bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Q-factor Fano resonances based on an all-dielectric metasurface for high-performance refractive index sensing
Authors: Wang Tingting , Fang Wenjing , Guo Haoyu , Pang Jielong , Fan Xinye , Li Chuanchuan , Wei Xin , Kumar Santosh
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes a high-performance refractive index sensor based on
an all-dielectric metasurface consisting of four silicon arcs arranged
back-to-back on a silicon dioxide substrate. A sharp Fano resonance
with a high quality factor (Q-factor) in the near-infrared (NIR)
wavelength is innovatively excited by electric quadrupole (EQ)
resonance by varying the size of the inner angle. And electromagnetic
field distribution and mode assessment further demonstrate that the EQ
resonance mode is governed by quasi-bound states in the continuum
(Q-BICs). Additionally, the ability to precisely control Fano
resonance peaks is demonstrated by tuning the geometrical parameters
of the structure, which makes the designed metasurface a promising gas
refractive index sensing candidate. The results show that the highest
Q-factor, sensitivity (S), and figure of merit (FOM) are 23,236,
603 nm/RIU, and 9869RIU−1, respectively. The proposed structure
provides a good application prospect for nonlinear optical devices and
air refractive index sensors.
Dynamic routing, spatial channel, and spectrum assignment in spatial channel networks based on a granularity switching threshold
Authors: Zheng Yu , Zheng Weichang , Yang Mingcong , Jin Cheng , Zhang Chenxiao , Zhang Yongbing
Published: July 2024

As the demand for data transmission continues to grow, it is expected that the single-carrier bit rate will reach 1.4 Tb/s, necessitating a 14 Tb/s optical interface for efficient traffic transmissions. In such scenarios, a single request could occupy the entire C-band, and therefore such a large request can be transmitted without being groomed with others, eliminating the need for wavelength cross-connect (WXC). The spatial channel network (SCN) architecture has been proposed to address this issue. In SCNs, there are two types of groomed space lanes (SLs): spatial bypass SLs, which enable end-to-end transmission without the need for WXCs, and spectrally groomed SLs, equipped with WXCs and guardbands (GBs) to integrate requests from different nodes for transmission. Because of this characteristic of the SCN, the traditional first fit algorithm cannot allocate SLs efficiently for these two distinct SLs. In this paper, we propose a dynamic routing, spatial channel, and spectrum assignment (RSCSA) algorithm that employs a granularity switching threshold to differentiate incoming requests with different SLs. The proposed algorithm allocates smaller requests to spectrally groomed SLs and larger requests to spatial bypass SLs. This approach not only maintains network flexibility but also ensures transmission efficiency. We have identified by simulation the most suitable granularity switching threshold for given networks and request matrices.
Power stabilization of a terahertz-frequency quantum-cascade laser using a photonic-integrated modulator
Authors: Kondawar S. S. , North N. K. , Han Y. , Pardo D. , Brewster N. , Horbury M. D. , Salih M. , Li L. , Dean P. , Freeman J. R. , Ellison B. N. , Kundu I. , Valavanis A.
Published: July 2024

We demonstrate a technique to stabilize the emission from a 3.4-THz quantum-cascade laser against power drifts, using a recently developed photonic integrated circuit (PIC) structure formed by coupling a racetrack resonator with a ridge waveguide. This structure enables a dynamic power-control range of ±15% and locking over >600 s using a proportional–integral control loop. The resonator yields a 50% weaker perturbation to the laser emission frequency when compared with direct laser modulation, and hence offers the prospect of simultaneous, quasi-independent control of power and frequency. Progress towards integrating the PIC with a precision micromachined rectangular metallic waveguide module has also been demonstrated, with power modulation of the principal laser emission line being observed during pulsed operation.
All-optical organic photochemical integrated nanophotonic memory: low-loss, continuously tunable, non-volatile
Authors: Bilodeau Simon , Doris Eli A. , Wisch Jesse A. , Gui Manting , Rand Barry P. , Shastri Bhavin J. , Prucnal Paul R.
Published: July 2024

Controlling changes in the optical properties of photonic devices allows photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to perform useful functions, leading to a large breadth of applications in communications, computing, and sensing. Many mechanisms to change optical properties exist, but few allow doing so in a reversible, non-volatile manner. Without such mechanisms, power inefficiencies and use of external memory are inevitable. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate reversible, non-volatile phase actuation of a silicon nitride PIC with thermally stable photochromic organic molecules vapor-deposited within a slot waveguide structure. The use of a high-core-index platform allows the photochemical phase actuation of a planar-resonator-based photonic memory unit, which enables positive and negative signal weighting and permits integrated spectroscopic analysis. We show properties of this all-optical memory for a silicon photonics platform, including low loss in the optical C-band, first-order photokinetics of the photoconversion, bidirectional scalable switching, and continuous tuning. Such features are critical for memories in analog applications such as quantum, microwave, and neuromorphic photonics, where bipolar weights, low loss, and precision are paramount. More generally, this work suggests that back-end-of-line-compatible vapor deposition of organic molecules into silicon photonic circuits is promising to introduce non-silicon-native functionality.
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution at 10 GBaud using an integrated photonic-electronic receiver
Authors: Hajomer Adnan A. E. , Bruynsteen Cédric , Derkach Ivan , Jain Nitin , Bomhals Axl , Bastiaens Sarah , Andersen Ulrik L. , Yin Xin , Gehring Tobias
Published: July 2024

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a widely recognized application of quantum information theory, guaranteeing information-theoretically secure key exchange. However, commercial viability of QKD systems is currently impeded by issues such as scalability, network integration, and high manufacturing costs. Low-cost, high-volume production of photonic and electronic integrated circuits could be the breakthrough needed for broad-scale deployment of cutting-edge QKD systems. Here, we present a continuous-variable (CV) QKD system that is based on an integrated photonic-electronic receiver. It combines a silicon photonic integrated circuit, featuring a phase-diverse receiver, with custom-designed GaAs pHEMT transimpedance amplifiers. Operating at a classical telecom symbol rate of 10 GBaud, our QKD system generates high secret key rates - exceeding 0.7 Gb/s over a 5 km distance and 0.3 Gb/s over a 10 km. The secret keys are secure against collective attacks, even when accounting for finite-size effects in the parameter estimation, thanks to well-designed digital signal processing that enables broadband system operation. Our experiment sets a record for secure key exchange and paves the way for the implementation of real-time broadband CV-QKD systems.
Scalable cyclic transformation of orbital angular momentum modes based on a nonreciprocal Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Authors: Yang Yu-Fang , Chen Ming-Yuan , Li Feng-Pei , Ruan Ya-Ping , Li Zhi-Xiang , Xiao Min , Zhang Han , Xia Ke-Yu
Published: July 2024

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons provides a pivotal resource for carrying out high-dimensional classical and quantum information processing due to its unique discrete high-dimensional nature. The cyclic transformation of a set of orthogonal OAM modes is an essential building block for universal high-dimensional information processing. Its realization in the quantum domain is the universal quantum Pauli-X gate. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a cyclic transformation of six OAM modes with an averaged efficiency higher than 96% by exploiting a nonreciprocal Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Our system is simple and can, in principle, be scaled to more modes. By improving phase stabilization and inputting quantum photonic states, this method can perform universal single-photon quantum Pauli-X gate, thus paving the way for scalable high-dimensional quantum computation.
High-efficiency generation of long-distance, tunable, high-order nondiffracting beams
Authors: Yun Xue , Liang Yansheng , He Minru , Guo Linquan , Zhang Xinyu , Wang Shaowei , Zhao Tianyu , Kuang Shiqi , Lei Ming
Published: July 2024

Nondiffracting beams (NDBs) have presented significant utility across various fields for their unique properties of self-healing, anti-diffraction, and high-localized intensity distribution. We present a versatile and flexible method for generating high-order nondiffracting beams predicated on the Fourier transformation of polymorphic beams produced by the free lenses with tunable shapes. Based on the tunability of the digital free lenses, we demonstrate the experimental generation of various long-distance nondiffracting beams, including Bessel beams, polymorphic generalized nondiffracting beams, tilted nondiffracting beams, asymmetric nondiffracting beams, and specially structured beams generated by the superposition of Bessel beams. Our method achieves efficiency of up to about seven times compared with complex beam shaping methods. The generated NDBs exhibit characteristics of extended propagation distance and high-quality intensity profiles consistent with the theoretical predictions. The proposed method is anticipated to find applications in laser processing, optical manipulation, and other fields.
Detecting and quantifying heterogeneity in susceptibility using contact tracing data
Authors: Tuschhoff Beth M. , Kennedy David A.
Published: July 2024

The presence of heterogeneity in susceptibility, differences between hosts in their likelihood of becoming infected, can fundamentally alter disease dynamics and public health responses, for example, by changing the final epidemic size, the duration of an epidemic, and even the vaccination threshold required to achieve herd immunity. Yet, heterogeneity in susceptibility is notoriously difficult to detect and measure, especially early in an epidemic. Here we develop a method that can be used to detect and estimate heterogeneity in susceptibility given contact by using contact tracing data, which are typically collected early in the course of an outbreak. This approach provides the capability, given sufficient data, to estimate and account for the effects of this heterogeneity before they become apparent during an epidemic. It additionally provides the capability to analyze the wealth of contact tracing data available for previous epidemics and estimate heterogeneity in susceptibility for disease systems in which it has never been estimated previously. The premise of our approach is that highly susceptible individuals become infected more often than less susceptible individuals, and so individuals not infected after appearing in contact networks should be less susceptible than average. This change in susceptibility can be detected and quantified when individuals show up in a second contact network after not being infected in the first. To develop our method, we simulated contact tracing data from artificial populations with known levels of heterogeneity in susceptibility according to underlying discrete or continuous distributions of susceptibilities. We analyzed these data to determine the parameter space under which we are able to detect heterogeneity and the accuracy with which we are able to estimate it. We found that our power to detect heterogeneity increases with larger sample sizes, greater heterogeneity, and intermediate fractions of contacts becoming infected in the discrete case or greater fractions of contacts becoming infected in the continuous case. We also found that we are able to reliably estimate heterogeneity and disease dynamics. Ultimately, this means that contact tracing data alone are sufficient to detect and quantify heterogeneity in susceptibility.
Association of a rapidly selected 4.3kb transposon-containing structural variation with a P450-based resistance to pyrethroids in the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus
Authors: Mugenzi Leon M. J. , Tekoh Theofelix A. , Ntadoun Stevia T. , Chi Achille D. , Gadji Mahamat , Menze Benjamin D. , Tchouakui Magellan , Irving Helen , Wondji Murielle J. , Weedall Gareth D. , Hearn Jack , Wondji Charles S.
Published: July 2024

Deciphering the evolutionary forces controlling insecticide resistance in malaria vectors remains a prerequisite to designing molecular tools to detect and assess resistance impact on control tools. Here, we demonstrate that a 4.3kb transposon-containing structural variation is associated with pyrethroid resistance in central/eastern African populations of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus. In this study, we analysed Pooled template sequencing data and direct sequencing to identify an insertion of 4.3kb containing a putative retro-transposon in the intergenic region of two P450s CYP6P5-CYP6P9b in mosquitoes of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus from Uganda. We then designed a PCR assay to track its spread temporally and regionally and decipher its role in insecticide resistance. The insertion originates in or near Uganda in East Africa, where it is fixed and has spread to high frequencies in the Central African nation of Cameroon but is still at low frequency in West Africa and absent in Southern Africa. A marked and rapid selection was observed with the 4.3kb-SV frequency increasing from 3% in 2014 to 98% in 2021 in Cameroon. A strong association was established between this SV and pyrethroid resistance in field populations and is reducing pyrethroid-only nets’ efficacy. Genetic crosses and qRT-PCR revealed that this SV enhances the expression of CYP6P9a/b but not CYP6P5. Within this structural variant (SV), we identified putative binding sites for transcription factors associated with the regulation of detoxification genes. An inverse correlation was observed between the 4.3kb SV and malaria parasite infection, indicating that mosquitoes lacking the 4.3kb SV were more frequently infected compared to those possessing it. Our findings highlight the underexplored role and rapid spread of SVs in the evolution of insecticide resistance and provide additional tools for molecular surveillance of insecticide resistance.
Knowledge, attitude, and practices of veterinarians towards canine vector-borne pathogens in Sri Lanka
Authors: Atapattu Ushani , Colella Vito , Traub Rebecca J. , Wiethoelter Anke
Published: July 2024

Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) have a worldwide distribution and show a high prevalence in tropical countries such as Sri Lanka. Some CVBP are zoonotic, with dogs identified as reservoir hosts for human subcutaneous dirofilariasis and potentially for spotted fever rickettsioses and re-emergent brugian filariasis in Sri Lanka, making these pathogens emerging public health issues in the country. Veterinarians are crucial in monitoring, preventing, and controlling these pathogens in dogs. Therefore, it is imperative to understand veterinarians’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding CVBP to mitigate their impact. A survey was designed and administered electronically to veterinarians residing and practising in Sri Lanka. Responses were evaluated using descriptive, univariable, and multivariable analyses to investigate associations between demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, and practices related to CVBP. Out of the 170 participating veterinarians, nearly 70% had moderate or high knowledge. However, the awareness of zoonotic pathogens, Brugia spp. (16%) and Rickettsia conorii (18%), was low, and a considerable number of veterinarians were unaware of the zoonotic nature of Dirofilaria repens. Based on multivariable analysis adjusting for experience and self-rated knowledge, new graduates had higher odds of knowledge compared to experienced veterinarians (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7–23, p = 0.028). Questions assessing the attitude towards CVBP indicated that most participating veterinarians comprehend and agree with their importance. Nearly all participants agreed that ectoparasite control is the best option to prevent CVBP infections (91%, 153/167) and that for effective treatment of CVBP, a definitive diagnosis is required (81%, 135/167). However, veterinarians recommended suboptimal treatments for some CVBP, like Babesia gibsoni. Better practices were associated with being a companion animal practitioner (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.7, p = 0.032) and having a low to moderate canine caseload (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3–10.4, p = 0.038). Limited knowledge of zoonotic CVBP among veterinarians, along with suboptimal treatment, might contribute to dogs acting as reservoirs and high prevalence of these pathogens in Sri Lanka. Therefore, continued veterinary education is recommended to improve knowledge and practices, which in turn will help to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of these infections in Sri Lanka to ensure the well-being of dogs and humans.
Evaluation of the fatty acid-based erythrocyte membrane lipidome in cats with food responsive enteropathy, inflammatory bowel disease and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Crisi Paolo Emidio , Giordano Maria Veronica , Luciani Alessia , Gramenzi Alessandro , Prasinou Paraskevi , Sansone Anna , Rinaldi Valentina , Ferreri Carla , Boari Andrea
Published: July 2024

Feline chronic enteropathies (FCE), include food-responsive-enteropathy (FRE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL), and are common causes of chronic gastrointestinal signs in cats. Distinguishing between different subgroups of FCE can be challenging due to the frequent overlap of anamnestic, clinical, and laboratory data. While dysregulation in lipid metabolism has been reported in humans and dogs with chronic IBD, similar changes in cats are not yet completely understood. Assessing the fatty acid (FA) profile of red blood cell (RBC) membranes offers a valuable method for evaluating the quantity and quality of structural and functional molecular components in the membranes. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the FA composition of RBC membranes in FCE in comparison to healthy cats (HC). Gas-chromatography was used to quantitatively analyze a cluster of 11 FA, and based on these results, parameters of lipid homeostasis and enzyme activity indexes were calculated. A total of 41 FCE cats (17 FRE, 15 IBD, 9 LGITL) and 43 HC were enrolled. In FCE cats, the values of docosapentaenoic acid (p = 0.0002) and docosahexaenoic acid (p = 0.0246), were significantly higher, resulting in an overall increase in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.006), and that of linoleic acid (p = 0.0026) was significantly lower. Additionally, FCE cats exhibited an increased PUFA balance (p = 0.0019) and Δ6-desaturase index (p = 0.0151), along with a decreased ω-6/ω-3 ratio (p = 0.0019). No differences were observed among cats affected by FRE, IBD and LGITL. Like humans and dogs, the results of this study indicate that FCE cats also display changes in their FA lipid profile at the level of the RBC membrane. The non-invasive analysis of RBC membrane shows promise as a potential tool for gaining a better understanding of lipid imbalances in this disease.
Is sexual autonomy a protective factor against intimate partner violence? Evidence from 27 sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Tesema Getayeneh Antehunegn , Gbagbo Fred Yao , Okeke Sylvester R. , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Yaya Sanni
Published: July 2024

Background

Though women in sub-Saharan Africa have increased risk of intimate sexual violence, research on the association between sexual autonomy and intimate partner violence among this population has not received the requisite attention. Consequently, we investigated if sexual autonomy is a protective factor against intimate partner violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

Secondary data analysis was conducted based on the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) of 27 sub-Saharan African countries from 2008 to 2021. A total of 104,523 married or cohabitating women were included in the study. We applied a multilevel Poisson regression model with robust variance to identify associated factors. Variables with a p-value<0.2 in the bi-variable multilevel Poisson regression analysis were considered for the multivariable analysis. The Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported, and variables with a p-value <0.05 were included in the multivariable analysis.

Results

The prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual autonomy among women in SSA were 32.96% [95% CI: 32.68%, 33.25%] and 88.79% [95% CI: 88.59%, 88.97%], respectively. Women in Sierra Leone had the highest prevalence of IPV (52.71%) while Comoros had the lowest prevalence of IPV (8.09%). The prevalence of sexual autonomy was highest in Namibia (99.22%) and lowest in Mali (61.83%). The MOR value in the null model was 1.26. We found that women who had sexual autonomy are 1.28 times [APR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.40] more likely to experience IPV than women who had no sexual autonomy.

Conclusion

This study has demonstrated that sexual autonomy is significantly associated with intimate partner violence, however, it does not necessarily act as a protective factor. The study suggests the need for more education on intimate partner violence targeting women’s partners. This can help secure the commitment of the perpetrators to rather become proponents of anti-intimate partner violence and further offer women the necessary support for them to attain their full fundamental rights in all spheres of life.
Merkel cell polyomavirus protein ALTO modulates TBK1 activity to support persistent infection
Authors: Wang Ranran , Senay Taylor E. , Luo Tiana T. , Liu Wei , Regan James M. , Salisbury Nicholas J. H. , Galloway Denise A. , You Jianxin
Published: July 2024

While Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV or MCV) is an abundant virus frequently shed from healthy skin, it is one of the most lethal tumor viruses in immunocompromised individuals, highlighting the crucial role of host immunity in controlling MCPyV oncogenic potential. Despite its prevalence, very little is known about how MCPyV interfaces with the host immune response to maintain asymptomatic persistent infection and how inadequate control of MCPyV infection triggers MCC tumorigenesis. In this study, we discovered that the MCPyV protein, known as the Alternative Large Tumor Open Reading Frame (ALTO), also referred to as middle T, effectively primes and activates the STING signaling pathway. It recruits Src kinase into the complex of STING downstream kinase TBK1 to trigger its autophosphorylation, which ultimately activates the subsequent antiviral immune response. Combining single-cell analysis with both loss- and gain-of-function studies of MCPyV infection, we demonstrated that the activity of ALTO leads to a decrease in MCPyV replication. Thus, we have identified ALTO as a crucial viral factor that modulates the STING-TBK1 pathway, creating a negative feedback loop that limits viral infection and maintains a delicate balance with the host immune system. Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which a tumorigenic virus-encoded protein can link Src function in cell proliferation to the activation of innate immune signaling, thereby controlling viral spread, and sustaining persistent infection. Our previous findings suggest that STING also functions as a tumor suppressor in MCPyV-driven oncogenesis. This research provides a foundation for investigating how disruptions in the finely tuned virus-host balance, maintained by STING, could alter the fate of MCPyV infection, potentially encouraging malignancy.
MARCH2, a T cell specific factor that restricts HIV-1 infection
Authors: Umthong Supawadee , Timilsina Uddhav , D’Angelo Mary R. , Salka Kyle , Stavrou Spyridon
Published: July 2024

Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) 2 is a member of the MARCH protein family of RING-CH finger E3 ubiquitin ligases that play important roles in regulating the levels of proteins found on the cell surface. MARCH1, 2 and 8 inhibit HIV-1 infection by preventing the incorporation of the envelope glycoproteins into nascent virions. However, a better understanding of the mechanism utilized by MARCH proteins to restrict HIV-1 infection is needed. In this report, we identify an amino acid in human MARCH2, absent in mouse MARCH2, critical for its antiretroviral function. Moreover, we map the domains of human MARCH2 critical for restricting as well as binding to the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. In addition, we demonstrate that MARCH2 is present inside nascent virions and reduces particle infectivity by blocking virus entry in a RING-CH-independent manner. Finally, we show that MARCH2 acts as an HIV-1 restriction factor only in primary CD4+ T cells and can prevent cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. Our findings reveal important new aspects of the antiviral mechanism utilized by human MARCH2 to restrict HIV-1 that have potential implications to all MARCH proteins with antiviral functions and their viral targets.
Prague Quadrennial of Performance Design and Space 2023, Artistic Director Markéta Fantová, Czech Republic, Prague, 8–18 June 2023
Authors: Heskett Corinne
Published: July 2024

Review of: Prague Quadrennial of Performance Design and Space 2023, Artistic Director Markéta Fantová, Czech Republic, Prague, 8–18 June 2023
Explanatory model of the impact of globalization on entrepreneurial education: Global policies, entrepreneurial behaviors and international networks
Authors: Jardim Jacinto
Published: July 2024

Objective: explain the impact of globalization on the emergence of trends for entrepreneurial education. Method: a theoretical-reflective review of the literature was carried out, using thematic analysis, to answer the research questions; 51 articles collected from Scopus, WOS and Google Scholar were analyzed and organized into three thematic groups. Originality/Relevance: there was a lack of a qualitative study that, based on literature, demonstrated the impact of entrepreneurial education. Results: three thematic dimensions were recognized that explain the impact of entrepreneurial education: identifying socio-educational contexts and problems, defining global educational policies, and creating international research and development networks. Theoretical/methodological contributions: these explanatory dimensions of the impact of entrepreneurial education made it possible to specify the following specific contributions: educational, labour and social policies; behaviours related to the ability to think creatively, act with initiative and make things happen; and international networks that stimulate entrepreneurial skills, employability and social cohesion.
“#O Amor Venceu” na vitória de Lula em 2022
Authors: Guerra Lucia Dias da Silva , Carnut Leonardo , Mendes Áquilas
Published: July 2024

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre os rituais de perdão como estratégia política do Estado capitalista. Para isso, optamos por um formato de ensaio crítico para pensar o tema, cuja organização do texto foi realizada em três seções. A primeira seção reflete sobre o perdão e sua eficácia política desde o ponto de vista simbólico. A segunda trata do Estado capitalista contemporâneo e de sua “política de perdão” em casos particulares, demonstrando que essa estratégia política é antiga e está sendo reconfigurada atualmente. A terceira seção aborda o caso brasileiro de "#OAmorVenceu" na vitória de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva em 2022 e como essa “retórica do amor” reformula o processo de perdão, a ponto de não mais existir mais a necessidade do mesmo, subvertendo a lógica do “pedido-aceitação-reconciliação”. Por fim, são feitas algumas breves considerações finais com o objetivo de direcionar as reflexões para novas observações.
Structurally Unsound Five Years On
Authors: James-Souch Ethne , Mas Josefina , Morris Siobhan , Murphy Sinéad , Stevenson Olivia , Whittaker Matt
Published: July 2024

In 2019, UCL partnered with the Resolution Foundation on a knowledge exchange commission, Exploring Inequalities: Igniting research to better inform UK policy. October 2024 will mark the five-year anniversary of the launch of the commission’s report Structurally Unsound – Exploring Inequalities: Igniting research (https://www.ucl.ac.uk/grand-challenges/ucls-six-grand-challenges/grand-challenge-justice-and-equality/justice-and-equality-projects-0) to better inform policy. / Ahead of this, on 4 June 2024, UCL Grand Challenges, UCL Public Policy and Pro Bono Economics hosted a reflective workshop which reconvened experts drawn from academia, business, policy, and civil society involved, to share insights on the changed landscape of structural inequalities in the UK and discuss approaches to addressing these. / Key aims of the day were to explore: • What has changed in the inequalities landscape? Where are we now? / • What successes have there been? What has worked? / • What learnings have there been? What has held back progress? / • How can we build consensus across sectors to move the dial on tackling structural inequalities in UK? Where next? / The workshop featured ‘lightning talks’ focussed on the five cross-cutting themes outlined in the 2019 report: Language, Voice, Opportunity, Place and Understanding Evidence. The ideas discussed in the workshops are found in the summary report.
‘Using my education to fight for my communities’: understanding how an equity-based STEM experience cultivated equity ethic and STEM identity development among women of colour in STEM
Authors: Yeldell Jasmyne , Wilkins-Yel Kerrie , Bharaj Pavneet Kaur , Francis Dionne Cross , Mahmud Anina , Walters Raven , Bryson Tasia
Published: July 2024

The pervasive myth that science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) are purely objective subjects fosters significant disconnects between Black, Latinx, Asian, Brown and Indigenous students and K–12 STEM education, as the curriculum is often detached from their lived experiences. This disconnect leaves many students of colour feeling alienated in undergraduate and graduate STEM classrooms. Traditional STEM programmes rarely incorporate culturally responsive curricula that would allow students to connect more deeply with the content and develop their STEM identities. According to Carlone and Johnson’s framework of STEM identity development, students must view themselves as ‘doers’ of STEM. Without experiences that allow under-represented students to demonstrate competence and engage in disciplinary performance, their STEM identities are hindered. The I CAN PERSIST Initiative, a culturally responsive, evidence-based programme, aims to advance academic and career persistence among women and girls of colour in STEM. It seeks to reshape narratives about who can participate meaningfully in STEM through a curriculum designed to enhance students’ STEM identity development. This programme provides Black and Brown women and girls with opportunities to become ‘doers’ of STEM while integrating their lived experiences. Specifically, Black and Brown undergraduates and graduates facilitate lessons with local secondary school girls of colour interested in STEM, focusing on socio-scientific issues from a critical perspective. This article details the engagement of undergraduate and graduate women of colour in the I CAN PERSIST STEM Initiative through equity-based outreach activities that support their STEM identity development.
A, Masamba Lived experiences and pathways to unsafe abortion among women and adolescents accessing post abortion care at selected hospitals in Lilongwe, Malawi
Authors: Anthony Masamba
Published: July 2024

Every year, women and adolescents in the world seek abortion for unwanted pregnancies, with nearly half of these abortions being unsafe. Women and adolescents who suffer an unsafe abortion develop short and long-term complications. In Malawi, unsafe abortion is main cause of maternal deaths. At least 23% of all maternal deaths are due to complications of unsafe abortions.
Aim: To explore lived experiences, pathways, facilitators and barriers to unsafe abortion among women and adolescents accessing post-abortion treatment at selected hospitals in Lilongwe, Malawi.
Method: Phenomenological study design was used. Study population were women and adolescents who were receiving post abortion treatment at Bwaila Hospital and Kabudula Community Hospital respectively. 25 women who had unsafe abortion in the past four years were interviewed. Data was collected by in-depth and key informant interviews. Voice recorders were used. Verbatim was transcribed, translated into English and written in the note book. Atlas-Ti software version 8.0 was used for data analysis.
Results: Pathways to unsafe abortions included power relations, lack of knowledge of PMTCT, infidelity and fear of divorce and child spacing and family size. Facilitators of safe abortion services were: village clinics, establishment of bylaws in the community, introduction of sexuality education in primary schools, promotion of sexual reproductive health mobile clinics among others. Whereas barriers to safe abortions included, social, cultural, religious, physical and attitude barriers. Lived experiences included: sterility, anger, excommunication from the church, divorce, social effects, disability, depression, loss of learning, nightmares, suicide attempts, near-death illnesses, denial and stigma.
Conclusion: Increasing investment in post abortion care (PAC), creating awareness, and improve availability of sexual and reproductive health services can reduce the cases of unsafe abortion and its adverse consequences in Malawi and similar settings.
Exploring English Language Teacher Identity Construction in Disadvantaged Chilean Schools through Textbook Usage
Authors: Birkner Victor
Published: July 2024

Although the notion of English language teacher identity has drawn increasing interest in the literature, little is known about how teachers of English construct identities in disadvantaged settings. This study explored how three teachers of English in disadvantaged Chilean public schools construct identities and exercise agency while using prescribed textbooks. The investigation used a narrative inquiry methodology and was positioned within a sociocultural paradigm. Based on semi-structured online interviews, thematic narrative analysis was used to analyze the data collected. The findings suggest that teachers construct various identities as textbook users depending on their previous experience, level of professional development, and interactions with textbooks. According to the research, teachers exercise agency to construct new identities as textbook users by drawing on two temporal aspects that include prior experiences as English language learners and a mental image of the kind of teacher they want to become. Professional development and textbook interaction may also influence the construction of identities regarding textbook use. The article concludes with suggestions for language teachers and English language teacher education.
„Sokół” wileński opoką polskości i jego spuścizna
Authors: Kamilewicz-Rucińska Danuta
Published: July 2024

The history of the “Sokol” (eng. Falcon) Gymnastic Society in Vilnius covers various periods and political circumstances. The “Falcon’s nest” was founded during Russian captivity and was initially an illegal organization. The Russian authorities kept a close eye on the Society’s activities, and therefore the Board and activists exercised considerable caution. The “Sokol” of Vilnius launched proper gymnastics, sports as well as cultural and educational activities in 1919 after Poland regained independence. It was a time of its successful development. In addition to sports activities, the Vilnius “Sokol” undertook a wide range of cultural and educational activities, such as running a library, a reading room, a choir and an orchestra, organizing patriotic lectures as well as national and family evenings, publishing brochures, magazines and calendars, and taking an active part in celebrating Polish holidays and public festivities. The “Sokol” Gymnastic Society was also a mainstay of Polish identity in Vilnius. To many Poles today, particularly young people, the “Sokol” Gymnastic Society is an integral part of Polish life in Lithuania. After many difficulties with registration and harassment by the independent Lithuanian state, the “Falcon’s nest” worked intensively with youth promoting Polish culture and national identity, as well as falconry. As it was 100 years ago, the organization focuses on the reflection on the much needed harmony between the human body and spirit. The history of Poland and Lithuania, as well as the history of sports in these territories, are alive in falconry.
Assessment the thermal performance of square twisted double tube heat exchanger with Al2O3 nanofluid
Authors: Abdul Razzaq Ali K. , Mushatet Khudheyer S.
Published: July 2024

The effect of a twisting parameter on heat transport in a square-sectioned twisted tube was studied. One definition of a twisting parameter is the ratio of the hydraulic diameter to the length of the tube at the point when it completed a full 360-degree twist. The twist parameters that were selected are 5, and they were compared to the Double Twisted Square Tube heat exchanger (DTSTHE). Transient flow was taken into account when evaluating the sets of Reynolds numbers. On the other hand, there are four different concentration volumes of nano fluid amounts of 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, and 0.04 for turbulent flow, and the Reynolds number ranges from 5,000 to 25,000. An examination was conducted into the effect of the twist parameter on the convective heat transfer coefficient through turbulent flow. The finite volume approach and the conventional − turbulence model were used to conduct numerical simulations of three-dimensional, steady-state incompressible flow in body-fitted coordinates. It was found that as the twist parameter is decreased, the heat transmission coefficient increases. What this means for the created span-wise swirling flow is unclear. With increasing distance from the tube center towards the walls, the whirling causes the cross-flow velocity vectors to increase. The boundary layer has good thermal properties because it thins out at the tube wall as the near-wall velocity increases. Internal thermal balance is further improved by spinning since it increases the mixing process. A higher Reynolds number, along with larger velocity components, results in a higher heat transfer coefficient.
Augmented reality and optical navigation assisted orbital surgery: a novel integrated workflow
Authors: Tonchev Nikolay , Renieri Giulia , Stein Klaus-Peter , Neyazi Belal , Willgerodt Max , Thieme Hagen , Sandalcioglu I. Erol , Hartmann Karl
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Due to the close topographical relationship of functional relevant anatomic structures, limited space and cosmetic aspects orbital surgery will remain a challenging discipline. Therefore, novel technical capabilities are necessary for further surgical progress. We here tested the integration of augmented reality and optical navigation in one workflow for interdisciplinary decision-making, feasibility and intraoperative guidance.

Methods

High-resolution contrast-enhanced MRI and CT scans were automated and manual-assisted segmented to achieve a detailed three-dimensional (3D) model of the individual patho-anatomical relationships. Augmented reality was used for interdisciplinary preoperative planning and intraoperative intuitive navigation. Mayfield clamp head holder in combination with optical surface matching registration assured navigation assisted microsurgery.

Results

Combinations of different MRI-sequences and CT-scans were necessary for detailed 3D-modeling. Modeling was time consuming and only viable in the hands of medical, surgical and anatomical trained staff. Augmented reality assured a quick, intuitive interdisciplinary orientation. Intraoperative surface matching registration enabled precise navigation in the orbital space.

Conclusions

Optical Navigation and microscope integration achieved a straightforward microsurgical workflow and should be implemented regularly. Augmented reality represented a useful tool for preoperative interdisciplinary planning and intraoperative intuitive orientation. It further stated an excellent educational tool.
Detailed scrutiny of FWM in holmium-doped fiber amplifier (HOFA) in WDM systems
Authors: Bhandari Vijaya , Trivedi Neelu
Published: July 2024

Four wave mixing (FWM) in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems is prominent performance degrading nonlinearity and limits the total capacity of the system. FWM is explored in different fiber optical amplifiers such as erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), Raman fiber amplifier (RFA), and also in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). Reported studies in HOFA revealed that nonlinear effects in these amplifiers are low; however, in present study, in this research article WDM-HOFA system has been simulated and studied FWM in detail at different HOFA parameters such as input power, length, core radius, doping radius, numerical aperture (NA), Ho ion density, and effects of co- and counter-pumping. Gain and noise figure (NF) are also investigated at aforementioned parameters, and performance is evaluated in terms of optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at 2,030 nm wavelength window. It is observed that least FWM obtained at 3 m Ho fiber length, 2 µm core radius and doping radius, 15.6 × 1023 m−3 Ho ion doping, 0.1 NA, −10 dB input power, 0.8 GHz channel spacing, and 4 WDM channels. However, better gain and NF comes at different values of these parameters, and as a result, there is trade-off between FWM and gain, NF.
Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
Authors: Mahmoud Reda A. , Abdelhafez Wael A. , Mahmoud Essam A. , Hassan Yassar , Amin Mohammed A. , Zayed Gamal M. , Mohammed Hamdoon A. , El-Rasoul Saleh A. , Maswadeh Hamzah , Abomughaid Mosleh M. , Khan Riaz A.
Published: July 2024

Cilostazol, an anti-platelet aggregation medicine, is also known to have vasodilation properties and is commonly used for treating muscle soreness and cramps by increasing the muscle oxygen supply. The medication has limited oral bioavailability, is prone to pre-systemic metabolism, and is poorly soluble in aqueous media. A transdermal administration was planned to increase the drug’s solubility and therapeutic efficacy. The current work intended to develop cilostazol niosome-loaded transdermal gel, which was prepared, and with the use of Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, drug-excipient interactions were observed. The medication was formulated utilizing Carbopol-934, Pluronic-F-127, and HPMC gel bases for the transdermally delivered niosomal gels. The produced niosomes had a maximum percentage of drug entrapment at 96.4%, with a particle size of 102 ± 11.30 nm and polydispersity index of 0.29 ± 0.069. The highest percentage of the medication that was entrapped was 96.4%, and the Carbopol-934 gel basis released the major part of the drug under in vitro conditions. A maximum transdermal flux was recorded at 3850.92 μg after 4 h, indicating a 10% increase in cilostazol permeation through rat skin. The flux rate for the niosomal preparation containing the drug ranged from 14.85 to 28.02 μg/cm2 h−1. In comparison to the pure cilostazol-loaded gels, the pharmacokinetics investigation showed that the niosomal gel formulations had considerably greater C
max, T
max, and AUC0. The niosomes loaded with cilostazol exhibited greater solubility, higher bioavailability, and improved effectiveness. Better therapeutic results may be achieved with systemic and site-directed delivery of cilostazol using the designed transdermal niosomal gel with appropriate molecular tagging modification/(s).
Tractarian Ethics: A Transcendental Vision
Authors: Hall Michael
Published: July 2024

This paper attempts to offer a positive reading of Tractarian ethics motivated by Kevin Cahill’s therapeutic framing of the Tractatus, on which ethics and language are taken to be coextensive, mutually encompassing spheres. This is taken to secure positive import for Tractarian ethics in a broad sense, though not connected to specific approbations or prohibitions. This is argued for in three sections: first, specifying the animating therapeutic intention of the Tractatus as reawakening the reader to a sense of wonder, against the sedative effects of scientific-causal explanations; second, an elucidation of the underlying logic of TLP 6.4 – 42 to show that Wittgenstein’s repudiation of ethical propositions is not an abolition of ethics but an assertion of the disparity between the absolute value of ethics and the aims of scientific explanation; and third, outlining a positive reading of Tractarian ethics beginning with the cryptic expression, “ethics is transcendental”, by drawing out an analogy with logic as the transcendental condition of language to a view of ethics as a condition of meaningful actions and lives.
Voicing temptations
Authors: Gadris Stelios
Published: July 2024

In what follows I will try to show that hinge propositions do not constitute the ultimate ground upon which we stand fast, but rather voice a metaphysical temptation, the temptation to offer an ultimate and undoubtable foundation of which we can be absolutely certain. After a brief sketch of what hinge propositions are, I propose that we read them as exclamations pointing to nonsense, a limit to intelligibility. Interpreted thus, hinge propositions, either ascertained or doubted, show what nonsense in On Certainty might be, namely, the confusion that either their certitude or doubt produce. I will try to substantiate my interpretation showing that Wittgenstein in On Certainty was well aware of the temptation to proclaim hinge propositions as absolute certainties – a temptation he rejects. I will try to establish the above claim by offering a critique of Moyal-Sharrock’s interpretation that we read hinges as merely showing and not as something that we can explicitly acknowledge, say or articulate.
‘Not enough’: Certainty and Doubt in Exploring the Grammar of ‘Woman’
Authors: Kronqvist Camilla
Published: July 2024

Danièle Moyal-Sharrock and Constantine Sandis have suggested that our sense of being ‘women’ (and ‘men’) can be elucidated by thinking of it as an animal certainty. The suggestion is helpful in resisting the notion that ‘being woman’ can be modelled either on the idea of indubitable first-person knowledge of one’s inner self or of a third person’s unquestionable knowledge of one’s body. One’s being woman is manifested in one’s ways of acting and reacting; it constitutes a mode of being, which cannot be given further justification. Nevertheless, I argue that the emphasis on certainty may render the possible doubts an individual may entertain about being a woman at different stages and in different contexts of their life opaque. It may also obscure the philosophical analysis of what thinking of certainty with Wittgenstein may offer to the understanding of ‘woman’, since for him the exploration of meaningful and impossible forms of doubt always ran parallel to his thinking on certainty. Considering everyday examples of certainty and doubts in being a woman, I therefore discuss the dialectic between certainty and doubt in the constitution of being ‘a woman’, giving special attention to the significance of second person assertions and comments for the first person’s experience of being or not being a woman or not being ‘woman enough’.