bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supercomputer und Chemie
Authors: Glock B.
Published: August 2010

Vom 19. bis 20. November veranstaltete erstmals debis in Ottobrunn bei München das traditionelle Seminar „Supercomputer und Chemie”︁, das unter diesem Namen bisher die IABG (lndustrieanlagen–Betriebsgesellschaft) durchgeführt hat. Die elf Vorträge behandelten zwar auch Themen wie Rechnerarchitektur und schnelle Netze, zahlenmäßig dominierten aber Berichte über praktische Anwendungen.
Selenocystein: Katalytische Funktion und spezifischer Einbau in Proteine
Authors: Forchhammer Karl , Böck August
Published: August 2010

Selenocystein – Bestandteil von mindestens fünf Enzymen, alles Oxidoreduktasen – wird auf DNA–Ebene codiert; man kann es als 21. Aminosäure bezeichnen. Nachdem die katalytische Funktion der Enzyme geklärt ist und man auch weiß, wie Selenocystein biogenetisch entsteht und wie es in die Proteine eingebaut wird, eröffnen sich neue Möglichkeiten für das Enzym–Design, für die Proteinkristallographie und für ein besseres Verständnis der Evolution des Genetischen Codes.
Altstoffe –Daten zu einer Hypothek aus der Vergangenheit
Authors: Broecker B.
Published: August 2010

Die im Verband der Chemischen Industrie zusammengeschlossenen Firmen haben sich entschlossen, alle bisher zu Altstoffen zusammengestellten Datensätze zu veröffentlichen. Die Veröffentlichung für die Stoffe mit einer Produktionsmenge von mehr als 1000 Jahrestonnen soll bis Ende 1991 abgeschlossen sein.
CO2 als Neurotoxin
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: August 2010

CO2 liegt in der Cerebrospinalflüssigkeit wie im Blut im wesentlichen als Hydrogencarbonat vor. Als solches scheint es an der Toxifizierung bestimmter Aminosäuren und an der Inaktivierung bestimmter Neurotransmitter beteiligt zu sein.
Perfekt globuläre Proteine aus dem Weltall
Authors: Mccoy Leonard
Published: August 2010

Proteinkristalle, die in Weltraumexperimenten gewonnen werden, sind bisweilen isometrischer als die auf der Erde hergestellten, sie können unter Umständen auch größer (oder kleiner) sein als diese. Vor allem aber ist die Ausbeute an Prestigegewinn pro Milligramm eingesetztem Protein erheblich besser als auf der Erde, da für jeden Laien sofort ersichtlich ist daß man weder Kosten noch Mühen gescheut und modernste Spitzentechnologien verwendet hat
Naturstoff‐Symposium im Kloster
Authors: Franck Burchard
Published: August 2010

Um den Erfahrungsaustausch zu verstärken und aktuelle Forschungsgebiete einer Förderung zuzuführen, gründete die DECHEMA einen Arbeitsausschuß „Niedermolekulare Naturstoffe mit biologischer Aktivität”︁. Dieser richtungsweisende Einsatz der DECHEMA soll dazu führen, die interdisziplinäre Arbeit der Naturstoffchemie zwischen Chemie, Biologie und Medizin zu intensivieren. Idealer Treffpunkt für so ein Vorhaben war das ehemalige Benediktinerkloster und heutige Schwäbische Bildungszentrum in Irsee bei Kaufbeuren. Dort fanden sich vom 26.‐28. Februar 1392 zum 4. Mai Industrie‐ und Hochschulwissenschaftler zusammen.
Am Anfang war die RNA
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: August 2010

Schon zur Mitte der sechziger Jahre ist erstmals vorgeschlagen worden, daß weder die Proteine noch die DNA Ausgangspunkt der biologischen Evolution waren, sondern daß alles mit der RNA begann. Diese Vorstellungen wurden durch die Entdeckung der Ribozyme zu Beginn der achtziger Jahre auf ein wesentlich festeres Fundament gestellt. Nun scheint gesichert, daß auch die Ausbildung der Peptidbindungen im Verlauf der ribosomalen Proteinbiosynthese durch eine RNA katalysiert wird.
Mit Oligoadenylaten und intrazellulärer Immunität gegen Retroviren
Authors: Schröder Heinz C. , Müller Werner E. G.
Published: August 2010

Kaum eine Woche vergeht, ohne daß in den einschlägigen Wissenschaftsmagazinen neue Ergebnisse der AIDS‐Forschung vorgestellt werden. Dabei scheint es genauso viele Ansätze wie Arbeitsgruppen zu geben. Im folgenden wird eine Strategie vorgestellt, die bei den Abwehrmechanismen der Körperzellen gegen Viren direkt ansetzt.
L‐Rhamnose als Zuckerbaustein
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: August 2010

L‐Rhamnose ist jetzt biotechnisch zugänglich. Ein gemeinsam von Hoechst und Südzucker entwickeltes Verfahren liefert diesen Zuckerbaustein nicht nur als Edukt für hochwertige Aromastoffe, sondern auch als vielseitig einsetzbares Zwischenprodukt für organische Synthesen.
Mikroskopie
Authors: Göke Gerhard
Published: August 2010

Zwar ist seit dem Erscheinen der ersten Marktübersicht Mikroskopie erst der, gemessen an der Lebensdauer eines Mikroskops, kurze Zeitraum von dreieinhalb Jahren vergangen, doch haben wie in allen technischen Bereichen auch beim Bau von Lichtmikroskopen Forschung und Entwicklung nicht stillgestanden. Stichworte für den Fortschritt der letzten Jahre sind z.B. konfokale Laser‐Scanning‐Mikroskopie, Videomikroskopie und automatische Bildverarbeitung mit Hilfe von Computern.

In Fortführung der ersten Marktübersicht Mikroskopie skizziert wiederum Gerhard Göke neue Entwicklungen und Trends in diesem Bereich. Wir danken ihm für seinen kompetenten, engagierten Einsatz, den beteiligten Firmen für ihre gute Kooperation.
Zeitaufgelöste Fluorometrie in der Wasseranalytik
Authors: Resch Ute , Rurack Knut , Senoner Mathias
Published: August 2010

Verfahren der chemischen Analytik werden heute vor allem unter zwei Gesichtspunkten entwickelt: Extrem hohe Nachweisempfindlichkeit und schnelle, kostengünstige “Vor‐Ort‐Analytik”. Zu beiden Bereichen kann die zeitaufgelöste Fluorometrie einen Beitrag leisten.
Chiralität in der Fullerenchemie
Authors: Diederich F. , Thilgen C. , Herrmann A.
Published: August 2010

Zusätzlich zu den inhärent chiralen höheren Fullerenen, z.B. dem D2‐symmetrischen C76, und ihren Derivaten ist ebenfalls eine Vielzahl kovalenter Addukte der am häufigsten untersuchten achiralen Fullerene C60 und C70 chiral, eine Tatsache, die bisher meist unberücksichtigt oder unerwähnt blieb. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt eine erste Gliederung der verschiedenen Formen der Fulleren‐Chiralität.
Das neue F&E‐Konzept des Hüls‐Konzerns
Authors: Rüler Jörn , Faßbender Franz‐Josef
Published: August 2010

Ein klares strategisches Bekenntnis von Hüls zur Forschung ist das Hauptergebnis der Neuausrichtung der Forschung und Entwicklung im Hüls‐Konzern, die in den letzten Monaten erarbeitet wurde.
HPLC‐ und CE‐Säulen
Authors: Finkler Christof , Schneider Patrik , Engelhardt Heinz
Published: August 2010

Aus der Analytik sind die HPLC und ihre “jüngere Schwester”, die Kapillarelektrophorese, heute nicht mehr wegzudenken. Beide Methoden stehen und fallen aber mit der Qualität und Eignung der eingesetzten Säulen. Dem aktuellen Stand der Säulentechnologie ist diese Marktübersicht gewidmet.
Gar nicht spartanisch: Spartan
Authors: Pilger Christian , Fels Gregor
Published: August 2010

Spartan 4.1.1 ist ein Molecular Modelling‐Programm, das “state of the art” Rechenverfahren mit einer exzellenten Visualisierung der Ergebnisse bei gleichzeitig akzeptablem Preis verbindet.
Blend composition dependence of the compatibilizing efficiency of graft copolymers for immiscible polymer blends
Authors: Zhang Cai‐Liang , Feng Lian‐Fang , Gu Xue‐Ping , Hoppe Sandrine , Hu Guo‐Hua
Published: August 2010

This work is concerned with the dependence of the compatibilizing efficiency of graft copolymers on the composition of immiscible polymer blends. A series of graft copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and polyamide 6 (PA6), denoted as PS‐g‐PA6, with different molecular structures were used as compatibilizers. The PS‐g‐PA6 was more efficient for the PS/PA6 (80/20) blend than for the PS/PA6 (20/80) one, indicating that a graft copolymer whose backbone and grafts match the matrix and the disperse phase polymers, respectively, has higher compatibilizing efficiency. This is in disagreement with the literature. Moreover, whatever the blend composition, for PS‐g‐PA6 graft copolymers with the same backbone and the same number of grafts per backbone, the longer the grafts, the higher their compatibilizing and stabilizing efficiency; for a given backbone/graft mass ratio, the longer the grafts and concomitantly the smaller the number of grafts per backbone, the higher the compatibilizing and stabilizing efficiency of the graft copolymer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Experimental and Numerical Modeling of the Controllable Wettability Gradient on Poly(propylene) Created by SF6 Plasma
Authors: Mangindaan Dave , Kuo Wei‐Hsuan , Wang Yi‐Lin , Wang Meng‐Jiy
Published: August 2010

A continuous and scalable wettability gradient of water contact angle (WCA) (20–135°) were successfully prepared on poly(propylene) film by applying O2 plasma for pretreatment followed by SF6 plasma treatment under a specially designed mask. Moreover, the role of mass transfer processes in the plasma treatment leading to the gradient formation was clearly described in mathematical terms. By mathematical analyses, a mass transfer coefficient calculated from the sample of 1 cm was employed for scaling‐up process to create gradients on sample length of 5 cm and 7 cm. ESCA analysis revealed that the incorporation of C–F bonds resulted in hydrophobicity on the surface and the formation of the gradient. The wide‐range wettability gradient was demonstrated as an effective tool for screening cell behaviors as demonstrated by culturing L‐929 fibroblast cells on the gradient.

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High level PSMA expression is associated with early psa recurrence in surgically treated prostate cancer
Authors: Minner Sarah , Wittmer Corinna , Graefen Markus , Salomon Georg , Steuber Thomas , Haese Alexander , Huland Hartwig , Bokemeyer Carsten , Yekebas Emre , Dierlamm Judith , Balabanov Stefan , Kilic Ergin , Wilczak Waldemar , Simon Ronald , Sauter Guido , Schlomm Thorsten
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a suggested target for antibody‐based therapy of prostate cancer potentially involved in the regulation of cell migration. This study was undertaken, to gain more insight on the role of PSMA in early prostate cancer and its distribution in various normal tissues.

METHODS

A total of 1,700 different prostate cancers treated by radical prostatectomy and 612 samples from 76 different normal tissue types were successfully analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a tissue microarray (TMA) format. PSMA immunostaining in cancers was also compared with clinical follow‐up, preexisting HER2 expression and Ki67 labeling index data.

RESULTS

PSMA staining was only found in prostate epithelium and expression was higher in cancer cells than in benign tissue. PSMA staining was found in 94.1% of cancers and was significantly associated with tumor stage, high Gleason grade, preoperative PSA, and HER2 expression (P < 0.0001 each). Tumors with strong PSMA expression had a higher risk of biochemical recurrence than cancers with only weak PSMA staining intensity (P = 0.0483). There was no significant association between PSMA expression and Ki67 labeling index (P = 0.442).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the high frequency of PSMA overexpression in all stages and grades of prostate cancer and the high prevalence of PSMA overexpression, it can be speculated that increased PSMA expression may be related with prostate cancer development rather than progression. The known function of PSMA activating cell migration would be in line with the suggested role in cancer progression and the missing association between PSMA overexpression and tumor cell proliferation. Prostate 71:281–288, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase‐transition studies of Ba0.90Ca0.10(Ti1−xZrx)O3 ferroelectric ceramic compounds
Authors: Favarim Higor R. , Michalowicz Alain , M'Peko Jean Claude , Mastelaro Valmor R.
Published: August 2010

Perovskite‐structured Ba0.90Ca0.10(Ti1−xZrx)O3 ceramics were prepared in this work and subsequently studied in terms of composition‐dependent dielectric and high‐resolution long‐range order structural properties from 30 to 450 K. The dielectric response of these materials was measured at several frequencies in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. Combining both techniques, including Rietveld refinement of the X‐ray diffraction data, allowed observing that, when increasing Zr4+ content, the materials change from conventional to diffuse and relaxor ferroelectric compounds, the transition occurring spontaneously at the x = 0.18 composition. Interestingly, this spontaneous transition turned out to be prevented for a further increase of Zr4+. On the basis of all the dielectric and structural results processed, a phase diagram of this system is presented.
Mo6S3I6 molecular wires: From a one‐dimensional quantum fluid to self‐organized critical self‐assembled networks
Authors: Gadermaier Christoph , Strle Jure , Uplaznik Marko , Vengust Damjan , Bercic Bostjan , Mihailovic Dragan
Published: August 2010

Charge transport measurements on flexible Mo6S3I6 molecular wires of different diameters are best described by tunnelling through Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid segments, which is in some cases modified by environmental Coulomb blockade arising from deformations or imperfections. The unique S‐bonding chemistry of Mo6S3I6 wires and gold nanoparticles enables self‐assembly of large molecular‐scale inorganic networks. The topological characteristics of networks indicate an intrinsic tendency to self‐organize into a scale‐invariant critical state.

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Mo3S6I3 nanowire–gold nanoparticle network (AFM topographical image, size ∼8 × 4 µm2).
Carbon nanotube integration into MEMS devices
Authors: Hanein Yael
Published: August 2010

After two decades of extensive investigation into the unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the focus is now shifting toward the utilization of CNTs in real applications. Of particular interest is the use of CNTs in microtechnologies. To this end, CNT integration methods have to be optimized to guarantee yield, low‐cost, and high performances. Here we describe three general schemes which we developed over the past several years which facilitate the direct integration of CNTs into microfabricated devices in a seamless manner. Using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, and carefully designed pre‐patterned substrates, tubes can be easily deposited at very high fidelity. Through these integration schemes, the CNT growth step becomes equivalent to many other deposition steps of other materials. Using the processes we developed, a substrate can be introduced into the CNT CVD system and CNTs will grow at the right location to match the specific application. We briefly demonstrate two applications for which these techniques may be applied.

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TEM image of a CNT grown on a grid showing the strong surface effects on CNT growth.
Separation of metallic single‐walled carbon nanotubes using various amines
Authors: Maeda Yutaka , Komoriya Kazuki , Sode Katsuya , Kanda Makoto , Yamada Michio , Hasegawa Tadashi , Akasaka Takeshi , Lu Jing , Nagase Shigeru
Published: August 2010

Separation of metallic single‐walled carbon nanotubes (m‐SWNTs) using various amines in different concentrations was investigated. The SWNTs dispersions were characterized with Vis–NIR and Raman spectrometers. The proportion of m‐SWNTs toward semiconducting SWNTs increased with an increase of concentration of amines. SWNTs thin films were prepared from the SWNTs dispersion. The sheet resistance of SWNTs films decreased with an increase of proportion of m‐SWNTs.
Mechanism study of floating catalyst CVD synthesis of SWCNTs
Authors: Lanzani Giorgio , Susi Toma , Ayala Paola , Jiang Tao , Nasibulin Albert G. , Bligaard Thomas , Pichler Thomas , Laasonen Kari , Kauppinen Esko I.
Published: August 2010

Catalysis over metal nanoparticles is essential for carbon nanotube growth. Thus it is very important to understand the carbon chemistry on nanometer size metal particles. First‐principles electronic‐structure calculations have been used to investigate carbon monoxide (CO) disproportionation on an isolated Fe55 cluster. After CO dissociation, O atoms remain on the surface while C atoms move into the cluster, presumably as the initial step towards carbide formation. The lowest CO dissociation barrier found on the cluster (0.63 eV) is lower than on most studied Fe surfaces. The dissociation occurs on a vertex between the facets. A possible path for CO2 formation was also identified with a lowest reaction barrier of 1.04 eV.

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Proposed carbon monoxide disproportionation mechanism (Fe, brown; C, grey; O, red).
Effect of amino acid polarization in force field biomolecular calculations
Authors: Mitin Alexander V.
Published: August 2010

It is well known that an interaction of atoms in molecules leads to their polarization and, in a general case, to changing their partial atomic charges, which depends on atomic coordination. Similar effects for amino acids in biomolecules have been observed in the present theoretical study. These effects are especially important for correct calculations of the total molecular energies based on the molecular force fields. It is shown that the dependences of charges and polarizations of amino acids on their mutual coordination lead to huge errors in the force field relative energies of biomolecular conformers because these effects are not taken into account by the known force field energy functionals. This error proportionally increases with molecular size. To reduce it, a parameterization of amino acid and atomic partial charges in dependence on their mutual coordination is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Quantum‐chemical modeling of squaric acid ferroelectric behavior
Authors: Dolin S. P. , Levin A. A. , Mikhailova T. Yu. , Solin M. V. , Zinova N. V.
Published: August 2010

The properties of layered 2d‐ferroelectric and at the same time 3d‐antiferroelectric materials H2C4O4/D2C4O4 are studied by quantum‐chemical approach using pseudospin formalism in frames of Ising‐type model Hamiltonian with tunneling terms. This Hamiltonian parameters (that are Ω ‐ tunneling integral and Jij‐ Ising parameters) for both materials were obtained by means of RHF, MP2‐MP4 and DFT/B3LYP calculations for different clusters which simulate characteristic fragments of materials crystalline structure. Resulting Ω and Jij values for crystals at hand were used in the limits of two mean field approximations that allow explaining main peculiarities of the observed order‐disorder phase transition. The nature is discussed of the Bethe cluster lowest energy level splitting that has been introduced for correct description of this transition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Geometry distortion of the benzene molecule in a strong magnetic field
Authors: Caputo M. C. , Lazzeretti P.
Published: August 2010

The electrostatic Lorentz force acting on the H and C nuclei of a benzene molecule in the presence of a strong magnetic field with flux density B has been estimated via Rayleigh‐Schrödinger perturbation theory to second order in B. In stationary conditions, a new equilibrium configuration is reached, at which the total force has been entirely transferred to the nuclei, and the force on the electrons vanishes. The distortion of the molecular geometry is rationalized in terms of third‐rank electric hypershielding at the nuclei, induced by strong magnetic fields applied along three Cartesian axes. The nuclear hypershielding has been evaluated at near Hartree‐Fock level of accuracy by its definition within the Rayleigh‐Schrödinger perturbation theory, and by a pointwise procedure for the geometrical derivatives of magnetic susceptibilities. The connection between these two quantities is provided by the Hellmann‐Feynman theorem. A field along the C6 symmetry axis causes a symmetric contraction of the carbon ring and an elongation of the CH bonds. A field along one of the C2 symmetry axes containing two CH bond acts to shorten them, to widen the ring, and to bend the four remaining CH bonds towards C2. A field along one of the C symmetry axes through the midpoint of two opposite CC bonds causes a spindle effect, by squeezing the molecule toward the center of mass. Constraints for rotational and translational invariance and hypervirial theorems provide a natural criterion for Hartree‐Fock quality of computed nuclear electric hypershielding. However, the molecular distortion is negligible for applied fields usually available in a laboratory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
DFT study of ceric subgroup Ln(H2O)93+ aqua ions
Authors: Buzko Vladimir , Sukhno Igor , Polushin Alexey , Kashaev Denis
Published: August 2010

A B3P86 density functional theory study of the molecular geometry, Mulliken charges of lanthanide atom, isotropic Fermi contact couplings, and electron spin density of Ln(H2O) (Ln = CeGd) aqua ions is reported. The present results indicate that the Ce3+, Pr3+, and Nd3+ ions in aqueous solutions are nonahydrated, the Sm3+ and Eu3+ ions can be exist in octa‐ and nonahydrated species, which are in dynamical equilibrium, the Gd3+ ions are believed to present as octahydrated species. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Evaluating the impacts of instream flow on water supply for municipal and irrigation use
Authors: Kim T. J.
Published: August 2010

The instream flow (IF) that is a required minimum flow amount for aquatic species and inhabitants has been one of key factors for dealing with the water allocation complexities since 1960s. In particular, the requirement of IF in river flow constraints the reservoir operation that focuses on water supply of municipal and irrigation use. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of IF on municipal and irrigation use from which the Waco reservoir is supplied. The exceedance frequencies of stream flow are performed based on three conditions: pre‐ or post‐dam construction condition and reservoir storage reallocation condition. The monthly IF percentage expressed as a percentage of naturalized flow is computed using naturalized flow and IF available in Texas Water Availability Model (WAM) and applied to generate the monthly IF for 1939–1997 hydrologic‐simulation periods. The effects of IF use are assessed on period and volume reliabilities for municipal and irrigation use. Sensitivity analysis was performed to provide the optimal amount and range of IF using two different kinds of constant and seasonal IF use percentage rate plans. These results in this study indicate that the presence of IF has not changed the exceedance frequencies of low flow but reduced exceedance frequencies of flood flows. Period and volume reliabilities for municipal and irrigation use have decreased by 2 or 4%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian sample size for diagnostic test studies in the absence of a gold standard: Comparing identifiable with non‐identifiable models
Authors: Dendukuri Nandini , Bélisle Patrick , Joseph Lawrence
Published: August 2010

Diagnostic tests rarely provide perfect results. The misclassification induced by imperfect sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests must be accounted for when planning prevalence studies or investigations into properties of new tests. The previous work has shown that applying a single imperfect test to estimate prevalence can often result in very large sample size requirements, and that sometimes even an infinite sample size is insufficient for precise estimation because the problem is non‐identifiable. Adding a second test can sometimes reduce the sample size substantially, but infinite sample sizes can still occur as the problem remains non‐identifiable. We investigate the further improvement possible when three diagnostic tests are to be applied. We first develop methods required for studies when three conditionally independent tests are available, using different Bayesian criteria. We then apply these criteria to prototypic scenarios, showing that large sample size reductions can occur compared to when only one or two tests are used. As the problem is now identifiable, infinite sample sizes cannot occur except in pathological situations. Finally, we relax the conditional independence assumption, demonstrating in this once again non‐identifiable situation that sample sizes may substantially grow and possibly be infinite. We apply our methods to the planning of two infectious disease studies, the first designed to estimate the prevalence of Strongyloides infection, and the second relating to estimating the sensitivity of a new test for tuberculosis transmission. The much smaller sample sizes that are typically required when three as compared to one or two tests are used should encourage researchers to plan their studies using more than two diagnostic tests whenever possible. User‐friendly software is available for both design and analysis stages greatly facilitating the use of these methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space and time in the context of equilibrium‐point theory
Authors: Feldman Anatol G.
Published: August 2010

Advances to the equilibrium‐point (EP) theory and solutions to several classical problems of action and perception are suggested and discussed. Among them are (1) the posture–movement problem of how movements away from a stable posture can be made without evoking resistance of posture‐stabilizing mechanisms resulting from intrinsic muscle and reflex properties; (2) the problem of kinesthesia or why our sense of limb position is fairly accurate despite ambiguous positional information delivered by proprioceptive and cutaneous signals; (3) the redundancy problems in the control of multiple muscles and degrees of freedom. Central to the EP hypothesis is the notion that there are specific neural structures that represent spatial frames of reference (FRs) selected by the brain in a task‐specific way from a set of available FRs. The brain is also able to translate or/and rotate the selected FRs by modifying their major attributes—the origin, metrics, and orientation—and thus substantially influence, in a feed‐forward manner, action and perception. The brain does not directly solve redundancy problems: it only limits the amount of redundancy by predetermining where, in spatial coordinates, a task‐specific action should emerge and allows all motor elements, including the environment, to interact to deliver a unique action, thus solving the redundancy problem (natural selection of action). The EP theory predicts the existence of specific neurons associated with the control of different attributes of FRs and explains the role of mirror neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus and place cells in the hippocampus.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 287–304 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.108

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Behavior
The road more traveled—common pitfalls on the way to a patent
Authors: Tu Sean , Wu Bruce , Maebius Steve
Published: August 2010

Drug delivery and diagnostic imaging patents represent an important subset of patents in the field of nananomedicine. In this article we review the most common rejections issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office relating to these technologies. In particular, we found that the most common rejections are anticipation, obviousness and enablement. We also review the most common strategies used to overcome these rejections, which relate to “teaching away” arguments or claim amendment. WIREsNanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 1–4 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.107

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Grain‐size effect in micromechanical modelling of hysteresis in shape memory alloys
Authors: Stupkiewicz S. , Petryk H.
Published: August 2010

Size effects in pseudoelastic polycrystalline shape memory alloys are studied by considering a representative spherical laminated domain (subgrain) and its interfacial energy at three scales: at the subgrain boundaries, at the austenite–martensite interfaces, and at the twin boundaries. Two sources of interfacial energy are accounted for, namely the atomic‐scale energy of twin and phase boundaries and the elastic strain energy at microstructured interfaces, the latter being predicted theoretically. The evolution of microstructure of the representative domain is determined using the incremental energy minimization rule applied to the sum of the increments in the Helmholtz free energy and rate‐independent dissipation. The size‐dependent part of dissipation is estimated by assuming that negative increments in interfacial energy, associated with annihilation of interfaces, cannot be reverted back into the bulk free energy and are thus dissipated. Simple analytic formula for the interfacial energy dissipated in a complete forward‐reverse transformation cycle is derived and combined with a micromechanical model of a polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy. A numerical example illustrating size‐dependent hysteresis in the stress‐induced martensitic transformation is presented.
Traumatisme du testicule chez l’enfant
Authors: Lardellier F. , Varlet F. , François M. , Audry G. , Buisson P. , Dubois R. , Galinier P. , Geiss S. , Gorduza D. , Kalfa N. , Lacreuse I. , Leclair M.-D. , Merrot T. , Paye-Jaouen A. , Ravasse P. , Sapin E. , Teklali Y. , Valla J.-S. , Diraduryan N. , Guye E. , Lopez M.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Les traumatismes du testicule sont rares chez l’enfant, et la littérature est très pauvre sur ce sujet. Le but était de les analyser à partir d’une étude multicentrique rétrospective.

Matériel et méthodes

Un questionnaire sur les traumatismes du testicule survenus entre 2000 et 2009 a été envoyé dans les différents centres de chirurgie pédiatrique français. L’analyse a été effectuée à l’aide du questionnaire et du compte rendu opératoire, et n’ont été retenus que les dossiers de traumatisme vrai du testicule, excluant les plaies simples du scrotum, les traumatismes « révélateurs » d’une torsion de testicule ou d’hydatide, ou encore les dossiers incomplets.

Résultats

Quinze centres ont bien voulu nous transmettre leurs observations et parmi ceux-ci, deux ont répondu n’avoir opéré aucun cas; cette étude n’est pas exhaustive, car beaucoup d’équipes ont envoyé des dossiers d’enfants opérés et aucun cas de traumatisme bénin. Parmi les 60 observations reçues, 45 ont été retenues. L’âge moyen était de 12,3 ans (2 jours–18 ans). Les circonstances du traumatisme étaient 23 coups (pied, genou, poing), 13 chutes (vélo, banc, luge), quatre accidents de la voie publique, quatre traumatismes de nature inconnue et un traumatisme obstétrical. Le traumatisme était fermé 41 fois et ouvert quatre fois. L’échographie-doppler couleur a été réalisée dans 34 cas sur 45 (75,5 %); un diagnostic exact a été possible 30 fois, alors qu’il y a eu trois faux-positifs (deux fractures du testicule et un hématome intratesticulaire non confirmés à l’intervention) et un faux-négatif (contusion de l’épididyme non vue à l’échographie). Les lésions testiculaires étaient les suivantes: 15 fractures, huit hématomes intratesticulaires, six contusions testiculaires bénignes (dont une associée à une tumeur), six hématomes du cordon, six contusions de l’épididyme, trois hématocèles isolées et une avulsion. Le traitement a été chirurgical 33 fois et non opératoire 12 fois. Parmi les 15 fractures du testicule, 13 ont été opérées (huit sutures et cinq orchidectomies partielles) et deux ont été surveillées avec de bons résultats, sans atrophie secondaire. Pour les hématomes intratesticulaires, trois ont été surveillés et cinq opérés. Seuls 20 enfants ont été suivis au-delà de quatre mois, essentiellement les fractures testiculaires, et aucune atrophie secondaire n’a été constatée.

Conclusion

Les traumatismes du testicule chez l’enfant sont rares, mais leur pronostic est plutôt bon. L’échographie-doppler permet désormais de faire un diagnostic précis dans un grand nombre de cas, devant permettre d’éviter certaines explorations chirurgicales systématiques; mais l’intervention reste indispensable en cas de doute.
Sexual dysfunction among women of low‐income status in an urban setting
Authors: Worly Brett , Gopal Manish , Arya Lily
Published: August 2010

Objective

To determine demographic and clinical conditions associated with sexual dysfunction among women of low‐income status living in an urban setting.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of 102 consecutive women attending an urban gynecology clinic. Women were given validated questionnaires to measure sexual function, depression, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction in the partner. The association of sexual dysfunction with demographic variables, depression, urinary incontinence, and sexual function in the partner was assessed by the respondent.

Results

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 37.3% (n = 38). Women with sexual dysfunction reported significantly lower scores on all subscales of sexual function compared with women without sexual dysfunction. Women with sexual dysfunction were more likely to be older (33 ± 11.2 vs 28.7 ± 8.6; P < 0.04), unemployed (68% vs 47%; P < 0.03), and report depression (OR 4.4; 95% CI, 1.7–11.3), urinary urge incontinence (OR 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2–7.3), and intake of multiple medications (OR 5.4; 95% CI, 1.6–20.1). On multivariate analysis, depression and urge urinary incontinence were independently associated with sexual dysfunction.

Conclusion

Female sexual dysfunction is associated with the presence of depression and urge urinary incontinence in women of low‐income status living in an urban setting.
Feline Hyperthyroidism: Potential Relationship with Iodine Supplement Requirements of Commercial Cat Foods
Authors: Edinboro Charlotte H , Scott-Moncrieff J Catharine , Glickman Larry T
Published: August 2010

Article rationale Since the late 1970s, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH). It is now recognized worldwide as the most common endocrinopathy of older cats, resembling toxic nodular goiter of older humans in iodine-deficient areas. The purpose of this article is to identify the potential for iodine concentrations in the diet to contribute to the etiology of FH.

Historical context Iodine concentrations of commercial cat foods vary widely. A review of historical iodine recommendations revealed that the units of iodine supplementation changed in the 1970s. Given this change, foods minimally supplemented since the late 1970s would have been iodine deficient for most cats.

Practical relevance Iodine supplementation of commercial cat foods should be evaluated in the light of the iodine recommendations revised in 2006. Foods may remain deficient in iodine if supplemented at the minimum recommended concentration, possibly contributing to the development of FH.
Intra-species variability in ITS-1 sequences of Haemonchus contortus isolated from goats in West Bengal, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S. , Bera A.K. , Sikdar S. , De S. , Das S. , Rana T. , Pan D. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Bhattacharya D.
Published: August 2010

This study evaluated the existence of different genotypes of Haemonchus contortus prevailing among goats in West Bengal, India. These parasites were isolated from the abomasum of goat intestine and the molecular characterization was performed by comparing variation of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) gene region. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of ITS-1 amplified product showed the presence of three distinct conformations both in male and female parasites. The sequence analysis of conformations showed two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in male parasites at nucleotide positions 106 and 107 and one SNP was detected in female parasites at nucleotide position 157. These nucleotide variations in different isolates did not alter the interior loop structure of the predicted secondary RNA, therefore we believe these variations may not be responsible for any evolutionary changes among conformations.
FRIEDMAN’S NOBEL LECTURE AND THE PHILLIPS CURVE MYTH
Authors: FORDER JAMES
Published: August 2010

In his Nobel lecture, Friedman built on his earlier argument for a “natural rate of unemployment” by painting a picture of an economics profession which, as a result of foolish mistakes, had accepted the Phillips curve as offering a lasting trade-off between inflation and unemployment, and was thereby led to advocate a policy of inflation. It is argued here that, in fact, the orthodox economists of the time often did not accept Phillips’ analysis; almost no one made the mistakes in question; and very few advocated inflation on bases vulnerable to Friedman’s theoretical criticisms. The Phillips curve was put to various uses, but advocating inflation was hardly amongst them. It is suggested that one lasting result of the uncritical acceptance of Friedman’s history is to limit what appears to be within the reasonable range of views about macroeconomic policy.
HENRY GEORGE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THORSTEIN VEBLEN’S THEORY OF CAPITAL
Authors: NIMAN NEIL B.
Published: August 2010

Henry George, self-taught economist to the common man, developed a strong following outside the halls of academic discourse for his ideas about land, rent, and the single tax. Since he drew the ire of important economists such as John Bates Clark and Alfred Marshall, it should come as no surprise that few professional economists were willing to acknowledge his influence on the economics of the day. Yet, a closer look reveals that at least in the case of Thorstein Veblen, a clear connection can be made between these two important American thinkers. The concept of an unearned increment establishes their shared connection by illustrating the tension that exists between individuals and communities when individual property rights are assigned to community assets.
THIRSTING FOR THE FRAY: THE CAMBRIDGE DUNNING OF MR. MACLEOD
Authors: WHITE MICHAEL V.
Published: August 2010

In 1883 Henry Sidgwick complained that, with the recent undermining of the authority of political economy, “utterances of dissent from economic orthodoxy” could obtain a ready hearing. This was of particular concern to those writing and teaching on political economy at Cambridge University. As Henry Dunning Macleod was one of the dissenters named by Sidgwick, it appears odd that Macleod was also recognized as a lecturer in political economy at Cambridge between the late 1870s and mid-1880s. This article examines that peculiar occurrence, showing how Macleod exploited the struggle between reformers and conservatives over teaching reform in the university.
Factors influencing the vitamin D status of 10-year-old urban South African children
Authors: Poopedi Machuene A , Norris Shane A , Pettifor John M
Published: August 2010

Objective

Assessment of vitamin D status in a cohort of healthy 10-year-old urban children and the factors that influence vitamin D status in these children.

Design

A cross-sectional study. Blood samples were collected across four seasons of the year for the biochemical determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight), BMI and total fat and lean mass (determined by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed by chemiluminescent assay.

Setting

Study of children in the Greater Johannesburg area of South Africa who form the Bone Health sub-cohort of the longitudinal Birth to Twenty cohort.

Subjects

Three hundred and eighty-five children who form the Bone Health sub-cohort of the longitudinal Birth to Twenty cohort.

Results

White children had significantly higher 25(OH)D than their black peers (120·0 (sd 36·6) nmol/l v. 93·3 (sd 34·0) nmol/l, respectively). Seasonal variations in 25(OH)D levels were found only in white children, with 25(OH)D levels being significantly higher in white than in black children during the autumn and summer months. In multiple regression analysis, season, ethnicity, sex and total fat mass were the factors found to have an influence on 25(OH)D. Vitamin D deficiency (7 %) and insufficiency (19 %) were uncommon among the 10-year-old children.

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation or fortification is not warranted in healthy children living in Johannesburg. However, further studies need to confirm this in other regions of the country, especially in those living further south and with less sunshine during the winter months.
X-Ray Mapping and Scatter Diagram Analysis of the Discoloring Products Resulting from the Interaction of Artist's Pigments
Authors: White Rachel , Thomas Paul , Phillips Matthew R. , Moran Ken , Wuhrer Richard
Published: August 2010

The discoloring interaction between the artist's pigments cadmium yellow and the copper-containing malachite, an interaction that is conjectured to cause black spotting in oil paintings of the 19th and early 20th centuries, was examined using X-ray mapping and scatter diagram analysis. The application of these coupled techniques confirmed that copper sulfide phases were produced during discoloration reaction. Scatter diagram analysis indicated that two copper sulfide stoichiometries (CuS and Cu3S2) were present as reaction products where previously only crystalline CuS (covellite) had been identified by X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate the potential of X-ray mapping coupled with scatter diagram analysis for the identification of both crystalline and X-ray amorphous phases produced by such complex heterogeneous interactions and their applicability to the investigation of interactions of artists' pigments.
Survey Highlights Search for Habitable Extrasolar Planets
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2010

The search for nearby, habitable planets outside of our solar system is one of three priority science objectives identified by the U.S. decadal survey of astronomy and astrophysics for 2012–2021, released on 13 August. The other top objectives outlined in the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, are searching for the first stars, galaxies, and black holes, as well as advancing the understanding of the fundamental physics of the universe, including determining the properties of dark energy.

“The search for exoplanets is one of the most exciting subjects in all of astronomy, and one of the most dynamic, with major new results emerging even as this report was being written,” the survey notes, adding that since the first exoplanets were found in the early 1990s, discovery techniques have improved and the number of planets discovered has increased to about 500 currently known.
High tunable dielectric response of Pb0.87Ba0.1La0.02(Zr0.6Sn0.33Ti0.07)O3 thin film
Authors: Correia T. M. , Zhang Q.
Published: August 2010

The permittivity maximum of a sol-gel derived Pb0.87Ba0.1La0.02(Zr0.6Sn0.33Ti0.07)O3 (PBLZST) thin film was observed to appear at Tm=70 °C rather than at 40 °C as observed in the bulk ceramics with the same composition. Measurements of permittivity versus electric field (E) present two maximums at 60 kV cm−1 (polarizing) and 25 kV cm−1 (depolarizing), corresponding to antiferroelectric–ferroelectric and ferroelectric–antiferroelectric phase transitions, respectively. Calculations of tunability and figure-of-merit display a maximum value of 75% at E=350 kV cm−1 and ∼141, respectively. These high tunable dielectric responses imply that PBLZST thin films can be an attractive material for tunable device applications.
Charge separation and recombination in radial ZnO/In2S3/CuSCN heterojunction structures
Authors: Tornow Julian , Schwarzburg Klaus , Belaidi Abdelhak , Dittrich Thomas , Kunst Marinus , Hannappel Thomas
Published: August 2010

A ZnO-nanorod/In2S3/CuSCN radial heterostructure has recently shown promising photovoltaic conversion efficiencies. In this work, the charge separation and recombination in single ZnO/In2S3 and In2S3/CuSCN interfaces as well as the complete ZnO/In2S3/CuSCN structure were studied by time resolved microwave photoconductivity. Photoconductivity transients were measured for different thicknesses of the In2S3 light absorbing layer, under variation in the exciting light flux and before and after annealing of the ZnO nanorods at 450 °C. Upon excitation with 532 nm light, a long lived (millisecond) charge separation at the In2S3/ZnO interface was found, whereas no charge separation was present at the In2S3/CuSCN interface. The presence of the CuSCN hole conductor increased the initial amplitude of the time resolved microwave conductivity signal of the In2S3/ZnO interface by a factor of 8 for a 6 nm thick In2S3 layer, but the enhancement in amplitude dropped strongly for thicker films. The measurements show that the primary charge separation is located at the In2S3/ZnO interface but the charge injection yield into ZnO depends critically on the presence of CuSCN.
HY
⋯
N
2
and HXeY⋯N2 complexes in solid xenon (Y=Cl and Br): Unexpected suppression of the complex formation for deposition at higher temperature
Authors: Khriachtchev Leonid , Tapio Salla , Räsänen Markku , Domanskaya Alexandra , Lignell Antti
Published: August 2010

The 1:1 complexes of HY and HXeY (Y=Cl and Br) with nitrogen are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy in a Xe matrix. These complexes show small blue shifts of the HY and H–Xe stretching frequencies with respect to the monomers (ca.+10 cm−1). In the HXeY⋯N2 synthesis procedure, a HY/N2/Xe matrix with HY⋯N2 complexes is first photolyzed at 193 nm to yield isolated H and Y⋯N2 fragments. At the second step, annealing at ca.40 K activates mobility of H atoms and promotes the H+Xe+Y⋯N2 reaction. It is quite remarkable that the HY⋯N2 and consequently HXeY⋯N2 complexes are observed in Xe matrices deposited at relatively low temperature (below ca.35 K). For Xe matrices deposited above ca.40 K, HY molecules do not form a complex with nitrogen and the HXeY⋯N2 complex does not appear after photolysis and annealing; however, this observation is not explained in this article.
Correlation of electron backscatter diffraction and piezoresponse force microscopy for the nanoscale characterization of ferroelectric domains in polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate
Authors: Burnett T. L. , Weaver P. M. , Blackburn J. F. , Stewart M. , Cain M. G.
Published: August 2010

The functional properties of ferroelectric ceramic bulk or thin film materials are strongly influenced by their nanostructure, crystallographic orientation, and structural geometry. In this paper, we show how, by combining textural analysis, through electron backscattered diffraction, with piezoresponse force microscopy, quantitative measurements of the piezoelectric properties can be made at a scale of 25 nm, smaller than the domain size. The combined technique is used to obtain data on the domain-resolved effective single crystal piezoelectric response of individual crystallites in Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3 ceramics. The results offer insight into the science of domain engineering and provide a tool for the future development of new nanostructured ferroelectric materials for memory, nanoactuators, and sensors based on magnetoelectric multiferroics.
Mobility and saturation velocity in graphene on SiO2
Authors: Dorgan Vincent E. , Bae Myung-Ho , Pop Eric
Published: August 2010

We examine mobility and saturation velocity in graphene on SiO2 above room temperature (300–500 K) and at high fields (∼1 V/μm). Data are analyzed with practical models including gated carriers, thermal generation, “puddle” charge, and Joule heating. Both mobility and saturation velocity decrease with rising temperature above 300 K, and with rising carrier density above 2×1012 cm−2. Saturation velocity is >3×107 cm/s at low carrier density, and remains greater than in Si up to 1.2×1013 cm−2. Transport appears primarily limited by the SiO2 substrate but results suggest intrinsic graphene saturation velocity could be more than twice that observed here.