bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peanut Tolerance to Paraquat as Influenced by Seed Size1
Authors: Wehtje Glenn , Brecke Barry , Bostick J. P.
Published: April 2010

Studies were conducted over a 2-year period at Headland, Ala. and Jay, Fla. to evaluate the relationship between peanut seed size and tolerance of the resultant crop to normal and excessive rates of the herbicide paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion). Three seed sizes, termed small (3340 seeds/kg), medium (2615 seeds/kg), and large (1820 seeds/kg), were planted to achieve a common plant population. While seedling size at emergence reflected seed size, no interaction between seed size and herbicide treatment was detected for crop growth measured as the increase in canopy diameter over a 5-week period following herbicide application. None of the seed sizes resulted in seedlings that were either uniquely sensitive or abnormally tolerant of paraquat. Two sequential applications of paraquat at 0.14 kg ai/ha each was consistently the most damaging treatment as measured in growth reduction, however yield was reduced in only one of four trials. Seed size had an effect on yield in only two of the four trials, and within these two trials the average yield improvement from large seed relative to medium and small seed was only 10 and 12%, respectively. Net return generally was independent of seed size. However, medium-sized seed resulted in maximum net return in two out of the four experiments.
Influence of Planter Type and Seeding Rate on Yield and Disease Incidence in Peanut1
Authors: Wehtje G. , Weeks R. , West M. , Wells L. , Pace P.
Published: April 2010

Variability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedling spacing, and yield were compared for a conventional and a vacuum-type planter in field studies conducted in 1991 and 1992. Vacuum-type planters have an improved seed metering system and are considered to be more precise. This added precision may serve to compensate for lower than normal seeding rates. Seeding rates evaluated decreased in a step-wise manner from the normal range of 123 to 101 kg/ha, to a minimum of 34 kg/ha. Spacing between individual seedlings was measured after emergence. The occurrence of tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) and southern stem rot were also determined. In 1991 and across all seeding rates, variability in seedling spacing (i.e. standard deviation) was identical between the two planters. In 1992, at 3 of the five seeding rates (34,56, and 101 kg/ha) standard deviation was less with the vacuum planter. In both years yield and disease occurrence was influenced only by seeding rate, and was independent of planter type. TSWV was inversely related to seeding rate, the opposite relationship occurred with southern stem rot. Maximum yield was achieved with a seeding rate of 101 kg/ha.
Imidazolinone Herbicide Systems for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Richburg John S. , Wiley Gerald , Walls F. Robert , Jones Stan R. , Iverson Maynard J.
Published: April 2010

Field studies conducted in 1990 and 1991 at five locations in Georgia and one location in Virginia in 1991 evaluated imazethapyr [2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] and AC 263,222 [(±)-2[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] for weed control, peanut tolerance, and yield. Imazethapyr and AC 263,222 applied early postemergence (EPOST) controlled smallflower morningglory [Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb], Ipomoea morningglory species, prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), and coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis L.) greater than 90%. Imazethapyr did not control Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (SW.) DC.] or sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) adequately, with control generally less than 40%. AC 263,222 controlled Florida beggarweed greater than 92% when applied EPOST and from 54 to 100% when applied postemergence (POST). Imazethapyr applied preplant incorporated (PPI) controlled bristly starbur (Acanthospermum hispidium DC.) 89% and imazethapyr and AC 263,222 applied EPOST controlled at least 96%. Imazethapyr controlled yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) 83% when applied PPI and 93% as an EPOST application. AC 263,222 controlled yellow nutsedge at least 90%. Peanut yields were higher with AC 263,222 than with imazethapyr. Imazethapyr systems that included alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide), lactofen ([(±)2-ethoxy-l-methyl-2-oxoethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate] + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid], paraquat [1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion] + 2,4-DB, pyridate [O-(6-chloro-3-phenyl-4-pyridazinyl)-S-octyl carbonothioate] + 2,4-DB, metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-l-methylethyl)acetamide], or 2,4-DB provided yields equivalent to AC 263,222.
Comparison of Yield, Value, and Seed Quality Factors of Florunner and Southern Runner Peanut1
Authors: Jacobi J. C. , Backman P. A.
Published: April 2010

Florunner and Southern Runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were evaluated for yield, market grade and seed infections by Aspergillus spp. following treatment with fungicide programs for control of peanut leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Deighton) in field trials during 1989 and 1991. The fungicide treatments were: 1) nonsprayed control; 2) chlorothalonil 1.26 kg a.i./ha (seven total applications); 3) the same as treatment no. two except tebuconazole 0.25 kg a.i./ha was substituted for chlorothalonil at applications three and five in 1989; and 4) the same as treatment no. three except cyproconazole 0.23 kg a.i./ha, was used instead of tebuconazole in 1991. Yield, grade ($/m.t.), and total crop value ($/ha) were higher for both cultivars when treated with chlorothalonil and either tebuconazole or cyproconazole than when chlorothalonil was used alone. Southern Runner had significantly lower percent damaged kernels (DK) than Florunner. In addition, Florunner peanuts treated with either tebuconazole or cyproconazole had significantly reduced DK when compared to chlorothalonil alone. Other market grade factors were not significantly different (P<0.05) between cultivars when each was harvested at optimum maturity. Major colonizers of damaged kernels were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Rhizoctonia spp. Fungicide treatment and cultivar effects on kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr. varied between environments. Southern Runner had higher levels of A. flavus contamination in the undamaged kernels than Florunner in 1991, but not in 1989. Possible increased incidence of infection and colonization by A. flavus in Southern Runner require further study.
Nrf2 and NF-κB and Their Concerted Modulation in Cancer Pathogenesis and Progression
Authors: Bellezza Ilaria , Mierla Anna Lisa , Minelli Alba
Published: April 2010

Reactive oxygen species, produced by oxidative stress, are implicated in the initiation, promotion, and malignant conversion of carcinogenesis through activation/suppression of redox-sensitive transcription factors. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) encodes for antioxidant and general cytoprotection genes, while NF-κB regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. A variety of anti-inflammatory or anti-carcinogenic phyto-chemicals suppress NF-κB signalling and activate the Nrf2-ARE pathway. In this review we consider the role of Nrf2 and NF-κB in cancer pathogenesis and progression, focusing on their concerted modulation and potential cross-talk.
Air Conditioning Systems from a 2nd Law Perspective
Authors: Marletta Luigi
Published: April 2010

In this paper exergy analysis is used to assess the performance of the three most common air conditioning plant schemes: all-air, dual-duct and fan-coil systems. The results are presented in terms of flow diagrams to provide a clear picture of the exergy flow across the systems. The most relevant outcomes are that the air cooling and dehumidification is the process most responsible for the exergy loss and that the exergy efficiency of the overall systems is rather low; thus the quest for more appropriate technologies. Solar-assisted air-conditioning is also discussed, outlining the possibilities and the constraints.
The Cybersemiotics and Info-Computationalist Research Programmes as Platforms for Knowledge Production in Organisms and Machines
Authors: Dodig Crnkovic Gordana
Published: April 2010

Both Cybersemiotics and Info-computationalist research programmes represent attempts to unify understanding of information, knowledge and communication. The first one takes into account phenomenological aspects of signification which are insisting on the human experience "from within". The second adopts solely the view "from the outside" based on scientific practice, with an observing agent generating inter-subjective knowledge in a research community. The process of knowledge production, embodied into networks of cognizing agents interacting with the environment and developing through evolution is studied on different levels of abstraction in both frames of reference. In order to develop scientifically tractable models of evolution of intelligence in informational structures from pre-biotic/chemical to living networked intelligent organisms, including the implementation of those models in artificial agents, a basic level language of Info-Computationalism has shown to be suitable. There are however contexts in which we deal with complex informational structures essentially dependent on human first person knowledge where high level language such as Cybersemiotics is the appropriate tool for conceptualization and communication. Two research projects are presented in order to exemplify the interplay of info-computational and higher-order approaches: The Blue Brain Project where the brain is modeled as info-computational system, a simulation in silico of a biological brain function, and Biosemiotics research on genes, information, and semiosis in which the process of semiosis is understood in info-computational terms. The article analyzes differences and convergences of Cybersemiotics and Info-computationalist approaches which by placing focus on distinct levels of organization, help elucidate processes of knowledge production in intelligent agents.
Obesity in Tibetans Aged 30–70 Living at Different Altitudes under the North and South Faces of Mt. Everest
Authors: Sherpa Lhamo Y. , Deji  , Stigum Hein , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Thelle Dag S. , Bjertness Espen
Published: April 2010

Risk factors for chronic diseases in Tibetans may be modified due to hypobaric hypoxia. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of obesity at varying altitudes of 1,200, 2,900 and 3,700 meters above sea-level in Tibet and Nepal; to estimate the effect of altitude on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Three cross-sectional studies with simple random sampling were performed on 617 men and women. BMI, WC and WHtR decreased with increasing altitude. It is likely that the physical conditions such as low temperatures and low oxygen levels have a direct catabolic effect.
Determination of para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al-Suwaidi Ayesha , Ahmed Hafiz
Published: April 2010

Henna is very popular in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); it is part of the culture and traditions. Allergy to natural henna is not usual; however the addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to the natural henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis. The objectives of the study were to identify the presence and concentration of PPD in henna available in UAE. Fifteen henna salons were selected randomly from three cities in UAE. Twenty five henna samples were acquired from these selected salons. The presence of PPD in henna samples was determined qualitatively and quantitatively using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The study showed that PPD was present in all of the black henna samples at concentrations ranging between 0.4% and 29.5% and higher than that recommended for hair dyes in most of the black henna samples. The presence of PPD in the black henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis among users of black henna and a number of cases have already been reported in UAE.
Flavanols and Anthocyanins in Cardiovascular Health: A Review of Current Evidence
Authors: De Pascual-Teresa Sonia , Moreno Diego A. , García-Viguera Cristina
Published: April 2010

Nowadays it is accepted that natural flavonoids present in fruits and plant-derived-foods are relevant, not only for technological reasons and organoleptic properties, but also because of their potential health-promoting effects, as suggested by the available experimental and epidemiological evidence. The beneficial biological effects of these food bioactives may be driven by two of their characteristic properties: their affinity for proteins and their antioxidant activity. Over the last 15 years, numerous publications have demonstrated that besides their in vitro antioxidant capacity, certain phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and other non coloured flavonoids, may regulate different signaling pathways involved in cell survival, growth and differentiation. In this review we will update the knowledge on the cardiovascular effects of anthocyanins, catechins and proanthocyanidins, as implied by the in vitro and clinical studies on these compounds. We also review the available information on the structure, distribution and bioavailability of flavanols (monomeric catechins and proanthocyanidins) and anthocyanins, data necessary in order to understand their role in reducing risk factors and preventing cardiovascular health problems through different aspects of their bioefficacy on vascular parameters (platelet agregation, atherosclerosis, blood pressure, antioxidant status, inflammation-related markers, etc.), myocardial conditions, and whole-body metabolism (serum biochemistry, lipid profile), highlighting the need for better-designed clinical studies to improve the current knowledge on the potential health benefits of these flavonoids to cardiovascular and metabolic health.
The Heck Reaction Applied to 1,3- and 1,2-Unsaturated Derivatives, a Way towards Molecular Complexity
Authors: Deagostino Annamaria , Prandi Cristina , Tabasso Silvia , Venturello Paolo
Published: April 2010

This review is an overview of the last ten years’ use of the Mizoroki–Heck coupling applied to 1,2- and 1,3-dienes. Since both these systems form π-allyl palladium intermediates in Pd(0) coupling, they show particular chemical behavior. Many examples of 1,2-dienes Heck reactions are presented. 1,2-Dienes are important substrates because of their high reactivity that makes them useful building blocks for the synthesis of biologically relevant structures.
Correction: Mach, J., et al. The Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Fatigue during Exercise: Potential Role for NAD+(H). Nutrients 2010, 2, 319-329
Authors: Mach John , Midgley Adrian W. , Dank Steve , Grant Ross S. , Bentley David J.
Published: April 2010

We have found an error in our manuscript published in Nutrients [...]
Localization of Mobile Robots Using Odometry and an External Vision Sensor
Authors: Pizarro Daniel , Mazo Manuel , Santiso Enrique , Marron Marta , Jimenez David , Cobreces Santiago , Losada Cristina
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a sensor system for robot localization based on the information obtained from a single camera attached in a fixed place external to the robot. Our approach firstly obtains the 3D geometrical model of the robot based on the projection of its natural appearance in the camera while the robot performs an initialization trajectory. This paper proposes a structure-from-motion solution that uses the odometry sensors inside the robot as a metric reference. Secondly, an online localization method based on a sequential Bayesian inference is proposed, which uses the geometrical model of the robot as a link between image measurements and pose estimation. The online approach is resistant to hard occlusions and the experimental setup proposed in this paper shows its effectiveness in real situations. The proposed approach has many applications in both the industrial and service robot fields.
A New Automatic System for Angular Measurement and Calibration in Radiometric Instruments
Authors: Marquez Jose Manuel Andujar , Bohórquez Miguel Ángel Martínez , Garcia Jonathan Medina , Nieto Francisco Jose Aguilar
Published: April 2010

This paper puts forward the design, construction and testing of a new automatic system for angular-response measurement and calibration in radiometric instruments. Its main characteristics include precision, speed, resolution, noise immunity, easy programming and operation. The developed system calculates the cosine error of the radiometer under test by means of a virtual instrument, from the measures it takes and through a mathematical procedure, thus allowing correcting the radiometer with the aim of preventing cosine error in its measurements.
Authentication and Key Establishment in Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Qiu Ying , Zhou Jianying , Baek Joonsang , Lopez Javier
Published: April 2010

When a sensor node roams within a very large and distributed wireless sensor network, which consists of numerous sensor nodes, its routing path and neighborhood keep changing. In order to provide a high level of security in this environment, the moving sensor node needs to be authenticated to new neighboring nodes and a key established for secure communication. The paper proposes an efficient and scalable protocol to establish and update the authentication key in a dynamic wireless sensor network environment. The protocol guarantees that two sensor nodes share at least one key with probability 1 (100%) with less memory and energy cost, while not causing considerable communication overhead.
Error Analysis in a Stereo Vision-Based Pedestrian Detection Sensor for Collision Avoidance Applications
Authors: Llorca David F. , Sotelo Miguel A. , Parra Ignacio , Ocaña Manuel , Bergasa Luis M.
Published: April 2010

This paper presents an analytical study of the depth estimation error of a stereo vision-based pedestrian detection sensor for automotive applications such as pedestrian collision avoidance and/or mitigation. The sensor comprises two synchronized and calibrated low-cost cameras. Pedestrians are detected by combining a 3D clustering method with Support Vector Machine-based (SVM) classification. The influence of the sensor parameters in the stereo quantization errors is analyzed in detail providing a point of reference for choosing the sensor setup according to the application requirements. The sensor is then validated in real experiments. Collision avoidance maneuvers by steering are carried out by manual driving. A real time kinematic differential global positioning system (RTK-DGPS) is used to provide ground truth data corresponding to both the pedestrian and the host vehicle locations. The performed field test provided encouraging results and proved the validity of the proposed sensor for being used in the automotive sector towards applications such as autonomous pedestrian collision avoidance.
Notes on Contributors
Authors: Alary Viviane , Kunzle David , Lefèvre Pascal , Sabin Roger
Published: April 2010

Notes on contributors
La Chine au travail (1980-2009) : emploi, genre et migrations
Authors: Angeloff Tania
Published: April 2010

Résumé En République populaire de Chine, l’égalité entre hommes et femmes et la sortie du modèle traditionnel patriarcal sont un vieux cheval de bataille de la modernité, de 1919 à nos jours. Depuis une trentaine d’années, des réformes économiques sans précédent ont été entreprises sans changement politique majeur. Dans ce contexte, où l’idéologie communiste reste présente dans la loi et dans les esprits, comment les rapports de genre ont-ils évolué ? Quelles ont été les incidences de l’ouverture et des réformes économiques sur le travail – son organisation et ses conditions – et sur les statuts d’emploi des hommes et des femmes ? Comment les inégalités entre les sexes ont-elles évolué et quelles sont les spécificités chinoises en matière de discriminations de genre ? Les questions de travail et d’emploi sont un angle d’attaque privilégié pour comprendre les processus inégalitaires entre hommes et femmes, d’une part, et à l’intérieur du groupe des hommes et du groupe des femmes, d’autre part ; le phénomène des migrations internes par le travail, en explosion avec le renforcement des réformes économiques depuis le début des années 1990, permet de prolonger l’analyse. L’exemple de la prostitution enfin, phénomène social grandissant dans la Chine des réformes, met en relief les stratégies de domination masculine et de résistance féminine en lien avec une modernisation unique dans ses modalités.
Le militantisme féministe dans la Chine contemporaine
Authors: Zheng Wang
Published: April 2010

Résumé Le papier présenté ici s’attache à étudier le développement conceptuel et organisationnel du militantisme féministe en Chine à la suite de la quatrième conférence des Nations Unies sur les femmes, qui s’est tenue en 1995 à Beijing. L’auteur, qui se concentre sur le militantisme lié à la violence conjugale, offre une analyse critique des relations entre les ONG de femmes, la Fédération chinoise des femmes et l’État chinois dans le contexte des mouvements féministes et du capitalisme mondiaux. Aux prises avec un État patriarcal caractérisé par une bureaucratie bien établie, un monde intellectuel très masculin qui penche nettement en faveur du pouvoir et une économie capitaliste qui légitime la dépossession et le déplacement, les féministes chinoises ont engendré des transformations féministes significatives malgré toutes les contraintes.
Genre, politique et radioactivité : le cas de Vienne la rouge
Authors: Rentetzi Maria
Published: April 2010

Résumé En plus d’être un lieu de production scientifique, le laboratoire scientifique est sans nul doute un espace de travail dans lequel les tâches sont différenciées selon qu’elles sont qualifiées ou non qualifiées, et les postes sont divisés entre ceux rémunérés mensuelle ment et ceux subventionnés par des dons ou des bourses de recherche. Cet article s’intéresse à l’Institut de Recherche sur le Radium à Vienne et soutient que la culture du travail dans les labo ratoires de cet institut était assez égalitaire entre hommes et femmes pour permettre à des femmes physiciennes de réaliser d’importants projets scientifiques. Pendant la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, les femmes représentaient un tiers du nombre total de chercheurs grâce à l’attitude encourageante du directeur de l’institut, la politique de Vienne la rouge et l’interdisciplinarité du champ de recherche. En comparaison d’autres laboratoires tels que le laboratoire Cavendish, l’institut de Vienne représente un cas exceptionnel et un exemple fascinant de promotion du travail de la femme dans le domaine scientifique.
Surface Properties of 316L Austenitic Steel Improved by Simultaneous Diffusion of Titanium and Aluminium
Authors: Britchi Iulia Mirela , Ene Niculae , Olteanu Mircea , Vasile Eugeniu , Nita Petru , Alexandrescu E.
Published: April 2010

Samples of 316L austenitic steel were submitted to a thermochemical treatment which implies surface diffusion of Al and Ti. The technique of pack cementation with NH4Cl as activator was employed. The powder mixture was made of aluminium, titanium, aluminium oxide and ammonium chloride. The same ratio of Al : Ti = 1 : 5 was used in all experiments. The variables were temperature and time. As a function of these parameters, diffusion layers of different thicknesses were obtained. The samples were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction and Vickers microhardness trials. All layers were formed by diffusion with reaction and present two zones with different structures and compositions and therefore different properties. The Ti3NiAl2N compound was identified by X-ray diffraction. The presence of this compound in the diffusion coatings increases the superficial hardness of the samples.
The Role of Diffusion Accommodation and Phase Boundary Wetting in the Deformation Behaviour of Ultrafine Grained Sn-Pb Eutectic
Authors: Muktepavela Faina , Zabels R.
Published: April 2010

Mechanical properties, microstructure of the Sn–38wt. %Pb eutectic and the development of deformation - induced diffusion processes on interphase boundaries (IB) were investigated. Experiments were carried out both in deformed and annealed states of eutectic using micro- and nanoindentation, SEM, AFM and optical microscopy techniques. It was found that the deformation of the annealed alloy is localized at the Pb/Sn interphase boundaries and occurs by grain boundary sliding (GBS) accompanied by sintering micropore processes under the action of the capillary forces on the Pb/Sn IB. During severe plastic deformation of Sn-Pb eutectic phase transition in the Sn grain boundary occurs. This deformation-induced process takes place due to the wetting of tin with Pb. These diffusion accommodation processes (sintering and wetting) are facilitated by the low values of the Pb/Sn interphase energy (0.07 J/m2). Wetting is thermodynamically favourable because the condition γgb > 2 γib is satisfied and it is also kinetically allowed due to the relatively high homologous temperature (> 0.5•Tm). The obtained values of the nanohardness and elastic modulus evidence that the IBs in the Sn–Pb eutectic have to be considered as a separate quasi-phase with its own properties.
Collapse-Type Shrinkage’s Characteristics in Both Eucalyptus urophylla and E.cloeziana Wood under Heat-Treatment Conditions
Authors: Wu Yi Qiang , Hayashi Kazuo , Cai Ying Chun
Published: April 2010

In order to explore the formation process of collapse-type shrinkage of eucalypt wood, the collapse-shrinkage properties in Eucalyptus urophylla and E.cloeziana wood under different heat-treatment conditions were systematically investigated by using frozen drying, and simultaneously creative assessments on their collapse-type shrinkage process were conducted based on the novel concepts of both transient collapse and maximum transient collapse advanced for the first time. The results indicated that, for lower-density E.urophylla, total shrinkage and residual collapse under both heat-treatment regimes increased with increasing temperature. As compared to intermittent heat treatment, the above two indices at three levels of temperatures in continuous heat treatment displayed relatively larger values, and exhibited down-open-parabola type; For higher-density E.cloeziana, only higher collapse phenomenon in the part near to the pith were observed, and similar to E.urophylla, while almost slight and /or no collapse occurs in the middle heartwood and sapwood, and shrinkage and collapse in continuous heat treatment is slightly larger than those in intermittent heat treatment, and both shrinkage and collapse take on up-open-parabola type. Trends of radial variation of both parameters for both species in continuous heat treatment were consistent with those in intermittent heat treatment. It can be speculated that the mechanism of the difference in collapse-type shrinkage characteristics between two heat-treatment patterns are that the more types of cells and the more number of cells participated in the collapse development, and the more transient collapse, especially maximum transient collapse, is transformed into the permanent set to develop the residual collapse for continuous heat treatment than the intermittent heat treatment. Therefore, it is very crucial for lower-density susceptible-collapse eucalypt to manage to prevent maximum transient collapse from being transformed into permanent set in the process of drying.
Al-Si-Fe Intermetallics on Fe-Substrates during Hot-Dipping
Authors: Rodriguez-Calvillo Pablo , Suarez Lucia , Houbaert Yvan
Published: April 2010

Steels alloyed with Si and Al are used as core material in flux carrying machines, they are commonly called electrical steels, divided into grain oriented and non-oriented when a material without magnetic anisotropy or not is desired and used in transformer and electrical motors, respectively. The appearance of brittle ordered structures when Si+Al content in steel is above 4 m.-% does not always make its industrial production easy. Therefore hot dipping in a Al-Si bath followed by a diffusion annealing was found to be a productive way of steels with high Si and/or Al concentration and to overcome the creation of fragile structures during deformation processes, such as rolling.
The formation of different layered Al-(Si)-Fe intermetallics on the steel substrate depends on diverse processing parameters such as bath temperature and composition, immersion time, preheating of the steel substrate and its composition and cooling down to room temperature. This contribution reports the diffusion kinetics of Fe2Al5 products obtained during the hot dipping process in an Al iron saturated and a hypoeutectic Al – 5 m.-% Si baths of ultra low carbon steel and Fe-substrates with 3 m.-% Si, annealed and cold rolled to different thicknesses. The preheating of the samples and bath temperatures were varied between 670 to750°C. Dipping times between 1 to 600 sec. were applied. The different layers and compounds formed were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), using Back Scattered Electron (BSE) detector and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The influence of the substrate and bath chemical composition on the growth kinetics of the Fe2Al5 intermetallics was investigated assuming a parabolic law. Si addition retards the growth kinetics and, as result, raises the activation energy from 71.3 to 159.8 kJmol-1, the obtained results are in agreement with the literature.
Galvanized Coatings Produced in a Hot Dip Simulator (HDS)
Authors: Suarez Lucia , Warichet D. , Houbaert Yvan
Published: April 2010

Hot dip galvanizing has proven to provide excellent protection against corrosion of steel for a wide range of applications. Coatings of Zn-Al alloys on steel sheet give a high corrosion resistance due to the corrosion prevention by zinc and the passivation by Al. Many important industrial processing steps require a reliable procedure for process verification. Verification on production or pilot lines is neither economical nor efficient. Simulators for the HDP (Hot Dip Process) allow laboratory scale simulations of the (hot dip) coating and of the consequent annealing processes occurring in industrial production lines, serving for process and product improvement and development. To improve and further develop the production and the final coating properties, hot dipping experiments are performed in a HDP simulator using different substrates, bath compositions and hot dipping parameters. The results obtained by these simulations are transferable to the production process of real continuous galvanizing lines. Important industrial steps of the process can be simulated in the HDPS with a high variability of parameters.
Mathematical Modeling of Squeeze Casting of Magnesium Alloy AM50
Authors: Sun Zhi Zhong , Yu Alfred , Hu Henry , Han Li Hong
Published: April 2010

In this study, a two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical model was developed to simulate forced and natural convection, heat transfer and solidification occurring during the squeeze casting process. The model was based on the control-volume finite difference approach and on the enthalpy method. The computation was performed to understand the effect of applied pressures on the solidification and cooling behavior of a cylindrical squeeze casting of magnesium alloy AM50A which could have extensive usage in automobiles. The model computed the melt flow fields, the temperature distributions, the cooling curves, the shape and position of the phase front, and total solidification time of the casting. The predicted results show that high applied pressures result in high heat transfer across the casting/die interface, and consequently increase solidification and cooling rates.
Complex Change in Superficial Layer Properties of Specimen Obtained by Metallurgical Powder under Vibration Process Method
Authors: Hamouda Khaled , Sayah Tahar , Ankudimov J.P. , Ankudimov P.J. , Babichev Anatoly P. , Benallal Mohamed Nadjib , Saidi D. , Djema M.A.
Published: April 2010

The general purpose of the present work is based on an antifriction process to produce a metallurgical powder from nibs of iron powders base. Therefore, most of these processes used in motors and instruments industries, vehicles and agricultural mechanical engineering. Under normal operation conditions, which have stable climatic characteristics and exhibit to moisture, this increased the layer that exposed to corrosion. Metallurgical powder adsorbed moisture by determining the porosity which accelerates corrosion processes and increases at the free surface of metal, In this article, the results given for the materials of powders with bases on iron, zinc, aluminium and their alloys, in the same processes can be using it in the maintenance field to eliminate or modifying the surface of the work pieces treated which that increases the hardness.
Predicting Behavior of Plasma Nitrided Ni+Al Composite Coating Using an Artificial Neural Network Model
Authors: Bolvardi H. , Shokuhfar Ali , Daemi N.
Published: April 2010

Plasma nitriding is a powerful process for surface modification of different materials. In this study, plasma nitriding is applied on a Nickel-Aluminum composite, coated on ST37 steel. Ni+Al composites were fabricated by electrodeposition process in watts bath containing Al particles. For prediction of electrodeposited Al% during the electroplating and microhardness of coatings after plasma nitriding process artificial neural network (ANN) was used. The numerical results obtained via a neural network model were compared with the experimental results. Agreement between the experimental and numerical results was reasonably good.
Kinetics of Isothermal Phase Transformations by Phase-Field Simulations: An Analogy between the Peritectic and Monotectic Systems
Authors: Boussinot G. , Brener Efim A. , Temkin D.E.
Published: April 2010

We present phase-field simulations of isothermal phase transformations in the
peritectic system below and above the peritectic temperature TP , and in the monotectic system below the monotectic temperature TM. We focus particularly on the Liquid-Film-Migration (LFM) mechanism, which appears to be the generic process for phase transformations above TP . Below TP , we obtain an assymetric LFM, suggesting the existence of a doublon structure in free space. In the monotectic system, the transformation from a liquid L1 to a solid+liquid L2 mixture proceeds via the migration of a L2 film, which is the analogous of the LFM process. When the metastable state consists of a liquid-liquid mixture, a dendritic-like solidification is obtained.
Film Formation via Plasma Electrolyte Oxidation of Ti and Ti-5Mo-4V-3Al Alloy in High Alkaline Solutions
Authors: Asadi M. , Attarchi M. , Vahidifar M. , Jafari A.
Published: April 2010

This work investigates the characteristics of oxide films formed on Ti and the Ti alloy through a plasma electrolyte oxidation (PEO) process in highly alkaline medium in the presence or absence of phosphate ions. The obtained coatings showed different characteristics when they formed in high alkaline phosphate solutions particularly was anatase for Ti and rutile/titanium phosphate for the Ti alloy layer. Films formed in aqueous solution without KOH caused a reduction in current density and also reduced the number of microarcs, while in electrolytes with high OH- concentration, the current was low and the density of sparks was significant.
Simultaneous Wicking-Convection Heat Transfer Process with Non-Newtonian Power-Law Fluid
Authors: Bautista Oscar , Méndez Federico , Bautista Eric
Published: April 2010

In this work, we have theoretically analyzed the heat convection process in a porous medium under the influence of spontaneous wicking of a non-Newtonian power-law fluid, trapped in a capillary element, considering the presence of a temperature gradient. The capillary element is represented by a porous medium which is initially found at temperature and pressure . Suddenly the lower part of the porous medium touches a reservoir with a non-Newtonian fluid with temperature and pressure . This contact between both phases, in turn causes spontaneously the wicking process. Using a one-dimensional formulation of the average conservation laws, we derive the corresponding nondimensional momentum and energy equations. The numerical solutions permit us to evaluate the position and velocity of the imbibitions front as well as the dimensionless temperature profiles and Nusselt number. The above results are shown by considering the physical influence of two nondimensional parameters: the ratio of the characteristic thermal time to the characteristic wicking time, , the ratio of the hydrostatic head of the imbibed fluid to the characteristic pressure difference between the wicking front and the dry zone of the porous medium, , and the power-law index, n, for the non-Newtonian fluid. The predictions show that the wicking and heat transfer process are strongly dependent on the above nondimensional parameters, indicating a clear deviation in comparison with and n = 1, that represents the classical Lucas-Washburn solution.
Structural Stability of Composite Materials Prepared by Explosion Welding after their Heat Treatment
Authors: Tršo Martin , Benák Michal , Turňa Milan , Nesvadba Peter
Published: April 2010

As is well known, the explosion welding is considered for a specific type of cold pressure welding. Welded joints fabricated by this technology show a typical undulated boundary, which characterises both, the welding process and bond quality. This technology allows to weld a relatively wide assortment of combinations of various metals and their alloys [1,2].
This contribution presents the technological procedure for preparation of composite materials based on three metals (trimetals) by use of industrial explosive Semtex S. It concerns the trimetals as structural carbon steel-Cu-Al and structural carbon steel-Ti-Al. For the anodes and cathodes of electrolysers, used for manufacture of aluminium, mostly bimetals were used up to now, as for example the structural carbon steel – Al. However, the mentioned trimetals exert certain priorities over bimetals, regarding mainly the structural stability at elevated temperatures. This also results in higher reliability at breakdown situations and also in longer life of weldments proper.
The mentioned trimetals were prepared at Explosia Inc., Research Institute of Industrial Chemistry Pardubice-Semtín. The bond quality was assessed by optical microscopy, microhardness measurement across the bond boundary and also by X-ray microanalysis.
Study of Explosion Welding of Mg Alloy with Aluminium
Authors: Benák Michal , Turňa Milan , Palček Peter , Nesvadba Peter
Published: April 2010

The aim of the present work was to solve the technology for welding Mg alloy type AZ 63 with aluminium and to assess the quality of the fabricated joints (bimetals-composites). In solving the welding technology, the high affinity of Mg to oxygen has to be considered and therefore as suitable technology either metallurgical joining in vacuum (electron beam etc.) or high-speed solid state welding seem to be feasible. Explosion welding with Semtex S 30 explosive was approved experimentally. Parallel arrangement of welded materials was applied. The more plastic Al material was accelerated. Quality of bonds (bimetals) was assessed by defectoscopy (ultrasound), optical microscopy, microhardness measurement and X-ray microanalysis. It can be generally stated that the basic requirement on joint quality (namely the undulated boundary) was met. The structural composition and absence of inhomogeneities in fabricated bimetals suggest that the desired quality was achieved.
Decreasing the Fouling of Heat Exchanger Plates Using Air Bubbles
Authors: Baek Seung Moon , Seol Won Sil , Lee Ho Saeng , Yoon Jung In
Published: April 2010

The heat transfer performance of heat exchanger plate decreases as time goes by. The main reason for this phenomenon is the fouling of the heat exchanger plates. To remove the fouling, we have usually cleaned the plate of heat exchanger using chemicals or polishing brush or cloth with hand after stopping the equipment and disassembling the heat exchanger. However, to clean the plate using these methods, the heat exchanger equipment needs to be stopped and disjointed. In addition, it must be re-jointed after cleaning. Especially, the concern of environmental pollution happens in case of using chemicals. Therefore, we need to develop an automatic fouling removal equipment which can continuously keep high heat transfer efficiency and solve the problem of environmental pollution. So, in this paper, we developed and tested the equipment which can clean the fouling on heat exchanger plates automatically per constant period and interval using air bubbles. The total heat transfer coefficient decreased with a slower tendency when using air bubbles compared to the existing methods. There was 10% higher heat transfer effect air bubbles every 10 minutes for 2 hours to remove the fouling ingredients on the heat transfer surface area concerned to the case without air bubbles after 192 hours.
The Simulation of Heat and Vapour Transfer Trough Fibrous Materials
Authors: Salopek Čubrić Ivana , Skenderi Zenun
Published: April 2010

The heat and water vapour transmitting properties of fibrous materials are important factors that affect the clothing's comfort as well as the quality of special functional clothing that is worn in extreme environmental conditions. The paper introduces advanced system for the simulation of physiological processes that appear next to the human skin. Its use enables the measurement of heat and vapour transfer trough fibrous structures, as well as determination of vapour permeability and permeability index. The experiments reported here refer to the measurement of a number of fibrous materials used for the next-to-skin wear. For the measurement have been produced materials that differ either in their structure or raw material in order to observe the influences of different parameters to the transfer properties. The transfer trough fibrous materials is mainly affected by its structure that comprises of a repeat units with cellular geometry containing air pores, yarns that form basic structure and intersection points of two or more yarns. Therefore, the structure of materials is also investigated and described by means of fabric moduli. Dynamics of heat and vapour transfer is observed through the experimentally obtained data and the influence of a number of structural parameters is discussed. The statistical methods are used to qualify the effects of investigated variables on the heat and vapour resistance.
Study of Moisture Buffering in Building Materials with Application of Sorption Kinetics Models
Authors: Ramos N.M.M. , Delgado João M.P.Q. , de Freitas V.P.
Published: April 2010

This work presents experimental values of Moisture Buffer Value (MBV) obtained with three different samples of building materials, using a non-stationary process of moisture absorption. The tests carried out at the laboratory tried to explore the importance of some of the variables that can interfere in the final results, such as materials themselves, temperature level and the use of finishing coatings.
The experimental data obtained at 15°C and 23°C were then analyzed using the second order sorption kinetic model. The application of kinetics models to the experimental results was explored and several parameters were retrieved. A proposal for the use of these parameters is presented and its practical use is discussed.
Experimental Values of Solubility of Organic Compounds in Water for a Wide Range of Temperature Values − A New Experimental Technique
Authors: Delgado João M.P.Q. , Vázquez da Silva M.
Published: April 2010

This paper describes a simple experimental technique, easy to set-up in a laboratory, for the measurement of solute solubility in liquids (or gases).
Experimental values of solubility were determined for the dissolution of benzoic acid in water and salicylic acid in water, at temperatures between 5°C and 70°C. The solubility experimental values obtained are in good agreement with the theoretical values of solubility and the empirical correlations presented in literature.
The results show that it is possible to obtain good results for solubility values, using a simple and inexpensive experimental technique.
Effects of Milling Time and Impact Force on the Mutual Diffusion of Cu and Fe during Synthesis of Nanostructured Fe-50%Cu Alloy via Mechanical Alloying Process
Authors: Kaffash H. , Shokuhfar Ali , Rezaie Hamid Reza , Mostaed Ehsan , Mostaed Ali
Published: April 2010

Fabrication of alloys in the solid state via mechanical alloying (MA) process has been studied by earlier researchers. The effects of milling time and impact force, defined as the ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR), on the elemental diffusion during synthesis of nanostructured Fe-50at.%Cu alloy via MA process were evaluated in the current work. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that increasing the milling time and impact force give rise to increasing the micro-strain, lattice parameter and decreasing the crystallite size during the MA process. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized not only for evaluating the microstructure of the milled powder particles but also for proving this claim that during MA process, the mutual diffusion of Cu and Fe has occurred. The interpretation of data resulted have been discussed in details.
Structure and Thermal Stability of Cu after Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Popov Vladimir V. , Stolbovkiy A.V. , Popova E.N. , Pilyugin V.P.
Published: April 2010

Evolution of structure of high-purity and commercially pure copper at severe plastic deformation (SPD) by high pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature and in liquid nitrogen has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and measurements of microhardness. Thermal stability of structure obtained by HPT has been investigated. Factors preventing from obtaining nanocrystalline structure in Cu are analyzed and possible ways of their overcoming are discussed.
Determination of Average Ternary Interdiffusion Coefficients Using Moments of Interdiffusion Flux and Concentration Profiles
Authors: Garimella N. , Choi H.J. , Sohn Yong Ho
Published: April 2010

We developed a method of rigorous solution of the Onsager’s flow equations using moments of the interdiffusion-parameter integrands for the determination of average ternary interdiffusion coefficients. The analysis developed by Dayananda and Sohn [1] is the basis for this refined approach. Average main and cross interdiffusion coefficients are determined over selected regions in the diffusion zone using the diffusion-distance moments of the interdiffusion flux flow equations. Thermodynamic stability of solid solutions in the light of interdiffusion phenomenon is taken as validation criteria to identify accurate and reliable values of the ternary interdiffusion coefficients. Regulations are proposed for successful application of the analysis method to various ternary diffusion couples in Ni- and Fe-based intermetallics.