bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le plein rural en France
Authors: Dupâquier Jacques
Published: November 2011

Le plein rural n'a été atteint en France qu'au milieu du XIXe siècle, alors que dans toute l'Europe du Nord-Ouest les campagnes commençaient à se vider au profit des villes. En valeur absolue, la population rurale a augmenté jusqu'à la crise de 1846-1848, bien qu'en valeur relative elle ait diminué depuis le début du siècle. Mais la délimitation de la population urbaine présente de grandes incohérences d'une région à l'autre et la concentration de la population française fut plus intense que ce qui ressort des statistiques de l'époque. La hiérarchie des grandes cités demeura stable, mais on a assisté à un phénomène de promotion des petites bourgades à la limite du rural et de l'urbain qui a contribué à brouiller la perception de l'urbanisation.
Sexe et usage de l'espace ? L'influence de la répartition des rôles au sein du ménage
Authors: Andan Odile , Raux Charles
Published: November 2011

Sex and space use: the mediation of role distribution in the households.

Authors show by means of two surveys they processed, the complexity of the relationship between gender différenciation and space use. They analyse this relationship with the mediation of role distribution in the household. Factors such as matrimonial status of household (couple or mother alone), employment status of woman (working or not working), children and urban space, seem to be far more discriminating than only gender difference between men and women. Responsibility of household activities (children and shopping) is always for women, but the strongest difference in activity participation and space use is at first between both working men and women on the one hand and non-working women on the other hand, and secondly between working men and working women.
Intracorneal Ring Segments Implantation Followed By Same-day Photorefractive Keratectomy and Corneal Collagen Cross-linking in Keratoconus
Authors: Iovieno Alfonso , Légaré Marie Eve , Rootman Daniel B. , Yeung Sonia N. , Kim Peter , Rootman David S.
Published: November 2011

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the efficacy of intrastromal corneal ring segments implantation followed by same-day photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and ultraviolet-A/riboflavin collagen cross-linking (CXL) in patients with keratoconus.

METHODS:

Four patients (five eyes) were included in the study. All patients first underwent femtosecond laser–enabled placement of intracorneal ring segments (Intacs, Addition Technology). Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and keratometry readings remained stable for 6 months. Same-day PRK and CXL were subsequently performed in all patients.

RESULTS:

Six months after Intacs plus PRK/CXL, significant improvements were noted for UDVA, CDVA, spherical equivalent refraction, keratometry, and total aberrations. No patient lost lines of CDVA or developed haze.

CONCLUSIONS:

The combination of intracorneal ring segments implantation followed by sequential same-day PRK/CXL may be a reasonable option for improving visual acuity in select patients with keratoconus.
A Comparison of the Ex-PRESS
™
Mini Glaucoma Shunt With Standard Trabeculectomy in the Surgical Treatment of Glaucoma
Authors: Marzette Lionel , Herndon Leon W.
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare the success and complication rates of patients with glaucoma who had an Ex-PRESS mini glaucoma shunt device implantation (Optonol, Ltd., Neve Ilan, Israel) to those who had conventional trabeculectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The records of 76 eyes of 69 consecutive subjects who had Ex-PRESS implants and 77 eyes of 65 consecutive controls who had trabeculectomy procedures were reviewed. All surgeries were performed by one of the authors (LWH). Success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) between 5 and 21 mm Hg in patients who did not require further glaucoma surgery in the eye of note.

RESULTS:

The difference in the percentage of cases of postoperative hypotony between the standard trabeculectomy group (16%) and the Ex-PRESS group (4%) was statistically significant (
P
= .023).

CONCLUSION:

The Ex-PRESS device is at least as effective as the standard trabeculectomy in lowering the IOP of patients with glaucoma, with a significantly lower risk of postoperative hypotony. The data further suggest that the Ex-PRESS device results in an overall greater percentage reduction in IOP than with trabeculectomy, although this did not reach statistical significance.
What Factors Influence Participation in an Exercise-Focused, Employer-Based Wellness Program?
Authors: Abraham Jean M. , Feldman Roger , Nyman John A. , Barleen Nathan
Published: November 2011

Following the recent introduction of an incentive-based, exercise-focused wellness program at a large public university, this paper investigates the factors that influence employees' behavior with respect to participation and regular exercise. Results suggest that an employee's probability of signing up for the program is related to her exercise behavior prior to the program's inception, the time cost of exercise, taste for fitness center exercise, and attitudes about the benefits and barriers of exercise. Employees who are older, male, and were regular fitness center exercisers prior to the program's inception are more likely to be regular exercisers.
Have Working-Age People with Disabilities Shared in the Gains of Massachusetts Health Reform?
Authors: Gettens John , Mitra Monika , Henry Alexis D. , Himmelstein Jay
Published: November 2011

The Massachusetts health reform, implemented in 2006 and 2007, reduced the uninsurance rate for working-age people with disabilities by nearly half. Enrollment in Medicaid and subsidized insurance accounted for most of the gain in insurance coverage. The reduction in uninsurance was greatest among younger adults. The reform also reduced cost-related problems obtaining care; however, cost remains an obstacle, particularly among young adults with disabilities. The Massachusetts outcomes demonstrate that insurance subsidies, Medicaid expansions for low-income adults, individual insurance mandates, and enrollment initiatives can lead to substantial reductions in uninsurance and cost-related problems obtaining care among working-age people with disabilities.
On the quantification of atmospheric carbonate carbon by thermal/optical analysis protocols
Authors: Karanasiou A. , Diapouli E. , Cavalli F. , Eleftheriadis K. , Viana M. , Alastuey A. , Querol X. , Reche C.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The objective of this work was to study the possibility of identifying and quantifying atmospheric carbonate carbon (CC) by thermal-optical analysis. Three different temperature protocols, two modified NIOSH-like protocols (RT-QUARTZ-840 and RT-QUARTZ-700), and the EUSAAR_2 protocol were tested on filter samples containing known amounts of CC with the semi-continuous Sunset analyzer. Carbonate was quantified by the manual integration of the sharp peak appeared at the maximum temperature step of the inert mode. High recoveries of CC were achieved by all the thermal protocols. Using the EUSAAR_2 thermal protocol, more than 95% of CC evolved as OC during the maximum temperature step in inert atmosphere for CC amounts up to 56 μg. Using the RT-QUARTZ-840 protocol specifically developed for on-line analyses, CC completely evolves as OC during the maximum temperature step in the inert node, regardless of the CC concentration. However, the quantification of CC by the RT-QUARTZ-840 protocol suitable for the semi-continuous analyzer implies a high level of uncertainty (manual integration, residual contribution of organic carbon). Therefore, it is advisable to determine CC with an independent method (e.g. by acidic decomposition of CO32- and subsequent detection of CO2) when other sample aliquots are available. The comparison of the peak integration method with the direct determination of the CC sample content by acidic CO2 release showed that the peak integration method provides always higher CC concentrations of about 33%. Nevertheless, the determination of CC with the RT-QUARTZ-840 protocol may be considered in cases where on line monitoring instruments are used and for areas where CC concentrations are expected to be significant e.g. Southern European countries. This case study suggests that users of the semi continuous Sunset analyzer can manually integrate the sharp peak (if present) at the maximum temperature step of the He mode (between 128–130 and 160–165 s when using the RT-QUARTZ-840 protocol) and calculate the CC concentration though with a rather high error.
Localising the nitrogen imprint of the Paris food supply: the potential of organic farming and changes in human diet
Authors: Billen G. , Garnier J. , Thieu V. , Silvestre M. , Barles S. , Chatzimpiros P.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The Seine watershed has long been the food-supplying hinterland of Paris, providing most of the animal and vegetal protein consumed in the city. Nowadays, because of the land specialisation of agriculture made possible by the shift from manure-based to synthetic nitrogen fertilisation, the Seine watershed, although it exports 80% of its huge cereal production, still provides most of the cereal consumed by the Paris agglomeration. The meat and milk supply originate, however, mainly from regions in the North and West of France, specialised in animal farming and importing about 30% of their feed from South America. As it works today, this system is responsible for a severe nitrate contamination of surface groundwater resources. Herein two scenarios of re-localising Paris's food supply are explored, based on organic farming and local provision of animal feed. We show that for the Seine watershed it is technically possible to design an agricultural system able to provide all the plant- and animal-based food required by the population, to deliver sub-root water meeting the drinking water standards and still to export a significant proportion of its production to areas less suitable for cereal cultivation. Decreasing the share of animal products in the human diet has a strong impact on the nitrogen imprint of urban food supply.
Importance of the surface size distribution of erodible material: an improvement of the Dust Entrainment And Deposition DEAD
Authors: Mokhtari M. , Gomes L. , Tulet P. , Rezoug T.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. This paper is based on dust aerosol cycle modelling in the atmospheric model ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) coupled with the EXternalised SURFace scheme SURFEX. Its main goal is to create a global mineral dust emission parameterization compatible with the global database of land surface parameters ECOCLIMAP and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil type database in SURFEX, based on both Shao (1993) and Marticorena and Bergametti (1995) parameterizations. An arrangement on the Dust Entrainment And Deposition scheme (DEAD) is proposed in this paper by introducing the geographic variation of surface size distribution, the Marticorena and Bergametti (1995) formulation of horizontal saltation flux and the Shao (2001) formulation of sandblasting efficiency α. To show the importance of the modifications introduced in the code DEAD, both sensitivity and comparative studies are realized in 0 dimensions (0-D) and then in 3 dimensions (3-D) between the old DEAD and that developed in this paper. The results in the 0-D simulations indicate that the developed DEAD scheme represents the dust source emission better, particularly in the Bodélé depression and provides a reasonable friction threshold velocity. In 3-D simulations, small differences are found between the DEAD and developed DEAD schemes for the simulated Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) compared with the photometer AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) measurements available in the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) databases. But, for the surface concentration a remarkable improvement is noted for the developed DEAD scheme.
Interpretação ambiental no bioma da caatinga: potencialidades para o ecoturismo no Parque Nacional do Catimbau, Buíque, Pernambuco
Authors: Jesus Josângela da Silva , Ribeiro Elâine Maria dos Santos , Ferraz Elba Maria Nogueira
Published: November 2011

O ecoturismo em unidades de conservação tem se mostrado uma alternativa interessante para manejo do meio ambiente, principalmente aliado à educação ambiental, através da sensibilização dos visitantes e interpretação ambiental dos atrativos. O Parque Nacional do Catimbau, criado em 2002, encontra-se localizado no bioma da caatinga, entre o agreste e o sertão pernambucano, abrangendo os municípios de Buíque, Ibimirim e Tupanatinga. O parque apresenta um grande potencial para o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo através de suas trilhas e sítios arqueológicos, porém ainda não possui um plano de manejo, tampouco um programa de uso público. O Catimbau já recebe um bom número de visitações, que são realizadas com o acompanhamento de condutores que atuam através da Associação de Guias do Parque. Objetivando contribuir para o enriquecimento da experiência do visitante e para sua sensibilização quanto à importância do bioma da caatinga, este trabalho traz uma análise das potencialidades do Catimbau para a interpretação ambiental em trilhas e sugestões de como aproveitar adequadamente as oportunidades diagnosticadas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir do levantamento bibliográfico e documental de temas correlacionados e da área de estudo, o Parque, possibilitando o entendimento do seu funcionamento e sua relação com a atividade ecoturística. Foram realizadas visitas de campo, no período de 09 a 12 de fevereiro de 2006, onde foi possível levantar aspectos de interesse para a pesquisa e realizar registros fotográficos. Verificamos que os trabalhos desenvolvidos pelos condutores das trilhas do parque se limitam à simples exposição do espaço para os visitantes, sendo pouco aproveitada a riqueza vegetacional da caatinga, os sítios arqueológicos, dentre outros aspectos interessantes, para a sensibilização do turista. Com isso, propõe-se que seja estruturado um programa de interpretação e educação ambiental envolvendo gestores do parque e condutores locais a partir da sensibilização e capacitação dos mesmos, bem como a estruturação física das trilhas, através da implementação de placas indicativas e interpretativas. Desta forma, espera-se que além dos aspectos recreativos e de lazer fornecidos pela visitação, a interpretação ambiental seja verdadeiramente o objetivo de existência das atividades desenvolvidas no Parque, através do comprometimento dos condutores em relação à apresentação do ambiente de caatinga, demonstração de suas fragilidades e potenciais, atitudes adequadas a serem adotadas durante a visitação, como também promoção da satisfação do visitante.
Trilhas interpretativas: uma análise dos seus efeitos ambientais e individuais na região sul da Bahia
Authors: Kruschewsky Alberto , Faxina Fabiana
Published: November 2011

O ecoturismo se configura como um dos escapes da sociedade atual, fortemente marcada pelo estresse resultante da crescente industrialização e urbanização. Como alternativa, a caminhada em trilhas interpretativas é muito praticada, pois não exige a implantação de estrutura complexa, dependendo, em sua essência, da presença do usuário e do percurso escolhido. Essas características tornam tal modalidade um produto promissor para o segmento de ecoturismo. Porém, a criação de trilhas nem sempre é planejada visando diminuir os impactos negativos gerados ao meio, ou mesmo a disponibilizar informações para que a atividade seja praticada com segurança. Na região sul do Estado da Bahia são ofertadas várias trilhas localizadas no bioma Mata Atlântica. Vale lembrar que tal bioma é um dos mais ameaçados do Brasil, restando cerca de 7% de remanescente florestal, o que deveria remeter mais atenção principalmente quanto à implantação de novas atividades. Desta forma, este trabalho procurou analisar o mercado de trilhas interpretativas na região citada, no intuito de analisar se existe a adoção de um modelo que valorize o meio natural na relação homem/meio ambiente, bem como demonstrar se as trilhas são formatadas disponibilizando informações que tornem segura a adesão dos usuários. Para a pesquisa sobre a existência destas informações foram realizadas visitas in loco, buscando placas informativas ou outros tipos de divulgação no ponto inicial do percurso das trilhas, bem como a análise de informações existentes em bancos de dados disponibilizados em sites da área de ecoturismo, na internet. Também foram consultados os dois principais sites regionais que divulgam esportes de aventura e opções de trilhas. Assim, observou-se a insuficiência de disponibilização de tais informações, impossibilitando que os usuários desfrutem de todos os benefícios enquanto atividade física, desde os de natureza fisiológica (melhoria dos níveis de saúde), como o contato equilibrado com o ambiente natural. Desta forma, a formatação destas trilhas gera uma prática em que pouco se considera o respeito ao meio ambiente e/ou às individualidades dos praticantes, o que resulta em impactos negativos tanto ambientais quanto para o usuário. Os espaços, hoje, estão susceptíveis à intensificação da degradação, o que leva a diminuir a sua atratividade e a torná-los inadequados à prática, se não houver uma mudança de postura. A atenção aos aspectos ecológicos e a disponibilização de informações, por outro lado, podem favorecer o crescimento da atividade como alternativa econômica, possibilitando mudanças para um estilo de vida mais saudável e que respeite o meio natural.
Is the nail psoriasis severity index reliable in the assessment of nail psoriasis by rheumatologists?
Authors: Lubrano Ennio , Scrivo Rossana , Cantini Fabrizio , Marchesoni Antonio , Mathieu Alessandro , Olivieri Ignazio , Salvarani Carlo , Scarpa Raffaele , Spadaro Antonio
Published: November 2011

Objective

To determine the agreement and reliability of the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) in the assessment of nail involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) when performed by rheumatologists with no experience in using this instrument.

Methods

In total, 3 women with PsA, satisfying the Classification of Psoriatic Arthritis Study Group criteria, with nail involvement were selected from an outpatient clinic devoted to PsA. The assessors consisted of 2 groups: 8 expert rheumatologists in the field of PsA who were members of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis and had extensive experience of >10 years, and 69 rheumatologists who had never previously used the NAPSI. A video showing the nail of each selected patient (patient A, patient B, and patient C) with the most nail PsA dystrophy was shown to these 2 groups. The 8 assessors of the first group, previously trained in using the NAPSI, evaluated the 3 videos independently by using the NAPSI score. The second group scored the NAPSI after an educational session. This evaluation was repeated after 6 hours with a different sequence of videos (unpaired fashion). Interreader and intrareader reliability were estimated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results

The interreader reliability showed ICC 0.934 (95% CI 0.7504–0.9983). Intrareader reliability showed ICC 0.463 (95% CI 0.134–0.668), ICC 0.148 (95% CI 0.3767–0.4722), and ICC 0.354 (95% CI 0.0425–0.600) for patient A, patient B, and patient C, respectively.

Conclusion

These results show that the NAPSI may be an unreliable instrument to assess nail involvement when used by untrained rheumatologists in clinical practice.
A Combined Plasmachemical and Emulsion Templating Approach for Actuated Macroporous Scaffolds
Authors: Morsch Suzanne , Wood Thomas J. , Schofield Wayne C. E. , Badyal Jas Pal S.
Published: November 2011

Functionalised macroporous scaffolds have been fabricated by a decoupled two‐step approach comprising plasmachemical deposition of the host material followed by spontaneous emulsion formation using templating molecules. This unique approach allows pore architecture and surface functionalisation to be tailored independently. Other key features encompass conformality to a range of substrate materials or geometries, and the scope for introduction of a wide variety of pore surface functionalities, which for instance include pore size actuation.
Increased frequency of complement C4B deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rigby William F. C. , Wu Yee Ling , Zan Moe , Zhou Bi , Rosengren Sanna , Carlson Cheryl , Hilton Whitney , Yu C. Yung
Published: November 2011

Objective

To assess the copy number variation of complement C4A and C4B genes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

DNA samples were obtained from 299 patients and controls and analyzed for copy number variation of total complement C4, C4A, and C4B genes. The results were compared by chi‐square analysis, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

Results

Chi‐square analysis revealed similar distribution patterns of total C4 alleles in RA patients (n = 160), non‐RA patients (n = 88), and healthy controls (n = 51). There was no trend toward C4A deficiency as in lupus. Significant differences in C4B distribution were observed in RA patients, in whom an ∼2‐fold increase in the frequency of homozygous and/or heterozygous C4B deficiency (0 or 1 allele) (40%) was present relative to non‐RA patients or healthy controls (both 21.6%). C4B deficiency was more frequent in seropositive RA patients than in seronegative RA patients (44% versus 31%). The odds of C4B deficiency were 2.99 (95% CI 1.58–5.65) (P = 0.0006) in seropositive RA patients relative to non‐RA controls. These findings were confirmed in a larger healthy control cohort, yielding an OR of 1.83 (95% CI 1.21–2.76) (P = 0.0056). The association of the shared epitope with C4B deficiency was significantly greater in seropositive RA patients than in non–seropositive RA controls (96% versus 54.5%) (P < 0.0001), suggesting that C4B deficiency interacts with the shared epitope in the development of seropositive RA.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate a relationship between C4B copy number variation and RA that approximates that seen between C4A copy number variation and lupus. The concurrence of C4B deficiency and the shared epitope in seropositive RA may have broad implications for our understanding of RA pathogenesis.
Tips and tricks to prevent prolapse of the amplatzer septal occluder through Large atrial septal defects
Authors: Wahab Hussien Abdul , Almossawy Ali , Al Bitar Ibn , Hijazi Ziyad M.
Published: November 2011

We report on a new technique “using a partially inflated balloon through the atrial septal defect” to prevent prolapse of the left atrial disk of the Amplatzer septal occulder in large atrial septal defects (ASDs). Two patients underwent successful closure of their ASDs using this new technique. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium Pnictides of the Alkaline Earth Metals, Synthesized by Means of the Flux Method: Crystal Structures and Properties of CaGa2Pn2, SrGa2As2, Ba2Ga5As5, and Ba4Ga5Pn8 (Pn: P or As).
Authors: He Hua , Stearrett Ryan , Nowak Edmund R. , Bobev Svilen
Published: November 2011

The title compounds and the solid solution (Ba0.85Sr0.15)2Ga5As5 are synthesized from molten metal fluxes and characterized by single crystal and powder XRD, resistance and Seebeck coefficient measurements, and TB‐LMTO electronic structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Disorder in Rare Earth Metal Halide Carbide Nitrides.
Authors: Schaloske Manuel C. , Kienle Lorenz , Mattausch Hansjuergen , Duppel Viola , Simon Arndt
Published: November 2011

The structures of Ce4I6CN and disordered Ce6I9C2N phases are determined by single crystal XRD, HRTEM, and SAED.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermoelectric Properties of Barium Copper Polychalcogenides with Chalcogen‐Centered Cu Clusters and Te2‐2 Dumbbells.
Authors: Mayasree Oottil , Sankar Cheriyedath Raj , Cui Yanjie , Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Holger
Published: November 2011

BaCu5.72Se0.46Te6.54, BaCu5.93SeTe6, and BaCu5.92S0.986Te6.014 are synthesized from the elements (silica tubes, 663 K, 240 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD and DFT‐based LMTO electronic band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Comparative Photocatalytic Activity of Pt/WO3 and Au/WO3 Nanocomposites under Sunlight‐Type Excitation.
Authors: Qamar M. , Yamani Z. H. , Gondal M. A. , Alhooshani K.
Published: November 2011

The photocatalytic activity of the title nanocomposites (obtained by photochemical deposition of Pt and Au nanoparticles on WO3) is characterized by the removal of methyl orange and 2,4‐sichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanide Antimony Oxohalides: From Discrete Nanoclusters to Inorganic—Organic Hybrid Chains and Layers.
Authors: Hu Bing , Feng Mei‐Ling , Li Jian‐Rong , Lin Qi‐Pu , Huang Xiao‐Ying
Published: November 2011

The crystal structures of compounds (III), (IV), and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: BiO(IO3): A New Polar Iodate that Exhibits an Aurivillius‐Type (Bi2O2)2+ Layer and a Large SHG Response.
Authors: Nguyen Sau Doan , Yeon Jeongho , Kim Sang‐Hwan , Halasyamani P. Shiv
Published: November 2011

The title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a solution of Bi(NO3)3, HIO3, and HNO3 (autoclave, 200 °C, 7 d, ≈100% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Ce2[MoO5][MoO4] and Ce5[MoO4]8: Two New Cerium Oxomolybdates, Each Exhibiting a Special Structural Feature.
Authors: Schustereit Tanja , Schleid Thomas , Hartenbach Ingo
Published: November 2011

Compounds (IV) and (VI) are obtained in the attempted syntheses of halide derivatives of cerium(III) oxomolybdates(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Na9[EuW10O36]·32H2O and Layered Double Hydroxides Leading to Ordered Ultra‐Thin Films: Cooperative Effect and Orientation Effect.
Authors: Xu Junhua , Zhao Shen , Han Zhenzhen , Wang Xiaoting , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: November 2011

Well‐ordered, ultra‐thin films based on the hybrid assembly of Na9[EuW10O36]·32H2O and exfoliated MgAl layered double hydroxide monolayers are fabricated by a layer‐by‐layer technique.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral P,N‐Ligands Derived from Quinoline and Their Application in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations.
Authors: Shen Yan‐Hong , Lv Hui‐Chao , Zhao Liang
Published: November 2011

Chiral P,N‐ligands with a trans‐ and cis‐cyclohexane backbone are easily synthesized in four steps from quinoline N‐oxide and successfully used in an asymmetric allylic alkylation (up to 84% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: A General Copper—BINAP Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylation of Ketones with Propargyl Boronates.
Authors: Fandrick Keith R. , Fandrick Daniel R. , Reeves Jonathan T. , Gao Joe , Ma Shengli , Li Wenjie , Lee Heewon , Grinberg Nelu , Lu Bruce , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: November 2011

Prochiral aliphatic ketones as well as acetophenones and heterocyclic analogues are propargylated by trimethylsilylpropargyl boronate under optimized conditions to give the corresponding homopropargylic tertiary alcohols in general with <90% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Intermolecular Stetter Reaction of Enals with Nitroalkenes: Enhancement of Catalytic Efficiency Through Bifunctional Additives.
Authors: DiRocco Daniel A. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: November 2011

The title reaction is performed with aromatic and aliphatic enals in the presence of chiral fluorinated triazolium salt FTB as precatalyst and catechols as additives, which significantly enhance the reactivity and chemical yields.
ChemInform Abstract: New Data on the Reaction of Hexafluorothioacetone with Styrenes.
Authors: Petrov Viacheslav A. , Marshall Will
Published: November 2011

The outcome in fluoride ion catalyzed reactions of p‐substituted styrenes with dimeric hexafluorothioacetone depends strongly on the structure of the styrene, the nature of the catalyst and the polarity of the solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Copper(I) and Primary Amine Catalyzed Room‐Temperature Carbocyclization of Formyl Alkynes.
Authors: Montaignac Benjamin , Vitale Maxime R. , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie , Michelet Veronique
Published: November 2011

The novel catalytic system allows the preparation of a variety of carbo‐ and heterocycles under mild conditions via cyclization of α‐disubstituted aldehydes onto unactivated alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Epoxidation and Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation Using Hydrogen Peroxide and a Lipase Dissolved in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Kotlewska Aleksandra J. , van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger A. , Arends Isabel W. C. E.
Published: November 2011

Hydrogen‐bond donating ionic liquids are found to be excellent solvents for the lipase‐mediated epoxidation of alkenes as well as the Baeyer—Villiger oxidation of ketones and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Hydroxamic Acids Leads to a Mild and Versatile Acylnitroso Ene Reaction.
Authors: Frazier Charles P. , Engelking Jarred R. , de Alaniz Javier Read
Published: November 2011

Under mild conditions, the in situ oxidation of N‐hydroxycarbamates by atmospheric air in reagent grade THF affords the acylnitroso intermediates which undergo with a wide variety of alkene partners intra‐ or intermolecular acylnitroso‐ene reactions to give functionalized allylic hydroxycarbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Acetylenes, Aryl—Alkyl Ethers, 2‐Alkene‐4‐ynoates and Nitriles Using Heterogeneous Mesoporous Pd‐MCM‐48 as Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Banerjee Subhash , Khatri Hari , Balasanthiran Vagulejan , Koodali Ranjit T. , Sereda Grigoriy
Published: November 2011

The palladium catalyst is used for the Sonogashira coupling of acetylenes under copper‐ and amine‐free conditions, for the selective C—O coupling of primary alcohols in the presence of secondary and tertiary alcohols, for the stereoselective preparation of 1,3‐enynes from vic‐diiodoalkenes with conjugated alkenes, and for C—N coupling reactions of aryl iodides or bromides with secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Allylic C—H Alkylation of Unactivated α‐Olefins: Serial Ligand Catalysis Resumed.
Authors: Young Andrew J. , White M. Christina
Published: November 2011

A significantly improved method for the intermolecular allylic C—H alkylation of unactivated and activated olefins is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Di‐tert‐butylisobutylsilyl, Another Useful Protecting Group.
Authors: Liang Huan , Hu Lin , Corey E. J.
Published: November 2011

A novel protecting group is applied to various primary alcohols and amines, carboxylic acids and phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Strecker Reaction in Water: A Simple and Efficient Protocol Using Acetone Cyanohydrin as Cyanide Source.
Authors: Galletti Paola , Pori Matteo , Giacomini Daria
Published: November 2011

The use of acetone cyanohydrin for the one‐pot Strecker reaction in water under catalyst‐free conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Pentafluorosulfanyl‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: Husstedt Wibke S. , Thrasher Joseph S. , Haufe Guenter
Published: November 2011

Aldehyde (I) is used as starting material for the direct synthesis of title compounds (III)/(IV) or the synthesis of (VIII)/(IX) via ketones (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Siloxyallenes from Alkynoylsilanes by Reduction and a Brook Rearrangement and Their Subsequent Trapping in a [4 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Sasaki Michiko , Kondo Yasuhiro , Kawahata Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Takeda Kei
Published: November 2011

A consecutive process is developed for the enantioselective formation of siloxyallenes such as (II) from alkynoylsilanes (I), taking advantage of reduction by a chiral lithium amide followed by stereoselective SE′‐type process through the Brook rearrangement of an alkynyl silicate intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Reactions of Propargyl Esters with Vinyl Derivatives.
Authors: Sperger Christian A. , Tungen Joern E. , Fiksdahl Anne
Published: November 2011

The diastereoselectivity of the cyclopropanation is controlled by the sterically more demanding olefin substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Organocatalyzed Michael—Michael Cascade Reaction Generates Functionalized Cyclohexenes.
Authors: McGarraugh Patrick G. , Jones Joshua H. , Brenner‐Moyer Stacey E.
Published: November 2011

The prolinol silyl ether catalyzed reaction of a number of linear and cyclic unsaturated β‐dicarbonyl compounds with unsaturated aldehydes is found to allow stereoselective access to highly substituted cyclohexene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Bromoalkynylation of C—C Double Bonds: Ring‐Structure‐Dependent Synthesis of 7‐Alkynyl Norbornanes and Cyclobutenyl Halides.
Authors: Li Yibiao , Liu Xiaohang , Jiang Huanfeng , Liu Bifu , Chen Zhengwang , Zhou Peng
Published: November 2011

The reactions proceed under extremely mild conditions and tolerate various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Operationally Simple and Highly (E)‐Styrenyl‐Selective Heck Reactions of Electronically Nonbiased Olefins.
Authors: Werner Erik W. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: November 2011

Simple, mild and efficient conditions are reported for the reaction that delivers high yields and (E)‐selectivity for most products.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Construction of All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers by Branch‐Selective Pd‐Catalyzed Allyl—Allyl Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Zhang Ping , Le Hai , Kyne Robert E. , Morken James P.
Published: November 2011

The cross‐coupling of racemic tertiary allylic carbonates with allylboronates generates dienes with all‐carbon quaternary centers in a highly regioselective and enantioselective fashion.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Haloalkynes with Allyl Acetate: A Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐β‐Haloenol Acetates.
Authors: Chen Xiaoyi , Chen Dongxu , Lu Zenghui , Kong Lichun , Zhu Gangguo
Published: November 2011

The title compounds are useful synthons which undergo Suzuki—Miyaura and Sonogashira couplings.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Reactions of Unbiased Alkenyl Halides and Alkylzinc Halides: Negishi‐Plus Couplings.
Authors: Krasovskiy Arkady , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: November 2011

The method is found the most effective one to achieve the coupling with complete stereoretention.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Phosphates Through Cleaving Aryl C—O Bonds.
Authors: Huang Jin‐Hua , Yang Lian‐Ming
Published: November 2011

Triarylphosphates are used as arylating agents to prepare a wide range of tertiary or secondary aryl amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Amines to Imines under Neat Conditions with Low Catalyst Loading.
Authors: Patil Rajendra D. , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: November 2011

The reaction is applied to benzylic, aliphatic and secondary cyclic amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine(III)‐Mediated α‐Acetoxylation of Aromatic Ketones.
Authors: Tang Jiansheng , Zheng Min , Chen Yao , Guo Cancheng
Published: November 2011

α‐Phenoxy ketones (I) smoothly undergo α‐acetoxylation in the presence of iodobenzene diacetate and potassium iodide to furnish α‐acetoxy ketones (III) in moderate to good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Strecker Reaction of Di‐ and Trifluoromethyl Ketoimines. Remarkable Fluorine Effect.
Authors: Liu Yun‐Lin , Shi Tao‐Da , Zhou Feng , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Wang Xin , Zhou Jian
Published: November 2011

The di‐ and trifluoromethyl substituents in the substrates is crucial as racemic product is observed when only a methyl substituent is present.
ChemInform Abstract: Monoalkylation of Acetonitrile by Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes.
Authors: Anxionnat Bruno , Gomez Pardo Domingo , Ricci Gino , Cossy Janine
Published: November 2011

A wide range of primary alcohols is alkylated with acetonitrile.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Sulfonylation of Baylis—Hillman Alcohols and Diarylmethanols with TosMIC in Ionic Liquid‐[Hmim]HSO4: An Unexpected Reaction.
Authors: Garima Garima , Srivastava Vishnu P. , Yadav Lal Dhar S.
Published: November 2011

TosMIC (II) acts as source of a tosyl nucleophile in reactions with alcohols (I), (IV) and (VI) under conditions A) to give sulfone derivatives instead of the expected N‐tosylmethyl amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Mutual Activation: Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Through Direct Cleavage of the sp2 C—O Bond of Naphtholate.
Authors: Yu Da‐Gang , Shi Zhang‐Ji
Published: November 2011

Key step of the direct Suzuki—Miyaura coupling of naphthols with various aryl boroxines is the in situ generation of borates offering a new concept of mutual activation of the coupling partners.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral 2‐Aroyl‐1‐tetralols: Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of 2‐Aroyl‐1‐tetralones via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.
Authors: Wu Yun , Geng Zhicong , Bai Jinjin , Zhang Yawen
Published: November 2011

The reaction is conducted by means of the Noyori′s classic chiral catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Arylation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Through Palladium Catalysis.
Authors: Mochida Kenji , Kawasumi Katsuaki , Segawa Yasutomo , Itami Kenichiro
Published: November 2011

The combination of o‐chloranil and Pd(OAc)2 to catalyzes the direct C—H bond arylation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with arylboroxins selectively at the K‐region.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Hydrazones with α‐Oxo‐ketenes: A Three‐Component Stereoselective Entry to Pyrazolidinones and an Original Class of Spirooxindoles.
Authors: Presset Marc , Mohanan Kishor , Hamann Marie , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: November 2011

The reaction proceeds with complete diastereoselectivity and is also applied to isatin derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Carbonylation—Peroxidation of Alkenes with Aldehydes and Hydroperoxides.
Authors: Liu Weiping , Li Yuanming , Liu Kaisheng , Li Zhiping
Published: November 2011

A novel and practical three‐component carbonylation/peroxidation procedure of alkenes (I) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Non‐Activated 2‐(Chloromethyl)aziridines.
Authors: Stankovic Sonja , D'hooghe Matthias , Dewulf Jo , Bogaert Piet , Jolie Robrecht , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: November 2011

The NaBH4‐mediated cyclization of dichloroimines gives 2‐(chloromethyl)aziridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(OTf)2 Catalyzed Synthesis of Bis(5‐methyl‐2‐furyl)methanes by Condensation of 2‐Methylfuran with Carbonyl Compounds under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Muthyala Manoj Kumar , Rao V. Kameswara , Kumar Anil
Published: November 2011

The catalyst shows good catalytic activity without noticeable decrease in product yield up to four successive cycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to Terminal Acetylenes Mediated by Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate.
Authors: Sivan Akhil , Deepthi Ani , Nandialath Vidya
Published: November 2011

The reaction results in a simple synthesis of multisubstituted furan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Preparation of Ethyl 2‐Methylthiophene‐3‐carboxylate.
Authors: Kogami Masakazu , Watanabe Nobuhide
Published: November 2011

A safe, simple, and efficient method for the synthesis of the title compound (V) from the commercially available compound (I) is presented on a multikilogram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrrole‐3‐carbonitriles via Reactions of 1,1‐Dicyano‐2,3‐diarylcyclopropanes with Aromatic Imines.
Authors: Fu Qin , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: November 2011

Lewis acid catalyzed ring‐opening reaction of cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarbonitriles (I) and subsequent trapping with imines results in moderately different formation of fully substituted pyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Tertiary Alcohols Through a Zirconium‐Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Pyrroles with α‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Blay Gonzalo , Fernandez Isabel , Munoz M. Carmen , Pedro Jose R. , Recuenco Alejandro , Vila Carlos
Published: November 2011

Unprotected pyrroles afford tertiary alcohols with good to high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Hydrogenative Cyclization of Allenynes.
Authors: Kim Hyo‐Tong , Yoon Hyo‐Sang , Jang Woo‐Young , Kang Youn K. , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: November 2011

The platinum‐catalyzed reductive cyclization of allenynes provides hetero‐ and carbocycles with completely controlled regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiourea‐Catalyzed Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of α‐Substituted Cyanoacetates to Maleimides: Efficient Construction of Vicinal Quaternary‐Tertiary Stereocenters.
Authors: Liao Yu‐Hua , Liu Xiong‐Li , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Du Xi‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng
Published: November 2011

α‐Arylsubstituted cyanoacetates react with various N‐substituted maleimides to afford products bearing 2 vicinal quaternary‐tertiary stereocenters.
ChemInform Abstract: Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Oxindoles by a Palladium‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation/Alkylation Sequence.
Authors: Li Pengfei , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: November 2011

The two‐step synthesis of various methyl‐ and methoxymethyl‐protected oxindoles includes the implementation of a biphasic system with KOH as the base, a palladacycle as the rapidly activated precatalyst, and a packed bed as the microreactor that enables efficient mixing.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Evaluation of Certain New 3a,4,9,9a‐Tetrahydro‐4,9‐benzenobenz[f]isoindole‐1,3‐diones.
Authors: Abu‐Hashem A. A. , Gouda M. A.
Published: November 2011

Compounds (Va), (IXb), (IXd), (IXf), and (IXh) exhibit analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities higher than those of the reference drug.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Pyrazoles via Tandem Cross‐Coupling/Electrocyclization of Enol Triflates and Diazoacetates.
Authors: Babinski David J. , Aguilar Hector R. , Still Raymond , Frantz Doug E.
Published: November 2011

A wide range of 3,4,5‐trisubstituted pyrazoles is available.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon Lewis Acid Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Hydrazones/Cyclopentadiene: Mild Access to Pyrazolidine Derivatives.
Authors: Zamfir Alexandru , Schenker Sebastian , Bauer Walter , Clark Timothy , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: November 2011

A catalytic metal‐free approach to pyrazolidines by [3 + 2] cycloadditions of different N‐acylhydrazones to cyclopentadiene is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Alkane‐Bridged N,N′‐Diaryl Bisimidazolium Chlorides under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Zhuang Yongzhong , Zhao Jinafeng , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui
Published: November 2011

A series of the title compounds (III) is efficiently obtained via reaction of N‐arylimidazoles (I) with less expensive dialkyl chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Efficient Approach to Isoxazolines. First Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐5‐dichloromethyl‐2‐isoxazolines.
Authors: Guirado Antonio , Martiz Bruno , Andreu Raquel , Bautista Delia
Published: November 2011

The method is based on the conversion of β,γ‐enones (I) into oximes which are readily cyclize to the desired isoxazolines in the presence of aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Oxa‐ and Thiazolidine‐1,3‐diones and Their Oxiranyl and Thiiranyl Derivatives.
Authors: Babaeva G. V. , Shikhaliev N. G. , Gasanov V. S. , Kurbanov K. B. , Allakhverdiev M. A.
Published: November 2011

Thiazolidinones (IV) and (VII), thiazolidinediones (V), and imidazolidinediones (IX) are synthesized in one step by three‐component condensation of aromatic aldehydes or amines with chloroacetic acid and thiourea or urea.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐4‐methyl‐1,2‐benzenedisulfonimides, New Chiral Broensted Acids. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study.
Authors: Barbero Margherita , Bazzi Stefano , Cadamuro Silvano , Di Bari Lorenzo , Dughera Stefano , Ghigo Giovanni , Padula Daniele , Tabasso Silvia
Published: November 2011

Benzodithioles (VII), disulfonyl chlorides (VIII), and the target benzenedisulfonimides (IX) exhibit atropisomerism due to the hindered rotation of the aryl group.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Annulation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes with 1,3‐Dicarbonyls.
Authors: Zhu Zhi‐Qiang , Zheng Xing‐Liang , Jiang Ning‐Fei , Wan Xiaolong , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: November 2011

Chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyzed annulations of ynals (I) and enals (IV) with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds (II) and (VII) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Indane Skeleton Based Thiourea Catalyzed Highly Stereoselective Cascade Michael—Enolization—Cyclization Reaction.
Authors: Ren Qiao , Gao Yaojun , Wang Jian
Published: November 2011

The cascade Michael addition—enolization—cyclization reaction of β,γ‐unsaturated α‐ketoesters (I) and (IV) with cyclohexanedione (II) is smoothly catalyzed by a novel bifunctional tertiary amine—thiourea organocatalyst to give highly functionalized hexahydrobenzopyranones (III) and (V), resp., in high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: TiCl4‐Promoted Cyclization Reactions of Aminoacetals and Ethenetricarboxylates Leading to Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles.
Authors: Yamazaki Shoko , Takebayashi Masachika
Published: November 2011

The title reaction allows an efficient approach to highly functionalized piperidines and pyrrolidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Functionalization of Quinolin‐4(1H)‐ones via Sequential Palladium‐Catalyzed Reactions.
Authors: Mugnaini Claudia , Falciani Chiara , De Rosa Maria , Brizzi Antonella , Pasquini Serena , Corelli Federico
Published: November 2011

A variety of 1,3,6‐trisubstituted quinolinones of potential pharmaceutical activity is prepared starting from the corresponding N‐alkyl‐6‐bromo‐3‐iodo‐substituted quinolinones by sequential regioselective and microwave‐assisted Suzuki—Miyaura, Sonogashira, or aminocarbonylation reactions (15 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Direct Cyclization of N‐Methylanilines with Electron‐Deficient Alkenes Using Molecular Oxygen.
Authors: Nishino Mayuko , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: November 2011

It provides and effective approach to various tetrahydroquinoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodocyclization of N‐Aryl‐3‐phenylpropiolamides by I2/CAN: A Convenient Route for the Selective Synthesis of Quinolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Likhar Pravin R. , Racharlawar Shailesh S. , Karkhelikar Manjusha V. , Subhas M. S. , Sridhar B.
Published: November 2011

Depending on the electronic and steric nature of the aryl substituent, either quinolinone or spirocyclic pyrrole structures are selectively obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling Reaction of Quinoline Carboxylates with Boronic Acids.
Authors: Li Wenjie , Gao Joe J. , Zhang Yongda , Tang Wenjun , Lee Heewon , Fandrick Keith R. , Lu Bruce , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: November 2011

A variety of substituted 4‐hydroxyquinoline benzoates reacts with arylboronic acids or cyclopropylboronic acid (V) to afford the corresponding 4‐substituted derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Alkynyl‐ and 1‐Alkenyl‐3‐arylimidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Observation of a Linear Correlation Between the Fluorescent Wavelength and Hammett Substituent Constants.
Authors: Yamaguchi Eiji , Shibahara Fumitoshi , Murai Toshiaki
Published: November 2011

A number of title compounds is prepared which all exhibit fluorescence in solution.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Carbolines by Photostimulated Cyclization of Anilinohalopyridines.
Authors: Laha Joydev K. , Barolo Silvia M. , Rossi Roberto A. , Cuny Gregory D.
Published: November 2011

It provides a convenient method to prepare all four carboline regioisomers in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by the Bis(acetyloxy)(phenyl)‐λ3‐iodane Mediated Oxidative Coupling of 2‐Aminopyridines with β‐Keto Esters and 1,3‐Diones.
Authors: Wang Xianpei , Ma Lijuan , Yu Wei
Published: November 2011

Optimized conditions are evaluated for the title process which is applied to the preparation of various biologically important heterocyclic scaffolds.