bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-operative management and follow-up of surgical treatment in the case of rectovaginal and retrocervical endometriosis
Authors: Abesadze Elene , Chiantera Vito , Sehouli Jalid , Mechsner Sylvia
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) affects between 3.8% and 37% of all endometriosis patients, mostly affecting rectovaginal septum or retrocervical space and characterized by the severe endometriosis-related complaints. Nowadays, generally managed with surgery. However, this is associated with a risk of postoperative complications. To better evaluate intra- and postoperative complications and outcomes for rectovaginal (RVE) and retrocervical endometriosis (RCE), the preoperative management should be accurately described and compared.

Methodology

This is a cohort retrospective study performed at the Endometriosis Centre of Charité-University Clinic, Berlin. 34 patients were investigated in their reproductive age, n = 19 with RVE and n = 15 RCE, operated between 2011 and 2015. The surgical approach was divergent in both groups. Single laparoscopy was performed in RCE patients (RCEP) and vaginal assisted laparoscopy in RVE patients (RVEP). Long-term postoperative outcome included complications, fertility rate and recurrence rate.

Results

The median follow-up time was three years (y). Symptom-free status was revealed in n = 12 RVEP and n = 9 RCEP. Postoperatively, endometriosis-related complaints were presented in n = 7 RVEP and n = 6 RCEP, but with significant pain relief. From n = 8 RVE patients seeking fertility, pregnancy occurred in n = 7 and from n = 9 RCEP pregnancy appeared in n = 5 patients in the meantime of 6 months. Postoperative complications were reported in n = 1 RVEP with early postoperative bleeding, after ureter leakage and n = 1 RCEP with postoperative anastomotic insufficiency. The postoperative recurrence rate was equivalent to zero.

Conclusion

The appropriate surgical approach for each group, preserving anatomy and functionality of the organs, seems to be very essential and efficient.
Sparse regressions and particle swarm optimization in training high-order Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems
Authors: Wiktorowicz Krzysztof , Krzeszowski Tomasz , Przednowek Krzysztof
Published: July 2020

This paper proposes a method for training Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems using sparse regressions and particle swarm optimization. The fuzzy system is considered with Gaussian fuzzy sets in the antecedents and high-order polynomials in the consequents of the inference rules. The proposed method can be applied in two variants: without or with particle swarm optimization. In the first variant, ordinary least squares, ridge regression, or sparse regressions (forward selection, least angle regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and elastic net regression) determine the polynomials in the fuzzy system in which the fuzzy sets are known. In the second variant, we have a hybrid method in which particle swarm optimization determines the fuzzy sets, while ordinary least squares, ridge regression, or sparse regressions determine the polynomials. The first variant is simpler to implement but less accurate, the second variant is more complex, but gives better results. A new quality criterion is proposed in which the goal is to make the validation error and the model density as small as possible. Experiments showed that: (a) the use of sparse regression and/or particle swarm optimization can reduce the validation error and (b) the use of sparse regression may simplify the model by zeroing some of the coefficients.
Transmission studies of the newly described apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid using a combined RT-qPCR and droplet digital PCR approach
Authors: Leichtfried Thomas , Reisenzein Helga , Steinkellner Siegrid , Gottsberger Richard A.
Published: July 2020

The transmission of the apscaviroid tentatively named apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid (ACFSVd) was investigated using a one-step reverse-transcription (RT) droplet digital PCR assay for absolute quantification of the viroid, followed by quantification of relative standard curves by RT-qPCR. Our results indicate that ACFSVd is effectively transmitted by grafting, budding and seeds. No transmission has yet been observed to the viroid-inoculated pome fruit species Pyrus sp. and Cydonia sp. ACFSVd was detected in viruliferous aphids (Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea) and in codling moths (Cydia pomonella). The viroid was also detected systemically in the infected hemiparasitic plant Viscum album subsp. album (mistletoe).
Vectorial transport of the arginine derivatives asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and l-homoarginine by OATP4C1 and P-glycoprotein studied in double-transfected MDCK cells
Authors: Taghikhani Emir , Maas Renke , Taudte R. Verena , Gessner Arne , Fromm Martin F. , König Jörg
Published: July 2020

Elevated plasma concentrations of the uremic toxin asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and low plasma concentrations of l-homoarginine are independently associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. Key enzymes involved in the homeostasis of both arginine derivatives are expressed in proximal tubule cells of the kidney. To get access to these enzymes, transport proteins are important. One of the transporters mediating the transport of ADMA and l-homoarginine is the solute carrier superfamily (SLC) member OATP4C1, located in the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells. To gain insights into the role of export pumps in the transport of both substances, we established a double-transfected MDCK cell line expressing OATP4C1 and the export pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Using MDCK cell monolayers, we demonstrated in time-dependent and concentration-dependent vectorial transport experiments that ADMA and l-homoarginine are transported from the basolateral to the apical compartment of MDCK-OATP4C1-P-gp cells with significantly higher transport rates compared to single-transfected MDCK-OATP4C1, MDCK-P-gp and MDCK-VC (control) cells (e.g. transport ratio MDCK-OATP4C1-P-gp/MDCK-VC: for 50 µM ADMA = 2.0-fold, for 50 µM l-homoarginine  = 3.4-fold). These results indicate that both OATP4C1 and P-gp transport the arginine derivatives ADMA and l-homoarginine and are, therefore, important for the homoeostasis of both substances.
Differential effects of BCG vaccine on immune responses induced by vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccination: an explorative randomized trial
Authors: Blok Bastiaan A. , Arts Rob J.W. , van Crevel Reinout , Aaby Peter , Joosten Leo A.B. , Benn Christine S. , Netea Mihai G.
Published: July 2020

The Vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine (TFV) provides incomplete protection against typhoid fever. BCG, the vaccine against tuberculosis, can potentiate immune responses to other vaccines through induction of trained innate immunity and heterologous adaptive immunity. We performed an explorative, randomized, noncontrolled open trial to investigate whether BCG vaccination increases humoral and cellular response to TFV and whether BCG and TFV modulate nonspecific immune responses. Thirty volunteers were randomized to receive either TFV alone or BCG followed by TFV after 2 weeks. Ex vivo leukocyte responses and anti-Vi IgG antibody titers were measured 2 weeks and 3 months after TFV. BCG administration prior to TFV vaccination did not increase specific humoral or cellular immune responses to Salmonella typhi. TFV vaccination decreased pro-inflammatory responses to non-related stimuli. This effect was counteracted by prior BCG administration, which also led to decreased IL-10 and increased IL-22 responses to non-related stimuli. In an in vitro model of trained immunity TFV led to immunotolerance, which was partially reversed by BCG-induced trained immunity. BCG does not modulate adaptive immune responses to TFV but partially prevents inhibition of innate immune responses induced by TFV. Nonspecific effects of vaccines to unrelated microbial stimuli must be considered in the evaluation of their biological effects (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02175420).
Diagnosing Clostridioides difficile infections with molecular diagnostics: multicenter evaluation of revogene C. difficile assay
Authors:   revogene C. Difficile study group, Sambri Vittorio , Gateau Cécile , Zannoli Silvia , Dirani Giorgio , Couturier Jeanne , Op den Buijs Ingrid , Roymans René , Hallet Emma , Arnold Mihaela , Zumoberhaus Anja , Steiner Stanislava , van de Bovenkamp Jeroen , Altwegg Martin , Berlinger Livia , Barbut Frédéric
Published: July 2020

Clostridioides difficile infections are a significant threat to our healthcare system, and rapid and accurate diagnostics are crucial to implement the necessary infection prevention and control measurements. Nucleic acid amplification tests are such reliable diagnostic tools for the detection of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile strains directly from stool specimens. In this multicenter evaluation, we determined the performance of the revogene C. difficile assay. The analysis was conducted on prospective stool specimens collected from six different sites in Europe. The performance of the revogene C. difficile assay was compared to the different routine diagnostic methods and, for a subset of the specimens, against toxigenic culture. In total, 2621 valid stool specimens were tested, and the revogene C. difficile assay displayed a sensitivity/specificity of 97.1% [93.3–99.0] and 98.9% [98.5–99.3] for identification of Clostridioides difficile infection. Discrepancy analysis using additional methods improved this performance to 98.8% [95.8–99.9] and 99.6% [99.2–99.8], respectively. In comparison to toxigenic culture, the revogene C. difficile assay displayed a sensitivity/specificity of 93.0% [86.1–97.1] and 99.5% [98.7–99.9], respectively. These results indicate that the revogene C. difficile assay is a robust and reliable aid in the diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infections.
Evaluation of EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) for positive blood cultures in clinical practice using a total lab automation
Authors: Jasuja Jasmin Kaur , Zimmermann Stefan , Burckhardt Irene
Published: July 2020

Our objective was to evaluate EUCAST’s ‘rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing’ (RAST) directly from positive blood culture that delivers antimicrobial results within 6 h for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using total lab automation. Zone diameters from RAST were compared with MIC results. Furthermore, its influence on time to report was investigated. RAST was performed to all positive aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles by subculturing them, i.e. onto Mueller-Hinton agar and adding six antibiotic discs covering Gram-negative and Gram-positive therapy (cefoxitin, ampicillin, vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem and ciprofloxacin). RAST was automatically imaged after 6 h. Zone sizes were measured using a TLA software tool and interpreted according to EUCAST clinical breakpoints. Bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and MIC results were determined using Vitek2 panels. Categorial agreement between agar diffusion and MIC results was investigated. Additionally, time to RAST and time to Vitek were compared for 100 isolates (20 per species). Between November 2018 and April 2019, 3313 positive mono-bacterial blood culture bottles were collected of which 894 bottles with RAST-validated species were investigated. Among these bottles, 2029 individual antibiotic measurements were compared with MIC results from Vitek2 and 14 very major, 28 major and 12 minor errors were found. A median reduction of 17:30 h in time to report was observed. Introduction of RAST with automatic TLA imaging function could reduce time to report by 17:30 h. Excellent accordance between zone diameter and MIC results, particularly for cefoxitin, vancomycin and meropenem, was observed, but drawbacks due to ATU were seen.
Group A streptococcal bacteremias in Southwest Finland 2007–2018: epidemiology and role of infectious diseases consultation in antibiotic treatment selection
Authors: Vilhonen Johanna , Vuopio Jaana , Vahlberg Tero , Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela Kirsi , Rantakokko-Jalava Kaisu , Oksi Jarmo
Published: July 2020

The incidence of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections has shown a fluctuating but increasing trend in Finland. The impact of infectious diseases specialist consultation (IDSC) on the antimicrobial therapy of GAS bacteremia has not been studied earlier. A retrospective study on adult GAS bacteremia in The Hospital District of Southwest Finland (HDSWF) was conducted from 2007 to 2018. Data on incidence of bacteremic GAS cases were gathered from the National Infectious Disease Register. Clinical data were obtained by reviewing the electronic patient records. The overall incidence of GAS bacteremia in HDSWF was 3.52/100,000, but year-to-year variation was observed with the highest incidence of 7.93/100,000 in 2018. A total of 212 adult GAS bacteremia cases were included. A record of IDSC was found (+) in 117 (55.2%) cases, not found (−) in 71 (33.5%) cases and data were not available in 24 (11.3%) cases. Among IDSC+ cases, 57.3% were on penicillin G treatment whereas in the group IDSC− only 22.5%, respectively (OR = 4.61, 95% CI 2.37–8.97; p < 0.001). The use of clindamycin as adjunctive antibiotic was more common among IDSC+ (54.7%) than IDSC− (21.7%) (OR = 4.51, 95% CI 2.29–8.87; p < 0.001). There was an increasing trend in incidence of GAS bacteremia during the study period. Narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics were chosen, and adjunctive clindamycin was more commonly used, if IDSC took place. This highlights the importance of availability of IDSC but calls for improved practice among infectious diseases specialists by avoiding combination therapy with clindamycin in non-severe invasive GAS infections.
The effect of berberine chloride and/or its combination with vancomycin on the growth, biofilm formation, and motility of Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Wultańska Dorota , Piotrowski Michał , Pituch Hanna
Published: July 2020

This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of berberine chloride (BBR) and vancomycin (VAN) as well as synergistic combinations of BBR with VAN againstClostridioides difficilestrains. The effect of different concentrations of BBR on strain motility was also assessed. TwelveC. difficilestrains (two referenceC. difficile630, ATCC 9689, and one control M120, and 9 clinicalC. difficilestrains belonging to the PCR-ribotype (RT027)) were collected and investigated for their susceptibility to BBR and VAN in planktonic and biofilm forms. Both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of BBR for theC. difficilestrains were found to vary over a broad range (256–1.024 mg/L and 256–16.384 mg/L, respectively). The MIC and MBC of VAN also varied greatly, ranging from 0.25 to 4.0 mg/L for MIC and 0.25 to 64.0 mg/L for MBC. The synergistic effect of the sub-MIC (1/2 MIC) BBR with VAN reduced of MICs of VAN against the planktonic forms of tenC. difficilestrains. The sub-MIC of BBR enhanced the biofilm formation of one strain and was found to be statistically significant. In addition, the sub-MIC of BBR with VAN surprisingly enhanced the biofilm formation of oneC. difficilestrain. The effect of inhibition of motility in the presence of BBR was statistically significant for 3 clinical strains (p < 0.05). Altogether, BBR exhibited strong antimicrobial activity againstC. difficile, and the analysis of the combination of BBR with VAN showed a synergistic effect.
Detection of anti-Pneumocystis jirovecii antibodies in human serum using a recombinant synthetic multi-epitope kexin-based antigen
Authors: Tomás Ana Luísa , Cardoso Fernando , de Sousa Bruno , Matos Olga
Published: July 2020

Interest in the detection of specific anti-Pneumocystis jirovecii antibodies has emerged as less-invasive alternative diagnostic approaches. Here is presented the performance of an ELISA based on a recombinant synthetic multi-epitope kexin 1 (Kex1) antigen of P. jirovecii, previously developed. Results showed that IgM anti-Kex1 levels were found significantly increased in patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) compared with non-PcP cases (p < 0.001), allowing a diagnostic performance of PcP with a 70.8% sensitivity and a 75.0% specificity. These results suggest that this Kex1-based ELISA is a promising tool toward the serodiagnosis of PcP when the standard methods are difficult to perform.
Yeast as a promising heterologous host for steroid bioproduction
Authors: Xu Shanhui , Li Yanran
Published: July 2020

With the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering technologies, yeast has been generally considered as promising hosts for the bioproduction of secondary metabolites. Sterols are essential components of cell membrane, and are the precursors for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, signaling molecules, and defense molecules in the higher eukaryotes, which are of pharmaceutical and agricultural significance. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent engineering efforts of using yeast to synthesize various steroids, and discuss the structural diversity that the current steroid-producing yeast can achieve, the challenge and the potential of using yeast as the bioproduction platform of various steroids from higher eukaryotes.
Geoengineering super low carbon cows: food and the corporate carbon economy in a low carbon world
Authors: Ormond Jim
Published: July 2020

The tangible progress to address climatic change remains painfully slow. As a result, practices to deliberately manipulate the Earth’s carbon and energy cycles to counteract climate change have gained traction and they are increasingly incorporated into mainstream debate. This paper examines one of the less documented examples of climate geoengineering, namely the creation of ‘super low carbon cows’. Driven by the public’s desire for a low carbon pint of milk or beef burger, I show how a combination of bioengineering, technological fixes and management practices have resulted in, and are informing, everyday changes to the way in which animals are bred, cared for and eaten—and in turn, how it affects the food that we consume. Thus, the role of the cow within the Anthropocene now extends from meat machine and sentient being to climate change saviour. I seek to show that super low carbon cows represent part of a wider climate ‘responsibilisation’ in which business interests and corporate storytelling are governing and enacting everyday mundane practices of climate engineering as part of the corporate carbon economy. Yet, as with other climate ‘fixes’, this paper shows that the super low carbon cow provides, at best, an imperfect correction. Critical gaps in the evidence of the efficiency of the solutions being advanced remain whilst manipulating an animal to be more climate friendly evokes unease when considering the wider sustainability and ethical impacts. Perhaps most critically, reliance on climate engineering to provide cheap and easy ways to control our climate fails to question, far less address, the ever-increasing demand, production and wastage of food. It also potentially undermines the already weak political will for other essential and more radical responses to climate change. In doing so, I contrast the extensive efforts to change the everyday behaviours of a cow with the limited attempts to meaningfully challenge the everyday practices, consumption lifestyles and dietary choices of the general public.
Hydroxyethylcellulose as a methotrexate carrier in anticancer therapy
Authors: Ciekot Jarosław , Psurski Mateusz , Jurec Katarzyna , Boratyński Janusz
Published: July 2020

Clinical and experimental cancer therapy is multifaceted; one such facet is the use of drug carriers. Drug carriers are various nano- and macromolecules, e.g., oligosaccharides, proteins, and liposomes. The present study aimed to verify the suitability of cellulose as a carrier for methotrexate (MTX). Hydroxyethylcellulose, with a molecular weight of 90 kDa and soluble in water, was used. Methotrexate was linked to cellulose by methyl ester bonds. A conjugate containing on average 9.5 molecules of MTX per molecule of cellulose was developed. Gel filtration HPLC analysis showed that the conjugate contained approximately 2% free drug. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed an increase in the polydispersity of the conjugate. The degradation of the conjugate in phosphate buffer and plasma followed first-order kinetics. The conjugate showed the lowest stability (half-life 154 h) in plasma. The conjugate showed 10-fold lower cytotoxicity to the 4 T1 mammary tumour cell line than the free drug. In the in vivo experiment to treat orthotopically implanted mammary tumours, the conjugate and the free drug, both applied intravenously, showed maximum inhibition of tumour growth of 48.4% and 11.2%, respectively. In conclusion, cellulose, which is a non-biodegradable chain glucose polymer, can be successfully used as a drug carrier, which opens up new research perspectives.
Effects of preservation on protein extraction in four seaweed species
Authors: Wijers Tom , Hylkema Alwin , Visser Tsjippie , Timmermans Klaas
Published: July 2020

Using either freshly pulped or preserved seaweed biomass for the extraction of protein can have a great effect on the amount of protein that can be extracted. In this study, the effect of four preservation techniques (frozen, freeze-dried, and air-dried at 40 and 70 °C) on the protein extractability, measured as Kjeldahl nitrogen, of four seaweed species, Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae), Ascophyllum nodosum, Saccharina latissima (both Phaeophyceae) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyceae), was tested and compared with extracting freshly pulped biomass. The effect of preservation is species dependent: in all four seaweed species, a different treatment resulted in the highest protein extractability. The pellet (i.e., the non-dissolved biomass after extraction) was also analyzed as in most cases the largest part of the initial protein ended up in the pellet and not in the supernatant. Of the four species tested, freeze-dried A. nodosum yielded the highest overall protein extractability of 59.6% with a significantly increased protein content compared with the sample before extraction. For C. crispus extracting biomass air-dried at 40 °C gave the best results with a protein extractability of 50.4%. Preservation had little effect on the protein extraction for S. latissima; only air-drying at 70 °C decreased the yield significantly. Over 70% of the initial protein ended up in the pellet for all U. lactuca extractions while increasing the protein content significantly. Extracting freshly pulped U. lactuca resulted in a 78% increase in protein content in the pellet while still containing 84.5% of the total initial total protein. These results show the importance of the right choice when selecting a preservation method and seaweed species for protein extraction. Besides the extracted protein fraction, the remaining pellet also has the potential as a source with an increased protein content.
Comparison of covariate selection methods with correlated covariates: prior information versus data information, or a mixture of both?
Authors: Chasseloup Estelle , Yngman Gunnar , Karlsson Mats O.
Published: July 2020

The inclusion of covariates in population models during drug development is a key step to understanding drug variability and support dosage regimen proposal, but high correlation among covariates often complicates the identification of the true covariate. We compared three covariate selection methods balancing data information and prior knowledge: (1) full fixed effect modelling (FFEM), with covariate selection prior to data analysis, (2) simplified stepwise covariate modelling (sSCM), data driven selection only, and (3) Prior-Adjusted Covariate Selection (PACS) mixing both. PACS penalizes the a priori less likely covariate model by adding to its objective function value (OFV) a prior probability-derived constant: $$2*{\kern 1pt} \,{\ln}\left( {{\Pr}\left( X \right)/\left( {1 - {\Pr}\left( X \right)} \right)} \right)$$

2

∗

ln

Pr

X

/

1
-
Pr

X

, Pr(X) being the probability of the more likely covariate. Simulations were performed to compare their external performance (average OFV in a validation dataset of 10,000 subjects) in selecting the true covariate between two highly correlated covariates: 0.5, 0.7, or 0.9, after a training step on datasets of 12, 25 or 100 subjects (increasing power). With low power data no method was superior, except FFEM when associated with highly correlated covariates ($$r=0.9$$

r
=
0.9

), sSCM and PACS suffering both from selection bias. For high power data, PACS and sSCM performed similarly, both superior to FFEM. PACS is an alternative for covariate selection considering both the expected power to identify an anticipated covariate relation and the probability of prior information being correct. A proposed strategy is to use FFEM whenever the expected power to distinguish between contending models is < 80%, PACS when > 80% but < 100%, and SCM when the expected power is 100%.
Development of a Bi/Tl separation scheme for the proof of 209Bi α-decay in old mineral samples
Authors: Beu Kevin , Strub Erik , Fonseca Raúl O. C. , Greef Karin
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study is the development of a separation technique for geological samples, namely bismuthinites, with the goal to isolate Tl from excess amounts of Bi. This will enable an isotopic measurement of the Tl content on the ultra-trace level to identify a possible signature of Bi α-decay. The separation of Tl from other elements like e.g. Pb has been the subject of numerous studies. However, the separation of ultra-traces of Tl from bulk Bi had not yet been investigated sufficiently. This paper describes a separation technique for the system Bi/Tl for application to ultra-trace analysis. The separation technique uses a column chromatographic system, utilizing the specific redox behavior of Tl. The results show, that Tl can be successfully separated in appearance of vast excess amounts of Bi, showing recovery rates up to 96%. The developed procedure was successfully applied for the ultra-trace analysis on a number of bimuthinites using ICP-MS. On base of the results it is discussed, which prerequisites bimuthinite samples must fulfill to be suitable for the quantification of Bi alpha decay on base of the Tl isotopic ratio.
Surgical Management of Massive Irreparable Cuff Tears: Latissimus Dorsi Transfer for Posterosuperior Tears
Authors: Wieser Karl , Ernstbrunner Lukas , Zumstein Matthias A.
Published: July 2020

Purpose of Review

This review aims to describe the role of the latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT) for patients with irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears (RCTs).

Recent Findings

Historically, the LDT has been performed as an open (double-incision) procedure for neurologically intact, relatively young patients with irreparable posterosuperior RCTs with disabling loss of active external rotation with or without impaired active elevation. The transferred tendon reconstitutes the posterior rotator cuff and force couple, respectively and thus has the potential to function effectively as an external rotator and humeral head depressor. Long-term results of the open technique have demonstrated in the majority of patients substantial and durable improvements in shoulder function and pain relief at the 10-year benchmark. With the advancements of arthroscopic surgery, the LDT was expanded to an arthroscopically assisted procedure with promising short-term results. In addition to adequate technical performance, the success of the procedure depends on preoperative factors, such as exclusion of glenohumeral osteoarthritis and acromial acetabularization; intact or reparable subscapularis tendon; intact (or hypertrophic) teres minor muscle; adequate preoperative activity of the latissimus dorsi; and normal or mild impairment of overhead function.

The LDT (open or arthroscopically assisted) is a reliable treatment option for patients with massive, irreparable posterosuperior RCTs with disabling loss of active external rotation, with or without diminished overhead function and without advanced glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Precise patient selection is of tremendous importance in the success of the LDT.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): where is the hidden danger? Definition and work-up
Authors: Jeryczynski Georg , Krauth Maria-Theresa
Published: July 2020

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant hematological condition arising from B‑cells, characterized by the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin production, also known as paraprotein. It is found in up to 3% of individuals over the age of 50 years. The overall progression rate is low at around 1% per year, with most patients progressing to multiple myeloma (MM). Other diseases that may arise from MGUS include non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M‑protein, skin changes), cryoglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), and additional paraprotein-driven diseases. Every case of monoclonal gammopathy warrants careful investigation to rule out the presence of a malignant form. In recent years, paraprotein-associated conditions such as MGRS have been increasingly recognized. Accurate diagnosis and work-up of these cases require a multidisciplinary approach, and it is paramount to accurately distinguish them from true MGUS in order to prevent end-organ damage. Follow-up of MGUS should be lifelong; however, a risk-adapted approach involving the primary care setting is recommended.
Natural Intelligence and Anthropic Reasoning
Authors: Slijepcevic Predrag
Published: July 2020

This paper aims to justify the concept of natural intelligence in the biosemiotic context. I will argue that the process of life is (i) a cognitive/semiotic process and (ii) that organisms, from bacteria to animals, are cognitive or semiotic agents. To justify these arguments, the neural-type intelligence represented by the form of reasoning known as anthropic reasoning will be compared and contrasted with types of intelligence explicated by four disciplines of biology – relational biology, evolutionary epistemology, biosemiotics and the systems view of life – not biased towards neural intelligence. The comparison will be achieved by asking questions related to the process of observation and the notion of true observers. To answer the questions I will rely on a range of established concepts including SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence), Fermi’s paradox, bacterial cognition, versions of the panspermia theory, as well as some newly introduced concepts including biocivilisations, cognitive/semiotic universes, and the cognitive/semiotic multiverse. The key point emerging from the answers is that the process of cognition/semiosis – the essence of natural intelligence – is a biological universal.
Cardiac function in relation to myocardial injury in hospitalised patients with COVID-19
Authors: van den Heuvel F. M. A. , Vos J. L. , Koop Y. , van Dijk A. P. J. , Duijnhouwer A. L. , de Mast Q. , van de Veerdonk F. L. , Bosch F. , Kok B. , Netea M. G. , Hoogerwerf J. , Hoefsloot W. , Tjwa E. T. T. L. , de Korte C. L. , van Kimmenade R. R. J. , Nijveldt R.
Published: July 2020

Background

Previous studies have reported on myocardial injury in patients with coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) defined as elevated cardiac biomarkers. Whether elevated biomarkers truly represent myocardial dysfunction is not known. The aim of this study was to explore the incidence of ventricular dysfunction and assess its relationship with biomarker analyses.

Methods

This cross-sectional study ran from April 1 to May 12, 2020, and consisted of all consecutively admitted patients to the Radboud university medical centre nursing ward for COVID-19. Laboratory assessment included high-sensitivity Troponin T and N‑terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Echocardiographic evaluation focused on left and right ventricular systolic function and global longitudinal strain (GLS).

Results

In total, 51 patients were included, with a median age of 63 years (range 51–68 years) of whom 80% was male. Troponin T was elevated (>14 ng/l) in 47%, and a clinically relevant Troponin T elevation (10 × URL) was found in three patients (6%). NT-proBNP was elevated (>300 pg/ml) in 24 patients (47%), and in four (8%) the NT-proBNP concentration was >1,000 pg/ml. Left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction <52% and/or GLS >−18%) was observed in 27%, while right ventricular dysfunction (TAPSE <17 mm and/or RV S’ < 10 cm/s) was seen in 10%. There was no association between elevated Troponin T or NT-proBNP and left or right ventricular dysfunction. Patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism had normal right ventricular function.

Conclusions

In hospitalised patients, it seems that COVID-19 predominantly affects the respiratory system, while cardiac dysfunction occurs less often. Based on a single echocardiographic evaluation, we found no relation between elevated Troponin T or NT-proBNP, and ventricular dysfunction. Echocardiography has limited value in screening for ventricular dysfunction.
The intercalated disc: a mechanosensing signalling node in cardiomyopathy
Authors: Pruna Mihai , Ehler Elisabeth
Published: July 2020

Cardiomyocytes, the cells generating contractile force in the heart, are connected to each other through a highly specialised structure, the intercalated disc (ID), which ensures force transmission and transduction between neighbouring cells and allows the myocardium to function in synchrony. In addition, cardiomyocytes possess an intrinsic ability to sense mechanical changes and to regulate their own contractile output accordingly. To achieve this, some of the components responsible for force transmission have evolved to sense changes in tension and to trigger a biochemical response that results in molecular and cellular changes in cardiomyocytes. This becomes of particular importance in cardiomyopathies, where the heart is exposed to increased mechanical load and needs to adapt to sustain its contractile function. In this review, we will discuss key mechanosensing elements present at the intercalated disc and provide an overview of the signalling molecules involved in mediating the responses to changes in mechanical force.
Integrated geochemical study of Chichali Formation from Kohat sub-basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Zeb Shah Faisal , Zafar Muhammad , Jehandad Samina , Khan Tahseenullah , Siyar Syed Mamoon , Qadir Anwar
Published: July 2020

An integrated geochemical study was performed for the assessment of the hydrocarbon potential, environment of deposition, thermal maturity and the organic matter’s source of the Chichali Formation in the Kohat sub-basin of Pakistan. The analytical techniques used included the total organic carbon (TOC), Rock–Eval (RE), organic petrography, column chromatography (CC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The quantity of the organic matter (i.e., TOC), Rock–Eval parameters (such as the original hydrogen index, oxygen index and Tmax) and maceral analyses revealed that the shales of the Chichali Formation have poor to good petroleum source potential with Kerogen type II presently shown as type III (hydrogen index, oxygen index and Tmax) due to thermal maturation and with higher marine organic matter. The extracts of the rock samples have high amount of short-chain n-alkanes with high ratios of tricyclic terpanes to hopanes (TCT/H), C27 to C29 stranes and low ratios of pristane to phytane (Pr/Ph), C19/C23 TCT and C20/C23 TCT. These ratios and lack of terrestrial biomarker (oleanane) are pointing toward algal/marine organic source deposited under anoxic environment. The dibenzothiophene-to-phenanthrene ratios (DBT/P) versus Pr/Ph cross-plot also confirms the anoxic environment with sulfate poor mixed shale/carbonate lithology. The drill cuttings show relatively high maturity compared to outcrop samples indicated by n-alkanes ratios, isoprenoids vs n-alkanes cross-plot, methyl-phenanthrene index (MPI-1), methyl-dibenzothiophene ratios and absence of saturate biomarkers. All the above findings reveal that the Chichali Formation had mature algal source with anoxic environment of deposition and may prove to be a poor to good hydrocarbon source rock.
Association of chronic kidney disease with outcomes in acute stroke
Authors: Tung Iong Man , Barlas Raphae S. , Vart Priya , Bettencourt-Silva Joao H. , Clark Allan B. , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak , Kongbunkiat Kannikar , Kasemsap Narongrit , Tiamkao Somsak , Myint Phyo K.
Published: July 2020

Previous studies have found an association between chronic kidney disease and poor outcomes in stroke patients. However, there is a paucity of literature evaluating this association by stroke type. We therefore aimed to explore the association between CKD and stroke outcomes according to type of stroke. The data consisting of 594,681 stroke patients were acquired from Universal Coverage Health Security Insurance Scheme Database in Thailand. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the relationship of CKD and outcomes, which were as follows; in-hospital mortality, long length of stay (>3 days), pneumonia, sepsis, respiratory failure and myocardial infarction. Results: after fully adjusting for covariates, CKD was associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality in patients with ischemic (OR 1.32; 95% CI = 1.27–1.38), haemorrhagic (OR 1.31; 95% CI = 1.24–1.39), and other undetermined stroke type (OR 1.44; 95% CI = 1.21–1.73). CKD was found to be associated with increased odds of pneumonia, sepsis, respiratory failure and myocardial infarction in ischaemic stroke. While CKD was found to be associated with increase odds of sepsis, respiratory failure, and myocardial infarction, decrease odds of pneumonia was observed in patients with haemorrhagic stroke. In other undetermined stroke type, CKD was found to only be associated with increase odds of sepsis and respiratory failure, while there is no significant association of CKD and increase or decrease odds with pneumonia and myocardial infarction. CKD was associated with poor outcomes in all stroke types. CKD should be considered as part of stroke prognosis as well as identifying at risk patient population for in-hospital complications.
Correction to: Outcomes on safety and efficacy of left atrial appendage occlusion in end stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis
Authors: Genovesi Simonetta , Porcu Luca , Slaviero Giorgio , Casu Gavino , Bertoli Silvio , Sagone Antonio , Buskermolen Monique , Pieruzzi Federico , Rovaris Giovanni , Montoli Alberto , Oreglia Jacopo , Piccaluga Emanuela , Molon Giulio , Gaggiotti Mario , Ettori Federica , Gaspardone Achille , Palumbo Roberto , Viazzi Francesca , Breschi Marco , Gallieni Maurizio , Contaldo Gina , D’Angelo Giuseppe , Merella Pierluigi , Galli Fabio , Rebora Paola , Valsecchi Mariagrazia , Mazzone Patrizio
Published: July 2020

The original article can be found online.
Molecular Design of Conjugated Small Molecule Nanoparticles for Synergistically Enhanced PTT/PDT
Authors: Shao Wei , Yang Chuang , Li Fangyuan , Wu Jiahe , Wang Nan , Ding Qiang , Gao Jianqing , Ling Daishun
Published: July 2020

Simultaneous photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) is beneficial for enhanced cancer therapy due to the synergistic effect. Conventional materials developed for synergistic PTT/PDT are generally multicomponent agents that need complicated preparation procedures and be activated by multiple laser sources. The emerging monocomponent diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based conjugated small molecular agents enable dual PTT/PDT under a single laser irradiation, but suffer from low singlet oxygen quantum yield, which severely restricts the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report acceptor-oriented molecular design of a donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) conjugated small molecule (IID-ThTPA)-based phototheranostic agent, with isoindigo (IID) as selective acceptor and triphenylamine (TPA) as donor. The strong D–A strength and narrow singlet–triplet energy gap endow IID-ThTPA nanoparticles (IID-ThTPA NPs) high mass extinction coefficient (18.2 L g−1 cm−1), competitive photothermal conversion efficiency (35.4%), and a dramatically enhanced singlet oxygen quantum yield (84.0%) comparing with previously reported monocomponent PTT/PDT agents. Such a high PTT/PDT performance of IID-ThTPA NPs achieved superior tumor cooperative eradicating capability in vitro and in vivo.
Feeding habits, movement, and reproduction of the predatory flat bark beetles Cathartus quadricollis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Leptophloeus sp. (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in Hawaii coffee and macadamia nut
Authors: Brill Eva , Follett Peter A. , Kawabata Andrea M.
Published: July 2020

Hawaii has a multitude of scolytine (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolitinae) pests includingHypothenemus hampei, coffee berry borer, which is apest of coffee,Hypothenemus obscurus,tropical nut borer, a significant pest of macadamia nut, andXylosandrus compactus, black twig borer, a pest of many tropical and ornamental crops. The flat bark beetles,Carthartus quadricollis(Coleoptera: Silvanidae) andLeptophloeussp. (Coleoptera; Laemophloeidae), are known to predate on coffee berry borer and tropical nut borer but their natural history (feeding habits, reproduction and movement) are poorly understood. Studies were conducted using molecular, field, and laboratory assays to examine 1) flat bark beetle reproduction and movement in coffee and the broader agricultural landscape, 2) establishment of augmentative releases for biological control, and 3) predation rates onH. hampei,H. obscurusandX. compactus. Various life stages ofC. quadricollisandLeptophloeussp. were found in seven different plant species common to the agricultural landscape around coffee farms, suggesting these predators are feeding and reproducing on theses hosts. Molecular analysis indicated thatC. quadricollisandLeptophloeussp. predated onH. hampei, H. obscurusandX. compactusin coffee, macadamia nut, and mixed coffee-macadamia nut farms. Laboratory reared predators were recaptured near release sites on coffee farms at 1, 2, and 7 weeks after augmentative releases. Predation ofC. quadricollisonH. hampeieggs placed inside artificial coffee berries in coffee farms was about 40%. PredatorsC. quadricollisandLeptophloeussp. are natural enemies of some significant agricultural scolytine pests in Hawaii and have excellent potential for biological control with augmentative releases.
Mechanical–thermal sequential coupling simulation for predicting the temperature distribution of seal rings – Part II
Authors: Zhang Hehui , You Haolin , Lu Haishan
Published: July 2020

Understanding the running status of a mechanical seal – including its thermal state – is critical to ensuring the long service life of rotating machinery. Published in two instalments, this article broadly covers failure analysis of mechanical seals. In particular, it presents details of an approach to predicting the temperature distribution of seal rings using mechanical–thermal sequential coupling simulation. Three different cases are studied for comparison purposes in order to reveal the effect of misalignment on the thermal state.
The influence of environmental microseismicity on detection and interpretation of small-magnitude events in a polar glacier setting
Authors: Carr Chris G. , Carmichael Joshua D. , Pettit Erin C. , Truffer Martin
Published: July 2020

Glacial environments exhibit temporally variable microseismicity. To investigate how microseismicity influences event detection, we implement two noise-adaptive digital power detectors to process seismic data from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. We add scaled icequake waveforms to the original data stream, run detectors on the hybrid data stream to estimate reliable detection magnitudes and compare analytical magnitudes predicted from an ice crack source model. We find that detection capability is influenced by environmental microseismicity for seismic events with source size comparable to thermal penetration depths. When event counts and minimum detectable event sizes change in the same direction (i.e. increase in event counts and minimum detectable event size), we interpret measured seismicity changes as ‘true’ seismicity changes rather than as changes in detection. Generally, one detector (two degree of freedom (2dof)) outperforms the other: it identifies more events, a more prominent summertime diurnal signal and maintains a higher detection capability. We conclude that real physical processes are responsible for the summertime diurnal inter-detector difference. One detector (3dof) identifies this process as environmental microseismicity; the other detector (2dof) identifies it as elevated waveform activity. Our analysis provides an example for minimizing detection biases and estimating source sizes when interpreting temporal seismicity patterns to better infer glacial seismogenic processes.
Reducing Risk as well as Inequality: Assessing the Welfare State's Insurance Effects
Authors: Hacker Jacob S. , Rehm Philipp
Published: July 2020

Leading accounts of the politics of the welfare state focus on societal demands for risk-spreading policies. Yet current measures of the welfare state focus not on risk, but on inequality. To address this gap, this letter describes the development of two new measures,risk incidenceandrisk reduction, which correspond to the prevalence of large income losses and the degree to which welfare states reduce that prevalence, respectively. Unlike existing indicators, these measures require panel data, which the authors harmonize for twenty-one democracies. The study finds that large losses affect all income and education levels, making the welfare state valuable to a broad cross-section of citizens. It also finds that taxes and transfers greatly reduce the prevalence of such losses, though to varying degrees across countries and over time. Finally, it disaggregates the measures to identify specific ‘triggers’ of large losses, and finds that these triggers are associated with risks on which welfare states focus, such as unemployment and sickness.
How good are default investment policies in defined contribution pension plans?
Authors: Duque Daniel , Morton David P. , Pagnoncelli Bernardo K.
Published: July 2020

Defined contribution (DC) pension plans have been gaining ground in the last 10–20 years as the preferred system for many countries and other agencies, both private and public. The central question for a DC plan is how to invest in order to reach the participant's retirement goals. Given the financial illiteracy of the general population, it is common to offer a default policy for members who do not actively make investment choices. Using data from the Chilean system, we discuss an investment model with fixed contribution rates and compare the results with the existing default policy under multiple objectives. Our results indicate that the Chilean default policy has good overall performance, but specific closed-loop policies have a higher probability of achieving desired retirement goals and can reduce the expected shortfall at retirement.