bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fault‐tolerant sampled‐data mixed ℋ∞ and passivity control of stochastic systems and its application
Authors: Joby Maya , Sakthivel R. , Mathiyalagan K. , Anthoni S. Marshal
Published: June 2015

This article addresses the problem of fault‐tolerant sampled‐data mixed
and passivity control for a class of stochastic system with actuator failures, where the plant is modeled as a continuous‐time one and the control inputs are implemented as discrete‐time signals. Sufficient conditions for the reliable sampled‐data mixed
and passivity performance control law is established for the considered systems by constructing an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional together with the Newton–Leibniz formula and free‐weighting matrix technique. More precisely, linear matrix inequality based sampled‐data methodology is employed to design the mixed
and passivity formation controller to reject the impact of the formation changes being treated as disturbances. Simulation studies are performed based on the flight control model to verify the stability, performance, and effectiveness of the proposed design strategy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 420–429, 2016
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Zeolite Crystals Encapsulating Gold–Palladium Nanoparticles for the Selective Oxidation of Bioethanol
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Liang , Zhu Longfeng , Wu Qinming , Chen Chunyu , Wang Xiong , Ji Yanyan , Meng Xiangju , Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: June 2015

The conversion of bioethanol into valuable products is an important area in the conversion of biomass. We demonstrate the successful synthesis of bimetallic gold–palladium (Au–Pd) nanoparticles encapsulated within S‐1 zeolite crystals (AuPd@S‐1) by a solvent‐free strategy. This strategy allows highly efficient use of the noble metals, with more than 96 % of the gold and palladium being loaded into the final samples. Electron microscopy characterization and investigations with probe molecules confirm that the Au–Pd nanoparticles are encapsulated inside the S‐1 crystals. The AuPd@S‐1 catalyst is very active for the aerobic oxidation of bioethanol, giving 100 % conversion and 99 % selectivity to acetic acid. Even in the presence of 90 % water, the catalyst still gives a conversion higher than 80 % and a selectivity of 95 %. More importantly, the AuPd@S‐1 catalyst exhibits excellent stability in the oxidation of bioethanol. These features are important for future practical applications of the AuPd@S‐1 catalyst.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol over Ceria–Zirconia Catalysts
Authors: Schimming Sarah M. , LaMont Onaje D. , König Michael , Rogers Allyson K. , D'Amico Andrew D. , Yung Matthew M. , Sievers Carsten
Published: June 2015

The hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol is investigated over bulk ceria and ceria–zirconia catalysts with different elemental compositions. The reactions are performed in a flow reactor at 1 atm and 275–400 °C. The primary products are phenol and catechol, whereas cresol and benzene are formed as secondary products. No products with hydrogenated rings are formed. The highest conversion of guaiacol is achieved over a catalyst containing 60 mol % CeO2 and 40 mol % ZrO2. Pseudo‐first‐order activation energies of 97–114 kJ mol−1 are observed over the mixed metal oxide catalysts. None of the catalysts show significant deactivation during 72 h on stream. The important physicochemical properties of the catalysts are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), temperature‐programmed reduction, titration of oxygen vacancies, and temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia. On the basis of these experimental results, the reasons for the observed reactivity trends are identified.
CN and NH Bond Metathesis Reactions Mediated by Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wang Yehong , Zhang Jian , Liu Jing , Zhang Chaofeng , Zhang Zhixin , Xu Jie , Xu Shutao , Wang Fangjun , Wang Feng
Published: June 2015

Herein, we report CO2‐mediated metathesis reactions between amines and DMF to synthesize formamides. More than 20 amines, including primary, secondary, aromatic, and heterocyclic amines, diamines, and amino acids, are converted to the corresponding formamides with good‐to‐excellent conversions and selectivities under mild conditions. This strategy employs CO2 as a mediator to activate the amine under metal‐free conditions. The experimental data and in situ NMR and attenuated total reflectance IR spectroscopy measurements support the formation of the N‐carbamic acid as an intermediate through the weak acid–base interaction between CO2 and the amine. The metathesis reaction is driven by the formation of a stable carbamate, and a reaction mechanism is proposed.
Bone remodelling markers in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes mellitus: link between bone and glucose metabolism
Authors: Feldbrin Z. , Shargorodsky M.
Published: June 2015

Objective

Growing evidence suggests the presence of a complex interplay between hypertension as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and osteoporosis. The present study was designed to investigate a possible effect of type 2 DM on bone remodelling markers such as osteoprotegerin and N‐terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (P1NP) in hypertensive patients.

Design and Methods

The 100 study participants were divided into three groups according to the presence of DM and hypertension: group one included diabetic hypertensive subjects, group 2 included hypertensive subjects without diabetes and group 3 included subjects without hypertension and without DM (controls). Blood sampling for metabolic parameters, including osteoprotegerin, P1NP, adiponectin, fasting glucose, HbA1c, CRP, homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment‐beta function was performed.

Results

Circulating P1NP increased from group 1 to group 3 in a continuous fashion. P1NP was significantly lower in hypertensive subjects with DM (group 1), than in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.0001). P1NP, was marginally lower in diabetic hypertensive subjects as compared with nondiabetic subjects with hypertension (p = 0.079). Circulating osteoprotegerin did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.593).

Conclusions

In the present study, bone formation marker, P1NP, was significantly lower in diabetic hypertensive subjects as compared with nondiabetic subjects with and without hypertension. P1NP was inversely associated with parameters of glucose homeostasis such as fasting glucose, HbA1c and positively with homeostasis model assessment‐beta cell function. Type 2 DM was associated with an adverse effect on bone formation independently of age, sex and exposure to anti‐diabetic drugs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversed‐phase ion‐pair chromatography‐diode array detection of the bispyridinium compound MB327: plasma analysis of a potential novel antidote for the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning
Authors: John Harald , Mikler John , Worek Franz , Thiermann Horst
Published: June 2015

In the case of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents or pesticides, there is still a lack of pharmacological treatment of the cholinergic crisis selectively targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Recently, the compound MB327 was identified as a potential novel lead structure to close this gap, thus demanding a quantitative assay for initial pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. MB327 is a salt consisting of the dicationic bispyridinium compound (BPC) 1,1´‐(propane‐1,3‐diyl)bis(4‐tert‐butylpyridinium) and two iodide counter ions. Due to the permanent positive charge of the BPC, an isocratic reversed‐phase ion‐pair chromatographic separation (RPIPC) was developed using heptanesulfonic acid as ion‐pairing reagent and 45% v/v methanol as organic modifier (1 mL/min). Selective UV‐detection (230 nm) was done by a diode array detector (DAD) for reliable, rugged, precise (RSD < 7%) and accurate (96–104%) quantitative analysis of 50 μL swine plasma (linear range 1–1000 µg BPC/mL plasma, lower limit of quantification 2 µg/mL). During method validation, diverse parameters essential for the chromatographic process were investigated to generate van´t Hoff, van Deemter and width plots allowing calculation of thermodynamic data like the distribution constant K (5.7 ± 0.3), change in enthalpy, ΔH0: −23.66 kJ/mol, and entropy, ΔS0: −65 J/(mol*K). In addition, RPIPC‐DAD analysis enabled calculation of molar absorptivities of the BPC, ε230: 17 400 ± 1100 L/(mol*cm), and iodide, ε230: 9900 ± 400 L/(mol*cm), which determination was hampered by interference with each other in conventional cuvette UV‐spectrophotometric measurements. Finally, the RPIPC‐DAD procedure was applied to samples from an in vivo study of swine. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antineoplastic drugs determination by HPLC‐HRMSn to monitor occupational exposure
Authors: Dal Bello Federica , Santoro Valentina , Scarpino Valentina , Martano Chiara , Aigotti Riccardo , Chiappa Alberta , Davoli Enrico , Medana Claudio
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, direct, multiresidue highly specific procedure to evaluate the possible surface contamination of selected antineoplastic drugs in several hospital environment sites by using wipe test sampling. 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), carboplatin (C‐Pt), cyclophosphamide (CYC), cytarabine (CYT), doxorubicin (DOX), gemcitabine (GEM), ifosfamide (IFO), methotrexate (MET), and mitomycin C (MIT) belong to very different chemical classes but show good ionization properties under electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions (negative ion mode for 5‐FU and positive ion mode in all other cases). HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) coupled with HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometry) appears to be the best technique for direct analysis of these analytes, because neither derivatization nor complex extraction procedure for polar compounds in samples is requested prior the analysis. Sample preparation was limited to washing wipes with appropriate solvents. Chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 reversed phase columns. The HPLC‐HRMS/MS method was validated in order to obtain robustness, sensitivity and selectivity. LLOQ (lower limit of quantitation) values provided a sensitivity good enough to evidence the presence of the drugs in a very low concentration range (<1 pg/cm2). The method was applied for a study of real wipe tests coming from many areas from a hospital showing some positive samples. The low quantitation limits and the high specificity due to the high resolution approach of the developed method allowed an accurate description of the working environment that can be used to define procedural rules to limit working place contamination to a minimum. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BEMOVI, software for extracting behavior and morphology from videos, illustrated with analyses of microbes
Authors: Pennekamp Frank , Schtickzelle Nicolas , Petchey Owen L.
Published: June 2015

Microbes are critical components of ecosystems and provide vital services (e.g., photosynthesis, decomposition, nutrient recycling). From the diverse roles microbes play in natural ecosystems, high levels of functional diversity result. Quantifying this diversity is challenging, because it is weakly associated with morphological differentiation. In addition, the small size of microbes hinders morphological and behavioral measurements at the individual level, as well as interactions between individuals. Advances in microbial community genetics and genomics, flow cytometry and digital analysis of still images are promising approaches. They miss out, however, on a very important aspect of populations and communities: the behavior of individuals. Video analysis complements these methods by providing in addition to abundance and trait measurements, detailed behavioral information, capturing dynamic processes such as movement, and hence has the potential to describe the interactions between individuals. We introduce BEMOVI, a package using the R and ImageJ software, to extract abundance, morphology, and movement data for tens to thousands of individuals in a video. Through a set of functions BEMOVI identifies individuals present in a video, reconstructs their movement trajectories through space and time, and merges this information into a single database. BEMOVI is a modular set of functions, which can be customized to allow for peculiarities of the videos to be analyzed, in terms of organisms features (e.g., morphology or movement) and how they can be distinguished from the background. We illustrate the validity and accuracy of the method with an example on experimental multispecies communities of aquatic protists. We show high correspondence between manual and automatic counts and illustrate how simultaneous time series of abundance, morphology, and behavior are obtained from BEMOVI. We further demonstrate how the trait data can be used with machine learning to automatically classify individuals into species and that information on movement behavior improves the predictive ability.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the First Selenonyl Bis(carboxylate) SeO2(O2CCH3)2
Authors: Richtera Lukas , Jancik Vojtech , Barroso‐Flores Joaquín , Nykel Petr , Touzin Jiri , Taraba Jan
Published: June 2015

Analytically pure selenonyl bis(acetate) SeO2(O2CCH3)2 was prepared by the reaction of SeO3 with a stoichiometric amount of acetic anhydride in nitromethane; it crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group with one molecule in the asymmetric unit and a = 5.2044(1) Å, b = 21.6580(5) Å, c = 6.7074(2) Å, and β = 93.628(2)°. The selenium atom binds to two oxo groups and two acetate anions in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Analysis of the Hirschfeld surface indicated the presence of numerous C–H···O interactions.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Dinuclear Copper Complex Bearing a Hydrophobic Cavity as a Model for Copper‐Containing Monooxygenases
Authors: Schicke Olivier , Faure Bruno , Carissan Yannick , Giorgi Michel , Jalila Simaan Ariane , Réglier Marius
Published: June 2015

The synthesis and characterization of a dinuclear copper complex as a model of mononuclear copper‐containing monooxygenases [dopamine β‐monooxygenase (DβM), tyramine β‐monooxygenase (TβM), and peptidylglycine α‐hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM)] are described. This model is based on a cyclophane moiety bearing two bis(picolylamine) ligands for the complexation of two copper atoms and exhibits macroscopic features equivalent to those of the enzymes: (1) the two copper centers are 11.5 Å apart (11 Å for the enzymes) and (2) there is a hydrophobic pocket consisting of a cyclophane moiety in which substrates can bind near the two copper centers.
Practical Synthesis of Polysubstituted Haloimidazoles from 1,1‐Dibromoalkenes and Amidines
Authors: Li Yibiao , Cheng Liang , Shao Yan , Jiang Shaohua , Cai Jialing , Qing Ning
Published: June 2015

The copper‐catalyzed cycloamination reaction of 1,1‐dibromoalkenes with amidines affords a diverse set of polysubstituted haloimidazole derivatives. By using this strategy, high regio‐ and chemoselectivity has been achieved, using 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline as ligand without the addition of expensive catalysts to provide moderate to good yields.
Shake table tests of stiff, unattached, asymmetric structures
Authors: Wittich Christine E. , Hutchinson Tara C.
Published: June 2015

Stiff, unattached structures are highly vulnerable to damage and failure during an earthquake, as evidenced following numerous past events. This class of structures encompasses a wide range of objects and systems such as electrical transformers, radiation shields, office furniture, and marble statues. The vulnerability of these objects is exacerbated when it is highly asymmetric and unattached. Although a number of studies have focused on rigid blocks, few have concentrated on blocks with asymmetric geometries. In an effort to better understand the implications of asymmetries, an extensive shake table testing campaign including more than 150 tests was conducted. These tests incorporate a systematic variation of the mass eccentricities of stiff, unattached structures. The primary modes of rocking, sliding, and twisting as well as interactive modes were recorded for the duration of numerous earthquake motions. The magnitude and direction of response are experimentally correlated with the geometric variations in the various models. These tests indicate that even for symmetric structures with uniaxial shaking, multiple modes and three‐dimensional responses are probable. Furthermore, certain asymmetric geometries exhibited both increased rocking (and overturning) as well as increased sliding when compared with their symmetric counterparts. A final aspect of this study compared the free rocking response of symmetric and asymmetric structures to classical, two‐dimensional rocking analysis. While the theoretical values for the coefficient of restitution yielded a significant overestimation in the simulation (up to ≈90%), reduced coefficients greatly improved the performance of the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment yield of the lower Tana River, Kenya, is insensitive to dam construction: sediment mobilization processes in a semi‐arid tropical river system
Authors: Geeraert Naomi , Omengo Fred Ochieng , Tamooh Fredrick , Paron Paolo , Bouillon Steven , Govers Gerard
Published: June 2015

Dam construction in the 1960s to 1980s significantly modified sediment supply from the Kenyan uplands to the lower Tana River. To assess the effect on suspended sediment fluxes of the Tana River, we monitored the sediment load at high temporal resolution for 1 year and complemented our data with historical information. The relationship between sediment concentration and water discharge was complex: at the onset of the wet season, discharge peaks resulted in high sediment concentrations and counterclockwise hysteresis, while towards the end of the wet season, a sediment exhaustion effect led to low concentrations despite the high discharge. The total sediment flux at Garissa (c. 250 km downstream of the lowermost dam) between June 2012 and June 2013 was 8.8 Mt yr‐1. Comparison of current with historical fluxes indicated that dam construction had not greatly affected the annual sediment flux. We suggest that autogenic processes, namely river bed dynamics and bank erosion, mobilized large quantities of sediments stored in the alluvial plain downstream of the dams. Observations supporting the importance of autogenic processes included the absence of measurable activities of the fall‐out radionuclides 7Be and 137Cs in the suspended sediment, the rapid lateral migration of the river course, and the seasonal changes in river cross‐section. Given the large stock of sediment in the alluvial valley of the Tana River, it may take centuries before the effect of damming shows up as a quantitative reduction in the sediment flux at Garissa. Many models relate the sediment load of rivers to catchment characteristics, thereby implicitly assuming that alterations in the catchment induce changes in the sediment load. Our research confirms that the response of an alluvial river to external disturbances such as land use or climate change is often indirect or non‐existent as autogenic processes overwhelm the changes in the input signal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal reproducibility of automatically segmented hippocampal subfields: A multisite European 3T study on healthy elderly
Authors: Marizzoni Moira , Antelmi Luigi , Bosch Beatriz , Bartrés‐Faz David , Müller Bernhard W. , Wiltfang Jens , Fiedler Ute , Roccatagliata Luca , Picco Agnese , Nobili Flavio , Blin Olivier , Bombois Stephanie , Lopes Renaud , Sein Julien , Ranjeva Jean‐Philippe , Didic Mira , Gros‐Dagnac Hélène , Payoux Pierre , Zoccatelli Giada , Alessandrini Franco , Beltramello Alberto , Bargalló Núria , Ferretti Antonio , Caulo Massimo , Aiello Marco , Cavaliere Carlo , Soricelli Andrea , Salvadori Nicola , Parnetti Lucilla , Tarducci Roberto , Floridi Piero , Tsolaki Magda , Constantinidis Manos , Drevelegas Antonios , Rossini Paolo Maria , Marra Camillo , Hoffmann Karl‐Titus , Hensch Tilman , Schönknecht Peter , Kuijer Joost P. , Visser Pieter Jelle , Barkhof Frederik , Bordet Régis , Frisoni Giovanni B. , Jovicich Jorge ,   the PharmaCog Consortium
Published: June 2015

Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of automatically segmented subfields of the human hippocampal formation derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, little is known about the test‐retest reproducibility of such measures, particularly in the context of multisite studies. Here, we report the reproducibility of automated Freesurfer hippocampal subfields segmentations in 65 healthy elderly enrolled in a consortium of 13 3T MRI sites (five subjects per site). Participants were scanned in two sessions (test and retest) at least one week apart. Each session included two anatomical 3D T1 MRI acquisitions harmonized in the consortium. We evaluated the test‐retest reproducibility of subfields segmentation (i) to assess the effects of averaging two within‐session T1 images and (ii) to compare subfields with whole hippocampus volume and spatial reliability. We found that within‐session averaging of two T1 images significantly improved the reproducibility of all hippocampal subfields but not that of the whole hippocampus. Volumetric and spatial reproducibility across MRI sites were very good for the whole hippocampus, CA2‐3, CA4‐dentate gyrus (DG), subiculum (reproducibility error∼2% and DICE > 0.90), good for CA1 and presubiculum (reproducibility error ∼ 5% and DICE ∼ 0.90), and poorer for fimbria and hippocampal fissure (reproducibility error ∼ 15% and DICE < 0.80). Spearman's correlations confirmed that test‐retest reproducibility improved with volume size. Despite considerable differences of MRI scanner configurations, we found consistent hippocampal subfields volumes estimation. CA2‐3, CA4‐DG, and sub‐CA1 (subiculum, presubiculum, and CA1 pooled together) gave test‐retest reproducibility similar to the whole hippocampus. Our findings suggest that the larger hippocampal subfields volume may be reliable longitudinal markers in multisite studies. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3516–3527, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intestinal type adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid: Outcomes of a treatment regimen based on endoscopic surgery with or without radiotherapy
Authors: Nicolai Piero , Schreiber Alberto , Bolzoni Villaret Andrea , Lombardi Davide , Morassi Laura , Raffetti Elena , Donato Francesco , Battaglia Paolo , Turri–Zanoni Mario , Bignami Maurizio , Castelnuovo Paolo
Published: June 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess survival, prognostic factors, and complications in a cohort of patients with intestinal‐type adenocarcinoma (ITAC) treated with transnasal endoscopic surgery ± radiotherapy (RT).

Methods

Patients with ITAC who underwent endoscopic surgery ± RT at 2 tertiary centers were retrospectively reviewed. Overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival were calculated, and statistically significant variables were entered in a multivariate Cox regression model. Complications were also analyzed.

Results

One hundred‐sixty‐nine patients were included. Major complications occurred in 9.5% of patients. Adjuvant RT was delivered in 58.6% of patients. Five‐year OS and event‐free survival were 68.9% and 63.6%, respectively. Advanced pT classification, high‐grade, and positive surgical margins were independently predictive of poor survival.

Conclusion

Endoscopic surgery ± RT is a valid treatment option in most cases of ITAC. When compared with series based on external surgery, our results support a definitive paradigm shift in the management of ITAC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E996–E1003, 2016
Potential relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and BRAFV600E mutation status in papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Zeng Rui‐chao , Jin Lang‐ping , Chen En‐dong , Dong Si‐yang , Cai Ye‐feng , Huang Guan‐li , Li Quan , Jin Chun , Zhang Xiao‐hua , Wang Ou‐chen
Published: June 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and BRAFV600E mutation status in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods

A total of 619 patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection were enrolled in this study. Univariable and multivariate analyses were used.

Results

Hashimoto's thyroiditis was present in 35.9% (222 of 619) of PTCs. Multivariate logistic regressions showed that BRAFV600E mutation, sex, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis were independent factors for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Female sex, more frequent extrathyroidal extension, and a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis were significantly associated with PTCs accompanied by BRAFV600E mutation without Hashimoto's thyroiditis compared with PTCs accompanied by BRAFV600E mutation with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Conclusion

Hashimoto's thyroiditis was negatively associated with BRAFV600E mutation, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis. In addition, Hashimoto's thyroiditis was related to less lymph node metastasis and extrathyroidal extension in PTCs with BRAFV600E mutation. Therefore, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a potentially protective factor in PTC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1019–E1025, 2016
The Fc‐alpha receptor is a new target antigen for immunotherapy of myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mladenov Radoslav , Hristodorov Dmitrij , Cremer Christian , Hein Lea , Kreutzer Fabian , Stroisch Tim , Niesen Judith , Brehm Hannes , Blume Tobias , Brümmendorf Tim Henrik , Jost Edgar , Thepen Theophilus , Fischer Rainer , Stockmeyer Bernhard , Barth Stefan , Stein Christoph
Published: June 2015

Antibody‐based immunotherapy of leukemia requires the targeting of specific antigens on the surface of blasts. The Fc gamma receptor (CD64) has been investigated in detail, and CD64‐targeting immunotherapy has shown promising efficacy in the targeted ablation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) and chronic myeloid leukemia cells (CML). Here we investigate for the first time the potential of FcαRI (CD89) as a new target antigen expressed by different myeloid leukemic cell populations. For specific targeting and killing, we generated a recombinant fusion protein comprising an anti‐human CD89 single‐chain Fragment variable and the well‐characterized truncated version of the potent Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA'). Our novel therapeutic approach achieved in vitro EC50 values in range 0.2–3 nM depending on the applied stimuli, that is, interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha. We also observed a dose‐dependent apoptosis‐mediated cytotoxicity, which resulted in the elimination of up to 90% of the target cells within 72 hr. These findings were also confirmed ex vivo using leukemic primary cells from peripheral blood samples of three previously untreated patients. We conclude that CD89‐specific targeting of leukemia cell lines can be achieved in vitro and that the efficient elimination of leukemic primary cells supports the potential of CD89‐ETA' as a potent, novel immunotherapeutic agent.
Investigation of surgically retrieved, vitamin E‐stabilized, crosslinked UHMWPE implants after short‐term in vivo service
Authors: Rowell Shannon L. , Muratoglu Orhun K.
Published: June 2015

Background

Antioxidant stabilized highly crosslinked ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components have been in clinical use since 2008. In vitro testing has shown excellent oxidation resistance, wear resistance, mechanical properties, and fatigue strength. In this study, we analyzed surgically retrieved components to investigate in vivo behavior and changes in the material.

Methods

Fifteen surgically retrieved, vitamin E‐stabilized, and radiation crosslinked UHMWPE components were analyzed to determine their oxidative stability, extent of lipid absorption in vivo, free radical content, hydroperoxide index, and extent of visible wear damage after in vivo service (0.1–36.6 months).

Results

Retrievals showed no significant carbonyls at the time of surgical removal, while free radical content was observed to decay with increasing in vivo duration. There was no increase in hydroperoxide index. Lipid penetration increased with time. Ex vivo oxidation was not observed after 18 months of aging in air at room temperature.

Conclusions

The free‐radical scavenging activity of the vitamin E appears to successfully prevent both in vivo and ex vivo oxidation for short durations, while reducing free radical content overall. Without an increase in hydroperoxides, the oxidation cascade initiated by radiation‐induced and lipid‐derived free radicals appears to have been inhibited. Further investigation is required with longer duration implants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1132–1140, 2016.
Studies on Thermodynamic Properties of Polyvalent Electrolytes from E. M. F. Measurements. II. The Silver‐Silver Molybdate Electrode
Authors: Pa Kuan
Published: June 2015

The solubility‐product of silver molybdate was determined by the e.m.f. measurements of the cell,

magnified image

by extrapolation method in the temperature range of 20° to 40°C.

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The standard potential of the Ag;Ag2MoO4(s);MoO4− electrode, and the molal heat and molal free energy for the solution of silver molybdate are expressed as a function of temperature over the temperature range of 20° to 40°C as follows:

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The molal heat, free energy and entropy change for the formation of silver molybdate from its elements at 25°C are evaluated as

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Studies on Thermodynamic Properties of Polyvalent Electrolytes from E. M. F. Measurements. III. The Silver‐Silver Tungstate Electrode
Authors: Pan Kuan
Published: June 2015

The solubility‐product of silver tungstate was evaluated from e.m.f. of the cell,

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by extrapolation of the function,

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to x=0, and then to m=0. The solubility‐product constants in the temperature range of 20° to 40°C are expressed by

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The molal heat of solution of silver tungstate was evaluated from the temperature coefficients of 1n Ks.p. and given by

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Standard potentials of the Ag; Ag2WO4(s), WO4− electrode were evaluated from π°Ag;Ag+ ‐ K log Ks.p. It gives

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over this temperature range.

The molal free energy change for the solution of silver tungstate is given by

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Thermodynamic Data for the formation of silver tungstate from its elements at 25°C were evaluated as follows:

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Standard potentials of the following cells,

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and

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were obtained by the combination of standard potentials of

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and

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electrodes evaluated in my previous and present investigations. It gives

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for Cell (IIa), (IIb) and (IIe), respectively.

Thermodynamic Calculations for the exchange reactions,

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for reactions (iv), (v) and (vi), respectively.
Near Ultra‐Violet Emission Spectra of Gaseous Benzene at 2500–3000 Å Excited by High Frequency Field
Authors: Lin Wei‐Chuwan
Published: June 2015

A high frequency oscillator producing a short wave of about 20–30 m in wavelength was used for obtaining the emission spectrum of benzene vapor. The emission spectrum of benzene at 2500–3000Å was analyzed. A comparison was made between our results and those of Austin and Black which were obtained with a Tesla discharge. The vibrational structure was found to be in agreement with the selection rules for a forbidden electronic transition (1B2u→1A1g (1Γ10 → 1Γ1))
Elution Studies of Titanium and Zirconium with Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Chen Ying‐Mao
Published: June 2015

The adsorption of titanium and zirconium on Amerlite‐IR 120 and the elution curves at various acidities have been discussed. The elution curves of zirconium were found to change in an irregular manner, while those of titanium in a regular manner at acidities ranging from 0.75 N to 1.25 N. The abrupt change of amount of titanium and zirconium eluted with the eluate volume furnished a strong support to the view of change of ionic species. By using 0.75 N sulfuric acid as an eluent, the author has succeeded in separating a mixture of titanium and zirconium. The results showed that more than 90% of titanium‐free Zirconium could be isolated by a single elution.
On the Synthesis of Hydroterphenyl Derivatives by Grignard Reaction
Authors: Chang Daniel Y. , Shieh Nan
Published: June 2015

The reaction between p‐bromophenylmagnesium bromide and cyclo‐h‐exanone has been reinvestigated. p‐Bromophenylcyclohexene (tetrahydro‐p‐bromodiphenyl), dehydration product of the tertiary alcohol resulted from the above reaction, was converted into the corresponding organomagnesium compound by a special method. The latter was in turn allowed to react with cyclohexanone, resulting in the formation of hydroterphenyl derivatives.
Chemical Investigation on Human Hair Grease
Authors: Liu Sheng‐Lieh
Published: June 2015

By extracting separately hair from boys, girls, men, and women with organic solvents, different samples of grease were obtained. Among these, the constituents of man hair grease were thoroughly investigated. 6.7‐Hexadecenoic acid was found to be the characteristic constituent. The presence of jimmoarachidic acid C20H40O2, m.p.70°C**, myristic,. palmitic, stearic, oleic and ricinoleic acids were also comfirmed. The unsaponifiable matter was found to consist of cholesterol and other sterols, as well as other neutral substan es. Woman hair grease was examined less thoroughly. The presence of myristic, palmitic, stearic, 6,7‐hexadecenoic, oleic acids only were proved. The lower acids, which were present in the form of esters, were found to exhibit high optical activity.
Essential Oils. III. Oil of Lemon Pondelosa Peel
Authors: Yeh Ping‐Hsien
Published: June 2015

It has been found that d‐limonene is the principle constituent of the oil obtained by distilling Lemon Pondelosa peel. The percentage yield of the crude oil from the peel is 0.45%. The presence of an aldehyde with the empirical formula C10H14O (about 3% of the crude oil) and bisabolene (15% of the oil) was confirmed in the present work.
Low Temperature Phosphorization of Electrolytically Deposited Copper Cathodes
Authors: Huang Tah‐Ho
Published: June 2015

Electrolytically deposited copper cathode has been used as the starting material for the preparation of pure, high analysis phospho‐copper by treating with yellow phosphorus at 350°C. or lower temperatures in a sealed crucible. The reaction, which is exothermic, has been found to begin at 180°C. or possibly lower temperatures. Some evidence showing the reaction to take place in two or more stages has been given. The necessity of rigorously controlling the crucible temperature has been observed. This process is the most economical and the simplest in practice. It can be used for the simultaneous production of phosphocopper and red phosphorus. The products so prepared contain 20.6% of P or more.
Molecular Orbital Theory of Cycloheptatrienylium (Tropylium) Ions
Authors: Lin Wei‐Chuwan
Published: June 2015

Both cycloheptatrienylium (tropylium) cation and anion are treated in terms of the M.O. theory. The π molecular orbitals in the order of an increasing energy are calculated. The molecular structure: π electron distribution, final charge distribution, final fractional bond ordor, bond length of each C‐C bonds, are also calculated for the ground state. It is concluded that both of the tropylium ions have C2e symmetry.
Separation of Rare Earths by the “Oxine‐Sulfonic Acid Method”. On the Separation of Cerium from Lanthanum
Authors: Chang Tiao‐Hsü
Published: June 2015

Since oxine‐sulfonic acid complex of lanthanum is much less complex than that of tetravalent cerium, by moderate heating of the mixed solution with sodium carbonate in excess, the lanthanum complex ion breaks down and precipitates quantitatively as carbonate, which is nearly insoluble in excess of sodium carbonate solution. The cerium complex ion, on the contrary, remains in the solution without decomposition.
Extractive Components from the Heartwood of Taiwania Cryptomerioides Hayata. I. Isolation of Four Crystalline Components from the Acetone Extract
Authors: Lin Yau‐Tang , Lo Tung‐Bin , Shih Er‐Huang
Published: June 2015

Four crystalline components, Taiwanin A, B, C and D were isolated from the acetone extract of the heartwood of Taiwania Cryptomerioides Hayata by chromatographic method.
Separation of Europium from other Rare Earths by the “Oxine‐Sulfonic Acid Method”
Authors: Chang Tiao‐Hsü
Published: June 2015

A mixed ammoniacal solution of oxine‐sulfonic acid, samarium, europium and a small amount of gadolinium nitrate was electrolytically reduced using a platinum cathode in the presence of acetic acid. Europium was quantitatively precipitated with very little samarium (estimated at‐1 or 2%). The other earths remaind in solution.

The greenish yellow precipitate corresponded to the formula, H2 (Eu‐(C9H5NOSO3)2)·4H2O.
Biochemistry of Mushroom, Biochemical Tendency in the Fructification of Collybia Velutipes
Authors: Liao Shu‐Tsung , Ho Hon‐Kai
Published: June 2015

Some fundamental observations and studies have been made on the fruiting of Collybia velutipes cultivated in a chemically defined synthetic liquid medium. Attention was paid to the influences of the concentration of carbon and nitrogen in the original culture medium, the contents of both types of nucleic acids in the mycelial cells on fructification. Besides, the effects of antibiotics, growth hormones, light, and antagonism of other microorganisms were also studied.

The cultivating time seemed to be the most important factor which affects the influence of the original nutrient level of the medium on both the mycelial growth and the fruit body production. Thus, in general, more mycelia grow on a medium with higher nutrient level after longer cultivation, and more fruit bodies are also produced on the same medium after the mycelial growth ceased.

The nitrogen in fruit bodies seemed to originate in those of medium and mycelia, and N‐fixation seemed to be not obliged to take part in the growth of fruit body. The CO2‐fixation, however, was found to be essential for the normal growth of fruit body.

The contents of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein in the mycelial cells in a flask reached their maximum value when the first fruit body was just produced, while the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) still continued to increase for a period thereafter, and the protein‐N released from the mycelium was supposed to be used for the protein synthesis in the fruit body. The ratios of RNA‐P/DNA‐P and protein‐N/DNA‐P in the mycelial cells had begun to decrease before the fruit body was going to grow. The fruiting was, therefore, expected to be preceded by the deprivation of the ability, of protein synthesis of the mycelial cells.

The visible light of shorter wave lengths (i.e., violet and blue light) was found to be indispensable for the normal development of pilius and the production of spore. It was found that this effect of light could by no means modified by supplying amino acids, protein hydrolyzate, or extract of normal fruit body to the medium or on the pilius. Similar clustered secondary fruit bodies were formed by adding tryprophane or indolacetic acid to the medium or smearing them on the minute pilei of young fruit bodies. This abnormal development of fruit body was regarded as a part of the nutritive growth of the stem of the normal one due to the existence of nutritive growth hormones, and the photoinduction was supposed to result in the destruction of nutritive growth hormones or the formation of some growth hormone antagonists rather than the formation of transmissible floral stimulants, such as florigen.

The application of some antibiotic substances (e.g., aureomycin and terramycin) to the mycelium on a malt agar culture was found to promote the fruiting, while penicillin showed no effect. The antagonistic actions of a species of penicillium and aspergillus oryzae were also found to promote the fruiting at their boundary on a malt agar culture.
Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid from Benzaldehyde and Acetone
Authors: Su Futi , Chen Wan‐Chiu
Published: June 2015

Cinnamic acid was prepared by oxidation of benzalacetone which was synthesized by condensing benzaldehyde and acetone. For producing benzalacetone, benzaldehyde was reacted with acetone in 1% NaOH solution. The yield was 88.8% of the theoretical. The benzalacetone was further oxidized with sodium hypochlorite to give 88.2% of cinnamic acid, m.p. 133°C.
Molecular Orbital Theory of Hyperconjugation III. Ortho‐, Meta‐, and Para‐Xylene
Authors: Lin Wei‐Chuwan
Published: June 2015

The M.O. theory is applied to the case of hyperconjugation in ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐xylene. The results obtained are listed. Physical and chemical properties of xylene in relation to toluene and benzene are briefly discussed. The isomerism in xylene originates from the polarization effect, notwithstanding the fact that each isomer exhibits identical polarizability through degeneracy.
The Polarisation of Aqueous Solutions of Long‐Chain Electrolytes at Optical Frequencies‐A Mechanism of the Formation of Ionic Micelles
Authors: Lin Wei‐Chuwan
Published: June 2015

Böttcher's formula for the molecular refraction of dissolved electrolytes is used to interprete the refractive index versus concentration curve previously obtained for the aqueous solutions of some long‐chain anionic colloidal electrolytes.

The plotting of the reciprocal of polarisabilicy of dissolved long‐chain anion as a function of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{2{\rm n}^2 - 2}}{{2{\rm n}^2 + 2}} $$\end{document} under two different temperatures gives two straight lines A, B and non‐linear parts C, as being shown in Fig. 1.

It is concluded that (1) the straight line A corresponds to a linear relation between \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{1}{{\alpha *_{X^ -}}} $$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{2n^2 - 2}}{{2n^2 + 1}} $$\end{document} for simply dissociated long‐chain anion X−, (2) the other straight line B to a same relation between \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{\nu}{{\alpha *_{\left({^\alpha \nu} \right)^ -} \nu}} $$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{2{\rm n}^2 - 2}}{{2{\rm n}^2 + 2}} $$\end{document} for ionic micelle (xν)−ν, after reaching the ultimately definite structure, and (3) the non‐linear parts C may be interpreted as a transition stage for long‐chain anions from the state of simply dissociated ones to the state of ionic micelle with its ultimate definite structure, and suggests that the formation of micelle with its ultimate definite structure may be accomplished gradually over a wider range of concentration, but not instantly at C. M. C.
The Essential Oil of Chamaecyparis Taiwanensis, Masamune et Suzuki. III. The Synthesis of 7‐Hydroxy Hinokitiol and its Derivatives
Authors: Lin Yau‐Tang , Chen Chen‐Loung , Wang Kung‐Tsung
Published: June 2015

7‐Hydroxy 4‐isopropyl torpolone (7‐hydroxy hinokitiol) was synthesized from bromo‐and iodohinokitiol. Its 7‐isopropoxy and 7‐phenoxy derivatives were also synthesized by the Ullmann reaction in good yields. The nature of these compounds were compared with that of Chamaecin.
Conjugated Unsaturated Ketones. XIII. A Side‐Reaction in the Preparation of Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone and Thermal Isomerization and Dimerization of Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone
Authors: Yeh Ping‐Yuan , Chen Chao‐Tung , Wang Cheng‐Hsia , Chang Pik‐Kuei , Yang Shu Shu
Published: June 2015

9‐Phenyl‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydrodibenzo‐γ‐pyran (V) was obtained from the mother liquor of crude 2,6‐dibenzylidenecyclohexanone (DBH) (1).

Oxidation of 2,5‐dibenzylidenecyclopentanone (DBP) and DBH yielded benzoic and succinic acids, and benzoic, glutaric and 2‐benzylideneadipic acids respectively. Chromic acid oxidation of DBH gave benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, while that of the DBH dimer did not yield either of the two products.

The formation of the DBH dimer by refluxing DBH in ethanol was inhibited by acid, alkali, rubber stopper, and sulfur, but was not affected by soft glasswares.

Two dimers and three monomeric isomers of DBH were isolated, two of them probably represent cis forms.

Thermal isomerization and dimerization of dibenzylideneacetone, difurfurylideneacetone, and difurfurylidenecyclohexanone were also studied. The latter two compounds were failed to give even a trace of the expected isomers or dimers.

DBH gave, with phenylhydrazine, 2,3‐diphenyl‐7‐benzylidenecyclohexa‐pyrazoline (XII), while DBP with the same reagent at 190‐200° afforded benzaldehyde phenylhdrazone, ammonia, and water. The tetra‐bromide of DBP (XV) and phenylhydrazine readily gave phenylhydrazine hydrobromide.
Studies on the Gummy Substances in Taiwan Cane Molasses. II. Chromatographic Fractionation of the Sugars and the Amino Acids in the Gummy Substances by Cellulose Powder and Ion Exchange Resin
Authors: Hsieh P.T. , Huang I.Y.
Published: June 2015

Liquid chromatography using cellulose powder as the adsorbent was applied in the fractionation of the carbohydrates in the hydrolyzates of gummy substances, and the presence of d‐xylose, I‐arabinose, d‐glucose and d‐galactose was confirmed. The fractionation of the amino acids in the hydrolyzates of the gummy substances was carried out by ion exchange chromatography and the amounts of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and arginine were determined.
Separation of Strontium from Barium Ions by Paper Electrochromatography
Authors: Pan Kuan , Cheng Hwasheng , Lee Yuan‐Tzer
Published: June 2015

The migration order of strontium and barium ions in aqueous citric acid solutions was reversed and the complete separation was found to be possible by the addition of methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. The relative velocity of strontium to barium ions increases with the increasing proportion of alcohols to aqueous solutions. Separation of these ions from each other has been carried out at the field strength of 10, 20, and 37 volt/cm. At 37 volt/cm, strontium and barium ions were separated completely within 1, 2.5, and 6 hours in 80% methanol, ethanol, and isopropanoi solutions, respectively. The migration distances of strontium and barium ions in these solutions have been found to be 16.5, 13.2; 21, 12 and 24, 15 cm, respectively. The readiness for the separation depends on the use of solvents and decreases in the order of methanol, ethanol and 2‐propanol. The increase in partition coefficients is attributed to the addition of alcohols.
Notes on the Synthesis of Octahydroterphenyl Derivatives by Grignard Reaction
Authors: Chang Daniel Y. , Yu Ruey‐Jiin
Published: June 2015

The reaction between p‐bromophenylmagnesium bromide, p‐bromo‐magnesiophenylmagnesium bromide and cyclohexanone has been reinvestigated. By using ammoniacal solution of ammonium chloride todecompose the resulting organomagnesium complex, we were able to improve the yield of one of the reaction products, and to isolate one product heretofore missing. The yield of 1′4′‐dihydroxydicyclohexylbenzene based on p‐dibromobenzene was increased to about 5%. Besides, we succeeded in isolating p‐bromophenyl‐cyclohexanol‐1 which was so liable to undergo dehydration that previous workers had failed to isolate.
Kinetics of the Reaction between Titanium (III) and Mercury (II) in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Authors: Lin Sheng‐Hsien , Pan Kuan
Published: June 2015

The reduction of Hg(II) by Ti(III) ions in aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid has been found to be of second‐order with respect to the total concentrations of Hg(II) and Ti(III) ions,

−d[Ti+++]t/dt = k[Ti+++]t [Hg++]t.

The rate constant was found to be practically independent of the concentration of hydronium ion, but to be a function of that of chloride ion. The competing reactions of Ti+++ and TiCl++ with Hg++, HgCl+, HgCl2, HgCl3− and HgCl4− were inferred. The specific rate constants were calculated.