bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro assessment of stearyl triphenyl phosphonium toxicity in drug-resistant tumor cells
Authors: Shah Shrey , Ouellette Miller , D’Souza Gerard G. M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The triphenyl phosphonium residue is a well-documented mitochondriotropic that has been shown to improve the accumulation of biomolecules in mitochondria. Stearyl triphenyl phosphonium (STPP) modified liposomes have been shown to facilitate the selective accumulation of various biomolecules in mitochondria resulting in improved effect in-vitro and in-vivo. More recently, STPP was reported to have higher toxicity towards a drug resistant ovarian cancer cell line compare to a non-drug resistant cell line. The purpose of this study was to further investigate STPP toxicity using multiple drug resistant and non-drug resistant cell lines. Methods: STPP was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine cholesterol liposomes using the thin film hydration method. Mean particle size and zeta potential was measured using dynamic light scattering. The 5,5,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′ tetraethylbenzimi-dazoylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) dye accumulation assay was used as an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential in the tested cell lines. Cytotoxicity of the preparations towards different cell lines was determined using light microscopy and the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation assay. Results: The JC-1 accumulation assay confirmed that the drug-resistant cell lines had significantly higher dye accumulation than the non-drug resistant cell lines. Higher cytotoxicity of STPP towards drug resistant cell line was seen when incorporated into liposomes but not when dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). STPP showed a comparable toxicity profile to the known oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP). Discussion: Taken together, the data suggest that higher STPP toxicity in the drug-resistant cell lines is influenced by the presence of liposomal lipids and that STPP acts in a way similar to an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler and is therefore more toxic to the drug-resistant cells that rely on a higher mitochondrial membrane potential to maintain their viability.
Du lien sans les liens
Authors: Pheulpin Marie-Christine , Martineau François , Marcel Jean-Luc
Published: February 2022

L’isolement et la contention en service de psychiatrie sont ces dernières années l’objet de vifs débats, non seulement chez les professionnels de santé mais dans l’opinion publique même. De plus en plus encadrées par la loi, ces pratiques doivent rester des mesures de dernier recours. Mais alors quel travail effectuer en amont pour qu’elles deviennent de plus en plus exceptionnelles ? L’expérience du secteur 3, gouverné dès les années 80 par la culture du non-enfermement, enseigne l’importance des notions d’accueil, de contenance et de continuité des soins. Après une présentation historique et législative de la psychiatrie et en particulier des pratiques d’isolement et de contention, une réflexion d’orientation psychanalytique sera proposée sur les notions de contenance et de fonction contenante pour dans un dernier temps ouvrir sur cette clinique de l’extrême où le prendre-soin reste la balise fondamentale.
« Et si tu n’existais pas… »
Authors: Bertin Claire
Published: February 2022

« Et si tu n’existais pas… » ont été des mots-sons lancés en l’air par Yanis à la sortie du groupe thérapeutique auquel il participe deux fois par semaine. Lui qui s’exprime inlassablement par « bouillie » verbale ou mot-chose à l’intérieur duquel rien n’est animé, trié ou différencié ; aujourd’hui, il semble venir nous signifier un vécu, nous raconter peut-être ce qu’il vit ? Est-il enfin en train de « prendre vie » ? Prendre forme, prendre une densité ou un volume, entrer dans une pulsation ou encore prendre une place ? Et s’il s’agissait tout d’abord de se sentir, de s’éprouver, de se percevoir: percer et voir. « Percer » à l’image d’une traversée du miroir et passer d’un état à un autre, d’un monde à un autre; pour « voir » au sens d’incorporer, de rencontrer, de se confronter, de reconnaître sa propre présence au monde ainsi que celle de l’autre.

Tel a été l’enjeu de notre rencontre avec Yanis, petit garçon de 5 ans dont l’existence se joue entre un tout et son éclatement, où le mot est autant excitant qu’inexistant, où le contact corporel apaise autant qu’il angoisse, où l’autre intruse et détruit comme il contient. Quels facteurs ont amené Yanis à construire une première sensation de lui-même ? Quel parcours l’enfant traverse pour naître à soi-même ? Comment un travail psychocorporel peut nous acheminer et nous faire accéder à la propre perception de soi : vers une appropriation de soi…
La perspective psychomotrice en pédopsychiatrie ou une certaine idée du développement et de ses troubles
Authors: Rodriguez Marc
Published: February 2022

La tendance actuelle à penser le développement de l’enfant en secteurs étanches et dans une vision exclusivement neuro-centrale a des implications délétères dans la clinique. L’auteur propose, à partir du paradigme que constitue le développement psychomoteur, une vision plus interactionnelle et incarnée du développement. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur les travaux récents de la cognition incarnée, de la psychopathologie développementale et des approches sensori-motrices du développement.
Analysis of microchannel heat exchanger based on channel geometry
Authors: Tahasildar Mohammed Faris , Krishanmurthy Sachidananda Hassan
Published: February 2022

The use of air conditioning in heating ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) industry has risen steadily over the last few decades. The goal of the system is to provide a comfortable indoor environment by the process of removal or addition of heat. There are various systems and components which have been in constant use over the years and have evolved with the needs of the user and the environment too. In this research paper attempt have been made to study microchannel heat exchangers in condenser section of package units. The idea is to see how an increase in cross-sectional area through the microchannel increases the area of heat transfer. The effect of grooved cross-section which results in increase of rate of cooling for a fluid flowing through the channel have been studied. R-32 (Freon Refrigerant) is considered as refrigerant along with water for the study using CFD analysis. Two designs were considered for the study considering circular cross section and the grooved cross section considering the channel geometry. From the results of CFD analysis, it can be stated that grooved cross section has performed better in terms of heat transfer and temperature drop as compared to circular cross section.
NAL-NL1 Procedure for Fitting Nonlinear Hearing Aids: Characteristics and Comparisons with Other Procedures
Authors: Byrne Denis , Dillon Harvey , Ching Teresa , Katsch Richard , Keidser Gitte
Published: February 2022

A new procedure for fitting nonlinear hearing aids (National Acoustic Laboratories' nonlinear fitting procedure, version 1 [NAL-NL1]) is described. The rationale is to maximize speech intelligibility while constraining loudness to be normal or less. Speech intelligibility is predicted by the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII), which has been modified to account for the reduction in performance associated with increasing degrees of hearing loss, especially at high frequencies. Prescriptions are compared for the NAL-NL1, desired sensation level [input/output], FIG6, and a threshold version of the Independent Hearing Aid Fitting Forum procedures. For an average speech input level, the NAL-NL1 prescriptions are very similar to those of the well-established NAL-Revised, Profound procedure. Compared with the other procedures, NAL-NL1 prescribes less low-frequency gain for flat and upward sloping audiograms. It prescribes less high-frequency gain for steeply sloping high-frequency hearing losses. NAL-NL1 tends to prescribe less compression than the other procedures. All procedures differ considerably from one another for some audiograms.

Abbreviations: Al = Articulation Index, CR = compression ratio, CT = compression threshold; DSL[i/o] = desired sensation level [input/output], IHAFF = Independent Hearing Aid Fitting Forum, LGOB = loudness growth in 1/2-octave bands, NAL-NL1 = National Acoustic Laboratories' nonlinear fitting procedure, version 1, NAL-R = NAL Revised, NAL-RP = NAL-Revised, Profound, PLL = preferred listening level, POGO = prescription of gain and maximum output, RAB = Ricketts and Bentler, rms = root mean square, SII = Speech Intelligibility Index, WDRC = wide dynamic range compression
Complex Procedures in Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery: Intraperitoneal Entry, Ultra Large Rectal Tumors, High Lesions, and Resection in the Anal Canal
Authors: Serra-Aracil Xavier , Lucas-Guerrero Victoria , Mora-López Laura
Published: February 2022

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) allows the local excision of rectal tumors and achieves lower morbidity and mortality rates than total mesorectal excision. TEM can treat lesions up to 18 to 20 cm from the anal verge, obtaining good oncological results in T1 stage cancers and preserving sphincter function. TEM is technically demanding. Large lesions (>5 cm), those with high risk of perforation into the peritoneal cavity, those in the upper rectum or the rectosigmoid junction, and those in the anal canal are specially challenging. Primary suture after peritoneal perforation during TEM is safe and it does not necessarily require the creation of a protective stoma. We recommend closing the wall defect in all cases to avoid the risk of inadvertent perforation. It is important to identify these complex lesions promptly to transfer them to reference centers. This article summarizes complex procedures in TEM.
Rechtskolumne: Bundessozialgericht ändert bislang umstrittene Rechtsprechung zu NUB
Authors: Weimer Tobias
Published: February 2022

Mit seinem Urteil (B 1 KR 25/20 R) vom 25.März 2021 hat das Bundessozialgericht (BSG) seine vorherige, hoch umstrittene Rechtsprechung hinsichtlich der Abrechenbarkeit von neuen Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsmethoden (NUB) aufgegeben. Insbesondere wird nun die Erfüllung des Qualitätsgebots nach Paragraf 2 SGB V nicht mehr zur Abrechenbarkeitsvoraussetzung gemacht.
Connecting Digital Health: DMEA 2022: Wir sehen uns in Berlin!
Authors: Gerlach Luisa , Willaredt Valentin
Published: February 2022

Im April ist die DMEA wieder der zentrale Treffpunkt zum Thema Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen. Nach zwei Jahren als pandemiebedingt digitale Veranstaltung findet Europas größtes Event für Digital Health erstmals wieder als Präsenzformat in Berlin statt.
Frauenförderung im Gesundheitswesen: „Auf den chefärztlichen Posten oder auf den Lehrstühlen sind zu wenig Frauen vertreten“
Authors: Hohnstein Aileen
Published: February 2022

Dr. med. Christiane Groß setzt sich als Präsidentin des Deutschen Ärztinnenbundes für die Gleichstellung von Frauen im Gesundheitswesen ein. Warum dort noch immer Frauen unterrepräsentiert sind, wieso sie selbst einst als Quotenfrau in die Gesundheitspolitik gestartet ist und warum sie für Parität plädiert, hat sie uns im kma-Interview erklärt.
Transanal Local Excision or Endoscopic Dissection for Benign and Large Lesions of the Rectum
Authors: Morino Mario , Arezzo Alberto
Published: February 2022

Since the introduction of transanal endoscopic microsurgery, local excision of “early” rectal lesions has offered the possibility to reduce the invasiveness of treatment for the limited disease. Flexible endoscopy techniques allow today different alternatives consisting of endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection. The first is a straightforward and relatively easy technique, but it prevents a correct pathological staging of the lesion due to fragmentation and the verification of disease-free margins. The second relies on operators' audacity depending on their increasing experience due to the limited progress in technology. What is the preferable technique today is questionable. All the methods have pros and cons. The future certainly will see the use of ideal systems, allowing the possibility of precision surgery for partial- or full-thickness excision, depending on intraoperative findings, and the extension above the rectosigmoid junction. Miniaturized flexible robotic devices may represent the solution for both issues.
Technology, Expectations, and Adjustment to Hearing Loss: Predictors of Hearing Aid Outcome
Authors: Jerram J. Christopher K. , Purdy Suzanne C.
Published: February 2022

This study examined the influence of technology, demographic factors, and prefitting expectations, attitudes, and adjustment to hearing loss on hearing aid outcome. Clients obtaining new hearing aids completed questionnaires measuring personal adjustment to hearing loss, expectations of and attitudes toward hearing aids, and hearing aid benefit. Eighty-one percent of the 200 subjects completing the prefitting questionnaires returned questionnaires evaluating hearing aid outcome. Factors affecting hearing aid use, overall satisfaction, and benefit were investigated using regression analyses. Higher use time was associated with higher prefitting expectations and greater acceptance of hearing loss. Greater benefit in easy and difficult listening situations was predicted by higher prefitting expectations. Multiplememory hearing aids produced higher satisfaction. Benefit was greater for multiple-memory, multiple-channel, and wide dynamic range compression aids. Findings were consistent with previous studies showing positive outcomes for newer technologies but also showed that two subjective factors, prefitting hearing aid expectations and acceptance of hearing loss, significantly influenced hearing aid outcome.

Abbreviations: APHAB = Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, BTE = behind the ear, CIC = completely in the canal, CPHI = Communication Profile for the Hearing Impaired, HAPI = Hearing Aid Performance Inventory, HARQ = Hearing Attitudes in Rehabilitation Questionnaire, HHIE = Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly, HPI = Hearing Performance Inventory, ITC = in the canal, ITE = in the ear, MAPHAB = Modified Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, MELLI = multiple environmental listening utility, MPAS = Modified Personal Adjustment Scale, PHAB = Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, SADL = Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Living, WDRC = wide dynamic range compression
Aging and Contralateral Suppression Effects on Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions
Authors: Parthasarathy Teralandur K.
Published: February 2022

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were recorded in 30 normal-hearing subjects to nonlinear clicks while continuous contralateral broadband noise (CBBN) was presented at 40, 50, 60, and 70 dB HL. Thirty subjects between 20 and 79 years were divided systematically into six-decade age groups, five subjects per group. All subjects in each group had hearing thresholds of 20 dB HL or better for the test frequencies from 0.25 to 8.0 kHz and normal acoustic immittance findings. The results provide evidence that contralateral suppression at varying levels of CBBN is interactive with age. Except for subjects in the age ranges between 60 and 69 and 70 and 79 years of age, an increase in CBBN from 40 to 70 dB in 10–dB steps resulted in an average increase in suppression from about 0.5 to 3.5 dB SPL. In addition, the contralateral suppression at 60 and 70 dB HL was significantly greater for subjects between 20 and 59 years of age than for subjects between 60 and 79 years of age.

Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, CAP = compound action potential, CBBN = contralateral broadband noise, CNS = central nervous system, MOS = medial olivocochlear system, OAEs = otoacoustic emissions, OHCs = outer hair cells, TEOAEs = transient evoked otoacoustic emissions
Maximum Length Sequences-Auditory Brainstem Responses from Children with Auditory Processing Disorders
Authors: Jirsa Robert E.
Published: February 2022

This study was designed to evaluate maximum length sequences-auditory brainstem responses (MLS-ABR) in children with auditory processing disorders and to compare these results with a normal control group matched for age, intelligence, and gender. Although each waveform was analyzed for the presence of waves 1,111, and V, the primary focus was wave V. Although absolute latency measures for wave V were obtained from all subjects, waves I and III were not always identified. Although the results showed latency increases for all waveforms in both groups, the only significant difference noted was an increase in wave V latency for both the left and right ears in the clinical group. These results suggest that the MLS-ABR may be useful in the assessment of auditory processing disorders. Implications for the potential use of the MLS-ABR in management programs are discussed.

Abbreviations: ABR = auditory brainstem response, ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, APD = auditory processing disorders, DD = Dichotic Digits Test, DP = Duration Pattern Test, DS = Dichotic Sentences Identification Test, ERP = event-related potential, FP = Frequency Pattern Test, LL = linguistic label, MLR = middle latency response, MLS = maximum length sequences, MLS-ABR = maximum length sequences-auditory brainstem response, MMN = mismatch negativity, SSI-ICM = Synthetic Sentence Identification-Ipsilateral Competing Message, TC = Time Compressed Speech Test, VA = Veterans Administration
Modulation of recombination zone position for white perovskite/organic emitter hybrid light-emitting devices
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Yan Xiaoheng , Gray Lindsey J. , Xu Junwei , Xie Wenfa , Carroll David L.
Published: February 2022

Metal halide perovskites present specific challenges as emitters in large area, surface emission lighting devices. Among these challenges is the vast difference in carrier mobilities between the perovskite and many organic buffer layers typically used in such device fabrication as transport and blocking layers. This can make it difficult to engineer recombination to achieve white emitting devices generally. However, in this work, we introduce unique modulation of excitonic confinement within the perovskite layer of the device stack to control overall placement of the recombination zone. This results in a white light emitter that is bright and highly tunable, providing a path to realize white perovskite related light-emitting devices.
Experimental measurement of kinetic parameters using quantum plasmonic sensing
Authors: Mpofu K. T. , Lee C. , Maguire G. E. M. , Kruger H. G. , Tame M. S.
Published: February 2022

Kinetic models are essential for describing how molecules interact in a variety of biochemical processes. The estimation of a model’s kinetic parameters by experiment enables researchers to understand how pathogens, such as viruses, interact with other entities like antibodies and trial drugs. In this work, we report a simple proof-of-principle experiment that uses quantum sensing techniques to give a more precise estimation of kinetic parameters than is possible with a classical approach. The interaction we study is that of bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding to gold via an electrostatic mechanism. BSA is an important protein in biochemical research as it can be conjugated with other proteins and peptides to create sensors with a wide range of specificity. We use single photons generated via parametric down-conversion to probe the BSA–gold interaction in a plasmonic resonance sensor. We find that sub-shot-noise-level fluctuations in the sensor signal allow us to achieve an improvement in the precision of up to 31.8% for the values of the kinetic parameters. This enhancement can, in principle, be further increased in the setup. Our work highlights the potential use of quantum states of light for sensing in biochemical research.
Electronic energy transport in nanoscale Au/Fe hetero-structures in the perspective of ultrafast lattice dynamics
Authors: Mattern M. , von Reppert A. , Zeuschner S. P. , Pudell J.-E. , Kühne F. , Diesing D. , Herzog M. , Bargheer M.
Published: February 2022

We study the ultrafast electronic transport of energy in a photoexcited nanoscale Au/Fe hetero-structure by modeling the spatiotemporal profile of energy densities that drives transient strain, which we quantify by femtosecond x-ray diffraction. This flow of energy is relevant for intrinsic demagnetization and ultrafast spin transport. We measured lattice strain for different Fe layer thicknesses ranging from few atomic layers to several nanometers and modeled the spatiotemporal flow of energy densities. The combination of a high electron-phonon coupling coefficient and a large Sommerfeld constant in Fe is found to yield electronic transfer of nearly all energy from Au to Fe within the first hundreds of femtoseconds.
Measurements of small optical absorption and scattering coefficients of high-power polarised laser radiation in lithium triborate crystals
Authors: Grishchenko I.V. , Vorob’ev A.K. , Ostapiv A.Yu. , Stirmanov Yu.S. , Konyashkin A.V. , Ryabushkin O.A.
Published: February 2022

We present the results of measurements of low optical absorption and scattering coefficients in lithium triborate crystals using the method of piezoelectric resonance laser calorimetry under the action of polarised single-mode laser radiation at wavelengths of 1070 and 532 nm in the power ranges of 50 – 300 and 5 – 50 W, respectively. It is shown that when radiation propagates along the crystal axis a, these coefficients remain constant in the specified power ranges and do not depend on the direction of laser radiation polarisation. The measured optical scattering coefficients are compared with the results obtained by the method of integrating spheres.
Pragmatically speaking
Authors: Derwing Tracey M. , Waugh Erin , Munro Murray J.
Published: February 2022

The relationship between second language (L2) comprehensibility and pragmatics is explored in two experiments involving instruction of speech acts to learners enrolled in a Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada program. The study was designed to determine whether improved pragmatic competence results in enhanced comprehensibility (how easy L2 speech is to understand). Two intact classes participated; one received 25 hours of pragmatics instruction, while the control group received the standard curriculum (no focus on pragmatics). Both classes were recorded in role-plays based on several scenarios at pre- and post-test. Transcriptions of the role-plays were coded according to a rubric; although the control group showed superior performance at the outset, the experimental group’s scores exceeded those of the Control group at post-test with a medium effect size. A subset of pre- and posttest role-plays (two refusals and two requests) were randomly assigned to 56 native English listeners who rated the speech samples for social appropriateness, comprehensibility, and fluency. The experimental group’s posttest productions on all scenarios were perceived as significantly more socially appropriate, with three scenarios showing significant improvement in comprehensibility. Although one scenario improved in fluency, another showed a decline. The results suggest that pragmatics instruction enhances L2 speech comprehensibility.
Pluricentric linguistic justice in Quebec
Authors: Oakes Leigh , Peled Yael
Published: February 2022

With the emergence of the notion of Standard Quebec French, debates about linguistic usage in Quebec are today largely shaped by two competing normative models: an exonorm defined for all intents and purposes in France and an endonorm reflecting socially acceptable usage as determined by Quebec­ers themselves. While language attitude research has provided some indication of the normative preferences of ordinary Quebec­ers, the picture remains largely ambiguous. This article seeks to provide some clarity through a reconceptualisation of language attitudes intended to specifically elicit value judgments on norm setting and enforcement. Building on research in political philosophy and theory, it further develops the notion of ‘pluricentric linguistic justice’, proposed as a tool for assessing questions of authority and legitimacy concerning French in Quebec. It then presents the results of an empirical exploration of this notion focused on the attitudes of a sample of franco­phone Quebec­ers towards endonormativity, including as a function of key social variables. The study represents an innovative attempt to develop and test a methodological instrument for interrogating questions of linguistic justice in pluricentric settings more broadly.
Effect of heat treatments on friction stir processed aluminium surface composites
Authors: Girish G. , Anandakrishnan V.
Published: February 2022

In this study, an age-hardenable Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy was reinforced with titanium carbide particles by a novel method and a surface composite synthesised by way of recursive friction stir processing (FSP). The effects of age hardening (T6) and retrogression and reaging (RRA) treatments on microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties were investigated. Compared to the base material, significant grain refinement and improved mechanical properties were noticed in the friction stir processed Al/TiC composite due to the homogenous distribution of reinforcement. During heat treatments, the presence of reinforcement inhibited the growth of grains during dynamic recrystallisation producing a microstructure with finer grains. The heat-treated composites exhibited better mechanical properties than as-fabricated composite due to combined effect of reinforcement and the precipitated phases.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Generalized Oppenheimer–Snyder gravitational collapse into regular black holes
Authors: Shojai F , Sadeghi A , Hassannejad R
Published: February 2022

We shall study the formation of a particular class of regular black holes (BHs) from the gravitational collapse of a massive star. The inside geometry is described by spatially flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) metric and the stellar matter is distributed uniformly without any pre-assumption about its equation of state. Our model is a generalization of Oppenheimer–Snyder collapse for regular BHs. We have obtained the density and pressure of star by applying the condition of smooth joining of metrics at the freely falling surface of star. Specifying the regular BHs to Hayward and Bardeen cases, we see that the stellar matter is described by a polytropic equation of state and moreover, for the radius smaller than a certain value, the strong energy condition becomes invalid. Then for both BHs, the interior apparent and event horizons and also the stellar surface are obtained as functions of the proper time of star. At the end, we have constructed a new two parametric family of regular BHs jointed smoothly to the flat FRW interior metric of a polytropic star with an arbitrary index.
Development and evaluation of a generalized model of RAIM availability for single-, dual- and multi-satellite faults
Authors: Ma Xiaping , Yu Kegen , He Xiaoxing , Li Qinzheng , Zhao Lidu , Wang Haicheng
Published: February 2022

Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) fault monitoring and identification requires first to judge the geometric distribution of currently visible satellites based on performance indicators and to determine whether it is suitable for integrity monitoring, that is, to judge the availability of the RAIM algorithm. With the rapid development of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), the possibility of dual-satellite faults and multiple-satellite faults in GNSS navigation and positioning has greatly increased. The existing literature mainly focuses on RAIM availability evaluation for single-satellite fault or dual-satellite faults, ignoring the occurrence possibility of multiple-satellite faults, and thus there is no unified RAIM availability evaluation model. To this end, we use the characters of the quadratic matrix to derive a generalized model of RAIM availability evaluation, and the model is suitable for situations of single-, dual- and multi-satellite faults. Based on the observation data of Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) from 332 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations distributed globally on 24 March 2021 and the global ephemeris file, the global RAIM availability of BDS is evaluated. The results show that the generalized model of RAIM availability evaluation has a rigorous derivation process, strong applicability and easy implementation. When the cutoff elevation angle is greater than 5°, the average number of BDS visible satellites at 332 IGS stations worldwide is 12.289 and the average geometry dilution of precision value is 8.090. This can fully meet RAIM availability evaluation and integrity monitoring requirements at most IGS stations and regions. The RAIM availability of triple-satellite faults is lower than that of dual-satellite faults, and the RAIM availability of dual-satellite faults is lower than that of single-satellite fault. For the three different faults, the RAIM availability cannot fully satisfy the four stages in aviation all over the world. Among them, the RAIM availability is highest in the en-route (oceanic/continental low density) stage for all three types of faults, which is 93.146%, 74.848%, and 67.576%, respectively, while the non-precision approach stage has the lowest RAIM availability, which is 78.193%, 13.636%, 3.333% for the three types of faults, respectively.
Interpreting radial correlation Doppler reflectometry using gyrokinetic simulations
Authors: Ruiz Ruiz J , Parra F I , Hall-Chen V H , Christen N , Barnes M , Candy J , Garcia J , Giroud C , Guttenfelder W , Hillesheim J C , Holland C , Howard N T , Ren Y , White A E
Published: February 2022

A linear response, local model for the DBS amplitude applied to gyrokinetic simulations shows that radial correlation Doppler reflectometry measurements (RCDR, Schirmer et al 2007 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
49 1019) are not sensitive to the average turbulence radial correlation length, but to a correlation length that depends on the binormal wavenumber

k

⊥

selected by the Doppler backscattering (DBS) signal. Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations show that the turbulence naturally exhibits a nonseparable power law spectrum in wavenumber space, leading to a power law dependence of the radial correlation length with binormal wavenumber

l
r

∼
C

k

⊥

−
α

(
α
≈
1
)

which agrees with the inverse proportionality relationship between the measured

l
r

and

k

⊥

observed in experiments (Fernández-Marina et al 2014 Nucl. Fusion
54 072001). This new insight indicates that RCDR characterizes the eddy aspect ratio in the perpendicular plane to the magnetic field. It also motivates future use of a nonseparable turbulent spectrum to quantitatively interpret RCDR and potentially other turbulence diagnostics. The radial correlation length is only measurable when the radial resolution at the cutoff location

W
n

satisfies

W
n

≪

l
r

, while the measurement becomes dominated by

W
n

for

W
n

≫

l
r

. This suggests that

l
r

is likely to be inaccessible for electron-scale DBS measurements (

k

⊥

ρ

s

>
1

). The effect of

W
n

on ion-scale radial correlation lengths could be nonnegligible.
Space evidence of enhanced photosynthetic carbon uptake under fragmented temperate forests
Authors: Li Jiawei , Ma Jun , Xu Jingxian , Tang Yanan , Wang Quanbo , Song Guohua , Qi Guanpu
Published: February 2022

Global changes arouse large-scale fragmentation of forests, which has a profound impact on the balance of the global carbon cycle. However, the effect and process of temperate forest fragmentation on photosynthetic carbon uptake are not clear. We used remote sensing datasets to describe the degree of forest fragmentation and clarify the relationship between fragmentation and photosynthetic carbon uptake in the temperate forests of northeastern China. The results show that forest fragmentation has high spatial heterogeneity and promotes photosynthetic carbon uptake by 14% in the cold temperate zone and 10% in the middle temperate zone. Hydrothermal conditions are the dominant influencing path, explaining 60% of the variation in the cold temperate zone and 49% of the variation in the middle temperate zone. In addition, temperature is the dominant driver of the cold temperate zone, and water is the dominant driver of the middle temperate zone. Our research calls for a deeper understanding of the carbon cycle of fragmented temperate forests, and it is necessary to consider appropriate human intervention in forest management.
Effects of molecular diffusion length on area-selective growth of organic patterns
Authors: Jiang Yue , Cai Yichen , Li Jianping , Chen Naibo , Hu Laigui , Wang Wenchong , Nie Qing-Miao , Yan Bo
Published: February 2022

Oganic devices have gained much progress in the past decades, as a promising candidate for flexible/wearable electronics. However, the realization of organic microelectronic systems for wide applications is still difficult, due to the incompatibility of organic semiconductors (OSCs) with the conventional top-down lithography techniques for inorganics. To solve this challenge, bottom-up lithography-compatible methods have been developed for organic device arrays, i.e., template-directed growth or area-selective growth (ASG). Unfortunately, the physics on the dynamic process of the ASG method for molecular semiconductors is still not well understood. In order to explore this issue, the growth of particles on prepatterned surfaces under different diffusion lengths (L

d
) was simulated in a microscopic point of view by using kinetic Monte Carlo method. Simulation results show that ASG of the particles is strongly related to the L

d
of the particles, periodicity and size of prepatterned surfaces. It is notable that such simulated results were found to fit well with those of our experiments, which can be favorable for improving the ASG method for patterning functional molecules.
Microstructure characterization and mechanical behaviour of laser additive manufactured ultrahigh-strength M54 steel
Authors: Zhao Zhong-Chao , Ning Jing , Su Jie , Jiang Qing-Wei , Liu Geng , Liu Ding-Hui , Gao Qi , Wang Ao
Published: February 2022

Ultra high-strength M54 steel blocks were fabricated by laser metal deposition. The microstructure and mechanical behavior of the material were investigated systematically. The microstructure of the as-deposited M54 steel is anisotropic; the cross-section (XOY plane) has a cellular structure, whereas the longitudinal section (XOZ and YOZ planes) shows a mixture of alternating cellular and columnar forms. Compositional segregation is present at the cell walls (interdendritic regions) in the as-deposited state, resulting in retained austenite at the cell walls. The cross-sectional XOY plane contains 10.08% austenite, whereas the XOZ and YOZ planes contain 24.59% and 22.4% austenite, respectively. The retained austenite at the cell wall (interdendritic region) has low thermal and mechanical stability and disappears after the cryogenic treatment or is transformed into martensite during a tensile test. The as-deposited samples show anisotropic mechanical properties. The transverse samples exhibit stronger transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and work hardenability with a lower yield strength of 662 MPa and higher ultimate strength of 1982 MPa, corresponding to a higher amount of retained austenite in this direction. The longitudinal ultimate strength and yield strength are 1832 MPa and 997 MPa, respectively. The ductility and toughness are also largely anisotropic, and their reduction in the transverse direction is only 1/3 of that in the longitudinal direction. The Vickers hardness of the microstructure increases slightly from the bottom to the middle and upper part of the sample due to less thermal cycling in the upper part.
Influence of tool pin profiles in the strength enhancement of friction stir welded AA5083 and AA5754 alloys
Authors: Kumar P Naveen , Jayakumar K
Published: February 2022

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a well-known technology for joining similar and dissimilar materials. The quality of the weld in FSW is affected by the various process parameters such as tool rotational speed (TRS), tool transverse speed (TTS) and tool pin profiles. This study aims to investigate the effect of three different tool pin profiles on the variation of microstructure and mechanical strength of friction stir welded AA5083 and AA5754 alloys joints. Both of these alloys combinations offer excellent corrosion resistance and formability. As a result, they’re commonly seen in tanks, pressure vessels, shipyards, and trucks. In this work, the FSW methodology focused on varying the TRS of 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 rpm and TTS as 20, 30, 40 and 50 mm min−1. The surface microstructures of the weldments were analyzed using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Tensile and Microhardness tests were carried out on the weldments to determine the weld strength. Three variety of tool pins, namely straight square, threaded cylinder, and straight cylinder were used for this study. The microstructural and the mechanical properties analysis of the welded samples proved that the straight square tool pin profile is suitable for joining AA5083 and AA5754 alloys. The weldments prepared using a straight square pin profile exhibited good material stream behaviour, uniform spreading of plastic deformation in the weld zone and aided in the reduction of formation of macroscopic defects on the welded zone. Among the process parameters, it was detected that the pin profile displays more impact on tensile strength followed by tool rotation speed and welding speed. According to the findings, the dissimilar weld joint formed at the optimum process parameters had the highest tensile strength of 212 MPa and hardness of 88 HV were: Square Tool Profile, 1250 rpm TRS, and 40 mm min−1 TTS.
Deep learning modeling strategy for material science: from natural materials to metamaterials
Authors: Li Wenwen , Chen Pu , Xiong Bo , Liu Guandong , Dou Shuliang , Zhan Yaohui , Zhu Zhiyuan , Chu Tao , Li Yao , Ma Wei
Published: February 2022

Computational modeling is a crucial approach in material-related research for discovering new materials with superior properties. However, the high design flexibility in materials, especially in the realm of metamaterials where the sub-wavelength structure provides an additional degree of freedom in design, poses a formidable computational cost in various real-world applications. With the advent of big data, deep learning (DL) brings revolutionary breakthroughs in many conventional machine learning and pattern recognition tasks such as image classification. The accompanied data-driven modeling paradigm also provides transformative methodology shift in materials science, from trial-and-error routine to intelligent material discovery and analysis. This review systematically summarize the application of DL in material science, based on a model selection perspective for both natural materials and metamaterials. The review aims to uncover the logic behind data-model relation with emphasis on suitable data structures for different scenarios in the material study and the corresponding problem-solving DL model architectures.
102 Quality of Life After Intestinal Stoma: A Cross Sectional Study Among a Sample of Sudanese Patients
Authors: Mohammed O.A.A. , Osman S.M.A. , Mohammed A.A.A. , Hussein S.A.A. , Alkhedir S.E.O. , Mirghni S.A.A. , Koko A.I.E.A. , Saad E. , Salman M.S.T. , Suleiman S.H.
Published: February 2022

Aim

The effects of stoma surgery are multiple, and patient’s quality of life is affected in many ways. Stoma is increasingly used as surgical technique in Sudan, however; studies assessing its effects are lacking.

Method

a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 hospitals in Khartoum state. Patients were interviewed using structure questionnaire

Results

65.9% (27) of the patients were males, the mean age was 44.36 (±14.3) and 36.6% had primary school education. 43.9% were unemployed. Mean duration of stoma was 10.67(±10.5) months, and it was temporal in 61% (25). Colorectal cancer was the most indication for the stoma. 70.7% (29) were married, 34.3% (12) reported change in their work after surgery and 68% (17) said it was due to the stoma surgery. Of those who were sexually active, 45.2% (14) didn’t resume their sexual life after it, and most of those who returned report it not to be satisfactory. The entire social and most of the religious practices were found to be statistically different before and after surgery. The mean score for the psychological quality of life was 58.47 (±13.32) out of 80.

Conclusions

Although stoma patients generally have poor quality of life, they struggle in sexual, social, work, and religious aspects. Patients have good psychological quality of life. Efforts to improve the quality of life and incorporation into the community are needed
143 Intestinal Failure: Epidemiology, Catheter Related Sepsis and Challenges
Authors: Ballanamada Appaiah N.N. , Probert S. , Boyle K. , Rogers D. , Stewart J. , Baker M.
Published: February 2022

Background

The aforementioned service provides specialist intestinal failure care to patients in Leicestershire and surrounding counties.

Aim

To study the epidemiology of IF cases referred to the service & review outcomes particularly the indications and delivery of parenteral nutrition (PN). To review catheter-related sepsis (CRS) rates and identify areas for improvement.

Method

Service data from January 2016 to November 2017 was analysed retrospectively. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was carried out. Chi-square/ Fisher Exact tests were used to identify significance on categorical data and non-parametric settling was used for qualitative data analysis.

Results

365 patients were referred to the service from January 2016 to November 2017. 58% patients had grade I intestinal failure. 34% and 24% referrals were made by the colorectal and hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) units respectively. Gut rest (27%) and bowel obstruction (25%) were the most common indications for nutritional support. Duration of PN requirements varied greatly, but most patients (39%) patients required it for up to 7 days. Single lumen PICC line (64%) and cephalic vein (54%) were the most commonly used catheter and site of vascular access respectively. Chronicity of IF and number of vascular catheters required to provide PN were significantly associated with rates of CRS.

Conclusions

CRS was found to be statistically significantly associated with chronic IF and number of vascular access catheters required to provide PN. Cost implication and morbidity of CRS could be analysed further to identify other ways to provide safer and cost-efficient parental nutrition for patients with intestinal failure.
257 Comparing Practice Testing to Restudying in the Dissecting Room: An Experimental Study
Authors: Elhassan A.B.E. , Ibrahim A. , Saad M. , Awad K. , Salman M.S.T. , Mohammed O.A.A. , Ali M. , Bashir S.A.T. , Mohamed N.E.M. , Mohammed M.A.A.
Published: February 2022

Aim

Medical students employ many strategies for learning, most commonly restudying. However, evidence suggests that restudying is not as effective as other strategies, namely practice testing. Different studies have compared restudying to practice testing on a variety of subjects. Few studies have assessed the effect of practice testing in anatomy courses. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have investigated practice testing in the dissecting room (DR). In this study, we aim to measure the effect of practice testing in a DR setting, as compared to restudying.

Method

Second-year medical students learning the cardiovascular system were included in the study. Two groups were randomly selected to participate in practice tests taken at the end of DR sessions. The other two groups were asked to restudy the material. At the end of the four-week course, all students took a 15 points multiple-choice exam on learned material. Authors of practice tests were blind to the final exam content and vice versa.

Results

One hundred eight students participated in the study. Fifty-three students were in the practice testing group, and 55 were in the restudying group. The practice testing group performed significantly better than the restudying group (p = .008), with a mean of 8.57 +/- 2.3 for the practice testing group and 7.27 +/- 2.6 for the restudying group.

Conclusions

Practice testing significantly improved retention of Anatomy. We recommend that practice testing is implemented regularly at the end of DR sessions to enhance the learning experience.
266 Improving Management of Women Presenting with Groin Hernias at Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital (RD&E)
Authors: Chillarge G.
Published: February 2022

Aim

Determine the percentage of women with groin hernia undergoing laparoscopic repair at RD&E hospital and if it was offered during clinic visit.

Background

The lifetime risk of groin hernia in women is 3–5.8%. The incidence of missed femoral hernia at re-operation after open repair in women is 41%. The HerniaSurge group has recommended laparoscopic repair of all groin hernias in women as it offers opportunity to identify all types of groin hernias and reduces post-operative pain and recurrence.

Method

All female patients undergoing groin hernia surgery at RD&E hospital from 1 Feb 2018–31 Jan 2020 were identified. Patients undergoing surgery after this period were not included as the surgical practice was changing due to COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic patient records including clinic letters, operative notes, radiology reports and follow up letters were reviewed.

Results

117 female patients undergoing groin hernia repair were identified. During clinic visit, rationale for laparoscopic surgery was documented only in 29/117 while discussion regarding material risks of surgery was documented in 51/117. Only 41/117 (35%) patients underwent laparoscopic hernia repair.

Conclusion and second cycle

The current practice at RD&E requires improvements in terms of documentation of material risks associated with groin hernia repair and offering laparoscopic repair for women with groin hernias. For the next cycle, we aim to present at the local audit meeting and then collect further data to evaluate improvements in practice. We also aim to create a standardised electronic clinic letter and operative note format to bring uniformity of care.
330 An End to Doctor’s Handwriting in the Digital Age: Evaluating the Legibility of Operation Notes in Otolaryngology
Authors: Bhojwani D. , Javed H. , Amala C. , Hashmi S.
Published: February 2022

According to GMC Good Medical Practice, clinicians must record their work ‘clearly, accurately and legibly’. Operation notes are no exception and have several key functions. They serve reminder of procedural events, communicate information to the wider team and may be used as evidence when there are complications or complaints.

The aim of this audit was to evaluate the legibility of operation notes within the Otolaryngology department at Peterborough City Hospital.

Handwritten operation notes were audited from 8 dates chosen at random over a 2-month period (n = 27). Multiple surgeons and a variety of operations were included. Parameters such as legibility of the surgeon’s name, patient identification, date, name of procedure, events, findings, closure and post-op instructions were recorded.

Only 11% of the operation notes were legible in all relevant parameters. The surgeon’s name was either absent or not identifiable from the handwriting in 48%. Documentation of the procedure itself and post-op instructions was illegible in 18% and 29% of notes respectively.

Illegibility of operation notes is ultimately a patient safety-issue. Not only does it contribute to confusion about what happened during the surgery but also leaves room for error in terms of post-operative care and follow up. The results of the audit were discussed as part of a departmental meeting to highlight the importance of readable operation notes and help foster a culture of good record keeping.

A switch to computerised operation notes could ensure legibility and thus improve standards of patient care in the hospital.