bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On statistical summability (N¯,P) of sequences of fuzzy numbers
Authors: Talo Özer , Balb Canan
Published: May 2016

In this paper we introduce the concept of statistical summability (N?,p) of
sequences of fuzzy numbers. We also present Tauberian conditions under which
statistical convergence of a sequence of fuzzy numbers follows from its
statistical summability (N?,p). Furthermore, we prove a Korovkin-type
approximation theorem for fuzzy positive linear operators by using the notion
of statistical summability (N?,p).
Effects of Incentive Scheme and Working Relationship on Whistle-Blowing in an Audit Setting
Authors: Boo El'fred , Ng Terence Bu-Peow , Shankar Premila Gowri
Published: May 2016

We examine the joint effects of incentive schemes and working relationships on auditors' propensity to report an audit partner's wrongdoing that impairs financial reporting quality in an experiment involving 90 audit seniors and managers. We predict and find that, relative to a control condition without an incentive scheme, a reward-based career-related incentive scheme is less likely to increase auditors' whistle-blowing propensity in the presence of a close working relationship with the wrongdoer than in its absence. In contrast, a penalty-based career-related scheme increases auditors' whistle-blowing propensity relative to the control condition regardless of the presence of a close working relationship. These results are consistent with a heightened social stigma associated with whistle-blowing on someone close for personal gains, and a preference to avoid losses rather than to acquire gains as predicted by prospect theory. The findings have useful implications for practice and suggest boundary conditions under which an incentive scheme can promote whistle-blowing.

JEL Classifications: M40; M42.
Do Investors Use Prior Tax Avoidance when Pricing Tax Loss Carryforwards?
Authors: McGuire Sean T. , Neuman Stevanie S. , Olson Adam J. , Omer Thomas C.
Published: May 2016

The Internal Revenue Code allows firms to carry excess tax losses forward to offset future taxable income and reduce taxes. Consistent with tax loss carryforwards (TLCFs) creating a significant asset, prior research finds that investors positively value TLCFs. However, investors face significant uncertainty about whether firms will have sufficient future taxable income to benefit from TLCFs. We hypothesize that investors' valuation of new TLCFs will vary with firms' prior tax avoidance behavior because it signals firms' abilities to generate taxable income to offset TLCFs through tax planning. We confirm that investors assign a positive value to new TLCFs and find that investors' valuation varies with firms' prior tax avoidance behavior. Investors positively value TLCFs when firms exhibit high variability in prior tax avoidance and high levels of prior tax avoidance. Our results are incremental to the effect of changes in the valuation allowance on investors' valuation of new TLCFs.

JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M49.

Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the paper.
The Effects of Auditor Experience and Professional Commitment on Acceptance of Underreporting Time: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Authors: Herda David N. , Martin Kasey A.
Published: May 2016

Underreporting time is a common ethical dilemma in auditing. We examine the effects of professional commitment and experience on auditor acceptance of underreporting time with a sample of 110 practicing auditors at two large national accounting firms. Using a moderated mediation research model, we find that auditor experience moderates the negative relationship between professional commitment and acceptance of underreporting time, such that professional commitment is associated with underreporting acceptance only among less experienced auditors. We discuss the contributions, limitations, and practical implications of our findings.

Data Availability: Please contact the first author.
The Effect of High-Quality Information Technology on Corporate Tax Avoidance and Tax Risk
Authors: Hamilton Russ , Stekelberg James
Published: May 2016

We examine the effect of high-quality information technology (IT) on corporate tax outcomes. Using a measure of IT quality constructed from rankings in InformationWeek magazine, we find that firms with high-quality IT are able to achieve both lower and less volatile cash effective tax rates than are other firms. These results suggest that firms with high-quality IT are able to avoid more taxes while simultaneously incurring less tax risk compared to firms with lesser IT systems. We also perform mediation analyses to investigate the channels through which high-quality IT enables effective tax planning. Results of these tests suggest that the most important driver of our findings is timely, reliable information facilitated by high-quality IT. Our study contributes to both the IT and tax literatures by identifying and quantifying the returns to investments in IT in terms of more favorable corporate tax outcomes.
Development of Early Adiposity in Infants of Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Logan Karen M. , Emsley Robby J. , Jeffries Suzan , Andrzejewska Izabela , Hyde Matthew J. , Gale Chris , Chappell Karyn , Mandalia Sundhiya , Santhakumaran Shalini , Parkinson James R.C. , Mills Luke , Modi Neena
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE

Infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at greater risk of later adverse metabolic health. We examined plausible candidate mediators, adipose tissue (AT) quantity and distribution and intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) content, comparing infants of mothers with GDM and without GDM (control group) over the first 3 postnatal months.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a prospective longitudinal study using MRI and spectroscopy to quantify whole-body and regional AT volumes, and IHCL content, within 2 weeks and 8–12 weeks after birth. We adjusted for infant size and sex and maternal prepregnancy BMI. Values are reported as the mean difference (95% CI).

RESULTS

We recruited 86 infants (GDM group 42 infants; control group 44 infants). Mothers with GDM had good pregnancy glycemic control. Infants were predominantly breast-fed up to the time of the second assessment (GDM group 71%; control group 74%). Total AT volumes were similar in the GDM group compared with the control group at a median age of 11 days (−28 cm3 [95% CI −121, 65], P = 0.55), but were greater in the GDM group at a median age of 10 weeks (247 cm3 [56, 439], P = 0.01). After adjustment for size, the GDM group had significantly greater total AT volume at 10 weeks than control group infants (16.0% [6.0, 27.1], P = 0.002). AT distribution and IHCL content were not significantly different at either time point.

CONCLUSIONS

Adiposity in GDM infants is amplified in early infancy, despite good maternal glycemic control and predominant breast-feeding, suggesting a potential causal pathway to later adverse metabolic health. Reduction in postnatal adiposity may be a therapeutic target to reduce later health risks.
Synergic Effects of Rehabilitation and Intravenous Infusion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After Stroke in Rats
Authors: Sasaki Yuichi , Sasaki Masanori , Kataoka-Sasaki Yuko , Nakazaki Masahito , Nagahama Hiroshi , Suzuki Junpei , Tateyama Daiki , Oka Shinichi , Namioka Takahiro , Namioka Ai , Onodera Rie , Mikami Takeshi , Wanibuchi Masahiko , Kakizawa Masafumi , Ishiai Sumio , Kocsis Jeffery D. , Honmou Osamu
Published: May 2016

Background

Intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult bone marrow improves behavioral function in rat stroke models. Rehabilitation therapy through physical exercise also provides therapeutic efficacy for cerebral ischemia.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether synergic effects of daily rehabilitation and intravenous infusion of MSCs has therapeutic effects after stroke in rats.

Design

This was an experimental study.

Methods

A permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced by intraluminal vascular occlusion with a microfilament. Four experimental groups were studied: group 1 (vehicle only, n=10), group 2 (vehicle + exercise, n=10), group 3 (MSCs only, n=10), and group 4 (MSCs + exercise, n=10). Rat MSCs were intravenously infused at 6 hours after MCAO, and the rats received daily rehabilitation with treadmill running exercise for 20 minutes. Lesion size was assessed at 1, 14, and 35 days using magnetic resonance imaging. Functional outcome was assessed using the Limb Placement Test.

Results

Both combined therapy and MSC infusion reduced lesion volume, induced synaptogenesis, and elicited functional improvement compared with the groups without MSC infusion, but the effect was greater in the combined therapy group.

Limitations

A limitation of this study is that the results were limited to an animal model and cannot be generalized to humans.

Conclusions

The data indicate that the combined therapy of daily rehabilitation and intravenous infusion of MSCs improved functional outcome in a rat MCAO model.
Effect of Virtual Reality Training on Balance and Gait Ability in Patients With Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: de Rooij Ilona J.M. , van de Port Ingrid G.L. , Meijer Jan-Willem G.
Published: May 2016

Background

Virtual reality (VR) training is considered to be a promising novel therapy for balance and gait recovery in patients with stroke.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to investigate whether balance or gait training using VR is more effective than conventional balance or gait training in patients with stroke.

Data Sources

A literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library up to December 1, 2015.

Study Selection

Randomized controlled trials that compared the effect of balance or gait training with and without VR on balance and gait ability in patients with stroke were included.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Twenty-one studies with a median PEDro score of 6.0 were included. The included studies demonstrated a significant greater effect of VR training on balance and gait recovery after stroke compared with conventional therapy as indicated with the most frequently used measures: gait speed, Berg Balance Scale, and Timed “Up & Go” Test. Virtual reality was more effective to train gait and balance than conventional training when VR interventions were added to conventional therapy and when time dose was matched.

Limitations

The presence of publication bias and diversity in included studies were limitations of the study.

Conclusions

The results suggest that VR training is more effective than balance or gait training without VR for improving balance or gait ability in patients with stroke. Future studies are recommended to investigate the effect of VR on participation level with an adequate follow-up period. Overall, a positive and promising effect of VR training on balance and gait ability is expected.
Are Flunkers Social Outcasts? A Multilevel Study of Grade Retention Effects on Same-Grade Friendships
Authors: Demanet Jannick , Van Houtte Mieke
Published: May 2016

We examine the association between grade retention and the number of same-grade friendships. Moreover, we investigate the effect of a school’s proportion of retained students on these friendships and the moderating effect of this school characteristic on the relationship between retention and the number of same-grade friendships. Multilevel analyses on data from 11,759 students in 83 Flemish secondary schools show that secondary school retention is related to a lower number of friendships. Primary school retention is unrelated to friendship quantity in secondary education. Furthermore, students attending schools with a higher percentage of retained students have fewer same-grade friendships. The retention composition also moderates the effect of individual grade retention on the number of same-grade friendships. The implications are discussed.
Alignment and Accountability in Policy Design and Implementation
Authors: Coburn Cynthia E. , Hill Heather C. , Spillane James P.
Published: May 2016

Both the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and recent efforts to hold schools and teachers accountable have been hotly debated among practitioners, policymakers, and the public at large. Much of the debate centers on the merits and demerits of these initiatives and the general approach they represent to reforming teaching and learning. In this article, we focus on a different issue, that is, the opportunity to advance research on policy implementation afforded by the intertwined nature of CCSS and accountability efforts. Arguing that it is essential for stakeholders, regardless of their stance on either reform, to understand whether and how both influence classroom teaching and learning, we outline elements of a research agenda to generate knowledge important to the design of future instructional policies. For this to happen, we argue that an implementation research agenda needs to build on (rather than reinvent) lessons learned from the past quarter century of implementation scholarship on instructional policy. To that end, we review theoretical and empirical insights from implementation research on standards-based reform and outline specific avenues for potential theory testing research on educational policy implementation.
Improvement of Complexity and Performance of Least Square Based Channel Estimation in MIMO System
Authors: Sah Anand Kumar , Timalsina Arun Kumar
Published: May 2016

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems play a vital role in fourth generation wireless systems to provide advanced data rate. In this paper, a better performance and reduced complexity channel estimation method is proposed for MIMO systems based on matrix factorization. This technique is applied on training based least squares (LS) channel estimation using STBC for performance improvement. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method not only alleviates the performance of MIMO channel estimation but also significantly reduces the complexity caused by matrix inversion. The performance evaluations are validated through computer simulations using MATLAB in terms of bit error rate (BER) for modified LS with LS and MMSE channel estimation techniques. Simulation results show that the BER performance and complexity of the proposed method clearly outperforms the conventional LS channel estimation method.

Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 11-24
A One-Dimensional Bio-Heat Transfer Equation with Galerkin FEM in Cylindrical Living Tissue
Authors: Pandey Hem Raj
Published: May 2016

A one-dimensional steady state bio-heat transfer model of temperature distribution in cylindrical living tissue is discussed using numerical approximation technique the Galerkin Finite element method.

We observe the effects of the thermal conductivity of the thermal system. The results show that the derived solution is useful to easily and accurately study the thermal behavior of the biological system, and can be extended to such applications as parameter measurement, temperature field reconstruction and clinical treatment. 

Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 45-50
3D Flow Modeling of the First Trifurcation Made in Nepal
Authors: Mallik Radha Krishan , Paudel Paras
Published: May 2016

The foremost objective of the study was to find out the most efficient profile of trifurcation in given constraints of pressure, velocity and layout of the overall geometry. The study was done for the 3.2 MW Madi Khola Hydropower Project of Gandaki Hydropower Development Co. Pvt. Ltd.  The 3 Dimensional Flow modeling of the trifurcation was based on the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

 The loss in the Trifurcation greatly depends upon its geometrical configuration. The research started with a general profile and the flow pattern generated inside it was studied with the help of 3 Dimensional Flow modeling .The extent of vortex zone formation inside the trifurcation indicates the loss inside trifurcation. The profile of the trifurcation was hence changed to reduce the vortex formation as far as possible, till we get minimum possible loss. The profile under study should meet maximum flow efficiency under the physical constraints of fabrication. The flow efficient profile was then analyzed to capture the stress amplification near junction. The reinforcing element in the form of steel T-section was added of different sectional values till the stress was within allowable limits under severe conditions.

Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 85-96
Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Ranabhat Ramesh
Published: May 2016

Due to rapid urbanization, ever increasing population, limited resources and industrialization all-inclusive, the environmentally habitual management of municipal solid waste has become a global challenge.  According to report of the National Population Census 2011, growth rate of Nepalese Population is 1.4 percent per annum with population density estimated at 181 per sq. KMs. Solid waste management inNepal, the current practice of the illegal dumping of solid waste on the river banks has created a serious environmental and public health problem. The focus of this study was to carry out the magnitude of the present SWM problems by identifying the sources, types, quantities, dangers and opportunities they pose. It will be helpful to examine the adequacy of the existing institutional arrangements and implement a strategic and operational plan for SWM and to establish the EASEWASTE data base of municipal solid waste management system inKathmandu City,Nepal. 

Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 97-106
Optimal Traffic Planning for Efficient Evacuation
Authors: Khadka S. R.
Published: May 2016

Efficient traffic planning during evacuation in emergency has been important issue. The planning based on research significantly improves the quality of the emergency management. In this paper, we discuss on both optimization and simulation approaches of the traffic planning. Both approaches have been extensively studied in the literature with efficient softwares.

Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 119-126
Intrusion Detection System Using Back Propagation Algorithm and Compare its Performance with Self Organizing Map
Authors: Shakya Subarna , Kaphle Bisho Raj
Published: May 2016

In recent years, internet and computers have been utilized by many people all over the world in several fields. On the other hand, network intrusion and information safety problems are ramifications of using internet. In this thesis it propose a new learning methodology towards developing a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) by back propagation neural networks (BPN) and self organizing map (SOM) and compare the performance between them. The main function of Intrusion Detection System is to protect the resources from threats. It analyzes and predicts the behaviors of users, and then these behaviors will be considered an attack or a normal behavior. The proposed method can significantly reduce the training time required. Additionally, the training results are good. It provides a powerful tool to help supervisors and unsupervisors analyze, model and understand the complex attack behavior of electronic crime.

Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 127-138
Palatal Fibroma - A Case-report
Authors: Khan Farooque , Gaikwad Romita
Published: May 2016

Fibroma is a benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue. Fibromas represent inflammatory state rather than neoplastic conditions, which  are mostly sessile or slightly pendunculated with a smooth contour, pale pink and are  firm in consistency, which commonly  occurs on gingiva, tongue, buccal mucosa and palate. Cinical, radiographic and histopathologic data combined with surgical findings are though essential, but it requires further studies to determine the exact nature of such fibromatous lesions. A multidisciplinary approach is needed in the management of ffibrtous lesions, so as to minimize its recurrence and to improve the quality of life, providing better  functioning and esthetics.JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(1):36-9.
A study of conservative management of tibial plateau fractures
Authors: Shrestha Robin , Kandel Manoj , Gupta Hemant Kumar , Shrestha Sundar Kumar , Dongol Sagun , Hamal Rajkumar Ravi
Published: May 2016

Background & Objectives: Tibial plateau fractures have been studied and reported extensively and exhaustively but still controversy exists over its management, whether surgical or conservative. Although several methods of treatment have been devised, each method of treatment offers their own advantages and disadvantages. In this study we utilized conservative method which like any other mode of treatment restores articular congruity, axial alignment, joint stability, functional motion and avoids complications. This study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of conservative treatment.Materials & Methods: Forty two randomly selected cases of tibial plateau fracture in adults more than 20 years of age were treated with above knee plaster of Paris cast for 4 to 6 weeks. At the end of six months outcome of this study was analyzed by Modified Rasmussen clinical criteria and radiological evaluation. Results: The Clinical assessment showed that 48% had excellent, 28% had good, 10% had fair and 14% had poor outcome while radiological outcome of this study showed 40.5% excellent, 33.3% fair, 9.5% fair and 16.7% poor result.Conclusion: In appropriately selected cases conservative treatment is a reliable alternative and is certainly without the complications associated with surgery.JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(1):5-9.
Study of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in recently diagnosed hypertensives in Central Nepal
Authors: Laudari Shankar , Dhungel Sachin , KC Pradip Jung , Prasad Guru , Bhattacharya Rabindra , Subramanyam G
Published: May 2016

CORRECTION: The conclusion on the PDF of this article was replaced on 17th April 2016. The corrected PDF is now available by clicking on the link below.Background & Objectives: Ectopic Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is now well established as a cause of left sided heart failure and as a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events. It is attributed mostly to systemic hypertension. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in recently diagnosed hypertensives in Nepalese population using echocardiography. Materials & Methods: Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed on 120 newly diagnosed patients of systemic hypertension. Transmitral Doppler indexes of diastolic function, Valsalva maneuver applied to the same mitral inflow pattern, pulsed tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time and pulmonary venous flow pattern.Results: The age of the patients in our study ranged from 20 to 84 years with mean age of 50years±14.13 years (standard deviation) and male:female ratio being 1.35:1. Hypertensive patients were highest in age group 45-64 years followed by 25-44 years in both the genders. Majority of the patients had stage 1 hypertension (44.16%) followed by stage 2 HTN in 34.17% and pre-hypertension in 21.67%. The majority of the patients in our study had Grade 1 LVDD (66.67%), 10.83% patients had Grade II LVDD, only 2.50% had non-restrictive Grade III LVDD and none had LVDD-IV. Stage II hypertensives had more LVDD(I+II+III): 39/41-95.12% than stage I hypertensives(39/53-73.58%) and pre-hypertensives (8/26-30.77%). The association between stages of systemic HTN and LVDD was found to be highly statistically significant (p=0.002). Conclusion: Our study showed that left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a common entity in Nepalese population with systemic hypertension.JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(1):14-18.
Identification of the Microbial Consortium in Sri Lankan Buffalo Milk Curd and their growth in the Presence of Prebiotics
Authors: Dekumpitiya N. , Gamlakshe D. , Abeygunawardena S. I. , Jayaratne D.
Published: May 2016

The production and consumption of traditionally fermented buffalo milk curd provides many economical and food security benefits to both producers and consumers in the country. To improve this traditional product as a value-added product, an investigation was conducted to elucidate the microbial consortium associated with curd using culturable techniques and the microbial load was quantified in the presence of prebiotics. Twenty six samples of curd were analyzed to isolate microorganisms. The two major LAB groups present in the samples were characterized as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. LABs were further identified as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, L. planatarum, L. helviticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and L. casei subsp casei, Streptococcus thermophiles and S. lactis.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. were also present in this microbial consortium  The addition of two types of commercially available prebiotics improved the counts of Lactobacillus in curd samples, despite the difference in the prebiotic compounds.
Electrocardiographic Changes During Pregnancy at Third Trimester: A Comparative Study
Authors: Chaudhary Sonam , Saha Chanchhu Gopal , Sarkar Dipali
Published: May 2016

Introduction: The cardiovascular system undergoes physiological changes during pregnancy. Electrocardiograms thereby play important role in understanding these physiological changes with the pathological one. The study has been carried out to study the electrocardiographic changes in pregnant women of third trimester and compare it with the non-pregnant women of same age group.Methods: Sixty third trimester pregnant women and sixty non-pregnant women of same age group attending Manipal Teaching Hospital were included. The 12 lead electrocardiograms of the participants were taken in supine position. The electrocardiograms were studied for various parameters like waves, intervals, segments and mean ventricular depolarization axis.Result: The result showed increase in heart rate in pregnant women when compared to control group. The decrease in PR interval associated with pregnancy was highly significant. The abnormalities in T wave associated with pregnancy, mostly in lead V1, V2, V3, V4, III and aVF were also highly significant. There was also increase occurrence of Q waves in pregnant women mostly in the bipolar leads. The QRS frontal axis compared to control showed increased tendency to shift towards left with advancing pregnancy. There was also significant increase in QT and QTc interval in third trimester pregnant women. The amplitude of various waves seemed to be decreased with pregnancy as well.Conclusion: This study shows that changes in electrocardiograms in third trimester pregnant women do occur. Therefore interpretation and evaluation of electrocardiograms in pregnancy should be done with caution.
Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Ripe Fruit Pulp of Tamarindus indica L. in Rats
Authors: Kaundinnyayana Sammodavardhana , Mahadevaiahcandraiah Satish Kumar , Udupa Alaya Laxminarayana
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Diuresis is an important pharmacological property which is useful in many clinical conditions. There is a need of better diuretics with lesser adverse effects in comparison to currently available diuretics. The study aimed to evaluate the diuretic activity of aqueous extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica L. in rats.Methods: The study was undertaken with aqueous extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica in three doses: 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and1200 mg/kg for its diuretic activity in comparison with standard (furosemide) and vehicle control (normal saline) in Wistar rats. Urine volume and electrolytes were measured after 24 hours of drug administration.Results: Aqueous extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica at the dose of 1200 mg/kg exhibited significant diuretic activity (p<0.05) without significant natriuretic effect. Magnesium excretion was also significantly increased in comparison to control group.Conclusion: Aqueous extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica has significant diuretic activity in Wistar rats.
Correlation of Small Dense LDL Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B with LDL Cholesterol and its Clinical Significance in Overweight, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Bhattarai Arabinda Mohan , Batra HS , Bandyopadhyay Suchit , Misra Pratibha , Sharma Manushri , Agarwal Deeprika
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is fundamentally related to disorders of lipid metabolism. Health problems like obesity, glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome increase atherosclerotic CAD risk.  A fraction of Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) is called small dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL). These particles are more atherogenic because they are taken up more easily by arterial wall, readily oxidized and not easily cleared from plasma. Every LDL particle contain an Apo B molecule.Methods: In this cross sectional study we recruited 100 known cases each of CAD, type 2 diabetes, overweight and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls. We took a detailed case summary along with anthropometric measurements. We measured sdLDL by heparin magnesium precipitation method followed by direct estimation of the LDL in the supernatant.Result: Linear regressive analysis showed positive correlation between sdLDL and Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) with LDL cholesterol (r=0.61, p=0.004), (r=0.754, p=0.0034) respectively. Multiple Comparisons after Kruskalwallis test of sdLDL and Apo B levels of  type 2 diabetes, CAD and overweight with controls were significant (p<0.001).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the estimation of sdLDL and Apo B provide a complimentary benefit in assessment of cases with CAD, type 2 diabetes and overweight.
Neoliberal Labour in Ramin Bahrani’s Films: Uneven Development, Entrepreneurial Governmentality, and Political Resistance
Authors: Kroik Polina
Published: May 2016

The essay analyzes representations of neoliberal labour in two films by the U.S. filmmaker Ramin Bahrani: Man Push Cart (2005) and Chop Shop (2007). By focusing on working-class labour in New York’s informal economy, the films undermine the prevalent characterization of contemporary labour as “immaterial” and fundamentally new. The essay argues that, in the latter film, the Willets Point neighbourhood appears as an area of “uneven development,” which gives the working-class characters a modicum of autonomy and a chance to transform their spaces. Yet the films’ greatest strength is their resistance to clichéd representations of working-class characters as oppressed “others”—objects of ethnographic fascination and paternalistic sympathy. Instead, Bahrani encourages the audience’s identification with the characters by using innovative filmmaking practice and focusing on the structures of “entrepreneurial governmentality,” usually associated with white-collar work. Bahrani’s films also highlight the contradictions of contemporary filmmaking and neoliberal culture.
Coming to Terms with the Murderer: Explanatory Mechanisms and Narrative Strategies in Three American Novels with Transgressive Protagonists
Authors: Dale John
Published: May 2016

The attempt to rehabilitate a murdering protagonist is common in American fiction. In naturalist novels this is achieved by ‘explaining’ the crime. However, a parallel strategy involving rehabilitation of the murderer through the manipulation of the reader’s sympathies is also in play. This last achieves greater prominence by the mid-twentieth century.
Bengt Liliequist: life and accomplishments of a true renaissance man
Authors: Connor David E. , Nanda Anil
Published: May 2016

In the 1970s, the membrane of Liliequist became the accepted name for a small band of arachnoid membrane separating the interpeduncular and chiasmatic cisterns, making it one of the most recent of the universally accepted medical eponyms. The story of its discovery, however, cannot be told without a thorough understanding of the man responsible and his contribution to the growth of a specialty. Bengt Liliequist lived during what many would consider the Golden Age of neuroradiology. With his colleagues at the Serafimer Hospital in Stockholm, he helped set the standard for appropriate imaging of the CNS and contributed to more accurate localization of intracerebral as well as spinal lesions. The pneumoencephalographic discovery of the membrane that was to bear his name serves merely as a starting point for a career that spanned five decades and included the defense of two separate doctoral theses, the last of which occurred after his 80th birthday. Although the recognition of neuroradiology as a subspecialty did not occur in his home country of Sweden until after his retirement, and technological progress saw the obsolescence of the procedure that he had mastered, Dr. Liliequist's accomplishments and his contributions to the current understanding of neuroanatomy merit our continued praise.
Use of a surgical rehearsal platform and improvement in aneurysm clipping measures: results of a prospective, randomized trial
Authors: Chugh A. Jessey , Pace Jonathan R. , Singer Justin , Tatsuoka Curtis , Hoffer Alan , Selman Warren R. , Bambakidis Nicholas C.
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE

The field of neurosurgery is constantly undergoing improvements and advances, both in technique and technology. Cerebrovascular neurosurgery is no exception, with endovascular treatments changing the treatment paradigm. Clipping of aneurysms is still necessary, however, and advances are still being made to improve patient outcomes within the microsurgical treatment of aneurysms. Surgical rehearsal platforms are surgical simulators that offer the opportunity to rehearse a procedure prior to entering the operative suite. This study is designed to determine whether use of a surgical rehearsal platform in aneurysm surgery is helpful in decreasing aneurysm dissection time and clip manipulation of the aneurysm.

METHODS

The authors conducted a blinded, prospective, randomized study comparing key effort and time variables in aneurysm clip ligation surgery with and without preoperative use of the SuRgical Planner (SRP) surgical rehearsal platform. Initially, 40 patients were randomly assigned to either of two groups: one in which surgery was performed after use of the SRP (SRP group) and one in which surgery was performed without use of the SRP (control group). All operations were videotaped. After exclusion of 6 patients from the SRP group and 9 from the control group, a total of 25 surgical cases were analyzed by a reviewer blinded to group assignment. The videos were analyzed for total microsurgical time, number of clips used, and number of clip placement attempts. Means and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated and compared between groups.

RESULTS

The mean (± SD) amount of operative time per clip used was 920 ± 770 seconds in the SRP group and 1294 ± 678 seconds in the control group (p = 0.05). In addition, the mean values for the number of clip attempts, total operative time, ratio of clip attempts to clips used, and time per clip attempt were all lower in the SRP group, although the between-group differences were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative rehearsal with SRP increased efficiency and safety in aneurysm microsurgery as demonstrated by the statistically significant improvement in time per clip used. Although the rest of the outcomes did not demonstrate statistically significant between-group differences, the fact that the SRP group showed improvement in mean values for all measures studied suggests that preoperative rehearsal may increase the efficiency and safety of aneurysm microsurgery. Future studies aimed at improving patient outcome and safety during surgical clipping of aneurysms will be needed to keep pace with the quickly advancing endovascular field.
Analysis of facial motor evoked potentials for assessing a central mechanism in hemifacial spasm
Authors: Wilkinson Marshall F. , Chowdhury Tumul , Mutch W. Alan , Kaufmann Anthony M.
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a cranial nerve hyperactivity disorder characterized by unique neurophysiological features, although the underlying pathophysiology remains disputed. In this study, the authors compared the effects of desflurane on facial motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the spasm and nonspasm sides of patients who were undergoing microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery to test the hypothesis that HFS is associated with a central elevation of facial motor neuron excitability.

METHODS

Facial MEPs were elicited in 31 patients who were undergoing MVD for HFS and were administered total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with or without additional desflurane, an inhaled anesthetic known to centrally suppress MEPs. All measurements were completed before dural opening while a consistent mean arterial blood pressure was maintained and electroencephalography was performed. The activation threshold voltage and mean amplitudes of the MEPs from both sides of the face were compared.

RESULTS

There was a significantly lower mean activation threshold of facial MEPs on the spasm side than on the nonspasm side (mean ± SD 162.9 ± 10.1 vs 198.3 ± 10.1 V, respectively; p = 0.01). In addition, MEPs were also elicited more readily when single-pulse transcranial electrical stimulation was used on the spasm side (74% vs 31%, respectively; p = 0.03). Although desflurane (1 minimum alveolar concentration) suppressed facial MEPs on both sides, the suppressive effects of desflurane were less on the spasm side than on the nonspasm side (59% vs 79%, respectively; p = 0.03), and M waves recorded from the mentalis muscle remained unchanged, which indicates that desflurane did not affect the peripheral facial nerve or neuromuscular junction.

CONCLUSIONS

Centrally acting inhaled anesthetic agents can suppress facial MEPs and therefore might interfere with intraoperative monitoring. The elevated motor neuron excitability and differential effects of desflurane between the spasm and nonspasm sides support a mechanism of central pathophysiology in HFS.

Clinical trial registration no.: B2012:099 (clinicaltrials.gov)
Posterior interosseous nerve discontinuity due to compression by lipoma: report of 2 cases
Authors: Maldonado Andrés A. , Howe Benjamin M. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: May 2016

Paralysis of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) secondary to compression is a rare clinical condition. Entrapment neuropathy may occur at fibrous bands at the proximal, middle, or distal edge of the supinator. Tumors are a relatively rare but well-known potential cause. The authors present 2 cases of PIN lesions in which compression by a benign lipoma at the level of the elbow resulted in near transection (discontinuity) of the nerve. They hypothesize a mechanism—a “sandwich effect”—by which compression was produced from below by the mass and from above by a fibrous band in the supinator muscle (i.e., the leading edge of the proximal supinator muscle [arcade of Fröhse] in one patient and the distal edge of the supinator muscle in the other). A Grade V Sunderland nerve lesion resulted from the advanced, chronic compression. The authors are unaware of a similar case with such an advanced pathoanatomical finding.
A comparison of open versus percutaneous cervical transfacet fixation
Authors: Husain Adeel , Akpolat Yusuf T. , Palmer Daniel K. , Rios David , Criswell Kevin R. , Cheng Wayne K.
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to describe a technique for percutaneous cervical transfacet screw placement and compare this technique to the open technique with regard to the accuracy of facet capture and the potential of placing neurovascular structures at risk.

METHODS

Eight cadaveric cervical spines were harvested. One side of each spine was assigned to the percutaneous group, and the other side to the open group. The spines were instrumented from C-3 to T-1 (80 screws). The distance to the spinal canal, foramen transversarium, and neural foramen were measured to determine the likelihood of placing neurovascular structures at risk. The percentage of the facet joint captured and the angle of screw trajectory compared with the ideal trajectory were used to determine the accuracy.

RESULTS

There were, in total, 11 misplacements of screws: 2 screws using the open technique and 9 screws using the percutaneous technique (p = 0.006). From a neurovascular point of view, 3 percutaneous screws violated the foramen transversarium. Two of these percutaneous screws violated the neural foramen. No neurovascular foramina were violated using the open technique. The open technique resulted in a significantly greater distance from the screw to the spinal canal (p < 0.001). The distance from the screw to the foramen transversarium (p = 0.015), as well as the distance from the screw to the neural foramen (p = 0.012), did not demonstrate statistical difference when using either technique. As for the accuracy of facet capture, 8 screws exhibited less than 15% purchase of the facet joint. Six of these screws were placed using the percutaneous technique, and 2 screws were placed using the open technique.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a higher incidence of screw misplacement using the percutaneous transfacet in comparison to the open transfacet technique. The accuracies of facet capture using the 2 techniques were not statistically different. Surgeons will need to understand the potential risk of using the percutaneous technique as an alternative to open transfacet fixation.
N-acetylaspartate in the motor and sensory cortices following functional recovery after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Goncalves Sandy , Stevens Todd K. , Doyle-Pettypiece Patricia , Bartha Robert , Duggal Neil
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of reversible spinal cord dysfunction in people over the age of 55 years. Following surgery for symptomatic CSM, patients demonstrate motor improvement early in the postoperative course, whereas sensory improvement can lag behind. The authors of the present study hypothesized that changes in the concentration of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the motor and sensory cortices in the brain would emulate the time course of neurological recovery following decompression surgery for CSM. Their aim was to compare and contrast how metabolite levels in the motor and sensory cortices change after surgery to reverse downstream spinal cord compression.

METHODS

Twenty-four patients with CSM and 8 control subjects were studied using proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) images acquired on a 3.0-T Siemens MRI unit. The 1H-MRS data (TE 135 msec, TR 2000 msec) were acquired to measure absolute levels of NAA from the motor and sensory cortices in the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the side of greater deficit at baseline in each subject. Data were also acquired at 6 weeks and 6 months following surgery. Control subjects were also evaluated at 6 weeks and 6 months following baseline data acquisition. Neurological function was measured in each subject at all time points using the Neck Disability Index (NDI), modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) questionnaire, and the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) neurological classification.

RESULTS

In the motor cortex of patients, NAA levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 6 weeks and 6 months postsurgery compared with baseline levels. In the sensory cortex of patients, NAA levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) only at 6 months after surgery compared with baseline and 6-week levels. No significant changes in NAA were found in control subjects. Clinical scores demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) motor recovery by 6 weeks, whereas sensory improvements (p < 0.05) appeared at only 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that metabolite changes in both the motor and sensory cortices mimic the time course of functional motor and sensory recovery in patients with CSM. The temporal course of neurological recovery may be influenced by metabolic changes in respective cortical regions.
Indirect and direct revascularization of ACTA2 cerebral arteriopathy: feasibility of the superficial temporal artery to anterior cerebral artery bypass with posterior auricular artery interposition graft: case report
Authors: Rutledge W. Caleb , Choudhri Omar , Walcott Brian P. , Benet Arnau , Fox Christine K. , Gupta Nalin , Lawton Michael T.
Published: May 2016

Mutations in the smooth muscle–specific isoform of alpha actin (ACTA2) cause smooth muscle dysfunction in arteries. This rare loss-of-function mutation may cause a diffuse occlusive cerebral arteriopathy, resulting in stroke. While ACTA2 arteriopathy is often described as moyamoya-like, it has a distinct phenotype characterized by dilation of the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) and occlusion of the terminal ICA and proximal middle cerebral artery. Intracranial arteries have an abnormally straight course, often with small aneurysms. There is limited experience with revascularization procedures for ACTA2 arteriopathy, and the safety and efficacy of these procedures are unknown. In this paper the authors present a symptomatic 6-year-old patient with ACTA2 cerebral arteriopathy who underwent both indirect revascularization and direct cerebrovascular bypass. Postoperatively, the patient suffered an ischemic infarct in a neighboring vascular territory. While direct cerebrovascular bypass is technically feasible, patients with ACTA2 arteriopathy may be at increased risk for perioperative stroke compared with patients with moyamoya disease.
How to Increase the h-BN Crystallinity of Microfilms and Self-Standing Nanosheets: A Review of the Different Strategies Using the PDCs Route
Authors: Yuan Sheng , Journet Catherine , Linas Sébastien , Garnier Vincent , Steyer Philippe , Benayoun Stéphane , Brioude Arnaud , Toury Bérangère
Published: May 2016

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a well-known material whose use is almost restricted to lubricating applications in domains ranging from metallurgy to cosmetics. Howover, h-BN displays many other interesting properties, opening new perspectives for other engineering applications, such as as a solid lubricant in aeronautics, as the perfect substrate to graphene for electronic devices, etc. However, all these promising developments require tailored h-BN shapes displaying a high level of crystallization, ensuring its properties for the long term. Here, we developed three strategies, all associated with the Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs) route, to prepare highly crystallized supported thick coatings and self-standing nanosheets. The first strategy concerns the innovative implementation of a Rapid Thermal Annealing to prepare micrometric h-BN coatings on thermal sensitive substrates. Compared to conventional treatment the crystallization of h-BN has successfully lowered to about 300 °C. The second strategy consists of an additivation of the used polymer precursor. Effect of lithium nitride as a crystallization promoter was investigated lowering the onset crystallization temperature from 1400 °C (traditionally) to 1000 °C. This novel synthetic route allows preparing self-standing highly crystallized h-BN nanolayers. Finally, the third strategy is based on a unique combination of the PDCs route with Spark Plasma Sintering to profit of both approaches. This original method leads to large and well-crystallized flakes available for a subsequent exfoliation.