bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using effective techniques of delivery
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

This is when speakers get nervous. Even though I’ve spoken many times, I occasionally feel the butterflies before an important presentation in front of a lot of people. That’s natural. To calm myself down, I don’t do yoga or deep breathing exercises. I simply look over my visual aids and review what I’m going to say for each one. Quickly I realize: “Oh, this is easy! I can do this!” I know my material, and the design and rehearsal have prepared me to present it.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Ellen M
Published: November 2023

The gaze of late medieval England was fixed on the broken body of a wounded and bloody Jesus surrounded by weeping bystanders. Church wall paintings, manuscript illuminations, rood screens, roof bosses, reliquaries, and carvings graphically depict the anguish and pain of the tortured Christ. Sermons recount the agony, dramas reenact it, and spiritual guides counsel their disciples to meditate on the torments of the dying Jesus. In this book, I investigate the graphic Passion images that pervade late medieval English sermons, drama, art, and devotional literature.
Body Power; and Mimesis
Authors: Ross Ellen M
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have considered portrayals of the suffering Jesus in public forums including sermons, Books of Hours, church wall paintings, and liturgical drama. In this chapter, I explore the frequent association between suffering and spiritual authority in writings by and about women in texts available in England during the thirteenth through fifteenth centuries. In the first section, I address the extravagant suffering of hagiographical narratives by considering two examples popular in Middle English literature: the lives of the fourth-century martyrs Margaret of Antioch and Katherine of Alexandria.
The Methodist Connection
Authors: Wigger John H
Published: November 2023

In 1802, twenty-six-year-old Jacob Young took on the task of forming a new circuit along the Green River in Kentucky. With little preparation or prospect of outside assistance, Young suddenly found himself responsible for a vast and growing region of central Kentucky. Knowing that he could count on little direct help from his supervising elder, John Page, a millwright who divided his time between building mills and itinerating, Young devised his own strategy for evangelizing the region: “I concluded to travel five miles, as nearly as I could guess, then stop, reconnoiter the neighborhood, and find some kind person who would let me preach in his log-cabin, and so on till I had performed the entire round.” Near the end of one dreary day he came upon a solitary cabin in the woods. Seeing a woman in the doorway he asked for lodging, but the woman refused. Desperate, Young exclaimed, “I am a Methodist preacher, sent by Bishop Asbury to try to form a circuit.” “This information appeared to electrify her,” recalled Young. “Her countenance changed, and her eyes fairly sparkled. She stood for some time without speaking, and then exclaimed, ‘La, me! has a Methodist preacher come at last?’ “ The family were North Carolina Methodists who had recently mi grated to Kentucky. Their home soon became a regular preaching appointment on Young’s circuit.
Methodism Transformed
Authors: Wigger John H
Published: November 2023

By the spring of 1816 Francis Asbury was clearly dying, the more than 40 years of relentless traveling to which he had subjected himself finally taking its toll. In truth, his health had been pre carious for quite some time. Asthma and rheumatism, particularly in his feet, troubled Asbury throughout much of his career. As early as 1802, Henry Smith met Asbury at a Tennessee conference and was dismayed to find the bishop’s feet so swollen that he could not “walk a step without assistance,” and had to be “lifted on his horse, and off again, like a child.” At other times Asbury was forced to resort to crutches. In 1809 Henry Boehm accompanied Asbury across the Allegheny Mountains in Pennsylvania. Boehm was amazed at his furious pace despite rheumatism so painful that he could not “stand, preach, kneel, or pray.” From that time on Asbury could only preach resting against a table or chair. By 1812 Boehm had to carry him “in my arms” from the two wheeled sulky in which he now traveled to each church or home, where the bishop would sit to preach. In 1814 Asbury was taken with a severe three month bout of pleurisy, from which he never fully recovered.
Shimadonna
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

By the time Mae West resurfaced in New York in the spring of r 9 1 8, the world had changed drastically. The United States had entered World War I, and several of her friends and relatives had gone off to fight. West pitched in, displaying her patriotic efforts in a series of publicity photos. Shots showed her, outfitted in straw hat, overalls, and high heels, planting a victory garden or perched on a ladder with a caption reading: “While the men go to the trenches, Mary [sic) West paints the old barn.” She also helped entertain the troops and, after the war’s end, was among those honored by the U.S. military for giving benefit performances for the fighting men.
Speaking of the Influence of the Jook
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

One day, Mae West and some friends sat stuck in New York City traffic. In a rush, she ordered her driver to take a shortcut past the waterfront, and as her car rolled past the docks she spied a young woman with a sailor on each arm. West described her as attractive but with “blonde hair, over bleached and all frizzy ... a lot of make-up on and a tight black satin coat that was all wrinkled and soiled .She had runs in her stockings and she had this little turban on and a big beautiful bird of paradise.” Mae remarked to her companions, “You wonder this dame wouldn’t put half a bird of paradise on her head and the rest of the money into a coat and stockings.” But as her friends speculated that the bird of paradise was probably a seafaring john’s recompense and that this woman of the streets at best made only fifty cents to two dollars a trick, Mae grew enraged. Certainly she was worldly enough to know about prostitution, yet she recalled, “I was really upset about that.” She insisted it disturbed her to witness such exploitation of a woman-and also to realize that a woman could be so ignorant of her potential for exploiting her exploitation.
You Can Be Had
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

While Mae West’s underworld connections failed to keep her out of jail, they did ease her incarceration. After a night in the bleak Jefferson Market Women’s Prison, she was transferred to Welfare Island’s penitentiary, where the warden, Harry 0. Schleth, was known for his generous treatment of”well-connected” prisoners. Although she was strip-searched and issued the standard prison uniform of coarse cotton stockings, cotton underwear, oversize slippers, and blue-checked dress, Schleth assigned her a private room in the administration building and “light housekeeping”-making beds, sweeping, and dusting books in the prison’s tiny library. She later lunched with him in his home, a privilege accorded to celebrity prisoners. She protested her prison attire, and he arranged for her to purchase new stockings from the commissary. When reporters confronted Schleth about West’s preferential treatment, he responded that he viewed her the same as other inmates but had to protect her from the island’s “hardened offenders.”
Good Night to the Dichotomies
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

George Raft had been cast as Ni9ht After Ni9ht’s Joe Anton, an exboxer with underworld connections who runs a speakeasy. Hoping to capitalize on the handsome actor’s reputation as a New York tough guy, Paramount sought an actress who could bring authenticity to the role of Anton’s ex-flame, the colorful Maudie Triplett. While West seemed a natural, Adolph Zukor, Paramount’s founder, was apprehensive, later explaining, “No one believed that the Mae West of stage could be transferred almost intact to the screen.” The studio had considered Texas Guinan for the part, but she was fifty and in failing health. Raft, probably with Owney Madden’s help, continued to lobby for Mae West. For West, it was a chance to enter Hollywood through the back door, slipping past Will Hays, who had banned her from moviedom.
If You Can’t Go Straight, You’ve Got to Go Around
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

In late April 193 3, while She Done Him Wrong was still fresh in the theaters, Paramount purchased, at West’s insistence, a circus-themed script by Lowell Brentano. Since childhood, West had maintained a general curiosity about exotic animals; several interviewers noted she was now always accompanied by an impish pet monkey, Boogey. Over the next few months, with the assistance of studio writers, West developed I’m No Angel, a story about the rise of Tira from sideshow cooch dancer to celebrity lion tamer. Eyeing West’s profitability, Paramount hoped to begin shooting before the end of June, but there was one big problem: This time, Will Hays intended to monitor Mae West most carefully.
Naturally I Disagree
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

Since thespring of 1934, Mae West had been telling reporters that she had a follow-up project to Belle ef the Nineties in mind; she planned to play the Queen of Sheba. She assured the media her treatment of this biblical character would primarily be dramatic: “I might kid around with Solomon a little, but I won’t go too far.” It seemed an odd choice to some. “The Queen of Sheba was Ethiopian,” protested Michael Kane, a writer Timony engaged to assist with the script. “I thought the blonde coloring of Miss West should be taken into consideration.” The contradiction did not disturb West; most likely it made the role even more attractive. Additionally, the Queen of Sheba, who perplexed King Solomon with a series of riddles, presented a beguiling trickster image-a perfect match for Mae West. Of course, West’s idea was nixed; journalists speculated the Hays Office had a big hand in killing the project.
Bring Me Rabelais
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

After Go West Young Man, Mae West had a definite plan for her next project, a film on the life of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. Actually, West’s interest in Catherine was an outgrowth of her aborted Queen of Sheba project. Realizing that the Queen of Sheba would never make it to the screen, she substituted Catherine. Mae identified with the German-born empress; she was impressed by Catherine’s vast array of lovers and reputed proletarian sympathies. Beyond that, the empress was a woman who successfully confronted a patriarchal society and assumed a role normally restricted to men. “After years of surviving studio politics and handling vice-presidents,” she wrote, “I saw Catherine was really a portrait of myself.”
I Wrote the Story Myself
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

Of course, Mae West, now an octogenarian, had no intention of retiring. She told one writer, “I’ve got so much energy, I look great, I want to work. Work is very important to a woman like me.” Although there were few professional opportunities, she became sought-after socially. Through Musgrove, she met Blanche Seavers, a wealthy USC trustee, and philanthropist Sybil Brand, both of whom often entertained her as a dinner guest. She dined with Bette Davis and Greta Garbo, both awed by her presence and strength. But she still preferred the company of her inner circle, a tight-knit group that included Tim Malachosky, Stanley Musgrove, and longtime friend and fan Dolly Dempsey, who had known Mae since 19 35. Sometimes Mae went shopping with Edith Head.
Bringing Officers on Board
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M
Published: November 2023

At the beginning, community policing is a battle for the hearts and minds of members of the patrol force. Their hearts and minds are indeed important, for police departments are decentralized, low-technology human-service organizations in which the motivation and skill of those delivering the services at the street level is of paramount significance. Community policing calls for meaningful changes in the way these services are delivered. This can easily lead to a battle, for inevitably police officers are resistant to change. To fail at the “Winning Hearts and Minds” (WHAM) component of organizational change “is to risk program failure due to apathy, frustration, resentment, perceived inequality, fear of change, and other factors that militate against the successful implementation of community policing” (Lurigio and Rosenbaum, 1994: 147).
Citizen Involvement
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M
Published: November 2023

The success of CAPS’ depended on accomplishing a discouragingly long list of goals, one of which was the formation of police community partnerships that would identify and solve neighborhood problems: The CAPS model of community policing called for building bridges between police and community members. As individuals, beat officers were encouraged to establish working relationships with residents of their beats. The program’s plans for organized police-citizen interaction were probably more important, however. At the grassroots level, police were to meet on a regular, frequent, and well-publicized basis with beat residents. At these so called beat meetings, they were to exchange information, identify and prioritize local problems, develop strategies to address them, and begin the process of identifying police and community resources that could be mobilized to support problem solving. As a department training bulletin noted, “Beat meetings ensure community input in the problem-solving process” (Chicago Police Department, 1994: 1). At the district level, commanders were to form new advisory committees that would be broadly representative of interests in the community. They were to advise the commanders about matters of concern to the community, and help them evaluate the effectiveness of projects in the districts.
The Evangelicals’ Alternative Communitarianism
Authors: Sherman Amy L
Published: November 2023

The word communitarianism never came up in any of my conversations in Guatemala. As an idea, though, communitarianism is ubiquitous. In popular tourist travel guides, North American gringos visiting Guatemala are reminded that the Mayan Indians are more community-focused, avoiding the dog-eat-dog individualism alleged of the residents of El Norte. In more sophisticated literature, anthropologists exalt the community-mindedness of traditional Mayan villagers and worry about the consequences of an encroaching modernity.
King for a Night
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

Some aspects of the tumultuous career and the tragically ironic life of Rabbi Jacob Pollack have been discussed in the previous chapter. Though a failure in many of his endeavors, Pollack was an enormous success in the training of scholars. His two greatest disciples were Shalom Shakhna and Meir Katzenellenbogen. Shakhna married Pollack’s daughter and established the great yeshivah in Lublin. Shakhna’s daughter would marry the preeminent Rabbi Moses Isserles. Meir Katzenellenbogen is known to posterity as the Maharam of Padua. The rabbinic dynasty he founded in the early fifteenth century would spread throughout Europe. One of his descendants, Rabbi Saul [Katzenellenbogen] Wahl, would be known to future generations as King Saul, for according to a well-documented legend Saul reigned as the king of Poland, albeit for a single night. Other descendants of Meir Katzenellenbogen are also known to history.
Auschwitz
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

It was a Jewish custom for individuals to learn humility by wandering for a year from town to town as a beggar. One never could spend less than a single day in any town, despite the humiliation one might suffer there. Nor could an individual spend more than two consecutive nights in any town, despite the hospitality received there. In 1777 Rabbi Elimelekh established his Hasidic court in Lizensk, making it the capital of Hasidism in Polish Galicia. In his earlier years, he undertook the task of learning humility by posing as a beggar. With his brother, Rabbi Zusya, Elimelekh wandered from town to town. One afternoon, the two brothers arrived exhausted in a small Galician village. Despite their hunger, they could not eat. Despite their fatigue, they could not sleep. They felt something they never had felt before. A feeling of unspeakable dread came over them. A most profound sense of sadness overwhelmed them. In the middle of the night they left the town, never to return. The name of this town was Oswiecim -Auschwitz.
Is the Critique of Merit Anti-Semitic?
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: November 2023

Radical multiculturalists accuse meritocrats of basing their arguments “implicitly and explicitly, on racial superiority and xenophobia.” They have it exactly backwards. The concept of objective merit provides a way out of regimes-like the Jim Crow South-that allocate benefits on the basis of race or other irrelevant characteristics. The radical critique of merit, on the other hand, points us back toward the dark ages of anti-Semitism. In this chapter, we consider whether radical multiculturalism can provide a viable conception of equality. We argue that after jettisoning the concept of merit, the radicals are left with a reductionist conception of equality, in which having more than the average is al­ most automatically to be an oppressor, and having less is to be op­ pressed. But this reductionist vision of equality is unacceptable. In particular, we suggest that the radical attack on merit inevitably has racist and anti-Semitic implications. The anti-Semitism inherent in radical multiculturalism, moreover, is not an accident, but a predictable component of any assault on the Enlightenment tradition. If we are right, that is reason enough to reject radical multiculturalism.
Distorting Public Discourse
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: November 2023

Obviously, something has gone terribly wrong with the radical multiculturalists’ understanding of how merit operates in our society. What is less obvious is how they have gotten so badly off track. Part of the explanation, no doubt, is that radical multiculturalist ideas are in the air. Another part of the explanation, as we saw in chapter 2, is that their rejection of the concept of objective merit provides a particularly simple and powerful argument for increasing minority representation, which they strongly favor.
The Assault on Truth and Memory
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: November 2023

Another chapter in Patricia Williams’s Alchemy of Race and Rights fi highlights Peller’s denial that there is any difference between a novel and a diary. Williams describes the case of Tawana Brawley, a fifteen-year-old black girl who claimed she was abducted, raped, tortured, and ultimately smeared with feces by a group of white men, including a state district attorney and two police officers. The case became a cause celebre among certain black activists. Many of the facts eventually uncovered-including a total lack of any semen or plant matter on Brawley’s body or clothing-suggested that she had made the whole thing up in order to fool her stepfather into forgiving her for running away from home. To fortify the illusion, she carved racial epithets into her clothing and wrote them across her chest with a humeri cloth, then smeared dog excrement into her hair and on her body.
Systemic Abuse of Psychology
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

“That system of law is best which confides as little as possible to the discretion of the judge.” Although the author of that ancient legal proverb is consigned to anonymity, the wisdom of the principle lives on. Judicial discretion can under mine the rule of law. In this way, American tribunalists contorted C. 1095, 2, 3 to create additional leeway for ruling for nullity. Theoretically, new powers of discernment afforded by behavioral science would narrow the ambit of tribunal discretion and provide reliable bases for making objective determinations in defective consent cases. If anything, however, psychology enabled the tribunals to exercise more discretion.
Alternative Modes of Participation with Text and Artifacts of Literacy
Authors: Gundaker Grey
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores vernacular practices that involve texts and artifacts of literacy and fall outside the rubric of conventional literacy, focusing on four overlapping modes: (1) expression through metaphors; (2) performances and rituals; (3) the use of talismans and power-objects; and (4) acts of divination and revelation. These modes certainly do not exhaust the list of such practices, but they do exemplify some of the ways that African Americans incorporate reading, writing, and literate artifacts into preexisting patterns of activity through emergent events in which values and resources from both sides of the Atlantic cross-fertilize each other.
The Fruitless Enquiry (1727)
Authors: Haywood Eliza
Published: November 2023

A Certain Nobleman of Venice, dying in the Prime of his Years, left behind him a Widow called Miramillia, justly esteemed one of the most lovely Women of the Age, and a little Son not exceeding six Years old; so dear to his Mother, that tho’ her Beauty, Wealth, and Accomplishments, attracted the Love and Admirations of almost as many as beheld her, and the noblest Youth in the Republick desired her in Marriage: Yet did she decline all the Advantages offered her for this Darling of her Soul, and resolved to continue the Remainder of her Days in a single State, fearing that in bestowing her self, she should also be obliged to relinquish the Power she had of managing the Estate for him, to one who would less consult his Interest.
The Opera of Operas; Or Tom Thumb the Great (1733)
Authors: Haywood Eliza
Published: November 2023

Tom Thumb was the Son of Gajfer2 Thumb, tho’ some Authors assert, Thumb was not the Father’s Name, but a Sir-name given the Son from the Diminitiveness of his Stature, agreeable to a Wish his Parents made, that they might have a Son and Heir, tho’ he were no bigger than their Thumb. Like another Homer,3 his Birth is much contended, and many claim the Honour of it. Some will have him of German Extraction, Others of French, but the most received Opinion is, that he was an Englishman, born of very honest, but simple Parents, living in the Reign of King Arthur,4 a British Monarch of the sixth Century, who was Chief General against the Saxons; but whether ever Arthur existed, is a Point much controverted.
The Invisible Spy (1755)
Authors: Haywood Eliza
Published: November 2023

I Have observed that when a new book begins to make any noise in the world, as I am pretty certain this will do, every one is desirous of becoming acquainted with the author; and this impatience increases the more, the more he endeavours to conceal himself. expect to hear an hundred different names inscribed to the Invisible,-some of which I should, perhaps, be proud of, others as much ashamed to own.
Prologue
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

In this world wrapped in the darkness of its great ignorance, The blessed Dhamma’s bright lamp He lit, Aglow with his iddhi powers, far into the ends of the worlds seeing; Unto his feet I bend low, the wond’rous Enlightened One! I worship too His blessed Dhamma, And fold my hands in reverence to the Sangha. Knowing what is Dhamma, and what is not, And to the state of blessed Dhamma come, The auspicious Dhamma-word the Teacher taught As each occasion called, His heart impelled by power of love.
The Pairs
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

“Perception” signifies consciousness in all the four levels [of manifestation]-that is, in its divisions, such as wholesome consciousness pertaining to the sensuous sphere of existence ( kiimiivacara-kusa/a [-citta]}. However, in this context, it is specified, defined, and limited, referring as it does to the thought that arose in the physician [who figured in the incidents that caused the Buddha to utter this stanza]-that is to say, perception here is [what would technically be called] consciousness linked with a hostile reaction having discontent as its concomitant ( domanassa sahagata-paJigha-sampayutta-citta).
Flowers
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

This is what is said: A garland-maker goes into a garden of flowers and, thinking, “I will gather flowers,” takes flowers from that [garden]. [Then] wishing for another [flower] plant and another, he turns his mind all over the garden, thinking: “I will gather flowers from here too.” [But] without gathering flowers from there, he turns his mind(9lto [yet] another place and procrastinates, picking from that [other] plant [as well].
The Worthy
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

There are two “roads”: the road through a difficult terrain and the road through the whirl. In regard to these, he who has set out on the road through a difficult terrain is a traveler only so long as he does not reach his desired goal; when he has reached it, he is “one who has gone the distance.” Beings who are engulfed in the whirl too are travelers so long as they live in the whirl. Why? Because the whirl has not been exhausted. Stream Attainers, and others, too, are surely travelers. But the one with intoxicants extinct [Arahant ], being one who has exhausted the whirl, is a person who has reached the journey’s end.
Old Age
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Just as the jackal, even when it is young, is calledjarasigala [the ageing fox], and just as the galoci creeper, even when it is tender is called piitilata [the putrefying creeper], in the same way [the human body], even on the day of its birth, even when it is golden-hued, is [described as] perishable because it is [potentially] putrid owing to [the fact that matter is) constantly emanating [from its nine orifices).
Happiness
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Very happily. This is what is meant. Lay persons making a living by robbery, and so forth, or recluses by medical practice, and so forth, say “We live at ease”-but it is we who live very much more at ease than they.
Wrath
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

On such a person, who is thus free from clinging, who is “not burdened with anything,” due to absence of attachments, and so forth, miseries do not fall. That is the meaning.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

The bliss of Nibbana is what is called supreme pleasure. “If one were to see that.” This is what is meant. What is said is this: to one who prepares one bowl of food and enjoys it, there arises a limited amount of pleasure. To one who gives it up, and does the uposatha rites or gives alms, there arises the extensive, supreme bliss of Nibbana. Therefore, if in this way one sees great pleasure by the sacrifice of a little pleasure, then let the sagacious person, who clearly sees this great pleasure, abandon that limited pleasure. That is the meaning.
The Brahmana
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Having striven, cut off the stream: chinda sotam parakkamma The stream of craving cannot be “cut off” by a simple effort; therefore “cut” that stream off by striving with a mighty effort united with insight.
The Floods Of Noah And Utnapishtim: Theology Straight and Theology Satiric
Authors: Brichto Herbert Chanan
Published: November 2023

Archaeology and history, anthropology and sociology, mythology and folklore, and comparative literature and literary criticism are among the many academic disciplines whose findings and methodologies have been mustered in modern times for the study of the Bible in general and in particular for Genesis I - I I, often referred to as the Primeval History. The narrative centering on Noah, Genesis 6-9, will probably remain one of the last testing grounds for the relevance of these sundry approaches.
Structures As A Biblical Literary Phenomenon
Authors: Brichto Herbert Chanan
Published: November 2023

The division of this book into two sections, one on stories and one on structures, is both occasioned by and reflective of the uniqueness of Scripture (in general, and of Genesis or the Pentateuch in particular) in respect to the question of literary genre. Genre is a matter of classification, and classification is a highly subjective human organization of its perceptions. Every system of classification is assessable, not in terms of true or false or valid or invalid, but rather in terms of usefulness or idleness, weightiness or frivolity.
Modern American Legal Thought
Authors: Feldman Stephen M
Published: November 2023

As a general matter, prominent transitions in intellectual thought often seem to follow momentous social upheavals. True to form, then, the Civil War proved to be a cataclysm that triggered intellectual changes of paradigmatic proportions. Even more broadly, beyond the intellectual sphere, the war and its aftermath, including the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, ushered in momentous changes in almost every imaginable realm of American society.1 The historian Peter J. Parish proclaims the Civil War “the central event of American history,” while Eric Foner, discussing the war and the ensuing years, declares that “no aspect of life remained unaffected.” The war of course began in 1861 because the states of the deep South seceded, so the Northern states initially fought to preserve the Union and only later to free the slaves. Eventually, though, many Northerners understood the struggle as one for the very progress of civilization, yet ironically, the American civilization was, in the end, thoroughly transformed. Most basically, the eradication of slavery together with the death or maiming of one-fourth of the young male population profoundly transformed the social fabric of America.2
Economics and Attachment
Authors: Regan Milton C
Published: November 2023

The internal stance would seem to offer an account of marriage that is at odds with economic theory. I have suggested that this moment of marriage is characterized by the understanding that one is part of a collective unit to whose welfare one may be committed quite apart from a calculation of individual costs and benefits. Such an orientation is associated with “prosocial” attitudes and behavior such as empathy and cooperation, which appear to prompt one person to forgo private advantage for the sake of another. Ordinary language, for instance, distinguishes between self­ interested and other-regarding attitudes and commonly draws a distinction be­ tween selfish and unselfish behavior. Herbert Margolis’s description of the way in which altruism seems to diverge from individual rationality serves also as a general description of the common understanding of a prosocial orientation: a person “could have done better for himself had he chosen to ignore the effect of his choice on others.”1 Such behavior would appear to be inconsistent with a portrait of persons as individuals inexorably devoted to maximizing their own utility. This raises the question whether economic analysis offers an adequate account of the internal moment of marriage.
Spousal Privilege
Authors: Regan Milton C
Published: November 2023

Let us return for a moment to the story of Arthur and Irene Seale, the married fugitives whose story I related in chapter 1. Recall that New Jersey’s version of the adverse testimony privilege prevented Ms. Seale from testifying at all against her husband in a criminal trial. This privilege is over 500 years old but has been increasingly criticized as an antiquated relic in recent years. Indeed, the privilege has been modified in federal court and in several states to permit one spouse to testify against the other in a criminal trial if she so chooses. New Jersey eventually changed its law to give a spouse the option to testify in these cases. In doing so, it followed the modern trend toward reducing the scope of the adverse testimony privilege. In federal court and in most state courts, the adverse testimony privilege now protects a defendant from the incriminating testimony of his spouse only if the latter chooses not to testify. Less than a dozen states continue to retain the traditional privilege, which protects the defendant from adverse spousal testimony regardless of whether a spouse is willing to testify. By contrast, in federal and in all state courts, a defendant generally has protection against disclosure of any confidential communications that occurred between him and his spouse during marriage, even if the witness and defendant are no longer married. This privilege appears to enjoy wide support, and few have seriously questioned its desirability. The adverse testimony privilege thus appears to be shrinking in significance, even as the communications privilege remains robust.
Adverse Testimony and the Internal Stance
Authors: Regan Milton C
Published: November 2023

In the first half of this chapter, I will describe the adverse testimony privilege as a legal rule that uses the setting of the criminal trial to construct a narrative about marriage that ideally encourages adoption of the internal stance. My emphasis will be on the terms of this story and its potential to foster such an orientation. This story is not necessarily the only one that we might infer from the privilege. I believe, however, that it captures an important aspect of the protection that the privilege provides and the duty that it imposes. In the next part of the chapter, I will examine the ways in which the privilege might serve to communicate the narrative I have described. How likely is it that anyone will actually “read” this storyl My discussion here is more tentative, given the difficulty of describing how a specific legal provision might serve as an agent of socialization. I raise the possibility that the primary significance of the privilege may be that it prevents the transmission of a message that could undermine the influence of an internal stance toward marriage.
Hard Times In Paradise
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

In many ways, the United States has been a paradise for religious organizations. Throughout most of the nineteenth and nearly all of the twentieth century, the United States has enjoyed one of the highest average per capita incomes of any country in the world. Because of this relative affluence, most Americans have had the wherewithal to support the churches at a generous level. Even when people gave only a small proportion of their earnings, they still collectively donated large amounts of money. Unlike most other affluent countries, the United States has supported its churches voluntarily rather than providing them with subsidies from taxes and government grants. In Europe, the churches that were supported in this way often suffered because governments preferred to keep taxes low in order to maintain a competitive business climate rather than allocating more funds to the churches, or because wars or welfare programs created more pressing demands on government coffers. In comparison, voluntary donations in the United States were generous. People gave to the churches not because the government told them to but because they wanted to; sometimes, in fact, they gave money specifically because the churches were an alternative to government-free institutions that would not survive unless people supported them.
What The Clergy Are Saving
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Pastors are astute social observers. They watch and listen, trying to discern what is uppermost in their congregants’ minds. Their effectiveness as pastors depends on it. So does the financial condition of their churches. To gauge the crisis in the churches, it is thus necessary to examine the mental maps of the clergy, both to see how their views compare with the concerns of middle-class church members and to understand what clergy perceive as the important connections between religious commitment and middle-class life.
Meeting Needs In The Workplace
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Christianity has always recognized that its followers must earn their daily bread. Yet it has also maintained that the human spirit is not nurtured by bread alone. There is thus an inherent tension in how the churches minister to the work lives of their adherents. In American culture, however, this tension has been greatly diminished. The clergy have adopted a view of work that is thoroughly secular. They minister to the emotional needs of the American work force but inadvertently contribute to these needs in the first place. The clergy are thus playing a valuable role in the lives of their parishioners, but this role also characterizes a vicious cycle in which the churches are caught. It consists of preaching about work in a way that demands high levels of commitment, both to the job and to the church, but that fails to consider the ways in which work has changed for most Americans. Not finding what the clergy have to say about work very relevant to the real demands of their lives, parishioners are thus likely to compartmentalize spirituality and work or to give less generously and attend less often because the churches are failing to minister to this central area of their lives.
Picking Up The Pieces
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Most middle-class church members have steady jobs, earn decent salaries, and pay their bills on time. They live in comfortable homes, provide for their children, and pursue careers they find interesting and fulfilling. But their lives are also filled with pressure. They experience job-related stress; suffer from periodic burnout; face ethical dilemmas at work; and have trouble juggling the demands of jobs, families, and personal interests. Sometimes the pressures become too great. They lose their jobs, run into serious difficulties with coworkers, succumb to addictions, or find their families falling apart. On such occasions, they turn to their churches. With increasing frequency, the churches are being called on to help parishioners cope with these issues.
Money Matters
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

The parsimonious comedian Jack Benny loved to repeat a joke about being approached by a mugger who demanded, “Your money or your life!” to which Benny, after a long pause, replied, “Don’t rush me; I’m thinking, I’m thinking!” Money is arguably our most cherished national obsession. We want it desperately; we devote many of our waking hours to working to obtain it and a good deal of our spare time to spending it. Clearly, money matters. When we have it, we feel more free and lighthearted. When we don’t have it, we feel like failures. We scheme to get more of it, subscribe to magazines to get pointers about it, read columns in the newspaper and watch programs on television about it, fight with our spouses and children over it, and stand in awe of those who have amassed great quantities of it. The American middle class, collectively and individually, has more money at its disposal than any other majority group in history has had. The churches of the American middle class can scarcely escape this fact. Their own fortunes depend on the willingness of the middle class to contribute a portion of its money. But middle-class churches also have a responsibility to help their members deal with the concerns that inevitably arise from having money and from wanting it.
F
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Faber and Faber London publisher of several fragments or episodes from WORK IN PROGRESS: ANNA LIVIA PLURABELLE (the first British edition, published as a booklet, 1930); HAVETH CHILDERS EVERYWHERE (the first British edition, published as a booklet, 1931); TWO TALES OF SHEM AND SHAUN (first British edition, published as a booklet, 1932); THE MIME OF MICK NICK AND THE MAGGIES (published as a booklet, 1934); POMES PENYEACH (first British edition, 1933); and finally the complete Finnegans Wake (1939). Because of his closetics with Joyce, T. S. ELIOT, then an editor at Faber and Faber, provided a great deal of assistance and support for this project.
K
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Kain, Richard M. (1908-1990) Noted Joyce critic and long-time teacher at the University of Louisville. His first book, Fabulous Voyager: James Joyce’.1 Ulysses (published in 1947 and extensively revised in 1959), marked the beginning of the wave of post-World War II American scholars whose work greatly increased the general interest in Joyce. Fabulous Voyager provided both an intellectual foundation and the immediate motivation for numerous scholarly works that appeared in its wake. Of equal or perhaps even greater importance in terms of its impact upon Joyce scholarship was an edition of early Joyce manuscripts that Kain produced in 1965 with Robert Scholes. The Workshop of Dedalus: James Joyce and the Materials for A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man contains a great deal of material from various stages of composition of. Joyce’s first published novel. Most notably among these diverse drafts, The Workshop of Dedalus reprints a number of the epiphanies that Joyce had composed as a young man and which figure so prominently in Dubliners, Stephen Hero and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (see EPIPHANY).
P
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

“Painful Case, A” The eleventh story in Dubliners, and the final work in the book’s third division, matrity. “A Painful Case” was seventh in order of composition, written in July of 1905 (originally under the title “A Painful Incident”) and repeatedly revised. Eight years after publication of Dubliners, “A Painful Case” was translated into French by Yva Fernandez, and it appeared in the March 1922 issue of the Swiss journal, Revue de Geni!ve. An Italian translation of the story, done by Giacomo Prampolini, was published in the 3 June 1928 issue of the journal Fiera Letteraria. The story chronicles the central events that inform the frustrated and sterile relationship between James DUFFY and Mrs Emily SINICO. When Mrs Sinico wishes to blend affection with friendship, Duffy rebuffs her and severs the relationship. Four years later, Duffy reads a newspaper article, with the subheading “A Painful Case” that details the inquest into Mrs Sinico’s death; she had been struck by a railroad train while trying to cross the tracks at the Sydney Parade Station. Joyce’s brother Stanislaus JOYCE claimed that Joyce got his inspiration for this story from Stanislaus’s own experience with an older woman, an account of which he recorded in his diary.
S
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Sage, Robert (1899-1962) An assistant editor of Transition Magazine And A Contributor To Our Exagmination Round His Factification For Incamination Of Work In Progress. The thesis of his essay, entitled “Before Ulysses and After,” is that all of Joyce’s works “form an indivisible whole,” and that each should be interpreted as part of a larger, unified aesthetic entity. Using evolutionary metaphors frequently, Sage offers a detailed survey of Joyce’s work, focusing on how the increasing richness of language in each of his previous prose works-Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses-prepares us for Work in Progress. In addition, Sage offers extended analyses of Joyce’s representations of the central characters ANNA LIVIA PLURABELLE and Humphrey Chimpden EARWICKER. He ends his essay by arguing for the accessibility of this work in progress and citing the achievements of Joyce’s earlier writing as proof both that his work has always been complex and that readers have always found it rewarding nonetheless.
T
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Tales Told of Shem and Shaun An amalgamation of three distinct episodes from Finnegans Wake that Harry and Caresse Crosby persuaded Joyce to let them publish together in book form in August of 1929 under the imprint of their Black Sun Press in Paris. A fragment of these epsiodes was published a year later in a London Imagist Anthology, under the title “From ‘Tales Told of Shem and Shaun’; Three Fragments from Work in Progress.” The collection consists of early versions of The MOOKSE AND THE GRIPES (FW 152.15-159.18), the middle portion of the LESSONS CHAPTER (FW 282.7-304.4) and The ONDT AND THE GRACEHOPER (FW 414.16-419.10). Foradditional information see Letters III.189 and 193.
Preface of Rufinus To The Continuation
Authors: Amidon Philip R
Published: November 2023

Therecord of the affairs of the church with which Eusebius has provided us extends to this point. We for our part have briefly added, to the best of our ability, the events which followed in the course of time down to the present, and which we either found in the writings of those before us or we remembered, obedient as always to the injunctions of our father in religion.
Book 11
Authors: Amidon Philip R
Published: November 2023

After Julian’s death a legitimate government was restored to us at last with Jovian; for he appeared at once as emperor, confessor, and averter of the error which had been introduced for evil. For with the army on alert and the barbarian pressing close, our leaders, after discussing the crisis, elected Jovian, who, as he was being seized and taken off to receive the tokens of command, is said to have announced to the army, profaned by Julian’s sacrilegious acts, that he could not command them because he was a Christian. They all with one voice are said to have answered, “We are Christians too.” Nor would he agree to accept the command before he had heard what they said, according to report. Then God’s mercy came to his assistance without delay, and beyond all hope, the enemy having closed them in on all sides with no chance of escape, they suddenly saw envoys approaching from the barbarians who sued for peace, who promised as well to sell food and other provisions to the army, which was prostrate from famine, and who with unbounded kindness corrected the rashness of our people.
Ritual Change
Authors: Bell Catherine
Published: November 2023

Questions of ritual density and style are not far removed from questions of ritual change, that is, the way in which rituals change over time. Yet the issue of ritual change has been much more central to study and analysis of ritual than the issue of density. Indeed, much controversy surrounds questions of ritual change among people involved firsthand in performing ritual. There are very few religious groups that are not concerned today with how best to adapt traditions of worship to shifting social and spiritual realities. At the same time, new religious organizations are also concerned with how to build ritual traditions and communities without replicating what they see as the problems of past traditionalism. A number of scholars, as either participants or observers, have been drawn to the issue of contemporary ritual change and, at times, drawn into the controversies surrounding it.

Part of the dilemma of ritual change lies in the simple fact that rituals tend to present themselves as the unchanging, time-honored customs of an enduring com munity. Even when no such claims are explicitly made within or outside the rite, a variety of cultural dynamics tend to make us take it for granted that rituals are old in some way; any suggestion that they may be rather recently minted can give rise to consternation and confusion.
Transnational Patterns
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

If a high crime rate does not provide a sufficient explanation for rates of lethal violence in the United States, what about a specific propensity toward violent crime as an explanation? The English and the Australians may have just as many burglars as are found in American cities, but not as many robbers.