bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women'S Employment and Gender Relations in Greece
Authors: Kyriazis Nota
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which the modernizing changes experienced in Greece in the postwar period are reflected in more equitable gender relations. The analysis indicates that although Greece has become one of the most progressive countries with respect to women's legal status, this is not necessarily reflected in behavioural changes at the interpersonal level. The influx of Greek women in the labour market is a necessary prerequisite, but not a sufficient condition, for the development of a new gender contract. Given the persistence of traditional economic structures within which the family retains a significant role, women's involvement in paid employment does not in itself signify a transformation of gender relations. For a large proportion of Greek women, therefore, work may be viewed as the result of a family strategy for collective income procurement and not necessarily as an indicator of more liberal gender-role ideologies. The article concludes that it is vitally important to establish the meaning that work carries for women themselves, as well as others in their social environment, by supplementing statistical information with qualitative in-depth analyses.
Justice Perception and Allocation Rule Preferences: Does Social Disadvantage Matter?
Authors: Krishnan Lila
Published: March 2007

The present study compares disadvantaged group (DG) and non-disadvantaged group (NDG) subjects from rural India, with respect to their justice perception and alloca tion rule preferences. Overall, the differences between the two groups in their concep tualisation of justice, the extent of perceived justice in society, perceived injustice under violation of certain allocation rules and allocation rule preferences were found to be non-significant. Contrary to expectations, the recipient's caste and group mem bership per se were not found to be significant determinants in allocation rule prefer ence. Modifying earlier findings on rule preferences among Indians, the present study showed need, merit (effort), equality, and reciprocity preference in response to specific resource and situational variables. Perceived injustice under violations of certain allo cation rules deviated from the expected pattern of allocation rule preferences. The absence of the expected DG/NDG variations was explained on the basis of possible social desirability and the lack of felt disadvantage in the present sample. It was con cluded that social disadvantage probably matters in justice perception only when it is made salient and practically meaningful.
A Theoretical Approach to "Al Mustanfira" Tunisian Personality
Authors: Dhaouadi Mahmoud
Published: March 2007

In their interaction with each other, Tunisians show an attitude of uneasiness, tension and fear toward their fellow Tunisians with whom they come in contact for the first time (they are seen as strangers or "barrani"). We have used the A rabic term "Al Mustanfira"to describe this type of personality. The implications of this characteristic of the Tunisian Personality are numerous for both the Tunisian individual and her/his society. We mention here only four of them. First, Tunisians hardly feel very secure in their first interaction with those Tunisians with whom they don't have primary group blood relations. Second, at times, it is not easy for those to run the Tunisian administration who lack close relations with the other working staff. Third, the development of political democracy may be hampered by the dis trustful attitude of Tunisians toward "other" political parties. Fourth, Tunisians are more likely to suffer from stress in an increasingly urbanising society where they have to deal with a vast majority of Tunisians with whom they are not familiar.
Immigrant Mental Health: An Experien tial Approach
Authors: Misra Rajendra K. , Kilroy Maurita A.
Published: March 2007

Immigrants experience (not, analyse) ideographic instead of nomothetic kind of cognitive confusion in combination with emotional discomfort. Feelings of anger, anxiety and helplessness often result in acute as well as chronic pathology. The course of illness includes an initial stage of mtense excitement and/or pain, through accepting things half-heartedly, to a level of schizophrenic le belle indifference. The cultural kaleidoscope of myths, folklores, fairy tales, legends and archetypes continues skifting focus on the conflicts centring around a hope of success versus a fear of failure, a need to be here versus a desire to be back home, and aduting to accept the in at without abandoning the old. Excitement mellows Hint and guilt do not The "primal" conflict.
Poor Women and Work in the Third World: A Research Agenda for Organisational Psychologists
Authors: Schein Virginia E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the article is to draw the attention of organisational psychologists to the realities of poor women's work experiences in the Third World and provide a research plan forstudying these issues. Based upon interview and observational data, the article describes three cases of working women in Nicaragua and raises research questions emanating from these work situations. The work sites are a microenterprise development project, the maquilas or assembly plants, and a coffee plantation. The nature and import of the questions in the proposed research agenda demonstrate the valuable contribution organisational psychologists can make to the understanding of women and work issues in the Third World.
Family Conflict/Violence Patterns in India
Authors: Dhawan Nisha , Punetha Deepa , Sinha Yoganand , Gaur Shubhra P. , Tyler Sandra L. , Tyler Forrest B.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to assess patterns of family conflict and violence directed toward pregnant women in India. Two hundred and forty women in their first, third, and fourth pregnancies were interviewed using a structured interview with primarily open ended questions. Content analysis provided response categories for constructing categorical and cumulative scales of the families' conflict/violence patterns, coping behaviours, attribution patterns, percieved societal norms, socialisation patterns, and demographic considerations. The conflict/violence frequencies found ranged from mild to severe patterns of abuse that are similar to patterns of abuse found in other cultures. However, the patterns of correlate measures of abuse reflect cultural aspects of family dynamics specific to India. Implications for intervention approaches for women in India and further research in the area are noted.
Gender, Class, Caste and Participation
Authors: Lama Anupama , Buchy Marlène
Published: March 2007

Based on an extensive literature and illustrated by a field survey of two Forest User Groups in Nepal, this paper explores how participation in community forestry is affected by social status and more so by gender. Looking more specifically at gender differences, the paper presents the reasons and the ways in which women, despite the current rhetoric, remain excluded from any meaningful participatory process.
The Primacy of Gender in STD and HIV Prevention Programmes
Authors: Chathukulam Jos , John M.S.
Published: March 2007

Intervention projects aimed at preventing STD and HIV generally tend to target women sex workers and through them their clients. This approach sees women sex workers as agents of change, with the attendant burden, but has failed to recognise gender issues surrounding sexual health, particularly power relations existing in society. While gender justice is a recognised legitimate concern, the discourse has excluded sex workers from its purview making them the moral 'other'. Sexual health projects implemented currently in different parts of Kerala are not sensitive to gender issues because they mistakenly assume that sex workers are autonomous subjects. In the sexual health project for female sex workers implemented in the Kottayam municipal area some gender issues were tackled with modest success. This paper makes a strong plea for more gender sensitivity in sexual health projects and for men to take their fair share of responsibility for HIV transmission.
Impact of Multichannel Cable Network on the Nature of Viewing and Social Interactions
Authors: Yadava Amrita , Kumar Naresh , Sharma N.R.
Published: March 2007

The impact of multichannel electronic media is assuming a varied effect on the India population as there is a vast cultural and social diversity in the country. While metropolitans had already been influenced by Western culture, the suburbs and rural areas were relatively free from it. This segment of Indian society, ingrained with orthodox values, was not ready for the invasion by Western culture, which is being propa gated by the multichannel electronic media.
An Emerging World-view in the West and its Significance for Business
Authors: McGinn Porter Maya
Published: March 2007

In response to the ravages perpetrated on planet earth by the single-minded pursuit of short-term business bottomline, the author outlines the keynotes of shifting consciousness about economics in the West. She points out the new upsurge of active interest in finer values, including spirituality in business circles. With out a spiritual compass to guide, industrialization has been fostering disvalues. The impact of Eastern reli gions, and their emphasis on the inner self, on American thinking has of late become very strong. The paper also draws atiention to Gandhi's trusteeship concept, and to the successful spiritual experiments done at Nagarjuna Fertilizers Ltd. She, however, has doubts whether business will changes its ways by itself unless something more powerful forces it to do so.
Corporate Gita: Lessons for Management, Administration and Leadership
Authors: Sharma Subhash
Published: March 2007

This paper expounds the model of a 'sacro-civic' society, drawing upon psycho-spiritual insights of the Gita. Four major management themes of common interest in the East and the West have been selected. Then the relevant verses of the Gita have been used to elaborate on their respective deeper imports. These four broad themes have later again been decomposed into 20 specific subthemes, and verses connected with each of them are presented. The author offers simple rhymed English translations of these verses using some of the well-known renderings by earlier masters of the Gita. The reader is invited to reflect upon and assimilate the spirit of these verses for application in the field of daily management practice and in the wider arena of social reconstruction.
The Past Explains the Present: State control over Religious Communities in Medieval China
Authors: Storch Tanya
Published: March 2007

Buddhists in Chinese history did not enjoy the same political authority that their co-religionists did elsewhere. The clergy in other Buddhist countries could become official members of the government, participate in political decisions and select the head of their community autonomously. The affairs of the community were managed by the community itself. None of these rights were available to the Chinese sangha throughout its classical history, much as is the case today. The state in medieval China seems to have exercised complete control over the affairs of religious communities. The present day subservience of the Buddhist clergy to the Communist regime in China, thus, has a long tradition behind it, for the state has always been above religion there unlike in the medieval West where the Church dominated it.
Cannibals, Bons Sauvages, and Tasty White Men: Models of Alterity in the Encounter of South American Tupi and Europeans
Authors: Gareis Iris
Published: March 2007

Around 1550, Europeans came into close contact with Amerindians of the Brazilian coast. This paper explores in which way the Tupi and the Europeans perceived each other and how this experience of alterity was translated into culturally informed models of otherness. While the Europeans-emphasised contrasts between their culture and the Tupi, describing indigenous anthropophagous customs, the Tupi seemed to accept the Europeans at a level of parity, attempting to include them into their ritual life. European authors depicted the Tupi as simple and natural people, presenting them as an antithesis to European 'decadence'. Thus, South American cannibals became teachers of the White Men.
'Malabarian' Dialogues
Authors: Juneja Monica
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the production of knowledge about cultural difference as an interactiveprocess, emerging from a dialogue between German Pietist missionaries and local population in a South Indian region in early eighteenth century. Drawing upon sources from both sides, it analyses the respective cultural codes by which the alien was defined. How did cultural boundaries shift during a long-term interaction with elements initially viewed as the other? By looking at instances of mutual recognition and of rejection, the paper argues that the dissolution of certain notions of alterity over time did not necessarily lead to a 'synthesis of cultures'; rather responses and reactions to otherness refracted back upon an understanding of the self, often generating afresh set of questions and tensions.
Has Abolition of Targets Improved the Quality of Family Planning and Health Services? A Survey in Karnataka
Authors: Samuel M. Johnson , Lingaraju M. , Prabhuswamy P.
Published: March 2007

The quality of family planning health services can be improved only if these are meas ured and monitored. The recent strategy of abolition of targets for family planning was based on the expectation that it would help health workers to improve the quality of services. A study in two districts of Karnataka before and after the abolition of targets showed some positive signs as regards the quality of health in family planning services, including improvement in peoples' attitudes toward primary health centres.
HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka: The Problem and the Response
Authors: Abeyewickreme Iyanthi
Published: March 2007

Sri Lanka is considered a low-prevalence country with an estimated adult HIV prevalence of 0.07 per cent. The predominant mode of HIV transmission is through unsafe heterosexual sex. Vulnerable groups include young people, internally displaced persons and migrants from rural to urban centres. Urbanisation and temporary migration out of the country constitute other factors of HIV transmission. The national response to HIV has included targeting education programmes to young people and vulnerable groups, early treatment of sexually-transmitted diseases, blood safety and improving the provision of care. Multisectoral collaboration, ensuring access to condoms and voluntary counselling and testing besides IEC activities integrated with health services remain important priorities for the future.
The Challenge of HIV/TB in Asia
Authors: Narain Jai P.
Published: March 2007

Even today, tuberculosis remains a public health problem ofenormous importance, and a leading infectious cause ofdeath among adults in many developing countries. The rapid spread of HIV and its close and deadly association with tuberculosis poses a great challenge toAsia. As has al ready been seen in Africa, TB notifications have either doubled or quadrupled, attributed primarily to HIV. Although the overall impact in Asia is not substantially visible, it is essential that the national AIDS and TB programmes work together and build partnerships to minimise the potential impact of HIV/TB in countries of the region.
Technology Absorption: An Overview
Authors: Rao A.
Published: March 2007

Absorption of imported technology is at the centre of developing countries' tryst with (technological) 'catching-up'. The astounding success of the Japanese in converting imported technology into a decisive advantage with adaptation and improvements has apparently fuelled this ambition. India invested heavily in technology absorption, with several policies/programmes in the lead. This article compiles the activities reported under technology absorption from companies' annual reports and published data of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research on in-house R&D achievements. These were grouped under several heads in separate categories: technology absorption, adaptation and improvement. The various initiatives taken by Government of India to facilitate absorption are summarized. Finally, reasons and causes for the difference in performance of Indian industry from that of the Japanese are analyzed, based on Japanese writers' perceptions of their own showing. The article suggests that the time has come to reorient technology absorption efforts by shifting focus from substitution of components, which are fully codified and embodied, to internalizing capabilities, which are mostly tacit (uncodified).
Concepts and Doctrines of IW: Impact of Emerging Non-lethal and Less Lethal Technology Weapons on Limiting/Preventing Conflicts
Authors: Pathak A.K. , Shil Gautam Vinay , Husain Zafar
Published: March 2007

The advent of the concept of the global village has brought in new dimensions to interstate and intersocietal conflicts. There has been growing international opinion against violence and collateral damage to property. Coupled with this human societies all over the globe are becoming more and more dependent on information, hence on information technology. A disabling or decapacitating power in conflicts is gaining more acceptance than killing power. The above aspects have been studied from the available literature on the subject. This article is an attempt to bring out the relevance of non-lethal (NL) and less lethal (LL) weapons in the prevail ing concepts and doctrines of Information Warfare (IW). The article does not bring out the official thinking on the subject. The views are of the authors in their personal capacity. No classified document is reviewed or reflected.
Vertically Challenged or Set to Metamorphosize? A Preliminary Assessment of Organizational Communication in Singapore
Authors: Goby Valerie Priscilla
Published: March 2007

Singapore is an Asian country with a typically high degree of hierarchy and power distance. It is also a country with a keen awareness of the need to keep ahead in the development of its workforce and has ambitious plans for tailoring its limited labour market to become a knowledge-based one. The paper analyzes whether its existing corporate culture of power distance and mechanistic management style is ready for the development into the flatter structures which globalization requires.
Underpricing and Aftermarket Performance of IPO Firms in Mauritius
Authors: Gasbarro Dominic , Bundoo Sunil , Zumwalt J. Kenton
Published: March 2007

Initial public offering (IPO) financial strength measures are created to examine both the initial underpricing and aftermarket performance of firms in an emerging market. We find that the initial underpricing is positively related to financial strength as proxied by cash flow and sales. Since bond ratings do not exist in Mauritius, a return-to-risk meas ure and Altman's z-score serve as proxies for financial strength. Using these measures, the aftermarket performance results indicate that net income is more higbly valued for strong firms. When net income is separated into dividends and earnings retained, we find dividends are valued more highly than earnings retained for firms in Mauritius.
PIERRE BOURDIEU AND JEAN-MARIE BROHM
Authors: Vaugrand Henri
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to describe and define the two principal paradigms in French sociology of sport: sporting field theory inspired by Pierre Bourdieu, and critical theory of sport developed by Jean-Marie Brohm. In this way, the article presents the explanatory schemas of the two theories and propounds a reading of the two authors' conceptions of the world. Finally, three prospects for study would allow the sociological analysis of sport to be transcended and followed.
IDENTITY REINFORCEMENT IN SPORT
Authors: Weiss Otmar
Published: March 2007

The mechanism of role adoption is a constituent of identity reinforcement or social recognition in sport. It enables actors to realize and confirm their identities. This can occur because sport is a culturally specific and clearly visible activity. As sport takes place unequivocally within the context of society's significant symbols, it can have an impact on the actor's self-perception, self-esteem, and self-worth. In other words, sport has a vital social dimension since it ideally combines self-recognition with social recognition. Role analysis and symbolic interactionism are reviewed for their potential to inform these dimensions of sport's place in modern societies.
`SHREDHEADS GO MAINSTREAM'? SNOWBOARDING AND ALTERNATIVE YOUTH
Authors: Humphreys Duncan
Published: March 2007

This article analyses how a number of postwar shifts in the social mood, or zeitgeist, have influenced the alternative youth culture of snowboarding. It is argued that although snowboarding provides consumer capitalism with a new source of styles and images to exploit, its market-driven popularity also enables snowboarders to create social spaces in which they retain many of the unique philosophies of alternative youth, such as cooperation, fun and freedom.
SPORT INVOLVEMENT AND SELF-CONCEPT IN GERMAN AND AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Brandl-Bredenbeck H. P. , Brettschneider W. -D.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to the tendency to globalization in the world of sport, the scientific research into sport is largely restricted by national boundaries. The present study tries to break out of the parochial isolation characteristic of social sport studies. To do this, we identify self-concept and development tasks as central features of identity development in adolescence. After briefly discussing the theoretical and methodological problems of cross-cultural research, we empirically investigate the self-concept of selected groups of German and American adolescents. Furthermore, the relationship between involvement in sport and self-concept among adolescents in Germany and the USA will be examined. With regard to the pecularities of cross-cultural research the results are twofold. On the one hand, we found significantly higher self-concept scores for the American adolescents than for their German counterparts. On the other hand, there are more similarities than differences between the groups when age and gender effects on self-concept are under scrutiny. As far as the relationship between involvement in sport and self-concept is concerned, the empirical analysis reveals a positive trend valid across cultures, with those adolescents scoring highest on the self-concept measurement for whom sport plays an important role in their everyday life.
DOING FEMINIST ETHNOGRAPHY IN THE `WILDERNESS' AROUND MY HOMETOWN
Authors: Pedersen Kirsti
Published: March 2007

This article discusses my experiences as an ethnographer in a `wilderness' community located in far northern Norway. The main aim of the fieldwork was to study how the ideologies, practices and experiences of outdoor life structured relationships between women and men and how this, in turn, affected ideologies of gender. I analyse the relationships between the researcher and the informants as gendered actors and between the researcher and the social and cultural contexts of the research process. More specifically, I examine my fieldworker experiences in women-only, men-only, and gender-mixed but male-dominated settings. The analysis is linked to ongoing debates about reflexivity and `situated knowledge' — how we know what we know and whose knowledge is visible and invisible.
A CASE STUDY OF WITHDRAWAL FROM FRENCH BOXING
Authors: Augustini Muriel , Trabal Patrick
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the major factors related to the high turnover rate in French boxing. In 1995, the drop-out rate of French boxers was 54 percent, which consisted primarily of beginners and young participants in the 14-20 age bracket. Withdrawal from the sport results from four, inter-related factors: (1) the difference between participants' expectations and the reality of the sport; (2) the quality of the relationships between training partners; (3) the coaching quality; and (4) the organizational quality of the clubs.
A COMMENT ON THE USE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS IN WOMEN'S OLYMPIC SWIMMING
Authors: Curry Timothy Jon , Salerno Matthew A.
Published: March 2007

Focusing on gold medal times in the women's 100-meters freestyle from the 1912 to 1996 Olympics, we compare the effects of anabolic steroids to other innovations. Following a discussion of factors such as changing conceptions of femininity, improved facilities and training methods, and the recruitment of elite athletes, we conclude that anabolic steroids have had a significant but relatively minor impact.
DISTINCTIONS IN THE STANDS
Authors: White Philip , Wilson Brian
Published: March 2007

In this article a study of sport spectatorship in Canada is presented, along with an argument for reconsidering the employment of quantitative methodology in the critical study of social inequalities in sport. Both Bourdieu's theoretical position on class distinction and sport and his methodological approach (the statistical analysis of survey data) are adopted in this study. Our multivariate analysis of the 1992 General Social Survey of Canada (n=9815) afforded controlled tests of hypotheses on the effects of income and education on both amateur and professional sport spectatorship. The findings showed, in general, positive relationships between socioeconomic status and attendance at both professional and amateur events. The effects of income and education work independently, however, and differ according to gender and whether spectatorship was at professional or amateur events. An ancillary set of findings showed that residents of western Canada spectate more at amateur sport than those in eastern Canada. Building on Bourdieu's findings that there is a class-based distribution of leisure preference in France, it was concluded that there are clear socioeconomic and regional imbalances in sport spectatorship in Canada, although further research is needed to more fully disentangle the effects of economic and cultural factors.
A Shared Vision? Stakeholders' Perspectives on the Internationalization of Higher Education in Canada
Authors: Knight Jane
Published: March 2007

The 1990s mark an important phase in the evolution of the internationalization of higher education. One distinguidshing feature is the different priorities the various stakeholder groups ring to the international dimension of higher education. This article reports on a recent Canadian survey which explored the differences and similarities in views and expectations among those stakeholder groups having a central interest in the internationalization of the higher education system. These groups come from three sectors: government, academia, and the private sector

Of particular interest and significance are the different rationales that each sector attributes to why we should be internationalizing higher education. A number of overarching issues emerged as important themes to consider, including: • International education standards • Preparation of globally knowledgeable and interculturally competent graduates •Recruiting and supporting international student' • Teaching of foreign languages • Curriculum reform • Marketing and export of education products and services • Study abroad and work placement for Canadian students • Cooperation within and among the three sectors.

The study concludes that, regardless of whether these issues are topics of consensus or controversy, it is critical that the three sectors look for ways of addressing them in a collaborative manner if we are to further the internationalization of higher education in Canada. The three national organizations which undertook this study are the Canadian Bureau for International Education (CBIE), the Association of Universitie and Colleges of Canada (AUCC), and the Association of Canadian Community Colleges (ACCC).
Asymmetry and Imbalance: The Knowledge Network in Japan-United States Relations
Authors: Aitbach Phihp G. , Umakoshi Toru
Published: March 2007

The educational exchange relationship between Japan and the United States is quite complex. It is characterized by imbalances and asymmetries in the number of students and scholars going across the Pacific, translations of books and journals, and in other knowledge products. This article discusses the nature of the educational interchange between Japan and the United States and makes recommendations for the improvements in all aspects of knowledge exchange.
The Learning Society and the European Union: A Critical Assessment of Supranational Education Policy Formation
Authors: Field John
Published: March 2007

Globalisation's relationship with education and training is a complicated one. This paper explores the impact upon education and training of the European Union, whose policies in this field have developed rapidly over the past two decades. It provides a detailed overview of policy-making within the EU, and shows how the Commission reached the conclusion that far-reaching changes are needed in the way that learning is promoted and managed within the Union—a radical conclusion exemplified in the Commission's commitment to the ideal of a `learning society'. Yet there are good reasons for skepticism about the extent to which that ideal can in practice be promoted through the current policies and programmes of the EU. The paper concludes by suggesting that the Commission's stance is driven as much by internal political and institutional dynamics as by its interest in the ideal of a learning society.
The Difficulties of Internationalizing the American Undergraduatuate Curriculum
Authors: Bonfiglio Olga
Published: March 2007

Institutions that "internationalize," their curricula are driven by shifting societal purposes, governmental constraints, institutional structures, theoretical assumptions about curriculum, and comprehensive data about students learning. These five factors, however, lack the substance needed to prepare students for the challenges of a global society.
RADICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY
Authors: Denrell Jerker
Published: March 2007

A typical argument in Marxist and radical writings on economic organization is that prevailing practices, rather than being the most efficient, have been adopted in order to increase the share of the surplus of capitalists. Using an incomplete contract approach, this article develops a model which demonstrates how and when adopting an inferior economic organization could be profit maximizing. This model makes possible a detailed discussion of the conditions under which Marxist and radical claims about, for example, `deskilling', can be expected to hold. It is demonstrated that such claims could be derived using standard formal economic arguments. However, the model also shows that these claims are likely to be valid only under certain circumstances.
WEAK TIES AS A LIABILITY
Authors: Völker Beate , Flap Henk
Published: March 2007

Every institutional system ïnduces specific problems that have no standardized solutions for the people living in it. In this paper it is argued that people invest in relationships with certain others partly in order to solve these problems. Hence, the personal networks that result provide solutions to system-induced problems and they reflect the institutional environment. Personal networks of people living in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) during communism are examined, and social capital theory is used to explain why communism did not produce social integration. In a communist society like that of the former GDR, weak ties are a liability, not an asset. Therefore, GDR citizens trusted only people whom they knew well. Since people in the former GDR were acutely aware of political control and the damage potential of weak ties, they invested only cautiously in others. They kept their distance from strangers and all others whose trustworthiness was uncertain and discussed politics only with people whom they truly trusted (the `niche'). Yet the shortages of the command economy forced people to rely on weak informal ties to secure necessary goods and services. Personal networks in East Germany had two specialized parts each kept separate from the other, a division of labor that vanished after the fall of the Wall. Our hypotheses are tested using multilevel models and triad analyses with data collected in 1992 and 1994 from two random samples in Leipzig and Dresden ( n = 489). The first measurement focuses on the situation before the upheaval, the other the situation in 1994. Results show that during communism people indeed created `niches' consisting of dense, small networks of close relations with similar and trust-worthy others. Provision networks were maintained that were small, heterogeneous, and consisted of weak and uniplex ties. Furthermore, there was a relational `gap' between the niche and the provision network. These differences have gradually been vanishing since the fall of the Wall and with the political and economic unification of the former GDR and the former FRG.
The Role of Strategic Threats in Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Zeager Lester A.
Published: March 2007

The Indochinese refugee crisis of 1978-79 is modeled as a prisoners' dilemma, with Thailand choosing whether to permit first asylum and the United States choosing whether to allow resettlement. A threat power analysis from the theory of moves helps to explain: (1) the threats by Thailand and other countries in the region to deny first asylum, and (2) the decision by the United States to (eventually) accept over 750,000 refugees for resettlement. The threats by Thailand shocked and outraged the international community, but the threat power analysis suggests that they were instrumental in escaping the prisoners' dilemma.
The Nature of Common-Pool Resource Problems
Authors: GARDNER ROY , OSTROM ELINOR , WALKER JAMES M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a conceptual framework for theoretical and empirical analysis of the multiplicity of behavioral problems encountered in common-pool resources (CPRs). This framework is used to specify more clearly the strategic content of CPR dilemmas and to show their interaction. The framework shows how general theoretical constructs (e.g., Prisoner's Dilemma and coordination games) apply to these behavioral dilemmas. Finally, results from a case study and a set of laboratory experiments demonstrate the applicability of this framework in designing and conducting empirical research on CPRs.
Patterns of Distribution in Spatial Games
Authors: EAVEY CHERYL L.
Published: March 2007

Experimental results from two-dimensional spatial contexts suggest that cooperative theories, such as the core in nonsidepayment games and the competitive solution in games without a core, are accurate predictors of committee outcomes. Yet in discrete settings, committees often select outcomes that deviate significantly from these solutions. These anomalous results seem to depend on the distribution of cardinal payoffs, an aspect of the experimental setting previously ignored in two-dimensional spatial contexts. The two-dimensional experiments reported in this article examine the predictive ability of the core and competitive solution under payoff functions designed to create a region of cardinally fair alternatives distinct from the predictions of these solution concepts. The argument is made that individuals inclined toward fair distributions of rewards attempt interpersonal comparisons of cardinal values, even under conditions of partial information, and that it is these imperfect attempts at interpersonal comparisons that ultimately move committees away from the predictions of the core and competitive solution.
Comments on Long's “Taking Interests Seriously”
Authors: Brown Kevin L.
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
The Strategic Role of the Emotions
Authors: FRANK ROBERT H.
Published: March 2007

Rational choice theorists have often criticized the modern sociologist's tendency to view people as mere pawns of social forces. For their part, many sociologists regard rational choice theories as profoundly undersocialized accounts of human behavior. In this article, an attempt is made to move these two groups a step closer together by means of a theory of the strategic role of the emotions. In methodological terms, it is an individualistic theory, yet its conclusions help explain why sociologists are often correct to insist that the interests of individuals are often subordinated to the interests of groups.
Methodological Fallacies and Politically Correct Explanations in Gender Stratification Research
Authors: Fiorentine Robert
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research.

Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Marginality
Authors: LAITIN DAVID D.
Published: March 2007

Rational choice models based on methodological individualism have adequately explained the degree to which individuals from minority ethnic groups can reformulate their identities in order to take advantage of opportunities denied their group. But solving this problem has raised a new one. Marginal populations or stigmatized groups should disappear if identities were as plastic as rational theories have assumed. This article, relying on Schelling's “tipping game,” seeks to provide a rational choice basis to explain why marginal groups do not disappear as the macro outcome of a multitude of individual identity reformulations. A principal finding is that marginal groups persist to the extent that they are consigned to social roles that yield higher economic returns than an entry-level job would provide in the higher status economy. Empirical support comes from examinations of Gypsies and Jews in Europe, and untouchables in India.
The Length of Legislative Sessions and the Growth of Government
Authors: KIMENYI MWANGI S. , TOLLISON ROBERT D.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests a simple and straightforward explanation for government growth based on the length of time that Congress meets in session. The basic hypothesis is that the more time spent in session, the longer and/or more complex the number of bills enacted into law. Because each bill enacted is likely to entail some spending clauses, the bills enacted in longer sessions are likely to involve larger government spending than those passed in shorter sessions. Using data for both houses of Congress for the period 1947-1982, this article provides evidence in support of the hypothesis that government growth can be partially explained by the length of time that Congress takes in session.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TIANANMEN SQUARE
Authors: Shiu Gary , Sutter Daniel
Published: March 2007

The authors offer a rational choice explanation of the 1989 Chinese crackdown on peaceful, pro-democracy student protesters in Tiananmen Square. The explanation is based on strategic considerations within the larger context of conflict between the central and provincial governments. The central government's reaction to the student uprising provides information to the provinces regarding its subsequent willingness and ability to use force against a province. They analyze a game-theoretic model illustrating the argument and present evidence documenting the growing central-local rivalry in China. The authors also apply insights from the analysis to other transitions.
Factors Associated with Mammography Utilization among Jordanian Women
Authors: Petroc-Nustas Wasileh I.
Published: March 2007

This descriptive study aims at assessing beliefs and identifying factors that contributed to the utilization of mammography among a group of Jordanian women. Champion’s Revised Health Belief Model Scales (HBMS) is the conceptual framework of this study. It was translated and adopted as the self-administered questionnaire utilized for the purpose of this study. The convenience sample was drawn from the women who had a mammography at a private radiology screening and diagnostic clinic in Amman over a 3-month period. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the study variables were conducted. The results unveiled women’s older age, hearing or reading about mammography, and receiving information about breast tumors from friends as factors predicting current mammography practice. Variables predictive of past mammography practice were related to the women’s family or personal history of breast tumors and information about breast tumors from the media, in addition to information about mammograms from family members.
Twice in Need of Care: A Transcultural Nursing Analysis of Elderly Mexican Americans
Authors: McKenna Margaret
Published: March 2007

This paper was published in the Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Transcultural Nursing Conference, Joan Uhl, Editor. The Conference was held at Scottsdale, Arizona, September 1983. It is viewed as a "classic" to knowledge generation and transcultural care practices. This article is borrowed with permission of the Trans-cultural Nursing Society.
Multimeasure Pain Assessment in an Ethnically Diverse Group of Patients with Cancer
Authors: Ramer Lois , Richardson Jean L. , Cohen Marlene Zichi , Bedney Cadena , Danley Kathleen Lackerdas , Judge Emelyn A.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were (a) to describe the relationship between pain perception and ethnic identity and socioeconomic status, (b) to evaluate the intercorrelations between pain measures in different ethnic groups, and (c) to determine whether ethnicity or socioeconomic status influences patient’s pain control beliefs and satisfaction with the pain management provided. The sample consisted of 51 English-, Korean-, or Spanish-speaking participants experiencing cancer pain who were 18 years and older and were having a Karnofsky score of no less than 30. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Memorial Pain Scale (MPS), and Face Scale (FS) were used to measure pain perception. In all pain analyses, Hispanics, African Americans, and Anglos did not differ significantly. The data suggest that the pain scales used in this study are appropriate for use in a multicultural population.
The Causes of Organized Crime
Authors: ALBANESE JAY S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the assumption that crime-prone individuals or organizations move to exploit changing criminal opportunities. A competing explanation holds that new criminal opportunities (e.g., Internet access, money laundering, political upheaval, etc.) provide motivation for individuals who formerly were not connected with criminal activity. Detailed case studies of organized crime groups and activities are used to examine the nexus between criminal opportunities and criminal groups. A model that employs both opportunity and offender-availability factors is proposed to predict the incidence of organized crime activity. Such a model also has implications for the extent to which law enforcement agencies and public policy should focus on surveillance of known criminal groups versus proactive strategies to reduce criminal opportunities that emerge from social and technological changes.
Criminal Investigation - Art or a Science
Authors: Farris James R.
Published: March 2007

There is a trend among teachers and practitioners of criminal investigation to consider quantitative methods of research to be far more valid and efficacious than qualitative methods. The purpose of the paper is to persuade the reader that criminal investigation is more art than science, and quantitative research should merely be ancillary to qualitative. More articles and books are needed that are not limited in scope to the quantifiable, but are based upon or address the subject of qualitative methodology.
Law Enforcement Policy and Management for the '90s: A Professor's Caveats as Viewed from the Street
Authors: Peak Ken
Published: March 2007

Issues surrounding law enforcement administration for the 1990s are discussed by an academician who recently completed an eight-month term as a police practitioner. This experiential period afforded a unique opportunity for participant-observation and assessing the status of police methods and policies as professional American policing approaches its sesquicentennial anniversary. Implications and concerns for the future are discussed in the areas of law enforcement methods and practices, personnel issues, civil liability, and discipline and corruption. The general proposition is tendered that the 1990s hold several anticipated problems and challenges for law enforcement administrators; there is a need for "enlightened" chief executives to address these issues and in some instances to employ non-traditional methods and philosophies toward solving them.
Changing Perceptions of Serial Murder in Contemporary England
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: March 2007

During the 1980's, it was frequently suggested that Great Britain was experiencing a novel and wide-ranging prob lem of serial murder. This article uses a long term historical approach to challenge the essential idea of a genuine upsurge of such activity. The change was one of perception rather than reality, but even so it had important consequences for reactions to violent crime by both law enforcement and the media. Linkages between indi vidual cases were now more likely to be suggested, and the police were more likely to postulate the existence of unknown serial killers. This trend will be examined with special reference to three major cases of the mid-1980's: the "Railway Murders", and two probable series of child killings originally investigated under the general title of "Operation Stranger". The origins of the new attitude to multiple homicide will be sought both in American influences and contacts, and in the internal politics of the British police. Issues of national policing and centralized intelligence gathering will be emphasized.
Country Comfort: Vice and Corruption in Rural Settings
Authors: Potter Gary W. , Gaines Larry K.
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT This article provides an in-depth examination of rural organized crime. Organized crime studies traditionally have focused on urban criminality; this study discusses its rural form. Types of participants, patterns of criminality, and relationships with political and law enforcement corruption are detailed. Although there are differences between urban and rural organized crime, it tends to exhibit some similarities regardless of setting.
Delivering Justice in Rural Alaska: The Last Frontier
Authors: Schafer N.E. , Moras Antonia
Published: March 2007

An overview of justice in rural Alaska underscores the problems involved in the delivery of justice services to small, isolated villages and towns. Building on its territorial heritage, Alaska has centralized justice at the state level and adapted some traditional methods to a modem frontier.