bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical indications for image-guided interventional procedures in the musculoskeletal system: a Delphi-based consensus paper from the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR)—part V, knee
Authors: Sconfienza Luca Maria , Adriaensen Miraude , Albano Domenico , Alcala-Galiano Andrea , Allen Georgina , Aparisi Gómez Maria Pilar , Aringhieri Giacomo , Bazzocchi Alberto , Beggs Ian , Chianca Vito , Corazza Angelo , Dalili Danoob , De Dea Miriam , del Cura Jose Luis , Di Pietto Francesco , Drakonaki Elena , Facal de Castro Fernando , Filippiadis Dimitrios , Gitto Salvatore , Grainger Andrew J. , Greenwood Simon , Gupta Harun , Isaac Amanda , Ivanoski Slavcho , Khanna Monica , Klauser Andrea , Mansour Ramy , Martin Silvia , Mascarenhas Vasco , Mauri Giovanni , McCarthy Catherine , McKean David , McNally Eugene , Melaki Kalliopi , Mirón Mombiela Rebeca , Moutinho Ricardo , Obradov Marina , Olchowy Cyprian , Orlandi Davide , Prada González Raquel , Prakash Mahesh , Posadzy Magdalena , Rutkauskas Saulius , Snoj Žiga , Stefano Tagliafico Alberto , Talaska Alexander , Tomas Xavier , Vasilevska-Nikodinovska Violeta , Vucetic Jelena , Wilson David , Zaottini Federico , Zappia Marcello , Messina Carmelo
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Interventional procedures around the knee are widely adopted for treating different musculoskeletal conditions. A panel of experts from the Ultrasound and Interventional Subcommittees of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR) reviewed the existing literature to assess the evidence on image-guided musculoskeletal interventional procedures around the knee, with the goal of highlighting some controversies associated with these procedures, specifically the role of imaging guidance, as well as the efficacy of the medications routinely injected.

Methods

We report the results of a Delphi-based consensus of 53 experts in musculoskeletal radiology, who reviewed the published literature for evidence on image-guided interventional procedures around the knee to derive a list of pertinent clinical indications.

Results

A list of 10 statements about clinical indications of image-guided procedures around the knee was created by a Delphi-based consensus. Only two of them had the highest level of evidence; all of them received 100% consensus.

Conclusions

Ultrasonography guidance is strongly recommended for intra-articular and patellar tendinopathy procedures to ensure the precision and efficacy of these treatments. Prospective randomized studies remain warranted to better understand the role of imaging guidance and assess some of the medications used for interventional procedures around the knee.

Key Points

• A list of 10 evidence-based statements on clinical indications of image-guided interventional procedures around the knee was produced by an expert panel of the ESSR.

• Strong consensus with 100% agreement was obtained for all statements.

• Two statements reached the highest level of evidence, allowing us to strongly recommend the use of ultrasonography to guide intra-articular and patellar tendon procedures to ensure higher accuracy and efficacy of these treatments.
Non-axisymmetric complete flow conditioning gauzes
Authors: Castillo Pardo Alejandro , Taylor James V.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a novel methodology for the design of a gauze that produces distributions of stagnation pressure, swirl angle, pitch angle and turbulence intensity, tailored in both the radial and circumferential directions. A distortion gauze is made from a large number of small-scale circumferential and radial blades with tailored thickness and camber distributions. By controlling the blade design independently in both the radial and circumferential directions, the target inflow pattern can be achieved. 1D correlations are used to initialise the blades and they are refined using full 3D CFD simulations. The final design is additively manufactured for use in rotating rigs. In this paper, the method has been used to reproduce four target inflow patterns with large variations in stagnation pressure and flow angularity. Two examples model the inlet flow distortion seen at the aerodynamic interface plane of an aft-mounted boundary layer ingesting fan. The final two examples model the inlet distortion at inlet to an axial compressor spool caused by upstream structural struts in a swan neck duct. The gauzes are shown to replicate the structures of the target flow in an experimental test. These kind of flow structures would be extremely difficult or impossible to replicate in an experiment in any other way.

Graphical abstract
Droughts and heatwaves in the Western Mediterranean: impact on vegetation and wildfires using the coupled WRF-ORCHIDEE regional model (RegIPSL)
Authors: Guion Antoine , Turquety Solène , Polcher Jan , Pennel Romain , Bastin Sophie , Arsouze Thomas
Published: September 2021

Droughts and heatwaves in the Mediterranean can induce plant activity decline and severe wildfires leading to considerable economic, social and environmental damages. This study aims at statistically quantifying the isolated and combined impacts of these extreme events based on a combination of regional land surface-atmosphere modeling and satellite observations of surface properties (MODIS). A simulation by the RegIPSL coupled regional model (ORCHIDEE-WRF) over the 1979–2016 period in the Western Mediterranean is used to identify heatwaves and droughts. After an evaluation of the model performance against surface observations of temperature and precipitation, a spatio-temporal analysis is conducted using specific indicators of extreme events: Percentile Limit Anomalies (PLA) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The impact on vegetation and wildfires is assessed using the MODIS observations of Leaf Area Index (LAI), burned area (BA) and fire radiative power (FRP), clustered by simulated extreme weather events. Due to water stress, droughts lead to significant biomass decrease (− 10$$\%$$
%
LAI on average and reaching − 23$$\%$$
%
in some areas). The isolated effect of heatwaves is smaller ($$\sim$$
∼
 − 3$$\%$$
%
LAI) so that the combined effect is dominated by the impact of droughts. Heatwaves and droughts significantly exacerbate wildfire regimes. Through synergistic effects, simultaneous droughts and heatwaves increase BA and FRP by 2.1 and 2.9 times, respectively, compared to normal conditions. By reducing biomass, droughts slightly decrease fuel availability. However, our results show that the inter-annual variation in fire activity is mainly driven by weather conditions rather than fuel load.
Clinical efficiency of operating room-based sliding gantry CT as compared to mobile cone-beam CT-based navigated pedicle screw placement in 853 patients and 6733 screws
Authors: Ille Sebastian , Baumgart Lea , Obermueller Thomas , Meyer Bernhard , Krieg Sandro M.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Multiple solutions for navigation-guided pedicle screw placement are available. However, the efficiency with regard to clinical and resource implications has not yet been analyzed.

The present study’s aim was to analyze whether an operating room sliding gantry CT (ORCT)-based approach for spinal instrumentation is more efficient than a mobile cone-beam CT (CBCT)-based approach.

Methods

This cohort study included a random sample of 853 patients who underwent spinal instrumentation using ORCT-based or CBCT-based pedicle screw placement due to tumor, degenerative, trauma, infection, or deformity disorders between November 2015 and January 2020.

Results

More screws had to be revised intraoperatively in the CBCT group due to insufficient placement (ORCT: 98, 2.8% vs. CBCT: 128, 4.0%; p = 0.0081). The mean time of patients inside the OR (Interval 5 Entry–Exit) was significantly shorter for the ORCT group (ORCT: mean, [95% CI] 256.0, [247.8, 264.3] min, CBCT: 283.0, [274.4, 291.5] min; p < 0.0001) based on shorter times for Interval 2 Positioning—Incision (ORCT: 18.8, [18.1, 19.9] min, CBCT: 33.6, [32.2, 35.5] min; p < 0.0001) and Interval 4 Suture—Exit (ORCT: 24.3, [23.6, 26.1] min, CBCT: 29.3, [27.5, 30.7] min; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The choice of imaging technology for navigated pedicle screw placement has significant impact on standard spine procedures even in a high-volume spine center with daily routine in such devices. Particularly with regard to the duration of surgeries, the shorter time needed for preparation and de-positioning in the ORCT group made the main difference, while the accuracy was even higher for the ORCT.
Studies of Deuteron–Proton Collisions at 100 MeV
Authors: Skwira-Chalot I. , Kalantar-Nayestanaki N. , Kistryn St. , Kozela A. , Stephan E.
Published: September 2021

Differential cross section for the $$^1H(d,pp)n$$

1

H

(
d
,
p
p
)

n

reaction is sensitive to various dynamical ingredients and allows for thorough tests of theoretical potentials describing the interaction in the three nucleon systems. The analysis of the experimental data collected for the breakup reaction at the beam energy of 100 MeV has been performed and the first cross section results for selected configurations are presented in this paper. They are in good agreement with calculations based on the realistic potentials. Studies at this relatively low energy will also be important for examining awaited calculations within the Chiral Effective Field Theory.
Characteristics of young people accessing recently implemented Community Forensic Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (F:CAMHS) in England: insights from national service activity data
Authors: Lane Rebecca , D’Souza Sophie , Singleton Rosie , Hindley Nick , Bevington Dickon , White Oliver , Jacob Jenna , Wheeler James , Edbrooke-Childs Julian
Published: September 2021

Children and young people in contact with forensic child and adolescent mental health services present with more complex needs than young people in the general population. Recent policy in child and adolescent mental health has led to the implementation of new workstreams and programmes to improve service provision. This research examines the characteristics of children and young people referred to recently commissioned Community Forensic Child and Adolescent Services (F:CAMHS) and service activity during the first 24 months of service. The study is a national cohort study to describe the population and investigate service provision and access across England. Secondary data on 1311 advice cases and 1406 referrals are included in analysis. Findings show that 71.9% of the sample had accessed mainstream CAMHS before their referral, 50.9% had experienced/witnessed multiple traumatic events and 58.4% of young people presented with multiple difficulties. The results of the study highlight the complexity of the cohort and a need for interagency trauma-informed working. This is the first study to describe the characteristics of children and young people referred to Community F:CAMHS and provides valuable information on pathways and needs to inform service policy and provision.
Set characterizations and convex extensions for geometric convex-hull proofs
Authors: Bärmann Andreas , Schneider Oskar
Published: September 2021

In the present work, we consider Zuckerberg’s method for geometric convex-hull proofs introduced in Zuckerberg (Oper Res Lett 44(5):625–629, 2016). It has only been scarcely adopted in the literature so far, despite the great flexibility in designing algorithmic proofs for the completeness of polyhedral descriptions that it offers. We suspect that this is partly due to the rather heavy algebraic framework its original statement entails. This is why we present a much more lightweight and accessible approach to Zuckerberg’s proof technique, building on ideas from Gupte et al. (Discrete Optim 36:100569, 2020). We introduce the concept of set characterizations to replace the set-theoretic expressions needed in the original version and to facilitate the construction of algorithmic proof schemes. Along with this, we develop several different strategies to conduct Zuckerberg-type convex-hull proofs. Very importantly, we also show that our concept allows for a significant extension of Zuckerberg’s proof technique. While the original method was only applicable to 0/1-polytopes, our extended framework allows to treat arbitrary polyhedra and even general convex sets. We demonstrate this increase in expressive power by characterizing the convex hull of Boolean and bilinear functions over polytopal domains. All results are illustrated with indicative examples to underline the practical usefulness and wide applicability of our framework.
Interdisciplinary Research into the Legacy of the Medieval Metropolis of Soba in a Modern Khartoum Suburb
Authors: Drzewiecki Mariusz , Kurcz Maciej , Ciesielska Joanna , Michalik Tomasz , Czyżewska-Zalewska Ewa , Kiersnowski Krzysztof , Ryndziewicz Robert
Published: September 2021

Recent research at Soba focuses on the tangible and intangible heritage of the medieval capital of Alwa kingdom, whose remains cover approximately 275 ha. About 222 ha of this area has been built up or transformed into agricultural land in the past 30 years. An ethnographic survey was also carried out in the built-up area to understand how the residents engage with the archaeological heritage and material remains. The undeveloped area of the capital (53 ha) was the focus of interdisciplinary archaeological fieldwork conducted in 2019 and 2020. A large-scale geophysical survey, using a fluxgate gradiometer and ground-penetrating radar, was initiated in the undeveloped area, and excavation trenches were opened to verify distinctive magnetic anomalies. Along with the ethnographic and geophysical data, the study of the pottery, burials, and stratigraphic sequence (supplemented with radiocarbon dates) provides new insights into the spatial organization of the medieval capital.
Switch to SGLT2 Inhibitors and Improved Endothelial Function in Diabetic Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Correale Michele , Mazzeo Pietro , Mallardi Adriana , Leopizzi Alessandra , Tricarico Lucia , Fortunato Martino , Magnesa Michele , Tucci Salvatore , Maiellaro Pasquale , Pastore Giuseppe , Lamacchia Olga , Iacoviello Massimo , Di Biase Matteo , Brunetti Natale Daniele
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The use of sodium-glucose-cotransporter-type-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) was associated in previous studies with an improved vascular function in non-human experimental models. We therefore sought to evaluate possible changes in endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), switching from other oral hypoglycemic agents to SGLT2i in an observational study.

Methods

Twenty-two consecutive outpatients with CHF and T2DM were enrolled after switching to SGLT2i therapy, and compared with 23 consecutive controls from the same registry comparable for principal clinical characteristics. In all patients, endothelial function was assessed by FMD at baseline and after 3 months of follow-up.

Results

Three months of therapy with SGLT2i were associated with a statistically significant improvement in endothelial function (19.0 ± 5.7% vs 8.5 ± 4.1%, p < 0.0001); baseline levels of FMD were comparable between groups (p n.s.). Therapy with SGLT2i was significantly associated to improved FMD levels even at multivariable stepwise regression analysis (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Switch to SGLT2i in patients with CHF and T2DM was associated in an observational non-randomized study with an improved endothelial function.
VFC-SMOTE: very fast continuous synthetic minority oversampling for evolving data streams
Authors: Bernardo Alessio , Della Valle Emanuele
Published: September 2021

The world is constantly changing, and so are the massive amount of data produced. However, only a few studies deal with online class imbalance learning that combines the challenges of class-imbalanced data streams and concept drift. In this paper, we propose the very fast continuous synthetic minority oversampling technique (VFC-SMOTE). It is a novel meta-strategy to be prepended to any streaming machine learning classification algorithm aiming at oversampling the minority class using a new version of Smote and Borderline-Smote inspired by Data Sketching. We benchmarked VFC-SMOTE pipelines on synthetic and real data streams containing different concept drifts, imbalance levels, and class distributions. We bring statistical evidence that VFC-SMOTE pipelines learn models whose minority class performances are better than state-of-the-art. Moreover, we analyze the time/memory consumption and the concept drift recovery speed.
Realizing a 140 GHz Gap Waveguide–Based Array Antenna by Low-Cost Injection Molding and Micromachining
Authors: Farjana Sadia , Ghaderi Mohammadamir , Zaman Ashraf Uz , Rahiminejad Sofia , Eriksson Thomas , Hansson Jonas , Li Yinggang , Emanuelsson Thomas , Haasl Sjoerd , Lundgren Per , Enoksson Peter
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a novel micromachining process to fabricate a 140 GHz planar antenna based on gap waveguide technology to be used in the next-generation backhauling links. The 140 GHz planar array antenna consists of three layers, all of which have been fabricated using polymer-based microfabrication and injection molding. The 140 GHz antenna has the potential to be used as an element in a bigger 3D array in a line-of-sight (LOS) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) configuration to boost the network capacity. In this work, we focus on the fabrication of a single antenna array element based on gap waveguide technology. Depending on the complexity of each antenna layer’s design, three different micromachining techniques, SU8 fabrication, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and injection molding of the polymer (OSTEMER), together with gold (Au) coating, have been utilized to fabricate a single 140 GHz planar array antenna. The input reflection coefficient was measured to be below − 11 dB over a 14% bandwidth from 132 to 152 GHz, and the antenna gain was measured to be 31 dBi at 140 GHz, both of which are in good agreement with the simulations.
Spanish Preservice Primary School Teachers’ Understanding of the Tides Phenomenon
Authors: Armario María , Oliva José María , Jiménez-Tenorio Natalia
Published: September 2021

In this study, we analyzed the descriptive knowledge and mental models of the phenomenon of tides manifested by 111 preservice primary teachers. The instrument employed is an open-ended questionnaire, analyzed by means of an approach that explores the descriptions, explanations, and predictions in respect of this phenomenon by our subjects. First, we made a descriptive study of the kinds of ideas applied across different dimensions of analysis, and, subsequently, a cluster analysis was performed to check how those ideas were articulated and modeled. By means of this analysis, we were able to identify the mental models underlying the responses of preservice primary teachers. Furthermore, the results showed that the models they did have were not used when it came to making predictions in local situations. Instead, they employed heuristic rules based on everyday assumptions, not always consistent with tidal cycles of approximately 12 h. However, faced with situations that required thinking on a global scale, they did use their models, normally based on alternative conceptions. Lastly, from the results obtained, we consider some of the possible difficulties that preservice primary teachers may have in learning about the phenomenon of tides, and the implications for future teaching–learning designs aimed at overcoming those difficulties.
Chemical composition of selected marine microalgae, with emphasis on lipid and carbohydrate production for potential use as feed resources
Authors: Reitan Kjell Inge , Øie Gunvor , Jørgensen Håvard , Wang Xinxin
Published: September 2021

Marine microalgae are a promising sustainable source of lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Selected microalgae species belonging to the Bacillariophyceae, Haptophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Prasinophyceae were characterised for cellular content of carbon and nitrogen, and for production yields of lipids, fatty acids, total carbohydrates, and β-glucans. Carbon and nitrogen content showed a hyperbolic decrease with increasing cell numbers for Chaetoceros calcitrans, C. muelleri, Skeletonema costatum, Tetraselmis sp., and Nannochloropsis oculata. Cultures of Pavlova lutheri and Tisochrysis lutea showed an increase in carbon content per cell, but a decrease in nitrogen content. The total lipid content of C. muelleri, C. calcitrans, N. oculata, and T. lutea increased with decreasing relative growth rate; however, the highest productivity of lipids was found in T. lutea grown at 40% of the maximum specific growth rate. The highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid was found in C. muelleri, C. calcitrans, and N. oculata, and the highest content of docosahexaenoic acid was found in T. lutea. The β-glucan fraction of the carbohydrates was highest in C. muelleri and C. calcitrans and was very low in N. oculata. Out of the species investigated, C. muelleri had the highest production yield of β-glucans, obtained when cultivated at a 40% relative growth rate.
Minimizing the makespan on a single machine subject to modular setups
Authors: Briskorn Dirk , Stephan Konrad , Boysen Nils
Published: September 2021

Single machine scheduling with sequence-dependent setup times is one of the classical problems of production planning with widespread applications in many industries. Solving this problem under the min-makespan objective is well known to be strongly NP-hard. We consider a special case of the problem arising from products having a modular design. This means that product characteristics, (mass-)customizable by customers, are realized by separate components that can freely be combined. If consecutive products differ by a component, then a setup is necessary. This results in a specially structured setup matrix that depends on the similarities of product characteristics. We differentiate alternative problem cases where, for instance, the setup operations for multiple components either have to be executed sequentially or are allowed to be conducted in parallel. We analyze the computational complexity of various problem settings. Our findings reveal some special cases that are solvable in polynomial time, whereas most problem settings are shown to remain strongly NP-hard.
“When I think of mental healthcare, I think of no care.” Mental Health Services as a Vital Component of Prenatal Care for Black Women
Authors: Kemet Shakkaura , Yang Yihui , Nseyo Onouwem , Bell Felicha , Gordon Anastasia Yinpa-ala , Mays Markita , Fowler Melinda , Jackson Andrea
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Black people give birth joyously despite disproportionate rates of adverse perinatal outcomes. Given that group prenatal care shows promise in mitigating these inequities, we sought to solicit the opinions of Black peripartum women on how group prenatal care could be tailored to fit their specific needs. In this study, we describe attitudes about a proposed Black group prenatal care in a single focus group of 11 Black women who receive maternal health services from Black Infant Health (BIH, a state and federal funded state-wide program for Black pregnant people with the goal to improve infant and maternal health). These data were used to design a race-conscious group prenatal care curriculum specifically for Black women at UCSF.

Description

This study was an analysis of focus group data generated as part of a larger project focused on community involvement in Black maternal health. English speaking pregnant or recently postpartum women age 18 or older who receive services from BIH were recruited to participated in the focus group analyzed in this study. All facilitators of the focus group were Black women in order to facilitate candid conversation about racism in prenatal care.

Assessment

The need for mental health care was common thread underlying all conversations about prenatal health improvements desired by our focus groups. Participants expressed the centrality of mental health access during our discussion of other themes (e.g.: ease of access, inclusion of partners, special classes for teen moms) by discussing them in terms of their relationship to mental health. Our participants’ clear expression of the centrality of mental health care to their prenatal health guided our decision to focus on mental health as a necessary pillar of any group prenatal care intervention designed to mitigate perinatal healthcare disparities in this paper. Three themes related to mental health integration into group prenatal care emerged from thematic analysis of the transcripts. Participants expressed insufficient access and advocacy, and provider distrust.

Conclusion

Evidence exists supporting group prenatal care as a tool for mitigation of perinatal health disparities among Black women. There is also a large body of data describing the disproportionate burden of mental health needs among Black women. The rich data we present here from Black women on their desire for the integration of these two needs fits well into the parallel conversation occurring in the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating desires of Black women regarding group prenatal care designed specifically for them. They expressed a strong desire for more access to mental health care providers who are racially conscious and aware of white supremacy, and nuanced opinions on the role of racial concordance in health equity.
Posttraumatic growth and well-being among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis in recognition of 40 years of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Pięta Małgorzata , Rzeszutek Marcin
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize, analyze, and critically review existing studies on the relationship between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and psychological well-being (operationalized either via positive or negative well-being indicators) among people living with HIV (PLWH). We also investigated whether this association varies as a function of socio-demographic, clinical characteristics, and study publication year.

Method

We conducted a structured literature search on Web of Science, Scopus, MedLine, PsyARTICLES, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The most important inclusion criteria encompassed quantitative and peer-reviewed articles published in English.

Results

After selection, we accepted 27 articles for further analysis (N = 6333 participants). Eight studies used positive indicators of well-being. The other 19 studies focused on negative indicators of well-being. Meta-analysis revealed that there was a negative weak-size association between PTG and negative well-being indicators (r = − 0.18, 95% CI [− 0.23; − 0.11]) and a positive medium-size association between PTG and positive well-being measures (r = 0.35, 95% CI [0.21; 0.47]). We detected no moderators.

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis and systematic review revealed expected negative and positive associations between PTG and negative versus positive well-being indicators among PLWH. Specifically, the relationship between PTG and positive well-being indicators was more substantial than the link between PTG and negative well-being measures in these patients. Finally, observed high heterogeneity between studies and several measurement problems call for significant modification and improvement of PTG research among PLWH.
Why invent the handle? Electromyography (EMG) and efficiency of use data investigating the prehistoric origin and selection of hafted stone knives
Authors: Key Alastair , Farr Ian , Hunter Robert , Mika Anna , Eren Metin I. , Winter Samantha L.
Published: September 2021

For over 3 million years hominins held stone-cutting tools in the hand, gripping the portion of tool displaying a sharp cutting edge directly. During the late Middle Pleistocene human populations started to produce hafted composite knives, where the stone element displaying a sharp cutting edge was secured in a handle. Prevailing archaeological literature suggests that handles convey benefits to tool users by increasing cutting performance and reducing musculoskeletal stresses, yet to date these hypotheses remain largely untested. Here, we compare the cutting performance of hafted knives, ‘basic’ flake tools, and large bifacial tools during two standardized cutting tasks. Going further, we examine the comparative ergonomics of each tool type through electromyographic (EMG) analysis of nine upper limb muscles. Results suggest that knives (1) recruit muscles responsible for digit flexion (i.e. gripping) and in-hand manipulation relatively less than alternative stone tool types and (2) may convey functional performance benefits relative to unhafted stone tool alternatives when considered as a generalised cutting tool. Furthermore, our data indicate that knives facilitate greater muscle activity in the upper arm and forearm, potentially resulting in the application of greater cutting forces during tool use. Compared to unhafted prehistoric alternatives, hafted stone knives demonstrate increased ergonomic properties and some functional performance benefits. These factors would likely have contributed to the invention and widespread adoption of hafted stone knives during the late Middle Pleistocene.
Liraglutide may affect visceral fat accumulation in diabetic rats via changes in FTO, AMPK, and AKT expression
Authors: Xiao Shan , Yang Ye , Liu Yuetong , Zhu Jun
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study is to explore the effects of liraglutide (LRG) on the expression of FTO, AMPK, and AKT in the visceral adipose tissues of obese and diabetic rats and the underlying mechanisms thereof.

Methods

Thirty SPF-grade, male SD rats were randomly divided into the healthy control, diabetic model (DM), and DM + LRG groups. The DM and DM + LRG groups were administered normal saline and LRG (0.6 mg/kg/d), respectively. After 12 weeks, the body weight of the rats was measured, and their visceral adipose tissues were collected and weighed; the levels of serum biochemical indicators and FTO, AMPK, and AKT in these tissues were then measured using qRT-PCR and western blotting.

Results

Compared to the control group, the body weight and visceral fat accumulation and blood glucose, TG, TC, and LDL-C levels increased significantly, while the HDL-C levels decreased significantly, in the DM group (p < 0.05). After LRG treatment, the HDL-C levels increased significantly, but the levels of the other indicators decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the visceral adipose tissue levels of FTO and AKT increased significantly, while the AMPK levels decreased significantly in the DM group (p < 0.05). After LRG treatment, the FTO and AKT levels decreased significantly, and the AMPK levels increased significantly (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

LRG may activate and inhibit the AMPK and AKT pathways, respectively, and decrease FTO expression, thereby alleviating abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetes.
Renal outcomes in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with SGLT2 inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhao Shi-di , Zhou Ling , Tao Yi-ying , Yue Yue , Wang Jia-xin , Shen Lei , Lu Guo-yuan , Hang Yong-fu
Published: September 2021

Aim

This study investigated the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on renal outcomes in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and methods

We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials published up to April 2020 that compared SGLT2 inhibitors with placebo or active comparator and reported any renal outcomes in Asian patients with T2DM. Random effects models and inverse variance weighting were used to calculate relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

We included 14 studies, totaling 3792 patients, in the analysis. In the short term, SGLT2 inhibitors significantly slowed estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline (MD: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.94; p < 0.00001) and reduced Scr levels (SMD: − 0.17; 95% CI: − 0.23 to − 0.10; p < 0.00001) as compared with the control groups. The SGLT2 inhibitor group also had an advantage over the control group in lowering uric acid (UA) (SMD: − 1.2; 95% CI: − 1.30 to − 1.11; p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) reduction between the SGLT2 inhibitor and control groups (MD: − 8.87; 95% CI: − 19.80 to 2.06; p = 0.11). However, dapagliflozin does appear to reduce albuminuria (p = 0.005). Lastly, SGLT2 inhibitors increased the incidence of adverse events (AEs) related to renal function (OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.91; p = 0.003), but did not increase the incidence of renal impairment (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.81; p = 0.68).

Conclusion

The use of SGLT2 inhibitors in Asian patients with T2DM can help delay the decline of eGFR and reduce Scr and UA. Although SGLT2 inhibitors have no overall advantage in reducing albuminuria, dapagliflozin does appear to reduce albuminuria, and while they may increase the occurrence of AEs related to renal function, they do not increase the incidence of renal impairment.
La metabolomica nella diagnosi delle patologie da ipersecrezione e dei tumori corticali surrenalici
Authors: Di Dalmazi Guido
Published: September 2021

Sommario

La metabolomica ha permesso un notevole avanzamento nella comprensione della fisiopatologia delle ghiandole surrenaliche. L’applicazione della spettrometria di massa alla misurazione dei metaboliti ha portato all’identificazione di pannelli con enormi potenzialità in ambito diagnostico, come ad esempio nell’identificazione della patologia surrenalica espansiva maligna, nella predizione delle recidive e nella diagnosi di sottotipo dell’ipersecrezione glucocorticoide e mineralcorticoide.
High-Efficiency Wastewater Purification System Based on Coupled Photoelectric–Catalytic Action Provided by Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Shen Shen , Fu Jiajia , Yi Jia , Ma Liyun , Sheng Feifan , Li Chengyu , Wang Tingting , Ning Chuan , Wang Hongbo , Dong Kai , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: September 2021

It is of great importance to explore a creative route to improve the degradation efficiency of organic pollutants in wastewater. Herein, we construct a unique hybrid system by combining self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with carbon dots-TiO2 sheets doped three-dimensional graphene oxide photocatalyst (3DGA@CDs-TNs), which can significantly enhance the degradation efficiency of brilliant green (BG) and direct blue 5B (DB) owing to the powerful interaction of TENG and 3DGA@CDs-TNs photocatalyst. The power output of TENG can be applied for wastewater purification directly, which exhibits a self-powered electrocatalytic technology. Furthermore, the results also verify that TENG can replace conventional electric catalyst to remove pollutants effectively from wastewater without any consumption. Subsequently, the unstable fragments and the plausible removal pathways of the two pollutants are proposed. Our work sheds light on the development of efficient and sustainable TENG/photocatalyst system, opening up new opportunities and possibilities for comprehensive utilization of random energy.
Twenty Years of Philosophy of Management. How has it Shaped the Field?
Authors: Erkal Hakan , Vandekerckhove Wim
Published: September 2021

This article analyses the first 20 years of the journal Philosophyof Management to provide insight into how the journal has developed and delineated the field of philosophy of management. Our content analysis uses an inductively developed combination of thematic and frequency analysis. We present our findings in a descriptive tone, inviting scholars to reflect upon how the journal has shaped the field over the past two decades, and to trigger a discussion on a more deliberately inclusive future shaping of the field.
Hidden Markov Models of Evidence Accumulation in Speeded Decision Tasks
Authors: Kucharský Šimon , Tran N.-Han , Veldkamp Karel , Raijmakers Maartje , Visser Ingmar
Published: September 2021

Speeded decision tasks are usually modeled within the evidence accumulation framework, enabling inferences on latent cognitive parameters, and capturing dependencies between the observed response times and accuracy. An example is the speed-accuracy trade-off, where people sacrifice speed for accuracy (or vice versa). Different views on this phenomenon lead to the idea that participants may not be able to control this trade-off on a continuum, but rather switch between distinct states (Dutilh et al.,Cognitive Science35(2):211–250, 2010). Hidden Markov models are used to account for switching between distinct states. However, combining evidence accumulation models with a hidden Markov structure is a challenging problem, as evidence accumulation models typically come with identification and computational issues that make them challenging on their own. Thus, an integration of hidden Markov models with evidence accumulation models has still remained elusive, even though such models would allow researchers to capture potential dependencies between response times and accuracy within the states, while concomitantly capturing different behavioral modes during cognitive processing. This article presents a model that uses an evidence accumulation model as part of a hidden Markov structure. This model is considered as a proof of principle that evidence accumulation models can be combined with Markov switching models. As such, the article considers a very simple case of a simplified Linear Ballistic Accumulation. An extensive simulation study was conducted to validate the model’s implementation according to principles of robust Bayesian workflow. Example reanalysis of data from Dutilh et al. (Cognitive Science35(2):211–250, 2010) demonstrates the application of the new model. The article concludes with limitations and future extensions or alternatives to the model and its application.
The oscillatory longwave Marangoni convection in a thin film heated from below
Authors: Samoilova Anna , Nepomnyashchy Alexander
Published: September 2021

A novel type of Marangoni convection was predicted theoretically a decade ago. The thin liquid film atop a substrate of low thermal conductivity was considered. In the case of heating from below, the Marangoni convection emerges not only in a conventional stationary regime, but also as oscillatory flows. Specifically, the oscillatory Marangoni convection emerges if (1) the heat flux from the free surface is small, and (2) the large-scale deformation of the free surface is allowed. During the past decade, this novel Marangoni convection was detected and investigated in several other theoretical works. The review discusses the recent achievements in studying the oscillatory Marangoni convection in a thin film heated from below. The guiding data for observation of the oscillatory regime are also provided.
Passive solar dryers as sustainable alternatives for drying agricultural produce in sub-Saharan Africa: advances and challenges
Authors: Matavel Custodio , Hoffmann Harry , Rybak Constance , Sieber Stefan , Müller Klaus , Brüntrup Michael , Salavessa João
Published: September 2021

The lack of adequate techniques for food processing is among the reasons underlying food losses and high levels of hunger in Sub-Saharan Africa; the application of solar energy to dry agricultural products is one potential solution. However, the total replacement of traditional uses of solar energy is still far from reality. Therefore, in this study, we systematically review the academic literature testing passive solar drying systems in order to assess their performance. Then the main limitations and challenges for passive solar dryers developed in Sub-Saharan Africa are derived. The literature search reveals very limited research and a lack of standardized methods to assess solar dryer performance. Studies mainly report parameters related to dryers’ thermal performance and physical features, thus neglecting parameters related to the quality of dried products and economics. Standardized and robust methodologies are urgently needed for more accurate conclusions and comparability of study results. Moreover, successfully applying passive solar dryers as an alternative to the traditional use of solar energy requires overcoming challenges such as time consumption, limited quantities of dried products, and the periodic nature of solar radiation. Thus, given its ability to significantly improve the self-life of food and overcome the current limitations for effective utilization of solar dryers in SSA, the use of mixed mode passive greenhouse dryers is proposed.
Identification of key genes and pathways in mild and severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by integrative analysis
Authors: Feng Jin , Wei Tianjiao , Cui Xiaona , Wei Rui , Hong Tianpei
Published: September 2021

Background

The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is multifaceted, and the underlying mechanisms are elusive. We conducted data mining analysis to gain a better insight into the disease and to identify the hub genes associated with the progression of NAFLD.

Methods

The dataset GSE49541, containing the profile of 40 samples representing mild stages of NAFLD and 32 samples representing advanced stages of NAFLD, was acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the R programming language. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online tool and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database were used to perform the enrichment analysis and construct protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, respectively. Subsequently, transcription factor networks and key modules were identified. The hub genes were validated in a mice model of high fat diet (HFD)‐induced NAFLD and in cultured HepG2 cells by real‐time quantitative PCR.

Results

Based on the GSE49541 dataset, 57 DEGs were selected and enriched in chemokine activity and cellular component, including the extracellular region. Twelve transcription factors associated with DEGs were indicated from PPI analysis. Upregulated expression of five hub genes (SOX9, CCL20, CXCL1, CD24, and CHST4), which were identified from the dataset, was also observed in the livers of HFD‐induced NAFLD mice and in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitic acid or advanced glycation end products.

Conclusion

The hub genes SOX9, CCL20, CXCL1, CD24, and CHST4 are involved in the aggravation of NAFLD. Our results offer new insights into the underlying mechanism of NAFLD progression.
The Power of Polls?
Authors: Roy Jason , Singh Shane P. , Fournier Patrick
Published: September 2021

Public opinion polls have become increasingly prominent during elections, but how they affect voting behaviour remains uncertain. In this work, we estimate the effects of poll exposure using an experimental design in which we randomly assign the availability of polls to participants in simulated election campaigns. We draw upon results from ten independent experiments conducted across six countries on four continents (Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to examine how polls affect the amount of information individuals seek and the votes that they cast. We further assess how poll effects differ according to individual-level factors, such as partisanship and political sophistication, and the content included in polls and how it is presented. Our work provides a comprehensive assessment of the power of polls and the implications for poll reporting in contemporary elections.
Solid State Materials Chemistry
Authors: Woodward Patrick M. , Karen Pavel , Evans John S. O. , Vogt Thomas
Published: September 2021

This comprehensive textbook provides a modern, self-contained treatment for upper undergraduate and graduate level students. It emphasizes the links between structure, defects, bonding, and properties throughout, and provides an integrated treatment of a wide range of materials, including crystalline, amorphous, organic and nano- materials. Boxes on synthesis methods, characterization tools, and technological applications distil specific examples and support student understanding of materials and their design. The first six chapters cover the fundamentals of extended solids, while later chapters explore a specific property or class of material, building a coherent framework for students to master core concepts with confidence, and for instructors to easily tailor the coverage to fit their own single semester course. With mathematical details given only where they strengthen understanding, 400 original figures and over 330 problems for hands-on learning, this accessible textbook is ideal for courses in chemistry and materials science.
Occupational Health and Safety Measures in Healthcare Settings during COVID-19: Strategies for Protecting Staff, Patients and Visitors
Authors: Ahmad Isra Asma , Osei Ernest
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has profoundly impacted almost every aspect of healthcare systems worldwide, placing the health and safety of frontline healthcare workers at risk, and it still continues to remain an important public health challenge. Several hospitals have put in place strategies to manage space, staff, and supplies in order to continue to deliver optimum care to patients while at the same time protecting the health and safety of staff and patients. However, the emergence of the second and third waves of the virus with the influx of new cases continue to add an additional level of complexity to the already challenging situation of containing the spread and lowering the rate of transmission, thus pushing healthcare systems to the limit. In this narrative review paper, we describe various strategies including administrative controls, environmental controls, and use of personal protective equipment, implemented by occupational health and safety departments for the protection of healthcare workers, patients, and visitors from SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. The protection and safeguard of the health and safety of healthcare workers and patients through the implementation of effective infection control measures, adequate management of possible outbreaks and minimization of the risk of nosocomial transmission is an important and effective strategy of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic management in any healthcare facility. High quality patient care hinges on ensuring that the care providers are well protected and supported so they can provide the best quality of care to their patients.