bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arrangement of Renal Arteries in Guinea Pig
Authors: Mazensky David , Flesarova Slavka
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to describe origin, localization, and variations of renal arteries in guinea pig. The study was carried out on 26 adult guinea pigs. We prepared corrosion casts of the guinea pig arterial system. Batson's corrosion casting kit no. 17 was used as the casting medium. In 57.7% of specimens, a. renalis dextra was present as a single vessel with different level of its origin from aorta abdominalis. In 38.5% of specimens, two aa. renales dextrae were present with variable origin and arrangement. The presence of three aa. renales dextrae we found in one specimen. In 76.9% of specimens, a. renalis sinistra was present as a single vessel with different level of its origin from aorta abdominalis and variable arrangement. In 23.1% of specimens, we found two aa. renales sinistrae with variable origin and arrangement. The anatomical knowledge of the renal arteries, and its variations are of extreme importance for the surgeon that approaches the retroperitoneal region in several experiments, results of which are extrapolated in human. This is the first work dealing with the description of renal arteries arrangement in guinea pig. Anat Rec, 300:556–559, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prioritizing covariates in the planning of future studies in the meta‐analytic framework
Authors: Karvanen Juha , Sillanpää Mikko J.
Published: October 2016

Science can be seen as a sequential process where each new study augments evidence to the existing knowledge. To have the best prospects to make an impact in this process, a new study should be designed optimally taking into account the previous studies and other prior information. We propose a formal approach for the covariate prioritization, that is the decision about the covariates to be measured in a new study. The decision criteria can be based on conditional power, change of the p‐value, change in lower confidence limit, Kullback–Leibler divergence, Bayes factors, Bayesian false discovery rate or difference between prior and posterior expectation. The criteria can be also used for decisions on the sample size. As an illustration, we consider covariate prioritization based on genome‐wide association studies for C‐reactive protein levels and make suggestions on the genes to be studied further.
Competency‐based education: The employers' perspective of higher education
Authors: Henrich Joy
Published: October 2016

Background

This article presents the results of a recent research study conducted to understand how employers viewed degrees earned through competency‐based education programs and, specifically, how employers perceived graduates from these programs for hiring.

Methods

This two‐phase, sequential mixed methods study explored whether employers valued such degrees and whether they considered job applicants possessing credentials from competency‐based education programs to be equally academically prepared for the workplace as candidates who had graduated from traditional, credit‐hour‐based programs. The participants in both phases of this study were human resource professionals and hiring managers from a range of business models, industries, and employee population sizes who were members of a targeted human resource organization.

Findings

The number one finding of the study was the lack of familiarity that employers possess of the CBE model, but it is clear that employers have strong views of what they require from new hires and new college graduates. The research results also indicated that employers have an interest in learning more about the CBE model of education.

Conclusions

Employers would like to have a voice in identifying what skills and competencies are needed by their workforces, and they believe it is in a college's best interest to seek out their input. They have noted that credentials from competency‐based programs can be of value to their organizations if the competencies that a student masters are aligned with employer needs.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the direct flow medical prosthesis: Impact of native aortic valve calcification degree on outcomes
Authors: D'Ancona Giuseppe , Agma Hüseyin U. , Ince Hüseyin , El‐Achkar Gihan , Dißmann Martin , Ortak Jasmin , Kische Stephan
Published: October 2016

Objectives

We present our single center experience with the direct flow medical (DFM) prosthesis addressing the impact of native aortic valve (AV) calcification degree on outcomes.

Background

The DFM® has been introduced for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The valve has a nonmetallic and inflatable support structure.

Methods

Patients were divided in two groups according to preoperative cardiac computed tomography (CT): group I moderate calcification and group II heavy calcification of the total AV area. We evaluated 118 patients: 53 (45%) group I and 65 (55%) group II.

Results

Preoperative trans‐AV gradient and calcification extension across the aortic unit were significantly higher in group II (P = 0.008 and P < 0.0001). CT perimeter derived annular diameter (group I 24.7 ± 2.1 mm vs. group II 24.8 ± 1.9; P = 0.6) and implanted prosthesis size (group I 26.1 ± 1.5 mm vs. group II 25.7 ± 1.5; P = 0.1) were similar. Hemodynamics were similar: mean gradient 16.1 ± 5.9 mm Hg (group I) vs. 17.3 ± 6.5 mm Hg (group II) (P = 0.3). Total aortic regurgitation (AR) was mild in 5.7% in group I and 20% in group II (P = 0.03). None developed moderate/severe AR. Heavy AV calcification was the sole independent determinant for mild regurgitation (P = 0.02; OR = 7; 95% CI: 1.2–37.6). Follow‐up (289 days; 40–760 days) estimated survival was 88.1% (group I) and 93.8% (group II) (P = 0.3).

Conclusions

Independent of AV calcification degree, adequate sizing and implantation can be achieved with the DFM®. Although higher burden of calcification increases the rate of mild AR, no patient developed moderate and severe AR. Short‐term estimated survival was not influenced by calcification degree. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trans‐catheter aortic valve implantation with the direct flow medical prosthesis: Single center short‐term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes
Authors: Kische Stephan , D'Ancona Giuseppe , Agma Hüseyin U. , El‐Achkar Gihan , Dißmann Martin , Ortak Jasmin , Ince Hüseyin
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To analyze our single center experience with the Direct Flow Medical (DFM).

Background

The DFM has been recently introduced to the market and large real world experiences are lacking.

Methods

A total of 126 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AVS) were treated by the same team from March 2013 to May 2015. Device success and procedural safety were classified, according to valve academic research consortium (VARC) criteria, for the entire cohort, including patients treated in the early phases of our learning curve.

Results

Clinical and trans‐thoracic echocardiography follow‐up was performed (median duration 279 days; 36–761 days). Mean age was 80.9 ± 5.5 years and median logistic Euro‐SCORE was 15.9 (5.5–84.2). Cardiovascular 30‐day mortality was 4.8% (6/126), device success 89.6% (113/126), and early safety 85.7% (108/126). At discharge, no aortic regurgitation (AR) was present in 85.7% and mild AR in 14.3% of the patients. Estimated 1‐year follow‐up survival was 91%. At follow‐up, no AR was present in 87.3%, mild AR in 10.9%, and moderate AR in 1.8%. Mean gradient of 15.1 ± 6.3 mm Hg and prosthesis effective orifice area of 1.6 ± 0.6 cm2 were reported.

Conclusions

In this single center experience, the DFM valve showed satisfactory clinical and hemodynamic results. Short‐term follow‐up confirmed the consistent clinical results, with low rates of AR and acceptable trans‐prosthetic gradients and prosthetic effective orifice area. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Renewable p‐Xylene from 2,5‐Dimethylfuran and Ethylene Using Phosphorus‐Containing Zeolite Catalysts
Authors: Cho Hong Je , Ren Limin , Vattipalli Vivek , Yeh Yu‐Hao , Gould Nicholas , Xu Bingjun , Gorte Raymond J. , Lobo Raul , Dauenhauer Paul J. , Tsapatsis Michael , Fan Wei
Published: October 2016

p‐Xylene is a major commodity chemical used for the production of polyethylene terephthalate, a polymer with applications in polyester fibers, films, and bottles. The Diels–Alder cycloaddition of 2,5‐dimethylfuran and ethylene and the subsequent dehydration of the cycloadduct intermediate is an attractive reaction pathway to produce renewable p‐xylene from biomass feedstocks. However, the highest yields reported previously do not exceed 75 %. We report that P‐containing zeolite Beta is an active, stable, and selective catalyst for this reaction with an unprecedented p‐xylene yield of 97 %. It can catalyze the dehydration reaction selectively from the furan‐ethylene cycloadduct to p‐xylene without the production of alkylated and oligomerized products. This behavior is distinct from that of Al‐containing zeolites and other solid phosphoric acid catalysts and establishes a commercially attractive process for renewable p‐xylene production.
Carbon Composites for a High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Battey with a Glyme‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Carbone Lorenzo , Peng Jing , Agostini Marco , Gobet Mallory , Devany Matthew , Scrosati Bruno , Greenbaum Steve , Hassoun Jusef
Published: October 2016

A comparative study of sulfur composites using carbon of various natures, namely, graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes, is performed in lithium battery design and evaluation. Morphological and structural analyses, by means of SEM and XRD, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling in lithium cells are employed for characterization of the materials. Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether containing lithium trifluoromethansulfonate is considered the preferred electrolyte for performing the electrochemical tests. Prior to use in cells, the electrolyte characteristics in terms of 1H, 7Li, and 19F nuclei self‐diffusion coefficients, ionic conductivity, and ionic association degree are studied by combining NMR and impedance spectroscopy. The best lithium–sulfur composite reported herein achieves a capacity higher than 500 mAh g−1 over 140 cycles with no sign of dendrite formation or failure. This performance is considered sufficiently suitable for the development of high‐energy lithium batteries, in particular, considering the expected safety of the cells by employing a nonflammable glyme electrolyte instead of a conventional carbonate‐based one.
Mesoporous γ‐Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetically Triggered Release of Doxorubicin and Hyperthermia Treatment
Authors: Benyettou Farah , Ocadiz Flores Jaen Alonso , Ravaux Florent , Rezgui Rachid , Jouiad Mustapha , Nehme Samer I. , Parsapur Rajesh Kumar , Olsen John‐Carl , Selvam Parasuraman , Trabolsi Ali
Published: October 2016

Mesoporous iron‐oxide nanoparticles (mNPs) were prepared by using a modified nanocasting approach with mesoporous carbon as a hard template. mNPs were first loaded with doxorubicin (Dox), an anticancer drug, and then coated with the thermosensitive polymer Pluronic F108 to prevent the leakage of Dox molecules from the pores that would otherwise occur under physiological conditions. The Dox‐loaded, Pluronic F108‐coated system (Dox@F108‐mNPs) was stable at room temperature and physiological pH and released its Dox cargo slowly under acidic conditions or in a sudden burst with magnetic heating. No significant toxicity was observed in vitro when Dox@F108‐mNPs were incubated with noncancerous cells, a result consistent with the minimal internalization of the particles that occurs with normal cells. On the other hand, the drug‐loaded particles significantly reduced the viability of cervical cancer cells (HeLa, IC50=0.70 μm), wild‐type ovarian cancer cells (A2780, IC50=0.50 μm) and Dox‐resistant ovarian cancer cells (A2780/AD, IC50=0.53 μm). In addition, the treatment of HeLa cells with both Dox@F108‐mNPs and subsequent alternating magnetic‐field‐induced hyperthermia was significantly more effective at reducing cell viability than either Dox or Dox@F108‐mNP treatment alone. Thus, Dox@F108‐mNPs constitute a novel soft/hard hybrid nanocarrier system that is highly stable under physiological conditions, temperature‐responsive, and has chemo‐ and thermotherapeutic modes of action.
Detailed Structural Analysis of a Self‐Assembled Vesicular Amphiphilic NCN‐Pincer Palladium Complex by Using Wide‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering and Molecular Dynamics Calculations
Authors: Hamasaka Go , Muto Tsubasa , Andoh Yoshimichi , Fujimoto Kazushi , Kato Kenichi , Takata Masaki , Okazaki Susumu , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: October 2016

Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering experiments and all‐atomistic molecular dynamics calculations were performed to elucidate the detailed structure of bilayer vesicles constructed by self‐assembly of an amphiphilic palladium NCN‐pincer complex. We found an excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated X‐ray spectra, and between the membrane thickness determined from a TEM image and that calculated from an electron‐density profile, which indicated that the calculated structure was highly reliable. The analysis of the simulated bilayer structure showed that in general the membrane was softer than other phospholipid bilayer membranes. In this bilayer assemblage, the degree of alignment of complex molecules in the bilayer membrane was quite low. An analysis of the electron‐density profile shows that the bilayer assemblage contains a space through which organic molecules can exit. Furthermore, the catalytically active center is near this space and is easily accessible by organic molecules, which permits the bilayer membrane to act as a nanoreactor. The free energy of permeation of water through the bilayer membrane of the amphiphilic complex was 12 kJ mol−1, which is much lower than that for phospholipid bilayer membranes in general. Organic molecules are expected to pass though the bilayer membrane. The self‐assembled vesicles were shown to be catalytically active in a Miyaura–Michael reaction in water.
Mechanistic Investigation of Catalyst‐Transfer Suzuki–Miyaura Condensation Polymerization of Thiophene–Pyridine Biaryl Monomers with the Aid of Model Reactions
Authors: Tokita Yu , Katoh Masaru , Ohta Yoshihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu
Published: October 2016

We have investigated the requirements for efficient Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura catalyst‐transfer condensation polymerization (Pd‐CTCP) reactions of 2‐alkoxypropyl‐6‐(5‐bromothiophen‐2‐yl)‐3‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)pyridine (12) as a donor–acceptor (D–A) biaryl monomer. As model reactions, we first carried out the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of X–Py–Th–X′ (Th=thiophene, Py=pyridine, X, X′=Br or I) 1 with phenylboronic acid ester 2 by using tBu3PPd0 as the catalyst. Monosubstitution with a phenyl group at Th‐I mainly took place in the reaction of Br–Py–Th–I (1 b) with 2, whereas disubstitution selectively occurred in the reaction of I–Py–Th–Br (1 c) with 2, indicating that the Pd catalyst is intramolecularly transferred from acceptor Py to donor Th. Therefore, we synthesized monomer 12 by introduction of a boronate moiety and bromine into Py and Th, respectively. However, examination of the relationship between monomer conversion and the Mn of the obtained polymer, as well as the matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectra, indicated that Suzuki–Miyaura coupling polymerization of 12 with (o‐tolyl)tBu3PPdBr initiator 13 proceeded in a step‐growth polymerization manner through intermolecular transfer of the Pd catalyst. To understand the discrepancy between the model reactions and polymerization reaction, Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of 1 c with thiopheneboronic acid ester instead of 2 were carried out. This resulted in a decrease of the disubstitution product. Therefore, step‐growth polymerization appears to be due to intermolecular transfer of the Pd catalyst from Th after reductive elimination of the Th‐Pd‐Py complex formed by transmetalation of polymer Th–Br with (Pin)B–Py–Th–Br monomer 12 (Pin=pinacol). Catalysts with similar stabilization energies of metal–arene η2‐coordination for D and A monomers may be needed for CTCP reactions of biaryl D–A monomers.
Opportune gem‐Silylborylation of Carbonyl Compounds: A Modular and Stereocontrolled Entry to Tetrasubstituted Olefins
Authors: La Cascia Enrico , Cuenca Ana B. , Fernández Elena
Published: October 2016

An easy access to highly versatile gem‐silylboronate synthons is achieved by means of a new olefination reagent, HC(Bpin)2(SiMe3). Subsequent silicon or boron‐based selective functionalization allows for the modular and stereocontrolled synthesis of all‐carbon tetrasubstituted alkenes. A particular attraction of this approach is the iododesilylation reaction, which becomes a pivotal tool for C−Si functionalization.
Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3+2]‐Cycloaddition Reaction of α‐Silylimines: A Facile Route to Quaternary‐Carbon‐Rich Scaffolds
Authors: Kesava‐Reddy Naredla , Golz Christopher , Strohmann Carsten , Kumar Kamal
Published: October 2016

A silver‐catalyzed highly enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of α‐silylimines with pyrone‐based trisubstituted olefins was developed affording bi‐ and tricyclic α‐quaternary‐carbon‐rich pyrano‐pyrrolidines in excellent yields. The tricyclic benzopyrone adducts thus obtained were efficiently transformed into highly complex tetracyclic scaffolds supporting four consecutive stereogenic centers with three quaternary carbons.
Hydrodynamic difference between inline and batch operation of a rotor‐stator mixer head ‐ A CFD approach
Authors: Håkansson Andreas , Arlov Dragana , Carlsson Fredrik , Innings Fredrik
Published: October 2016

Rotor‐stator mixers (RSMs) can be operated in either batch or inline mode. When operating a rotor‐stator geometry in batch mode, it typically experiences an order of magnitude higher volumetric flow through the stator than in inline mode. This is expected to cause differences in the flow and turbulence in the rotor‐stator region. This study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the hydrodynamic differences in and near the stator hole as a function of volumetric flow rates between those experienced in inline and batch modes of operation. It is concluded that both radial flow profiles and turbulent kinetic energy across a range of rotor speeds and flow rates can be described by a velocity ratio: average tangential fluid velocity in the stator hole divided by the rotor tip speed. Moreover, the position where dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy takes place—and hence the effective region of dispersion or mixing—differs between the two modes of operation. The relative importance of the two regions can be described in terms of the velocity ratio and the transition can be predicted based on the relative power input due to rotational and pumping power of the mixer. This study provides a starting point for understanding differences between emulsification efficiency between inline and batch modes of operation with relevance for both equipment design and process scale‐up.
Multiple Regression Analysis as Indicator of Hazardous Organic Pollutants Interdependency in Pad Press Indoor Air
Authors: Kiurski Jelena S. , Aksentijevic Snezana M. , Oros Ivana B. , Kecic Vesna S. , Kovacevic Ilija B.
Published: October 2016

The identification and evaluation of occupational organic hazards were performed in four pad press departments in Novi Sad, Serbia. Air samples were collected and analyzed in situ for four times, once per hour, during 4 h working time. The microclimate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity (LI)) were monitored at the same time as the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The concentrations of toluene, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were correlated to a concentration of total volatile organic pollutants by using multiple linear regression analysis. In addition, microclimate parameters were correlated with the target organic hazards. Primarily, LI showed the highest influence on hazard pollution variation. The multiple correlation coefficients showed high values of total VOCs and acetone concentration (the dependent variable) depending on other organic pollutant concentration of 0.869696 and 0.887849, respectively. The investigation has shown that the interdependence of organic hazard was statistically significant, except in the case of MEK, which has the lowest impact on all other pollutants. Investigated variables are presented with regression models for each pad printing department.
Acryloylphenylcarboxamides: A New Class of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) Modulators
Authors: Kraege Stefanie , Köhler Sebastian C. , Wiese Michael
Published: October 2016

Chalcones are easily synthesized natural precursors of secondary plant metabolites, and their derivatives show various biological activities including inhibition of ABC transporters. Especially, their role as inhibitors of ABCG2, the most recently discovered ABC transporter involved in multidrug resistance, inspired the synthesis of new structurally diverse derivatives. Therefore, we combined the typical chalcone moiety with several acid chlorides by using an amide linker at position 2′, 3′, or 4′ on ring A of the chalcone. The resulting 35 compounds covered a wide spectrum of substitution patterns, which allowed development of structure–activity relationships and to find the optimal structural features for further investigations. Synthesized acryloylphenylcarboxamides were investigated for their inhibitory activity against ABCG2 and their behavior toward ABCB1 and ABCC1. Furthermore, for the most promising compounds, their intrinsic cytotoxicity and their ability to reverse ABCG2‐mediated multidrug resistance were determined.
Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Ketorolac Tromethamine After Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion and Repeat Intramuscular Bolus Injections in Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Burdick Michael , Mamelok Richard , Hurliman Michele , Dupuis Mariève , Xie Yuli , Grenier Julie , Sheldon Curtis , Gartner Michael , Noymer Peter
Published: October 2016

Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug that exhibits analgesic activity with no sedative or anxiolytic properties. Twelve healthy male subjects were enrolled in a study to receive either of 2 treatments over 2 periods in an open‐label, randomized, 2‐way crossover design: (A) 120 mg of ketorolac tromethamine administered as a continuous subcutaneous infusion over a 24‐hour period; or (B) an identical total daily dose administered as 4 intramuscular bolus injections of 30 mg each given every 6 hours (current labeled treatment regimen). The pharmacokinetic and safety profiles were evaluated for both treatments. Both modes of administration have similar values for area under the curve (AUC) and half‐life (t1/2), suggesting that continuous subcutaneous infusion and repeated intramuscular bolus injections have similar bioavailability. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 40% lower when ketorolac was administered as a continuous subcutaneous infusion compared with repeat intramuscular bolus injections. The concentration at steady‐state (Css) for continuous subcutaneous infusion was between the Cmax and Ctrough values obtained following the 4 intramuscular injections. Both treatment arms were well tolerated.
Phase 1 and Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interaction Study of Metformin, Losartan, and Linagliptin Coadministered With DW1029M in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Moon Seol Ju , Kim Sun‐Young , Lim Cheol‐Hee , Jang Hwan Bong , Kim Min‐Gul , Jeon Ji‐Young
Published: October 2016

We investigated botanical drug–pharmaceutical drug interactions between DW1029M (a botanical extract of Morus alba linne root bark and Puerariae radix) and metformin, losartan, and linagliptin in the steady state. Three studies were conducted as randomized, open‐label, 2‐period, 2‐treatment, multiple‐dose, 2‐way crossover designs. Eligible subjects received metformin (500 mg twice daily), losartan (50 mg once daily), or linagliptin (5 mg once daily) with DW1029M (300 mg × 2T twice daily) every 12 hours on days 1 through 6 and a single dose on the morning of day 7. Coadministration of DW1029M with metformin, losartan, or linagliptin had no clinically relevant effects based on the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUCτ) geometric least‐squares mean ratio (GMR) — AUCτ GMR, 89.7; 90% confidence interval (CI), 81.0–99.4 for metformin; AUCτ GMR, 96.2; 90%CI, 86.3–107.1 for losartan; and AUCτ GMR, 89.7; 90%CI, 83.2–96.6 for linagliptin. In addition, coadministration of DW1029M did not have any clinically meaningful effect on the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax,ss) — Cmax,ss GMR, 87.3; 90%CI, 76.2–100.0 for metformin; Cmax,ss GMR, 90.5; 90%CI, 78.3–104.6 for losartan; and Cmax,ss GMR, 81.4; 90%CI, 69.5–95.3 for linagliptin. Coadministration of DW1029M with metformin, losartan, or linagliptin was well tolerated.
Psychometric Properties and Normative values of Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires Set for Children and Adolescents (SQS)
Authors: Güner Olcay
Published: October 2016

The Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires Set for Children and Adolescents (SQS) was developed to assess early maladaptive schemas in children between the ages of 10 and 16 in Turkey. The SQS consists of five questionnaires that represent five schema domains in Young's schema theory.

Psychometric properties (n = 983) and normative values (n = 2250) of SQS were investigated in children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 16. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Results revealed 15 schema factors under five schema domains, with good fit indexes. A total of 14 schema factors were in line with Young's early maladaptive schemas. In addition to these factors, one new schema emerged: self‐disapproval. Reliability analyses showed that SQS has high internal consistency and consistency over a 1‐month interval. Correlations of SQS with the Adjective Check List (ACL), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), the Symptom Assessment (SA‐45) and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) were investigated to assess criterion validity, and the correlations revealed encouraging results. SQS significantly differentiated between children who have clinical diagnoses (n = 78) and children who have no diagnosis (n = 100). Finally, general normative values (n = 2,250) were determined for age groups, gender and age/gender groups. In conclusion, the early maladaptive schema questionnaires set for children and adolescents turned out to be a reliable and valid questionnaire with standard scores.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The early maladaptive schema questionnaires set for children and adolescents (SQS) is a psychometrically reliable and valid measure of early maladaptive schemas for children between the ages of 10 and 16.

SQS consists of five schema domains that represent Young's schema domains including 15 early maladaptive schemas and 97 items.

Normative values for each schema were determined for age, gender and age/gender groups.

Clinically, SQS presents valuable information about early maladaptive schemas during childhood and adolescence, before such schemas become more pervasive and persistent.
The Japanese Postmarketing Adverse Event Relief System: A Confluence of Regulatory Science, the Legal System, and Clinical Pharmacology
Authors: Tominaga T , Miyazaki S , Oniyama Y , Weber AD , Kondo T
Published: October 2016

The Japanese Postmarketing Relief System provides for compensation to patients with adverse reactions, based on the acknowledgment that unpredicted adverse events occur inevitably once a drug is marketed. The system also provides new knowledge about the benefit‐risk profile of a drug that may be incorporated into product labeling. The system relies on causality assessments that are based on sound clinical pharmacology principles. The system may serve as a model for other countries' healthcare systems.
The marmoset as a model system for studying voluntary motor control
Authors: Walker Jeff , MacLean Jason , Hatsopoulos Nicholas G.
Published: October 2016

The common marmoset has recently gained interest as an animal model for systems and behavioral neuroscience. This is due in part to the advent of transgenic marmosets, which affords the possibility of combining genetic manipulations with physiological recording and behavioral monitoring to study neural systems. In this review, they will argue that the marmoset provides a unique opportunity to study the neural basis of voluntary motor control from an integrative perspective. First, as an intermediate animal model, the marmoset represents an important bridge in motor system function between other primates, including humans, and rodents. Second, due to the marmoset's small brain size and lissencephalic cortex, novel electrophysiological and optical recording technologies will allow an integrative study of cortical function at multiple spatial scales beyond that afforded by other non‐human primate models. Finally, as a primate expressing an ancestral state of corticospinal organization, the marmoset offers the possibility of understanding the integrative function of cortical and spinal interneuron circuitry in isolation of more recent corticomotoneuronal elaborations. If the potential of the marmoset as a model species is to be realized, they will need to learn to work with their natural behavioral repertoire. They have concluded by considering practical aspects of studying motor systems with marmosets. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 273–285, 2017
Cooperation and crosstalk in axon guidance cue integration: Additivity, synergy, and fine‐tuning in combinatorial signaling
Authors: Morales Daniel , Kania Artur
Published: October 2016

Neural circuit development involves the coordinated growth and guidance of axons to their targets. Following the identification of many guidance cue molecules, recent experiments have focused on the interactions of their signaling cascades, which can be generally classified as additive or non‐additive depending on the signal convergence point. While additive (parallel) signaling suggests limited molecular interaction between the pathways, non‐additive signaling involves crosstalk between pathways and includes more complex synergistic, hierarchical, and permissive guidance cue relationships. Here the authors have attempted to classify recent studies that describe axon guidance signal integration according to these divisions. They also discuss the mechanistic implications of such interactions, as well as general ideas relating signal integration to the generation of diversity of axon guidance responses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 891–904, 2017
Does the different photosynthetic pathway of plants affect soil respiration in a subtropical wetland?
Authors: Chen Jingrui , Wang Qiulin , Li Ming , Liu Fan , Li Wei
Published: October 2016

Plants with different photosynthetic pathways could produce different amounts and types of root exudates and debris which may affect soil respiration rates. Therefore, wetland vegetation succession between plants with different photosynthetic pathways may ultimately influence the wetland carbon budget. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has the largest floodplain wetland group in China. Tian'e Zhou wetland reserve (29°48'N, 112°33′E) is located in Shishou city, Hubei province and covers about 77.5 square kilometers. Hemathria altissima (C4) was found gradually being replaced by Carex argyi (C3) for several years in this place. An in situ experiment was conducted in Tian'e Zhou wetland to determine the change of soil respiration as the succession proceeds. Soil respiration, substrate‐induced respiration, and bacterial respiration of the C4 species was greater than those of the C3 species, but below‐ground biomass and fungal respiration of the C4 species was less than that of the C3 species. There were no significant differences in above‐ground biomass between the two species. Due to the higher photosynthesis capability, higher soil respiration and lower total plant biomass, we inferred that the C4 species, H. altissima, may transport more photosynthate below‐ground as a substrate for respiration. The photosynthetic pathway of plants might therefore play an important role in regulating soil respiration. As C. argyi replaces H. altissima, the larger plant biomass and lower soil respiration would indicate that the wetland in this area could fix more carbon in the soil than before.
IL‐7 and immobilized Kit‐ligand stimulate serum‐ and stromal cell‐free cultures of precursor B‐cell lines and clones
Authors: Kawano Yohei , Petkau Georg , Wolf Ingrid , Tornack Julia , Melchers Fritz
Published: October 2016

Long‐term proliferating, DHJH‐rearranged mouse precursor B‐cell lines have previously been established in serum‐ and IL‐7‐containing media from fetal liver, but not from bone marrow. Serum and stromal cells expose these pre‐B cells to undefined factors, hampering accurate analyses of ligand‐dependent signaling, which controls pre‐B cell proliferation, survival, residence and migration. Here, we describe a novel serum‐free, stromal cell‐free culture system, which allows us to establish and maintain pre‐B cells not only from fetal liver, but also from bone marrow with practically identical efficiencies in proliferation, cloning and differentiation. Surprisingly, recombinant kit‐ligand, also called stem cell factor, produced as a kit‐ligand‐Fc fusion protein, suffices to replace stromal cells and serum, provided that it is presented to cultured pre‐B cells in an optimal density in plate‐bound, insolubilized, potentially crosslinking form. Additional recombinant CXCL12 and fibronectin have a minor influence on the establishment and maintenance of pre‐B cell lines and clones from fetal liver, but are necessary to establish such cell lines from bone marrow.
Divergent Synthesis of Quinolone Natural Products from Pseudonocardia sp. CL38489
Authors: Geddis Stephen M. , Carro Laura , Hodgkinson James T. , Spring David R.
Published: October 2016

Two divergent synthetic routes are reported offering access to four quinolone natural products from Pseudonocardia sp. CL38489. Key steps to the natural products involved a regioselective epoxidation, an intramolecular Buchwald–Hartwig amination and a final acid‐catalysed 1,3‐allylic‐alcohol rearrangement to give two of the natural products in one step. This study completes the synthesis of all eight antibacterial quinolone natural products reported in the family. In addition, this modular strategy enables an improved synthesis towards two natural products previously reported.
End‐Capping Groups for Small‐Molecule Organic Semiconducting Materials: Synthetic Investigation and Photovoltaic Applications through Direct C–H (Hetero)arylation
Authors: Lu Te‐Jui , Lin Po‐Han , Lee Kun‐Mu , Liu Ching‐Yuan
Published: October 2016

A Pd‐catalyzed C–H (hetero)arylation methodology has been optimized for the efficient synthesis of various useful end‐capping groups that are widely applied in small‐molecule optoelectronic materials. We report herein the synthesis of a broad scope of target molecules ranging from donor‐type through acceptor‐type to hybrid‐type end‐capping groups. To demonstrate their application in dye‐sensitized solar cells, we have designed two new D–A–π–A′‐type organic sensitizers (CYL‐3 and CYL‐4), which were synthesized in a step‐economic manner by sequential C–H arylations using the facilely obtained end‐capping groups. The devices based on CYL‐3 and CYL‐4 give Voc values of 0.67–0.71 V, Jsc values of 10.07–11.63 mA cm–2, and FF values of 70.6–72.9 %, which correspond to overall power conversion efficiencies of 4.76–6.02 %. This work is expected to become a practical synthetic alternative allowing materials scientists to access small‐molecule organic materials in fewer synthetic transformations.
Can Accelerated Reactions in Droplets Guide Chemistry at Scale?
Authors: Wleklinski Michael , Falcone Caitlin E. , Loren Bradley P. , Jaman Zinia , Iyer Kiran , Ewan H. Samuel , Hyun Seok‐Hee , Thompson David H. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: October 2016

Mass spectrometry (MS) is used to monitor chemical reactions in droplets. In almost all cases, such reactions are accelerated relative to the corresponding reactions in bulk, even after correction for concentration effects, and they serve to predict the likely success of scaled‐up reactions performed in microfluidic systems. The particular chemical targets used in these test studies are diazepam, atropine and diphenhydramine. In addition to a yes/no prediction of whether scaled‐up reaction is possible, in some cases valuable information was obtained that helped in optimization of reaction conditions, minimization of by‐products, and choice of catalyst. In a variant on the spray‐based charged droplet experiment, the Leidenfrost effect was used to generate larger, uncharged droplets and the same reactions were studied in this medium. These reactions were also accelerated but to smaller extents than in microdroplets, and they gave results that correspond even more closely to microfluidics data. The fact that MS was also used for online reaction monitoring in the microfluidic systems further enhances the potential role of MS in exploratory organic synthesis.
Synthesis of PtxSn/MWCNTs and their Application in Non‐enzymatic Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors
Authors: Min Hui , Wu Wenqin , Wu Huimin , Wang Shengfu , Feng Chuanqi , Ding Yu
Published: October 2016

PtxSn/MWCNTs (x=1, 2, 3) nanocomposites were synthesized by chemical reduction. Comparing all of the materials, the results revealed that the best material was Pt3Sn/MWCNTs. The sensor based on Pt3Sn/MWCNTs exhibited excellent catalytic activities towards glucose and hydrogen peroxide. Sensing of glucose had a double‐linear range: one was between 50 μM and 550 μM, the other was between 1.35 mM and 16.35 mM. These were due to the fact that more and more intermediate species were adsorbed onto the electrode surface with increasing concentration of glucose, which limited the following glucose oxidation. Meanwhile, the sensor also had a linear response range between 0.05 mM and 18.95 mM for hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the glucose and hydrogen peroxide sensors exhibited excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Thus the sensors had potential utilities in the detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide.
The Ambiguous Effect of GP Competition: The Case of Hospital Admissions
Authors: Islam M. Kamrul , Kjerstad Egil
Published: October 2016

In the theoretical literature on general practitioner (GP) behaviour, one prediction is that intensified competition induces GPs to provide more services resulting in fewer hospital admissions. This potential substitution effect has drawn political attention in countries looking for measures to reduce the growth in demand for hospital care. However, intensified competition may induce GPs to secure hospital admissions a signal to attract new patients and to keep the already enlisted ones satisfied, resulting in higher admission rates at hospitals. Using both static and dynamic panel data models, we aim to enhance the understanding of whether such relations are causal. Results based on ordinary least square (OLS) models indicate that aggregate inpatient admissions are negatively associated with intensified competition both in the full sample and for the sub‐sample patients aged 45 to 69, while outpatient admissions are positively associated. Fixed‐effect estimations do not confirm these results though. However, estimations of dynamic models show significant negative (positive) effects of GP competition on aggregate inpatient (outpatient) admissions in the full sample and negative effects on aggregate inpatient admissions and emergency admissions for the sub‐sample. Thus, intensified GP competition may reduce inpatient hospital admissions by inducing GPs to provide more services, whereas, the alternative hypothesis seems valid for outpatient admissions. © 2016 The Authors. Health Economics Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐Modulated Influence of Intramolecular Hydrogen‐Bonding on the Conformational Properties of the Hydroxymethyl Group in Glucose and Galactose: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: Lonardi Alice , Oborský Pavel , Hünenberger Philippe H.
Published: October 2016

Intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding (H‐bonding) is commonly regarded as a major determinant of the conformation of (bio)molecules. However, in an aqueous environment, solvent‐exposed H‐bonds are likely to represent only a marginal (possibly adverse) conformational driving as well as steering force. For example, the hydroxymethyl rotamers of glucose and galactose permitting the formation of an intramolecular H‐bond with the adjacent hydroxyl group are not favored in water but, in the opposite, least populated. This is because the solvent‐exposed H‐bond is dielectrically screened as well as subject to intense H‐bonding competition by the water molecules. In the present study, the effect of a decrease in the solvent polarity on this rotameric equilibrium is probed using molecular dynamics simulation. This is done by considering six physical solvents (H2O, DMSO, MeOH, CHCl3, CCl4, and vacuum), along with 19 artificial water‐like solvent models for which the dielectric permittivity and H‐bonding capacity can be modulated independently via a scaling of the O–H distance and of the atomic partial charges. In the high polarity solvents, the intramolecular H‐bond is observed, but arises as an opportunistic consequence of the proximity of the H‐bonding partners in a given rotameric state. Only when the polarity of the solvent is decreased does the intramolecular H‐bond start to induce a conformational pressure on the rotameric equilibrium. The artificial solvent series also reveals that the effects of the solvent permittivity and of its H‐bonding capacity mutually enhance each other, with a slightly larger influence of the permittivity. The hydroxymethyl conformation in hexopyranoses appears to be particularly sensitive to solvent‐polarity effects because the H‐bond involving the hydroxymethyl group is only one out of up to five H‐bonds capable of forming a network around the ring.
Apoptosis Inducing Factor Is Involved in Stretch‐Induced Apoptosis of Myoblast via a Caspase‐9 Independent Pathway
Authors: Wang Fang , Wei Zhu‐Liang , Sun Xian‐Rui , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Cai‐Xia , Jiang Wen‐Xin , Yan Xiao , Liu Jia‐Ning , Yuan Xiao
Published: October 2016

The apoptosis of myoblast in response to excessive cyclic stretch is crucial in adaptive construction of skeletal muscles in orthopedic functional therapy. Mitochondria signaling pathway is the central links in the execution of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade, but its molecular mechanism in stretch‐induced apoptosis in myoblasts remains incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanobiological roles of caspase‐9 and Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF), two important components in mitochondrial pathway, in stretch‐induced apoptosis of myoblast. Hoechst 33258 was used to observe apoptotic cells morphologically and flow cytometry to analyze apoptosis rate of myoblasts. Protein and mRNA of caspase‐9 and AIF were detected by Western blotting and RT‐PCR. Furthermore, caspase‐9 specific inhibitor z‐LEHD‐fmk was applied to clear the mechanism of caspase‐9 pathway in stretch‐induced apoptosis. We found that apoptotic rate induced by cyclic stretch increased in a time‐dependent manner, and the same tendency of mRNA and protein of caspase‐9 and AIF. Caspase‐9 inhibition reduced stretch‐induced apoptosis, but had no effect on expression of AIF. We concluded that caspase‐9 and AIF played an important role in stretch‐induced apoptosis in myoblast, and AIF was involved in the process in a caspase‐9 independent way. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 829–838, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of Sizes of Optimal Three‐Dimensional Optical Orthogonal Codes of Weight Three with the AM‐OPP Restriction
Authors: Wang Lidong , Chang Yanxun
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we further investigate the constructions on three‐dimensional optical orthogonal codes with the at most one optical pulse per wavelength/time plane restriction (briefly AM‐OPP 3D ‐OOCs) by way of the corresponding designs. Several new auxiliary designs such as incomplete holey group divisible designs and incomplete group divisible packings are introduced and therefore new constructions are presented. As a consequence, the exact number of codewords of an optimal AM‐OPP 3D ‐OOC is finally determined for any positive integers and .
Primary Cilium‐Regulated EG‐VEGF Signaling Facilitates Trophoblast Invasion
Authors: Wang Chia‐Yih , Tsai Hui‐Ling , Syu Jhih‐Siang , Chen Ting‐Yu , Su Mei‐Tsz
Published: October 2016

Trophoblast invasion is an important event in embryo implantation and placental development. During these processes, endocrine gland‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG‐VEGF) is the key regulator mediating the crosstalk at the feto‐maternal interface. The primary cilium is a cellular antenna receiving environmental signals and is crucial for proper development. However, little is known regarding the role of the primary cilium in early human pregnancy. Here, we demonstrate that EG‐VEGF regulates trophoblast cell invasion via primary cilia. We found that EG‐VEGF activated ERK1/2 signaling and subsequent upregulation of MMP2 and MMP9, thereby facilitating cell invasion in human trophoblast HTR‐8/SVneo cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 alleviated the expression of MMPs and trophoblast cell invasion after EG‐VEGF treatment. In addition, primary cilia were observed in all the trophoblast cell lines tested and, more importantly, in human first‐trimester placental tissue. The receptor of EG‐VEGF, PROKR1, was detected in primary cilia. Depletion of IFT88, the intraflagellar transporter required for ciliogenesis, inhibited primary cilium growth, thereby ameliorating ERK1/2 activation, MMP upregulation, and trophoblast cell invasion promoted by EG‐VEGF. These findings demonstrate a novel function of primary cilia in controlling EG‐VEGF‐regulated trophoblast invasion and reveal the underlying molecular mechanism. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1467–1477, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Natural cAMP Elevating Compound Forskolin in Cancer Therapy: Is It Time?
Authors: Sapio Luigi , Gallo Monica , Illiano Michela , Chiosi Emilio , Naviglio Daniele , Spina Annamaria , Naviglio Silvio
Published: October 2016

Cancer is a major public health problem and the second leading cause of mortality around the world. Although continuous advances in the science of oncology and cancer research are now leading to improved outcomes for many cancer patients, novel cancer treatment options are strongly demanded. Naturally occurring compounds from a variety of vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plants have been shown to exhibit various anticancer properties in a number of in vitro and in vivo studies and represent an attractive research area for the development of new therapeutic strategies to fight cancer. Forskolin is a diterpene produced by the roots of the Indian plant Coleus forskohlii. The natural compound forskolin has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and its safety has also been documented in conventional modern medicine. Forskolin directly activates the adenylate cyclase enzyme, that generates cAMP from ATP, thus, raising intracellular cAMP levels. Notably, cAMP signaling, through the PKA‐dependent and/or ‐independent pathways, is very relevant to cancer and its targeting has shown a number of antitumor effects, including the induction of mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial transition, inhibition of cell growth and migration and enhancement of sensitivity to conventional antitumor drugs in cancer cells. Here, we describe some features of cAMP signaling that are relevant to cancer biology and address the state of the art concerning the natural cAMP elevating compound forskolin and its perspectives as an effective anticancer agent. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 922–927, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.