bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular supplies differ in regenerating and nonregenerating amputated rodent digits
Authors: Said Suleman , Parke Wesley , Neufeld Daniel A.
Published: April 2004

Bone regenerates following amputation through the level of the nail, but bone is capped following amputation through more proximal levels. Because osteogenesis requires an ample blood supply, we postulated that a restricted vascular supply might be correlated with restricted regenerative ability at proximal levels. More than 40 rats and mice were injected with ink or resin to visualize vascular supplies of intact, regenerating, and nonregenerating rat and mouse digits. Ink‐injected specimens were viewed as histological sections or cleared whole mounts. Partially digested resin casts were viewed using scanning electron microscopy. Contrary to our hypothesis, prior to amputation, proximal sites are more vascular than distal sites. At both proximal and distal levels, endosteal and periosteal vascular systems are evident. However, in proximal phalanges, additional subcutaneous and dermal layers encircle the bone. Beneath the distal nail, these layers are absent, and a single layer of vessels provides both periosteal and cutaneous supplies. After amputation at both levels, new vessels sprout profusely in osteogenic areas of both endosteum and periosteum. However, at proximal levels, the additional hypodermal and dermal vessels contribute to a vascular plexus that, paradoxically, may impair bone regrowth by contributing to the formation of dermal scar rather than bone. Anat Rec Part A 278A:443–449, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogenetic observations on the vomeronasal organ in two species of tamarins using neuron‐specific β‐tubulin III
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Dennis John C. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Bonar Christopher J. , Burrows Annie M. , Morrison Edward E.
Published: April 2004

Callitrichid primates (tamarins, marmosets) have extreme variation in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), including ontogenetic differences in the neuroepithelium and vomeronasal duct (VND) patency at birth. Such differences render the timing and extent of VNO maturation debatable in callitrichids, but no studies have used neuron‐specific immunohistochemical markers to address this question. The present study compared the number of VNO epithelial cells that express immunoreactivity to neuron‐specific β‐tubulin III (BT), VNO length, and VNO cross‐sectional area between two species of tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia and Saguinus geoffroyi) that differed in perinatal VND patency. Neonatal lemurs and adult marmosets and bushbabies were also examined for a comparison to species previously shown to have a relatively large amount of VNO neuroepithelium and patent VNDs. The head of each specimen was serially sectioned in the coronal plane. Based on known rostrocaudal start/stop points of the VNO, selected unstained sections were used for BT protocols and area measurement at three percentiles (25th, 50th, 75th) in each specimen. Each section was photographed and enlarged for cell counts and measurement of cross‐sectional epithelial area. In each specimen, the number of BT+ cells in the VNO was counted at each percentile and expressed as a number per mm2. Results indicated that lemur VNOs had a dense population of BT+ cells at birth, but the VNO was more varied in the tamarin species. S. geoffroyi had few or no BT+ cells in VNOs of neonates, which had fused VNDs, but had an increased BT+ population by 1 and 2 months postnatal age, when the VND was patent. Of the species with patent VNDs at birth, neonatal L. rosalia had a denser population of BT+ cells compared to S. geoffroyi, though not to the degree seen in neonatal lemurs or adult marmosets and bushbabies. These findings show that BT immunohistochemistry is a useful comparative method for the study of VNOs in subadult primates. Since the quantity of nonsensory VNO epithelium varies substantially between species, epithelial area measurements may be misleading, and BT+ cell counts appeared to be the best quantitative method for comparing receptor neuron numbers among primates. It is suggested that the greater BT+ cell population in L. rosalia at all subadult stages examined reveals an earlier maturation of the neuroepithelium compared to S. geoffroyi. Further investigation should consider whether this may relate to a comparatively brief subadult ontogeny and early onset of adult behaviors in L. rosalia compared to other tamarins studied to date. Anat Rec Part A 278A:409–418, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioreactor cultivation enhances the efficiency of human embryoid body (hEB) formation and differentiation
Authors: Gerecht‐Nir Sharon , Cohen Smadar , Itskovitz‐Eldor Joseph
Published: April 2004

The promise of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to provide an unlimited supply of cells for cell therapy and tissue engineering depends on the availability of a controllable bioprocess for their expansion and differentiation. We describe for the first time the formation of differentiating human embryoid bodies (hEBs) in rotating bioreactors to try and control their agglomeration. The efficacy of the dynamic process compared to static cultivation in Petri dishes was analyzed with respect to the yield of hEB formation and differentiation. Quantitative analyses of hEBs, DNA and protein contents, and viable cell concentration, as measures for culture cellularity and scale‐up, revealed 3‐fold enhancement in generation of hEBs compared to the static culture. Other metabolic indices such as glucose consumption, lactic acid production, and pH pointed to efficient cell expansion and differentiation in the dynamic cultures. The type of rotating vessel had a significant impact on the process of hEB formation and agglomeration. In the slow turning lateral vessel (STLV), hEBs were smaller in size and no large necrotic centers were seen, even after 1‐month cultivation. In the high aspect rotating vessel (HARV), hEB agglomeration was massive. The appearance of representative tissues derived from the three germ layers as well as primitive neuronal tube organization, blood vessel formation, and specific‐endocrine secretion indicated that the initial developmental events are not altered in the dynamically formed hEBs. Collectively, our study defines the culture conditions in which control over the aggregation of differentiating hESCs is obtained, thus enabling scaleable cell production for clinical and industrial applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kupffer cell‐derived prostaglandin E2 is involved in regulation of lipid synthesis in rat liver tissue
Authors: Neyrinck Audrey M. , Margagliotti Sabrina , Gomez Cristina , Delzenne Nathalie M.
Published: April 2004

Our recent studies suggest that Kupffer cells play a role in the physiological regulation of lipid metabolism of the adjacent hepatocytes. In the present study, we have tested the hypothesis that inhibition of Kupffer cells decreases prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release inside liver tissue, a phenomenon contributing to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. PGE2 secretion as well as lipid synthesis were assessed in precision‐cut liver slices (PCLS) from rats previously treated with Kupffer cell inhibitors (GdCl3 10 mg kg−1 body wt, i.v. injection and glycine 5% in diet). In addition, lipid synthesis was assessed in primary rat hepatocytes cultured in the absence or presence of PGE2 (0.01, 1 and 10 μM). Inhibition of Kupffer cell activity by GdCl3 decreases PGE2 secretion by PCLS and resulted in a higher lipid synthesis. Since incubation with PGE2 over 48 h decreases lipid synthesis from acetate in cultured hepatocytes, we propose that the lower PGE2 secretion linked to Kupffer cell inhibition, partly explains a higher rate of synthesis of lipids with a subsequent accumulation in liver tissue, as previously shown in fasted rats. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutamylated and glycylated tubulin isoforms in the aberrant sperm axoneme of the gall‐midge fly, Asphondylia ruebsaameni
Authors: Mencarelli Caterina , Caroti Daniela , Bré Marie‐Hélène , Levilliers Nicolette , Mercati David , Robbins Leonard G. , Dallai Romano
Published: April 2004

The axonemal organization expressed in the sperm flagella of the cecidomyiid dipteran Asphondylia ruebsaameni is unconventional, being characterized by the presence of an exceedingly high number of microtubular doublets and by the absence of both the inner dynein arms and the central pair/radial spoke complex. Consequently, its motility, both in vivo and in vitro, is also peculiar. Using monoclonal antibodies directed against posttranslational modifications, we have analyzed the presence and distribution of glutamylated and glycylated tubulin isoforms in this aberrant axonemal structure, and compared them with those of a reference insect species (Apis mellifera), endowed with a conventional axoneme. Our results have shown that the unorthodox structure and motility of the Asphondylia axoneme are concomitant with: (1) a very low glutamylation extent in the α‐tubulin subunit, (2) a high level of glutamylation in the β‐subunit, (3) an extremely low total extent of glycylation, with regard to both monoglycylated and polyglycylated sites, either in α‐ or in β‐tubulin, (4) the presence of a strong labeling of glutamylated tubulin isoforms at the proximal end of the axoneme, and (5) a uniform distribution of glutamylated as well as glycylated isoforms along the rest of the axoneme. Thus, our data indicate that tubulin molecular heterogeneity is much lower in the Asphondylia axoneme than in the conventional 9+2 axoneme with regard to both isoform content and isoform distribution along the axoneme. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:160–174, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crawford J, Dale DC, Lyman GH. Chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia: risks, consequences, and new directions for its management. Cancer. (2004) 100(2):228–37.
Authors: Crawford J , Dale DC , Lyman GH
Published: April 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Cancer (2004) 100(2):228–37.
A measure for assessing edge fidelity of coded images based on shape analysis
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Matsuyama Takashi
Published: April 2004

The authors propose a method for quantifying the edge degradation of a coded image produced by aliasing distortion or block distortion based on the change in its shape. Essentially, when a change is generated in a smooth portion, a human can quickly detect it. With conventional techniques based on signal differences, it was difficult to assess a geometric distortion for which continuity or uniformity changed. The proposed technique obtains mutually corresponding edge segments for the original image and coded image and quantifies the shape degradation based on their curvature. To match subjective assessments, the measure that was obtained takes into consideration (1) the spatial size of the shape change, (2) the shape error masking effect, and (3) the edge gradient (contrast) effect in the quantification process. The authors performed simulations for several standard images while changing the coding rate and coding method, and the results that were obtained reflected the impressions of the images well. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 9–23, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10157
A study on a multiple adaptive notch filter with a cost function of E[ep(n)]
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Nagasaka Yasunori , Itoh Yoshio
Published: April 2004

This paper proposes a multiple adaptive notch filter with the p‐th power average of the estimated error E[ep(n)] ‖as the cost function. The adaptive filter consists of a cascade connection of second‐order adaptive notch filters composed of the allpass filters. In general, the elimination bandwidth of the notch filter is desirably small from the practical point of view. However, as the elimination bandwidth is set smaller, the convergence speed of the tap coefficients of the adaptive filter becomes much slower. From the point of view of convergence theory, the radius of the pole of the second‐order allpass filter needs to be close to 1, so that the elimination bandwidth must be extremely small. Convergence speed must be sacrificed due to the practical and theoretical points of view. In this paper, an adaptive notch filter is studied in which the elimination bandwidth of the notch filter is designed small while the gradient of the tap vector of the cost function used in the adaptive algorithm is made effectively equal to the case in which the elimination bandwidth is rather large. In this way, realization of a multiple adaptive notch filter with a high convergence is possible. The absolute value of the transfer function of the notch filter is close to 0 near the elimination frequency while it is close to 1 at other frequencies. Hence, by setting the power of the absolute value larger, the elimination bandwidth becomes larger and the smoothness near the elimination frequency is increased. By means of the gradient algorithm with a cost function E[ep(n)], this property can be utilized so that excellent convergence speed and steady‐state characteristics can be obtained. Finally, verification of the analytical results and comparison with the conventional method are carried out by computer simulation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 1–8, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10162
Workflow analysis method using activity‐based costing management with information allocation
Authors: Watanabe Sadaki , Kaneda Shigeo
Published: April 2004

In a workflow information processing system, usually optimization of the workflow overall and design of each process which comprises the workflow are performed separately. As a result, inefficient procedures and duplication of processes remain in the workflow. In order to resolve this problem, the authors apply activity‐based costing management (ABM), a managerial accounting method, to workflow design in this paper. Note, however, that under a conventional ABM which allocates cost and time, sufficient analytical results cannot be obtained. Thus, in this paper the authors propose a new analysis method which allocates data items in the system. Under this method, a data item in the system or an operator process is defined as “information,” and then classified as value‐added information or non‐value‐added information depending on whether or not it contributes to the manufacturing resource produced by the system. The authors apply their proposed method to the workflow of the research paper manuscript system at the Institute of Electronics, Information, and Communication Engineers and confirm that it reduces the number of steps in the workflow by 12%. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 55–65, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20087
Synthesis of facial caricature using eigenspaces
Authors: Xu Guang Zhe , Kaneko Masahide , Kurematsu Akira
Published: April 2004

A facial caricature expresses features of an individual face summarily and has many uses for newspapers, magazines, home pages, agents, and the like. This paper presents a method of synthesizing a caricature having higher flexibility in controlling individual shape features of various parts of a face, as well as features of arrangements and inclines of these parts. In addition, it obtains eigenspaces for contours of facial parts such as the eyebrows, eyes, and mouth. It also obtains eigenspaces for arrangements of various facial parts. Next, it obtains differences of the shapes and arrangements of the facial parts with the average face and performs orthogonal expansion to the eigenspace bases (eigenvectors) on these differences. It determines magnifying power according to the coefficients obtained by orthogonal expansion and performs an emphasizing procedure on eigenvectors. The differences with the slopes of the facial parts of the average face are emphasized for the slopes of the facial parts using a second‐order function. It obtains the shape of a caricature by adding the mean shape, mean arrangement, and mean slope to these results. The efficacy of the caricature synthesis method is verified by subjective evaluation tests on synthesized faces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 43–54, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20088
A boundary‐domain integral equation method in viscous fluid flow
Authors: Gao Xiao‐Wei
Published: April 2004

In this paper, the reciprocal work theorem for viscous fluid flow is established for Newtonian fluids and, based on this theorem, a set of boundary‐domain integral equations is derived from the continuity and momentum equations for two‐dimensional viscous flows. The complex‐variable technique is used to compute velocity gradients in the use of the continuity equation. The primary variables involved in these integral equations are velocity, traction and pressure. Although the numerical implementation is only focused on steady incompressible flows, these equations are applicable to solving steady, unsteady, compressible and incompressible problems. In this method, the pressure can be expressed in terms of velocity and traction such that the final system of equations entering the iteration procedure only involves velocity and traction as unknowns. Two commonly cited numerical examples are presented to validate the derived equations. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of sharp gas–liquid interface using VOF method and adaptive grid local refinement around the interface
Authors: Theodorakakos A. , Bergeles G.
Published: April 2004

The volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to perform two‐phase simulations (gas–liquid). The governing Navier–Stokes conservation equations of the flow field are numerically solved on two‐dimensional axisymmetric or three‐dimensional unstructured grids, using Cartesian velocity components, following the finite volume approximation and a pressure correction method. A new method of adaptive grid local refinement is developed in order to enhance the accuracy of the predictions, to capture the sharp gas–liquid interface and to speed up the calculations. Results are compared with experimental measurements in order to assess the efficiency of the method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An aeroacoustic hybrid approach for non‐isothermal flows at low Mach number
Authors: Golanski F. , Prax C. , Lamballais E. , Fortuné V. , Valière J.‐C.
Published: April 2004

This paper presents an aeroacoustic hybrid technique for the study of non‐isothermal flows at low Mach number. The flow dynamics and the acoustic production and propagation are computed separately. The fully compressible Navier–Stokes equations are modified through an expansion of the physical quantities using a low Mach number approximation. Compressibility effects are thus removed in the CFD while inhomogeneities of the flow related to heat transfer are preserved. One advantage is a reduction of the time step constraint. Another advantage is that the Mach number does not appear explicitly and a simple rescaling allows a study over a relatively wide band of subsonic Mach number flows with a single dynamic simulation.

Compatible acoustic source terms for LEE based propagation have been defined and the procedure is implemented in the case of a temporal mixing layer. Compressible simulations for Mach numbers of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 are compared with the numerical results obtained using the proposed method. Very good agreement is obtained even at relatively high subsonic Mach number demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed technique. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite‐volume‐type VOF method on dynamically adaptive quadtree grids
Authors: Wang J. P. , Borthwick A. G. L. , Taylor R. Eatock
Published: April 2004

This paper describes a finite‐volume volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) method for simulating viscous free surface flows on dynamically adaptive quadtree grids. The scheme is computationally efficient in that it provides relatively fine grid resolution at the gas–liquid interface and coarse grid density in regions where flow variable gradients are small. Special interpolations are used to ensure volume flux conservation where differently sized neighbour cells occur. The numerical model is validated for advection of dyed fluid in unidirectional and rotating flows, and for two‐dimensional viscous sloshing in a rectangular tank. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linearized and rational approximation method for solving non‐linear Burgers' equation
Authors: Wu Yun , Wu Xionghua
Published: April 2004

A new numerical method called linearized and rational approximation method is presented to solve non‐linear evolution equations. The utility of the method is demonstrated for the case of differentiation of functions involving steep gradients. The solution of Burgers' equation is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the technique for the solution of non‐linear evolution equations exhibiting nearly discontinuous solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐linear coupled fluid–structure aeroelastic analysis of a slender bridge deck
Authors: Lopes A. V. , Cunha Alvaro , Simões L. M. C.
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a new numerical methodology for the integral aeroelastic instability analysis of slender structures, based on the appropriate conjugation of an algorithm for dynamic and geometrically non‐linear analysis of structures based on the finite element method with another algorithm of computational fluid dynamics (Finite volume method). It is considered a viscous incompressible unsteady turbulent bidimensional air flow solved on a structured control volume mesh. The computer code developed on the basis of this methodology is applied to the aeroelastic study of a simply supported slender bridge deck in order to find out the critical wind velocity leading to instability. Some of the most significant results associated with the analysis of the corresponding aeroelastic behaviour are presented. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combined analytical–numerical method for treating corner singularities in viscous flow predictions
Authors: Shi J.‐M. , Breuer M. , Durst F.
Published: April 2004

A combined analytical–numerical method based on a matching asymptotic algorithm is proposed for treating angular (sharp corner or wedge) singularities in the numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. We adopt an asymptotic solution for the local flow around the angular points based on the Stokes flow approximation and a numerical solution for the global flow outside the singular regions using a finite‐volume method. The coefficients involved in the analytical solution are iteratively updated by matching both solutions in a small region where the Stokes flow approximation holds. Moreover, an error analysis is derived for this method, which serves as a guideline for the practical implementation. The present method is applied to treat the leading‐edge singularity of a semi‐infinite plate. The effect of various influencing factors related to the implementation are evaluated with the help of numerical experiments. The investigation showed that the accuracy of the numerical solution for the flow around the leading edge can be significantly improved with the present method. The results of the numerical experiments support the error analysis and show the desired properties of the new algorithm, i.e. accuracy, robustness and efficiency. Based on the numerical results for the leading‐edge singularity, the validity of various classical approximate models for the flow, such as the Stokes approximation, the inviscid flow model and the boundary layer theory of varying orders are examined. Although the methodology proposed was evaluated for the leading‐edge problem, it is generally applicable to all kinds of angular singularities and all kinds of finite‐discretization methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large eddy simulation of flow and scalar transport in a round jet
Authors: Suto Hitoshi , Matsubara Koji , Kobayashi Mutsuo , Kaneko Yoshiaki
Published: April 2004

Large eddy simulation (LES) was performed for a spatially developing round jet and its scalar transport at four steps of Reynolds number set between 1200 and 1,000,000. A simulated domain, which extends 30 times the nozzle diameter, includes initial, transitional, and established stage of jet. A modified version of convection outflow condition was proposed in order to diminish the effect of a downstream boundary. Tested were two kinds of subgrid scale (SOS) models: a Smagorinsky model (SM) and a dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM). In the former model, parameters are kept at empirically deduced constants, while in the latter, they are calculated using different levels of space filtering. Data analysis based on the decay law of jet clearly presented the performance of SGS models. Simulated results by SM and DSM compared favorably with existing measurements of jet and its scalar transport. However, the quantitative accuracy of DSM was better than that of SM at a transitional stage of flow field. Computed parameters by DSM, coefficient for SGS stresses, CR and SGS eddy diffusivity ratio, ΓSGS, were not far from empirical constants of SM. Optimization of the model coefficient was suggested in DSM so that coefficient CR was nearly equal in the established stage of jet but it was reduced in low turbulence close to the jet nozzle. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 175–188, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20001
Reverse computation of forced convection heat transfer for optimal control of thermal boundary conditions
Authors: Momose Kazunari , Abe Kouhei , Kimoto Hideo
Published: April 2004

A reverse computation based on adjoint formulation of forced convection heat transfer is proposed to obtain the optimal thermal boundary conditions for heat transfer characteristics; for example, a total heat transfer rate or a temperature at a specific location. In the reverse analysis via adjoint formulation, the heat flow is reversed in both time and space. Thus, using the numerical solution of the adjoint problem, we can inversely predict the boundary condition effects on the heat transfer characteristics. As a result, we can obtain the optimal thermal boundary conditions in both time and space to control the heat transfer at any given time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 161–174, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20002
An approximate integral model with an artificial neural network for heat exchangers
Authors: Ding Guo‐Liang , Zhang Chun‐Lu , Zhan Tao
Published: April 2004

In order to improve predicting precision and increase computation speed of simulation for heat exchangers, a novel method is presented in this paper, whereby an approximate integral model is used to simplify the original distributed parameter model and an artificial neural network is combined to reflect the nonlinear relations. This model is applied in actual calculations of fin‐and‐tube condensers and high precision is achieved. Where the calculated outlet temperature of refrigerant and that of air, the average errors are both less than 0.2 °C. For the heat exchange of the condenser, the average error is less than 1 0.2 °C. For the heat exchange of the condenser, the average error is less than 1%. The calculation speed of the approximate integral model is two orders of magnitude faster than that of the distributed‐parameter model. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 153–160, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20006
Endwall heat transfer and film cooling measurements in a turbine cascade with injection upstream of leading edge
Authors: Liu Gaowen , Liu Songling , Zhu Huiren , Lapworth B.L. , Forest A.E.
Published: April 2004

Detailed heat transfer measurements were conducted on the endwall surface of a large‐scale low‐speed turbine cascade with single and double row injection on the endwall upstream of leading edge. Local film cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient with coolant injection were determined at blowing ratios 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. In conjunction with the previously measured flow field data, the behaviors of endwall film cooling and heat transfer were studied. The results show that endwall film cooling is influenced to a great extent by the secondary flow and the coverage of coolant on the endwall is mainly determined by the blowing ratio. An uncovered triangle‐shaped area with low effectiveness close to pressure side could be observed at a low blowing ratio injection. The averaged effectiveness increases significantly when injecting at medium and high blowing ratios, and uniform coverage of coolant on the endwall could be achieved. The averaged effectiveness could be doubled in the case of double row injection. It was also observed that coolant injection made the overall averaged heat transfer coefficient increase remarkably with blowing ratio. It was proven that film cooling could reduce endwall heat flux markedly. The results illustrate the need to take such facts into account in the design process as the three‐dimensional flow patterns in the vicinity of the endwall, the interactions between the secondary flow and coolant, and the augmentation of heat transfer rate in the case of endwall injection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 141–152, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20007
Structural changes of fibronectin adsorbed to model surfaces probed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer
Authors: Baugh Loren , Vogel Viola
Published: April 2004

Structural changes of proteins during adsorption to biomaterials affect the presentation of molecular binding sites and, ultimately, biomaterial performance. We have applied fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy to study structural changes of the cell adhesion protein, fibronectin (Fn), following adsorption to model hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Fn was labeled with donor and acceptor fluorophores using two labeling schemes and intramolecular energy transfer was calibrated against measured structural changes of Fn in denaturing solutions. FRET was then applied to measure Fn's structure on surfaces. Based on FRET, Fn underwent greater extension of its dimer arms on hydrophilic glass than on hydrophobic fluoroalklysilane‐derivatized glass (fluorosilane), and this extension was insensitive to molecular packing over a range of adsorption concentrations. Fn's conformation on glass better promoted cell attachment than on fluorosilane; the roles of both global structural changes (movements of modules) and local structural changes (disruption of secondary structure) on Fn's cell integrin binding activity are discussed. Based on previous FRET work, we compare Fn's conformations on these surfaces with its conformations in fibroblast culture. FRET is unique in allowing direct comparison of protein structure between biomaterial surfaces and cell culture. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 525–534, 2004
Binding of two nuclear factors to a novel silencer element in human dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) promoter regulates the cell type‐specific DMP1 gene expression
Authors: Chen Shuo , Inozentseva‐Clayton Natalyia , Dong Juan , Gu Ting Ting , MacDougall Mary
Published: April 2004

DMP1 is an acidic phosphorylated protein with the spatial and temporal expression that is largely restricted to bone and tooth tissues. The biological function of DMP1 is associated with biomineralization of bone, cartilage and tooth development. To study the cell‐specific expression of DMP1, a 2,512 bp upstream segment of the human gene was isolated and characterized. A series of progressive deletions of the human DMP1 5′ flanking sequence were ligated to the luciferase reporter gene, and their promoter activities examined in transfected human osteoblast‐like (MG‐63) and dental pulp (HDP‐D) cells that express DMP1 and hepatic (HepG2) and uterine (HeLa) cells lacking DMP1 expression. A critical cis‐regulatory element located between nt −150 and −63 was found to act as a specific silencer responsible for the negative regulation of DMP1 in HepG2 and HeLa cells. The transcriptional activity of this element in MG‐63 and HDP‐D cells had a 5–7‐fold increase than that observed in HepG2 and HeLa cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) showed that a 6‐bp DNA sequence in this element was bound by two nuclear factors that are expressed at high levels in HepG2 and HeLa versus MG‐63 and HDP‐D cells. Competitive assays by EMSAs suggest that the 6‐bp core DNA sequence, AG(T/C)C(A/G)C, is a novel DNA–protein binding site and conserved with high identity in reported DMP1 promoters for all species. Furthermore, point mutations of the core sequence caused a marked increase of DMP1 promoter activity in HepG2 and HeLa cells. We speculate that this silencing cis‐element may play a critical role in the regulation of DMP1 cell‐specific expression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ryanodine receptor signaling is required for anti‐CD3‐induced T cell proliferation, interleukin‐2 synthesis, and interleukin‐2 receptor signaling
Authors: Conrad David M. , Hanniman Elyisha A. , Watson Carrie L. , Mader Jamie S. , Hoskin David W.
Published: April 2004

Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are involved in regulating intracellular Ca++ mobilization in T lymphocytes. However, the importance of RyR signaling during T cell activation has not yet been determined. In this study, we have used the RyR‐selective antagonists, ruthenium red and dantrolene, to determine the effect of RyR blockade on T cell receptor‐mediated activation events and cytokine‐dependent T cell proliferation. Both ruthenium red and dantrolene inhibited DNA synthesis and cell division, as well as the synthesis of interleukin (IL)‐2 by T lymphocytes responding to mitogenic anti‐CD3 antibody. Blockade of RyR at initiation of culture or as late as 24 h after T cell receptor stimulation inhibited T cell proliferation, suggesting a requirement for sustained RyR signaling during cell cycle progression. Although flow cytometry revealed that RyR blockade had little effect on activation‐induced expression of the α chain (CD25) of the high affinity IL‐2 receptor, the inhibitory effect of RyR antagonists could not be reversed by the addition of exogenous IL‐2 at initiation of culture. In addition, both ruthenium red and dantrolene had a strong inhibitory effect on IL‐2‐dependent proliferation of CTLL‐2 T cells. These data indicate that RyR are involved in regulating IL‐2 receptor signaling that drives T cell progression through the cell cycle. We conclude that RyR‐associated Ca++ signaling regulates T cell proliferation by promoting both IL‐2 synthesis and IL‐2‐dependent cell cycle progression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repression of the human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 long terminal repeat by the c‐Myc oncoprotein
Authors: Stojanova A. , Caro C. , Jarjour R.J.V. , Oster S.K. , Penn L.Z. , Germinario R.J.
Published: April 2004

The effect of trans‐acting factors on cis‐acting DNA elements on the HIV‐1 promoter are the principal determinant regulating transcriptional activation and repression. Host factors that limit viral replication can contribute to the emergence and maintenance of proviral reservoirs. The current paradigm is that this sub‐population of latently infected cells confers a biological advantage to the virus by facilitating evasion of immunologic responses and therapeutic strategies resulting in life‐long and persistent infection. In this report, we show that ectopic expression of the nuclear phosphoprotein, c‐Myc can inhibit HIV‐1 gene expression and virus production in CD4+ T‐lymphocytes. The effect exerted does not appear to involve other known functions of c‐Myc such as proliferation, or apoptosis. The mechanism does implicate c‐Myc in a direct role. We have found evidence that c‐Myc can specifically recognize the HIV‐1 initiator element surrounding the start site of transcription and linker scanning mutagenesis experiments confirmed a loss of c‐Myc‐mediated repression in the absence of this region. Moreover, we show that c‐Myc can interact with the initiator binding proteins YY‐1 and LBP‐1 and can cooperate with these factors to synergistically repress HIV‐1 LTR transcription. Taken together, these results indicate that c‐Myc is an important regulator of HIV‐1 transcription that potentially contributes to the latent proviral state. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparin modulates the growth and adherence and augments the growth‐inhibitory action of TNF‐α on cultured human keratinocytes
Authors: Harvima Ilkka T. , Lappalainen Katriina , Hirvonen Maija‐Riitta , Mättö Mikko , Kivinen Petri K. , Hyttinen Mika , Pelkonen Jukka , Naukkarinen Anita
Published: April 2004

Previous works suggest the involvement of mast cells in the epithelialization of chronic wounds. Since heparin is a major mediator stored in the secretory granules of mast cells, the purpose of this work was to elucidate the function of heparin in epithelialization using in vitro culture models. For this, low‐ and high‐calcium media in monolayer and epithelium cultures of keratinocytes were used. Also, an assay based on keratinocyte adherence onto plastic surface was used as well. Heparin (0.02–200 μg/ml) inhibited keratinocyte growth in a non‐cytotoxic and dose‐dependent manner in low‐ and high‐calcium media, Keratinocyte‐SFM® and DMEM, in the absence of growth factors and serum. Also, heparin inhibited the growth of keratinocyte epithelium in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum and DMEM. Instead, in the presence of Keratinocyte‐SFM and growth factors, heparin at 2 μg/ml inhibited the growth by 18% but at higher heparin concentrations the inhibition was reversed to baseline. TNF‐α is another preformed mediator in mast cell granules and it inhibited keratinocyte growth in monolayer and epithelium cultures. Interestingly, heparin at 2–20 μg/ml augmented or even potentiated this growth‐inhibitory effect of TNF‐α. The association of TNF‐α with heparin was shown by demonstrating that TNF‐α bound tightly to heparin‐Sepharose chromatographic material. However, heparin could not augment TNF‐α‐induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase or intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression in keratinocytes. In the cell adherence assay, heparin at 2 μg/ml inhibited significantly by 12–13% or 33% the adherence of keratinocytes onto the plastic surface coated with fibronectin or collagen, respectively, but this inhibition was reversed back to baseline at 20 or 200 μg/ml heparin. Also, heparin affected the cell membrane rather than the protein coat on the plastic surface. In conclusion, heparin not only inhibits or modulates keratinocyte growth and adherence but it also binds and potentiates the growth‐inhibitory function of TNF‐α. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of homocysteinylation of low density lipoproteins on lipid peroxidation of human endothelial cells
Authors: Ferretti Gianna , Bacchetti Tiziana , Moroni Cinzia , Vignini Arianna , Nanetti Laura , Curatola Giovanna
Published: April 2004

Homocysteine‐thiolactone (HcyT) is a toxic product whose synthesis is directly proportional to plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels. Previous studies demonstrated that the interaction between HcyT and low density lipoproteins (LDL) induces the formation of homocystamide‐LDL adducts (Hcy‐LDL). Structural and functional alterations of Hcy‐LDL have been described and it has been suggested that homocysteinylation could increase atherogenicity of LDL. Oxidative damage of endothelial cells (EC) is considered to be a critical aspect of the atherosclerotic process. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the atherogenicity of homocysteinylated LDL, we studied the effect of interaction between Hcy‐LDL and EC on cell oxidative damage, using human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) as experimental model. Homocysteinylation of LDL was carried out by incubation of LDL, isolated from plasma of healthy normolipemic subjects, with HcyT (10–100 μM). In our experimental conditions, homocysteinylation treatment was not accompanied by oxidative damage of LDL. No modifications of apoprotein structure and physico‐chemical properties were observed in Hcy‐LDL with respect to control LDL (c‐LDL), as evaluated using the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan and the probe Laurdan incorporated in lipoproteins. Our results demonstrated that Hcy‐LDL incubated at 37°C for 3 h with HAEC, induced an oxidative damage on human EC with a significant increase of lipid hydroperoxides in cells incubated with Hcy‐LDL with respect to cell incubated with c‐LDL. The compositional changes were associated with a significant decrease viability in cells treated with Hcy‐LDL. The relationship between the levels of –SH groups of LDL and the oxidative damage of HAEC has been demonstrated. These results suggest that Hcy‐LDL exert a cytotoxic effect that is likely related to an increase in lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of EC. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Colon cancer cell adhesion in response to Src kinase activation and actin‐cytoskeleton by non‐laminar shear stress
Authors: Thamilselvan Vijayalakshmi , Patel Ashish , Voort van Zyp Jochem van der , Basson Marc D.
Published: April 2004

Malignant cells shed from tumors during surgical resection or spontaneous metastasis experience physical forces such as shear stress and turbulence within the peritoneal cavity during irrigation, laparoscopic air insufflation, or surgical manipulation, and within the venous or lymphatic system. Since physical forces can activate intracellular signals that modulate the biology of various cell types in vitro, we hypothesized that shear stress and turbulence might increase colon cancer cell adhesion to extracellular matrix, potentiating metastatic implantation. Primary human malignant colon cancer cells isolated from resected tumors and SW620 were subjected to shear stress and turbulence by stirring cells in suspension at 600 rpm for 10 min. Shear stress for 10 min increased subsequent SW620 colon cancer cell adhesion by 40.0 ± 3.0% (n = 3; P < 0.001) and primary cancer cells by 41.0 ± 3.0% to collagen I when compared to control cells. In vitro kinase assay (1.5 ± 0.13 fold) and Western analysis (1.34 ± 0.04 fold) demonstrated a significant increase in Src kinase activity in cells exposed shear stress. Src kinase inhibitors PP1 (0.1 µM), PP2 (20 µM), and actin‐cytoskeleton stabilizer phalloidin (10 µM) prevented the shear stress stimulated cell adhesion to collagen I. Furthermore, PP2 inhibited basal (50.0 ± 2.8%) and prevented shear stress induced src activation but phalloidin pretreatment did not. These results raise the possibility that shear stress and turbulence may stimulate the adhesion of malignant cells shed from colon cancers by a mechanism that requires both actin‐cytoskeletal reorganization an independent physical force activation of Src kinase. Blocking this pathway might reduce tumor metastasis during surgical resection. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pilot study of a yoga and meditation intervention for dementia caregiver stress
Authors: Waelde Lynn C. , Thompson Larry , Gallagher‐Thompson Dolores
Published: April 2004

Twelve older female dementia patient family caregivers (eight Latinas and four Caucasians) participated in a six‐session manualized yoga–meditation program (called Inner Resources) designed to help caregivers cope with stress. Pre/post comparisons revealed statistically significant reductions in depression and anxiety and improvements in perceived self‐efficacy. Average minutes of weekly yoga–meditation practice were significantly associated with improvements in depression. The majority of caregivers found the intervention useful and reported subjective improvements in physical and emotional functioning. These findings suggest that Inner Resources may be a feasible and effective intervention for family caregivers and may improve affect, coping, physical well‐being, and stress management. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The MMPI‐2 in sexual harassment and discrimination litigants
Authors: Long Barbara , Rouse Steven V. , Nelsen R. Owen , Butcher James N.
Published: April 2004

In order to understand patterns of respondents on validity and clinical scales, this study analyzed archival Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2s (MMPI‐2s) produced by 192 women and 14 men who initiated legal claims of ongoing emotional harm related to workplace sexual harassment and discrimination. The MMPI‐2s were administered as a part of a comprehensive psychiatric forensic evaluation of the claimants' current psychological condition. All validity and clinical scale scores were manually entered into the computer, and codetype and cluster analyses were obtained. Among the women, 28% produced a “normal limits” profile, providing no MMPI‐2 support for their claims of ongoing emotional distress. Cluster analysis of the validity scales of the remaining profiles produced four distinctive clusters of profiles representing different approaches to the test items. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
A need for ethnic similarity in the therapist–patient interaction? Mediterranean migrants in Dutch mental‐health care
Authors: Knipscheer Jeroen W. , Kleber Rolf J.
Published: April 2004

Evidence concerning a preference for ethnic matching in the therapist–patient dyad and the effects of ethnic matching on treatment satisfaction is equivocal. This study examined the importance of ethnic similarity in mental‐health care in the Netherlands. A convenience sample of 82 Turkish and 58 Moroccan outpatients in the community mental‐health care was interviewed. Quantified data were analyzed using multivariate techniques. The majority of the respondents did not value ethnic matching as important; clinical competence and compassion were considered to be more relevant than ethnic background. An ethnically dissimilar therapist treated the majority of the outpatients. Outpatients treated by a native Dutch therapist reported similar satisfaction with the services provided as those treated by an ethnically similar therapist. According to Turkish and Moroccan outpatients in Dutch mental‐health care, ethnic matching is not considered to be preferential nor essential for treatment satisfaction. Other health‐care characteristics such as empathy, expertise, and sharing of worldview are considered to be as important. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Investigations into the regioselective C‐deuteriation of enolates derived from 2‐methyl tetralone using piperidine‐d11
Authors: Coumbarides Gregory S. , Eames Jason , Suggate Michael J.
Published: April 2004

Results are reported on the regioselective C‐deuteriation of 2‐methyl tetralone using piperidine‐d11 as a deuterium source. The results presented further aid the understanding of kinetic deuteriation of amine–enolate complexes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.