bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The American Dream Revisited: A Corpus-Driven Study
Authors: Hou Zhide
Published: March 2017

As a dominant ideology throughout America, the American Dream rests on the idea that with hard work and personal determination anyone, regardless of background, has equal opportunity to achieve his or her aspirations. Given the importance of the American Dream to American national identity, and the enormity of it in shaping dominant ideologies, this study explores this deeply-held belief and particular mind-set in media discourses related to the American Dream. Modeled on the approach of corpus-driven discourse analysis, and combining the framework of a sociocultual linguistic approach to identity and interaction, the article reports on a corpus-driven sociocultural discourse study which aims to discover, through the analysis of frequent lexical and semantic patterns, discursive characteristics of media discourses related to the American dream, and whether there are any changes of the American dream to American national identity and ideologies which might be developed in time and space.
Geographical Variation of the Quality of the School Offer in the City of Mbujimayi (Dr Congo): Data Processing by the Method of Multivariate Spatial Analysis
Authors: Mpinguyabo Kayembe , Kunyima Kakese , Nkula Kanda
Published: March 2017

This article presents spatial data related to the quality of school infrastructures in the city of Mbujimayi so as to bring out their characteristics and the typology of quarters which contain these infrastructures. The variables used are presented in the spatial information matrix. The principal components analysis and factorial analysis of correspondences helped make the description of associations based on these variables. The correlation matrix gave birth to channels of the strongest positive correlations (r ≥ 0.60) and resulted in the principal component analysis. The main results are:The cartography of quarters containing schools.The spatial disparity between the variables having degrees of affinity with the location and topography of adequate school site, sanitation, access to public services, and matching buildings. These variables are opposite to those related to unsanitary, localization and indecent topography of the site as well as non-school access to public services.A strong interaction between sanitation and access to public services, including running water and electricity, determining the quality of schools.
Cambio del conocimiento sobre la enseñanza de las ciencias de futuros maestros
Authors: Rivero Ana , Martín del Pozo Rosa , Solís Emilio , Azcárate Pilar , Porlán Rafael
Published: March 2017

En este artículo se describen y analizan las propuestas elaboradas por 92 equipos de futuros maestros para enseñar contenidos concretos de ciencias al iniciar y finalizar un curso de formación inicial de orientación constructivista y tomando como referencia el modelo de investigación escolar. Para estudiar el cambio en su conocimiento acerca de la enseñanza de las ciencias se seleccionaron cuatro categorías: la presentación de los contenidos a los alumnos, la utilización didáctica de sus ideas, la secuencia metodológica seguida y la finalidad de la evaluación. Los resultados muestran que todos los equipos menos uno se sitúan al inicio en un enfoque transmisivo de la enseñanza, mientras que al final del curso 55 equipos se sitúan en transición hacia la investigación escolar con diferentes grados de progresión y 37 equipos se mantienen en el primer enfoque. En todos ellos la secuencia metodológica es la categoría que más progresa, mientras que la finalidad de la evaluación es la más resistente al cambio. Finalmente, se señalan las implicaciones en la formación inicial de maestros.
Effects of a training session on IGF-I, IGFBP3, CK and LDH of brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters
Authors: Filho Hugo  Tourinho , Puggina Enrico F. , de Moraes Camila , Oliveira Lucas  de P. , Pires Marcela , Martinelli Júnior Carlos Eduardo
Published: March 2017

Introduction. Exercise is related to anabolism induced by the GH/IGF-I axis, which is responsive to high intensity training. However, the literature is ambiguous regarding the behavior of the GH/IGF-I axis during exercise. While some studies shows increased levels of these hormones, other studies have found reduced levels of IGF-I after training sessions. From these statements, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of a Jiu-Jitsu training session on the IGF-I, IGFBP-3, CK and LDH concentrations.
Material and methods. Nine male jiu-jitsu fighters participated in the study, they represent the national elite of the sport in Brazil, with 5.4±2.7 years of practice. Blood samples were collected in the beginning and at the end of a training session. IGF-I, IGFBP3, CK and LDH were assayed by colorimetric methods.
Results. were analyzed using Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). Results: No difference was observed regarding IGF-I (p= 0.57) and IGFBP-3 (p= 0.73) levels before and after the Jiu-Jitsu training session. A jiu-jitsu training session composed by six fights of 7.5 minutes with perception of effort between “hard” and “very hard” did not change the IGF- I and IGFBP-3 concentrations. Regarding CK activity, increases were observed (p= 0.002) when comparing the situations before and after training session, while LDH enzyme activity was not affected (p= 0.80).
Conclusions. The absence of reduced values of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in the second measurement would be explained by the training status of the athletes, who were in their maximum level of performance in the season.
Adolescents’ and young adults' naïve understandings of the economic crisis
Authors: Berti Anna Emilia , Ajello Anna Maria , Aprea Carmela , Castelli Ilaria , Lombardi Elisabetta , Marchetti Antonella , Massaro Davide , Sappa Viviana , Valle Annalisa
Published: March 2017

Over the last decade, Financial Literacy (FL) and interventions aimed at improving it, that is Financial Education (FE), have been the focus of increased attention from economists, governments, and international organizations such as the world Bank and OECD, but much less by scholars in the fields of Learning and Instruction. We examined open-ended written answers on the causes of the economic crisis that started in 2007-2008, as given by 381 Italian secondary school and university students, and 268 Swiss Italian-speaking secondary school students. Most Italian students mentioned internal political causes (i.e., corrupt politicians or inefficiency of the government), whereas Swiss students mentioned banks more often. International factors were rarely mentioned by either group, and explanations were generally very poor, listing a few causes without making connections between them. These findings indicate the need for economics education aimed at making people more knowledgeable of the workings of the economic system and the effects of financial systems on the real economy.
The In-Group Code Lexis
Authors: Cutting Joan
Published: March 2017

This article provides a developmental description of the lexis used by an academic discourse community in formation. Casual conversations of six post-graduate students, native speakers of English, were recorded in the Applied Linguistics common room in Edinburgh University throughout the 1991-92 course. The central hypothesis was that as common knowledge of the course and shared interpersonal knowledge increase over time, there is an increase in the implicit vocabulary which forms the in-group code, and which depend heavily on the context for their meaning. This article discusses the gradability of contentfulness in lexis in topics about the course, analysing technical terms, proper nouns with metonymical meaning, limited range generic nouns, and general nouns and verbs. It discusses the implicitness of the lexical items that have a pragmatic meaning that only in-group members would understand, and suggests that, for an outsider, the implicitness can be associated with the impenetrability of the dialogue.
Definitionsteori. En filosofisk og terminologisk tilgang til definitionsteoretiske problemstillinger
Authors: Olesen Charlotte
Published: March 2017

The present paper analyses the theoretical-definitional problems that combine philosophy and LSP-translation. During the last 20 years alternative terminological meta-theories have seen the light of day, criticising the classical terminology’s insistence on contextual independence, uniqueness of reference and standardisation. The article will describe the philosophers and the theories of science that have inspired the classical as well as the new, alternative terminological theories and analyse the impact that the meta-theories within these two movements may have on terminological methodology and conceptual analysis.
”Please do not disturb” - Om at opretholde nærværende dialoger mellem børn og pædagoger i børnehaver
Authors: Højholt Marie
Published: March 2017

This article seeks to investigate how and why the attentive dialogues between children and pedagogues are often interrupted, and can be difficult to establish and protect. Through field observations, it becomes clear that even dedicated and professional pedagogues are affected both by interpersonal and intrapersonal interruptions, some being of avoidable nature and others being unavoidable. Through observation and interviews, the article proposes a taxonomy for the various interruptions and their causal origin and suggestions are brought forward for how undesirable interruptions can be prevented or at least reflected upon.Nærværende dialoger mellem børn og pædagoger bliver ofte afbrudt. Det frustrerer pædagoger og ofte også børnene, og forringer mulighederne for at bedrive professionel pædagogisk praksis. Igennem analyser af feltobservationer og interviews fremlægger denne artikel en mulig kategorisering af disse afbrydelser og en forklaring på hvorfor de finder sted, og den foreslår hvordan pædagogerne kan arbejde på at undgå uønskede afbrydelser i det daglige sprogmiljø. Studiet har forsøgt at undersøge hvordan og hvorfor nærværende dialoger mellem børn og pædagoger ofte afbrydes og kan være svære både at etablere og opretholde og skærme. Igennem flere feltobservationer er det blevet tydeligt at selv dedikerede og professionelle pædagoger afbrydes af både omgivelserne og personer udefra og dertil også af deres eget psykiske ”apparat” – med andre ord af interpersonelle såvel som intrapersonelle afbrydelser, nødvendige som unødvendige.
A Case of Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm Spontaneously Ruptured Into the Duodenum: Case Report
Authors: Natsume Seiji , Senda Yoshiki , Sano Tsuyoshi , Ito Seiji , Komori Koji , Abe Tetsuya , Hara Kazuo , Yamao Kenji , Shimizu Yasuhiro
Published: March 2017

There have been no reports of ruptured solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) into adjacent organs. A 22-year-old female was referred to our hospital for treatment of a pancreatic head tumor. Computed tomography (CT) examination at our hospital showed a 5-cm tumor containing air, although CT at a previous hospital revealed an 8-cm tumor without air. Thus, a spontaneous rupture of the tumor into the duodenum was suspected. Subtotal stomach preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with combined resection of the portal vein was performed. Contrast radiography of resected specimen showed the medium injected into the tumor leaking out from the 2nd portion of the duodenum. Histologically, the patient was diagnosed as SPN. Microscopic invasion to the portal vein and duodenum were also confirmed. She did not experience any postoperative complications and has remained well without any signs of recurrence during 2 years of follow-up. Although there have been 14 studies reporting ruptured SPN, this is the first report of SPN that spontaneously ruptured into the duodenum. An extremely rare case of SPN of the pancreatic head that spontaneously ruptured into the duodenum was reported.
Comparison of evapotranspiration estimates based on the surface water balance, modified Penman‐Monteith model, and reanalysis data sets for continental China
Authors: Mao Yuna , Wang Kaicun
Published: March 2017

Evapotranspiration (ET) combines the land‐atmosphere water, energy, and carbon cycles and plays a critical role in climate studies. However, ET is difficult to quantify accurately. This study compares three 1982–2013 ET data sets for China based on surface water balance values, a modified Penman‐Monteith (MPM) model and reanalysis data. Water balance ET data, which have been widely used as benchmark data for regional ET, were calculated with and without considering reservoir water storage. MPM ET values were calculated from combinations of input data from different sources, including solar radiation and meteorological data. The MPM model is primarily energy determined, although the impacts of vegetation, soil moisture, air temperature, and wind speed on ET are also considered. The reanalysis ET data used in this study are derived from atmospheric and off‐line land reanalyses. We examined their spatial patterns, interannual variabilities, trends, and key drivers. We found that MPM ET is consistent with water balance ET in detecting ET trends for 1997 to 2013, whereas reanalysis ET is not. The trends and interannual variabilities of ET found via reanalyses are primarily determined by precipitation patterns. However, the precipitation data derived from the atmospheric reanalyses present significant uncertainties. Off‐line land reanalyses correct these biases but do not consider terrestrial water storage changes resulting from reservoir construction and interannual variability in vegetation. Both omissions may produce unreliable trends of ET in reanalyses for China. This study will help improve current ET simulations and contribute to further extending climate studies.
Intensified water storage loss by biomass burning in Kalimantan: Detection by GRACE
Authors: Han Jiancheng , Tangdamrongsub Natthachet , Hwang Cheinway , Abidin Hasanuddin Z.
Published: March 2017

Biomass burning is the principal tool for land clearing and a primary driver of land use change in Kalimantan (the Indonesian part of Borneo island). Biomass burning here has consumed millions of hectares of peatland and swamp forests. It also degrades air quality in Southeast Asia, perturbs the global carbon cycle, threatens ecosystem health and biodiversity, and potentially affects the global water cycle. Here we present the optimal estimate of water storage changes over Kalimantan from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Over August 2002 to December 2014, our result shows a north‐south dipole pattern in the long‐term changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) and groundwater storage (GWS). Both TWS and GWS increase in the northern part of Kalimantan, while they decrease in the southern part where fire events are the most severe. The loss rates in TWS and GWS in the southern part are 0.56 ± 0.11 cm yr−1 and 0.55 ± 0.10 cm yr−1, respectively. We use GRACE estimates, burned area, carbon emissions, and hydroclimatic data to study the relationship between biomass burning and water storage losses. The analysis shows that extensive biomass burning results in excessive evapotranspiration, which then increases long‐term water storage losses in the fire‐prone region of Kalimantan. Our results show the potentials of GRACE and its follow‐on missions in assisting water storage and fire managements in a region with extensive biomass burning such as Kalimantan.
Input–Output Analysis
Authors: Cheng Dazhong , Daniels Peter W.
Published: March 2017

Input–output analysis describes the interdependence between industries in an economy. General equilibrium theory provides the theoretical foundation for input–output analysis, while the input–output table is a prerequisite for empirical input–output work. Advances in science and technology, especially the development of high‐speed computers, have made input–output analysis more comprehensive and practical. Among the most important developments in input–output analysis are the implementation of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models and the ability to continually update and expand the tables. Input–output analysis is very helpful for investigating the growth and involvement of producer services in an economy.
Spatial Epidemiology
Authors: Exeter Daniel J.
Published: March 2017

Spatial epidemiologists integrate methods from geography, statistics, and cartography to investigate patterns of phenomena such as disease across space and through time. Although spatial epidemiology has a long history, its application has increased substantially in the past 20 years, particularly in public health and environmental science. Spatial epidemiological methods range from mapping disease rates, to geographical correlation studies and methods that acknowledge the importance of spatial dependence such as spatial clustering techniques. The recent growth in “big data” and increasing availability of spatially referenced health data will provide many opportunities for the development of spatial epidemiology.
Tropical Geomorphology
Authors: Gupta Avijit
Published: March 2017

Tropical geomorphology is the study of landforms and geomorphic processes in a low‐latitude belt approximately between the 30°N and 30°S parallels. Considerable variations in rainfall occur across the tropics and the region is divided into two basic units: the humid and the arid tropics. Although similar geomorphic processes take place in other parts of the world, they operate in the tropics at different rates and with varying intensities. This often gives rise to very high erosion rates and sediment yield. The tropics exhibit a wide variety of landforms and processes, and no single template can be used to represent the region. In many parts of the tropics, anthropogenic alteration has changed the natural geomorphic rates and processes, leading to environmental degradation of various kinds. Tropical geomorphology should be used for planning alleviation of such environmental degradation and avoiding natural hazards.
Incorporation of Molecular Catalysts in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Wu Chuan‐De , Zhao Min
Published: March 2017

Porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are built from periodically alternate organic moieties and metal ions/clusters. The unique features of the open framework structures, the high surface areas, the permanent porosity, and the appropriate hydrophilic and hydrophobic pore nature mean that MOF materials are a class of ideal host matrices for immobilization of molecular catalysts. The emerging porous materials can not only retain but are also able to enhance the catalytic functions of the single individuals. MOF catalysts have the following super characters: i) uniformly dispersed catalytic sites on the pore surfaces to improve the utility, ii) appropriate hydrophilic and hydrophobic pore nature to facilitate the recognition and transportation of reactant and product molecules, iii) a collaborative microenvironment to realize synergistic catalysis, and iv) simple separation and recovery for long‐term usage. Accompanying the development of the synthetic strategies and the technologies for the characterization of MOF materials, MOF catalysis has undergone an upsurge, which has transcended the stage of opportunism. Here, the rational design and synthesis of MOF catalysts are discussed, along with the key factors of active sites, microenvironments, and transmission channels that lead to the distinct catalytic properties of MOF catalysts.
Enhanced Resonance Magnetoelectric Coupling in (1‐1) Connectivity Composites
Authors: Chu Zhaoqiang , Shi Huaduo , Shi Weiliang , Liu Guoxi , Wu Jingen , Yang Jikun , Dong Shuxiang
Published: March 2017

Bulk‐magnetoelectric (ME) composites consisting of various piezoelectric and piezomagnetic materials with (3‐0), (3‐1), (2‐2), and (2‐1) connectivity are proposed in a bid to realize strong ME coupling for next‐generation electronic‐device applications. Here, 1D (1‐1) connectivity ME composites consisting of a [011]‐oriented Pb(Mg,Nb)O3‐PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) single‐crystal fiber laminated with laser‐treated amorphous FeBSi alloy (Metglas) and operating in L‐T mode (longitudinally magnetized and transversely poled) are reported, which exhibit an enhanced resonant ME coupling coefficient of ≈7000 V cm−1  Oe−1, which is nearly seven times higher than the best result published previously, and also a superhigh magnetic sensitivity of 1.35 × 10−13 T (directly detected) at resonance at room temperature, representing a significant advance in bulk magnetoelectric materials. The theoretical analyses based on magnetic‐circuit and equivalent‐circuit methods show that the enhancement in ME coupling can be attributed to the reduction in resonance loss of laser‐treated Metglas alloy due to nanocrystallization and the strong magnetic‐flux‐concentration effect in (1‐1) configuration composites.
Quantitative Determination on Ionic‐Liquid‐Gating Control of Interfacial Magnetism
Authors: Zhao Shishun , Zhou Ziyao , Peng Bin , Zhu Mingmin , Feng Mengmeng , Yang Qu , Yan Yuan , Ren Wei , Ye Zuo‐Guang , Liu Yaohua , Liu Ming
Published: March 2017

Ionic‐liquid gating on a functional thin film with a low voltage has drawn a lot of attention due to rich chemical, electronic, and magnetic phenomena at the interface. Here, a key challenge in quantitative determination of voltage‐controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) in Au/[DEME]+[TFSI]−/Co field‐effect transistor heterostructures is addressed. The magnetic anisotropy change as response to the gating voltage is precisely detected by in situ electron spin resonance measurements. A reversible change of magnetic anisotropy up to 219 Oe is achieved with a low gating voltage of 1.5 V at room temperature, corresponding to a record high VCMA coefficient of ≈146 Oe V−1. Two gating effects, the electrostatic doping and electrochemical reaction, are distinguished at various gating voltage regions, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy experiments. This work shows a unique ionic‐liquid‐gating system for strong interfacial magnetoelectric coupling with many practical advantages, paving the way toward ion‐liquid‐gating spintronic/electronic devices.
Capillary Gradient‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Periodic Au Spherical Nanoparticle Arrays on an Ultralarge Scale via a Bisolvent System at Air/Water Interface
Authors: Liu Dilong , Li Cuncheng , Zhou Fei , Zhang Tao , Liu Guangqiang , Cai Weiping , Li Yue
Published: March 2017

A capillary gradient‐induced self‐assembly strategy is developed to successfully fabricate 2D periodic Au nanosphere arrays on a centimeter‐sized scale through a bisolvent system at air/water interface. The bisolvent system used in this strategy consists of two steps. It first induces Au nanoparticles (NPs) floating on the water surface. Then, it compresses the sparse Au NPs into a densely close‐packed array by creating an effective capillary gradient along the water surface. This study indicates that the effects of the capillary gradient depend on water solubility and vapor pressure of a compressing solvent. A compression mechanism of capillary gradient is reasonably proposed for such self‐assembly of a densely packed monolayer on the water surface. This proposed self‐assembly strategy has advantages of having a simple operation and being environment‐friendly. The assembled Au NP arrays can provide an important and promising platform for major applications in biosensors and catalysis.
Bedside cardiac ultrasound training should be mandated in the emergency department
Authors: Lokuge Amaali
Published: March 2017

Background

Bedside cardiac ultrasound can be performed quickly and accurately in the emergency department to diagnose and treat cardiovascular causes of patient deterioration. In Australian emergency departments, it is an underutilised tool. This may be because becoming proficient at performing bedside cardiac ultrasound is not mandated by the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine.

Cases

Case 1: A 45‐year‐old male presented with hypoxia and shock and head injury. Findings consistent with pulmonary embolism on bedside cardiac ultrasound prompted rapid treatment with thrombolysis. The patient survived to hospital discharge.

Case 2: A 54‐year‐old female presented with chest pain. Her bedside cardiac ultrasound revealed a dilated proximal aorta and a dissection flap in the abdominal aorta enabling investigations and operative management to be expedited.

Case 3: A 21‐year‐old male presented with features of lower respiratory tract infection. Chest X‐ray revealed a large heart and consolidation. Bedside cardiac ultrasound demonstrated severe dilated cardiomyopathy and prompted the patient's admission into the coronary care unit.

Conclusion

Evidence shows that emergency doctors can perform bedside cardiac ultrasound accurately after minimal training. It increases the accuracy of diagnosis. Training in this vital diagnostic tool should be mandated for emergency medicine trainees in Australia.
The Biomarkers of Lupus Disease Study: A Bold Approach May Mitigate Interference of Background Immunosuppressants in Clinical Trials
Authors: Merrill Joan T. , Immermann Fred , Whitley Maryann , Zhou Tianhui , Hill Andrew , O'Toole Margot , Reddy Padmalatha , Honczarenko Marek , Thanou Aikaterini , Rawdon Joe , Guthridge Joel M. , James Judith A. , Sridharan Sudhakar
Published: March 2017

Objective

Molecular medicine raised expectations for strategically targeted biologic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but clinical trial results have been disappointing and difficult to interpret. Most studies add investigational agents to various, often effective, standard therapy immunosuppressants used at baseline, with unknown treatment interactions. Eliminating polypharmacy in trials of active lupus remains controversial. We undertook the Biomarkers of Lupus Disease study to test withdrawal of immunosuppressants as a novel approach to rendering SLE trials interpretable.

Methods

In 41 patients with active, non–organ‐threatening SLE flare (group A), temporary steroids were given while background immunosuppressants were withdrawn. Time to loss of disease suppression (time to disease flare) and safety were evaluated; standard therapy was immediately resumed when symptoms recurred. Immunologic impacts of standard therapy were studied at baseline by multiplex assay, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and messenger RNA array in group A patients plus 62 additional patients donating a single sample (group B).

Results

Patients with lower or higher baseline disease activity had median times to flare of 71 or 45 days, respectively; 40 of 41 patients (98%) had disease flares by 6 months. All flares were treated and resolved within 6 weeks. No serious adverse events occurred from flare or infection. Type I interferon (IFN), Th17, and B lymphocyte stimulator pathways tracked together. Baseline immunosuppressants had distinct impacts on Th17 and B lymphocyte stimulator, depending on IFN signature.

Conclusion

Trials in active, non–organ‐threatening SLE can safely withdraw background treatments if patients who have disease flares are designated nonresponders and returned to standard therapy. Immunologic effects of standard therapy vary between IFN‐defined subsets. These findings provide a strategy for minimizing or optimizing treatment combinations in lupus trials and clinical care.
Assessment of Autistic Traits in Children Aged 2 to 4½ Years With the Preschool Version of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS‐P): Findings from Japan
Authors: Stickley Andrew , Tachibana Yoshiyuki , Hashimoto Keiji , Haraguchi Hideyuki , Miyake Atsuko , Morokuma Seiichi , Nitta Hiroshi , Oda Masako , Ohya Yukihiro , Senju Ayako , Takahashi Hidetoshi , Yamagata Takanori , Kamio Yoko
Published: March 2017

The recent development and use of autism measures for the general population has led to a growing body of evidence which suggests that autistic traits are distributed along a continuum. However, as most existing autism measures were designed for use in children older than age 4, to date, little is known about the autistic continuum in children younger than age 4. As autistic symptoms are evident in the first few years, to address this research gap, the current study tested the preschool version of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS‐P) in children aged 2 to 4½ years in clinical (N = 74, average age 40 months, 26–51 months) and community settings (N = 357, average age 39 months, 25–50 months) in Japan. Using information obtained from different raters (mothers, other caregivers, and teachers) it was found that the scale demonstrated a good degree of internal consistency, inter‐rater reliability and test‐retest reliability, and a satisfactory degree of convergent validity for the clinical sample when compared with scores from diagnostic “gold standard” autism measures. Receiver operating characteristic analyses and the group comparisons also showed that the SRS‐P total score discriminated well between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those without ASD. Importantly, this scale could identify autistic symptoms or traits distributed continually across the child population at this age irrespective of the presence of an ASD diagnosis. These findings suggest that the SRS‐P might be a sensitive instrument for case identification including subthreshold ASD, as well as a potentially useful research tool for exploring ASD endophenotypes. Autism Res 2017, 10: 852–865. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between Trop2 and amphiregulin coexpression and overall survival in gastric cancer
Authors: Zhao Wei , Ding Guipeng , Wen Jinbo , Tang Qi , Yong Hongmei , Zhu Huijun , Zhang Shu , Qiu Zhenning , Feng Zhenqing , Zhu Jin
Published: March 2017

Gastric cancer (GC) is a multistep and multistage disease and the majority of GC cells could overexpressed one or more oncogenes. Trop2 and amphiregulin (AREG) are both overexpressed in various epithelial cell cancers and have the role in the increases tumor cells division and metastasis. However, little is known about the function and correlation of two oncogenes coexpressed in GC. The expression level of these two genes in 791 cases of GC tissues were tested, the correlations between two genes expression and clinical pathological characteristics and overall survival in GC patients through immunohistochemistry (IHC) were analyzed. This study also explored the mRNA expression level of two genes in 26 cases of freshly GC tissues by qRT‐PCR. The results indicated that Trop2+/AREG+ coexpression was higher in GC tissues than in adjacent tissues. Trop2+/AREG+ protein coexpression were associated with Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage (χ2 = 50.345, P < 0.001), tumor size (χ2 = 40.349, P < 0.001), lymph node metastases (χ2 = 26.481, P < 0.001), and distant metastases (χ2 = 8.387, P = 0.039). GC patients with Trop2+ and AREG+ protein coexpression had poor overall survival rates (HR = 3.682, 95% CI = 2.038–6.654, P < 0.001). The expression level of Trop2/AREG were positively correlated (r 0.254 and P < 0.001). The result of the mRNA expression was similar to that of the protein expression. Overall, Trop2 and AREG could be seen as prognostic cobiomarker in GC and combined detection of Trop2 and AREG could be viewed as helpful in predicting the prognosis of the GC patients.
Ab Initio Simulation of the Acid Sites at the External Surface of Zeolite Beta
Authors: Rey Jérôme , Raybaud Pascal , Chizallet Céline
Published: March 2017

The acidity at the external surface of protonic zeolites, because of the finite size of crystallites, has been questioned strongly for decades. We used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to propose atomistic models for the external surface of zeolite Beta, which show that bridging Si−(OH)−Al groups still exist at the pore mouth in what we call open micropores (pores that emerge at the external surface). However, at the outermost surface (no emerging micropores), water molecules adsorbed on Al atoms [Al−(H2O)] prevail. The local structure of those surface Al atoms depends on the temperature and water partial pressure. A detailed vibrational study of adsorbed CO helps in the assignment of the different sites and reveals a generalized vibrational Stark effect. Proton‐transfer ability was quantified by the adsorption of isobutene. Carbenium ions appear to be stabilized on the bridging Si−(OH)−Al groups located on the open micropores of the external surface in a similar way as in the bulk of zeolite Beta. By contrast, the outermost surface is not able to stabilize carbenium ions and promotes the existence of alkoxides. This work brings new atomic‐scale insights into the concept of pore‐mouth catalysis and provides the molecular architecture of potential active sites located in open micropores.
A Brief Review of the Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Graphene‐Coated Oxides
Authors: Luo Wen , Zafeiratos Spyridon
Published: March 2017

The potential applications of graphene‐based materials in catalysis have been intensively studied owing to the unique 2D structure of graphene and its superior physicochemical properties. Recently, graphene‐coated oxide composites have been fabricated and tested as catalysts or catalytic supports, demonstrating a significant improvement on the catalytic performance. This article briefly reviews the recent progress in the design and fabrication of graphene‐coated oxides including wet transfer, chemical vapor deposition and self‐assembly methods. The applications of these materials in catalysis as well as the role of graphene in the modification of oxide properties and the enhancement of catalytic activity are also discussed.
Tris(pentafluoroethyl)germane: Deprotonation and Hydrogermylation Reactions
Authors: Pelzer Stefanie , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Hoge Berthold
Published: March 2017

Owing to the highly electron‐withdrawing C2F5 groups, the tris(pentafluoroethyl)germane (C2F5)3GeH represents an interesting Brønsted acidic compound. The germane is accessible by the treatment of the corresponding halogenogermanes (C2F5)3GeX (X=Cl, Br) with Bu3SnH. After clarifying its molecular structure in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction, the acidity of (C2F5)3GeH was examined by treatment with different bases, for example, 1,8‐bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene. The resulting germanate(II) ion [Ge(C2F5)3]− serves as a germyl group transfer reagent. The reaction with main‐group and transition‐metal complexes or organohalides opens access to a variety of different compounds, the structures of which were mostly determined by X‐ray diffraction. The corresponding tricarbonylnickelate(0) complex [(CO)3NiGe(C2F5)3]− also gives information about the π‐acceptor properties of the [Ge(C2F5)3]− ligand. Furthermore, hydrogermylation reactions of (C2F5)3GeH with alkynes afforded different stereoisomers (α,β‐cis, β‐trans) depending on the respective reaction conditions and substrates.
Core‐Substituted Naphthalene Diimides: Influence of Substituent Conformation on Strong Visible Absorption
Authors: Quinn Samuel , Davies E. Stephen , Pfeiffer Constance R. , Lewis William , McMaster Jonathan , Champness Neil R.
Published: March 2017

Functionalization of the aromatic core of naphthalene diimide (NDI) chromophores with morpholine substituents leads to molecules with strong absorbance in the visible spectrum. The shift of absorption maxima to lower energy is determined not only by the degree of substitution but also by the relative conformation and orientation of the tertiary amine with respect to the plane of the NDI.
Habitat suitability and demography, a time‐dependent relationship
Authors: Bacon Léo , Hingrat Yves , Jiguet Frédéric , Monnet Anne‐Christine , Sarrazin François , Robert Alexandre
Published: March 2017

The habitat suitability index, which reflects spatial variability in species occurrence probability, has been shown to exhibit various contrasting relationships with local demographic performances (survival, productivity) in several species. One proposed explanation for these discrepancies is that the link between the habitat suitability index and demography is influenced by density‐dependent, temporally variable processes. Based on the survival rates of more than 3,000 nests monitored over 12 years in the North African Houbara Bustard, we investigated whether the habitat suitability index computed over the species breeding range is related to nest survival throughout the breeding season, accounting for variation in meteorological conditions. We found that the relationship between the habitat suitability index and nest survival progressively changes along the breeding season and that this intra‐annual variation is consistent between years. Our results support the hypothesis that variation in space use occurs intra‐annually and that biotic interactions throughout the breeding season strongly influence the habitat suitability index–demography relationship.
Electrochemically Stimulated Insulin Release from a Modified Graphene‐functionalized Carbon Fiber Electrode
Authors: Honarvarfard Elham , Gamella Maria , Channaveerappa Devika , Darie Costel C. , Poghossian Arshak , Schöning Michael J. , Katz Evgeny
Published: March 2017

A graphene‐functionalized carbon fiber electrode was modified with adsorbed polyethylenimine to introduce amino functionalities and then with trigonelline and 4‐carboxyphenylboronic acid covalently bound to the amino groups. The trigonelline species containing quarterized pyridine groups produced positive charge on the electrode surface regardless of the pH value, while the phenylboronic acid species were neutral below pH 8 and negatively charged above pH 9 (note that their pKa=8.4). The total charge on the monolayer‐modified electrode was positive at the neutral pH and negative at pH > 9. Note that 4‐carboxyphenylboronic acid was attached to the electrode surface in molar excess to trigonelline, thus allowing the negative charge to dominate on the electrode surface at basic pH. Negatively charged fluorescent dye‐labeled insulin (insulin‐FITC) was loaded on the modified electrode surface at pH 7.0 due to its electrostatic attraction to the positively charged interface. The local pH in close vicinity to the electrode surface was increased to ca. 9–10 due to consumption of H+ ions upon electrochemical reduction of oxygen proceeding at the potential of −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) applied on the modified electrode. The process resulted in recharging of the electrode surface to the negative value due to the formation of the negative charge on the phenylboronic acid groups, thus resulting in the electrostatic repulsion of insulin‐FITC and stimulating its release from the electrode surface. The insulin release was characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy (using the FITC‐labeled insulin), by electrochemical measurements on an iridium oxide, IrOx, electrode and by mass spectrometry. The graphene‐functionalized carbon fiber electrode demonstrated significant advantages in the signal‐stimulated insulin release comparing with the carbon fiber electrode without the graphene species.
Heparin/collagen encapsulating nerve growth factor multilayers coated aligned PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering
Authors: Zhang Kuihua , Huang Dianwu , Yan Zhiyong , Wang Chunyang
Published: March 2017

Biomimicing topological structure of natural nerve tissue to direct axon growth and controlling sustained release of moderate neurotrophic factors are extremely propitious to the functional recovery of damaged nervous systems. In this study, the heparin/collagen encapsulating nerve growth factor (NGF) multilayers were coated onto the aligned poly‐L‐lactide (PLLA) nanofibrous scaffolds via a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly technique to combine biomolecular signals, and physical guidance cues for peripheral nerve regeneration. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) revealed that the surface of aligned PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds coated with heparin/collagen multilayers became rougher and appeared some net‐like filaments and protuberances in comparison with PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds. The heparin/collagen multilayers did not destroy the alignment of nanofibers. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angles displayed that heparin and collagen were successfully coated onto the aligned PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds and improved its hydrophilicity. Three‐dimensional (3 D) confocal microscopy images further demonstrated that collagen, heparin, and NGF were not only coated onto the surface of aligned PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds but also permeated into the inner of scaffolds. Moreover, NGF presented a sustained release for 2 weeks from aligned nanofibrous scaffolds coated with 5.5 bilayers or above and remained good bioactivity. The heparin/collagen encapsulating NGF multilayers coated aligned nanofibrous scaffolds, in particular 5.5 bilayers or above, was more beneficial to Schwann cells (SCs) proliferation and PC12 cells differentiation as well as the SC cytoskeleton and neurite growth along the direction of nanofibrous alignment compared to the aligned PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds. This novel scaffolds combining sustained release of bioactive NGF and aligned nanofibrous topography presented an excellent potential in peripheral nerve regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1900–1910, 2017.
Population-Wide Impact of Non-Hip Non-Vertebral Fractures on Mortality
Authors: Tran Thach , Bliuc Dana , van Geel Tineke , Adachi Jonathan D , Berger Claudie , van den Bergh Joop , Eisman John A , Geusens Piet , Goltzman David , Hanley David A , Josse Robert G , Kaiser Stephanie M , Kovacs Christopher S , Langsetmo Lisa , Prior Jerilynn C , Nguyen Tuan V , Center Jacqueline R
Published: March 2017

Data on long-term consequences of non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures, accounting for approximately two-thirds of all fragility fractures, are scanty. Our study aimed to quantify the population-wide impact of NHNV fractures on mortality. The national population-based prospective cohort study (Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study) included 5526 community dwelling women and 2163 men aged 50 years or older followed from July 1995 to September 2013. Population impact number was used to quantify the average number of people for whom one death would be attributable to fracture and case impact number to quantify the number of deaths out of which one would be attributable to a fracture. There were 1370 fragility fractures followed by 296 deaths in women (mortality rate: 3.49; 95% CI, 3.11 to 3.91), and 302 fractures with 92 deaths in men (5.05; 95% CI, 4.12 to 6.20). NHNV fractures accounted for three-quarters of fractures. In women, the population-wide impact of NHNV fractures on mortality was greater than that of hip and vertebral fractures because of the greater number of NHNV fractures. Out of 800 women, one death was estimated to be attributable to a NHNV fracture, compared with one death in 2000 women attributable to hip or vertebral fracture. Similarly, out of 15 deaths in women, one was estimated to be attributable to a NHNV fracture, compared with one in over 40 deaths for hip or vertebral fracture. The impact of forearm fractures (ie, one death in 2400 women and one out of 42 deaths in women attributable to forearm fracture) was similar to that of hip, vertebral, or rib fractures. Similar, albeit not significant, results were noted for men. The study highlights the important contribution of NHNV fractures on mortality because many NHNV fracture types, except for the most distal fractures, have serious adverse consequences that affect a significant proportion of the population. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Modification of Cu‐PE‐PTFE composite coatings on rubber surface by low‐energy electron beam dispersion with glow discharge
Authors: Zhou Bing , Liu Zhubo , Xu Bin , Rogachev A.V. , Yarmolenko M.A. , Rogachev A.A.
Published: March 2017

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite coatings doped with copper acetate and polyethylene (PE) were fabricated on rubber substrate by electron beam dispersion technique. The effects of dopant nature and glow discharge treatment on morphology, structural and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The results showed that Cu and PE doping change the surface structure of PTFE‐based composite coatings due to the chemical reactions between the dispersion products. Cu‐PE‐PTFE coatings show the columnar and layered growth models without and with discharge treatment. Cu adding decreases the crystallinity, branched degree and unsaturated degree of PE coatings, but increases the branched degree and unsaturated bonds in the PE‐PTFE coatings. Glow discharge enhances the crystallinity and ordering degree of composite coatings. Friction experiments indicated the significant difference of composite coatings in the nature of their destruction during friction. PE‐PTFE coating is characterized of the brittle fracture with clear failure boundaries but Cu‐PE‐PTFE coating shows a rough surface without cracking and delaminating after friction. Cu doping increases the dynamic coefficient of friction of PE and PE‐PTFE composite coatings, but discharge plasma decreases the dynamic coefficient of friction. Cu‐PE‐PTFE composite coating after discharge treatment has the decreased dynamic coefficient of friction and improved wear resistance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:103–111, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Time to CT and Surgery for HPB Trauma in Scotland Prior to the Introduction of Major Trauma Centres
Authors: McKechnie P. S. , Kerslake D. A. , Parks R. W.
Published: March 2017

Aims

To assess the time taken to CT and emergency surgery for trauma patients with an injury to liver, spleen or pancreas prior to the introduction of major trauma centres (MTCs) in Scotland.

Methods

A search was performed of the Scottish Trauma Audit Group database for any patient with relevant injuries over a 2‐year period. Primary outcome measures were time to CT and emergency surgery. Patient demographics were also recorded.

Results

A total of 211 patients were identified of whom 23 had more than one organ affected. There were a total of 234 injuries (123 liver, 99 splenic and 12 pancreatic) in these patients. A total of 160 injuries (75.8%) suffered blunt trauma. Of 211 patients, 157 underwent emergency CT with a median time to scan of 73 min (range 4–474). Hospitals provisionally designated as MTCs were 9 min faster than non‐MTCs in time to CT. There was no difference in time of day. Ninety‐nine patients had surgery within 24 h at a median time of 200 min. Twenty‐five patients with hypotension on presentation took a median time of 130 min. Only 44 patients (27%) had a CT or emergency surgery within the expected MTC target of 1 h. Thirty‐nine patients required transfer to another centre.

Conclusions

Current management of patients with abdominal trauma and haemodynamic instability remains sub‐optimal in Scotland when compared to recognized performance indicators of CT and emergency surgery within 1 h. Implementation of a major trauma network in Scotland should improve access to emergency radiology and surgery and efforts to shorten current timelines should improve patient outcomes.