bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USO DA CERCLAGEM E RESINA ACRÍLICA EM FRATURAS MANDIBULARES DOS EQUÍDEOS
Authors: Valadão Carlos Augusto Araújo , Marques José António , Filho João Guilherme Padilha , Rodrigues Celso Antonio , Ferreira Homem Israel
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Relata-se o emprego da associação da ligadura interdentária, com fio de aço (cerdagem), à resina acrílica, no tratamento de fraturas mandibulares (espaço interdental e placa alveolar) em equídeos. Observou-se o restabelecimento precoce da função mastigatória. Além disso, foi possível a reimplantação dos dentes incisivos extraídos pelo trauma. Desta forma, pode-se assegurar que a técnica mostrou-se eficiente, prática e de baixo custo.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO STAPHYLOCOCCUS COAGULASE NEGATIVO ISOLADOS DE QUARTOS MAMÁRIOS DE VACAS COM MASTITE SUBCLÍNICA
Authors: Ribeiro Marlice Teixeira , Sá Wanderlei Ferreira de , Melchíades Leda Aroni , Veiga Vânia Maria de Oliviera , Dutra Iveraldo Santos
Published: August 2014

RESUMO O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Zona da Mata - MG, durante três meses. De quatro rebanhos utilizados, trabalhou-se com 16 animais mestiços e 19 holandeses. O objetivo foi caracterizar Staphylococcus coagulase negativos, isolados de quartos mamários de vacas, que inicialmente reagiam à prova do "Califórnia Mastitis Test" (CMT), em quatro testes consecutivos, a intervalo de uma semana. A caracterização das 116 amostras encontradas, correspondentes a Staphylococcus coagulase negativo, foram: S. epidermidis (71,55%), S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes (6,03%), S. simulans (6,03%), S. warneri (4,31%), S. hominis (3,45%), S. cohnii (3,45%), S. sciuri (3,45%) e S. haemolyticus (1,73%).
INFECÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL EM CAPRINOS COM MYCOBACTERIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS DE ORIGEM BOVINA
Authors: Poester Fernando Padilia , Ramos Ernani Tadeu
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Uma amostra de Mycobacterium paratuberculosis de origem bovina foi experimentalmente inoculada por via oral em caprinos. Após três anos de observação, os autores obtiveram a reprodução da infecção em dois dos três caprinos inoculados, concluindo que os caprinos são suscetíveis a amostras bovinas de M. paratuberculosis. A possibilidade de transmissão intra-uterina da bactéria, embora tentada não foi possível de ser demonstrada.
A SURVEY OF SHEEP MASTITIS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Vaz Adil Knackfuss , Jones James Eirug Thomas
Published: August 2014

SUMMARY Ovine mastitis causes varying economic fosses in all countries where sheep are kept. A survey of 3128 breeding ewes in 22 farms in two areas with different management practices in Southern Brazil showed that the average prevalence of subclinical and chronic mastitis was 14.1% of ewes with at least one affected gland. From those, 4.49% were also bacteriologically positive. The prevalence in individual farms varied from 0 to 37% of ewes with clinical abnormalities of the udder. The overall prevalence was greater in Area II, where meat breeds predominate and animals are housed at night. It is concluded that subclinical and chronic mastitis is uniikely to be an economic problem in Area I, where wool production is the objective of the sheep industry. However, in individual farms with high prevalence of the disease lamb survival and development may be affected. In Area II, mastitis is more likely to be a problem because of the higher prevalence found in that area.
EVIDÊNCIAS DE INFECÇÃO POR LEPTOSPIRA BRATISLAVA EM TRANSTORNOS REPRODUTIVOS EM SUÍNOS
Authors: Oliveira Sérgio José de , Borowski Sandra Maria , Barcellos David Emilio Santos Neves de
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Em 535 amostras de soro de reprodutores suínos foram executados testes sorológicos de aglutinação microscópica para diagnóstico de leptospirose. Os animais eram originários de 25 granjas localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, cujas reprodutoras apresentaram histórico de abortos, natimortos e retornos ao cio. Títulos sorológicos positivos aos testes foram evidenciados em 113 amostras de soro. Houve maior número de amostras com títulos de 1:100 ou acima para Leptospira bratislava (42 amostras de soro), seguida de L. icterohaemorrhagiae (39 amostras de soro) e reações cruzadas com os dois antígenos (20 amostras de soro). Os resultados obtidos fogem dos padrões anteriormente observados em diagnóstico de leptospirose suína no Rio Grande do Sul e no Brasil, pois até o momento havia sido verificada predominância de reações sorológicas para L. pomona. Este trabalho constitui-se nas primeiras evidências sobre a ocorrência de infecção por L. bratislava em suínos em nosso país.
AFLATOXICOSE EM SUÍNOS
Authors: Schoenau Luciana Silveira Flôres , Varaschin Mary , Salles Mônica Weissmann Seabra , Santurio Janio Morais , Barros Claudio Severo Lombardo de
Published: August 2014

RESUMO É descrito um surto de aflatoxicose em suínos Duroc de 2 a 6 meses, que consumiam ração contaminada por 519 ppb de aflatoxinas. A morbidade foi de 97%. A mortalidade foi alta, mas não determinada com exatidão. Os sinais clínicos incluíam recusa do alimento, pouco ganho ou perda de peso, diarreia e icterícia. Lesões subagudas e crônicas foram observadas em 4 porcos necropsiados. Nas lesões subagudas o fígado era escuro, com áreas centrolobulares hemorrágicas deprimidas, havia edema da parede da vesícula biliar e bile viscosa. Nos casos crônicos o fígado apresentava-se firme e amarelo-alaranjado. Havia líquido citrino nas cavidades e edema no cólon espiral. Havia avermelhamento da mucosa gástrica da região fúndica. Alterações subagudas eram necrose e hemorragias centrolobulares, hepatomegalocitose, fibrose e hiperplasia ductal. Nos casos crônicos havia fibrose, hiperplasia ductal, megalocitose e degeneração gordurosa hepatocelular. O diagnóstico de aflatoxicose foi feito baseado nos sinais clínicos, nos achados morfológicos e na presença de níveis significativos de aflatoxina na ração dos porcos (B1 = 484,3ppb, B2 = 110,8ppb, G1 = 343,7ppb e G2 = 99,2ppb). Frangos submetidos à mesma alimentação também desenvolveram lesões da toxicose.
DIAGNÓSTICO ECOGRÁFICO DAS ALTERAÇÕES UTERINAS E OVARIANAS EM ÉGUAS PURO SANGUE DE CORRIDA
Authors: Brass Karin Eriça , Côrte Flávio Desessards De La , Castro Inês Nicoloso , Alda Joaquin Lopez de , Silva Carlos Antonio Mondino
Published: August 2014

RESUMO As imagens ecográficas de algumas alterações freqüentemente encontradas no trato reprodutivo de éguas Puro Sangue de Corrida, tais como hematomas e tumores ovarianos, cistos endometriais, coleções de fluido intra-uterino e hematoma de parede uterina são descritos com propósito educativo.
DIAGNÓSTICO DE GESTAÇÃO NA VACA PELA ULTRA-SONOGRAFIA
Authors: Santos Ivo Walter dos , Neves Jairo Pereira
Published: August 2014

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi de estudar o desenvolvimento embrionário e revelar quando a prenhez pode ser detectada em bovinos. Constituindo dois grupos, 142 vacas foram submetidas a exames ecográficos para diagnóstico de gestação. Utilizou-se um aparelho Pie Medical Inc., Mod. 450 com transdutor de 5MHz, arranjo linear e uma impressora. No primeiro grupo, constituído de 12 vacas charolesas foram estudadas algumas características da anatomia fetal entre o 10° e o 50° dia. Estruturas foram detectadas na seguinte ordem e tempo (dias): vesícula embrionária (18,0 ± 0,7); embrião (24,1 ± 0,5); batimentos cardíacos (26,2 ± 0,6); âmnio (30,7 ± 0,7); membros (32,7 ± 0,6); vértebras (40,2 ± 0,7) e movimentos fetais (45,6 ± 0,5). No segundo grupo, composto de 130 vacas cruza charolesa, foi observado o desenvolvimento embrionário do 23° até o 50° dia de gestação. Neste período a vesícula embrionária atingiu um diâmetro de 46,4mm, com crescimento diário de 1,38mm; enquanto o comprimento (cabeça-anca) do embrião atingiu 36,4mm, com aumento diário de 1,15mm (P<0,0001). O diagnóstico precoce da gestação, e o seu monitoramento através da ultra-sonografia é possível a partir do 18° dia pós-serviço.
BIOMETRIA TESTICULAR EM POTROS PURO SANGUE DE CORRIDA COM AUXÍLIO DO ULTRA-SOM
Authors: Brass Karin Erica , Alda Joaquin Lopez de , Deprá Neiva Medianeira , Corte Flávio Desessards De La , Silva José Henrique Souza da , Silva Carlos Antonio Mondino
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Potros Puro Sangue de Corrida com idades variando de 2 a 24 meses foram submetidos a um estudo biométrico dos testículos com ultra-som. Observou-se um aumento no desenvolvimento testicular a partir dos 12 meses de idade e correlação altamente significativa entre o diâmetro testicular transversal (altura) e a idade. As imagens do parênquima testicular obtidas até os 5-6 meses de idade eram hipoecogênicas e com o avanço desta, aumentou a intensidade de reflexão até alcançar o padrão do parênquima testicular adulto.
UTILIZAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS AGROINDUSTRIAIS AMONIZADOS COM BOVINOS EM REGIME DE SEMI-CONFINAMENTO
Authors: Silveira Vicente Celestino Pires , Portela Jocely da Silva , Oliveira Odoni Loris Pereira de , Alberto Gislene
Published: August 2014

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de um suplemento alimentar constituído de resíduos amenizados, oriundos do processo de pré-limpeza do arroz, soja, sorgo e milho, no ganho de peso de 17 novilhos de aproximadamente 18 meses de idade, em regime de semi-confinamento. Estes foram divididos em três grupos experimentais: Grupo 1 - pastejo em campo nativo melhorado - testemunha; Grupo 2 -pastejo em campo nativo melhorado e suplementados com 3kg/cabeça/dia de resíduo; Grupo 3 - pastejo em campo nativo melhorado e suplementados com 6kg/cabeça/dia de resíduo. Os ganhos de peso médio por dia foram de 517,54g; 634,21 g e 982,24g, respectivamente, para os tratamentos 1, 2 e 3. A equação de regressão do ganho de peso com relação à quantidade de suplemento oferecido para cada 100kg de peso vivo (RPSPV) , indica que os animais que não receberam alimentação (RPSPV = 0), ganharam no período 37,55kg (521 g/dia). Quanto aos animais suplementados, cada 1% do acréscimo de RPSPV significa 14,174kg de peso a mais no período (196,86g/dia). Os resultados permitem concluir que em épocas de menor produção forrageira a utilização de resíduos agroindustriais amenizados permite obter significativos ganhos de peso em novilhos.
DESEMPENHO DE NOVILHAS DA RAÇA HOLANDÊS EM CULTIVARES DE CAPIM-ELEFANTE (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) SUBMETIDAS AO PASTEJO
Authors: Townsend Claudio Ramalho , Olivo Clair Jorge , Ruviaro Claiton Favarim , Niederauer Vilceu , Quadros Fernando Luiz Ferreira de
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar as cultivares (cvs.) de capim-elefante: Merckeron Pinda, Mercker-86-México, Porto Rico e Cameroon sob pastejo, conduziu-se este experimento em Santa Maria-RS. Para avaliação foram utilizadas novilhas e vacas em lactação da raça Holandês em pastejo rotativo. Quanto a disponibilidade e a qualidade da forragem verificou-se muita semelhança entre as cvs.; com relação ao desempenho animal as cvs. Merckeron Pinda e Cameroon foram as que apresentaram os melhores resultados.
SILAGENS DE MILHO (Zea mays, L) OU CAPIM ELEFANTE(Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) cv. NAPIER PARA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE TERNEIROS DE CORTE CONFINADOS
Authors: Pilar Rui de Castro , Restle João , Santos Glênio Lopes dos , Silva José Henrique Souza da
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Foi avaliado o desempenho em confinamento, por um período de 84 dias, de terneiros de corte alimentados com uma das seguintes dietas: T1 - silagem de milho (Zea mays, L) + concentrado (32,65%), T2 - silagem de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) cultivar napier + concentrado (33,36%) e T3 - silagem de napier + concentrado (48,27%). O tipo de dieta não influenciou (P ≥ 0,2059) no consumo médio diário de matéria seca. As dietas T3 e T1 proporcionaram ganhos de peso médio diário similares e que foram superiores (P < 0,0450) ao proporcionado pela T2. Com relação a conversão alimentar, não houve diferença (P ≥ 0,1292) entre tratamentos.
EFEITO DA ÉPOCA DA DESMAMA E DA PASTAGEM NO DESEMPENHO DE VACAS E TERNEIROS DE CORTE. 1 - DESEMPENHO DAS VACAS
Authors: Moojen Juliana Gomes , Restle João , Moojen Eduardo Londero
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Foi avaliado o desempenho de vacas de corte desterneiradas antecipadamente, aos 101 dias após o parto, e que no período anterior ao desterneiramento haviam permanecido em campo nativo (CN) ou pastagem cultivada (PC) e após o desterneiramento, em CN. Foi mantido ainda um grupo de vacas em CN desterneiradas aos 213 dias, seguindo o método de criação normalmente empregado na região. Considerando todo o período experimental, foi verificado um maior ganho de peso (P < 0,01) e melhor estado corporal (P < 0,05) nas vacas cujo desterneiramento precoce foi precedido pela alimentação em PC. A taxa de aparecimento de cio pós-parto, foi de 100% nas vacas desterneiradas aos 101 dias e mantidas previamente em PC, 41,7% para as vacas desterneiradas antecipadamente e que permaneceram em CN, e de 14,3% naquelas desterneiradas aos 213 dias.
EFEITO DE ÉPOCA DA DESMAMA E DA PASTAGEM NO DESEMPENHO DE VACAS E TERNEIROS DE CORTE: DESEMPENHO DE TERNEIROS
Authors: Moojen Juliana Gomes , Restle João , Moojen Eduardo Londero , Silva José Henrique Souza da , Santos Glenio Lopes dos
Published: August 2014

RESUMO O experimento visou avaliar o desempenho de terneiros desmamados aos 101 dias de idade que no período de aleitamento estavam submetidos a pastagem cultivada de inverno (T¹), ou campo nativo (T²), e terneiros desmamados aos 213 dias (T³) mantidos exclusivamente em campo nativo. Após o desmame, aos 101 dias, os terneiros desmamados foram alimentados no cocho, durante 41 dias. Após este período, foram mantidos em pastagem cultivada de verão até os 213 dias de idade. No período que antecedeu o desmame antecipado, o ganho de peso foi superior (P < 0,01) para os terneiros mantidos em pastagem cultivada. No período seguinte, o ganho de peso foi similar (P > 0,05 )para os terneiros do T¹ e T² e superior (P < 0,05) para os terneiros que continuaram ao pé das vacas em campo nativo (T³). O peso ao final do experimento (01.04.86) foi superior (P < 0,01) para aqueles mantidos no período pré desmame em pastagem cultivada.
DESEMPENHO DE TERNEIROS DESMAMADOS PRECOCEMENTE E SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE ALIMENTAÇÃO
Authors: Dorow Rubens , Quadros Fernando Luiz Ferreira de
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Este experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Rincão em Cachoeira do Sul, RS; em convênio com a EMATER-RS e o Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de temeiros de corte, medido em ganho de peso vivo, desde o desmame aos 90 dias até um ano de idade, quando submetidos a sistemas de alimentação baseados em pastagens naturais, pastagens de Digitaria decumbens Stent., Pennisetum americanum (L) Schum. e Avena strigosa Schreb., combinadas entre si. Avaliou-se a qualidade e disponibilidade de matéria seca das pastagens associando-as ao desempenho dos temeiros desmamados aos 90 dias. Observou-se, nas condições em que foi realizado o experimento, que os temeiros alimentados com pastagens de milheto no verão e aveia no inverno, atingiram 187,75kg de peso vivo médio aos 12 meses de idade. As condições climáticas adversas do período experimental e o manejo animal impostos na Fazenda Rincão contribuíram para a redução na disponibilidade de matéria seca das pastagens, influenciando diretamente o desempenho dos animais.
DERMATITE ESTAFILOCÓCICA EM OVINO NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Ribeiro Luiz Alberto Oliveira , Rodrigues Norma Centeno , Fallavena Luiz Cesar Bello
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Relata-se um caso de Dermatite Estafilocócica ocorrido em ovelha criada a campo no Rio Grande do Sul. São descritas e discutidas as lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas encontradas, assim como o isolamento do Staphylococcus aureus da lesão.
ARROZ VERMELHO: CARACTERIZAÇÃO, PREJUÍZOS E CONTROLE
Authors: Marchezan Enio
Published: August 2014

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar o arroz vermelho e discutir alternativas de minimização do problema. São apresentados os principais prejuízos causados pelo arroz vermelho e os métodos de controle abordando os pontos positivos e as restrições de cada um de modos a utilizá-los mais eficientemente.
PESTE SUÍNA CLÁSSICA: UMA ATUALIZAÇÃO EM MÉTODOS DE DIAGNÓSTICO LABORATORIAL
Authors: Roehe Paulo Michel , Rosa Julio Cesar de Almeida , Oliveira Liliane Guimarães
Published: August 2014

RESUMO Neste artigo são revisados os diferentes métodos internacionalmente utilizados no diagnóstico de Peste Suína Clássica (PSC). A detecção rápida de antígenos virais é feita através do exame direto de cortes em criostato dos tecidos de animais, por imunofluorescência direta (IF). O diagnóstico é confirmado pelo isolamento do vírus em cultivos celulares. A detecção de anticorpos contra o vírus é baseada em testes de soroneutralizaçâo seguidos de IF, imunoperoxidase (IPX), ou ensaios imunoenzimáticos. Anticorpos monoclonais são úteis na distinção entre o vírus da PSC e outros pestivírus que podem eventualmente infectar os suínos. Técnicas moleculares, como hibridização, reação de polimerase em cadeia (PCR) e seqüenciamento, ainda não são empregadas rotineiramente no diagnóstico de PSC.
CRIPTOCOCOSE EM GATOS
Authors: Corrêa Gilson Luiz Borges
Published: August 2014

RESUMO A criptococose é uma enfermidade micótica, causada pela levedura denominada Cryptococcus neoformans, que tem distribuição cosmopolita. O agente etiológico já foi isolado de diversos materiais, incluindo: frutas, amostras de solo, fezes de aves principalmente de pombos. Apesar de ser encontrado como saprófita na natureza, o Cryptococcus neoformans pode produzir doença no homem e várias espécies de animais domésticos ou silvestres. Em gatos, essa levedura pode ser encontrada provocando infecções, especialmente nos pulmões, sistema nervoso central, região facial ou se manifestar de forma generalizada. A doença nos gatos, pode produzir sinais clínicos semelhantes aos de outras enfermidades necessitando, portanto, de uma definição diagnostica rápida e precisa, proporcionando desse modo ao clínico, a escolha do tratamento antifúngico mais adequado.
OS CAMPONESES FACE À EXTENSÃO RURAL
Authors: Marin Joel Orlando , Rossato Ricardo
Published: August 2014

RESUMO O artigo aponta que as práticas sociais dos camponeses frente à Extensão Rural são ambíguas e contraditórias, resultando em conformismo e resistên-cia. Por um lado, a supremacia do conhecimento científico, o caráter impositivo das práticas educacionais extensionistas, o controle através do crédito agrícola e dos pacotes tecnológicos são mecanismos de imposição de novos conhecimentos e tecnologias que, assi-milados pêlos camponeses, conformam-nos à hegemonia da sociedade capitalista. Por outro lado, os camponeses resistem à essa racionalidade tecnológica, fundamentando-se em sua forma própria de organizar a produção agrícola, na sua cultura e saberes adquiridos em suas experiências de vida.
Uplift mobilisation resistance of subsea pipelines in loose sand
Authors: Ivanović A. , Oliphant J.
Published: August 2014

Upheaval buckling (UHB) is a well-known phenomenon associated with buried high-pressure high-temperature pipelines. A large number of research studies have been undertaken in the last two decades on developing reliable uplift resistance mobilisation models from which the current standards and recommendations are based. This paper examines Technip's extensive database consisting of experimental and numerical studies concerning sandy backfills only. The peak uplift mobilisation distances obtained are compared with the current DNV recommendations and a recent experimental study undertaken at the University of Cambridge. The trends obtained indicate differences associated specifically with the lower backfill cover depths and suggest that the current recommendations need to be updated. A new improved peak mobilisation distance model, which is able to capture the relevant data with a distinction made between very loose and loose sand backfill, is offered.
A facile route for CdSe nanoparticles: synthesis and structural characterisation
Authors: Tiwari A. K. , Verma V. K. , Jain Tripti A. , Bajpai P. K.
Published: August 2014

Semiconducting CdSe nanoparticles of a few nanometers in size were synthesised by solvothermal decomposition of novel, single-source molecular precursor Cd(II) complex of bis(aminoethyl)selenide ((NH2CH2CH2)2Se.CdCl2)) using quinoline as coordinating agent at 200°C. Particle size, structural phase, elemental compositions, morphology and optical bandgap of as-synthesised nanoparticles were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The XRD pattern revealed that hexagonal CdSe nanocrystallites of ≈7 nm average size can be obtained by the solvothermal decomposition of ((NH2CH2CH2)2Se.CdCl2)) in quinoline. Elemental composition ratio of Cd:Se reveals non-stochiometric phase as confirmed standard less ZAF quantification, where Z, A and F are the matrix correction parameters, describing the atomic number effect (stopping power and backscatter effect), the absorption effect, and the fluorescence effect, respectively, in EDAX. Absorption spectra show blue shift in the absorption in nano particles with respect to their bulk counterpart and the calculated optical bandgap is estimated at 3·94 eV. This method has several advantages such as non-toxic and non-pyroforic single-source precursor, relatively low temperature and avoids the need for inert environment. However, quinoline used as coordinating agent has proved ineffective in capping and dispersing the nanoparticles and need to be further investigated.
Layered double hydroxide: a new promising nanomaterial in energy application
Authors: Coluccini Carmine , Sporer Ivonne , Leuteritz Andreas , Kuehnert Ines , Wang De-Yi
Published: August 2014

Recent synthetic approaches allowed to obtain layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with different functions. Due to the controlled structure of the LDH the high potential in the energy application have been found as electrode, dielectric, and even semiconductor. It is a promising new-generation nanomaterial for the energy application. This report has been reviewing the synthetic approaches for these LDHs and their utilisations in the field of energy application.
Changes in Second-Language Learners’ Oral Skills and Socio-Affective Profiles Following Study Abroad: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Authors: Hardison Debra M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract:

Research on the effectiveness of short-term study-abroad (SA) programs for improving oral skills has shown mixed results. In this study, 24 L2 German learners (L1 English) provided pre- and post-SA speech samples addressing a hypothetical situation and completed surveys on cross-cultural interest and adaptability; L2 communication affect, strategies, perceived competence; and L2 contact. Native speakers (NSs) provided ratings for pronunciation, fluency, grammar, vocabulary, and accentedness. Results revealed significant improvement in all oral skills and positive changes in the socio-affective factors. Participants who reported more positive affect in interactions with NSs pre-SA tended to spend more hours in extended interactions with them while abroad. These hours were related to increased positive communication affect post-SA. No significant relationships were found between L2 contact and gains in oral skills. Homestay experiences were positive, providing opportunities for extended interactions and cultural knowledge. For classroom learners, findings suggest a role for e-languaging tasks with NSs.
Les effets de l’enseignement des phénomènes d’enchaînement sur la production orale des élèves dans un cours d’espagnol langue étrangère au Québec
Authors: Uribe Cristina , Cedergren Henrietta , Payeras Jessica
Published: August 2014

Résumé :

Le présent article offre un aperçu d’une étude expérimentale réalisée dans le cadre d’un cours d’espagnol langue étrangère donné dans une école secondaire à Montréal. Cette étude avait deux objectifs : (a) vérifier l’impact d’une instruction explicite sur le fonctionnement de la synalèphe et de l’enchaînement sur la production orale des étudiants et (b) confirmer si la réalisation de ces phénomènes est associée aux évaluations de niveau d’aisance perçue par des locuteurs hispanophones natifs. Pour ce faire, une intervention pédagogique a été mise en place durant six semaines afin de montrer aux apprenants le fonctionnement desdits phénomènes. Cette étude a été menée selon un protocole expérimental pré-test/post-test auprès de deux classes ayant un niveau similaire de langue et la même charge horaire par semaine. L’une des deux classes formait le groupe témoin (n = 22) et l’autre, le groupe expérimental (n = 24). Trois locuteurs hispanophones natifs ont évalué, selon leur propre perception, la réalisation des phénomènes enseignés et le niveau d’aisance des énoncés produits par les apprenants. Notre analyse suggère que l’instruction explicite sur les deux phénomènes contribue à leur intégration dans la production orale des apprenants. Nous avons également trouvé une corrélation entre les variables « réalisation des phénomènes d’enchaînement » et « niveau d’aisance perçue » : les participants qui enchaînent les mots au cours de leurs productions ont été perçus comme ayant un niveau d’aisance plus élevé que ceux qui ne les enchaînent pas.
Examination of Factors That Influence Students' Average Client Transactions in a Small-Animal Primary Care Clinical Environment
Authors: Roth Ira G. , Poon W. Y. Louisa , Hofmeister Erik
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to describe the average client transaction (ACT) of fourth-year veterinary students in a university community practice setting at the University of Georgia (UGA) and to investigate variables that may affect the students' ACT. The revenue generated by each student was assessed to determine whether gender, ethnicity, academic class rank, area of emphasis, and UGA versus non-UGA student could affect the ACT of the students. Two hundred one students were evaluated over 19 continuous 3-week-long clinical rotations. For all students, the M±SD gross revenue was $2,836±$1,051, the total number of client transactions was 18±6, and the ACT was $154±$35 per student. During the study, hospital fees (price class) increased four times. No student-related factors were significantly associated with the ACT in the univariate analyses. No factors except price class were found to be significant in the two-factor analyses. Generating an ACT equivalent to the national average demonstrates that the typical student at the community practice clinic should provide a level of productivity to the practice owners who hire these students. The factors measured demonstrated little influence on the student's revenue-generating ability at the community practice clinic. Mentorship provided to students for each appointment might have affected the study outcome. Other variables, such as communication style, may affect the ACT more than those investigated in this study and warrant further study.
Parasitological Procedures, Skills, and Areas of Knowledge Used by Small-Animal Practitioners in North America
Authors: Mauldin Pereira Mary , Snowden Karen , Little Susan E. , Krecek Rosina C.
Published: August 2014

We designed a study to assess veterinarians' competency regarding parasitological procedures, skills, and areas of knowledge currently used in small-animal practice. The outcome will help us refine our curriculum on the basis of the parasitological working knowledge and skill sets that small-animal practitioners are using today. A questionnaire was developed and sent to small-animal practitioners. Their responses provided general information on practice characteristics, parasitological procedures used, and client education. Parasitological procedures included those to diagnose helminths, protozoa, and ectoparasites. We focused on three questions: “Do you perform or request this procedure?” “Where is this procedure performed?” and “What is your frequency?” The respondents were 478 small-animal practitioners. We performed descriptive analyses of practice characteristics along with bivariate and multivariate analyses. These analyses revealed the clinical competence of parasitological diagnoses performed or requested by small-animal practitioners. The results showed that more involved or time-consuming methods such as fecal flotation using centrifugation and the Baermann test are more often sent to a diagnostic laboratory and are requested more often by veterinarians in larger practices (i.e., those that employ more veterinarians). The outcomes also suggest that the main diagnostician may not fully understand the tests available at the diagnostic laboratory, which has an impact on decision making for management, treatment, and prevention of parasites and ultimately client education. In addition, small-animal practitioners who have been in practice longer and practices that employ five veterinarians or fewer (i.e., smaller practices) offer more client education.
Bridging the Gap Between Veterinary Student Interest and Professional Demand for Poultry-Specialized Veterinarians: A French Experience
Authors: Malher Xavier , Belloc Catherine
Published: August 2014

Recent crises concerning poultry production revealed a relative deficit in the availability of veterinary competencies to manage some acute public health and animal welfare concerns. Veterinary education might be critically questioned about this deficit. The authors present the experience of the education program on poultry production medicine at the Veterinary College of Nantes in France over a 10-year period. First, the program consists of integrative teaching focused on a holistic multidisciplinary approach to this professional field on a compulsory basis. Evaluation of the course by the students through a questionnaire (N=1,032) showed a large favorable consensus. Second, the completion of an elective program targeting profession-specific competencies may allow the student to challenge his or her choice of this professional orientation in the undergraduate curriculum. According to the importance they want to give to poultry, and concurrently to other species, students have the possibility of building a curriculum that is either partly or fully devoted to poultry production medicine: a 6-month thesis, 2–10 weeks of professional training, 2 weeks in the field to solve a poultry flock health problem, and 2–4 weeks of specialized courses in poultry production medicine. To round off this curriculum, the national post-graduate program in poultry production medicine is highlighted, as well as its links with the residency program of the European College of Poultry Veterinary Science.
The SAPO Campus recommender system: a study about students’ and teachers’ opinions
Authors: Pedro Luís , Santos Carlos , Almeida Sara Filipa , Ramos Fernando , Moreira António , Almeida Margarida , Antunes Maria João
Published: August 2014

This paper aims to assess the relevance and usefulness of the SAPO Campus recommender system, through the analysis of students’ and teachers’ opinions. Recommender systems, assuming a ‘technology-driven’ approach, have been designed with the primary goal of predicting user interests based on the implicit analysis of their actions and interactions. The results of this study reveal that although there is some confusion and unawareness about the recommender system, the participants consider that SAPO Campus recommendations are useful and they often find interesting people and content through the results provided by the system. The results also reveal that there is a negative correlation between finding and following people through the platform recommendations and the level of education, that is, the higher the level of education, the lower is the frequency regarding finding and following people suggested by the platform recommendation system.Keywords: education; SAPO Campus; recommendations; interaction(Published: 29 August 2014)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22: 22921 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.22921
Reflecting on Inpatient Palliative Chemotherapy—Is There Ever a “Right Place” at the “Right Time”?
Authors: Rayson D. , Kain D.A.
Published: August 2014

Early in clinical training, medical oncologists are taught that the goals of any palliative oncologic therapy include symptom control, quality-of-life improvement through disease stabilization, and prolongation of progression-free survival.[...]
GATA-3 Dose-Dependent Checkpoints in Early T Cell Commitment
Authors: Scripture-Adams Deirdre D. , Damle Sagar S. , Li Long , Elihu Koorosh J. , Qin Shuyang , Arias Alexandra M. , Butler Robert R. , Champhekar Ameya , Zhang Jingli A. , Rothenberg Ellen V.
Published: August 2014

GATA-3 expression is crucial for T cell development and peaks during commitment to the T cell lineage, midway through the CD4−CD8− (double-negative [DN]) stages 1–3. We used RNA interference and conditional deletion to reduce GATA-3 protein acutely at specific points during T cell differentiation in vitro. Even moderate GATA-3 reduction killed DN1 cells, delayed progression to the DN2 stage, skewed DN2 gene regulation, and blocked appearance of the DN3 phenotype. Although a Bcl-2 transgene rescued DN1 survival and improved DN2 cell generation, it did not restore DN3 differentiation. Gene expression analyses (quantitative PCR, RNA sequencing) showed that GATA-3–deficient DN2 cells quickly upregulated genes, including Spi1 (PU.1) and Bcl11a, and downregulated genes, including Cpa3, Ets1, Zfpm1, Bcl11b, Il9r, and Il17rb with gene-specific kinetics and dose dependencies. These targets could mediate two distinct roles played by GATA-3 in lineage commitment, as revealed by removing wild-type or GATA-3–deficient early T lineage cells from environmental Notch signals. GATA-3 worked as a potent repressor of B cell potential even at low expression levels, so that only full deletion of GATA-3 enabled pro–T cells to reveal B cell potential. The ability of GATA-3 to block B cell development did not require T lineage commitment factor Bcl11b. In prethymic multipotent precursors, however, titration of GATA-3 activity using tamoxifen-inducible GATA-3 showed that GATA-3 inhibits B and myeloid developmental alternatives at different threshold doses. Furthermore, differential impacts of a GATA-3 obligate repressor construct imply that B and myeloid development are inhibited through distinct transcriptional mechanisms. Thus, the pattern of GATA-3 expression sequentially produces B lineage exclusion, T lineage progression, and myeloid-lineage exclusion for commitment.
Circulating CXCR5+PD-1+ Response Predicts Influenza Vaccine Antibody Responses in Young Adults but not Elderly Adults
Authors: Herati Ramin Sedaghat , Reuter Morgan A. , Dolfi Douglas V. , Mansfield Kathleen D. , Aung Htin , Badwan Osama Z. , Kurupati Raj K. , Kannan Senthil , Ertl Hildegund , Schmader Kenneth E. , Betts Michael R. , Canaday David H. , Wherry E. John
Published: August 2014

Although influenza vaccination is recommended for all adults annually, the incidence of vaccine failure, defined as weak or absent increase in neutralizing Ab titers, is increased in the elderly compared with young adults. The T follicular helper cell (Tfh) subset of CD4 T cells provides B cell help in germinal centers and is necessary for class-switched Ab responses. Previous studies suggested a role for circulating Tfh cells (cTfh) following influenza vaccination in adults, but cTfh have not been studied in elderly adults in whom weak vaccine responses are often observed. In this study, we studied cTfh expressing CXCR5 and programmed death-1 (PD-1). cTfh from elderly adults were present at reduced frequency, had decreased in vitro B cell help ability, and had greater expression of ICOS compared with young adults. At 7 d after inactivated influenza vaccination, cTfh correlated with influenza vaccine–specific IgM and IgG responses in young adults but not in elderly adults. In sum, we have identified aging-related changes in cTfh that correlated with reduced influenza vaccine responses. Future rational vaccine design efforts should incorporate Tfh measurement as an immune correlate of protection, particularly in the setting of aging.
Helicobacter pylori–Induced IL-1β Secretion in Innate Immune Cells Is Regulated by the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Requires the Cag Pathogenicity Island
Authors: Semper Raphaela P. , Mejías-Luque Raquel , Groß Christina , Anderl Florian , Müller Anne , Vieth Michael , Busch Dirk H. , Prazeres da Costa Clarissa , Ruland Jürgen , Groß Olaf , Gerhard Markus
Published: August 2014

Infection with the gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the most prevalent chronic bacterial infection, affecting ∼50% of the world’s population, and is the main risk factor of gastric cancer. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β plays a crucial role in the development of gastric tumors and polymorphisms in the IL-1 gene cluster leading to increased IL-1β production have been associated with increased risk for gastric cancer. To be active, pro–IL-1β must be cleaved by the inflammasome, an intracellular multiprotein complex implicated in physiological and pathological inflammation. Recently, H. pylori was postulated to activate the inflammasome in murine bone marrow–derived dendritic cells; however, the molecular mechanisms as well as the bacterial virulence factor acting as signal 2 activating the inflammasome remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the inflammasome complex regulating IL-1β upon H. pylori infection as well as the molecular mechanisms involved. Our results indicate that H. pylori–induced IL-1β secretion is mediated by activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain–containing 3 inflammasome. We also show that reactive oxygen species, potassium efflux, and lysosomal destabilization are the main cellular mechanisms responsible of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain family, pyrin domain–containing 3 inflammasome activation upon H. pylori infection, and identify vacuolating cytotoxin A and cag pathogenicity island as the bacterial virulence determinants involved. Moreover, in vivo experiments indicate an important role for the inflammasome in the onset and establishment of H. pylori infection and in the subsequent inflammatory response of the host.
Immunoregulation of Dendritic Cells by the Receptor T cell Ig and Mucin Protein-3 via Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase and c-Src
Authors: Maurya Neeraj , Gujar Ravindra , Gupta Mamta , Yadav Vinod , Verma Saurabh , Sen Pradip
Published: August 2014

The receptor T cell Ig and mucin protein-3 (TIM-3) has emerged as an important regulator of innate immune responses. However, whether TIM-3–induced signaling promotes or inhibits the activation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) still remains uncertain. In addition, the TIM-3 signaling events involved in this immunoregulatory function are yet to be established. In this article, we report that TIM-3 crosslinking by anti–TIM-3 Ab inhibited DC activation and maturation by blocking the NF-κB pathway. After Ab-mediated crosslinking, TIM-3 became tyrosine phosphorylated, which then sequentially bound and activated the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) and c-Src. Activation of Btk–c-Src signaling in turn triggered the secretion of some inhibitory factor (or factors) from DCs that inhibited the NF-κB pathway and subsequent activation and maturation of DCs. Silencing of Btk or c-Src abrogated the inhibitory effects of TIM-3 on DCs. These results demonstrate an essential role for Btk–c-Src signaling in TIM-3–induced DC suppression. Thus, in addition to demonstrating an inhibitory role for TIM-3 signaling in DC activation, we define the molecular mechanism by which TIM-3 mediates this effect.
Notch Signaling at Later Stages of NK Cell Development Enhances KIR Expression and Functional Maturation
Authors: Felices Martin , Ankarlo Dave E. M. , Lenvik Todd R. , Nelson Heather H. , Blazar Bruce R. , Verneris Michael R. , Miller Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2014

The Notch signaling pathway plays a substantial role in human NK cell development. However, the role of Notch on killer Ig–like receptor (KIR) upregulation and acquisition of effector function has not been explored. To evaluate how Notch influences terminal differentiation, cord blood–derived NK cells or sorted peripheral blood NK cells were cultured with IL-15 for 7 d with inhibitory or activating Notch signals. Inhibition of Notch signaling significantly decreased KIR expression, whereas activation enhanced it. Overexpression of activated Notch on cord blood–derived NK cells resulted in a 2-fold increase in KIR expression, indicating that Notch signaling plays a direct, cell-intrinsic role in KIR regulation. Moreover, Notch-mediated KIR expression on NK cells is regulated through cis inhibition by delta-like ligand 1. Notch signaling also enhances CD16 upregulation that precedes KIR expression. Concomitant with the upregulation of KIR and CD16, Notch signaling induces increased cytolytic effector capacity and cytokine secretion, even in posttransplant samples in which NK cell function is inherently defective. Given these attributes of Notch signaling, we propose that Notch agonists may enhance NK cell maturation and tumor killing in a posttransplant setting.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Triggers Chemotaxis of CD74+CXCR2+ NKT Cells in Chemically Induced IFN-γ–Mediated Skin Inflammation
Authors: Hsieh Chia-Yuan , Chen Chia-Ling , Lin Yee-Shin , Yeh Trai-Ming , Tsai Tsung-Ting , Hong Ming-Yuan , Lin Chiou-Feng
Published: August 2014

IFN-γ mediates chemically induced skin inflammation; however, the mechanism by which IFN-γ–producing cells are recruited to the sites of inflammation remains undefined. Secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine, from damaged cells may promote immune cell recruitment. We hypothesized that MIF triggers an initial step in the chemotaxis of IFN-γ–producing cells in chemically induced skin inflammation. Using acute and chronic models of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation in mouse ears, MIF expression was examined, and its role in this process was investigated pharmacologically. The cell populations targeted by MIF, their receptor expression patterns, and the effects of MIF on cell migration were examined. TPA directly caused cytotoxicity accompanied by MIF release in mouse ear epidermal keratinocytes, as well as in human keratinocytic HaCaT cells. Treatment with the MIF antagonist (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester considerably attenuated TPA-induced ear swelling, leukocyte infiltration, epidermal cell proliferation, and dermal angiogenesis. Inhibition of MIF greatly diminished the dermal infiltration of IFN-γ+ NKT cells, whereas the addition of exogenous TPA and MIF to NKT cells promoted their IFN-γ production and migration, respectively. MIF specifically triggered the chemotaxis of NKT cells via CD74 and CXCR2, and the resulting depletion of NKT cells abolished TPA-induced skin inflammation. In TPA-induced skin inflammation, MIF is released from damaged keratinocytes and then triggers the chemotaxis of CD74+CXCR2+ NKT cells for IFN-γ production.
Identification of Immunogenic Antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus by Direct Multiparameter Characterization of Specific Conventional and Regulatory CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Bacher Petra , Kniemeyer Olaf , Teutschbein Janka , Thön Marcel , Vödisch Martin , Wartenberg Dirk , Scharf Daniel H. , Koester-Eiserfunke Nora , Schütte Mark , Dübel Stefan , Assenmacher Mario , Brakhage Axel A. , Scheffold Alexander
Published: August 2014

CD4+ T cells orchestrate immune responses against fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, a major fungal pathogen in humans. The complexity of the fungal genome and lifestyle questions the existence of one or a few immune-dominant Ags and complicates systematic screening for immunogenic Ags useful for immunotherapy or diagnostics. In this study, we used a recently developed flow cytometric assay for the direct ex vivo characterization of A. fumigatus–specific CD4+ T cells for rapid identification of physiological T cell targets in healthy donors. We show that the T cell response is primarily directed against metabolically active A. fumigatus morphotypes and is stronger against membrane protein fractions compared with cell wall or cytosolic proteins. Further analysis of 15 selected single A. fumigatus proteins revealed a highly diverse reactivity pattern that was donor and protein dependent. Importantly, the parallel assessment of T cell frequency, phenotype, and function allowed us to differentiate between proteins that elicit strong memory T cell responses in vivo versus Ags that induce T cell exhaustion or no reactivity in vivo. The regulatory T cell (Treg) response mirrors the conventional T cell response in terms of numbers and target specificity. Thus, our data reveal that the fungal T cell immunome is complex, but the ex vivo characterization of reactive T cells allows us to classify Ags and to predict potential immunogenic targets. A. fumigatus–specific conventional T cell responses are counterbalanced by a strong Treg response, suggesting that Treg-depletion strategies may be helpful in improving antifungal immunity.
CD4+ T Cells and CD40 Participate in Selection and Homeostasis of Peripheral B Cells
Authors: Schwartz Marc A. , Kolhatkar Nikita S. , Thouvenel Chris , Khim Socheath , Rawlings David J.
Published: August 2014

Control of peripheral B cell development and homeostasis depends critically on coordinate signals received through the BAFFRs and BCRs. The extent to which other signals contribute to this process, however, remains undefined. We present data indicating that CD4+ T cells directly influence naive B cell development via CD40 signaling. Loss of CD4+ T cells or CD40–CD40L interaction leads to reduced B cell homeostatic proliferation and hindered B cell reconstitution posttransplantation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in the absence of CD40 signals, these events are modulated by BCR self-reactivity. Strikingly, murine models lacking CD40 reveal a broadly altered BCR specificity and limited diversity by both single-cell cloning and high-throughput sequencing techniques. Collectively, our results imply that any setting of T cell lymphopenia or reduced CD40 function, including B cell recovery following transplantation, will impact the naive B cell repertoire.
Protective Actions of Aspirin-Triggered (17R) Resolvin D1 and Its Analogue, 17R-Hydroxy-19-Para-Fluorophenoxy-Resolvin D1 Methyl Ester, in C5a-Dependent IgG Immune Complex–Induced Inflammation and Lung Injury
Authors: Tang Huifang , Liu Yanlan , Yan Chunguang , Petasis Nicos A. , Serhan Charles N. , Gao Hongwei
Published: August 2014

Increasing evidence suggests that the novel anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediators such as the resolvins play an important role during inflammation. However, the functions of these lipid mediators in immune complex–induced lung injury remain unknown. In this study, we determined the role of aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) and its metabolically stable analog, 17R-hydroxy-19-para-fluorophenoxy-resolvin D1 methyl ester (p-RvD1), in IgG immune complex–induced inflammatory responses in myeloid cells and injury in the lung. We show that lung vascular permeability in the AT-RvD1– or p-RvD1–treated mice was significantly reduced when compared with values in mice receiving control vesicle during the injury. Furthermore, i.v. administration of either AT-RvD1 or p-RvD1 caused significant decreases in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid contents of neutrophils, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Of interest, AT-RvD1 or p-RvD1 significantly reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid complement C5a level. By EMSA, we demonstrate that IgG immune complex–induced activation of NF-κB and C/EBPβ transcription factors in the lung was significantly inhibited by AT-RvD1 and p-RvD1. Moreover, AT-RvD1 dramatically mitigates IgG immune complex–induced NF-κB and C/EBP activity in alveolar macrophages. Also, secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, keratinocyte cell–derived chemokine, and MIP-1α from IgG immune complex–stimulated alveolar macrophages or neutrophils was significantly decreased by AT-RvD1. These results suggest a new approach to the blocking of immune complex–induced inflammation.