bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and optimization of large-scale integration of 2D material in memristors
Authors: Ligaud Clotilde , Le Van-Jodin Lucie , Reig Bruno , Trousset Pierre , Brunet Paul , Bertucchi Michaël , Hellion Clémence , Gauthier Nicolas , Van-Hoan Le , Okuno Hanako , Dosenovic Djordje , Cadot Stéphane , Gassilloud Remy , Jamet Matthieu
Published: June 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) materials like transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) have proved to be serious candidates to replace silicon in several technologies with enhanced performances. In this respect, the two remaining challenges are the wafer scale growth of TMDs and their integration into operational devices using clean room compatible processes. In this work, two different CMOS-compatible protocols are developed for the fabrication of MoS2-based memristors, and the resulting performances are compared. The quality of MoS2 at each stage of the process is characterized by Raman spectroscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. In the first protocol, the structure of MoS2 is preserved during transfer and patterning processes. However, a polymer layer with a minimum thickness of 3 nm remains at the surface of MoS2 limiting the electrical switching performances. In the second protocol, the contamination layer is completely removed resulting in improved electrical switching performances and reproducibility. Based on physico-chemical and electrical results, the switching mechanism is discussed in terms of conduction through grain boundaries.
Graphene-nuclear nexus: a critical review
Authors: Rabbani Shahid , Qureshi Zahid Ahmed , Alfantazi Akram , Alkaabi Ahmed K , Alameri Saeed A , Addad Yacine , Samad Yarjan Abdul , Afgan Imran
Published: June 2024

Graphene, a remarkable material with exceptional properties, has been at the forefront of extensive scientific research in the past two decades, leading to a vast array of proposed applications. The material’s structural strength, superior thermal and electrical conductivity, anti-corrosion properties, and versatile sensor capabilities has made it an exceedingly desirable option for various functions in the nuclear industry. However, despite the increasing interest in graphene’s potential uses in the nuclear industry, a comprehensive and detailed review of its possible applications in this context is still missing. This article endeavours to bridge this gap by presenting a thorough analysis of the potential applications of graphene in the nuclear industry. Specifically, its applications to pre-reactor treatments, fuel enrichment, heavy water preparation, filtration, radionuclide waste conditioning, monitoring through sensors, augmented heat transfer and corrosion prevention. These areas offer numerous opportunities for graphene-based materials to enhance the efficiency, safety, and reliability of nuclear power plants. This article not only illuminates the exciting opportunities of graphene usage in the nuclear field but also serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers and stakeholders seeking to leverage the unique properties of graphene to drive innovation and advancement in the nuclear industry.
Energy and exergy analysis of an ideal molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and reheat & regenerative braysson cycle hybrid system
Authors: Soujanya K S L , Sastry G Ravi Kiran , Ramji K , Chandramouli R , Kumar G Santosh
Published: June 2024

Direct energy conversion devices are gaining prominence because of their high efficiency, as the process involves the direct conversion of chemical energy to its electrical counterpart, bypassing the thermal energy phase. Fuel cells work on the principle of a chemical reaction between fuels like Hydrogen, Methane, propane, ammonia, and an oxidizer. The working temperature of the fuel cell is as high as (600 °C–700 °C). Generally, waste heat liberated from the fuel cells was used to generate power by running the Brayton (or) Rankine cycle. This work involves exergy and energy analysis on a hybrid system made of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell and reheat & regenerative Braysson cycle. Combining a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) with a Braysson cycle results in a novel hybrid system that offers exciting possibilities for power generation. In the analysis, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell is assumed to operate at 650 °C, and the turbine inlet temperature (TIT) range of the Braysson cycle is taken as 400 to 600 °C. It has been noticed that different optimum pressure ratio values exist to obtain maximum output of power and maximum efficiencies. Both the exergy and energy efficiencies of the combined cycle increase with the increase in turbine inlet temperature. This combined system depicts maximum energy and exergy efficiency of 96.84% and 95.13%, respectively. Destruction rates of exergy for individual equipment and the total system are also obtained as a function of TIT and pressure ratio. The exergy destruction rates are found to be maximum in the fuel cells. An optimum pressure ratio is found to be 1.4, where fuel consumption is the least and efficiencies are the maximum.
The roles of agricultural trade and trade policy in climate change adaptation and mitigation
Authors: Villoria Nelson B , Arita Shawn , Sydow Sharon
Published: June 2024

This article examines how international trade and policy shape the economic consequences of climate-induced changes in crop productivity, considering both adaptation and mitigation. International trade serves as a global risk-sharing mechanism with the potential of ameliorating the adverse impacts of climate-induced crop shortages by allowing regions with agricultural surpluses to provide for those facing shortages. However, the effectiveness of trade in adaptation depends on whether changes in productivity occur in the short- or the long-run, the structure of tariffs and subsidies, and whether a country is a net importer or exporter of affected products. The most recent evidence on long-term adaptation suggests that the changes in domestic crop portfolios and a diversified set of suppliers are the most effective ways for food-dependent countries to adapt to projected changes in climate toward the mid-century. In the short term, trade helps to buffer against seasonal price shocks, offering relief from sudden price spikes in food staples. Concerns about importing price volatility have little support in the historical record. Still, they may be justified as shifts in climate may result in more frequent extreme events affecting large producing regions of the world. Emerging international trade policies aimed at climate change mitigation, such as carbon border adjustments and laws banning trade in products associated with deforestation, are gaining traction. The adaptability of the international trade regime to these policies remains uncertain. Critical areas for further research include moving from impact assessment to analyzing how the current structure of farm programs worldwide interacts with adaptation and mitigation strategies, expanding the range of crops, and including livestock products in the analysis.
Topological moduli space for germs of holomorphic foliations III: Complete families
Authors: Marín David , Mattei Jean-François , Salem Eliane
Published: June 2024

In this work we use our previous results on the topological classification of generic singular foliation germs on

(

C

2

,
0
)

(\mathbb {C}^{2},0)

to construct complete families: after fixing the semi-local topological invariants we prove the existence of a minimal family of foliation germs that contains all the topological classes and such that any equisingular global family with parameter space an arbitrary complex manifold factorizes through it.
A novel protein Moat prevents ectopic epithelial folding by limiting Bazooka/Par3-dependent adherens junctions
Authors: Gu Lingkun , Sauceda Rolin , Brar Jasneet , Fessahaye Ferdos , Joo Minsang , Lee Joan , Nguyen Jacqueline , Teng Marissa , Weng Mo
Published: June 2024

Contractile myosin and cell adhesion work together to induce tissue shape changes, but how they are patterned to achieve diverse morphogenetic outcomes remains unclear. Epithelial folding occurs via apical constriction, mediated by apical contractile myosin engaged with adherens junctions, as in Drosophila ventral furrow formation. While it has been shown that a multicellular gradient of myosin contractility determines folding shape, the impact of multicellular patterning of adherens junction levels on tissue folding is unknown. We identified a novel Drosophila gene  moat essential for differential apical constriction and folding behaviors across the ventral epithelium which contains both folding ventral furrow and nonfolding ectodermal anterior midgut (ectoAMG). We show that Moat functions to downregulate polarity-dependent adherens junctions through inhibiting cortical clustering of Bazooka/Par3 proteins. Such downregulation of polarity-dependent junctions is critical for establishing a myosin-dependent pattern of adherens junctions, which in turn mediates differential apical constriction in the ventral epithelium. In  moat mutants, abnormally high levels of polarity-dependent junctions promote ectopic apical constriction in cells with low-level contractile myosin, resulting in expansion of infolding from ventral furrow to ectoAMG, and flattening of ventral furrow constriction gradient. Our results demonstrate that tissue-scale distribution of adhesion levels patterns apical constriction and establishes morphogenetic boundaries.
Determination of the safety of Halomonas sp. KM-1-derived d-β-hydroxybutyric acid and its fermentation-derived impurities in mice and Japanese adults
Authors: Katsuya Shohei , Kawata Yoshikazu , Sugimoto Masayuki , Nishimura Taku , Tsubota Jun
Published: June 2024

The use of halophilic bacteria in industrial chemical and food production has received great interest because of the unique properties of these bacteria; however, their safety remains under investigation. Halomonas sp. KM-1 intracellularly stores poly-D-β-hydroxybutyric acid under aerobic conditions and successively secretes D-β-hydroxybutyric acid (D-BHB) under microaerobic conditions. Therefore, we tested the safety of Halomonas sp. KM-1-derived D-BHB and the impurities generated during D-BHB manufacturing at a 100-fold increased concentration in acute tests using mice and daily intake of 16.0 g D-BHB in Japanese adults for 12 weeks. In the mice test, there were no abnormalities in the body weights or health of mice fed the purified D-BHB or its impurities. In the Japanese adult test, blood parameters and body condition showed no medically problematic fluctuations. These findings indicate that Halomonas sp. KM-1 is safe and can be used for commercial production of D-BHB and its derivatives.
The successful use of rituximab in IgA nephropathy patients with podocytopathy: a case series
Authors: Sun Mingfang , Wang Ling , Liu Xinghong , Xiao Fei , Dai Huanzi
Published: June 2024

Background

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) with podocytopathy is a rare pathological type of glomerular disease. The use of rituximab (RTX) in the treatment of glomerular diseases has increased in recent decades, but the efficacy of RTX in the treatment of patients with IgAN and podocytopathy has rarely been reported.

Methods

This was a single-centre retrospective study of IgAN patients with podocytopathy who were treated with RTX as second-line therapy was conducted at our centre from 2019 to 2022. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of RTX in IgAN patients with podocytopathy.

Results

Seven out of eight patients met the criteria for complete remission following RTX therapy. Only one patient experienced adverse events (infectious diarrhoea and pulmonary infection) and experienced relapse 6 months after RTX therapy. The maximum relapse-free time after RTX therapy was 20 months, while the maximum relapse-free time before RTX therapy was only 6 months. The number of relapses before RTX therapy (per year) was one to four; moreover, seven patients did not relapse and maintained remission at the last follow-up despite steroid withdrawal after RTX therapy.

Conclusion

Overall, RTX effectively reduced proteinuria, increased the maximum relapse-free time, reduced the number of relapses per year and helped patients stop steroid use as soon as possible. RTX also helped most patients achieve clinical remission. RTX appears to be an effective and safe alternative for treating IgAN patients with podocytopathy with steroid dependence or frequent relapse.
Central venous catheter–related right atrial thrombus in oncology patients: a case series of cardiovascular magnetic resonance studies
Authors: Cardoso Isabel , de Almeida José , Tsoumani Zoi , Alpendurada Francisco , Mohiaddin Raad H
Published: June 2024

Background

Patients with cancer are at an increased risk of thrombus formation, often identified on routine echocardiogram in the right atrium. The 2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-oncology emphasize cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as the gold standard for thrombus identification.

Case summary

We present a case series of seven patients who underwent CMR due to right atrial mass suspected to result from central venous catheter–related right atrial thrombus. In all cases, CMR enabled accurate diagnosis of a thrombus. It also allowed to assess complete or partial resolution of the thrombi following anticoagulation on follow-up studies.

Discussion

The presence of a central venous catheter is recognized as a risk factor for thrombus formation, particularly when inappropriately advanced into the right atrium. The integration of CMR into the diagnostic pathway enabled precise thrombus identification and guidance for treatment in this population with a complex balance between cancer-related thrombotic and haemorrhagic risks.
Performance of CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED in predicting stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation and cancer
Authors: Ajabnoor Alyaa M , Zghebi Salwa S , Parisi Rosa , Ashcroft Darren M , Faivre-Finn Corinne , Mamas Mamas A , Kontopantelis Evangelos
Published: June 2024

Aims

To compare the predictive performance of CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with and without cancer.

Methods and results

Using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink in England, we performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with new diagnoses of AF from 2009 to 2019. Cancer was defined as history of breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, or haematological cancer. We calculated the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores for the 1-year risk of stroke and major bleeding events. Scores performance was estimated by discrimination [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)] and calibration plots. Of 141 796 patients with AF, 10.3% had cancer. The CHA2DS2-VASc score had good to modest discrimination in prostate cancer AUC = 0.74 (95% confidence interval: 0.71, 0.77), haematological cancer AUC = 0.71 (0.66, 0.76), colorectal cancer AUC = 0.70 (0.66, 0.75), breast cancer AUC = 0.70 (0.66, 0.74), and lung cancer AUC = 0.69 (0.60, 0.79), compared with no-cancer AUC = 0.73 (0.72, 0.74). HAS-BLED discrimination was poor in prostate cancer AUC = 0.58 (0.55, 0.61), haematological cancer AUC = 0.59 (0.55, 0.64), colorectal cancer AUC = 0.57 (0.53, 0.61), breast cancer AUC = 0.56 (0.52, 0.61), and lung cancer AUC = 0.59 (0.51, 0.67), compared with no-cancer AUC = 0.61 (0.60, 0.62). Both the CHA2DS2-VASc score and HAS-BLED score were well calibrated across all study cohorts.

Conclusion

Amongst certain cancer cohorts in the AF population, CHA2DS2-VASc performs similarly in predicting stroke to AF patients without cancer. Our findings highlight the importance of cancer diagnosis during the development of risk scores and opportunities to optimize the HAS-BLED risk score to better serve cancer patients with AF.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction management: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and recommendations
Authors: Mahmood Adil , Dhall Eamon , Primus Christopher P , Gallagher Angela , Zakeri Rosita , Mohammed Selma F , Chahal Anwar A , Ricci Fabrizio , Aung Nay , Khanji Mohammed Y
Published: June 2024

Multiple guidelines exist for the diagnosis and management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We systematically reviewed current guidelines and recommendations, developed by national and international medical organizations, on the management of HFpEF in adults to aid clinical decision-making. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE on 28 February 2024 for publications over the last 10 years as well as websites of organizations relevant to guideline development. Of the 10 guidelines and recommendations retrieved, 7 showed considerable rigour of development and were subsequently retained for analysis. There was consensus on the definition of HFpEF and the diagnostic role of serum natriuretic peptides and resting transthoracic echocardiography. Discrepancies were identified in the thresholds of serum natriuretic peptides and transthoracic echocardiography parameters used to diagnose HFpEF. There was agreement on the general pharmacological and supportive management of acute and chronic HFpEF. However, differences exist in strategies to identify and address specific phenotypes. Contemporary guidelines for HFpEF management agree on measures to avoid its development and the consideration of cardiac transplantation in advanced diseases. There were discrepancies in recommended frequency of surveillance for patients with HFpEF and sparse recommendations on screening for HFpEF in the general population, use of diagnostic scoring systems, and the role of newly emerging therapies.
Chromosome-scale Elaeis guineensis and E. oleifera assemblies: comparative genomics of oil palm and other Arecaceae
Authors: Low Eng-Ti Leslie , Chan Kuang-Lim , Zaki Noorhariza Mohd , Taranenko Elizaveta , Ordway Jared M , Wischmeyer Corey , Buntjer Jaap , Halim Mohd Amin Ab , Sanusi Nik Shazana Nik Mohd , Nagappan Jayanthi , Rosli Rozana , Bondar Eugeniya , Amiruddin Nadzirah , Sarpan Norashikin , Ting Ngoot-Chin , Chan Pek-Lan , Ong-Abdullah Meilina , Marjuni Marhalil , Mustaffa Suzana , Abdullah Norziha , Azizi Norazah , Bacher Blaire , Lakey Nathan , Tatarinova Tatiana V , Manaf Mohamad Arif Abd , Sambanthamurti Ravigadevi , Singh Rajinder
Published: June 2024

Elaeis guineensis and E. oleifera are the two species of oil palm. E. guineensis is the most widely cultivated commercial species, and introgression of desirable traits from E. oleifera is ongoing. We report an improved E. guineensis genome assembly with substantially increased continuity and completeness, as well as the first chromosome-scale E. oleifera genome assembly. Each assembly was obtained by integration of long-read sequencing, proximity ligation sequencing, optical mapping, and genetic mapping. High interspecific genome conservation is observed between the two species. The study provides the most extensive gene annotation to date, including 46,697 E. guineensis and 38,658 E. oleifera gene predictions. Analyses of repetitive element families further resolve the DNA repeat architecture of both genomes. Comparative genomic analyses identified experimentally validated small structural variants between the oil palm species and resolved the mechanism of chromosomal fusions responsible for the evolutionary descending dysploidy from 18 to 16 chromosomes.
Simplified single-session EUS-guided transhepatic antegrade stone removal for management of choledocholithiasis in patients with surgically altered anatomy
Authors: Yu Tingting , Hou Suning , Du Haiming , Zhang Wei , Tian Jiao , Hou Yankun , Yao Jun , Hou Senlin , Zhang Lichao
Published: June 2024

Background

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transhepatic antegrade stone removal (TASR) has been reserved for choledocholithiasis after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the techniques, feasibility, and safety of simplified single-session EUS-TASR for choledocholithiasis in patients with surgically altered anatomy (SAA).

Methods

A retrospective database of patients with SAA and choledocholithiasis from the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Shijiazhuang, China) between August 2020 and February 2023 was performed. They all underwent single-session EUS-TASR after ERCP failure. Basic characteristics of the patients and details of the procedures were collected. The success rates and adverse events were evaluated and discussed.

Results

During the study period, 13 patients underwent simplified single-session EUS-TASR as a rescue procedure (8 males, median age, 64.0 [IQR, 48.5–69.5] years). SAA consisted of four Whipple procedures, one Billroth II gastrectomy, four gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y anastomoses, and four hepaticojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y anastomoses. The technical success rate was 100% and successful bile duct stone removal was achieved in 12 of the patients (92.3%). Adverse events occurred in two patients (15.4%), while one turned to laparoscopic surgery and the other was managed conservatively.

Conclusions

Simplified single-session EUS-TASR as a rescue procedure after ERCP failure appeared to be effective and safe in the management of choledocholithiasis in patients with SAA. But further evaluation of this technique is still needed, preferably through prospective multicenter trials.
Comparing Artificial Intelligence Guided Image Assessment to Current Methods of Burn Assessment
Authors: Lee Justin J , Abdolahnejad Mahla , Morzycki Alexander , Freeman Tara , Chan Hannah , Hong Collin , Joshi Rakesh , Wong Joshua N
Published: June 2024

Appropriate identification of burn depth and size is paramount. Despite the development of burn depth assessment aids [eg, laser Doppler imaging (LDI)], clinical assessment, which assesses partial-thickness burn depth with 67% accuracy, currently remains the most consistent standard of practice. We sought to develop an image-based artificial intelligence system that predicts burn severity and wound margins for use as a triaging tool in thermal injury management. Modified EfficientNet architecture trained by 1684 mobile-device-captured images of different burn depths was previously used to create a convoluted neural network (CNN). The CNN was modified to a novel boundary attention mapping (BAM) algorithm using elements of saliency mapping, which was used to recognize the boundaries of burns. For validation, 144 patient charts that included clinical assessment, burn location, total body surface area, and LDI assessment were retrieved for a retrospective study. The clinical images underwent CNN-BAM assessment and were directly compared with the LDI assessment. CNN using a 4-level burn severity classification achieved an accuracy of 85% (micro/macro-averaged receiver operating characteristic scores). The CNN-BAM system can successfully highlight burns from surrounding tissue with high confidence. CNN-BAM burn area segmentations attained a 91.6% accuracy, 78.2% sensitivity, and 93.4% specificity, when compared to LDI methodology. Results comparing the CNN-BAM outputs to clinical and LDI assessments have shown a high degree of correlation between the CNN-BAM burn severity predictions to those extrapolated from LDI healing potential (66% agreement).

CNN-BAM algorithm gives equivalent burn-depth detection accuracy as LDI with a more economical and accessible application when embedded in a mobile device.
Article 4 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Possessor’s Rights and Claims for Restitution of Cultural Objects
Authors: Christa Roodt
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the possessor's rights in relation to claims for the restitution of stolen cultural objects. It then details the drafting history of the provision before looking into its meaning, purpose, and limitations. Notably, Article 4 imposes a duty on possessors of stolen cultural objects to return them to the owner if their conduct fails a clear due diligence test. The chapter notes Article 4's aim to improve legal uncertainty and to bring to an end the misuse of defences based on good faith.
Article 16 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Procedures for Submission of Claims and Requests
Authors: Wojciech Wiktor Kowalski
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines Article 16 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, which focuses on procedures for the submission of claims and requests. The provision allows the States Parties to indicate which domestic procedures are available to States Parties seeking the restitution of stolen cultural objects or the return of illegally exported cultural objects. The chapter then details the drafting history and antecedents of Article 16. According to Article 16(1), States Parties are required to declare the procedures available to foreign states for submitting claims for the restitution and return of cultural objects. Meanwhile, Article 16(2) establishes how States Parties may indicate directly the authority competent to decide on matters of restitution and return
The 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions and the UNCLOS and the 2001 Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention
Authors: Patrizia Vigni
Published: June 2024

This chapter covers The 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions, the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) and the 2001 Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention (UCHC). It looks into international instruments applicable in cases in which illicit export affects cultural objects that have been discovered and removed from the seabed. The UNCLOS and UCHC do not explicitly coordinate with the 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions. However, the UCHC may be to a certain extent considered as lex specialis concerning the 1970 Convention due to its more specific scope and obligations. The chapter then considers the importance of diverse jurisdiction that regulates state control over underwater cultural heritage (UCH) and ownership rights that affects UCH.
International Law and Business
Authors: Robert McCorquodale
Published: June 2024

This chapter covers the interplay between international law and business. It looks into the principal elements of the shifts and debates regarding the status and responsibilities of business in the international legal system. The international legal system offers a fragmented approach to the role of business since some of its parts have the same weight as states or are dependent on state actions. The chapter then provides an overview of the impact of responsibilities by businesses for human rights while referencing international investment law, international humanitarian law, and international environmental law. It also references the Urbaser v. Argentina case to highlight the relevance of business actions in relation to international law.
Functions of Diplomatic Missions and Consulates
Authors: Roberts Ivor
Published: June 2024

This chapter tackles the functions of diplomatic missions and consulates. It explores the establishment of diplomatic relations between States and the establishment of permanent diplomatic missions that take place by mutual consent. According to Article 3 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the functions of a diplomatic mission include the representation of the State to protect its interests, negotiate with the receiving State's government, and promote friendly relations between the States. Additionally, a diplomatic mission is required to carry out all of its functions in accordance with international law and the laws and regulations of the receiving State. The chapter discusses the performance of consular functions by diplomatic missions.
Terrorism and Diplomacy
Authors: Roberts Ivor
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the notions of terrorism and diplomacy. Due to the increasing globalization of terror, diplomats can anticipate being centrally involved in the negotiation of international conventions suppressing terrorism and the establishment of networks of multilateral cooperation and intelligence-sharing. The nature of terrorism requires cooperation between countries, and many international bodies and organizations adopt policies to combat the scourge. The chapter then discusses destructive attacks on diplomatic missions, such as the attack on the British mission during the Chinese Cultural Revolution and a suicide bomber in the US embassy of Beirut. It considers the sensitivity and controversy of the policy of no concessions to terrorists.
The G8/G7, G20, BRICS, WTO, OECD, IMF, and World Bank
Authors: Roberts Ivor
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the emergence of various financial institutions. It cites the impact of globalization and multinational enterprises on the global economy. The Group of Seven (G7), composed of the world’s leading industrialized nations, is an informal international forum, so it does not have permanent headquarters, secretariat, or budget despite holding annual summits to coordinate economic and financial policies. The leaders of these countries meet annually at summits to coordinate loosely their economic and financial policies. The chapter then details the origin, work and significance of G20, WTO, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Monetary Fund, International Energy Agency, and World Bank.
Trans-Atlantic Trade
Authors: Sylvie Tabet , Colin M Brown
Published: June 2024

bstract: The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union and its Member States (CETA) is the only modern instrument governing trans-Atlantic trade that bridges differences between European and North American approaches in trade agreements. This Chapter analyses that agreement, looking at the innovative approaches that are taken and how they interact with and the effect they have had on Canadian and EU policy more generally. The chapter also examines the procedure for the implementation and ratification of CETA. The conclusion and ratification of CETA raised a number of legal issues, in particular with respect to the scope of the European Union’s powers to conclude broad and comprehensive free trade agreements (FTAs) including investment protection provisions.
Development, Aid, and Preferential Systems
Authors: Jan Yves Remy , Alicia Nicholls
Published: June 2024

Today, the great debate about ‘development’ at the WTO is taking place against the wider backdrop of the global Sustainable Development Goals, providing yet another opportunity for the organization to confront its own relevance and effectiveness. This chapter examines how traditional rules and discussions on development are faring in the light of recent events at the WTO, including the submission of new proposals on ‘special and differential treatment’ by key WTO Members. We also discuss how the stalemate in the Doha Development Agenda is focussing more attention on development approaches in ‘WTO-plus’ FTAs. These FTAs provide useful templates for incorporating development issues at the multilateral level.
Fisheries
Authors: Margaret A Young
Published: June 2024

Fisheries policy provides fundamental insights for trade lawyers. The scholar and practitioner of international trade law learns from a study of the utilization and trade of marine living resources about common dilemmas: the pressure that trade places on the sustainability of production; the constraints on consumers seeking to discriminate on the basis of ethical sensibilities; the difficulties of norms and institutions interacting with other regimes of international law; and the complexity of overlapping regional and multilateral trade governance, comprising World Trade Organization and regional trade agreements. The COVID19 pandemic adds further challenges. This chapter investigates the dilemmas in three dominant areas: (i) the negotiation of new trade rules, particularly within subsidy disciplines; (ii) the implementation of trade measures on fisheries, such as import bans for fish implicated in ‘illegal, unreported and unregulated’ (IUU) fishing; and (iii) the settlement of trade disputes. Drawing on treaties, case-law and institutional developments, this chapter assesses global and regional regulation of fish production and consumption, including new developments in the blue economy, and provides insight into the role of trade law in modern international governance.
Financial Services Law
Authors: Rosa Lastra , Marco Bodellini
Published: June 2024

Financial services law can be understood as the normative framework that governs the financial sector. Based on the activities carried out, the financial sector, in turn, has been traditionally subdivided into three sub-sectors, namely banking, securities, and insurance. Thus, financial services law has accordingly been divided into banking law, securities (or capital markets) law and insurance law. In this chapter we discuss first the legal meaning of financial services law, financial services, financial products, financial intermediaries, and financial markets. We then analyse the rationale of regulation, focusing on financial stability, depositor and investor protection, market efficiency and transparency, prevention of financial crime and fraud as well as competition. The chapter also considers the internationalization of financial institutions and services and their liberalization and how the latter interacts with prudential supervision. In doing so, this chapter looks at GATS provisions and other trade agreements and concludes with a discussion of the law-making process at the international level, with particular attention to soft law.
Procedural and Evidentiary Issues
Authors: Andreas Sennekamp , Federico Ortino
Published: June 2024

The way in which procedural and evidentiary issues have been addressed in the litigation of international trade and investment disputes is not identical and each forum applies its proper set of rules and practices. At the same time, there are several common threads across different fora, for instance concerning the allocation of the burden and the standard of proof; the use of expert evidence; preliminary rulings; or the transparency and confidentiality of dispute settlement proceedings. Understood in a rather informal way, these elements may be seen as building blocks for the evolution of a ‘common law of international adjudication’. The following chapter identifies commonalities as well as differences in the approach to these issues in the jurisprudence of different fora.
Artificial Intelligence and Women’s Rights
Authors: Marília Papaléo Gagliardi
Published: June 2024

Tools that use artificial intelligence (AI) can create photos and videos, changing an individual’s features and identity to create convincing videos of people saying or doing things that never actually occurred. These technologies can pose a risk to their users and subjects whose images were used as a basis to create the edited content. Women are especially vulnerable to suffering the distribution of edited versions of their images, typically changed into intimate content without their knowledge, created either to embarrass the target or to satisfy a user’s will. The use of technology for this purpose violates human rights, such as non-discrimination and the right to privacy. This chapter aims to analyse the phenomenon of deepfake: how it works, how it can be used as a tool to expose and harass women in vexatious ways, and how it impacts its victims. In addition, the chapter considers the legal framework in which this phenomenon occurs and what duties states have to prevent these human rights violations. Finally, it concludes that actions by private and governmental entities are necessary to prevent the spread of violations of women’s rights.
Artificial Intelligence and Disability Rights
Authors: Antonella Zarra , Silvia Favalli , Matilde Ceron
Published: June 2024

While artificial intelligence (AI) may contribute to the advancement of persons with disabilities’ (PWD) rights by for instance providing enhanced assistance, it also exposes them to the risk of being further left behind. The nuanced nature of the concept of ‘disability’ may prove problematic for the development of AI or machine learning (ML) models that work according to fixed parameters. In addition, PWD are at increased risk of algorithmic bias, being excluded or discriminated against and unlikely to be represented in training data sets. Against this backdrop, the chapter considers how AI may positively or negatively affect the human rights of PWD enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It brings together the extant literature on the digital inclusion of PWD and key AI use cases to analyse how the CRPD in its four dimensions of inclusive equality applies to AI. The analysis offers a benchmark against which to evaluate existing and proposed regulatory exercises. The chapter proposes a disability human rights-based approach to AI for the evaluation of current regulatory solutions, including the proposal for an AI Act in the European Union (EU).
Artificial Intelligence and the Right to Health
Authors: Enrique Santamaría Echeverría
Published: June 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) interventions in the realm of human health have a positive and an adverse impact on human rights in general, and on the right to health, specifically. This right, characterised by its two-dimensional nature, protects, on the one hand, the individual right to health and access to healthcare and, on the other, its social facet—notably, public and population health. AI applications impact—sometimes simultaneously—both dimensions. The general aim of this chapter is to explore the promises and challenges to the protection of the right to health arising from the use of these technologies. For this purpose, this chapter first provides an overview of AI interventions for health and the potential they hold for the improvement of human rights and health at the individual and social level. Second, it identifies the main human rights’ threats arising from AI interventions in health, including those posed by inaccuracy, unexplainability and opacity, lack of privacy and data protection, and cybersecurity. Finally, it addresses some of the contemporary policy and regulatory proposals with regards to AI for health and presents several paths forward.
The 1972 World Heritage Convention: An Introduction
Authors: Francesco Francioni
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the 1972 World Heritage Convention. It notes the young definition of international law on the protection of cultural and natural heritage when the World Heritage Convention was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. Since 1972, international law applicable to cultural and natural heritage became part of an international movement that aims to transcend the narrow concept of ‘cultural property’ as the object of private rights of a predominantly economic nature. The chapter acknowledges the international law changes since the adoption of the World Heritage Convention. The changes primarily revolve around international public goods, the common interest of humanity, and common concerns.
The Preamble
Authors: Francesco Francioni
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the Preamble of the World Heritage Convention. According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Preamble must be taken into consideration for the purpose of interpreting the treaty. The conceptual origin of the World Heritage Convention correlates to the early emergence in the theory and practice of international law of the idea that certain values must be protected in the interest of the international community as a whole. The chapter highlights the role of UNESCO and its commitment to protecting cultural heritage. It notes how the Preamble addressed the general process of rapid industrialization and urbanization affecting natural and cultural heritage.
Definition of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Abdulqawi A Yusuf
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the notion of cultural heritage in Article 1 of the 1972 Convention. The meaning and scope of monuments, groups of buildings, and sites underwent profound changes over the years following through the World Heritage Committee's practice and through Operational Guidelines for the Implementation's revisions. The chapter details the development of the concept of cultural heritage within the framework of the Convention's implementation. The criteria for assessing a property's outstanding universal value became one of the most important tools for ensuring the flexible application of cultural heritage. The chapter also considers the impact of other instruments and conventions on the notion of cultural heritage in the 1972 Convention.
World Heritage Committee and World Heritage List
Authors: Tullio Scovazzi
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks into Articles 8-11 under the 1972 Convention. Article 8 indicates the main responsibility of the World Heritage Convention (WHC), which also can be considered as representing the common commitment of State Parties for the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding interest and its preservation as part of the world heritage of mankind as a whole. The chapter explains that Article 10 handles the application of the Rules of Procedure. According to Article 9, the term of WHC member States is six years. Meanwhile, Article 11 details the process for the inclusion of a cultural property or a natural property in the World Heritage List of the WHC.
Reports
Authors: Ben Boer
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the 1972 Convetion's Article 29 which handles reports required by the Convention and the Operational Guidelines. The increased emphasis on reporting requirements can be seen in the context of rising demands for public participation in environmental and heritage decision-making at an international level. Periodic reports involve a great deal of research, consultation, and analysis at the level of the individual property to comply with the prescriptions contained in the Operational Guidelines. The chapter cites that the Convention needs the World Heritage Committee to report to the General Conference of UNESCO regarding the Committee's activities. It also notes the Operational Guidelines' definition of reactive monitoring.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Programs in the United States
Authors: Azimi Sara F , Golnabi Esther , Mynatt Ryan P , Burgess Donna , Logan Ashley , Wrenn Rebekah H , Parisi Mercado Michael , Boeser Kimberly , Plauche Ardath , Sexton Mary Elizabeth , Walraven Carla
Published: June 2024

Background

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) regimens typically prioritize ease of antimicrobial administration, tolerability, safety, and accessibility over using the narrowest-spectrum antimicrobial. In light of this, OPAT providers often utilize different techniques to promote antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in their OPAT programs. This study aims to characterize the AMS practices of OPAT programs across the United States that might meet The Joint Commission requirements for outpatient AMS metrics.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional electronic survey of the Vizient AMS network. A total of 95 possible questions were designed to inquire about demographics, OPAT program structure, AMS initiatives, performance metrics, and resources.

Results

Seventy-four survey responses were received, with 58 (78.4%) of the respondents indicating their institution offered OPAT services. Respondents reported having at least 1 AMS protocol and tracking at least 1 metric in 91% and 74% of OPAT programs, respectively. Only 40% of programs reported billing for OPAT-related services. Approximately 45% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that their OPAT program had the resources needed to care for the population it serves. Respondents identified data analytics (69%), funding for expansion of services (67%), and pharmacists (62%) as resources of greatest need for their OPAT programs.

Conclusions

This survey collectively describes the AMS practices currently employed by OPAT programs across the United States. The results provide specific examples of AMS initiatives, metrics, and resources that institutions may reference to advance the practices of their OPAT programs to meet The Joint Commission Outpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship standards.
Mid–Upper Arm Circumference Is a Strong Predictor of Mortality Among Ugandan Adults With HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hale Gila , Adzemovic Tessa , Huppler Hullsiek Kathy , Mulwana Suzan , Ndyetukira Jane Francis , Sadiq Alisat , Kabahubya Mable , Ayebare Peruth , Nankungu Lydia , Namudde Alice , Namanda Sylvia , Menya Grace , Nakitto Grace , Muzoora Conrad , Nuwagira Edwin , Rhein Joshua , Meya David B , Boulware David R , Ellis Jayne , Abassi Mahsa
Published: June 2024

Background

Mortality among adults diagnosed with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis remains high (24%–40%). We hypothesized that nutritional state, as measured by mid–upper arm circumference (MUAC), is a potentially modifiable risk factor for mortality.

Methods

Ugandan adults hospitalized with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis had MUAC measurements performed at baseline. We compared MUAC measurements with baseline clinical and demographic variables and investigated associations with survival using Cox regression.

Results

Of 433 participants enrolled, 41% were female, the median CD4 T-cell count (interquartile range [IQR]) was 15 (6–41) cells/μL, and 37% were antiretroviral therapy naïve. The median MUAC (IQR) was 24 (22–26) cm, the median weight (IQR) was 53 (50–60) kg, and MUAC correlated with weight (Pearson r = 0.6; P < .001). Overall, 46% (200/433) died during the 18-week follow-up. Participants in the lowest MUAC quartile (≤22 cm) had the highest mortality: 39% (46/118) at 2 weeks and 62% (73/118) at 18 weeks. A baseline MUAC ≤22 cm was associated with an 82% increased risk of 18-week mortality as compared with participants with an MUAC >22 cm (unadjusted hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.36–2.42; P < .001). Following adjustment for antiretroviral therapy status, CD4 count, hemoglobin, amphotericin dose, and tuberculosis status, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.84 (95% CI, 1.27–2.65; P < .001). As a continuous variable, 18-week mortality was reduced by 10% for every 1-cm increase in MUAC. CSF Th17 immune responses were positively associated with MUAC quartile.

Conclusions

MUAC measurement is a simple bedside tool that can identify adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis at high risk for mortality for whom an enhanced bundle of care, including nutritional supplementation, should be further investigated.
The Looming Threat of Dengue Fever: The Africa Context
Authors: Mercy Kyeng , Youm Eric , Aliddeki Dativa , Faria Nuno R , Kebede Yenew , Ndembi Nicaise
Published: June 2024

In Africa, compared to 2019, dengue infections have surged ninefold by December 2023, with over 270 000 cases and 753 deaths reported across 18 African Union (AU) Member States. This commentary synthesises the context of dengue outbreaks in Africa and provides recommendations for sustainable control. In 2023, 18 African Union Member States reported outbreaks of dengue, among which seven had ongoing armed conflicts. These countries were amongst the top 15 African countries contributing to the most displaced persons on the continent and accounted for 98% of all dengue cases reported in the continent in 2023. Climate change remains an important driver, both through the displacement of people and global warming. The continent continues to face several challenges in detection, reporting and management, such as the lack of local laboratory capacity, misclassification of dengue cases and lack of medical countermeasures. Solutions targeting the strengthening of cross-border surveillance and early warning systems using a multisectoral one-health approach, local research and development for therapeutics and diagnostics and community engagement empowering communities to protect themselves and understand the gravity of the threat could help curb the spread of the disease in Africa.