bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music cognition and real-time listening: Denotation, cue abstraction, route description and cognitive maps
Authors: Reybrouck Mark
Published: November 2015

This contribution is about music cognition in real-time listening. Starting from the distinction between knowledge-by-acquaintance as against conceptual knowledge, it argues for a definition of music listening as an ongoing process of sense-making that relies on epistemic interactions with the sounds. In order to provide a theoretical framework to assess this process of sense-making, it brings together conceptual and operational tools from the domains of deixis, cue abstraction, route-description and cognitive maps. Basically in this combined approach is the construction of knowledge through the ‘extraction’ and ‘abstraction’ of salient elements from the articulation of sounds through time. This articulation can be continuous or discrete, but is possible to deal with the sounding elements in a propositional way, relying on principles of cognitive economy rather than on the richness of full sensory experience.
Verkörperung und Medialität
Authors: Kaden Christian
Published: November 2015

Der Artikel behandelt einen Grundkonflikt in der mittelalterlichen Musikkultur, ja in der europäischen Kulturgeschichte überhaupt. Einerseits agiert Musik als Verkörperung ritueller und zeremoniöser Bedürftigkeiten, als alternative Lebensform, als “reales” Anders-Sein: Mönche, die den Gregorianischen Choral vortragen, fühlen sich den Engeln gleich (Amalar von Metz); der König, der eine Kathedrale besucht, versteht sich als “typus Christi”, erhöht und gefeiert durch die Klänge elaborierter Polyphonie usw. Andererseits existieren markante Tendenzen, seit mindestens dem 11. Jahrhundert, Musik durch ausdrücklich artifizielle Methoden hervorzubringen, unter Nutzung spezieller Schriftformen und gegenständlicher Außenspeicherung; diese Tätigkeit wird mit der Bezeichnung “componere” bzw. “ compositio” belegt. Die These des Aufsatzes lautet, daß beide Paradigmen – Verkörperung und Verschriftlichung – in ihren kognitiven Tiefenstrukturen inkompatibel sind. Und obwohl die mittelalterliche Musikgeschichte beide Entwicklungszüge zu harmonisieren trachtete, erscheint die “Geburt der Komposition” als eine der wichtigsten Ursachen für den Verfall von Ritualität - und für den Triumph einer Musik der Zeichenhaftigkeit, der Signifikation und Repräsentation.
Does Music Mean Anything ?
Authors: Sloboda John
Published: November 2015

A received view in music psychology is that to have assigned to a piece of music a certain kind of structural description (in which elements are marked as more or less prominent, or more or less related to one another) is to have understood it. Yet this view is open to the “Searlean” criticism that it has ignored the essential elements of human understanding of music, namely, the dynamic feelings of tension and resolution, anticipation, growth and decay, which the music engenders when experienced as structure. It is argued that these feelings are plausible candidates for the basic elements of a musical semantics. Such feelings are not emotions as commonly understood, although they may engender emotions in some circumstances. The characteristics of music which engender these feelings are similar (or analogous) to characteristics of the experienced physical and biological world, particularly of objects in motion (or agents in action). Thus, in some circumstances, combinations of these elemental feelings can give rise to the sense that music has “personality” or “atmosphere”. Some psychological research investigating structural concomitants of dynamic feelings is discussed.
Die (Musikalische) Moderne
Authors: Flotzinger Rudolf
Published: November 2015

Der Text entspricht einem Referat im Rahmen eines Kulturaustauschprogramms zwischen Ruβland und Österreich. Daher konnte es nicht darum gehen, neue Forschungsergebnisse zu prasentieren. Vielmehr soil die gegenwärtige Sicht der Zusammenhänge so präzise und einsichtig wie möglich dargestellt werden, ohne deren subjektive Prägung zu verleugnen. Durch die Postmoderne-Diskussion der jungsten Zeit ist das Begriffsfeld „Moderne” stärker in den Mittelpunkt der Forschung gerückt. Dabei ist nicht nur das Wort „modern” vieldeutig, sondern sind auch zumindest drei verschiedene Verständnisweisen von „die Moderne” auseinanderzuhalten: ein Projekt in der europäischen Kulturgeschichte, eine entsprechende politische Bewegung und eine engere historische Zeitspanne. Erst von daher ist es sinnvoll, den Begriff auch auf die Musikgeschichte zu Übertragen. Dabei wird erkennbar, daβ die Wiener Verhältnisse stärker prägend waren, als man sich ailgemein bewuβt war. Der Autor ist Leiter des musikwissenschaftlichen Teil-projekts innerhalb des an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz derzeit laufenden Spezialforschungsbereichs Die Moderne. Wien und Zentraleuropa urn 1990.
A Schenkerian Reading of an Excerpt from Tristan und Isolde
Authors: Forte Allen
Published: November 2015

The article applies the concepts and techniques of Schenkerian analysis to a relatively long and integral excerpt from Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, the english horn solo from Act III. The result is an analytical sketch that displays “foreground” and “middleground” patterns as they contribute to the total structure, providing continuity and linear contexts for Leitmotifs as well as for micro-motives that appear to characterize the solo melody and that penetrate other parts of the music as well. Throughout the excerpt, the instantiation of such paradigms as middleground linear progressions and foreground unfoldings leads to the conclusion that Schenker's approach to analysis illuminates the music in effective ways and suggests that Wagner's oeuvre may be more amenable to that approach than has previously been thought to be the case.
Prolongational structure and schematic form in Tristan's “Alte Weise”
Authors: Lerdahl Fred
Published: November 2015

The “alte Weise” melody for solo cor anglais from the beginning of Act III of Tristan und Isolde is submitted to a double analysis. First, it is treated by the techniques of Jackendoff's and my A Generative Theory of Tonal Music, yielding a prolongational structure that resembles a Schenkerian analysis even though it is based on contrasting principles. In the course of this analysis connections are made to other passages in Tristan. Second, the melody is treated according to schematic phrasal norms, yielding surface and underlying phrasal forms. Nattiez's paradigmatic approach is then adapted to demonstrate the underlying phrasal-prolongational coherence of the melody as a whole.
Musical Grammar and the Study of Cognitive Processes of Composition
Authors: Baroni Mario
Published: November 2015

The concept of “grammar” is at the basis both of listening to and of composing music. Music grammar includes morphology and syntax, the former being defined as the identification of different categories of musical structures, the latter as that of rules connecting morphological unities. In listening to music morphology corresponds to “categorical” perception and syntax to “structural” perception. In composing and in music analysis, the intuitive procedures of perceptions must be transformed in explicitly rational knowledge: morphology corresponds to a clear definition of musical concepts and syntax to that of musical rules. According to the theory, morphology and syntax correspond to actual cognitive processes; however a distinction is made between a grammar, and its uses, that is, its applications in composing and listening activities. Some critical remarks on this point are made in respect of the tradition of cognitive studies. A further aspect of grammar is then underlined: the distinction between syntactic and semantic rules. The aim of both of these is to build expressive structures which can be understood and interpreted by means of socially legitimated hermeneutic conventions. In this sense grammar is to be conceived of not only as a psychic, but also as a social instrument. In order to understand the mental procedures of composition, all the methods so far proposed risk remaining at the surface of the problems to which they are applied unless they are integrated into amore accurate and adequate consideration of grammatical thinking.
From Detection to Disruption
Authors: Innes Martin , Sheptycki James W. E.
Published: November 2015

This article identifies an important contemporary shift in the governing logic of police crime control strategies in the United Kingdom. It is observed that organized crime has become more central to police work and that, with regard to this type of crime, police interventions are increasingly designed to “disrupt” ongoing criminal activity. Drawing on qualitative data from two separate studies conducted in the U.K., the article connects this shift to an increasing reliance on the use of intelligence data in police organizations. The article looks at how “intelligence” has been conceived, considers some of the limitations of the changes that are taking place, and examines the wider ethical and social implications that might follow from these shifts. It is concluded that, although there are a number of currents of change occurring in the contemporary U.K. police sector, the accenting of intelligence-led policing, and the accompanying shift to disruption as a tactical or strategic intervention, is one of the more dramatic changes. Finally, the article calls for further study of the consequences of this shift, especially because it may be associated with transnational effects.
Healing of Achilles Tendon, An Experimental Study: Part 2—Histological, Immunohistological and Ultrasonographic Analysis
Authors: Thermann H. , Frerichs O. , Holch M. , Biewener A.
Published: November 2015

In 105 rabbits the course of healing was examined at one, two, four, eight and 12 weeks (21 rabbits per group) after an experimental Achilles tendon rupture. The following treatment modalities were compared: A) primary functional treatment; B) operative functional treatment (resorbable suture); and C) operative functional treatment with fibrin glue. For the functional (after)-treatment a special orthosis was applied. A 7.5 MHz Ultrasound probe was used for ultrasonographic evaluation. The histological specimens were stained in Masson-Goldner and Azan technique. Collagen Type III was depicted immunhistologically. A semiquantitative fibrocyte count was performed. The histological results showed a smooth healing in the primary functional treatment group (A), reaching parallel orientation of collagen fibers at 12 weeks. In the suture group (B), a secondary gapping of the tendon stumps was detectable after one week as in all other groups. In the fibrin group (C), the fibrin was resorbed after four weeks without essential influence to the course of healing. At 12 weeks the histologycal evaluation in all groups showed approximately normal tendon pattern. Immunohistochemically, all groups showed cell-associated positive reactions for type-III collagen after one week with a maximum after two weeks. The semiquantitative fibrocyte count in the primary functional group showed a maximal number after one week. In the fibrin glue and suture groups the maximal number could be found after two weeks. Sonographically an increase in tendon thickness was detectable up to the fourth week in all groups. The secondary gapping of the tendon stumps in the suture group could also be detected sonographically. The echogenicity of the tendon during the course of healing showed increasing homogeneity and parallelism in all groups. At 12 weeks the echogenicity was comparable in all groups. The experiment suggests the equivalence of primary functional treatment to a combination of operative and functional therapy in Achilles tendon rupture.
EMG Monitoring During Functional Non-Surgical Therapy of Achilles Tendon Rupture
Authors: Hüfner Tobias , Wohlfarth Kal , Fink Matthias , Thermann H. , Rollnik Jens D.
Published: November 2015

After surgical therapy of Achilles tendon rupture, neuromuscular changes may persist, even one year after surgery. 7 We were interested whether these changes are also evident following a non-surgical functional therapy (Variostabil therapy boot/Adidas®). Twenty-one patients with complete Achilles tendon rupture were enrolled in the study (mean age 38.5 years, range 24 to 60; 18 men, three women) and followed-up clinically and with surface EMG of the gastrocnemius muscles after four, eight, 12 weeks, and one year after rupture. EMG differences between the affected and non-affected side could only be observed at baseline and after four weeks following Achilles tendon rupture. The results from our study show that EMG changes are not found following non-surgical functional therapy.
The Use of a 95° Blade Plate and a Posterior Approach to Achieve Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis
Authors: Hanson Travis W. , Cracchiolo Andrea
Published: November 2015

Various types of internal fixation have been used to achieve arthrodesis of both the ankle and subtalar joints. We have investigated the use of a standard 95° angled blade plate as a method of more rigid internal fixation to achieve arthrodesis of these joints. The purpose of this retrospective study was to review our clinical and radiographic results in adults using a blade plate applied through a posterior approach to fuse the ankle and subtalar joints.

Methods: Between April 1995 and June 2000, 10 tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodeses were performed using a posterior approach and a blade plate for internal fixation. There were 10 adults (five men and five women) whose average age was 64 years (range, 42 to 80 years). The indication for the procedure was severe pain which was unresponsive to nonoperative management in patients with arthritic joints. Preoperative diagnoses included six patients with post-traumatic arthritis, two with primary degenerative arthritis, one with rheumatoid arthritis, and one with post-polio deformity. An average of 1.7 previous operations had been performed on the affected ankle.

Results: Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed for all patients at an average of 37 months (range, 12 to 71 months) postoperatively. All 10 patients achieved a solid fusion. The mean time to radiographic fusion was 14.5 weeks (range, 9 to 26 weeks). The operation resulted in plantigrade feet in all patients with an average tibia-floor angle of 2.3° of dorsiflexion and an average of 5° of hindfoot valgus. Patients had excellent pain relief, however function did not improve as much. Complications occurred in three patients. One patient required a small split-thickness skin graft for wound healing, one experienced a transient posterior tibial nerve neuropraxia, and one developed a deep venous thrombosis in the nonoperative leg at six weeks postoperatively. Three patients required removal of the blade plate because of discomfort, which promptly cleared.

Conclusions: Arthrodesis provides excellent pain relief for patients with painful arthritic deformities of the ankle and subtalar joints. Using a posterior approach, a blade plate for internal fixation and bone grafts resulted in a solid fusion for all our patients. This method is particularly effective in large patients with a mild-moderate hindfoot deformity.
Ruptured Tibio-fibular Syndesmosis: Comparison Study of Metallic to Bioabsorbable Fixation
Authors: Sinisaari Ilkka P. , Lüthje Peter M.J. , Mikkonen Raija H.M.
Published: November 2015

The patients of this study come from a series of 43 consecutive ankle fracture patients with syndesmotic rupture operated on at our department. Of these patients, 18 were treated with bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide screw and 12 treated with metallic screw. All agreed to participate in this study. They were examined after a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. The patients were examined for measurements from ankle radiographic and computed tomography films, loaded dorsal range of movement of the ankle, and duration of sick leave. Subjective results were obtained by a constructed questionnaire. There were no significant differences between the patient groups in any of the parameters measured. We conclude that the fixation of a syndesmotic rupture can be done with a bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide screw.
Residual Bacterial Contamination After Surgical Preparation of the Foot or Ankle With or Without Alcohol
Authors: Hort Kurtis R. , DeOrio James K.
Published: November 2015

To investigate the usefulness of a standard surgical preparation in prevention of surgical site contamination, 49 consecutive patients undergoing foot or ankle surgery were randomly assigned to standard preparation with chlorhexidine gluconate home scrubs and preoperative povidone-iodine or to standard preparation plus preoperative preparation with 70% alcohol.

Results were available for all 49 patients. Cultures were positive for normal aerobic bacteria from the toes of nine of 26 patients (35%) receiving standard surgical preparation and from the toes of 13 of 23 patients (57%) receiving standard preparation plus alcohol (P=0.12). No patient had a positive culture for anaerobic organisms or clinical evidence of infection or wound problems.

Standard surgical preparation did not provide a completely sterile field, and the inclusion of alcohol added no benefit.
PLA Screw Fixation of Lisfranc Injuries
Authors: Thordarson David B. , Hurvitz Graham
Published: November 2015

Fourteen patients with Lisfranc injuries were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with PLA absorbable screw fixation by a single surgeon. From one to four PLA screws were used in each case (average two). In four patients, K-wires were inserted and removed at six weeks following surgery for instability of the fourth and/or fifth tarsometatarsal joints. Average follow-up was 20 months (range, three to 45 months). No patient was noted to have a soft tissue reaction to the screws. No evidence of osteolysis was noted on any of the follow-up X-rays at the screw sites. No loss of reduction was noted in any follow-up X-rays compared to immediate postoperative radiographs. The use of absorbable screws in this small series was found to be safe, without reaction and obviated the need for screw removal at short-term follow-up.
Mechanical Response of Ankle Ligaments at Low Loads
Authors: Butler Adam M. , Walsh William R.
Published: November 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the mechanical behavior of human ankle ligaments at low forces. Predominantly, ankle ligaments have been studied under the auspices of ligament injury. While the mechanical properties of a ligament when tested to failure provide a basis for comparisons, the loads and displacement do not reflect normal physiologic loading. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen ankles (mean age 65) were dissected to expose the ligaments surrounding the talocrural joint. Eight ankle ligaments were studied and included: medially-anterior tibiotalar (ATTL), posterior tibiotalar (PTTL), tibiocalcaneal (TCL); laterally – anterior tibiofibular (ATiFL), posterior tibiofibular (PTiFL), anterior talofibular (ATFL), posterior talofibular (PTFL), and calcaneofibular (CFL). Stress relaxation tests were carried out at 30% and 10% strain. The peak load and area under the curve were assessed for all experiments. Results: Significant differences were found for the average peak loads of the elastic response between 30% and 10% strain for each ligament ( p <.05). At 10% strain the relationship between the ligaments on the medial and lateral side revealed a Pearson R value of .991 ( p = .087). No significant difference was found between the strain energies of the various ligaments ( p >.05). The anterior talofibular ligament was found to possess similar relaxation results to the medial ligaments. The calcaneofibular ligament relaxed up to 10% more compared to the anterior talofibular for the same relaxation period. The mechanical testing was performed in uniaxial tension and did not consider off-axis loading that may occur in vivo during ankle motion. Conclusions: The stress relaxation experiments revealed all ligaments to relax even when loaded to less than 5 N, reflecting the viscoelastic nature of ligaments. The stress relaxation results show that the anterior talofibular ligament does not relax to the same extent as the other lateral ligaments. Examining the properties of human ankle ligaments at low loads has revealed some new findings. Clinical Relevance: This study highlights the need to understand the synergistic effects of the ligaments. This is important for reconstruction and arthroplasty procedures.
Clinical Results with the Ludloff Osteotomy for Correction of Adult Hallux Valgus
Authors: Chiodo Christopher P. , Schon Lew C. , Myerson Mark S.
Published: November 2015

Background: Biomechanically, the Ludloff osteotomy fixed with lag screw compression has been shown to be more rigid than proximal crescentic and other proximal first metatarsal osteotomies for correction of symptomatic hallux valgus with a moderate to severe increase in the first intermetatarsal angle. The Ludloff osteotomy may, therefore, have a lower incidence of dorsal malunion and transfer metatarsalgia than other proximal first metatarsal osteotomies, such as the crescentic or chevron. Methods: We reviewed the results of 82 consecutive cases of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities corrected with the Ludloff oblique metaphyseal-diaphyseal osteotomy of the first metatarsal combined with a distal soft-tissue procedure and medial eminence resection. Results: Follow-up was possible in 70 cases (85%) at an average of 30 months (range, 18 to 42 months). Preoperatively, the mean hallux valgus and first intermetatarsal angles were 31 degrees and 16 degrees, respectively. Postoperatively, these values improved to an average of 11 degrees and 7 degrees. In the sagittal plane, the first metatarsal was plantarflexed by an average of 1 mm, and there were no symptomatic transfer lesions of the second metatarsal. The mean AOFAS hindfoot score improved from 54 to 91 points. Complications included prominent hardware requiring removal (5), hallux varus (4), delayed union (3), superficial infection (3), and neuralgia (3). Conclusions: The use of the Ludloff oblique first metatarsal osteotomy resulted in excellent correction of the first intermetatarsal angle in patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus. With the plane of the osteotomy and rigidity of fixation, immediate ambulation was possible with minimal risk of dorsiflexion malunion of the first metatarsal.
The Arch Index: A Measure of Flat or Fat Feet?
Authors: Wearing Scott C. , Hills Andrew P. , Byrne Nuala M. , Hennig Ewald M. , McDonald Michael
Published: November 2015

Background: Studies using footprint-based estimates of arch height have indicated that obesity results in a lowered medial longitudinal arch in children. However, the potentially confounding effect of body composition on indirect measures of arch height, such as the arch index, has not been investigated. Methods: This study assessed the body composition of 12 male and 12 female adults (mean age: 39.9 ± 8.1 years, height: 1.724 ± 0.101 m; weight: 95.1 ± 13.7 kg, and BMI: 31.9 ± 3.0kg/m 2 ) using bioelectrical impedance analysis to produce a two-component model of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). The dynamic arch index also was determined from electronic footprints captured during gait using a capacitive pressure distribution platform with a resolution of 4 sensors/cm2. Results: While significant correlations were noted between FFM and the area of both the hindfoot ( r = .75, p <.05) and forefoot ( r = .72, p <.05), the midfoot area was correlated only with FM ( r = .54, p <.05). Similarly, the arch index was significantly correlated with the FM percentage ( r = .67, p <.05). Conclusions: The findings of this pilot study suggest that body composition influences arch index values in overweight and obese subjects. Consequently, body composition may be a confounding factor in interpreting footprint based estimates of arch height and, as such, these estimates would best be used with supplementary measures of body composition.
The Effect of Ankle Injury on Subtalar Motion
Authors: Michelson James , Hamel Andrew , Buczek Frank , Sharkey Neil
Published: November 2015

Background: Injuries to the medial and lateral ankle ligaments have been implicated in subtalar joint instability. Lateral injury increased subtalar joint varus and anterior translation, while deltoid injury increased external rotation and valgus in studies using static, non-physiologic testing. Methods: The current study employed a physiologically accurate ankle model using phasic force-couples attached to the muscle-tendon units to reproduce ankle motion. Six-degree-of-freedom kinematics of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus were measured using a VICON motion analysis system under the following experimental conditions: 1) intact ligaments 2) complete lateral ligament injury with subsequent repair, 3) superficial deltoid injury with subsequent repair, and 4) deep deltoid injury without repair in eight harvested lower extremities. Statistical analysis was by repeated measures analyses of variance. Results: At heel-strike, the subtalar joint is in internal rotation, dorsiflexion, and varus. As the leg progresses to foot-flat, there is external rotation, plantar-flexion, and valgus rotation. From foot-flat to heel-rise, there is little subtalar joint motion, while at toe-off, there is slight internal rotation, dorsiflexion, and varus rotation. The total rotations amounted to 9.0 degrees (SD 5.0 degrees) external rotation, 6.1 degrees (SD 2.5 degrees) plantarflexion, and 7.8 degrees (SD 5.5 degrees) valgus. Disruption of the superficial deltoid increased plantarflexion ( p < .001) and valgus ( p < .05). The additional lateral injury increased both external rotation ( p < .001) and valgus ( p < .02). Lateral injury alone had no significant effect on subtalar joint motion. Conclusion: Unlike most previous reports, this study showed no significant influence of isolated lateral ankle injury on subtalar joint motion, probably because the current study examined subtalar joint motion under physiologic loading and motion rather than by static stress testing. This calls into question the relevance of static stress testing to the in situ function of the subtalar joint. The increased external rotation and valgus seen with deltoid injury in the current study is consistent with previous reports.
Torsional Strains in the Proximal Fifth Metatarsal: Implications for Jones and Stress Fracture Management
Authors: Vertullo Christopher J. , Glisson Richard R. , Nunley James A.
Published: November 2015

Background: Reports of nonunion of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures treated by internal fixation indicate that current fixation methods do not always adequately address the stresses to which the bone is subjected during ambulation. In particular, the insertion sites of the peroneus brevis and peroneus tertius tendons on the fifth metatarsal suggest that their actions can impose torsional stresses on the areas of the bone in which Jones fractures and stress fractures occur. Intramedullary screw fixation, however, offers little resistance to rotation of the proximal and distal fragments relative to one another. Methods: To determine the potential for the existence of torsional stresses in the fifth metatarsal during post-operative ambulation, a simplified cadaver model of single-limb stance was used in which cadaver feet were subjected to concurrent axial and tendon forces while monitoring the outputs of stacked rosette strain gauges placed at the typical sites of Jones and stress fractures. Principal strain and shear strain magnitudes and directions were measured. Results: The shear strain magnitudes and strain axis directions indicated the presence of torsional stresses in the underlying bone potentially capable of causing internal rotation of the proximal fragment relative to the distal end of the bone. Conclusions: This finding has implications for the treatment of both Jones fractures and stress fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal. An internal fixation device that has the capability to resist torsion as well as tension and bending would appear optimal to treat these fractures.
The Association Between Subtalar Joint Motion and Outcome Satisfaction in Patients with Displaced Intraarticular Calcaneal Fractures
Authors: Kingwell Stephen , Buckley Richard , Willis Nigel
Published: November 2015

Background: There is a paucity of literature on the effect of calcaneal fractures on subtalar joint motion and patient satisfaction. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between subtalar joint motion and outcome satisfaction in patients who had displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. The design of this study was a retrospective analysis from a randomized, controlled clinical trial. The setting was a Level I trauma center. Methods: Of the 332 displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures entered into the clinical trial and managed by the senior author, 244 fractures had subtalar joint motion measurements taken at least 12 weeks after fracture, and patient-oriented outcomes were reviewed at 2 years. Nonoperative treatment consisted of ice, elevation, and rest without closed reduction. In the operative group, an extended lateral approach was used with subchondral fixation, plating, and bone grafting when necessary. The Short Form 36 (SF-36), a validated visual analogue scale (VAS), and a gait analogue score measured patient satisfaction. Subtalar joint motion was recorded as percentages of the uninjured limb and grouped into quartiles. Results: The VAS, SF-36 ( p < .0001), and the gait satisfaction score ( p < .05) all increased significantly with increasing subtalar joint motion. Satisfaction on the VAS and SF-36 was significantly related to subtalar joint motion for men ( p < .0001) and in the age groups 30 to 39 ( p < .001) and 40 to 49 years ( p < 0.05). In non-Workman Compensation Board (WCB) clients, higher subtalar joint motion was significantly related to improved satisfaction on VAS and SF-36 ( p < .005). Patient satisfaction was significantly related to subtalar joint motion as measured by the VAS when patients reported pre-injury workloads of moderate ( p < .05) or heavy ( p < .01) regardless of whether they were treated operatively ( p < .05) or nonoperatively ( p < .0005). Conclusions: The amount of subtalar joint motion at least 12 weeks after displaced intraarticular calcaneal fracture is significantly related to patient satisfaction at 2 years regardless of the method of treatment.
Development and Transfer of Timesharing Skills
Authors: Damos Diane
Published: November 2015

This experiment identifies the contribution of timesharing skills to performance on two qualitatively different task combinations. To examine this contribution, a measurement technique was developed which partitioned improvement in multiple-task performance into a component due to improved single-task skills and a component due to improved timesharing skills. Transfer of timesharing skills between the task combinations also was examined. The results indicated that identifiable timesharing skills developed with practice and contributed significantly to performance on both task combinations. Evidence of transfer of timesharing skills also was found. The implications of the results for training are discussed.
Seating, Console, and Workplace Design: Integration of Literature and Accommodation Model
Authors: Dannhaus D. M. , Bittner D. M. , Ayoub M. M. , Halcomb C. G.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, a procedure for determining the percentage excluded from a seat-console design, given the percentage excluded on individual dimensions is described. Seven critical anthropometric variables for seat-console design were identified. A “computerized accommodated percentage evaluation (CAPE)” model was used to determine the percentage excluded on the total design of a seat console as critical limits were imposed on each individual anthropometric dimension. Results of this paper are applicable to meeting MIL-STD-1472B criteria for accommodating 90 percent of the potential user population.
GABA Levels in the Brain: A Target for New Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Kocsis Jeffery D. , Mattson Richard H.
Published: November 2015

A basic strategy for the pharmacological treatment of epilepsy is to develop drugs that reduce the excitability of CNS neurons at times preceding or during the onset of seizure discharge with minimal effects on normal electrical activity. Several antiepileptic drugs currently in use exert their action by modulating sodium channels or receptors of the abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. These approaches, which are often successful in reducing the number or severity of seizures, have some effects that limit their clinical use. More recently, a new class of antiepileptic drugs such as vigabatrin, which blocks GABA degradation enzymes, have been developed as effective antiepileptics and are associated with minimal side effects. Although these drugs do not display agonist or antagonist properties at GABA receptor sites, they do appear to interact with brain GABA systems because NMR spectroscopy studies indicate that subjects given these drugs have elevated brain GABA levels, and in vitro electrophysiological studies on CNS tissue reveal elevated GABA release. The precise cellular mechanisms of antiepileptic action of these GABA metabolic modulators are not clear, but current work on the cellular effects of these drugs suggests a model that may explain their action.
Reversal of GABA Actions by Neuronal Trauma
Authors: van den Pol Anthony N.
Published: November 2015

GABA is the most prevalent inhibitory transmitter in the adult brain where it reduces neuronal activity mainly by opening chloride channels and hyperpolarizing the membrane potential. Surprisingly, after some types of neuronal trauma, GABA exerts a different action, depolarizing the membrane potential, raising cytoplasmic calcium levels, and increasing neuronal activity. After trauma, GABA can generate cytoplasmic calcium rises even larger than those elicited by the excitatory transmitter glutamate. Large GABA-mediated increases in intracellular calcium could be toxic. Furthermore, if inhibitory neuronal circuits switched to excitatory actions, maladaptive signaling may be generated in affected pathways. These depolarizing actions of GABA after injury are similar to GABA's function in early neuronal development. Neuronal injury, thus, may generate a recapitulation of GABA's role in ontogeny. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:281–286, 1997
Does Motor Learning Occur in the Spinal Cord?
Authors: Edgerton V. Reggie , Roy Roland R. , De Leon Niranjala Tillakaratne Ray , Hodgson John A.
Published: November 2015

It is becoming clear that the plasticity of the sensory-motor networks of the adult mammalian lumbosacral spinal cord is much greater than and is more dependent on the specific patterns of use than has been previously assumed. Using a wide variety of experimental paradigms in which the lumbar spinal cord is isolated from the brain, it has been shown that the lumbosacral spinal cord can learn to execute stepping or standing more successfully if that specific task is practiced. It also appears that the sensory input associated with the motor task and/or the manner in which it is interpreted by the spinal cord are important components of the neural network plasticity. Early evidence suggests that several neurotransmitter systems in the spinal cord, to include glycinergic and GABAergic systems, adapt to repetitive use. These studies extend a growing body of evidence suggesting that memory and learning are widely distributed phenomena within the central nervous system. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:287–294, 1997
Leonardo da Vinci on the Brain and Eye
Authors: Gross Charles G.
Published: November 2015

Leonardo Da Vinci had a deep interest in the structure and function of the body. His drawings are the oldest surviving naturalistic depictions of human anatomy. This article examines seven of his drawings of the nervous system. In the earlier ones, he is almost totally bound by medieval tradition. Later, his drawings become more closely tied to his own dissections, and he invents new ways of representing the results of anatomical investigation. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:347–354, 1997
Neuronal Plasticity and Recovery from Stroke
Authors: Leifer Dana
Published: November 2015

Many patients make good functional recoveries after a stroke despite significant initial deficits. The mechanisms of recovery are largely unknown. Partially damaged areas probably recover some of their functions. In addition, clinical observations, neuroanatomical studies, functional imaging, and neurophysiological investigations all suggest that recovery also involves reorganization of undamaged regions of the brain. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:68-70, 1998
Is Spinal Cord Injury an Autoimmune Disorder?
Authors: Popovich Phillip G. , Whitacre Caroline C. , Stokes Bradford T.
Published: November 2015

Cross-talk between cells of the nervous and immune systems is an emerging concept in neurotrauma research. Previously, neuroimmunological approaches in brain and spinal cord injury have focused on the functional consequences of macrophage and microglial activation. These cells constitute the natural, or innate, branch of CNS immunity and respond to injury or infection in a nonspecific fashion. Recent evidence, however, has shown that T-lymphocytes may also play a significant role in spinal cord injury. Once activated, T- and B-lymphocytes orchestrate the complex functions of the inflammatory response. Acquired immunity is readily induced against “non-self,” or foreign, antigens, although “self-reactive” lymphocytes are present in normal individuals, providing the potential for the onset of autoimmunity. Trauma to or infection in the CNS may release “self” antigens normally sequestered behind the blood-brain barrier that can trigger lymphocyte activation. This article addresses the potential pathological and physiological implications of lymphocyte activation induced by traumatic spinal cord injury. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:71-76, 1998
Targeting of mRNAs into Neuronal and Glial Processes: Intracellular and Extracellular Influences
Authors: Landry Charles F. , Campagnoni Anthony T.
Published: November 2015

Neurons and macroglia share the common, polarizing, morphological feature of multiple processes extending from a cell body, thereby defining two cellular domains. Frequently, specialized cellular activities occur within these processes, such as the dendrites of neurons and the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes, which serve to define some of the functions of the cell. As a consequence, molecules involved in carrying out these functions need to be targeted to these domains, and mechanisms must exist for selecting and delivering these molecules to their appropriate locations. One mechanism that is emerging as increasingly important in targeting proteins to distal processes of neural cells is the translocation of the mRNAs encoding those proteins. In this review, we present many examples of such translocated mRNAs in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. There is a growing consensus that four major steps occur in mRNA targeting after transcription and exit of these molecules from the nucleus. These include 1) the assembly of mRNA into an RNA-protein granule, presumably around some translocation signal within the mRNA; 2) transport of the mRNA granule complex to distal sites via the cytoskeleton; 3) anchoring of the granule at the targeting site; and 4) translation of the localized mRNA to generate protein products in situ. It has become increasingly apparent that mRNA translocation is an active process, although many of the components of the translocation apparatus remain to be identified. Recent evidence also indicates that a number of factors can regulate the transport of mRNAs from within and without the cell. These include cell-cell contact, differentiation state, electrical activity, and trophic factors, which seem to exert their influence through signal transduction mechanisms that are only beginning to be defined. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:77-87, 1998
Lessons from the Human Brain: Neuronal Activity Related to Cognition
Authors: Ojemann George A. , Ojemann Steven G. , Fried Itzhak
Published: November 2015

Several special clinical settings provide opportunities for extracellular recording of neuronal activity in the human brain during measures of cognition. The limited experience with recordings obtained from human temporal and frontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and subcortical structures in association with language, visuospatial processes, memory, learning, and music is reviewed here. The frequency of activity in a high proportion of neurons changes with a specific behavior. These neurons are widely distributed in both hemispheres. Relative inhibition of activity is prominent in cortical recordings made during language measures, particularly in the dominant hemisphere. Widespread excitation is prominent in recordings made during measures of recent explicit memory and learning. However, any individual neuron often has a narrow behavioral repertory, with activation to only one specific behavior in a range of behaviors. Some of the behaviors associated with consistent changes are not intuitively obvious. Nearby neurons often have different behavioral repertories. A few patterns of activity that may represent specific coding for a behavior, in some cases even sparse coding, have been identified. Neuronal recording in humans during cognitive measures provides an additional perspective on the neurobiological substrate of cognition that complements findings from other techniques.
Neuroprotection of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Where are We?
Authors: Fisher Marc
Published: November 2015

Neuroprotective treatments for acute ischemic stroke are targeted at the large array of cellular biochemical and metabolic disturbances that occur after focal brain ischemia to prevent the evolution of injury toward irreversibility. Enhanced comprehension about the pathophysiology of focal brain ischemia has expanded the number of neuroprotective modalities under development and identification of the most likely target for these therapies. Many of the neuroprotective interventions are targeted at reducing calcium influx into ischemic cells and the downstream consequences of excessive intracellular calcium. Other neuroprotective strategies include: free radical scavengers, hyperpolarization of resting transmembrane potentials, and inhibition of the inflammatory response and growth factors. Some interventions potentially may enhance recovery and have neuroprotective effects (i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF] and citicoline). Despite the lack of proven clinical efficacy with any neuroprotective intervention, the future will hopefully yield convincing evidence that neuroprotection can be effective and then be ultimately combined with thrombolysis to maximize improvement after ischemic stroke.
Curriculum Guide for Computer Literacy
Authors: Roberts Ruth E.
Published: November 2015

There is a continuing controversy in education involving the need for computer literacy for all students; however, there is little argument that gifted students can benefit from some consistent exposure to computer activity. Virtually all of these students are headed for the university; many to advanced degrees and positions in professions, sciences, and business. Regardless of which educational or career path they choose, gifted students need additional exposure in math and science, a working knowledge of the uses of computers, and an understanding of collection, manipulation, and analysis of data.
Indian Summer
Authors: Cohen Lenora M.
Published: November 2015

As parents, we are concerned about whether we may be wasting our bright children's periods of optimal learning (Clark, 1983). In our zeal to insure their fullest intellectual development, we plan all manner of lessons, trips and experiences to fill their lives and their minds. In so doing, we may reduce their autonomy, making them become dependent on outside stimulation and reducing their control over their own worlds. Are freedom and autonomy the enemies of structure, or are they the handmaidens and partners of growth and development? This article focuses on the learning experiences and structuring of knowledge and affect made by Elizabeth over the period of the summer, with total freedom of time and the choice of activities. As her mother, I was happy to stay in the background, observing the magical process going on in Liz's mind and body, to see how she assembled bits and pieces of knowledge, however imperfect, into a healthy structure, a springboard from which to launch into her next level of development.
Discovery IDEAS for the Gifted
Authors: Elgersma Robert
Published: November 2015

This is the first in a series of discovery ideas and projects which require that students study in depth. The topics in this section are generally suitable for elementary and middle school students, however; teachers must judge appropriateness for individual students. The following pages are in an easy-to-use, “reproduce, cut, and distribute” format, and permission is granted for reproduction of these pages for classroom use.
Cost Sharing in Medicaid: Assumptions, Evidence, and Future Directions
Authors: Powell Victoria , Saloner Brendan , Sabik Lindsay M.
Published: November 2015

Several states have received waivers to expand Medicaid to poor adults under the Affordable Care Act using more cost sharing than the program traditionally allows. We synthesize literature on the effects of cost sharing, focusing on studies of low-income U.S. populations from 1995 to 2014. Literature suggests that cost sharing has a deterrent effect on initiation of treatments, and can reduce utilization of ongoing treatments. Furthermore, cost sharing may be difficult for low-income populations to understand, patients often lack sufficient information to choose medical treatment, and cost sharing may be difficult to balance within the budgets of poor adults. Gaps in the literature include evidence of long-term effects of cost sharing on health and financial well-being, evidence related to effectiveness of cost sharing combined with patient education, and evidence related to targeted programs that use financial incentives for wellness. Literature underscores the need for evaluation of the effects of cost sharing on health status and spending, particularly among the poorest adults.
Racial Identification Effects upon the News Story Writer
Authors: Carter Roy E.
Published: November 2015

Matched groups of news writing students at three Southern and two non-Southern universities wrote crime stories in which the suspect was or was not identified as a Negro. In all five schools, writers of the “colored” version were significantly more lenient in their evaluation of the guilt of the suspect.
The British Press Council: A Summary and an Evaluation
Authors: Gerald J. Edward
Published: November 2015

In its first five years the Council has won acceptance as an arbiter between press and public. Through it the British press has another chance to show the world that freedom can operate both responsibly and intelligently. These are the views of a Minnesota professor who here digests decisions to date.
Freedom of the Press and Fair Trial in the U.S.A.
Authors: Murthy N. V. K.
Published: November 2015

The balance between the concepts of free press and free trial is an extremely delicate one, but it can be maintained if both the press and the judiciary recognize their fundamental identity of purpose. This is the conclusion of an Indian scholar following an examination of key cases in British and American law.