bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platelet participation in the increased severity of endotoxin‐induced pulmonary injury in aged rats
Authors: Durham Stephen K. , Horan Michael A. , Brouwer Adriaan , Barelds Roel J. , Knook Dick L.
Published: June 2005

Recent studies have demonstrated that aged rats are more susceptible to the lethal effects of endotoxin as compared with young rats. The morphogenesis of early endotoxin‐induced pulmonary injury in young (6 months) and aged (24 months) rats was examined by combined light and transmission electron microscopy to elucidate cell populations that may be responsible for these effects. Pulmonary endothelial cell injury was of greater severity and occurred at earlier time periods in aged rats as compared with young rats. Platelet sequestration and aggregation were observed only in aged rats in this study, and occurred in conjunction with the initial degenerative changes in the endothelium. Morphological evidence of granulocyte degranulation and fragmentation was also observed only in aged rats. These results suggest that pulmonary endothelial cells of aged rats are more susceptible to endotoxin‐induced injury and that platelets may play an important role in the enhancement of initial endothelial damage. Furthermore, the extent of injury to the endothelial cell population may play an important role in accounting for differences in endotoxin‐induced mortality between young and aged rats.
Rhabdomyosarcoma in children: A histological and immunohistochemical study of 59 cases
Authors: Dodd S. , Malone M. , McCulloch W.
Published: June 2005

Recent studies have suggested that rhabdomyosarcoma can be divided into favourable and unfavourable histology groups. Those subtypes comprising the unfavourable histology group are alveolar, monomorphous round cell and anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma, with a favourable histology group of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. An immunohistological study was undertaken on 59 childhood rhabdomyosarcomas, using antisera to keratin. S100 protein, vimentin, desmin, myoglobin, and troponin T, Our results suggest that desmin is the single most useful antibody in the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma and was expressed in all our cases. The expression of troponin T in the majority of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas but not in the other histological types has prognostic implications.
Lymphocytic gastritis versus varioliform gastritis. A historical series revisited
Authors: Haot J. , Berger F. , Andre C. , Moulinier B. , Mainguet P. , Lambert R.
Published: June 2005

A historical series of varioliform gastritis published in 1978 by Lambert et al. (Digestion 1978: 17: 159–167) was revisited by two pathologists. The histological preparations from 35 parents were reread and interpreted in the light of endoscopic data found in the files. The results demonstrate a strict correlation between clinical diffuse varioliform gastritis and a recently recognized hispathological entity—lymphocytic gastritis, which is characterized by intense lymphocytic infiltration of the surface and foveolar epithelium. The rare discrepancies occur in Crohn's disease and in varioliform gastritis limited to part of the stomach, mostly the antrum.
Low‐temperature and conventional scanning electron microscopy of human urothelial neoplasms
Authors: Hopkins Diane M. , Morris James A. , Oates Kenneth , Huddart Henry , Staff William G.
Published: June 2005

The appearance of neoplastic human urothelium viewed by low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) and conventional scanning electron microscopy (CSEM) was compared. Fixed, dehydrated neoplastic cells viewed by CSEM had well‐defined, often raised cell junctions; no intercellular gaps; and varying degrees of pleomorphic surface microvilli. The frozen hydrated material viewed by LTSEM, however, was quite different. The cells had a flat or dimpled surface, but no microvilli. There were labyrinthine lateral processes which interdigitated with those of adjacent cells and outlined large intercellular gaps.

The process of fixation and dehydration will inevitably distort cell contours and on theoretical grounds, the images of frozen hydrated material should more closely resemble the in vivo appearance.
The microsomal glucose‐6‐phosphatase enzyme of human gall‐bladder
Authors: Hill Alexander , Waddell Ian D. , Hopwood David , Burchell Ann
Published: June 2005

Microsomes isolated from adult human gall‐bladders have for the first time been shown to contain specific glucose‐6‐ phosphatase activity. The gall‐bladder glucose‐6‐phosphatase enzyme has the same molecular weight (36 500 daltons) and similar immunological properties and kinetic characteristics to the hepatic microsomal glucose‐6‐phosphatase enzyme.
Silica‐induced pulmonary fibrosis involves the reaction of particles with interstitial rather than alveolar macrophages
Authors: Bowden D. H. , Hedgecock C. , Adamson I. Y. R.
Published: June 2005

Macrophage‐derived products have been implicated in fibrobiast stimulation following particle deposition in the lung. To assess the role of macrophages in the alveolus versus those in the interstitium in the induction of pulmonary fibrosis, we compared the pulmonary response to silica when phagocytosis occurred predominantly in each of these compartments. One group of mice received intratracheal silica which was phagocytosed largely by alveolar macrophages (AM). A second group was exposed to whole body irradiation prior to receiving the same dose of silica. This prevented the usual efflux of PMN and monocytes into the air sacs, allowing passage of silica particles across the alveolar epithelium to reach the interstitial macrophages (IM). In the irradiation plus silica group, many large interstitial granulomas were formed at 2–4 weeks, and collagen levels were significantly greater than in all other groups at 16 weeks. More silica was found in 2 lung tissue residue and in lymph nodes of these animals. Pulmonary fibrosis was limited to interstitial areas where there was a high level of retained silica, whereas peripheral regions of the lung, where free AM containing silica were found, did not show fibrosis of the alveolar walls. The results suggest that factors secreted by IM in response to silica are more effective in stimulating fibrogenesis than secretions made by the AM into the alveolar space.
Undifferentiated columnar cells in colorectal adenomas and familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Newbold K. Mark , Warfield Adrian T. , Macdonald Fiona
Published: June 2005

We have observed and defined morphometrically and histochemically groups of undifferentiated columnar cells within the surface epithelium in colorectal mucosa. They were present within both non‐polypoid and polypoid mucosa in familial adenomatous polyposis, and within non‐hereditary adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum. The cells show some evidence of proliferative activity and appear similar to cells previously described in the stomach which were proposed as precursors to type 3 sulphomucin‐secreting intestinal metaplasia in atrophic gastritis.

To our knowledge, these observations have not been previously described. It is possible that the cells represent the cellular basis of the shift in the proliferative zone from the normal site at the crypt base to the colorectal mucosal surface, which is known to precede adenomatous polyp formation. The cells may therefore be involved in the early stages of colorectal adenoma formation.
Vimentin—a new prognostic parameter in breast carcinoma?
Authors: Raymond Wendy A. , Leong Anthony S.‐Y.
Published: June 2005

This report describes a positive relationship between vimentin expression in infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma, and high tumour growth fraction. Vimentin expression is potentially a predictor of aggressive behaviour, and such carcinomas may benefit from early adjuvant therapy.

Eighty‐four malignant breast neoplasms were stained with monoclonal anti‐vimentin and anti‐cytokeratin antibodies. The tumour growth fractions were determined by immunostaming cryostat sections with the Ki‐67 antibody. Seven (9.2 per cent) of 76 infiltrating ductal carcinomas co‐expressed cytokeratin and vimentin intermediate filaments in more than 50 per cent of neoplastic cells. In each case, the corresponding Ki‐67 count was ≥40 percent, significantly higher than the mean growth fraction for all tumours examined (P<0.0001). Vimentin immunoreactivity was also positively related to the histological grade of the ductal carcinomas (P<0.002) and inversely related to tumour ER count (P<0.0002) and patient age (P<0.01). No relationship was observed between vimentin positivity and either the presence of axillary nodal metastases or primary tumour size.
A simple method for assessment of glomerular size and its use in the study of kidneys in acromegaly and compensatory renal enlargement
Authors: Newbold K. M. , Howie A. J. , Girling A. J. , Kizaki T. , Bryan R. L. , Carey M. P.
Published: June 2005

As measurement of absolute glomerular size is difficult we developed a method of assessing glomerular size that was simple and practical and could be used to compare the kidneys in different groups of patients. Using a semi‐automatic image analyser, the cross‐sectional area of 100 randomly‐selected glomeruli, outlined by Bowman's capsule, was measured on sections of kidneys taken at necropsy. The mean of the logarithms of the largest 25 areas was calculated. The method was applied to compare control kidneys (53) with the kidneys in acromegalics (20), in patients with one kidney (10) and in patients with asymmetrical kidneys (12). Kidneys were heavier in the three test groups than in controls. Glomerular sizes were similar in controls and in acromegalics but were larger in single and disparate kidneys. There was a relationship between glomerular size and kidney weight within the control group and across the four groups taken together. This only partly accounted for the observed differences in glomerular size between the groups. Histologicai comparison of the acromegalic and single kidneys showed more global glomerulosclerosis in single kidneys and also segmental lesions, mainly at the glomerular hilum, only in the single kidneys. These findings show that renal enlargement occurs in acromegaly and in single and disparate kidneys but is accompanied by markedly different glomerular features. This implies different mechanisms for the renal enlargement. The method of assessing glomerular size is useful in the study of these and other conditions affecting the kidney.
Protamine sulphate‐induced proteinuria: The roles of glomerular injury and depletion of polyanion
Authors: Messina Aurora , Davies Davtd J. , Ryan Graeme B.
Published: June 2005

It has been claimed that intrarenal injection of polycations results in proteinuria due to neutralization of glomerular basement membrane polyanionic charge without any glomerular morphological changes. To study the effects of polycation infusion on the renal glomerulus, the left kidney of rats was directly injected with protamine sulphate through the renal artery. Urine was collected from each kidney before and after injection, and protein excretion rates were determined. Ninety minutes after completion of the injection both kidneys were perfusion‐fixed and the morphology and colloidal iron staining of the kidneys were studied by light and electron microscopy.

Intrarenal injection of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg of protamine sulphate produced minimal or mild proteinuria in the majority of animals. Higher doses (5 mg) commonly resulted in decreased protein excretion associated with oliguria. Colloidal iron staining of glomerular polyanionic sites was undiminished when compared with control kidneys. Injection of protamine sulphate resulted in capillary thrombosis and severe damage to both glomerular and tubular epithelium in 6 of 16 kidneys. In the remaining kidneys, milder focal changes were apparent. Although its mechanism of action is unclear, it is apparent that protamine sulphate, even in small doses, is toxic to the cellular components of the glomerulus and tubules, thus accounting for the range of changes observed in renal function.
In vitro proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats
Authors: Pang Stephen C.
Published: June 2005

The characteristics and proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats were studied in culture. Smooth muscle cells were isolated from the tunica media of the thoracic aorta by an explant method. Immunefluorescence microscopy showed that 93–95 per cent of cells were positively labelled with antibodies raised against smooth muscle actin, indicating that these were smooth muscle cells. The proliferate activity was compared between aortic smooth muscle cells from hypertensive and normotensive rats in culture by thymidine incorporation and eell number determinations. The results demonstrate that aortic smooth muscle cells from hypertensive rats grew faster than those from normotensive rats in culture. The increased proliferative activity of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from hypertensive rats was detectable even when they were cultured in a chemically defined serum‐free medium. These data have shown that an increased proliferative activity of aortic smooth muscle cells from hypertensive rats can occur in culture conditions without the influence of arterial pressure or other stimuli as in intact animals. The mechanisms underlying the accelerated proliferative activity of aortic smooth muscle cells from genetically hypertensive rats in vitro remain to be determined.
How should we count AgNORS? Proposals for a standardized approach
Authors: Crocker John , Boldy David A. R. , Egan Mark J.
Published: June 2005

There is interest currently in the AgNOR technique, for NOR‐associated proteins. In some cases, this technique enables the distinction to be made between certain grades of malignancy and may enable prognostic assessment. This paper attempts to suggest a standardized means for the enumeration of NORs in histological sections. Attention should be paid to rigorous technique and careful resolution of intranucleolar AgNOR dots. The timing of the reaction and fixation methods are also most important.
The relationship between growth fractions and oestrogen receptors in human breast carcinoma, as determined by immunohistochemical staining
Authors: Raymond Wendy A. , Leong Anthony S.‐Y.
Published: June 2005

Measurements of the growth fraction (GF) and oestrogen receptor (OR) status were performed by immunohistochemical staining, using the monoclonal antibodies Ki‐67 and anti‐OR, in consecutive cryostat sections of biopsies from 74 women with primary breast cancer, and 12 women with benign breast disease. A significant inverse correlation was identified between the GF and OR status (r = − 0.452, P < 0.0001), but a group of OR‐positive tumours with high GFs was also observed. There was a strong positive correiation between immunocytochemically determined OR percentages and values obtained with a cytosolic OR biochemical assay for the 70 cases in which both techniques were performed (r> = 0.801, P < 0.0001). A significant relationship was also revealed between the histological grade of infiltrating ductal carcinomas and their associated GFs (r = 0.622, P < 0.0001). No correlation was found between the GF and the number of positive axillary nodes. Our findings suggest that GF and OR status are useful independent prognostic parameters in breast cancer, but the former probably has an overriding influence. Both parameters may be useful guides for selection of appropriate endocrine and/or adjuvant chemotherapy.
Autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens in systemic vasculitis have the same target specificity
Authors: Harrison D. J. , Kharbanda R.
Published: June 2005

Many patients with systemic vasculitis have antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasm antigens (ANCA) detectable by indirect immunoflourescencc. We sought to characterize further the nature of these antigens. Western blots of neutrophil protein extracts indicated that nine patients' sera, positive for ANCA by immunofluorescence, all reacted with a 45 kDa and a 27–31 kDa protein. Negative control sera, and sera taken in remission, did not react with either of these antigens. The results suggest that ANCA in vasculitis have the same target specificity and may therefore permit greater accuracy of diagnosis and increase our understanding of the pathogcncsis of the conditions.
Short‐term effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on the human gallbladder
Authors: Stephenson Timothy J. , Johnson Alan G. , Ross Bryan
Published: June 2005

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), whereby shock wave energy is focused upon gallstones causing their disintegration into fragments sufficiently small to be passed via the biliary system, offers a promising non‐invasive alternative to surgery for gallstone disease. The tissue effects in humans of ESWL are poorly characterized and no systematic study of the tissue effects of ESWL by piezoelectrically generated shock waves has been published. Sixteen patients for elective cholecystectomy were therefore subjected to ESWL before surgery and detailed histology of the gall‐bladders (including scanning electron microscopy of the mucosa) was compared with that from 20 age/sex‐ matched control cases. The gall‐bladders treated by ESWL, in addition to showing the histological changes associated with chronic cholecystitis, Showed serosal vasodilatation, mural oedema, and serosal and mucosal petechial haemorrhages focally over the entire surface. Between 10 and 90 per cent epithelial denudation was observed, but all cases showed surviving columnar epithelial cells in the crypts. No case showed vascular thrombosis, tissue necrosis, or acute inflammation. These tissue effects are likely to be reversible and unlikely to present a risk of perforation, although the long‐term clinicopathological effects await investigation.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in rat liver by a sensitive avidin‐biotin technique
Authors: Sipos Jozsef , McFarlane Barbara M. , McSorley Claire G. , Gove Christopher D. , Williams Roger , McFarlane Ian G.
Published: June 2005

An immunohistochemical technique for the detection of tho hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP‐R) in cryostat sections of liver by polyclonal and monoclonal anti‐ASGP‐R antibodies is described. The procedure is based on the alkaline‐phosphatase‐avidin‐biotin complex (ABC‐AP) system and important features include fixation of the sections with periodate‐lysine‐paraformaldehyde (with or without dichromale) and an absolute requirement for blocking of endogenous biotin activity. The sensitivity of the technique is such that binding to ASGP‐R can be detected with femtomolar concentrations of monoclonal anti‐ASGP‐R antibodies and, with potyclonal antisera, approaches that of a radioimmunoassay.
Apoptosis—the mechanism of cell death in dimethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: Pritchard Deborah J. , Butler William H.
Published: June 2005

Dimethylinitrosamine (DMN) induces an acute haemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis when given as a single dose to rats. In this study, the progression of the lesion was studied at the ultrastructural level in order lo elucidate the precise mechanisms of hepatic injury. Within 3h of a single dose of DMN there was disruption of endothelial lining cells. In areas of endothelial cell loss, the exposed hepatocyte sinusoidal membranes became simplified and flattened. In the centrilobular area, hepatocytes became apoptotic and by 16 h apoptotic bodies, formed from degenerate hepatocytes, were engulfed by intact hepatocytes or by circulating macrophages. This progressive degeneration of hepatocytes and endothelial cells gave rise, by 24 h, to the classically recognized centrilobular haemorrhagic necrosis. The damage to the endothelial cells was concurrent with, or in some areas prior to, significant morphological changes in adjacent hepatocytes. This contrasts with other hepatotoxins such as carbon tetrachloride where the primary target is the hepatocyte, giving rise to hydropic degeneration and coagulative neerosis. DMM, however, results in apoptosis, a mechanism of cell death not normally associated with chemically induced injury.
A strategy for demonstrating the clonal origin of small numbers of T lymphocytes in histopathological specimens
Authors: Goudie R. B.
Published: June 2005

A strategy is described for detecting large T‐cell clones among small numbers of lymphoid cells in fresh or formalin‐fixed tissue samples using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and identify rearrangements of the V and J genes of the T‐cell gamma receptor. Following hybridization of primers with gene‐specific sequences at judiciously selected locations on each of the eight potentially active V and five potentially active J genes, the PCR can theoretically amplify DNA segments which span the join between rearranged V and J genes and are of approximately 384 different sizes, each segment size reflecting different gamma gene clonal rearrangements. Large monoclonal populations of T lymphocytes, indicated by excessive amounts of particular PCR segment sizes, can be further characterized by direct nucleotide sequencing of the hypervariable N regions of these segments, and the presence of such clones can be confirmed directly in tissue sections by in situ hybridization with N region‐specific oligonuclcotide probes.
A comparison of antibodies to type VII and type IV collagen laminin and amnion as epidermal basement membrane markers
Authors: Kirkham N. , Gibson B. , Leigh I. M. , Price M. L.
Published: June 2005

We have compared four monoclonal antibodies which label basement membrane components using an indirect immunoperoxidase method in frozen sections of skin biopsies. The antibodies LH 7·2 and GB3 showed expression limited to epidermal and adnexal basement membrane. Antibodies to laminin and type IV collagen also decorated dermal blood vessels and stromal components. The antibodies LH 7·2 and GB3 are more suitable for labelling epidermal basement membrane in the study of cutaneous lesions.
New monoclonal antibodies recognizing epidermal differentiation‐associated keratins in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Keratin 10 expression in carcinoma of the vulva
Authors: Ivanyi Dagmar , Ansink Anka , Groeneveld Els , Hageman Philomena C. , Mooi Wolter J. , Heintz A. Peter M.
Published: June 2005

Two monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for differentiation‐related epidermal keratins have been developed. They represent specific molecular probes for different stages of epidermal differentiation. Antibody DE‐K10 is chain‐specific for cytokeratin polypeptide no. 10 (56·5 kD) expressed in all suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Antibody DE‐SCK is specific for modified stratum corneum keratins and thus represents a marker for the terminal step of epidermal differentiation.

Since the epitopes identified by both antibodies are preserved in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections, these antibodies can be used for retrospective studies of differentiation in various pathological processes.

We have used antibody DE‐K10 to study the cytokeratin 10 expression in 26 stage II or III vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. Preliminary data suggest an increased risk of recurrence in cytokeratin 10 negative tumours.
Polarized incident light microscopical enhancement of immunogold and immunogold–silver preparations: Its role in immunohistology
Authors: Ellis Ian O. , Bell Jane , Bancroft John D.
Published: June 2005

Polarized incident light microscopy (PILM) is a recognized method of visualization of bound colloidal gold in cytological immunocytochemical preparations. This study investigates its role in the assessment of histological sections using both indirect immunogold and immunogold–silver staining methods. With dark field or bright field illumination this technique was found to be advantageous and allowed easy detection staining at low magnification and accurate detection of low levels of stain product. We advocate this technique as a valuable microscopical enhancement method for immunogold immunohistology.
Expression of the embryonal neural cell adhesion molecule N‐CAM in lung carcinoma. Diagnostic usefulness of monoclonal antibody 735 for the distinction between small cell lung cancer and non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kibbelaar R. E. , Moolenaar C. E. C. , Michalides R. J. A. M. , Bitter‐Suermann D. , Addis B. J. , Mooi W. J.
Published: June 2005

Paraffin sections of 19 surgically resected small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC), 33 non‐small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) of various types, and four bronchial carcinoids were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) 735 and anti‐Leu 7, both recognizing some sugar epitopes present on the neural cell adhesion molecule N‐CAM. With MoAb 735, all SCLC were stained focally or diffusely, and one carcinoid was stained focally. Only three of the 33 NSCLC were faintly and focally positive with MoAb 735; these three tumours showed relatively small tumour cells and small, oval nuclei. Anti‐Leu 7 stained all the carcinoids, only eight SCLC, sometimes focally, and eight NSCLC.

MoAb 735 was thus superior to anti‐Leu 7 in distinguishing between SCLC and NSCLE. Since MoAb 735 stained all SCLC strongly and is applicable on paraffin sections, it provides a well‐needed addition to the immunomarkers used in the diagnostic distinction of SCLC and NSCLC.
Focal chronic thyroiditis and chronic carotid glomitis
Authors: Heath Donald , Khan Qamar
Published: June 2005

The incidence of focal chronic thyroiditis and chronic carotid glomitis was studied by histological examination in 50 subjects over the age of 50 years coming to necropsy. The two conditions appear to be distinct, affecting different age groups. Focal chronic thyroiditis occurred as early as the sixth decade and was found on its own in 34 per cent of subjects. Chronic carotid glomitis was characteristic of the eighth and ninth decades and occurred on its own in 14 percent of subjects. In a further 12 per cent, thyroiditis and glomitis co‐existed. Chronic carotid glomitis has the same histological features as auto‐immune thyroiditis, the infiltrate being composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells, raising the possibility that it, too, has a basis in auto‐immunity. The antigenic stimulus for the auto‐immunity in the carotid bodies may be senescent nerve fibrils.
Osteoclasts are present in the giant cell variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Authors: Flanagan Adrienne M. , Chambers Timothy J.
Published: June 2005

We assessed the osteoclast‐like giant cells in a giant cell‐rich variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) for characteristics which are specific for osteoclasts, including excavation of bone and binding of osteoclast‐specific monoclonal antibodies. Excavations characteristic of osteoclastic activity were found when the bone slices were inspected in the scanning electron microscope after incubation. Two monoclonal antibodies which bind specifically to osteoclasts showed strong membrane reactivity. These results provide strong evidence for the osteoclastic nature of the giant cells in this variant of the MFH. Osteoblasts are known to control the function of the osteoclast, and since there is bone formation present in at least half of the giant cell‐rich variant of MFH it may be that it is the cells with properties peculiar to osteoblasts within the tumour which are responsible for the recruitment of the osteoclasts.
Intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation in rats with experimental liver injury: Morphological and morphometric studies
Authors: Hillan K. J. , Burt A. D. , George W. D. , Macsween R. N. M. , Griffiths M. R. , Bradley J. A.
Published: June 2005

Isolated rat hepatocytes were transplanted into the splenic parenchyma of syngeneic animals. The effects on the degree of colonization by the transplanted cells of three forms of experimental liver injury in recipient animals were studied. Significant colonization was observed in animals with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced injury combined with portacaval shunt (PCS) and in animals with common bile duct (CBD) ligation but not in control animals or in animals with CCl4‐induced injury alone. Transplanted cells in the CCl4/PCS group resembled normal hepatocytes. In contrast, in the CBD group, the intrasplenic hepatocytes exhibited a pattern of ductular metaplasia' similar to that observed in the obstructed liver of the recipients. Transplanted syngeneic hepatocytes can thus proliferate in the spleen in response to liver injury in the recipient. The morphological appearances of the transplanted cells can be modified depending on the nature of the liver injury.
Morphometric analysis of nuclear features, ploidy status, and staging in rectal carcinoma
Authors: Carter Christopher D. , Weeks Sandy C. , Jarvis Lynn R. , Whitehead Richard
Published: June 2005

Recently, several flow cytometric studies have shown that the nuclear DNA content in colorectal carcinoma gives prognostic information which is independent of that provided by the histological characteristics of the tumour. In this study the nuclear DNA content and nuclear morphology of 39 cases of surgically resected rectal adenocarcinoma were measured in Feulgen‐stained histological sections by video image analysis and 97 per cent were aneuploid. Dukes' stage correlated better with the morphometric data than did other classification systems. The extent of local spread and the growth pattern at the invasive margin of the tumour, which are of known prognostic importance, were significantly related to some nuclear features. Discriminant analysis of the nuclear morphometric data alone was highly successful in predicting these tumour characteristics. The results suggest that routine application of this technique to tumour biopsies may be of value in patient management since it provides stage‐related information which cannot be obtained by conventional histopathological assessment.
Silver‐stained structures (AgNORs), their dependence on tissue fixation and absence of prognostic relevance in rectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Griffiths A. P. , Butler C. W. , Roberts P. , Dixon M. F. , Quirke P.
Published: June 2005

The value of a one‐stage silver staining technique for nucleolar organizer region (NOR)‐associated protein was investigated as a predictor of clinical outcome in 100 rectal adenocarcinomas. In formalin‐fixed tissues, a variety of silver‐stained structures ranging from 0·5 to 7 μm are seen, the abundance of which bears no relation to prognosis, cell proliferation, or ploidy. Evidence is presented that the silver‐stained structures are the result of coalescence of smaller particles caused by formalin fixation, and that assessment of NOR activity is not reliable in routinely formalin‐fixed archival tissues.
Microglial cells in human brain have phenotypic characteristics related to possible function as dendritic antigen presenting cells
Authors: Lowe J. , Maclennan K. A. , Powe D. G. , Pound J. D. , Palmer J. B.
Published: June 2005

The resting human microglia have previously been shown to be cells of dendritic morphology expressing class II MHC antigens and macrophage specific antigens by immunocytochemical techniques. To examine the relationship between the microglia and the family of dendritic antigen presenting cells (APC), normal white matter from eight normal adults with no neurological disease at autopsy was examined by immunocytochemical techniques to localize antibodies to leukocyte common antigen (LCA), HLA‐DR, CDI (T6), CD4 (T4), and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In addition, enzyme histochemical staining for ATPase, non‐specific esterase (NSE), and acid phosphatase (ACP) was performed. The normal microglia are ATPase + ve, NSE −ve, ACP‐ve, HLA‐DR + ve, LCA + ve, CD1 (T6) + ve and weakly CD4 (T4) + ve. This specialized phenotype closely resembles that of Langerhans cells and suggests that microglia are not simply quiescent phagocytes, but may have a primary role as microenvironmentally specialized APC. The finding of weak anti‐CD4 (T4) immunoreactivity supports suggestions for a central role for this cell in infection of the central nervous system by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Differential immunohistochemical localization of cytokeratins and collagen types I and III in experimentally‐induced cirrhosis
Authors: Al Adnani Mohammed S.
Published: June 2005

Liver cirrhosis was induced in male Wistar rats by subcutaneous injection (1 ml of 30 g/l) of an aqueous solution of thioacetamide. Using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, high molecular weight keratins were localized in bile ducts and ductules. Low molecular weight cytokeratins were present in regenerating hepatocytes in active cirrhosis; bile ducts were unstained. These results suggest that cytokeratin staining may be useful in distinguishing bile duct epithelium and hepatocytes in hepatobilary diseases. Anticollagen type III antibody stained hepatocytes and thin connective tissue fibres, while anticollagen type I antibody stained thicker fibres and some sinusoidal cells but not hepatocytes. Collagens were usually undetectable in normal liver cells. It is suggested, therefore, that hepatocytes may play a major role in collagen type III production which precedes the deposition of collagen type I. By contrast, collagen type I may be produced by fibroblasts and some cells along sinusoids (e.g. perisinusoidal fat‐storing cells) after liver injury.
Morphological and functional characteristics of myocytes isolated from human left ventricular aneurysms
Authors: Harding S. E. , Vescovo G. , Jones S. M. , Bennett G. , Yacoub M. , Poole‐Wilson P. A.
Published: June 2005

Isolated single myocytes were prepared from myocardium of developing ventricular aneurysms and from myocardium within the scar of chronic ventricular aneurysms. The morphology and function of the individual cells were compared. The cells from developing aneurysms were rod‐shaped, with a distinct sarcomeric structure, but did not contract even in the presence of high calcium concentrations. The sarcomere length was significantly higher than that of cells from chronic aneurysms and approached the theoretical point at which no contraction can occur. Cells from chronic aneurysms were either rod‐shaped and contractile, or rounded due to hypercontracture of the myofilaments. Electron microscopy of cells from developing aneurysms confirmed the presence of elongated sarcomeres, a loss of the actin‐myosin interdigitation, and damage to the contractile proteins which was particularly evident in the thin filaments. Cells with similar characteristics have also been isolated from a ruptured, ischaemic papillary muscle. These changes, which are due either to ischaemia or to overstretching of cells, may account for the weakness of the wall of developing aneurysms and be a cause of rupture or enlargement.
Carcinoma in situ of the testis in infertile men. A histological, immunocytochemical, and cytophotometric study of DNA content
Authors: Nistal M. , Codesal J. , Paniagua R.
Published: June 2005

Of 723 infertile men (128 with a history of cryptorchidism) whose testes were biopsied at the outer lateral face of the testis, five presented carcinoma in situ (CIS) in one testis. These testes were removed, serially sectioned, and examined by light microscopy. In order to evaluate whether only one or two biopsies are sufficient to diagnose CIS, before sectioning the testes four biopsies were taken at the anterior face, posterior face, superior pole, and inferior pole of the testis, respectively. Two of the five men had undergone orchiopexy in infancy and the testis contained tubules with Sertoli cells and isolated spermatogonia. CIS was also present in some tubules that were principally located near the rete testis. Of the four simulated biopsies, only that performed at the posterior face of the testis revealed CIS. The other three infertile men showed tubules with complete, although reduced, spermatogenesis, and tubules lined by Sertoli cells only. CIS was found in both types of tubules. These tubules with CIS formed lobules that extended throughout the testicular parenchyma. Most simulated biopsies performed in these three testes showed CIS. The average nuclear DNA content of CIS cells was about 4c in all testes. This content was similar both in tubules with complete spermatogenesis and in tubules with Sertoli cells only.
Cellular and humoral immune responses in Campylobacter pylori‐associated chronic gastritis
Authors: Kazi Javed Iqbal , Sinniah Raja , Jaffrey N. A. , Alam S. M. , Zaman V. , Zuberi S. J. , Kazi A. M.
Published: June 2005

Gastric cellular and humoral immune responses investigated by immunoperoxidase staining of 53 antral biopsies showed significant differences in Campylobacter pylori‐associated gastritis as compared with non‐bacterial chronic gastritis and normal controls. IgA, secretory component, and complement C3 coated bacilli were seen in all cases of active chronic gastritis. C3 was always associated with coating by IgA, IgM, or both, which were rarely seen in gastritis without polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration. Intraepithelial mononuclear cellular infiltration was seen in 18 of 26 cases of C. pylori‐associated chronic gastritis. The intraepithelial mononuclear cells stained positively for T cells and histiocytes.
The distribution of pregnancy‐associated prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor in the human placenta
Authors: Mortimer Gabriel , Mackay Malcolm M. , Stimson William H.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of pregnancy‐associated prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (PAPSI) has been studied in 181 human placentae and early products of conception using a peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistological method. PAPSI was detected in amniotic epithelium throughout all stages of gestation. Extravillous trophoblast was PAPSI‐positive throughout gestation. Villous trophoblast was PAPSI‐positive in the first 12 weeks of gestation, when PAPSI was localized to syncytiotrophoblast but not to cytotrophoblast. Villous syncytio‐and cytotrophoblast were both PAPSI‐negative from 12 weeks to term. Fetal and maternal polymorphs contained PAPSI at all stages of gestation, as did villous Hofbauer cells. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to putative functions of PAPSI, particularly the maintenance of pregnancy and control of onset of parturition.
Investigation of the relationship between gastric antral inflammation and campylobacter pylori using graphic tablet planimetry
Authors: Collins J. S. A. , Sloan J. M. , Hamilton P. W. , Watt P. C. H. , Love A. H. G.
Published: June 2005

Gastric antral endoscopic pinch biopsies from a group of dyspeptic patients were analysed for acute and chronic inflammatory cell numbers in the lamina propria and surface epithelial layer using computer‐linked graphic tablet planimetry, and independently graded for Campylobacter pylori (CP) infection using a visual scoring system with grade 1 assessed as patchy epithelial infection and grade 2 as a continuous layer of organisms on the mucosal surface extending into gastric pits. The study group consisted of 36 patients (18 duodenitis; 18 non‐ulcer dyspepsia). Within the 140 biopsies analysed, grade 1 and 2 biopsies had significantly higher acute and chronic inflammatory cell counts than CP‐negative biopsies (grade 0) in lamina and surface epithelium (P< 0·001). Acute inflammatory cell counts were significantly higher in the surface epithelium in grade 1 (P<0·05) and grade 2 biopsies (P<0·001) but chronic inflammatory cells were only higher in grade 1 (P<0·01). No significant differences were present between grade 1 and grade 2 biopsies for any parameter. This study confirms that highly significant quantitative differences in the inflammatory status are related to the presence of CP.
Histological analysis and the pathogenesis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Ridley Dennis S. , De Magalhaes Albino V. , Marsden Philip D.
Published: June 2005

A series of over 400 well‐documented biopsies of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis was evaluated to elucidate the histological processes associated with the elimination of parasites, and their correlation with the course of the disease. Non‐specific inflammation was the most frequent and least effective response; its onset might be delayed, and in this event particularly the incidence of metastasis from skin to mucosa was high. Lysis of parasite‐laden macrophages appeared to be the basic mechanism of parasite reduction, even when it was not overt. When it was acute the onset was usually rapid, and though it resulted in much tissue destruction the prognosis was generally better and mucosal metastasis rare. Lysis and non‐specific inflammation both led to the formation of a post‐necrotic type of granuloma, but reversion of the process was almost as common as progression. Ultimately a tuberculoid granuloma evolved and proceeded to resolution. In about 5 per cent of cases, macrophage activation appeared to bring about early resolution; neither reversion nor mucosal metastasis was seen.
Histological appearances of the long saphenous vein
Authors: Milroy C. M. , Scott D. J. A. , Beard J. D. , Horrocks M. , Bradfield J. W. B.
Published: June 2005

The long saphenous vein is frequently used as a graft in both coronary artery and femoro‐distal bypass surgery. The histological changes which are seen after implantation into the arterial system have been well documented in the past, but little attention has been focused on the histological appearances of the donor long saphenous vein prior to grafting. In this study, samples of the long saphenous vein in excess of that required for bypass have been examined.

In none of the veins did the histological appearances conform to the described normal. All showed evidence of intimal fibrosis which contained elastic tissue and enmeshed smooth muscle cells. The longitudinal and circular muscle layers showed evidence of muscle cell hypertrophy with increase in intervening connective tissue. Elsewhere, similar histological changes have been attributed to ‘arterialization’. This study shows that many of the changes are present prior to grafting and may be important in graft failure.
Colorectal polyps in an Australian population. A histological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Hughes Norman R. , Newland Ronald C.
Published: June 2005

The histology and immunohistochemistry of 896 polyps and other focal epithelial abnormalities detected macroscopically in 86 surgical resections from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and benign bowel disorders were studied. The lesions identified included 177 adenomas, 387 hyperplastic (metaplastic) polyps, and 202 non‐neoplastic polyps designated ‘focal cryptal hyperplasia’. Numbers of both neoplastic and non‐neoplastic polyps were significantly increased in resections for carcinoma, with 72 per cent of all polyps in right and 10 per cent in left hemicolectomy specimens being neoplastic. Thirty per cent of adenomas were less than 2 mm in diameter and 6 per cent larger than 10mm. Observations on polyp size, number, distribution, histological appearance, and antigenic composition suggested that focal cryptal hyperplasia evolves into the hyperplastic polyp. In doing so, there is loss of expression of a tissue specific antigen. Hyperplastic polyps were significantly larger in colons with adenoma than in those without.
The blood–testis barrier in experimental unilateral cryptorchidism
Authors: Stewart R. J. , Boyd Sheelagh , Brown S. , Toner P. G.
Published: June 2005

Unilateral cryptorchidism was induced in Wistar rat pups within 48 h of birth. After a period of 150 days, the blood–testis barrier was evaluated in the cryptorchid and contralateral scrotal testis, using a lanthanum immersion technique. The barrier was demonstrated to be competent, with tracer confined to the basal and intermediate compartments.
Factors producing bile infarction and bile duct proliferation in biliary obstruction
Authors: Shibayama Yuro
Published: June 2005

To clarify the factors producing bile infarction and bile duct proliferation in obstructive jaundice, the incidence of the hepatic lesions and the serum levels of the bile constituents were examined in three rat models. (1) Ligation of the common bile duct induced bile infarction, bile duct proliferation, retention of bite in the liver, and elevation of the serum levels of total bilirubin and total bile acids. (2) The rats treated by choledochotomy had bile in the abdominal cavity, but there was no retention of bile in the liver. The degree of development of bile infarction was similar to that of the common bile duct ligation group, but bile duct proliferation was not found: the serum levels of total bilirubin and total bile acids were elevated. (3) In the rats subjected to partial bile duct ligation, bile infarction and bile duct proliferation were seen only in the lobes with ligation of the hepatic ducts: only slight or no elevation of the serum levels of total bilirubin and total bile acids was found. These data suggest that bile infarction is caused by the toxic action of bile constituents other than bilirubin and bile acids, absorbed into the blood from the obstructed biliary system, and that bile duct proliferation is due to mechanical factors following bile retention or direct actions of retained bile in the liver.
Impaired chemotactic responses of bronchoalveolar leukocytes in experimental pneumocniosis
Authors: Donaldson K. , Brown G. M. , Brown D. M. , Slight J. , Robertson M. D. , Davis J. M. G.
Published: June 2005

Rats were exposed to clouds of the following pneumoconiotic dusts: quartz, coal‐mine dust, and chrysotile asbestos at l0 or 50mg/m3 for 8, 32, and 75 days; for comparison, rats were also exposed to the non‐pathogenic dust titanium dioxide (TiO2). The bronchoalveolar leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) from dust‐exposed and control rats were obtained by lavage and tested for their ability to migrate toward zymosan‐activated serum. Varying amounts of neutrophils were present depending on the ability of the dust to cause inflammation and the length of exposure. There was a marked loss of chemotactic ability in leukocytes from rats inhaling the pneumoconiotic dusts compared with controls; TiO2‐exposed leukocytes had some impairment of chemotaxis, but this was substantially less than that found with the pneumoconiotic dusts. The loss of chemotactic activity did not correlate with the percentage of neutrophils in the lavage cells except when there were very high levels of neutrophils, and there was substantial impairment of chemotaxis with negligible numbers of neutrophils, showing that macrophage chemotaxis was impaired. A phagocytic burden within the leucocytes was not sufficient alone to inhibit chemotaxis, nor was the loss of chemotaclic activity due to occupied receptors, since incubation failed lo restore chemotaxis. Loss to chemotactic activity by leukocytes from pneumoconiotic dust‐exposed lung could be an important factor in the development of pneumoconiosis.