bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Aspergillus tubingensis strains responsible for OTA contamination in grapes and wine based on the acyl transferase domain of a polyketide synthase gene
Authors: López‐Mendoza María Carmen , Crespo‐Sempere Ana , Martínez‐Culebras Pedro Vicente
Published: October 2009

Restriction digestion analysis of the acyl transferase (AT) domain sequences of a polyketide synthase (PKS) gene was tested as a rapid method to identify isolates of Aspergillus tubingensis from grapes. Restriction endonuclease digestion of PKS products using the endonucleases BccI, HaeIII, HpaII, MboI and TaqI distinguished five types of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Ochratoxigenic isolates were only identified within RFLP‐types I and III. The RFLP assay is proposed as a rapid and easy method to identify A. tubingensis isolates from grapes. Amino acid sequences of AT domains from representative A. tubingensis isolates of the RFLP types obtained were aligned and analysed using phylogenetic methods. A comparison was also made with reference strains of Aspergillus section Nigri. Most of the A. tubingensis strains clustered into two distinct groups Gr1 and Gr2 with the exception of two isolates that remained unclustered. These results support the intraspeficific variability within A. tubingensis species reported using other techniques.
Development of a simple model based on chemical kinetics parameters for predicting respiration rate of carambola fruit
Authors: Duan Hua‐Wei , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Hu Chang‐Ying
Published: October 2009

The respiration model was parameterised with experimental data obtained at temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C by the closed system. Reaction orders of O2 and CO2 determined for respiration rate are 0.912 and −0.24, respectively. Estimates of A and Ea for rate coefficient are 5.219 × 1010 h−1 and 61.397 kJ mol−1, respectively. The reliability of the model was verified against new data generated from 18 °C. An enzyme kinetics based model was likewise built and verified as a contrast. Verification results indicate that the chemical kinetics model performs very well and has superiority over the enzyme kinetics one. This study demonstrates that chemical kinetics can be used to underpin the development of simple respiration model and should facilitate the prediction of respiration rate for the carambola fruit in practice.
Daily chewing gum exercise for stabilizing the vertical occlusion
Authors: MASUMOTO N. , YAMAGUCHI K. , FUJIMOTO S.
Published: October 2009

Summary  We investigated the effects of a chewing gum exercise program on occlusal conditions and evaluated compliance of subjects. Thirty‐five healthy adult volunteers (26 males and nine females) were asked to chew gum for 10–15 min before or after three meals daily for four weeks. Occlusal conditions were recorded as occlusal parameters, such as occlusal contact area, occlusal contact force, and pressure using dental prescale films. These parameters were evaluated by an Occluzer before the exercise period commenced, after four weeks of exercise, and then one month after the end of the exercise period. These parameters were statistically compared using one‐way ANOVA. We found that: (i) after four weeks of exercise, anterior and posterior occlusal contact areas and forces were significantly (P < 0·05) increased and the increments were significantly (P < 0·05) higher in the anterior occlusal contact area and force than in the posterior occlusal contact area and force, (ii) the anteroposterior ratio of occlusal contact area and force increased, but not markedly, (iii) increased parameters had significantly (P < 0·05) decreased within one month after the end of the four‐week exercise period, (iv) most participants did not complain for discomfort or stress during the exercise. The chewing gum exercise program could increase occlusal contact area and force and also move the anteroposterior occlusal balance forward. Patient compliance with the exercise is likely high enough to keep them exercising.
Four‐locus high‐resolution HLA typing in a sample of Mexican Americans
Authors: Klitz W. , Gragert L. , Maiers M. , Tu B. , Lazaro A. , Yang R. , Xu Q. , Masaberg C. , Ng J. , Hurley C. K.
Published: October 2009

Mexicans are the most common minority population of the United States. From a sample of 553 bone marrow donor registrants of self‐described Mexican ancestry, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci A, C, B and DRB1 were typed by highresolution sequence based typing (SBT) methods. A total of 47, 34, 76 and 46 distinct alleles at A, C, B and DRB1 respectively were identified, including 3 new alleles. The four‐locus haplotype frequency distribution was extremely skewed with only 53.9% of 1106 chromosomes present with more than one estimated copy. Haplotypes of Native American origin were identified. These data form an initial basis for determining the requirements for an adequate donor pool for stem cell transplantation in this population.
Three new HLA‐B alleles determined by sequence‐based typing: B*9551, B*5161 and B*5317
Authors: Dubois V. , Favre‐Victoire I. , Giannoli C.
Published: October 2009

Three new alleles with polymorphisms located in exons 2 and 3.
Soil conservation in Polylepis mountain forests of Central Argentina: Is livestock reducing our natural capital?
Authors: RENISON DANIEL , HENSEN ISABELL , SUAREZ RICARDO , CINGOLANI ANA M. , MARCORA PAULA , GIORGIS MELISA A.
Published: October 2009

Mountain forests and their soils provide ecological services such as maintenance of biodiversity, provision of clean water, carbon capture and forage for livestock rearing, which is one of the principal economic activities in mountain areas. However, surprisingly little is known about livestock impact in South American mountain forest soils. With the aim of understanding how livestock and topography influence patterns of forest cover, soil compaction, soil loss and soil chemical properties, we analysed these parameters in 100 Polylepis australis woodland plots situated in the humid subtropical mountains of Central Argentina. We used distance from the nearest ranch as an objective index of historical livestock impact and measured standard topographic variables. Our main results reveal that distance from ranch in all cases partly explains tree canopy cover, soil loss, soil compaction and soil chemical properties; suggesting a strong negative effect of livestock. Intermediate altitudes had more tree canopy cover, while landscape roughness – a measure of the variability in slope inclination and aspect – was negatively associated to soil impedance and acidity, and positively associated to soil organic matter content. Finally, flatter areas were more acid. We conclude that livestock has had a substantial influence on forest soil degradation in the Mountains of Central Argentina and possibly other similar South American mountains. Soil degradation should be incorporated into decision making when considering long‐term forest sustainability, or when taking into account retaining livestock for biodiversity conservation reasons. Where soil loss and degradation are ongoing, we recommend drastic reductions in livestock density.
Exploring the Moderating Roles of Perceived Person–Job Fit and Person–Organisation Fit on the Relationship between Training Investment and Knowledge Workers' Turnover Intentions
Authors: Chang Huo‐Tsan , Chi Nai‐Wen , Chuang Aichia
Published: October 2009

Previous studies have documented inconsistent results in terms of the relationship between knowledge workers' perceived training investment and their turnover intentions. In order to clarify the inconsistencies, the present study extends previous research by exploring the moderating roles of perceived demand–ability (D–A) job fit and person–organisation (P–O) fit. Data were collected from 303 research and development (R&D) engineers from 30 high‐technology firms in Taiwan. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses. The results show that perceived D–A fit, P–O fit, and perceived training investment interact jointly to predict knowledge workers' turnover intentions. Specifically, while the main effect of perceived training investment on turnover intentions was negative, under situations of extremely high perceived D–A fit and extremely low P–O fit, the relationship between knowledge workers' perceived training investment and their turnover intentions became positive, and under situations of low perceived D–A fit and high P–O fit, the relationship between knowledge workers' perceived training investment and their turnover intentions remained negative. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Les études antérieures ont donné des résultats contradictoires quant aux relations entre la connaissance que les salariés perçoivent de l’investissement dans la formation et leurs intentions de changer. Dans le but de clarifier ces incohérences, la présente étude prend la suite de recherches antérieures en explorant les rôles modérateurs de la compatibilité perçue entre la compétence et les nécessités au travail (DA) et de la compatibilité entre la personne prise dans sa globalité et les caractéristiques de l’organisation qui l’emploie (PO). Les données ont été collectées auprès de 303 ingénieurs en recherche et développement (R&D) de 30 entreprises de haute technologie à Taiwan. Des analyses de régression hiérarchique ont conduit à tester les hypothèses. Les résultats montrent que la compatibilité D‐A, la compatibilité P‐O et l’investissement perçu dans la formation interagissent conjointement pour prédire les intentions de changement des employés. Plus spécifiquement, alors que le principal effet de l’investissement perçu dans la formation sur les intentions de changement est négatif, dans des conditions de compatibilité D‐A perçue comme étant basse et de compatibilité P‐O haute, la relation entre la connaissance que les salariés perçoivent de l’investissement dans la formation et leurs intentions de changement reste négative. Les implications théoriques et pratiques sont aussi discutées.
Interaction of size, book‐to‐market and momentum effects in Australia
Authors: O’Brien Michael A. , Brailsford Tim , Gaunt Clive
Published: October 2009

This study seeks to disentangle the effects of size, book‐to‐market and momentum on returns. Initial results show that each characteristic has a role in explaining returns, but that there is interaction between size and momentum, as well as between size and book‐to‐market. Three key findings emerge. First, the size premium is the strongest, particularly in the loser portfolios. Second, the value premium is generally limited to the smallest portfolios. Third, the momentum premium is evident for the large‐ and middle‐sized portfolios, but loser stocks significantly outperform winner stocks in the smallest size portfolio. When these interactions are controlled with multivariate regression, we find a significant negative average relation between size and returns, a significant positive average relation between book‐to‐market and returns, and a significant positive average relation between momentum and returns.
Practitioners’ accounts for treatment actions and recommendations in physiotherapy: when do they occur, how are they structured, what do they do?
Authors: Parry Ruth
Published: October 2009

This paper examines healthcare communication between physiotherapists and patients during treatment sessions, using the perspectives and methods of conversation analysis. In particular, it examines communication about reasons and rationale for treatment actions by analysing physiotherapists’ accounts (explanations) for these actions during treatment sessions. Circumstances in which accounts arise are identified, structural aspects described and their functions demonstrated. These accounts can be persuasive, can foster mutuality, minimise resistance and provide education. They contribute to sensitive handling of patients’ physical failures and of removing clothing. Questions arising, but as yet unanswered, include whether clinicians’ accounts impact on patients’ perceptions and their long‐term outcomes. Analysis sheds some light on why observers have found accounts are uncommon in actual consultations. It thereby contributes to sociological understandings about why certain matters are and are not communicated during healthcare encounters, demonstrating the significance of practical and interactional constraints. The findings also provide clinically relevant information about when and how accounts can be provided, and what accounting can achieve in terms of both local procedures and the overall character of the consultation and relationship.
Free insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 and IGF‐binding proteins‐2 and ‐3 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
Authors: Corbo M. , Lunetta C. , Magni P. , Dozio E. , Ruscica M. , Adobbati L. , Silani V.
Published: October 2009

Background:  The insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) signaling system is regulated by many factors which interact in regulating the bioavailability of IGF‐I. In this context, little information is available on free IGF‐1, the bioactive form of IGF‐1, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods:  We investigated the endogenous expression of IGF‐1, and two related binding proteins (IGF‐binding proteins, IGFBP‐2 and BP‐3) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 54 sporadic ALS (sALS) patients. Twenty‐five healthy individuals and 25 with other neurological diseases (OND) were used as controls. Total and free IGF‐1, and IGFBP‐3 levels were detected by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA); IGFBP‐2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Results:  Total and free IGF‐1, IGFBP‐2 and BP‐3 serum levels were not significantly different between patients and controls, although in sALS patients free IGF‐1 was negatively correlated with ALS‐Functional Rating Scale‐revised (ALS‐FRS‐R) score (r = −0.4; P = 0.046) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (r = −0.55; P < 0.04). In CSF, free IGF‐1 was significantly increased in sALS patients compared with OND (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:  Though in the serum we did not find significant differences amongst the three groups, IGF‐1 bioavailability, represented by the free IGF‐1 levels, correlated with disease severity. In the CSF, the significant increment of the free fraction of IGF‐1 suggests an up‐regulation of the IGF‐1 system in the intrathecal compartment of sALS patients. Since IGF‐1 is a trophic factor for different tissues, we speculate that high levels of the free IGF‐1 in sALS might reflect a physiological defensive mechanism promoted in response to neural degeneration and/or muscle atrophy.
Treatment of scalp psoriasis with clobetasol‐17 propionate 0.05% shampoo: a study on daily clinical practice
Authors: Bovenschen HJ , Van de Kerkhof PCM
Published: October 2009

Background  Safety and clinical effectiveness of clobetasol‐17 propionate 0.05% shampoo have been shown in patients with scalp psoriasis.

Aim  First, to evaluate treatment satisfaction, user convenience safety and effectiveness of clobetasol‐17 propionate 0.05% shampoo treatment in daily clinical practice. Second, to identify subgroup variables that may predict treatment success or failure.

Methods  A total of 56 patients with scalp psoriasis were treated with short‐contact clobetasol‐17 propionate 0.05% shampoo once daily for 4 weeks. Data on treatment satisfaction, user convenience, safety and effectiveness were assessed on a 7‐point Likert scale using postal questionnaires. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify variables that may predict treatment outcome.

Results  A total of 41 patients returned both questionnaires (73%). Positive treatment satisfaction and user convenience were reported by 66% and 79% of patients respectively. Patient‐rated indicators for disease severity improved by 39–46% (P < 0.05%). No major side‐effects were reported. Subgroup analyses did not reveal any statistically significant patient variable that may predict treatment outcome. However, a tendency towards improved treatment satisfaction was observed in patients who had received fewer topical antipsoriatic treatments previously (P > 0.05).

Conclusions  Short‐contact treatment with clobetasol‐17 propionate 0.05% shampoo has high user convenience and patient satisfaction rates. Moreover, the treatment is well‐tolerated and efficacious from patients’ perspective. Subgroup analyses did not reveal factors predicting treatment outcome, although treatment success tended to be more evident in patients who had received fewer treatments previously.
Internet‐supported gathering of treatment data and patient benefits in psoriasis
Authors: Langenbruch AK , Schäfer I , Franzke N , Augustin M
Published: October 2009

Background  Studies about health care of psoriasis patients in Germany are predominantly carried out in dermatological centres, which results in a certain selection bias. To collect data from other sources of patients, the German Centre of Health Services Research in Dermatology conducted a series of web‐based studies. The extent of how data on health care on psoriasis gathered online vary from paper and pencil data is yet to be explored.

Objective 

 To collect reliable treatment and benefit online data from psoriasis patients in Germany.

 To compare these with data gathered at dermatological centres.

Methods  On the ‘psoriasis‐hilfe.de’ web portal, psoriasis patients were asked to complete the online version of a questionnaire, which has already been used as a paper and pencil version in the national psoriasis study ‘PsoHealth’. Subsequently, difference analyses were conducted between the two data sets.

Results  The PsoWeb sample (n = 1071) varies to a high extent from the PsoHealth sample (n = 2009) regarding the achievement of treatment goals and treatment satisfaction. Irrespective of age, sex and duration of disease, the online sample showed lower treatment satisfaction and fewer patient‐defined benefits.

Conclusion  The findings suggest that patients in the online sample are less satisfied with their health care, which also could have been their motive for participating online.

It is important to gather data online because it increases the data pool and permits inclusion of people who are not incorporated in clinical settings. However, online data cannot directly replace data collected in clinics because they are also subject to selections.
Need vs. opportunity recognition in household car replacements
Authors: Marell Agneta , Gärling Tommy , Laitila Thomas
Published: October 2009

It is hypothesized that an intention to replace the owned car initiated by need recognition (a decrease in perceived current quality level of the old car) or opportunity recognition (an increase in aspired quality level of the new car) will result in purchases of different new cars. A sample of 1083 car owners were interviewed over telephone every fourth month during 2.5 years. The results showed that replacement intentions were not affected by how the intention was formed but that the choice of model year of the new car was. A younger car was chosen if the aspired quality level increased faster across interview waves than the current quality level decreased, and an older car was chosen if the current quality level decreased faster than the aspired quality level increased. As a consequence, if replacement intentions are the result of opportunity recognition, rejuvenation of the car fleet will be faster than if replacement intentions are the result of need recognition.
Anti‐arthritic effect of scopoletin, a coumarin compound occurring in Erycibe obtusifolia Benth stems, is associated with decreased angiogenesis in synovium
Authors: Pan Rong , Gao Xing‐Hua , Li Ying , Xia Yu‐Feng , Dai Yue
Published: October 2009

Scopoletin is the main constituent of coumarin found in the stems of Erycibe obtusifolia Benth, a traditional Chinese medicine used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We have previously demonstrated that scopoletin is able to decrease the serum level of uric acid in hyperuricemic mice induced by potassium oxonate, and attenuate croton oil‐induced inflammation. In the present study, we evaluated the anti‐arthritic effects of scopoletin in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis by assessing paw swelling, pathology, and synovial angiogenesis. It was found that scopoletin, injected intraperitoneally at doses of 50, 100 mg/kg, reduced both inoculated and non‐inoculated paw swelling as well as articular index scores, and elevated the mean body weight of adjuvant‐induced arthritic rats. Rats treated with higher dose of scopoletin showed a near‐normal histological architecture of the joints and a reduced new blood vessel formation in the synovial tissues. Furthermore, scopoletin downregulated the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin 6 in the synovial tissues of adjuvant‐induced arthritic rats. In conclusion, scopoletin is capable of ameliorating clinical symptoms of rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis, by reducing numbers of new blood vessels in the synovium and the production of important endogenous angiogenic inducers. Therefore, this compound may be a potential agent for angiogenesis‐related diseases and could serve as a structural base for screening more potent synthetic analogs.
Reduced elimination clearance of micafungin in rats with cholestatic hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Konishi Hiroki , Fukushima Keizo , Sudo Masatomo , Sumi Masaki , Minouchi Tokuzo , Iga Ikumi , Shibata Nobuhito , Takada Kanji , Yamaji Akira
Published: October 2009

We examined whether the pharmacokinetic disposition of micafungin (MCFG), an echinocandin class antifungal agent, is altered in hyperbilirubinemia using a rat model prepared by bile duct ligation (BDL). Serum bilirubin levels were increased depending upon the duration of BDL. The elimination rate constant and total body clearance (CLtot) of MCFG were reduced by 24% and 16%, respectively, after BDL for 1 h, but there was no significant change in the apparent volume of distribution at steady‐state. The degree of reduction in the CLtot was much greater 7 days after BDL as compared with that 1 h after BDL (44% vs. 16%). However, the proportion of the biliary clearance in the CLtot was about 10%. This is similar to the extent of decrease in the CLtot by occlusion of the bile duct, demonstrating that decreased biliary excretion of MCFG makes only a minor contribution to its pharmacokinetic change. These findings suggest that the metabolic capacity of MCFG is markedly impaired in hepatic hypofunction secondary to hyperbilirubinemia, providing a fundamental explanation for the previous clinical report that there is a significant correlation between dose‐adjusted plasma MCFG concentration and serum bilirubin levels.
Macro‐Tidal Salt Marsh Ecosystem Response to Culvert Expansion
Authors: Bowron Tony , Neatt Nancy , van Proosdij Danika , Lundholm Jeremy , Graham Jennie
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper was to examine the vegetative, sedimentary, nekton and hydrologic conditions pre‐restoration and the initial 2 years post‐restoration at a partially restricted macro‐tidal salt marsh site. Replacement of the culvert increased tidal flow by 88%. This was instrumental in altering the geomorphology of the site, facilitating the creation of new salt marsh pannes, expansion of existing pannes in the mid and high marsh zones, and expansion of the tidal creek network by incorporating relict agricultural ditches. In addition, the increase in area flooded resulted in a significant increase in nekton use, fulfilling the mandate of a federal habitat compensation program to increase and improve the overall availability and accessibility of fish habitat. The restoration of a more natural hydrological regime also resulted in the die‐off of freshwater and terrestrial vegetation along the upland edge of the marsh. Two years post‐restoration, Salicornia europea (glasswort) and Atriplex glabriuscula (marsh orache), were observed growing in these die‐back areas. Similar changes in the vegetation community structure were not observed at the reference site; however, the latter did contain higher species richness. This study represents the first comprehensive, quantitative analysis of ecological response to culvert replacement in a hypertidal ecosystem. These data will contribute to the development of long‐term data sets of pre‐ and post‐restoration, and reference marsh conditions to determine if a marsh is proceeding as expected, and to help with models that are aimed at predicting the response of marshes to tidal restoration at the upper end of the tidal spectrum.
Life‐threatening hemolytic anemia due to an autoanti‐Pr cold agglutinin: evidence that glycophorin A antibodies may induce lipid bilayer exposure and cation permeability independent of agglutination
Authors: Brain Michael , Ruether Bernard , Valentine Karen , Brown Christopher , Ter Keurs Henk
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: The hemoglobin of a 29‐year‐old man fell below 35 g/L over 5 days, despite 14 units of red blood cells (RBCs), due to an anti‐Pr cold agglutinin (CA). His hemolytic anemia necessitated respiratory support in intensive care for 4 weeks.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The hemolysis was investigated by the effects on blood group–compatible RBCs of this anti‐Pr and an anti‐I CA and of a rabbit anti‐human glycophorin A (GPA) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody on Ca2+ permeability and of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) exposure. 1) The anti‐Pr CA (in a plasmapheresis product from the patient) was absorbed and eluted from RBC ghosts and its immunophenotype was determined by agarose electrophoresis and immunofixation. 2) Ca2+ permeability was measured by the response of Fluo‐3–labeled RBCs to addition of external Ca2+. 3) Exposed PE was measured with streptavidin‐labeled biotinylated peptide Ro 09‐0198 (cinnamycin).

RESULTS: 1) The patient's anti‐Pr CA was a polyclonal IgG. 2) The anti‐Pr and the rabbit anti‐human glycophorin IgG, but not an anti‐I CA, rapidly increased Ca2+‐dependent fluorescence upon addition of external Ca2+ in a fraction (15%‐25%) of RBCs that also became positive for cinnamycin. 3) Trypsin treatment of RBCs reduced the Ca2+ influx due to the anti‐Pr IgG, but neither trypsin nor neuraminidase changed the responses to the rabbit anti‐human GPA IgG.

CONCLUSIONS: The anti‐Pr CA and rabbit anti‐human GPA increased exposure of PE and increased membrane Ca2+ permeability that may have caused hemolysis. The difference in the responses to these antibodies to enzyme treatment of RBCs suggests that they react with different epitopes on GPA.
Differential expression of hMLH1 in sporadic human colorectal cancer tumors and distant metastases
Authors: LARSEN NICOLAI BALLE , HEIBERG ENGEL PETER JOHAN , RASMUSSEN MERETE , RASMUSSEN LENE JUEL
Published: October 2009

Somatic defects in the mismatch repair system constitute an important pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis. We have examined the expression of mismatch repair proteins in sporadic stage IV colorectal tumors and their derived metastases. Sporadic tumors were further examined for differences in expression between the tumor transition zone and the invasive front. Expression of hMSH2, hMLH1, and hPMS2 was screened immunohistochemically in 92 stage IV tumors and derived liver metastases. In cases with loss of mismatch repair protein expression, lymph node metastases were also examined. Clinicopathological parameters and Ki‐67 staining indexes were evaluated and compared. Four tumors displayed a complete loss of hMLH1/hPMS2 expression at the transition zone; however, three of these expressed both proteins at the invasive front and in liver and lymph node metastases. A further four were predominantly hMLH1/hPMS2 negative at the transition zone, but with distinct subclones of hMLH1/hPMS2‐expressing cells at the transition zone. All of these tumors expressed hMLH1/hPMS2 at the invasive front and in liver metastases, with three also expressing hMLH/hPMS2 in lymph node metastases. No significant difference in the proliferative index was observed for the hMLH1/hPMS2‐compromised group. In stage IV tumors re‐expression of hMLH1/hPMS2 occurred, leading to different patterns of expression within the primary tumor and between tumor and metastases. This may have functional importance for the chemosensitivity of metastases compared to the primary tumor.
Applying Andersen’s behavioural model to oral health: what are the contextual factors shaping perceived oral health outcomes?
Authors: Baker S. R.
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  Objectives:  Andersen’s revised behavioural model provides a framework for understanding the factors which influence utilization of health services and key health outcomes. To date, there have been few studies that have explicitly tested the model in relation to oral health. The aim of this study was to test the model and to examine the direct and mediated pathways between social, attitudinal and behavioural factors and perceived oral health outcomes.

Methods:  The model was tested in a general population sample with data from the UK adult dental health survey (N = 3815) using the two‐stage process of structural equation modelling.

Results:  Structural equation modelling indicated support in line with the hypotheses within the model; enabling resources (oral health education advice, type of dental service, finding NHS treatment expensive, dental anxiety) predicted need (number of decayed or unsound teeth and perceived treatment need); enabling resources and need predicted personal health practices and use of services (frequency of toothbrushing, recent dental attendance, attendance orientation) which, in turn, predicted perceived oral health outcomes (oral health quality of life). Both enabling resources and need also predicted perceived oral health outcomes. The impact of predisposing factors (social class, qualifications, income) on need, personal health practices and use of services, and oral health outcomes was indirect; that is, mediated by intervening factors. In the final model, 26%, 37%, 49% and 21% of the variance was accounted for in enabling resources, treatment need, personal health practices and use of services and perceived oral health outcomes respectively.

Conclusion:  The results provide support for Andersen’s behavioural model as applied to perceived oral health. Further conceptual development of the model is discussed.
What statistical method should be used to evaluate risk factors associated with dmfs index? Evidence from the National Pathfinder Survey of 4‐year‐old Italian children
Authors: Solinas Giuliana , Campus Guglielmo , Maida Carmelo , Sotgiu Giovanni , Cagetti Maria Grazia , Lesaffre Emmanuel , Castiglia Paolo
Published: October 2009

Background:  Traditional approaches to the analysis of dmfs/DMFS count data pose analytical challenges, considering the increasing proportion of zeroes in the distribution. The aim of this paper was to predict the probability of ‘caries‐free’ subjects and the dependence of dmfs index on the influence of childhood sociodemographic factors, through the application of regression models.

Methods:  Data were gathered as part of the National Pathfinder Survey of 4‐year‐old Italian children. Clinical data on caries disease (dmfs) and childhood sociodemographic factors were collected. The predicted probability for Poisson, negative binomial and zero‐inflated models (Poisson and negative binomial) were estimated using STATA commands for count outcomes. The outcome variable in the regression models was the severity of the disease (dmfs index), while statistically significant variables on bivariate analysis were considered as covariates.

Results:  Out of 5538 children, 4344 (78.44%) had a dmfs = 0. The mean dmfs index was 1.36 (range: 0–104). The statistical significance of the dispersion parameter (O = 141.6, P < 0.0001) showed the inappropriateness of the Poisson model when compared with the negative binomial model. Vuong’s test indicated that the zero‐inflated models (ZIP and ZINB) fitted the data significantly better than the others (P < 0.001). A significative likelihood ratio statistic indicates that the ZINB regression model fitted better than ZIP model (P < 0.0001). The father’s educational level was significant in both parts of the ZINB regression model (P < 0.05), implying that the degree of caries experience increases in children whose fathers have a low level of education, while the excess of caries‐free children decreases. Moreover, the increase of coefficients in the zero‐inflated part of ZINB regression model implies that the excess of caries‐free subjects increases with the later age of tooth eruption. The observed underestimation of the frequencies of zero dmfs counts by the Poisson model is a common result when a dual‐group process is not taken into account.

Conclusions:  These regression models provide a useful approach to handling count outcomes as dmfs/DMFS index in caries epidemiology.
Embryo development of porcine oocytes after injection with miniature pig sperm and their extracts
Authors: MATSUURA Daizou , MAEDA Teruo
Published: October 2009

This study examined embryo development of porcine oocytes after microinjection of sperm extracts (SE) in porcine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). SE was prepared from miniature pig sperm by a nonionic surfactant, and various concentrations (0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/mL) of SE were injected into the matured oocytes with a first polar body. In the pronuclear stage, the rate of oocytes with two pronuclei and a second polar body (21.4%) in the sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to other groups. The rate of 2–4‐cell stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 38.1%, and it was significantly higher than that in the sperm injection group (22.9%). The rate of blastocyst stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 21.4%, the value was significantly higher than those in SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (0%), sperm injection group (5.7%), and sperm and SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (2.6%). These results suggest that SE induces activation of porcine oocytes and their further embryonic development, and that SE is effective for porcine ICSI.
Duration of estrus induced after GnRH‐PGF2α protocol in dairy heifer
Authors: YOSHIDA Chikako , YUSUF Muhammad , NAKAO Toshihiko
Published: October 2009

Estrous expressions in dairy cows have been shortened and weakened. Dairy heifers, on the other hand, may not have had such changes in estrous signs as observed in cows, since they have less stresses than cows. The aim of this study was to describe the duration of estrus in a herd of dairy heifers. A total of 56 Holstein Friesian heifers estrus was synchronized using two different hormonal protocols. They were checked for primary and secondary estrous signs with the help of heat detection devices for 48 h at an interval of 4 h starting at 16.00 hour, one day after PGF2α treatment. Onset and end of standing estrus during 48 h observation period was recorded in 35 of the 44 heifers coming into estrus within 5 days after PGF2α treatment during the observation period. The duration of standing estrus on the average (±SD) was 9.7 ± 5.3 h. Percentage of heifers with standing estrus longer than 12 h was 40%, and 53% showed standing estrus only for 4–8 h. It is indicated that duration of estrus in dairy heifers has been shortened recently.
Expression and Distribution of Cyclic AMP- and Cyclic GMP-Binding Protein Kinases in the Human Vagina— An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Ückert Stefan , Waldkirch Eginhard S. , Albrecht Knut , Sonnenberg Julia , Langnäse Kristina , Richter Karin , Hedlund Petter , Kuczyk Markus A.
Published: October 2009

Introduction

In contrast to research findings describing the localization of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), guanylyl cyclases, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)- and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-degrading phosphodiesterase isoenzymes in the human vagina, the distribution of proteins known as major targets for cyclic nucleotides has not yet been evaluated. cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cAK, cGKI) have been identified as important receptors for cyclic nucleotides downstream the signaling cascades.

Aim

To investigate, by means of immunohistochemistry, the expression of cAK and cGKI in relation to endothelial NOS (eNOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in the human vagina.

Main Outcome Measures

Expression and distribution of cAK and cGKI(α,β) in relation to eNOS, VIP, and PGP 9.5 in human vaginal tissue.

Methods

Immunohistochemical techniques were applied to sections of human vaginal full wall specimens in order to evaluate the presence of cAK and cGKI(α,β) in relation to VIP, PGP 9.5, and eNOS, respectively. Western blot analyses were conducted using cytosolic supernatants of homogenized specimens of the vaginal wall and epithelium.

Results

Immunostaining specific for cGKIβ was observed in vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle of the vagina. In the endothelial layer, cGKIβ was found colocalized with eNOS. In contrast, no signals indicating cGKIα were registered. cAK-positive subepithelial vessels were found to be innervated by a dense meshwork of PGP-containing varicose nerve fibers, some of which presented expression of VIP. The expression of cAK and cGKIβ was confirmed by Western blotting.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate the expression of cAK and cGKIβ in the human vagina. The colocalization with VIP and eNOS underlines the significance of both the cAMP and GMP pathway in the control of human vaginal vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle.
Sexual Bother Following Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Nelson Christian J. , Deveci Serkan , Stasi Jason , Scardino Peter T. , Mulhall John P.
Published: October 2009

Introduction

The literature on sexual bother in men with prostate cancer is conflicting. While some data indicate high bother from erectile dysfunction (ED) following prostate cancer treatments, other results suggest the life-saving nature of the treatment may mitigate ED concern.

Aim

(i) To determine if sexual bother increases post radical prostatectomy (RP); (ii) To determine if men psychologically adjust to diminished erections; (iii) To identify baseline predictors of post-RP sexual bother.

Methods

We identified 183 men treated with RP who completed inventories including Erectile Function Domain (EFD) and Sexual Bother (SB) preoperatively and at 12 and 24 months postoperatively. Statistical analyses included repeated-measures analysis of variance and linear multiple regression.

Main Outcome Measures

The EFD of the International Index of Erectile Function and the SB subscale from the Prostate-Health Related Quality-of-Life Questionnaire.

Results

The mean age of the sample was 58 ± 7 years. The mean EFD scores decreased from baseline to the 24-month time point (24.8 vs. 16.7, P <0.01). The mean SB scores increased from baseline to the 12 month time point (4.3 vs. 6.7, P <0.01), and remained stable from the 12 month to 24 month time points (6.7 vs. 6.3, P = not significant [ns]). This was true for men with ED (EFD<24) and without ED. Only 7% of men with ED moved from being “bothered” at 12 months to “no bother” at 24 months. There were no significant baseline predictors of sexual bother; baseline variables tested were: age, race, marital status, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, EFD, sexual desire, and intercourse satisfaction. The change in EFD scores was the only significant predictor of SB scores.

Conclusions

Sexual bother increases post-RP, even in men with “good” erections postoperatively, and includes shame, embarrassment, and a reduction in general life happiness. Because men do not seem to “adjust” to ED, referral or evaluation should occur early in this population.
Vardenafil Improves Erectile Function in Men with Erectile Dysfunction and Associated Underlying Conditions, Irrespective of the Use of Concomitant Medications
Authors: Eardley Ian , Lee Jay C. , Shabsigh Ridwan , Dean John , Maggi Mario , Neuser Dieter , Norenberg Christiane
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Men with erectile dysfunction (ED) are also likely to have associated underlying conditions.

Aim

This retrospective analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of vardenafil in men with ED and underlying conditions, including those taking concomitant medications.

Methods

A total of 13 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies were included. Vardenafil was administered at a starting dose of 10 mg, adjustable to 5 or 20 mg after 4 weeks. Efficacy analyses were performed on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population, using a last observation carried forward approach. Efficacy was assessed for subgroups of patients with diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome (as defined by International Diabetes Federation criteria). Incidence rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were analyzed overall and by subgroup for patients in the safety population.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary efficacy measures were the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-EF), and Sexual Encounter Profile questions 2 and 3 (SEP2, SEP3).

Results

In total, 4,326 patients were randomized to treatment; the ITT population included 4,143 patients, with 4,266 patients valid for safety. At 12 weeks, vardenafil therapy was associated with statistically significant improvements from baseline in IIEF-EF scores, and SEP2 and SEP3 success rates, including patients with ED and diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome. These improvements were irrespective of level of glycemic control, or use of concomitant medications for the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. Across all subgroups, the number and type of treatment-emergent adverse events were consistent with results from previous studies of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in men with ED and underlying conditions.

Conclusions

Vardenafil demonstrated favorable efficacy and tolerability in this large pool of patients with ED and underlying conditions. Importantly, the use of concomitant medications was not associated with any noteworthy changes in the efficacy or safety profile of vardenafil.
Slow Molecular Mobility in the Amorphous Solid State of Fructose: Fragility and Aging
Authors: Correia Natália T. , Diogo Hermínio P. , Moura Ramos Joaquim J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  The molecular mobility of β‐D‐fructose was studied by thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) in the amorphous solid state. The amorphous solid samples were prepared in such a way that the tautomeric mixture was near the equilibrium composition. A broad secondary relaxation was observed, that merges, at high temperatures, with the alpha relaxation. The alpha relaxation temperature provided by the TSDC technique is Tg = 13 °C (at 4 K min−1). The fragility index calculated from TSDC data is m = 34, significantly lower when compared with the values reported in the literature obtained from Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS). The physical significance of the fragility obtained by the 2 dielectric techniques is discussed. The influence of physical aging on the secondary relaxation in amorphous fructose was analyzed as the glass structurally relaxes. A complex behavior was observed such that the faster components (lower temperature) of the secondary relaxation are negligibly dependent on aging and may be ascribed to intramolecular modes of motion, while the slower motional modes (higher temperature) show a significant dependence on aging and correspond to the genuine Johari–Goldstein β‐relaxation.
What really determines policy? An evaluation of outcome measures for prioritising flood and coastal risk management investment in England
Authors: Johnson C. , Penning‐Rowsell E.
Published: October 2009

In April 2008, outcome measures (OM) replaced the old priority scoring system for the prioritisation of flood and coastal erosion risk management (FCERM) capital expenditure in England. In the context of the governance arrangements for this investment, the purpose of this paper is to provide a critical evaluation of this change: (1) to assess the ‘fitness for purpose’ of OMs for achieving government policies and goals in the delivery of sustainable FCERM and (2) to examine the capacity of the Environment Agency's proposed methodology to deliver projects against the targets set. The analysis concludes that it is far from clear whether the new OM system will deliver all the targets; offers any greater transparency, clarity or accountability; offers ‘better’ value for money across the spectrum of projects; and matches the ambitious policy aims of the government or the appraisal system within which it is a part. More positively, OMs do offer important progress and are suggestive of the ‘right’ direction of travel.
Melting of a Vertical Ice Wall by Free Convection into Fresh Water
Authors: Wilson N. W. , Lee J. J.
Published: October 2009

A steady-state two-dimensional finite difference analysis is presented for the heat and momentum transfer resulting when the leading portion of a semi-infinite vertical ice sheet at 0°C melts into fresh water by natural convection. Fluid properties are assumed to be constant and are evaluated beyond the edges of the boundary layers with the exception of fluid density which varies with the local temperature. Results of the analysis are presented for free stream temperatures from 0 to 24.0°C. They include streamlines, velocity profiles, melt velocities, and average Nusselt numbers for the leading 0.7632 m portion of a semi-infinite ice sheet. Overall, the results show three distinct flow regimes: steady upward flow for T∞ ≤ 4.50°C, steady downward flow for T∞ ≥ 6.0°C and steady dual or bi-directional flow for 5.70 ≤ T∞ ≤ 6.0°C. In the range 4.50°C < T∞ < 5.70°C the solution failed to converge and since the method is capable of accounting for local recirculations, it is suggested that this flow regime may be transitory in nature.
A Comparison of Thermal Performance of Two and Four Tube Pass Designs for Split Flow Shells
Authors: Singh Krishna P. , Holtz Michael J.
Published: October 2009

Governing equations for heat transfer in a split flow heat exchanger with two tube passes are developed and solved. The expressions for the “temperature efficiency” P and “LMTD temperature correction factor”, F are derived. F and P values for two tube pass and four tube pass are compared over the practical range of values of thermal flow rate ratio R and reduced thermal flux, η (NTU).