bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences of an outbreak of columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnare) to the helminth fauna of perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the Queen Mary reservoir, south-east England
Authors: Morley N.J. , Lewis J.W.
Published: September 2009

Parasitism of fish in fully bunded storage reservoirs has rarely been studied, while the impact of a rapid decline in a fish population on its parasite fauna is poorly understood. The present paper investigates the helminth fauna of perch (Perca fluviatilis) over a 5-year period in the Queen Mary reservoir, a large (290 ha) completely artificial water storage impoundment, which forms a unique and challenging habitat for its resident fish population. After 3 years of study, the perch population suffered a significant reduction due to a disease outbreak caused by the pathogenic bacterium Flavobacterium columnare, ‘columnaris disease’, and the subsequent effects on the helminth fauna over the next 2 years are evaluated. Conditions in the reservoir favour the development of large populations of zooplankton, which act as intermediate hosts for the majority of helminths in the dominant perch community. The prevalence and intensity of helminth infections showed much variation over the period prior to the perch mortality. These were likely to be due to changes in the zooplankton biomass, which was exposed to biotoxins released from periodic algal blooms and the application of copper to control them. The outbreak of F. columnare resulted in a significant decrease in the size and condition coefficient of the perch population. Changes also occurred in the composition of helminth parasites, with many species demonstrating either an increase or decrease in infection levels. These changes may be partly associated with an increase in the zooplankton biomass and altered population structure, probably caused by a decrease in fish predation pressure, which would influence the parasite population dynamics, although other factors directly associated with changes in the perch population are also likely to be influential. The long-term affects on the levels of helminth infections in the fish and associated intermediate hosts in the Queen Mary reservoir are discussed.
“On Indirect Speech Acts and Linguistic Communication: A Response to Bertolet”
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate , Tam Shan Shan , Hall Margaret
Published: September 2009

Suppose a diner says, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ Although her utterance is literally a question (about the physical abilities of the addressee), most would take it as a request (that the addressee pass the salt). In such a case, the request is performed indirectly by way of directly asking a question. Accordingly this utterance is known as an indirect speech act. On the standard account of such speech acts, a single utterance constitutes two distinct speech acts. On this account then, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is both a question and a request. In a provocative essay, Rod Bertolet argues that there are no indirect speech acts. According to Bertolet, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is only a question. It is a question that merely functions as a request (without also being one). In this paper we respond to Bertolet's skeptical argument. Appealing to Searle's theory of speech acts and to certain features of linguistic communication, we argue that, despite Bertolet's challenge, there is good reason to countenance indirect speech acts.
Limits and possibilities of the Arctic Council in a rapidly changing scene of Arctic governance
Authors: Koivurova Timo
Published: September 2009

In a very short time, discussions on Arctic governance have moved from being a topic of scholarly attention and NGO advocacy onto the agendas of states and of the European Union (EU). Increasingly, the various alternatives propounded by a diverse set of actors over what Arctic governance should look like appear as pre-negotiation tactics, a type of testing period before a regime change. The article examines whether the still predominant inter governmental forum, the Arctic Council, is facing a threat of being supplanted by other forms of governance. It will study how resistant the Arctic Council, and its predecessor the 1991 Arctic environmental protection strategy, are to change in order to understand whether the council could renew itself to meet future challenges. It will also examine the various proposals for Arctic governance set out by states, the EU and the region's indigenous peoples. All this will permit conclusions to be drawn on where the Arctic Council stands amid all these proposals and whether, and in what way, it should change to support more sustainable governance in the Arctic.
The Arctic voyages of Louis-Philippe-Robert, Duc d'Orléans
Authors: Barr William
Published: September 2009

Louis-Philippe-Robert, Duc d'Orléans (1869–1926), the Orléans claimant to the French throne, mounted four private expeditions to the Arctic, in 1904, 1905, 1907, and 1909. During the first of these, on board his private yacht,Maroussia, and accompanied by his wife, Marie Dorothée, he visited Svalbard where he hunted reindeer while his wife, an accomplished amateur artist, executed a number of delightful paintings. In 1905 he chartered the ice strengthenedBelgicaand employed Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery as her captain; he also recruited an impressive group of scientists. He again visited Svalbard then pushed west through the pack ice to east Greenland. He was able to penetrate further north along that coast than his predecessors, the Germans under Koldewey inGermania, had in 1869–1870, and discovered and named Île-de-France and the Belgica Bank. He shot large numbers of polar bears. In 1907, again on boardBelgica, and again with de Gerlache in command of the ship, and again with a contingent of scientists on board, Orléans headed out into the Kara Sea from Matochkin Shar.Belgicasoon became beset in the pack ice and drifted slowly south with the ice to emerge through Karskie Vorota after a very frustrating month. Thereafter an attempt to reach Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa was foiled by heavy ice. Finally, in 1909, again on boardBelgicaunder de Gerlache's command, Orléans visited Jan Mayen, east Greenland, Svalbard and Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, with hunting as his primary aim. From all four expeditions Orléans brought back substantial numbers of skins of birds and mammals that were mounted and displayed in his private museums. On his death they were bequeathed to the French people and exhibited in the specially built Musée du Duc d'Orléans in Paris and later in the Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle. The scientific data and specimens collected by the scientists on the 1905 and 1907 expeditions resulted in a substantial number of scientific reports in their various fields.
‘The saddest time of my life’: relocating the Ahiarmiut from Ennadai Lake (1950–1958)
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric , Oosten Jarich , Serkoak David
Published: September 2009

In 1950–1958 Ahiarmiut were relocated, in three stages from Ennadai Lake to Nueltin Lake, from Ennadai Lake to Henik Lake and from Henik Lake to Arviat (Eskimo Point). This paper presents the results of a workshop conducted with elders and youths in Arviat, in May 2006, on these events. The participants in the workshop were Job and Eva Muqyunnik, Mary Anautalik, John Aulatjut, Silas Ilungijajuk, Geena Aulatjut from Arviat, Andrew Alikashuak, from Whale Cove, and Mary Whitmore from Churchill. The workshop was set up from an anthropological perspective and focused on Ahiarmiut perspectives of the first three relocations. Comparing archival and oral materials, the paper confronts the strategies, choices and decisions of the administration of the Canadian federal government with the experiences and views of the Ahiarmiut participants. The paper explores the causes of the failure of the relocations, notably the discrepancies between the values of the administration and those of the Ahiarmiut as well as the lack of communication between those parties. The paper concludes that there is no convincing evidence of any agreement between the Ahiarmiut and the administration so the relocation effectively became a deportation causing great economic and cultural distress as well as loss of life to the Ahiarmiut.
The curious incident of the missing cleaner
Authors: Bulkeley Rip
Published: September 2009

The first woman to work as a professional scientist in Antarctica was Mariya Vasilyevna Klyonova, during the first Soviet Antarctic Expedition of 1955–1957. Other women were crew members on the icebreakers Lena and Ob’. There is an outside possibility that there was more to one of them than meets the eye. But we shall never know.
Kathleen Scott's statue of Captain Smith of Titanic
Authors: Savours Ann
Published: September 2009

Visiting the city of Lichfield, Staffordshire, recently, the author was surprised to discover a handsome statue of Captain Edward John Smith, master of Titanic in 1912 on her first and only voyage (Fig. 1). That the sculptress was none other than Captain Robert Falcon Scott's widow, Kathleen, added even greater interest. The statue stands in Beacon Park, facing in the distance and nearer to the road, a statue of King Edward VII.
The painting of the Arctic explorer Captain W. E. Parry (1790–1855) at Crosthwaite, near Kendal, Cumbria
Authors: David Robert G.
Published: September 2009

Research following the discovery of a picture of William Edward Parry painted onto wooden boards in the stairwell of a house in Cumbria, has resulted in the identification of the probable artist. It has also been possible to show that this painting was a copy of an engraving of Parry that was published in The European Magazine and London Review, and which was based on a portrait by Samuel Drummond. It is suggested that the new picture was probably painted between 1821 and 1823, and the fact that it was painted in a small provincial community reflects the reach of the early nineteenth century media and the significance of the search for the northwest passage for the country at large.
‘Don't be scared, you don't have to wear your lifejacket’: using the theory of planned behaviour to understand lifejacket usage in Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Giles Audrey R. , Strachan Shaelyn , Stadig Gwenyth , Baker Ava C.
Published: September 2009

Water related activities result in a large number of fatalities annually throughout Canada, especially in the Canadian north, where drowning rates are up to ten times the national average. This study used participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and archival research to understand why residents of Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories (NWT) rarely wear lifejackets. Three themes emerged. Firstly residents largely perceive lifejackets to be inaccessible, secondly drownings are attributed to factors other than failing to wear a lifejacket and thirdly lifejacket use is not encouraged by important individuals in the community. It is suggested that successful lifejacket promotion for this population requires drowning prevention programmes that move away from simplistic approaches that encourage people to wear lifejackets and instead must utilise an approach that addresses each component of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).
BIALL Present and Future
Authors: Fishleigh Jackie , King Daniella
Published: September 2009

As part of our 40th Anniversary issue we asked the immediate Past President of the Association, Jackie Fishleigh, to tell us what she felt the most important activities of the Association have been over the past year. We also asked Daniella King, now the President, to write about what she considers are the challenges the Association immediately faces.
Google: to use, or not to use. What is the question?
Authors: Choolhun Natasha
Published: September 2009

This article by Natasha Choolhun, with input from Emma Harris and colleagues, considers how the proliferation of freely available legal information has affected standards of information literacy and research capability in the current legal environment. Real life examples are given to illustrate how staff in law firms are using resources such as Google and Wikipedia in preference over authoritative legal material. The phrase “Google Generation” is explored and consideration is given to how law schools and commercial firms are attempting to instil in their lawyers principles of good information literacy and research skills.
Researching Islamic Law: an Introduction
Authors: Spells Sarah
Published: September 2009

This article by Sarah Spells from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, focuses on the sources of Islamic law and provides a simple introduction to finding and researching this area, with suggestions of useful and notable resources.
A Practical Guide to Insolvency
Authors: Fergusson Richard
Published: September 2009

In the current economic climate, many law librarians are having to deal with enquiries relating to various aspects of insolvency law with which they may not be familiar. Richard Fergusson, an insolvency specialist at Keeble Hawson in Leeds, has written an overview of the different types of insolvency and the processes involved in each.
SLS/BIALL Academic Law Library Survey 2007/2008
Authors: Clinch Peter
Published: September 2009

This is the latest report analysing the results of the Society of Legal Scholars and BIALL Survey. It has been written by Peter Clinch, Senior Subject Librarian for Law, Cardiff University.
nkx2.2apromotes specification and differentiation of a myelinating subset of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in zebrafish
Authors: Kucenas Sarah , Snell Heather , Appel Bruce
Published: September 2009

During development, multipotent neural precursors give rise to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which migrate and divide to produce additional OPCs. Near the end of embryogenesis and during postnatal stages, many OPCs stop dividing and differentiate as myelinating oligodendrocytes, whereas others persist as nonmyelinating cells. Investigations of oligodendrocyte development in mice indicated that the Nkx2.2 transcription factor both limits the number of OPCs that are formed and subsequently promotes their differentiation, raising the possibility that Nkx2.2 plays a key role in determining myelinating versus nonmyelinating fate. We used in vivo time-lapse imaging and loss-of-function experiments in zebrafish to further explore formation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Our data show that newly specified OPCs are heterogeneous with respect to gene expression and fate. Whereas some OPCs express thenkx2.2agene and differentiate as oligodendrocytes, others that do not expressnkx2.2amostly remain as nonmyelinating OPCs. Similarly to mouse, loss ofnkx2.2afunction results in excess OPCs and delayed oligodendrocyte differentiation. Notably, excess OPCs are formed as a consequence of prolonged OPC production from neural precursor cells. We conclude that Nkx2.2 promotes timely specification and differentiation of myelinating oligodendrocyte lineage cells from species representing different vertebrate taxa.
The natural history of the myelin-derived nerve growth inhibitor Nogo-A
Authors: Schweigreiter Rüdiger
Published: September 2009

Nogo-A is possibly the best characterized myelin-derived inhibitor of nerve growth in the adult central nervous system (CNS). It is a member of the ancient reticulon family of mainly endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins with representatives found throughout the eukaryotic domain. Orthologs of the nogo gene were identified in tetrapods and teleost fish but none have been detected in invertebrates. Evolution of the nogo gene has been non-homogeneous. The exon–intron arrangement is conserved from amphibians (Xenopus) to mammals, but partly deviates from that found in several teleost fish species, indicating that the recruitment of nogo exons proceeded along at least two independent lines during early vertebrate evolution. This might have far-reaching consequences. Tetrapod nogo orthologs encode two neurite growth inhibitory domains whereas in fish nogo only one of the inhibitory domains is present. These distinct paths in nogo evolution have potentially contributed to the regeneration permissive CNS in fish as opposed to the non-regenerating CNS in higher vertebrates.
Myelin sheaths are formed with proteins that originated in vertebrate lineages
Authors: Gould Robert M. , Oakley Todd , Goldstone Jared V. , Dugas Jason C. , Brady Scott T. , Gow Alexander
Published: September 2009

All vertebrate nervous systems, except those of agnathans, make extensive use of the myelinated fiber, a structure formed by coordinated interplay between neuronal axons and glial cells. Myelinated fibers, by enhancing the speed and efficiency of nerve cell communication allowed gnathostomes to evolve extensively, forming a broad range of diverse lifestyles in most habitable environments. The axon-covering myelin sheaths are structurally and biochemically novel as they contain high portions of lipid and a few prominent low molecular weight proteins often considered unique to myelin. Here we searched genome and EST databases to identify orthologs and paralogs of the following myelin-related proteins: (1) myelin basic protein (MBP), (2) myelin protein zero (MPZ, formerly P0), (3) proteolipid protein (PLP1, formerly PLP), (4) peripheral myelin protein-2 (PMP2, formerly P2), (5) peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22) and (6) stathmin-1 (STMN1). Although widely distributed in gnathostome/vertebrate genomes, neither MBP nor MPZ are present in any of nine invertebrate genomes examined. PLP1, which replaced MPZ in tetrapod CNS myelin sheaths, includes a novel ‘tetrapod-specific’ exon (see also Möbius et al., 2009). Like PLP1, PMP2 first appears in tetrapods and like PLP1 its origins can be traced to invertebrate paralogs. PMP22, with origins in agnathans, and STMN1 with origins in protostomes, existed well before the evolution of gnathostomes. The coordinated appearance of MBP and MPZ with myelin sheaths and of PLP1 with tetrapod CNS myelin suggests interdependence – new proteins giving rise to novel vertebrate structures.
What is myelin?
Authors: Hartline Daniel K.
Published: September 2009

The evolution of a character is better appreciated if examples of convergent emergence of the same character are available for comparison. Three instances are known among invertebrates of the evolution of axonal sheaths possessing the functional properties and many of the structural properties of vertebrate myelin. Comparison of these invertebrate myelins raises the question of what structural features must a sheath possess in order to produce the two principal functional characteristics of impulse speed enhancement and energy savings. This essay reviews the features recognized by early workers as pertaining to myelin in vertebrate and invertebrate alike: osmiophilia, negative birefringence and saltatory conduction. It then examines common features revealed by the advent of electron microscopy: multiplicity of lipid membranes, condensation of those membranes, specialized marginal seals, and nodes. Next it examines the robustness of these features as essential components of a speed-enhancing sheath. Features that are not entirely essential for speed enhancement include membrane compaction, spiral wrapping of layers, glial cell involvement, non-active axonal membrane, and even nodes and perinodal sealing. This permissiveness is discussed in relation to the possible evolutionary origin of myelin.
Clinical and microcirculatory effects of transcutaneous CO2 therapy in intermittent claudication. Randomized double-blind clinical trial with a parallel design
Authors: Fabry  , Monnet  , Schmidt  , Lusson  , Carpentier  , Baguet  , Dubray
Published: September 2009

Background: This randomized, double blind trial determined the short and long-term clinical and hemodynamic vasodilator effects induced by percutaneous applications of natural CO2 gas in patients with moderate Fontaine stage II. Patients and methods: 62 patients with intermittent claudication (100-500 meters) were randomized to 18 consecutive days of CO2 treatment or placebo (air). The gas fluids were applied at a constant temperature of 30°C on pre-humidified skin. The effects of the treatment were evaluated by total distance walked (primary criterion) and hemodynamic and microcirculatory findings. Patients also answered a quality of life questionnaire. Results: The Strandness test showed a significant increase in total distance walked (+ 131 meters, 66%; p = 0.001) and pain-free distance (+ 81 meters, 73%; p = 0.02) after 18 days of CO2 treatment. The improvement was maintained 3 and 12 months later. The systolic pressure index (ABI) increased by 37% (p = 0.001) 1 minute after treadmill walking and ABI recovery time decreased significantly by 38% (p = 0.002). Microcirculatory findings showed an increase in systolic pressure of the great toe (13%; p < 0.0001), in baseline pO2 (20%; p = 0.01) and in vasomotion (78%; p = 0.001) in the treatment group. The improvement in total walking distance was correlated with the increase in ABI and peripheral cutaneous oxygenation. Patients’ subjective assessments corroborated the benefits. No significant change was observed in the placebo group. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that 18 consecutive days of percutaneous CO2 treatment significantly increases walking distance in patients with moderate intermittent claudication. This effect, which was associated with an increase in peripheral systolic pressure and pO2, is evidence of a better ability to withstand effort.
Outcome of carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthesia with respect to the patients’ risk profile
Authors: Aleksic  , Luebke  , Brunkwall
Published: September 2009

Background: In the present study the perioperative complication rate is compared between high- and low-risk patients when carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is routinely performed under local anaesthesia (LA). Patients and methods: From January 2000 through June 2008 1220 consecutive patients underwent CEA under LA. High-risk patients fulfilled at least one of the following characteristics: ASA 4 classification, “hostile neck”, recurrent ICA stenosis, contralateral ICA occlusion, age ≥ 80 years. The combined complication rate comprised any new neurological deficit (TIA or stroke), myocardial infarction or death within 30 days after CEA, which was compared between patient groups. Results: Overall 309 patients (25%) were attributed to the high-risk group, which differed significantly regarding sex distribution (more males: 70% vs. 63%, p = 0,011), neurological presentation (more asymptomatic: 72% vs. 62%, p = 0,001) and shunt necessity (33% vs. 14%, p < 0,001). In 32 patients 17 TIAs and 15 strokes were observed. In 3 patients a myocardial infarction occurred. Death occurred in one patient following a stroke and in another patient following myocardial infarction, leading to a combined complication rate of 2,9% (35/1220). In the multivariate analysis only previous neurological symptomatology (OR 2,85, 95% CI 1,38-5,91) and intraoperative shunting (OR 5,57, 95% CI 2,69-11,55) were identified as independent risk factors for an increased combined complication rate. Conclusions: With the routine use of LA, CEA was not associated with worse outcome in high-risk patients. Considering the data reported in the literature, it does not appear justified to refer high-risk patients principally to carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) when LA can be chosen to perform CEA.
Primary surgery for sapheno-femoral incompetence: A randomised controlled trial to compare two techniques to reduce lymphatic complications
Authors: Mouton  , Keller  , Naef  , Wagner
Published: September 2009

Background: We prospectively compared lymphatic complications after two types of surgery for primary sapheno-femoral incompetence: sharp dissection with meticulous ligation of lymphatic tissue and electrocoagulation technique respectively. Patients and methods: 154 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for bilateral primary sapheno-femoral incompetence were randomised. Each side was the control for the other side. 154 groins underwent sharp dissection with ligation of lymphatic tissue using absorbable suture material and 154 controls had a dissection performed with electrocoagulation. Results: There was no lymphocoele, no relevant lymphorrhea and no extremity oedema in either group. Three patients had a minor lymphatic discharge in both groins, self-limiting within 24 hours (1.9%). There were no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Lymphatic complications in primary surgery for sapheno-femoral incompetence are very rare. There is no detectable advantage of sharp dissection with ligation of lymphatic tissue over dissection with electrocoagulation without ligatures.
Salvage of a dialysis angioaccess by bypassing a central venous obstruction to the common femoral vein
Authors: Asciutto  , Mumme  , Asciutto  , Geier
Published: September 2009

We describe the case of a 71 year-old male patient undergoing haemodialysis who presented with severe symptoms of venous hypertension at the left upper extremity due to subclavian and innominate vein obstruction. The patient had a well functioning ispilateral angioaccess. The pain and disabling swelling of the upper extremity developed 12 months after having a radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula performed and progressively worsened in the last two months. The patient underwent extraanatomic axillo-femoral venous bypass grafting with a 8 mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft to the ispilateral common femoral vein. The postoperative recovery was regular and the patient was discharged 6 days after surgery with a functioning bypass and relief from the venous hypertension symptoms. In this case, surgical bypassing of a central venous obstruction through an extra-anatomical pathway relieved the symptoms of venous hypertension and prolonged the use of the haemodialysis access.
Retrograde transpedale recanalisation of tibial artery occlusion
Authors: Hansen  , Krawzcynski  , Lacher
Published: September 2009

Increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with complex tibioperoneal obstructive disease and a high rate of amputations. Endovascular therapy of arteries below the knee has emerged as a promising revascularization technique for patients with critical limb ischemia. Recent advances in catheter technology applied below the knee will increase the demand for and acceptance of minimally invasive therapy. However, when employing standard approaches, PTA of below-the-knee arteries may fail in up to 20% of cases. In the present article, we report an interventional strategy using a retrograde transpedal angioplasty approach, which was successfully applied in a 73 year old male diabetic patient with critical lower limb ischemia and a challenging occlusion of the anterior tibial and dorsalis pedis artery. This technique may probably increase success rates of PTA in cases with total occlusion of below-the-knee arteries, especially those without proximal occlusion.
Paraplegia after spontaneous dissection of the abdominal aorta
Authors: Hölper  , Hyhlik-Dürr  , Kotelis  , von Tengg-Kobligk  , Böckler
Published: September 2009

We report a case with spinal cord ischemia and consecutive paraplegia following spontaneous isolated abdominal aortic dissection (IAAD). A 63-year-old female was admitted to the surgical emergency room with severe lumbar back pain and accompanying paresthesia of both legs. Contrast enhanced computed tomograpy (CT) of the abdomen showed an infrarenal IAAD in a normal size aorta with patent lumbar arteries. It was assumed that a surgical or interventional approach would not be helpful to improve spinal cord perfusion. Therefore, non operative therapy consisted of lowering blood pressure to prevent further dissection. The patient developed an anterior spinal artery syndrome with permanent paraplegia. Thus, blood pressure was raised for optimal spinal cord perfusion. To lower the spinal pressure, cerebrospinal fluid drainage was attempted. A three month follow-up CT scan showed spontaneous remodelling of the aorta. The neurological deficit persisted. IAAD is a rare differential diagnosis of lumbar back pain and can be associated with paraplegia as the leading symptom. Individualized treatment is indicated. Surgical treatment options concerning paraplegia are limited.
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer aneurysm of the innominate artery
Authors: Yuan  , Tager
Published: September 2009

Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the aorta is uncommon, and usually develops in the descending thoracic aorta. Rarely this condition involves the branch vessels of the aorta. We report a case of ruptured aneurysm of the innominate artery resulting from penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer. Open surgery was the treatment of choice for the ruptured aneurysm, while conservative treatment was recommended for the associated penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the descending aorta.
Endovascular treatment of intramural hematoma of internal carotid artery after blunt trauma of neck inflicted with the seatbelt
Authors: Stanisic  , Winckiewicz  , Juszkat  , Gabriel  , Jawien  , Staniszewski
Published: September 2009

Blunt trauma of the neck caused by a seatbelt may cause dissection with intramural hematoma of the internal carotid artery. The following case report discusses the differential diagnosis and the potential of endovascular treatment of symptomatic intramural hematoma of the internal carotid artery.
Quaternary rift flank uplift of the Peninsular Ranges in Baja and southern California by removal of mantle lithosphere
Authors: Mueller Karl , Kier Grant , Rockwell Thomas , Jones Craig H.
Published: September 2009

Regional uplift in southern California, USA, and northern Baja California, Mexico, is interpreted to result from flexure of the elastic lithosphere driven largely by heating and thinning of the upper mantle beneath the Gulf of California and eastern Peninsular Ranges. The geometry and timing of faulting in the Salton Trough and Gulf of California, the history of recent rock uplift along the Pacific coastline, and geophysical data constrain models of lithospheric heating and thinning based on unloading of a continuous elastic plate. High topography that marks the ∼400‐km‐long rift shoulder in northern Baja California mimics the pattern of uplift observed along the Pacific coastline as defined by marine terraces. We interpret this to indicate that recent rock uplift has occurred across the entire width of northern Baja Peninsula and increases from west to east. Pliocene strata deposited at sea level along the Pacific coastline in southern California have not been uplifted significantly above Quaternary marine terrace deposits. This suggests the onset of rock uplift along the Pacific coast here is post‐Pliocene and occurs after Miocene crustal extension in the Salton Trough and Gulf of California. Strong heating of the mantle lid beneath the Peninsular Ranges in northern Baja California thus coincides with crustal extension limited to localized oceanic spreading in the Gulf of California.
Power law catchment‐scale recessions arising from heterogeneous linear small‐scale dynamics
Authors: Harman C. J. , Sivapalan M. , Kumar P.
Published: September 2009

Power law recession behavior has typically been attributed to the hydraulics of subsurface flows in the landscape (e.g., the Boussinesq equation). Many catchments exhibit enormous heterogeneity in their characteristics, such as the permeability of soils, hillslope length and gradient, and soil mantle thickness. In the paper we demonstrate using a simple linear flow model that the between‐hillslope heterogeneity alone can give rise to observed apparently nonlinear recession slope curves. The degree of nonlinearity (represented by the exponent fitted to the recession slope curve) is shown to increase with the degree of heterogeneity of catchment hydraulic properties. In sufficiently heterogeneous catchments, the recession is also sensitive to the history of recharge events, tending to increase when the past events have built up a storage of water in the ‘slow’ parts of the catchment. The models based on the catchment heterogeneity were fitted to data from the Panola Mountain Research watershed, yielding a good fit, and allowing us to infer how the heterogeneity in catchment properties varies with scale. The range of exponents explained by this theory overlaps with the range explained by the hydraulics of subsurface flow, which raises doubts about our ability to extract catchment hydraulic parameters on the basis of recession curves so long as the heterogeneity is not accounted for. In general the results presented here have enabled us to show how the heterogeneity of landscape characteristics is upscaled and manifested in the apparent nonlinear relationship at the catchment scale.
Comparisons of equatorial irregularities measurements from C/NOFS: TEC using CERTO and CITRIS with in‐situ plasma density
Authors: Siefring Carl L. , Bernhardt Paul A. , Roddy Patrick A. , Hunton Donald E.
Published: September 2009

Equatorial plasma density measurements using two techniques are analyzed. The unique instrument complement on C/NOFS (Communication/Navigations Outages Forecasting System) allows for the measurement of TEC (Total Electron Content) using the CERTO (Coherent Electromagnetic Radio TOmography) beacon and measurement of in‐situ densities using the PLP (Planar Langmuir Probe). In a nearby orbit, the CITRIS (sCIntilation and TEC Receiver In Space) was available for complementary measurements. TEC was measured with 1) CERTO‐CITRIS conjunctions that allow estimates of absolute TEC and 2) CITRIS with ground‐based DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) beacons. The combination of the remote and in‐situ techniques provides more information, enhanced believability for probe measurements as the satellite transitions from darkness to sunlight, as well as cross‐calibration and better accuracy for both data sets. The measurements presented are taken in unusually quiet geomagnetic conditions and indicate equatorial irregularities are present nearly 80% of the time for nighttime measurements.
Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation‐albedo feedback under global warming
Authors: Zeng Ning , Yoon Jinho
Published: September 2009

Many subtropical regions are expected to become drier due to climate change. This will lead to reduced vegetation which may in turn amplify the initial drying. Using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐land model with a dynamic vegetation component that predicts surface albedo change, here we simulate the climate change from 1901 to 2099 with CO2 and other forcings. In a standard IPCC‐style simulation, the model simulated an increase in the world's ‘warm desert’ area of 2.5 million km2 or 10% at the end of the 21st century. In a more realistic simulation where the vegetation‐albedo feedback was allowed to interact, the ‘warm desert’ area expands by 8.5 million km2 or 34%. This occurs mostly as an expansion of the world's major subtropical deserts such as the Sahara, the Kalahari, the Gobi, and the Great Sandy Desert. It is suggested that vegetation‐albedo feedback should be fully included in IPCC future climate projections.
Tailward and earthward flow onsets observed by Cluster in a thin current sheet
Authors: Petrukovich A. A. , Baumjohann W. , Nakamura R. , Rème H.
Published: September 2009

From a Cluster survey of the magnetotail during 2001–2007 we select 49 episodes of thin current sheet observations ending with plasma sheet activity onsets. The onsets were defined as flow bursts and/or electric current decrease and/or Bz increase after a period of local quietness (in many cases with signatures of growth phase). Such onsets at 17–20 RE of radial distance were accompanied mainly by tailward flows with negativeBz. At 11–17 RE, earthward flows dominated, except the premidnight sector, where flows of both directions were observed. Tailward velocities were often rather small, within 200–300 km/s. We interpret such tailward flows as reconnection pulses occurring on the closed field lines in the stretched magnetic configuration. Ten activity onsets were not accompanied by plasma flows (faster than 100 km/s). Preonset current density was larger on average in the premidnight and midnight sector in comparison with the postmidnight.
A simulation study of particle energization observed by THEMIS spacecraft during a substorm
Authors: Ashour‐Abdalla Maha , Bosqued Jean‐Michel , El‐Alaoui Mostafa , Peroomian Vahe , Zhou Meng , Richard Robert , Walker Raymond , Runov Andrei , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: September 2009

Energetic ions with hundreds of keV energy are frequently observed in the near‐Earth tail during magnetospheric substorms. We examined the sources and acceleration of ions during a magnetospheric substorm on 1 March 2008 by using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and Cluster observations and numerical simulations. Four of the THEMIS spacecraft were aligned at yGSM = 6 RE during a very large substorm (AE = 1200) while the Cluster spacecraft were located about 5 RE above the auroral ionosphere. For 2 h before the substorm, Cluster observed ionospheric oxygen flowing out into the magnetosphere. After substorm onset the THEMIS P3 and P4 spacecraft located in the near‐Earth tail (xGSM = −9 RE and −8 RE, respectively) observed large fluxes of energetic ions up to 500 keV. We used calculations of millions of ions of solar wind and ionospheric origin in the time‐dependent electric and magnetic fields from a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of this event to study the source of these ions and their acceleration. The simulation did a good job of reproducing the particle observations. Both solar wind protons and ionospheric oxygen were accelerated by nonadiabatic motion across large (>∼5 mV/m) total electric fields (both potential and induced). The acceleration occurred in the “wall” region of the near‐Earth tail where nonadiabatic motion dominates over convection and the particles move rapidly across the tail. The acceleration occurred mostly in regions with large electric fields and nonadiabatic motion. There was relatively little acceleration in regions with large electric fields and adiabatic motion or small electric fields and nonadiabatic motion. Prior to substorm onset, ionospheric ions were a significant contributor to the cross‐tail current, but after onset, solar wind ions become more dominant.
An observationally based energy balance for the Earth since 1950
Authors: Murphy D. M. , Solomon S. , Portmann R. W. , Rosenlof K. H. , Forster P. M. , Wong T.
Published: September 2009

We examine the Earth's energy balance since 1950, identifying results that can be obtained without using global climate models. Important terms that can be constrained using only measurements and radiative transfer models are ocean heat content, radiative forcing by long‐lived trace gases, and radiative forcing from volcanic eruptions. We explicitly consider the emission of energy by a warming Earth by using correlations between surface temperature and satellite radiant flux data and show that this term is already quite significant. About 20% of the integrated positive forcing by greenhouse gases and solar radiation since 1950 has been radiated to space. Only about 10% of the positive forcing (about 1/3 of the net forcing) has gone into heating the Earth, almost all into the oceans. About 20% of the positive forcing has been balanced by volcanic aerosols, and the remaining 50% is mainly attributable to tropospheric aerosols. After accounting for the measured terms, the residual forcing between 1970 and 2000 due to direct and indirect forcing by aerosols as well as semidirect forcing from greenhouse gases and any unknown mechanism can be estimated as −1.1 ± 0.4 W m−2 (1σ). This is consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's best estimates but rules out very large negative forcings from aerosol indirect effects. Further, the data imply an increase from the 1950s to the 1980s followed by constant or slightly declining aerosol forcing into the 1990s, consistent with estimates of trends in global sulfate emissions. An apparent increase in residual forcing in the late 1990s is discussed.
A near real‐time phenomenological model of ionospheric electron density based on GPS radio occultation data
Authors: Tsai L.‐C. , Liu C. H. , Hsiao T. Y. , Huang J. Y.
Published: September 2009

A numerical and phenomenological model of global ionospheric electron density (Ne) is investigated. The three‐dimensional Ne model has been named the Taiwan Ionospheric Model (TWIM) and constructed from monthly weighted and hourly vertical Ne profiles retrieved from FormoSat3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements. The TWIM exhibits vertically fitted Chapman layers, with distinct F2, F1, E, and D layers, and surface spherical harmonics approaches for the fitted Chapman layer parameters including peak density, peak density height, and scale height. These results are useful in investigation of near‐Earth space and large‐scale Ne distribution with diurnal and seasonal variations, along with geographic features such as the equatorial anomaly (EA). This paper also investigates the diurnal and seasonal variations of EA within different ionospheric layers and specifically attempts to account for the latitudinal and longitudinal structures caused by atmospheric tides.
Scale effects in conceptual hydrological modeling
Authors: Merz R. , Parajka J. , Blöschl G.
Published: September 2009

We simulate the water balance dynamics of 269 catchments in Austria ranging in size from 10 to 130,000 km2 using a semidistributed conceptual model with 11 parameters based on a daily time step. The simulation results suggest that the Nash‐Sutcliffe model efficiencies increase over the scale range of 10 and 10,000 km2. The scatter of the model performances decreases with catchment scale, particularly the volume errors. This implies that the model simulates the long‐term water balance more reliably as one goes up in scale. Most calibrated parameters do not change with catchment scale, but there is a trend with catchment area of the upper and lower envelope curves of some parameters. We also examine time scale effects. Calibration efficiencies decrease and verification efficiencies increase with the number of years available for calibration. The change in efficiencies is largest between 1 and 5 years used for calibration. This suggests that a calibration period of 5 years captures most of the temporal hydrological variability, so this would be the minimum for achieving a reasonable predictive model performance. The correlation of model parameters between different calibration periods, as a measure of the degree to which parameters can be identified, increases with increasing length of the calibration period. For some parameters, the correlation increases beyond 5 years of calibration. This suggest that although runoff may be simulated well using 5 years of calibration, some parameters may not be well constrained and hence internal state variables and fluxes may still be associated with larger uncertainties than with a larger calibration period.
Modeling, Simulation and Application of Bacterial Transduction in Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Perales-Gravan Carlos , de Vicente Buendia Javier , Lahoz-Beltra Rafael
Published: September 2009

At present, all methods in Evolutionary Computation are bioinspired in the fundamental principles of neo-Darwinism as well as on a vertical gene transfer. Thus, on a mechanism in which an organism receives genetic material from its ancestor. Horizontal, lateral or cross-population gene transfer is any process in which an organism transfers a genetic segment to another one that is not its offspring. Virus transduction is one of the key mechanisms of horizontal gene propagation in microorganism (e.g. bacteria). In the present paper, we model and simulate a transduction operator, exploring a possible role and usefulness of transduction in a genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm including transduction has been named PETRI (abbreviation of Promoting Evolution Through Reiterated Infection). The efficiency and performance of this algorithm was evaluated using a benchmark function and the 0/1 knapsack problem. The utility was illustrated designing an AM radio receiver, optimizing the main features of the electronic components of the AM radio circuit as well as those of the radio enclosure. Our results shown how PETRI approaches to higher fitness values as transduction probability comes near to 100%. The conclusion is that transduction improves the performance of a genetic algorithm, assuming a population divided among several sub-populations or ‘bacterial colonies’.
Proteomic analysis to identify early molecular targets of pregabalin in C6 glial cells
Authors: Park Seyeon , Lee Joomin
Published: September 2009

Pregabalin is a lipophilic amino acid derivative of γ‐amino butyric acid that displays anticonvulsant and analgesic activities against neuropathic pain. Although a role for glial cells as an important player in pain control and also as a new target for pain medicine has been suggested, the effect of pregabalin on glial cells has not been elucidated. In the present study, we have investigated the action of pregabalin on the glial cell proteome. To identify immediate early protein targets of pregabalin in glial cells, a differential proteomics approach in C6 rat glioma cells treated with pregabalin was used. Seven proteins that sensitively reacted to pregabalin treatment were identified using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI–TOF‐MS (matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption ionization–time‐of‐flight MS). The calcium‐ion‐binding chaperone, calreticulin, and the oxidative response protein, DJ‐1, were up‐regulated after pregabalin treatment. Hsp (heat‐shock protein)‐90‐β, cytoskeleton protein actin and myosin also showed quantitative expression profile differences. Functionally relevant to the proteome result, immediate actin depolymerization was observed after treatment with pregabalin. These results suggest a previously undefined role of pregabalin in the regulation of chaperone activity and cytoskeleton remodelling in glial cells.
Renaissance and renewal in management studies: Relevance regained
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: September 2009

Abstract The study of management began many decades ago with close connections between research and practice and, in many instances, with a reformist orientation focused on improving the well‐being of all organizational stakeholders. However, over time research has shifted to focus primarily on economic outcomes such as profits, productivity, and shareholder well‐being as the dependent variables of most interest. Management research is also increasingly entranced with theory for its own sake and less interested in the concerns of professional practice. The renewal of management as an academic discipline can be accomplished primarily by making management research relevant again, a task that has important implications for both journals and faculty career processes. Increasing the relevance of management also entails more replication so there is more confidence in findings as well as greater attention to the social concerns ‐ for instance, the well‐being of employees ‐ that stimulated much early management scholarship.
The embedded entrepreneur
Authors: Dahl Michael S. , Sorenson Olav
Published: September 2009

Abstract Using comprehensive data on the Danish population, this paper examines the determinants of entrepreneurs' choices of where to locate their new ventures. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs place much more emphasis on being close to family and friends than on regional characteristics that might influence the performance of their ventures when deciding where to locate those businesses. Two factors could explain our findings: On the one hand, entrepreneurs may simply value proximity to family and friends. On the other hand, these relationships may help them to assemble the assets and to recruit the personnel that they need to succeed in their ventures. Our results suggest that the former plays the greater role in entrepreneurs' location choices.