bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Biochemistry of Human Semen
Authors: LUNDQUIST FRANK
Published: December 2008

Some practical and theoretical objections against the viscosimetric assay of hyaluronidase as generally employed have been advanced.

 A simplified method for the preparation of hyaluronate from vitreous humor, synovial fluid and umbilical cords has been worked out and some properties of the preparations determined.

 A method for the assay of hyaluronidase using viscosity measurements has been worked out based on the demonstration that the enzymatic depolymerisation follows a monomolecular reaction scheme. The reaction constant under specified conditions is used as a measure of hyaluronidase activity.

 The feasibility of defining an international unit of hyaluronidase based on measurement of the reaction constant is discussed.
The Occurrence of Citric Acid in the Shell Substance of Eggs of Chickens, Ducks, and Geese
Authors: THUNBERG T.
Published: December 2008

The author has investigated the percentual Ci‐content of shells from chicken, duck, and goose eggs. The citric acid analyses have been carried out according to the method of Hunter and Leloir. The experimental material was composed of 30 chicken eggs, 6 duck eggs, and 6 goose eggs. The average Ci‐content in some‐what rounded figures of chicken eggs was found to be 1.5 mg. per g., of duck eggs 0.4 mg., and of goose eggs 0.3 mg., or expressed in p. p. m., 1,500, 400, and 300. A negative correlation seems to exist between the weight of the egg and the Ci‐content of the egg shell. The author stresses the practical importance of knowledge of the factors influencing the Ci‐content of the shell.
Selective Adaptation and the Off/on‐ratio of the Retinal On/off‐elements
Authors: GERNANDT BO
Published: December 2008

The threshold of retinal on/off‐elements, isolated by the micro‐electrode technique in the cat retina, have been determined for three wave‐lengths as test light, a red, a green and a blue, before and after adaptation to one of three adapting lights, Ilford spectral green, blue or red.

Statistical threshold correlations were calculated. Blue and red as well as blue and green proved to be independent for on‐ and off‐component, but there was a negative correlation of ‐0.46 between Green on‐components and Red off‐components, signifying that a certain number of the elements, responding best to green at onset could not respond to red at cessation of illumination, as would be required by a mechanism of contrast.

Adaptation with the three adapting colours was found to give a number of highly selective and extremely variable effects in terms of the three test lights.

The amount of depression, caused by coloured adaptation, was found to depend on the off/on‐ratio in such a fashion that the on‐sensitive elements tended to loose sensitivity at ‘on’, the off‐sensitive at ‘off’.

For some elements the off/on‐ratio was found to increase towards the two ends of the spectrum.
The Origin in the CNS of Gastric Secretory Impulses Induced by Hypoglycemia
Authors: JÖGI PRITS , STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

The gastric secretory response to hypoglycemia produced by insulin remains after decortication. After decerebration the secretory response disappears in most animals. In a few animals a reduced and delayed response remains.
Effect of Sulfa Preparations and Methyl Thiouracil on the Urinary Output of Vitamin C in the Rat
Authors: KINNUNEN OLAVI
Published: December 2008

Sulfa preparations and methyl thiouracil deplete the stores of vitamin C in the organism. In prolonged use and in large doses they cause a lack of vitamin C which can be ascertained at least in laboratory experiments. Hence it is recommendable that vitamin C be administered in connection with the sulfa therapy especially as infectious cases themselves already cause an increased consumption of the vitamin.
Efferent Nervous Pathways Involved in Cutaneous Vasodilatation Induced by Activation of Hypothalamic Heat Loss Mechanisms
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

In the cat and dog cutaneous vasodilator responses induced by activation of hypothalamic heat loss mechanisms are completely abolished by sympathectomy.

No evidence was obtained to indicate the participation of dorsal root dilator fibres in centrally induced cutaneous vasodilatation.
The Strong Histaminolytic Activity of Lymph and its Bearing on the Distribution of Histamine between Lymph and Plasma in Dogs
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , KAHLSON GEORG , WICKSELL FINN
Published: December 2008

In anaesthetised dogs the histamine‐destroying activity of lymph and plasma and the distribution of histamine between lymph and plasma under various conditions were determined with the following results.

 The lymph is very potent in destroying histamine. In vitro the histaminolytic activity of lymph is on the average > 30 times greater than of plasma. In vivo intralymphatically administered histamine is inactivated at a very high rate.

 Lymph normally does not contain histamine in detectable quantities. The histamine concentration of plasma can be raised to very high levels by histamine injections and by histamine liberators without the appearance of the slightest trace of excess histamine in the lymph.
The Rate. of Lactate Utilization in Man During Work and at Rest
Authors: RÄMMAL KALJULA , STRÖM GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The fall in blood lactate concentration during “recovery” from prolonged, moderately hard muscular work was studied in two subjects, working on a bicycle ergometer. The rate of lactate utilization during “recovery” was found to be greater during light muscular Work than at rest. Lactate utilization at rest was found to be faster after prolonged than after short muscular work.
“Adaptation Factor's” to Weak Legit‐ Adaptation of Isolated Retinal Elements
Authors: GERNANDT BO
Published: December 2008

Isolated elements in the fully‐dark‐adapted cat's retina have been subjected to modest light‐adaptation of about 8 metres candles for 10 min. and the drop in threshold measured for a red, a green and a blue monochromatic test light.

An ‘adaptation factor’ was calculated for each test light and element to show how many times the threshold had changed as a consequence of the adaptation.

These adaptation factors varied over a range of about 1–600, in terms of multiples of threshold, both for the different test colours as well as from element to element.

The variation with the test colour demonstrates that the modest light‐adaptation used had a differential effect with respect to colour. If visual purple alone were involved this substance must therefore exist in other states of probability than the one determined by the standard absorption measured in extracts from dark‐adapted eyes.

The effect of light adaptation on the off/on‐ratio shows that the elements also become differently balanced under the influence of light.
Impulses from a Cutaneous Receptor with Slow Adaptation and Low Mechanical Threshold
Authors: FRANKENGAEUSER B.
Published: December 2008

It was found that a pressure applied to the distribution area of the surd nerve (rabbit) elicited a slowly adapting response. The adaptation time was about five minutes. Pacinian corpuscles were excluded. The end organs responsible for this discharge were localized within 0.2 mn. Their mechanical threshold remained below 200 mgr. The discharge from a sinzle receptor followed the all or none law. So after discharge was obtained. Four to eight receptors were found per cm2skin.
The Effect of Illumination upon the Sensitivity of Isolated Retinal Elements to Polarization
Authors: DONNER K. O. , GRANIT RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Polarizing electrodes were placed in the nasal and temporal corners of the eye of the dark‐adapted decelerated cat and the threshold discharge of retinal elements to polarization and illumination was measured by studying the spikes isolated by a micro‐electrode in the eye.

In certain types of element the threshold to polarization rose when the eye was illuminated at 1,000 times threshold strength, in others not.

Some elements that in the dark had a lower threshold for anodal currents beanie more sensitive to the cathode during illumination and, vice rersa, some elements with lower thresholds to cathodal stimulatin became more sensitive to anodal stimulation during illumination.

After illumination the polarization thresholds often returned to normal before the thresholds to illumination did so.
The Effect of Silurian (Mersttlyl) on the Osmotic Pressure of the Blood
Authors: EDLUND T. , LINDERHOLM H.
Published: December 2008

Determinations of the total osmotic pressure of rabbit blood plasma after treatment with sailorman showed that the drug was without effect in this respect during the hours immediately following administration. The action of salyrganl on absorption from joints, found by the authors in an equivalent material, cannot, therefore, be due to a rise in the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Influence of two different Fats on reproduction Capacity of Vitamin E Deficient Rats
Authors: DAM HENRIK , GRANADOS HUMBERTO , PRANGE INGE
Published: December 2008

The influence of two different fats, viz., cod liver oil and lard, on the reproduction capacity of vitamin E deficient rats has been studied. Six groups of rats, kept for 10 weeks since weaning on the experimental rations prior to mating, were fed six purified diets, the differences among them being as follows: group 1, — E — fat; group 2, + E — fat; group 3, — E + 20 % cod liver oil; group 4, + E + 20 % cod liver oil; group 5, — E + 20 % lard, and group 6, + E + 20 % lard.

Groups 1 and 2 exhibited the poorest reproduction records, probably as a complication of the rigid exclusion of dietary fat, which produced in these animals a lower caloric intake and a deficiency of essential fatty acids.

The reproduction performance of the animals which were fed the vitamin E deficient diet containing cod liver oil (group 3) was significantly poorer than that of the animals which were fed lard (group 5). This shows once more that qualitative differences in dietary fats may greatly influence the sterility symptom in vitamin E deficient rats.

Furthermore, the reproduction record of the animals fed high amounts of vitamin E (20 mg per cent of tocopherol acetate) plus cod liver oil (group 4) wax affected to a larger extent than that of rats fed lard (group 6). This shows that two different fats may influence to varying degrees the requirement of vitamin E for reproduction.

A correlation of the changes found in the adipose tissue with the reproduction performance of the various groups, points to a causal relation common for both symptoms (peroxidation and coloration of adipose tissue, and sterility): peroxidation of certain highly unsaturated fatty acids in the absence of the antioxidant effect of vitamin E.
The Influence of Skin Temperature on the Number of Reacting Cold Spots
Authors: BING H. I. , SKOUBY A. P.
Published: December 2008

The number of reacting cold spots within a given area of the skin increases with the skin temperature. In one series of experiments the number found increased from 17–93 spots with a rise in temperature of the skin from 35 to 33° C. This is due hath to increased excitability of spots from which a reaction can be elicited at lower temperatures and to a reaction from spots in areas from which it is possible to induce reaction at high temperatures only.

Heating of the single cold spot to 30°‐40° C does not affect its excitability. The increased excitability requires a change in the temperature in larger areas of the skin or the underlying tissues. The mechanism of the change in the mode of reaction is discussed.
A Note on an Inhibitory Reflex from the Nose on the Rabbit
Authors: FRANKENHAEUSER B. , LUNDERVOLD ARNE
Published: December 2008

Ether and smoke hare an inhibitory influence on “spontaneous motor activity” in rabbits in urethane narcosis. The inhibition is due to a reflex elicited in the nose. Adaptation takes place to successive doses of ether. The first inhibited units are the last to reappear after ether.
The Effect of l‐Noradrenalin and Ergotamine on the Oxygen Consumption of Guinea‐Pigs
Authors: LUNDROLM LENNART
Published: December 2008

The effects of l‐noradrenalin and crgotamine on the oxygen consumption have been studied in guinea‐pigs. The drugs had been supplied in the form of subcutaneous and intrainuscular injections, respectively.

It was found that 20 γ/kg l‐noradrenalin raised the oxygen consumption to at most 116 per cent. of the basal value, but that the effect had ceased after 40 minutes; that 100 γ/kg caused a niaximal rise of the consumption to 125 per cent., and that the effect still persisted after the lapse of 70 minutes.

The ratio between the dosages of l‐noradrenalin and l‐adrenalin which have an equally marked effect on the oxygen consumption has been estimated at 5:1.

It was found that ergotamine inhibited the effect of l‐nor‐adrenalin on the oxygen consumption; but that a considerably larger dosage of ergotamine was requisite in order to inhibit the effect of l‐noradrenalin than the corresponding dosage required in the case of l‐adrenalin.

The effect of ergotamine on the nietabolisni was found to vary with the dosage. Thus, 20 γ/kg had in the main a slightly stimulating effect: the oxygen consuniption rose on an average to 105.2 per cent. of the basal value 10–100 minutes after the injection; 800 γ/kg lowered the oxygen consumption to 96.1 % within the same time; 2 mg/kg at first lowered the oxygen consumption, but this was afterwards followed by a stimulative effect, the result being that the oxygen consumption rose to 140.3% in the course of 40–190 minutes after the injection.
The Theory for Elastic Liquid‐Containing Membrane Manometers. General Part.
Authors: HANSEN ANDERS TYBJÆRG , WARBURG ERIK
Published: December 2008

A new method for determining the above‐mentioned constants evolved by V. JOHANSEN and I. OSCAR NIELSEN has been published.

An exposition is given of the theory for oscillating systems of one degree of freedom known from physics.

Tables and curves are calculated showing the amplitude‐and phase‐distortion caused by recording instruments of different degrees of damping influenced by varying relative frequencies.

The relations between the degree of damping, the ratio of damping, the logarithmic decrement and the overshot have been calculated.

The consequences for the choice of recording instruments for given purposes have been outlined.

The consequences for the construction of suitable recording instruments have been pointed out.

Methods for determining the natural undamped frequency and the degree of damping from forced and free vibrations have been given.

The paper presents the general part of the theory for the elastic liquid‐containing membrane manometer.
The Theory for Elastic Liquid‐Containing Membrane Manometers. Special Part.
Authors: HANSEN ANDERS TYBJÆRG
Published: December 2008

The equation of motion of the elastic membrane manometer containing liquid has been deduced and reduced to the same form as that of a harmonic oscillator (oscillating system of one degree of freedom). The constants: mass‐ and damping constant are both expressed in full by the dimensions of the manometer and by the specific weight and coefficient of viscosity of the filling liquid. Frank's manometer theory has thus been extended, so that not only the undamped natural frequency but also the degree of damping for a manometer of the nature in question can be computed in advance, which is of decisive importance to the employment of the general vibration theory when dealing with practical problems of measuring. The justification of the necessary conditions and simplifications with which we have to reckon in deducing the equation of motion of the manometer is briefly discussed. With regard to the general theory applying to an oscillating system of one degree of freedom, reference is made to a previous publication (TYBJÆRG HANSEN and WARBURG, 1949).
Midbrain Activity in Response to Vestibular Stimulation.
Authors: GERNANDT BO
Published: December 2008

The electrical activity caused by stimulation of the receptors in the vestibular organ was recorded from isolated units in the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body.

The responses obtained showed that the discharge conducted through these regions mainly followed uncrossed tracts and that, in addition, a smaller portion passed along crossed pathways.

Thus, the experiments demonstrate that the vestibulo‐cortical intramesencepharic course of the pathways runs parallel with the acoustic fibres.

This work has been supported by a grant from “ADOLF ROBBERTS fond”.
The Effect on Growth and the Toxicity of the Two Isomers of Methionine
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J.
Published: December 2008

This paper reports the results of growth tests on young white rats on diets adequate in other respects but containing varying concentrations of L‐ and D‐methionine.

The following results were obtained:

The concentration required for maintenance of the body‐weight was 0.10 % L‐methionine and 0.12 % D‐methionine in the diet.

The effect of the D‐methionine on the growth was merely 76–84 per cent, of that of the L‐methionine.

Maximal growth was obtained at a concentration of 0.25–1% L‐methionine and of 0.5C–.2% D‐methionine in the diet. D‐methionine seems to be less toxic than L‐methionine. A toxic effect on the growth (stagnation in weight) resulted at a concentration of 3.5% L‐methionine and of 5.4% D‐methionine in the diet.

In default of methionine in the diet the animals had a poor appetite, which immediately improved on the addition of L‐ or D‐methionine. A maximal appetite was obtained with 0.125–1% L‐methionine or 0.125–4% D‐methionine. With higher concentrations a decrease in appetite would appear.
Acetylcholine Release at Parasympathetic Synapses
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , MUREN ANDERS
Published: December 2008

The submaxillary gland was perfused with eserinized plasma and the perfusate tested for acetylcholine on cat's blood pressure. Small amounts of acetylcholine could always be detected in the venous outflow; during stimulation of the chorda tympani there was an increase in acetylcholine content. When the perfusion fluid contained curare (Intocostrin 10‐4), stimulation of the chorda was also accompanied by an increase in acetylcholine content of the perfusate but only to about a third or a fourth of the value obtained on stimulation without curare. The average output of acetylcholine in ten experiments on cats (two minutes stimulation, 20 shocks/sec.) was 0.144 μg without and 0.050 μg with curare. It is suggested that the acetylcholine obtained in the latter case originated from the parasympathetic nerve endings in the submaxillary ganglion, since it is very unlikely that with this concentration of curare transmission occurs across the ganglion even in the presence of eserine. This assumption is further supported by pharmacological evidence and by the fact that the chorda tympani contains acetylcholine in relatively high concentration.

This work was originally planned in discussions with Professor F. C. MACINTOSH, when one of us (N.E.) had the advantage of working with him at the National Institute for Medical Kesearch in London. The authors are greatly indebted to him for these discussions and for his kindness in looking over the manuscript.

The investigation has been aided by a grant to one of us (N.E.) from the Swedish Medical Eesearch Council.
Experiments with Substances which Make Bakers Yeast Absorb Potassium
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L.
Published: December 2008

It is shown that a number of substances besides glucose and ethyl alcohol (see table II) are able to make starving yeast absorb potassium (40 substances were examined and 15 caused K absorption).

All these substances with two exceptions (mannose and fructose) either form or are ether‐ or toluenesoluble and more or less volatile acids.

Common to all the substances is their ability to make the oxygen consumption rise considerably.

There seems to be a pH regulation in yeast cells, so that the cells will lose potassium if pH of the cells rises too much.

The K absorption will in most cases be appropriate as organic acids are formed from naturally occurring substances and the extracellular low pH will make the acids free and the acids will be bound in the cells as only the free acids are easily permeating.

As to the mechanism of the K absorption the experiments give no information. But glycogen formation and acid formation during the absorption does not seem to be necessary, as it has been supposed.

A method is stated which makes it possible by toluene extraction in the author's extraction vessels, using WIDMARK'S principle of extraction to estimate the amount and nature of one of the lower fatty acids produced during an experiment. The amount is compared with changes of the amount of ethersoluble acids and volatile acids.

By this method it is shown that acetic acid is formed from ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde, propionic acid from propyl alcohol and propylaldehyde, and butyric acid from butyl alcohol. The acid formation from the aldehydes is slower than from the alcohols, possibly the aldehydes are toxic.

After addition of glucose one or more ether‐ and toluenesoluble acids are formed. After 15 minutes they have disappeared. The nature of the acids is discussed.
Isolation of Noradrenaline from Suprarenal Medulla
Authors: BERGSTRÖM S. , HAMBERG U.
Published: December 2008

Adrenaline and noradrenaline can be separated on a preparative scale with countercurrent extractions in a system of hydrochloric acid‐phenol.

Noradrenaline has been isolated and identified from cattle adrenals.
Blood Pyruvate and Ventilation in Heavy Work
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING
Published: December 2008

It was found that the pyruvate (and lactate) content of the blood during work could vary considerably without any resulting effect on the ventilation, and further that the injection of 40 mg of pyruvic acid into the veins of a dog weighing 12 kg had no effect on its ventilation. It is concluded that pyruvic acid is not the substance that during work in partly anaerobic conditions causes the increase in ventilation.
Recording of X‐ray Absorption by the Lungs with Changes in the Pulmonary Blood Contents
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJOSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

X‐ray absorption by the lungs has been recorded, by means of the electrokymograph constructed by ENGSTRÖM, KJELLBEEG, PERSSON and EUDHE, while altering the blood contents of the legs. It has been possible by this to record an increase in the amount of blood occurring in different parts of the lungs in direct connection with a sudden decrease of the blood in a part of the systemic circuit. By analogous recording of the electrokymo‐gram of the left ventricle, it has been possible to demonstrate directly the relationship between the pulmonary blood contents, and the volume and rate of filling of the left ventricle.

The described observations provide further support for the hypothesis that the lungs function as a blood depot which regulates the volume, rate of filling, and stroke volume of the left ventricle.
The Intravenous Galactose Tolerance Test and the Action of Dicumarol on the Liver
Authors: BOSTRÖM HARRY , GARDELL SVEN
Published: December 2008

Galactose tolerance tests were made with continuous intravenous infusion according to STENSTAM'S method. The normal curves and the pathological changes in connexion with the administration of alcohol are found to be in good agreement with those given by STENSTAM.

The method was used after the administration of dicumarol and showed normal values for otherwise healthy persons in:

7 cases of dicumarol medication for short time.

One case of acute dicumarol intoxication.

One case five years after extremely severe dicumarol intoxication.

Pathological values were obtained only in one case in which the patient had received dicumarol for a long period but in which hepatitis three months earlier complicated the evaluation of the case.

Thus, in similarity with the other liver function tests, tolerance tests with galactose show that the effect of dicumarol is extremely specific.
On the Lipotropic Action of Lipocaic
Authors: BRUUN PER , DAM HENRIK , SCHILLING KURT
Published: December 2008

Fatty livers were produced in albino rats by the procedure indicated by MCHENRY and coworkers. A casein level of 20% in the experimental diet given in the last week of the experiments instead of 10% was found to give a more marked and regular response of the lipotropic substances tested.

A supplement of 2% lipocaic prepared according to DBAGSTEDT was lipotropically active against this type of fatty liver. The effect cannot be due to choline.

A supplement of 2% AFL‐factor prepared according to CHAIKOFF was without any effect. The activity of lipocaic observed in our experiments is therefore not due to a proteolytic effect such as it was found by CHAIKOFF for the AFL‐factor in experiments with depancreatized dogs.

Lipocaic preparations were stable to refluxing at pH 5 or 7 for 1 hour; the effect was slightly diminished by refluxing at pH 9 for 1 hour.

A supplement of 0.25% inositol reduced the liver fat to the same degree as 2% lipocaic. An amount of inositol corresponding to that found in the lipocaic preparations did not seem to exert the full lipotropic effect of lipocaic. It is therefore probable that lipocaic contains an unknown substance, which exerts a lipotropic effect under the conditions of the experiment.

Experiments with other tissue extracts such as meat and liver extracts demonstrated that they also had some lipotropic effect, although less marked than lipocaic.
Action Potential Studies of Afferent Fibres in the IXth and Xth Cranial Nerves of the Frog
Authors: NEIL ERIC , STRÖM LENNART , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

The carotid bifurcation and carotid gland are the site of origin of stretch receptor fibres which join the glossopharyngeal nerve. These fibres behave in a manner similar to those of the carotid sinus nerve of mammals, as shown by their impulse activity under conditions of arterial distension.

The pulmo‐cutaneous trunk possesses stretch receptor fibres which join the laryngeal branch of the vagus. The possible function of these fibres is discussed.

The pulmonary branch of the vagus contains fibres which originate from stretch receptors in the lung tissue. Inflation of the lung causes an increasing discharge of such fibres. It is suggested that the development of this mechanism is related to the mode of respiration displayed by the frog.
Determination of the Blood Volume with an Iron‐Carbohydrate Complex and the Evans Blue Dye
Authors: PORAT BERTIL T. D.
Published: December 2008

An iron‐carbohydrate complex was shown to be suitable for the determination of plasma volume in vitro and in vivo tests.

Determination of the whole blood‐volume directly gave less satisfactory results.

The Evans blue method performed simultaneously gave somewhat lower values of the plasma volume and a smaller dispersion was obtained. This method is to be preferred.
Histochemical Evidence of Intense Phosphatase Activity in the Hypothalamic Magnocellular Nuclei of the Rat
Authors: ERÄNKÖ OLAVI
Published: December 2008

Sections of the rat brain were examined with histochemical phosphatase methods. The hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei (nucleus supraopticus, nucleus paraventricular^ and accessory supraoptic nuclei) were found to possess an intense phosphatase activity in both acid and alkaline medium. Positive histochemical reactions were obtained in these cerebral nuclei and in the choroid plexus after a short treatment in the substrate, when the other constituents of the brain were still phosphatase negative. The alkaline phosphatase was apparently located mostly in the capillaries and the acid phosphatase in the nerve cell nuclei and cytoplasm. This finding is taken to support the view that intense metabolic processes take place in these magnocellular nuclei.
Physiological Significance of Post‐Tetanic Potentiation of the Spinal Monosynaptic Reflex
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Experiments were made on anesthetized, decerebrate and spinal cats. The spinal cord (lumbar segments) was de‐efferented, and one leg totally denervated except for one muscle which was left intact and investigated.

1. After tetanization of the intact muscle nerve, its monosynaptic spinal reflex was potentiated (confirming LLOYD, 1949).

2. Intense afferent activity from a muscle, produced by repetitive stretch or tetanic contraction of long duration, was not followed by post‐tetanic potentiation of its monosynaptic test reflex of perceptible magnitude.

3. During post‐tetanic potentiation (a) the stretch reflex and “contraction reflex” were usually not altered, although sometimes the stretch reflex was moderately increased; (b) the afferent response to muscle stretch or contraction was not perceptibly decreased, except during a short period after the tetanus; (c) only the first few of the monosynaptic reflex responses to tetanic afferent stimulation were potentiated.

4. The experimental result indicates (a) that post‐tetanic potentiation follows only after high‐frequency afferent firing, difficult to produce by physiological stimulation; (b) that, when produced by afferent tetanic stimulation, post‐tetanic potentiation is not of great quantitative importance for reflexes elicited by asynchronous or repetitive afferent firing.
On the Influence of Stress by Cold on Dermal Spread.
Authors: LINDERHOLM HÅKAN
Published: December 2008

1. Evidence is assembled from the literature sustaining the view that various stimuli (stressor agents) which produce the general adaptation syndrome (Selye) also inhibit the dermal spread of dyes both in the presence and absence of hyaluronidase.

2. The dermal spread of a hemoglobin solution was inhibited in living rabbits exposed to cold for 15–16 hours. No inhibition was found when the rabbits were killed immediately before the spreading test.

3. In mice exposed to cold for 11 days there was an inhibition of the spread in dead animals also.

4. The results are discussed and it is proposed that the inhibition of the spread in living animals (and not in dead ones) after a short exposure to cold may be due to another mechanism than the inhibition of the spread found in dead animals after an extended exposure to cold. These two mechanisms of inhibition may be connected with different phases of the general adaptation syndrome, i. e. the alarm reaction with eventual changes in the peripheral circulation and the stage of resistance with a possible change in the structure of the connective tissue. Specific effects of cold, however, cannot be excluded.

5. It is emphasized that the inhibition produced by alarming stimuli may be a source of error in experiments on dermal spread but can be avoided using appropriate experimental conditions.
Free Amino Acids in Mammalian Tissue
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , CARLSTRÖM GUNNAR , STAGE AGNETE
Published: December 2008

1. Free amino acids in tissues form different groups. Some acids are present in high relative concentrations in blood serum as well as in all tissues investigated. Other acids are absent from blood serum but present in one or more of the tissues. Some acids are present in high relative concentrations in certain organs only.

2. Free aminoethylphosphate is a normal constituent of animal tissues.

3. Free γ‐aminobutyric acid is present in brain in relative high concentration.

4. Free diffusion play only an insignificant role for the distribution of free amino‐acids through the living organism.
Electrical Properties of Platinum Tipped Micro‐electrodes in Ringer's Solution
Authors: GRAY J. A. B. , SVAETICHIN G.
Published: December 2008

Measurements of the impedance of Bhodium and Pt‐black tipped electrodes of < 10 Mu diameter have been made. The impedance changed with frequency according to recognized equations and the 1.1 Kcyc./sec. value varied from 0.23 to 1.29 M. Under stable conditions, and in conjunction with high impedance recording devices, it has been shown that the electrodes recorded potentials of very low frequency with negligible distortion.
The Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Contraction of the Human Heart under Normal Circulatory Conditions.
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

A study has been made of the contraction of the left ventricle under the influence of various agents acting on the autonomic nervous system. The analyses were made with the help of electro‐kymography, electrocardiography and phonocardiography.

Blocking of the vagus with methyl scopolamine nitrate was found to have the following effects: (1) an increase in the heart rate, (2) a decrease in the duration of systolic contraction, (3) an increase in the amplitude of the first and second heart sounds, (4) a rise in the arterial blood pressure and (5) a tendency to an increase in the degree of contraction of the left ventricle. The effect differs from that of adrenaline, administered intravenously, in that the heart rate and the blood pressure are affected considerably more than the contraction of the heart.

The action of adrenaline, administered intravenously was intensified by blocking of the vagus.

Blocking of the sympathetic nerves with dihydroergotamine was found to have the reverse effect to that of blocking of the vagus. The action of the former seemed to be intensified by the simultaneous intravenous injection of acetylcholine. Doses of dihydroergotamine of 1 to 1.5 mg were found to have only a slight inhibitory effect on the action of adrenaline, administered intravenously.

The results are discussed with reference to the regulation of the circulation of the blood and of its distribution under normal circulatory cnoditions. The authors conclude that the autonomic influence on the contraction of the heart must play an essential role in the regulation of the circulation.
Further Investigations on the Phosphorus and Nucleotide Uptake of Actomyosin.
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , DEUTSOH ADAM , KNAPPEIS G. G. , MUNCH‐PETERSEN AGNETE
Published: December 2008

1. Untreated actomyosin contained on an average 80 /(g phosphorus per g actomyosin threads (2.2 mg/g dry weight). A minor part of the phosphorus (10 per cent) can be extracted by denatu‐ration of the actomyosin with perchloric acid. This phosphorus is found as orthophosphate, easily hydrolysable phosphate and difficultly hydrolysable phosphate. Moreover, figures are given for the purine and ribose content of the protein.

2. Evidence is given that the uptake of phosphorus, purine and ribose by actomyosin from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) requires the presence of iron. With increasing iron concentration increasing amounts of phosphorus aha nucleotide were taken up by the actomyosin, the molar ratio always exceeding 10:1.

3. The influence of temperature and reaction time on these processes were studied.

4. The protein‐bound purine occurred partly as adenine and partly as hypoxanthine, while the nucleotide present in the supernatant was completely deaminated.

5. Inorganic pyrophosphate and triphosphate, even in the presence of orthophosphate and Fe+++, did not cause an appreciable uptake of phosphorus by the protein. Adenosine diphosphate, inosine triphosphate and inosine diphosphate behaved similarly to adenosine triphosphate, i. e. a phosphorus and nucleotide uptake occurred only in the presence of iron. Adenylic acid is not bound in the presence of iron.

6. No correlation was found between these chemical changes and either the volume constriction or the ATP‐ase activity of actomyosin.
On the Significance of Post‐ and Pre‐Synaptic Events for Facilitation and Inhibition in the Sympathetic Ganglion of the Cat.
Authors: JOB C. , LUNDBERG. A.
Published: December 2008

Transmission of a test reflex through the stellate ganglion of the cat was examined 1) after antidromic conditioning, 2) after Conditioning the same preganglionic nerve as the one from which the test reflex was elicited, 3) after conditioning the other preganglionic nerve. There was less depression after 2 than 1 and, if there was a high degree of occlusion also less after 2 than after 3.

When in the same preganglionic nerve as the one used for testing a volley was set up to excite the cells 2 msec. before they were reached by a maximal antidromic volley the depression of the test reflex was again less than after antidromic conditioning alone. If the combination of antidromic and orthodromic conditioning was made so that a preganglionic nerve other than the one used for testing was stimulated to excite the ganglion cells 2 msec. before they were reached by antidromic volley the depression was the same as after antidromic conditioning alone despite a high degree of occlusion. It is therefore concluded that following transmission of a single volley through the ganglion pre‐synaptic potentiation is a facilitatory factor along with post‐synaptic potentials in subliminally excited cells and the negative afterpotentials of excited cells. There is nor indication of a long‐lasting excitatory action from the pre‐synaptic terminals neither of inhibitory preganglionic fibres.

In the last section are described conditions under which pre‐synaptic failure may occur.
The Action of Plasmin on Fibrin and Fibrinogen in Blood.1
Authors: MÜLLERTZ. STEN
Published: December 2008

1. Solutions of plasmin prepared from post‐mortem blood, split purified preparations of fibrinogen and fibrin at nearly the same rate.

2. In the blood plasmin is adsorbed to fibrin. The inhibitory effect of antiplasmin on fibrinogenolysis is therefore much greater that on fibrinolysis. In normal blood, fibrinogen was not affected by plasmin, while fibrin was rapidly split.

3. After death varying amounts of antiplasmin were found in blood. Correspondingly varying relationships between the rates of fibrinogendysis and fibrinolysis were observed.

4. The strong and specific adsorption of plasmin to fibrin and its high affinity for this substrate in blood is evidence of the specific adaption of plasmin to fibrin.

5. The identity of fibrinolytic enzymes prepared from blood in widely different ways and the action of these enzymes on different proteins are discussed. The significance of the fibrinolytic activities occurring under physiological conditions in blood is stressed.
Comparison of Water Diffusion and Water Filtration Across Cell Surfaces.
Authors: PRESCOTT DAVID M. , ZEUTHEN. ERIK
Published: December 2008

Diffusion and filtration constants for water were measured on the plasma membranes of the ovarian eggs of Rana temporaria and Danio rerio, on the body cavity eggs of Rana and Xenopus laevis, on the shed, but not developing eggs of Danio rerio, on the unfertilized and fertilized eggs of Salmo irideus and on the amoeba Chaos chaos. The filtration constant was always higher than the diffusion constant except in the trout egg where no permeability was demonstrated. The two constants varied in the same direction but far from proportionally. It is suggested that the results give information about the structure of the membranes studied.
An Optical Netliod for EEG Freqnency Analysis.
Authors: KRAKAU. C. E. T.
Published: December 2008

An optical method for frequency analysis, suitable for EEG recordings is described. The analysis is continuous both with regard to frequency and time coordinates. Since photographic procedures form part of the method, simultaneous EEG recording and analysis are not possible. A large number of simultaneous records can be analysed. Phase relations between different leads are calculable. A “repeating of pattern”‐analysis may be obtained.
On Proteins in Regenernting Rat Liver
Authors: NORBERG. BO
Published: December 2008

During rat her regeneration after partial hepatectomy four pyropohosphatases and adenylpyrophosphatase were studied. During regeneration the enzyme activities generally decreased, and the calculated total amounts of the enzymes showed a much slower regeneration than the liver mass. Possible relations to metabolisim are discussed briefly.
Dual Action of Nicotine on the Sympathetic Ganglion of the Cat.
Authors: LUNDBERG A. , THESLEFF S.
Published: December 2008

When transmission in the sympathetic ganglion has been blocked by arterial injection of nicotine it can in some cases be restored post‐tetanically, in others not.

Soon after the injection of nicotine a partial block may be restored only to a small extent, whereas some times after an injection a more pronounced block may be relieved post‐tetanically to a considerable extent.

Simultaneous measurements of the demarcation potential and the transmitted action potential have demonstrated that there is not full correlation between the block and the ganglion cell depolarization. Even when the demarcation potential has returned to the normal level the block remains but can now be relieved post‐tetanically. It is concluded that the first phase of block which can not be relieved post‐tetanically is due to ganglion cell depolarization, whereas the block which can be relieved post‐tetanically has another cause.
On the Mechanism of the Intestinal Fat Absorption V.: The Effect of Bile Diversion on Fat Absorption in the Rat.1
Authors: BORGSTROM. BENGT
Published: December 2008

The absorption of fat in bile‐fistula rat has been studied usiilg free palmitic acid‐1–14C dissolved in corn oil.

The fat content of intestinal lymph from bile‐fistula rats in the fasting state was found to be extremely low compared to that found in normal rats. During fat absorption the amount of intestinal lymph fat in the bile‐fistula rats showed only a slight increase and did not even reach the values found in fasting rats with normal bile flow.

In the absence of bile from the intestine only about one fourth of the absorbed activity is transported via the lymphatic pathway as compared with the normal condition.

The incorporation of absorbed labelled fatty acids into the phospholipids of the intestinal wall during fat absorption showed about the same course whether bile was present or not.
The Influence of Beer on the Rend Excretion of Water, Sodiuum and Potnssium1
Authors: EK JAN , JOSEPHSON BERTIL
Published: December 2008

The effect of the drinking of moderate amounts of beer on the renal excretion of water, sodium and potassium was studied on a number of healthy human subjects. Beer was found to increase the output of water and sodium and to decrease the potassium excretion. This effect seems b arise in the beer during its fermentation. Beer without hops was effective but not unfermen‐tated malt extract. The alcohol in the beer did not seem to be responsible for the effect, because a mixture of brandy and water or brandy and malt extract with the same alcohol concentration as the beer was without effect.
Positive and Negative Muscular Work.
Authors: ASMUSSEN. ERLING
Published: December 2008

It was the purpose of the present experiments to determine the ratio cost of positive work: cost of megative work under different conditions of work.

The cost of the work was expressed as the oxygen uptake per minute in the steady state of work. The work itself consisted in riding a bicycle on the inclined belt of a motordriven treadmill, uphill for positive work, downhill for negative work. The rate of work was expressed in kg/m per minute and defined as the product of the weight of subject plus bicycle and the vertical distance of lifting or lowering this weight per minute.

The oxygen uptake per minute (y) plotted against the rate of work (x) was found to lie on two straight lines for the two kinds of work, and the equations for these two lines could be expressed as y = bposx + apos for positive work and y = hneg + aneg for negative work.

Under the same conditions of speed, saddle height and pedal length apos and aneg were found to be identical and are assumed to represent the cost of extra work (balancing, postural efforts etc.) plus the resting metabolism. bpos: bneg should consequently represent the ratio cost of positive work: cost of negative work.

The ratio bpos: bneg was found to increase from 3.1 ± 0.7 to 6.1 ±w 0.7 when the distance saddle to crank increased from 60 to 90 cm, and the pedal length and velocity of movement were constant.

Variation of the pedal length between 8.5 cm and 25.5 cm with constant velocity of muscular movements and saddle height had no statistically significant effect on the ratio, which under these conditions was found to lie between 7.0 and 9.3.

With increasing speed of movements the ratio increased from 5.9 to 125, mainly because bneg decreased and approached zero.

The results are discussed under consideration of the length‐tension diagrams and the force‐velocity curve of isolated muscle.

It is concluded that besides the effects that could be expected from the form of the length‐tension diagrams and from the force‐velocity curve another factor must be responsible for the very low values of bneg and the high value of bpos: brneg. It is tentatively suggested that this factor is the reversal of the chemical processes in excentric muscle contractions previously found by Abbott, Aubert and Hill (1951).

The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Mr. P. Rosenfalck, M. Sc., and to Dr. Steen Knudsen, both of the Neurophysiological Institute, Copenhagen, for their kind help with the statistics in this work and for many suggestive discussions during its progress. Dr. Steen Knudsen designed the filter used as an integrator of the electromyograms in fig. 5.
A Method for Enzymic Determination of ATP in Tissues
Authors: FORSNADER O. , REHELL B. , RÁIHÁ C.‐E
Published: December 2008

In the method for ATP determination from tissues we have presented above the same principle is followed as in the method for determining ATP from blood which we have published earlier; the specific enzyme obtained from potatoes splits off the endphosphate group from the substrate molecule ATP, and the phosphate is measured photometrically.

At the same time the protein nitrogen determination is carried out from the precipitated protein with perchloric acid according to the micro‐Kjeldahl method. The nitrogen content gives a statement of the size of the sample in question. We have given the results in γ ATP‐phosphorus/lOO mg protein.
Effect of Thermal Stress and Muscular Exercise, With and Wihout Insulin Hypoglycaemia, on the Body Temperature, Perspiration Rate, and Electrolyte and Lactate Content of Sweat
Authors: HASAN J. , LAAMANEN A. , NIEMI M.
Published: December 2008

Effect of thermal stress (Finnish Sauna‐bath) and muscular exercise (on treadmill) on the rise in body temperature, on the sweating rate, and electrolyte and lactate content of sweat is studied. In one half of the experiments, hypoglycaemia was induced by intravenous injections of insulin. There are no significant differences in the rate of sweating and in the composition of sweat during insulin hypoglycaemia and during euglycaemia. In the lactiite content of sweat there is some tendency to increased values with decreased blood sugar concentrations. The rise in body temperature under insulin hppoglycaemia is significantly lower than in experiments without insulin injection. The reason for this observation is briefly discussed.
L'influence de la fréquence de changement de I'intensité de la sensation sur la durée de la sensation
Authors: HORMIA ARMO
Published: December 2008

Dans l'article ci‐dessus la signification de la fréquence du changement des sensations pour la notion du temps est examinée. Les expérieiices montrent. que l'accroissement de la fréquencc du changement de l'intensité de la sensation d'un son de 1,000 Hertz. est la cause d'une surestimation de la durée, laquelle de nouveau diminue si la fréquence du changement surpasse la lirnite du rythme d'indifférence. La cause de ce phénomène est examinée.