bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental determination of the main load factor of threaded connection of connecting rod head with oblique connector
Authors: Gots A. N
Published: April 2022

According to the methodology developed earlier the experimental-calculated investigations of a determination of the stresses in the rod bolts of connecting rods with an oblique connector when the bolt was tightened, and after loading the connecting rod with an external load were conducted. The main point of an investigation’s methodology of the stress-strain state of connecting rod bolts is in that on the outer circumference of the bolt body at some distance from each other strain gauges are glued. The coordinates of the measurement points must be precisely defined in a rectangular coordinate system, and one of the coordinates along the z-axis is taken by the stresses in the cross section of the bolt body. The simplest formulas for calculations have been obtained if the strain gauges are glued along the circumference 120 ° from each other. According to the average value for all three indications of strain gauges determines the tensile stress. As shown by the result of experimental investigations during the tightening process the body of connecting rod experiences tensile and bending stresses. It’s known that when installation shells in the crank head of the connecting rod, their length exceeds the length of the saddle by the protrusion amount. Because of the protrusion of the shell the entire load during tightening the bolts falls on the shell and it is applied eccentrically. However even after a deformation of the shell around the perimeter, the force on bolt is transmitted through the average radius of the thread. When the external force of the connecting rod is applied to the rod bolt only a part of the load is transferred, it’s equal to the product of this force by the coefficient of the main load. After experimental determination the stress in the connecting rod bolts, as well as the force in each of the bolts with the oblique connector, the main load of the connecting rod is determined by the experiment-calculated investigation.
Automatic control of the movement of the caterpillar vehicle with intelligent hydrostatic transmission for target designation in GPS coordinates
Authors: Kondakov S. V , Dubrovskiy N. V
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to algorithmizing the control of an autonomous vehicle by the example of the caterpillar vehicle with an onboard hydrostatic transmission. The authors developed a mathematical model which has scientific novelty, obtained the results of an analytical solution and a physical experiment that confirmed the reliability of the model and the operability of the proposed algorithm for tractor control in the automatic mode in the global positioning coordinates. The model takes into account the features of the hidostatic drive, made on-board, including mechanical and volume losses. A characteristic feature of the mathematical model is the differential equations for the industrial logic controller and the control mechanism for the inclined washer of the axial-piston adjustable hydrostatic transmission pump and the algebraic equations for conversion of the Cartesian coordinates to the global positioning coordinates. The mathematical model is implemented in the VISSIM programming environment. The object of the investigation is the industrial tractor TM-10 with hydrostatic transmission which is produced by the plant «DST-Ural» in Chelyabinsk. The physical experiment was carried out on the experimental model and showed satisfactory results. The developed algorithm is implemented in the CoDeSys environment for an industrial controller that controls the movement of production tractors. The extended mathematical model allows to assess more accurately of transient processes of the motion in the automatic mode. The formation of the control action via GPS coordinates provides new possibilities during solving the task of positioning the caterpillar vehicle in the open area. The developed algorithm allows to estimate the time which is spent on the formation of commands by microprocessor devices. The conducted investigations allowed to form new consumer properties to the industrial tractor of the plant «DST-Ural», consisting in the appeared possibility of using tractors without an operator in harmful or dangerous conditions for humans.
The unification of certain terms and concepts used in the study of land transport-technological vehicles
Authors: Parfenov A. P , Shchetinin Yu. S
Published: April 2022

On the basis of the analysis of terminology used in textbooks, monographs and articles, related to the theory, design and calculation of automobiles, tractors, wheeled and caterpillar transport and traction machines, the uniform terms and concepts are proposed, the most frequently used in the above mentioned disciplines and related technical documents to describe similar phenomena or processes. The coefficient of traction, tractive force on the surface adhesion, the vehicle adhesive weight, the coefficient of adhesive weight, the specific tractive force, the specific hook load, the coefficient of resistance to the rectilinear motion of the machine, the road surface resistance coefficient, the tractive force of the machine, the free engine power, the engine power losses associated with its maintenance, the parameter of rotation of the caterpillar tractor and the power factor of rotation are analyzed. In various literary sources, different terms are used to designate the same quantities, the same definitions are treated differently. It has been causing certain inconveniences and introduces confusion in the theory of land vehicles. The necessity for such unification is particularly relevant in relation to the approval of the Federal Education Standard in the speciality 23.05.01 «Land Transport-Technological Means», in which the above mentioned disciplines are included in the training of specialists, and the knowledge of the relevant technical terminology is considered at the level of competence. In this article, concrete proposals are given on the unification of certain terms and concepts used in the above mentioned theoretical disciplines. Since the field of terminology and definitions is rather painful and delicate, these proposals are submitted for a substantive discussion by professionals.
Sowing vertical-disc apparatus for seeding small-seed crops
Authors: Kem A. A , Miklashevich V. L
Published: April 2022

The determining factor for increasing the yield of agricultural crops is the quality of sowing, which is ensured by the coordinated work of the system: the sowing apparatus - seed pipe - coulter. The task of the sowing device is to consistently give out a given number of seeds to the seed pipe by the area of supply for this method of sowing. Serial seeders do not provide the minimum sufficient seeding rate for small-seed crops, which leads to overspending of expensive, scarce seeds and reduced yields due to thickening of the crop. Based on the results of the theoretical studies and physical modeling, a vertical disc seeder was developed, which ensures the seeding of small-seed crops. The sowing apparatus represents a disc with a diameter of 93 mm along the outer perimeter, which contains cells in the form of a sector of a semicircle with a radius of 3 mm, a depth of 2 mm. Laboratory studies on alfalfa seeds showed that when the disc rotates, the seeds begin to fall out of the cell under their own weight, when the cell is at an angle of 35° with respect to the horizontal line. To carry out field research, a seeder was built on a frame, in which seven seed sections with individual bunkers were installed in two rows. Seeding width is 0.9 m. The drive of the sowing units is carried out by chain transfer from the support wheel through the gearbox. The sowing discs are connected to the shafts by individual couplings, which made it possible to sow with a different width of the rows. The field experiment was conducted on the sowing of the zoned alfalfa Omskaya-7 with inter-row spacing of 0,15 m, 0,60 m, and 0,90 m in triplicate repetition. According to the results of the field experiment, it was found that the sowing disc with cells with a radius of 3 mm and a depth of 2 mm of 8 pieces on the disc, and its rotation frequency of 1,53 rpm, when sowing with different rows, consistently provided for 1 meter of sowing on average 33 plants at field germination of 84,4 %.
Simulation modeling of the volumetric hydraulic drive
Authors: Popov A. Y.U
Published: April 2022

In the design of a variety of the modern agricultural machines, the hydraulic drive with reciprocating motion for lifting, lowering and moving the working bodies has obtained a wide application. One of the important stages in the design of hydraulic drives and transmissions is a simulation. In connection with the laboriousness of carrying out the full-scale experiment and the cumbersome calculation of mathematical models of hydrosystems, as well as the development of the computing machinery, the simulation modeling has obtained a widespread usage. This type of computer simulation allows to investigate complex systems based on the development of multilink factor models with the visualization of a numerical experiment. The article presents the procedure for the simulation modeling of dynamic processes occurring in the volumetric hydraulic drive. The model is developed on the basis of standard libraries of the computing system MATLAB Simulink. The volumetric hydraulic drive is presented in the form of a structural model and consists of interconnected blocks that on the base of differential equations modeling the operation of a pumping station with a mechanical drive, a safety valve, a three-section four-line hydraulic distributor, double-acting power cylinder with special rod, a hydraulic tank. During the calculation of the simulation model takes into account a change of the modulus of elasticity of the fluid depending on the pressure in the hydraulic system, the parameters of the working fluid, the stiff stop when the extreme positions are reached by the rod of the hydraulic cylinder, the friction between the moving parts in the power hydrocylinder. The developed program allows to simulate working processes at the design stage and obtain the necessary data on the dynamic properties of the hydraulic system in all modes of operation, to demonstrate in the form of graphs and oscillograms, to simplify the analysis of transient processes in the hydraulic system, and also to select the rational design parameters of constituent elements of the volumetric hydraulic drive.
Improving the design of the working body for layer-by-layer tillage
Authors: Bozhko I. V , Parhomenko G. G , Kambulov S. I
Published: April 2022

Tillage is considered to be the methods of mechanical impact on the soil, contributing to the improvement of its fertility and the creation of better conditions for the growth and development of plants. Layerless processing without cover takes one of the most significant operations carried out during the preparation of the soil. This is confirmed by the fact that layer-by-layer processing promotes the accumulation of moisture inside the soil layer, the separation of the seam into layers, and the reduction of soil erosion. The aim of the research is to improve the design features of the main elements of the working body for layer-by-layer soilless tillage. Based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of research, as well as modeling, an improved design of the working body was proposed. It provides for the possibility of replacing almost all the main elements as they wear out, which in turn indicates a high level of wear resistance of the developed structure and a significant reduction in labor costs during its maintenance. In addition to the use of metal basic elements of various shapes (flat-cutter, curvilinear ripper) in the design of the working body, the use of ultra-high-molecular polyethylene inserts partially or completely replacing the main structural elements of the working body is also provided. Experimental studies have found that the traction resistance of the working body using a flat-ripper in the construction is 9,30 kN, with a curvilinear ripper 8,04 kN, which is 13,56 % lower than the flat-cutter. With the use of ultra-high molecular polyethylene inserts, a decrease in traction resistance of up to 7,6 kN was observed, which is 18,28 % lower compared to a flat-ripper. The proposed design allows layer-by-layer soilless tillage, carrying out at the same time a deep 25-35 cm and shallow 12-16 cm tillage, and also allows to obtain an aligned field background after the passage of the unit.
Flexible element in the composition of the working bodies of the rotary soil-cultivating ripping-separating machine
Authors: Syromyatnikov Y. U.N , Hramov N. S , Vojnash S. A
Published: April 2022

Surface tillage for growing crops is carried out with the purpose of crushing its upper layer, grinding crop residues, destroying weeds and leveling the field surface. The purpose of the research is to determine the quality indicators of an experimental soil-cultivating rotor ripping-separating unit using a flexible working body in the form of a cable. Authors studied in field conditions the physicomechanical properties of the soil after autumn plowing, early spring harrowing and cultivation with lancet paws to a depth of 0,12 m. There was analyzed the structural-aggregate composition of the soil obtained after the passage of device, depending on the frequency of rotation of the rotor and the presence of a flexible element in the form of a cable. Studies have been carried out on an experimental soil-cultivating loosening and separating plant on a layer of soil, which, after processing, is stratified into two sublayers: the upper superseed, the lower layer in the seed embedding zone. In the lower soil layer there is a significant advantage of the working bodies with a flexible element in the form of a cable. Increasing the rotor speed from 1,1 to 2,3 s-1 contributes to an increase in the coefficient of soil structure in the lower layer by about 10 %, and in the upper layer by no more than 2,3 %. With the use of a flexible working body in the form of a cable in the composition of the working bodies of the experimental soil-cultivating rotary ripping-separating installation, the coefficient of structure is about 1,5 times higher than the working bodies without it, which provides more favorable conditions for embedding seeds in the soil. It was found that tillage using an experimental soil-cultivating rotary tillage-separating installation as part of the working bodies of which a flexible element in the form of a cable was applied allows us to improve the methods of pre-sowing tillage to improve its agrotechnical qualities.
Preliminary results of the study of the effect of a multi-cycle load on the hardness of a high-pressure fuel pipe
Authors: Sveshchinskiy V. O , Bobrov S. P , Tereshchenko I. S
Published: April 2022

Investigation of the effect of internal pressure on the distribution of hardness in the fuel pipe wall was conducted. In the high pressure circuits of Common Rail systems, the fuel pressure is much higher than the pressure level in conventional fuel systems. Thas is why it is of practical interest to change the mechanical properties of the component materials during operation. In the present work, an attempt was made to evaluate the influence of the multi-cycle loading of the fuel pipe with a high internal pressure on the hardness of the material from which the fuel line was made. The loading was carried out under the conditions of a non-motorized test bench with a pressure of diesel fuel of 160 MPa. The test duration was 500 hours. With the selected pump shaft speed and the response frequency of the electrohydraulic control valves this was equivalent to approximately 96x106 cycles. Before and after the tests, hardness measurements were made in the cross section of the fuel lines. The distributions of hardness values are obtained, which testify the existence, under the given loading conditions of a self-hardening process of the material. In the initial state, fuel lines are characterized by a certain anisotropy of hardness and, accordingly, strength characteristics. In this case, the inhomogeneity of the field of values of hardness decreases with decreasing radius of location of the material layer. Dispersion of hardness values takes place both along the axis of the fuel pipe and in the circumferential direction. Loading of fuel pipes of the Common Rail type with pulsating hydraulic pressure leads to a redistribution of the hardness values in the fuel pipe wall. It is found that in the layers of material located closer to the central channel of the fuel pipe, the hardness equalization occurs to a greater extent as it is used, than in layers located far from the central channel. In general, the hardness is increased, which can be interpreted as the hardening of the fuel line during operation.
Optimal operation conditions of cogeneration plants according to the method of golden section
Authors: Kryaklina I V
Published: April 2022

Cogeneration is a highly effective way to convert and produce heat and electric energy. The method of golden section for the theoretical substantiation of optimal operating modes of cogeneration systems is offered for the use.
Features of injection and combustion of rapeseed oil and diesel fuel in modern engines
Authors: Ryzhov Yu N , Zhosan A A , Kurochkin A A
Published: April 2022

Comparative analysis of injection of diesel fuel and rapeseed oil is given. Combustion process is considered as depending on the surface tension of diesel fuel, rapeseed oil and methyl ester of rapeseed oil. Features of combustion of diesel fuel and rapeseed oil are presented.
Analysis of the controlled curvilinear motion of high-speed tracked machinery
Authors: Yagubov V F , Strelkov A G , Shapkin A N
Published: April 2022

Curvilinear motion of a tracked vehicle with change in curvature of trajectory in magnitude and direction is considered. Through the analysis of differential equations of controlled motion, it is justified what parts of trajectories are the most dangerous under skidding. Inertial moments of a tracked vehicle corresponding to various configurations of trajectory were found using the distribution graphs of curvature of trajectory along the way.
Gear shift in the tractor gear box without break of power flow
Authors: Sharipov V M , Gorodetskiy K I , Dmitriyev M I , Schetinin Yu S , Malanin I A , Zenin A S
Published: April 2022

A mathematical model of tractor unit acceleration at the gear shift by means of frictional clutches is developed. On its basis analytical dependences for the determination of work and time of slippage of an engaged frictional clutch for any degree of gears overlapping and acceleration time on the given gear are calculated.
A mathematical model of soil crumbling by beater drum
Authors: Belov M I , Gadzhiyev P I , Nazarov A A , Pakhunova R N
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the theoretical justification and calculation of key parameters of beater drum of tillage machine used for soil preparation before potatoes and other root crops planting.
The optimal profile of subsurface cultivator hoe
Authors: Svechnikov P G
Published: April 2022

The results of tiller hoe shape optimization are presented. These findings were used for the production of working organs of the subsurface ploughs, allowing to achieve the best soil cultivation.
Evaluation of elastic shaft dumping ratio for the research of dynamic processes in transmission
Authors: Chuprynin Yu V , Kotov A V
Published: April 2022

A method of evaluation of elastic shafts dumping ratio is presented. It involves a procedure of preliminary calculation of dumping ratio according to the mass and geometric characteristics of the shaft and the damping coefficient of shaft material, as well as a procedure of experimental correction of previously calculated values. The introduced approach allows to find the dumping ratios of transmission elastic shafts with sufficiently high precision.
A small-sized rotary device for the grinding of concentrated feed
Authors: Rzayeva R A , Bagirov B M
Published: April 2022

Results of experimental studies of a new small-sized grinder for concentrated feed are presented. Dependences of the degree of fineness and power consumption on grain moisture and knife design parameters are determined.
Analysis of methods of accreditation and evaluation of certification centers performance in the WTO
Authors: Sapozhnikov I I
Published: April 2022

Analysis of foreign and domestic experience of certification centers and evaluation of their activities are given. On the basis of domestic experience an attempt to predict the activity of such centers in conditions of the WTO is made.
Influence of absolute soil humidity on the porosity of soil packing
Authors: Makhmutov M M , Chepurnoy A I , Makhmutov M M , Dzhabarov A K
Published: April 2022

The influence of absolute soil humidity on the porosity of soil packing is shown. It is noted that soil porosity will be reduced at the expense of decreasing of air pores and increasing of solid particles volume as a result of soil compression with mover, strake, block etc. at constant humidity. The analysis of obtained models is given.
Theoretical justification for the use of elastic-dumping drives of tractor's driving wheels during the braking
Authors: Polivayev O I , Pilyayev S N , Kutkov A Yu
Published: April 2022

Results of theoretical research of the braking of tractor-trailer units are presented. The influence of elastic-dumping drives of wheels on the braking performance of tractor-trailer units is revealed.
Analysis of the flax fiber pressing in compression chamber
Authors: Kovaliov M M , Apykhin A P
Published: April 2022

Results of experimental researches concerning the determination of dependency between pressure of pressing plate on fiber and pressure on base and lateral walls as well as pressure distribution along height and perimeter of pressing chamber are given.
Dynamic loading of outboard shafts of mechanical stepless transformer with oscillatory motion of internal links in transmission
Authors: Blagonravov A A , Yurkevich A V , Soldatkin V A
Published: April 2022

Dynamic loading of input and output shafts of a mechanical stepless controlled transformer with holonomic constraints is determined. Dynamic disturbances on the parts of transmission located before and after the transformer are estimated.
Restoration of combustion engine's camshafts with plasma welding
Authors: Yudin V M , Shipovalov A N , Khrapkov G A , Nosikhin P I
Published: April 2022

A technology of engine's camshafts restoration by plasma welding is brought. Structure and hardness of built-up metal are described. Comparative evaluation of results of the laboratory testing of samples is presented.
Analysing the characteristics of buttermaker for non-contact creaming
Authors: Simdyankin A A , Simdyankina Ye Ye , Lazutkina S A , Pakhunova R N
Published: April 2022

Data of laboratory and industrial tests of buttermaker which uses acoustic vibrations for cream manufacturing are given.
Analysis of continuously variable transmission of the Fendt 900 Vario tractor line: what is behind the ads?
Authors: Samorodov V B , Bondarenko A I
Published: April 2022

Basic design parameters, dimension types of hydrostatic transmission and hydraulic efficiencies of transmission in accordance with its kinematics and advertising data for the Fendt 900 Vario tractors are identified. Obtained results are analyzed.
Upgrading the quality of agro-engineering products
Authors: Didmanidze O N , Legeza G V , Sapozhnikov I I
Published: April 2022

Possibility of joint cooperation between agro-engineering and the «Skolkovo» innovation centre with the view of implementation of the «Regulation on food security of the Russian Federation» requirements is considered. A process of research and development and the adoption of new technologies in agricultural production, aimed at complete realization of the Declaration of 01.02.2010 are proposed.
Ejection system of distributed supply of gaseous fuel into diesel engine
Authors: Volodin V V , Zagorodskikh B P , Bebenin Ye V
Published: April 2022

The injection gas fuel feed system, in which not only the redistribution of cylinder-by-cylinder fuel supply takes place, but also gas and air mixing is ensured, was under study. Fragments of the research results are presented. Stable engine operation under different loads and substitution of diesel fuel by the gas one up to 80% are proved by bench tests.
Promising trends of reducing the energy capacity in the separation of grain from ear
Authors: Ozherelyev V N , Nikitin V V
Published: April 2022

A promising trend of grain crops harvesting by stripping of standing plants in combination with the use of a thresher that provides an alternating effect on the links between grain and ear is considered.
Analysis of marker's trajectory in horizontal spiral-screw mechanism
Authors: Zolotariov P S
Published: April 2022

Moving of bulk material in a spiral-screw mechanism is considered from the viewpoint of Lagrange theory. Radiographs representing a quasidynamical pattern of drift of a marker are used.
Repair control and regulation equipment for hydraulic drive and transmission systems designed by GOSNITI
Authors: Petrischev N A , Kapustkin A O
Published: April 2022

The problems of quality control of tractor units' repair are considered. Experimental models of control and regulation equipment developed in 2009-2011 for the modernization of repair and service base of agroindustrial complex are presented.
Fundamental principles of resource saving in crop harvesting technology
Authors: Maslov G G , Palapin A V
Published: April 2022

Resource-saving technologies of cereal crops harvesting providing the completion of unwinnowed pile handling at stationary station are analyzed. New requirements to the complex harvesting with simultaneous performance of postharvest operations are suggested.
Environmental diagnostics of tractors and self-propelled machines
Authors: Nikolayev Ye V , Nistratova N S
Published: April 2022

Problems of environmental safety of agricultural equipment are considered. Main factors of harmful effect of machines on nature and human are given, as well as basic parameters of environmental safety estimation.
Control circuit of the grain cleaner bucket-elevator with RM 35SO speed control relay
Authors: Mazukha N A , Mazukha A P
Published: April 2022

Possibility to control the speed of grain cleaner bucket elevator as well as other transporters' speed under technological overload and failures is shown.
Forecasting of service life of knots of repair and technological equipment in the enterprises of agrarian and industrial complex
Authors: Komarov V A , Lezin P P , Grigoryev A V
Published: April 2022

Basic facts on the dependency of precision parameters of repair and technological equipment are given. Process of knot loading and its performances in stressedly-deformed state obtained as the results of investigation are described with a view to forecasting.
Calculation investigation of the strength of the composite wheel rim
Authors: Bol'shikh A. A , Vdovin D. S , Eremin G. P
Published: April 2022

The aim of the research is to reduce the unsprung mass, the moment of inertia of the racing automobile’s wheel while maintaining the necessary strength due to the using of composite materials in its construction. Currently, the composite materials have been obtained a widespread usage as structural materials in the automobile assemblies and units. Particularly, the using of modern composite materials in the transmission elements of the automobile, such as drive shafts, axle shafts or wheels, makes it possible to substantially improve the performances of the wheeled vehicle: reduce the full and the unsprung weight. It is possible to point out from the modern composite materials, the polymeric composite materials having carbon fibers as a reinforcing element, which are possessing a low density and the best combining a high level of specific strength with producibility of the products. The object of the research is the racing automobile’s wheel which belongs to the class of “Formula Student”. The usage of composite materials in the construction of similar wheels, as well as the estimated evaluation of the wheel’s strength during its manufacturing from composite materials are discussed. The regulations of the competitions permit a great freedom in choosing the wheel construction. The estimated strength evaluation was carried out by the finite element method, the original finite element wheel model was developed for this purpose taking into account the anisotropic properties of the reinforced materials. The computational investigation of the strength of the selected construction showed that the rim which is made of the composite material has an excessive safety factor at the design loads. The proposed constructive decision allows to reduce the wheel weight by 33% (up to 1.68 kg) in comparison with the one-piece wheel made of magnesium alloys (2.5 kg).
The method of determining the efforts of the pre-tightening of bolts to a bearing of the crankshaft, automobile and tractor engines
Authors: Gots A. N
Published: April 2022

The increase of power density of automotive and tractor engines leads to increased loads on parts of the crank mechanism. To ensure the specified reliability indicators, it is necessary to give an accurate analysis of the loads. There was studied currently used technique for calculating the pre-tightening force of rod bolts or mounting bolts of main bearing caps to ensure that the density of the junction of the threaded connections. It is shown that, first when the bolt is tightened, the liner shrinks by the amount of its protrusion and only then the joint is closed between the cover and the crank head of the connecting rod. This reduces the effort to ensure a given margin of safety of the joint density. The calculation of the force for deformation of the insert on the amount of its protrusion is carried out, which ensures the fit of the inserts when they are inserted into the bearing bore. It can be seen from the calculation that the force to deform the liner is not less than 30 ... 40 % of the value of the force of the tightening, which ensures the tightness of the joint between the components to be tightened. A procedure is proposed for determining the pre-tightening force of the connecting rod bolts or bolts for attaching the main bearings of the piston engine crankshaft, in case of providing the specified margin of joint density as a standard threaded joint. An example of calculating the torque settings connecting rod bolt for diesel engine D-245 when operating on the maximum idle speed.
The choice of the concept of automobile with combined energy transmission of expanded functionality
Authors: Baulina E. E , Krutashov A. V , Serebryakov V. V
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the issues of improving the transmission schemes and the transmission of electric power of combined energy transmissions (CET) of automobiles. Ideology of CET consists in the rational choice of the mode of operation of ICE - the efficient use of the energy it generates, but the presence of the CET on the vehicle can also be used to expand its functionality. The authors develop and justify the idea of expanding the scope of vehicles with combined energy transmission (CET), ensuring their universality and expanding the possible applications and areas of use, due to the specifics of the road and climate conditions in Russia. The authors see the possibility of accomplishing the goal in the application of a combined power transmissions of advanced functional capabilities on vehicles. In the drive of the driving wheels of vehicle equipped with such an installation, there are two reversible electric machines, each of which is individually kinematically connected to one of the wheels of the driving axle. The concept of the vehicle with the CET of extended functionality, on the scheme of which a patent for the invention was issued, the authors suggested in previous publications. The material of this article contains options for the development of design schemes for the execution of combined energy transmissions of enhanced functionality, which can be equipped with cars with different drive variants of the driving wheels. Authors offer schemes of assemblies, composition of units and systems when using vehicles equipped with them, under various road conditions. The algorithms for the operation of CET of extended functionality in various road and climate conditions are described. The variants of constructive execution of the main units and aggregates, which are part of the CET of the expanded functional capabilities, are proposed. In the final part of the article, the positive impact of the recommended options for the performance of the expanded CET on the performance characteristics of vehicles equipped with such facilities is noted.
The calculation of the peristaltic pump characteristics taking into account the roughnesses on the internal surface of the working member
Authors: Grishin A. I
Published: April 2022

In the introduction of the work the short review of the literature, devoted to the miniature peristaltic pumps and also to the studies of the influence of the roughness in the microchannels with the laminar flow, is presented. The presented calculation procedure of the pump characteristics is based on the usage of the Bernoulli equation and the interpretation of the pump working member sections with the roughness as the local hydraulic resistances. The losses in these sections are expressed in the equivalent length which has been counted by performing the numerical experiments in the program STAR-CCM+. As have shown by the numerical experiments, the equivalent length of such sections is the function of a Reynolds number and the geometrical parameters of the roughness of the surface of the pump working member. For calculations the axisymmetric roughness with the profiles is in the form of the isosceles triangles and the rectangular triangles have been chosen. The calculation for the roughness in the form of rectangular triangles was performed in such a manner that when the fluid flows in the direction of the pressure pipeline it represented the repeating confusers and the sudden enlargements, and when flow takes place in the opposite direction - diffusors and sudden contractions. The numerical calculation has shown that in such case an energy loss with the flow in the opposite direction is bigger, but only with the certain geometrical parameters of the roughness. It was considered, that the roughness are only in the beginning and in the end of the pump working member (tube), and in the compression region the surface is smooth. As a calculations result the pump’s pressure characteristics for both tube without the sections with the roughness and the tube with these sections were constructed. The results gained with the offered technique have shown good enough coincidence to the results of the numerical experiments
Problems in the implementation of the control system for vertical reactions of vehicle wheels
Authors: Ryazantsev V. I , Al'salamekh Bal'sam , Levenkov Ya. Yu
Published: April 2022

One of the new active safety systems of the automobile is a system for stabilizing the vertical reactions of the wheels when moving along a periodic profile. The effectiveness of this system largely depends on the success of measuring the values of the vertical reactions of the wheels of the vehicle in motion. The possibility of solving this problem is considered in the article. As a first method for determining the radial reaction in a tire, the method for estimating the radial force from the change in internal pressure in it is considered. Theoretical analysis of this problem based on solving the simplest models, as well as more advanced models using the finite element method, is presented in the article. Another method for determining the radial force in the tire is to measure the radial deformation of the tire in the area of the contact spot. Two methods for determining radial deformation of a tire are considered in the article. One way is to use laser technology. The laser sensor is fixed to the rim of the vehicle wheel, which ensures a constant measurement of radial deformation at one point of the rotating tire. The use of such a device in the system of stabilizing the vertical reactions of the wheels of the automobile is almost impossible, because the frequency of the desired signal is too small. A more advanced version of the measuring device with a gyroscope ensures the continuity of the direction of the laser beam at one point - the center of the contact spot. This ensures the continuity of measuring the radial deformation of the tire during the movement. Another way is to use an annular chamber with a fluid supported on a ring like a ring fixed on the rim of a so-called “safe” wheel. Increasing the pressure in the chamber during radial deformation of the tire makes it possible to evaluate it. Another method of continuous measurement of radial force on the wheel is associated with performing measurements of the vertical acceleration of the center of the wheel and the total force transferred by the suspension to the wheel of the vehicle.
Power plants of motor transport: development prospects
Authors: Fomin V. M , Gusarov V. V
Published: April 2022

The analysis of the promising direction of development of energy installations of land transport is conducted. To date, in view of the emerging problems of depletion of oil resources and environmental safety in transport, in some popular science publications and in the media, the idea of the upcoming transition of motor vehicles to electric traction is actively awakening. However, in the opinion of the overwhelming majority of authoritative specialists in the automotive industry, this idea is premature and does not have a serious scientific substantiation. Currently, there is a large investigated potential of replacing oil with alternative energy products, the resource base of which, in some cases, significantly exceeds the traditional raw material base of oil fuels. Wide opportunities to solve the problem associated with the predicted depletion of oil resources are enclosed in the use of natural gases (primarily methane) and vegetable (biological) raw materials for the production of motor fuel. The development of alternative energy is universally considered one of the promising ways to solve the problems of energy supply, both in the field of constantly growing energy consumption in general, and in the direction of the future development of the energy balance of the transport complex. Thus, it is possible to assert with confidence that the domestic automobile transport is guaranteed to be provided with motor fuel for many decades. In addition, the current opinion about the high energy and environmental efficiency of electric motor transport is, in its essence, not unambiguous and for a number of indicators the electric vehicle is significantly inferior to a vehicle with a traditional internal combustion engine. In this article, on the basis of a reasoned analysis involving the opinions of a large number of authoritative specialists in the global automotive industry, this statement is proved.
Digital PID controller for pneumatic and hydraulic systems
Authors: Truhanov K. A
Published: April 2022

In the development of technological systems with pneumatic or hydraulic drive, the use of automated means for their control is required. At present, automated control tools built with the help of logic controllers are widely used. The logical controller allows to solve a wide variety of tasks with minimal costs, both in terms of cost and time spent for developing the system. So the logic controller ensures the speed of systems with pneumatic or hydraulic drive up to 1 ms or less. With the use of digital automated controls, questions related to the synthesis of PID regulators and the stability of systems with pneumatic / hydraulic drive in the time domain arise. The purpose of this work was the creation and practical implementation of a digital PID controller for controlling the pneumatic / hydraulic system to provide practical recommendations for its use in engineering. The article presents a block diagram of analog and digital control systems with a proportional pneumatic distributor. The implementation of analog and digital PID-controller and optimization of its parameters by an integral criterion is presented. Comparison of analog and digital systems with the PID controller introduced into their composition is made. The quality of these systems is suggested to be estimated in the time domain by the time of the transient process and the maximum dynamic error. Practical recommendations for determining the sampling time of digital systems with a PID controller are given. An example of the developed digital automatic control system for tracking pneumatic drive is shown, its structural diagram, the general view of the control device with the logic controller and the graphic operator interface, which makes it easy to configure the automated control tool and monitor its state. The scientific novelty of the results presented in the article was that the task of investigating the dynamics of a pneumatic / hydraulic distributor with an electric control in the time domain was solved using a mathematical model that included a digital PID controller and a comparison of the results of modeling a digital system with analogue was made, and practical recommendations for determining the sampling time were given.
Modern methods of synthesis of automatic planetary gearboxes
Authors: Salamandra K. B
Published: April 2022

An increase in the number of gears in automotive transmissions is the most efficient way to reduce fuel consumption and improve the efficiency of automotive vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines. The more gears in the gearbox, the more complicated become the used mechanisms and their number increases as well. The article is devoted to the currently used methods of synthesis and design of automotive multi-speed transmissions consisting of planetary mechanisms. Restrictions on the type of planetary mechanisms used and the number of degrees of freedom of synthesized boxes led to a low efficiency of using mathematical and graphoanalytical methods of synthesis developed in the USSR. Currently analytical synthesis method is an exhaustive search of the possible embodiments of joining planetary mechanisms and control elements. This method provides the possibility of using only single-row three-link planetary mechanisms with correct mathematical description. The second basic way of designing planetary gearboxes is the modular principle of synthesis, which consists in attaching and combining some known and used designs with others. In this case, the main modules are single-row planetary gears with single-pair or pair-wise satellites and planetary gears developed by Simpson and Ravigneaux. Most gearboxes developed by German companies are obtained using this particular approach. The article presents kinematic schemes of gearboxes, currently used in transmissions of modern cars, which are obtained as a result of using the described methods of synthesis.
Optimization of vehicle acceleration process, taking into account the mode of operation of its engine
Authors: Ulanov A. G
Published: April 2022

Automotive vehicles are widely used in agriculture for various works. The technique of a choice of optimum gear ratio of a continuously variable transmission of vehicle taking into account the modes of movement and work of its engine is offered. With the purpose of efficient use of engine power resources and implementation of the required indicators of traction-speed and fuel-economic properties of the automobile, manufacturers are trying to impart certain properties to the transmission design that will ensure the most complete coordination of their joint work. The efficiency of the process of coordinating the joint operation of the engine and transmission, determined by the conformity of the designed vehicle to its functional purpose, largely depends on the design methods used. To improve this process, it is necessary to use methods of optimal design. Analytical expressions for the equation of traction balance and, correspondingly, the mathematical model of the vehicle acceleration, depending on the tasks, can and should become complicated. This is indisputable and is determined only by the permissible error in the calculations in each particular case. The paper shows that the regularity of the change in the transmission ratio of a continuously variable transmission can be controlled, and, most importantly, optimal, depending on the mode of vehicle movement. The modern level of development of automation and control means allows to implement this process in practice. The results of calculating the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic parameters of vehicle with continuously variable transmission, the gear ratios of which changed during the movement in accordance with the proposed procedure, in comparison with the actual prototype, confirmed the previously accepted optimization hypothesis and lead to recommendation of the application of this technique in practice when choosing the gear ratios of a continuously variable transmission, depending on the driving mode of the vehicle.
Absorption of gasoline vapors in automobile adsorber with a carbon filter
Authors: Khodyakov V. A , Rachkova V. A , Bernatskiy V. V , Khlopkov S. V , Abu-Nidzhim R. Kh
Published: April 2022

Modification of the component composition of gasoline, associated with the use of spirits and ethers (oxygenates) in modern fuels, as well as an increased content of combustible aromatic hydrocarbons may influence the dynamic activity of the coal filter. Therefore, the absorption of gasoline vapors with activated carbon (a coal filter) has been studied. The subjects of the study were samples of gasoline RON 95, RON 98, purchased at different times at gas stations in Russia and Spain. To carry out the tests a carbon filter (activated carbon) of the adsorber of the CITROEN C4 was used. Before filling the sorbent in a dynamic tube, it was regenerated, consisted of heating the coal to temperatures of 250 ... 3000С and forcing it to shake through the container with air material. Experiments on the absorption of gasoline vapors were carried out on a plant consisting of a rotameter, a Drexler bottle, a pressure stabilizer, and a dynamic tube. It has been established that, unlike other samples, two fuel samples have certain features that manifest themselves, in particular, in the values of the boiling temperature, in the value of the octane number, in the acidity parameters and in the remainder in the flask. Activated carbon has a higher adsorption and retention capacity with respect to the components of these gasolines. It is shown that this ability is a reflection of the increased content in the fuel of organic compounds with a higher molecular mass. Such substances include aromatic hydrocarbons and series of compounds containing polar substituents, for example methyl tert-butyl ether.