bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of light pollution at the Iranian National Observatory
Authors: Hosseini S. Sona , Nasiri Sadollah
Published: August 2007

The problem of light pollution became important mainly since 1960, by growth of urban development and using more artificial lights and lamps at the nighttimes. Optical telescopes share the same range of wavelengths as are used to provide illumination of roadways, buildings and automobiles. The light glow that emanates from man made pollution will scatter off the atmosphere and affects the images taken by the observatory instruments. A method of estimating the night sky brightness produced by a city of known population and distance is useful in site testing of the new observatories, as well as in studying the likely future deterioration of existing sites. Now with planning the Iranian National Observatory that will house a 2-metre telescope and on the way of the site selection project, studying the light pollution is propounded in Iran. Thus, we need a site with the least light pollution, beside other parameters, i.e. seeing, meteorological, geophysical and local parameters. The seeing parameter is being measured in our four preliminary selected sites at Qom, Kashan, Kerman and Birjand since two years ago using an out of focus Differential Image Motion Monitor. These sites are selected among 33 candidate sites by studying the meteorological data obtained from the local synoptic stations and the Meteosat. We measured and used the Walker's law to estimate the Sky brightness for three of these sites

The data obtained using an 8-inch Meade telescope with a ST7 CCD camera for above sites are consistent with the estimated values of the light pollution mentioned above.
Graduate programme in astrophysics in Split
Authors: Krajnović Davor
Published: August 2007

Beginning in the autumn of 2008, the first generation of astronomy master's students will start a two-year course in Astrophysics offered by the Physics Department of the University of Split, Croatia (http://fizika.pmfst.hr/astro/english/index.html). This unique master's course in south-eastern Europe, following the Bologna convention and given by astronomers from international institutions, offers a series of comprehensive lectures designed to greatly enhance students’ knowledge and skills in astrophysics, and prepare them for a scientific career. An equally important aim of the course is to recognize the areas in which astronomy and astrophysics can serve as a national asset and to use them to prepare young people for real life challenges, enabling graduates to enter the modern society as a skilled and attractive work-force. In this contribution, I present an example of a successful organization of international astrophysics studies in a developing country, which aims to become a leading graduate programme in astrophysics in the broader region. I will focus on the benefits of the project showing why and in what way astronomy can be interesting for third world countries, what are the benefits for the individual students, nation and region, but also research, science and the astronomical community in general.
International Schools for Young Astronomers (ISYA): a programme of the International Astronomical Union
Authors: Gerbaldi Michèle
Published: August 2007

This paper outlines the main features of the International Schools for Young Astronomers (ISYA), a programme developed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1967. The main goal of this programme is to support astronomy in developing countries by organizing a school lasting 3 weeks for students with typically a M.Sc. degree. The context in which the ISYA were developed has changed drastically over the past 10 years. We have moved from a time when access to any large telescope was difficult and mainly organized on a national basis, to the situation nowadays where data archives are established at the same time that any major telescope, ground-based or in space, is built, and these archives are accessible from everywhere. The concept of the virtual observatory reinforces this access. However, the rapid development of information and communications technologies and the increasing penetration of internet have not yet removed all barriers to data access. The role of the ISYA is addressed in this context.
Undergraduate and graduate programmes in astronomy for the developing world
Authors: Percy John R.
Published: August 2007

In this paper, I discuss some aspects of the design of undergraduate and graduate astronomy curricula, broadly defined, for developing countries. A fundamental requirement is to develop students' ability and desire to learn, both in university and beyond. I then discuss several aspects of the curriculum: (i) The programme of coursework in astronomy and related topics such as physics and mathematics; (ii) The associated practical and project work to develop skills as well as knowledge; (iii) Linking the coursework, effectively, to various aspects of research; (iv) Development of general academic and professional skills such as oral and written communication, teaching, planning and management, and the ability to function as part of an interdisciplinary team; and (v) Orientation to the culture of the university and to the science and the profession of astronomy.

To accomplish all of these goals may seem daunting, especially as many of them are not achieved in the most affluent universities. But much can be gained by recognizing that there are well-established “best practices” in education, achieved through formal education research, reflection, and experience. Simple resources, effectively used, can be superior to the highest technology, used without careful thought. It is often best to do a few things well; “less can be more”. And effective partnership, both within the local university and with the outside astronomical community, can also contribute to success.
Teaching and research in astronomy using small aperture optical telescopes
Authors: Pandey Shiva
Published: August 2007

Small aperture (<1m, typically 20–50 cm) optical telescopes with adequate back-end instrumentation (e.g. photometer, CCD camera and CCD spectrograph) can be used for spreading the joy and excitement of observational astronomy among postgraduate and research students in colleges and universities. On the basis of our experience over a decade of observing with small optical telescopes it has been amply demonstrated that such a facility, which any university can hope to procure and maintain, can be effectively used for teaching and research. The Physics Department of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University at Raipur, India offers Astronomy & Astrophysics as one of the specializations of its MSc program in Physics. A set of observational exercises has been incorporated with a view to provide training in observations, analysis and interpretation of astronomical data. Observing facilities available in the department include 8”–14” aperture telescopes equipped with a photometer, CCD camera and a CCD spectrograph. A facility of this kind is ideally suited for continuous monitoring of a variety of variable stars, and thus can provide valuable data for understanding the physics of stellar variability. This is especially true for a class of variable stars known as chromospherically active stars. The stars belonging to this class have variable light curves that change from year to year in a rather strange way. A large fraction of these active stars are bright; hence the importance of small aperture telescopes for collecting much-needed photometric data. For over a decade the research activity using the 14” optical telescope has focused on photometric monitoring of well known and suspected active stars. These data, together with X-ray and radio data from archives as well as spectroscopic data obtained at Indian observatories, has led to the identification of new chromosperically active stars. This paper is aimed at sharing our experiences with the colleagues from the developing world on the usage of small optical telescopes for teaching and research with the objective of spreading the joy of astronomy among young students.
Observing solar eclipses in the developing world
Authors: Pasachoff Jay M.
Published: August 2007

Astronomers have opportunities at least twice a year to use partial, annular, or total eclipses of the Sun, or planetary transits, to interest the public in astronomy through their observations. It is important to provide accurate information about the pleasures and hazards of looking toward the Sun. The International Astronomical Union helps by providing knowledgeable information from experienced eclipse observers.
The COSPAR Capacity-Building Workshop Programme, 2000–2007
Authors: Arnaud Keith A. , Willmore A. Peter
Published: August 2007

The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Capacity-Building Programme introduces astronomers in the developing world to the rich resource of space research online archives. The programme consists of a series of regional workshops which each bring together about 30 developing world astronomers with around 8 teaching faculty for lectures and hands-on projects. Five workshops have been held so far with another two planned for next year and a budget which enables on average one workshop each year. Proposals for future workshops are encouraged.
Virtual observatories and developing countries
Authors: Kembhavi Ajit
Published: August 2007

I will discuss in this article the emerging concept of virtual observatories, the efforts being made in various countries to set up these structures, and the relevance of the concept to astronomy in developing countries.
A series of technologies that advance the goal of data sharing
Authors: Lin Ganghua
Published: August 2007

One of the purposes of a Virtual Observatory is to facilitate data sharing. Data products from the Solar Multi-Channel Telescope and the Solar Radio Telescope at Huairou Solar Observing Station, Beijing, are not only used for solar research but also for solar activity and space environment predictions. To provide these services, we have exploited a number of technologies, which we discuss in this article. These include the setting up of a WWW server, a local area network, network security facility, data processing software, etc. We discuss the implementation of a Virtual Solar Observatory (VSO) and show how it meets various user requirements for unified international metadata. We also discuss future plans for further development of the system.
Derivation of isotope ratios, errors, and error correlations for U‐Pb geochronology using 205Pb‐235U‐(233U)‐spiked isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometric data
Authors: Schmitz Mark D. , Schoene Blair
Published: August 2007

A comprehensive treatment of the derivation of U‐Pb isotope ratios and their corresponding uncertainties from isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometric measurements is presented. Standard parametric statistical methods of error propagation are utilized to convolve uncertainties associated with instrumental mass fractionation, tracer subtraction, blank Pb and U subtraction, and initial common Pb correction. Derivations include errors and error correlations for total sample U/Pb and Pb isotope ratios (including radiogenic and initial common Pb) for two‐ and three‐dimensional isochron calculations, radiogenic U/Pb and Pb isotope ratios for concordia and radiogenic model age calculations, and the propagation of model age errors from radiogenic isotope ratios.
Influence of convergent plate boundaries on upper mantle flow and implications for seismic anisotropy
Authors: Lowman Julian P. , Pinero‐Feliciangeli Laura T. , Kendall J.‐Michael , Shahnas M. Hosein
Published: August 2007

Shear‐wave splitting observations in the region of the upper mantle enveloping subduction zones have been interpreted as showing extensive regions of trench‐parallel flow, despite the difficulty of reconciling such behavior with a sound model based on the forces that drive mantle motion. To gain insight into the observations, we systematically investigate flow patterns around the cold downwelling sheets associated with consumed plate material in a three‐dimensional numerical mantle convection model. First, we compare results from calculations employing prescribed plate geometries and kinematic plate velocities where the convergent plate boundary morphology is varied while keeping the plate velocity and convective parameters fixed. Subsequently, we examine the flow around sheet‐like downwellings in a number of convection calculations featuring dynamically evolving plate velocities. All of the calculations include thick viscous plates and a stratified mantle viscosity. In all of the models examined, we find that at mid‐upper mantle depths, flow directions no longer align with plate motion and the influence of buoyancy‐driven downwellings clearly dominates flow solutions. In the first models analyzed, a pair of plates are included in the calculations, and the large‐scale flow is generally roll‐like. In the final model we investigate the interaction of four plates and a plate geometry characterized by triple junctions. We examine a sequence from this calculation that features a triple junction of convergent boundaries. In this model, large‐scale flow characterized by convection rolls is superseded by a complex flow solution where flow in the mid‐upper mantle neither aligns uniformly with the plate motion nor necessarily follows the forcing associated with local buoyancy sources. In this setting, upper mantle flow in the vicinity of the sheet‐like downwellings featured in the solution moves orthogonal, obliquely, and even parallel to different sections of the convergent plate boundaries. In the latter case our calculations of the deformation of a fixed volume parcel of upper mantle material suggest that an olivine lattice‐preferred orientation should develop that would result in a fast polarizing direction for seismic shear waves parallel to the slab. Our findings have implications for the interpretation of flow in the upper mantle based on seismic anisotropy.
Effect of the magnetic field applied during cooling on magnetic hysteresis in the low‐temperature phase of magnetite: First‐order reversal curve (FORC) analysis
Authors: Smirnov A. V.
Published: August 2007

The strength of a magnetic field applied during cooling through the Verwey transition can control the low‐temperature (LT) magnetic hysteresis properties of magnetite. This effect is investigated using the first‐order reversal curve (FORC) technique. LT FORC distributions were measured at 20 K from four polycrystalline samples after cooling from 300 K in zero magnetic field or in the presence of a magnetic field (HFC) from a 0.01 to 1.5 T range. The samples represented nearly single‐domain (SD), pseudo‐single‐domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) magnetic hysteresis behavior. The LT FORC distributions measured from PSD magnetite after zero field cooling are characterized by two distinct maxima located almost symmetrically with respect to the zero interaction field (Hu = 0) axis on a FORC diagram. Application of an intermediate magnetic field (10 mT to 50 mT) during cooling results in a shift of the peaks to near symmetry with respect to the Hu = HFC line. The manifestation of the field‐controlled offset of FORC distribution strongly depends on the direction of the field HFC; the effect is best expressed when a FORC diagram is measured parallel or antiparallel to the cooling field direction. For HFC > 100 mT, the upper peak disappears, and the LT FORC distribution becomes single‐peaked and symmetrical with respect to the Hu = 0 axis. In contrast, no correlation between HFC and features of FORC distributions is observed for SD and MD magnetite. These experimental results provide further support to a phenomenological model which suggests that magnetic hysteresis behavior of monoclinic magnetite is controlled by an intrinsic interplay between the magnetic and crystallographic twin domain structures.
On the global distribution of sporadic sodium layers
Authors: Fan Z. Y. , Plane J. M. C. , Gumbel J.
Published: August 2007

Limb‐scanning measurements of the dayglow radiance at 589 nm, made with the OSIRIS spectrometer on the Odin satellite, are used to retrieve Na layer profiles with sufficient vertical resolution (∼2 km) to observe sporadic Na layers (SSLs). A two‐year data base (2003–2004) has been analyzed to determine the global distribution of the SSL occurrence frequency (at 0600 and 1800 hrs local time). This shows that SSLs are much more prevalent in the southern hemisphere, with a particularly active region extending from South America at latitudes greater than 40°S to the Antarctic peninsula. The global average SSL occurrence frequency is about 5%. By analyzing the occurrence of SSLs in successive limb scans, it appears that most SSLs have a horizontal extent of less than ∼300 km. However, on one occasion during this 2‐year study, two apparently very large SSLs, extending about 70° in latitude, were observed.
Influence of Saturnian moons on Saturn kilometric radiation
Authors: Menietti J. D. , Groene J. B. , Averkamp T. F. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Kurth W. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Zarka P.
Published: August 2007

Similar to past studies at Jupiter, we conduct an investigation of possible associations of radio emission occurrence probability with the orbital phases of Saturnian moons. We use a new definition of the Saturn longitude system (SLS) based on the results of Kurth et al. (2007). This paper presents results of our findings to date, sampling a large portion of the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument data over the frequency range 12 kHz < f < 16 MHz. We also investigate the intensity of Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) as a function of the local time and subsolar longitude. When Titan is near a local time of midnight, there is a significant increase in the occurrence probability of SKR and a diminution of SKR when Titan is near local noon and afternoon. This indicates Titan may play a role in the process of substorm generation at Saturn perhaps due to its large plasma wake. Rhea displays a marginal orbital phase “control” of a subset of the SKR. In the past there have been conflicting reports of the absence of SKR emission at particular local times of Dione. We find no long‐term, statistical influence of Dione on SKR occurrence probability. In addition, we find no significant statistical influence of Enceladus or Tethys on SKR occurrence probability.
EFFECT OF TUMOUR‐ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES ON THE GROWTH OF TUMOURS IN RATS
Authors: Inoue Y , Nelson DS
Published: August 2007

Tumours that had grown in syngeneic rats were depleted of macrophages in vitro. A comparison was made with non‐depleted tumours of their growth in the feet and spread to the popliteal lymph nodes in untreated, irradiated (500 rads) or carrageenan‐treated rats. A non‐metastasizing methylcholanthrene‐induced fibrosarcoma (D8) grew better in the feet of all three groups after macrophage depletion but metastasized more extensively only in irradiated rats; irradiation increased the growth of non‐depleted D8 in the feet. D8M, a metastatic variant of D8, grew less extensively in the feet of normal rats after macrophage depletion. Its metastatic spread was increased by macrophage depletion in carrageenan‐treated rats only. Non‐depleted D8M grew less well in the feet of irradiated or carrageenan‐treated rats than in normal rats. A metastasizing spontaneous adenocarcinoma (ST‐2) grew less well in normal rats after macrophage depletion. The non‐depleted tumour grew less well in irradiated rats but macrophage depletion had no further effect. Metastasis of ST‐2 to the popliteal node of normal rats was abolished by macrophage depletion. The nature of the host macrophage‐tumour relationship seems to differ from tumour to tumour.
MACROPHAGES BIND DIRECTLY TO SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS AND MEDIATE ANTIBODY‐DEPENDENT CELL‐MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
Authors: Macfarlan Roderick I , White David O
Published: August 2007

Macrophages were found to bind directly to Semliki Forest virus (SFV)‐infected, but not uninfected, P815 cells. In the presence of anti‐H‐2d or anti‐BALB/c antibody, macrophages lysed SFV‐infected, but not uninfected, P815 cells. It is proposed that macrophage‐mediated antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) proceeds via two functionally distinguishable initial steps: (1) adhesion of effector to target cell, which may be mediated through antibody or through viral protein, as in the case of SFV‐infected target cells suboptimally sensitized with antibody; (2) antibody‐dependent initiation of cytolysis.
SUPPRESSOR T CELL MEMORY. INDUCTION AND RECALL OF HGG‐SPECIFIC MEMORY SUPPRESSOR T CELLS AND THEIR ROLE IN REGULATION OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Loblay RH , Pritchard‐Briscoe H , Basten A
Published: August 2007

Regulation of the antibody response to the hapten, dinitrophenyl (DNP), was studied using human gammaglobulin (HGG) as the carrier in an adoptive transfer system. CBA mice immunized at least 4 weeks previously to HGG or DNP served as the source of T helper cells and hapten‐primed. B cells, respectively. The addition of spleen cells from donors recently primed to HGG in immunogenic form (aHGG) suppressed the collaborative anti‐DNP PFC response as effectively as cells from tolerant donors. The suppressive effect was antigen‐specific and was mediated by a T cell with the same phenotype (Ly‐1−, Ly‐23+, Ia+) and induction kinetics as those previously identified in HGG‐tolerant animals. During the primary response to HGG an early burst of helper activity was detected initially, followed by a wave of suppression which peaked at day 7 and subsequently waned, allowing adoptive helper function to reappear during the third week. When previously immunized animals were boosted with soluble HGG after primary suppression had waned, the sequential appearance of helper and suppressor activity was accelerated, and the secondary suppressive effect was more profound and of longer duration than that observed during a primary response. Although helper activity was not apparent during the peak of secondary suppression, helper T cells (Th) had not been functionally deleted since treatment of the donor spleen cells with anti‐Ia and complement to deplete suppressor T cells (Ts) before adoptive transfer resulted in significant augmentation of the anti‐DNP response. The secondary suppressive effect was formally shown to be mediated by activated Ts effector cells bearing the same surface markers as the cells responsible for primary suppression The results suggest that the Ts population, like other lymphocyte subsets, contain memory cells capable of rapid re‐expression of effector function upon secondary exposure lo antigen. These cells are considered to be of major importance in maintenance of immune homeostasis.
ORGANOTIN IMPLICATIONS IN ANTICARCINOGENESIS. EFFECTS OF SEVERAL ORGANOTINS ON TUMOUR GROWTH RATE IN MICE
Authors: Cardarelli NF , Cardarelli BM , Libby EP , Dobbins E
Published: August 2007

Several cohorts of cancerous mice were continuously dosed with 2,2′‐bipyridyl dibutyltin dichloride, 1,10‐phenanthroline dibutyltin and histidine dibutyltin; presented at 1 ppm and 10 ppm in drinking water. Tumour growth rates were significantly reduced. Tributyltin fluoride (TBTF) applied dermally, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the carrier, over the tumour site was ineffective. Variation in thymus and spleen weight between controls and tin‐exposed mice indicates a lymphatic involvement. Analysis of mouse tissue for total tin content showed high tin concentrations in the thymus and spleen.
MAMMARY GLAND FUNCTION DURING GRADUAL WEANING AND EARLY GESTATION IN WOMEN
Authors: Prosser CG , Saint L , Hartmann PE
Published: August 2007

Daily changes in the composition of the milk of two lactating women were recorded from the time of the last menstrual period prior to conception throughout the first two months of gestation. The changes in the composition of the milk from these women were compared to the daily changes in the milk composition of two women during the period of gradual weaning.

In the weaning subjects the concentration of sodium and total protein had increased 14‐ and 1·6‐fold, respectively, by the end of the study. The concentrations of potassium, glucose and lactose decreased 1·3‐, 149‐ and 3·6‐fold, respectively, from before weaning commenced to the end of the study. These changes were closely correlated to the decrease in the suckling frequency of the infant. The concentration of sodium and total protein in the milk from the unsuckled breast of two women was 11‐ and 2·8‐fold higher than in the milk from the normally suckled breast of the same woman. The concentrations of potassium, glucose and lactose were 1·1‐, 70‐ and 1·9‐fold lower, emphasizing the necessity of a regular suckling pattern on the maintenance of lactation.

The concentrations of sodium and total protein similarly increased during pregnancy, being 8‐ and 3·8‐fold higher by the second month of gestation. The concentrations of potassium, glucose and lactose decreased 1·4‐, 73‐ and 4·4‐fold, respectively, over the same period of time. The changes in the milk composition showed no significant correlation to the infant's suckling frequency.

The results indicate a progressive loss of secretory activity by the mammary gland during weaning and early gestation. During weaning this loss appears to be directly related to the decrease in the infant's suckling frequency, whereas during early gestation there would appear to be an inhibition of milk secretion which over‐rides the positive stimulus provided by the infant's suckling. The mechanisms regulating the secretion of milk during weaning and pregnancy are discussed in the light of the compositional changes observed.
ANALYSIS OF COLLAGEN FROM NORMAL AND ABNORMAL HUMAN BONE
Authors: Quelch KJ , Murphy WH , Melick RA
Published: August 2007

Using cyanogen bromide digestion of bone collagen, we have studied the type of collagen in normal bone, and in samples from patients with Paget's disease of bone, osteomalacia, osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy. Despite extensive extraction with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and guanidine hydrochloride, not all of the glycoproteins could be removed from bone collagen. Upon electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels, the cyanogen bromide peptides of insoluble bone collagen showed the pattern of type I collagen only in all samples, both normal and abnormal. Amino acid composition of the insoluble collagens and the ratio of hydroxylated and non‐hydroxylated amino acids were similar for all adult bone samples.

These results suggest that the type of collagen in bone is not altered in the bone diseases examined.
METABOLISM OF EXOGENOUS NORADRENALINE IN SLICES OF HYPOTHALAMUS AND CAUDATE NUCLEUS OF THE BRUSH‐TAIL POSSUM, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: Minson Jane B , De La Lande IS
Published: August 2007

In the possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, the major catecholamines in the hypothalamus and caudate nucleus are noradrenaline and dopamine, respectively, suggesting that catecholaminergic transmission in these regions is similar to that in eutherian mammalian brain. Comparisons of accumulation and metabolism of 3H noradrenaline by tissue slices of the two regions indicated that in the caudate nucleus there was a seven‐fold greater accumulation of unchanged noradrenaline but a lower rate of deamination to the principal metabolite, dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol (DOPEG). Cocaine inhibited DOPEG formation in the hypothalamus but nut in the caudate nucleus. To explain these results, it is suggested that in the hypothalamus noradrenaline is taken up by noradrenergic nerve terminals where it undergoes extensive deamination. However, in the caudate nucleus it is taken up by, but not deaminated within, the dopaminergic nerve terminals. In the hypothalamus the presence of a corticosteroid‐sensitive O‐methylating system extraneuronal to noradrenergic neurones was indicated by the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the O‐methylation of isoprenaline. The results do not point to any major differences between the metabolism of noradrenaline in metatherian (marsupial) and eutherian brain.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RELEASE OF NORADRENALINE FROM HYPOTHALAMIC SLICES OF THE POSSUM, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: Minson Jane B , De La Lande IS
Published: August 2007

Slices of hypothalamus of the possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, were incubated with 3H noradrenaline and the subsequent spontaneous and K+ ‐induced effluxes of 3H measured. Unchanged 3H noradrenaline comprised virtually all the K+‐induced efflux, indicating that there was little, if any, metabolism of the amine after its release. Receptor‐modulation of the K+‐induced efflux of 3H was shown by inhibition of this efflux by noradrenaline, clonidine, angiotensin II and leu‐enkephalin, and by the increase in efflux produced by yohimbine and isoprenaline. It is concluded that, in the possum, the control of spontaneous and K+‐induced release of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus is similar to that in eutherian mammalian brain.
THE ISOLATION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUSES AND PARAMYXOVIRUSES FROM FERAL DUCKS IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Austin FJ , Hinshaw Virginia S
Published: August 2007

Tracheal and cloacal swabs from apparently healthy ducks, gulls, shearwaters and terns in New Zealand were tested for myxoviruses by inoculation into embryonated eggs. Seven influenza A viruses belonging to three antigenic subtypes (H4N6; H1N3; H11N3) and nine paramyxoviruses of two antigenic subtypes (PMV‐1; PMV‐4) were isolated from feral ducks. The occurrence of the same virus subtypes in birds, including ducks, in other countries suggests that they were introduced into New Zealand by the importation of infected poultry or game birds. Ducks experimentally infected with two of the influenza A virus isolates excreted virus in their faeces for 12 days. Infection with H4N6 subtype prevented reinfection with the same subtype but not with a different one (H11N3).
IMPAIRED RENAL CONCENTRATING CAPACITY IN THE RAT AFTER SURGICAL RESECTION OF THE PAPILLA
Authors: Gobe Glenda C , Axelsen Roy A
Published: August 2007

Renal cortical and medullary function was examined in rats 4 weeks after surgical resection of the distal portion of the renal papilla had been performed. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), obtained during the determination of free water reabsorption (TcH2O) at high rates of urine flow, did not differ significantly among controls (1·62 ± 0·19 m1/min, n = 5), sham operated animals (1·45 ± 0·16, n = 4) and papillectomized animals (1·49 ± 0·21, n = 7). Maximum urinary osmolality (Umax) was 2216 ± 293 mOsm/kg in controls, and was significantly reduced in sham operated (1737 ± 261, P <0·05) and papillectomized animals (889 ± 143, P <0·0001). TcH2O was normal in sham operated animals at high rates of osmolar clearance (Coom), but was significantly impaired after resection of the renal papilla. These results suggest that removal of the terminal collecting ducts and interruption of nephrons with long loops extending into the papilla impair the maximal generation of solute free water.
A MATURE MYELOID ANTIGEN IDENTIFIED ON HUMAN NATURAL KILLER CELLS
Authors: López AF , Triglia T , Werkmeister JA , Burns GF
Published: August 2007

A rat monoclonal antibody (MAb), NIMP‐R10, selected for binding to mouse granulocytes was found to identify all mature human peripheral blood neutrophils and a subpopulation of mononuclear cells. By cell sorting experiments the mononuclear cells labelled with NIMP‐R10 were shown to be predominantly large granular lymphocytes encompassing most of the natural killer cell activity of peripheral blood cells. NIMP‐R10 blocks the complement receptor on mouse myeloid cells, but the MAb was found to have no such biological activity when human cells were examined.
INTESTINAL ANTIBODIES IN RATS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO LIVE VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Cooper GN , McNab Christine E , Walker Patricia G , Jackson GDF
Published: August 2007

Indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods were used to characterize the primary, secondary and tertiary antibody responses of rats to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat‐sensitive surface‐associated (HSSA) antigens of V. cholerae in the major immunoglobulin classes of serum, intestinal mucus and bile following intestinal injections of live organisms. Antibody production following the first injection was limited to the IgG and IgM classes of serum and the IgA class of bile but a second dose given 14 days later induced significant responses in all Ig classes of the three materials. Two contacts with the organism established effective, possibly long term, memory; large increases in serum IgG and intestinal mucus IgG and IgA anti‐LPS antibody concentrations occurred when the organism was given 6 weeks later, but anti‐HSSA production following the third injection was not significantly greater than during the secondary response. The results also suggest that while anti‐LPS antibodies of all three Ig classes are formed in the intestinal lymphoid tissues, local anti‐HSSA antibody is restricted to the IgA and IgG classes. Excretion of antibodies in bile does not directly correlate with responses in local and peripheral lymphoid tissues. It is suggested that the hepato‐biliary system may be as important to antibody‐mediated immunity in the intestine as are the active and passive trans‐epithelial mechanisms of antibody secretion.
MICROFIBRILLAR PROTEIN FROM ELASTIC TISSUE: A CRITICAL EVALUATION
Authors: Prosser IW , Gibson MA , Cleary EG
Published: August 2007

Many workers have claimed to have isolated proteins which have been derived from the microfibrillar components of elastic tissue. Virtually all of these preparations have been derived from extracts made with strong solutions of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) under reducing conditions following Ross and Bornstein (1969). The products have ranged from heterogeneous mixtures of proteins to discrete glycoproteins. In no case has identity between an individual protein and the elastin‐associated microfibrils been confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy.

We have undertaken a detailed re‐examination of the extractability of elastin‐associated microfibrils and of the composition of the extracts from foetal bovine nuchal ligament. Finely homogenized samples were subjected to a series of extractions (including cyclical treatments with GuHCl and purified bacterial Collagenase) in the presence of inhibitors of protease activity. Under these conditions it has been shown that—(i) microfibrils were removed progressively by GuHCl, throughout the extraction schedule, without the need for reduction; (ii) all remaining microfibrils were removed by reductive GuHCl extraction; (iii) the product from this reductive extraction consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of proteins including several glycoproteins; (iv) a major antigenic constituent of the mixture of proteins localized to elastin‐associated microfibrils, as shown by immunoelectron microscopy. It is concluded that, while reductive GuHCl extracts do contain components with antigenic activity that is localized on elastin‐associated microfibrils, they have many non‐microfibrillar components. We stress that claims that a macromolecule is microfibrillar must be substantiated by immunoelectron microscopy.
METABOLISM OF BABESIA PARASITES IN VITRO. GLUCOSE AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF B. BOVIS
Authors: Barry DN
Published: August 2007

The glucose and oxygen consumption, glycolytic ratio, lactate and pyruvate production and change in adenylate energy charge (AEC) and ATP concentration of B strain B. bovis‐infected erythrocytes were measured. Although less than 5% of erythrocytes were infected, glucose and oxygen consumption in basal salts solution (BSS) were more than 2·5 times, and pyruvate production 7 times, those of uninfected erythrocytes. The glucose consumption of B. bovis alone was similar to previously reported values for B. rodhaini alone but the glycolytic ratio of B. bovis was less than half that previously reported for B. rodhaini.

Pre‐incubation concentrations of ATP in B strain B. bovis‐infected erythrocytes were significantly lower than in uninfected erythrocytes but increased considerably following incubation in BSS, in contrast to B. rodhaini in which ATP concentrations were previously shown to decrease significantly following incubation in basal salts medium.

When monitored every 4 h during 24 h incubation in BSS, the glucose consumption and lactate production of two strains of B. bovis were very similar. The glycolytic ratio of K strain B. bovis in RPMI 1640 medium plus 15% bovine plasma was double that in BSS. Both strains of B. bovis were infective after 24 h incubation in basal medium, in marked contrast to B. rodhaini which had been shown to lose infectivity.
STUDY OF LYMPHOCTYE INTERACTION IN HUMAN MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES IN VITRO
Authors: Cripps AW , Clancy RL , Chipchase H , Hennessy EJ
Published: August 2007

The immune function of lymphocytes isolated from human mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) has been examined. Large yields of viable lymphocytes were obtained from MLN without the need for using enzyme or mucolytic agents. In comparison to gut mucosal lymphocytes MLN lymphocytes (MLNL) were technically easier to manipulate and to use in providing a more quantitative analysis of T‐B cell interaction. The results presented indicate that the pattern of immunoglobulin secretion and immunoregulution of lymphocytes isolated from MLN was similar to that in cells isolated from the lamina propria, supporting that MLN constitute an important component of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO TOXOCARA CANIS USING SERA FROM PARASITE‐INFECTED MICE AND PROTECTION FROM TOXOCARIASIS BY IMMUNISATION WITH ES ANTIGENS
Authors: Nicholas WL , Stewart AC , Mitchell GF
Published: August 2007

Evidence for serological cross‐reactions between Toxocara canis and related nematode parasites has been sought using sera from infected mice and the immunodiagnostic excretory/secretory (ES) antigen of T. canis larvae. Sera from mice experimentally infected with either T. canis, T. cati, T. pteropodis, Toxascaris leonina or Ascaris suum were tested for the presence of antibodies to T. canis ES antigen by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti‐mouse IgG. T. canis ES antigen was obtained from the medium used to culture T. canis larvae, this being the same source of antigen as has been used in a highly satisfactory immunodiagnostic test for human toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans). Sera from mice infected with either A. suum, T. cati or T. pieropodis showed definite cross‐reactions with T. canis ES antigen in one or other of the two essays used. No reaction between anti‐T. leonina sera and T. canis ES antigen was demonstrated, although infection levels with this parasite were low in mice. Concerning biological activity of ES antigen, it is of some interest that mice hyperimmunised with T. canis ES antigen in adjuvant were shown to be significantly resistant to infection by T. canis.
THE VECTOR COMPETENCE OF AUSTRALIAN CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS WITH MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS AND KUNJIN VIRUSES
Authors: Kay BH , Fanning ID , Carley JG
Published: August 2007

Australian populations of Culex annulirostris Skuse from 10 localities, Brisbane, Townsville, Cairns, Charleville, Kowanyama (Queensland), Darwin (Northern Territory), Mildura (Victoria) and Port Hedland, Karratha and Mt. Tom Price (Western Australia) showed considerable heterogeneity in response to oral infection with low passage level Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) and Kunjin (KUN) viruses. However, there was no consistent pattern of either high or low vector efficiency for populations collected from different regions. Overall, Cx annulirostris was a more competent vector of MVE virus than KUN virus, both in oral susceptibility (suckling mouse intracerebral ID50 of 101.7‐103.9 compared to 102.7‐104.8/mosquito, respectively) and in ability to transmit virus to chicks after 10 d extrinsic incubation (50–89% compared to 0–55%). High or low susceptibility with one virus did not correlate with susceptibility for the other. Although these data were probably subject to some seasonal variation, they generally support the view that Cx annulirostris is the principal vector of MVE in Australia. Poor to moderate susceptibility with KUN suggests that (1) it is only a minor vector in some localities, (2) vertebrate hosts have high viraemias or (3) the strain used may have been atypical.
THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF BIMIDA, A PROSPECTIVE HEPATOBILIARY SCANNING AGENT
Authors: Keayes Gabrielle C , Gallagher Clifford H
Published: August 2007

The acute toxic effects of dimethyl benzimidazolyl methyliminodiacetic acid (Bimida), a prospective hepatobiliary scanning agent when labelled with 99mTc, are described. The LD50 in male and female rats was 150 mg/kg, and in mice 100 mg/kg, males, and 75 mg/kg, females, up to 2000 times the diagnostic dose required in patients. Clinical signs associated with administration of lethal and sublethal doses of Bimida suggested the cause of death to be an acute hypocalcaemic episode; this was confirmed. in vivo and in vitro. A significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Ca2+ concentration associated with administration of 100 human equivalent doses (HED) Bimida and 99mTc labelled Bimida was measured in serum and microsomal preparations of liver and intestine. An in vitro system indicated that this response was prevented in the presence of adequate Ca2+, suggesting that ALP activity is depressed because chelation of the metal ion by Bimida causes a shortage of the Ca2+ needed to activate the enzyme.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE OXYGEN TENSION OF LYMPH IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: Cheung K , Morris B
Published: August 2007

A method is described for continuously measuring the PO2 of lymph in conscious sheep. An indwelling polarographic electrode inserted into a plastic cannula has been used to measure the PO2 in efferent popliteal lymph close to the point at which the lymph leaves the node. The mean PO2 of popliteal lymph in normal sheep was found to be 46·6 ± 5·3 mm Hg, equivalent to 7·1 ± 0·8% O2. Following antigenic challenge with killed Salmonella bacteria, the PO2 of the lymph changed significantly. These chances were related to the cellular response in the lymph and in the node. The PO2 values were maximum in the lymph 8 h after the injection of antigen during the ‘shut‐down’ period and minimum at around 80 h when the blast cell response was at its height. These in vivo findings suggest that in vitro studies on sheep lymphocytes should be done wish gas mixtures containing 7% O2.
THE RESPIRATION AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF SHEEP LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Cheung K , Morris B
Published: August 2007

The respiration characteristics and energy metabolism of sheep lymphocytes collected from the popliteal lymph before and after antigenic challenge with Salmonella organisms have been studied at various O2 tensions. The O2 consumption of sheep lymphocytes could be related to the PO2 of the medium by the Michaelis‐Menten equation. In resting lymphocytes, Vmax (mean ± S.D.) was 1·70 ± 0·23 μmoles/h/2 × 108 cells), critical O2 concentration ([O2]crit) was 2·00 ± 0·20 μM and Km was 0·46 ± 0·11 μM. Significant chances occurred in the respiration characteristics of these cells following antigenic challenge of the nude. Both Vmax and Km reached maxima when the blast cell response in the lymph was at its peak. [O2]crit, however, did not change significantly over an immune response. Lymphocytes collected before antigenic challenge had mean rates of glucose uptake of 0·97 ± 0·29 μmoles/h/2 × 108 cells and lactate production of 1·31 ± 0·37 μmoles/h/2 × 108 cells. During the height of immune responses to Salmonella, lymphocytes showed an enhanced glucose uptake, lactate production and C‐1‐ and C‐6‐labelled glucose metabolism. The rates of energy metabolism of sheep lymphocytes varied with changes in the PO2 of the gas phase from 21% to 0% O2. The rates of glucose uptake and lactate production increased while the rates of 14CO2 production from C‐1‐ and C‐6‐labelled glucose decreased as the PO2 decreased.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND PLASMID CONTENT OF BACTEROIDES SPP.
Authors: Riley TV , Mee BJ
Published: August 2007

A collection of 50 clinical isolates of Bacteroides was examined for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid content. An attempt was then made to correlate the presence of plasmids with a specific phenotypic property. Of the 20 Bacteroides which contained plasmids, 18 were found to harbour plasmids of ≤ 9·8 megadaltons. The most common plasmid had a molecular weight of 4·8 megadaltons and was found in 9 strains. Most strains had multiple plasmid bands. All strains were examined for resistance to penicillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, arsenate, silver, cadmium, mercury, chromium, lead, nickel and cobalt, and for the production of β‐lactamase, heparinase, deoxyribonuclease, haemolysins and bacteriocins. Using a Chi‐squared analysis, there was no statistically significant correlation between any of these phenotypic traits and the presence of plasmids, except bacteriocin production. A total of 15 out of 20 (75%) of plasmid‐containing strains produced bacteriocins while only 10 out of 30 (33%) of plasmid‐free strains were capable of bacteriocin production (χ2, p < 0·005). Attempts to transfer or cure resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals or bacteriocin production were not successful.
PORTAL VEIN PERFUSION OF THE ISOLATED RAT LIVER: SOME MARKERS OF HYPERTHERMIC LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: Wynne JM , Mack S , McRae D , Pillay SP , Potts J , Boffinger C , Cowley DM , Egerton WS
Published: August 2007

The cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia on tumours are readily measured. Parameters of injury to normal tissues are needed to evaluate therapeutic potential.

Fifty‐five isolated rat fivers were perfused in vitro for 180 min in order to determine parameters of hyperthermic injury. During this period they were healed for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 37° to 45° and then assessed for evidence of hyperthermic injury.

The most critical indicator of hyperthermic injury was sustained depression of bile production. Bile secretion decreased by 80% after heating at temperatures above 42°. Aspartate amino transferase (AST) release increased significantly at temperatures of 42° and above.

Potassium and variable amounts of glucose were released into the medium during healing, reflecting temporary changes in metabolism at high temperatures.
EFFECT OF AN IRON‐CHELATING AGENT ON LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION
Authors: Bowern N , Ramshaw IA , Badenoch‐Jones P , Doherty PC
Published: August 2007

The effect of the iron‐chelating: agent desferrioxamine on lymphocyte proliferation has been studied. Desferrioxamine at concentrations of 15 μM totally inhibited the proliferation of Concanavalin A‐stimulated lymphocytes, whereas iron‐saturated desferrioxamine was ineffective. Other metal salts, however, had little or no effect on the inhibition induced by this drug. Desferrioxamine was more effective at suppressing proliferation of T lymphocytes than B lymphocytes and additionally suppressed mixed lymphocyte cultures and the generation of cytotoxic T cells.
INFECTIONS WITH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN MICE SELECTIVELY REARED FOR HIGH OR LOW IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS TO NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS
Authors: Sitepu P , Dobson C , Brindley PJ
Published: August 2007

Mice which had been selectively reared over six generations for high (H) and low (L) immune responsiveness to N. dubius (Sitepu and Dobson, 1982) were infected with Salmonella typhimurium and N. brasiliensis to examine the specificity of the selection process for heterologous infections. H mice were marginally more susceptible than L mice to S. typhimurium, whereas H mice were more resistant to infection with N. brasiliensis than L mice. Both H and L mice were protected against N. dubius following immunization with N. brasiliensis larvae.