bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grafting of montmorillonite nano‐clay with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate by atom transfer radical polymerization: Blends with poly(BuA‐co‐MMA)
Authors: Karesoja Mikko , Jokinen Harri , Karjalainen Erno , Pulkkinen Petri , Torkkeli Mika , Soininen Antti , Ruokolainen Janne , Tenhu Heikki
Published: May 2009

11‐(2‐Bromo‐2‐methyl)propionyl‐oxy‐undecyl trichlorosilane atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator was covalently attached on montmorillonite clay platelets via silylation reactions. The initiator clay was used to polymerize butyl acrylate (BuA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the clay surface. Polymerization was performed in bulk monomer solution or in DMSO. Polymer modified clay was mixed with a poly(BuA‐co‐MMA) matrix. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that clay modified in DMSO gave exfoliated composites when mixed with the matrix copolymer. Mechanical properties of the composites were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The results showed that the mechanical properties were improved as a function of clay content, as well with an increasing homogeneity of the nanocomposite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3086–3097, 2009
A photo‐oxidizable kinetic pathway of three‐component photoinitiator systems containing porphrin dye (Zn‐tpp), an electron donor and diphenyl iodonium salt
Authors: Kim Dongkwan , Stansbury Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2009

A series of kinetic experiments were conducted involving visible‐light activated free radical polymerizations with three‐component photoinitiators and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Three‐component photoinitiator systems generally include a light‐absorbing photosensitizer (PS), an electron donor and an electron acceptor. To compare kinetic efficiency, we used thermodynamic feasibility and measured kinetic data. For this study, 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenyl‐21H,23H‐porphyrin zinc (Zn‐tpp) and camphorquinone (CQ) were used as the PSs. The Rehm‐Weller equation was used to verify the thermodynamic feasibility for the photo‐induced electron transfer reaction. Using the thermodynamic feasibility, we suggest two different kinetic mechanisms, which are (i) photo‐reducible series mechanism of CQ and (ii) photo‐oxidizable series mechanism of Zn‐tpp. Kinetic data were measured by near‐IR spectroscopy and photo‐differential scanning calorimetry based on an equivalent concentration of excited state PS. We report that the photo‐oxidizable series mechanism using Zn‐tpp produced dramatically enhanced conversions and rates of polymerizations compared with those associated with the photo‐reducible series mechanism using CQ. It was concluded from the kinetic results that the photo‐oxidizable series mechanism efficiently retards back electron transfer and the recombination reaction step. In addition, the photo‐oxidizable series mechanism provides an efficient secondary reaction step that involves consumption of the dye‐based radical and regeneration of the original PS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3131–3141, 2009
Substituent effects in ethene/styrene copolymerization: Dormant state destabilization?
Authors: Theaker Giles W. , Morton Colin , Scott Peter
Published: May 2009

Homogeneous metallocene and CGC catalyzed copolymerizations of ethene (E) and various substituted styrenes are examined. It is found that those with p‐tert‐butylstyrene (TBS) occur with dramatically higher degrees of incorporation and overall productivity than those observed under the same conditions with styrene. It is argued that that the σ‐donating effect of the tert‐butyl substituent is responsible for this performance, effecting a destabilization of an otherwise dormant benzylic species following 2,1‐insertion of the styrene. It was found possible to produce what is essentially TBS‐alt‐E (44% TBS with no sequential TBS units) using a standard constrained geometry catalyst at impressively high productivity [1.5 × 106 g/(molTi.barE.h)] and unusually low concentration of TBS (0.7 M). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3111–3117, 2009
Feeding cessation effects of chlorantraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, in comparison with several insecticides in distinct chemical classes and mode‐of‐action groups
Authors: Hannig Greg T , Ziegler Melissa , Marçon Paula G
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide, efficacious for control of lepidopteran insect pests, as well as some species in the orders Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera. In this study, the speed of action of chlorantraniliprole was compared with that of seven commercial insecticides by means of ingestion bioassays against larvae of Plutella xylostella L., Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie).

RESULTS: Based on feeding cessation and reduction in feeding damage, chlorantraniliprole is among the fastest‐acting insecticides available for control of lepidopteran pests, comparable in speed of action with methomyl, lambda‐cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate, and faster than emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide and metaflumizone.

CONCLUSION: The speed of action of chlorantraniliprole against target pest species, based on time for feeding cessation and reduction in feeding damage, is significantly greater than that of most recently developed insecticides and comparable only with the speed of action of the fast‐acting carbamates and pyrethroids. In addition, chlorantraniliprole has a favorable toxicological and ecotoxicological profile. It belongs to a new chemical class with a novel mode of action and is effective against insect populations that have developed resistance to other insecticide groups, thus representing an attractive new tool for integrated pest management programs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of exposure to oxamyl, carbofuran, dichlorvos, and lindane on acetylcholinesterase activity in the gills of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Anguiano Gerardo A. , Amador Alejandro , Moreno‐Legorreta Manuel , Arcos‐Ortega Fabiola , Vazquez‐Boucard Celia
Published: May 2009

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been used to test the exposure of mollusk bivalves to pesticides and other pollutants. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a species with a worldwide distribution, and it has a high commercial value. The use of this species as a bioindicator in the marine environment, and the use of measurements of AChE activity in tissues of C. gigas require prior evaluation of organisms exposed to several toxic compounds in the laboratory. In our study, the effects of pesticides on AChE activity in the gills and mantle tissues of C. gigas were analyzed by exposing animals to organophosphate (dichlorvos), carbamate (carbofuran and oxamyl), and organochlorine (lindane) pesticides. Adult Pacific oysters were exposed to several concentrations (0.1–200 μM) of dichlorvos, carbofuran, and oxamyl for 96 h, and lindane (1.0 and 2.5 μM) was applied for 12 days. In gill tissues, all pesticides analyzed caused a decrease in AChE activity when compared to the control unexposed group. The mean inhibition concentration (IC50) values were determined for dichlorvos, carbofuran, and oxamyl pesticides. Dichlorvos had the highest toxic effect, with an IC50 of 1.08 μM; lesser effects were caused by oxamyl and carbofuran, with IC50s of 1.67 and 3.03 μM, respectively. This study reports the effects of pesticides with several chemical structures and validates measurement of AChE activity in the gill tissues of C. gigas for use in environmental evaluations or food quality tests. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 327–332, 2010.
Effects of exogenous GSH and methionine on methylation of inorganic arsenic in mice exposed to arsenite through drinking water
Authors: Jin Yaping , Zhao Fenghong , Zhong Yuan , Yu Xiaoyun , Sun Di , Liao Yingjun , Lv Xiuqiang , Li Gexin , Sun Guifan
Published: May 2009

We hypothesized that chronic exposure to arsenic would deplete the reduced glutathione (GSH) and methionine in vivo, thereby impair the methylation capacity of inorganic arsenic (iAs) ingested. Our experiment was designed to explore the effects of exogenous GSH and methionine on arsenic methylation in mice exposed to arsenite via drinking water. Levels of iAs, monomethylarsenic acid (MMAs), and dimethylarsenic acid (DMAs) in the liver and blood were determined by the method of hydride generation coupled with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Compared with mice exposed to arsenite alone, administration of GSH or methionine increased the secondary methylation index in the liver and primary methylation index in the blood, which resulted in the consequent increase of DMAs percent and decrease of iAs percent in the blood. Moreover, administration of GSH resulted in the increase of DMAs percent in the liver and total arsenic in the blood. Increase of total arsenic in the blood was mainly due to the increase of DMAs. Findings from the present study suggested that administration of GSH or methionine might potentiate the methylation capacity of arsenic in both liver and extrahepatic tissues, which may facilitate the excretion of arsenic and decrease arsenic related toxicities in the body. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 361–366, 2010.
Performance evaluation of utility‐based scheduling schemes with QoS guarantees in IEEE 802.16/WiMAX systems
Authors: Pitic Razvan , Serrelli Federico , Redana Simone , Capone Antonio
Published: May 2009

One of the most important benefits that WiMAX technology brings, the ability to provide differentiated quality of service (QoS) guarantees, could also prove to be the largest problem for system designers, because scheduling mechanisms able to cope with these demands have not been explicitly defined in the standard. In order to facilitate the understanding of how various scheduling schemes perform in a real system, we present here a detailed performance evaluation of some utility‐based scheduling algorithms, covering aspects like fairness and QoS provisioning. Through a series of extensive simulations, we analyse the ability of the scheduling schemes considered to strike a balance between fairness among users, or more restrictively, user QoS requirement satisfaction, and system efficiency maximization. Further, we show how several simple algorithms could be used as building blocks, constructing a powerful mechanism that allows the system designer to obtain any desired system behaviour, or even to dynamically change from one profile to another, depending on specific network‐related conditions. More specifically, by combining the benefits of proportional fair (PF) scheduling with the highly desirable system capacity maximization, and also taking into account a peak‐to‐average (PTA) channel quality metric, we are able to define a rule that outperforms traditional scheduling schemes, copes with various network conditions and provides graceful service degradation. Our results indicate that, by exploiting the intrinsic properties of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) as well as the mechanisms of the WiMAX system that are not regulated by the standard, one could increase the system efficiency, while fully respecting the QoS guarantees imposed. The use of algorithms that provide graceful performance degradation is highly advisable, in order to be able to employ a non‐conservative call admission control (CAC) mechanism, which further improves the overall spectral efficiency by maintaining the system close to saturation at all times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quandary of a Missing Stone
Authors: Parekh P. , Modi S. , Cheema Z. , Patel R. , Morris S.
Published: May 2009

Unenhanced low dose CT of the kidneys, ureters and bladder (CT KUB) is considered to be the gold standard investigation for suspected renal stone disease providing information regarding size, location of stones and renal anatomy [1]. We report a case where due to the presence of movement artefact on CT KUB, surgical planning was inaccurate.
An anticoagulant peptide from the human hookworm, Ancylostoma duodenale that inhibits coagulation factors Xa and XIa
Authors: Gan Weiqiong , Deng Li , Yang Chen , He Qingfeng , Hu Jingjing , Yin Huan , Jin Xian , Lu Chengyu , Wu Yamin , Peng Lifei
Published: May 2009

A full‐length cDNA encoding an anticoagulant peptide, named AduNAP4, was cloned and identified from the human hookworm Ancylostoma duodenale. AduNAP4 has 104 amino acids including a predicted 23‐residue signal peptide and shows ⩽50% similarity with other known nematode anticoagulant protein/peptide (NAP). AduNAP4 is extremely efficient at prolonging the activated partial thromboplastin time, and is an inhibitor of both fXa (K
i
= 7.34 ± 1.74 nM) and fXIa (K
i
= 42.45 ± 3.25 nM). No fXIa inhibitor has previously been described from other blood‐feeding animals. Our results suggest that hookworms have evolved a potent mechanism that interferes with coagulation by inhibition of fXIa to facilitate its blood‐feeding lifestyle.
The Practice of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in subSaharan Africa and Antarctica: A White Paper or a Black Mark?
Authors: Haig Andrew J. , Im Jonathan , Adewole Ayodeji , Nelson Virgina S. , Krabak Brian ,   The International Rehabilitation Forum Commission on Physiatry in subSaharan Africa
Published: May 2009

Objective

The medical specialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) has had a proven impact on persons with disability and on health care systems. Documents such as The White Book on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine in Europe have been important in defining the scope of practice within various regions. However, on some continents, the practice has not been well defined.

Design

To explore the practice of PM&R in subSaharan Africa and Antarctica.

Methods

Medline searches, membership data searches, fax survey of medical schools, Internet searches, and interviews with experts.

Results

The continents are dissimilar in terms of climate and government. However both Antarctica and subSaharan Africa have no PM&R training programs, no professional organizations, no specialty board requirements, and no practicing physicians in the field. Because there are no known disabled children on Antarctica and adults are airlifted to world‐class health care, the consequences of this deficit are minimal there. However, the 788,000,000 permanent residents of subSaharan Africa, including approximately 78 million persons with disability, are left unserved.

Conclusions

Antarctica is doing fine. Africa is in a crisis. Local medical schools, hospitals doctors, and persons with disability; along with foreign volunteers, aid groups, and policymakers can impact the crisis. However government—specifically national ministries of health—is ultimately responsible for the health and wellbeing of citizens.
Do Stroke Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage Have a Better Functional Outcome Than Patients With Cerebral Infarction?
Authors: Katrak Pesi H. , Black Deborah , Peeva Victoria
Published: May 2009

Objective

To compare the functional outcome of stroke patients with cerebral infarction (CI) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after rehabilitation.

Design

Review of a prospectively maintained database of all stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation unit during a 9.5‐year period.

Setting

Rehabilitation unit in a university hospital in Australia.

Patients

A total of 718 consecutive stroke admissions (589 CI and 129 ICH) who met the inclusion criteria.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measurements

Functional Independence Measure (FIM) gain, FIM efficiency, Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) change, gait velocity, and discharge destination.

Results

Patients who had ICH were more severely disabled on admission compared with patients who had CI and achieved a greater functional improvement with rehabilitation, ie, a greater FIM efficiency and a greater MAS change. Admission FIM score, admission MAS score, and length of stay were significant explanatory variables for the discharge FIM and FIM gain in both ICH and CI patients. On general linear model analyses, stroke type remained a significant explanatory factor for FIM gain, after adjusting for admission FIM, length of stay, age, and days from stroke onset to rehabilitation admission, ie, stroke patients with ICH obtained a better functional outcome than patients with CI. Admission motor FIM, admission MAS, younger age, and increasing length of stay were independent predictors for FIM gain and discharge FIM for both CI and ICH groups. Admission cognitive FIM score predicted discharge FIM for both the CI and ICH groups and FIM gain in the ICH group but was not a predictor of FIM gain for the CI group. The majority of patients in both groups went home at discharge.

Conclusions

Although patients with ICH had a greater level of disability on admission to rehabilitation, they achieved significantly greater gains in function than patients with CI after rehabilitation. This was found regardless of the severity of disability on admission.
The Red Colour of Salted Meat. (One Figure in the Text.)
Authors: Haldane John
Published: May 2009

When fresh meat, or blood, is boiled the colour changes from the red of oxyhaemoglobin to a dull, brownish colour. The change of colour is due to splitting up of oxyhaemoglobin into coagulated proteid and haematin, which are precipitated. The dark colour of haematin, mixed with the white of coagulated proteid, gives the dull brown. When, however, meat has been salted, it has a characteristic red colour when cooked. It is evident, therefore, either that ordinary haematin is not split off from the oxyhaemoglobin, or that the colour of the haematin is masked by the presence of another pigment.
Studies in Relation to Malaria II. (Cont.) The Structure and Biology of Anopheles (Anopheles maculipennis)
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Shipley Arthur E.
Published: May 2009

The larva about to turn into a pupa comes to rest, the thoracic region becomes swollen, and the pupa gradually issues through a dorsal slit in the larval cuticle, which is ultimately thrown off with all its exterior chitinous appendages as well as those parts of the spiracles etc. which are superfluous.
The Histamine-Sensitizing Property ofHaemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Maitland H. B. , Kohn R. , MacDonald A. D.
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

Mice and rats which are normally resistant to histamine become more susceptible to its lethal action after an injection ofH. pertussis. This so-called sensitization to histamine is not an anaphylactic phenomenon. It is due to the action of a component ofH. pertussis, the histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF), which in some unknown way overcomes the physiological mechanism in rats and mice that makes them more resistant than other species to histamine. Guinea-pigs which appear not to possess this mechanism and are about 200-fold more susceptible, weight for weight, than rats and mice, were not made more sensitive byH. pertussis.

After a stated dose of vaccine, sensitization was detectable in 48 hr., reached a maximum in 3–4 days, remained at this level for about 2 weeks and gradually disappeared. The effects of dosage, route of injection, and weight and sex of mice have been examined.

The HSF was found in strains ofH. pertussis; it was not found inH. parapertussis, H. bronchisepticusorH. influenzae. It was only slightly affected by heating at 70° C. for 1 hr. but was destroyed at 80° C. in ½ hr. It was destroyed when bacteria were disintegrated by shaking with glass beads, or by grinding after being freeze-dried. It was found in the supernatant fluid of a partially autolysed vaccine.

HSF was antigenic. Antisera were prepared in rabbits. Anti-HSF combined with HSF and neutralized its histamine-sensitizing activity. Bacteria treated with antiserumin vitroabsorbed anti-HSF and did not thereafter sensitize mice.

Antiserum protected mice passively against the sensitizing action of vaccine, presumably by combining with HSF. After sensitization had developed the sensitive state was not affected by antiserum.

Although HSF is an antigen there was no indication that histamine-sensitization was due to its antigenicity.

The HSF was differentiated from heat-labile and heat-stable toxin, haemagglutinin, capsular material and agglutinogen.

The preparation V 17, which is a small fraction of the disintegrated bacteria, adsorbed on red cell stromata (Pillemeret al.1954) had a high histamine-sensitizing value. Compared with whole bacterial vaccine it caused little production of agglutinin in mice; in rabbits it caused a slower and smaller production of agglutinin and a faster and greater production of anti-HSF. For this reason immune rabbit sera may have a high agglutinin titre and a low anti-HSF value or vice versa. Anti-HSF rabbit serum protected mice against sensitization by V 17.

Vaccines could be graded according to their histamine-sensitizing activity. This did not always correspond to their grading by agglutinin production in mice. The relation of HSF to the immunizing antigen ofH. pertussisand the use of histamine-sensitization to indicate the immunizing potency of pertussis vaccines are discussed.

We wish to thank Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. for the supply of reference vaccine, and the Whooping Cough Immunization Committee of the Medical Research Council for vaccines and sera.
The Experimental Pathogenicity in Mice of Strains ofProteusof Animal Origin
Authors: Phillips J. E.
Published: May 2009

1. Strains ofProteusderived from animals produced septicaemia in mice when given in large doses intravenously, but smaller doses caused necrotic lesions in the kidneys. The organisms failed to produce kidney lesions when administered intra-peritoneally or subcutaneously but did cause septicaemia.

2. Killed suspensions ofProteusfailed to induce kidney lesions.

3. Strain differences in pathogenicity were found, some strains producing naked-eye lesions in the kidney, others giving microscopic changes only in this organ; of those strains which caused no changes in the kidney tissue, some persisted for several days and others were eliminated rapidly.

4. The mechanism of this localization in the kidney is discussed.

The writer wishes to thank Dr A. Wilson Taylor and Prof. R. Lovell for their advice and helpful suggestions and Mr R. Hood for the photographs.
A Study ofCandida AlbicansAgglutinins in Human Sera
Authors: Winner H. I.
Published: May 2009

Sera of 2017 subjects were tested by the slide-agglutination method for the presence of agglutinins toCandida albicans. 638 (31·6%) were positive, and more females than males had positive sera.

The results are reported of quantitative agglutinin estimations in 501 subjects, 121 of whom were known to be infected withC. albicans.

The significance ofC. albicansagglutinins is discussed.
The Geographical Distribution of Anopheles and Malarial Fever in Upper Palestine
Authors: Cropper John
Published: May 2009

The observations here recorded were made, for the most part, during a journey through Upper Palestine and Lower Syria, in June and July, 1901. The country traversed is indicated upon the accompanying map. Its character is so well known as not to need detailed description, being for the most part very hilly and rocky or level plain.
A new Acid-Fast Streptothrix, Pathogenic to Man and Animals
Authors: Birt C. , Leishman W. B.
Published: May 2009

The numerous additions to the group of Streptothrices which have been recently made, and the close resemblance which the majority of these newly described forms bear to one another, render it by no means an easy task to assure oneself that a freshly isolated member of this group is one that has not previously been met with and described. A curious fact also, which soon strikes anyone who investigates the literature relating to this group of micro-organisms, is that in very few of these has the particular form described by one author been met with by another. While great interest to the bacteriologist naturally attaches to any new species, whatever its source, the group of those which are pathogenic in their action on man, on animals, or on both, are, ipso facto, of more general importance. To this last category belongs the new member of the group which we have isolated from a fatal case of lung disease and pericarditis in man.
The Cultivation of Trypanosomata
Authors: Smedley Ralph D
Published: May 2009

Tr. Lewisi has been cultivated by me for nine generations, the duration of cultivation extending over a period of nine months. The culture is still alive and is now in its tenth generation. A culture of Tr. Brucei was cultivated through three generations for a period slightly exceeding eighty days. These cultural experiments, however, in no way compare, in duration of time, with those of Novy and McNeal, who have cultivated Tr. Lewisi through twenty-six generations in two years, and Tr. Brucei through twenty-seven generations in eight months. Nagana trypanosomes degenerate rapidly in cultures and then become non-virulent, but a culture of Tr. Lewisi retains its infectivity for rats for a long period. From the study of well stained preparations it has been found that the cultural forms of the rat trypanosome differ considerably from those of the adult parasite found in the blood. The chief points of difference are: (1) The trypanosome is exceedingly motile and is generally spindle-shaped. (2) The centrosome is placed anteriorly. (3) The flagellum is very long and active and has but a short intracellular course, in consequence of the position of the centrosome, from which it arises. (4) No undulating membrane is apparent. (5) The trypanosomes form colonies, which ultimately contain many thousands of individuals. The flagella of the latter are directed centrally. In rats, infected with cultures of Tr. Lewisi, the usual forms of parasite appear. The cultural forms of Tr. Brucei resemble the trypanosomes found in the blood, but are more active. The chief points of difference, viz. development of two or more vacuoles and numerous granules and sometimes the breaking up of the chromatin of the nucleus, are probably due to degeneration. The colonies, found in cultures of Tr. Brucei, consist of a comparatively small number of trypanosomes, which are arranged irregularly or with their flagella directed peripherally. The differences between cultures of Tr. Lewisi and Tr. Brucei are summarised on page 43.
A New Pathogenic Bacillus isolated from an Enlarged Prostate Gland
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S.
Published: May 2009

During my bacteriological investigations on the enlarged prostate gland which I am carrying out in conjunction with Mr Cuthbert Wallace, I have isolated a bacillus which presents the following characteristics and which appears to be, so far as I can ascertain, an organism which has not previously been met with.
XXVII. Report on experiments undertaken to discover whether the common domestic animals of India are affected by plague
Authors: Bannerman W. B. , Kápadiâ R. J.
Published: May 2009

In a report on plague in Hongkong submitted to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in December 1902, Professor Simpson 2 says (p. 8) “The experiments undertaken demonstrate that pigs, calves, buffaloes, sheep, hens, ducks, geese, turkeys and pigeons are, in addition to rats, susceptible to plague, and particularly so when fed with plague material.” He points out that these experiments have a twofold importance for the Health Officer, viz.
Bile Salt Media and their advantages in some Bacteriological Examinations
Authors: MacConkey Alfred T.
Published: May 2009

Bile salt media have been in use since 1900, and during the seven years which have elapsed it has been shown that B. typhosus, B. enteritidis (Gaertner), B. coli communis and similar organisms grow on these media just as well as on any other nutrient media. At 37°C. the growth of most of the organisms of the air and soil is inhibited by bile salt media.

These media can therefore be used with confidence for the isolation of B. typhosus and other intestinal organisms.
Microorganisms and their Relation to Fever
Authors: Hort E. C. , Penfold W. J.
Published: May 2009

It appears to be widely believed that the fever of infective disease is due to absorption of phyrogenetic substances liberated from dead microorganisms by a combuined process of lysis and extraction in the body of the infected subject. The diffusion of products of the action of bacterial autolytic enzymes on microorganisms after their destruction by the defensive agencies of the body is a variant on the same theme. Closely allied are the theories of protein fever, and of anaphylactic fever, in so far as they relate to the supposed possession by microorganisms, or their split products, of pyrogenetic properties. The absorption of alien protein, or of derivatives of alien protoplasm, from organisms that are dead, is, in short, the essential feature of this conception of fever production.
An Account of a Glanders-like Disease occurring in Rangoon
Authors: Whitmore A.
Published: May 2009

The opportunities of a pathologist at a large Eastern Hospital are many; but his time for research work is short, and his conveniences are few. I, therefore, feel that we, at the Laboratory of the Rangoon General Hospital, are more than usually fortunate to be able to give, within the first two years of the official existence of the Laboratory, an account of a strange disease. Doubtless it is to chance that we owe the first discrimination of the disease; but I hope that it has been by accurate observation and precise experiment that we have sought to fulfil our knowledge. The guidance and application of our observations have been my care, and upon me rests the responsibility for the accuracy of our work; but the work itself has been carried out entirely by my assistants, and to them belongs the credit for the zeal and patient perseverance with which the task has been performed.
Studies in the Meaning and Relationships of Birth and Death Rates. V. On the difficulty that in applying the laws of physical chemistry to life processes, indices occur which suggest the actions of fractions of a molecule
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: May 2009

In a large number of cases the curves which describe the rate at which ferments, antibodies, etc., disappear in the body accord in form with the equations of physical chemistry, but not so as to be readily interpretable. If one molecule, two molecules, etc., take part in a reaction then it is clear that the indices in the equations must bear certain relations to whole numbers. Failure to conform to these relations seems at first sight to imply that a fraction of a molecule takes part in a reaction, but this is not necessarily the case. Such a failure has been found to appear when the curves of many vital phenomena, e.g. the disappearance of agglutins in an organism, are fitted to physico-chemical equations. A possible meaning, however, can easily be seen.
The Mechanism of the Agglutination Reaction
Authors: Priestley Henry
Published: May 2009

Since Gruber and Nicolle expressed the opinion that the agglutination of bacteria by specific immune sera was due to the surfaces of the bacteria becoming viscous under the influence of the specific sera, many theories have been advanced aiming at a more complete explanation of the reaction. Bordet (1899) considered that the agglutinins by uniting with the agglutinable substances lead to changes in molecular attraction between the elements affected, either as among themselves, or between them and the surrounding fluid. He distinguished the two phases of the reaction, (1) the interaction between the agglutinin and the bacteria, and (2) the agglomeration of the bacteria.
Observations on East African Bacillary Dysentery
Authors: Pirie J. H. Harvey
Published: May 2009

Fifty-six cases examined for Dysentery bacilli. All save one were clinically dysentery, and all save two were negative for amoebae and other protozoa.

Twenty cases (35·7%) yielded dysentery-like bacilli.

From these twenty cases thirty-six organisms were isolated and studied. Of these—

Six corresponded with no familiar pathogenic organism.

Six resembled B. Shiga. Two agreed completely both by fermentation and agglutination. One also gave typical fermentation and agglutination results but was at first a motile organism, although in later generations it became non-motile. The other three are less definitely Shiga bacilli.

Five were mannite-fermenting organisms but only one agreed very closely in its fermentation reactions with B. Flexner and it was not agglutinated by Flexner serum.

Sixteen cultures from ten separate cases corresponded closely with Morgan's bacillus.

Eight of these agreed completely in their characters with Morgan's No. 1 bacillus.

Three differed only from Morgan's No. 1 in being non-motile.

Five presented characters intermediate between those of Morgan's No. 1 and Bowman's “Bac. S.”

Of six cases yielding Morgan's bacillus, agglutination with the patient's own serum was positive in five.

Three cultures showed affinities with the Bac. enteritidis.

Polyvalent anti-dysenteric serum treatment tried on a considerable number of cases was a complete failure.
On Factors Limiting the Extent of the Concentration of Antitoxic Sera by the Fractional Precipitation Methods at present employed
Authors: Homer Annie
Published: May 2009

The following conclusions of practical value to those engaged in serum concentration can be drawn from the experimental work described above:

(1) An end product containing not more than 20% of protein and having a potency of 8 or 10 times that of the original can be obtained as a matter of routine where the pooled antidiphtheritic sera has a unitage not greater than 500, and where the heat denaturation is of the order of 40%.

(2) By the fractional precipitation methods at present employed for the concentration of antitoxic sera for therapeutic use the degree of concentration of high potency sera cannot be taken beyond the limit of about 22,500 units of antitoxin per gramme of protein in the end product.
Note on the Prevalence of Anopheles
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper a record of the distribution of Anopheles in Great Britain was given, the localities mentioned including Cambridge and the surrounding country. Since 1901, Anopheles imagines have been searched for in cellars and houses during the winter, in places where they were known to congregate. During the summer a yearly search for larvae was made in various collections of water in the vicinity of Cambridge with a view to securing material for purposes of study and instruction. It appears worthy of note that there has been a notable decrease in the number of imagines caught in cellars, etc. in the winter months. The insects were fairly numerous in my own house during 1901–1902, as many as 60–100 being found hibernating in the cellar. In 1903–1904 there were fewer, only about 6 being caught. Not a single imagine has been caught in the house since that winter. Whereas Anopheles were frequently caught in houses during 1901–1903 in the warmer months, very few were encountered in 1904, and I have not found a single specimen this year. The common Anopheles in this region is A. maculipennis, as I have already recorded, A. bifurcatus being less frequently encountered. Apparently corresponding results have to be recorded with regard to Anopheles' larvae. These were certainly very numerous during the period 1900–1903, and they have become scarcer since, being apparently quite absent in certain waters where they formerly abounded. That the Anopheles are not extinguished is certain, for I have found a few larvae (A. maculipennis) in the river Cam this summer, and my friend Mr Pearce has brought me an imago from Grantchester (close to Cambridge), in addition to larvae of A. bifurcatus which must have hibernated there. Hibernating larvae of this species have twice been found by me since I first recorded their presence about Cambridge.
The Influence of High Air Temperatures No. I
Authors: Haldane J. S.
Published: May 2009

The aim of the following investigations was to ascertain the limits within which men can continue to exist normally, and to work, when the air temperature is abnormally high: also to study the abnormal phenomena which are produced when these limits are exceeded.
On the Cause of Death as determined by microscopical examination in three animals killed in the course of “Saturation” tests
Authors: Gibson A. G.
Published: May 2009

In a paper by Capt. Ainley Walker in this Journal1 reference is made to three experiments on three rabbits killed by the “saturation” method of Lieut.-Colonel Gordon which consists in injecting into the auricular vein slope cultures of organisms in massive does at frequent intervals. The organisms used in the present experiments were the Meningococcus, B. typhosus, and Sarcina lutea. Capt. Ainley Walker has handed over to me the organs of the rabbits used for histological examination as to any evidence that might exist of the cause of death. The organs had all been fixed in alcohol. Portions of each were cut out and embedded in the usual way in paraffin. The sections made were stained by haematoxylin and eosin and by such other methods as the appearances suggested. It will be best to set out in detail the features of each organ and then to summarise the whole at the end.
The Bacterial Content of the Air in Army Sleeping Huts, with especial reference to the Meningococcus
Authors: Eagleton A. J.
Published: May 2009

Experiments I–VIII.

I shows that under the conditions shown the plates were covered with innumerable colonies 7 feet above ground level to ground level. The beds and trestles were used to keep the hut always uniform.

II shows that 8 feet above ground, i.e. on top of the crossbeams, the same conditions obtain.

III, IV, V, and VI show that the same condition exists in the area between the beds or trestles. The beds make no difference, better or worse.

VII shows practically the same condition high up on the beam between the beds. The inverted plates naturally show less colonies, as the organisms mostly fall on to the plates.

VIII confirms the above.

There is only one conclusion to draw from these experiments, and that is that practically speaking there is no difference in the number of organisms on the ground floor and 8 feet above it, in the ordinary men’s sleeping huts, Barrack Design 230/14.
The Diets of Labouring Class Families during the course of the War
Authors: Ferguson Margaret
Published: May 2009

1. Throughout the war the food value of the dietaries investigated with one exception showed great constancy, temporary shortage of certain commodities being compensated for by the greater use of others, especially of flour.

2. The food consumed was determined much more by the income and dietary habits of the families than by the restrictions imposed by rationing. The marked variations in the energy value of one dietary from time to time (normally a generous one) were directly caused by changes of income.

3. The children of three families were markedly below the average in height and weight. As the energy available in the food of these families only averaged 40 per cent. above their basal requirements calculated according to age and body surface, it seems probable that the interruption of growth had been caused by an insufficient supply of food.

4. A fourth family had at two periods of study an equally low intake of energy, but during the other two studies had at least 100 per cent. above the basal energy requirements. As the children were normal in development, growth was apparently unchecked by the temporary periods of food shortage.
A Technique for Measuring the Excretion of Bacilli of the Enteric Group in the Faeces of Infected Mice
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Ayrton Joyce
Published: May 2009

In recent studies on experimental epidemiology, and especially in a series of reports by Webster (1922, 1923a, b, c, d, e, f and g),attempts have been made to standardise certain of the factors concerned in the spread of bacterial infection among mice. One such factor is dosage, to which great importance has been attached by Amo⋅s (1922aandb) and also, though to a somewhat less extent, by Webster, whose later work leads him to emphasise the importance of host-susceptibility in determining the form of the epidemic wave. Webster would appear to regard variations in dosage as decisive, in the sense that an effective dose must be applied; but once the critical limit of dosage is exceeded he would give first place to host-susceptibility in determining the subsequent course of events.
The Life and Scientific Work of Arthur William Bacot
Authors: Greenwood Major
Published: May 2009

Arthur William Bacot was born in London on April 28th, 1866, the third son and fourth child of Edmund Alexander and Harriet Bacot.
A Further Note on Natural and Experimental Plague in Tarbagans
Authors: Lien-Teh Wu
Published: May 2009

Towards the end of May, 1923, we received information of two fatal cases of bubonic plague in man, one near Yakoshih (a village on the Chinese Eastern Railway, 168 miles east of Manchouli), and the other at Haranor (in Transbaikalia, 52 miles west of Manchouli); both victims were Russians who had hunted tarbagans and afterwards developed axillary buboes.
The use of Hypochlorites as a Sterilising Agent for Dairy Utensils
Authors: Hoy W. A. , Rennie. Janet R. L.
Published: May 2009

Since disinfectants containing hypochlorites have been used for the sterilisation of dairy utensils, and it has been claimed that such disinfectants are more efficient than steam sterilisation, it seemed advisable to study the question in the interests of the Milk Industry. The efficiency of three proprietary disinfectants (A, B and C) has, therefore, been investigated.
Mule Spinners' Cancer: the Time necessary for its Production
Authors: Henry S. A.
Published: May 2009

In view of the number of cases of epidermal cancer, especially cancer of the scrotum, which have occurred amongst cotton mule spinners within recent years, constituting this the foremost occupational cancer in our country, it may be opportune to investigate the exact duration of employment in the mule rooms that would seem to be necessary before the disease manifests itself. How long must the individuals be exposed to the action of the cancerinducing influence before the cancerous response is elicited? The Departmental Committee on Mule Spinners' Cancer having found that the “influence” or agent in this case is mineral oil, which Leitch has proved experimentally to have cancer-producing properties, how long does it take to act?
The Small-flaking or “O” Agglutination of Permanent Standardised “O” Suspensions ofB. typhosusby the Serums of Normal, Inoculated and Infected Persons
Authors: Gardner A. D.
Published: May 2009

(1) The concentration of small-clumping (O) typhoid agglutinin in the serums of a group of recently inoculated persons was found to be, on an average, distinctly higher than that of a group of uninoculated persons.

Additional proof that this is the result of the inoculation is given by tracing the curve of production of “O” agglutinin in a healthy adult immediately after inoculation.

(2) The serums of healthy persons show a moderate but extremely variable power of clumping typhoid “O” suspensions. Expressed as a titre, the normal limit varies between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200, according to the sensitiveness of the suspension used. Expressed in standard units of “O” agglutinating power the normal limit is 10 standard “O” units.

(3) Methods of preparation of permanent suspensions for the estimation of “O” agglutinin are discussed and Felix's recommendation of the alcohol method is confirmed. The agglutinability standardisation of suspensions of this kind is described.

(4) Broth suspensions treated with 0·1 per cent, formalin, such as are used for the ordinary Widal reaction, are shown to be capable of detecting “O” agglutinin, but to be less suitable for its estimation than alcohol suspensions.

(5) The place of small-clumping “O” agglutination in the diagnosis of typhoid fever is discussed, and a method of performing the combined “H” and “O” test in inoculated persons is suggested, wherein a compromise is effected between the customary quantitative measurement and Felix's qualitative “one-dilution” method.
Investigations on Sterilisation by Steam: A New Principle for the Sterilisation by Vaporable Disinfectants
Authors: Clemmesen Svend
Published: May 2009

(1) A modern pressure steam steriliser is thoroughly tested systematically.

(2) The experiences gained by the different methods employed are compared.

(3) It is shown that if steam is forced through the objects to be sterilised, the penetration through and the heating of the materials are practically effected in the time it takes to fill the oven. A bucket containing four surgeons' smocks and placed in accordance with the new principle, is thus heated in 5 minutes from 24° C. to 126° C. in all layers, by steam at 134° C. (2 atm. pressure). The same bucket placed in current steam at 134° C. with space for the steam to stream round about the bucket, as in ordinary sterilisers, is to be steamed for 40 minutes to get the thermometers in the contents to register over 125° C. In the first case, the samples of earth used are sterile after 5 minutes, in the second, after 30 minutes.

(4) In a series of orientating and purely provisional experiments, it is also proved that a smock bucket can be sterilised throughout at a low temperature, by formaldehyde-aqueous vapours, when these are sucked through the smocks, in accordance with the new principle.
Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Glasgow Royal Infirmary
Authors: Faulds John Steven
Published: May 2009

Recently conflicting statements have been published in various countries on the prevalence and increased mortality from cancer, i.e. malignant disease in general. Statistics show a definite upward trend in the annual death rate from cancer, but opinions differ as to whether the increased mortality represents the actual increase in the incidence of the disease or is explained by such factors as the increased average age at death, improved methods of diagnosis and more careful records of the cause of death.