bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le volontariat des joueurs rime-t-il avec problème ?
Authors: Chrétien Maxime , Fortin-Guichard Daniel , Jacques Christian , Savard Cathy , Goulet Annie , Giroux Isabelle
Published: October 2014

Dans les études sur les jeux de hasard et d’argent dont le recrutement de participants s’effectue à l’aide de publicités, les proportions de joueurs ayant des problèmes de jeu se révèlent supérieures à celles estimées dans la population. Ces proportions élevées indiquent-elles un plus grand intérêt des joueurs problématiques envers ce type d’étude ? L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à vérifier, comparativement aux joueurs sans problème, le degré d’intérêt des joueurs problématiques à être joints lorsque volontaires à participer à des études sur les jeux de hasard et d’argent. Le degré d’intérêt se mesure à partir du nombre de coordonnées fournies pour être joint. Une banque de 297 joueurs (187 femmes et 110 hommes) âgés de 55 à 88 ans et ayant consenti à ce que leur nom et leurs coordonnées soient conservés pour participer à des études ultérieures a été analysée. Comparativement aux joueurs sans problème (n = 214), les joueurs problématiques (n = 83) fournissent un nombre statistiquement plus élevé de coordonnées, et ce, même en tenant compte de l’âge, du sexe et du statut occupationnel. Ce degré d’intérêt plus grand des joueurs problématiques envers les projets de recherche pourrait s’expliquer par l’espoir d’obtenir de l’aide ou par l’attrait d’une compensation financière. Ces hypothèses et les considérations éthiques qu’elles soulèvent en lien avec le dédommagement des joueurs qui participent aux études sur les jeux de hasard et d’argent sont discutées.
The kinase LYK5 is a major chitin receptor in Arabidopsis and forms a chitin-induced complex with related kinase CERK1
Authors: Cao Yangrong , Liang Yan , Tanaka Kiwamu , Nguyen Cuong T , Jedrzejczak Robert P , Joachimiak Andrzej , Stacey Gary
Published: October 2014

Chitin is a fungal microbe-associated molecular pattern recognized in Arabidopsis by a lysin motif receptor kinase (LYK), AtCERK1. Previous research suggested that AtCERK1 is the major chitin receptor and mediates chitin-induced signaling through homodimerization and phosphorylation. However, the reported chitin binding affinity of AtCERK1 is quite low, suggesting another receptor with high chitin binding affinity might be present. Here, we propose that AtLYK5 is the primary chitin receptor in Arabidopsis. Mutations in AtLYK5 resulted in a significant reduction in chitin response. However, AtLYK5 shares overlapping function with AtLYK4 and, therefore, Atlyk4/Atlyk5-2 double mutants show a complete loss of chitin response. AtLYK5 interacts with AtCERK1 in a chitin-dependent manner. Chitin binding to AtLYK5 is indispensable for chitin-induced AtCERK1 phosphorylation. AtLYK5 binds chitin at a much higher affinity than AtCERK1. The data suggest that AtLYK5 is the primary receptor for chitin, forming a chitin inducible complex with AtCERK1 to induce plant immunity.
Relationship Between Hypothermia and Blood Loss in Adult Patients Undergoing Open Lumbar Spine Surgery
Authors: Tedesco Nicholas S. , Korpi Frederick P. , Pazdernik Vanessa K. , Cochran Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2014

Context: Intraoperative blood loss during open lumbar spine surgery is associated with adverse events and is a contributor to higher medical costs. Intraoperative hypothermia has been shown to increase blood loss and postoperative allogeneic blood transfusion rates in other realms of orthopedic surgery, but it has not been studied extensively in patients undergoing spine surgery. Objective: To determine whether a clinically relevant association exists between intraoperative core body temperature and blood loss or transfusion rates in adult patients undergoing open lumbar spine surgery. Methods: In this retrospective medical record review, the surgical records of 174 adult patients who underwent open, nonmicroscopically assisted lumbar spine surgery performed by a single surgeon at a single institution were evaluated. Maximum, minimum, and average temperature, hypothermic temperature, and temperature range parameters were compared with intraoperative, total, and net blood loss and blood transfusion parameters. Additional patient demographic and perioperative characteristics were compared with blood loss and transfusion parameters to determine potential confounders. Analysis of variance, Spearman rank correlation, and generalized multiple linear regression analysis were performed to test for an association between temperature and blood loss or allogeneic transfusion rates. Statistical significance was set at P≤.05. Results: After implementation of exclusion criteria, 160 patient records and 168 surgical procedures were included in the analysis. For patients whose temperature decreased to a hypothermic level at some point during the procedure, hypothermic maximum temperature was protective against blood loss on bivariate analysis (P≤.02), but this finding lost significance after multivariate regression analysis (P>.09). Temperature range was associated with increased blood loss on bivariate analyses (P<.001) but also lost significance after adjusting for covariates in regression analysis (P≥.65). Surgery type (P≤.001) and operative time (P≤.001) were the most robust predictors of increased blood loss (P=.005) and were significantly associated with temperature (P<.001). Conclusion: No effect was found on perioperative blood loss from any temperature parameter or hypothermia in adult patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery once covariates were controlled for with multivariate analysis. One possible interpretation of these results is that the effect of temperature on blood loss can be explained by its strong relationship to the confounders of operative time and surgery type. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014;114(11):828-838 doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.169
Use of Beat-to-Beat Cardiovascular Variability Data to Determine the Validity of Sham Therapy as the Placebo Control in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Research
Authors: Henley Charles E. , Wilson Thad E.
Published: October 2014

Osteopathic manipulative medicine researchers often use sham therapy as the placebo control during clinical trials. Optimally, the sham therapy should be a hands-on procedure that is perceptually indistinguishable from osteopathic manipulative treatment, does not create an effect on its own, and is not a treatment intervention. However, the sham therapy itself may often influence the outcome. The use of cardiovascular variability (eg, beat-to-beat heart rate variability) as a surrogate for the autonomic nervous system is one objective method by which to identify such an effect. By monitoring cardiovascular variability, investigators can assess autonomic nervous system activity as a response to the sham therapy and quickly determine whether or not the selected sham therapy is a true placebo control. The authors provide evidence for assessment of beat-to-beat heart rate variability as one method for assuring objectivity of sham therapy as a placebo control in osteopathic manipulative medicine research. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014;114(11):860-866 doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.172
Intermodel variances of subtropical stratocumulus environments simulated in CMIP5 models
Authors: Noda A. T. , Satoh M.
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates simulation biases associated with the large‐scale environments of subtropical marine stratocumulus (Sc) in present climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. Comparison of eight major variables that strongly control the Sc clouds, including jumps of temperature and vapor across the inversion layer, indicates that these models all have similar shortcomings, such as overestimation of sensible and latent surface fluxes. The differences among the biases of these major variables between the Sc regions were also evaluated. Of all Sc regions, the Namibian Sc region showed the largest biases. The modeled simulation skill of the annual variation of low cloud cover (LCC) increases when the correlation coefficient between LCC and lower atmospheric stability is higher. This paper reemphasizes the importance, suggested in previous studies, of an improved relationship between lower tropospheric stability and LCC if we are to better predict annual variations in subtropical LCC.
Combining data sets of satellite‐retrieved products for basin‐scale water balance study: 2. Evaluation on the Mississippi Basin and closure correction model
Authors: Munier Simon , Aires Filipe , Schlaffer Stefan , Prigent Catherine , Papa Fabrice , Maisongrande Philippe , Pan Ming
Published: October 2014

In this study, we applied the integration methodology developed in the companion paper by Aires (2014) by using real satellite observations over the Mississippi Basin. The methodology provides basin‐scale estimates of the four water budget components (precipitation P, evapotranspiration E, water storage change ΔS, and runoff R) in a two‐step process: the Simple Weighting (SW) integration and a Postprocessing Filtering (PF) that imposes the water budget closure. A comparison with in situ observations of P and E demonstrated that PF improved the estimation of both components. A Closure Correction Model (CCM) has been derived from the integrated product (SW+PF) that allows to correct each observation data set independently, unlike the SW+PF method which requires simultaneous estimates of the four components. The CCM allows to standardize the various data sets for each component and highly decrease the budget residual (P − E − ΔS − R). As a direct application, the CCM was combined with the water budget equation to reconstruct missing values in any component. Results of a Monte Carlo experiment with synthetic gaps demonstrated the good performances of the method, except for the runoff data that has a variability of the same order of magnitude as the budget residual. Similarly, we proposed a reconstruction of ΔS between 1990 and 2002 where no Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data are available. Unlike most of the studies dealing with the water budget closure at the basin scale, only satellite observations and in situ runoff measurements are used. Consequently, the integrated data sets are model independent and can be used for model calibration or validation.
Molecular characterization of S‐ and N‐containing organic constituents in ambient aerosols by negative ion mode high‐resolution Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: CalNex 2010 field study
Authors: O'Brien Rachel E. , Laskin Alexander , Laskin Julia , Rubitschun Caitlin L. , Surratt Jason D. , Goldstein Allen H.
Published: October 2014

Samples of ambient aerosols from the 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study were analyzed using negative ion mode Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (nano‐DESI/MS). Four samples per day (6 h each) were collected in Bakersfield, CA on 20–24 June. Four characteristic groups were identified: molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only (CHO), sulfur‐ (CHOS), nitrogen‐ (CHON), and both nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing organics (CHONS). The chemical formula and elemental ratios were consistent with the presence of organonitrates, organosulfate, and nitroxy organosulfates in the negative ion mode mass spectra. The number of observed CHO compounds increased in the afternoon samples, suggesting photochemical processing as a source. The average number of CHOS compounds had the smallest changes during the day, consistent with a more broadly distributed source. Both of the nitrogen‐containing groups (CHONS and CHON) had greater numbers of compounds in the early morning (midnight to 6 A.M.) and night (6 P.M. to midnight) samples, respectively, consistent with nitrate radical chemistry as a likely source for those compounds. Most of the compounds were found in submicron particles. The size distribution of the number of CHON compounds was bimodal, potentially indicating two types of sources. We conclude that the majority of the compounds observed were secondary in nature with both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. These data are complementary to previous results from positive ion mode nano‐DESI/MS analysis of a subset of the same samples providing a more complete view of aerosol chemical composition at Bakersfield.
Transmission Gear Design
Authors: Zini David M. , McKenny Stephen R.
Published: October 2014

Automotive gear design is an area of engineering that has been in a continual state of development from engineering art to engineering based on physics for several decades. The need to perform the same basic functions—of multiplying torque or speed, transmitting torque between axes, and reversing direction—but at ever higher efficiency, lower mass and space, lower noise, and higher durability requires constant development in materials, design methods, and manufacturing methods. The contemporary design and analysis tools are system‐based programs that continue to increase the complexity and interface connections of the gearset being designed and analyzed. All of the analysis tools require that the geometry of the gear teeth be accurately modeled to correspond to the manufacturing process that will make the part. This chapter discusses gear arrangements, basic terminology, gear geometry, and gear design considerations.

Modern manual transmissions use multiple sets of parallel axis gears to provide different gear ratios. Most automatic transmissions have used planetary gears for this function. Planetary gears have also been used in manual transmissions, such as the Ford Model T more than 100 years ago. Spur gears dominated early transmissions; however, today, helical gears are almost exclusively used in transmissions to transmit power to the wheels.
Dry Clutch
Authors: Tirović Marko
Published: October 2014

Dry clutch is the most commonly used type of a clutch, often combined with a manual gearbox. The torque transfer is based on a principle of dry friction, hence the name. For friction generation, normal force is typically provided by a spring, with the friction force generated at the interfaces of the friction disc with the flywheel and pressure plate.

Various types of clutches are shown, with more detailed presentation of the diaphragm spring clutch, which is widely used on road vehicles. Components of this clutch type were analyzed and some variants, such as pull and push type, also explained. Twin and multiple clutches with single and two output shafts were also studied.

Clutch control systems are presented; including the most often used types—mechanical and hydraulic. Servo assistance and air actuation are also explained.

Basic clutch calculations and dimensioning principles are complemented with thermal aspects and critical design load cases. The changes of engine and clutch angular velocities, as well as clutch torque during the engagement period, are graphically presented for the two most common cases: vehicle start on a horizontal road and vehicle hold on a gradient.

Specialist clutch manufacturers are cited, together with a brief discussion on clutch specification, maintenance, and most common modes of failure. Two numerical examples on clutch dimensioning in regard to torque capacity and thermal loading are presented.
Vehicle Seat Design, Development, and Manufacturing
Authors: Spormann Andreas
Published: October 2014

Seats are acting as an interface between the driver or passenger and the vehicle, which leads to high demands regarding safety, quality, comfort, and durability. Seat development is representing one of the most cost‐intensive engineering activities in the whole vehicle and is, therefore, focused on intensely by the car manufacturers. Increasing safety requirements, the demand for individual customization, brand identity diversification, the concurrent progression of global vehicle platforms, and product standardization lead to continuously increasing complexity of the seat system. The product portfolio includes a wide range from simple low budget seats up to high end luxury seats with a large variety of adjustment and comfort features. For rear seats in the second or third row, variability is becoming more and more important. Rear seats for the luxury segment are expected to have at minimum the same functionalities as front seats or even some additional features such as lounge position and foot rest. As seats are also contributing to the carbon footprint of the vehicle, weight saving plays an important role in the development of new seat generations.
Adjuvant therapies for HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: McGuire Jennifer L. , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Vezina Heather E. , Spitsin Sergei , Douglas Steven D.
Published: October 2014

Objective

HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a frequent and heterogeneous complication of HIV, affecting nearly 50% of infected individuals in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. This is a particularly devastating statistic because the diagnosis of HAND confers an increased risk of HIV‐associated morbidity and mortality in affected patients. While cART is helpful in the treatment of the more severe forms of HAND, there is a therapeutic gap in the milder forms of HAND, where cART is less effective. Multiple adjuvant therapies with various mechanisms of action have been studied (N‐methyl D‐aspartate [NMDA]‐receptor antagonists, MAO‐B inhibitors, tetracycline‐class antibiotics, and others), but none have shown a clear positive effect in HAND. While this lack of efficacy may be because the appropriate therapeutic targets have not yet been determined, we aimed to discuss that study results may also influenced by clinical trial design.

Methods

This report is a systematic review of clinical trials of adjuvant therapies for HAND performed from January 1996 through June 2014.

Results

Possible drawbacks in study design, including lack of standardized case definitions, poorly defined target populations, inappropriate dose selection and measurable outcomes, and brief study durations may have masked true underlying mechanistic effects of previously investigated adjuvant therapies for HAND in specific patient populations.

Conclusions

A proposal for streamlining and maximizing the likelihood of success in future clinical studies using a ‘learning and confirming’ investigational paradigm, incorporating stronger adaptive Phase I/II study designs, computerized modeling, and population/goal of treatment‐specific Phase III clinical trials is presented.
Hydrodeoxygenation of HMF over Pt/C in a continuous flow reactor
Authors: Luo Jing , Arroyo‐Ramírez Lisandra , Gorte Raymond J. , Tzoulaki Despina , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: October 2014

The three‐phase hydrodeoxygenation reaction of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with H2 was studied over a 10 wt % Pt/C catalyst using both batch and flow reactors, with ethanol, 1‐propanol, and toluene solvents. The reaction is shown to be sequential, with HMF reacting first to furfuryl ethers and other partially hydrogenated products. These intermediate products then form dimethyl furan (DMF), which in turn reacts further to undesired products. Furfuryl ethers were found to react to DMF much faster than HMF, explaining the higher reactivity of HMF when alcohol solvents were used. With the optimal residence time, it was possible to achieve yields approaching 70% in the flow reactor with the Pt/C catalyst. Much higher selectivities and yields were obtained in the flow reactor than in the batch reactor because side products are formed sequentially, rather than in parallel, demonstrating the importance of choosing the correct type of reactor in catalyst screening. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 590–597, 2015
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in older Mexican adults and its association with physical activity and related factors: An analysis of the study on global ageing and adult health
Authors: Rivas‐Marino Gabriela , Negin Joel , Salinas‐Rodríguez Aarón , Manrique‐Espinoza Betty , Sterner Kirstin N. , Snodgrass Josh , Kowal Paul
Published: October 2014

Objectives

The obesity epidemic in Mexico is increasing and represents a considerable public health challenge. The population aged 50 years and older is also increasing and is not exempt from the obesity rise. We aimed to determine the current prevalence of Body Mass Index (BMI) categories in a sample of Mexicans aged 50 years and older and to test the associations of BMI with physical activity categories and related factors.

Methods

Data from 2,032 individuals aged 50 years and older who participated in SAGE Wave 1 (2009–2010) were analyzed. Representativeness of the sample was obtained by using weighted data. Descriptive statistics, chi square tests, simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed in relation to BMI, self‐reported physical activity categories, and several variables, including demographic characteristics and selected risk factors for non‐communicable diseases.

Results

Among older adults, 0.6% was found to be underweight, 21.4% normal weight, 49.4% overweight, and 28.7% obese. It was also found that practicing vigorous intensity physical activity (−1.32) and being 80 years or older (−2.73) were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with a lower mean BMI (28.3). In contrast, being in the lowest income quintile (1.35), and living in urban areas (0.86) were significantly associated with a higher mean BMI.

Conclusions

The study results contribute to the current understanding of obesity etiology in Mexico, and moreover confirm that overweight and obesity are current public health problems that must be addressed in specific subgroups of older adults. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:326–333, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interstitial lung disorders in the indium workers of Korea: An update study for the relationship with biological exposure indices
Authors: Choi Sungyeul , Won Yong Lim , Kim Dohyung , Lee Mi‐Young , Choi Yoon jung , Park Jai‐Soung , Kim Hyoung‐Ryoul , Jung Jung Im , Lee Sang‐Gil , Kim Eun‐A
Published: October 2014

Background

Korea is one of the highest indium‐consuming countries worldwide. The present study aims to determine the relationship between interstitial lung disorders and indium exposure in Korea.

Methods

In 50 indium workers from seven plants, the effect of serum indium on the lungs was determined using laboratory tests, spirometry, and high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT).

Results

Higher serum indium and Krebs von den Lungen‐6 (KL‐6) levels were associated with HRCT‐detected interstitial lung changes. Workers with high serum indium levels (≥3 µg/L) had longer exposure durations and a higher prevalence of HRCT‐detected interstitial lung changes. KL‐6 and surfactant protein‐D (SP‐D) levels were significantly higher in the highest serum indium quartile than the lowest quartile. Significant dose–effect relationships existed between serum indium levels and KL‐6, SP‐D levels and the prevalence of HRCT‐detected interstitial lung changes.

Conclusions

Workforce medical surveillance should be established to prevent indium‐induced interstitial lung disease in Korea. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:61–68, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphometry, Geometry, Function, and the Future
Authors: Mcnulty Kieran P. , Vinyard Christopher J.
Published: October 2014

The proliferation of geometric morphometrics (GM) in biological anthropology and more broadly throughout the biological sciences has resulted in a multitude of studies that adopt landmark‐based approaches for addressing a variety of questions in evolutionary morphology. In some cases, particularly in the realm of systematics, the fit between research question and analytical design is quite good. Functional‐adaptive studies, however, do not readily conform to the methods available in the GM toolkit. The symposium organized by Terhune and Cooke entitled “Assessing function via shape: What is the place of GM in functional morphology?” held at the 2013 meetings of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists was designed specifically to explore this relationship between landmark‐based methods and analyses of functional morphology, and the articles in this special issue, which stem in large part from this symposium, provide numerous examples of how the two approaches can complement and contrast each other. Here, we underscore some of the major difficulties in interpreting GM results within a functional regime. In combination with other contributions in this issue, we identify emerging areas of research that will help bridge the gap between multivariate morphometry and functional‐adaptive analysis. Ultimately, neither geometric nor functional morphometric approaches is sufficient to elaborate the adaptive pathways that explain morphological evolution through natural selection. These perspectives must be further integrated with research from physiology, developmental biology, genomics, and ecology. Anat Rec, 298:328–333, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Masticatory System Ontogeny in Papionin Primates
Authors: Singleton Michelle
Published: October 2014

The three‐dimensional configuration of the primate masticatory system is constrained by the need to maximize bite forces while avoiding distraction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Within these bounds, shape variation has predictable effects on functional capacities such as mechanical advantage and gape. In this study, geometric morphometric analysis is used to investigate the ontogeny of masticatory function in papionin monkeys and test the hypothesis that biomechanical constraints determine the location of molar eruption. This “constrained eruption hypothesis” predicts that the distalmost molar (DMX) will occupy a consistent location anterior to the TMJ and that jaw adductor muscles will maintain consistent positions relative to both DMX and TMJ. Craniometric landmarks were digitized on cross‐sectional ontogenetic series of nine papionin species. Form‐space PCA of Procrustes residuals, visualization of Bookstein shape coordinates, and nonparametric ANOVA were used to identify ontogenetic shape trends and test for significant ontogenetic changes in relative landmark positions. In most taxa, DMX maintains a consistent position relative to the TMJ while the anterior dentition migrates anteriorly. Where significant intraspecific ontogenetic differences occur, they involve anterior migration of DMX in later dental stages, likely due to late adolescent growth of the posterior palate. Attachments of the anterior temporalis and deep masseter also maintain consistent positions relative to the TMJ; however, the superficial masseter migrates anteriorly throughout ontogeny. All muscle attachments migrate laterally relative to the TMJ, reflecting positive scaling of adductor PCSA. Overall, results support the constrained eruption hypothesis and suggest mechanisms by which functional capacity is maintained during ontogeny. Anat Rec, 298:48–63, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive Output Feedback based Output Tracking Control for a Time‐Delay System with a PFC
Authors: Mizumoto I. , Takagi T.
Published: October 2014

This output tracking control system for time‐delay systems with a parallel feedforward compensator (PFC). It has been clarified that one can design an adaptive output tracking control system for systems with almost strictly positive real (ASPR) properties. However, the robust stability for non‐ASPR time‐delay systems with a PFC introduced for making the resulting augmented system ASPR has not been analyzed. In this paper, it will be clarified that one can design a stable adaptive output tracking control system for time‐delay systems with a PFC, even if the resulting augmented system is not exactly ASPR.
Robust Nonlinear Observer And Observer‐Backstepping Control Design For Surface Ships
Authors: Xia Guoqing , Shao Xingchao , Zhao Ang
Published: October 2014

A robust passive non‐linear observer, utilizing the sliding mode concept and acceleration feedback (AFB) technique, is developed for ships. The main advantage of the proposed observer is that it is robust and that it takes the Coriolis‐centripetal matrix (C‐matrix) into account. The observer reconstructs velocities of ships and bias from slowly varying environmental disturbances. It also filters out the noise and wave frequency data from measurements to protect the actuators from wear and excessive fuel consumption. The sliding mode technique is introduced to improve robust performance against neglected disturbances, uncertainties, and unmodeled dynamics. The acceleration feedback technique and coordinate transformation are used for reshaping the inertia matrix and removing the C‐matrix from the mathematical model. Then, the observer design and stability analysis become simpler. An output feedback controller using observer backstepping and the Lyapunov redesign technique is derived, and the global stability of the observer and observer‐controller system is shown by Lyapunov stability theory. A set of simulations was carried out to verify the performance of the proposed observer and controller.
Adaptive Non‐Backstepping Fuzzy Control for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Dead‐Zone Input
Authors: Wang Rui , Yu Fusheng , Wang Jiayin
Published: October 2014

Based on the approximation property of fuzzy logic systems, we propose a novel non‐backstepping adaptive tracking control algorithm for a class of single input single output (SISO) strict‐feedback nonlinear systems with unknown dead‐zone input. In this algorithm, we introduce some novel state variables and coordinate transforms to convert the strict‐feedback form into a normal one, and it is not necessary to consider the traditional approximation‐based the backstepping scheme. Due to new states variables being unavailable, the tracking control is changed from a state‐feedback one to an output‐feedback one. So, observers need to be designed to estimate the indirect nonmeasurable states. According to Lyapunov stability analysis method, the developed controller can guarantee that all of the signals in the closed‐loop system will be ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB), and the output can track the reference signal very well. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Verbal Problem‐Solving Difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Atypical Language Development
Authors: Alderson‐Day Ben
Published: October 2014

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) adopt less efficient strategies than typically developing (TD) peers on the Twenty Questions Task (TQT), a measure of verbal problem‐solving skills. Although problems with the TQT are typically associated with executive dysfunction, they have also been reported in children who are deaf, suggesting a role for atypical language development. To test the contribution of language history to ASD problem solving, TQT performance was compared in children with high‐functioning autism (HFA), children with Asperger syndrome (AS) and TD children. The HFA group used significantly less efficient strategies than both AS and TD children. No group differences were evident on tests of question understanding, planning or verbal fluency. Potential explanations for differences in verbal problem‐solving skill are discussed with reference to the development of inner speech and use of visual strategies in ASD. Autism Res 2014, 7: 720–730. © 2014 The Authors. Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research
Three‐year clinical outcome after treatment of chronic total occlusions with second‐generation drug‐eluting stents in the TWENTE trial
Authors: van Houwelingen K. Gert , Sen Hanim , Lam Ming Kai , Tandjung Kenneth , Löwik Marije M. , de Man Frits H.A.F. , Louwerenburg J. (Hans) W. , Stoel Martin G. , Hartmann Marc , Linssen Gerard C.M. , Doggen Carine J. , von Birgelen Clemens
Published: October 2014

Objective

To compare long‐term outcome of patients treated for chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions versus patients treated for non‐CTO lesions only.

Background

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for CTO lesions generally have a higher adverse event risk than PCI for non‐CTO lesions. However, long‐term outcome data from prospective studies with second‐generation drug‐eluting stent (DES) use in CTO lesions is scarce.

Methods

We analyzed in this substudy of the TWENTE trial the data of 674 patients, who had stable angina and were electively treated with second‐generation DES (Resolute zotarolimus‐eluting or Xience V everolimus‐eluting stents). Main outcome parameter was target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiac death, target vessel‐related myocardial infarction (MI), or target lesion revascularization (TLR).

Results

Patients with CTO lesions (n = 59, 8.8%) were more often treated for lesions in small vessels (94.9% vs. 63.1%, P < 0.001), long lesions (52.5% vs. 17.7%, P < 0.001) and multiple vessels (42.4% vs. 22.4%, P < 0.001), and were less often males (62.7% vs. 74.6%, P < 0.05) than patients with non‐CTO lesions (n = 615, 91.2%). J‐CTO scores ≥2 were present in 56% of CTO lesions. Despite significant differences in characteristics of patients, lesions, and interventional procedures, the TLF rate at 3‐year follow‐up was similar for both groups (13.6% vs. 12.9%, P = 0.89). In addition, a patient‐oriented composite endpoint (any death, MI or revascularization) did not differ between groups (18.6% vs. 18.8%, P = 0.97).

Conclusion

Patients treated with second‐generation DES for CTO lesions showed at 3‐year follow‐up an incidence of adverse clinical events that was low and similar to patients with non‐CTO lesions only. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutron Diffraction Study of Li4Ti5O12 at Low Temperatures.
Authors: Dolotko Oleksandr , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Muehlbauer Martin J. , Boysen Hans , Monchak Mykhailo , Ehrenberg Helmut
Published: October 2014

The crystal structure of the title electrode material is determined by neutron powder diffraction in the temperature range 3.4—300 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth and Characterization of Nonlinear Optical Telluromolybdate CoTeMoO6 Single Crystals.
Authors: Maczka Miroslaw , Hermanowicz Krzysztof , Majchrowski Andrzej , Kroenke Lukasz , Pietraszko Adam , Ptak Maciej
Published: October 2014

CoTeMoO6 single crystals are obtained from high temperature solutions (526 °C) of CoTeMoO6 by spontaneous crystallization on a Pt wire using a eutectic mixture of TeO2 and MoO3 as solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: First Single Crystal Growth and Structural Analysis of Superconducting Layered Bismuth Oxyselenide; La(O,F)BiSe2.
Authors: Tanaka Masashi , Nagao Masanori , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Fujioka Masaya , Denholme Saleem J. , Yamaguchi Takahide , Takeya Hiroyuki , Takano Yoshihiko
Published: October 2014

Single crystals of La(O,F)BiSe2 are grown by a CsCl flux method involving powders of La, Bi2O3, BiF3, Bi, Bi2Se3, and Se in the molar ratio of 6:1:1:1:1:9 corresponding to LaO0.5F0.5BiSe2 (evacuated quartz ampoule, 900 °C, 2 h; controlled cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Electronic Properties for the Over‐Lithiated and Li‐Ag Substituted Phases of Li9V3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 Insertion Electrode System.
Authors: Onoda Masashige , Inagaki Makoto , Saito Hiroaki
Published: October 2014

For the Li9V3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 insertion electrode system with a multiple‐electron reaction, the over‐lithiated phase LixV3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 (I) with 9 < x ≤ 10 and the Li‐Ag substituted phase Li9‐yAgyV3 (P2O7)3(PO4)2 (II) with 0 < y ≤ 1 are prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Li3PO4, Ag3PO4, LiPO3, and V2O3 (evacuated silica tubes, 1023 K, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Addressing the Chemical Sorcery of “GaI”: Benefits of Solid‐State Analysis Aiding in the Synthesis of P→Ga Coordination Compounds
Authors: Malbrecht Brian J. , Dube Jonathan W. , Willans Mathew J. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: October 2014

The products of the reactions of Ga metal with iodine in toluene (yield given in g) for different reaction times are characterized by FT‐Raman spectroscopy, powder XRD, 71Ga solid state NMR spectroscopy, and 127I nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis and Application of Homologous Pyrroline‐2‐alkylboronic Acids: Identification of the B—N Distance for Eliciting Bifunctional Catalysis of an Asymmetric Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Batsanov Andrei S. , Georgiou Irene , Girling P. Ricardo , Pommier Laure , Shen Hong C. , Whiting Andrew
Published: October 2014

The influence of the chain length in homoboroproline homologues on their catalytic activity in aldol reactions is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Spiro‐Cyclization Using Dioxygen in Air as the Hydrogen Acceptor.
Authors: Oguma Takuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: October 2014

An efficient approach for the enantioselective formation of spirocyclic dihydrobenzofurans (III) from 1‐methyl‐2‐naphthols (I) and phenol derivatives (II) via a new Fe‐salan complex catalyzed [aerobic oxidative ortho‐quinone methide formation followed by Michael addition and asymmetric dearomatization] is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Diels—Alder Reaction of 1,2‐Dihydropyridines with α‐Acyloxyacroleins Catalyzed by a Chiral Primary Ammonium Salt.
Authors: Ishihara Kazuaki , Yamada Hiroki , Akakura Matsujiro
Published: October 2014

The first example of a catalytic and highly enantioselective Diels—Alder reaction of 1,2‐dihydropyridines (I) with α‐acyloxyacrolein (II) catalyzed by a chiral ammonium salt is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary Carbons via the Dianionic Ireland—Claisen Rearrangement.
Authors: Crimmins Michael T. , Knight John D. , Williams Philip S. , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2014

Dianionic Ireland—Claisen rearrangement of optically active allylic esters proceeds with high diastereoselectivity to give products containing three contiguous asymmetric carbon centers.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetra‐n‐butylammonium Bromide: A Simple but Efficient Organocatalyst for Alcohol Oxidation under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Ma Xinyi , Li Zhongfeng , Liu Feijie , Cao Shengli , Rao Honghua
Published: October 2014

The reaction proceeds with excellent selectivity for secondary benzylic alcohols over aliphatic alcohols or primary benzylic alcohols, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes at Room Temperature over Magnetically Separable Fe—Ni Bimetallic Nanoparticles.
Authors: Petkar Dhananjay R. , Kadu Brijesh S. , Chikate Rajeev C.
Published: October 2014

Fe‐Ni nanoparticles are used as catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes (I) to anilines (II) as well as cinnamic ester (III) to 3‐phenylpropanoate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Intermolecular β‐C—H Alkenylation of α‐Enamino‐ketones with Simple Alkynes.
Authors: Wang Zhiqian , Reinus Brandon J. , Dong Guangbin
Published: October 2014

A novel strategy to synthesize β‐alkenylated α‐enamino‐ketones such as (III)/(IV) and (VIII)/(IX) via catalytic C—H/alkyne coupling is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Recyclable Polystyrene‐Supported Threonine‐Derived Organocatalyst for Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Henseler Andrea H. , Ayats Carles , Pericas Miquel A.
Published: October 2014

The polystyrene‐supported catalyst can be recycled and reused for more than 5 times without a significant loss in activity and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Promoted Reductive Coupling of Aryl Iodides with 1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2‐iodoethane.
Authors: Xu Song , Chen Huan‐Huan , Dai Jian‐Jun , Xu Hua‐Jian
Published: October 2014

Normal non‐nanosized copper powder is described to promote the reductive coupling of a variety of aryl iodides with 2,2,2‐trifluoromethyl iodide to yield 2,2,2‐trifluoroethylarenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Exclusive Chemoselective Reduction of Imines in the Coexistence of Aldehydes Using AuNPore Catalyst.
Authors: Takale Balaram S. , Tao Shan Mou , Yu Xiao Qiang , Feng Xiu Juan , Jin Tienan , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: October 2014

Aldimines and enimines are chemoselectively reduced by methyl diphenyl silane even in the presence of aldehydes and ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Beneficial Effect of ortho‐Substituents on the (S)‐Proline‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Acetone with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Martinez Alberto , van Gemmeren Manuel , List Benjamin
Published: October 2014

The reaction can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Peptide‐Based Primary Aminocatalyst with a Helical Structure.
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Suzuki Rieko , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: October 2014

The title catalyst is applied to the asymmetric Michael addition of nitromethane to α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Trifluoride Mediated Ring‐Opening Reactions of trans‐2‐Aryl‐3‐nitro‐cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates. Synthesis of Aroylmethylidene Malonates as Potential Building Blocks for Heterocycles.
Authors: Selvi Thangavel , Srinivasan Kannupal
Published: October 2014

The use of 1 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: Knoevenagel Condensation of Diethylmalonate with Aldehydes Catalyzed by Immobilized Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA).
Authors: Ramesh Perla , Shalini Basetty , Fadnavis Nitin W.
Published: October 2014

Bovine serum albumin immobilized covalently on an epoxy‐functionalized polymeric support is developed and utilized as catalyst for the condensation of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with diethyl malonate.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoceria‐Catalyzed Highly Efficient Procedure for N‐Formylation of Amines at Room Temperature under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Patil Umakant B. , Singh Abhilash S. , Nagarkar Jayashree M.
Published: October 2014

Application of a chiral substrate yields the corresponding product without razemization.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonoketenimides as Key Intermediates for the Synthesis of N‐Tosylacetoyloxy Alkanimines.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Ghazanfarpour‐Darjani Majid , Bayat Mohammad J. , Malekafzali Alaleh
Published: October 2014

Compound (IVc) is further transformed to 2‐phenyl‐N‐tosylacetamide.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrogenerated Acid (EGA)‐Catalyzed Addition of Diaryl Disulfides to Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds.
Authors: Matsumoto Kouichi , Shimazaki Hayato , Sanada Tomonari , Shimada Kazuaki , Hagiwara Shino , Suga Seiji , Kashimura Shigenori , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: October 2014

Addition of diaryl disulfides (II) to carbon—carbon multiple bonds is accomplished by using a Broensted acid produced by electrolysis of Bu4N+B(C6F5)‐ in CH2Cl2 as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Ureas from Boc‐Protected Amines.
Authors: Spyropoulos Constantinos , Kokotos Christoforos G.
Published: October 2014

Nonsymmetrical and symmetrical disubstituted and trisubstituted ureas are synthesized by using 2‐chloropyridine and TfO2 for the in situ generation of an isocyanate.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Bulky Enones with Simple Alkynes. The Effect of Bulkiness of Substituent Attached at β‐Carbon.
Authors: Abulimiti Abudoukadeer , Nishimura Akira , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: October 2014

Title reaction of enones (I) bearing bulky substituents affords cyclobutenes (III) or (V) and (VI), resp., rather than cyclohexenes or cyclohexadienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chrysene Derivatives via Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Dimerization of 2‐Alkynyl‐1‐acetylbenzenes.
Authors: Guo Biao , Zheng Liyao , Yang Lichen , Hua Ruimao
Published: October 2014

It provides a simple and efficient approach to a number of chrysene derivatives and related compounds like (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Interception of Benzyne with Thioethers: A Facile Access to Sulfur Ylides under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Xu Hua‐Dong , Cai Mao‐Qiang , He Wei‐Jie , Hu Wen‐Hao , Shen Mei‐Hua
Published: October 2014

A novel facile and efficient one‐pot process to synthesize spiro epoxyindoles is developed involving benzyne as capturing agent for arylmercaptan to generate sulfonium ylides which react with the C‐3 carbonyl of isatins.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral β‐Lactam Synthesis Through the Enantioselective Reduction of Iminocyclobutenones and the Thermal Rearrangement of Aminocyclobutenones.
Authors: Hachiya Iwao , Ito Akinori , Shimizu Makoto
Published: October 2014

The formation of the rearrangement products (III) and (IV) proceeds with high to excellent diastereoselectivity with the minor isomers not being isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbene Transfer to Alkynes via 2‐Furylcarbenes Generated from Enynones.
Authors: Gonzalez Maria J. , Lopez Enol , Vicente Ruben
Published: October 2014

The carbene transfer to alkynes (II) using enynones (I) and (V) as a source of the carbene is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Preparation of 1,3‐Diarylisobenzofuran.
Authors: Hamura Toshiyuki , Nakayama Ryosuke
Published: October 2014

A simple, practical and efficient method for the one‐pot synthesis of symmetric (III) and unsymmetric (V), (VII) 1,3‐diarylisobenzofurans is developed using sequential reactions of methyl 2‐formylbenzoate (I) with two identical or different aryl metal species.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,4‐Disubstituted Indoles from N‐Tosyl‐2,3‐dichloroaniline Using Palladium—Dihydroxyterphenylphosphine Catalyst.
Authors: Yamaguchi Miyuki , Manabe Kei
Published: October 2014

The one‐pot synthesis of 2,4‐disubstituted indoles involves the Sonogashira coupling followed by cyclization to provide 4‐chloroindole intermediates which undergo Suzuki—Miyaura coupling with boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh‐Catalyzed Oxidative C2‐Alkenylation of Indoles with Alkynes: Unexpected Cleavage of Directing Group.
Authors: Sharma Satyasheel , Han Sangil , Shin Youngmi , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Oh Hyunji , Park Jihye , Kwak Jong Hwan , Shin Beom Soo , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su
Published: October 2014

This C2‐alkenylation of indoles (I) typically proceeds with high levels of regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Facile Synthesis of [a]‐Anellated Pyrazolopyrroloindoles via Intramolecular Azomethine Imine 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Shinde Anand H. , Vidyacharan Shinde , Sharada Duddu S.
Published: October 2014

In situ generated azomethine imines undergo regio‐ and stereoselective intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions to form pyrazolopyrroloindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Aluminum Hydride‐Mediated Reduction of N‐(γ‐ or δ‐Oxoacyl)oxazolidinone.
Authors: Yamaguchi Jun‐ichi , Asano Mayuko , Udono Youko
Published: October 2014

In the presence of diisobutylaluminum hydride, oxazolelidinone derivatives are converted into tetrahydrofuran or terahydropyran derivatives, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Bromosuccinimide as an Oxidant for the Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzoxazoles from Benzoxazoles and Secondary Amines.
Authors: Wang Xiaoe , Xu Daqian , Miao Chengxia , Zhang Qiaohong , Sun Wei
Published: October 2014

A facile and transition‐metal‐free method for the synthesis of 2‐aminobenzoxazoles is developed through merging the ring opening of benzoxazoles with secondary amines and NBS‐mediated oxidative cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Ce(OTf)3‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azides with Nitroolefins: Regioselective Synthesis of 1,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Wang Ying‐Chun , Xie Yu‐Yang , Qu Hong‐En , Wang Heng‐Shan , Pan Ying‐Ming , Huang Fu‐Ping
Published: October 2014

Both benzyl and phenyl azides react with a broad range of aryl nitroolefins selectively to the title compounds through cycloaddition and subsequent elimination reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: C—C Bond Migration in the Cycloisomerization of Oxygen‐Tethered 1,6‐Enynes.
Authors: Stevenson Susan M. , Newcomb Eric T. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: October 2014

C—C bond migration into metal carbenoid intermediates generated through the cycloisomerization of oxygen‐tethered 1,6‐enynes (I) and (III) is reported.