bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of IL‐37‐ and IL‐37‐Treated Dendritic Cells in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Zhu Ruirui , Zhang Fangyuan , Pan Chengliang , Yu Kunwu , Zhong Yucheng , Zeng Qiutang
Published: August 2021

As a chronic inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most countries. Inflammation is responsible for plaque instability and the subsequent onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which is one of the leading causes of hospitalization. Therefore, exploring the potential mechanism underlying ACS is of considerable concern, and searching for alternative therapeutic targets is very urgent. Interleukin‐37 (IL‐37) inhibits the production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines and acts as a natural inhibitor of innate and adaptive immunity. Interestingly, our previous study with murine models showed that IL‐37 alleviated cardiac remodeling and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Of note, our clinical study revealed that IL‐37 is elevated and plays a beneficial role in patients with ACS. Moreover, dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate both immunity and tolerance, and tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) are characterized by more secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. As expected, IL‐37‐treated DCs are tolerogenic. Hence, we speculate that IL‐37‐ or IL‐37‐treated DCs is a novel therapeutic possibility for ACS, and the precise mechanism of IL‐37 requires further study.
A Numerical Approach to Analyze Detail Mechanical Characteristic at the Crack Tip of SCC in Dissimilar Metal Welded Joints
Authors: Xue He , Sun Yuman , Zhang Shun , Bashir Rehmat , Zhao Youjun , Yang Hongliang , Wang Shuai , Yang Yongjie
Published: August 2021

The mechanical characteristic at the crack tip is one of the main factors affecting the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in dissimilar metal welded joints (DMWJs). In this research, to evaluate the effect of heterogeneous material properties on the mechanical characteristic at the crack tip of DMWJs accurately, a heterogeneous material model of the SA508 Cl.3‐Alloy 52M DMWJ was established based on USDFLD subroutine in ABAQUS. The comparison of the traditional “Sandwich” material model with the heterogeneous material properties, stress‐strain conditions, and the plastic zone around the crack tip at the interference zone has been analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). The results indicated that the heterogeneous material model could characterize the mechanical properties of the SA508 Cl.3‐Alloy 52M DMWJs accurately. In addition, the crack at the interface zone between materials will deflect along with the weld metal in two material models.
Fabrication and Use of a Customized Provisional Composite Abutment in Dental Practice
Authors: Studenikin Roman , Niftaliev Sabukhi
Published: August 2021

Introduction. Reducing the time of implant integration and the period of prosthetics is an important task of dentistry since this leads to improved quality of life and successful rehabilitation of the patient. Therefore, currently, there is an intensely increased interest in immediate or early loading of the implant, when certain parameters of primary implant stability in the bone tissue are achieved. Materials and Methods. The materials used to perform the procedure for placement of a customized provisional composite abutment were a provisional prefabricated abutment with a retention grip for the composite; aluminum oxide powder with a particle size of 27 μm for better adhesion of the composite, with which the retention grip of the provisional abutment is coated; 3M Single Bond Universal light-curing adhesive applied to the provisional abutment; and Filtek Bulk Fill 3M composite including a low-viscosity radiopaque nanocomponent and ytterbium trifluoride filler with a particle size of 0.01–3.5 nm. Methods used in this study were as follows: fabrication technique using the Cervico system for a customized provisional composite abutment; sandblasting of the provisional abutment using the apparatus RONDOFLEX (KERR); light polymerization of low-viscosity composite using Demi Ultra Kerr lamp (luminous flux power not less than 1100 mW/cm2); and radiographic control of the abutment fit in the implant. Results. The surgical and orthopedic treatment of 20 patients was performed using this technique. The control group consisted of 11 patients with similar pathology, in whose surgery the fabrication of a provisional prosthesis was used. As a result, it was possible to form a gingival profile, in comparison with the control group, to accelerate mucogingival and bone integration, as well as to quickly carry out orthopedic rehabilitation of the patient. The average value of the time required for the final formation of soft tissues for prosthetics in patients in the experimental group was significantly lower than those in the comparison group (

p
=
0.007

and

p
=
0.028

, respectively). In most clinical cases, there is no need for surgery on soft tissues, which eliminates the possibility of additional traumas. Conclusions. The use of a promising technology for the fabrication of a crown on the implant and a customized provisional composite abutment significantly reduced the period of orthopedic rehabilitation of the patient. Immediate implantation with a customized provisional composite abutment completely forms the gingival profile, reduces the risk of microbial contamination in the area of bone formation, minimizes soft tissue ischemia, and accelerates the processes of mucogingival and bone integration around the implant.
Disparities in Healthcare Providers' Recommendation of HPV Vaccination for U.S. Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kong Wei Yi , Bustamante Gabriela , Pallotto Isabella K. , Margolis Marjorie A. , Carlson Rebecca , McRee Annie-Laurie , Gilkey Melissa B.
Published: August 2021

Infrequent provider recommendations continue to be a key barrier to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, including among adolescents at higher risk for future HPV cancers. To inform future interventions, we sought to characterize disparities in health care providers' HPV vaccine recommendation for U.S. adolescents. We systematically reviewed studies published in 2012–2019 that assessed provider HPV vaccine recommendations for adolescents aged 9–17. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we identified 52 eligible studies and used a standardized abstraction form to assess recommendation prevalence by adolescent demographic characteristics. Studies consistently found that fewer parents of boys than girls reported receiving HPV vaccine recommendations (14 studies, range of difference: −11 to −35 percentage points). Studies also found fewer recommendations for adolescents who were younger (2 studies, −3% to −12% points), non-White (3 studies, −5% to −7% points, females only), lower income (3 studies, −1% to −8% points), or uninsured (1 study, −21% points, males only). Studies identified geographic disparities in southern and rural areas. In conclusion, findings from this systematic review identify disparities in HPV vaccine recommendation that may contribute to suboptimal vaccine uptake. Efforts to improve providers’ HPV vaccine communication should focus on increasing recommendation consistency, especially for lower-income, non-White, and rural adolescents.
Genome-Wide miRNA Expression Profiling of Molecular Subgroups of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Lone Waseem , Bouska Alyssa , Sharma Sunandini , Amador Catalina , Saumyaranjan Mallick , Herek Tyler A. , Heavican Tayla B. , Yu Jiayu , Lim Soon Thye , Ong Choon Kiat , Slack Graham W. , Savage Kerry J. , Rosenwald Andreas , Ott German , Cook James R. , Feldman Andrew L. , Rimsza Lisa M. , McKeithan Timothy W. , Greiner Timothy C. , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Melle Federica , Motta Giovanna , Pileri Stefano , Vose Julie M. , Chan Wing C. , Iqbal Javeed
Published: August 2021

Purpose:

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a heterogeneous group of non–Hodgkin lymphomas with aggressive clinical behavior. We performed comprehensive miRNA profiling in PTCLs and corresponding normal CD4+ Th1/2 and TFH-like polarized subsets to elucidate the role of miRNAs in T-cell lymphomagenesis.

Experimental Design:

We used nCounter (NanoString Inc) for miRNA profiling and validated using Taqman qRT-PCR (Applied Biosystems, Inc). Normal CD4+ T cells were polarized into effector Th subsets using signature cytokines, and miRNA significance was revealed using functional experiments.

Results:

Effector Th subsets showed distinct miRNA expression with corresponding transcription factor expression (e.g., BCL6/miR-19b, -106, -30d, -26b, in IL21-polarized; GATA3/miR-155, miR-337 in Th2-polarized; and TBX21/miR-181a, -331-3p in Th1-polarized cells). Integration of miRNA signatures suggested activation of TCR and PI3K signaling in IL21-polarized cells, ERK signaling in Th1-polarized cells, and AKT–mTOR signaling in Th2-polarized cells, validated at protein level. In neoplastic counterparts, distinctive miRNAs were identified and confirmed in an independent cohort. Integrative miRNA–mRNA analysis identified a decrease in target transcript abundance leading to deregulation of sphingolipid and Wnt signaling and epigenetic dysregulation in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), while ERK, MAPK, and cell cycle were identified in PTCL subsets, and decreased target transcript abundance was validated in an independent cohort. Elevated expression of miRNAs (miR-126-3p, miR-145-5p) in AITL was associated with poor clinical outcome. In silico and experimental validation suggest two targets (miR-126→ SIPR2 and miR-145 → ROCK1) resulting in reduced RhoA-GTPase activity and T–B-cell interaction.

Conclusions:

Unique miRNAs and deregulated oncogenic pathways are associated with PTCL subtypes. Upregulated miRNA-126-3p and miR-145-5p expression regulate RhoA-GTPase and inhibit T-cell migration, crucial for AITL pathobiology.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan with Concomitant Ritonavir or Itraconazole in Patients with HER2-Expressing Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Takahashi Shunji , Karayama Masato , Takahashi Masato , Watanabe Junichiro , Minami Hironobu , Yamamoto Noboru , Kinoshita Ichiro , Lin Chia-Chi , Im Young-Hyuck , Achiwa Issei , Kamiyama Emi , Okuda Yasuyuki , Lee Caleb , Bang Yung-Jue
Published: August 2021

Purpose:

To evaluate drug–drug interactions between the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–targeted antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd; DS-8201a) and the OATP1B/CYP3A inhibitor ritonavir or the strong CYP3A inhibitor itraconazole.

Patients and Methods:

Patients with HER2-expressing advanced solid tumors were enrolled in this phase I, open-label, single-sequence crossover study (NCT03383692) and received i.v. T-DXd 5.4 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Patients received ritonavir (cohort 1) or itraconazole (cohort 2) from day 17 of cycle 2 through the end of cycle 3. Primary endpoints were maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and partial area under the concentration-time curve from beginning of cycle through day 17 (AUC17d) for T-DXd and deruxtecan (DXd) with (cycle 3) and without (cycle 2) ritonavir or itraconazole treatment.

Results:

Forty patients were enrolled (cohort 1, n = 17; cohort 2, n = 23). T-DXd Cmax was similar whether combined with ritonavir [cohort 1, cycle 3/cycle 2; 90% confidence interval (CI): 1.05 (0.98–1.13)] or itraconazole [cohort 2, 1.03 (0.96–1.09)]. T-DXd AUC17d increased from cycle 2 to 3; however, the cycle 3/cycle 2 ratio upper CI bound remained at ≤1.25 for both cohorts. For DXd (cycle 3/cycle 2), Cmax ratio was 0.99 (90% CI, 0.85–1.14) for cohort 1 and 1.04 (0.92–1.18) for cohort 2; AUC17d ratio was 1.22 (1.08–1.37) and 1.18 (1.11–1.25), respectively. The safety profile of T-DXd plus ritonavir or itraconazole was consistent with previous studies of T-DXd monotherapy. T-DXd demonstrated promising antitumor activity across HER2-expressing solid-tumor types.

Conclusions:

T-DXd was safely combined with ritonavir or itraconazole without clinically meaningful impact on T-DXd or DXd pharmacokinetics.
The Fibronectin–ILT3 Interaction Functions as a Stromal Checkpoint that Suppresses Myeloid Cells
Authors: Paavola Kevin J. , Roda Julie M. , Lin Vicky Y. , Chen Peirong , O'Hollaren Kyle P. , Ventura Richard , Crawley Suzanne C. , Li Betty , Chen Hung-I H. , Malmersjö Seth , Sharkov Nikolai A. , Horner Geoffrey , Guo Wei , Kutach Alan K. , Mondal Kalyani , Zhang Zhen , Lichtman Joshua S. , Song Christina , Rivera Lee B. , Liu Wenhui , Luo Jian , Wang Yan , Solloway Mark J. , Allan Bernard B. , Kekatpure Avantika , Starck Shelley R. , Haldankar Raj , Fan Bin , Chu Chun , Tang Jie , Molgora Martina , Colonna Marco , Kaplan Daniel D. , Hsu Jer-Yuan
Published: August 2021

Suppressive myeloid cells inhibit antitumor immunity by preventing T-cell responses. Immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3; also known as LILRB4) is highly expressed on tumor-associated myeloid cells and promotes their suppressive phenotype. However, the ligand that engages ILT3 within the tumor microenvironment and renders tumor-associated myeloid cells suppressive is unknown. Using a screening approach, we identified fibronectin as a functional ligand for ILT3. The interaction of fibronectin with ILT3 polarized myeloid cells toward a suppressive state, and these effects were reversed with an ILT3-specific antibody that blocked the interaction of ILT3 with fibronectin. Furthermore, ex vivo treatment of human tumor explants with anti-ILT3 reprogrammed tumor-associated myeloid cells toward a stimulatory phenotype. Thus, the ILT3–fibronectin interaction represents a “stromal checkpoint” through which the extracellular matrix actively suppresses myeloid cells. By blocking this interaction, tumor-associated myeloid cells may acquire a stimulatory phenotype, potentially resulting in increased antitumor T-cell responses.
Is Gadolinium Contrast Necessary for Pituitary MRI in the Evaluation of Pediatric Short Stature and Growth Hormone Deficiency?
Authors: Almaghraby Abdullah , Jaju Alok , Ryan Maura E. , Rychlik Karen , Habiby Reema L. , Brickman Wendy J.
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Short stature is a common concern that necessitates pediatric endocrinology evaluation. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a commonly considered etiology. Brain and pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is the most widely used imaging in assessing patients with GHD. Given the significant strides made in MRI technology, the need for contrast material should be reassessed. Method: We performed a retrospective review of healthy patients with short stature and/or GHD who underwent brain and pituitary MRI with and without contrast to assess the added value of contrast administration. Results: 227/318 identified patients underwent growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing; 28 (12.3%) with normal GH response and 62 (27.3%) with severe GHD. We found a low incidence of sellar and suprasellar pathologies. When comparing noncontrast and contrast MRI, we found perfect agreement in detecting abnormal posterior pituitary bright spots (kappa:1.0) and substantial agreement in detecting pars intermedia cysts and posterior superior sellar cysts (kappa: 0.74 and 0.71, respectively). Initially, only moderate agreement was found in detecting infundibular abnormalities (kappa: 0.51), although a revised noncontrast MRI protocol with high-resolution 3D images enabled visualization of the infundibulum. Conclusion: The MRI evaluation of healthy patients with short stature and/or isolated GHD may be completed without the use of GBCAs. The slight overestimation of pituitary stalk interruption by noncontrast images can be overcome by adding newer high-resolution sequences.
O mercado de streaming na Coreia do Sul: disputas internas e a invasão estrangeira
Authors: Mazur Daniela , Meimaridis Melina , Rios Daniel
Published: August 2021

Através da Hallyu, a Coreia do Sul tem se tornado um polo significativo de produção de cultura pop. Devido às particularidades do mercado de TV e internet no país, as empresas de streaming estrangeiras têm tido dificuldade para crescerem lá. Em contrapartida, a Coreia se estabeleceu como um dos maiores mercados nacionais de streaming de vídeo na Ásia. A partir de uma revisão da literatura e de matérias jornalísticas, identificamos dois fenômenos significativos. Primeiro, um grupo de conglomerados locais se juntaram para formar a plataforma Wavve com o objetivo de enfrentar o “mal estrangeiro”, representado pela presença da Netflix no país. Segundo, a indústria sulcoreana está se utilizando da influência global das plataformas estrangeiras para expandir o alcance da Hallyu. Este estudo de caso, então, revela nuances e estratégias de uma indústria de mídia em ascensão na periferia global.
Caracterização petrográfica e litogeoquímica dos mármores e rochas calcissilicáticas do Vale do Jacurici, Bahia: condições paleoambientais e processos fosfogenéticos
Authors: Gama Mariana Andriotti , Misi Aroldo , Sá José Haroldo da Silva , Oliveira Luis Rodrigues dos Santos de , Ribeiro Tatiana Silva
Published: August 2021

Baseando-se em interpretações paleoambientais utilizando dados geoquímicos, os mármores e as rochas calcissilicáticas do Vale do Jacurici, centro-norte da Bahia, demonstraram estar associados a um paleoambiente de deposição marinho raso Paleoproterozoico. Essas rochas encontram-se deformadas, metassomatizadas e metamorfizadas em condições de anfibolito alto a granulito. São intruditas pelo Sienito de Itiúba e pelo Complexo Máfico-ultramáfico Vale do Jacurici, mineralizado em cromita, relação que sugere idade mínima paleoproterozoica para a sucessão. Os estudos realizados em testemunhos de sondagem permitiram a caracterização de mármores, diopsiditos e rochas calcissilicáticas granulitizadas. São identificadas assinaturas marinhas preservadas em padrões de elementos terras-raras (ETR + Y), bem como anomalias negativas de Ce, positivas de Y e Gd e relações Y/Ho próximas aos valores da água do mar (60–168) nos mármores. Foram constatados padrões de contaminação crustal que indicam componentes provenientes de input terrígeno, resultando em relações positivas Zr versus Hf, enriquecimento relativo de metais traços, ΣETR + Y e razões Pr/Yb[SN], padrões Y/Ho (< 30) e anomalias menos acentuadas, sobretudo nas rochas calcissilicáticas. A presença de magnitudes variáveis de anomalias positivas de Eu pode refletir contribuição de assinaturas das águas dos mares arqueanos residuais e influência de fluidos magmáticos tardios. A ocorrência de valores anômalos de P2O5 nos mármores (1,38 e 4,56%) e diopsiditos (2,07 e 2,3%) relacionada às razões Y/Ho (parâmetro de contaminação detrítica na bacia) sugere assinaturas de zonas limítrofes entre contribuição terrígena e marinha, bem como evidencia controle estratigráfico preservado nas concentrações de fósforo. Esses dados indicam um paleoambiente influenciado por eventos climáticos globais favoráveis à fosfogênese, envolvendo alta disponibilidade de oxigênio, cenário semelhante aos registros em bacias paleoproterozoicas mineralizadas em fosfato sedimentar,
Petrologia do Stock Serra da Vaca, Domínio Poço Redondo, Sistema Orogênico Sergipano
Authors: Oliveira Douglas Barreto de , Conceição Herbet , Rosa Maria de Lourdes da Silva
Published: August 2021

O Stock Serra da Vaca (SSV, 19 km2) é alongado NE-SW e localiza-se no norte do Domínio Poço Redondo, no Sistema Orogênico Sergipano. A orientação desse stock trunca a foliação metamórfica regional NW-SE. O SSV é constituído por biotita granodioritos leucocráticos de cor cinza, textura equigranular fina a média e têm estrutura maciça. Sienogranitos e álcali-feldspato granito são presentes. Os minerais acessórios dessas rochas são epídoto, zircão, apatita e minerais opacos. O feldspato alcalino é pertítico. Andesina e oligoclásio dos granodioritos apresentam zonação normal, indicativa de cristalização fracionada. A biotita marrom é primária, tem razão Fe/(Fe + Mg) variando de 0,47–0,84 e exibe afinidade química com suítes cálcio-alcalinas. O epídoto primário (19,9 < %pistacita < 28,85) indica cristalização em condições relativamente oxidantes a pressão de 6 kbar (~25 km). Os dados geoquímicos indicam que as rochas do SSV são evoluídas (70% < SiO2 < 77,5%), peraluminosas e magnesianas. A filiação magmática dos granodioritos é cálcio-alcalina de alto K, enquanto os sienogranitos apresentam afinidade shoshonítica. As razões (La/Yb)N variam de 21–70 nos granodioritos, 40 no álcali-feldspato granito e 1,4–2,8 nos sienogranitos. As anomalias de Eu são pouco pronunciadas para a maioria das amostras (0,57 < Eu/Eu* < 0,94), à exceção do álcali-granito e dos sienogranitos, que exibem forte anomalia negativa em európio (0,16–0,30). Os dados químicos de elementos maiores sugerem que o magma SSV tenha se formado a partir de protólitos ígneos máficos e potássicos. As relações entre elementos-traço (e.g. Th, Ta, Hf, Y, Nb, Rb) indicam que esses granitos foram gerados em ambiente orogênico em período pós-tectônico. Sugere-se que os granodioritos do SSV pertençam à Suíte Intrusiva Coronel João Sá
A new alpheid shrimp, Alpheus mannarensis sp. nov. (Crustacea; Decapoda; Alpheidae) from Gulf of Mannar, Southern India
Authors: PURUSHOTHAMAN P. , ABHILASH C.P. , KUMAR T.T. AJITH , LAL K. K.
Published: August 2021

A new species of the genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798, A. mannarensis sp. nov. is described and represented based on the materials collected from the shallow and rocky reefs, Gulf of Mannar (Thoothukudi waters), Southern India. This is the first report of Alpheus species from the Gulf of Mannar region. The new species is assigned to the Alpheus brevirostris group, and is distinguished from other species of this group by the combination of the following features: rostral ridge lower than orbital hood in lateral view and postrostral carina not extended to the middle of the carapace, palm of major chela with a transverse groove near the base of dactylus, the ultimate segment of the third maxilliped slender, fingers of minor chela of male slightly longer than palm, the first carpal segment of second pereiopods shorter than second segment, merus of third pereiopods slender and unarmed, dactylus of third pereiopods slender and subspatulate, and unique colour patterns of longitudinal light lines on the reddish body.
Labor Market Trends and Outcomes: What Has Changed since the Great Recession?
Authors: Groshen Erica L. , Holzer Harry J.
Published: August 2021

This article describes 40 years of trends in wages and labor force participation for the “working class”—workers with a high school education or less—compared to workers with a college degree or more. We compare cyclical peaks over the entire period 1979 to 2019, with particular focus on the Great Recession (2007–2010) and recovery (2010–2019). We also present results by gender and race. We find real wage growth for all workers in the recovery from the Great Recession, but not enough to change the long-term trends of growing inequality and stagnant wages for the less educated. We also find that labor force participation continued to decline for the less educated, even during the recovery. Gaps between whites and Blacks grew, while Hispanics and Asians made more progress than Blacks. We consider various explanations for these findings and show that the early effects of the 2020 to 2021 pandemic recession hurt less-educated workers and those of color more than anyone else.
How Foreign- and U.S.-Born Latinos Fare during Recessions and Recoveries
Authors: Orrenius Pia , Zavodny Madeline
Published: August 2021

Latinos make up the nation’s largest ethnic minority group. The majority of Latinos are U.S. born, making the progress and well-being of Latinos no longer just a question of immigrant assimilation but also of the effectiveness of U.S. educational institutions and labor markets in equipping young Latinos to move out of the working class and into the middle class. One significant headwind to progress among Latinos is recessions. Economic outcomes of Latinos are far more sensitive to the business cycle than are outcomes for non-Hispanic whites. Latinos also have higher poverty rates than whites, although the gap had been falling prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Deep holes in the pandemic safety net further imperiled Latino progress in 2020 and almost surely will in 2021 as well. Policies that would help working-class and poor Latinos include immigration and education reform and broader access to affordable health care.
Policies to Help the Working Class in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Corinth Kevin , Holtz-Eakin Douglas
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated government-mandated shutdowns caused a historic shock to the U.S. economy and a disproportionate job loss concentrated among the working class. While an unprecedented social safety net policy response successfully offset earnings losses among lower-wage workers, the risk of continued and persistent unemployment remains higher among the working class. The key lesson from the Great Recession is that strong economic growth and a hot labor market do more to improve the economic well-being of the working class and historically disadvantaged groups than a slow recovery that relies on safety net policies to help replace lost earnings. Thus, the best way to prevent a “k-shaped” recovery is to ensure that safety net policies do not interfere with a return to the strong pre-pandemic economy once the health risk subsides and that progrowth policies that incentivize business investment and hiring are maintained.
Workforce Entry Including Career and Technical Education and Training
Authors: Barnow Burt S. , Miller Lois M. , Smith Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2021

This article reviews the basic patterns of employment and school enrollment for new labor market entrants in the period leading up to the Great Recession and in the decade thereafter. We find a persistent shift into four-year colleges that began during the Great Recession. At the same time, fewer youth are neither working nor enrolled in school. We see little change in occupational training programs during our study period, in program or in participation rates; in particular, rates of training provided via federal workforce development programs remain low among workforce entrants. The research literature on these programs has advanced but without large effects on policy or practice.
Major Means-Tested and Income Support Programs for the Working Class, 2009–2019
Authors: Chang Yu-Ling , Romich Jennifer , Ybarra Marci
Published: August 2021

This article examines policy changes to and trends in five cash or near-cash income support programs for low-income workers and their families from 2009 to 2019. Our analyses show that the safety net expanded during the recession and then contracted via the tightening of eligibility rules and expiration of most temporary expansions for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), unemployment insurance (UI), and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). Expansions for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the Child Tax Credit (CTC) over the period 2009 to 2019 align with a decades-long trend of social welfare policy reinforcing or enforcing labor force participation. Caseloads fell mostly rapidly for UI, which is explicitly designed as countercyclical support; and for TANF, which maintained high levels of administrative burden. We conclude with a cross-program discussion of the state of the social safety net in the pandemic era and postpandemic recovery.
The Long Recovery from the Great Recession: An Introduction
Authors: Smeeding Timothy M. , Romich Jennifer , R. Strain Michael
Published: August 2021

The first two decades of the twenty-first century have been marked by the Great Recession (GR), which was followed by the longest recovery in U.S. history, here termed the Long Recovery (LR). The LR lasted more than 10 years and ended with a pandemic bang in March 2020. This article introduces the eighteen articles that make up our review of the effects of the LR on the working class. What did more than a decade of economic expansion following the GR do for the working class and various groups of disadvantaged workers? We study this question through the lenses of economics, demography, sociology, and policy. The working class—lower-middle-income units, especially those whose adults have low education levels or other credentials—was hit hard by the GR. Did groups who are usually at a labor market disadvantage in fact make absolute and relative gains in incomes and living standards during the LR? Lessons from the LR will help to inform policy efforts to sustain the postpandemic economic expansion, which is still under way as of this writing.
Use of 532 nm Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Laser on Vocal Fold Scars Under Topical Anesthesia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wang Jiajia , Mao Wenjing , Fang Rui , Wei Chunsheng , He Peijie
Published: August 2021

Objective:

This pilot study aims to evaluate the efficacy of 532 nm potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser under topical anesthesia in patients with vocal fold scars.

Methods:

A series of 18 patients with vocal fold scars of varying degrees were treated. The KTP laser was used under local anesthesia in the outpatient clinic. It was set to deliver 6 W of power using a continuous output mode. Close-to-contact mode was used for laser irradiation, and contact mode was used for ablation and excision of the lesions. Some of the patients received laser scar ablation on both vocal folds; the scarred vocal fold on one side and the hypertrophic vocal fold on the other. Parameters include glottic closure, amplitude, and mucosal wave pattern were measured using laryngeal stroboscopic examination. Aerodynamic and voice evaluations were carried out using maximum phonation time (MPT), jitter, shimmer, Voice Handicap Index questionnaire (VHI-30), and GRBAS scale.

Results:

In total, 21 surgeries were performed on 18 patients. Glottic closure, amplitude, and mucosal wave pattern showed improvement 2 months postoperatively ( P < .05). There was significant improvement in the postoperative scores for VHI-30, VHI-emotional sub-scale, VHI-physical sub-scale, and GRBAS ( P < .05). There was no significant difference in the MPT and VHI-functional sub-scale before and after the operation ( P > .05). Re-adhesion of the anterior commissure was observed in 2 patients with Type III scars.

Conclusion:

The 532 nm KTP laser is an effective tool for the treatment of vocal fold scars. Further research is required to determine if serial laser applications could improve outcomes for this challenging condition.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV
Evidence-based practice and the ethics of care: ‘What works’ or ‘what matters’?
Authors: Tomkins Leah , Bristow Alexandra
Published: August 2021

This article considers why and how evidence-based practice has become distorted in practice, and what to do about it. We present qualitative data from an action research project in policing to highlight tensions between the rhetoric and reality of evidence-based practice, and the ways in which evidence-based practice’s seductive catchphrase ‘what works’ is being understood and applied. Through the lens of care ethics, we integrate ‘what matters’ with ‘what works’, and ‘what matters/works here’ with ‘what matters/works everywhere’. This approach recognizes relational expertise, practical reasoning and critical inquiry as vital for evidence-based practice in practices of social intervention. Drawing on key care ethics motifs, we suggest that care is the ethical scaffolding upon which social justice relies, and hence crucial to organs of security, peacekeeping and law enforcement. From this position, we argue that policing might renegotiate its difficult relationship with the particular, recasting it from something uncomfortably discretionary (the maverick cop) and shameful (an individualized blame culture) into something that underpins and enhances police professionalism. While developed in a policing context, these reflections have a broader relevance for questions of professional legitimacy and credibility, especially within the ‘new professions’, and the costs of privileging any one type of understanding over others.
Doing equity work while Black in a culturally white district
Authors: Jones Shomari , Sutton Paul
Published: August 2021

As his district’s director of equity and strategic engagement, Shomari Jones often hears the stories of the racism Black students and their families experience in schools. As a Black man representing a culturally white district, he is continually reminded of how the suffering of the past has persisted into the present. Jones and Paul Sutton describe the frustrations and pain education leaders of color often face when engaged in equity work, and they discuss some of the barriers that prevent districts from moving swiftly to address racism and inequity in their schools.
First Person: Me and Mr. Milby
Authors: Barlow Rick
Published: August 2021

Math teacher Rick Barlow reflects on his placement as a tutor in the classroom of Mr. Milby (a pseudonym). Mr. Milby sat at his desk throughout every class, rarely getting up to interact with students. From that example, Barlow learned that a teacher’s desk was a barrier between teacher and students, and he eschewed having and using a desk in this way. Instead, he followed the example of other teachers he met during his teacher preparation and made pancakes for students and learned Spanish to talk with their families. But, over time, he came to realize that he internalized practices that kept him in a seat of power, following traditions that weren’t necessarily in students’ best interests.
Covid-19 Effects on Psychological Outcomes: How Do Gender Responses Differ?
Authors: Lathabhavan Remya
Published: August 2021

The study aims at understanding the relationships between the fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress, wellbeing, and life satisfaction. The study also analyses the role of gender on the relationship of fear of COVID-19 with these study variables. For this, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1125 participants in India, comprising 638 men and 487 women. Structural equation model was used to analyse the data. It was found that the fear of COVID-19 is positively related to perceived stress and negatively related to wellbeing and life satisfaction. It was also found that, these relationships are stronger among women than among men. The study shows the importance of psychiatric assessment during pandemic times and alerts policy makers and society in general, to take measures for ensuring mental health among people during times of crisis. Future studies can include longitudinal research for a comprehensive understanding of the psychological impacts of the pandemic.
Flourishing or Languishing? The Relationship Between Mental Health, Health Locus of Control and Generalised Self-Efficacy
Authors: Giblett Amber , Hodgins Gene
Published: August 2021

Mental health is a core component of overall wellbeing and can contribute to positive functioning and purpose in life. Mental health is purportedly related to the constructs of generalised self-efficacy (GSE) and health locus of control (LOC). Most research, however, has explored GSE and LOC and their relationship with psychopathology, or defined mental health as a lack of psychopathology indicators. This contradicts the two continua model of mental health, as it does not incorporate positive mental functioning. The current study sought to re-examine the relationship between health LOC, GSE, and mental health, whilst controlling for potential confounding factors. It was anticipated that health LOC and GSE would predict mental health. A sample of 224 adults completed an online survey comprised of validated psychometric tools scales. Regression analyses were conducted to determine whether health LOC and GSE predicted mental health, after controlling for self-esteem, social support, and coping. Results indicated that GSE was a significant unique positive predictor of mental health. Health locus of control was not a significant predictor of mental health. Limitations were present, including a cross-sectional research design and use of convenience sampling. This study builds upon existing research in providing a better understanding of contributors to mental health, which may assist in the development of evidence-based mental health promotion interventions.
Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention In Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Overview of Health in All Policies (HiAP)
Authors: Ndubuisi Nweke Ebele
Published: August 2021

Noncommunicable disease (NCD) causes about 35 million deaths and accounts for 60% of all deaths, of which 80% is in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). NCDs will account for 80% of the global burden of disease by 2020 and account for 7 out of every 10 deaths in LMIC. NCD is no longer an emerging problem in developing countries, it’s assuming an alarming dimension, and taking on the proportion of an epidemic. Several literatures document the known risk factors for significant NCDs. The critical risk factors are tobacco usage, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and detrimental usage of alcohol. To reverse the trend that leads to an increase in poor dietary patterns, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol use will need policies that transcend the health sector and policy change in different areas such as finance, urban planning, education, agriculture, and transportation.
Investigation on the mechanism of hydraulic fracture propagation and fracture geometry control in tight heterogeneous glutenites
Authors: Zhai Mingyang , Wang Dongying , Li Lianchong , Zhang Zilin , Zhang Liaoyuan , Huang Bo , Li Aishan , Zhang Quansheng
Published: August 2021

The tight heterogeneous glutenites are typically characterized by highly variable lithology, low/ultra-low permeability, significant heterogeneity, and a less-developed natural fracture system. It is of great significance for economic development to improve hydraulic fracture complexity and stimulated reservoir volume. To better understand the hydraulic fracturing mechanism, a large-scale experimental test on glutenite specimens was conducted and the hydraulic fracture propagation behaviors and focal mechanism were analyzed. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to reproduce the hydraulic fracture evolution process and investigate the effects of operating procedures on hydraulic fracture geometry and stimulated reservoir volume. A simultaneous variable injection rate and fluid viscosity technology was proposed to increase the hydraulic fracture complexity and stimulated reservoir volume. The results indicate that four fracturing behaviors can be observed, namely, penetration, deflection, termination, and bifurcating, in the laboratory experiment. Tensile events tend to appear during the initiation stage of hydraulic fracture growth, while shear events and compressive events tend to appear during the non-planar propagation stage. The shear and compressive mechanisms dominate with an increase in the hydraulic fracture complexity. The variable injection rate technology and simultaneous variable injection rate and fluid viscosity technology are effective techniques for fracture geometry control and stimulated reservoir volume enhancement. The key to improve hydraulic fracture complexity is to increase the net pressure in hydraulic fractures, cause evident pressure fluctuations, and activate or communicate a wide range of natural discontinuities. The results can provide a better understanding of the fracture geometry control mechanism in tight heterogeneous glutenites, and offer a guideline for treatment design and optimization of well performance.
Skull Base Osteomyelitis After Nasopharyngeal Cyst Excision
Authors: Raskin Jonathan , Borrelli Michela , Wu Arthur W.
Published: August 2021

We present a case of an 80-year-old male who developed skull base osteomyelitis after nasopharyngeal cyst removal. A review of the literature regarding complications after nasopharyngeal cyst removal was performed. We describe the difficulty of diagnosing an osteomyelitis infection and the best approach to recognizing osteomyelitis before complications worsen.
A typology of research discovery tools
Authors: Nishikawa-Pacher Andreas
Published: August 2021

There has been a proliferation of new research discovery tools that aid scientists in finding relevant publications. To obtain a general overview of this development, this article generates a conceptual typology of all possible research discovery tools by drawing from the information-theoretical concepts of redundancy/variety. Bibliometric links between scholarly publications can thus exhibit ‘redundancy’ (i.e. expectable linkages between academic works) or ‘variety’ (i.e. original co-occurrence patterns). On the redundancy-reproducing end of the typology are machines that harness extant co-citations or keyword queries, such as academic search engines and paper recommender systems. The variety end of the spectrum harbours services that enable categorial browsing or that suggest publications randomly, such as journals’ tables of contents or random paper bots. The typology has implications for understanding how the design of research discovery platforms may ultimately shape aggregate citational networks of science.
Approaching Transcultural Communication: Interview With Muniz Sodré
Authors: Sodré Muniz , Daros Otávio
Published: August 2021

Professor Emeritus Muniz Sodré discusses his contributions to the formation of the communication field in Brazil, of which he is one of the founding figures. The interview, conducted by Otávio Daros, unpacks some of the main arguments of his newly translated book The Science of the Commons: A Note on Communication (2019). Among the key concepts is mediatization, defined by him as the structural articulation of the media with social organizations and institutions. The Brazilian theorist also discusses the challenges for an education committed to “deracialization” and decolonization.
Risk factors and long-term outcomes after tetralogy of Fallot repair at an Asian tertiary referral center
Authors: Chungsomprasong Paweena , Somkittithum Pimonrat , Chanthong Prakul , Vijarnsorn Chodchanok , Durongpisitkul Kritvikrom , Soongswang Jarupim , Subtaweesin Thaworn , Sriyodchartti Somchai
Published: August 2021

Background

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common type of cyanotic congenital heart disease. More postoperative tetralogy of Fallot patients grow up than in the past, and these patients need to be followed-up.

Objective

To investigate the survival and long-term outcomes of patients who underwent total repair of tetralogy of Fallot, and to identify the risk factors for reoperation with pulmonic valve replacement.

Method

A total of 403 patients who underwent total tetralogy of Fallot repair at our center during 1997 to 2016 were retrospectively included. Demographic, clinical, treatment, outcome, and follow-up data were collected and analyzed.

Results

Median age and body weight at the time of tetralogy of Fallot repair was 4.41 years (range: 0.85–55.28) and 13.58 kg (range: 5.5–68), respectively. The median follow-up was 9.0 years, and overall mortality was 3.2%. The actuarial survival rates at 10 and 20 years were 96.4% and 95.2%, respectively, and the freedom from pulmonic valve replacement was 93.4% and 57.4%, respectively. The median time to indicate pulmonic valve replacement was 13.9 years (range: 6.2–20.5). Multivariate analysis revealed transannular patch technique (hazard ratio: 3.023, 95% confidence interval: 1.34–6.83; p = 0.008) and palliative shunt (hazard ratio: 2.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–4.91; p = 0.018) to be independent risk factors for reoperation with pulmonic valve replacement.

Conclusion

The rates of overall survival and freedom from pulmonic valve replacement were both high in this study, and both were comparable to the rates reported from other studies. Overall mortality was as low as 3.47%. The need for a transannular patch or palliative shunt should be considered risk factors for a consequent reoperation.
Examining correlates of feeding practices among parents of preschoolers
Authors: Srivastava Deepa , Zheng Lucy R. , Dev Dipti A.
Published: August 2021

Background: Parent feeding practices play a critical role in children’s eating behaviors. Limited research has explored child-level correlates of parent feeding practices. Aim: To identify correlates of feeding practices (responsive and controlling) among parents of preschoolers US. Methods: Participants included parents (n = 273) of preschoolers (3–5 years), recruited from Early Care and Education settings (n = 24) located in a metropolitan city in the US. Analysis included descriptives, correlations, and multiple regression. Results: For responsive feeding practices, positive associations included child's weight with unintentional modeling ( β = .17, 95% CI [0.12, 0.53]), child vegetable consumption with behavioral role modeling ( β = 0.22, 95% CI [0.17, 0.44]), and parent monitoring with verbal modeling ( β = 0.21, 95% CI [0.12, 0.34]). For controlling feeding practices, parent restriction was positively associated with child weight concern ( β = 0.22, 95% CI [0.13, 0.39]) and parent monitoring ( β = 0.13, 95% CI [0.01, 0.19]), whereas child vegetable consumption was negatively associated ( β = −0.16, 95% CI [−0.27, −0.05]). Pressure to eat was negatively associated with child weight concern ( β = −0.18, 95% CI [−0.45, −0.09]), child fruit consumption ( β = −0.12, 95% CI [−0.37, −0.01]), household income ( β = −0.13, 95% CI [−0.30, −0.02]), and parent weight ( β = −0.14, 95% CI [−0.60, −0.05]), Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of child characteristics when examining correlates of parent feeding practices, demonstrating bidirectional interactions between parent feeding practices and children’s eating behaviors. Considering child-level correlates may improve the implementation of responsive feeding practices and reduce controlling feeding practices.
Caste-Less Tamils and Early Print Public Sphere: Remembering Iyothee Thass (1845–914)
Authors: Leonard Dickens
Published: August 2021

Responding to the history of Dalit invisibility in print public sphere, this article explores one of the earliest Dalit articulations in print in South Asia during the colonial period. Extending studies on anti-caste thought by foregrounding the Tamil cosmopolis, this conceptualises how the most oppressed by caste engaged with print in the early twentieth century, through studying the works on and of Pandit Iyothee Thass and his movement. The article proposes that these experiments with print opened the chance of a political to emerge, which was otherwise foreclosed, towards wording a caste-less community at this earlier time in Indian history.