bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delfinų terapijos ilgalaikio efekto vertinimas: tėvų apklausos duomenys
Authors: Rugevičius Mindaugas , Sąlyga Jonas , Kreivinienė Brigita , Bortkevičiūtė Lina Birutė
Published: January 2017

Straipsnyje pristatomas ilgalaikio delfinų terapijos
(DT) veiksmingumo vaikams, turintiems raidos sutrikimų,
tyrimas. Tyrimui buvo atrinkti vaikai, kurių tėvai prieš DT
užpildė Galių ir sunkumų klausimyną (SDQ). Praėjus 3
metams po DT, buvo apklausti jų tėvai, naudojant telefoninį
interviu ir Autizmo terapijos efektyvumo klausimyną
(ATEC). Teigiamus vaiko elgesio, sensorinės ar kognityvinės
srities pokyčius per praėjusį po DT laiką nurodė 60 %
tėvų. Ilgalaikis DT efektas (tėvų vertinimu) išlieka trečdaliui
(33,3 %) terapijos dalyvių. Dar 26,7 % pokyčius įvardijo
kaip trumpalaikius, kurie, praėjus kuriam laikui po DT,
išblėso. Nustatyta, kad tėvų suvokiamas DT efektyvumas
yra susijęs su vaiko sunkumų lygiu prieš DT: didesnį poveikį
DT turėjo vaikams, kuriuos prieš terapiją tėvai vertino
kaip pernelyg aktyvius ir negebančius susikaupti (SDQ
hiperaktyvumo skalės ir ATEC pokyčių po DT koreliacijos
svyruoja nuo r=0.45 iki r=054; p<0.05).
Pasaulinei sepsio dienai 2016: sepsio ir sepsinio šoko diagnostikos naujienos pagal trečiąjį tarptautinį sutarimą (Sepsis-3)
Authors: Adukauskienė Dalia , Stankūnaitė Jovita , Navickaitė Sandra
Published: January 2017

Naujai peržiūrėjus sepsio kaip polimorfiško patobiologinio
ir klinikinio specifinio infekcijos sukelto
sindromo išraišką Trečiajame tarptautiniame sutarime
(Sepsis-3) pateikti ir nauji sepsio ir sepsinio
šoko diagnostikos kriterijai, tuo remiantis patikslinti
jų apibrėžimai. Sepsis – gyvybei grėsminga būklė,
kai dėl sutrikusio organizmo atsako į infekciją žalojami
audiniai bei organai ir sukeliama organų disfunkcija.
Šio sutrikusiojo sisteminio uždegimo atsako
neatspindi jokie specifiniai kriterijai, todėl sutarimas
Sepsis-3 organų disfunkciją klinikinėje praktikoje
rekomendavo vertinti SOFA (angl. Sequential
(sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment) kriteri�-
jais, kai balų pokytis ≥2 lyginant su pradiniu. Ambulatoriniams,
skubios pagalbos ar terapijos skyrių
pacientams su įtariama infekcija sepsio rizika esti
nustačius 2 iš 3 qSOFA (angl. quick SOFA) nurodytų
kriterijų. Sepsinis šokas apibūdinamas kaip sepsis
su gydymo eigoje išliekančia hipotenzija, kuomet
toli pažengę visų organų ląstelių, metabolizmo
ir kraujotakos pokyčiai sąlygoja dar didesnį mirštamumą.
Įvertinus naują patobiologinį požiūrį į sepsį,
atsisakyta termino „sunkus sepsis“. Išvados: Sepsis-
3 sutarime pateikti klinikiniai kriterijai nuosekliau
siejami su atnaujintais sepsio ir sepsinio šoko
apibrėžimais, geriau ir patikimiau užtikrina ankstyvą
sepsio ir sepsinio šoko diagnostiką, greitesnę
pagalbą ne tik pacientams, kuriems sepsis jau pasireiškė,
bet ir esant didelei sepsio išsivystymo rizikai,
siekiant gerinti baigtis. Pateiktas supaprastintas
praktikoje lengvai taikomas algoritmas, kuris gali
būti naudojamas ne tik pradiniame, bet ir pakartotiniame
objektyviame paciento būklės vertinime tiek
ambulatorinėje, tiek įvairiausio profilio stacionarinėje
medicinos praktikoje.
Slaugytojų ir gydytojų požiūris į išankstines gyvenimo valios direktyvas
Authors: Peičius Eimantas , Blaževičienė Aurelija , Kaminskas Raimundas
Published: January 2017

Lietuvos sveikatos priežiūroje išankstinių gyvenimo valios direktyvų samprata ir tuo labiau jų taikymo praktikoje aspektai yra terra incognita. Globaliu mastu paciento gyvenimo valios įgalinimas kaip teisinis ir etinių gyvenimo pabaigos problemų sprendimo instrumentas yra laikomas vienu svarbiausių ateities sveikatos priežiūros iššūkių. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti slaugytojų ir gydytojų požiūrį į išankstines gyvenimo valios direktyvas ir jų taikymą klinikinėje praktikoje. Atlikus anoniminę anketinę apklausą, buvo nustatyta, kad apklausoje dalyvavę respondentai turėjo minimalias žinias apie išankstines gyvenimo valios direktyvas. Didesnė respondentų dauguma išreiškė teigiamą požiūrį į šio dokumento taikymą klinikinėje praktikoje ir pripažino, jų įteisinimas padėtų pasidalinti moralinę atsakomybę tarp sveikatos priežiūros profesionalo ir paciento. Taip pat nustatyta, kad vis daugiau sveikatos priežiūros specialistų pripažįsta, kad gyvenimo pabaigos klausimų svarstymas iš anksto su pacientais yra jiems etiškai priimtinas. Šie rezultatai leidžia daryti prielaidą, kad pagarba pacientų autonomijai ir orios mirties užtikrinimas yra svarbus mūsų tyrime dalyvavusiems sveikatos priežiūros profesionalams.
Papildomosios ir alternatyviosios medicinos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje: problemos ir perspektyvos
Authors: Kreivinienė Brigita , Vaičiulienė Jolanta , Norkienė Sigutė , Skirutienė Gitana
Published: January 2017

Lietuvoje ir visoje Europoje pastebimas papildomosios ir alternatyviosios medicinos (toliau - PAM) paslaugų poreikio augimas, suvokiamas išnaudojimo potencialas, esant reglamentuotai teisinei bazei. Diskusijos kyla dėl PAM sąvokos, sričių apibrėžties, kuriamų paslaugų teikimo metodikų, vadinamųjų standartų, specialistų kvalifikacijos, licencijavimo tvarkos. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti dabartinę papildomosios ir alternatyviosios medicinos reguliavimo situaciją, esančias problemas bei galimas perspektyvas. Atlikta mokslinės literatūros analizė, apžvelgiant sveikatos, žmogaus gerovės, esmines PAM terminijas. Pateikiamos įžvalgos iš šiandienos Sveikatos apsaugos ministerijoje svarstomų teisinio reguliavimo dokumentų bei numatomų scenarijų. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad Pasaulio sveikatos organizacija apibrėžia žmogaus sveikatą kaip visapusę fizinę, socialinę ir dvasinę gerovę, orientuojantis, jog sveikata yra holistinės medicinos sampratos sąvoka. Europos Sąjungos sveikatos strategijoje (trečioji programa 2014-2020) kalbama apie žmogaus sveikatingumą, prevenciją, rekreacines sveikatos funkcijas, užtikrinant jų integraciją į visų sričių politiką. PAM galėtų tapti sveikatos sampratos holistiškumo aspektu, kuomet per nustatytus sveikatinimo pogrupius būtų įgyvendinamos rekreacijos, natūralios medicinos ir liaudies medicinos bei kita papildomosios ir alternatyviosios medicinos veiklos. Svarbu kalbėti apie tradicinės ir papildomosios bei alternatyviosios medicinos integralumą. Mokslinio diskurso analizė atskleidė, jog Europos šalyse yra pasirinktos skirtingos papildomosios ir alternatyviosios medicinos reglamentavimo strategijos su tam tikrais bendrumais, taip pat skirtingos ir medicininės veiklos sritys pasaulio šalyse yra laikomos papildomąja ir alternatyviąja medicina. Kaip atsvaros tašku būtina laikytis Pasaulinės sveikatos organizacijos siūlomos krypties bei Europos regiono komiteto metinės sesijos (2012 m.) priimtos Europos sveikatos politikos strategijos „Sveikata 2020“, kurioje yra numatomas integralumas bei holistinis sveikatos supratimas.
Optimising Renal Cancer Patients for Nephron-Sparing Surgery: A Review of Pre-Operative Considerations and Peri-Operative Techniques for Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Ertemi Hani , Khetrapal Pramit , Pavithran Nevil M. , Mumtaz Faiz
Published: January 2017

Partial nephrectomy is the gold standard treatment for T1a renal tumours, with some evidence suggesting that T1b could also be amenable to this approach. However, multiple factors affect the perioperative outcome, including modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors.

Renal function after partial nephrectomy depends on multiple factors, namely pre-operative [baseline kidney function, diabetes, hypertension, high body mass index (BMI), older age and smoking] and intraoperative factors (amount of kidney preserved, ischaemia time). Warm ischemia time should not exceed 25 min, but some evidence suggests that this can be safely extended using cold ischemia.

We discuss various pharmaceutical and pre-operative precautions described in the literature to optimise postoperative kidney function, and surgical approaches using open, laparoscopic and robotic techniques. Novel techniques such as selective clamping and zero ischaemia time are promising options with a potential benefit in this area. However, further studies are needed to establish their role in partial nephrectomy. Transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches have been used, with the transperitoneal approach being used more commonly. A retroperitoneal approach may have a role in nephron-sparing surgery depending on the location of the tumour.

Conclusions

Nonmodifiable factors including pre-operative renal function and amount of healthy renal tissue preserved are the most important predictive factors that determine renal function after partial nephrectomy. Ischaemia time is an important modifiable risk factor and cold ischaemia time should be used if longer ischaemia time is anticipated. New techniques may have a role in maximising postoperative kidney function, but more robust studies are required to understand their potential benefits and risks.
Author, Text, and Paratext in Early Modern Editions of the Legend of Good Women
Authors: Cook Megan L.
Published: January 2017

The Legend of Good Women's transmission history in the fifteenth century shows that early readers attended to it as a whole and as part of an ongoing dialogue about love and literature, although confusion about the number of legends the poem contains suggests that many readers knew it by reputation rather than firsthand. As sixteenth-century printed editions made the Legend more widely available, they created new contexts for reading the poem. The paratexts in these editions emphasize the role of the Prologue, treating it primarily as a response to Troilus and Criseyde and secondarily as an allegory for Chaucer's interactions with his patrons. This emphasis on the Prologue and its relevance to Chaucer's biography has set the pattern for modern critics' responses to the poem.
Promoting the Book of Nature: Philadelphia's Role in Popularizing Science for Christian Citizens in the Early Republic
Authors: Santoro Lily
Published: January 2017

In the early republic, Americans witnessed the popularization of the natural sciences in the midst of the religious growth of the Second Great Awakening. Inspired by republican rhetoric and natural theology the natural sciences found a broad audience in Philadelphia and throughout the young nation. At museums and public lectures, Americans were invited to inspect the “book of nature”—God's created universe—up close in an effort to understand the nature of the creator himself. Beyond the elite world of religious scholars and naturalists, this view of science was popularized among Americans as a benefit to the republican moral order as well. This article looks at the ways in which that understanding of the relationship between science and religion was packaged and marketed to the citizens of Philadelphia and the broader United States as the key to preserving the moral and civic order required for a strong republic.
Model of acceptance of a new type of beverage: application to natural sparkling red wine
Authors: Olarte Cristina , Pelegrín Jorge , Reinares Eva
Published: January 2017

Wine is a traditional beverage with a saturated market, in which consumers are open to innovation. In this context, an innovative experience was launched to create a new natural sparkling red wine with a view to diversifying production and studying its acceptance. This paper uses an original acceptance model for new foods called the Cognitive-Affective-Normative (CAN) model. The model was tested on a sample of 500 Spanish consumers in a real-world test context and explains 64.1% of the intention to consume the new wine.  The results showed the importance of the cognitive factor in consumer intention. In particular, sensory and price benefits were found to be the key criteria explaining the intention to consume (41.34%). The results also confirmed the usefulness of expanding the factors that determine new food acceptance to include the emotional and normative dimensions of consumer behaviour. The social norm (18.54%) and affective factors (4.2%) contributed to the explanation of the underlying reasons influencing consumers’ assessments of the product. It is proposed that efforts focus on new visual, olfactory and taste-related sensations with a view to producing an appetising product that offers good value for money. Research and development institutes should innovate towards products that highlight these sensations. Therefore, attention should be drawn to the importance of acting on potential consumers’ reference groups and membership groups, with a view to involving them in recommending the product. Managers should focus on measuring and influencing social opinion, working on marketing communication to achieve acceptance.
Study on the Influence of Customers’ Risk Perception on the Use of Leasing Services Based on the Burden of Ownership
Authors: Limsupanark Jutamart , Ming Xu , Pangam Pimyada
Published: January 2017

Rental service refers to the provision of the right to use the goods for the customer, and do not need to have ownership, such as the car rental industry, is now growing rapidly. This service is provided to avoid the so-called "customers to bear the burdens of ownership", such as the product has to take the risk and responsibility. However, the use of issues such as risk perception and subsequent customer facing to obtain the ownership of the products of leasing services need further study. Based on the theory of risk perception, we propose five risk dimensions (economic risk, performance risk, psychological risk, time risk and social risk). They have an impact on customer’s decision in rental service. Through the analysis of the data obtained by the investigation, we examined the hypothesis. The results proved that the decision of customer to obtain the ownership is affected by the five kinds of risk perception factors; while the ownership intention declines, the intention to use rental service will increase.
Marketing Cultural: O Patrocínio de Eventos e sua Influência na Percepção de Imagem de Marca pelos Consumidores
Authors: Persch Reichelt Valesca , Schons Boller Bárbara
Published: January 2017

Uma alternativa propaganda tradicional tem sido o Marketing Cultural atravs do investimento em patrocnios, ou realizao de atividades culturais, j que estas permitem um maior contato das marcas com os consumidores. Este estudo analisa as percepes dos consumidores em relao as marcas investidoras em patrocnio de eventos como um dos elementos na formulao de suas estratgias de comunicao. Para isso, verifica-se a relao da participao dos consumidores em um evento cultural com a construo da imagem da marca patrocinadora. Uma vez estabelecidas essas relaes, a proposio da pesquisa passa a ser a utilizao do patrocnio como ferramenta estratgica na ativao da lembrana da marca na inter-relao dos valores do evento patrocinado com a imagem da marca e, por fim, na construo da imagem da marca a partir das sensaes provocadas no evento. A pesquisa de campo, de natureza quantitativa, utilizou o mtodo survey aplicado a 426 respondentes presentes em um evento cultural com dois patrocinadores master definidos, e a pesquisa de natureza qualitativa foi realizada atravs de trs grupos focais com jovens que participaram de eventos patrocinados recentemente. Os resultados demonstram que as aes culturais podem ter impacto na percepo da imagem da marca por parte do consumidor, sendo ainda necessrio que as aes sejam inditas e que o engajamento com este pblico seja constante. Esta pesquisa preenche uma lacuna na literatura e traz contribuies para as empresas que desejarem utilizar o patrocnio de eventos como ferramenta do seu composto promocional.
Determination of Tryptamines and β-Carbolines in Ayahuasca Beverage Consumed During Brazilian Religious Ceremonies
Authors: Santos Mônica Cardoso , Navickiene Sandro , Gaujac Alain
Published: January 2017

Ayahuasca is a potent hallucinogenic beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis caapi in combination with other psychoactive plants. N,N-dimethyltryptamine, tryptamine, harmine, harmaline, harmalol, and tetrahydroharmine were quantified in ayahuasca samples using a simple and low-cost method based on SPE and LC with UV diode-array detection. The experimental variables that affect the SPE method, such as type of solid phase and nature of solvent, were optimized. The method showed good linearity (r > 0.9902) and repeatability (RSD < 0.8%) for alkaloid compounds, with an LOD of 0.12 mg/L. The proposed method was used to analyze 20 samples from an ayahuasca cooking process from a religious group located in the municipality of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. The results showed that concentrations of the target compounds ranged from 0.3 to 36.7 g/L for these samples.
Eutrophication‐induced acidification of coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Insights into origin and processes from a coupled physical‐biogeochemical model
Authors: Laurent Arnaud , Fennel Katja , Cai Wei‐Jun , Huang Wei‐Jen , Barbero Leticia , Wanninkhof Rik
Published: January 2017

Nutrient inputs from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River system into the northern Gulf of Mexico promote high phytoplankton production and lead to high respiration rates. Respiration coupled with water column stratification results in seasonal summer hypoxia in bottom waters on the shelf. In addition to consuming oxygen, respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2), thus lowering the pH and acidifying bottom waters. Here we present a high‐resolution biogeochemical model simulating this eutrophication‐driven acidification and investigate the dominant underlying processes. The model shows the recurring development of an extended area of acidified bottom waters in summer on the northern Gulf of Mexico shelf that coincides with hypoxic waters. Not reported before, acidified waters are confined to a thin bottom boundary layer where the production of CO2 by benthic metabolic processes is dominant. Despite a reduced saturation state, acidified waters remain supersaturated with respect to aragonite.
Water vaporization promotes coseismic fluid pressurization and buffers temperature rise
Authors: Chen Jianye , Niemeijer André , Yao Lu , Ma Shengli
Published: January 2017

We investigated the frictional properties of carbonate‐rich gouge layers at a slip rate of 1.3 m/s, under dry and water‐saturated conditions, while monitoring temperature at different locations on one of the gouge‐host rock interfaces. All experiments showed a peak frictional strength of 0.4–0.7, followed by strong slip weakening to steady state values of 0.1–0.3. Experiments which used a pore fluid with a constant drainage path to the atmosphere showed the development of a temperature plateau beyond 100°C, contemporaneous with the dynamic slip weakening and consistent with thermodynamic considerations of ongoing vaporization of pore water. Upon pore fluid vaporization, the pore pressure increases, while the temperature is buffered endothermically, such that the pore water moves along the liquid‐vapor transition curve in a pressure‐temperature phase diagram. Pore fluid phase transitions of this kind are expected to occur in natural earthquakes at relatively shallow crustal levels, enhancing fluid pressurization while impeding the achievement of high temperatures. Therefore, the operation of vaporization may help explain the low downhole temperature anomalies obtained shortly after large earthquakes.
Abiotic processes are insufficient for fertile island development: A 10‐year artificial shrub experiment in a desert grassland
Authors: Li Junran , Gilhooly William P. , Okin Gregory S. , Blackwell John
Published: January 2017

The relative importance of biotic and abiotic processes in the development of “fertile islands” in dryland systems has rarely been investigated. Here we approached this question by using artificial shrubs, which exclude plant litter production and soil nutrient uptake, but retain the functions of trapping windblown material, funneling of stemflow, and differential rain splash. We conducted a vegetation manipulation study more than a decade ago in the desert grassland of southern New Mexico and subsequently revisited the site in 2012 and 2015. The results show that no notable soil mounds were observed under the artificial shrubs; however, soil texture under the artificial shrubs has gradually changed to resemble the patterns of soil particle‐size distribution under natural shrubs. Our results highlight that with the exclusion of direct biotic additions, soils captured by shrub canopies are not necessarily fertile and thus do not themselves contribute to the development of fertile islands.
Thermal ion imagers and Langmuir probes in the Swarm electric field instruments
Authors: Knudsen D. J. , Burchill J. K. , Buchert S. C. , Eriksson A. I. , Gill R. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Åhlen L. , Smith M. , Moffat B.
Published: January 2017

The European Space Agency's three Swarm satellites were launched on 22 November 2013 into nearly polar, circular orbits, eventually reaching altitudes of 460 km (Swarm A and C) and 510 km (Swarm B). Swarm's multiyear mission is to make precision, multipoint measurements of low‐frequency magnetic and electric fields in Earth's ionosphere for the purpose of characterizing magnetic fields generated both inside and external to the Earth, along with the electric fields and other plasma parameters associated with electric current systems in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic field
are determined through ion drift velocity
and magnetic field measurements via the relation
. Ion drift is derived from two‐dimensional images of low‐energy ion distribution functions provided by two Thermal Ion Imager (TII) sensors viewing in the horizontal and vertical planes;
is corrected for spacecraft potential as determined by two Langmuir probes (LPs) which also measure plasma density ne and electron temperature Te. The TII sensors use a microchannel‐plate‐intensified phosphor screen imaged by a charge‐coupled device to generate high‐resolution distribution images (66 × 40 pixels) at a rate of 16 s−1. Images are partially processed on board and further on the ground to generate calibrated data products at a rate of 2 s−1; these include
,
, and ion temperature Ti in addition to electron temperature Te and plasma density ne from the LPs.
Electrostatic analyzer design for solar wind proton measurements with high temporal, energy, and angular resolutions
Authors: Cara Antoine , Lavraud Benoit , Fedorov Andrei , De Keyser Johan , DeMarco Rossana , Marcucci M. Federica , Valentini Francesco , Servidio Sergio , Bruno Roberto
Published: January 2017

We present the design study of an electrostatic analyzer that permits combined high temporal, energy, and angular resolution measurements of solar wind ions. The requirements for high temporal, energy, and angular resolutions, combined with the need for sufficient counting statistics, lead to an electrostatic analyzer with large radius (140 mm) and large geometric factor. The resulting high count rates require the use of channel electron multipliers (CEMs), instead of microchannel plates, to avoid saturation. The large radius further permits the placement of 32 CEM detectors at the analyzer focal plane, thereby providing very high angular resolution in azimuth (1.5°). Electrostatic simulations were performed to define the analyzer geometric factor, energy resolution, analyzer constant (K), elevation response, etc. Simulations were also performed to define the geometry of the deflectors and collimator that are used to provide the proper energy resolution, field of view, and angular resolution (1.5°) in elevation as well (the total field of view of the design is ±24° × ±24°). We show how this design permits unprecedented measurements of the fine structure of the solar wind proton beam and other important features such as temperature anisotropy. This design is used for the Cold Solar Wind instrument of the medium‐class Turbulent Heating ObserveR mission, currently in phase A at the European Space Agency. These unprecedented measurement capabilities are in accordance with and even beyond the requirements of the mission.
Topography of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities beneath the Japan Sea and adjacent regions by analysis of multiple‐ScS waves
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Juan , Chen Qi‐Fu
Published: January 2017

The northwest Pacific subduction region is an ideal location to study the interaction between the subducting slab and upper mantle discontinuities. Due to the sparse distribution of seismic stations in the sea, previous studies mostly focus on mantle transition zone (MTZ) structures beneath continents or island arcs, leaving the vast area of the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea untouched. In this study, we analyzed multiple‐ScS reverberation waves, and a common‐reflection‐point stacking technique was applied to enhance consistent signals beneath reflection points. A topographic image of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities is obtained beneath the Japan Sea and adjacent regions. One‐dimensional and 3‐D velocity models are adapted to obtain the “apparent” and “true” depth. We observe a systematic pattern of depression (~10–20 km) and elevation (~5–10 km) of the 660, with the topography being roughly consistent with the shift of the olivine‐phase transition boundary caused by the subducting Pacific plate. The behavior of the 410 is more complex. It is generally ~5–15 km shallower at the location where the slab penetrates and deepened by ~5–10 km oceanward of the slab where a low‐velocity anomaly is observed in tomography images. Moreover, we observe a wide distribution of depressed 410 beneath the southern Okhotsk Sea and western Japan Sea. The hydrous wadsleyite boundary caused by the high water content at the top of the MTZ could explain the depression. The long‐history trench rollback motion of Pacific slab might be responsible for the widely distributed depression of the 410 ranging upward and landward from the slab.
Impact of mountain permafrost on flow path and runoff response in a high alpine catchment
Authors: Rogger M. , Chirico G. B. , Hausmann H. , Krainer K. , Brückl E. , Stadler P. , Blöschl G.
Published: January 2017

Permafrost in high alpine catchments is expected to disappear in future warmer climates, but the hydrological impact of such changes is poorly understood. This paper investigates the flow paths and the hydrological response in a 5 km2 high alpine catchment in the Ötztal Alps, Austria, and their changes resulting from a loss of permafrost. Spatial permafrost distribution, depth to the permafrost table, and depth to the bedrock were mapped by geophysical methods. Catchment runoff and meteorological variables were monitored from June 2008 to December 2011. These data were used along with field experience to infer conceptual schemes of the dominant flow paths in four types of hillslopes that differ in terms of their unconsolidated sediment characteristics and the presence of permafrost. The four types are: talus fans, rock glaciers, Little Ice Age (LIA) till, and pre‐LIA till. Permafrost tends to occur in the first three types, but is absent from pre‐LIA till. Based on these flow path concepts, runoff was simulated for present conditions and for future conditions when permafrost has completely disappeared. The simulations indicate that complete disappearance of permafrost will reduce flood peaks by up to 17% and increase runoff during recession by up to 19%. It is argued that change modeling needs to account for flow path types and their changes based on geophysical surveys and field investigations.
Optimizing image registration and infarct definition in stroke research
Authors: Harston George W. J. , Minks David , Sheerin Fintan , Payne Stephen J. , Chappell Michael , Jezzard Peter , Jenkinson Mark , Kennedy James
Published: January 2017

Objective

Accurate representation of final infarct volume is essential for assessing the efficacy of stroke interventions in imaging‐based studies. This study defines the impact of image registration methods used at different timepoints following stroke, and the implications for infarct definition in stroke research.

Methods

Patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke were imaged serially using magnetic resonance imaging. Infarct volume was defined manually using four metrics: 24‐h b1000 imaging; 1‐week and 1‐month T2‐weighted FLAIR; and automatically using predefined thresholds of ADC at 24 h. Infarct overlap statistics and volumes were compared across timepoints following both rigid body and nonlinear image registration to the presenting MRI. The effect of nonlinear registration on a hypothetical trial sample size was calculated.

Results

Thirty‐seven patients were included. Nonlinear registration improved infarct overlap statistics and consistency of total infarct volumes across timepoints, and reduced infarct volumes by 4.0 mL (13.1%) and 7.1 mL (18.2%) at 24 h and 1 week, respectively, compared to rigid body registration. Infarct volume at 24 h, defined using a predetermined ADC threshold, was less sensitive to infarction than b1000 imaging. 1‐week T2‐weighted FLAIR imaging was the most accurate representation of final infarct volume. Nonlinear registration reduced hypothetical trial sample size, independent of infarct volume, by an average of 13%.

Interpretation

Nonlinear image registration may offer the opportunity of improving the accuracy of infarct definition in serial imaging studies compared to rigid body registration, helping to overcome the challenges of anatomical distortions at subacute timepoints, and reducing sample size for imaging‐based clinical trials.
Seriography‐Guided Reduction of Graphene Oxide Biopapers for Wearable Sensory Electronics
Authors: Ma Ruilong , Tsukruk Vladimir V.
Published: January 2017

Novel nacre‐mimic bio‐nanocomposites, such as graphene‐based laminates, are pushing the boundaries of strength and toughness as flexible engineering materials. Translating these material advances to functional flexible electronics requires methods for generating print‐scalable microcircuits (conductive elements surrounded by dielectric) into these strong, tough, lightweight bio‐nanocomposites. Here, a new paradigm for printing flexible electronics by employing facile, eco‐friendly seriography to confine the reduction of graphene oxide biopapers reinforced by silk interlayers is presented. Well‐defined, micropatterned regions on the biopaper are chemically reduced, generating a 106 increase in conductivity (up to 104 S m−1). Flexible, robust graphene‐silk circuits are showcased in diverse applications such as resistive moisture sensors and capacitive proximity sensors. Unlike conductive (i.e., graphene‐ or Ag nanoparticle‐loaded) inks printed onto substrates, seriography‐guided reduction does not create mechanically weak interfaces between dissimilar materials and does not require the judicious formation of ink. The unimpaired functionality of printed‐in graphene‐silk microcircuits after thousands of punitive folding cycles and chemical attack by harsh solvents is demonstrated. This novel approach provides a low‐cost, portable solution for printing micrometer‐scale conductive features uniformly across large areas (>hundreds of cm2) in layered composites for applications including wearable health monitors, electronic skin, rollable antennas, and conformable displays.
Stiffness‐Controlled Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Cell Harvesting with Sustained Mechanical Memory
Authors: Fan Xingliang , Zhu Lu , Wang Ke , Wang Bingjie , Wu Yaozu , Xie Wei , Huang Chengyu , Chan Barbara Pui , Du Yanan
Published: January 2017

Most mechanobiological investigations focused on in situ mechanical regulation of cells on stiffness‐controlled substrates with few downstream applications, as it is still challenging to harvest and expand mechanically primed cells by enzymatic digestion (e.g., trypsin) without interrupting cellular mechanical memory between passages. This study develops thermoresponsive hydrogels with controllable stiffness to generate mechanically primed cells with intact mechanical memory for augmented wound healing. No significant cellular property alteration of the fibroblasts primed on thermoresponsive hydrogels with varied stiffness has been observed through thermoresponsive harvesting. When reseeding the harvested cells for further evaluation, softer hydrogels are proven to better sustain the mechanical priming effects compared to rigid tissue culture plate, which indicates that both the stiffness‐controlled substrate and thermoresponsive harvesting are required to sustain cellular mechanical memory between passages. Moreover, epigenetics analysis reveals that thermoresponsive harvesting could reduce the rearrangement and loss of chromatin proteins compared to that of trypsinization. In vivo wound healing using mechanically primed fibroblasts shows featured epithelium and sebaceous glands, which indicates augmented skin recovery compared with trypsinized fibroblasts. Thus, the thermoresponsive hydrogel‐based cell harvesting system offers a powerful tool to investigate mechanobiology between cell passages and produces abundant cells with tailored mechanical priming properties for cell‐based applications.
Atomic Layer Deposition for Advanced Electrode Design in Photoelectrochemical and Triboelectric Systems
Authors: Su Jingjie , Li Zhaodong , Yu Yanhao , Wang Xudong
Published: January 2017

As a powerful and versatile thin film deposition technique, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been increasingly involved in the manufacturing of many energy harvesting and storage devices. Compared to the applications of ALD in lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors, ALD in photoelectrochemical (PEC) electrode and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) development is relatively new. Most current progress in these two promising directions is not quite comprehensively covered. This article intends to summarize the most recent and representative research regarding the application of ALD in the fabrication of PEC electrodes and TENG active materials. We first discuss ALD of nanostructured electrochemically active materials and surface coating for PEC photoelectrodes, and the corresponding influence on solar energy conversion efficiency and electrode stability are discussed and compared. A unique high‐temperature ALD‐based approach, called surface‐reaction‐limited pulsed chemical vapor deposition (SPCVD) is then introduced as a new approach to the synthesis of 3D branched NW architecture, which offers tremendous advantages in photoelectrode design. At last, a new exploration of ALD in the field of mechanical energy harvesting is presented as an effective strategy to modify the dielectric property of polymer thin films for TENG development.
Functional Perovskites by Atomic Layer Deposition – An Overview
Authors: Sønsteby Henrik Hovde , Fjellvåg Helmer , Nilsen Ola
Published: January 2017

The last 20 years have seen a massive increase in reports on complex oxides with functional properties synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Many of these compounds have perovskite or perovskite‐related structures, and exhibit a range of electric and magnetic properties. This short review summarizes the current status of functional perovskites and ABO3 compounds down to the ilmenite structure prepared by ALD, focusing on ferromagnetism and ferro‐ and piezoelectricity. All perovskite‐related compounds known to have been deposited by ALD down to the ilmenite structure are listed, with a summary of expected and measured functional properties. The origin of the functionality and possible applications are discussed, in addition to the deposition conditions and post‐treatment where necessary. Some future perspectives and suggestions for further work conclude the paper.
Charting the neglected West: The social system of Guinea baboons
Authors: Fischer Julia , Kopp Gisela H. , Dal Pesco Federica , Goffe Adeelia , Hammerschmidt Kurt , Kalbitzer Urs , Klapproth Matthias , Maciej Peter , Ndao Ibrahima , Patzelt Annika , Zinner Dietmar
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Primate social systems are remarkably diverse, and thus play a central role in understanding social evolution, including the biological origin of human societies. Although baboons have been prominently featured in this context, historically little was known about the westernmost member of the genus, the Guinea baboon (Papio papio).

Material and Methods

Here, we summarize the findings from the first years of observations at the field site CRP Simenti in the Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal.

Results

Guinea baboons reveal a nested multi‐level social organization, with reproductive units comprising one “primary” male, one to several females, young, and occasionally “secondary” males at the base of the society. Three to five units form “parties,” which team up with other parties to form a “gang.” Different gangs have largely overlapping home ranges and agonistic interactions between different parties or gangs are rare. Some but not all strongly socially bonded males are highly related, and population genetic and behavioral evidence indicate female‐biased dispersal. Females play an important role in intersexual bond formation and maintenance, and female tenure length varies between a few weeks to several years.

Discussion

While the social organization resembles that of hamadryas baboons (P. hamadryas), the social structure differs considerably, specifically in terms of low male aggressiveness and female freedom. Despite substantial differences in social organization and social structure, the acoustic structure of Guinea baboon vocalizations does not differ substantially from that of other baboon taxa. With its multi‐level organization, stable bonds between males and females, as well as a high‐degree of male‐male cooperation and tolerance, Guinea baboons constitute an intriguing model for reconstructing human social evolution.
Beyond food: The multiple pathways for inclusion of materials into ancient dental calculus
Authors: Radini Anita , Nikita Efthymia , Buckley Stephen , Copeland Les , Hardy Karen
Published: January 2017

Dental calculus (mineralized dental plaque) was first recognised as a potentially useful archaeological deposit in the 1970s, though interest in human dental calculus as a resource material has increased sharply in the past few years. The majority of recent research has focused on the retrieval of plant microfossils embedded in its matrix and interpretation of these finds as largely the result of deliberate consumption of plant‐derived food. However, while most of the material described in published works does represent food, dental calculus is in fact a “depositional environment” as material can enter the mouth from a range of sources. In this respect, it therefore represents an archaeological deposit that can also contain extensive non‐dietary debris. This can comprise a wide variety of cultural and environmental material which reaches the mouth and can become embedded in dental calculus through alternative pathways. Here, we explore the human behaviors and activities besides eating that can generate a flux of particles into the human mouth, the broad range of additional cultural and environmental information that can be obtained through the analysis and contextualisation of this material, and the implications of the additional pathways by which material can become embedded in dental calculus.
Eigenstate phase transitions and the emergence of universal dynamics in highly excited states
Authors: Parameswaran S. A. , Potter Andrew C. , Vasseur Romain
Published: January 2017

We review recent advances in understanding the universal scaling properties of non‐equilibrium phase transitions in non‐ergodic disordered systems. We discuss dynamical critical points (also known as eigenstate phase transitions) between different many‐body localized (MBL) phases, and between MBL and thermal phases.

image
Micromotors Spontaneously Neutralize Gastric Acid for pH‐Responsive Payload Release
Authors: Li Jinxing , Angsantikul Pavimol , Liu Wenjuan , Esteban‐Fernández de Ávila Berta , Thamphiwatana Soracha , Xu Mingli , Sandraz Elodie , Wang Xiaolei , Delezuk Jorge , Gao Weiwei , Zhang Liangfang , Wang Joseph
Published: January 2017

The highly acidic gastric environment creates a physiological barrier for using therapeutic drugs in the stomach. While proton pump inhibitors have been widely used for blocking acid‐producing enzymes, this approach can cause various adverse effects. Reported herein is a new microdevice, consisting of magnesium‐based micromotors which can autonomously and temporally neutralize gastric acid through efficient chemical propulsion in the gastric fluid by rapidly depleting the localized protons. Coating these micromotors with a cargo‐containing pH‐responsive polymer layer leads to autonomous release of the encapsulated payload upon gastric‐acid neutralization by the motors. Testing in a mouse model demonstrate that these motors can safely and rapidly neutralize gastric acid and simultaneously release payload without causing noticeable acute toxicity or affecting the stomach function, and the normal stomach pH is restored within 24 h post motor administration.
Modulation of the Thermodynamic Signatures of an RNA Thermometer by Osmolytes and Salts
Authors: Gao Mimi , Arns Loana , Winter Roland
Published: January 2017

Folding of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) is driven by several factors, such as base pairing and stacking, chain entropy, and ion‐mediated electrostatics, which have been studied in great detail. However, the power of background molecules in the cellular milieu is often neglected. Herein, we study the effect of common osmolytes on the folding equilibrium of a hairpin‐structured RNA and, using pressure perturbation, provide novel thermodynamic and volumetric insights into the modulation mechanism. The presence of TMAO causes an increased thermal stability and a more positive volume change for the helix‐to‐coil transition, whereas urea destabilizes the hairpin and leads to an increased expansibility of the unfolded state. Further, we find a strong interplay between water, salt, and osmolyte in driving the thermodynamics and defining the temperature and pressure stability limit of the RNA. Our results support a universal working mechanism of TMAO and urea to (de)stabilize proteins and the RNA.
Reversing the Regioselectivity of Halofunctionalization Reactions through Cooperative Photoredox and Copper Catalysis
Authors: Griffin Jeremy D. , Cavanaugh Cortney L. , Nicewicz David A.
Published: January 2017

Halofunctionalization of alkenes is a classical method for olefin difunctionalization. It gives rise to adducts which are found in many natural products and biologically active molecules, and offers a synthetic handle for further manipulation. Classically, this reaction is performed with an electrophilic halogen source and leads to regioselective formation of the halofunctionalized adducts. Herein, we demonstrate a reversal of the native regioselectivity for alkene halofunctionalization through the use of an acridinium photooxidant in conjunction with a copper cocatalyst.
Plasmonic Chirality Imprinting on Nucleobase‐Displaying Supramolecular Nanohelices by Metal–Nucleobase Recognition
Authors: Lin Yiyang , Pashuck E. Thomas , Thomas Michael R. , Amdursky Nadav , Wang Shih‐Ting , Chow Lesley W. , Stevens Molly M.
Published: January 2017

Supramolecular self‐assembly is an important process that enables the conception of complex structures mimicking biological motifs. Herein, we constructed helical fibrils through chiral self‐assembly of nucleobase–peptide conjugates (NPCs), where achiral nucleobases are helically displayed on the surface of fibrils, comparable to polymerized nucleic acids. Selective binding between DNA and the NPC fibrils was observed with fluorescence polarization. Taking advantage of metal–nucleobase recognition, we highlight the possibility of deposition/assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles onto the fibrillar constructs. In this approach, the supramolecular chirality of NPCs can be adaptively imparted to metallic nanoparticles, covering them to generate structures with plasmonic chirality that exhibit significantly improved colloidal stability. The self‐assembly of rationally designed NPCs into nanohelices is a promising way to engineer complex, optically diverse nucleobase‐derived nanomaterials.
Polymer‐Templated Formation of Polydopamine‐Coated SnO2 Nanocrystals: Anodes for Cyclable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiang Beibei , He Yanjie , Li Bo , Zhao Shiqiang , Wang Shun , He Yan‐Bing , Lin Zhiqun
Published: January 2017

Well‐controlled nanostructures and a high fraction of Sn/Li2O interface are critical to enhance the coulombic efficiency and cyclic performance of SnO2‐based electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Polydopamine (PDA)‐coated SnO2 nanocrystals, composed of hundreds of PDA‐coated “corn‐like” SnO2 nanoparticles (diameter ca. 5 nm) decorated along a “cob”, addressed the irreversibility issue of SnO2‐based electrodes. The PDA‐coated SnO2 were crafted by capitalizing on rationally designed bottlebrush‐like hydroxypropyl cellulose‐graft‐poly (acrylic acid) (HPC‐g‐PAA) as a template and was coated with PDA to construct a passivating solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. In combination, the corn‐like nanostructure and the protective PDA coating contributed to a PDA‐coated SnO2 electrode with excellent rate capability, superior long‐term stability over 300 cycles, and high Sn→SnO2 reversibility.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed meta C−H Mono‐ and Difluoromethylations by Phosphine/Carboxylate Cooperation
Authors: Ruan Zhixiong , Zhang Shou‐Kun , Zhu Cuiju , Ruth Paul Niklas , Stalke Dietmar , Ackermann Lutz
Published: January 2017

Ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed meta‐selective C−H (di)fluoromethylation was accomplished by phosphine and carboxylate cooperation. The remote C−H functionalization was characterized by ample substrate scope, thereby setting the stage for meta‐(di)fluoromethylation through facile C−H cleavage.
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal aging behavior of HCl‐doped polyaniline/TRGO nanocomposites
Authors: Khodadadi Yazdi M. , Hashemi Motlagh G.
Published: January 2017

In this article polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites containing thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) were synthesized and characterized before and after thermal aging. The nanocomposites were prepared through in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of TRGO nanoplatelets. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, XRD, FESEM, and electrical conductivity measurements were used to characterize synthesized materials. PANI/TRGO nanocomposites showed considerably higher electrical conductivity when compared to pure PANI, which was associated with the higher electrical conductivity of TRGO and increased crystallinity of PANI in the presence of TRGO. Pure PANI and PANI/TRGO nanocomposites were thermally aged at 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C. The results showed that the characteristic time of thermal aging process is higher for PANI/TRGO nanocomposites and increases with TRGO loading, which indicates better stability of conductivity during thermal aging process. On the other hand, the characteristic time of thermal aging reduced with aging temperature and a fast decrease was observed from 80 to 90 °C. Improved resistance over thermal aging can be attributed to the barrier effect of TRGO nanoplatelets to the dopant molecules, which retards conductivity degradation in the thermal aging process. Furthermore, TRGO increases PANI crystallinity and it can also prevent crystallinity reduction during thermal aging process. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44635.