bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of Extending State Care to Young Adults
Authors: Courtney Mark E.
Published: March 2019

This chapter summarizes recent research in the United States providing evidence of the benefits of allowing youth in foster care to remain in care through their 21st birthdays. The chapter provides relevant background information about the foster care system in the United States, describes two studies that have considered the relationship between extended foster care and young people’s transition to adulthood, summarizes the findings of those studies regarding the potential benefits of extended care, and discusses the implications of the studies’ findings for policy and practice. As child welfare systems around the world increasingly continue to support young people in care into adulthood, research will be needed to ensure that these new care systems meet the needs of the young adults they serve.
Indigenous Youth Leaving Care in Canada
Authors: Fast Elizabeth , Ismail Allouche Zeina , Drouin Gagné Marie-Eve , Boldo Vicky
Published: March 2019

This chapter critically examines the notion of Canadian Indigenous youth leaving care by arguing that all forms of separation, including adoption, should be analyzed through the lens of ongoing colonization of Indigenous peoples. Several immediate and long-term practices are examined, some of which call for greater support for Indigenous ways of caring for children, urgent measures to address poverty in Indigenous communities, cultural planning for Indigenous children who are currently separated from their families and communities, and ways of supporting Indigenous youth in transition to adulthood who are looking to reconnect with their families, communities, and cultures.
They Made Us Happy
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

A comprehensive and first-ever examination of the careers, lives and work of Betty Comden and Adolph Green, They Made Us Happy turns the clock back to the glamorous world of Broadway and Hollywood of the 1930s through 1950s, examining the creation of such shows as On the Town and Wonderful Town and such movies as Singin’ in the Rain and The Band Wagon. As it moves forward, the creation of such shows as Do Re Mi, Subways Are for Sleeping, and On the Twentieth Century comes to life as this pair of witty authors also pursues their lives as performers and moves on to become one of the longest-running writer partnerships in theatrical history. Beyond their work together, They Made Us Happy explores their collaborations with other artists, such as composers Leonard Bernstein, Jule Styne, and Cy Coleman, as well as their work with artists such as Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, and Vincente Minnelli. Offstage their lives were just as glamorous, and the book contains appearances by the likes of Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo, John F. Kennedy, and Jacqueline Kennedy, to name just a few.
Childhood Dreams
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden’s and Adolph Green’s early years in Brooklyn and the Bronx, respectively, included school plays and professional theatergoing. They were both inspired to strive for lives as professional actors, and as they entered their 20s both found some work as performers. In Green’s case his work (although outside of the city) led to friendships, with Leonard Bernstein and Judy Holliday, that would have a lasting impact on his and Comden’s careers.
Taking the Town
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden and Adolph Green returned to New York from Hollywood in 1944 unsure of what they would do next for work. They found some performing in nightclubs, but it wasn’t until they were approached by Leonard Bernstein, an old friend, and Jerome Robbins about developing a book for a musical that was to be inspired by Fancy Free, a ballet that the men had created together, that they found their genuine footing. The collaboration became, of course, the landmark musical On the Town, and not only did Comden and Green write the book and lyrics for it; they also had two of the primary roles in the show when it opened in December 1945.
Turning to the 1920s
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden and Adolph Green realized that after On the Town their newfound success as writers required that they attempt devising a second musical. In short order they penned Billion Dollar Baby, with a score by Morton Gould, which opened on Broadway almost one year to the day after their first tuner debuted. The show, though well received, didn’t have the lasting impact of Town, but it did help them secure a gig at MGM, where they were hired to write a screenplay for a new movie version of the Broadway musical Good News. It was the beginning of a bi-coastal existence for them that would last 15 years.
Broadway to Hollywood and Back Again
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

In 1949 Betty Comden and Adolph Green discovered that MGM finally wanted to move forward with a screen version of On the Town. Before it could go in front of cameras, though, there were obstacles to overcome, particularly the fact that the studio only wanted to use a few of the original songs that they had written with their friend Leonard Bernstein. Eventually all parties were able to negotiate terms, and Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen, making their debuts as co-directors and co-choreographers, were able to start work on the project, which starred, in addition to Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, and Betty Garrett. After they completed work on this screenplay, they attempted to pen a book for the Cole Porter musical Out of This World.
Serious Screen Fare, but Flying High on Stage
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

After a false start on one project for MGM (which did ultimately resurface for them a few years later), Comden and Green discovered that Gene Kelly loved an idea they had had for a follow-up to the stage musical On the Town, and that scenario (about three guys reuniting ten years after their service together in World War II) became the basis for their newest film. With music by André Previn, the movie, It’s Always Fair Weather, starred Kelly, along with Dan Dailey and Michael Kidd. Before they completed work on the screenplay a call from Jerome Robbins had them at work on their next stage project; they contributed additional songs to the new version of Peter Pan he was staging. It was the classic that starred Mary Martin.
Throwing a Stage Party and a Cinematic Revel
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

As Bells Are Ringing became a bona fide Broadway success, Betty Comden and Adolph Green fielded a wide array of projects. Notably, they started work on the book for the musical that would eventually become Gypsy, but a film deal pulled them away from that theater project. The movie they were hired to write was a screen version of the play Auntie Mame, which starred Rosalind Russell. After they completed work on this, and almost exactly twenty years after they had started working together on stage as part of the Revuers, they found themselves once again performing. The show, a compendium of their material for the theater and the movies, started as a one-off in Greenwich Village and ended up transferring to Broadway, earning them raves.
Writing a Darker Musical Fairy Tale
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden and Adolph Green wrote both the book and lyrics for the musical Subways Are for Sleeping, which opened in December 1961. Based on a book of the same title by Edmund G. Love, the show had been something they had been working on for nearly four years. Timing and changes in the artistic team had caused the delays and were precursors to the show’s very rocky out-of-town tryout, during which Comden and Green rewrote the central plot of the musical. Their ministrations didn’t sway critics by the time the production reached Broadway, and the show, which had Green’s wife, Phyllis Newman, in a featured role, had a run of only six months.
Stage and Screen Confections … and Something a Little Deeper
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden and Adolph Green returned to lighter fare after Subways Are for Sleeping. They penned a giddy film romp called What a Way to Go! The film starred Shirley MacLaine as an oft-married woman who finds herself, despite her desire to remain poor, getting richer and richer. Neither the writers nor the critics found the movie to be satisfying, but audiences at the time delighted in it. For the stage they also penned a goofy satirical comedy, Fade Out–Fade In, specifically for Carol Burnett. This look at filmmaking in the 1930s delighted audiences as well, but the show struggled when Burnett dealt with chronic health issues. Beyond these two projects Comden and Green also tried to re-team with the men with whom they wrote their first Broadway show (Leonard Bernstein and Jerome Robbins), but the quartet eventually had to part company on this piece: a musical version of Thornton Wilder’s The Skin of Our Teeth.
Part of the Times, Personally and Professionally
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

During the early and middle part of the 1960s Betty Comden and Adolph Green were no longer splitting their time between working on shows for Broadway and movies in Hollywood, and as a result they were able to dedicate more time to their personal lives. And while they might have been spending time with the elite of New York’s society, they were not unaware of the issues facing the country. This informed a pair of stand-alone songs they penned with Jule Styne and Leonard Bernstein as well as their next musical, Hallelujah, Baby! Featuring a book by Arthur Laurents, the show chronicled the African-American experience during the first six decades of the twentieth century. Leslie Uggams was the star of what was ultimately an unconventional tuner that had music by Jule Styne and went on to win a Tony Award as best musical
Appendix: A Brief Introduction to Analyzing Categorical Data and Finding More Data
Authors: Li Quan
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides a brief introduction to two techniques often used with discrete data: testing statistical independence between two discrete variables with Chi-squared statistics, and testing the effects of some independent variables on the probability of a dependent variable taking on the value of one rather than zero with logistic regression. Both are illustrated by focusing on a dichotomous variable measuring self-reported happiness by survey respondents in World Value Surveys. In addition, the chapter also provides a short list of publicly available data resources that help to familiarize readers with the wealth of data in the public domain.
Neoplatonism in Late Antiquity
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

This book is a philosophical study of two major thinkers who span the period of late antiquity. While Plotinus stands at the beginning of its philosophical tradition, setting the themes for debate and establishing strategies of argument and interpretation, Proclus falls closer to its end, developing a grand synthesis of late ancient thought. The book discusses many central topics of philosophy and science in Plotinus and Proclus, such as the one and the many; number and being; the individuation and constitution of the soul, imagination, and cognition; the constitution of number and geometrical objects; indivisibility and continuity; intelligible and bodily matter; and evil. It shows that late ancient philosophy did not simply embrace and borrow from the major philosophical traditions of earlier antiquity—Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism—by providing marginal comments on widely known philosophical texts. Rather, Neoplatonism offered a set of highly original and innovative insights into the nature of being and thought, which can be distinguished in much subsequent philosophical thought up until modernity.
The One and the Many
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

Chapter 1 examines the relation of the one to the many in Plotinus, which is fundamental for his thought. It establishes a system of axiomatic claims about the one, such as that there is a principle of the whole, which is also the principle of being that transcends being; that the act of producing is ontologically prior to and more perfect than what is produced; and that everything perfect produces of necessity. It further argues that both the one and otherness transpire in the constitution of three different representations of the many, which are the ideal numbers, the intellect that thinks the plurality of the noetic objects, and matter. Otherness, then, inevitably appears as dual and ambiguous, as both the rationally conceivable principle of negativity and also as pure indefiniteness, in which respect it is similar to matter.
Unity and Individuation of the Soul
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 shows that the understanding of the soul in the Enneads is marked by Plotinus’ attempt to establish a Platonic account of the soul, which he does in constant polemics against other theories. On the one hand, such an account takes into consideration the exegetic and hermeneutic tasks of reading and interpreting Plato. Yet, on the other hand, it also establishes the soul as both uniting and separating, and hence as mediating between the intelligible and the sensible. In his psychology, Plotinus provides explanations for the unity of the soul and for its individuation, which he understands from the perspective of the synthetic unity of the one and the many. Against the material and formal accounts, it is argued that it is the rational principle or logos that is the source and principle of both unity and individuation of the soul in Plotinus.
The Many and the One
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

In response to Plotinus’ treatment of the one and the many, Chapter 7 is devoted to the discussion of the same problem in the opening sections of Proclus’ Theologia Platonica II 1–3. Beginning the deduction of his grand philosophical synthesis with only two elements in reference to the first two hypotheses of Plato’s Parmenides, Proclus demonstrates that both the one and the many are necessary for the generation of the plurality of henadic, intelligible, psychic, and physical phenomena. While the many is dependent on the one and the one is not dependent on anything, the interaction between the one and the many is essential for the constitution of being. Through a number of precise and subtle arguments, Proclus further establishes the structure of participation as defined by the triad of the unparticipated–participated–participating, which is then applied to the clarification of a number of difficulties and implicit presuppositions in the text.
The System of Physics
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

Chapter 10 considers the structure of Proclus’ rarely discussed Elements of Physics and its original contribution to the understanding of physics in antiquity. It is argued that the purpose of the treatise is not only a systematic arrangement of the arguments scattered throughout Aristotle’s works on natural philosophy, using the structure of Euclid’s Elements as a model. Proclus also aims to develop a universal theory of motion or physical change that establishes the first principles as definitions, formulates and demonstrates a number of mutually related propositions about natural objects, and culminates in establishing the existence and properties of the prime mover. Unlike modern physics, which presupposes the applicability of mathematics to physics, Proclus shows that the study of natural phenomena in the more geometrico way can be a systematic rational science arranged by means of logic rather than mathematics.
Learned Attention and the Contents of Perception
Authors: Connolly Kevin
Published: March 2019

This chapter argues that when we learn to recognize natural kinds, such as pine trees, this should be understood not in terms of kind properties coming to be represented in our perception, but simply in terms of a shift in our attention, which causes us to represent new low-level properties, such as colors, shapes, and textures. Susanna Siegel has argued that kinds, such as pine trees, can look phenomenally different to someone once that person becomes disposed to recognize them, and that the best explanation for this is that kind properties, such as being a pine tree, can become represented in perception. The chapter details an alternative explanation for the different look of the pine tree: a shift in one’s attentional pattern onto other low-level properties. Philosophers have alluded to this alternative before, but the chapter provides a comprehensive account of the view, drawing on the science of perceptual learning.
Mind-Society
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Social change comes from the combination of communication among people and their individual cognitive and emotional processes. This book systematically connects neural and psychological explanations of mind with social phenomena, covering major social sciences (social psychology, sociology, politics, economics, anthropology, and history) and professions (medicine, law, education, engineering, and business). The aim is not to reduce the social to the psychological but rather to display their harmony and interdependence. This display is accomplished by describing the interconnections among mental and social mechanisms, which interact to generate social changes ranging from marriage patterns to wars. The major tool for this description is the method of social cognitive-emotional workups, which connects the mental mechanisms operating in individuals with social mechanisms operating in groups. Social change is the result of emergence from interacting social and mental mechanisms, which include the neural and molecular processes that make minds capable of thinking. Validation of hypotheses about multilevel emergence requires detailed studies of important social changes, from norms about romantic relationships to economic practices, political institutions, religious customs, and international relations. This book belongs to a trio that includes Brain–Mind: From Neurons to Consciousness and Creativity and Natural Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.
Economics
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

The irrational exuberance of people in an economic bubble can be contrasted with the panicked despair of people in a crash by identifying their very different concepts, beliefs, rules, analogies, and emotions. Motivated inference encourages people to think that good times can only continue, whereas fear-driven inference disposes people to dread that bad times will only get worse. In bubbles, motivated inference and molecules such as testosterone and dopamine provide the feedback loop to encourage individuals to remain optimistic. In crashes, fear driven-inference and molecules such as cortisol promote pessimism. Bubbles, crashes, and other economic changes are not just matters of individual psychology because they are also social processes resulting from the communicative interactions of many people.
Explanation
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Different styles of explanation employ different patterns. In narrative explanation, people tell a story concerning how events come about. Explanation by elimination occurs when a phenomenon is explained away as being nonexistent. Explanation by deduction is powerful in mathematical fields such as physics, but is rarely possible in more qualitative fields such as biology, psychology, and sociology. In these fields, the most useful approach is mechanistic, where events are explained by showing how they causally result from regular changes in systems of connected and interacting parts. Like explanation, causality cannot be captured by a simple analysis in terms of universal regularities, manipulations, probabilities, or causal networks. Rather, a three-analysis marks all of these as typical features of causal relations, on top of familiar exemplars such as pushes and pulls.
Beauty and Beyond
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

The main mental and social functions of art are the expression and transmission of emotions, in relationships among creative artists and their appreciators. Artistic emotions are semantic pointers in brains that integrate sensory representations with combinations of physiological changes and cognitive appraisals. The central emotional response to art is beauty, resulting from pleasurable emotional coherence through unity in diversity of sensory representations. Art generates other important emotional responses, including interest, shock, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. Art is good or bad depending on the intensity and quality of the emotions that it generates. Art can offer valuable contributions to the needs-related emotions of its producers and appreciators. Art occurs at the social intersection of mind and world when creators and appreciators use their brains to generate and perceive works that stimulate emotions.
Future Philosophy
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Philosophy hangs together by coherence relations tied to scientific evidence. Multilevel materialism in the philosophy of mind fits well bidirectionally with reliable coherentism in epistemology. Understanding the brain as operating with neural mechanisms of parallel constraint satisfaction supports and is supported by the view that knowledge is based on reliable coherence. Both of these views fit with scientific realism as the most plausible approach to metaphysics. There are internally coherent alternatives to my system of social cognitivism, such as religious philosophies that espouse faith and supernaturalism, but these are incompatible with centuries of accumulated evidence. This concluding chapter addresses three important philosophical questions that remain unresolved despite relevant advances in cognitive science: the existence of free will, the nature of mathematical knowledge, and the mental capacities of machines and nonhuman animals.
Concepts in the Brain
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

For most native English speakers, the meanings of words like “blue,” “cup,” “stumble,” and “carve” seem quite natural. Research in semantic typology has shown, however, that they are far from universal. Although the roughly 6,500 languages around the world have many similarities in the sorts of concepts they encode, they also vary greatly in how they partition particular conceptual domains, how they map those domains onto syntactic categories, which distinctions they force speakers to habitually track, and how deeply they weave certain notions into the fabric of their grammar. Although these insights from semantic typology have had a major impact on psycholinguistics, they have mostly been neglected by the branch of cognitive neuroscience that studies how concepts are represented, organized, and processed in the brain. In this book, David Kemmerer exposes this oversight and demonstrates its significance. He argues that as research on the neural substrates of semantic knowledge moves forward, it should expand its purview to embrace the broad spectrum of cross-linguistic variation in the lexical and grammatical representation of meaning. Otherwise, it will never be able to achieve a truly comprehensive, pan-human account of the cortical underpinnings of concepts. The book begins by elaborating the different perspectives on concepts that currently exist in semantic typology and cognitive neuroscience. Then it shows how a synthesis of these approaches can lead to a more unified understanding of several domains of meaning—specifically, objects, actions, and spatial relations. Finally, it explores multiple issues involving the interplay between language, cognition, and consciousness.
Actions
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores how typological findings about action concepts can inform neuroscientific work on their cortical implementation. Because common representational patterns in the cross-linguistic treatment of actions are likely to reflect fundamental properties of this intricate semantic sphere, they provide neuroscientists with important “targets” to search for in the brain. And because less frequent and downright rare patterns reveal the scope of cultural variation, they show neuroscientists how much conceptual diversity must ultimately be accommodated by any comprehensive brain-based theory. The first section concentrates on motion events. Then the next section discusses events of cutting, breaking, and opening. After that, the chapter turns to events of putting and taking. Finally, the last two sections deal with serial verb constructions and verbal classification systems.
The Institutional Architecture of Progressive Democracy
Authors: Emerson Blake
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes examples of Progressive administration from the New Deal and the Second Reconstruction. This account explores the tension between public deliberation in the administrative process and efficient delivery of the services that make democracy possible. During the New Deal, the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration engaged in highly deliberative forms of land use planning. But these deliberative procedures tended to exclude low-income and minority farmers. The Farm Security Administration, by contrast, provided desperately needed goods and services to poor farmers, but did not generally engage them in administrative policymaking. As the New Deal drew to a close, the Progressive emphasis on participatory modes of administration were codified in a thin form in the Administrative Procedure Act. At the same time, the social impacts of the New Deal agricultural agencies created some of the conditions for the Second Reconstruction. During the Second Reconstruction, civil rights agencies attempted to combine public participation and efficient bureaucracy in new institutional forms. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare developed broad understandings of the social background for segregation that enabled courts to integrate schools in the South. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission deliberated with civil rights groups and the courts to develop the disparate impact theory of discrimination. The Office of Economic Opportunity instituted radical forms of public participation in implementing the “maximum feasible participation” requirement of the Economic Opportunity Act.
The Normative Architecture of Progressive Democracy
Authors: Emerson Blake
Published: March 2019

This chapter develops a normative model of Progressive democracy on the basis of the intellectual and institutional history presented in the previous chapters. The Progressive theory remedies deficiencies in existing arguments for administrative legitimacy—those based on efficiency, constitutional values, or republican political theory. Unlike these theories, Progressivism draws an intrinsic connection between the purpose and the structure of regulatory law. Its purpose is to promote individual freedom through law. The structure of regulatory law ensures that such norms arise from the people’s own self-understandings. Progressivism aligns with deliberative democratic theory, but focuses on ex post deliberation about the consequences of policies, rather than solely on ex ante justification. This democratic theory requires an iterative process where abstract norms are expressed in law and then specified in a participatory and rational administrative process. The United States has a thin version of such a process in the Administrative Procedure Act’s “notice-and-comment” rule-making provisions. But today this process is too technocratic and distorted in favor of well organized and powerful interests. Opportunities for inclusive and egalitarian participation must therefore be deepened. At the same time, administrators must understand that they have an official duty to further the equal freedom of the persons their decisions affect. Judicial review of administrative action impedes such a self-understanding because it focuses on technocratic and instrumental reasoning. At the same time, the increasing investment of power in the president threatens to undermine deliberation with arbitrary assertions of personal will.
The “Crucifixion” of “Anyone’s Gay Son”: Matthew Shepard
Authors: Krutzsch Brett
Published: March 2019

Chapter 2 investigates why Matthew Shepard’s death evoked outrage throughout the United States, especially from heterosexuals who had been unmoved by the vast number of gay and bisexual AIDS deaths. In particular, chapter 2 illuminates several ways that secular gay activists used Christian rhetoric to promote social acceptance. Gay activists commonly presented Shepard as a practicing Protestant who lived, suffered, and died in ways analogous to Jesus. In so doing, gay activists exalted Shepard as a more legitimate Christian than those in the Christian right. Ultimately, the chapter makes evident how Christian ideals shaped secular gay activists’ strategies for assimilation at the end of the twentieth and start of the twenty-first centuries.
“The Place Where Two Discriminations Meet”: Race, Gender, and the Threat of Violence
Authors: Krutzsch Brett
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 highlights how transgender women and queer people of color have been more frequent victims of violence than white gay men even though their murders have received less attention. The chapter turns to three films that address what most news outlets overlooked. In particular, Chapter 4 explores the 1999 film Boys Don’t Cry about the murder of transgender man Brandon Teena, the 2009 film Two Spirits about the murder of gender-variant Native American F. C. Martinez, and the 2014 film Out in the Night about an attack on seven African American lesbians in 2006. The chapter further demonstrates how much of the activism surrounding Harvey Milk, Matthew Shepard, and Tyler Clementi, as well as the It Gets Better Project, ignored issues of race, class, gender presentation, and religion that many LGBT people have endured despite proclamations that acceptance comes with the march of time.
Innocence and Plea Bargaining
Authors: Wilford Miko M. , Khairalla Annmarie
Published: March 2019

The year 2016 produced a record number of exoneration cases involving guilty pleas (National Registry of Exonerations, 2017). Nonetheless, guilty pleas account for a minority of overall exonerations in the National Registry. This chapter provides a broad overview of false guilty pleas, including what they are and why they can be so difficult to document. Also reviewed is current research examining factors that have increased the likelihood of false guilty pleas both in the real world and in the lab. The chapter continues by describing the shadow-of-the-trial model, followed by a discussion of its potential limitations, especially its omission of guilt status as a predictor of plea outcomes. Finally, the chapter concludes with proposed reforms for reducing false guilty pleas as well as with areas of need for future research.
Theorizing Dramatization as Research
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the range of scholarly and practical approaches that situate Dramatization as Research (DAR) at the nexus of intersecting fields within the social sciences and the arts. I first introduce the concept of social catastrophe—the inability of the community to respond to its own trauma— which suggests a need for new types of creative interventions that prompt a change in awareness among those who are implicated in any given human rights abuse. After exploring some of the arts-based interventions that have been used by others, I then turn to discussion of feminist theory (DAR’s primary epistemological lens); Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Practice-Based Research (PBR) (which guide the DAR methodology); and liberation psychology (which forms its primary ontological foundation). Following a brief overview of my research design, I conclude by setting up the chapters to follow.
Restorative Justice and Reconciliation
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

In this chapter, I interrogate the narratives of NGO employees who attended performances of “Land of Smiles” to understand their liberatory outcomes. Focusing on five criteria from liberation psychology, I suggest that in order to have a liberatory effect, a project must be: Proactive (i.e., engaging ways of building shared understanding of history and social context in a community environment that will witness past events in order to prevent future violence and exclusion); Rupturing (i.e., disrupting dominant, hegemonic narratives); Dialogical (i.e., inspiring communication between individuals or groups); Consciousness-raising (i.e., generating new insights about one’s personal and social role in society); and Performative (i.e., communicating through a performance medium such a theater, dance, music, film, etc). Based on this criteria, I analyze the NGO narratives to understand how, after viewing the performances, these participants began to move from being passive bystanders to active witnesses.
Introduction
Authors: Watson Kevin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter introduces Matthew Simpson and B.T. Roberts as representative figures of an initial theological fragmentation in American Methodist theology. Previous historiography of American Methodism as a theological tradition is summarized, noting the tendency to emphasize a big-tent vision for American Methodist theology. It is argued that the big-tent vision for American Methodist theology is the result of the shifts that happened in the 1850s and 1860s and represents one part of the fragmentation within American Methodism. It is argued that holiness and entire sanctification, or Christian perfection, were particular points of emphasis in American Methodist theology, even across its initial divisions. Simpson and Roberts represent a textured case study of a crucial moment of fragmentation in American Methodism.
An Unwilling Founder
Authors: Watson Kevin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter summarizes the Benjamin Titus (B.T.) Roberts’s early life and ministry. The chapter gives particular focus to Roberts’s radical abolitionist commitments, which preceded his Christian conversion, and discusses his initial success as a pastor in the Genesee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Roberts became convinced in the mid-1850s that a “New School” in the Genesee Conference was compromising with the world in order to gain the favor of the rich and influential. Meanwhile, Matthew Simpson began to critique the leadership of the Genesee Conference in print, particularly focusing his concerns on the pew rental system and how it was contrary to Methodist discipline. Roberts eventually wrote an essay entitled “New School Methodism,” And as a result of this essay was twice tried and convicted of “unchristian and immoral conduct.” After the second conviction, he was expelled from the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Mind Cure
Authors: Hickey Wakoh Shannon
Published: March 2019

Mindfulness is widely claimed to improve health and performance, and historians typically say that efforts to promote meditation and yoga therapeutically began in the 1970s. In fact, they began much earlier, and that early history offers important lessons for the present and future. This book traces the history of mind-body medicine from eighteenth-century Mesmerism to the current Mindfulness boom and reveals how religion, race, and gender have shaped events. Many of the first Americans to advocate meditation for healing were women leaders of the Mind Cure movement, which emerged in the late nineteenth century. They believed that by transforming their consciousness, they could also transform oppressive circumstances in which they lived, and some were activists for social reform. Trained by Buddhist and Hindu missionaries, these women promoted meditation through personal networks, religious communities, and publications. Some influenced important African American religious movements, as well. For women and black men, Mind Cure meant not just happiness but liberation in concrete political, economic, and legal terms. The Mind Cure movement exerted enormous pressure on mainstream American religion and medicine, and in response, white, male doctors and clergy with elite academic credentials appropriated some of its methods and channeled them into scientific psychology and medicine. As mental therapeutics became medicalized, individualized, and then commodified, the religious roots of meditation, like the social justice agendas of early Mind Curers, fell away. After tracing how we got from Mind Cure to Mindfulness, this book reveals what got lost in the process.
Introduction
Authors: Hickey Wakoh Shannon
Published: March 2019

The introduction traces the astonishing growth of the Mindfulness movement over the past four decades and sketches the usual narrative about how it began in the 1970s, when Jon Kabat-Zinn developed the eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) protocol. This book seeks to change that narrative. It traces the origins of efforts to promote meditation and yoga therapeutically back to nineteenth-century teachers of Mind Cure, a religious movement led largely by American women who had learned these methods from Buddhist and Hindu missionaries; and further back, to eighteenth-century research on magnetism, the unconscious, and psychic phenomena. The introduction offers an overview of the book: four chapters of history, two chapters offering critical analysis of the modern Mindfulness movement, an epilogue, and an appendix describing the theoretical and historical challenges of piecing this complex story together. This account draws upon multiple academic disciplines, including the histories of science, medicine, psychology, Buddhism, Hinduism, Western esotericism, and American religions.
Individualist and Community-Oriented Mind Cure
Authors: Hickey Wakoh Shannon
Published: March 2019

This chapter surveys the rise of the Mind Cure movements that spread outward from the teachings of Quimby, including Christian Science and New Thought. Like most histories of these movements, it discusses the contributions of Warren Felt Evans, Mary Baker Eddy, the Dresser family, and Emma Curtis Hopkins, as well as the major religious organizations inspired by Hopkins’s teaching. Unlike most histories of New Thought, however, it distinguishes between two forms, community-oriented and individualist, which had different trajectories. Community-oriented New Thought was led largely by white women and centered in religious communities. Individualist New Thought stressed personal prosperity and business success. This chapter also devotes attention to community-oriented African American movements inspired by New Thought, particularly the Peace Mission Movement of Father Divine but also Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), Moorish Science, the Nation of Islam, and Black Hebrew Israelism.
Mind Cure and Meditation at Greenacre and Beyond
Authors: Hickey Wakoh Shannon
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines the practices of Buddhist meditation and Raja yoga in New Thought. Leaders of New Thought were first exposed to Buddhism and Vedanta philosophy through the publications of European Orientalists and the Theosophical Society and, later, though personal contacts with Asian Buddhist and Hindu missionaries. In addition to D. T. Suzuki, who helped to spark American interest in Japanese Zen, other important early missionaries were Anagarika Dharmapāla, a Sri Lankan Buddhist and Theosophist, and Swami Vivekenanda, an Indian monk of the Ramakrishna Order who launched the Vedanta Society in North America. New Thought leaders, Theosophists, and Asian missionaries met in person at the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions and continued to develop relationships for more than a decade, particularly at the Greenacre conferences in Eliot, Maine. This chapter reveals the transnational nature of New Thought, which is typically considered to be an American metaphysical religious movement.
Is Mindfulness Religion?
Authors: Hickey Wakoh Shannon
Published: March 2019

This chapter considers whether Mindfulness can reasonably be considered a kind of religion, despite proponents’ claims to the contrary. If so, what kind? Is it Buddhist? If so, what kind of Buddhism? The rhetoric of Jon Kabat-Zinn, founder of the modern Mindfulness movement, is tested against several different theories of religion, as well as critiques by specialists in both Theravāda and Māhāyana forms of Buddhism. While Mindfulness is positioned as a strictly secular therapeutic method, it has all the characteristics of American metaphysical religion, as well as of modernist Buddhism and neo-Vedanta. Kabat-Zinn claims his teachings are “universal,” yet they actually reflect his own eclectic blend of elements from various religious traditions with roots in Asia, the United States, and Europe. As Mindfulness is increasingly promoted in public schools, government agencies, and the military, this raises legitimate questions about the separation of church and state.
Mashriq and Mahjar
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D.
Published: March 2019

This chapter tracks the migration of a half million Arab migrants from the Ottoman Empire to the Americas between 1880 and 1914. Syrians and Mount Lebanese departed the Ottoman Middle East to plug themselves into the expanding capitalist economies of the post-abolition Atlantic world. Through labor migration, Syrians developed a transnational remittance economy that successfully confronted the peripheralization of the Arab eastern Mediterranean. Steamship, telegraph, and printing technologies facilitated the establishment of Syrian “colonies” (jalliyyat) in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States. Once abroad, Syrian migrants built social institutions that connected the Arab Atlantic across continents and linked the diaspora to its homeland. Fraternal societies, philanthropic clubs, mutual aid societies, and the Syrian diasporic press each contributed to this new public sphere, abetting Syrian commercial success and grabbing the attentions of the Ottoman state by the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.
A New Type of Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Lenhard Johannes
Published: March 2019

This chapter synthesizes the findings of chapters 1 through 4. The phenomena investigated there correlate positively; that is, they interact in such a way that one strengthens the other. As a result, they converge to form a new type of mathematical modeling. Simulation modeling is distinguished by its exploratory and iterative mode that presents a multidimensional picture. The properties spanning the dimensions can occur to different degrees; that is, to what extent the characteristic properties are realized depends on the particular classes of simulation strategies and the concrete applications. From a systematic perspective, it is argued, simulation synthesizes theoretical and technological elements. Hence, simulation-based sciences are application oriented and show a greater proximity to engineering.
Creating Trauma-Informed Schools
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Anlauf Sabatino Christine
Published: March 2019

Creating Trauma-Informed Schools: A Guide for School Social Workers and Educators provides concrete skills and current knowledge about trauma-informed services in school settings. Children at all educational levels, from Early Head Start settings through high school, are vulnerable to abuse, neglect, bullying, violence in their homes and neighborhoods, and other traumatic experiences. Research shows that upward of 70% of children in schools report experiencing at least one traumatic event before age 16. The correlation between high rates of trauma exposure and poor academic performance has been established in the scholarly literature, as has the need for trauma-informed schools and communities. School social workers are on the front lines of service delivery through their work with children who face social and emotional struggles in the pursuit of education. They are in a prime position for preventing and addressing trauma, but there are scant resources for social workers to assist in the creation of trauma-informed schools. This book will provide an overview of the impact of trauma on children and adolescents, as well as interventions for direct practice and collaboration with teachers, families, and communities. Readers of this book will discover valuable resources and distinct examples of how to implement the ten principles of trauma-informed services in their schools to provide trauma-informed care to students grounded in the principles of safety, connection, and emotional regulation. They will also gain beneficial skills for self-care in their work.
Trauma and Its Sequelae in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf
Published: March 2019

The most current research on trauma and child development demonstrates that there are significant risk factors for school success. At the same time, resilience and protective factors help other children overcome these obstacles. Chapter 2 explores the effects of trauma on children and adolescents. Data from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, as well as other academic and epidemiological studies, are used to address the negative impact of traumatic experiences on child development. The neurobiology of trauma is explored along with other bio-psycho-social-spiritual effects of abuse, neglect, and other adverse experiences affecting children in the United States. Internalizing and externalizing disorders present in children who experience abuse are also addressed.
The Ten Principles of Trauma-Informed Services and Application to School Environments
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf
Published: March 2019

For a school to be considered trauma-informed, the services and care must be provided in the context of an organization-wide approach grounded in an understanding of trauma and its consequences, with a focus on strengths, healing, and resilience. This requires a shift in the questions that are asked about children who have trouble learning or who interrupt the learning of others. Instead of asking a child, “what’s wrong with you?” the question becomes, “what happened to you?” Chapter 5 addresses the ten principles of trauma-informed services and delves into ways school social workers can create trauma-informed environments in educational settings to prevent children from being triggered and experiencing trauma in schools. Information and resources on self-care and vicarious trauma for school personnel are provided. The connection between culture and trauma is also explored.
Never Again?
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott
Published: March 2019

The first major system of remote control specifically targeting refugees was aimed at keeping out European Jews fleeing the Nazis. The United States and Cuba used their maritime forces to keep refugees from landing on their shores. Many countries throughout the Americas openly or secretly used their visa policies to keep out Jewish refugees. The British toolbox to keep Jews from reaching Palestine included naval interceptions, visa restrictions, diplomatic pressure on buffer countries, stationing immigration liaison officers abroad, carrier sanctions, publicity campaigns, sabotaging vessels in countries of transit, crackdowns on people smugglers, and offshore island detention centers. After the war, a new asylum regime aimed at avoiding a repeat of the Holocaust and embarrassing communist countries during the Cold War made non-refoulement a centerpiece of international treaties and domestic laws. Several major rich countries lagged in joining the global regime, including the United States, Canada, Japan, and South Korea.