bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecstatic Forms: Air and the Apsarā  during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
Authors: Feng Anne N
Published: November 2024

As a minor deity in Buddhist art, the apsarā (feitian/hiten) is a beloved figure in China and Japan today. Their images adorn bottles of high-end liquor, while their names are bestowed upon moon-bound spacecrafts. Ecstatically tumbling and twirling in the air, the impossible contortion of their acrobatic bodies creates a sense of weightlessness and boundlessness. This essay argues that the apsarā only emerged as an art-historical subject during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), when intellectuals, artists and performers, on both sides of the frontlines, became concerned with the intermingling of space and form through the medium of air. Tracing how modern writers and choreographers used the apsarā to adumbrate modernist aspirations of movement, speed, aviation and progress, I show how the apsarā was folded into new international discourses on mood, atmosphere and space in art and dance in the early twentieth century.
Microfocused Ultrasound With Visualization (MFU-V) and Hyperdilute Calcium Hydroxylapatite (CaHA-CMC) of the Lower Face and Submentum to Treat Skin Laxity: A Pilot Study Demonstrating Superiority of MFU-V First Followed by Hyperdilute CaHA-CMC
Authors: Doyle Amanda , Looi Iris , Chu Paul
Published: November 2024

Background

Microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V) and hyperdilute calcium hydroxylapatite-carboxymethylcellulose (CaHA-CMC) dermal injections are effective for improving skin laxity in the lower face and submentum by stimulating neocollagenesis and neoelastogenesis.

Objectives

Combining these treatments in an optimal order may inform best practice in aesthetic dermatology. Despite their frequent concurrent use, no study has evaluated the impact of treatment order. This study aimed to determine the optimal sequence for administering MFU-V and hyperdilute CaHA-CMC.

Methods

Twelve healthy women aged 35 to 65 years were randomized into 2 groups. Group A received MFU-V followed by hyperdilute CaHA-CMC 6 weeks later, while Group B received the treatments in the opposite order. Evaluations included histological assessments, aesthetic outcomes, and safety measures.

Results

Group A showed greater improvements in subjective Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, investigator Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, and FACE-Q Patient-Perceived Age visual analog scale scores. Both groups exhibited similar improvements in FACE-Q Satisfaction with Lower Face and Jawline scores. Histologically, both groups demonstrated significant elastin production at the 120-day follow-up. Group A showed a 143% relative increase in elastin coverage, compared with a 63% increase in Group B. Consequently, Group A exhibited superior qualitative and histologic improvements.

Conclusions

Administering MFU-V first, followed by hyperdilute CaHA-CMC 6 weeks later, is the optimal sequence for this combination therapy. Although both groups experienced increased elastin synthesis and aesthetic improvements, the order of treatments significantly impacted the outcomes, favoring the sequence used in Group A. This finding provides valuable insight for optimizing combination therapies in aesthetic dermatology.

Level of Evidence: 4 (Therapeutic)
ONDSA: a testing framework based on Gaussian graphical models for differential and similarity analysis of multiple omics networks
Authors: Chen Jiachen , Murabito Joanne M , Lunetta Kathryn L
Published: November 2024

The Gaussian graphical model (GGM) is a statistical network approach that represents conditional dependencies among components, enabling a comprehensive exploration of disease mechanisms using high-throughput multi-omics data. Analyzing differential and similar structures in biological networks across multiple clinical conditions can reveal significant biological pathways and interactions associated with disease onset and progression. However, most existing methods for estimating group differences in sparse GGMs only apply to comparisons between two groups, and the challenging problem of multiple testing across multiple GGMs persists. This limitation hinders the ability to uncover complex biological insights that arise from comparing multiple conditions simultaneously. To address these challenges, we propose the Omics Networks Differential and Similarity Analysis (ONDSA) framework, specifically designed for continuous omics data. ONDSA tests for structural differences and similarities across multiple groups, effectively controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) at a desired level. Our approach focuses on entry-wise comparisons of precision matrices across groups, introducing two test statistics to sequentially estimate structural differences and similarities while adjusting for correlated effects in FDR control procedures. We show via comprehensive simulations that ONDSA outperforms existing methods under a range of graph structures and is a valuable tool for joint comparisons of multiple GGMs. We also illustrate our method through the detection of neuroinflammatory pathways in a multi-omics dataset from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort, involving three apolipoprotein E genotype groups. It highlights ONDSA’s ability to provide a more holistic view of biological interactions and disease mechanisms through multi-omics data integration.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals common interactions between follicle immune cells and granulosa cells in premature ovarian insufficiency patients
Authors: Han Ying , Diao Junrong , Wang Xinyan , Zhang Shuai , Yuan Lina , Ping Yaqiong , Gao Ge , Zhang Yunshan , Luo Haining
Published: November 2024

This study aims to investigate the follicle microenvironment of individuals with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), normal ovarian reserve (normal), and advanced maternal age (AMA), and identify potential therapeutic targets. A total of nine women, including three POI, three normal, and three AMA women, who underwent in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection were included in this study. For each participant, the first punctured follicle not containing cumulus cells were submitted to single-cell RNA sequencing to explore the characteristics of the follicle microenvironment of POI, normal, and AMA individuals. A total of 87,323 cells were isolated and grouped into six clusters: T cells, B cells, neutrophils, basophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and granulosa cells. Further analysis demonstrated that the population of granulosa cells in cluster 6 was increased in AMA and POI patients, whereas the population of gamma delta T (GDT) cells was decreased. We also found that the genes that were differentially expressed between GDT cells and monocytes were enriched in ribosome- and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related pathways. In addition, it showed that VEGFA–FLT1 interaction between the monocytes and granulosa cells may be lost in the AMA and POI patients as compared with the normal group. Loss of the VEGFA–FLT1 interaction in monocytes and granulosa cells, along with enriched ER- and ribosome-related pathways, may drive excess inflammation, accelerating granulosa cell senility and contributing to infertility. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of POI and aging and highlights the VEGFA–FLT1 interaction may be a potential therapeutic target for reducing inflammation and treating POI.
A causal inference framework for leveraging external controls in hybrid trials
Authors: Valancius Michael , Pang Herbert , Zhu Jiawen , Cole Stephen R , Jonsson Funk Michele , Kosorok Michael R
Published: November 2024

We consider the challenges associated with causal inference in settings where data from a randomized trial are augmented with control data from an external source to improve efficiency in estimating the average treatment effect (ATE). This question is motivated by the SUNFISH trial, which investigated the effect of risdiplam on motor function in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. While the original analysis used only data generated by the trial, we explore an alternative analysis incorporating external controls from the placebo arm of a historical trial. We cast the setting into a formal causal inference framework and show how these designs are characterized by a lack of full randomization to treatment and heightened dependency on modeling. To address this, we outline sufficient causal assumptions about the exchangeability between the internal and external controls to identify the ATE and establish a connection with novel graphical criteria. Furthermore, we propose estimators, review efficiency bounds, develop an approach for efficient doubly robust estimation even when unknown nuisance models are estimated with flexible machine learning methods, suggest model diagnostics, and demonstrate finite-sample performance of the methods through a simulation study. The ideas and methods are illustrated through their application to the SUNFISH trial, where we find that external controls can increase the efficiency of treatment effect estimation.
The quantitative impact of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT staging in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer and treatment-decision implications
Authors: Abdel-Aty Hoda , Hujairi Nabil , Murray Iain , Yogeswaran Yathushan , van As Nicholas , James Nicholas
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To quantify the stage-shift with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT imaging in metastatic prostate cancer and explore treatment implications.

Methods

Single-centre, retrospective analysis of patients with newly diagnosed [18F]PSMA-1007 or [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT-detected metastatic prostate cancer who had baseline bone scintigraphy between January 2015 and May 2021. Patients were subclassified into oligometastatic and polymetastatic disease utilizing the STAMPEDE2 trial (ISRCTN66357938/NCT06320067) definition. Patient, tumour, and treatment characteristics were collected. PSMA PET/CT concordance with conventional imaging (bone scintigraphy and low-dose CT of PET) was identified by number and site of metastases, and subgroup assigned. Spearman’s rank correlation and linear regression modelling determined the association between the imaging modalities.

Results

We analysed 62 patients with a median age was 72 years (range 48-86). On PSMA PET/CT, 31/62 (50%) patients had oligometastatic disease, and 31/62 (50%) had polymetastatic disease. Prostate radiotherapy was delivered in 20/31 (65%) patients with oligometastatic disease and 17/31 (55%) with polymetastatic disease. 23/62 (37%) patients were reclassified as M0 on conventional imaging. PSMA PET/CT had a 2.9-fold increase in detecting bone metastases. Bone metastases concordance was found in 10/50 (20%) by number and 30/33 (91%) by site. PSMA PET/CT had a 2.2-fold increase in detecting nodal metastases. Nodal metastases concordance was found in 5/46 (11%) by number and 25/26 (96%) by site. There was significant positive correlation between PSMA PET/CT and conventional imaging for detecting bone [R2 = 0.25 (P < 0.001)] and nodal metastases [R2 = 0.19 (P < 0.001)]. 16/31 (52%) had oligometastatic disease concordance.

Conclusion

The magnitude of PSMA PET/CT-driven stage-shift is highly variable and unpredictable with implications on treatment decisions, future trial design, and potentially clinical outcomes.

Advances in knowledge

The magnitude of “frame-shift” with PSMA PET/CT imaging is highly variable and unpredictable which may unreliably change treatment decisions dependent on image-defined disease extent. Prospective randomized trials are required to determine the relationship between PSMA PET/CT-guided treatment choices and outcomes.
Bridging the gap: unlocking the potential of emerging drug therapies for brain metastasis
Authors: Ding Jiatong , Jiang Yale , Jiang Ning , Xing Shujun , Ge Fan , Ma Peiwen , Tang Qiyu , Miao Huilei , Zhou Jiawei , Fang Yuan , Cui Dandan , Liu Dongyan , Han Yanjie , Yu Weijie , Wang Yuning , Zhao Guo , Cai Yuanting , Wang Shuhang , Sun Nan , Li Ning
Published: November 2024

Brain metastasis remains an unmet clinical need in advanced cancers with an increasing incidence and poor prognosis. The limited response to various treatments is mainly derived from the presence of the substantive barrier, blood–brain barrier (BBB) and brain–tumour barrier (BTB), which hinders the access of potentially effective therapeutics to the metastatic tumour of the brain. Recently, the understanding of the structural and molecular features of the BBB/BTB has led to the development of efficient strategies to enhance BBB/BTB permeability and deliver drugs across the BBB/BTB to elicit the anti-tumour response against brain metastasis. Meanwhile, novel agents capable of penetrating the BBB have rapidly developed and been evaluated in preclinical studies and clinical trials, with both targeted therapies and immunotherapies demonstrating impressive intracranial activity against brain metastasis.

In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the biological properties of the BBB/BTB and the emerging strategies for BBB/BTB permeabilization and drug delivery across the BBB/BTB. We also discuss the emerging targeted therapies and immunotherapies against brain metastasis tested in clinical trials. Additionally, we provide our viewpoints on accelerating clinical translation of novel drugs into clinic for patients of brain metastasis. Although still challenging, we expect this review to benefit the future development of novel therapeutics, specifically from a clinical perspective.
CAFomics: convergence to translation for precision stroma approaches
Authors: McCabe Ian C , Peng Xianlu L , Kearney Joseph F , Yeh Jen Jen
Published: November 2024

A noticeable characteristic of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors is a dense tumor microenvironment with abundant and dense, desmoplastic stroma woven tightly with both cellular and matrix components. The high stromal density is associated with higher intratumor pressures which, until the last decade, was largely assumed to be tumor protective, confirmed by early studies demonstrating that altering the stroma was effective in genetically engineered models of PDAC. However, clinical trials using these approaches have been disappointing. There is increasing recognition that stroma heterogeneity is much greater than initially thought with an explosion of investigation into cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subpopulations led by experimental and single-cell transcriptomic studies. This review summarizes and attempts to harmonize the current transcriptomic data of CAF subpopulations. Understanding the heterogeneity of CAFs, the matrix, and other tumor microenvironment features will be critical to developing effective therapeutic approaches. Identifying model systems that best recapitulate the clinical behavior and treatment response of human PDAC will be important. Examining subpopulations as defined by clinical outcome will remain a critical step in defining clinically impactful CAF subtypes in larger clinical cohorts. The future of precision oncology in PDAC will depend on the integration of precision tumor epithelial and precision stroma approaches.
Latent tuberculosis screening without chest X-ray: a single-centre experience
Authors: Pender Emily K , Hughes Rosalind , Kirby Brian
Published: November 2024

Following a previous audit of latent tuberculosis (TB) screening prior to biologic treatment in our centre, which showed that chest X-ray was not useful in screening for latent TB, we removed chest X-ray from our screening protocol. We report the results of a review of latent TB screening in 761 patients prior to commencing biologic agents for psoriasis or hidradenitis suppurativa, finding that rates of latent TB infection in this cohort (3.3%) are similar to background rates of latent TB infection in the Republic of Ireland.
Catching invasives with curiosity: the importance of passive biosecurity surveillance systems for invasive forest pest detection
Authors: Roe Amanda D , Greenwood Leigh F , Coyle David R
Published: November 2024

First detections of nonnative insect species are often made by curious members of the public rather than by specialists or trained professionals. Passive surveillance is a crucial component of national biosecurity surveillance, highlighted by early detection case studies of several prominent nonnative arthropod pests (e.g., Asian longhorned beetle [ALB], Jorō spider, spotted lanternfly). These examples demonstrate that curiosity and the recognition of novelty in the natural world, along with enabling technology and systems, are a critical part of early detection and effective invasive species management. This is particularly impactful when dealing with conspicuous pests or for new and emerging nonnative species that have yet to be detected in a new location. Data from historical and recent accounts of first detections of ALB incursions and other invasive forest pests underscore the need to invest in passive surveillance reporting systems and fully integrate public observations into existing surveillance frameworks. New automated approaches streamline the assessment of public observations and can generate pest alerts to initiate a formal regulatory assessment. Biodiversity monitoring platforms, such as iNaturalist, provide a focal point for community engagement and aggregate verified public observations. Empowering proactive reporting of biological novelty provides needed support for early detection of invasive species. Embracing the public as active members of the surveillance community can be cost effective and lead to the greatest gains in the proactive management of invasive species around the world.
The mechanistic interaction between mechanical dyssynchrony and filling pressure in cardiac resynchronisation therapy candidates
Authors: Beela Ahmed S , Manetti Claudia A , Prinzen Frits W , Delhaas Tammo , Herbots Lieven , Lumens Joost
Published: November 2024

Aims

Both left ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony and filling pressure have been shown to be associated with outcome in heart failure patient treated with cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT). To investigate the mechanistic link between mechanical dyssynchrony and filling pressure and to assess their combined prognostic value in CRT candidates.

Methods and results

Left atrial pressure (LAP) estimation and quantification of mechanical dyssynchrony were retrospectively performed in 219 CRT patients using echocardiography. LAP was elevated (eLAP) in 49% of the population, normal (nLAP) in 40%, and indeterminate in 11%. CRT response was defined as per cent-decrease in LV end-systolic volume after 12 ± 6 months CRT. Clinical endpoint was all-cause mortality during 4.8 years (interquartile range: 2.7–6.0 years). To investigate the mechanistic link between mechanical dyssynchrony and filling pressure, the CircAdapt computer model was used to simulate cardiac mechanics and haemodynamics in virtual hearts with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and various causes of increased filling pressure. Patients with nLAP had more significant mechanical dyssynchrony than those with eLAP. The combined assessment of both parameters before CRT was significantly associated with reverse LV remodelling and post-CRT survival. Simulations revealed that mechanical dyssynchrony is attenuated by increased LV operational chamber stiffness, regardless of whether it is caused by passive or active factors, explaining the link between mechanical dyssynchrony and filling pressure.

Conclusion

Our combined clinical-computational data demonstrate that in patients with LBBB, the presence of mechanical dyssynchrony indicates relatively normal LV compliance and low filling pressure, which may explain their strong association with positive outcomes after CRT.
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of atrial functional mitral regurgitation: analysis from the REVEAL-AFMR registry
Authors: Murata Azusa , Kaneko Tomohiro , Amano Masashi , Sato Yukio , Ohno Yohei , Obokata Masaru , Sato Kimi , Okada Taiji , Sakamoto Akira , Hirose Naoki , Morita Kojiro , Machino-Ohtsuka Tomoko , Abe Yukio , Minamino Tohru , Delgado Victoria , Kagiyama Nobuyuki
Published: November 2024

Aims

The prevalence, characteristics, and prognosis of atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) based on severity remain unclear. No studies have systematically evaluated quantitative thresholds, such as effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) or regurgitant volume, in relation to outcomes in AFMR. This multicentre study aimed to clarify the clinical implications of both qualitative and quantitative assessments of AFMR severity.

Methods and results

In this first multicentre study across 26 centres, patients with at least moderate AFMR—defined by preserved left ventricular (LV) function, enlarged left atrium (LA), and absence of primary mitral valve changes—were retrospectively analysed. AFMR severity was evaluated using a comprehensive approach, including EROA, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant fraction. Among the 1007 patients, 728 (72.3%) had moderate, 146 (14.5%) moderate-to-severe, and 133 (13.2%) severe AFMR. Age, sex, natriuretic peptide levels, and LV ejection fraction were similar across all groups. Patients with severe AFMR had longer atrial fibrillation history, worse heart failure symptoms, larger LV and LA, and more severe tricuspid regurgitation. AFMR severity was independently associated with a higher risk of death, heart failure hospitalization, and mitral valve intervention (hazard ratio 1.51, P = 0.001 for moderate-to-severe, 2.80, P < 0.001 for severe). Quantitative thresholds showed a significantly higher event risk with EROA ≥ 0.30, regurgitant volume ≥ 60 mL, and regurgitant fraction ≥ 50%.

Conclusion

Severe AFMR was common and linked to greater atrial fibrillation burden, cardiac structural issues, and an increased risk of adverse clinical events. Quantitative thresholds offer valuable guidance for clinical decision-making and treatment planning.
Impact of intravascular ultrasound for coronary bifurcations treated with last-generation stents: insights from the ULTRA-BIFURCAT registry
Authors: Bruno Francesco , Choi Ki Hong , De Filippo Ovidio , Kim Hyun Kuk , Doronzo Mattia , Cho Yun-Kyeong , Pinxterhuis Tineke H , Kang Jeehoon , Mattesini Alessio , Song Young Bin , Piccolo Raffaele , Koo Bon-Kwon , Wańha Wojciech , Lee Hyun-Jong , Cortese Bernardo , Gwon Hyeon-Cheol , Perl Leor , Kim Hyo-soo , Tuttolomondo Domenico , Iannaccone Mario , Chun Woo Jung , Capodanno Davide , Leone Attilio , Truffa Giachet Alessandra , Hur Seung-Ho , Stefanini Giulio , Han Seung Hwan , Escaned Javier , Carmeci Antonino , Campo Gianluca , Patti Giuseppe , von Birgelen Clemens , de Ferrari Gaetano Maria , Nam Chang-Wook , D'Ascenzo Fabrizio
Published: November 2024

Background

Bifurcation lesions are associated with higher rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Aim

To investigate the impact of imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a real-world population with coronary bifurcation lesions.

Methods and results

From the ULTRA-BIFURCAT registry, we compared intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) vs. angiographic guidance in a cohort of 3486 propensity matched patients. MACE, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), target-lesion revascularization, and stent thrombosis was the primary endpoint. Subgroup analyses were performed for unprotected left main (ULM) and non-ULM disease. PSM generated 1743 pairs. MACE occurred in 154 (9%) patients in the IVUS-guided group and in 199 (11%) patients in the angio-guided group (P = 0.09). IVUS guidance was associated with lower MACE in the ULM population [hazard ratio (HR) 0.62, 95% confidence internal (CI) 0.46–0.83], but had no impact in the non-ULM population (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.83–1.51), P for interaction = 0.006. IVUS was associated with a reduction in all-MI (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.16–0.64) in the ULM population and with lower stent thrombosis (ST) in the non-ULM population (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.71). Provisional stenting was associated with lower MACE in the ULM population (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45–0.98), whereas kissing balloon (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.56–0.99) and ultra-thin stents (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29–0.67) were protective factors in the non-ULM population.

Conclusion

In a real-world scenario, IVUS guidance during drug eluting stent (DES) implantation is associated with a lower rate of MACE in patients with ULM coronary bifurcation lesions. In non-ULM bifurcations, no difference was observed on MACE, while IVUS guidance was associated with a lower rate of ST.
Does metabolic rate influence genome-wide amino acid composition in the course of animal evolution?
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang De-Xing
Published: November 2024

Natural selection is believed to shape amino acid usage of the proteome by minimizing the energy cost of protein biosynthesis. Although this hypothesis explains well the amino acid frequency (AAfrequency) difference among the 20 common amino acids within a given genome (species), whether it is applicable to cross-species difference remains to be inspected. Here, we proposed and tested a “metabolic rate hypothesis,” which suggests that metabolic rate impacts genome-wide AAfrequency, considering that the energy allocated to protein biosynthesis is under selection pressure due to metabolic rate constraint. We performed integrated phylogenetic comparative analyses on proteomic sequence and metabolic rate data of 166 species covering 130 eumetazoan orders. We showed that resting metabolic rate (RMR) was significantly linked to AAfrequency variation across animal lineages, with a contribution comparable to or greater than genomic traits such as GC content and codon usage bias. Consistent with the metabolic rate hypothesis, low-energy-cost amino acids are observed to be more likely at higher frequency in animal species with high (residual) metabolic rate. Correlated evolution of RMR and AAfrequency was further inferred being driven by adaptation. The relationship between RMR and AAfrequency varied greatly among amino acids, most likely reflecting a trade-off among various interacting factors. Overall, there exists no “one-size-fits-all” predictor for AAfrequency, and integrated investigation of multilevel traits is indispensable for a fuller understanding of AAfrequency variation and evolution in animal.
Asymmetrical hybridization and environmental factors influence the spatial genetic structure of a killifish hybrid zone
Authors: Hardy Andrew L , Gaither Michelle R , Lotterhos Katie E , Greaves Samuel , Cipolla Kyra Jean , Kerns Emily V , Prieto Trujillo Andres , Gilg Matthew R
Published: November 2024

Hybridization offers insight into speciation and the forces that maintain barriers to reproduction, and hybrid zones provide excellent opportunities to test how environment shapes barriers to reproduction and hybrid fitness. A hybrid zone between the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus and Fundulus grandis, had been identified in northeastern Florida, although the spatial structure and parameters that affect the distribution of the two species remain unknown. The present study aimed to determine the fine-scale spatial genetic patterns of the hybrid zone to test the hypothesis that species ranges are influenced by changes in dominant vegetation and to determine how differences in reproductive barriers between the two species influence the observed patterns. The area of overlap between the two species spanned ~37 km and showed a mosaic pattern of hybridization, suggesting the spatial structure of the hybrid zone is largely influenced by the environment. Environmental association analysis, however, suggested that while dominant vegetation had a significant influence on the spatial structure of the hybrid zone, a combination of environmental factors was driving the observed patterns. Hybridization tended to be rare at sites where F. heteroclitus was the more abundant species, suggesting that differences in preference for conspecifics can lead to differences in rates of introgression into parental taxa and likely result in a range-shift as opposed to adaptation in the face of climate change.
German Intelligence during the Second World War: The Canary Islands as a Case Study
Authors: García Cabrera Marta
Published: November 2024

Between 1939 and 1945, the Canary Islands, an important region of nominally neutral or non-belligerent Spain, were a site of military planning, diplomacy, propaganda, naval supply, and intelligence. Most practically, the Third Reich utilized the islands as a supply station for ships and submarines. It could also draw on the National Socialist sympathies of the large and integrated German community. It established intelligence-gathering campaigns in four forms: (1) naval intelligence gathered by the secret supply service of the German Navy, (2) a network of espionage, information, subversion and sabotage operations organized by the Abwehr, which connected the islands with Río de Oro, Ifni and Cabo Juby in Spanish Sahara, (3) a military radio monitoring and interception substation; and (4) surveillance and information-gathering undertaken by agents of police organizations. This article considers the role played by German intelligence in the Canary Islands as a case study of wartime intelligence operations.
Nursing Home Administrators’ Experiences of Work Stress and Intention to Quit During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nelson H Wayne , Weil Joyce , McSweeney-Feld Mary Helen , Yang Bo Kyum , Barry Theresa “Teta” , Thayer Natalie
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic negatively affected nursing home administrators (NHAs). This study explores licensed and employed NHA’s perceptions about what work stress events would drive their turnover intentions (TI) in year 3 of the pandemic.

Research Design and Methods

As part of a larger survey-based research project collecting numerical and textual data, this study conducted content analysis with qualitative data. Narrative data from 3,859 discrete responses of 1,139 NHAs, from 50 states and Washington, DC, on 2 open-ended electronic survey questions asking about their work stress and TI were collected from February to March 2022. Categories and subcategories were counted and discussed in context as themes.

Results

We identified 4 main narrative categories with subcategories about NHA’s stress about the regulatory system (e.g., excessive, conflicting, changing regulations), staffing (e.g., insufficient, agency staff), organizational pressures (e.g., work overload), and macro system stressors (e.g., media representation of nursing homes). Three main TI categories with subcategories were identified: the long-term care (LTC) setting and system (e.g., regulatory demands, staffing, facility surveys); personal factors (e.g., stress, career opportunities); and others (e.g., “I would never quit” or “I already decided to quit”).

Discussion and Implications

Whole community disaster planning, person-centered surveyor training, improved regulatory guidance, simplified reporting, adequate guidance assistance, and adequate staff could mitigate NHA stress and TI during crises. Administrator resilience should be recognized. Solutions for supporting NHAs can include long-term care industry participation in public health disaster preparedness coalitions, consistent regulatory guidelines with established communication channels, and ongoing crisis leadership training for administrators.
Iterative algorithm for computing magnetic field considering remanent magnetization and demagnetization
Authors: Zhang Ying , Dai Shikun , Zhang Qianjiang , Ling Jiaxuan
Published: November 2024

Efficient and high-precision methods for performing large-scale numerical calculations under high magnetic susceptibility conditions are essential for magnetic exploration applications. This paper proposes an algorithm for magnetic field modelling considering both demagnetization and remanent magnetization. The 3-D partial differential equation of magnetic potential is reduced to a 1-D ordinary differential equation in the space-wavenumber domain through a 2-D Fourier transform in the horizontal direction. Using the quadratic interpolation finite element method to obtain the pentagonal equation, the chasing method is used to solve the equation efficiently, and a contraction operator based on electromagnetic integral equation method is introduced to ensure stable iteration convergence. The validity of the algorithm was confirmed by comparing it with analytical solutions. Numerical examples demonstrate the importance of considering demagnetization under high magnetization conditions. Test results reveal that magnetic susceptibility is the sole factor affecting convergence among the factors examined. Further analysis showed that, for the same magnetic susceptibility, the algorithm converges with the same number of iterations and higher precision is achieved with an increasing number of nodes. Under the same grid configuration, higher magnetic susceptibility requires more iterations to converge and results in lower algorithm precision. The algorithm presented in this paper shows higher efficiency compared to those based on integral equations. Moreover, we demonstrate the algorithm's high accuracy when applied to models with anomalies near boundaries. Finally, the adaptability of the algorithm to complex geological models and undulating topography is verified by combining model tests with DEM data. This algorithm presents an efficient and high-precision method for magnetic field calculations under conditions of high susceptibility and strong remanent magnetization, offering promising prospects for geoscience applications.
Cost-effectiveness of a simplified acute malnutrition program: a secondary analysis of the OptiMA randomized clinical trial in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Resch Stephen C , Sato Ryoko , Phelan Kevin , Cazes Cécile , Ombotimbe Abdramane , Hubert Victoire , Boubacar Harouna , Bozama Liévin Izie , Sakubu Gilbert Tshibangu , Tshiala Béatrice Kalenga , Tusuku Toussaint , Alitanou Rodrigue , Kouamé Antoine , Yao Cyrille , Gabillard Delphine , Kinda Moumouni , Becquet Renaud , Shepherd Susan , Hecht Robert M
Published: November 2024

Acute malnutrition (AM) causes large loss of life and disability in children in Africa. Researchers are testing innovative approaches to increase the efficiency of treatment programs This paper presents results of a cost-effectiveness analysis of one such program in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) based on a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial Optimizing Treatment for Acute Malnutrition (OptiMA), conducted in DRC in 2018–20. A total of 896 children aged 6–59 months with a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) <125 mm or with oedema were treated and followed for 6 months. The cost-effectiveness of OptiMA using ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) at a tapered dose was compared with the standard national program in which severe cases (SAM) received RUTF proportional to weight, and moderate cases (MAM) were referred to another clinic for a fixed dose regimen of ready-to-use supplementary food. Cost analysis from the provider perspective used data collected during the trial and from administrative records. Statistical differences were derived using t-tests. The mean cost per enrolled child under OptiMA was $123 [95% confidence interval (CI): 114–132], not statistically different from the standard group [$127 (95%CI: 118–136), P = 0.549], while treatment success (i.e. recovery to MUAC > 125 mm and no relapse for 6 months) under OptiMA was 9% higher (72 vs 63%, P = 0.004). Among children with SAM at enrollment, there was no significant difference in treatment success between OptiMA and standard care (70 vs 62%, P = 0.12), but OptiMA’s mean cost per enrolled child was 23% lower ($128 vs $166, P < 0.0001). OptiMA was more effective at preventing progression to SAM among those enrolled with MAM (5 vs 16%, P < 0.0001), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $234 per progression to SAM prevented. Overall, OptiMA had significantly better outcomes and was no more expensive than standard care. Its adoption could enable more children to be successfully treated in contexts where therapeutic food products are scarce.
Development of a registration interval correction model for enhancing excess all-cause mortality surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sordo Anna A , Do Anna A , Irwin Melissa J , Muscatello David J
Published: November 2024

Background

Estimates of excess deaths provide critical intelligence on the impact of population health threats including seasonal respiratory infections, pandemics and environmental hazards. Timely estimates of excess deaths can inform the response to COVID-19. However, access to timely mortality data is challenging due to the time interval between the death occurring and the date the death is registered and available for analysis (‘registration interval’).

Development

Using data from the New South Wales, Australia, Births Deaths and Marriages Registry, we developed a Poisson regression model that estimated near-complete weekly counts, for a given week of death, from partially-complete death registration counts. A 10-weeks lag was considered, and a 2-year baseline of historical registration intervals was used to correct lag weeks.

Application

Validation of estimated counts found that the root-mean-square error (as a percentage of mean observed near-complete registrations) was less than 7% for lag week 3, and <5% for lag weeks 4–9. We incorporated this method utilizing an existing rapid weekly mortality surveillance system. Counts corrected for registration interval replaced observed values for the most recent weeks. Excess death estimates, based on corrected counts, were within 1.2% of near-complete counts available 9 weeks from the end of the analysis period.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a method for estimating recent death counts to correct for registration intervals. Estimates obtained at a 3-week lag were acceptable, while those at greater than 3 weeks were optimal.
Lower Levels of Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern vs Wild Type: An Interplay Between Transmissibility and Immune Status
Authors: Winkel Angelique M A M , Kozanli Eva , Haverkort Mildred E , Euser Sjoerd M , Sluiter-Post Judith G C , Mariman Rob , Vogelzang Afke , de Bakker Jordy , Lap Coen R , van Houten Marianne A , Eggink Dirk , van Lelyveld Steven F L
Published: November 2024

Background

Knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 household transmission dynamics guides infection control and vaccination measures. This household cohort study prospectively assessed the impact of the Omicron BA.2 variant and immunity on household transmission using dense saliva sampling and sequence analysis.

Method

Households consisting of a polymerase chain reaction–confirmed index and at least 2 household members were enrolled in March and April 2022 during the Omicron BA.2 wave in the Netherlands. SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction was performed on 10 consecutive saliva samples. Serum antibodies were measured at baseline and day 42. Household and per-person secondary attack rates (SARs) were calculated to measure transmission. Whole genome sequencing was performed for phylogenetic analysis, followed by sensitivity analysis, to correct for multiple household introductions and index definition. Results were compared with the identical, early-pandemic, preimmunization predecessor study.

Results

Sixty-seven households were included, consisting of 241 individuals (median age, 33.0 years; IQR, 12.0–46.0). Maximum household SAR was 59.7% and per-person SAR 41.5%. Pediatric index cases were more likely to transmit. Transmission was negatively affected by household members’ immunity. Phylogenetic analysis showed multiple introductions in 4 households. Sensitivity analysis resulted in a minimal household SAR of 51.0% and per-person SAR of 28.5%.

Conclusions

The Omicron BA.2 variant is highly transmissible within households. However, the transmission rate is lower when compared with previous studies with other SARS-CoV-2 variants, highlighting the effect of immunity. Regardless of immune status, children have a crucial role in Omicron household transmission. Intensive sampling and phylogenetic analysis are beneficial for correctly calculating transmission rates, especially during periods of minimal behavioral restrictions.
The role of polyreactive memory B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Fujio Keishi , Ushijima Toshiyuki , Okamura Tomohisa , Ota Mineto
Published: November 2024

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the production of autoantibodies is a crucial characteristic, and B cells play a significant role in its pathogenesis. B cells are the immune cells most associated with the genetic predispositions of SLE, and recent clinical studies showing that anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy induces drug-free remission have underscored the importance of B cells in SLE. Meanwhile, various B-cell subsets exist across different stages of differentiation, from naive B cells to plasma cells, and identifying the important subpopulations within SLE remains a critical future challenge. Years of B-cell repertoire analyses have revealed the importance of polyreactive B-cell receptors (BCRs) and autoantibodies that react to various self-antigens and microbial antigens. Particularly, memory B cells with polyreactive BCRs, which play a crucial role in biological defense during the fetal stage, are characteristically differentiated in SLE. Type I interferon-mediated expression of CXCL13 and IL-21 in CD4+ T cells is associated with the development of polyreactive memory B cells. The expansion of the polyreactive B-cell repertoire, vital for defending against infections such as viruses, may exert an intrinsic function in SLE.
Performance Characteristics of a Calculated Index Control Method for the phi Multianalyte Assay with Algorithmic Analysis
Authors: Ewaisha Radwa , Flieth Tifani L , Ness Karl M , Algeciras-Schimnich Alicia , Bornhorst Joshua A
Published: November 2024

Background

Multianalyte assays with algorithmic analysis (MAAAs), such as the Prostate Health Index (phi), are increasingly utilized for generating disease risk scores. Currently, imprecision and bias in phi are not directly monitored by quality control (QC) assessment of the index but rather by QC assessment of individual components. This may not be adequately controlling for imprecision and bias in the calculated multicomponent phi value itself.

Methods

Inter- and intra-assay phi precision was compared to precision of the individual component assays. QC measurements from total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA, and p2PSA were used to calculate a single calculated phi QC metric (PHIc). The frequency of QC failure of PHIc, relative to individual components QC by Westgard rules (13S and 22S), was determined. The effects of varying analyte component assay bias on the resulting PHIc metric were also examined.

Results

Average measured phi imprecision (6.7% CV) was higher than individual phi analyte component imprecision (3.9–4.5% CV) across 2 Beckman Coulter Unicel DxI 800 instruments. A retrospective examination of PHIc QC over 84 quality control determinations was concurrently carried out for both PHIc and component assay failure patterns, which were dependent on SDs utilized for Westgard evaluation. Finally, reinforcing nonlinear changes in PHIc were observed in select cases of introduced simulated bias of individual component measurements.

Conclusions

An additional calculated phi QC measure can be introduced to monitor MAAA precision/bias, and in principle calculated index controls may represent a complementary supplemental QC method that could be applied to other MAAA indices.
Effect of Hemolysis on Routine Blood Gas and Whole Blood Analytes
Authors: Agana Bernice A , Overton Brian , Florendo Katherine , Knezevic Claire E
Published: November 2024

Background

Hemolysis is a major pre-analytical concern for many laboratory analytes; however, instruments utilized for whole blood chemistries and blood gas measurements lack the ability to detect and measure the degree of hemolysis. This study evaluated the effect of hemolysis on 13 routine whole blood and blood gas analytes and compared visual assessments of hemolysis to measured hemolysis (H-index).

Methods

Remnant whole blood samples (n = 85) were split into 2 portions and aspirated through a syringe one or more times. To induce hemolysis, a needle was affixed to the end of the syringe to provide shear stress, and a mock procedure without syringe was used as a control. Samples were analyzed on a Radiometer ABL800 series instrument, centrifuged, and the H-index of the plasma portion was measured. Two medical technologists recorded a visual categorization of the specimens as slightly, moderately, or severely hemolyzed.

Results

Hemolysis had a modest effect on metabolites and most cooximetry components, with percent bias within ±5% at all levels of hemolysis. Methemoglobin exhibited a larger overall negative bias, up to 13.3%. The absolute pH bias was fairly consistent (within 0.1 pH units) across all levels of hemolysis. As expected, potassium displayed a significant positive bias with increasing hemolysis. Sodium and ionized calcium displayed overall linear trends with a significant negative bias.

Conclusions

Hemolysis can falsely increase or decrease certain blood gas analytes and lead to misinterpretation of results. Therefore, hemolysis detection capabilities are crucial for mitigating this effect and ensuring accurate results for patient care.
Antibacterial activity and mechanism of rose essential oil against Aeromonas veronii isolated from Northern snakehead (Channa argus)
Authors: Zhang Kai , Wang Xiaolei , Rong Hui , Yang Wenjing , Liang Xinxin , Liu Yunguo , Lin Xiangna , Sui Zhihai
Published: November 2024

Aims

To investigate and identify the antibacterial action and mechanism of rose essential oil (REO) against Aeromonas veronii isolated from Northern snakehead for the first time by the phenotypic and metabolic analysis.

Methods and results

The 2-fold broth microdilution and spread-plate method identified that the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of REO against A. veronii were 1.25 μl ml−1 and REO impaired the growth in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that REO possessed a significant bacteriostatic activity. Electron microscopy and live-dead cell staining found that REO caused a severe disruption of cellular morphology and increased the membrane permeability. Additionally, REO treatment induced the leakage of intracellular biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids from the bacteria. Metabolomics analysis showed that compared with the control, the REO treatment group exhibited a total of 190 differential metabolites (118 down-regulated and 72 up-regulated), which involved in the main metabolic pathways such as biotin metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, lysine degradation, and histidine metabolism and the TCA cycle. These results verified that REO disturbed the metabolic processes of A. veronii to achieve the bacteriostatic effect.

Conclusion

The rose essential oil exhibited the effective antibacterial activity against A. veronii via breaking the cellular structure, increasing the membrane permeation and disrupting the metabolic processes.