bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Intention: A Critique Of The “Normal” Criminal Agency, Responsibility, And Punishment In American Death Penalty Jurisprudence
Authors: Culbert Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

As the United States Constitution is interpreted by the Supreme Court, there is a heightened obligation to determine as accurately as possible the culpability of a defendant who may be sentenced to death for participation in a crime.’ However, in a “deregulated” political and legal environment, just how such determinations are to be made in a court of law is not clear. As Robert Weisberg has argued, the Supreme Court has failed in its efforts to articulate formal criteria by which to determine responsibility at law. Consequently, lower courts have to rely on the discretion of judges and jurors to make “reliable” sentencing decisions. As a result, defendants are sentenced to death when they violate deeply held though not necessarily articulated assumptions about socially acceptable behavior. In other words, when the Supreme Court fails to define formal criteria for judgment, the legitimacy of legal decisions about punishment and responsibility hinges on moral norms instead of formal principles.
Ascaridida
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The order Ascaridida comprises a large number of relatively large nematodes that parasitize many groups of animals; those that are important to humans belong in the superfamily Ascaridoidea. Two families of the Ascaridoidea, Ascarididae and Anisakidae, have all the species important in human medicine, and most of them inhabit the gastrointestinal tract as adult worms. The life cycles of these parasites are either direct or indirect. Parasites with direct cycles have eggs that require development in soil to become infective and must be ingested by the final host to complete their cycles. Parasites with indirect cycles also pass eggs that require maturation in soil, but they are ingested by intermediate hosts, where the larvae usually encapsulate in the tissues, to infect the predator final host when they are ingested. In some species of the Ascaridoidea with direct life cycles, the infective eggs may be ingested by unnatural hosts. In these cases, the eggs produce larvae in the intestine that migrate through the tissues and encapsulate in the muscles in a state of paratenesis, and the unnatural host becomes a paratenic host. This is a feature of the life cycle of species of Toxocara, a feature that is important in medicine because it is the biologic basis for the production of visceral larva migrans (see Chapter 17).
Trematodes Of The Blood Vessels-Schistosomes
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The schistosomes are trematodes that inhabit the blood vessels of humans and animals and produce schistosomiasis or bilharziasis, the general terms applied to the infection. Schistosomiasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world because of the number of individuals affected and the morbidity and mortality produced. The disease usually occurs in persons living in poor socioeconomic conditions in tropical and subtropical areas. The classification of the schistosomes is rather complicated if all species that produce zoonotic infections, especially schistosomal dermatitis in humans, are included. In general, all the species of importance to human medicine belong to the family Schistosomatidae.
Incremental Expansion with Rapid Global Coverage
Authors: Mathews John A
Published: November 2023

Stan Shih knew from personal experience all about the hazards involved in entering foreign markets as a new player-his ownpath to “going global” as a late-mover.1 Rather than emulate incumbent MNEs by entering markets through large investments in wholly owned subsidiaries, he favored an approach that would reduce the risk by entering into partnerships with local distributors. In this way, Acer could gradually acquire knowledge of the market and gradually increase its commitment to that market, leaving room to change course or adjust strategy if circumstances changed.
Globalization and the Dragon Multinational
Authors: Mathews John A
Published: November 2023

The issue of what will be the outcome of the processes of world integration of economic, industrial, and financial systems-the processes summarized as globalization-continues to be the central issue of our time. Indeed, as the words of Marx and Engels reveal, written on the eve of the 1848 revolutions in Europe, it has been the central issue for a century and a half, at least.
The Evidence for a Return Across Groups of Companies
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

To provide convincing evidence that there is a return from investing in information technology, we have to locate some examples of value, and the strongest evidence comes from financial results. In this chapter we discuss several studies of firms in an effort to show value from IT investments. There have been a number of studies of IT investment by different groups, for example, information systems academics and economists; this chapter focuses on studies that have shown mostly positive returns. These studies provide cause for optimism, though one of them has such positive results that it is hard to believe! It has proven very difficult to study the return from investing in information technology, particularly if you would like to relate that investment with the overall performance of a company. Consider the typical large firm with over $100 million a year in sales. What is the likelihood that anyone can track the return from a single investment in IT to the bottom line?
Putting it Together
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, I touched on the role of industry-specific organizations such as the ASI and sematech and their role in identifying and diffusing information about best practices. I discussed the activities of customer-supplier networks in spreading and serving as transmission links for the new ideas about quality. Accumulating quality improvement expertise in the 1980s involved not so much adopting a specific approach to quality improvement as creating and participating in an infrastructure for the identification and diffusion of best practices.
Modeling the Future for Hewlett-Packard
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

Much of the discussion in this book has been about the enormous uncertainty that gripped top managers in large U.S. manufacturing firms in the early 1980s as they came to realize that their Japanese competitors had opened up a large quality advantage over them. They did not understand the basis for the Japanese success, and there were many competing explanations as to the cause of the American industry problem and how to eliminate the quality gap. In Chapter 3, I discussed the importance of organizations obtaining the earliest available information to resolve actor uncertainty. The earliest good information that becomes progressively available in distinct social locations shows actors the direction successful competitors have taken.
Gapping, PF Merger, and Patterns of Partial Agreement
Authors: Aoun Joseph , Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

7.1 Introduction

Two types of partial agreement arise in the context of subject-verb agreement in Standard Arabic (SA), Lebanese Arabic (LA) and Moroccan Arabic (MA). The first type of partial agreement exclusive to SA is characterized by the fact that in the context of postverbal simple plural NPs the verb agrees with the subject in gender and person only. The second type of partial agreement is present in all three varieties of Arabic and is characterized by the fact that, when the postverbal subject is a conjoined NP, the verb may agree with the first conjunct only.
The First Stage of Second Language Attrition: A Case Study of a Japanese Returnee
Authors: Tomiyama Machiko
Published: November 2023

Despite a short history of language attrition as a field of linguistic research, we have witnessed new insights being accumulated, hypotheses being generated, and evidence and counter evidence being provided. However, as young a field as it is and the methodological paths to the inquiry being multifold, many areas still remain basically unexplored. The present study is devoted to one such area, namely, a longitudinal study-in a genuine sense, of natural second language (L2 English) attrition within an individual in the first language (LI Japanese) environment.
Beyond Race: Sex and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Students of the history of the Fourteenth Amendment disagree among themselves about precisely what racially discriminatory state laws (and other racially discriminatory state action) section one of the Fourteenth Amendment was understood and meant to forbid. (I explored that disagreement in chapter 3.) They agree, however, that section one was understood and meant to forbid some racially discriminatory state laws; they agree, in particular, that section one was meant to forbid at least the kinds of racially discriminatory state laws and practices-the Black Codesoutlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Racial discrimination was a core concern of section one of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Introducing the Indigenous Women of Latin America
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: November 2023

This book describes the history of indigenous women in Latin America. It treats them as active agents, instrumental in shaping the region’s history. Neither house-bound nor passive, native women have responded to many challenges—demographic, economic, political, and social—over the past millennia. What my research in both primary and secondary sources ranging across the fields of archaeology, ethnohistory, and ethnography repeatedly demonstrates is that indigenous women have a long history of performing productive labor, contributing to familial well-being in a variety of ways, and being politically active. In responding to the forces of change, whether resisting or embracing them or seeking to control the rate and impact of change, women became creators of change and have served as transformative agents. I began this project thinking it would be interesting to compare Mesoamerican and Andean women across space and time. Along the way the book turned into something bigger—more unwieldy, yet more useful—as I pondered how to tell the stories of women and cultural change across thousands of square miles and years. If every region and group cannot be covered, I nonetheless attempt to include a wide variety of areas and peoples. The book retains some focus on Mesoamerica and Andean South America, in part because these have always been the areas of densest native populations.
Fighting for Survival through Political Action and Cultural Creativity
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: November 2023

If globalization, modernizing aid, and political and cultural changes—especially war, urbanism, and changing ethno-racial categorizations—often carry negative consequences for South and Central America’s indigenous women, there female autonomy and activism sometimes found their fullest expression in native Latin America. In parts of the Andes, where women’s political energies express themselves very directly and openly, this is especially the case.
Resource Planning: What’s Needed to Get There
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

One can be reasonably sure that the required amount and the available amount of each type of resource will not be equal. The differences are often large enough to require modifying the plan to accommodate the differences.
Education of Minorities
Authors: Skutnabb-Kangas Tove
Published: November 2023

A good educational program accomplishes the following goals from a language(s) and identity point of view: (1) high levels of multilingualism; (2) a fair chance of achieving academically at school; and (3) strong, positive multilingual and multi cultural identity and positive attitudes toward self and others.
Quantitative Studies of Normal and Leukemic Stem Cells: Definition and Regulation
Authors: Conneally Eibhlin , Hogge Donna E , Sutherland, Heather J , Eaves Connie J
Published: November 2023

Every day, in normal adults, billions of blood cells of different types die and are replaced. This is achieved by a constant and equally massive outpouring of mature blood cells from the marrow. Ultimately, the stability of these processes is dependent upon the presence in the marrow of a relatively tiny population of very primitive hematopoietic cells, each of which has the potential to generate all of the mature blood cells needed for sustained periods of time. Cells with these properties are referred to as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Hematopoietic Signal Transduction
Authors: Hara Takahiko , Nakayama Koh , Miyajima Atsushi
Published: November 2023

All blood cells are derived from multipotential hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In developing mouse embryos, HSCs are first recognizable in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region of embryos at 10 to 11 days postcoitus (dpc) (Muller et al., 1994). They move to the fetal liver at 12 to 13 dpc and then to the spleen and bone marrow just before birth. In adult mice, HSCs in the bone marrow proliferate and differentiate to lineage-committed progenitors that eventually give rise to all kinds of terminally differentiated mature blood cells (Spangrude et al., 1988; Heimfeld et al., 1991).
Nuclear Receptors in Hematopoietic Development: Cooperation with Growth Factor Receptors in Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Bauer Anton , Gandrillon Olivier , Samarut, Jacques , Beug Hartmut
Published: November 2023

Tissue homeostasis, defined as the generation and maintenance of a non-equilibrium steady state, is central to living organisms. Loss of homeostasis usually leads to multiple diseases, particularly cancer. One of the best-studied examples of homeostatic control in animals is the hematopoietic system, responsible for blood formation. During this process, many different blood cell types are constantly generated from the pluripotent stem cell.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Endothelial and Hematopoietic Cell Development
Authors: Puri Mira C , Stanford, William L , Bernstein Alan
Published: November 2023

Development of the cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems in vertebrates is a complex process, involving the precisely coordinated differentiation and assembly of several cell lineages to form the heart, blood vessels, and circulating blood cells. Vascularization of the developing embryo begins with the concomitant differentiation of mesodermal cells into two lineages: the endothelial cells (EC) and the hematopoietic cells (HC).
Infinitives Versus Participles
Authors: Ambar Manuela
Published: November 2023

Assuming that both infinitival and participial structures do have Tense—as proposed in my earlier work (1988, 1993, 1994) and, with independent motivation by Kayne (1993), Déchaine, Hoekstra and Rooryck (1994), Giorgi and Pianesi (1992) and Peres (1992); see also Hernanz (1991) and De Miguel (1992) for a proposal considering the existence of an Aspect node in the same type of structures1—we still have to say why these two structures have different behaviors concerning at least the following phenomena: the value of their tenses (generic versus single event reading), agreement, Case, word order, passive voice, negation, and cliticization.
Introduction to Neuropathology
Authors: Nelson James S , Pearl Gary S
Published: November 2023

Neuropathology emerged as a distinct discipline during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Stimulated by the possibility of a clearer understanding of human behavior, European neuroscientists, particularly in Germany and France, conducted systematic morphologic studies of the diseased human brain. The German approach, led by Weigert, Nissl, and Alzheimer, focused on the structural changes in neurons and glia associated with various disease states and the etiologic and pathogenetic insights provided by these phenomena. These scientists, followed by Jakob and Spielmeyer, supplemented the human data with experimental studies. In contrast, the French school, influenced by Charcot, emphasized the correlation between neurologic signs and symptoms and the anatomic location of lesions. This information formed a basis for inferences regarding the function of tracts, nuclei, and other anatomic components of the human brain (Greenfield, 1958). Subsequently, diagnostic neuropathology became focused on a combination of the French and German approaches. Successful practice of the discipline involved not only a detailed understanding of anatomic pathology but also knowledge of clinical neurology and neuroanatomy. In the last 20 years the ability to use neuroimaging studies to enhance conventional morphologic methods has become an important skill for the neuropathologist (Burger et al., 1998). In the near future, changes in the traditional emphasis on morphology as the basis for neuropathologic diagnosis are likely as more information is gained concerning genetic factors influencing the cellular expression of disease.
Intoxications and Metabolic Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Powell Suzanne Z , Schochet, Sydney S
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an eclectic collection of topics including hypoxia, selected intoxications, certain vitamin deficiencies, and selected metabolic diseases. Many of these conditions show selective vulnerability. This term has been used to describe the regional variations in the nervous system’s response to the injurious effects of various conditions. The pathophysiologic basis for selective vulnerability has been the subject of study for a long time. Many years ago the Vogts introduced the term pathoclisis to describe the similarity of the response in various areas designated as topistic units. They assumed that some unknown biochemical characteristics accounted for the common response in disparate areas of the nervous system. Their hypothesis was challenged by others who attempted to explain the regional variations on a vascular basis. Included among the vascular factors were the lack of continuity of the capillary bed in arterial border zones and compression of vessels by cerebral edema and herniation. Currently, many of the features of selective vulnerability have been attributed to the effects of excitotoxic amino acids and the distribution of receptors for these amino acids (Auer and Sutherland, 2002).
Neurodegenerative Diseases (Excluding Alzheimer’s Disease)
Authors: Hansen Lawrence A
Published: November 2023

Alzheimer’s disease bestrides the narrow world of neurodegeneration like a colossus, casting so giant a shadow that other entities receive comparatively little light when all neurodegenerative conditions are considered collectively. To remedy this insufficient illumination, the present chapter attempts to disenthrall the reader of Alzheimer’s disease by excluding it. Such a solution comes at the cost of an awkwardly qualified title and runs the risk of inviting jocular comparison with the apocryphal inquiry, “Other than that, Mrs. Lincoln, how did you like the play?” Nevertheless, other than Alzheimer’s disease, what are neurodegenerative disorders? COMMON Denominators Of Neurodegenerative Diseases Neurodegenerative diseases consist of neuron loss with reactive fibrous gliosis distributed symmetrically in specific neuroanatomic systems. Most neurodegenerative diseases also display more or less pathognomonic inclusions in persisting neurons, glia, or their processes. Such inclusions are usually derived from altered cytoskeletal elements. In most disorders, it is undetermined whether pathologic inclusions cause neuronal dysfunction and death or merely signal that it has occurred, recapitulating the macabre but innocent relationship of a tombstone to a corpse. Neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases lacking inclusions is even more enigmatic, since the neuron in such conditions appears to merely “melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew” leaving little trace beyond fibrous gliosis except in instances of rapid neurodegeneration when activated microglia may surround and engulf doomed neurons.
Diseases of CNS Myelin
Authors: Schmidt Robert E
Published: November 2023

Myelin is an evolutionary development that increases the speed of conduction of the action potential and also results in its improved metabolic efficiency. This is accomplished by excitation and, eventually, energyrequiring repolarization of discrete foci of the axon at the nodes of Ranvier rather than by involvement of the entire axolemma as in nonmyelinated axons. Although myelin is frequently portrayed as multiple wrappings of an otherwise-ordinary plasma membrane of the Schwann cell, it is actually organized differently along lines specialized for its function. Myelin contains relatively more lipid than does hepatic plasma membrane, particularly increased amounts of galactolipids and plasmalogens, and is provided with a limited number of specialized proteins critical for the organization and maintenance of its compact structure features that distinguish it from the routine plasmalemma. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin is synthesized and maintained by Schwann cells. Each Schwann cell myelinates only one myelin internode on one single axon. Ultrastructural examination demonstrates a collar of Schwann cell cytoplasm surrounding the myelin sheath, which is in turn surrounded by a prominent basal lamina (Fig. 13.1). Nodes of Ranvier on peripheral nerve axons consist of myelin-free, imbricated Schwann cell processes and basal laminae that isolate the node from the extracellular endoneurial space. Damage to PNS myelin typically results in robust Schwann cell proliferation and substantial, at times nearly complete, regeneration of myelin.
Laboratory Methods of Brain Tumor Analysis
Authors: McKeever Paul E
Published: November 2023

This chapter is divided into four categories: specimen procurement, cell-type-specific markers, measures of proliferative capacity, and genetic markers (Nelson et al., 1983; Russell and Rubinstein, 1989; Burger et al., 1991; Burger and Scheithauer, 1994). Only methods applicable to a cell or tissue specimen are within the scope of this review. The tables summarize information and cite references that document methods. Specimen Procurement The appropriate time to realize that more tissue is needed is during the biopsy procedure rather than after surgery. Intraoperative monitoring of biopsy tissue is recommended to optimize sampling and preparation of tissue for further procedures (Fig. 15.1A,B; see Color Fig. 15.1B in separate color insert). This allows the pathologist to gauge the adequacy of the specimen. Specimens which reveal only hemorrhage, necrosis, and normal or gliotic brain tissue require further sampling. Brain with a few glia (gliosis vs. glioma) is a particular problem and should be sampled further. Intraoperative monitoring of the biopsy specimen allows determination of the best region from which to take another specimen for permanent section. Microscopic features may indicate the need for microbiologic culture or for special fixation for immunohistochemistry. Unless the intraoperative microscopic diagnosis is unequivocal, a small piece should be put in glutaraldehyde for possible electron microscopy. Such samples can be discarded if not needed but the need for rebiopsy can be avoided if they are needed.
“Opening the Door of Paradise a Cubit”: Educated Tunisian Women, Embodied Linguistic Practice, and Theories of Language and Gender
Authors: Walters Keith
Published: November 2023

In earlier centuries in Tunisia], a woman could in no way ask for divorce according to Islamic law. One of the rare occasions when the Shari’a, or Islamic law, consented was when the husband sodomized his wife. She had to go ask for justice from the Qadi, or judge in the Islamic court. Arriving before him, she squatted and arranged her shoes upside down [a l’envers], thereby indicating that her husband had entered her from behind a l’envers.
Turn-Initial No: Collaborative Opposition among Latina Adolescents
Authors: Mendoza-Denton Norma
Published: November 2023

Traditional language and gender research has focused on investigating the correlations between gendered speech and pragmatic styles such as cooperativeness and interactional supportiveness. Some important exceptions to this trend (Eckert 1993; Modan 1994) have illustrated a complex relationship between gender and pragmatic style and between apparently cooperative or competitive surface structures and their actual effects in interaction. It is therefore crucial to examine speakers’ own interactional categories, as well as speaker identities, in order to better understand apparently cooperative or conflictive language use.
Organizational and Environmental Factors Influencing the Use and Diffusion of High-Involvement Work Practices
Authors: Pil Frits K , MacDuffie John Paul
Published: November 2023

High-involvement/high-performance work practices have been shown to affect performance in a variety of settings, ranging from process to batch manufacturing, and service industries. Performance improvements resulting from such work practices range from improved quality and higher productivity to lower scrap rates, lower turnover, and higher levels of customer satisfaction (Arthur 1992; Eaton and Voss, 1993; Ichniowski et al., 1994; Kocher and Oster man, 1992; McDuffie 1995; McDuffie & Pil, 1996). Cross-industry studies have found similar results using financial performance measures (Hustled, 1995). Indeed, a review by the Department of Labour found that of 29 studies focusing on the links between high-involvement work practices and performance, the majority found significant positive effects, and only two found negative effects (1993). A more recent review by Ichniowski and Kocher concluded that high-involvement work practices have a clear and demonstrated effect on productivity, and such effects “are large enough to be economically important to the businesses which adopt the new practices” (1995, p. 60). Despite the laudatory praise of high-involvement work, we have found tremendous variance in its implementation in the automobile industry (Pill and McDuffie, 1996).
The Interface of Technology and Spirituality in the ICU
Authors: Chambers Nancy , Curtis J Randall
Published: November 2023

At 5:30 A.M., a Native American woman in her 70’s was found unconscious in her home on the reservation and was flown to the regional trauma center. The nurse of the ICU requested a chaplain to assess the spiritual needs of the family. When the chaplain arrived, he found the family willing to talk about their mother. She was a tribal healer and had passed this gift on to several in her family. The family identified themselves as Christian with some Roman Catholic roots.
Economics of Managing Death in the ICU
Authors: Pronovost Peter , Angus Derek C
Published: November 2023

Care of patients who die in the ICU requires significant resources, prompting many investigators to apply economic analyses to the cost of care for critically ill patients. However, the application of standard economic analyses to costs incurred for care of the dying patient is problematic. Although the costs of treatment for critically ill non-survivors has been evaluated, formal cost-effectiveness analyses have been limited to life-preserving and life-saving therapies in near-death situations, and the valuation of a “good,” as opposed to a “bad,” death has not been quantified. Yet, without formal economic analyses, the value of end-of-life care remains subjective, and the ability to justify the allocation of health care resources to end-of-life care may be impaired.
Decisions to Limit Intensive Care in Patients with Coma
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M .
Published: November 2023

Neurologists are often involved in decisions to limit life support, partly because of the high prevalence of neurologic catastrophes in critically ill patients receiving intensive care. Neurologic conditions are common in studies on the withholding or withdrawal of life support in critically ill patients. In a survey of withholding care in 1719 patients admitted to ICUs in San Francisco, 66 of 115 (57%) patients had intracranial lesions. Studies looking at neurologic circumstances in which specific forms of life support have been withdrawn are scarce and have poorly documented knowledge, biases, and clinical reasoning.
Special Concerns for the Very Old
Authors: Nelson Judith E , Nierman David M
Published: November 2023

Approximately 60% of all patients admitted to adult ICUs in the United States are 65 or older, even though this age group comprises less than 15% of the total population. Over the next several decades, this group is expected to grow more than any other in the population as a whole, with particularly rapid expansion of the subgroup of the “oldest old”—individuals over age 85. Current estimates from the Census Bureau project that by 2030, the number of persons aged 65 or over will more than double, from approximately 33 million in 1995 to nearly 70 million, while the 85 and older subgroup is projected to increase from 3.6 million in 1995 to almost 8.5 million by 2030, and over 18 million by 20502. At the same time, the range of aggressive surgical and medical interventions available to an increasingly elderly population continues to expand, with the likelihood of a concomitant rise in complications requiring intensive care. We must expect more elderly patients in our ICUs and be prepared to address special concerns relating to their care during critical illness, including attention to end-of-life issues.
Adapting to Conversation
Authors: Wilkinson Ray , Beeke1 Suzanne , Maxim Jane
Published: November 2023

In aphasiology it is commonly the case that aphasic language structures, such as lexical and grammatical forms, are analyzed and “treated” in relative isolation from, or in parallel to, other, more “functional” aspects of the condition such as the ability to communicate or psychosocial issues. For example, while assessments of aphasic language (e.g., Goodglass & Kaplan, 1983; Kay, Lesser, & Coltheart, 1992) typically focus on lexical, grammatical, or other linguistic structures in relative isolation from their communicative use and psychosocial effects, others focus on communicative abilities (Holland, 1980; Wirz, Skinner, & Dean, 1990) or on psychosocial consequences of aphasia (Code & Muller, 1992) with little or no analysis of the linguistic forms used by the speaker with aphasia under investigation. Within this framework, aphasic language has predominantly been investigated (and treated) using units of analysis such as “word” and “sentence,” and assessments of aphasic language have typically adopted methods of data collection that facilitate analysis using these units, such as naming (of objects or pictures), describing (of pictures), or the production of narratives (such as well-known stories) in the form of a monologue.
Negotiating Repair in Aphasic Conversation
Authors: Perkins Lisa
Published: November 2023

Conversation Analysis has a major contribution to make to the analysis of pragmatics in aphasia. Building on previous work concerning repair in aphasic discourse (Milroy & Perkins, 1992), this chapter considers the negotiation in two particular features of repair organization in aphasic conversation involving (1) the preference for fast resolution of repair work and (2) the orientation to repair as socially sensitive. The analysis of dyadic aphasic conversation presented highlights the collaborative nature of conversation. Pragmatic difficulties can be viewed within a collaborative framework as residing in the interaction to be dealt with by the sequential, collaborative problem solving of both interlocutors.
Aphasic Agrammatism as lnteractional Artifact and Achievement
Authors: Heeschen Claus , Schegloff Emanuel A
Published: November 2023

Interaction-oriented approaches to aphasic language use need no special justification and motivation. After all, talk-in-interaction is the place “where the results of brain damage become visible and consequential for people’s lives” (Goodwin, 1996). Nevertheless, we will try to show that the meaningfulness—actually the necessity of a conversation-analytic approach to aphasia can grow out of investigations originally designed and cast in terms of traditional experimental-quantitative methodology and within a cognitivist approach to aphasia. In the first part, we describe a series of investigations dealing with a grammatic speech and strongly suggesting that the concrete way in which the patients express themselves depends on how conversational partners interact with them (and on whether they interact with them at all). Hardly anybody who considers language and language use within an interaction-oriented framework in general, and within a conversation-analytic one in particular, will be surprised by such a suggestion. Actually, if this suggestion is empirically justified, aphasic language use would constitute an exciting and attractive field of observation for conversation analysis. Yet such an outcome would be highly unwelcome for the majority of present-day aphasiologists. Most aphasiologists assume-tacitly or explicitly—that performance data from brain-damaged subjects can be used “as a window into the structure and organization of normal cognitive processes” (Caramazza, 1997: 137). If, however, this performance is the joint product of the brain-damaged subject and his or her concrete interactant in concrete circumstances at concrete occasions, then the “window” is somewhat “dirty,” and perhaps quite opaque.
Diagnosis Of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Seybold Marjorie E
Published: November 2023

There is an old saying: “Any diagnosis is easy, once you think of it.” This is particularly true for myasthenia gravis (MG); the trick is to think of it. The possibility of MG is not considered in many patients because the complaints of fatigue and weakness increased by stress and the day-to-day variability of symptoms are thought to represent depression, conversion reaction, or malingering. Once considered, the diagnosis of MG can usually be readily confirmed by appropriate tests. These tests have a high sensitivity and specificity for MG and, although not infallible, are very reliable. Occasionally, in patients with symptoms confined to only a few muscles, a confirmatory test is unobtainable. In these patients, time or therapeutic trial, depending on the severity of symptoms, is required to verify the diagnosis.
Professional Ethics in Healthcare Organizations
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

We began this book with a number of assumptions, both theoretical and practical, that direct the scope and specific details of our work. These basic assumptions were outlined in Chapters I and 2. We acknowledge that there may be some controversy about each of them and wish to address one important area of controversy in this chapter: the relationship between organization ethics and the professional ideals of healthcare professionals. If organization ethics is to integrate the other ethical perspectives, it will have to encompass clinical ethics, business ethics, and in many ways the most important and most controversial area, professional ethics. In this chapter we will focus on medicine and nursing, but the conclusions are equally applicable to other healthcare professions as well.
The Ethical Climate in Today’s Healthcare Organization
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

Health care and the issues surrounding its delivery have been a source of recurring concern for the American people. Americans ranked healthcare reform in 1992 polls right after the economy and foreign affairs as an issue that should be addressed by presidential candidates (Skocpol, 1995, p. 68). Not surprisingly, Bill Clinton, in his presidential campaign that year, promised to put this issue high on his agenda. In September 1993, during the first year of his presidency, Clinton called on both Congress and the American people to fix a broken healthcare system—to give every American health security that “is always there, health care that can never be taken away” (p. 67).
Voices of Suffrage: Sojourner Truth, Frances Watkins Harper, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage
Authors: Painter Nell Irvin
Published: November 2023

After the Civil War, in the midst of debates over black and woman suffrage, Sojourner Truth, a former slave and committed abolitionist, addressed the American Equal Rights Association: “If colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before.” It was a typically courageous stand for this important supporter of woman suffrage. Before the Civil War, black and white men and women, including Truth, Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and other reformers, had worked together against slavery and for woman’s rights without seeing these causes as conflicting. In fact, Douglass had been a staunch supporter of woman’s rights, demanding the vote as one of woman’s essential rights as early as 18481 while Anthony had been a paid agent of the American Anti-Slavery Society as well as a suffragist.
International Controls on Sentencing and Punishment
Authors: Morgan Rod
Published: November 2023

International human rights law as yet impinges on domestic sentencing policy to a very limited extent. Following a brief outline of the international human rights law framework, this chapter explores three lines of limited influence, actual or potential. First is the degree to which international human rights mechanisms provide models for sentencing policy and do, or might, take responsibility for sentencing in certain situations overlapping with domestic responsibilities. I consider the International War Crimes Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the shortly-to-be-established International Criminal Court. The second line of inquiry is the degree to which international human rights law serves directly to limit the range and application of penalties domestically. Here I focus on efforts to restrain the use of capital punishment. Third is the degree to which international human rights law indirectly constrains the domestic use made of certain sentences, principally incarceration, by setting standards to be met in the execution of sentences. Here I concentrate on the working of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
Molly Brant: From Clan Mother to Loyalist Chief
Authors: Carson James Taylor
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1777 on the heels of English General John Burgoyne’s disastrous defeat at Saratoga, the pro-English chiefs of the Iroquois confederacy began to question their alliance with the Crown. The Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations of New York and southern Canada made up the Iroquois confederacy, and several of their leaders met to consider the situation. A Cayuga chief, Cayengwaraghton, denounced the English and urged the others to reconsider their loyalty as well. Molly Brant, a Mohawk woman, spoke and reminded the chief of his long-standing ties to the English.
The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

Few would deny the crucial role that entrepreneurs play in our increasingly global economy--but exactly what is this vital, yet loosely defined business force we call the entrepreneurial spirit? This landmark study is the first to examine analytically the nature of the opportunities that entrepreneurs pursue, the problems they face, the traits they require, and the social and economic contributions they make. Until recently, entrepreneurs have been largely ignored in modern economic theory. But at the dawn of a networked age, marked by the advent of e-business and the home office, there’s no question that entrepreneurs have recaptured the popular imagination. Studies now show that most men and women dream of starting their own businesses rather than rising through the corporate ranks. Yet in spite of increased attention by many of today’s leading business schools, entrepreneurship has remained largely a mystery, an apparantly intuitive sense of values possessed by certain individuals. This book targets the issues central to successful start-up ventures, such as endowments and opportunities, planning versus adaptation, securing resources, corporate initiatives, venture capital, revolutionary ventures and the evolution of fledgling businesses. Focusing on hard data and evaluations of numerous start-up businesses, including many of today’s major industry leaders, this book presents a new economic model--a key to understanding the guts, determination, luck and skills that constitute the underpinnings of corporate success. Written in clear, concise prose, The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses goes behind the charts and graphs of business theory to the true heart of success. It is essential reading for business students, would-be entrepreneurs, or executives wanting to incorporate the vitality of the entrepreneurial spirit into their organization.
Introduction
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

Entrepreneurs who start and build new businesses are more celebrated than studied. They embody, in the popular imagination and in the eyes of some scholars, the virtues of “boldness, ingenuity, leadership, persistence and determination.’’ Policymakers see them as a crucial source of employment and productivity growth. Yet our systematic knowledge of how entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses is limited. The activity does not occupy a prominent place in the study of business and economics. Cliche and anecdote-or laments about the ineffable nature of entrepreneurship-dominate the discourse about new and fledgling businesses.
Summary and Generalizations
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

Most individuals who start a new business have meager endowments they usually lack novel ideas, deep experience, and credentials. They also face significant capital constraints. Their personal financial means are limited, and because they don’t have any “verifiable” intellectual property or human capital to contribute to their ventures, they cannot raise funds from outside investors either.
Reexamining Schumpeter
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

The breadth and influence of Schumpeter’s ideas make them a convenient frame for discussing the contribution of new businesses to innovation and, by extension, to long-term growth. Schumpeter’s writing spans a considerable range in content and form. The thousands of pages he wrote over more than four decades contained sharp, unequivocal claims as well as tangles of contradictions: Elster describes Schumpeter as an “elusive” writer who could contradict himself in the course of a single paragraph. 1 The sharp claims have proved long-lived; according to Rosenberg, “his influence has been so great” that “his model has become the accepted one for all innovative activit y.”2 This chapter reexamines some elements of what Rosenberg calls the “Schumpeterian system.” It takes for granted Schum peter’s central thesis-that innovation drives long-term growth-but raises questions about his characterization of the process.
Facilitating Conditions
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

The proposition we just reviewed, that start-ups and established corporations complement each other’s roles, does not imply a fixed relationship between new business and corporate activity. Indeed, we find noteworthy shifts in their relative proportions. From the turn of the century until about the early 1970s, large corporations in the United States steadily increased their share of output and employment. The trend was subsequently arrested and possibly reversed. David Birch’s 1979 report, The job Generation Process, which claimed that small firms created 82 percent of new jobs, sparked controversy regarding his definitions and methodology. But whatever the precise numbers, the tens of millions of new jobs created in the United States in the past two decades, in the face of shrinking of the workforces of Fortune 500 companies, clearly point to an increasing proportion of employment in the “entrepreneurial” sector. The data also seem persuasive in attributing much of the net growth in employment to the formation and growth of promising start-ups (or what Birch calls “gazelles”) rather than to the more numerous marginal businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Porter Brian
Published: November 2023

During the late nineteenth century (so the story goes) Poland entered the modern world. As this happened, an appropriately modern form of nationalism emerged, one that allowed all Poles to identify with “their” nation. The old forms of elite political culture became irrelevant as various mass movements burst onto the public stage and the vectors of power shifted toward “the people.” Now workers and peasants would be players in the political game and the domination of the nobility and the intelligentsia would come to an end.
How does your TIAA-CREF Account Grow?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

Two factors contribute to the growth in your TIAA-CREF account: contributions and investment performance. If you contribute as much as you can during your working years and at the same time make investment decisions that will give your account an opportunity to grow, you will create, over time, a substantial accumulation that will allow you to live comfortably in retirement. This presumes that we do not undergo some violent social or other cataclysm that no one can foresee.
What is a Teacher’s Personal Annuity Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

The Teacher’s Personal Annuity provides you an investment vehicle to accumulate retirement assets out of after-taxfunds. Confusingly for our purposes, TIAA-CREF labels this type of annuity the “TPA.” As you read the literature, do not mistake this option with the Transfer Payout Annuity (also called the “TPA”), the process by which funds move out of a traditional TIAA accumulation over a ten-year period. For clarity’s sake, we will refer only to the Transfer Payout Annuity as the “TPA” and use the full name for the Teacher’s Personal Annuity. For all intents and purposes, a Teacher’s Personal Annuity does not differ from a tax-deferred annuity that you might purchase from your local insurance agent or investment advisor. If you buy such an annuity from TIAA-CREF, you will invest in TIAA-CREF funds as opposed to funds offered by other annuity providers.
What are the TIAA Investment Choices?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

TIAA offers two investment choices at present: the TIAA Traditional Annuity and the Real Estate Account. Both accounts are relatively stable investments.
What are the CREF Investment Choices?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

Currently, CREF offers eight different investment choices. They range from quite conservative to more aggressive investment alternatives. All of the CREF choices consist of variable annuity accounts; CREF has added new ones to its array of investment choices on a regular basis, as warranted by demand.
How should you Read your TIAA-CREF Statements?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

At first blush, you may think that we have descended from the mundane to the inane. However, we have had clients who did not read their statements at all and tossed them away unopened, and others who have told us that they found them partially or totally incomprehensible. Read properly, it becomes an extremely informative document. At this point, you may have enough insight to glean everything possible from your quarterly statements, but it may hide some subtle points of which you ought to be aware.
What is the Retirement Transition Benefit?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

In this part, we describe the various distribution options that are available for the withdrawal of your TIAA-CREF accumulation after you have retired. The rules governing almost all of these options originate in the Code. Again, we will try our best to describe them in nontechnical terms.