Implications for intervention are discussed .
State Unit on Aging Involvement With Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) Legislation
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Wilson Cindy C. , Stearns Lisa R. , Branch Laurence G.
Published: March 2007

State units on aging (SUAs) from 29 states with continuing care retirement community (CCRC) legislation were surveyed to (a) assess staff familiarity with CCRC legislation, (b) examine interdepartmental working relationships surrounding such legislation and ask what role(s) ombudspersons are playing in CCRC oversight, (c) determine what role(s) aging units have had in developing legislation, and (d) gain insights regarding legislative impact. Results indicate that SUAs have been active in legislative development but vary greatly in the intensity of their involvement with the implementation and enforcement of CCRC regulation and in their perception of legislative impact.
The Role of Social Supports in Older Women's Recovery From Hip Fractures
Authors: Roberto Karen A.
Published: March 2007

Interviews were conducted with 101 women, ranging in age from 65 to 94, to determine the types of assistance that family members, friends, and formal services provide older women recovering from hip fractures, and the influence of social support variables on their recovery. More women were receiving help from members of their informal network in such areas as meal preparation, shopping, and running errands. More women were also using physical therapy and housekeeping services as a result of their fractures. The strongest predictors of recovery were the women's physical abilities prior to their fracture and the progression they had made at the time of the first interview. Results suggest that social support variables may have a more indirect than direct association with older women's recovery from hip fractures.
Elderly Migration to the Sunbelt: Seasonal Versus Permanent
Authors: Hogan Timothy D. , Steinnes Donald N.
Published: March 2007

A substantial body of research has focused on the interstate migration of elderly households to the Sunbelt. Most of this research has concentrated on permanent moves, but seasonal migration of elderly households to Sunbelt locations has become an increasingly important social phenomenon. Although some have suggested that such temporary migration serves as a precursor ofpermanent locations, recent analyses have found that such seasonal migration constitutes an alternative elderly life-style. Using 1980 census data, this study empirically examines the similarities and differences in these two types of elderly migration flows to a Sunbelt state such as Arizona. The statistical results indicate that seasonal and permanent migration are correlated in different ways to the variables usually found to be determinants of elderly migration flows and suggest the two types of elderly migration are related but separate phenomena.
Marital Status, Competing Demands, and Role Priorities of Parent-Caring Daughters
Authors: Litvin Sandra J. , Albert Steven M. , Brody Elaine M. , Hoffman Christine
Published: March 2007

This research compares the perceptions of 522 adult daughters in five marital status groups on the significance of marital status for parent caregiving. The married women considered support from husbands and children a great benefit for caregiving, but the price of such support is competition between the demands of caregiving and obligations to family. For the nonmarried women, not having such competing demands is considered an advantage, but the cost is having less social support. To further explore competition between parent care and commitments to self and family, a subsample of respondents ranked priorities in their lives. Married women ranked husbands and children as first priorities; never-married women ranked care of elders first. In the caregiving context, marital status affects strain, support, and the evaluation of role priorities.
Study of Federated Criminal Justice Systems: Research Needs
Authors: Myren Richard A.
Published: March 2007

This article is a plea for comparative study of criminal justice systems as systems. After listing the characteristics of federations and defining what is meant by a criminal justice system, it suggests that appreciation of the role that a well-designed and effectively operating criminal justice system can play in bringing stability to a federated governmental structure, and improved quality to the life style of those living within that structure, is worthy of the attention of scholars interested in federalism. The recommended approach is a focus on the decision-making processes in the system with attention being given to the pressures and 'other factors in the decision-making environment that affect outcome.

It is suggested that scholars in the United States have a vested interest particularly in the study of the criminal justice systems of federated nations. Without both basic descriptive and issue-oriented scholarship, the literature necessary for development of insight into the mutual impact of governmental structure and criminal justice system configuration will not become available. It is also suggested that the most profitable approach for such studies is concentration on "the decision flow of the criminal process and the interaction of policies and practices among the courts and operational agencies," an approach that "attempts to explain how the system works rather than who runs it." Such studies are judged important to further development of criminal justice systems in the United States and the world community.
Delinquency Involvement: An Evaluation of the Non-Intervention Strategy
Authors: Cernkovich Stephen A.
Published: March 2007

The official response by agents of the juvenile justice system to adolescent involvement in victimless and status offenses currently is under attack from a variety of sources. While several complex issues are involved in the debate concerning the proper handling of such offenders (the inherent vagueness of the statutes, and whether or not their codification and enforcement violates constitutionally guaranteed rights, for example), this paper is concerned only with the non-intervention argument that the official processing of such offenders be discontinued. The primary rationale underlying the non-intervention strategy is that not only are such offenders involved in relatively petty forms of delinquency, but also that they are unlikely to participate in more serious types of misbehavior. As such, proponents of this view suggest that since official processing only can have the negative consequences of stigmatization and the production of increased levels and more serious forms of delinquency involvement, it should be avoided.

Self-report data collected from a representative sample of 412 male high school students provide little support for these assumptions. Rather than being specialized, as suggested at least implicitly by the non-intervention approach, these data indicate that delinquency involvement is quite versatile, typically including participation in a wide variety of offense types. While involvement in victimless offenses is the most frequent delinquent activity, such concentration does not preclude significant participation in more serious property and personal offenses. In fact, high levels of involvement in victimless offenses is strongly associated with high levels of participation in property and personal offenses. As a result, and while recognizing that many of the existing delinquency statutes are certainly open to criticism on numerous grounds, any strategy based on the assumption that victimless offenders are unlikely to be involved in other more serious delinquent activities as a rationale for non-intervention appears untenable in light of the findings reported in this study.
Inmate Support for "Flat-Time" Sentencing and Related Proposals: A Research Note
Authors: Holbert Fred , Webb Vince
Published: March 2007

Currently, a good deal of debate about the use of determinate sentences and attendant proposals is taking place within academic, legislative, and professional circles. This study examines these proposals in terms of the perceptions of prison inmates. Male inmates in a Plains State correctional institution were surveyed in order to determine the extent to which they support proposals for "flat-time" sentencing, "day to day" good time, voluntary treatment, and the elimination of parole. The majority of inmates supported all four proposals, although substantial variation in the amount of support exists across proposals. Variables that serve as indicators of inmate "self-interest" and inmate "experience" provide very little explanation for the variation in inmate responses. Iffuture behavior is consistent with the self-reported data presented in the present study, only limited negative reaction by inmates to the actual implementation of these proposals should be expected.
Evaluations and the Advancement of Knowledge about Criminality: An Illustration from Evaluation of a Volunteer Program
Authors: Arnold William R.
Published: March 2007

Rigorous evaluations of social action projects in general and crime or delinquency control projects in particular frequentl/ reveal little measurable effect of the projects or effects equal to some alternative program. While these evaluation efforts must continue simple to prevent the w aste of social resources, the nearly universal lack oJ'effect revealed suggests that we still need basic research on causes of problems to determine what variables social control efforts should seek to control. Sincefunds are more likely to be availablefor evaluation research thanfor basic research, this evaluation research itself must regularly be used to test theory. Certain steps are suggested by which tests of theory may be designed using evaluation research data, and this process is illustrated by a test of containment theory using data from the evaluation of a volunteer probation project. A wide/v applicable method oJ'computing Time Unit Qffense Experience Scores for evaluating crime and delinquency control programs is proposed.
The Death Penalty: The Relevance of Deterrence
Authors: Cederblom J. B. , Munevar Gonzalo
Published: March 2007

This essay contends that deterrence is a relevant consideration to whether death is a justifiable punishment for murder. If the death penalty deters murder, then unless it is inflicted some presumably innocent person will be killed. So if the death penalty deters murderers, a choice must be made between the life of someone convicted of murder and that of an innocent person. We sketch out a retributivist theory ofentitlement to punishment whereby the past wrongdoing of the murderer is a reason for choosing to take his life, rather than allowing the death of an innocent person. This differs from the traditional view of deterrence as a strictly forward-looking rationale for punishment.
Police Personnel Levels and the Incidence of Crime: A Cross-National Investigation
Authors: Bennett Richard R. , Bennett Sandra Baxter
Published: March 2007

During the past ten years, social scientists have investigated the relationship between police personnel levels and the incidence of crime. However, their findings are conflicting and have added to, rather than resolved, the discussion of police effect. These studies suffer from methodological and conceptual weaknesses. First, they sample from populations where system level variance is minimal, and second they analyze models that could either over- or underestimate effects.

The present study addresses these methodological and conceptual problems by first selecting variables for inclusion in the model based on current criminological theories, and then maximizing system level variance by employing a cross-national sample. Regression analyses of the data suggest that previous studies have over-estimated the police effect which is almost non-existent.
Becoming Homosexual in Prison: A Socialization Process
Authors: Van Wormer Katherine
Published: March 2007

The present paper examines the distinction between prison homosexuality and so-called "true" homosexuality as represented in the male andfemale experience. A thorough review of the literature is provided. Emphasis is on the process of institutional recruitment for desired homosexual roles. This discussion challenges the present dichotomizing of prison homosexuality into true and situational categories, a division that dominates the prison literature. The only crucial dichotomy is between those who come to see themselves as homosexual and those who do not.
Symbolism and Rhetoric: The Guardians of Status Quo in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Lorinskas Robert , Kalinich David , Banas Dennis
Published: March 2007

This study argues that criminal justice bureaucracies depend upon symbolism and rhetoric as a major component of organizational stability. Because political pressures on the criminal justice system are usually reactive rather than systematic and sustaining, pressures can be placated through symbolic and rhetorical responses rather than substantive responses. It is further argued that much of what appeared to be changes in philosophies or processes of criminal justice agencies may have merely been symbolism or window dressing. Ironically, the reliance on symbols to legitimize the workings of the criminal justice system can lead to substantive change. In those instances when important symbols have eroded, criminal justice agencies dependent upon such symbols have been made politically vulnerable, and substantive change has also taken place.
Policing Domestic Violence: Perceptions, Experience, and Reality
Authors: Friday Paul C. , Metzgar Scott , Walters David
Published: March 2007

This research explores police attitudes and experiences with a departmental policy favoring arrest in cases of domestic violence. It also addresses the impact that such a policy may have on future domestic violence calls. Analyses were based on two data sets: (a) calls and arrests recorded for two years prior to the implementation of an arrest policy and for two years after and (b) a survey of patrol and command officers. This is a study of the impact of an arrest policy on the police; it is not a study of domestic violence per se. The findings reflect "normal police operations."

Survey data suggest that officers strongly supported both the law permitting spouse arrest and the departmental policy, because it gave them more power, but that they were uncertain of the actual impact on their own return calls and on the victims. The statistical data reveal that arrest minimally impacted the number of subsequent calls; the vast majority of calls resulted in no callbacks whether an arrest was made or not. In looking at prior contact with the police for domestic violence, the impact of arrest was more evident. The greatest impact of arrest was seen on those who had had no prior contacts. The largest proportion of callbacks involved offenders who had prior records for domestic violence and who were not arrested, and the lowest proportion involved offenders with no priors who were arrested.

Prior police contacts with victims were also reviewed, revealing that a small but significant proportion of victims had had drunk and disorderly charges, whereas perpetrators showed a high number of contacts for both disorderly and other criminal behaviors. Police experience with these cases has tended to create a selective generalization regarding the nature of domestic violence and the impact of the policy.
The Unimportance of In-House Research in a Professional Criminal Justice Organization
Authors: Lovell Rick , Kalinich Dave
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of and potential for in-house research as a factor in policy-making and decision-making in a large nonprofit criminal justice organization. Interviews with top administrators, program managers, and research personnel, together with a review of documents and project memoranda, reveal the enigmatic situation of a professional organization in which in-house evaluation and other in-house research efforts are accorded relatively little value. The authors examine factors that are important in understanding use and nonuse of in-house research in the organization, present conclusions and recommendations regarding the situation, and describe efforts to address relevant problems.
Revegetation of Waste Fly Ash Lagoons II. Seedling Transplants and Plant Nutrition
Authors: Pillman Anne , Jusaitis Manfred
Published: March 2007

As an alternative or in addition to direct seeding, container-grown transplants provide a means of economically and rapidly revegetating waste fly ash lagoons through the expeditious establishment of vegetation islands. Survival and growth of Enchylaena tomentosa and Nitraria billardierei transplants were largely dependent on the size of the root volume at transplanting. Growth response of both species in fly ash increased significantly as transplant container size increased from 110 ml to 800 ml. Fly ash incorporated into the potting mix during the containerised stage of growth generally reduced plant growth and survival following eventual trans plantation. Gradual hardening of Enchylaena tomentosa seedlings to increasing concentrations of fly ash in the potting mix (25 to 50 to 75% fly ash), however, improved immediate survival following transplantation, into pure ash.

Nitrogen deficiency in Port Augusta fly ash was a major nutritional limitation to growth of these two species. Growth and dry matter production responded optimally to application of N fertiliser (NH4NO3) at 100-150 kg N ha 1. Although bicarbonate- extractable P levels in fly ash were high (over 250 mg kg-1), a response of Enchylaena tomentosa to supplementary P application [Ca(H2PO 4)2.H2O] at 100-200 kg P ha-1 was observed. N. billardierei did not respond to supplementary P, and it was suggested that fly ash P may be selectively available to plants on a species dependent basis. No growth responses to K application (KCl) at rates of up to 400 kg K ha -1 were found. © 1997 ISWA
Ammonia and nitrogen fluxes in landfill sites: applicability to sustainable landfilling
Authors: Burton Simon A. Q. , Watson-Craik Irene A.
Published: March 2007

European legislation imposes tough restrictions on the quality of landfill leachate discharges, of which a major component is ammonia. Thus, there is a pressing need, particularly for oper ators who will have to meet these discharge standards, for a greater understanding of the origin and transformations of ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds from landfills. Moreover, with the concept of 'sustainability' being applied to landfilling, the industry will need to meet the challenge of accelerating the rate of refuse decomposition. Ammonia is both a potentially toxic product of refuse degradation and an essential nutrient for the bacteria responsible for this. The quantities present in municipal solid waste (MSW) are known but prediction of the amounts released during decom position is hampered by the lack of long term data on amino nia concentrations in leachate either from landfills or exper imental systems with a measured initial nitrogen content. For the treatment of ammonia from landfill regimes designed to accelerate refuse degradation, it is vital to under stand the nitrogen requirements of the degradation processes, in order to minimise potential ammonia toxicity while ensur ing sufficient concentrations to support the rate of decompo sition. The authors found little experimental evidence to sup port current views on the nitrogen transformations that occur in MSW, although new experimental data support the hypothesis that denitrification occurs in landfill sites. It is generally considered that the high ammonia concentrations in leachate provide evidence that ammonia is released from the decomposition of protein in refuse, even though the con centrations of the various nitrogenous components in refuse during decomposition are not known. Although the concen trations of nitrogenous components in leachate have been characterised, these do not necessarily reflect the degradation of MSW.
Waste streams, costs and emissions in municipal solid waste management: a case study from Finland
Authors: Tanskanen Juha-Heikki , Reinikainen Asta , Melanen Matti
Published: March 2007

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is undergoing major changes due mainly to high recovery rate targets being set by the European Union and national Governments. These higher rates have been set as one measure to achieve the sus- tamable development required by Agenda 21 of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992. Increasing the recovery rates for munici pal solid waste affects waste management systems, particularly the composition of waste streams, costs and emissions from treatment and disposal activities.
Dustiness and bio-aerosol exposure in sorting recyclable paper
Authors: Breum Niels O. , Würtz Helle , Midtgaard Uffe , Ebbehøj Niels
Published: March 2007

In Denmark recycling of household waste is a growing industry and recycled paper is the major source for the Danish pulp production. Paper for recycling may come from various sources including households and industry. The paper is collected separately, but the segregation process may not always be efficient and the paper may be high in microbial content. For workers sorting recyclable paper, data are few on personal exposure to bio-aerosols and a comparative study, therefore, was carried out to establish base-line information. Workers sorting clean paper (items of mail) were included for comparison. The data obtained were compared with data from the literature on exposure of waste collectors to bio- aerosols. The potential of recyclable paper to emit dust (dustiness) and micro-organisms was characterized in the laboratory using a rotating drum dustiness tester and mixed household waste was included for comparison. The study indicated that workers sorting recyclable paper were exposed to high levels of bio-aerosols compared to workers sorting clean paper. Workers sorting recyclable paper were exposed to bio-aerosols at similar or higher levels than workers collecting the paper. However, the exposure level was comparable with or lower than the levels seen in workers collecting mixed household waste. For dust and endotoxin the paper sorting workers were exposed to levels below existing or proposed occupational exposure limits (OELs), but for viable micro-organism exposure may exceed proposed OELs. Dustiness of recyclable paper was high in terms of dust and endotoxin compared with mixed household waste. With regard to viable bacteria, dustiness of paper was at the level of mixed household waste. In principle, paper collected for recycling should be low in microbial content leading to a low bio-aerosol exposure for workers handling the paper. However, recyclable paper may be high in microbial dustiness. This finding indicates low standards of separation in households and/or contamination of the collected paper from dirty containers or collection vehicles.
Organic components in leachates from hazardous waste disposal sites
Authors: Yasuhara Akio , Shiraishi Hiroaki , Nishikawa Masataka , Yamamoto Takashi , Nakasugi Osami , Okumura Tameo , Kenmotsu Katashi , Fukui Hiroshi , Nagase Makoto , Kawagoshi Yasunori
Published: March 2007

Organic compounds and inorganic elements were determined in leachates from 11 landfill sites in Japan. With regard to the inorganic elements, the concentration of boron was found to be fairly high. More than 100 organic compounds were detected and several important compounds such as organic phosphates, 1,4-dioxane, phthalates, and bisphenol A were present at high concentrations. Waste plastics are a possible origin for these compounds. The ratio of characterized compounds to total organic carbon was unexpectedly low. Phenols and ethers were the main components as deduced from the carbon contents. Most of the chlorine appears to be present as non-volatile substances.
Sorption of organic compounds to solid waste
Authors: Öman Cecilia , Spännar Camilla
Published: March 2007

The emissions of organic compounds from landfills are dependent on several different processes occurring inside the landfills. One important process is the sorption of organic compounds onto the waste. In this study the processes of sorption of organic compounds to fresh and degraded waste samples were investigated at concentrations previously determined in actual landfill leachates. The results showed that the time required to reach equilibrium varied from hours to days depending on the hydrophobicities of the compounds. The sorption could generally be described as linear, but indications of non-linearity were found. The logarithm of the linear sorption partitioning coefficient, Kp, was linearly correlated with the logarithm of the partition coefficient between octanol and water, Kow. No correlation was found between Kp and the amount of organic carbon nor the hydrophobicity of the waste. It was concluded that the sorption capacity of the waste varies locally inside landfills.
Rethinking Concepts of Job Satisfaction: The Case of Nebraska Municipal Clerks
Authors: Blackburn J. Walton , Bruce Willa M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the job satisfaction and quality of work life of 117 municipal clerks from small cities in Nebraska. It found that the clerks had a high level of job satisfaction, even though the quality of work life was not high. Job satisfaction was found to be correlated with age, length of tenure, and education. The implications of these findings for future research are identified.
Organizational Commitment: A Reconceptualization And Empirical Test Of Public-Private Differences
Authors: Balfour Danny L. , Wechsler Barton
Published: March 2007

This article examines the public-private dimension as an antecedent of organizational com mitment and assesses the effect of publicness on individual attachment to the organization. The findings suggest that (1) the strength of an individual's attachment to the organization is a function of several dimensions of organizational experience which can be inconsistent in their effects; and (2) that, public employees, in particular, may be simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the organization, with their desire to serve important values undercut by low or negative feelings of affiliation.
Private Lives and Public Work: Professional Careers in State Civil Service
Authors: Johnson Cathy Marie , Duerst-Lahti Georgia
Published: March 2007

The conventional ideology of organization man and family woman no longer serves as a useful guide to employment policies because it does not depict accurately the lives of today's professionals. This analysis of survey data of professional men and women in Wisconsin civil service demonstrates that both men and women believe personal life factors hindered theircareers, that women have assumed an important breadwinning role, and that part-time work and career interruptions were used by men as well as women. These professionals would benefit from employment policies that recognize the importance of a personal life, the diversity across individuals and over the course of a career, and the many different ways to achieve a successful career.
Affirmative Action in Municipal Government: Anatomy of a Failure
Authors: Ballard Steve , Lawn-Day Gayle
Published: March 2007

This article assesses reform of employment practices in a moderate-sized university community. It suggests that cultural barriers to affirmative action may be much more significant than any other barriers, especially when the longer-term implementation is considered. Overcoming cultural barriers to reform will require much stronger links to women and minority constituencies and aggressive management-council-community relationships.
Big, Little, Littler
Authors: Thurber Karl T.
Published: March 2007

The federal (or "big") Hatch Act, which excludes most federal and some state and local government employees from partisan political participation, has stood as a reflection of the politics-administration dichotomy since its enactment in 1989. Although now primarily a federal concern since state and local employees are subject to relatively few Hatch Act prohibitions, the statute's restrictions remain a significant concern to many federal employees and students of public personnel practices. This article discusses and reviews previous research on the Hatch Act. Findings and conclusions drawn from an examination of both federal and nonfederal laws that are related to the Hatch Act's underlying goal—constraining the political activities of public employees— are also presented.
Grievance Arbitration in the Public Sector
Authors: Mesch Debra J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines differences between public and private sector grievance arbitration outcomes. The research question addressed in this study is whether or not differences in win, lose, or compromise outcomes exist between the public and private sector and if differences exist regarding discipline cases. Archival data were analyzed from a total of 1127 public and 2822 private arbitration cases for the period 1987 through 1993. Contingency analyses were conducted to test all hypotheses. Results indicate a higher winning percentage and fewer discharge cases in the public as compared to the private sector. Additionally, fewer public sector cases result in long suspensions. The results are discussed in terms of hypothesized public-private differences.