bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance and Liberation
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

THE Resistance in France played three roles: it was part of the campaign against Germany, it was a forum for planning a new France, and it was an instrument for re-creating French self-respect. The last of these was arguably its greatest achievement, far outweighing the material damage that its limited resources could inflict on the occupying forces. The information it supplied to the RAF, the Allied air-crews whom it led to safety, the acts of sabotage that harassed German communications and morale, all these represented a tiny percentage of the factors that brought the Occupation to an end. Even the leadership of the provisional government that was to administer France at the Liberation was largely determined by other forces: it was primarily the result of distant decisions in London, Algiers, and New York, even if the predilections of the internal Resistance were among the many factors taken into consideration. But the heroism of the Resistance created a source of inspiration that helped to sustain the hopes of many during the humiliations of both the Occupation and the post-war chaos.
Retribution and the New Jerusalem the CNR Charter
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

THE Liberation government was expected not only to find solutions to gigantic, material problems, but also to fulfil the far-reaching promises of the Conseil National de la Resistance in its charter of 15 March 1944. De Gaulle disliked redeeming cheques he had not signed. But his government was basically drawn from the two main strands of the Resistance; and he was well aware that he partly owed his triumph over Giraud and other Allied counter scenarios to the endorsement of the CNR. Not only did this make it awkward for him to postpone payment, but the CNR’s pledges were enthusiastically supported by a wide segment of popular feeling and political opinion. Even so, de Gaulle preferred to talk about ‘renovation’ rather than ‘revolution’ (as proclaimed by left-wing elements in the Resistance) —a distinction that perhaps caused the incarcerated Petain to give a wan smile of fellow-feeling as he remembered his own semantic scruples in 1940-1.
Economic Growth and Social Change, 1947-1973
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

THB raw materials of economic success—coalfields, fertile valleys, and the like—rarely coincide in a tidy fashion with the political frontiers of nation states, even though the frontiers themselves may commemorate endless rivalry for the ownership of these resources. And in the same way, the broad sweeps of economic change seldom conform in a convenient way with the manageable units of political history—even though regimes may rise and fall on the back of economic change. French post-war economic growth was no exception, and its chequered history arguably makes more sense if the 1947-73 period is looked at as a whole rather than parcelled out to match the chronology of other developments. 1947 in many ways represented the return to peacetime conditions, while 1973 marked the end of the post-war era of rapid growth.
Janus and Cassandra the Mendès France Ministry and What Followed, 1954-1955
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

THE eight brief months of the Mendes France ministry were among the most productive of the Fourth Republic. They were a tantalizing glimpse of what the founders of the regime had hoped it might become. And, unusually for a ministry that had just fallen, the public’s epitaph on it in February 1955 was that it had a better general record than any of its predecessors since 1946. The Janus-like image of Mendes France sprang from the energetic individualism of his style—which looked forward to the Fifth Republic, when the executive would boldly take initiatives over the heads of the party leaders—but his attitudes also embraced much of the conventional outlook of the Republican tradition, as embodied in his own party, the Radicals. Many politicians found him disconcerting. His quick, bird-like movements and inquisitively cocked head put one in mind of a blue tit about to tackle a tough milk-bottle top. The party chiefs resented his attempts to choose ministers on an individual basis without recourse to their parliamentary masters-an approach reminiscent of Gaullism.
Impasse 1956-1958
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

A major worry of the established parties was how the new force of Poujadism would fare in the 1956 elections, and what effect it would have on their own fortunes. Poujadism was born in the summer of 1953, mainly among the lower middle classes, notably shopkeepers and small farmers. By contrast, the social strata above them continued to look to the established conservative parties and to the bodies that represented bourgeois economic interests, the CNPF, FNSEA, and CGPME. Politically, they preferred Pinay to de Gaulle; and it was the relative weakness of organized labour, split between the Communists and the Socialists, that left them without a stronger inducement to create a sturdier instrument of political influence. Only the lower-middle classes of shopkeepers and small farmers, faced with the economic competition of larger units, attempted to create such an instrument—and the resultant Poujade movement had very limited success.
‘La République des Citoyens’
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

IN a much-quoted phrase, de Gaulle spoke of the need for France to ‘marry her century’; but ‘the problem is to carry this through without France ceasing to be France’. Yet, when he spoke about ‘the French’ rather than ‘France’, there was much that brought him almost to despair. Shortly before his death, he told Malraux that the great weakness of the French was their powerlessness to believe in anything. They were both blessed and cursed with a corrosive intellect which cast doubt on everything and destroyed enthusiasm for any cause for fear that it might turn out to be empty. They had too much intelligence, and too little instinct. Following Bergson, he claimed that it was always the weakness of intelligence to be embarrassed by reality, because the untidy inconsistencies of reality do not correspond to the expectations of intelligence. And it is here that instinct and intuition come to the rescue, recognizing the nature of a situation when the intelligence is merely bewildered by it.
Reform and Recession the Giscardian Era, 1974-1981
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

THE new President’s debonair display of liberal sentiments and his basic concern for financial stability and economic growth were soon to earn his septennat the title of the Orleanist presidency. Indeed, his name, his elegantly equine features, and his father’s politics in the 1930s—Action Franaise, Croix-de-Feu, Parti Social Franais, and then Pétainism—lent a superficial air of authenticity to the epithet. After a distinguished record at the Polytechnique and the École Nationale d’Administration, Giscard became an inspecteur  des  finances, eventually entering parliament as a CNIP deputy.
Keynesianism in One Country the Socialist Experiment
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

‘TAKE a good look at this; you’ll never see anything like it again’, was Mitterrand’s ambivalent comment on the celebrations of May 1981. The Socialist manifesto had spoken of ‘making our country the crucible of the liberation of man’, and Pierre Mauroy forecast the creation of ‘a new style of citizenship’. But Mitterrand was well aware that the Socialists’ electoral victory primarily represented public disappointment with the Giscard achievement-and that this itself was the product of international economic circumstance rather than fundamental failures on Giscard’s part. He could see that there was no mounting ground swell of popular demand for major changes in the structure of society or the economy, and that the left-wing vote essentially reflected a desire for higher wages, longer holidays, secure employment, and better social security benefits: in other words, the sort of improvements that Giscard would have been happy enough to give, had he felt confident that the economy could stand the strain and remain competitive.
1986-1988
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

‘Cohabitation— à déconseiller’ was the verdict of a much-used manual of moral maxims for ambitious young professionals. Cohabitation posed new questions about the Presidency. The constitution was little help on how the President and Premier should share power in the event of the Élysée and the Matignon falling into opposing hands. Indeed the constitution, for all its detail, was remarkably remote from the realities of how executive power was actually divided under the Fifth Republic. Within months of de Gaulle becoming head of state in 1958, it had already become clear that his exercise of presidential power was moving rapidly away from Debré’s concept of the above-party arbiter which had inspired the authors of the constitution.
The Cold Peace and the Shadow of Germany: International Relations, 1986-1996
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

Post-war European integration had its origins in French designs to minimize any future German threat to France. Western Germany would be enmeshed in a benign network of European co-operation that would reduce both the capability and perhaps the thought of renewed aggression. It was admittedly American fears of the Soviet bloc in the 1940s that had first given impetus to Western European co-operation-and, most notably, to the principle of including a rehabilitated Germany. But although the economic advantages of co-operation tended to dominate the developments that followed, French thinking never lost sight of the need to shackle Germany.
Evolution of the economy
Authors: Zamagni Vera
Published: November 2023

Italy ended the Second World War with modest overall losses in its industrial capacity, which actually resulted in a greatly enlarged engineering sector. This was the sector destined to become the cutting-edge of the great industrial expansion in the following half century.
The Mafia
Authors: Lupo Salvatore
Published: November 2023

In the fifties, the South of Italy, like the North, underwent a great transformation of its own. People emigrated to Germany and Northern Italy while within the Mezzogiorno there was a generalized shift from mountains to plains and from rural areas to the cities where new buildings were springing up everywhere as wages started to grow. Above all, this was the start of state funding to foster economic development: it was the time of agricultural reform and its implementation, the redistribution of property and (in the more fortunate areas) land reclamation and irrigation.
Memory and identity: popular culture in post-war Italy
Authors: Gundle Stephen
Published: November 2023

For Gramsci, Italian popular culture was a construction of the country’s social divisions; it existed as the culture of the lower classes and consisted of all that was not artistic or high culture. This separation was maintained and reproduced by capitalist control of cultural production and distribution. It was the task of the Communist Party, as Gramsci saw it, to work towards a correction of this situation by promoting a ‘national popular’ culture. This would take shape as the working class assumed the functions and responsibilities of a hegemonic class and gave rise to its own organic intellectuals, who would challenge those of the dominant class.
Television, Childhood, and the Home A History of the Making of the Child Television Audience in Britain
Authors: Oswell David
Published: November 2023

Television audiences, as with other media audiences, are virtual entities. They have an existence, not immediately visible, but one that drives research, investment in programmes, public concern, and government policy. More than any other audience, the child television audience has generated more debate, anxiety, and action. What harm does television do children? Should parents restrict their children's viewing? Is children's television becoming too commercialized? How can we make programmes for very young children? This book, the first academic study of its kind, uncovers a history of the child television audience. Looking in detail at children's television and its audience in Britain in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, the book shows how an audience literally came into being, how it was given substance, and how it became the site of intervention. Skilfully written and painstakingly researched, Television, Childhood, and Historical Reception is a history of an audience-in-the-making.
Coding And Decoding: Postcolonial Criticism And Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S
Published: November 2023

The singular aim of postcolonial biblical studies is to put colonialism at the center of biblical scholarship. Both the historical and the hermeneutical literature of biblical interpretation over the last four hundred years has been deﬁ need by the needs of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and later by the Enlightenment and such attendant features as rationalism, or its oﬀshoot historical criticism. There is a remarkable reluctance among biblical scholars to speak of imperialism as shaping the contours of biblical texts and their interpretation. What postcolonialism makes clear is that biblical studies can no longer be conﬁned to the history of textual traditions, or to the doctrinal richness embedded in texts, but needs to extend its scope to include issues of domination, Western expansion, and its ideological manifestations, as central forces in deﬁning biblical scholarship.
God Teaches Us How to Live
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: November 2023

Humans need help not merely in dealing with their past wrongdoing (which I discussed in the previous chapter) but in living good lives in the present. We need more information about how it is good to live, and we need help to live in that way. We need more information about what God is like and what he has done for us of the kind set out in previous chapters, for this has consequences for how we should behave towards God.
God Offers Us Heaven
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: November 2023

I claimed earlier that the creation of humans with their great potentiality to do evil as well as good and their great liability to suffer evil as well as good was a mixed blessing; God had perhaps as much reason to bring it about as not to bring it about. Maybe instead he should have created people who were naturally good and so had no real responsibility for each other or choice of the kind of people they were to be (and perhaps God has created such people in another world). Creating humans was taking a great risk; and so, in the light of all the evil as well as the good that humans have done, God has as much reason as not to bring this risky experiment to an end. In expressing the belief that God the Son ‘will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead ‘ the Creed affirms a belief that, sooner or later, this world order will come to an end.
Provisional Conclusion
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: November 2023

I argued in Part I that we would expect God (if there is a God) to become a human prophet and lead the kind of life and give the kind of teaching considered in Chapter 7, and to put his signature on that life by a miraculous event, such as a resurrection of that human prophet from the dead. I argued in Chapter 7 that there is significant evidence that Jesus led the kind of life and gave the kind of teaching which we would expect God Incarnate to live and give; and I argued in Chapter 8 that (given the existence of God and the life and teaching of Jesus) that there is significant evidence that Jesus rose from the dead, and that his Resurrection constituted God’s signature on his life and teaching. But just how significant is ‘significant’? It will, I hope, be useful to assess at this stage how probable these two sets of evidence make the claim that Jesus was God Incarnate, before I take into account the other evidence which, I claimed in Part I, is relevant to our topic—whether the later Church gave plausible interpretations of Jesus’s teaching.
Final Conclusion
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: November 2023

I came to the conclusion in Chapter 9 that, on the evidence of the life and teaching of Jesus (and, I added in Chapter 10, the teaching of the Apostolic Church about him), it is very probable that Jesus was God Incarnate. But what happened afterwards is also relevant evidence. We have seen that, if God became incarnate for the purposes described, he would need to found a Church which he would ensure would continue his work, report his actions, and interpret his teaching for new cultures and generations. So we need evidence that the Church founded by Jesus subsequently provided plausible interpretations of his actions and teaching and the teaching of the Apostolic Church about him, and that these interpretations constitute plausibly true doctrines. I repeat that I am using the word ‘plausible’ in the sense defined earlier, as ‘not very improbable’.
Physics for security
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

Scientific progress is stimulated by the urge to understand and control the physical world. It starts quite simply. First we perceive the objects around us. Next we seek to develop an understanding of the laws that determine their behaviour and how they work. Then we learn to apply this knowledge to predict their behaviour, to modify them, to conserve them and to use them for the common good. By doing this we have learned to master the fear of the external world which oppressed previous generations.
Magnetism and magnetic resonance
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

in which are developed the fundamental physics of the single isolated magnetic dipole, materials as ensembles of such dipoles, their resonant behaviour, and magnetic field measurements. This provides the under lying physics for chapter 7. Magnetic forces are weaker than electric ones to which they are a relativistic correction. Current loops, both microscopic and macroscopic, form the basic source of magnetic flux B. The torque on a magnetic dipole #x03BC; = IS due to a current I in a loop of area S in a field B is Γ = #x03BC; #x00D7; B. A charge Q of mass m circulating in an orbit has both a magnetic moment and an angular momentum. The ratio of these is #x03B3; = gQ/2 m, where the gyromagnetic ratio g in this case is unity.
Interactions of ionising radiation
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

The history of ionising radiation starts in the four extraordinary years, 1895#x2013;1898. In 1895 Wilhelm Räontgen discovered X-rays, in 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity, in 1897 J.J. Thompson dis covered the electron and in 1898 Marie Curie discovered Radium. The book by Mould gives a brief account supported by pictures of the pioneers, their apparatus, data and contemporary reports in the press. The fact that these discoveries were made in such a short time generated a euphoria such that subsequently all sorts of claims were made and many believed, culminating in the fraudulent discovery of #x2018;N rays #x2018; in 1903#x2013; 1904.
Mechanical waves and properties of matter
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

Every material has an equation of state that describes how it responds to different externally imposed conditions. Under given thermodynamic conditions each individual element of that material acts on its neighbouring elements as their displacements change.1 These actions and reactions are the internal forces. To keep track of what happens to each element we choose a reference state. Each part of the material is then labelled by its position ( x, y, z) in that reference, and its displacement vector u = ( u x, u y, u z) is the shift between its actual position and its reference position.
Information and data analysis
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

Information can be quantified by counting the number N of independent binary bits required to store it. This definition of information makes no reference to any value judgement. The same quantity of information may be interesting, unintelligible, or dominated by noise. The definition is, however, objective and of practical importance. The requirement that the state of the binary bits be independent is significant. For example, if a record of information is copied, the quantity of information is not thereby increased.
Imaging with magnetic resonance
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

By applying different gradients to the B  0 field in the x-, y and z directions at different times, it is possible to determine a complete three dimensional map of the nuclear spin density in the region of interest. This region is called the field of view (FOV). Figure 7.1 shows how such a uniform gradient may be applied along the z-axis with a pair of coils. If the current in the two coils is in the opposite sense to one another, this generates a uniform gradient along z, the axis of symmetry. Departures from uniformity are minimised by adjusting the ratio of coil diameter to their separation, so that, on axis at least, departures are of order (z/a) where a is the coil size.
Ultrasound for imaging and therapy
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

Sound is used for navigation and communication by humans and other creatures over distances large compared with a wavelength. The frequency range of 100#x2013;20,000 Hz employed by humans corresponds to a wavelength range in air of 3.3 m down to 20 mm for a sound velocity in air of 330 m s −1 . In water the velocity is five times higher and the wave length five time larger at the same frequency. Sounds in this range are easily generated by bio-mechanical or electro-mechanical transducers. In passive imaging the direction of sound emitted by an object is sensed by using several detector elements.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

What are the most dangerous books in the world? Some might nominate the founding texts of our major religions, which through misinterpretation and manipulation have led to the suffering of millions over the centuries. Others might point to defining modern political works such as Karl Marx’s Das Kapital, Hitler’s Mein Kampf, or Chairman Mao’s Little Red Book. Fiction can also gravely offend public sensibilities, as we have seen in recent decades with book burnings of the Satanic Verses and Harry Potter novels. But for many down the millennia and across the globe no books have been more feared than grimoires: then again, no books have been more valued and revered.
Ancient and Medieval Grimoires
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

The modern history of ancient and medieval magic is vast and often inaccessible to the non-expert, yet there is much to catch the imagination and challenge our understanding of religion and society in past eras. While European grimoires were largely a product of the medieval period their inspiration lies much further back in the religions of the ancient civilizations of the Near and Middle East. In the eastern Mediterranean the religious traditions of paganism, Judaism, Christianity, and later Islam rubbed of on each other despite the obvious antagonisms in terms of competing political influence. How medieval scholars under- stood that distant past and reconstructed it, often wrongly, was as important to the history of magic as the magical knowledge actually passed down during the first millennium.
Across the Oceans
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

We saw in an earlier chapter how grimoires soon found their way to the Americas amongst the possessions of the early colonists. The flow was a mere trickle though, and their cultural influence very limited. With the expansion of Atlantic trade during the eighteenth century, and the increasing number of emigrants crossing the ocean, the influence of grimoires overseas was bound to increase, but not everywhere and not with the same impact.
Grimoires USA
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

The production of grimoires was an entrepreneurial enterprise that thrived wherever the influence of secular and ecclesiastical censors was restricted by geographical, educational, or political factors. The opening up of America created just such an environment, and hucksters, quacks, astrologers, fortune-tellers, and occult practitioners of all shades thrived. It is in America that grimoire authorship becomes a history of real if slippery personalities, whose success was tied to the immigrant experience and the unique opportunities and social mobility that opened up for those who were not enslaved or hindered by racial prejudice. A door-to-door salesman from Ohio named William Delaurence would emerge from this entrepreneurial world to become a transatlantic sensation—as we shall see later.
Epilogue
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

Much has been written about the Internet heralding the death of the book. As we all become habituated to reading from electronic screens, so the argument goes, print will be usurped by the digital media. The act of writing has certainly been transformed, with the keyboard replacing pen and ink as our main means of putting words on a page. But the book is proving to be resilient and adaptable to the digital age. There is every reason to believe it will continue to play an important role in shaping our world. The book is a companion, an instant portal into other worlds, times, and fantasies.
Who’s In Charge Here? And Who’s Doing All the Work?
Authors: Gulick Robert Van
Published: November 2023

Tom raised the canteen to his lips because he believed it still contained some water and he was very thirsty. Greta chose her tomatoes carefully, picking only those that looked the reddest; because Henrik was color-blind, he was unable to help her. Little Sonja pushed away the toy rabbit the day-care worker held out to her; she wanted her own brown teddy bear and nothing else would do.
Reduction and Emergence in the Physical Sciences: Some Lessons from the Particle Physics and Condensed Matter Debate
Authors: Howard Don
Published: November 2023

The task that I set myself is a mundane philosophical one—getting clear about fundamental concepts, developing a taxonomy of viewpoints, assessing the validity of arguments for those views, and handicapping the odds for one or another of them to emerge triumphant. The arena is the much contested one of questions about reduction and emergence in the physical sciences, more specifically the relationship between particle physics and condensed matter physics. The main point that I wish to make is that we know so little about that relationship, and that what we do know strongly suggests that condensed matter phenomena are not emergent with respect to particle physics, that we should be wary of venturing hasty generalizations and of making premature extrapolations from physics to the biosciences, the neurosciences, and beyond.
The Emergence of Causally Efficacious Mental Function
Authors: Brown Warren S
Published: November 2023

One objective of this volume is to consider whether reductionism is a necessary outcome of physicalism. In this chapter, I will explore a physicalist, but non-reductive, understanding of human mental function that accounts for robust forms of human agency. I will be attempting to demonstrate how mental properties with causal roles might emerge from the physical activity of hyper-complex human brains.
Built by Animals
Authors: Hansell Mike
Published: November 2023

From termite mounds that in relative terms are three times as tall as a skyscraper, to the elaborate nests of social birds and the deadly traps of spiders, the constructions of the animal world can amaze and at times humble our own engineering and technology. But how do creatures with such small brains build these complex structures? What drives them to do it? Which skills are innate and which learned? Mike Hansell looks at the extraordinary structures that animals build - whether homes, traps, or courtship displays - and reveals the biology behind their behaviour. He shows how small-brained animals achieve complex feats in a small-brained way, by repeating many simple actions and using highly evolved self-secreted materials. On the other hand, the building feats or tool use of large-brained animals, such as humans or chimps, require significantly more complex and costly behaviour. We look at wasp’s nests, leaf-cutting ants, caddisflies and amoebae, and even the extraordinary bower bird, who seduces his mate with a decorated pile of twigs, baubles, feathers and berries. Hansell explores how animal structures evolved over time, how insect societies emerge, how animals can alter their wider habitat, and even whether some animals have an aesthetic sense.
The Solar System and life on Earth: II
Authors: Gale Joseph
Published: November 2023

Comets and asteroids affect life mainly in a negative way-if and when they impact with Earth. Such catastrophic events are discussed later in relation to the evolution of life in an uncertain and constantly changing and challenging environment (Chapter 7). Asteroids are essentially rocks, either hard or a loose conglomeration of dust and stony material. Some 75% are rich in carbon and are known as ‘carbonaceous asteroids’, 17% are silicaceous (S-type asteroids), and 8% are metallic (L-type asteroids). Comets have been described as ‘dirty snowballs’ as they are composed mainly of water mixed with rocky material. Although comets are generally not good news for life on Earth (a belief of many ancient civilizations, extending to more recent times, at least as far as Shakespeare) one hypothesis suggested that comets were the source of Earth’s water. However, today, only a small part of Earth’s surface water is thought to have come from extraterrestrial sources (Chapter 5). Here we only briefly review the place of comets and asteroids in the Solar System as a prelude to understanding their effects on our biosphere.
In search of extraterrestrial life
Authors: Gale Joseph
Published: November 2023

The search for extraterrestrial life, and especially intelligent life, is one of the most exciting scientific enterprises of our time, although in fact it is a very ancient quest. It is the central theme of astrobiology, of which the astrobiology of Earth is just one aspect. Only in the last few decades has technology attained a level which has enabled the commencement of a science-based search for the existence of conditions amenable to life outside Earth. This includes a search for signs of other intelligent civilizations, which may be using EM radiation or other means of communication. However, in relation to the size of the cosmos and the number of possibly promising sites for life, the present search is still in its infancy. Note that we are still looking for ‘conditions amenable’ to life. Clear evidence of life or an intelligent signal from an extraterrestrial source has not yet been obtained. We still do not know whether or not we are alone in the universe. Some of the subjects treated here were first discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, where the universe was reviewed from the point of view of biology. The initial search for extraterrestrial life is limited to ‘life as we know it’. This is a qualification of convenience. There is no way to be sure that life elsewhere would not be very different from that on Earth, having developed under vastly different environmental conditions.
Revelation, Scripture, and Tradition
Authors: Rowland Tracey
Published: November 2023

At the Second Vatican Council the theme of the relationships between Revelation, Scripture, and Tradition (which were topicsin the jettisoned section of Ratzinger’s habilitationsshrift) reappeared as the central issue of the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, otherwise known as Deiverbum. The preparatory schema for this Constitution initially reXected the Suárezian approach to Revelation which had been promoted by Michael Schmaus at the young Ratzin-ger’s oral defence, in opposition to the approach of Gottlieb Söhngen and Ratzinger himself. In the post-Tridentine era Francisco Suárez (I548–I6I7) had underscored the propositional character of Revelation—a statement of faith became an occasion on which some aspect of Revelation is made clear. The study of these theological propositions then formed the sub-discipline of dogmatic theology. Just as Cajetan’s account of nature and grace came to be regarded as a baroque deviation from classical Thomism, at least according to de Lubac and those who followed him, Suárez’s account of Revelation came to be seen as similarly distortive of the classical Thomist position. Whereas Aquinas looked at faith from the ‘inside’ and focused on the change that faith brings about in the human being, Suárez looked at faith ‘from the outside’ and described the way we can see it working. Gerard O’Shea has presented the difference between the two in the following paragraph:
The Structure of the Communion
Authors: Rowland Tracey
Published: November 2023

The conciliar document on the Church, Lumen gentium, was mainly the work of Belgian theologians who belonged to the circle of Leo Joseph Cardinal Suenens (1904–1996). They wanted to get away from the emphasis on the Church’s juridical nature and the clericalism this had fostered. In theological language they wanted to emphasize that the Church is determined by Pnuematological as well as Christological elements. As such it is ‘neither a parliamentary nor monarchical super-State, but rather a fabric of worshiping congregations whose unity consists in the essential unity of divine worship and the faith witnessed to in that worship’. In Germany there had been a movement in this direction in the theology of Romano Guardini who was similarly concerned that Catholics tended to think of the Church as something external to themselves, like a club or college to which they were aYliated. The fact that individual Catholics themselves are a part of the mystical body of Christ was often overlooked. In Ratzinger’s words, ‘the Church grows from within and moves outwards, not viceversa’. Similarly, in France Henri de Lubac’s ecclesiology centred on the relationship between the Eucharist and the understanding of the Church as the mystical body of Christ.
Human Life History
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

Life history theory deals with species-typical solutions for problems associated with survival and reproduction that change over an individual’s lifespan. There is considerable variation between species in the organization and timing of characteristic life courses. K-selection and r-selection are opposite strategies reflecting diametrically opposite solutions to survival and reproductive problems. K-selected species develop slowly, they reproduce repetitively (iteroparity), the number of offspring per litter is small with long-lasting intensive parental investment including a long gestation period, and death rates in infancy and childhood are low. The onset of reproductive activity is delayed, and K-selected species enjoy long lives. Typically, K-selected species grow large bodies, and competition between adults of K-selected species is high, because—due to prolonged lifespans—competition determines survival and reproductive success. K-selected species usually live in conditions with little random environmental variation. Conversely, r-selection involves the opposite pattern; r-selected species develop quickly, they often reproduce only once in their lifetime (semelparity), the number of offspring is large (to vast), but only a small fraction live to reach adult stages. Parental investment after birth (or hatching) is low or absent in r-selected species, sexual maturity sets in early, and individuals die at an early age. r-selected species usually grow small bodies, and random environmental variation is high in r-selected species. Offspring of K-selected species is relatively mature at birth (precocial), whereas in r-selected species offspring is often much more immature (altricial).
Psychiatric Assessment
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

For clinicians, assessing patients is perhaps much more demanding in psychiatry than in to other medical disciplines. The psychiatric interview serves several purposes: to understand the symptoms in terms of their maladaptive meaning; to ascertain a (preliminary) diagnosis, that includes differential diagnostic considerations; and to initiate therapy. For example, a depressed patient who avoids eye contact and presents with an overall reduction of psychomotor activity may signal that he or she feels entrapped in a situation with seemingly no escape, perhaps after loss of job or marital discord. However, a similar clinical picture may in rare cases occur in patients with encephalitis or brain tumour, because the inflammatory process or heightened intracranial pressure may affect the same brain systems that are involved in depression. Therefore, the examiner must pick up all subtle signs and symptoms that help make the correct diagnosis (which includes a careful medical and neurological examination after the initial interview). In addition to careful observation, the clinical psychiatrist must be able to establish rapport by empathetically listening to the patient’s complaints. In other words, the patient should feel accepted in his needs, secure and trust that help is provided.
Autism and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

Autism and autistic spectrum disorders are clinically characterized by a symptom triad comprising communication deficits, impaired social interaction, and restricted and stereotyped behaviours and interests, with onset in early infancy. Social and communicative impairments include a lack of exploration of faces and appreciation of other communicative signals, avoidance of eye contact, inability to monitor other people’s gaze direction or to form joint attention with others, as well as a profound deficit or developmental delay of the ability to appreciate other communicative signals, avoidance of eye contact, inability to monitor other people gaze direction or to form joint attention with others, as well as a profound deficit or developmental delay of the ability to appreciate other persons❜ mental states in terms of beliefs, desires, knowledge, intentions, and dispositions.
Forensic Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

Forensic psychiatry is the branch of psychiatry that deals with questions pertaining to the interface of law and psychiatry. In its broader meaning, forensic psychiatry embraces problems relating to patients’ involuntary hospitalization, or confidentiality psychiatrists may sometimes be obliged to breach, especially in cases of suspected child abuse or intended homicide by clients. More narrowly defined, forensic psychiatry involves the role of the psychiatrist as witness of fact or expert witness, and court-mandated evaluations of patients or witnesses’ credibility. Court-mandated evaluations include patients’ competency to stand trial, and patients’ mental state at the time of the offence. Practitioners of forensic psychiatry have usually received special training in this area, but regulations differ from country to country.
The Demography of the Greek City-State Culture
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

The abundant information about the sizes of walled poleis is the best evidence we possess if we want to assess the total number of Greeks in the age of Alexander the Great, both the Greeks settled in the homeland and those settled in all the colonies and Hellenised communities. The total area enclosed by all 232 walls comes to 15,628 ha, and that is a minimum. On the assumption that the 232 walled cities are representative of all the c.1,000 poleis in existence in the fourth century, the grand total of walled urban space in the late Classical Hellenic world is 67,360 ha. But is it legitimate just to add up the urban space of all the 232 walled poleis and to presume that they are representative of the c.1,000 poleis? Cities with walls enclosing more than 100 ha seem to be better represented among the 232 poleis than small cities with an urban centre covering less than 10 ha.
Imagining Sex
Authors: Toulalan Sarah
Published: November 2023

Imagining Sex is a study of pornographic writing in seventeenth-century England. It explores a wide variety of written material from the period to argue that, unlike today, pornography was not a discrete genre, nor was it one that was usually subject at this time to suppression. Pornographic writing was a widespread feature of a range of texts, including both popular literature (ballads, news-sheets, court reports, small books, and pamphlets) as well as poetry, drama and more specialised medical books. The book analyses representations of sex, sexuality and eroticism in historical context to explore contemporary thinking about these issues, but also about broader cultural concerns and shifts in attitudes. It questions both modern feminist and psychoanalytical interpretations of pornography, arguing that these approaches are neither appropriate nor helpful to an understanding of seventeenth-century material. Through discussions of sex and reproduction, homosexuality, flagellation, voyeurism, and humour, the book explores the nature of early modern sexual desire and arousal and explores their relationship to contemporary understandings about how the body worked. Imagining Sex presents a radically new interpretation of pornography in this period, arguing that concerns about fertility were at the heart of representations of bodies and sex, so that images of pleasure were entwined with ideas about conception and reproduction. It also shows that these texts legitimized the (sexual) pleasure of the reader by highlighting the pleasure of looking and the incitement to sexual action that it provided.
Simone Weil’s Apologetic Use of Literature
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud
Published: November 2023

Marie Cabaud Meaney looks at Simone Weil's Christological interpretations of the Sophoclean Antigone and Electra, the Iliad and Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound. Apart from her article on the Iliad, Weil's interpretations are not widely known, probably because they are fragmentary and boldly twist the classics, sometimes even contradicting their literal meaning. Meaney argues that Weil had an apologetic purpose in mind: to the spiritual ills of ideology and fanaticism in World War II she wanted to give a spiritual answer, namely the re-Christianization of Europe to which she (though not baptized herself) wished to contribute in some way. To the intellectual agnostics of her day she intended to show through her interpretations that the texts they cherished so much could only be fully understood in light of Christ; to the Catholics she sought to reveal that Catholicism was much more universal than generally believed, since Greek culture already embodied the Christian spirit - perhaps to a greater extent than the Catholic Church ever had. Despite or perhaps because of this apologetic slant, Weil's readings uncover new layers of these familiar texts: Antigone is a Christological figure, combating Creon's ideology of the State by a folly of love that leads her to a Passion in which she experiences an abandonment similar to that of Christ on the Cross. The Iliad depicts a world as yet unredeemed, but which traces objectively the reign of force to which both oppressors and oppressed are subject. Prometheus Bound becomes the vehicle of her theodicy, in which she shows that suffering only makes sense in light of the Cross. But the pinnacle of the spiritual life is described in Electra which, she believes, reflects a mystical experience - something Weil herself had experienced unexpectedly when 'Christ himself came down and took her' in November 1938. In order to do justice to Weil's readings, Meaney not only traces her apologetic intentions and explains the manner in which she recasts familiar Christian concepts (thereby letting them come alive - something every good apologist should be able to do), but also situates them among standard approaches used by classicists today, thereby showing that her interpretations truly contribute something new.
Simone Weil and Apologetics
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud
Published: November 2023

One does not think of Simone Weil as an apologist. How could someone who was probably never baptized be an apologist for Christianity? Nor did she proselytize for Judaism, of which she was very critical. Yet for someone such as Weil whose personal and intellectual life were always tightly linked, her encounter with Christ left an indelible impact, and changed the nature of her writings. She wrote to Perrin that: ‘Depuis cet instant [de l’expérience mystique] le nom de Dieu et celui du Christ se sont mêlés de plus en plus irrésistiblement à mes pensées’ (PSO 81). God became the centre of her writings, explicitly and implicitly. Furthermore as a Platonist Weil could not be satisfied with contemplating the Good outside the cave, but was going to return to proclaim its existence. What else could one expect from someone who wrote that ‘Dieu seul vaut qu’on s’intéresse à lui, et absolument rien d’autre’ (CS 74)
Antigone and the Moral Law: Glimpses of the Supernatural
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud
Published: November 2023

‘Dans tous les problèmes poignants de l’existence humaine, il y a le choix seulement entre le bien surnaturel et le mal’, Weil writes in ‘La Personne et le sacré’ (Human Personality) (EL 29). Thus when she says four pages earlier that Antigone follows a supernatural law whilst Creon sees things from a purely natural perspective, it is clear what she is driving at. In applying a purely natural justice by punishing his nephew Polynices even beyond death for being a traitor, Creon is ultimately committing evil. Antigone, on the other hand, dies because she obeys the divine law by burying her brother. What Weil wrote for the Free French Government, applies to everyone. As the Antigone indicates, Weil believes there is no compromise possible.
Language-Games and Language: Rules, Normality Conditions and Conversation
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: November 2023

The analogy between speaking and playing a game, embedded in Wittgenstein ‘s pervasive talk of language-games, has always been central to Peter Hacker ‘s deservedly influential interpretations of Wittgenstein ‘s later philosophy. Here is how he summarizes the matter in the second edition of the first volume of the commentary he began writing with Gordon Baker thirty years ago, at the conclusion of his essay ‘The Language-Game Method ‘: A primary factor that made the idea of a language-game appealing is its stark contrast with the calculus model that dominated the Tractatus. It provided a powerful analogy which offered a normative (i.e. rule-governed) activity to compare with language and its use, but without the falsification that is involved in the idea of a calculus governed by rigid and closed rules. Moreover, the game analogy encourages us to abandon a preoccupation with the geometry of calculi and to focus instead upon the activities into which our symbolism of language is woven. It can therefore be used, as Wittgenstein used it, to emphasize the logical diversity and multiplicity of our speech activities. It highlights the ways in which the variety of speech-acts which we perform by the use of sentences are part of the tapestry of our lives, conditioned in many different ways by the world around us and by our perceptual abilities, our powers of recall and of surveying data, our natural interests and shared responses. For the language-games we play are moulded by the nature of the world we live in and by our nature, and they are partly constitutive of our forms of life.