bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Economic Wood Supply and Demand: The Opportunity
Authors: Boulter David W. K.
Published: February 2014

World supplies of industrial wood on a sustainable basis are estimated to be adequate to meet future demand to the year 2000 without effecting real price changes. A degree of uncertainty with respect to supply appears around 2025 by reason of demographic pressures on the indigenous (largely tropical) forests in many of the developing countries in the southern hemispere.Emerging global trends for the supply of and demand for industrial roundwood suggest a shift in the production, consumption and trade in forest products. Such a shift is predicated on a number of supply and demand factors. The key demand factor is the slowing down of population and economic growth in the developed countries accompanied by a greater application of technology in wood processing and/or new products. The key supply factor is the rate of establishment of plantation of fast-growing species in the tropical and sub-tropical regions.The notion of scarcity, as manifest in the forester's vision of increased timber production goals, will have to be tempered with the reality that market prices in real terms for the major categories of forest products have not materially increased and are unlikely to do so in the foreseeable future.These potential developments suggest that Canada's comparative advantage based on old-growth stocks of timber will be diminished and future gains in trade will for the most part be based on new products/processes that in turn will call for a more dynamic approach to market development than that characterized by passive exploitation of a fortuitous endowment of natural resources.
Theoretical Overview of Successional Considerations in Vegetation Management
Authors: Oswald E. T.
Published: February 2014

Forest succession most relevant to forestry originates following forest harvesting or wildfire. That following harvesting is most often also influenced by site preparation procedures for reforestation. The resultant vegetation succession is dependent on the type, degree, and timing of the disturbance, the site characteristics and conditions, and the microclimate. Subsurface organs, including roots, rhizomes, and stumps, allow most species of shrubs occurring on moist and wet forest sites to survive burning and crushing. Establishment and survival of some forbs, such as fireweed and bracken fern, are greatly facilitated by burning. Effective non-chemical techniques for providing desirable forest tree species a successional advantage over competing forest species are discussed. These involve different silvicultural systems, time of logging, type of scarification, time and degree of burning, time of planting, size of seedlings, and other reforestation considerations.
Forest Vegetation Management and The Politics of Environment
Authors: Halleran Mike
Published: February 2014

Traditionally resource management was regarded mainly as a technical challenge. With the upwelling of environmental concern, questions of a social nature now dominate much resource management discussion. In future, implementation of even tested and proven resource techniques may be disallowed due to organized public opposition – regardless of whether they happen to work or not.
The potential for integrated resource management with intensive or extensive forest management: reconciling vision with reality
Authors: Bird I. D.
Published: February 2014

In the past decade, forestry has progressed beyond harvesting and regeneration towards more integrated resource management (IRM). The concept of IRM has been endorsed in policy statements by the Canadian Institute of Forestry and many government forestry agencies. The vision of an IRM system begins with open dialogue between informed resource users who may have different resource needs. Intensive and extensive forest management options can be considered under an IRM framework. However, in reality the forest manager is increasingly forced along the continuum from extensive to more intensive practices. A case study provides an example of the benefits from intensive forest management within an IRM system.
Satellite Imagery Assists in the Assessment of Hail Damage for Salvage Harvest
Authors: Gillis M. D. , Leckie D. G. , Pick R. D.
Published: February 2014

On June 8, 1987 a severe thunderstorm caused extensive hail damage to portions of the forest within Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. The Algonquin Forestry Authority, charged with the responsibility for harvest operations within the Park, decided to salvage the damaged forest. A map of the damage was required to determine the area and volume to be harvested. A cooperative project between the Algonquin Forestry Authority and the Petawawa National Forestry Institute was established to map the damaged area by combining satellite imagery and existing ground information and to define the cut blocks using the satellite data as a guide for field work. A colour composite transparency of Landsat Thematic Mapper data was acquired and the damaged area mapped in just over two weeks. The satellite imagery in combination with ground work provided a simple, effective, and timely method for assessing hail storm damage for an operational salvage harvest.
Toward Excellence in Forestry Education
Authors: Kennedy R. W.
Published: February 2014

Excellence in university forestry education can best be measured by the ability of graduates to analyze, to synthesize, and to discharge and communicate their stewardship of a public resource. Professionals should be devoted to continued learning through the course of their careers. Universities must encourage quality education by recognizing teaching as its paramount task. Curricula should reflect the broader responsibilities of today's manager of the forest estate, and reflect the different but equally important role of the technician. Undergraduate programs may have to be lengthened, while professional and scientific postgraduate programs continue to grow in terms of student numbers. Advanced degree offerings can be enhanced by cooperative arrangements for adjunct professors and sponsored chairs. Practicing foresters can contribute directly to students' education by providing seasonal employment structured to help the students understand and master their chosen profession. Finally, we all must work at enhancing the public understanding of forestry and foresters, so that larger numbers of well-qualified and motivated students are attracted to our profession and its associated colleges and universities.
Motivation for Excellence in Forestry Research
Authors: Burley J.
Published: February 2014

Forestry cannot be considered as a single commodity and research is not a homogeneous activity. Forestry and its research are carried out in various topics, stages and types, locations, institutions, ecological zones, and stage of country development. Excellence in research can apply to individual scientists, specialist groups, whole institutions, networks of institutions, and the managers of any of these.There is thus a multi-dimensional matrix within which to identify appropriate motivations for excellence. Research excellence itself may have different implications for scientists, science managers, and financiers and policy-makers. Motivating forces (incentives) are also varied but can be summarized simplistically as fame and fortune. However, other factors may be equally important to individuals (security, career structure, personnel policies, creative freedom, relevance of research not just fashionableness, resources, managerial methods and general working environment).The structure and composition of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) is described and a summary of Canadian activities in IUFRO is included.
Business arrangements used by U.S. wood-based companies involved in direct foreign investment
Authors: Bilek Edward M. , Ellefson Paul V.
Published: February 2014

Two hundred foreign investments (wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures) were identified for 12 of the nation's 1981 top 20 sales-leading transnational wood-based companies. Investments were scattered over much of the world with a significant preference for developed countries (135 of the 200 foreign investments). Company executives agreed that the ability to compete in world markets would be key to a company's long-term success. Only three companies indicated foreign investments were of growing importance. Factors influencing company decisions about type of foreign investment included length of investment, developed versus developing country, social and political conditions in host country, foreign pressure to reduce equity, control of profit remittances and share of financial burden.
Browse Agroforestry Using Honeylocust
Authors: Wilson A. A.
Published: February 2014

The efficiency of establishing honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) trees in operating pastures is being tested at the Spring-tree Agroforestry Project. Existing electric fences are used as fence rows and to provide protection for honeylocust which produce high nutrient pods for animal consumption. High production cultivars have been grafted to seedling nursery stock and planted out. Annual pod production can be self-harvested by sheep and cattle as a supplementary feed source. When properly spaced, honeylocust do not significantly reduce understory grass production. The literature on honeylocust as an agroforestry species is reviewed, and is used to develop financial rates of return for the program. Potential internal rates of return for pasture honeylocust plantings, calculated using a variety of production and cost assumptions, show net gains ranging from 9% to 24%. The formation of the Honeylocust Research Group is described and future research needs discussed.
Woodland Management and Agroforestry Potential Among Dairy Farmers in Lewis County, New York
Authors: Teel Wayne S. , Lassoie James P.
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the current level of woodland management by dairy farmers in Lewis County, New York, and determine types of woodland management or agroforestry strategies that could benefit them. Basic procedures followed were those of Diagnosis and Design Methodology as defined by the International Council for Research in Agroforestry, supplemented by Farming Systems Research strategies. Hypotheses concerning woodland management were developed and tested using a mail questionnaire, and on-farm and telephone interviews.It was found that respondents could be divided into six categories: dairy farmers with a managed sugarbush, dairy farmers with woods, dairy farmers with no woods, non-dairy farmers with a managed sugarbush, non-dairy farmers with woods, and non-dairy farmers with no woods. Most dairy farmers who had woods reported that they conducted at least one management activity (e.g., management plan, plant trees, harvest trees, etc.). Active sugarbush managers were found to be the most intensive managers of woodlands. The most important reasons for this were their annual involvement with the woods during the late winter sugar season and the presence of access roads. Dairy farmers not having a sugarbush, but reporting efforts to improve access roads, had a much higher level of woodland management than those who did not. Also, there was a strong indication that farmers of land with poor soils for crops had higher woodland management levels than those with good soils.Agroforestry as a concept was not well known among farmers, but there was receptivity among some to certain agroforestry practices, and an expressed desire to do more in their wood-lands. They were the most interested in using "treeshelters" to protect young seedlings to convert under-utilized pastures to woodland while allowing some livestock grazing on the land. Other practices of interest included establishing shelterbelts and hedgerows, planting fencelines and roadsides using a variety of species including sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and establishing small coppice woodlots or plantations of valuable timber species.Woodland management and agroforestry practices appear to have potential to expand among dairy farmers in Lewis County, New York, but a different programming approach is probably needed from Cooperative Extension to facilitate this expansion. For example, more attention should be paid to the constraints of farmers as well as to their specific interests, and steps need to be taken to involve them in the development and implementation of agroforestry schemes on their farms. Given such an approach and enough time, agroforestry practices could become incorporated into dairy farms in Lewis County, and possibly into farming systems throughout the northeastern United States.
Using decision analysis for stand-level silvicultural decisions
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: February 2014

A decision analytic approach to assessing stand-level silvicultural decisions is illustrated using planting density and spacing decisions for coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Information from several stand projection procedures was combined into a single analysis. The value of "perfect information" was calculated as an indicator of the value of additional response information. The value of perfect information should not be used as the sole justification for gathering treatment response information because it fluctuated with the economic assumptions made and the alternatives evaluated. However, it provides a relative ranking of treatment response requirements and a means for quantifying the risk associated with silvicultural decisions. The decision analytic approach proved flexible as a means for combining growth response information from several sources into a compromise decision.
Précisons sur les facteurs d'arbre utilisés lors d'inventaires par points d'échantillonnage des peuplements inéquiennes
Authors: Grenier Yvon , Lapointe France
Published: February 2014

This paper presents six tree factor tables, for basal area factors of 2, 3 and 4 m2/ha and diameter classes of 2 and 10 cm. They can be used for point sampling inventories of unevenaged stands while the purpose is to estimate the number of stems by diameter class. We used a method based on the fact that diameters in a diameter class do not have equal weights. One can calculate tree factor in a more precise manner that what could have been done with traditional method. Key words: diameter class, tree factor, unevenaged structure.
Effets de coupes de dimensions restreintes sur l'abondance des populations d'oiseaux nicheurs en milieu boréal
Authors: Beauchesne Patrick , Larue Pierre , Bélanger Louis , Huot Jean
Published: February 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of small clearcuts on breeding bird communities found in adjacent forest stands. The study was conducted in a deer yard of the Duchenier Wildlife Preserve located in the boreal balsam fir-yellow birch ecological domain of eastern Quebec. The balsam fir-northern white cedar stands of the deer yard had been treated by strip cutting 2 years before the study. Total abundance of nesting passerines in stands adjacent to 60-m-wide strip cuttings was greater (P = 0.10) than in similar control unlogged stands. The establishment of shrub strata within the strip probably provided an additional food source for shrub- and ground-feeding species without significantly affecting canopy-feeding species.
Development of a competition index for young conifer plantations established on boreal mixedwood sites
Authors: Morris D. M. , MacDonald G. B.
Published: February 2014

A competition index was developed, and then used to examine the relationships between perennial competition and plantation performance. Species included were white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine for both over-wintered containers and bare root stock. A total of fifteen four-year-old plantations were used in this study representing a range of soil textures located on boreal mixedwood sites in northern Ontario.Effective canopy cover, derived from vertical hemispherical photographs taken at the base of seedling leaders, provided an accurate estimate of the perennial woody competition affecting seedling diameter growth. Initial seedling size, defined by the stem volume at time of planting, proved to be an important covariate in the analysis.Using the relationship between effective canopy cover and seedling root collar diameter, the following questions regarding vegetation control decision-making were addressed: 1) jack pine was more sensitive to increased levels of competition, 2) over-wintered container stock were more sensitive than their larger bare root counterparts, 3) minimal differences occurred in the pattern of growth response to competition across the range of soil textures studied, and 4) early tending treatments should be concentrated on jack pine plantations or on spruce plantations with an effective canopy cover in excess of 60. Key Words: competition index, hemispherical photographs, boreal plantations, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, tending guidelines.
Natural enemies and forest pest management
Authors: Nealis V. G.
Published: February 2014

Forest insect pest management differs from pest management in other renewable-resource industries because of the relative complexity and stability of the forest environment. An important component of this complexity is the rich fauna of natural enemies attacking most forest insect pests. Understanding the relationship between forest insect pests and their natural enemies would permit better insight into the dynamics of pest populations.The active release of natural enemies in inoculative or inundative release strategies is a direct application of biological control to pest management. The conservation of resident natural enemies is an indirect biological control method with great potential. Knowledge of the ecology of natural enemies can be used to modify other forest practices such as reforestation and insecticide use to conserve or enhance the action of natural enemies.
Frost hardening in white cedar container seedlings exposed to intermittent short days and cold temperatures
Authors: Colombo S. J. , Raitanen E. M.
Published: February 2014

Shoot frost hardiness development in white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) container seedlings in response to intermittent short days (4 days per week) and warm (not less than 15 °C) or cool (10/5 °C, day/night) temperatures was assessed using the diffusate-electrical conductivity technique. A slight increase in frost hardiness was found within 2 weeks of the start of warm, short days. Frost hardiness increased linearly with time under warm, short days from week 7 to week 14, with seedlings being resistant to damage at −10 °C on week 14. Approximately one-quarter of the seedlings developed brown-green foliage colour after 5 weeks of warm, short day treatment. These seedlings were significantly more frost hardy than the remainder of the seedlings which had dark green foliage. Seedlings exposed to warm, intermittent short days for 13 weeks and then to cool continuous short days for a further 6 weeks became hardy to −20 °C, while seedlings exposed to warm, intermittent short days only for the full 19 week period did not harden to the −20 °C level. Key words: Thuja, day length, photoperiod
The forest management decision support system project
Authors: Bulger Dan , Hunt Harold
Published: February 2014

The focus of a decision support system is much different from Management Information Systems (MIS) and data-based "decision support systems". Decision support systems, as defined by the authors, focus on decisions and decision makers, and on information. Technology is treated as a tool and data as the raw material. In many traditional systems the focus is on the technology, and the data is the "information", while decision makers are, to some extent, externalized.The purpose of the Forest Management Decision Support System (FMDSS) project is to develop a set of software tools for creating forest management decision support systems. This set of tools will be used to implement a prototype forest management decision support system for the Plonski forest, near Kirkland Lake, Ontario.There are three critical ingredients in building the FMDSS, these are: (1) knowledge of the decision making process, (2) knowledge of the forest, and (3) the functionality of underlying support technology. The growing maturity of the underlying technology provides a tremendous opportunity to develop decision support tools. However, a significant obstacle to building FMDSS has been the diffuse nature of knowledge about forest management decision making processes, and about the forest ecosystem itself. Often this knowledge is spread widely among foresters, technicians, policy makers, and scientists, or is in a form that is not easily amenable to the decision support process. This has created a heavy burden on the project team to gather and collate the knowledge so that it could be incorporated into the function and design of the system. It will be difficult to gauge the success of this exercise until users obtain the software and begin to experiment with its use.
Sustainable development and pest management in forestry—a Newfoundland case study
Authors: Milne G. R.
Published: February 2014

The spruce budworm outbreak in Newfoundland from 1971 to the early 1980's damaged 50.8 million m3, or nearly 30% of the Island region's softwood growing stock. Short and intermediate-term economic costs for timber salvage operations and lost stumpage revenues were $72.1 million (1989 dollars). The budworm damage has created a potential timber supply problem for the next few decades. Other longer-term effects include potential unemployment in the forest industry, reduced recreational values, and concerns about forest succession on some degraded sites. The Newfoundland experience with the budworm is a case study of problems arising from failing to manage forests according to the concept of sustainable development.
Growth of white spruce following release from aspen competition: 35 year results
Authors: Yang R. C.
Published: February 2014

Release of white spruce from aspen competition improved spruce diameter at breast height (dbh), height and volume growth in the 35-year period following aspen removal. Overall, release improved spruce periodic growth by 41% in diameter, 38% in height and 82% in volume over the control for sample trees ranging from 5 to 65 years of age.Responses varied with site and age classes. Improved periodic dbh and height growth occurred in trees released throughout three age classes on good sites and in trees released at 26 to 45 years of age on medium sites.
Ecological land survey in Quebec
Authors: Bélanger L. , Camiré C. , Bergeron Y.
Published: February 2014

After a brief review of floristic classifications, ecological survey, as carried out in Quebec, is described. Three stages of development of ecological survey over the past twenty-five years are identified: (1) the pioneer work of Jurdant; (2) major ecological surveys from the late 1960s to the late 1970s; and (3) the diversification of the groups involved in ecological land surveys beginning in the 1980s, including universities, the Quebec Environment Department (MENVIQ) and the Quebec Department of Energy and Resources (MER). Intended for use in integrated land management, ecological survey must be an effective integrator of the various ecological evaluations; the information must be easily communicable and the methodology must be flexible. Ecological land classification has two dimensions: (1) taxonomic; and (2) cartographic. In the taxonomic units, the ecological region, the ecological type and the ecological phase are identified. In cartographic terms, local (ecological phase and type), regional (ecological system and subsystem) and national (ecological district and region) resolution is identified.Quebec universities, MER and MENVIQ are presently involved in ecological land surveys. The new Forest Act, which was enacted in 1986 and which provides for sustainable yield and more intensive forest management, is a major force behind the promotion of the use of ecological inventories as the basis for management activities. Mapping of the ecological regions (1:1,250,000) has almost been completed in Quebec. Total coverage of the commercial forest as a function of ecological districts (1:250,000) could be completed within five years, and the mapping of ecological types (1:20,000) could be completed in 20 years at a rate of 10,000 km2 a year. Although in the past ecological land surveys have been used primarily for environmental impact analyses (for instance, the installation of hydroelectric equipment and transportation corridors), the ecological framework is presently being used to prepare development plans for a number of regional county municipalities (RCMs). Pilot projects are under way to assess the potential applications of the ecological framework to forestry as part of intensive management efforts. Improvements are needed in both the accessibility of the information provided by the ecological framework (maps, site guides) and the development of interpretative tools for silvicultural measures. Key words: ecological survey, ecosystem mapping, ecological land classification, forest ecology, forest site classification, Quebec.
A new automatic and interactive tree ring measurement system based on a line scan camera
Authors: Guay Régent , Gagnon Réjean , Morin Hubert
Published: February 2014

A new automatic tree ring measurement system which uses computerized image processing and analysis techniques is presented. It is based on a line scan camera instead of a conventional TV camera so it can give high resolution images over long paths (many centimeters). On-line ring validation is possible by comparison with those on other radii. Also, the system is highly interactive so its decisions can be modified by the operator.
The value of managing for biodiversity
Authors: Burton P. J. , Balisky A. C. , Coward L. P. , Kneeshaw D. D. , Cumming S. G.
Published: February 2014

The concept of biological diversity (biodiversity) is reviewed, with special attention to its measurement and natural trends. While generalizations regarding the necessity of biodiversity need to be interpreted with caution, it is argued that biodiversity should be protected in more ecosystem and landscape reserves, and that biodiversity is a reasonable management objective on timber lands as well. Maintaining biodiversity is important because we cannot always identify which individual species are critical to ecosystem sustainability, nor which species may be useful to mankind in future. Many wild species can provide useful natural products and genetic material, and can serve as ecological indicators. Diversity reduces pest and disease problems, and encourages recovery from disturbance. Uncertainty exists with regard to climate change and future socioeconomic values. It is therefore prudent to maximize flexibility by promoting a wide array of species and potential products. Suggestions are offered on how to promote biodiversity in multiple-use forests. Key words: biological diversity, climate change, environmental ethics, forest inventory, genetic conservation, integrated resource management, indicator species, landscape ecology, multiple-use, natural products, stability, uncertainty.
Pulpmill pollution and public perception
Authors: Owusu–Gyima P. K. , Roy D. N.
Published: February 2014

This paper reviews the risk potential of pulp mill pollutants to humans, risk abatement strategies adopted by the pulp and paper industry, and their socio-enviro-economic implications.The deleterious impact of dioxin-exposure on experimental animals is well documented worldwide. Though their impact on humans is yet to be assessed, it is part of today's conventional widsom that the reduction and possible elimination of the major sources of dioxin would be, pragmatically and economically, more environmentally acceptable. Key words: Dioxin, furan, PCDDs, PCDFs, bleaching, paper and pulp, oxygen, bleach, BOD, COD, wood.
Images of conservation education: Reconciling vision with reality
Authors: Aird Paul L.
Published: February 2014

A difference in attitude and image is portrayed between those who care for the timber in the forest and those who care for the forest. The timber advocates have replaced the image of people in the forest with machines in the forest, and have relegated forest recreation and wildlife to a secondary role; the eco-advocates have embraced the image of people using and enjoying the forest, with its abundance of wildlife and recreation opportunities. The concept of "The Global Farm" is suggested to focus attention on the interdependence of people, nations, and nature, and on the need to sustain the world's biological heritage.
A review of innovations in disease and insect management and control
Authors: Sickle G. A. Van
Published: February 2014

Insects, diseases and fire annually cause losses equal to one-third of the allowable annual cut in British Columbia and can directly affect exports and movement of forest products. While salvage, at least partial, of the merchantable mortality has been the traditional practice, innovations in forecasting, detection and control are increasing forest management options. Examples are given of technological advances in nursery production, data analysis and interpretation using geographic information systems (GIS) and models, insect pheromones and biological controls, and quarantine requirements imposed by concerns for potential pests.
Empirical estimates of loss of value in a second growth coniferous forest related to changes in fluoride emissions
Authors: Bunce Hubert W. F.
Published: February 2014

Empirical values for western hemlock in a forest surrounding an aluminum smelter are given. A reduced rate of growth loss is suggested to relate to a reduction in the level of emission of fluoride from the smelter. From 1971 to 1980, the trees showed reduced growth when emissions were 3.7 tonnes per day and the foliage fluoride content was 74 parts per million (ppm). An emission level of 1.4 tonnes/day produced foliage containing 19 ppm fluoride and no height growth reduction. From 1972 to 1981, 2.6 years of growth on 895 hectares were estimated to be lost which were equal to 26 993 cubic metres (m3) with a value of $18,000/yr. (1986 dollars). Key words: Growth reduction, value loss, second growth, western hemlock, air emissions, fluoride, aluminum smelter, British Columbia
Vegetation development on skid trails and burned sites in southeastern British Columbia
Authors: Oswald E. T. , Brown B. N.
Published: February 2014

Vegetation development, including both planted and natural tree seedlings, was examined over a 5-year period on an area in the ESSFmw subzone of the Nelson Forest Region which was clearcut, skid logged, burned, and planted with 2 + 0, 313, Engelmann spruce. Study sites included the cutbank, mid-trail, and sidecast portions of the skid trails and the intervening prescribed burned area. Fireweed was the most prominent invading species, and affected tree growth, particularly on the sidecast, by shading and crowding the trees. Black huckleberry, regenerating from root stalks, was common on the burned sites, but had marginal influence on Engelmann spruce development over 5 years. The best tree growth occurred on the burned sites, followed by the sidecast, mid-trail, and cutbank sites. Consideration should be given to omitting the cutbank planting site and moving the mid-trail planting site inward on slopes of 30% or more. Key words: Engelmann spruce, ESSFmw biogeoclimatic subzone, slash burn, vegetation succession, fireweed
Ecology, environmentalism and green religion
Authors: (Hamish) Kimmins J. P.
Published: February 2014

Forests offer diverse values to society, including timber, aesthetics, wildlife and biodiversity values, employment and wealth. Forests must be managed to provide the balance of values at the landscape level that the prevailing society deems to be consistent with the basic concept of sustainable development: to satisfy the needs and aspirations of present generations of humans without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs and aspirations.Management of forests to satisfy the requirements of sustainability will not be successful if based solely on the science of ecology, because this science cannot tell foresters what their goals should be. It will also fail if it is based solely on green religion, because this frequently ignores the ecological requirements of many of the living organisms in forest ecosystems, and the needs of the world's present human population, let alone the increase in human numbers that is expected within the next century.Broadly-defined environmentalism should be the basis for managing and conserving the world's forests. This management should be based on the ecology of these forests, should address the multiple values they provide, and should respect current ethical standards concerning the environment. The foresters performing this management should be dedicated environmentalists (in the broad sense). Unless the forestry profession becomes the leader in forest environmentalism, there is a significant risk that forestry in the future will be based largely on green religion.
Impact of biotechnology on forest ecosystems
Authors: Duchesne Luc C.
Published: February 2014

This paper discusses the potential risks and benefits that may be derived from present and future use of forest biotechnology in Canada. The complementary use of forest biotechnology along with traditional silvicultural programs has the potential to improve the quality of Canadian forests by promoting: increased forest productivity, a reduction of exploitation pressure on forest lands, an increase in gene conservation, and improved forest management. However, these benefits could also be followed by undesirable effects such as pest adaptation to control methods, non-target pest emergence, reduction of biodiversity, and genetic pollution. Measures that could be implemented to circumvent these potentially undesirable effects are discussed. Such measures should be based on a sound understanding of the ecological effects of biotechnology and should promote biotechnology use within programs of integrated forest management.
Review and synthesis of Carnation Creek herbicide research
Authors: Reynolds P. E. , Scrivener J. C. , Holtby L. B. , Kingsbury P. D.
Published: February 2014

Carnation Greek Watershed (48°54′N,125°01′W), located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, was aerially treated with glyphosate (ROUNDUP1) in September 1984. Various chemical and biological studies were conducted for up to 3 years after the treatment in order to study the environmental fate and impacts of the herbicide in a temperate coastal rain forest. In tributaries oversprayed with the herbicide, impacts on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and other aquatic organisms were short-term, and the impacts were considered to be acceptable. Residue movements within the watershed and residue inputs into the aquatic ecosystem were monitored in relation to autumn and winter storms. Glyphosate residues rapidly dissipated and degraded in the natural environment. After 1 year, remaining residues were strongly adsorbed to organic matter, soil particles, and/or stream bottom sediments, where they appeared to be inactivated and immobilized. Key words: ROUNDUP, glyphosate, environmental fate, aquatic impacts, herbicide efficacy, residues, coho salmon, buffer strips.
Acid scarification and hot water soaking of Racosperma auriculiforme seeds
Authors: Khasa P. D.
Published: February 2014

Nine methods of overcoming seed-coat dormancy of Racosperma auriculiforme (provenance KZNO) from Zaïre were investigated. Soaking seeds in concentrated sulphuric acid for 15 or 30 min and then rinsing for 15 min with tap water produced the best results for laboratory testing as well as operational application. Boiling water from which the heat source has been removed and in which the seeds are placed and soaked until the water is cool (12–24 h) is the most suitable and economical method for social forestry programs at the village level in Zaïre. Key words: Acacia, germination, Leguminosae, Racosperma, seed-coat dormancy, social forestry
Growth-allometry relations in Salix species and families, having different tree form and being under different mating design
Authors: Aravanopoulos Filipos A. , Zsuffa Louis
Published: February 2014

Regression techniques were used to estimate biomass for different genetic entries in a breeding program. Growth (biomass production) in Salix amygdaloides and S. eriocephala was correlated to height of the major stem, basal diameter of the major stem, number of stems larger or equal to 1.5 cm, number of stems smaller than 1.5 cm. In S. amygdaloides (a tree-form willow), basal diameter alone was a good predictor of growth. In S. eriocephala (a shrub), height of the major stem and the number of stems greater or equal to 1.5 cm were the best estimators of growth. Simpler models were developed in S. amygdaloides families versus S. eriocephala families, and in full-sib families versus half-sib families.
Measuring the quantity and quality of Canadian forestry research through a survey of publications in Forestry Abstracts, 1978–1992
Authors: Brassard Guy R. , Page Graham
Published: February 2014

Concerns have recently been expressed that Canada's forestry research effort may have declined in terms of quantity and/or quality of output. To investigate this we conducted a comprehensive survey of all Canadian forestry-related publications listed in Forestry Abstracts from 1978 to 1992 inclusive. Results showed that overall Canadian output has remained steady at about 6% of the world total, and that its quality, as measured by the proportion of articles in scientific journals, has increased rather than decreased. Over the 15-year survey period, the most frequent origin of those publications has shifted from the Canadian Forest Service (52% of the total in 1978–82, 29% in 1988–92) to the universities (22% in 1978–82, 48% in 1988–92), and the subject-matter focus of Canadian forestry publications has changed in keeping with new research and operational priorities.
Response of young Douglas-fir to urea fertilizer applied on and off snow
Authors: Marshall Valin G. , Barclay Hugh J.
Published: February 2014

The effects of 200 kg N ha−1applied as urea fertilizer on 50 cm of snow or on bare ground were studied in an 11-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantation on Vancouver Island. Analysis was done on all trees per plot and on 20 selected dominant trees per plot. Up to 2 years after fertilization, urea significantly increased absolute DBH increments over controls in all trees and the 20 selected trees per plot; response to fertilization on snow was equal to that on bare ground. Between the 3rd and 9th year following fertilization, mean DBH increments were not significantly different for any treatment. Four-year absolute volume increments were 63 and 87% greater than the controls for bare-ground and on-snow applications, respectively. A positive and quantitatively similar response is expected in wetter coastal Douglas-fir stands whether urea is applied on snow or under better conditions during other seasons. Key words: Forest fertilization, season of application, nitrogen, tree response, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
Volume distribution of eastern white pine in Canada
Authors: Lowe J. J.
Published: February 2014

The distribution of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is described using Canada's Forest Inventory to map volume levels of the species and to tabulate its occurrence by Forest Region and forest type. White pine grows under a wide variety of conditions, with most volume occurring in mixedwood forest. The highest concentrations are in SE Ontario, SW Quebec, and the Maritime provinces. Key words: Forest inventory, Canada, white pine, tree volume, species distribution
Understory prescribed burning in red pine and white pine
Authors: McRae Douglas J. , Lynham Timothy J. , Frech Robert J.
Published: February 2014

The alarming loss of forested areas containing red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in eastern Canada is a situation that must be addressed promptly by changing management approaches. Since the ecological role of fire in the regeneration and perpetuation of these pines is well known, it makes sense to use fire to maintain pine ecosystems through forest management that uses an understory prescribed burn program. Fears of fire escape and a poor knowledge of applying fire correctly to these ecosystems are the result of poor training in the use of prescribed fire, which normally concentrates solely on post-harvest slash sites; this has prevented extensive use of understory prescribed burning in the past. However, research in Canada, principally using the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System coupled with the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System, allows forest managers to develop burning prescriptions that are safe and economical while meeting objectives for seedbed preparation, natural seeding and control of competing vegetation. Key words: crown scorching, eastern white pine, fire, natural regeneration, red pine, seedbed preparation, understory prescribed burning, vegetation control.
Interaction of wildlife research and forest management: The need for maturation of science and policy
Authors: Hanley Thomas A.
Published: February 2014

Foresters and wildlife biologists face new challenges and new expectations from society. They are expected to provide an increasingly wide variety of goods and services from ecosystems at the same time that natural systems are under increasing pressure from both environmental and economic forces. The challenge is very formidable and requires a significant increase in the efficiency of both research and management. It is particularly important that research and management work in concert to provide a scientific basis for management. The communication gap between research and management, however, is a serious impediment. It is primarily one of false expectations, and it needs to be reduced. A major gain in that reduction can be made by recognizing the distinctly different roles of research and management. The role of research is to improve our understanding of our world. The role of management is to incorporate that understanding into policy and action. There is a fundamental difference between the technical knowledge that is science and the technical tools that are required to apply science to management. The technical tools are part of management and often must go considerably beyond the limits of scientific rigour. Research is needed to advance theory. Greater technical expertise within management is needed for management to benefit most fully from science. A shift in expectations from research will help make research more productive in advancing science and will free management from its dependency on research for technical tools.
Importance of population data in forest management planning
Authors: McCullough Dale R.
Published: February 2014

Recent shifts in emphasis to preservation of biological diversity and establishment of large nature reserves have resulted in downgrading of the perceived importance of data at the population level. These shifts in emphasis, while laudable, should not result in loss of focus on the fundamental importance of population information. Suitable habitat, although a prime necessity, is not sufficient for wildlife preservation. Species may not occupy otherwise suitable habitat because of internal (predation, interspecific competition, disease) or external (adverse climate, exploitation, disturbance, impact of exotic species, pollution and toxicants) factors. Historical impacts may persist for many years, and may require active restoration. Forest management plans must consider population data on a metapopulation scale. Data for common species can be at the reconnaissance level whereas for threatened or sensitive species they need to be more detailed. To evaluate sustainability, population data must be integrated with forest stand data in projection models to predict habitat-population mosaics at various times in the future. These models must be developed and improved over time in an adaptive management approach.
A history of the marketing of British Columbia softwood lumber
Authors: Cohen David H.
Published: February 2014

This paper provides a historical account of the marketing of British Columbia softwood lumber, one of Canada's pioneering lumber exporting regions. History teaches lessons concerning cooperation, the necessity for market diversity, and understanding customers' perspectives. As customer orientation becomes increasingly important for lumber producers to maintain and/or improve their international competitive position, foresters need to become more aware of the international marketing of wood products. Understanding the history of marketing B.C. lumber products can provide the foundation for foresters to help plan future exporting accomplishments. Key words: lumber exporting, forest product marketing, forest history, British Columbia forest products
Community forests in British Columbia: Models that work
Authors: Allan Kim , Frank Darrell
Published: February 2014

Two British Columbia community forests, each a municipal forest operation, are located in the Districts of Mission and North Cowichan, respectively. Both have management histories going back over forty years. This paper presents details of these community forests, focussing on background and history, forest management programs, and goals and benefits. The forests are contrasted in terms of tenure and ecological conditions. They are found similar in terms of local control and overall management thrusts. The paper concludes with thoughts about the benefits of community control over nearby forest lands, and about the need for communities to form partnerships with industry and government as they seek to establish new community forests.
Making major meetings more meaningful: In search of better get-togethers about forests
Authors: Duinker Peter N.
Published: February 2014

Meetings on forest issues in Canada need improvement. Problems occur in meeting rationale, organization, speaker quality, opportunities for discussions, facilitation, and physical facilities. Suggestions are made for overcoming key difficulties. Meeting organizers are urged to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of meetings in an age when budgets and time are both scarce. Key words: meetings, forests, forestry, Canada
Seedling roots and forest floor: Misplaced and neglected aspects of British Columbia's reforestation effort?
Authors: Balisky A. C. , Salonius P. , Walli C. , Brinkman D.
Published: February 2014

Concepts of planted seedling root morphology and root location are discussed in the context of reforestation in British Columbia. Comparison of root form and location between natural and planted seedlings reveals profound differences. Unnatural root morphology and delayed development of nursery-produced rooting systems, coupled with current planting techniques that emphasize vertical orientation of roots in mineral soil horizons, may exacerbate harsh microenvironmental site conditions. Inappropriate root systems may inhibit optimal seedling function and compromise long-term stand stability. The forest floor is seen as an appropriate rooting medium to which planted seedlings should be allowed ready access. A change in the biological geometry (direction and depth of root development) of the planted root system may enhance survival, establishment, and growth. The promotion of more natural, lateral, surface rooting at the organic/mineral soil interface is proposed. Site-specific root morphologies and planting strategies may be required. Key words: regeneration silviculture, tree-planting, target seedling stocktype, root egress, root morphology, root location, forest floor, soil temperature, soil moisture, frost heaving, soil nutrients, mycorrhizae, site preparation, alternative stocktypes