bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEDOGÊNESE E MORFOGÊNESE NO MÉDIO VALE DO RIO MARRECAS DURANTE O QUATERNÁRIO TARDIO - SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Paisani Julio Cesar , Pontelli Marga Eliz , Pereira Josielle Samara , Cavazini Alana Jaqueline
Published: August 2017

É apresentado resultados da aplicação de descrições pedoestratigráficas, análise micromorfológica e estabelecimento de geocronologia dos registros estratigráficos de fundo de vale de segunda ordem colmatado no médio vale do rio Marrecas(Sul do Brasil). Os resultados visaram verificar se os fenômenos de pedogênese e morfogênese detectados na superfície geomófica 2 (S2) se estenderam para oeste   superfícies geomórficas regionais entre os estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina. Constata-se que os fenômenos de pedogênese e morfogênese no médio vale do rio Marrecas estão em conformidade com outros reconhecidos em escala regional, no que se refere ao período entre o Último Interestadial e o Último Máximo Glacial, enquanto que fatos sugeridos como ocorridos no Holoceno necessitam melhor compreensão.
MORFOMETRIA DO RELEVO E DINÂMICA EROSIVA LINEAR EM ÁREA RURAL DEGRADADA NO OESTE PAULISTA
Authors: Scudeller Zanatta Felipe Augusto , Lupinacci Cenira Maria , Boin Marcos Norberto
Published: August 2017

A degradação dos solos representa um problema de proporções mundiais. Na região sudeste do Brasil, um dos principais fatores de degradação está relacionado a erosão linear, consequência do intenso desmatamento. Considerando essa problemática, o objetivo desse artigo foi avaliar a correlação espacial da morfometria do relevo com as feições erosivas lineares, a fim de melhor compreender a dinâmica de tais processos em uma bacia localizada no Município de Marabá Paulista (SP). Para tanto, foram mapeadas em escala 1:10.000, as feições erosivas em sulco, ravina e voçoroca, nos cenários de 1963, 1997 e 2015, e a morfometria do relevo. Dos mapeamentos, quantificou-se a área afetada por sulcos, ravinas e voçorocas de todos cenários e a área ocupada por cada classe de morfometria do relevo. Tais dados foram, posteriormente, avaliados através do Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson (p) e da densidade normatizada. Como resultado, na Bacia estudada, que desde 1963 apresenta mais de 90% da cobertura superficial alterada para fins agropastoris, observou-se o processo erosivo evoluindo de forma progressiva e sistêmica ao longo dos cenários. A expansão da área atingida por voçorocamento gerou o avanço das ravinas para setores cuja morfometria, teoricamente, não proporciona condições para a ocorrência de tais processos.  O mesmo fenômeno registra-se no que se refere aos sulcos erosivos, os quais, por ação erosiva regressiva, posicionam-se nos topos, com baixa potencialidade morfométrica. Constatou-se ainda que, apesar do uso de diversas técnicas de contenção dos processos erosivos, essas não contribuíram para a resolução da problemática.
SIMULAÇÃO HIDROGEOMORFOLÓGICA DA DINÂMICA DAS ÁREAS SATURADAS DA BACIA DO RIO CORREDEIRAS, RIO NEGRINHO - SC
Authors: Hung Marcelo Ng Wei Ban , Siefert Cesar Augusto Crovador , Santos Irani Dos
Published: August 2017

A dinâmica espaço-temporal das áreas saturadas em bacias hidrográficas é controlada pela ocorrência de eventos pluviométricos e pelas características topográficas e físico-hídricas dos solos. Estas áreas atuam como fontes primárias de escoamento e o entendimento do seu comportamento hidrológico é fundamental para a descrição do funcionamento de bacias hidrográficas. Este artigo apresenta a avaliação e descrição dos padrões de umidade do solo na bacia do rio Corredeiras (117 km²), localizada na região sul brasileira, a partir da utilização do TOPMODEL em escala horária. Para o índice topográfico, utilizou-se e validou-se o algoritmo proposto por Böhner & Selige (2006) que considera um limite superior para as áreas de contribuição, minimizando valores de índice topograficamente inconsistentes. O modelo TOPMODEL foi calibrado de maneira semiautomática para simulação dos mecanismos de geração de escoamento em escala horária obtendo um COE médio de 0,7 para todo o período. As áreas saturadas variaram de 9% a 23% da área total da bacia. No processo de validação dos resultados da simulação em campo, o modelo foi capaz de representar as áreas com as maiores probabilidades de saturação, sobretudo em locais como as áreas de banhado permanentes, planícies fluviais dos canais de drenagem com grande área de contribuição e os terraços fluviais, além da ocorrência de áreas de saturação temporária que correspondem as porções de transição entre as vertentes e zonas ripárias.
Media Influence and Firms Behaviour: A Stakeholder Management Perspective
Authors: Voinea Cosmina Lelia , Kranenburg Hans Van
Published: August 2017

To better understand the media as a stakeholder we study the media influences and the types of actions used by firms to manage this stakeholder. A hegemonic approach to the subject argues that the media is part of an economic, political, social, and cultural struggle. Accordingly, different stakeholders and classes compete for dominance and attempt to impose their visions, interests, and agendas on society as a whole. Firms, along with other groups, struggle for social dominance by disseminating images through the media. By means of stakeholder management and organizational response literature we show that given the dependency on the media’s accountability, answerability, and credibility, firms implement either strategic actions or fire-fighting actions. Evidence is brought from foreign firms in the traditional media business (print, radio, television) in the Netherlands, context characterized by freedom of the press, opinion, and information.
The Procedural Rules of the Court of Arbitration for Sport
Authors: Davanloo Mohamad Reza
Published: August 2017

The court of arbitration for sport is currently one of the main actors in the world of international sports. The court, established in 1984 by Juan Antonio Samaranch; the former president of the international Olympic committee, tries to settle the disputes arising in international sports in a specialized and efficient way through taking into account both rights and obligations of athletes and sports bodies. One of the most important success factors of the court is its procedural rules and regulations. These rules of the court are inserted in the code of arbitration for sport. The code created by the International Council of Arbitration for Sport tries to settle the sport related disputes in the best possible way to meet rights of the parties. In this procedure that is revised several times, core and fundamental legal principles such as process and procedural fairness are considered. Considering the significance of procedural rules in providing justice for parties in a dispute, this study is aimed in studying the different aspects of procedural rules of the court of arbitration for sports.
Basic Ideas of State Power Limitation in Political and Legal Doctrine
Authors: Belyaeva Galina S. , Makogon Boris V. , Bezugly Sergej N. , Prokhorova Marina L. , Szpoper Dariusz
Published: August 2017

The article deals with some issues of the state power restriction, and the necessity of this is justified. The evolution of state power restriction certain criteria and forms are analyzed in accordance with the emergence of relevant ideas and scientific concepts and their chronology: the restriction of power by another power, self-restraint of state power; the restriction of state power by the law and human rights in connection with the contemporary problems of state power restrictions in a state governed by the rule of law.
Jury Trial as the Atavism of History
Authors: Kupryashina Elena A. , Stepanyuk Oksana S. , Savelieva Irina V. , Tonkov Vyacheslav E. , Tonkov Evgeniy E.
Published: August 2017

Based on comparative-legal analysis of the jury trials development in Russia and foreign countries, the authors have shown, that broadening of jury trials powers, resulted in remoteness from finding the truth in criminal cases. Concession of the jury's opinion priority over the professionalism of the judge and the evidences, received in the process of investigation, put in jeopardy the fairness and objectivity of the court's decision. As a result, the court, based on the avesty of justicejury's conclusions, is forced, in some cases, to make a travesty of justice.
Human Rights and the Same-Sex Marriage Debate in Australia
Authors: Harris Bede
Published: August 2017

Australia is currently confronting the issue of whether to legalise same-sex marriage. Thus far debate has been conducted with little reference to human rights theory. This article draws on the theories of John Rawls and John Stuart Mill and analyses whether, by confining the right to marry to heterosexual couples, the law infringes the right to privacy and, conversely, whether the legalisation of same-sex marriage would infringe religious rights of those who are unwilling to provide goods and services to same-sex couples. In so doing, the article adopts a comparative approach, drawing on case law from the United States. The article examines the way in which political debate on the issue has been conducted by the major parties in Australia, and concludes that both the Liberal-National coalition and the Labor party have been motivated by a desire to appease the religious right within their ranks, at the expense of human rights principles.
Evaluation of the Flagging Performance of the Hematology Analyzer Sysmex XN Series on the Basis of “Q Values”
Authors: Kweon Oh Joo , Lee Mi-Kyung , Kim Hye Ryoun
Published: August 2017

Context.—

In the XN series of hematology analyzers (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), the probability of the presence of abnormal cells is indicated by flags based on Q values.

Objective.—

To evaluate the Q value performance of the Sysmex XN-20 modular analyzer.

Design.—

The interinstrumental concordance, intrainstrumental precision, and diagnostic accuracy of Q values, with tested flags of “blasts/abnormal lymphocytes,” “atypical lymphocytes,” and “blasts,” were investigated.

Results.—

Absolute concordance rates in flagging between 2 analyzers ranged from 69.8% to 80.8%, and κ values ranged from 0.43 to 0.61. In samples with absolute related cell counts lower than 100/μL, the values ranged from 0.31 to 0.52. For intrainstrumental precision, standard deviations ranged from 4.8 to 23.9 for the blasts/abnormal lymphocytes, from 18.7 to 59.1 for the blasts, and from 11.0 to 23.0 for the atypical lymphocytes. Using a default Q value cutoff, diagnostic accuracy values based on the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were, respectively, 0.910, 90.9%, and 72.2% for blasts/abnormal lymphocytes; 0.927, 84.9%, and 89.8% for blasts; and 0.865, 74.4%, and 84.9% for atypical lymphocytes. The diagnostic accuracy of Q values was much lower in samples with absolute related cell counts lower than 100/μL than in those 100/μL or higher.

Conclusions.—

Q values of the Sysmex XN-20 analyzer were found to be imprecise and irreproducible, especially with samples containing a small number of pathologic cells. Adjustments in the Q value threshold may help in the detection of these cells.
FENOLOGIA DE ESPÉCIES NATIVAS ARBÓREAS NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Ferrera Tiago Silveira , Pelissaro Taíse Maria , Eisinger Sônia Maria , Righi Evandro Zanini , Buriol Galileo Adeli
Published: August 2017

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi acompanhar a fenologia vegetativa e reprodutiva de 20 espécies arbóreas nativas existentes no Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal em Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS, associando a duração das diferentes fenofases desta comunidade vegetal com as variáveis da temperatura do ar e precipitação pluviométrica e do comprimento do dia. O trabalho foi realizado no período de agosto de 2010 a agosto de 2011. Marcaram-se, aleatoriamente, 185 árvores, com 4 a 10 indivíduos de cada espécie, nas quais foram observadas quinzenalmente as fenofases vegetativas (folhas maduras, queda foliar e brotamento) e reprodutivas (floração – botão e antese; frutificação – fruto verde/imaturo e fruto maduro). Foram utilizados dois métodos de observação: o índice de atividade fenológica (ausência/presença do evento) e o Índice de Fournier. Os valores destes índices foram submetidos à correlação de Spearman com os dados meteorológicos. Na fenologia vegetativa constatou-se que o brotamento da comunidade foi constante em todo o período de estudo, a queda foliar mais acentuada no outono e inverno e as folhas maduras com plena capacidade fotossintética tiveram picos crescentes na primavera e verão e redução no inverno de quase 50%. Na fenologia reprodutiva, os maiores picos de floração aconteceram na primavera e durante o período inicial do verão e a frutificação ocorreu preferencialmente durante o verão e início do outono. As fenofases correlacionaram-se significativamente com o comprimento do dia e a temperatura do ar, e não com a precipitação pluviométrica.
ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS POTENCIAIS PARA A REVEGETAÇÃO DE REJEITO SALINO CONTAMINADO COM ARSÊNIO
Authors: Guimarães Lorena Abdalla de Oliveira Prata , Assis Igor Rodrigues de , Dias Luiz Eduardo , Cordeiro Amanda Longhi , Freire Aline Soares
Published: August 2017

O beneficiamento dos minérios de ouro explotados em Paracatu - MG gera rejeitos com características químicas e físicas limitantes ao crescimento de plantas, principalmente pelo elevado teor de arsênio (As) e salinidade. Para a revegetação desse material, é necessário identificar espécies capazes de se desenvolver sob essas condições. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de quatro espécies arbóreas para a revegetação de rejeito salino contaminado com As. O substrato de plantio consistiu em rejeitos provenientes do beneficiamento do minério B1. As espécies Tibouchina granulosa (quaresmeira), Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke (paricá), Euterpe edulis Mart. (juçara) e Cassia grandis (cássia-rósea) foram plantadas por meio de mudas e, após quatro meses de cultivo, foram avaliados atributos dos substratos e das plantas. Diversas plantas apresentaram sintomas causados, possivelmente, pela toxicidade de As. Esses sintomas foram mais evidentes e intensos nas plantas de quaresmeira e juçara. No entanto, somente as plantas de quaresmeira morreram, provavelmente devido à elevada taxa de translocação de As (51%) e à inexistência de mecanismos de tolerância da espécie. O potencial de uso das espécies para a revegetação do rejeito segue a ordem paricá > cássia-rósea. Paricá é a que apresenta o maior potencial para a implantação inicial de vegetação, demonstrando maior capacidade de adaptação às características do rejeito. As espécies juçara e quaresmeira não são recomendadas para a revegetação do rejeito. Possivelmente o arsênio e/ou a salinidade comprometem o desenvolvimento das plantas, sendo letais para a quaresmeira.
EFEITO DE MICORRIZAS E DA FERTILIZAÇÃO NO CRESCIMENTO DE MUDAS DE Campomanesia xanthocarpa (MART.) O.BERG., PRODUZIDAS EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS
Authors: Dalanhol Samanta Jaqueline , Nogueira Antonio Carlos , Gaiad Sergio , Kratz Dagma
Published: August 2017

Devido à necessidade de recuperação de áreas degradadas e de áreas de preservação permanente, o plantio de espécies nativas brasileiras aumentou e, consequentemente, houve acréscimo também na demanda por mudas destas espécies. Dessa forma, visando à produção de mudas de Campomanesia xanthocarpa com maior qualidade, objetivou-se neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), da adubação e da composição do substrato no crescimento de mudas desta espécie. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Florestas (Colombo - PR). As plântulas, após germinação em vermiculita média, foram transplantadas para tubetes (100 cm3) contendo substratos à base de vermicomposto e casca de arroz carbonizada e substrato comercial à base de casca de pinus. Estes substratos foram testados com e sem inoculação micorrízica e na presença e ausência de adubação de cobertura. Analisaram-se as propriedades físico-químicas dos substratos formulados e, aos 180 dias, avaliaram-se a altura, o diâmetro do colo, a agregação das raízes ao substrato, a biomassa seca aérea, a biomassa seca radicial, a relação entre altura e diâmetro do colo e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). A inoculação com FMAs não influenciou no crescimento das mudas, enquanto que a interação entre substratos e adubação foi significativa para a maioria das variáveis. A ausência de resposta aos FMAs foi, provavelmente, devido às altas concentrações de fósforo nestes substratos. A adubação teve grande efeito sob o crescimento das mudas, provavelmente devido às reduzidas dimensões das sementes da espécie que consomem toda a reserva durante o processo germinativo. Concluiu-se que o substrato à base de vermicomposto e casca de arroz carbonizada, na proporção de 30/70, pode ser utilizado na produção de mudas desta espécie. Este substrato pode substituir o comercial à base de casca de pinus, no qual as mudas apresentaram crescimento reduzido, para a maioria das variáveis.
MÉTODOS DE AJUSTE E PROCEDIMENTOS DE SELEÇÃO DE FUNÇÕES PROBABILÍSTICAS PARA MODELAR A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA EM FLORESTA NATIVA DE ARAUCÁRIA
Authors: Orellana Enrique , Figueiredo Filho Afonso , Netto Sylvio Péllico , Dias Andrea Nogueira
Published: August 2017

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho das funções densidade de probabilidade (fdp) com diferentes procedimentos de ajustes e estatísticas de avaliação, a fim de expressar a distribuição diamétrica de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista. A área de estudo faz parte da Floresta Nacional de Irati (FLONA), estado do Paraná. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de 25 parcelas permanentes de 1 ha (100 m x 100 m), que foram instaladas e medidas em 2002 e remedidas em 2005 e 2008. Os ajustes foram feitos considerando todas as espécies amostradas na remedição de 2008. Foram testadas as funções Beta, Weibull 2 e 3 Parâmetros e Exponencial de Meyer (tipos I e II), empregando-se os métodos de ajustes dos Momentos e da Máxima Verossimilhança para a função Beta e Percentis e Máxima Verossimilhança para a função Weibull 2 e 3 Parâmetros. A Programação Não Linear foi utilizada como tentativa de melhorar os ajustes realizados das funções, exceto para Meyer. Para avaliação dos ajustes, foram aplicados os testes de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) e Hollander-Proschan (H-P), além do Erro Padrão de Estimativa (%), índice de Reynolds (IR) e análise de resíduos. Os resultados indicaram que a função Weibull 3P ajustada pelo método da Máxima Verossimilhança foi a melhor para descrever a distribuição diamétrica da floresta como um todo, no entanto, o método dos Percentis apresentou resultados similares. A função Beta apresentou resultados satisfatórios, podendo também ser empregada para avaliar a distribuição diamétrica da área de estudo. Quanto às estatísticas utilizadas, o índice de Reynolds mostrou ser uma ferramenta estatística com boa performance para selecionar funções densidade de probabilidade. Para o intervalo de classe utilizado, o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov apresentou um maior número de aderências quando comparado ao teste Hollander-Proschan, porém, o teste K-S é sensível quando a frequência é alta, levando a uma não aderência.
Analysis of Genetically Modified Food Induced International Trade Law Issues
Authors: Zhang Jiansheng , Chen Yanan , Li Yu
Published: August 2017

The advantages of genetically modified food are gradually highlighted because of the rapid development of modern transgenic technology. The trade proportion of genetically modified food in international trade products is increasing. Till now, legal regulations concerning the international trade of genetically modified food are still contradictory and conflicting, and a series of initiated legal issues about the international trade of genetically modified food becomes more acute. As a great power of transgenic crops planting, China should fully learn from the trade disputes of genetically modified food, perfect laws such as the safety management, approval and identification of import and export, accelerate the development of transgenic technology, and strengthen the mutual benefit and collaboration of the developing countries, thus to gain a strong competitive position in international trade and maintain the fundamental interests of China better.
A psychobiographical study of intuition in a writer's life: Paulo Coelho revisited
Authors: Mayer Claude-Hélène , Maree David
Published: August 2017

Intuition is defined as a form of knowledge which materialises as awareness of thoughts, feelings and physical sensations. It is a key to a deeper understanding and meaningfulness. Intuition, used as a psychological function, supports the transmission and integration of perceptions from unconscious and conscious realms. This study uses a psychobiographical single case study approach to explore intuition across the life span of Paulo Coelho. Methodologically, the study is based on a single case study, using the methodological frame of Dilthey's modern hermeneutics. The author, Paulo Coelho, was chosen as a subject of research, based on the content analysis of first- and third-person perspective documents. Findings show that Paulo Coelho, as one of the most famous and most read contemporary authors in the world, uses his intuitions as a deeper guidance in life, for decision-making and self-development. Intuitive decision-making is described throughout his life and by referring to selected creative works.
Machiavellianism, relationship satisfaction, and romantic relationship quality
Authors: Brewer Gayle , Abell Loren
Published: August 2017

Machiavellianism is characterised by a manipulative interpersonal style, willingness to exploit others, and a preference for emotionally detached relationships. The present studies investigate the extent to which Machiavellianism influences relationship satisfaction and romantic relationship quality. In Study 1, 194 heterosexual partnered women completed Machiavellianism and Relationship Satisfaction measures. Women with higher levels of Machiavellianism reported lower levels of relationship satisfaction. In Study 2, 132 heterosexual partnered women completed Machiavellianism, Trust, Commitment, Control, and Emotional Abuse scales. Women with higher levels of Machiavellianism perceived their partners to be less dependable, reported less faith in their partners, and were less willing to persist with the relationship than those with low levels of Machiavellianism. With regards to negative behavior, Machiavellianism predicted each form of control and emotional abuse investigated, such that those with high levels of Machiavellianism were more likely to engage in controlling behavior and emotional abuse. Findings have important implications for the prediction of romantic relationship quality and in particular for negative behavior such as control and abuse.
Get Your AMI System Up and Running With These 12 Tips
Authors: Hawkins Chelsea , Berthold Allen
Published: August 2017

Whatever your reasons for adopting advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), AMI conversion is a major undertaking. Consider these tips for best results.
Measure and Control Flow With Proper Valve Selection
Authors: Gimson Mark
Published: August 2017

Traditional use of flowmeters is for measuring water flow in a system, but control valves can also be used for the job.
Continuously amplified warming in the Alaskan Arctic: Implications for estimating global warming hiatus
Authors: Wang Kang , Zhang Tingjun , Zhang Xiangdong , Clow Gary D. , Jafarov Elchin E. , Overeem Irina , Romanovsky Vladimir , Peng Xiaoqing , Cao Bin
Published: August 2017

Historically, in situ measurements have been notoriously sparse over the Arctic. As a consequence, the existing gridded data of surface air temperature (SAT) may have large biases in estimating the warming trend in this region. Using data from an expanded monitoring network with 31 stations in the Alaskan Arctic, we demonstrate that the SAT has increased by 2.19°C in this region, or at a rate of 0.23°C/decade during 1921–2015. Meanwhile, we found that the SAT warmed at 0.71°C/decade over 1998–2015, which is 2 to 3 times faster than the rate established from the gridded data sets. Focusing on the “hiatus” period 1998–2012 as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, the SAT has increased at 0.45°C/decade, which captures more than 90% of the regional trend for 1951–2012. We suggest that sparse in situ measurements are responsible for underestimation of the SAT change in the gridded data sets. It is likely that enhanced climate warming may also have happened in the other regions of the Arctic since the late 1990s but left undetected because of incomplete observational coverage.
On the Short‐term Grounding Zone Dynamics of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, Observed With COSMO‐SkyMed Interferometric Data
Authors: Milillo Pietro , Rignot Eric , Mouginot Jeremie , Scheuchl Bernd , Morlighem Mathieu , Li Xin , Salzer Jacqueline T.
Published: August 2017

Using radar satellite data from the Italian COSMO‐SkyMed (CSK) constellation and the German TanDEM‐X formation, we present comprehensive measurements of the biweekly grounding line dynamics of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, from August to December 2015. The 1 day repeat cycle of CSK reveals tidally induced, grounding line migration on the scale of kilometers and extensive seawater intrusion within the grounding zone, which significantly exceeds that predicted for a stiff bed but are consistent with that calculated for a deformable bed. The deformable bed also explains the continuous draining/filling of subglacial lakes proximal to the grounding line. After correction for oceanic tides, we estimate a retreat rate for 2011–2015 of 0.3 km/yr at the glacier center and 0.5 km/yr on the sides, which is 3 times slower than for 1994–2011 (1.2 km/yr at the center). We attribute the decrease in retreat rate to colder ocean conditions in 2012–2013 relative to 2000–2011.
Rapid Loss of Radiation Belt Relativistic Electrons by EMIC Waves
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Baker D. N. , Wygant J. R.
Published: August 2017

How relativistic electrons are lost is an important question surrounding the complex dynamics of the Earth's outer radiation belt. Radial loss to the magnetopause and local loss to the atmosphere are two main competing paradigms. Here on the basis of the analysis of a radiation belt storm event on 27 February 2014, we present new evidence for the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave‐driven local precipitation loss of relativistic electrons in the heart of the outer radiation belt. During the main phase of this storm, the radial profile of relativistic electron phase space density was quasi‐monotonic, qualitatively inconsistent with the prediction of radial loss theory. The local loss at low L shells was required to prevent the development of phase space density peak resulting from the radial loss process at high L shells. The rapid loss of relativistic electrons in the heart of outer radiation belt was observed as a dip structure of the electron flux temporal profile closely related to intense EMIC waves. Our simulations further confirm that the observed EMIC waves within a quite limited longitudinal region were able to reduce the off‐equatorially mirroring relativistic electron fluxes by up to 2 orders of magnitude within about 1.5 h.
Statistical Study of Relations Between the Induced Magnetosphere, Ion Composition, and Pressure Balance Boundaries Around Mars Based On MAVEN Observations
Authors: Matsunaga Kazunari , Seki Kanako , Brain David A. , Hara Takuya , Masunaga Kei , Mcfadden James P. , Halekas Jasper S. , Mitchell David L. , Mazelle Christian , Espley J. R. , Gruesbeck Jacob , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: August 2017

Direct interaction between the solar wind (SW) and the Martian upper atmosphere forms a characteristic region, called the induced magnetosphere between the magnetosheath and the ionosphere. Since the SW deceleration due to increasing mass loading by heavy ions plays an important role in the induced magnetosphere formation, the ion composition is also expected to change around the induced magnetosphere boundary (IMB). Here we report on relations of the IMB, the ion composition boundary (ICB), and the pressure balance boundary based on a statistical analysis of about 8 months of simultaneous ion, electron, and magnetic field observations by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. We chose the period when MAVEN observed the SW directly near its apoapsis to investigate their dependence on SW parameters. Results show that IMBs almost coincide with ICBs on the dayside and locations of all three boundaries are affected by the SW dynamic pressure. A remarkable feature is that all boundaries tend to locate at higher altitudes in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere on the nightside. This clear geographical asymmetry is permanently seen regardless of locations of the strong crustal B fields in the southern hemisphere, while the boundary locations become higher when the crustal B fields locate on the dayside. On the nightside, IMBs usually locate at higher altitude than ICBs. However, ICBs are likely to be located above IMBs in the nightside, southern, and downward ESW hemisphere when the strong crustal B fields locate on the dayside.
Discovery of Suprathermal Ionospheric Origin Fe+ in and Near Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Christon S. P. , Hamilton D. C. , Plane J. M. C. , Mitchell D. G. , Grebowsky J. M. , Spjeldvik W. N. , Nylund S. R.
Published: August 2017

Suprathermal (87–212 keV/e) singly charged iron, Fe+, has been discovered in and near Earth's ~9–30 RE equatorial magnetosphere using ~21 years of Geotail STICS (suprathermal ion composition spectrometer) data. Its detection is enhanced during higher geomagnetic and solar activity levels. Fe+, rare compared to dominant suprathermal solar wind and ionospheric origin heavy ions, might derive from one or all three candidate lower‐energy sources: (a) ionospheric outflow of Fe+ escaped from ion layers near ~100 km altitude, (b) charge exchange of nominal solar wind iron, Fe+≥7, in Earth's exosphere, or (c) inner source pickup Fe+ carried by the solar wind, likely formed by solar wind Fe interaction with near‐Sun interplanetary dust particles. Earth's semipermanent ionospheric Fe+ layers derive from tons of interplanetary dust particles entering Earth's atmosphere daily, and Fe+ scattered from these layers is observed up to ~1000 km altitude, likely escaping in strong ionospheric outflows. Using ~26% of STICS's magnetosphere‐dominated data when possible Fe+2 ions are not masked by other ions, we demonstrate that solar wind Fe charge exchange secondaries are not an obvious Fe+ source. Contemporaneous Earth flyby and cruise data from charge‐energy‐mass spectrometer on the Cassini spacecraft, a functionally identical instrument, show that inner source pickup Fe+ is likely not important at suprathermal energies. Consequently, we suggest that ionospheric Fe+ constitutes at least a significant portion of Earth's suprathermal Fe+, comparable to the situation at Saturn where suprathermal Fe+ is also likely of ionospheric origin.
The Characteristic Pitch Angle Distributions of 1 eV to 600 keV Protons Near the Equator Based On Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Yue Chao , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Ma Qianli , An Xin , Chappell C. R. , Gerrard Andrew J. , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Shi Quanqi , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E. , Mitchell Donald G. , Gkioulidou Matina , Kletzing Craig A.
Published: August 2017

Understanding the source and loss processes of various plasma populations is greatly aided by having accurate knowledge of their pitch angle distributions (PADs). Here we statistically analyze ~1 eV to 600 keV hydrogen (H+) PADs near the geomagnetic equator in the inner magnetosphere based on Van Allen Probes measurements, to comprehensively investigate how the H+ PADs vary with different energies, magnetic local times (MLTs), L shells, and geomagnetic conditions. Our survey clearly indicates four distinct populations with different PADs: (1) a pancake distribution of the plasmaspheric H+ at low L shells except for dawn sector; (2) a bidirectional field‐aligned distribution of the warm plasma cloak; (3) pancake or isotropic distributions of ring current H+; (4) radiation belt particles show pancake, butterfly, and isotropic distributions depending on their energy, MLT, and L shell. Meanwhile, the pancake distribution of ring current H+ moves to lower energies as L shell increases, which is primarily caused by adiabatic transport. Furthermore, energetic H+ (>10 keV) PADs become more isotropic following the substorm injections, indicating wave‐particle interactions. The radiation belt H+ butterfly distributions are identified in a narrow energy range of 100 < E < 400 keV at large L (L > 5), which are less significant during quiet times and extend from dusk to dawn sector through midnight during substorms. The different PADs near the equator provide clues of the underlying physical processes that produce the dynamics of these different populations.
Understanding the Mechanisms of Radiation Belt Dropouts Observed by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Xiang Zheng , Tu Weichao , Li Xinlin , Ni Binbin , Morley S. K. , Baker D. N.
Published: August 2017

To achieve a better understanding of the dominant loss mechanisms for the rapid dropouts of radiation belt electrons, three distinct radiation belt dropout events observed by Van Allen Probes are comprehensively investigated. For each event, observations of the pitch angle distribution of electron fluxes and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are analyzed to determine the effects of atmospheric precipitation loss due to pitch angle scattering induced by EMIC waves. Last closed drift shells (LCDS) and magnetopause standoff position are obtained to evaluate the effects of magnetopause shadowing loss. Evolution of electron phase space density (PSD) versus L* profiles and the μ and K (first and second adiabatic invariants) dependence of the electron PSD drops are calculated to further analyze the dominant loss mechanisms at different L*. Our findings suggest that these radiation belt dropouts can be classified into distinct classes in terms of dominant loss mechanisms: magnetopause shadowing dominant, EMIC wave scattering dominant, and combination of both mechanisms. Different from previous understanding, our results show that magnetopause shadowing can deplete electrons at L* < 4, while EMIC waves can efficiently scatter electrons at L* > 4. Compared to the magnetopause standoff position, it is more reliable to use LCDS to evaluate the impact of magnetopause shadowing. The evolution of electron PSD versus L* profile and the μ, K dependence of electron PSD drops can provide critical and credible clues regarding the mechanisms responsible for electron losses at different L* over the outer radiation belt.
Delayed Seismicity Rate Changes Controlled by Static Stress Transfer
Authors: Kroll Kayla A. , Richards‐Dinger Keith B. , Dieterich James H. , Cochran Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2017

On 15 June 2010, aMw5.7 earthquake occurred near Ocotillo, California, in the Yuha Desert. This event was the largest aftershock of the 4 April 2010Mw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (EMC) earthquake in this region. The EMC mainshock and subsequent Ocotillo aftershock provide an opportunity to test the Coulomb failure hypothesis (CFS). We explore the spatiotemporal correlation between seismicity rate changes and regions of positive and negative CFS change imparted by the Ocotillo event. Based on simple CFS calculations we divide the Yuha Desert into three subregions, one triggering zone and two stress shadow zones. We find the nominal triggering zone displays immediate triggering, one stress shadowed region experiences immediate quiescence, and the other nominal stress shadow undergoes an immediate rate increase followed by a delayed shutdown. We quantitatively model the spatiotemporal variation of earthquake rates by combining calculations of CFS change with the rate‐state earthquake rate formulation of Dieterich (1994), assuming that each subregion contains a mixture of nucleation sources that experienced a CFS change of differing signs. Our modeling reproduces the observations, including the observed delay in the stress shadow effect in the third region following the Ocotillo aftershock. The delayed shadow effect occurs because of intrinsic differences in the amplitude of the rate response to positive and negative stress changes and the time constants for return to background rates for the two populations. We find that rate‐state models of time‐dependent earthquake rates are in good agreement with the observed rates and thus explain the complex spatiotemporal patterns of seismicity.
An Investigation of the Accuracy of Coulomb Stress Changes Inferred From Geodetic Observations Following Subduction Zone Earthquakes
Authors: Stressler Bryan J. , Barnhart William D.
Published: August 2017

Earthquake clustering along plate boundaries suggests that earthquakes may interact, and static Coulomb stress change (CSC) is commonly invoked as one possible mechanism for stress transfer between earthquakes and nearby faults. Previous work has addressed the precision of CSC predictions that are influenced by observational noise, inversion regularization, and simplified modeling assumptions. Here we address the accuracy of CSC predictions informed by geodetic observations in subduction zones where inversion model resolution is poor. We conduct synthetic tests to quantify the degree to which the sign and magnitude of CSC can be reliably inferred from slip distributions inverted from various geodetic observations (interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), GPS, and seafloor observations). We find that in an idealized subduction zone, CSC can only be confidently inferred for receiver faults far (tens of kilometers) from the earthquake source, though this distance shortens with the addition of synthetic seafloor observations. We apply this methodology to the 2010Mw8.8 Maule earthquake and identify 13 aftershocks from a population of 475 documented events for which we can confidently resolve coseismic stress changes. These results demonstrate that the low model resolution of fault slip inversions in subduction zones limits our ability to address fundamental questions about earthquake sources and stress interactions. Nonetheless, our results highlight that stress change predictions are considerably more accurate after the introduction of seafloor geodetic observations. Additionally, we show that InSAR observations are not required to substantially improve stress change approximations in regions where GPS may be the only viable observation, such as in island arcs settings.
Three‐Dimensional Crustal Architecture Beneath the Sikkim Himalaya and Its Relationship to Active Deformation
Authors: Paul Himangshu , Mitra Supriyo
Published: August 2017

We study the 3‐D variation of the crustal structure of the Sikkim Himalaya using broadband seismological data acquired from a focused network of seven stations spanning the Lesser, Higher, and Tethyan Himalaya. Common conversion point stacking of receiver functions recorded along an across‐strike profile of the Himalaya reveals first‐order northward dip on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), a midcrustal discontinuity and the Moho, along with higher‐order lateral variations. Three‐dimensional images generated from joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersions show that the MHT has a ramp‐flat‐ramp geometry. The ramps are located beneath the Lesser Himalaya and the Tethyan Himalaya with dips of ∼7∘ and ∼15∘, respectively, connected by flat segments. The ramp beneath the Lesser Himalaya forms a dome structure, upwarping the thrust sheets associated with the Peling and Main Central Thrust. The erosional surface of this dome forms the arcuate geometry of thrusts observed in the Lesser Himalaya. The thickness of the underthrust Indian crust is 35–42 km and has an average VS of 3.63 km/s, similar to that of the Indian Shield crust. The Moho also has dome‐like structures separated by elongated, deeper sections trending NW‐SE. These are intersected by steeply dipping transverse low‐velocity zones, oblique to the strike of the Himalaya. We conjecture that these low‐velocity zones are the dextral‐strike slip faults known to be active beneath the Sikkim Himalaya. The observed alternate shallow and deep segments of the Moho must be a consequence of several cycles of strike‐slip displacement on these transverse faults.
Modeling Arctic sea‐ice algae: Physical drivers of spatial distribution and algae phenology
Authors: Castellani Giulia , Losch Martin , Lange Benjamin A. , Flores Hauke
Published: August 2017

Algae growing in sea ice represent a source of carbon for sympagic and pelagic ecosystems and contribute to the biological carbon pump. The biophysical habitat of sea ice on large scales and the physical drivers of algae phenology are key to understanding Arctic ecosystem dynamics and for predicting its response to ongoing Arctic climate change. In addition, quantifying potential feedback mechanisms between algae and physical processes is particularly important during a time of great change. These mechanisms include a shading effect due to the presence of algae and increased basal ice melt. The present study shows pan‐Arctic results obtained from a new Sea Ice Model for Bottom Algae (SIMBA) coupled with a 3‐D sea‐ice–ocean model. The model is evaluated with data collected during a ship‐based campaign to the Eastern Central Arctic in summer 2012. The algal bloom is triggered by light and shows a latitudinal dependency. Snow and ice also play a key role in ice algal growth. Simulations show that after the spring bloom, algae are nutrient limited before the end of summer and finally they leave the ice habitat during ice melt. The spatial distribution of ice algae at the end of summer agrees with available observations, and it emphasizes the importance of thicker sea‐ice regions for hosting biomass. Particular attention is given to the distinction between level ice and ridged ice. Ridge‐associated algae are strongly light limited, but they can thrive toward the end of summer, and represent an additional carbon source during the transition into polar night.
Effects of topography and Earth's rotation on the oblique interaction of internal solitary‐like waves in the Andaman Sea
Authors: Shimizu Kenji , Nakayama Keisuke
Published: August 2017

High‐resolution three‐dimensional MITgcm simulations and an extended Miles theory are used to investigate the oblique interaction of internal solitary‐like waves (ISWs) in the Andaman Sea. Oblique solitary‐wave interaction is well studied in various fields of physics; however, this process in the ocean has seldom been investigated, despite the observations of its surface signature by remote sensing and potential fourfold increase of ISW amplitude by the development of a (Mach) stem. This study confirms the development of stem‐like ISWs under realistic oceanic conditions. The modeled interaction is found to be approximately consistent with the Miles theory extended to unequal incident‐wave amplitudes and small‐but‐finite incident angles. Although topography does not appear to affect the process in the deep part of the Andaman Sea, substantial topographic amplitude variation along the wave trough needs to be adjusted before comparisons with the theory. Earth's rotation has a small effect on ISW propagation due to the low latitude (≈9°N), but it does slow down the growth of stem‐like ISWs. Potential observation of the process by the next‐generation wide‐swath satellite altimeter is discussed.
Projections of Future Precipitation Extremes Over Europe: A Multimodel Assessment of Climate Simulations
Authors: Rajczak Jan , Schär Christoph
Published: August 2017

Projections of precipitation and its extremes over the European continent are analyzed in an extensive multimodel ensemble of 12 and 50 km resolution EURO‐CORDEX Regional Climate Models (RCMs) forced by RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) aerosol and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. A systematic intercomparison with ENSEMBLES RCMs is carried out, such that in total information is provided for an unprecedentedly large data set of 100 RCM simulations. An evaluation finds very reasonable skill for the EURO‐CORDEX models in simulating temporal and geographical variations of (mean and heavy) precipitation at both horizontal resolutions. Heavy and extreme precipitation events are projected to intensify across most of Europe throughout the whole year. All considered models agree on a distinct intensification of extremes by often more than +20% in winter and fall and over central and northern Europe. A reduction of rainy days and mean precipitation in summer is simulated by a large majority of models in the Mediterranean area, but intermodel spread between the simulations is large. In central Europe and France during summer, models project decreases in precipitation but more intense heavy and extreme rainfalls. Comparison to previous RCM projections from ENSEMBLES reveals consistency but slight differences in summer, where reductions in southern European precipitation are not as pronounced as previously projected. The projected changes of the European hydrological cycle may have substantial impact on environmental and anthropogenic systems. In particular, the simulations indicate a rising probability of summertime drought in southern Europe and more frequent and intense heavy rainfall across all of Europe.
Diurnal Convection‐Wind Coupling in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas , Xie Shang‐Ping , Nasuno Tomoe
Published: August 2017

Satellite observations of infrared brightness temperature and rainfall have shown offshore propagation of diurnal rainfall signals in some coastal areas of the tropics, suggesting that diurnal rainfall is coupled to land‐sea breeze circulations. Here we utilize satellite observations of surface winds and rainfall to show the offshore copropagation of land breeze and diurnal rainfall signals for 300–400 km from the east coast of India into the Bay of Bengal. The wind observations are from the 2003 Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)‐SeaWinds “tandem mission” and from 17 years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI); the rainfall observations are from the TRMM 3B42 product and from TMI. The surface wind convergence maximum leads the rainfall maximum by 1–2 h in the western part of the bay, implying that the land breeze forces the diurnal cycle of rainfall. The phase speed of the offshore propagation is approximately 18 m s−1, consistent with a deep hydrostatic gravity wave forced by diurnal heating over India. Comparisons with a cloud system‐resolving atmospheric model and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis indicate that the models realistically simulate the surface land breeze but greatly underestimate the amplitude of the rainfall diurnal cycle. The satellite observations presented in this study therefore provide a benchmark for model representation of this important atmosphere‐ocean‐land surface interaction.