bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Six Sonatas
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 19 focuses on the Six Sonatas, written around 1730 to give final polish to the playing skills of Bach’s oldest son, Wilhelm Friedemann, the best organist in the family after his father. In compiling the Sonatas, Bach relied in part on preexisting music drawn from cantata sinfonias and instrumental trios. In other cases, he composed new music altogether. The Sonatas are among the most progressive organ pieces Bach composed. The middle movements, in particular, show galant elements that foreshadow preclassical style—a feature that would have appealed to Wilhelm Friedemann and other students of a younger generation. When writing the Sonatas Bach also took advantage of the new chamber-music sounds available on the Central German organ, which featured string, flute, and oboe stops that imitated actual orchestral instruments. The performance demands of the Six Sonatas were unparalleled, and the works remain the ultimate test of an organist’s technical and musical skills.
Free Works: Prelude-and-Fugue Pairs
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

In the late 1720s Bach also returned to the composition of free organ works, the topic of chapter 20. He seems to have started with the Prelude and Fugue in D Minor (“Fiddle”), BWV 539, whose fugue is an unorthodox transcription of the Fuga from Sonata 1 for Unaccompanied Violin. After this, he went on to write four large “symphonic” pieces: the Prelude and Fugue in B Minor, BWV 544; the Prelude and Fugue in E Minor (“Wedge”), BWV 548; the Prelude and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 546; and the Prelude and Fugue in Eb Major (“St. Anne”), BWV 552. The preludes of these works are characterized by large ritornello segments and highly unified episodes, while the fugues display new structural designs. The “Wedge” Fugue shows a concerto-like structure, with the subject appearing on all seven degrees of the scale; the “St. Anne” Fugue uses metrical metamorphosis to develop three themes.
Clavier-Übung III
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

In 1739, in conjunction with the bicentennial celebration of Martin Luther’s visit to Leipzig in 1539, Bach published Clavier-Übung III, a weighty collection of organ works containing a large prelude and fugue, chorale preludes on the German Missa and Lutheran Catechism, and four manual duets. The chorale preludes, based on the founding hymns of the Lutheran Church, display modal harmonies and a wide range of styles, including ritornello forms, organ trios, and galant fughettas. Several settings are written in stile antico, or Renaissance vocal style, including the six-part “Aus tiefer Not, schrei ich zu dir,” BWV 686, an organ motet for four manual parts and double pedal. The Prelude in Eb Major, BWV 552/1, and Fugue in Eb Major, BWV 552/2, serve as framing elements to the chorales, and four substantial manual duets were added to the collection at the last moment, seemingly to increase its sales value.
Canonic Variations on “Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her”
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2024

In 1747 Bach was invited to join Lorenz Christoph Mizler’s Society of Musical Sciences, a group of distinguished musicians who discussed musical writings and works contributed by members and circulated by packet. Bach’s major contribution was the Canonic Variations on “Vom Himmel hoch” for Organ, BWV 769, a set of five canons on Luther’s popular Christmas chorale. According to Mizler, Bach printed the work after sharing it with the Society in manuscript form. The printed version, appearing around 1748, contains three three-part canons followed by two four-part canons. The final variation is a contrapuntal tour de force, featuring multiple canons at various intervals. Bach later entered a revised version of the Canonic Variations into the portfolio containing the “Great Eighteen” Chorales, shifting the final variation to the middle of the set and changing the title of the work to match those of the other settings in the portfolio.
States of Health
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

Are wide differences in health, health care, and public health morally or politically acceptable in a single polity of constitutionally recognized subnational units—that is, a federalist society? Abortion is but one tip of an ever-changing iceberg of these differences, albeit a very pointed one. This volume explores the flexibilities, strengths, and weaknesses of federalism in dealing with morally defined policy conflicts in circumstances of injustice. Federalism may allow great differences in aspects of health from quality of care, to end-of-life decisions, to public health services. These features of federalism generate ethical challenges for health care providers, their patients, and public health. The book identifies the practical relevance of federalism to people facing ethical decisions about health and health care. It facilitates thinking about how to respond to ethical issues raised by subnational variation. Theoretically, it considers justifications for permissible differences among subnational units; these justifications come with conditions, which converge on the importance of effective movement. Finally, the volume explores whether authority over important aspects of health is misaligned in the U.S. today, with some matters problematically left to the states and others problematically taken over by the federal government.
Reproduction and the States
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

Federalism offers possibilities of accommodating states to go their own ways on ethically contested issues. After the U.S. Supreme Court ended federal constitutional protection for reproductive liberty, states have pursued sharply diverging paths about abortion. This chapter surveys these different paths, along with continuing possible roles for the federal government and the states. It argues that movement among states remains a critical federal protection and that even those states that are adopting stringent prohibitions of abortion have continuing obligations of reproductive justice for all, including assuring patients that they can receive needed health care. Providers have obligations to counsel patients about forms of care that may not be available where they live but could be found elsewhere, and states should protect providers in so doing. In the near term, however, abortion has widened inequalities among and within the states and threatened to undermine some of the hopes of defenders of federalism.
Online Dispute Resolution for Family Disputes
Authors: Rule Colin
Published: May 2024

The use of technology to resolve family disputes has been rising at a steady rate over the past decade, but the pandemic has markedly accelerated the trend. The roadmap for this integration has largely been drawn from the growing field of online dispute resolution (ODR), which distills best practices in applying technology to conflict management. Initial resistance to the idea of bringing technology into the mediation room has given way to optimism around the potential for technology to help parties achieve resolution and a flowering of different innovations. The design of family ODR platforms has become more user-centric over time, and family ODR has expanded to encompass a spectrum of approaches including diagnosis, negotiation, mediation, and evaluation. This expansion of ODR in family cases is not without challenges; concerns remain about impacts on the psychology of disputants and ethical standards of practice, especially with the rising use of algorithmic tools like machine learning and artificial intelligence. But for now, the opportunities outweigh the challenges, and the author argues that the dispute resolution field should advance the use of technology in family cases while paying continuing attention to efficacy, participant satisfaction, and provider ethics.
Helping Low-Income, Unmarried Families With Parenting Time
Authors: Pearson Jessica , Thoennes Nancy
Published: May 2024

While divorcing families routinely get a decree that addresses both parenting time and financial issues, non-marital families usually have to file separate legal actions in different courts and/or agencies to obtain orders dealing with parenting time and child support. The legal bifurcation of the two issues belies the fact that parenting time and child support are practically interconnected, and there is research evidence that lack of parenting time contributes to non-payment of child support and vice versa. This chapter reviews congressional and state actions to address the disconnect between parenting time and child support. The authors review research findings on the connections between the two issues and some of the approaches states have taken recently to address parenting time in the child support caseload, including the use of online interactive parenting plans and videoconferencing techniques.
Coordination, Validation, and the Hermeneutic Circle
Authors: McClimans Leah M.
Published: May 2024

What is quality of life with urinary incontinence? Or subjective functioning after a spinal cord injury? Neither philosophers nor health researchers have settled answers to these questions. Yet it is common in the context of healthcare, evidence-based medicine, and evidence-based policy to make claims about a population’s health-related quality of life using patient-centered measures. But if what is being measured is vague or ambiguous, how can epistemically grounded claims be made about it? This chapter argues that settled answers to these questions aren’t necessary to make justified claims. What is needed, however, is recognition of the assumptions and implicit values embedded in these questions, as well as the recognition that these assumptions and values may be wrong. Put otherwise, theories of quality of life aren’t necessary; what is needed is a hermeneutic approach to the practice of measurement.
Challenges to Solidarity
Authors: Sangiovanni Andrea
Published: May 2024

This chapter evaluates four common critiques of solidarity, and shows that none of them succeeds. The first critique: solidarity encourages exclusion, and hence is not an appropriate aspiration for a modern, diverse, and individualistic people. The second critique: its demands for unity stifle liberty. The third critique: solidarity is a wishy-washy, vague term whose meaninglessness is a honey trap for demagogues and bad politics. The fourth critique: when given a more precise character, solidarity becomes redundant, no different from similar ideas such as altruism, empathy, identification, fellow-feeling, or justice. When one has a clearer picture of what solidarity is, and why it matters, the force of each of these objections falls away. The conclusion is that solidarity is much more compatible with liberalism than is often assumed.
Solidarity as a Virtue of Equality
Authors: Kolers Avery
Published: May 2024

Eudaimonistic virtue ethics has an equality problem: virtue is compatible with denying everyone’s fundamental equality. This problem is glimpsed in standard objections from egoism and conventionalism. Julia Annas responds to these challenges by examining slavery and abolitionism. This chapter rebuts Annas’s response, arguing that eudaimonistic accounts cannot overcome conventionalism because they lack an account of fundamental equality. However, the equality problem can be resolved by incorporating a standalone virtue of solidarity, understood (following David Wiggins) as coequal membership of the “party of humankind.” Notwithstanding Wiggins’s deontological orientation, the chapter argues that his conception works better in a virtue-ethical context because it accommodates Leonard Harris’s “insurrectionist” challenge. Moreover, building on Liz Gulliford and Robert Roberts’s theory of the virtuous character, it argues that a virtue of solidarity helps unify the virtues and connect virtue to flourishing. A virtue of solidarity thus provides, not the “root” of the ethical, but its point.
Rethinking Solidarity through the Lens of Critical Social Ontology
Authors: Gould Carol C.
Published: May 2024

The resurgence of (putatively) solidaristic but harmful nationalist groups—White supremacists or neo-Nazis—poses the question of whether such groups really display solidarity, if it is understood as a norm involving a virtuous practice of mutual aid. How can a conception of solidarity that wants to remain sensitive to justice rule out such perverse manifestations of group commitment? This chapter suggests that a critical social ontology, which incorporates an emphasis on power and on emergent social practices, can shed light on this question. The chapter distinguishes between two ideal types of solidarity—the unitary and the networking—and considers the normativity they involve and the way that standing with and aiding others can be considered a virtue of individuals or groups. It then discusses how the practices of some solidarity groups involve differential power and hierarchy, which helps to understand what is wrong with gangs, neo-Nazi groups, and other problematic cases.
A Tale of Two Tenths
Authors: Shelby Tommie
Published: May 2024

This chapter tackles one of the biggest challenges to contemporary black political solidarity in the United States: class differences among blacks people Although they favor class-based solidary, many Marxists are sharply critical of race-based solidarity and antiracist identity politics. They believe, for example, that this form of politics largely serves the interests of the black professional-managerial class. The black working class should, these leftists think, seek allies among the broader multiracial working class and in the labor movement. Such Marxists also maintain that race-based politics wrongly subordinates class to race, rather than viewing race and class as inextricably related and fundamentally structured by capital-labor relations. The author of this chapter shares some of the skepticism that thinkers on the left have toward identity politics and antiracist activism but insists that they often take their criticisms too far. The author offers a partial vindication of black solidarity by responding to what he takes to be the most powerful Marxist critiques of it.
What Passed for Internet Governance
Authors: Shackelford Scott J. , Bradner Scott O.
Published: May 2024

This chapter summarizes a brief history of attempts to govern the Internet, focusing on the period from APRANET in the 1970s through the establishment of ICANN in the late 1990s. It then discusses the wider implications such as China’s Digital Silk Road, digital isolation in the aftermath of the war in Ukraine, and even the rollout of an Interplanetary Protocol. Many scholars and policymakers viewed the Internet and cyberspace as borderless, self-governing, and devoid of authority. An important component of Internet governance is the development of norms for Internet operators and content providers, as well as technical standards underpinning internetworked systems. There are three key forces in the history of Internet governance: (1) influential network engineers and the organizations they developed, (2) commercial success of the Internet and the “digital divide” between open and closed networks, and (3) the increasing role of nations in Internet governance.
Taking Stock
Authors: Shackelford Scott J. , Bradner Scott O.
Published: May 2024

This chapter distills lessons learned from the common threads of these forks in the digital road. It then moves in a normative direction to discuss not the Internet that exists, but the one that the world deserves, including the prospects for cyber peace, and how these insights can be deployed to ensure that the right digital forks are taken given new technologies such as the Internet of Things, and the Metaverse. The chapter maps the topics and trends of the key decision points from the past to contemporary debates about how to better manage cybersecurity, privacy, disinformation, and critical infrastructure. Reflecting on those past choices can help inform how to build a global culture of cybersecurity, along with whether and how to regulate artificial intelligence. Applying lessons learned from the 20th century can chart a path toward a more sustainable, secure, and equitable Internet for the 21st century.
The Social Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Marmot Sir Michael
Published: May 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has become and remains a major acute global public health threat. COVID-19 is a severe and complex respiratory disease caused by a highly contagious coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed everything from daily routines to global supply chains and has had devastating impacts on populations around the world. At the time of this writing, over 1 million deaths due to COVID-19 have been recorded in the United States alone, along with almost 100 million cases of COVID-19 in the country. However, the pandemic has differentially impacted structurally marginalized populations in scope and magnitude. For example, the mortality rate for Black Americans is 2.3 times that of their White American counterparts, and incarcerated people have 5.5 times the case rate and 3 times the mortality rate of the general population. Other social dimensions such as income, gender, sexuality, employment sector, and immigration status have also played a significant role in COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality. The COVID-19 vaccine roll-out is also socially patterned in the United States and abroad, where there is an even more limited supply of the vaccine. This book describes and explains the COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of social epidemiology, investigating the social and structural factors that determine how COVID-19 differentially impacts various communities. The book focuses on the United States, but the chapters touch on the global COVID-19 story as well.
Religion, Spirituality, and COVID-19
Authors: Ransome Yusuf , Taggart Tamara , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on religion and COVID-19 health outcomes, including summarizing the accumulating literature on religion, spirituality, and COVID-19, as well as discussing pathways to inform intervention development and implementation. For example, higher levels of religious service attendance could provide more opportunities to establish social relations and receive whatever goods are produced through the social network, especially if goods come from one’s own neighborhood or across neighborhoods, but they also may increase risk of infection. Religion may contribute to higher SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality given various religious practices within specific traditions, such as the Eucharist, Communion, and other rituals, and choir singing. While religious service attendance has been the most popular indicator within the multidimensional construct of religiosity and is characterized by observable organizational aspects, COVID-19 has raised questions about the relevance of that indicator. This chapter also discusses other indicators, including private religiosity or non-organizational aspects, which are activities practiced outside the purview of spectators and includes reading scriptures or other religious texts, praying in private, and meditation. Lastly, this chapter explores the ways in which technology has played an increasingly important role in how religion is practiced (including funerals and mourning) and the implications for post-COVID-19 religious effects on health.
COVID-19, Welfare States, and Social Policies
Authors: Karim Wasie , Courtin Emilie , Muennig Peter
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on pandemic preparedness from a cross-national policy perspective. How are some societies able to weather the crisis (in terms of mitigating health inequalities) relative to others? For example, U.S. law does not guarantee even a single day of paid sick leave for workers, thereby increasing the risk of “sickness presenteeism” among low-wage workers. Childcare was unaffordable for the most vulnerable workers, even before they were closed down by the COVID crisis, forcing workers to rely on informal arrangements (e.g., grandparents looking after young children). In the United States, laid-off workers have been steered toward filing for unemployment benefits, forcing them to choose between losing their benefits versus risking exposure to infection when their employers called them back to work. This contrasts with other countries, such as Germany, which rely on a system of government payments to businesses to keep their employees on their payroll. This chapter also includes a summary of federal assistance programs, such as school lunch programs, SNAP, the impact of border closures (north and south) and the impact of those policies on their communities also are discussed.
The State of Play
Authors: Hirst Aggie
Published: May 2024

This chapter sets out the current state of play of wargaming in the field of IR and the US military. It begins by tracing the role and function of games in the field of IR from the mid-twentieth century to the early twenty-first, reconstructing a hitherto neglected history. It then traces a wargaming renaissance beginning in 2014, inaugurated by Department of Defense–wide memos sent by then Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and Deputy Defense Secretary Bob Work, and made manifest through the Defense Innovation Initiative and Third Offset Strategy. Central to these developments, the chapter shows, was a demand for a better grasp of the “human dimension,” encompassing critical thinking, the ability to navigate complexity, and improved decision-making skills. The chapter concludes by setting out the methodological dissensus surrounding whether wargaming should be understood as an art or a science, and showing how the wargaming renaissance reflects the beginning of a paradigm shift from quantitative to qualitative approaches.
For the Win
Authors: Hirst Aggie
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates that in wargames, the imperative to win—that is, the pursuit of victory conditions—is crucial. The chapter opens by examining what is fun about wargaming. From there, it turns to the place of winning and competition in US military culture. Having established prevailing naturalist assumptions in the CoP that view the winning imperative as a feature of human nature, the chapter demonstrates that wargames work by producing and harnessing precisely these tendencies in players as part of the games’ subjectifying capacity. It shows how wargames use systems of reward and punishment, forms of loss and failure, and systematic iterative irresolution, which at once incentivize, preclude, and devalue winning. While the attainment of a win state is broadly immaterial to a wargame’s success or failure, players are kept in the dark about this and are strongly encouraged to strive to achieve victory. This makes wargames perpetual-motion learning machines.
Intimacy and the Public Sphere
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: May 2024

The civil institution of marriage grants the people who enter it a special status with many accompanying benefits and privileges. Society more generally celebrates marriage and singles it out as representing a relationship of unique importance to individual lives. This chapter argues that there are harmful effects to individuals that result from the legal and social primacy of marriage and marriage-like relationships. Philosophical attempts to show that the marital relationship has a unique significance are uncompelling, and an examination of spousal support law shows that our thinking about the institution is not ultimately coherent. We need to encourage greater diversity in the structuring of our intimate lives if we want to ensure that all individuals are able to incorporate this value into their life in the way best suited to them.
The “Second-Best” Regime: Human Nature, Property, and Acquisitiveness
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

In Book 5 the Athenian begins to legislate for Magnesia. While exposing Magnesia’s limitations, he also illustrates the city’s superiority to its traditional counterparts. The Athenian explicitly legislates for a “second-best” regime, by contrast with the Callipolis of Plato’s Republic—specifically with reference to its property arrangements, the object of the “second wave” in the Republic. By focusing on both institutional arrangements and the education of desire, the Athenian imitates Socrates’ two-pronged strategy to limit materialistic acquisitiveness. Despite his emphasis on Magnesia’s limitations, he also stresses his frequently countercultural ambitions for the city, which can be realized by human beings as they are empirically found. As successful as the Athenian may be in achieving his ambitions, though, unsettling questions remain as to the motivations and quality of the Magnesians’ achievement of virtue. Those questions are intensified by the Athenian’s persistent emphasis on surveillance and punishment.
The Price of Recognition
Authors: Massad Joseph
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that the liberal project of multiculturalism, diversity, and tolerance of difference, which claims to oppose conservative white European and US racism against non-Europeans, is just as white supremacist in both its concepts and its goals as the white supremacists whom these concepts purport to oppose. The chapter examines the similarities between liberal proponents and conservative opponents of this multicultural project. Specifically, the chapter examines the case of Islam and Muslim communities in Europe and the United States. These contexts demonstrate that both sides issue from the same premise—namely, the superiority of white European culture on a global scale.
“A Typical Crowded War Community”: Pascagoula, Mississippi
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

Economic mobilization created rapid population growth in small towns and urban areas of the Deep South. As a result, problems developed in many areas, including housing, education, health care, and fears of an increase in crime and juvenile delinquency. This chapter explores the nature of these issues and the search for solutions in one war town: Pascagoula, Mississippi, site of the Ingalls shipyard. Finding answers to the complications created by economic mobilization in Pascagoula proved only partly successful, for several reasons. For one thing, the town’s primary employer, Ingalls Shipbuilding, did little to ease the difficulties created by the rapid expansion of the gigantic shipyard. Also any attempt to sort out the problems created as southern communities like Pascagoula mobilized for war had to contend with the entrenched negative attitudes that rural migrants held toward the federal government and urbanization, as well as their unwavering commitment to White supremacy.
Military Mobilization and Black Troops
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores how the military’s nondiscrimination directive in the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 led to conflicts in the Deep South. Despite the nondiscrimination order, discrimination against Blacks in both selection and training proved routine. The US Army also preserved the system of racial segregation, although on its bases, it did not always enforce racial segregation or enforced it less arduously than White Southerners desired. Off-base, however, the military made little effort to enforce the principle of nondiscrimination, and communities in the areas near military facilities became the site of racial conflict. Overall, the training of Black and White troops at the same army camps unleashed a battle over the racial segregation the military had refused to abandon, yet officially pledged to replicate in a “fairer” manner.
Beauvoir and Belle
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia
Published: May 2024

Beauvoir and Belle: A Black Feminist Critique of The Second Sex examines feminist frameworks, discourses, and vocabularies of Black women and other Women of Color that existed prior to and have continued after The Second Sex. Black women and other Women of Color connections to and engagements with this text—e.g., Claudia Jones, Lorraine Hansberry, Audre Lorde, bell hooks, Angela Davis, Deborah K. King, Oyèrónké Oyěwùmí, Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi, Mariana Ortega, Stephanie Rivera Berruz, Alia Al-Saji, and Kyoo Lee—are intentionally centered. This approach offers a corrective to some of the exclusionary tendencies in The Second Sex itself as well as replications of these exclusions in the secondary literature (e.g., not citing Black feminists and other Women of Color feminists who explicitly take up this text, or citing but not substantively engaging the arguments offered). The following main arguments are made about The Second Sex: despite its noteworthy contributions and insights, some of its limitations include the analogical approach to identity and oppression as well as the deployment of comparative and competing frameworks of oppression. At times Beauvoir suggests that sexism on the one hand, and racism, antisemitism, colonialism, and classism on the other hand, are comparative systems of oppression. But she also sets up competing frameworks of oppression, privileging gender difference and woman’s subordination as a more significant and constitutive form of oppression than racism, antisemitism, colonialism and/or class oppression. Beauvoir and Belle offers a critique of analogical approaches to identity and oppression, while presenting triple oppression, intersectionality, multiplicity, and decolonial feminism as viable alternatives.
The Perception of Promise
Authors: Haufe Chris
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins by unraveling the notion of promise itself, looking at the kind of features of paradigms upon which practitioners base their choices. Much of Kuhn’s vision in Structure depends on the idea that a paradigm is chosen because it solves an important outstanding problem. This chapter provides several examples of paradigms being chosen despite having been known to fail in their attempt to solve a problem. Thus, there must be something about the attempt itself which recommends that researchers adopt the style of problem solving of which that attempt is a sample. Our epistemology of science should reflect the fact that failed attempts often exert a profound influence on how community members believe they ought to do science.
Punishment for the Greater Good
Authors: Kolber Adam J.
Published: May 2024

Over ten million people are incarcerated throughout the world, even though punishment theorists have struggled for centuries to morally justify the practice. Theorists usually address criminal justice under abstract, idealized conditions that assume away real-world uncertainty. We don’t have time, however, to wait for a perfect moral theory, and the history of philosophy suggests we will never find it. This book examines the justification of punishment in the here and now, recognizing that we are uncertain about matters of both fact and value. Retributivists believe offenders deserve punishment because of their wrongdoing. They treat deserved punishment as intrinsically valuable. Retributivism is too unfinished, however, to address punishment in the here and now, and the widely popular notion of proportional punishment at its core is both elusive and often undesirable. Rather than seeking retribution, we should reduce suffering by deterring crime and incapacitating and rehabilitating dangerous people. Though this consequentialist approach has fallen out of favor in recent decades, it is better suited to addressing punishment in the here and now than the approach commonly taken by retributivists. If consequentialism successfully justifies punishment, then contrary to some carceral abolitionists, at least some incarceration under some conditions is justified today. In the here and now, we will rarely know how to punish for the greatest good, but we can seek to punish for the greater good.
Sleep Problems
Authors: Palermo Tonya M. , Murray Caitlin
Published: May 2024

Children may have temporary disruptions to their sleep or show patterns of more persistent sleep problems related to how they fall asleep, what happens during sleep, or how they wake up in the morning. Different types of problems may be present across infancy to adolescence. Treatments for children’s sleep problems most typically involve education and behavioral strategies. Ensuring protected sleep time is an important goal for parents, so that they can promote an environment that is conducive to the child receiving enough sleep. Many resources are available to help parents learn more about children’s sleep and to provide instruction in behavioral strategies that can be carried out at home.
Separation and Divorce
Authors: Deutsch Robin M.
Published: May 2024

Parental separation and divorce are a painful process for families. Children do best when their parents engage in minimal conflict and can be as attuned to their child’s needs as possible, while they themselves must find ways to move on. In this chapter the author discusses things to consider when parents separate, emphasizing that their attention should be directed to their children and not on their disappointment or anger with their co-parent. They should be especially attentive to the children’s age and developmental level, including how and when to tell them about the new family situation and what to consider when they develop a parenting plan.
Nurturing Resilience
Authors: Brooks Robert B. , Goldstein Sam
Published: May 2024

The concept of resilience and the ways in which children and adults cope effectively with adversity have become a prominent area of study during the past 40 years. This interest has intensified with the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as unprecedented increases in incidents of angry, violent, and divisive actions worldwide. As such, there is even greater urgency for parents and other caregivers to consider practices that help children navigate stress and uncertainty, and that encourage them to be hopeful and resilient. In this chapter the authors highlight specific strategies to reinforce resilience during these very challenging times.
Alcohol and Drug Use
Authors: Miranda Robert
Published: May 2024

The teenage years are an important developmental period for the initiation and escalation of alcohol and other substance use and the onset of substance use disorders. By 12th grade, most youth will have experimented with alcohol or another drug, and one out of every 20 teenagers has a diagnosable substance use disorder. Each day, an estimated 400 youths, age 12–17 years, are admitted to publicly funded substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States. For parents, knowing the warning signs of adolescent use and misuse and the steps to take to support their children when they struggle is critical for helping them remain healthy and successfully transition to adulthood. This chapter presents the latest information about teenage substance use and the types of help available for youth who struggle with the early stages of addiction.
Helping Children and Families Cope with Grief and Loss
Authors: Koocher Gerald P.
Published: May 2024

Adults struggle with the best ways to help their children cope with death and bereavement, whether the loss involves a beloved pet or a family member. The adult’s own grief may get in the way of assisting children. This chapter guides parents and other adult caregivers through strategies for helping based on developmental principles and common childhood worries. Readers will find many specific strategies and the use of teachable moments, as well as many potential children’s books and other resources.
Home
Authors: Gazit Ofer
Published: May 2024

The chapter focuses on musical performances of “home” with the aim of destabilizing and challenging this elusive category. Drawing on interviews and analysis of musical performances at the Taller Latino Americano, Birdland, and other venues across the city, it considers the various ways in which Argentinian and Chilean musicians reconstruct home as an emotional and sonic category, reacting to fluctuating demands to express or suppress their sense of national identity and ethnic belonging in their music. It examines the musical use of cultural markers such as the zamba, the cueca, the nueva canción, and the legacy of Violeta Parra alongside rejections of such icons as simplistic and essentializing. Finally, it argues that in a time of mass migration and frequent territorial displacements, musicians create emotional attachments to new places through various sonic practices, thus capturing the fluctuating nature of home as a musical and emotional category.
The Village
Authors: Gazit Ofer
Published: May 2024

The sixth chapter, “The Village,” discusses the ways in which ethnic and racial frames of listening shape how migrant Jewish musicians are heard, and the practices they use to subvert these listening frames. It focuses on two performances by Israeli musicians: Uri Gurvich and Anat Cohen. Both performances took place at the famed Village Vanguard club in Greenwich Village, and both dedicated to renowned jazz musicians—John Zorn and Benny Goodman. By analyzing how markers of Jewishness (or the lack thereof) appear in their performances and how both the choice of an ensemble and the interactions within the ensemble subvert these markers, I ultimately show how migrant musicians actively work to decouple simple notions of race and ethnicity from sound.
Idealism and Experience
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

We ended the last chapter wondering where the very idea of past and future come from, given that (a) we could never experience past or future events directly, and (b) memory and anticipation only have the meaning for us that they do because we already understand their connection to the past and future. Clearly, we do have the idea of past and future, and have no problem understanding what it means to remember or anticipate. But how we accomplish this is a different story, with a lot to teach us about the nature of time itself. In the last chapter we saw that the metaphysical question as to whether change is real was the focus in the ancient world; in the Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the epistemological question as to the origin of temporal concepts became a central concern in its own right.
Regulating Platform Companies
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers historical analysis of some of the most important platform-oriented regulatory efforts, specifically as they pertain to three of the platform types laid out in the previous chapter: marketplaces, feed-based social networks, and ‘locally tethered’ service delivery platforms. It focuses on Europe and the US, surveying data protection, competition, labor, and content-oriented regulation that impacts how platform companies design their services.
Explaining Government Intervention in Content Moderation
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This chapter outlines the book’s theoretical framework. The key question it seeks to answer is: how do we explain the variation in different strategies of platform regulation, and why are governments able to foster policy change in some cases but not in others? The chapter begins by outlining three ideal-type strategies that governments seeking to shape online content moderation can pursue: convince, collaborate, or contest. Building upon regulatory politics, international political economy, and global governance scholarship, it then argues that the decision of a government to intervene and regulate a platform company in a certain way, the strategy that it will choose to do so, and the likelihood of its success are all influenced by two main factors, which the chapter defines as political will and the power to intervene. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the book’s case studies, which are used to test this theoretical framework in Part II of the book.
After Christchurch
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the diverging regulatory responses of Australia and New Zealand in the aftermath of the March 2019 Christchurch attack. It discusses how Australia quickly passed the Sharing of Abhorrent Violent Material Act, a muscular contested platform regulation strategy. Across the Tasman Sea, New Zealand instead, after initially considering a similar approach, ended up orchestrating a global, collaborative, voluntary regulatory initiative with industry: the Christchurch Call to Counter Violent Extremism. The chapter shows how two countries can be driven by political realities to respond to the same event with very different strategies.
Platform Regulation and the Majority World
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This chapter looks beyond Europe, North America, and Oceania to provide a snapshot of the platform regulation landscape in three crucial countries for the future of global platform politics: China, India, and Brazil. Drawing on the work of researchers and civil society in these regions, it shows how book’s politically oriented toolbox can be used to glean interesting insights into the emergence and adoption of various platform regulation initiatives in a range of political contexts.
Conclusion
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

The concluding chapter summarizes the main findings from the book’s case studies. It suggests some promising avenues for future research informed by regulatory politics sensibility (including ideas about new dataset creation, case studies, and other approaches), and offers some ideas as to how the book’s theoretical framework could be used to explore the politics of other technology policy domains. It concludes with a brief look at some important policy developments on the horizon, including the European Union’s Digital Services Act.
International Sanctions and Contested Normative Authority
Authors: Hellquist Elin
Published: May 2024

Does it matter for international politics who the sender of a sanction is? This chapter argues that yes, it matters a great deal, because sanctions are fundamentally social instruments that modify the “normal” terms of interactions between actors on the international scene. A relational understanding of sanctions proposes that the meaning and outcome of sanctions are ultimately determined in the social domain, through processes of exclusion and inclusion, of distance and proximity. The target needs to be involved for change to happen, and the premises for involvement vary between senders of sanctions. United Nations sanctions, unilateral/out-group sanctions, and regional/in-group sanctions lean on different legitimacy logics that reflect differences in the underlying relational premise. Recognizing the social underpinnings and consequences of sanctions helps better understand both how sanctions operate at the case level and how they shape the macro level of international relations.
Creativity, Craft, and Cooperation
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

William Morris, artist, designer, and entrepreneur, contributed to cooperative thought when he became transfixed by Marxian philosophy and the plight of the working class. He advances a broad vision of a flourishing life, one with physical, intellectual, and social dimensions. Morris conceives pleasure seeking, creativity, and sociality as core components to his utilitarian social psychology. Strongly influenced by John Ruskin’s ideas on virtue, Morris rejects Ruskin’s authoritarianism and instead builds his understanding of cooperative institutions around equality, liberty, fellowship, and social responsibility. Morris contemplates the characteristics of work that generate high pleasure-to-pain ratios. Morris also effectively sketches an interactive system of happiness, popular art, and human development. Unlike the earlier cooperators, Morris anticipates a revolutionary transition before communism can be established along cooperative lines. His outlook has a noteworthy influence on G. D. H. Cole and the Guild Socialists. [Nicholas Armstrong is coauthor of this chapter.]
Reconstructions
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

The chapter starts with a review of the cooperative critique of classical liberal political economy and its inability to envision a better world. Attention then turns to a reconstruction of 19th-century British cooperative thought. A restatement of cooperative social psychology is followed by a reconsideration of institutional elements. The chapter then reconstructs the basic logic of cooperation starting with key assumptions (inclinations toward wellbeing, truth, and fellow feeling; an enlarged self-interest; and the full panoply of cooperative institutions). The chapter summarizes the arguments for the major outcomes (superabundance, happiness, and human development). The reconstruction ends with an explication of a strong stabilizing feedback mechanism from outcomes back to enlarged self-interest. Finally, the chapter raises outstanding questions, particularly the inadequacy of a convincing theory of cooperative transition.
Introduction
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

The convergence of strategic narratives from U.S. President Donald Trump and the Kremlin created historic opportunities for Russia’s global propaganda war. This could not have happened without Trump, who has been aided and abetted by politicians and U.S. news outlets such as Fox that favor propaganda over information. Through the 2020 election, the Stop the Steal conspiracy, and the Capitol insurrection, Russians found myriad ways to publicize the end of American democracy and the rise of Russia. Strategic narratives also played a key role in Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Identifying and tracking four key Russian strategic narratives—democracy is flawed and failing, resurgent Russia, protecting Russians abroad, and the West is out to destroy Russia—allows one to better understand how Russian propaganda finds echoes in U.S. news.
Imperium in the Carolingian World
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

The Frankish imperium is usually conceived as an imitation or usurpation of the ancient and/or Byzantine empire, its recognition by the eastern emperor in 812 as a half-hearted concession. This chapter challenges this view by arguing that when the Franks planned to raise an empire under the aegis of Charlemagne, they did not intend to found a new imperium following Roman models but to revive western Roman emperorship as known until 480. The second point is that Charlemagne was fully recognized as emperor by the Byzantines. The idea that the Carolingian imperium belonged to the one and only empire was only abandoned in the ninth century after it proved unrealizable. The chapter first surveys ancient Roman and Byzantine concepts of imperium and emperorship, followed by a section on the Frankish creation of an empire, the underlying notions, and how both related to the eastern empire. A third section discusses how the Carolingian empire evolved until the late ninth century.
Living with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Approximately one in ten adults over the age of 65 has greater memory or thinking problems than expected for their age. This is called mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. This book was written for people with MCI, their families, and the healthcare professionals who help them. It was written by three clinicians and scientists who have years of experience working with people with MCI. This book provides up-to-date and reliable information based on the science of MCI. The authors explain how MCI is diagnosed and treated, and provide information on how to improve cognitive health through healthy eating, exercise, and social and cognitive engagement. The book also provides practical, effective memory strategies. Throughout, stories illustrate the real-life issues facing people living with MCI. The book includes “Questions to Ask Your Doctor,” recommended readings, links to relevant web pages, and worksheets to guide readers through healthy lifestyle change.