bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dysregulated Use of Mobile/Smartphone
Authors: Domoff Sarah E. , Elhai Jon D. , Long Jiang , Lopez-Fernandez Olatz , Montag Christian , Starcevic Vladan , Szabo Attila , Vanden Abeele Mariek M. P. , Demetrovics Zsolt , Billieux Joel
Published: December 2024

Given the ability to use the internet and applications that are both immediately accessible and highly rewarding to users, concern exists regarding the development of excessive and dysregulated smartphone use (also known as ‘smartphone addiction’). This chapter reviews the current state of research on dysregulated smartphone use, identifies gaps in the literature, and outlines future directions for research and practice. Dysregulated smartphone use is associated with a (1) significant loss of control over the behavior, resulting in (2) severe and persistent functional impairment in daily life. The most consistent correlates of dysregulated smartphone use include psychiatric symptoms and poor sleep health. Because there are few longitudinal studies with a rigorous methodology, it is not clear whether the correlates precede, co-occur with, or follow the onset of dysregulated smartphone use. Consistent conceptualization suggests that mental health problems could precede dysregulated smartphone use. Future research should seek to validate psychometrically sound screening instruments for dysregulated smartphone use in children and adolescents. Research on the longitudinal trajectories of dysregulated smartphone use and psychopathology, as well as physical health outcomes, is recommended. Given the high rates of smartphone ownership among children and young adolescents, clarifying how, and for whom, smartphone use interferes with functioning is critical.
Adolescents’ Online Communication Practices in a Digital World
Authors: Uhls Yalda T. , van der Wal Amber , Ellison Nicole , Collier Anne , Subrahmanyam Kaveri , Valkenburg Patti M.
Published: December 2024

Social interaction with peers is a crucial developmental need in adolescence. Social media have significantly transformed the way many adolescents communicate with one another, lowering barriers for them to connect at any time, from anywhere. Three important modalities of their online communication are direct messaging, video-mediated communication, and social gaming. This chapter discusses how these modalities are used by adolescents, the social mechanisms that underlie their motivation to use them, possible positive and negative implications for their peer relationships, and the critical role online communication can play in the well-being of marginalized youth. Among other things, the chapter shows that, while the ability to disclose information and connect online can support most adolescents’ social needs, digital communication may also enable negative interactions, such as cyberbullying. The chapter concludes that online communication can be an important source of social and emotional support, especially when in-person contact is unavailable. Future research should investigate the ways in which social media can support adolescents’ development of social and emotional competence. Implications for practice include the need for stakeholders to be aware of the opportunities and risks associated with different modalities and to support adolescents’ safe and healthy use.
Introduction to the Section on Gender, Sexuality, and Digital Media
Authors: Maas Megan K.
Published: December 2024

Sexual development is an integral part of adolescence, yet there are little efforts made (e.g., comprehensive sex education) to support adolescents in the development of sexual competencies. As a result, adolescents are sexually socialized through various media experiences, including more traditional (i.e., film and television) and newer forms (i.e., Internet pornography and social media) of media. The academic research summarized here examines how traditional and new media influence gender and sexuality development in children and adolescents. It highlights the prevalence of gender stereotypes in entertainment media and the impact of pornography on sexual attitudes and behaviors. Although sexual health websites provide a safer source of information, challenges remain in ensuring content quality and accessibility. Adolescents also use online platforms to navigate romantic relationships and sexual expression, with technology-facilitated communication and connection. However, issues such as sexting and dating app usage raise concerns about the privacy and safety of minor users. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for comprehensive sex education in schools, inclusive of digital citizenship and responsible online behavior. Therapeutic and healthcare settings must also address the intersection of media, gender, and sexuality in adolescent mental health and provide support tailored to individual needs and experiences.
Pornography Use During Adolescence: The Current State of Knowledge and Recommendations
Authors: Maas Megan K. , Wright Paul J. , Rothman Emily F. , Nelson Kimberly M. , Weigle Paul , Herbenick Debby
Published: December 2024

This chapter outlines the current state of the literature on adolescents’ pornography use and sexual socialization (e.g., beliefs, attitudes, behaviors). Most adolescents have seen pornography, with over half reporting first viewing pornography prior to age 14, whether intentionally or not. In general, adolescents’ use of pornography has been associated with (1) more erroneous sexual expectations and beliefs about sexual violence, (2) sexual activity offline, including risky sexual behavior, and (3) sexual violence perpetration and victimization. Although pornography use is associated with these undesirable outcomes for adolescents, it is difficult to isolate pornography as a direct cause of these outcomes. Therefore, we suggest that more longitudinal studies that include intensive measurements of pornography use and offline behaviors are employed. Interdisciplinary research approaches that are used to study how other immersive online activities (such as gaming and social media) impact development should also be applied to the study of pornography use. We recommend that local and regional legislatures propose systematic professional development opportunities for those who provide youth services (e.g., pediatricians and social workers) and school staff to learn about contemporary digital media environments, including pornography, and how to address them with adolescents.
Online Sexual Communication and Partner Seeking Among Adolescents
Authors: Macapagal Kathryn , Wongsomboon Val , Gordon Jacob D. , Nelson Kimberly M. , Widman Laura M.
Published: December 2024

Contemporary adolescents engage in online sexual communication and sexual and romantic partners seeking to meet their social and developmental needs. In doing so, adolescents are afforded new opportunities to discuss sexual health in quasi-anonymous and ostensibly private settings, explore their sexual interests and identities, and gain access to peers and potential partners beyond their physical spaces. However, online environments also introduce risks for adolescents that include stigma and rejection and forms of cyberdating violence such as harassment and unwanted sexual advances. This chapter reviews the current literature on the prevalence, patterns, benefits, and drawbacks experienced by adolescents who engage in online sexual communication and partner seeking. We also offer several recommendations for future research, interventions, and best practices. To improve adolescent health, parents, educators, and healthcare providers must first acknowledge that adolescents engage in online sexual communication and relationships. Second, they must assess the positive and negative impacts of their experiences in these online spaces. Finally, interventions and education that address the potential health, well-being, and developmental impacts of online sexual communication and relationships should be developed collaboratively with adolescents to ensure relevance to their lives.
Introduction to the Section on Parenting in the Digital Age
Authors: Reich Stephanie M. , Madigan Sheri
Published: December 2024

Amid the rapidly evolving digital age, caregivers are adapting their parenting strategies to effectively navigate and co-exist within this new landscape. Each chapter in this section on parenting in the digital age focuses on distinct facets and/or ages related to this overarching theme, with a collective goal of supporting a comprehensive understanding of this critical subject. The first chapter by Reich et al. provides an overview of definitions as well as various research approaches and methodologies focused on parenting and media. Following this, three chapters target specific developmental periods: early childhood (age 0–5; Hirsh-Pasek et al.), middle childhood (age 6–11; Bickham et al.), and adolescence (age 12–18; Wisniewski et al.). McDaniel et al.’s chapter reviews research on the role of digital technology in parent–child interactions, while the final chapter by Browne and colleagues describes how digital media can synergistically affect family interactions among all members (e.g., parents, siblings, etc.). Each chapter in this section shares current understandings, needs for future research, and practical strategies for families. Together, these chapters provide a multifaceted view of the extant research on parenting in the digital age and highlight key considerations for contemporary families.
Online Hate Speech Among Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Recommendations
Authors: Wachs Sebastian , Mazzone Angela , Schultze-Krumbholz Anja , Wright Michelle F. , Döring Nicola , Espelage Dorothy L. , Gámez-Guadix Manuel , Hong Jun Sung
Published: December 2024

Online hate speech (OHS) poses a significant threat to young people’s online experiences due to its potential to cause adverse outcomes regarding their mental health and well-being. This brief report provides an overview of recent research investigating OHS, including its prevalence, definitional issues, theoretical frameworks, and correlates and outcomes of OHS involvement. While several definitions of OHS exist, initial attempts to elaborate an evidence-based definition have been made in recent years. However, the distinct aspects of OHS included in existing definitions may be challenging to assess. Regarding OHS assessment, an additional limitation lies in adopting single-item measures, which entails reliability and validity issues. Moreover, previous findings are mainly cross-sectional, limiting our understanding of OHS’s predictors and outcomes. Despite these limitations, the extant literature builds on solid theoretical frameworks while investigating several protective and risk factors, including moral disengagement, self-efficacy, and parental mediation. Nevertheless, much remains to be done in terms of defining OHS based on bottom-up approaches and in terms of translating knowledge into evidence-based prevention. Moving beyond current approaches, future programs are encouraged to prevent OHS through counterspeech while adopting a multicomponent approach. The chapter outlines suggestions for future research directions and recommendations for practitioners working with adolescents.
The Importance of Digital Media Literacy
Authors: Turner Kristen Hawley , Eisenstock Bobbie , Hicks Troy , Jolls Tessa , O’Byrne W. Ian , Paciga Kathleen A. , Price-Dennis Detra , Hagerman Michelle Schira
Published: December 2024

In a world where technology constantly reshapes ways of learning, playing, working, interacting, and engaging in civic life, digital media literacy is critical. With increased device use, children and teens must develop skills that will help them to be healthy and productive. A limited body of research suggests that increased digital media literacy may mitigate some of the harmful effects of technology on youth. Increased attention to the need for digital media literacy has not fully reached school curricula or state policies. This chapter makes recommendations for research and policy priorities that will support digital media literacy learning across the lifespan.
Violent Video Games and Aggression
Authors: Bushman Brad J. , Gabbiadini Alessandro , Greitemeyer Tobias , Krahé Barbara
Published: December 2024

Although video games can teach various skills, violent video games also teach players how to behave more aggressively. Hundreds of studies using different methodologies have shown that violent video games can increase aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior and can decrease empathy and prosociality. Longitudinal studies have found that habitually playing violent video games contributes to the development of aggressive behavior from childhood to young adulthood. Several established psychological theories can explain violent video game effects. Through observational learning, violent video games lead to positive evaluations of aggression and the formation of aggressive scripts. Habitually playing violent video games also leads to emotional desensitization and lower empathy with victims of real-world violence. The General Aggression Model proposes that playing violent games may lead to the learning, rehearsal, and reinforcement of aggression-related patterns of thinking that contribute to the development of aggression as a stable personality trait. Insights are offered for future research on topics such as virtual and augmented reality technologies, individual differences, and contextual factors that may moderate violent video game effects. Promising interventions for reducing violent video game effects are discussed. Suggestions to pediatricians and parents are offered.
Online Gambling in Youth
Authors: Potenza Marc N. , Mestre-Bach Gemma , Demetrovics Zsolt , Derevensky Jeffrey , Fernandez-Aranda Fernando , Gainsbury Sally M. , Jiménez-Murcia Susana , Kraus Shane W.
Published: December 2024

This chapter summarizes the current literature on gambling and gambling disorders among youth. The emergence of online gambling, together with the legalization, social acceptance, and appearance of new forms of gambling or gambling-related factors, such as internet gambling, daily fantasy sports, and sports betting or loot boxes, may raise particular concerns for vulnerable populations. Adolescents are at a developmental stage characterized by increased autonomy, identity formation, social exploration, and brain development and often have high levels of sensation-seeking and impulsivity. As such, addictive or problematic engagement in gambling may have significant impacts on developmental trajectories in youth. This manuscript summarizes current knowledge, includes considerations for future research to help address current limitations in knowledge, and provides recommendations focused on the prevention of youth gambling behaviors and gambling problems in the current and evolving digital environment.
Growing Up with Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Child Development
Authors: Xu Ying , Prado Yenda , Severson Rachel L. , Lovato Silvia , Cassell Justine
Published: December 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have become increasingly integrated into children’s daily lives, influencing learning, social interactions, and creative activities. This chapter provides an overview of key research fields examining children’s learning from, interactions with, and understanding of AI. Current research indicates that AI has the potential to enhance children’s development across multiple domains; however, ethical considerations need to be prioritized. When children engage in learning activities with AI, they may encounter inappropriate, inaccurate, or biased content. Additionally, children’s social interactions with AI may affect their approach to interpersonal interactions. Finally, children’s developing understanding of the world may make them particularly susceptible to attributing human-like properties to AI, undermining their expectations of these technologies. This chapter highlights the importance of future studies focusing on a child-centered design approach, promoting AI literacy, and addressing ethical concerns to fully harness AI’s potential in child development. Recommendations for parents, technology developers, and policymakers are also provided.
Immersive Horizons: Navigating the Impacts of Virtual Reality on Children and Families
Authors: Kaufman Jordy , Zosh Jennifer M. , Bailey Jakki O. , Keane Therese , Araiza-Alba Paola , Cowie Dorothy , Kim Eunjoo , Mushtaq Faisal , Tychsen Lawrence , Smith Tim J.
Published: December 2024

Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging, immersive, multisensory technology with the potential to become a widely used tool for children of all ages. Although the majority of official guidelines typically recommend its use for individuals over 10–13 years old, younger children have started to adopt this technology. Given its highly experiential nature and the limited research available, further investigation is needed to assess both the positive and negative impacts of VR on children of all ages. In this chapter, we examine existing knowledge on its use across various settings and discuss its promising aspects (e.g., expanding educational opportunities, pain relief in clinical environments) as well as potential concerns (e.g., ethical issues related to data collection and the possibility of exploitation). As VR is still a nascent technology, we can draw insights from current research and the effects of screen media on children. The power of VR could significantly influence children’s daily lives and families, but it is essential to understand how this novel technology may affect child development differently from adults, considering various ages and developmental stages.
Introduction to the Section on Screens and Physical Health
Authors: Hale Lauren
Published: December 2024

Much of the scientific literature on the effects of digital screen media use on child well-being focuses on the wide-ranging psychological, cognitive, and social effects. More recently, there has been growing evidence of the role of digital screen media use in physical health. This section on physical health includes five chapters exploring distinct dimensions of physical health, including physical activity, nutrition, food marketing, marketing of other health risk behaviors, sleep health, physical injuries, and ocular health. Each chapter describes the current state of the evidence, gaps and limitations in the literature, and directions for future research about the pervasive role of screens in the lives of children and the implications (potentially both positive and negative) for physical health. A consistent limitation across all the chapters includes challenges with measurement and assessing causality. Finally, each chapter concludes with recommendations aimed at mitigating the effects of digital screen media use on the range of physical health outcomes addressed.
Orbital dynamics of the solar basin
Authors: Giovanetti Cara , Lasenby Robert , Van Tilburg Ken
Published: December 2024

Abstract

We study the dynamics of the solar basin — the accumulated population of weakly-interacting particles on bound orbits in the Solar System. We focus on particles starting off on Sun-crossing orbits, corresponding to initial conditions of production inside the Sun, and investigate their evolution over the age of the Solar System. A combination of analytic methods, secular perturbation theory, and direct numerical integration of orbits sheds light on the long- and short-term evolution of a population of test particles orbiting the Sun and perturbed by the planets. Our main results are that the effective lifetime of a solar basin at Earth’s location is τeff = 1.20 ± 0.09 Gyr, and that there is annual (semi-annual) modulation of the basin density with known phase and amplitude at the fractional level of 6.5% (2.2%). These results have important implications for direct detection searches of solar basin particles, and the strong temporal modulation signature yields a robust discovery channel. Our simulations can also be interpreted in the context of gravitational capture of dark matter in the Solar System, with consequences for any dark-matter phenomenon that may occur below the local escape velocity.
Words Avoiding Tangrams
Authors: Dȩbski Michał , Grytczuk Jarosław , Pawlik Bartłomiej , Przybyło Jakub , Śleszyńska-Nowak Małgorzata
Published: December 2024

A tangram is a word in which every letter occurs an even number of times. Such word can be cut into parts that can be arranged into two identical words. The minimum number of cuts needed is called the cut number of a tangram. For example, the word "Equation missing" is a tangram with cut number one, while the word "Equation missing" is a tangram with cut number two. Clearly, tangrams with cut number one coincide with the well-known family of words, known as squares, having the form UU for some nonempty word U. A word Wavoids a word T if it is not possible to write $$W=ATB$$

W
=
A
T
B

, for any words A and B (possibly empty). The famous 1906 theorem of Thue asserts that there exist arbitrarily long words avoiding squares over an alphabet with just three letters. Given a fixed number $$k\geqslant 1$$

k
⩾
1

, how many letters are needed to avoid tangrams with the cut number at most k? Let t(k) denote the minimum size of an alphabet needed for that purpose. By Thue’s result we have $$t(1)=3$$

t
(
1
)
=
3

, which easily implies $$t(2)=3$$

t
(
2
)
=
3

. Curiously, these are currently the only known exact values of this function. In our main result we prove that $$t(k)=\Theta (\log _2k)$$

t

(
k
)

=
Θ

(

log
2

k
)

. The proof uses entropy compression argument and Zimin words. Using a different method we prove that $$t(k)\leqslant k+1$$

t
(
k
)
⩽
k
+
1

for all $$k\geqslant 4$$

k
⩾
4

, which gives more exact estimates for small values of k. The proof makes use of Dejean words and a curious property of Gauss words, which is perhaps of independent interest.
CYP3A4 drug metabolism considerations in pediatric pharmacotherapy
Authors: Vander Schaaf Marin , Luth Kyrle , Townsend Danyelle M. , Chessman Katherine H. , Mills Catherine M. , Garner Sandra S. , Peterson Yuri K.
Published: December 2024

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a crucial enzyme involved in the Phase I metabolism of numerous medications used in clinical practice. Its potential significance in pediatric pharmacotherapy is underscored by the unique metabolic profile of children, which differs markedly from adults, especially in neonates, infants, and young children due to developmental changes in enzyme activity. This review explores the critical role of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of drugs used in the pediatric population, with a particular focus on combination drug therapies. Given the high potential for drug-drug interactions in combination therapies, understanding the modulation of CYP3A4 activity is essential for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing adverse effects. This paper further examines the structural similarities between these medications and bergamottin, a known CYP3A4 inhibitor found in citric fruits such as grapefruit. Variability in CYP3A4 activity, influenced by genetic polymorphisms, developmental stage, and external factors, necessitates careful consideration in the prescribing and management of drugs in children. This review corroborates the need for personalized medicine approaches and enhanced pharmacovigilance to ensure the safe and effective use of CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the pediatric population.

Graphical Abstract
Digital Public Health in Deutschland: Status quo, Herausforderungen und Zukunftsperspektiven
Authors: Maaß Laura , Dockweiler Christoph , Hocke-Bolte Zora , Hoffmann Stephanie , Fischer Florian , Forberger Sarah , Gebert Janika , Holl Felix , Hrynyschyn Robert , Kernebeck Sven , Pischke Claudia , Posselt Jacqueline , Spallek Jacob
Published: December 2024

Dieses Positionspapier des Fachbereichs Digital Public Health der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Public Health e. V. definiert Digital Public Health (DiPH) und beschreibt deren Ziele sowie Potenziale. Ferner geht es auf die derzeitige Situation und Herausforderungen sowie Handlungsbedarfe in Deutschland ein. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf der Darstellung der flächendeckenden Förderung der (digitalen) Gesundheitskompetenz, der Anwendung von DiPH in der Prävention, Gesundheitsförderung und Versorgung, dem Einsatz innovativer, präventiver Strategien zur Vorbeugung nichtübertragbarer Krankheiten und der Lehre von DiPH innerhalb von Public-Health-Studiengängen. Zudem werden notwendige Maßnahmen und Forderungen zur Stärkung von DiPH in Deutschland resümiert.
Current account determinants in a globalized world
Authors: Camarero Mariam , Carrion-i-Silvestre Josep Lluís , Tamarit Cecilio
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates the determinants of external imbalances for a group of 26 developed and emerging countries over the period 1972–2021. In addition to traditional factors, the model incorporates the impact of external imbalances in third countries. The empirical evidence highlights the importance of accounting for parameter instabilities in modeling external imbalances, with countries exhibiting heterogeneous behavior in terms of the estimated break dates. The results underscore the critical role of external drivers, such as oil shocks, and the growing influence of third-country imbalances in an increasingly globalized world. Additionally, demographic trends emerge as a significant long-run internal driver. Finally, the paper calculates regime-specific short-run multipliers.
Developing an instrument to measure the quality of social work cancer counseling regarding return to work — psychometric properties of the German Quality of Cancer Counseling Questionnaire-Return to Work (QCCQ-W)
Authors: Breidenbach Clara , Schneider Sabine , Rösler Marie , Ernstmann Nicole , Heidkamp Paula , Heier Lina , Hiltrop Kati , Schellack Sophie , Soff Johannes , Weiss Johanna , Kowalski Christoph
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Counseling by social workers can be of great relevance supporting cancer survivors with their psychosocial challenges such as returning to work. However, an instrument for assessing the quality between social worker and client in the cancer counseling setting regarding return to work is not yet available. This study was carried out to develop and validate an instrument for this purpose.

Methods

A questionnaire was developed in collaboration with cancer counseling experts. Data collection took place in 19 outpatient cancer counseling centers in Germany. Cancer survivors seeking advice regarding their occupational situation were asked to complete the questionnaire 3 months after starting counseling. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 229) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 216) in two distinct samples, as well as validity and reliability tests, were performed.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-component solution. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this solution, with a satisfactory model fit (CFI = 0.995, RMSEA = 0.049, SRMSR = 0.036). The components identified included six items with three items each and were termed “1. relationship building” and “2. competent support.” The components had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α between 0.84 and 0.92) and test–retest reliability (1. r(30) = 0.49, p = 0.005, 2. r(30) = 0.89, p < 0.001). Significant correlations with other constructs measuring satisfaction with counseling and its usefulness indicated moderate to good construct validity (r between 0.36 and 0.77, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The questionnaire developed shows satisfactory psychometric properties. It is an evaluation tool specific for cancer counseling regarding return to, since it will initially be used to evaluate an intensified program for supporting cancer survivors returning to work after treatment. It may also be tested as an instrument for quality assurance and management in general cancer counseling in the future.
The underestimation of speed perception while walking in virtual reality with bodyweight unloading
Authors: Gustafson Hannah E. , Layne Charles S.
Published: December 2024

As space agencies prepare for long-duration missions, such as establishing a permanent moon base, maintaining astronauts’ physical and mental health becomes crucial. Exercise is known to counteract the adverse effects of space travel, and virtual reality (VR) has the potential to enhance the psychological well-being of crew members. This study aimed to investigate the impact of bodyweight unloading on speed perception during treadmill walking in a VR environment. Eighteen participants walked on an AlterG treadmill while wearing a VR headset that displayed a moving virtual outdoor environment. The treadmill simulated different bodyweight conditions (100%, 60%, and 20%) to represent Earth’s gravity, intermediate, and lunar gravity, respectively. A staircase method was used to determine participants’ estimated threshold speed for perceiving visual speed equivalence. The results revealed that in all conditions, participants consistently underestimated their walking speed compared to the visual scene speed. No significant differences were found in estimated threshold speeds between the unloading conditions. Individual responses varied, possibly due to biomechanical differences and personal preferences. Participants reported no motion sickness symptoms, likely attributed to the short duration of speed mismatches and the use of high-resolution and high-refresh-rate VR equipment. This study provides insights into the combination of VR and treadmill walking, suggesting the importance of individual customization to enhance user experience and prevent motion sickness.
Reconquer and divide: comparative standard-setting strategies among producer organizations
Authors: Billows Sebastian , Carter Elizabeth , Déplaude Marc-Olivier , Mazenc Loïc , Nguyen Geneviève , Purseigle François , Royer Annie , Loconto Allison
Published: December 2024

Food standards, which are used to signal adherence to sustainability goals or a specific origin, have deep political implications. Standards crafted by retailers, processors, or third-party actors such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often disempower farmers. Moreover, due to the liberalization and globalization of many food value chains, producer organizations (POs) lost some of their legal privileges and market protections. This paper analyzes how POs in the Global North sought to regain their control over food markets by establishing their own standards. These strategies and their consequences are considered across three dimensions: the internal life of the PO, the relevant market institutions, and the relationship between the PO and the state. Our case studies (N = 5) performed in France and in Québec, a French-speaking province of Canada, span across a variety of food sectors. Drawing on qualitative material, we designed our explanatory framework through an abductive, iterative method. Although standards crafted by POs have, in some cases, reshaped market institutions to their advantage and have repositioned them in the governance of food markets, they come at a cost. They may create tensions within POs and clash with the agrarian values of solidarity, democracy, and autonomy. Overall, this article challenges the assumption that food standards are mainly governed by private actors and sheds light on the new alliances and new identities of POs.
Formation of disordered regions is caused by drying in cellulose microfibrils of Egeria densa
Authors: Kiyoto Shingo , Horikawa Yoshiki , Sugiyama Junji
Published: December 2024

Periodically disordered regions can be induced by drying in cellulose microfibrils of several plant species. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals were prepared from never-dried and oven-dried cellulose samples from Egeria densa by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and observed with transmission electron microscopy. Cellulose nanocrystals from never-dried samples were long (> 1 μm in length), curved smoothly, and had very few kinks. In contrast, cellulose nanocrystals from oven-dried samples were shorter (50–600 nm in length) and were almost entirely straight. These results indicated that never-dried cellulose microfibrils lacked the disordered regions along the microfibril and exhibited a continuous, low bending rigidity. Never-dried and oven-dried cellulose samples from E. densa were subjected to acid hydrolysis, dissolution in 1% LiCl/dimethylacetamide, and size-exclusion chromatography–multi-angle laser-light scattering analysis. After acid hydrolysis, oven-dried samples showed a significantly lower degree of polymerization than never-dried samples. In addition, oven-dried samples showed a unimodal and narrow molar mass distribution, whereas never-dried samples showed a bimodal distribution after acid hydrolysis. These results indicated that oven-drying induces the disordered regions along the cellulose microfibril and that the disordered regions are cleaved by acid hydrolysis.
Mechanochemistry of degree two
Authors: Quapp Wolfgang , Bofill Josep Maria
Published: December 2024

We simplify some proposed formulas for hydrostatic pressure on a molecule by G. Subramanian, N. Mathew and J. Leiding, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 134109 (2015). We apply the formulas to an artificial triatom ABC whose potential energy surface is formed by a combination of Morse curves.
Health-related quality of life among extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients and inequalities by disease manifestations: a longitudinal study analysing the impact of TB treatment
Authors: Hassan Shoaib , Purohit Manju Raj , Kanthali Mala , Yaesoubi Reza , Jain Swapnil , Mustafa Tehmina
Published: December 2024

Background

To understand the impact of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and its treatment on quality of life, we analysed patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) among presumptive ETPB patients.

Methods

EuroQol’s five-dimensional three-level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) were used to measure PROMs by 274 presumptive EPTB patients at pre- and post-treatment stages. The patients were categorised as TB and non-TB by using a composite reference standard. Following the EuroQol suggested analysis methods, we calculated the health utility summary measure at the pre- and post-treatment stages. The health state density curve and index were used to analyse inequality in reported health profiles. We investigated factors associated with EPTB patients’ health utility through multivariable regression at the pre-treatment stage.

Results

The analysis of PROMs showed both physical (mobility, self-care, usual activities) and psychological (pain, discomfort, anxiety & depression) health affected by all EPTB manifestations (lymphadenitis, pleuritis, meningitis and others). Moreover, we found inequality in reported health profiles across disease manifestations at pre- and post-treatment stages. Post-treatment, we found improvement in PROMs and no reports of extreme-level health problems. However, some problems persisted across all dimensions of EPTB manifestations. We found 100% improvement in pleuritis and meningitis manifestations. Socioeconomic status, type of health facility attended, and patients’ working capacity were associated with health utility.

Conclusion

Despite post-treatment improvement in health, inequality of reported health states by EPTB manifestations persisted, though decreased. This highlights that holistic patient- and health system-level interventions addressing the impact of illness should consider EPTB by its manifestations, not as a single disease entity.
Performance of government venture capital (GVC): an Asian perspective
Authors: Muhammad Iqbal , Serve Stéphanie
Published: December 2024

This article compares the exit performance of companies backed by government venture capital (GVC) with that of firms backed by independent venture capital (IVC). Using a sample of 3,817 firms from 9 Asian developing countries during a 26-year period (1991–2017), we run multinomial logistic regressions and initially show that GVC-backed firms are more likely to be financed in the early stage than IVC-backed firms are. In doing so, GVC absorbs the higher probability of an unsuccessful exit associated with firms financed in the early stage. In contrast, we find that in the expansion and later stages, GVC-backed firms perform better than IVC-backed firms. Overall, we show that GVC-backed firms outperform IVC-backed firms. These empirical findings are reinforced by several robustness checks. Thus, we challenge the hypothesis on GVC underperformance tested in the literature on other geographical areas. Finally, we provide evidence that mixed syndication (a combination of GVC and IVC) improves the exit performance of ventures.
In-situ characterization and modeling of machining-induced residual stresses in peripheral milling of Ti–6Al–4V with rounded cutting edges
Authors: Wimmer Matthias , Schoop Julius , Zaeh Michael F.
Published: December 2024

The residual stress state in the sub-surface of machined components can significantly impact the properties and performance of parts, such as tribological properties, fatigue life, and dimensional distortion. The evolution of residual stresses depends on the selected process parameters and tool geometry, which affect the thermo-mechanical load imposed on the workpiece. The cutting-edge radius is among the most important factors influencing the resulting residual stresses. In this paper, a semi-analytical model for the determination of residual stresses after peripheral milling of Ti–6Al–4V is presented. It considers the physical principles of orthogonal machining, including the complex geometric and kinematic relationships during milling, to enable the determination of the residual stress variation after three-dimensional milling. Model input parameters, such as the equivalent Hertzian width of contact, the contact pressure, and the friction coefficients, were determined using a dedicated in-situ experimental setup. In addition, digital image correlation (DIC) was used to characterize the displacement fields in the sub-surface during machining. After the peripheral milling of Ti–6Al–4V, the calculated residual stresses were compared with experimentally measured values for various process parameters and cutting-edge radii. The residual stress model reproduced the 3D residual stress depth profiles with acceptable accuracy. The maximum Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was 29.87 MPa.
Newer Autoantibodies and Laboratory Assessments in Myositis
Authors: Harvey Georgina R , MacFadyen Christine , Tansley Sarah L
Published: December 2024

Purpose of Review

We aim to describe the immunoassays that have been used for myositis autoantibody discovery with a focus on newer methods. We describe recently identified myositis autoantibodies that do not yet form part of routine clinical testing, highlighting what is known about their associated clinical phenotype and potential clues as to their presence.

Recent Findings

Novel approaches to autoantibody detection have been employed in recent years including chemiluminescent immunoassay, phage immunoprecipitation-sequencing and modifications to the more traditional immunoprecipitation technique. This has led to the discovery of novel autoantibodies, including novel anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase autoantibodies and autoantibodies which modify cancer risk for patients with anti-TIF1ɣ associated dermatomyositis.

New approaches to novel autoantibody detection have facilitated autoantibody discovery and will enable the identification of autoantibodies to a broader range of autoantigens. Challenges remain in translating this knowledge into accessible testing particularly given the rarity of most recently discovered autoantibodies.
Mission performance of different landing gear types in medium-sized twin engine helicopters
Authors: Zappek Victor , Yavrucuk Ilkay
Published: December 2024

Retractable wheeled landing gears (RWLG) are standard equipment on most large helicopters above 6 tons. They offer better aerodynamics in cruise, improved passenger comfort during landing and enable taxiing compared to skids. However, they are significantly more complex, heavier and more expensive which is why skids are the norm on small to medium helicopters. This paper explores the influence of weight and aerodynamics on a medium-sized helicopter using three example missions in the preliminary design software NDARC. The paper shows the steps to model the helicopter and missions in NDARC and shows the results for a reference skid gear and a reference retractable wheeled landing gear configuration. Additionally, parameter sweeps of weight and drag area of the landing gear are presented as carpet plots to show the effect of other configurations. The achievable mission range is highly dependent on landing gear weight in cases where fuel weight is limited by the MTOW. For a fixed mission range, the fuel savings due to decreased aerodynamic drag of the RWLG approximately offset the higher power demand in hover and slow flight caused by the increased weight. Depending on the share of fast cruise in a mission, the difference in fuel burn can range from −2% to +2%.
Fatigue strength of additively manufactured hot-dip galvanized steel coated with a Zn–5Al alloy
Authors: Kühne Ronny , Voelkel Justus , Bartsch Helen , Feldmann Markus , Pinger Thomas , Sharma Rahul , Reisgen Uwe
Published: December 2024

This study aims to investigate the fatigue resistance of additively manufactured steel plates with galvanized surfaces using a Zn–5Al alloy. In addition to fatigue tests, this study examined the effect of hot-dip galvanization (HDG) on fatigue resistance by investigating the surface roughness, zinc layer condition, and quasi-static tension on both galvanized and ungalvanized specimens. The filling effect of the zinc coating using a Zn–5Al alloy on the surface was also examined, as it influences the surface shape and smooths local areas, leading to an improvement in fatigue resistance compared with conventional galvanized surfaces. Overall, this study provides insight into the effects of HDG on the fatigue resistance of additively manufactured steel plates with galvanized surfaces.
Dilemma analysis and countermeasure research on Arctic marine spatial planning -- Based on the synergy theory perspective
Authors: Yang Zhenjiao , Zhao Xiaoyang , Zhang Han , Chen Boyang
Published: December 2024

The escalating conflict between human activities and ecological preservation has necessitated developing enhanced standards for the sustainable development of the Arctic maritime region, highlighting the critical need for marine spatial planning in this region. This study examines the challenges of Arctic marine spatial planning and its optimization strategies through the lens of synergy theory, focusing on three dimensions: a synergistic environment, synergistic subjects, and synergy content. The prevailing challenges of Arctic marine spatial planning include the current inadequacy of the synergistic environment, the prominence of contradictions among synergistic subjects, and the necessity for the enhancement of the synergistic content. In Arctic marine spatial planning, it is essential to enhance the support for synergistic environments, establish a network of synergistic entities, and raise the quality of synergistic material. It is proposed that China, as a significant Arctic stakeholder, should cultivate a novel cooperative relationship with both regional and non-regional countries to address the trust deficit; advance polar marine science and technology innovation to facilitate Arctic development; enhance its marine spatial planning to offer insights for the Arctic; and intensify its Arctic involvement through the Silk Road on Ice initiative.
Definitions and Mathematical Knowledge
Authors: Sereni Andrea
Published: December 2024

This Element discusses the philosophical roles of definitions in the attainment of mathematical knowledge. It first focuses on the role of definitions in foundational programs, and then examines their major varieties, both as regards their origins, their potential epistemic roles, and their formal constraints. It examines explicit definitions, implicit definitions, and implicit definitions of primitive terms, these latter being further divided into axiomatic and abstractive. After discussing elucidations and explications, various ways in which definitions can yield mathematical knowledge are surveyed.
Supply Chain Management
Authors: Williams Sharon J.
Published: December 2024

Creating a well-integrated, resilient, and highly transparent supply chain is central to effective and safe patient care. But managing healthcare supply chains is complex; common challenges include the underuse, overuse, and misuse of health resources. This Element introduces the key principles and definitions of healthcare supply chains. Practical insights into the design and operation of healthcare supply chains are provided. Core characteristics of effective supply chain management such as performance management, systems thinking, and supply chain integration are examined along with the application of specific supply chain design and improvement approaches. Finally, the Element proposes areas that require further development both in research and practice. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The Limits of Erudition
Authors: Twining Timothy
Published: December 2024

The history of early modern biblical scholarship has often been told as a teleological narrative in which a succession of radical thinkers dethroned the authority of the sacred word. This book tells a very different story. Drawing on a mass of archival sources, Timothy Twining reconstructs the religious, cultural, and institutional contexts in which the text of the Old Testament was considered and contested throughout post-Reformation Europe. In so doing, this book brings to light a vast array of figures from across the confessional spectrum who invested immense energy in studying the Bible. Their efforts, it shows, were not disinterested, but responded to pressing contemporary concerns. The Limits of Erudition employs a novel conceptual framework to resurrect a world where learning mattered to inquisitors and archbishops as much as to antiquaries, and in which the pursuit of erudition was too important to be left to scholars.
From Counting to Continuum
Authors: Scheinerman Edward
Published: December 2024

Understanding the natural numbers, which we use to count things, comes naturally. Meanwhile, the real numbers, which include a wide range of numbers from whole numbers to fractions to exotic ones like π, are, frankly, really difficult to describe rigorously. Instead of waiting to take a theorem-proof graduate course to appreciate the real numbers, readers new to university-level mathematics can explore the core ideas behind the construction of the real numbers in this friendly introduction. Beginning with the intuitive notion of counting, the book progresses step-by-step to the real numbers. Each sort of number is defined in terms of a simpler kind by developing an equivalence relation on a previous idea. We find the finite sets' equivalence classes are the natural numbers. Integers are equivalence classes of pairs of natural numbers. Modular numbers are equivalence classes of integers. And so forth. Exercises and their solutions are included.
Wittgenstein on Knowledge and Certainty
Authors: Moyal-Sharrock Danièle , Pritchard Duncan
Published: December 2024

An overview is offered of Wittgenstein's groundbreaking discussion of knowledge and certainty, especially in his final notebooks, published as On Certainty. The main interpretative readings of On Certainty are discussed, especially a non-propositional/non-epistemic interpretation and a variety of propositional and/or epistemic interpretations. Surveys are offered of the readings of On Certainty presented by such figures as Annalisa Coliva, John Greco, Danièle Moyal-Sharrock, Duncan Pritchard, Genia Schönbaumsfeld, P. F. Strawson, MichaelWilliams, and CrispinWright. This Element demonstrates how On Certainty has been especially groundbreaking for epistemology with regard to its treatment of the problem of radical scepticism.