bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of the Xpert GBS LB Assay for Detection of Group B Streptococcus in Prenatal Screening Specimens
Authors: Buchan Blake W. , Faron Matthew L. , Fuller DeAnna , Davis Thomas E. , Mayne Donna , Ledeboer Nathan A.
Published: November 2014

Neonatal infection with
Streptococcus agalactiae
(group B
Streptococcus
[GBS]) is a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in newborns. Recent guidelines have recommended universal screening of all pregnant women to identify those colonized with GBS and administration of peripartum prophylaxis to those identified as carriers to reduce the risk of early-onset GBS disease in neonates. Enriched culture methods are the current standard for prenatal GBS screening; however, the implementation of more sensitive molecular diagnostic tests may be able to further reduce the risk of early-onset GBS infection. We report a clinical evaluation of the Xpert GBS LB assay, a molecular diagnostic test for the identification of GBS from broth-enriched vaginal/rectal specimens obtained during routine prenatal screening. A total of 826 specimens were collected from women undergoing prenatal screening (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and tested at one of three clinical centers. Each swab specimen was tested directly prior to enrichment using the Xpert GBS assay. Following 18 to 24 h of broth enrichment, each specimen was tested using the Xpert GBS LB assay and the FDA-cleared Smart GBS assay as a molecular diagnostic comparator. Results obtained using all three molecular tests were compared to those for broth-enriched culture as the gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert GBS LB assay were 99.0% and 92.4%, respectively, compared to those for the gold standard culture. The Smart GBS molecular test demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 96.8% and 95.5%, respectively. The sensitivities of the two broth-enriched molecular methods were superior to those for direct testing of specimens using the Xpert GBS assay, which demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 96.2%, respectively.
Abortive Intrabronchial Infection of Rhesus Macaques with Varicella-Zoster Virus Provides Partial Protection against Simian Varicella Virus Challenge
Authors: Meyer Christine , Engelmann Flora , Arnold Nicole , Krah David L. , ter Meulen Jan , Haberthur Kristen , Dewane Jesse , Messaoudi Ilhem
Published: November 2014

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human neurotropic alphaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (HZ, shingles). Previously, inoculation of monkeys via the subcutaneous, intratracheal, intravenous, or oral-nasal-conjunctival routes did not recapitulate all the hallmarks of VZV infection, including varicella, immunity, latency, and reactivation. Intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques (RMs) with simian varicella virus (SVV), a homolog of VZV, recapitulates virologic and immunologic hallmarks of VZV infection in humans. Given that VZV is acquired primarily via the respiratory route, we investigated whether intrabronchial inoculation of RMs with VZV would result in a robust model. Despite the lack of varicella and viral replication in either the lungs or whole blood, all four RMs generated an immune response characterized by the generation of VZV-specific antibodies and T cells. Two of 4 VZV-inoculated RMs were challenged with SVV to determine cross-protection. VZV-immune RMs displayed no varicella rash and had lower SVV viral loads and earlier and stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than controls. In contrast to the results for SVV DNA, no VZV DNA was detected in sensory ganglia at necropsy. In summary, following an abortive VZV infection, RMs developed an adaptive immune response that conferred partial protection against SVV challenge. These data suggest that a replication-incompetent VZV vaccine that does not establish latency may provide sufficient protection against VZV disease and that VZV vaccination of RMs followed by SVV challenge provides a model to evaluate new vaccines and therapeutics against VZV.

IMPORTANCE
Although VZV vaccine strain Oka is attenuated, it can cause mild varicella, establish latency, and in rare cases, reactivate to cause herpes zoster (HZ). Moreover, studies suggest that the HZ vaccine (Zostavax) only confers short-lived immunity. The development of more efficacious vaccines would be facilitated by a robust animal model of VZV infection. The data presented in this report show that intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques (RMs) with VZV resulted in an abortive VZV infection. Nevertheless, all animals generated a humoral and cellular immune response that conferred partial cross-protection against simian varicella virus (SVV) challenge. Additionally, VZV DNA was not detected in the sensory ganglia, suggesting that viremia might be required for the establishment of latency. Therefore, VZV vaccination of RMs followed by SVV challenge is a model that will support the development of vaccines that boost protective T cell responses against VZV.
Steroid-induced hypocalcaemia with tetany in a patient with hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Oikonomou Dimitrios , Laina Ageliki , Xydaki Aikaterini , Christopoulos Constantinos
Published: November 2014

Although glucocorticoids have a known negative effect on calcium balance, they do not normally cause clinically significant hypocalcaemia. A young woman with post-surgical hypoparathyroidism developed symptomatic hypocalcaemia on two occasions following treatment with intravenous hydrocortisone for allergic reactions. Oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation could not prevent the development of hypocalcaemia. She was treated successfully with intravenous calcium gluconate infusions and discontinuation of glucocorticoids. In patients with hypoparathyroidism, impaired parathyroid hormone response to steroid-induced negative calcium balance may result in severe symptomatic hypocalcaemia requiring hospitalisation.
Management of transient ischaemic attacks in the emergency department: a quality improvement project
Authors: Wydall Simon , Gordon Andrew , Sims Mark
Published: November 2014

The initial management of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) effectively triages patients into either high or low risk categories. The literature demonstrates that the identification of high risk patients significantly reduces the subsequent risk of stroke. The administration of aspirin following a TIA reduces the risk of stroke by approximately 25%.

A full cycle retrospective audit which included a baseline audit with two improvement cycles was completed. The notes of every patient presenting to Croydon University Hospital’s emergency department (ED), who were subsequently diagnosed with a TIA were reviewed, with the aim of identifying areas for improvement and to implement sustainable long term interventions aimed to improve patient safety.

The patient’s notes were compared with the guidelines for the management of TIA. The baseline audit demonstrated results requiring an immediate intervention. A teaching session was provided for new FY2 doctors starting their emergency medicine rotations, which covered the initial management of TIA and the importance of following the local guideline.

The first improvement cycle saw an improvement in all outcomes measured. A statistically significant improvement (P-value = 0.05) was seen in the documentation of symptoms in the prior week and the prescription of antiplatelets in the department. Furthermore, where only 31% of TIA patients received antiplatelets at the baseline measurement, 86% received this treatment during the first improvement cycle. This means that 55% more patients received improved initial management, subsequently reducing their stroke risk by 25%. Similar results were seen in the second improvement cycle, thus demonstrating the intervention had been both successful and sustainable.

In conclusion, a simple intervention can provide significant and sustainable improvements to the management of TIA in the ED.
The prevalence of life-limiting illness at a Ugandan National Referral Hospital: a 1-day census of all admitted patients
Authors: Jacinto Amandua , Masembe Victoria , Tumwesigye Nazarius Mbona , Harding Richard
Published: November 2014

Background

Although models of hospital-based palliative care are common in high-income countries, they are rare in low-income countries despite the high burden of progressive disease.

Aim

To measure the proportion of all adult and child patients admitted with previously diagnosed active life-limiting disease, who therefore may be appropriate for palliative care provision, across all beds.

Design

One-day 24 h census using chart review across every ward and department.

Setting/participants

All admitted patients at a large tertiary referral hospital in sub-Saharan Africa.

Results

Of 1763 reviewed patients, 663 (37.7%) had a diagnosed active life-limiting disease. Of these, 130 (19.6%) were children. The most prevalent diagnoses were HIV (41.7%), cancer (41.5%) and heart disease (9.2%). During the 24 h census period 19 patients died (population mortality rate 0.01%).

Conclusions

In order to appropriately respond to need, hospital-based palliative care services in low-income settings must be of adequate size to respond to high prevalence of life-limiting illness, and to provide education and support to clinical colleagues managing all patients with life-limiting disease.
Suppressed Andreev reflection and helical Andreev bound states in triplet superconductor three-dimensional topological insulator
Authors: Khezerlou M. , Goudarzi H.
Published: November 2014

Effect of proximity-induced unconventional p-wave superconductivity in a three-dimensional topological insulator-based S/F/S structure on the Andreev bound states (ABSs) and Josephson supercurrent is studied. We investigate, in detail, the suppression of Andreev reflection and helical ABSs in the presence of three types of triplet superconducting gap. The magnetization of ferromagnetic section is perpendicular to the surface of junction. The influence of such features on the supercurrent flow on the surface of the topological insulator is studied. We carry out our goal by introducing a relevant form of Dirac spinors for gapless renormalized by chemical potential μ excitation states. Therefore, it enables us to consider the virtual Andreev process, simultaneously, and we propose to investigate it in a tunneling conductance junction. It is shown that the results obtained in this case are completely different from those in conventional superconductivity, as s- or d-waves, for example, the magnetization is found to decrease the gap for px and px+ipy case, whereas increase it for py order. Strongly suppressed Andreev reflection is demonstrated.
Proof of a conjectured formula for the Alexander invariant
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we prove the validity of a formula for computing the Alexander invariant, which was originally conjectured by Bar-Natan and Dancso in [2].
IPO Pricing Mechanisms in the Presence of When-Issued Markets
Authors: Pichler Pegaret , Stomper Alex
Published: November 2014

In some countries, it is common that initial public offerings (IPOs) are preceded by forward ("when-issued") trading of the shares; in the US, such trading is prohibited. We analyze the effect of when-issued trading on the pricing and allocation of IPO shares. We demonstrate that the optimal selling mechanism in the presence of when-issued trading differs qualitatively from the optimal mechanism if such trading is prohibited. Furthermore we show that trading rules in the when-issued market can be designed so that allowing when-issued trading results in an increase in expected issue proceeds.
Network Sampling
Authors: Ahmed Nesreen K. , Neville Jennifer , Kompella Ramana
Published: November 2014

Network sampling is integral to the analysis of social, information, and biological networks. Since many real-world networks are massive in size, continuously evolving, and/or distributed in nature, the network structure is often sampled in order to facilitate study. For these reasons, a more thorough and complete understanding of network sampling is critical to support the field of network science. In this paper, we outline a framework for the general problem of network sampling by highlighting the different objectives, population and units of interest, and classes of network sampling methods. In addition, we propose a spectrum of computational models for network sampling methods, ranging from the traditionally studied model based on the assumption of a static domain to a more challenging model that is appropriate for streaming domains. We design a family of sampling methods based on the concept of graph induction that generalize across the full spectrum of computational models (from static to streaming) while efficiently preserving many of the topological properties of the input graphs. Furthermore, we demonstrate how traditional static sampling algorithms can be modified for graph streams for each of the three main classes of sampling methods: node, edge, and topology-based sampling. Experimental results indicate that our proposed family of sampling methods more accurately preserve the underlying properties of the graph in both static and streaming domains. Finally, we study the impact of network sampling algorithms on the parameter estimation and performance evaluation of relational classification algorithms.
Practical Fine-Grained Information Flow Control Using Laminar
Authors: Porter Donald E. , Bond Michael D. , Roy Indrajit , Mckinley Kathryn S. , Witchel Emmett
Published: November 2014

Decentralized Information Flow Control (DIFC) is a promising model for writing programs with powerful, end-to-end security guarantees. Current DIFC systems that run on commodity hardware can be broadly categorized into two types: language-level and operating system-level DIFC. Language solutions provide no guarantees against security violations on system resources such as files and sockets. Operating system solutions mediate accesses to system resources but are either inefficient or imprecise at monitoring the flow of information through fine-grained program data structures. This article describes Laminar, the first system to implement DIFC using a unified set of abstractions for OS resources and heap-allocated objects. Programmers express security policies by labeling data with secrecy and integrity labels and access the labeled data in
security methods
. Laminar enforces the security policies specified by the labels at runtime. Laminar is implemented using a modified Java virtual machine and a new Linux security module. This article shows that security methods ease incremental deployment and limit dynamic security checks by retrofitting DIFC policies on four application case studies. Replacing the applications' ad hoc security policies changes less than 10% of the code and incurs performance overheads from 5% to 56%. Compared to prior DIFC systems, Laminar supports a more general class of multithreaded DIFC programs efficiently and integrates language and OS abstractions.
Fast burst images denoising
Authors: Liu Ziwei , Yuan Lu , Tang Xiaoou , Uyttendaele Matt , Sun Jian
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a fast denoising method that produces a clean image from a burst of noisy images. We accelerate alignment of the images by introducing a lightweight camera motion representation called
homography flow
. The aligned images are then fused to create a denoised output with rapid
per-pixel
operations in temporal and spatial domains. To handle scene motion during the capture, a mechanism of selecting
consistent pixels
for temporal fusion is proposed to "synthesize" a clean, ghost-free image, which can largely reduce the computation of tracking motion between frames. Combined with these efficient solutions, our method runs several orders of magnitude faster than previous work, while the denoising quality is comparable. A smartphone prototype demonstrates that our method is practical and works well on a large variety of real examples.
Dynamic hair capture using spacetime optimization
Authors: Xu Zexiang , Wu Hsiang-Tao , Wang Lvdi , Zheng Changxi , Tong Xin , Qi Yue
Published: November 2014

Dynamic hair strands have complex structures and experience intricate collisions and occlusion, posing significant challenges for high-quality reconstruction of their motions. We present a comprehensive dynamic hair capture system for reconstructing realistic hair motions from multiple synchronized video sequences. To recover hair strands' temporal correspondence, we propose a motion-path analysis algorithm that can robustly track local hair motions in input videos. To ensure the spatial and temporal coherence of the dynamic capture, we formulate the global hair reconstruction as a spacetime optimization problem solved iteratively. Demonstrated using a range of real-world hairstyles driven by different wind conditions and head motions, our approach is able to reconstruct complex hair dynamics matching closely with video recordings both in terms of geometry and motion details.
Perineural Dexamethasone to Improve Postoperative Analgesia with Peripheral Nerve Blocks: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: De Oliveira Gildasio S. , Castro Alves Lucas J. , Nader Autoun , Kendall Mark C. , Rahangdale Rohit , McCarthy Robert J.
Published: November 2014

Background. The overall effect of perineural dexamethasone on postoperative analgesia outcomes has yet to be quantified. The main objective of this quantitative review was to evaluate the effect of perineural dexamethasone as a nerve block adjunct on postoperative analgesia outcomes. Methods. A systematic search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of perineural dexamethasone as a block adjunct on postoperative pain outcomes in patients receiving regional anesthesia. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model. Results. Nine randomized trials with 760 subjects were included. The weighted mean difference (99% CI) of the combined effects favored perineural dexamethasone over control for analgesia duration, 473 (264 to 682) minutes, and motor block duration, 500 (154 to 846) minutes. Postoperative opioid consumption was also reduced in the perineural dexamethasone group compared to control, −8.5 (−12.3 to −4.6) mg of IV morphine equivalents. No significant neurological symptoms could have been attributed to the use of perineural dexamethasone. Conclusions. Perineural dexamethasone improves postoperative pain outcomes when given as an adjunct to brachial plexus blocks. There were no reports of persistent nerve injury attributed to perineural administration of the drug.
Role of Membrane Lipid Fatty Acids in Sperm Cryopreservation
Authors: Mandal Rajes , Badyakar Damodar , Chakrabarty Jitamanyu
Published: November 2014

Lipid is an important constituent of cell membrane. Membrane lipid composition of spermatozoa has been correlated to different function. Many researchers have related membrane lipid with survival success after cryopreservation or cold shock. Sperm maturation and acrosome reactions are natural phenomenon, but cryopreservation or cold shock is not. Therefore, sperm cells are not programmed for such change and undergo stress. So the change in membrane lipid composition due to cold shock or cryopreservation may be looked upon as response of spermatozoa to a certain stressed condition. A significant body of research worked on the relationship between membrane lipid and fatty acid composition and ability of cell to tolerate adverse change in temperature. However, as the approach of different research groups was different, it is very difficult to compare the changes. Studies have been done with different species, ejaculated/seminal or epididymal sperm. Lipid analyses have been done with whole cell membrane isolated by different methods. Fatty acids estimated were from whole cell, plasma membrane, head membrane, or phospholipids. The cryopreservation condition, media composition, and diluents/cryoprotectants were also different. At this onset a comprehensive review is needed to cover changes of sperm membrane lipid composition of different species under different cryopreservation conditions.
Extensive Genetic Diversity among Clinical Isolates ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin Central Province of Iran
Authors: Soleimanpour Saman , Hamedi Asl Daryoush , Tadayon Keyvan , Farazi Ali Asghar , Keshavarz Rouhollah , Soleymani Kioomars , Seddighinia Fereshteh Sadat , Mosavari Nader
Published: November 2014

Human tuberculosis caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) remains a significant disease in many countries. According to Iran’s borders with Afghanistan and Pakistan, which are among the 22 high burden countries around the world, this study was conducted to analyze the current molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis and survey genetic diversity ofMtbstrains in Markazi Province in center of Iran. In this experimental study, 75 sputum specimens and one gastric lavage from all smear-positive TB patients admitted to the public hospitals across the Markazi Province were cultured on specific mycobacterial culture media. Genomic DNA was digested byPvuII and transferred to positively charged nylon membrane by southern blotting method and hybridization by PGRS and DR probes. Genotyping of the isolates by PGRS-RFLP and DR-RFLP displayed a wide range of genetic diversity as 25 and 26 genotypes were identified, respectively. Generally speaking, despite the relatively limited number of isolates in the study, high age of patients and also large heterogeneity found in the setting are both in opposition to active circulation ofMtbstrains between patients under study either Iranian or Afghan nationals. Thus, it seems that reactivation of latent infection has had the main role in the spread of tuberculosis.
Perspectives on Employment Integration, Mental Illness and Disability, and Workplace Health
Authors: Khalema Nene Ernest , Shankar Janki
Published: November 2014

This paper reviews the literature on the interplay between employment integration and retention of individuals diagnosed with mental health and related disability (MHRD). Specifically, the paper addresses the importance of an integrative approach, utilizing a social epidemiological approach to assess various factors that are related to the employment integration of individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness. Our approach to the review incorporates a research methodology that is multilayered, mixed, and contextual. The review examines the literature that aims to unpack employers’ understanding of mental illness and their attitudes, beliefs, and practices about employing workers with mental illness. Additionally we offer a conceptual framework entrenched within the social determinants of the mental health (SDOMH) literature as a way to contextualize the review conclusions. This approach contributes to a holistic understanding of workplace mental health conceptually and methodologically particularly as practitioners and policy makers alike are grappling with better ways to integrate employees who are diagnosed with mental health and disabilities into to the workplace.
Evaluating Systemic Toxicity in Rabbits after Acute Ocular Exposure to Irritant Chemicals
Authors: Cherian Reshma Sebastian , Parayanthala Valappil Mohanan
Published: November 2014

Acute systemic toxicity via ocular exposure route is not a well understood aspect. Any material/drug/chemical that comes in contact with the eye can evade the first pass metabolism and enter the systemic circulation through the conjunctival blood vessels or via the nasolacrimal route. In this study, the effect of ocular irritant chemicals on the systemic toxicity was assessed in rabbit. Eyes of rabbits were exposed to known ocular irritant (cetyl pyridinium chloride, sodium salicylate, imidazole, acetaminophen, and nicotinamide) for 24 h and scored. After a period of 72 h, blood was collected from the animals for examining the hematological and biochemical parameters. The animals were then sacrificed and the eyes were collected for histopathology and cytokine analysis by ELISA. Splenocyte proliferation was assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. The liver and brain of the treated animals were retrieved for evaluating oxidative damage. The chemicals showed moderate to severe eye irritation. Inflammation was not evident in the histopathology but proinflammatory markers were significantly high. The splenocyte proliferation capacity was undeterred. And there was minimal oxidative stress in the brain and liver. In conclusion, acute exposure of ocular irritants was incapable of producing a prominent systemic side effect in the current scenario.
Multiple High Voltage Pulse Stressing of Polymer Thick Film Resistors
Authors: Rambabu Busi , Srinivasa Rao Y.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this paper is to study high voltage interactions in polymer thick film resistors, namely, polyvinyl chloride- (PVC-) graphite thick film resistors, and their applications in universal trimming of these resistors. High voltages in the form of impulses for various pulse durations and with different amplitudes have been applied to polymer thick film resistors and we observed the variation of resistance of these resistors with high voltages. It has been found that the resistance of polymer thick film resistors decreases in the case of higher resistivity materials and the resistance of polymer thick film resistor increases in the case of lower resistivity materials when high voltage impulses are applied to them. It has been also found that multiple high voltage pulse (MHVP) stressing can be used to trim the polymer thick film resistors either upwards or downwards.
A Mechanically Proved and an Incremental Development of the Session Initiation Protocol INVITE Transaction
Authors: Filali Rajaa , Bouhdadi Mohamed
Published: November 2014

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application layer signaling protocol used to create, manage, and terminate sessions in an IP based network. SIP is considered as a transactional protocol. There are two main SIP transactions, the INVITE transaction and the non-INVITE transaction. The SIP INVITE transaction specification is described in an informal way in Request for Comments (RFC) 3261 and modified in RFC 6026. In this paper we focus on the INVITE transaction of SIP, over reliable and unreliable transport mediums, which is used to initiate a session. In order to ensure the correctness of SIP, the INVITE transaction is modeled and verified using event-B method and its Rodin platform. The Event-B refinement concept allows an incremental development by defining the studied system at different levels of abstraction, and Rodin discharges almost all proof obligations at each level. This interaction between modeling and proving reduces the complexity and helps in assuring that the INVITE transaction SIP specification is correct, unambiguous, and easy to understand.
Study on the Interface Effects Based on Two-Dimensional Green's Functions for the Fluid and Pyroelectric Two-Phase Plane under a Line Heat Source
Authors: Hou Peng-Fei , Tian Wei , Yuan Ke
Published: November 2014

Two-dimensional Green's functions for a line heat source applied in the fluid and pyroelectric two-phase plane are presented in this paper. By virtue of the two-dimensional general solutions which are expressed in harmonic functions, six newly introduced harmonic functions with undetermined constants are constructed. Then, all the pyroelectric components in the fluid and pyroelectric two-phase plane can be derived by substituting these harmonic functions into the corresponding general solutions. And the undetermined constants can be obtained by the interface compatibility conditions and the mechanical, electric, and thermal equilibrium conditions. Numerical results are given graphically by contours.
Nontrivial Solutions for Dirichlet Boundary Value Systems with the(p1,…,pn)-Laplacian
Authors: Wang Shang-Kun , Pan Wen-Wu
Published: November 2014

Using critical point theory due to Bonanno (2012), we prove the existence of at least one nontrivial solution for Dirichlet boundary value systems with the(p1,…,pn)-Laplacian.
A Novel Shared Protection Scheme Based on Aggregate Wavelength in High Speed Networks
Authors: Oberoi Anshu , Sohal J. S. , Kaler R. S.
Published: November 2014

We propose novel analytical model of dynamic link cost evaluation in IP over WDM networks. We suggest disjoint path algorithm for the primary and backup path based on wavelength aggregate information, to provide shared backup. We show the optimality of pair selected because of joint optimization of the pair paths. The shareable capacity factor is introduced to establish the effect of load balancing on resources. We compared our simulation results with that of separate protection at connection and showed improvement on resource utilization performance of the network. We also study the blocking probability of proposed scheme.
Analysis of Femtosecond Laser Assisted Capsulotomy Cutting Edges and Manual Capsulorhexis Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Serrao Sebastiano , Lombardo Giuseppe , Desiderio Giovanni , Buratto Lucio , Schiano-Lomoriello Domenico , Pileri Marco , Lombardo Marco
Published: November 2014

Purpose. To investigate the structure and irregularity of the capsulotomy cutting edges created by two femtosecond (FS) laser platforms in comparison with manual continuous circular capsulorhexis (CCC) using environmental scanning electron microscopy (eSEM).Methods. Ten anterior capsulotomies were obtained using two different FS laser cataract platforms (LenSx,n=5, and Victus,n=5). In addition, five manual CCC (n=5) were obtained using a rhexis forceps. The specimens were imaged by eSEM (FEI Quanta 400, OR, USA). Objective metrics, which included the arithmetic mean deviation of the surface (Sa) and the root-mean-square deviation of the surface (Sq), were used to evaluate the irregularity of both the FS laser capsulotomies and the manual CCC cutting edges.Results. Several microirregularities were shown across the FS laser capsulotomy cutting edges. The edges of manually torn capsules were shown, by comparison of Sa and Sq values, to be smoother (P<0.05) than the FS laser capsulotomy edges.Conclusions. Work is needed to understand whether the FS laser capsulotomy edge microirregularities, not seen in manual CCC, may act as focal points for the concentration of stress that would increase the risk of capsular tear during phacoemulsification as recently reported in the literature.
Differences in Anatomy and Kinematics in Asian and Caucasian TKA Patients: Influence on Implant Positioning and Subsequent Loading Conditions in Mobile Bearing Knees
Authors: Maas Allan , Kim Tae Kyun , Miehlke Rolf K. , Hagen Thomas , Grupp Thomas M.
Published: November 2014

The objective of our study was to determine the mechanical stress conditions under tibiofemoral loading with an overlay of knee kinematics in deep flexion on two different mobile bearing designs in comparison to in vivo failure modes. This study investigates the seldom but severe complication of fatigue failure of polyethylene components at mobile bearing total knee arthroplasty designs. Assuming a combination of a floor-based lifestyle and tibial malrotation as a possible reason for a higher failure rate in Asian countries we developed a simplified finite element model considering a tibiofemoral roll-back angle of 22° and the range of rotational motion of a clinically established floating platform design (e.motion FP) at a knee flexion angle of 120° in order to compare our results to failure modes found in retrieved implants. Compared to the failure mode observed in the clinical retrievals the locations of the occurring stress maxima as well as the tensile stress distribution show analogies. From our observations, we conclude that the newly introduced finite element model with an overlay of deep knee flexion (lateral roll-back) and considerable internally rotated tibia implant positioning is an appropriate analysis for knee design optimizations and a suitable method to predict clinical failure modes.
Effects of Atorvastatin on Resting and Peak Exercise Blood Pressure among Normotensive Men and Women
Authors: Zaleski Amanda L. , Mentch Marianne L. , Pescatello Linda S. , Taylor Beth A. , Capizzi Jeffrey A. , Grimaldi Adam S. , Clarkson Priscilla M. , Moeckel-Cole Stephanie A. , Chipkin Stuart R. , Keadle Justin , White Charles Michael , Thompson Paul D.
Published: November 2014

Statins are the most widely prescribed and effective medication for reducing low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Statins may also lower resting blood pressure (BP); however, results are inconsistent. We sought to determine if the maximum dose of atorvastatin reduces resting BP and the peak systolic BP (SBP) achieved on a graded exercise stress test (GEST) among a large sample of 419 healthy men (48%) and women (52%). Subjects (419, 44.1±0.8 yr) were double-blinded and randomized to 80 mg·d−1 of atorvastatin (n=202) or placebo (n=217) for 6 mo. Among the total sample, there were no differences in resting BP (SBP, P=0.30; diastolic BP [DBP], P=0.69; mean arterial pressure (P=0.76); or peak SBP on a GEST (P=0.99)) over 6 mo, regardless of drug treatment group. However, among women on atorvastatin, resting SBP/DBP (3.7±1.5 mmHg, P=0.01/3.2±0.9 mmHg, P=0.02) and peak SBP on a GEST (6.5±1.5 mmHg, P=0.04) were lower versus men. Atorvastatin lowered resting BP 3-4 mmHg and peak SBP on a GEST ~7 mmHg more among women than men over 6 mo of treatment. The inconsistent findings regarding the antihypertensive effects of statins may be partially explained by not accounting for sex effects.
On Marginal Dependencies of the 2 × 2 Kappa
Authors: Warrens Matthijs J.
Published: November 2014

Cohen’s kappa is a standard tool for the analysis of agreement in a 2 × 2 reliability study. Researchers are frequently only interested in the kappa-value of a sample. Various authors have observed that if two pairs of raters have the same amount of observed agreement, the pair whose marginal distributions are more similar to each other may have a lower kappa-value than the pair with more divergent marginal distributions. Here we present exact formulations of some of these properties. The results provide a better understanding of the 2 × 2 kappa for situations where it is used as a sample statistic.
Replacement of Vena Cava up to the Right Atrium during Living Donor Liver Transplantation forEchinococcus alveolaris
Authors: Yetişir Fahri , Dogan S. Murad , Mamedov Ruslan , Kayaalp Cuneyt , Yilmaz Sezayi
Published: November 2014

Management of advanced stage ofEchinococcus alveolarisis a very difficult procedure. Surgical treatment like resection and liver transplantation is accepted procedure nowadays. Here we presented a case report ofEchinococcus alveolariswhich invaded the inferior vena cava up to the right atrium and surrounding tissues. This patient underwent living donor liver transplantation with replacement of inferior vena cava up to the right atrium with cryopreserved cadaveric aortic graft. This procedure is very difficult but it is a life-saving chance for patients in advanced cases ofEchinococcus alveolaris.
Influence of Partitioning Process on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Deformability Oil-Gas Pipeline
Authors: Ma Jing , Zhang Xiaoyong , Cheng Shixia , Gao Huilin
Published: November 2014

Multiphase structure of bainite and M/A constituent can be obtained for X80 oil-gas pipeline through a novel heat online partitioning (HOP) technology. The effects of partitioning temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the experimental steels were researched by means of mechanical properties test, microscopic analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that with the increase of the partitioning temperature, the strength of the experimental steel decreases and the ductility increases because of the increase of bainite lath width, the decrease of dislocation density, the increase of retained austenite content, and carbides coarsening. The decrease of the volume content and stability of retained austenite is the key factor, which leads to the increase of strength and the decrease of plasticity in a high range of partitioning temperature.
Analysis and Prediction of Micromilling Stability with Variable Tool Geometry
Authors: Cao Ziyang , Li Hua , Yin Zhen , Liu Wei
Published: November 2014

Micromilling can fabricate miniaturized components using micro-end mill at high rotational speeds. The analysis of machining stability in micromilling plays an important role in characterizing the cutting process, estimating the tool life, and optimizing the process. A numerical analysis and experimental method are presented to investigate the chatter stability in micro-end milling process with variable milling tool geometry. The schematic model of micromilling process is constructed and the calculation formula to predict cutting force and displacements is derived. This is followed by a detailed numerical analysis on micromilling forces between helical ball and square end mills through time domain and frequency domain method and the results are compared. Furthermore, a detailed time domain simulation for micro end milling with straight teeth and helical teeth end mill is conducted based on the machine-tool system frequency response function obtained through modal experiment. The forces and displacements are predicted and the simulation result between variable cutter geometry is deeply compared. The simulation results have important significance for the actual milling process.
Predicting Neck Abscess with Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography
Authors: Seer Yee Melisa Lim , Abdul Rahim Noraini , Ngah Ning Ajleaa , Abdul Aziz Yang Faridah , Subha Sethu
Published: November 2014

Neck abscesses are difficult to diagnose and treat. Currently, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is the imaging modality of choice. The study aims to determine the predictive value of CECT findings in diagnosing neck abscess, causes of neck abscess and the most common neck space involved in the local population. 84 consecutive patients clinically suspected to have neck abscess who underwent CECT and surgical confirmation of pus were included. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. 75 patients were diagnosed as having neck abscess on CECT; out of those 71 patients were found to have pus. Overall CECT findings were found to have a high sensitivity (98.6%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (94.7%) but lower specificity (67.2%) in diagnosing neck abscess. The CECT diagnostic criterion with the highest PPV is the presence of rim irregularity (96%). The most common deep neck space involved is the submandibular compartment, which correlates with the finding that odontogenic cause was the most common identifiable cause of abscess in the study population. Thus, in a patient clinically suspected of having neck abscess, CECT findings of a hypodense mass with rim irregularity are helpful in confirming the diagnosis and guiding clinical management.
Effect of Twisted-Tape Turbulators and Nanofluid on Heat Transfer in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Authors: Maddah Heydar , Aghayari Reza , Farokhi Morshed , Jahanizadeh Shabnam , Ashtary Khatere
Published: November 2014

Heat transfer and overall heat transfer in a double pipe heat exchanger fitted with twisted-tape elements and titanium dioxide nanofluid were studied experimentally. The inner and outer diameters of the inner tube were 8 and 16 mm, respectively, and cold and hot water were used as working fluids in shell side and tube side. The twisted tapes were made from aluminum sheet with tape thickness (d) of 1 mm, width (W) of 5 mm, and length of 120 cm. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a diameter of 30 nm and a volume concentration of 0.01% (v/v) were prepared. The effects of temperature, mass flow rate, and concentration of nanoparticles on the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer changes in the turbulent flow regimeRe≥2300, and counter current flow were investigated. When using twisted tape and nanofluid, heat transfer coefficient was about 10 to 25 percent higher than when they were not used. It was also observed that the heat transfer coefficient increases with operating temperature and mass flow rate. The experimental results also showed that 0.01% TiO2/water nanofluid with twisted tape has slightly higher friction factor and pressure drop when compared to 0.01% TiO2/water nanofluid without twisted tape. The empirical correlations proposed for friction factor are in good agreement with the experimental data.
A Design Tool for Clothing Applications: Wind Resistant Fabric Layers and Permeable Vents
Authors: Gibson Phillip , Sieber Michael , Bieszczad Jerry , Gagne John , Fogg David , Fan Jintu
Published: November 2014

A computational clothing design tool is used to examine the effects of different clothing design features upon performance. Computational predictions of total heat and mass transfer coefficients of the clothing design tool showed good agreement with experimental measurements obtained using a sweating thermal manikin for four different clothing systems, as well as for the unclothed bare manikin. The specific clothing design features examined in this work are the size and placement of air-permeable fabric vents in a protective suit composed primarily of a fabric-laminated polymer film layer. The air-permeable vents were shown to provide additional ventilation and to significantly decrease both the total thermal insulation and the water vapor resistance of the protective suit.
Direct Numerical Simulation of a Free Particle-Laden Round Jet with Point-Particles: Turbulence Modulation
Authors: Li Debo , Xu Qisheng , Liu Yaming , Libao Yin
Published: November 2014

Direct numerical simulation method is used to investigate the small scale ( d p < η/10) turbulence modulation for a spatially evolving free round jet. Because the turbulence modulation phenomena can not be accurately measured by experimental method, the turbulence modulations are poorly understood. The particle diameter in our simulation is smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale η ( d p < η/10), and the point force method can be accurately used for the research of small scale turbulence modulation based strictly on the theory of point force method. The simulation uses an explicit coupling scheme between particles and the fluid, which considers two-way coupling between the particle and the fluid. The DNS results are compared with experimental data with equal Reynolds number (Re = 1700). The particles modulation on the fluid turbulence properties and coherent vortex structures are quantitatively given in our paper, and some new findings on the particles modulation are explicitly explained in this paper, which will further refine our understanding of intricate mechanism of small scale ( d p < η/10) turbulence modulation for a spatially evolving free round jet.
A Novel E2F/Sphingosine Kinase 1 Axis Regulates Anthracycline Response in Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hazar-Rethinam Mehlika , de Long Lilia Merida , Gannon Orla M. , Topkas Eleni , Boros Samuel , Vargas Ana Cristina , Dzienis Marcin , Mukhopadhyay Pamela , Simpson Fiona , Endo-Munoz Liliana , Saunders Nicholas A.
Published: November 2014

Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are frequently drug resistant and have a mortality rate of 45%. We have previously shown that E2F7 may contribute to drug resistance in SCC cells. However, the mechanism and pathways involved remain unknown.

Experimental Design: We used transcriptomic profiling to identify candidate pathways that may contribute to E2F7-dependent resistance to anthracyclines. We then manipulated the activity/expression of the candidate pathway using overexpression, knockdown, and pharmacological inhibitors in in vitro and in vivo models of SCC to demonstrate causality. In addition, we examined the expression of E2F7 and a downstream effector in a tissue microarray (TMA) generated from HNSCC patient samples.

Results: E2F7-deficient keratinocytes were selectively sensitive to doxorubicin and this was reversed by overexpressing E2F7. Transcriptomic profiling identified Sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) as a potential mediator of E2F7-dependent drug resistance. Knockdown and overexpression studies revealed that Sphk1 was a downstream target of E2F7. TMA studies showed that E2F7 overexpression correlated with Sphk1 overexpression in human HNSCC. Moreover, inhibition of Sphk1 by shRNA or the Sphk1-specific inhibitor, SK1-I (BML-EI411), enhanced the sensitivity of SCC cells to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, E2F7-induced doxorubicin resistance was mediated via Sphk1-dependent activation of AKT in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion: We identify a novel drugable pathway in which E2F7 directly increases the transcription and activity of the Sphk1/S1P axis resulting in activation of AKT and subsequent drug resistance. Collectively, this novel combinatorial therapy can potentially be trialed in humans using existing agents. Clin Cancer Res; 21(2); 417–27. ©2014 AACR.
Dietary Diindolylmethane Suppresses Inflammation-Driven Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Mice
Authors: Song Jung Min , Qian Xuemin , Teferi Fitsum , Pan Jing , Wang Yian , Kassie Fekadu
Published: November 2014

Inflammatory conditions of the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to increase lung cancer risk, particularly lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In the present study, we developed a mouse model of inflammation-driven LSCC that was induced by N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU) and enhanced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent proinflammatory agent contained in tobacco and tobacco smoke, and determined the chemopreventive effects of BioResponse diindolylmethane (DIM) in the same model. Compared with mice treated with NTCU alone, mice treated with the combination of NTCU and LPS had a 9-fold increase in the number of bronchioles with LSCC. Also, compared with mice treated with LPS alone, mice treated with NTCU plus LPS showed significantly increased expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL1α, IL6, and TNFα (all three increased about 7-fold). Parallel to the increased cytokine gene expression, the NTCU plus LPS-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced activation of NF-κB, STAT3, ERK, p-38, and Akt, expression of p53, COX-2, and Mcl-1, and NF-κB- and STAT3-DNA binding in the lung. Dietary administration of DIM (10 μmol/g diet or 2,460 ppm) to mice treated with NTCU plus LPS reduced the incidence of LSCC by 2-fold, suppressed activation/expression of proinflammatory and procarcinogenic proteins and NF-κB- and STAT3-DNA binding, but not the expression of cytokines and p53. This study highlights the potential significance of our mouse model to identify promising drugs or dietary agents for the chemoprevention of human LSCC and that DIM is a very good candidate for clinical lung cancer chemoprevention trials. Cancer Prev Res; 8(1); 77–85. ©2014 AACR.
Failure of Ubiquitin Proteasome System: Risk for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Zheng Chen , Geetha Thangiah , Babu Jeganathan Ramesh
Published: November 2014

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the primary proteolytic quality control system in cells and has an essential function in the nervous system. UPS dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. The pathology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates or inclusion bodies within neurons. The failure or dysregulation of the UPS prevents the degradation of misfolded/aberrant proteins, leading to deficient synaptic function that eventually affects the nervous system. In this review, we discuss the UPS and its physiological roles in the nervous system, its influence on neuronal function, and how UPS dysfunction contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.