bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4D imaging of sub-second dynamics in pore-scale processes using real time synchrotron x-ray tomography
Authors: Dobson Katherine J. , Coban Sophia B. , McDonald Sam A. , Walsh Joanna , Atwood Robert , Withers Philip J.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A variable volume flow cell has been integrated with state-of-the-art ultra-high speed synchrotron x-ray tomography imaging. The combination allows the first real time (sub-second) capture of dynamic pore (micron) scale fluid transport processes in 4D (3D + time). With 3D data volumes acquired at up to 20 Hz, we perform in situ experiments that capture high frequency pore-scale dynamics in 5–25 mm diameter samples with voxel (3D equivalent of a pixel) resolution of 2.5 to 3.8 µm. The data are free from motion artefacts, can be spatially registered or collected in the same orientation making them suitable for detailed quantitative analysis of the dynamic fluid distribution pathways and processes. The method presented here are capable of capturing a wide range of high frequency non equilibrium pore-scale processed including wetting, dilution, mixing and reaction phenomena, without sacrificing significant spatial resolution. As well as fast streaming (continuous acquisition) at 20 Hz, it also allows larger-scale and longer term experimental runs to be sampled intermittently at lower frequency (time-lapse imaging); benefiting from fast image acquisition rates to prevent motion blur in highly dynamic systems. This marks a major technical breakthrough for quantification of high frequency pore scale processes: processes that are critical for developing and validating more accurate multiscale flow models through spatially and temporally heterogeneous pore networks.
Comparison of OpenFOAM and EllipSys3D for neutral atmospheric flow over complex terrain
Authors: Cavar Dalibor , Réthoré Pierre-Elouan , Bechmann Andreas , Sørensen Niels N. , Martinez Benjamin , Zahle Frederik , Berg Jacob , Kelly Mark C.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The flow solvers OpenFOAM and EllipSys3D are compared in the case of neutral atmospheric flow over terrain using the test cases of Askervein and Bolund hills. Both solvers are run using the steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes k–ε turbulence model. One of the main modeling differences between the two solvers is the wall-function approach. The OpenFOAM v.1.7.1 uses a Nikuradse's sand roughness model, while EllipSys3D uses a model based on the atmospheric roughness length. It is found that Nikuradse's model introduces an error dependent on the near-wall cell height. To mitigate this error the near-wall cells should be at least 10 times larger than the surface roughness. It is nonetheless possible to obtain very similar results between EllipSys3D and OpenFOAM v.1.7.1. A more recent OpenFOAM v.2.2.1, which includes the atmospheric roughness length wall-function approach, has also been tested and compared to the results of OpenFOAM v.1.7.1 and EllipSys3D. The numerical results obtained using the same wall-modeling approach in both EllipSys3D and OpenFOAM v.2.1.1 proved to be almost identical. Two meshing strategies are investigated, using HypGrid and SnappyHexMesh. The performance of OpenFOAM on SnappyHexMesh based low aspect ratio unstructured meshes is found to be almost an order of magnitude faster than on HypGrid based structured and high aspect-ratio meshes. However, proper control of boundary layer resolution is found to be very difficult when the SnappyHexMesh tool is utilized for grid generation purposes. The OpenFOAM is generally found to be 2–6 times slower than EllipSys3D in achieving numerical results of the same order of accuracy on similar or identical computational meshes, when utilization of EllipSys3D default grid sequencing procedures is included.
“Darkness, Waiting, Without Speaking”: Fluidity, Subjectivity, and Utopian Space in Ingeborg Bachmann's Der Fall Franza
Authors: LaFountain Pascale
Published: March 2016

This article takes the approach of cultural metaphor analysis to locate and describe the utopian metaphor of fluidity as it appears in the works of Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva, and Ingeborg Bachmann. The first stage of analysis consists in a theoretical description of fluidity, utopia, and the chora in works by Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva. The article offers a new reading of utopian language and the metaphor of fluidity in Ingeborg Bachmann's novelistic fragment Der Fall Franza.
GPCRs, at the Crossroad of Distortions in Extracellular Microenvironment and Intracellular Energetics Homeostasis, a New Model for 21st Century Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Afrasiabi Kambiz , Zhou YiHong , Fleischman Angela
Published: March 2016

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have evolved in complexity and are most widely used by metazoan for essential physiological functions. They are involved in mechanisms that allow cells to receive signals from their environment and react to them. Nearly 20% of human tumors harbor mutations in GPCRs and aberrant expression and activity of G proteins and G-protein-coupled receptors are frequently associated with tumorigenesis. In this article, we review and discuss the roles of GPCRs in normal and neoplastic transformation. This could be looked upon the crossroad of distortions in extracellular microenvironment and intracellular energetics landscape homeostasis. We hypothesize that GPCRs have taken over the role of sensing cellular energetics status and are involved in regulation of signal transduction and gene expression. We also present evolutionary biology perspectives lending further support to the above mentioned notions. We propose that however complex and intricate these pathways and interactions seem, they are all guided by one elegant and simple law, namely keeping the network entropy of the cell at the minimum possible level which correlates inversely with its free energy. Cancer cells are in abnormal state(s) characterized by dysregulated energetics. Based on this view of malignant transformation, further studies and measurements of cellular energetics landscape in both normal cell and its malignant counterpart and mathematical modeling could open the way for future cancer therapeutics strategies. We propose that our future cancer treatment strategies should target conversion rather than destruction of the malignant cell which is the current dominant theme of cancer therapy that has faced insurmountable barriers as evidenced by the short and limited survivorship of patients diagnosed with advanced malignant disorders.Keywords: G-protein coupled receptors, evolution, cancer, multicellular unit, environment, network entropy, free energy
Analysis of Culture-Specific Items and Translation Strategies Applied in Translating Jalal Al-Ahmad’s by the Pen
Authors: Daghoughi Shekoufeh , Hashemian Mahmood
Published: March 2016

Due to differences across languages, meanings and concepts vary across different languages, too. The most obvious points of difference between languages appear in their literature and their culture-specific items (CSIs), which lead to complexities when transferring meanings and concepts from one language into another. To overcome the complexities arisen from the distinction between languages in the process of translation, translation scholars have proposed different strategies. Newmark’s proposed taxonomy for translating CSIs is the framework for achieving this study. So, after adopting CSIs with Newmark’s (1988) 5 proposed domains of CSIs, we sought to find his proposed translation strategies applied in the English translation of Jalal Al-Ahmad’s By the Pen by Ghanoonparvar (1988) and to evaluate the frequency of each in order to determine which strategy could help the most in translating CSIs. To do so, first, both the source language text and its translation were studied; then, the translation strategies applied were found. Having found the strategies as the sources of the data, they were arranged and analyzed. Results showed that functional equivalent was the most frequently used strategy, and modulation and paraphrase were the least frequently used ones. Findings have pedagogical implications for translation students and literary translators.
Streeter Basin Grassland Experiment
Authors: Rothwell Richard , Hillman Graham
Published: March 2016

Streeter Creek Basin Experiment began as a paired basin experiment studying the effects of woody vegetation removal and rangeland improvements on streamflow. However, complex groundwater systems and inter-basin transfer of subsurface flow negated the paired basin design. The new objective of the research was to determine if tree removal on the upper slopes would impact the contact springs lower in the basin. Snow accumulation was measured in clear-cut patches and the timing of flows and water yield from springs were monitored.
Utikuma Region Study Area (URSA) – Part 1: Hydrogeological and ecohydrological studies (HEAD)
Authors: Devito Kevin J. , Mendoza Carl , Petrone Richard M. , Kettridge Nick , Waddington James M.
Published: March 2016

The Utikuma Region Study Area (URSA) was initiated to develop spatially explicit modelling tools to predict the cumulative impacts of land use and natural disturbance on the Boreal Plains (BP) ecozone of the Western Boreal Forest. Research comprised several multi-year projects, spanning wet and dry climate periods that combined intensive detailed process studies at seven watersheds with extensive long-term ecohydrological and hydrogeological studies conducted across a 60-km transect representing the range of glaciated landforms characteristic of the sub-humid boreal forest in Alberta. These studies have improved our conceptual understanding and capacity to numerically model how climate and geology influence water and energy flow, and the hydrologic linkages and natural variability of the key processes influencing BP ecosystems. Eco-hydrogeological frameworks have been developed for designing, conducting, interpreting, and extrapolating research results for watershed management and construction across the Boreal Plain ecozone.
Jazyk, myšlení a kultura
Authors: Soukup Václav
Published: March 2016

Předmětem studie je teoretická analýza lingvistické antropologie jako vědy zkoumající vztah jazyka myšlení a kultury. Cílem studie je popsat a analyzovat jak ideové zdroje a základní tematické okruhy lingvistické antropologie, tak výzkumy věnované vlivu jazyka na myšlení a interpretaci světa. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována konstituování lidského jazyka v průběhu evoluce člověka a kultury.
Glokalizace ayahuasky v ČR a možnosti jejího terapeutického využití v místních podmínkách
Authors: Horák Miroslav , Lukášová Romana , Vosáhlová Šárka
Published: March 2016

Z ayahuasky, klíčového prvku tradiční domorodé medicíny peruánské Amazonie, se stal globální fenomén. Sezení, během něhož je užívána tato psychoaktivní látka, lze v současné době absolvovat nejen v prostředí jihoamerického deštného pralesa, ale také v České republice. Vzhledem k tomu, že je v ČR ayahuasca pro svůj obsah N, N-dimethyltriptaminu dle nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb., O seznamech návykových látek, nelegální, je tato substance užívána v rámci subkultury. S cílem poprvé zmapovat tento aktuální fenomén jsme provedli pilotní on-line anonymní dotazníkové šetření, ve kterém jsme se mimo jiné zaměřili i na možnosti terapeutického využití této psychoaktivní látky v místních podmínkách. Analýza dat získaných od 70 respondentů ukázala, že ayahuasca je užívána ve všech krajích ČR (nejvíce v Praze) a to zejména z léčebných důvodů. Došlo tak k přizpůsobení tradičního užívání ayahuasky lokálním podmínkám a se vzrůstající informovaností lze předpokládat další rozšíření tohoto sociokulturního jevu. Při dodržení tradičních bezpečnostních zásad má ayahuasca terapeutický potenciál vhodný pro léčbu drogové závislosti a jiných civilizačních chorob.
Dagbladskrigen
Authors: Blichmann Morten
Published: March 2016

Ud fra en markedsmæssig tilgangsvinkel til dagspressen beskriver

Morten Blichmann i denne artikel den del af det danske dagbladsmar-

ked, hvor den såkaldte dagbladskrig udspiller sig. Der sættes fokus

på hovedaktørerne i krigen: Politikens Hus (Ekstra Bladet og Politiken),

Det Berlingske Hus (BT og Berlingske Tidende) og Jyllands-Posten.

Morten Blichmann diskuterer konsekvenserne af dagbladskrigen set i

lyset af den oplagsmæssige nedgang i de seneste otte år for specielt

formiddagsbladene, den skærpede konkurrence fra elektroniske me-

dier og kampen om annoncørerne.
Batman: Film, fortælling: Det hyperbevidste
Authors: Collins Jim
Published: March 2016

Populærtekster har fra 1980'erne og frem udviklet sig til at være hybrid-

tekster, der med udgangspunkt i mobile betydningsbærere som Batman

figuren bevæger sig på tværs af diskursformer og genreskel, samtidig

med at de aktivt inddrager tidligere aktiveringer af de mobile betydnings-

bærere fra populærkulturens historie. 'Handlingen' kan derfor ikke ad-

skilles fra dens kodificerede repræsentation, og de mange lag af inter-

tekster undergraver ideen om 'teksten i sig selv.' Med eksempler fra

Tim Burton's film Batman, Frank Millers grafiske roman The Dark Knight

Returns og Alan Moore's Watchmen argumenterer Jim Collins i denne

artikel for, at såvel forfattere som publikum til populærtekster er blevet

semiotisk sofistikerede og derved hyperbevidste om populærteksternes

intertekstualiteter. Dette har betydning for det generelle mediebillede, og

ikke mindst for den måde vi bruger medier på.
Travel Series as TV Entertainment: Genre characteristics and touristic views on foreign countries
Authors: Waade Anne Marit
Published: March 2016

Why is it not the deprived developing country, but rather the tempting destination the host arrives in when guiding the audience in a travel series? And how can we explore the specific combination of entertainment and education that travel series represent? Basically the travel series genre is a hybrid of journalistic documentary, entertaining lifestyle series and TV ads and the different series put different emphasis on the different genre elements. Travel series represent a certain kind of mediated consumption and they reflect lifestyle identity in relation to touristic consumer cultures. Like other lifestyle series dealing with consumption products and lifestyle markers encompassing fashion, food, garden, design and interior that balance somewhere between journalism and advertising, travel series typically deal with destinations, travel modes, cultural experiences and food as commodities.

To understand the cultural and democratic value of travel series as a popular TV genre in the context of public service broadcasting, it is not the fact that the series contain educative and enlightening information about foreign cultures told in an entertaining and popular way that are of my interest. Rather it is tourism and media consumer culture as such, one has to expound as valuable democratic and cultural practice. The article presents different matrices of the respectively cultural and consumer knowledge that the different types of travel series include.
Making fictions sound real - On film sound, perceptual realism and genre
Authors: Langkjær Birger
Published: March 2016

This article examines the role that sound plays in making fictions perceptually real to film audiences, whether these fictions are realist or non-realist in content and narrative form. I will argue that some aspects of film sound practices and the kind of experiences they trigger are related to basic rules of human perception, whereas others are more properly explained in relation to how aesthetic devices, including sound, are used to characterise the fiction and thereby make it perceptually real to its audience. Finally, I will argue that not all genres can be defined by a simple taxonomy of sounds. Apart from an account of the kinds of sounds that typically appear in a specific genre, a genre analysis of sound may also benefit from a functionalist approach that focuses on how sounds can make both realist and non-realist aspects of genres sound real to audiences.
Genhør med dogme 95 [Dogme 95 reheard]
Authors: Lauridsen Palle Schantz
Published: March 2016

Assuming that the 10 Danish Dogma films can be considered genre films, the article analyses the use of sound and music in these films. The “Vow of Chastity” proposed by the Dogma directors specifies that sound and image must never be produced separately, and the article presents elements of productions practice as well as aesthetic considerations. Using examples from the finished films, it demonstrates how the artistic intention formulated in the set of rules was handled during production and how it influenced the finished films. The individual Dogma films were quite different from an auditory point of view, but among the auditory characteristics of the films were the auditory jump cut and the abolition of the traditional dichotomy between diegetic and non-diegetic music.
"Computer literacy". Diskussion om EDB-anvendelsens begrundelse i undervisningen
Authors: Jensen Birthe Lund
Published: March 2016

"Computer literacy". Diskussion om EDB-anvendelsens begrundelse i undervisningen
Programfladens æstetik. En analyse af kanal-2 og weekend TV
Authors: Hjarvard Stig , Søndergaard Henrik
Published: March 2016

Programmer fordeler sig i genrer, som har mange fællestræk. Film ligner film, nyhedsudsendelser nyhedsudsendelser, rundbords- samtaler rundbordssamtaler, o.s.v. på det overordnede plan. Når TV-stationer forsøger at markere sig i forhold til hinanden, er dette derfor ikke særlig tydeligt på enkelt program-niveauet, først når programfladen tages op til analyse bliver profilen markant. Det er på denne baggrund at Stig Hjarvard og Henrik Søndergaard i artiklen analyserer æstetikken i kanal2´s og weekendTV´s pro- gramflader. Programfladeanalysen er ny i den danske Medieforsk- ning.
Tænkende billeder
Authors: Nielsen Niels-Aage
Published: March 2016

Artiklen "Tænkende billeder" er en summarisk fremstilling af nogle centrale idéer i et nyt filmteoretisk værk af den fran- ske filosof Gilles Deleuze, "Cinéma I. L´Image-Mouvement", Pa- ris 1983 (298 s.) og "Cinéma II. L´Image-Temps", Paris 1985 (380 s.). I fremstillingen lægger Niels Ågen Nielsen især vægt på De- leuze´s opfattelse af de levende billedudtryks forankring i den virkelige verdens bevægelsesformer, og de tankemæssige kræfter billedspoget herved opnår i forhold til menneskelig bevidsthed. Andetsteds i dette nummer viser Niels Åge Nielsen gennem et tilbageblik på "Heimat"-serien, hvorledes Deleuze´s begreber kan gøres anvendelige i analysen af konkrete TV-produkter.
Photomontage from the Conference
Authors: Agger Gunhild , Jensen Else Fabricius , Pedersen Vibeke
Published: March 2016

Photomontage from the Conference
Girls and Electronic Mass Media. "...Something that could Really Happen"
Authors: Tufte Birgitte
Published: March 2016

Girls and Electronic Mass Media. "...Something that could Really Happen"
The Impact of Feminism on Media Studies - Just Another Commercial Break
Authors: Baehr Helen
Published: March 2016

The Impact of Feminism on Media Studies - Just Another Commercial Break
Det er dansk - eller er det?
Authors: Schou Søren
Published: March 2016

Det er dansk - eller er det?
TV som dåseåbner - og som kuglepen. Om TV-mediets funktion i børns/unges hverdag - og om mediepædagogisk praksis
Authors: Tufte Birgitte
Published: March 2016

I de sidste to-tre år har medieforskeren Birgitte Tufte været involveret i det mediepædagogiske udviklingsarbejde, der foregår inden for folkeskolen. For det første har hun undersøgt, hvordan børnene bruger TV og video. Måske skal vi ikke kun se børnene som passive og bevidstløse kiggere? For det andet har hun været med til at udvikle undervisningsforløb, både i 8. klasse og 4. klasse. Fælles for alle forløbene har været udgangspunktet i den praktiske videoproduktion. Birgitte Tufte påviser, hvorfor netop det praktiske arbejde er en pædagogisk landvinding, og hvorfor forløbet: først praktik - derpå teori, har vist sig at være en god struktur i medieundervis- ningen i folkeskolen.
De danske medieværksteder
Authors: Andersen Peder
Published: March 2016

Der findes mindst tre slags videoer: De film man lejer på benzintanken,

de kommercielle videoer: Virksomhedsportrætter, produktionsfremstød

etc. - og så findes der dem fra værkstederne, i dag mindst 25, hvor alle

med interesse i at lave video, kan låne udstyr og bånd, hvis de brænder

nok for sagen og passerer de brugerstyrede redationsudvalg.

De mange små og de to store statsstøttede værksteder i København og

Haderslev, har nu gennem mere end 10 år produceret temmelig mange

videoer om alle mulige emner. Begge de store værksteder har i 1987 ud-

sendt et katalog over de sidste 10 års produktioner. Vi har bedt lederen af

et af de mindre og senere tilkomne værksteder, Peder Andersen fra Århus,

præsentere tre aktuelle publikationer om værkstedsvideo og forklare hvor-

for video stadig er et ret upåagtet medie i Danmark. Men både forsknings-

mæssigt og undervisningsmæssigt synes videomiljøerne omkring værk-

stederne at være mindst "en rejse værd".
Semiologi i den kvalitative pretest af reklamefilm
Authors: Alsted Christian
Published: March 2016

Semiologi, kunstteori og æstetisk teori er traditionelt hjemmehørende i den

analyse, der finder sted "post festum" - i værkanalysen af kunstnerisk

produktion eller i indholdanalysen af massekommunikation. Tilsvarende

har psykologien i bred forstand været den herskende tilgang til analysen

af reklamer, både hvad angår kvantitative og kvalitative indholdsaspekter.

Spørgsmålet er imidlertid om denne opdeling ikke er mere traditionelt

bestemt end egentlig hensigtsmæssig? Om reklameforskningen ikke kan

drage nytte af æstetisk teori, tegnteori - og massekommunikationsforsk-

ningen af psykologien?

I disse år ser vi tiltag, der arbejder på oplødning af disse traditionelle skel.

Vi ser tilnærmelser mellem de såkaldte kvantitative og kvalitative paradig-

mer. Vi ser tilnærmelser mellem den ikke-kommercielle og kommercielle

massekommunikationsforskning, som synes frugtbare.

I artiklen gør Christian Alsted rede for hvordan områder som semiologi,

kunstteori og æstetisk teori inddrages i den praktiske pretest af relkame-

film. Artiklen sluttes med en fyldig bibliografi over danske og udenlandske

publikationer inden for Marketing and Semiotics.
Mediefag og fagets grænser
Authors: Brøndgaard Povl Erik
Published: March 2016

Den 9. -11. december 1988 blev der på Danmarks Lærerforenings kursus-

center "Skarrildhus" ved Herning afholdt en nordisk konference om "De

elektroniske billedmedier og mediepædagogikken" arrangeret af SMID. I

konferencen deltog bl.a. forskere og undervisere inden for folkeskolen,

gymnasiet og HF.

Artiklen her er et indlæg i debatten på konferencen, hvor Povl Erik Brønd-

gaard kan forestille sig "et mere bredt anlagt massekommunikationsfag,

hvor journalistiske arbejdsprocesser og arbejdsmetoder er et væsentligt

aspekt".
Oplysning og telematik
Authors: Duelund Peter
Published: March 2016

Lokalforsøgene med informatik er blevet udforsket ud fra forskellige syns-

vinkler. På Lolland blev der gennemført et forsøg på Fejø i Ravnsborg

Kommune. Kultursociologen Peter Duelund var følgeforsker på dette forsøg.

I denne artikel analyserer han forsøget ud fra en oplysningspolitisk syns-

vinkel. Peter Duelund fremdrager, at en væsentlig barriere i oplysnings-

projektets succes, er de indvolverede personers kulturelle kompetence.

Manglende kulturel kompetence viser sig som manglende beredvillighed til

at indgå i forsøgsprocessen.
Public Service radio - fra monopol til niche
Authors: Lønsmann Leif
Published: March 2016

Radioen har nået pensionsalderen. I hvert fald hvis man måler med den

målestok, man pensionerer mennesker efter. BBC rundede de 67 år i

1989, DR gør det i 1993. Men på trods af sin alder er radioen i live - i

bevægelse og udvikling - på godt og ondt. Der findes i dag til flere radio-

stationer end no- gensinde, der tilsammen sender mere radio end nogen-

sinde til flere lyttere end nogensinde før i radioens historie. Radioen er

det mest brugte massemedium i verden, målt i tidsforbrug.

Artiklen skitserer de centrale problemer for den monopolradio, som nu

er under forandring. Ikke alene er dens unikke status ophævet, men

dens almene forpligtelser udtrykt i public-service princippet er også

under revurdering. Hvordan bør politikere og DR reagere på den ny

situation - hvordan skal public-service principperne forvaltes? Det er

de centrale temaer for diskussion i den følgende artikel.
Fra rockkoncert til musikvideo - et opbrud i rockens betydninger
Authors: Ihlemann Lisbeth
Published: March 2016

Diskussionen om rockmusikkens oprindelighed og ægthed har eksi-

steret lige så længe som rocken selv. Både kritikere og fans forsøger

at trække fronter mellem "god rockmusik", der opfattes som udtryk-

kende noget ægte og spontant og "dårlig rcokmusik", som lader sig

iscenesætte og omklamre af den kommercielle musikindustrie.

I denne artikel diskuteres de autencitetsforestillinger, der gennem

tiderne har præget vores vurdering af rockmusikken. Med rockkon-

certen som udgangspunkt for en forståelse af det komplekse og mod-

sætningsfyldte forhold mellem autenticitet, ægthed og iscenesættelse,

undersøger Lisbeth Ihlemann musikvideoen. Den er rockens ægteskab

med TV, og opfattes af nogle kritikere som det afgørende skridt væk fra

rødderne. Bl.a. fordi video-mediet via distancen til tilhører/tilskuer bryder

med den tilstedeværelse-her-og-nu, som er et centralt element i den

"ægte" rockmusik.

Lisbeth Ihlemann argumenterer i artiklen dels for at rockens autentictets-

begreb er dynamisk og flertydigt, og dels for at vores forståelse af det

autentiske hele tiden er i bevægelse - ganske som rockmusikkens

udtryksformer.
Faktion - en farlig blanding!
Authors: Kjørup Søren
Published: March 2016

Medieforskningens emner er ikke fri for at komme i modebølger. I dansk

medieforskning i anden halvdel af 1980´erne drejede det sig ikke mindst

om faktion. Interessen blandt forskerne for fjernsynet generelt havde ført

til en interesse for fjernsynets genrer og fortælleformer, og det førte igen

til en skærpet interesse for programmer der ikke lader sig kategorisere

som typiske faktaprogrammer eller typiske fiktionsprogrammer fordi de

indeholder træk fra begge grupper. Men ligesom faktionens blanding af

virkelighedsskildring og digtning kan være en farlig og provokerende sag

i den offentlige debat, har den vist sig at være en farlig blanding for medie-

forskningen.
Medieetnografiske problemstillinger - en oversigt
Authors: Drotner Kirsten
Published: March 2016

Hvorfor er medieetnografi blevet så populær inden for kvalitativ medie-

forskning på blot få år? Hvorledes defienrer og bruger forskerne begre-

bet medieetnografi? Hvilke problemstillinger er de vigtigste i medieetno-

grafien? Oversigtsartiklen giver svar på disse spørgsmål, og Drotner

argumenterer samtidig for, at begrebet medieetnografi bør defineres

som et alternativ til receptionsforskningen og ikke som en udvidelse,

således som de fleste gør det i den internationale faglitteratur. En mere

præcis definition og refeksiv brug af medieetnografien, hævder hun, vil

medvirke til at skærpe bevidstheden om den kvalitative medieforsknings

muligheder og begrænsninger.
Factors associated with loss to follow‐up among women in Option B+ PMTCT programme in northeast Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mitiku Israel , Arefayne Mastewal , Mesfin Yonatal , Gizaw Muluken
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Ethiopia has recently adopted lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV‐positive pregnant and breastfeeding women (Option B+ strategy), regardless of CD4 count or clinical stage. However, the exact timing and predictors of loss to follow‐up (LFU) are unknown. Thus, we examined the levels and determinants of LFU under Option B+ among pregnant and breastfeeding women initiated on lifelong ART for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) in Ethiopia.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 346 pregnant and breastfeeding women who started ART at 14 public health facilities in northeast Ethiopia from March 2013 to April 2015. We defined LFU as 90 days since the last clinic visit among those not known to have died or transferred out. We used Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate cumulative LFU and identify the predictors of LFU, respectively.

Results

Of the 346 women included, 88.4% were pregnant and the median follow‐up was 13.7 months. Overall, 57 (16.5%) women were LFU. The cumulative proportions of LFU at 6, 12 and 24 months were 11.9, 15.7 and 22.6%, respectively. The risk of LFU was higher in younger women (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 18 to 24 years/30 to 40 years: 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2 to 4.5), in those attending hospitals compared to those attending health centres (aHR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.2), in patients starting ART on the same day of diagnosis (aHR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.2) and missing CD4 cell counts at ART initiation (aHR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2 to 4.4).

Conclusions

The level of LFU we found in this study is comparable with previous findings from other resource‐limited settings. However, high early LFU shortly after ART initiation is still a major problem. LFU was high among younger women, those initiating ART on the day of HIV diagnosis, those missing baseline CD4 count and those attending hospitals. Thus, targeted HIV care and treatment programmes for these patients should be part of future interventions to improve retention in care under the Option B+ PMTCT programme.
Glycan modification of antigen alters its intracellular routing in dendritic cells, promoting priming of T cells
Authors: Streng-Ouwehand Ingeborg , Ho Nataschja I , Litjens Manja , Kalay Hakan , Boks Martine Annemarie , Cornelissen Lenneke AM , Kaur Singh Satwinder , Saeland Eirikur , Garcia-Vallejo Juan J , Ossendorp Ferry A , Unger Wendy WJ , van Kooyk Yvette
Published: March 2016

Antigen uptake by dendritic cells and intracellular routing of antigens to specific compartments is regulated by C-type lectin receptors that recognize glycan structures. We show that the modification of Ovalbumin (OVA) with the glycan-structure LewisX (LeX) re-directs OVA to the C-type lectin receptor MGL1. LeX-modification of OVA favored Th1 skewing of CD4+ T cells and enhanced cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. While cross-presentation of native OVA requires high antigen dose and TLR stimuli, LeX modification reduces the required amount 100-fold and obviates its dependence on TLR signaling. The OVA-LeX-induced enhancement of T cell cross-priming is MGL1-dependent as shown by reduced CD8+ effector T cell frequencies in MGL1-deficient mice. Moreover, MGL1-mediated cross-presentation of OVA-LeX neither required TAP-transporters nor Cathepsin-S and was still observed after prolonged intracellular storage of antigen in Rab11+LAMP1+ compartments. We conclude that controlled neo-glycosylation of antigens can crucially influence intracellular routing of antigens, the nature and strength of immune responses and should be considered for optimizing current vaccination strategies.
French validation of the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire
Authors: Saliba Joe , Lorenzo-Seva Urbano , Marco-Pallares Josep , Tillman Barbara , Zeitouni Anthony , Lehmann Alexandre
Published: March 2016

Background.The Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ) questionnaire investigates the main facets of music experience that could explain the variance observed in how people experience reward associated with music. Currently, only English and Spanish versions of this questionnaire are available. The objective of this study is to validate a French version of the BMRQ.

Methods.The original BMRQ was translated and adapted into an international French version. The questionnaire was then administered through an online survey aimed at adults aged over 18 years who were fluent in French. Statistical analyses were performed and compared to the original English and Spanish version for validation purposes.

Results.A total of 1,027 participants completed the questionnaire. Most responses were obtained from France (89.4%). Analyses revealed that congruence values between the rotated loading matrix and the ideal loading matrix ranged between 0.88 and 0.96. Factor reliabilities of subscales (i.e., Musical Seeking, Emotion Evocation, Mood Regulation, Social Reward and Sensory-Motor) also ranged between 0.88 and 0.96. In addition, reliability of the overall factor score (i.e., Music reward) was 0.91. Finally, the internal consistency of the overall scale was 0.85. The factorial structure obtained in the French translation was similar to that of the original Spanish and English samples.

Conclusion.The French version of the BMRQ appears valid and reliable. Potential applications of the BMRQ include its use as a valuable tool in music reward and emotion research, whether in healthy individuals or in patients suffering from a wide variety of cognitive, neurologic and auditory disorders.
Facial width-to-height ratio relates to dominance style in the genusMacaca
Authors: Borgi Marta , Majolo Bonaventura
Published: March 2016

Background.Physical, visual, chemical, and auditory cues signalling fighting ability have independently evolved in many animal taxa as a means to resolve conflicts without escalating to physical aggression. Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR, i.e., the relative width to height of the face) has been associated with dominance-related phenotypes both in humans and in other primates. In humans, faces with a larger fWHR are perceived as more aggressive.

Methods.We examined fWHR variation among 11 species of the genusMacaca. Macaques have been grouped into four distinct categories, from despotic to tolerant, based on their female dominance style. Female dominance style is related to intra- and inter-sexual competition in both males and females and is the result of different evolutionary pressure across species. We used female dominance style as a proxy of intra-/inter-sexual competition to test the occurrence of correlated evolution between competitive regimes and dominance-related phenotypes. fWHR was calculated from 145 2D photographs of male and female adult macaques.

Results.We found no phylogenetic signal on the differences in fWHR across species in the two sexes. However, fWHR was greater, in females and males, in species characterised by despotic female dominance style than in tolerant species.

Discussion.Our results suggest that dominance-related phenotypes are related to differences in competitive regimes and intensity of inter- and intra-sexual selection across species.
Angiosperms and the Linnean shortfall: three new species from three lineages of Melastomataceae at one spot at the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Goldenberg Renato , Michelangeli Fabián A. , Aona Lidyanne Y.S. , Amorim André M.
Published: March 2016

Three new species of Angiosperms have been found in four short collection trips to the same protected reserve—“Estação Ecológica Estadual de Wenceslau Guimarães”—and neighboring areas in the Atlantic Forest in the south of the Brazilian state of Bahia. These new species belong to three genera from three distinct lineages in the family Melastomataceae:Huberia,MerianiaandPhyseterostemon. The description of these species represent a good example of a Linnean shortfall, i.e., the absence of basic knowledge about the biodiversity in the area, as well as in tropical forests as a whole. The description of these probably endemic species per se is a signal that this area deserves more attention regarding research and policies, but its consequences go farther: this area has a relevant role as a phylogenetic (both genetic and morphological) stock, and thus is also valuable as a phylogenetic conservation priority.
Evaluation of putative reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalization inLilium regaleduring development and under stress
Authors: Liu Qiang , Wei Chi , Zhang Ming-Fang , Jia Gui-Xia
Published: March 2016

Normalization to reference genes is the most common method to avoid bias in real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), which has been widely used for quantification of gene expression. Despite several studies on gene expression,Lilium, and particularlyL. regale, has not been fully investigated regarding the evaluation of reference genes suitable for normalization. In this study, nine putative reference genes, namely18S rRNA,ACT,BHLH,CLA,CYP,EF1,GAPDH,SANDandTIP41, were analyzed for accurate quantitative PCR normalization at different developmental stages and under different stress conditions, including biotic (Botrytis elliptica), drought, salinity, cold and heat stress. All these genes showed a wide variation in their Cq (quantification Cycle) values, and their stabilities were calculated by geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. In a combination of the results from the three algorithms,BHLHwas superior to the other candidates when all the experimental treatments were analyzed together;CLAandEF1were also recommended by two of the three algorithms. As for specific conditions,EF1under various developmental stages,SANDunder biotic stress,CYP/GAPDHunder drought stress, andTIP41under salinity stress were generally considered suitable. All the algorithms agreed on the stability ofSANDandGAPDHunder cold stress, while onlyCYPwas selected under heat stress by all of them. Additionally, the selection of optimal reference genes under biotic stress was further verified by analyzing the expression level ofLrLOXin leaves inoculated withB. elliptica. Our study would be beneficial for future studies on gene expression and molecular breeding ofLilium.
Transvaginal Laparoscopically-Assisted Endoscopic Appendectomy: A Major Hybrid Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery Case Series in Asia
Authors: Khan Abdul Qadir , Liu Enyu , Niu Weibo , Li Peng , Gul Hazrat , Fokeerchand Jessica , Niu Jun
Published: March 2016

This paper represents an evaluation of a hybrid approach to natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and its performance relative to conventional procedures. Globally, numerous institutions have successfully implemented minimally invasive surgeries by applying NOTES techniques and achieved decreased morbidity while performing incision-less surgery. However, these techniques are still not common in surgical practice in China and Pakistan. Documenting the experiences and challenges encountered in implementing NOTES in such environments can provide guidance for NOTES implementation elsewhere. From May 2010 to April 2012, 16 human transvaginal appendectomies were carried out applying a hybrid NOTES technique using a solo-umbilical trocar, which provided a safe access for laparoscopic assistance during surgical procedure. After removal of the appendix transvaginally, the colpotomy was sutured under direct vision with absorbable stitches. The outcomes of cases treated with hybrid NOTES techniques were compared to those of conventional laparoscopic appendectomy. All patients underwent a successful surgical procedure with no intra- or postoperative complications and provided no specific complaints during the 10th day and a monthly follow-up for 2 years. The patients convalesced promptly with healthy and satisfactory cosmetic results. Compared to conventional laparoscopic appendectomy, the hybrid NOTES operation had less postoperative pain, lower cost, and shorter hospitalization. Hybrid NOTES procedures can be performed safely using a solo-umbilical trocar. Our initial experience reveals that this hybrid technique is practically feasible and associated with minimal postoperative pain, reasonable convalescence time, and improved cosmetic outcomes.
Water, 7. Feed Water, Boiler Water, and Steam
Authors: Maier Armin
Published: March 2016

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Introduction

2.
Terms and Definitions

3.
Water–Steam Cycle

4.
Make‐up Water

4.1.
Soft Water

4.2.
Decarbonized Water

4.3.
Demineralized Water

5.
Feed Water

6.
Boiler Water

6.1.
Caustic or Phosphate Treatment (Solid Alkalizing) of Boiler Water

6.2.
All‐Volatile Treatment (AVT)

6.3.
Organic Conditioning Agents

7.
Steam and Condensate

7.1.
Saturated and Superheated Steam

7.2.
Condensate
Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Klimczuk Andrzej
Published: March 2016

Measurement of ability or inability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) is important to in describing the functional status of a person and then implementing an intervention. Evaluations of ADLs are mainly used in nursing and in rehabilitation of people with disabilities and the elderly. Measuring ability to perform ADLs is crucial for the management of healthcare in aging societies. It is important to understand differences between categories of ADLs and challenges in their evaluation that are connected to the roles of family members.
Breadwinner Role
Authors: Train Kelly Amanda
Published: March 2016

The concept of the “breadwinner role” became prominent between 1790 and 1865 in the west under industrialization. Until this period, both men's and women's participation in production were considered essential to family survival. In agrarian societies, the lines separating the gender division of labor were often blurred. With the onset of industrialization, the gender division of labor became rigid, and men and women became associated with separate and different spheres of work. Women became associated with the domestic sphere, which included all household work and caregiving, while men became entirely responsible for the financial support of the family as the “breadwinner.”
A
ustralia, Families in
Authors: Cook Kay
Published: March 2016

Australia is a Commonwealth country with a high standard of living and a growing population of over 23 million people. Like other western nations, Australians are marrying later, having fewer children, and experiencing relationship breakdown at an increasing rate. Within families, the division of domestic labor falls disproportionately on women, who tend to do the lion's share of household and childrearing work and assume the responsibility of care for elderly parents. However, while most Australians enjoy high average incomes and quality of life, these figures obscure the third‐world conditions faces by many Aboriginal Australians. Closing the gap between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal life expectancy and well‐being outcomes is a pressing and popular policy issue, as is the recognition of same‐sex marriage by the federal parliament.
AfricanAmerican Families
Authors: Graham Roderick
Published: March 2016

The African American family has been a topic of interest among scholars since the late nineteenth century. Scholars initially questioned the effect of plantation patterns on the families of free men and women. As African Americans began migrating into northern urban centers in the late nineteenth century, scholars noted stark class differences within black communities. Daniel P. Moynihan's report in 1965 identified patterns within poor families that he asserted would reproduce poverty for generations. Scholars responded by highlighting the cultural uniqueness of the black family and its resilience in the face of discrimination. In the twenty‐first century, African American family patterns continue to be a major area of study. African Americans experience lower marriage rates and higher divorce rates. Meanwhile, African American women have reached economic parity with their white counterparts, and a burgeoning middle class works to pass on class status and racial identity to their children.
Alternative Schools in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Kokkinakis Alexandra S.
Published: March 2016

Alternative schools are designed to meet the needs of adolescent students who do not find success in a traditional school setting. Many of the students who attend these schools are considered at risk of failing or dropping out for various reasons, including academic, behavioral, social, and personal struggles. Alternative schools attempt to act as a form of drop‐out prevention, offering students a second chance to complete their education. They tend to offer a more flexible and tailored learning environment in which students can find personal success and positive self‐esteem. Additional assistance for unique student needs including day care and meal programs are also often offered to further deter students from dropping out. While many students who attend alternative schools do find success, there is a stigma associated with these schools as they are labeled a “dumping ground” for deviant or problematic students.
Bigamy
Authors: Karas Emily , Puhlman Daniel J.
Published: March 2016

Bigamy is a form of polygamous marriage in which one individual intentionally and knowingly marries two individuals simultaneously and unbeknownst to each spouse, and is a criminal act in monogamous cultures. Bigamy dates back to the the advent of marriage; it is rooted in the history of several religions. Bigamy arose as a result of problematic record keeping, divorce laws, and desertion of spouses. In the early twenty‐first century, bigamy remains illegal in most countries worldwide and all 50 US states; however, it occurs voluntarily as a result of religious beliefs. People who believe they are legally divorced also may unknowingly commit bigamy.
Bio‐Orthogonally Crosslinked, Engineered Protein Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanics and Biochemistry for Cell Encapsulation
Authors: Madl Christopher M. , Katz Lily M. , Heilshorn Sarah C.
Published: March 2016

Covalently‐crosslinked hydrogels are commonly used as 3D matrices for cell culture and transplantation. However, the crosslinking chemistries used to prepare these gels generally cross‐react with functional groups present on the cell surface, potentially leading to cytotoxicity and other undesired effects. Bio‐orthogonal chemistries have been developed that do not react with biologically relevant functional groups, thereby preventing these undesirable side reactions. However, previously developed biomaterials using these chemistries still possess less than ideal properties for cell encapsulation, such as slow gelation kinetics and limited tuning of matrix mechanics and biochemistry. Here, engineered elastin‐like proteins (ELPs) are developed that crosslink via strain‐promoted azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) or Staudinger ligation. The SPAAC‐crosslinked materials form gels within seconds and complete gelation within minutes. These hydrogels support the encapsulation and phenotypic maintenance of human mesenchymal stem cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and murine neural progenitor cells. SPAAC‐ELP gels exhibit independent tuning of stiffness and cell adhesion, with significantly improved cell viability and spreading observed in materials containing a fibronectin‐derived arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) domain. The crosslinking chemistry used permits further material functionalization, even in the presence of cells and serum. These hydrogels are anticipated to be useful in a wide range of applications, including therapeutic cell delivery and bioprinting.
[1+1+1] Cyclotrimerization for the Synthesis of Cyclopropanes
Authors: Manna Srimanta , Antonchick Andrey P.
Published: March 2016

The synthesis of small rings by functionalization of C(sp3)−H bonds remains a great challenge. We report for the first time a copper‐catalyzed [1+1+1] cyclotrimerization of acetophenone derivatives under mild reaction conditions. The reaction has a broad scope for the stereoselective synthesis of cyclopropanes by trimerization of acetophenone. The developed transformation is based on an extraordinary copper‐catalyzed cascade process that allows saturated carbocycles to be obtained for the first time by cyclotrimerization through functionalization of C(sp3)−H bonds. The cascade of sixfold C(sp3)−H bond functionalization allows the synthesis of cyclopropanes in a highly stereoselective approach.