bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trade associations and corporate social responsibility: evidence from the UK water and film industries
Authors: Schaefer Anja , Kerrigan Finola
Published: February 2008

In highly structured organisational fields individual efforts to deal rationally with uncertainty and constraints tend to lead, in the aggregate, to greater homogeneity in structure, culture and output. Drawing on institutional theory, this paper develops research propositions regarding the nature and scope of corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement at trade/industry association level. The cases of the water and sewerage and film industries are used in order to test these propositions. The findings suggest that (a) trade associations in more homogeneous industries are more likely to engage with CSR‐related issues; (b) trade associations in industries that face greater external scrutiny and threats to legitimacy are more likely to engage with CSR‐related issues; and (c) trade associations are more likely to engage with those substantive CSR issues that are of greater concern to the industry's most salient stakeholders. The findings also suggest that trade associations may have a greater tendency to engage in symbolic legitimation efforts through CSR if faced with the task of repairing industry legitimacy.
Dehumanization and Guilt as Distinct but Related Predictors of Support for Reparation Policies
Authors: Zebel Sven , Zimmermann Anja , Tendayi Viki G. , Doosje Bertjan
Published: February 2008

In two studies, we predicted that support for reparation policies would be influenced positively by feelings of group‐based guilt and negatively by dehumanization of the outgroup. We also hypothesized that a valence manipulation of the ingroup's behavior would cause differences in such support which would be mediated by guilt. In the first study, we manipulated the valence of past ingroup behavior and assessed guilt, dehumanization, and reparation support. As expected, guilt predicted positively and dehumanization negatively participants' support. In addition, guilt partially mediated the manipulation effects on policy support. Consistent with previous research, guilt and dehumanization were unrelated. In Study 2, we assessed individual differences in dehumanization before the manipulation and examined their associations with guilt and reparation support. Initial analyses replicated Study 1. In addition, guilt partially mediated the influence of dehumanization on reparation support. Results suggest that the presence of guilt motivates support for reparation policies, while the absence of guilt explains in part why individual differences in dehumanization inhibit such support.
KINDS AND CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE: IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IT IS LIKE TO BE SOMETHING?
Authors: EVNINE SIMON J.
Published: February 2008

Abstract: In this article I distinguish the notion of there being something it is like to be a certain kind of creature from that of there being something it is like to have a certain kind of experience. Work on consciousness has typically dealt with the latter while employing the language of the former. I propose several ways of analyzing what it is like to be a certain kind of creature and find problems with them all. The upshot is that even if there is something it is like to have certain kinds of experience, it does not follow that there is anything it is like to be a certain kind of creature. Skepticism about the existence of something that it is like to be an F is recommended.
TECHNICAL CHANGE AND FORMATION OF EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Crocco Marco A.
Published: February 2008

The aim of this paper is to discuss the implications for the process of expectation formation as developed by Keynes and the Post‐Keynesians when technical change (as understood by the Evolutionary and Institutional school of thought) is taken into account. The claim made here is that the traditional division of expectations in short and long period is insufficient to deal with all features of technical change, and thus, a new type of expectations (medium‐period) is proposed. Moreover, it is claimed that the independence among different types of expectations cannot stand when medium‐period expectations are taken into account.
THE REALPOLITIK OF REFERENCE
Authors: EPSTEIN BRIAN
Published: February 2008

Abstract:What are the conditions for fixing the reference of a proper name? Debate on this point has recently been rekindled by Scott Soames, Robin Jeshion, and others. In this paper, I sketch a new pragmatic approach to the justification of reference‐fixing procedures, in opposition to accounts that insist on an invariant set of conditions for fixing reference across environments and linguistic communities. Comparing reference to other relations whose instances are introduced through “initiation” procedures, I outline a picture in which the procedures that are successful for fixing the reference of proper names depend in part on regularities in the actual environment.
MEMORY FOUNDATIONALISM AND THE PROBLEM OF UNFORGOTTEN CARELESSNESS
Authors: SCHROER ROBERT
Published: February 2008

Abstract: According to memory foundationalism, seeming to remember that P is prima facie justification for believing that P. There is a common objection to this theory: If I previously believed that P carelessly (i.e. without justification) and later seem to remember that P, then (according to memory foundationalism) I have somehow acquired justification for a previously unjustified belief. In this paper, I explore this objection. I begin by distinguishing between two versions of it: One where I seem to remember that P while also seeming to remember being careless in my original believing that P and the other where I seem to remember that P while not seeming to remember my past carelessness. I argue that the former case is the real challenge for memory foundationalism. After establishing the case of unforgotten carelessness as objection to memory foundationalism, I recast memory foundationalism in way that allows it to escape this objection.
CONSEQUENTIALISM AND RATIONAL CHOICE: LESSONS FROM THE ALLAIS PARADOX
Authors: VERBEEK BRUNO
Published: February 2008

Abstract:This paper investigates the relation between consequentialism, as conceived of in moral theory, and standard expected utility theory. I argue that there is a close connection between the two. I show furthermore that consequentialism is not neutral with regard to the values of the agent. Consequentialism, as well as standard expected utility theory, is incompatible with the recognition of considerations that depend on what could have been the case, such as regret and disappointment. I conclude that consequentialism should be rejected as a principle of rational choice and that there are reasons to doubt its plausibility in the realm of moral theory. Moreover, this is a reason to doubt whether standard expected utility theory is a plausible theory of rational choice.
The Heath, Jarrow, Morton Model
Authors: Vasicek Oldrich Alfons
Published: February 2008

Equilibrium models of the term structure of interest rates, such as Vasicek (1977) and Cox et al. (1985), hereafter CIR, determine the equilibrium yield curve by modelling the dynamics of the short‐term interest rate, specifying the market price of risk, and solving the resulting partial differential equation for bond prices. Several multi‐factor extensions of the Vasicek and CIR framework have been advanced in the recent term structure literature using as additional factors different variables, such as the volatility of interest rates (see, e.g. Longstaff and Schwartz, 1992; Dai and Singleton, 2000), the slope of the term structure (Brennan and Schwartz, 1979; Schaefer and Schwartz, 1984), monetary policy rates (Bakshi and Chen, 1996), and inflation (Pennacchi, 1991; Sun, 1992). Since a no‐arbitrage condition must hold in equilibrium, this brief article starts from the stated law of motion for bond prices to tersely show how their implied instantaneous forward rates have an evolution under the pricing measure that is fully characterized by the forward rate volatilities. Thus, the outcome of the article is the fundamental equation of the classic model contributed by Heath et al. (1992), hereafter HJM, which sets off with the study of the forward rates' no‐arbitrage dynamics. By doing so, it shows that, despite its different angle and its apparent complex structure, the HJM model is fully consistent and has a clear link with standard equilibrium set‐ups like those of the Vasicek and CIR type. This note was written in 1994.
Estimating the Fractional Order of Integration of Yields in the Brazilian Fixed Income Market
Authors: Tabak Benjamin M.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents evidence that yields on the Brazilian fixed income market are fractionally integrated, and compares the period before and after the implementation of the Inflation Targeting (IT) regime. The paper employs the commonly used GPH estimator and recently developed wavelets‐based estimator of long memory. Empirical results suggest that interest rates are fractionally integrated and that interest rate spreads are fractionally integrated, with a higher order of integration in the period after the implementation of the IT regime. These results have important implications for the development of macroeconomic models for the Brazilian economy and for long‐term forecasting. Furthermore, they imply that shocks to interest rates are long‐lived.
Coloured Petri nets and graphical animation: a proposal for a means to address problem frame concerns
Authors: Jørgensen Jens Bæk
Published: February 2008

Abstract: To address a frame concern in Jackson's problem frames, we must make appropriate descriptions of (1) the problem domain; (2) the requirements; (3) the specification of the machine. Based on these descriptions, we must give a convincing argument that the given domain properties and the machine specification together entail that the requirements are fulfilled. In this paper, we demonstrate how to address certain frame concerns with the use of the formal modelling language coloured Petri nets (CPN). Problem domain description and machine specification are brought together in a CPN model, which is augmented with a graphical animation. The CPN model is executable and we simulate it to address frame concerns. We illustrate the approach on the elevator controller example.
Enhancing problem frames with scenarios and histories in UML‐based software development
Authors: Del Bianco Vieri , Lavazza Luigi
Published: February 2008

Abstract: Problem frames are an approach to requirements modelling that is gaining increasing attention and popularity, as it addresses the essential activity of understanding and describing the problem to be solved before undertaking the actual development phases. This paper reports a study concerning the possibility of enhancing the problem frames methodology with concepts derived from requirements modelling techniques based on scenarios and histories. The goal of this research is to make problem frames even more appealing to software developers, who are generally familiar with the ideas underlying scenario‐based modelling. The results presented here are encouraging: a well‐known problem, often used to illustrate problem frames (the sluice gate control), was studied with the help of scenarios, modelled by means of histories. Scenarios were also employed to support the merging of subproblems, for addressing the frame concern issues and for supporting design models. In all these activities the proposed approach proved helpful.
Under Construction: The Continuing Evolution of Job Structures in Call Centers
Authors: MOSS PHILIP , SALZMAN HAROLD , TILLY CHRIS
Published: February 2008

We study inbound call centers in fourteen businesses, using interview‐based case studies. Contrary to the notion that U.S. businesses are eliminating job security and internal career tracks, these firms still incorporate these features in their job structures, and in many cases businesses that initially dismantled job and career structures ended up rebuilding them. The paper suggests a more nuanced account of changing job structures that incorporates market, institutional, and agency factors.
Aversive Workplace Conditions and Employee Grievance Filing: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: BAMBERGER PETER , KOHN ELA , NAHUM‐SHANI INBAL
Published: February 2008

Studies examining the direct effects of employee demographic differences on grievance filing have yielded mixed results. Moreover, little is known regarding the possible moderating effect that such differences might have on the link between workplace adversity and grievance filing. Using a sample of 866 blue‐collar workers drawn from four unions, we examine the potential moderating effects of gender and race/ethnicity. Our findings suggest that while gender and ethnicity are not significantly associated with perceptions of workplace adversity, grievance filing in response to certain forms of adversity is amplified among women (as compared to men) and among African Americans and Hispanics (as compared to whites). The meaning and implications of these findings are discussed.
The Duration of Union Membership in Italy: A Research Note
Authors: VAONA ANDREA
Published: February 2008

Thanks to direct access to union databases, this note can answer two new questions in industrial relations: how long union membership lasts and what are the determinants of its duration within an open‐shop context. This also allows for conceptualizing union membership as a much more dynamic phenomenon than in previous studies, where it was considered a static condition whose causes or effects were to be investigated. Regression analysis applied to a sample of 29,035 Italian workers highlights that union membership duration is a positive but declining function of age. Furthermore, women, flexible workers, foreign ones, and those working in cities tend to show less attachment to union membership than the other workers.
A Model of Arbitral Decision Making: Facts, Weights, and Decision Elements
Authors: NELSON NELS E. , KIM SUNG MIN
Published: February 2008

This study provides a structural model of arbitral decision making that depicts arbitrators as deciding cases by ascertaining the facts, attaching weights to the facts, and combining the facts and weights to form decision elements that determine their decisions. The model further posits that arbitrators’ biographical characteristics affect their decisions by influencing their fact finding and weight assignments. It also allows for arbitrators’ characteristics to have a direct impact on their decisions. A test of the model indicates that the decision elements determine the arbitrators’ decisions but the arbitrators’ characteristics have a limited impact.
Collective Bargaining and High‐Involvement Management in Comparative Perspective: Evidence from U.S. and German Call Centers
Authors: DOELLGAST VIRGINIA
Published: February 2008

This article assesses the relationship between national and collective bargaining institutions, management practices, and employee turnover, based on case study and survey evidence from U.S. and German call center workplaces. German call centers were more likely to adopt high‐involvement management practices than those in the United States, even across workplaces with no collective bargaining institutions. Within Germany, union and works council presence was positively associated with high‐involvement practices, while works council presence alone had no effect. In contrast, union presence in U.S. call centers showed either a negative association or no association with these practices. National and collective bargaining institutions and high‐involvement management practices were associated with lower quit rates in both countries, with only partial mediation.
Participation patterns in an urban Special Olympics programme
Authors: Gillespie Mike
Published: February 2008

Accessible summary

Purpose of the study was to examine participation patterns of people with  intellectual disabilities in Special Olympics.

Participation of athletes according to age, sex and sports participated in were  analysed.

Findings indicated that the demographics of this Special Olympics cohort were  predominantly male, older in years than other sport organisations and engaged in a  small number of sports.

Results indicated there are significant gaps in relation to participation that may  have long‐term impacts on health for people with intellectual disabilities.

Special Olympics is the largest competitive sports organisation in the world for athletes with intellectual disabilities. The organisation has attempted to make adjustments to its programmes in order to stay relevant to participants. However, minimal investigation relative to participation patterns and demographics of athletes are available. Given the trend towards inclusive programmes, such analysis appears relevant. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the population demographics and participation characteristics of Special Olympics participants. Registration information for 284 athletes was analysed with regard to age, sex and sports participated in. Findings indicated that the demographics of this Special Olympics cohort were predominantly male, older in years than other sport organisations and engaged in a small number of sports. Results are discussed in terms of the impact of an ageing athlete population, female participation patterns, health‐related physical fitness implications of participation in certain sports and the range of activities offered.
Transformations of Old Colony Mennonites: the making of a trans‐statal community
Authors: CAÑÁS BOTTOS LORENZO
Published: February 2008

Through an analysis that combines the historical development of the Old Colony Mennonites, which covers their migrations from sixteenth‐century Europe to late twentieth‐century Latin America, with ethnographic field work in Bolivia and Argentina, I examine the genesis and maintenance of a religiously based trans‐statal community. I argue for the conceptual maintenance of a clear distinction between transnational and trans‐statal processes in understanding the cross‐border practices of Old Colony Mennonites. Mennonites do not move in and out of nations but between the territories over which different states claim sovereignty. I further show that the trans‐statal practices of Old Colony Mennonites are a strategic means of outmanoeuvring states in their imposition of national identities within a context of nation‐states being the dominant political formation. The case contributes to the call for a shift in emphasis from nations to faith communities in transnational and trans‐statal studies.
CARBON SOURCE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATIO OF δ‐AMINOLEVULINIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS VIA THE C5 AND SHEMIN PATHWAYS IN EUGLENA GRACILIS (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Iida Katsumi , Kajiwara Masahiro
Published: February 2008

The ratio of two biosynthetic pathways was estimated, the C5 and Shemin pathways, to δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA, a biosynthetic intermediate of tetrapyrrole) from the 13C‐enrichment ratios (13C‐ER) at the carbon atoms of chl a (after conversion to methyl pheophorbide a) biosynthesized by Euglena gracilis G. A. Klebs when l‐[3‐13C]alanine was used as a carbon source. On the basis of these estimations, we confirmed that ALA was efficiently biosynthesized via both the C5 and Shemin pathways in the plastids of E. gracilis, and we determined that the ratio of ALA biosynthesis via the Shemin pathway was increased in the ratio of 14%–67%, compared with that in our previous d‐[1‐13C]glucose feeding experiment (Iida et al. 2002). This carbon source dependence of the contributions of the two biosynthetic pathways might be related to activation of gluconeogenesis by the amino acid substrate. The methoxy carbon of the methoxycarbonyl group at C‐132 of chl a was labeled with the 13C‐carbon of l‐[methyl‐13C]methionine derived from l‐[3‐13C]alanine via [2‐13C]acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), through the atypical tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis, and l‐[3‐13C]serine. The phytyl moiety of chl a was also labeled on C‐P2, C‐P31, C‐P4, C‐P6, C‐P71, C‐P8, C‐P10, C‐P111, C‐P12, C‐P14, C‐P151, and C‐P16 from 13C‐isoprene (2‐[1,2‐methyl,3‐13C3]methyl‐1,3‐butadiene) generated from l‐[3‐13C]alanine via [2‐13C]acetyl CoA.
IMPACT OF BLEACHING STRESS ON THE FUNCTION OF THE OXYGEN EVOLVING COMPLEX OF ZOOXANTHELLAE FROM SCLERACTINIAN CORALS1
Authors: Hill Ross , Ralph Peter J.
Published: February 2008

Global climate change is leading to the rise of ocean temperatures and is triggering mass coral bleaching events on reefs around the world. The expulsion of the symbiotic dinoflagellate algae is believed to occur as a result of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of these symbionts, although the specific site of initial impact is yet to be conclusively resolved. Here, the sensitivity of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) to bleaching stress was studied as well as its natural variation between seasons. The artificial electron donor, diphenyl carbazide (DPC), was added to cultured, freshly isolated and expelled (bleaching treatments only) zooxanthellae suspensions. Chl a fluorescence and oxygen production measurements showed that upon addition of DPC, no restoration of diminished photochemical efficiency occurred under control or bleaching conditions. This result was consistent between 12 h and 5 d bleaching treatments on Pocilloporadamicornis, indicating that the OEC is not the primary site of damage, and that zooxanthellae expulsion from the host is a nonselective process with respect to the functioning of the OEC. Further experiments measuring fast induction curves (FICs) revealed that in both summer and winter, the temperature when OEC function was lost occurred between 7°C and 14°C above the sea surface temperature. FIC and oxygen production measurements of P. damicornis during exposure to bleaching stress demonstrated that the thermotolerance of the OEC increased above the temperature of the bleaching treatment over a 4 h period. This finding indicates that the OEC has the capacity to acclimate between seasons and remains functional at temperatures well above bleaching thresholds.
The Cost‐Effectiveness of a Behavior Intervention with Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Nichols Linda O. , Chang Cyril , Lummus Allan , Burns Robert , Martindale‐Adams Jennifer , Graney Marshall J. , Coon David W. , Czaja Sara ,   for the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregivers Health II Investigators
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the cost‐effectiveness of a randomized, clinical trial of a home‐based intervention for caregivers of people with dementia.

DESIGN: This cost‐effectiveness analysis examined Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregivers Health (REACH II), a multisite, randomized, clinical trial, from June 2002 through December 2004, funded by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Nursing Research, of a behavioral intervention to decrease caregivers' stress and improve management of care recipient behavioral problems.

SETTING: Community‐dwelling dementia caregiving dyads from the Memphis REACH II site.

PARTICIPANTS: Of Memphis' random sample of 55 intervention and 57 control black and white dyads, 46 in each arm completed without death or discontinuation. Family caregivers were aged 21 and older, lived with the care recipient, and had provided 4 or more hours of care per day for 6 months or longer. Care recipients were cognitively and functionally impaired.

INTERVENTION(S): Twelve individual sessions (9 home sessions and 3 telephone sessions) supplemented by five telephone support‐group sessions. Control caregivers received two “check in” phone calls.

MEASUREMENTS: Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER), the additional cost to bring about one additional unit of benefit (hours per day of providing care).

RESULTS: At 6 months, there was a significant difference between intervention caregivers and control caregivers in hours providing care (P=.01). The ICER showed that intervention caregivers had 1 extra hour per day not spent in caregiving, at a cost of $5 per day.

CONCLUSION: The intervention provided that most scarce of caregiver commodities—time. The emotional and physical costs of dementia caregiving are enormous, and this intervention was able to alleviate some of that cost.
Health‐Protective and Adverse Effects of the Apolipoprotein E ɛ2 Allele in Older Men
Authors: Kulminski Alexander M. , Ukraintseva Svetlana V. , Arbeev Konstantin G. , Manton Kenneth G. , Oshima Junko , Martin George M. , Il'yasova Dora , Yashin Anatoli I.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To reexamine a health‐protective role of the common apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism focusing on connections between the APOEɛ2—containing genotypes and impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in older (≥65) men and women and to examine how diagnosed coronary heart disease (CHD), Alzheimer's disease, colorectal cancer, macular degeneration, and atherosclerosis may mediate these connections.

DESIGN: Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

SETTING: The unique disability‐focused data from a genetic subsample of the 1999 National Long Term Care Survey linked with Medicare service use files.

PARTICIPANTS: One thousand seven hundred thirty‐three genotyped individuals interviewed regarding IADL disabilities.

MEASUREMENTS: Indicators of IADL impairments, five geriatric disorders, and ɛ2‐containing genotypes.

RESULTS: The ɛ2/3 genotype is a major contributor to adverse associations between the ɛ2 allele and IADL disability in men (odds ratio (OR)=3.09, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.53–6.26), although it provides significant protective effects for CHD (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.33–0.92), whereas CHD is adversely associated with IADL disability (OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.28–3.72). Adjustment for five diseases does not significantly alter the adverse association between ɛ2‐containing genotypes and disability. Protective effects of the ɛ2/3 genotype for CHD (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.27–0.99) and deleterious effects for IADLs (OR=3.50, 95% CI=1.71–7.14) for men hold in multivariate models with both these factors included. No significant associations between the ɛ2‐containing genotypes and IADL are found in women.

CONCLUSION: The ɛ2 allele can play a dual role in men, protecting them against some health disorders, while promoting others. Strong adverse relationships with disability suggest that ɛ2‐containing genotypes can be unfavorable factors for the health and well‐being of aging men.
Relevance of Race and Ethnicity for Self‐Reported Functional Limitation
Authors: Spencer S. Melinda , Albert Steven M. , Bear‐Lehman Jane , Burkhardt Ann
Published: February 2008

It is unclear whether older adults of different race or ethnicity vary in the ways they perceive functional limitations. Variation in such self‐reports may be relevant clinically, because many diagnoses (and subsequent care) depend on self‐reported disability. To examine this question, self‐reported hand function was compared with performance‐based assessment of strength (hand dynamometer) and dexterity (Moberg Pick‐Up Test) in white (n=102), African‐American (n=67), and Hispanic (n=196) elderly people. Participants were Medicare beneficiaries from northern Manhattan, New York City, aged 70 and older. In adjusted analyses, self‐reported hand function was associated with weaker grip strength in African‐American and Hispanic participants but not in white participants. Self‐reported difficulty with hand function was associated with poorer dexterity in all three groups. Similar results were observed in the subsample of participants with arthritis. These results suggest that culture or socioenvironmental differences associated with culture may influence reports of functional limitation.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Benfield John R.
Published: February 2008

Theoretically, the need for potentially successful lung transplantation is as great as the unmet needs of patients with advanced respiratory insufficiency.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE CRANIAL VAULT*
Authors: Hoerlein B. Frank
Published: February 2008

The care of a patient with head injury and/or skull fracture is similar in many respects to any severe injury, but certain special precautions are necessary because of possible alterations in the cerebral function. The care of the client's transport of the patient to the hospital, and the first aid procedures in the hospital are extremely important. Tracheostomies should be performed rather routinely. Administration of oxygen, occasional hypothermia, steroids, hypertonic solutions, braod spectrum antibiotics, maintenance of electrolyte and fluid balance are all critical considerations in the care of the acute head injury. Bone fragmentation in skull fractures, particularly when causing hemorrhage and when they are depressed in cerebral tissue, must be removed. Bone flap craniotomies are performed where fragments are few or large and tissue damage is marked. A craniectomy is performed where fragmentation is severe. No effort to repair the defect is made where temporal muscle “padding” is substantial. It should be emphasized that emergency cranial surgery is generally only feasible by the person at hand. These animals cannot be transported long distances and be expected to survive. This puts the veterinary surgeon on the “firing line,” but the results will be gratifying in many instances.
CENTRAL NERVOUS RADIOGRAPHY AND ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TESTING*
Authors: Hoerlein B. Frank
Published: February 2008

Very frequently diagnostic procedures, such as radiography and electrodiagnostic testing, are needed to supplement the meticulous physical and neurological examination in order to establish a more definitive diagnosis. Since textbooks have been written on these subjects, our treatment of these procedures will of necessity have to be brief and cursory. More detailed information must be obtained from the cited literature.
PREOPERATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT WITH POTENTIAL OR APPARENT INFECTION
Authors: Jennings Paul B.
Published: February 2008

Because of the type of patient treated, and the nature of the injury, the veterinarian is often called upon to treat surgical infections. These infections may be primary, or can be sequelae or trauma or elective surgery. Each clinician has his own protocol and priorities in evaluation of the patient with a surgical infection. A careful history and physical examination, together with clinical and microbiological laboratory testing procedures will help identify the pathogenic organism and indicate the severity of the infection in the animal patient. With this preliminary evaluation, the clinician and surgeon may attack the problem appropriately, and with a greater assurance of success.
EVALUATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE TRAUMA PATIENT
Authors: Gage E. Dean
Published: February 2008

Recognition of injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is not usually difficult in the acutely traumatized patient. However, evaluation of the extent of the injury may present a clinical challenge and may determine the final outcome of the case. In the first “golden moments” when every move is important and every mistake may be catastrophic, the clinician must carefully assess the neurologic damage and proceed accordingly.
COMPLICATIONS OTHER THAN PAINFUL NEUROMAS FOLLOWING A POSTERIOR DIGITAL NEURECTOMY
Authors: Evans Loren H.
Published: February 2008

A painful neuroma occurs following 25% of routine equine neurectomies unless special neurosurgery is done. There are at least five other complications that one may encounter: (1) A change of gait such as stumbling or forging has been noted, especially when the neurectomy has been done in one leg; (2) A vascular compromise has been found if there had been any complications in wound healing or excessive tissue insult. Excessive scar formation surrounding both the digital vein and artery can compromise the blood supply to the foot. When the posteriod digital nerves are severed the autonomic nerves are also interrupted. This results in a vasodilatation which may be responsible for faster hoof growth; (3) If the navicular bone had undergone osteolytic changes before the neurectomy it may fracture as soon as the horse starts to use the foot; (4) The deep flexor tendon may rupture where it passes over the navicular bone. This is especially true where adhesions between the bone and tendon were present; (5) Infections in the sole, bulbs of heel, frog, navicular bursa or coffin joint often go unattended because the horse does not show a lameness.
THE ACUTE ABDOMEN IN THE HORSE EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Sembrat Roger F.
Published: February 2008

A retrospective case history study of acute gastro‐intestinal disease in the horse was undertaken to determine: 1) if a statistically significant age, sex, or breed distribution existed; 2) if a correlation existed between duration of clinical signs and surgical complications; and, 3) if the lesions causing the signs significantly altered surgical prognosis. Significant age, sex and breed distributions existed. Duration of clinical signs ranged to 5 days with a definitive time trend existing for surgical correction of strangulating colics. Surgical correction was successful only within 24 hours of the appearance of clinical signs. Surgical prognosis for specific intraabdominal lesions ranged from 20% survival with strangulation obstructions to 84% with impaction.

Differential diagnosis in horses with signs of acute abdominal pain is difficult, and techniques available for this purpose are limited. 3,7,8 Differentiation of specific lesions is necessary because the prognosis varies greatly with each, and the choice of treatment used depends on the nature of the lesion.1 Knowledge of significant age, sex, or breed related distributions would aid differential diagnosis. There are few epidemiologic reports available for use in the clinical management of these cases.4

A recent report has dealt with the relative incidence of various types of intestinal obstructive diseases in the horse.7 The purpose of this retrospective case history study of gastrointestinal disorders in the horse was to determine:

1. If a statistically significant age, sex or breed distribution existed for all or specific lesions;

2. If a correlation existed between duration of clinical signs and surgical survival; and

3. If the lesions causing the clinical signs significantly altered surgical prognosis.
MEDICINE CALCIFICATION OF THE EQUINE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF CHIP FRACTURES
Authors: Raker Charles W.
Published: February 2008

Surgical removal of chip fractures of metacarpophalangeal joints arising from the cranial proximal margin of the first phalanx has been practiced for many years. Calcification developing within the joint capsule in the surgical area was observed frequently and was a cause for concern. Procedures to eliminate this problem were unsuccessful. A conservative program of rest and appropriate treatment for degenerative arthrosis until the lesion has healed has resulted in these horses becoming racing sound without having to resort to surgery.
USE OF THE RHOMBOID FLAP GRAFT IN RECONSTRUCTIVE LID SURGERY
Authors: Blanchard G. L. , Keller W.F.
Published: February 2008

Extensive destructive and erosive lesions of the eye lids may be the result of neoplasia, severe trauma, or inflammation. Surgical repair requires blepharoplastic procedures to restore the lid integrity and maintain a functionally sighted globe. The use of the rhomboid advancement flap is illustrated for the repair of lid defects involving destruction of 50% or more of the lid tissue.
Prognostic Application of Cortical Evoked Responses in Dogs with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Bright R.M. , Breazile J.E. , Bojrab M.J.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐six dogs were used in a study to determine the correlation between cortical evoked responses (CER) testing and the reversibility of paraplegia in dogs experiencing spinal cord trauma. Twenty‐four dogs were client owned and presented to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital over a period of approximately one year. Two dogs were used as controls. Testing was done with minimal risk to the patient. Results indicate that CER testing may be valuable as an aid in the long term evaluation of whether a paraplegic patient will ever regain the ability to walk normally again.
DIGITAL VASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY IN EQUINE LAMINITIS OF ALIMENTARY ORIGIN
Authors: Robinson N.E. , Scott J.B. , Dabney J.M. , Jones G.A.
Published: February 2008

We measured digital blood flow, vascular pressures, vascular resistance, lymph flow rates, and lymph protein concentration in eight anesthesized equidaewith acute alimentary laminitis and eleven control animals. Digital blood flow was increased in laminitis as a result of decreased vascular resistance, primarily prevenous resistance. Ponies with laminitis were hypertensive and had elevated digital venous pressures. Lymph flow and lymph protein concentration were not different in the two groups of animals, indicating there is no change in capillary permeability in laminitis.
Surgical Technique of Left Lung Reimplantation in the Dog
Authors: ROSIN E. , GALPHIN S.
Published: February 2008

The instrumentation and technique for reimplantation of the left lung of 6 dogs was described in detail. Thoracic radiographs made during the first 3 postoperative days consistently showed scattered areas of consolidation in the 3 left lung lobes characteristic of alveolar and interstitial infiltrates. Following a peak reaction at 3–5 days postoperatively, the infiltrates gradually resolved at a variable rate and disappeared completely within 2 weeks. All dogs were euthanized 14 days after operation and postmortem examinations were performed. No stenosis was noted in the bronchial, arterial, and atrial anastomoses. Histopathologic examination by light microscopy of lung tissue indicated no abnormalities. Arterial blood gases and pH, and mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressures determined immediately prior to euthanasia were within normal limits.
Rationale For the Use of Antibiotics in the Shock Patient
Authors: JENNINGS PAUL B.
Published: February 2008

The final common denominator in all forms of shock is failure of adequate perfusion of vital cells, tissue, and organs.1–3 Although we arbitrarily divide shock into general classes, such as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and vasogenic, these questionable “categories” may occur alone or simultaneously in the shock patient.2,4
Reminiscing
Authors: BLAKELY C. LAWRENCE
Published: February 2008

IN 1971 the late, beloved Jacques Jenny proposed an annual address to be known as the Mark W. Allam Lecture. This was to honor Dr. Allam, the Father of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, for his countless achievements in our profession of Veterinary Medicine.
Closure of Abdominal Incisions Using A Continuous Polypropylene Suture: Clinical Experience in 550 Dogs and Cats
Authors: CROWE DENNIS T.
Published: February 2008

Closure of midline abdominal wall incisions in 469 dogs and 81 cats following various intraabdominal procedures was accomplished by using a single layer, simple continuous pattern with monofilament polypropylene. Skin was closed using simple interrupted nonabsorbable sutures. Weight of the patients ranged from 1 kg to 80 kg. Length of the incision ranged from 3 cm to 55 cm. There was one dehiscence (0.18%) and no incisional hernias. Results indicate the technique is a dependable, time saving method of abdominal closure.
An Emphysematous, Intra‐abdominal Mass in a Cat: A Case Report
Authors: ZENOBLE R. D. , GREENWOOD K. M. , FREY A. J. , DEBERRY J. E.
Published: February 2008

A TWO‐YEAR‐OLD male Persian cat was presented to the University of Georgia for anorexia, lethargy, and fever of 48 hours duration. Dehydration, depression, and fever (105.5°) were found on physical examination. A circumscribed mass which felt gritty and emphysematous, was palpated in the caudal abdomen adjacent to the bladder. A complete blood count (CBC), chemistry profile, and abdominal radiographs were obtained. Antibiotic (ampicillin, 10 mg/lb, TID) and fluid replacement therapy (200 ml lactated Ringer's solution, SC) were instituted for the fever and dehydration. The CBC revealed a degenerative left shift with immaturity. The significant radiographic finding was an emphysematous soft tissue mass in the caudal abdomen (Fig. 1 & 2).
Changes in the Proximal Femur and Coxofemoral Joint Following Intramedullary Pinning of Diaphyseal Fractures in Young Dogs
Authors: BLACK ANTHONY P. , WITHROW STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2008

We report radiographic changes and clinical results seen in the proximal femur and coxofemoral joint of 7 young dogs following intramedullary pinning. Changes seen radiographically included coxa valga, a small malformed femoral head, a short thin femoral neck, and coxofemoral subluxation. Epiphyseal trauma, ischemia, and mechanical impairment of normal femoral neck growth due to presence of the intramedullary pin are discussed as possible etiologic factors.
Surgical Management of Depression Fractures of the Equine Skull
Authors: TURNER A. S.
Published: February 2008

Three cases of depression fractures of the equine facial bones are described. Treatment consisted of operative exposure using large skin flaps and elevation of the fragments with and without transosseous wiring. In all cases, cosmetic and functional results were considered excellent.
Gunshot Fractures of Extremities: Classification, Management, and Complications
Authors: SCHWACH RICHARD P. , PARK RICHARD D. , PIERMATTEI DONALD L. , WINGFIELD WAYNE E. , BARTELS KENNETH E.
Published: February 2008

Fifteen clinical cases of gunshot fractures were studied. A radiographic classification of the fractures was developed to aid in fracture evaluation. Type I fractures involved a simple transverse or oblique fracture with minimal soft tissue damage. Type II fractures were severely comminuted with no cortical bone defect and minimal soft tissue damage. Type III fractures were “shatter” fractures, characterized by severe comminution, cortical bone defects, and extensive soft tissue damage. Type I and Type II fractures (combined 26.7%) healed in 8 weeks or less. Eleven of the 15 cases evaluated (73.3%) were found to be Type III fractures, requiring more than 14 weeks for complete cortical healing. Osteomyelitis was associated with 3 cases of Type III tibial fractures, 2 of which developed after a second surgical intervention. Management, complications, and prognosis of gunshot fractures are discussed.
Cryosurgical Treatment of Palpebral Neoplasms: Clinical and Experimental Results
Authors: HOLMBERG DAVID L. , WITHROW STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2008

Cryosurgical treatment of canine eyelid neoplasms has resulted in destruction of the tumors while maintaining acceptable cosmetic results. Both clinical experience and experimental studies have shown the normal canine palpebra to be quite resistant to excessive permanent deformity secondary to freezing. Significant histologic changes after cryotherapy are loss of adnexal structures, and depigmentation and thinning of the epithelium. Cryosurgery is recommended as an alternative treatment to surgical excision of eyelid tumors in dogs.
The Angle of Inclination of the Canine Femoral Head and Neck
Authors: HAUPTMAN JOE , PRIEUR W. D. , BUTLER H. C. , GUFFY M. M.
Published: February 2008

Two different methods of measuring the angle of inclination of the femoral head and neck were made and compared on 108 dogs. Resultant angles were not related to age, sex, or breed. The angle of inclination is related to technique of measurement, positioning, and anteversion angle.
Repair of an Ulnar Fracture With Radial Luxation in a Horse
Authors: LEVINE STEVE B. , MEAGHER DENNIS M.
Published: February 2008

An ulnar fracture with radial luxation (Monteggia fracture) was repaired in a horse. Reduction of the radial luxation was difficult, requiring 2 incisions, limb traction, neuromuscular blockade, and direct radial manipulation. The ulnar fracture was repaired by use of a dynamic compression plate. Three months postoperatively, the horse was free of any apparent lameness.
Craniomedial Approach to the Canine Scapulohumeral Joint
Authors: CAYWOOD DENNIS D. , SCHENK MICHAEL P. , WILSMAN NORMAN J. , WONG PAULINE L. , TOOMBS JAMES P. , LIPOWITZ ALAN J.
Published: February 2008

A craniomedial approach to the scapulohumeral joint of the dog is described for the removal of large, intraarticular cartilaginous bodies from the medial aspect of the joint. This technique was used successfully in 4 dogs with chronic osteochondritis dissecans in which the medial aspect of the joint was inaccessible through a standard lateral approach.
Ureteral Function and Healing Following Microsurgical Transureteroureterostomy in the Dog
Authors: CRANE STEPHEN W. , WALDRON DON R.
Published: February 2008

An oblique end‐to‐side anastomosis of one ureter to the contralateral ureter (transureteroureterostomy) may permit salvage of a kidney whose middle or distal ureter is not salvageable by standard repair techniques. This procedure was done with intraoperative magnification and microsurgical techniques in 5 experimental dogs. Animals were euthanized for healing studies at 1, 3 and 5 weeks, and the results correlated with postoperative and preterminal excretory urograms. Healing of the anastomosis was organized by layers and completed both grossly and histologically in all animals at 5 weeks. Ureter function was retained except for short‐term, mild, postoperative hydroureter. Potential clinical indications for transureteroureterostomy are: 1) middle or distal ureteral transection due to trauma; 2) delayed recognition of iatrogenic intraoperative severence or ligation; 3) distal ureteral neoplasia; and 4) selected cases of ectopic ureter. Complications include dehiscence, stricture, or the dissemination of infection or neoplasia which would compromise proximal ureters and both kidneys.
A Lateral Surgical Approach to the Equine Femoropatellar Joint
Authors: PASCOE JOHN R. , D.V.M. J. D. WHEAT , JONES KATHY L.
Published: February 2008

A surgical approach to the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur of the horse was developed to facilitate evaluation and curettage of osteochondral defects of the lateral trochlear ridge. Surgical exploration of the lateral trochlear ridge was achieved in 11 patients with osteochondral defects of the lateral trochlear ridge using a craniolateral arthrotomy between the middle and lateral patellar ligaments. The technique described allowed adequate exposure for evaluation, removal of loose osteochondral fragments, and curettage of cartilage abnormalities on the lateral trochlear ridge.
Proximal Radius Fracture in a Horse: Angle Blade Plate Repair
Authors: FRAUENFELDER HARRY C. , FESSLER JOHN F.
Published: February 2008

The repair of a comminuted fracture of the proximal radius in a 300‐kg horse was achieved using an angle blade plate and a dynamic compression plate. Placement of an angle blade plate required adequate preoperative preparation to ensure successful use and to avoid joint damage. The horse has been returned to atheletic performance and has remained sound.