bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMPLIFIED NELDER-MEAD ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER PROBLEM
Authors: Lenin K.
Published: September 2020

This paper presents Hybridization of Simulated Annealing with Nelder-Mead algorithm (SN) is proposed to solve optimal reactive power problem. The proposed Hybridized - Simulated Annealing, Nelder-Mead algorithm starts with a prime solution, which is produced arbitrarily and then the solution is disturbed into partitions. The vicinity zone is created, arbitrary numbers of partitions are selected and variables modernizing procedure is started in order to create a trail of neighbour solutions. This procedure helps the SN algorithm to explore the region around an existing iterate solution. The Nelder- Mead algorithm is used in the last stage in order to progress the most excellent solution found so far and hasten the convergence in the closing stage. The proposed Hybridization of Simulated Annealing with Nelder-Mead algorithm (SN) has been tested in standard IEEE 57,118 bus systems and simulation results show the superior performance of the proposed SN algorithm in reducing the real power loss and voltage profiles are within the limits.
O ensino do futsal escolar a partir do Sport Education Model
Authors: Lopes Fabiano Schulz , Carlan Paulo
Published: September 2020

ResumoO presente estudo é um recorte da dissertação de mestrado resultante do Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Educação Física (PROEF). O objetivo do trabalho constituiu-se em analisar uma unidade didática de futsal na educação física escolar, desenvolvida a partir dos pressupostos do Sport Education Model. Para esse trabalho, foi utilizada uma pesquisa do tipo intervenção pedagógica em uma turma de 8º ano de uma escola municipal. Os resultados sugerem que o Sport Education Model potencializou pedagogicamente o tempo de aula e que proporcionou um maior envolvimento e motivação dos alunos, especialmente dos menos habilidosos na modalidade. Apontaram também que uma única unidade didática foi insuficiente para superar totalmente as discrepâncias de participação nos jogos em virtude das questões de gênero.Palavras-chave: Ensino. Educação Física Escolar. Futsal. Sport Education Model.Futsal teaching from Sport Education ModelAbstractThis study is an excerpt from the master's thesis resulting from the Professional Master's Program in Physical Education (PROEF). The objective of the work was to analyze a didactic unit of futsal in physical education at school, developed from the assumptions of the Sport Education Model. For this work, a research of the pedagogical intervention, was used in a class of 8th grade in a municipal school. The results suggest that the Sport Education Model pedagogically potentialized class time and provided greater involvement and motivation for students, especially those less skilled in the sport. They also pointed out that a single teaching unit was insufficient to fully overcome the discrepancies in participation in the games because of gender issues.Keywords: Teaching. School Physical Education. Futsal. Sport Education Model.La enseñanza del futsal a partir del Sport Education ModelResumenEl estúdio presente es un recorte de la disertación de Maestría resultante del Programa de Maestría Profesional en Educación Física (PROEF). El objetivo del trabajo era analizar una unidad de enseñanza de futsal en clases de Educación física, desenvuelta a partir de los supuestos del Sport Education Model. Para tal tarea se utilizó una investigación del tipo de intervención pedagógica en um grupo del 8º año de una escuela pública. Los resultados sugieren que el Sport Education Model consiguió impulsionar pedagógicamente el tiempo de clase, también proporcionando una mayor participación y motivación por los alumnos, especialmente por aquellos com un grado menor de habilidad en la modalidad deportiva estudiada. Los resultados también señalaron que apenas una sola unidad de enseñanza fue insuficiente para superar todas las discrepancias de participación en los juegos por cuestiones de género.Palabras clave: Enseñanza. Educación Física Escolar. Futsal. Sport Education Model.
Halal Certification Among the SMEs in Kinabalu, Sabah
Authors: Hasan Haslinda , Sulong Rini Suryati , Tanakinjal Geoffrey Harvey
Published: September 2020

Halal is an important concept that enables and simplifies the consuming process of food and beverage products, especially for Muslim consumers. The study believes that the development of Halal is a communally obligatory (fardhu kifayah) for that SMEs and a personally obligatory (fardhu ain) for the Muslim consumer. The Government of Malaysia has already recognized the importance of SMEs, implemented various policies; action plans, and also introduced Halal related programs to assist the SMEs. The objectives of the study are to identify the awareness and perception towards Halal certification among SMEs in Sabah. 42 SMEs were participated in the study; the results indicated that they are aware of the role of Halal certification, and how Halal will make them competitive in the market. Majority of them are keen to become Halal certified company however the SMEs responded that to be Halal certified company the process is expensive and complicated. This paper is hoped to contribute to a better understanding of the current situation of how Halal certification can help SMEs to grow their businesses. Further study on this matter is suggested in order to gain more accurate, interesting and detailed information on the issue.
Yerel Yönetimlerin Mültecilere Yönelik Yenilikçi Uygulamaları: Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyesi Örneği
Authors: Alvanoğlu Sönmez , Ateş Hamza
Published: September 2020

Suriye’de senelerdir devam etmekte olan savaş, yüz binlerce insanın ölümüne ve hafızalarımıza kazınan trajik sahnelerle birlikte milyonlarca insanın yerinden, yurdundan olup, güvenli bir yaşam arayışına yönelmesine neden olmuştur. Suriye savaşı, dünya tarihinde bu denli yıkıcı sonuçları olan pek az kırılma noktasından biridir. Mülteci krizi, Suriye iç savaşının en trajik sonucu olmakla birlikte kitlesel göçün ve mülteci krizinin doğrudan etkilediği ülkeler arasında başı çeken Türkiye’de bu kitlesel göç, pek çok problemi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu kriz, başta barınma, sağlık ve eğitim olmak üzere, Türkiye’nin pek çok alanda yeni politikalar ve stratejiler üretmesini zaruriyet haline getirmiştir.
Bu çalışmada savaşın başladığı 2011 yılından bu yana, İstanbul, Hatay, Şanlıurfa, Kilis, Kahramanmaraş, Mardin, Adana gibi illerle birlikte en çok Suriyeli mülteciye ev sahipliği yapmakta olan Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin, bu kitlesel akına nasıl reaksiyon gösterdiği, ne tür strateji ve politikalar ürettiği, Suriyelilere yönelik çalışmaları, faaliyetleri ve mülteciler ile etkileşimi üzerine bir değerlendirme yapmak amaçlanmıştır.
The Analysis of Investment Decisions of Foreign Exchange Investors from the Perspective of Behavioral Finance
Authors: Münyas Turgay
Published: September 2020

Davranışsal finans, sosyoloji, psikoloji ve antropoloji gibi farklı alanlardan yararlanarak yatırımcıların finansal kararlarını açıklamaya çalışan finansın çok disiplinli bir alt dalıdır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, davranışsal finans açısından bireysel döviz yatırımcısının davranışları incelemektir. Çalışmada bireysel döviz yatırımcısının yatırım davranışları, aşırı güven, aşırı iyimserlik, pişmanlıktan kaçınma, kayıptan kaçınma ve temsil etme eğilimi olmak üzere toplam 5 boyut çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Söz konusu ilişkinin incelenebilmesi amacıyla toplam 319 bireysel döviz yatırımcısına anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada, medeni durum, yaş, eğitim düzeyi, mesleki tecrübe, yatırımları gözden geçirme sıklığı, yatırımları yönlendirirken en sık yararlanılan bilgi kaynağı, yatırım araçlarının tercihinde temel alınan en sık yöntemler, yatırım araçlarının tercihinde göz önünde bulunan temel unsurlar, sermaye tutarı ve kişilik özellikleri bakımından farklılık gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları sonuç bölümünde tartışılmıştır.
Neorealist Yaklaşımdan Vekalet Savaşlarının Analizi; Suriye Krizi Örneği
Authors: Güntay Vahit
Published: September 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı son dönemde yükselen bir tartışma olarak vekalet savaşlarını ve Suriye Krizi’ni uluslararası ilişkilerin neorealist perspektifinden analiz etmektir. Vekalet savaşlarının tipik örneklerinden birisinin yaşandığı Suriye Ortadoğu’nun en kozmopolit ülkelerinden birisidir ve Arap Baharı’nın etkilediği en stratejik aktörler arasındadır. Metodolojik anlamda örnek olay olarak Suriye Krizi’nin seçilmesi dinamiklerinin bu çalışmaya uygun olması ile ilgilidir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, aktörlerin doğal bir reaksiyon olarak Suriye’de çatışma içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun sebebi uluslararası alanın sistematik bozukluklarından ve diplomasinin evriminden kaynaklanmaktadır. Suriye Krizi uluslararası ilişkiler açısından, devletlerarası sistemsel değişikliklerin sürekli olacağını da ortaya koymuştur.
Development of Bridges Maintenance Management System based on Geographic Information System Techniques (Case study: Al-Muthanna \ Iraq)
Authors: Aattan Saif Abdul ameer , Al-Bakri Maythm
Published: September 2020

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized database management system for accumulating, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display spatial data. In general, GIS contains two broad categories of information, geo-referenced spatial data and attribute data. Geo-referenced spatial data define objects that have an orientation and relationship in two or three-dimensional space, while attribute data is qualitative data that can be counted for recording and analysis. The main aim of this research is to reveal the role of GIS technology in the enhancement of bridge maintenance management system components such as the output results, and make it more interpretable through dynamic colour coding and more sophisticated visualization techniques than the conventional tabular data format.

To achieve the main objective of this research, two study areas have been chosen: the old constructionbridge (Al-Qadisiyah bridge) and the newly constructed bridge (Barboty bridge). Both of them are in Al-Muthanna city \ Iraq. The data collection process was achieved in two stages: the first stage is providing a georeferenced satellite image for each study area for the purpose of producing a two-dimensional map. The second stage includes the field surveying process by total station and level instruments.

GIS have been used to create a comprehensive database (Geodatabase) for both study areas. Geostatistical analysis was carried out in which the settlement areas of both study areas were defined by producing a colour image. The statistical tables for these analyses showed that the highest decline in the elevation reached at Al-Qadisiyah bridge to 19 mm in the middle of the bridge which is coloured as a red areas. On the other hand, it was found that the highest decline in the elevation of the Barboty bridge is 16 mm in the last part of steel space which is also coloured as a red areas.
Why do we iron clothes? Tracking its origins based on a sanitary hypothesis
Authors: Díaz-Alejo Héctor Miguel , Costas Eduardo , Martínez-Alesón García Paloma
Published: September 2020

While the task of ironing clothes is generally disliked and seen as a waste of energy, people continue ironing. There are no serious groups or movements against ironing, as it is a behaviour engraved in the collective mind. In this study, we consider it a cultural behaviour that is performed due to an underlying, historical reason that is yet unknown. The aim of this study, however, is to provide a historically appropriate reason for this task. A meta-analysis based on internet searches showed that people primarily iron clothes for aesthetic reasons, which is a non-satisfactory explanation. Some people, however, provided a hygiene-based motive. Based on this probable origin for the act of ironing, a historical review was conducted based on the premise of ironing to disinfect clothes. Some patents were found that dated back to the middle of the 19th century, so ironing had already been established to remove wrinkles at this time. Other clinical reports and recommendations suggested that ironing not only kills lice and nits on the clothes, it also disinfects them from the causative organisms of epidemic typhus and other louse-borne diseases. Thus, the use of ironing in early times, (i.e., before the invention of chemicals, such as pyrethroids, or in situations when there was a lack of water to boil the clothes, like war) demonstrates that hygiene is a plausible reason to explain the dissemination of this behaviour.
The influences of religion on the Japanese conception of robots
Authors: Ho Tung Manh
Published: September 2020

The studies on the Japanese conception of robots and artificial intelligence (AI) represent an example of the unexpected way cultural specificities influence people’s emotions, thoughts,and behaviors. In a digital world where rapid social and institutions innovation must occur to adapt to the speed of the cyberspace, it is imperative for social sciences and humanities researchers to pay close attention to how the undercurrents of cultures and religions might influence the way people interact with the technological world.
Negative Impacts of NIH Funding Policies On the Global Health Landscape and Required Changes
Authors: Wu Jianqing
Published: September 2020

This study is to explore why modern medicine fails to find cures for chronic diseases. By conducting a review of NIH funding policies, I found that NIH is primarily responsible for creating the narrow modern medicine that is unable to cure chronic diseases. By influencing research programs for decades, NIH has promoted peer review system, the general acceptance standard, the use of randomized controlled trials, objective evidence standard, precision medicine, evidence-based medicine, exclusion of personalized medicine, rejection of broader mind-body model, rejection of personal observational evidence, etc. By influencing research programs, NIH is primarily responsible for excluding, rejecting, and suppressing personalized medicine including fork remedies, family-owned remedies, and personal discoveries from the world, and forming the wrong notion of incurable diseases. While most of the NIH research programs may yield potentially useful medical knowledge, most funded programs intended to treat diseases by directly intervening human biological networks failed for decades. I must find that such research programs are expected to fail forever. The bases of my prediction are that (1) medical research methods are grossly inaccurate with most mathematical models being wrong, (2) some fundamental concepts in biochemistry are inaccurate, always incomplete, or even completely wrong, and (3) most health properties beneath the life phenomenon are beyond human ability to characterize. Scientists are unable to characterize the full details of human biological networks and biological pathway interactions. Those limitations are insurmountable in light of the fact that chronic diseases are caused by small departures in process attributes in the human biological pathway networks. I must also predict that most NIH-funded research programs attempted to intervene the human biological networks are deemed to fail or will not benefit people in our time. I urge NIH to deeply examine its past funding policies and consistent failure in chronic diseases, and expand its funding scope to cover evolution-compatible remedies, fork remedies, and personal discoveries, many of which have been proved by irrefutable evidence to be predictable cures for chronic diseases.
On the importance of counterfactual thinking in the future development of AI
Authors: Ho Tung Manh
Published: September 2020

Researchers have begun to understand the importance of counterfactual thinking in the future design of AI.
A note on co-occurrence, transitional probability, and causal inference
Authors: van Paridon Jeroen , Alday Phillip M.
Published: September 2020

Much has been written about the role of prediction in cognition in general, and language processing in particular, with some authors even claiming that prediction is the central goal of cognition. Attributing such a specific goal to cognition seems speculative, but prediction is generally held to play an important role in both perception and action. In empirical studies of language processing, however, measures of predictability such as forward transitional probability (or surprisal) are often no more effective in describing behavioral and neural phenomena than measures of post- or retrodictability such as backward transitional probability. We address this paradox by looking at the relationship between these different information theoretic measures and proposing a mechanistic account of how they are used in cognition. We posit that backward transitional probabilities support causal inferences about the occurrence of word sequences. Using Bayes' Theorem, we demonstrate that predictions (formalized as forward transitional probabilities) can be used in conjunction with the marginal probabilities of the current state/word and the upcoming state/word to compute these causal inferences. This conceptualization of causal inference in language processing both accounts for the role of prediction, and the surprising effectiveness of backwards transitional probability as a predictor of human behavior and its neural correlates.
COVID-19 as an Undesirable Political Issue: Conspiracy Beliefs and Intolerance of Uncertainty Predict Adhesion to Prevention Measures
Authors: Farias Jéssica Esther Machado , Pilati Ronaldo
Published: September 2020

Conspiracy theories tend to thrive in moments of crises because they provide simple answers that assist individuals in coping with threats, making the world more understandable. The COVID-19 pandemic is such a crisis and is boosted by the political turmoil related to politicization of the pandemic in some countries. To assess the role of political partisanship, conspiracy beliefs, and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in our two criterion variables (support for COVID-19 prevention measures and compliance with social distancing), we applied an online questionnaire to 662 participants. We have used regression analyses to examine the data collected. Our results indicate that political partisanship predicts conspiracy theories involving personal wellbeing (PW) and control of information (CI) but not government malfeasance (GM) ones. Political partisanship predicted support to COVID-19 prevention measures while intolerance of uncertainty predicted past compliance with social distancing. Beliefs in GM theories predicted support to COVID-19 prevention measures and non-compliance with social distancing while beliefs in PW and CI only predicted non-compliance with social distancing. Belief in GM, PW, and CI theories moderated the effect of political partisanship on support to COVID-19 prevention measures whereas belief in GM and PW theories moderated the effect of IU on past non-compliance with social distancing. Overall, our results suggest the relevance of diminishing political polarization around the virus, providing basic scientific knowledge to the general population to make it easier to identify fake data and conspiracy theories, and offering psychological support focused on dealing with uncertainty to assist in increasing endorsement of and compliance with prevention measures.
Utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people? Harming animals and humans for the greater good
Authors: Caviola Lucius , Kahane Guy , Everett Jim Albert Charlton , teperman elliot , Savulescu Julian , Faber Nadira Sophie
Published: September 2020

Most people hold that it is wrong to sacrifice some humans to save a greater number of humans. Do people also think that it is wrong to sacrifice some animals to save a greater number of animals, or do they answer such questions about harm to animals by engaging in a utilitarian cost-benefit calculation? Across 10 studies (N = 4,662), using hypothetical and real-life sacrificial moral dilemmas, we found that participants considered it more permissible to harm a few animals to save a greater number of animals than to harm a few humans to save a greater number of humans. This was explained by a reduced general aversion to harm animals compared to humans, which was partly driven by participants perceiving animals to suffer less and to have lower cognitive capacity than humans. However, the effect persisted even in cases where animals were described as having greater suffering capacity and greater cognitive capacity than some humans, and even when participants felt more socially connected to animals than to humans. The reduced aversion to harming animals was thus also partly due to speciesism—the tendency to ascribe lower moral value to animals due to their species-membership alone. In sum, our studies show that deontological constraints against instrumental harm are not absolute but get weaker the less people morally value the respective entity. These constraints are strongest for humans, followed by dogs, chimpanzees, pigs, and finally inanimate objects.
Pan, Sana, Schmitt, and Bjork (2020) Pretesting reduces mind wandering during online lectures
Authors: Pan Steven C. , Sana Faria , Schmitt Alexandra , Bjork Elizabeth Ligon
Published: September 2020

Although online lectures have become increasingly popular, their effectiveness at promoting learning can be attenuated by mind wandering (shifts in attention away from the task at-hand towards unrelated thoughts). We investigated whether taking tests on to-be-studied information, also known as pretesting, could mitigate this problem and promote learning. In two experiments, participants viewed a 26-min video-recorded online lecture that was paired with a pretest activity (answering questions about the lecture) or a control activity (solving algebra problems), and with multiple probes to measure attention. Taking pretests reduced mind wandering and improved performance on a subsequent final test compared to the control condition. This result occurred regardless of whether pretests were interspersed throughout the lecture (Experiment 1) or were administered at the very beginning of the lecture (Experiment 2). These findings demonstrate that online lectures can be proactively structured to reduce mind wandering and improve learning via the incorporation of pretests
Contributions from resting state functional connectivity and familial risk to early adolescent-onset MDD: Results from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study
Authors: Cai Yuqi , Elsayed Nourhan , Barch Deanna
Published: September 2020

Background: Family history of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a robust predictor of MDD onset, especially in early adolescence. We examined the relationships between familial risk for depression and alterations to resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) within the default mode network (DMN), and between the DMN and the left/right hippocampus (DMN-LHIPP/RHIPP) to the risk for early adolescent MDD onset. Methods: We examined 9403 youth aged nine to eleven from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Depressive symptoms were measured with the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist. Both youth and their parents completed the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, which provided MDD diagnoses. A family history screen was administered to determine familial risk for depression. Youth underwent a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, providing us with rsFC data. Results: Lower wDMN rsFC was associated with child-reported current and both child- and parent-reported current depressive symptoms and past MDD diagnosis. No difference was found in wDMN or DMN-LHIPP/RHIPP rsFC in children with or without familial risk for depression. Familial risk for depression interacted with wDMN rsFC to predict child-reported past MDD diagnosis and parent-reported current depressive symptoms.Limitations: Information such as length of depressive episodes and age of onset of depression was not collected.Conclusions: Altered wDMN rsFC in youth at familial risk for depression could confer increased risk for MDD onset in adolescence. This finding helps illuminate a potential mechanism by which family history contributes to greater risk for early MDD onset.
Sickness-related Absences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Occupations
Authors: Lyttelton Thomas , Zang Emma
Published: September 2020

During the pandemic, work is exposing many workers to extensive health risks, with workplace infections a major source of COVID-19 outbreaks. The experience of work is substantially different by occupation, and “essential” occupations consist of disproportionately low-SES and non-White workers. Documenting occupational health disparities during the pandemic is therefore crucial for understanding COVID-19 health inequalities in the United States. This study uses the Current Population Survey microdata combined with occupational data from multiple sources to estimate occupational differences in sickness-related absences from work in March – June 2020 and their contribution to income, educational, and racial/ethnic differences in health inequalities. We find that there has been an unprecedented rise in absences compared to previous years, highly concentrated in transportation, food-related, and personal-care and service occupations. In areas with a major COVID-19 outbreak, these occupations saw rates of absence 6 times higher than all non-healthcare professional occupations. Occupations with the greatest increase in absences are those that are unsuitable for remote work, require workers to work in close proximity to others, pay low wages and rarely provide health insurance. These occupations are, on average, disproportionately non-White, immigrant, low-SES, and have workers in worse than average health. We show that occupation contributes 41% of the total of Black/White differences in absences, 40% of high-low income differences, and 54% of differences between college graduates and those with at most a high school diploma.
Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, Car Use, and Active Travel: evidence from the People and Places survey of Outer London active travel interventions
Authors: Aldred Rachel , Goodman Anna
Published: September 2020

This paper reports on analysis of active travel interventions in Outer London. We find stronger impacts of effects (decreased car ownership and use, increased active travel) in intervention areas where Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTNs) were introduced. Decreased car ownership and use is only found in such areas. Sample size for LTN areas is small and hence uncertainty about effect magnitude is large, but effect direction is consistent. This suggests that to reduce car use as well as increase active travel, LTNs are an important part of the intervention toolbox.
Urinary iodine in second trimester of pregnancy: A cross sectional study in tertiary care hospital of Belagavi
Authors: Basnet Bibek , Patil Anuradha , Metgud Shridevi , Singh Lokjan , Parajuli Keshab , Basnet Bikram
Published: September 2020

Background: Iodine is a nutritionally important trace element and its deficiency is a common health problem affecting a huge population, particularly pregnant women and children. The physiological role of iodine in the human body is synthesis of thyroid hormones. Thyroxine is approximately 60% iodine by weight. If iodine intake falls below approximately 100μg/day, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secretion is augmented, which increases plasma inorganic iodide clearance.
Aims and Objective: To correlate urinary iodine with serum TSH in the second trimester of pregnant women.
Material and Methods: One hundred five subjects were included in the study from tertiary care hospital. A random urine sample was collected. Iodine was estimated by ammonium persulfate method and TSH values were collected from the OBG department of the subjects enrolled. Statistics: Pearson correlation coefficient was done.
Results: Median UI 138.50 (29.80-350.51) μg/L, median TSH 1.90(0.17-7.46) mIU/L. There was no significant correlation between UI and serum TSH with r = (0.0873, (p = 0.3756).
Conclusion: Urinary iodine is a marker for population iodine status. A preferable biomarker is necessary to know the iodine status of individual which include not only nutritional biomarker and also required to organise reference range for TSH.
Age related changes in the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
Authors: Joseph Santos George , George Anne
Published: September 2020

Background: Age-related changes in structural and functional part of brain have been the motivation of previous and ongoing neuroscientific research. The focus of most studies done, were on different motor areas of the of the cerebral cortex. Very few studies were done on primary somatosensory areas of the brain.
Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the age-related changes in primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex of the human brain.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 50 autopsied brain specimens. The specimens removed were of both sexes belonging to various age groups ranging from 9 months to 75 years. The specimens were collected from the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College Kottayam. During the autopsy the meninges were carefully stripped off. The sulci and gyri were then examined carefully.
Results: The depth of the upper area of the central sulcus is more than the middle and lower areas, both in the right and left halves of the cerebral cortex. The laminae of the primary somatosensory area have shown that as age advances there is a progressive increase in thickness except in the case of lamina IV. From the ages of 61 years onwards, laminar degeneration takes place. The thickest lamina was lamina V. The thinnest laminawas lamina IV. The stellate cells that dominate in lamina II and IV show a difference in their arrangement. In foetal life, the pyramidal cells were almost indistinguishable from the stellate cells. The pyramidal cells were seen mostly in lamina III and V.
Conclusion: The study results suggest the possibility that in the more advanced stages of aging, the structural integrity of lamina IV is more consistent than other layers present in primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex. Further study is needed to examine the impact of ageing on somatosensory area.
Ajaran Tarekat Qadiriyyah Dan Naqsabandiyyah Dalam Naskah "Tarekat" Koleksi Museum Geusan Ulun Sumedang
Authors: Hayunira Sasadara , Supriatna Agus
Published: September 2020

This aims to reveal the contents of the ancient manuscripts, namely the ancient manuscript entitled "Tarekat" which is a collection of the Geusan Ulun Sumedang Museum, West Java. Philological approach was used as the method. The results obtained from the results of the edition as many as 82 pages, there are 128 words can't be read due to physical damage to the text and reading difficulties. There are copy errors on the text in the form of mechanical errors of 3 in the form of 2 repetitions of words, and 1 omission in the form of missing words. The contents of the text of the manuscript contain the teachings of the Qadiriyyah and Naqsabandiyyah orders. The teachings of the orders in this manuscript begin through the introduction of la??if, namely the collection of lat?fah (subtle parts of humans), then the introduction of various kinds of mur?qabah (behavior to draw closer to Allah), and then the procedure for performing both orders follows the reading of prayer 'wirid and the prize. This research provides important information that can add to the knowledge of previous researches about the tariqa in the Nusantara that is unique with the practice of incorporating the teachings of the tariqa in the Nusantara community. The founder figure of the merger between Qadiriyyah and Naqsabandiyyah orders is Sheikh Ahmad Khatib Sambas (1803 AD).Keywords: Teachings of the Qadiriyyah and Naqsabandiyyah Tariqa, Nusantara Ancient Manuscripts Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap isi naskah kuno berjudul “Tarekat”, yang merupakan koleksi Museum Geusan Ulun Sumedang, Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian filologi, yakni metode yang digunakan untuk mengedisi teks naskah kuno. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa naskah ini terdiri dari 82 halaman, dan terdapat 128 kata yang tidak dapat dibaca yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan fisik naskah dan menyebabkan kesulitan pembacaan. Terdapat tiga kesalahan penyalinan pada naskah berupa kesalahan mekanis mencakup dua ditografi, yakni kesalahan tulis berupa pengulangan kata, dan satu omisi yang berupa ketinggalan penulisan kata. Naskah ini berisi mengenai ajaran tarekat Qadiriyyah dan Naqsabandiyyah. Ajaran tarekat pada naskah ini dimulai dengan pengenalan la??if, yakni kumpulan lat?fah (bagian halus dari manusia), kemudian pengenalan mengenai macam-macam mur?qabah (perilaku untuk mendekatkan kepada Allah swt), dan setelah itu dijelaskan mengenai tatacara untuk melakoni kedua tarekat tersebut berikut bacaan do’a, wirid, dan hadiahnya. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting yang dapat menambahkan pengetahuan atas penelitian-penelitian terdahulu mengenai tarekat di Nusantara yang memiliki keunikan dengan adanya praktek penggabungan ajaran tarekat di masyarakat Nusantara. Pendiri penggabungan tarekat Qadiriyyah dan Naqsabandiyyah adalah Syeikh Ahmad Khatib Sambas (1803 M).Kata kunci: Ajaran Tarekat Qadiriyyah dan Naqsabandiyyah, Naskah Kuno Nusantara.
Transformasi Metode Bahtsul Masail Nu Dalam Berinteraksi Dengan Al-Qur'an
Authors: Pratomo Hilmy
Published: September 2020

This article examines the transformation of the method of the bahtsul masail NU while interacting with the Qur'an. Bahtsul masail NU was chosen because it has a large influence. While the primary source used is “Solusi Problematika Aktual Hukum Islam Keputusan Muktamar, Munas dan Konbes Nahdlatul Ulama 1926-2010 M.” The book is considered as an official document of NU's bahtsul masail that contains history, ideas and results of bahstul masail since its inception in 1926. There are three things studied in this article: how the transformation of the method of bahtsul masail NU in interacting with Qur'an, what are the dynamics that also affect it and how the implications are inflicted. Using the shifting paradigm theory, Thomas Kuhn found that the interaction with the Qur’an was strongly influenced by religious his characters. The most important thing that founded from this paper is that bahtsul masail NU is increasingly open in interacting with the Qur'an.Keywords: Al-Qur’an, Bahtsul masail NU, Interaction, Manhaji, Transfor­mation Tulisan ini mengkaji transformasi metode bahtsul masail NU dalam berinteraksi dengan Al-Qur’an. Bahtsul masail NU dipilih karena memiliki pengaruh cukup luas. Sedangkan sumber primer yang dipakai adalah buku Solusi Problematika Aktual Hukum Islam Keputusan Muktamar, Munas dan Konbes Nahdlatul Ulama 1926-2010 M. Pertimbangannya, buku tersebut merupakan dokumen resmi bahtsul masail NU yang memuat sejarah, ide dan hasil bahtsul masail sejak dimulai tahun 1926. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini menggunakan metode analisa isi. Ada tiga hal yang dikaji dalam tulisan ini, yaitu: bagaimana transformasi metode bahtsul masail NU dalam berinteraksi dengan Al-Qur’an, apa saja faktor dan dinamika yang turut memengaruhinya dan bagaimana implikasi yang ditimbulkan. Dengan memakai teori shifting paradigm Thomas Kuhn ditemukan bahwa interaksi bahtsul masail NU dengan Al-Qur’an sangat dipengaruhi paham keagamaan tokoh-tokohnya. Hal terpenting yang ditemukan dari tulisan ini bahtsul masail NU semakin terbuka dan kontekstual dalam berinteraksi dengan Al-Qur’an.Kata Kunci: Al-Qur’an, Bahtsul masail NU, Interaksi, Manhaji, Transfor­masi.
Design of a 1 ampere high-precision thin-film resistive current transducer with negligible frequency dependence from DC to 100 KHz
Authors: Campos Montiel S. , Jiménez-Sandoval S. , Lira L. , Lopez-Padilla R. Carranza
Published: September 2020

Currently, non-linear loads are found virtually anywhere with the promise of high electrical efficiency. Examples of this type of non-linear loads are compact fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diode lamps which can now be found in any home. However, they produce highly distorted currents that pollute the power grid and cause stability problems, and making the measurement of the distorted electrical current a non-trivial issue. For the reliable measurement of distorted waveforms within a wide bandwidth, magnetic current transducers present disadvantages over resistive current transducers, such as those caused by the magnetic material which attenuates the high-frequency components while producing heating on the magnetic material. This research presents the design principles to develop a thin-film wideband current transducer. Principles such as the selection of high-purity materials, high-symmetry coaxial design, size, geometry, and aspect ratios were used to obtain a linear relationship between its input and output, i.e.: a flat frequency response from DC to 100 kHz, and the ability to operate continuously with a custom passive thermal system for heat dissipation and reliable measurement. An exhaustive effort has been made on the refinement of the design aimed at understanding the effects that govern the frequency behavior of the transducer and the ways to compensate them. The manufacturing feasibility of the proposed design is well confirmed by the results obtained from the simulation process.
Canadian-Born Soldiers in the Mexican-American War (1846–48): An Opportunity for Migration Studies
Authors: Lacroix Patrick
Published: September 2020

US Army enlistment records do not merely document military service; they can shed light on otherwise obscure aspects of American immigration history. This is especially true in regard to the Canadian-born men who joined the forces of the republic during the Mexican War (1846–48). Newly retrieved data indicates that approximately 1,500 individuals from British North America enlisted—a fairly widespread survival strategy at a time when people from the Canadas and the Atlantic colonies were increasingly seeking opportunities abroad. Enlistment records tell us something of the economic backgrounds of the prospective soldiers and the ways in which the creation of a national market in the United States drew British subjects south of the border. Thus, they provide a valuable glimpse into an oft-overlooked aspect of Canadian and North American history prior to 1849.
Frontier Violence and Law and Order: Historical and Geographical Variance in the Great Plains of the North American West
Authors: Atlas Pierre M.
Published: September 2020

Stark differences between the United States and Canada in the post-Civil War/post-Confederation frontier West of the Great Plains and Prairies regarding the role of government, levels of interpersonal violence, and access to firearms (especially handguns) helped to shape the two countries’ divergent developmental paths. Utilizing the alternative approaches of Seymour Martin Lipset’s “origins thesis” and borderlands studies to structure its analysis, this article contrasts the frontier experiences of both countries in the nineteenth century concerning gun laws, violence, and the enforcement of law and order. Canada’s frontier West was demonstrably more orderly and peaceful than was the American frontier, yet the closer one came to the 49thparallel, the more rowdy and violence-prone were the Canadian towns and settlements. Nevertheless, despite occasional instances of lawlessness, even the Alberta borderlands were not as violent or unruly as the American frontier, due in large measure to a strong central government and the effectiveness of the North-West Mounted Police.
Morality Politics of Physician-Assisted Suicide: Comparing Canada and the United States
Authors: Tatalovich Raymond
Published: September 2020

In contrast to the European tendency toward parliamentary enactment of euthanasia reforms, policies on physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in both Canada and the United States were promulgated by high court rulings. These rulings were very different, however: the Supreme Court of Canada upheld a constitutional right to assisted-suicide while the Supreme Court of the United States denied that any constitutional right exists. This comparative analysis of public opinion, media coverage, federalism, interest groups, and jurisprudence argues that the key variable explaining these divergent policy outcomes was the one-sided debate over PAS in the United States, while a two-sided debate occurred in Canada.
Public Health and Precarity
Authors: Doan Michael D. , Harbin Ami
Published: September 2020

One branch of bioethics assumes that mainly agents of the state are responsible for public health. Following Susan Sherwin’s relational ethics, we suggest moving away from a “state-centered” approach toward a more thoroughly relational approach. Indeed, certain agents must be reconstituted in and through shifting relations with others, complicating discussions of responsibility for public health. Drawing on two case studies—the health politics and activism of the Black Panther Party and the work of the Common Ground Collective in post-Katrina New Orleans—we argue for the need to attend more carefully to the limitations of states and state-driven public health programs.
Which “New Eugenics”? Expanding Access to ART, Respecting Procreative Liberty, and Protecting the Moral Equality of All Persons in an Era of Neoliberal Choice
Authors: Harwood Karey
Published: September 2020

In The New Eugenics: Selective Breeding in an Era of Reproductive Technologies, Judith Daar (2017) advocates for increased access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and minimizes concerns about the potential “eugenic logic” of some procreative choices. Although Daar’s goal of expanded access is laudable, her argument suggests an unresolved tension between the moral equality of persons and individual reproductive freedom. Exploring that tension, this paper argues that efforts to expand access to ART must still grapple with the “eugenic mentality” of quality control that some forms of reproductive and genetic technologies enable.
Insuficiencia cardiaca en el adulto mayor
Authors: Piñar Sancho Gustavo , Cespedes Prado Daniela
Published: September 2020

La insuficiencia cardiaca es un síndrome clínico debido a la incapacidad estructural o funcional del corazón para expulsar la sangre suficiente para cumplir con los requerimientos metabólicos de los diferentes órganos y tejidos. Existe diversas causas subyacentes y desencadenantes que favorecen la aparición de la insuficiencia cardíaca. El envejecimiento en la población y el aumento en la esperanza de vida de los pacientes con alguna cardiopatía de base han llevado a una incidencia creciente de esta enfermedad en la población mayor de 65 años.
Síndrome del canal de Guyon con compresión motora del nervio ulnar
Authors: Lee Ruiz Lorna , Castro Appiani Luis Miguel , González Arrieta Diego Eduardo
Published: September 2020

El canal de Guyon en la muñeca es una zona anatómico de gran complejidad, sus limites están formados por varias estructuras y su contenido es fundamental para la integridad de la mano. Existen múltiples factores que pueden eventualmente comprimir el nervio ulnar a este nivel, produciendo el síndrome canal de Guyon. Este síndrome presenta una variedad de signos y síntomas atípicos dependiendo del nivel del compromiso del nervio, por lo que existen zonas delimitadas para diferenciar la compresión sensitivo o motora del nervio. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino,  con  2 meses de evolución de síntomas únicamente motores, atrofia muscular y signos de compresión del nervio ulnar izquierdo a nivel del canal de Guyon y su manejo fue quirúrgico.
Peningkatan Kemampuan Teknik Dasar Passing Permainan Bola Voli Melalui Metode Drill
Authors: Fanani Zaenal
Published: September 2020

Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah, bagaimanakah peningkatan kemampuan teknik dasar passing permainan bola voli melalui metode drill di kelas IX A semester 1 tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 di SMP Negeri 2 Trenggalek. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai peningkatan peningkatan kemampuan teknik dasar passing permainan bola voli melalui metode drill di kelas VII A semester 1 tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 di SMP Negeri 2 Pogalan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus, yang masing-masing siklus terdiri atas tahap perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini hasil tes performance siklus 1 dan siklus 2. Maka dari hasil tersebut dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa, dari seluruh pelaksanaan kegiatan tindakan kelas melalui pembelajaran metode drill dapat meningkatkan kemampuan teknik dasar passing permainan bola voli pada siswa kelas VII A semester 1 tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 di SMP Negeri 2 Trenggalek
Sistem Tanda Dalam Kumpulan Puisi Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh Di Matamu Karya Alfin Rizal
Authors: Inayah Ainul , Arifah Irma
Published: September 2020

Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan gambaran objektif tentang  sistem tanda dalam puisi Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh di Matamu karya Alfin Rizal. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti merumuskan masalah sebagai berikut. (1) Bagaimanakah gambaran ikon dalam kumpulan puisi “Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh di Matamu” karya Alfin Rizal? (2) Bagaimana gambaran indeks yang terdapat kumpulan puisi “Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh di Matamu” karya Alfin Rizal? (3)Bagaimana gambaran simbol yang terdapat dalam kumpulan puisi “Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh di Matamu” karya Alfin Rizal?. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dokumentasi. Hasil analisis data, paparan data, dan temuan data menunjukkan bahwa, (1) terdapat gambaran ikon dalam kumpulan puisi “Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh di Matamu” karya Alfin Rizal berupa tanda yang memiliki kemiripan dengan apa yang dilihat oleh pemakainya, (2) terdapat gambaran indeks dalam kumpulan puisi “Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh di Matamu” karya Alfin Rizal berupa tanda yang memiliki hubungan sebab akibat antara tanda dan petanda, (3) terdapat gambaran simbol dalam kumpulan puisi “Mengunjungi Hujan yang Berteduh di Matamu” karya Alfin Rizal berupa tanda yang dapat mewakili sesuatu dan tidak mengikuti suatu aturan.
Vulnerability of the L5 nerve root during anterior lumbar interbody fusion at L5–S1: case series and review of the literature
Authors: Dowlati Ehsan , Alexander Hepzibha , Voyadzis Jean-Marc
Published: September 2020

OBJECTIVE

Nerve root injuries associated with anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) are uncommonly reported in the literature. This case series and review aims to describe the etiology of L5 nerve root injury following ALIF at L5–S1.

METHODS

The authors performed a single-center retrospective review of prospectively collected data of patients who underwent surgery between 2017 and 2019 who had postoperative L5 nerve root injuries after stand-alone L5–S1 ALIF. They also reviewed the literature with regard to nerve root injuries after ALIF procedures.

RESULTS

The authors report on 3 patients with postoperative L5 radiculopathy. All 3 patients had pain that improved. Two of the 3 patients had a neurological deficit, one of which improved.

CONCLUSIONS

Stretch neuropraxia from overdistraction is an important cause of postoperative L5 radiculopathy after L5–S1 ALIF. Judicious use of implants and careful preoperative planning to determine optimal implant sizes are paramount.