bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards scheduling for Internet‐of‐Things applications on clouds: a simulated annealing approach
Authors: Moschakis Ioannis A. , Karatza Helen D.
Published: July 2013

The Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing are two novel paradigms both rapidly evolving in their particular areas of application. The former is enabled through several technologies ranging from communication systems to distributed intelligence, whereas the latter provides the means for massively parallel computation on demand. Therefore, we can include Cloud Computing as an enabling factor in the greater picture of the IoT. Given the complexity of IoT's computing concepts, it would be prudent to assume that this complexity will eventually provide computing workloads that are different in kind to the current ones. Thus, it becomes important to study how current scheduling optimization techniques can be adapted to such computing tasks. In this study, we have evaluated the application of simulated annealing in a multi‐cloud system serving a workload of processes with low parallelism but with high arrival rates and highly variant run‐times. A discrete event simulator was used in order to assess both the performance and the cost of the system. Simulation results indicate that significant gains both in performance and in cost can be achieved using the proposed scheduling technique in this context. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insights into the Mechanism of the Reaction between Tetrachloro‐p‐Benzoquinone and Hydrogen Peroxide and their Implications in the Catalytic Role of Water Molecules in Producing the Hydroxyl Radial
Authors: Li Ping , Wang Weihua , Sun Qiao , Li Zhen , Du Aijun , Bi Siwei , Zhao Yan
Published: July 2013

Detailed mechanisms for the formation of hydroxyl or alkoxyl radicals in the reactions between tetrachloro‐p‐benzoquinone (TCBQ) and organic hydroperoxides are crucial for better understanding the potential carcinogenicity of polyhalogenated quinones. Herein, the mechanism of the reaction between TCBQ and H2O2has been systematically investigated at the B3LYP/6‐311++G** level of theory in the presence of different numbers of water molecules. We report that the whole reaction can easily take place with the assistance of explicit water molecules. Namely, an initial intermediate is formed first. After that, a nucleophilic attack of H2O2onto TCBQ occurs, which results in the formation of a second intermediate that contains an OOH group. Subsequently, this second intermediate decomposes homolytically through cleavage of the OO bond to produce a hydroxyl radical. Energy analyses suggest that the nucleophilic attack is the rate‐determining step in the whole reaction. The participation of explicit water molecules promotes the reaction significantly, which can be used to explain the experimental phenomena. In addition, the effects of F, Br, and CH3substituents on this reaction have also been studied.
An Optical Probe Possessing Upconversion Luminescence and Hg2+‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Zhang Jin , Li Bin , Zhang Liming , Zhang Ligong
Published: July 2013

A Hg2+‐selective chromophoric upconversion nanosystem is achieved by covalently grafting Rhodamine B hydrazide (RB‐hydrazide) onto upconversion luminescent nanorod core–shell structures. The prepared β‐NaYF4 nanorods are coated with silica and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and photoluminescence spectra. Under 980 nm excitation, the upconversion luminescence is sensitive towards Hg2+ because RB‐hydrazide‐Hg can efficiently absorb green upconversion emission. The prepared nanocomposites exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity towards Hg2+ over other metal ions. These results indicate that this nanosystem could be developed as a promising fluorescence probe for detecting Hg2+ ions.
Energy‐Resolved Collision‐Induced Dissociation Studies of 2,2′‐Bipyridine Complexes of the Late First‐Row Divalent Transition‐Metal Cations: Determination of the Third‐Sequential Binding Energies
Authors: Nose Holliness , Rodgers M. T.
Published: July 2013

The third‐sequential binding energies of the late first‐row divalent transition‐metal cations with 2,2′‐bipyridine (Bpy) are determined using guided‐ion‐beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) techniques. The metal cations investigated include the late first‐row divalent transition‐metal cations, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. The kinetic‐energy‐dependent cross sections for collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of the M2+(Bpy)3 complexes are analyzed to extract absolute 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for the loss of an intact Bpy ligand. Theoretical electronic structure calculations at the B3LYP, BHandHLYP, and M06 levels of theory are performed to determine stable geometries and sequential BDEs of the M2+(Bpy)x complexes (x=1–3). BDEs computed using the M06 functional are the largest, BHandHLYP values are intermediate, whereas B3LYP produces the smallest values. Very good agreement between the B3LYP theoretically calculated and threshold collision‐induced dissociation experimentally determined BDEs is found, which suggests that the B3LYP functional is capable of accurately describing the binding in these M2+(Bpy)3 complexes. Periodic trends in the binding of the M2+(Bpy)x complexes are examined and compared to the analogous complexes with 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen), M2+(Phen)x. Comparisons are also made to the analogous Bpy complexes, M+(Bpy)x, with the late first‐row monovalent transition‐metal cations, Co+, Ni+, Cu+, and Zn+ investigated previously.
Modeling Interactions between an Amino Acid and a Metal Dication: Cysteine–Calcium(II) Reactions in the Gas Phase
Authors: Hurtado Marcela , Monte Manuel , Lamsabhi Al Mokhtar , Yáñez Manuel , Mó Otilia , Salpin Jean‐Yves
Published: July 2013

The gas‐phase interactions between Ca2+and cysteine (Cys) have been investigated through the use of electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry techniques and B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) density functional theory computations. The unimolecular collision‐activated decomposition of [Ca(Cys)]2+is dominated by the loss of ammonia, a Coulomb explosion yielding NH4+and [CaC3H3O2S]+, and the loss of H2S. The detection of lighter [C3H3OS]+monocations indicates that the [CaC3H4O2S]2+doubly charged species produced by the loss of ammonia undergo a subsequent Coulomb explosion yielding [C3H3OS]++CaOH+. This [C3H3OS]+cation finally decomposes into [C2H3S]++CO. Alternatively, the aforementioned [CaC3H4O2S]2+dications may also lead to lighter [CaCO2]2+and [CaC2H4S]2+dications by the loss of C2H4S and CO2, respectively. A detailed theoretical exploration of the Ca2+/Cys potential‐energy surface indicates that the salt‐bridge structures, in which the metal dication interacts with the carboxylate group of the zwitterionic form of cysteine, are at the origin of the different reaction pathways leading to the observed product ions, even though they lie higher in energy than the charge‐solvated adduct in which the metal interacts simultaneously with the carbonyl oxygen, the amino, and the SH group of its canonical form. The interaction between the metal cation and the base is essentially electrostatic, with a calculated binding energy of 560 kJ mol−1.
Conditional KIAA1549:BRAF mice reveal brain region‐ and cell type‐specific effects
Authors: Kaul Aparna , Chen Yi‐Hsien , Emnett Ryan J. , Gianino Scott M. , Gutmann David H.
Published: July 2013

Low‐grade brain tumors (pilocytic astrocytomas) that result from a genomic rearrangement in which the BRAF kinase domain is fused to the amino terminal of the KIAA1549 gene (KIAA1549:BRAF fusion; f‐BRAF) commonly arise in the cerebellum of young children. To model this temporal and spatial specificity in mice, we generated conditional KIAA1549:BRAF strains that coexpresses green fluorescent protein (GFP). Although both primary astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSCs) from these mice express f‐BRAF and GFP as well as exhibit increased MEK activity, only f‐BRAF‐expressing NSCs exhibit increased proliferation in vitro. Using Cre driver lines in which KIAA1549:BRAF expression was directed to NSCs (f‐BRAF; BLBP‐Cre mice), astrocytes (f‐BRAF; GFAP‐Cre mice), and NG2 progenitor cells (f‐BRAF; NG2‐Cre mice), increased glial cell numbers were observed only in the cerebellum of f‐BRAF; BLBP‐Cre mice in vivo. The availability of this unique KIAA1549:BRAF conditional transgenic mouse strain will enable future mechanistic studies aimed at defining the developmentally–regulated temporal and spatial determinants that underlie low‐grade astrocytoma formation in children. genesis 51:708–716. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐efficacy beliefs and eating behavior in adolescent girls at‐risk for excess weight gain and binge eating disorder
Authors: Glasofer Deborah R. , Haaga David A.F. , Hannallah Louise , Field Sara E. , Kozlosky Merel , Reynolds James , Yanovski Jack A. , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian
Published: July 2013

Objective

To examine the relationship between self‐related agency beliefs and observed eating behavior in adolescent girls with loss of control (LOC) eating.

Method

One‐hundred eleven adolescent girls (14.5 ± 1.7 years; BMI: 27.1 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were administered the General Self‐Efficacy Scale and the Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire (WEL). Adolescents then participated in a laboratory test meal.

Results

Greater general and eating self‐efficacy were associated with fewer episodes of LOC eating. General self‐efficacy was inversely related to total intake at the meal (p < .01). Only the WEL availability subscale score, but not the other WEL subscales, was inversely related to total energy, snack, and dessert intake (ps < 0.05).

Discussion

General self‐related agency beliefs may be important in relation to energy consumption. Among girls susceptible to disordered eating and obesity, the domain‐specific belief in one's ability to refrain from eating when food is widely available may be especially salient in determining overeating in the current food environment. Further research is therefore needed to assess the predictive validity of these beliefs on eating and weight outcomes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:663–668)
Examining duration of binge eating episodes in binge eating disorder
Authors: Schreiber‐Gregory Deanna N. , Lavender Jason M. , Engel Scott G. , Wonderlich Steve A. , Crosby Ross D. , Peterson Carol B. , Simonich Heather , Crow Scott , Durkin Nora , Mitchell James E.
Published: July 2013

Objective

The primary goal of this article is to examine and clarify characteristics of binge eating in individuals with binge eating disorder (BED), particularly the duration of binge eating episodes, as well as potential differences between individuals with shorter compared to longer binge eating episodes.

Method

Two studies exploring binge eating characteristics in BED were conducted. Study 1 examined differences in clinical variables among individuals (N = 139) with BED who reported a short (<2 h) versus long (≥2 h) average binge duration. Study 2 utilized an ecological momentary assessment design to examine the duration and temporal pattern of binge eating episodes in the natural environment in a separate sample of nine women with BED.

Results

Participants in Study 1 who were classified as having long duration binge eating episodes displayed greater symptoms of depression and lower self‐esteem, but did not differ on other measures of eating disorder symptoms, compared to those with short duration binge eating episodes. In Study 2, the average binge episode duration was approximately 42 min, and binge eating episodes were most common during the early afternoon and evening hours, as well as more common on weekdays versus weekends.

Discussion

Past research on binge episode characteristics, particularly duration, has been limited to studies of binge eating episodes in bulimia nervosa. This study contributes to the existing literature on characteristics of binge eating in BED. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:810–814)
Constitutive induction of intestinal Tc17 cells in the absence of hematopoietic cell‐specific MHC class II expression
Authors: Rubino Stephen J. , Geddes Kaoru , Magalhaes Joao G. , Streutker Catherine , Philpott Dana J. , Girardin Stephen E.
Published: July 2013

The enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium induces a mucosal IL‐17 response in CD4+ T helper (Th17) cells that is dependent on the Nod‐like receptors Nod1 and Nod2. Here, we sought to determine whether this early Th17 response required antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) for full induction. At early phases of C. rodentium infection, we observed that the intestinal mucosal Th17 response was fully blunted in irradiated mice reconstituted with MHCII‐deficient (MHCII−/−→WT) hematopoietic cells. Surprisingly, we also observed a substantial increase in the relative frequency of IL‐17+CD8+CD4−TCR‐β+ cells (Tc17 cells) and FOXP3+CD8+CD4−TCR‐β+ cells in the lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment of MHCII−/−→WT mice compared with that in WT→WT counterparts. Moreover, MHCII−/−→WT mice displayed increased susceptibility, increased bacterial translocation to deeper organs, and more severe colonic histopathology after infection with C. rodentium. Finally, a similar phenotype was observed in mice deficient for CIITA, a transcriptional regulator of MHCII expression. Together, these results indicate that MHCII is required to mount early mucosal Th17 responses to an enteric pathogen, and that MHCII regulates the induction of atypical CD8+ T‐cell subsets, such as Tc17 cells and FOXP3+CD8+ cells, in vivo.
Reciprocal modulation of C/EBP‐α and C/EBP‐β by IL‐13 in activated microglia prevents neuronal death
Authors: Pan Hung Chuan , Yang Cheng Ning , Hung Yi Wen , Lee Wen Jane , Tien Hsing Ru , Shen Chin Chang , Sheehan Jason , Chou Chiang Ting , Sheu Meei Ling
Published: July 2013

In response to aggravation by activated microglia, IL‐13 can significantly enhance ER stress induction, apoptosis, and death via reciprocal signaling through CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein alpha (C/EBP‐α) and C/EBP‐beta (C/EBP‐β). This reciprocal signaling promotes neuronal survival. Since the induction of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma/heme oxygenase 1 (PPAR‐γ/HO‐1) by IL‐13 plays a crucial role in the promotion of and protection from activated microglia, respectively; here, we investigated the role of IL‐13 in regulating C/EBPs in activated microglia and determined its correlation with neuronal function. The results revealed that IL‐13 significantly enhanced C/EBP‐α/COX‐2 expression and PGE2 production in LPS‐treated microglial cells. Paradoxically, IL‐13 abolished C/EBP‐β/PPAR‐γ/HO‐1 expression. IL‐13 also enhanced ER stress‐evoked calpain activation by promoting the association of C/EBP‐β and PPAR‐γ. SiRNA‐C/EBP‐α effectively reversed the combined LPS‐activated caspase‐12 activation and IL‐13‐induced apoptosis. In contrast, siRNA‐C/EBP‐β partially increased microglial cell apoptosis. By NeuN immunochemistry and CD11b staining, there was improvement in the loss of CA3 neuronal cells after intrahippocampal injection of IL‐13. This suggests that IL‐13‐enhanced PLA2 activity regulates COX‐2/PGE2 expression through C/EBP‐α activation. In parallel, ER stress‐related calpain downregulates the PPAR‐γ/HO‐1 pathway via C/EBP‐β and leads to aggravated death of activated microglia via IL‐13, thereby preventing cerebral inflammation and neuronal injury.
Long‐lived Plasmodium falciparum specific memory B cells in naturally exposed Swedish travelers
Authors: Ndungu Francis M. , Lundblom Klara , Rono Josea , Illingworth Joseph , Eriksson Sara , Färnert Anna
Published: July 2013

Antibodies (Abs) are critical for immunity to malaria. However, Plasmodium falciparum specific Abs decline rapidly in absence of reinfection, suggesting impaired immunological memory. This study determines whether residents of Sweden that were treated for malaria following international travel maintained long‐lasting malaria‐specific Abs and memory B cells (MBCs). We compared levels of malaria‐specific Abs and MBCs between 47 travelers who had been admitted with malaria at the Karolinska University Hospital between 1 and 16 years previously, eight malaria‐naïve adult Swedes without histories of travel, and 14 malaria‐immune adult Kenyans. Plasmodium falciparum‐lysate‐specific Ab levels were above naïve control levels in 30% of the travelers, whereas AMA‐1, merozoite surface protein‐142, and merozoite surface protein‐3‐specific Ab levels were similar. In contrast, 78% of travelers had IgG‐MBCs specific for at least one malaria antigen (59, 45, and 28% for apical merozoite antigen‐1, merozoite surface protein‐1, and merozoite surface protein‐3, respectively) suggesting that malaria‐specific MBCs are maintained for longer than the cognate serum Abs in the absence of re‐exposure to parasites. Five travelers maintained malaria antigen‐specific MBC responses for up to 16 years since the diagnosis of the index episode (and had not traveled to malaria‐endemic regions in the intervening time). Thus P. falciparum can induce long‐lasting MBCs, maintained for up to 16 years without reexposure.
Biologically Relevant Silver(I)–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, Intramolecular Interactions, and Applications
Authors: Budagumpi Srinivasa , Haque Rosenani A. , Endud Salasiah , Rehman Ghani Ur , Salman Abbas Washeel
Published: July 2013

N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) complexed with silver represent new, broad‐spectrum antimicrobial and anticancer agents, normally with low toxicity profiles, and they provide a range of versatile structures for targeted biological applications. Most of these complexes have shown higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin, a potent anticancer drug. This study reviews the design, synthesis, structural characterization, and biological applications of silver complexes derived from both functionalized and nonfunctionalized NHC ligands. Specifically, silver complexes of functionalized and nonfunctionalized imidazole‐ and benzimidazole‐based NHC systems employed in antimicrobial and anticancer applications are reviewed. Advancements achieved in the use of silver(I)–NHC complexes of miscellaneous azolium ligands, such as 1,2,4‐triazole and the heterocycle‐fused imidazolium derivative xanthene are also reviewed. Encapsulation of a series of silver–NHC complexes in a polymer‐based carrier material represents a promising method for the targeted delivery of silver ions to the infected sites. The advances achieved in this particular area are systematically reviewed in this paper. In general, these preliminary achievements reveal the potential of silver(I)–NHC complexes as efficient antimicrobial and anticancer candidates.
Green Synthesis of Chitosan‐Stabilized Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Tokarek Katarzyna , Hueso Jose L , Kuśtrowski Piotr , Stochel Grażyna , Kyzioł Agnieszka
Published: July 2013

The synthesis of stable copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) has been carried out in the presence of green chemicals such as chitosan, sodium phosphinate, and ascorbic acid. The colloidal stability of the copper nanoparticles has been evaluated for a period of one month. No further aggregation or significant changes in the overall oxidation state of the resulting nanoparticles has been detected, thereby proving the viability of this one‐step synthesis method. In addition, different control experiments have shown that the presence of the three reactants is necessary to obtain stable copper nanoparticles for periods of time longer than one week. The use of chitosan as a natural polymer with stabilizing properties enables its application in the biomedical field owing to its demonstrated biocompatibility, biodegradability, and lack of toxicity. Sodium phosphinate acts as a co‐reducing agent and the ascorbic acid prevents the formation of copper sub‐oxides owing to its antioxidant properties.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Phenguignardic Acid, a Phytotoxic Metabolite of Guignardia bidwellii
Authors: Stoye Alexander , Kowalczyk Danuta , Opatz Till
Published: July 2013

(+)‐Phenguignardic acid, a phytotoxic metabolite of the grape black rot fungus Guignardia bidwellii was synthesized, as well as its enantiomer, in eight steps from (R)‐phenyllactic acid and 3‐phenylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol. The formation of the carboxylate at a late stage, to avoid enolization of the precursor used in the central acetalization step, proved to be crucial. The synthesis of the natural product allowed the unabiguous assignment of its hitherto unknown absolute configuration.
Molecular Architectonics of Stereochemically Constrained π‐Complementary Functional Modules
Authors: Avinash M. B. , Samanta Pralok K. , Sandeepa K. V. , Pati Swapan K. , Govindaraju T.
Published: July 2013

The elucidation of the complex factors that govern recognition events at the molecular level represents a daunting challenge in our quest to master the art of pre‐programmed molecular assemblies. In this context, we present the molecular architectonics of thoughtfully designed amino acid appended functional molecules 1–5. Naphthalenediimide (NDI) and pyrene were employed as functional modules due to their unusual topological shape similarity as well as complementary π‐acidic and π‐basic character, respectively. In addition, we show that dyads of such unusual functional modules energetically favour alternate assembly in contrast to the predominant self‐sorted assembly observed for single‐component systems. Moreover, by incorporating minute structural mutations into the amino acid side‐chains of 1–5, we successfully tailored their assemblies into well‐defined supramolecular architectures, namely supercoiled helices, twisted nanoribbons, nanobelts, comb‐edged nanoflakes and nanosheets. A detailed analysis with the aid of experimental and theoretical studies has generated interesting insights into the factors that govern the recognition events at the molecular level.
Synthesis of 6‐Sulfonatomethyl Thioglycosides by Nucleophilic Substitution: Methods to Prevent 1→6 Anomeric Group Migration of Thioglycoside 6‐O‐Triflates
Authors: Herczeg Mihály , Mező Erika , Eszenyi Dániel , Lázár László , Csávás Magdolna , Bereczki Ilona , Antus Sándor , Borbás Anikó
Published: July 2013

Introduction of a sulfonatomethyl moiety into the primary position of thioglycosides by nucleophilic displacement of the corresponding 6‐O‐triflate is described. The 1→6 migration of the anomeric group, which inevitably occurs through a bicyclic sulfonium ion intermediate, from conformationally flexible β‐thioglycosides was prevented by using an α‐thioglycoside or conformationally locked β‐thioglycoside as the starting material. The thioglycoside 6‐sulfonic acids showed excellent α‐selectivity during synthesis of uronic acid containing heparinoid trisaccharides.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Cysteine at a CoSalophen/ n‐(butyl)4SiW12O40 Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Kakhki Somayeh , Shams Esmaeil , Barsan Madalina M.
Published: July 2013

In the present study, a novel mixture consisting of N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamino cobalt (CoSalophen, CoSal) complex and (n‐butyl)4SiW12O40 (SiW12), have been used to chemically modify a carbon paste electrode (CPE) for sensitive determination of cysteine (CySH). The electrocatalytic effect of the newly developed modified CPE towards oxidation of CySH was evaluated by comparing cyclic and differential pulse voltammograms in the presence of cysteine at bare, CoSal, SiW12 and CoSal/SiW12 modified CPE. The differential pulse voltammetry method was applied as a sensitive method for quantitative detection of CySH trace amounts, the experimental conditions being optimized in order to evaluate the best analytical parameters of the sensor. Reproducibility and stability studies were also performed and the sensor was applied for the determination of CySH in a pharmaceutical sample and in human blood serum and urine samples.
In situ system buffering capacity dynamics on bioelectrogenic activity during the remediation of wastewater in microbial fuel cell
Authors: Velvizhi G. , Venkata Mohan S.
Published: July 2013

Influence of inherent buffering nature of real field pharmaceutical wastewater (PW) was evaluated in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) at varying organic loads (OL1‐OL4). Dynamics of in situ buffers present in the wastewater during remediation enhanced the electrogenic activity. Improvement in power density (PD) and open circuit voltage (OCV) was observed as the organic load increased from OL1 to OL4 (PD of 62.45 to137 mW/m2; OCV‐245 to 324 mV). It was concluded from the buffering capacity (β) profiles that base β values were relatively more stable than acid β values indicating the dynamics of nutrients and salts present in PW. pH increased with increase in OL documenting improvement in power output and waste remediation. Present study depicted an optimum pH range suitable for effective operation of MFC for bioelectrogenesis using PW as substrate. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 454–462, 2014
“Spiceophrenia”: a systematic overview of “Spice”‐related psychopathological issues and a case report
Authors: Papanti Duccio , Schifano Fabrizio , Botteon Giulia , Bertossi Francesca , Mannix Jason , Vidoni Daniela , Impagnatiello Matteo , Pascolo‐Fabrici Elisabetta , Bonavigo Tommaso
Published: July 2013

Objectives

The use of synthetic cannabimimetics (SC; “spice” drugs) is increasing, especially among teenagers and young adults. In parallel with this, the number of studies describing intoxication episodes associated with psychotic symptoms in SC users is growing. We present both a systematic review of the related literature and a case report, which seems to highlight the existence of a possible association between SC use and psychosis.

Methods

Some 223 relevant studies were here identified and reviewed. Out of these, 120 full text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 41 were finally included in the systematic review.

Results

According to the available data from the studies here identified, SC's average age of users was 22.97 years, and the male/female ratio was 3.16:1. SC compounds most often reported in studies using biological specimen analysis were JWH‐018, JWH‐073, JWH‐122, CP‐47,497, and JWH‐250. Mounting evidence seemed to suggest that psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions may occur in acute/chronic SC users.

Conclusions

Although a clear causal link may not be here identified, the available evidence suggests that SC can trigger the onset of acute psychosis in vulnerable individuals and/or the exacerbation of psychotic episodes in those with a previous psychiatric history. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human psychobiology of MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’: an overview of 25 years of empirical research
Authors: Parrott Andrew C.
Published: July 2013

Aims

This paper aimed to review how scientific knowledge about the human psychobiology of MDMA has developed over time.

Methods

In this paper, the empirical findings from earlier and later studies will be reviewed.

Results

When MDMA was a ‘novel psychoactive substance’, it was not seen as a drug of abuse, as it displayed loss of efficacy. However, recreational users display a unique pattern of increasing doses, deteriorating cost–benefit ratios, and voluntary cessation. MDMA increases body temperature and thermal stress, with cortisol levels increased by 800% in dance clubbers. It can be extremely euphoric, although negative moods are also intensified. MDMA causes apoptosis (programmed cell death) and has been investigated for cancer therapy because of its anti‐lymphoma properties. Recreational users show deficits in retrospective memory, prospective memory, higher cognition, problem solving, and social intelligence. Basic cognitive skills remain intact. Neuroimaging studies show reduced serotonin transporter levels across the cerebral cortex, which are associated with neurocognitive impairments. Deficits also occur in sleep architecture, sleep apnoea, complex vision, pain, neurohormones, and psychiatric status. Ecstasy/MDMA use during pregnancy leads to psychomotor impairments in the children.

Conclusions

The damaging effects of Ecstasy/MDMA are far more widespread than was realized a few years ago, with new neuropsychobiological deficits still emerging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DW MRI at 3.0 T versus FDG PET/CT for detection of malignant pulmonary tumors
Authors: Zhang Jian , Cui Long‐Biao , Tang Xing , Ren Xin‐Ling , Shi Jie‐Ran , Yang Hai‐Nan , Zhang Yan , Li Zhi‐Kui , Wu Chang‐Gui , Jian Wen , Zhao Feng , Ti Xin‐Yu , Yin Hong
Published: July 2013

Emerging evidence suggests that diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW MRI) could be useful for tumor detection with N and M staging of lung cancer in place of fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT). DW MRI at 3.0 T and FDG PET/CT were performed before therapy in 113 patients with pulmonary nodules. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and Ki‐67 scores were assessed. Quantitatively, specificity and accuracy of ADC (91.7 and 92.9%, respectively) were significantly higher than those of SUVmax (66.7 and 77.9% respectively, p < 0.05), although sensitivity was not significantly different between them (93.5 and 83.1%, p > 0.05). Qualitatively, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of DW MRI (96.1, 83.3 and 92.0%, respectively) were also not significantly different from that of FDG PET/CT (88.3, 83.3 and 86.7%, respectively, p > 0.05). Significant negative correlation was found between Ki‐67 score and ADC (r = −0.66, p < 0.05), ADC and SUVmax (r = −0.37, p < 0.05), but not between Ki‐67 score and SUVmax (r = −0.11, p > 0.05). In conclusion, quantitative and qualitative assessments for detection of malignant pulmonary tumors with DW MRI at 3.0 T are superior to those with FDG PET/CT. Furthermore, ADC could predict the malignancy of lung cancer.
Infants at Double Jeopardy: Socioeconomic, Medical, and Attachment‐Based Predictors of Maternal Engagement with an Early Intervention Program
Authors: Chin Fumiyuki , Teti Douglas M.
Published: July 2013

Predictors of parental engagement with early intervention were examined in 138 predominantly low‐income, African American mothers enrolled in a program designed to promote premature infant development and parent–infant relationships. Predictors included sociodemographics, infant medical risk, and mothers’ states of mind regarding attachment. Mothers’ engagement with intervention was assessed using interventionists’ ratings of parental engagement. Higher socioeconomic risk predicted lower engagement regardless of intervention status. Infant medical risk was not significantly associated with engagement. Autonomous (secure) mothers were more engaged with the intervention than were nonautonomous mothers, but only in the intervention group. When socioeconomic risk and maternal attachment status were examined jointly, only socioeconomic risk significantly predicted engagement. Results underscore the need for intervention programs that proactively identify socioeconomic and personological impediments to parental engagement and that are flexibly designed to maximize parental involvement.
Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited: Boszormenyi‐Nagy and Contextual Therapy: An Overview
Authors: Goff Jean François Le
Published: July 2013

This paper provides an overview of the work of Ivan Boszormenyi‐Nagy, the originator of Contextual Therapy. The initial form of Contextual Therapy is surveyed, but closer attention is paid to more recent developments in the theory and practice. Several critiques of Contextual Therapy are introduced. The paper includes a detailed example of a first session conducted according to Boszormenyi‐Nagy's principles.
The Relationship between Change and Satisfaction: Parents' Experiences in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service
Authors: Stacey Kathleen , Allison Steve , Dadds Vicki , Roeger Leigh , Wood Andrew , Martin Graham
Published: July 2013

In the consumer satisfaction literature, there is little exploration of the relationship between change and satisfaction and the two are often conflated. This qualitative study interviewed parents a year after using child and adolescent mental health services. Eliciting an account of their experiences enabled the development of ‘grounded theories’ about what constitutes satisfaction for parents. The outcomes suggest that in addition to the expectable stories of ‘high change and satisfaction’ or ‘no change and low satisfaction’, considerable numbers of people are satisfied with a service despite experiencing little or no change, while others who experience positive change are not satisfied. Understanding these alternative stories helps address critical issues that affect the way therapists respond to people's needs and provide services — these matters are often within the capacity of therapists and services to address, even when working with limited resources.
Adolescent Violence towards Parents: Maintaining Family Connections When The Going Gets Tough
Authors: Paterson Rosemary , Luntz Helen , Perlesz Amaryll , Cotton Sue
Published: July 2013

This paper explores some of the dilemmas, difficulties and decisions faced by mothers whose adolescent sons or daughters act in violent and abusive ways and refuse any counselling. A group intervention program, designed to assist these mothers in more fully understanding and addressing their adolescent's behaviour, was evaluated using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Self‐report questionnaire data indicated that following the group intervention the mothers reported less violence in their homes, and significantly less personal anxiety and fatigue. However, these women continued to experience high levels of depression, and the reasons for this are discussed. These findings are integrated with information from post‐intervention, in‐depth interviews which indicated that participants valued the group experience because they realised that they were not alone, their problems were understood, and they developed a wider range of strategies to deal with their children's violent behaviour.
Family Therapy and Infant Mental Health: Natural Partners
Authors: Sved‐Williams Anne
Published: July 2013

As science identifies the importance of interplay between an infant's innate potential and the experiences of the first two years of life for life‐long brain development, infant mental health as a discipline in its own right is burgeoning. Family therapists with their knowledge of systems theory are well‐placed to become specialised in this field. In this article, following discussion of definitions and ‘territories’, brief descriptions of the history of attachment theory and attachment behaviours lead to summaries of current work where family therapy and infant mental health overlap. Although definitive evidence of effectiveness of family interventions remains sparse, the vital benefits of ensuring appropriate home and cultural environments for our infants through family and community interventions is likely to be demonstrated in the next decades. Earliest intervention and preventive interventions are likely to be the most rapid and the most potent.
Maltreated Children: A Systems Approach to Treatment Planning in Clinical Settings
Authors: Kozlowska Kasia , Hanney Lesley
Published: July 2013

Children exposed to significant abuse, neglect and household dysfunction often present a confusing and difficult‐to‐treat clinical picture. This paper discusses the use of systems theory to develop treatment plans for maltreated children in clinical settings. Although its value is well recognised in the literature, systems thinking is not easy to implement in ordinary clinical settings and the systemic approach is not universally practised. Systems theory is an integrative theory, which helps clinicians identify and prioritise key areas of difficulty, and organise information from multiple system levels into a well‐defined treatment plan. Treatment plans take into account not only patient but also service factors, and to be viable in clinical settings must function within the limits of organisational reality. A case vignette is provided.
The ‘Towers of Silence’ Still Stand: Protecting the Perpetrator
Authors: Schlunke Jan
Published: July 2013

This paper explores the idea that professionals in the arena of child sexual abuse can be induced to respond irrationally, through their wish to protect child victims. I examine why child victims of serious sexual assault are treated as the alleged perpetrator should be. That is, when the family unit cannot give the child a safe environment, the child (not the alleged perpetrator) is removed. I argue for a systems focus, examining how each section of the protective industry: lawyers, CSV protective workers, therapists and consultants can contribute to perpetuating and sustaining child abuse. The article is written in a style that plays on the boundaries between academic article and fiction to heighten the effect of my case material.
The Maudsley Model of Family Therapy for Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: Theory, Clinical Practice, and Empirical Support
Authors: Rhodes Paul
Published: July 2013

The aim of this paper is to present the Maudsley model of family therapy for children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, one that integrates principles and skills from a variety of models. The Maudsley model is of prime importance because of its non‐pathologising approach to families, because its techniques have been published in sufficient detail for standardised application by clinicians, and because of its strong history of empirical support. It is also a model that integrates both modernist and constructivist influences from the history of family therapy.
Sniffing Petrol, Reclaiming Story and Valuing Kin: An Interview with Craig San Roque
Authors: Power Jeff
Published: July 2013

Community psychologist and Jungian analyst Craig San Roque was instrumental in producing a dramatic re‐enactment of the ancient Greek myth of Dionysus (most familiar to us as it is presented in Euripides' The Bacchae), as a therapeutic paradigm and an intercultural resource for indigenous communities in their fight with alcohol abuse. The Sugarman, a documentary of this event, was produced by David Roberts and Bob Randall. After his twenty‐year sojourn in the UK, first training, and then practising child and family therapy, Craig returned to Australia in 1986, and moved to Alice Springs in 1992, to focus on Indigenous matters and intercultural dynamics. Family therapist and fellow Jungian Jeff Power was interested in finding out what had led Craig to take the direction he did.
Parent—Child Interaction in the Context of a Chronic Disease
Authors: Tsamparli‐Kitsara Anastasia , Kounenou Kalliope
Published: July 2013

The parent—child relationship plays a crucial role in every chronic disease and especially in the course of childhood diabetes type 1. The present study explores the characteristics of parent—child interaction in Greek families in which one child suffers from diabetes, and the way that this relationship has affected the family's capacity to deal with the psychosocial aspects of the disease. Our extended research employed qualitative methods (observation and in‐depth interview), using criteria based on the structural model of the ‘psychosomatic family’. We provide a typology of the parent—child relationship in these families: enmeshment, mother—patient coalition, parental splitting, over‐protectiveness, lack of limits, the patient's involvement in marital crisis, parentification of a non‐symptomatic child, and ambiguity of roles and rules. These characteristics seem to typify the parent—child relationship in various chronic diseases.
Wilber's ‘Broad Science’: A Cure for Postmodernism?
Authors: Westheafer Charles
Published: July 2013

This paper will argue that postmodernism has gone too far in suggesting that all of reality is socially constructed. The result is a return to pre‐modern thought, where observation and verifiability are discredited. Wilber's model of Broad Science is used as a means of maintaining the insights of Social Constructionism while avoiding the extremes of postmodernism. His Four‐Quadrant model of Broad Science offers a means to integrate all therapies into a coherent framework, thus avoiding many of the power struggles that have been characteristic of family therapy's history.
Lesbian Parenting: Insiders' Voices
Authors: Perlesz Amaryll , McNair Ruth
Published: July 2013

Lesbian parenting has entered the public arena over recent years via debates regarding access to fertility services and adoption, legal recognition of same‐sex parents and children's rights (McNair, 2002). Research in the area has been published for over 20 years, with an increasing shift towards delineating diversity rather than proving the legitimacy of these families. The ANZJFT — the major mouthpiece for Australian family therapists — has made curiously little contribution to the literature on lesbian parenting. The lack of discussion leaves trainees and family therapists largely ignorant about the lived experience of lesbian family life. This paper goes some way to filling this gap. We present data gathered from 151 Australian lesbian parents who answered questions about their own and their families' perceived strengths. Despite the constraints and challenges of living within a heteronormative and homophobic society and dealing with discrimination and legal, political and social non‐legitimation, this group of lesbian parents expressed great pride in raising well‐adjusted and happy children. They also described their families as thoughtfully planned, proud, accepting and celebratory of diversity and difference, flexible in gender roles, and as having interesting, supportive, extended kinship networks that included a wide range of positive role models for their children.
Challenges, Speculations, Risks: Flying With Dragons: Social Constructionism Beyond the Realm of Academia
Authors: Marchetti‐Mercer M. C. , Strauss L.
Published: July 2013

Postmodernism has had far‐reaching effects on the field of psychology and psychotherapy, allowing us to question truths which were once thought to be infallible. Students in psychotherapy in particular are often excited by the new and dynamic possibilities for practice that arise from postmodernism. However, these new therapists often experience ‘resistance’ when, from their position as students or interns, they try to engage with traditional services, such as psychiatric facilities. This article takes the form of a conversation between a supervisor and a Clinical Psychology Masters student who is attempting to write a thesis that will reflect the spirit of postmodern thinking while at the same time be acceptable to university requirements. The student's thesis is based on her attempt to do postmodern family therapy with the family of a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. But their dialogue keeps being interrupted by other voices, as characters from the ‘dramatic dialogue’ the student has imagined break into ‘reality’, leaving the reader to ponder what is really going on.
Family Grief and Mental Health: A Systemic, Contextual and Compassionate Analysis
Authors: Young Jeff , Bailey Glenn , Rycroft Pam
Published: July 2013

Although not always named, grief is central to the experience of mental illness — for people diagnosed, their families and their friends. Yet grief is almost absent from the literature and practice of mainstream psychiatry. This curious fact led to the writing of this article by two workers and a carer, with editorial and political advice from a consumer, as a small step in the direction of integrating perspectives of workers, carers and consumers. It examines the nature of grief associated with mental illness, its impact on family members, and why mainstream mental health services do not directly address it, with suggestions for some therapeutic ways to conceptualise and work with it.
Sustaining People Right Through Their Lives: Interview With Graham Martin
Authors: Amos Jackie , Martin Graham
Published: July 2013

In this interview Graham Martin reflects on his long career in child and adolescent mental health. He shares his formative experiences with some of the pioneers in the field of attachment theory and the many varied ways that this information has influenced his work in the provision of care to children in hospital, health promotion, understanding the distress of suicidal youth, and his ongoing therapeutic work with families.
Factitious Illness by Proxy: Understanding Underlying Psychological Processes and Motivations
Authors: Kozlowska Kasia , Foley Sue , Crittenden Patricia
Published: July 2013

Children are put at risk of emotional and physical harm when parents seek unnecessary medical care. Understanding why parents seek medical interventions that create risk for their children requires us to consider how past experiences, and the mental representations of these experiences influence current behaviour. Past experiences of danger affect how parents interpret ‘dangerous’ situations in the present and how they organise protection of their child. This article demonstrates how the notion of mental representations (that dispose parents to act in particular ways) can assist in engaging, assessing and treating parents who display factitious illness by proxy behaviour. When classified using the Dynamic‐Maturational Method, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) allows both assessment of implicit and explicit representations and also understanding of the developmental process through which parents have learnt to attribute meaning to information and to organise their behaviour. In this case study, psychosocial assessment of the family included an AAI with each parent. The use of this assessment tool both aided the therapy team in the process of case formulation and intervention planning, and had therapeutic value in and of itself. We argue that treatment is more likely to be effective if the parents and professionals have a shared understanding of the parents' intentions and the developmental process that led to unsafe behaviour, which requires change.
A Dynamic‐Maturational Model of Attachment
Authors: Crittenden Patricia M.
Published: July 2013

This article provides an overview of an attachment‐based approach to formulation of behavioural and psychiatric disorder. The dynamic‐maturational model (DMM) of attachment places many such problems within a context of family‐attachment relationships. In the DMM, neurological maturation interacting with experience is central to the self‐protective strategies that individuals develop to regulate familial attachments. When the relationships fail to protect child (or parent), more extreme strategies are organised to wrest some measure of safety and comfort from an otherwise threatening environment. A wide range of such strategies is described. It is argued that recognising attachment strategies in patients is crucial to providing helpful treatment (and to reducing the risk of inappropriate treatment).