bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biographical Bodies
Authors: Pearson Jessica , Meskell Lynn
Published: May 2015

The authors attempt a reconciliation of apparently disparate evidence types relating to the body at Çatalhöyük, Turkey (7400–6000 cal BC): palaeodietary reconstruction through stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and body imagery as represented in the figurines, buildings and burials. Approaches to the body tend to focus upon evidence confined to specific areas of expertise or by specialisation in archaeological practice. While some of these aspects have been socialised through the consideration of human remains as material culture, for example, very little attempt has been made to do so with non-visual skeletal evidence. This is especially true for stable isotopes, which are used to reconstruct diet from food signatures that are imprinted into the skeleton. The authors show that new studies of the anthropomorphic figurines, which now suggest an importance given to ageing and maturity are corroborated by data from stable isotope evidence of diet and the burial assemblage.
Neolithic Lifeways
Authors: Matthews Wendy , Shillito Lisa-Marie , Elliott Sarah , Bull Ian D. , Williams James
Published: May 2015

In this chapter, the authors review how integrated microstratigraphic, phytolith and chemical analyses can contribute to our understanding of continuity and change in ecological and social practices during the transition to agriculture, in Zagros, with selective comparative reference to central Anatolia. They examine how micro-contextual analysis of plant materials preserved in large thin-sections and phytolith analyses are contributing to a fuller understanding of the ecology and use of both wild and domesticated plants than is possible from study of charred plants alone. They consider how integrated analyses of animal dung are informing on the earliest stages of animal management, including penning, foddering and use of dung for fuel. Lastly they briefly review the microstratigraphic evidence for how the transition to agriculture was shaped by and impacted on particular activities, roles and relations within households and communities by study of continuity and change in the nature, timing and organisation of these.
Les musées de sciences, la « présence » des objets et les défis pédagogiques de l’habitus
Authors: Gauvin Jean-François
Published: May 2015

L’objectif de ce texte est de jeter les bases théoriques et pratiques pour la création d’une approche complémentaire à la visite conventionnelle des musées de sciences et de techniques. Le point de vue proposé cherche à (re)centrer, à (re)focaliser encore plus la pédagogie et la didactique muséale sur l’objet. Comment, en effet, redonner à ces objets froids et inertes, généralement placés derrière d’austères vitrines, leur « présence » originelle, qui éveillera en nous non seulement le sens de la vue (la « beauté » esthétique et pratique de l’objet), mais tous les autres, sans lesquels les objets de notre quotidien perdent toute leur signification – leur sens. La clé d’analyse se trouve dans trois concepts : profondeur, procédé et participation. Et au coeur de ces concepts se cache l’habitus, l’apprentissage structuré et structurant de toute connaissance.
Les origines du Groupe d’intérêt spécialisé en éducation muséale (GISEM) dans la perspective de l’histoire de l’éducation muséale au Québec
Authors: Allard Michel
Published: May 2015

L’ouverture du Muséum central des arts de la République (Louvre) au grand public parisien, en 1793, symbolise la volonté que le musée devienne un lieu voué à l’éducation. Dans la première moitié du 19e siècle, au Québec, on retrouve trois catégories de musée : ceux dits de divertissement; ceux dits savants, fondés par des sociétés scientifiques, artistiques ou historiques dont la plupart organisent des activités éducatives réservées à leurs membres; les musées dits didactiques, situés surtout dans des établissements scolaires. Ces derniers musées connaissent au 19e siècle une période d’expansion, suivie cent ans plus tard d’un déclin. À l’inverse, les musées savants organisent de plus en plus d’activités éducatives à l’intention d’un public de plus en plus diversifié. Le Musée des beaux-arts qui, en 1961, est devenu le premier musée savant québécois à mettre en place un service éducatif apparaît comme un pionnier. C’est dans ce contexte que seront mises sur pied dans les universités montréalaises des équipes de recherches axées sur le développement d’une pédagogie propre au musée ou sur le comportement des visiteurs. Ces groupes de recherche fonderont dans le cadre des sociétés savantes un groupe d’intérêt sur l’éducation muséale où les chercheurs mettent en commun le fruit de leurs travaux.
Temps saturé et critique de la vie quotidienne
Authors: Le Roulley Simon
Published: May 2015

La sociologie a souvent intégré la dimension temporelle à ses recherches comme une variable, mais a rarement choisi de s’intéresser au temps spécifiquement. En tant que représentation sociale instituée, pleine de l’histoire de notre société, le temps est pourtant un objet socioanthropologique qui permet de saisir les enjeux contemporains et les rapports de dominations capitalistes. Nous proposons ici un regard sur les évolutions du rapport au temps afin d’expliquer en quoi le temps est une institution. Nous proposerons ensuite une lecture contemporaine du phénomène (l’anomie temporelle) face à l’individualisation et l’hypernomie. Nous proposerons enfin de nouveaux outils pour saisir les temps contemporains. Ces outils sont construits sur une perspective critique héritée à la fois de l’École Française de Socioanthropologie et de l’hétérodoxie marxiste. La perspective vise à pointer les possibilités sociales d’opposer au temps institué un temps instituant, dans une dialectique acteur-système. Derrière cette communication, c’est le programme d’une recherche en cours qui se dévoile.
Les temporalités climatiques des paysages d’hiver hollandais
Authors: Metzger Alexis
Published: May 2015

L’essor de la peinture hollandaise est une des facettes les plus riches du Siècle d’or. Au sein de cette profusion picturale, s’interroger sur les temporalités des paysages d’hiver apparaît porteur de réflexions pertinentes, aussi bien méthodologiques que conceptuelles. Il s’agira dans cet article d’analyser ces temporalités à travers des types de représentations picturales hollandaises, appartenant à un territoire à peu près homogène pour le climat, identifié politiquement et socialement au XVIIe siècle.

En premier lieu, ces peintures s’inscrivent enfin dans une temporalité climatique pluriséculaire, le petit âge glaciaire (vers 1300-1860). L’autre pas de temps à analyser est celui de la saison hivernale. Enfin, un pas de temps très court correspondant à la journée, au temps qu’il fait, sera interrogé. Assurément, ces différentes temporalités sont imbriquées car certains types de temps appartiennent à l’hiver, qui est particulièrement long et froid au petit âge glaciaire.
Similarity in Difference
Authors: Lundh Christer , Kurosu Satomi
Published: May 2015

A study of marriage in preindustrial Europe and Asia that goes beyond the Malthusian East–West dichotomy to find variation within regions and commonality across regions.

Since Malthus, an East–West dichotomy has been used to characterize marriage behavior in Asia and Europe. Marriages in Asia were said to be early and universal, in Europe late and non-universal. In Europe, marriages were supposed to be the result of individual choices but, in Asia, decided by families and communities. This book challenges this binary taxonomy of marriage patterns and family systems. Drawing on richer and more nuanced data, the authors compare the interpretations based on aggregate demographic patterns with studies of individual actions in local populations. Doing so, they are able to analyze simultaneously the influence on marriage decisions of individual demographic features, socioeconomic status and composition of the household, and local conditions, and the interactions of these variables. They find differences between East and West but also variation within regions and commonality across regions.

The book studies local populations in Sweden, Belgium, Italy, Japan, and China. Rather than a simple comparison of aggregate marriage patterns, it examines marriage outcomes and determinants of local populations in different countries using similar data and methods. The authors first present the results of comparative analyses of first marriage and remarriage and then offer chapters each of which is devoted to the results from a specific country. Similarity in Difference is the third in a prizewinning series on the demographic history of Eurasia, following Life under Pressure (2004) and Prudence and Pressure (2009), both published by the MIT Press.
Ostension
Authors: Engelland Chad
Published: May 2015

An examination of the role of ostension—the bodily manifestation of intention—-in word learning, and an investigation of the philosophical puzzles it poses.

Ostension is bodily movement that manifests our engagement with things, whether we wish it to or not. Gestures, glances, facial expressions: all betray our interest in something. Ostension enables our first word learning, providing infants with a prelinguistic way to grasp the meaning of words. Ostension is philosophically puzzling; it cuts across domains seemingly unbridgeable—public–private, inner–outer, mind–body. In this book, Chad Engelland offers a philosophical investigation of ostension and its role in word learning by infants.

Engelland discusses ostension (distinguishing it from ostensive definition) in contemporary philosophy, examining accounts by Quine, Davidson, and Gadamer, and he explores relevant empirical findings in psychology, evolutionary anthropology, and neuroscience. He offers original studies of four representative historical thinkers whose work enriches the understanding of ostension: Wittgenstein, Merleau-Ponty, Augustine, and Aristotle. And, building on these philosophical and empirical foundations, Engelland offers a meticulous analysis of the philosophical issues raised by ostension. He examines the phenomenological problem of whether embodied intentions are manifest or inferred; the problem of what concept of mind allows ostensive cues to be intersubjectively available; the epistemological problem of how ostensive cues, notoriously ambiguous, can be correctly understood; and the metaphysical problem of the ultimate status of the key terms in his argument: animate movement, language, and mind. Finally, he argues for the centrality of manifestation in philosophy. Taking ostension seriously, he proposes, has far-reaching implications for thinking about language and the practice of philosophy.
Low Power to the People
Authors: Dunbar-Hester Christina
Published: May 2015

An examination of how activists combine political advocacy and technical practice in their promotion of the emancipatory potential of local low-power FM radio.

The United States ushered in a new era of small-scale broadcasting in 2000 when it began issuing low-power FM (LPFM) licenses for noncommercial radio stations around the country. Over the next decade, several hundred of these newly created low-wattage stations took to the airwaves. In Low Power to the People, Christina Dunbar-Hester describes the practices of an activist organization focused on LPFM during this era. Despite its origins as a pirate broadcasting collective, the group eventually shifted toward building and expanding regulatory access to new, licensed stations. These radio activists consciously cast radio as an alternative to digital utopianism, promoting an understanding of electronic media that emphasizes the local community rather than a global audience of Internet users.

Dunbar-Hester focuses on how these radio activists impute emancipatory politics to the “old” medium of radio technology by promoting the idea that “microradio” broadcasting holds the potential to empower ordinary people at the local community level. The group's methods combine political advocacy with a rare commitment to hands-on technical work with radio hardware, although the activists' hands-on, inclusive ethos was hampered by persistent issues of race, class, and gender.

Dunbar-Hester's study of activism around an “old” medium offers broader lessons about how political beliefs are expressed through engagement with specific technologies. It also offers insight into contemporary issues in media policy that is particularly timely as the FCC issues a new round of LPFM licenses.
Lectotypification of Citrus cavaleriei H.Lév. ex Cavalerie (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae)
Authors: Mabberley David J. , Kodela Phillip G.
Published: May 2015

In the context of the elucidation of the ancestry of commercial citrus crops, a lectotype is here designated for Citrus cavaleriei H.Lév. ex Cavalerie (Rutaceae, subfam. Aurantioideae), a species found in China and India, and one of the putative parents of C. × junos Siebold ex Tanaka, the yuzu.
Trace elements in quartz shed light on sediment provenance
Authors: Ackerson Michael R. , Tailby Nicholas D. , Watson E. Bruce
Published: May 2015

Quartz is one of the most common minerals on the surface of the earth, and is a primary rock‐forming mineral across the rock cycle. These two factors make quartz an obvious target for sediment provenance studies. Observations from experimental and natural samples demonstrate that the trace element content of quartz often reflects the conditions of quartz formation. When quartz is weathered from its primary crystallization setting (i.e., quartz from a granitoid) it can retain many chemical signatures of formation throughout the sedimentation processes. These geochemical signatures can be used to understand the primary source of individual quartz grains within a sediment. Here we present a case study from the Bega River catchment to demonstrate that quartz grains in sediments at the mouth of the Bega River are sourced from granitoids within the drainage basin. Data presented here also indicate that a portion of the beach sediment is also derived from either (i) sedimentary rocks within the basin or; (ii) mixing with sediments at the mouth of the river. The Bega River catchment was selected for this study because it is both small and has a well‐constrained bedrock lithology, making it an ideal location to test the utility of this provenance technique. However, quartz trace element provenance has broad applications to modern and ancient sediments and can be used in lieu of, or in conjunction with, other provenance techniques to elucidate sediment transport through time.
Gallium Nitride Nanowires and Heterostructures: Toward Color‐Tunable and White‐Light Sources
Authors: Kuykendall Tevye R. , Schwartzberg Adam M. , Aloni Shaul
Published: May 2015

Gallium‐nitride‐based light‐emitting diodes have enabled the commercialization of efficient solid‐state lighting devices. Nonplanar nanomaterial architectures, such as nanowires and nanowire‐based heterostructures, have the potential to significantly improve the performance of light‐emitting devices through defect reduction, strain relaxation, and increased junction area. In addition, relaxation of internal strain caused by indium incorporation will facilitate pushing the emission wavelength into the red. This could eliminate inefficient phosphor conversion and enable color‐tunable emission or white‐light emission by combining blue, green, and red sources. Utilizing the waveguiding modes of the individual nanowires will further enhance light emission, and the properties of photonic structures formed by nanowire arrays can be implemented to improve light extraction. Recent advances in synthetic methods leading to better control over GaN and InGaN nanowire synthesis are described along with new concept devices leading to efficient white‐light emission.
Understanding Small‐Molecule Interactions in Metal–Organic Frameworks: Coupling Experiment with Theory
Authors: Lee Jason S. , Vlaisavljevich Bess , Britt David K. , Brown Craig M. , Haranczyk Maciej , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Smit Berend , Long Jeffrey R. , Queen Wendy L.
Published: May 2015

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained much attention as next‐generation porous media for various applications, especially gas separation/storage, and catalysis. New MOFs are regularly reported; however, to develop better materials in a timely manner for specific applications, the interactions between guest molecules and the internal surface of the framework must first be understood. A combined experimental and theoretical approach is presented, which proves essential for the elucidation of small‐molecule interactions in a model MOF system known as M2(dobdc) (dobdc4− = 2,5‐dioxido‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate; M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn), a material whose adsorption properties can be readily tuned via chemical substitution. It is additionally shown that the study of extensive families like this one can provide a platform to test the efficacy and accuracy of developing computational methodologies in slightly varying chemical environments, a task that is necessary for their evolution into viable, robust tools for screening large numbers of materials.
Exon 3 deletion of ryanodine receptor causes left ventricular noncompaction, worsening catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and sudden cardiac arrest
Authors: Campbell Matthew J. , Czosek Richard J. , Hinton Robert B. , Miller Erin M.
Published: May 2015

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a highly malignant genetic channelopathy associated with exertional syncope and reproducible polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with exercise. Approximately 65% of patients with CPVT are found to have a disease causing mutation in the RYR2 gene. RYR2 encodes a calcium ion transporter in the sarcomeric reticulum, and is responsible for the calcium induced calcium release that results in ventricular contraction. Recently, exon 3 deletion of RYR2 has been reported to be associated with left ventricular noncompaction. Herein we describe a patient with a novel, de novo deletion of exon 3 in the RYR2 gene that resulted in a severe CPVT phenotype and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), and the development of left ventricular non‐compaction (LVNC) coinciding with worsening arrhythmias. This case is unique in that the patient initially presented with exertional syncope and developed LVNC that coincided with increasingly severe ventricular arrhythmias and multiple episodes of SCA. This case supports the idea that RYR2 deletions cause a severe subtype of CPVT associated with LVNC and suggests LVNC may play a role in exacerbating the arrhythmias of CPVT. Deletion duplication testing should be considered in the context of CPVT and LVNC or SCA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organocatalytic Activation of the Leaving Group in the Intramolecular Asymmetric SN2′ Reaction
Authors: Kuroda Yusuke , Harada Shingo , Oonishi Akinori , Yamaoka Yousuke , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Takasu Kiyosei
Published: May 2015

A Brønsted‐acid‐catalyzed intramolecular enantioselective SN2′ reaction was developed utilizing trichloroacetimidate as a leaving group. The findings indicated that dual activation of the substrates is operative. This metal‐free allylic alkylation allows highly enantioselective access to 2‐vinylpyrrolidines bearing various substituents.
An Iodine‐Catalyzed Hofmann–Löffler Reaction
Authors: Martínez Claudio , Muñiz Kilian
Published: May 2015

Iodine reagents have been identified as economically and ecologically benign alternatives to transition metals, although their application as molecular catalysts in challenging CH oxidation reactions has remained elusive. An attractive iodine oxidation catalysis is now shown to promote the convenient conversion of carbon–hydrogen bonds into carbon–nitrogen bonds with unprecedented complete selectivity. The reaction proceeds by two interlocked catalytic cycles comprising a radical chain reaction, which is initiated by visible light as energy source. This unorthodox synthetic strategy for the direct oxidative amination of alkyl groups has no biosynthetic precedence and provides an efficient and straightforward access to a general class of saturated nitrogenated heterocycles.
South Korea's Global Health Outreach through Official Development Assistance: Analysis of Aid Activities of South Korea's Leading Aid Agencies, 2008–2012
Authors: Kim Eun‐mee , Ha Eun‐hee , Kwon Mi‐jin
Published: May 2015

Although South Korea is one of the newest members to join the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development's Development Assistance Committee in 2010, it has a long history of official development assistance (ODA), first as a recipient of aid (1945–1995) and later as an emerging donor (with the establishment of aid‐implementing agencies for concessional loans in 1987, and for grant aid in 1991, respectively). And, global public health has been one of the three largest outreach areas of South Korea's foreign aid programmes. This article examines the global public health outreach activities of South Korea's leading aid‐implementing agencies, namely Korea International Cooperation Agency, Korea Foundation for International Healthcare and Economic Development and Cooperation Fund, using data for the latest period, 2008–2012. South Korea's innovative global public health ODA through the Global Poverty Eradication Contribution is also examined. The analysis of global public health outreach activities has shown that South Korea has concentrated its foreign aid to Asia and Africa, and that a large share of its aid has been focused on health care services; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); maternal and child health (MCH); and infectious diseases. A significant regional difference was found: South Korea's aid focused on health care services and MCH in Asia, while it focused on WASH and infectious diseases in Africa. Findings have also shown that South Korea's priority countries for development cooperation have received more aid compared with non‐priority countries. In conclusion, we have found that South Korea's global health outreach activities were in line with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but that they lack a clear focus and do not have globally recognised initiatives or projects compared with large and traditional donors such as the United States and Japan. Further research is needed to examine the impact of the rapidly rising aid activities of South Korea, especially in global public health.
Strengthening Trade and Health Governance Capacities to Address Non‐Communicable Diseases in Asia: Challenges and Ways Forward
Authors: Baker Phillip , Kay Adrian , Walls Helen
Published: May 2015

Trade liberalisation is a driver of the rising burden of non‐communicable diseases in Asia through its role in facilitating the growth of the region's tobacco, alcohol and ultra‐processed foods industries while simultaneously restricting the capacities of governments to enact public health regulations. This highlights the need for greater coherence between health and trade policy in the region. Yet there has been little analysis of these topics with regard to Asia. What are the barriers and opportunities for enhancing trade and health policy coherence and strengthening governance capacities? How can health, in particular the prevention of non‐communicable diseases through curbing risk commodity markets, be positioned more centrally in trade policy? We draw upon a diversity of literature to outline seven key challenges to governing the health–trade nexus as it relates to risk commodities and non‐communicable diseases in Asia, and offer suggestions for strengthening capacities.
The Rising Tide of Mental Disorders in the Pacific Region: Forecasts of Disease Burden and Service Requirements from 2010 to 2050
Authors: Charlson Fiona J. , Diminic Sandra , Whiteford Harvey A.
Published: May 2015

Despite progress, poor performance of Pacific Island health systems continues to be highlighted by treatment gaps. Projecting burden of disease and the human resource requirements for mental health services will help appropriately plan for mental health in the region. We drew upon burden of disease and population data to estimate disability‐associated burden of disease from 2010 to 2050 for the Pacific region. Packages of care for low and middle income countries provided a method for estimating mental health staffing requirements. Gaps between estimated target and current staffing levels were estimated. Holding prevalence rates constant over time would see a 74 per cent increase in disability‐related burden for mental disorders. Projected increases in workforce requirements over the 2010–2050 period are large. Preparation for the increasing burden of mental disorders into the future is essential. A sustained, collaborative approach must be secured to achieve improvements in mental health services and treatment coverage.
Mesotubular‐Structured Hybrid Membrane Nanocontainer for Periodical Monitoring, Separation, and Recovery of Cobalt Ions from Water
Authors: El‐Safty Sherif A. , Sakai Masaru , Selim Mahmoud M. , Alhamid Abdulaziz A.
Published: May 2015

Exposure to toxins can cause deleterious effects even at very low concentrations. We have developed an optical sensor, filter, and extractor (i.e., containerlike) in a nanoscale membrane (NSM) for the ultratrace sensing, separation, and recovery of Co2+ ions from water. The design of the NSM is successfully controlled by dense decoration of a hydrophobic oil‐hydrophilic receptor onto mesoscale tubular‐structured silica nanochannels made of a hybrid anodic alumina membrane. The particular structure of the nanocontainer is ideal to control the multiple functions of the membrane, such as the optical detection/recognition, rejection/permeation, and recovery of Co2+ species in a single step. A typical sensor, filter, and extractor assessment experiment was performed by using a benchtop contact time technique and a flow‐through cell detector to allow for precise control of the optical detection and exclusive rejection of target ions and the permeation of nontarget metal ions in water. This nanocontainer membrane has great potential to meet the increasing needs of purification and separation of Co2+ ions.
Keggin‐Type Polyoxometalate‐Based Metal–Organic Networks for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
Authors: Hao Hong‐Fang , Zhou Wen‐Zhe , Zang Hong‐Ying , Tan Hua‐Qiao , Qi Yan‐Fei , Wang Yong‐Hui , Li Yang‐Guang
Published: May 2015

The reaction of Keggin‐type polyoxometalate (POM) units, transition‐metal (TM) ions, and a rigid bis(imidazole) ligand (1,4‐bis(1‐imidazolyl)benzene (bimb)) in a hydrothermal environment led to the isolation of four new POM‐based metal–organic networks, [H2L][CuL][SiW12O40]⋅2 H2O (1), [H2L]2[Co(H2O)3L][SiW11CoO39]⋅6 H2O (2), KH[CuL]2[SiW11CoO39(H2O)]⋅2 H2O (3), and [CuL]4[GeW12O40]⋅H2O (4; L=bimb). All four compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 3 are new 3D networks with 1D channels. Compounds 2 and 4 contain 2D networks, which further stack into 3D supramolecular networks. The contributions of pH value, the negative charge of the POM, and the TM coordination modes to the construction of 3D networks were elucidated by comparing the synthetic conditions and structures of compounds 1–4. The photocatalytic properties of compounds 1–4 were investigated using methylene blue (MB) degradation under UV light. All compounds showed good catalytic activity and structural stability. The possible catalytic mechanism was discussed on the basis of active‐species trapping experiments. The different photocatalytic activities of compounds 1–4 were explained by comparison of the band gaps of different POM species and different packing modes of POM units in these hybrid compounds.
Synthesis of 2D/2D Structured Mesoporous Co3O4 Nanosheet/N‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites as a Highly Stable Negative Electrode for Lithium Battery Applications
Authors: Sennu Palanichamy , Kim Hyo Sang , An Jae Youn , Aravindan Vanchiappan , Lee Yun‐Sung
Published: May 2015

Mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheets (Co3O4‐NS) and nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐rGO) are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal approach, and the N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composite is formulated through an infiltration procedure. Eventually, the obtained composites are subjected to various characterization techniques, such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, surface area analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and TEM. The lithium‐storage properties of N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composites are evaluated in a half‐cell assembly to ascertain their suitability as a negative electrode for lithium‐ion battery applications. The 2D/2D nanostructured mesoporous N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composite delivered a reversible capacity of about 1305 and 1501 mAh g−1 at a current density of 80 mA g−1 for the 1st and 50th cycles, respectively. Furthermore, excellent cyclability, rate capability, and capacity retention characteristics are noted for the N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composite. This improved performance is mainly related to the existence of mesoporosity and a sheet‐like 2D hierarchical morphology, which translates into extra space for lithium storage and a reduced electron pathway. Also, the presence of N‐rGO and carbon shells in Co3O4‐NS should not be excluded from such exceptional performance, which serves as a reliable conductive channel for electrons and act as synergistically to accommodate volume expansion upon redox reactions. Ex‐situ TEM, impedance spectroscopy, and XPS, are also conducted to corroborate the significance of the 2D morphology towards sustained lithium storage.
Entwicklung und messtechnische Untersuchung eines dezentralen kompakten Wärmerückgewinnungsventilators
Authors: Speer Christoph , Pfluger Rainer , Feist Wolfgang , Zgaga Janez , Lanthaler David , Recla Florian
Published: May 2015

Bei dezentralen Lüftungssystemen sollte neben hoher strömungsmechanischer und thermischer Effizienz auch eine möglichst kostengünstige Fertigung in Kombination mit hohem Funktionsumfang und geringen Betriebskosten erreicht werden. Darüber hinaus bietet sich bei dezentralen Lösungen die Möglichkeit, das System in der Gebäudehülle zu integrieren und somit Platz im Gebäude einzusparen. Mit dem Ziel, diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen, wurde der CHRF (Counterflow Heat Recovery Fan) entwickelt. Bei diesem System werden die Volumenströme für Ab‐/Fortluft und Außen‐/Zuluft durch nur einen Querstromventilator erzeugt, welcher simultan als regenerativer Wärmeübertrager fungiert. Durch die Konzentration dieser Aufgaben in einer einzigen Komponente und durch die Entwicklung eines optimierten Systemdesigns kann der CHRF sehr kompakt und flach ausgeführt werden. Ein Funktionsmuster des CHRF wurde auf Basis von numerischen sowie analytischen strömungsmechanischen und thermischen Berechnungen entwickelt und messtechnisch untersucht. Das Funktionsmuster, die Ergebnisse der messtechnischen Untersuchung sowie die Evaluierung der numerischen Simulation werden vorgestellt.

Development and measurement of a decentralized compact heat recovery fan. In addition to a high aerodynamic and thermal efficiency, a cost‐effective production combined with high functionality and low operating costs should be achieved for decentralized ventilation systems. Furthermore decentralized solutions can be integrated into the building envelope and thus saving space in the building. With the aim to meet these requirements the CHRF (Counterflow Heat Recovery Fan) was developed. In this system, the flow rates for extract/exhaust air and outdoor/supply air are generated by one cross‐flow fan, which simultaneously acts as a regenerative heat exchanger. By concentrating these tasks in a single component and by the development of an optimized system design, the CHRF can be realized very compact and slim. A laboratory prototype of the CHRF was developed on the basis of numerical and analytical fluid mechanical and thermal calculations and investigated by measurement. The laboratory prototype, the results of experimental measurements and the evaluation of the numerical simulation are presented.
Entwicklung eines neuen, messdatenbasierten Validierungsszenarios für die dynamische Gebäudesimulation
Authors: Kersken Matthias , Heusler Ingo , Sinnesbichler Herbert , Strachan Paul
Published: May 2015

Im Rahmen des ANNEX 58 “Reliable Building Energy Performance Characterisation Based on Full Scale Dynamic Measurements“ [1] werden im Programmschwerpunkt “Energy in Buildings and Communities“ (EBC) der “International Energy Agency“ (IEA) unterschiedliche messdatenbasierte Validierungsszenarien für Gebäudesimulationsprogramme erstellt. Die hierzu durchgeführten Messkampagnen werden an zwei identischen Versuchsgebäuden mit hohen thermischen Speichermassen, den sogenannten “Zwillingshäusern“ des Fraunhofer‐Instituts für Bauphysik IBP in Holzkirchen bei München, durchgeführt. Ziel ist die Bereitstellung präziser Messdatensätze zur Validierung, also zur Qualitätskontrolle kommerzieller Simulationsprogramme (z. B. TRNSYS, WUFI® Plus, etc.), verbreiteter wissenschaftlicher und nicht‐kommerzieller Anwendungen (z. B.ESPr, EnergyPlus, etc.) als auch eine Überprüfung der Anwendbarkeit vereinfachter Ansätze wie Lumped Capacity‐ und elektrischer Analogiemodelle (RC‐Modelle). Diese Veröffentlichung erklärt das Versuchsdesign sowie die eigentliche Validierungsprozedur und beschreibt die in den einzelnen Szenarien generierten Messdaten, ihre Unterschiede und wie diese im Rahmen der Validierungsstrategie verwendet werden können.

Introduction of a new validation scenario for building energy simulation tools based on measurement data. Within the ANNEX 58 “Reliable Building Energy Performance Characterisation Based on Full Scale Dynamic Measurements“ [1] of the “Energy in Buildings and Communities“ (EBC) program of the “International Energy Agency“ (IEA) different scenarios for the validation of Building Energy Simulation (BES) tools are developed. The required measurements are conducted on the two identical Twin Houses of the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP. These two buildings have a high thermal mass and are located in southern Germany, between the city of Munich and the Alps. The purpose of these campaigns is to provide highly accurate measurement data and documentation for the quality assurance of simulation programs. This scenario is intended to be used for commercial software like TRNSYS and WUFI® Plus but also for commonly used research and non‐commercial tools like ESPr and EnergyPlus. The validation data can also be applied on simplified approaches like lumped capacity and capacity‐resistance (RC) models. This publication gives an overview over the experimental design and focuses on collected measurement data and on the differences between the three single scenarios.
Sensitivity to Affective Information and Investors' Evaluation of Past Performance: An Eye‐tracking Study
Authors: Rubaltelli Enrico , Agnoli Sergio , Franchin Laura
Published: May 2015

In the present work, we used the eye‐tracking methodology to investigate how affective reactions influence investment decision making. In addition, we looked at individual differences in terms of people's sensitivity to affective information and how efficiently they regulate it, that is, trait emotional intelligence. We demonstrated that people who are more sensitive to affective information have larger pupil dilation when looking at the past performance of a stock fund. In addition, we also found that participants' larger pupil dilation had an impact on their investment decisions (whether people were more likely to sell their shares, hold on to the investment, or buy more shares). A larger pupil dilation led people to be more consistent and willing to invest more money on a fund regardless from its past performance (positive or negative). We also tested the hypothesis that individuals with a larger pupil dilation should be more influenced by a fund's past performance (e.g., selling their shares more often when the past performance of the fund was negative and buying additional shares more often when the past performance was positive). However, results did not support this explanation. Finally, our data revealed that the effect of individual differences in trait emotional intelligence on investment decisions was significantly mediated by pupil dilation. In the discussion, we explored the relationship between our results and previous evidence on the role of pupil dilation in processing information under uncertainty and the role of affect in decision making. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of baicalin, oroxylin A‐7‐O‐glucuronide and wogonoside in rat plasma by UPLC‐DAD and its application in pharmacokinetics of pure baicalin, Radix Scutellariae and Yinhuang granule
Authors: Chen Hui , Li Zheng , Li Yin‐jie , Wu Xiao‐wen , Wang Shi‐rui , Chen Kai , Zheng Xiao‐xiao , Du Qian , Tang Dao‐quan
Published: May 2015

A novel UPLC‐DAD method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of baicalin (baicalein‐7‐glucuronide, BG), oroxylin A‐7‐O‐glucuronide (OAG) and wogonoside (WG) in rat plasma using rutin as the internal standard. Plasma samples were precipitated using acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. Separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 µm) using gradient acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid water solution as mobile phase. The flow‐rate was set at 0.4 mL/min and the eluate was detected at 275 nm. The method was linear over the ranges of 0.075–17.50, 0.050–12.60 and 0.056–14.10 µg/mL for BG, OAG and WG, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were respectively <4.8% and 6.4%. All of the limits of detection of three analytes in rat plasma were 0.01 µg/mL, whereas the limits of quantification were, respectively, 0.035, 0.025 and, 0.025 µg/mL. This assay has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetics of BG, OAG and WG in rats after oral administration of Yinhuang granule (YHG) and comparative pharmacokinetics of BG in rats following oral administration of the pure BG, Radix Scutellariae (RS) or YHG. We speculate that some co‐existing ingredients in RS or YHG may increase the absorption and elimination of BG in rat. This work may be helpful for the quality control of Yinhuang granule. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuning the pH Response of i‐Motif DNA Oligonucleotides
Authors: Lannes Laurie , Halder Saheli , Krishnan Yamuna , Schwalbe Harald
Published: May 2015

Cytosine‐rich single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides are able to adopt an i‐motif conformation, a four‐stranded structure, near a pH of 6. This unique pH‐dependent conformational switch is reversible and hence can be controlled by changing the pH. Here, we show that the pH response range of the human telomeric i‐motif can be shifted towards more basic pH values by introducing 5‐methylcytidines (5‐MeC) and towards more acidic pH values by introducing 5‐bromocytidines (5‐BrC). No thermal destabilisation was observed in these chemically modified i‐motif sequences. The time required to attain the new conformation in response to sudden pH changes was slow for all investigated sequences but was found to be ten times faster in the 5‐BrC derivative of the i‐motif.
“Click Chemistry” for the Simple Determination of Fatty‐Acid Uptake and Degradation: Revising the Role of Fatty‐Acid Transporters
Authors: Pérez Alexander J. , Bode Helge B.
Published: May 2015

Fatty acids (FAs) have numerous functions in all living organisms, ranging from structural roles and energy production to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Because of the high energy content of exogenous FAs, their acquisition is central of metabolism, and several biological systems are known, although their precise roles are not yet entirely clear. We investigated the roles of FadD (CoA ligase) and FadL (FA transporter) in different bacterial strains by using an improved version of click‐chemistry‐assisted labelling of azido‐FAs. The high sensitivity of this method allows a direct and precise assessment of FA metabolism, and is thus far better suited than growth experiments. Our results show that although FA activation is indeed essential for FA degradation, their transport can be independent of transporters like FadL.
One Crystal, Two Temperatures: Cryocooling Penalties Alter Ligand Binding to Transient Protein Sites
Authors: Fischer Marcus , Shoichet Brian K. , Fraser James S.
Published: May 2015

Interrogating fragment libraries by X‐ray crystallography is a powerful strategy for discovering allosteric ligands for protein targets. Cryocooling of crystals should theoretically increase the fraction of occupied binding sites and decrease radiation damage. However, it might also perturb protein conformations that can be accessed at room temperature. Using data from crystals measured consecutively at room temperature and at cryogenic temperature, we found that transient binding sites could be abolished at the cryogenic temperatures employed by standard approaches. Changing the temperature at which the crystallographic data was collected could provide a deliberate perturbation to the equilibrium of protein conformations and help to visualize hidden sites with great potential to allosterically modulate protein function.
Evaluation of the Impact Personality Disorder Project – A psychologically‐informed consultation, training and mental health collaboration approach to probation offender management
Authors: Clark Susannah , John Chuan Stuart
Published: May 2015

Background

The Camden and Islington Impact Personality Disorder Project provided psychologically informed consultation and training to probation staff in a Public Protection Unit and staff in two ‘approved premises’ (probation hostels) working with high‐risk prison sentenced offenders on licence in the community; some direct therapeutic work was also conducted jointly with probation officers. Most of the offenders had behaviours associated with personality disorder, although had not necessarily received a diagnosis of personality disorder.

Aims

To evaluate this service (the intervention) and test the hypothesis that its work would be associated with a reduction in recalls to prison.

Methods

Local and national probation records were used to identify all prison recalls made by 10 consistently available probation officers for 1 year before the intervention and up to 3 years after its introduction; reasons for recall and evidence of new arrests or charges were also extracted.

Results

There was a significant decrease in rate of recalls in the first year of the intervention, sustained over the second year and, for the smaller number of officers still available, also over the third year. Non‐compliance with supervision as a reason for recall was cut by two‐thirds; other reductions were in responses to ‘challenging’ behaviours. There was no evidence of increase in serious further offending.

Conclusions

Our findings provide preliminary evidence that psychologically informed practice by probation officers supervising offenders at highest risk of serious harm re‐offending can reduce the rate of recall to prison, a costly alternative to maintaining offenders in the community, without apparently reducing community safety. Further research should clarify the extent to which the intervention helped the officers merely to tolerate challenging behaviours from these offenders and the extent of real change in the behaviours. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β‐Hydrogen Elimination Reactions of Nickel and Palladium Methoxides Stabilised by PCP Pincer Ligands
Authors: Martínez‐Prieto Luis M. , Ávila Elena , Palma Pilar , Álvarez Eleuterio , Cámpora Juan
Published: May 2015

Nickel and palladium methoxides [(iPrPCP)M‐OMe], which contain the iPrPCP pincer ligand, decompose upon heating to give products of different kinds. The palladium derivative cleanly gives the dimeric Pd0 complex [Pd(μ‐iPrPCHP)]2 (iPrPCHP=2,6‐bis(diisopropylphosphinomethyl)phenyl) and formaldehyde. In contrast, decomposition of [(iPrPCP)Ni‐OMe] affords polynuclear carbonyl phosphine complexes. Both decomposition processes are initiated by β‐hydrogen elimination (BHE), but the resulting [(iPrPCP)M‐H] hydrides undergo divergent reaction sequences that ultimately lead to the irreversible breakdown of the pincer units. Whereas the Pd hydride spontaneously experiences reductive CH coupling, the decay of its Ni analogue is brought about by its reaction with formaldehyde released in the BHE step. Kinetic measurements showed that the BHE reaction is reversible and less favourable for Ni than for Pd for both kinetic and thermodynamic reasons. DFT calculations confirmed the main conclusions of the kinetic studies and provided further insight into the mechanisms of the decomposition reactions.
Hepatic encephalopathy: New treatments
Authors: Hadjihambi Anna , Jalan Rajiv
Published: May 2015

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Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension: What is it?
Authors: Garcia‐Tsao Guadalupe
Published: May 2015

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iShare: Balancing I/O performance isolation and disk I/O efficiency in virtualized environments
Authors: Wu Song , Tao Songqiao , Ling Xiao , Fan Hao , Jin Hai , Ibrahim Shadi
Published: May 2015

Performance isolation has long been a challenging problem for disk resource allocation in virtualized environments. While there have been many researches working on I/O performance isolation and disk utilization, none of them addresses the I/O performance isolation and disk utilization as a whole. To this end, we investigate the impact of current disk I/O performance isolation schemes on disk I/O utilization. Interestingly, our studies report that current isolation schemes bring unnecessary disk idle and reduce the overall disk I/O performance because of ignoring the disk states and characteristics of requests. Accordingly, we propose an adaptive proportional‐share I/O scheduling framework, named iShare, in virtualized environments. iShare not only ensures I/O performance isolation through proportionally allocating time slices according to the weights of virtual machines but also preserves high disk efficiency by detecting disk states and adaptively adjusting the time slice size based on characteristics of requests. We implement a prototype of iShare on the Xen platform. The experimental results show that iShare ensures I/O performance isolation while improving disk I/O efficiency, compared with Blkio (i.e., the default I/O performance isolation method in Xen), iShare increases disk I/O bandwidth by 58% and slightly improves the I/O performance isolation for the sequential write applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MPI and UPC broadcast, scatter and gather algorithms in Xeon Phi
Authors: Mallón Damián A. , Taboada Guillermo L. , Koesterke Lars
Published: May 2015

Accelerators have revolutionised the high performance computing (HPC) community. Despite their advantages, their very specific programming models and limited communication capabilities have kept them in a supporting role of the main processors. With the introduction of Xeon Phi, this is no longer true, as it can be programmed as the main processor and has direct access to the InfiniBand network adapter. Collective operations play a key role in many HPC applications. Therefore, studying its behaviour in the context of manycore coprocessors has great importance. This work analyses the performance of different algorithms for broadcast, scatter and gather, in a large‐scale Xeon Phi supercomputer. The algorithms evaluated are those available in the reference message passing interface (MPI) implementation for Xeon Phi (Intel MPI), the default algorithm in an optimised MPI implementation (MVAPICH2‐MIC), and a new set of algorithms, developed by the authors of this work, designed with modern processors and new communication features in mind. The latter are implemented in Unified Parallel C (UPC), a partitioned global address space language, leveraging one‐sided communications, hierarchical trees and message pipelining. This study scales the experiments to 15360 cores in the Stampede supercomputer and compares the results to Xeon and hybrid Xeon + Xeon Phi experiments, with up to 19456 cores. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.