bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CPW‐fed broadband circularly polarized square slot antenna
Authors: Chu Qing‐Xin , Du Shu
Published: December 2009

A new broadband circularly polarized (CP) square slot antenna with coplanar waveguide fed is proposed. Two symmetrical E‐shaped slits embedded in opposite corners of ground plane are designed to obtain an excellent CP bandwidth. Simulated results show that the broadband performance is formed by three resonant modes. Some key parameters are studied to analysis the characteristics of the proposed antenna. Measured results show that the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is larger than 32.8% relative to the center frequency of 2165 MHz and the impedance bandwidth is as large as 54.8% with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) ≤2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 409–412, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24904
Small‐size coupled‐fed shorted T‐monopole for internal WWAN antenna in the thin‐profile mobile phone
Authors: Chen Wei‐Yu , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: December 2009

A coupled‐fed shorted T‐monopole with a small size of 15× 26 mm2 (390 mm2) printed on the system circuit board of the mobile phone for WWAN operation is presented. By using a simple inverted‐L feeding strip to capacitively excite the shorted T‐monopole, two wide operating bands at about 900 and 1900 MHz, respectively, to cover GSM850/900 and GSM1800/1900/UMTS operations are obtained. The antenna is an all‐printing structure, with no external matching circuit on the system circuit board or lumped circuit elements embedded in the antenna required for size reduction or bandwidth enhancement. The antenna is hence easy to fabricate at low cost and is especially suited for thin‐profile mobile phone applications. The occupied area (less than 400 mm2) of the antenna printed on the system circuit board of the mobile phone in this study is among the smallest for the internal uniplanar printed antenna capable of penta‐band WWAN operation that have been reported. Details of the proposed antenna are described, and the obtained results, including its SAR (specific absorption rate) study, are presented and discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 257–262, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24907
Fiber Bragg grating sensor network based on code division multiple access using a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier
Authors: Ko Jongkyung , Kim Youngbok , Park Chang‐Soo
Published: December 2009

We propose a multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor network based on code division multiple access (CDMA) using a self‐injection locked reflective semiconductor optical amplifier. The proposed system shows improved scanning time without requiring a tunable laser source or a Fabry‐Perot filter. CDMA was used to separate each reflected sensor signal and it shows a high dynamic range of over 40°C and a crosstalk ratio of 27.7:1. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 378–381, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24913
The design of high‐performance Doherty power amplifier
Authors: Xiang Yong‐Bo , Wang Guang‐Ming
Published: December 2009

The article presents a Doherty power amplifier (DPA) with both high efficiency and good linearity for GSM base station using LDMOS transistors. Prepositive delay line structure (PDL) is proposed to satisfy the performances, both higher efficiency and better linearity are achieved. The test results show the proposed DPA reached an efficiency of 43.2% and an IMD3 of −47 dBc at 6 dB back‐off power, which is about 19% and 6.5 dBc improvement, respectively than the class AB amplifier, and the improvement is about 4% and 12 dBc, respectively compared with the DPA without PDL structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 493–495, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24917
Analysis of frequency response of wire bond configurations joining two 50‐Ω microstrip lines
Authors: Mulcahy T. , Song H.
Published: December 2009

Small to medium length wirebond interconnects, which range approximately from 300 to 660 μm are investigated. Wirebond S‐parameters are measured using a parametric vector network analyzer with respect to a 50‐Ω system. Results show that there is degrading performance with increasing wirebond length and decreasing number of bonds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 487–490, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24919
A 3.51‐to‐3.8 GHz divide‐by‐3 injection‐locked frequency divider
Authors: Chiang Yen‐Chung , Wu Ming‐Fong
Published: December 2009

This article proposes a divide‐by‐3 frequency divider (FD) with quadrature outputs fabricated in the 0.18‐μm CMOS technology. The current reuse and the back‐gate coupling techniques are adopted. Measured results show that the free‐running frequency is from 1.173 to 1.25 GHz. The proposed FD can cover the input frequency from 3.51 to 3.8 GHz at the incident power of −3 dBm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 490–493, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24920
Folded monopole antenna for handheld devices
Authors: Rao Qinjiang , Wen Geyi
Published: December 2009

This article presents a new multiband antenna for handheld devices. The antenna consists of three branches of folded monopoles, and it is designed to operate at most application bands used currently, such as GSM 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS2100, and WLAN 5GHz. The simulated and measured results validate the proposed design. The proposed antenna has better performances than other embedded antenna designs of the same maximum dimension. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 421–425, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24930
A C‐band wideband 360° analog phase shifter design
Authors: Xiao M. X. , Cheung S. W. , Yuk T. I.
Published: December 2009

This article proposes a reflection‐type wideband 360° analogue phase shifter in microstrip form. It employs a 3‐dB branch‐line coupler circuit to achieve a wideband operation and two varactor‐diode circuits to achieve 360° phase shift. Formulas are derived to optimize the dimensions of the microstrip lines in the coupler and the varactor‐diode circuits for wideband operation and minimizing frequency dependency of the output phase. Experimental results show that the design has a 360° phase‐shift range and 1 dB insertion loss, with a 500‐MHz operation bandwidth at the center frequency of 6.5 GHz. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 355–359, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24938
Enhanced EMI shielding efficiency using carbon, graphite, and polyaniline blends
Authors: Mathew Kattackal T. , Kalappura Ullas G. , Augustine Robin , Laheurte Jean‐Marc , Lakshmi Kaimal
Published: December 2009

Conducting polymers have found significant applications in the past decade in industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) fields. The characteristic features of conducting polymers like reversible proton doping, variable conductivity, facile synthesis, and low cost make them potential candidates in various microelectronic applications. Conventional microwave absorbing materials such as carbon and graphite in the powder form were blended with polyaniline as base at different proportions and microwave properties such as transmission, reflection, and shielding efficiency (SE) were evaluated from S parameter measurements using HP 8714ET network analyzer. The newly developed polyaniline blend exhibits high‐electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency when compared with previously developed materials and is a promising candidate for shielding applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 393–397, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24939
Compact microstrip low‐pass filter using complementary split ring resonators with ultra‐wide stopband and high selectivity
Authors: Zeng Hui‐Yong , Wang Guang‐Ming , Zhang Chen‐Xin , Zhu Li
Published: December 2009

The transmission characteristic of the microstrip with complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is researched. Compared with the conventional structure, this filter can achieve a wider bandgap by shifting the gap of CSRR from the side of the microstrip to the underside. And then, a lower transmission zero can be realized by loading a pair of narrow slots in the gap of the ring. The equivalent circuit model of the structure is provided. By cascading CSRR cells with different transmission zeros, a ultra‐wide bandgap low‐pass filter (LPF), which has a cutoff frequency at 4.3 GHz is designed. The designed LPF has a high performance with an insertion loss lower than 0.3 dB in pass band, a high out‐band suppression more than 20 dB (4.55–25 GHz), and a very sharp transition band about 0.25 GHz (4.3–4.55 GHz). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 430–433, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24942
Designs of ultra wideband (UWB) printed elliptical monopole antennas with slots
Authors: Zhang Hualiang , Zhou Rongguo , Wu Ziran , Xin Hao , Ziolkowski Richard W.
Published: December 2009

Printed elliptical monopole antennas are discussed for ultra wideband (UWB) applications. To enhance the design flexibility of the UWB antennas, two slots are incorporated along the edges of the elliptically shaped monopole. By adjusting the size of the slots, the overall performance of the proposed antenna can be improved. Full wave electromagnetic simulations have been used to investigate the effects of different parameters (feed‐line length, monopole shape, etc.) on the antenna performance. To verify the design concept, a prototype antenna was designed on the Rogers' RT/Duroid 5880 substrate, fabricated and characterized experimentally. The measured properties of the antenna, including return loss, radiation pattern, and gain, show good agreement with the predicted UWB behavior. Moreover, as a result of the flexibility provided by the proposed designs, an antenna that incorporates a notch frequency within the UWB band is easily achieved. This notch‐filter antenna design is also presented along with its simulated performance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 466–471, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24943
Linear random vibration by stochastic reduced‐order models
Authors: Grigoriu Mircea
Published: December 2009

A practical method is developed for calculating statistics of the states of linear dynamic systems with deterministic properties subjected to non‐Gaussian noise and systems with uncertain properties subjected to Gaussian and non‐Gaussian noise. These classes of problems are relevant as most systems have uncertain properties, physical noise is rarely Gaussian, and the classical theory of linear random vibration applies to deterministic systems and can only deliver the first two moments of a system state if the noise is non‐Gaussian.

The method (1) is based on approximate representations of all or some of the random elements in the definition of linear random vibration problems by stochastic reduced‐order models (SROMs), that is, simple random elements having a finite number of outcomes of unequal probabilities, (2) can be used to calculate statistics of a system state beyond its first two moments, and (3) establishes bounds on the discrepancy between exact and SROM‐based solutions of linear random vibration problems. The implementation of the method has required to integrate existing and new numerical algorithms. Examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method and assess its accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doping of processable conducting poly(m‐aminophenol) with silver nanoparticles
Authors: Kar Pradip , Pradhan Narayan C. , Adhikari Basudam
Published: December 2009

Processable poly(m‐aminophenol) (PmAP) was synthesized using ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidant in 0.6 M sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature. Soluble silver hydroxide ammonium complex was formed by dissolving silver nitrate in excess liquor ammonia and the thermal decomposition of this complex easily produced silver nanoparticle. Then, in situ silver nanoparticle‐doped PmAP film was obtained by casting PmAP film from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with silver hydroxide ammonia complex mixture at 140°C. The nanocomposite was characterized by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformed spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersion spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The average size of the nanoparticle was around 130–140 nm as confirmed by the TEM analysis. Synthesized PmAP silver nanocomposite showed the highest DC‐conductivity of 1.03 × 10−6 S/cm. From the above characterizations, it can be said that silver nanoparticle shows some doping effect on the conductivity of PmAP. The doping level of the silver nanoparticle inside the polymer was optimized in terms of DC‐conductivity of the silver nanoparticle‐doped PmAP film. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review on wound dressings with an emphasis on electrospun nanofibrous polymeric bandages
Authors: Zahedi Payam , Rezaeian Iraj , Ranaei‐Siadat Seyed‐Omid , Jafari Seyed‐Hassan , Supaphol Pitt
Published: December 2009

Wound dressings have experienced continuous and significant changes since the ancient times. The development starts with the use of natural materials to simply cover the wounds to the materials of the present time that could be specially made to exhibit various extraordinary functions. The modern bandage materials made of electrospun biopolymers contain various active compounds that are beneficial to the healing of wounds. These materials are fibrous in nature, with the size of fibers segments ranging from tens of nanometers to micrometers. With the right choices of biopolymers used for these fibrous materials, they could enhance the healing of wounds significantly compared with the conventional fibrous dressing materials, such as gauze. These bandages could be made such that they contain bioactive ingredients, such as antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory agents, which could be released to the wounds enhancing their healing. In an active wound dressing (AWD), the main purpose is to control the biochemical states of a wound in order to aid its healing process. This review provides an overview of different types of wounds, effective parameters in wound healing and different types of wound dressing materials with a special emphasis paid to those prepared by electrospinning. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic polymers: Synthetic strategies and physical properties
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R.
Published: December 2009

Syntheses of cyclic polymers including cyclic homopolymers, cyclic block copolymers, sun‐shaped polymers, and tadpole polymers are discussed on the basis of a differentiation between synthetic methods and synthetic strategies (e.g., polycondensation, ring–ring equilibration, or ring‐expansion polymerization). Furthermore, all synthetic methods are classified as kinetically or thermodynamically controlled reactions. Characteristic properties of cyclic polymers such as smaller hydrodynamic volume, lower melt viscosities, and higher thermostabilities are compared to the properties of their linear counterparts. Furthermore, the nanophase separation of cyclic diblock copolymers is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 251–284, 2010
Ethylene polymerization by the chromium catalysts based on bidentate [O, PO] or [S, P] ligands
Authors: He Li‐Peng , Mu Hong‐Liang , Li Bai‐Xiang , Li Yue‐Sheng
Published: December 2009

Novel chromium catalysts based on bidentate phenoxy‐phosphinoyl (HO‐2R1‐4R2‐6(Ph2PO)C6H2: R1 = R2 = H, 3a; R1 = tBu, R2 = H, 3b; R1 = R2 = tBu, 3c; R1 = R2 = cumyl, 3d; R1 = anthracenyl, R2 = H, 3e) and thiophenol‐phosphine (HS‐2R1‐4R2‐6(Ph2P)C6H2: R1 = R2 = H, 4a; R1 = SiMe3, R2 = H, 4b) were prepared and characterized. Treatment with modified methyaluminoxane, these catalysts displayed moderate to high‐catalytic activities for ethylene polymerization. The activities of them were higher than those of the corresponding catalysts based on bidentate phenoxy‐phosphine ligands. Both the coordinated donors and the ortho‐substituent of the ligands played an important role in improving catalytic activity. The effects of reaction parameters, such as cocatalyst and Al/Cr molar ratio as well as reaction temperature, on ethylene polymerization behaviors were investigated in detail for two favorable catalytic systems, 3b/CrCl3(thf)3 and 4b/CrCl3(thf)3. Catalyst 4b/CrCl3(thf)3 displayed higher catalytic activity and better temperature tolerance for ethylene polymerization than 3b/CrCl3(thf)3. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 311–319, 2010
Vibrational dynamics of poly(L‐histidine)
Authors: La'verne Sanjeev J. , Srivastava Seema , Srivastava Shinoo , Srivastava Shweta , Gupta V. D.
Published: December 2009

Normal mode analysis and their dispersion for poly(L‐histidine) (PLH) are reported by using Urey Bradley force field and Fourier Transform IR PLH exists in the α helical form. There are 17 atoms in one residue, which gives rise to 51 dispersion curves. To simplify, it is convenient to discuss the normal frequencies under three separate heads namely amide modes, side chain modes, and mixed mode. The calculated frequencies are found to be in reasonably good agreement with the Fourier Transform IR spectra. There exists exchange of character, attraction, and repulsion for selective dispersion curves with change in the phase value. Contributions to the heat capacity were calculated separately for the side chain, backbone, and mixed modes. The major contribution comes from the side chain and mixed modes. The sum of these three contributions gives the total heat capacity, which is in agreement with the reported experimental value. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 128–137, 2010
Electrochemical properties for ionic liquid/polymer electrolyte systems
Authors: Park Nam Ku , Bae Young Chan
Published: December 2009

The ionic liquid (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorouphophate) ([emim][PF6]) with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (MW = 4600; 10,000; 14,000; 20,000; 35,000, and 100,000) has been characterized at various temperatures and compositions using phase behaviors and ionic conductivity. A molecular thermodynamic model based on a combination of the previous theory (BH model) by Chang et al., a nonrandomness theory (NR model), and the Pitzer‐Debye‐Hückel theory modified by Guggenheim (PDH model) considered not only short‐range specific interactions between the polymer and a cation of the ionic liquid (IL), but also long‐range electrostatic forces between anions and cations within the IL. We have derived a new melting point depression theory based on this BH‐NR‐PDH model. We also established an ionic conductivity model, based on the Nernst‐Einstein equation, in which the diffusion coefficient is derived from the BH‐NR‐PDH model. The proposed model takes into account that the mobility of cations in the IL and the motions of the polymer host by expressing the effective chemical potential as the sum of the chemical potentials of the polymer and the IL. To describe the segmental motion of the cation and polymer chain, the effective coordinated unit parameter is introduced. The derived coordinated unit parameter for each state is used to determine the ionic conductivities of the given systems. Quantitative results from the proposed model are in good agreement with experimental data. The results indicate that the molecular weight of the polymer and the surrounding temperature play important roles in determining eutectic points and ionic conductivities of the given systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 212–219, 2010
Influence of local chain dynamics on diffusion of gases in polymers as determined by pulsed field gradient NMR
Authors: Garrido Leoncio , López‐González Mar , Riande Evaristo
Published: December 2009

Diffusion of gases in polymers below the glass transition temperature,Tg, is strongly modulated by local chain dynamics. For this reason, an analysis of pulsed field gradient (PFG) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion measurements considering the viscoelastic behavior of polymers is proposed. Carbon‐13 PFG NMR measurements of [13C]O2diffusion in polymer films at 298 K are performed. Data obtained in polymers withTgabove (polycarbonate) and below (polyethylene) the temperature set for diffusion measurements are analyzed with a stretched exponential. The results show that the distribution of diffusion coefficients in amorphous phases belowTgis wider than that above it. Moreover, from a PFG NMR perspective, full randomization of the dynamic processes in polymers belowTgrequires long diffusion times, which suggests fluctuations of local chain density on a macroscopic scale may occur. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 231–235, 2010
A comparative study of laser‐ and electric‐field‐induced effects on the crystallinity, surface morphology and plasmon resonance of indium and gold thin films
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Krishna M. Ghanashyam
Published: December 2009

The effects of post‐deposition treatment of In and Au thin films by excimer laser and electric field are reported. The films were subjected to an electric field in the range of 0.1–3.3 kV/cm and laser irradiation in the range from 0.01 to 0.1 J/cm2. The effect of this treatment on the morphology and crystallinity of indium and gold thin films (10–100 nm thickness) is investigated. Indium films exhibited a three‐fold grain growth at an electric field of 3.3 kV/cm. Gold thin film, on the other hand, showed significant grain growth at a much lower field of 0.6 kV/cm. The as‐deposited thin films of indium and gold were amorphous but turned nanocrystalline with average crystallite sizes of 57 nm at 3.33 kV/cm and 35 nm at 0.66 kV/cm, respectively. When indium thin films were laser irradiated, flat disc‐shaped grains for as‐deposited thin films were transformed to spherical grains at a laser fluence of 0.02 J/cm2 and cubical grains at 0.05 J/cm2. At 0.05 J/cm2, as‐deposited amorphous indium and gold thin films turned nanocrystalline with crystallite sizes of 50 nm and 10 nm, respectively. Significantly, laser treatment causes the grain‐size distribution to become narrower with a shift in mean size to larger values. Electric‐field treatment on the other hand leads to a shifting of the mean grain size to larger values without affecting the distribution.
Hyperspectral retrieval of land surface emissivities using ARIES
Authors: Thelen Jean‐Claude , Havemann Stephan , Newman Stuart M. , Taylor Jonathan P.
Published: December 2009

Here we demonstrate the feasibility of applying a fast radiative transfer code, based on empirical orthogonal functions, in conjunction with a 1D‐Var physical retrieval system to hyperspectral data taken from space/airborne radiance measurements in order to retrieve the emissivity spectra of the underlying surface.

This approach was successfully tested using hyperspectral data obtained during the JAIVEx campaign in 2007 with the Airborne Research Interferometer Evaluation System (ARIES) on board of the UK Atmospheric Research aircraft. Using ARIES has the advantage that, during low‐level flights, the surface emissivities can be derived directly from the hyperspectral data. Thus ARIES is capable of providing both the hyperspectral radiance data and the ‘true’ surface emissivity which has obvious advantages for validating the retrieval of the surface emissivity spectra. © Crown Copyright 2009. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the effects of dams on subdaily variation in river flows at a whole‐basin scale
Authors: Zimmerman Julie K. H. , Letcher Benjamin H. , Nislow Keith H. , Lutz Kimberly A. , Magilligan Francis J.
Published: December 2009

River regulation can alter the frequency and magnitude of subdaily flow variations causing major impacts on ecological structure and function. We developed an approach to quantify subdaily flow variation for multiple sites across a large watershed to assess the potential impacts of different dam operations (flood control, run‐of‐river hydropower and peaking hydropower) on natural communities. We used hourly flow data over a 9‐year period from 30 stream gages throughout the Connecticut River basin to calculate four metrics of subdaily flow variation and to compare sites downstream of dams with unregulated sites. Our objectives were to (1) determine the temporal scale of data needed to characterize subdaily variability; (2) compare the frequency of days with high subdaily flow variation downstream of dams and unregulated sites; (3) analyse the magnitude of subdaily variation at all sites and (4) identify individual sites that had subdaily variation significantly higher than unregulated locations. We found that estimates of flow variability based on daily mean flow data were not sufficient to characterize subdaily flow patterns. Alteration of subdaily flows was evident in the number of days natural ranges of variability were exceeded, rather than in the magnitude of subdaily variation, suggesting that all rivers may exhibit highly variable subdaily flows, but altered rivers exhibit this variability more frequently. Peaking hydropower facilities had the most highly altered subdaily flows; however, we observed significantly altered ranges of subdaily variability downstream of some flood‐control and run‐of‐river hydropower dams. Our analysis can be used to identify situations where dam operating procedures could be modified to reduce the level of hydrologic alteration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlations between the Volta potential and filiform corrosion on painted AA2024 aluminum alloy
Authors: Fedel M. , Deflorian F. , Rossi S.
Published: December 2009

The susceptibility to filiform corrosion of painted AA2024 alloy has been widely demonstrated, but an analytical method to determine the filiform corrosion resistance is still under investigation. This work aims at analyzing the possible correlations between the chemical and electrochemical properties of coated AA2024 samples and their susceptibility to filiform corrosion. In particular, the different behaviors of three different primer coatings have been investigated. The work proposes a few hypotheses of possible correlations among the work function difference of the coated samples, the progress of the filiform corrosion and the barrier properties of the organic primers. The filiform corrosion resistance of the pretreated and primer‐coated samples has been evaluated following the procedure proposed in the EN 3665:1997 standard. The results have been compared with multiple scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) measurements performed on the intact primers before the beginning of the accelerated test. The electrochemical characterization has been completed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The properties of the primer–metal interface have been investigated in order to find a direct correlation with the SKP results. A possible correlation between the work function difference measured on the intact sample and the resistance to filiform corrosion is proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disrupting the consultants: Could the advisers use some advice?
Authors: Thurston Thomas , Singh Virgilia
Published: December 2009

Management consulting is a relatively new profession. Such consulting firms have become revered as thought‐leading think tanks and cutting‐edge research organizations. Yet, as they teach their clients to grow, thrive, and innovate, is it possible that top management consulting firms are being disrupted themselves? Even the most seemingly unassailable businesses fall victim to disruption, while others benefit from it to enjoy tremendous growth. Top consultancies are keenly aware of rising competition from emerging‐market information technology firms. Therefore, many have taken countermeasures such as expanding their operations in emerging markets and designing outsourcing strategies to mitigate cost gaps. Time will tell if these efforts prove successful. This article attempts to illustrate how the business of consulting is—after all—a business itself that is subject to the forces and perils therein. Top consultants would be well advised to confront disruption head on, rather than robotically focusing up‐market or silently hoping themselves immune. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Yes, Virginia, there is an economic recovery
Authors: Lipsher Laurence E.
Published: December 2009

More factories seem to be at work in the Pearl River Delta than there have been in a recent eight‐month period. Maybe the economy is improving. If pollution means more work, then China just might be on an economic rebound. China has done a few things to speed a possible recovery; among them, it acted fast, engaging in a massive CNY 4 trillion stimulus package combined with bank lending at higher levels than ever by the state‐owned Chinese banks. But the news comes with some caveats, including the increased risk of corruption and triangular debt. China also continues to export but less than before, due to increasing consumer demand at home. Of course, you can create economic incentives to export (assuming there are importers available to the extent there were previously). But what you cannot do is change a culture that understands there is no more “iron rice bowl,” and therein lies the real dilemma for China and an economic recovery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Broadcast based on layered diffusion in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks
Authors: Wang Bang , Lim Hock Beng , Ma Di
Published: December 2009

Broadcast is a fundamental operation in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. This paper proposes a simple and efficient broadcast protocol, called Broadcast based on Layered Diffusion (BLD), which is a stateless broadcast protocol with very low message overheads and very low computation requirements. In BLD, nodes do not need to exchange neighborhood information for building a broadcast backbone, but make their rebroadcast decisions locally. The design idea of BLD is to emulate the triangular tessellation for complete area coverage of the network field. It does not require nodes' location information for such tessellation emulation but only exploits the hop count information for each node to make local rebroadcast decision and timing. Simulation results show the effectiveness and efficiency of the BLD protocol and its robustness to localization errors and transmission errors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Session 4: CVD, diabetes and cancer A dietary portfolio for management and prevention of heart disease
Authors: Esfahani Amin , Jenkins David J. A. , Kendall Cyril W. C.
Published: December 2009

CHD is the leading cause of worldwide mortality. The prevalence of heart disease has been linked to the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle and the increased dietary dependence on saturated fats from animal sources and the intake of refined foods. Elevated blood cholesterol level is one of the major risk factors for CHD. While cholesterol-lowering drug therapy (statins) has been effective in reducing the risk of heart disease, there are those individuals who are unwilling or because of muscle pains or raised levels of liver or muscle enzymes are unable to take cholesterol-lowering medication. Fortunately, there is evidence linking a number of dietary components to CHD risk reduction. The strength of this evidence has prompted various regulatory bodies to advocate diet as the first line of defence for primary prevention of heart disease. It was therefore decided to combine four dietary components that have been shown to lower blood cholesterol concentrations (nuts, plant sterols, viscous fibre and vegetable protein) in a dietary portfolio in order to determine whether the combined effect is additive. In a metabolically-controlled setting this dietary portfolio has proved to be as effective as a starting dose of a first-generation statin cholesterol-lowering medication in reducing the risk of CHD. The dietary portfolio has also been shown to be effective in sustaining a clinically-significant effect in the long term under a ‘real-world’ scenario. However, success of the diet depends on compliance and despite the accessibility of the foods adherence has been found to vary greatly. Overall, the evidence supports the beneficial role of the dietary portfolio in reducing blood cholesterol levels and CHD risk.
Session 4: CVD, diabetes and cancer Diet, insulin resistance and diabetes: the right (pro)portions
Authors: Spence Michelle , McKinley Michelle C. , Hunter Steven J.
Published: December 2009

Excess energy intake and positive energy balance are associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance, which is a key feature underlying the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. It is possible that dietary macronutrient intake may also be important, in particular increased levels of sugar and fat. High-fat energy-dense diets contribute to energy excess and obesity. Fat type is also a factor, with evidence suggesting that saturated fat intake is linked to insulin resistance. However, controversy exists about the role of carbohydrate in the development of diabetes. Epidemiological studies suggest that the risk of diabetes is unrelated to the total amount of carbohydrate, but that fibre intake and glycaemic load are important. Common dietary advice for the prevention of diabetes often advocates complex carbohydrates and restriction of simple carbohydrates; however, sugars may not be the main contributor to glycaemic load. Evidence continues to emerge in relation to the influence of dietary sugars intake on insulin resistance. In broader dietary terms fruit and vegetable intake may influence insulin resistance, possibly related to increased intake of fibre and micronutrients or displacement of other food types. There is also considerable debate about the most effective diet and appropriate macronutrient composition to facilitate weight loss. Recent evidence suggests comparable effects of diets with varying macronutrient profiles on weight loss, which is predominantly related to energy restriction. However, based on the results of diabetes prevention trials focusing on lifestyle measures, evidence favours low-fat diets as the preferred approach for weight loss and diabetes prevention.
Symposium 6: Young people, artificial nutrition and transitional care Nutrition, growth and puberty in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease
Authors: Beattie R. M.
Published: December 2009

Of the individuals who present with Crohn's disease 25% are <18 years of age, mostly adolescent. Nutritional impairment and delayed growth are common at diagnosis and remain an issue during the disease course. Treatment has the primary aim to control symptoms, induce disease remission and achieve normal growth in the long term and includes nutritional support and early use of immunomodulation. Puberty may be discordant and is generally late and final adult height may not be achieved until the late teenage years. Chronic ill health and delayed growth may be accompanied by emotional and intellectual immaturity. These factors, including the varying rates of physical and emotional development, need to be considered during adolescence with multidisciplinary input to ensure that the young patient is appropriately supported. Transition to adult care requires close collaboration between paediatric and healthcare teams with careful attention to nutritional, emotional and educational issues, all of which are relevant in the progression from childhood, through adolescence and to adult life.
Target technology development for the research of high energy density physics and inertial fusion at the RFNC–VNIIEF
Authors: Izgorodin V.M. , Abzaev F.M. , Balyaev A.P. , Bessarab A.V. , Cherkesova I.N. , Chulkov V.V. , Fenoshin D.Yu. , Garanin S.G. , Gogolev V.G. , Golubinsky A.G. , Ignat'ev Yu.V. , Irinichev D.A. , Lachtikov A.E. , Morovov A.P. , Nazarov V.V. , Nikolaev G.P. , Pepelyaev A.P. , Pinegin A.V. , Rojz I.M. , Romaev V.N. , Solomatina E.Yu. , Vasin M.G. , Veselov A.V.
Published: December 2009

Results in some directions of the target technology for research on high energy density and laser fusion at the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre–All-Russia Research Institute of Experimental Physics for the last three years are presented. The results of development of optical and X-ray methods of characterization and manufacturing techniques of targets for studying the equation-of-state at high pressures and the condensed rare gas targets for the influence of pulse-repeated laser irradiation are given.
A composite phase conjugator based on Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing combining with stimulated Brillouin amplification
Authors: Zhu C.Y. , Lu Z.W. , He W.M.
Published: December 2009

A novel composite optical phase conjugator that combines Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing (BEFWM) and stimulated Brillouin amplification (SBA) in a compact structure is reported. A phase-conjugate wave seed is generated by BEFWM process with characteristics such as fast response, high conjugate fidelity and stability, then it is magnified by SBA with high energy-conversion efficiency. As a result, advantages of BEFWM and SBS can be realized at the same time. This composite conjugator has potentials for high-peak and high-average power laser applications, especially for short pulse or steep leading-edge pulse laser systems. Feasibility of this BEFWM-SBA mechanism is verified in theoretical simulations and demo experiments.
Indirect effects of timber extraction on plant recruitment and diversity via reductions in abundance of frugivorous spider monkeys
Authors: Gutiérrez-Granados Gabriel , Dirzo Rodolfo
Published: December 2009

The ecological effects of logging in the tropics have been analysed largely in terms of its impacts on species diversity and abundance. However, information is very limited regarding the impact of logging on ecological processes such as species interactions. Here we hypothesize that timber extraction per se, that is, in the absence of hunting, affects the abundance of the frugivorous spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, and that this has indirect effects on the recruitment of a predominant tree species, Manilkara zapota, and the diversity of the understorey plant community. We compared logged and unlogged sites, using a paired design. In each management condition we conducted line transects and interviews to evaluate spider monkey abundance and game preferences, respectively. Impact on plant recruitment and understorey diversity were evaluated using 2 × 2-m plots (N = 320) established under 40 M. zapota tree crowns. No spider monkeys were recorded in logged sites whereas they were abundant (15 ± 8 individuals per man-km) in unlogged sites. Interviews showed that spider monkeys are not hunted by local inhabitants. Logging was correlated with a reduction of the number of M. zapota fruits used by A. geoffroyi; an increase in the number of sites dominated by M. zapota; and a reduction in understorey plant diversity. Our results suggest that the absence of A. geoffroyi in logged sites can indirectly impact plant recruitment and diversity via the disruption of plant–frugivore interactions. Further work is needed to assess if these effects persist over the long term, to define if logging operations affect the overall diversity of tropical forests.
Scale relationships and linkages between woody vegetation communities along a large tropical floodplain river, north Australia
Authors: Petty Aaron M. , Douglas Michael M.
Published: December 2009

Riparian vegetation varies according to hydrogeomorphic processes operating across different scales over two didmensions: transversely (across-stream) and longitudinally (parallel to stream). We tested the hypothesis that vegetation patterns reveal the scale and direction of underlying processes. We correlated patterns of dominant woody vegetation with environmental variables at 28 sites located within four geomorphologically distinct regions along the length of the South Alligator River catchment of Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Across the catchment there existed a strong transverse boundary between upland savanna vegetation and two zones of riparian vegetation: Melaleuca-spp.-dominated closed-forest vegetation along stream channels and mixed open-woodland vegetation adjacent to closed forest. We surmise that there is hierarchic constraint on smaller-scale catchment processes due to fire incursion into the riparian zone and access to water during the dry season. Within the closed-forest zone, vegetation did not vary transversely, but did longitudinally. Riparian woodlands also varied longitudinally, but in the upper reaches varied independently of stream variables. By contrast, in the lower reaches woodland was strongly correlated with stream variables. The observed pattern of weak transverse linkages in headwaters but strong linkages in lower reaches is analogous to models developed for in-stream patterns and processes, particularly the river continuum and flood-pulse concepts.
Challenges for a CBR framework for argumentation in open MAS
Authors: Heras Stella , Botti Vicente , Julián Vicente
Published: December 2009

Nowadays, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are broadening their applications to open environments, where heterogeneous agents could enter into the system, form agents’ organizations and interact. The high dynamism of open MAS gives rise to potential conflicts between agents and thus, to a need for a mechanism to reach agreements. Argumentation is a natural way of harmonizing conflicts of opinion that has been applied to many disciplines, such as Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and MAS. Some approaches that apply CBR to manage argumentation in MAS have been proposed in the literature. These improve agents’ argumentation skills by allowing them to reason and learn from experiences. In this paper, we have reviewed these approaches and identified the current contributions of the CBR methodology in this area. As a result of this work, we have proposed several open issues that must be taken into consideration to develop a CBR framework that provides the agents of an open MAS with arguing and learning capabilities.
SCHUMPETER VS. KEYNES: “IN THE LONG RUN NOT ALL OF US ARE DEAD”
Authors: DIAMOND ARTHUR M.
Published: December 2009

Keynes was viewed by himself, Schumpeter, and most others as the most highly esteemed economist of the twentieth century. However, Schumpeter is receiving increasing attention from mainstream economists. A few specific examples are discussed, and the citation time series for Keynes and Schumpeter are compared for the period 1956 through 2006. Generally, Keynes receives more citations than Schumpeter from 1956 through roughly the mid-1990s. But subsequently until 2006, Schumpeter received more citations than Keynes.
THE FATOU COMPLETION OF A FRÉCHET FUNCTION SPACE AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: DEL CAMPO R. , RICKER W. J.
Published: December 2009

Given a metrizable locally convex-solid Riesz space of measurable functions we provide a procedure to construct a minimal Fréchet (function) lattice containing it, called its Fatou completion. As an application, we obtain that the Fatou completion of the spaceL1(ν) of integrable functions with respect to a Fréchet-space-valued measureνis the spaceL1w(ν) of scalarlyν-integrable functions. Further consequences are also given.
An arctic hydrologic system in transition: Feedbacks and impacts on terrestrial, marine, and human life
Authors: Francis Jennifer A. , White Daniel M. , Cassano John J. , Gutowski William J. , Hinzman Larry D. , Holland Marika M. , Steele Michael A. , Vörösmarty Charles J.
Published: December 2009

The pace of change in the arctic system during recent decades has captured the world's attention. Observations and model simulations both indicate that the arctic experiences an amplified response to climate forcing relative to that at lower latitudes. At the core of these changes is the arctic hydrologic system, which includes ice, gaseous vapor in the atmosphere, liquid water in soils and fluvial networks on land, and the freshwater content of the ocean. The changes in stores and fluxes of freshwater have a direct impact on biological systems, not only of the arctic region itself, but also well beyond its bounds. In this investigation, we used a heuristic, graphical approach to distill the system into its fundamental parts, documented the key relationships between those parts as best we know them, and identified the feedback loops within the system. The analysis illustrates relationships that are well understood, but also reveals others that are either unfamiliar, uncertain, or unexplored. The graphical approach was used to provide a visual assessment of the arctic hydrologic system in one possible future state in which the Arctic Ocean is seasonally ice free.
Governance Vote Results
Authors: Bamzai Anjuli , Robinson Robert , Shirey Steven
Published: December 2009

Voting by the membership for proposed changes to AGU bylaws and articles of incorporation was completed on 13 November 2009. The proposed changes would expand AGU's Council to focus it on science; shift the business and fiduciary responsibility for AGU to a newly created, smaller Board of Directors, freeing the Council to focus on science policy and other science‐related matters; and modernize AGU's governing documents to reflect current practice in not‐for‐profit governance.

All background information was provided in the 15 September 2009 issue of Eos and in subsequent issues.
Nominees for AGU Union Officers, 2010–2012
Authors: Anonymous
Published: December 2009

President‐elect: Carol A. Finn and James L. Burch
Robert Osborne Reid (1921–2009)
Authors: Nowlin Worth
Published: December 2009

Robert Osborne Reid, Distinguished Professor of Oceanography Emeritus at Texas A&M University (TAMU), passed away on 23 January 2009 at age 87. He was a founding member of the TAMU Department of Oceanography in 1951 and remained an active researcher until his death. Teaching and advising students was his passion. During his career, he chaired or cochaired the doctoral advisory committees of some 70 students in the fields of oceanography, meteorology, civil engineering, and physics. Of the 38 M.S. students he advised, 11 are included in the 70 who completed their Ph.D.s with Professor Reid.
Tomorrow's AGU: Seeking a New Executive Director
Authors: Grove Timothy L. , Finn Carol
Published: December 2009

AGU has begun the search for a new executive director to serve in partnership with AGU's elected leadership to build tomorrow's AGU—the contemporary scientific society envisioned by our members and needed for 2010 and beyond.

This is a rare opportunity to take the helm of a highly respected, financially strong membership organization in a moment of transformation and help us achieve our goals to grow in impact. Reporting directly to the Board of Directors, the executive director is responsible for providing strategic vision, leadership, and overall management to the organization according to the direction set by AGU's elected leaders.