bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Correlational Pilot Study of Home Health Nurse Management of Heart Failure Patients and Hospital Readmissions
Authors: McCoy Mary L. , Davidhizar Ruth , Gillum Deborah R.
Published: August 2007

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospital admissions in patients more than 65 years old. The failure to provide carefully planned care to heart failure patients in the home setting predisposes patients to frequent hospital readmissions due to poor medication compliance, diet, and education of symptom management (Li, Marrow-Howell, & Proctor, 2004). The objective of this pilot study is to show the importance of the home health nurse to follow heart failure patients post hospital discharge. This study uses Lydia Hall's Care, Cure, and Core Theory to show the importance of home health nurse interventions to heart failure patients (Touhy & Birnbach, 2001). According to Stewart and Horowitz (2002), home health multidisciplinary team follow-up may assist patients and caregivers in recognizing the symptoms of the recurring onset of heart failure. The home health team can intervene and assist in management of the symptoms and possibly prevent hospital readmissions.
Hazardous Agents in the Home
Authors: Vioral Anna N.
Published: August 2007

Occupational exposure to hazardous drugs can occur when safe handling measures fail or when they are not used. Exposure may occur during drug preparation, transport, or administration; during the disposal process; when handling patient excreta; and in the event of spills. Recommendations for safe handling have been established for more than 20 years; however, twenty-first-century health care has complicated safe handling as many of these agents are now administered in diverse populations and settings. This article highlights current issues related to handling hazardous drugs as well as recommendation to minimize exposure.
Permission to Die...
Authors: Weintraub Rose
Published: August 2007

This is one in a series of End-of-Life experiences shared by families of loved ones. These sharings focus on being present at the time of passing and the feelings that emerge during the caregiving process. The process of decision making, communicating the prognosis, managing pain, and sharing time with the loved one and providing the loved one with permission to die are key to the article. Family reminiscing and the ability to look beyond the loss to the next generation of family are discussed as the family comes to closure with the passing.
Mother: A Personal Reflection of One Woman's Life and Death
Authors: Hall Sandy
Published: August 2007

This is one in a series of End of Life experiences shared by families of loved ones. It is a personal reflection by a nurse concerning the diagnosis and care of her mother. It focuses on the aspects of looking at the patient as an individual and providing a full range of services for patients regardless of age. The role and importance of family caregiving and hospice care philosophy are emphasized, as well as the importance of taking time for those we care about and love.
Bring Your Love: Therapeutic and Effective End-of-Life Discussions
Authors: Ingalls Linda
Published: August 2007

This article is to assist healthcare providers promote unconditional love, with the intention of the highest good and peace in the dying patient and their loved ones. It is intended to help them personally become more comfortable and knowledgeable with issues of life support, dying, critical care, and paperwork that communicates their patient's desires effectively. By gaining these skills and comfort, healthcare providers will be enabled to empower patients and families to make healthcare decisions they can live with. This in turn will also nurture and enrich the individual healthcare provider's own personal growth. This article provides examples and case studies, as well as visualization exercises to assist the health care provider in gaining self awareness and increasing their effectiveness in delivering end of life care.
The Nurse in the House
Authors: Mitchell Rosalind E.
Published: August 2007

This is a personal reflection by a nurse caring for her husband with hepatitis and undergoing a liver transplant. This provides a focus from the caregiver perspective, as well as from a professional nurse's perspective into giving Restoring Life Care to a loved one. Restoring Life Care is inclusive of and involves being in relationship with one's Lord. Daily reflection and meditation and prayer for self and the loved one is emphasized as the strategy that creates the atmosphere for restoring the loved one's health. This strategy most supported the caregiver through this process. This article also provides insight into the needs of the nurse caregiver facing the role of primary care giver for maintaining and restoring health care of a loved one.
A Salute to an Unsung Hero: The Hospice Nursing Assistant
Authors: Garrity Marianne , Fello Maryanne , Anderson Sherry
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore the power of the role of the Nursing Assistant within the Hospice Interdisciplinary Team, and the impact of certification on the Hospice and Palliative Nursing Assistant specialty. This manuscript is also interspersed with real-life stories from the staff of Forbes Hospice, located in Pittsburgh, PA. The identification of patients within the life stories has been changed to provide anonymity.
Elasto-Plastic Model of a Seismic Energy–Dissipating Device
Authors: Chicurel Ricardo
Published: August 2007

A model of a seismic energy–dissipating device is formulated. The dissipating element is a U-shaped strip that undergoes a large rolling-bending deformation while confined between parallel rigid walls. The strip is divided into a number of rigid elements pivoted to one another in a chainlike fashion. A step-by-step solution is developed by considering small increments in the applied load. Increments in the bending moments arising at the pivots are expressed in terms of the changes in the angles between adjoining elements on the basis of corresponding changes in stresses acting on discrete strips into which the cross-section is divided. The stresses are calculated by means of a bilinear elasto-plastic model. The solution keeps track of the points at which contact forces with the constraining walls are developed. Examples are worked out resulting in hysteretic cycles that are compared with published experimental results.
Shallow P- and S-Wave Velocities and Site Resonances in the St. Louis Region, Missouri-Illinois
Authors: Williams Robert A. , Odum Jack K. , Stephenson William J. , Herrmann Robert B.
Published: August 2007

As part of the seismic hazard–mapping efforts in the St. Louis metropolitan area we determined the compressional and shear-wave velocities (Vp and Vs) to about a 40-m depth at 17 locations in this area. The Vs measurements were made using high-resolution seismic refraction and reflection methods. We find a clear difference in the Vs profiles between sites located on the river floodplains and those located in the upland urban areas of St. Louis. Vs30 (average Vs to 30-m depth) values in floodplain areas range from 200 to 290 m/s (NEHRP category D) and contrast with sites on the upland areas of St. Louis, which have Vs30 values ranging from 410 to 785 m/s (NEHRP categories C and B). The lower Vs30 values and earthquake recordings in the floodplains suggest a greater potential for stronger and more prolonged ground shaking in an earthquake. Spectral analysis of a M3.6 earthquake recorded on the St. Louis–area ANSS seismograph network indicates stronger shaking and potentially damaging S-wave resonant frequencies at NEHRP category D sites compared to ground motions at a rock site located on the Saint Louis University campus.
A Seismic Design Lateral Force Distribution Based on Inelastic State of Structures
Authors: Chao Shih-Ho , Goel Subhash C. , Lee Soon-Sik
Published: August 2007

It is well recognized that structures designed by current codes undergo large inelastic deformations during major earthquakes. However, lateral force distributions given in the seismic design codes are typically based on results of elastic-response studies. In this paper, lateral force distributions used in the current seismic codes are reviewed and the results obtained from nonlinear dynamic analyses of a number of example structures are presented and discussed. It is concluded that code lateral force distributions do not represent the maximum force distributions that may be induced during nonlinear response, which may lead to inaccurate predictions of deformation and force demands, causing structures to behave in a rather unpredictable and undesirable manner. A new lateral force distribution based on study of inelastic behavior is developed by using relative distribution of maximum story shears of the example structures subjected to a wide variety of earthquake ground motions. The results show that the suggested lateral force distribution, especially for the types of framed structures investigated in this study, is more rational and gives a much better prediction of inelastic seismic demands at global as well as at element levels.
Performance-Based Optimization considering Both Structural and Nonstructural Components
Authors: Rojas Hugo A. , Pezeshk Shahram , Foley Christopher M.
Published: August 2007

Development of performance-based design (PBD) methodologies for buildings and a better understanding of the performance and damage to nonstructural components during ground motion events give rise to design problems that involve structural and nonstructural component performance. The current research effort is geared toward development of an automated PBD environment to optimize structural system performance. FEMA-350 and HAZUS procedures are used to evaluate confidence levels associated with the probability of a structure not meeting targeted performance levels. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve this complex optimization problem where confidence levels are incorporated into a GA fitness function along with initial construction cost in a series of optimal design scenarios. Inelastic time-history analysis is used to evaluate the designs under different levels of hazard during execution of the evolutionary algorithm. Different optimization formulations are studied in order to explore the symbiotic relationship between seismic hazard magnitude, initial construction cost, and confidence levels for damage exceedance for structural and nonstructural components.
Ground Motion Attenuation Model for Peak Horizontal Acceleration from Shallow Crustal Earthquakes
Authors: Graizer Vladimir , Kalkan Erol
Published: August 2007

Spatial distribution of ground motion data of recent earthquakes unveiled some features of peak ground acceleration (PGA) attenuation with respect to closest distance to the fault ( R) that current predictive models may not effectively capture. As such, PGA: (1) remains constant in the near-fault area, (2) may show an increase in amplitudes at a certain distance of about 3–10 km from the fault rupture, (3) attenuates with slope of R−1 and faster at farther distances, and (4) intensifies at certain distances due to basin effect (if basin is present). A new ground motion attenuation model is developed using a comprehensive set of ground motion data compiled from shallow crustal earthquakes. A novel feature of the predictive model is its new functional form structured on the transfer function of a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator whereby frequency square term is replaced with closest distance to the fault. We are proposing to fit ground motion amplitudes to a shape of a response function of a series (cascade) of filters, stacked separately one after another, instead of fitting an attenuation curve to a prescribed empirical expression. In this mathematical model each filter represents a separate physical effect.
Seismic Strengthening of Reinforced-Concrete Multicolumn Bridge Piers
Authors: Pantelides Chris P. , Duffin Jeffrey B. , Reaveley Lawrence D.
Published: August 2007

The analysis, seismic rehabilitation measures, and in-situ performance of a reinforced-concrete (RC) bridge pier subjected to quasi-static loads are presented. The bridge was built in 1963 and was designed for gravity and wind but not seismic loads. The reinforcement details are compared with AASHTO requirements for seismic zones 3 and 4. The bridge pier was rehabilitated with steel dowels connecting the piles to the pile caps and RC grade beam connecting the three pile caps; carbon Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) composite jackets were used to rehabilitate the columns, cap beam, and T-joints. An analytical model is presented that includes the effects of soil-pile-structure interaction and the seismic rehabilitation measures. Critical events in the experimental performance of the bridge pier are identified. Comparisons are made between the pier's performance and that of other piers tested in situ at the same site that were rehabilitated with incremental measures.
Update to ASCE/SEI 41 Concrete Provisions
Authors: Elwood Kenneth J. , Matamoros Adolfo B. , Wallace John W. , Lehman Dawn E. , Heintz Jon A. , Mitchell Andrew D. , Moore Mark A. , Valley Michael T. , Lowes Laura N. , Comartin Craig D. , Moehle Jack P.
Published: August 2007

A proposed supplement to ASCE/SEI 41 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings has been developed for the purpose of updating provisions related to existing reinforced concrete buildings. Based on experimental evidence and empirical models, the proposed supplement includes revisions to modeling parameters and acceptance criteria for reinforced concrete beams, columns, structural walls, beam-column joints, and slab-column frames. The revisions are expected to result in substantially more accurate and, in most cases, more liberal assessments of the structural capacity of concrete components in seismic retrofit projects.
Comparative study on energy sustainability of biofuel production chains
Authors: Cocco D
Published: August 2007

This paper is concerned with a comparative study of the energy sustainability of the production of biodiesel from oleaginous plants (rape and sunflower), of bioethanol from sugar crops (sugar beet and sweet sorghum) and of electricity from lignocellulose materials (miscanthus and short rotation forestry poplar). The results show the lignocellulose feedstock to perform best in terms of both net energy produced per unit area of cultivated land, from around 184 GJ/ha to more than 434 GJ/ha, and of energy ratio between energy produced and energy consumed, in the order of 12–19. Biodiesel and bioethanol production were found to be less advantageous in terms of energy sustainability, especially when residues and by-products are not used as feedstock. For bioethanol production, sweet sorghum exhibited the higher energy ratio of around 5.2, due mainly to the heat recovered from residue in cogeneration plants. As for biodiesel production, neither the rape nor the sunflower proved to be particularly sustainable with an energy ratio of around 1.3–1.4, but performance can be improved using the agricultural and industrial processing residues to produce energy, increasing energy ratios up to 3.4–4.2.
Effect of channel step-depth on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Su A , Weng F-B , Chi P-H , Lu S-M , Jung G-B , Tu C. H. , Ferng Y-M
Published: August 2007

A three-dimensional model was used to investigate the mass transfer phenomena and pressure drop of proton exchange membrane fuel cells at various step-depths on both straight and serpentine flow patterns. The model is based on the solution of the conservation equations of mass, momentum, species, and electric current in a fully integrated finite-volume solver using the Computational Fluid Dynamic Research Corporation (CFDRC) commercial code. The single cell reaction area and normal depth were 25 cm2 and 1 mm, respectively. The model is altered at variable depths into three modes. The concentration polarization in the normal straight flow pattern improves in the variable step-depth flow pattern. However, gas diffusion behaviour of the normal and variable step-depth serpentine flow patterns are similar. In both, the pressure drop is found to increase with an increase of step-depth. Although more and more step-depth areas are designed for straight flow, the performance and pressure drop of the straight flow pattern infact approach that of the serpentine. Optimization will enhance performance while keeping the pressure drop lower.
Thermodynamic analysis of an in-situ cogeneration plant
Authors: Misa T , Crisford M , Jain S , Bansal P. K.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents thermodynamic analysis and modelling of a cogeneration plant at a local hospital consisting of two 1.9 MW natural gas fired turbocharged spark ignition internal combustion engines. Heat is recovered from the exhaust, jacket water, and inlet charge coolers. Extensive experimental data on the performance of the plant was collected during July 2005. The control volume approach was followed to model the cogeneration plant and predict the energy flows and system performance parameters. Engine operation was simulated by two different approaches: one by the variable specific heat Otto cycle and the other by obtaining empirical engine characteristic curves. Simulated results were compared with the actual plant operation. The paper provides details of the modelling, measurements, performance, and simplified economic analysis of the cogeneration plant.
Time domain modelling and stability analysis of complex thermoacoustic systems
Authors: Bothien M. R. , Moeck J. P. , Lacarelle A , Paschereit C. O.
Published: August 2007

A methodology allowing for a modular setup of complex acoustic systems is developed. The transfer behaviour of the individual subsystems is formulated in time domain. Subsystem descriptions can be obtained by analytical considerations, numerical methods, or experimental data. Once the complex subsystems have been characterized experimentally, changes in system geometry can be implemented easily by exchanging or adding subsystems. To validate the modelling approach, experiments are conducted in an acoustic test rig with a combustor-type geometry. Results are compared to predictions from the model, demonstrating accuracy in frequency and time domain. Application to thermoacoustic instabilities arising in lean-premixed combustion is given. The influence of a modified fuel distribution on an unstable operating point of a lean-premixed combustor is studied and validated with experimental data. Additionally, a study on the parameters governing the flame transfer function is performed to generate a stability map of a model combustor. An advantage of the state-space approach is that stability of a thermoacoustic system can be determined by simply solving a matrix eigenvalue problem. This is in strong contrast to the traditional approach, where the complete model is formulated in frequency domain with infinite-dimensional transfer functions. The time domain approach is based on the methodology presented by Schuermans et al. [1]. In contrast to their work, however, subsystems are not obtained from modal expansions but are characterized by using system identification techniques. Additionally, accuracy of the time domain model is verified by experiments.
Development of improved blade tip endplate concepts for low-noise operation in industrial fans
Authors: Corsini A , Rispoli F , Sheard A. G.
Published: August 2007

The application of improved blade tip geometries is studied with the aim of identifying an effective design concept for industrial fan passive noise control. The concept developed optimizes a datum blade by means of profiled endplates at the tip, reducing fan noise by changing the tip leakage flow behaviour. Experimental and computational investigations have been carried out on a family of axial fans, in fully ducted configuration, to establish the aerodynamic merits of the proposed blade tip design concept. The flow mechanisms in the fan tip region are correlated to specific blade design features that promote a reduction of the fan aero-acoustic signature in both tonal and broadband noise components. The tip vortical flow structures are characterized, and their role in creation of overall stage acoustic emissions clarified. The reported research identifies modification of tip geometry as markedly affecting the multiple vortex behaviour of blade tip leakage flow by altering the near-wall fluid flow paths on both blade surfaces. Blade tip endplates were also demonstrated to influence the rotor loss behaviour in the blade tip region. Improvement of rotor efficiency was correlated to the control of tip leakage flows.
Scroll expander for power generation from a low-grade steam source
Authors: Kim H. J. , Ahn J. M. , Park I , Rha P. C.
Published: August 2007

This paper addresses the development of a scroll expander for power generation from a relatively low-temperature steam source. It has a double-sided orbiting scroll member so that no thrust bearing is needed to support the base plate of the orbiting scroll. Three power transmission shafts are placed at the periphery of the orbiting scroll base plate, and these shafts can also function as antirotation devices. Power output is obtained from the main central shaft engaged with the three power transmission shafts through gear assembly. From the measurement of the mass flowrate and shaft power output for the scroll expander prototype with the scroll clearance of ɛ ≈ 64 μm, it was observed that the volumetric efficiency was ηv = 42.3–52.1 per centage and total expander efficiency was nearly constant at ηt ≈ 34 per cent over the shaft speed of 1000–1400 r/min. According to the computer simulation, the volumetric and total efficiencies could be improved to 83 and 65 per cent, respectively, by reducing the clearance by half.
Numerical simulations of stall inside a centrifugal compressor
Authors: Guo Q , Chen H , Zhu X-C , Du Z-H , Zhao Y
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a numerical simulation of stall flow phenomenon inside a turbocharger centrifugal compressor with vaneless diffuser. Three-dimensional Reynolds averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations were solved with k-ɛ turbulence model using computational fluid dynamics software CFX. Entire geometry of the compressor, including the impeller, vaneless diffuser, and volute housing were included in the simulation. The stage performance curve was obtained using steady and unsteady calculations and compared with experimental results. The unsteady flow simulation was performed at reduced mass flowrates (compressor stall region) with a plenum chamber model added at the compressor housing outlet. The results show that there is a distinct stall frequency at the given compressor speed. The amplitude of the static pressure oscillation at this frequency in the diffuser is increased with reduction in compressor mass flow. The stall frequency is only marginally affected by the compressor mass flowrate. Time varying flow fields in the diffuser and in the volute indicate that there is a circumferential standing wave inside the volute. It is proposed that the volute behaves like a tuned pipe resonator and this dictates the stall frequency. The stall is also characterized by a periodically reversing flow at the centre of the volute discharge cross-section.
In-engine turbine heat transfer measurement
Authors: Brunner M. H. , Rose M. G. , Mühlbauer K , Abhari R. S.
Published: August 2007

The heat transfer coefficient distributions on the rotor blades of a low-pressure turbine in a heavy duty (288 MW) gas turbine engine have been measured. This is the first successful in situ measurement of the heat transfer coefficient in the harsh environment (high temperature, combusted gases) of an operating engine. In the measurement technique, blade surface temperatures and an upstream reference gas temperature are measured, while the engine is subjected to a thermal transient. The temperatures on the surfaces of the rotating blades are measured by means of an infrared pyrometer. The distribution of heat transfer coefficients along the midspan of the blades is then determined from these temperatures and the measured change in the upstream reference gas temperature. The associated measurement errors are assessed using a Monte Carlo analysis. Empirical correlations for stagnation point flow show excellent agreement with the measured heat transfer coefficients in the leading edge region of the blades. The accuracy of the measurements and the low relative cost of the hardware mean that the present measurement approach is well suited for in situ heat transfer measurements of large gas turbine engines.
A note on porous Rayleigh step bearings lubricated with couple-stress fluids
Authors: Naduvinamani N. B. , Siddangouda A
Published: August 2007

This paper presents the theoretical study of the effect of couple stresses on the optimum lubrication characteristics of porous Rayleigh step bearings. The lubricant with additives in the film region and also in the porous region is modelled as the Stokes couple-stress fluid. Modified Darcy type equations accounting for the polar effects in the porous region is considered and the generalized Reynolds type equation is derived for the lubrication of the porous Rayleigh step bearings. Exact solution of the generalized Reynolds type equation is obtained and the closed form expressions for the bearing characteristics are presented. Performance characteristics of the porous Rayleigh step bearing are presented for the various values of the non-dimensional parameters such as the couple-stress parameter and the permeability parameter. It is observed that the couple-stress fluid lubricants provide the increased load carrying capacity and the decreased coefficient of friction as compared to the corresponding Newtonian case. This theory suggests that, adverse effects of the presence of porous facing on the stator could be compensated with proper selection of lubricants with proper additives.
Wet clutch under limited slip conditions - simplified testing and simulation
Authors: Marklund P , Larsson R
Published: August 2007

When designing new wet clutch systems, simulations and laboratory tests are important to obtain a functional system. An engineering tool is here developed to simulate wet clutches working under boundary lubrication conditions. Boundary lubrication friction is measured by a pin-on-disc test, and cooling oil flow is simulated by solving the Reynolds equation. Depending on the generated heat, the temperature in the clutch pack changes during engagement, affecting the transferred torque. With the developed method it is possible to easily and quickly investigate the behaviour of wet clutches with a variety of friction materials and groove patterns. The model is validated in a wet clutch test rig and the predicted torque agrees well with experimental data.
Optimization of journal bearings using a hybrid scheme
Authors: Zengeya M , Gadala M
Published: August 2007

An optimization scheme that minimizes power loss and side leakage in journal bearings applications in turbines and other machinery operating in laminar flow is developed. The power loss equation is derived and shown to give good results when simulating data from the literature. Two methods, namely, using weighting parameters/scaling factors and Pareto optimal fronts are compared. The latter method is recommended if the designer has no prior experience with selecting weighting parameters/scaling factors. A hybrid optimization technique that uses a genetic algorithm to converge to the global minimum and sequential quadratic programming for accurate location of the minimum point is used. The method gives consistently good predictions and has been verified by comparing predictions to available data in the literature.
On some aspects of numerical solutions of thin-film and mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Zhu D
Published: August 2007

Numerical solution of the thin-film and mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is of great importance to the study of lubrication transition and breakdown, as well as surface failures caused by contact. However, in this region, converged and accurate numerical solutions become difficult, and effects of computational mesh density and differential schemes appear to be more significant. Also, there is currently a debate on how surface contact should be defined and analysed, and whether it is indeed possible to model contact through a grid-converged solution of the EHL equation system. This paper presents a set of analysed sample cases with different computational meshes, different cut-off values for handling contact, on different levels of central film thickness, from several hundred nanometres down to zero. Based on the results, some key issues are discussed (such as whether the contact can be modelled with the Reynolds equation system, how a contact should be defined and analysed, how computational meshes should be selected and managed, what the reasonable and satisfactory convergence accuracy should be, and so on). In addition, a progressive mesh densification (PMD) method is presented and compared with the multi-grid (MG) method. It is demonstrated that the PMD method may be able to significantly reduce computing time. On the other hand, the MG method may be good for thick-film cases with smooth surfaces or low frequency roughness, but is not desirable for the ultra-thin film and mixed EHL, especially when moderate and high frequency surface roughness is involved.
Analyses of stress components for a circular crowned roller compressed between two flat plates
Authors: Horng T-L
Published: August 2007

Stiffness models of a roller compressed between two plates, based on contact mechanics with either a finite plate thickness condition or a half-space plate, can describe the deformation curve very well. By using the prescribed deformed curve, stress component analyses is an important research topic for engineering purposes. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to determine stress components when a circular crowned roller is compressed between two plates. A deformed curve on a plate surface and the stiffness of the model are evaluated. Thereafter, normal contact pressure on the plate surface is calculated with the help of the calculated deformation curve and the accuracy of the computation is validated by comparing it with finite-element results. Finally, stress components in the plate are obtained in terms of contact theories, and parametric studies were conducted to learn about the variation of stress components inside the plate. The results reveal that the stress concentration effect becomes large near the edge when the stress is close to the surface of the plate. Moreover, the direction of shear stress is changed at half the contact line distance from the centre of contact and the stress components decrease with increasing depth of the plate. The parametric studies also indicate that the stress components increase with increasing applied displacements.
Using a novel disulphide compound containing boron as a potential substitute for sulphurized olefins in lubricants
Authors: Wang Y. G. , Li J. S. , Ren T. H.
Published: August 2007

A novel disulphide compound containing boron (DSB) was synthesized successfully and characterized, and its tribological properties in polyol esters were evaluated using a four-ball tribometer. The results indicate that DSB possesses excellent tribological properties. Moreover, DSB has no noticeable odour, little corrosion to copper, exhibits better thermal stability and antioxidant performance compared with sulfurized olefins. In order to study the action mechanism of the synthetic additive in friction process, a three-dimensional non-contact surface profilometer was used to explore the morphology of the worn surface and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was carried out. It is found that tribological reaction occurred between DSB and metal surface, a film consisting FeSO4 was formed, accompanied by the adsorption of decomposed borate ester and organic sulphide.
Chemical Oxidation of SrCoO3−δ
Authors: Karvonen Lassi , Räsänen Samuli , Yamauchi Hisao , Karppinen Maarit
Published: August 2007

Various chemical oxidants were investigated for their capability to oxidize brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 to perovskite SrCoO3−δ. Among the oxidants tested, KMnO4/HCl was found to be the strongest to yield SrCoO3−δ with δ≈0.06.
Phase Extension Contours of a theory of the role of head movement in phrasal extraction
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: August 2007

1. The Program

Starting out from the central ingredients of the analysis of the locality restrictions on Predicate Inversion presented in Den Dikken (2006a), in this paper I will lay the foundations for a theory of syntactic locality and the relationship between phrasal extraction and head movement that is predicated on the premises below:

(1)Phase Impenetrability

syntactic relationships (Agree) and processes (Move) are constrained by the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC) of Chomsky (2000et passim): in phase α with head H, the domain is not accessible to operations outside α, only H and its edge are accessible to such operations

(2)Inherent Phase

aninherentphase is apredication(subject–predicate structure)

(3)Phase Extension

syntactic movement of theheadH of a phase α up to the head X of the node β dominating α extends the phase up from α to β; α loses its phasehood in the process, and any constituent on the edge of α ends up in the domain of the derived phase β as a result of Phase Extension
Phases and Explanatory Adequacy: Contrasting two programs
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: August 2007

1. In his target paper, Den Dikken [hereafter DD] aims at “lay[ing] the foundations for a theory of syntactic locality” that makes use of the notion of phase.
A critique of Phase Extension, with a comparison to Phase Sliding
Authors: Gallego Ángel J , Uriagereka Juan
Published: August 2007

1. Introduction

Den Dikken's paper (henceforth DD) explores an interesting alternative to Chomsky's conception of Phase Theory to account for different phenomena involving Predicate Inversion (PI). In particular, DD concentrates on cases of so-called copular, locative, and dative inversion (the respective instances in (1)):

(1)

a. The #1 best-seller in the country is this book.

b. On the president's desk lay this book.

c. I gave my students this book.
Extended phases & beheaded phrases Comments on Marcel den Dikken's ‘Phase Extension’
Authors: Haider Hubert
Published: August 2007

Phrases cease to be phases once the head raises out of the phrase. This is a clear claim. So, in the simplest case, one would expect a direct correlation between overt head-movement and phrasal transparency properties for extraction constructions in typical cases of head-movement, as for instance V movement.
Some thoughts on Phase Extension to a single interface
Authors: Marušič Franc
Published: August 2007

In this short note, I point out some potential problems of the way den Dikken (this volume) understands the mechanism and timing of spell-out. I then test the consequences of his understanding, but do not conclude anything on the basis of the presented English data. I then test the prediction on a case of NP internal predication in Slovenian and explain the problems they pose for the theory presented in den Dikken (this volume).
Predication and escape hatches in Phase Extension Theory
Authors: Matushansky Ora
Published: August 2007

1. Introduction

The main proposal of den Dikken's paper consists of two elegant assumptions, which propose to derive phase theory in a dynamic way and to explain a number of extraction constraints. The first assumption is that a projection immediately containing a predication (i.e., a subject and its predicate) is a phase inherently. The second assumption is that a phase is extended to the maximal projection that its head moves to.
Property Delay (Remarks on “Phase Extension” by Marcel den Dikken)
Authors: Pesetsky David
Published: August 2007

1. Truth in unpackaging

In his paper, den Dikken argues that several syntactic and semantic phenomena provide evidence for a package of proposals that includes the following four claims:

(1) Phase Extension

“Syntactic movement of the head H of a phase α up to the head X of the node β dominating α extends the phase up from α to β; α loses its phasehood in the process, and any constituent on the edge of α ends up in the domain of the derived phase β as a result of Phase Extension”. (den Dikken's (3))

(2) Phase Impenetrability Condition as in Chomsky (2000, passim) [PIC] “[I]n phase α with head H, the domain [of H] is not accessible to operations outside α, only H and its edge are accessible to such operations”. (den Dikken's (1))

(3) Adjunction Prohibition

“[A]djunction to meaningless categories is disallowed.”

(den Dikken's (18))

(4) Inherent Phase

“[A]n inherent phase is a predication (subject–predicate structure).”

(den Dikken's (2))
Phase Extension: A reply
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: August 2007

Phase Extension is a theory of ‘domain widening” resulting from movement of the head of a phase (either an inherent phase or a derived phase that is itself the result of Phase Extension) to the next head up the tree. Phase Extension is the automatic and unavoidable result of movement of such head movement. It saves some operations that would be ungrammatical without its application, but it blocks others that would have been perfectly legitimate if no Phase Extension had taken place. In my target paper, I presented a variety of empirical domains in which Phase Extension provides an explanatory account for otherwise often quite recalcitrant data. In the following pages, I address many of the comments and questions raised by my commentators regarding some of the empirical proposals, the technical ingredients of the theory, and their conceptual underpinnings. In the closing section, I will consider Pesetsky's alternative ‘property delay’ model, and point to some areas where it makes predictions that are dierent from, and as far as I can see less accurate than, those made by the Phase Extension theory.
Evaluating Pond Shoreline Treatments of Slurried Hydrated Lime for Reducing Marsh Rams-Horn Snail Populations
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J , Snyder Scott , Wise David J , Mischke Charles C
Published: August 2007

Trematode parasites can cause massive infections in commercially raised fish. The most promising approach for the control of these infections is the reduction or elimination of snails that serve as vectors for the trematodes. A recent approach, the application of high concentrations of slurried hydrated lime (SHL) or copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) along pond margins (shoreline treatment), has shown promise in reducing populations of the marsh rams-horn snail Planorbella trivolvis (the snail vector of Bolbophorus damnificus and Clinostomum marginatum) in experimental ponds. While CSP has been shown to effectively reduce snail numbers, treatment efficacy and application methods using SHL have not been well defined. Four SHL treatments were evaluated for their ability to kill marsh rams-horn snails in experimental units designed to mimic commercial aquaculture ponds. The treatments were applied at water temperatures of 75–79°F (24–26°C), total alkalinity of 137–257 mg CaCO3/L of water, and total hardness of 86–120 mg CaCO3/L. All tested SHL applications reduced snail numbers; however, the applications of 100 lb of hydrated lime per 100 linear feet (3-ft swath) and 175 lb per 100 ft (6-ft swath) were the most effective, resulting in 97.2% and 98.3% reductions in snail survival, respectively.
Summer Microhabitat Use of Fluvial Bull Trout in Eastern Oregon Streams
Authors: Al-Chokhachy Robert , Budy Phaedra
Published: August 2007

The management and recovery of populations of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus requires a comprehensive understanding of habitat use across different systems, life stages, and life history forms. To address these needs, we collected microhabitat use and availability data in three fluvial populations of bull trout in eastern Oregon. We evaluated diel differences in microhabitat use, the consistency of microhabitat use across systems and size-classes based on preference, and our ability to predict bull trout microhabitat use. Diel comparisons suggested bull trout continue to use deeper microhabitats with cover but shift into significantly slower habitats during nighttime periods; however, we observed no discrete differences in substrate use patterns across diel periods. Across life stages, we found that both juvenile and adult bull trout used slow-velocity microhabitats with cover, but the use of specific types varied. Both logistic regression and habitat preference analyses suggested that adult bull trout used deeper habitats than juveniles. Habitat preference analyses suggested that bull trout habitat use was consistent across all three systems, as chi-square tests rejected the null hypotheses that microhabitats were used in proportion to those available (P < 0.0001). Validation analyses indicated that the logistic regression models (juvenile and adult) were effective at predicting bull trout absence across all tests (specificity values = 100%); however, our ability to accurately predict bull trout absence was limited (sensitivity values = 0% across all tests). Our results highlight the limitations of the models used to predict microhabitat use for fish species like bull trout, which occur at naturally low densities. However, our results also demonstrate that bull trout microhabitat use patterns are generally consistent across systems, a pattern that parallels observations at both similar and larger scales and across life history forms. Thus, our results, in combination with previous bull trout habitat studies, provide managers with benchmarks for restoration in highly degraded systems.
Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon Habitat Use in Newburgh and Haverstraw Bays of the Hudson River: Implications for Population Monitoring
Authors: Sweka John A. , Mohler Jerre , Millard Michael J. , Kehler Thomas , Kahnle Andrew , Hattala Kathryn , Kenney Gregg , Higgs Amanda
Published: August 2007

Populations of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus are at historically low levels along the Atlantic coast of North America. Atlantic sturgeon is a long-lived species with a complex life history, making population assessment difficult. The purpose of this study was to determine seasonal habitat use by juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in the Hudson River estuary and provide recommendations for future population monitoring. Our study focused on Newburgh and Haverstraw bays in the Hudson River, as these are areas of known juvenile sturgeon concentrations. The habitat within each bay was coarsely stratified according to substrate (hard versus soft) and depth (deep versus shallow). Sampling occurred during fall 2003, spring and fall 2004, and spring and fall 2005. Fall sampling occurred from October through November and spring sampling occurred from March through April. We used anchored gill nets of 76-, 102-, and 127-mm stretch mesh fished together at a sampling site. A total of 562 individual juvenile Atlantic sturgeon were captured during the course of this study (14 were captured more than once), the majority (90%) coming from Haverstraw Bay. Soft and deep habitat comprised only 25% of the available habitat in Haverstraw Bay but yielded the greatest frequency of catches, the highest mean catch per unit effort (CPUE), and lowest variance of CPUE. Catch per unit effort was highest during spring seasons in soft–deep areas of Haverstraw Bay. These results suggest that future population monitoring should focus sampling effort in soft–deep areas of Haverstraw Bay to have the greatest statistical power in detecting population trends.
T‐Cell Responses to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Lung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Hayney Mary S. , Wiegert Nicholas A. , Pelsue Frances L. , Fohl Renee M. , Jankowska‐Gan Ewa , Love Robert B. , Burlingham William J.
Published: August 2007

Study Objective. To determine whether lung transplant recipients would have a less vigorous T‐cell response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) than that of patients awaiting lung transplantation and healthy subjects, we sought to measure and compare T‐cell responses among these three groups.

Design. Prospective study.

Setting. Lung transplant clinic at a university hospital.

Subjects. Twelve lung transplant recipients, 12 patients awaiting lung transplantation, and 15 healthy subjects. All participants had received the hepatitis B vaccine series and had a documented antibody response to it.

Intervention. Blood samples were obtained from each participant.

Measurements and Main Results. Participants' sex, age, time since lung transplantation (if applicable), and time since hepatitis B immunization were recorded. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from the participants' blood samples for the trans vivo delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay. These cells were mixed with saline, tetanus toxoid, or HBsAg and injected into the footpads of immunodeficient mice. Resultant swelling of the footpad was used as an index of human T‐cell response. The healthy subjects were younger than the patients in both transplant groups. However, we found no significant difference in DTH response elicited by HBsAg among the healthy subjects, patients awaiting lung transplantation, and lung transplant recipients (mean ± standard error [SE] 34.7 ± 4.3, 32.1 ± 3.1, and 33.5 ± 4.0 × 10−4 in., respectively, p>0.8) or when tetanus toxoid was used as a positive control (15.7 ± 2.8, 22.8 ± 6.5, and 21.7 ± 3.9 × 10−4 in., respectively, p>0.3). No correlation between age or time since immunization and DTH response was noted.

Conclusion. Lung transplant recipients maintained a T‐cell response to HBsAg that was similar in vigor to that of both patients awaiting transplantation and healthy subjects even though their antibody concentrations waned rapidly after transplantation. The role of these T cells as a correlate of protection from infection remains to be investigated.