bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ І МАГНІТНО-РЕЗОНАНСНОЇ ТОМОГРАФІЇ В ЖІНОК, ХВОРИХ НА ПОЄДНАНУ ПАТОЛОГІЮ МАТКИ ЛЕЙОМІОМУ ТА АДЕНОМІОЗ
Authors: Zaporozhchenko M. B. , Sydorenko A. V.
Published: July 2019

Мета дослідження – проаналізувати результати ультразвукового дослідження і магнітно-резонансної томографії в жінок, хворих на поєднану патологію матки лейоміому та аденоміоз.

Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 120 жінок репродуктивного віку, хворих на поєднану патологію матки лейоміому та аденоміоз.

Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. Куляста форма матки виявлена у 53,3 % випадків, збільшення передньо-заднього розміру матки більше 45 мм та потовщення маткової сполучної зони більше 12 мм склали 74,2 % та 89,2 % відповідно. Множинні кістозні утворення у стінці матки виявлено у 100 % хворих, дифузну форму ураження матки – у 65,7 %. І ступінь аденоміозу виявлено у 20,0 %, ІІ ступінь – у 20,8 % , ІІІ ступінь – у 50,0 %, IV ступінь – у 9,2 % випадків. У всіх хворих виявлено поєднання лейоміоми матки та аденоміозу. Основна локалізація лейоміоматозних вузлів – інтрамуральна (73,3 %) та субсерозна (100 %). Багатовузлова форма діагностована у 100 % хворих зі змішаною субсерозно-інтерстиціальною локалізацією вузлів і аденоміозом.

Висновок. Серед сучасних методів діагностики поєднаної патології матки лейоміоми та аденоміозу ультразвукове дослідження та магнітно-резонансна томографія займають провідне місце.
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ДОПОМОГИ ПРИ ПРОЛОНГОВАНІЙ ЛАТЕНТНІЙ ФАЗІ ПЕРШОГО ПЕРІОДУ ПОЛОГІВ У ЖІНОК ІЗ ПЕРВИННОЮ АРТЕРІАЛЬНОЮ ГІПОТОНІЄЮ
Authors: Markin L. B. , Popovych O. I.
Published: July 2019

Мета дослідження – удосконалення допомоги при пролонгованій латентній фазі першого періоду пологів у роділь із первинною артеріальною гіпотонією (ПАГ) для забезпечення зниження перинатальної патології.

Матеріали та методи. Для реалізації завдань дослідження сформовані такі клінічні групи вагітних: І – 50 роділь із ПАГ, яким проводили корекцію гемодинамічних розладів у латентній фазі першого періоду пологів; ІІ – 48 роділь із ПАГ у латентній фазі першого періоду пологів; ІІІ – 30 роділь без ПАГ із фізіологічним перебігом пологів у терміні 39–41 тиж. Всі вагітні народжували вперше. Доплерометричне дослідження включало оцінку кровотоку в маткових (МА) та спіральних артеріях (СА). При ультразвуковому дослідженні за допомогою М-методу здійснювали оцінку дихальних рухів плода у поздовжньому та поперечному розрізі.

Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. В обох групах спостереження роділь із ПАГ мала місце пролонгована латентна фаза першого періоду пологів. У ІІ групі спостереження без проведення гемодинамічної корекції тривалість латентної фази склала 14,5±2,5 (8,0–18,5) год. Показники судинної резистентності в МА і СА перевищували нормативні на 21–35 %. При оцінці дихальних рухів плода прояви патологічної біофізичної активності мали місце у 16,7 % випадків. Враховуючи те, що посилення роботи парасимпатичної нервової системи є однією з патогенетичних ланок виникнення гестаційних ускладнень як при вагітності, так і в пологах у жінок із ПАГ, із метою корекції гемодинамічних розладів був застосований селективний блокатор м-холінорецепторів Бускопан. Застосування Бускопану сприяло зниженню показників судинного опору в МА і СА в 1,3 та 1,2 раза відповідно; забезпечувало прискорення процесу розкриття шийки в пологах в 1,2 раза та вкорочення тривалості латентної фази до 10,2±1,3 (5,5–13,5) год. Прояви патологічної біофізичної активності плода мали місце лише у 6,0 % випадків.

Висновок. Корекція гемодинамічних розладів при пролонгованій латентній фазі першого періоду пологів у роділь із ПАГ забезпечує прогрес пологів у 94 % випадків, знижує частоту народження дітей у стані асфіксії у 2,8 раза та знижує частоту оперативного розродження у 2,7 раза.
КОРЕКЦІЯ ОПОРНО-РУХОВИХ ПОРУШЕНЬ У ЖІНОК В ПЕРИМЕНОПАУЗІ
Authors: Shcherbyna I. M. , Potapova L. V. , Lipko O. P. , Skrobach O. I.
Published: July 2019

Мета дослідження – вивчення ознак остеопорозу в жінок перименопаузального віку, розробка ефективних методів його лікування з попередженням ускладнень та покращенням якості життя.

Матеріали та методи. Під наглядом перебували 52 жінки віком від 50–60 років. Перша група – хворі з легким (І) ступенем остеопенії (19 (36,6 %) пацієнток), друга – з середнім (ІІ) ступенем остеопенії (15 (28,8 %) пацієнток), третя (ІІІ) – хворі на остеопороз (18 (34,6 %) пацієнток). Контрольну групу склали 52 жінки з фізіологічним перебігом перименопаузи. Усім жінкам проводили дослідження мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини (денситометрія), дослідження мінерального балансу, визначення в сироватці крові автоантитіл до колагену та еластину.

Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. За результатами комп’ютерної рентгеностеоденситометрії, у 19 (36,5 %) хворих ІКІ склав 0,54±0,03, Т-індекс – (-1,5±0,4), що відповідало остеопенії; у 15 (28,8 %) хворих ІКІ склав 0,50±0,04, Т-індекс – (-2,2±0,3), що відповідало вираженій остеопенії; у 18 (34,6 %) хворих ІКІ – 0,41±0,04, Т-індекс – (-2,9±0,3), що відповідало остеопорозу. В обстежених жінок зниження рівня загального кальцію і магнію сироватки крові корелює з розвитком порушень опорно-рухової системи в перименопаузі. У жінок з остеопорозом визначаються в достовірно значущих кількостях антитіла до колагену й еластину. Для лікування жінок застосовували схему лікувальних заходів (медикаментозні та немедикаментозні), що мала суттєвий позитивний ефект.

Висновки. Ознаки опорно-рухових порушень у жінок в перименопаузі патогенетично пов’язані з віковими порушеннями в репродуктивній системі. Важливими елементами нових підходів цих порушень та підвищення якості життя цих пацієнток є включення в терапевтичний комплекс вітамінів групи D та селективних модуляторів естрогенових рецепторів. Розроблена схема лікувальних заходів з урахуванням патогенетичних особливостей опорно-рухових порушень приводить до більш раннього і стабільного клінічного ефекту, не викликає змін у репродуктивних органах, що достатньо небезпечно в перименопаузі.
ГІПЕРПЛАЗІЯ ЕНДОМЕТРІЯ – СУЧАСНИЙ СИСТЕМНО-ПАТОГЕНЕТИЧНИЙ ПОГЛЯД НА ПРОБЛЕМУ (ОГЛЯД ЛІТЕРАТУРИ)
Authors: Boichuk A. V. , Shadrina V. S. , Vereshchahina T. V.
Published: July 2019

Збереження здоров’я жінок і вивчення захворювань, пов’язаних із гендерною проблематикою, залишаються пріоритетними в медицині. Стаття присвячена актуальній проблемі сьогодення – гіперпластичним процесам ендометрія. У проблемі вирішення даної патології за останні роки накопичилося досить багато інформації щодо етіології, причин виникнення, діагностики та лікування. Мета нашого пошуку – огляд літератури, присвяченої факторам розвитку, етіології та патогенезу, які відіграють найважливішу роль у розвитку гіперпластичних процесів ендометрія. Ендометрій являє собою гормоночутливу тканину, яка має здатність не тільки до циклічного оновлення майже всього клітинного складу, а й до певного реагування на всі зміни гормонів, цитокінів, молекул адгезії, факторів росту, біогенних амінів та інших біологічно активних речовин на рівні цілого організму. У статті розглянуто основні ланки етіопатогенезу даної патології, такі, як: естрогенна стимуляція, що поєднується з недостатністю прогестерону, гормон-незалежна проліферація, запалення, знижений апоптоз, патологічний неоангіогенез, а також порушення імунного статусу в ендометрії. Крім того, коротко подана інформація про нові ключові елементи факторів розвитку, що сприяє значному покращенню вирішення проблеми у виборі патогенетично обґрунтованих методів діагностики та лікування. У статті показано, що нормальний процес росту клітин вимагає тонкого балансу між гормонами, факторами росту та молекулами адгезії, у тому числі інтегринами й апоптоз-зв’язаними генами. Переглянуто літературні джерела, в яких відзначається велике число випадків рецидивування гіперплазії ендометрія, що зумовлює посилення контролю у напрямку онконастороженості. Представлена нова класифікація гіперплазії ендометрія (WH094), запропонована Всесвітньою організацією охорони здоров’я, що значно спростить термінологію і розуміння проблеми для клініциста.
Five-Year Outcomes of Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in a Real World Population
Authors: Barbanti Marco , Tamburino Corrado , D’Errigo Paola , Biancari Fausto , Ranucci Marco , Rosato Stefano , Santoro Gennaro , Fusco Danilo , Seccareccia Fulvia ,   for the OBSERVANT Research Group
Published: July 2019

Background:

The OBSERVANT study (Observational Study of Effectiveness of SAVR–TAVI Procedures for Severe Aortic Stenosis Treatment) showed that mortality at 1 year is similar after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for real-world propensity-matched patients with aortic stenosis at low and intermediate risk. We report the 5-year outcomes of the Italian OBSERVANT study.

Methods and Results:

The unadjusted enrolled population (N=7618) between December 2010 and June 2012 included 5707 patients on SAVR and 1911 patients on TAVR. The propensity score method was applied to select 2 groups with similar baseline characteristics. All outcomes were adjudicated through a linkage with administrative databases. The primary end points of this analysis were death from any cause and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events at 5 years. The matched population had a total of 1300 patients (650 per group). The propensity score method generated a low and intermediate-risk population (mean logistic EuroSCORE 2: 5.1±6.2% versus 4.9±5.1%, SAVR versus transfemoral TAVR;
P
=0.485). At 5 years, the rate of 5 death from any cause was 35.8% in the surgical group and 48.3% in the transcatheter group (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.12–1.69;
P
=0.002). Similarly, TAVR was associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events as compared with SAVR (42.5% versus 54.0%; hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.11–1.63;
P
=0.003). The cumulative incidence of cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization were similar in the study groups at 5 years.

Conclusions:

The present results suggest that at 5 years, in a real-world population with severe aortic stenosis and at low and intermediate risk, suggest that SAVR is associated in with lower mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events rates than transfemoral TAVR performed using first-generation devices. These data need to be confirmed in randomized trials using new-generation TAVR devices.
Performance of the American Heart Association (AHA) 14‐Point Evaluation Versus Electrocardiography for the Cardiovascular Screening of High School Athletes: A Prospective Study
Authors: Williams Elizabeth A. , Pelto Hank F. , Toresdahl Brett G. , Prutkin Jordan M. , Owens David S. , Salerno Jack C. , Harmon Kimberly G. , Drezner Jonathan A.
Published: July 2019

Background

Preparticipation cardiovascular screening in athletes is fully endorsed by major medical societies, yet the most effective screening protocol remains debated. We prospectively compared the performance of the American Heart Association (
AHA
) 14‐point screening evaluation and a resting
ECG
for cardiovascular screening of high school athletes.

Methods and Results

Competitive athletes participating in organized high school or premier/select level sports underwent cardiovascular screening using the
AHA
14‐point history and physical examination, and an
ECG
interpreted with the Seattle Criteria. A limited echocardiogram was performed for all screening abnormalities. The primary outcome measure was identification of a cardiovascular disorder associated with sudden cardiac death. From October 2014 to June 2017, 3620 high school athletes (median age, 16 years; range 13–19; 46.2% female; 78.6% white, 8.0% black) were screened. One or more positive responses to the
AHA
14‐point questionnaire were present in 814 (22.5%) athletes. The most common history responses included chest pain (8.1%), family history of inheritable conditions (7.3%), and shortness of breath (6.4%). Abnormal physical examination was present in 356 (9.8%) athletes, and 103 (2.8%) athletes had an abnormal
ECG
. Sixteen (0.4%) athletes had conditions associated with sudden cardiac death. The sensitivity (18.8%), specificity (68.0%), and positive predictive value (0.3%) of the
AHA
14‐point evaluation was substantially lower than the sensitivity (87.5%), specificity (97.5%), and positive predictive value (13.6%) of
ECG
.

Conclusions

The
AHA
14‐point evaluation performs poorly compared with
ECG
for cardiovascular screening of high school athletes. The use of consensus‐derived history questionnaires as the primary tool for cardiovascular screening in athletes should be reevaluated.
There is No Reason to Adopt ECGs and Abandon American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology History and Physical Screening for Detection of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young
Authors: Maron Barry J. , Thompson Paul D. , Maron Martin S.
Published: July 2019

See Article
Williams et al
Intrinsic Coagulation Pathway, History of Headache, and Risk of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: van Os Hendrikus J.A. , Wermer Marieke J. H. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Govers-Riemslag José W. , Algra Ale , Siegerink Bob S.
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

Hypercoagulable states in migraine patients may play a role in the pathophysiology underlying the association between migraine and ischemic stroke. This study aims to provide more insight into the potential association of headache, ischemic stroke, and the intrinsic coagulation pathway.

Methods—

We included patients from the RATIO study (Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives), a Dutch population-based case-control study including young women (age <50) with ischemic stroke and healthy controls. We defined a headache group based on a questionnaire on headache history. Intrinsic coagulation proteins were measured through both antigen levels (FXII, FXI, prekallikrein, HK [high molecular weight kininogen]) and protein activation, determined by measuring activated protein complex with C1esterase-inhibitor (FXIIa-C1-INH, FXIa-C1-INH, Kallikrein-C1-INH) or antitrypsin-inhibitor (FXIa-AT-INH). We calculated adjusted odds ratios and performed an interaction analysis assessing the increase in stroke risk associated with high levels of intrinsic coagulation and history of headache.

Results—

We included 113 ischemic stroke cases and 598 healthy controls. In total, 134 (19%) patients had a history of headache, of whom 38 were cases and 96 controls. The combination of headache and high intrinsic coagulation protein levels (all but FXII antigen level and both FXIa-inhibitors) was associated with an increase in ischemic stroke risk higher than was expected based on their individual effects (adjusted odds ratio FXI antigen level alone: 1.7, 95% CI, 1.0–2.9; adjusted odds ratio headache alone: 2.0, 95% CI, 1.1−3.7; combination: 5.2, 95% CI, 2.3−11.6)

Conclusions—

Headache and high intrinsic coagulation protein levels may biologically interact, increasing risk for ischemic stroke.
A new species of Tubaria (Tubariaceae, Agaricales) from northeast China
Authors: ZENG HUI , QI LIANGLIANG , GE YUPENG , LI YU
Published: July 2019

Tubaria squamata is described as new from Jiaohe county, Jilin province, China. This species is distinctive morphologically because of the small (slightly) hairy or scaly pileus, subelliptic to elliptic non-amyloid basidiospores, subclavate to cylindrical or lageniform cheilocystidia, and a pileipellis as a cutis. Phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer sequences with Bayesian Inference analysis (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) showed that T. squamata is different from related species. Illustrations and a complete taxonomic description are also provided, as well as a key to the Tubaria species known from China.
Revision of Limnocoris (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae) of North America
Authors: RODRIGUES HIGOR D. D. , SITES ROBERT W.
Published: July 2019

The North American species of Limnocoris are revised and total 13 species after the present study. Four new species are described and illustrated: L. chaetocarinatus n. sp. from Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia; L. major n. sp. and L. nanus n. sp. from Costa Rica and Panama; and L. zacki n. sp. from Mexico and Guatemala. Further, supplemental descriptions are provided for the previously described species. The following synonymies are proposed, with junior synonyms in brackets: L. insularis Champion [L. alcorni La Rivers n. syn.], L. pygmaeus La Rivers [L. solenoides La Rivers n. syn.], and L. signoreti Montandon [L. brailovskyi La Rivers n. syn., L. laucki La Rivers n. syn., L. stangei La Rivers n. syn.]. A lectotype is designated for L. signoreti. Limnocoris profundus (Say) is considered a nomen dubium because no type specimens have been found and the original description is insufficient to establish its identity. An illustrated taxonomic key, distribution maps, and a discussion of the characters (putative synapomorphies) not previously mentioned in the literature also are presented.
Halocosa gen. n., a new genus of Lycosidae (Araneae) from the Palaearctic, with a redescription of H. cereipes (L. Koch, 1878)
Authors: AZARKINA GALINA N. , TRILIKAUSKAS LAIMONAS A.
Published: July 2019

A new wolf-spider genus, Halocosa gen. n. (Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833), is described. Evippa apsheronica Marusik, Guseinov et Koponen, 2003 is synonymized with Lycosa cereipes L. Koch, 1878. Three new combinations are proposed: Halocosa cereipes (L. Koch, 1878) comb. n. (ex Lycosa), H. hatanensis comb. n. (ex Pardosa) and H. jartica comb. n. (ex Pardosa). Neotype of Lycosa cereipes is designated.
Blocking Statistics in a Varying Climate: Lessons from a “Traffic Jam” Model with Pseudostochastic Forcing
Authors: Paradise Adiv , Rocha Cesar B. , Barpanda Pragallva , Nakamura Noboru
Published: July 2019

Recently Nakamura and Huang proposed a semiempirical, one-dimensional model of atmospheric blocking based on the observed budget of local wave activity in the boreal winter. The model dynamics is akin to that of traffic flow, wherein blocking manifests as traffic jams when the streamwise flux of local wave activity reaches capacity. Stationary waves modulate the jet stream’s capacity to transmit transient waves and thereby localize block formation. Since the model is inexpensive to run numerically, it is suited for computing blocking statistics as a function of climate variables from large-ensemble, parameter sweep experiments. We explore sensitivity of blocking statistics to (i) stationary wave amplitude, (ii) background jet speed, and (iii) transient eddy forcing, using frequency, persistence, and prevalence as metrics. For each combination of parameters we perform 240 runs of 180-day simulations with aperiodic transient eddy forcing, each time randomizing the phase relations in forcing. The model climate shifts rapidly from a block-free state to a block-dominant state as the stationary wave amplitude is increased and/or the jet speed is decreased. When eddy forcing is increased, prevalence increases similarly but frequency decreases as blocks merge and become more persistent. It is argued that the present-day climate lies close to the boundary of the two states and hence its blocking statistics are sensitive to climate perturbations. The result underscores the low confidence in GCM-based assessment of the future trend of blocking under a changing climate, while it also provides a theoretical basis for evaluating model biases and understanding trends in reanalysis data.
Trends of Vertically Integrated Water Vapor over the Arctic during 1979–2016: Consistent Moistening All Over?
Authors: Rinke A. , Segger B. , Crewell S. , Maturilli M. , Naakka T. , Nygård T. , Vihma T. , Alshawaf F. , Dick G. , Wickert J. , Keller J.
Published: July 2019

Arctic trends of integrated water vapor were analyzed based on four reanalyses and radiosonde data over 1979–2016. Averaged over the region north of 70°N, the Arctic experiences a robust moistening trend that is smallest in March (0.07 ± 0.06 mm decade−1) and largest in August (0.33 ± 0.18 mm decade−1), according to the reanalyses’ median and over the 38 years. While the absolute trends are largest in summer, the relative ones are largest in winter. Superimposed on the trend is a pronounced interannual variability. Analyzing overlapping 30-yr subsets of the entire period, the maximum trend has shifted toward autumn (September–October), which is related to an accelerated trend over the Barents and Kara Seas. The spatial trend patterns suggest that the Arctic has become wetter overall, but the trends and their statistical significance vary depending on the region and season, and drying even occurs over a few regions. Although the reanalyses are consistent in their spatiotemporal trend patterns, they substantially disagree on the trend magnitudes. The summer and the Nordic and Barents Seas, the central Arctic Ocean, and north-central Siberia are the season and regions of greatest differences among the reanalyses. We discussed various factors that contribute to the differences, in particular, varying sea level pressure trends, which lead to regional differences in moisture transport, evaporation trends, and differences in data assimilation. The trends from the reanalyses show a close agreement with the radiosonde data in terms of spatiotemporal patterns. However, the scarce and nonuniform distribution of the stations hampers the assessment of central Arctic trends.
Gravity Wave Emission by Shear Instability
Authors: Eden Carsten , Chouksey Manita , Olbers Dirk
Published: July 2019

Gravity wave emission by geostrophically balanced flow is diagnosed in numerical simulations of lateral and vertical shear instabilities. The diagnostic method in use allows for a separation of balanced flow and residual wave signal up to fourth order in the Rossby number (Ro). While evidence is found for a small but finite gravity wave emission from balanced flow in a single-layer model with large lateral shear and large Ro, a vertically resolved model with moderate velocity amplitudes appropriate to the interior ocean hardly shows any wave emission. Only when static instabilities generated by the shear instability of the balanced flow are allowed can a gravity wave signal similar to the ones reported in earlier studies be detected in the vertically resolved case. This result suggests a relatively small role of spontaneous wave emission in the classical sense of Lighthill radiation, and emphasizes the role of convective or symmetric instabilities during frontogenesis for the generation of internal gravity waves in the ocean and atmosphere.
User Responses to Imperfect Forecasts: Findings from an Experiment with Kentucky Wheat Farmers
Authors: Kusunose Yoko , Ma Lala , Van Sanford David
Published: July 2019

Weather and climate forecasts can help agricultural producers improve management choices in anticipation of uncertain growing conditions. Current literature conjectures that the extent to which forecasts are useful depends on their accuracy, that is, the probability with which a forecasted event, such as precipitation, is projected to occur. Too little accuracy can potentially render forecasts effectively useless, even if they convey some form of information. In this study, we collect farmer-based data through a questionnaire and a framed field experiment to test for the existence of an accuracy threshold for forecasts, below which forecasts do not induce any behavioral changes. We do this in the context of a very specific management choice—the timing and amount of nitrogen that Kentucky farmers apply to their wheat in early spring—in response to randomly generated 6-to-10-day forecasts of rainfall conditions. We find that forecasts provide economically significant value to decision-makers only when they depart dramatically from what is normally expected. These results have implications that extend beyond the nitrogen-application decision for winter wheat: if this type of behavior is widespread, at current accuracy levels, other types of forecasts may be of little value to decision-makers and therefore go unheeded.
Promoting Independence for Teens and Young Adults with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Healy Helen , Rigby Patricia
Published: July 2019

The transition to adult roles and responsibilities poses unique challenges for young people with physical disabilities. The Independence Programme (TIP) assists youths to meet these challenges. TIP is client-centred and addresses each participant's occupational performance problems. Participants live in a student residence located near shops, restaurants and other businesses for 20 consecutive days during TIP.

This paper describes TIP and results from the evaluation of one summer's programme. Ten youths with physical disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, participated. The programme was evaluated using interviews with each participant at the beginning and end of the programme, and at a four month follow-up with the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) (Law et al., 1994a). Participants made clinically important changes in performance and satisfaction of their identified occupations. They rated this programme as the best experience of the summer. Participants valued the opportunities to learn about and access environmental supports, to assume greater independence, and to develop connectedness with peers.
The Routinisation of Authority: A Comparative Perspective on Marginalisation, Socio-economic Factors and Perceptions on Authority in Contemporary Shiʿa Islam
Authors: Gärde Johan
Published: July 2019

The paper addresses the main contextual drivers of routinisation of Shiʿa religious, social, and political authority in the Middle East and beyond. It has three objectives: to enhance understanding of the socioeconomic conditions of Shiʿites in countries with a considerable Shiʿite population in the Middle East and beyond; to analyse possible patterns of marginalisation; and to show how authority is viewed. A conceptual framework for the routinisation of religious authority, focusing on Shiʿa Islam, is used to analyse twenty-one national surveys in ten countries with a sample size of 33,922, including approximately 14,000 Shiʿite respondents. In addition to confessional differences, patterns are also explored in attitudes to democratic versus authoritarian rule. The paper concludes that in times of turmoil the routinisation of authority will be marked either by polarisation accompanied by traditionalisation, or by a call for the rationalisation of charismatic authority by a large proportion of the Shiʿite constituencies, showing a multifaceted pattern of perceptions of religious authority in the political realm.
Reanalysing International Conflicts: Proposals from the Sociology of Power
Authors: Farrés-Fernández Guillem
Published: July 2019

This article opens a dialogue between different notions of conflict and the sociology of power and suggests a new theoretical framework for the analysis of international conflicts. Refusing to consider abstract entities as actors, it helps us better determine who the relevant actors are in each international conflict and gives special attention to the existing power relations between them. Accordingly, it is considered that a large social system is made up of numerous actors with multiple conflicts between them. Thus, in the case of international conflicts, we do not face one single conflict, but a conflictual complex involving a multitude of actors with their different power resources, who weave a network of conflicts and power relations between them, and at its top a dominant conflict, the conflict around which the other conflicts evolve. Acknowledging the complexity of international conflicts, this new theoretical approach should better explain both the behaviour of the actors and the evolution of the conflictual complex itself.
Advancing the Frontier of Peacekeeping Research
Authors: Gizelis Theodora-Ismene , Benson Michelle
Published: July 2019

The impact of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping on conflict has received a sustained amount of attention in the empirical literature. The advent of new data on UN peacekeeping and new temporal units of analysis have enabled researchers to expand the frontiers of peacekeeping research and undertake a more nuanced examination of peacekeeping effectiveness. In this special section, a series of articles examine how UN peacekeeping affects different types of violence within conflicts and leads to different types of peaceful outcomes. Factors such as the cultural affinity between peacekeepers and local communities, the size of peacekeeping operations and the specific composition of UN forces are shown to be important variables associated with lower levels of casualties and violence and also a higher likelihood of mediation and timely peaceful settlements in civil wars. In the aggregate, these articles suggest that robust peacekeeping is associated with better outcomes in many stages of conflict.
Sequential Interpretation of Pitch Prominence as Contrastive and Syntactic Information: Contrast Comes First, but Syntax Takes Over
Authors: Hirose Yuki
Published: July 2019

Pitch accent serves multiple duties (encoding lexical accent, syntactic structure, and focus) in spoken Japanese. This study investigates how listeners interpret a role-ambiguous pitch prominence surfacing as F0 rise, which could be a cue to the resolution of a syntactic ambiguity between two possible branching structures, or a signal of contrastive focus on the constituent accompanied by the rise. Two visual world paradigm experiments tested the same Japanese linguistic stimuli with and without pitch emphasis on the second word of structures of the following form: modifier + N1 + N2. In Experiment 1, the visual context suppressed the availability of the contrastive interpretation; in Experiment 2, the visual context made the contrastive interpretation available. We found that the same pitch event can be interpreted as both syntax-encoding and contrast-encoding information within the course of processing the same sentence, as long as contextual information is made visually available. When contrastive focus is pragmatically felicitous, it is computed immediately, as soon as the incoming input is accompanied by a notable pitch prominence (Experiment 2). The same prosodic cue can then be re-interpreted as a signal to syntax after the branching ambiguity is recognized due to subsequent input (Experiments 1 and 2). This is most consistent with the view that an initially assigned prosodic boundary is exploited for re-interpretation.
Management dilemma in case of a posterior mediastinal paraganglioma
Authors: Bohra Deepak V , Srikrishna Srirangapatna V , Kaskar Ameya
Published: July 2019

We report a case of functional mediastinal paraganglioma supplied by the left circumflex artery, associated with bilateral carotid body tumors. The surgical approach for a tumor in the posterior mediastinum behind the left atrium was a dilemma because the majority of the tumor was in the right hemithorax but its major blood supply was from the left circumflex artery in the left hemithorax. Management involved preoperative coil embolization of the feeding vessel followed by complete excision of the tumor through a right thoracotomy, without employing cardiopulmonary bypass, and excision of the carotid body tumors in a staged manner.
A model of a specialist transitional support and liaison service within the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway in Wales: Learning from a regional pilot service
Authors: O’Meara Aisling , Morgan Louise , Godden Stephen , Davies Jason
Published: July 2019

The process of transitioning from custody to the community can be a time of increased risk of reoffending and heightened anxiety brought on by uncertainty of future plans and unfamiliarity of new surroundings. This period can be particularly problematic for those experiencing complex needs or suffering with mental health difficulties. To address this concern, the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP) in Wales established a Transitional Support Liaison service. This pilot service began with a focus on women’s criminal justice journeys, and evident benefits led to service expansion to additionally address men’s transitions to the community through Approved Premises. This practice note outlines the learning from these services, presenting a model of service delivery that can be adopted and expanded more widely. The paper concludes with recommendations and plans for service expansion.
Allāh: Internalized Relationality: Awwaḍ Simʽān on the Trinitarian Nature of God
Authors: Kuhn Michael
Published: July 2019

The issue of Christ’s two natures (human and divine) and the Trinitarian persons of God in the Christian conception have posed a conundrum in Christian-Muslim Relations. Islam has historically held to a formulation of absolute unity while the historic Christian faith prefers to see a plurality of union as the proper expression of divine unity. The debate raged throughout the medieval period. The contemporary Egyptian intellectual Awwaḍ Simʽān is one outstanding voice in the current nexus of Muslim-Christian engagement. Simʽān presents a rationally appealing formulation of the Christian doctrine, avoiding or carefully explaining some of the Christian Trinitarian terminology which Muslims regard as most egregious. He appeals to Muslim philosophers as well as historic Christian apologists to buttress his views. It is a winsome and rationally appealing formulation from an Arabic-writing theologian from within the Muslim context. This article seeks to examine the salient points of Simʽān’s formulation and ask if it could be heard in today’s Muslim milieu with all its attending dissonance due to the realities of religious militancy and social displacement. The communal unity of the Trinity may yet find corners of the Muslim world where it is welcomed and embraced. If so, Awwaḍ Simʽān’s formulation will play a visible role.
What does the analysis of C-test gaps tell us about the construct of a C-test? A comparison of foreign and heritage language learners’ performance
Authors: Drackert Anastasia , Timukova Anna
Published: July 2019

In view of the ubiquitous increase in the use of C-tests, which are almost unanimously believed to measure general language proficiency, this study investigates whether the aspects of language proficiency tapped into by the C-test format are the same when the test is taken by a learner population other than that of foreign language learners. Specifically, we conducted a differential functioning analysis and compared the types of mistakes that 113 foreign language learners of Russian made when completing C-test gaps, with the performance of 89 heritage language learners on the same C-test. The results showed that almost half of the C-test gaps are biased towards either learner group. In addition, the error analysis for a number of the biased items demonstrated that, although heritage language learners seem to have an advantage in reconstructing the meaning of C-test gaps, they fail to translate their recognition skills into producing the right form. Furthermore, the study reveals a possible sensitivity of the C-test construct to the traditionally used dichotomous scoring method. We conclude with a discussion that includes the implications of the results regarding the construct measured by the C-test and the possible consequences for its actual use.
Effect of the notch-component relative size on the notch fatigue limit of AISI 304L specimens under push–pull tests
Authors: Balbín J.A. , Chaves V. , Navarro A.
Published: July 2019

Results of a large set of fatigue tests on AISI 304L stainless steel cylindrical round specimens with a circumferential notch of semicircular profile and subjected to uniaxial loading ( R = –1) are reported. The outer diameter of the specimens has been kept fixed, whereas the radius of the notch has been increased progressively. A whole range of configurations is studied, from combinations of notch radius and specimen diameter where the remaining ligament is much larger than the notch (semi-infinite problem) to configurations where the ligament is much smaller than the notch (finite problem) and where interaction effects have a noticeable influence on the shape of the stress gradient. An S–N curve has been obtained for each configuration. The experimentally obtained fatigue limits for the different notch radii have been compared with predictions made with several methods. However, a strong divergence between the experimental values and the theoretical predictions, which were extremely conservative, has been found and this has been attributed to work-hardening and residual stress effects connected with the machining process. It has also been suggested that a geometrical notch strengthening effect, possibly connected with stress triaxiality due to the notch, and the accompanying hydrostatic tensile stress, may also be a contributing factor. A simple practical engineering method to account for these effects has been proposed.
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of the Common Site of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: 5 to 8 cm Above the Distal End of the Calcaneal Insertion
Authors: Park Young Hwan , Lim Jung Wook , Choi Gi Won , Kim Hak Jun
Published: July 2019

Background:

Previous studies have not quantitatively analyzed the site of acute Achilles tendon rupture.

Purpose:

To investigate the site of acute Achilles tendon rupture via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

The medical records and MRIs of 195 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture were retrospectively reviewed. The rupture site was measured as the distance from the most distal fibers of the Achilles tendon at the calcaneal insertion to the proximal end of the distal stump. The relationship between the site of rupture and patient characteristics was analyzed, and the intra- and interobserver reliability of the measurements was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients.

Results:

The rupture site had a mean distance of 6.4 cm (SD, 1.5) and the 10th to 90th percentile range was 5.0 to 8.4 cm. There was no significant difference in location of the rupture according to patient characteristics and the time of imaging. The intra- and interobserver reliability of measurements was excellent.

Conclusion:

Most acute Achilles tendon ruptures visible on MRI occurred 5 to 8 cm above the distal end of the calcaneal insertion, which is more proximal than the previously reported 2 to 6 cm location.
Procalcitonin Clearance at 24, 48, 72, and 96 Hours and Mortality in Patients With Cancer and Sepsis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Nassar Antonio Paulo , Nassif Beatriz Nicolau , Santos Daniel Vitório Veiga dos , Caruso Pedro
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

Previous studies have evaluated procalcitonin clearance (PCTc) as a marker of sepsis severity but at different time points and cutoffs. We aimed to assess the predictive performance of PCTc at different time points of sepsis management in patients with cancer.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study included patients with cancer admitted to an intensive care unit between 2013 and 2016. We calculated PCTc at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after admission. Its predictive performance for hospital and 90-day mortality was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic curves and areas under the curves (AUCs). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for different time points using different cutoffs.

Results:

We included 301 patients. Areas under the curves ranged from 0.62 for PCTc at 24 hours to 0.68 for PCTc at 72 and 96 hours for hospital mortality prediction, and from 0.61 for PCTc at 24 hours to 0.68 for PCTc at 72 hours for 90-day mortality prediction. For hospital mortality prediction, PCTc at 72 hours ≤80% showed the best sensitivity (96.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.8%-98.7%), and PCTc at 96 hours ≤50% showed the best specificity (70.7%; 95% CI: 54.5%-83.9%).

Conclusions:

Procalcitonin clearance at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours poorly predicted hospital and 90-day mortality. Therefore, daily PCT measurement should not be used to predict mortality for patients with cancer and sepsis.
School Climate and Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Moderated Mediation Model of Moral Disengagement and Friends’ Moral Identity
Authors: Wang Xingchao , Zhao Fengqing , Yang Jiping , Lei Li
Published: July 2019

Based on an integration of the positive youth development model and the social cognitive theory, friends’ moral identity was examined as a moderator of the direct and indirect relations between school climate and adolescent’s cyberbullying perpetration via moral disengagement. Participants were 404 Chinese adolescents ( Mage = 13.53 years, SD = 0.92). They completed the Perceived School Climate Scale and the Moral Identity Scale and nominated up to three friends whom they considered to be their “best friend” in their classroom at Time 1. After 6 months, they completed the Moral Disengagement Scale and the Cyberbullying Scale at Time 2. Results showed that adolescents who experienced positive school climate were less likely to cyberbully others, which was mediated by their moral disengagement. Friends’ moral identity moderated the direct and indirect relations between school climate and cyberbullying perpetration. Specifically, the indirect relationship between school climate and cyberbullying perpetration through moral disengagement became nonsignificant for adolescents interacting with high moral identity friends. The direct association between school climate and cyberbullying perpetration was moderated by friends’ moral identity.
Training Texas Public Health Professionals and Professionals-In-Training in Genomics
Authors: Chen Lei-Shih , Yeh Yu-Lyu , Goodson Patricia , Zhao Shixi , Jung Eunju , Muenzenberger Amber , Kwok Oi-Man , Ma Ping
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of genomics training workshops for public health professionals and professionals-in-training.

Design:

A pre- and post-test evaluation design with 3-month follow-up.

Setting and Participants:

Thirteen genomics training workshops were delivered across Texas to 377 public health professionals and professionals-in-training (66.7% were ethnic minorities).

Intervention:

Three-hour theory-based, face-to-face genomics training workshops focusing on family health history practice were delivered.

Methods:

We administered surveys prior to the workshops, immediately post-workshops, and at 3-month follow-up to examine the changes in participants’ knowledge, attitudes, intention, self-efficacy, and behavior in adopting genomics into public health practice. Linear mixed modeling analyses were used to analyze the quantitative survey data. A content analysis was also conducted for qualitative survey data analysis.

Results:

Genomics practice significantly improved among public health professionals at 3-month follow-up ( P < .01). For all participants, knowledge, attitudes, intention, and self-efficacy scores increased significantly immediately post-workshop compared to the pre-workshop scores (all Ps < .01). Knowledge and attitudes scores at the 3-month follow-up remained significantly higher than those scores at the pre-workshop (all Ps < .01). The feedback from workshop participants was positive.

Conclusion:

Our genomics training workshop is an effective program that can be disseminated at a national level to establish genomic competencies among public health professionals and professionals-in-training in the United States.
Understanding the Sense of Community and Continuance Intention in Virtual Communities: The Role of Commitment and Type of Community
Authors: González-Anta Baltasar , Orengo Virginia , Zornoza Ana , Peñarroja Vicente , Martínez-Tur Vicente
Published: July 2019

Virtual communities (VCs) have become essential in current organizations and society, and so their sustainability is a topic of interest for researchers and practitioners. We focus on the sense of virtual community (SoVC) and commitment as relevant antecedents in achieving the success and maintenance of different types of VCs (communities of interest, virtual learning communities, and VCs of practice). Specifically, this study examines a moderated mediation model in which the type of VC moderates the indirect effect of a SoVC on the intention to continue through the perceived commitment of the users of the VC. The sample consists of 299 members of VCs. The results showed that SoVC influenced the intention to continue via commitment to VCs. Additionally, the relationship between SoVC and commitment was higher for communities of interest and virtual learning communities than for VCs of practice. This article contributes to previous literature by identifying the importance of participants’ engagement and the contingent effect of the type of community. Implications of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
A time-synchronous-subtraction method for harmonics elimination in the operational modal analysis of machine tools
Authors: Liang Zhaoshun , Wang Shuting , Qin Chao , Li Chunhui , Jiang Xuchu , Peng Yili
Published: July 2019

In high-precision machining, it is very important to obtain operational modal parameters of machine tools to ensure the quality of machined parts. More specifically, the prediction of free chatter boundary is a critical requirement for improving productivity, which requires accurate dynamic parameters under operational conditions. Operational modal analysis is an effective method to estimate dynamic parameters of the tested system. However, for machine tools, the direct application of the operational modal analysis method is not feasible. In measured responses, periodic components are very preponderant during cutting, which is mainly caused by the periodic cutting force. In order to overcome this issue and to extract operational modal parameters of machine tools, the method of time-synchronous-subtraction based on the principle of time-synchronization-averaging is proposed. The correctness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by a simulation experiment, and the feasibility is verified through a milling experiment. The results show that the time-synchronous-subtraction method can well eliminate harmonics in the vibration response under the real cutting condition. The method is not only accurate but also simple in calculation.
Offering choice in female condoms: The South African experience
Authors: Beksinska Mags , Zulu Bongiwe , Nkosi Phumla , Mabude Zonke , Smit Jenni
Published: July 2019

South Africa (SA) has an integrated male and female condom (FC) programme. Since 2014, the programme has introduced two new FC brands. This study evaluated the early introduction of the availability of new FCs. Twenty-three sites participating in the National SA Female Condom Evaluation were included. Providers and clients completed interviewer-administered questionnaires assessing FC brand availability, length of distribution, how clients are informed about new FCs and reactions to the choice of more than one FC. A total of 55 providers and 51 clients were interviewed. Although all 23 sites reported they had distributed new FCs, only one had all three types available. Almost all providers (96%) thought it was important to increase choice, although some (27%) worried that having different FCs may confuse clients. Almost all clients (96%) felt it was important to increase the choice of FCs, and most women (80%) felt that using one type of FC would make it easy to use another type. Providers called for more brand-specific Information, Education and Communication (IEC) training for themselves and the community. Providers and clients seem to be very positive about the choice of FCs. Providers recommended more support in the form of IEC materials and training to assist in the provision of the expansion of FC brands.