bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The European framework for intellectual property rights for biological medicines
Authors: Sciberras Josette , Zammit Raymond , Bonanno Patricia Vella
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe (2020) proposes actions related to intellectual property (IP) rights as a means of ensuring patients’ access to medicines. This review aims to describe and discuss the European IP framework and its impact on accessibility of biological medicines and makes some recommendations. Methods: A non-systematic literature review on IP for biological medicines was conducted. Data on authorizations and patent and exclusivity expiry dates of biological medicines obtained from the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) website and literature was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: The analysis showed that as at end July 2021, 1,238 medicines were authorized in Europe, of which 332 (26.8%) were biological medicines. There were only 55 biosimilars for 17 unique biologicals. There is an increasing trend in biological authorizations but signifi cant delays in submission of applications for marketing authorization of biosimilars, with no signifi cant diff erences in the time for assessment for marketing authorization between originator biologicals and biosimilars. For some of the more recent biosimilars, applications for authorization were submitted prior to patent and exclusivity expiry. COVID vaccines confi rmed the impact of knowledge transfer on accessibility, especially when linked to joint procurement. Discussion: IP protects originator products and impacts the development of biosimilars. Strategies to improve competition in the EU biological market are discussed. Pricing policies alone do not increase biosimilar uptake since patients are switched to second generation products. Evergreening strategies might be abusing the IP framework, and together with trade secrets and disproportionate prices compared to R & D and manufacturing costs lead to an imbalance between market access and innovation. Conclusion: The European Pharmaceutical Strategy should focus on IP initiatives that support earlier authorization of biosimilars of new biologicals. Recommendations include knowledge sharing, simplifi cation of the regulatory framework and transparency of prices and R & D costs.
La seguridad cibernética y los derechos humanos. Los límites de la restricción de derechos humanos para la protección del espacio cibernético
Authors: Pana Alexandra Cerasela
Published: January 2022

La presente monografía representa la tesis doctoral defendida en el año 2021, en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, España, bajo la coordinación del director Prof. Dr. D. José Manuel Rodríguez Uribes, un reconocido filósofo del derecho y hombre político. Durante sus estudios de doctorado, la autora también realizó una estancia de investigación en el Centro de Estudios de Derecho Europeo del Instituto de Investigación Jurídica "Acad. Andrei Rădulescu" de la Academia Rumana, bajo la atenta dirección del Prof. Dr. Mihai Daniel Șandru. El texto de la tesis doctoral está en español y contiene un resumen y conclusiones en inglés y rumano. Teniendo en cuenta que la vida del ciudadano está migrando cada vez más al espacio virtual - comunidades virtuales, internet banking, telemedicina, información e investigación desde fuentes digitales, comercio electrónico, virtual dating, virtual reality etc. – las medidas de protección del individuo en el espacio cibernético deben ser concebidas en directa correlación con las medidas de seguridad específicas para el entorno offline. Si el entorno offline está bien determinado y cuenta con actores bien definidos (estados, territorios administrativos, instituciones con responsabilidades en materia de seguridad y protección ciudadana, etc.), el espacio virtual sigue siendo una jungla, sin límites determinadas y sin órganos de control que puedan proteger a los usuarios vulnerables cuando se convierten en víctimas de los delincuentes digitales (autores de noticias falsas, pedófilos, espías digitales, bullies, ladrones de identidad o de datos personales etc.). La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar el marco jurídico aplicable a la restricción del ejercicio de los derechos fundamentales en el entorno online, así como las normas legales que protegen el derecho a la privacidad, el derecho a la información y la libre expresión. La ciberseguridad y el marco regulatorio aplicable tanto a nivel europeo, como al nivel internacional, son otros dos temas de interés para la tesis.
Study of Effective Factors in the Tendency of Young People to Smoke Hookah in Teahouses in Deprived Areas of Zahedan in 2018 - 2019
Authors: Badpa Khaled , Fardin Mohammad Ali
Published: January 2022

Background: Given the increasing trend of hookah use among youth in deprived areas and the increasing number of traditional teahouses serving hookahs, it is critical to investigate the reasons for this issue. Objectives: The aim was to determine the factors affecting the tendency to use hookahs. Methods: This study was conducted in Zahedan City, the capital of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The sampling method in this study was cluster sampling, such that among 15 traditional teahouses, 4 teahouses were randomly chosen. After referring to each of these teahouses, 1385 questionnaire forms were distributed among all youth, and 300 questionnaire forms were returned. The structured questionnaire consisted of a series of questions about demographic data, favorite flavor, duration of using a hookah, the main reason for hookah smoking, etc. The analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean, SD, and linear regression. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: The results of linear regression showed that the duration of smoking (B = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.22-0.37) and reason for smoking were significantly associated with the rate of hookah smoking (B = 0/56; 95% CI, 0.45 - 0.68). Conclusions: As a result, there is a strong association between smoking duration and the atmosphere of traditional teahouses with the rate of hookah smoking. Thus, other places with a healthy atmosphere (such as gyms and sports clubs) should be made for youths to spend their time.
Fatality Case in a Tuberculous Meningoencephalitis Patient Coinfected with COVID-19
Authors: Munir Badrul , Pradana Benny Arie , Santoso Widodo Mardi , Damayanti Ria , Setianto Catur Ari , Rachmawati Samiah
Published: January 2022

: Tuberculous meningoencephalitis (TBM) is the most severe, life-threatening form of tuberculosis that contributes to as much as 5% of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Emerging at the end of 2019, COVID-19 has been shown to affect various organs, including the brain. In this case report, a 21-year-old woman diagnosed with TBM, being in the intensive phase of tuberculous therapy, came with dysphagia and dysphonia as new complaints felt one day before admission accompanied by a positive meningeal sign, diplopia, and cephalgia, which became heavier after previously getting better. Cough and fever followed this complaint two days before admission. About the laboratory results, the PCR was positive for COVID-19, and CT scans showed increased leptomeningeal enhancement when compared with CT scan one month earlier. The patient received intravenous dexamethasone, anti-tuberculosis drugs, phenytoin, aspirin, oseltamivir, and hydroxychloroquine. The patient died four days after being hospitalized due to respiratory failure. This case report shows the coinfection of COVID-19 and TBM resulting in a poor tuberculosis treatment response and outcome.
Suchozemská malakofauna malokarpatských potočných jelšín a priľahlých porastov [Terrestrial molluscan assemblages in alder alluvial forests and adjacent forests in the Small Carpathians (SW Slovakia)]
Authors: Čačaný Juraj
Published: January 2022

A total of 56 species of land snails and 9 freshwater species were recorded at 22 alluvial forest sites (14 alder sites, 8 beech or hornbeam sites) in the Small Carpathian Mts. (SW Slovakia) during the researches in 2008–2009. Fifty two species were recorded in alder carrs and 32 species in adjacent forests. Woodland species sensu stricto (17 species, 32.7%) and euryecious species (10 species, 19.2%) predominated in alder forests. Dominant ecological groups in beech and hornbeam forests were woodland species sensu stricto (14 species, 43.8%) and woodland eurytopic species (6 species, 18.8%). There were 28 species (433 individuals) at the highest species richness site (Lozorno, alder carr). Generally, the species richness was higher in alder forests in comparison to beech or hornbeam forests. As expected, there was a higher number of species at the carbonate sites than non-carbonate sites. The following species were recorded in the Small Carpathian Mts. for the first time: Deroceras rodnae s. lat. Grossu et Lupu, 1965, Deroceras turcicum (Simroth, 1894) and freshwater snail Gyraulus rossmaessleri (Auerswald, 1852).
Zvyšky bratislavských lužných lesov – významné refúgium podunajskej malakofauny [Remnants of alluvial woodland in a urbanised area – important refuge for Middle-Danubian land gastropods (Bratislava City, Slovakia)]
Authors: Čejka Tomáš , Čačaný Juraj , Dvořák Libor
Published: January 2022

The paper brings a review of a long-term malacological survey of fragmented urban alluvial woodland, an important refuge of Middle-Danubian terrestrial molluscan fauna. In the area of Bratislava agglomeration we surveyed two softwood and 26 hardwood alluvial forests. Altogether, 52 mollusc species have been recorded during the last 20 years (representing 79% of the total terrestrial mollusc fauna living in the Slovak section of the Danube floodplain). The most frequent species (more than 75% sites) were Aegopinella nitens, Helix pomatia, Monachoides incarnatus (every three species at 27 sites, i.e. 96%), Cochlodina laminata (26 sites, 93%), Petasina unidentata (25 sites), Urticicola umbrosus (24 sites), Alinda biplicata (23 sites), and Clausilia pumila (21 sites). The main ecological groups were forest species in general (45%, mainly eurytopic and slightly hygrophilous), hygrophilous species in general (26%, hygrophilous and riparian), euryecious species (16%), semi-steppe (8%) and open-country species (5%).
Clandestine
Authors: Goodwin W. ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2022

What duties do you owe to those in serious danger? To what level is the risk to your own well-being relevant to helping others? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the narrator and her friend Tasha live in Florida. Twice a month they do nighttime speedboat drug runs for the Columbians. After completing a pickup, they are running a full boat of marijuana back to the States when they see a distress flare in the middle of the ocean. They decide to help the person in need in the hopes that, in his gratitude, he will not inform on them. They rescue the lone man, dropping him off near shore, and quickly head home. A few weeks later the police show up and arrest the narrator. She is sentenced to a year in prison. Upon parole, she finds out the man she saved was also running drugs, was captured, and traded information about her for his freedom.
Retail Practitioners’ Views vs. Ideal Theoretical Positions Concerning Ethical Business Practices with Garment Suppliers
Authors: Demuijnck Geert , Murphy Patrick ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2022

The paper analyzes managers’ stance toward the ethical responsibility of those who work for multinational garment retailers. Most are charged with the social compliance policies affecting relationships with subcontractors. This study is based on interviews conducted with major European and American retailers. Our research question is: what is the normative stance of our respondents? We find that they reject the ideological way in which the normative debate on sweatshops has been conducted by business ethicists during the last decades. These executives’ implicit conception and scope of their moral responsibility is much more in line with Iris Young’s (2006) conception of ‘political responsibility’. This managerial ethical position has not been adequately captured by earlier writings on this topic. In general, the managerial ethical framing of issues like child labor, minimally decent labor conditions, a living wage, etc. is at odds with how these issues are usually treated in the philosophical debates around sweatshops. Examining both visions allows us to better grasp the pragmatic normative stance of business practitioners as well as the dynamics of social compliance policies. In the conclusion, we draw both management lessons and research implications for more ethical interactions with suppliers.
Reading Diderot’s Novels and Correspondence
Authors: Richard Odile ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

This study deals with the contemporary relevance of Diderot’s ideas in matters of education. Neither a treatise nor an essay, Diderot’s practical observations are scattered throughout his letter correspondence and his fictional novels. According to our enquiry, the more physiological aspects are dealt with in the Encyclopedia. We will see that Diderot’s position is unconventional but does not necessarily follow in Rousseau’s wake. He rather tries to reach a fair balance between freedom and duty, focusing on women and sexual emancipation.
Light through Time and Space
Authors: Guozhong Xing , Chen Shang ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

Chinese Confucianism, which emerged during the Axial Age, has had a profound influence on many intellectual and cultural movements in history, including the European Enlightenment. This article analyzes the influence of Confucianism on the European Enlightenment from four perspectives: human rights, a benevolent government, religion and nature. The humanist spirit propagated by Confucianism was similar to the views expressed by Enlightenment thinkers on reason and human rights and provided a powerful ideological weapon for Enlightenment thinkers to criticize religious theocracy and break through the darkness of the Middle Ages. During this process of learning and absorbing the humanist spirit of Confucianism, French Enlightenment thinkers developed the rational and critical spirit of the Enlightenment and paved the way for intellectual liberation. Today, the world is facing the new challenges of global climate change, artificial intelligence and genetic technology. In the context of these global problems, China and the West can learn from each other and join efforts to gather new ideological resources to carry out a new ideological enlightenment movement on a global scale and achieve sustainable development for all humanity.
The Quest for a Global Age of Reason. Part II: Cultural Appropriation and Racism in the Name of Enlightenment
Authors: Herbjørnsrud Dag ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The Age of Enlightenment is more global and complex than the standard Eurocentric Colonial Canon narrative presents. For example, before the advent of unscientific racism and the systematic negligence of the contributions of Others outside of “White Europe,” Raphael centered Ibn Rushd (Averroes) in his Vatican fresco “Causarum Cognitio” (1511); the astronomer Edmund Halley taught himself Arabic to be more enlightened; The Royal Society of London acknowledged the scientific method developed by Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen). In addition, if we study the Transatlantic texts of the late 18th century, it is not Kant, but instead enlightened thinkers like Anton Wilhelm Amo (born in present-day’s Ghana), Phillis Wheatley (Senegal region), and Toussaint L’Ouverture (Haiti), who mostly live up to the ideals of reason, humanism, universalism, and human rights. One obstacle to developing a more balanced presentation of the Age of the Enlightenment is the influence of colonialism, Eurocentrism, and methodological nationalism. Consequently, this paper, part II of two, will also deal with the European Enlightenment’s unscientific heritage of scholarly racism from the 1750s. It will be demonstrated how Linnaeus, Hume, Kant, and Hegel were among the Founding Fathers of intellectual white supremacy within the Academy. Hence, the Age of Enlightenment is not what we are taught to believe. This paper will demonstrate how the lights from different “Global Enlightenments” can illuminate paths forward to more dialogue and universalism in the 21st century.
Ideology or History as “Idéologie:” C. F Volney and the Uses of the Past in Revolutionary France
Authors: Cook Alexander ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The French Revolution had a complex relationship with historical thought. In a significant sense, the politics of 1789 was built upon a rejection of the authority of the past. As old institutions and practices were swept away, many champions of the Revolution attacked conventional historical modes for legitimating authority, seeking to replace them with a politics anchored in notions of reason, natural law and natural rights. Yet history was not so easily purged from politics. In practice, symbols and images borrowed from the past saturated Revolutionary culture. The factional disputes of the 1790s, too, invoked history in a range of ways. The politics of nature itself often relied on a range of historical propositions and, as the Revolution developed, a new battle between “ancients” and ‘moderns’ gradually emerged amongst those seeking to direct the future of France. This article explores these issues by focusing on a series of lectures delivered at the École Normale in the Year III (1795), in the wake of Thermidor and the fall of Robespierre. The lectures, commissioned by the Ministry of Education, were designed to lay out a program for historical pedagogy in the French Republic. Their author, Constantin-Francois Volney (1757–1820), was one of a group of figures who sought, during these years, to stabilise French politics by tying it to the development of a new form of social science—a science that would eventually be labelled “idéologie.” With this in mind, Volney sought to promote historical study as an antidote to the political appropriation of the past, with particular reference to its recent uses in France. In doing so, he also sought to appropriate the past for political purposes. These lectures illustrate a series of tensions in the wider Revolutionary relationship with history, particularly during the Thermidorian moment. They also, however, reflect ongoing ambiguities in the social role of the discipline and the self-understanding of its practitioners.
Spinoza’s Critique and the Making of Modern Religion in the Enlightenment Era
Authors: Tomaszewska Anna ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

In recent publications on the Enlightenment, Baruch Spinoza is often associated with the radical “fringe,” advocating against Christianity and giving rise to the incipient process of secularization. In this paper, it is argued that we should look for Spinoza’s influence on the Enlightenment in his ideas inspiring heterodox theologians: radical reformers aiming to “rationalize” revelation but not to dismiss it altogether. Several cases of such thinkers are adduced and shortly discussed: Jarig Jelles, Johan Christian Edelmann, Carl Friedrich Bahrdt and Immanuel Kant. Finally, three ways of conceptualizing the relation between Enlightenment and religion are sketched to address the question whether the sources of secularization can indeed be traced back to the Enlightenment.
Do We Need a New Nathan the Wise?
Authors: Klug Brian ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’s “dramatic poem” Nathan the Wise (1779) stood out at the time because it showed a Jew, Nathan, in a good light—a better light than the average Christian. Nathan is presented as a figure of wisdom largely on account of his approach to religious difference, especially among the religions represented by the three main protagonists: the Sultan Saladin (Islam), the Knight Templar (Christianity) and Nathan himself (Judaism). In the context of the conflicts of early modern Europe, his message—on the nature of religious difference and the need for toleration—might well seem to earn him the epithet “wise.” This message, which is also the message of the play as a whole, is reinforced by the fact that it is a Jew who delivers it. But, on closer examination, is he the person that at first sight he appears to be? Furthermore, if he were teleported to the here and now, would his take on difference and toleration have enough heft? The essay interrogates the figure of Nathan and answers both questions in the negative. It argues that we need a new Nathan for our globalised, post-colonial, post-Shoah world: a Nathan who is wise in a different fashion.
Spinoza’s Ode to Reason
Authors: Koistinen Ollie ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the main features of Spinoza’s conception of Reason are laid out. First, how Reason differs on the one hand from opinion and imagination and on the other hand from intuitive knowledge. After that the validation of Reason is considered. As I interpret Benedict de Spinoza, even finite subjects enjoy freedom of Reason. I will give the reasons for this doctrine which seems to be inconsistent with Spinoza’s universal determinism. One of the most fascinating aspects of Spinoza’s rationalism is that the acts of reason are intrinsically motivating in bringing joy to the thinker. I will try to make sense of that view. In the concluding section of the paper, I try to make sense of how this affective feature of reasoning as an intrinsically joyful activity leads to rational love of God which, if things go well, leads to intellectual love of God in which our blessedness or salvation lies.
New dalmanitid trilobite taxa from the Lower Devonian of Argentina: comments on spinosity in endemic taxa from southern high paleolatitudes
Authors: RANDOLFE Enrique A. , RUSTÁN Juan José , BIGNON Arnaud
Published: January 2022

Three new Lower Devonian dalmanitid trilobite taxa are recognized from the Talacasto Formation in the Precordillera Basin, Argentina, which includes two monospecific genera (Ivanites leonorae n. gen., n. sp. and Aguaditaspis mediaspina n. gen., n. sp.), and one additional new genus and species left in open nomenclature. These taxa combine characters of the subfamilies Dalmanitinae Vogdes, 1890 and Synphoriinae Delo, 1935, challenging their taxonomic distinction. Forty percent of the dalmanitids from high paleolatitudinal basins from southwestern Gondwana (Malvinokaffric) exhibit non-homologous dorsal spinosity. Aguaditaspis mediaspina n. gen., n. sp. shares similar spines with Trypaulites calypso (Hall, 1861). The unnamed new genus resembles the spinosity of endemic Malvinokaffric dalmanitids, like Dalmanitoides Delo, 1935 and Fenestraspis Braniša & Vaněk, 1973. Considered defensive, the recorded spinosity along with putative sublethal-attack marks, suggest higher predation pressure than previously thought at high paleolatitudes. This evidence is in accordance with some hypothesis on rising predation pressure in the mid-Paleozoic marine ecosystems.
O estudo do lugar por meio da literatura de cordel: uma metodologia de aprendizado sobre a história e a evolução da paisagem da cidade de Jequié-BA
Authors: Das Virgens Bruna Carvalho , Sampaio Sarah Andrade , Silva Elisângela Rosemeri Martins
Published: January 2022

A literatura de cordel é uma expressão cultural cuja inserção no território brasileiro remonta ao século XVIII com a colonização portuguesa. Esse tipo de expressão popular é escrito por um cordelista, e as produções temem sua estrutura uma forma de poesia rimada e metrificada, para ser impressa, afim de que seja recitada em um ato de leitura compartilhada. Visto isso, este trabalho propõe um roteiro de campo multidisciplinar que utiliza a literatura de cordel do autor Val Rodrigues (2019) como metodologia de aprendizado sobre a história da cidade de Jequié-BA, sendo direcionada para os estudantes do ensino fundamental. Objetiva-se, do ponto de vista da docência, melhorar a capacitação em práticas pedagógicas para orientar de forma mais didática o aprendizado sobre a história da cidade em termos históricos e geográficos, assim como perceber a paisagem e a sua evolução afim de se contextualizar as transformações ocorridas ao longo dos anos em Jequié. Neste contexto, visamos orientar os discentes na construção de um sentimento de pertencimento pelo lugar, ampliando sua visão de mundo e inspirando-os a se tornarem cidadãos atuantes na realidade em que vivem.
Transição para a produção orgânica via Organização de Controle Social do Grupo Bem-Estar, Ladário-MS
Authors: Costa Edgar Aparecido da , Martins Bárbara Marcela de Castro , Cunha Elisângela de Souza
Published: January 2022

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido junto aos agricultores familiares membros do Grupo Bem-Estar de Ladário-MS, na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia, que estão em processo de transição agroecológica. O objetivo principal deste artigo é relatar as percepções dos participantes do Grupo Bem-Estar na implementação da certificação orgânica em sua propriedade e discutir as dificuldades para sua efetivação. Foram entrevistadas seis famílias e participou-se de duas reuniões para formalização da Organização de Controle Social (OCS). O grupo estudado considera a certificação importante, mas mantém a resistência quanto as anotações das informações.
Sources of knowledge in the process of scientific research of security phenomena
Authors: Mijalković Saša , Arežina Vera
Published: January 2022

Sources of scientific knowledge and the process of scientific research are necessary for defining security phenomena. The levels and types of scientific knowledge and scientific sources are numerous. The aim of this paper is to define, describe and classify the levels (quality and quantity) of scientific knowledge and sources of that knowledge. In this regard, the paper discusses the evaluation of knowledge and sources of knowledge, points to various personal and material sources of knowledge, and various public and confidential - written and audio-visual scientific sources and objects. The conclusion of the author is that the evaluation of the source of scientific knowledge, as well as the scientific facts themselves, is important for the outcome of the research process and the achievement of true and objective scientific knowledge about security phenomena.
Corporate culture: Business performance factor of national organizations
Authors: Miletić Vuk , Ćurčić Nikola , Simonović Zoran
Published: January 2022

The subject of this paper is to investigate the attitudes of owners and top managers of national organizations from different business sectors on how to increase the chances of the organization becoming competitive by raising the level at which the idea of corporate culture is realized. The paper starts from the assumption that the corporate culture depends on the context in which the organization operates and as such significantly affects performance. Each organization forms its own image in its organizational environment based on the strategy of quality of products and services it provides, the principles of behavior, and the moral principles of employees. Since it affects business performance and attitudes towards work, the corporate culture must be designed to be adapted to each work group. The results of the research show that depending on the decision makers in the organization and the management style, there are significant differences in the organizations in terms of the level at which the idea of corporate culture in the organization is realized. Hypothetical-deductive methods, analytical-deductive and comparative methods, explanatory methods, historical, and statistical-descriptive methods were used in the research.
Innovative entrepreneurship and economic growth in emerging markets
Authors: Ivanović-Đukić Maja , Rađenović Tamara , Talić Miljana
Published: January 2022

The paper analyses the contribution of different types of innovative entrepreneurship: new products entrepreneurship, new technology development entrepreneurship, high growth expectation entrepreneurship and average growth expectation entrepreneurship to economic growth in emerging markets. The aim of paper is to identify types of innovative entrepreneurship which have the greatest contribution to economic growth in emerging markets and propose measures that macroeconomic policy makers could implement to achieve sustainable economic growth. The regression analysis is performed in order to estimate the impact of different types of innovative entrepreneurship on economic growth in 13 emerging markets. The results have shown that a high growth expectation entrepreneurship has the greatest influence on economic growth. Also, results have shown that impact of new products entrepreneurship is bigger than impact of technology development entrepreneurship on economic growth in emerging markets.
Tax control and inspection supervision in the Republic of Serbia: Characteristics of the legal framework and the need for coordination
Authors: Rapajić Milan , Lapčević Milivoje , Miladinović Violeta
Published: January 2022

Today, the success of entire tax system is viewed through the effectiveness of tax control. Tax control activities are performed by tax inspectors with special authorities, duties and responsibilities, and its purpose is to control whether taxpayers activities comply with tax laws and regulations. With the adoption of the Law on inspection supervision, the Republic of Serbia has implemented a crucial, comprehensive reform of inspection bodies and the process of inspection supervision which has been of great significance for public administration, economy and citizens. The provisions of this law are applied to tax procedures based on the principle of subsidiarity, while the activities of tax inspection are mostly based on the provisions of the Law on tax procedure and tax administration. In tax procedures, the issues which are not regulated by the general Law on inspection supervision, are the subject of another specific law-however, the direct application of the specific law cannot rule out or restrict the application of the law which governs the issues of inspection supervision and official control which are not regulated by the specific law. In this paper, the author discusses the similarities and differences between two laws and solutions for their harmonization underlining their advantages and weaknesses aimed at ensuring the maximum compliance with tax laws and reduction of tax evasion and shadow economy.
Ways to improve the efficiency of dump trucks for transporting asphalt mix
Authors: Dotsenko A.I.
Published: January 2022

The system of operational quality control of asphalt concrete road surface during its transportation is considered. The implementation of information technology is carried out with the help of GLONASS / GPS satellite system, which in real time mode allows you to capture the required parameters. Then this information is transferred to the integrated management system of asphalt concrete plant (ASR). The system for monitoring parameters of asphalt concrete mixture is mounted on the basis of dump truck. The developed integral monitoring of quality control of an asphalt-concrete with the use of GLONASS / GPS system provides to increase productivity and quality of work performed, can reduce the influence of the human factor on the quality of finished road surface, provides remote monitoring of main parameters of not only the technical means but also laying material during non-standard situation adjustment of system parameters ASR-DUMP TRUCK-ASPHALT CONCRETE.
Vitamin D in healthy Tunisian population: Preliminary results
Authors: Bahlous Afef , Krir Asma , Mrad Mehdi , Bouksila Mouna , Kalai Safa , Kilani Osman , El Kateb , Sahli Hela , Laadhari Nizar
Published: January 2022

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common medical conditions worldwide. In Tunisia, several studies evaluated Vitamin D status, but this was concerning specific populations (pregnant women, obese or diabetic patients and children with asthma). The only study that evaluated Vitamin D status in a healthy Tunisian population was conducted by Meddeb and associeties in 2002. The update of data available, based on the currently recommended limits, is necessary. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in a healthy Tunisian population, and correlate the values with potential risk factors. Methods: It was conducted on 209 Tunisian healthy subjects. Data collected included clinical characteristics and dietary intakes. We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), glycemia, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Hypovitaminosis D was retained for 25(OH)D concentrations <75 nmol/L. Vitamin D deficiency was defined by 25(OH)D concentrations <25 nmol/L. Results: The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D deficiency were respectively 92.3% and 47.6%. The main factors that were significantly associated with low vitamin D levels in our multivariate analysis were veiling, living in rural areas and sunscreen use. However, sex, age, socioeconomic level, phototype, solar exposure score, smoking and bone mass index, were not statistically associated with hypovitaminosis D. The study of relationship between vitamin D status and serum PTH levels showed a significative and negative correlation (P < 0.005). Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of vitamin D, an adapted health policy is essential. A widespread vitamin D supplementation and food fortification seems to be necessary in Tunisia.
Anonymous birth versus child's right to identity
Authors: Mladenović Tamara
Published: January 2022

The right to identity of the child, internationally recognized by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, is one of the most important in the corpus of child rights. Its structure is complex since it includes several narrower rights. Nevertheless, the situations where it comes to restriction of the right to identity are not negligible. One of them is the right to anonymous birth, the possibility acknowledged by legislators in a certain number of European countries. Conflicting interests between a mother and a child are inevitable consequence of the anonymous birth. The aim of this article is to compare the right to identity of a child and the mother's right to anonymous birth as insurmountable barrier in determining biological origin. Special attention is paid to the possibility of establishing an adequate balance between their interests, by comparing the importance that national legal system offers to each of them, with appropriate arguments, several different models of motherhood regulations are presented and can be found in European legislations. The analysis also includes the stances of international bodies, especially the European Court of Human Rights.
In defense of uncertainty: Values behind indeterminate rules of international law
Authors: Papić Tatjana
Published: January 2022

The paper discusses uncertainty in international law from the perspective of its indeterminate rules against an often held view that such rules are bad news for international law. First, it shows that indeterminate rules are not a pathology, but inevitable in international law due to the diversity of states, their different interests, as well as complexities of some of the issues those norms attempt to regulate. Second, the paper claims that there is an upside in indeterminate rules if international law is conceptualized through its argumentative side. These values are explained through concrete examples of indeterminate provisions from the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the UNSC Resolution 2249, a classical example of "constructively ambiguous" text. Relying on the works of Waldron and Hakimi, the paper explains how indeterminate rules accommodate disagreements, and consequently provide at least minimal regulation of certain contested issues, sustain international community, and, moreover, demonstrate how international law operates.
Obligations erga omnes: Jus cogens in statu nascendi? A theory inspired by the nature of International Law
Authors: Zdravković Ana
Published: January 2022

This paper is a follow-up to a debate on the book "The Nature of International Law" by Miodrag A. Jovanović. First, the approach towards erga omnes obligations adopted in the book is analyzed, after which a different perspective towards the concept is offered. The curious case of erga omnes obligations can be summed up by stating that there has hardly been more elucidated concept in international law but with so little clarification achieved. With the aim of shedding more light on this conundrum, the concept is compared to others of a similar nature, primarily jus cogens norms, only to identify that erga omnes obligations could be defined as jus cogens in statu nascendi. Respectively, it is argued that according to the current state of affairs in the international community, the International Court of Justice is an instance of last resort when distinguishing between jus cogens norms and obligations erga omnes. Finally, the view concerning the three-layered nature of the international legal hierarchy is accepted, with jus cogens norms having the highest rank, followed by erga omnes obligations and with the jus dispositivum of international law in third place.
Institutional actors as international law-makers in Business and Human Rights: The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and beyond
Authors: Letnar-Černič Jernej
Published: January 2022

Business and human rights is an interdisciplinary field, which advocates that both state and businesses are duty-holders of human rights obligations. The area of business and human rights aims to regulate and prevent negative impact of business operations at all levels of global supply chains. The approach of international law in this regard has so far been piecemeal. States have been traditionally a principal participant in the international community. Nonetheless, this article aims to test arguments submitted by Jovanović in his 2019 book "The Nature of International Law" that institutional non-state actors are capable of creating international legal rules. Equipped with this knowledge, this article argues that the UN Human Rights Council has through adoption of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights restated human rights obligations of states and indirectly of corporations in international law in order to protect the dignity of rights-holders in local and global environments
Psychological implications of Fuko's panopticon in today society
Authors: Slavković Ana
Published: January 2022

The author of the paper explains Foucault's basic ideas related to the use of panopticon in public institutions and society, with the aim to control and impose identity, in order to accomplish the interests of centres of power. The aim of this paper is to explain the ways in which panopticon operate in today's society, through procedures of supervision and punishment. The author tries to apply Foucault's initial ideas to today's reality and explain the way in which the panopticon functions by forcing certain points of view in science which validity has not been empirically confirmed, forming a consumer society through imposed identities. The application of panopticon is based on the fear of people that they will be excluded from society and lose their positions, if they do not follow the roles imposed on them. They very easily give up their own identity for the sake of existential security and social status. The task of those scientists, psychologists and psychiatrists who have decided not to serve the interests of the centres of power is to be as clear and effective as possible, pointing out all the factors that lead to the formation of an unhealthy consumer society, as well as the mechanisms of their action.
Is there a connection of anxiety as a personality trait with depressive personality traits?
Authors: Raspopović Milena
Published: January 2022

Introduction/Aim: The results of previous research indicate that there is a connection between the symptoms of depression and anxiety, and that the occurrence of these symptoms is partly conditioned by personality traits. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between anxiety as a personality trait and depressive personality traits among the respondents from Montenegro, in order to obtain guidance for the application of mental health programs. Method: The cross-sectional study included 355 respondents. Data were collected online, through the Google Forms platform In addition to the general questionnaire, questionnaires for the evaluation of anxiety-related traits and depressive personality traits (DP) were used. Results: Of 355 respondents, aged 18 to 68, 74.6% were women. A high positive correlation between the anxiety-related traits and depressive personality traits was significant (r = 0.82, p <0.01). In addition, we found that both of these traits were more pronounced in women, in respondents with lower educational levels and poorer material status. Younger respondents and unemployed persons had significantly more pronounced anxiety-related traits, but there was no significant difference regarding depressive personality traits. There was no significant difference regarding the pronounced anxious and depressive personality traits related to marital status and employment. Conclusion: Having in mind the fact that anxious and depressive personality traits occur simultaneously in a significant number of cases, it is important to detect these traits early and implement prevention programs in order to prevent them from developing into anxiety or depression.
Cross-section studies: Advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Grujičić Sandra , Nikolić Aleksandra
Published: January 2022

The cross-sectional study belongs to the group of observational studies. Some authors classify cross-sectional studies as analytical studies and others as descriptive studies. The names for this study are both the prevalence study and the transversal study. In this study, the exposure to risk factors and the existence of the disease is determined simultaneously. These studies are a "snapshot" of the current situation. They are most suitable for public health planning, etiological testing, and diagnostic testing. They are not used for research on short-term diseases and rare health disorders, and their main drawback is that the direction of the cause-and-effect relationship cannot be determined. On the other hand, these studies are cheaper, faster, and easier to perform and do not scatter data compared to cohort studies, and compared to case studies and controls, they are performed on a representative sample, and there is no recall bias regarding exposure to risk factors.
La cooperación interuniversitaria Canarias-Cabo Verde: perspectivas complementarias, perspectivas enfrentadas
Authors: Tabares Márquez Chamaida Inés , González Pérez María Inmaculada
Published: January 2022

Con el fin de que la cooperación interuniversitaria contribuya al desarrollo del mundo y particularmente de África y Canarias, este trabajo profundiza en la visión de los protagonistas de los procesos de cooperación entre la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) (España) y la Universidad de Cabo Verde (UniCV) (Cabo Verde) desde 2015 hasta 2019.Para ello, se contó con la colaboración de informantes clave de ambas universidades: cargos de responsabilidad, docentes y personal de administración.Los resultados presentados se alcanzaron por medio de un estudio comparativo de carácter cualitativo sobre sus concepciones de la cooperación internacional y la cooperación interuniversitaria al desarrollo.  La visión de estos agentes respecto a la puesta en prácticas de estos conceptos claves, también fue objeto de análisis. Se hallaron perspectivas a veces enfrentadas, a veces complementarias, en función de todas las variables investigadas.
Lections through Lecture Performance. Making forgotten conflicts visible through International and Comparative Education
Authors: Martínez Usarralde María Jesús , Álvarez Dominguez Pablo
Published: January 2022

En el escenario supra e internacional, el conflicto y la educación en países involucrados en conflictos armados se han convertido en una poderosa raison d’être tanto de instituciones como de la academia, que han venido desentrañando diversos temas desde política y organización, además de la didáctica educativas. La Educación Comparada e Internacional está redefiniendo sus rasgos y elementos ontológicos y contribuye a estos temas, dado su carácter plural y ecléctico.
A la luz de lo anterior, este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la investigación y los resultados de un proyecto educativo innovador que se apoya en la Educación Internacional para resaltar la situación de la educación en países en conflicto. La propuesta recoge diferentes acciones de innovación metodológica, todas con un hilo conductor: la implementación de técnicas basadas en el drama en el aula, en particular, la Lecture-Performance, un concepto híbrido que combina la investigación y el trabajo autónomo del alumnado con los recursos básicos de la práctica teatral. Esta metodología de enseñanza fomenta el desarrollo de la creatividad, la originalidad, la espontaneidad y potencia la responsabilidad, la tolerancia y la empatía, como se muestra en los resultados.
EN TORNO AL PANHISPANISMO Y LOS PANHISPANISMO(S) EN RELACIÓN CON SU RELEVANCIA Y COMPLEJIDAD TERMINOLÓGICA
Authors: ANDIÓN HERRERO María Antonieta , GONZÁLEZ SÁNCHEZ María
Published: January 2022

Heredero de su historia (pos)colonial, el término panhispanismo requiere una compleja interpretación. Su trascendencia glotopolítica supone planteamientos ideológicos y lingüísticos de naturaleza semiótica que abordamos en este artículo. Hacemos un recorrido histórico del movimiento Panhispanismo desde sus orígenes hasta hoy y acotamos su aplicación al ámbito lingüístico otorgándole tres dimensiones, como actitud, variedad y rasgo compartido. En un marco aplicado a la enseñanza-aprendizaje de E-LE/L2, los panhispanismos léxicos son especialmente rentables. Presentamos los datos de su estudio y marcación como resultado del proyecto GEOLEXI en los cinco primeros temas de los inventarios de las Nociones específicas del PCIC.
Abstract: Heir to its (post-)colonial history, the term panhispanism requires a complex interpretation. Its glotopolitical significance supposes ideological and linguistic approaches of a semiotic nature that we address in this article. We take a historical tour of the Panhispanism movement from its origins to the present time and narrow down its application to the linguistic field by giving it three dimensions, such as attitude, variety and shared trait. In a framework applied to the teaching-learning of E-LE/L2, lexical panhispanisms are especially profitable. We present the data of its study and marking as a result of the GEOLEXI project in the first five subjects of the inventories of the specific PCIC notions.