bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

John Woolman’s writings demonstrate a strong conceptual and theological coherence. This chapter describes the theological flexibility available to colonists and, especially, Quakers. Woolman was an esteemed member of his religious community, while disagreeing at times with both the reasons and the methods for their religious expression. It defines theology in a Quaker context, including a discussion of the “Quietist” category that has been applied to Woolman and skewed scholarly interpretations of his writings. Additionally, this chapter defines apocalypticism broadly to account for the variety of apocalyptic sentiments. Other approaches to Woolman and eighteenth-century Quakers, such as those by Kathryn Damiano, Geoffrey Plank, and Rufus Jones, are evaluated. The structure of the book is then explained, giving an overview of its contents.
Conclusion
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

This conclusion examines the importance of Woolman’s theology for studies of eighteenth-century Quakerism and colonial theology. Woolman’s apocalypticism and his incorporation of spiritualist themes resulted in an inward spirituality that claimed ultimate authority over human affairs. The themes in Woolman’s theology show that at least some eighteenth-century Quakers maintained a dissenting identity that expected an imminent eschatological resolution to their social angst. Moreover, Woolman’s theology was similar to other colonial voices in its spiritualist emphasis, but the immediacy of Woolman’s theological vision made this-world the central theater for his vision, whereas theirs looked for a primary resolution in heaven. Woolman’s apocalypticism shows that lay religious figures took license to construct religious meaning. Woolman’s answer to the corruptions in the British imperial economy was a world under the direct authority and governance of Christ, where social and spiritual ills would be rectified in a transforming experience on earth.
Metaphor, Cognition, Culture
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: March 2018

The chapter reports on work concerned with the issue of how conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) functions as a link between culture and cognition. Three large areas are investigated to this effect. First, work on the interaction between conceptual metaphors, on the one hand, and folk and expert theories of emotion, on the other, is surveyed. Second, the issue of metaphorical universality and variation is addressed, together with that of the function of embodiment in metaphor. Third, a contextualist view of conceptual metaphors is proposed. The discussion of these issues leads to a new and integrated understanding of the role of metaphor and metonymy in creating cultural reality and that of metaphorical variation across and within cultures, as well as individuals.
The Cultural-Developmental Approach to Moral Psychology
Authors: Jensen Lene Arnett
Published: March 2018

This chapter details the cultural-developmental approach to moral psychology. This conceptual framework lays out life-course “templates” for the three Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity. These life course trajectories are not fixed but accommodate to cultural variability by addressing: (1) whether or not an Ethic emerges, (2) when it emerges, and (3) the slope and specific characteristics of its development. As described, the formulation of the cultural-developmental approach was based on a large body of long-standing research findings, as well as research with religiously conservative and liberal groups divided by the so-called “culture wars.” Recent research has also extended the cultural-developmental hypotheses and validated new measures of the three Ethics. The conclusion proposes future research directions for moral psychology, and the application of the conceptual idea of cultural-developmental templates to other areas of psychology.
Non-Euclidean Extensions
Authors: Hellman Geoffrey , Shapiro Stewart
Published: March 2018

This chapter adapts the foregoing results to present two non-Euclidean theories, both in line with the (semi-)Aristotelian theme of rejecting points, as parts of regions (but working with actual infinity). The first theory is a two-dimensional hyperbolic space, that is, one that has a negative constant curvature. The second theory captures a space of constant positive curvature, a two-dimensional spherical geometry. The task here is to formulate axioms on regions which allow us to prove that (i) there are no infinitesimal regions and (ii) that there are no parallels to any given “line” through any “point” not on the given “line”.
Enoch’s Escape from Death
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko
Published: March 2018

This chapter brings together a number of textual traditions about the ultimate fate of the figure of Enoch, a theme that the Bible already complicates when it notes that he suddenly disappears from human society “because God took him” (Genesis 5:24). Did Enoch escape the common human destiny of death? If so, where was he taken? Some texts imagine Enoch as now living in a special place somewhere at the ends of the earth, whereas other texts posit his permanent ascension from the terrestrial worlds into the heavenly realm where he now performs certain tasks in God’s throne-room, such as administering certain celestial treasuries or serving as a scribe who records divine decisions or even assuming a position as leader of the angelic hosts. Particular heavenly levels—the fourth, sixth, or seventh—are popularly specified as his new home. Since most of these traditions assume he never experienced death, there are also some intriguing texts which portray Enoch as making a return to earth (together with Elijah) at the end of days as part of the eschatological consummation of the present age.
From Modal Uniformity
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

This chapter gives a ‘modal uniformity’ tool for assessing claims about what is possible. This tool is based upon the general principle that differences in mere finite degree do not normally make a difference with respect to possibility or necessity. The tool is sharpened by the provision of some conditions for exceptions to the general principle. The way to use this sharpened tool to provide additional support for previous arguments for a necessary being is then shown. A critical assessment follows of whether one could use the tool to construct a ‘subtraction’ argument against the existence of a necessary being; and then there is an explanation of why the argument against a necessary being faces asymmetric challenges.
Cold Case Reviews
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

Investigating Cold Cases: DNA, Detective Work, and Unsolved Major Crimes, analyses how long-term unsolved murders and unsolved stranger rapes are investigated years after the crimes were committed. The book examines how and why cold case investigations have become an established component of police investigative practice, the role of specialist expertise used, in particular DNA profiling techniques and technologies, and the investigative skills required to finally detect cold cases. The book is based on original fieldwork with one major crime review team as they investigated cold case murders and cold case stranger rapes, interviews with a variety of experts involved in cold case investigations, and analysis of police case files. Above all else, the book will examine the reliance on advances in DNA profiling techniques, to identify previously unknown offenders and suggests that alongside these technological advances it is traditional detective skills that are also necessary to finally detect these crimes.
Expertise versus Experience
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This chapter debates what forms of expertise can be helpful to cold case reviews. The Specialist Operations Centre, part of the National Crime Agency, can provide specialized help and access to a variety of experts who can support detectives in hard-to-solve major crime investigations, and this chapter will include a discussion on how these forms of expertise are used in investigations. What becomes apparent is that the review team were less likely to use external experts, preferring to draw on their own experience and areas of expertise, as well as that from colleagues from other neighbouring forces.
Politics and Morality in Major Crime Reviews
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the politics in relation to major crime reviews inherent in the everyday workings of the review team, evident in the decision making relevant to what is to be reviewed and where money and resources will be expended. What becomes apparent is that the decision making of the team, in deciding whether and how to progress individual cases, is a mixture of pragmatism combined with moral reasoning when deciding whether particular cold cases are worth pursuing. The foundations on which the case has been built for creating and continuing to invest in cold case reviews is reiterated, and consideration is given to how successful the cold case reviews are, and how this might impact on the future of the review team. Their apparently modest level of success is considered in relation to the morale of the team and how review officers justify their work to themselves.
Value and valuation
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

The organizing inquiry continuously requires such value assessments as: “Are we on the right track? Is our action fair, effective?” Subjectivist approaches view value as an affective manifestation of isolated subjects, objectivist approaches as a scientific characteristic of situations. For pragmatists, value is neither subjective nor objective, but practical: Rather than value as a substantive feature, they consider valuation as an empirical act. The social process of valuation is a fundamental dimension of any action. The pragmatist view rejects the means/ends rationalist model, and stresses the relational nature of valuation: Valuation translates hypothetical values into practical ends-in-view, and thus contributes to redesigning and organizing activity, through a reciprocal and symmetrical mediation, the mediation of activity through ends (imposing a trial on the progress of activity towards ends-in-view) and the mediation of ends through activity (imposing a trial on the coherence of ends with activity and activity means).
Postface: A few lines of temporary, exploratory, and practical conclusion
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

The potential to process more abundant data through more sophisticated algorithms reinforces the expectation that situations can be controlled. However, what slips through the net of massive data processing and sophisticated algorithms is a distilled concentrate of radical novelty, puzzling uncertainty, and tangled complexity, for which we might be little prepared since ordinary riddles are increasingly systematically solved by systems and not by us. More than ever, we need to consider situated action as a central object of study, taking seriously its disruptive power and complexity. Pragmatism teaches us how to use sophisticated models without ever forgetting that they are not ontological representations but semiotic mediations, that novelty always pops up when least expected, that there is no susbtitute for life experience, and that others are always the challenging expression of otherness. Governing (rather than controlling) collective action is therefore an endless and often challenging collective meaning-making effort.
Directives for Knowledge and Belief
Authors: Hunter David
Published: March 2018

To understand belief directives it is helpful to start with knowledge directives, for they can be unspecific in an important way, are not as puzzling from a first-person point of view, and are viewed by common sense as more fundamental. A person’s duties, personal obligations, and rights are, common sense holds, relevant but not decisive to what they ought to know, and so to what they ought to believe. It further holds that people ought in general to know what they ought to do and even, to some extent, what they are doing. And it allows that a person may be required to know something for which they have no evidence. All of this poses difficulties for the philosophical view that facts about a person’s evidence are relevant to what they ought to believe.
Practical Interests and Reasons for Belief
Authors: Reed Baron
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between the practical and the epistemic. It rejects two broad ways of thinking about that relationship—pragmatic encroachment and an epistemology centered on the truth norm—before offering a new approach, which explains epistemic normativity as arising from our practical commitment to a social practice that has arisen from our need to share information with one another. The chapter discusses the way in which the social practice view captures the importance of knowledge and epistemic reasons to action, while preventing our practical interests from playing a disruptive role in how we arrive at our beliefs.
Two Theses about the Distinctness of Practical and Theoretical Normativity
Authors: Reisner Andrew
Published: March 2018

In a tradition linked to Aristotle and Kant, it has become common for contemporary philosophers to treat practical and theoretical normativity as constituting two genuinely distinct domains. Despite this, it remains unclear what it is, or would be, for practical and theoretical normativity to in fact be distinct domains. This chapter considers the question of what it is for normative domains to be distinct and proposes that there are two different ways that the distinctness thesis might be understood. One is by reference to final oughts: roughly, a normative domain is distinct because it has its own final ought. The other is by considering the relationship between reasons, what they are reasons for, and the sources of those reasons. The chapter explains important differences between the accounts and discusses some considerations that arise in light of those differences for more general normative theorizing.
Epistemic Instrumentalism, Permissibility, and Reasons for Belief
Authors: Steglich-Petersen Asbjørn
Published: March 2018

Epistemic instrumentalists seek to understand the normativity of epistemic norms on the model of practical instrumental norms governing the relation between aims and means. Non-instrumentalists often object that this commits instrumentalists to implausible epistemic assessments. This chapter argues that this objection presupposes an implausibly strong interpretation of epistemic norms. Once we realize that epistemic norms should be understood in terms of permissibility rather than obligation, and that evidence only occasionally provides normative reasons for belief, an instrumentalist account becomes available that delivers the correct epistemic verdicts. On this account, epistemic permissibility can be understood on the model of the wide-scope instrumental norm for instrumental rationality, while normative evidential reasons for belief can be understood in terms of instrumental transmission.
Flat functors and classifying toposes
Authors: Caramello Olivia
Published: March 2018

This chapter develops a general theory of extensions of flat functors along geometric morphisms of toposes; the attention is focused in particular on geometric morphisms between presheaf toposes induced by embeddings of categories and on geometric morphisms to the classifying topos of a geometric theory induced by a small category of set-based models of the latter. A number of general results of independent interest are established on the way, including developments on colimits of internal diagrams in toposes and a way of representing flat functors by using a suitable internalized version of the Yoneda lemma. These general results will be instrumental for establishing in Chapter 6 the main theorem characterizing the class of geometric theories classified by a presheaf topos and for applying it.
Litigating Religions
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: March 2018

Religions are a problem for human rights, and human rights are a problem for religions. And both are problems for courts. This essay presents an interpretation of how religion and human rights interrelate in the legal context, and how this relationship might be reconceived to make this relationship somewhat less fraught. It examines how the resurgent role of religion in public life gives rise to tensions with key aspects of human rights doctrine, including freedom of religion and anti-discrimination law, and how these tensions cannot be considered as simply transitional. The context for the discussion is the increasingly troubled area of human rights litigation involving religious arguments, such as wearing religious dress at work, conscientious objections by marriage registrars, admission of children to religious schools, prohibitions on same-sex marriage, and access to abortion. This essay examines doctrinal developments in these areas, where standoffs between organized religions and human rights advocates in the courts have been common. The essay argues that, if we wish to establish a better dialogue between the contending views, we must first identify a set of recurring problems identifiable in such litigation. But to address these recurring problems requires more than simply identifying these problems and requires changes both in human rights theory and in religious understandings of human rights. The essay argues that, by paying close attention to developments in human rights litigation, we can make theoretical progress.
How Should Courts Approach Religious Litigation?
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: March 2018

This chapter suggests that the proposed theory of human rights has important implications for those who are involved in religious litigation, both on the religious side of the debates, for those on the human rights side of the debates, and for the courts which need to adjudicate such disputes. It focuses on the implications the theory has for courts, and in particular what role religious understandings of human rights and human dignity should play in this discourse and contestation. It argues that to engage in a genuine dialogue in human rights practice, we must take four concepts more seriously as a starting point: pluralism, secularity, accommodation, and relationality. The chapter considers what these concepts mean and how they can contribute to religious litigation.
DNA extraction
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 “DNA extraction” focuses on the particularities and practical constraints associated with the isolation of eDNA from environmental samples. The extraction protocol is indeed crucial in eDNA studies, as it will determine whether extracellular, intracellular, or total DNA is targeted. Chapter 5 describes the main advantages and limitations of the most popular extraction kits aimed at obtaining DNA from soil, sediment, litter, feces, or water. It provides a detailed protocol for DNA extraction from soil samples using a saturated phosphate buffer. This protocol has been optimized for an easy implementation in the field using a mobile laboratory, so the material and consumables necessary are also listed.
DNA metabarcoding data analysis
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

DNA metabarcoding generates huge amounts of data containing noise introduced by molecular methods. Chapter 8 “DNA metabarcoding data analysis” discusses the analytic steps and available software to curate and evaluate DNA metabarcoding data prior to final ecological analyses. It provides command lines to perform primary analyses of Illumina sequencing data with the OBITools, ranging from read assignment to samples to the formation of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and their assignment to a taxon through comparison against reference databases. Chapter 8 also develops several methods to further curate sequencing data from contaminants or dysfunctional PCRs by using DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing blank controls as well as PCR/biological replicates. It also presents several classical analyses to ensure that the diversity of the sample or the study site is appropriately covered. Finally, this chapter considers what conclusions on biodiversity and ecological processes can be really drawn from metabarcoding data.
Single-species detection
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

Chapter 9 “Single-species detection” deals with the practical aspects of detecting a single and predefined taxon with eDNA, with a particular focus on the use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) for this purpose. After presenting how single-species detection has been implemented in a few seminal studies, it details the principles underlying qPCR. More specifically, it describes the typical qPCR amplification curve and the different systems (SYBR green and TaqMan probe assays) available to record amplicon accumulation in real time via fluorescence measurements. Chapter 9 also explains how the initial number of target sequences can be estimated with the Ct method, and addresses the design and test of reliable qPCR barcodes and probes targeting a single species. Finally, several important experimental considerations are highlighted, including the particular concerns of contamination and inhibition in qPCR.
Some early landmark studies
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

Chapter 11 entitled “Some early landmark studies” revisits several seminal articles that paved the way for the field of eDNA research. It first evokes the paper that first coined the expression “environmental DNA” in the late 1980s. Then, it describes how eDNA was first exploited in the early 1990s to reveal an unsuspected microbial diversity that morphology- or cultivation-based methods had failed to reach. In the late 1990s, microbiologists began to explore in several pioneer papers the functional insight provided by “metagenomes” (i.e., the collective genomes found in eDNA samples). In the 2000s, eDNA analysis was finally extended to macroorganisms. Chapter 11 reports such a use in two very different contexts (i.e., the detection of a contemporary invasive species, the bullfrog, and the reconstruction of past plant and animal communities from sediment and permafrost samples).
Epicurean Ethics in Horace
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: March 2018

Over the centuries leading up to their composition many genres and authors have emerged as influences on Horace’s Satires, which in turn has led to a wide variety of scholarly interpretations. This study aims to expand the existing dialogue by exploring further the intersection of ancient satire and ethics, focusing on the moral tradition of Epicureanism through the lens of one source in particular: Philodemus of Gadara. An Epicurean philosopher who wrote for a Roman audience and was one of Horace’s contemporaries and neighbors in Italy, offers a range of ethical treatises on subjects including patronage, friendship, flattery, frankness, poverty, and wealth. This book offers a serious consideration of the role of Philodemus’ Epicurean teachings in Horace’s Satires and argues that the central concerns of the philosopher’s work not only lie at the heart of the poet’s criticisms of Roman society and its shortcomings, but also lend to the collection a certain coherence and overall unity in its underlying convictions. It provides an examination of the deep and pervasive influence of this moral tradition on Horace’s satiric poetry which also manages to reveal something of the poet behind the literary mask or persona through its elucidation of the philosophically consistent nature of Horace’s self-representation in these poems.
Philosophical Background to Epicureanism in the Satires
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the many philosophical influences that inform the content and scope of Horace’s Satires, including Platonism, Aristotelianism, Cynicism, Stoicism, and especially Epicureanism. After an overview of the life and works of Philodemus, it explains some of the core doctrines of Epicureanism in connection with wealth acquisition, patronage, flattery, and frankness. It first provides context by explaining the teachings of Epicurus himself concerning these topics and then explores the manner in which Philodemus of Gadara, an Epicurean philosopher living in Italy, carefully modifies or expands these views with the concerns of his Roman audience, including Horace, in mind.
The Role of Culture, Ideas, and Leadership
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I highlight the critical role of culture in the functioning of political and economic institutions in transition economies. People’s beliefs, stereotypes, mindsets, and unwritten ways of doing things ultimately decide whether institutions are efficient or not. I then focus on the interaction of culture, institutions, and growth in Poland and try to explain why the country’s seemingly conservative culture, which in many respects seems to be at odds with Western European culture, especially as regards religion, has not prevented it from becoming Europe’s growth champion. I argue that it was because of strong elites that internalized Western values, an implicit quid pro quo between the new elites and the more conservative parts of the society to install European institutions and promote Western values in exchange for the promise of economic prosperity, and the generally non-fundamentalist nature of religion in Poland. I also discuss the key roles of individuals, ideas, and luck in Poland’s post-transition performance.
Will Poland’s Success Continue?
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I discuss Poland’s growth prospects and analyze long-term projections produced by international institutions. I argue that Poland should continue to grow and converge with the West at least until 2030 and achieve around 80 per cent of its level of income. This would be the highest relative level of income and quality of life in Poland’s history. The country’s true Golden Age would flourish. After 2030, however, convergence is likely to slow and might even reverse unless further reforms are implemented. I then discuss how much economists understand about what makes countries grow. I assert that we know much less than we think we know. I briefly review various challenges of moving from economic theory to economic practice. I also look at the pros and cons of international economic rankings, arguing that they play an important role by ‘naming and shaming’ countries into reforms, but their power is often overappreciated.
Brentano's Philosophical System
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

This is a book about the late-nineteenth-century/early-twentieth-century Austro-German philosopher Franz Brentano. It attempts to present Brentano’s philosophical system, especially as it pertains to the connection between mind and reality, in terms that would be natural to contemporary analytic philosophers; to develop Brentano’s central ideas where they are overly programmatic or do not take into account philosophical developments that have taken place since Brentano’s death a century ago; and to offer a partial defense of Brentano’s system as quite plausible and in any case extraordinarily creative and thought-provoking.
The case for probabilistic contents
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: March 2018

This chapter develops and defends the thesis that we can believe probabilistic contents. Probabilistic contents are not merely propositions about probabilities; rather, they are sets of probability spaces over propositions. For example, you have .6 credence that Jones smokes just in case you believe a certain set of probability spaces, namely those that assign .6 probability to Jones smoking. A central question of this chapter is why we should think that credences are beliefs in probabilistic contents, as opposed to attitudes of degreed belief in propositions. The answer is that the contents of belief are the objects that play various theoretical roles, such as explaining rational action, grounding relations of disagreement between subjects, and grounding relations of consistency and entailment between beliefs—and probabilistic contents do in fact play each of these roles.
Indicative conditionals
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: March 2018

This chapter defends a probabilistic semantics for indicative conditionals and other logical operators. This semantics is motivated in part by the observation that indicative conditionals are context sensitive, and that there are contexts in which the probability of a conditional does not match the conditional probability of its consequent given its antecedent. For example, there are contexts in which you believe the content of ‘it is probable that if Jill jumps from this building, she will die’ without having high conditional credence that Jill will die if she jumps. This observation is at odds with many existing non-truth-conditional semantic theories of conditionals, whereas it is explained by the semantics for conditionals defended in this chapter. The chapter concludes by diagnosing several apparent counterexamples to classically valid inference rules embedding epistemic vocabulary.
Knowledge and action
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: March 2018

This chapter develops and defends two probabilistic knowledge norms of action. The first is a knowledge norm for reasons, namely that you may treat a probabilistic content as a reason for action if and only if you know it. This norm can help explain intuitive judgments about rational action. It can also help us rethink alleged instances of pragmatic encroachment often cited as challenges for existing knowledge norms of action. The second norm defended in this chapter is a knowledge norm for decisions. According to this norm, an action is permissible for you if and only if it is considered permissible for an agent with imprecise credences whose beliefs exactly match your probabilistic knowledge. This norm provides a precise interpretation of the controversial view that standard decision theory cannot guide decisions about transformative experiences, where this interpretation succeeds in answering a wide range of recent objections to this view.
Education
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Thomas Fuller, born in 1608 in Aldwincle, Northamptonshire, was the son of Thomas Fuller, the minister of St. Peter’s Church in Aldwincle. His mother Margaret’s brother was John Davenant, the president of Queens’ College, Cambridge, who became bishop of Salisbury shortly after Fuller entered Cambridge. The curriculum there emphasized Latin and Greek literature, partly as a result of the residence and teaching of Erasmus, the eminent Renaissance scholar, in the early sixteenth century. Fuller contended, in an essay published in 1642, that the “general Artist,” or university graduate in the arts, completed his academic endeavors with the study of history, enabling him to understand a broad range of human experience. Fuller studied theology under Samuel Ward, the master of Sidney Sussex College, a close friend of Bishop Davenant. His education prepared him well for his calling as a church historian.
Ordeal
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Fuller moved to London as radical events erupted there. Parliament won the right to remain in session without fear of a royal dissolution. Two of King Charles’s ministers were impeached. In early 1642, the king, alarmed by mob activities, left London. Fuller’s The Holy State outlined effectively religious and political policies that would strengthen, rather than split the Church and kingdom. By the end of 1642, he was the minister at the Savoy Chapel, located between the city of London and Westminster, and a member of the peace party within the clergy. Rather than subscribe to the parliamentary cause he left London for Oxford. He became a chaplain in the royalist army of Sir Ralph Hopton and then chaplain to the infant Princess Henrietta in Exeter. In 1646 he returned to London as a defeated royalist in a country that had undergone remarkable changes.
Scholar and Controversialist
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Fuller faced an uncertain future on his return to London in the wake of the royalist collapse. Friends assisted him, and he found convenient lodging at Sion College. In 1648 he was appointed minister of Waltham Abbey by James Hay, earl of Carlisle, the church’s patron. Fuller published a major work on the history and geography of the Holy Land, a collection of biographies of Protestant divines, and an edition of the debates in Parliament in 1628-9. He lamented the trial and execution of King Charles in a published sermon. He also defended in print practices of the Church that had been abolished or were being undermined by the ecclesiastical changes of the late 1640s and 1650s, especially under Oliver Cromwell. In this environment he published his major work, The Church-History of Britain (1655), in part to stimulate the nation’s memory of its religious heritage.
Writing History
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

During the Renaissance and Reformation historical writing underwent dramatic changes in Europe and England. The recovery of many of the texts of classical antiquity that began in Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries became a focus for university scholars and literary circles. The German scholar Martin Luther, who protested against papal indulgences in 1517, provided the foundation for a radically different approach to the scriptures and to the study of the past. A school of historians led by Matthias Flacius Illyricus produced a series of volumes that showed that the Church had changed significantly over time in its teaching and practices. In England the Elizabethan Society of Antiquaries sought to avoid legends, distortions, and ideological assumptions and find a new approach to the investigation of the past. William Camden, a member of the society, helped to provide a new kind of history, one that significantly influenced Fuller.
Church Historian
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Fuller consulted books and manuscripts in many parts of the country, and in government archives in London. He presents solid evidence that the Church was established in Britain in the fourth century, well before the invasion of the Anglo-Saxons and the mission of St. Augustine of Canterbury to convert their kingdoms. The Celtic and Roman Christians in Britain were brought together in the mid-seventh century. The medieval Church in England was often at odds with the papacy. Fuller found aspects of medieval culture to admire, including scholasticism. He saw the English Church in the reign of Henry VIII as returning to the jurisdiction of the monarchy. In Queen Elizabeth’s reign, the English Church emerged with its own liturgy and statement of belief, and with bishops in the historic succession. He saw this Church as an authentic expression of its early origins and one that had undergone a Reformation by legal and appropriate means.
Conclusion
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Fuller’s books about England’s religious past helped to stimulate an outpouring of historical writing. Peter Heylyn wrote about some of the same subjects as Fuller, and so did Gilbert Burnet, Edward Stillingfleet, John Strype, and Jeremy Collier. Burnet, who looked for models for his history of the English Reformation, was sarcastic about Fuller, partly because of the latter’s “odd way of writing.” Fuller’s work was not highly regarded in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the nineteenth century Charles Lamb, Robert Southey, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge deeply admired him for his insights and praised him for his writing. Several nineteenth-century historians defended his work. His reputation has remained uncertain, despite fresh assessments in recent years. Coleridge was remarkably apt in his viewpoint. Fuller saw the broader significance of the events he described and was one of the most sensible scholars and writers of his time.
Rules without Rights
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

Activists have exposed startling forms of labor exploitation and environmental degradation in global industries, leading many large retailers and brands to adopt standards for fairness and sustainability. This book is about the idea that transnational corporations can push these rules through their global supply chains, and in effect, pull factories, forests, and farms out of their local contexts and up to global best practices. For many scholars and practitioners, this kind of private regulation and global standard-setting can provide an alternative to regulation by territorially bound, gridlocked, or incapacitated nation states, potentially improving environments and working conditions around the world and protecting the rights of exploited workers, impoverished farmers, and marginalized communities. But can private, voluntary rules actually create meaningful forms of regulation? Are forests and factories around the world being made into sustainable ecosystems and decent workplaces? Can global norms remake local orders? This book provides striking new answers by comparing the private regulation of land and labor in democratic and authoritarian settings. Case studies of sustainable forestry and fair labor standards in Indonesia and China show not only how transnational standards are implemented “on the ground” but also how they are constrained and reconfigured by domestic governance. Combining rich multi-method analyses, a powerful comparative approach, and a new theory of private regulation, this book reveals the contours and contradictions of transnational governance.
A Substantive Theory of Transnational Governance
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

Social scientists have theorized the rise of transnational private authority, but knowledge about its consequences remains sparse and fragmented. This chapter builds from a critique of “empty spaces” imagery in several leading paradigms to a new theory of transnational governance. Rules and assurances are increasingly flowing through global production networks, but these flows are channeled and reconfigured by domestic governance in a variety of ways. Abstracting from the case studies in this book, a series of theoretical propositions specify the likely outcomes of private regulation, the influence of domestic governance, the special significance of territory and rights, and several ways in which the content of rules shapes their implementation. As such, this theory proposes an explanation for differences across places, fields, and issues, including the differential performance of labor and environmental standards.
Successful Transition Towards a Virtuous Cycle of Human Development and Economic Growth
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides studies of politics and policies in some of the good transition countries. Countries selected include Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Bolivia, and Peru. There was no single recipe for success in economic conditions or political structures. Government determination to advance the well-being of the population appeared to be a necessary condition, but this can be motivated in different ways: through left-wing ideology, identification with particular deprived groups, a desire to advance conflict-prevention, or the need to secure popular support for re-election. Some countries relied on the state to promote human development, but others depended on various social institutions. The chapter also provides a brief review of some negative transitions—countries which fell back from the virtuous category to a vicious one. A variety of circumstances accounted for this, including debt and stabilization, and political developments, such as invasion in the case of Iraq.
Achievements, Challenges, and the Way Forward
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

The chapter reviews progress across countries on human development over forty years in many dimensions. As shown earlier, there was general progress on basic human development, measured by the Human Development Index. This chapter also shows progress on many other dimensions, including a rising number of countries with broadly democratic political systems, a decline in crime in many countries, and a fall in gender gaps in education and earnings. Despite a recent upsurge of violent conflict, this was mostly on a downward trend at a global level. There was a more mixed situation in some other dimensions—for example, homicides and inequalities rose while trust fell in many countries. The most pervasive failure was on environmental sustainability. The chapter concludes with a discussion of areas that the human development approach has not adequately incorporated, including social institutions, macroeconomics, and above all environmental conditions which may threaten long-term achievements on human development.
Introduction to Games User Research
Authors: Drachen Anders , Mirza-Babaei Pejman , Nacke Lennart E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the field of Games User Research (GUR) and to the present book. GUR is an interdisciplinary field of practice and research concerned with ensuring the optimal quality of usability and user experience in digital games. GUR inevitably involves any aspect of a video game that players interface with, directly or indirectly. This book aims to provide the foundational, accessible, go-to resource for people interested in GUR. It is a community-driven effort—it is written by passionate professionals and researchers in the GUR community as a handbook and guide for everyone interested in user research and games. We aim to provide the most comprehensive overview from an applied perspective, for a person new to GUR, but which is also useful for experienced user researchers.
A framework for player research
Authors: McAllister Graham , Long Sebastian
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes each of the eight methods for player research we have used, and covers why the method is used in the context of player research, how it is executed, the time taken, and what is delivered as a result. Each of the methods has been refined over the years to reflect the balance between time and budget required, and accurate and actionable results delivered. The strengths of each of the methods with respect to player appeal, understanding, usability, experience, and successful monetization are presented.
Surveys in Games User Research
Authors: Brühlmann Florian , Mekler Elisa D.
Published: March 2018

Surveys are an essential method of data collection that can deliver generalizable and actionable insights about the player’s experience. In this chapter, we present practice-oriented guidance about when the method is appropriate, what constitutes a good questionnaire and how to alleviate possible biases and issues with data quality.
The Rapid Iterative Test and Evaluation Method (RITE)
Authors: Medlock Michael C.
Published: March 2018

This chapter begins with a discussion of the philosophy and then definition of the RITE method. It then delves into the benefits of this method and provides practical notes on running RITE tests effectively. The chapter concludes with an overview of the original case study behind the 2002 article documenting this method.
Heuristics uncovered for Games User Researchers and game designers
Authors: Desurvire Heather , Wixon Dennis
Published: March 2018

This paper presents a set of heuristics (PLAY and GAP) for game design and discusses the history of heuristics for games, describes the use of these heuristics, summarizes research demonstrating their effectiveness, and describes a hypothetical model that reviewers use when evaluating a game. The usage by designers and evaluators when reviewing two released games is also compared. Overall, heuristics were found to be much more effective than informal reviews and their use led not only to problem identification, but to suggested fixes, possible enhancements, and effective aspects of the existing designs.
‘Play as if you were at home’: dealing with biases and test validity
Authors: Louvel Guillaume
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the user testing process in a lab and the inevitability of biases when testing under these conditions. It also describes the difficulties to obtain the data needed by the researcher when the conditions are closer to real life, and the difficulties to project data to everyday situations when closer to experimental conditions. Lastly, it describes the importance of reducing biases in the study to increase its validity in order to obtain more useful and meaningful results.
Introduction
Authors: Benton Matthew A. , Hawthorne John , Rabinowitz Dani
Published: March 2018

Recent decades have seen a fertile period of theorizing within mainstream epistemology which has had a dramatic impact on how epistemology is done. New insights from philosophy of language, social epistemology, decision theory, and formal epistemology have contributed to how we understand our epistemological place in the world. Religion is the place where such rethinking can potentially have its deepest impact and importance. Yet there has been surprisingly little infiltration of these new ideas into philosophy of religion and the epistemology of religious belief. This Introduction provides a brief overview of these developments, and offers a summary of the contributions to this volume.
Duns Scotus’s Epistemic Argument against Divine Illumination
Authors: Dunaway Billy
Published: March 2018

Theories of “divine illumination” were popular from St Augustine through the Middle Ages. Henry of Ghent is traditionally thought of as providing one of the last and most sophisticated theories of Divine Illumination. This chapter examines one of John Duns Scotus’s main arguments against Henry’s theory of Divine Illumination. The chapter reads Scotus as claiming that Henry’s theory aims, but fails, to avoid skepticism—the conclusion that we can’t have any knowledge on the basis of sensation. It shows how this argument can be understood formally on the basis of an analogy with modal logic, which Scotus explicitly calls attention to. The chapter argues that this way of understanding Scotus’s argument points toward some important refinements that contemporary anti-risk principles in epistemology will need to account for.
Infinite Cardinalities, Measuring Knowledge, and Probabilities in Fine-Tuning Arguments
Authors: Choi Isaac
Published: March 2018

This chapter deals with two different problems in which infinity plays a central role. It first responds to a claim that infinity renders counting knowledge-level beliefs an infeasible approach to measuring and comparing how much we know. There are two methods of comparing sizes of infinite sets, using the one-to-one correspondence principle or the subset principle, and it argues that we should use the subset principle for measuring knowledge. The chapter then turns to the normalizability and coarse tuning objections to fine-tuning arguments for the existence of God or a multiverse. These objections center on the difficulty of talking about the epistemic probability of a physical constant falling within a finite life-permitting range when the possible range of that constant is infinite. Applying the lessons learned regarding infinity and the measurement of knowledge, the chapter hopes to blunt much of the force of these objections to fine-tuning arguments.