bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘SCREENSCAPES’: PLACING TV SERIES IN THEIR CONTEXTS OF PRODUCTION, MEANING AND CONSUMPTION
Authors: BOLLHÖFER BJÖRN
Published: March 2007

The main argument of this paper is that television participates in a complex, cultural process through which environmental meanings and values are produced and consumed. Using the theoretical model of the ‘circuit of culture’ the ways in which a city's imagery is embedded in the processes of representation, production, and consumption are explored. First, two types of the TV crime genre are examined in order to outline how the differences between them cause and require contrasting geographical imaginations of contemporary Cologne. Second, the contexts of production are looked at in order to explain how the city's representation is inextricably linked to the politics of determining film locations. Finally, the ways in which fans perceive the city through television are explored. In conclusion, it becomes clear that space and genre are highly interdependent elements in crime series, and that environmental meanings are constructed and contested in multiple everyday contexts of media use and appropriation.
The Professionalization of Faculty at Religious Colleges and Universities
Authors: PARKER JAMES , BEATY MICHAEL , MENCKEN F. CARSON , LYON LARRY
Published: March 2007

As faculty become defined more by the professional norms of their discipline, the potential for conflict with the faith‐based norms of religious colleges and universities should increase. Survey responses from over 1,900 faculty at six religious colleges and universities show that most faculty members support including religious criteria in hiring, contrary to professional, disciplinary norms, but most faculty reject religious constraints on academic freedom, conforming to professional norms. These seemingly conflicting positions are reconciled by a high level of commitment to the integration of faith and learning.
Patterns of cerebral activation while mental images are rotated and changed in size
Authors: RÖSLER FRANK , HEIL MARTIN , BAJRIC JASMIN , PAULS ANNA C. , HENNIGHAUSEN ERWIN
Published: March 2007

Event‐related brain potentials were recorded while subjects performed either a rotation or a size scaling transformation of a mental image. Images had to be rotated 0°, 60°, or 120° or their size had to be enlarged by factors of 1:1, 1:3, or 1:5. Both tasks were accompanied by pronounced negative slow potentials, which extended over several seconds. The relative maximum of these shifts emerged at central to occipital leads. Over the occipital cortex, the negative potential had a similar amplitude level in all conditions and both tasks. However, at parietal and central areas, the negative slow wave changed in relation to the difficulty of the task. The amplitude increased with increasing rotation demands and if the scaling operation required an exact computation of the coordinates of the image. None of these effects could be attributed to an inverse change of P300.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: The Functional Cardiovascular Consequences of Vascular Calcification
Authors: McIntyre Christopher W.
Published: March 2007

Calcification of the cardiovascular system is now well recognized to be a common feature of patients with chronic kidney disease. It is increasingly prevalent in patients with more severe uremia, particularly those receiving dialysis. Furthermore, it is progressive in terms of both severity and associated functional cardiovascular consequences. Although well recognized to be associated with a markedly increased mortality rate, the pathophysiological processes that result in these poor outcomes are less well understood. This article attempts to review calcification of the cardiovascular system as a whole entity and how the structural and functional changes may translate to the observed patterns of disease seen in these patients.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy: Advances in Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Rogers Natasha M. , Teubner David J. O. , Coates P. Toby H.
Published: March 2007

Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) is a rare but serious life‐threatening complication of CRF that manifests as painful nonhealing eschars in association with panniculitis and dermal necrosis. This condition is being increasingly recognized and reported as a contributing factor to death in dialysis patients. The pathognomic lesion is vascular calcification with intimal arterial hypertrophy and superimposed small vessel thrombosis. Hyperparathyroidism and elevated concentrations of serum phosphate remain consistent clinical features of most cases reported. Controversy still exists regarding the role of parathyroidectomy in this condition with some studies suggesting improved outcome with surgical intervention. A number of potential new etiological factors have been identified including reduced serum levels of a calcification inhibitory protein α,2‐Heremans–Schmid glycoprotein (Fetuin‐A) and abnormalities in smooth muscle cell biology in uremia. Promising new treatment options including hyperbaric oxygen therapy and sodium thiosulfate infusion have been reported in case series. Benefits from biphosphonates and tissue plasminogen activator have also been reported. Overall these new treatment approaches and understanding of potential mechanisms underlying this important severe clinical condition offer new hope in the diagnosis and management of this severely morbid and often fatal condition.
It's about Time: Long-term Memory Outcome following Temporal Lobectomy
Authors: Loring David W.
Published: March 2007

Verbal Memory Decline after Temporal Epilepsy Surgery?: A 6-Year Multiple Assessments Follow-up Study. Alpherts WC, Vermeulen J, van Rijen PC, da Silva FH, van Veelen CW; Dutch Collaborative Epilepsy Surgery Program. Neurology 2006;67:626–631.

Objective

To assess the long-term effects of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery on verbal memory.

Methods

We assessed verbal memory performance as measured by a verbal learning test (“15 Words Test,” a Dutch adaptation of Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test) before surgery and at three specific times after surgery: 6 months, 2 years, and 6 years in 85 patients (34 left temporal lobe [LTL] vs. 51 right temporal lobe [RTL]). An amygdalo-hippocampectomy and a neocortical temporal resection between 2.5 and 8 cm were carried out in all patients.

Results

LTL patients showed an ongoing memory decline for consolidation and acquisition of verbal material (both 2/3 SDs) for up to 2 years after surgery. RTL patients at first showed a gain in both memory acquisition and consolidation, which vanished in the long term. Breaking the group up into a mesiotemporal (MTS) group and a non-MTS group showed clear differences. The group with pure MTS showed an overall lower verbal memory performance than the group without pure MTS, in the LTL group more pronounced than in the RTL group. After surgery, both pathology groups showed an ongoing decline for up to 2 years, but the degree of decline was greater for the LTL patients with MTS compared with the non-MTS group. Becoming and remaining seizure-free after surgery does not result in a better performance in the long term. Predictors of postoperative verbal memory performance at 6 years after surgery were side of surgery, preoperative memory score, and age.

Conclusions

The results provide evidence for a dynamic decline of verbal memory functions up to 2 years after left temporal lobectomy, which then levels off.
Revisiting the Well-Established Subject of Stroke and Epilepsy
Authors: Burneo Jorge G.
Published: March 2007

The Epidemiology of Post-Stroke Epilepsy According to Stroke Subtypes. Benbir G, Ince B, Bozluolcay M. Acta Neurol Scand 2006;114:8–12.

Objectives

Strokes represent the most common etiology of epilepsy in patients over the age of 60 years, with an incidence of 2–4% occurring in different studies.

Materials and Methods

In this observational study, 1,428 patients were included who had stroke and were admitted to our Stroke Unit between the years 1996 and 2005.

Results

Overall, 51 patients had post-stroke epilepsy (3.6%). Post-ischemic epilepsy occurred in 70.6% of the patients, post-hemorrhagic epilepsy occurred in 21.6% of the patients and epilepsy following venous infarctions occurred in 7.8% of all post-stroke epilepsy patients. Of 1,327 patients having ischemic stroke, 36 patients (2.7%), 11 out of 86 patients with hemorrhagic stroke (12.8%) and 4 of 15 patients with venous infarctions (26.6%) developed epilepsy. Compared with stroke patients without epilepsy, hemorrhagic ( P < 0.001) and venous infarctions were more common in patients with post-stroke epilepsy ( P < 0.001). The right hemisphere and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were most commonly observed in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that post-stroke epilepsy is more common among patients who have experienced venous infarctions. Hemorrhagic and venous infarctions are more commonly encountered in post-stroke epilepsy patients. Atherosclerotic and cardioembolic strokes were similar to those that occurred in post-stroke epilepsy patients. Localizations in post-stroke epileptic patients showed that the majority occurred in the right hemisphere, in the territory of the MCA. However, prospective, multicentered studies are needed for a better understanding of the epidemiology and social impact of post-stroke epilepsy.
Brain Water and Ion Fluxes: A Hard-to-Die Hypothesis to Explain Seizures
Authors: Janigro Damir
Published: March 2007

Increased Seizure Duration and Slowed Potassium Kinetics in Mice Lacking Aquaporin-4 Water Channels. Binder DK, Yao X, Zador Z, Sick TJ, Verkman AS, Manley GT. Glia 2006;53:631–636. The glial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been hypothesized to modulate water and potassium fluxes associated with neuronal activity. In this study, we examined the seizure phenotype of AQP4 -/- mice using in vivo electrical stimulation and electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. AQP4 -/- mice were found to have dramatically prolonged stimulation-evoked seizures after hippocampal stimulation compared to wild-type controls (33 μ 2 s vs. 13 μ 2 s). In addition, AQP4 -/- mice were found to have a higher seizure threshold (167 μ 17 A vs. 114 μ 10 A). To assess a potential effect of AQP4 on potassium kinetics, we used in vivo recording with potassium-sensitive microelectrodes after direct cortical stimulation. Although there was no significant difference in baseline or peak [K+]o, the rise time to peak [K+]o ( t1/2, 2.3 μ 0.5 s) as well as the recovery to baseline [K+]o ( t1/2, 15.6 μ 1.5 s) were slowed in AQP4 -/- mice compared to WT mice ( t1/2, 0.5 μ 0.1 and 6.6 μ 0.7 s, respectively). These results implicate AQP4 in the expression and termination of seizure activity and support the hypothesis that AQP4 is coupled to potassium homeostasis in vivo.
The Ketogenic Diet: Stoking the Powerhouse of the Cell
Authors: Rho Jong M. , Rogawski Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Anticonvulsant Mechanism of the Ketogenic Diet. Bough KJ, Wetherington J, Hassel B, Pare JF, Gawryluk JW, Greene JG, Shaw R, Smith Y, Geiger JD, Dingledine RJ. Ann Neurol 2006;60:223–235.

Objective

The full anticonvulsant effect of the ketogenic diet (KD) can require weeks to develop in rats, suggesting that altered gene expression is involved. The KD typically is used in pediatric epilepsies, but is effective also in adolescents and adults. Our goal was to use microarray and complementary technologies in adolescent rats to understand its anticonvulsant effect.

Methods

Microarrays were used to define patterns of gene expression in the hippocampus of rats fed a KD or control diet for 3 weeks. Hippocampi from control- and KD-fed rats were also compared for the number of mitochondrial profiles in electron micrographs, the levels of selected energy metabolites and enzyme activities, and the effect of low glucose on synaptic transmission.

Results

Most striking was a coordinated upregulation of all (n = 34) differentially regulated transcripts encoding energy metabolism enzymes and 39 of 42 transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins, which was accompanied by an increased number of mitochondrial profiles, a higher phosphocreatine/creatine ratio, elevated glutamate levels, and decreased glycogen levels. Consistent with increased energy reserves, synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices from KD-fed animals was resistant to low glucose.

Conclusion

These data show that a calorie-restricted KD enhances brain metabolism. We propose an anticonvulsant mechanism of the KD involving mitochondrial biogenesis leading to enhanced alternative energy stores.
The association between cognition and functional outcome in first‐episode patients with schizophrenia: mystery resolved?
Authors: Van Winkel R. , Myin‐Germeys I. , De Hert M. , Delespaul P. , Peuskens J. , Van Os J.
Published: March 2007

Objective:  The presence of a prospective association between cognition and functional outcome in first episode patients with schizophrenia is much debated.

Method:  Associations between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) measures and functional outcome were assessed at the first hospitalization and after 10 years follow‐up.

Results:  Functional outcome was associated with estimated premorbid IQ and IQ at 10‐year follow‐up, but not with IQ assessed at first hospitalization.

Conclusion:  The presence of a prospective as well as a cross‐sectional relationship of the global cognitive measure IQ with 10‐year functional outcome could be established. However, assessing associations between cognitive measures assessed at first hospitalization and subsequent functional outcome, can give inconclusive results due to non‐uniform intellectual deterioration from premorbid level in the period preceding the first hospitalization.
Underestimation of the prevalence of approximal caries and inadequate restorations in a clinical epidemiological study
Authors: Poorterman Jan H. G. , Aartman Irene H. A. , Kalsbeek Huib
Published: March 2007

Abstract– The prevalence of clinically diagnosed approximal caries and inadequate approximal restorations is usually underestimated, when compared with radiographic assessment as a ‘gold standard’. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of this underestimation in a clinical epidemiological project. Methods: Clinical data (n=951) of 17‐ and 23‐year‐olds were collected by calibrated examiners and bitewing radiographs were taken after obtaining the participant's consent. The radiographic examination of the approximal surfaces on the radiographs of 621 participants was based on criteria derived from the clinical protocol. A second examiner judged 20% of the radiographic material to determine the interobserver agreement, using Cohen's kappa. The agreement proved to be good (k=0.66) for dentine caries diagnosis, and fair (k=0.44) for restoration assessment. Results: Of the total number of recorded decayed or inadequately restored surfaces only 10.8% and 13.8% respectively were found clinically. Of the total number of clinically sound surfaces, 10.1% had dentine caries on the bitewing radiograph. The percentage of clinically adequate restorations needing replacement was 25.7%. Conclusion: It was concluded that the prevalence of approximal caries and inadequate restorations in this clinical epidemiological study was highly underestimated. At least for these age groups the results contain a serious warning for epidemiologists and general dental practitioners with respect to the outcome of clinical caries diagnosis.
Salivary mutans streptococci and caries development in the primary and mixed dentitions of children
Authors: Thibodeau Edward A. , O'Sullivan David M.
Published: March 2007

Abstract– Objectives: For more than 25 years, both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies of dental caries have focused on the role of salivary mutans streptococci (SMS) as a predictor of caries risk. This study examined the relationship between SMS and longitudinal caries development in the primary and mixed dentitions. Methods: Eighty‐five children, initial mean age 3.8 years, were examined for dental caries at baseline and once annually for 6 years. Children's SMS were sampled with a tongue blade, which was impressed onto plates containing a medium selective for SMS. After incubation, colony forming units of SMS were determined semi‐quantitatively and categorized as low, moderate or high. Results: Children classified as high caries risk at baseline had significantly greater (P < 0.05) dmfs scores for all teeth, and in the primary molars, than children classified d as moderate or low caries risk at every age but 9 (P < 0.10). Children classified d as high risk at age 3 had the greatest DMFS increment through age 8. Based on annual examinations, there was a trend towards increasing mean dmfs/DMFS scores among children classified as high risk in every year. Conclusions: The current study is among the first to report on the ability of annual measurements of SMS to identify long‐term caries risk in both the primary and the mixed dentitions. Despite limitations in predicting caries risk using microbiological methods, this longitudinal study supports the overall benefits of this type of testing.
Effect of Prolonged Direct and Indirect Peroxide Bleaching on Fracture Toughness of Human Dentin
Authors: Tam Laura E. , Kuo Vicki Y. , Noroozi Amin
Published: March 2007

Statement of the Problem:  The effects of prolonged exposure to peroxide bleaching agents on dentin structural integrity are uncertain.

Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of in vitro prolonged tooth bleaching on the fracture toughness (K1C) of human dentin.

Materials and Methods:  Dentin from recently extracted molar teeth was directly or indirectly treated to simulate a prolonged at‐home (10% carbamide peroxide or 3% hydrogen peroxide, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks) or in‐office (30% hydrogen peroxide, 1 hour/week for 8 weeks) bleaching regimen (N=8/group). Placebo gel and distilled water acted as control materials. Compact tension test specimens (approximately 4.60 × 4.50 × 1.60 mm) were prepared from coronal dentin and tensile loading was applied at a rate of 10 mm/min 24 hours after the last bleaching session. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). For direct bleach application, the treatment materials were applied onto dentin that was already prepared as compact tension specimens. For indirect bleach application, bleach was applied to the enamel of intact teeth prior to specimen preparation.

Results:  There was a significant decrease in dentin K1C after 8 weeks of direct bleach treatment (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the bleach and control groups after 8 weeks of indirect bleach treatment (p=0.19).

Conclusions:  The in vitro fracture resistance of dentin was reduced after the prolonged use of bleach products that were applied directly to dentin.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Caution should be considered when using bleach for prolonged treatment times in clinical cases where there is dentin exposure such as occlusal attrition or gingival recession.
Water Power in the United States
Authors: Leighton M.O.
Published: March 2007

The people of the United States must give up their leadership in the productive world when they shall have placed in use all their sources of cheap mechanical energy.
Canada's Rural Problem
Authors: Good W.C.
Published: March 2007

"The well-being of a people is like a tree; agriculture is its root, manufacture and commerce are its branches and its life; if the root is injured the leaves fall, the branches break away, and the tree dies."—Chinese Philosopher.

"Agriculture is not only an occupation which some individuals follow for profit, it is a great national interest determining in a dominant way the fortunes of the nation and the opportunities and the character of the population. So, while the improving of Canadian agriculture primarily concerns the farmer and his family, it affects the status of Canada, its outlook and its destiny."—Dr. James W. Robertson.
Remedies Against Dishonest or Inefficient Public Servants
Authors: Allen Florence E.
Published: March 2007

By mortgaging his estate Egerton got up 400 pounds and sends for Sir George Hast ings and Sir Richard Young, desires their assistance in presenting this money, and told them how much it was. They took it and carried it to my Lord Chancellor as a gratuity from the gentleman for that my lord (when he was attorney) stood by him. My lord (as they say) started at first say ing it was too much he would not take it; but at length was persuaded because it was for favors past and took it and the gentle man returned him thanks; saying that their lord said that he would not only enrich him but laid a tie on him to assist him in all just and lawful business.1
A State Legislature and Group Pressure
Authors: McKean Dayton D.
Published: March 2007

In the sui generis politics of New Jersey, Public Service, to an extraordinary degree, is the State; and the State, to an extraordi nary degree, is Public Service. There are those who feel that there are elements of danger in such a relationship, but Mr. McCarter [President of the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey] is not one of them. 1
Commission Government Has Not Redeemed Newark
Authors: Fishack Howard G.
Published: March 2007

Item: It is solemnly consented unto and agreed by all the Planters and Inhabitants of the Town of New ark that they will, from time to time, all submit one to another, to be led, ruled and governed by such Magis trates and Rulers in the Town as shall be annually chosen by the Friends from among themselves, with such orders and Law whilst they are settled here by themselves as they had in the Place from whence they came....
Physical Characteristics of Disasters: Historical and Statistical Review
Authors: Lemons Hoyt
Published: March 2007

The article presents data on nature, incidence, causes, and conse quences of peacetime disasters. Disasters tend to become more and more dele terious as population increases and occupies the wide expanse of the country. A map indicates that coastal areas and the "midlands" are most exposed. De tailed analysis is made of fires, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms, earthquakes, hailstorms, thunderstorms, and winter storms. Analysis of Ameri can Red Cross records, 1925-55, is made, showing disaster effects by month, type of disaster, and state. Statistics are offered on the number of dead and injured, homes wrecked, and number of families involved.—Ed.
Floods
Authors: Sturgis Samuel Davis
Published: March 2007

Floods can occur in almost any river valley at almost any time. They are unpredictable. Flash floods and the sudden failure of dams and other structures offer the greatest threat to life; major sustained floods are most threatening to health. The average annual potential damage to property is esti mated at nearly a billion dollars. Even though floods are no worse or more fre quent than formerly, they are more costly as the flood plains increase in popula tion and economic development. The flood-control measures of the federal government are described; those completed or authorized will prevent about three fourths of the potential damage under present conditions of flood-plains use. The program is, however, still incomplete.—Ed.
Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Other Storms
Authors: Reichelderfer F.W.
Published: March 2007

Loss of lives and property through abnormal weather occurrences has become a national concern. It is difficult to conclude that these phenomena have become more frequent in late years, but they certainly strike at more peo ple owing to the increase and distribution of our population. The different types of weather disasters are discussed in considerable detail, especially hurricanes and tornadoes. Information is given on various features of the "warning serv ices" set up to permit the taking of precautionary measures in threatened areas and on research projects now under way designed to improve forecasting and warning services.—Ed.
The Flood Peril and the Federal Flood Insurance Act of 1956
Authors: Overman Edwin S.
Published: March 2007

Floods are the most destructive of natural disasters; the 1951 floods in the Southwest caused property damage estimated at two and a half billion dollars. By comparison, all property and casualty insurance companies pay an nually for losses totaling about one billion dollars, or about twice the average annual cost of floods. Private insurance companies do not regard flood peril, therefore, as an insurable risk. The Federal Flood Insurance Act of 1956 is designed to fill this gap. It provides for the establishment of a program of in surance, reinsurance, and loans to assist persons to recover from loss due to de struction by floods. The author analyzes the act in some detail.—Ed.
Emergency Mass Care
Authors: Smith Dewitt
Published: March 2007

Disaster, by common usage a term now applied to natural rather than war catastrophe, has brought about the development of emergency mass care—a means of meeting the urgent and temporary physical needs of popula tions suddenly made homeless. In the years 1950-55 almost a million persons have received such care from the American National Red Cross, the organiza tion which has over the years built up an elaborate and well-functioning system for meeting the emergency needs of disaster victims. Nevertheless there is need for continued study and research in order to arrive at even more effective plans and action designed to minimize the effects of disasters.—Ed.
Economic and Social Aspects of International Trade Union Work
Authors: Braunthal Alfred
Published: March 2007

Social and economic activities are the primary concern of trade un ions, but these can flourish only under political freedom; the fight against dic tatorship and the support of democratic movements must be waged by unions. International trade union work knows no geographical boundaries, but its charac ter is influenced by the stage of economic and social development of a region. In industrially advanced countries it encourages and strives to maintain policies of full employment and full share by labor in resulting benefits of a stable economy, for instance. In underdeveloped countries, where trade union move ment has just begun, it seeks to help in economic and social development geared to needs. The community of interests of workers in these two types of econo mies is stressed.—Ed.
The International Labor Organization in a Changing World
Authors: Morse David A.
Published: March 2007

The changing conditions of the world have changed also the program of the International Labor Organization. Organized in 1919 by the industrialized nations, much of its early attention was given to setting up labor standards to avoid "unfair" competition from countries with cheap labor standards. Today the main emphasis of the ILO is on improving working and living conditions by helping the less advanced countries to develop their economic potential and raise their productivity and by helping the more advanced countries to lay the social basis for greater economic co-operation. The machinery and the techniques de veloped to achieve these aims are described in some detail.—Ed.
Wage Movements and Wage Policy in Postwar Britain
Authors: Flanders Allan
Published: March 2007

Since 1945 there has been a constant upward movement of the indices of wage rates in Britain, average weekly earnings (only slightly affected by shifts in the employment distribution of wage earners), and retail prices. The margin between rates and earnings has progressively widened, to a consid erable degree owing to overtime pay. Wage rates and retail prices have shown parallel rises on the whole. The various factors involved in these movements are analyzed, including the policies of the Labour and the Conservative govern ments.—Ed.
Economic Growth and Government Wage Regulation: The Australian Problem
Authors: Perlman Mark
Published: March 2007

Australian industrial relations present peculiar features, owing to the fact that the Constitution of the country permits extensive federal interven tion in this field. The result has been the creation of a system of governmental agencies and regulations which have had a checkered career and undergone many changes in the last fifty years. The latest reorganization occurred in 1956, when a statute was passed dividing responsibility and functions among three agencies, a Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission, a Court of Concilia tion and Arbitration, and an Industrial Court. The major problems facing these bodies are discussed.—Ed.
Labor Relations in Ghana
Authors: Davison R.B.
Published: March 2007

Labor relations in the Gold Coast (Ghana), or aspects thereof, such as collective bargaining, free trade unions, and arbitration, cannot be discussed as though a free market economy existed there or on the assumption that it will develop as in Europe and in America. The state is the dominant employer of labor and the principal source of capital; without its initiative the economy would not have developed. So long as this persists an effective free trade union movement will be difficult to secure, and it is as yet too early to attempt to predict how the trade union movement will develop. To a considerable degree the direction of African thought may depend on the understanding shown by the West of the magnitude and complexity of the economic and political problems facing the new statesmen in Ghana.—Ed.
Trade Unions in Malaya
Authors: Parmer J. Norman
Published: March 2007

The young trade union movement in Malaya has been subjected to many stresses that have limited its effectiveness either as a political force or as a means of achieving the goals of labor. Communist-dominated up to the time of Communist party armed rebellion against the British colonial and protectorate governments, since 1948 the movement has under British influence been develop ing slowly along liberal lines. A plural society, a lopsided representation in ex isting unions, and poor organization and financing have continued to attenuate the movement, while the growth of a new militant left wing has split it at a time, shortly before Malayan independence, when it needs all the strength it can muster.—Ed.
Problems of Indian Trade Unionism
Authors: Ornati Oscar A.
Published: March 2007

In India, labor had joined in the struggle for an independent state and was in sympathy with the aims of the new government. Soon, the de terioration of economic conditions led labor to employ traditional tactics to secure the goals of better wages and working conditions. The government was forced to consider whether these tactics were consistent with national needs of maximum production and self-sufficiency. A choice had to made between free collective bargaining and state-controlled bargaining. India chose the latter as the best means of helping to bring about a socialist state. The political char acter of the major trade union federations has facilitated the operation of the system.—Ed.
The Legal Aspects of Indian Affairs from 1887 to 1957
Authors: Haas Theodore H.
Published: March 2007

As the westward movement of the population proceeded, the de mand for the Indians' land increased. Cultural assimilation became the slogan. "Americanized" Indians would be transformed from hunters and fishermen to farmers and cattlemen, communal ownership would yield to individual ownership, plenty of the tribal lands would be freed for white settlement. The culmination of this policy was the General Allotment Act of 1887. Another step toward integration was the Citizenship Act of 1924. The character and the effects of these policies are detailed by the author.—Ed.
The Role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Since 1933
Authors: Zimmerman William
Published: March 2007

A new and dynamic administration took charge of the Bureau of In dian Affairs in 1933. In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act was passed. The Act survived all attacks and remained the foundation of the policy of the Bureau at least until 1950. The sale of Indian land was halted, a loan fund created, a movement away from reservation schools to public schools started, and so forth. After 1950, policies have been followed which aim at a special social integration of the Indian and the termination of federal control or supervision as quickly as possible; but there are signs that Congress is giving a second look at these poli cies, which in many instances have proved detrimental rather than helpful.—Ed.
Termination of Federal Supervision: Disintegration and the American Indians
Authors: La Farge Oliver
Published: March 2007

The problem of our Indian population is an old and continuing one. In this article the author outlines two alternative ways of dealing with it. One aims at quick and intensive attempts to break down the special status of Indians and integrate them into the mainstream of American life. These attempts are characterized as hasty, impatient, and often ill advised. The other alternative aims at maintaining Indian tribal integrity and special rights until such time as the Indians themselves are ready and willing to dispense with federal supervision and controls. The author pleads for the need to work calmly and thoughtfully toward a point where Indians are able to make a satisfactory adjustment to life in America without needing the prop of special status.—Ed.
The Indian Claims Commission Act
Authors: Lurie Nancy Oestreich
Published: March 2007

Awareness of the specific need for solving problems of jurisdiction and finance in Indian litigation, a growing feeling that Indian claims should re ceive more speedy and just attention, and administrative expedience combined to cause Congress to adopt the Indian Claims Commission Act in 1942 and to extend it ten years later to 1962. The author describes the types of claims that arise and discusses some of the issues involved with special reference to the role of expert testimony by anthropologists, whose views have been sought in order to clarify such matters as the identification of tribes and the original boundaries of their lands.—Ed.
Education Among American Indians: Individual and Cultural Aspects
Authors: Havighurst Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The culture of the Indian child equips him well or poorly for edu cation in American schools, depending on how well his culture matches that of the American society which surrounds him. Motivation for school achievement, for instance, is poor by white standards among children of Indian tribes whose culture is based on co-operation rather than on competition. Innately, Indian children have about the same mental equipment as have white children, but their cultural status and experiences cause them to rank lower on educational achievement tests, especially in high-school subjects.—Ed.
The Integration of Americans of Indian Descent
Authors: Dozier Edward P. , Simpson George E. , Yinger J. Milton
Published: March 2007

The place of Indians in American society may be seen as one aspect of the question of the integration of minority groups into the social system. Only by maintenance of freedom for cultural variation can a heterogeneous so ciety keep conflict at a minimum; individual freedom is a widely shared cultural value. Integration means a unity that permits differences and opposes only dif ferences that lead to discipline conflicts. It implies full equality in health serv ices and in educational, political, and economic opportunity among all groups. In asking what shall be the place of Indians in American society, the authors give an analysis of the conditions that favor or hamper integration.—Ed.
Is Western Europe the Pivot of American Foreign Policy?
Authors: Burnham James
Published: March 2007

The basic issue in world affairs is whether, in the world social and political reorganization now in process, Western (or European) civilization will maintain its ascendancy or will be destroyed. Since Western civilization as a whole is now under attack, the parochial conflicts within Western civilization fall to secondary importance. The United States is organically a part of Western civilization. The correct and most effective United States foreign policy, there fore, must be a "European policy," conceived in the perspective of the civiliza tion as a whole. So viewed, the primary present objective, a required premise to any wider world objectives, is seen to be the reconstitution of the Western base itself through the recovery of the captive regions—namely, Eastern Europe. Until this is accomplished, other foreign policy moves will continue to be as they have been for the past decade: negative, defensive, transitional—merely holding operations. Within the next decade, either Eastern Europe will rejoin the West, or the United States will be compelled to fall back on Fortress America.
Sources of Tension Between Western Europe and the United States
Authors: Morgenthau Hans J.
Published: March 2007

The Atlantic Alliance has undergone a transformation which shows its enduring strength, its limits, and the stresses with which it must continuously cope. Its strength lies in the community of interests between the United States and the nations of Western Europe. Its limits are circumscribed by the limita tions of these interests to the defense of Western Europe. The stresses to which it is subject result from changes in the technology of warfare and in the over-all distribution of power, the "new look" of Soviet foreign policy, organizational deficiencies, divergence of policies and personalities. The rock of common in terests upon which the Atlantic Alliance is built remains intact, but its surface is rougher than it used to be and the structure built upon it is in need of repair.
Neutralism and United States Foreign Policy
Authors: Northrop F.S.C.
Published: March 2007

Nationalism dominated our foreign policy until at least the opening of the twentieth century. It was opposed to military invasions or wars aris ing from European imperialistic theories of foreign policy. After the Spanish- American War, two trends appear: one based on the European concepts, the other a doctrinaire neutralism. Our military, legal, and diplomatic leaders and teachers of international law become adherents of the classical European foreign policy concepts. At the same time, European foreign policy becomes increas ingly influenced by classical American concepts. Those concepts should again guide the foreign policy of the United States.—Ed.
American Diplomatic Leadership in the West
Authors: Warburg James P.
Published: March 2007

Our foreign policy over the past ten years has been no success: Communist expansion has not been halted, the non-Communist world is not united, and peace is no closer. Why? We are ill prepared for world leader ship by our ignorance of geography, languages, and history, that is, by a parochial world view borne out of indifference produced by a feeling of impotence and frustration. Having power we have little notion of how to use it. We moralize too much, confuse legalism with morality, and often exhibit self-righteousness obnoxious to other peoples. Our leaders, unwilling to risk unpopularity by adopt ing a flexible and imaginative foreign policy, have become prisoners of a public state of mind, created largely by their own propaganda.—Ed.
Population Changes to 1975
Authors: Taeuber Conrad
Published: March 2007

Within the next two decades American population will undergo sub stantial changes both in size and age structure. Persons in their twenties will increase; those between 35 and 44 will decrease; and those between 45 and 64 will increase. Large increases will occur in the senior citizens age group, and a sharp increase in the number of teenagers and children under 10 may be expected.
Future Metropolitan Growth and Planning
Authors: Howard John T.
Published: March 2007

United States metropolitan areas are growing rapidly and are ab sorbing ever-increasing quantities of rural land. By 1975, two thirds of the United States population will live in metropolitan areas. Growth is rapid, sprawling, disorganized; it is creating a need for metropolitan planning still unmet. Planning concepts propose that new metropolitan growth be shaped into communities of healthful size separated by "green belts" which can also provide recreational settings in natural open space. Standards call for 20 acres of re gional public open space per 1,000 ultimate metropolitan population; this space should be reserved now, but suitable lands are being engulfed. The challenge is urgent.
Recreation in the Educational Process
Authors: Hutchinson John L.
Published: March 2007

A fundamental issue in education is how educated judgments about the use of leisure time can be developed. The future of recreation in education depends initially upon the acceptance of the leisure setting as a medium for carrying the learning process forward. Recreation becomes a challenge to any educational venture because of its inherent motivation, opportunity for under standing and reflective thinking, a chance for success or achievement, and the possible transfer or use of skills or knowledges.
The Adult Cycle
Authors: Meyer Harold D.
Published: March 2007

The gifts of leisure to contemporary society offer many benefits of recreation to our adult population. All social and economic factors indicate that this privilege will continue. Adulthood is not reaping the values available to it and often because of misuse and abuse of leisure there is individual and social pathology. The forces of organized recreation, public and private, have centered interests largely on programs for children and youth. Concentration should now be made, as equally and effectively, on services for adults. A good start is noted in the provision of recreation for our senior citizens.
Private Associations and Commercial Activities
Authors: William  , Astor Charlotte
Published: March 2007

A vast segment of recreation service is provided by agencies which operate without tax support; which provide their own personnel, salaries, and pensions; which maintain their own standards; and which have community out- reach. Does not this pattern offer a way of expanding recreation services with out adding to the tax burden?
Travel: American Mobility
Authors: Bossemeyer James L.
Published: March 2007

Americans, most mobile of all peoples, spend 25 billion dollars a year for travel. Reviewing the history of travel, the article discusses contemporary and emerging patterns. The plan for fixed Monday dates for major holidays is supported.
The Philadelphia Experience
Authors: Crawford Robert W.
Published: March 2007

In a historic American city, political reform elevated recreation to an equal position among ten services reporting to the Managing Director. By the implementation of a broad philosophy of recreation through efficient manage ment practices, Philadelphia has developed a program which sets a high standard for American cities. To cope with increasing quantities of leisure and new areas of service, imaginative planning, programing, personnel administration, and en larged facilities are necessary. Further, co-ordination and correlation of com munity efforts must be achieved.
A Bold Program for Recreation
Authors: Charlesworth James C.
Published: March 2007

The shorter working day and longer retirement period, plus monoto nous and often stultifying jobs in mechanized industry, have created a challenge for recreationists. New objectives and policies must be formulated, and a new jurisdiction must be carved out to supplement existing public education and pub lic welfare programs. Recreationists must become more confident, demandful, and imaginative. They must disseminate the doctrine that the enjoyment of leisure is an end in itself, and that recreation skills should be compulsorily taught. Recreation should be a basic program carrying its own justification and should not be ancillary to correctional and therapeutic programs. On the prac tical side, the administrative base for recreation should be broadened; expanded recreation funds should be provided out of the education budget; emphasis should be placed on late teen-agers and old people; land should be acquired as quickly as possible; and the professional training of recreationists should be broadened.
Production and Distribution in the Large Metropolis
Authors: Vernon Raymond
Published: March 2007

This is an examination of the present and future role of metropolitan areas in the fields of production and distribution and the problems that future growth will bring. Special attention is given to the implications of the outward movement of manufacturing activities from the central cities into the suburbs and open country beyond. The consequences of the relative growth of business services in metropolitan areas are also explored. These trends are related to the outward shift of populations in the metropolitan areas and some of the resulting problems are identified and discussed.
Metropolitan Organization
Authors: Gulick Luther
Published: March 2007

Metropolitan organization must now recognize unprecedented prob lems of dynamics and scale. Both have their effect on management, costs, and "democratics." In designing governmental changes to give us the required comprehensiveness and regional self-government we are controlled by eight objectives. Where existing government falls short of these goals, we must turn to political inventions. Four are suggested: The creation in each state of a new department of local affairs with a "metropolitan desk"; the drastic reconstruction of metropolitan counties; the creation of open-ended metropolitan service agencies; and the creation of an entirely new layer of regional government, the metropolitan council.
Metropolitan Financial Problems
Authors: Fitch Lyle C.
Published: March 2007

Exuberant urbanism, advancing technology, and rising incomes and living standards, all are expanding demands for urban government services, some of which can be most efficiently supplied or financed by metropolitan jurisdictions. Since metropolitan areas are the focal points of income and wealth, the financial problem stems largely from the lack of machinery. Many of the most pressing metropolitan needs can be appropriately financed by user charges, but these need to be carefully designed to produce the most desirable over-all economic effects. Both property and nonproperty taxes should be administered by metropolitan- wide jurisdictions, leaving submetropolitan governments the power to set prop erty tax rates for local needs.
Urbanism and Government, 1957-1977
Authors: Zeidler Frank P.
Published: March 2007

Atomic attack may possibly destroy the American federal system during the next twenty years. Despite this threat, neither the American gov ernment nor the American people are willing to make the sacrifices necessary for survival or reconstructing our urban areas. If no attack occurs, the ills of our expanding urban areas will increase and with them will grow the influence of state and federal authority. The main problems inviting this dominating influence are the conflicts between city and suburb, urban and rural areas, labor and management, the criminal and delinquent and society, and between races.
The Chronic Drunkenness Offender
Authors: Rubington Earl
Published: March 2007

The social roles which men play are more often the result of net works of social relations than the product of any individual's attributes. The behavior of chronic drunkenness offenders, ordinarily explained by their proper ties as individuals, is viewed here as a consequence of conformity to Skid Row social norms. Skid Row subculture, its social functions, how people come to it and behave once there are discussed. The half-way house, a new method of rehabilitating offenders which seeks to capitalize on this network of deviant so cial relations, is then described.