bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-resolution global atmospheric moisture connections from evaporation to precipitation
Authors: Tuinenburg Obbe A. , Theeuwen Jolanda J. E. , Staal Arie
Published: December 2020

Abstract. A key Earth system process is the circulation of evaporated
moisture through the atmosphere. Spatial connections between evaporation and
precipitation affect the global and regional climates by redistributing
water and latent heat. Through this atmospheric moisture recycling,
land cover changes influence regional precipitation patterns, with
potentially far-reaching effects on human livelihoods and biome
distributions across the globe. However, a globally complete dataset of
atmospheric moisture flows from evaporation to precipitation has been
lacking so far. Here we present a dataset of global atmospheric moisture
recycling on both 0.5∘ and 1.0∘ spatial resolution. We
simulated the moisture flows between each pair of cells across all land and
oceans for 2008–2017 and present their monthly climatological means. We
applied the Lagrangian moisture tracking model UTrack, which is forced with
ERA5 reanalysis data on 25 atmospheric layers and hourly wind speeds and
directions. Due to the global coverage of the simulations, a complete
picture of both the upwind source areas of precipitation and downwind target
areas of evaporation can be obtained. We show a number of statistics of
global atmospheric moisture flows: land recycling, basin recycling, mean
latitudinal and longitudinal flows, absolute latitudinal and longitudinal
flows, and basin recycling for the 26 largest river basins. We find that, on
average, 70 % of global land evaporation rains down over land, varying
between 62 % and 74 % across the year; 51 % of global land
precipitation has evaporated from land, varying between 36 % and 57 %
across the year. The highest basin recycling occurs in the Amazon and Congo
basins, with evaporation and precipitation recycling of 63 % and 36 %
for the Amazon basin and 60 % and 47 % for the Congo basin. These
statistics are examples of the potential usage of the dataset, which allows
users to identify and quantify the moisture flows from and to any area on
Earth, from local to global scales. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.912710 (Tuinenburg et
al., 2020).
Monitoring tidal hydrology in coastal wetlands with the Mini Buoy:
applications for mangrove restoration
Authors: Balke Thorsten , Vovides Alejandra , Schwarz Christian , Chmura Gail L. , Ladd Cai , Basyuni Mohammad
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Acquiring in-situ data of tidal flooding is key for the successful restoration planning of intertidal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves. However, monitoring spatially explicit inundation time series and tidal currents can be costly and technically challenging. With the increasing availability of low-cost sensors and data loggers, customized solutions can now be designed to monitor intertidal hydrodynamics with direct applications for restoration and management. In this study, we present the design, calibration, and application of the Mini Buoy, a low-cost bottom-mounted float containing an acceleration data logger for monitoring tidal inundation characteristics and current velocities derived from single-axis equilibrium acceleration (i.e. logger tilt). The acceleration output of the Mini Buoys was calibrated against water-level and current velocity data in the hypertidal Bay of Fundy, Canada, and in a tidally reconnected former aquaculture pond complex in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Key parameters, such as submersion time and current velocities during submergence can be determined over several months using the Mini Buoy. An open-source application was developed to generate ecologically meaningful hydrological information from the Mini Buoy data for mangrove restoration planning. We present this specific SE Asian mangrove restoration application alongside a flexible concept design for the Mini Buoy to be customized for research and management of intertidal wetlands worldwide.
Data assimilation with multiple types of observation boreholes via
ensemble Kalman filter embedded within stochastic moment
equations
Authors: Xia Chuan-An , Luo Xiaodong , Hu Bill X. , Riva Monica , Guadagnini Alberto
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We employ an approach based on ensemble Kalman filter coupled with stochastic moment equations (MEs-EnKF) of groundwater flow to explore the dependence of conductivity estimates on the type of available information about hydraulic heads in a three-dimensional randomly heterogeneous field where convergent flow driven by a pumping well takes place. To this end, we consider three types of observation devices, corresponding to (i) multi-node monitoring wells equipped with packers (Type A), (ii) partially (Type B) and (iii) fully (Type C) screened wells. We ground our analysis on a variety of synthetic test cases associated with various configurations of these observation wells. Moment equations are approximated at second order (in terms of the standard deviation of the natural logarithm, Y, of conductivity) and are solved by an efficient transient numerical scheme proposed in this study. The use of an inflation factor imposed to the observation error covariance matrix is also analyzed to assess the extent at which this can strengthen the ability of the MEs-EnKF to yield appropriate conductivity estimates in the presence of a simplified modeling strategy where flux exchanges between monitoring wells and aquifer are neglected. Our results show that (i) the configuration associated with Type A monitoring wells leads to conductivity estimates with the (overall) best quality; (ii) conductivity estimates anchored on information from Type B and C wells are of similar quality; (iii) inflation of the measurement-error covariance matrix can improve conductivity estimates when an incomplete/simplified flow model is adopted; and (iv) when compared with the standard Monte Carlo -based EnKF method, the MEs-EnKF can efficiently and accurately estimate conductivity and head fields.
Open check dams and large wood: head losses and release conditions
Authors: Piton Guillaume , Horiguchi Toshiyuki , Marchal Lise , Lambert Stéphane
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Open check dams are strategic structures to control sediment and large-wood
transport during extreme flood events in steep streams and piedmont rivers.
Large wood (LW) tends to accumulate at such structures, obstruct their
openings and increase energy head losses, thus increasing flow levels. The
extent and variability to which the stage–discharge relationship of a check dam is modified by LW presence has so far not been clear. In addition, sufficiently high flows may trigger a sudden release of the trapped LW with eventual dramatic consequences downstream. This paper provides experimental quantification of LW-related energy head loss and simple ways to compute the related increase in water depth at dams of various shapes: trapezoidal, slit, slot and sabo (i.e. made of piles), with consideration of the flow capacity through their open bodies and atop their spillways. In addition, it was observed that LW is often released over the structure when the overflowing depth, i.e. total depth minus spillway elevation, is about 3–5 times the mean log diameter. Two regimes of LW accumulations were observed. Dams with low permeability generate low velocity upstream, and LW then accumulates as floating carpets, i.e. as a single floating layer. Conversely, dams with high permeability maintain high velocities immediately upstream of the dams and LW tends to accumulate in dense complex 3D patterns. This is because the drag forces are stronger than the buoyancy, allowing the logs to be sucked below the flow surface. In such cases, LW releases occur for higher overflowing depth and the LW-related head losses are higher. A new dimensionless number, namely the buoyancy-to-drag-force ratio, can be used to compute whether (or not) flows stay in the floating-carpet domain where buoyancy prevails over drag force.
The Antarctic sea ice cover from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2: freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness
Authors: Kacimi Sahra , Kwok Ron
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We offer a view of the Antarctic sea ice cover from lidar
(ICESat-2) and radar (CryoSat-2) altimetry, with retrievals of freeboard,
snow depth, and ice thickness that span an 8-month winter between 1 April and 16 November 2019. Snow depths are from freeboard differences. The
multiyear ice observed in the West Weddell sector is the thickest, with a
mean sector thickness > 2 m. The thinnest ice is found near polynyas
(Ross Sea and Ronne Ice Shelf) where new ice areas are exported seaward and
entrained in the surrounding ice cover. For all months, the results suggest
that ∼ 65 %–70 % of the total freeboard is comprised of snow.
The remarkable mechanical convergence in coastal Amundsen Sea, associated
with onshore winds, was captured by ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2. We observe a
corresponding correlated increase in freeboards, snow depth, and ice
thickness. While the spatial patterns in the freeboard, snow depth, and
thickness composites are as expected, the observed seasonality in these
variables is rather weak. This most likely results from competing processes
(snowfall, snow redistribution, snow and ice formation, ice deformation, and basal
growth and melt) that contribute to uncorrelated changes in the total and radar
freeboards. Evidence points to biases in CryoSat-2 estimates of ice
freeboard of at least a few centimeters from high salinity snow
(> 10) in the basal layer resulting in lower or higher snow
depth and ice thickness retrievals, although the extent of these areas cannot be
established in the current data set. Adjusting CryoSat-2 freeboards by 3–6 cm gives a circumpolar ice volume of 17 900–15 600 km3 in October, for
an average thickness of ∼ 1.29–1.13 m. Validation of Antarctic
sea ice parameters remains a challenge, as there are no seasonally and
regionally diverse data sets that could be used to assess these large-scale
satellite retrievals.
Last glacial ice sheet dynamics offshore NE Greenland – a case study from Store Koldewey Trough
Authors: Olsen Ingrid Leirvik , Rydningen Tom Arne , Forwick Matthias , Laberg Jan Sverre , Husum Katrine
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The presence of a grounded Greenland Ice Sheet on the northeastern part of
the Greenland continental shelf during the Last Glacial Maximum is supported
by new swath bathymetry and high-resolution seismic data, supplemented with
multi-proxy analyses of sediment gravity cores from Store Koldewey Trough.
Subglacial till fills the trough, with an overlying drape of maximum 2.5 m
thick glacier-proximal and glacier-distal sediment. The presence of
mega-scale glacial lineations and a grounding zone wedge in the outer part
of the trough, comprising subglacial till, provides evidence of the
expansion of fast-flowing, grounded ice, probably originating from the area
presently covered with the Storstrømmen ice stream and thereby previously
flowing across Store Koldewey Island and Germania Land. Grounding zone
wedges and recessional moraines provide evidence that multiple halts and/or
readvances interrupted the deglaciation. The formation of the grounding zone
wedges is estimated to be at least 130 years, while distances between the
recessional moraines indicate that the grounding line locally retreated
between 80 and 400 m yr−1 during the deglaciation, assuming that the
moraines formed annually. The complex geomorphology in Store Koldewey Trough
is attributed to the trough shallowing and narrowing towards the coast. At a
late stage of the deglaciation, the ice stream flowed around the topography
on Store Koldewey Island and Germania Land, terminating the sediment input
from this sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet to Store Koldewey Trough.
Brief Communication: Reduction of the future Greenland ice sheet
surface melt with the help of solar geoengineering
Authors: Fettweis Xavier , Hofer Stefan , Séférian Roland , Amory Charles , Delhasse Alison , Doutreloup Sébastien , Kittel Christoph , Lang Charlotte , Van Bever Joris , Veillon Florent , Irvine Peter
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) will be losing mass at an accelerating pace throughout the 21st century, with a direct link between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the magnitude of Greenland mass loss. Currently, approximately 60 % of the mass loss contribution comes from surface melt and subsequent meltwater runoff, while 40 % are due to ice calving. Where most of the surface melt occurs (in the ablation zone), most of the energy for the surface melt is provided by absorbed shortwave fluxes, which could be reduced by solar geoengineering measures. However, so far very little is known about the potential impacts of an artificial reduction of the incoming solar radiation on the GrIS surface energy budget and the subsequent change in meltwater production. By forcing the regional climate model MAR with the latest CMIP6 future scenarios ssp245, ssp585 and associated G6solar experiment from the Earth System Model CNRM-ESM2-1, we evaluate the local changes due to the reduction of the solar constant on the projected GrIS surface mass balance (SMB) decrease. Overall, our results show that even in case of low mitigation greenhouse gas emissions scenario (ssp585), the Greenland surface mass loss can be brought in line with the medium mitigation emissions scenario (ssp245) by reducing the solar downward flux at the top of the atmosphere by ~40 W/m2 or ~1.5 % (using the G6solar experiment). In addition to reduce Global Warming in line with ssp245, G6solar also decreases the efficiency of surface meltwater production over the Greenland ice sheet by damping the well-known positive melt-albedo feedback which mitigates the projected Greenland ice sheet surface melt increase by 6 %. However, only more constraining geoengineering experiments than G6solar allows to maintain positive SMB till the end of this century without any reduction in our greenhouse gas emissions.
Una casa para todos. Uso propagandístico de la vivienda en NO-DO durante la dictadura de Franco (1939-1975)
Authors: Fernández Rincón Antonio Raúl , Hellín Pedro , Trindade Eneus
Published: December 2020

Este artículo analiza el uso de la vivienda por la Dictadura de Franco (1939-1975) a través del Noticiero Documental (NO-DO). Se analizaron un total de setenta y cinco documentos cuya temática principal es la vivienda. La categorización y el análisis de contenido fueron los métodos empleados. Se analiza si la vivienda funcionó "omo un del régimen franquista. Franco (1939-1975)como un elemento propagandístico para la legitimación política y social del régimen franquista. A partir de este punto, sugerimos una reflexión en torno a las características actuales del sector inmobiliario español y su posible relación con el imaginario y las políticas franquistas en torno a la vivienda.
Anatomía de la desinformación rusa
Authors: Colom-Piella Guillem
Published: December 2020

Advertida con sorpresa durante la invasión de Crimea y popularizada tras las pasadas elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses, la desinformación rusa está en boga. Sin embargo, estas actividades que combinan desinformación, propaganda, manipulación y falsificación documental utilizando medios abiertos, semi-encubiertos o clandestinos no son nuevas. Moscú concibió estas técnicas tras la revolución rusa, las utilizó durante la Guerra Fría y parece haberlas adaptado con gran éxito al mundo virtual. El artículo estudia sus componentes y subraya la continuidad que existe en sus tácticas, técnicas y procedimientos
El sexismo de la revista satírica El Papus (1973-1987). La lacra que cuestiona su papel liberador en la Transición española
Authors: Gómez Mompart Josep Lluís , Iranzo Cabrera María
Published: December 2020

Se investiga el papel de la revista satírica El Papus, contrapoder informativo durante la Transición española, en la detracción de la lacra social del machismo. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los comentarios y roles asignados a la mujer en una muestra de 4.661 piezas publicadas en todo su periplo (1973-1987) y registradas en una base de datos relacional. Por un lado, esta visión androcéntrica fue fruto de una redacción mayoritariamente formada y dirigida por hombres que tratan de satisfacer las necesidades de un público constituido por hombres (80%) reprimidos sexualmente; y, por otro lado, buscó también la provocación de los represores poderes fácticos, que, aunque persiguieron gubernamental y judicialmente el ataque a la moral de muchas de las piezas sexistas, no cuestionaron en general el uso explotador de la mujer como recurso
Expresiones de machismo y violencia en los personajes masculinos del cine de Pedro Almodóvar: una revisión cronológica
Authors: Garrido Lora Manuel , Ramírez Alvarado María del Mar
Published: December 2020

Esta investigación se centra en los personajes masculinos del director de cine Pedro Almodóvar. En primer lugar, analiza la presencia recurrente del nacionalismo en sus tramas a través de la figura del “macho ibérico” que se nutre del cine español del tardofranquismo y de la Transición, y definido mediante los valores del hombre español tradicional, así como por la conexión con lo sexual, el humor y la creación de identidades disidentes. En segundo término, se estudian las representaciones de la violencia en el cine de Almodóvar como un rasgo de ejercicio del poder característico del machismo español tradicional, expresada unas veces mediante la postura, la gestualidad o el control del espacio-tiempo; otras, de forma explícita, mediante la verbalización y la pura agresión física
Freedom in the Dutch middle-field: Deriving discourse structure at the syntax-pragmatics interface
Authors: Schoenmakers Gert-Jan
Published: December 2020

This paper experimentally explores the optionality of Dutch scrambling structures with a definite object and an adverb. Most researchers argue that such structures are not freely interchangeable, but are subject to a strict discourse template. Existing analyses are based primarily on intuitions of the researchers, while experimental support is scarce. This paper reports on two experiments to gauge the existence of a strict discourse template. The discourse status of definite objects in scrambling clauses is first probed in a fill-in-the-blanks experiment and subsequently manipulated in a speeded judgment experiment. The results of these experiments indicate that scrambling is not as restricted as is commonly claimed. Although mismatches between surface order and pragmatic interpretation lead to a penalty in judgment rates and a rise in reaction times, they nonetheless occur in production and yield fully acceptable structures. Crucially, the penalties and delays emerge only in scrambling clauses with an adverb that is sensitive to focus placement. This paper argues that scrambling does not map onto discourse structure in the strict way proposed in most literature. Instead, a more complex syntax of deriving discourse relations is proposed which submits that the Dutch scrambling pattern results from two familiar processes which apply at the syntax-pragmatics interface: reconstruction and covert raising.
Reflexión sobre la enseñanza de cambios en el comportamiento para la prevención básica del COVID-19
Authors: Chávez Darío
Published: December 2020

Actualmente se reportan aproximadamente a nivel mundial 27.6 millones de casos y un estimado de 898,000 muertes por COVID – 19. En El Salvador las cifras también son altas 26,602 casos y 775 muertes2. Por su parte, las Universidades como Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) tienen responsabilidad social y, además, como parte de sus funciones sustantivas deben promover espacios reflexivos para crear una cultura preventiva y de promoción de la salud.Es así que la información sobre nuevas características de la fisiopatología de la infección por este virus, diariamente arrojan nuevos datos que con los días se reafirman o descartan. De igual manera surgen continuamente mitos en relación con su propagación y formas de prevención: «Las mascarillas quirúrgicas u otras como las N-95 provocan intoxicación por dióxido de carbono o falta de oxígeno» (las mascarillas N95 debidamente aprobadas por organismos reguladores tales como el Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional (NIOSH) ajustadas al rostro de manera adecuada pueden proteger contra aerosoles que se liberan al hablar otoser, pero no dificultan la respiración de oxigeno)3, «El calor detiene la propagación del virus» (si bien el calor reduce la sobrevivencia del virus, el calor ambiental en sí mismo no protege de su infección en las condiciones adecuadas para que dicha infección persona a persona sea efectiva), «Las redes móviles 5G propagan el virus», «La hidroxicloroquina y la cloroquina son tratamientos efectivos contra el COVID-19» (hasta ahora solo se ha demostrado que este medicamento es efectivo para tratar la malaria e incluso para algunas enfermedades auto inmunes, pero no para tratar esta infección viral), «El virus fue creado o se liberó accidentalmente de un laboratorio» (cuando en realidad la información disponible trata de una zoonosis), «Las lámparas ultravioletas son más efectiva para eliminar el virus que lavarse las manos con jabón y agua o aplicarse geles desinfectantes a base de alcohol» (las lámparas ultravioleta pueden causar daños en la vista o en la piel) 4.
Influencia de la genética como causa del síndrome metabólico
Authors: Cuéllar Orellana Kevin Noé , Girón Marenco Roberto , Jiménez Landaverde Kathya Abigail , Marquina de Reyes Ana Milena
Published: December 2020

Debido al aumento en la incidencia de síndrome metabólico a nivel mundial, es necesario establecer un abordaje integral de las personas que lo padecen e indagar en aspectos que contribuyan a delimitar los mecanismos específicos del desarrollo de modificaciones metabólicas, con la finalidad de prever complicaciones mediante acciones oportunas. El objetivo de este ensayo es puntualizar las influencias genéticas que intervienen cuando se presentan, para lo cual se realizó una revisión documental de ensayos y artículos científicos virtuales. Dentro de los principales resultados se reconoce a la obesidad como el núcleo del síndrome, debido a que las alteraciones en los genes, la estimulación de citoquinas proinflamatorias, los cambios en los niveles lipídicos, así como el desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina, confluyen en un estadopatológico. Además, se han identificado diversos genes en cromosomas específicos que sufren variaciones en la secuencia de cadena genética que impulsa a presentar variabilidad metabólica, tal es el caso del cromosoma 16q12.2 y las influencias en el gen receptor de los estrógenos. Sin embargo, el influjo genético no se limita a esos aspectos, sino que involucra otros como el sexo, la raza, la edad y factores ambientales que potencian el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico. Por tanto, se estructura un amplio campo de trabajo y abordaje de las influencias genéticasen el desarrollo de esta patología.
Actualización en lepra. epidemiología, fisopatología, clasificación, diagnostico y tratatamiento
Authors: Guerra Figueroa Stefany Elizabeth , Gómez Romero Karen Yesenia
Published: December 2020

La lepra es una enfermedad crónica causada por el Mycobacterium leprae y Mycobacterium lepromatosis, afecta nervios periféricos, piel y ocasionalmente es sistémica. En 2000 se dejó de considerar un problema de salud pública; pero es endémica en 11 países, y en América se sigue reportando casos. Se clasifica dentro de las Enfermedades Infecciosas Desatendidas (EID). El estigma y discriminación que prevalecen en la concepción cultural, junto a la suposición errónea de su erradicación, promueven el subdiagnóstico o su detección tardía y dificulta el tratamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue actualizar los conocimientos previos acerca de esta enfermedad, para ello se realizó la búsqueda sistemática de literatura, utilizando descriptores y bases de datos especializadas. Finalmente, se esfectuó un narrativo de los resultados. En ElSalvador aún se reportan casos, la mayoría en San Salvador y San Miguel, la fisiopatología continúa en estudio, encontrándose cada vez más correlaciones genéticas e inmunológicas, la clasificación utilizada se mantiene desde 1980, la poliquimioterapia sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección y se espera el desarrollo de una vacuna. Se concluye que la erradicación de la lepra depende del desarrollo científico y el compromiso para lograr su detección temprana, incentivando un apropiado estudio desde la formación médica básica y evitar, por tanto, desestimarla en la práctica médica, ante dermatosis y manifestaciones clínicas compatibles con lepra.
COVID-19. Una pandemia del siglo XXI. Impacto en El Salvador
Authors: Rodezno Hernández Rina Alejandra
Published: December 2020

Desde sus orígenes, en noviembre de 2019 en Wuhan China, el Covid-19 pasó de ser una enfermedad respiratoria local a una enfermedad de interés mundial declarada como pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en enero de 2020. Otras pandemias de tipo respiratorio como la gripe Española en 1914−1919; la gripe asiática, en 1957; y la gripe de Hong Kong, en 1968, comparten la característica en común de su rápida propagación entre la población, aspecto que el «nuevo coronavirus» ha superado, propagándose con mayor rapidez y fuerza, por lo que representa una mayor amenaza.
Refurbishing earthquake risk buildings in U.S.A.
Authors: Leadbeater D. B.
Published: December 2020

The paper reviews current ordinances and standards in use and under discussion on the western seaboard of the United States with particular reference to the cities of Seattle, Sacramento, Santa Rosa, Long Beach, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Details of various upgrading methods and testing procedures are included. In New Zealand, both the objective and standards required to achieve that objective appear far more clear. Some personal thoughts are given on a more systematic approach to the upgrading of high earthquake risk buildings in this country.
Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Status between Hookah and Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Rad Seyed Ali Banihashem , Iraj Mohammad Bagheri , Khani Majid Sanat , Saeedi Zahra , Rad Seyed Ahmad Banihashem , Yasamani Hadi , Movahhedian Amir
Published: December 2020

Background and Objective: Inhalation of chemicals and toxins in cigarette and hookah smoke results in loss of integrity of oral cavity tissues. The objective of this study was to compare the periodontal health of hookah and cigarette smokers.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 73 men at the age group of 20-35 years who smoked hookah for more than 5 years and 73 men at the same age who smoked cigarette for more than 5 years and 73 healthy men referred to the periodontal department of Mashhad dentistry school were selected and studied. Periodontal indices including pocket depth, GI, BOP, CAL were assessed in two groups. Also, using parallel periapical radiography, mesial and distal marginal bone level around the first molar tooth was measured. Finally, the data were assessed and compared using appropriate statistical analysis.

Results: Pocket depth was 24.27% and 23.62%, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers, and it was 0.96% in healthy subjects, clinical attachment level was 4.48 and 4.41 mm, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers, and it was 0.77 mm in healthy subjects. Gingival index (GI) was 1.40 and 1.42, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 0.52 in healthy subjects, BOP value ​​was 6.52 and 6.52%, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 10.86% in healthy subjects. Mesial marginal bone level of first lower molar tooth was 2.27 and 2.32 mm, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 1.74 mm in healthy subjects and distal marginal bone level of lower first molar tooth was 2.38 and 2.35 mm, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 1.75 mm in healthy subjects. Comparison of results between the two groups of cigarette smokers and hookah smokers did not show any significant relationship in any of the variables, but there was a significant relationship between the two groups and the healthy group (P <0.001).

Conclusion: Periodontal parameters in healthy individuals are significantly better than those of smokers. Also, although there is a relationship between cigarette smoking and hookah smoking and periodontal parameters, these two groups do not show a significant difference in terms of periodontal parameters.
De Letselschade Richtlijn Rekenmodel Overlijdensschade van 13 maart 2020
Authors: Laumen-de Valk J.
Published: December 2020

De Letselschade Richtlijn Rekenmodel Overlijdensschade van 13 maart 2020

Na het opleveren van De Letselschade Richtlijn Rekenmodel Overlijdensschade 2015 is in 2019 de rekenmethodiek uitgebreid. Vanaf 2020 is de rekenmethodiek te gebruiken bij de diverse (andere dan traditionele) gezinssamenstellingen.
Medisch tuchtrecht en personenschade
Authors: Beer J.M.
Published: December 2020

Medisch tuchtrecht en personenschade

In dit artikel wordt de rol van het medisch tuchtrecht in de letselschadepraktijk belicht.
GROUNDS FOR ENDING A POSTPONEMENT IN
THE EXECUTION OF A CUSTODIAL SENTENCE
Authors: Tekliński Jarosław
Published: December 2020

One of the few exceptions to the principle of the immediate execution of a penalty, expressed in Article 9 § 1 of the Executive Penal Code, is the institution of its deferral. The conditions of its application are specifi ed in the provisions of Article 150 and Article 151 of the Executive Penal Code. Postponement of a custodial sentence is not absolute, because the occurrence of certain factual or legal conditions during its duration may result in its termination. The subject of the article is to analyse the grounds for ending the postponement of a custodial sentence, with particular emphasis on the institution of appealing the postponement, and modifi cation of the decision pursuant to Article 24 of the Executive Penal Code. The study uses the method of dogmatic analysis, emphasizing, albeit with diff erent intensity, elements such as: description and systematization of legal norms, their interpretation as well as establishing and defi ning concepts. In the opinion of the author, the issue of the grounds for ending a postponement of a custodial sentence is, on the one hand, an attractive area of scientifi c research from a theoretical perspective. On the other hand, it is an important problem faced in the practice of judicial authorities. It is also a subject to which science seems to devote too little attention. Such a state of aff airs undoubtedly determines the need for scientific of the subject under consideration. Its results allow for the conclusion that the current legal regulation requires correction, the direction of which, by indicating the proposed changes to the applicable regulations, is presented by the author in this study.
THE PHENOMENON OF SECONDARY
VICTIMISATION IN THE CONTEXT OF VICTIMS
OF SEXUAL OFFENSES WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO THE CRIME OF RAPE
Authors: Tkacz Nikola
Published: December 2020

This article addresses the issue of secondary victimisation of victims of sexual crimes, with particular emphasis on the crime of rape. The main goal is to answer the question, why victims of rape are particularly vulnerable to experiencing this negative phenomenon. The article will also discuss selected legal measures to prevent secondary victimisation of victims of sexual crimes, as provided for by substantive criminal law and criminal procedure. The character of the article is theoretical, but it describes the problem not only from the perspective of Polish law, but also from a socio-ethical perspective.
Preliminary Comparative Investigations on Ballistic Properties of Intermediate Cartridges
Authors: Goździk Dawid , FIKUS Bartosz , KIJEWSKI Jacek
Published: December 2020

The preliminary results of comparative investigations on intermediate cartridges were presented in this paper. The research focused mainly on the adopted assumptions and verification of research methods. Pressure ballistic test barrels, manufactured according to NATO EPVAT standards, were used for tests. The pressure courses of propellant gases in the barrel and the projectile velocity at four points of the bullet trajectory were measured. The pressure impulses, R100 parameter at 50 m and average bullet drag coefficient were calculated for each type of cartridge. The results allowed for a preliminary ballistic comparison of the most popular types of intermediate cartridges.
Study on Transformer JED Cap Actuation Systems in the Field of Very Strong Electromagnetic Disturbances
Authors: FARYŃSKI Andrzej M. , BRODNIEWICZ Tomasz , DĘBIŃSKI Jarosłąw , SŁONKIEWICZ Łukasz , SZYMAŃSKI Radosław , ZIÓŁKOWSKI Zbigniew
Published: December 2020

This work presents the results of research on the influence of strong external electromagnetic fields on the operation of JED spark caps activated by transformer systems. The tests were carried out in order to determine the conditions of safe use of JED caps installed in control systems of generators producing electric current pulses using the principle of an explosive magnetic field cumulation [1]. For this purpose, the measurements of the voltages induced in the transformer JED spark cap actuation system were performed using sinusoidal external current with an amplitude of 10 kA for a period of 15 microseconds. This current flowed at a distance from d = 10 mm to d = 40 mm from the axis of the ferrite cores of the applied transformers: a closed core with an outer diameter of 20 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm and a height of 10 mm and an open core with
a diameter of 6 mm and a length of 25 mm. The transformers used in Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) were placed alternately parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the current conductor. In the case of a transformer with a cylindrical open core perpendicular to the current axis, the induced voltages significantly exceeded the values at which the caps were activated (about 2 kV) and became lower than these values at
d of about 40 mm. Toroidal closed cores provided induced voltages of up to 200 V (10 times lower) for all configurations tested. The measurements were performed using a system and methods developed at AFIT.
LOOK Container Systems for the African Market
Authors: BURNAT Katarzyna
Published: December 2020

The light observation-protective container (LOOK) is intended for security and protection of soldiers/officers performing observation missions, defence and control tasks at checkpoints, military bases or other important strategic locations. It increases the level of protection of staff performing observation and defence tasks thanks to the container's armouring, technical means of observation in both visible and infra-red light spectrums, as well as offering the possibility of armouring the container with weapons. LOOK equipped with integrated weapons reduces personnel losses and effectively combats threats in surveilled zones. LOOK is equipped with an operator (guard commander) post enabling observation and control, a gunner-sentry post with a control and observation desk, communication system, armoured windows with firing positions on three sides and a hatch in the roof for an additional external manual shooting position. In addition, the LOOK container system is equipped with a ventilation and heating subsystem with air conditioning and can be retrofitted with an emergency power supply subsystem. High mobility and transportability by land and sea are characteristics of LOOK.
Cordeiro em pele de lobo
Authors: Ribeiro Andreia Soares Teles , Freire Gonçalo , Araújo Ricardo Simões de
Published: December 2020

Introdução: Quando um utente recorre a uma consulta médica, este já tem uma ideia pré-definida do seu problema de saúde. Esta advém da sua experiência anterior, da cultura local e da sua estrutura de apoio. Apresentação do Caso: Mulher de 48 anos, ex-fumadora. Antecedentes pessoais de excisão de leiomioma uterino há 18 anos. Recorreu à médica de família por tosse há quatro meses. Fez uma tomografia computadorizada tórax, onde se individualizavam formações nodulares dispersas, sugestivas de metastização. Referenciou-se de urgência para consulta de pneumologia, onde lhe foi pedida biópsia, a qual a doente recusou. Após breve avaliação familiar, a própria utente compreendeu que o seu medo era gerado pela sua experiência prévia de vida. A utente acabou por realizar biópsia que revelou padrão de leiomioma. Admitiu-se leiomiomatose benigna metastizante secundária à excisão de miomas uterinos. Conclusão: A “dolência” compreendida pelos utentes vai influenciar o modo como vão gerir a sua doença e a sua dolência. Na consulta existe a gestão entre os medos do doente e as incertezas diagnósticas por parte do médico. Nestes casos, o médico de família não deve assumir uma posição paternalista de decisão, mas sim capacitar os utentes para uma escolha consciente e informada.
VARIAÇÃO DO ÍNDICE NDVI E DA TEMPERATURA DA SUPERFÍCIE TERRESTRE NA MALHA URBANA DO MUNICÍPIO DE PARACATU –MG ENTRE 1985 E 2005
Authors: Pereira dos Santos Arthur , Henrique Simionatto Henzo , Mendonca Felici Elson
Published: December 2020

This research aimed to evaluate, multitemporally, through the index of vegetation by normalized difference (NDVI) and the surface temperature (LST), the expansion of the urban fabric of the municipality of Paracatu (MG), which came to present, during the analyzed period , between 1985 and 2005, urbanization rate above Brazil. A multitemporal layout was prepared containing the results obtained and statistical analyzes were performed to verify if there was a significant difference between the years. There wasa variation of more than 2 ºC in the averages and maximum of your LST. Regarding the variation of the NDVI index, a reduction in vegetation was observed as the urban network expanded. It was possible to conclude that the urban expansion of the municipality of Paracatu, linked to the lack of urban and environmental planning, may be directly related to the variations in LST and the NDVI index, a fact that directly influences the health and well-being of residents.
Wirtschaftshermeneutik einer reflexiven Wirtschaftspädagogik. Lebensweltliche Ökonomie und wissenschaftliche Ökonomik im Kontext von Moral und Ethik
Authors: Tafner Georg
Published: December 2020

Wissenschaftliche Ökonomik nimmt Wertfreiheit in Anspruch - Handeln in der lebensweltlichen Ökonomie ist immer normativ. Die unreflektierte Anwendung wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Theorien und Modelle, welche Moral und Ethik als exogene Faktoren ausblenden oder ökonomisch normativ interpretieren, führen zu einer pädagogisch problematischen Verengung der Anschauung des wirtschaftlichen Handelns. Diese verengte Anschauung formt eine ökonomisch zentrierte Vorstellung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft aus. Ökonomische Bildung, welche einen konstruktiv-kritischen Bildungsanspruch stellt, sollte eine sozioökonomische sein, welche den ökonomischen Aspekt in die soziale, politische und moralisch-ethische Dimension integriert und zu einer der praktischen Vernunft folgenden, lebensdienlichen Wirtschaftshermeneutik wird.
Isolation and Characterization of Lactobacillus paracasei ST1 from Region of Azerbaijan “Shoor” Dairy Product and Study of Anticancer and Anti-Proliferation Activities by Supernatant of Strain on HCT116 Colorectal Tumor Cells In Vitro
Authors: Rabiei Mitra , Zarrini Gholamreza , Mahdavi Majid
Published: December 2020

Background: Dairy products are an important part of the human diet due to their health benefits. Some dairy and natural products contain probiotic organisms that make these products have anticancer properties. The most important food fermenting microorganisms are lactic acid-producing bacteria, among which the Lactobacillus genus is a very prominent microorganism in terms of their ability to reduce the risk of cancer and have anti-proliferative properties. Objectives: In this study, the biochemical characteristics, genetic characteristics, and anti-proliferative and inhibitory effects of lactobacilli isolated from “Shoor” traditional dairy products were evaluated. Methods: Appropriate dilutions of the collected Shoor samples from the region of Azerbaijan were made in normal saline and pour plated on MRS agar and incubated at 37ºC. The isolates were identified biochemically and molecularly. MRS broth medium was used to extract the supernatant of isolated strain. These compounds were then used to test their cytotoxicity on HCT116 cancer cells. Results: Three isolates were isolated from Shoor samples. According to cellular assays, the supernatant of ST1 isolate was determined as the most significant compound with anti-proliferative properties on the cancer cell line (P < 0.05). The biochemical properties of the isolates were also determined. The molecular results showed that the isolate was 99% compatible with Lactobacillus paracasei. Conclusions: The “Shoor” traditional dairy product has probiotic potential, and the cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolites are dependent on concentration and time, and with increasing of these parameters, reduction of cell survival in cancer cells is observed. It is very important to study the application of the microorganisms of this probiotic product as the starter.
Roman, Byzantine and Arab Influences on Coptic Traditional Liturgical Music and the Importance of Microtonal Inflections
Authors: Kuhn Magdalena
Published: December 2020

Traditional Coptic music is composed of liturgical chants sung homophonically by men. Its first musical notations date only from the nineteenth century. Music cultures do not exist in isolation but tend to adapt to their surroundings. Hence often even some folkloristic elements can be found in them. Copts prefer to seek their identity in the pharaonic past. However, stylistically musicologists of the nineteenth/twentieth century were colored in their vision of this, for them unknown, mysterious music, by their own time in their efforts to bring it within the scope of their understanding. In this article I want to draw attention to the influences of the three most important music cultures that have surrounded Egypt for such a long time, both in the past and partly still today.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jcscs.2020.49876213
Salvia Marcellina and the Collegium of Aesculapius and Hygia in Rome: Some Remarks on the Lex collegii Aesculapii et Hygiae (CIL VI 10234)
Authors: Wojciechowski Przemyslaw
Published: December 2020

Lex collegii Aesculapii et Hygiae is one of the most frequently cited source texts concerning the Roman private corporations. In this article I try to verify the traditional interpretation of this inscription. Firstly, the analysis of the provisions included in the lex collegii Aesculapii et Hygiae leads to the conclusion that what we have here is not the organisation’s statute but an agreement between the collegium and Salvia Marcellina and her brother-in-law, P. Aelius Zeno. Secondly, quite common conviction that the collegium Aesculapii et Hygiae was a funerary one is based on a very meagre source material. The term funeraticium used by the authors of the lex collegii with the utmost certainty is insufficient to claim that it was a collegium funeraticium. The statement that the college owned a graveyard is also based on an erroneous interpretation of the words defunctorum loca, found in the lex collegii, which supposedly meant places in the corporate graveyard, while in fact they referred to the membership of the college (members’ places in the college). Moreover, the commemorative services, collegial feasts and distributions which are mentioned in lex collegii should be considered in a wider social context. For members of the collegium the participation in these ceremonies was first of all an opportunity to demonstrate their position within the college and in the urban community. The same applies to patrons and benefactors of the collegium.
Diet may be the most relevant feature for the success of urate lowering therapy in gout
Authors: Kalkan Nimet , Tezcan Mehmet
Published: December 2020

Hyperuricemia and chronic deposition of monosodium urate crystals are the main cause of the gout. Urate lowering therapy (ULT) is the mainstay of chronic gout treatment. In this study, we evaluated demographic features and disease properties of the patients that would relate with the success of ULT. Sixty-six gout patients on pharmacologic ULT were enrolled in the study. Non-adherence to pharmacologic ULT was an exclusion criterium. Demographic and therapeutic features and co-illnesses and disease features of the patients were obtained during the study. Then, we compared these parameters between the patients with successful ULT and inadequate ULT. Adherence to diet was found different between the groups (OR, 7.00; CL%95 2.27 - 21.56). All other features including maximum allopurinol dosage were similar. We found that diet was the only factor that relate with success of ULT, while patients were on pharmacologic ULT. Non-adherence to both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic measures is the main problem during ULT. Therefore, clinicians should emphasize the importance of all segments of ULT, including diet with informing patients during visits about the nature of disease and benefits of ULT.
Study on the eruption timing of permanent teeth among children aged between five and ten years visiting Dental College in Mangalore India
Authors: Marimuthu Varshini , Shetty Pushparaja
Published: December 2020

Teeth are biological markers of maturity, and their eruption into the oral cavity is an essential milestone in an individual's life. Multiple factors have been considered to play a role in the pattern of tooth eruption, including dental caries, fluorides and congenital conditions such as Down's syndrome. The aim of the paper was to determine the time of eruption of permanent teeth amongst children aged between five and ten years, visiting the Dental College in Mangalore. A survey was conducted among children aged between 5 to 10 years visiting A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences Deralakatte, Mangalore. Each child included in the study was screened by clinical examination for the erupted and erupting permanent teeth. A parent/guardian accompanying a child was interviewed and their data were recorded. The study revealed that the first tooth to erupt was the left mandibular first molar, with a mean age of eruption at 6.4 years. A slight early eruption of teeth was noticed in the left side of the jaw compared to the right side in the present study. The first permanent tooth to erupt in the oral cavity is the left mandibular first molar and there is a slight delay in the eruption of the maxillary lateral incisor in the study population.
Tax policy and effects of taxation in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Gogić Nemanja
Published: December 2020

In the previous period, tax policy was the topic of analysis and discussion in the wider scientific and professional public. The effects of taxation can be diametrically opposed to the objectives of taxation. The modern economy sees tax policy as the basic lever for the development of stabilization and social policy. The operation of public revenues and public expenditures, as well as public debt, have become the most powerful form of state interventionism. In developing countries, the most dominant taxes for collecting public revenues are direct taxes, while in more economically developed countries, indirect taxes are the most dominant. The aim of the research is to point out to the scientific and professional public the importance of tax policies and their effects on the economic development of the Republic of Serbia. The results of the research show that with a successful tax policy we can alleviate the macroeconomic imbalance, i.e. it would reduce the foreign trade deficit, reduce tax evasion and the gray economy. The tax system has changed significantly in the last decade, but not enough, all because of the harmonization of tax policy with the European Union.