bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Females' Response to Males' Beardedness
Authors: Feinman Saul , Gill George W.
Published: September 2011

Preferences of 482 Caucasian female college students for males' beardedness were investigated through a questionnaire. Observed low levels of liking for beardedness contrast markedly with earlier research on other college populations. The influence of region and rurality on political and social conservatism was discussed as a possible explanation for variation among studies of reaction to male beardedness.
Cognitive Control of Pain: Four Serendipitous Results
Authors: Scott Donald S. , Barber Theodore X.
Published: September 2011

The experiment was designed to determine whether specific cognitive strategies are effective in reducing pain. Subjects were tested either on cold pain or pressure pain. Although the cognitive strategies did not significantly alter pain tolerance or pain intensity, the following four findings emerged: (a) males and females responded in a similar manner to the painful stimuli, (b) both the experimental subjects and the controls had surprisingly high tolerance of pain, (c) subjects typically generated their own thoughts and images to control pain, and (d) subjects responded to cold pain and to pressure pain in a similar manner.
Associative Inhibition: II. A Group-Administered Encoding Task Measuring Susceptibility to Proactive Effects during Learning
Authors: Margolis Harold J.
Published: September 2011

Two forms of a paper-and-pencil encoding task incorporating paired-associate learning were developed to measure proactive inhibitory processes during learning. These forms were given to groups of children, adolescents and adults, a total of 159 subjects in their classrooms. Results indicated group administration is quite effective for measuring proactive inhibitory processes and such a method may readily yield measures that otherwise would require the classical presentation of paired-associate materials in tedious individual administration.
Modeling Students' Ratings of Teaching Effectiveness
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G. , Kuennapas Teodor , Troxell Joseph R. , Herman Harriet C.
Published: September 2011

A Brunswik lens experiment was designed to model the weighting scheme used by psychology students to evaluate teaching effectiveness on eight classroom jobs. Separate samples of students numbering 17 and 18 and drawn from two cultures made actual and simulated ratings of teaching effectiveness. Similarly, 16 teachers representing 16 psychology classrooms from two cultures estimated the percent of total time they used to execute each of eight classroom teaching jobs. The percentages assigned for the execution of the eight teaching jobs were incorporated as cues in a regression-prediction model to predict ratings of teaching effectiveness. Based on acceptable validities, the techniques and job-cue interrelationships demonstrated here may be generalized by students to college level psychology departments to sharpen their students' ratings of classroom teaching.
Changes in GSR and Heart Rate during Listening to Tones, Words, and Nonsense Syllables
Authors: Mulcahy R. F. , Das J. P.
Published: September 2011

In order to compare the habituation of orienting responses to tones, words, and nonsense syllables, GSR and heart rate were recorded following mass (habituation) and discrete presentations of the stimuli. Each of 36 10-yr.-old boys and 36 male undergraduates listened to two presentations of a tone (word and nonsense syllable in a random order) under discrete condition in contrast to 40 presentations under mass condition. Immediately following 2 or 40 presentations, habituation of orienting response was measured while five instances of the stimulus were slowly presented. Results indicated (i) habituation of GSR but not of heart rate, (ii) nonsense syllables evoked the strongest GSRs and heart-rate changes among the three stimuli, and (iii) children showed stronger reactions than the adults in some measure of GSR and heart rate. These results were discussed in terms of the theory of Sokolov.
Effects of Study Guides and Classroom Discussions on Students' Perceptions of Study Habits
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Goldston John
Published: September 2011

t tests for correlated data on pre- and posttest scores on the Effective Study Test for 98 college students, exposed to study guides on effective study habits, quizzes, and class discussions, showed significant gains in effective study techniques. When the group was classified by specific traits, the freshmen, students with low grade-point averages, and those scoring low on a mental ability test did not make significant gains in all areas related to effective study habits.
Comparison of External and Internal Individuals' Ability to Perceive Viewpoints of others
Authors: Hardy Robert C. , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

College undergraduates scoring as internal (6 male and 42 female) and external (14 male and 41 female) on locus of control on Rotter's I-E scale were administered a modified version of Laurendeau and Pinard's Coordination of Perspectives Test. Internals were superior to externals in ability to perceive the viewpoints of others in regard to object arrangements.
Interpersonal Trust and Attributions of Source Credibility: Evaluations of a Political Figure in a Crisis
Authors: Wright Thomas L. , Arbuthnot Jack , Silber Robert
Published: September 2011

The events surrounding the Watergate affair “Saturday Night Massacre” provided a setting in which to assess (a) the applicability of the Jones and Davis acts-to-dispositions model of the attribution process in subjects' perceptions and evaluations of a key political figure in crisis (President Nixon), (b) the role of subjects' interpersonal trust on their attributions and evaluations, and (c) the utility of Giffin's proposed five factors of credibility of a source. The results supported the hypothesis that (a) behaviors, intentions, and dispositional attributions would be different but related factors and (b) out-of-role intentions would be more predictive than in-role intentions of dispositional attributions. Partial support was found for the hypothesis that high trusters would perceive the President and his behaviors more favorably than low trusters (they attributed less negative intentions and attributed more favorable evaluative and expertness-activity dispositions). Although high and low trusters apparently perceived the President's behavior similarly, they drew different inferences. Evidence for collapsing Giffin's five factors regarding credibility of a source into two, Evaluation and Expertness-Activity, was provided.
Staff Characteristics Associated with Likeableness on an Adolescent Treatment Unit
Authors: Stewart David W. , Clark Robert H. , Boudreaux Ronald F.
Published: September 2011

Personality characteristics including subtest scores from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), California Personality Inventory, and Tennessee Self-concept Scale were related to the rated likeableness of staff members of an adolescent treatment unit. Likeableness was assessed by students participating in the treatment program. Correlated were likeableness of staff members and staff members' self-esteem, responsibility, social awareness, and lack of acquiescent response tendencies.
Performance of Criminals and Neurotics on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Kipper David A.
Published: September 2011

The diagnostic power of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) in differentiating between criminals and neurotics was examined. Three groups of males—30 incarcerated criminal recidivists, 30 neurotics, and 30 trainees in a work-placement bureau—were given the KTSA and an intelligence test. The groups were equated for age and socioeconomic status. Qualitative differences between the symbol-patterns of the criminals and the neurotics were noted. The KTSA scores of the two groups differed from those of the control group but not from each other.
Effect of Strenuous to Exhaustive Exercise on a Discrimination Task
Authors: McGlynn George H. , Laughlin Neil T. , Bender Virginia L.
Published: September 2011

A line-matching test was given to 14 subjects while exercising on a motor-driven treadmill. The speed and accuracy of each subject were recorded for 4 3-min. stages of exercise: Stage 1, 2.5 mph at 12% grade; Stage 2, 3.4 mph at 14% grade; Stage 3, 4.2 mph at 16% grade; Stage 4, 5.0 mph at 18% grade. Heart rate was recorded for each subject continuously throughout the test. Increased levels of concomitant exercise produced significantly increased speed of mental performance but had no significant effect on accuracy. The speed of response dropped significantly after the termination of exercise (posttest).
Listening Rate Preference: Comparison of Two Time Alteration Techniques
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Leeper Herbert A.
Published: September 2011

A paired comparison procedure was employed to compare listening-rate preferences of 40 adult female subjects. Recordings of a standard prose passage were time-altered to yield nine rates (100 to 300 words per minute). Two different time alteration techniques were employed. One technique (VOCOM-I) altered the passage by a selective vowel compression-pause deletion procedure, while the other technique (VARISPEECH-I) employed a systematic expansion/deletion process for alteration. Two separate master tapes were presented to the subjects. A comparison of the rank ordering of rates for the two tapes shows a similarity in over-all listening rate preferences. Differences in rate preference in past research may be related to the instrumental methods used to alter speech.
Three-Dimensional Sets in Estimation of Angles
Authors: Ross Douglas , Spencer Jane , Kozemchak Clifford , Vogel Kimberly
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was that an acute angle preceded by a three-dimensional set will increase the likelihood of overestimation of that angle both absolutely and relative to the same angle preceded by a two-dimensional set or none. 60 subjects, using a mechanical estimator, estimated a 34° stimulus angle from a photograph in one of the three conditions in a one-way analysis of variance design. The three-dimensional set generated significantly larger estimates of the angle.
Intra- and Inter-Modal Effects of Prior Stimulation on Cardiac Responsiveness to Repeated Stimulation in the Human Newborn
Authors: Moreau Tina
Published: September 2011

The effect of prior equivalent auditory and somesthetic input on cardiac acceleration responses to repeated auditory and somesthetic stimulation was studied in 56 healthy 2- or 3-day-old infants. Responsiveness to initial presentation of the reiterative auditory stimulus was significantly greater than to the reiterative somesthetic stimulus regardless of the modality stimulated during the preceding series. In contrast the course of response decrement to subsequent repeated presentations of both stimuli was significantly more rapid when the reiterative and prior stimuli were in different modalities (inter-modal) than when they were in the same modality (intra-modal). The findings demonstrate a modality difference in effect of antecedent input on initial responsiveness and a greater efficacy of inter- than of intra-modal auditory and somesthetic stimulation for the habituation of neonatal cardiac responses to repeated stimulation.
Age and Motivation in Mice: Performance and Learning in a Spatial Water Maze
Authors: Werboff Jack , Anderson Albert
Published: September 2011

Performance and learning of a spatial water maze was investigated in 120 male C57BL/6J mice of three ages, 30, 150, and 365 days old. Motivation was manipulated by varying the water temperature (12.5, 23–5, 34.5, or 45.5°C). The results indicated that swimming performance was affected significantly by both age and motivation, with older animals requiring longer swimming time to escape at ail temperature levels. Swimming time decreased at extreme water temperatures for all age groups, with the greatest effect evident in the oldest age group. No age differences in learning as measured by errors or days to criterion were found. Extreme water temperatures (12.5 and 45.5°C) improved learning for all age groups.
Validation of a Children's Group Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Lockheed Marlaine E. , Harris Abigail M. , Stone Meredith K. , Fitzgerald Mary Lee
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the development and concurrent validation of a group-administered measure of field dependence for children. Subjects were 34 girls and 39 boys in the fourth-grade, and 35 girls and 40 boys in the fifth-grade. This measure was correlated with the Articulation of Body Concept measure for fourth-grade girls ( r = —.42) and boys ( r = —.59), and for fifth-grade girls ( r = —.64) and boys ( r = —.46). It was also correlated with scores on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test for girls ( r = —.51) and boys ( r = —.39) at the fourth-grade.
Homogeneity of Responses to Hues within Wexner's Mood-Tone Adjective Groups
Authors: Cogan Rosemary , Dennison R. Keith , Cogan Dennis
Published: September 2011

Wexner developed 11 groups of adjectives describing mood-tones. The adjective groups were judged to be homogeneous in meaning and have been used in studies of affective responses to hue. 96 subjects indicated the mood tone of a hue sample by rank ordering all relevant adjectives from Wexner's list of 29 adjectives. Homogeneity of Wexner's groupings was examined by determining whether subjects' second, third, or fourth ranked adjectives were from the same mood-tone group as their first ranked adjective. Several of Wexner's mood-tone groups did not appear to be homogeneous and the usefulness of using these grouped adjectives in investigations of affective responses to hues was questioned.
Self-Esteem and Children's Human Figure Drawings
Authors: Dalby J. Thomas , Vale Helen L.
Published: September 2011

115 students in Grade 5 made human figure drawings which were compared with their scores on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and on teachers' ratings of the students' self-esteem. Critical dimensions of the drawings were the absolute height of self-figures and the relative height of self-figures in relation to their drawn figures of two peers. The scores from the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and from teachers' ratings were congruent, consistent with Coopersmith's (1967) findings. However, contrary to some clinical beliefs, self-esteem was not related to the size of drawn figures.
Mathematical Model for Assimilation and Contrast in Perception of Extent
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

A mathematical model for assimilation and contrast in the perception of extent is presented, and predictions generated from the model are empirically tested. Implications of the model for the Müller-Lyer illusion are dealt with explicitly, and implications of the model for the Delboeuf, Ebbinghaus, and other illusions of extent are discussed in general terms.
Young Children's Rod-and-Frame Test Performance
Authors: Haywood Kathleen , Teeple Janet , Givens Michael , Patterson Judy
Published: September 2011

Research on children's performance on the Witkin Rod-and-frame Test has suggested that children rely heavily on contextual cues in perceiving verticality but that this reliance decreases with age. In the present study this developmental trend in children younger than those previously tested was studied. The effect on performance of the conventional practice of tilting subjects in a chair which rotates about a seat axis, thus displacing the head away from the stimulus, was also studied. After a short training session 14 boys and 11 girls, 4.70 to 10.95 yr. old, were given 12 trials of the standard test while tilted about a seat axis and, on another day, 12 trials while tilted about a head axis. Although the axis of tilt and the order of presentation were nonsignificant, data tended to confirm the existence of a developmental trend in young children. An alternate scoring procedure to investigate errors in the direction opposite frame-tilt indicated that the initial tilt of the rod relative to the frame significantly affects the accuracy of judgments of the vertical.
Perceived Exertion and Stimulus Intensity Modulation
Authors: Robertson Robert J. , Gillespie Robert L. , Hiatt Elvina , Rose Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

Perceptual augmentation and reduction were considered contrasting styles of Stimulus Intensity Modulation. Differences in perceived exertion between augmenters and reducers were determined for three cycle ergometer work loads. Subjects were 20 males having similar physiological characteristics. Stimulus Intensity Modulation was determined by kinesthetic figural aftereffect. Augmenters rated their perceptions of physical exertion to be more intense than reducers at 450, 750 and 1050 kpm/min. Differences in physiological responses between augmenters and reducers were not significant at the three work loads. Style of Stimulus Intensity Modulation appeared differentially to influence perceived exertion at the work levels studied.
Experience and Latency to Achieve Stereopsis: A Replication
Authors: Maccracken Peter J. , Bourne Joan A. , Hayes William N.
Published: September 2011

This study replicated and extended the findings of MacCracken and Hayes (1976). 10 students were presented the same complex stereogram for 5 trials daily over 2 nonconsecutive days, and latencies to achieve depth perception were recorded. Latencies decreased across 5 trials in the first session but were somewhat longer at the beginning of the second session than at the end of the first session.
Infants' Discrimination of Moving and Stationary Objects
Authors: Hartlep Karen L. , Forsyth G. Alfred
Published: September 2011

An operant technique was used to train 10-wk.-old infants on a simultaneous discrimination task with a checkerboard cube and a bull's-eye sphere presented in a stationary form. Discrimination testing with the objects in motion and with the objects stationary indicated that infants are able to discriminate between simultaneously presented objects whether stationary or in motion. The results are contrasted to T. G. R. Bower's assessment of infants' utilization of features in perceiving moving objects.
Word Learning: Concrete vs Abstract Acquisition
Authors: Richmond Mark G. , Ninch George Mc
Published: September 2011

Concrete vs abstract word learning was investigated in first grade subjects on a trials-to-criterion basis. Eight four-letter words were selected (four concrete, four abstract) from a list of common words and presented mechanically to subjects. Subjects were divided into groups high and low in reading readiness. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance indicated that contrary to previously published research, there is no difference in the ability to learn concrete or abstract words. Further, low-readiness subjects did not perform with any significant degree of difference from subjects high in readiness. It was concluded that concreteness or abstractness may not be a significant factor in word learning, as previously assumed.
Factor Structure of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Brown Sidney E.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of responses from 136 Georgia public school superintendents to the short form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, a 20-item scale, yielded a single factor, General Satisfaction, accounting for 43.5% of the variance. For this population Intrinsic Satisfaction and Extrinsic Satisfaction were correlated .74 and were apparently not distinctive factors.
An Information-Processing Approach to Human Signal Detection
Authors: Wolfendale Garth L.
Published: September 2011

In this paper an elementary information-processing model of signal-detection behaviour is described and the result of a computer simulation of the model is reported. The results of the simulation were qualitatively more consistent with human signal-detection behaviour than the predictions from signal detectability, high threshold, and probability-matching models. Predictions were made of behaviour in experiments involving changes in signal intensity, forced-choice experiments and competing task situations. These were empirically testable and extended the range of experimental situations beyond those suggested by purely mathematical models.
Reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test Scores of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Epstein Michael H. , Cullinan Douglas , Lloyd John
Published: September 2011

The reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test with impulsive learning disabled boys was investigated. 20 children were tested in two sessions separated by a 2-mo. period. Significant correlations for response time and errors scores indicated a high level of stability over time. Educational implications were discussed.
Repression-Sensitization and Item Desirability as Determinants of Accuracy of Person Perception
Authors: Wolfe Raymond N. , Young Sally S. , Bryant Lee T.
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that repression-sensitization scores of perceivers and target persons, duration of exposure to targets, and social desirability values of items used in postdiction would affect accuracy of person perception. Two male targets selected from extremes of the repression-sensitization continuum were presented in either short or long video-taped exposures to 43 college students, whose task was correctly to guess each target's exact responses to a 182-item Repression-Sensitization scale. Estimated desirability value of each item was keyed; comparison of appropriate pairs of perceivers' and targets' protocols with one another and with the desirability key were used to determine perceivers' accuracy and reliance on item desirability in postdiction. Significant between-target differences were found for accuracy and for reliance on desirability. Duration of exposure exerted no main effects although there was some evidence that perceivers were correctly abandoning the desirability strategy in one condition. Correlational analysis suggested that perceivers who were themselves repressors tended to perceive the repressor target more accurately and those who were sensitizers perceived the sensitizer more accurately. Accuracy in postdicting the repressor target was negatively related to accuracy in postdicting the sensitizer.
An Inexpensive Unit for Demonstrations of the Phi and Autokinetic Phenomena
Authors: Jankowicz A. Z. , Heffernan D.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a small apparatus for demonstrating the phi phenomenon and the autokinetic effect and provides circuit diagrams whereby the apparatus may be constructed.
Correlation of Activity and Weight in Comet Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) at Differing Water Temperatures
Authors: Nevitt James R. , Hall Roger
Published: September 2011

Correlations of activity and weight at three water temperatures, 20°, 26°, and 30°C, were examined in the comet goldfish ( Carassius auratus). For the 12 subjects general activity scores increased as water temperature increased. Heavier subjects were more active at lower temperatures while lighter subjects were more active at higher temperatures.
Backward Recognition Masking in Relative Pitch Judgments
Authors: Massaro Dominic W. , Idson Wendy L.
Published: September 2011

Backward recognition masking refers to interference of a second masking tone with recognition of a target tone presented earlier in time. The degree of interference has been found to decrease as the length of the silent interval separating the two tones increases. These results have been interpreted as representing interference of the masking tone upon the preperceptual storage and perceptual resolution of the target. It is logically possible, however, that the masking tone does not interfere with perceptual resolution but interferes with comparison of the target to a long-term memory representation. The current research was designed to provide a critical test of this alternative hypothesis by modifying the backward recognition masking task. Subjects determined whether the masking tone was higher or lower in pitch than the target tone. The frequencies of the target and masking tones varied randomly across trials. This ensured that the task could not be performed by comparing the target to a representation in long-term memory. Nevertheless, masking was obtained in this task, arguing against the comparison argument and in favor of the perceptual resolution interpretation. Given that masking was obtained under both ipsilateral and contralateral presentation of the tones, the results argue for a central preperceptual auditory storage that holds information after the inputs from the two ears are combined in the auditory system.
Physiognomic Perception and Flexibility of Concept Formation
Authors: Olesker Wendy
Published: September 2011

40 junior high school boys were rated as high or low physiognomic and administered a flexibility of concept-formation task. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals who demonstrated higher physiognomic perception would show greater flexibility in concept formation. The demonstrated relationship is evidence for the role of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.
Problems in Assessment of Vividness and Control of Imagery
Authors: Lane James B.
Published: September 2011

Difficulties in assessing individual differences in vividness and control of mental imagery hinder understanding of the role of imagery in various phenomena. This study examined the relationships among the Gordon test of imagery control, the Betts questionnaire on imagery vividness, and a research questionnaire on control of imagery developed for this study. The research questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency and scores were more widely distributed than were those on the Gordon test. Correlations among the instruments ranged from .47 to .57, suggesting that vividness and control of imagery are not clearly differentiated in practice. Discussion of these results suggests that further empirical work is needed to establish the differential validity of the two constructs.
Effect of the Harvard Step Test on Visual Acuity
Authors: Vlahov Eric
Published: September 2011

A replication with 5 females in a laboratory setting of findings by Kashuk that physical activity improves visual acuity used the Harvard Step Test for the exercise load and grating acuity (resolution acuity) to determine possible changes. The results support Kashuk's work.
Creative Activity and Sex-Role Identity in Elementary School Children
Authors: Milgram Roberta M. , Yitzhak Varda , Milgram Norman A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of creative activity to sex-role identity was examined in boys ( N = 80) and girls ( N = 56), aged nine to twelve, of above average intelligence. Endorsement of personal characteristics that cut across sex stereotypes was associated with participation in a wide variety of creative activities. When analyzed by specific activity, the relationship with sex-role followed a consistent pattern for boys and girls combined: male activities such as sports with scores on the masculine scale, female activity such as dance or art with scores on the feminine scale, and sexually indeterminate activities such as drama or social leadership with scores on both scales.
Distancing Behavior in Relation to Statues in a Simulated Museum Setting
Authors: Breuer Leslie F. , Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Distancing behavior by 32 college student volunteers in relation to enlarged photographic reproductions of dressed and nude statues was examined in a simulated museum setting. Men placed both male and female nude statues farther away than women did.
Descent Behavior of Rats and Chicks in a Cliff and Non-Cliff Situation
Authors: Somervill John W. , Somervill Christine Zarat
Published: September 2011

A visual cliff was constructed so that patterns could appear below the centerboard as “shallow” and “deep” or vertical to the centerboard as “near” and “far.” Preference for the shallow side was significant only for chicks. Preference for the near vertical pattern was significant for both chicks and rats. These findings indicate that both rats and chicks will descend to the nearer of two patterns in a non-cliff situation.
Comparison of Self-Report and Performance Measures of Attention
Authors: Turner Robert G. , Gilliland Lunell
Published: September 2011

The attentional scales of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style were correlated with performance measures of attention, the Digit Span and Block Design subtests of the WAIS. Of the 24 correlations computed only one was statistically significant. The need for the construct validity of these scales to be established against some behavioral measure of attentional focus was emphasized.
Changes in Perceptions of Ford and Carter following the First Presidential Debate
Authors: Morrow Gary R.
Published: September 2011

Perceptions of presidential candidates Ford and Carter were assessed both before and after their first presidential debate from a sample of 31 subjects of voting age in upstate New York. Significant changes in perceptions of the candidates' sociability, emotional control, aggressiveness and moral judgment were found as a result of the debate. Carter was seen as more like the “ideal president” prior to the debate. However no significant difference between the degree to which the perception of either candidate was associated with the perception of the “ideal president” was found following the debate.
Some Aspects of the Psychological Representation of Speech Sounds
Authors: Lackner James R. , Tuller Betty , Goldstein Louis M.
Published: September 2011

If one listens to a meaningless syllable that is repeated over and over, he will hear it undergo a variety of changes that can be described systematically in terms of reorganizations of the phones constituting the syllable and changes in a restricted set of phonetic distinctive features. When the repeated syllable is followed by a different syllable but in the same voice, the new (test) syllable will be misperceived in a manner related to the perceptual misrepresentation of the repeated syllable. In the present experiment subjects ( N = 24) listened to 72 different experimental sequences of repeated syllables in a male voice followed by test syllables in a female voice. Identification of penultimate and test syllables was independent and in no instance were the phones constituting the syllables reorganized. These results are interpreted as evidence against both auditory and phonetic feature detector theories of speech perception.
Short Form of the Speech Sounds Perception Test
Authors: Golden Charles J. , Anderson Sandra M.
Published: September 2011

Although numerous studies have investigated the diagnostic effectiveness of the Speech Sounds Perception Test, few have investigated the qualities of the test that make it effective. Different writers have suggested that it may be effective because of interference from earlier syllables and items, an inability to understand speech, fatigue or an inability to match letters and sounds. If the effectiveness is due to fatigue or interference, the length of the test (60 items) would contribute to its accuracy. Otherwise, a short form of the test could be as effective. Data from 37 brain-damaged and 21 normal individuals indicated that a 30-item version of the test was slightly more accurate diagnostically than the 60-item form. This suggests that a short form of the test could be used without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy, enabling the clinician to save time in assessing neuropsychological patients.
Temporal Patterns of Alcohol Use by Alcoholics
Authors: Albott William L. , Sinnett E. Robert , Boneff N. , Gregoire K. , Hines K. , Quinn M.
Published: September 2011

Examination of data gathered from 21 hospitalized alcoholics regarding rank order of time intervals for use (most common to least common) of alcohol showed a significant correspondence to the temporal pattern for drug use in young polydrug users ( rho = .943). The most common time for use was 6 PM to 10 PM.
Categorization and Decision Rules: A Comparison of Likelihood Ratio and Prototype Models
Authors: Pitz Gordon F. , Leung Lock Sing
Published: September 2011

Two conceptually different approaches to classification were compared. One, based on statistical decision theory, postulates that decisions are made on the basis of a likelihood ratio, which implies the existence of an indifference region in the stimulus space. The other postulates that decisions are based on relative distances from abstracted prototypes. The models have different implications for the abstraction process involved in concept formation, and predict different outcomes in a classification task. In an experiment designed to compare the two models, subjects saw 9 examples from each of two categories and then sorted additional stimuli. The dependent variable was an average confidence rating. Neither the likelihood ratio model nor the prototype model was sufficient to account for the data. Apparently subjects used both the indifference region and the axis connecting the two prototypes to determine their responses.
Picture Mediation in Abstract-Concrete Paired Associates
Authors: Morelli George , Schwartz Sol
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the hypothesis that pictures of abstract-concrete paired associates would serve to make the abstract stimulus member more concrete thereby enhancing the learning process. 60 subjects were equally divided into 6 groups, varying conditions of concreteness and abstractness of the stimulus items and pictures or no picture. The results supported the basic proposition that the picture mediation presented during the learning-testing condition facilitated the learning of the abstract paired associates.
Scores on Adjective Check List, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Depression Adjective Check List for a Male Prison Population
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Horned Connie M. , Knapp Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Normative data are presented for a male prison population on the Adjective Check List (Gough & Heilbrun, 1965), Form A of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and Form C of the Depression Adjective Check List (Lubin, 1967). The intercorrelations among the instruments also are presented. In the sample were 60 recently admitted male inmates of a maximum security correctional institution randomly drawn from a larger sample of 205 consecutive admissions. Subjects describe themselves as markedly depressed, high on neuroticism, low in personal adjustment, low in self-confidence, and low in self-control.
Recognition Decrement for Modes of Letter Forms
Authors: Girgus Joel J.
Published: September 2011

40 undergraduates were presented with simple letters made up of patterned line modes. Other subjects were shown the same modes but in the form of parallel unconnected lines. On subsequent recognition tests recognition was superior for the lines presented in the unconnected condition. This was true despite various types of recognition tests designed to control for possible bias in favor of the unconnected condition. These improved procedures support the suggestion that the articulated form itself becomes an added factor in the memory span that hinders retention of its component elements.
Fast-Accurate and Slow-Inaccurate Conceptual Tempos: Are They Distinct Groups?
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jody L. , Parr Gerald D. , Butler L. G.
Published: September 2011

Fast-accurate and slow-inaccurate conceptual tempos were examined for evidence of their relationships to the more common categories of conceptual tempo, impulsive and reflective, on measures of intelligence and achievement and on selected demographic variables. Subjects were 162 second-grade students, one-third of whom were classified as fast-accurate or slow-inaccurate. In contrast to previous research no significant differences were found for ethnicity or socio-economic status. Mixed findings were demonstrated for sex. Fast-accurate and reflective groups tended to score similarly on measures of intelligence and achievement while impulsive and slow-inaccurate subjects grouped at a lower level. Results are discussed in terms of needs for future research on these two modes of conceptual tempo.
Incidence of Withdrawal from College: An Examination of Some Misconceptions
Authors: Timmons Frank R.
Published: September 2011

The study of withdrawal from college has a long history. There continue, however, to be misconceptions about the actual rate of withdrawal and graduation. The present review brings together the conclusions from a large number of studies as well as some criticisms of these conclusions. It also makes clear how important it is to divide withdrawers into various subgroups and to follow them longitudinally if we are to obtain accurate data on graduation rates.
A Technique for Evaluating the Stability of Figures in a Figure-Ground Pattern
Authors: Ferguson Julie , Harris Shelby J.
Published: September 2011

A technique is described which uses a reversible word-figure for studying effects of experiential variables on the stability of figures. In a reversible word-figure black on white inter-letter spaces represent “nonsense” forms which are usually perceived first. In this study the latency of reversal to the white on black word-configuration is taken as an index of the stability of the perceptual construction involving the black nonsense forms. The results show that pre-exposure of the nonsense forms increases their stability. Either labelling the forms or attempting to memorize them increases stability somewhat more than merely rating them for “aesthetic appeal.”
Concrete and Verbal Reinforcement in Creative Thinking of Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Milgram Roberta M. , Feingold Sarah
Published: September 2011

The effects of verbal and concrete reinforcement on creative thinking were investigated in disadvantaged Israeli seventh-graders ( N = 90) in a baseline-treatment design. When compared to a no-incentive condition, both concrete (giving a piece of candy for each response) and verbal reinforcement (giving verbal praise to each response) raised the level of ideational fluency on the abbreviated Wallach and Kogan creativity battery by 114% and 61%, respectively. The high correlations between baseline and incentive creativity scores were interpreted as supporting either cognition or motivation but not exclusively the former as the source of individual differences in creative thinking among these disadvantaged children.
Lack of Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Human Vigilance
Authors: Benignus Vernon A. , Otto David A. , Prah James D. , Benignus Gayla
Published: September 2011

Previous publications on the effects of low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) on human vigilance performance have found conflicting results. While several studies have found statistically reliable effects, none have gone unchallenged. This article presents a critical review of the literature and the results of a study employing 52 human male subjects performing a numeric monitoring task. CO levels were 0, 100, and 200 ppm which produced mean carboxyhemoglobin levels 0.01, 4.61 and 12.62 percent respectively. No CO-exposure levels produced any effect on vigilance performance. The power of the statistical test for CO effects was shown to be quite high, even for fairly trivial possible decrements of performance.
Use and Evaluation of Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test: Partial Summary through March, 1976: II. Reviews, Theses, Reports at Meetings
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

40 references to reviews, theses, and reports given at meetings of the Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test are listed, originating from a literature search and replies to letters sent to 5,142 users of record.
Memory Coding for Movement
Authors: Minas Susan
Published: September 2011

16 subjects were presented with a series of 12 simple movements. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, counterbalanced for the sex of the subjects. There were two recall conditions, recall by performing the movements and by verbal description of the movements. One group recalled first by performing the movements and second by verbal description. In the second group the recall conditions were reversed. Results showed that regardless of order, motor recall was superior to verbal recall. On this basis it was argued that there exists a specific coding system for remembering sequences of movements.
Note on Parental Similarity, Acceptance of Authority, and Field Independence
Authors: Ridgeway Cecilia L.
Published: September 2011

Bieri (1960) suggested that, particularly for males, the combined unconventionality of low acceptance of authority and greater perceived similarity to the opposite sexed parent would be associated with high field independence. This study challenged that argument suggesting that a mixture of conventional and unconventional personality variables, i.e., low acceptance of authority, same sex parental similarity or high acceptance of authority, opposite sex similarity, would be associated with higher field independence than consistently conventional or unconventional combinations of variables. 66 female and 57 male students completed an embedded-figures test, an acceptance of authority scale, and a semantic differential measure of perceived similarity to parents. The hypothesis was confirmed for males but not females. There were strong differences between these results and those obtained by Bieri with comparable measures.
Responsiveness to an Introductory Meditation Method
Authors: Fiebert Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Ratings from 84 students of selected attitudes before a brief introduction to a method of meditation and responses afterward correlated moderately, suggesting those favoring personal growth will favor meditation.
Comparison of Selected Measures of Field Dependence
Authors: Fry Karen L. , Thomson David S.
Published: September 2011

An examination was made to determine the extent to which the Flexibility of Closure subtest from Hakstian and Cattell's Comprehensive Ability Battery could be substituted for Witkin's Rod-and-frame Test of field dependency. Although the data for 48 subjects (aged 11 to 17 yr.) yielded a significant zero-order correlation between the two tests for females, it was judged insufficient to warrant substitution of the former for the latter test.
Responses by Graduates to Memory of Their Internship in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Stout Anna L. , Holmes George R. , Rothstein William
Published: September 2011

This study is a two-part investigation of clinical psychology internship training at the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute. The first part surveyed 25 intern graduates to identify the relationship between experiences as an intern and current professional activities. Results are related to findings from other research in training clinical psychologists. The second part pertains to suggestions of intern graduates for specific additions and revisions of internship training at the Institute.
Effects of Manipulating Objects in Modeling Films on Selection of Imitative Response Class
Authors: Bondy Andrew S. , Erickson Marilyn T.
Published: September 2011

40 black boys in kindergarten individually observed one of four films: a model, (1) swinging a baseball bat, (2) pantomime swinging, (3) swinging a nonbat-like stick or (4) exercising (an activity-control film). Each child then entered a standard playroom and was observed for 10 min. The room contained three bat-like objects, two nonbat-like but swingable objects, and a pail-and-shovel. Contact time with each object and number of swings were recorded. The results indicated that those children who saw a bat being swung displayed frequent swings with the bat objects. Children who observed pantomime swinging did swing sooner but not more often than control children. Children who observed the nonbat-object being swung imitated the modeled response class but not with the object used by the model. Rather, these young black boys imitated using culturally familiar objects. The advantages of using several available objects within imitative testing environments and using multiple dependent measures, e.g., frequency, latency, etc., were discussed.
Effect of Selective Visual Interference on Visualization
Authors: Beech John R.
Published: September 2011

The extent of visual processing involved in visualizing objects was investigated by the use of selective visual interference. Subjects read concrete words and visualized them. This produced an approximately ten-fold increase in the slope of the latencies of wholistic visualization as a function of set size compared to that when subjects responded after listening to the descriptions of the objects. Males produced significantly steeper slopes than females in both listening and reading conditions, indicating that they find visualization more difficult. It is concluded that the interference on the visualization task was in the main disrupting active visual processing as no spatial manipulation of the objects was required.
Social Aspects of Body Image: Perception of Normalcy of Weight and Affect of College Undergraduates
Authors: Gray Susan H.
Published: September 2011

Two aspects of body image, perception of normalcy of weight and affect, were studied by means of a paper-and-pencil test with 62 male and 117 female undergraduates. The relationship of the social characteristics of sex, age, race, and actual body weight (underweight, normal weight, overweight) to body-image distortion was investigated. Individuals who were underweight or overweight were more likely to perceptually distort their weight-related appearance than were normal weight respondents. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, both underweight and overweight persons tended to normalize their appearance. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, sex was also related to the type of perceptual distortion experienced. Females tended to perceive themselves as appearing heavier, whereas males tended to perceive themselves as appearing lighter, than they actually were. There was no relationship between perceptual distortion of body weight and body affect. Age, race, and actual body weight were related to affect. Affect was more negative among young respondents than older respondents. White individuals had poorer affect scores than non-whites. Overweight respondents also had more negative affect scores than other respondents.
Visual and Phonetic Memory in Preschool Children: Evidence for Coding Flexibility
Authors: Brown R. Michael
Published: September 2011

This study examined visual and verbal (phonetic) memory coding in 22 preschool children 4 to 5 yr. of age. A major goal was to determine whether these children would code visual items phonetically during input in a short-term memory task as older children and adults often appear to do. Items to be remembered were visually presented letters that varied in visual as well as phonetic similarity. Subjects labeled each letter during presentation, and serial recall was probed either visually or verbally. Recall scores were analyzed according to planned individual comparisons and a 4-factor analysis of variance: probe modality (visual, verbal) × visual similarity (low, high) × phonetic similarity (low, high) × serial position (1, 2, 3, 4). Data indicated (1) a significant detrimental effect of high phonetic similarity for subjects whose recall was probed verbally, (2) a significant facilitating effect of high visual similarity, and (3) significant interactions indicating differential effects of phonetic similarity and probe modality on the serial position curve. These findings suggest flexibility of coding in children of the age range tested.