bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Celiprolol, A Vasodilatory β-Blocker, Inhibits Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Prevents the Transition to Heart Failure via Nitric Oxide–Dependent Mechanisms in Mice
Authors: Liao Yulin , Asakura Masanori , Takashima Seiji , Ogai Akiko , Asano Yoshihiro , Shintani Yasunori , Minamino Tetsuo , Asanuma Hiroshi , Sanada Shoji , Kim Jiyoong , Kitamura Soichiro , Tomoike Hitonobu , Hori Masatsugu , Kitakaze Masafumi
Published: July 2004

Background—

The blockade of β-adrenergic receptors reduces both mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure, but the cellular mechanism remains unclear. Celiprolol, a selective β
1
-blocker, was reported to stimulate the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the heart, and NO levels have been demonstrated to be related to myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. Thus, we aimed to clarify whether celiprolol attenuates both myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure via the NO-signal pathway.

Methods and Results—

In rat neonatal cardiac myocytes, celiprolol inhibited protein synthesis stimulated by either isoproterenol or phenylephrine, which was partially suppressed by
N
G
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Four weeks after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in C57BL/6 male mice, the ratio of heart weight to body weight (mg/g) (8.70±0.42 in TAC, 6.61±0.44 with celiprolol 100 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
PO,
P
<0.01) and the ratio of lung weight to body weight (mg/g) (10.27±1.08 in TAC, 7.11±0.70 with celiprolol 100 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
PO,
P
<0.05) were lower and LV fractional shortening was higher in the celiprolol-treated groups than in the TAC group. All of these improvements were blunted by L-NAME. Celiprolol treatment significantly increased myocardial eNOS and activated phosphorylation of eNOS. Myocardial mRNA levels of natriuretic peptide precursor type B and protein inhibitor of NO synthase, which were increased in the TAC mice, were decreased in the celiprolol-treated mice.

Conclusions—

These findings indicated that celiprolol attenuates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy both in vitro and in vivo and halts the process leading from hypertrophy to heart failure. These effects are mediated by a selective β
1
-adrenergic receptor blockade and NO-dependent pathway.
Association Between Platelet Receptor Occupancy After Eptifibatide (Integrilin) Therapy and Patency, Myocardial Perfusion, and ST-Segment Resolution Among Patients With ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Gibson C. Michael , Jennings Lisa K. , Murphy Sabina A. , Lorenz David P. , Giugliano Robert P. , Harrington Robert A. , Cholera Shila , Krishnan Rajini , Califf Robert M. , Braunwald Eugene
Published: July 2004

Background—

Paradoxically, fibrinolytic agents may systemically activate platelets, which in turn secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), an antagonist of the fibrinolytic process in proportion to total body platelet mass. We hypothesized that improved epicardial patency, myocardial perfusion, and ST-segment resolution would be associated with higher levels of platelet receptor occupancy (RO) by a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist in ST-elevation MI (STEMI).

Methods and Results—

Patients were drawn from the low-dose tenecteplase plus eptifibatide arm of the INTEGRITI study. Angiographic and platelet RO data were analyzed at 2 independent core laboratories. To take into account the absolute platelet count and receptors available for cross-linking, absolute platelet count was multiplied by percent of available receptors to obtain the index of the absolute number of receptors available (IANRA). Percent RO was higher among patients with a patent artery (TIMI flow grade 2/3; 78.2±9.2, n=63 versus 63.9±29.7, n=7;
P
=0.005), those with TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 2/3 (79.6±9.5, n=40 versus 73.0±16.2, n=30;
P
=0.036), and those with complete (≥70%) ST-segment resolution at 60 minutes (81.3±8.3%, n=27 versus 73.1±17.4%, n=24;
P
=0.034). The absolute number of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors available for cross-linking was reduced (ie, the IANRA was lower) among patients with a patent artery (
P
=0.0015), patients with TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 2/3 (
P
=0.026), and patients with ≥70% ST-segment resolution (
P
=0.029).

Conclusions—

This study links restoration of epicardial flow, normal myocardial perfusion, and complete ST-segment resolution with higher levels of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor occupancy after therapy with eptifibatide administered with tenecteplase.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease in the United States
Authors: Selvin Elizabeth , Erlinger Thomas P.
Published: July 2004

Background—

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is an important marker of subclinical coronary heart disease. However, estimates of PAD prevalence in the general US population have varied widely.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed data from 2174 participants aged 40 years and older from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.90 in either leg. The prevalence of PAD among adults aged 40 years and over in the United States was 4.3% (95% CI 3.1% to 5.5%), which corresponds to ≈5 million individuals (95% CI 4 to 7 million). Among those aged 70 years or over, the prevalence was 14.5% (95% CI 10.8% to 18.2%). In age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression analyses, black race/ethnicity (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.48 to 5.42) current smoking (OR 4.46, 95% CI 2.25 to 8.84), diabetes (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.03 to 7.12), hypertension (OR 1.75, 95% CI 0.97 to 3.13), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.57), and low kidney function (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.70) were positively associated with prevalent PAD. More than 95% of persons with PAD had 1 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors. Elevated fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels were also associated with PAD.

Conclusions—

This study provides nationally representative prevalence estimates of PAD in the United States, revealing that PAD affects more than 5 million adults. PAD prevalence increases dramatically with age and disproportionately affects blacks. The vast majority of individuals with PAD have 1 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors that should be targeted for therapy.
Gene Therapy of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Restores Delayed Wound Healing in Type 1 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Luo Jian-Dong , Wang Ying-Ying , Fu Wei-Ling , Wu Jun , Chen Alex F.
Published: July 2004

Background—

Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency contributes to diabetic wound healing impairment. The present study tested the hypothesis that increased cutaneous superoxide (O
2
−
) levels in type 1 diabetic mice cause NO deficiency and delayed wound healing.

Methods and Results—

Wound healing was markedly delayed in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice compared with the normal controls. There were significantly reduced levels of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) protein and constitutive NOS activity in diabetic wounds, whereas O
2
−
levels were markedly increased. A single regimen of cutaneous gene therapy of eNOS or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) restored such healing delay, with a concomitant suppression of wound O
2
−
levels and augmentation of both eNOS protein and constitutive NOS activity. Gene therapy of MnSOD also increased cutaneous MnSOD activity. Cutaneous O
2
−
levels were also increased in Ins2
Akita
diabetic mice. In vitro glucose treatment of cutaneous tissues from normal mice for 24 hours increased O
2
−
levels in a concentration-dependent manner. The enhanced cutaneous O
2
−
levels induced by high glucose in both normal and diabetic mice were abolished by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine. Furthermore, ex vivo gene transfer of dominant-negative HA-tagged N17Rac1, which inhibits NADPH oxidase subunit Rac1, significantly inhibited cutaneous O
2
−
formation induced by high glucose in both normal and Ins2
Akita
diabetic mice.

Conclusions—

These results indicate that hyperglycemia augments cutaneous O
2
−
levels, at least in part, via NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C pathways, resulting in impaired wound healing in type 1 diabetic mice. Gene therapy strategies aimed at restoring cutaneous NO bioavailability may provide an effective means to ameliorate delayed diabetic wound healing.
Fish Intake and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Mozaffarian Dariush , Psaty Bruce M. , Rimm Eric B. , Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Burke Gregory L. , Lyles Mary F. , Lefkowitz David , Siscovick David S.
Published: July 2004

Background—

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and is particularly common in the elderly. Although effects of fish intake, including potential antiarrhythmic effects, may favorably influence risk of AF, relationships between fish intake and AF incidence have not been evaluated.

Methods and Results—

In a prospective, population-based cohort of 4815 adults ≥age 65 years, usual dietary intake was assessed at baseline in 1989 and 1990. Consumption of tuna and other broiled or baked fish correlated with plasma phospholipid long-chain n-3 fatty acids, whereas consumption of fried fish or fish sandwiches (fish burgers) did not. AF incidence was prospectively ascertained on the basis of hospital discharge records and annual electrocardiograms. During 12 years’ follow-up, 980 cases of incident AF were diagnosed. In multivariate analyses, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish was inversely associated with incidence of AF, with 28% lower risk with intake 1 to 4 times per week (HR=0.72, 95% CI=0.58 to 0.91,
P
=0.005), and 31% lower risk with intake ≥5 times per week (HR=0.69, 95% CI=0.52 to 0.91,
P
=0.008), compared with <1 time per month (
P
trend=0.004). Results were not materially different after adjustment for preceding myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure. In similar analyses, fried fish/fish sandwich consumption was not associated with lower risk of AF.

Conclusions—

Among elderly adults, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish or fish sandwiches, is associated with lower incidence of AF. Fish intake may influence risk of this common cardiac arrhythmia.
Effects of Local Administrations of Tempol and Diethyldithio-Carbamic on Peripheral Nerve Activity
Authors: Shokoji Takatomi , Fujisawa Yoshihide , Kimura Shoji , Rahman Matlubur , Kiyomoto Hideyasu , Matsubara Keisuke , Moriwaki Kumiko , Aki Yasuharu , Miyatake Akira , Kohno Masakazu , Abe Youichi , Nishiyama Akira
Published: July 2004

We have recently shown that systemic administration of a superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, resulted in decreases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate along with a reduction in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). It has also been shown that these parameters are significantly increased by systemic administration of a superoxide dismutase inhibitor, diethyldithio-carbamic (DETC), indicating a potential role of reactive oxygen species in the regulation of RSNA. In this study, we examined the effects of local administrations of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-
N
-oxyl (tempol) and DETC on RSNA in anesthetized rats. Either tempol or DETC was directly administered onto the renal sympathetic nerves located between the electrode and ganglion. Local application of tempol (10 μL, 0.17 to 1.7 mol/L, n=6) resulted in dose-dependent decreases in integrated RSNA (by −81±6% at 1.7 mol/L) without alterations in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. In contrast, DETC (10 μL, 0.17 to 1.7 mol/L, n=6) increased RSNA dose-dependently. The responses of RSNA to tempol and DETC were significantly greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats (n=6, respectively). Local application of sodium nitroprusside (1 mmol/L) or
N
G
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester (0.11 mol/L) altered neither basal RSNA nor tempol-induced reductions in RSNA (n=6 and 5, respectively). A voltage-gated potassium channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine (0.1 mol/L), significantly decreased basal RSNA (by −81±1%) and completely prevented DETC-induced increases in RSNA (n=5). These results suggest that reactive oxygen species play a role in the regulation of peripheral sympathetic nerve activity, and that at least part of this mechanism is mediated through voltage-gated potassium channels.
Reactive Oxygen Species, Vascular Oxidative Stress, and Redox Signaling in Hypertension
Authors: Touyz Rhian M.
Published: July 2004

Metabolism of oxygen by cells generates potentially deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under normal conditions the rate and magnitude of oxidant formation is balanced by the rate of oxidant elimination. However, an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants results in oxidative stress, which is the pathogenic outcome of oxidant overproduction that overwhelms the cellular antioxidant capacity. The kidney and vasculature are rich sources of NADPH oxidase–derived ROS, which under pathological conditions play an important role in renal dysfunction and vascular damage. Strong experimental evidence indicates that increased oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage are mediators of renovascular injury in cardiovascular pathologies. Increased production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, reduced nitric oxide synthesis, and decreased bioavailability of antioxidants have been demonstrated in experimental and human hypertension. These findings have evoked considerable interest because of the possibilities that therapies targeted against free radicals by decreasing ROS generation or by increasing nitric oxide availability and antioxidants may be useful in minimizing vascular injury and renal dysfunction and thereby prevent or regress hypertensive end-organ damage. This article highlights current developments in the field of ROS and hypertension, focusing specifically on the role of oxidative stress in hypertension-associated vascular damage. In addition, recent clinical trials investigating cardiovascular benefits of antioxidants are discussed, and some explanations for the rather disappointing results from these studies are addressed. Finally, important avenues for future research in the field of ROS, oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension are considered.
Essential Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Angiotensin II–Induced Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling
Authors: Zhao Qingwei , Ishibashi Minako , Hiasa Ken-ichi , Tan Chunyan , Takeshita Akira , Egashira Kensuke
Published: July 2004

Angiotensin II (Ang II) upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and activates vascular inflammation. However, the decisive role of VEGF in Ang II–induced vascular inflammation and remodeling has not been addressed. Ang II infusion to wild-type mice increased local expression of VEGF and its receptors in cells of aortic wall and plasma VEGF, and caused aortic inflammation (monocyte infiltration) and remodeling (wall thickening and fibrosis). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α colocalized with VEGF-positive cell types. Blockade of VEGF by the soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt-1) gene transfer attenuated the Ang II–induced inflammation and remodeling. The sFlt-1 gene transfer also inhibited the increased expression of VEGF and inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In contrast, sFlt-1 gene transfer did not affect Ang II–induced arterial hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. VEGF is an essential mediator in Ang II–induced vascular inflammation and structural changes through its proinflammatory actions.
Manliness and Imperial Service in Mughal North India
Authors: O'Hanlon Rosalind
Published: July 2004

This essay explores some of the ways in which gender identity and norms for manhood were important in the political and religious discourses of Mughal north India. A concern with the meanings of manhood ran through these discourses and their antecedents in the wider world of medieval Perso-Islamic political culture, constructing important and enduring links between kingship, norms for statecraft, imperial service and ideal manhood. The essay examines in detail the ways in which one high imperial servant in the early seventeenth century inherited, developed and reflected on these themes, and related them to his own personal experience. These definitions of elite manliness began to change in the later seventeenth century, and their connection with imperial service began to fracture, with the emergence of more complexly stratified urban societies in north India, and the development of an increasingly ebullient and cosmopolitan ethos of gentlemanly connoisseurship and consumption. The essay examines some of the normative literature associated with these shifts, and suggests that one of their consequences may have been to intensify the strains in Mughal service morale associated with the last decades of the seventeenth century.
The Ribât System and Its Role In Coastal Navigation
Authors: Khalilieh Hassan
Published: July 2004

The article deals with the role of the coastal defense system, called ribât in medieval Islam, in coastal navigation. The issues emerge through this discussion are the distance between each one of the watching points along the coastal frontiers, inhabitants of the ribats, and the civil functions of the ribâts. The article proves that these fortresses located along the Islamic coastal frontiers along the Mediterranean as well as the Indian Ocean functioned as a refuge for attacked Muslim merchant ships by foreign powers and pirates. Our evidence came from written sources and archeological finds.
The Use and Abuse of Wine in Ancient China
Authors: Poo Mu-Chou
Published: July 2004

This study traces the use of wine in ancient China. Employing archaeological and literary sources, the author discusses the manufacturing of wine, the use of wine in rituals and festivities, the attitudes toward wine-drinking, and the government control of the production and consumption of wine. Wine was a prestigious drink in both religious ceremonies and secular gatherings, yet it was also a symbol of wanton behaviour when used excessively.
Limits of the Almighty: Mehmed II's 'Land Reform' Revisited
Authors: Özel Oktay
Published: July 2004

This paper reviews the reform attempt that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the last years of Mehmed II (1451-81), which is generally referred to as a "land reform" in Ottoman historiography. First, it emphasizes that the freeholds, the main target of the said reform, were 'revenue-holdings' not land-holdings. Second, based on the examination of a tax register belonging to the Anatolian province of Amasya, it shows that the reform brought no fundamental change in the existing revenue holding system, let alone in the land relations, which remained entirely outside the scope of the reform. Finally, the article describes Mehmed II's attempt, insofar as reflected in north-central Anatolia, as no more than a somewhat superficial "fiscal" reform, which eventually resulted in failure upon his death, revealing the vulnerability of the positions of the sultans in their struggle for power against the centrifugal forces in the Ottoman Empire.
Not by Bread Alone: Symbolic Loss, Trauma, and Recovery in Elephant Communities
Authors: Bradshaw Isabel Gay
Published: July 2004

Like many humans in the wake of genocide and war, most wildlife today has sustained trauma. High rates of mortality, habitat destruction, and social breakdown precipitated by human actions are unprecedented in history. Elephants are one of many species dramatically affected by violence. Although elephant communities have processes, rituals, and social structures for responding to trauma—grieving, mourning, and socialization—the scale, nature, and magnitude of human violence have disrupted their ability to use these practices. Absent the cultural, carrier groups (murdered elephant matriarchs and elders) who traditionally lead and teach these healing practices, humans must assume the role. Trauma theory has brought attention to victims' severe, sustained psychological damage. Looking through the lens of trauma theory provides a better understanding of how systematic violence has affected individuals and groups and how the pervasive nature of traumatic events affects human-nonhuman animal relationships. The framing of recent trauma theory compels conservationists to create new relationships—neither anthropocentric nor powerbased—with nonhuman animals. The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, Kenya, shows how humans, taking on the role of interspecies witness, bring orphan elephants back to health and help re-build elephant communities shattered by genocide.
In the Eye of the Beholder: Changing Social Perceptions of the Florida Manatee
Authors: Goedeke Theresa
Published: July 2004

Little understood in early U.S. history, the Florida manatee suffered at the hands of people. After the manatees were listed as endangered, scientists began to study manatees and gained much knowledge about them. With education efforts, the species then went from inspiring acts of cruelty to inspiring dedication and admiration among scientists, policymakers, and the interested public. The image of the manatee underwent a transformation. The social and cultural reinvention of the Florida manatees improved their chances for protection.
Sīra/s et Histoire
Authors: Garcin Jean-Claude
Published: July 2004

Le but de cette étude est de tenter de replacer les textes édités des cinq "grandes sīra/s" dans un cadre historique. Nous n'entendons pas par là, faire un bilan des recherches sur la constitution de ces sīra/s, qui sont loin d'être achevées. Nous ne nous sommes intéressés aux sīra/s que dans leurs versions imprimées, et dans la mesure où l'état des textes semblait correspondre à ce qu'ils étaient à la fin de l'époque médiévale, laissant ainsi de côté les ajouts visiblement postérieurs (peu importants par rapport à l'ensemble : "modernisation" des noms de titres et fonctions à l'époque ottomanes, et adjonction alors de quelques épisodes). Dans une première partie, publiée dans le précédent numéro d'Arabica consacré au Roman de Baybars, faute de pouvoir encore dater les textes par l'analyse de la langue, ce qui demandera encore beaucoup de temps (et n'est pas de notre compétence), nous nous sommes efforcés de dater le public destinataire des sīra/s. Il nous est apparu que ces sīra/s se présentaient comme une nouvelle littérature de jihād, et l'analyse géo-politique des textes utilisés dans les éditions imprimées, a semblé montrer que ce jihād se réduisait à la défense de l'Empire mamelouk, et que le public auquel le contenu de ces sīra/s était destiné, avait sans doute vécu au XV° siècle. Nous nous sommes ensuite interrogés sur l'adéquation des sīra/s à leur public, et il nous a semblé qu'on pouvait les mettre en rapport avec divers groupes sociaux de la société mamelouke de ce temps (émirs circassiens, grandes dames circassiennes, grands eunuques éthiopiens et autres Africains, communauté maghrébine du Caire).
Sultan Baybars I and the Georgians—In the Light of New Documents related to the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem
Authors: Pahlitzsch Johannes , Müller Christian
Published: July 2004

Throughout the Middle Ages, the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem was a highly symbolic place to Georgians and to their kings. Although the monks were expropriated and their abbot was killed at the end of Sultan Baybars's reign, the Monastery preserved two documents that guaranteed its protection by Mamluk authorities, a court-authenticated testimony and a Sultan's missive. These documents, which were issued before the Monastery was turned into a Sufi convent by Šayh Hadir, shed new light on the complex relations of the Mamluk state with its Christian minorities. The radical change in the Mamluk's attitude towards the Monastery coincided with a rupture in political relations between the Mamluks and Georgian polities in the aftermath of the battle of 'Ayn Gālūt. The Sultan's missive that was addressed to one of his emirs is one of the oldest specimens of Mamluk chancellery. It proves that the Mamluk military ranking system did not yet exist under Sultan Baybars.
Protestantische Widerstandstheorie in England und Schottland: Gottes Gebot und die Souveränität des Volkes
Authors: Ottow Raimund
Published: July 2004

Wenn von protestantischer Widerstandstheorie die Rede ist, wird wohl in erster Linie an die französisch-hugenottischen sogenannten 'Monarchomachen' gedacht, die auf die Massaker der 'Bartholomäus-Nacht' (1572) reagierten. 1 Diese hugenottische Widerstandstheorie hat aber eine weniger bekannte Vorgeschichte, die in England bzw. in englischen Exilkreisen der Zeit Mary Tudors spielt und sich in der Bewegung zur Absetzung und Verurteilung Mary Stuarts von Schottland fortsetzt. Hier ist beabsichtigt, die wichtigsten Autoren dieser britischen Bewegung zu diskutieren, an denen sich, bei internen Differenzen, der Durchbruch älterer Theorien und Traditionen legitimen Widerstandes zur These der Volkssouveränität aufzeigen läßt.
A simple relationship to calculate eel surface area
Authors: Sébert Philippe , Vettier Aurelie , Belhomme Marc
Published: July 2004

Energy metabolism has a linear relationship with body surface (BS). However, this surface area cannot be easily measured. Consequently, a simple formula including body mass (BM) and body length (BL) is proposed for the eel. The formula BS = BL0.53 × BM 0.49 × 3.983 gives BS calculated values which show very low variations compared to the measured values (0.16 ± 1.07%). The formula may be employed in the study of eel energetics and various aspects of applied aquaculture.
On the osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of Franciscodoras marmoratus (Lütken 1874), comparison with other doradids, and comments on the synapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Doradidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Diogo Rui , Chardon Michel , Vandewalle Pierre
Published: July 2004

The cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of Franciscodoras marmoratus are described and compared to those of representatives of the three main doradid groups, namely Anadoras weddellii (Astrodoradinae), Acanthodoras cataphractus (Platydoradinae) and Doras punctatus (Doradinae), as well as members of the other siluriform families, as the foundation for a discussion on the phylogenetic relationships of the Doradidae. Our observations and comparisons support the idea that the Doradidae is closely related to the Auchenipteridae. In addition, our observations and comparisons pointed out a potentially new doradid synapomorphy, namely, the presence of a well-developed, deep, oval fossa between the dorsomedian surface of the pterotic and the dorsolateral surface of the parietosupraoccipital.
First Record of Chilodonella hexasticha (Kiernik, 1909) Kahl, 1931 (Ciliophora: Chilodonellidae) infesting a freshwater fish Nandus nandus (Hamilton) from Gangetic West Bengal, India
Authors: Mitra Amlan Kumar , Haldar Durga
Published: July 2004

West Bengal, situated in the eastern part of the country, is one of the most beautiful and important states of India. In a developing country like India, fish is one of the cheapest sources of protein and West Bengal contributes a major portion of the total fish production. Fishery development represents a vital sector in West Bengal. The degree of success in this sector depends to a great extent on the advancement of fish parasitology research, as it is evident that the increase of fish yields can only be achieved from healthy fish stock. During an investigation (July 2001 - December 2002), a protozoan ectoparasite, Chilodonella hexasticha (Kiernik, 1909) Kahl, 1931, was found on the gills of a freshwater fish Nandus nandus (Hamilton). This finding is very important for the fishery sector, as this parasite causes the disease chilodonellosis, which leads to mass mortality. The present paper deals with the morphology, systematics, seasonal incidences and prevalence of C. hexasticha.
Phenotypic plasticity: its role in trophic radiation and explosive speciation in cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
Authors: Stauffer Jay , van Snick Gray Ellen
Published: July 2004

Phenotypic plasticity is the capacity of an organism's phenotype to vary in different environments. Although diet-induced phenotypic plasticity has been documented in New World cichlids, it has been hypothesised that this type of plasticity would be limited in certain Old World cichlids, because of the morphological constraints on the jaw imposed by mouth-brooding. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by determining the effect of different diets on the head and jaw morphology of split broods of several species of haplochromine cichlids from Lake Malaŵi, Africa, and two substrate-spawning cichlids, one from the Old World, Tilapia mariae (Boulenger), and one from the New World, Herichthys cyanoguttatum (Baird and Girard). Different feeding regimes resulted in differences in head morphologies in both New and Old World cichlid species. Although Old World mouth-brooding haplochromine cichlids exhibited phenotypic plasticity, the magnitude of head-shape plasticity observed was greater in the New World substrate-spawning cichlid, H. cyanoguttatum . The Old World tilapiine cichlid, T. mariae , did not exhibit phenotypic plasticity of head morphology. Experiments with modified foods demonstrated that the observed changes were unrelated to dietary nutrition, but were a result of differing feeding modes. Phenotypic plasticity might have contributed to the extensive trophic radiation and subsequent explosive speciation observed in Old World haplochromine cichlids. The existence of phenotypic plasticity has implications for morphology-based species descriptions as well.
Blood plasma substrates and muscle lactic-acid response after exhaustive exercise in common carp and trout: indications for a limited lactate-shuttle
Authors: van Ginneken Vincent , Boot Ron , Murk Tinka , van den Thillart Guido , Balm Paul
Published: July 2004

In a Blazka swim tunnel swim trials with individual carp (Cyprinus carpio , N = 6, approximately 176 g) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss , N = 6 approximately 123 g) were performed until exhaustion at six body lengths per second (BL/s). Control carp (N = 6) and control trout (N = 6) were sampled after a moderate swim exercise at 1.5 BL/s. Significant differences were demonstrated in the exhausted carp group in comparison with the control group for plasma sodium (108.8%), lactic acid in red muscle (RM) (375.5%), lactic acid in white muscle (WM) (484.5%), triglycerids (133.9%), total protein (126.7%) and phospholipids (116.8%). In trout only, potassium was significantly elevated in the exhausted group (129.2%). T3- and T4-plasma values, as well as the T3/T4 ratio, were unaffected by the exercise protocol in both fish species. Despite the high lactic acid values in muscle tissue (RM: range 5-7 mM, WM: range 4-9 mM) in the exhausted groups of both fish species, the lactate in blood plasma in both fish species was not elevated (range 1.5-1.6 mM). This indicates that lactate is not released from the muscle compartment towards the blood and led to the concept of a 'non-release' lactic acid mechanism in cyprinid and a salmonid fish species after strenuous exercise.
On the osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of Chaca bankanensis Bleeker 1852, with comments on the autapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Chacidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Diogo Rui , Chardon Michel , Vandewalle Pierre
Published: July 2004

The cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of Chaca bankanensis are described and compared to those of other catfishes, as the foundation for a discussion on the autapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Chacidae. Our observations and comparisons pointed out six new chacid autapomorphies, namely: (1) absence of abductor superficialis; (2) ethmoid cartilage with long, thin, anterolateral projections situated ventrally to the anterolateral arms of mesethmoid; (3) interopercular with well-developed, deep concavity to articulate with posterior surface of preopercular; (4) dorsal process 2 of the cleithrum highly developed and markedly extended posteriorly. In addition, our observations and comparisons support a close relationship between the chacids, the plotosids and the clariids.
Video-imaging of lumen narrowing; muscle shortening and flow responsiveness in isolated bronchial segments of the pig
Authors: Mitchell HW , Sparrow MP
Published: July 2004

The amount of smooth muscle shortening required to cause narrowing of the bronchial lumen and to significantly alter airflow in an airway has not not been measured. Accordingly, in this study, the lumens of isolated fluid-filled bronchial segments from pigs were directly visualized using a fibreoptic endoscope and video-recording. The extent of lumen narrowing was related to smooth muscle contraction, determined morphometrically, and to bronchial lumen flow. Narrowing was produced by electrical field stimulation (EFS), (70 V, 20 Hz, 2-3 ms) and acetylcholine (ACh), (10(-5)-10(-2) M). The diameter of the relaxed bronchial lumen and the reduction in diameter produced by maximum electrical field stimulation were both greater when the transmural pressure was increased (from -8 to 20 cmH2O). The percentage change in diameter produced by electrical field stimulation was not, however, significantly different over this pressure range. Electrical field stimulation caused the bronchial lumen to narrow by 28.5 +/- 3.3% in diameter, and by 45.7 +/- 3.8% in cross-sectional area, at zero transmural pressure. Maximum doses of acetylcholine (10(-2) M) reduced the lumen diameter by 48.3 +/- 3.3%, and the area by 70.3 +/- 4.8%. In separate experiments, maximum doses of ACh stopped the flow of Krebs solution perfused through the lumen of bronchial segments. Morphometric measurements indicated that smooth muscle shortened by a maximum of 32.5 +/- 2.8% to acetylcholine 10(2) M, relative to fully-relaxed dimensions. Simultaneous imaging of the lumen and adventitia of bronchi showed that the luminal margin narrowed more than the adventitia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Differences in bronchoalveolar cell response to nitrogen dioxide exposure between smokers and nonsmokers
Authors: Helleday R , Sandstrom T , Stjernberg N
Published: July 2004

We have previously reported on the bronchoalveolar inflammatory effects of the common air pollutant NO2 in nonsmokers. In this study, we have investigated these effects in tobacco smokers. Eight young nonbronchitic smokers and, as a reference group, eight healthy life-time nonsmokers were exposed to 3.5 ppm NO2 for 20 min. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 3 weeks before and 24 h after exposure. The first recovered 20 ml was analysed separately and defined as the bronchial portion (BP), and the following fluid recovered as the bronchoalveolar portion (BAP). Before exposure, the smokers had significantly less CD3+ cells and more alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the BP and the BAP, as well as reduced AM phagocytosis in vitro compared to nonsmokers. After NO2 exposure, the smokers reacted with an increase of AMs and neutrophils in BAP. Nonsmokers reacted with an increase of neutrophils in BP, an increase of lymphocytes in BAP, and a tendency to reduced AM phagocytosis. In summary, young smokers and nonsmokers differed to some extent in their reactions to NO2 exposure. This is probably due to the pre-existing airway inflammation and compensatory mechanisms to oxidant stress in the smokers.
Simultaneous measurement of collagen type-VI-related antigen and procollagen type-III-N-propeptide levels in bronchoalveolar lavage
Authors: Schaberg T , Orzechowski K , Oesterling C , Lode H , Schuppan D
Published: July 2004

Abnormal collagen metabolism is a hallmark of diffuse lung disease. Biochemical parameters which are correlated with collagen synthesis and degradation may be helpful to monitor fibrosis. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of procollagen type-III-N-propeptide (PIIINP) and collagen type-VI (C-VI) related antigen levels, as well as a ratio of both parameters (PIIINP/C-VI), in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with diffuse and localized lung disease. We investigated 45 patients with diffuse lung disease (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), n = 21; sarcoidosis, n = 13; and lymphangitic carcinomatosis (LC), n = 11); 58 control subjects; and 92 patients with localized lung disease (bronchial carcinoma, n = 37; pulmonary tuberculosis, n = 31; and pneumonia, n = 24). C-VI and PIIINP were measured by immunoassay in concentrated BALF. Although the PIIINP and C-VI levels were increased in diffuse lung disease, the sensitivity of the individual parameters PIIINP and C-VI was low (IPF: PIIINP = 0.62, C-VI = 0.29; LC: PIIINP = 0.64, C-VI = 0.45; sarcoidosis: PIIINP = 0.69, C-VI = 0.15). When calculating the ratio of PIIINP/C-VI for each individual patient, we found a significant increase in this ratio in IPF (1.28 +/- 0.7), LC (2.34 +/- 1.2), and sarcoidosis (0.26 +/- 0.08) compared to both the controls (0.02 +/- 0.01) and other localized lung diseases (bronchial carcinoma 0.05 +/- 0.01; pulmonary tuberculosis 0.02 +/- 0.01), with the exception of pneumonia (0.18 +/- 0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Changes in serum neopterin and serum beta 2-microglobulin in subjects with lung infections
Authors: Carstens J , Andersen PL
Published: July 2004

Our aim was to investigate whether serum neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin have any value in the distinction between Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and pneumonia due to extracellular bacteria. Also, to study whether neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin would correlate with the clinical course of lung infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients. Thirty HIV-positive subjects with PCP, 9 HIV-positive patients with bacterial pneumonia, and 16 HIV-negative patients with bacterial pneumonia were investigated. Thirty eight asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects and 48 healthy blood donors were used as controls. The HIV-positive patients with PCP and the HIV-positive subjects with bacterial pneumonia had significantly and similarly elevated levels of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in the acute stage. In the weeks before the acute stage of PCP, neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin had been increasing. After start of treatment, serum neopterin declined significantly, whilst serum beta 2-microglobulin remained elevated. The HIV-negative patients with bacterial pneumonia had significantly increased serum concentrations of both markers in the acute stage, and had decreasing serum concentrations in the weeks after treatment. We conclude that neither neopterin nor beta 2-microglobulin seem to be of value in distinction between PCP and bacterial pneumonia in HIV-positive subjects. In the HIV-positive patients, neopterin may correlate partly with the clinical activity of PCP, whilst serum beta 2-microglobulin may remain elevated after PCP, despite treatment and recovery. The elevated level may, in part, be due to repeated infections and progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reversible airflow limitation in adults with respiratory infection
Authors: Melbye H , Kongerud J , Vorland L
Published: July 2004

The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of airflow limitation and the frequency of significant reversibility in respiratory infections in adults without known asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We also wanted to study the association between airflow limitation and aetiological agents diagnosed by serological analyses. Spirometry was performed in 574 adult general practice patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infection, and follow-up measurement was obtained in 429 of them. In the latter group, we also obtained paired sera for analysis of anti-bodies against respiratory viruses, chlamydial and mycoplasmal agents. Median forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in all patients included was 90% of predicted; significantly lower in patients with an established diagnosis of asthma or COPD, compared to those without, 77 and 91% predicted, respectively. Among the patients without known asthma or COPD there was a strong association between low FEV1 and the symptoms cough and dyspnoea. Both acute-phase and follow-up FEV1 was measured in 395 of the patients without known asthma or COPD, and a significant increase in median value from 92 to 96% was registered. A reversibility of FEV1 of > 15% was measured in 23% of the 395 patients, uninfluenced by anti-asthma treatment in the great majority. Patients with an established viral, mycoplasmal or chlamydial infection had a significantly lower FEV1 at entry and a greater reversibility, compared to those without such aetiological diagnosis. We conclude that reversible obstruction was particularly common in the patients diagnosed as having acute bronchitis, but that it was found in the patients patients diagnosed as having upper respiratory tract infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
House dust mite allergen in bedroom floor dust and respiratory health of children with asthmatic symptoms
Authors: Zock JP , Brunekreef B , Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA , Roosjen CW
Published: July 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of house dust mite allergen in bedroom floor dust on respiratory health of children with asthmatic symptoms. Two hundred and twenty eight school children with reported attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing in the past year and/or with doctor-diagnosed asthma, were included in the study. Data on home characteristics, both past and present, were obtained. These included data on allergen avoidance measures because of the child's respiratory health. Dust samples were taken from the child's bedroom floor, and the allergen Der p I of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssionus was measured. Health diaries were kept over 4 weeks. Acute respiratory symptoms and medication usage were recorded daily. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured using Mini-Wright peak flow meters three times daily. Levels of Der p I in dust from carpeted floors were significantly higher than in dust from smooth floors. We found a positive relationship of Der p I levels, in floor dust collected from carpeted floors, with PEF-variability and also with the prevalence of wheeze, shortness of breath, and attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing during the observation period. The effects on peak flow variability was larger in children allergic to house dust than in children not allergic to house dust. Peak flow variability was significantly increased at exposure levels well below 10,000 ng Der p I.g-1 dust, which has been suggested to be a "threshold" for increased risk symptoms among sensitized asthmatics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Community-based asthma care: trial of a "credit card" asthma self-management plan
Authors: D'Souza W , Crane J , Burgess C , Te Karu H , Fox C , Harper M , Robson B , Howden-Chapman P , Crossland L , Woodman K , et al.
Published: July 2004

Although asthma self-management plans are widely recommended as essential in the long-term treatment of adult asthma, there have been few studies examining their use. Our objective was to assess the effect of a "credit card" adult asthma self-management plan in a community experiencing major health problems from asthma, by means of a before and after intervention trial of the efficacy of the "credit card" plan, when introduced through community-based asthma clinics. The participants were 69 Maori people with asthma. The "credit card" plan consisted of written guidelines for the self-management of asthma, based on self-assessment of asthma severity, printed on a plastic card. On one side, management guidelines were based on the interpretation of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) recordings, whilst the reverse side was based on symptoms. The outcome measures used were before and after comparison of markers of asthma morbidity and requirement for acute medical treatment; and a structured questionnaire assessing the acceptability and use of the credit card plan. Following the introduction of the plan, the mean PEFR increased from 347 to 389 l.min-1, the percentage of nights woken fell from 30.4 to 16.9%, and the number of days "out of action" fell from 3.8 to 1.7%. The requirements for acute medical treatment also fell during the intervention period. Most participants commented favourably on the content and usefulness of the plan. In the situation of worsening asthma, 28% of subjects found the peak flow side of the card most helpful, 7% the symptoms side, and 48% found both sides equally helpful.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inspiratory muscle training in chronic airflow limitation: comparison of two different training loads with a threshold device
Authors: Lisboa C , Munoz V , Beroiza T , Leiva A , Cruz E
Published: July 2004

The usefulness of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in chronic airflow limitation (CAL) patients is a controversial issue, mainly due to differences in the training load. To further evaluate this aspect, we studied the effect of the magnitude of the load using a threshold pressure trainer. Ten CAL patients (5 males, 5 females) 67 +/- 2 yrs (mean +/- SEM) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 36 +/- 2% pred, were trained for 30 min a day using a load of 30% of their maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) (Group 1). Another 10 CAL patients (5 males, 5 females), 73 +/- 2 yrs and FEV1 37 +/- 2% pred), were trained using only 12% of their PImax (Group 2). Training was assessed by PImax, inspiratory muscle power output (IMPO), sustainable inspiratory pressure (SIP), maximal inspiratory flow rate (VImax), pattern of breathing during loaded breathing, Mahler's dyspnoea score, and the 6 min walking distance (6MWD). After 5 weeks of training, Group 1 exhibited significant increments in: PImax (34 +/- 11%); IMPO (92 +/- 16%); SIP (36 +/- 9%); and VImax (34 +/- 13%). Dyspnoea was also reduced, and the 6MWD increased by 48 +/- 22 m. We observed no significant changes in Group 2. During loaded breathing, Group 1 showed a significant increment in tidal volume (VT) and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), and a reduction in inspiratory time (TI). In Group 2, VT and VT/TI also increased significantly, but the breathing frequency increased with a reduction of expiratory time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Treatment of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax during videothoracoscopy
Authors: Janssen JP , van Mourik J , Cuesta Valentin M , Sutedja G , Gigengack K , Postmus PE
Published: July 2004

Thoracoscopy for spontaneous pneumothorax has been performed over the years by many pulmonologists. The aim of the procedure was merely diagnostic: the detection of blebs and bullae. Therapeutic modalities were restricted to chemical pleurodesis. The development of videothoracoscopy has made more complex interventions, such as bullectomy possible. A protocol for videothoracoscopic treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax, with all treatment modalities in one session, has been developed. All patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent videothoracoscopy under general anaesthesia with double lumen tube intubation. If no abnormalities were found on the visceral pleura, talc pleurodesis was performed. Small lesions, blebs or bullae < 2 cm, were coagulated prior to pleurodesis. In case of blebs or bullae > 2 cm, thoracoscopic resection with an EndoGIA stapling device was performed, followed by scarification, i.e. electrocoagulation, of the parietal pleura. In 43 patients, 44 procedures were performed. In 15 cases (34%) no blebs or bullae were found. In 6 cases (14%) only blebs < 2 cm were found. In 23 cases (52%) blebs and bullae > 2 cm were found. In 21 out of 44 cases (48%), talc pleurodesis was performed, and in 23 cases (52%) bullectomy was performed. No major complication occurred. The average hospital stay was 5.7 days after talc pleurodesis and 6.0 days after bullectomy. There were 2 recurrences (5%) after a follow-up of at least 18 months. In conclusion, the use of videothoracoscopy in spontaneous pneumothorax makes it possible to continue a diagnostic procedure as a therapeutic session.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)