bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Influence of Plant-Specific Physiological Parameterizations on the Partitioning of Land Surface Energy Fluxes
Authors: Sulis Mauro , Langensiepen Matthias , Shrestha Prabhakar , Schickling Anke , Simmer Clemens , Kollet Stefan J.
Published: December 2014

Plant physiological properties have a significant influence on the partitioning of radiative forcing, the spatial and temporal variability of soil water and soil temperature dynamics, and the rate of carbon fixation. Because of the direct impact on latent heat fluxes, these properties may also influence weather-generating processes, such as the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In this work, crop-specific physiological characteristics, retrieved from detailed field measurements, are included in the biophysical parameterization of the Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform (TerrSysMP). The physiological parameters for two typical European midlatitudinal crops (sugar beet and winter wheat) are validated using eddy covariance fluxes over multiple years from three measurement sites located in the North Rhine–Westphalia region of Germany. Comparison with observations and a simulation utilizing the generic crop type shows clear improvements when using the crop-specific physiological characteristics of the plant. In particular, the increase of latent heat fluxes in conjunction with decreased sensible heat fluxes as simulated by the two crops leads to an improved quantification of the diurnal energy partitioning. An independent analysis carried out using estimates of gross primary production reveals that the better agreement between observed and simulated latent heat adopting the plant-specific physiological properties largely stems from an improved simulation of the photosynthesis process. Finally, to evaluate the effects of the crop-specific parameterizations on the ABL dynamics, a series of semi-idealized land–atmosphere coupled simulations is performed by hypothesizing three cropland configurations. These numerical experiments reveal different heat and moisture budgets of the ABL using the crop-specific physiological properties, which clearly impacts the evolution of the boundary layer.
Guided Metacognition in Instrumental Practice
Authors: Hart John T.
Published: December 2014

Ensemble directors have a special interest in helping students learn to practice effectively. Practice is also an essential component of musical development. Music educators need to both teach effective practice strategies and guide students toward meaningful, thoughtful practice. Metacognition strategies are one way to accomplish this. Current research reveals that (1) practice is a key issue in students’ musical development from beginner to expert; (2) metacognition is critical to developing efficient practice skills; (3) students need educators’ help in learning metacognitive skills; (4) practice time, structure, length, and organization are important; (5) supervised practice can benefit younger students but may be decreasingly beneficial as students become autonomous.
Novel Radiographic Measurement Algorithm Demonstrating a Link between Obesity and Lateral Skull Base Attenuation
Authors: Stevens Shawn M. , Lambert Paul R. , Rizk Habib , McIlwain Wesley R. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Meyer Ted A.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

(1) To describe a validated algorithm for measuring tegmen thickness on computed tomography scans. (2) To compare the tegmen thickness in 3 groups: patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, obese controls, and nonobese controls.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Setting

Patients with spontaneous CSF otorrhea often have highly attenuated tegmen plates. This is associated with obesity and/or idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). No evidence exists, however, that objectively links obesity and/or IIH with skull base attenuation.

Subjects and Methods

This was a retrospective review from 2004 to the present. Patients with spontaneous CSF otorrhea and matched obese (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2) and nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m2) controls were selected. Tegmen thickness was measured radiographically. Interrater validity was assessed.

Results

Ninety‐eight patients were measured: 37 in the CSF group (BMI, 36.6 kg/m2), 30 in the obese group (BMI, 34.6 kg/m2), and 31 in the nonobese group (BMI, 24.2 kg/m2). The CSF group had a significantly thinner tegmen compared to both the obese control (P <. 01) and nonobese control (P =. 0004) groups. Obese controls had a thinner tegmen than nonobese controls (P <. 00001). A significant inverse correlation was detected between skull base thickness and BMI. Signs/symptoms of IIH were most commonly found in the CSF group. Good to very good strength of agreement was detected for measures between raters.

Conclusion

This is the first study to (1) quantify lateral skull base thickness and (2) significantly correlate obesity with lateral skull base attenuation. Patients who are obese with spontaneous CSF leaks have greater attenuation of their skull base than matched obese controls. This finding supports theories that an additional process, possibly congenital, has a pathoetiological role in skull base dehiscence.
Novel Porous Oral Patches for Patients with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Mouth Breathing
Authors: Huang Tsung‐Wei , Young Tai‐Horng
Published: December 2014

Objectives

Habitual open‐mouth breathing (OMB) during sleep can cause snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study used a porous oral patch (POP) to treat patients with mild OSA and OMB during sleep. The subjective and objective outcomes were evaluated.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Patients with ≥5 events hourly but <15 hourly on the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) were enrolled. All patients slept with their mouths closed by using the POP, which is a porous skin pad consisting of 3 layers: silicone sheet, polyurethane foam, and polyurethane film. Before treatment and during treatment, subjective outcomes were assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and visual analog scale (VAS) of snoring. Objective outcomes were assessed using polysomnography and cephalometry.

Results

Thirty patients were enrolled in this study. All patients slept with their mouths closed while using a POP. The ESS and VAS of snoring scores were 8.1 ± 1.5 and 7.5 ± 2.0 before the POP, respectively, in contrast to 5.2 ± 1.6 and 2.4 ± 1.4 while using a POP, respectively (P <. 05). The median AHI score was significantly decreased by using a POP from 12.0 per hour before treatment to 7.8 per hour during treatment (P <. 01). The snoring intensity and median snoring index were 49.1 ± 10.8 dB and 146.7 per hour before the POP, respectively, which decreased to 41.1 ± 7.8 dB and 40.0 per hour while using a POP, respectively (P <. 01). Cephalometry revealed that the retropalatal space and retrolingual space were 7.4 ± 1.6 mm and 6.8 ± 2.5 mm before the POP, respectively, compared with 8.6 ± 1.2 mm and 10.2 ± 1.8 mm during treatment, respectively (P <. 01).

Conclusion

The POP is a useful device to treat patients with mild OSA and habitual OMB.
Fire history reconstruction from Black Carbon analysis in Holocene cave sediments at Ifri Oudadane, Northeastern Morocco
Authors: Lehndorff Eva , Linstädter Jörg , Kehl Martin , Weniger Gerd-Christian
Published: December 2014

Fire residues elucidate the where, when, and how of land use. Charcoal analysis provides insights into wood-burning practices, but is restricted by the size of identifiable particles. The present paper is the first to apply a black carbon (BC) method to archaeological sediment deposits. This method oxidizes charcoal and soot particles from the bulk sediment to benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs), independent of size. Our aim was to test the potential of BC analysis in order to elucidate the input from grass and wood fires and discuss the potential limitations of the method on sediments of the Ifri Oudadane rock shelter, Morocco. Sediments cover the cultural transition from hunter–gatherers to food-producing communities (Epipaleolithic to Neolithic period, 11–6 kyr cal. BP), which has previously been shown to affect the geochemical, palynological, and archaeological inventories of these sediments. We found respective changes in BC; specifically, content was highest during the Epipaleolithic, with an average of 35% BC in organic carbon (Corg) compared with Neolithic sediments with an average of 24% BC in Corg. The fire temperature (expressed by BPCA composition) changed significantly, which suggests that wood fires dominated in the Epipaleolithic and grass fires dominated in the Neolithic period. These findings agree with a previously suggested shift in usage. We are able to show here that BC analysis, when combined with other proxy data and archaeological findings, can contribute to a deepened understanding of past human activities.
Is EMDR an effective treatment for people diagnosed with both intellectual disability and post-traumatic stress disorder?
Authors: Gilderthorp Rosanna C
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to critically review all studies that have set out to evaluate the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for people diagnosed with both intellectual disability (ID) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Searches of the online databases Psych Info, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The Cochrane Database of Randomized Control Trials, CINAHL, ASSIA and Medline were conducted. Five studies are described and evaluated. Key positive points include the high clinical salience of the studies and their high external validity. Several common methodological criticisms are highlighted, however, including difficulty in the definition of the terms ID and PTSD, lack of control in design and a lack of consideration of ethical implications. Overall, the articles reviewed indicate cause for cautious optimism about the utility of EMDR with this population. The clinical and research implications of this review are discussed.
Understanding Preschool Teachers’ Emotional Support as a Function of Center Climate
Authors: Zinsser Katherine M. , Curby Timothy W.
Published: December 2014

There is great emphasis recently on improving the quality of early childhood education in the United States. Within quality rating improvement systems, classroom quality is often reported at the center or program levels. Yet little is known about teaching quality at the center level or the influence of center characteristics on teaching quality. Specifically, this study examines the extent to which the quality of emotional support provided by the teacher is associated with characteristics of the center (e.g., prior turnover rates) and center director (e.g., education, management practices). Findings from Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) 2009 data indicated that emotional support dimensions were differentially predicted by characteristics of the center and the director, including prior teacher turnover rate and director job satisfaction. However, highly regulated indicators of center quality (e.g., student:teacher ratio) did not substantially explain emotional support.
Effects of Different Isokinetic Training Programs on Hamstring/Quadriceps Ratio and Proprioception in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Güney Hande , Yüksel İnci , Kaya Defne , Doral Mahmut Nedim
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

To determine the effects of different isokinetic training programs; eccentric training, concentric training and combined (concentric-eccentric) training on quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength functional ratio (H/Qfunc ) and knee proprioception in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) patients.

Methods:

Thirty patients with unilateral PFPS were randomly assigned to 3 groups: concentric (CON, n=10) (31.23±3.12 years), eccentric (ECC, n=10) (33.73±2.21 years) and combined (combined, n=10) (30.41±4.35 years). In accordance with the progression principle, the training program was divided into 3 mesoscycles, and the sets and angular speeds were increased in each mesocycle. All groups were treated for 8 weeks. To determine H/Qfunc, eccentric quadriceps and concentric hamstring peak torques were evaluated at 60°/sec with Biodex System 3 (Biodex® Corp., Shirley, NY, USA). 20° and 60° of knee flexion target angles were used to evaluate the knee proprioception. Peak torques and proprioception were evaluated before and 8-week after training. Repeated measure of ANOVA was used for the analysis.

Results:

There was a significant difference in H/Qfunc between groups at 60°/sec (F= 9.048, p<0.001). The mean improvement difference in ECC and CON-ECC groups were better than CON group. Proprioception improvement was found significant after 8-weeks training for both on 20° (F=150.879 p<0.001) and 60° (F=247.561, p<0.001) of knee flexion. The mean improvement was similar for 20° (F=1.964, p=0.132) and 60° (F=0.493, p=0.711) of knee flexion between the groups.

Conclusion:

Isokinetic training with the emphasis on eccentric training of quadriceps muscle had a significant effect in H/Qfunc in PFPS patients. This is mostly based on the improvement in quadriceps eccentric peak torque and the improvement in balance between hamstring and quadriceps muscles. Eccentric and combined (concentric-eccentric) training is more appropriate model for strengthening compared to only concentric training.
Effects of Dynamic Extension Exercise and Mulligan Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility
Authors: Tomruk Murat , Tomruk Melda Soysal , Gelecek Nihal
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

By the increase in physically inactive and sedentary lifestyles habits, hamstring tightness has currently become a more common situation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dynamic extension exercise and Mulligan stretching applications on hamstring flexibility in people with hamstring tightness.

Methods:

This study involved 12 young adults and 24 knees (4 females, 8 males) with bilateral hamstring tightness (active knee extension test angle < 25 degrees). Mean age and mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of the participants were 22.75±2.73 years and 21.52±2.51 kg/m2, respectively. Before the first measurements, all participants were separated into a Dynamic Extension Exercise Group (DEEG, n = 7) and Mulligan Stretching group (MSG, n = 5) according to the simple random table. DEEG received terminal extension exercises consisting of three sets of 10 repetitions, with 30 seconds of rest between each set, performed at predetermined 10 repetition maximum for each subject. MSG received traction straight leg raise technique and bent-leg-raise technique of Mulligan for 1 set each session applied by the physiotherapist. Applications were done 3 sessions a week for 4 weeks. Hamstring flexibility was measured with Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) and Sit and Reach Test (SRT). All measurements were performed four times: before treatment (BT), immediately after 1st session and 24th hour, and after 4-week treatment period (AT).

Results:

There were no significant differences between the two groups in the baseline demographic characteristics, BMI, and AKET and SRT results (p>0.05). While MSG group experienced a significant increase in the AKET and SRT at measurements of 1st session, 24th hour and AT (p<0.05), there were no significant alterations in values of AKET and SRT in DEEG (p>0.05).

Conclusion:

The results of our study showed that applying Mulligan stretching three sessions per week for 4 weeks can increase active knee extension angle in people with hamstring tightness. Applying Mulligan stretching instead of dynamic extension exercises can be more effective on hamstring flexibility. However, further data and studies are needed to determine long-term outcomes.
Investigation of Cervical Fleksor and Extensor Muscle Activation During Isometric Neck Extension Applied by Therraband
Authors: Önal Sercan , Can Filiz , Yakut Yavuz , Baltacı Gül
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

Therrabands are commonly used for resistive exercises, streching and stabilization exercises and also isometric exercises. However, principles of practice of therrabands are mostly focused on exercise variety. Likewise it is only given point to exercise variety during therrabands’ usage at cervical region. Nevertheless, for effective usage of therrabands and for proper assessment of effectiveness response, it is necessary to know the amount of resistance being given or muscle activation response against the resistance given. The aim of this study was to compare activations of cervical flexor and extensor muscles during isometric extension exercise against the resistance of therraband in healthy individuals.

Methods:

14 healthy subjects (8 female,6 male)aged between 19-32 have been included in the study. Subjects with neck problems, systemic diseases, history of trauma or operation were excluded. Neck isometric exercises with therraband was 2 sets with 2 minutes’ intervals and EMG records have been taken during exercises. After preparation of the skin, surface electrodes placed on the motor points of sternocleidomastoideus(SCM) and erector spinae(ES) muscles. After taking the average of 3 measures, the first 10 seconds of muscular activations were recorded. The average of integrated EMG(iEMG) values of each records was used for statistical data. Independent T test and Mann Whitney U test were used for the analysis of findings.

Results:

There was no significant difference between the right ES and left ES’s mean iEMG during isometric neck extension against therraband (p=0.06). Although there was no difference between right SCM and right ES muscles action potentials(t=-0.895; p=0.379), there was a significant difference between left SCM and left ES muscles’ action potentials (z= -2.435; p=0.01). When all the right and left SCM and ES muscle activations were compared, a significant difference was detected in favour of ES muscles ( t= -2.133; p= 0.03).

Conclusion:

The results show that the neck extensors may be affected by the arm muscles during isometric exercise with therraband and the arm muscle activation can interfere EMG activity of neck muscles because of holding therraband. Higher SCM muscle activation in the right side might be related to dominancy. Consequently, this study has shown that the other muscle groups can be affected from self isometric neck exercises with therraband; thus therraband exercise done by a mechanism are more convenient for the neck isometrics.
Dynamic Stability Assessment of the Lower Limbs of Karate Kyokushin Master Class Athletes
Authors: Jurkiewicz Tomasz , Mejnartowicz Daria , Plenzler Marcin , Mierzwińska Anna , Popieluch Marcin , Śmigielski Robert
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to determine the level of stability of the lower limbs in dynamic conditions in Karate Kyokushin master class athletes. We compared the results of the karate athletes with the control group. In the analysis, both the dominant (kicking) limb and non-dominant (supporting) one were taken into account.

Methods:

The study involved 22 Karate Kyokushin master class athletes (13 men and 9 women aged 26.5 ± 3.9). This group consisted mainly of European Championships medalists in various weight categories. Their average training history was 14.6 ± 5.1 years. The control group consisted of 18 healthy, active volunteers (14 men and 4 women aged 21.4 ± 1.2). The measurements of dynamic stabilography were made with the Biodex Balance System (BBS) device. The dispersion of sway in the A/P (anterior/posterior) plane, M/L (medial/lateral) plane and overall stability indicator (OSI) were analyzed. The measurements were made with one leg position on the lower right and left limb successively and consisted of three 30-second repetitions at the second stiffness level of the stabilographic platform. For the purpose of further material development, persons declaring the right lower limb as the dominant one were selected in order to make the test and the control group more homogeneous. The results were analyzed statistically using the U-Mann-Whitney test assuming the significance threshold of p≤0.05. To assess the correlation, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was used.

Results:

The analysis of the results showed a statistically significant difference in the overall stability indicator (OSI) of a non-dominant (supporting) limb between the test and the control groups. The abovementioned dependence concerning the overall indicator was affected mainly by stability parameters obtained in the A/P sagittal plane. A correlation between the training history and the overall stability indicator (OSI) in both limbs of karate athletes was also demonstrated. Namely, the increase in training experience of the athlete correlated with the increase in the stability level of both legs. Other results showed no statistically significant differences.

Conclusion:

1. Kyokushin Karate master class athletes are characterized by lower level of stability of a non-dominant (supporting) lower limb in comparison with the control group. 2. The more training history experience the athlete has gained, the higher stability level in both lower limbs they have.
The further generalization on the inequalities for Hadamard products of any number of invertible Hermitian matrices
Authors: Chen Meixiang , Chen Qinghua , Yang Zhongpeng , Feng Xiaoxia , Lin Zhixing
Published: December 2014

Without ‘positive definiteness’ demanded in the present papers, the forward and reverse inequalities for Hadamard products of any number of invertible Hermitian matrices are obtained, and the sufficient and necessary conditions for the equations in these inequalities are given. As Hermitian positive matrices naturally satisfy the added constraints, these results generalize and improve the corresponding results in the present papers. Beyond that, with no demand of ‘positive definiteness’, these forward and backward inequalities are not determined mutually any longer.
Cognitive behavioural treatment for the chronic post-traumatic headache patient: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kjeldgaard Dorte , Forchhammer Hysse B , Teasdale Thomas W , Jensen Rigmor H
Published: December 2014

Background

Chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTH) after mild head injury can be difficult to manage. Research is scarce and successful interventions are lacking.

To evaluate the effect of a group-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) intervention in relation to headache, pain perception, psychological symptoms and quality of life in patients with CPTH.

Methods

Ninety patients with CPTH according to ICHD-2 criteria were enrolled from the Danish Headache Center into a randomized, controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to either a waiting list group or to a nine-week CBT group intervention. At baseline and after 26 weeks all patients completed the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, SF-36, SCL-90-R and a headache diary.

Results

The CBT had no effect on headache and pressure pain thresholds and only a minor impact on the CPTH patients’ quality of life, psychological distress, and the overall experience of symptoms. The waiting-list group experienced no change in headache but, opposed to the treatment group, a significant decrease in somatic and cognitive symptoms indicating a spontaneous remission over time.

Conclusions

Our primarily negative findings confirm that management of patients with CPTH still remains a considerable challenge. Psychological group therapy with CBT might be effective in an earlier stage of CPTH and in less severely affected patients but our findings strongly underline the need for randomized controlled studies to test the efficacy of psychological therapy.
Pulsed laser deposition of single-crystalline Cu7In3/CuIn0.8Ga0.2Se2 core/shell nanowires
Authors: Zhao Yu , Li Hui , Zhu Yan-Yan , Guan Lei-Lei , Li Yan-Li , Sun Jian , Ying Zhi-Feng , Wu Jia-Da , Xu Ning
Published: December 2014

Single-crystalline Cu7In3/CuIn0.8Ga0.2Se2 (CI/CIGS) core/shell nanowires are fabricated by pulsed laser deposition with Ni nanoparticles as catalyst. The CI/CIGS core/shell nanowires are made up of single-crystalline CI cores surrounded by single-crystalline CIGS shells. The CI/CIGS nanowires are grown at a considerably low temperature (350°C ~ 450°C) by vapor-liquid-solid mode combined with vapor-solid mode. The distribution density of the nanowires increases with the increasing of the deposition duration, and the substrate temperature determines the lengths of the nanowires. The U-V absorption spectra of the CIGS thin films with and without the CI/CIGS core/shell nanowires demonstrate that the CI/CIGS nanowires can remarkably enhance the absorption of CIGS thin films in the spectrum range of 300 to 900 nm.

PACS

61.46. + w; 61.41.e; 81.15.Fg; 81.07.b
An improved k-NN algorithm for localization in multipath environments
Authors: Zhao Yang , Liu Kaihua , Ma Yongtao , Li Zhuo
Published: December 2014

To improve the localization accuracy in multipath environments, this paper presents an effective localization approach with the utilization of reference tags. In this approach, an improved k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm is proposed based on radio-frequency (RF) phases. The traditional k-NN algorithm only focuses on the weighting factors of the coordinates of the selected reference tags, while the improved k-NN algorithm aims at the estimation of direct distance from a reader antenna to a target tag. Then, the location is estimated by linear least squares with a new reference selection scheme. Simulation results show that our approach is superior to the traditional localization approaches under multipath environments. In addition, we conclude that phase has the superiority over strength in the selection of reference tags for range estimation, and range estimation is more accurate than coordinate estimation with k-NN algorithm for localization.
Prevalence estimates of substandard drugs in Mongolia using a random sample survey
Authors: Khurelbat Daariimaa , Dorj Gereltuya , Bayarsaikhan Enkhtuul , Chimedsuren Munkhdelger , Sanjjav Tsetsegmaa , Morimoto Takeshi , Morley Michael , Morley Katharine
Published: December 2014

To determine the prevalence of substandard drugs in urban (Ulaanbaatar) and rural (selected provinces) areas of Mongolia, samples of 9 common, therapeutically important drugs were collected from randomly selected drug outlets in Ulaanbaatar and 4 rural provinces by “mystery shoppers”. Samples were analyzed by visual inspection, registration status, and biochemical analysis. Samples failing to meet all Pharmacopeia quality tests were considered substandard.

In the rural provinces, 69 out of 388 samples were substandard, giving an estimated prevalence of substandard drugs of 17.8% (95% CI: 14.1-22.0). There were 85 unregistered samples, giving a prevalence estimate of unregistered drugs of 21.9%. (95% CI: 17.9-26.3). In the urban Ulaanbaatar districts, 112 out of 848 samples were substandard, giving an estimated prevalence of substandard drugs of 13.2% (95% CI: 11.0-15.7). There were 150 unregistered samples, giving a prevalence estimate of unregistered drugs of 17.7% (95% CI: 15.2-20.4).

In the rural provinces, 35 out of 85 (41.2%) unregistered samples were substandard; whereas 34 out of 303 (11.2%) registered samples were substandard. (p < 0.0001) In the urban districts, 18 out of 150 (12.0%) unregistered samples were substandard, whereas 94 out of 698 registered were substandard. (13.5%) (p = 0.6).

The prevalence of substandard and unregistered drugs is higher in rural provinces. There is a significant association between substandard and unregistered drugs in the provinces but not in the urban districts. The underlying causes for substandard drugs need to be further investigated in order to help formulate strategies to improve pharmacovigilance and the drug supply quality in Mongolia.
Movement of the human foot in 100 pain free individuals aged 18–45: implications for understanding normal foot function
Authors: Nester Christopher J , Jarvis Hannah L , Jones Richard K , Bowden Peter D , Liu Anmin
Published: December 2014

Background

Understanding motion in the normal healthy foot is a prerequisite for understanding the effects of pathology and thereafter setting targets for interventions. Quality foot kinematic data from healthy feet will also assist the development of high quality and research based clinical models of foot biomechanics. To address gaps in the current literature we aimed to describe 3D foot kinematics using a 5 segment foot model in a population of 100 pain free individuals.

Methods

Kinematics of the leg, calcaneus, midfoot, medial and lateral forefoot and hallux were measured in 100 self reported healthy and pain free individuals during walking. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise foot movements. Contributions from different foot segments to the total motion in each plane were also derived to explore functional roles of different parts of the foot.

Results

Foot segments demonstrated greatest motion in the sagittal plane, but large ranges of movement in all planes. All foot segments demonstrated movement throughout gait, though least motion was observed between the midfoot and calcaneus. There was inconsistent evidence of movement coupling between joints. There were clear differences in motion data compared to foot segment models reported in the literature.

Conclusions

The data reveal the foot is a multiarticular structure, movements are complex, show incomplete evidence of coupling, and vary person to person. The data provide a useful reference data set against which future experimental data can be compared and may provide the basis for conceptual models of foot function based on data rather than anecdotal observations.
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase modulates proteoglycan synthesis in articular chondrocytes: its possible involvement and regulation in osteoarthritis
Authors: Wen Yinxian , Li Jing , Wang Linlong , Tie Kai , Magdalou Jacques , Chen Liaobin , Wang Hui
Published: December 2014

Introduction

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible role of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) in osteoarthritis (OA) and uncover whether, furthermore how interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) affects UGDH gene expression.

Methods

UGDH specific siRNAs were applied to determine the role of UGDH in proteoglycan (PG) synthesis in human articular chondrocytes. Protein levels of UGDH and Sp1 in human and rat OA cartilage were detected. Then, human primary chondrocytes were treated with IL-1β to find out whether and how IL-1β could regulate the gene expression of UGDH and its trans-regulators, that is Sp1, Sp3 and c-Krox. Finally, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) inhibitor SP600125 were used to pick out the pathway that mediated the IL-1β-modulated PGs synthesis and gene expression of UGDH, Sp1, Sp3 and c-Krox.

Results

UGDH specific siRNAs markedly inhibited UGDH mRNA and protein expression, and thus led to an obvious suppression of PGs synthesis in human articular chondrocytes. UGDH protein level in human and rat OA cartilage were much lower than the corresponding controls and negatively correlated to the degree of OA. Decrease in Sp1 protein level was also observed in human and rat OA cartilage respectively. Meanwhile, IL-1β suppressed UGDH gene expression in human articular chondrocytes in the late phase, which also modulated gene expression of Sp1, Sp3 and c-Krox and increased both Sp3/Sp1 and c-Krox/Sp1 ratio. Moreover, the inhibition of SAP/JNK and p38 MAPK pathways both resulted in an obvious attenuation of the IL-1β-induced suppression on the UGDH gene expression.

Conclusions

UGDH is essential in the PGs synthesis of articular chondrocytes, while the suppressed expression of UGDH might probably be involved in advanced OA, partly due to the modulation of p38 MAPK and SAP/JNK pathways and its trans-regulators by IL-1β.
The Brazilian wood biomass supply and utilization focusing on eucalypt
Authors: Colodette Jorge L , Gomes Claudia M , Gomes Fernando J , Cabral Carla P
Published: December 2014

Brazil has 8.51 million km2 of territorial area and a tropical climate. In 2010, the occupation of the Brazilian soil consists of 20.8% pasture, 6.8% agriculture, 0.8% forested areas, 61.0% natural forests, and 9.7% other areas. In 2012, of the total area of the country 3.25% (27.65 million ha) is occupied by soy bean cultivation and 1% (8.5 million ha) by sugar cane cultivation. In 2012, the main cultivated species in the country were Eucalyptus spp. (71.0%), Pinus spp. (21.75%), Acacia mearnsii and Acacia mangium (2.12%), Hevea brasiliensis (2.36%), and Schizolobium amazonicum (1.22%). From 2004 to 2012, the planted forest area growth was 50.4%. The main factor that boosted this growth was the demand of the pulp and paper, followed by wood-based panels sector. It is also notable the development of new planted forests in Brazil for energy purposes. In recent decades, scientific and technological advance shave resulted in significant improvements in productivity, resistance to diseases, uniform degree of the forest plantations, wood quality etc. Among the most researched species are the ones belonging to Eucalyptus gender for having excellent adaptability to the edaphoclimatic conditions in the country. The current average productivity of Eucalyptus is of 40.7 m3/ha·year. In some regions of the country the average productivity of Eucalyptus has reached 100 m3/ha·year. The Brazilian forestry industry uses mainly planted forests, and the pulp and paper industry consumes only this type of wood. The pulp and wood panel sectors are more technologically advanced in relation to the other wood products sectors.
President's Page
Authors: Bradford John H.
Published: December 2014

As I begin my term as President Elect, I am happy to report that not all of the issues faced by SEG have been resolved and that there will in fact be work for the 2014–2015 Board of Directors to accomplish. Of the myriad of items before the Board, I would like to bring your attention to two in particular: one which the Board has been wrestling with for several years (near-surface) and the other a growing problem that the Board will address this year (the high rate of abstract rejections at the Annual Meeting).
Introduction to this special section: Humanitarian geophysics
Authors: Liberty Lee , Pellerin Louise , Jacobs Rhonda
Published: December 2014

This special section of The Leading Edge and the broad engagement from the SEG community show that geophysics can make a considerable difference to communities in need. This month's special section on humanitarian geophysics brings together a wide array of geophysical studies to address a diverse set of topics with a common theme of improving the lives of disadvantaged populations. These studies and included articles cover three continents and move beyond hazards and resource evaluations that are typical of geophysical case studies to educate, inform, and engage local communities.
Urban seismology for groundwater characterization in a developing country: Challenges and rewards
Authors: Bradford John H. , Lindsay Kyle , Silliman Steve , Yalo Nicaise , Boukari Moussa
Published: December 2014

The coastal city of Cotonou in the developing country of Bénin, West Africa, is a large population center that is facing a serious threat to the sustainability of its freshwater supply. The city relies on the Godomey aquifer for domestic water, but the aquifer is undergoing saltwater intrusion. This problem is likely to worsen without significant steps to improve management of the water supply. Aquifer continuity and saltwater flow paths are poorly understood, but that information is critical to ensure sustainable access to freshwater in this growing urban center. In January 2012, a two-year geophysical investigation was begun with the prime objective of using the seismic-reflection method to better understand the continuity of the primary aquifer units. That information then can be used to inform and improve the regional groundwater flow model. The project presented many challenges, both technical and cultural, including the language barrier, conducting fieldwork in the developing world with a limited budget, and the complicated logistics of acquiring seismic data in a congested urban environment. Despite these challenges, the seismic investigation was completed successfully, and results show that the aquifer system is substantially more complicated than previously thought. Critically, at least one paleochannel cuts through a substantial portion of the aquifer system and truncates multiple aquifer/aquitard boundaries. These boundary truncations appear to provide connected pathways among aquifers that previously were thought to be isolated and might explain recent hydrologic observations. Although the full impact of these findings is yet to be determined, it is clear that the seismic study has provided valuable information that improves the understanding of the system and ultimately will aid in management of the groundwater resource in Cotonou.
Coutrix: Discovering the oil of the future
Authors: Tubman Ken
Published: December 2014

For the third installment in our interview series, Ray Scippa, director of internal communications at ConocoPhillips, sat down with Hervé Coutrix, president and CEO of Total E&P Research and Technology USA.

Watch the third installment in the Technology Leaders Interview Series here

[Figure: see text]
A miniature research vessel: A small-scale ocean-exploration demonstration of geophysical methods
Authors: Boston Brian , Howell Samuel , Moore Gregory
Published: December 2014

Through programs such as the Student Chapter Excellence Program and Student Chapter Outreach Grant, the Society of Exploration Geophysicists strives to provide worldwide educational opportunities and experiences that result in impactful and meaningful experiences. SEG understands that inspiring the next generation of exploration geoscientists is vital for continued success and innovation within the field. These future scientists will face global-scale challenges as they take over current research, develop new energy solutions, explore the world's resources, and work to mitigate the effects of adverse environmental impacts. A student's introduction to the geosciences can vary across the globe. Interesting and impactful experiences are critical for attracting and engaging future geoscientists, and SEG is proud to have Student Chapter partners working to promote geoscience education.
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Armodafinil for Insomnia After Cancer Treatment
Authors: Roscoe Joseph A. , Garland Sheila N. , Heckler Charles E. , Perlis Michael L. , Peoples Anita R. , Shayne Michelle , Savard Josée , Daniels Nina P. , Morrow Gary R.
Published: December 2014

Purpose

Insomnia is a distressing and often persisting consequence of cancer. Although cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the treatment of choice in the general population, the use of CBT-I in patients with cancer is complicated, because it can result in transient but substantial increases in daytime sleepiness. In this study, we evaluated whether CBT-I, in combination with the wakefulness-promoting agent armodafinil (A), results in better insomnia treatment outcomes in cancer survivors than CBT-I alone.

Patients and Methods

We report on a randomized trial of 96 cancer survivors (mean age, 56 years; female, 87.5%; breast cancer, 68%). The primary analyses examined whether ≥ one of the 7-week intervention conditions (ie, CBT-I, A, or both), when compared with a placebo capsule (P) group, produced significantly greater clinical gains. Insomnia was assessed by the Insomnia Severity Index and sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory. All patients received sleep hygiene instructions.

Results

Analyses controlling for baseline differences showed that both the CBT-I plus A (P = .001) and CBT-I plus P (P = .010) groups had significantly greater reductions in insomnia severity postintervention than the P group, with effect sizes of 1.31 and 1.02, respectively. Similar improvements were seen for sleep quality. Gains on both measures persisted 3 months later. CBT-I plus A was not significantly different from CBT-I plus P (P = .421), and A alone was not significantly different from P alone (P = .584).

Conclusion

CBT-I results in significant and durable improvements in insomnia and sleep quality. A did not significantly improve the efficacy of CBT-I or independently affect insomnia or sleep quality.
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the Familial Risk–Colorectal Cancer: European Society for Medical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Stoffel Elena M. , Mangu Pamela B. , Gruber Stephen B. , Hamilton Stanley R. , Kalady Matthew F. , Lau Michelle Wan Yee , Lu Karen H. , Roach Nancy , Limburg Paul J.
Published: December 2014

Purpose

To provide recommendations on prevention, screening, genetics, treatment, and management for people at risk for hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has a policy and set of procedures for endorsing clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations.

Methods

The Familial Risk–Colorectal Cancer: European Society for Medical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline published in 2013 on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Guidelines Working Group in Annals of Oncology was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists, with content and recommendations reviewed by an ASCO endorsement panel.

Results

The ASCO endorsement panel determined that the recommendations of the ESMO guidelines are clear, thorough, and based on the most relevant scientific evidence. The ASCO panel endorsed the ESMO guidelines and added a few qualifying statements.

Recommendations

Approximately 5% to 6% of patient cases of CRC are associated with germline mutations that confer an inherited predisposition for cancer. The possibility of a hereditary cancer syndrome should be assessed for every patient at the time of CRC diagnosis. A diagnosis of Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, or another genetic syndrome can influence clinical management for patients with CRC and their family members. Screening for hereditary cancer syndromes in patients with CRC should include review of personal and family histories and testing of tumors for DNA mismatch repair deficiency and/or microsatellite instability. Formal genetic evaluation is recommended for individuals who meet defined criteria.
Revised Risk Classification for Pediatric Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Based on 25 Years of Clinical Trial Data From the United Kingdom and United States
Authors: Frazier A. Lindsay , Hale Juliet P. , Rodriguez-Galindo Carlos , Dang Ha , Olson Thomas , Murray Matthew J. , Amatruda James F. , Thornton Claire , Arul G. Suren , Billmire Deborah , Shaikh Furqan , Pashankar Farzana , Stoneham Sara , Krailo Mark , Nicholson James C.
Published: December 2014

Purpose

To risk stratify malignant extracranial pediatric germ cell tumors (GCTs).

Patients and Methods

Data from seven GCT trials conducted by the Children's Oncology Group (United States) or the Children's Cancer and Leukemia Group (United Kingdom) between 1985 and 2009 were merged to create a data set of patients with stage II to IV disease treated with platinum-based therapy. A parametric cure model was used to evaluate the prognostic importance of age, tumor site, stage, histology, tumor markers, and treatment regimen and estimate the percentage of patients who achieved long-term disease-free (LTDF) survival in each subgroup of the final model. Validation of the model was conducted using the bootstrap method.

Results

In multivariable analysis of 519 patients with GCTs, stage IV disease (P = .001), age ≥ 11 years (P < .001), and tumor site (P < .001) were significant predictors of worse LTDF survival. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥ 10,000 ng/mL was associated with worse outcome, whereas pure yolk sac tumor (YST) was associated with better outcome, although neither met criteria for statistical significance. The analysis identified a group of patients age > 11 years with either stage III to IV extragonadal tumors or stage IV ovarian tumors with predicted LTDF survival < 70%. A bootstrap procedure showed retention of age, tumor site, and stage in > 94%, AFP in 12%, and YST in 27% of the replications.

Conclusion

Clinical trial data from two large national pediatric clinical trial organizations have produced a new evidence-based risk stratification of malignant pediatric GCTs that identifies a poor-risk group warranting intensified therapy.
Unliganded Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Regulates Developmental Timing via Gene Repression in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Choi Jinyoung , Suzuki Ken-ichi T. , Sakuma Tetsushi , Shewade Leena , Yamamoto Takashi , Buchholz Daniel R.
Published: December 2014

Thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR) expression begins early in development in all vertebrates when circulating TH levels are absent or minimal, yet few developmental roles for unliganded TRs have been established. Unliganded TRs are expected to repress TH-response genes, increase tissue responsivity to TH, and regulate the timing of developmental events. Here we examined the role of unliganded TRα in gene repression and development in Xenopus tropicalis. We used transcription activator-like effector nuclease gene disruption technology to generate founder animals with mutations in the TRα gene and bred them to produce F1 offspring with a normal phenotype and a mutant phenotype, characterized by precocious hind limb development. Offspring with a normal phenotype had zero or one disrupted TRα alleles, and tadpoles with the mutant hind limb phenotype had two truncated TRα alleles with frame shift mutations between the two zinc fingers followed by 40–50 mutant amino acids and then an out-of-frame stop codon. We examined TH-response gene expression and early larval development with and without exogenous TH in F1 offspring. As hypothesized, mutant phenotype tadpoles had increased expression of TH-response genes in the absence of TH and impaired induction of these same genes after exogenous TH treatment, compared with normal phenotype animals. Also, mutant hind limb phenotype animals had reduced hind limb and gill responsivity to exogenous TH. Similar results in methimazole-treated tadpoles showed that increased TH-response gene expression and precocious development were not due to early production of TH. These results indicate that unliganded TRα delays developmental progression by repressing TH-response genes.
50 years of the Applied Probability Trust, 1964–2014
Authors: Gani Joe
Published: December 2014

2014 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Applied Probability Trust (APT), an event celebrated by the present volume. This article sketches the APT's history from its beginnings in 1964 to the present.
Approximations: replacing random variables with their means
Authors: Gani Joe
Published: December 2014

One of the standard methods for approximating a bivariate continuous-time Markov chain {X(t), Y(t): t ≥ 0}, which proves too difficult to solve in its original form, is to replace one of its variables by its mean, This leads to a simplified stochastic process for the remaining variable which can usually be solved, although the technique is not always optimal. In this note we consider two cases where the method is successful for carrier infections and mutating bacteria, and one case where it is somewhat less so for the SIS epidemics.
Total internal and external lengths of the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent
Authors: Kersting Götz , Pardo Juan Carlos , Siri-Jégousse Arno
Published: December 2014

In this paper we study a weak law of large numbers for the total internal length of the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent, thereby obtaining the weak limit law of the centered and rescaled total external length; this extends results obtained in Dhersin and Möhle (2013). An application to population genetics dealing with the total number of mutations in the genealogical tree is also given.