bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SN 2014J in M82: new insights on the spectral diversity of Type Ia supernovae
Authors: Zhang Kaicheng , Wang Xiaofeng , Zhang JuJia , Zhang Tianmeng , Benetti S , Elias-Rosa N , Huang Fang , Lin Han , Li Linyi , Li Wenxiong , Ochner P , Pastorello A , Rui Liming , Tartaglia L , Tomasella L , Siviero A , Munari U , Terreran G , Song Hao , Taubenberger S , Wheeler J Craig , Xiang Danfeng , Zhao Xulin , Li Hongbin , Bai Jinming , Jiang Xiaojun , Shi Jianrong , Wu Zhenyu
Published: August 2018

We present extensive spectroscopic observations for one of the closest Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), SN 2014J discovered in M82, ranging from 10.4 d before to 473.2 d after B-band maximum light. The diffuse interstellar band features detected in a high-resolution spectrum allow an estimate of line-of-sight extinction as Av ∼ 1.9 ± 0.6 mag. Spectroscopically, SN 2014J can be put into the high-velocity (HV) subgroup in Wang’s classification with a velocity of Si ii λ 6355 at maximum light of $v$0 = 1.22 ± 0.01 × 104 km s−1 but has a low velocity gradient (LVG, following Benetti’s classification) of $\dot{v}=41\pm 2$ km s−1 d−1, which is inconsistent with the trend that HV SNe Ia generally have larger velocity gradients. We find that the HV SNe Ia with LVGs tend to have relatively stronger Si iii (at ∼4400 Å) absorptions in early spectra, larger ratios of S ii λ 5468 to S ii λ 5640, and weaker Si ii 5972 absorptions compared to their counterparts with similar velocities but high velocity gradients. This shows that the HV+LVG subgroup of SNe Ia may have intrinsically higher photospheric temperature, which indicates that their progenitors may experience more complete burning in the explosions relative to the typical HV SNe Ia.
Introduction
Authors: Newman Judith H.
Published: August 2018

The introduction discusses the impact of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls on understanding the formation of scriptures in the Hellenistic-Roman period. Rather than focusing on the closure of the canon of the Hebrew Bible, this book assesses the processes by which texts become scripture. While the contemporary understanding of “liturgical” in Judaism and Christianity is related to formal fixed prayer, this study expands the concept of liturgical to include a range of practices around the study of sacred texts in Jewish antiquity. A traditioning process occurs through such practices of revelatory discernment in which scriptural interpretation is incorporated into texts which both sacralizes and extends them. The book’s methodological framework is rooted in embodied cognition and draws on insights from anthropology, ritual theory, memory studies, and neuroscience. A center of attention is the mediating role of the liturgical body in both an individual and corporate sense.
The Eucharistic Body of Paul and the Ritualization of 2 Corinthians
Authors: Newman Judith H.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 3 considers the figure of Paul and the community in Corinth to argue that three practices in 2 Corinthians result in communal formation of the ecclesia and establish Paul as the authoritative apostolic author. The first is the collection for the saints in Jerusalem which reframes the Greco-Roman practice of euergatism. A second practice is the initial blessing of God which reconstrues the deep Judean memory of exile and restoration. Paul’s body can thus be understood as a “eucharistic body” in two senses. The community gives thanks as a corporate body to God as a result of the benefaction, and Paul’s body is the mediating instrument by which this thanksgiving is rendered. A third practice is the performance of the letter itself: subsequent readings by mediators both shape the community to which it is communicated and construct Paul as an author and revelatory authority because he is an exemplary sufferer like Christ.
The Hodayot and the Formative Process of Performing Scripture
Authors: Newman Judith H.
Published: August 2018

This chapter evaluates the Qumran Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns) in the manuscript 1QHa. Although the poems never entered anyone’s Bible, they nonetheless exhibit many of the dynamics seen in other texts that become scripture. Certain psalms within the collection are connected to the Maskil, the principal leader of the Yaḥad movement who claims possession of the divine spirit. The Maskil confesses esoteric knowledge reflecting a sectarian interpretation of scripture. The Maskil is called to prostrate himself like Moses, thus enacting an intercessory role for the community. The revelatory claims of the Maskil serve to sacralize the text. The youngest and most refined scroll of hodayot, 1QHa is scripture-like in the refined character of the manuscript. The intimate and intricate relationship between liturgy and scriptural interpretation, wisdom and prophecy, and their mediation by a leader cannot be separated from a consideration of the continuing performed enactment of the hodayot.
Introduction: Reason from Things
Authors: Carter Sarah Anne
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the use of the term “object lesson” as a pedagogical strategy employed in US classrooms in the nineteenth century. While typically understood as a metaphor in the twenty-first century, an object lesson was a historic classroom practice in which material things were the basis of instruction. In the 1860s it was a major educational fad throughout the United States. In an object lesson, analysis moved from the close study of a material thing to a consideration of the object’s qualities, contextual information, modes of sorting and finally written composition, allowing for the development of abstract concepts rooted in the objects considered. As such, these lessons became a way to reason about the material world and American cultural and intellectual life more broadly.
Windows and Ladders
Authors: Carter Sarah Anne
Published: August 2018

This chapter introduces the intellectual and cultural history of the continental theories and theorists that led to the development of object lessons. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and his followers developed classroom practices premised on the notion that information was to be drawn out of children, not crammed into them. Physical engagement with the world was a way to draw that information from children through sense training exercises, or Anschauungunterricht. From Pestalozzi’s famed (but only marginally successful) Swiss schoolrooms, his student Charles Mayo transplanted the ideas that became the basis of object lessons to England. There, through the work of Charles’s sister Elizabeth Mayo, they became the highly regimented foundation for the Home and Colonial Schools teacher training programs and were employed in England, Scotland, India, and Canada, among other places.
Picture Lessons
Authors: Carter Sarah Anne
Published: August 2018

Chapter 3 considers different variations of object lessons, particularly object lessons on pictures and lessons that address the relationships between objects and pictures in the classroom. Picture lessons raise epistemological questions about the kind of information objects and images may transmit and suggest strategies that were employed to teach children how to interpret images. The methods were applied to hybrid object pictures, teaching aids that combined images with material things, and images designed for classroom instruction, covering topics like the trades and natural history. Works of art not necessarily created to be the subject of object lessons, like genre scenes and trompe l’oeil paintings, could also be used, offering new ways to think about the art historical possibilities of these categories more broadly. The first three chapters provide an overview of the ways object lessons and object teaching more generally were implemented in US schools.
Objects and Ideas
Authors: Carter Sarah Anne
Published: August 2018

Chapter 5 explores broader political, economic, psychological, literary, and intellectual meanings of the object lesson, presenting it as a key way of reasoning in and about nineteenth-century American culture. It connects object lessons to the rhetoric that surrounded the tariff debates of the 1890s and presents the practice as a way to talk about commodities and capitalism. Teachers often conducted object lessons on easily purchased materials, connecting classroom practices to the choices children would make as consumers. At the same time, psychologist G. Stanley Hall and educator T. G. Rooper tried to understand the ways children’s sense perceptions linked to their understanding of the wider world. Finally, the practice was used as a literary metaphor, to describe the need to pause and to consider something carefully. In these ways, the classroom object lesson became a central way to reason about and through nineteenth-century American cultural and intellectual life.
Epilogue: Method over Matter in the Twenty-First-Century Classroom
Authors: Carter Sarah Anne
Published: August 2018

The epilogue links the classroom practice of object lessons to material culture, suggesting a connection between contemporary scholarly practice and the historical creation of material metaphors. There are many parallels between the five-step formal object lesson and the methods that twentieth-century material culture scholars, particularly Yale art historian Jules Prown, have used to study objects. Both work from the study of material things through set modes of observation to develop ways of writing and thinking about those things. The historic object-lesson method may be employed by contemporary scholars as a new way of exploring the possible meanings of the material world. In both the historic classroom and the contemporary classroom, the object-lesson method may help unlock the interpretative potential of material things for students and teachers.
Articulating the Moral Community
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

As this highly original work explains, morality is not fixed objectively, independently of all human judgment, nor is it something that we “invent.” Rather, working within zones of objective indeterminacy, the moral community—the community of all persons—has the authority to introduce new moral norms. These further specify the preexisting moral norms, making an objective difference to individuals’ moral rights and duties. The moral community, so-called, could not exercise authority unless it had some structure whereby it could act. Unlike political communities, which are centralized, noninclusive, and backed by coercion, the moral community is decentralized and inclusive. Its structure depends upon dyadic duties—ones that one individual owes to another. Such duties, the book argues, empower efforts by individuals to work out intelligently with one another how to respond to morally important concerns. The innovative moral input that these efforts can provide is initially authoritative only over the parties involved. Yet when such innovations gain sufficient uptake and have been reflectively accepted by the moral community, they become new moral norms. This account of the moral community’s moral authority is motivated by, and supports, a type of normative ethical theory, constructive ethical pragmatism (CEP), which rejects the consequentialist claim that rightness is to be defined as a function of goodness and the deontological claim that principles of right are fixed independently of the good. Rather, it holds instead that what we ought to do is fixed by our continuing efforts to specify the right and the good in light of each other.
Introduction
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

The book’s primary aim is to set out an account of how the moral community—the community of all persons—can fill in gaps in morality that result from indeterminacies in objective morality by authoritatively adopting new moral norms. “Morality” is here taken to refer to the norms binding on all persons, making no distinctions purely on the basis of person’s particular identities (as distinct from their features). Reducing indeterminacies in morality stands as a potential source of moral progress—one quite distinct from that of reducing our moral ignorance. Moral indeterminacy can arise in relation to wholly novel moral questions or clashes of incommensurable moral considerations. Illustrative possible cases of newly introduced moral norms are given. For the moral community to exercise moral authority, it must find its voice. The book’s three-stage account of that process is previewed, as are the individual chapters.
The Idea of the Moral Community
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

This chapter explicates the idea of the moral community as the open-ended set of all individuals who can wrong or be wronged by another. Examining these ideas of wronging someone or being wronged by someone as dyadic ideas, intrinsically involving a moral relationship between two persons, the discussion casts this kind of relationship as structuring the moral community. Dyadic norms, which give rise to directed rights and duties, give that structure definite generality and firmness. Distinguishing norms that merely mention another person (“A ought to compensate B”) from truly directed or dyadic norms (“A owes it to B to compensate B”), the text notes the metaphysically demanding sort of ontological correlativity that holds between directed duties and the corresponding rights. This, in turn, sets the stage for an important challenge posed by Michael Thompson—namely, how to explain what unites all persons into one moral community.
Introducing New Moral Norms
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

This chapter characterizes the convergence stage, the second stage of the process of introducing new moral norms and addresses some general objections to the possibility of doing so. This involves a de facto, but not illegitimately reached, convergence whereby some candidate norm that has arisen via the Input Stage becomes, globally, a social norm. The objection that no one has special moral expertise is defused by pointing out that the account does not rely on that assumption. The objection that the idea of moral authority is incompatible with honoring individual autonomy is defused by arguing that the account does not require anyone to accept anything simply on another’s say-so. The objection that newly specified norms are not really “new” is met by explaining that they make a general difference to people’s rights, duties, and permissions and cannot be derived from the first-order moral norms earlier in force.
Ratification of New Moral Norms
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

Arguing that it is a mistake to understand the moral community’s ratification of new moral norms along the lines of a political community’s adoption of legal norms, this chapter characterizes the ratification stage as involving a broad, inclusive awareness among living persons of the fact of global convergence on what is by hypothesis a new candidate moral norm and of each other’s reflective acceptance of this norm; and a broad and inclusive acceptance of the process whereby a new norm reasonably arose at all three stages (input, convergence, and ratification) and in how they interconnect. Limiting the participants needed for ratification to those presently alive is appropriate in light of the facts that living people anyway do more to influence future generations by establishing mere conventions than by creating new moral norms, and that future generations would have the power to rescind any new moral norm.
Introduction
Authors: van Woudenberg René , Peels Rik , de Ridder Jeroen
Published: August 2018

This introductory chapter puts scientism in context and provides an initial overview of issues that are relevant to scientism. It argues that scientism ought to be on the philosophical agenda, because the truth or falsity of scientism matters a great deal for our self-understanding, the life of the mind, science, and various social practices. Scientism has deep roots in Western philosophical history; among its predecessors and sources of inspiration are empiricism, August Comte’s positivism, and logical positivism. A core question for scientism is what exactly science is, but even a quick glance at the history of thinking about science reveals that answering this question is notoriously difficult. The chapter also provides a quick survey of arguments for and against scientism, and it closes with a preview of the rest of the book.
Scientism with a Humane Face
Authors: Ladyman James
Published: August 2018

Scientism is usually thought of as sinful, but it can be redeemed for our salvation. Scientism should not be dogmatic, nor should it ignore the actual limitations to current science. Other modes of inquiry deserve epistemic respect, and scientists should not be deferred to about matters beyond their expertise. However, limits should not be placed on what science can study and we cannot say in advance what the limits of future science will be. Where science conflicts with common sense, religion, and tradition, it should be regarded as authoritative for the purposes of education and public policy as well as objective inquiry; and scientific knowledge is even relevant to moral and political deliberation. This is the core of scientism. This chapter elaborates a way of thinking of scientism as a stance characterized in terms of positive and negative components and argues for a humane form of scientism.
Physicalism, Not Scientism
Authors: Ney Alyssa
Published: August 2018

Although physicalism has been a received view in the philosophical community over the past half-century, scientism is by contrast a much more maligned position. And yet standard formulations of physicalism, as the view that the world is in totality the way physics says it is, can make physicalism look as if it is simply a reductionistic form of scientism. This chapter argues that attention to more subtle formulations of physicalism reveals the difference between these attitudes.
The Moral and Economic Case for Free Trade
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

The chapter makes a prima facie case for free trade. It argues that the case for international free trade is just as strong as the case for free domestic trade. This case is strong because trade restrictions involve coercively interfering with people’s freedom to interact on mutually acceptable grounds; such restrictions generally stand in need of justification. Second, there also exists a strong economic case for free trade. Standard economic models and history suggest that freeing up trade strongly benefits both buyers and sellers, irrespective of where they live. The chapter concludes that even though it does not offer a conclusive case for free trade by itself, the burden of proof squarely lies with those who would defend trade restrictions.
Philosophers’ Objections to Free Trade
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

The chapter discusses an important set of philosophical objections to the case for free trade established in the previous chapter. These objections aim to justify restrictions on trade, focusing on issues about exploitation, sweatshops, a Rawlsian idea about trade as cooperative practice, and equitable exchange. These arguments are all shown to fail at defeating the case for free trade. Some of the proposed alternatives would end up harming poor people; others invoke mistaken moral assumptions or have implausible implications. The chapter ends by reflecting on what might be owed to people who experience losses as a result of undoing protectionism.
In Defense of Productive Human Rights
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

The chapter defends economic liberties such as the right to private property and freedom of contract as basic human rights, which the authors refer to as productive human rights. Despite being largely ignored or criticized in the theory and practice of human rights, they serve all the key functions that human rights generally serve. Using a basic interest framework, the chapter show that productive rights qualify as human rights because they both directly serve the interests of individual rights-holders, as well as the interests of people across the societies in which they are upheld. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the theoretical implications of a theory of justice that omits productive rights, and focuses only on things like meeting people’s needs. Such a theory will end up distorting important truths about human life and agency.
Correcting the Past
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

One popular argument for global redistribution focuses on the history of colonialism, which is rife with injustices perpetrated by the former governments of Western nations. Current citizens of these societies can be taxed to pay reparations to people their former colonies. The chapter inspects two different arguments for this view: one focusing on unjustly gotten gains for rich Western citizens, the other focusing on unjust harms befalling citizens of developing nations. The former argument fails because it misdecribes the fact; contrary to popular belief, most Western citizens were actually harmed by colonialism. The latter argument is better, and actually supports a case for reparations. However, contrary to its proponents’ beliefs, such reparations ought not take the form of large-scale redistribution, but the form of removing the unjust barriers people face that continue the harms they now experience. The duty to repair past injustice mostly strengthens the conclusions of this book.
Key Concepts, Measures, and Data
Authors: Beckfield Jason
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the author discusses several concepts, measures, and datasets that open new avenues for social epidemiologists to use political sociology to explain the distribution of population health. He also describes how social epidemiological concepts can feed back into political sociology to advance its agenda of understanding the social organization of power. Three themes integrate the concerns of these still-disconnected fields: (1) conceptualization of etiologic period, (2) definition of population, and (3) distinction between population averages and population variances. Mutual appreciation of the key concepts for each field is essential for the development of synthetic engagement between political sociology and social epidemiology.
Scientific Challenges to Engaging Political Sociology and Social Epidemiology
Authors: Beckfield Jason
Published: August 2018

Social epidemiology demonstrates clearly that social structure has profound consequences for the distribution of health, illness, and death, but it remains the case that political-sociological variables tend to be imprecisely incorporated into social epidemiological models. If the preceding chapters suggest how researchers could make a start on such incorporation, this chapter highlights the challenges to doing so in a convincing manner. Given the push from ecosocial, fundamental-cause, and social-determinants theories of disease distribution for concepts and measures for investigating politics and policies, the macroscope of political sociology holds great promise for generating new questions, new answers, and even new accountability for the generation of health inequity.
Introduction
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: August 2018

This chapter asserts the need to reinscribe radio’s prenetwork period within broader histories of modern sound culture and advances a production-based approach that explores the practices of sonic labor behind broadcasting’s surface-level textual forms. Recognizing this period’s importance for defining radio’s own identity, it also stresses the need to place emerging forms of radiomaking within the context of broader shifts in early twentieth-century sound entertainment. To this end, the chapter elaborates radio workers’ contributions not only to the rapidly expanding field of broadcasting, but also to much larger shifts in dominant production methods and performance styles that would ultimately span combined regimes of modern radio, film, and phonography.
Making Radio Talk
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers emerging forms of radio speech developed for formats ranging from scheduled talks to professional announcing. Disrupting established styles of public speaking, radio offered rich subject matter for the new discipline of speech communication, which helped to formalize new rules favoring a well-modulated delivery with restrained, natural speech and careful control over rate, pitch, and enunciation. Three larger sets of cultural tensions impacted these emerging announcing practices: (1) tensions surrounding a standardized national speech movement and its implicit regional, gender, and class biases; (2) concerns over an emergent culture of personality that informed debates on desired degrees of formality and informality in radio speech; and (3) long-standing concerns over disembodied communication-at-a-distance exacerbated by radio’s severing of voices from speakers' physical bodies. Resulting efforts to discipline the radio voice spurred important shifts in period voice culture that resonated across fields from rhetoric and theater to film and phonograph entertainment.
Introduction
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

Delilah is a mother of three who works the phones in dispatch at a metropolitan police department. She enjoys her job, but her new boss is ruffling some feathers. Complaining that he gets too many emails, he wants their team to start communicating through text messages. But he forgets that mobile service plans are fairly expensive for many of his employees. What happens in the “Flicked Her a Nickel” story sets the stage for how employees, managers, organizations, friends, and family negotiate for control over mobile communication. This chapter introduces a focus on how communication happens around mobile devices and shows how this research contributes to three fields: mobile communication, organizational communication, and management information systems. It introduces key terms, previews the chapters, and teases the reader with a few of the unexpected findings.
Early Mobile Use
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

For many people, whose first experiences using mobiles were between 2000 and 2010, it’s hard to imagine a time when friends and loved ones didn’t have mobiles or when people didn’t have access to one another after work hours. This chapter opens in California with a story of Los Angeles traffic; it was terrible, even back in 1990. Some companies wanted to make their mobile staff more productive, so they provided them with car phones—permanently mounted, fairly large phones with an antenna attached to the back window. Organizations paid for these “business tools”; and they were company property, just like a computer. During these initial years, some early adopters of new technology started bringing tools, like tablet computers and personal digital assistants, to work. This chapter sets the stage for understanding how and why negotiations for control over mobile communication emerged.
Theoretical Notions of Control—A Mobile Tug-of-War
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

Communication, information, and organizational control are tightly entwined; this chapter explores the theoretical literature that elaborates on these concepts. The early years of car phones and cell phones were a time when people used their devices to reach others. But that changed as smartphones—those with Internet access—started diffusing into organizations and throughout society. Now, people with those same devices could access data and share information in addition to communicating. This chapter focuses on a process perspective on organizational control and links the data from Chapters 1 and 2 to the concepts of agentic, hierarchical, and concertive control. Longitudinal data help illustrate how control is fluid and how these changes resemble a tug-of-war. Control is related to power, so it also discusses different types of power. Often organizations control resources, like mobile information and communication technologies, so power and control might work together in mobile communication.
BYOD Policies as a Negotiable Control Lever . . . or Not
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

Enterprise consumerization describes how technologies purchased by “enterprises” (i.e., organizations or companies) became consumer products. Mobile devices fall into this category because, as they became more affordable, individuals purchased them and brought them to work. As this trend proliferated, organizations had to protect their proprietary data, but their employees were clamoring for access to Wi-Fi. Their response: create bring-your-own-device-to-work (BYOD) policies. This chapter discusses human resources and global challenges surrounding BYOD policies. There are labor-law concerns at play, as well as national declarations that restrict mobile-device use outside of work hours. Furthermore, there’s still ongoing debate concerning who should be “allowed” to participate in BYOD. Readers are invited to consider that these policies have introduced a form of free control: individuals have flexibility in choosing their devices, but that freedom is also how people voluntarily participate in being controlled by organizations.
Negotiating Mobile Communication in Customer-Facing Work
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

There appear to be formal and informal rules associated with using mobile devices in view of customers. This chapter examines many types of customer-facing workers including waitstaff, childcare workers, teachers, telephone fundraisers, retail associates, and fast-food staff. Many customer-facing workers have limited reachability during their workday because they’re accessible only during windows of time that correspond to their breaks. Quite often their friends and family don’t understand the limits on their reachability, and this proves so frustrating that some workers quit their jobs. Other employees hide, often in the bathroom, to respond to those necessary text messages. Managers of these workers have a direct connection with them through their mobile devices. Roommates often work for the same company, and if someone is late for work, his managers not only text him but bug his friends as well.
Mobile Communication Comparisons Between Diverse Workers
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

This chapter combines the data from all the workers (150 different people across 35 diverse occupations) whose stories have been shared in this book. From the examination of the characteristics of specific jobs that influence mobile communication at work, four categories emerge: autonomy, mobility, task variability, and communication focus. People who have low autonomy in doing their work typically have predictable times when they have mobile access—breaks—but spend the bulk of their days without that access. Workers with a high degree of autonomy are reachable more often, but their access isn’t necessarily predictable: they might be in a closed-door meeting. It’s acceptable to use mobile devices when employees enjoy higher autonomy, more mobility, and task variability. But people who do repetitive jobs, work in a single location, and have little autonomy are more subject to managerial control and have fewer times where their mobile use is considered acceptable.
You Can’t Assume a Spherical Chicken
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

Much of the research on mobile communication has been cross-sectional, focused on a single organization at one point in time. White-collar workers are the ones most often studied because they pioneered the use of mobile devices. When they first hear about this research, they’re shocked to learn that everyone doesn’t communicate like they do. People from all backgrounds should realize that their own assumptions can blind them to understanding and being compassionate about differences. It might be a violation of others’ hopes for a colleague or friend to be unreachable during work hours, but people must learn how to have conversations that re-set expectations and allow them to take control over their own time. Finally, armed with this information, human resources and information technology professionals can design BYOD policies that provide the training and support to allow all types of workers to use mobile devices productively.
A Goal-Centered, Self-Regulatory Model of Motivation and Its Relevance for Advancing the Study of Chronic Pain
Authors: Karoly Paul
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents an account of goal constructs and of self-regulatory processes as critical mediators and/or moderators of chronic pain’s effects on diverse aspects of human performance and adjustment. The joint influence of goal cognition and the assorted mechanisms of self-regulation provides a unique platform for adaptive failure or vulnerability when operating at low levels of effectiveness and efficiency, and for adaptive resilience when functioning at its peak. Organized around a motivational model dubbed the Goal-Centered, Self-Regulatory, Automated, Social Systems Psychology (GRASSP) perspective, the chapter considers the nature, functioning, and measurement of goals and a variety of potentially supportive regulatory mechanisms. Illustrating the explanatory and heuristic potency of a motivational framework, the chapter addresses both the deleterious effects of persistent pain on goal-related thinking and striving and the facilitative role of effective goal-based self-regulation in maintaining day-to-day performance and well-being in the face of chronic pain.
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Pain
Authors: Moayedi Massieh , Davis Karen D.
Published: August 2018

The chapter reviews brain imaging studies investigating the sensory, affective, cognitive, and motivational components of pain. It highlights the historical development and significant advancements in thinking about pain, its representation in the brain, its interactions with and impact on cognition, and how it motivates defensive behaviors. Modern imaging and electro-physiological approaches that are currently being applied to study pain are rapidly accumulating data pertaining to acute pain and its transition to chronic pain states in the context of individual psychological factors and behavioral responses so that in the coming era pain science can work toward a more precise and personalized approach to chronic pain treatment.
Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Control in Pain Processing
Authors: Hamilton Nancy A. , Ann Atchley Ruth , Boddy Lauren , Benau Erik , Freche Ronald
Published: August 2018

Chronic pain is a multidimensional phenomenon characterized by deficits at the behavioral, social, and affective levels of functioning. Depression and anxiety disorders are overrepresented among pain patients, suggesting that pain affects processes of emotion regulation. Conceptualizing the experience of chronic pain within a motivational organizing perspective offers a useful framework for understanding the emotional experiences of individuals living with chronic pain and how they balance harm-avoidant goals with generative approach oriented goals. To that end this chapter also integrates theories of emotion regulation (ER) and cognitive control to shed additional light on the problem of living with chronic pain, and it introduces a theory, consistent with findings from affective neuroscience, suggesting that painful flare-ups may be driven by anticipatory pain reactions in addition to somatic signals.
Chronic Pain, Goal Conflict and Goal Frustration
Authors: Claes Nathalie , Gebhardt Winifred
Published: August 2018

This chapter argues for extending models of chronic pain within an explicit goal and self-regulatory perspective. A self-regulatory perspective allows one to conceptualize pain as an experience that occurs within the real-life context comprising multiple goals. The chapter presents two fictitious cases, which will be used throughout the chapter to clarify goal concepts. Next, it outlines the possible interrelations between goals, after which it specifically focuses on goal conflict and its role in pain. The chapter then provides a definition and overview of the literature on goal frustration and offers insights into the link between goal conflict and goal frustration. It also presents an overview of interventions that focus on tackling goal conflict and goal frustration to improve quality of life. The chapter then discusses potential implications of the theoretical stance and the empirical findings for existing theories of chronic pain problems. Finally, it formulates suggestions for future research.
Chronic Pain and Psychopathology
Authors: Karoly Paul
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents a motivational model designed to forge conceptual and empirical links among chronic pain perception, cognitive-affective pain processing, everyday task performance, and the emergence of psychopathology. Organized around the GRASSP perspective (introduced in chapter 1), the current chapter first addresses the nature of multi-leveled (top-down and bottom-up) regulatory/control systems and the hypothesized motivational mechanisms around which such systems are organized. Based on the twin premises that (a) dysfunctions of the goal-guided, self-regulatory system underlie most forms of psychopathology, and (b) chronic pain can disrupt goal- and self-regulatory system functioning, the chapter seeks to locate chronic pain and two prominent forms of psychological disturbance—depression and anxiety—within a broad, heuristic “motivational context.” Among the key explanatory building blocks of the hypothesized model are goal episodes, extended goal striving processes, and four moderation pathways hypothesized to connect pain-related disruptions of self-regulation to the eventual emergence of depression and/or anxiety.
Motivation from the Perspective of Contextual Cognitive Behavioral Approaches and the Psychological Flexibility Model
Authors: McCracken Lance M. , Scott Whitney
Published: August 2018

In everyday uses, the term motivation may imply a kind of mechanistic, “inside” the person, type of process. Contextual approaches, on the other hand, adopt an evolutionary perspective on motivation that emphasizes the selection of behavior patterns through the joint actions of historical consequences and verbal or cognitive processes, themselves considered the product of the same contextual processes of selection by consequences. The contextual focus on building, maintaining, and elaborating behavior patterns from directly manipulable contextual features enables a focus on variables that are able to serve the purpose of prediction and influence over behavior. Current studies of these processes apply the psychological flexibility model, including its processes of values-based and committed action. Laboratory studies of these processes demonstrate their potential importance in healthy functioning in relation to chronic pain. Treatment studies, including studies of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), also demonstrate that enhancing these motivation-related processes has clinical utility.
Becoming Just by Eliminating Injustice
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores how property emerges as a moral convention. Several laboratory experiments on property in its nascence are used to understand this process. A key feature of these economics experiments is that the participants can chat in real time with one another regarding their activities. These candid conversations in the heat of the moment make up the data by which I explain how anonymous strangers in a group become just by mutually respecting what is mine and what is thine. The dialogue also illustrates what it means for someone to be unjust, namely, inflicting real and positive harm on others. As a window into the minds of the participants, the language further supports Adam Smith’s claim that the resentment of harm undergirds our moral sense of property. We become just in terms of respecting the boundaries of property through the fellow feeling of the ill desert of harm.
The Dialectical Activity of Becoming Just
Authors: Garthoff Jon
Published: August 2018

This chapter articulates a “dynamic approximation” model of the acquisition and maintenance of the individual virtues. This model incorporates elements of Talbot Brewer’s account of virtue acquisition as a dialectical activity, in which attention is repeatedly and indefinitely refocused on a value, over time enabling both deeper engagement with it and deeper appreciation of it. The model also adapts elements of John Rawls’s ideal theory of political justice, applying these in a novel way to the case of individual justice. These elements include holding fixed broad contours of human psychology for the purpose of articulating ideals and emphasizing conditions where characteristic threats and obstacles to justice are resisted and overcome. The focus here is on the individual virtue of justice, and the chapter discusses three families of threats and obstacles to its acquisition and maintenance.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Danielle , Christesen Paul , Millett Paul
Published: August 2018

This introduction begins by exploring the methodological advances for historiography to be reaped from the oeuvre of Paul Cartledge. The focus is on putting thought and practice in relation to each other; linking ideas, discourse and concepts to structure, status, and hierarchy; deploying cross-context comparisons to bring to light the dynamic interaction between culture and power; and supplying the tools of pragmatism that enable us to see beliefs in action. The remainder of the introduction supplies brief summaries of each of the chapters that follow.
How to Turn History into Scenario
Authors: Lane Melissa
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Lane argues that Plato in Republic Book 8 emancipates the logic of social change from the past while infusing it with normative content. From this perspective, Plato might be said to invent a logic of intelligible choice to explain social change in the form of an explanatory scenario rather than history. Whereas Herodotus and Thucydides investigated the record of observable social changes in the past and present, Plato undertakes a new intellectual enterprise: an exploration of the mechanisms of social change that is not merely adduced from the happenstance character of those events that have actually occurred. Furthermore, what Plato offers is a form of sociopolitical explanation that is premised on a normative account of the objective moral good, centered on the role of law as a principle of order oriented to the good, and on rule as essentially aiming to serve the good of the ruled.
Jurors and Serial Killers
Authors: Blanshard Alastair J. L.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Blanshard examines one of the peculiarities of deliberative practice in the Athenian democratic governmental system, namely the tendency for decision-making to occur within the supportive presence of a network of peers. No major life decision, whether it related to the marriage of children, the sale of property, or the arrangements of funerals, was taken without wide consultation among friends and family. This means that when individuals were forced into situations of decision-making without the presence of their support networks, those decisions became, at the least, unsettling and potentially traumatic. One of the few occasions where we find such isolated decision-making is the Athenian lawcourt. The process of jury-sortition, combined with randomized seating allocation within the lawcourt, meant that the Athenian juror when he sat to deliberate was uniquely alone. Analysis of forensic rhetoric reveals how orators played up this sense of isolation and confusion.
The Sparta Game
Authors: Ober Josiah , Weingast Barry R.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Ober and Weingast find the roots of some of the most unusual features of Archaic/Classical-era Sparta in the “proportionality principle.” That principle holds that the stability of a regime in which ruling elites extract revenues from nonelites through violence (or its threat) requires that each elite receive a share of rents proportionate to his potential to employ disruptive violence. When proportionality is respected, no one with the power to disrupt society has an incentive to do so. This equilibrium situation helps explain the high degree of stability in Sparta’s sociopolitical system, but it also held the seeds of Sparta’s demise. Proportionality meant that rents could not be redistributed in ways that would have been more economically productive, and the Spartans’ failure to redistribute rents led to the regular demotion of the least successful Spartiates from the ruling class and hence to demographic and military collapse.
Marx and Antiquity
Authors: Nippel Wilfried
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Nippel shows that those who think that Marxist materialism and class analysis drew, in the first instance, from a study of antiquity have Marx wrong. After his doctoral dissertation on Democritus and Epicurus, Marx never came back to these questions in his subsequent writings. All further references to antiquity in his work were only asides in quite different contexts and were seldom meant as substantive statements about antiquity. Rather, the historical cases that motivated his analytical frameworks were India and slavery in the United States. In this respect, antiquity was of only marginal interest to Marx. Of course there are a great many “allusions to ancient texts” in Marx’ writings, but they were indeed “allusions.” While Marxists have often grounded their arguments on distinctive pictures of antiquity, or used Marxist concepts to analyze antiquity, Marx himself did neither.
Learning from Evil
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: August 2018

The actions of Thomas Jefferson, slaveholder, and Edward Coles, emancipator of slaves, pose critical questions about how people justify their complicity in evil practices. In this introductory chapter, the author lays out how she will examine four significant impediments to good moral deliberation: cultural norms and pressures, the complexity of consequences, emotions, and self-deception. She explains how she will illuminate the errors of bad people and show how they mirror errors that we ourselves commonly make. Thus, the moral philosophy presented here is an important tool in identifying such errors and can assist in fulfilling our duties of due care in moral deliberation, moral self-scrutiny, and the development of moral virtue. The author previews the case studies of bad people, such as Nazis and slaveholders, that she cites in later chapters, and she shows how the studies can act as extended thought experiments about the nature of moral reasoning and of effective moral education.
Just the Bad and the Ugly
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: August 2018

Case studies of bad people who committed highly immoral actions provide a way of examining our own errors in moral deliberation. Albert Speer, Hitler’s Minister of Armaments and War Production, narrowly focused on the objectives of his job and thereby avoided thinking about the larger context in which his job was situated. Franz Stangl, commandant of Treblinka death camp, used compartmentalization and a lack of imagination to live with the fact that he oversaw the deaths of roughly one million innocent people. Rudolf Höss, commandant of Auschwitz, shut off his natural emotional responses in order to focus on carrying out the orders of his superiors. Charles Colcock Jones, American slaveholder, convinced himself that he was actually doing good for the slaves on his own and on neighboring plantations. Ted Bundy, serial killer, was a psychopath, but provides a useful example of extreme errors in moral deliberation.