bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Assessments of Domain Texture in Barium Titanate: II. Cathodoluminescence Analysis
Authors: Matsutani Atsuo , Zhu Wenliang , Pezzotti Giuseppe
Published: September 2009

An analytical procedure has been developed according to basic principles of electro‐stimulated luminescence spectroscopy aimed at quickly visualizing with high spatial resolution the domain texture developed in tetragonal BaTiO3 (BT) materials. In the first part of the paper, the relative intensity of the cathodoluminescence (CL) emission has been systematically collected from different crystallographic planes of BT single‐crystal and modeled as a function of anisotropic crystal properties. In this context, an analytical expression has been put forward for quantitatively describing the response function of the CL probe, which links the intensity emission to refractive indexes and absorption coefficients pertaining to different planes of the perovskitic crystal. In the second part of the paper, the CL method is applied to visualize with nanometer‐scale resolution the domain texture developed in a polycrystalline BT sample. This study demonstrates that CL spectroscopy is a valuable and efficient tool for the assessment of domain orientation in ferroelectric materials. The CL method possesses both wide‐range screening capacity and the scanning flexibility of conventional scanning electron microscopy, coupled with a spatial resolution that is comparable with that obtainable by scanning probe microscopy techniques.
Ink‐Jet Printing: A Versatile Method for Multilayer Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabrication
Authors: Sukeshini Mary. A , Cummins Ryan , Reitz Thomas L. , Miller Ryan M.
Published: September 2009

The potential of ink‐jet printing for fabrication of components for solid oxide fuel cells has been explored. An anode interlayer, consisting of a composite of NiO and yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and an electrolyte layer, YSZ (8 mol%), were ink‐jet printed on a tape cast anode support, 55 wt% NiO–45 wt% YSZ (8 mol%). Scanning electron microscopy of the printed layers sintered at 1400°C revealed a dense electrolyte layer measuring 10–12 μm in thickness. Single cells using these printed layers and strontium‐doped lanthanum manganate (LSM, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3)‐based pasted cathodes were assessed by DC polarization and AC complex impedance methods. The cells exhibited a stable open circuit voltage of 1.1 V around 800°C, in a hydrogen atmosphere. A maximum power density of 500 m·(W·cm)−2 was achieved at 850°C for a typical cell with the electrolyte and anode interlayer cosintered at 1400°C. A composite cathode interlayer, LSM–YSZ, and a cathode current collection layer, LSM, were also ink‐jet printed and incorporated in single cells. However, cells with all components ink‐jet printed showed decreased performance. This pointed to critical issues in the composite cathode microstructure, which is controlled by the composite ink design/formulation and printing parameters that need to be addressed.
How far do songbirds disperse?
Authors: Tittler Rebecca , Villard Marc‐André , Fahrig Lenore
Published: September 2009

Dispersal distances determine the scales over which many population processes occur. Knowledge of these distances may therefore be crucial in determining the appropriate spatial scales for research and management. However, dispersal distances are difficult to measure, especially for vagile organisms like songbirds. For these species, the use of traditional mark–recapture and radio‐telemetry methods is problematic. We used positive one‐year time‐lagged correlations in abundance to estimate natal dispersal distances. Using the North American Breeding Bird Survey database, we examined one‐year time‐lagged correlations between pairs of North American songbird samples separated by 10–100 km. We submit that consistent positive one‐year time‐lagged correlations reflect the exchange of individuals through dispersal. We found positive one‐year time‐lagged correlations between pairs of samples from 25 different songbird species. The median distances of these correlations ranged from 15 to 95 km, depending on the species. These distances were positively correlated with body size and wing length. Dispersal appears to be the most parsimonious explanation for the time‐lagged correlations we observed in these species. The putative dispersal distances we measured are generally an order of magnitude longer than those reported in the literature.
Phytogeographical evidence for post‐glacial dispersal limitation of European beech forest species
Authors: Willner Wolfgang , Di Pietro Romeo , Bergmeier Erwin
Published: September 2009

The post‐glacial migration of European beech Fagus sylvatica has been addressed by many studies using either genetic or fossil data or a combination of both. In contrast to this, only little is known about the migration history of beech forest understorey species. In a review of phytosociological literature, we identified 110 plant species which are closely associated with beech forest. We divided the distribution range of European beech forests into 40 geographical regions, and the presence or absence of each species was recorded for each region. We compared overall species numbers per region and numbers of narrow‐range species (species present in <10 regions). A multiple regression model was used to test for the explanatory value of three potential diversity controls: range in elevation, soil type diversity, and distance to the nearest potential refuge area. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the narrow‐range species was performed.

The frequency of range sizes shows a U‐shaped distribution, with 42 species occurring in <10 regions. The highest number of beech forest species is found in the southern Alps and adjacent regions, and species numbers decrease with increasing distance from these regions. With only narrow‐range species taken into consideration, secondary maxima are found in Spain, the southern Apennines, the Carpathians, and Greece. Distance to the nearest potential refuge area is the strongest predictor of beech forest species richness, while altitudinal range and soil type diversity had little or no predictive value. The clusters of narrow‐range species are in good concordance with the glacial refuge areas of beech and other temperate tree species as estimated in recent studies. These findings support the hypothesis that the distribution of many beech forest species is limited by post‐glacial dispersal rather than by their environmental requirements.
Fragmentation, habitat composition and the dispersal/predation balance in interactions between the Mediterranean myrtle and avian frugivores
Authors: González‐Varo Juan P.
Published: September 2009

Human‐induced fragmentation and disturbance of natural habitats can shift abundance and composition of frugivore assemblages, which may alter patterns of frugivory and seed dispersal. However, despite their relevance to the functioning of ecosystems, plant‐frugivore interactions in fragmented areas have been to date poorly studied. I investigated spatial variation of avian frugivore assemblages and fruit removal by dispersers and predators from Mediterranean myrtle shrubs (Myrtus communis) in relation to the degree of fragmentation and habitat features of nine woodland patches (72 plants). The study was conducted within the chronically fragmented landscape of the Guadalquivir Valley (SW Spain), characterized by ~1% of woodland cover. Results showed that the abundance and composition of the disperser guild was not affected by fragmentation, habitat features or geographical location. However, individual species and groups of resident/migrant birds responded differently: whereas resident dispersers were more abundant in large patches, wintering dispersers were more abundant in fruit‐rich patches. Predator abundances were similar between patches, although the guild composition shifted with fragmentation. The proportion of myrtle fruits consumed by dispersers and predators varied greatly between patches, but did not depend on bird abundances. The geographical location of patches determined the presence or absence of interactions between myrtles and seed predators (six predated and three non‐predated patches), a fact that greatly influenced fruit dispersal success. Moreover, predation rates were lower (and dispersal rates higher) in large patches with fruit‐poor heterospecific environments (i.e. dominated by myrtle). Predator satiation and a higher preference for heterospecific fruits by dispersers may explain these patterns. These results show that 1) the frugivore assemblage in warm Mediterranean lowlands is mostly composed of fragmentation‐tolerant species that respond differently to landscape changes; and 2) that the feeding behaviour of both dispersers and predators influenced by local fruit availability may be of great importance for interpreting patterns of frugivory throughout the study area.
Indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem services: a synthesis across ecosystems and spatial scales
Authors: Feld Christian K. , Martins da Silva Pedro , Paulo Sousa José , De Bello Francesco , Bugter Rob , Grandin Ulf , Hering Daniel , Lavorel Sandra , Mountford Owen , Pardo Isabel , Pärtel Meelis , Römbke Jörg , Sandin Leonard , Bruce Jones K. , Harrison Paula
Published: September 2009

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, common indicators are needed to monitor the loss of biodiversity and the implications for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. However, a variety of indicators are already being used resulting in many, mostly incompatible, monitoring systems. In order to synthesise the different indicator approaches and to detect gaps in the development of common indicator systems, we examined 531 indicators that have been reported in 617 peer‐reviewed journal articles between 1997 and 2007. Special emphasis was placed on comparing indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem services across ecosystems (forests, grass‐ and shrublands, wetlands, rivers, lakes, soils and agro‐ecosystems) and spatial scales (from patch to global scale). The application of biological indicators was found most often focused on regional and finer spatial scales with few indicators applied across ecosystem types. Abiotic indicators, such as physico‐chemical parameters and measures of area and fragmentation, are most frequently used at broader (regional to continental) scales. Despite its multiple dimensions, biodiversity is usually equated with species richness only. The functional, structural and genetic components of biodiversity are poorly addressed despite their potential value across habitats and scales. Ecosystem service indicators are mostly used to estimate regulating and supporting services but generally differ between ecosystem types as they reflect ecosystem‐specific services. Despite great effort to develop indicator systems over the past decade, there is still a considerable gap in the widespread use of indicators for many of the multiple components of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and a need to develop common monitoring schemes within and across habitats. Filling these gaps is a prerequisite for linking biodiversity dynamics with ecosystem service delivery and to achieving the goals of global and sub‐global initiatives to halt the loss of biodiversity.
Implant Osseointegration in Circumferential Bone Defects Treated with Latex‐Derived Proteins or Autogenous Bone in Dog's Mandible
Authors: Manfrin Arnez Maya Fernanda , Xavier Samuel Porfírio , Pinto Faria Paulo Esteves , Pedrosa Júnior Wagner Fernandes , Cunha Tatiana Ramirez , de Mendonça Ricardo José , Coutinho‐Netto Joaquim , Salata Luiz Antonio
Published: September 2009

Background: In sites with diminished bone volume, the osseointegration of dental implants can be compromised. Innovative biomaterials have been developed to aid successful osseointegration outcomes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic potential of angiogenic latex proteins for improved bone formation and osseointegration of dental implants.

Materials and Methods: Ten dogs were submitted to bilateral circumferential defects (5.0 × 6.3 mm) in the mandible. Dental implant (3.3 × 10.0 mm, TiUnite MK3™, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) was installed in the center of the defects. The gap was filled either with coagulum (Cg), autogenous bone graft (BG), or latex angiogenic proteins pool (LPP). Five animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. Implant stability was evaluated using resonance frequency analysis (Osstell Mentor™, Osstell AB, Göteborg, Sweden), and bone formation was analyzed by histological and histometric analysis.

Results: LPP showed bone regeneration similar to BG and Cg at 4 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively (p ≥ .05). Bone formation, osseointegration, and implant stability improved significantly from 4 to 12 weeks (p ≤ .05).

Conclusion: Based on methodological limitations of this study, Cg alone delivers higher bone formation in the defect as compared with BG at 12 weeks; compared with Cg and BG, the treatment with LPP exhibits no advantage in terms of osteogenic potential in this experimental model, although overall osseointegration was not affected by the treatments employed in this study.
Topical Application of Melatonin and Growth Hormone Accelerates Bone Healing around Dental Implants in Dogs
Authors: Muñoz Fernando , López‐Peña Mónica , Miño Natalia , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo , Guardia Javier , Cutando Antonio
Published: September 2009

Background: Growth hormone (GH) and melatonin belong to the group of growth factors. These substances have been proposed to improve and accelerate osseous healing using topical applications.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the topical administration of GH and melatonin on osseointegration of dental implants in Beagle dogs 2, 5, and 8 weeks after their insertion.

Materials and Methods: Twelve adult Beagle dogs and 48 implants were used in the study. The maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars were extracted. Each mandible received cylindrical screw implants of 3.25 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length. Prior to implanting, 4 IU of recombinant human GH and 1.2 mg of lyophilized powdered melatonin was applied to one osteotomy at each side of the mandible. None was applied at the control sites. The implants were retrieved at 2, 5, and 8 weeks for light microscopic examination, energy‐dispersive x‐ray microanalysis, and histomorphometric measurements in ground sections.

Results: At week 2, BIC was significantly higher in the melatonin‐growth hormone group than in the implant control one (34.20 vs 25.05%; p = .010). The M‐GH group also increased significantly the peri‐implant bone area (64.72 vs 53.20%; p = .038) and interthread bone area (35.62 vs 25.08%; p = .02). At weeks 5 and 8, BIC and bone density around implants were similar to both groups. Significant differences were detected in bone neoformation at 8 weeks in ML‐GH group (9.04 vs 7.53%; p = .05). Regarding the mineral composition, in ML‐GH group increments in concentrations of phosphorus (10.70 vs 10.34; p = .013) were observed at 2 weeks and of magnesium (0.29 vs 0.25; p = .019) 5 weeks after implantation.

Conclusion: The present study confirms that GH and melatonin synergistically enhance new bone formation around titanium implants in early stages of healing.
Soft Tissue Conditions and Marginal Bone Changes around Immediately Loaded Implants Inserted in Edentate Jaws Following Computer Guided Treatment Planning and Flapless Surgery: A ≥1‐Year Clinical Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Komiyama Ai , Hultin Margareta , Näsström Karin , Benchimol Daniel , Klinge Björn
Published: September 2009

Background: Evaluation of the clinical conditions following computer guided treatment planning and flapless surgery is still limited.

Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the soft tissue conditions and marginal bone changes after 1 year of function around immediately loaded implants inserted in edentate jaws following computer guided treatment planning and flapless surgery.

Material and Methods: Twenty‐nine edentate jaws (19 maxillae, 10 mandibles) treated with 165 implants using the Teeth‐in‐an‐Hour™ protocol were included. In these patients, peri‐implant soft tissue conditions and radiographic marginal bone changes were evaluated after ≥1 year of functional loading (mean: 19 months).

Results: The mean probing depth at case level was 2.6 mm (SD: 0.6). Bleeding on probing was recorded as a mean of 81.9% (SD: 23.0). Plaque index showed a wide range of 0–100%. The mean marginal bone change of measured sites evaluated on intraoral radiographs was −1.2 mm (SD: 1.4). A marginal bone loss more than 1.5 mm or 2.0 mm was observed in 42% and 27% of the measured sites, respectively. A pressure‐like‐ulcer was found in 9 cases. Implants with marginal bone loss of >1.5 mm were more frequently observed in cases with an ulcer than cases where no ulcer was found.

Conclusion: Although the mean marginal bone loss after function in the present study was within the range of other reports presenting mean bone loss data after immediate implant loading, our patients showed a wide range of bone loss with several sites, where the bone loss was greater than the commonly used successful level (>1.5 mm).
Effects of active immunization against myostatin on carcass quality and expression of the myostatin gene in pigs
Authors: LONG Ding‐biao , ZHANG Ke‐ying , CHEN Dai‐wen , DING Xue‐mei , YU Bing
Published: September 2009

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of active immunization against myostatin on the titer of myostatin antibody, carcass evaluation, activity of creatine kinase and the expression of the myostatin gene in pigs. Eighteen pigs were allotted into three groups (six pigs per group), and pigs in treatment 1, 2 and 3 were immunized with physiological saline, 1 mg or 4 mg myostatin per pig, respectively. Six pigs were killed by electrical stunning followed by exsanguination at BW of 100 kg. The results indicated that the titer of myostatin antibody was increased in treated groups compared to the control group on day 42 (P < 0.01) and d 84 (P < 0.01). The carcass lean percentage was significantly increased in the treatment groups compared to the control group (P < 0.01), and intramuscular fat was significantly decreased in the 4 mg group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The muscle creatine kinase activity of pigs treated with 1 mg and 4 mg myostatin was lower than the control group. The immunization of myostatin signofocantly decreased the myostatin gene expression levels in muscle. It was concluded that optimal active immunization against myostatin could increase the content of myostatin antibody, suppress the activity of creatine kinase and the expression of myostatin gene, and therefore improve the carcass lean percentage for pigs.
Effects of boning method and postmortem aging on meat quality characteristics of pork loin
Authors: LI Chunbao , WU Juqing , ZHANG Nan , ZHANG Song , LIU Juan , LI Jinping , LI Hongmin , FENG Xianchao , HAN Yanqing , ZHU Zhiyuan , XU Xinglian , ZHOU Guanghong
Published: September 2009

This work investigated the effects of boning method and postmortem aging on pork loin color, shearing value and sensory attributes. Two experiments were assigned. In Experiment I, 30 Chinese native black pigs were slaughtered and their carcasses were divided into three groups: (i) hot‐boning: carcasses were fabricated within 45 min postmortem just after dressing; (ii) cold boning at 24 h: carcasses were fabricated after chilling at 0°C for 24 h; (iii) cold boning at 36 h: carcasses were fabricated after chilling at 0°C for 36 h. In Experiment II, right sides of the second group in Experiment I were used and primal cuts were vacuum packed and aged for 1 day, 8 days and 16 days. Pork loins (Longissimus lumborum) were used for color measurement, shearing test, and sensory evaluation. Among three boning methods, cold‐boning at 36 h postmortem had the advantages of giving muscles a better color, the lowest cooking loss and cooked shearing value, and the highest sensory tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall liking. Postmortem aging could improve pork quality characteristics, but it is not the fact that the longer aging time is, the better pork quality would be. Eight days may be enough to obtain an acceptable sensory attribute. These results are meaningful for pork processing and pork consumption.
Apoptosis and autophagy: BIM as a mediator of tumour cell death in response to oncogene‐targeted therapeutics
Authors: Gillings Annette S. , Balmanno Kathryn , Wiggins Ceri M. , Johnson Mark , Cook Simon J.
Published: September 2009

The BCL‐2 homology domain 3 (BH3)‐only protein, B‐cell lymphoma 2 interacting mediator of cell death (BIM) is a potent pro‐apoptotic protein belonging to the B‐cell lymphoma 2 protein family. In recent years, advances in basic biology have provided a clearer picture of how BIM kills cells and how BIM expression and activity are repressed by growth factor signalling pathways, especially the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase B pathways. In tumour cells these oncogene‐regulated pathways are used to counter the effects of BIM, thereby promoting tumour cell survival. In parallel, a new generation of targeted therapeutics has been developed, which show remarkable specificity and efficacy in tumour cells that are addicted to particular oncogenes. It is now apparent that the expression and activation of BIM is a common response to these new therapeutics. Indeed, BIM has emerged from this marriage of basic and applied biology as an important mediator of tumour cell death in response to such drugs. The induction of BIM alone may not be sufficient for significant tumour cell death, as BIM is more likely to act in concert with other BH3‐only proteins, or other death pathways, when new targeted therapeutics are used in combination with traditional chemotherapy agents. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding BIM regulation and review the role of BIM as a mediator of tumour cell death in response to novel oncogene‐targeted therapeutics.
Apoptosis and autophagy: Regulation of caspase‐9 by phosphorylation
Authors: Allan Lindsey A. , Clarke Paul R.
Published: September 2009

Cell death by the process of apoptosis plays important roles in development, tissue homeostasis, diseases and drug responses. The cysteine aspartyl protease caspase‐9 plays a central role in the mitochondrial or intrinsic apoptotic pathway that is engaged in response to many apoptotic stimuli. Caspase‐9 is activated in a large multimeric complex, the apoptosome, which is formed with apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (Apaf‐1) in response to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Once activated, caspase‐9 cleaves and activates the effector caspases 3 and 7 to bring about apoptosis. This pathway is tightly regulated at multiple steps, including apoptosome formation and caspase‐9 activation. Recent work has shown that caspase‐9 is the direct target for regulatory phosphorylation by multiple protein kinases activated in response to extracellular growth/survival factors, osmotic stress or during mitosis. Here, we review these advances and discuss the possible roles of caspase‐9 phosphorylation in the regulation of apoptosis during development and in pathological states, including cancer.
Apoptosis and autophagy: Regulation of apoptosis by DNA damage signalling – roles of p53, p73 and HIPK2
Authors: Bitomsky Nadja , Hofmann Thomas G.
Published: September 2009

Genomic stability is constantly threatened by DNA damage, caused by numerous environmental and intrinsic sources, including radiation, chemicals and oncogene expression. Consequently, cells have evolved a sophisticated signal transduction network to sense DNA damage and to mount an appropriate DNA damage response. Dysregulation of the DNA damage response leads to genomic instability and cancer. Dependent on the cellular background and extent of DNA damage, the DNA damage response triggers cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, or in the case of irreparable damage, inactivation of the cells by senescence or apoptosis. In this minireview, we concentrate on the apoptotic response to DNA damage and signalling pathways linked to the cell nucleus and nuclear bodies, with a particular focus on the molecular players p53 and p73 and on the DNA damage‐activated kinase homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2).
Surgery for an “Acute Erection Angle,” When Counseling Fails
Authors: Nugteren Helena M. , Pascal Astrid L. , Weijmar Schultz Willibrord C.M. , Van Driel Mels F.
Published: September 2009

Introduction

During erection, the penis increases in volume, rigidity, and angle. Textbooks of urology and sexology provide only very limited information about erection angle dysfunction. In some men, this angle is too tight toward their belly, causing problems with intercourse.

Aim

We reported two cases of an acute erection angle and reviewed pertinent literature.

Methods

Comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed. We performed additional searches based on relevant books.

Results

There is very limited knowledge about erection angles and the “acute erection angle.” Our cases show that simple and safe surgical techniques can yield adequate results.

Conclusion

Counseling a couple with complaints of sexual inadequacy, which has resulted specifically from the increased erection angle, should be based on objective reassuring information about anatomical and physiological facts. In selected cases surgical intervention can yield adequate results.
Outcomes of Simultaneous Placement of an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis and a Male Urethral Sling through a Single Perineal Incision
Authors: Gorbatiy Vladislav , Westney Ouida Lenaine , Romero Claudio , Wang Run
Published: September 2009

Introduction

Synchronous implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) and a bulbourethral sling single via a single perineal is a unique approach in managing erectile dysfunction and stress urinary incontinence.

Aim

This article describes our surgical approach and reviews the operative time, length of hospital stay (LOS), estimated blood loss (EBL), and cost of synchronous dual prosthetic implantation compared with the implants performed individually. Additionally, we review the short-term outcomes in patients with dual sling and penile prosthesis synchronous implants.

Methods

Fifty-eight patients with IPP, 53 slings, and eight simultaneous dual implantations between January 2000 and July 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Operative times, EBL, length of stay, cost, and complications were compared in three groups (group 1, IPP; group 2, slings; group 3, dual implants). Additionally, we reviewed pre- and postoperative Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) scores and pad use in group 3.

Main Outcome Measures

Review of operative times, EBL, LOS, cost, and complications.

Results

Dual implantation had similar operative times compared with the total time for the individual procedures (98 ± 24 minutes for IPP; 86 ± 24 minutes for sling; 177 ± 17 minutes for dual implant, P > 0.05). EBL was reduced (57 ± 30 mL for IPP; 48 ± 59 mL for sling; 49 ± 5 mL for group 3). LOS was also reduced (1.2 ± 0.45 days for IPP, 0.7 ± 0.48 days for sling; and 1.1 ± 0.50 days for dual implant). Dual implantation was associated with approximately $9,000 in savings. With a mean follow-up of 13.6 months, group 3 reported SHIM increase from 1.3 ± 0.5 to 23.5 ± 0.6 and a decrease in pad use from three pads per day (range 2–6) down to a mean of one pad per day (range 0–2). One sling erosion and one sling infection occurred in group 2. One patient in group 3 had acute urinary retention resolved with 5 days of catheter drainage.

Conclusion

Dual penile prosthesis and bulbourethral sling implantation through a single perineal incision is safe, efficient, and cost-effective.
Sexual Functioning among Women with and without Diabetes in the Boston Area Community Health Study
Authors: Wallner Lauren P. , Sarma Aruna V. , Kim Catherine
Published: September 2009

Aim

To examine sexual dysfunction among women with and without diabetes in a community-based sample of women aged 30–79 years.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of survey responses of female participants in the Boston Area Community Health Study, a community-based random sample, who answered questions regarding sexual functioning and diabetes status and also reported sexual activity (n = 1,291). Associations between diabetes and overall sexual function as well as domain of sexual function were examined in multivariable linear regression models.

Results

Women with type 2 diabetes (n = 75) were older, less often white, and more likely to have decreased physical activity levels, elevated body mass index, and cardiovascular disease than women without diabetes (n = 1,190). Women with type 1 diabetes (n = 26) were similar to women without diabetes except for higher depression scores and lower levels of activity. Age, marital status, and depressive symptoms were correlated with overall sexual function. After adjustment for age and race, women with and without diabetes had similar arousal, lubrication, orgasm, dyspareunia, satisfaction, and desire. After further adjustment for other factors, including age, depression, and marital status, women with type 1 diabetes had increased dyspareunia compared with women without diabetes, and women with type 2 diabetes had similar functioning to women without diabetes.

Conclusion

Women with type 2 diabetes may have similar sexual functioning to women without diabetes, although women with type 1 diabetes may more often have dyspareunia. Factors such as depression, which are common in women with diabetes, are more strongly related to sexual dysfunction than diabetes status.
Characterization of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Expression and Functional Activity in the Human Male Lower Urinary Tract
Authors: Fibbi Benedetta , Morelli Annamaria , Vignozzi Linda , Filippi Sandra , Chavalmane Aravinda , De Vita Giulia , Marini Mirca , Gacci Mauro , Vannelli Gabriella Barbara , Sandner Peter , Maggi Mario
Published: September 2009

Introduction

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors ameliorate low urinary tract (LUT) symptoms in men with ED and symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PDE5 is highly expressed in rat and human bladder, where it regulates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) degradation, muscle tone, and proliferation.

Aim

To investigate PDE5 tissue distribution and activity in human LUT tissues (urethra, prostate, and bladder).

Main Outcome Measures

PDE5 expression and activity were analyzed and compared within the same BPH patient in LUT tissues and in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured from urethra, prostate, and bladder.

Methods

In LUT tissues, PDE5 was localized by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proliferation assay was used as readout of PDE5 activity, evaluated as ability of vardenafil to increase the antiproliferative effect of different nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway activators [the PDE5-resistant cGMP analog Sp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS, the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator BAY 41-8543].

Results

In all the LUT tissues, PDE5 was immunolocalized in blood vessels and in muscular fibres, but not in epithelium. PDE5 mRNA expression was higher in urethra and bladder than in prostate SMC. The antiproliferative effect of Sp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS was similar in all LUT SMC. In prostatic SMC, SNP and BAY 41-8543 show a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect that resulted marginally enhanced by vardenafil. Conversely, in urethra and bladder SMC the antiproliferative effect of SNP and BAY 41-8543 was lower than in prostatic SMC, but it was significantly enhanced by vardenafil. In urethral and bladder cells vardenafil half-maximal response inhibiting concentration was in the subnanomolar range, whereas in prostate cells it resulted significantly higher.

Conclusions

The highest expression and biological activity of PDE5 was found in bladder. However, a consistent PDE5 expression and activity was also found in prostatic urethra. In contrast, the prostate gland showed the lowest PDE5 abundance and cultures derived from this tissue were less sensitive to vardenafil.
Resistance to Plant Invasion? A Native Specialist Herbivore Shows Preference for and Higher Fitness on an Introduced Host
Authors: Cogni Rodrigo
Published: September 2009

The response of native herbivores to the introduction of a new plant to the community has important implications for plant invasion. Under the Enemy Release Hypothesis introduced species become invasive because of reduced enemy control in the new range, while under the New Association Hypothesis introduced species lack effective defenses against native enemies because they do not share an evolutionary history. I tested the response of a native South‐American specialist herbivore Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) to a native (Crotalaria incana) and an introduced host (Crotalaria pallida) (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae). I compared seed predation rates between the two hosts in the field, and I tested preference and performance traits with common garden experiments. Utetheisa ornatrix caused much higher seed predation rates on the introduced host than on the native host. Females also preferred to oviposit on the introduced over the native host. Additionally, larvae feeding on the introduced host had higher fitness (higher pupal weight) than larvae feeding on the native host. I discuss how the response of this specialist herbivore to this introduced host plant contradicts the predictions of the Enemy Release Hypothesis and support the New Association Hypothesis. This study shows that the New Association Hypothesis can also be true for specialist herbivores.
Bird Assemblage and Visitation Pattern at Fruiting Elmerrillia tsiampaca (Magnoliaceae) Trees in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Oppel Steffen , Mack Andrew L.
Published: September 2009

Most tropical trees produce fleshy fruits that attract frugivores that disperse their seeds. Early demography and distribution for these tree species depend on the effects of frugivores and their behavior. Anthropogenic changes that affect frugivore communities could ultimately result in changes in tree distribution and population demography. We studied the frugivore assemblage at 38 fruiting Elmerrillia tsiampaca, a rain forest canopy tree species in Papua New Guinea. Elmerrillia tsiampaca is an important resource for frugivorous birds at our study site because it produces abundant lipid‐rich fruits at a time of low fruit availability. We classified avian frugivores into functional disperser groups and quantified visitation rates and behavior at trees during 56 canopy and 35 ground observation periods. We tested predictions derived from other studies of plant–frugivore interactions with this little‐studied frugivore assemblage in an undisturbed rain forest. Elmerrillia tsiampaca fruits were consumed by 26 bird species, but most seeds were removed by eight species. The most important visitors (Columbidae, Paradisaeidae and Rhyticeros plicatus) were of a larger size than predicted based on diaspore size. Columbidae efficiently exploited the structurally protected fruit, which was inconsistent with other studies in New Guinea where structurally protected fruits were predominantly consumed by Paradisaeidae. Birds vulnerable to predation foraged for short time periods, consistent with the hypothesis that predator avoidance enhances seed dispersal. We identified seven functional disperser groups, indicating there is little redundancy in disperser groups among the regular and frequent visitors to this tropical rain forest tree species.
Reconciling Conservation and Development: Are Landscapes the Answer?
Authors: Sayer Jeffrey
Published: September 2009

The landscape approach is being used for initiatives that have the dual objectives of conserving biodiversity and alleviating poverty. However, working at such landscape scales greatly expands the level of ambition of conservation organizations and requires them to use skills that differ from those that they have traditionally deployed. Influencing landscape change requires major commitments for long periods of time and since there is still little evidence for the success of such approaches they should be used cautiously. Landscape programmes must be based on a comprehensive understanding of landscape dynamics and of the underlying drivers of social, economic and ecological change. Just as in any other investment in conservation it is important to set objectives in clear and measurable terms. Landscape approaches should therefore complement and not replace more conventional biodiversity conservation measures. They should be guided by scenarios agreed by concerned stakeholders, should be constructivist and in most cases their success will require major changes in the behavior of local people.
Arthropod Abundance and Diversity in a Lowland Tropical Forest Floor in Panama: The Role of Habitat Space vs. Nutrient Concentrations
Authors: Sayer Emma J. , Sutcliffe Laura M. E. , Ross Rebecca I. C. , Tanner Edmund V. J.
Published: September 2009

Tropical forest floor characteristics such as depth and nutrient concentrations are highly heterogeneous even over small spatial scales and it is unclear how these differences contribute to patchiness in forest floor arthropod abundance and diversity. In a lowland tropical forest in Panama we experimentally increased litter standing crop by removing litter from five plots (L−) and adding it to five other plots (L+); we had five control plots. After 32 mo of treatments we investigated how arthropod abundance and diversity were related to differences in forest floor physical (mass, depth, water content) and chemical properties (pH, nutrient concentrations). Forest floor mass and total arthropod abundance were greater in L+ plots compared with controls. There were no treatment differences in nutrient concentrations, pH or water content of the organic horizons. Over all plots, the mass of the fermentation horizon (Oe) was greater than the litter horizon (Oi); arthropod diversity and biomass were also greater in the Oe horizon but nutrient concentrations tended to be higher in the Oi horizon. Arthropod abundance was best explained by forest floor mass, while arthropod diversity was best explained by phosphorus, calcium and sodium concentrations in the Oi horizon and by phosphorus concentrations in the Oe horizon. Differences in arthropod community composition between treatments and horizons correlated with phosphorus concentration and dry mass of the forest floor. We conclude that at a local scale, arthropod abundance is related to forest floor mass (habitat space), while arthropod diversity is related to forest floor nutrient concentrations (habitat quality).
Is It Possible to Gain Extra Waiting Time to Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure Patients Using Albumin Dialysis?
Authors: Koivusalo Anna‐Maria , Kantola Taru , Arola Johanna , Höckerstedt Krister , Kairaluoma Pekka , Isoniemi Helena
Published: September 2009

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE)‐associated brain edema is a common cause of death in acute liver failure (ALF). Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) albumin dialysis detoxifies endogenous and exogenous toxins from blood and improves HE. In this study we assessed the effect of MARS on increasing the length of time available while waiting for liver graft. Thirty‐seven patients with ALF who received a high‐urgent liver transplant (LTx) were divided into three groups according to the amount of histological necrosis in the explanted liver: group I = 100% necrosis; group II = 80–99% necrosis; group III = less than 80% necrosis. MARS was used continuously until LTx. Median time (range) on MARS treatment prior to LTx in groups I–III was 7 days (2–26), 6 days (1–17), and 5 days (1–15), and the median time on the waiting list was 5 days (1–11), 3 days (0–13), and 1 day (0–12), respectively. The HE grade prior to and after MARS was similar in all groups. In two patients the HE grade decreased during MARS treatment, even though the explanted liver showed a complete lack of viable cells. Overall 30‐day and one‐year survival were 97% and 92%, respectively, without differences between the three groups. In ALF patients the liver cell damage progressed to total or near total necrosis of the liver when the waiting time was prolonged. Yet, with MARS treatment some patients with total hepatic necrosis showed an absence of encephalopathy. With MARS treatment some patients might be able to wait longer for a LTx with good results.
Albumin Dialysis Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System: Impact of Dialysate Albumin Concentration on Detoxification Efficacy
Authors: Drexler Kerstin , Baustian Claas , Richter Georg , Ludwig Julia , Ramlow Wolfgang , Mitzner Steffen
Published: September 2009

Albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) or single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) uses human serum albumin (HSA) as an addendum of the dialysate fluid. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the impact of the dialysate albumin concentration on removal efficacy. Heparinized human plasma (3 L/test) was spiked with creatinine (1000 mg/L), unconjugated bilirubin (100 mg/L), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (100 mg/L), and diazepam (3 mg/L). The MARS albumin circuit was primed with different amounts of HSA (150, 100, 60, and 40 g). The plasma, albumin, and dialysate flow rates were 200, 200, and 40 mL/min, respectively. Clearances were calculated based on repeated sampling during the experiments, which lasted 480 min. The effective HSA concentrations in the dialysate were 175, 115, 77, and 46 g/L, respectively. They decreased over treatment time to 147, 99, 63, and 41 g/L, respectively, due to surface adsorption. The plasma–HSA concentration remained unchanged over time in all experiments (average 39 g/L). The creatinine clearance was not impacted by dialysate HSA concentration. For the albumin‐bound markers a clear correlation between HSA‐concentration and clearance was demonstrated with the highest clearances for the 100 and 150 g HSA experiments. The 100 g HSA setup appeared to be the one with best cost–benefit ratio, resulting in clearances (after 1 h of treatment) of 31 mL/min creatinine, 0.3 mL/min unconjugated bilirubin, 11 mL/min CDCA, and 35 mL/min diazepam. Low albumin concentrations, such as in SPAD, result in low clearance rates for albumin‐bound substances. The optimal clearances in these experiments were reached with a priming dose of 100 g HSA.
Predictive Criteria for the Outcome of Patients With Acute Liver Failure Treated With the Albumin Dialysis Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System
Authors: Novelli Gilnardo , Rossi Massimo , Ferretti Giancarlo , Pugliese Francesco , Ruberto Franco , Lai Quirino , Novelli Simone , Piemonte Vincenzo , Turchetti Luca , Morabito Vincenzo , Annesini Maria C , Berloco Pasquale B
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the improvement of prognostic parameters after treatment with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) in patients with fulminant hepatitis (FH). The parameters conducive to a positive prognosis include: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ≥11, intracranial pressure (ICP) <15 mm Hg or an improvement of the systolic peak flow of 25–32 cm/s via Doppler ultrasound in the middle cerebral artery, lactate level <3 mmol/L, tumor necrosis factor‐α <20 pg/mL, interleukin (IL)‐6 <30 pg/mL, and a change in hemodynamic instability from hyperkinetic to normal kinetic conditions, and so define the timing (and indeed the necessity) of a liver transplant (LTx). From 1999 to 2008 we treated 45 patients with FH with MARS in the intensive care unit of our institution. We analyzed all the parameters that were statistically significant using univariate analysis and considered the patients to be candidates for inclusion in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Thirty‐six patients survived: 21 were bridged to liver transplant (the BLT group) and 15 continued the extracorporeal method until native liver recovery (the NLR group) with a positive resolution of the clinical condition. Nine patients died before transplantation due to multi‐organ failure. We stratified the entire population into three different groups according to six risk factors (the percentage reduction of lactate, IL‐6 and ICP, systemic vascular resistance index values, GCS <9, and the number of MARS treatments): group A (0–2 risk factors), group B (3–4 risk factors), and group C (5–6 risk factors). Analyzing the prevalence of these parameters, we noted that group A perfectly corresponded to the NLR group, group B corresponded to the BLT group, and group C was composed of patients from the non‐survival group; thus, we were able to select the patients who could undergo a LTx using the predictive criteria. For patients with an improvement of neurological status, cytokines, lactate, and hemodynamic parameters, LTx was no longer necessary and their treatment continued with MARS and standard medical therapy.
Albumin Dialysis in Liver Failure: Comparison of Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System and Single Pass Albumin Dialysis—A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Kortgen Andreas , Rauchfuss Falk , Götz Max , Settmacher Utz , Bauer Michael , Sponholz Christoph
Published: September 2009

Despite improvement in critical care, liver failure is still associated with high mortality. Therapeutic concepts are aimed at restoring endogenous liver function or to bridge the time to liver transplantation. In addition to standard medical treatment, extracorporeal liver support with albumin dialysis is used for this purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) in comparison to the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) in patients treated at our university hospital intensive care unit between July 2004 and August 2008. In this retrospective analysis we studied patients presenting with liver failure who were treated with albumin dialysis. Laboratory parameters, daily health scoring, the number of transfusions, and mortality were recorded. The (paired) t‐test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis. In all, 163 albumin dialysis treatments, 126 with MARS and 37 with SPAD, in 57 patients were performed. MARS resulted in a significant decrease in bilirubin (−38 ± 66.5 µmol/L from a baseline of 301 ± 154.6 µmol/L), γ‐glutamyltransferase (γ‐GT), alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea. SPAD resulted in a significant decrease in bilirubin (−41 ± 111.2 µmol/L from a baseline of 354 ± 189.4 µmol/L) and γ‐GT, while lactate levels increased. No differences in the need for blood transfusion, health scoring, or mortality between the two treatment modalities were detected. This retrospective analysis suggests equal efficacy of MARS and SPAD; however, prospective assessment to further define the role of SPAD in the treatment of acute or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure is needed.