bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical effects of seed orchard roguing on selfing and percent filled seeds
Authors: McKinley Craig R. , Cunningham Michael W.
Published: March 2008

Roguing of seed orchards decreases potential seed yields and increases the percentage of selfed seed produced. Calculations indicate that a potential seed loss per cross of about 10% could be expected by roguing a 15-clone orchard to 5 clones, provided certain assumptions are met. Simultaneously, the theoretical percentage of selfed seed rose from 1 to 3% with the same roguing intensity. Roguing to fewer than five clones resulted in greater losses in potential seed yield.
Understanding exercise behaviour during home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a theory of planned behaviour perspectiveThis article is an invited paper from 2007 ICRH Leadership in Science: a Forum for Trainees and New Investigators.
Authors: Blanchard Christopher
Published: March 2008

Although home-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs have been shown to produce significant increases in exercise capacity, obtaining patient adherence to these programs has been challenging. It is therefore critical to identify key theoretical determinants of exercise during home-based CR in order to inform the development of behavioural interventions that improve adherence. The present study examined the utility of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in explaining exercise behaviour during home-based CR. Seventy-six patients who were receiving 6 months of home-based CR completed a TPB questionnaire at the beginning and mid-point of the program and a physical activity scale at the mid-point and end of the program. Path analyses showed that attitude and perceived behavioural control significantly predicted intention for both time intervals (baseline to 3 months, and 3 months to 6 months), whereas subjective norm only predicted intention within the 1st 3 months. Intention significantly predicted implementation intention, which, in turn, significantly predicted exercise for both time intervals. Finally, several underlying accessible beliefs were significantly related to exercise for both time intervals. Therefore, results suggest that the TPB is a potentially useful framework for understanding exercise behaviour during home-based CR.
Renal effect of meloxicam versus ketoprofen in anaesthetized pseudo-normovolaemic piglets
Authors: Junot Stéphane , Troncy Éric , Keroack Stéphanie , Gauvin Dominique , del Castillo Jérôme R.E. , Boivin Robert , Bonnet Jeanne-Marie
Published: March 2008

Due to renal COX-2 constitutive expression, meloxicam is presumably deleterious for kidney function in critical situations. The present study investigates the influence of intravenous meloxicam on renal parameters and compares it with a nonselective COX inhibitor, ketoprofen. Piglets (n = 6 in each group) were treated with ketoprofen (2 mg·kg–1), meloxicam (0.2 mg·kg–1), or saline at the beginning of anaesthesia. Under intravenous anaesthesia, pigs were instrumented for cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal function evaluation, including urinary flow (UF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal blood flow (RBF). After baseline data collection (U0), data collection consisted of six 20-minute periods (U1 to U6). In all groups, the time course of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters remained within normal ranges. A small decrease in cardiac output and an increase in mean systemic arterial blood pressure (p = 0.002) occurred in all groups. In the placebo group, a similar decrease was observed for RBF and cardiac output, with troughs of –10.1% ± 6.8%, and –12.9% ± 3.2%, respectively. GFR and UF, however, remained stable over time in this group. Ketoprofen significantly decreased UF (–29.3% ± 5.5% max at U3), with similar decreases in GFR and RBF. Meloxicam induced a transient (at U2) and small decrease in UF with no difference, at any time point, with the placebo group. The renal effects of meloxicam appear minimal and transient in anaesthetized piglets. This study demonstrates the safety of meloxicam for preemptive surgical analgesia under conditions of normovolaemia. Fluid therapy appears recommended to prevent any renal dysfunction.
Alteration of superoxide- and nitric oxide-mediated antimicrobial function of macrophages by in vivo cocaine exposure
Authors: Tripathi Asok K. , Rathi Niraj , Suke Sanvidhan G. , Banerjee Basu D. , Ahmed Rafat S. , Mahajan Prabha , Bhattacharya Swapan K.
Published: March 2008

Cocaine is a popular drug of abuse and despite impressive advances in the understanding of its physiological, pharmacological, and toxic effects, its mechanism of immunosuppression at the cellular level is not well understood. In this paper we report the role of effector molecules like superoxide and nitric oxide in the antibacterial function of macrophages exposed to acute and chronic doses of cocaine in vivo. Bacterial killing by acute cocaine-exposed macrophages (ACE-Mφs) increased significantly, with a concomitant rise in respiratory burst and generation of superoxide and nitric oxide, compared with control macrophages. In contrast, chronic cocaine-exposed macrophages (CCE-Mφs) exhibited limited antimicrobial activity, which correlated closely with diminished respiratory burst and reduced production of superoxide and nitric oxide. Further, a killing assay was carried out in the presence of NG-methyl-l-arginine acetate, an inhibitor of iNOS, to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in the killing process. The results obtained indicate that while about 30% killing of input bacteria by control and ACE-Mφs was attributable to NO-mediated killing, only about 6% killing from NO was found with CCE-Mφs. The findings indicate that acute exposure to cocaine possibly caused upregulation of enzymes responsible for the generation of ROI (reactive oxygen intermediates) and RNI (reactive nitrogen intermediates), leading to enhanced antimicrobial function. On the other hand, chronic exposure to cocaine impaired the oxygen-dependent microbicidal capacity of macrophages, possibly through impaired expression of enzymes responsible for ROI and RNI formation. Proinflammatory cytokines may play a key role in cocaine-mediated immunosuppression, since exposure of macrophages to cocaine impairs the ability of the cells to produce these cytokines.
Homocysteine stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in mesangial cells via NF-κB activation
Authors: Cheung Giselle T.Y. , Siow Yaw L. , O Karmin
Published: March 2008

Hyperhomocysteinemia is regarded as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. Although renal dysfunction or failure is one of the important factors causing hyperhomocysteinemia, the role of homocysteine (Hcy) in the development of glomerulosclerosis is largely unknown. One of the key events in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis is the infiltration of circulating monocytes into affected glomeruli. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of Hcy on the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in kidney mesangial cells and the mechanisms involved. Levels of MCP-1 and mRNA were significantly elevated in Hcy-treated rat mesangial cells. This increase was associated with activation of NF-κB as a result of increased phosphorylation of the inhibitor protein IκBα. Monocyte chemotactic activity in these cells was also enhanced. In addition, there was a significant elevation of superoxide anion produced by Hcy-treated cells, which preceded the increased phosphorylation of IκBα. Addition of superoxide dismutase or NF-κB inhibitors to the culture medium abolished Hcy-induced NF-κB activation and MCP-1 expression. Taken together, these results indicate that Hcy induced MCP-1 expression in mesangial cells. Such a process was mediated by oxidative stress and NF-κB activation. This may further aggravate renal function in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia.
Annual survival of North American Razorbills (Alca torda) varies with ocean climate indices
Authors: Lavers J. L. , Jones I. L. , Diamond A. W. , Robertson G. J.
Published: March 2008

According to life-history theory, survival in long-lived animals is not expected to vary greatly with environmental conditions. However, recent studies of a number of seabirds have shown that ocean climate indices such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index and sea surface temperature are correlated with adult survival. Here we evaluated whether annual adult survival of Razorbills ( Alca torda L., 1758) at two breeding colonies covaried with oceanographic conditions in the North Atlantic during 1995–2006. We also examined pre-breeder survival (from fledging to age 2). The relationship between local adult survival and the North Atlantic Oscillation and two oceanographic variables (Labrador Current temperature profile and Bay of Fundy sea surface temperature) were evaluated using the program MARK. Capture–mark–recapture data fit the assumptions of the program MARK reasonably well with ĉ values ranging from 1.390 to 2.404. Pre-breeder survival rates were high for Machias Seal Island (Ф = 0.778 ± 0.041) and low for the Gannet Islands (Ф = 0.482 ± 0.033), likely the result of hunting pressure. On Machias Seal Island, constant adult survival (Ф = 0.967 ± 0.028) was the best model; however, time-dependent models that included a climate covariate performed nearly as well. On the Gannet Islands, adult survival (Ф = 0.890 ± 0.053) was negatively correlated with Labrador Current temperature. Overall, our results show significant differences in survival rates across sites over the same time period and highlight the importance of multisite studies and smaller scale climate indices for local populations. In addition, our study contributes to the growing body of evidence that survival in long-lived animals may vary with environmental conditions more than previously expected.
Morphometric comparisons of skulls of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Baltic, Kattegat, and Skagerrak seas
Authors: Börjesson Patrik , Berggren Per
Published: March 2008

The population structure of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Swedish waters was studied by means of morphometric comparisons of skulls from 103 specimens. The study was designed to investigate whether harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea form a distinct population separate from animals found in the Kattegat and Skagerrak seas. The Kattegat–Skagerrak (K-S) sample was divided into summer and winter samples to account for possible migrational movements by Baltic Sea animals between breeding seasons. Both multivariate and univariate statistical analyses showed significant differences between three female samples from the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat and Skagerrak seas. Pairwise comparisons showed differences between the Baltic sample and the K-S summer sample in five characters and between the Baltic sample and K-S winter sample in one character. No differences were found between the K-S summer and winter samples. The multivariate analysis did not show separation of male specimens and only one character was significantly different in the univariate analyses. Pairwise comparisons of adjusted means of this character did not reveal significant differences between the samples. The results show that female harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea are morphologically distinct from females in the Kattegat and Skagerrak seas and these differences probably would not exist if animals from the two areas interbreed. Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea should therefore be managed separately and measures should be taken to prevent bycatches of this likely endangered population.
Parasitism of House Wren nests by Brown-headed Cowbirds: why is it so rare?
Authors: Pribil Stanislav , Picman Jaroslav
Published: March 2008

We tested five hypotheses that may explain why House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) nests are rarely parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). House Wrens may prevent parasitism in five ways: (1) by choosing to nest in cavities with small entrances (inaccessible-entrance hypothesis), (2) by restricting the size of the entrance with nest material (nest-structure hypothesis), (3) by puncturing and ejecting parasitic eggs (puncture–ejection hypothesis), (4) by burying the parasitized clutch under a new nest (egg-burial hypothesis), or (5) by abandoning the parasitized nest altogether (nest-desertion hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses in field experiments and found that (i) female cowbirds cannot enter circular entrances smaller than 38 mm in diameter, (ii) wrens prefer cavities with small entrances (inaccessible to cowbirds) to those with large entrances (accessible to cowbirds), (iii) when forced to breed in cavities with large entrances, wrens do not reduce the entrance size with nest material, (iv) despite the unusual strength of cowbird eggs, wrens are physically capable of puncture–ejecting them, (v) wrens do not puncture–eject cowbird eggs from their own nests, (vi) wrens do not abandon parasitized nests or bury the parasitized clutches under new nests. These results are consistent with the inaccessible-entrance hypothesis. We propose that additional nesting adaptations, as well as active cowbird avoidance of House Wrens, may contribute to the low frequency of cowbird parasitism.
Jack pine cone quality and cache sizes of red squirrels in southern New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Setterington Michael A. , Keppie Daniel M.
Published: March 2008

Relationships between external cone characteristics (length, width, wet and dry mass), cone quality (total seed mass as a proportion of cone mass, total number of seeds per cone, total seed mass per cone), and number of cones in caches were evaluated for caches of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) cones belonging to red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in two plantations in southern New Brunswick. Cone length and mass were good predictors of the total number of seeds per cone and total seed mass per cone. Length accounted for a small proportion of the variance of total seed mass as a proportion of cone mass. There was no relationship between the number of seeds or total seed mass per cone and the number of cones per cache.
THE "SAPHO" SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT OF A PATIENT WITH AN ACCIDENTAL FINDING OF HYPEROSTOSIS IN PLAIN X-RAYS OF THORAX
Authors: Pyrgioti M. , Mahaira E. , Papagiannakis G. , Syrou A. , Alexandris I. H. , Kyriakidis A. V. , Koratzanis G.
Published: March 2008

The authors describe the clinical, bone scintigraphy, and histopathologic findings of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), which is considered to be part of the SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome. Knowledge of this disorder may help in the differential diagnosis of arthritis, and it will help avoid repeated biopsies. We report the case of a 52-year-old man who was admitted to hospital due to an accidental finding in plain X-rays during his first check-up of his health status. He underwent laboratory tests, imaging examinations, and biopsy and histopathologic examinations of bone tissue; and was diagnosed with the SAPHO syndrome (CRMO).
POTENTIAL PROFILE MEASUREMENT OF CARBON NANOTUBE FETs BASED ON THE ELECTROSTATIC FORCE DETECTION
Authors: OKIGAWA YUKI , UMESAKA TAKEO , OHNO YUTAKA , KISHIMOTO SHIGERU , MIZUTANI TAKASHI
Published: March 2008

We have measured the potential distribution on carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) using electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM). Clearer potential profiles were obtained by EFM than by KFM. When the CNT-FET is in the ON state, the EFM image shows uniform potential distribution along the CNT. In contrast, when the CNT-FET is in the OFF state, nonuniform potential image with dark spots are obtained. The dark spots can be attributed to the defects in the CNTs.
Dopamine increases L-type calcium current more in newborn than adult rabbit cardiomyocytes via D1 and β2 receptors
Authors: Ding Guoliang , Wiegerinck Rob F. , Shen Ming , Cojoc Anca , Zeidenweber Carlo M. , Wagner Mary B.
Published: March 2008

Dopamine is used to treat heart failure, particularly after cardiac surgery in infants, but the mechanisms of action are unclear. We investigated differences in the effect of dopamine on L-type calcium current ( ICa) between newborn (NB, 1–4 days) and adult (AD, 3–4 mo) rabbit ventricular myocytes. Myocytes were enzymatically dissociated from NB and AD rabbit hearts. ICa was recorded by using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. mRNA levels of cardiac dopamine receptor type 1 (D1), type 2 (D2), and β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Dopamine (100 μM) increased ICa more in NB (Emax 87 ± 10%) than in AD ventricular cells (Emax 21 ± 3%). Further investigation of this difference showed that mRNA levels of the D1 receptor were significantly higher in NB, and, with β-AR blockade, dopamine increased ICa more in NB than AD cells. Additionally, SKF-38393 (selective D1 receptor agonist) significantly increased ICa by 55 ± 4% in NB ( P < 0.05, n = 4) and by 11 ± 1% in AD ( P < 0.05, n = 6). Dopamine in the presence of SCH-23390 (D1 receptor antagonist) increased ICa in NB cells by 67 ± 5% and by 22 ± 2% in AD cells, suggesting a role for β-AR stimulation. Selective blockade of β1- or β2-receptors (with block of D1 receptors) showed that the β-AR action of dopamine in the NB was largely mediated via β2-AR activation. Dopamine produces a larger increase in ICa in NB cardiomyocytes compared with ADs. The mechanism of action is not only through β2-ARs but also due to higher expression of cardiac D1 receptor in NB.
Multiple TLRs activate EGFR via a signaling cascade to produce innate immune responses in airway epithelium
Authors: Koff Jonathan L. , Shao Matt X. G. , Ueki Iris F. , Nadel Jay A.
Published: March 2008

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical for the recognition of inhaled pathogens that deposit on the airway epithelial surface. The epithelial response to pathogens includes signaling cascades that activate the EGF receptor (EGFR). We hypothesized that TLRs communicate with EGFR via epithelial signaling to produce certain innate immune responses. Airway epithelium expresses the highest levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, and TLR6, and here we found that ligands for these TLRs increased IL-8 and VEGF production in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. These effects were prevented by treatment with a selective inhibitor of EGFR phosphorylation (AG-1478), a metalloprotease (MP) inhibitor, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, and an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. In an airway epithelial cell line (NCI-H292), TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to confirm that TACE is the MP involved in TLR ligand-induced IL-8 and VEGF production. We show that transforming growth factor (TGF)-α is the EGFR ligand in this signaling cascade by using TGF-α neutralizing antibody and by showing that epithelial production of TGF-α occurs in response to TLR ligands. Dual oxidase 1 (Duox1) siRNA was used to confirm that Duox1 is the NADPH oxidase involved in TLR ligand-induced IL-8 and VEGF production. We conclude that multiple TLR ligands induce airway epithelial cell production of IL-8 and VEGF via a Duox1→ ROS→ TACE→ TGF-α→ EGFR phosphorylation pathway. These results show for the first time that multiple TLRs in airway epithelial cells produce innate immune responses by activating EGFR via an epithelial cell signaling cascade.
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages in an orthotopic murine model of diffuse malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Miselis Nathan R. , Wu Zhijin J. , Van Rooijen Nico , Kane Agnes B.
Published: March 2008

Tumors are a mixture of neoplastic and host stromal cells, which establish a microenvironment that contributes to tumor progression. In this study, the contribution of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to tumor growth and metastasis was examined using an orthotopic, immunocompetent murine model of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. The expression profile of cytokines and chemokines in solid tumors was consistent with a M2-polarized, TAM-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment. TAMs were targeted using liposome-encapsulated clodronate (CLIP). Exposure of tumor spheroids to CM-DiI-labeled CLIP in situ confirms targeting of macrophages and not mesothelioma cells. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) delivery of CLIP produced apoptosis in tumor spheroids and solid tumors in contrast to delivery of liposome-encapsulated PBS or PBS. Mice received an i.p. injection of mesothelioma cells with CLIP delivered i.p. every 5 days. This treatment protocol produces a 4-fold reduction in the number of tumors, a 17-fold reduction in the relative tumor burden, and a 5-fold reduction in invasion and metastasis when compared with mice exposed to liposome-encapsulated PBS or PBS. Following transplantation of tumor spheroids and treatment with CLIP, mice showed a 4-fold reduction in the number of tumors and a 15-fold reduction in relative tumor burden. Mice bearing established tumors showed a 2-fold reduction in the number of tumors and relative tumor burden when exposed to half the previous dose of CLIP delivered by repeated i.p. injection. These reductions in tumor burden are statistically significant and identify TAMs as an important host-derived cell that contributes to growth, invasion, and metastasis in diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(4):788–99]
Quantificational Null Objects and Argument Ellipsis
Authors: Takahashi Daiko
Published: March 2008

This article provides a new argument for the analysis of null arguments in terms of ellipsis by considering null objects that behave like quantifiers. It is shown that the presence of quantificational null objects and their scopal property are difficult to accommodate under the traditional view of null arguments as pronouns but are best accounted for by the ellipsis analysis. Among the consequences of the present study are the need to postulate phonetically invisible/inaudible scrambling and its obedience to the economy requirement.
Whose Scripture? Whose Community? Reflections on the Dead Sea Scrolls Then and Now, By Way of Aramaic Levi
Authors: Kugler Robert
Published: March 2008

Reexamination of the varieties of manuscripts testifying to Aramaic Levi suggests already that they reflect not a single, relatively consistent work as many have long thought, but a work that existed in diverse recensions, including more than one among the numerous manuscripts at Qumran. Examination of 4Q213b, line 1 and 4Q213a 3–4, 3a suggests even more, that the forms of the work found among the Dead Sea Scrolls were the result of a Qumran compositional strategy of deploying, revising, and supplementing existing texts and traditions in ways consistent with the interests of the community. This suggests not only that the Dead Sea Scrolls include "sectarian works" that we have not yet acknowledged as such; it also warns us against assuming that we can ever know the scope and nature of works only partially preserved at Qumran by comparing them with similar or even supposedly identical works attested outside of the Qumran Scrolls.
The Unfinished Scroll: A Reconsideration of the End of the Temple Scroll
Authors: Schiffman Lawrence
Published: March 2008

In this study, we will be concerned with one small aspect of the scroll's physical character, namely the question of its last column and the conclusion of the Temple Scroll. We shall endeavor to challenge Yadin's conclusion that the end of the Temple Scroll is "preserved" in the so-called zero lines at the top of the last column. By comparing 11QTa and 4Q524, which preserves additional text from the end of the composition, and analyzing scribal techniques and literary contents, it seems probable that the Temple Scroll is an unfinished copy, from a more complete Vorlage, or an unfinished composition.
Rereading S: A New Model of Textual Development in Light of the Cave 4 Serekh Copies
Authors: Schofield Alison
Published: March 2008

After the publication of the Cave 4 copies, reconstructing the textual history of the Community Rule (Serekh ha-Yahad or S) was further complicated. Because of both the divergences and the continuities between these versions, their relationship could no longer be explained by a simple chronological line of development. This paper offers a new, chronological-spatial model that better accounts for the textual history of S. In doing so, it asks larger methodological questions about the study of this text, and by extension, how we unnecessarily read Qumran into S. Using this broader model, we can better resolve yet unexplained dilemmas concerning the relationship between 1QS and the Cave 4 copies.
Qumran Self-Identity: "Israel" or "Judah"?
Authors: Bergsma John
Published: March 2008

A careful analysis of the Qumran "sectarian" texts reveals a consistent preference for self-identification as "Israel" rather than "Judah." In fact, they contain no unambiguous identifications of the community as "Judah" or its members as "Judeans". Like most biblical texts and unlike Josephus and the authors of 1–2 Maccabees, the Qumran community does not equate Israelite with Judean. They regard themselves as the vanguard of the eschatological restoration of the twelve tribes; for them, the Judean state is not the sole heir of biblical Israel.
An Assessment of the Primary Sources of Spread of Global Warming Estimates from Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Models
Authors: Dufresne Jean-Louis , Bony Sandrine
Published: March 2008

Climate feedback analysis constitutes a useful framework for comparing the global mean surface temperature responses to an external forcing predicted by general circulation models (GCMs). Nevertheless, the contributions of the different radiative feedbacks to global warming (in equilibrium or transient conditions) and their comparison with the contribution of other processes (e.g., the ocean heat uptake) have not been quantified explicitly. Here these contributions from the classical feedback analysis framework are defined and quantified for an ensemble of 12 third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3)/Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled atmosphere–ocean GCMs. In transient simulations, the multimodel mean contributions to global warming associated with the combined water vapor–lapse-rate feedback, cloud feedback, and ocean heat uptake are comparable. However, intermodel differences in cloud feedbacks constitute by far the most primary source of spread of both equilibrium and transient climate responses simulated by GCMs. The spread associated with intermodel differences in cloud feedbacks appears to be roughly 3 times larger than that associated either with the combined water vapor–lapse-rate feedback, the ocean heat uptake, or the radiative forcing.
Use of Bayesian Merging Techniques in a Multimodel Seasonal Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction System for the Eastern United States
Authors: Luo Lifeng , Wood Eric F.
Published: March 2008

Skillful seasonal hydrologic predictions are useful in managing water resources, preparing for droughts and their impacts, energy planning, and many other related sectors. In this study, a seasonal hydrologic ensemble prediction system is developed and evaluated over the eastern United States, with a focus on the Ohio River basin. The system uses a hydrologic model (i.e., the Variable Infiltration Capacity model) as the central element for producing ensemble predictions of soil moisture, snow, and streamflow with lead times up to six months. One unique feature of this system is in the method for generating ensemble atmospheric forcings for the forecast period. It merges seasonal climate forecasts from multiple climate models with observed climatology in a Bayesian framework, such that the uncertainties related to the atmospheric forcings can be better quantified while the signals from individual models are combined. Simultaneously, climate model forecasts are downscaled to an appropriate spatial scale for hydrologic predictions. When generating daily meteorological forcing, the system uses the rank structures of selected historical forcing records to ensure reasonable weather patterns in space and time.

Seasonal hydrologic predictions are made with this system, using seasonal climate forecast from the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS), and from a combination of the NCEP CFS and seven climate models in the European Union’s Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (CFS+DEMETER). Forecasts of these two types are made for the summer periods (May to October) of 1981–99 and are compared to forecasts produced with the traditional Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) approach used in operational seasonal streamflow predictions. The forecasts from this system for the summer of 1988 show very promising skill in precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow over the Ohio River basin, especially the multimodel CFS+DEMETER forecast. The evaluation with all 19 summer forecasts shows that the multimodel CFS+DEMETER forecast is significantly better than the ESP forecast during the first two months of the forecasts. The advantage is marginal to moderate when only the CFS forecast is used. This study validates the approach of using seasonal climate predictions from dynamic climate models in hydrological predictions, and it also emphasizes the need for international collaborations to develop multimodel seasonal predictions.
The Telephone Answering Service
Authors: Reece Robert M. , Robertson Leon S. , Alpert Joel J.
Published: March 2008

A survey of Massachusetts pediatricians and general practitioners and of telephone answering services indicated widespread use of the telephone answering service by physicians, but with some important differences between what physicians expect and what the services said they do. The importance of telephone communication is of such importance to practitioners that they should be as critical of their utilization of the answering service as of any other therapeutic tool.
The "A.B.C.D.'s" to H.E.A.R
Authors: Downs Marion P. , Silver Henry K.
Published: March 2008

Since the ultimate language abilities of deaf children are dependent in large part upon the age at which their deafness is recognized and acted upon, early detection of hearing loss is vital. Whether the habilitation will be through auditory or oral or manual lan guage training, the earlier it is begun the more effective it will be.
Project DDD
Authors: Montaña Eduardo
Published: March 2008

A local attempt to prevent the widespread abuse of drugs among high school students in the city of Rome, Georgia was based on establishing dialogue with preadolescent students and sharing information about the dangers of drug abuse.
Antibiotics 1973
Authors: Plotkin Stanley A.
Published: March 2008

In 1973, the main thrusts in antibiotic research are in the development of new cephalosporins and aminoglycosides.
Antiminth (Pyrantel Pamoate)
Authors: Pitts Norman E. , Migliardi Joseph R.
Published: March 2008

A new broad-spectrum anthelminthic, anti minth (pyrantel pamoate), has been evaluated in 1,506 patients, mainly children. Single doses of 5/mg/lb/body weight (base activity) showed high overall efficacy against Enterobius vermicularis (97.2%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (97.5%). In tropical locations, in patients with multiple in festataons, single doses of 10 mg/lb/day for three consecutive days achieved a cure rate of 86.4 per cent with Necator americanus. With a smaller number of patients, a lower dosage of 5 mg/lb/day for three consecutive days was also effective (90.7%). At recommended doses (5 mg/lb/day), Antiminth (pyrantel pamoate) was well tolerated and free of adverse effects upon hematologic, renal, and hepatic function. There was not the troublesome staining seen with certain other anthelminthics. The safety profile was further substantiated by clinical experience with doses in excess of 5 mg/lb/body weight, at times carried on for several weeks.
The Slowly Dying Child
Authors: Singher Lawrence J.
Published: March 2008

Potential cure and prolonged survival has modified the outlook for childhood cancer. Longevity has made most important the real ization that the child and family encounter many psychological stresses. Understanding this phenomena adds to the ultimate success of care.
Some Important Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis in Children
Authors: Johnsen Stanley D.
Published: March 2008

Some of the common errors and problems of the physician who cares for the child with bacterial meningitis are: 1) misdiagnosis; 2) inappropriate handling of cerebrospinal fluid; 3) inadequate assessment of therapeutic responses; 4) inappropriate drug therapy; 5) improper treatment of seizures; 6) inadequate care of increased intracranial pressure; 7) inappropriate evaluation of persistent fever; 8) inappropriate fluid therapy; 9) inadequate investigation of persistent neurologic deficit; 10) overvigorous treatment of subdural effusion; 11) inadequate assessment of neurologic or psychologic im pairment ; and 12) inadequate consideration of possible underlying defects.
The Magnesium Load Test: I. A Design for Infants
Authors: Caddell Joan L.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to design the shortest suitable magnesium load test for infants up to six months of age. A 56-hour test was used to study cation and creatinine excretion before and after an intramuscular load of 0.49 mEq of magnesium/kg of body weight. No diurnal excretion pattern for magnesium was found, and most of the magnesium rejected by the kidney was excreted by neonates within 32 hours, and by infants from one to six months of age within 24 hours. The postload urinary magnesium value usually stabilized at a slightly higher level than the preload level. The mean plasma mag nesium level increased about 0.65 mEq/liter one hour after the load, and at the end of the test was 0.25 mEq/liter higher than the initial value; abnormally low plasma values were normalized. Renal excretion of creatinine and potassium was not affected by the magnesium load, but the 24-hour postload excretion was higher than the 24-hour preload excretion of calcium for all patients, and of sodium for some full-term neo nates. Because of slow excretion of magnesium and concomitant calcium loss, special precau tions are required for testing and repletion of young infants to avoid magnesium overload and calcium depletion. A suitable test would have an eight-hour preload period, a load of 0.49 mEq of magnesium (0.12 ml of 50 per cent MgSO4.7H2O) per kg of body weight, and a postload collection of 32 hours for neonates and 24 hours for infants from one to six months of age.
The Magnesium Load Test: III. Correlation of Clinical and Laboratory Data in Infants from One to Six Months of Age
Authors: Caddell Joan L. , Byrne Paul A. , Triska Roland A. , McElfresh Arthur E.
Published: March 2008

A study of 64 infants from one to six months of age was made using the 32-hour parenteral magnesium load test. Most of the infants were studied for neuromuscular hyperirritability or other signs compatible with magnesium deficiency; some with unrelated problems served as controls.

Magnesium retention below 40 per cent was found in 26 infants who presented with minor signs or signs that were otherwise explained, as by infection. Twelve who retained 72 per cent of the load were normal or small at birth, amply fed on demand, and grew at accelerated rates, increasing from the 50th to the 88th mean percentile by ten weeks, when they were "fat, hungry, jumpy babies," exemplifying the Mg deficiency syndrome of growth. Seven infants of 8.2 ± 1 weeks had had one or more sudden, transient episodes that included: apnea, gasping, tonic or tonic-clonic fits, and flaccidity, often with pallor, cyanosis, eye signs, sweating, or tearing. Despite preload Mg in two, the group retained 88 per cent of the load. Mg appeared to be specific therapy in high retention groups. The signs are nonspecrfic but resemble premonitory signs and the type of episode that may occur in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), suggesting a possible link be tween magnesium depletion and SIDS.
The Pediatrician and the Dying Child
Authors: Tietz Walter , Powars Darleen
Published: March 2008

To deal with problems aroused in professional medical staff working with fatally ill children, a team of psychiatrists and oncologists not only deals with the problems of the children and their families, but also with problems of the medical staff themselves. Psychotherapy to the medical staff is offered only indirectly. The overriding difficulty which prevents the medical staff from maintaining role-appropriate be havior is dealing with the theme of death. Often this is the hidden agenda behind a facade of other presenting problems. At times, the medical staff may be unable to deal with their own anger when confronted by demanding patients or hostile parents. At other times, medical staff will overidentify with the patient resulting in inap propriate role behavior. When medical results are poor despite good medical care, staff may feel inappropriately guilty. These issues can be dealt with by means of a weekly mental health conference with the focus on the patient.
The Treatment of Sex Offenders At Herstedvester
Authors: Stürup Georg K.
Published: March 2008

The Isaac Ray Award is commemorative of Dr. Isaac Ray, a founder and early president of the American Psychiatric Association. The award, which provides for a series of lectures to be given by its recipient, signals contribution to understanding between psychiatry and the law. The lec tures were sponsored at the University of Pennsylvania jointly by the Schools of Law and Medicine. Dr. Stürup was named winner of the award for 1966 at the Annual Convention of the American Psychiatric Association.

We are pleased to be able to present an abstract of these lectures in this publication. This would not have been possible without the kind cooperation of the Johns Hopkins Press and Dr. Stürup. These lectures will be published in their entirety by the Johns Hopkins Press in a forth coming monograph. It has not been possible to present all of the mate rial in the lectures and we strongly recommend examination of the lec tures in their entirety. Information on publication will be available through the Johns Hopkins Press. Baltimore, Maryland.

1 This study of 38 sex offenders is described in greater detail in the forth coming publication of the complete Isaac Ray Lectures by the Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
Development of a Sailing Dinghy Simulator
Authors: Gale T.J. , Walls J.T.
Published: March 2008

A sailing dinghy simulator was developed that recreated the task of sailing in the laboratory. The simulator comprised the deck of a sailing dinghy, a pivoting support frame, a control system, in strumentation, a mathematical model of sailing dinghy dynamics and a computer simulation with a three-dimensional graphics display. Pneumatic rams were used to apply motion feedback. Esti mated dinghy performance data were calibrated using on-water recordings of boat speed. A sailor's ability in sailing to windward was assessed using the simulator. The sailor performed typical sailing tasks, including tacking, hiking and judging lay- lines, and their activities were recorded for subse quent analysis. It was found that the simulator successfully simulated dinghy sailing and that the recorded data were useful for analysis of sailor performance. The simulator may be used in the training and assessment af sailors, ranging from the raw beginner through the experienced sailor.
Mathematical Models for the Analysis of Hepatitis B and AIDS Epidemics
Authors: Alfonseca Manuel , Martinez-Bravo Maria T. , Torrea José L.
Published: March 2008

Continuous simulation mathematical models are proposed for two different epidemic situa tions : Hepatitis B in a cohort of newborns followed for life, and one of the danger groups in the current AIDS epidemic. The paper describes the rationale behind the systems of differential equations used to model both situ ations, and the way to test alternative policies, such as vaccination, preventive measures, or the effects of new drugs on AIDS.
Trace Driven Simulation of Dynamic Branch Prediction Schemes
Authors: Gamez J.F. , Akhtar S. , Murthy S.N.J.
Published: March 2008

Simulation studies of two branch prediction schemes in superscalar pipelined computers are presented in this paper. The two studied meth ods are the Per-address Adaptive (PA) scheme and the Global Adaptive (GA) scheme. In addi tion, simulation studies of a modification of the PA scheme, called Switched P/G Adaptive (SPGA), are also presented. Using several benchmarks, it has been illustrated that SPGA scheme has promising results at the possible expense of slight hardware addition.
Modeling and Simulation of Computerized Tomography Systems
Authors: Smith Brian J. , Adhami Reza R.
Published: March 2008

The field of Computerized Tomography (CT) has revolutionized medical imaging and has been ap plied to the diverse fields of radio astronomy, elec tron microscopy, geophysics, stress analysis, radar, and nondestructive testing. Computer simula tion has played an integral role in the development of CT systems and algorithms. This article pro vides an overview of CT and the tools used to model and simulate CT systems, and demon strates the evaluation of a novel Localized CT (LCT) technique through simulation. The key features of the discrete wavelet transform are reviewed as they relate to the development of LCT algorithms. The Shepp-Logan head phantom is presented and utilized in the simulation and evalu ation of the proposed LCT technique.
Reducing Rollbacks Through Partitioning in PCS Parallel Simulation
Authors: Boukerche Azzedine , Fabbri Alessandro
Published: March 2008

Recent advances in wireless data communications tech nology have spawned an increasing demand for various types of services over wireless and wireline networks. As a result, we are witnessing an explosive growth of research and development efforts in the field of wireless and personal communication systems (PCS). Parallel simulation techniques have been investigated in studies to decrease the execution times of PCS simulations. In this paper, we present a partitioning algorithm for SWiMNet, a two-stage PCS parallel simulation testbed which makes use of a conservative scheme at Stage 1, and Time Warp at Stage 2. The partitioning algorithm focuses on statically distributing the load of the simu lation evenly in order to decrease the rollback overhead in Stage 2. The algorithm is based on an estimation of the loads involved by the model components. This paper discusses the algorithm, its implementation on a work station cluster, and the performance results of the simu lation of a real suburban area serviced by an FCA-based PCS network. The results are compared with a round- robin partitioning algorithm. The results show that the investigated partitioning algorithm can achieve a re duction of up to 60% in the rollback message overhead.
Visualisation of Co-operation in the Construction of a Monolithic Building
Authors: Marlewski Adam
Published: March 2008

When a monolithic construction is being erected, a strict regime must be followed on the thickness of a concrete layer and on the layer's solidification time. This regime can only be satisfied if all the cooperating ele ments (a concrete mixer, a crane, gangs working at the top of a building) harmonize. Assuming constant parameters of the co operating elements (but no constant increase of the construction within a 24-hour period is required), this paper presents the CoMB program, which dynamically visualizes this harmonization and reports the percentage of usage of co-operating elements. A didactic aspect of such a visualisation is outlined.
Application of the Cell-DEVS Paradigm for Cell Spaces Modelling and Simulation
Authors: Wainer Gabriel A. , Giambiasi Norbert
Published: March 2008

We present the results obtained when using the Cell-DEVS paradigm for cell spaces modelling and simulation. This formalism allows one to model and simulate cell spaces, including delay functions, to specify their timing behavior. Cell spaces can be defined in an automated fashion, simplifying the construction of new models, and easing the verification of the structural models. The approach was implemented in a development tool, showing that development times can im prove by several orders of magnitude. The main results of development experiences are pre sented, showing the usefulness of the approach.
Comparative Analysis of Scheduling Algorithms For QoS Support in Wide Area Networks
Authors: Znati Taieb
Published: March 2008

Scheduling is an important aspect of next generation wide area networks, as it plays a major role in deter mining the quality of service (QoS) a particular appli cation receives. In this paper, we discuss the main de sign issues related to scheduling and provide a frame work for the analysis of different scheduling algorithms to support the QoS requirements of multi media applications. Detailed simulation experiments, using different network parameters, including switch buffer sizes, inter-arrival rates, service rates, and net work link capacities, were conducted. Our results show that simple scheduling algorithms such as FCFS are not adequate to support real-time QoS when the network load is heavy. The results also show that more complex algorithms may be required to provide an ac ceptable level of service guarantees.
DEVS/HLA-Based Modeling and Simulation for Intelligent Transportation Systems
Authors: Lee Jong-Keun , Lee Min-Woo , Chi Sung-Do
Published: March 2008

This article focuses on the study of the modeling and simulation of an intelligent transportation system that uses discrete event system specification (DEVS)/high-level architecture (HLA), which is the methodology of hierarchical modular modeling and distributed simulation. The authors performed distributed homogeneous traffic simulation by extending an existing developed DEVS-based I3D2 transportation simulation system to an HLA-based distributed simulation environment. First, the suggested methodology gives an object-oriented and hierarchical modular modeling and simulation environment of traffic models that have complicated, dynamic features of the real world. Second, it provides easiness and extendibility of a distributed traffic simulation system design/development. Third, it offers the whole simulation time management method between distributed simulation objects through the HLA distribution standardization technique. Finally, it can offer an effective and hierarchical simulation analysis environment of a large-scale road network.
The Integrated Mission Simulator
Authors: Markson Edward E. , Stricker John L.
Published: March 2008

Space mission simulator programs may be divided into two broad categories: (1) training tools (quali tative devices often simulating a continuous mission), and (2) laboratory tools (quantitative devices treating the mission in phases, each phase being programmed separately to obtain optimum scaling). This paper describes the development of an analog program capable of continuously simulating an entire lunar mission in six degrees of freedom with high resolu tion throughout.

The reported work logically traces the program development through the equations of motion, the guidance and control equations, and the analog mechanization. The translation equations are de veloped using a modified form of Encke's method; two reference origins are utilized at the two points of primary interest—the landing site and the target vehicle—such that the displacements are approach ing a minimum in the regions where the highest reso lution is required. The variables are rescaled as this region is approached to obtain maximum accuracy. Relays, stepping switches and diode gates are used for rescaling and to re-reference origins. A particular Euler angle sequence is selected based on matrix validity criteria applied to the mission. A previously reported guidance technique is shown to be appli cable to all phases of the mission.

It is concluded that the method demonstrated in this paper leads to minimum computer loading for simulating a manned space mission without program discontinuities. Supporting data include an analog- computed trajectory representative of a long-dura tion mission, which is compared in detail with a digital solution.