bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zuo Jin Wan, a Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula, Reverses P-gp-Mediated MDRIn VitroandIn Vivo
Authors: Sui Hua , Liu Xuan , Jin Bao-Hui , Pan Shu-Fang , Zhou Li-Hong , Yu Nikitin Alexander , Wu Jie , Cai Jian-Feng , Fan Zhong-Ze , Zhu Hui-Rong , Li Qi
Published: March 2013

Zuo Jin Wan (ZJW), a typical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been identified to have anticancer activity in recent studies. In this study, we determined the underlying mechanism of ZJW in the reversal effect of multidrug resistance on colorectal cancerin vitroandin vivo. Our results showed that ZJW significantly enhanced the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs in HCT116/L-OHP, SGC7901/DDP, and Bel/Fu MDR cells. Moreover, combination of chemotherapy with ZJW could reverse the drug resistance of HCT116/L-OHP cells, increase the sensitivity of HCT116/L-OHP cells to L-OHP, DDP, 5-Fu, and MMCin vitro, and inhibit the tumor growth in the colorectal MDR cancer xenograft model. ICP-MS results showed that ZJW could increase the concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs in HCT116/L-OHP cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed that ZJW could reverse drug resistance of colorectal cancer cells by decreasing P-gp levelin vitroandin vivo, which has been represented as one of the major mechanisms that contribute to the MDR phenotype. Our study has provided the first direct evidence that ZJW plays an important role in reversing multidrug resistance of human colorectal cancer and may be considered as a useful target for cancer therapy.
Antagonist Antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the Treatment of Advanced Human Cancer
Authors: Sznol Mario , Chen Lieping
Published: March 2013

The immune suppressive molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) is upregulated in activated T lymphocytes and inhibits T-cell function upon binding to its ligands B7-H1 (PD-L1, CD274) and B7-DC (PD-L2, CD273). Substantial experimental data from in vitro cell culture systems and animal models, and more recently from clinical trials, indicate that PD-1/PD-1-ligand interactions are a major mechanism of immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. Initial clinical studies of antibodies directed against PD-1 and B7-H1 showed both an encouraging safety profile and remarkable antitumor activity in subsets of patients with metastatic disease, including malignancies—such as lung cancer—which were previously thought to be unresponsive to immunotherapy. Preliminary data have suggested a correlation between tumor membrane B7-H1 expression and clinical response to anti-PD-1 antibodies. Several key challenges remain to optimize development of PD-1/B7-H1 pathway blockade, including defining the biologic significance of all potential ligand–receptor interactions in the tumor microenvironment, developing more accurate predictive biomarkers of response, determining the breadth of activity in human malignancies, and developing rational combinations of therapy that address key mechanisms involved in positive and negative regulation of antitumor immune responses. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1021–34. ©2013 AACR.
Agonistic CD40 Antibodies and Cancer Therapy
Authors: Vonderheide Robert H. , Glennie Martin J.
Published: March 2013

Recent success in cancer immunotherapy has reinvigorated the hypothesis that the immune system can control many if not most cancers, in some cases producing durable responses in a way not seen with many small-molecule drugs. Agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) offer a new therapeutic option which has the potential to generate anticancer immunity by various mechanisms. CD40 is a TNF receptor superfamily member expressed broadly on antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells, B cells, and monocytes as well as many nonimmune cells and a range of tumors. Agonistic CD40 mAb have been shown to activate APC and promote antitumor T-cell responses and to foster cytotoxic myeloid cells with the potential to control cancer in the absence of T-cell immunity. Thus, agonistic CD40 mAb are fundamentally different from mAb which block negative immune checkpoint such as anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1. Initial clinical trials of agonistic CD40 mAb have shown highly promising results in the absence of disabling toxicity, both in single-agent studies and in combination with chemotherapy; however, numerous questions remain about dose, schedule, route of administration, and formulation. Recent findings about the role played by the IgG isotype and the Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) in mAb cross-linking, together with insights into mechanisms of action, particularly with regard to the role of myeloid cells, are predicted to help design next-generation CD40 agonistic reagents with greater efficacy. Here, we will review the preclinical and clinical data and discuss the major issues facing the field. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1035–43. ©2013 AACR.
Use of Oligonucleotide Aptamer Ligands to Modulate the Function of Immune Receptors
Authors: Gilboa Eli , McNamara James , Pastor Fernando
Published: March 2013

The paucity of costimulation at the tumor site compromises the ability of tumor-specific T cells to eliminate the tumor. The recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of ipilumimab, an antibody that blocks the inhibitory action of CTLA-4, and clinical trials targeting 4-1BB and PD-1 or PD-L1, have underscored the therapeutic potential of using immunomodulatory antibodies to stimulate protective immunity in human patients. Nonetheless, systemic administration of immunomodulatory antibodies has been associated with dose-limiting autoimmune pathologies, conceivably reflecting also the activation of resident autoreactive T cells. Arguably, targeting immunomodulatory ligands to the disseminated tumor lesions of the patient would reduce such drug-associated toxicities. We have recently developed a new class of inhibitory (CTLA-4) and agonistic (4-1BB and OX-40) ligands composed of short oligonucleotide (ODN) aptamers that exhibited bioactivities comparable or superior to that of antibodies. To reduce toxicity, the immunomodulatory aptamers were targeted to the tumor by conjugation to a second aptamer that bound to a product expressed on the surface of the tumor cell, the targeting aptamer, generating a bispecific aptamer conjugate analogous to bispecific antibodies. In a proof-of-concept study in mice, we have shown that an agonistic 4-1BB–binding aptamer conjugated to a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)–binding aptamer led to the inhibition of PSMA-expressing tumors, was more effective than, and synergized with, vaccination, and exhibited a superior therapeutic index compared with nontargeted costimulation with 4-1BB antibodies or 4-1BB aptamers. The cell-free chemically synthesized ODN aptamers offer significant advantages over antibodies in terms of synthesis, cost, as well as conjugation chemistry needed to generate bispecific ligand fusions. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1054–62. ©2012 AACR.
Trajectory of Quality of Life for Poor Prognosis Stage 5D Chronic Kidney Disease with and without Dialysis
Authors: Seow Ying-Ying , Cheung Yin Bun , Qu Li Min , Yee Alethea Chung Pheng
Published: March 2013

Background: Renal replacement therapy (RRT) has not always been shown to benefit end-stage renal failure patients who are elderly or have multiple comorbidities in terms of survival or symptom control. Conservative management may be a viable alternative offering comparable health-related quality of life. Methods: This is a prospective observational study of 101 patients who reached an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 8-12 ml/min and were either ≥75 years old or had an age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥8. Patients were all initially on conservative management; 38 later commenced renal replacement therapy while the rest remained conservatively managed. The Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form was assessed at baseline and various scheduled time points over 24 months. The mixed model methodology was used to estimate the quality of life patterns and adjust for covariates. Results: In the conservative management group, the Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scores were stable and showed no significantly different trajectories from the RRT group (both p > 0.05). Though RRT was associated with an improvement in the Cognitive Function Scale score, it was also associated with worse scores on the Effect of Kidney Disease and Burden of Kidney Disease Scale scores. Conclusions: RRT does not improve health-related quality of life of end-stage kidney failure patients who are elderly or have a high comorbidity burden.
Lower Mortality and Inflammation from Post-Transplantation Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis Compared to the Classical Form
Authors: Habib Sayed M. , Korte Mario R. , Betjes Michiel G.H.
Published: March 2013

Background: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) may occur after kidney transplantation (post-transplantation EPS) or may be diagnosed during or after peritoneal dialysis treatment (classical EPS). The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent both EPS entities differ in clinical presentation, radiological findings, outcome, and the systemic inflammatory response, as measured by plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels both prior to and after EPS diagnosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 15 post-transplantation EPS and 19 classical EPS patients who were diagnosed at seven hospitals in the Netherlands between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2011. Results: There were no inter-group differences in age, duration of peritoneal dialysis, clinical presentation, or radiology findings at diagnosis. Post-transplantation patients had experienced a lower number of peritonitis episodes per patient-year (0.2 (0.0-0.4) vs. 0.7 (0.3-1.2), p = 0.01) with a longer interval between the last peritonitis and EPS diagnosis (18.1 (4.6-34.3) vs. 4.4 (0.89-13.78) months, p = 0.01). Post-transplantation EPS patients showed a remarkably lower mortality rate (40.0 vs. 84.2%, p < 0.05). In both groups a pattern of elevated CRP values was observed, increasing within the year before EPS diagnosis. In the post-transplantation group the median CRP level at diagnosis was lower (56.0 vs. 144.50 mg/l, p < 0.05) than in the classical EPS group. Conclusion: Post-transplantation EPS has a similar clinical presentation as classical EPS but with a lower systemic inflammatory response and better outcome.
Possible Nagashima-Type Palmoplantar Keratosis in Two Siblings
Authors: Park Kio , Kabashima Kenji , Miyachi Yoshiki
Published: March 2013

Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis (PPK) is an autosomal recessive, transgressive and non-progressive form of PPK. It was once described as a mild form of mal de Meleda, but it is now proposed as a novel entity of PPK. Since its pathogenesis remains unclear, it is important to clarify the mode of inheritance. Here, we present a case of possible Nagashima-type PPK in 2 siblings. The siblings had non-affected parents, suggesting that the mode of inheritance was autosomal recessive. At present, reports on PPK in the English literature are limited, and thus the clinical features of Nagashima-type PPK may not be well appreciated in Western countries. More reports and concise clinical observations with genetic studies are required to establish this new entity of PPK.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Californian species of Metaporcelaimus Lordello, 1965 (Dorylaimida, Aporcelaimidae), with a new concept of the genus
Authors: Álvarez-Ortega Sergio , Subbotin Sergei A. , Peña-Santiago Reyes
Published: March 2013

Two new and one known species of Metaporcelaimus from Californian natural habitats were studied using morphological and molecular approaches. Metaporcelaimus marinensis sp. n. is characterised by its body 1.99-2.48 mm long, lip region offset by deep constriction and 14-15 μm broad, odontostyle 13-15 μm long, neck 456-529 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 47-50% of total neck length, pharyngo-intestinal junction bearing a dorsal lobe, uterus tripartite and 201-262 μm long, pars refringens vaginae well developed, V = 55-58, tail conical (43-55 μm, c = 43-52, c′ = 1.3-1.6) with its inner core somewhat notched and nearly reaching the tip, spicules 54-63 μm long and 6-7 spaced ventromedian supplements located outside the range of the spicules. Metaporcelaimus ovogranulosus sp. n. is distinguished in having body 1.54-1.96 mm long, lip region offset by deep constriction and 17-19 μm broad, odontostyle 17-19 μm long, neck 415-539 μm long, pharyngeal occupying 49-53% of total neck length, uterus simple and 27-41 μm long, uterine eggs granulate, pars refringens vaginae well developed, V = 48-51, tail conical (35-44 μm, c = 39-52, c′ = 1.4-1.6) with its inner core notched and nearly reaching the tip, and male unknown. Measurements and LM illustrations are also provided for M. capitatus. Metaporcelaimus was morphologically compared with Aporcelaimellus. The analysis revealed that these genera are barely distinguishable from each other. Aporcelaimellus species can be separated into two groups, one of them being morphologically similar to Metaporcelaimus. Molecular data and the derived evolutionary tree show that Metaporcelaimus and Aporcelaimellus do not share a recent common ancestor. Consequently, a new concept is proposed for Metaporcelaimus, M. ahmadi sp. n. is proposed for A. coomansi apud Ahmad nec Baqri & Khera, and 16 species of Aporcelaimellus are transferred to Metaporcelaimus. An updated list of Metaporcelaimus species with their synonyms, a key to their identification and a tabular compendium with important taxonomic morphometric characters are given.
Description of Aphelenchoides xui sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in packaging wood from South Africa
Authors: Wang Xuan , Wang Pei , Gu Jianfeng , Wang Jiangling , Li Hongmei
Published: March 2013

Aphelenchoides xui sp. n. is described and illustrated from imported packaging wood from South Africa intercepted at Ningbo Port, China. The new species has a body length of 564-820 μm (males) and 549-882 μm (females). The cuticle is weakly annulated with four lines in the lateral field. The stylet is 11-13 μm long and has small basal swellings. The excretory pore is located ca one body diam. posterior to the median bulb, or 75-100 μm from the head. Spicules are relatively large (18-23 μm) with apex and rostrum rounded and well developed and the end of the dorsal limb clearly curved ventrad like a hook. The male tail bears six (2 + 2 + 2) caudal papillae. The spermatheca is axial and oblong and contains disc-like sperm. The female tail is conical, terminating in a complicated step-like projection, usually with many tiny nodular protuberances. The new species is morphologically similar to A. arcticus, A. haguei and A. parasaprophilus in Group 2 sensu Shahina, but is distinguished by spicule shape and form of the female tail terminus. Phylogenetic analysis based on SSU and partial LSU sequences revealed that A. xui sp. n. was closest to A. varicaudatus, although some species of Laimaphelenchus and Schistonchus were also included in the same branch.
Private Necessity in English and American Tort Law
Authors: Tamblyn Nathan
Published: March 2013

This article seeks to provide a comprehensive formulation of the tortious defence of necessity in English law, and to identify the lessons which can be learned by comparing it with the American privilege of private necessity set out in the Restatement (Second) of Torts.
The Key Physical Parameters Governing Frictional Dissipation in a Precipitating Atmosphere
Authors: Makarieva A. M. , Gorshkov V. G. , Nefiodov A. V. , Sheil D. , Nobre A. D. , Bunyard P. , Li B.-L.
Published: March 2013

Precipitation generates small-scale turbulent air flows—the energy of which ultimately dissipates to heat. The power of this process has previously been estimated to be around 2–4 W m−2 in the tropics: a value comparable in magnitude to the dynamic power of global atmospheric circulation. Here it is suggested that the true value is approximately half the value of this previous estimate. The result reflects a revised evaluation of the mean precipitation pathlength HP. The dependence of HP on surface temperature, relative humidity, temperature lapse rate, and degree of condensation in the ascending air were investigated. These analyses indicate that the degree of condensation, defined as the relative change of the saturated water vapor mixing ratio in the region of condensation, is a major factor determining HP. From this theory the authors develop an estimate indicating that the mean large-scale rate of frictional dissipation associated with total precipitation in the tropics lies between 1 and 2 W m−2 and show empirical evidence in support of this estimate. Under terrestrial conditions frictional dissipation is found to constitute a minor fraction of the dynamic power of condensation-induced atmospheric circulation, which is estimated to be at least 2.5 times larger. However, because HP increases with increasing surface temperature Ts, the rate of frictional dissipation would exceed the power of condensation-induced dynamics, and thus block major circulation, at Ts ≳ 320 K in a moist adiabatic atmosphere.
Seasonal and Long-Term Coupling between Wintertime Storm Tracks and Sea Surface Temperature in the North Pacific
Authors: Gan Bolan , Wu Lixin
Published: March 2013

In this study, a lagged maximum covariance analysis (MCA) of the wintertime storm-track and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies derived from the reanalysis datasets shows significant seasonal and long-term relationships between storm tracks and SST variations in the North Pacific. At seasonal time scales, it is found that the midlatitude warm (cold) SST anomalies in the preceding fall, which are expected to change the tropospheric baroclinicity, can significantly reduce (enhance) the storm-track activities in early winter. The storm-track response pattern, however, is in sharp contrast to the forcing pattern, with warm (cold) SST anomalies in the western–central North Pacific corresponding to a poleward (equatorward) shift of storm tracks. At interannual-to-decadal time scales, it is found that the wintertime SST and storm-track anomalies are mutually reinforced up to 3 yr, which is characterized by PDO-like SST anomalies with warming in the western–central domain coupled with basin-scale positive storm-track anomalies extending along 50°N.
Statistics of Drop Size Distribution Parameters and Rain Rates for Stratiform and Convective Precipitation during the North Australian Wet Season
Authors: Penide Guillaume , Kumar Vickal V. , Protat Alain , May Peter T.
Published: March 2013

C-band polarimetric radar measurements spanning two wet seasons are used to study the effects of the large-scale environment on the statistical properties of stratiform and convective rainfall around Darwin, Australia. The rainfall physical properties presented herein are the reflectivity fields, daily rainfall accumulations and raining area, rain rates, and drop size distribution (DSD) parameters (median volume diameter and “normalized” intercept parameter). Each of these properties is then analyzed according to five different atmospheric regimes and further separated into stratiform or convective rain categories following a DSD-based approach. The regimes, objectively identified by radiosonde thermodynamic and wind measurements, represent typical wet-season atmospheric conditions: the active monsoon regime, the “break” periods, the “buildup” regime, the trade wind regime, and a mixture of inactive/break periods. The large-scale context is found to strongly modulate rainfall and cloud microphysical properties. For example, during the active monsoon regime, the daily rain accumulation is higher than in the other regimes, while this regime is associated with the lowest rain rates. Precipitation in this active monsoon regime is found to be widespread and mainly composed of small particles in high concentration compared to the other regimes. Vertical profiles of reflectivity and DSD parameters suggest that warm rain processes are dominant during this regime. In contrast, rainfall properties in the drier regimes (trade wind/buildup regimes) are mostly of continental origin, with rain rates higher than in the moister regimes. In these drier regimes, precipitation is mainly formed of large raindrops in relatively low concentration due to a larger contribution of the ice microphysical processes on the rainfall formation.
A Double Fourier Series (DFS) Dynamical Core in a Global Atmospheric Model with Full Physics
Authors: Park Hoon , Hong Song-You , Cheong Hyeong-Bin , Koo Myung-Seo
Published: March 2013

This study describes an application of the double Fourier series (DFS) spectral method developed by Cheong as an alternative dynamical option in a model system that was ported into the Global/Regional Integrated Model System (GRIMs). A message passing interface (MPI) for a massive parallel-processor cluster computer devised for the DFS dynamical core is also presented. The new dynamical core with full physics was evaluated against a conventional spherical harmonics (SPH) dynamical core in terms of short-range forecast capability for a heavy rainfall event and seasonal simulation framework. Comparison of the two dynamical cores demonstrates that the new DFS dynamical core exhibits performance comparable to the SPH in terms of simulated climatology accuracy and the forecast of a heavy rainfall event. Most importantly, the DFS algorithm guarantees improved computational efficiency in the cluster computer as the model resolution increases, which is consistent with theoretical values computed from a dry primitive equation model framework. The current study shows that, at higher resolutions, the DFS approach can be a competitive dynamical core because the DFS algorithm provides the advantages of both the spectral method for high numerical accuracy and the gridpoint method for high performance computing in the aspect of computational cost.
Factors Influencing Skill Improvements in the ECMWF Forecasting System
Authors: Magnusson Linus , Källén Erland
Published: March 2013

During the past 30 years the skill in ECMWF numerical forecasts has steadily improved. There are three major contributing factors: 1) improvements in the forecast model, 2) improvements in the data assimilation, and 3) the increased number of available observations. In this study the authors are investigating the relative contribution from these three components by using the simple error growth model introduced in a previous study by Lorenz and extended in another study by Dalcher and Kalnay, together with the results from the ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim) forecasts where the improvement is only due to an increased number of observations. The authors are also applying the growth model on “lagged” forecast differences in order to investigate the usefulness of the forecast jumpiness as a diagnostic tool for improvements in the forecasts. The main finding is that the main contribution to the reduced forecast error comes from significant initial condition error reductions between 1996 and 2001 together with continuous model improvements. The changes in the available observations contributed to a lesser degree, but the authors note that all the ERA-Interim forecasts are from the satellite era and here the focus is on the midtroposphere in the extratropics. Regarding the jumpiness in the forecasts, this is mainly a function of the error in the initial conditions and is therefore an insufficient tool to investigate improvements in the full forecasting system.
Positive employee attitudes: How much human resource management do you need?
Authors: White Michael , Bryson Alex
Published: March 2013

We propose a selective view of human resource management (HRM) that is guided by work motivation theory, arguing that one of the means by which firms achieve higher performance is by investing in certain forms of HRM practice that help fulfil intrinsic work values and thereby influence employees’ attitudes to their jobs and to the firm in a positive direction. Additionally, an accumulation of complementary practices has important communicative functions that intensify positive employee attitudes. Using nationally representative linked employer–employee data for Britain, we investigate the strength and form of the association between the array of practices deployed by the workplace on one hand, and organizational commitment (OC) and intrinsic job satisfaction (IJS) on the other – two types of job attitude that research has shown to be related to a range of performance measures. We find strong evidence that the relationship between employee job attitudes and our measure of HRM is non-linear, rising chiefly at higher levels of HRM. Results are robust to altered composition of the HRM index. Higher OC and IJS emerge at HRM intensity values which are attained by roughly half the British population of workplaces.
Multinational corporations’ politics and resistance to plant shutdowns: A comparative case study in the south of France
Authors: Contu Alessia , Palpacuer Florence , Balas Nicolas
Published: March 2013

MNCs’ politics has been considered a ‘contested terrain’ and further research is needed into the dynamics between the Head Office’s drastic restructuring decisions and local responses to understand how collective resistance is performed, and on what conditions. A neo-Gramscian approach is developed to analyse two plants in France facing drastic restructuring, including shutdown. We trace the dynamics of forces significant in aligning resisting subjects. We identify two structural processes – chains of equivalence and chains of difference – which were significant to the constitution of resistance. This article contributes to the development and refinement of a neo-Gramscian approach to management and organization studies in general and to multinational corporations’ politics in particular. It refines the study of multinational corporations’ politics by explaining how collective resistance is constituted and organized, what favours and limits the possibility of creating a collective antagonistic front and the role of local managerial resistance.
Christian Identity in a Pluralistic World
Authors: Hunt Robert
Published: March 2013

Christian communities, particularly those in North America and Western Europe are experiencing an identity crisis. They can no longer articulate who they are, how they relate to one another and to their past, or the basis of their continued corporeal existence. The resolution of this identity crisis is possible only when a Christian community recognizes that it does not require a new identity relevant to its situation, but a new way of understanding identity, both personal and corporate. This essay will describe one possible way of understanding Christian identity, as an evangelistic narrative, such that Christian communities can relate faithfully to their past, their present, and their neighbors, and can begin to shape for themselves a distinctively Christian future.
How We Hear Mission in North America
Authors: Van Gelder Craig
Published: March 2013

The 2009 annual ASM meeting invited a variety of church leaders to share their views on current trends in the life of the church. This article summarizes five key themes that were present in all of the plenary presentations, with these themes offering insight into how we are hearing mission today in North America. It is evident, however, that there are significant differences of perspective among these church leaders regarding how to reinterpret Christianity in the midst of the seismic shifts taking place within our present context.
Hazardous Missions and Shifting Frameworks
Authors: Darragh Neil
Published: March 2013

To address the issue of hazardous missions, this article uses the framework of shifts in missionary emphasis: from cross-cultural to intra-cultural mission, from first-generation to second-generation mission, and from human-centered to Earth-centered mission. The helpful or harmful characteristics of missionaries are not just personal hut also structural, that is, inherent in the culture from which the missionaries originate. This article suggests that the three related shifts in missionary emphasis noted above reduce the hazards of Christian mission, but in turn introduce some new hazards.
Toward an Understanding of Turkish Worldview
Authors: Hibbert Richard Y.
Published: March 2013

This article analyzes cultural data provided by anthropologists, missionaries, and the author's personal experience in order to identify major themes in the worldview of Turks. Cultural data about Turks provided by anthropologists and missionaries were collected and analyzed to identify key worldview elements, resulting in the identification of the following main themes: male and female, purity and pollution, honour and shame, order and disorder, inside and outside, covered and exposed, and Allah and the spirit world. Among these themes, the theme of purity and pollution was found to be fundamental to most of the other themes. The article closes with a brief exploration of this study's implications for Christian encounter with Turks.
Mission from Migrant Church to Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Baeq Daniel Shinjong , Lee Myunghee , Hong Sokpyo , Ro Jonathan
Published: March 2013

With the development of global migration, mission fields are shifting from reaching out to reaching in. Various ethnic groups immigrate to countries traditionally regarded as the sending agents of the church. This article will examine the role that the Korean American Church (KAC) can play in Ethnic Minority Missions (EMM) and how to change the current attitude of Korean Americans toward other ethnic groups through short-term missions. Also, this article will provide insight concerning the Korean American church's need for building relationships with other ethnic groups in order to reach out to them effectively.
The Life of the Land
Authors: Herman R. D. K.
Published: March 2013

Congregationalist missionaries arriving in the Hawaiian Islands in 1820 established a printing press and published Hawaiian language textbooks to teach Western approaches to knowledge. While these introduced ideas were seen as important by Hawaiian leaders grappling with the world system in which they now found themselves, they also displaced Hawaiian ways of knowing in which Divinity was imminent in nature. These texts helped pave the way for the transformation of Hawaiian culture and economy to capitalism. Yet this re-writing of the world shows the mission in an ambiguous position between natural theology and secular rationalism, and the missionaries themselves as torn between religious and economic motives.
A Review of the Literature on Ministry Transfer
Authors: Estes Steven
Published: March 2013

This article is a review of the literature on ministry transfer. Observations are included from different parts of the world. The review begins with a general overview of ministry transfer, followed by a presentation of the advantages of transfers. Then economics and mission/church structure are discussed as to their influence on the transfer of ministries. Several observers prefer partnership rather than ministry transfer; their views are also included. The reader will notice that this literature review comes from an evangelical perspective, which reflects Estes' background, and that nearly all the authors cited are evangelicals.
Dealing with Disaster: Critical Contextualization of Misfortune in an Animistic Setting: Dealing with Disaster
Authors: Nehrbass Kenneth
Published: March 2013

Tribal peoples make sense of their world by formulating supernatural explanations for misfortunes that befall them. At times, their explanations are at odds with biblical theology. The author held “sickness workshops” in order to engage the host culture in critical contextualization of misfortune. This article reports on some of the salient findings from those workshops, including (1) the sociological function of tribal discussions about misfortune, (2) an emic1 conceptualization of misfortune causation, and (3) ideas for engaging the national church on issues surrounding misfortune, such as local cosmology, dreams, retribution, and the breaking of taboos.
Edinburgh Forgotten: The Christian and Missionary Alliance and the Disappearance of an Epoch-Making Conference
Authors: Russell Andrew C.
Published: March 2013

For more than 75 months the Christian and Missionary Alliance eagerly promoted and anticipated the World Missionary Conference. Although delegates enthusiastically reported that Edinburgh was an epochal event in the history of missions, the conference disappeared from the denomination's literature within weeks of its completion. This article contends that although Edinburgh was important to constituents of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, the conference was ultimately absorbed into an eschatological mosaic of signs signaling the fulfillment of the Great Commission and the imminent return of Christ.
Mission from the inside Out: An Integrative Analysis of Selected Latin American Protestant “Writings” in Spirituality and Mission
Authors: Gallagher Robert L.
Published: March 2013

Contemporary mission is still struggling with how to connect the contemplative inward journey of the spiritual practices, the outward actions of social justice, and the proclamation of the good news in the ongoing activities of the church today and specifically in its missional task. While the Protestant church is divided over the issue, this paper proposes that there is a possibility of significant convergence of the inner and outer lives of the church, which results in an inner spiritual liberation of mission. This article examines the correlation of spirituality and mission from the “writings” of selected Protestant Latin American scholar-practitioners focusing on the relationship between the inner and outer dimensions of Christian mission, wholeness and integrity of mission, spiritual practices and mission, and worship and mission. In their integration, these emphases provide insights that answer the ecclesiastical question that exists in mission today and provides renovated foundations for the continuing development of the global missional force.
Discovering the Universal in the Particular: A Vision for Christian Mission Spirituality
Authors: Grenham Thomas G.
Published: March 2013

Christian Spirituality is not neutral. God's Reign or Kingdom is at the core of this spirituality and is political in that it informs, challenges, invites, influences, cajoles, and transforms in a life-giving way people's lives. This particular spirituality seeks out that which is transcendent and, in the light of this transcendence, offers a vision meaningful and inclusive for all. This reflection offers a vision for Christian mission spirituality going forward. The specificity of the Christian life and message has universal implications for the world. As this particular spiritual perspective engages other religious and spiritual perspectives a mutual enrichment occurs that has the potential to transform in a life-giving way individuals and communities living in an era of rapid economic, social, political, and cultural globalization. The concept of interculturation is proposed as an approach to serve the purpose of exploring a vision for an inclusive mission spirituality in an era of religious and cultural pluralism. Such a concept provides interpretive language, life-giving symbols and meaningful metaphors to understand and affirm the universality of every contextual particularity.
Mission Spirituality of Jesus
Authors: Oh Daniel
Published: March 2013

This article was originally presented as the first of three messages on the “Mission Spirituality of Jesus” at the 2011 ASM conference. Out of the overflow of Jesus' intimate relationship with the Father, he purposefully listened to the Father and discerningly carried out the Father's business in the world. Jesus' modeling his mission spirituality in John 13 encourages us to realign and rethink our own mission spirituality. We need to rediscover intimacy with God by reaffirming our identity as his children, our stewardship to him for everything in our lives, our life purpose of servant leadership, and our destiny to reign with Jesus in eternity.
Confusion and Communion: Christian Mission and Ethnic Identities in Postgenocide Rwanda
Authors: Barton John
Published: March 2013

This paper explores socio-political and ethnic identities in postgenocide Rwanda and what they contribute to an understanding of mission. As part of the country's reconstruction efforts, the Rwandan government continues to aggressively promote a homogenizing postethnic approach to national unity that officially eliminates references to groups such as the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. Using the work of Emmanuel Katongole and Miroslav Volf as reference points, I propose that the missional pursuit of reconciliation is undermined by such postethnic philosophies and policies. God's mission seeks not to eliminate identities per se, but to eliminate the enmity between them, thus calling people to accept and welcome the “other as other” in the name of Christ. Therefore, in the current climate in Rwanda, and despite impressive indicators of social and economic progress, the call of mission may increasingly require a subversive posture.
Church Growth in Acts
Authors: Copeland E. Luther
Published: March 2013

As Luke traces the progress of the Gospel from Jerusalem to Rome, and the displacement of Israel by the Church as the true people of God in the Messianic Era, his penchant for detail focuses more on the inclusiveness of the multiplying congregations than on accurate growth statistics. Uncharacteristically, Luke's overall pattern is to record numerical expansion in approximations and general terms, although he deliberately gives specific figures to underscore the rapid initial growth of the church in Jerusalem. Professor Copeland's study maintains that growth was Luke's dominant theme. He shows that this growth was numerical, geographic, cultural, heterogeneous and qualitative.
Culture Change and its Relation to Literacy
Authors: McKinney Carol V.
Published: March 2013

Coming as he or she does, from a culture heavily dependent on print media, the western missionary finds the rejection of a literacy program a devastating experience. Missionary McKinney reminds us that by studying the cultural structure (particularly the religious structure), and by applying the established principles of culture change, we can often predict and forestall such potential rejection. Her article also includes suggestive lists of practical factors that may lead to acceptance or rejection of literacy programs.
Voluntary Associations and Urban African Churches
Authors: Hostetter Richard
Published: March 2013

Some of Africa's growing cities have witnessed the rise of voluntary associations — indigenous models focused on helping the new urbanite cope with his changed world. Missionary Hostetter believes that the established urban churches can learn from these groups. More, he feels the churches themselves should get involved in meeting particularly the social felt needs of the city immigrant, now too often met only by the secular associations.
Polygamy Comes Home to Roost
Authors: Horan Hubert
Published: March 2013

This article is only partly about the Church in Africa — and the theological and pastoral dilemmas it faces in its encounter with traditional marriage patterns. It is also about the Church in America — and the similar dilemmas we face in coping with altered cultural attitudes toward marriage and family. Fr. Horan is very candid as he makes telling pastoral analogies between the birth control problem his tradition now faces in America, and the polygamy problem all churches face in Africa. Protestants can take no comfort as they mull very similar analogies in the sticky divorce problems that deeply affect all traditions in America today. With good humor, yet in deep seriousness, Professor Horan urges further and truly sensitive studies, at both theological and pastoral levels, which may prove at least as helpful to our own dilemmas as to those of Africa.
Theological Ethics and Development in an African Context
Authors: Kalu Ogbu U.
Published: March 2013

Professor Kalu presses us to take a fresh look at the ethical issues hiding behind the complexity of all patterns of change — political, economic and social — taking place in country after country in Africa today. He calls us to face realistically, yet with the buoyancy of faith, the part that biblical perspectives play in subduing our hubris and enabling us to understand the “vulnerability” of man and the limitations of even his best efforts to perfect human society.
Missions and Cross-Cultural Conflict
Authors: Bates Gerald E.
Published: March 2013

Accepting conflict as “a reality of human existence,” the author probes the field of conflict theory and his own substantial experience for clues to conflict resolution in the cross-cultural situation. His distinction between “interest conflict” and “value conflict” is a crucial insight for issues-oriented westerners — and particularly those westerners engaged in fulfilling the Church's missionary obedience.
Toward the Symbiotic Ministry: God's Mandate for the Church Today
Authors: Yamamori Tetsunao
Published: March 2013

It is not every day that missiologists turn to the science of biology for relevant insights! But Professor Yamamori does just that as he applies the concept of symbiosis to the sharp polarization that has increasingly characterized the evangelism/social action debate. Examining his thesis in biblical, historical and strategic perspectives, he proposes a principle of contextual symbiosis as a way forward. And he makes sense!
Ancestor Cult Today
Authors: Hwang Bernard
Published: March 2013

Ancestor cult has not only survived the challenges of rationism, secularism and urbanization, it has accommodated to the socio-political facts of life and, in new forms, is enjoying something of a resurgence among Chinese people — not only the urbanized masses but also the educated. These are the conclusions of Professor Hwang after two extensive world-wide trips on which he had opportunity to observe current veneration practices at close range. Beyond sharing his observations, the author calls for serious research and theological reflection aimed at encountering the ancestor cult practitioner with sensitivity to his world view, on the one hand, and biblical, authoritative norms, on the other. While some of his proposals relate uniquely to his own Roman Catholic tradition, most of the issues raised warrant a fresh look by all missiologists.
The Anonymous Christian and Christology
Authors: Schreiter Robert J.
Published: March 2013

Karl Rahner has been troubling orthodox theologians for some years with his theory of “anonymous Christians” — “God's grace, with its power to save the world, works for the most part anonymously.” They were quick to point out that this highly rationalistic theory was supported neither by Scripture nor by tradition. And yet, they felt that the issues he raised deserved careful investigation, rather than rejection out of hand. In this article Father Schreiter undertakes a review of these theological themes and issues, isolates three major criticisms or needed correctives, and seeks an alternate base in what he terms the wisdom tradition of the Bible. He challenges us all to think more deeply on the spiritual condition of those who know not Jesus Christ the Lord.
God's Royal Power in Zaire: An Evaluation of the State of the Church
Authors: McGavran Donald A.
Published: March 2013

This past summer, the pioneer and elder statesman of the church growth movement was invited by seven major communities of the Church of Christ in Zaire (Protestant) for ministry and consultation. Here he shares with our readers his observations and his recommendations for the near future — all in his inimical style, reflecting both his realism and hope-filled optimism, as well as his deep commitment to church and mission.
Voluntary Societies as Communities: Insights from Rufus Anderson
Authors: Mellis Charles J.
Published: March 2013

Our series of articles on great missiologists has not yet brought forth a manuscript on the work of Rufus Anderson. Contributors take note! Meanwhile, Assistant Editor Mellis has drawn a few insights from Anderson on a single subject in which he has a particular interst (his book-length treatment of community-as-mission-structure is reviewed in this issue). While the emergence of voluntary societies, as the basic structure of the Protestant missionary movement, represented a measure of discontinuity with the Roman Catholic missionary orders, reflective leaders like Anderson still saw the continuing need for the kind of supportive, corrective community which has become a more strongly felt need in our day.
Japanese Bonsai or/and California Redwood?
Authors: Corwin Charles
Published: March 2013

Though he does not use the term, Professor Corwin also writes on the “mutuality” theme. He, too, believes that our contributions to each other will be in differing areas. While warmly embracing indigeneity as a crucial dimension of church planting and development, the author calls attention to selective Western perspectives — quite different from the transplanted forms of earlier generations — that may still enrich particular Asian churches. Side-by-side partnership facilitates the two-way transferral of cultural strengths.
Western Christianity in Search of Wholeness and Renewal
Authors: Spae Joseph J.
Published: March 2013

Many emotionally starved westerners who are only marginally acquainted with the essence of the Christian movement are looking eastward. “Their East may be totally strange to the East; it may be a western religious projection,” says Professor Spae. Nevertheless, much of western Christianity may well need to learn from the East in order to experience its own wholeness. One is reminded of Eliade's analogy: the discovery of exotic and primitive arts in Africa half a century ago opened up new perspectives for European art. In the current East-West encounter, the author suggests seven possible directions that theologians, missiologists and educators might advocate.
Karl Barth on Religion: A Study for Christians in Mission
Authors: Starkloff Carl F.
Published: March 2013

Many feel Karl Barth has had his day, Father Starkloff disagrees. He feels a careful study of Barth's theory of religion, within the context of the search for “cultural sensitivity,” can be very rewarding. For it is Barth who reminds us that the central driving force of man's religious life is self-affirmation and self-insurance. Although a solid grasp of the phenomenology of religion is “essential to the training of all missionaries in order to overcome ‘adversaries' and for its positive input into the spiritual life,” the basic issue remains unchanged — the essence of God's unique and once-for-all disclosure and giving of himself to man in Christ.
Jullus Richter and the Scientific Study of Christian Missions in Germany
Authors: Pierard Richard V.
Published: March 2013

Does an article on the writings and advocacy of Professor Julius Richter qualify for inclusion in our series on the great missiologists of the Church? Some see him as just a popularizer of missions; others dismiss him too readily on other grounds. Indeed, we also (here on the North American island in the enlightened 1970s) are scandalized by his unabashed colonialism and German nationalism. And yet, as a prominent missionary ecumenist, he deliberately resisted the negativism toward mission that characterized his turbulent times, and helped to close the gaping wounds that World War I inflicted on German missionary outreach. As “the protégé of Gustav Warneck, the founder of the science of missions, Richter … became the real leader of German missiology” after Warneck's death in 1910.
Spirituality and Struggle for Fullness of Life
Authors: Stockwell Eugene
Published: March 2013

Christianity achieves credible spirituality when it interacts seriously with the basic issues of humankind — the physical world, human history, human conflicts, society and liberation. Building on these five presuppositions, Stockwell posits that just as Jesus was “intimately related to the struggles of real people,” so to be credible mission today must be involved in the struggle against hunger, the struggle for human rights and the struggle for meaning.