bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential percentage of serum prostate‐specific antigen subforms suggests a new way to improve prostate cancer diagnosis
Authors: Sarrats Ariadna , Comet Josep , Tabarés Glòria , Ramírez Manel , Aleixandre R. Núria , de Llorens Rafael , Peracaula Rosa
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is the tumor marker currently used for prostate cancer (PCa) screening and diagnosis. However, its use is controversial as serum PSA levels are also increased in other non‐malignant prostatic diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PSA sialic acid content is altered in tumor situation and modifies PSA's isoelectric point (pI). Our goal has been to evaluate serum PSA subforms from PCa and BPH patients by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) and to investigate whether they could be used to improve PCa diagnosis.

METHODS

PSA from 20 PCa and 20 BPH patients' sera was subjected to a four‐step method to obtain serum PSA 2‐DE subforms from free PSA (fPSA) plus PSA released from the complex with alpha‐1‐antichymotrypsin. Relative percentages of PSA spots were quantified and subjected to statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Five PSA subforms (F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5) of different pI were obtained. Relative percentages of F3 (%F3) and F4 (%F4) were different between PCa and BPH groups. %F3 decreased in cancers and this decrease correlated with the cancer stage, while F4 behaved oppositely. These observations were also found when only focusing on the patients within the low total PSA (tPSA) range 2–20 ng/ml.

CONCLUSIONS

%F3 showed a tendency of higher sensitivity and specificity than the currently used tPSA and %fPSA tests. Therefore, %F3 measurement should be investigated in a larger cohort of patients to study whether it could be introduced to improve PCa diagnosis. Prostate 70: 1–9, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Site‐directed mutagenesis of the cytochrome b gene and development of diagnostic methods for identifying QoI resistance of rice blast fungus
Authors: Wei Chuan‐Zhao , Katoh Hiroshi , Nishimura Kumiko , Ishii Hideo
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: It is possible that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (G143A mutation) in the cytochrome b gene could confer resistance to quinone outside inhibiting (QoI) fungicides (strobilurins) in rice blast fungus because this mutation caused a high level of resistance to fungicides such as azoxystrobin in Pyricularia grisea Sacc. and other fungal plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to survey Magnaporthe oryzae B Couch sp. nov. isolates in Japan for resistance to QoIs, and to try to develop molecular detection methods for QoI resistance.

RESULTS: A survey on the QoI resistance among M. oryzae isolates from rice was conducted in Japan. A total of 813 single‐spore isolates of M. oryzae were tested for their sensitivity to azoxystrobin using a mycelial growth test on PDA. QoI fungicide resistance was not found among these isolates. The introduction of G143A mutation into a plasmid containing the cytochrome b gene sequence of rice blast fungus was achieved by site‐directed mutagenesis. Molecular diagnostic methods were developed for identifying QoI resistance in rice blast fungus using the plasmid construct.

CONCLUSION: As the management of rice blast disease is often dependent on chemicals, the rational design of control programmes requires a proper understanding of the fungicide resistance phenomenon in field populations of the pathogen. Mutation of the cytochrome b gene of rice blast fungus would be specifically detected from diseased leaves and seeds using the molecular methods developed in this study. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Controlling the Length of Conical Pores Etched in Ion‐Tracked Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Membranes
Authors: Mukaibo Hitomi , Horne Lloyd P. , Park Dooho , Martin Charles R.
Published: August 2009

An etching procedure that allows for reproducible control of the length of conically shaped pores etched into poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) membranes is developed. At the lower etch temperature used (20 °C), the length of the pore is found to be linearly related to etch time. At the higher etch temperature (30 °C) the etch rate is five times faster and the pores quickly propagate through the entire thickness of the PET membrane. Hence, the lower etch temperature is best for controlling the pore length. Pores etched at this temperature are used to prepare arrays of gold cones where the length of the cones is controlled from 1 to 10 µm. The track‐etch rates and the radial‐etch rates at both of the etch temperatures used are also reported.
Lack of ABCG2 Expression and Side Population Properties in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Zeng Hui , Park Jung Woo , Guo Min , Lin Ge , Crandall Leann , Compton Tiwanna , Wang Xiaofang , Li Xue-Jun , Chen Fang-Ping , Xu Ren-He
Published: August 2009

The multidrug transporter ABCG2 in cell membranes enables various stem cells and cancer cells to efflux chemicals, including the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342. The Hoechst− cells can be sorted out as a side population with stem cell properties. Abcg2 expression in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) reduces accumulation of DNA-damaging metabolites in the cells, which helps prevent cell differentiation. Surprisingly, we found that human ESCs do not express ABCG2 and cannot efflux Hoechst. In contrast, trophoblasts and neural epithelial cells derived from human ESCs are ABCG2+ and Hoechst−. Human ESCs ectopically expressing ABCG2 become Hoechst−, more tolerant of toxicity of mitoxantrone, a substrate of ABCG2, and more capable of self-renewal in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-free condition than control cells. However, Hoechstlow cells sorted as a small subpopulation from human ESCs express lower levels of pluripotency markers than the Hoechsthigh cells. Similar results were observed with human induced pluripotent stem cells. Conversely, mouse ESCs are Abcg2+ and mouse trophoblasts, Abcg2−. Thus, absence of ABCG2 is a novel feature of human pluripotent stem cells, which distinguishes them from many other stem cells including mouse ESCs, and may be a reason why they are sensitive to suboptimal culture conditions.
Computational analysis of determinants of dopamine (DA) dysfunction in DA nerve terminals
Authors: Qi Zhen , Miller Gary W. , Voit Eberhard O.
Published: August 2009

Dopamine signaling is involved in a number of brain pathways, and its disruption has been suggested to be involved in the several disease states, including Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has been hypothesized that altered storage, release, and reuptake of dopamine contributes to both the hypo‐ and hyperdopaminergic states that exist in various diseases. Here, we use our recently described mathematical model of dopamine metabolism, combined with a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation analysis, to identify key determinants of dopamine metabolism associated with the dysregulation of dopamine homeostasis that may contribute to the pathogenesis of dopamine‐based disorders. Our model reveals that the dopamine transporter (DAT), the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), and the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) are the most influential components controlling the synaptic level of dopamine and the formation of toxic intracellular metabolites. The results are consistent with experimental observations and point to metabolic processes and combinations of processes that may be biochemical drivers of dopamine neuron degeneration. Since many of the identified components can be targeted therapeutically, the model may aid in the design of combined therapeutic regimens aimed at restoring proper dopamine signaling with toxic intermediates under control. Synapse 63:1133–1142, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal morphine exposure alters the layer II/III pyramidal neurons morphology in lateral secondary visual cortex of juvenile rats
Authors: Mei Bin , Niu Lei , Cao Bin , Huang Dake , Zhou Yifeng
Published: August 2009

Altered cortical neuronal morphology and juvenle behavior manifestation by prenatal morphine exposure were well documented. However, this developmental morphine exposure affect the lateral secondary visual area (V2L), which may be critically involved in the multisensory of auditory and visual stimulus, remained poorly understood. To clarify the neuronal architecture changes possibly occurring in the V2L, Golgi‐Cox staining was used in this study to count dendritic length and the spine density of the layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the V2L of the juvenile rats (postnatal day 25, PND25) prenatally exposed to morphine (gestation days 11–18). Quantitative analysis showed that prenatal morphine exposure decreased the total length, branch number, and spine density of the layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the V2L, and selectively altered the total length of the basal dendrites but not of the apical dendrites. The findings may provide the mechanistic understanding of the behavioral changes in the children whose mothers abuse opiates during pregnancy. Synapse 63:1154–1161, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Routing for cognitive radio networks consisting of opportunistic links
Authors: Chen Kwang‐Cheng , Cetin Bilge Kartal , Peng Yu‐Cheng , Prasad Neeli , Wang Jin , Lee Songyoung
Published: August 2009

Cognitive radio (CR) has been considered a key technology to enhance overall spectrum utilization by opportunistic transmissions in CR transmitter–receiver link(s). However, CRs must form a cognitive radio network (CRN) so that the messages can be forwarded from source to destination, on top of a number of opportunistic links from co‐existing multi‐radio systems. Unfortunately, appropriate routing in CRN of coexisting multi‐radio systems remains an open problem. We explore the fundamental behaviors of CR links to conclude three major challenges, and thus decompose general CRN into cognitive radio relay network (CRRN), CR uplink relay network, CR downlink relay network, and tunneling (or core) network. Due to extremely dynamic nature of CR links, traditional routing to maintain end‐to‐end routing table for ad hoc networks is not feasible. We locally build up one‐step forward table at each CR to proceed based on spectrum sensing to determine trend of paths from source to destination, while primary systems (PSs) follow original ways to forward packets like tunneling. From simulations over ad hoc with infrastructure network topology and random network topology, we demonstrate such simple routing concept known as CRN local on‐demand (CLOD) routing to be realistic at reasonable routing delay to route packets through. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dinuclear Dysprosium and Ytterbium Complexes Incorporating N,N‐Bis(pyrrolyl‐α‐methyl)‐N‐methylamine Ligand: Syntheses and Structures
Authors: Zhou Fengying , Zhang Suyun , Zhao Yang , Zhang Chongguang , Cheng Xiaojuan , Zheng Lina , Zhang Yong , Li Yahong
Published: August 2009

Reaction of DyCl3 with two equivalents of NaN(SiMe3)2 in THF yielded {Dy(μ‐Cl)[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)}2 (1). X‐ray crystal structure analysis revealed that 1 is a centrosymmetric dimer with asymmetrically bridging chloride ligands. The metal coordination arrangement can be best described as distorted trigonal bipyramid. The bond lengths of Ln–Cl and Ln–N showed a decreasing trend with the contraction of the size of Ln3+. Treatment of N,N‐bis(pyrrolyl‐α‐methyl)‐N‐methylamine (H2dpma) with 1 and known compound {Yb(μ‐Cl)[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)}2, respectively, led to the formations of [Dy(μ‐Cl)(dpma)(THF)2]2 (2) and {Yb(μ‐Cl)[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)}2 (3). Compounds 2 and 3 were fully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, elemental analysis, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Structure determination indicated that 2 and 3 exhibit as centrosymmetric dimers with asymmetrically bridging chloride ligands. One pot reactions involving LnCl3 (Ln = Dy and Yb), LiN(SiMe3)2, and H2dpma were explored and desired products 2 and 3 were not yielded, which indicated that 1 and {Yb(μ‐Cl)[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)}2 are the demanding precursors to synthesize Dysprosium and Ytterbium complexes supported by dpma2– ligand. Compounds 2 and 3 are the first reported lanthanide complexes chelated by dpma2– ligand.
Value of Routine Histopathologic Examination of Three Common Surgical Specimens: Appendix, Gallbladder, and Hemorrhoid
Authors: Lohsiriwat Varut , Vongjirad Akkarash , Lohsiriwat Darin
Published: August 2009

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess the need for a routine histopathologic examination of three common surgical specimens (appendix, gallbladder, hemorrhoid) and its impact on the further management of the patients.

Methods

Histopathologic reports of patients undergoing appendectomy, cholecystectomy, or hemorrhoidectomy performed between 1998 and 2006 in the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital were reviewed. The reports were excluded if patients had a clinical diagnosis or suspicion of malignancy. The incidence of unexpected pathologic diagnoses and their impact on postoperative management were evaluated.

Results

Of 4545 appendectomy specimens, 44 (0.97%) revealed incidental unexpected pathological diagnoses, including one adenocarcinoma and one primary appendiceal lymphoma. About one‐fifth of such unexpected appendiceal findings had an impact on postoperative treatment. Unexpected pathologic gallbladder findings were found in 88 (2%) of 4317 cholecystectomy specimens. Gallbladder cancer (GBC) was detected in 24 specimens (0.56%). A clinical diagnosis of empyema and patient’s age over 60 years were two significant risk factors for an unexpected GBC [odds ratio (OR) 11.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.2–29.2 and OR 6.2, 95% CI 2.1–18.2, respectively]. About one‐fourth of patients with unexpected gallbladder findings required further management. Of 914 hemorrhoidectomy specimens, there were 13 (1.4%) histologic abnormalities other than the usually expected lesions in hemorrhoids. None of these altered postoperative management.

Conclusions

The routine histopathology examination of the appendix and gallbladder, particularly in cases of empyema and patient’s age over 60 years, is of value for identifying unsuspected conditions requiring further postoperative management. However, routine histopathologic evaluation of the hemorrhoid seems unnecessary.
Current Patterns of Prehospital Trauma Care in Kampala, Uganda and the Feasibility of a Lay‐First‐Responder Training Program
Authors: Jayaraman Sudha , Mabweijano Jacqueline R. , Lipnick Michael S. , Caldwell Nolan , Miyamoto Justin , Wangoda Robert , Mijumbi Cephas , Hsia Renee , Dicker Rochelle , Ozgediz Doruk
Published: August 2009

Background

Uganda currently has no organized prehospital emergency system. We sought to measure the current burden of injury seen by lay people in Kampala, Uganda and to determine the feasibility of a lay first‐responder training program.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of current prehospital care providers in Kampala: police officers, minibus taxi drivers, and Local Council officials, and collected data on types and frequencies of emergencies witnessed, barriers to aid provision, history of training, and current availability of first‐aid supplies. A context‐appropriate course on basic first‐aid for trauma was designed and implemented. We measured changes in trainees’ fund of knowledge before and after training.

Results

A total of 309 lay people participated in the study, and during the previous 6 months saw 18 traumatic emergencies each; 39% saw an injury‐related death. The most common injury mechanisms were road crashes, assault, and burns. In these cases, 90% of trainees provided some aid, most commonly lifting (82%) or transport (76%). Fifty‐two percent of trainees had previous first‐aid training, 44% had some access to equipment, and 32% had ever purchased a first‐aid kit. Before training, participants answered 45% of test questions correctly (mean %) and this increased to 86% after training (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Lay people witness many emergencies and deaths in Kampala, Uganda and provide much needed care but are ill‐prepared to do so. A context‐appropriate prehospital trauma care course can be developed and improve lay people’s knowledge of basic trauma care. The effectiveness of such a training program needs to be evaluated prospectively.
Benign Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation of the Hand Originally Diagnosed as Osteochondroma: A Report of Two Cases and Review
Authors: Chamberlain Aaron M. , Anderson Kane L. , Hoch Benjamin , Trumble Thomas E. , Weisstein Jason S.
Published: August 2009

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) is a rare cartilaginous neoplasm that often presents in the long bones of the hands and feet. BPOP is a benign but locally aggressive fibro-osseous mass that has striking clinical, radiographic, and histologic similarities with osteochondroma. Differentiating between the two lesions is important as BPOP often requires more extensive surgical resection and has a higher recurrence rate compared to osteochondroma. This report presents two cases of BPOP where initial clinical diagnosis of osteochondroma was made even after appropriate imaging and histologic samples were evaluated. This report reviews clinical, radiographic, and histologic characteristics that can differentiate between the two lesions.
Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters via the In Situ Transesterification of Soybean Oil in Carbon Dioxide‐Expanded Methanol
Authors: Wyatt Victor T. , Haas Michael J.
Published: August 2009

The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by direct alkali‐ and acid‐catalyzed in situ transesterification of soybean flakes in CO2‐expanded methanol was examined at various temperatures and pressures. Attempts to synthesize FAME from soy flakes via alkaline catalysis, using sodium methoxide as a catalyst, in gas‐expanded methanol were unsuccessful. However, performing the reactions in 54 mL of a 1.2 N sulfuric acid‐methanol mixture containing 50% mole fraction CO2 resulted in an 88.3 (±1.5)% conversion of the triacylglycerol (TAG) in 22.5 g soy flakes to FAME within 10 h. Decreasing the total volume of the liquid phase by one‐third from 54 mL to 36 mL, while keeping the mmol of acid and all other variables constant, resulted in an 88.2(±5.0)% conversion of triglyceride to FAME. Quantitative HPLC analysis showed that 99.8 and 92.3% of the total mass balance for FAME, TAG, and free fatty acid (FFA) could be accounted for in the reactions performed at the liquid‐phase volumes of 54 and 36 mL, respectively. The overall results show that the introduction of CO2 into the system increases the rate of reaction by as much as 2.5 fold in comparison to control reactions without CO2. Additionally, we observed a direct correlation between FAME yield and the concentration of acid catalyst. We also determined by nitrogen analysis that at least 82.9% of protein is retained in the lipid‐free soy flakes after acid‐catalyzed in situ transesterification in CO2‐expanded methanol.
A cold‐induced thioredoxin h of rice, OsTrx23, negatively regulates kinase activities of OsMPK3 and OsMPK6 in vitro
Authors: Xie Guosheng , Kato Hideki , Sasaki Kentaro , Imai Ryozo
Published: August 2009

MINT‐7234435: MPK6 (uniprotkb:Q336X9) phosphorylates (MI:0217) MBP (uniprotkb:P02687) by protein kinase assay (MI:0424)
A functional heteromeric MIF receptor formed by CD74 and CXCR4
Authors: Schwartz Verena , Lue Hongqi , Kraemer Sandra , Korbiel Joanna , Krohn Regina , Ohl Kim , Bucala Richard , Weber Christian , Bernhagen Jürgen
Published: August 2009

MINT‐7234499:CXCR4(uniprotkb:P61073) andCD74(uniprotkb:P04233)colocalize(MI:0403) byfluorescence microscopy(MI:0416)
Rapid down‐regulation of mitochondrial fat metabolism in human muscle after training cessation is dissociated from changes in insulin sensitivity
Authors: Rimbert Virginie , Vidal Hubert , Duché Pascale , Debard Cyrille , Giraudet Christophe , Boirie Yves , Chardigny Jean-Michel , Morio Béatrice
Published: August 2009

The association between impairment in mitochondrial muscle fat oxidative capacity (OXFA) and occurrence of insulin resistance was examined in 14 healthy trained men (age, 24 ± 4 yr) submitted to 4 weeks of training cessation. Training stop induced a significant decrease in mRNA levels of proteins involved in muscle fat metabolism, particularly PPARα (−58%, P
< 0.01) and PGC‐1α (−30%, P
< 0.05), a 21% reduction in OXFA (P
< 0.01), and reduced fat oxidation during moderately intense exercise (P
< 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant alteration in insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, decline in OXFA is a rapid metabolic event following training cessation. It is involved in the regulation of whole body fat balance but not in the deterioration of insulin sensitivity.
Molecular immune signatures of HIV‐1 vaccines in human PBMCs
Authors: Monaco Alessandro , Marincola Francesco M. , Sabatino Marianna , Pos Zoltan , Tornesello Maria Lina , Stroncek David F. , Wang Ena , Lewis George K. , Buonaguro Franco M. , Buonaguro Luigi
Published: August 2009

This ex vivo screening strategy represents an efficient tool for guiding modifications/optimizations of vaccination strategies and understanding failures in individuals enrolled in clinical trials.
The polyketide cyclase RemF from Streptomyces resistomycificus contains an unusual octahedral zinc binding site
Authors: Silvennoinen Laura , Sandalova Tatyana , Schneider Gunter
Published: August 2009

RemF is a polyketide cyclase involved in the biosynthesis of the aromatic pentacyclic metabolite resistomycin in Streptomyces resistomycificus. The enzyme is a member of a structurally hitherto uncharacterized class of polyketide cyclases. The crystal structure of RemF was determined by SAD and refined to 1.2 Å resolution. The enzyme subunit shows a β‐sandwich structure with a topology characteristic for the cupin fold. RemF contains a metal binding site located at the bottom of the predominantly hydrophobic active site cavity. A zinc ion is coordinated to four histidine side chains, and two water molecules in octahedral ligand sphere geometry, highly unusual for zinc binding sites in proteins.
Crystal structures of bacterial FabH suggest a molecular basis for the substrate specificity of the enzyme
Authors: Gajiwala Ketan S. , Margosiak Stephen , Lu Jia , Cortez Joseph , Su Ying , Nie Zhe , Appelt Krzysztof
Published: August 2009

FabH (β‐ketoacyl‐acyl carrier protein synthase III) is unique in that it initiates fatty acid biosynthesis, is inhibited by long‐chain fatty acids providing means for feedback control of the process, and dictates the fatty acid profile of the organism by virtue of its substrate specificity. We report the crystal structures of bacterial FabH enzymes from four different pathogenic species: Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Structural data on the enzyme from different species show important differences in the architecture of the substrate‐binding sites that parallel the inter‐species diversity in the substrate specificities of these enzymes.
A third functional isoform enriched in mushroom body neurons is encoded by the Drosophila 14‐3‐3ζ gene
Authors: Messaritou Georgia , Leptourgidou Flora , Franco Maribel , Skoulakis Efthimios M.C.
Published: August 2009

14‐3‐3 Proteins are highly conserved across eukaryotes, typically encoded by multiple genes in most species. Drosophila has only two such genes, 14‐3‐3ζ (leo), encoding two isoforms LEOI and LEOII, and 14‐3‐3ε. We report a bona fide third functional isoform encoded by leo divergent from the other two in structurally and functionally significant areas, thus increasing 14‐3‐3 diversity in Drosophila. Furthermore, we used a novel approach of spatially restricted leo abrogation by RNA‐interference and revealed differential LEO distribution in adult heads, with LEOIII enrichment in neurons essential for learning and memory in Drosophila.
Outcome of radical hysterectomies performed by general gynecologists in Jamaica
Authors: Samuels Leslie A. , Rattray Carole , Bambury Ian , Fletcher Horace , Mitchell Sharmaine
Published: August 2009

Objective

To review the modified (type II) radical hysterectomy procedures performed by 4 general gynecologists at the University Hospital of the West Indies, and to compare the outcomes with those of other published studies.

Methods

The case notes of the 58 women who underwent radical hysterectomies between January 1997 and December 2006 were reviewed. Accuracy of staging, duration of the operation, operative blood loss, types and rates of complications, recurrence rates, and 5‐year survival rates were assessed.

Results

Accuracy of clinical staging, duration of the procedure, blood loss, and operative and postoperative complications were comparable to previously published data. The 5‐year survival rate of 77.6% was also comparable to results seen in some other publications.

Conclusion

General gynecologists with significant experience in general gynecologic surgery who underwent adequate, but abbreviated, training became competent in performing a radical hysterectomy, with outcomes comparable to those seen in high‐resource countries.
Chronic inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in cats: Diagnostic advantages of full-thickness intestinal and extraintestinal biopsies
Authors: Kleinschmidt Sven , Harder Jasmine , Nolte Ingo , Marsilio Sina , Hewicker-Trautwein Marion
Published: August 2009

An evaluation of histological findings in full-thickness biopsies from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and extraintestinal samples of 43 cats with chronic GIT disease signs was performed. In the majority of cases (46.5%) inflammatory bowel disease, ie, lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis/colitis (32.6%), eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis (11.6%) and mixed inflammatory infiltration (2.3%), was diagnosed. Furthermore, in four animals non-inflammatory mucosal band-shaped fibrosis (9.3%), and in 10 cats (23.3%) a diffuse lymphoma, was found. Six cats displayed only a gastritis (7.0%) or lymphangiectasia (7.0%), respectively. In two cats a mast cell tumour (4.7%) was diagnosed. In one cat no histopathological lesions were found. The availability of transmural biopsies from all segments of the intestine and the collection of extraintestinal samples, especially mesenteric lymph nodes, is especially helpful for diagnosing intestinal tumours such as lymphomas and tumours of mast cell origin.
Comparison of Plasma Antioxidant Levels and Related Metabolic Parameters Between Smokers and Non‐smokers
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Wen , Chuang Hung‐Yi , Huang Meng‐Chuan , Wu Ming‐Tsang , Liu Hong‐Wen , Huang Chia‐Tsuan
Published: August 2009

The relationship between cigarette smoking and cell damage is complicated, particularly considering the role of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to identify the relationships among plasma nicotine metabolites, lipophilic antioxidants, and metabolic parameters in smokers and non‐smokers. This cross‐sectional study recruited 100 subjects who visited the Department of Family Medicine at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. Excluding 14 ineligible cases, 46 smokers and 40 non‐smokers were enrolled. Plasma nicotine metabolites, lipophilic antioxidants (including retinol, lycopene, α‐carotene, β‐carotene, δ‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol and α‐tocopherol), related metabolic parameters, and body composition (including height, weight, body mass index, body fat, and waist circumference) were examined by comparison of means, correlations and regressions. Significant correlations among nicotine metabolites, age, sex, body composition and plasma lipophilic antioxidants were noted. Nicotine metabolites, age, body height and body weight were closely associated with plasma antioxidant levels (p < 0.05) in multiple linear regression. The levels of α‐carotene, β‐carotene, γ‐tocopherol and lycopene were lower in smokers than in non‐smokers (p < 0.01). The plasma level of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), which is a marker for high cardiovascular risk, was higher in smokers than in non‐smokers (p = 0.003). We conclude that the lower plasma antioxidant levels and the higher level of hsCRP in smokers may lead to decreased protective efficacy compared with non‐smokers. Further studies are warranted to support our hypothesis.
Comparison of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy with Open Surgery for Adrenal Tumors
Authors: Wang Hsun‐Shuan , Li Ching‐Chia , Chou Yii‐Her , Wang Chii‐Jye , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Huang Chun‐Hsiung
Published: August 2009

The role of laparoscopy in the management of adrenal tumors is well established. However, there are very few head‐to‐head comparisons between laparoscopic and open methods at the same institution. We retrospectively evaluated the operative and postoperative parameters of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors and compared the results with those of traditional open adrenalectomy. Eighty‐eight patients with adrenal tumors underwent adrenalectomy between January 1997 and October 2008 at our institute. Clinical data were retrospectively collected after assigning the patients into Group I (n = 51), who underwent the laparoscopic method, and Group II (n = 37), who underwent the traditional open method, by reviewing the patients' charts and related data. Patients in Group I experienced significantly less blood loss (88.6 ± 93.0 mL vs. 321.4 ± 265.4mL, p < 0.01), shorter hospital stay (6.7 ± 4.3 days vs. 11.3 ± 5.4 days, p < 0.01) and earlier oral intake (1.5 ± 0.6 daysvs. 2.2 ± 0.8 days, p < 0.01) postoperatively. In Group I, eight patients had adrenal tumors larger than 6 cm and no statistically significant differences were found compared with the other patients in Group I. Two patients in Group I had malignancies and no local or port site recurrence was found at regular follow‐up. There was no mortality in either group. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe, effective and minimally invasive approach with the advantages of better cosmesis, less blood loss, shorter hospital stay and more rapid recovery. We recommend that laparoscopic adrenalectomy is considered as the gold standard procedure for adrenal tumors, irrespective of whether the tumor is benign or malignant.
A Gold Roman Coin-Ring from Benniworth, Lincolnshire
Authors: Daubney Adam
Published: August 2009

Gough’s second edition of Camden’s Britannia contains a description of a gold Roman coin-ring from Benniworth, Lincolnshire, identified as a counterfeit of Probus. Re-examination of the evidence suggests the coin may have been an aureus of Geta.
Reduced glycaemic and insulinaemic responses following trehalose ingestion: implications for postprandial substrate use
Authors: van Can Judith G. P. , IJzerman T. Herman , van Loon Luc J. C. , Brouns Fred , Blaak Ellen E.
Published: August 2009

The proposed impact of slowly digestible sources of dietary carbohydrate in reducing the risk of developing obesity and related metabolic disorders remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the postprandial metabolic response to the ingestion of glucose v. trehalose. We hypothesised that the reduced digestion and absorption rate of trehalose is accompanied by an attenuated glycaemic and insulinaemic response, leading to a less inhibited postprandial fat oxidation rate. In a randomised, single-blind, cross-over study, ten overweight subjects ingested two carbohydrate drinks (75 g carbohydrate equivalents of trehalose or glucose) following an overnight fast (08.40 hours) and together with a standardised mixed meal (12.30 hours; 25 % total energy content was provided as either glucose or trehalose). Blood samples were collected before ingestion and every 30 min thereafter for a period of 3 h; substrate use was assessed by indirect calorimetry and expired breath samples were collected. Ingestion of carbohydrates with a mixed meal resulted in a lower peak glucose response and a lower change in area under the curve (ΔAUC) following trehalose when compared with glucose. Differences in peak insulin response and ΔAUC were observed with trehalose when compared with glucose during the morning and afternoon. These differences were accompanied with a reduced carbohydrate oxidation after trehalose when ingested as a drink, whilst no significant differences in fat oxidation between drink were observed.
Trans-fatty acids and cancer: a mini-review
Authors: Smith Brennan K. , Robinson Lindsay E. , Nam Robert , Ma David W. L.
Published: August 2009

The association betweentrans-fatty acids (TFA) and cancer risk is poorly understood and remains controversial. It is recognised that unique biological effects are associated with specific isoforms within families of fatty acids such as those belonging to then-3 fatty acids. Furthermore, the interactions between diet and genetic polymorphisms are increasingly recognised for their potential risk-modifying effects on human health and disease. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to evaluate whether specific TFA isomers and genetic polymorphisms differentially modify cancer risk in prostate, colon and breast cancers in animal and human models. Potential mechanisms of action by which TFA may affect cancer development are also reviewed. Overall, across a number of experimental models and human studies, there is insufficient and inconsistent evidence linking specific TFA isomers to cancers of the prostate, colon and breast. A number of methodological limitations and experimental considerations were identified which may explain the inconsistencies observed across these studies. Therefore, further research is warranted to accurately assess the relationship between TFA and cancer risk.
The role of care in nutrition programmes: current research and a research agenda
Authors: Engle Patrice L. , Bentley Margaret , Pelto Gretel
Published: August 2009

The importance of cultural and behavioural factors in children’s nutrition, particularly with regard to feeding, has been recognized only recently. The combination of evidence regarding the importance of caregiving behaviour for good nutrition, and improved strategies for measuring behaviour have led to a renewed interest in care. The UNICEF conceptual framework suggests that care, in addition to food security and health care services, are critical for children’s survival, growth and development. The present paper focuses on the care practice of complementary feeding, specifically behavioural factors such as parental interaction patterns, feeding style and adaptation of feeding to the child’s motor abilities (self-feeding or feeding by others). Three kinds of feeding styles (Birch & Fisher, 1995) are identified: controlling; laissez-faire; responsive. Probable effects of each feeding style on nutrient intake are described. A number of studies of feeding behaviour have suggested that the laissez-faire style is most frequently observed among families and communities with a higher prevalence of malnourished children. Nutrition interventions that have been able to show significant effects on outcomes, such as the Hearth Model in Vietnam (Sterninet al.1997), have usually incorporated behavioural components in their intervention. At this time, there have been no tests of the efficacy of behavioural interventions to improve feeding practices. Research is needed to understand behavioural factors in complementary feeding, and to identify and test intervention strategies designed to improve nutrient intake of young children. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of how nutrition programmes might change if care were incorporated.
Molecular characterization ofGiardia duodenalisisolated from Semai Pahang Orang Asli (Peninsular Malaysia aborigines)
Authors: MOHAMMED MAHDY A. K. , SURIN JOHARI , MOHD-ADNAN A. , WAN K.-L. , LIM Y. A. L.
Published: August 2009

This study was conducted to determine the genotypes ofGiardia duodenalisisolated from human faecal samples at Pos Betau, Pahang, Malaysia. Faecal specimens were collected and examined forG. duodenaliscysts using Trichrome staining techniques. Molecular identification was carried out by the amplification of a region of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene using nested PCR and subsequent sequencing. The sequences from 15 isolates fromG. duodenaliswere subjected to phylogenetic analysis (including appropriate outgroups) using the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods. The trees identifiedG. duodenalisassemblages A and B, with a predominance of assemblage B. The predominance of anthroponotic genotypes indicates the possibility of anthroponotic transmission of these protozoa in this Semai Pahang Orang Asli community.
Malaria, sexual development and transmission: retrospect and prospect
Authors: SINDEN R. E.
Published: August 2009

It is difficult to recapture the excitement of recent research into the malaria parasites.Plasmodiumhas shown itself to be a most elegant, resourceful and downright devious cell. To reveal any of its manifold secrets is a hard-won privilege. The thrill of this intellectual endeavour, however, has to be tempered by the realism that we have made unremarkable progress in attacking malaria in the field, where it remains almost as omnipresent as it ever was in the 19th and 20th centuries, and both the parasite and vector have become more difficult to control than ever before. This personal view looks back at the significant progress made, and forward to the challenges of the future, focusing on work on sexual development.
Flea infestation reduces the life span of the common vole
Authors: DEVEVEY G. , CHRISTE P.
Published: August 2009

Parasitism is often a source of variation in host's fitness components. Understanding and estimating its relative importance for fitness components of hosts is fundamental from physiological, ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Host-parasite studies have often reported parasite-induced reduction of host fecundity, whereas the effect of parasitism on host survival has been largely neglected. Here, we experimentally investigated the effect of infestation by rat fleas (Nosopsyllus fasciatus) on the life span of wild-derived male common voles (Microtus arvalis) bred in captivity. We found that the mean life span of parasitized voles was reduced by 36% compared to control voles. Parasitized voles had a smaller body size, but a relatively larger heart and spleen than control voles. These results indicate an effect of flea infestation on host life span and our findings strongly suggest that ectoparasites should be taken into account in the studies of host population dynamics.
Detection ofNeospora caninumin aborted bovine fetuses and dam blood samples by nested PCR and ELISA and seroprevalence in Beijing and Tianjin, China
Authors: YAO L. , YANG N. , LIU Q. , WANG M. , ZHANG W. , QIAN W. F. , HU Y. F. , DING J.
Published: August 2009

Neospora caninuminfection is a significant cause of abortion in cattle. We investigated the tissue distribution ofN. caninumin aborted bovine fetuses and dam blood samples by a nested PCR assay, and compared the nested PCR with ELISA in the diagnosis ofN. caninuminfection. In total, 26 aborted fetuses and 813 blood samples were collected from 8 dairy herds in Beijing (n=212) and Tianjin (n=601), China. Fifteen fetuses (57·7%) were testedN. caninum-positive by the nested PCR.N. caninumDNA was detected from the brain of 52%, kidneys of 22%, skeletal muscle of 18%, and heart of 4% of the aborted fetuses. The PCR-positive cases (55%, 11/20) were higher than seropositive cows (40%, 8/20) in a subset of 20 fetuses, but the PCR results of blood samples of the 20 cows were all negative. The seroprevalence of the 813 samples was 15·5% (43·4% of samples from Beijing, 5·7% of samples from Tianjin), compared to the PCR-positive blood samples of 0·9%. Our study showed that the nested PCR is a valuable diagnostic tool for the primary diagnosis ofN. caninumin aborted fetuses, while ELISA is the preferred assay for testing blood samples collected from cows. The two assays are complementary in determining whether abortions are associated withN. caninuminfection in cattle.
“Not a very nice subject.” Changing views of parasites and parasitology in the twentieth century
Authors: VICKERMAN KEITH
Published: August 2009

The man in-the-street who frequently asks the question “Why am I here?” finds even more difficulty with the question “Why are parasites here?” The public's distaste for parasites (and by implication, for parasitologists!) is therefore understandable, as maybe was the feeling of early 20th century biologists that parasites were a puzzle because they did not conform to the then widely held association between evolution and progress, let alone the reason why a benevolent Creator should have created them. In mid-century, the writer, contemplating a career in parasitology was taken aback when he found that extolled contemporary biologists disdained parasites or thought little of parasitology as an intellectual subject. These attitudes reflected a lack of appreciation of the important role of parasites in generating evolutionary novelty and speciation, also unawareness of the value of parasite life-cycle studies for formulating questions of wider significance in biology, deficiencies which were gratifyingly beginning to be remedied in the latter half of the century.
Being successful in the world of narrow opportunities: transmission patterns of the trematode Ichthyocotylurus pileatus
Authors: FALTÝNKOVÁ A. , KARVONEN A. , JYRKKÄ M. , VALTONEN E. T.
Published: August 2009

Parasites with complex life cycles face 2 major challenges for transmission in northern latitudes. They have to cope with the general unpredictability associated with the series of transmission events required for completion of the cycle, and transmission has to be completed within a narrow temporal window because of strong seasonality. Despite this, some parasites show high transmission success, suggesting the operation of effective transmission mechanisms. We explored the transmission of Ichthyocotylurus pileatus (Trematoda) from its snail (Valvata macrostoma) to fish (Perca fluviatilis) hosts by examining some key characteristics in the dynamics of the cercarial emergence from snails. Transmission took place within a few weeks mainly in July, thus verifying the narrow temporal window for transmission. The output of the short-lived cercariae from the snails was low and variable in magnitude, but nevertheless resulted in a rapid and high rate of infection in newly hatched fish. The cercarial emergence showed a strong circadian rhythm with most of the cercariae emerging in early evening and night, which might represent the most likely mechanism underlying the high rate of transmission in this species. We emphasize the importance of holistic approaches combining aspects of multiple host species in studies on transmission of complex life-cycle parasites.
The evolution of the pulmonary arterial sling syndrome, with particular reference to the need for reoperations because of untreated tracheal stenosis
Authors: Loukanov Tsvetomir S. , Sebening Christian , Springer Wolfgang , Hagl Siegfried , Karck Matthias , Gorenflo Mathias
Published: August 2009

Background

We present a group of infants and children with pulmonary arterial sling and tracheal stenosis. In some of the patients, the anomalously located pulmonary artery had previously been reimplanted, but without simultaneous repair of the trachea.

Methods

From 1992 to 2007, we reimplanted the left pulmonary artery in 13 children with a pulmonary arterial sling. Their median age was 8 months, with a range from 1 to 72 months. We also performed tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis, or complex tracheal reconstructions. In 5 patients, the reoperation was indicated because of persistent tracheal stenosis not treated initially at first correction of the arterial sling. All patients presented with stridor and respiratory distress. Cardiac catheterization, bronchoscopy and multidetecting computer tomography angiography were performed in all cases prior to the operation. All operations were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass.

Results

There was no operative or late mortality. The patients were extubated under bronchoscopic control. The mean period of intubation was 18 plus or minus 8 days, and the average follow-up was 8 plus or minus 4 years. The patients showed no signs of tracheal re-stenosis clinically or on bronchoscopy. The group of the patients under reoperations, however, required longer periods of intubation and hospitalization.

Conclusion

Our experience demonstrates that, in patients with a pulmonary arterial sling, any associated tracheal stenosis should be explored at the initial operation, since decompression of the trachea by reimplanting the anomalously located pulmonary artery fails to provide relief. The funnel trachea, if present, undergoes progressive stenosis, and will require surgical repair. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass permitted extensive mobilization of the tracheobronchial tree, and allowed us to perform a tension-free anastomotic reconstruction of the trachea.
Single-stage correction, with extensive pulmonary arterial reconstruction, of a pulmonary arterial sling associated with tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Goksel Onur S. , Tireli Emin , Çelebi Ahmet
Published: August 2009

Pulmonary arterial sling, rare in itself, is even rarer when associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Successful single-stage correction of this combination, with extensive pulmonary arterial reconstruction, has been reported only occasionally. We describe our experience with an 18 month-old girl, showing that extensive reconstruction of both the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricular outflow tract can permit single-stage correction in selected patients, resulting in favourable physiology and anatomy.
Analyzing Multitrait-Multimethod Data
Authors: Höfling Volkmar , Schermelleh-Engel Karin , Moosbrugger Helfried
Published: August 2009

Assessing construct validity is a core task in psychology. Since Campbell and Fiske’s (1959) seminal article on multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis, several different methodological approaches for the analysis of convergent and discriminant validity of MTMM data have been developed. In this article, two MTMM approaches are transferred to the general framework of confirmatory factor analysis and compared with the extended version of the correlated trait-correlated method minus one model ( Nussbeck, Eid, Geiser, Courvoisier, & Lischetzke, 2009 ): The multilevel MTMM model ( Maas, Lensvelt-Mulders, & Hox, 2009 ) and the three-mode model ( Oort, 2009 ). Assessing the construct validity of a German Big Five MTMM data set these three MTMM approaches are compared with regard to convergent and discriminant validity estimates and with regard to method effects. Advantages and limitations of each methodological approach will be discussed in detail.