bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Contemporary Social Sciences and the Problem of Normativity
Authors: Freitag Michel
Published: March 2007

Following in the wake of a certain epistemological and analytical crisis in positivism (its methodology is mercifully in good shape), a revival in the popularity and `scientific' legitimacy of various `comprehensive' analytical approaches in the social sciences has been witnessed over the last ten years. However, by insisting on the significant subjective dimension of action, these interpretive approaches have brought the problem of normativity inherent in the research object, as well as the problem of the `ideological' implication of the human sciences, back into the centre of epistemological preoccupations. The question now is to know to what extent the so-called human sciences are prepared to accept, from a theoretical point of view, this dual objective and subjective dimension of their cognitive practice, seen in critical relationship with society. It is also a question as to whether the human sciences have at their disposal an adequate model for recognizing this normative dimension in its ontological and epistemological specificity. This article sets out to outline just such a model from a philosophical point of view in order to identify some main ideas relating to a pedagogical reorientation, introspective rather than dogmatic, of the normative task which has fallen to the human sciences in contemporary society.
Reporting and Storytelling: Eichmann in Jerusalem as Political Testimony
Authors: Herzog Annabel
Published: March 2007

Commentaries on Eichmann in Jerusalem are of two kinds. The first confronts the historical relevance of Arendt's `report' and attempts to ascertain whether her ironical presentation of Eichmann's trial matches reality, namely, the incommensurable suffering of the Jewish people. The second focuses on the meaning of her expression `the banality of evil', and places Arendt in a long tradition of moral and political philosophy concerned with the problem of evil and, accordingly, of judging evil. The argument of this paper is that both paths of research miss Arendt's intention, and that her `report' has to be read in light of Walter Benjamin's conceptions of history and storytelling. On the one hand, Eichmann in Jerusalem was not intended to reflect reality objectively because, as Arendt claimed, the objectivity of scientific historiography may serve only to condone the genocide. Throughout her entire work, Arendt aimed at avoiding the neutrality of historicism, the `tradition of sine ira et studio', which, according to her, represents a renunciation of responsibility. On the other hand, Arendt emphasized that she did not attempt to write about the nature of evil but to faithfully describe a phenomenon. Therefore the questions to be answered are: What did Arendt mean by a `report'? What does it mean to describe Eichmann's trial non-objectively but faithfully? In this paper, I show that her report should be understood in the light of a new methodological experiment inherited from Benjamin, which can be broken down into two steps: 1. To reveal the truth of history in stories rather than seek historical `objectivity' through theories; and 2. To look at events from forgotten standpoints, which are assumed to represent the experienced `inside' of history.
Michel Foucault: a Marcusean in Structuralist Clothing
Authors: Whitebook Joel
Published: March 2007

Foucault's rejection of the repressive hypothesis is generally taken as a critique of Freud. Its real target is, however, the left Freudian tradition, which received its paradigmatic articulation in the work of Herbert Marcuse. Marcuse sought to show that the conflict between the repressive demands of civilization and instinctual desires of the individual didn't represent a transhistorical state of affairs, as Freud maintained. He argues, rather, that it represents a particular historical constellation that can be transcended. Foucault purports to reject the entire structure in which the problem arises, that is, the conflict between the demands of civilization and bodily based desire. The thesis of this article is, however, that he doesn't reject the conflict, but simply displaces it. In his scheme, the displaced conflict takes place between the apparatus of sexuality and bodies and pleasures. Furthermore, Foucault maintains that the emancipation of bodies and pleasures from their entrapment in the apparatus of sexuality constitutes the desirable political program. The diagnosis of the situation and the suggested political remedy are, in other words, exactly parallel to Marcuse's.
Demons of Other People's Fear: The Plight of the Gypsies
Authors: Bauman Janina
Published: March 2007

Since their arrival in Europe in the Middle Ages the Gypsies have suffered from discrimination on the grounds of racial prejudice. In the 20th century the NAZI doctrine lead to Porrajmos - the Gypsy Holocaust. In the post-war communist countries, Gypsies were forced to give up their traditional ways of life and become productive. Persecution of Gypsies - those who stayed in the post-communist countries and those who migrated to the West - continued in Europe after the big changes of 1989 and up to the present time.
Australia: Once the Lighthouse Social Democracy of the World. the Impact of Recent Economic Reforms
Authors: Pusey Michael
Published: March 2007

In this century Australia has enjoyed the highest per capita incomes and probably the most equal distribution of income of any nation in the world. Australia has been a lighthouse social democracy. We assess the impact of the vigorous liberal economic reforms of the 1980s on economic management and steering, social integration and cohesion, on the public sector, on civil society and the public sphere. We see that the reforms have been ideologically driven and that they have negatively affected the distribution of income, the deliberative capacity of the policy apparatus, and the unique institutional features of social democracy in Australia.
The Hermeneutical Critique of Linguistic Transcendentalism: Intersubjective Validity of Argumentation or Hermeneutics of the Dialogue that we are
Authors: Ginev Dimitri
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the ongoing debate between transcendental pragmatics and philosophical hermeneutics. I argue that Apel's version of linguistic transcendentalism is to be refuted, if one succeeds in demonstrating that the normative conditions of intersubjective validity of the argumentative discourse are `derivable' from the fore-structure of the discursive-practical medium of communication. Loci for specifically hermeneutical investigations of this fore-structure include the proto-normativity of the discursive practices, the effective-historical openness of the medium of communication, and the interplay between argumentative discourse and medium.
Worker Cooperatives as Alternative Production Systems
Authors: BHOWMIK SHARIT K. , SARKER KANCHAN
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the role of worker cooperatives in reviving industrial production. Although the focus is on the performance of worker cooperatives in Kolkata, India, the study tries to examine the features of such organizations to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Kolkata was once a premier industrial center, but it has witnessed a rapid decline in industries since the 1970s. In some cases, workers attempted to save their jobs by forming cooperatives to manage their industries. Five such cases are discussed in this study. Four of the organizations still exist, whereas one failed in the late 1990s. These cases help in understanding the conditions needed for the survival of such organizations. Support from the state, availability of financial capital, and facilities for marketing are seen as some of the prerequisites. At the same time, the most crucial factors for survival are support from trade unions and maintenance of internal democracy in the decision-making process.
Sex and Power in the Federal Bureaucracy
Authors: SOUTH SCOTT J. , BONJEAN CHARLES M. , CORDER JUDY , MARKHAM WILLIAM T.
Published: March 2007

Questionnaire data from 152 female employees and 46 supervisors in a large federal bureaucracy are used to test Kanter's hypothesis that sex differences in supervisory behavior result from sex differences in organizational power. Female subordinates of female supervisors, compared to female subordinates of male supervisors, report less job satisfaction and lower group morale and are more likely to describe their supervisor's behavior as controlling and particularistic. However, when differences in organizational power (as measured by an index comprised of supervisor's job status, the amount of voice they believe they have in their superior's decisions, and the amount of autonomy they feel they have with respect to their superior) are controlled, differences between male and female supervisors on all of these variables are significantly reduced. The results are interpreted as providing support for Kanter's theory.
Work and Stratification
Authors: KALLEBERG ARNE L.
Published: March 2007

This introductory article describes four major structural perspectives on work-related inequalities: dual economy/economic segmentation; labor market segmentation; organization; and class. The relations among these approaches are discussed and it is argued that they need to be integrated if we are to understand structural sources of inequality. Links are then drawn between these structural approaches and the papers in this special issue.
Knowledge Workers as a “New Class”
Authors: WUTHNOW ROBERT , SHRUM WESLEY
Published: March 2007

Recent discussions of American political and occupational structure have suggested that knowledge workers have become a structurally and ideologically cohesive “new class” due to rising levels of education, rising numbers of knowledge-intensive occupations, and the growing role of government in supporting education and in providing positions for knowledge workers. Discussions advanced by neoconservatives regard professional-technical workers as the chief members of the emerging new class and suggest that they are sharply divided ideologically from managers and other representatives of business. Neo Marxists suggest that professional-technical workers and managers constitute a single emerging class. This article examines evidence on the attitudes of professional-technical workers and managers from a large national sample survey. The results provide a number of indications of ideological convergence between members of the two occupational categories.
The Effects of Career Origins on Subsequent Socioeconomic Attainments
Authors: D'AMICO RONALD
Published: March 2007

The fundamental contention of this article is that the institutional environment encompassing a worker's career origins has important and long-lasting effects on subsequent career developments. Empirically, we demonstrate that industry of first job after school is a significant and strong predictor of earnings and occupational SEI for workers late in their careers. This finding holds despite controls for a number of relevant human capital and other variables, including current job industry. The final section of this article explores the ways in which organizational structures of first jobs exert their effects and finds that first job industry growth rates and product market characteristics are important predictors of subsequent earnings. In conclusion, we argue that these results support the relevance of institutional environments in shaping long-term career developments, but that the ways in which institutions affect careers are complex and only poorly understood.
Employer Characteristics and the Provision of Family Responsive Policies
Authors: GLASS JENNIFER , FUJIMOTO TETSUSHI
Published: March 2007

This article reviews what we know about the family benefits and working conditions associated with low levels of job-family stress, and the distribution of such benefits among American employers. We discuss what organizational characteristics are likely to be associated with the provision of family benefits, and test those propositions using data on the employers of 325 employed pregnant women. Our findings indicate that firm size and unionization are the most powerful determinants of formal benefits. However, there seems to be a downside to employment in large firms, organized firms, or both. Informal concessions to family needs and personnel policies that depend on supervisor cooperation are less likely to occur. More surprising was the fact that self-employment of the type typically held by employed mothers did not significantly improve their schedule flexibility, leave benefits, or access to child care.
Effects of Organizational Innovations in AIDS Care on Burnout among Urban Hospital Nurses
Authors: AIKEN LINDA H. , SLOANE DOUGLAS M.
Published: March 2007

Data from a survey of more than 800 nurses who care for AIDS patients revealed that the organizational form of the unit and hospital in which care was provided significantly affected the likelihood of nurses reporting that they were emotionally exhausted. Nurses who worked in dedicated or specialized AIDS units, or in “magnet” hospitals known to possess organizational characteristics attractive to nurses, exhibited lower levels of emotional exhaustion than did nurses who cared for AIDS patients in general, scattered-bed medical units. These differences persisted after nurse characteristics were statistically controlled, but they were accounted for in part by controlling for the amount of organizational support that nurses perceived was present in their workplaces.
Devaluing Women and Minorities
Authors: REID LORI L.
Published: March 2007

Are comparable worth policies an appropriate remedy for both race/ethnic and sex discrimination? The author's findings question whether similar processes of devaluation are driving the sex and race/ethnic pay gap. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to assess the effects of both the sex and race/ethnic composition of occupations (defined by cross-classification of occupation and industry) on wage levels. The results indicate that the percentage of White women in an occupation has a negative effect of the wage levels of most groups. The percentage of Black women, Latina women, Black men, and Latino men do not have consistently negative effects on wage levels, even when testing for more geographically localized effects. It is concluded that occupational devaluation does not contribute to the race/ethnic gap in pay in a manner analogous to that found from occupations dominated by females. Thus, comparable worth policies are not likely to help reduce the race/ethnic gap in pay.
Fracture of UD-Glass-Fiber Reinforced Composites Under Combined Biaxial Stresses
Authors: Franke Lutz , Herrmann Guenter
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a new phenomenological approach to the prediction of fracture of UD-GFR composites under combined biaxial stresses. A com parison between different fracture surfaces made it necessary to carry out new investigations for the development of a general valid formulation of a failure criterion. Based on the results of experimental tests on circumferen tially wound cylindrical specimens, a numerical description of the failure envelope is given, and there is good agreement with experimental data ob tained from some other authors.
The D Criterion Theory In Notched Composite Materials
Authors: Shen Zhen
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a new D criterion theory which includes a new physical quantity —the damage parameter, D, a new material property—the ultimate damage, Dc and a new criterion—D ≤ Dc. A number of experimental data are used to verify that the damage parameter, D, describes the degree of the damage near the notch after a certain applied load and that the ultimate damage, Dc, is a material constant independent of configuration of the specimen and the applied load.
On the Design and Optimization of Bidirectional Composites
Authors: Wurzel Dietmar P.
Published: March 2007

The intention of this report is to help develop a feeling for the directional properties of laminated composites. Simple rules for the versatile application of anisotropic, though orthotropic bidirectional laminates are presented. Simple examples and charts demonstrate the possible weight advantages over quasi-isotropic configurations. Ex plicit use is made of the Mohr's circle representation. Multiple loading is considered and a graphic solution is indicated.
Influence of Electron Radiation and Temperature on the Cyclic, Matrix Dominated Response of Graphite-Epoxy
Authors: Reed Susan M. , Herakovich Carl T. , Sykes George F.
Published: March 2007

The effects of electron radiation and elevated temperature on the matrix dominated, cyclic response of standard T300/934 and a chemically modified T300/934 graphite-epoxy are characterzed. Both materials were subjected to 1.0 x 1010 rads of 1.0 MeV electron ir radiation, under vacuum, to simulate 30 years in geosynchronous orbit. Cyclic tests were performed at room temperature (75°F/24°C) and elevated temperature (250°F/121 °C) on 4-ply unidirectional laminates to characterize the effects associated with irradiation and elevated temperature. Both materials exhibited energy dissipation in their response at elevated temperature. The irradiated modified material also exhibited energy dissipation at room temperature. The combination of elevated temperature and irradiation resulted in the most severe effects in the form of lower proportional limits, and greater energy dissipation. Dynamic-mechanical analysis demonstrated that the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the standard material was lowered 70°F (39°C) by irradiation, whereas the Tg of the modified material was lowered 50°F (28°C) by irradiation. Thermomechanical analysis showed the occurrence of volatile products generated upon heating of the irradiated materials.
Interlaminar Shear Stresses in Composite Laminates Due to Static Indentation
Authors: Sankar Bhavani V.
Published: March 2007

Finite difference method is used to analyze the axisymmetric problem of smooth contact between a rigid indenter and a laminated circular plate clamped at the edges. The plate is assumed to be made up of transversely isotropic layers. The numerical study shows that interlaminar shear stresses in the vicinity of contact are much different from the laminate plate theory solutions, and that low-modulus surface layers and in terlayers can help in reducing the maximum interlaminar shear stresses due to static inden tation.
Delamination Resistance in Stitched and Unstitched Composite Plates Subjected to Impact Loading
Authors: Liu Dahsin
Published: March 2007

The delamination resistance of a composite plate subjected to low-velocity impact is dependent on the interlaminar strengths and the level of interlaminar stress. The former is strongly influenced by the material properties such as matrix toughness and fiber-matrix bonding strength while the latter can be affected by the specimen geometry and loading parameters. In this study, some thin composite plates were fabricated and sub jected to low-velocity impact. The delamination in every specimen was examined. Experi mental results revealed that the delamination area was proportional to the lamina thickness and the difference of fiber angle between adjacent laminae. A Mismatch Theory based on the difference of bending stiffness between adjacent laminae was used to interpret the cause of high interlaminar stress level. The effect of interlaminar strengths on the delami nation resistance was also discussed. It was found that through-the-thickness stitching could reduce the delamination area in a composite plate subjected to low-velocity impact as high as 40%.
An Experimental Comparison of Standard Test Methods for the Determination of Tensile, Compressive and Flexural Properties of "Kevlar" Fibre/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Rueda G. , Matthews F.L. , Godwin E.W.
Published: March 2007

This paper is one of a series describing work aimed at comparing and eval uating various standard methods for the mechanical testing of laminated composites. The work is based on test methods specified by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the British Standards Institution (BSI) and the Composites Research Advisory Group (CRAG). Previous papers [1,2] describe the use of these methods for testing carbon fibre and glass fibre reinforced plastics composites respectively. The current paper describes the extension of the earlier work to cover "Kevlar" fibre reinforced plastics (KFRP). Tests were made in tension, compression and flexure modes; the standard tests used here evaluated the strength and stiffness of the laminates studied. It was found that although the recommendations of the standards by the three institutes are broadly similar a number of substantial differences arose in the results.
Particulate and Whisker Modifications of Matrix Resin for Improved Toughness of Fibrous Composites
Authors: Jang B.Z. , Liau J.Y. , Hwang L.R. , Shih W.K.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical properties of continuous graphite fiber reinforced com posites containing filler modified epoxy matrix have been investigated. Modification of epoxy resin with either thermoplastic particulates or inorganic whiskers was proposed as an alternative to rubber-toughening for improving the impact resistance of fibrous compos ites. Addition of 5-15% by weight of thermoplastic powders in an epoxy resin increased the impact energy of the graphite-epoxy composites without sacrificing composite modu lus and strength properties. In the case of hybrid composites containing PVDF or PEEK thermoplastic particulates, the particle-matrix bonding was found to be relatively poor. This poor particle/matrix bonding did not appear to be detrimental to the impact energy absorbing capability of the fibrous composites. A uniform dispersion of either particulates or whiskers in the epoxy matrix was found to be essential to the achievement of balanced mechanical properties The failure mechanisms in various matrix-modified composites have also been evaluated based on their fracture morphologies as well as impact and flex ural properties.
Characterization of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics—A Unified Approach
Authors: Chow C.L. , Lu T.J.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a study conducted to examme the applicability of a unified approach of fatigue crack propagation (FCP) to include a short fiber composite (SFC), which is subjected to tensile cyclic stressing, undergoing generalized plasticity. The proposed approach expressed in the form of da/dN = C( ΔG) m/( Gc - Gmax) has recently been shown capable of characterizing a wide range of materials including mild steel, aluminium alloys, PMMA and PVC with a master FCP diagram. For plasticially loaded cracked members, the above formulation is generalized to be as da/dN = C(Δ J) m/( Jc - Jmax) and the difference between the J-integral range, Δ J, and the con ventional cyclic J-integral, Δ Jcycl, are elucidated The unified formulation is also shown to be derivable from the thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes, had the cracked surface area been taken as an internal state variable. The measured FCP rates for SFC together with two other polymeric materials, PMMA and PVC, are analyzed using the unified formulation and its validity for producing a master diagram is verified when all FCP data are successfully placed in one single line yielding a satisfactory coefficient of correlation of 0.987.
Nonlinear Analysis of Thick Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Laminated Plates in Cylindrical Bending
Authors: Gorji M.
Published: March 2007

The large deflection analysis (in the von Karman sense) is used to assess the effects of transverse shear deformation and bending-extension coupling on the behavior of antisymmetrically laminated, cross-ply plates under cylindrical bending. Solutions are presented for uniformly loaded simply supported and clamped plates.
The Effect of Embedded Sensors on the Strength of Composite Laminates
Authors: Kim Ki-Soo , Breslauer Menachem , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

In-plane compressive and three-point bend tests were performed to evalu ate the strengths of composite laminates containing embedded sensors. Unidirectional, cross-ply and quasi-isotropic specimens were fabricated using Fiberite T300/976 or Fiberite APC-2 unidirectional tape. A thermocouple or a strain gauge was embedded at the center of the specimen, and the in-plane compressive and bending strengths were measured. For comparison, the strengths of specimens without sensors were also mea sured. The data showed that the sensors had little effect on the strength.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Short Sisal Fiber Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene Composites
Authors: Joseph Kuruvilla , Thomas Sabu , Pavithran C.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic mechanical properties of low density polyethylene filled with isocyanate treated and untreated short sisal fiber composites were studied as a function of temperature and frequency. By the incorporation of short sisal fiber into LDPE, the stor age moduli ( E') and loss moduli ( E") increase, whereas the mechanical loss factor decreases. The effects of fiber-matrix adhesion on the viscoelastic properties of the com posites have been studied and it has been found that the increase in adhesion increases the storage modulus. The effects of fiber length, fiber orientation, and fiber loading on the dynamic mechanical properties have also been investigated. In all cases, storage moduli ( E') and loss moduli ( E") decrease with temperature and increase with fiber loading.
The Effect of Structural Inhomogeneity of Composite Laminates in Modeling the Impact Induced Deformation
Authors: Iarve E.V. , Haq I.U. , Soni S.R.
Published: March 2007

The impact response of a sixteen-layered cross-ply graphite/epoxy lami nate has been studied. The interlaminar stress components obtained by use of two different approaches are compared. The model based on accounting for the individual ply proper ties and the jumps of transverse strains on the interlaminar planes is compared to the model based on the effective properties. A good agreement (1-2% difference) for the inte grated response characteristics, like contact force history, is observed. The detailed re sponse characteristics, like maximum transverse shear stress components, may result in ±20% difference, depending upon the location and time moment at which the results are calculated. However, the interlaminar stress components computed by the two methods at a location close to the impact zone are almost identical.
Transverse Cracking and Stiffness Reduction in Composite Laminates
Authors: Yuan F.G. , Selek M.C.
Published: March 2007

A study of transverse cracking mechanism in composite laminates is pre sented using a singular hybrid finite element model. The model provides the global struc tural response as well as the precise local crack-tip stress fields. An elasticity basis for the problem is established by employing Lekhnitskii's complex variable potentials and method of eigenfunction expansion. Stress singularities associated with the transverse crack are obtained by decomposing the deformation into the symmetric and antisymmetric modes and proper boundary conditions. A singular hybrid element is thereby formulated based on the variational principle of a modified hybrid functional to incorporate local crack sin gularities. Axial stiffness reduction due to transverse cracking is studied. Numerical ex amples are illustrated for [0n/90m]s and [θn/90 m]s composite laminates with glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy. The results are shown to be in very good agreement with the existing experimental data. Comparison with simple shear lag analysis is also given. The effects of stress intensity factors and strain energy density on the increase of crack density are ana lyzed. The results reveal that the parameters approach definite limits when crack densities are saturated, an evidence of the existence of Characteristic Damage State (CDS).
Response Surface Methodology-A Useful Tool for the Optimization of Molecular Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of PP Composites
Authors: Sain M.M. , Kokta B.V.
Published: March 2007

Response surface design has been used to optimize the concentration of adhesion promoter in wood fiber-filled polypropylene composite in relation to maximiza tion of mechanical properties and thermal stability of modified composites. The method has also been used to find an empirical correlation between product composition and inter molecular bonding that has taken place due to the reactivity of itaconic anhydride modified polypropylene in the composite system studied. The adequency of the correlation is fur ther justified by FTIR and DSC results. The heat of fusion data of polypropylene in com posite which was used as a relative measure of change in degree of crystallinity in polypro pylene matrix, fairly explains the observed effects of response variables on degree of chemical bonding and mechanical properties. The controlled variables selected in design ing the experiment, however, suggests that a further study is needed in the higher concen tration range of wood fiber and modifier to optimize the cost and performance of product. Results in this study also revealed that a ridge analysis should be performed to find an unique extreme in the experimental region which will show the direction to proceed to find the optimum in further experimentation. Overall, this study demonstrated that response surface methodology could be used to find a quantitative correlation between composite composition and mechano-chemical properties.
Curing Residual Stresses and Failure Analysis in Composite Cylinders
Authors: Guemes J.A.
Published: March 2007

A method to predict the residual stress due to curing in thick or thin lami nated cylinders is presented, decoupling the stress analysis from the cure kinetics. The method employs a 3D elasticity solution, calculating in-plane and normal stresses. The results compare well with those obtained by a verified computer code (WINDTHICK), with a substantial savings in running time. Transient stresses during curing due to the non uniform through the thickness temperature distribution are also calculated. The risk of micro cracking and internal delaminations can then be evaluated.
The Effects of Fiber Form on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Springer George S. , Qiuling Wang  , Mccleary Sherri F.
Published: March 2007

Tests were conducted with continuous glass fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites that had different types of fiber reinforcements. Composites reinforced with either unidirectional, triaxial or random fibers were tested. The tensile and compressive strengths and moduli, the Iosipescu shear moduli, the short beam shear strengths, the mode I critical strain energy release rates, and the damage introduced by impact were measured. The results demonstrate the influence of fiber form on these properties and provide design guides for the use of different fiber forms.
New Policy Issues in Black Aging: a State and National Perspective
Authors: Stokesberry John
Published: March 2007

This article explores the author's early interest and involvement in services to minority elderly at both the state and national level while serving as Florida's Director of Aging and Adult Services. Activities of the Joint Task Force on Minority Affairs of the National Association of State Units on Aging and the National Association of Area Agencies on Aging are described Three main issue areas impacting our black elderly are examined -- economic issues, health care issues, and access to social services and housing. Each issue area is broken down into specific concerns and unmet needs. Several answers and/or solutions to address these concerns or meet the needs are discussed with special emphasis on the roles of both state and federal government responsibility in each area. Finally, some suggestions are offered for new program directions or possible pilot projects to improve and increase service delivery to this very unique and historically underserved population.
Ethnicity as a Resource for the Aged: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Simić Andrei
Published: March 2007

A common stereotype in much of the literature on aging is that the combination of old age and ethnicity places the individual in "double-jeopardy." However, what has been largely ignored are the many ways that ethnic affiliation pro vides a broad spectrum of social, cultural, psychological, and even economic resources, many of which remain invisible to the casual outside observer. This essay focuses on the nature of ethnicity in American culture and the positive role it can play in the lives of the elderly. It is particularly significant that ethnic sub-cultures may be able to suggest alternative solutions to many of the social problems associated with aging in our country.
Mental Health Issues for the Aging Mentally Retarded Population
Authors: Foelker George A. , Luke Edward A.
Published: March 2007

Aging mentally retarded persons are at risk of developing mental health difficulties. Problems in case detection, diagnosis, and the application of standard treatment interventions must be addressed to ensure quality mental health services to aging mentally retarded adults. Also highlighted are physiological/medical conditions which can further complicate the aging mentally retarded person's life adjustment.
Organizational Factors Affecting Growth and Decline in Adult Day-Care Programs: A Comparative Study
Authors: Luken Paul C. , Vaughan Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Data derived from a mailed questionnaire of adult day-care providers in Illinois and from the records of the Illinois Department on Aging for fiscal years 1984 and 1985 were analyzed to determine which factors affect growth or decline in the programs, measured in terms of number of clients served and units of service provided. Initial analysis revealed that all providers under contract with the state for less than 3 years were growing, and approximately one half of the older providers had similar changes. A separate regression analysis of the older adult day care providers indicated that growth tended to be positively associated with reports of good relationships with referral agents and resource support from umbrella organizations and the larger community, and negatively associated with longevity of the provider. These findings highlight the importance of supportive interorganizational relationships for program growth.
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms: Prevalence and Order of Appearance
Authors: Bayles Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

Primary caregivers of 115 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease completed a questionnaire about 25 behavioral symptoms and their order of appearance. The symptom list was derived from the behavioral characteristics described in the Global Deterioration Scale for quantifying severity of dementia. Of interest was the relation between symptom prevalence and appearance order. Using statistical techniques for correlating ranks, symptom prevalence was found to be highly predictive of average rank of appearance for all patients and the subgroup in whom the symptoms were reported. Results of an agglomerative cluster analysis provided no evidence of subpopulations of patients in whom symptom appearance differed markedly. Complaint of memory problems or memory-related deficits were four of the six most prevalent symptoms and complaint of memory problems was the first appearing symptom. Less prevalent and later- appearing symptoms included movement disorder, lack of awareness of surroundings, and incontinence.
Research and the Politics of Decision Making: Planning Services for Elders
Authors: Harlow Karen S.
Published: March 2007

Identification of the appropriate measures for determining levels of impairment and disability has emerged as a major challenge for the network on aging. Recommendations from the Pepper Commission as well as recent court decisions will increase pressures on state and area agencies to identify levels of impairment of activities of daily living (ADLs) as a trigger for eligibility for services and as a component of intrastate funding formulas. The use of different descriptors from the Supplement on Aging to the 1984 National Health Interview Survey as a basis for projecting future demand/need for services is discussed Each scenario presents a different political/ decision-making challenge for the network and for individual planners. Planners are encour aged to provide multiple models for decision making to assist the network in making service delivery decisions.
Federal Categorical Grants and Due Process Requirements: A Brief Examination of the Older Americans Act
Authors: Carlson William L.
Published: March 2007

With the pending 1991 reauthorization of the Older Americans Act, this article compares the due process requirements found in federal government-sponsored entitlement programs and those found in the Older Americans Act of 1965, as amended. Interestingly, the analysis notes a complete lack of individual rights protection in the Older Americans Act, a piece of landmark legislationfor the elderly. The article raises the question of whether there are "rights" protected under the due process interpretations in categorical grant programs where individual interests are denied for nonbudgetary reasons and suggests a role for state units on aging for protecting any such rights.
Older Rural Nonsurvivors: Their Prediction and Terminal Care
Authors: Kivett Vira R. , McCulloch B. Jan
Published: March 2007

This research reports on nonsurvivorship by comparing two groups of older rural adults: 138 survivors and 45 nonsurvivors from the third wave of a longitudinal study. They were part of a sample of 418 adults aged 65 and older, first interviewed in 1976. The purposes of these analyses were to examine (a) the predictors of nonsurvivorship to very old age, (b) the final health crises of rural nonsurvivors, and (c) the formal and informal supports addressing their terminal health needs. Average age at death was 83. Results showed that only minimal variance in nonsurvival to very old age could be predicted using standard demographic and psychological variables. The relative importance of predictors varied according to time of measurement (age). Terminal illnesses were similar in type to those of the general aging population. Final illnesses were usually multiple and lengthy, and deaths seldom occurred in the older rural adults' county of residence. Families usually caredfor older members without the assistance of formal supports except for a physician, who usually lived out of the county or in the adjoining state. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
Quality of Board and Care Homes Serving Low-Income Elderly: Structural and Public Policy Correlates
Authors: Reschovsky James D. , Ruchlin Hirsch S.
Published: March 2007

From data on 205 board and care homes that serve the poor elderly in seven states, structural and process variables were used to construct seven indexes covering dimensions of quality that contribute to the safety and quality of life of residents. Systematic differences were found in the indexes among homes of differing size and staffing patterns, as well as between proprietary and nonprofit facilities. For several dimensions of quality, state funding appears to result in improved quality. Overall, governmental regulatory policies did not significantly effect board and care home quality.
Persistent Elderly Poverty in Rural Appalachia
Authors: Rowles Graham D. , Johansson H. Kari
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the persistence of poverty among the elderly of rural Appalachia. A case study of current poverty levels in the 49 counties of Appalachian eastern Kentucky indicates continutng high levels of poverty, particularly among elderly women, in an environment characterized by limited resources. Demographic and economic change within the region threaten the continuing existence of traditional social and cultural buffers that, historically, have ameliorated the worst effects of poverty Such buffers include informal support systems and an egalitarian community ideology As the economic, social, and cultural context of poverty in the region changes due to increased integration in a national economic system and society, there is a need for a "new vision" that will provide a culturally appropriate, locally based, response to the structural conditions that perpetuate poverty among the elderly.
Differences in Types of Complaints and How They Were Resolved by Local Long-Term Care Ombudsmen Operating In/Not In Area Agencies on Aging
Authors: Huber Ruth , Netting F. Ellen , Kautz James R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the differences between types of complaints and how they are resolved in the context of whether local ombudsman programs are housed in Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs). Nine of Kentucky's 15 local ombudsman programs are housed in AAAs, while 6are subcontracted to non-AAA agencies. All complaints analyzed for this paper were received in the first year of a pilot study and reported on standardized forms. Results revealed significant differences by program auspice. Implications for the placement of ombudsmen programs are presented.
Community Integration of a Rural Nursing Home
Authors: Rowles Graham D. , Concotelli James A. , High Dallas M.
Published: March 2007

Based on an ethnographic case study of Mountain View, a rural nursing home, the stereotype of the nursing home as an environment separated from its community context is challenged. Participant observation and repeated in-depth semistructured interviews with residents, family members, and staff, over a period of two years, and interviews with community officials reveal that the nursing home is historically, economically, socially, and psychologically integrated within the local setting. A high level of community integration is manifest in the permeability of the walls of the facility. Many residents are able to retain strong ties within the community through trips outside the facility and as a result of community involvement in activities at the nursing home. Most important, the community integration of Mountain View allows residents to maintain a temporal continuity in their lives. High levels of community integration may enable nursing homes to play an expanded role in the rural long-term care continuum.
Criminal Justice: A Police Perspective
Authors: Arcuri Alan F.
Published: March 2007

Police have great latitude in the way they combat or fight crime. A policeman's discretion in vigorously enforcing certain laws while ignoring others may be colored by what, if anything, happens to the persons he arrests. Moreover, police attitudes toward lawyers and judges may reveal why there is a disparity between law enforcement expectations and practices.

The purpose of this brief study was twofold: to look at police views toward lawyers, judges, and local justice and to see if these attitudes affected theirjobs as policemen.
A Review and Perspective of HRD Programs in Corrections
Authors: Holder Todd
Published: March 2007

The correctionalfield is receiving criticism from all sectors of afrightened and angry society as the crime rate rises and offenders continue to be releasedfrom institutions with the same basic deficits which brought them there in the first place. Although billions of dollars have been spent in an attempt to make these institutions more effective, they have not harvested acceptable returns for the investment.

The Human Resource Development (HRD) model, developed by Dr. Robert Carkhuff and associates, has been tested in a variety of correctional settings across the country.

This model is based on the assumption that people make out "for better orfor worse" in life, depending on the quantity and quality adjustment skills that they possess in their repertoire. The offender is confined, basically, because he/she has deficits in these areas. Itfollows, therefore, that the more effective method of delivering these needed skills to offenders is to have qualified staff members fulfill the role of trainer of skills. In order to achieve this, the model suggests that the staff can be systematically selected and trained to first learn these life skills themselves and then to deliver them to offenders. A critical analysis of the research of the HRD model has been conducted. It shows that the rearrest! recidivism rates have been markedly decreased by training offenders in the physical, emotional, and intellectual skills areas.

Although the HRD model has demonstrated greater successes than programs to which it was compared, it claims to only accountfor a portion of the variance in the outcome of correctional programs. Many questions are still left un-answered in the pursuit of a comprehensive and functional model.
Examining the Impact of Professionalism on Cynicism, Role Conflict, and Work Alienation among Prison Guards
Authors: Poole Eric D. , Regoli Robert M.
Published: March 2007

The corrections literature is replete with themes of organizational conflict. Recent efforts to combat such conflict have been directed toward the professionalization of the custodial staff. This paper assesses the nature and extent of the linkage between professionalization on the one hand and cynicism, role conflict, and work alienation on the other.

Data for the project came from the responses of 179 prison guards working in two custody-oriented correctional institutions. Data were analyzed by means of multivariate regression techniques.

Generally, we found that professionalism does reduce each of the criterion variables, but in different ways. The paper concludes by relating the research findings to those reported elsewhere.
The Function of Juvenile Detention as Perceived by Referral Sources
Authors: Hughes Thomas R. , Reuterman Nicholas A. , McGibany Darrell L.
Published: March 2007

Limited research has suggested that confusion regarding the proper function of detention exists within the community. The public erroneously perceives the juvenile detention facility as providing either institutionalpunishment or treatment. It was hypothesized that this confusion extended to those law enforcement and social service personnel who referred youth to the detention facility. All individuals who made referrals to a Midwestern county detention facility for a given year were contacted and asked to indicate the main goals ofjuvenile detention. The results of this inquiry were analyzed both descriptively and with respect to selected independent variables, e.g., type ofposition and geographical location. The analysis confirmed the notion that education and training are needed among the referral agents and may be a problem generalizable to many jurisdictions in the United States.
Toward a Clarification of the Police Role as a Human Services Agency
Authors: Kennedy Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

Dating from the early 1970s the term "human services" has been applied to a variety of helping efforts. There has been little agreement, however, concerning either a comprehensive definition of human services or the professions and occupations which constitute their activities. The police are analyzed to determine the degree of their adherence to human services ideology which is defined to include systemic integration, comprehensiveness and accessibility, problems in living, generic helping characteristics, and accountability. To the extent that these themes are supported, the police may be properly regarded as a human services agency. Implications of this conclusion for both the police and for human services policy planners are considered.