bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prinsip Eror Elimination dan Pergeseran Paradigma Dalam Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Authors: Hidayat Muhammad Sofian , Tsaqib M Ammar
Published: February 2023

Abstract

The development of science continues to experience a revolution at all times. The era of logical positivism began with the criteria of observable, repeatable, measurable, testable and predictable science. This criterion has implications for the division of meaningfull and meaningless arguments. This was later criticized by Karl R Popper and Thomas Kuhn with the elimination error and paradigm shift. This article attempts to unravel the elimination error and paradigm shift in the development of science with library research using a descriptive analysis approach, it was found that not all general theories can be proven true through verification where the process of developing science is by eliminating the possibility of errors or errors and the development of science applies. through the so-called scientific paradigm.

 

Keywords: Logical Positivism, Verification, Elimination, Paradigm

 

Abstrak

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan terus mengalami revolusi pada setiap masa. Di awali era positivisme logis dengan kriteria ilmu pengetahuan observable, repeatebale, measurable, testable dan predictable. Kriteria ini berimplikasi pada pembagian argument meaningfull dan meaningless. Hal ini yang kemudian dikritik oleh Karl R Popper dan Thomas Kuhn dengan eror elimination dan pergeseran paradigma. Artikel ini berusaha mengurai eror elimination dan pergeseran paradigma dalam perkembagan ilmu pengetahuan dengan penelitian library research menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif analisis, ditemukan bahwa tidak semua teori umum dapat dibuktikan kebenaranya melalui verifikasi dimana proses pengembangan ilmu adalah dengan jalan eliminasi terhadap kemungkinan kekeliruan atau kesalahan dan perkembangan sains berlaku melalui apa yang disebut paradigma ilmu.

 

Kata Kunci: Positivisme Logis, Verifikasi, Eliminasi, Paradigma
Synaptic vesicle proteins are selectively delivered to axons in mammalian neurons
Authors: Watson Emma T , Pauers Michaela M , Seibert Michael J , Vevea Jason D , Chapman Edwin R
Published: February 2023

Neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles (SVs) mediate synaptic transmission and are a hallmark specialization in neuronal axons. Yet, how SV proteins are sorted to presynaptic nerve terminals remains the subject of debate. The leading model posits that these proteins are randomly trafficked throughout neurons and are selectively retained in presynaptic boutons. Here, we used the RUSH (retention using selective hooks) system, in conjunction with HaloTag labeling approaches, to study the egress of two distinct transmembrane SV proteins, synaptotagmin 1 and synaptobrevin 2, from the soma of mature cultured rat and mouse neurons. For these studies, the SV reporter constructs were expressed at carefully controlled, very low levels. In sharp contrast to the selective retention model, both proteins selectively and specifically entered axons with minimal entry into dendrites. However, even moderate overexpression resulted in the spillover of SV proteins into dendrites, potentially explaining the origin of previous non-polarized transport models, revealing the limited, saturable nature of the direct axonal trafficking pathway. Moreover, we observed that SV constituents were first delivered to the presynaptic plasma membrane before incorporation into SVs. These experiments reveal a new-found membrane trafficking pathway, for SV proteins, in classically polarized mammalian neurons and provide a glimpse at the first steps of SV biogenesis.
CAGE20-6 Cruise Report: Pore-fluid pressure and heat flow surveys along the Vestnesa Ridge, west-Svalbard continental margin
Authors: Plaza-Faverola Andreia
Published: February 2023

The research cruise was the third expedition under the SEAMSTRESS project, supported by the Tromsø Research Foundation and the Research Council of Norway, through their starting grant schemes. We departed from Tromsø and started the surveys after 3 days of transit to the Fram Strait. We focused on the Vestnesa ridge and an elongated depression with fluid flow features north of the Knipovich ridge.The main purpose of the cruise was to conduct an experiment using Ifremer piezometer for measuring sediment pore fluid pressure along the margin. The pore fluid pressure experiment was complemented with an exhaustive heat flow survey using the newly acquired heat flow probe by CAGE and the Department of Geosciences at UiT.
The cruise may be known as: CAGE20_6
Development of flapping wing robot and vision-based obstacle avoidance strategy
Authors: Park Heetae , Bae Geunsik , Kim Inrae , Kim Seungkeun , Oh Hyondong
Published: February 2023

Due to the flight characteristics such as small size, low noise, and high efficiency, studies on flapping wing robots are being actively conducted. In particular, the flapping wing robot is in the spotlight in the field of search and reconnaissance. Most of the research focuses on the development of flapping wing robots rather than autonomous flight. However, because of the unique characteristics of flapping wings, it is essential to consider the development of flapping wing robots and autonomous flight simultaneously. In this article, we describe the development of the flapping wing robot and computationally efficient vision-based obstacle avoidance algorithm suitable for the lightweight robot. We developed a 27 cm and 45 g flapping wing robot named CNUX Mini that features an X-type wing and tailed configuration to attenuate oscillation caused by flapping motion. The flight experiment showed that the robot is capable of stable flight for 1.5 min and changing its direction with a small turn radius in a slow forward flight condition. For the obstacle detection algorithm, the appearance variation cue is used with the optical flow-based algorithm to cope robustly with the motion-blurred and feature-less images obtained during flight. If the obstacle is detected during straight flight, the avoidance maneuver is conducted for a certain period, depending on the state machine logic. The proposed obstacle avoidance algorithm was validated in ground tests using a testbed. The experiment shows that the CNUX Mini performs a suitable evasive maneuver with 90.2% success rate in 50 incoming obstacle situations.
A Halo abstraction for distributed n-dimensional structured grids within the C++ PGAS library DASH
Authors: Hünich Denis , Knüpfer Andreas
Published: February 2023

The Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) library DASH provides C++ container classes for distributed N-dimensional structured grids. This article presents enhancements on top of the DASH library to support stencil operations and halo areas to conveniently and efficiently parallelize structured grids. The improvements include definitions of multiple stencil operators, automatic derivation of halo sizes, efficient halo data exchanges, as well as communication hiding optimizations. The main contributions of this article are two-fold. First, the halo abstraction concept and the halo wrapper software components are explained. Second, the code complexity and the runtime of an example code implemented in DASH and pure Message Passing Interface (MPI) are compared.
Research on the Cultivation Strategy of Junior Middle School Students' Mathematics Application Consciousness
Authors: Ma Xiaofan , Yang Zezhong
Published: February 2023

With the implementation of mathematics curriculum reform in primary and secondary schools, the importance of mathematics application consciousness has become increasingly prominent. Many scholars have conducted relevant research on the cultivation of junior high school students' awareness of mathematics application, however, few relevant findings have been summarized. Through the method of literature analysis, we reviewed and sorted out the research on the cultivation of junior middle school students' mathematics application consciousness, and draws the following conclusions: (1) The cultivation strategy of junior middle school students' mathematics application consciousness is mainly studied from two aspects: class and extracurricular; (2) Previous studies have put forward more strategies on the cultivation of junior middle school students ' mathematics application consciousness from the perspective of class, there are few studies on extracurricular aspects; (3) Researchers mainly use literature research method and case analysis method to study; (4) The previous research methods are relatively simple, and the suggestions and strategies given by scholars are relatively broad and general. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to improve the research methods and conduct research from a more targeted perspective in order to find more reasonable and specific suggestions and strategies. These new findings have clarified the characteristics of the current research and laid the foundation and pointed out the direction for further relevant research.
Mysuru Mallige-Heritage Crop of Mysuru: A Review
Authors: Venkatesha S. C. , Rahul K. N. , Ramegowda G. K. , Fakrudin B. , Vishnuvardhana .
Published: February 2023

Jasmine being cultivated throughout India, its production/ largest area is concentrated in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states. India stands next to Egypt and Morocco in Jasmine Concrete Production with >15 tons per annum. Modern Knowledge has accepted Jasmine as Persian origin, distribution pattern of 72 Jasminum spp. across India suggests, India may be the primary home which has its mention in the 500 BC Tamil literature and 7th to 3rd BCE Ramaynam mythological literature. In Karnataka, a number of Jasminum spp. are being cultivated throughout the state of which Mysuru Mallige, Udupi Mallige and Hadagali Mallige are being unique and are largely concentrated in the respective and adjoining districts. Government of India has registered these three jasmine cultivars with Geographical Indication tag under the Intellectual Property Rights. Though the demand for these GI crops is on increase, the area and production is declining slowly. Here is an attempt to compile the updated knowledge on genetic resources of Jasminum spp. with focus on the heritage crop of Mysuru- ‘Mysuru Mallige’.
Mental and Physical Well Being in Prisoners
Authors: Presley Brandon , Cuthrell Kimberly Morton
Published: February 2023

Global health attention is necessary to improve the prison population mental and physical health because limited public health ramifications and inmates’ psychological effects impose many strains on community preventive measures and prison rehabilitation. Though some prisoners are  younger than the general population, the jail population often has the worse health. Many have considerable mental and physical health needs as a result of social and economic poverty. Since many prisoners have histories of tobacco use and alcohol or drugs, many of these risk patterns  result in addictions that are tied to unhealthy  lifestyles. Prior contact with mental health, substance use or medical services  typically was very limited or absent due to lack of access to treatment, diminished resources, barriers for the uninsured and underserved, financial stability to afford care, stigma, or reluctance to focus on self-care. There are certain mental health disorders and infectious diseases that are prevalent in prisoners and should be addressed. Many prisoners have serious, debilitating mental and physical conditions that go untreated or undiagnosed while they are incarcerated. Prior to being incarcerated, If crime and incarceration are to be decreased and rehabilitative efforts are increased to deter re-incarceration, preventive measures are necessary that include community mental and medical services accessibility and affordability while availability of such services are provided in prison and coordination of care of evidence-based therapy and infection-control strategies are highly recommended before the inmate returns to the community. This review covers most common mental and physical health issues and their management for inmates because few research has explored how having a mental health disorder compound with a physical ailment affects an inmate’s behavior while advocating for human rights-informed strategies for the treatment of people in the criminal justice system.
About the Impact of Defect Phases on the Thermoelectric Properties of Cr3S4–xSex
Authors: Groß Hendrik , Groeneveld Dennis , Poschmann Michael , Schürmann Ulrich , König Jan D. , Bensch Wolfgang , Wöllenstein Jürgen , Kienle Lorenz
Published: February 2023

Phase relations in Cr3S4 and the substituted system Cr3S4–x
Se
x
are studied to determine the influence of chemical substitutions on the thermoelectric properties. In addition to the expected equilibrium phase crystallizing in the monoclinic space group I2/m, some samples exhibit a defect phase with Cr2S3‐like structure. The defect phase can be observed in a few samples prior to sintering, with the majority being phase‐pure Cr3S4. The defect phase can, however, be introduced in phase‐pure samples through in situ heating. It can be proven that the defect phase has an influence on the thermoelectric properties, by lowering the electrical and thermal conductivity, while increasing the Seebeck coefficient. Substitution in the anion lattice of Cr3S4 with Se lowers the thermal conductivity. The improvement is mainly achieved through a reduction of the electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity, leading to total values as low as 1.6 Wm−1 K−1 for the substituted system in comparison to the pristine material 2.3 Wm−1 K−1.
Graphdiyne and Its Derivatives as Efficient Charge Reservoirs and Transporters in Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Niu Guosheng , Wang Yadong , Yang Zhichao , Cao Shaokui , Liu Huibiao , Wang Jizheng
Published: February 2023

2D graphdiyne (GDY), which is composed of sp and sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, is a promising semiconductor material with a unique porous lamellar structure. It has high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, high density of states, and strong electrostatic interaction ability with ions and organic functional units. In recent years, interests in applying GDYs (GDY and its derivatives) in semiconductor devices have been growing rapidly, and great achievements have been made. Attractively, GDYs could act as efficient reservoirs and transporters for both carriers and ions, which endows them with enormous potential in future novel optoelectronics. In this review, the progress in this field is systematically summarized, aiming to bring an in‐depth insight into the GDYs’ intrinsic uniqueness. Particularly, the effects of GDYs on carrier dynamics and ionic interactions in various semiconductor devices are succinctly described, analyzed, and concluded.
Scanning SQUID Imaging of Reduced Superconductivity Due to the Effect of Chiral Molecule Islands Adsorbed on Nb
Authors: Ozeri Meital , Devidas T.R. , Alpern Hen , Persky Eylon , Bjorlig Anders V. , Sukenik Nir , Yochelis Shira , Di Bernardo Angelo , Kalisky Beena , Millo Oded , Paltiel Yossi
Published: February 2023

Unconventional superconductivity was realized in systems comprising a monolayer of magnetic adatoms adsorbed on conventional superconductors, forming Shiba‐bands. Another approach to induce unconventional superconductivity and 2D Shiba‐bands was recently introduced, namely, by adsorbing chiral molecules (ChMs) on conventional superconductors, which act in a similar way to magnetic impurities as verified by conductance spectroscopy. However, the fundamental effect ChMs have on the strength of superconductivity has not yet been directly observed and mapped. In this work, local magnetic susceptometry is applied on heterostructures comprising islands of ChMs (α‐helix L‐polyalanine) monolayers adsorbed on Nb. It is found that the ChMs alter the superconducting landscape, resulting in spatially‐modulated weaker superconductivity. Surprisingly, the reduced diamagnetic response is located along the perimeter of the islands with respect to both their interior and the bare Nb. The authors suggest that topological edge‐states forming at the edges are the source of the reduced superconductivity, akin to the case of magnetic islands. The results pave new paths for the realization of topological‐superconductivity‐based devices with changing order parameter.
Highly Uniform Array of Hexagonally Symmetric Micro‐Pyramid Structures for Scalable and Single Quantum Dot Emitters
Authors: Song Yong‐Ho , Yeo Hwan‐Seop , Sung Chan‐Young , Kim Byung Su , Ahn Seonghun , Cho Yong‐Hoon
Published: February 2023

Controlling the site, size, and shape of group III‐nitride quantum dots (QDs) is critical for the development of mass‐producible single‐photon sources for scalable quantum technologies operable at room temperature. Herein, a methodology is proposed for fabricating high‐purity single QD emitters by controlling site‐controlled GaN micro‐pyramid structures with a high degree of uniformity and symmetry. To achieve a uniformly grown, hexagonally symmetric micro‐pyramid array, the H2/N2 carrier gas ratio, growth temperature, and V/III ratio are controlled to attain self‐limited growth regime and self‐limited width at the GaN pyramid apex. A thin InGaN layer is consecutively grown on a pyramid array under the growth condition for enhancing the growth rate anisotropy to hinder the growth of InGaN quantum wells (QWs) at semi‐polar facets. As a result, single‐photon emission is observed from apex QD with suppressed background side QW emission while maintaining more than 90% high hexagonal QD symmetry over the large area of the wafer.
Direct Access to 9/6‐Fused Cycles via Sequential Hydride Shift Mediated Double C(sp3)−H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Nakamura Issei , Anada Masahiro , Sueki Shunsuke , Makino Kosho , Mori Keiji
Published: February 2023

We have developed a sequential hydride shift process involving a [1,8]‐hydride shift. When cinnamylidene malonates having a biphenyl core were treated with 30 mol% Yb(OTf)3 and 10 mol% iPr2NEt, the desired sequential [1,8]‐[1,5]‐hydride shift process proceeded smoothly to afford synthetically challenging nine‐membered carbocycle‐fused piperidine derivatives in good chemical yields (up to 77%). Notably, the desired nine‐membered carbocycles could not be obtained by a single [1,8]‐hydride shift/cyclization process, suggesting that the employment of the sequential system is crucial to achieving the reaction.

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Radical Bicyclization of 2‐Cyanoaryl Acrylamides with Dicumyl Peroxide
Authors: Fan Tai‐Gang , Ding Xue‐Ling , Sun Bo‐Xun , Hou Yu‐Jian , Jiang Bo , Wang Xu‐Nan , Li Ya‐Min
Published: February 2023

A radical bicyclization of 2‐cyanoaryl acrylamides with dicumyl peroxide has been developed for constructing a broad spectrum of benzo[h]naphtho[1,8‐bc][1,6]naphthyridine. This reaction allows the formation of three new chemical bonds through addition of methyl radical across alkene double bond, intramolecular addition of carbon‐centered radical to cyano group and cyclization of the iminyl radical cascade, and features simple reaction system and wide substrate scope.

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DNA Nanogel for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhang Xiaonong , Yan Wei , Song Zhengwei , Asif Sabahat , Hussain Irshad , Xiao Chunsheng , Chen Xuesi
Published: February 2023

DNA nanogel exhibits properties of both the DNA and hydrogel, for example, remarkable biocompatibility, programmability, high drug loading capacity, and rapid stimuli‐responsive nature to microenvironment, which make it a potential ideal carrier for drug and gene delivery. In this review, DNA nanogels are categorized into two types, that is, rolling circle amplification‐based nanogel and hybridization‐based nanogel. Construction methods, design ideas for different functions, and applications in chemotherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy of nanogels are discussed. It is believed that this review will help readers to have a deeper understanding of the basic design strategies of DNA nanogels for specific targeting, loading of various anticancer agents, and stimuli‐responsive degradation of nanogels for the controlled release of drugs, which will ultimately help to design more effective delivery system for better therapeutic effects. It is very likely that DNA nanogel, as an intelligent drug carrier, will play a greater role in cancer treatment in future.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Ferroelectric with Low Lead Content, a High Curie Temperature, and a High Piezoelectric Response
Authors: Rowe Thomas , Richtik Brooke N. , Dolgos Michelle
Published: February 2023

A new solid solution (1−x)Bi(Fe2/8Ti3/8Mg3/8)O3–(x)PbTiO3 (BFTM‐PT) is synthesized and the electromechanical properties are measured. This system is defined as a low‐lead material with ferroelectric/piezoelectric behavior and a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) that leads to enhanced properties. The MPB is located between x = 0.30 and 0.35 and coincides with a structural phase transition and a sharp increase in the piezoelectric response. The system demonstrates ferroelectric hysteresis where x = 0.325 displays the best properties with a maximum polarization of 39 µC cm−2 and a remnant polarization of 26 µC cm−2. The range of compositions has high Curie temperature (Tc), ranging from 625–650 °C. Materials with a Tc above 400 °C typically have a low d33 of <50 pC N−1 at room temperature. However, BFTM‐PT has a higher d33 that most other compositions with a Tc in this range, with the highest being 145 pC N−1 for x = 0.375. The d33 drops off above 100 °C, but doping studies can be done in the future to stabilize the piezoelectric response at higher temperatures. These outstanding properties open the possibility of new transducer applications, in particular ones requiring high temperature and high power.
Growth, nodulation, production, and physiology of leguminous plants in integrated production systems
Authors: de Freitas Igor C. , Ferreira Evander A. , Alves Matheus A. , de Oliveira Jaqueline C. , Frazão Leidivan A.
Published: February 2023

Choosing the species suitable for cultivation in intercropped systems is a critical limiting factor for grain and forage production. This study aimed to evaluate the growth, nodulation, production, and physiology of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and guandu bean (Cajanus cajan) intercropped with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla) in an integrated production system. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously, arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of the use of two integrated production systems. The second factor consisted of four distances (2, 4, 6, and 8 m) from the eucalyptus planting rows. In the first experiment, crop–forest systems (CFIS: eucalyptus trees and cowpea) and crop–livestock–forest systems (CLFIS: eucalyptus trees, cowpea, and buffel grass) were evaluated. In the second, livestock–forest systems LFIS1 (eucalyptus trees and guandu bean) and LFIS2 (eucalyptus trees, guandu bean, and buffel grass) were evaluated. In cowpea, nodulation was not influenced by production systems and distances, whereas in guandu bean, there was a reduction in the nodules’ number and dry mass with the distance from the trees. Higher growth, biomass production, and photosynthetic activity of cowpea and guandu bean were observed with the increasing distance from the eucalyptus planting rows. However, cowpea increased the 100‐seed weight at 2 and 4 m distances from the eucalyptus rows, improving the grains’ quality close to the trees. The simultaneous cultivation with buffel grass did not affect the leguminous plant yield, promoting greater diversification and increasing the total biomass production of the intercropping.
Unmanned aerial system and satellite: Which one is a better platform for monitoring of the peanut crops?
Authors: Costa Souza Jarlyson Brunno , Luns Hatum de Almeida Samira , Lopes de Brito Filho Armando , Morlin Carneiro Franciele , Santos Adão Felipe dos , da Silva Rouverson Pereira
Published: February 2023

Remote sensing tools are helpful in monitoring and managing crop production. However, each remote sensing technology responds to crop variability differently. In this way, the objective of this work was to compare sensors on airborne and orbital platforms and to observe which one has the best quality to determine the behavior of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop variability. The experimental design followed the premises of the statistical quality control (SQC), with samples collected over time. The experimental area was composed of 30 sampling points spaced every 50 m. The multispectral images were acquired with an unmanned aerial system (UAS) consisting of a DJI Matrice quad‐copter and a Micasense RedEdge multispectral camera and with the PlanetScope multispectral imaging satellites. It was verified that in all periods evaluated for spectral bands and vegetation indices (VI), satellite images presented better process quality. The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) generated from satellite images were able to detect the peanut maturation variation better. The behavior of the bands and the VIs generated from the Planet images show quality for peanut crop monitoring. While UAS showed sensitivity to detect the saturation of the bands, making it difficult to visualize the temporal variability.
Innovative vaccine packaging technologies: Perspectives on benefits and challenges of compact prefilled auto‐disable devices and polymer containers
Authors: Pagliusi Sonia , Jarrett Stephen W. , Park Rachel , Bramanti Yudha , Menon Ravi , Jarrahian Courtney , Frivold Collrane , Yang Lingjiang
Published: February 2023

Vaccine packaging innovations have a potential impact on the supply chain, as well as acceptability and uptake by users. To better understand recent developments in packaging innovations, we assessed the benefits and challenges of compact pre‐filled auto‐disable devices (CPADs), polymer‐based primary containers (or vials), and dual‐chamber delivery devices. These packaging innovations have clear public health benefits related to ease of use, improved safety, supply logistics, and uptake enabling new vaccination opportunities. In addition, there seems to be high acceptability from users at country‐level. However, uncertain costs including the impact on distribution and cold chain storage have hampered demand and consequently commercialization. For innovations to reach those who can benefit most, global stakeholders should place greater attention on new packaging technologies and assess the trade‐offs between safety, coverage, uptake, ease of administration, wastage and costs.
Vanadium Oxides with Amorphous‐Crystalline Heterointerface Network for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhihui , Song Yu , Wang Jing , Lin Yulai , Meng Jianming , Cui Weibin , Liu Xiao‐Xia
Published: February 2023

Rechargeable aqueous Zn‐VOxbatteries are attracting attention in large scale energy storage applications. Yet, the sluggish Zn2+diffusion kinetics and ambiguous structure–property relationship are always challenging to fulfil the great potential of the batteries. Here we electrodeposit vanadium oxide nanobelts (VO‐E) with highly disordered structure. The electrode achieves high capacities (e.g., ≈5 mAh cm−2, 516 mAh g−1), good rate and cycling performances. Detailed structure analysis indicates VO‐E is composed of integrated amorphous‐crystalline nanoscale domains, forming an efficient heterointerface network in the bulk electrode, which accounts for the good electrochemical properties. Theoretical calculations indicate that the amorphous‐crystalline heterostructure exhibits the favorable cation adsorption and lower ion diffusion energy barriers compared to the amorphous and crystalline counterparts, thus accelerating charge carrier mobility and electrochemical activity of the electrode.
Supramolecular Enhancement of Charge Transport through Pillar[5]arene‐Based Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Li Xiaobing , Zhou Siyuan , Zhao Qi , Chen Yi , Qi Pan , Zhang Yongkang , Wang Lu , Guo Cunlan , Chen Shigui
Published: February 2023

Intermolecular charge transport is one of the essential modes for modulating charge transport in molecular electronic devices. Supermolecules are highly promising candidates for molecular devices because of their abundant structures and easy functionalization. Herein, we report an efficient strategy to enhance charge transport through pillar[5]arene self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) by introducing cationic guests. The current density of pillar[5]arene SAMs can be raised up to about 2.1 orders of magnitude by inserting cationic molecules into the cavity of pillar[5]arenes in SAMs. Importantly, we have also observed a positive correlation between the charge transport of pillar[5]arene‐based complex SAMs and the binding affinities of the pillar[5]arene‐based complexation. Such an enhancement of charge transport is attributed to the efficient host–guest interactions that stabilize the supramolecular complexes and lower the energy gaps for charge transport. This work provides a predictive pattern for the regulation of intermolecular charge transport in guiding the design of next generation switches and functional sensors in supramolecular electronics.
Enhancing design thinking in engineering students with project‐based learning
Authors: Jiang Cuiling , Pang Yilin
Published: February 2023

Modern society requires increasing creative talents. As an educational concept, design thinking (DT) has been successfully applied in education to foster innovation. However, educational research on improving the engineering design ability of engineering students through the design process and practice is limited. Research has shown that project‐based learning (PBL) is an effective engineering education method. This research integrates DT and PBL (DT–PBL) in teaching the course “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Basic Algorithm Training” and discusses the teaching method and implementation of DT–PBL in detail through an example of a comprehensive training project of software and hardware collaboration based on a convolutional neural network and Raspberry Pi. This study considers the impact of DT–PBL on engineering students in terms of learning motivation and creativity using the pretest and posttest mixed method. Data analysis of quantitative tests and qualitative interviews shows that (1) The experimental group is superior to the comparison group in terms of overall learning motivation. Through a comprehensive training project of software and hardware collaboration, students can reflect on the required professional knowledge and skills, and improve their DT, engineering application, and innovation abilities and (2) The experimental group was superior to the comparison group in terms of overall creativity (adventure, curiosity, imagination, and challenge). Students in the experimental group can think more quickly and put forth more creative ideas from the perspective of user needs.
Diversification of Indoles and Pyrroles by Molecular Editing: New Frontiers in Heterocycle‐to‐Heterocycle Transmutation
Authors: Liu Fernanda , Anand Lakshita , Szostak Michal
Published: February 2023

Skeletal editing via single‐atom insertion reactions involving nitrogen heterocycles have been reported by two innovative and complementary methods for the conversion of pyrroles and indoles to pyridines, quinolines and quinazolines. The use of electrophilic carbonyl cation equivalents and in situ generated nitrenes enables molecular editing to transform heterocycles forming the foundation of best‐selling pharmaceuticals. Considering the importance of heterocycles in medicinal chemistry, biology and natural products, these methods offer innovative approach to complex molecular structures by heterocycle diversification and peripheral editing.
Enhanced conditional random field‐long short‐term memory for name entity recognition in English texts
Authors: Bhumireddypalli Veera Sekhar Reddy , Koppula Srinivas Rao , Koppula Neeraja
Published: February 2023

Named entity recognition (NER) is an essential topic in the real world during the advanced development of technologies. Hence, in this article, develop enhanced conditional random field‐long short‐term memory (ECRF‐LSTM) for NER in the English language. The proposed ECRF‐LSTM is the combination of conditional random field‐long short‐term memory (ECRF‐LSTM) and chaotic arithmetic optimization algorithm (CAOA). The proposed research concentrated to perform NER for Indian names from the given input database for Indian digital database management and processing. The Chaotic AOA leads to fast convergence and helps to avoid the local optima. The proposed method is working with three phases preprocessing phase, the feature extraction phase, and the NER phase. In the initial stage, the datasets are collected from the online system. In the preprocessing phase, the removal of the URL, removal of special symbol, username removal, tokenization, and stop word removal are done. After that, the essential features such as domain weight, event weight, textual similarity, spatial similarity, temporal similarity, and relative document‐term frequency difference are extracted and then applied to train the proposed model. To empower the training phase of the CRF‐LSTM method, CAOA is utilized to select optimal weight parameter coefficients of CRF‐LSTM for training the model parameters. The proposed method is validated by statistical measurements and compared with the conventional methods such as convolutional neural network‐particle swarm optimization and convolutional neural network respectively. The proposed method achieves 98.91 accuracy, 97.36 sensitivity, 97.19 specificity, 97.54 precision, and 97.63 recall which is better than the existing methodologies.
High risk of renal outcome of metabolic syndrome independent of diabetes in patients with CKD stage 1–4: The ICKD database
Authors: Lin Hugo Y.‐H. , Chang Li‐Yun , Niu Sheng‐Wen , Kuo I‐Ching , Yen Chia‐Hung , Shen Feng‐Ching , Chen Phang‐Lang , Chang Jer‐Ming , Hung Chi‐Chih
Published: February 2023

Aims

To investigate whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) could predict renal outcome in patients with established chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Materials and Methods

We enroled 2500 patients with CKD stage 1–4 from the Integrated CKD care programme, Kaohsiung for delaying Dialysis (ICKD) prospective observational study. 66.9% and 49.2% patients had MetS and diabetes (DM), respectively. We accessed three clinical outcomes, including all‐cause mortality, RRT, and 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate events.

Results

The MetS score was positively associated with proteinuria, inflammation, and nutrition markers. In fully adjusted Cox regression, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) of MetS for composite renal outcome (renal replacement therapy, and 50% decline of renal function) in the DM and non‐DM subgroups was 1.56 (1.15–2.12) and 1.31 (1.02–1.70), respectively, while that for all‐cause mortality was 1.00 (0.71–1.40) and 1.27 (0.92–1.74). Blood pressure is the most important component of MetS for renal outcomes. In the 2 by 2 matrix, compared with the non‐DM/non‐MetS group, the DM/MetS group (HR: 1.62 (1.31–2.02)) and the non‐DM/MetS group (HR: 1.33 (1.05–1.69)) had higher risks for composite renal outcome, whereas the DM/MetS group had higher risk for all‐cause mortality (HR: 1.43 (1.09–1.88)).

Conclusions

MetS could predict renal outcome in patients with CKD stage 1–4 independent of DM.
Winter connectivity and leapfrog migration in a migratory passerine
Authors: Rueda‐Hernández Rafael , Bossu Christen M. , Smith Thomas B. , Contina Andrea , Canales del Castillo Ricardo , Ruegg Kristen , Hernández‐Baños Blanca E.
Published: February 2023

Technological advances in migratory tracking tools have revealed a remarkable diversity in migratory patterns. One such pattern is leapfrog migration, where individuals that breed further north migrate to locations further south. Here, we analyzed migration patterns in the Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) using a genetic‐based approach. We started by mapping patterns of genetic variation across geographic space (called a genoscape) using 386 individuals from 25 populations across the breeding range. We then genotyped an additional 230 samples from 31 migration stopover locations and 178 samples from 16 wintering locations to map patterns of migratory connectivity. Our analyses of genetic variation across the breeding range show the existence of four genetically distinct groups within the species: Eastern, Southwestern, Louisiana, and Central groups. Subsequent assignment of migrating and wintering birds to genetic groups illustrated that birds from the Central group migrated during the fall via western Mexico or southern Texas, spent the winter from northeastern Mexico to Panama, and migrated north via the Gulf Coast of Mexico. While Louisiana birds overlapped with Central birds on their spring migratory routes along the Gulf Coast, we found that Louisiana birds had a more restricted wintering distribution in the Yucatan Peninsula and Central America. Further estimation of the straight‐line distance from the predicted breeding location to the wintering location revealed that individuals sampled at lower winter latitudes traveled to greater distances (i.e., the predicted breeding area was further north; p > .001), confirming that these species exhibit a leapfrog migration pattern. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of a genoscape‐based approach for identifying range‐wide patterns of migratory connectivity such as leapfrog migration with a high degree of clarity.
Tropical bat ectoparasitism in continuous versus fragmented forests: A gap analysis and preliminary meta‐analysis
Authors: Heckley Alexis M. , Becker Daniel J.
Published: February 2023

Tropical regions are experiencing rapid rates of forest fragmentation, which can have several effects on wildlife, including altered parasite dynamics. Bats are a useful host group to consider the effects of fragmentation, because they are abundant in the tropics, serve important ecological roles, and harbor many parasites. Nevertheless, research on the effects of fragmentation on bat ectoparasites is still limited. To help guide ongoing and future research efforts, this study had two objectives: (1) conduct a gap analysis to characterize the state of currently available research on fragmentation effects on bat ectoparasites and (2) conduct a preliminary meta‐analysis to identify current trends. We systematically highlighted several research gaps: Studies comparing the effects of fragmented versus continuous forests on ectoparasites are limited and have primarily been conducted in the Neotropics, with a focus on bats in the superfamily Noctilionidea (especially frugivorous phyllostomids). Our preliminary meta‐analysis suggested that ectoparasite prevalence (but not the mean or variance in intensity) was higher in fragments than in continuous forests. Moreover, prevalence increased with increasing roost duration, and mean intensity was higher for bats with higher wing aspect ratios. Intensity variance was affected by an interaction between forest type and wing aspect ratio, such that variance increased for bats with high‐wing aspect ratios in continuous forests but decreased in fragments. These results suggest that fragmentation can shape aspects of bat ectoparasitism and could have implications for the ecology, health, and conservation of bats in fragmented landscapes. However, existing research gaps could bias our current understanding of habitat change and bat health, and future research should thus investigate these effects in the Paleotropics and with other bat families.
The grammar of monitoring and enforcement mechanisms in international conservation: A comparative institutional analysis of four treaty regimes
Authors: Brady Ute
Published: February 2023

Of enduring interest to social scientists is better understanding institutional design. Formal institutions (e.g., treaties and regulations) convey salient governance information, including actors' required, allowed, or prohibited actions, and monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to foster institutional compliance with those actions. Yet, few studies have compared these features in international instruments. Addressing this gap, this study utilizes the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework's rule typology and the Institutional Grammar (IG) to compare the stringency and robustness of the formal monitoring and enforcement mechanisms outlined in four conservation treaties: The International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, the Convention on Migratory Species, and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Doing so revealed the mechanisms' theoretical ability to manage species' appropriation levels and treaty opt‐outs (e.g. reservations/objections), thwart biodiversity losses, and meet their conservation objectives. Findings include (1) identification of verbs and semantic constraints that dilute legally mandated actions to recommended outcomes; (2) a divide among treaty regimes by specificity of the required/permitted/recommended actions assigned to actors; and (3) enforcement mechanisms that require member states to take punitive action against non‐compliant national actors vis‐a‐vis regimes with minimal to no enforcement requirements. This study complements existing institutional design, international relations, and legal scholarship by illustrating the IG's and IAD's utility to describe the treaties' formal monitoring and enforcement design features. It also provides a better understanding of formal international conservation governance which may be useful to policy designers and conservation practitioners.
Tailoring the Chemical Structure of Cellulose Nanocrystals by Amine Functionalization
Authors: D'Orsi Rosarita , Canale Viviana Claudia , Cancelliere Rocco , Hassan Omar Omar , Mazzuca Claudia , Micheli Laura , Operamolla Alessandra
Published: February 2023

The surface functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals is presently considered a useful and straightforward tool for accessing very reliable biocompatible and biodegradable nanostructures with tailored physical and chemical properties. However, to date the fine characterization of the chemical appendages introduced onto cellulose nanocrystals remains a challenge, due to the low sensitivity displayed by the most common techniques towards surface functionalization. In this paper, we demonstrate the easy functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with aliphatic and aromatic amines, demonstrating the tunability of their properties in dependence on the selected functionality. Then, we apply to colloidal suspensions of modified nanocrystals 1H NMR analysis to elucidate their surface structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where such investigation was performed on cellulose nanocrystals presenting both surface and reducing end modification. These results involve interesting implications for the fields of cultural heritage and of materials chemistry.
An ion imprinted electrochemical sensor based on flower‐like gold nanoparticles for the detection of trace arsenic(III) ions in water and food samples
Authors: Yang Hongzhi , Yin Fengqin , Mo Yeling , Huo Kaixuan , Zhang Kun , Cao Hui , Yuan Min , Ye Tai , Luo Chunyan , Xu Fei
Published: February 2023

A selective and sensitive electrode based on Au−S bonds between As(III) ion‐imprinted polymer (IIP) and the flower‐like gold nanoparticles (FL‐AuNPs) had been rationally developed for detecting As(III) by using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) method. Under optimized measurement conditions, the prepared electrochemical sensor exhibited obvious detection performance of As(III) in the range of 0.009 μg/L–0.50 μg/L with a relatively low detection limit of 0.015 μg/L. Furthermore, the imprinted electrochemical sensor displayed good reusability, excellent specificity, and demonstrated high potential for environmental control with a recovery rate between 80.7 % and 113.3 %.
Uncertainty Quantification of Machine Learning Models to Improve Streamflow Prediction Under Changing Climate and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Lu Dan , Liu Siyan , Painter Scott L , Griffiths Natalie A , Pierce Eric M
Published: February 2023

Machine learning (ML) models, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks
in particular, have demonstrated remarkable performance in streamflow
prediction and are increasingly being used by the hydrological research
community. However, most of these applications do not include
uncertainty quantification (UQ). ML models are data driven and may
suffer from large extrapolation errors when applied to changing
climate/environmental conditions. UQ is required to ensure model
trustworthiness, improve understanding of data limits and model
deficiencies, and avoid overconfident predictions in extrapolation.
Here, we propose a novel UQ method, called PI3NN, to quantify prediction
uncertainty of ML models and integrate the method with LSTM networks for
streamflow prediction. PI3NN calculates Prediction Intervals by training
3 Neural Networks and uses root-finding methods to determine the
interval precisely. Additionally, PI3NN can identify out-of-distribution
(OOD) data in a nonstationary condition to avoid overconfident
prediction. We apply the proposed PI3NN-LSTM method in both the
snow-dominant East River Watershed in the western US and the rain-driven
Walker Branch Watershed in the southeastern US. Results indicate that
for the prediction data (which have similar features as the training
data), PI3NN precisely quantifies the prediction uncertainty with the
desired confidence level; and for the OOD data where the LSTM network
fails to make accurate predictions, PI3NN produces a reasonably large
uncertainty bound indicating the untrustworthy result to avoid
overconfidence. PI3NN is computationally efficient, reliable in
training, and generalizable to various network structures and data with
no distributional assumptions. It can be broadly applied in ML-based
hydrological simulations for credible prediction.
Phase‐assisted NOMA based key distribution for IoT networks
Authors: Alshamaseen Tasneem , Althunibat Saud , Qaraqe Marwa , Alashaary Haitham
Published: February 2023

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has recently been adopted in different fields and applications. An IoT network allows for a large set of physical objects (or devices) with various technologies to work together and exchange a large amount of information. This, however, raises different security and privacy concerns, including the confidentiality of the exchanged data. Usually, data confidentiality is maintained in wireless networks utilizing data encryption using a pre‐shared secret key. Thus, protecting the key distribution process is essential to maintaining a secure network. However, due to the typically large size of IoT networks, conventional secret key distribution schemes are unsuitable and lead to resource inefficiency. Therefore, in this paper, an efficient key distribution scheme is proposed by using physical‐layer security concepts. Specifically, non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is utilized to distribute the key to multiple nodes in a resource‐efficient manner. Moreover, the instantaneous channel phase is also used to attain a secure distribution in which each node can obtain its own key only. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of the key error rate at both a legitimate node and an eavesdropper under different channel fading models, where closed form mathematical expressions are derived and verified via simulation results.