bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRAW BALES, A POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR HYGRO-THERMALLY COMFORTABLE DWELLINGS IN CHILE'S CENTRAL VALLEY: PHYSICAL TEST CHAMBERS AND IN SITU MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Whitman Christopher J.
Published: July 2014

Dwellings in a Mediterranean climate, such as that of Chile's Central Valley, must provide hygro-thermal comfort both during the cold winters, and the hot days and cool summer nights. Straw, once a material common in Chile's indigenous and vernacular architecture, could meet these demands when coupled with sufficient thermal mass in the form of earth renders and floor finishes. This article presents measurements of dry bulb temperatures and relative humidity, both in physical test chambers and Chilean straw bale homes. The results of these measurements confirm that straw bale construction could provide hygro-thermal comfort with heating demands 28% less than those of constructions that meet the Chilean thermal building regulations. Straw bale, therefore, could provide a viable solution for comfortable, energy efficient, rural dwellings in Chile's Central Valley. Whilst over 40 private straw bale projects have been completed in Chile to date, restrictions applying to projects receiving government subsidies prevent this technology being available to those who need it most.
Plant health and yield of dry bean not affected by strobilurin fungicides under disease-free or simulated hail conditions
Authors: Mahoney K. J. , Gillard C. L.
Published: July 2014

Mahoney, K. J. and Gillard, C. L. 2014. Plant health and yield of dry bean not affected by strobilurin fungicides under disease-free or simulated hail conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1385–1389. Strobilurin fungicides have been advocated to manage plant stress, optimize plant health, and increase yields of several crops. Studies were conducted in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 to determine if azoxystrobin or pyraclostrobin induced plant health effects and increased yield of dry bean grown under conditions with very low levels of foliar disease and with the application of a simulated hail stress treatment. Azoxystrobin (125 g a.i. ha−1) and pyraclostrobin (100 g a.i. ha−1) applied at the start of flowering reduced the percentage of harvested dry bean seeds that were discoloured or misshaped (i.e., pick value) to 2.06 and 2.15%, respectively compared with 2.4% for the untreated control. Increased seed quality of edible legumes has been identified as a plant health benefit induced by strobilurin fungicides; however, neither fungicide contributed to increased seed weight or dry bean yield compared with the untreated control in the presence or absence of a simulated hail treatment. The results of this study suggest that the application of azoxystrobin or pyraclostrobin when dry bean growing conditions are unfavourable for disease development should be weighed against economic considerations and the potential risks associated with disease resistance development.
Impacts of cloud and precipitation processes on maritime shallow convection as simulated by an LES model with bin microphysics
Authors: Grabowski W. W. , Wang L.-P. , Prabha T. V.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This paper discusses impacts of cloud and precipitation processes on macrophysical properties of shallow convective clouds as simulated by a large-eddy model applying warm-rain bin microphysics. Simulations with and without collision-coalescence are considered with CCN concentrations of 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg−1. Simulations with collision-coalescence include either the traditional gravitational collision kernel or a novel kernel that includes enhancements due to the small-scale cloud turbulence. Simulations with droplet collisions were discussed in Wyszogrodzki et al. (2013) focusing on the impact of the turbulent collision kernel. The current paper expands that analysis and puts model results in the context of previous studies. Despite a significant increase of the drizzle/rain with the decrease of CCN concentration, enhanced by the impact of the small-scale turbulence, impacts on the macroscopic cloud field characteristics are relatively minor. We document a clear feedback between cloud-scale processes and the mean environmental profiles that increases with the amount of drizzle/rain. Model results show a systematic shift in the cloud top height distributions, with an increasing contributions of deeper clouds and an overall increase of the number of cloudy columns for stronger precipitating cases. We argue that this is consistent with the explanation suggested in Wyszogrodzki et al. (2013) namely, the increase of drizzle/rain leading to a more efficient condensate off-loading in the upper parts of the cloud field. An additional effect involves suppressing cloud droplet evaporation near cloud edges in low-CCN simulations as documented in previous studies. We pose a question whether the effects of cloud turbulence on drizzle/rain formation can be corroborated by remote sensing observations, for instance, from space. Although a clear signal is extracted from model results, we argue that the answer is negative due to uncertainties caused by the temporal variability of the shallow convective cloud field, sampling and spatial resolution of the satellite data, and overall accuracy of remote sensing retrievals.
Tropospheric CH4 signals as observed by NDACC FTIR at globally distributed sites and comparison to GAW surface in situ measurements
Authors: Sepúlveda E. , Schneider M. , Hase F. , Barthlott S. , Dubravica D. , García O. E. , Gomez-Pelaez A. , González Y. , Guerra J. C. , Gisi M. , Kohlhepp R. , Dohe S. , Blumenstock T. , Strong K. , Weaver D. , Palm M. , Sadeghi A. , Deutscher N. M. , Warneke T. , Notholt J. , Jones N. , Griffith D. W. T. , Smale D. , Brailsford G. W. , Robinson J. , Meinhardt F. , Steinbacher M. , Aalto T. , Worthy D.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We present lower/middle tropospheric column-averaged CH4 mole fraction time series measured by nine globally distributed ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) remote sensing experiments of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). We show that these data are well representative of the tropospheric regional-scale CH4 signal, largely independent of the local surface small-scale signals, and only weakly dependent on upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UTLS) CH4 variations. In order to achieve the weak dependency on the UTLS, we use an a posteriori correction method. We estimate a typical precision for daily mean values of about 0.5% and a systematic error of about 2.5%. The theoretical assessments are complemented by an extensive empirical study. For this purpose, we use surface in situ CH4 measurements made within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) network and compare them to the remote sensing data. We briefly discuss different filter methods for removing the local small-scale signals from the surface in situ data sets in order to obtain the in situ regional-scale signals. We find good agreement between the filtered in situ and the remote sensing data. The agreement is consistent for a variety of timescales that are interesting for CH4 source/sink research: day-to-day, monthly, and inter-annual. The comparison study confirms our theoretical estimations and proves that the NDACC FTIR measurements can provide valuable data for investigating the cycle of CH4.
Greenland Ice Sheet exports labile organic carbon to the Arctic oceans
Authors: Lawson E. C. , Wadham J. L. , Tranter M. , Stibal M. , Lis G. P. , Butler C. E. H. , Laybourn-Parry J. , Nienow P. , Chandler D. , Dewsbury P.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Runoff from small glacier systems contains dissolved organic carbon (DOC) rich in protein-like, low molecular weight (LMW) compounds, designating glaciers as an important source of bioavailable carbon for downstream heterotrophic activity. Fluxes of DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) exported from large Greenland catchments, however, remain unquantified, despite the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) being the largest source of global glacial runoff (ca. 400 km3 yr−1). We report high and episodic fluxes of POC and DOC from a large (>600 km2) GrIS catchment during contrasting melt seasons. POC dominates organic carbon (OC) export (70–89% on average), is sourced from the ice sheet bed, and contains a significant bioreactive component (9% carbohydrates). A major source of the "bioavailable" (free carbohydrate) LMW–DOC fraction is microbial activity on the ice sheet surface, with some further addition of LMW–DOC to meltwaters by biogeochemical processes at the ice sheet bed. The bioavailability of the exported DOC (26–53%) to downstream marine microorganisms is similar to that reported from other glacial watersheds. Annual fluxes of DOC and free carbohydrates during two melt seasons were similar, despite the approximately two-fold difference in runoff fluxes, suggesting production-limited DOC sources. POC fluxes were also insensitive to an increase in seasonal runoff volumes, indicating a supply limitation in suspended sediment in runoff. Scaled to the GrIS, the combined DOC (0.13–0.17 Tg C yr−1 (±13%)) and POC fluxes (mean = 0.36–1.52 Tg C yr−1 (±14%)) are of a similar order of magnitude to a large Arctic river system, and hence may represent an important OC source to the near-coastal North Atlantic, Greenland and Labrador seas.
Structural style and hydrocarbon trap of Karbasi anticline, in the Interior Fars region, Zagros, Iran
Authors: Maleki Z. , Arian M. , Solgi A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Karbasi anticline between west-northwest parts of Jahrom town is located in northwest 40 km distance of Aghar gas anticline in interior Fars region. This anticline has asymmetric structure and some faults with large strike separation observed in its structure. The operation of Nezamabad sinistral strike slip fault in west part of this anticline caused fault plunge change in this region. Because of complication increasing of structures geometry in Fars region and necessity to exploration activities for deeper horizons especially the Paleozoic ones, the analysis of fold style elements, which is known as one of the main parts in structural studies seems necessary. In this paper because of some reasons such as Karbasi anticline structural complication, importance of drilling and hydrocarbon explorations in Fars region, it is proceed to analysis and evaluation of fold style elements and geometry with emphasis on Nezamabad fault operation in Interior Fars region. According to fold style elements analysis results, it became clear that in east part of anticline the type of fold horizontal moderately inclined and in west part it is upright moderately plunging, so west evaluation of anticline is affected by more deformation. In this research the relationship present faults especially the Nezamabad sinistral strike slip one with folding and its affection on Dehram horizon and Bangestan group were modeled. Based on received results may be the Nezamabad fault is located between G–G' and E–E' structural sections and this fault in this area operated same as fault zone. In different parts of Karbasi anticline, Dashtak formation as a middle detachment unit plays an important role in connection to folding geometry, may be which is affected by Nezamabad main fault.
Using MODIS land surface temperatures and the Crocus snow model to understand the warm bias of ERA-Interim reanalyses at the surface in Antarctica
Authors: Fréville H. , Brun E. , Picard G. , Tatarinova N. , Arnaud L. , Lanconelli C. , Reijmer C. , van den Broeke M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Moderate-Resolution Imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures in Antarctica were processed in order to produce a gridded data set at 25 km resolution, spanning the period 2000–2011 at an hourly time step. The Aqua and Terra orbits and MODIS swath width, combined with frequent clear-sky conditions, lead to very high availability of quality-controlled observations: on average, hourly data are available 14 h per day at the grid points around the South Pole and more than 9 h over a large area of the Antarctic Plateau. Processed MODIS land surface temperatures, referred to hereinafter as MODIS Ts values, were compared with in situ hourly measurements of surface temperature collected over the entirety of the year 2009 by seven stations from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and automatic weather stations (AWSs). In spite of an occasional failure in the detection of clouds, MODIS Ts values exhibit a good performance, with a bias ranging from −1.8 to 0.1 °C and errors ranging from 2.2 to 4.8 °C root mean square at the five stations located on the plateau. These results show that MODIS Ts values can be used as a precise and accurate reference to test other surface temperature data sets. Here, we evaluate the performance of surface temperature in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis known as ERA-Interim reanalysis. During conditions detected as cloud free by MODIS, ERA-Interim shows a widespread warm bias in Antarctica in every season, ranging from +3 to +6 °C on the plateau. This confirms a recent study which showed that the largest discrepancies in 2 m air temperature between ERA-Interim and the global temperature data set HadCRUT4 compiled by the Met Office Hadley Centre and the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit occur in Antarctica. A comparison with in situ surface temperature shows that this bias is not strictly limited to clear-sky conditions. A detailed comparison with stand-alone simulations by the Crocus snowpack model, forced by ERA-Interim, and with the ERA-Interim/land simulations, shows that the warm bias may be due primarily to an overestimation of the surface turbulent fluxes in very stable conditions. Numerical experiments with Crocus show that a small change in the parameterization of the effects of stability on the surface exchange coefficients can significantly impact the snow surface temperature. The ERA-Interim warm bias appears to be likely due to an overestimation of the surface exchange coefficients under very stable conditions.
ASPECTOS COMUNICACIONAIS DA EDUCAÇÃO NAS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS DIGITAIS: O CASO DO YOUTUBE
Authors: De QUADROS Claudia Irene , De QUADROS JR Itanel Bastos
Published: July 2014

São estudados aspectos comunicacionais dos vídeos educativos no Youtube, uma plataforma de distribuição de conteúdo. De caráter ensaístico, o artigo propõe refletir sobre algumas ações no compartilhamento de conteúdo feitas em ambientes colaborativos. São ações que renovam a aprendizagem, que valorizam o indivíduo e que fazem a escola pensar em novas estratégias de ensino.
ESCUELA Y MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN: LA PRODUCCIÓN DE AUDIOVISUALES COMO PROPUESTAS EDUCATIVAS
Authors: Plaza SCHAEFER Veronica
Published: July 2014

Desde el campo de la Comunicación Social, buscamos aportar al debate sobre cómo y para qué incorporar los medios audiovisuales a los procesos educativos. Nos interesa abordar esta problemática considerando principalmente las realidades de las escuelas públicas y la de los jóvenes de sectores populares que las transitan. Frente a la enorme diversidad de modos de trabajar lo audiovisual en los contextos escolares, nos centraremos en uno en particular: la producción. Creemos que estas prácticas educativas emergentes están posibilitando nuevos modos de estar, aprender, transitar y habitar la escuela para los jovenes. En este sentido, con este artículo nos proponemos empezar a reconstruir los modos de identificación que desde allí se les proponen.
Certificação na agricultura: possibilidades de diversificação e interação para o desenvolvimento da produção regional
Authors: Paulino Sônia Regina , Jacometi Wagner Antonio
Published: July 2014

O artigo se dedica à análise do processo de certificação em propriedades produtoras de limão-tahiti emum dos principais pólos produtores do país, localizado no estado de São Paulo. Verifica-se a existênciade um contexto marcado por dois fenômenos simultâneos. O primeiro diz respeito à expansão da lavourade limão-tahiti e ao processo de certificação European Retailers Produce Working Group – Good AgriculturalPractices (EurepGap), conduzido a partir do ano de 2002, em propriedades com essa lavoura. Osegundo se refere à tendência de alteração na paisagem agrícola paulista, com a modificação nas lavourasplantadas para atender à necessidade de aumento da produção de cana-de-açúcar e a conseqüente reduçãodo plantio de outras lavouras. A abordagem proposta no presente artigo focaliza o entendimento doprocesso de certificação agrícola visto como instrumento que pode ser compatível com a diversificaçãoprodutiva e com incrementos nas interações estabelecidas entre produtores e entre estes e os demais participantes dos sistemas de produção.
Extensão do campo da ecologia
Authors: Deléage Jean-Paul
Published: July 2014

A expressão “extensão do campo da ecologia” propõe uma reflexão seguindo dois eixos: o primeiro,da ecologia científica, que é uma construção antiga, porém marcada ainda hoje por numerososdesdobramentos originais. O segundo, da ecologia política, é mais recente; a ecologia política é maisdo que nunca confrontada à necessidade de ampliação de seu espaço de intervenção. Esses dois eixosdefinem um espaço híbrido de reflexão para o qual este artigo demonstra a riqueza potencial, desde quea humanidade proceda à sua exploração prática e teórica, por meio de uma inteligência “cosmopolítica”, segundo a expressão do sociólogo Ulrich Beck.
A ótica dos atores sociais na gestão ambiental dos terrenos de marinha: o caso da orla do canal da Barra da Lagoa, Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: Bitencourt Neres de Lourdes Da Rosa , Soriano-Sierra Eduardo Juan
Published: July 2014

O presente estudo trata da gestão ambiental dos terrenos de marinha através da investigação da percepção de atores sociais com influência no uso e ocupação da orla do canal da Barra da Lagoa, localizado na Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram observações em campo e entrevistas estruturadas com atores sociais. Observaram-se usos e ocupações irregulares. Conforme entrevistas realizadas na comunidade local, perceberam-se conflitos de interesses, incluindo insatisfação quanto à privatização do domínio público marítimo, descrédito sobre os atores institucionais com atribuições na área e falta de conhecimento dos instrumentos de regulamentação por parte de atores sociais. O presente estudo constitui uma contribuição de grande importância para a sociedade, uma vez que, trata da preservação de um espaço de grande importância para milhares de pessoas que é a orla marítima.
Interdisciplinaridade sistêmica e estudos geográficos ambientais
Authors: Dutra Gomes Rodrigo , Espindola Carlos Roberto
Published: July 2014

Considerações advindas de desenvolvimentos científicos alimentam hoje a possibilidade de uma maiorcomunicabilidade e cooperação por entre os conhecimentos, apresentando potencialidades indiscutíveispara os estudos ambientais. A moderna perspectiva sistêmica insere-se neste contexto, consolidando-secomo um poderoso instrumento teórico-analítico cujos enriquecimentos sugerem, no período atual, olharesmais flexíveis para dualismos diretamente ligados à temática geográfica em geral e estudos ambientais(sujeito/objeto, qualidade/quantidade, local/global). A partir de um retrospecto histórico de alguns dosavanços e considerações científicas ligados à evolução da perspectiva sistêmica, entendimento da dinâmicafísica da matéria, da relação sujeito/objeto etc, discorreu-se com algumas das aproximações járealizadas para o entendimento dos sistemas ambientais considerações acerca de tratamentos conjuntosmais adequados das esferas físico-natural e humana.
Padrões de interação sociedade e natureza: algumas peculiaridades do caso brasileiro
Authors: Carneiro Celso Fernando de Azambuja Gomes
Published: July 2014

O artigo explora os padrões de interação com o meio ambiente que se verificam na sociedade brasileira,bem como as concepções simbólicas de natureza a eles vinculadas. Três pontos de vista orientaram aexploração: uma discussão do ponto de vista cultural sobre a relação entre as atitudes face à natureza e adinâmica do sistema social brasileiro; o das concepções de natureza ligadas aos processos de construçãodo Estado e das noções de memória e identidade nacional; e o das relações entre a apropriação da naturezae os principais processos econômicos de ocupação do território. Constatou-se, sob as três óticas,uma série de coincidências de padrões relacionais e atitudes que se repetem no tempo, mas também quehá um contraponto entre dois modos de ver a natureza, o que pode suscitar novas possibilidades para compreender e agir sobre o meio ambiente.
Exposição a riscos químicos e desigualdade social: o caso do HCH (Hexaclorociclohexano) na Cidade dos Meninos, RJ
Authors: Herculano Selene
Published: July 2014

;\ Cidallé dos r'kninos é uma úrca kdcral. dc 1<) hcélarcs. no distrito dc Pilar. município dc Duquc dc Cl'\ias. Bai.'\ada Flumincnsc. na úrca mélropolitana do Rio dc Janciro. Lú. nos anos . .10. l{li fundado um complé'\o cducacional para crianças pobrcs. pela cntüo primcira dama. D.Darcy Vargas. Pouco tcmpo dcpois. o Ministério da Saúdc instalava dcntro dc scus muros uma I~tbrica dc pesticidas para cnli"éntar amalúria. cntüo cndêmica na rCl!iüo. Nos anos 50. a l~tlJrica I{li dcsati\ada c todo o material ali abandonado ~comc~'ou a se espalhar e se inliltrar pelo solo. iniciando um longo processo de contamina~',10 do mcio ambiente e da populaçüo. sem soluç,10 até hoje. r'dais do quc um e'\emplo isolado dc irresponsabilidade. li'agmentaçüo administratila. incompctência. lÍ"itgilidade dos t'Jrg,los oliciais respons~tveis pelo meio ambi- ente. este caso ilustra a gigantesca c percne negligência com a qual se trata a criança pobre brasiléira e como sc aceita como natural que os riscos da poluiçüo e da contaminaç,10 por produtos quimicos recaiam sobrea populaçüo pobre. () caso tambéméum c'\cmplo das disputas em torno das verdades cientilicas: o IICIIhll mal aos humanos') Quantas toncladas I{lram mesmo abandonadas') Qual seria o melhor processo dedescontaminaçüo'.' Quantas pessoas lüram contaminadas') Que uso dar ú úrea') () caso da Cidade dosMeninos é ainda inlulgar nüo st'J porque o culpado é o organismo kderal incumbido da saúde dosbrasiléiros. mas também porquc. dikrentemente dos outros casos relatados pela litcratura sociolt'Jgicasobre outros paises. as pessoas atingidas nüo querem sair dc lú. o que se e'\plica pela I~tlta de accsso dospobres ú terra no Brasil: a Bai.'\ada Flumincnse é predominantementc ocupada por loteamentos clandes-tinos. onde mais de 2. milhõcs de pessoas sc amontoam sem serviços públicos adcquados.
A catástrofe e a precaução
Authors: Dupuy Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2014

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PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES TO THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Authors: Klímová Blanka Frydrychová
Published: July 2014

As internationalization and globalization in higher education intensifi es, there are ever increasing numbers of students who travel beyond their own country’s borders to study. Thus, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is a methodology which is at once growing in importance and becoming more widespread. Therefore the purpose of this article is to discuss eight pedagogical principles and approaches to the teaching of English in an academic environment, which can help to enhance both non-native students’ and academics’ learning of EAP. These approaches and principles refl ect unique conditions and goals which are emblematic of the teaching EAP (TEAP) such as meeting students’ immediate needs, the use of authentic materials or the issue of intercultural awareness.
A REGISTER APPROACH TO ANALOGY IN SCIENCE TEXTS: POPUPLAR VS. SPECIALIZED TEXT TYPES
Authors: Haase Christoph
Published: July 2014

In this paper, a comparative approach was pursued to show differences but also remarkable similarities between the application of analogy in popular science texts and in specialized science texts. Setting out from an initial hypothesis that popular texts use forms of analogy that lend themselves to direct interpretation and high accessibility, we try to show that actual specialized science discourse could benefi t from simpler and more versatile analogy. For this end, the current state of the art in analogy research was evaluated and a corpus of academic texts was queried. Further, a number of approaches and fi ndings could be contributed as a direct outcome of the international Analogy – Copy – Representation workshop held at Bielefeld University in November 2014, which was co-organized by the author. In consequence, a more comprehensive picture of analogy in cognition, language and scientifi c discourse is sketched in this contribution. Especially the domain-dependence of the use of analogies showed surprising results.
Análisis y evaluación de la generación de iconos mentales en personas invidentes a partir de la percepción virtual táctil utilizando realidad virtual y sistemas hápticos
Authors: Castañeda Raquel Espinosa , Castillo Hugo Iván Medellín
Published: July 2014

Las representaciones del espacio circundante para videntes e invidentes se definen mediante el proceso de la percepción sensorial. La percepción háptica (táctil) no depende de la visual; a través del sentido del tacto activo es posible extraer la información necesaria para generar representaciones icónicas de los objetos. El presente trabajo de investigación evalúa y analiza el proceso de percepción virtual táctil para la construcción de iconos mentales de objetos tridimensionales explorados a través del Sistema CIGI (Cinematográfico Interactivo para Gente Invidente), el cual hace uso de tecnologías avanzadas en computación, realidad virtual y sistemas hápticos. El objetivo es analizar y entender la influencia de la percepción virtual táctil en la generación de iconos mentales en personas invidentes. Para lograr lo anterior, se utiliza una metodología experimental basada en las experiencias de exploración táctil de figuras geométricas 3D en un grupo de personas invidentes mediante el sistema CIGI. Los resultados demuestran que la construcción de iconos mentales a partir de percepciones virtuales táctiles es posible en personas invidentes.
Tocar a través del cuadro: una genealogía del interfaz como metáfora de control en el espacio del arte, el cine y los videojuegos
Authors: Cuadrado Alvarado Alfonso
Published: July 2014

ResumenEl objetivo del artículo es examinar las relaciones que el interfaz mantiene con el concepto de pantalla y cuadro en el arte, la realidad virtual,  el cine y los videojuegos.Para ello se establece una genealogía de la mediación a través de la pantalla desde el nacimiento de la perspectiva en el Renacimiento, como punto de inicio de la representación visual dominante, hasta el presente.El análisis muestra los cambios en la relación entre los tres elementos de la representación: el espectador, la pantalla y la escena, que se han producido por el surgimiento de las vanguardias artísticas y el arte interactivo como reacción al modelo de representación realista. Este recorrido lleva a concluir que el interfaz además de su papel mediador, se ha convertido en el paradigma de la comunicación actual, integrándose en el proceso de relevo que la representación realista ha dado al mito digital.AbstractThe aim of the paper is to examine the relationships maintained with the interface screen concept and box art, virtual reality, film and video games.To do a genealogy of mediation is established through the screen from the birth of perspective in the Renaissance, as the starting point of the dominant visual representation to present.The analysis shows the changes in the relationship between the three elements of the representation: the viewer, the screen and the scene, which were caused by the emergence of the avant-garde and interactive art in reaction to model realistic representation. This route leads to the conclusion that the interface in addition to its mediating role, has become the paradigm of modern communication, integrated into the process of relief that realistic digital representation has given myth.
Decidophobia – an Artistic Research on the Possibilities of Immersive Environments
Authors: Reinhuber Elke Eve
Published: July 2014

With the panoramic video installation ‘Decidophobia’, I endeavour to point to the difficulty of making decisions and the confrontation with overwhelming choices in our satiated society of today with the means of media arts I aim to raise the awareness for the great gift we have: The freedom to choose in many situations of life; but as well being overwhelmed and hindered by an extensive choice and the difficult task of making the right decision. This finally might raise counterfactual thoughts, the retrospective considerations of what would be today, if we decided differently at a turning point at an earlier stage of our life.In this work, the viewer is confronted with the difficulty of choice. A perfect labyrinth is all around, no orientation is possible, paths appear and disappear again, vanish completely, but new possibilities open up. The soundtrack underlines the visual experience: passers-by are expressing their confusion by questioning where they actually are, where they should go to, which path to take and where they came from. A Babel-like chatter in nine different languages from different directions enhances the confusion. It is difficult to focus on one voice, on a familiar language, which leaves the viewer with the impression of a missed conversation, a missed opportunity.
In Forming Software: Systems, Structuralism, Demythification
Authors: Shanken Edward A.
Published: July 2014

In the mid-1960s, Marshall McLuhan prophesied that electronic media were creating an increasingly interconnected global village. Such pronouncements popularized the idea that the era of machine-age technology was drawing to a close, ushering in a new era of information technology. This shift finds parallels in a wave of major art performances and exhibitions between 1966-1970, including nine evenings: theatre and engineering at the New York Armory, spearheaded by Robert Rauschenberg, Billy Klüver, and Robert Whitman in 1966; The Machine: As Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age, curated by Pontus Hultén at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MOMA) in 1968; Cybernetic Serendipity, curated by Jasia Reichardt at the Institute of Contemporary Art in London in 1968; and Software, Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art, curated by Jack Burnham at the Jewish Museum in New York.
Prescription Fills for Semaglutide Products by Payment Method
Authors: Scannell Christopher , Romley John , Myerson Rebecca , Goldman Dana , Qato Dima M.
Published: August 2024

This cross-sectional study examines trends in US prescription fills for semaglutide products by payment method between January 2021 and December 2023.
Safety and Risk Assessment of No-Prescription Online Semaglutide Purchases
Authors: Ashraf Amir Reza , Mackey Tim K. , Schmidt János , Kulcsár Győző , Vida Róbert György , Li Jiawei , Fittler András
Published: August 2024

This qualitative study assesses the quality, amount of active ingredient, and characteristics associated with counterfeiting of semaglutide purchased from illegal online pharmacies without a prescription.
The impact of diagnosis delay on European patients with generalised myasthenia gravis
Authors: Cortés‐Vicente Elena , Borsi Andras J. , Gary Charlotte , Noel Wim G.J. , Lee Jennifer M.S. , Karmous Wisam , Zhang Qiaoyi , Gandhi Kavita H. , Batista Alberto E. , DeCourcy Jonathan J. , Barlow Sophie G. , Birija Shiva L. , Gibson Gregor A.
Published: August 2024

Objective

The objective was to determine the mean duration of diagnosis delay for patients with myasthenia gravis from five European countries and explore the impact of >1 year diagnosis delay.

Methods

Patients with myasthenia gravis (N = 387) from Europe (France/Germany/Italy/Spain/United Kingdom) and their physicians participated in the Adelphi Real World Myasthenia Gravis Disease Specific Programme™. Diagnosis delay (time from symptom onset to diagnosis) was calculated and characteristics described for patients experiencing >1 year and ≤1 year diagnosis delay. Denominators varied according to outcome as missing data were not imputed.

Results

Mean (standard deviation) diagnosis delay was 363.1 (520.9) days, and 27.1% (105 out of 387) of patients experienced diagnosis delay >1 year. Among patients with >1 year and ≤1 year diagnosis delay, respectively, 69.2% (72 out of 104) and 17.4% [45 out of 259] had initially received a different diagnosis (physician‐reported); 40.0% (42 out of 105) and 24.1% (68 out of 282) were Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America class III at the time of the survey (physician‐reported); 72.4% (76 out of 105) and 61.3% (173 out of 282) had fatigue (subjective physician reporting from a pre‐selected list of symptoms); 30.5% (32 out of 105) and 17.4% (49 out of 282) had anxiety and 21.9% (23 out of 105) and 13.1% (37 out of 282) had depression (both subjective physician reporting from a pre‐selected list, Likert‐style); and mean (standard deviation) MG‐QoL‐15r score was 14.4 (5.50) and 12.6 (7.84) (self‐reported by N = 43 and N = 74 patients, respectively).

Interpretation

More than a quarter of patients with myasthenia gravis experienced diagnosis delay of >1 year. These patients had a different clinical profile with regards to severity, symptoms, comorbidities and MG‐QoL‐15r score, compared with patients experiencing ≤1 year diagnosis delay.
Strong d‐p Orbital Hybridization of Os‐P via Ultrafast Microwave Plasma Assistance for Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
Authors: Li Qichang , Fu Xiaowei , Li Hongdong , Xiao Zhenyu , Xu Guangrui , Chen Dehong , Li Caixia , Jin Wei , Ma Tianyi , Wu Zexing , Wang Lei , Feng Shouhua
Published: August 2024

Orbital hybridization is a promising approach to modulating the electronic structure of the designed electrocatalysts to boost reaction kinetics. In contrast to d‐d hybridization, p‐d orbital hybridization between p‐block elements and d‐block metals can provide new opportunities to modulate the electronic properties and thus promote the catalytic performance. Herein, a phosphorus‐doped osmium (P‐Os) catalyst is designed through ultrafast (20 s) microwave plasma engineering. Theoretical calculations verify the d‐p orbital hybridization between P and Os, leading to the modulation of the d‐band center of the Os active site. Specifically, P neighboring Os exhibit the highest catalytic activity, facilitating crucial processes such as H2O/H* adsorption and dissociation. The overpotential of P‐Os in alkaline seawater is only 152 mV at 1 A cm−2, which is superior to the reported seawater electrocatalysts. Moreover, the synthesized P‐Os catalysts are integrated into an anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer, demonstrating remarkable performance. The AEM electrolyzer requires 1.86/2.02 V to achieve 500/1000 mA cm−2 current densities. Then, the achieved P‐Os have great potential for practical electrocatalytic water‐splitting applications.
Optimization of Vascularized Intestinal Organoid Model
Authors: Wen Zhang , Orduno Mariabelen , Liang Zixie , Gong Xiangyu , Mak Michael
Published: August 2024

Vasculature is crucial for maintaining organ homeostasis and metabolism. Although 3D organoids can mimic organ structures and patterns, they still lack vascular systems, limiting the recapitulation of physiological complexities. Although vascularization of organoids has been demonstrated by mixing Matrigel in fibrin, how the mixed gel niche affects endothelial cells (ECs) and organoids remains unclear. Existing protocols rely on fibroblasts to promote vascular network formation. This study explores how varying the ratio of Matrigel in fibrin‐Matrigel co‐gel affects vascular network formation and intestinal organoid growth. A fine‐tuned hydrogel is developed by adding aprotinin and 15% Matrigel in fibrin. Medium for co‐culturing ECs and organoids is modified with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and heparin. In combination with fine‐tuned hydrogel and modified medium, vascular network formation and organoid vascularization are successfully generated in the absence of fibroblast. Furthermore, structural cues and pore architectures are critical for angiogenesis and vascularization. By incorporating engineered thick collagen fiber bundles into the system, vascular network formation is guided by bundle architectures, enhancing interactions between vascular networks and organoids. The results demonstrate an optimized system that advances tissue and organoid vascularization by combining fiber bundles with fine‐tuned hydrogel and modified medium.
Unveiling the Role of Electric Double‐Layer in Sulfur Catalysis for Batteries
Authors: Geng Chuannan , Jiang Xin , Hong Shuang , Wang Li , Zhao Yufei , Qi Jiangshan , Shi Jiwei , Wang Junjie , Peng Linkai , Hu Zhonghao , Guo Yong , Jin Feng‐Min , Yang Quan‐Hong , Lv Wei
Published: August 2024

The metal‐catalyzed sulfur reaction in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries usually suffers from the strong binding of sulfur species to the catalyst surface, which destroys the electric double layer (EDL) region there. This causes rapid catalyst deactivation because it prevents the desorption of sulfur species and mass transport through the EDL is hindered. This work introduces a competitive adsorption factor (fsulfur) as a new indicator to quantify the competitive adsorption of sulfur species in the EDL and proposes an alloying method to change it by strengthening the p–d hybridization of alloying metals with electrolyte solvents. A cobalt–zinc alloy catalyst with a moderate fsulfur lowers the activation energy of the rate‐limiting step of the conversion of lithium polysulfides to lithium sulfide, giving a platform capacity proportion that is 96% of the theoretical value and has a greatly improved anti‐passivation ability, especially at high sulfur loadings and lean electrolyte conditions (a low E/S ratio of 5 µL mgS−1). A pouch cell using this approach has a high energy density of up to 464 Wh kg−1. Such a competitive adsorption indicator and alloying strategy offer a new guideline for catalyst design and a practical electrocatalysis solution for Li–S batteries.
All Bio‐Based µ‐Beads from Microalgae for Probiotics Delivery
Authors: Vona Danilo , Cicco Stefania Roberta , la Forgia Flavia Maria , Vacca Mirco , Porrelli Annalisa , Caggiano Gianvito , De Angelis Maria , Gesualdo Loreto , Farinola Gianluca Maria
Published: August 2024

The food of the future aims to offer several essential qualities: i) environmental respect in sourcing raw materials; ii) sustainable transformation processes; iii) enrichment with probiotic microorganisms; iv) biocompatible natural matrices. These features both enhance the nutritional value of the food and improve its pharmacological and immunological properties. When probiotics are introduced into gut in adequate densities through diet, they symbiotically promote health by boosting immune defense, producing beneficial organic molecules, and providing essential metabolic pathways for better nutrient assimilation and biotransformation. A major challenge with probiotics is their low resistance to gastrointestinal (GI) transit due to pH and other adverse hydro‐ionic conditions affecting their viability. Here, diatom microalgae (Coscinodiscus granii) is presented as a natural source of micro‐pills, functionalized with biopolymers (Shellac and Chitosan) for enteric protection, with a loading value of 71 ± 7%, higher in comparison with the loading capacity tested for two other commercial polymers. Moreover, biosilica embedded and sealed with the enteric polymers best‐protected probiotics under pH changes, and thermal and storage stresses by one‐fold more than the control probiotics without or with the lone shielding polymers. These work outcomes describe envisaging silica hybrid microcarriers obtained from living microalgae, effectively protecting probiotics in an entirely biological formulation.
A novel de novo synonymous variant in GREB1L impacts the mRNA splicing associated with aplasia of the urogenital system
Authors: Wang Yaoping , Wang Hongdan , Yang Wenke , Guo Han , Zhang Mengting , Gao Yue , Kang Bing , Liao Shixiu
Published: August 2024

GREB1‐like retinoic acid receptor coactivator (GREB1L) gene is associated with autosomal dominant renal hypodysplasia/aplasia 3 (RHDA3) and deafness, autosomal dominant 80 (DFNA80). Among the GREB1L variants reported, most of them are missense or frameshift, while no pathogenic synonymous variants have been recorded. Classical theory paid little attention to synonymous variants and classified it as nonpathogenic; however, recent studies suggest that the variants might be equally important. Here, we report a 7‐year‐old girl with new symptoms of clitoromegaly, uterovaginal, and ovarian agenesis as well as right kidney missing. A novel de novo GREB1L synonymous variant (NM_001142966: c.4731C>T, p.G1577=) was identified via whole exome sequencing. The variant was predicted to be disease‐causing through in silico analysis and was classified as likely pathogenic. Minigene splicing assays confirmed a 6 bp deletion in mutant cDNA comparing with the wild type, leading to two amino acids lost in GREB1L protein. Secondary and tertiary structure modeling showed alterations in protein structure. Our finding reveals a novel GREB1L variant with a new phenotype of urogenital system and is the first to report a pathogenic synonymous variant in GREB1L which affects mRNA splicing, suggesting synonymous variants cannot be ignored in prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
Synthesis of Secondary Boronates via Deaminative Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Nitroso Carbamates and Boronic Acids
Authors: Paul Shashwati , Brown M. Kevin
Published: August 2024

A strategy for transition metal‐free cross‐coupling of alkyl nitroso‐carbamates and boronic acids is reported. The N‐nitroso carbamates are easily prepared from the corresponding amine in two simple steps. This method allows for the synthesis of a wide variety of secondary boronates, benzylic boronates and formal Csp3−Csp2 cross‐coupling products under operationally simple conditions. Functional group tolerance is also demonstrated and applied in the modification of lysine to make non‐canonical amino acids.
Electron Deficiency is More Important than Conductivity in C−N Coupling for Electrocatalytic Urea Synthesis
Authors: Wang Yujie , Zhu Xiaorong , An Qizheng , Zhang Xiaoran , Wei Xiaoxiao , Chen Chen , Li Han , Chen Dawei , Zhou Yangyang , Liu Qinghua , Shao Huaiyu , Wang Shuangyin
Published: August 2024

The electrocatalytic C−N coupling from CO2 and nitrate emerges as one of the solutions for waste upgrading and urea synthesis. In this work, we constructed electron‐deficient Cu sites by the strong metal‐polymer semiconductor interaction, to boost efficient and durable urea synthesis. In situ Raman spectroscopy identified the existence of electron‐deficient Cu sites and was able to withstand electrochemical reduction conditions. Operando synchrotron‐radiation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations disclosed the vital role of electron‐deficient Cu in adsorption and C−N coupling of oxygen‐containing species. The electron‐deficient Cu displayed a high urea yield rate of 255.0 mmol h−1 g−1 at −1.4 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and excellent electrochemical durability, superior than that of non‐electron‐deficient counterpart with conductive carbon material as the support. It can be concluded that the regulation of site electronic structure is more important than the optimization of catalyst conductive properties in the C−N coupling reactions.
Reaction Mechanisms of High‐Rate Copper Electrochemical Machining in Nitrate Electrolytes
Authors: Jakob Leonie , Bartsch Jonas , Krossing Ingo
Published: August 2024

The high‐rate electrochemical dissolution of copper in nitrate electrolytes is investigated primarily via polarization curves, while varying parameters such as the electrolyte flow velocity, the electrolyte resistance, the anode geometry, and the temperature. This study focuses on the re‐rise in current at high voltages after the limiting current plateau. As a result of the studies, a change in the complexation mechanism from hydration to “solvo‐nitration” is proposed, which requires an additional potential drop within the electrochemical double layer.
Super twisting controller using proportional integral‐based sliding surface for buck converter with disturbances
Authors: Bodur Ferhat , Kaplan Orhan
Published: August 2024

This paper proposes a super‐twisting controller based on a PI‐based surface for a buck converter with matched disturbance. Standard sliding mode control (SMC) has some well‐known drawbacks: the chattering effect and parameter restriction, which determines how quickly the controller accesses the sliding surface and the steady‐state error. First, the super‐twisting algorithm is employed in the control rule of the proposed controller to suppress the chattering effect. Then, parameter limitation, another deficiency of the SMC, has been eliminated by employing a PI‐based surface. The PI‐based surface also improves the controller's adjustment parameters by developing adaptability in parameter choices. The buck converter's dynamic response is enhanced by the addition of a novel parameter to the sliding surface of the suggested controller. Furthermore, Lyapunov stability analysis is described in order to evaluate the theoretical stability of the proposed controller. The efficacy of the suggested controller has been demonstrated through an array of simulations and an experimental configuration across various evaluation conditions. The simulation and experimental results show that the reference‐tracking capability is effective in the presence of disturbances. Furthermore, the proposed switching rule effectively eliminates the chattering effect. The suggested controller outperforms existing techniques in terms of both dynamic performance and disturbance robustness.
Rational design of disulfide bonds to increase thermostability of Rhodococcus opacus catechol 1,2 dioxygenase
Authors: Lister Joshua G. R. , Loewen Matthew E. , Loewen Michele C. , St‐Jacques Antony D.
Published: August 2024

Catechol 1,2 dioxygenase is a versatile enzyme with several potential applications. However, due to its low thermostability, its industrial potential is not being met. In this study, the thermostability of a mesophilic catechol 1,2 dioxygenase from the species Rhodococcus opacus was enhanced via the introduction of disulphide bonds into its structure. Engineered designs (56) were obtained using computational prediction applications, with a set of hypothesized selection criteria narrowing the list to 9. Following recombinant production and purification, several of the designs demonstrated substantially improved protein thermostability. Notably, variant K96C‐D278C yielded improvements including a 4.6°C increase in T50, a 725% increase in half‐life, a 5.5°C increase in Tm, and a >10‐fold increase in total turnover number compared to wild type. Stacking of best designs was not productive. Overall, current state‐of‐the‐art prediction algorithms were effective for design of disulfide‐thermostabilized catechol 1,2 dioxygenase.