bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
62 Program Evaluation of the Georgia Young Cattlemen’s Short Course
Authors: Segers Jacob R , Loughridge Sarah E , Jackson Emelia D
Published: July 2019

A day-long short course was developed to fill a need for extension programming targeted at producers between the ages of 18 and 40. Faculty from land grant institutions and allied industry personnel were invited to Rocking W Angus Farm in Jefferson, GA, to present and give demonstrations on five topics relevant to young cattlemen. A program evaluation was conducted to 1) Assess demographic characteristics of participants; 2) Evaluate the participant’s experience; 3) Understand the motivation of the participants to get involved in industry activities. The complete evaluation was distributed to course participants at the end of the day. Participants were 47.1% male (n = 16) and 52.9% female (n = 18) with an average age of 22.85 years (range 18–41). Participants were from 19 Georgia counties and 2 South Carolina counties. Twenty-five (74%) were full-time college students while the remainder (26%) represented 11 different professions. Twenty-five participants (75.8%) were current members of Georgia Cattlemen’s Association while 8 (24.2%) were non-members. Fourteen attendees (41%) did not own cattle, but had an interest in owning cattle in the future, and thirteen (38.2) owned cattle at the time of the course. The six (18%) remaining participants identified as interested consumers. A Likerttype scale (1 = “Strongly Disagree” to 5 = “Strongly Agree”) was used to evaluate the experience of short course attendees. The maximum mean from the Likerttype questions was 4.83 and the minimum mean was 3.96. The results suggest a need for more open and frequent communication with the target audience outside of the college student demographic. Also, expansion of communication to young cattlemen outside of North Georgia. The suggestion was made to develop a Young Cattlemen’s email listserv and to rotate the location of the short course each year.
142 Providing an experiential learning opportunity through an Extension animal science internship
Authors: Kimbrough Chelsey A , Looper Michael , Gadberry Shane , Russell Mark R , Ward Heidi M , Jennings John , Simon Kenny
Published: July 2019

Summer is a busy time for Extension programs and includes several activities, such as 4-H youth programs and producer meetings. Three years ago, the Arkansas Extension Animal Science Department started offering an internship opportunity for students. The internship occurs for 12 weeks with salary compensation and housing (if needed). Monies for the internship are provided by both the department and Extension ANR Associate Director. Applications are accepted in the spring (resume, cover letter, and 3 references), interviews are held for the top 3–5 applicants, and then an intern is selected. Year 1 and 2 yielded 11 applicants each year and year 3 generated 22. Interns spend the summer assisting faculty with youth programs, adult programs, and research projects. They are not assigned to one particular faculty member, but have the opportunity to gain experiences from all faculty members.Mid-way through the internship and at the end of the internship, an evaluation is sent to both the intern and faculty members to assess the mid- and overall performance of the intern. Some notable results from the intern evaluations include: 75% had moderate or large improvement in written and oral communication skills and 100% had a large improvement in general knowledge of Extension. All interns indicated that tasks assigned were challenging, but attainable; they believe the internship was excellent and would definitely recommend to others; they are more interested to work for Extension as a result of the internship; and believe the internship is a very valuable educational experience. From the faculty perspective, having an intern is very valuable. An intern allows for more things to get done in a timely manner. Suggestions for improvement are for more interns to be hired. Internships are a great way to expose students to Extension and what the Animal Science Department offers.
14 Effect of fermentation temperature on in vitro digestibility of a finishing diet
Authors: Stotz Miranda K , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Osorio Andrea M , Espinoza Nadira , Urso Philip M , Kondratovich Lucas , Carvalho Luis , Douglas Micheal , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren D , Crossland Whitney
Published: July 2019

Heat stress (HS) has been indicated to increase ruminal temperature, increase digestibility, and reduce ruminal pH of steers fed high concentrate diets. However, it is unclear if this effect is the result of greater fermentation rate, slower passage rate or a combination. The effect of ruminal incubation temperature on substrate digestibility and rate of fermentation were evaluated. Four cannulated British-crossbreed steers (BW = 520 kg ± 30 kg) consuming an 87% (DM) concentrate diet were utilized as rumen fluid donors in a randomized complete block design with two incubation treatments (CON=39°C and HS=42°C). Within block, duplicate 125 mL serum bottles containing 200 mg of dietary substrate were inoculated with a 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid mixture and incubated for 24 h to measure total gas production, fermentation rate, fermentation lag, pH, and ammonia-N concentration. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was measured separately in 100 mL centrifuge tubes. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of rumen fluid donor (block). There was no treatment effect on total gas production (P = 0.92) or fermentation rate (P = 0.11); however, HS began fermenting substrate sooner than CON (P < 0.005). There was a significant effect of treatment on IVOMD where HS was greater compared to CON (79.3 vs. 70.4%; P = 0.05). Final pH and relative pH change were not different (P ≥ 0.25) likely due to buffering capacity of the in vitro technique Ammonia-N concentration was greater for HS than CON (7.92 vs. 5.33 mM; P < 0.05) and may indicate a temperature effect on ruminal nitrogen availability.In conclusion, it does not appear that incubating at a greater temperature affected the fermentation rate but likely induced a change in fermentation kinetics, which may have contributed to the greater overall IVOMD
7 Supplementing an immunomodulatory feed ingredient to modulate thermoregulation and performance in finishing beef cattle under heat stress conditions
Authors: Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo F , Schubach Kelsey , Rett Bruna , Brandão Alice
Published: July 2019

This experiment compared body temperature and productive parameters in finishing cattle managed under heat stress conditions, and supplemented or not with a supplement based on yeast and B-complex vitamins (Omnigen-AF; OMN; Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). Bos taurus × B. indicus cattle (64 heifers and 64 steers) were ranked by initial body weight (BW; 440 ± 3 kg) and sex, and allocated to 1 of 16 pens (8 heifers or steers/pen). Pens within sex were randomly assigned to receive (n = 8) or not (CON; n = 8) OMN at 56 g/cow daily (as-fed basis). Cattle received a total-mixed ration (d 0 to 106), and OMN was offered daily as a top-dress. Cattle were shipped on d 107 to a commercial packing facility (Friona, TX) for slaughter. Cattle BW was recorded on d 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 96, and 106. Feed intake was evaluated by measuring offer and refusals biweekly from each pen. Feed efficiency was calculated from each pen according to total feed intake and BW gain. From d 0 to 7, 28 to 42, and 84 to 98, heifer intravaginal temperature was recorded hourly (iButton temperature loggers DS1922L, Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA). Environmental temperature humidity index (THI) was also recorded hourly throughout the experiment, and averaged 79.8 ± 0.6. Heifers receiving OMN had less (P ≤ 0.05) vaginal temperature from 1500 to 1900h across sampling days (39.05 vs. 39.19 °C, respectively; SEM = 0.04), when THI ranged from 85.3 to 90.1. However, no treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.20) for BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and carcass traits upon slaughter (P ≥ 0.22). Collectively, results from this experiment suggest that OMN ameliorated hyperthermia in finishing cattle exposed to heat stress conditions, but such benefit was not sufficient to improve productive and carcass parameters.
6 The effect of competition for an automated supplement feeder on supplement intake behavior of stocker steers
Authors: Husz Taylor C , Goad Carla , Reuter Ryan
Published: July 2019

Interest in automated, precision feeding equipment is increasing, and users need information about how to effectively use this new approach. Our objective was to determine the effect of competition for a feeding space at an automated supplement feeder on supplement intake behavior. Mixed breed beef steers (n = 128, initial BW = 257 ± 29.2 kg) were randomly assigned to 8 paddocks. One paddock (16 steers) was selected to have continuous access to the feeder for the duration of the 16-wk trial; this paddock was designated the “tester” paddock. The automated feeder consisted of a large bin that dispensed supplement into 4 feeding stations. Supplement dispense was triggered by the presence of an eligible animal’s RFID tag; each steer was limited to 0.50 kg supplement/d by the electronics of the feeder. Weekly, additional paddocks were commingled with the tester paddock to increase competition for the feeder, resulting in a stocking density from 4 to 32 steers per feeding station in various weeks. Approximately 30% of the steers did not voluntarily use the feeder; therefore, effective competition was less than the study design. Supplement intake and GPS location were recorded for steers in the tester paddock, and averaged for each wk; week was the experimental unit (n = 16). Weekly mean supplement intake and time spent near the feeder were regressed on feeder stocking density. Tester steers consumed an average of 0.36 kg supplement/d. Competition for a feeder space numerically reduced (P = 0.15) supplement intake by 0.002 kg/d per steer of competition. Steers spent 6% of the time within 15 m of the feeder regardless of competition (P = 0.82). These data illustrate that in scenarios similar to these experimental conditions, the feeder can be stocked with at least 80 animals with minimal effects on supplement intake.
3 Administration of a DNA immunostimulant does not mitigate bovine herpesvirus-1 recrudescence in dexamethasone challenged beef cattle
Authors: Seiver Hannah A , Samuelson Kendall L , Posey Richard D , Tomczak Dexter J , Smock Taylor M , Richeson John T
Published: July 2019

The study objective was to determine the effect of a DNA immunostimulant on recrudescence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) after dexamethasone challenge in beef cattle. It was hypothesized that the DNA immunostimulant would mitigate stress-induced immunosuppression; thereby, reducing the incidence of BHV-1 recrudescence. Steers (n = 10) and heifers (n = 10; initial BW = 489 kg ± 57 kg) were stratified by pre-existing BHV-1 antibody titer, sex and initial BW and randomly assigned to treatment (n = 4 pens/treatment; 2 or 3 animals/pen). All calves were administered 40 mg of dexamethasone i.v. at 0600 h from d 0 to 2, 166-d subsequent to BHV-1 challenge with 1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units per nostril. On d 1, calves were administered treatments consisting of 2 mL i.m. of DNA immunostimulant (Zelnate; ZEL) or sterile saline (CON). Once daily (0600) from d 0 to 12, a whole blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture for complete blood count (CBC) analysis and nasal swabs were collected to determine BHV-1 prevalence via virus isolation testing. A repeated measures mixed model was used to test the effect of treatment, day and their interaction for CBC variables. There was a treatment × day interaction for eosinophils (P = 0.02) and percent eosinophils (P = 0.03). Eosinophils were greater (P < 0.01) for ZEL on d 3 and 6 post-dexamethasone challenge. On d 11 and 12, eosinophils for CON rebounded such that their concentration was greater than ZEL (P < 0.01). Lymphocytes, neutrophil and monocyte concentration did not differ (P ≥ 0.44); however, a day effect (P ≤ 0.01) existed such that each variable increased transiently after dexamethasone challenge. All cattle had BHV-1 present in a nasal swab sample on at least one sample day, with prevalence of BHV-1 in nasal swab samples being greatest on d 5 (80% positive; P = 0.01). However, no treatment differences were detected for BHV-1 prevalence in this study. The DNA immunostimulant altered eosinophil concentrations but did not mitigate BHV-1 recrudesce after dexamethasone challenge
22 Puberty induction protocol, but not supplement amount, overcomes the negative impacts of reduced frequency of supplementation on reproduction of beef heifers
Authors: Ranches Juliana , Vedovatto Marcelo , Palmer Elizabeth , Miranda Miguel , Arthington John , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers submitted to a puberty induction protocol and offered two supplementation amounts and delivery frequencies. Sixty-four Brangus crossbred heifers were stratified by BW and age (244 ± 4 kg; 311 ± 18 d) and assigned into 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures on d 0. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures in a 2 × 2 factorial design (4 pastures/treatment) and consisted of soyhulls-based supplementation at 1.25% or 1.75% of BW (DM basis) offered daily or 3 times weekly for 168 d. The puberty induction protocol consisted of CIDR insert on d 56 and removal on d 70, 5-mL PGF2a injection on d 86, 2-mL GnRH injection and timed-AI on d 89. Heifers were exposed to Angus bulls from d 89 to 167 (1 bull/pasture). Pregnancy diagnosis was assessed on d 212. Frequency × rate effects were not detected (P ≥ 0.19) for any variable. Reducing the supplementation frequency from daily to 3X weekly tended (P = 0.07) to decrease overall ADG and puberty attainment on d 56 (53 vs. 41 ± 6%), but not puberty attainment on d 89 (P = 0.45; 84 vs. 78 ± 6%) and pregnancy percentage on d 212 (P = 0.97; 69 vs. 69 ± 7%). Increasing the supplement amount from 1.25% to 1.75% of BW increased (P = 0.04) overall ADG, tended (P = 0.09) to hasten puberty attainment on d 56 (40 vs. 54 ± 6%) and d 89 (74 vs. 88 ± 6%), and enhanced (P = 0.03) pregnancy percentage on d 212 (53 vs. 80 ± 7%). Therefore, the inclusion of a puberty induction protocol, but not increasing the supplement amount, enabled a reduced frequency of supplementation (3 vs. 7 times weekly) without detrimental impacts on percentage of pregnant yearling beef heifers.
23 Timing of concentrate supplementation during late gestation impacts calf pre-weaning growth, but not reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced cows
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth , Vedovatto Marcelo , Ranches Juliana , Miranda Miguel , Gouvêa Vinícius , Arthington John , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the effects of timing of dried distillers grains (DDG) supplementation during late-gestation on performance of Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs. At about 84 d before calving (d 0), 84 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (422 ±42 kg; BCS = 5.0 ± 0.14) and assigned randomly to bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were assigned randomly to pastures (2 pastures/treatment) and consisted of no prepartum supplementation (CON), 1 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84; 84 kg of DM/cow); or 2 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 42 (LATE42; 84 kg of DM/cow). The respective weekly supplement amount was divided and offered into 3 feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Cow BCS were assessed on d 0, 45, 84 (calving), 140 and 224 (start and end of breeding season, respectively). Calf BW was collected at birth and weaning (d 346). Growth and reproductive data were analyzed using SAS MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures, respectively. Cow BCS from d 45 to 224 did not differ between LATE84 and LATE42 cows (P ≥ 0.20) but was always the least (P ≤ 0.05) for CON cows. Calving date, calf birth BW, and percentage of pregnant cows on d 283 did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) among treatments. Calf pre-weaning ADG and BW at weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.58) between LATE42 and CON calves, but LATE84 calves tended to have the greatest pre-weaning ADG (P = 0.10; 0.88, 0.83, and 0.82 ± 0.02 kg/d, respectively) and BW at weaning (P = 0.10; 263, 254, and 252 ± 4.4 kg, respectively). Therefore, timing of prepartum DDG supplementation did not impact cow reproductive performance. However, calf pre-weaning growth tended to be enhanced when cows received longer vs. shorter or no periods of prepartum DDG supplementation
28 Three-year evaluation of yield and nutritive value of tifton-85 bermudagrass and tifton-85 bermudagrass-alfalfa mixtures produced as baleage in the southeast
Authors: Hendricks Taylor J , Tucker Jennifer J , Hancock Dennis W , Stewart Lawton , Segers Jacob R
Published: July 2019

Interseeding a legume, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) for baleage production can improve forage quality, reduce supplementation needs, and minimize production losses. The objective of this research was to compare the nutritive value and yield of bermudagrass with and without interseeded alfalfa when produced as baleage. This study was conducted at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA, on an established field of ‘Tifton 85’ (T85) bermudagrass. Ten 0.2-ha plots were randomly assigned to either T85+N or T85 interseeded with ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa (T85+Alf). T85+N received N fertilization (84 kg N/ ha) four times each growing season. Plots were harvested at early bloom stage every 28 to 35 days from 2016 to 2018, baled at 40–60% moisture, and individually wrapped. At each harvest, plots were evaluated for botanical composition and forage yield, and bales were sampled prior to wrapping for nutritive value analysis. Plots were also evaluated for botanical composition using the point-transect method 10 days post-harvest. Data were analyzed using mixed models and least significant differences at α = 0.05. Although seasonal yields were greater in the T85+N during year 1, alfalfa-bermudagrass plots produced at least one additional harvest each season of the study, and on average 8 cuttings per season each year following establishment. Ultimately this contributed to greater (P < 0.0001) cumulative yield in the alfalfa-bermudagrass treatment (34,783 vs. 25,608 kg/ha, respectively). Analyses of nutritive value through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) show that CP and in-vitro true digestibility (IVTD) were greater (P = 0.005 and P = 0.034, respectively) in the alfalfa-bermudagrass treatment than the bermudagrass-only treatment (14.0 vs 11.4% CP and 66.7 vs. 60.2% IVTD, respectively). Improvements in seasonal yield and nutritive value makes bermudagrass interseeded with alfalfa a viable option for baleage producers in the Southeast.
31 Characterization of feeding-behavior patterns and application of chemometrics to predict residual feed intake based on feeding-behavior traits in growing Holstein heifers
Authors: Johnson Jocelyn R , Parsons Ira L , Carstens Gordon E , Tedeschi Luis Orlindo , Heuer Claas , Deeb Nader
Published: July 2019

Objectives of this study were to characterize feeding-behavior (FB) patterns in growing dairy heifers with divergent RFI phenotypes (±0.50 SD) and to evaluate the accuracy of partial least squares regression (PLSR) models to predict RFI based on FB traits. Performance, DMI, and FB traits were measured for 70 to 100 d in 15 trials with Holstein heifers (n = 611) fed a corn-silage based ration. Seventeen FB traits were evaluated: frequency and duration of bunk visit (BV) and meal events, head-down duration (HDD), meal length, maximum non-feeding interval, corresponding day-today variation (SD) of these traits, and ratios of HDD per BV duration and meal duration, HDD per meal duration, and BV events per meal event. Data was analyzed using a mixed model that included RFI group and trial. The PLSR model for RFI was developed using cross-validation procedures (Leave-One-Out) in JMP (SAS), with FB traits as independent variables. LowRFI heifers consumed 24% less (P < 0.01) DMI and had lower (P < 0.01) day-to-day DMI variation than high-RFI heifers. Distinct differences were observed in FB patterns between low- and high-RFI heifers (Table 1). Eight of 17 FB traits were included [selected based on variable of importance (VIP) score > 0.80] in the PLSR model that explained 33% of the variation in RFI. Head-down duration had the highest VIP score; accordingly, low-RFI animals had 44% lower HDD and 30 and 40% lower ratios of HDD per BV duration and meal duration, respectively. Additionally, low-RFI animals had 20 and 18% fewer BV and meal events per day, spent 21% less time eating during BV events, and had reduced day-to-day variation in HDD and meal frequency. For this study, distinctive differences were observed in the FB patterns of Holstein heifers with divergent RFI, which explained 33% of the between-animal variation in RFI.
75 Historical view of stocker health and performance of Southeast origin cattle
Authors: Carroll Jeffery A , Broadway Paul R , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole , Nichols Wade
Published: July 2019

Anecdotal evidence suggests that weaning/stocker weights, ADG, and carcass weights have increased for Southeast cattle over the last 30 years. Simultaneously, morbidity and mortality have not improved, and according to some reports, have significantly increased. Albeit, over the last 30 years, there have been several new vaccines and antibiotics introduced into the beef cattle market. Ceteris paribus, there appears to be a discrepancy related to prevailing theories that placing heavier cattle into stocker and feedlot operations reduces the incidence of morbidity and mortality. But, has there truly been an increase in weaning weights or placement weights of stocker/feedlot calves over the last 30 years? Perhaps, even with greater genetic selection by cow/calf producers for improved weaning weights and pre-weaning ADG, the genetic potential of these animals is not being realized until the stocker/feedlot sector. Indeed, Engler et al. (2014) reported that hot carcass weight (HCW) increased 4.9 lbs per year from 2001 to 2013 while others have reported no actual increase in weaning weights during this period. Undoubtedly HCW have increased, but the contributing factors are multifaceted including genetic selection for increased lean deposition, better nutritional programs, and the expanded variety of growth promoting implants, ionophores, and beta agonists. Likewise, morbidity and mortality are multifaceted manifestations affected by a variety of inputs including genetics, nutrition, environmental stressors, immunocompetence, and the prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogens. Therefore, while genetic selection for increased pre-weaning performance may be more prevalent, cow/calf producers may not be reaping the full potential of their calves due to management practices that do not capitalize on the genetic potential of the pre-weaned calf. Placing more emphasis on genetic selection for pre-weaning growth may have inadvertently resulted in calves that are less resistant to the stresses and strains associated with post-weaning production systems.
78 Effects of extended aging, modified atmospheric packaging, and display time on metmyoglobin reducing activity and oxygen consumption of high-pH beef
Authors: Ramanathan Ranjith , English Andrea , Mafi Gretchen , VanOverbeke Deb
Published: July 2019

Metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) and oxygen consumption (OC) are two important biochemical processes that can influence beef color. Several studies have determined the effects of aging and modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) on biochemical properties of normal-pH beef (5.5–5.7 pH range). However, limited knowledge is currently available on the effects of aging and MAP on biochemical properties of high-pH beef (> 6.2). Therefore, the objective was to determine the effects of extended aging, MAP, and display time on MRA and OC of high-pH beef. Ten USDA Choice (pH = 5.6) and ten ‘No-Roll’ dark cutting (high-pH; pH > 6.4) strip loins were obtained from a commercial packing plant within 72 hours of harvest. Loins were vacuum packaged and aged for 0, 21, 42, and 62 days at 4 °C. Following aging, from each normal- and high-pH loin sections, 2.5cm thick steaks were cut and packaged in PVC, high oxygen- (HiOx-MAP), and carbon monoxide modified atmospheric (CO-MAP) packaging. The surface color, MRA, and OC were determined on day 0 and 6 of the respective aging period. The experiment was replicated ten times (n = 10). High-pH steaks in all packaging and aging times had more stable red color than normal-pH steaks. High-pH steaks packaged in PVC and HiOx-MAP had greater (P < 0.05) MRA than normal-pH steaks. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in MRA between normal- and high-pH steaks on day 21 when steaks were packaged in CO-MAP, but high-pH had greater (P < 0.05) MRA on day 62. At all aging periods, high-pH steaks had greater (P < 0.05) OC than normal-pH steaks. However, a decrease in OC was greater (P < 0.05) for high-pH than normal-pH steaks. The results suggest that normal- and high-pH beef have different trends for the changes in MRA and OC.
79 Cooking method and beef flavor: a multivariate approach
Authors: Vierck Kelly R , Legako Jerrad F , Brooks J Chance
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sous vide cookery followed by finishing on four dry heat cookery methods and two quality grades on beef volatile flavor compound production in beef strip loin steaks. Beef strip loins (n = 40, 20/grade) were procured from two USDA quality grades: upper 2/3rds of Choice and Select. Strip loins were aged for 21 d at 2 to 4°C. Following aging, strip loins were sliced into 2.54 cm steaks, vacuum packaged, and frozen at -20°C. Steaks were thawed, then cooked sous vide in a circulating water bath at 63.5°C for 1.5 h. Steaks were finished to a medium degree of doneness (71°C) on one of four cooking methods: charbroiler grill (CHAR), clamshell grill (CLAM), convection oven (OVEN), and salamander broiler (SALA). Steaks were immediately submerged into ice to stop cooking, vacuum packaged and frozen at -20°C until analysis. Volatile compounds (n = 73) were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and were selected from the Maillard reaction and lipid degradation pathways. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to observe the relationships between volatile compounds and consumer ratings of beef strip loin steaks. When PCA was conducted, principal component (PC) 1 represented 50.59% and PC 2 represented 29.76% of the variation. Salamander steaks of both quality grades were the most closely associated with flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall liking. Charbroiler steaks were the most closely related with Maillard products, especially pyrazines, sulfur containing compounds, and pyrroles. Oven steaks were more associated with compounds associated with lipid degradation, including hexanol, hexanal, and 2-pentylfuran. Clamshell steaks were negatively associated with consumer palatability traits, which was expected, due to the poor liking ratings from consumers. These data indicate cooking method can directly impact flavor of beef strip loin steaks, regardless of quality grade
91 Animal acceptability trail of olive pomace on Gallus gallus domesticus
Authors: Snokhous Payton W , Kelley Stanley , Beverly Marcy , Anderson Mark
Published: July 2019

In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired to broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers 34 days of age when put on trial, the broilers were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture (O:C). Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred, (P < .001) while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio of O:C. did not differentiate (P < .39) continuation of this study will be to feed a control group a commercial broiler feed, along with a 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 O:C to determine the effect on performance and carcass attributes of each group.
86 Skeletal response to whole body vibration and dietary calcium and phosphorus in growing pigs
Authors: Huseman Chelsie , Welsh Thomas H , Sigler Dennis , Suva Larry , Dominguez Brandon , Paulk Chad B , Vogelsang Martha
Published: July 2019

Whole body vibration (WBV) is reported to elicit increased bone mass and strength. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) and dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on bone microarchitecture and turnover. A total of 26 growing pigs were utilized in a 60-d experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned within group to a 2 × 2 factorial with Ca and P concentration (low and adequate) and WBV. Low Ca, P diets were 0.9 g/kg less than recommended levels of Ca and available P. Pigs receiving WBV were vibrated 30 min/d, 3 d/wk at a magnitude of 1-2mm and frequency of 50 Hz. On d 0, 30, and 60, digital radiographs were taken to determine bone mineral content by radiographic bone aluminum equivalency (RBAE) and blood was collected for bone formation biomarker (osteocalcin, OC) and bone resorption biomarker (carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks, CTX-I). At d 60, pigs were harvested and the left third metacarpal bone was excised for analysis by micro computed tomography (microCT) to measure trabecular microarchitecture and cortical bone geometry. Maximum RBAE values for the medial or lateral cortices were not affected (P > 0.05) by WBV. Pigs fed adequate Ca and P tended (P = 0.10) to have increased RBAE max values for the medial and lateral cortices. Vibrated pigs had decreased CTX-1 concentrations (P = 0.044). Pigs fed decreased Ca and P had increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of OC. Vibrated pigs had lower trabecular number (P = 0.002) and increased trabecular separation (P = 0.003), whereas cortical bone parameters were not changed by WBV or diet (P > 0.05). Whole body vibration in this study did not elicit an osteogenic response; however, early indications of bone turnover were observed.
89 Effects of different stages of processing newly hatched chicks on body temperature
Authors: Timbrook Tiffany , Hoefler William C , Rainey Malcolm
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different stages of hatchery processing on body temperature of newly hatched chicks on seven-day mortality. In order to evaluate these effects, rectal body temperatures were taken from 10 chicks per broiler farm at hatching (hatcher) using a Fluke 52ii Thermocouple Thermometer. Additional chick body temperatures were taken in the separator and chick rooms. Measurements were taken for six consecutive weeks beginning in October (fall) and repeated in March (spring) and July (summer) to examine seasonal effects on processing. Since there was a significant (PoC) means will be reported by season. During the fall, chick temperatures at the sorter were higher (40.6, P.05) in chick temperatures between the hatcher and chick room (40.16 and 40.17) respectively. When chick temperatures in the spring were evaluated, chick temperatures at the sorter were higher (40.71, P.05) in chick temperatures between the hatcher and chick room (40.16 and 40.37) respectively. During the summer sampling period, there were no differences (P > .05) among the hatcher, sorter and chick room (40.02, 40.05, and 40.44, respectively). Based on the results from this study, the trend was for chick temperatures to be higher during the sorting process compared to the hatcher or chick room.
88 Effects of two different hatcher basket wash systems on microbial counts
Authors: Sanders Abigail , Hoefler William C , Rainey Malcolm
Published: July 2019

The recently hatched chicks’ umbilicus provides a pathway for the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Consequently, sanitation of hatcher basket is crucial to the future success of the chick. The design of this study was to examine the effects of two hatcher basket wash systems on microbial loads and subsequent 7 d chick mortality. Treatment 1 consisted of a single stage wash system and treatment 2 was a Multi-stage wash system. On sampling days, 10 hatcher baskets randomly selected off the chick processing line were individually swabbed pre-washing. A 5.08 cm2 templet placed in the lower left hand corner of each hatcher basket ensured accurate sampling. Following pre-wash sampling each basket was labeled, placed into the wash system, and recovered immediately post washing. A second templet placed in the same location as the first and a post wash swab collected. Samples were collected for 10 non-consecutive days. Following each collection day, each swab was plated on a 3M-Petrifilm Count Plate and allowed to incubate for 48 h at 39.44oC. Following incubation, plates were read to determine total plate count (TPC per cm2). There were no significant (P .05) at either the prewash (993 vs 595) or post wash (38 vs 58). There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 7 day mortality between treatment 1 vs 2 (0.95% vs 1.12%). In conclusion, both wash systems were effective in reducing microbial loads.
97 Nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of cool-season annual baleage
Authors: Shoup Sarah L , Dillard Sandra L , Mullenix Mary K , Muntifering Russ B
Published: July 2019

Baleage production is gaining popularity in the Southeast due to the ability for more timely harvests and more consistent forage quality compared with hay. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of cool-season mixtures for baleage production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) with T-Raptor (Brassica rapa × napus; WT) or crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum; WC) were planted at the E.V. Smith Research Center in Shorter, AL as a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 3). Forage was treated or un-treated with silage inoculant to determine its efficacy in promoting proper fermentation. Samples were taken at 7 different time intervals to determine fermentation characteristics and quality. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.15) in ADF concentration among treatments, but day 120 after ensiling was greater (P ≤ 0.002) than all other sampling dates. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.11) in NDF between forages, silage inoculants, or among days and averaged 50.75%. The CP of the WC treatment was greater (P ≤ 0.0001) than WT by 3.6 units. Inoculated forage was greater (P ≤ 0.0001) than non-inoculated by 1.06 units. Crude protein was greater (P = 0.005) on day 120 than day 0. Inoculated WT had greater (P < 0.0001) total acid content than non-inoculated (8.35 vs. 6.19%, respectively). Wheat+clover had 1.5 units more total acid than WT. Inoculated forage had greater (P ≤ 0.0006) total acid present than non-inoculated forage. Butyric acid concentration increased (P ≤ 0.0001) with increasing days after ensiling. Butyric acid tended to be greater (P = 0.05) in WC than WT, likely due to increased pH in clover treatments as a result of legume buffering capacity. The results indicate that silage inoculants offer minimal benefits to baleage fermentation when using cool-season annual mixtures
95 Emerging Young Scholar: Impact of phosphorus recycling on the equine phosphorus requirement
Authors: Fowler Ashley , Lawrence Laurie
Published: July 2019

Optimal dietary P intakes provide only what animals require, thus minimizing the excretion of P into the environment. Feeding programs for horses commonly include inorganic P in excess of requirements, because organic P (e.g. phytate-P) is thought to be poorly digested by the horse. We have observed that 95% of phytate is degraded by the time it reaches the feces, suggesting that phytate-P availability, and thus true P digestibility, may be greater than believed. In other species but not in horses, it is recognized that fecal P excretion is an important means of maintaining P homeostasis, but can result in low estimates of P digestibility and subsequently greater P requirements. Adjusting the estimates of digestibility that are used to calculate requirements would reduce P requirements and the use of inorganic P, which is in diminishing supply world-wide. This research evaluated two factors that could affect P excretion, a change in physiological state (from lactation to post-lactation) and weight loss. We found that post-lactational mares tended to excrete more P than control mares (P = 0.082), but fecal P excretion exceeded P intake for both groups of mares, and mares also lost weight during the study. In the subsequent study, horses fed to lose weight tended to excrete more P than horses fed to gain weight (P = 0.085). If horses lost weight in previous studies used to determine P digestibility it is likely that body P, and not just undigested dietary P, was recovered in feces, skewing digestibility estimates. We hypothesize that previous studies have underestimated P digestibility by horses and that requirements could be revised, resulting in a significant reduction in the amount of inorganic P added to equine diets and in the amount of P excreted into the environment.
99 Managing alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures in the Southeastern U.S. to establish livestock grazing recommendations
Authors: Groce Kaylyn , Tucker Jennifer J , Mason Katie , Marks Landon , Mullenix Mary K
Published: July 2019

Recently there has been interest in interseeding high-quality legumes, like alfalfa, into existing bermudagrass stands as a step towards improving forage, animal, and ecosystem stability in the Southeast. Current work evaluating these mixtures has been focused on management and production of stored forages (i.e. dry hay/baleage), and limited work has evaluated the use of alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures under grazing conditions. It has been noted that both grazing intensity and frequency impact overall stand production over time. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of harvest height and frequency of newly established alfalfa interseeded into an existing bermudagrass stand, and begin to develop grazing recommendations for management of these mixtures. In 2018, 36 alfalfa-bermudagrass plots were established at 4 locations across Alabama (Crossville, Shorter) and Georgia (Watkinsville, Tifton), using a randomized complete block design with four replications at each location. Alfalfa varieties were selected for suitability to location and were either ‘Bulldog 505’ or ‘Bulldog 805’ interseeded into existing hybrid bermudagrass sods. Treatments included combinations of harvest frequency (2, 4, or 6 wk) and harvest height (2, 4, 6 inches), and plots were evaluated for their influence on sward yield, persistence, stand density, botanical composition, nutritive value, and change over time. In Georgia, the ‘Bulldog 805’ treatment harvested every 6 weeks at 6 inches had the greatest yield on average (2,453 kg/ha), while ‘Bulldog 505’ treatment harvested every 2 weeks at 6 inches had the lowest yield on average (382 kg/ha) during the 2018 growing season. Additionally, botanical compositions showed that the 6 week, 4-inch had the greatest proportion of alfalfa throughout the growing season, while alfalfa proportions decreased across the growing season in the 2 week, 2-inch harvest treatment. This study is supported by funding from the USDANIFA-Alfalfa Forage Research Program (2017)
145 Digestibility of forages in ruminally cannulated Jersey steers supplemented with liquid glycerol on a wheat straw forage diet
Authors: Soto Itzel A , Boyd Jamie
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of supplementation of glycerol at a rate of 15% of DMI on forage digestibility on a diet of mature wheat hay. Forages tested included bermuda hay, wheat hay, alfalfa hay, and sorghum sudan hay. Samples were ground through a 2mm screen and placed in Ankom forage in-situ bags. Samples were run in triplicate to reduce error and increase statistical significance. Two ruminally cannulated steers were used in a 2x2 Latin square design for the study with ad libitum access to wheat hay and water. Animals were housed in a dry lot pen for the study. Diets offered were Control = wheat hay and Treatment= control + glycerol at 15% of daily DMI. The study consisted of 2 three-week periods. Each period had a 2-week standardization followed by a 1-week test period. During the test period, forage bags were placed in each steer for 0 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 144 h for fermentation. At the end of the incubation period, bags were collected and cold shocked to stop microbial digestion. The samples were then dried at 55°C and stored for later analysis for NDF. A significant impact on NDFdig by treatment (P < 0.0001) was observed. NDFdig was 59.2% w/ glycerol versus control at 49.13% overall. In addition, there was a significant difference between steers (P = 0.0001) on glycerol treatment (51.95% versus 66.45% NDFdig between steer A and B), indicating difference in ruminal population efficiency between individual animals. No significant difference (P = 0.98) between steers on the control treatment was observed. Implications of this study are the inclusion of dietary glycerol in the diet of ruminants on a low-quality forage diet may increase energy level and improve ruminal digestibility and animal response may be dependent on the unique ruminal environment of individual animals.
147 Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue pastures for profitability, animal performance, and soil health
Authors: Ingram Sam , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H
Published: July 2019

Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue (TF) pastures to non-toxic infected tall fescue (NE) for profitability, animal and agronomic performance without compromising soil health is needed to transition to NE in the southeast U.S. Three renovation strategies were evaluated for impact on soil health, profitability, and animal and agronomic performance in a replicated field trial located in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Soil samples were taken prior to renovation to establish baseline soil health measurements for each strategy. Data were analyzed using proc GLM of SAS v9.4. Thirty-two Angus and Angus cross steers (initial BW 425 ± 27) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of four treatments during the first season of renovation. Average daily gain for cattle grazing the first season of cover crops was greatest (P < 0.001) with 3-CM (0.8 kg/d), 3-SM (0.8 kg/d), in comparison to C and 1-SM (-0.1 kg/d). Gain per hectare differed among treatments (P < 0.001) with 3-SM and 3-CM being greater than C and 1-SM (179, 154, -24, -43 kg/ha, respectively). Within the two-month grazing period, yield different during the month of August (P < 0.001), with 3-SM being the highest (4511 kg/ha) in comparison to 3-CM (3275 kg/ha), 1-SM (2922 kg/ha), and C (2644 kg/ha), while yield was highest (P < 0.001) for 3-CM in September (2931 kg/ha) in comparison to all other treatments. Data suggests agronomic and animal performance for 3-CM and 3-SM were improved compared to C and could partially alleviate initial renovation costs.
105 Altering the time of vaccination against respiratory pathogens enhanced antibody response and health of feedlot cattle
Authors: Schubach Kelsey , Cooke Reinaldo F , Brandão Alice , Schumaher Thiago , Souza Osvaldo , Bohnert David , Marques Rodrigo
Published: July 2019

Angus × Hereford calves (n = 159; 87 heifers and 72 steers) were ranked by sex, body weight (BW), and age, and assigned to 1 of 3 vaccination schemes against the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex: 1) vaccination at weaning (d 0) and booster at feedyard entry (d 30; CON, n = 53), 2) vaccination 15 d before weaning (d -15) and booster 15 d before feedyard entry (d 15; EARLY, n = 53), and 3) vaccination 15 d after weaning (d 15) and booster 15 d after feedyard entry (d 45; DELAYED, n = 53). Calves were maintained on pasture from d -15 to 30, transported (d 30) for 480 km to a commercial growing yard, and moved (d 180) to an adjacent finishing lot where they remained until slaughter (d 306). Calves were assessed for BRD signs daily from d 0 to 306 according to the DART system. Blood samples were collected and BW recorded on d -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 180. Hot carcass weight was recorded upon slaughter, and carcass quality assessed after a 24-h chill. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.49) for BW gain and carcass traits (P ≥ 0.32). Incidence of BRD (d 0 to 306) was lessened (P < 0.01) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED, and similar (P = 0.17) between CON and DELAYED. Treatment × day interactions were detected (P ≤ 0.02) for serum antibody titers against bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, parainfluenza3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, which were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED upon feedyard entry. Hence, anticipating initial and booster vaccination against respiratory pathogens to provide both doses prior to shipping appears to be a valid strategy to enhance cattle health responses and mitigate BRD in feedyards.
103 Puberty induction protocol, but not supplement amount, overcomes the negative impacts of reduced frequency of supplementation on reproduction of beef heifers
Authors: Ranches Juliana , Vedovatto Marcelo , Palmer Elizabeth , Miranda Miguel , Arthington John , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers submitted to a puberty induction protocol and offered two supplementation amounts and delivery frequencies. Sixty-four Brangus crossbred heifers were stratified by BW and age (244 ± 4 kg; 311 ± 18 d) and assigned into 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures on d 0. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures in a 2 × 2 factorial design (4 pastures/treatment) and consisted of soyhulls-based supplementation at 1.25% or 1.75% of BW (DM basis) offered daily or 3 times weekly for 168 d. The puberty induction protocol consisted of CIDR insert on d 56 and removal on d 70, 5-mL PGF2a injection on d 86, 2-mL GnRH injection and timed-AI on d 89. Heifers were exposed to Angus bulls from d 89 to 167 (1 bull/pasture). Pregnancy diagnosis was assessed on d 212. Frequency × rate effects were not detected (P ≥ 0.19) for any variable. Reducing the supplementation frequency from daily to 3X weekly tended (P = 0.07) to decrease overall ADG and puberty attainment on d 56 (53 vs. 41 ± 6%), but not puberty attainment on d 89 (P = 0.45; 84 vs. 78 ± 6%) and pregnancy percentage on d 212 (P = 0.97; 69 vs. 69 ± 7%). Increasing the supplement amount from 1.25% to 1.75% of BW increased (P = 0.04) overall ADG, tended (P = 0.09) to hasten puberty attainment on d 56 (40 vs. 54 ± 6%) and d 89 (74 vs. 88 ± 6%), and enhanced (P = 0.03) pregnancy percentage on d 212 (53 vs. 80 ± 7%). Therefore, the inclusion of a puberty induction protocol, but not increasing the supplement amount, enabled a reduced frequency of supplementation (3 vs. 7 times weekly) without detrimental impacts on percentage of pregnant yearling beef heifers.