bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of efficiency and power output by considering different realistic prospects for recovering heat from automobile using thermoelectric generator
Authors: Gaurav Kumar , Sisodia Shashank , Pandey Sudhir K.
Published: December 2017

The development of a method to calculate the efficiency and the methodology to enhance the efficiency is not the ultimate goal. Mainly, the calculated results obtained by using a mathematical relationship and a physical law should be applied in day to day life applications for the benefit of society. In this work, we have developed the theoretical prototype and improved the technique for installing the thermoelectric generator (TEG) setup in automobiles. We have applied the methodology for enhancement in the efficiency of TEG and made it economical and user friendly. We have considered a linear curve fit from a zigzag curve of the reported mass flow rate and temperature variation at the hot gas inlet. Accordingly, the temperature of the coolant is also varied linearly at the inlet from 300 K to 320 K, corresponding to the mass flow rate of the coolant. Circular fins are installed around each circular layer of thermoelectric materials (TEMs) after the water jacket. The heat loss through each fin is calculated to be 24 W. The energy balance is done at each and every TEM, and correspondingly, we have calculated the amount of power transferred through each segment of TEG as 32 W. We have calculated the length of the TEM sample for attaining the respective temperature range for the hybrid of Bi2Te3 and TiO1.1. This calculation is done by considering the compatibility factor derived as s=1+ZT−1αT, which is a function of only intrinsic material properties and temperature, which is represented by a ratio of current density to conduction heat flux. The length obtained for this particular combination is ∼8 mm. To this end, we have reported the efficiency with respect to the mass flow rate of hot flue gas from automobiles for different layers of TEG for the above mentioned combination. Here, we have explored the possibility of installing a number of different layers of the TEG module which can be installed throughout the lateral surface area of the exhaust chamber. Thermal mismatching criteria are also discussed at the adjoining surface of TEMs because of high temperature. To maintain the thermal expansion or contraction of TEMs, spring and bolt arrangement is provided, which is fixed over the aluminium oxide ceramic substrate. Ideal power output by the first layer is also calculated using a temperature dependent material parameter, which is 100 W and plotted in a graph showing the change in power output with a variation in the temperature of sink. For automobiles, if the temperature of the source is considered as 800 K, so for the temperature range of 300 K to 800 K, the power obtained is 58 W.
Improvement of thermal stability of nano-granular TMR films by using a Mg-Al-O insulator matrix
Authors: Kanie S. , Koyama S.
Published: December 2017

A new metal-insulator nano-granular tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) film made of (Fe-Co)-(Mg-Al-O) has been investigated. It is confirmed that the film has granular structure in which crystal Fe-Co granules are surrounded by an amorphous Mg-Al-O matrix. A large MR ratio of 11.8 % at room temperature is observed for a 42 vol.%(Fe0.6Co0.4)-(Mg-Al-O) film annealed at 395 °C. The electrical resistivity increases rapidly by annealing at above the changing point (500 °C). The changing point is about 300 °C higher than that of conventional (Fe-Co)-(Mg-F) nano-granular TMR films. The 42 vol.%(Fe0.6Co0.4)-(Mg-Al-O) film also exhibits less degradation in the MR ratio at high annealing temperatures such as 600 °C. These results suggest the (Fe-Co)-(Mg-Al-O) film is superior to the (Fe-Co)-(Mg-F) film in thermal stability.
Phase transformation and magnetic properties of MnAl powders prepared by elemental-doping and salt-assisted ball milling
Authors: Qian Hui-Dong , Si Ping-Zhan , Choi Chul-Jin , Park Jihoon , Cho Kyung Mox
Published: December 2017

The effects of elemental doping of Si and Fe on the ε→τ phase transformation and the magnetic properties of MnAl were studied. The magnetic powders of Si- and Fe-doped MnAl were prepared by using induction melting followed by water-quenching, annealing, and salt-assisted ball-milling. The Fe-doped MnAl powders are mainly composed of the L10-structured τ-phase, while the Si-doped MnAl are composed of τ-phase and a small fraction of γ2- and β-phases. A unique thin leaves-like morphology with thickness of several tens of nanometers and diameter size up to 500 nm were observed in the Si-doped MnAl powders. The Fe-doped MnAl powders show irregular shape with much larger dimensions in the range from several to 10 μm. The morphology difference of the samples was ascribed to the variation of the mechanical properties affected by different doping elements. The phase transformation temperatures of the ε-phase of the samples were measured. The doping of Fe decreases the onset temperature of the massive phase transformation in MnAl, while the Si-doping increases the massive phase transformation temperature. Both Fe and Si increase the Curie temperature of MnAl. A substantially enhanced coercivity up to 0.45 T and 0.42 T were observed in the ball-milled MnAl powders doped with Si and Fe, respectively.
High-temperature superconductors of the family (RE)Ba2Cu3O7-δ and their application (Review Article)
Authors: Bondarenko S. I. , Koverya V. P. , Krevsun A. V. , Link S. I.
Published: December 2017

This review article is a commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the discovery of YBa2Cu3O7–δ high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs). As a result of this discovery a family of (RE)Ba2Cu3O7-δ (RE stands for “rare earth”) HTSCs has found great practical use. The review article consists of a brief history of how YBa2Cu3O7–δ was conceived and five sections describing the family of compounds: crystallography, phase diagrams, manufacturing techniques, main superconducting properties, and fields of application.
Tunneling-thermally activated vacancy diffusion mechanism in quantum crystals
Authors: Natsik V. D. , Smirnov S. N.
Published: December 2017

We consider a quasiparticle model of a vacancy in a quantum crystal, with metastable quantum states localized at the lattice sites in potential wells of the crystal field. It is assumed that the quantum dynamics of such vacancies can be described in the semi-classical approximation, where its spectrum consists of a broad band with several split-off levels. The diffusive movement of the vacancy in the crystal volume is reduced to a sequence of tunneling and thermally activated hops between the lattice cites. The temperature dependence of the vacancy diffusion coefficient shows a monotonic decrease during cooling with a sharp transition from an exponential dependence that is characteristic of a high-temperature thermally activated diffusion, to a non-thermal tunneling process in the region of extremely low temperatures. Similar trends have been recently observed in an experimental study of mass-transfer in the 4He and 3He crystals [V. A. Zhuchkov et al., Low Temp. Phys. 41, 169 (2015); Low Temp. Phys. 42, 1075 (2016)]. This mechanism of vacancy diffusion and its analysis complement the concept of a diffusional flow of a defection-quasiparticle quantum gas with a band energy spectrum proposed by Andreev and Lifshitz [JETP 29, 1107 (1969)] and Andreev [Sov. Phys. Usp. 19, 137 (1976)].
How does the break-junction quasiparticle tunnel conductance look like for d-wave superconductors?
Authors: Gabovich Alexander M. , Voitenko Alexander I.
Published: December 2017

The bias-voltage, V, dependences of the differential tunnel conductance G(V) = dJ/DV were calculated for the quasiparticle current J flowing in the ab plane across the break junction made of d-wave superconductors. The tunnel directionality effect was taken into account by introducing an effective tunneling cone described by the angle 2θ0. It was shown that G(V) looks like predominantly d-wave or isotropic s-wave ones, depending on the magnitude of θ0 and the rotation angles of the crystal lattices of electrodes with respect to the junction plane. In certain configurations, the G(V) dependences of nominally symmetric S-I-S junctions may turn out similar to those for non-symmetric S–I–N junctions (here, S, I, and N denote superconductors, insulators, and normal metals, respectively) and provide misleading information about the actual energy gap. At finite temperatures, sub-gap structures appear, which possess features appropriate to both d- and s-wave superconductors and are dependent on the problem parameters.
Dynamics of trapped magnetic flux in superconducting FeTe0.65Se0.35
Authors: Bondarenko S. I. , Bludov A. N. , Koverya V. P. , Link S. I. , Sivakov A. G. , Timofeev V. P. , Gawryluk D. J. , Puźniak R. , Wiśniewski A.
Published: December 2017

The magnetic moment in the superconducting and normal state of a crystalline FeTe0.65Se0.35 superconductor, grown by the Bridgman's method with relatively high growth rate, was measured. The temperature and magnetic field dependences of magnetization and its relaxation time were determined. Studied crystal, being non-uniform due to high growth rate of 5 mm/h, exhibits smaller width of superconducting transition in comparison with an ideal crystal grown with velocity of 1 mm/h, and the difference in magnetic properties of crystals grown with various growth rate, related to their microstructure, is discussed.
Physicochemical processes in embryonic plant tissue during the transition to the state of cold anabiosis and storage at liquid nitrogen temperature
Authors: Khodko A. T. , Lysak Yu. S.
Published: December 2017

Critical opalescence phenomenon was observed in the cytoplasm of garlic embryonic tissue—meristem—upon cooling in liquid nitrogen vapor, indicating liquid-liquid phase transition in the system. It was established that cells of the meristem tissue survive the cooling-thawing cycle. We suggest that the transition of meristem tissue to the state of anabiosis is mainly due to a drastic slowing of the diffusion in the cytoplasm caused by the passage of the solution through the critical point, followed by the formation of a dispersed system—a highly concentrated emulsion—as a result of a liquid-liquid phase transition. This macrophase separation is characteristic of polymer-solvent systems. We established the regime of cooling down to liquid nitrogen temperature and subsequent thawing in the cryopreservation cycle for the biological object under study, which ensures the preservation of tissue viability.
Density of states of Dirac–Landau levels in a gapped graphene monolayer under strain gradient
Authors: Shubnyi V. O. , Sharapov S. G.
Published: December 2017

We study a gapped graphene monolayer in a combination of uniform magnetic field and strain-induced uniform pseudomagnetic field. The presence of two fields completely removes the valley degeneracy. The resulting density of states shows a complicated behavior that can be tuned by adjusting the strength of the fields. We analyze how these features can be observed in the sublattice, valley and full density of states. The analytical expression for the valley DOS is derived.
Germanium quantum well with two subbands occupied: Kinetic properties
Authors: Berkutov I. B. , Andrievskii V. V. , Komnik Yu. F. , Mironov O. A.
Published: December 2017

Multisubband transport of the p-type Si0.4Ge0.6/Ge/Si0.4Ge0.6 heterostructure has been investigated by means of magnetotransport measurements at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. Two frequency Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations indicate occupation of two subbands. This allows us to determine the densities and mobilities of the charge carriers on each subband. Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations reveal two 2D conduction subbands with carrier effective masses of 0.112m0 and 0.131m0. The quantum Hall ferromagnetic states which results from the crossing of two Landau levels with opposite spin and different subband was observed in SiGe systems for the first time.
Spontaneous polarization of a nonstoichiometric ferroelectric NaNO2 at low temperatures
Authors: Matyjasik S. , Shaldin Yu.
Published: December 2017

We report measurements of the temperature dependence of the pyroelectric charge in a nonstoichiometric z-cut sample of sodium nitrite in the temperature range 4.2–300 K. The obtained data are supplemented by the measurements of thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) in electric fields of different magnitudes and polarities. All the experimental results serve as the basis for constructing the temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarization ΔPs(T,U) and the pyroelectric coefficient γ(U,T) for fixed external stimuli. It is found that the value of ΔPs in the sample of sodium nitrite is negligible at low temperatures, up to 40 K. This indicates (for known experimental values of the linear expansion coefficients) a minor contribution of the sample piezoelectricity to the spontaneous polarization in this temperature range. Starting from T = 75 K, an exponential increase in the contribution to the total charge of the TSD is found only in the defect subsystem of the crystal. Based on the data of physical studies, a crystal-physics model is proposed, which differs from the model presented by Lines and Glass. Due to the splitting of ion positions in all three sublattices upon the transition to the paraelectric phase, NaNO2 crystals can be assigned to the three-dimensional type of ferroelectrics, according to the classification by Abrahams and Keve. This agrees with the estimate of the spontaneous polarization Ps ∼ 0.01 C/m2 given in the paper. This value is significantly different from the data obtained by repolarization of nonstoichiometric samples in strong electric fields up to the phase transition temperature.
Low-temperature slip along intergrain boundaries
Authors: Bakai A. S. , Lazarev P. N.
Published: December 2017

Equations are derived for slip in a disordered atomic layer which describe diffusive creep as well as high-speed slip at low temperatures. An exact solution for the slip velocity is found in the form of a functional of the distribution function of the threshold shear stresses in the slip layer. The relationship between the microscopic parameters of the theory and the macroscopic properties of metallic glass is established in terms of the Mott intergrain slip model. The calculated rate of deformation of bulk metallic glass is compared with published experimental data.
A real-time Raman spectroscopy study of the dynamics of laser-thinning of MoS2 flakes to monolayers
Authors: Gu Enyao , Wang Qiyuan , Zhang Youwei , Cong Chunxiao , Hu Laigui , Tian Pengfei , Liu Ran , Zhang Shi-Li , Qiu Zhi-Jun
Published: December 2017

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) in monolayer form have attracted a great deal of attention for electronic and optical applications. Compared to mechanical exfoliation and chemical synthesis, laser thinning is a novel and unique “on-demand” approach to fabricate monolayers or pattern desired shapes with high controllability and reproducibility. Its successful demonstration motivates a further exploration of the dynamic behaviour of this local thinning process. Here, we present an in-situ study of void formation by laser irradiation with the assistance of temporal Raman evolution. In the analysis of time-dependent Raman intensity, an empirical formula relating void size to laser power and exposure time is established. Void in thinner MoS2 flakes grows faster than in thicker ones as a result of reduced sublimation temperature in the two-dimensional (2D) materials. Our study provides useful insights into the laser-thinning dynamics of 2D TMDCs and guidelines for an effective control over the void formation.
Quantum mechanical analysis of nonlinear optical response of interacting graphene nanoflakes
Authors: Deng Hanying , Manrique David Zs. , Chen Xianfeng , Panoiu Nicolae C. , Ye Fangwei
Published: December 2017

We propose a distant-neighbor quantum-mechanical (DNQM) approach to study the linear and nonlinear optical properties of graphene nanoflakes (GNFs). In contrast to the widely used tight-binding description of the electronic states that considers only the nearest-neighbor coupling between the atoms, our approach is more accurate and general, as it captures the electron-core interactions between all atoms in the structure. Therefore, as we demonstrate, the DNQM approach enables the investigation of the optical coupling between two closely separated but chemically unbound GNFs. We also find that the optical response of GNFs depends crucially on their shape, size, and symmetry properties. Specifically, increasing the size of nanoflakes is found to shift their accommodated quantum plasmon oscillations to lower frequency. Importantly, we show that by embedding a cavity into GNFs, one can change their symmetry properties, tune their optical properties, or enable otherwise forbidden second-harmonic generation processes.
An examination of ideology in translation via modality: Wild Swans and Mao’s Last Dancer
Authors: Li Long
Published: December 2017

This paper compares the semantics of grammatical choices in Chinese with the system of modality in English, with particular reference to descriptions from systemic functional linguistics. The latter is a theory much informed by both English and Chinese in its development. Based on existing literature on language typology, this paper seeks not only an examination of the usefulness of this grammatical potential to translation scholars but also to provide more delicate typological descriptions to ensure commensurability in translation. As modality is often expected to be a key site for expressing interpersonal judgements, this paper investigates whether choices in this system can be indicative of patterns of ideologically motivated regularities, or shifts, in the translated texts. This paper uses the Chinese translations of Wild Swans and Mao’s Last Dancer as domains of study, both of which are highly successful but politically controversial autobiographies written in English by Chinese migrant writers. Incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study has found how meaningful choices of modality have altered the evaluation of political leaders.
SV2: accurate structural variation genotyping and de novo mutation detection from whole genomes
Authors: Antaki Danny , Brandler William M , Sebat Jonathan
Published: December 2017

Motivation

Structural variation (SV) detection from short-read whole genome sequencing is error prone, presenting significant challenges for population or family-based studies of disease.

Results

Here, we describe SV2, a machine-learning algorithm for genotyping deletions and duplications from paired-end sequencing data. SV2 can rapidly integrate variant calls from multiple structural variant discovery algorithms into a unified call set with high genotyping accuracy and capability to detect de novo mutations.

Availability and implementation

SV2 is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/dantaki/SV2).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Histopathological Composition of Ileal Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Wagner Mathilde , Ko Huaibin Mabel , Chatterji Manjil , Besa Cecilia , Torres Joana , Zhang Xiaofei , Panchal Hinaben , Hectors Stefanie , Cho Judy , Colombel Jean-Frederic , Harpaz Noam , Taouli Bachir
Published: December 2017

Background and Aims

Recently, smooth muscle hypertrophy has been suggested to be a contributor to small bowel lesions secondary to Crohn’s disease [CD], in addition to inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we assess the value of magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] for the characterisation of histopathological tissue composition of small bowel CD, including inflammation, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

Methods

A total of 35 consecutive patients [male/female 17/18, mean age 33 years] with ileal CD, who underwent small bowel resection and a preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI examination within 1 month before surgery, were retrospectively included. Image assessment included qualitative [pattern/degree of enhancement, presence of ulcerations/fistulas/abscesses] and quantitative parameters [wall thickness on T2/T1-weighted images [WI], enhancement ratios, apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], Clermont and Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity [MaRIA] scores). MRI parameters were compared with histopathological findings including active inflammation, collagen deposition, and muscle hypertrophy using chi square/Fisher or Mann-Whitney tests and univariate/multivariate logistic/linear regression analyses.

Results

Forty ileal segments were analysed in 35 patients. Layered pattern at early-post-contrast phase was more prevalent (odds ratio [OR] = 8; p = 0.008), ADC was significantly lower [OR = 0.005; p = 0.022], and MaRIA score was significantly higher [OR = 1.125; p = 0.022] in inflammation grades 2–3 compared with grade 1. Wall thickness on T2WI was significantly increased [OR = 1.688; p = 0.043], and fistulas [OR = 14.5; p = 0.017] were more prevalent in segments with disproportionately increased muscle hypertrophy versus those with disproportionately increased fibrosis. MaRIA/Clermont scores, wall thickness on T1WI and T2WI, and ADC were all significantly correlated with degree of muscular hypertrophy.

Conclusions

MRI predicts the degree of inflammation, and can distinguish prominent muscle hypertrophy from prominent fibrosis in ileal CD with reasonable accuracy (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] > 0.7).
Memory Deficits Precede Increases in Depressive Symptoms in Later Adulthood
Authors: Aichele Stephen , Ghisletta Paolo
Published: December 2017

Objectives

We examined bidirectional, time-ordered associations between age-related changes in depressive symptoms and memory.

Method

Data came from 107,599 community-dwelling adults, aged 49–90 years, who participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Depressive symptoms were measured with the EURO-D inventory, and memory was evaluated as delayed recall of a 10-word list. Participants were assessed up to five times at 2-year intervals. Dynamic structural equation models were used to estimate longitudinal and time-ordered (lead-lag) relations between depressive symptoms and memory performance.

Results

Depressive symptoms increased and memory scores decreased across the observed age range, with worsening mostly evident after age 62 years. These long-term changes were moderately negatively correlated (r = −.53, p < .001). A time-ordered effect emerged such that age-specific memory deficits preceded shorter-term increases in depression symptoms. This effect can be translated such that each 1-point decrement on a 10-point memory scale at a given age predicted a 14.5% increased risk for depression two years later. Statistical adjustment for covariates (sex, education, re-test, smoking, and body mass index) had little influence on these associations.

Conclusion

In later adulthood, lower memory performance at a given age predicts subsequent 2-year increases in depressive symptoms.
Astheno–Kähler and Balanced Structures on Fibrations
Authors: Fino Anna , Grantcharov Gueo , Vezzoni Luigi
Published: December 2017

We study the existence of three classes of Hermitian metrics on certain types of compact complex manifolds. More precisely, we consider balanced, strong Kähler with torsion (SKT), and astheno-Kähler metrics. We prove that the twistor spaces of compact hyperkähler and negative quaternionic-Kähler manifolds do not admit astheno-Kähler metrics. Then we provide a construction of astheno-Kähler structures on torus bundles over Kähler manifolds leading to new examples. In particular, we find examples of compact complex non-Kähler manifolds which admit a balanced and an astheno-Kähler metric, thus answering to a question in [52] (see also [24]). One of these examples is simply connected. We also show that the Lie groups SU(3) and G2 admit SKT and astheno-Kähler metrics, which are different. Furthermore, we investigate the existence of balanced metrics on compact complex homogeneous spaces with an invariant volume form, showing in particular that if a compact complex homogeneous space M with invariant volume admits a balanced metric, then its first Chern class c1(M) does not vanish. Finally we characterize Wang C-spaces admitting SKT metrics.
Microvascular Decompression of the VII/VIII Cranial Nerve Complex for the Treatment of Intermediate Nerve Neuralgia: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Goulin Lippi Fernandes Eric , van Doormaal Tristan , de Ru Sander , Miller Kai , Han Kuo Sen
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Intermediate nerve neuralgia (INN) is a rare and often overlooked form of primary otalgia. The pathophysiological mechanism is unknown, although one of the possible contributing factors is a neurovascular conflict at the root entry zone of the intermediate nerve. The pain can be severely debilitating, and the palette of treatment options is small.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the outcome of microvascular decompression (MVD) of the VII/VIII cranial nerve complex for treating INN.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the records of a group of 8 consecutive patients with INN who underwent MVD of the VII/VIII cranial nerve complex in the period 1994 to 2015.

RESULTS

In total, 7 of the 8 patients experienced almost immediate and complete relief of pain, which remained at long-term follow-up (mean 35 mo ± 24 mo, range 8-84 mo). Postoperatively, 1 patient had a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, 3 patients experienced permanent ipsilateral hearing loss, and 3 patients had temporary complaints associated with excessive drainage of CSF.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests MVD as a valid treatment for medically refractory INN. MVD carries surgical risk, but given the severity of complaints of these patients, we believe the treatment benefits outweigh the associated complications.
Piezosurgery—A Safe Technique to Perform Lateral Suboccipital Craniotomy?
Authors: Grauvogel Juergen , Masalha Waseem , Heiland Dieter Henrik , Jarc Nadja , Grauvogel Tanja Daniela , Scheiwe Christian
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Piezosurgery (PS) is a relatively new technique based on microvibrations generated by the piezoelectric effect. It selectively cuts bone tissue and preserves the surrounding soft tissue.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the use of PS for performing lateral suboccipital craniotomy.

METHODS

PS was used to perform a lateral suboccipital craniotomy in 22 patients who underwent surgery for different cerebellopontine angle (CPA) pathologies in the neurosurgical department. The applicability of PS for lateral suboccipital craniotomy was evaluated with respect to safety, preciseness of bone cutting, and in particular the preservation of the adjacent dura and sigmoid and transverse sinuses.

RESULTS

Lateral suboccipital craniotomy in 22 patients who underwent surgery for different CPA pathologies (13 vestibular schwannoma, 5 petrous bone meningioma, 1 petroclival meningioma, 2 epidermoid cysts, and 1 petrous bone cholesterol granuloma) was performed with PS without any complications. A burr hole was set before piezosurgical craniotomy in 6 patients, with no prior burr hole in 16 patients. Incidental durotomy during piezosurgical craniotomy occurred in 6 patients, and small lacerations of the sigmoid sinus caused by the piezosurgical device were observed in 3 patients.

CONCLUSION

Although PS is a safe and selective bone cutting technique that preserves the surrounding soft tissue, it can still lead to unintended dural tears during lateral suboccipital craniotomy. This must be kept in mind when using PS for craniotomies and relying on the selective bone cutting properties of PS.
Using a K-W-L Chart to Bridge the Theory-Practice Gap
Authors: Raines Deborah A.
Published: December 2017

As nursing is a practice discipline, theory and practice cannot be separated. Yet nursing education is traditionally divided into two components: classroom or theory-based learning and clinical or practice-based learning. The theory-practice gap is one of the most significant issues in nursing today, given the emphasis on evidence-based practice. This article describes the use of a K-W-L chart as an approach to bridge the theory-practice gap and encourage students to become self-directed and take ownership of their knowledge.
The Student Experience With Varying Immersion Levels of Virtual Reality Simulation
Authors: Farra Sharon L. , Smith Sherrill J. , Ulrich Deborah L.
Published: December 2017

With increasing use of virtual reality simulation (VRS) in nursing education and given the vast array of technologies available, a variety of levels of immersion and experiences can be provided to students. This study explored two different levels of immersive VRS capability. Study participants included baccalaureate nursing students from three universities across four campuses. Students were trained in the skill of decontamination using traditional methods or with VRS options of mouse and keyboard or head-mounted display technology. Results of focus group interviews reflect the student experience and satisfaction with two different immersive levels of VRS.
Brief Communication; A Heterologous Oncolytic Bacteria-Virus Prime-Boost Approach for Anticancer Vaccination in Mice
Authors: Aitken Amelia S. , Roy Dominic G. , Martin Nikolas T. , Sad Subash , Bell John C. , Bourgeois-Daigneault Marie-Claude
Published: December 2017

Anticancer vaccination is becoming a popular therapeutic approach for patients with cancers expressing common tumor antigens. One variation on this strategy is a heterologous virus vaccine where 2 viruses encoding the same tumor antigen are administered sequentially to prime and boost antitumor immunity. This approach is currently undergoing clinical investigation using an adenovirus (Ad) and the oncolytic virus Maraba (MRB). In this study, we show that Listeria monocytogenes can be used in place of the Ad to obtain comparable immune priming efficiency before MRB boosting. Importantly, the therapeutic benefits provided by our heterologous L. monocytogenes-MRB prime-boost strategy are superior to those conferred by the Ad-MRB combination. Our study provides proof of concept for the heterologous oncolytic bacteria-virus prime-boost approach for anticancer vaccination and merits its consideration for clinical testing.
Consensus Recommendations for Treatment Strategies in Indians Using Botulinum Toxin and Hyaluronic Acid Fillers
Authors: Kapoor Krishan Mohan , Chatrath Vandana , Anand Chytra , Shetty Rashmi , Chhabra Chiranjiv , Singh Kuldeep , Vedamurthy Maya , Pai Jamuna , Sthalekar Bindu , Sheth Rekha
Published: December 2017

Background:

Indians constitute one of the largest population groups in the world. Facial anthropometry, morphology, and age-related changes in Indians differ from those of other ethnic groups, necessitating a good understanding of their facial structure and the required aesthetic treatment strategies. However, published recommendations specific to Indians are few, particularly regarding combination treatment.

Methods:

The Indian Facial Aesthetics Expert Group (19 dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and aesthetic physicians with a mean 15.5 years’ aesthetic treatment experience) met to develop consensus recommendations for the cosmetic facial use of botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid fillers, alone and in combination, in Indians. Treatment strategies and dosage recommendations (agreed by ≥ 75% of the group) were based on results of a premeeting survey, peer-reviewed literature, and the experts’ clinical experience.

Results:

The need for combination treatment increases with age. Tear trough deficiency is the most common midface indication in Indian women aged 20–40 years. In older women, malar volume loss and jowls are the most common aesthetic concerns. Excess medial soft tissue on a relatively smaller midface precedes age-related sagging. Hence, in older Indians, fillers should be used peripherally to achieve lift and conservatively in the medial zones to avoid adding bulk medially. The shorter, wider lower face requires 3-dimensional correction, including chin augmentation, to achieve increased facial height and the oval shape desired by most Indian women.

Conclusions:

These recommendations give physicians treating Indians worldwide a better understanding of their unique facial characteristics and provide treatment strategies to achieve optimal aesthetic outcomes.
Examining Length of Hospital Stay after Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: Evaluation in a Case-Control Study
Authors: Frey Jordan D. , Salibian Ara A. , Karp Nolan S. , Choi Mihye
Published: December 2017

Background:

While possessing numerous benefits, microsurgical breast reconstruction is associated with longer operative times and post-operative hospital length of stay compared to implant-based reconstruction. We therefore evaluate factors associated with increased length of stay (LOS) after microsurgical breast reconstruction with a case-control study design.

Methods:

All patients undergoing immediate or delayed abdominally-based microsurgical breast reconstruction over a two-year time period were identified. Risk factors associated with LOS greater than or equal to 5 days were identified.

Results:

A total of 116 patients undergoing immediate or delayed abdominally-based microsurgical breast reconstruction were identified. Of these, 86 (74.1%) had a LOS of 4 days or less (mean: 3.70 days) while 30 (25.9%) had a LOS of 5 days or greater (mean: 5.50 days).

With regards to patient demographics and intra-operative factors, patients with a LOS of 5 days or greater were significantly more likely to have diabetes mellitus (p < 0.0001), undergo bilateral reconstruction (p = 0.0003) and total mastectomy (p < 0.0001), and have a longer operative time (p < 0.0001) while significantly less likely to undergo post-operative radiation (p = 0.0421). Notably, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of follow-up time, or time since breast reconstruction (p = 0.0600).

With regards to reconstructive complications, patients with LOS of 5 days of greater were significantly more likely to experience abdominal donor site abscess (p < 0.0001), breast hematoma (p = 0.0186), and return to the operating room for flap compromise (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

Multiple patient-specific, intra-operative, and post-operative outcomes factors are associated with increased length of stay with immediate and delayed microsurgical breast reconstruction.
Laterality and Left-sidedness in the Nose, Face, and Body: A New Finding
Authors: Hafezi Farhad , Javdani Ali , Naghibzadeh Bijan , Ashtiani Abbas Kazemi
Published: December 2017

Background:

Asymmetry is a common occurrence in bilaterian animals, particularly human beings. Through examination of patients and their photographs during rhinoplasty, we noted wider left-sided nasal and facial features in most patients. This observation led us to hypothesize that this might be consistent to the whole body.

Methods:

We conducted a study in 3 parts to test the question above. First, we analyzed operating notes of 50 rhinoplasty patients to determine the wider side of the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the nose. Second, we analyzed the width of the face and chest wall in 31 patients to discern any correlation between facial and bodily asymmetry. Third, computerized tomographic scans of the thorax and body of 48 patients were studied to measure the width of the hemithorax and hemipelvic bone.

Results:

(1) Upper vault width was wider on left side (78%). Left middle vault width was wider (88%). The lower lateral cartilage, lateral crura convexity was more prominent on left side (48%), and a wider scroll area was found and trimmed in 21 (left) and 0 (right) cases. The alar base was wider on left side (56%). (2) In the body and face analysis, 64.5% had a wider left-sided face and body. (3) In the computed tomographic scan analysis, same-sided thorax and pelvis asymmetry was seen (85.35%), 33 and 7 of which were left- and right-sided, respectively.

Conclusion:

We observed generalized asymmetry of the face and body with left-sided predominance.
Successfully Closing an Acquired Palatal-fistula Using a Turnover Flap from a Previously Transferred Forearm-free-flap
Authors: Ashville Jason , Panchal Hina , Rosen Evan B. , Matros Evan
Published: December 2017

Palatal fistula between the oral and nasal cavities occurs in about 20% of palatal repairs after oncologic resection. Although healing by secondary intention may be employed as an initial strategy, persistent nonhealing symptomatic fistula necessitates intervention. Folded free flap used for primary repair of palatectomy defects enables placement of epithelialized tissue on both the oral and nasal cavities. In case of acquired palatal fistula, a turnover flap can be easily created, based on the free margin of the folded forearm free flap to serve as a reconstructive lifeboat.
Intentional Lower Pole Rotation of Anatomic Breast Implants in Chest Wall Deformities
Authors: Thuerlimann Alice , Tremp Mathias , Oranges Carlo M. , Schaefer Dirk J. , Kalbermatten Daniel F.
Published: December 2017

Several methods have been described for the correction of congenital thoracic wall deformities. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility and clinical results of using standard anatomic breast implants with modified anatomic positioning according to the defect in congenital thoracic wall deformities. Between 2014 and 2015, 5 patients diagnosed with pectus excavatum (PE, n = 4) or pectus carinatum (PC, n = 1) and breast asymmetry or hypoplasia were evaluated. In all patients, a submammary incision and dual-plane subpectoral placement of texturized, anatomic implants were performed. In patients with PE, the lower pole of the implant was positioned medially to compensate for the caved chest. In patients with PC, the lower pole of the anatomic implant was positioned laterally to compensate for the prominent sternum. Outcome measures were satisfaction, minor and major complications, and morbidity. The mean surgery time was 95 ± 14 minutes, and the mean implant volume was 287 ± 56 cm3 (273 ± 60 cm3 on the right side and 305 ± 60 cm3 on the left side). After a median follow-up of 25 months (range: 2–35), all patients healed uneventfully, and a satisfactory correction of the thoracic wall deformity was achieved. Thus, by adjusting the lower pole of anatomic breast implants in a horizontal plane according to the thoracic defect, we showed satisfactory results. Our technique has a low complication rate and can be recommended for the correction of mild to moderate PE or PC.
Aesthetic Refinements after Radial Free Flap Phalloplasty: Optimizing the Donor Site and the Phallus
Authors: Mañero Iván , Labanca Trinidad , Triviño José M.
Published: December 2017

Background:

Phalloplasty with radial forearm flap is the gold standard for female-to-male sex reassignment surgery. However, it leaves a stigmatizing forearm scar, and as the new phallus is created with the forearm’s skin and fat, it does not look like that of a biological man. The aesthetic appearance of the donor site and the neophallus can be optimized after phalloplasty. In this study, we review refinement techniques (RTs) performed after radial forearm flap phalloplasty.

Methods:

We present a historical cohort of patients who underwent the following RTs: forearm fat grafting and localized laser in the forearm’s scars, and micropigmentation of the neophallus. Patient’s aesthetic satisfaction was evaluated using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale for the forearm’s refinements and the Male Genital Self-Image Scale for the neophallus.

Results:

Between January 2014 and January 2016, 8 patients underwent forearm fat grafting with localized laser, and 7 patients micropigmentation of the neophallus after radial flap phalloplasties. All Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale parameters showed a statistically significant reduction between preoperative and postoperative values. Male Genital Self-Image Scale survey showed that all patients felt positively about their genitals after micropigmentation. Patients who underwent refinement procedures were highly satisfied with the aesthetic outcome and felt more confident. They also claim that they would choose to have the refinement procedure done again.

Conclusions:

The proposed RTs are minimally invasive interventions to complement and enhance female-to-male sex reassignment surgery with very few complications and excellent aesthetic results of both the forearm scars and the constructed phallus.
Efficacy of Vancomycin-based Continuous Triple Antibiotic Irrigation in Immediate, Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Hunsicker Lisa M. , Chavez-Abraham Victor , Berry Colleen , McEwen David
Published: December 2017

Background:

Single irrigation of the peri-implant space with a cefazolin-based triple antibiotic solution is a routine antibiotic prophylaxis measure during implant-based breast augmentation and reconstruction. Cefazolin, however, is less efficacious against resistant Staphylococcus species, which are the predominant bacterial species isolated from the peri-implant space. Vancomycin is effective against resistant Staphylococcus species and may be a more appropriate prophylactic agent. The availability of single-injection long-acting anesthetic agents allows the novel use of the elastomeric infusion pump for continuous irrigation of antibiotic solution into the peri-implant space. The efficacy of continuous irrigation with a vancomycin-based solution is evaluated here.

Methods:

Study patients (N = 163; group 1) who underwent immediate, direct-to-implant breast reconstruction received continuous infusion of a vancomycin-based triple antibiotic solution. Patients also received a single injection of liposomal bupivacaine in the pectoralis major/minor muscles for pain control. A historic control group (N = 113; group II) received ropivacaine local anesthetic via the infusion pump and a single intraoperative irrigation of the peri-implant space with the vancomycin-based triple antibiotic solution. Incidence of postsurgical infection during the 6 weeks after surgery was compared between the groups.

Results:

Group I patients had a statistically significant lower incidence of infections (1.9%) than group II patients (6.4%) (P = 0.007). There were no vancomycin-related adverse effects.

Conclusions:

Continuous breast irrigation with a vancomycin-based triple antibiotic solution is a safe and effective accompaniment for immediate implant reconstruction. Use of intramuscular anesthetic injection for postoperative pain control allows the elastomeric infusion pump to be available for local tissue antibiotic irrigation.
Monobloc Reconstruction of Dome, Medial Crura, and Columella with Gamma-Shaped Costal Cartilage Graft
Authors: Çerçi Özkan Aret , Bilgili Ahmet Mert , Güven Erdem
Published: December 2017

In severe nasal deformities, the original cartilages are removed, or they become unusable because of previous operations. Costal cartilage (CC) is one of the most important tools for the replacement of deficient nasal osteocartilaginous framework. In 4 secondary and 1 tertiary rhinoplasty cases with severe deformities of medial and lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilages, we have prepared a long strut graft from a CC and then split the graft tip 5–6 mm vertically into 2 equal halves to create a gamma (ϒ)-shaped strut graft. We have sutured the base of this graft to the nasal spine and/or the bases of the medial crural remnants. Then, we have prepared lateral crural grafts and secured the grafts over lateral crural remnants. Then we curved the split tip winglets of the ϒ-shaped strut graft to both sides and sutured them to lateral crural grafts in order to create a new dome. Splitting of the CC strut graft reduces the need for extensive suturing at the tip, obtains smoother contours and ensures graft economy, and provides an original and stable dome shape. The bending capacity of the CC is limited in middle-aged patients. Costal allografts from a young cadaver can be a good alternative. ϒ-shaped costal crural graft is useful for medial crural and domal monobloc reconstruction in secondary and tertiary cases.
FIVE-YEAR INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANES
Authors: Bae Jeong Hun , Song Su Jeong , Lee Mi Yeon
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

The aim of this was to determine the 5-year incidence of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) and its risk factors in Korean adults.

Methods:

A total of 2,152 participants aged 50 years or older enrolled in a health screening program. All participants underwent baseline ophthalmic and systemic examinations in 2006, and were reexamined after 5 years. Epiretinal membranes were diagnosed using fundus photographs taken at baseline and at the 5-year follow-up. The incidence of idiopathic ERM was calculated in this study cohort, and then age-standardized to the 2010 Korean Census. Epiretinal membranes were classified as preretinal macular fibrosis with prominent retinal folds or cellophane macular reflex without retinal folds. Associated risk factors for idiopathic ERM were also analyzed.

Results:

Idiopathic ERM developed in 82 of 2,152 participants who had no previous ERM in either eye at baseline. The overall age-standardized incidence was 3.8% (95% confidence interval, 2.8–4.8), including 2.3% with cellophane macular reflex and 1.5% with preretinal macular fibrosis. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the factors related to the development of idiopathic ERM were age (adjusted odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.08) and hypertriglyceridemia (250 mg/dL or more; adjusted odds ratio, 3.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.54–6.49) after adjusting for confounding factors.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that the 5-year incidence of idiopathic ERM in Korean adults is relatively similar to that in similar-aged white persons. Age and hypertriglyceridemia may increase the risk of developing idiopathic ERM.
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion/Recovery Scale: A Test in a Nursing Population
Authors: FANG Jin-Bo , ZHOU Chun-Fen , HUANG Jing , QIU Chang-Jian
Published: December 2017

Background:

The Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion/Recovery Scale (OFER) was designed to assess occupational fatigue in nurses. Although the original English version of this instrument has shown high degrees of reliability and validity, a Chinese version of this scale has yet to be verified.

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the OFER in a population of Chinese nurses.

Methods:

The scale was translated using translation and back-translation. The validities and reliabilities were evaluated on 923 qualified participants using content validity index, concurrent validity, factorial validity, internal consistency reliability, and test–retest reliability.

Results:

The content validity index for the OFER was .92. The correlation coefficients between the scores of the OFER subscales and the criteria in this study (varying from −.498 to .705) verified that the OFER has acceptable concurrent validity. Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that three factors correspond to the structure of the original instrument and that recovery mediates the relationship between acute and chronic fatigue. The Cronbach’s alpha for the chronic fatigue, acute fatigue, and intershift recovery subscales were .83, .85, and .86, respectively. Test–retest reliabilities with correlation coefficients from .61 to .78 were found in the three subscales.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:

OFER is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing work-related fatigue in Chinese nurses. However, further improvement of the acute fatigue subscale is recommended. The OFER has the potential to elicit information that is useful for assessing fatigue in nurses in China. Furthermore, as it differentiates between acute and chronic fatigue, OFER may be an effective tool for guiding the development and implementation of various, related intervention measures.