bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Source language-related erroneous stress placement in the target language output of simultaneous interpreters
Authors: Bakti Mária , Bóna Judit
Published: March 2014

Erroneous stress placement (ESP) in the target language is one of the salient suprasegmental features of simultaneously interpreted texts. This paper investigates the phenomenon in simultaneous interpretation from English, a free stress language, into Hungarian, a fixed stress language, the aim being to ascertain whether ESPs are related to source language features. Analysis of an experimental corpus collected for an earlier study (Bóna & Bakti 2009) made it possible to identify 122 ESPs, divided into two categories: (a) related to source language features; (b) others. These categories were further divided into several subcategories. Thus, (a) included ESPs related to: (i) source language stress, with semantic correspondence between the source language and target language units concerned; (ii) source language stress, but with no semantic correspondence between the target language unit and the prosodically similar source language unit identified in relatively close proximity to it. For (b), the subcategories distinguished between ESPs related to: (iii) the phonetic target language context; (iv) translation problems; (v) individual speech characteristics. Our results provide support for the view that metrical planning and segmental planning are separate processes. Thus, successful inhibition of source language interference on the segmental level during simultaneous interpreting is not necessarily associated with suppression of suprasegmental level source language interference.
Orality and authenticity in an interpreter-mediated defendant’s examination
Authors: Gallez Emmanuelle , Maryns Katrijn
Published: March 2014

This case study examines how a court’s perception of the defendant’s socio-legal identity may be affected by interpreting. Since this perception relies largely on language, interpreters are expected to minimise their impact on the dynamics of direct communication between primary participants. The analysis focuses on an interpreter-mediated defendant’s examination, recorded in an attempted murder case tried before the Belgian Assize Court, identifying possible departures from the principles of orality and authenticity. The recordings include exchanges, not necessarily audible to the court, between the defendant and the interpreter. Our analysis shows that: (a) the participation framework (directness) of the defendant’s input is altered, while the relative inaudibility of the interaction between defendant and interpreter deprives the jury of access to authentic features of the defendant’s delivery; (b) the interpreter’s intervention may shift the defendant’s oral exposition into a different style, and hence condition the way the defendant is eventually perceived by the jury.
A multi-level correction scheme for eigenvalue problems
Authors: Lin Qun , Xie Hehu
Published: March 2014

In this paper, a type of multi-level correction scheme is proposed to solve eigenvalue problems by the finite element method. This type of multi-level correction method includes multi correction steps in a sequence of finite element spaces. In each correction step, we only need to solve a source problem on a finer finite element space and an eigenvalue problem on the coarsest finite element space. The accuracy of the eigenpair approximation can be improved after each correction step. This correction scheme can improve the efficiency of solving eigenvalue problems by the finite element method.
GlideScope Cobalt Videolaryngoscope
Authors: Fiadjoe John E. , Isserman Rebecca S. , Gurnaney Harshad , Kovatsis Pete G.
Published: March 2014

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
Health Outcomes with and without Use of Inotropic Therapy in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Nielsen Dorthe Viemose , Hansen Malene Kærslund , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Hansen Mads , Hindsholm Karsten , Jakobsen Carl-Johan
Published: March 2014

Background:

Inotropes used to obtain short-term hemodynamic benefits in cardiac surgery may carry a risk of increased myocardial ischemia and adverse outcomes. This study investigated the association between intra- and postoperative use of inotropes and mortality and postoperative complications.

Methods:

A historic cohort study using prospective data from the Western Denmark Heart Registry on 6,005 consecutive cardiac surgery cases from three university hospitals. Propensity matching on pre- and intraoperative variables was used to identify a subgroup of patients receiving inotropic therapy (n = 1,170) versus comparable nonreceivers (n = 1,170) for outcome analysis.

Results:

Two thousand ninety-seven patients (35%) received inotropic therapy; 3,908 (65%) did not receive any inotropic or vasopressor support perioperatively. Among propensity-matched cohort including 2,340 patients 30-day mortality was 3.2% and 1-yr mortality was 7.6%. In the matched cohort, patients exposed to inotropes had a higher 30-day mortality (adjusted hazards ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.1 to 6.5) as well as a higher 1-yr mortality rate (adjusted hazards ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.8 to 3.5) compared with nonreceivers. Among propensity-matched, the following absolute events rates were observed: myocardial infarction 2.4%, stroke 2.8%, arrhythmia 35%, and renal replacement therapy 23.9%. Inotropic therapy was independently associated with postoperative myocardial infarction (adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.0), stroke (adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.3), and renal replacement therapy (adjusted odds ratio, 7.9; 95% CI, 3.8 to 16.4).

Conclusion:

Use of intra- and postoperative inotropes was associated with increased mortality and major postoperative morbidity.
New refinement of Ni5.20Sn8.7Zn4.16Cu1.04and its non-isotypy with Ni2Sn2Zn
Authors: Schmetterer Clemens , Flandorfer Hans , Effenberger Herta Silvia
Published: March 2014

The noncentrosymmetric space groupP\overline{4}3mbut a pseudocentric cubic crystal structure were reported for the compound Ni5.20Sn8.7Zn4.16Cu1.04[Larssonet al.(1994).Acta Cryst.C50, 9–12]. The recently described Ni2Sn2Zn shows a closely related structure, although it is centrosymmetric and contains additional voids which are partially occupied. Therefore, a new refinement of Ni5.20Sn8.7Zn4.16Cu1.04based on the originally published structure factors was performed. The results indicate that the structure can indeed be described in the centrosymmetric space groupPm\overline{3}m; no justification for the absence of the inversion centre could be found within the accuracy of the available data. In comparison with Ni2Sn2Zn, slight but significant differences were confirmed; consequently, the two structures are topologically related but not isotypic.
Stimulation of 5‐HT4 receptor enhances differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells into neural progenitor cells
Authors: Ishizuka Toshiaki , Goshima Hazuki , Ozawa Ayako , Watanabe Yasuhiro
Published: March 2014

Activation of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT) receptors plays a role in adult neurogenesis and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPC). Herein, we examined the involvement of 5‐HT receptors in the differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into NPC. To induce embryoid body (EB) formation, mouse iPS cells were cultured on ultralow‐attachment dishes. All‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA; 1 μmol/L) and/or 5‐HT (0.03 or 0.1 μmol/L) was added to the EB cultures for 4 days and then EB plated on gelatin‐coated plates were cultured for 7 or 14 days. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that mouse iPS cells expressed both 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT4 receptors and, to a lesser extent, 5‐HT1A receptors. Treatment with 5‐HT significantly enhanced the ATRA‐induced expression of nestin, a specific marker for NPC, and phosphorylation of cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB). Pretreatment of EB cultures with either 1 μmol/L GR113808 (a selective 5‐HT4 receptor antagonist) or 1 μmol/L H89 (a protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor) significantly inhibited these effects of 5‐HT. These findings suggest that stimulation of 5‐HT4 receptors may enhance ATRA‐induced neural differentiation of mouse iPS cells through activation of PKA and CREB.
Introduction: Towards a Political Understanding of New Ruins
Authors: Martin Daryl
Published: March 2014

This debate section gathers together contributions from cultural historians, political geographers, urban sociologists and architectural writers on new forms of ruination in contemporary landscapes. Their case studies span examples of ruins in China, North America, Ireland and Ukraine, as well as reviewing cultural representations of ruined, remote and peripheral spaces in England and Greece. Many wider cultural representations of ruined landscapes are primarily visual; whilst these have great value in alerting wider publics to the debris of global capitalism, neoliberalism and state‐sanctioned processes of cultural imperialism, what is needed within academic contributions to the ruinology literature is a deeper understanding and articulation of the wider contexts within which ruination occurs. Therefore, several contributions supplement visual representations of ruination with ethnographic and first‐person accounts of places on the ground, whereas other contributions offer readings of ruined landscapes that are rich in political histories and policy details. Connections are made to wider contemporary debates around ‘forensic architecture’ and critical archaeologies of the present and recent past. What connects these contributions is a commitment to situating ruins within their historical, policy and social contexts, and working through ruination to open out political readings of landscape.
The Political Economy of Urban Ruins: Redeveloping Shanghai
Authors: Ren Xuefei
Published: March 2014

This essay analyzes the political economy of the urban ruins captured in Greg Girard's photo album Phantom Shanghai. Rather than being marginal, irrelevant or merely objects for nostalgia, the ruins of buildings produced by real estate speculation offer crucial insights into the workings of the urban political economy and reflect wider trends of urban governance. Examining how building ruins come about in the first place and how they are represented in visual media can help us better understand the processes of urbanization and place making, and the central role of destruction in contemporary Chinese urbanism. This essay illustrates this point by analyzing the economic function, political legitimation and cultural significance of demolitions and ruins in urban China.
Quantitative expression of candidate genes affecting eggshell color
Authors: Zheng Chuanwei , Li Zesheng , Yang Ning , Ning Zhonghua
Published: March 2014

There are three pigments that affect the color of an eggshell: protoporphyrin, biliverdin and biliverdin‐zinc chelate. Protoporphyrin is the main pigment in brown and light‐brown eggshells, whereas very little protoporphyrin is found in white eggshells. Eggshell protoporphyrin is derived from the heme formation in birds. Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPOX) and ferrochelatase (FECH) represent rate‐limiting enzymes for the heme‐biosynthetic pathway. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), feline leukemia virus receptor (FLVCR), and heme‐responsive gene‐1 (HRG1) serve as primary transporters for both protoporphyrinogen and heme. Finally, four organic anion transporting polypeptide family members (including solute carrier organic anion transporter family, SLCO1C1, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3 and LOC418189) may affect pigment transport within eggshells. Here we measured gene expression levels in key tissues of egg‐producing hens. We analyzed three different types of hens that generated distinct eggshell colors: white, pink or brown. Our data revealed three ways in which eggshell color was genetically influenced. First, high‐level expression of CPOX generated more protoporphyrinogen and a brown eggshell color. In contrast, high expression of FECH likely converted more protoporphyrinogen into heme, reduced protoporphyrinogen levels within the eggshell and generated a light color. Second, heme transporters also affected eggshell color. High‐level expression of BCRP, HRG1 and FLVCR were associated with brown, white and generally lighter eggshell colors, respectively. Finally, protoporphyrin precipitation also affected eggshell color, as high expression of both SLCO1A2 and SLCO1C1 were associated with brown eggshell color. As such, we have identified seven genes in which expression levels in different tissues were associated with eggshell color.
Incidence of dislocated and subluxed iris‐fixated phakic intraocular lens and outcomes following re‐enclavation
Authors: Moran Sarah , Kirwan Caitriona , O'Keefe Michael , Leccisotti Antonio , Moore Tara
Published: March 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to establish the incidence of re‐enclavation of iris‐fixated phakic intraocular lenses in our centre and evaluate outcomes following re‐enclavation.

Design

Retrospective observational case series. Single surgeon, hospital setting.

Participants

Six hundred and nine patients (1218 eyes) implanted with iris‐fixated phakic intraocular lenses between 2000 and 2011.

Methods

Eyes requiring re‐enclavation were identified, and outcome measures were evaluated 12 months following re‐enclavation.

Main Outcome Measures

Rate of re‐enclavation, uncorrected distance visual acuity and manifest refractive spherical equivalent were measured 12 months following re‐enclavation.

Results

Twenty‐five eyes (2% of eyes overall) of 20 patients required re‐enclavation of a dislocated or subluxed phakic intraocular lens. Eight cases (32%) dislocated secondary to trauma and 17 (68%) subluxed spontaneously. No significant difference was detected (P = 0.59) in uncorrected distance visual acuity (logMAR equivalent) 12 months post‐re‐enclavation (0.18 ± 0.04) compared with that recorded 6 months post‐initial uneventful phakic intraocular lens implantation (0.10 ± 0.06). No significant difference was detected (P = 0.95) in mean manifest refractive spherical equivalent 12 months post‐re‐enclavation (–0.59D ± 0.29D) compared with that recorded 6 months post‐initial phakic intraocular lens implantation (–0.57D ± 0.17D). Following re‐enclavation, mean endothelial cell count was 2627 ± 101 cells/mm2 12 months postoperatively in 16 eyes. This did not differ significantly from that recorded 6 months post‐initial phakic intraocular lens implantation in these eyes (P = 1).

Conclusion

Dislocation and subluxation of iris‐fixated phakic intraocular lenses may occur secondary to trauma or spontaneously because of inadequate iris enclavation. Re‐enclavation can be carried out successfully with no significant adverse effect on clinical outcomes.
Consultant‐led, multidisciplinary balance clinic: process evaluation of a specialist model of care in a district general hospital
Authors: Trinidade A. , Yung M.W.
Published: March 2014

Objective

A specialist balance clinic to effectively deal with dizzy patients is recommended by ENT‐UK. We audit the patient pathway before and following the introduction of a consultant‐led dedicated balance clinic.

Design

Process evaluation and audit.

Setting

ENT outpatients department of a district general hospital.

Main Outcome Measures

The journey of dizzy patients seen in the general ENT clinic was mapped from case notes and recorded retrospectively. A consultant‐led, multidisciplinary balance clinic involving an otologist, a senior audiologist and a neurophysiotherapist was then set up, and the journey was prospectively recorded and compared with that before the change.

Results

Of the 44 dizzy patients seen in the general clinic, 41% had further follow‐up consultations; 64% were given definitive or provisional diagnoses; 75% were discharged without a management plan. Oculomotor examination was not systematically performed. The mean interval between Visits 1 and 2 was 8.4 weeks and the mean number of visits was 3. In the consultant‐led dedicated balance clinic, following Visit 1, only 8% of patients required follow‐up; 97% received definitive diagnoses, which guided management; all patients left with definitive management plans in place. In all patients, oculomotor assessment was systematically performed and all patients received consultant and, where necessary, allied healthcare professional input.

Conclusions

By standardising the management experience for dizzy patients, appropriate and timely treatment can be achieved, allowing for a more seamless and efficient patient journey from referral to treatment. A multidisciplinary balance clinic led by a consultant otologist is the ideal way to achieve this.
Determination of kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of cellulose triacetate dyeing using matching‐index‐of‐refraction absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Annis Patricia A , Campbell Jacqueline H , Matsukura Ayano , Senentz Amanda , Knopp James A , King Allen D
Published: March 2014

A simple method of analysis is described in which ordinary absorption spectroscopy is employed to measure dye content within cellulose triacetate fibres in order to determine the rate of dyeing for triacetate fabric immersed in infinite dyebaths at various temperatures. The results are analysed to yield values for the activation energy and enthalpy change associated with the transfer of a dye, Disperse Red 13, from a saturated dyebath to the interior of triacetate fibres immersed in that bath.
Clinical efficacy of peramivir in adult patients with seasonal influenza during the winter of 2012 in Japan
Authors: Yoshino Yusuke , Seo Kazunori , Koga Ichiro , Kitazawa Takatoshi , Ota Yasuo
Published: March 2014

Background

Peramivir is an intravenously administered neuraminidase inhibitor for influenza. The clinical efficacy of peramivir remains unclear because it is used in a limited number of countries. We compared the clinical efficacy of peramivir with that of oseltamivir in influenza patients during the 2012–2013 season.

Methods

Thirty‐two influenza patients who were hospitalized at Teikyo University Hospital, a teaching hospital in Tokyo, Japan, from October 2012 to March 2013 were enrolled. Among them, 23 and 9 were treated with peramivir and oseltamivir, respectively. The end points of this study were the time to defervescence and survival rate.

Results

There were no significant differences in the clinical backgrounds of the two groups. However, patients treated with peramivir tended to have a higher incidence of consciousness disturbance [34.8% (8/23) vs 0.00% (0/9), P = 0.064]. There were no significant differences between the peramivir and oseltamivir groups with respect to the time to defervescence (30.9 ± 18.7 h vs 34.7 ± 18.6 h) or survival rate [95.7% (22/23) vs 100% (9/9), respectively].

Conclusions

The clinical efficacy of peramivir is non‐inferior to that of oseltamivir, although peramivir tended to be used in patients with serious complications. Intravenous administration of peramivir may be useful for patients with serious complications, such as consciousness disturbances.
Pulmonary embolism is associated with current morphine treatment in patients with deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Lee Cynthia Wei‐Sheng , Muo Chih‐Hsin , Liang Ji‐An , Sung Fung‐Chang , Kao Chia‐Hung , Yeh Jun‐Jun
Published: March 2014

Objectives

This study investigates the relationship between current morphine use and the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) development in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) patients.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based nested case‐control retrospective analysis using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 of Taiwan. A DVT cohort of 3668 patients with no history of PE from 1998 to 2010 and the other cohort of 174 patients who subsequently developed PE were evaluated. Morphine use was designated as ‘current’ if the prescription duration covered the index date or ended within 30 days before the index date. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the multivariable model was applied to control for age.

Results

Compared with non‐morphine users, DVT patients who received morphine within 30 days of the index date had a 4.54‐fold (95% CI = 2.30–8.97) chance of developing PE. The risk of PE development increased with an increase in cumulative dosage and in the average dosage of morphine.

Conclusion

The incidence of PE in DVT patients in Taiwan is associated with current morphine treatment (≤30 days) and is dependent on dosage.
Tissue histiocyte reactivity with CD31 is comparable to CD68 and CD163 in common skin lesions
Authors: Tidwell W. James , Googe Paul B.
Published: March 2014

CD31 is a standard immunostain for evaluating vascular lesions of the skin, but CD31 reactivity for histiocytes is reported in only a small variety of pathological conditions. CD68 and CD163 are well recognized stains for cutaneous histiocytic lesions. We compared immunostaining of CD31 within that of CD68 and CD163 in five cases each of cutaneous lesions containing histiocytes: healing biopsy site, granuloma annulare, xanthogranuloma, ruptured follicular cyst and sarcoidosis. Reactivity was graded on a scale of 0–3 for brightness of immunostaining. Immunoreactivity was seen in histiocytes in all specimens for CD31, CD68 and CD163. The average intensity of staining was 1.7–2.5 for CD31, 2.6–3 for CD68 and 2.9–3 for CD163. The staining was somewhat less for CD31 because the reactivity is localized on the cell surfaces, whereas CD68 and CD163 react with cell surfaces and cytoplasm. We conclude that histiocytes in cutaneous lesions stain for CD31 and the staining is comparable to, but less intense, than that seen with CD68 and CD163. Caution is suggested in interpretation of CD31 staining in skin specimens, as CD31 shows reactivity with histiocytes as well as endothelial cells.
R‐split‐CHOP chemotherapy for elderly patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Kreher Stephan , Lammer Felicitas , Augustin Dieter , Pezzutto Antonio , Baldus Claudia D.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Chemoimmunotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, and rituximab (R‐CHOP) is the standard of care for patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, management of elderly patients is challenging as critical comorbidities often account for increased number of treatment‐related complications.

Patients and methods

In the past 8 yrs, we have treated elderly patients with a full‐dose R‐CHOP regimen by splitting the administration of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin over 2 days (R‐split‐CHOP) to reduce peak plasma level. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the results of 30 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL.

Results

The overall response rate was found to be 87%, the overall survival probability after 3 yrs was 60.6% (95% CI, 42.1%–79.0%), and the progression‐free survival probability was 49.7% (95% CI, 30.4%–68.9%). Grade 3/4 infectious complications were reported in 30% of patients, yet no treatment‐related deaths occurred.

Conclusion

We suggest that R‐split‐CHOP could be a valuable option to safely administer full‐dose‐intensity R‐CHOP to elderly patients at risk of treatment‐related complications.
Posture and movement characteristics of forward and backward walking in horses with shivering and acquired bilateral stringhalt
Authors: Draper A. C. E. , Trumble T. N. , Firshman A. M. , Baird J. D. , Reed S. , Mayhew I. G. , MacKay R. , Valberg S. J.
Published: March 2014

Reasons for performing study

To investigate and further characterise posture and movement characteristics during forward and backward walking in horses with shivering and acquired, bilateral stringhalt.

Objectives

To characterise the movement of horses with shivering (also known as shivers) in comparison with control horses and horses with acquired bilateral stringhalt.

Study design

Qualitative video analysis of gait in horses.

Methods

Owners' and authors' videos of horses with shivering or stringhalt and control horses walking forwards and backwards and manually lifting their limbs were examined subjectively to characterise hyperflexion, hyperextension and postural abnormalities of the hindlimbs. The pattern and timing of vertical displacement of a hindlimb over one stride unit was evaluated among control, shivering and stringhalt cases.

Results

Gait patterns of shivering cases were characterised as follows: shivering‐hyperextension (‐HE, n = 13), in which horses subjectively showed hyperextension when backing and lifting the limb; shivering‐hyperflexion (‐HF, n = 27), in which horses showed hindlimb hyperflexion and abduction during backward walking; and shivering‐forward hyperflexion (‐FHF, n = 4), which resembled shivering‐HFbut included intermittent hyperflexion and abduction with forward walking. Horses with shivering‐HF, shivering‐FHFand stringhalt (n = 7) had a prolonged swing phase duration compared with control horses and horses with shivering‐HEduring backward walking. With the swing phase of forward walking, horses with stringhalt had a rapid ascent to adducted hyperflexion of the hindlimb, compared with a rapid descent of the hindlimb after abducted hyperflexion in horses with shivering‐FHF.

Conclusions

Shivering affects backward walking, with eitherHEorHFof hindlimbs, and can gradually progress to involve intermittent abducted hyperflexion during forward walking. Shivering‐HFand shivering‐FHFcan look remarkably similar to acquired bilateral stringhalt during backward walking; however, stringhalt can be distinguished from shivering‐HFby hyperflexion during forward walking and from shivering‐FHFby an acute onset of a more consistent, rapidly ascending, hyperflexed, adducted hindlimb gait at a walk.
Non catheter‐related bacteremia caused by Pseudomonas oryzihabitans in a patient undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Hellou Elias , Artul Suheil , Omari Sohaib , Taha Mohamad , Armaly Zaher , Nseir William
Published: March 2014

Pseudomonas oryzihabitans (P. orizyhabitans) has already been reported both as a human and a zoonotic pathogen. A few cases of P. orizyhabitans bacteremia have been reported among patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis. P. orizyhabitans bacteremia has never been reported among patients on hemodialysis. We report the first case of P. orizyhabitans bacteremia in a chronic hemodialysis patient; this patient did not have a central venous catheter angioaccess as a potential portal of entry.
A systematic review investigating the effectiveness of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for the management of low back and/or pelvic pain (LBPP) in pregnancy
Authors: Close Ciara , Sinclair Marlene , Liddle S. Dianne , Madden Elaine , McCullough Julie E.M. , Hughes Ciara
Published: March 2014

Aim

To evaluate and summarize the current evidence on the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for the management of low back pain and/or pelvic pain in pregnancy.

Background

International research demonstrates that 25–30% of women use complementary and alternative medicine to manage low back and pelvic pain in pregnancy without robust evidence demonstrating its effectiveness.

Design

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for low back and/or pelvic pain in pregnancy.

Data sources

Cochrane library (1898–2013), PubMed (1996–2013), MEDLINE (1946–2013), AMED (1985–2013), Embase (1974–2013), Cinahl (1937–2013), Index to Thesis (1716–2013) and Ethos (1914–2013).

Review methods

Selected studies were written in English, randomized controlled trials, a group 1 or 2 therapy and reported pain reduction as an outcome measure. Study quality was reviewed using Risk of Bias and evidence strength the Cochrane Grading of Recommendations and Development Evaluation Tool.

Results

Eight studies were selected for full review. Two acupuncture studies with low risk of bias showed both clinically important changes and statistically significant results. There was evidence of effectiveness for osteopathy and chiropractic. However, osteopathy and chiropractic studies scored high for risk of bias. Strength of the evidence across studies was very low.

Conclusion

There is limited evidence supporting the use of general CAM for managing pregnancy‐related low back and/or pelvic pain. However, the restricted availability of high‐quality studies, combined with the very low evidence strength, makes it impossible to make evidence‐based recommendations for practice.
Politicizing Europe in the National Electoral Arena: A Comparative Analysis of Five West European Countries, 1970–2010
Authors: Hutter Swen , Grande Edgar
Published: March 2014

Although politicization has become a key concept in European integration studies, it is still contested whether, when and to what extent European issues have become politicized in domestic political arenas. This article contributes to this discussion both in conceptual and empirical terms. It uses a new multidimensional index of politicization to systematically trace the development of politicization in national election campaigns in five West European countries (Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland) from the 1970s to 2010. The findings provide clear evidence that Europe has indeed been politicized in the past decades. Moreover, two different paths towards such a politicization are identified. One of these paths is dominated by populist radical parties from the right, while the other path is shaped by the conflict between mainstream parties in government and opposition. On both paths, conflicts over membership play an important role and cultural‐identitarian framing strategies are used.
Student Midwives’ Duty Hours: Risks, Standards, and Recommendations
Authors: Lawrence Rachel , Kantrowitz‐Gordon Ira , Landis Andrea
Published: March 2014

Introduction

A growing body of literature has emerged describing the risks of extended‐duty shifts and sleep deprivation. Worldwide, midwifery organizations have not adopted standards for practitioner or student duty shifts. This project reviews the literature related to extended‐duty shifts in an effort to develop evidence‐based recommendations for student nurse‐midwives/student midwives (SNMs/SMs).

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted through electronic databases, major journals, and reference lists published in English since January 2001. Primary research studies evaluating sleep deprivation and shift duration were included. Studies that did not include the target population (shift workers) and those that formed conclusions related to extended‐duty shifts greater than 30 hours were excluded. In addition, an extensive worldwide review of duty‐hour recommendations from more than 300 health care organizations was conducted.

Results

A total of 40 studies met the inclusion criteria. Extended‐duty shifts (those greater than 12 hours) increased the risk for cognitive and physical functional errors, safety concerns, and decreased quality of life from sleep deprivation. Cognitive function errors included attention lapses, visual tracking errors, decreased mentation and immediate recall, and decreased learning capacity. Physical errors included decreased motor skills and slowed reaction times in clinical simulations. These deficits led to an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, needle sticks, and performance equivalent to unsafe blood alcohol concentrations. An overall decrease in quality of life and job satisfaction was linked to extended‐duty shifts. Seven organizations for medical residents or advanced practice nurses have developed policy statements on duty shifts, with extended‐duty shift limitations between 12 and 24 hours.

Discussion

The risks associated with extended‐duty shifts may inhibit the development of SNMs/SMs into competent practitioners and place patients at risk. It is recommended that midwifery education programs adopt evidence‐based limitations for the duty shifts of SNMs/SMs.
Delegated Despotism: Frontiers of Agrarian Labour on aSouthAfrican Border Farm
Authors: Addison Lincoln
Published: March 2014

How do labour regimes change as large‐scale agriculture depends increasingly on temporary labour? TheSouthAfrican side of theLimpopo River, which marks its border withZimbabwe, is populated with large‐scale fruit and vegetable farms that are heavily dependent on temporary labour. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted on a border farm in 2009–10, the paper explores howZimbabwean managers are central to the control of labour in this area. As the interface between the farm owner and the mass of temporary workers, managers are tasked with containing the instability attendant upon the employment of a highly fluid and disaffected workforce. The expansive and many‐faceted role of black managers both disrupts and reproduces the circuits of paternalistic power. The potential for benevolence within paternalism is minimized, while the scope for arbitrary decision‐making by owners and management remains largely intact.
Proposed nurse‐led initiatives in improving physical health of people with serious mental illness: a survey of nurses in mental health
Authors: Happell Brenda , Platania‐Phung Chris , Scott David
Published: March 2014

Aims and objectives

To identify nurse perceptions on the potential value of general and specific nursing approaches to improving physical health outcomes of people with serious mental illness.

Background

People diagnosed with serious mental illnesses experience heightened rates of physical illnesses and can be supported better via healthcare system prevention and management. Nurses working in mental health are a critical part of a system‐wide approach to improving physical health care, but there is little known on their views on specific approaches within Australia (e.g. screening for risks, stigma reduction).

Design

A national, cross‐sectional and nonrandom survey study delivered online.

Methods

Members of the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses (n = 643), representing nurses employed in mental healthcare services across Australia (71·6% from public mental health services). Participants were asked to rate the potential of nine nurse‐based strategies for improving physical health (options: ‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘not sure’) and the potential value of 10 nursing and general strategies for improving physical health (rating from ‘negative value’ to ‘significant value’).

Results

There was a high endorsement of all nine nurse‐based strategies for physical health (e.g. lifestyle programmes, screening, linking services), although there was less support for reducing antipsychotics or advocating for fewer side effects. Participants mainly viewed all strategies as of moderate to significant value, with the most promising value attached to colocation of primary and mental care services, lifestyle programmes and improving primary care services (reduce stigma, train GPs).

Conclusions

Australian nurses working in mental health services view a range of nurse‐based strategies for improving physical healthcare services and standards as important.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses collectively need to work with consumers, health agencies and the general public to further define how to organise and implement physical health integration strategies, towards more comprehensive health care of people with serious mental illness.
Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in both lean and obese subjects
Authors: Taşolar Hakan , Mete Türkan , Ballı Mehmet , Altun Burak , Çetin Mustafa , Yüce Tuncay , Taşolar Sevgi , Otlu Ömür , Bayramoğlu Adil , Pekdemir Hasan
Published: March 2014

Aim

Even though polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by increased inflammatory activity and insulin resistance, there is no clinical data about whether risk of atrial fibrillation are increased in these patients. We aimed to evaluate atrial conduction parameters predicting atrial involvement in this patient group.

Methods

The study population comprised 50 women 18–40 years of age who had been diagnosed with PCOS. The patients were divided into two groups: lean women (L‐PCOS) with a body mass index (BMI) under 25 kg/m2 and obese women (O‐PCOS) with a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2. Twenty‐five age‐matched lean healthy women were enrolled voluntarily as the control group. Difference between maximum and minimum P‐wave duration was calculated and was defined as P‐wave dispersion (Pd). Inter‐ and intra‐atrial electromechanical delays (inter‐AED, intra‐AED, respectively) were measured with tissue Doppler imaging.

Results

Inter‐ and intra‐AED parameters were higher in the L‐PCOS group when compared with control subjects (anova, P = 0.004 and P = 0.013, respectively), and were also significantly higher in the O‐PCOS group compared with other groups (anova, P < 0.001 for both). The regression analyses indicated that Homeostasis Model of Assessment – Insulin Resistance (HOMA‐IR) (β = 0.603, P < 0.001) and BMI (β = 0.379, P < 0.001) were the independent predictors of inter‐AED, HOMA‐IR (β = 0.835, P < 0.001) was an independent predictor of intra‐AED, and BMI (β = 0.457, P = 0.006) and the left atrial diameter (β = 0.350, P < 0.034) were independent predictors of Pd.

Conclusion

Consequently, our findings provide data regarding prolonged atrial conduction parameters in PCOS patients, especially when accompanied by obesity.
Endometriosis‐associated tumor at the inguinal site: Report of a case diagnosed during pregnancy and literature review
Authors: Bergamini Alice , Almirante Giada , Taccagni Gianluca , Mangili Giorgia , Viganò Paola , Candiani Massimo
Published: March 2014

Malignant degeneration of endometriosis in the inguinal region is rare, and has only been reported in six cases in the literature, none of which was detected during pregnancy. We present the first case of endometriosis‐associated adenocarcinoma in the inguinal region in a 34‐year‐old woman who was 35 weeks' pregnant. The tumor rapidly grew in the last 2 months of pregnancy as a left inguinal painful mass. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a moderate‐to‐poorly differentiated ovarian‐type endometrioid adenocarcinoma arisen in endometriosis foci of both typical and atypical type. Elective labor induction was performed at 35 weeks of gestation and subsequently the patient underwent a conservative surgical treatment followed by chemotherapy. This case raises issues on the management of such an unusual tumor both during and outside pregnancy.
Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction during pregnancy among Egyptian women
Authors: Ahmed Magdy R. , Madny Elham H. , Sayed Ahmed Waleed A.
Published: March 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) during pregnancy in a sample of women from Egypt.

Materials and Methods

This prospective cohort study was conducted among pregnant women who presented to the Obstetrics Outpatient Clinic – Suez Canal University Hospital for routine antenatal care between February 2012 and February 2013. The 451 women who completed the study attended during their first trimester with a singleton pregnancy and were in a stable relationship with their partners for the last 6 months. Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire during the 4 weeks preceding pregnancy and then in each trimester during the antenatal visits.

Results

Prevalence of FSD during pregnancy was estimated to be 68.8%. According to the FSFI, scores of all domains and total score were significantly reduced during the whole period of pregnancy (average 22.5 ± 3.7) compared to the pre‐conception period (30.5 ± 5.6). However, there was significant increase of all domains and total score during the second trimester (26.6 ± 3.9) in comparison to the first and third trimesters (22.4 ± 4.1 and 18.6 ± 3.8, respectively). Total FSFI score was found to be positively correlated to pre‐conception total FSFI score. However, age, parity and duration of marriage were negatively correlated.

Conclusion

FSD is a prevalent problem during pregnancy among Egyptian women. The magnitude of the problem is highest during the third trimester while the second trimester represents the peak of sexual function during pregnancy.
Vanishing twin as a potential source of bias in non‐invasive fetal sex determination: A case report
Authors: Vlková Barbora , Hodosy Július
Published: March 2014

Detection of fetal sex based on fetal DNA present in maternal plasma is already in clinical use. Here we present a case of false positivity during the first trimester which may be attributable to a vanishing twin. The presence of Y‐chromosome‐specific sequences is used as a marker to indicate a male fetus and the absence of a female fetus. Fetal sex determination was conducted in a pregnant woman at gestational week 10. The sample was positive in all triplicates. Ultrasonography at gestational week 20 revealed female sex. Analysis of sample taken at gestational week 22 indicated a female fetus. According to recently published meta‐analyses, non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal sex has high sensitivity and specificity values. Nevertheless, false negative and false positive cases occur. Future studies focusing on the dynamics of fetal DNA are needed. Vanishing twin might be one of the possible causes of false positivity in fetal sex determination.
Peritumoral enhancement in endometrial cancer on dynamic contrast‐enhanced imaging: Radiologic–pathologic correlation
Authors: Fujii Shinya , Kido Aki , Mikami Yoshiki , Matsumura Noriomi , Konishi Ikuo , Togashi Kaori
Published: March 2014

We report two cases of endometrial carcinoma in which peritumoral enhancement (PTE) was detected on dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) images and was compared with the pathologic findings. In the first case, DCE images showed subendometrial enhancement (SEE) disrupted by focally irregular PTE, reflecting the increased vascularity at the tumor attachment site. In the second case, DCE images revealed the presence of PTE as an irregular, thin‐layered early enhancement, reflecting the increased vascularity at the tumor front. In similar cases, the presence of PTE should be recognized in order to avoid a possible misinterpretation as SEE.
Increased levels of IL‐21 responses are associated with the severity of liver injury in patients with chronic active hepatitis B
Authors: Pan Q. , Yu Y. , Tang Z. , Xi M. , Jiang H. , Xun Y. , Liu X. , Liu H. , Hu J. , Zang G.
Published: March 2014

Interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) participates in tissue damage in various immune‐mediated diseases. Its role in the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis B (CAHB) has not been clarified. The frequency of circulating IL‐21+ T cells and the levels of serum and intrahepatic IL‐21 have been characterized in 70 CAHB patients, 32 inactive carrier (IC), 18 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and 20 healthy controls (HC). Their potential association with liver injury was analysed. The percentages of IL‐21+CD3+CD8− and IL‐21+CD3+CD8+ T cells and the levels of serum IL‐21 in CAHB patients were significantly higher than that in the IC, CHC patients and HC (P < 0.001) and were correlated positively with the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT, r = 0.424, P < 0.001; r = 0.392, P = 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, r = 0.388, P = 0.001; r = 0.329, P = 0.005) in CAHB patients, respectively. The levels of IL‐21 expression in the liver tissues were associated significantly with increased degrees of inflammation and fibrosis in CAHB patients (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that aberrant IL‐21 responses may be associated with the progression of CHB.
Effect of sucralfate on oral minocycline absorption in healthy dogs
Authors: KuKanich K. , KuKanich B. , Harris A. , Heinrich E.
Published: March 2014

Sucralfate and minocycline may be administered concurrently to dogs. The relative bioavailability of tetracyclines may be reduced if administered with sucralfate, but studies confirming these interactions in dogs are not available. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of oral minocycline in dogs (M), determined the effects of concurrent administration of sucralfate and minocycline (MS) on minocycline pharmacokinetics, determined the effects of delaying sucralfate administration by 2 h (MS+2) on minocycline pharmacokinetics, and established dosing recommendations based on pharmacodynamic indices. Oral minocycline (300 mg) and sucralfate suspension (1 g) were administered to five greyhounds in a randomized crossover design. Minocycline plasma concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The maximum plasma concentration (CMAX) and area under the curve (AUC) of minocycline were 1.15 μg/mL and 8.0 h* μg/mL, respectively. The CMAX and AUC were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the MS group (CMAX = 0.33 μg/mL, AUC 3.0 h*μg/mL) compared with M or MS+2 (CMAX = 0.97 μg/mL, AUC 10.3 h*μg/mL). Delaying sucralfate by 2 h did not decrease oral minocycline absorption, but concurrent administration significantly decreased minocycline absorption. A dose of 7.5 mg/kg p.o. q12 h achieves the pharmacodynamic index for a bacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 μg/mL (AUC:MIC≥33.9).
Population pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular administration of tulathromycin in adult desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
Authors: Kinney M. E. , Lamberski N. , Wack R. , Foster R. , Neely M. , Tell L. , Gehring R.
Published: March 2014

Tulathromycin, a long acting macrolide antibiotic, has demonstrated efficacy against respiratory pathogens including Mycoplasma bovis and M. hyopneumoniae. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to evaluate the clinical applicability of tulathromycin in desert tortoises following a single intramuscular dose of 5 mg/kg. A single blood sample was collected from 110 different desert tortoises at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 120, and 240 h following drug administration. Plasma concentrations of the parent form of tulathromycin were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. As each tortoise was only bled once, pharmacokinetic parameters were initially estimated using a naïve pooled data approach. Given the variability in the data, population‐based compartmental modeling was also performed. Using nonparametric population compartmental modeling, a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and elimination best fit the data. An observed Cmax of 36.2 ± 29.7 μg/mL was detected at 0.25 h (observed Tmax). The elimination half‐life (T½el) was long (77.1 h) resulting in detectable plasma concentrations 240 h postadministration. This study represents a preliminary step in evaluating the utility of tulathromycin in chelonian species and demonstrates that population data modeling offers advantages for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters where sparse data sampling occurs and there is substantial variability in the data.
Reimagining the Romantic Imagination: Embodied, Proto‐Cognitive Psychologies in Joanna Baillie's Introductory Discourse and Orra
Authors: Bergen Daniel
Published: March 2014

In the Biographia Literaria, Coleridge describes the primary imagination as a divinely inspired, supreme faculty of the mind – “a repetition in the finite of the eternal act of creation of the infinite I AM.” This spiritually understood, disembodied, deistic interpretation of the brain's creative center has come to signify the Romantic dualist perspective of the imagination; however, contemporary research in the fields of Romanticism and Cultural Cognitive Studies suggests that there may be a considerable amount to learn from reconsidering Romantic era notions of an embodied psychology. In that spirit, this essay will seek a new paradigm for an embodied, Romantic imagination, considering it from the perspective of the Scottish playwright, poetess, and theorist, Joanna Baillie. Through careful analysis of the Introductory Discourse, her preface to the inaugural Series of Plays on the Passions (originally published in 1798), and Orra, her tragedy on the singular passion of fear, as well as through the use of cognitive literary theory, I will demonstrate how Joanna Baillie proto‐cognitively envisions the imagination as a significant means through which the embodied mind relates to and understands the world.