bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marine Transportation Infrastructure - Ports (2006)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada is a maritime nation with access to three oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic), and shared access to the longest inland waterway system in the world, the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway system of waterways. The map shows approximately 590 major ports,
the Seaway (including major locks) and vessel traffic service zones. The Canada Marine Act governs Canadas port and harbour systems. The ports, comprising the National Port System, have been classified into three major types: Canada Port Authorities (CPAs), regional/local ports and remote ports. The
largest ports are the 19 CPAs and 1 harbour commission (Oshawa), recognized by the Federal government as vital to domestic and international trade. The Canada Shipping Act provides for regulations which govern vessel traffic in the 11 vessel service traffic zones.
Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Efficiency - 1990 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Average fuel efficiency of light-duty vehicles with the model year 1990 for all populated regions of Canada is shown on this map. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. There are significant spatial variations throughout Canada. The areas with the
high average fuel efficiency are urban areas. Generally, fuel efficiency increases from west to east across Canada. Because vehicles consume a substantial part of energy in Canada, average vehicle fuel efficiency is an important indicator for greenhouse gas emission and climate change policy making.
The lower the fuel efficiency, the higher the emission per vehicle, and, consequently, the greater the contribution to greenhouse gases.
Land Cover (generalized)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows a simplified distribution of land cover types across Canada interpreted from satellite data obtained in 1995. Land cover has an important role in the water cycle as it significantly affects evapotranspiration and the amount of water leaving a
watershed. Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and transpiration, both of which are related to types of land cover. Plants with larger surface area and deeper roots have greater transpiration.
Labour Force Occupation, 2006 - Social Sciences, Education, Government Services and Religion (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Census data showed employment reached an estimated 16 021 200 in 2006, up 1 326 000 from 2001. Just two western provinces - Alberta and British Columbia - accounted for a third of this increase. During the same five-year period, the unemployment rate fell in
every province and territory, except Ontario and the Northwest Territories. The shift in industrial demand for workers to different parts of the economy had an impact on the occupational make-up of the nation. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in social
sciences, education, government services and religion.
Labour Force Occupation, 2006 - Management (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Census data showed employment reached an estimated 16 021 200 in 2006, up 1 326 000 from 2001. Just two western provinces - Alberta and British Columbia - accounted for a third of this increase. During the same five-year period, the unemployment rate fell in
every province and territory, except Ontario and the Northwest Territories. The shift in industrial demand for workers to different parts of the economy had an impact on the occupational make-up of the nation. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in
management.
Labour Force Occupation, 2006 - Business, Finance and Administration (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Census data showed employment reached an estimated 16 021 200 in 2006, up 1 326 000 from 2001. Just two western provinces - Alberta and British Columbia - accounted for a third of this increase. During the same five-year period, the unemployment rate fell in
every province and territory, except Ontario and the Northwest Territories. The shift in industrial demand for workers to different parts of the economy had an impact on the occupational make-up of the nation. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in business,
finance and administration.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Trades, Transport and Equipment Operators and Related Occupations (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Social Sciences, Education, Government Services and Religion (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in art, culture, recreation and sport.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Processing, Manufacturing and Utilities (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in processing, manufacturing and utilities.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Management (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in management.
Hydropower Resources
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, which usually requires the potential energy of water stored behind a dam to drive a water turbine and generator. The map shows 632 large dams and 6 major dams. Major dams are defined as being greater than
150 metres in height and large dams as between 10 to 15 metres and 150 metres. Also, mapped are 479 hydroelectric generating stations. A generating station (power plant) is an industrial facility built and operated to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power is generated from a plant in which the
turbine generators are driven by falling or flowing water.
Historical Indian Treaties
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The geographical extent of the historical Indian treaties from 1725 to 1923 are shown on this map. Indian treaties have been generally classified into two groups: Pre-Confederation and Post-Confederation. Pre-Confederation treaties were made with the Crown
through representatives of the British Government. Post-Confederation treaties were made with the Government of Canada. Peace and Friendship Treaties did not involve the transfer of land title and are therefore not individually represented on the map.
Health Status: Low Birthweight Mothers Aged 15 to 19 Years
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Teen mothers often have a higher proportion of low birthweight babies than do mothers in the 20 to 39 year age group. There is a significant concentration of high low birthweight rates for teen mothers in Atlantic Canada. Areas with very high 1996 low birthweight
rates (8.0% and grater) are most commonly found in Quebec and Ontario. Low birthweight (LBW) is a health status indicator, and is defined as babies born with weight under 2500 grams. The proportion of low birthweight babies born to mothers 15 years of age and older indicates the health and
well-being of a population. Health status refers to the state of health of a person or group, and measures causes of sickness and death. It can also include peoples assessment of their own health.
Health Status: Low Birthweight Mothers 15 Years of Age and Older
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The Atlantic Provinces have a higher proportion of low birthweight births than most other areas in Canada. As one moves west through the Prairies, then to British Columbia, and finally to the territories, the low birthweight births decrease by region. Low
birthweight (LBW) is a health status indicator, and is defined as babies born with weight under 2500 grams. The proportion of low birthweight babies born to mothers 15 years of age and older indicates the health and well-being of a population. Health status refers to the state of health of a person
or group, and measures causes of sickness and death. It can also include peoples assessment of their own health.
Health Status: Breast Cancer Ratios, 1986 to 1995
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map uses age-standardized ratios to further aid in regional comparisons. A value of 1.0 would indicate that the region rate is identical to the overall Canadian rate; a value greater than 1.0 would indicate that the rate for that region is higher than the
Canadian rate; and, in turn, a ratio value less than 1.0 would indicate that the rate for the specific region is lower than the Canadian rate. Statistically low incidences of breast cancer are found in Newfoundland and Labrador, the territories, and northern areas of most provinces. Otherwise, each
province has one or more pockets of significantly high breast cancer incidence. Health status refers to the state of health of a person or group, and measures causes of sickness and death. It can also include peoples assessment of their own health.
Growth Rate of Business Services Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial services, the activities operating within the private sector, are attracted to markets according to the population of the area they serve and the level of market income. Growth in business services was relatively slow in the Prairie provinces and rapid
in British Columbia and southern Ontario and Quebec. The highest rates of growth occurred in coastal British Columbia and in the urban centres near the largest cities (Toronto, Ottawa and Montréal).
Generating Stations, 2007 - Technology
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A generating station is an industrial facility built and operated to generate electricity. The map shows the 916 generating stations (power plants) operating in 2007. There were 479 hydroelectric stations, 375 thermal plants (combustion, internal combustion and
steam), 7 nuclear plants, 54 wind turbines and 1 tidal power plant.
Forest Fire Severity Level, 1988 - 1989
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Climate warming can bring more frequent and severe forest fires. This map shows the change in forest fire severity levels across Canada from 1980 to 1989, based on Global Generation Circulation Models. The Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR) is a measure of fire
danger conditions over a complete fire season. The SSR is developed by averaging daily values over the season. The scale shown is relative, with values above 6 being extreme. A real value of zero is only possible in remote cold regions where no fire danger exists in the summer
months.
Ferrous-metal Mines, 2003
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map depicts the 6 ferrous-metal mines that operated for any period during 2003. Ferrous-metal mines produce iron ore, niobium and tantalum, all used in the production of steel and steel alloys. Only Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec and Manitoba have
ferrous-metal mines. The locations of 16 steel-production facilities, 3 iron-agglomerate plants and 4 ferroalloy plants are shown to provide an industrial context for ferrous-metal mining activity.
Familiarization with Inadequately Known Areas in Hudson Bay and James Bay 1668 to 1689
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Exploration in the period 1668 to 1689 was initiated by the re-emergence of the English in James Bay. This map shows the routes of seven expeditions into inadequately known areas of Hudson Bay and James Bay: Gillam and Des Groseilliers (1668 to 1669), Bayly and
Radisson (1670 and 1671), Bayly (1674), Grimington and Abraham (1686) and Kelsey (winter of 1688 to 1689 and summer of 1689). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map
are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Energy-reliant Communities, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

There are 149 energy-reliant communities, of which 60 have a reliance of 50% or greater, and 89 have a reliance of 30 to 49%. The distribution of communities closely relates to the extent of the main oil and gas producing area of Canada, which is located
in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.
Ecosystem Components: Wetland Diversity
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Wetlands are lands where water saturation is the dominant factor. Wetlands occupy about 18% of Canada, and Canada has about 25% of the worlds wetlands. Wetlands foster the growth of hydrophytic vegetation and other biological activities such as the
sustenance of large numbers of waterfowl, storage and release of large quantities of water, and the production of large amounts of energy in the form of peat. They offer food and shelter, slow down soil erosion, and contribute to the natural water purification process. Wetland conservation is
important particularly in the human-dominated ecozones of southern Canada. The map shows the percentage of ecoregions covered by wetland.
Earnings as a proportion of total income of households (by census subdivision), 2005$
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2005, an estimated 18 201 000 people reported employment income (earnings), an increase of more than 1.5 million from five years ago. The national median earnings of persons 15 years and over was $26 850. These earnings were one component of household total
income. The national median income for 12 437 470 households in 2005 was $53 634 up 2.3% from 2000. The map shows by census subdivision the proportion of total income derived from total earnings of households in 2005 constant dollars.
Distribution of Freshwater - Glaciers and Icefields
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Glaciers and icefields are huge masses of ice, formed on land by the compaction and re-crystallization of snow, that move very slowly down slopes, or move outward due to their own weight. In Canada, an estimated area of 200 000 square kilometres, or about 2%
of the countrys area is covered by glaciers and icefields. A huge quantity of freshwater is frozen in the polar ice caps and in high mountain glaciers. Glaciers and icefields are found in Western Cordillera and the mountains in the eastern Arctic. At present there are no reliable figures on the
total number of glaciers in Canada. Glaciers exert a direct influence on the hydrologic cycle by slowing the passage of water through the cycle. Like groundwater, glaciers are excellent natural storehouses of water.
Commercial Land Use: Industrial Zones
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows how commercial activity is distributed within urban areas and the impact of commercial services on the urban landscape, by mapping what proportion of stores (hence jobs) in an urban area that are found in industrial zones. Industrial zones are
extensive areas zoned for industrial use that nowadays are home to wholesalers, big-box retailers and a variety of services and small office buildings. These are specialized destinations, often oriented to other businesses; not the kinds of places you stumble upon by accident. As the most recent
form of commercial concentration, they are most often found in rapidly growing cities, especially the largest cities. Since industrial zones support a wide range of specialized activities they usually benefit from commercial specialization as indicated by the index of centrality. The distribution
indicates that cities in Ontario and the Prairies have higher values than cities in Quebec, the Atlantic region and British Columbia.
Commercial Land Use: Downtown
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows how commercial activity is distributed within urban areas and the impact of commercial services on the urban landscape, by mapping what proportion of stores (hence jobs) in an urban area that are found in the downtown. Downtowns are typically the
oldest and most central commercial location in the city. Initially, they provided retail and institutional services, but over time much of the retail activity has migrated to the suburbs and the downtown has attracted a variety of other services into office buildings. The importance of the downtown
varies widely from city to city. Smaller cities have relatively larger downtowns, as do cities with a strong indices of centrality because they provide services to a wide trade (market) area.
Commercial Land Use: Dispersed Stores
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows how commercial activity is distributed within urban areas and the impact of commercial services on the urban landscape, by mapping what proportion of stores (hence jobs) in an urban area that are found in dispersed stores. The dispersed stores are
those activities that are left out when all the commercial polygons in the city have been mapped. They include the traditional activities such as service stations and convenience stores, as well as clusters of stores that are too small to qualify as commercial polygons. In most cities, some 30%
of stores are assigned to this category, with higher proportions in small cities and slow-growth cities. Since dispersed stores seldom serve consumers living outside the city, they tend to be relatively more important in cities with low indices of centrality. Like arterial strips, they may also be
an indicator of weaker planning legislation that permits commercial activity outside designated commercial zones. The distribution of dispersed stores shows cities with low proportions in the Prairie and Maritime provinces, and cities with higher values in Ontario and
Quebec.
Climate Warming - Global Annual Temperature Scenario: 2100
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in annual mean temperatures from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2080 to 2100 is shown on this map. Geographically, the temperature changes would not be evenly distributed. According to this projection, the Arctic would
experience the greatest annual mean warming followed by other areas in northern Canada and central and northern Asia. Temperatures generally increase as the century progresses as a consequence of the projected increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The results are based on
climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Annual Precipitation Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in mean annual precipitation from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2040 to 2060, is shown on this map. On average, precipitation increases, but it is not evenly distributed geographically. There are marked regions of
decreasing, as well as increasing precipitation, over both land and ocean. Annual average precipitation generally increases over northern continents, and particularly during the winter. Warmer surface temperature would speed up the hydrological cycle at least partially, resulting in faster
evaporation and more precipitation. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Change in Market Share of Subcompact Cars 1990-2010 (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of subcompact cars in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes during the
1990 to 2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. It is projected that the market share of subcompact cars would remain largely unchanged from the model year 1990 to that of 2010 for Canada as a whole (18.8% in 1990 and 18.2%
in 2010). The greatest changes would be in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, where the expected significant increases would be primarily due to a significant switch from large pick-up trucks to small passenger vehicles.
Change in Market Share of Midsize Cars 1990-2010 (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of midsize cars in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes during the 1990
to 2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. It is projected that there would be no significant increase in the market share of midsize cars over the 1990 to 2010 period for Canada as a whole (16.5% in 1990 and 17.0% in 2010).
In general, this car type's market share would increase significantly in most urban areas but decrease considerably in rural areas.
Base-metal Mines, 2003
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map depicts the 30 base-metal mines that operated for any period during 2003. Base-metal mines produce primarily copper, nickel, zinc, lead, cobalt, molybdenum and magnesium. There were no active base-metal mines in the Yukon Territory, Nunavut, Alberta,
Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia or Newfoundland and Labrador for this year. The locations of 24 selected base-metal production facilities are shown to provide an industrial context for base-metal mining activity.
Area Irrigated in Western Canada, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada has one of the most plentiful supplies of fresh water in the world. However, this supply is not limitless, and must be shared among many users. The agriculture sector is one of many competitors for this resource: It uses about 9% of the water withdrawn
in Canada. The four western provinces drew 90% of all water withdrawn in Canada for agriculture in 2001. Irrigation accounts for 85% of the water used in agriculture; drinking water for livestock and wash water for equipment are just a few drops in the collective bucket. In 2001, 7% of
census farms reported using irrigation.
April Mean Daily Maximum Temperatures
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean daily maximum temperatures for April. Below-freezing maximum temperatures in April are restricted to northern Canada and the extreme northern portions of Ontario and Quebec adjacent to Hudson Bay. Lengthening days and strengthening sunshine
bring about a moderation in temperature in all parts of the country. In the high Arctic, maximum temperatures range from -15 to -30ºC, so winter is very much present despite the arrival of spring weather across southern Canada.
All Generating Stations, 1997 - By Fuel
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the 815 generating stations with a capacity of 500 kilowatts or greater classed by the principal fuel used. Two fuels are dominant: water power (hydro-electricity) and petroleum products. The pattern of hydro plants across Canada is partly
explained by Canada's geology: areas that are either rugged or mountainous should have more good sites for these plants than do flat-lying areas. The geology map of Canada has been added here confirms this: it shows that the Canadian Shield (rugged) and Orogen areas (mountainous areas) do have many
more hydro stations than do platforms (flat-lying areas). For the other prominent fuel - petroleum products - it can be seen that a large number of plants in Canada's North operate on petroleum fuels.
All Generating Stations, 1997: By Operator
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the 815 generating stations with a capacity of 500 kilowatts or greater, classed by the type of company operating them. Most plants are operated by utilities, but nearly one-quarter of all plants are operated by other industries. All three
industries identified in the map legend are involved in natural resource processing.
Aboriginal Peoples circa 1823
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the distribution of Aboriginal peoples at the height of British rule when the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the fur trade. Ethnohistorical societies are identified on the map by the major linguistic family to which they belong. Ethnohistorical
societies are Aboriginal peoples that were known by name and location to Europeans early in the nineteenth century. A linguistic family code identifies each ethnohistorical society on the map and is used to reference specific information for each ethnohistorical society (refer to the Atlas of
Canada's 5th Edition map Native Peoples 1823 for the information).
Watersheds
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A watershed is an area that drains all precipitation received as a runoff or base flow (groundwater sources) into a particular river or set of rivers. The easiest way to describe the network of rivers and lakes on a small-scale map is to show the watersheds. In
Canada, there is a detailed hierarchy of watersheds, ranging from the largest (drainage into oceans and their equivalents), down to the smallest ramification. Canadas ocean watersheds are the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.
Physiographic Regions
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canadas landscape is very diversified and comprises several distinctive areas, called physiographic regions, each of which has its own topography and geology. The physical geography of Canada comprises two great parts: the Shield and the Borderlands. The Shield
consists of a core of old, massive, Precambrian crystalline rocks. The Borderlands areas are formed by younger rocks and surround the Shield like two rings. The inner ring comprises a chain of lowlands, plains and plateaus of generally flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The outer ring consists of
discontinuous areas of mountains and plateaus in which the younger rocks are deformed. Each of these areas is divided into regions, each of which comprises many smaller subdivisions that are distinctive based on their topography and geology. This map shows the location of these physiographic
regions.
Space Weather - Geomagnetic Activity Zones
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The magnetic field of the Earth is influenced by the electromagnetic environment of the solar system. The disturbed interplanetary environment changes the conditions of the natural electromagnetic environment of our planet and affects normal operation of space
and ground technological infrastructures, such as power grids and pipelines.Geomagnetic activity can be described by the sizes of the disturbances in the Earth magnetic field and how often they occur. Geomagnetic activity depends on the geographic location of the observing point. It is defined by
the geometry of the Earths geomagnetic field and its interaction with both the charged particles produced by the Sun and the solar/interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations. Canadian territory covers three zones of geomagnetic activity: the polar cap (north of Cambridge Bay), the auroral zone
(between Cambridge Bay and Meanook) and the subauroral zone (south of Meanook). The highest geomagnetic activity is observed in the auroral zone.
Tsunamis
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A tsunami is a sea wave or series of waves produced by large disturbances of the sea floor that are of relatively short duration. Such disturbances cause the water column to move vertically and the resulting wave energy to spread outwards across the ocean surface
at high speed. Although tsunami occurrences in Canada are rare, they do occur and can cause major damage and loss of life. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, there has been one tsunami reported about every fifteen to twenty years in Canada. This map shows the location of the major tsunami
events in Canada including earthquake and landslide events that triggered tsunamis.
Break-up of Sea Ice
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The typical retreat of the sea ice cover from the late winter to late summer is shown on this map. Sea ice is any form of ice that is found at sea and has originated from the freezing of seawater. Melting of sea ice begins in spring in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
and East Newfoundland, retreating northward towards the Labrador coast. In June openings appear in Baffin Bay and the Beaufort Sea, while clearing is already underway in Hudson Bay. Break-up continues throughout the summer months, reaching a minimum extent around mid-September. The map shows the
typical retreat of the sea ice cover from late winter (mid-March) to late summer (mid-September) on a bi-weekly basis. The dates shown in the legend of the map indicate the extent of the sea ice cover at those dates.
Late Winter Sea Ice Conditions
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Typical sea ice types are shown here near the end of the winter season. Also shown is how often sea ice has been present at any location on the 26th February over the last 30 years. Based on the observations of sea ice extents and ice types over the last 30
years, this map shows how frequently sea ice has been present and what is the most likely predominant ice type and where. Sea ice is any form of ice that is found at sea and has originated from the freezing of seawater. The ice type gives an indication of the thickness of sea ice such as new ice,
grey ice, grey-white ice, first year ice, and old ice. Ice represents a danger for navigation. Information on sea ice is essential in estimating transportation costs, and what type of vessel is appropriate. The map shows the typical sea ice types near the end of the winter season (February 26) and
as well as frequency of sea ice on that date. The frequency of sea ice indicates how often sea ice has been present on February 26 over the last 30 years.
Age, 1996 - Early Working Years (15 to 34 years) by Census Division
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The segment of the population 15 to 34 years of age is considered to be the population that is starting jobs, purchasing first homes and having children. This map exhibits some interesting patterns that contrast well with the other age group maps. One notable
pattern is the higher proportion of early working years people in urban centres. This age group migrates to urban areas to seek employment opportunities. There are lower proportions of this group in many other regions of the country. For example, the agricultural regions of the Prairies, Ontario,
Quebec and Nova Scotia all show low proportions of early working years population.
Age, 1996 - The Golden Years (65 to 74 years) by Census Subdivision
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The population 65 to 74 years of age is in their "Golden Years". This is an age when many are no longer in paid employment and have a pension and investment income. To add to the income stability is continuing good health. A number of patterns are evident on this
map. The clearest of these is the north to south increase in the proportion of those in the 65 to 74 years of age range. High fertility rates and relatively lower life expectancies in the north contribute to this distribution. A high proportion of this portion of the population can be clearly seen
in the Okanagan Valley, Vancouver Island and the lower mainland of British Columbia, the coastal area of Nova Scotia and even more distinctly in the Muskoka and Georgian Bay areas of Ontario. This pattern reflects the attraction of these areas for retirement homes.
Age Structure, 2001 - Early Working Years by Census Division (15 - 34 years)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

New census data on age and sex show that as of May 15, 2001, the median age of Canada's population reached an all-time high of 37.6 years, an increase of 2.3 years from 35.3 in 1996. This was the biggest census-to-census increase in a century. Median age is the
point where exactly one-half of the population is older, and the other half is younger. The nation's median age has been rising steadily since the end of the baby boom in 1966, when it was only 25.4 years. Nova Scotia and Quebec were the nation's oldest provinces, each with a median age of 38.8
years. Alberta was the youngest with a median age of 35.0. The group to increase at the fastest pace was that aged 80 and over. From 1991 to 2001, their numbers soared 41.2% to 932,000. The number of people aged 80 or over is expected to increase an additional 43% from 2001 to 2011, during
which time it will surpass an estimated 1.3 million. At the same time, Canada has undergone a substantial decline in the number of children aged four and under. In 2001, the census counted 1.7 million children in this age group, down 11.0% from 1991, the result mostly of Canada's declining
fertility rate. By 2011, this group may decline to an estimated 1.6 million.
Age Structure, 2001 - Later Working Years by Census Division (35 - 64 years)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

New census data on age and sex show that as of May 15, 2001, the median age of Canada's population reached an all-time high of 37.6 years, an increase of 2.3 years from 35.3 in 1996. This was the biggest census-to-census increase in a century. Median age is the
point where exactly one-half of the population is older, and the other half is younger. The nation's median age has been rising steadily since the end of the baby boom in 1966, when it was only 25.4 years. Nova Scotia and Quebec were the nation's oldest provinces, each with a median age of 38.8
years. Alberta was the youngest with a median age of 35.0. The group to increase at the fastest pace was that aged 80 and over. From 1991 to 2001, their numbers soared 41.2% to 932,000. The number of people aged 80 or over is expected to increase an additional 43% from 2001 to 2011, during
which time it will surpass an estimated 1.3 million. At the same time, Canada has undergone a substantial decline in the number of children aged four and under. In 2001, the census counted 1.7 million children in this age group, down 11.0% from 1991, the result mostly of Canada's declining
fertility rate. By 2011, this group may decline to an estimated 1.6 million.
Age Structure, 2001 - Oldest Old by Census Division (75 years of age and older)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

New census data on age and sex show that as of May 15, 2001, the median age of Canada's population reached an all-time high of 37.6 years, an increase of 2.3 years from 35.3 in 1996. This was the biggest census-to-census increase in a century. Median age is the
point where exactly one-half of the population is older, and the other half is younger. The nation's median age has been rising steadily since the end of the baby boom in 1966, when it was only 25.4 years. Nova Scotia and Quebec were the nation's oldest provinces, each with a median age of 38.8
years. Alberta was the youngest with a median age of 35.0. The group to increase at the fastest pace was that aged 80 and over. From 1991 to 2001, their numbers soared 41.2% to 932,000. The number of people aged 80 or over is expected to increase an additional 43% from 2001 to 2011, during
which time it will surpass an estimated 1.3 million. At the same time, Canada has undergone a substantial decline in the number of children aged four and under. In 2001, the census counted 1.7 million children in this age group, down 11.0% from 1991, the result mostly of Canada's declining
fertility rate. By 2011, this group may decline to an estimated 1.6 million.
Age Structure, 2006 - Oldest Old by Census Division (80 years of age and older)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada is an aging society. In 2006, 13.7% of the total population of Canada was 65 years and over. This proportion was 9.7% only twenty five years ago in 1981. During the same period, the proportion of the population that was very old increased at a more
rapid pace. For example, between 1981 and 2006 the proportion of the population that was 80 years and over rose from 1.7% to 3.7%. The number of people in this age group topped the 1 million mark (at 1.2 million) for the first time in 2006. In 2006, the population of Saskatchewan was the
oldest in the country with 15.4% of the population 65 years and over. It also had the largest proportion of the oldest old, where one out of every 20 Saskatchewan residents was 80 years of age and over. The national average was one in 27. Saskatchewan's situation is unique, in that it has both
the largest proportion of seniors and one of the largest proportions of children among the provinces. This is attributable to several factors: higher fertility compared to any other Canadian province due to a large Aboriginal population; a life expectancy that was, until quite recently, one of the
highest in the country; and substantial losses of young adults migrating to Alberta to find employment. In general, Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland, and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) and British Columbia had an older age structure population (14-15% in the age
group 65 and over) compared with the national average, once again a reflection of their lower fertility rates.
Age Structure, 2006 - Later Working Years by Census Subdivision (35 - 64 years)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The working-age population can be divided into two broad categories: the early-working age group (15-34) and the later working age group (35-64). The effect of fertility on the composition of these groups is obvious. The later working age group is largely
composed of the baby-boomers (those born between 1946 and 1965), while the early working age group is composed of those born during the baby-bust period (1966-1974) and the children of baby-boomers. Thus, despite the fact that baby-boomers are now older, they still remain the largest group in the
population. This is evident in the relatively large proportion (42.6%) of the population that belonged to the late working age group in 2006. The corresponding proportion was much smaller (31.3%) just 25 years ago in 1981. As a result of the entry into the working age group of the people
born during the baby-bust period and the children of baby-boomers in 2006, only 26.0% of the population belonged to the 15 to 34 age group in 2006, compared with 36.5% in 1981.
Age Structure, 2006 - Golden Years by Census Subdivision (65 - 79 years)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada is an aging society. In 2006, 13.7% of the total population of Canada was 65 years and over. This proportion was 9.7% only twenty five years ago in 1981. During the same period, the proportion of the population that was very old increased at a more
rapid pace. For example, between 1981 and 2006 the proportion of the population that was 80 years and over rose from 1.7% to 3.7%. The number of people in this age group topped the 1 million mark (at 1.2 million) for the first time in 2006. In 2006, the population of Saskatchewan was the
oldest in the country with 15.4% of the population 65 years and over. It also had the largest proportion of the oldest old, where one out of every 20 Saskatchewan residents was 80 years of age and over. The national average was one in 27. Saskatchewan's situation is unique, in that it has both
the largest proportion of seniors and one of the largest proportions of children among the provinces. This is attributable to several factors: higher fertility compared to any other Canadian province due to a large Aboriginal population; a life expectancy that was, until quite recently, one of the
highest in the country; and substantial losses of young adults migrating to Alberta to find employment. In general, Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland, and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) and British Columbia had an older age structure population (14-15% in the age
group 65 and over) compared with the national average, once again a reflection of their lower fertility rates.
Age Structure, 2006 - Oldest Old by Census Subdivision (80 years of age and older)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada is an aging society. In 2006, 13.7% of the total population of Canada was 65 years and over. This proportion was 9.7% only twenty five years ago in 1981. During the same period, the proportion of the population that was very old increased at a more
rapid pace. For example, between 1981 and 2006 the proportion of the population that was 80 years and over rose from 1.7% to 3.7%. The number of people in this age group topped the 1 million mark (at 1.2 million) for the first time in 2006. In 2006, the population of Saskatchewan was the
oldest in the country with 15.4% of the population 65 years and over. It also had the largest proportion of the oldest old, where one out of every 20 Saskatchewan residents was 80 years of age and over. The national average was one in 27. Saskatchewan's situation is unique, in that it has both
the largest proportion of seniors and one of the largest proportions of children among the provinces. This is attributable to several factors: higher fertility compared to any other Canadian province due to a large Aboriginal population; a life expectancy that was, until quite recently, one of the
highest in the country; and substantial losses of young adults migrating to Alberta to find employment. In general, Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland, and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) and British Columbia had an older age structure population (14-15% in the age
group 65 and over) compared with the national average, once again a reflection of their lower fertility rates.
Educational Attainment, 2001 - Trades Certificate (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2001, the proportion of the population (individuals aged 15 and older) with non-university post-secondary credentials had more than doubled since 1971 to 36%. This, added to the 15% with university qualifications, meant that more than one-half
(51%) of all Canadians aged 15 and over had post-secondary qualifications in 2001.
Highest Level of Educational Attainment, 2006 - High school graduation certificate or equivalent (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census enumerated 13 012 475 adults aged 15 and over whose highest level of educational attainment was a trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree in 2006.
This was an increase of 32% from 9 864 970 in 2001. In 2006, 23% of Canadians aged 15 and over had completed a university certificate, diploma or degree, 17% had completed a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma and 11% had completed a trades certificate or diploma.
The proportion of the population aged 15 and over with a high school diploma or equivalent as their highest credential was 26% and those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent was 24%.
Highest Level of Educational Attainment, 2006 - University certificate, diploma or degree (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census enumerated 13 012 475 adults aged 15 and over whose highest level of educational attainment was a trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree in 2006.
This was an increase of 32% from 9 864 970 in 2001. In 2006, 23% of Canadians aged 15 and over had completed a university certificate, diploma or degree, 17% had completed a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma and 11% had completed a trades certificate or diploma.
The proportion of the population aged 15 and over with a high school diploma or equivalent as their highest credential was 26% and those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent was 24%.
Children Living at Home, 1996 - Children aged 6-14 years, living at home
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Of children 6 to 14 years of age, the pattern of distribution is similar to that found for the younger age group. The most significant differences illustrate a lower proportion of this age group (relative to other areas) in Labrador, Newfoundland and much of the
Maritime Provinces, with the opposite occurring in the Yukon Territory, British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. This age group accounted for 37.4% of all children, the largest proportion of children living at home.
Families with Children Living at Home, 1996 - Canadian families with children living at home
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The number of families with children, as a proportion of all families in Canada, has remained consistent since 1986. Based on the 1996 Census, there were a total of 7 837 865 families in Canada. Of those families, 66% (5 108 085) were families with
children.
Family Structure, 1996 - Female Lone-parent Families
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The majority of lone parent families in Canada are headed by women, where they outnumber those headed by men four to one. The 1996 Census data indicate that these families increased by 20% between 1991 and 1996 as compared to families headed by men (a 16%
increase). The overall proportion of lone parents who had never married increased from 14% in 1986 to 22% in 1996. In 1996, 24% of all female lone parents reported a marital status of "single".
Family Structure, 1996 - Married Couple Families
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

According to the results of the 1996 Census, « married couple families » still constitute the large majority of families. Since 1986, the proportion has declined from 80% of all families to 74%, due to substantial increases in both common-law
and lone-parent families. In 1996 there were 5.8 million married couple families living in Canada. The highest proportion of married couple families was in Newfoundland at 78% of all families. Quebec had the lowest proportion among the provinces at 64% of all families. All of the provinces
and territories observed a decrease in the proportion of married couple families for the period 1986 to 1996.