bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tide of History
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter embarks on a further exploration of the ideas encapsulated in Byzantinism and Slavdom. The chapters measure a general theory about the decline of a culture against the known historical facts and extrapolate the best means of ensuring the survival of the Russian state and the “true” Slav culture after Western liberalism had come to grief. As such, they serve mainly to highlight the contradictions inherent in any deterministic theory of history, especially one that not only explains what has been but also predicts what is to come. In one sense, as an interventionist political essayist with an apocalyptic sense of the abyss confronting his homeland, Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev was bound to make the attempt. But in doing so he gave his multitude of critics, then and since, the comparatively easy task of exposing the inevitable paradoxes in his ideas.
The Grand Inquisitor
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter shows how, in the years immediately before his death, Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev began projects for several novels, including Dying Light and Girlfriends, but they remained unfinished. It would seem that the effort of trying to convey his religious and ethical ideas in a form that would satisfy the aesthetic criterion he still held to be the sine qua non of any work that claimed the appellation of art was just too difficult and had finally exhausted his creative impulse. Leontiev's interest in the fate of Russian letters remained undimmed, however. In the last decade of his life, he picked up the baton he had put aside almost twenty years before and produced a number of outstanding works of literary criticism. These are a key part of his legacy and furthermore shed a unique light on some of the most famous literary figures of the period, notably Gogol, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy.
The Red Czar
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores Leontiev's remarkably prescient thoughts of the events of 1941–1945 in Russia. Leontiev's hope for the twentieth century was that it should abandon the prevailing doctrine of rational utilitarianism and find salvation in a new mysticism. Moreover, his sense of the precariousness and instability of nineteenth-century industrial civilization led naturally to the prediction that it would perish in the conflagration of a general war fought with the weapons of modern science. His Letters of an Anchorite set out a chillingly detailed and prescient scenario for the outbreak of such a conflict, presenting a vision that closely anticipated the actual events of 1914. Indeed, Konstantin Nikolaevic Leontiev had predicted as early as 1880 that the “feudalism of the future” would be predicated on “constant refined dread, constant unrelieved pressure of conscience, discipline and the will of the superiors.”
Destination Elsewhere
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This book chronicles encounters between displaced persons in Europe and the Allied agencies who were tasked with caring for them after the Second World War. The struggle to define who was a displaced person and who was not was a subject of intense debate and deliberation among humanitarians, international law experts, immigration planners, and governments. What has not adequately been recognized is that displaced persons also actively participated in this emerging refugee conversation. Displaced persons endured war, displacement, and resettlement, but these experiences were not defined by passivity and speechlessness. Instead, they spoke back, creating a dialogue that in turn helped shape the modern idea of the refugee. As the book shows, what made a good or convincing story at the time tells us much about the circulation of ideas about the war, the Holocaust, and the Jews. Those stories depict the emerging moral and legal distinction between economic migrants and political refugees. They tell us about the experiences of women and children in the face of new psychological and political interventions into the family. Stories from displaced persons also tell us something about the enduring myth of the new world for people who longed to leave the old. The book focuses on those persons whose storytelling skills became a major strategy for survival and escape out of the displaced persons' camps and out of the Europe. Their stories are brought to life in the book, alongside a new history of immigration, statelessness, and the institution of the postwar family.
“The Top-Heavy Slow-Turning Wheel”
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the resettlement of displaced persons to Australia. Australia had the largest number of displaced persons despite the fact it was not often listed as destination of first preference in International Refugee Organization (IRO) security questionnaires. The Australian government sponsored a number of other, less confrontational films to familiarize the Australian public with the fact of its new mass displaced persons immigration scheme. Australia's first minister for immigration Arthur Calwell agreed to take up the IRO offer to resettle twelve thousand displaced persons after the country fronted a massive labor shortage. The chapter then highlights how resettlement outside Europe did not always guarantee a warm welcome.
Address Unknown
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the struggles of tracing people who have disappeared via resettlement. By the end of the 1940s, thousands of women and children were left waiting in displaced persons camps while the male population in the camp dwindled. Immigration policies of Western governments hungry for manual laborers sparked the second phase of displaced persons family separations. The chapter notes how the BBC's Address Unknown dramatized the phenomenon of disappearing displaced persons. Additionally, it highlights how the radio serial built fascinating figures of missing people under the lenses of either tragedy or deception. The chapter, then, discusses the communication channels offered by the Red Cross during the Cold War period.
How to Think about the Agencies
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the understanding of rating agencies. The work of rating agencies was put under the spotlight for the first time following the Enron bankruptcy. The public understanding of agencies was dominated by the financial press and business schools. The chapter lists the approaches used to understand rating: market-centered approaches, populist views, critical perspectives, and social foundations approach. Moreover, the social foundations approach is derived from critical perspectives followed by market-centered thinking. The approach also suggests that the agencies' source of power is at their broader impact on ideas and confidence in markets, institutions, and governments. Authority, robustness, and resilience are vital characteristics of the relationship between the agencies and the context.
Circuitous Paths from University to Work, and Finding Feminist Willfulness along the Way
Authors: Goldfine Jael
Published: July 2022

This chapter notes feminist wilfulness in university and work. College is a happy place for a feminist. However, the workplace had been deeply alienating from feminism due to being too broken, capitalist, and wrong. Gender studies and feminist theory shape students' lives in the workforce. The chapter addresses the privilege of leaving a bad job under the guise of feminism. The beliefs of neoliberal capitalist myths and logic on the nature of work and careers made feminism feel impossible. It also highlights how feminism involved embracing conflict. The concept of intersectionality acknowledges someone's vulnerability does not prevent them from recognizing their power in other contexts.
Acts of Defiance
Authors: Abosy Rose Al
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the power of defiance in the workplace. It notes the power of anger and sadness in the process of defiance against oppression. Emotions could be used to resolve conflict such as focusing on the hurt in order to avoid discussion about offensive comments and prevent workflows from being derailed by debate. Mounting a resistance raises awareness of the hurt and exhaustion of keeping it up. The chapter explains that practicing feminism does not operate in line with capitalist values. Oppression is a distraction meant to tear people down. Thus, the most profound resistance is prioritizing oneself.
Navigating Feminism and Vulnerability in the Medical Workplace
Authors: Pierce Lily
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses feminism and vulnerability in the medical workplace. Women can find power in claiming the gendered characteristics that have historically been associated with traits such as caring and empathy. The characteristics are now associated with mainstream and valorized medical practices. The chapter explains how gender could infiltrate public perceptions of people, job opportunities, behavioral and coping mechanisms, and interactions. It also looks into the relationality of grief and discrimination in the context of vulnerability and intimacy. The ongoing reproduction of gendered norms also impacts vulnerability. However, people do not fall into a certain category of public grieving or decision-making based on their gender.
Achieving Mediocrity
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the concept of achieving mediocrity. The phrase captures an essence of the working-class life that is valuable but hard to recognize in an achievement-oriented middle-class perspective. Realism is considered rare in a mainstream culture that provides internal and external pressures to always aspire and constantly and consistently work to achieve your potential. The middle-class culture emphasizes individualism, while the working-class culture emphasizes solidarity. Thus, mediocrity is a humiliating insult among middle-class professionals. Mediocrity has a proud history related to modern democracy and egalitarianism in line with the works of Benjamin Franklin. The chapter expounds on the working-class culture. It also provides short discussions of the upcoming chapters tackling working-class life.
JFK and LBJ Confront China’s Nuclear Program
Authors: Elizabeth Whitlark Rachel
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at US deliberations about the Chinese nuclear program in both the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson administrations. It shows that Kennedy and Johnson had significantly different approaches to the Chinese nuclear program; their divergent beliefs led to divergent behaviors. Whereas Kennedy was distressed about the dangers from nuclear proliferation—and specifically frightened by the threat of a nuclear “Red Chinese menace”—Johnson was far less concerned about the Chinese nuclear danger. The chapter begins by presenting the alternative explanations and their expectations for the China case. It then discusses the history of the Chinese nuclear program and early US reactions to it. The chapter then shifts to review Kennedy's key beliefs concerning nuclear proliferation, deterrence, and threats in the international arena and his threat assessment of the Chinese communists. It compares and contrasts Kennedy and Johnson's beliefs and connects them to their divergent policy preferences.
Islamism and the Struggle for Inclusive Citizenship in Democratic Indonesia
Authors: Hefner Robert W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on Islamism and the struggles of achieving inclusive citizenship and democracy in Indonesia. It notes the anxiety over the presence, scale, and future of Islamism and its implications for citizenship in a country that remains deeply if agonistically plural. Moreover, debates over the proper forms and meanings of shariah have long been a feature of Muslim politics in Indonesia. The proponents of Islamism in Indonesia have consistently failed to secure electoral support for their more ideological programs, despite signs of growing piety and observance in Indonesian Muslim society. The chapter expounds on the Islamization of politics, public culture, and subjectivity. It also includes the concept of majoritarianism.
The Rise of Islamist Majoritarianism in Indonesia
Authors: Jones Sidney
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the rise of Islamist majoritarianism in Indonesia. It defines majoritarianism as a political stance that rejects constitutional guarantees of equality of all citizens in line with the dominant group. Majoritarianism is increasingly apparent in political analyses of developments in Indonesia and India, which are two of the world's largest democracies. The Indonesian government risks reviving repressive tools and tactics that could undermine civil liberties that reformists secured following the abdication of Indonesia's authoritarian president in 1998. Historically, governments used either repression, appeasement, or civilizing pressure to handle above-ground populist movements. However, Islamists themselves remain a minority bloc in the political system.
Making the Majority in the Name of Islam
Authors: Hamayotsu Kikue
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites traditional religious elites' religious authority and strategic coalition with radical Islamists to take account for religious intolerance in Indonesia. The chapter refers to West Java as an ideal case study to answer questions pertinent to religious tolerance, antiminority violence, and pluralism. Religious intolerance violates the individual and communal rights of religious and secular citizens. Islamic conservativism and religious intolerance at the national level grew more prominent after Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected president in 2004. Moreover, collective intolerance is detrimental in improving the state's ability and willingness to protect the fundamental constitutional rights of religious and secular populations.
Saints, Scholars, and Diplomats
Authors: Hoesterey James B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains Indonesia's public diplomacy efforts that link global positioning abroad with local religious statecraft. Indonesia has undergone an “Islamic turn” in its foreign policy agenda over the last couple of decades. Additionally, Indonesian leaders have tried to brand the country as the home of “moderate Islam.” However, the Islamic turn of foreign policy has refigured long-standing domestic concerns about political Islam and ideological and theological fault lines between Indonesian traditionalists and their Wahhabi detractors at home and in other countries such as Saudi Arabia. Indonesia's revamped image of “moderate Islam” plays better with Western governments worried about terror than those leaders in the Middle East.
Scandinavia in the Age of Vikings
Authors: Sigurdsson Jón Vidar
Published: July 2022

This book returns to the Viking homeland, Scandinavia, highlighting such key aspects of Viking life as power and politics, social and kinship networks, gifts and feasting, religious beliefs, women's roles, social classes, and the Viking economy, which included farming, iron mining and metalworking, and trade. Drawing of the latest archeological research and on literary sources, namely the sagas, the book depicts a complex and surprisingly peaceful society that belies the popular image of Norsemen as bloodthirsty barbarians. Instead, Vikings often acted out power struggles symbolically, with local chieftains competing with each other through displays of wealth in the form of great feasts and gifts, rather than arms. At home, conspicuous consumption was a Viking leader's most important virtue; the brutality associated with them was largely wreaked abroad. The book's engaging history of the Vikings at home begins by highlighting political developments in the region, detailing how Danish kings assumed ascendency over the region and the ways in which Viking friendship reinforced regional peace. The book then discusses the importance of religion, first pagan and (beginning around 1000 A.D.) Christianity; the central role that women played in politics and war; and how the enormous wealth brought back to Scandinavia affected the social fabric — shedding new light on Viking society.
Helping Soldiers Heal
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This book tells the story of the US Army's transformation from a disparate collection of poorly standardized, largely disconnected clinics into one of the nation's leading mental health care systems. It is a step-by-step guidebook for military and civilian health care systems alike. The book provides a unique insider–outsider perspective as key participants in the process, sharing how they confronted the challenges first-hand and helped craft and guide the unfolding change. The Army's system was being overwhelmed with mental health problems among soldiers and their family members impeding combat readiness. The key to the transformation was to apply the tenets of “learning” health care systems. Building a learning health care system is hard; building a learning mental health care system is even harder. As the book recounts, the Army overcame the barriers to success, and its experience is full of lessons for any health care system seeking to transform.
Introduction
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides a background of how the US Army created a well-defined mental health care system with patient-centered, recovery-oriented care as its foundation, which uses real-time knowledge to improve patient outcomes, measure performance, and reward high-value care. Today, the Army has overcome what was once a kind of “organized anarchy” to achieve a standardized system of care—an important step toward ensuring a consistent care experience irrespective of care location. It also establishes care ownership, a necessary prerequisite for patient-centered care. The Army's transformed system of care provides transparency of patient flows, visibility to care delivered, and conformance to workload standards. The Army is building the capability to go beyond proxy measures to use patient-reported outcomes to answer whether beneficiaries are actually getting better. Ultimately, the foundations of a learning health care system that can measure performance and improve quality of care have taken root.
The Path Ahead
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter studies how the US Army's behavioral health system of care is entering a high-risk period because the US Congress directed that each of the armed services transfer the authority, direction, and control of its hospitals to a single organization at the Department of Defense level, the Defense Health Agency (DHA). In the best-case scenario, the DHA will use the Army's system as a starting point for standardizing mental health care across the Department of Defense. It can even improve the system design by incorporating the best practices used by the Navy and Air Force, such as the clinical process improvement techniques within a “high reliability organization” framework. In the worst-case scenario, DHA consolidation will remove the structure and processes the Army used to create and maintain its learning system of behavioral health care and dramatically reverse the progress the Army has made. To achieve the former, five key risks need to be actively managed: a resurgence of stigma associated with seeking care; the inability to sustain measurement-based care; the unintended consequences of standardization; a diminishing of culturally competent care at the point of need; and a regression to opinion-based decision making rather than evidence-based care.
A Greek Town for 6,000 Years
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter traces the history of Argos from antiquity to the Greek Revolutionary War of the 1820s. It begins by providing a brief account of the town's development from the Middle Bronze Age down to the Ottoman conquest. One of the notable features of this history is the town's resilience under its Byzantine and then Frankish, Venetian, and Ottoman overlords. It was under the latter two occupiers that the first documented travelers arrived in Argos, including Çelebi in 1668. The chapter then shifts to investigate how Argos in the last decade of the fourth century suffered two reversals. The first was the decrees issued by the Roman emperor Theodosios I, closing temples and prohibiting the public practice of non-Christian ritual. The second was the devastation caused by the army of the Visigoth leader Alaric who, after taking Corinth, captured Argos “and all the countryside between it and Sparta.” The chapter chronicles the succession of visitors arriving soon afterward: the French diplomat André de Monceaux, the English merchant Bernard Randolph, the Venetian cartographer Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, and the Venetian officer Nicola Mirabal.
The Unmaking of the Soviet Project
Authors: Michlin-Shapir Vera
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the abrupt change from Soviet socialism. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was an amalgamation of identities that brought together Soviet identification, in which the Russian language and culture played a central role. However, the unraveling of the Soviet state resulted in the challenges of Homo sovieticus. Russian legislators had to determine the identity behind the Russian people. The fragmentation of the institution of citizenship resulted in dissatisfaction with citizenship laws and public insecurity. In 1991, the first Russian citizenship law expressed two sets of ideas: characteristics of Russia's primacy among republics and Western principles of globalization, human rights, and late modernity trends.
“Head to the Northwest”
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This chapter outlines China's westward movement in the 1920s and 1930s—a movement in which eastern urbanites sought to engage more closely with the country's vast northwestern frontiers. The chapter sketches out this westward movement in modern China via three specific journeys: a lone Chinese scholar joining a US mission to Dunhuang in 1925; the negotiation and execution of a large-scale Sino-Swedish scientific expedition to Xinjiang in the early years of the Nanjing Decade; and the commercial travel writings on the northwestern frontier facilitated by the Ping-Sui and the Longhai Railways, the two major railway lines connecting China's eastern seaboard and the Northwest, in the mid-1930s. The chapter also assesses how the broad westward movement helped transform the Qing western frontiers into a defining part of the national space of modern China. It then analyzes how could the popular consciousness of China's national space—one largely shared by the Han majority—unwaveringly adhere to the image projected by the Qing imperial domain. The chapter illustrates the narrative that the Chinese republic inherited its national territory from the Qing, or that the Manchu imperial domain was simply carried over to the Republican era, was carefully manufactured.
Between Empire and Nation-State
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This chapter delves into Manchuria and Taiwan's peripheral status in China's tourism radius. It reviews the place of Manchuria and Taiwan in Chinese travel culture in the first half of the twentieth century, and inspects the impact of the Japanese colonial empire on the imagination of China's national space. Even though myriad obstacles imposed by the Japanese colonial order prevented the expansion of Chinese tourism in these two regions during the majority of the Republican period, there was still a steady stream of travel writing about Manchuria and Taiwan that circulated in the popular print media. The chapter first looks at the upsurge in travel in Manchuria in the late 1920s when the launch of the Northern Expedition by the Nationalists triggered a fervent anticolonial nationalistic movement. In then investigates the uptick in mainland Chinese travelers to Taiwan when the island was returned to China after Japan's defeat in World War II. The chapter reviews how the Chinese travelers and tourists attempted to incorporate these areas into their imagined national territory at different critical moments during the Republican period.
The Fighter Pilot with a Thousand Faces
Authors: Hankins Michael W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter establishes a working definition for fighter pilot culture and how it operates. It describes how and why the fighter pilot emerged as a distinct cultural category during World War I and explains the key mechanisms by which that culture was able to persevere and evolve for over sixty years, through the Vietnam War and beyond. The chapter looks at militaries as large organizations, which generate cultures in specific ways. It zooms in on the formation of subcultures in the Air Force, centered broadly on the two main “families” of aircraft: large, crewed bombers, and single-seat fighters. The chapter underscores that the division between bomber and fighter culture was a hallmark of the Air Force for most of its existence, at least through the late 1960s. Fighter pilots in those years tended to be marginalized. As the fighter subculture gained more of a voice and more influence within the Air Force, the service began to produce technologies that were more in line with that culture's values. The culture of fighter pilots was passed down through word of mouth, behavioral expectations, peer pressure, training, popular media and fiction, shared rituals, and institutional structures.
“The Right Fighter”
Authors: Hankins Michael W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at the many visions involved in the F-X program. The Aeronautical Systems Division, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and some members of Tactical Air Command and the Air Staff wanted the F-X to be a multi-role fighter emphasizing ground attack, while fighter advocates coming from the knights of the air tradition fought to make it a lightweight, agile air-to-air machine. The program became a battleground for competing interests. The chapter tackles the contributions of John Boyd, Pierre Sprey, and Robert Titus, among others, in defining the F-X in a way that satisfied their desire for a true fighter. The chapter also discusses how General Felix Michael Rogers and General Glenn Kent contributed to the elimination of many of the more extreme requirements for the F-X. By the spring of 1967, the Air Force had worked up a design of a lighter aircraft to weigh forty thousand pounds. Furthermore, the chapter explores how the Navy's designs for a new fighter, code-named the VFAX, pressured the Air Force and continued to influence the design of the F-X throughout its development. Another external source of pressure that shaped the F-X toward an air-to-air focus was the Domodedovo air show in Moscow in July 1967, an event that revealed a new arsenal of Soviet fighter aircraft for the first time. In February 1968, Chuck Myers drafted a review of the F-X program and pushed to move away from “the multi-purpose monster” toward what he called “the right fighter.”
Conclusion
Authors: Hankins Michael W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how the Military Reform debate declined and has been confined to ever-smaller sectors after 1991. Key caucus members lost enthusiasm and by the mid-1990s, the Military Reform Caucus disbanded. Chuck Spinney, along with some members of the movement, tried to keep it going and some of them remained active in government and increasingly associated with the radical wing of conservative US politics. The ideals of the Military Reform movement and the Fighter Mafia did not disappear. They still influenced debates on defense technology four decades after the height of their influence. The chapter also weaves the impact of the Military Reform movement to present-day decisions of those in power and reviews its important contributions. Moreover, the chapter underscores that the Reformers became trapped by nostalgia — constantly looking backward and seeking to recreate earlier forms of combat, especially the gun-battle aerial dogfights of the world wars.
Global Reaganomics
Authors: De Groot Michael
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the global impact of Reaganomics. The United States became a net importer during Ronald Reagan's first term as a president. The chapter notes the debate whether Reaganomics sparked economic inequality or helped tame inflation and economic expansions of the United States. Americans' appetite for foreign products stimulated the Western European and East Asian economies, which eventually resulted in the collapse of the Soviet bloc. The US dominance of financial markets and the strong dollar had international consequences such as altering capital flows and opportunities for economic growth. The chapter explains how financing US budget deficits has depended on the willingness of foreigners to purchase US debt.
Adam Smith’s Arthritis
Authors: Miller Jennifer M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on Japan playing a prominent role in the American political, economic, and public consciousness. It tackles the possibility of Japanese global economic dominance as a broader manifestation of the American decline. Americans also noted Cold War narratives about the potential weaknesses of democracy and capitalism by referencing Japan while criticizing the United States. The chapter also mentions how concerns over the domination of Japan loomed amidst the regime of Ronald Reagan as well. Concerns rose as Japan's success could trigger protectionism on American products. By the mid-1990s, the global economy returned to the expectations of Americans after the collapse of Japan's economic bubble and the United States' economic boom.
The Lost Years
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This chapter charts the trajectory of the peace movement from the Vietnam War to the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign. In an era where the New Right was taking center stage, peace activists pushed back on the escalating arms race while making the question of war and peace central to US politics. Thus, in these lost years, activists sought to launch a peace conversion campaign as the answer to US militarism, for which Vietnam was only a symptom. Amid conflicting activist goals and agendas, it would take a new idea from an outsider to unite peace activists. The chapter then looks at the Stop the B-1 Bomber / National Peace Conversion Campaign. Between 1974 and 1976, peace activists formed a sophisticated grassroots campaign, organizing activities around the rollout of the B-1, the first flight, and Tax Day, with emphasis on the financial constraints of building the B-1 on state budgets. The chapter also considers the Carter administration's commitment to arms control, as well as the formation of a national coalition to bring coherence and vision to the burgeoning antinuclear movement.
The Perils of Failed Diplomacy 1983 and the Year of Living Dangerously
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at the Freeze campaign in 1983. Having been pushed into the limelight, the Freeze campaign pursued a more moderate and mainstream approach to one of the most controversial issues of the early 1980s: the deployment in Western Europe of intermediate-range Pershing II and cruise missiles (the INF, or Euromissiles). By offering only minor opposition to such a divisive issue, the campaign sowed the seeds of division, both internally and among the broader peace movement. Weak allied support, along with continued efforts for a congressional freeze resolution, left the campaign vulnerable to vicious attacks. The Reagan administration and its conservative allies would attempt to link the campaign to the Soviet Union, but when these attacks failed, the administration consciously crafted a strategy to counter perceptions that they were more likely to lead the nation into a full-scale nuclear war. The decision to pursue missile defense led to a continued decline in US–Soviet relations.
Seizing the Peace
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This chapter assesses how the Freeze movement focused its efforts in the political theater by seeking a new congressional resolution, the creation of a political action committee (PAC) to push for a pro-freeze Congress in 1984, and ultimately the defeat of Ronald Reagan. But the new short-term focus of the campaign drew it deeper into the web of the Democratic Party. Subsequently, the Freeze became increasingly partisan, alienating activists and allies of both major political parties. Entering an election year, the Reagan administration understood it was vulnerable on foreign policy. With an American electorate overwhelmingly worried that Ronald Reagan would start a nuclear war, the lack of arms control negotiations and poor US–Soviet relations were causes for concern. To counter this perception, the administration constructed an image and a narrative: America—once vulnerable and in retreat—was now back. Arms control negotiations could begin—as long as the Soviets were willing. Reagan exuded optimism, and his reelection campaign basked in American patriotism.
Epilogue
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This epilogue describes the signing of the INF Treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles, including the highly controversial Euromissiles, as well as their Soviet counterparts, the SS-20s. When the threat of a nuclear war seemed lessened, the objective need for an activist solution to the arms race no longer appeared necessary. With the Freeze campaign's decline, Mikhail Gorbachev stepped into the space the movement was vacating, implementing its ideas. Though historians continue to argue whether Reagan or Gorbachev deserves more credit for the peaceful end of the Cold War, this ignores the pressures US and Soviet leaders faced from grassroots antinuclear activists. In a global sense, the Cold War had multiple end points, but the return of détente between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the subsequent ending of the arms race, had little to do with the unrestrained militarism and hawkish rhetoric of the Reagan administration. While Reagan and Gorbachev both deserve credit for standing up to the hawks, the peace of the late 1980s was made possible by public demand and the political pressures of antinuclear activism.
Flights of Imagination
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the link between air balloon technology and national ambitions—economic, political, and martial. Enthusiasm for the new technology brought large crowds to view launches, and inspired poetry, fiction, and consumer items. More than simply novelty, air balloons became a necessary component of fairs, parades, and other celebrations as an icon of progress. The most significant interactions with aerial technology occurred in the antebellum era when balloons became a form of commercialized leisure as well as an expression of national power. By the 1860s, they were weapons of war. And as mascots of imperialism, balloons demonstrated sovereignty over Native Americans.
Fair America
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This chapter shows how the exhibitions and contests organized by scientific societies in the first half of the nineteenth century fostered American technological development. The Franklin Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts in Philadelphia and the American Institute of the City of New York for the Encouragement of Science and Invention were the most active societies in this era. The Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations at the Crystal Palace in New York City staged the largest industrial exhibitions in the early nineteenth century. All three organizations pursued a strategy of fairs and competitions to promote American products and to encourage invention and innovation. Fairs were a spur to economic competition, national prosperity, and American supremacy in global trade—goals that were shared by organizers, participants, and visitors.
The Resource Conflict and the Local Economic Trade-Offs of Fracking
Authors: Osland Anna C. , Loh Carolyn G.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the conflict for planners balancing sustainability with economic benefits generated by fracking. It is based on a survey of municipal planners across three hundred jurisdictions in Pennsylvania, North Dakota, Louisiana, and Colorado to understand how local residents and businesses evaluate the economic benefits of the shale industry, the differences between them, and what growth management adjustments or tools have been adopted in the wake of the boom from extraction. The survey results showed that respondent planners reported economic benefits for both local businesses and residents, with the benefits to businesses outweighing those to residents. Furthermore, these gains were associated with reduced housing affordability in the communities. Nonetheless, in all states the economic effects of fracking were seen as generating no effect or improving local economic conditions.
Local Labor Markets and Shale Gas
Authors: Tannery Frederick , McCarthy Larry
Published: July 2022

This chapter assesses the impact of gas production in regions in which gas is concentrated. This study only considers Pennsylvania counties. Exploiting the differences in gas production to estimate how the extraction of gas affects local employment and earnings, the chapter compares the outcomes in counties that have large quantities of gas with others that have little or no gas. Estimates of the effect of gas production on local employment and wages have important effects on local policy makers, who must decide on how to incentivize the production along with taxing production to compensate for the negative externalities of possible environmental damage and highway damage caused by heavy trucks transporting wastewater. Measuring the effect of shale gas production requires constructing a suitable comparison group that is similar to counties with gas production.
Shale Energy and Regional Economic Development Impacts in Northwest Pennsylvania
Authors: Pages Erik R. , Romitti Martin , White Mark C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter builds a case for understanding and analyzing the supply chain of production. It documents the value chain for northwestern Pennsylvania, a region to benefit from Marcellus and Utica Shale drilling. It also covers the beginning through the boom and bust of the sector, to address economic impacts over time, however brief the boom-bust cycle in the region has been. The chapter breaks the process down into three major phases of development and production to determine differences in industry impacts by each phase. It then relates the opportunities and constraints in supply chain development through local sourcing through all three phases. While potential development is robust, additional resources from federal manufacturing assistance programs to state and regional economic development and planning efforts can add more value to the region's potential value chain.
Labor Market (De)Regulation and Wage-Setting Institutions in Mediterranean Capitalism
Authors: Afonso Alexandre , Dorigatti Lisa , Molina Oscar , Tassinari Arianna
Published: July 2022

This chapter gives an overview of the main characteristics of the Mediterranean model of capitalism when it comes to labor market regulation and industrial relations institutions in Southern Europe. It focuses on reform dynamics and their underlying political economy. The discussion underscores that the transformations which have taken place since the 1980s in the labor market and industrial relations regulatory models of Southern European countries are the result of a common impetus for liberalization arising from the twin processes of neoliberal economic globalization and European integration. The chapter traces the main changes that have occurred since the start of the twenty-first century in state regulation, with a focus on employment protection legislation and wage-setting institutions. It also explores the political economy of reforms, explaining both commonalities and differences across Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece.
Introduction
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of “armed order,” which is the political relationship between a central government and a non-state armed group at any point in time. There are four armed orders: total war, containment, limited cooperation, and alliance. This book claims that the ideological threats that governments perceive from armed groups drive state responses. Rather than straightforwardly worrying about the size, power, or organizational characteristics of armed groups, regimes assess how groups' politics align with the government's own goals. This argument politicizes political violence. The book then offers a theory of how government ideological projects can lead to patterns of conflict and cooperation with armed actors.
How Armed Orders Change
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines how the core variables introduced in the previous chapter—ideological alignment and tactical overlap—can make sense of mechanisms of change. Both armed groups and governments can shift their ideological positions, altering their political relationship. These are the most consequential changes, affecting the core contours of the political system and the group's place within it. Yet they are also not common: for both groups and governments, major shifts in ideological position are slow, difficult, and usually contested processes. More common, though less dramatic, are changes in tactical overlap. These can be quite fluid, as governments and groups deal with highly dynamic on-the-ground challenges. This suggests that most of the change in groups' political roles we see will be within ideological categories, especially shifts between business partner and undesirable roles within the “gray zone.” But the most important changes in group roles will be across ideological categories.
Theorizing the Effects of Foreign-Imposed Regime Change
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter shifts to the core logic of the theory for why regime change produces counterproductive effects for interveners and in targets. It builds directly on the argument touched on in the book's introduction that states undertake regime change to align a target's preferences with their own on an important issue. The chapter starts by outlining how interstate disputes escalate to regime change, before reviewing the case for regime change—how regime change is supposed to work to generate amicable relations between interveners and targets—in the second section. The chapter then explains in detail the mechanisms of military disintegration and competing principals. It elaborates why regime change often fails to deliver the hoped-for beneficial outcomes. Finally, it reviews the conditions under which regime change is more likely to result in better or worse outcomes.
Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and the Survival of Leaders
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter shows that regime change heightens the risk that leaders are violently removed from office. It investigates whether and how being brought to power by foreign hands affects the tenure of imposed leaders. The chapter then argues that regime change—particularly regime change that simply substitutes one leader for another while paying little attention to supporting institutions—increases the likelihood that the leader so installed will be removed from power by force or the threat of force. It emphasizes that leaders who come to power after foreign-imposed regime change face a significantly higher risk of irregular removal and a lower risk of regular removal. The chapter then identifies the six distinct ways that imposed leaders have been pushed out of power irregularly, discusses the first three types, and provides examples of each. Ultimately, the chapter displays the case studies for two kinds of irregular removal: coups tolerated or encouraged by dissatisfied patrons against wayward protégés (the United States and Duong Van Minh in South Vietnam) and uprisings by dissatisfied domestic audiences against leaders strongly identified with foreign patrons (Emperor Maximilian of Mexico). It then investigates a number of negative cases—cases in which imposed leaders managed to remain in power for lengthy periods—to identify factors that help protégés survive.
Conclusion
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter outlines the book's findings regarding the effects of regime change around the world over the course of two centuries. It suggests that the poor track record of US regime changes in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya is far from anomalous: regime change increases the likelihood of several different types of conflict. The chapter then argues that in most cases, the United States (and any other would-be intervener) is better off not owning the problem. Regime change may appear to be a quick and easy solution, but over the longer term it turns out to be neither easy nor a solution. The chapter highlights that regime change should be reserved for truly exceptional cases and interveners should recognize that absent a (rare) set of promising preconditions, regime change may make things worse instead of better.
Kawaji Ryūkō and the New Poetry
Authors: Mehl Scott
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at the free-verse poetry of Kawaji Ryūkō, which displayed one extreme of the naturalist aesthetic being advocated in Japanese poetry circles in the first decade of the twentieth century. Ryūkō is the poet usually credited with writing the first free-verse vernacular-style poems in modern Japanese. The chapter then draws on the writings of the Soviet semiotician Yuri Lotman to explain why Ryūkō's poetry, not Tōkoku's, was recognized as the first Japanese free-verse poetry. It argues that the significant factor in the creation of a free-verse Japanese poetry was not the work of Ryūkō or any other single poet, but was rather the existence of a literary-critical environment within which the adaptation of a new verse form, based on a foreign poetics of free verse, was construed as both possible and desirable. The chapter then analyzes one of Ryūkō's early free-verse poems which will strike the reader as a remarkable departure from the poetry that has appeared so far in this study.
Frenemies
Authors: Haas Mark L.
Published: July 2022

This book addresses policy-guiding puzzles such as: Why do international ideological enemies sometimes overcome their differences and ally against shared threats? Why, just as often, do such alliances fail? Alliances among ideological enemies confronting a common foe, or “frenemy” alliances, are unlike coalitions among ideologically similar states facing comparable threats. Members of frenemy alliances are perpetually torn by two powerful opposing forces. The book shows that shared material threats push these states together while ideological differences pull them apart. Each of these competing forces has dominated the other at critical times. This difference has resulted in stable alliances among ideological enemies in some cases but the delay, dissolution, or failure of these alliances in others. The book examines how states' susceptibility to major domestic ideological changes and the nature of the ideological differences among countries provide the key to alliance formation or failure. This sophisticated framework is applied to a diverse range of critical historical and contemporary cases, from the failure of British and French leaders to ally with the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany in the 1930s to the likely evolution of the United States' alliance system against a rising China in the early 21st century. The book's author develops a groundbreaking argument that explains the origins and durability of alliances among ideological enemies and offers policy-guiding perspectives on a subject at the core of international relations.