bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III. Problems of Irish Patronage during the Chief Secretaryship of Robert Peel, 1812–18
Authors: Shipkey Robert
Published: December 2010

During the early years of the nineteenth century the distribution of patronage n i Ireland—‘the spoils system’—reflected current English practice, but with peculiarly Irish overtones. The duke of Wellington's observation in 1830 that the government was losing its control of patronage to private members of Parliament may well have been applied to the Irish scene at any time after the Union. The men who benefited from the Irish system were drawn almost exclusively from the Ascendency party, that group of upper class Anglo-Irish Protestants long favoured by law and custom. Their pre-eminence had been assured during the negotiations prior to the Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. In the same manner that Pitt and Castlereagh had achieved their objective by exploiting Irish ambitions for titles, pensions and sinecures, Ascendency politicians established themselves as the dominating force in domestic politics. Commonly referred to as ‘Irish tones’, these men consistently exalted their special religious and economic needs far above any comprehensive British tory interests. Within the permanent Castle staff their influence was all pervasive. They shared a sense of power and the overriding confidence which characterized generations of Anglo-Irish families. Their satisfaction with ‘Orange’ politics served to compliment their pre-occupation with their own self-interests and the maintenance of the status quo.
Office under Queen Elizabeth: the Case of Lord Hunsdon and the Lord Chamberlainship in 1585
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: December 2010

In recent years considerable attention has been focused on the role played by the Court and government office in the social and political evolution of Elizabethan and Early Stuart England. Professor Trevor-Roper has treated office under the Crown as a smooth highroad to economic advancement, one of the principal causes of such rise of the gentry as may have occurred. According to this view, the political antecedents of the English Civil War are best interpreted in terms of the polarities of Court and Country: it was reaction against an overgrown and corruptly lucrative Court that inspired the opposition in 1640; it was desire to dismantle the whole centralizing apparatus which inspired the policy of the Independents in the late 1640s and the 1650s. Others, including Professor Aylmer and myself, have subjected officialdom to detailed inspection and have concluded that its rewards were usually modest, especially under Elizabeth and Charles I, its personnel was restricted in numbers, and its more spectacular beneficiaries were a very small minority. The recently published letter of Sir Edward Stanhope to Thomas Viscount Wentworth, advising him to refuse the Deputyship of Ireland in 1631, has cast a flood of light on contemporary attitudes towards the acceptance of at least one high office. Forty-six years before, when Henry Carey, 1st Earl of Hunsdon, was offered the Lord Chamberlainship of the Royal Household, he received a similar letter of warning from a close follower.
I. Attendance in the House of Lords during the Reign of Henry VIII
Authors: Miller Helen
Published: December 2010

In 1956 Professor Roskell, at the end of his discussion of the attendance of the lords in medieval parliaments, showed very briefly that attendances improved considerably during the reign of Henry VIII. More recently an attempt has been made to demonstrate a political significance in the use made by the Crown of the customary right of absent lords to nominate proctors to speak and vote for them in the House of Lords. The importance of the early sixteenth century for the development of Parliament seems to warrant another approach to the problem of attendance in the House of Lords during the reign of Henry VIII. So far the evidence has not been fully exploited nor have all the relevant questions been asked.
IV. Some Difficulties of Parliamentary Reform
Authors: McCord Norman
Published: December 2010

The process of parliamentary reform which laid the foundations for a democratic political structure in this country contained much that was haphazard, and it is the object of this paper to discuss some of these elements, and particularly some of the conceptions and aims on which the legislation was based, and the technical defects of the legislation itself.
VI. The Twilight of the Whigs and the Reform of the Indian Councils, 1886–1892
Authors: Moore R. J.
Published: December 2010

In 1855 Sir Francis Baring described the Whigs as ‘a body of men…[who] when the people are roused stand between the constitution and revolution and go with the people, but not to extremities’. The Great Reform Bill and Russell's further franchise proposals from 1852 to 1866 were characteristic attempts to conciliate ‘the people’ by extending timely reforms which would preserve the balance of the British constitution. The Whigs had learned the moral of the story of the Sibylline books and accepted its relevance to the process of constitutional reform. Gladstone's Irish Home Rule bill signalled the passing of their moderating influence in the councils of liberalism. However, during the following six years they influenced the Tory government's response to the demands of the newly emerged Indian National Congress. From 1886 Lord Dufferin, the Whig viceroy, pressed for concessions that would ‘take the wind out of the sails’ of the Congress, and from 1889 his successor, Lord Lansdowne, pursued a similar approach. The Tory Councils Act of 1892 was no large constitutional advance. However, it embodied the principle of representation and the germ of the idea of election. That it went so far is attributable to the exertions of the Whig peers, at Westminster no less than in India. The Unionist Lord Northbrook, son of Sir Francis Baring and a former viceroy, proposed a crucial amendment to the Councils bill, and it was carried with the authoritative support of the earl of Kimberley, thrice Gladstone's secretary of state for India and one whom Morley recalled as ‘at the top of the Whigs that I have known’.
VIII. Commercial Interests and German Diplomacy in the Agadir Crisis
Authors: Mortimer Joanne Stafford
Published: December 2010

Germany's position among the great powers of Europe had endured numerous setbacks since 1890. No longer could the Germans look at a Europe in which most of the powers were closely associated with her while her rival, France, stood alone and isolated. In 1894 Russia had become an ally of France, in 1904 Great Britain had signed an agreement with the French, and in 1907 Russia and Great Britain had come to terms. After 1904 the probability of an Anglo-German rapprochement decreased. One of the principal items settled in the Anglo-French entente had been the future of Morocco. Great Britain had agreed that France might establish a protectorate in that area when the time seemed propitious. Furthermore, the French had also signed treaties with Italy and Spain concerning Morocco's future. But Germany, who had been a signatory of the Madrid Convention of 1880, the original agreement dealing with Morocco, had not even been officially notified, let alone consulted. Thus, Morocco had become a symbol of Germany's declining prestige.
Persistent and recurrent conductive deafness following stapedotomy
Authors: Thiel G , Mills R
Published: December 2010

Background:

Stapedotomy produces the best hearing results of any otological operation. However, in a small number of cases the air–bone gap is not successfully closed, or conductive hearing loss recurs.

Objective:

To investigate the proportion of cases in the senior author's series which required revision surgery and to determine the medium to long term success rate of surgery, taking into account the results of revision surgery.

Methods:

Review of a series of 233 primary stapedotomy operations and 100 revision procedures carried out by one surgeon over a 20-year period.

Results:

Closure of the air–bone gap to within 10 dB was achieved in 80 per cent of cases following the primary procedure. Fifteen per cent of patients developed a recurrence of conductive hearing loss. When the results of revision surgery were taken into account, the proportion of ears with a mean air–bone gap of less than 10 dB was 86 per cent. However, of the patients undergoing revision surgery, air–bone gap closure to within 10 dB was only achieved in 52 per cent of cases.

Conclusion:

The best chance of obtaining a successful outcome in stapedotomy is to achieve this for the first procedure. However, revision surgery does increase the medium to long term success rate.
Influence of a narrow depth gradient and season on the morphology, phenology, and epibiosis of the brown algaSargassum cymosum
Authors: Jacobucci G.B. , Güth A.Z. , Turra A. , Leite F.P.P.
Published: December 2010

Temporal and spatial fluctuations of environmental parameters are normally assigned as causes of variations in morpho-phenological characters of seaweeds and in their epibionts, but formal tests of such hypotheses are lacking, especially in narrow gradients. The present study evaluated the influence of a very small depth gradient (1 to 3 m) and of subtle seasonality characteristic of tropical areas on morpho-phenological traits and on the occurrence of sessile epiphytic organisms using a controlled orthogonal sampling design in a sublittoral population of the tropical brown algaSargassum cymosum. Four temporal samples were obtained over a one-year period at three depths using nine replicates. The wet weight, maximum length, number of primary and secondary branches, and proportion of secondary branches with receptacles were recorded. Epibiosis was estimated by visual evaluation of percentage cover on secondary branches. Algal morphology varied as a function of the period of the year (weaker effect) and depth (stronger effect) but in different ways for each variable analysed. In general, fronds tended to be shorter, heavier, and more ramified in shallower areas. In relation to time, the morphological characters tended mostly to present higher values in January (summer) and/or April (autumn). Frequency of receptacles did not depend on algal morphology and depth at all but varied in time, although only in the deepest area. Epibiosis also did not depend on algal morphology but varied in relation to time (stronger effect) and, to a lesser extent, depth (weaker effect). The effect of time upon epibiosis also depended on the biological group analysed. These data support the hypothesis that algal morphology varies in relation to period of the year and depth, even under small temporal and spatial environmenal gradients.
Life history characters and population dynamics of the boreal larvaceanOikopleura vanhoeffeni(Tunicata) in Conception Bay, Newfoundland
Authors: Choe Nami , Deibel Don
Published: December 2010

We examined the population dynamics and life history characters of the boreal larvaceanOikopleura vanhoeffeniin Conception Bay over two years and determined its role in secondary production. Based on the analysis of age structure inferred from statolith diameter, the generation time was approximately one year. Recruitment of new cohorts and maximum population growth rate occurred in the spring. Somatic growth rate was 0.017 d−1from the year 2001 to 2002 and 0.043 d−1from 2002 to 2003, with an acceleration in growth rate during April in response to the spring diatom bloom despite the coldest water temperatures. The annual production rate (i.e. somatic + house production) of 8.7 g C m−2y−1in 2001/2, and 3.8 g C m−2y−1in 2002/3, represented 2.9–6.7% of primary production and 37–87% of estimated mesozooplankton production, suggesting thatO. vanhoeffeniis a major secondary producer in Conception Bay. Individuals matured at seasonally variable body size throughout the year and potential fecundity peaked as the individuals matured at their largest body size during the spring bloom, most likely resulting in maximum egg production and population growth rates at that time of year. Thus, a seasonal pulse of food is a major driving force that regulates the variation in life history characters and population dynamics of the borealO. vanhoeffeni.
Migration, Citizenship and Belonging in Hyderabad (Deccan), 1946–1956
Authors: SHERMAN TAYLOR C.
Published: December 2010

Whilst the history of the Indian diaspora after independence has been the subject of much scholarly attention, very little is known about non-Indian migrants in India. This paper traces the fate of Arabs, Afghans and other Muslim migrants after the forcible integration of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1948. Because these non-Indian Muslims were doubly marked as outsiders by virtue of their foreign birth and their religious affiliation, the government of India wished to deport these men and their families. But the attempt to repatriate these people floundered on both political and legal shoals. In the process, many were left legally stateless. Nonetheless, migrants were able to creatively change the way they self-identified both to circumvent immigration controls and to secure greater privileges within India.
Child Disability and the Dynamics of Family Poverty, Hardship and Financial Strain: Evidence from the UK
Authors: SHAHTAHMASEBI SAID , EMERSON ERIC , BERRIDGE DAMON , LANCASTER GILLIAN
Published: December 2010

Disabled children are significantly more likely to grow up in poverty than their non-disabled peers. We used longitudinal data from Waves 3–7 (2001–2005) of the UK Families and Children Study to explore the relationship between the presence of a disabled child in the family and poverty transitions. When compared to other families, families supporting a disabled child are more likely to be exposed to persistent or recurrent poverty, less likely to escape from an episode of poverty and more likely to descend into poverty. However, statistically controlling for the effects of salient family characteristics either attenuates, eliminates or reverses these associations. That is, when compared to other families with similar levels of personal and social resources, families supporting a disabled child are no more likely to escape from or descend into poverty than other families. Results are discussed in relation to the need for social policy to invest in strengthening the broader capabilities of families of disabled children.
3D simultaneous localization and mapping using IMU and its observability analysis
Authors: Aghili Farhad
Published: December 2010

This paper investigates 3-dimensional (3D) Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and the corresponding observability analysis by fusing data from landmark sensors and a strap-down Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in an adaptive Kalman filter (KF). In addition to the vehicle's states and landmark positions, the self-tuning filter estimates the IMU calibration parameters as well as the covariance of the measurement noise. The discrete-time covariance matrix of the process noise, the state transition matrix and the observation sensitivity matrix are derived in closed form, making it suitable for real-time implementation. Examination of the observability of the 3D SLAM system leads to the the conclusion that the system remains observable, provided that at least three known landmarks, which are not placed in a straight line, are observed.
Subjectivity detection in spoken and written conversations
Authors: MURRAY GABRIEL , CARENINI GIUSEPPE
Published: December 2010

In this work we investigate four subjectivity and polarity tasks on spoken and written conversations. We implement and compare several pattern-based subjectivity detection approaches, including a novel technique wherein subjective patterns are learned from both labeled and unlabeled data, using n-gram word sequences with varying levels of lexical instantiation. We compare the use of these learned patterns with an alternative approach of using a very large set of raw pattern features. We also investigate how these pattern-based approaches can be supplemented and improved with features relating to conversation structure. Experimenting with meeting speech and email threads, we find that our novel systems incorporating varying instantiation patterns and conversation features outperform state-of-the-art systems despite having no recourse to domain-specific features such as prosodic cues and email headers. In some cases, such as when working with noisy speech recognizer output, a small set of well-motivated conversation features performs as well as a very large set of raw patterns.
Behavior in the Brain
Authors: Monti Martin M. , Owen Adrian M.
Published: December 2010

Recent evidence has suggested that functional neuroimaging may play a crucial role in assessing residual cognition and awareness in brain injury survivors. In particular, brain insults that compromise the patient’s ability to produce motor output may render standard clinical testing ineffective. Indeed, if patients were aware but unable to signal so via motor behavior, they would be impossible to distinguish, at the bedside, from vegetative patients. Considering the alarming rate with which minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed as vegetative, and the severe medical, legal, and ethical implications of such decisions, novel tools are urgently required to complement current clinical-assessment protocols. Functional neuroimaging may be particularly suited to this aim by providing a window on brain function without requiring patients to produce any motor output. Specifically, the possibility of detecting signs of willful behavior by directly observing brain activity (i.e., “brain behavior”), rather than motoric output, allows this approach to reach beyond what is observable at the bedside with standard clinical assessments. In addition, several neuroimaging studies have already highlighted neuroimaging protocols that can distinguish automatic brain responses from willful brain activity, making it possible to employ willful brain activations as an index of awareness. Certainly, neuroimaging in patient populations faces some theoretical and experimental difficulties, but willful, task-dependent, brain activation may be the only way to discriminate the conscious, but immobile, patient from the unconscious one.
The Vegetative State Updated
Authors: Dolce Giuliano , Lucca Lucia Francesca
Published: December 2010

The vegetative state is characterized by the absence of awareness, voluntary or otherwise purposeful behavioral responses to external stimuli, and communication in the severely brain damaged. It is thought to result from an anatomical/functional disconnection between the brainstem and cortex as a result of diffuse axonal damage/impairment. Early assistance/rehabilitation and the logistic and medical/paramedical resources made available in the 1990s have improved survival and outcome. About 80% of posttraumatic patients recover consciousness (50–60% within 3–4 months and about 60% with good recovery at discharge) so long-term observation has become possible and changed our perspectives. Responsiveness to pain or emotional stimuli and brain processing at varying levels of functional complexity have been documented by advanced fMRI, PET, and electrophysiological studies. The evidence indicates retained regional connectivity and partial functional integrity in the absence of the integrative processes necessary to consciousness. Evolution into a minimally conscious state is common and preliminary to recovery and is observable even after 1–5 years. The boundaries between the vegetative and minimally conscious states are somehow blurred and experience suggests sequential phases in a recovery process, rather than independent conditions. Systematic investigation on the vegetative and minimal conscious states pathophysiology and a close revision of the nosographic and diagnostic criteria are warranted.
Sleep Homeostasis in the Vegetative and Minimally Conscious States
Authors: Lanteri P. , Corica A. , Bianconi C. , Garbarino S. , Bricolo A.
Published: December 2010

The EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) organization in temporal cycles with an exponential trend of attenuation over the wakefulness-sleep cycle is thought to reflect synaptic homeostasis. Ten subjects in a vegetative state as a result of traumatic brain injury (n = 4) or anoxia-hypoxia were studied. Local SWA regulation, indicating restored homeostasis, was observed in three posttraumatic subjects, whose clinical condition developed into a minimally conscious state 3 to 6 months later. All subjects whose SWA regulation was incomplete or undetectable were in a vegetative state 6 months after the study. This neurophysiological approach can provide additional information on the (residual) functional brain organization of subjects in vegetative or minimally conscious states and would allow differential diagnosis and early prognosis.
Observed and reanalysis cloud fraction
Authors: Clark Joseph V. , Walsh John E.
Published: December 2010

Because the Arctic climate is particularly sensitive to cloud‐radiative interactions, climate models must represent Arctic clouds realistically in order to capture the variations and feedbacks in high‐latitude climate. Observations of clouds and radiative fluxes for the North Slope of Alaska are available from the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. Reanalysis models also calculate cloud and radiative variables. In this study, ARM measurements and North American Regional Reanalysis output for four midseason months are used to show that boundary layer clouds are not only the most common type of cloud observed on the North Slope but they are also a major cause for error by the reanalysis. Near‐surface clouds are associated with large overestimates of the cloud fraction during the cold season and large underestimates during the warm season. These results were synthesized with other data to produce a comprehensive picture of synoptic conditions that are commonly present when the reanalysis fails to simulate the cloud fraction. When errors in the simulated cloud fraction are largest during the cold season, anomalously high pressure is observed north of the Bering Strait, with the departure being largest in magnitude and most widespread spatially in January. Large undersimulations in the summer are associated with a +9 hPa deviation from climatology over the Arctic Ocean, a configuration that favors onshore flow from the northeast and east. More generally, large undersimulations in the summer clouds at Barrow are almost exclusively associated with onshore flow.
White House Scientific Integrity Efforts Advance Despite Delay in Recommendations
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2010

A delay in the White House's release of recommendations on guaranteeing scientific integrity in the executive branch has led to a recent lawsuit and has raised some concerns about the implementation of a 2009 White House memorandum on the topic, even as some steps are being taken by the government to move forward with aspects of that memorandum.

The memorandum on scientific integrity, issued on 9 March 2009, directed the head of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to develop by 9 July 2009 recommendations to guarantee scientific integrity. A 19 October 2010 lawsuit filed by the Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) seeks to compel OSTP to disclose records that “concern the promulgation of proposed policies to ‘restore scientific integrity in government decision making.’“
New START, Eyjafjallajökull, and Nuclear Winter
Authors: Robock Alan
Published: December 2010

On 8 April 2010, U.S. president Barack Obama and Russian president Dmitry Medvedev signed the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, committing the United States and Russia to reducing their nuclear arsenals to levels less than 5% of the maximum during the height of the cold war in the 1980s. This treaty is called “New START,” as it is a follow‐on to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START). On 14 April 2010 the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland began an explosive eruption phase that shut down air traffic in Europe for 6 days and continued to disrupt it for another month.

What do these two events have in common? Nuclear weapons, when targeted at cities and industrial areas, would start fires, producing clouds of sooty smoke. Volcanic eruptions emit ash particles and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which forms sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere. Thus, both the use of nuclear weapons and volcanic eruptions produce particles that can be transported large distances from the source and can affect weather and climate.
Bagla, Kwok Win 2010 AGU Journalism Awards
Authors: Viñas Maria‐José
Published: December 2010

A veteran Indian reporter and a rookie science writer have won AGU's 2010 journalism awards.

Pallava Bagla will receive the David Perlman Award for Excellence in Science Journalism— News for two articles he wrote about the impact of climate change on Himalayan glaciers. The first of his articles, “No sign yet of Himalayan meltdown, Indian report finds,” published in Science, explores dissent among glaciologists regarding a passage in the Fourth Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The passage suggests that Himalayan glaciers are highly likely to disappear by 2035. His second article, “Himalayan glaciers melting deadline ‘a mistake,’” published by BBC News, discusses a possible typographical error in the disputed passage. In the article, Bagla indicates that this error appears to explain the panel's controversial acceleration of when Himalayan glaciers are expected to vanish.
Lennartz Receives 2010 Donald L. Turcotte Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: December 2010

Sabine Lennartz has been awarded the Donald L. Turcotte Award, given annually to a recent Ph.D. recipient for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to the field of nonlinear geophysics. Lennartz's thesis is entitled “Correlation and trend analysis in short records: Applications in climatology and seismology.” She is scheduled to present an invited talk in the Nonlinear Geophysics General Contributions session (NG01) during the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. Lennartz will be formally presented with the award at the Nonlinear Geophysics focus group reception on 14 December 2010.
How Does Climate Change Affect the Bering Sea Ecosystem?
Authors: Sigler Michael F. , Harvey H. Rodger , Ashjian J. , Lomas Michael W. , Napp Jeffrey M. , Stabeno Phyllis J. , Van Pelt Thomas I.
Published: December 2010

The Bering Sea is one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world, sustaining nearly half of U.S. annual commercial fish catches and providing food and cultural value to thousands of coastal and island residents. Fish and crab are abundant in the Bering Sea; whales, seals, and seabirds migrate there every year.

In winter, the topography, latitude, atmosphere, and ocean circulation combine to produce a sea ice advance in the Bering Sea unmatched elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, and in spring the retreating ice; longer daylight hours; and nutrient‐rich, deep‐ocean waters forced up onto the broad continental shelf result in intense marine productivity (Figure 1). This seasonal ice cover is a major driver of Bering Sea ecology, making this ecosystem particularly sensitive to changes in climate. Predicted changes in ice cover in the coming decades have intensified concern about the future of this economically and culturally important region. In response, the North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) entered into a partnership in 2007 to support the Bering Sea Project, a comprehensive $52 million investigation to understand how climate change is affecting the Bering Sea ecosystem, ranging from lower trophic levels (e.g., plankton) to fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and, ultimately, humans. The project integrates two research programs, the NSF Bering Ecosystem Study (BEST) and the NPRB Bering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research Program (BSIERP), with substantial in‐kind contributions from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Expanding Carbon Data Collection From the Ocean's Interior
Authors: Tanhua Toste , Key Robert M. , Hoppema Mario , Olsen Are , Ishii Masao , Sabine Christopher L.
Published: December 2010

Through global climate studies and atmospheric surveys, scientists now know that the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels has the potential to alter global climate. The oceans represent a key sink for anthropogenic CO2 (Cant), but their capacity as a sink and how this sink has evolved over time have yet to be fully determined. Further, uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere directly influences the world's oceans by, for instance, increasing acidity, but how future changes will evolve is also poorly known.

The reason little is known about oceanic Cant is because only a small percentage of the ocean has been tracked by research cruises that collect carbon data. Even data from those cruises lack the standardization needed to compare different results over time. To help fix this, a collection of interior ocean carbon data has recently been published: The Carbon Dioxide in the Atlantic Ocean (CARINA) data collection contains information from 188 oceanographic cruises and represents a major boost of readily available, high‐quality, and uniform data. A companion effort, the Pacific Ocean Interior Carbon (PACIFICA) data collection, will increase global coverage by providing standardized products from the Pacific Ocean.
Understanding Trace Element and Isotope Cycling in the Arctic Ocean: U.S. Arctic GEOTRACES Planning Workshop; Washington, D.C., 29 September to 1 October 2010
Authors: Kadko David
Published: December 2010

GEOTRACES is an international research program focused on understanding the cycling of trace elements and isotopes(TEIs) in the oceans. Since the inception of this program, there has been strong interest in carrying out studies in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is at the epicenter of climate change, and warming climate will likely have a profound impact on the carbon budget, geochemical cycles, and ecosystem of the Arctic. Furthermore, these changes will ultimately be felt globally, through feedbacks related, for example, to melting ice and release of carbon from permafrost.

This interest has led to several discussions, including a planning meeting held in Germany in June 2009 (http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/geotraces/documents/ArcticWorkshopReportNov09B.pdf). Participants at the 2009 workshop outlined important scientific issues and constructed a map of proposed GEOTRACES Arctic Ocean sections but did not formulate plans for implementation. Because of the logistical requirements and costs of working in the Arctic, participants recognized the need for international collaboration to make future GEOTRACES efforts viable in this region.
Teachers Explore Earth Science in South America: Rain, Rocks, and Climate: A Geophysical Information for Teachers Workshop; Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 8–9 August 2010
Authors: Passow Michael , Krusche Nisia , Carneiro Celso D. R.
Published: December 2010

Classroom teachers and university professors from two continents joined to learn about “rocks, rain, and climate” in the Geophysical Information for Teachers (GIFT) workshop at the AGU Meeting of the Americas held in Brazil. This was the first GIFT workshop in South America. GIFT workshops have long been part of AGU Fall Meetings in San Francisco, European Geosciences Union Spring Meetings in Vienna, and other AGU conferences. Two Brazilian geoscience professors, Celso Dal Ré Carneiro of State University of Campinas and Nisia Krusche of Federal University of Rio Grande, organized the program, together with a high‐school teacher from the United States, Michael J. Passow of Dwight Morrow High School, Englewood, N.J. Joining the presenters were 15 Brazilian teachers and another teacher from New Jersey.
AGU Congressional Fellow Outlines Challenges for Scientists
Authors: Boland Maeve
Published: December 2010

Science and technology were an essential part of all of the energy issues I worked on during my year as AGU Congressional Fellow in the office of U.S. senator Byron L. Dorgan (D‐N. D.), chair of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and a senior member of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.

During my fellowship year, which lasted from September 2009 through September 2010, I found that no one on Capitol Hill in Washington doubted the utility of science in addressing issues such as hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas production, the electrification of the transportation fleet, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and carbon capture and sequestration. However, during the year, two subjects were the focus of a broader questioning of science in Congress: “Climategate” and metrics to justify federal investment in research.
James (Jim) Clement Ignatius Dooge (1922–2010)
Authors: O'Kane J. Philip , O'Connell P. Penda
Published: December 2010

James (Jim) Clement Ignatius Dooge died peacefully at his home in Dublin, Ireland, on 20 August at age 88. His passing has left an unusual sense of loss among the scientific community.

Jim was an active member of AGU for almost 60 years. He joined in 1951 and was honored as Robert E. Horton Medal winner (1959), Fellow (1980), Bowie medalist (1986) for his “outstanding contribution to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research,” and Langbein Lecturer (1994) for “lifetime contributions to the basic science of hydrology and/or unselfish service promoting cooperation in hydrologic research.”
Tipping Points, Great and Small
Authors: Morrison Foster
Published: December 2010

The Forum by Jordan et al. [2010] addressed environmental problems of various scales in great detail, but getting the critical message through to the formulators of public policies requires going back to basics, namely, that exponential growth (of a population, an economy, or most anything else) is not sustainable. When have you heard any politician or economist from anywhere across the ideological spectrum say anything other than that more growth is essential?

There is no need for computer models to demonstrate “limits to growth,” as was done in the 1960s. Of course, as one seeks more details, the complexity of modeling will rapidly outstrip the capabilities of both observation and computing. This is common with nonlinear systems, even simple ones. Thus, identifying all possible “tipping points,” as suggested by Jordan et al. [2010], and then stopping just short of them, is impractical if not impossible. The main thing needed to avoid environmental disasters is a bit of common sense.
An estimate of the efficiency of the iron‐ and manganese‐driven dissolved inorganic phosphorus trap at an oxic/euxinic water column redoxcline
Authors: Turnewitsch Robert , Pohl Christa
Published: December 2010

Geochemical records suggest the ocean has undergone periods of at least partial deeper‐ocean anoxia or euxinia. Two counteracting feedback loops involving redox control of the dynamics of the phytoplankton nutrient dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) might coexist, helping to stabilize the redox state of the atmosphere and oceans. This concept implies that, during deeper‐ocean anoxia, the DIP transfer from the deep anoxic into the oxic surface ocean is uninhibited by processes taking place at the redoxcline. This implicit assumption requires testing because iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) dynamics at oxic/anoxic water column redoxclines have the potential to form a DIP trap, inhibiting DIP transport from anoxic deep into oxic surface waters. Using a time series data set of Fe, Mn, DIP, and dissolved oxygen distributions in the Eastern Gotland Basin of the Baltic Sea, we provide estimates of the efficiency of this Fe‐ and Mn‐driven DIP trap. This efficiency was estimated by calculating the ratios of (1) the downward flux of DIP adsorbed onto and/or coprecipitated into the settling authigenic Fe‐ and Mn‐rich particles just above the redoxcline and (2) the upward turbulent‐diffusive DIP flux across the redoxcline. Depending on the assumed particle densities, we find average ±1 SD trapping efficiencies of 0.38 ± 0.29 and 0.63 ± 0.45. The efficiencies are significant in that they seem to impact cyanobacterial dynamics in the central Baltic Sea. We discuss possible implications of the trapping mechanism for, and propose two hypotheses relating to the potential importance of Fe‐controlled DIP trapping at redoxclines during, ocean anoxic events.
Regional gravity decrease after the 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake indicates large‐scale mass redistribution
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan , Sauber Jeanne , Luthcke Scott
Published: December 2010

We report small but detectable changes in the GRACE satellites' relative trajectory after the M8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake on 27 February 2010 that can be used to delineate the shift in the gravity field. A gravity anomaly of −5 μGal with a spatial scale of 500 km was found east of the epicenter after the earthquake. Based on coseismic models, the long‐wavelength negative gravity change is primarily the result of crustal dilatation as well as surface subsidence in the onland region. The offshore positive gravity anomaly predicted from finite fault coseismic models is considerably smaller because the gravity changes due to surface uplift and interior deformation are opposite in polarity. Our study suggests a role for large‐scale gravity observations in deciphering changes of the Earth's interior during great earthquakes by filling in the seldom‐observed long‐wavelength spectrum of earthquake deformations as a complement to surface geodetic measurements and seismic data.
Electron radiation belts of the solar system
Authors: Mauk B. H. , Fox N. J.
Published: December 2010

To address factors dictating similarities and differences between solar system radiation belts, we present comparisons between relativistic electron radiation belt spectra of all five strongly magnetized planets: Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. We choose observed electron spectra with the highest intensities near ∼1 MeV and compare them against expectations based on the so‐called Kennel‐Petschek limit (KP). For evaluating the KP limit, we begin with a recently published relativistic formulation and then add several refinements of our own. Specifically, we utilized a more flexible analytic spectral shape that allows us to accurately fit observed radiation belt spectra, and we examine the differential characteristics of the KP limit. We demonstrate that the previous finding that KP‐limited spectra take on an E−1 shape in the nonrelativistic formulation is also roughly preserved with the relativistic formulation; this shape is observed at several of the planets studied. We also conclude that three factors limit the highest relativistic electron radiation belt intensities within solar system planetary magnetospheres: (1) plasma whistler mode interactions that limit differential spectral intensities to a differential Kennel‐Petschek limit (Earth, Jupiter, and Uranus), (2) the absence of robust acceleration processes associated with injection dynamics (Neptune), and (3) material interactions between the radiation electrons and clouds of gas and dust (Saturn).
Evidence of Jovian active longitude: 3. Observational constraints
Authors: Galopeau P. H. M. , Boudjada M. Y.
Published: December 2010

The occurrence probability of the Io‐controlled Jovian decameter radio emissions depends on the central meridian longitude and the orbital phase of the satellite Io. Investigations by Galopeau et al. (2004, 2007) have shown that some specific Jovian “active” longitudes favor the radiation. The authors proposed a model which involves the cyclotron maser instability (CMI) as the mechanism at the origin of the Jovian radio emissions produced near the local gyrofrequency, along an active magnetic field line carried away by Io through its revolution around Jupiter. Those studies brought out the existence of an active longitude anchored in Jupiter's magnetic field and directly related to the efficiency of the CMI. In the present analysis, we model the four occurrence regions associated to Io‐controlled sources. This approach is in a reverse way of the parametric method developed by Galopeau et al. (2007). The properties of the propagation and polarization of the radio wave, derived from the CMI, are the key ingredients for the study of the beaming cone. It is shown that the lead angle of the active magnetic field line relative to Io has a significant effect on both the selection of the propagation conditions and the limit between the right‐ and left‐hand polarization states. The modeled and observed occurrence regions are found to be similar for a lead angle of about 20°. However, it seems that the behaviors of the southern and northern sources are not alike despite a common generation mechanism.
Storm time production of ring current ions: Variations in particle energization and injection with ionospheric source region
Authors: Cash M. D. , Winglee R. M. , Harnett E. M.
Published: December 2010

Using single‐particle tracking with time‐dependent global magnetic and electric fields from multifluid simulations, we model the 10 March 1998 storm and investigate storm time acceleration, injection, and trapping mechanisms associated with the formation of the ring current. We examine the contribution from various ionospheric source regions to the storm time ring current and the effect interplanetary magnetic field Bz has on producing an asymmetric and symmetric ring current; we provide the first maps for the relative importance of ionospheric outflow (H+ and O+) regions as a function of all magnetic local times (MLTs) and latitudes between 60° and 80°. During the early part of the storm, high‐latitude outflow regions between 00 and 06 MLT are the most efficient sectors at contributing particle density to the ring current, whereas during the main phase of the storm, there is more even contribution from all MLTs. The sectors that contribute the majority of the energy are consistently the high‐latitude regions between 03 and 09 MLT. An increase in the contribution of O+ to the current density is observed from the predawn high‐latitude region during each of two decreases in Dst examined for the 10 March 1998 storm, supporting the central role oxygen plays in storm development. Asymmetries are observed between H+ and O+ contributions. The dominant ionospheric species contributing to the ring current energy density is shown to vary during the course of the storm with a significant increase in ionospheric O+ contribution to the ring current associated with large decreases in Dst.
Timing of changes in the solar wind energy input in relation to ionospheric response
Authors: Pulkkinen T. I. , Palmroth M. , Janhunen P. , Koskinen H. E. J. , McComas D. J. , Smith C. W.
Published: December 2010

We investigate four consecutive substorms using observations and global MHD simulation code GUMICS‐4. The solar wind energy input is estimated by the epsilon parameter and evaluated from the simulation by direct integration of the energy transfer through the magnetopause. The ionospheric dissipation is estimated using the AE index and also evaluated by computing the Joule heating from both hemispheres in the simulation. Our results show that there is a clear and repeatable time delay between changes in the solar wind parameters and the energy input through the magnetopause. In the simulation, the Joule heating is quite directly driven by the energy input through the magnetopause, without any significant delays. The AE index shows two distinct responses: when the energy input through the magnetopause increases, the AE index responds with a delay; this can be interpreted as the growth phase. When the energy input decreases, the AE decreases simultaneously, without any significant delay. This indicates that after the onset, the energy input to the ionosphere is directly controlled by the energy input through the magnetopause. The results suggest that the recovery phase timing is determined by the solar wind parameters (with a delay associated with the magnetopause processes), while the onset timing is associated with internal magnetotail and/or magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling processes.
Multiple harmonic ULF waves in the plasma sheet boundary layer: Instability analysis
Authors: Denton R. E. , Engebretson M. J. , Keiling A. , Walsh A. P. , Gary S. P. , Décréau P. M. E. , Cattell C. A. , Rème H.
Published: December 2010

Multiple‐harmonic electromagnetic waves in the ULF band have occasionally been observed in Earth's magnetosphere, both near the magnetic equator in the outer plasmasphere and in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) in Earth's magnetotail. Observations by the Cluster spacecraft of multiple‐harmonic electromagnetic waves with fundamental frequency near the local proton cyclotron frequency, Ωcp, were recently reported in the plasma sheet boundary layer by Broughton et al. (2008). A companion paper surveys the entire magnetotail passage of Cluster during 2003, and reports 35 such events, all in the PSBL, and all associated with elevated fluxes of counterstreaming ions and electrons. In this study we use observed pitch angle distributions of ions and electrons during a wave event observed by Cluster on 9 September 2003 to perform an instability analysis. We use a semiautomatic procedure for developing model distributions composed of bi‐Maxwellian components that minimizes the difference between modeled and observed distribution functions. Analysis of wave instability using the WHAMP electromagnetic plasma wave dispersion code and these model distributions reveals an instability near Ωcp and its harmonics. The observed and model ion distributions exhibit both beam‐like and ring‐like features which might lead to instability. Further instability analysis with simple beam‐like and ring‐like model distribution functions indicates that the instability is due to the ring‐like feature. Our analysis indicates that this instability persists over an enormous range in the effective ion beta (based on a best fit for the observed distribution function using a single Maxwellian distribution), β′, but that the character of the instability changes with β′. For β′ of order unity (for instance, the observed case with β′ ∼ 0.4), the instability is predominantly electromagnetic; the fluctuating magnetic field has components in both the perpendicular and parallel directions, but the perpendicular fluctuations are larger. If β′ is greatly decreased to about 5 × 10−4 (by increasing the magnetic field), the instability becomes electrostatic. On the other hand, if β′ is increased (by decreasing the magnetic field), the instability remains electromagnetic, but becomes predominantly compressional (magnetic fluctuations predominantly parallel) at β′ ∼ 2. The β′ dependence we observe here may connect various waves at harmonics of the proton gyrofrequency found in different regions of space.