bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisions to the Xenopus gastrula fate map: Implications for mesoderm induction and patterning
Authors: Kumano Gaku , Smith William C.
Published: December 2002

A revised fate map of the gastrula Xenopus embryo predicts the existence of patterning mechanisms that operate within the animal/vegetal axis of the mesoderm‐forming marginal zone. We review here molecular and embryologic data that demonstrate that such mechanisms are present and that they operate independently of the Spemann organizer. Evidence suggests that polarized fibroblast growth factor activity in the animal/vegetal axis patterns this axis. We present a model of mesoderm induction and patterning that integrates the new data on Spemann organizer‐independent animal/vegetal patterning with data on other inductive pathways known to act on the gastrula marginal zone. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early embryonic expression of ion channels and pumps in chick and Xenopus development
Authors: Rutenberg Joshua , Cheng Shing‐Ming , Levin Michael
Published: December 2002

An extensive body of literature implicates endogenous ion currents and standing voltage potential differences in the control of events during embryonic morphogenesis. Although the expression of ion channel and pump genes, which are responsible for ion flux, has been investigated in detail in nervous tissues, little data are available on the distribution and function of specific channels and pumps in early embryogenesis. To provide a necessary basis for the molecular understanding of the role of ion flux in development, we surveyed the expression of ion channel and pump mRNAs, as well as other genes that help to regulate membrane potential. Analysis in two species, chick and Xenopus, shows that several ion channel and pump mRNAs are present in specific and dynamic expression patterns in early embryos, well before the appearance of neurons. Examination of the distribution of maternal mRNAs reveals complex spatiotemporal subcellular localization patterns of transcripts in early blastomeres in Xenopus. Taken together, these data are consistent with an important role for ion flux in early embryonic morphogenesis; this survey characterizes candidate genes and provides information on likely embryonic contexts for their function, setting the stage for functional studies of the morphogenetic roles of ion transport. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple maternal influences on dorsal–ventral fate of Xenopus animal blastomeres
Authors: Pandur Petra D. , Sullivan Steven A. , Moody Sally A.
Published: December 2002

Molecular asymmetries in the animal–vegetal axis of the Xenopus oocyte are well known to regulate the formation of gametes and germ layers. Likewise, many transplantation and explant studies demonstrate that maternal dorsalizing activities are localized to the future dorsal side of the embryo after fertilization, but to date only a few of the molecules involved in this process have been shown to be asymmetrically distributed. In this report, we identify two new aspects of the maternal regulation of dorsal–ventral fate asymmetry in Xenopus blastomeres: cytoplasmic polyadenylation of dorsal maternal mRNAs and localized Wnt8b signaling. Previous studies demonstrated that there are maternal, dorsal axis‐inducing RNAs localized to dorsal animal blastomeres that become activated between the 8‐ and 16‐cell stage (Hainski and Moody [1992] Development 116:347–355; Hainski and Moody [1996] Dev. Genet. 19:210–221). We report herein that the activation of these axis‐inducing dorsal mRNAs is regulated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation. We also show that maternal wnt8b mRNA is concentrated in ventral animal blastomeres. These ventral cells and exogenous Wnt8b both inhibit the dorsal fate of neighboring blastomeres in culture, indicating that a maternal Wnt signal also contributes to segregating dorsal and ventral fates. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rethinking axial patterning in amphibians
Authors: Lane Mary Constance , Sheets Michael D.
Published: December 2002

Recent revisions in the Xenopus laevis fate map led to the designation of the rostral/caudal axis and reassignment of the dorsal/ventral axis (Lane and Smith [1999] Development 126:423–434; Lane and Sheets [2000] Dev. Biol. 225:37–58). It is unprecedented to reassign primary embryonic axes after many years of research in a model system. In this review, we use insights about vertebrate development from anatomy and comparative embryology, as well as knowledge about gastrulation in frogs, to reexamine several traditional amphibian fate maps. We show that four extant maps contain information on the missing rostral/caudal axis. These maps support the revised map as well as the designation of the rostral/caudal axis and reassignment of the dorsal/ventral axes. To illustrate why it is important for researchers to use the revised map and nomenclature when thinking about frog and fish embryos, we present an example of alternative interpretations of “dorsalized” zebrafish mutations. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zygotic control of maternal cyclin A1 translation and mRNA stability
Authors: Audic Yann , Garbrecht Mark , Fritz Brian , Sheets Michael D. , Hartley Rebecca S.
Published: December 2002

Cyclin mRNAs are unstable in the adult cell cycle yet are stable during the first 12 cell divisions in Xenopus laevis. We recently reported that cyclin A1 and B2 maternal mRNAs are deadenylated upon completion of the 12th division (Audic et al. [2001] Mol. Cell Biol. 21:1662–1671). Deadenylation is mediated by the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA and precedes the terminal disappearance of the cyclin proteins, with both processes requiring zygotic transcription. The purpose of the current study was (1) to ask whether deadenylation leads to translational repression and/or destabilization of endogenous cyclin A1 and B2 mRNAs, and (2) to further characterize the regulatory sequences required. We show that zygote‐driven deadenylation leads to translational repression and mRNA destabilization. A 99‐nucleotide region of the 3′UTR of the cyclin A1 mRNA mediates both deadenylation and destabilization. Surprisingly, two AU‐rich consensus elements within this region are dispensable for this activity. These results suggest that zygote‐dependent deadenylation, translational repression, and mRNA destabilization by means of novel 3′UTR elements contribute to the disappearance of maternal cyclins. They also suggest that translational control of cyclins may play a role in the transition to the adult cell cycle. These data concur with previous studies in Drosophila showing that zygote‐mediated degradation of maternal cdc25 mRNA may be a general mechanism whereby transition to the adult cell cycle proceeds. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient principal component analysis for multivariate 3D voxel‐based mapping of brain functional imaging data sets as applied to FDG‐PET and normal aging
Authors: Zuendorf Gerhard , Kerrouche Nacer , Herholz Karl , Baron Jean‐Claude
Published: December 2002

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well‐known technique for reduction of dimensionality of functional imaging data. PCA can be looked at as the projection of the original images onto a new orthogonal coordinate system with lower dimensions. The new axes explain the variance in the images in decreasing order of importance, showing correlations between brain regions. We used an efficient, stable and analytical method to work out the PCA of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images of 74 normal subjects using [18F]fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) as a tracer. Principal components (PCs) and their relation to age effects were investigated. Correlations between the projections of the images on the new axes and the age of the subjects were carried out. The first two PCs could be identified as being the only PCs significantly correlated to age. The first principal component, which explained 10% of the data set variance, was reduced only in subjects of age 55 or older and was related to loss of signal in and adjacent to ventricles and basal cisterns, reflecting expected age‐related brain atrophy with enlarging CSF spaces. The second principal component, which accounted for 8% of the total variance, had high loadings from prefrontal, posterior parietal and posterior cingulate cortices and showed the strongest correlation with age (r = −0.56), entirely consistent with previously documented age‐related declines in brain glucose utilization. Thus, our method showed that the effect of aging on brain metabolism has at least two independent dimensions. This method should have widespread applications in multivariate analysis of brain functional images. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:13–21, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the generators of the scalp recorded visuo‐verbal P300 using cortically constrained source localization
Authors: Moores Kathryn A. , Clark C. Richard , Hadfield Jo L. M. , Brown Greg C. , Taylor D. James , Fitzgibbon Sean P. , Lewis Andrew C. , Weber Darren L. , Greenblatt Richard
Published: December 2002

Considerable ambiguity exists about the generators of the scalp recorded P300, despite a vast body of research employing a diverse range of methodologies. Previous investigations employing source localization techniques have been limited largely to equivalent current dipole models, with most studies identifying medial temporal and/or hippocampal sources, but providing little information about the contribution of other cortical regions to the generation of the scalp recorded P3. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 5 subjects using a 124‐channel sensor array during the performance of a visuo‐verbal Oddball task. Cortically constrained, MRI‐guided boundary element modeling was used to identify the cortical generators of this target P3 in individual subjects. Cortical generators of the P3 were localized principally to the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and surrounding superior parietal lobes (SPL) bilaterally in all subjects, though with some variability across subjects. Two subjects also showed activity in the lingual/inferior occipital gyrus and mid‐fusiform gyrus. A group cortical surface was calculated by non‐linear warping of each subject's segmented cortex followed by averaging and creation of a group mesh. Source activity identified across the group reflected the individual subject activations in the IPS and SPL bilaterally and in the lingual/inferior occipital gyrus primarily on the left. Activation of IPS and SPL is interpreted to reflect the role of this region in working memory and related attention processes and visuo‐motor integration. The activity in left lingual/inferior occipital gyrus is taken to reflect activation of regions associated with modality‐specific analysis of visual word forms. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:53–77, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QALY‐maximisation and public preferences: results from a general population survey
Authors: Bryan Stirling , Roberts Tracy , Heginbotham Chris , McCallum Alison
Published: December 2002

The appropriate criteria that should be used in setting priorities in a publicly funded health care system remain open to debate. From a health economics perspective, quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) are increasingly portrayed as a measure of societal value and the criterion of QALY maximisation is then advocated. This paper reports a study that investigated the extent to which some of the assumptions underlying the QALY maximisation approach, notably constant marginal societal value for increases in the size of health programmes, the level of risk, and the level of benefit are supported by members of the public. A general population interview‐based survey was conducted. The survey design employed conjoint methods. In general, the public preference data from this study, in themselves, are not much at odds with the core proportionality assumptions concerning societal value in the QALY maximisation model assumptions. The data are, however, at odds with reports from various previous studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The subjective costs of health losses due to chronic diseases. An alternative model for monetary appraisal
Authors: Ferrer‐i‐Carbonell Ada , van Praag Bernard M.S.
Published: December 2002

This paper proposes a method to evaluate health losses or gains by looking at the impact on well‐being of a change in health status. The paper presents estimates of the equivalent income change that would be necessary to change general satisfaction with life to the same extent as a change in health satisfaction would do. In other words, the income equivalent of health satisfaction changes is estimated. Next, this health satisfaction changes are linked to specific diseases in order to estimate the income equivalent for these diseases. This method uses answers to well‐being and health satisfaction questions as posed in a large German data set, distinguishing between workers and non‐workers and between East and West Germans. It is found, for instance, that for West‐German workers hearing impediments are on average equivalent to an income reduction of about 20%, and that heart or blood difficulties are for the same group equivalent to a 47% income reduction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of being first: evidence from Canadian generic pharmaceuticals
Authors: Hollis Aidan
Published: December 2002

This paper uses pooled cross‐section data on Canadian ethical drug sales to examine the effect of entry timing on sales of generic drugs. The data is for all drugs for which the first generic competitor entered during the years 1994–1997. It is found that the first generic entrant has a lasting competitive advantage: being first into the market appears to lead to an increase of around 30% in market share (among generics) over a period of at least 4 years. This finding has considerable implications for the current policy of allowing brandname drug companies to issue pseudo‐generic equivalents as a preemptive strike against true generic competitors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of citalopram and moclobemide in patients with social phobia: some preliminary findings
Authors: Atmaca Murad , Kuloglu Murat , Tezcan Ertan , Unal Ahmet
Published: December 2002

The efficacy of irreversible and reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in the treatment of social phobia (SP) is well established. Recently, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used more frequently. In the present study, the efficacy and side‐effect profile of citalopram, an SSRI, and moclobemide, the only MAOI used in Turkey, were compared. The 71 patients diagnosed with SP according to DSM‐III‐R were randomly assigned to two subgroups; citalopram (n = 36) or moclobemide (n = 35). The study was an 8‐week, randomized, open‐label, rater‐blinded, parallel‐group trial. All patients were assessed by Hamilton anxiety rating (HAM‐A), Liebowitz social anxiety (LSAS), clinical global impression‐severity of illness (CGI‐SI) and clinical global impression‐improvement (CGI‐I) scales. There was a similar percentage of responders (citalopram 75%, n = 27 and moclobemide 74.3%, n = 26), with a >50% or greater reduction in LSAS total score and ratings of ‘very much’ or ‘much improved’ on the CGI‐I. None of the patients withdrew from the study. The results of the present study suggest that citalopram has shown promising results in patients with SP. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodynamic modelling for groundwater flow through permeable reactive barriers
Authors: Das Diganta Bhusan
Published: December 2002

Hydrodynamic modelling for analysis of groundwater flow through permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) is addressed in this paper. Permeable reactive barriers constitute an emerging technology for in situ remediation of groundwater contamination and have many advantages over the traditional ex situ treatment methods. The transport domains during groundwater flow through PRBs often may involve free‐flow or non‐porous sections. To model the fluid mobility efficiently in such situations, the free and porous flow zones (PRBs) must be studied in conjunction with each other. The present paper is devoted to the analysis of groundwater flow through combined free flow domains and PRBs. The free‐flow regime is modelled using the Navier–Stokes equations whereas the permeable barriers are simulated by either the Darcy or the Brinkman equation. In order to couple the governing equations of motions, well‐posed mathematical formulations of matching boundary conditions are prescribed at the interface between the free‐groundwater‐flow zones and the permeable barriers. Combination of the Navier–Stokes equations with the Brinkman equation is more straightforward owing to their analogous forms. However, the Navier–Stokes and Darcy equations are incompatible mathematically and cannot be linked directly. The problem is resolved in this paper by invoking validated hydrodynamical expressions for describing the flow behaviour at the interfaces between free‐flow and porous zones. Three schemes for the analyses of fluid flow in combined domains are applied to the case of groundwater flow through permeable reactive barriers and different model results are compared. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of kinematic wave and diffusion wave for spatial‐varying rainfall excess over a plane
Authors: Moramarco T. , Singh V. P.
Published: December 2002

The kinematic‐wave and diffusive‐wave approximations were investigated for unsteady overland flow resulting from spatially varying rainfall excess. Three types of boundary conditions were adopted: zero flow at the upstream end, and critical flow and zero depth‐gradient at the downstream end. Errors were derived by comparing the dimensionless profiles of the flow depth over the plane with those computed from the dynamic‐wave solution. It was found that the mean errors for both the approximations were independent of the type of rainfall excess distribution for KF02 > 5, where K is the kinematic‐wave number and F0 is the Froude number. Therefore, the regions (KF02, F0) where the kinematic‐wave and diffusive‐wave solutions would be fairly accurate and for any distribution of spatially varying rainfall, were characterized. The kinematic‐wave approximation was reasonably accurate, with a mean error of less than 5% and for the critical depth at the downstream end, for KF02 ≥ 20 with F0 ≤ 1; if the rainfall excess was concentrated in a portion of the plane, the field where the kinematic‐wave solution was found accurate, it was more limited and characterized for KF02 > 35 with F0 ≤ 1. The diffusive‐wave solution was in good agreement with the dynamic‐wave solution with a mean error of less than 5%, in the flow depth, for KF02 ≥ 15 with F0 ≤ 1; for rainfall excess concentrated in a portion of the plane, the accuracy of the diffusion wave solution was in a region more restricted and defined for KF02 ≥ 30 with F0 ≤ 1. For zero‐depth gradient at the downstream end, the accuracy field of the kinematic‐wave was found to be greater and characterized for KF02 > 10 with F0 ≤ 1; for rainfall excess concentrated in a portion of the plane, the region was smaller and defined for KF02 > 15 with F0 ≤ 1. The diffusive‐wave solution was found accurate in the region defined for KF02 > 7·5, whereas for rainfall excess concentrated in a portion of the plane, the field of accuracy was for KF02 > 12·5 with F0 ≤ 1. The lower limits of the regions, defined on KF02, can be considered generally valid for both approximations, but for F0 < 1 smaller lower limits were also characterized. Finally, the accuracy of these approximations was influenced significantly by the downstream boundary condition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the duration and direction of storm movement on planar flow with full and partial areal coverage
Authors: Singh Vijay P.
Published: December 2002

Using kinematic wave equations, analytical solutions are derived for flow resulting from storms moving either up or down the plane and covering it fully or partially. By comparing the flow resulting from a moving storm with that from a stationary storm of the same duration and areal coverage, the influence of storm duration, direction and areal coverage is investigated. It is found that the direction, duration and areal coverage of storm movement have a pronounced effect on the discharge hydrograph. The runoff hydrographs resulting from storms moving downstream are quite different from those from storms moving upstream. Likewise, the areal coverage of the storm has a pronounced effect on the runoff hydrograph. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apoptotic, but not necrotic, tumor cell vaccines induce a potent immune response in vivo
Authors: Scheffer Stephan R. , Nave Heike , Korangy Firouzeh , Schlote Karola , Pabst Reinhard , Jaffee Elizabeth M. , Manns Michael P. , Greten Tim F.
Published: December 2002

Prophylactic tumor vaccination against subsequent tumor challenge depends on effective cross‐priming in vivo. Professional APCs process tumor antigens from whole tumor cells and present them to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Data suggest that dendritic cells process antigens more efficiently from necrotic cells than from apoptotic cells in vitro. We compared the effect of apoptosis vs. necrosis in vivo using different tumor models (CT26, RENCA, B16 and CT26‐HA). Apoptosis was induced by γ‐irradiation prior to injection and verified in vivo. Apoptotic CT26‐HA, CT26‐wt or RENCA prevented tumor outgrowth in 100%, 75% and 100%, respectively, of mice for more than 30 days after challenge. In contrast, injection of necrotic tumor cells led to protection of no more than 0–30%. Prolonged tumor‐free survival was also observed in mice after vaccination with irradiated B16 cells. In vivo protection experiments correlated very well with in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Immunohistochemical analysis of the vaccine site showed a strong CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell response after injection of apoptotic cells, which was accompanied by the presence of dendritic cells. In contrast, necrotic cell vaccines attracted a strong local macrophage response. Our data clearly demonstrate that only apoptotic tumor cell vaccines induce a potent antitumor immune response. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of matrix metalloproteinase gene transcription by nitric oxide and mechanisms of MMP‐1 gene induction in human melanoma cell lines
Authors: Ishii Yoshiyuki , Ogura Tsutomu , Tatemichi Masayuki , Fujisawa Hiroshi , Otsuka Fujio , Esumi Hiroyasu
Published: December 2002

Expression of 12 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after exposure of human melanoma cell lines C32TG and Mewo to nitric oxide (NO) was investigated by the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Expression of the mRNA of MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐10 and ‐13 in C32TG cells was transcriptionally enhanced in a dose‐dependent manner by exposure to an NO donor, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐DL‐penicillamine (SNAP) and mRNA expression of MMP‐1 and ‐10 was similarly enhanced in Mewo cells. Exposure of C32TG cells to NO increased the MMP‐1 protein concentration in the culture medium. Testing with the luciferase gene fused to the 1.5 Kbp 5′‐flanking region of the human MMP‐1 gene showed that exposure to NO upregulated MMP‐1 promoter activity in C32TG cells. Endogenous NO production after introduction of inducible NO synthase cDNA also enhanced MMP‐1 promoter activity in C32TG cells. Deletion and mutational analysis identified a critical AP‐1 binding site required for NO regulation of MMP‐1. A neighboring Ets motif from the AP‐1 site in the promoter region acted as an accessory to enhance MMP‐1 expression. Electromobility shift analysis using the AP‐1 binding site showed that NO enhanced the AP‐1 binding ability of nuclear factors in C32TG cells. PD98059, a selective MEK inhibitor and SB202190, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the MMP‐1 mRNA expression enhanced by NO. Thus, MMP‐1 was transcriptionally enhanced by NO via MAPK (ERK and p38) pathways. The results of our study suggest that the increased expression of MMPs in response to NO may be associated with tumor progression under inflammation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early growth, adult body size and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Giles Graham G. , Severi Gianluca , English Dallas R. , McCredie Margaret R.E. , MacInnis Robert , Boyle Peter , Hopper John L.
Published: December 2002

The role of growth from birth through puberty and through adult life has been the subject of epidemiologic investigation in regard to the risk of prostate cancer but the evidence remains weak and inconsistent. We investigated associations between prostate cancer risk and a number of markers of body growth, size and changes to size in a population‐based, case‐control study in Australia from 1994 to 1998. We analyzed data obtained in face‐to‐face interviews from 1,476 cases and 1,409 controls. The main outcomes of interest were the timing of the growth spurt in adolescence, the experience of acne and interviewer observation of facial acne scarring, body size at age 21, body size in reference year, maximum body weight and rate of body size change since age 21 years. Analysis was performed on all cases and also by tumour grade. We found no associations with measures of body size including body mass index and lean body mass at age 21 or later in adult life. Having a growth spurt later than friends reduced risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.79 [0.63–0.97]) and some measures of acne also gave odds ratios less than 1, for example, having facial acne scarring gave an OR of 0.67 (0.45–1.00). We conclude that markers of delayed androgen action, such as delayed growth spurt in puberty, and markers of other androgen‐dependent activity in puberty, such as facial acne scarring, are associated with prostate cancer risk but we could detect no associations with markers of adult body size and growth including lean body mass. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Space‐time clustering patterns in childhood solid tumours other than central nervous system tumours
Authors: McNally Richard J.Q. , Kelsey Anna M. , Eden Osborn B. , Alexander Freda E. , Cairns Donal P. , Birch Jillian M.
Published: December 2002

The aetiology of most childhood solid tumours (other than central nervous system [CNS] tumours) is unclear. To investigate whether certain environmental exposures may be involved, we have analysed for space‐time clustering using population‐based data from North West England for the period 1954–98. Knox tests for space‐time interactions between cases were applied with fixed thresholds of close in space, <5 km, and close in time, <1 year apart. Addresses at birth and at diagnosis were used. Tests were repeated replacing geographical distance with distance to the Nth nearest neighbour. N was chosen such that the mean distance was 5 km. Data were also examined by a second order procedure based on K‐functions. There was significant evidence of space‐time clustering for Wilms' tumours (p = 0.03 and 0.04, using the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the Knox test; and p = 0.07 and 0.03, using the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the K‐function method), and soft tissue sarcomas (p = 0.01, using both the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the Knox test; and p = 0.001 and 0.002, using the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the K‐function method) based on time and location at birth, but not time and location at diagnosis. There was little or no evidence of space‐time clustering amongst other diagnostic groups. These are the first results to demonstrate space‐time clustering for childhood Wilms' tumours and soft tissue sarcomas. The results are consistent with environmental exposure hypotheses, relating to locations pre‐natally or peri‐natally. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some relationships among assessments of depression
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Stahl Stephen M. , Howard Kenneth I. , Grissom Grant R. , Joske Raymond
Published: December 2002

The Directions program provides an administratively efficient method to screen for psychological disorders in a primary‐care setting (FOCUS), confirm the need for treatment, and monitor progress (COMPASS‐PC). The instruments are psychometrically sound and grounded in an established theory of mental‐health treatment. The present study reports the relationships between FOCUS, COMPASS‐PC, and the Hamilton Depression scale for a sample of patients who have been diagnosed as major depressive disorder, dysthymia, or depressive syndrome by standardized criteria (i.e., SCID‐IV and DSM‐IV). Moreover, Focus and COMPASS‐PC are evaluated for their ability to detect depression as defined by SCID‐IV and DSM IV. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between the different instruments in their ability to measure response to treatment over time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1545–1553, 2002.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI‐III): The inability of the validity conditions to detect random responders
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Lopez Michael N.
Published: December 2002

The effectiveness of the MCMI‐III Validity scale, Scale X, and the Clinical Personality Pattern scales to detect random responding is put to the test. The binomial expansion and Monte Carlo techniques were used. If the examiner is willing to interpret tests of questionable validity, then 50% of the random responders will not be detected. Scale X and the Clinical Personality Pattern scales were useless in detecting random responders. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1615–1617, 2002.
EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain
Authors: Grant Mark , Threlfo Catherine
Published: December 2002

Chronic pain presents a persistent and significant clinical challenge. Research examining commonly used psychotherapeutic treatments suggests that the results are not always well maintained, and that pain often is unrelieved. Continued exploration of new and more effective approaches is necessary. This article outlines an application of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), developed to improve coping and reduce chronic pain and suffering. The effectiveness of the EMDR Chronic Pain Protocol was investigated with three adult chronic pain sufferers. Intervention effectiveness was measured at baseline, during, and postintervention, with a two‐month follow‐up. All clients reported substantially decreased pain levels, decreased negative affect, and increased ability to control their pain following treatment. These results indicate that EMDR may be efficacious in the treatment of chronic pain and that further research is warranted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1505–1520, 2002.
Exploring change mechanisms in EMDR applied to “small‐t trauma” in Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Research questions and speculations
Authors: McCullough Leigh
Published: December 2002

This article represents a process of preliminary search and discovery regarding the active mechanisms in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when used in Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP). Patients' (N = 7) responses to EMDR interventions were categorized as either “trauma” or “resolution” responses and examined in relationship to (a) the number of EMDR sets, (b) patient Global Assessment of Functioning Rating (GAF) scores, and (c) raw change in Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) ratings of severity of traumatic memory and Validity of Cognition (VoC) ratings of positive cognitions before and after EMDR sessions. Further subcategorization and development of the broad categories of trauma and resolution were recommended and may be useful in shedding light on how change happens in EMDR. This study was exploratory and attempted only to identify possible variables for further study. However, the results show potential relationships among variables that merit further refinement and study. Research questions generated from this study are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1531–1544, 2002.
Chemistry of some fluorescamine–amine derivatives with relevance to the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin by fermentation
Authors: Baker W L , Lonergan G T
Published: December 2002

The reaction of fluorescamine with 6‐aminopenicillanic acid (6‐APA) at pH 4 was investigated for its potential use in the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin. A number of amino acids and penicillin amine derivatives, that reacted with fluorescamine at pH 7–9, were unlikely to do so to a significant extent at pH 4 and hence were unlikely to interfere in results that led to the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin. Biosynthesis was followed using Penicillium chrysogenum Wis F3‐64, growing in a corn steep liquor medium in a shake flask fed with phenylacetic acid daily. Analysis of benzylpenicillin formation was effected enzymically and fluorimetrically. A sample of the fermentation broth was treated with buffer at pH 7.8 and an active penicillin acylase solution for 1 h at 37 °C. The pH was then lowered to 4 by swamping with acetate buffer and the solution was treated with fluorescamine. The resulting fluorescence was compared with that of a standard 6‐aminopenicillianic acid solution treated in the same manner. In this case the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin was found to increase over 6 days. The results were compared with those for a control broth where the penicillin acylase was not added.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
An unstructured model for the analysis of substrate consumption and product release in relation to biosynthesis and cell maintenance during batch cultures of Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium camembertii
Authors: Adour L , Couriol C , Amrane A , Prigent Y
Published: December 2002

An unstructured model has been developed to predict microbial growth based on carbon or nitrogen substrate consumption, ammonia or carbon dioxide production and proton transfer. The model has been validated for batch cultures of Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium camembertii growing on peptones and peptones + lactate based media. The contributions of the considered kinetics to biosynthesis and cellular maintenance can be deduced from this model. The nitrogen source (peptones) was mainly utilized in biosynthesis: for P camembertii growing on peptones, 86% of the metabolized peptones. G candidum metabolized peptones preferentially to lactate as a carbon source, resulting in lactate utilization by a maintenance mechanism during the stationary state. In contrast, P camembertii, which metabolized fewer amino acids as a carbon source, utilized lactate mainly for biosynthesis (83% of the consumed lactate). Most (up to 71%) of the ammonia released was produced by deamination of amino acids utilized as both carbon and nitrogen sources by growth‐associated metabolism. With peptones, proton transfer resulted from ammonia release, most likely as a result of the growth‐associated mechanism, as supported experimentally (55–58% of the released ammonia for both microorganisms). The contribution of lactate to proton transfer resulted in 76% of protons exchanged by a growth‐associated mechanism during P camembertii growth. For total carbon dioxide production, the contributions of the energy supplies for biosynthesis and cell maintenance were similar; except during P camembertii growth in the presence of lactate (65% of growth‐associated CO2 production).

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Managerial efficiency and human capital: an application to English association football
Authors: Dawson Peter , Dobson Stephen
Published: December 2002

The problem of hidden action in organizations makes direct measurement of managerial performance problematic. But in English association football hidden action is unlikely to be as serious a problem because the owner observes the manager's performance each time the team plays. In this situation production frontier analysis may be used to measure managerial performance and analyze the variation in performance across managers in terms of manager human capital. Having some kind of prior affiliation with the club and achieving international recognition as a player are especially important. Overall, initial experience matters more than specific and general managerial experience. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The NMR structure of [Xd(C2)]4 investigated by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Malliavin Thérèse E. , Snoussi Karim , Leroy Jean‐Louis
Published: December 2002

The i‐motif tetrameric structure is built up from two parallel duplexes intercalated in a head‐to‐tail orientation, and held together by hemiprotonated cytosine pairs. Two topologies exist for the i‐motif structure, one with outermost 3′ extremities and the other with outermost 5′ extremities, called the 3′E and 5′E topology, respectively. Since the comparison of sugar and phosphate group interactions between the two topologies is independent of the length of the intercalation motif, the relative stability of the 3′E and 5′E topologies therefore should not depend on this length. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the 3′E topology of the [d(C2)]4 is much more stable than the 5′E topology, and that the former is the only species observed in solution. In order to understand the reason for this atypical behavior, the NMR structure of the [Xd(C2)]4 was determined and analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations. In the NMR structure, the width of the narrow groove is slightly smaller than in previously determined i‐motif structures, which supports the importance of phosphodiester backbone interactions in the structure stability. The simulations show that the stacking of cytosines, essential for the i‐motif stability, is produced by a similar and non‐negative twisting of the phosphodiester backbones. The twisting is induced by an interaction between the backbones; the [Xd(C2)]4 in 5′E topology, exhibiting very limited interaction between the phosphodiester backbones, is thus unstable. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic study of oxidation of D,L‐cystine and 3,3′‐dithiobis(propionic acid) with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Denisko Olga V.
Published: December 2002

The oxidation of symmetrical disulfides [D,L‐cystine (1) and 3,3′‐dithiobis(propionic acid) (2)] with hydrogen peroxide in D2O–NaOH solution (pH 10–11) was studied by NMR spectroscopy. Assignments of the proton and carbon NMR signals of starting materials (1 and 2) and products of oxidation are based on conventional 1D NMR methods (DEPT, selective spin decoupling). Formation of C—S bond cleavage products or, in case of 2, partially oxidized intermediates was not detected. The accelerating effect of Cu2+ cations, but not Fe3+ cations, on the oxidation rate of 1 in basic medium was demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR studies on a palladium(II) complex containing an incompletely coordinated facultative pentadentate Schiff base ligand
Authors: Kwiatkowski Edmund , Romanowski Grzegorz
Published: December 2002

Palladium(II) dichloride reacts with 1,10‐bis(2‐pyrrolyl)‐2,5,9‐triaza‐1,9‐decadiene to give a [Pd(C15H20N5)]Cl complex in which the ligand is four‐coordinated, leaving one pyrrole group dangling. By using COSY, gHSQC, gHMBC connectivities and NOE experiments it has been concluded that one linkage isomer exists in DMSO solution, in spite of the fact that different sets of N atoms of potentially pentadentate ligand might be involved in coordination, and that the three chelate rings in the complex cation are arranged in a sequence: five‐membered, six‐membered, five‐membered which is different from that (5–5–6) found by x‐ray studies on the related [Ni(C15H20N5)]Cl compound. NMR studies allowed an unambiguous assignment of all 1H and 13C NMR resonances for the complex. Results of x‐ray structural analysis of [Pd(C15H20N5)](CH3COO)H2O supported the five‐membered, six‐membered, five‐membered ring sequence in the [Pd(C15H20N5)]+ complex cation and show an E (trans) orientation of the dangling pyrrole group with respect to the metal center. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurodevelopmental care in the NICU
Authors: Aucott Susan , Donohue Pamela K. , Atkins Eileen , Allen Marilee C.
Published: December 2002

Neurodevelopmental care, which is any NICU intervention undertaken to improve neurodevelopmental outcome, includes NICU design, nursing routines, nursing care plans, management of pain, feeding methods and, most importantly, encouraging parental involvement with their NICU infant. Recognition that sensory stimulation can overwhelm preterm infants and increase physiologic signs of stress led to attempts to reduce sensory input. More recent approaches judiciously add back soothing sensory input (e.g., therapeutic touch, soft music). Circadian light/dark cycles and physical activity improve preterm growth. Attention to infant positioning and handling affects physiologic variables and joint mobility, if not functional motor abilities. A highly organized system of care for NICU infants is Als' NIDCAP (i.e., Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program). Although NIDCAP may reduce need for respiratory support and hospital length of stay, it does not significantly influence neurodevelopmental outcome at 2‐3 years. Pain management includes benign interventions (e.g., nonnutritive sucking, oral glucose), but the prolonged use of narcotics must be balanced against the consequences of sedation and dependency. The foremost challenge for NICUs remains parent disenfranchisement. Kangaroo care, which involves parent/infant skin‐to‐skin contact, improves preterm growth, decreases nosocomial infections and may shorten hospital length of stay. A great deal of work needs to be done to identify and demonstrate efficacy of specific interventions and changes that humanize the NICU, encourage parental involvement, support infant development and optimize preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:298–308. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes: More than IQ scores
Authors: Aylward Glen P.
Published: December 2002

Improved survival in preterm infants has broadened interest in cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes. The incidence of major disabilities (moderate/severe mental retardation, neurosensory disorders, epilepsy, cerebral palsy) has remained consistent, but high prevalence/low severity dysfunctions (learning disabilities, ADHD, borderline mental retardation, specific neuropsychological deficits, behavioral disorders) have increased. The follow‐up literature contains methodologic problems that make generalizations regarding outcome difficult, and these are discussed. Although mean IQs of former VLBW infants generally are in the low average range and are 3–9 points below normal birth weight peers, these scores mask subtle deficits in: visual‐motor and visual‐perceptual abilities, complex language functions, academics (reading, mathematics, spelling and writing), and attentional skills. There is an increased incidence of non‐verbal learning disabilities, need for special educational assistance, and behavioral disorders in children born prematurely. Males have more problems, and there is a trend for worsening outcome over time, due to emergence of more subtle deficits in response to increased performance demands. In addition to IQ and achievement testing in follow‐up, there should be evaluation of executive functions and attention, language, sensorimotor functions, visuospatial processes, memory and learning, and behavioral adjustment. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:234–240. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of motor disability in very preterm children
Authors: Bracewell Melanie , Marlow Neil
Published: December 2002

Motor development in very preterm children differs in several important ways from that of children born at full term. Variability is common, although the anatomic and physiologic bases for that variability are often poorly understood. Motor patterns over the first postnatal year may depend on behaviours learned during often long periods of neonatal intensive care. The normal pattern of development may be modified by disturbances of brain function caused both by the interruption of normal brain maturation ex‐utero and the superimposition of focal brain injuries following very preterm birth. Abnormal patterns of development over the first year may evolve into clear neuromotor patterns of cerebral palsy or resolve, as “transient dystonias.” Cerebral palsy is associated with identified patterns of brain injury secondary to ischaemic or haemorrhagic lesions, perhaps modified by activation of inflammatory cytokines. Cerebral palsy rates have not fallen as might be expected over the past 10 years as survival has improved, perhaps because of increasing survival at low gestations, which is associated with the highest prevalence of cerebral palsy. Children who escape cerebral palsy are also at risk of motor impairments during the school years. The relationship of these impairments to perinatal factors or to neurological progress over the first postnatal year is debated. Neuromotor abnormalities are the most frequent of the “hidden disabilities” among ex‐preterm children and are thus frequently associated with poorer cognitive ability and attention deficit disorders. Interventions to prevent cerebral palsy or to reduce these late disabilities in very preterm children are needed. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:241–248. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fracture characteristics of short glass fibre/maleated styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene/polypropylene hybrid composite
Authors: Tjong Sie Chin , Xu Shi‐Ai , Li Robert Kwok Yu , Mai Yiu Wing
Published: December 2002

Maleated styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS‐g‐MA)/polypropylene 20/80 and SEBS/PP 20/80 blends reinforced with 30 wt% short glass fibres (SGF) were prepared by extrusion and subsequent injection moulding. The impact strength and fracture toughness of the hybrid composites were measured with the instrumented Charpy drop‐weight impact test and essential work of fracture (EWF) method. Drop‐weight impact measurements showed that the SGF/SEBS/PP composite exhibits higher impact strength than the SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/PP hybrid at low impact speeds. Fibre pull‐out was responsible for the improved impact energy of the SGF/SEBS/PP composite subject to low impact velocity. At high impact speeds, the impact energy of the SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/PP hybrid was slightly higher than that of the SGF/SEBS/PP composite. This was attributed to localized plastic deformation occurring in the fibre–matrix interfacial region. However, the EWF method revealed that the toughness of the SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/PP hybrid was lower than that of the SGF/SEBS/PP composite. The effect of maleic anhydride (MA) functional groups grafted to SEBS on the fracture behaviour of the SGF/SEBS/PP hybrid composite is discussed.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of high electrical fields on ageing and polarization properties of polyethylene
Authors: Crine Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2002

The influence of high electrical fields (above 20  kV mm−1) on ageing, polarization and morphology of polyethylene (PE) is discussed. Infrared and positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements together with capacitance measurements tend to indicate that polymer morphology is modified by high fields. We show that accelerated electrical ageing characteristics of PE are directly linked to morphology changes induced by the field. Below a so‐called critical field, the activation volume of the ageing process is dependent on field‐induced strain. Above the critical field, the amorphous phase is significantly deformed and weak van der Waals bonds are broken, leading to another faster ageing regime. There is excellent agreement between the proposed model and experimental data obtained with PE‐insulated high voltage cables. The possible relation between the submicrocavity formation proposed in our ageing model and various polarization measurements is discussed. It is our contention that strong charge injection occurs only after submicrocavity formation, ie after weak bonds are broken. As is well known, polarization currents obtained under high fields are controlled by space charges. It seems that wave packets and the negative resistance observed above 100 kV mm−1in PE are associated with a steady state in field‐induced defect formation. This suggests that space charges are related to the formation of submicrocavities and, therefore, are a consequence and not a cause of high field ageing.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry