bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitosan application for maintaining the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under drought condition
Authors: Nurliana S , Fachriza S , Hemelda N M , Yuniati R
Published: February 2022

Drought stress is one of the most common abiotic stress in agriculture. The use of antitranspirant agents to reduce the effect of drought stress on crops has been considered as a potential method. The application of chitosan as an antitranspirant agent has been reported to be effective in several crops. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of chitosan foliar application for maintaining the growth of lettuce under drought conditions. Three concentrations of chitosan (0.2 g/L; 0.4 g/L; 0.6 g/L) were tested in this study. The parameter observed were the height of the lettuce, number of leaves, leaf length and the width, root length, as well as fresh and dry weight. The drought condition without chitosan application reduced the growth of lettuce in all parameters. Chitosan application at 0.2 g/L was able to reduce the effect of drought stress and maintain the growth of lettuce. However, higher chitosan concentration applications (0.4 g/L and 0.6 g/L) were observed to reduce the growth of lettuce. Based on this study, chitosan was reported to reduce the effect of drought stress in lettuce. As chitosan affects the transpiration process by stomatal closure, a higher concentration of chitosan may also affect the photosynthesis process leading to growth inhibition.
Prototype of Integrated Mini Exhausting System For Fish Canning Process
Authors: Suryaningsih W , Bakri A , Kautsar S , Hariono B , Brilliantina A , Wijaya R
Published: February 2022

The pre-cooking process carried out in the fish canning industry still uses the method of steaming on the stove. The difference in the capacity of the pre-cooking and sterilization processes causes a long holding time, which has the potential for microorganism contamination and low productivity. Research on the prototype of an integrated semi-automatic mini exhausting unit with a capacity of up to 300 cans of 115 mL using a hot steam source from a sterilization retort has to increase production capacity and efficiency. The size mini exhausting has a size of 4 meters x 1 meter and is made of 304 stainless material. It has 3 parts, namely the preparation part, the heating part, and the draining section. The drain part was located on the outside of the mini exhausting box. The draining part has a pan that can be rotated 150 degrees to remove the fish liquid in the can before the next process. The results of the exhausting room temperature reached 90°C within 8 minutes at an autoclave pressure of 0.8 bar. Fish meat reaches a temperature of 80 degrees after heating in the 12th minute. In the mini exhausting system, production capacity can be increased up to 8 times, with 25% electrical energy efficiency.
The Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir made from Etawah goat milk
Authors: Budiati T , Suryaningsih W , Yudiastuti S O N
Published: February 2022

The objectives of the study were to determine the antibiotic resistance of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from kefir made from Etawah goat milk. A total of 25 isolates were isolated from etawah goat milk, yogurt and kefir. LAB isolates were resistant to Ceftazidime (Caz, 100%), Ceftriaxone (Cro, 100%), Clindamycin (Da, 100%), Lincomycin (Li, 100%), Rifampicin (Rd, 100%) and Tobramycin (Tob, 100%). The bacteria were susceptible to Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (Sxt, 60%) and Tetracycline (Te, 40%). The percentage of antibiotic resistance of LAB was found to be in the range between 40 to 100%. The presence of antibiotic resistance in good bacteria may introduce the horizontal genetic transfer to bad bacteria which has the potential to disrupt human health.
Design of the Needs Model for the Development of Young Generation Interests in the Agricultural Sector in Banyuwangi Regency
Authors: Muksin  , Juanda I , Wahyono N D , Eliyatiningsih E , Harlianingtyas I , Purwoko D
Published: February 2022

The agricultural sector is the leading sector of the Banyuwangi Regency. However, the contribution of the farming sector to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Banyuwangi Regency continues to decline by up to 30% in 2019. The decline in the agricultural sector’s contribution to the GRDP of Banyuwangi Regency is partly due to the declining interest of the younger generation in the farming industry so that the regeneration of agricultural, human resources continues very slow. This study aims to analyze the strategy of developing the younger generation’s interest in the Banyuwangi Regency. The analytical method used is Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) to produce designs according to conditions. The results of the analysis show that the agricultural preference of the younger generation is digital-based agricultural cultivation. The strategy that needs to be developed is local government policy. Local Government policy is a critical factor in developing young people’s interest in the agricultural sector in Banyuwangi Regency.
Short-term electricity consumption forecasting method based on empirical mode decomposition of long-short term memory network
Authors: Yuan Bin , He Biao , Yan Jiang , Jiang Jianwen , Wei Zetao , Shen Xiaodong
Published: February 2022

Accurate electricity consumption forecasting can improve the efficiency of grid dispatching and effectively guarantee the stable operation of the power system. Electricity consumption forecasting is important for the analysis of customer-side electricity consumption behavior, but the instability of electricity consumption sequences poses difficulties for forecasting. Therefore, an improved combination of integrated empirical modal decomposition (EMD) and long short-term memory network (LSTM) is proposed for customer-side electricity consumption forecasting. This paper starts from the idea of blind source separation and independent prediction, and firstly decomposes the original electricity consumption data into several inherent mode functions (IMFs) with different frequencies and amplitudes by empirical modal decomposition (EMD), and then uses LSTM to extract features and make temporal prediction for each IMF component one by one with machine learning intelligent algorithm., and finally obtains end-user-side short-term electricity consumption prediction results by accumulating multiple target prediction results. Compared with direct forecasting, the proposed EMD-LSTM independent forecasting model is able to identify the characteristics of each frequency component of electricity consumption data, and its error is reduced by about 15% on average, thus achieving the goal of improving the accuracy of load forecasting in short-term electricity consumption forecasting scenarios.
Research on UHF PD detection method based on improved DBN
Authors: Yuan Feng , Ma Pengran , Zhang Xuyang , Jia Hong , Wang Haifeng , Zhang Pengqiao , Li Xiangyang , Zhou Bowen , Yu Cong , Dai Xiangchen , Fei Xuan , Wu Kai , Li Chunzheng , Hu XiaoXiao , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2022

With the development of power grid technology and the widespread application of gas insulator switchgear (GIS) equipment, the power supply reliability of the power system has been greatly improved, but the problem of partial discharge (PD) faults in GIS has always been prominent, seriously affecting the safe and stable operation of the power grid. How to quickly determine the type and cause of GIS discharge is the key to online PD detection. In this paper, in order to deal with the very complicated data processing of ultra-high frequency (UHF) PD, the time-consuming and low efficiency of manually judging the type of PD, a classification model of UHF PD system based on deep confidence network (DBN) is established and an automatic classification method for UHF PD based on improved DBN is proposed; the activation function Sigmoid is improved to effectively prevent the occurrence of the gradient disappearance problem; the optimized DBN parameters are used to train and classify data of different PD types. The classification accuracy rate of the test results reached 96.7%, realizing the rapid classification evaluation of UHF PD types.
Research on identifying parameter of DFIG-based wind farm based on mathematical mechanization analysis
Authors: Wang Liguo , Liu Hanyu , Chen Jianhua , Yu Chunlai , Wang Zongjie
Published: February 2022

In order to obtain precise running parameters which are the intrinsic cause resulting in sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) in transmission line with series compensation capacitor, an approach that can be used to identify the dynamic equivalent parameters of DFIG (doubly-fed induction generator) -based wind farm has been proposed based on the mechanized mathematics theory. Core work is to derive the analytical expressions of the stator resistance, inductance and the rotor resistance, inductance and the mutual inductance which are expressed by the sampling voltage, current and active power based on polynomial modelling and characteristic set of the mathematical mechanization. Simulation results which are associates with the actual sampled data of a wind farm show that, the equivalent parameters consist of 32 DFIGs have been given and verified by proposed approach. Also, the maximum identifying error of corresponding resistance and inductance of the stator and rotor was lower than 5% based on sampling an actual DFIG farm. This work can provide a reference for analysing and suppressing SSR which is a bottleneck for a wind farm stable running.
A multistage optimal placement approach of monitors considering voltage sag and fault position observability
Authors: Liu Haiyong , Dai Baihua , Zhu Hongfang
Published: February 2022

Reasonable placement of limited monitors is beneficial to reduce the cost of monitoring for voltage sags assessment. However, existing methods only consider the observability of voltage sags, leading to information loss. To capture all the voltage sags and the corresponding fault positions in distribution network, a multistage optimal placement approach of power quality monitors considering voltage sag and fault position observability is proposed. The initial requirement of voltage sag monitoring, that is, voltage sag observability is ensured by monitoring reach area method. Then, based on a simple fault location method, the fault location observability index is proposed for describing monitoring effects for fault position observability. A series of placement schemes with different costs and monitoring effects are given, which is convenient for engineers to choose the proper placement scheme according to the budget and demand. The simulation results carried on the IEEE 69-bus system show that the proposed approach can is correct and available.
Current situation analysis of electrohydrogen production under the background of “Carbon Neutralization”
Authors: Tang Wei , Tan Qingkun , Cai Ranran
Published: February 2022

As an energy carrier to promote the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy, hydrogen energy is one of the means to drive China’s economic development and energy restructuring, and to implement the “double carbon” goal. First, the development status of hydrogen energy at home and abroad has been sorted out, and the development paths of typical countries have been summarized briefly, the development trend of electric hydrogen production technology is studied and some suggestions are put forward to promote the further development of electric hydrogen production. The conclusion of this paper can provide reference for the hydrogen industry and the Energy Supply and energy use industry to implement the goal path of “carbon neutral”.
Numerical study of blowdown period of double-end break loss of coolant accident in PWR based on RELAP5
Authors: He Xiaoqiang , Gao Puzhen , Zhao Hai
Published: February 2022

Loss of coolant accident (LOCA) is one of the most severe accidents of nuclear power plants (NPP). During the early blowdown period, the system is in a high-pressure gradient and high-velocity gradient state. Therefore, the hydrodynamic forces and safety analysis are highly related to calculating thermal-hydraulic parameters in the flow field. This paper studied the factors and modeling methods that affect the calculation of thermal-hydraulic characteristics under large break LOCA conditions. Firstly, the reactor core and primary system of a typical two-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) NPP is modeled using the system analysis code RELAP5 Mod4.0. The normal operation state is obtained after the steady calculation. Then, transient calculation of double-end break LOCA is implemented considering the effects of break opening time and the pressurizer. The influence of the results on the calculation of hydrodynamic force has also been analyzed. Finally, the modeling method of reactor pressurized vessel (RPV) downcomer is presented. It is found that the flow field can be better simulated when the downcomer is modeled with parallel channels and several transverse junctions. Thus, this paper provides meaningful suggestions for modeling and simulation in the early blowdown period under LOCA conditions and contributes to further hydrodynamic load calculation and reactor safety analysis.
Review on new heavy oil viscosity reduction technologies
Authors: Li Xuening , Zhang Fusheng , Liu Guoliang
Published: February 2022

Lots of gum and asphaltene in heavy oil caused high viscosity, high density and poor fluidity, which makes it very difficult to exploit and transport heavy oil. This paper introduces the mechanism and application of five new viscosity reduction technologies, including microbial viscosity reduction technology, biosurfactant viscosity reduction technology, ultrasonic viscosity reduction technology, magnetic treatment viscosity reduction technology and supercritical carbon dioxide viscosity reduction technology. At present, single viscosity reduction technology is difficult to solve the problem of heavy oil production and transportation. So the development direction of heavy oil viscosity reduction technology is the composite use of various technologies. In the future, it is necessary to develop new viscosity reduction technologies suitable for heavy oil production and transportation from the perspective of studying the structure and performance of heavy oil.
Shielding performance test of irradiation monitor tube transport container
Authors: Zhuang Dajie , Lian Yiren , Chen Lei , Wang Zhipeng , Wang Pengyi , Sun Shutang , Sun Hongchao , Li Guoqiang , Liu Hongyan
Published: February 2022

This paper focuses on the transport container of irradiation monitoring tube about test technology of the γ radiation shielding performance. Through simulation calculation and test measurement, the external radiation level of irradiation monitor tube transport container is obtained. The experimental results are compared with the calculated results, and the position deviation of the radioactive source in the container is analysed. The results show that it is feasible to use the radioactive source with small activity to test the shielding performance, and improve the shielding performance detection technology of long cylindrical transport container.
Emergency evaluation model for nuclear criticality accidents of uranium enrichment facility
Authors: Jia Linsheng , Yang Yapeng , Wang Renze , Feng Zongyang , Wang Ning , Liang Boning
Published: February 2022

Accident emergency evaluation technology is an important part of emergency preparedness and response for nuclear critical accidents. Moreover, emergency management also requires that facility with potential nuclear criticality accidents should have the emergency evaluation capability of the accident, so it can provide auxiliary decision support for early emergency decision-making. The paper introduces the emergency evaluation model for nuclear criticality accident of uranium enrichment facilities, including criticality fission number estimation, released source term estimation and dose estimation. The potential nuclear critical accident scenario of uranium enrichment facilities considered in the paper is uranyl fluoride solution criticality. Solution criticality is a complex accident scenario that may involve multiple criticality problems. In the paper, the criticality fission number is estimated based on the critical radiation monitoring data, which can give the results quickly and meet the emergency requirements. Estimation of criticality fission number is a technical difficulty, which can directly reflect nuclear criticality accident scale and provide a theoretical basis for conservative protective actions.
Experimental study on the foam performance and fire extinguishing performance of aqueous foam stabilized by alkyl polyglucoside and urea
Authors: Li Fan , Yu Xiaoyang , Zong Ruowen
Published: February 2022

Foam extinguishing agents are the most effective extinguishing agents for liquid fires. The search of relevant domestic and foreign commercial foam fire extinguishing agent patents found that most commercial foam fire extinguishing agent formulations contain urea. In order to understand the mechanism of urea’s influence and clarify the application parameters of urea-added aqueous foam in the fire extinguishing process, this research investigated the surface tension, foaming ability, foam stability, and fire extinguishing performance for alkyl polyglucoside and alkyl polyglucoside/urea foams. It is found that the addition of urea promotes the formation of surfactant micelles, resulting in a decrease in critical micelle concentration, while the surface tension and foaming ability of the alkyl polyglucoside solution are only moderately affected by the urea. Besides, urea significantly improves the fire extinguishing performance of alkyl polyglucoside foam and the influence of urea concentration on fire extinguishing time is remarkable. On the one hand, the enhanced extinguishing performance can be explained by the increase of foam stability. On the other hand, urea produces incombustible gases such as NH3 and CO2 under the action of the high temperature of the fire, which may improve the fire extinguishing performance by cooling effect and asphyxiation effect. The increase in expansion ratio and the foam flow rate are beneficial to shorten the extinguishing time. The research results can guide the design of foam extinguishing agents.
Safety analysis of hydrogen explosion accident in high level waste tank
Authors: Chen Lei , Sun Shutang , Wang Zhipeng , Wang Pengyi , Zhuang Dajie
Published: February 2022

A large amount of radioactive waste liquid is generated in the spent fuel reprocessing process, and high-level waste is stored in a high-level waste tank. During storage, a hydrogen explosion accident may occur, resulting in the leakage of radioactive materials. This article reviewed the basic situation of high-level waste liquid and high-level waste storage system. The safety analysis of the hydrogen explosion accident was conducted, from the source and generation mechanism of hydrogen, the accumulation process of hydrogen in the tank, the possible ignition source and the possibility of explosion in the tank, the pressure generated by the hydrogen explosion, and the probability of tank failure due to hydrogen explosion are discussed. Suggestions were made on the design, operation, and safety analysis of high-level waste tanks in China, which provided a reference for the safe development of high-level waste storage facilities in commercial reprocessing plants.
Study on NOx emission from an improved wood stove
Authors: Li Wenjun , Zheng Quanjun , Wang Xiaodong , Zhao Jie , Liu Changrui , Lv Haiyang , Dong Changqing , Hu Xiaoying
Published: February 2022

Aiming at the problem that the NOx emission of civilian biomass wood stoves is difficult to meet the ultra-low emission requirements and the widespread use of biomass fuels, on the basis of traditional wood stoves, the stove structure is improved and a biomass pyrolysis device is added to make the stove have a reducing atmosphere. The final NOx emission mass concentration is reduced to below 150 mg/m3, which meets the emission standards for civilian wood stoves.
Synthesis of amino-functionalized silicon fiber cloth composite for effective removal of Cu (II) from wastewater
Authors: Zhang Yaoyao , Wei Zhengwen , Zhang Guiying , Wang Wei
Published: February 2022

In this paper, amino modified silica fiber cloth (KSF) was prepared by the chemical grafting method. The SEM, FTIR and TGA techniques were employed for the characterization of the silica fiber cloth (SF) and KSF. FTIR analysis suggests that functional amino groups of γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (KH550) were grafted on the surface of KSF. The influence of single factor on adsorption performance was studied. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of KSF can reach 178.46 mg-g1, the experimental adsorption data were fitted closely by pseudo-second-order kinetic model, adsorption isotherms were simulated well by Langmuir model. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was endothermic, entropy-driven and spontaneous. The adsorption-desorption experiments demonstrated that KSF showed no significant removal efficiency loss even after ten consecutive cycles, indicating the good stability of prepared KSF material. Our findings suggested the KSF can serve as potential candidates for the practical application of wastewater containing heavy metals.
Synthesis of nanoporous acicular-mullite ceramic and electroless platinum coating for particulate matter entrapment and catalytic combustion
Authors: Wan Yanlei , Xu Chengjian , Zhou Qiuhong , Chen Hao , Xu Qi
Published: February 2022

Crystal-structured acicular-mullite ceramic with high porosity and interpenetrated networks was fabricated for diesel particulate filter (DPF), followed by electroless deposition of platinum (Pt) catalysis throughout ceramic surfaces from an aqueous Pt (IV) solution. The integrated material was characterized and compared with commercial cordierite particulate matter (PM) filter, exhibiting many excellent properties in surface area, porous ratio, and loading capacity for both soot and catalyst. The resulting surface density of Pt nanoparticles attained as high as 8.0 × 109/cm2 due to the 3-dimensional architecture, while maintaining a pore ratio, 63.72%, relative to 52.60% in its counterpart. Deposited Pt nanoparticles artfully serve as catalysis for combustion of carbon soot, potentially implemented for diesel engine filter, reducing the particulate matter emission for environmental protection. The catalytic performance was evaluated by a regular thermal gravity analysis (TGA) measurement, showing that the significant drop of soot conversion temperature, and soot convert rate could be further improved by co-precipitating CeO2 catalyst additive. This material, thereby, could readily adapt itself into large-scale production.
Scenario analysis of the re-electrification of Yunnan’s industrial sector facing the peak of carbon in 2030
Authors: Li Qiushuo , Cheng Beibei , Zhu Xianwen , Li Kangyan , Xie Yanjun , Wang Peng , Shu Jie
Published: February 2022

Energy conservation and emission reduction in the industrial sector is the focus of urban energy conservation and emission reduction, and it is also the sector with the greatest emission reduction potential and the longest time-consuming. Based on the analysis of the current situation of the terminal energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of Yunnan’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2019, the scenario analysis method is used to predict the energy consumption and carbon emission reduction potential of Yunnan’s industrial sector from 2021 to 2035.
Research on complaint prediction based on feature weighted Naive Bayes
Authors: Zheng Jian , Yang Wei , Wang Changchun , Jiang Dandan , Wang Dan , Yang Qi , Zhang Yijiao
Published: February 2022

Complaint prediction is a hot topic in current research. Due to complaint prediction is random, the accuracy of complaint prediction is not high. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a complaint prediction method based on feature weighted Naive Bayes. According to rough set theory, we first calculate the importance of each conditional attribute, combine the importance of attribute as the weight with the naive Bayes classifier to form a weighted naive Bayes classifier. We use multiple classifiers to make predictions, the latter classifier performs iterative learning on the basis of the previous classifier, and finally all classifiers are given different weights to make decisions. The experimental results show that the proposed method effectively combines the weighting method and the Naive Bayes method to achieve reliable prediction of complaints.
An accurate RANS-based transition prediction approach (part II)
Authors: Russo S , Natale N , Citro V , Giannetti F
Published: February 2022

We present a CFD analysis of a wind tunnel model of the new laminar turbo-prop aircraft designed in the frame of the European Clean Sky 2 programme. The work presents the numerical results of the aerodynamic performance of a scaled model of the innovative laminar turboprop A/C wing by using a CFD approach that includes the transition prediction. Numerical results will be compared by considering two different procedures: a) CFD analyses in which the transition location is imposed and b) CFD analyses in which the position of the transition is evaluated. The prediction of the transition location and the laminar flow extension is based on a numerical framework based on the coupling between a high-fidelity RANS tool and a Linear Stability (LNS) solver. According to this method, boundary layer equations are written in the conical formulation and the solution of RANS equations and transition onset is obtained through an eN method based on the LNS calculations.
Spectral project - application of FAST-OAD code to the conceptual design of a hydrogen fuelled commercial aircraft
Authors: Oak Mayur , Fabre Alice , Delavenne Martin , Van Eric Nguyen , Benard Emmanuel , Defoort Sébastien
Published: February 2022

With the increase in the air traffic, reducing the aviation environmental impact is the key challenge of the community. This has called for more research in the area of using alternative fuels which will reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and which can provide similar or better environmental performance. This work presents a preliminary design methodology of a mid-range single aisle commercial aircraft using Hydrogen as fuel which is stored in an integrated tank in the fuselage. The iterative design process was achieved by using overall aircraft design approach through the FAST-OAD open-source software.

This study describes the models used for a first approximation of structural and insulation weight of liquid Hydrogen (LH2) tank and fuel boil off computations. It then presents the impacts of an LH2 storage system on the overall aircraft design with an emphasis on the centre of gravity (CG) travel and the additional fuselage length necessary to accommodate the LH2 tank. An additional parametric study has also been carried out to understand the effect of some design parameters on overall design. Finally, an environmental study has been conducted to evaluate the direct emissions of this aircraft in operation. The only emissions that result from the combustion of hydrogen are nitrogen oxides (NOx) which were evaluated using the Boeing Fuel Flow Method (BFFM2) and water vapor (H2O) which was evaluated based on the fuel burned. As a result of this study significant reduction in NOx and CO2 emissions as compared to existing design are envisaged, thus showing the promising potential of Hydrogen fuelled aircraft.
Design of Supersonic and Hybrid engine based Advanced Rocket (SHAR)
Authors: Relangi Naresh , Peri Lakshmi Narayana Phaneendra , Levi Domingos Caio Henrique Franco , Fossella Amalia , Leite Henriques Julia Meria , Ingenito Antonella
Published: February 2022

The paper deals with the design of a two-stage to orbit rocket launcher loaded with a solid rocket booster, scramjet, and hybrid rocket for delivering a 100kg payload in 200 km circular orbit. The possibility of implementing a cavity-based axisymmetric circular combustor in a scramjet is proposed. Computational analysis on various injector locations in a circular combustor and their validation with the test bench results were performed. The utilisation of a hybrid rocket in the final stage of the launcher to deliver the payload is discussed and the performance characteristics of the circular scramjet combustor and the hybrid rocket are shown. The overall mission proposed based on the sustainable and reusable characteristics.
Model-based dynamic performance simulation of a microturbine
Authors: Erario Mario Leonardo , De Giorgi Maria Grazia , Przysowa Radoslaw
Published: February 2022

Microturbines can be used not only in models and education but also to propel UAVs. However, their wider adoption is limited by their relatively low efficiency and durability. Validated simulation models are required to monitor their performance, improve their lifetime, and design engine control systems. The aim of this study is to develop a numerical model of a micro gas turbine for engine performance predictions and prognostics. To build a reliable zero-dimensional model, the available compressor and turbine maps were scaled to available test bench data with the least-squares method, to meet the performance of the engine achieved during bench and flight tests. A steady-state aeroengine model was then developed and compared with experimental operating points. Selected flight data were then used as input for the transient engine model. The EGT temperature and the fuel flow were chosen as the two key parameters to validate the model, comparing the numerical predicted values with the correspondent experimental ones. The observed difference between the model and flight data was lower than 3% for both EGT and fuel flow.
Numerical analysis of cyclorotor aerodynamic properties in hovering state
Authors: Cogan Shawn , Gagnon Louis
Published: February 2022

Cyclorotors employ cyclically pitched axial rotor blades to create an extremely maneuverable propulsion system. The pitch angle throughout one rotation is defined so that the resulting blade angle of attack follows a prescribed function that generates lift. The lift and drag produced is also affected by curvilinear flow, dynamic stall, and induced velocities, all of which affect the resulting angle of attack. These factors form complex relationships that are difficult to model analytically, making it hard to predict a cyclorotor’s performance. Here, a numerical model is presented which can be used to predict thrust and power draw of different cyclorotor configurations. Parameters include airfoil, number of rotor blades, rotational velocity, pivot function, fluid properties and Reynold’s number. The numerical model builds on previously implemented approximations but focuses on time-efficient calculations so that many configurations may be calculated in an iterative process. In each iteration the parameters can be adjusted according to machine learning or other metaheuristic optimization algorithms to determine an optimal configuration.
Graphene Technology for Design Efficiency of the Solar Hybrid Electrical Cryoplane and Airships
Authors: Ponyaev L , Kuprikov M , Kuprikov N , Domjan R
Published: February 2022

The problems of introducing graphene technologies into the design studies of complex aviation solutions of minimal weight are relevant for the development of high-strength and lightweight composite structures with surface solar nano film energy storage for hybrid electric cryogenic aircraft (hydrogen cryoplanes LH2) and airships (disk-shaped Thermoplane MAI). The optimal design is directly related to the higher specific characteristics of liquid hydrogen fuel systems together with cryocooling systems, taking into account the use of new graphene-based materials and thin flexible solar cells, which is considered for SOLARSTRATOS and MAI projects or for any projects of hybrid electric aircraft/airships and their engines. A design analysis has been carried out to improve the design capabilities when introducing graphene technologies with their unique strength, electrical superconductivity, gas tightness and low mass in the component modification of a hybrid electric propulsion (HEP) and aero elastic energy-recoverable aircraft structures. The choice of rational design solutions using combined graphene composites, quartz dampers-vibration accumulators of structures and film solar energy cells allows you to reduce the weight of larger fuel tanks with liquefied hydrogen at high and low internal pressures and at the same time include electric motors in the cryocooling system – generators, power cables and batteries with additional solar energy charging, which increases the efficiency of on-board electrical systems and reduces the initial energy level and allows to increase energy efficiency and reduce weight costs during design studies.
Aeroelastic assessment of distributed electric propulsion wings
Authors: Memmolo V. , Marano A. D. , Maio L. , Nicolosi F. , Marulo F.
Published: February 2022

During recent years, aircraft manufacturers focused on environmentally friendly and aerodynamically efficient aircraft concepts that could allow a radical reduction of emissions. The use of a hybrid-electric powertrain is one of the most effective ways to design near-zero-emission aircraft. These aircraft are highly performing and sophisticated so the design process must be extremely accurate. Among the various innovative aspects, the use of distributed engines to improve aerodynamic performance poses new challenges from a structural perspective due to the tip-mounted propeller demanding a complicated design due to reduced flutter performance. This results in higher stiffness requirements and consequently increased mass. Both the weight penalty needed to prevent dynamic instability, and the wing aeroelastic tailoring, crucial to minimize such an additional weight, is of utmost importance. Because of setting up a preliminary approach to estimate the static and dynamic effects of such a non-conventional wing architecture, the present paper shows a comprehensive structural analysis of a wing opportunely designed according to certification specification and equipped with a variable position powertrain. Several different engines are then moved along the wingspan to estimate how it affects the dynamic response using a simplified beam-stick finite element model. The results show that the engine position strongly affects the flutter velocity with a particular band bell curve over the wingspan with the maximum in between 60-70% wingspan. In addition, it is worth noting how the tip propeller may cause a reduction of flutter velocity with respect to the conventional configuration with the turbine mounted in between 30-40% wing-span.
Ground infrastructure investments for operation of hybrid-electric aircraft
Authors: Prapotnik Brdnik A , Kamnik R , Bozicnik S , Marksel M
Published: February 2022

Battery driven aircraft, hydrogen aircraft and hybrid aircraft may begin to appear at airports between 2030 and 2050. The success of their commercialization will also depend on development of accompanying ground infrastructure. We will give an overview of required ground infrastructure for handling battery and hydrogen aircraft including infrastructure for refuelling battery aircraft as well as production, transportation, safety issues and handling requirements.
CFD Wind Tunnel Assessment on the case study of the MOTHIF Blown Flap
Authors: D’Alesio Paolo , Travostino Giorgio , Planquart Philippe , Glabeke Gertjan
Published: February 2022

The increasing interest in Small Air Transportation (SAT), to enhance global connectivity, is highlighting the need for reducing take-off distance: lift coefficient has to be increased without penalizing the configuration drag, weight and complexity.

Within the EU Clean Sky 2 projects, a blown flap configuration has been developed to allow STOL capabilities of a future affordable and green commuter belonging to EASA CS 23.

The blowing system design choice is aimed at keeping the inevitable associated increase in pitching moment very low, and not penalizing performance when blowing fails.

In collaboration between Piaggio Aerospace and the MOTHIF consortium, a wing model was designed, built and tested in the VKI’s large subsonic L1-A wind tunnel, reproducing bi-dimensional preliminary results obtained during the design phase.

In order to reduce and predict three dimensional and blockage effects, CFD has been used extensively to obtain a proper test chamber configuration and to reproduce some wind tunnel test results, so that both the accuracy of wind tunnel and design methodology can be assessed.

This work presents the comparison between experimental data and CFD simulations to demonstrate the usefulness of simulations to reduce both the risk for erroneous results in experimental activities and their related cost.
Latest developments in AWAS: the Advanced Weather Awareness System in the COAST Project
Authors: Montesarchio M , Zollo A L , Ferrucci M , Bucchignani E
Published: February 2022

In the framework of the COAST (Cost Optimized Avionics SysTem) project funded by Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking in the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, several key technologies are under development, aimed to enable single pilot operations of Small Air Transport (SAT) vehicles. One of these technologies is AWAS (Advanced Weather Awareness System), which aims to provide and visualize on board of the aircraft updated weather information regarding areas affected by weather hazards, in order to increase the weather awareness of the pilot. The system is composed by three main components: AWAS on-ground, devoted to generate and provide on board data regarding weather hazards observed and forecast along the flight route; AWAS on-board, aimed to send on-ground information concerning aircraft position and current time and to elaborate data provided by AWAS on-ground; AWAS Human Machine Interface (HMI), that visualize data on-board over a Portable Electronic Device (PED). AWAS on-ground and AWAS on-board segments are connected each other via a low-cost satellite communication system. The meteorological information is extracted from MATISSE (Meteorological AviaTIon Supporting System), a prototype software developed by the Meteorology Laboratory of CIRA. This paper describes the main functionalities and components of the system under development, highlighting the advancements achieved with respect to the one presented in 2020, and the work performed to allow the on-board integration of AWAS system. Furthermore, the paper reports the main results obtained during the dedicated flight test campaign successfully completed in summer 2021, validating the technology when integrated into the aircraft.
Performance comparison of LaB6 and C12A7:e-emitters for space electric propulsion cathodes
Authors: Toledo J. , Plaza J F , Post A , Zschätzsch D , Reitemeyer M , Chen L , Gurciullo A , Siegl A , Klar P J , Lascombes P. , Seifert B.
Published: February 2022

This work, based on an EU-funded project, NEMESIS, is aiming at developing electride-based cathode technology which is compatible with all kinds of electric propulsion systems requiring neutralization. Its target is to demonstrate and validate the performance of a novel C12A7:e-electride material as electron emitter instead of traditional thermionic emitters such as lanthanum hexaboride, LaBe, or barium oxide, BaO. In this study, a fair comparison between LaBe and C12A7:e-samples was performed both addressing pure material characterization parameters as well as comparing performance as cathodes under different architectures and operational conditions. In this case, a current/cathode power ratio around 3 mA/W was obtained when using the C12A7:e-sample in a plasma environment with Ar, which is approximately one order of magnitude higher compared to the LaB6 sample.
Synthesis of design solutions for preliminary aerodynamic design of an advanced supersonic transport under parametric epistemic uncertainty
Authors: Bashkirov I G , Veresnikov G S
Published: February 2022

The paper considers the problem of parametric synthesis of design solutions at the stage of preliminary aerodynamic design of an advanced supersonic transport (SST) under epistemic uncertainty. To solve such a problem, optimization models were developed with objective functions and constraints depending on the input and optimizable uncertain parameters, information on which is formed on the basis of expert estimates. The non-deterministic representation of such parameters is formed on the basis of the uncertainty theory by Dr Baoding Liu (Tsinghua University, China), which provides low computational complexity for a wide range of objective functions and constraints at the stage of preliminary aerodynamic design. With the use of the developed non-deterministic optimization models, typical problems of the synthesis of SST design parameters under epistemic uncertainty are formulated and solved.
Unmanned helicopter flight control actuator specification through mission profile analysis
Authors: Jérémy’’ Roussel , Marc Budinger , Laurent Ruet
Published: February 2022

Helicopter dronization is expanding, as for example with the VSR700 project, and leads to the design and the integration of electromechanical actuators (EMA) into the primary flight control system (PFCS). The PFCS is in charge of controlling the helicopter flight over its 4 axis (roll, pitch, yaw, vertical). It controls the blade pitch through dedicated mechanical kinematics and actuators. The hydraulic technology has been conventionally used in actuators for more than 60 years. On the other hand, the introduction of the EMA technology requires the reconsideration of design practices right at development start. Indeed, the establishment and synthesis of the specification need to deal with – new design drivers (high performance points, wear, fatigue) and - new inherent technological imperfections (friction, inertia and reduction ratio). To address these topics, this paper draws a list of the main EMA design drivers to focus on along with a brief description of the main EMA components. Then, it proposes indicators evaluated over a complete mission profile in time coming from measurement on a given applicative helicopter flight. These indicators are chosen and elaborated to provide an image of the design drivers responsible for rapid and gradual degradations of the actuator components. Also, they give an idea of the importance taken by the actuator imperfections into the global performance. Furthermore, we explain how mission profiles are processed depending of data sources. Finally, through a comparison with a standard aircraft mission profile, we emphasize the specificity of the helicopter application use case.
The DressMAN 3.2-System for evaluation of thermal comfort in the Passenger Cabin Ground Demonstrator
Authors: Visser Michael , Park Sumee , Stratbücker Sebastian , Norrefeldt Victor , Lindner Andreas
Published: February 2022

This paper describes an improved measurement method and sensor development for the assessment of the indoor thermal environment. The disadvantage of the state of the art concept of the equivalent temperature to describe inhomogeneous environments is pointed out and how the DressMAN 3.2 sensor system provides improvements to this measurement principle. The measurement system has been prepared in order to accompany thermal tests in the Passenger Cabin Ground Demonstrator developed within the CleanSky2 Regional project. This shall allow the objective assessment of the passenger comfort in the mock-up without the need for extensive subject test campaigns.
The effects of manual XCT focusing on extracted surface texture data
Authors: Slocombe Jonathan , Blunt Liam
Published: February 2022

X-Ray computed tomography, (XCT) has begun to prove itself as a valid method to quantify internal and external surface metrology of parts. However, the understanding of how a small change in the capture settings of the XCT can affect the surface data extracted from parts needs to be developed so that like all metrology instruments the operating window in which the technology provides repeatable results with minimum uncertainty is understood. For XCT there exists a clear point of uncertainty in the measurement process, this being at the generation point of the x-rays, at this point the electron beam impacts a target material causing the generation of x-rays. As the intensity and size of the electron beam focal spot have direct control of the produced x-rays, it is important to align the filament in such a way that the best quality radiographs are generated. The more optimally focused each individually radiograph is in an XCT scan the better quality the 3D model acquired will be, thus leading to more representative surface data extraction. The present paper details an investigation into the effects of this focusing procedure on the extracted surface data. Further to this, the results of the study were compared to work showing the variation in extracted surface data resulting from a full filament change. The present study found that variance in extracted surface texture parameters resulting from beam refocussing exceeded that when comparing filaments, leading to the conclusion that the installation process is likely to be the main contributing factor to the variance noted in both studies.
Observational evaluation of global climate model simulations of arctic sea ice and adjacent land pertaining to the radiative effects of frozen hydrometeors
Authors: Li J L F , Lee Wei-Liang , Xu Kuan-Man , Jiang J H , Wang Yi-Hui , Fetzer Eric , Stephens Graeme , Yu Jia-Yuh , Liu Yinghui
Published: February 2022

This study explores the linkage of frozen hydrometeors (cloud ice and falling ice/snow) with sea ice and adjacent lands through surface energy budget using model-observation comparisons to quantify the roles of the falling ice radiative effects (FIREs) in determining the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice and adjacent land surface radiation budget and land surface skin (Ts) and surface (SAT) temperatures. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models without FIREs tend to produce underestimated downward longwave radiation, and overestimated shortwave downward radiation and surface albedo, resulting in too-cold skin temperature (TS) and surface air temperature (SAT) and overestimated sea ice concentration (SIC) and thickness (SIT). By comparing two simulations of late 20th Century climate from CESM1-CAM5 model with inclusion and exclusion of FIREs, it is found that TS, SAT, radiation, SIC, and SIT and their seasonal cycles are improved with the inclusion of FIREs. Exclusion of FIREs results in underestimated net downward longwave radiative flux, which is highly correlated with overestimated surface albedo, colder TS, and SAT with a confidence level at 99% (p < 1%). These biases in CESM1-CAM5 resemble those in CMIP5 models without FIREs. With the inclusion of FIREs, the SIC bias is reduced by 2%–15% in summer, while the SIT is improved up to 90% in winter despite little improvement in SIC. These findings suggest a potential link among the increased downward longwave flux, decreased downward shortwave flux, and decreased surface air and land surface temperatures locally, which then drives SIC melting and SIT thinning when FIREs are included relative to when FIREs are excluded. It is suggested that the roles played by FIREs over the Arctic regions are of the same order of importance as those over the Southern Oceans despite the differences in geography and impact of human activity.