bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Access to information through translation
Authors: Letsoalo Napjadi , Mabaso Delvah , Gouws Patricia
Published: September 2022

Translation into indigenous languages has a potential to promote access to information in order to transform the teaching and learning of robotics programmes. Developing open educational resources (OER) for indigenous language speakers is even more beneficial as it provides a choice to access education information in the language of their choice. Though South African has 11 official languages, the indigenous languages are still marginalised in the education sector. This study examines the translation methodology used in rendering the Inspired towards Science Engineering and Technology (I-SET) robotics terminology from English into indigenous language for the purpose of creating a multilingual OER. The study is based on the investigation of indigenous languages translations of robotics terms of the I-SET project. The study aimed to identify the translation techniques used in translating terms in context, and to evaluate the adequacy of the translation equivalents for better access to robotics information through indigenous languages. The examining of the translation of the contextual English robotics terms into indigenous languages took a qualitative, descriptive analytical approach. The findings indicate that individual terms determine the relevant translation techniques used to create the most appropriate and quality contextual equivalents. The products of the robotics translation activities will be catalogued, and an inventory of words are produced as an OER. The contents of the translation process will be included in module curricula to embrace the use of the newly created indigenous robotics words for the awareness and inspiration of science engagement using robotics.
In vivo generation of bone marrow from embryonic stem cells in interspecies chimeras
Authors: Wen Bingqiang , Wang Guolun , Li Enhong , Kolesnichenko Olena A , Tu Zhaowei , Divanovic Senad , Kalin Tanya V , Kalinichenko Vladimir V
Published: September 2022

Generation of bone marrow (BM) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) promises to accelerate the development of future cell therapies for life-threatening disorders. However, such approach is limited by technical challenges to produce a mixture of functional BM progenitor cells able to replace all hematopoietic cell lineages. Herein, we used blastocyst complementation to simultaneously produce BM cell lineages from mouse ESCs in a rat. Based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing, mouse ESCs differentiated into multiple hematopoietic and stromal cell types that were indistinguishable from normal mouse BM cells based on gene expression signatures and cell surface markers. Receptor–ligand interactions identified Cxcl12-Cxcr4, Lama2-Itga6, App-Itga6, Comp-Cd47, Col1a1-Cd44, and App-Il18rap as major signaling pathways between hematopoietic progenitors and stromal cells. Multiple hematopoietic progenitors, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mouse–rat chimeras derived more efficiently from mouse ESCs, whereas chondrocytes predominantly derived from rat cells. In the dorsal aorta and fetal liver of mouse–rat chimeras, mouse HSCs emerged and expanded faster compared to endogenous rat cells. Sequential BM transplantation of ESC-derived cells from mouse–rat chimeras rescued lethally irradiated syngeneic mice and demonstrated long-term reconstitution potential of donor HSCs. Altogether, a fully functional BM was generated from mouse ESCs using rat embryos as ‘bioreactors’.
A DBULSTM-Adaboost Model for Sea Surface Temperature Prediction
Authors: Yang Jiachen , Huo Jiaming , He Jingyi , Xiao Taiqiu , Chen Desheng , Li Yang
Published: September 2022

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important parameter to measure the energy and heat balance of sea surface. The change of sea surface temperature has an important impact on the marine ecosystem, marine climate and marine environment. Therefore, sea surface temperature prediction has become an significant research direction in the field of ocean. This article proposes a DBULSTM-Adaboost model based on ensemble learning. The model is composed of Deep Bidirectional and Unidirectional Long Short Term Memory (DBULSTM) and Adaboost strong learner. DBULSTM can capture the forward and backward dependence of time series, and the DBULSTM model is integrated with Adaboost strong learner to reduce the variance and bias of prediction and realize the short and medium term prediction of SST at a single point scale. Experimental results show that the model can improve the accuracy and stability of SST prediction. Experiments on the East China Sea and South China Sea with different prediction lengths show that the model is almost superior to other classical models in different sea areas and at different prediction levels. Compared with full-connected LSTM (FC-LSTM) model, the root-mean-square error is reduced by about 0.1.
MicroRNA-21 as a potential biomarker for detecting esophageal carcinoma in Asian populations: a meta-analysis
Authors: Han Zheng , Pan Lingbo , Lu Bangjie , Zhu Huixia
Published: September 2022

Background

MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is significantly expressed in a variety of cancers and could be used as a tumor biomarker. However, the results are varied, and no studies on the diagnostic usefulness of miR-21 in Asian esophageal cancer (EC) patients have been published. This meta-analysis was aimed at exploring whether miR-21 can be used as a diagnostic marker and assessing its effectiveness.

Methods

The relevant literature was identified in six main databases: Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Two researchers independently selected the literature based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias. The meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.4, Meta-Disc 1.4 and STATA 15.1 software. In the end, 987 patients from 12 different studies were included. Quality evaluation of diagnostic accuracy studies 2 (QUADAS—2) was used to examine the risk of bias.

Results

The pooled sensitivity (SEN) was 0.72 (95% CI [0.69–0.75]), the pooled specificity (SPE) was 0.78 (95% CI [0.75–0.81]), the pooled positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 2.87 (95% CI [2.28–3.59]), the pooled negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.36 (95% CI [0.31–0.43]), the pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 10.00 (95% CI [7.73–12.95]), and the area under the curve 0.82 (95% CI [0.79–0.85]). A Deeks’ funnel plot shows that there was no publication bias (P = 0.99).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest miR-21 might be the potential biomarker for detecting EC in Asian populations, with a good diagnostic value.
Brecha digital y contextos de marginación en México: una década de evolución
Authors:   El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (México), Toudert Djamel
Published: September 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, en el marco del contexto de marginación socioterritorial de las localidades de más de 2500 habitantes de México, la evolución de la indisponibilidad de las tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones (TIC) entre 2010 y 2020. La investigación se basa en datos provenientes del censo de población y vivienda de 2020 para dar seguimiento diacrónico a un análisis previo realizado con información censal de 2010. Metodológicamente, se emplearon herramientas de la estadística exploratoria descriptiva para generar perfiles de magnitud de marginación, los que fueron comparados con dos factores de la brecha digital: la indisponibilidad de Internet y/o de los artefactos de interacción. Los hallazgos revelan un retroceso general de la indisponibilidad entre 2010 y 2020 debido al posicionamiento del teléfono móvil al centro del modelo de conectividad, con sus aspectos positivos y negativos, para la apropiación provechosa de las TIC. En el marco de esta evolución, la población de las localidades de mayor marginación es la que registra la dinámica intercensal más endeble y es la más rezagada. Bajo esta perspectiva, la acción pública, con sus claroscuros para mitigar la brecha digital, es llamada a buscar otras estrategias para lidiar con la amplitud del rezago.
Información política en plataformas de redes sociales y participación electoral: evidencia desde Chile utilizando Full Matching
Authors:   Universidad Central de Chile (Chile), Gómez-Contreras Matías , González-López Felipe ,   Universidad Central de Chile (Chile)
Published: September 2022

Un gran número de investigaciones estudia la relación entre el uso de las plataformas de redes sociales y distintas formas de participación política. Sin embargo, la evidencia respecto del rol en la participación electoral es reducida, sobre todo para el contexto de América Latina. Esta investigación busca analizar la relación entre el consumo de información política en Facebook y Twitter y la concurrencia a votar en las elecciones en Chile. Para ello, se utilizan datos provenientes de encuestas de opinión pública que miden la participación en los comicios de 2013 y de 2017 (n=7736). Se aplica la técnica de Full Matching (FM) para reducir el sesgo de (auto)selección presente en estudios observacionales y realizar comparaciones válidas. Se contrastan las estimaciones antes y después de la aplicación del FM, encontrando diferencias relevantes. Los resultados con FM señalan que el consumo de información política en las plataformas de redes sociales no se asocia con la participación electoral en el periodo de estudio. Esto abre una discusión respecto de los diversos tipos de uso de las plataformas y la participación electoral.
The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Promoting Business Growth and Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Nzuva Silas Mutie
Published: September 2022

Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in promoting growth and sustainability in the Kenyan hospitality industry.

Research Design: A quantitative descriptive research design was used. This was achieved by administering a fully structured survey questionnaire to 37 participants selected through a purposive convenient sampling method.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out on the Kenyan hospitality industry within four months, from February to May 2021

Findings: The study findings show that the majority of the companies asserted that CSR activities are primarily important in enhancing the organization's brand image to the prospective and general public as a whole, improving risk management strategies and compliance with ethical business practices. However, other additional benefits of organizations' engagement in CSR include reduced employee turnover, improved organizational culture, improved financial performance, and better legal compliance.
Silicate Scaling Formation: Impact of pH in High-Temperature Reservoir and Its Characterization Study
Authors: Sazali Rozana Azrina , Sorbie Kenneth Stuart , Boak Lorraine Scott , Al Badri Nurshazwani Shuhada , Veny Harumi , Ab Hamid Farah Hanim , Zainal Abidin Mohd Zaki
Published: September 2022

Silicate scaling tends to form and be aggravated during high pH Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) floods and this silicate scale deposition affects oil production. Hence, it is important to examine the conditions that lead to silicate scale forming. The severity of the silicate scaling reaction, the type and morphology of silica/silicate scale formed in an experimental ASP flood were studied for pH values 5, 8.5, and 11, whilst the temperature was kept constant at 90 ℃. In addition, the impact of calcium ion was studied and spectroscopic analyses were used to identify the extent of scaling reaction, morphology type and the functional group present in the precipitates. This was performed using imagery of the generated precipitates. It was observed that the silica/silicate scale is most severe at the highest pH and Ca:Mg molar ratios examined. Magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide were observed to precipitate along with the silica and Mg-silicate/Ca-silicate scale at pH 11. The presence of calcium ions altered the morphology of the precipitates formed from amorphous to microcrystalline/crystalline. In conclusion, pH affects the type, morphology, and severity of the silica/silicate scale produced in the studied scaling system. The comprehensive and conclusive data showing how pH affects the silicate scaling reaction reported here are vital in providing the foundation to further investigate the management and prevention of this silicate scaling. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Development and characterization of a novel human CD137 agonistic antibody with anti‐tumor activity and a good safety profile in non‐human primates
Authors: Gao Yingying , Yang Teddy , Liu Hu , Song Ningning , Dai Chaohui , Ding Yu
Published: September 2022

CD137 (4‐1BB, TNFRSF9), an inducible T‐cell costimulatory receptor, is expressed on activated T cells, activated NK cells, Treg cells, and several innate immune cells, including DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, and eosinophils. In animal models and clinical trials, anti‐CD137 agonistic monoclonal antibodies have shown anti‐tumor potential, but balancing the efficacy and toxicity of anti‐CD137 agonistic monoclonal antibodies is a considerable hindrance for clinical applications. Here, we describe a novel fully human CD137 agonistic antibody (PE0116) generated from immunized harbor H2L2 human transgenic mice. PE0116 is a ligand blocker, which is also the case for Utomilumab (one of the leading CD137 agonistic drugs); PE0116 partially overlaps with Urelumab's recognized epitope. In vitro, PE0116 activates NF‐κB signaling, significantly promotes T‐cell proliferation, and increases cytokine secretion in the presence of cross‐linking. Importantly, PE0116 possesses robust anti‐tumor activity in the MC38 tumor model. In vivo, PE0116 exhibits a good safety profile and has typical pharmacokinetic characteristics of an IgG antibody in preclinical studies of non‐human primates. In summary, PE0116 is a promising anti‐CD137 antibody with a good safety profile in preclinical studies.
An adaptive fuzzy sliding‐mode control method for leader‐follower consensus of uncertain non‐square nonlinear systems
Authors: Mousavi Alireza , Markazi Amir H. D.
Published: September 2022

This study presents a new adaptive fuzzy sliding‐mode control method for the leader‐follower consensus problem of uncertain non‐square nonlinear systems in the presence of input saturation and dead‐zone. In the proposed approach, to transform the dynamic equations of every agent into fully‐actuated multi‐input/multi‐output nonlinear systems, some auxiliary inputs are defined based on the weighted pseudo‐inverse theory. Furthermore, the effects of input nonlinearities and the introduced terms due to the system transformation are considered as part of the unknown nonlinear dynamic model. The auxiliary input vector of each agent consists of a fuzzy term employed to approximate the unknown nonlinear model and a robust term to compensate for any possible mismatches. Therefore, by employing the adaptation laws proposed based on a Lyapunov function, the output vectors of the fuzzy systems and the upper bounds of the approximation errors are computed. The closed‐loop asymptotic stability is proved using the second Lyapunov theorem and Barbalat's lemma. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the leader‐follower consensus control of a group of REMUS autonomous underwater vehicles.
Reprogrammable Mechanical Metamaterials with Heterogeneous Assembly of Soft Shell‐Based Voxels
Authors: Ma Xiaoyuan , Yan Peng
Published: September 2022

Mechanical metamaterials are well studied to enable functions that are difficult to achieve in natural materials, in which reprogramming of specific underlying structures targeting different mechanical responses is particularly challenging. Herein, a heterogeneous voxel assembly‐based 2D mechanical metamaterial is purposed, aiming at a reprogrammable design of the mechanical properties and shape‐morphing simultaneously. In particular, each voxel is structured with a bistable soft shell and soft beams, which can be well controlled to achieve various desirable mechanical properties by a parameterized design method. The engineered metamaterial has a periodic arrangement of the voxel structures that can be transformed into an arbitrary aperiodic architecture with low geometrical frustration in the metamaterial plane by manipulating voxels, in which reprogrammable stiffness and Poisson's ratios, as well as deformation sequences and complex surface textures, can be achieved. In addition, the voxelated assembly has two modes allowing for fine or extensive tuning of the stiffness and the optional generation of 1D or 2D textures. Under this design paradigm, the programmability of multiple mechanical responses can support the development of more intelligent mechanical metamaterials with great potentials to soft robotics and active deformable devices.
High sunlight resistant thermochromic smart textiles based on UV absorbing polymer
Authors: Zhong Ziheng , Hu Anzhong , Fu Shaohai , Zhang Liping
Published: September 2022

In this study, a new UV absorptive copolymer was prepared and further applied in thermochromic smart textiles in order to improve its application property. Firstly, UV absorptive copolymer was prepared by solution polymerization using a structural monomer (methyl methacrylate, MMA) and a UV absorptive functional monomer (2‐[3‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐hydroxyphenyl] ethyl methacrylate, BHEM), which absorbs UV light effectively and has strong absorption at 230, 305, and 340 nm. And then, a light‐resistant thermochromic fabric with a three‐layer structure was prepared via coating technology. The influencing factors on light‐resistant thermochromic fabrics were systematically investigated by controlling polymerization components and copolymer dosage. The fading rate of the optimized light‐resistant thermochromic fabric after 10 h illumination is only 27.9%, which is 60.9% improvement than thermochromic fabric without a protective copolymer. Light‐resistant thermochromic fabrics with a 36 μm UV absorbing polymer coating shows excellent color fastness, including wash fastness (five grades), wet rubbing fastness (five grades), and light fastness (two grades). Moreover, light‐resistant thermochromic fabrics have good color reversibility and fatigue resistance (100 cycles) properties. And this approach provides a feasible optimization scheme for improving the light resistance of thermochromic textiles.
Can alpine plant species “bank” on conservation?: Using artificial aging to understand seed longevity
Authors: Seglias Alexandra E.
Published: September 2022

Premise

To conserve native plants, many institutions are turning toward ex‐situ conservation methods, such as storage in seed banks; however, not all seeds are able to survive in seed bank conditions, or may not in the long term. Experimental aging has shown that alpine species lose viability more quickly than low‐elevation species. Furthermore, the germination requirements for rare species are largely unknown, but are a necessary first step in understanding storage behavior and viability decline.

Methods

Five alpine species were subjected to germination and accelerated aging experiments to understand their longevity in storage. For the accelerated aging experiment, the seeds were rehydrated in a dark incubator and subsequently placed in a drying oven. Following the aging process, the seeds were placed into previously determined germination conditions.

Results

All species had p50 values of <13.7 days, which is the threshold to consider a species short lived. These results suggest that we cannot haphazardly store seeds and assume that all species will survive for decades.

Discussion

Accelerated aging experiments are not a perfect measure of seed longevity, and true longevity needs to be empirically determined. However, this experimental method allows us to predict which species may be short lived and whether alternative ex‐situ conservation methods might be needed beyond conventional seed banking.
Technology utilization in dyadic coaching sessions
Authors: Partridge Katherine
Published: September 2022

In‐vivo coaching is a hallmark of most forms of dyadic (often parent‐child) therapy for young children. Providers utilize this process in the Pediatric Partial Hospital Program (PPHP) in the context of “floortime” which creates the opportunity to give pointed modeling and/or feedback to the dyad using real‐time instances of behavior in the milieu. Similarly, supervisors use in‐vivo coaching in the training context to build greater awareness of skill execution and attunement to the therapeutic relationship(s). While there are multiple ways to use in‐vivo coaching, the following discussion will explore practical and innovative applications for using technology (e.g., bug‐in‐the ear, telehealth, and video) in a manner that does not rely on the therapist (or supervisor) being physically present as another visible relationship in the treatment space. The application of technology to create this type of therapeutic and supervisory frame existed (e.g., Parent‐Child Interaction Therapy) long before the COVID‐19 pandemic; however, the circumstances of social distancing created a renewed necessity and appetite for conducting dyadic coaching in a modified and accessible manner. Further, as we migrate from a clinical space that has relied on telehealth in unprecedented ways, to a more hybrid (telehealth/face‐to‐face) treatment model, we will continue to be faced with questions of how to utilize technology in the therapeutic space in a creative and balanced manner.
How to improve children's sleep
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2022

An editorial in JAMA Pediatrics published September 12 focused on the need to improve children's sleep, a problem that parents are well aware of. If children don't get enough sleep, they suffer. So do their parents, watching their bleary‐eyed teens head off to school every morning, knowing that there will be a long night ahead in which the healing nature of sleep does not have an opportunity to exist. Yet, it is in the power of parents and professionals to change this.
High‐Energy‐Density and High‐Rate Membraneless Ni−Fe Battery Enabled by a 1‐Butyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Bromide‐Based Gel Electrolyte
Authors: Zeng Yanfei , Li Xianzhe , Fu Jianjun , Shen Pei Kang , Zhang Xinyi
Published: September 2022

The aqueous Ni−Fe batteries offer great opportunities for energy storage and conversion devices and systems owing to their ultralong lifetime, high safety and reliability and eco‐friendly characteristics. However, their widespread applications are hindered due to the passivation, hydrogen evolution and self‐discharge of electrodes in aqueous electrolyte, which result in rapid decay in both capacity and charge‐discharge rate. Here we present a membraneless Ni−Fe battery by using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide‐based gel electrolyte in combination with strongly coupled self‐assembled nanostructure composites to address these issues. We show that the composite electrodes with stereotaxically‐constructed and functionally complementary components enable to achieve fast redox kinetics and large capacitive effects. Meanwhile, the Ionic liquids‐based electrolyte effectively suppresses the passivation, hydrogen evolution and self‐discharge, hence significantly enhances the kinetic reversibility, structural stability and rate performance. As a result, the membraneless Ni−Fe battery delivers an ultrahigh energy density of 192 Wh kg−1 along with a power density of 0.3 kW kg−1, which competes with LiFePO4 batteries. The Ni−Fe battery maintains 91.4 % of the initial capacity and 98 % coulombic efficiency for 9000 cycles at a 0.5 A g−1 current density.
Stacking Interactions: A Supramolecular Approach to Upgrade Weak Halogen Bond Donors
Authors: Baykov Sergey V. , Ivanov Daniil M. , Kasatkina Svetlana O. , Galmés Bartomeu , Frontera Antonio , Resnati Giuseppe , Kukushkin Vadim Y.
Published: September 2022

The co‐crystallization of tetracyanobenzene (TCB) with haloarenes ArX provided six new co‐crystals TCB ⋅ ArX (ArX=PhCl, PhBr, 4‐MeC6H4Cl, 4‐MeC6H4Br, 4‐MeOC6H4Cl, 1,2‐Br2C6H4) which were studied by X‐ray diffraction. In these systems, the strong collective effect of π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions and lone pair‐(X)⋅⋅⋅π‐hole‐(C) bondings between TCB and ArX promote the strength of X⋅⋅⋅Ncyanohalogen bonding (HaB). Theoretical studies showed that the stacking interactions affect the σ‐hole depth of the haloarenes, thus significantly boosting their ability to function as HaB donors. According to the molecular electrostatic potential calculations, the σ‐ hole‐(Cl) value (1.5 kcal/mol) in the haloarene 4‐MeOC6H4Cl (featuring an electron‐rich arene moiety and exhibiting very poor σ‐hole‐(Cl) ability) increases significantly in the stacked trimer (TCB)2 ⋅ 4‐MeOC6H4Cl (12.5 kcal/mol). Theoretical DFT calculations demonstrate the dramatic increase of X⋅⋅⋅NcyanoHaB strength for stacked trimers in comparison with parent unstacked haloarenes.
Coulometric Response of H+‐Selective Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrodes and Its Application in Flexible Sensors†
Authors: Han Tingting , Song Tao , Gan Shiyu , Han Dongxue , Bobacka Johan , Niu Li , Ivaska Ari
Published: September 2022

Comprehensive Summary

The analytical performance of H+‐selective solid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes (SCISEs) based on solid contact polyaniline doped with chloride (PANI(Cl)) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT(PSS)) was characterized by a developed coulometric signal transduction method. PEDOT(PSS) solid contact is covered by PVC based H+‐selective membrane. The obtained coulometric signal demonstrates that the cumulated charge can be amplified by increasing the capacitance of solid contact. SCISEs covered with spin‐coated membrane behave faster amperometric response than electrodes with drop‐cast membrane. In contrast to earlier works, the amperometric response and impedance spectrum demonstrates H+ transfer through SCISEs is independent from the thickness of membrane. The exceptional behavior of PANI(Cl) H+‐SCISEs shows that the capacitance estimated from impedance spectrum at low frequency 10 mHz and coulometric signal of PANI(Cl) based SCISEs is influenced by the applied potentials, whereas PEDOT(PSS) solid contact is independent from the chosen applied potentials. Furthermore, preliminary investigations of coulometric signal transduction on flexible pH sensor implies its potential applications in wearable sensors for sweat ion concentration detection.
Interventional cytology benefits patients undergoing thyroid FNA
Authors: Vohra Poonam , Khanafshar Elham , Balassanian Ron
Published: September 2022

Rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) plays a role in preventing unnecessary surgery and will ultimately reduce the financial burden on the health care system. Data from retrospective studies supports offering interventional cytology and ROSE as the standard of care for patients undergoing thyroid fine‐needle aspiration biopsy.
An Exploration of the Transformation of the 8‐Oxo‐7,8‐Dihydroguanine Radical Cation to Protonated 2‐Amino‐5‐Hydroxy‐7,9‐Dihydropurine‐6,8‐Dione in a Base Pair
Authors: Wei Simin , He Qihao , Duan Jinwei , Zheng Huayu , Ma Lei , Wang Yinghui
Published: September 2022

A theoretical investigation was performed to disclose the transformation mechanism of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine radical cation (8‐oxoG⋅+) to protonated 2‐amino‐5‐hydroxy‐7,9‐dihydropurine‐6,8‐dione (5‐OH‐8‐oxoG) in base pair. The energy profiles for three possible pathways of the events were mapped. It is shown that direct loss of H7 from base paired 8‐oxoG⋅+ is the only energetically favorable pathway to generate neutral radical, 8‐oxoG(‐H7)⋅. Further oxidation of 8‐oxoG(‐H7)⋅ : C to 8‐oxoG(‐H7)+ : C is exothermic. However, the 8‐oxoG(‐H7)+ : C deprotonation from all possible active sites is infeasible, indicating the inaccessible second proton loss and the lack of essential intermediate 2‐amino‐7,9‐dihydropurine‐6,8‐dione (8‐oxoGOX). This makes 8‐oxoG(‐H7)+ act as the precursor of hydration leading to the generation of protonated 5‐HO‐8‐oxoG by stepwise fashion in base pair, which would initiate the step down guanidinohydantoin (Gh) pathway. These results clearly specify the structure‐dependent transformation for 8‐oxoG⋅+ and verify the emergence of protonated 5‐HO‐8‐oxoG in base pair.
Streptococcus mutans carriage in the saliva of mothers and its association with dental caries and Streptococcus mutans carriage in the saliva of children between 6 and 30 months old in a low‐income setting in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Nizar Ambreen , Sheikh Maheen , Khan Farhan R. , Iqbal Najeeha Talat , Azam Syed I. , Qureshi Shahida , Ali Asad , Jehan Fyezah
Published: September 2022

Background

Early childhood caries poses a significant health issue in children under 6 years old. It is determined that Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent, likely to be transferred through maternal contact.

Objectives

To determine the association of maternal S. mutans counts with S. mutans counts in their children between 6 and 30 months of age, and to determine the maternal and child DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) indices.

Material and Methods

A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. A sample of 193 dyads of mother–children (6–30 months of age) was selected via purposive sampling. Saliva samples of the dyads were collected to assess S. mutans count. Caries assessment was performed for both using the DMFT index. A pretested questionnaire was used. The association of bottle‐feeding, oral hygiene measures, and other factors with S. mutans counts in children were also explored. Zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model at a 5% level of significance was applied using STATA version 12.0.

Results

Out of 193 children, 109 (56.47%) were males and 84 (43.52%) were females. The mean age of mothers and children was 29.4 ± 6.2 years and 19.54 ± 6.8 months, respectively. Maternal S. mutans counts were not statistically associated with child's S. mutans counts (Mean child's S. mutans count ratio: 1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1, 1.01; p = .882). Compared with children who were breastfed, S. mutans counts were higher in children who were bottle‐fed (mean S. mutans count ratio= 4.85 [95% CI: 1.53, 15.41], p = .007). Age of mother and present caries status of mothers was significantly associated with the child's S. mutans count.

Conclusion

No association between maternal S. mutans and child S. mutans was observed. However, maternal age, children who were breastfed, children who did not use pacifiers, and children with mothers who did not have caries, exhibited low S. mutans counts in their saliva.
Stein, Rebecca L. 2021. Screen Shots: State Violence on Camera in Israel and Palestine. Stanford University Press.
Authors: Ibrahim Omneya
Published: September 2022

Screen Shots takes an ethnographic approach to explore the visual history of the Israeli military occupation of Palestinian territories and the different roles photography played within the decades‐long conflict. Choosing to forgo the usual route of exploring the impact of photos on social activism, the author focused instead on how easily images can be utilized as tools of colonialism supporting the occupation; a unique viewpoint offering readers a more comprehensive understanding of the function of photography as a political placeholder in modern age. Although Screen Shots attempts to showcase a solid overview of the Palestinian‐Israeli conflict through images for over more than two decades, it still comes short in terms of balance in revealing real‐life experiences of snapping photos for political purposes from both sides.
Elevation of plasma phosphorylated tau181 during neurological illnesses affecting consciousness and kidney dysfunction
Authors: Thanapornsangsuth Poosanu , Ongphichetmetha Tatchaporn , Luechaipanit Watayuth , Hemachudha Pasin , Hemachudha Thiravat
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)181 has become a promising blood‐based Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker. We studied the agreement of plasma p‐tau181 and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers in patients with alteration of consciousness (AOC).

Methods

Plasma and CSF were simultaneously collected in participants presenting with AOC. Plasma p‐tau181 was measured using the single‐molecule array. CSF biomarkers were classified according to the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (AT[N]) framework.

Results

Among participants enrolled, the median (interquartile range) age was 57 (28.5–75) years and 5.8% had AD. Plasma p‐tau181 yielded area under the curve of 0.85 and showed moderate correlation with CSF p‐tau181 (Rho = 0.42, P < .001). Using the historical cut‐point, many non‐AD participants had elevated plasma p‐tau181 resulting in a specificity of 0.57. Plasma p‐tau181 correlated with the glomerular filtration rate (Rho = –0.52, P < .001). Among A− participants with elevated plasma p‐tau181, 42% had kidney dysfunction.

Discussion

Plasma p‐tau181 showed inadequate specificity in patients with AOC partially attributable to concomitant kidney dysfunction.
Negative caregiving and stress reactivity moderate the relation between early life stress and externalizing in adolescence
Authors: Buthmann Jessica , Miller Jonas G. , Chahal Rajpreet , Berens Anne , Gotlib Ian H.
Published: September 2022

Exposure to early life stress (ELS) is common and has been implicated in the development of psychopathology; importantly, however, many individuals who experience ELS do not develop emotional or behavioral difficulties. Prior research implicates stress exposure, negative caregiving behaviors, and patterns of physiological reactivity in predicting psychological well‐being; however, the precise factors that contribute to resilience versus vulnerability to the adverse effects of stress exposures are not well understood. In a longitudinal study of adolescents (N = 120) assessed at three timepoints approximately every 2 years beginning at the ages of 913 years, we examined the roles of autonomic reactivity to social stress (assessed through skin conductance during the Trier Social Stress Task) and negative caregiving behaviors as moderators of the association between exposure to ELS and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. We found that the relation between ELS and externalizing symptoms was moderated by both negative caregiving and autonomic reactivity, such that the relation between ELS and externalizing was positive at low levels of negative caregiving and at high levels of autonomic reactivity; interactions predicting internalizing symptoms were not statistically significant. These findings highlight the importance of considering physiological and environmental variables that might contribute to susceptibility or resilience to symptoms of psychopathology following exposure to ELS.
Enantioseparation of planar chiral ferrocenes on cellulose‐based chiral stationary phases: Benzoate versus carbamate pendant groups
Authors: Dallocchio Roberto , Dessì Alessandro , Sechi Barbara , Chankvetadze Bezhan , Jibuti Giorgi , Cossu Sergio , Mamane Victor , Peluso Paola
Published: September 2022

In this study, the enantioseparation of 14 planar chiral ferrocenes containing halogen atoms, and methyl, iodoethynyl, phenyl, and 2‐naphthyl groups, as substituents, was explored with a cellulose tris(4‐methylbenzoate) (CMB)‐based chiral column under multimodal elution conditions. n‐Hexane/2‐propanol (2‐PrOH) 95:5 v/v, pure methanol (MeOH), and MeOH/water 90:10 v/v were used as mobile phases (MPs). With CMB, baseline enantioseparations were achieved for nine analytes with separation factors (α) ranging from 1.24 to 1.77, whereas only three analytes could be enantioseparated with 1.14 ≤ α ≤ 1.51 on a cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC)‐based column, used as a reference for comparison, under the same elution conditions. Pendant group–dependent reversal of the enantiomer elution order was observed in several cases by changing CMB to CDMPC. The impact of analyte and chiral stationary phase (CSP) structure, and MP polarity on the enantioseparation, was evaluated. The two cellulose‐based CSPs featured by different pendant groups were also compared in terms of thermodynamics. For this purpose, enthalpy (ΔΔH°), entropy (ΔΔS°) and free energy (ΔΔG°) differences, isoenantioselective temperatures (Tiso), and enthalpy/entropy ratios (Q), associated with the enantioseparations, were derived from van ’t Hoff plots by using n‐hexane/2‐PrOH 95:5 v/v and methanol/water 90:10 v/v as MPs. With the aim to disclose the functions of the different substituents in mechanisms and noncovalent interactions underlying analyte–selector complex formation at molecular level, electrostatic potential (V) analysis and molecular dynamics simulations were used as computational techniques. On this basis, enantioseparations and related mechanisms were investigated by integrating theoretical and experimental data.
LiDAR‐based semi‐automated mapping of drumlins and mega‐scale glacial lineations of the Green Bay Lobe, Wisconsin, USA: Ice sheet beds as glaciotribological systems
Authors: Eyles Nick , Bukhari Syed , Sookhan Shane , Ruscica Phil , Paulen Roger
Published: September 2022

A machine learning methodology for processing and visualizing high‐resolution LiDAR digital data is used to map drumlins and mega‐scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) on the bed of the Late Wisconsin Green Bay Lobe in Wisconsin, USA, which exhibited surge‐like behaviour during deglaciation. Previous work has shown that streamlined bedforms are the product of erosional streamlining of pre‐existing sediment. Analysis of bedform height and elongation ratio using curvature‐based relief separation (CBRS) andK‐means clustering of 32,003 bedforms reveals a continuum of six morphotypes ranging from drumlins, through “channeled” more elongated multi‐crested drumlins, to MSGLs. Further statistical analysis shows that morphotypes cluster into six types of streamlined surfaces (S1–S6) recording progressive elimination of an antecedent overridden topography to produce a smoother bed. Initial, relatively high‐relief drumlinized surfaces (S1, S2) occur around the slower‐flowing lateral flanks of the lobe, where a pre‐existing hummocky morainal topography was only partially modified by subglacial erosion. More streamlined surfaces (S3, S4) dominated by multi‐crested more elongate drumlins of reduced relief amplitude are transitional to flow sets of MSGL‐dominated surfaces (S5, S6) indicative of much faster‐flowing ice streaming along the lobe's axis. Estimates of basal drag based on roughness calculations for each surface type identify a 61% reduction in frictional retardation from poorly streamlined surfaces S1 and S2 to MSGL‐dominated surfaces S5 and S6, with a step‐like reduction between drumlins and channeled drumlins (S3, S4) possibly recording the rapid onset of fast flow. Subglacial streamlining is argued to be accomplished by a thin (<1 m) “third layer” of deforming subglacial debris between ice and its bed which functioned as an erodent layer. A thin (<3 m) till cap, formed by aggradation of deforming debris, rests unconformably on heterogeneous core sediments. Streamlined subglacial surfaces are comparable to the “functional” surfaces resulting from erosion by a “third layer” of wear debris in engineering tribological systems, and also by gouge on faults. Pleistocene ice sheets expanded over pre‐existing landsystems, pointing to the broader relevance of the methodology and findings reported here.
Application of Hermite wavelet method for heat transfer in a porous media
Authors: Vinod Y. , Raghunatha K. R.
Published: September 2022

In this article, the flow and heat transfer for non‐Newtonian viscoelastic fluid in an axisymmetric channel with a porous wall is investigated. Convective boundary conditions have been used in the problem formulation. We obtain coupled, highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations from the fundamental governing equations via appropriate similarity variables. The solution for velocity and temperature are computed by applying the Hermite wavelet method (HWM). The comparison between the results from the HWM, differential transform method, and numerical method are well in agreement which proves the capacity of HWM for solving such problems. The effects of Reynolds number and Prandtl number on the velocity and temperature are illustrated through graphs and tables for different values of an independent variable.
Assessment of the acute‐ and long‐term application of naloxone training on a simulated overdose response
Authors: Franko Thomas
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Pharmacist training on naloxone is often assessed within a year of initial instruction, however, the retention of the skills necessary in a naloxone rescue beyond this time frame has not been well established.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the acute‐ vs long‐term application of naloxone training on a simulated overdose response.

Methods

Pharmacy students in their first professional year (P1) were provided asynchronous training on naloxone information and use 2 days prior to a required skills lab. During the lab, students completed an overdose simulation with naloxone response. Students in their third professional year (P3) had a required skills lab focused on substance use disorders at the same time as the P1 lab. These students, who received the same training as the current P1's 2 years prior, completed the same overdose simulation with naloxone response during their scheduled lab time. A checklist from previously published work was used to evaluate student performance during each simulation. Results of the P1 and P3 simulations were compared.

Results

One hundred percent of P1 students (n = 65) and 97% of P3 students (n = 65) consented to have their data used as part of the study. The median scores for the simulation were 82% (interquartile range [IQR] = 9) for the P1 students and 73% (IQR = 9) for the P3 students (p = 0.58). A significant difference between the groups existed for two items on the checklist: assess the scene is safe (P1 = 52%, P3 = 26%, p = 0.002), and determine if the patient is breathing (P1 = 18%, P3 = 34%, p = 0.04).

Conclusion

Students who received initial instruction on naloxone use 2 years prior to a simulated naloxone rescue demonstrated similar results to those who received initial instruction 2 days prior to the same simulation.
Rapid detection of hepatitis B virus DNA level based on interval‐point data fusion of infrared spectra
Authors: Chen Jiaze , Ma Jinfang , Han Xueqin , Zhou Yongxin , Xie Baiheng , Huang Furong , Li Li , Li Yuanpeng
Published: September 2022

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease cause by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). In recent years, HBV‐DNA level clinically gets more attention for its detailed information than other serological markers. Unfortunately, common clinical method for HBV‐DNA level detection is limited for its hours consuming. This study combined infrared spectroscopy with machine learning to investigate the feasibility of near‐infrared (NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) spectra for rapid detection of HBV‐DNA level. Based on partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) modeling method, the optimal NIR and MIR models and traditional data fusion models were constructed, respectively. Considering inequal weight between interval and point data in machine learning, interval‐point data fusion method was used to compare with other traditional date fusion methods. The results of the study illustrate that interval‐point data fusion of NIR and MIR spectra combined with PLS‐DA modeling can provide a rapid method for HBV‐DNA level detection.
Quantitative analysis of tissue area of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided liver biopsy specimens using 19‐gauge fine‐needle biopsy needle in patients with diffuse liver disease: A single‐center retrospective study
Authors: Matsumoto Kotaro , Doi Shinpei , Watanabe Ayako , Katsukura Nobuhiro , Tsujikawa Takayuki , Takahashi Mikiko , Kikuchi Kentaro
Published: September 2022

Background/Purpose

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided liver biopsy (EUS‐LB) is a novel liver biopsy technique. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EUS‐LB in comparison with percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB).

Methods

This retrospective study evaluated the safety and efficacy of EUS‐LB using a 19‐gauge fine needle biopsy (FNB) needle compared with PLB using a spring‐loaded 16‐gauge needle in patients with diffuse liver disease at our hospital from April 2017 to December 2020. The primary outcomes included the total hepatic tissue surface area and the total number of portal tracts. Secondary outcomes included the success and adverse event rates.

Results

Twenty patients each underwent EUS‐LB and PLB. There was no statistical difference in the sum of liver tissue surface area (22 mm2 vs 22.6 mm2, P = .910) and the total number of portal tracts (29 vs 25, P = .916). The success rate was 95% (19/20) for EUS‐LB and 100% (20/20) for PLB (P = 1). There were two adverse events in the PLB group but none in the EUS‐LB group (P = .487).

Conclusions

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided liver biopsy using FNB has an optimal tissue yield and success rate and is safe compared to PLB. Thus, EUS‐LB may be a new alternative to PLB.
Outcomes of neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus S‐1 and radiation therapy for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer
Authors: Yabushita Yasuhiro , Matsuyama Ryusei , Miyake Kentaro , Homma Yuki , Kumamoto Takafumi , Misumi Toshihiro , Hata Masaharu , Yamanaka Shoji , Fujii Satoshi , Endo Itaru
Published: September 2022

Background

The efficacy of multidisciplinary treatment, including neoadjuvant treatment, in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) remains unclear. We assessed the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and tegafu/gimearcil/oteracil (S‐1) for BRPC.

Methods

In a single center, nonrandomized prospective study, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) with gemcitabine plus S‐1 was administered for BRPC (no. B090312028) in 122 patients enrolled between 2009 and 2015. Gemcitabine plus S‐1 comprised gemcitabine on days 8 and 15, and daily S‐1 on days 1‐14. After two courses of gemcitabine plus S‐1, 30 Gy radiotherapy was administered in 10 fractions with S‐1.

Results

Eighty‐four and 38 patients had BR‐PV and BR‐A, respectively. No deaths occurred during NACRT. Ninety‐four patients (77%) underwent resection with curative intent. R0 resection was performed in 91% of resected cases. Patients who underwent post‐NACRT resection had better overall survival than did patients without resection (mean survival time [MST]: 24.7 vs 9.6 months, 5‐year‐survival rate (5 years): 30.3% vs 0%, P < .001). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 73% of patients. MST and 5‐year survival rate of the patients treated with NACRT followed by resection and adjuvant chemotherapy were 29.6 months and 34.3%, respectively.

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and S‐1 can be safely administered in BRPC and may require adjuvant chemotherapy.

Clinical Trial Registration Number

This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network‐Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN‐CTR) UMIN000006782.