bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUÊNCIA DA RELIGIOSIDADE NA COMPREENSÃO DE EVOLUÇÃO POR OUVINTES DA MESA-REDONDA “DESMISTIFICANDO O ENSINO DE EVOLUÇÃO”
Authors: Aguilar-Aleixo Luciana , Souza Luiz Alberto Machado de
Published: August 2023

A Evolução Biológica é considerada um eixo unificador da Biologia, por estabelecer conexões entre diferentes áreas, tornando o conhecimento biológico mais coerente e inteligível. A Evolução frequentemente é considerada polêmica, com mal-entendidos historicamente difundidos que dificultam sua compreensão. Embora não seja objetivo da Evolução deslegitimar a fé, a religião foi abalada pela publicação de “A Origem das Espécies”. Com o intuito de aproximar o conhecimento evolutivo do cotidiano das pessoas, o programa de extensão “Evolução Para Todos” realiza divulgação científica abordando diferentes temáticas sob a ótica evolutiva. Durante a mesa-redonda “Desmistificando o Ensino de Evolução”, um formulário online foi preenchido voluntariamente pelos ouvintes. Foi possível investigar a influência religiosa na compreensão da teoria evolutiva na concepção de 201 participantes. A maioria deles compreende a ancestralidade comum entre humanos e chimpanzés, e considera que a religião é a principal causa de polêmica em torno da Biologia Evolutiva. Para muitos participantes, é possível conciliar crenças religiosas e Evolução, entretanto uma pequena parcela deles adotou uma postura negacionista em relação a princípios evolutivos e considerou-a incompatível com seus dogmas religiosos. Estes resultados destacam a importância da divulgação científica na desconstrução de paradigmas e na socialização do conhecimento científico para além do meio acadêmico.
Residência pedagógica: a prática das observações realizadas de forma remota e sua importância na formação de professores de Química
Authors: Cardoso Jarline dos Santos , Soares Andressa da Cunha , Rodrigues Erika Wilma de Paiva , Santos Rodolfo André dos , Carneiro Kalline de Almeida Alves , Santos Maria Betania Hermenegildo dos
Published: August 2023

Devido à pandemia da covid-19, as atividades da segunda edição do Programa de Residência Pedagógica (PRP) ocorreram de forma remota. Atentos a esse cenário, objetivamos neste artigo relatar as observações realizadas de forma remota do PRP subprojeto da Química do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). A escola vinculada a esse subprojeto está localizada na cidade de Areia – PB e as observações foram desenvolvidas nas turmas do Ensino Médio. A partir dessa experiência, pode-se afirmar que a tecnologia manteve a educação viva durante o período de pandemia, sendo o elo entre docentes e discentes, e todo o corpo educacional, tornando possível o ensino remoto. Assim, embora tenham ocorrido diversos empecilhos, prevaleceram a adaptação e a reinvenção da educação. Entretanto, infelizmente, esse momento evidenciou ainda mais as desigualdades sociais e econômicas em nossa região, visto que muitos alunos não podiam participar das atividades síncronas, devido à falta de recursos como internet, celulares e computadores. Ademais, podemos afirmar que esse momento foi extremamente importante para nossa formação docente, principalmente no que diz respeito ao uso de tecnologias, tendo em vista que passamos a conhecer diversos aplicativos e plataformas, os quais serão utilizados em nossas regências.
RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH LOKAL PALU TERHADAP PEMBERIAN FMA DAN BOKASHI PADA TANAH LIKUIFAKSI
Authors: Syahputra Aldi , Lapanjang Iskandar M.
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menentukan dosis mikoriza yang tepat pada setiap dosis bokashi dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November sampai dengan Januari 2020, di Desa Kaleke Kecamatan Dolo Barat Kabupaten Sigi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan dua Faktor. Faktor pertama dosis (FMA) Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskular (M) Tanpa mikoriza (M0), Mikoriza 10 g/polybag (M1), Mikoriza 15g/polybag (M2) dan Mikoriza 20 g/polybag (M3). Faktor kedua dosis bokashi (B) Tanpa bokashi (B0), Bokashi 312,5 g/polybag (B1), dan Bokashi 375 g/polybag (B2). Setiap perlakuan terdapat 12 kombinasi yang kemudian diulang sebanyak tiga kali sehingga terdapat 36 unit percobaan. Tiap Unit percobaan menggunakan 3 polybag tanaman sehingga mendapatkan 108 tanaman. analisis sidik ragam menunjukan bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh nyata atau sangat nyata, maka akan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dosis mikoriza 20 g/polybag dan bokashi 375 g/polybag merupakan dosis yang baik digunakan karena teruji secara nyata meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai ditandai dengan tanaman lebih tinggi , jumlah daun lebih banyak, jumlah anakan dan umbi lebih banyak, berat basah umbi dan berat kering umbi lebih banyak.
PREDIKSI EROSI PADA BEBERAPA PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI SUB (DAS) DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI LARIANG DI DESA BAMBAKORO KECAMATAN LARIANG KABUPATEN PASANGKAYU
Authors: Sulmisari Hesti , Monde Anthon , Rahman Abdul
Published: August 2023

Penenlitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi erosi  dan menentukan indeks bahaya erosi tanah pada beberapa penggunaan lahan di Sub (DAS) Daerah Aliran Sungai Lariang, yang terletak di Desa Bambakoro Kecamatan Lariang Kabupaten Pasangkayu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan bulan Agustus 2019. penelitian dilakukan dengan pengamatan lapangan dan didukung dengan hasil data analisis laboratorium. Untuk menentukan laju erosi tanah dengan menggunakan metode USLE  (Universal Soil Loss Equation). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa erosi aktual dan erosi potensial pada berbagai penggunaan lahan memiliki perbedaan dengan nilai tergolong tinggi terdapat pada penggunaan lahan kelapa sawit dengan nilai 30.678 ton ha-1thn-1, tergolong rendah terdapat pada penggunaan lahan kopi dengan nilai 5.192 ton ha-1thn-1. Sedangkan erosi potensial tergolong tinggi terdapat pada penggunaan lahan kelapa sawit dengan nilai 70.797 ton ha-1thn-1, dan yang rendah terdapat pada penggunaan lahan jagung 16.519 ha-1thn-1. Beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya erosi di desa Bambakoro yaitu topografi panjang dan kemiringan lereng, serta belum adanya diterapkan prinsip-prinsip konservasi tanah dan pengelolaan tanah dan air.
PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annuum L.) PADA PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG SAPI
Authors: Medi Ani Ni Komang , Fathurrahman Fathurrahman
Published: August 2023

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai merah pada berbagai dosis pupuk kandang sapi dan untuk mengetahui dosis pupuk kandang sapi yang sesuai pada pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai merah. Penelitian disusun menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) satu faktor yaitu pupuk kandang sapi (P) yang terdiri dari 6 taraf, masing-masing : tanpa pupuk kandang , 5 t.ha-1, 10 t.ha-1, 15 t.ha-1, 20 t.ha-1, dan 25 t.ha-1. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali sehingga diperoleh 24 unit percobaan. Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 20 tanaman sehingga keseluruhan terdapat 480 tanaman. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan pada setiap bedeng adalah 4 tanaman yaitu tanaman tengah. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa Pemberian pupuk kandang sapi memberikan pengaruh yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai merah. Secara keseluruhan pemberian pupuk kandang sapi 5 t.ha-1 telah nyata meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil pada tanaman cabai merah yakni tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang lebih banyak, jumlah buah percabang dan total berat buah pertanaman meningkat
PENGARUH TANAMAN REFUGIA TERHADAP KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PENYERBUK PADA TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.) DI DESA POMBEWE KECAMATAN SIGI BIROMARU, KABUPATEN SIGI
Authors: Siskawati Siskawati , Hasriyanty Hasriyanty , Saleh Shahabudin
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tanaman refugia terhadap keanekaragaman serangga penyerbuk pada tanaman padi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Pombewe, Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru, Kabupaten Sigi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, dan Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan (HPT) Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako, Palu. Penelitian menggunakan dua spesies tumbuhan bunga yang berbeda sebagai tumbuhan suaka: kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), marigold (Tagetes sp.), kenikir dan marigold, dan tanpa refugia. Koleksi serangga dilakukan dengan menggunakan jaring ayun atau Sweep Net. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada pertanaman padi sawah ditemukan serangga penyerbuk dari ordo Hymenoptera, Diptera, dan Lepidoptera dan didominasi oleh Ordo Hymenoptera baik dari segi jumlah spesies maupun jumlah individu. Ditemukan perbedaan jumlah spesies dan jumlah individu serangga penyerbuk pada setiap perlakuan tanaman refugia. Jenis serangga penyerbuk paling banyak ditemukan adalah pada perlakuan kenikir (16 spesies), dibandingkan dengan perlakuan marigold (13 spesies), campuran kenikir dan marigold (13 spesies), dan tanpa refugia (2 spesies). Indeks keanekaragaman serangga penyerbuk dalam kategori sedang ditemukan pada tanaman padi yang menggunakan tanaman refugia baik kenikir (H’= 2.11), marigold (H’=2.04), maupun kombinasi keduanya (H’=1.85). Sedangkan indeks keanekaragaman rendah diperoleh pada perlakuan kontrol atau tanpa refugia (H'=0,59). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tanaman refugia meningkatkan keranekaragaman serangga penyerbuk di tanaman padi sawah.
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA PETERNAKAN AYAM RAS PEDAGING DI DESA KABOBONA KECAMATAN DOLO KABUPATEN SIGI
Authors: Asti Asti , Afandi Afandi , Br. Manurung Dewi Sartika Laurencia
Published: August 2023

Peternakan di Kabupaten Sigi diharapkan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat, mampu memenuhi permintaan pasar akan daging ayam, mampu memberikan kesempatan kerja, meningkatkan pendapatan dan perbaikan taraf hidup. Peternakan ayam pedanging yang berada di Desa Kabobona merupakan suatu usaha peternakan ayam ras pedanging yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap penyuplaian daging ayam di Kabupaten Sigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa Besar Pendapatan Usaha Peternakan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Desa Kabobona Kacamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi dan Mengetahui apakah Usaha Peternakan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Desa Kabobona Kacamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi layak atau tidak untuk dilakukan. Penelitian ini akan dilaksanakan di Desa Kabobona Kecamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi dari Bulan Juli 2020 sampai dengan September 2020. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah semua peternakan ayam ras pedaging yang ada di Desa Kabobona Kecamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi. Penetuan responden di tentukan dengan menggunakan metode sensus yaitu dengan mengambil jumlah keseluruhan terhadap semua peternakan yaitu sebanyak 12 orang peternak ayam potong yang ada di Desa Kabobona. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis pendapatan dan Analisis kelayakan. Hasil penelitian Pendapatan yang diperoleh usaha peternak ayam ras pedaging Desa Kabobona adalah Rp.157,149,523 dengan penerimaan sebesar Rp.183.633.333. Dikurang dengan total biaya sebesar Rp.26,483,810. Jumlah pendapatan sangat tergantung pada jumlah penerimaan dan besarnya biaya yang dikeluarkan dalam beternak ayam ras pedaging dengan hasil Pendapatan bersih diperoleh peternak ayam ras pedaging Hal ini berarti cukup baik untuk diusahakan, Kelayakan Usaha Peternakan Ayam Ras Pedaging diperoleh sebesar 5,81 dapat dikatakan menguntungkan serta layak untuk diusahakan karena hasil B/C ratio tersebut lebih dari satu (B/C >1), Sehingga Pendapatan yang diperoleh Usaha Peternakan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Desa Kabobona lebih besar 5,81 kali lipat dibanding dengan biaya yang dikeluarkan. Nilai Break Even Point (BEP) diperoleh sebesar Rp.8,479,339. pada unit tersebut peternakan ayam tidak akan mengalami keuntungan maupun kerugian. Namun   jika nilai BEP berada dibawah nilai tersebut maka peternakan akan mengalami kerugian dan sebaliknya jika berada diatas nilai BEP maka akan menerima keuntungan.
PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L.) PADA PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI DOSIS PUPUK GUANO DAN KOSENTRASI POC
Authors: Made Usman , Syamsiar Syamsiar , Astuti Rezka Puji
Published: August 2023

Tujuan  penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan perbandingan dosis pupuk guano yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman  kedelaidan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi dosis pupuk organik cair yang lebih baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai.Penelitian ini  dilaksanakan di Desa Tombiano Kecamatan Tojo Barat, Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una.Penelitian di mulai pada Maret 2020 sampai dengan Juni 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dua faktor.Faktor  pertama adalah  Pupuk Guano terdiri dari 5 taraf yakni : tanpa Guano ton.ha-1, Guano 10 ton.ha-1, Guano 15 ton.ha-1, Guano 20 ton.ha-1, Guano  25 ton.ha-1. Faktor kedua kosentrasi  POC terdiri dari 2 taraf yakni tanpa POC, POC 1,0 %. Sehingga terdapat 10 perlakuan, setiap kombinasi perlakuan diulang tiga kali sebagai kelompok. Terdapat pengaruh interaksi antar dosis pupuk guano dan kosentrasi POC.Terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara dosis pupuk Guano dan konsentrasi POC yang berpengaruh nyata pada parameter pengamatan tinggi tanaman, dan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pengamatan  lebar daun, jumlah cabang, biji perpolong dan biji perhektar.Pengaruh pupuk guano sebagai pupuk dasar berpengaruh  pada  pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai dengan  dosis  15 ton.ha-1 (30,22).Pengaruh pemberian berbagai kosentrasi  pupuk organik cair (POC)  pada pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai dengan kosentrasi pada P0 dan P1 yang tidak berpengaruh nyata.
PERTUMBUHAN ANGGUR (Vitis vinifera L.) ASAL BIJI SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Suwirto I Ketut , Basri Zainuddin
Published: August 2023

Pertumbuhan eksplan didalam kultur jaringan dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor, antara lain kepekatan media tumbuh (media MS), konsentrasi bahan pemadat, media (agar), serta faktor genetik dan fisiologis dari eksplan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati fenomena pertumbuhan anggur asal biji secara in vitro. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial dengan dua faktor empat ulangan.  Faktor pertama adalah kepekatan media dasar MS yang terdiri atas dua level, yaitu ½ komposisi hara makro MS (M1) dan sesuai kepekatan media dasar MS (full MS; M2). Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi agar yang terdiri atas tiga level, yaitu 4 g/l agar (A1), 6 g/l agar (A2) dan 8 g/l agar (A3). Masing-masing unit percobaan ditanami dua biji anggur, sehingga jumlah total biji anggur yang digunakan sebanyak 48 biji. Variabel yang diamati terdiri atas saat muncul tunas, saat muncul akar, jumlah daun serta jumlah buku. Mengamati respon pertumbuhan eksplan serta data yang dikumpulkan, maka data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biji anggur dari buah segar memiliki kemampuan tumbuh yang rendah pada media kultur jaringan (2,08% dari jumlah total biji yang dikultur). Biji dapat tumbuh dan membentuk plantlet hanya dijumpai pada media full MS yang disuplai 6 g/l agar (M2A2). Plantlet membentuk akar yang intensif, daun hijau dan sempurna serta batang tumbuh tegak dan kokoh.
SERAPAN HARA K PADA TANAMAN CABAI MERAH BESAR (Capsicum annum L.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN BOKASI PADA ENTISOLS SIDERA
Authors: Batalipu Nur Intan R. , Darman Saiful , Amelia Rezi
Published: August 2023

Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat pengaruh pemberian Bokasi dengan dosis yang tepat terhadap serapan hara kalium pada tanaman cabai merah besar serta mengurangi penggunaan pupuk anorganik akibat pemberian bokasi pada Entisols sidera. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat  memberikan informasi dalam memanfaatkan limbah TKKS untuk dijadikan pupuk Bokasi serta pengaplikasian pada dosis yang tepat, khususnya dalam meningkatkan Serapan Hara Kalium pada Tanaman Cabai Merah Besar di Entisols Sidera. Penelitian ini di laksanakan pada bulan September 2019 sampai bulan Januari 2020 di Screen House Ilmu Tanah Fakultas Pertanian dan untuk analisis tanah dan tanaman dilakukan di Laboratorium Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Tadulako. Palu, Sulawesi Tengah. Lokasi pengambilan sampel tanah di Desa Sidera, Kecamatan Biromaru, Kabupaten Sigi, dan untuk pengambilan sampel Bokasi di PT.Letawa Desa Makmur Jaya, Kecamatan Tikke Raya, Kabupaten Pasangkayu, Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. Penelitian ini disusun menggunakan rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kali ulangan dengan perlakuan Bokashi TKKS, adapun perlakuannya adalah sebagai berikut : p0= Tanpa Perlakuan (Kontrol) yang masing-masing menggunakan 8 kg tanah, p1 = 5 Ton/ha, p2 = 10 Ton/ha, p3 = 15 Ton/ha, p4 = 20 Ton/ha dan p5 = 25 Ton/ha. Perlakuan tersebut di ulang 3 kali sehingga terdapat 6 x 3 = 18 satuan percobaan dengan pengamatan sampai pada masa vegetatif maksimum. Variabel amatan dianalisis dengan uji F dan jika uji F tersebut menunjukan adanya pengaruh, maka dilakukan uji lanjut dengan menggunakan uji beda nyata jujur (BNJ). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian dosis Bokasi TKKS berpengaruh Nyata terhadap K- Tersedia, kosentrasi K dalam Jaringan Tanaman, Bobot kering tanaman dan Serapan K. yakni dengan nilai tertinggi yang berpengaruh sangat nyata terdapat pada p5(65g/8kg Tanah) dengan nilai K-Tersedia Tanah (2,98mg), Kosentrasi Kjaringan (2,39%), Bobot Kering Tanaman (25,67gram), dan Serapan (615mg100-1).
EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BUAH MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia L.) TERHADAP LARVA Crocidolomia pavonana F. (LEPIDOPTERA:PYRALIDAE) PADA TANAMAN SAWI HIJAU (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Murniati Murniati , Wahid Abdul , Khasanah Nur
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi ekstrak buah mengkudu yang efektif dalam mengendalikan Crocidolomia pavonana pada tanaman sawi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Binangga, Kecamtan Marawola, Kabupaten Sigi, Palu untuk penanaman. Proses perbanyakan larva dilakukan di Laboraturium Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako pada bulan Desember 2021 hingga Maret 2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 6 perlakuan yang masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali, dan setiap perlakuan menggunakan 10 ekor C. pavonana instar 3. Konsentrasi ekstrak buah mengkudu yang digunakan yaitu 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% dan 20%. Jika perlakuan berpengaruh nyata, maka akan dilanjutkan uji lanjut BNJ taraf 5%. Variabel pengamatan yaitu populasi larva, intensitas serangan dan produksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian ekstrak buah mengkudu menyebabkan penurunan jumlah populasi C.pavonana yang diikuti dengan penurunan intensitas serangan serta kenaikan produksi. Perlakuan yang cenderung efektif dan efisien memberikan pengaruh terhadap kepadatan populasi, intensitas serangan dan hasil produksi adalah perlakuan P2 dengan konsentrasi 8%. Kepadatan populasi menurun dari 10,00 ekor menjadi 6,33 ekor, intensitas serangan 27,86% dan produksi 136,11 gr.
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHATANI BAWANG MERAH VARIETAS LEMBAH PALU DI DESA GUNTARANO KECAMATAN TANANTOVEA KABUPATEN DONGGALA
Authors: Sinar Sinar , Mapataba Marhawati , Sulmi Sulmi
Published: August 2023

Bawang merah merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan hortikultura Sulawesi Tengah. Bawang merah seperti komoditas hortikultura lainnya mempunyai sifat mudah rusak (perishable) dan setelah panen dapat mengalami perubahan yang cenderung merugikan akibat kegiatan pasca panen yang buruk, bawang Merah lokal Palu merupakan salah satu sumber pendapatan masyarakat Sulawesi Tengah yang bekerja disektor pertanian dan juga telah menjadi salah satu Sumber Pendapatan Daerah (PAD). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pendapatan dan kelayakan usahatani bawang merah varietas lembah palu di Desa Guntarano Kecamatan Tanantovea Kabupaten Donggala. Penelitian ini di laksanakan pada bulan juli sampai bulan september 2019. Penentuan responden dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sampel acak sederhana (simple random sampling), dengan jumlah sampel 30 responden petani bawang merah varietas lembah palu. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis kualitatif dan analisis kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pendapatan petani bawang merah varietas lembah palu rata-rata luas lahan petani responden adalah 0,5/ha dari luas lahan di peroleh rata-rata produksi bawang merah varietas lembah palu  1.605 kg dengan rata-rata harga jual Rp 30.000/kg, maka diperoleh rata-rata penerimaan sebesar Rp. 48.164.516/0,50 ha atau senilai Rp. 96.329.032/ha. Rata-rata biaya produksi Rp. 24.462.546/0,50 ha atau 48.925.092/ha, sehingga rata-rata pendapatan usahatani bawang merah varietas lembah palu yang di peroleh petani responden di Desa Guntarano sebesar Rp. 23.701.970/0,50 atau senilai Rp 47.403.940/ha. Nilai R/C adalah 1,96 (> 1) yang menunjukkan bahwa petani bawang merah varietas lembah palu layak untuk diusahakan.
Exploring the motivation and obstacles of the first entrant firm in the recycling industry
Authors: Avdullahi Ajtene , Shala Behxhet
Published: August 2023

By reviewing the existing literature, this paper aims to investigate linear economy and recycling as a necessary component of a circular economy in a transition economy such as the Kosovo case. Initially, the paper investigates the legal framework for the environment, waste management, recycling industry, circular economy, and green entrepreneurship in Kosovo. This paper is a qualitative research based on a single case study approach aiming to investigate the motivations and obstacles of the first Kosovan entrant firm in the recycling industry, as well as the variety of the products and future plans. The research reveals that the company has implemented a plastic waste recycling initiative, utilizing it for the manufacturing of plastic products. This strategic move aims to minimize costs in comparison to relying solely on imported plastic raw materials. Furthermore, the company’s shift towards recycling has significant positive implications for the environment. Among the main obstacles that the company encountered were the lack of adequate and experienced staff in this industry, as well as equipment, but it also mentions power outages as quite harmful for equipment and production. Finally, the conclusions and policy implications are drawn, the research paper limitations are presented and the gaps for further studies are identified
Estimating effects of nominal exchange rates and oil price shocks in the presence of structural breaks
Authors: Umoru David , Effiong Solomon Edem , Ugbaka Malachy Ashywel , Umar Salisu Shehu , Ihensekhien Orobosa Abraham , Ovenseri-Ogbomo Friday Osaru , Eyam Nkang Enighe , Omini Ubi Ubi , Tizhe Anna Nuhu , Hussaini Rafat
Published: August 2023

Macroeconomic stability is an objective emerging economy desired to achieve but oil price shocks and fluctuations in nominal exchange rates tend to restrain the ability of these economies to achieve such macroeconomic balance. Regrettably, exchange rates and oil price shocks are prone to have structural breaks in defined periods. We therefore, implemented a bivariate diagonal BEKK model, Zivot-Andrews and Bai-Perron breakpoint tests to evaluate the effect of exchange rates and oil price shocks in the presence of structural breaks on macroeconomic stability in developing countries. Break dates were observed for Benin Republic and Côte d’Ivoire between 1997M01 and 1996M09, Gambia in 2003M12, Niger in 2011M04, Ghana in 2000 and 2008, and Nigeria in 2020. All break dates were attributed to various causes including COVID-19 pandemic, the United States (US) invasion of Iraq in 2003, the US recession, and the Persian Gulf crisis. The findings showed variations in oil prices and exchange rates have a hostile impact on the level of the consumer price index (CPI) after controlling for structural breaks for all countries excluding Burkina Faso. Hence, shocks conveyed significant instability in the domestic price levels of Gambia, Benin, Niger, Ghana, and Nigeria. Models of inflation should be examined after controlling for external crises and structural breaks.
Controversias en radioterapia adyuvante en cáncer de próstata localizado
Authors: Ricagni-Zabalveytia Leandro , Rivero Fuentes Milexys , Lorenzo-Gutiérrez Federico , Martínez Levin , Krygier-Waltier Gabriel David , Quartenti Aldo
Published: August 2023

La elección del momento más adecuado para realizar radioterapia en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata es controversial ya que puede ser realizada inmediatamente posterior a la prostatectomía o como tratamiento de rescate ante una recaída. En este artículo, se realiza una búsqueda del tema, se seleccionan los ensayos clínicos con mayor evidenciay se analizan los resultados. Si bien existe beneficio en la radioterapia adyuvante, este resultado no se encuentra en todos los pacientes y sí se asocia a mayor toxicidad genitourinaria tardía, por lo tanto, la clave está en la selección del tratamiento según el paciente específico.
Dislexia en la etapa universitaria: una mirada desde la lingüística clínica
Authors: Serna Pinto María Alicia
Published: August 2023

El objetivo de esta comunicación es reflexionar, desde la lingüística clínica, en torno a cómo los estudiantes con dislexia han afrontado los retos y dificultades que implica la lectura de textos científicos y académicos durante la formación universitaria. La lectura en la universidad tiene un mayor nivel de complejidad, se caracteriza por el uso del discurso referido, por el dominio de los géneros discursivos propios de cada área del saber y por el uso de un léxico especializado. A través del análisis de experiencias de profesionales con dislexia y de las consideraciones de investigadores sobre el tema, se concluye que es necesario promover ejercicios de investigación interdisciplinar con el objetivo de ayudar al estudiante disléxico a superar los retos de la educación universitaria.
Temporal variations in fine roots, litterfall and soil respiration in a secondary tropical forest of Pahang, West Malaysia.
Authors: Vijayanathan Jeyanny , AHMED OSUMANU HARUNA , Lias Muhammad , Rawichandran Darshini , Ismail Norhisyam
Published: August 2023

Plant fine roots C dynamics are often overlooked in terrestrial
ecosystem carbon cycle. Fine root production (FrP) is influenced by root
decompositions (Frd), necromass (FrN),root biomass (FrB), fine root
turnover (FrT) and soil respiration (Rs). Indirect factors such standing
litterfall (Lf) and climate (c) also influence FrP. The objectives of
the study was to determine how fine root dynamics differ with time (i),
the effects of litterfall and soil respirations on fine root dynamics
(ii) and finally to assess the effects of climate on fine root dynamics,
litterfall and soil respiration. Sequential soil core sampling and the
root bag technique were used in a tropical forest at 120 days intervals
for two years at Jengka, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. The continuous
inflow method was used to estimate FrP, FrN, and Frd. Litterfall was
estimated using litter traps and Rs using an automated soil CO2 flux
system concurrently with root data collection. The litter and fine root
stocks were 3.34 and 0.98 Mg C ha-1, respectively. The annual
decomposition decay constant (k) was -0.6168 year-1. Fine root dynamics
(Frb, Frd, FrN,) differed temporally. Lf correlated with Rs and Frb.
Correlations with mean temperatures was recorded for Frd Frb, FrN, and
Frd. Total FrP, FrN, Frd, and FrT ranged between 627.80 –791.05 g m-2
yr-1; 854.10 – 704.80 g m-2 yr-1; 585.22 – 511.89 g m-2 yr-1; 0.71 t
year-1, respectively. Our results support that temporal estimation of
Frb, Frd, Lf, FrN and Rs are needed for understanding belowground carbon
allocations.
Recent Advances in the Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Jin Yuqing , Yuan Hang , Liu Yafang , Wang Yan , Liang Xiaoyi , Gao Wei , Ji Xinying , Wu Dongdong
Published: August 2023

When histiocyte are ischemic for a certain time and blood supply is
suddenly restored, the pathological condition of rapidly aggravated
tissue damage is called ischemia reperfusion injury, which is mainly
caused by a large amount of Ca2+ influx and oxygen free radicals
attacking ischemic histiocyte. Ischemia reperfusion injury can increase
the incidence rate and mortality of some diseases, such as acute
myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute renal injury, intestinal
obstruction, hyperkalemia and multiple organ failure, and it also brings
great challenges to surgery such as organ transplantation. However, the
current treatment methods for ischemia-reperfusion are still very
limited. Fortunately, increasing evidence suggests that reasonable
concentrations of hydrogen sulfide may play a powerful organ protective
role in ischemia-reperfusion injury, mainly through mechanisms such as
anti apoptotic, antioxidant, stress reduction, regulation of autophagy,
and inhibition of inflammation. Therefore, hydrogen sulfide has profound
clinical conversion prospects in the treatment of I/R injury. This
article systematically summarizes the generation and physiological
effects of endogenous hydrogen sulfide, as well as its protective
mechanisms in different systems such as the heart, brain, kidney, liver,
retina, and testes. In addition, the clinical transformation prospects
and current challenges of hydrogen sulfide in ischemia-reperfusion
injury were discussed.
Quantitative proteomics analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals PROS1, CLU, and LRG1 as potential novel prognostic protein biomarkers
Authors: Le Kehao , Sun HaiLi , Li FeiBo , Xu NiZhen , Wang JianBiao
Published: August 2023

Background:Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common
type of thyroid cancer. The primary challenge is identifying patient
subgroups with PTC and choosing the most effective treatment approach.
Results: To explore the differently expressed proteins (DEPs)
between high and low recurrent-risk PTCs, we collected 15 tissues
comprising high (n=7) and low (n=8) recurrent-risk groups from PTC. The
samples were detected by tandem mass tag labeling proteomics. Using TCGA
(The Cancer Genome Atlas) data on thyroid cancer, prognosis-related DEPs
were identified. Furthermore, an immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain of 53
cases of PTC tumors was adopted to validate the relation of potential
biomarkers with prognosis. We identified 8,958 proteins from the 15
samples, with 95 DEPs obtained by comparing high and low-recurrent-risk
groups, including 38 up-regulated and 57 down-regulated proteins. Three
down-regulated proteins [Protein S (PROS1), Clusterin (CLU), and
Leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1)] were found to be significantly
associated with poor overall survival in thyroid cancer using
differential analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. IHC results
showed low or moderated expressions of PROS1, CLU, and LRG1 were
significantly associated with high-risk clinicopathologic
characteristics of PTC. PTC patients with higher expression of PROS1,
CLU, and LRG1 had better progression-free survival than those with low
or moderate expression. Conclusions: Our study identified
PROS1, CLU, and LRG1 as novel prognostic biomarkers in PTC.
Dynamics behavior of a novel infectious disease model considering population mobility on complex network
Authors: Qin Yuyan , Yang Lixin , Gu Ziyu
Published: August 2023

To describe the impact of population mobility between different cities
on the spread of infectious disease, a new infectious disease complex
dynamical model is proposed. Moreover, we obtain the basic regeneration
number of the model based on applied spectral analysis. And the
disease-free equilibrium points and local equilibrium points of the
model are discussed, and it is found that two kind equilibrium points
are globally asymptotically stable. In addition, the final scale of the
presented model is analyzed and an expression for the final scale is
obtained. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of population mobility on
the spread of infectious diseases via numerical simulations. Our results
reveal that the increase of population mobility between two cities leads
to more intense disease transmission. Finally, the influence of media
effects on the spread of infectious diseases is investigated. It is
shown that the spread of diseases is suppressed because of the increase
of individual’s self-isolation rate. Therefore, controlling the
population mobility is an effective initiative to curb outbreaks of
infectious diseases throughout the network. These results can provide a
theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the spreading of
infectious diseases.
Effects of High-Carbon-Based Fertilizer on Rhizosphere Soil Nitrogen Utilization in Tobacco-Rice Rotation System
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Li Xiaolong , Fang Ming , Yang Mengquan , Wu Wenxin , Li Sijun , Li Yan , Wang Yi , Fu Jia , Liu Guoshun , Yin Quanyu
Published: August 2023

China’s low nitrogen fertilizer use raises agricultural prices and
environmental dangers. High-carbon fertilizer with biochar could help
sequester carbon. High-carbon fertilizer was tested on roasted tobacco
cultivation in Chenzhou. No-nitrogen fertilizer treatment assessed
nitrogen consumption and economic benefits. Fertilizer-only and cake
fertilizer treatments, substituting 13% and 26% of nitrogen with high
carbon-based fertilizer, yielded the following results: Replacing 13%
of N fertilizer with high-carbon fertilizer increased dry matter
accumulation, utilization, agronomic efficiency, application efficiency,
and production and investment ratios to 493.97 g-plant-1, 32.39%,
137.43 kg-kg-1, 65168.31 yuan-hm-2, and 8.97 yuan-yuan-1. 484.46
g-plant-1, 34.46%, 148.37 kg-kg-1, 72408.74 yuan-hm-2, and 8.04
yuan-yuan-1 at 26% replacement. High-carbon fertilizer boosted tobacco
N fertilizer consumption and economic efficiency more than cake
fertilizer. The 26% ratio of chemical fertilizer to organic fertilizer
improved tobacco plant growth by improving nitrogen utilization. Using
only chemical fertilizer nitrogen, roasted tobacco’s nitrogen
distribution was 26%, 27%, 23%, and 24% in roots, stems, leaves, and
flowers. Partial replacement with cake or high-carbon fertilizer boosted
nitrogen distribution in roasted tobacco stems from 25% to 30%,
slightly reducing in roots and leaves. The Chenzhou tobacco-rice
rotation system optimizes nitrogen consumption and economic efficiency
in roasted tobacco cultivation with high-carbon fertilizer. It
outperforms cake fertilizer. A 26% ratio of organic nitrogen to
chemical fertilizer outperforms a 13% ratio.
How and why species are rare: Towards an understanding of the ecological causes of rarity
Authors: Crisfield Varina , Blanchet F. Guillaume , Raudsepp-Hearne Ciara , Gravel Dominique
Published: August 2023

The three-dimensional rarity typology proposed by Rabinowitz in 1981,
based on geographic range, habitat specificity, and local abundance, is
among the most widely used frameworks for describing rarity in
ecological and conservation research. While this framework is
descriptive and is not meant to explain the causes of rarity, recent
advances in ecology may be leveraged to add explanatory power. We
propose a modification of Rabinowitz’s typology to better distinguish
between the dimensions of rarity and the ecological processes that drive
them, and explore the conservation implications of our modified
framework. We suggest replacing habitat specificity with occupancy (the
proportion of occupied sites within a species’ range), yielding a
modified classification based on range size, occupancy, and local
abundance. Habitat specificity remains embedded in our framework, but as
a driver of rarity rather than a rarity axis. Under our framework,
habitat specialists are no longer considered rare if they are widespread
and abundant; we argue that this modification more accurately identifies
truly rare species, as habitat specialists may be common if their
habitat is abundant. Finally, we draw on the functional and theoretical
literature to identify the key processes and associated traits that
drive each rarity axis. In this respect, we identify four processes
(environmental filtering, movement, demography, and interactions), and
hypothesise that range size and occupancy are primarily driven by
environmental filtering and movement, whereas local abundance is more
strongly influenced by demography and interactions. We further use
ecological theory to hypothesise the conservation concerns associated
with each rarity axis, and propose conservation measures that may be
suitable for conserving different types of rare species. Our work may
provide a basis for developing hypotheses about the causes of rarity of
particular focal taxa or groups, and inform the development of targeted
conservation strategies.
Environmental DNA from lake water is effective at detecting elusive geese and other waterfowl species
Authors: Honka Johanna , Kvist Laura , Olli Suvi , Laaksonen Toni , Aspi Jouni
Published: August 2023

For many aquatic and semiaquatic mammal, amphibian and fish species,
environmental DNA (eDNA) methods are employed to detect species
distribution and to monitor their presence, but eDNA is much less
employed for avian species. Here, we developed primers for the detection
of true geese and swan species using eDNA and optimized a PCR protocol
for eDNA. We selected taiga bean goose (Anser fabalis fabalis) as
our focal (sub)species and sampled water from lakes, from which the
presence of taiga bean goose was visually confirmed. We filtered the
lake water and extracted eDNA. We also included field negative controls
(sterile water) which were handled similarly as eDNA samples to control
sterility of equipment. For testing if taiga bean goose DNA could be
detected among DNA of other goose species, we similarly sampled eDNA
from a zoo pond housing several Anatidae species. We were able to detect
taiga bean goose DNA in all but one of the tested lakes, including the
zoo pond. The primers developed are not species-specific, but rather
specific for the genus Anser, due to close relatedness of Anser
species. We also developed eDNA primers for Branta-species and
Cygnus-species and tested these primers using the same samples.
Canada goose (B. canadensis) and barnacle goose (B.
leucopsis) DNA were only detected in the zoo pond (in which they were
present), as the sampled natural lakes fall outside the range of these
species. We detected whooper swan (C. cygnus) DNA in three lakes
and the zoo pond (in which the species was present). The eDNA method
presented here provides a potential means to monitor elusive goose
species and to study the co-occurrence of large waterfowl.
Temporal evolution of solute dispersion in three-dimensional porous rocks
Authors: Puyguiraud Alexandre , Gouze Philippe , Dentz Marco
Published: August 2023

We study the temporal evolution of solute dispersion in
three-dimensional porous rocks of different heterogeneity and pore
structure. To this end, we perform direct numerical simulations of
pore-scale flow and transport in a sand-like medium, which exhibits mild
heterogeneity, and a Berea sandstone, which is characterized by strong
heterogeneity as measured by the variance of the logarithm of the flow
velocity. Solute dispersion is quantified by effective and ensemble
dispersion coefficients. The former is a measure for the typical width
of the plume, the latter for the deformation, that is, the spread of the
mixing front. Both dispersion coefficients evolve from the molecular
diffusion coefficients toward a common finite asymptotic value. Their
evolution is governed by the interplay between diffusion, pore-scale
velocity fluctuations and the medium structure, which determine the
characteristic diffusion and advection time scales. Dispersion in the
sand-like medium evolves on the transverse diffusion time across a
characteristic streamtube diameter, which is the mechanism by which
pore-scale flow variability is sampled by the solute. Dispersion in the
Berea sandstone in contrast is governed by both the diffusion time
across a typical streamtube, and the diffusion time along a pore
conduit. These insights shed light on the evolution of mixing fronts in
porous rocks, with implications for the understanding and modeling of
transport phenomena of microbes and reactive solutes in porous media.
Urban garden as a water reservoir in an urban area – a literature review
Authors: Setiawan Wawan , Gawryszewska Beata
Published: August 2023

The aim of the presented work was to show that contemporary researchers recognize the potential of urban gardening in improving urban retention, and that the contemporary scientific literature mentions specific problems-indicators of retention that can be useful for developing guidelines for authorities and gardeners on the management and development of urban gardens, such as allotments and community gardens, considering their role as a retention tool. In this study, a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed scientific articles from popular scientific databases such as Web of Sciences, Science Direct, Springer and MDPI was performed, which was, besides literature analysis, the main method of research. Definitions of urban garden retention indicators were developed, which are: rainwater/stormwater infrastructure (collecting rainwater water – special infrastructure); watering systems (system for providing water strait to plants); planting type (garden plants: flowers, vegetables, fruits, herbs on beds – no turf: lawn or turf with dicotyledonous plants). The most frequent groups of indicators in the articles were also identified. The study also analyzed the distribution of surveyed articles between continents, noting the overrepresentation of articles from North America and the absence of articles from South America.
Lexical factors in the allocation of unique morphemes
Authors: Ratsiburskaya Larisa
Published: August 2023

The article characterizes the lexical factors influencing the allocation of
unique morphemes (affixal and root morphemes), such as the lexical
semantics of the word, its belonging to the active or passive language
stock, the scope of its use and the stylistic colouring of the word.
CSR Restatements: Mischief or Mistake?
Authors: Bachmann Rebecca L. , Spiropoulos Helen
Published: August 2023

Using a sample of Australian Securities Exchange Ltd. (ASX) 500 firms over the 2004–2020 period, we find that contracting on corporate social responsibility (CSR) increases the likelihood of CSR restatements and that these restatements are biased toward showing improvements in CSR performance for the current period. This is especially the case when firms contract on social CSR performance measures. We also find that CEOs’ short-term incentive compensation is significantly greater when restatements result in improved comparative performance, but only for firms that contract on CSR. Overall, our results suggest that contracting on CSR is another explanation for the increasing prevalence of CSR restatements and that standard setters should address metrics and measures when formulating policies with respect to CSR reporting.

Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.

JEL Classifications: M12; M14; M52.
Residual β-Cell Function Is Associated With Longer Time in Range in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Fuhri Snethlage Coco M. , McDonald Timothy J. , Oram Richard D. , de Groen Pleun , Rampanelli Elena , Schimmel Alinda W.M. , Holleman Frits , Siegelaar Sarah , Hoekstra Joost , Brouwer Catherine B. , Knop Filip K. , Verchere C. Bruce , van Raalte Daniël H. , Roep Bart O. , Nieuwdorp Max , Hanssen Nordin M.J.
Published: August 2023

OBJECTIVE

Little is known about the influence of residual islet function on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated the associations between residual β-cell function and metrics of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in individuals with T1D.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional cohort comprising 489 individuals (64% female, age 41.0 ± 14.0 years), T1D duration was 15.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 6.0–29.0) years. Individuals had a time in range (TIR) of 66% (IQR 52–80%) and a urinary C-peptide-to-creatinine ratio (UCPCR) of 0.01 (IQR 0.00–0.41) nmol/mmol. To assess β-cell function, we measured UCPCR (detectable >0.01 nmol/mmol), and to assess α-cell function, fasting plasma glucagon/glucose ratios were measured. CGM was used to record TIR (3.9–10 mmol/L), time below range (TBR) (<3.9 mmol/L), time above range (TAR) (>10 mmol/L), and glucose coefficient of variance (CV). For CGM, 74.7% used FreeStyle Libre 2, 13.8% Medtronic Guardian, and 11.5% Dexcom G6 as their device.

RESULTS

The percentage of patients with T1D who had a detectable UCPCR was 49.4%. A higher UCPCR correlated with higher TIR (r = 0.330, P < 0.05), lower TBR (r = −0.237, P < 0.05), lower TAR (r = −0.302, P < 0.05), and lower glucose CV (r = −0.356, P < 0.05). A higher UCPCR correlated negatively with HbA1c levels (r = −0.183, P < 0.05) and total daily insulin dose (r = −0.183, P < 0.05). Glucagon/glucose ratios correlated with longer TIR (r = 0.234, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Significantly longer TIR, shorter TBR and TAR, and lower CV were observed in individuals with greater UCPCR-assessed β-cell function. Therefore, better CGM-derived metrics in individuals with preserved β-cell function may be a contributor to a lower risk of developing long-term complications.
The concept of a prosperous and safe childhood: the essence, problems, recommendations for parents
Authors: Поздеева Светлана Ивановна , Дроздецкая Ирина Александровна
Published: August 2023

Делается сопоставительный анализ двух методологических подходов к пониманию детства: детство как подготовка к взрослой жизни и детство как уникальный и самоценный этап. Выделены первопричины появления каждого из подходов, доказано, что реализация первого ведет к тотальному авторитаризму во взаимодействии взрослых и детей. Обосновывается необходимость второго подхода как теоретической основы благополучного и безопасного детства, которое можно трактовать как субъектное и «вовлеченное» детство. Ставится проблема соотношения самостоятельности и активности ребенка с необходимостью взрослого защищать его и ограждать от любой опасности. Сформулированы методические рекомендации для родителей по реализации концепции благополучия как соорганизации автономности и безопасности в жизнедеятельности детей. Они касаются аспектов осознанного и ответственного выбора, организации самостоятельных действий детей, реализации дозированной помощи и эффективной обратной связи.

A comparative analysis of two methodological approaches to understanding childhood is made: childhood as a preparation for adulthood and childhood as a unique and self-valuable stage in a person’s life. The root causes of the appearance of each of the approaches are highlighted, it is proved that the implementation of the first approach leads to total authoritarianism in the interaction of adults and children. The necessity of the second approach as a theoretical basis for a prosperous and safe childhood, which can be interpreted as a subjective and “involved childhood”, is substantiated. The main task of an adult is to involve a child in different types of activity and create the most saturated educational environment for his development. The problem of the correlation of independence and activity of the child with the need of an adult to protect guard against any danger is set. Methodological recommendations for parents of preschoolers and primary school children are formulated. These recommendations relate to aspects of conscious and responsible choice, the organization of independent actions of children, including when doing homework on a textbook, the implementation of dosed assistance and effective feedback from parents to children. The conclusion is made about the need to move from pedagogy stimulating to adulthood development to pedagogy that simultaneously enriches the development of the child and preserves the specifics of childhood, from total authoritarianism to the reversed and open joint action of an adult and a child both in the family and in an educational organization.