bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Inversion-Based Nonlinear Aiming Point Guidance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Reactive Obstacle Avoidance
Authors: Raja Ramsingh G. , Chawla Charu , Padhi Radhakant
Published: October 2013

A dynamic inversion-based three-dimensional nonlinear aiming point guidance law is presented in this paper for reactive collision avoidance of unmanned aerial vehicles. When an obstacle is detected in the close vicinity and collision is predicted, an artificial safety sphere is put around the center of the obstacle. Next, the velocity vector of the vehicle is realigned towards an 'aiming point' on the surface of the sphere in such a way that passing through it can guarantee safe avoidance of the obstacle. The guidance command generation is based on angular correction between the actual and the desired direction of the velocity vector. Note that the velocity vector gets aligned along the selected aiming point quickly (i.e., within a fraction of the available time-to-go), which makes it possible to avoid pop-up obstacles. The guidance algorithm has been verified with simulations carried out both for single obstacles as well as for multiple obstacles on the path and also with different safety sphere sizes around the obstacles. The proposed algorithm has been validated using both kinematic as well as point mass model of a prototype unmanned aerial vehicle. For better confidence, results have also been validated by incorporating a first-order autopilot models for the velocity vector magnitude and directions.
New species of scaly crickets (Orthoptera: Mogoplistinae) from Bukit Fraser, Malay Peninsula
Authors: TAN MING KAI , KAMARUDDIN KHAIRUL NIZAM
Published: October 2013

Two new species of Mogoplistinae from Bukit Fraser, Pahang of Malay Peninsula are described: Micrornebius malaya sp. n. and Ornebius albalatus sp. n.
Paracloeodes caldensis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), an atypical new species from the Colombian Andes
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ YEISSON , DIAS LUCIMAR GOMES , SALLES FREDERICO FALCÃO
Published: October 2013

In the present work, an atypical new species of Paracloeodes Day (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) is described based on nymphs collected in the Caldas Department, Central Cordillera of Colombia. This represents the first report of the genus from Colombia. The main characteristics that distinguish the new species from congeners are: abundant setae on femora, antennae length twice the width of the head capsule, maxilla with palp twice the length of the galea-lacinia, segment II of the labial palp with a rounded projection and 2.5 times the width of segment III, tarsal claws half the length of their respective tarsi and the abdominal color pattern. The concepts of the genera Paracloeodes, Varipes and Rivudiva are discussed in light of the discovery of P. caldensis n. sp.
New replacement name for the genus Longitergus Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai, 2013 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae)
Authors: YANG WEI-CHENG
Published: October 2013

The flat bug genus Longitergus was established by Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai (2013) with two species: L. productus and L. similis from Vietnam and with L. productus as its type species. Unfortunately, the name Longitergus Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai (2013) was preoccupied by Longitergus Wang (1993), a subgenus Yezoceryx (Longitergus) Wang, 1993 in Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) based on type species Yezoceryx breviclypeus Wang, 1982 from China. Thus, the genus Longitergus Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai, 2013 is a junior homonym of the subgenus Yezoceryx (Longitergus) Wang, 1993. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, I propose for Longitergus Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai, 2013 the new replacement name Neolongitergus nom. nov.. Accordingly, two new combinations are herein proposed for the flat bug species currently included in this genus: Neolongitergus productus (Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai, 2013) and Neolongitergus similis (Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai, 2013).
Virgil, Aeneid, 4.1–299
Authors: Gildenhard Ingo
Published: October 2013

Love and tragedy dominate book four of Virgil’s most powerful work, building on the violent emotions invoked by the storms, battles, warring gods, and monster-plagued wanderings of the epic’s opening. Destined to be the founder of Roman culture, Aeneas, nudged by the gods, decides to leave his beloved Dido, causing her suicide in pursuit of his historical destiny. A dark plot, in which erotic passion culminates in sex, and sex leads to tragedy and death in the human realm, unfolds within the larger horizon of a supernatural sphere, dominated by power-conscious divinities. Dido is Aeneas’ most significant other, and in their encounter Virgil explores timeless themes of love and loyalty, fate and fortune, the justice of the gods, imperial ambition and its victims, and ethnic differences. This course book offers a portion of the original Latin text, study questions, a commentary, and interpretative essays. Designed to stretch and stimulate readers, Ingo Gildenhard’s incisive commentary will be of particular interest to students of Latin at both A2 and undergraduate level. It extends beyond detailed linguistic analysis to encourage critical engagement with Virgil’s poetry and discussion of the most recent scholarly thought.
An Assessment of the Influences of Surface and Subsurface Water Level Dynamics in the Development of Gullies in Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Okoyeh Elizabeth I. , Akpan Anthony E. , Egboka B. C. E. , Okeke H. I.
Published: October 2013

Gully erosion–induced problems have been challenging the people and government of Anambra State in southeastern Nigeria for a long time. In spite of the numerous geoscientific and engineering studies so far conducted in the area, the underlying causes of these problems still remain poorly understood. In an attempt to contribute to the understanding of the underlying processes responsible for the persistent gully erosion problems in Anambra State, an integrated study utilizing hydrological, geomorphological, and geophysical data was undertaken. Results of the analyses show that bulk density, pH, and organic matter content of the soil range from 1610 to 1740 kg m−3, 5.10 to 5.30, and 0.32% to 0.46%, respectively. Particle size analyses results show that the soils are dominated by coarse sand materials (50%–68%). Variations in the Atterberg limit parameters (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index) also point to the dominance of coarse materials in the shallow subsurface. Vertical electrical sounding results capture the shallow surface as being dominated by resistive sandy materials that are underlain by lowly resistive clayey materials. Thus, the area is dominated by porous, friable, and poorly cemented coarse materials that are located on a long and steeply sloping terrain of the tectonically elevated Awka–Orlu cuesta. Both overland and subsurface flow processes are responsible for the gully erosion problems confronting the area. Human activities (e.g., deforestation, uncontrolled urbanization, and absence of requisite legislation to protect the environment) and the high elevation of the Awka–Orlu cuesta have aggravated the severity of the problems. An aggressive reforestation program particularly with native trees, promulgation of necessary legislation to protect the environment, and setting up and empowering an enforcement agency should be vigorously pursued. Also, necessary enlightenment campaigns on best agricultural practices that can reduce surface runoff in soil and water conservation may also be helpful in changing the mindset of people.
The Relationship of Weddell Polynya and Open-Ocean Deep Convection to the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies
Authors: Cheon Woo Geun , Park Young-Gyu , Toggweiler J. R. , Lee Sang-Ki
Published: October 2013

The Weddell Polynya of the mid-1970s is simulated in an energy balance model (EBM) sea ice–ocean coupled general circulation model (GCM) with an abrupt 20% increase in the intensity of Southern Hemisphere (SH) westerlies. This small upshift of applied wind stress is viewed as a stand in for the stronger zonal winds that developed in the mid-1970s following a long interval of relatively weak zonal winds between 1954 and 1972. Following the strengthening of the westerlies in this model, the cyclonic Weddell gyre intensifies, raising relatively warm Weddell Sea Deep Water to the surface. The raised warm water then melts sea ice or prevents it from forming to produce the Weddell Polynya. Within the polynya, large heat loss to the air causes surface water to become cold and sink to the bottom via open-ocean deep convection. Thus, the underlying layers cool down, the warm water supply to the surface eventually stops, and the polynya cannot be maintained anymore. During the 100-yr-long model simulation, two Weddell Polynya events are observed. The second one occurs a few years after the first one disappears; it is much weaker and persists for less time than the first one because the underlying layer is cooler. Based on these model simulations, the authors hypothesize that the Weddell Polynya and open-ocean deep convection were responses to the stronger SH westerlies that followed a prolonged weak phase of the southern annular mode.
Autonomous Ocean Turbulence Measurements Using Shear Probes on a Moored Instrument
Authors: Fer Ilker , Paskyabi Mostafa Bakhoday
Published: October 2013

An internally recording, autonomous instrument has been tested for measurements of ocean turbulence from a mooring line. Measurements were made at a single level in the water column, but for an extended period of time, at a predetermined duty cycle. The instrument is designed to measure, independently, in two different parts of the turbulence wavenumber spectrum: eddy correlation measurements in the inertial subrange and small-scale shear and temperature gradient measurements in the dissipation subrange using shear probes and fast-response thermistors. For the deployment reported here, the instrument is located in the wave-affected layer, and only the dissipation subrange from the shear probes can be confidently utilized for turbulence measurements. The velocity spectra in the inertial subrange are severely contaminated by platform motion and noise, and the dissipation range of the temperature gradient spectrum is not satisfactorily resolved. The shear spectra are found to be relatively free of contamination in the 1–20-Hz frequency range and are used for dissipation rate calculations. The quality of the measurements is constrained by the angle of attack and the magnitude of mean flow relative to the wave oscillatory velocities. Dissipation rates are consistent with a scaling expected from breaking long waves, when background shear is weak, and are elevated when the gradient Richardson number is small, consistent with additional turbulence production by shear. While limited to a single depth, the instrument makes it possible to collect time series for 3 weeks continuously or for 3 months at a 25% duty cycle.
From what we know to what we do: lessons learned from the translational CLAHRC initiative in England
Authors: Currie Graeme , Lockett Andy , Enany Nellie El
Published: October 2013

Objectives:

There exists a translation gap between academic research and clinical practice in health care systems. One policy-driven initiative to address the translation gap in England are the Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRCs), funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR). These aim to bring together NHS organizations and universities to accelerate the translation of evidence-based innovation into clinical practice. Our aim was to draw out lessons for policy-makers regarding the mobilization of such initiatives.

Methods:

Qualitative semi-structured interviews with 174 participants across nine CLAHRCs plus in-depth case studies across four CLAHRCs. Those interviewed were staff who were central to the CLAHRCs including senior managers and directors, junior and senior academics, and health care practitioners.

Results:

Social positions of the CLAHRC leaders, conceived as institutional entrepreneurs, together with the antecedent conditions for CLAHRC bids, had an impact on the vision for a CLAHRC. The process of envisioning encompassed diagnostic and prognostic framing. Within the envisioning process, the utilization of existing activities and established relationships in the CLAHRC bid influenced early mobilization. However, in some cases, it led to a translational ‘lock in’ towards established models regarding applied research.

Conclusions:

The CLAHRC experiment in England holds important lessons for policy-makers regarding how to address the translation gap. First, policy makers need to consider whether they set out a defined template for translational initiatives or whether variation is encouraged. We might expect a degree of learning from pilot activities within a CLAHRC that allows for greater clarity in the design of subsequent translational initiatives. Second, policy makers and practitioners need to understand the importance of both antecedent conditions and the social position of senior members of a CLAHRC (institutional entrepreneurs) leading the development of a bid. Whilst established and well-known clinical academics are likely to be trusted to lead CLAHRCs, and the presence of pre-existing organizational relationships are important for mobilization, privileging these aspects may constrain more radical change.
NumbL is essential for Xenopusprimary neurogenesis
Authors: Nieber Frank , Hedderich Marie , Jahn Olaf , Pieler Tomas , Henningfeld Kristine A
Published: October 2013

Background

Members of the vertebrate Numb family of cell fate determinants serve multiple functions throughout early embryogenesis, including an essential role in the development of the nervous system. The Numb proteins interact with various partner proteins and correspondingly participate in multiple cellular activities, including inhibition of the Notch pathway.

Results

Here, we describe the expression characteristics of Numb and Numblike (NumbL) during Xenopus development and characterize the function of NumbL during primary neurogenesis. NumbL, in contrast to Numb, is expressed in the territories of primary neurogenesis and is positively regulated by the Neurogenin family of proneural transcription factors. Knockdown of NumbL afforded a complete loss of primary neurons and did not lead to an increase in Notch signaling in the open neural plate. Furthermore, we provide evidence that interaction of NumbL with the AP-2 complex is required for NumbL function during primary neurogenesis.

Conclusion

We demonstrate an essential role of NumbL during Xenopus primary neurogenesis and provide evidence for a Notch-independent function of NumbL in this context.
Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies
Authors: Tragust Simon , Ugelvig Line V , Chapuisat Michel , Heinze Jürgen , Cremer Sylvia
Published: October 2013

Background

The brood of ants and other social insects is highly susceptible to pathogens, particularly those that penetrate the soft larval and pupal cuticle. We here test whether the presence of a pupal cocoon, which occurs in some ant species but not in others, affects the sanitary brood care and fungal infection patterns after exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. We use a) a comparative approach analysing four species with either naked or cocooned pupae and b) a within-species analysis of a single ant species, in which both pupal types co-exist in the same colony.

Results

We found that the presence of a cocoon did not compromise fungal pathogen detection by the ants and that species with cocooned pupae increased brood grooming after pathogen exposure. All tested ant species further removed brood from their nests, which was predominantly expressed towards larvae and naked pupae treated with the live fungal pathogen. In contrast, cocooned pupae exposed to live fungus were not removed at higher rates than cocooned pupae exposed to dead fungus or a sham control. Consistent with this, exposure to the live fungus caused high numbers of infections and fungal outgrowth in larvae and naked pupae, but not in cocooned pupae. Moreover, the ants consistently removed the brood prior to fungal outgrowth, ensuring a clean brood chamber.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that the pupal cocoon has a protective effect against fungal infection, causing an adaptive change in sanitary behaviours by the ants. It further demonstrates that brood removal–originally described for honeybees as “hygienic behaviour”–is a widespread sanitary behaviour in ants, which likely has important implications on disease dynamics in social insect colonies.
Assessment of glycan interactions of clinical and avian isolates of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Day Christopher J , Tram Greg , Hartley-Tassell Lauren E , Tiralongo Joe , Korolik Victoria
Published: October 2013

Background

Campylobacter jejuni strain 11168 was demonstrated to have a broad specificity for eukaryotic surface glycosylation using glycan array analysis. The initial screen indicated that sialic acid and mannose are important binding partners after environmental stress, while galactose and fucose structures are likely to be involved in persistent infection.

Results

In this broader study, five additional human/clinical isolates and six chicken isolates were fully assessed to determine their glycan binding capacity using an extended glycan array. C. jejuni 11168 was rescreened here due to the presence of glycoaminoglycan (GAG) and other structures that were not available on our previous glycan array. The current array analysis of additional C. jejuni strains confirmed the growth condition dependent differences in glycan binding that was previously observed for C. jejuni 11168. We noted strain to strain variations, particularly for the human isolates C. jejuni 520 and 81116 and the chicken isolate C. jejuni 331, with the majority of differences observed in galactose, mannose and GAG binding. Chicken isolates were found to bind to a broader range of glycans compared to the human isolates, recognising branched mannose and carageenan (red seaweed) glycans. Glycan array data was confirmed using cell-based lectin inhibition assays with the fucose (UEA-I) and mannose (ConA) binding lectins.

Conclusions

This study confirms that all C. jejuni strains tested bind to a broad range of glycans, with the majority of strains (all except 81116) altering recognition of sialic acid and mannose after environmental stress. Galactose and fucose structures were bound best by all strains when C. jejuni was grown under host like conditions confirming the likelihood of these structures being involved in persistent infection.
Antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from stool samples of children aged 3 to 14 years from Ujjain, India
Authors: Shakya Pragya , Barrett Peter , Diwan Vishal , Marothi Yogyata , Shah Harshada , Chhari Neeraj , Tamhankar Ashok J , Pathak Ashish , Lundborg Cecilia Stålsby
Published: October 2013

Background

Antibiotic resistance is a major global public health concern, particularly in settings where few treatment options are available. Limited research has been done on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli of Indian children at community level. Therefore we studied antibiotic resistance patterns in E. coli isolates from stool samples of children aged 3-14 years from Ujjain, Central India, to investigate associations of resistance with demographic variables.

Methods

Children, 3-14 years of age, were included from 30 randomly selected villages of Palwa demographic surveillance site, Ujjain, India. Parents were interviewed using a questionnaire, and stool samples were collected from participating children. E. coli were isolated from stool samples (n = 529), and susceptibility testing to 18 different antibiotics was done using standard methods.

Results

The proportions of isolates resistant to various antibiotics were, nalidixic acid, (45%), tetracycline (37%), ampicillin (37%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (29%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (29%). No isolates were resistant to imipenem. Overall, 72% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 33% were multi-drug resistant. High rates of cross-resistance were seen for 15 (83%) of the antibiotics studied. E. coli isolates from children with literate mothers were more resistant to penicillins and fluoroquinolones. ESBL-producers comprised 9% of the isolates.

Conclusion

Antibiotic resistance and cross-resistance were common in E. coli from stools of children. Resistance rates were associated with maternal literacy.
Tyrosine kinases inhibition by Imatinib slows progression in chronic anti-thy1 glomerulosclerosis of the rat
Authors: Wang-Rosenke Yingrui , Khadzhynov Dymtro , Loof Tanja , Mika Alice , Kawachi Hiroshi , Neumayer Hans-H , Peters Harm
Published: October 2013

Background

Chronic progressive mesangioproliferative nephropathy represents a major cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Until now, effective approaches to stop or even slow its progression are limited. We tested the effects of an inhibitor of PDGF receptor, abl and c-kit tyrosine kinases, Imatinib, in a chronic progressive model of mesangioproliferative glomerulosclerosis.

Methods

Anti-thy1 glomerulosclerosis was induced by injection of anti-thy1 antibody into uninephrectomized Wistar rats. One week after disease induction, according to the degree of proteinuria, animals were stratified and assigned to chronic glomerulosclerosis (cGS) and cGS plus Imatinib (10 mg/kg body weight/day). In week 20, renoprotective actions of Imatinib were analyzed by a set of functional, histological and molecular biological parameters.

Results

Untreated cGS rats showed elevation of systolic blood pressure and marked progression in proteinuria, renal fibrosis, cell infiltration, cell proliferation and function lost. Administration of Imatinib went along significantly with lower systolic blood pressure (−10 mmHg) and proteinuria (−33%). Imatinib administration was paralled by significant reductions in tubulointerstitial accumulation of matrix proteins (−44%), collagen I deposition (−86%), expression of TGF-beta1 (−30%), production of fibronectin (−23%), myofibroblast differentiation (−87%), macrophage infiltration (−36%) and cell proliferation (−45%), respectively. In comparison with untreated cGS animals, Imatinib therapy lowered also blood creatinine (−41%) and blood urea concentrations (−36%) and improved creatinine clearance (+25%). Glomerular fibrotic changes were lowered moderately by Imatinib.

Conclusions

Therapy with Imatinib limits the progressive course of chronic anti-thy1 glomerulosclerosis towards tubulointerstitial fibrosis and renal insufficiency. This was paralleled by direct and indirect sign of TGF-β1 and PDGF inhibition. The findings suggest that the pharmacological principal of inhibition of tyrosine kinases with drugs such as Imatinib might serve as approach for limiting progression of human mesangioproliferative glomerulosclerosis.
Collaborative care for patients with depression and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Yafang , Wei Xiaoming , Wu Tao , Chen Rui , Guo Aimin
Published: October 2013

Background

Diabetic patients with depression are often inadequately treated within primary care. These comorbid conditions are associated with poor outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to examine whether collaborative care can improve depression and diabetes outcomes in patients with both depression and diabetes.

Methods

Medline, Embase, Cochrane library and PsyINFO were systematically searched to identify relevant publications. All randomized controlled trials of collaborative care for diabetic patients with depression of all ages who were reported by depression treatment response, depression remission, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values, adherence to antidepressant medication and/or oral hypoglycemic agent were included. Two authors independently screened search results and extracted data from eligible studies. Dichotomous and continuous measures of outcomes were combined using risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) either by fixed or random-effects models.

Results

Eight studies containing 2,238 patients met the inclusion criteria. Collaborative care showed a significant improvement in depression treatment response (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.05-1.68), depression remission (adjusted RR = 1.53, 95% CI =1.11-2.12), higher rates of adherence to antidepressant medication (RR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.19-2.69) and oral hypoglycemic agent (RR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.61-2.96), but indicated a non-significant reduction in HbA1c values (MD = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.46-0.19).

Conclusions

Improving depression care in diabetic patients is very necessary and important. Comparing with usual care, collaborative care was associated with significantly better depressive outcomes and adherence in patients with depression and diabetes. These findings emphasize the implications for collaborative care of diabetic patients with depression in the future.
Prevalence and imaging characteristics of detectable tonsilloliths on 482 pairs of consecutive CT and panoramic radiographs
Authors: Oda Masafumi , Kito Shinji , Tanaka Tatsurou , Nishida Ikuko , Awano Shuji , Fujita Yuko , Saeki Katsura , Matsumoto-Takeda Shinobu , Wakasugi-Sato Nao , Habu Manabu , Kokuryo Shinya , Kodama Masaaki , Kaneuji Takeshi , Yoshiga Daigo , Miyamoto Ikuya , Nishimura Shun , Yamashita Yoshihiro , Maki Kenshi , Tominaga Kazuhiro , Yoshioka Izumi , Ansai Toshihiro , Morimoto Yasuhiro
Published: October 2013

Background

Recent studies suggest that tonsilloliths are clinically related to halitosis and tonsillar abscess. Based on our empirical knowledge, tonsilloliths are relatively commonly encountered in daily clinical practice. It has been reported that the detection rate of tonsilloliths was under 24% in previous reports, although experience suggests otherwise. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of tonsilloliths using computed tomography (CT). In addition, the possible causes of low detection rates on panoramic radiographs were evaluated based on comparisons between CT images and panoramic radiographs in order to elucidate the limitations of visualizing the area around the palatine tonsils on panoramic radiographs.

Methods

482 pairs of CT images and panoramic radiographs were retrospectively assessed with respect to the presence and characteristics of tonsilloliths. In addition, the causes in cases of disagreement between the two modalities were analyzed.

Results

The detection rate of tonsilloliths was 46.1% using CT scans, unlike previous reports. The characteristics of tonsillolith were dot-like figures with about 300-500 Hounsfield units within the palatine tonsil under the soft palate. The most common length of tonsilloliths was about 3 or 4 mm. As the subjects aged, the detection rate increased gradually. A significant difference in the tonsillolith detection rate was found between the over and under 40-year-old groups (p < 0.0001). However, the detection rate of tonsilloliths was only 7.3% on panoramic radiographs. A significant correlation was observed between the detection rate of tonsilloliths on panoramic radiographs and CT number (Spearman r = 0.429), size, (Spearman r = 0.318), and number of tonsilloliths (Spearman r = 0.333).

Conclusion

The present results suggest that tonsilloliths are relatively more common than previously suggested. However, panoramic radiographs detect only a small percentage of palatine tonsilloliths. The low detection rates on panoramic radiographs might be related to the degree of calcification, size, and number of tonsilloliths.
Antimicrobial activity of the bioactive components of essential oils from Pakistani spices against Salmonella and other multi-drug resistant bacteria
Authors: Naveed Rasheeha , Hussain Iftikhar , Tawab Abdul , Tariq Muhammad , Rahman Moazur , Hameed Sohail , Mahmood M Shahid , Siddique Abu Baker , Iqbal Mazhar
Published: October 2013

Background

The main objective of this study was the phytochemical characterization of four indigenous essential oils obtained from spices and their antibacterial activities against the multidrug resistant clinical and soil isolates prevalent in Pakistan, and ATCC reference strains.

Methods

Chemical composition of essential oils from four Pakistani spices cumin (Cuminum cyminum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), cardamom (Amomum subulatum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) were analyzed on GC/MS. Their antibacterial activities were investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Thin-Layer Chromatography-Bioautographic (TLC-Bioautographic) assays against pathogenic strains Salmonella typhi (D1 Vi-positive), Salmonella typhi (G7 Vi-negative), Salmonella paratyphi A, Escherichia coli (SS1), Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 14580). The data were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) method to find out significant relationship of essential oils biological activities at p <0.05.

Results

Among all the tested essential oils, oil from the bark of C. verum showed best antibacterial activities against all selected bacterial strains in the MIC assay, especially with 2.9 mg/ml concentration against S. typhi G7 Vi-negative and P. fluorescens strains. TLC-bioautography confirmed the presence of biologically active anti-microbial components in all tested essential oils. P. fluorescens was found susceptible to C. verum essential oil while E. coli SS1 and S. aureus were resistant to C. verum and A. subulatum essential oils, respectively, as determined in bioautography assay. The GC/MS analysis revealed that essential oils of C. cyminum, C. verum, A. subulatum, and S. aromaticum contain 17.2% cuminaldehyde, 4.3% t-cinnamaldehyde, 5.2% eucalyptol and 0.73% eugenol, respectively.

Conclusions

Most of the essential oils included in this study possessed good antibacterial activities against selected multi drug resistant clinical and soil bacterial strains. Cinnamaldehyde was identified as the most active antimicrobial component present in the cinnamon essential oil which acted as a strong inhibitory agent in MIC assay against the tested bacteria. The results indicate that essential oils from Pakistani spices can be pursued against multidrug resistant bacteria.
Involving traditional birth attendants in emergency obstetric care in Tanzania: policy implications of a study of their knowledge and practices in Kigoma Rural District
Authors: Vyagusa Dismas B , Mubyazi Godfrey M , Masatu Melchiory
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Access to quality maternal health services mainly depends on existing policies, regulations, skills, knowledge, perceptions, and economic power and motivation of service givers and target users. Critics question policy recommending involvement of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in emergency obstetric care (EmoC) services in developing countries.

Objectives

This paper reports about knowledge and practices of TBAs on EmoC in Kigoma Rural District, Tanzania and discusses policy implications on involving TBAs in maternal health services.

Methods

157 TBAs were identified from several villages in 2005, interviewed and observed on their knowledge and practice in relation to EmoC. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data collection and analysis depending on the nature of the information required.

Findings

Among all 157 TBAs approached, 57.3% were aged 50+ years while 50% had no formal education. Assisting mothers to deliver without taking their full pregnancy history was confessed by 11% of all respondents. Having been attending pregnant women with complications was experienced by 71.2% of all respondents. Only 58% expressed adequate knowledge on symptoms and signs of pregnancy complications. Lack of knowledge on possible risk of HIV infections while assisting childbirth without taking protective gears was claimed by 5.7% of the respondents. Sharing the same pair of gloves between successful deliveries was reported to be a common practice by 21.1% of the respondents. Use of unsafe delivery materials including local herbs and pieces of cloth for protecting themselves against HIV infections was reported as being commonly practiced among 27.6% of the respondents. Vaginal examination before and during delivery was done by only a few respondents.

Conclusion

TBAs in Tanzania are still consulted by people living in underserved areas. Unfortunately, TBAs’ inadequate knowledge on EmOC issues seems to have contributed to the rising concerns about their competence to deliver the recommended maternal services. Thus, the authorities seeming to recognize and promote TBAs should provide support to TBAs in relation to necessary training and giving them essential working facilities, routine supportive supervision and rewarding those seeming to comply with the standard guidelines for delivering EmoC services.
Antitumor efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus encoding endostatin combined with an E1B55KD-deficient adenovirus in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Li Li-xia , Zhang Yan-ling , Zhou Ling , Ke Miao-la , Chen Jie-min , Fu Xiang , Ye Chun-ling , Wu Jiang-xue , Liu Ran-yi , Huang Wenlin
Published: October 2013

Background

Gene therapy using a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) encoding secretory human endostatin (Ad-Endo) has been demonstrated to be a promising antiangiogenesis and antitumor strategy of in animal models and clinical trials. The E1B55KD-deficient Ad dl 1520 was also found to replicate selectively in and destroy cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of antiangiogenic agent Ad-Endo combined with the oncolytic Ad dl 1520 on gastric cancer (GC) in vitro and in vivo and determine the mechanisms of these effects.

Methods

The Ad DNA copy number was determined by real-time PCR, and gene expression was assessed by ELISA, Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. The anti-proliferation effect (cytotoxicity) of Ad was assessed using the colorimetry-based MTT cell viability assay. The antitumor effects were evaluated in BALB/c nude mice carrying SGC-7901 GC xenografts. The microvessel density and Ad replication in tumor tissue were evaluated by checking the expression of CD34 and hexon proteins, respectively.

Results

dl 1520 replicated selectively in GC cells harboring an abnormal p53 pathway, including p53 mutation and the loss of p14ARF expression, but did not in normal epithelial cells. In cultured GC cells, dl 1520 rescued Ad-Endo replication, and dramatically promoted endostatin expression by Ad-Endo in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In turn, the addition of Ad-Endo enhanced the inhibitory effect of dl 1520 on the proliferation of GC cells. The transgenic expression of Ad5 E1A and E1B19K simulated the rescue effect of dl 1520 supporting Ad-Endo replication in GC cells. In the nude mouse xenograft model, the combined treatment with dl 1520 and Ad-Endo significantly inhibited tumor angiogenesis and the growth of GC xenografts through the increased endostatin expression and oncolytic effects.

Conclusions

Ad-Endo combined with dl 1520 has more antitumor efficacy against GC than Ad-Endo or dl 1520 alone. These findings indicate that the combination of Ad-mediated antiangiogenic gene therapy and oncolytic Ad therapeutics could be one of promising comprehensive treatment strategies for GC.
Single arc volumetric-modulated arc therapy is sufficient for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a dosimetric comparison with dual arc VMAT and dynamic MLC and step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Ning Zhong-Hua , Mu Jin-Ming , Jin Jian-Xue , Li Xiao-Dong , Li Qi-Lin , Gu Wen-Dong , Huang Jin , Han Yang , Pei Hong-Lei
Published: October 2013

Background

The performance of single arc VMAT (VMAT1) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) on the Axesse linac has not been well described in previous studies. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of VMAT1 for NPC by comparing the dosimetry, delivery efficiency, and accuracy with dual arc VMAT (VMAT2), dynamic MLC intensity-modulated radiotherapy (dIMRT), and step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiotherapy (ssIMRT).

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with non-metastatic NPC were selected to be planned with VMAT1, VMAT2, dIMRT and ssIMRT using Monaco 3.2 TPS on the Axesse™ linear accelerator. Three planning target volumes (PTVs), contoured as high risk, moderate risk and low risk regions, were set to receive median absorbed-dose (D50%) of 72.6 Gy, 63.6 Gy and 54 Gy, respectively. The Homogeneity Index (HI), Conformity Index (CI), Dose Volume Histograms (DVHs), delivery efficiency and accuracy were all evaluated.

Results

Mean HI of PTV72.6 is better with VMAT1(0.07) and VMAT2(0.07) than dIMRT(0.09) and ssIMRT(0.09). Mean HI of PTV63.6 is better with VMAT1(0.21) and VMAT2(0.21) than dIMRT and ssIMRT. Mean CI of PTV72.6 is also better with VMAT1(0.57) and VMAT2(0.57) than dIMRT(0.49) and ssIMRT(0.5). Mean CI of PTV63.6 is better with VMAT1(0.76) and VMAT2(0.76) than dIMRT(0.73) and ssIMRT(0.73). VMAT had significantly improved homogeneity and conformity compared with IMRT. There was no significant difference between VMAT1 and VMAT2 in PTV coverage. Dose to normal tissues was acceptable for all four plan groups. VMAT1 and VMAT2 showed no significant difference in normal tissue sparring, whereas the mean dose of the parotid gland of dIMRT was significantly reduced compared to VMAT1 and VMAT2. The mean delivery time for VMAT1, VMAT2, dIMRT and ssIMRT was 2.7 min, 3.9 min, 5.7 min and 14.1 min, respectively. VMAT1 reduced the average delivery time by 29.8%, 51.1% and 80.8% compared with VMAT2, dIMRT and ssIMRT, respectively. VMAT and IMRT could all be delivered accurately based on our quality assurance standards.

Conclusions

In the treatment of NPC using the Axesse™ linear accelerator, single arc VMAT has shown superiority to double arc VMAT, dIMRT and ssIMRT in delivery efficiency, without compromise to the PTV coverage. However, there is still room for improvement in terms of OAR sparing.
Flavonoids with α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and their contents in the leaves of Morus atropurpurea
Authors: Hong Hin-Chu , Li Song-Lin , Zhang Xiao-Qi , Ye Wen-Cai , Zhang Qing-Wen
Published: October 2013

Background

This study aims to isolate the α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds from mulberry leaves (Morus atropurpurea Roxb., Moraceae) and to develop an analytical method for quantification of the compounds.

Methods

Four flavonoids, rutin (1), isoquercetin (2), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (3) and astragalin (4), were isolated by column chromatography from mulberry leaf water extracts (MWE). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of MWE and the four isolated compounds were evaluated by a microplate-based in vitro assay. The content of the isolated flavonoids in M. atropurpurea leaves purchased from different local herbal stores or collected in different locations was determined by high performance liquid chromatography.

Results

The four flavonoids (1–4) showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with rutin (1) and astragalin (4) showing high α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50 values of 13.19 ± 1.10 and 15.82 ± 1.11 μM, respectively). The total contents of the four flavonoids were different among eight samples examined, ranging from 4.34 mg/g to 0.53 mg/g.

Conclusions

The four flavonoids in M. atropurpurea leaves could inhibit α-glucosidase activity.
Corrosion casting of the subglottis following endotracheal tube intubation injury: A pilot study in Yorkshire piglets
Authors: Kus Lukas H , Sklar Michael C , Negandhi Jaina , Estrada Marvin , Eskander Antoine , Harrison Robert V , Campisi Paolo , Forte Vito , Propst Evan J
Published: October 2013

Purpose

Subglottic stenosis can result from endotracheal tube injury. The mechanism by which this occurs, however, is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of angiogenesis, hypoxia and ischemia in subglottic mucosal injury following endotracheal intubation.

Methods

Six Yorkshire piglets were randomized to either a control group (N=3, ventilated through laryngeal mask airway for corrosion casting) or accelerated subglottic injury group through intubation and induced hypoxia as per a previously described model (N=3). The vasculature of all animals was injected with liquid methyl methacrylate. After polymerization, the surrounding tissue was corroded with potassium hydroxide. The subglottic region was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy looking for angiogenic and hypoxic or degenerative features and groups were compared using Mann–Whitney tests and Friedman's 2-way ANOVA.

Results

Animals in the accelerated subglottic injury group had less overall angiogenic features (P=.002) and more overall hypoxic/degenerative features (P=.000) compared with controls. Amongst angiogenic features, there was decreased budding (P=.000) and a trend toward decreased sprouting (P=.037) in the accelerated subglottic injury group with an increase in intussusception (P=.004), possibly representing early attempts at rapid revascularization. Amongst hypoxic/degenerative features, extravasation was the only feature that was significantly higher in the accelerated subglottic injury group (P=.000).

Conclusions

Subglottic injury due to intubation and hypoxia may lead to decreased angiogenesis and increased blood vessel damage resulting in extravasation of fluid and a decreased propensity toward wound healing in this animal model.
Critical importance of the correction of contrast transfer function for
transmission electron microscopy-mediated structural biology
Authors: Jeong Hyeong-Seop , Park Hyo-Nam , Kim Jin-Gyu , Hyun Jae-Kyung
Published: October 2013

Abstracts

Background

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an excellent tool for studying
detailed biological structures. High-resolution structure determination is
now routinely performed using advanced sample preparation techniques and
image processing software. In particular, correction for contrast transfer
function (CTF) is crucial for extracting high-resolution information from
TEM image that is convoluted by imperfect imaging condition. Accurate
determination of defocus, one of the major elements constituting the CTF, is
mandatory for CTF correction.

Findings

To investigate the effect of correct estimation of image defocus and
subsequent CTF correction, we tested arbitrary CTF imposition onto the
images of two-dimensional crystals of Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein. The
morphology of the crystal in calculated projection maps from incorrect CTF
imposition was utterly distorted in comparison to an appropriately
CTF-corrected image.

Conclusion

This result demonstrates critical importance of CTF correction for producing
true representation of the specimen at high resolution.
Trichloroacetic acid assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its application in detection and estimation of pesticide
Authors: Barman Gadadhar , Maiti Swarnali , Konar Laha Jayasree
Published: October 2013

Background

Many analytical methods are available for detection of methyl parathion in water but they are not handy for on-site analysis. An attempt has been made to utilize stable GNP for methyl parathion detection by sensing the peak at 400 nm generated due to the interaction between methyl parathion and GNP.

Methods

GNP was produced by reduction of chloroauric acid solution by trichloroacetic acid in alkaline medium in presence of CTAB. Sensor properties of GNP were studied by varying the concentration of methyl parathion in gold sol from 0 to 500 ppm.

Results and discussion

GNP stabilized by CTAB showed only one peak at 532 nm and one broad peak near 300 nm was observed for pure methyl parathion. But as soon as methyl parathion was added in the GNP solution, one new peak at 400 nm developed in addition to the other two peaks. More interestingly, a quantitative decrease of the absorbance at 532 nm of GNP and increase of the absorbance at 400 nm, the new peak, were observed when methyl parathion concentration increased from 10 to 500 ppm.

Conclusions

The UV-VIS measurement and TEM images confirmed that the surfactant capped GNP can act as a colorimetric sensor for detection and estimation of methyl parathion pesticide present in water in ppm level.
Sm-Nd isotopic analysis of mixed standard solutions by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: evaluations on isobaric interference correction of Nd isotopic composition and external calibration of Sm/Nd ratio
Authors: Ryu Jong-Sik , Choi Min Seok , Jeong Youn-Joong , Cheong Chang-sik
Published: October 2013

Background

The Sm-Nd isotope system has long been used to provide information on the age and geochemical evolution of terrestrial rocks and extraterrestrial objects. Traditional thermal ionization mass spectrometry requires a refined chemical separation of Sm and Nd. Here, we present multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) Sm-Nd isotopic results for a series of mixed standard solutions with different Sm/Nd ratios to test the validity of isobaric interference corrections of Nd isotopic composition and external calibration of Sm/Nd inter-elemental ratio.

Findings

Reliable 143Nd/144Nd and 145Nd/144Nd ratios of the mixed solutions were obtained by using the exponential law and selected Sm isotopic compositions. The Sm/Nd ratios of the mixed solutions corrected by the standard bracketing method were consistent with the gravimetric values mostly within 1% difference.

Conclusions

This study provides a simple and high-throughput technique that can simultaneously measure Nd isotopic composition and Sm/Nd ratio without chemical separation between Sm and Nd.
Video laryngoscopy improves intubation success and reduces esophageal intubations compared to direct laryngoscopy in the medical intensive care unit
Authors: Mosier Jarrod M , Whitmore Sage P , Bloom John W , Snyder Linda S , Graham Lisa A , Carr Gordon E , Sakles John C
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Tracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) can be challenging as patients often have anatomic and physiologic characteristics that make intubation particularly difficult. Video laryngoscopy (VL) has been shown to improve first attempt success compared to direct laryngoscopy (DL) in many clinical settings and may be an option for ICU intubations.

Methods

All intubations performed in this academic medical ICU during a 13-month period were entered into a prospectively collected quality control database. After each intubation, the operator completed a standardized form evaluating multiple aspects of the intubation including: patient demographics, difficult airway characteristics (DACs), method and device(s) used, medications used, outcomes and complications of each attempt. Primary outcome was first attempt success. Secondary outcomes were grade of laryngoscopic view, ultimate success, esophageal intubations, and desaturation. Multivariate logistic regression was performed for first attempt and ultimate success.

Results

Over the 13-month study period (January 2012-February 2013), a total of 234 patients were intubated using VL and 56 patients were intubated with DL. First attempt success for VL was 184/234 (78.6%; 95% CI 72.8 to 83.7) while DL was 34/56 patients (60.7%; 95% CI 46.8 to 73.5). Ultimate success for VL was 230/234 (98.3%; 95% CI 95.1 to 99.3) while DL was 52/56 patients (91.2%; 95% CI 81.3 to 97.2). In the multivariate regression model, VL was predictive of first attempt success with an odds ratio of 7.67 (95% CI 3.18 to 18.45). VL was predictive of ultimate success with an odds ratio of 15.77 (95% CI 1.92 to 129). Cormack-Lehane I or II view occurred 199/234 times (85.8%; 95% CI 79.5 to 89.1) and a median POGO (Percentage of Glottic Opening) of 82% (IQR 60 to 100) with VL, while Cormack-Lehane I or II view occurred 34/56 times (61.8%; 95% CI 45.7 to 71.9) and a median POGO of 45% (IQR 0 to 78%) with DL. VL reduced the esophageal intubation rate from 12.5% with DL to 1.3% (P = 0.001) but there was no difference in desaturation rates.

Conclusions

In the medical ICU, video laryngoscopy resulted in higher first attempt and ultimate intubation success rates and improved grade of laryngoscopic view while reducing the esophageal intubation rate compared to direct laryngoscopy.