bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nagy Bettina , Pál-Jakab Ádám , Kiss Boldizsár , Orbán Gábor , Sélley Torda László , Dabasi-Halász Zsigmond , Móka Barbara Bernadett , Gellér László , Merkely Béla , Zima Endre
Published: May 2023

Remote monitoring (RM) is the newest function of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). In our observational retrospective analysis, we aimed to assess whether telecardiology could be a safe alternative to routine outpatient examinations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The in- and outpatient visits, the number of acute cardiac decompensation episodes, the RM data from CIEDs, and general condition were examined via questionnaires (KCCQ, EQ-5D-5L). Regarding the enrolled 85 patients, the number of personal patient appearances was significantly lower in the year following the pandemic outbreak compared to the previous year (1.4 ± 1.4 and 1.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.0077). The number of acute decompensation events was five before and seven during lockdown (p = 0.6). Based on the RM data, there was no significant difference in heart failure (HF) markers (all related p > 0.05); only patient activity increased after restrictions were lifted compared to that before the lockdown (p = 0.03). During restrictions, patients reported increased anxiety and depression compared to their previous state (p < 0.001). There was no subjective change in the perception of HF symptoms (p = 0.7). Based on the subjective perception and CIED data, the quality of life of patients with CIED did not deteriorate during the pandemic, but their anxiety and depression intensified. Telecardiology may be a safe alternative to routine inpatient examination.
Modern Trends in Recycling Waste Thermoplastics and Their Prospective Applications: A Review
Authors: Oladele Isiaka Oluwole , Okoro Christian Junior , Taiwo Anuoluwapo Samuel , Onuh Linus N. , Agbeboh Newton Itua , Balogun Oluwayomi Peter , Olubambi Peter Apata , Lephuthing Senzeni Sipho
Published: May 2023

Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics are two major classes of polymers in that have recently become materials that are indispensable for humankind. Regarding the three basic needs of human beings—food, shelter, and clothing—polymers and polymer-based materials have gained pre-eminence. Polymers are used in food production, beginning with farming applications, and in the health sector for the development of various biomaterials, as well as in shelter and clothing for a variety of applications. Polymers are the material of choice for all modern-day applications (transportation, sporting, military/defence, electronics, packaging, and many more). Their widespread applications have created many negative challenges, mainly in the area of environmental pollution. While thermoplastics can be easily reprocessed to obtain new products, thermosetting plastics cannot; thus, this review focuses more on the use of waste from thermoplastics with less emphasis on thermosetting plastics. Hence, the review presents a concise summary of the availability of waste thermoplastics as raw materials for product development and the anticipated benefits. The prospects for waste thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics, the possibility of cleaning the environment, and the uncovering of opportunities for further research and development are presented. The limitations of the current methods of waste polymer recycling are highlighted with possible future prospects from newly introduced methods. With zero tolerance for polymer waste in our environments, potential uses for recycled thermosetting plastics are described. Waste polymers should be seen as potential raw materials for research and development as well as major materials for new products. Recycled polymers are expected to be processed for use in advanced materials applications in the future due to their availability. This review shows that the major source of environmental pollution from polymers is the packaging, hence the need to modify products for these applications by ensuring that most of them are biodegradable.
Professional Development among Secondary Teachers in Spain: Key Associated Factors as of PISA 2018
Authors: Hernández-Ramos Juan Pablo , Martínez-Abad Fernando
Published: May 2023

Professional development for teachers is fundamental in the configuration and functioning of smart schools. This paper aims to characterize professional development with the participation of compulsory secondary teachers in Spain and to detect key factors in the functioning and organization of schools associated with higher levels of ongoing teacher training. A cross-cutting non-experimental design was used to conduct a secondary analysis of data from PISA 2018 tests, including over 20,000 teachers and more than 1000 schools in Spain. Descriptive results show great variability in teachers’ commitment to their professional development; this variability is not associated with the grouping of teachers by school. The decision tree model completed with data mining tools shows that intensive professional teacher development in schools is associated with a better school climate and higher levels of innovation, cooperation, taking on shared goals and responsibilities, and leadership distributed among the education community. The conclusions highlight the importance of ongoing teacher training and how this improves educational quality in schools.
A New Model Uncertainty Measure of Wave-Induced Motions and Loads on a Container Ship with Forward Speed
Authors: Abdelwahab Hossam S. , Wang Shan , Parunov Josko , Guedes Soares C.
Published: May 2023

A new uncertainty quantifier is presented for linear transfer functions of wave-induced ship motions and loads obtained by various seakeeping codes. The numerical simulations are conducted for the high-speed Flokstra container ship in regular waves at various heading angles, and the results are compared with existing experimental data. The study employs five numerical codes that are based on three different seakeeping theories, namely strip theory, 3D frequency-domain method, and 3D time-domain method. Multiple measures are applied to quantify the uncertainty in the calculated transfer functions, such as frequency-independent model error, coefficient of determination, and the total difference. In addition, a new measure of uncertainty, termed modified total difference, is proposed for determining the uncertainty of individual seakeeping codes based on experimental data rather than the mean of results obtained by numerical codes. Results show that the uncertainty measures can identify differences between the codes. The predicted wave-induced loads have higher uncertainties compared to motions. The uncertainty assessment shows that none of the applied codes can produce accurate estimates for all wave-induced motions and loads at all heading angles at the same time.
Quantifying Transgressive Coastal Changes Using UAVs: Dune Migration, Overwash Recovery, and Barrier Flooding Assessment and Interferences with Human and Natural Assets
Authors: Casagrande Giulia , Bezzi Annelore , Fracaros Saverio , Martinucci Davide , Pillon Simone , Salvador Paolo , Sponza Stefano , Fontolan Giorgio
Published: May 2023

The advantages derived from the use of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are well-established: they are cost-effective and easy to use. There are numerous environmental applications, particularly when monitoring contexts characterized by rapid morphological changes and high rates of sediment transport, such as coastal areas. In this paper, three different case studies of survey and monitoring with high resolution and accuracy obtained through the use of UAVs are presented; these concern transgressive coastal sites. Results allow for the definition and quantification of coastal landforms and processes, including: (i) The anatomy of a parabolic dune and the rate of landward migration that could interfere with a tourist settlement; (ii) The mode and timing of morphological recovery and realignment of a barrier island overwashed by storm surge episodes; and (iii) The potential flood risk of a progradational spit that is a nesting site of a species of migratory breeding birds of conservation concern. The results demonstrate and confirm that, through a good coupling of drone-sensed quality data and accurate topographic control, quantitative estimates that are useful in assessing the impacts of natural processes involving both human and natural assets can be obtained.
Additions to Bambusicolous Fungi of Savoryellaceae from Southwest China
Authors: Yu Xian-Dong , Zhang Sheng-Nan , Liu Jian-Kui
Published: May 2023

Asexual and sexual morphs of saprobic bambusicolous fungi were collected from freshwater and terrestrial habitats in Sichuan Province, China. Taxonomic identification of these fungi was carried out on the basis of morphological comparison, culture characteristics, and molecular phylogeny. Multi-gene phylogeny based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1α sequence data was performed to determine their phylogenetic placement, and the result showed that these fungi belong to Savoryellaceae. Morphologically, four asexual morphs are similar to Canalisporium and Dematiosporium, while a sexual morph well-fits to Savoryella. Three new species, Canalisporium sichuanense, Dematiosporium bambusicola, and Savoryella bambusicola are identified and described. Two new records, C. dehongense and D. aquaticum, were recovered from the bamboo hosts in terrestrial and freshwater habitats, respectively. In addition, the nomenclatural confusion of C. dehongense and C. thailandense is discussed.
Three New Species of Fusicolla (Hypocreales) from China
Authors: Zeng Zhao-Qing , Zhuang Wen-Ying
Published: May 2023

To explore the species diversity of the genus Fusicolla, specimens from Henan, Hubei and Jiangsu Provinces in China are examined, and three undescribed taxa are encountered. The morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of the combined acl1, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 regions support their placement in Fusicolla and their recognition as new species. Fusicolla aeria sp. nov. is distinguished by the formation of abundant aerial mycelia on PDA, falcate, (1–)3-septate macroconidia 16–35 × 1.5–2.8 μm and subcylindrical, aseptate microconidia 7.5–13 × 0.8–1.1 μm. Fusicolla coralloidea sp. nov. has a coralloid colony on PDA, falcate, 2–5-septate macroconidia 38–70 × 2–4.5 μm and rod-shaped to ellipisoidal, aseptate microconidia 2–7 × 1–1.9 μm. Fusicolla filiformis sp. nov. is characterized by filiform, 2–6-septate macroconidia 28–58 × 1.5–2.3 μm and lacking microconidia. Morphological differences between these novel species and their close relatives are compared in detail. The previously recorded species of the genus in China are listed and a key to these taxa is provided.
Phishing Attacks on Cryptocurrency Investors in the Arab States of the Gulf
Authors: Alyami Marwa , Alhotaylah Reem , Alshehri Sawsan , Alghamdi Abdullah
Published: May 2023

With the rapid development of technology in all fields, including the financial field, people have flocked to invest in cryptocurrencies, sometimes without prior knowledge or experience. This has prompted hackers to prey on inexperienced investors through many types of fraud and attacks, especially phishing attacks. Cryptocurrency investment transactions take place without intermediaries such as banks and monetary institutions. Investing in cryptocurrencies is a form of peer-to-peer transaction and takes place without the involvement of physical wallets. This study addresses cases where people may become victims of phishing attacks due to the nature of cryptocurrency investments. The aim of this study was to understand the concepts of various phishing attacks on cryptocurrencies and to measure the awareness of cryptocurrency investors in the Arab Gulf countries regarding the security risks associated with cryptocurrency investments. This research was conducted by distributing a questionnaire among cryptocurrency investors and collecting and analyzing all the survey responses. The results reveal a lack of awareness about how to deal with the security risks associated with cryptocurrency investments. The research concludes that the majority of cryptocurrency investors are unaware of how to deal with phishing attacks. Finally, we address future research directions and recommend actions that can be taken to increase investors’ awareness of this issue.
N,N,N-Triethyl-4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butan-1-aminium Perchlorate
Authors: Potapenkov Vasiliy V. , Levin Oleg V. , Lukyanov Daniil A.
Published: May 2023

Polypyrroles attract significant attention as the promising class of conductive polymers for the organic electronics, electrochemical energy-storage, photovoltaics, sensing and light-emitting devices due to their electrochemical and electrical properties. The attachment of the charged fragments to the pyrrole monomeric unit opens the route to a water-soluble polypyrrole for improved solution processability. Here we report a scalable multigram synthesis of the N-substituted cationic pyrrole, N,N,N-triethyl-4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butan-1-aminium perchlorate, which can be used for the preparation of the water-soluble cationic polypyrrole, in two steps with 81% overall yield. The resulting product was characterized by the 1H and 13C, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ESI-high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
4,4′-(((Perfluoropropane-2,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))-bis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine)
Authors: Thompson Katelyn D. , Weeks Nathan J. , Balaich Gary J. , Iacono Scott T.
Published: May 2023

The title compound was synthesized in near-quantitative yield using nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (BPAF) with perfluoropyridine (PFP). The purity and structure were determined by NMR (1H, 13C, 19F), GC–EIMS, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography.
In Situ Reactive Formation of Mixed Oxides in Additively Manufactured Cobalt Alloy
Authors: Lopez Jack , Cerne Rok , Ho David , Madigan Devin , Shen Qing , Yang Bo , Corpus Joseph , Jarosinski William , Wang Haiyan , Zhang Xinghang
Published: May 2023

Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys have long been considered for high temperature turbine, spacecraft, and nuclear reactor components due to their high temperature strength and radiation resistance. Conventional synthesis approaches of ODS alloys involve ball milling of powders and consolidation. In this work, a process-synergistic approach is used to introduce oxide particles during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3) powders are blended with a cobalt-based alloy, Mar-M 509, and exposed to laser irradiation, resulting in reduction–oxidation reactions involving metal (Ta, Ti, Zr) ions from the metal matrix to form mixed oxides of increased thermodynamic stability. A microstructure analysis indicates the formation of nanoscale spherical mixed oxide particles as well as large agglomerates with internal cracks. Chemical analyses confirm the presence of Ta, Ti, and Zr in agglomerated oxides, but primarily Zr in the nanoscale oxides. Mechanical testing reveals that agglomerate particle cracking is detrimental to tensile ductility compared to the base alloy, suggesting the need for improved processing methods to break up oxide particle clusters and promote their uniform dispersion during laser exposure.
Static and Fatigue Mechanical Performance of Abutments Materials for Dental Restorations
Authors: Bruno Luigi , Canullo Luigi , Mayer Yaniv , Schoenbaum Todd , Giuzio Francesco , Maletta Carmine
Published: May 2023

The choice of the proper restorative material is essential for the long-term success of implant-supported rehabilitations. This study aimed to analyze and compare the mechanical properties of four different types of commercial abutment materials for implant-supported restorations. These materials included: lithium disilicate (A), translucent zirconia (B), fiber-reinforced polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (C), and ceramic-reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK) (D). Tests were carried out under combined bending–compression conditions, which involved applying a compressive force tilted with respect to the abutment axis. Static and fatigue tests were performed on two different geometries for each material, and the results were analyzed according to ISO standard 14801:2016. Monotonic loads were applied to measure static strength, whereas alternating loads with a frequency of 10 Hz and a runout of 5 × 106 cycles were applied for fatigue life estimation, corresponding to five years of clinical service. Fatigue tests were carried out with a load ratio of 0.1 and at least four load levels for each material, and the peak value of the load levels was reduced accordingly in subsequent levels. The results showed that the static and fatigue strengths of Type A and Type B materials were better than those of Type C and Type D. Moreover, the fiber-reinforced polymer material, Type C, showed marked material–geometry coupling. The study revealed that the final properties of the restoration depended on manufacturing techniques and the operator’s experience. The findings of this study can be used to inform clinicians’ choice of restorative materials for implant-supported rehabilitation, considering factors such as esthetics, mechanical properties, and cost.
Effects of Dopants and Processing Parameters on the Properties of ZnO-V2O5-Based Varistors Prepared by Powder Metallurgy: A Review
Authors: Lungu Magdalena Valentina
Published: May 2023

This article reviews the progress in developing ZnO-V2O5-based metal oxide varistors (MOVs) using powder metallurgy (PM) techniques. The aim is to create new, advanced ceramic materials for MOVs with comparable or superior functional properties to ZnO-Bi2O3 varistors using fewer dopants. The survey emphasizes the importance of a homogeneous microstructure and desirable varistor properties, such as high nonlinearity (α), low leakage current density (JL), high energy absorption capability, reduced power loss, and stability for reliable MOVs. This study investigates the effect of V2O5 and MO additives on the microstructure, electrical and dielectric properties, and aging behavior of ZnO-based varistors. The findings show that MOVs with 0.25–2 mol.% V2O5 and MO additives sintered in air over 800 °C contain a primary phase of ZnO with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and several secondary phases that impact the MOV performance. The MO additives, such as Bi2O3, In2O3, Sb2O3, transition element oxides, and rare earth oxides, act as ZnO grain growth inhibitors and enhance the density, microstructure homogeneity, and nonlinearity. Refinement of the microstructure of MOVs and consolidation under appropriate PM conditions improve their electrical properties (JL ≤ 0.2 mA/cm2, α of 22–153) and stability. The review recommends further developing and investigating large-sized MOVs from the ZnO-V2O5 systems using these techniques.
The Effect of Chemical Degradation and Polishing on the Gloss of Composite Dental Materials
Authors: Zovko Ružica , Cvitanović Stipo , Mabić Mirela , Šarac Zdenko , Ćorić Anka , Glavina Domagoj , Goršeta Kristina
Published: May 2023

This aim of this study was to investigate surface gloss changes of different composite dental materials after chemical degradation or polishing. Five different composites were used (Evetric, GrandioSO, Admira Fusion, Filtek Z550, Dynamic Plus). The gloss of the tested material was measured with a glossmeter before and after chemical degradation in different acidic beverages. Statistical analysis was performed using a t-test for dependent samples, ANOVA, and a post hoc test. For comparison between groups, a level of significance was set at 0.05. Initial gloss values ranged from 51 to 93 at baseline to 32 to 81 after chemical degradation. The highest values were obtained for Dynamic Plus (93.5 GU) and GrandioSO (77.8 GU), followed by Admira Fusion (82 GU) and Filtek Z550 (70.5 GU). Evetric showed the lowest initial gloss values. After acidic exposures, the gloss measurements revealed different patterns of surface degradation. The results showed that the gloss of the samples decreased with time regardless of the treatment. The interaction between chemical-erosive beverages and the composite could lead to a decrease in the surface gloss of the composite restoration. The nanohybrid composite showed less gloss changes under acidic conditions, suggesting that it is more suitable for anterior restorations.
Durability and Additional Properties of Anodized Aluminum-Based Coatings with Different Wettability under Natural Conditions
Authors: Olkowicz Klaudia , Kowalczyk Kamil , Buczko Zofia , Czwartos Joanna , Nasiłowska Barbara
Published: May 2023

The study aimed to test the durability of coatings under natural conditions. The present study focused on the changes in wettability and additional properties of the coatings under natural conditions. The specimens were subjected to outdoor exposure and additionally immersed in the pond. Impregnating porous anodized aluminum is a popular production method for hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. However, prolonged exposure of such coatings to natural conditions causes leaching of the impregnate and, thus, the loss of hydrophobic properties. After the loss of hydrophobic properties, all kinds of impurities and fouling adhere better to the porous structure. Additionally, deterioration of anti-icing and anti-corrosion properties was observed. Finally, the self-cleaning, anti-fouling, anti-icing and anti-corrosion properties were comparable or even worse to those of the hydrophilic coating. In the case of superhydrophobic specimens, during outdoor exposure there was no loss of superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning and anti-corrosion properties. Still, despite this, the icing delay time dropped. During outdoor exposure, the structure, which initially had anti-icing properties, may degrade. Nevertheless, the hierarchical structure responsible for the superhydrophobic effect can still be preserved. The superhydrophobic coating initially had the best anti-fouling properties. However, the coating was also gradually losing its superhydrophobic properties during water immersion.
Balancing-Prioritized Anti-Slip Control of a Two-Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Robot Vehicle on Low-Frictional Surfaces with an Acceleration Slip Indicator
Authors: Kim Yongkuk , Kwon Sangjoo
Published: May 2023

When a two-wheeled inverted pendulum (TWIP) robot vehicle travels on slippery roads, the occurrence of wheel slip extremely threatens its postural stability owing to the loss of wheel traction. If a severe wheel slip happens between the driving wheels and contact surfaces, no control techniques can guarantee the driving performance and stability of the TWIP robots in the absence of an extra wheel slip control strategy. In this paper, a TWIP-compatible countermeasure against the wheel slip phenomena is investigated for enhancing the reliability of the vehicle and the robustness of the motion control performance on low-frictional surfaces. To this end, we propose a balancing-prioritized anti-slip control method based on the maximum transmissible torque estimation, which is activated only when a wheel slip is detected by the acceleration slip indicator utilizing accessible data from the IMU and wheel encoders. It is proved that the TWIP vehicles applying the proposed method can successfully cope with low frictional surfaces while maintaining postural stability. Finally, comparative simulations and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Novel Aspects of Cilia-Driven Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid through a Non-Darcy Medium under the Influence of an Induced Magnetic Field and Heat Transfer
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Mubashir , Ishtiaq Fehid , Ellahi Rahmat , Sait Sadiq M.
Published: May 2023

The spontaneous movement of natural motile cilia in the form of metachronal waves is responsible for fluid transport. These cilia, in particular, play important roles in locomotion, feeding, liquid pumping, and cell delivery. On the other hand, artificial cilia can be useful in lab-on-a-chip devices for manipulation processes. In this study, a novel model for the ciliated tapered channel in Sutterby fluid flow under the impact of an induced magnetic field and heat transport is proposed. The Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer law for porous media with a viscous dissipation function is considered. With the help of lubrication theory, the simplified non-linear form of the leading equation with cilia-oriented boundary conditions is achieved. The analytical results of differential equations are based on the topological perturbation approach. The numerical simulation is performed to elaborate on the physical interpretations of emerging parameters through computer software.
Language Recovery in Discrete-Event Systems against Sensor Deception Attacks
Authors: Labed Abdeldjalil , Saadaoui Ikram , E Hanyu , El-Meligy Mohammed A. , Li Zhiwu , Sharaf Mohamed
Published: May 2023

Cyber-physical systems are characterized by the intrinsic combination of software and physical components that usually include (wired and wireless) communication devices, sensors, actuators, and control processing units. Some wireless devices communicate over insecure channels, rendering cyber-physical systems at risk of malicious attacks that might lead to catastrophic damage. This paper touches upon the problem of sensor deception attacks in supervisory control of discrete-event systems, where an attacker can insert, delete, or replace sensor readings to mislead the supervisor and induce system damage. We model potential attacks using nondeterministic finite-state transducers and then introduce a new defence strategy that utilizes insertion functions. Insertion functions are a type of monitoring interface that alters the system’s behaviour by adding extra observable events. Finally, we construct a nondeterministic finite-state transducer called a supervisor filter that recovers the original language generated by the plant by handling the altered language. The insertion function and the supervisor filter cooperate to control the system and confuse the intruder without confusing the supervisor.
One-Step Hydrothermal Strategy for Preparation of a Self-Cleaning TiO2/SiO2 Fiber Membrane toward Oil-Water Separation in a Complex Environment
Authors: Lin Yinghao , Xie Atian , Xu Jian , Xue Changguo , Cui Jiuyun , Pan Jianming
Published: May 2023

Oil pollution caused by a large number of industrial activities and oil spill accidents has posed serious harm to the environment and human health. However, some challenges remain with the existing separation materials, such as poor stability and fouling resistance. Herein, a TiO2/SiO2 fiber membrane (TSFM) was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method for oil-water separation in acid, alkali, and salt environments. The TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully grown on the fiber surface, endowing the membrane with superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity. The as-prepared TSFM exhibits high separation efficiency (above 98%) and separation fluxes (3016.38–3263.45 L·m−2·h−1) for various oil-water mixtures. Importantly, the membrane shows good corrosion resistance in acid, alkaline, and salt solutions and still maintains underwater superoleophobicity and high separation performance. The TSFM displays good performance after repeated separation, demonstrating its excellent antifouling ability. Importantly, the pollutants on the membrane surface can be effectively degraded under light radiation to restore its underwater superoleophobicity, showing the unique self-cleaning ability of the membrane. In view of its good self-cleaning ability and environmental stability, the membrane can be used for wastewater treatment and oil spill recovery and has a broad application prospect in water treatment in complex environments.
Enhanced Desulfurization Performance of ZIF−8/PEG MMMs: Effect of ZIF−8 Particle Size
Authors: Zhan Xia , Gao Kaixiang , Jia Yucheng , Deng Wen , Liu Ning , Guo Xuebin , Li Hehe , Li Jiding
Published: May 2023

Constructing efficient and continuous transport pathways in membranes is a promising and challenging way to achieve the desired performance in the pervaporation process. The incorporation of various metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into polymer membranes provided selective and fast transport channels and enhanced the separation performance of polymeric membranes. Particle size and surface properties are strongly related to the random distribution and possible agglomeration of MOFs particles, which may lead to poor connectivity between adjacent MOFs-based nanoparticles and result in low-efficiency molecular transport in the membrane. In this work, ZIF−8 particles with different particle sizes were physically filled into PEG to fabricate mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for desulfurization via pervaporation. The micro-structures and physi-/chemical properties of different ZIF−8 particles, along with their corresponding MMMs, were systematically characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD, BET, etc. It was found that ZIF−8 with different particle sizes showed similar crystalline structures and surface areas, while larger ZIF−8 particles possessed more micro-pores and fewer meso-/macro-pores than did the smaller particles. ZIF−8 showed preferential adsorption for thiophene rather than n−heptane molecules, and the diffusion coefficient of thiophene was larger than that of thiophene in ZIF−8, based on molecular simulation. PEG MMMs with larger ZIF−8 particles showed a higher sulfur enrichment factor, but a lower permeation flux than that found with smaller particles. This might be ascribed to the fact that larger ZIF−8 particles provided more and longer selective transport channels in one single particle. Moreover, the number of ZIF−8−L particles in MMMs was smaller than the number of smaller ones with the same particle loading, which might weaken the connectivity between adjacent ZIF−8−L nanoparticles and result in low-efficiency molecular transport in the membrane. Moreover, the surface area available for mass transport was smaller for MMMs with ZIF−8−L particles due to the smaller specific surface area of the ZIF−8−L particles, which might also result in lower permeability in ZIF−8−L/PEG MMMs. The ZIF−8−L/PEG MMMs exhibited enhanced pervaporation performance, with a sulfur enrichment factor of 22.5 and a permeation flux of 183.2 g/(m−2·h−1), increasing by 57% and 389% compared with the results for pure PEG membrane, respectively. The effects of ZIF−8 loading, feed temperature, and concentration on desulfurization performance were also studied. This work might provide some new insights into the effect of particle size on desulfurization performance and the transport mechanism in MMMs.
Resveratrol Alleviates Advanced Glycation End-Products-Related Renal Dysfunction in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice
Authors: Lan Kuo-Cheng , Peng Pei-Jin , Chang Ting-Yu , Liu Shing-Hwa
Published: May 2023

The elderly have higher concentrations of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs are considered risk factors that accelerate aging and cause diabetic nephropathy. The effects of AGEs on renal function in the elderly remain to be clarified. This study aimed to explore the role of AGEs in renal function decline in the elderly and the protective effect of resveratrol, a stilbenoid polyphenol, comparing it with aminoguanidine (an AGEs inhibitor). A D-galactose-induced aging mouse model was used to explore the role of AGEs in the process of renal aging. The mice were administered D-galactose subcutaneously for eight weeks in the presence or absence of orally administered aminoguanidine or resveratrol. The results showed that the serum levels of AGEs and renal function markers BUN, creatinine, and cystatin C in the mice significantly increased after the administration of D-galactose, and this outcome could be significantly reversed by treatment with aminoguanidine or resveratrol. The protein expression levels for apoptosis, fibrosis, and aging-related indicators in the kidneys were significantly increased, which could also be reversed by treatment with aminoguanidine or resveratrol. These findings suggest that resveratrol could alleviate AGEs-related renal dysfunction through the improvement of renal cellular senescence, apoptosis, and fibrosis in D-galactose-induced aging in mice.
The Evaluation of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 Phenoconversion in Post-Mortem Casework: The Challenge of Forensic Toxicogenetics
Authors: Giorgetti Arianna , Amurri Sara , Fazio Giulia , Bini Carla , Anniballi Laura , Pirani Filippo , Pelletti Guido , Pelotti Susi
Published: May 2023

In toxicogenetics, an integrative approach including the prediction of phenotype based on post-mortem genotyping of drug-metabolising enzymes might help explain the cause of death (CoD) and manner of death (MoD). The use of concomitant drugs, however, might lead to phenoconversion, a mismatch between the phenotype based on the genotype and the metabolic profile actually observed after phenoconversion. The aim of our study was to evaluate the phenoconversion of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 drug-metabolising enzymes in a series of autopsy cases tested positive for drugs that are substrates, inducers, or inhibitors of these enzymes. Our results showed a high rate of phenoconversion for all enzymes and a statistically significant higher frequency of poor and intermediate metabolisers for CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 after phenoconversion. No association was found between phenotypes and CoD or MoD, suggesting that, although phenoconversion might be useful for a forensic toxicogenetics approach, more research is needed to overcome the challenges arising from the post-mortem setting.
Nonlocal Strain Gradient Model for the Nonlinear Static Analysis of a Circular/Annular Nanoplate
Authors: Sadeghian Mostafa , Palevicius Arvydas , Janusas Giedrius
Published: May 2023

A nonlinear static analysis of a circular/annular nanoplate on the Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory is presented in the paper. The governing equations of the graphene plate are derived using first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) with nonlinear von Karman strains. The article analyses a bilayer circular/annular nanoplate on the Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation. HSDT while providing a suitable distribution of shear stress along the thickness of the FSDT plate, eliminating the defects of the FSDT and providing good accuracy without using a shear correction factor. To solve the governing equations of the present study, the differential quadratic method (DQM) has been used. Moreover, to validate numerical solutions, the results were compared with the results from other papers. Finally, the effect of the nonlocal coefficient, strain gradient parameter, geometric dimensions, boundary conditions, and foundation elasticity on maximum non-dimensional deflection are investigated. In addition, the deflection results obtained by HSDT have been compared with the results of FSDT, and the importance of using higher-order models has been investigated. From the results, it can be observed that both strain gradient and nonlocal parameters have significant effects on reducing or increasing the dimensionless maximum deflection of the nanoplate. In addition, it is observed that by increasing load values, the importance of considering both strain gradient and nonlocal coefficients in the bending analysis of nanoplates is highlighted. Furthermore, replacing a bilayer nanoplate (considering van der Waals forces between layers) with a single-layer nanoplate (which has the same equivalent thickness as the bilayer nanoplate) is not possible when attempting to obtain exact deflection results, especially when reducing the stiffness of elastic foundations (or in higher bending loads). In addition, the single-layer nanoplate underestimates the deflection results compared to the bilayer nanoplate. Because performing the experiment at the nanoscale is difficult and molecular dynamics simulation is also time-consuming, the potential application of the present study can be expected for the analysis, design, and development of nanoscale devices, such as circular gate transistors, etc.
Phytoplankton Size Structure and Diversity in the Transitional System of the Aquatina Lagoon (Southern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean)
Authors: Caroppo Carmela , Pinna Maurizio , Vadrucci Maria Rosaria
Published: May 2023

The Aquatina Lagoon (Southern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Ecoregion) is a transitional water ecosystem with great ecological and socio-economic interest. Anthropogenic activities around the lagoon (e.g., agriculture and tourism) and hydrology can affect the environmental quality and biodiversity of the lagoon. Herein, the dynamics and diversity of phytoplankton communities were studied before and after the opening of a new canal connecting the lagoon with the sea, by using different approaches based on an evaluation of the size and structure of the phytoplankton as well as the taxonomic analyses. The lagoon depicted time-related fluctuations in chemical-physical parameters. The phytoplankton trend was characterized by an increase in abundance and biomass in summer, when pico-sized autotrophs dominated. Generally, nano-sized phytoflagellates dominated the community, while micro-sized dinoflagellates and diatoms were less abundant. An increase in the phytoplankton taxa number was observed throughout the years. All the analyzed parameters were generally relatively homogeneous before the opening of the channel, while some quantitative differences among stations were observed in the second sampling period. Considering the statistical evidence, both environmental and biological parameters were affected by the “dilution” effect exerted by marine water inputs. This research supports the evidence that phytoplankton is a good indicator of the environmental status, and the obtained results contribute to the implementation of management strategies for the conservation of transitional water ecosystems.
Bovine Rectoanal Junction In Vitro Organ Culture Model System to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence
Authors: Kudva Indira T. , Biernbaum Erika N. , Cassmann Eric D. , Palmer Mitchell V.
Published: May 2023

Studies evaluating the interactions between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) and the bovine recto–anal junction (RAJ) have been limited to either in vitro analyses of bacteria, cells, or nucleic acids at the RAJ, providing limited information. Alternatively, expensive in vivo studies in animals have been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to develop a comprehensive in vitro organ culture system of the RAJ (RAJ-IVOC) that accurately represents all cell types present in the RAJ. This system would enable studies that yield results similar to those observed in vivo. Pieces of RAJ tissue, obtained from unrelated cattle necropsies, were assembled and subjected to various tests in order to determine the optimal conditions for assaying bacterial adherence in a viable IVOC. O157 strain EDL933 and E. coli K12 with known adherence differences were used to standardize the RAJ-IVOC adherence assay. Tissue integrity was assessed using cell viability, structural cell markers, and histopathology, while the adherence of bacteria was evaluated via microscopy and culture methods. DNA fingerprinting verified the recovered bacteria against the inoculum. When the RAJ-IVOC was assembled in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, maintained at a temperature of 39 °C with 5% CO2 and gentle shaking for a duration of 3–4 h, it successfully preserved tissue integrity and reproduced the expected adherence phenotype of the bacteria being tested. The RAJ-IVOC model system provides a convenient method to pre-screen multiple bacteria-RAJ interactions prior to in vivo experiments, thereby reducing animal usage.
Characterization of Food Chain Clostridioides difficile Isolates in Terms of Ribotype and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Marcos Pilar , Doyle Aoife , Whyte Paul , Rogers Thomas R. , McElroy Máire , Fanning Seamus , Frias Jesus , Bolton Declan
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study was to characterize C. difficile isolates from the farm, abattoir, and retail outlets in Ireland in terms of ribotype and antibiotic resistance (vancomycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, and rifampicin) using PCR and E-test methods, respectively. The most common ribotype in all stages of the food chain (including retail foods) was 078 and a variant (RT078/4). Less commonly reported (014/0, 002/1, 049, and 205) and novel (RT530, 547, and 683) ribotypes were also detected, but at lower frequencies. Approximately 72% (26/36 tested) of the isolates tested were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with the majority of these (65%; 17/26) displaying a multi-drug (three to five antibiotics) resistant phenotype. It was concluded that ribotype 078, a hypervirulent strain commonly associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) in Ireland, was the most frequent ribotype along the food chain, resistance to clinically important antibiotics was common in C. difficile food chain isolates, and there was no relationship between ribotype and antibiotic resistance profile.
Origin of Amphibole-Biotite-Fluorite-Rich Enclaves from Gabal El-Ineigi Fluorite-Bearing Granite, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt: Insights into Fluoride–Calcium and Silicate Liquid Immiscibility
Authors: El-Dokouny Hanaa A. , Mahdy Nasser M. , El Hadek Hany H. , Sami Mabrouk , Abart Rainer , Ahmed Mohamed S. , Zafar Tehseen , Sanislav Ioan V.
Published: May 2023

Gabal El-Ineigi fluorite-bearing rare-metal granite with A-type affinity, located in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt, is distinguished by its abundance of large fluorite-quartz veins and mafic enclaves. Plagioclase (labradorite to oligoclase), Mg-rich biotite, and Mg-rich hornblende are the main components of mafic enclaves, with significant amounts of fluorite as essential phases, and titanite and Fe-Ti oxides (Nb-free rutile and ilmenite-rutile solid solution) as the main accessories. These enclaves are monzodioritic in composition, Si-poor, and highly enriched in Ca, Fe, Mg, and F compared to the host alkali feldspar F-poor Si-rich granites. Given the conflicting evidence for a restitic, xenolithic, magma mixing/mingling, cumulate, or bimodal origin for these enclaves, we propose that the mafic enclaves and felsic host granites are two conjugate liquids, with contrasting compositions, of a single parental melt. This is inferred by the normalized REE patterns that are similar. As a result, liquid immiscibility is proposed as a probable explanation for this mafic–felsic rock association. These enclaves can be interpreted as transient melt phases between pure silicate and calcium-fluoride melts that are preserved from the early stages of separation before evolving into a pure fluoride (Ca-F) melt during magma evolution. Due to element partitioning related to melt unmixing, the enclaves are preferentially enriched in Ca, F, Li, Y, and REE and depleted in HFSE (such as Zr, U, Th, Ta, Nb, Hf, and Ga) in comparison to the host granites. Furthermore, mafic enclaves exhibit W-type tetrad effects, while host granites exhibit M-type tetrad effects, implying that the REE partitioning, caused by liquid immiscibility, is complementary.
Phenolic Acids Rescue Iron-Induced Damage in Murine Pancreatic Cells and Tissues
Authors: Kose Tugba , Sharp Paul A. , Latunde-Dada Gladys O.
Published: May 2023

Iron is an essential element involved in a variety of physiological functions. However, excess iron catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction. Oxidative stress, caused by an increase in intracellular ROS production, can be a contributory factor to metabolic syndromes such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accordingly, interest has grown recently in the role and use of natural antioxidants to prevent iron-induced oxidative damage. This study investigated the protective effect of the phenolic acids; ferulic acid (FA) and its metabolite ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate disodium salt (FAS) against excess iron-related oxidative stress in murine MIN6 cells and the pancreas of BALB/c mice. Rapid iron overload was induced with 50 μmol/L ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) and 20 μmol/L 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) in MIN6 cells, while iron dextran (ID) was used to facilitate iron overload in mice. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, ROS levels were determined by dihydrodichlorofluorescein (H2DCF) cell-permeant probe, iron levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), glutathione, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation, and mRNA were assayed with commercially available kits. The phenolic acids enhanced cell viability in iron-overloaded MIN6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MIN6 cells exposed to iron showed elevated levels of ROS, glutathione (GSH) depletion and lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) compared to cells that were protected by treatment with FA or FAS. The treatment of BALB/c mice with FA or FAS following exposure to ID increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene levels in the pancreas. Consequently, levels of its downstream antioxidant genes, HO-1, NQO1, GCLC and GPX4, increased in the pancreas. In conclusion, this study shows that FA and FAS protect pancreatic cells and liver tissue from iron-induced damage via the Nrf2 antioxidant activation mechanism.
Biological Action of Singlet Molecular Oxygen from the Standpoint of Cell Signaling, Injury and Death
Authors: Fujii Junichi , Soma Yuya , Matsuda Yumi
Published: May 2023

Energy transfer to ground state triplet molecular oxygen results in the generation of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), which has potent oxidizing ability. Irradiation of light, notably ultraviolet A, to a photosensitizing molecule results in the generation of 1O2, which is thought to play a role in causing skin damage and aging. It should also be noted that 1O2 is a dominant tumoricidal component that is generated during the photodynamic therapy (PDT). While type II photodynamic action generates not only 1O2 but also other reactive species, endoperoxides release pure 1O2 upon mild exposure to heat and, hence, are considered to be beneficial compounds for research purposes. Concerning target molecules, 1O2 preferentially reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid peroxidation. Enzymes that contain a reactive cysteine group at the catalytic center are vulnerable to 1O2 exposure. Guanine base in nucleic acids is also susceptible to oxidative modification, and cells carrying DNA with oxidized guanine units may experience mutations. Since 1O2 is produced in various physiological reactions in addition to photodynamic reactions, overcoming technical challenges related to its detection and methods used for its generation would allow its potential functions in biological systems to be better understood.