bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post–Quantum Cryptography – A Primer
Authors: Mohana P. V. Ananda
Published: April 2020

Traditionally, information security needed encryption, authentication, key management, non-repudiation and authorization which were being met using several techniques. Standardization of algorithms by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has facilitated international communication for banking and information transfer using these standards. Encryption can be carried out using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) using variable block lengths (128, 192 or 256 bits) and variable key lengths (128, 192 or 256 bits). Solutions for light weight applications such as those for Internet of Things (IoT) are also being standardized. Message integrity is possible using host of hash algorithms such as SHA-1, SHA-2 etc., and more recently using SHA-3 algorithm. Authentication is possible using well known Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm needing 2048/4096 bit operations. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is also quite popular and used in several practical systems such as WhatsApp, Blackberry etc. Key exchange is possible using Diffie-Hellman algorithm and its variations. Digital Signatures can be carried out using RSA algorithm or Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) or DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm). All these algorithms derive security from difficulty in solving some mathematical problems such as factorization problem or discrete logarithm problem. Though published literature gives evidence of solving factorization problem upto 768 bits only, it is believed that using Quantum computers, these problems could be solved by the end of this decade. This is due to availability of the pioneering work of Shor and Grover [1]. For factoring an integer of N bits, Shor’s algorithm takes quantum gates. As such, there is ever growing interest in being ready for the next decade with algorithms that may resist attacks in the quantum computer era. NIST has foreseen this need and has invited proposals from researchers all over the world. In the first round, about 66 submissions were received which have been scrutinized for completeness of submissions , novelty of the approach and security and 25 of these were promote to second round to improve based on the comments received on the first round submission. These will be analyzed for security and some will be selected for final recommendation for use by industry. These are for encryption/decryption, key agreement, hashing and Digital Signatures for both hardware and software implementations. In this paper, we present a brief survey of the state of the art in post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) followed by study of one of technique referred to as Learning With Errors (LWE) in some detail.
İnsan Metapnömovirüs’e İnfluenza A Virüsünün Eşlik Ettiği 4.5 Aylık Süt Çocuğunda Alt Solunum Yolu Enfeksiyonu
Authors: PALA Ayşegül , ÖZDEMİR Öner
Published: April 2020

Alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonları (ASYE) çoğunlukla respiratuvar sinsisyal virüs (RSV), influenza, parainfluenza, rhinovirüs ve adenovirüs kaynaklıdır. Ancak, son yıllarda bu virüslere ek olarak insan metapnömovirüs (iMPV), parainfluenza 4 ve bocavirüs gibi virüslerinde ASYE’ye sebep olduğu gösterilmiştir. Çocukluk çağında birden fazla virüsün ko-enfeksiyonu ile bronşiolit geliştiği unutulmamalıdır. Bu çalışmamızda, ateş ve öksürük şikâyeti ile hastanemize başvuran 4.5 aylık erkek bir bebekte iki farklı virüsün (iMPV ve influenza A) ko-enfeksiyonu sonucu gelişen bronşiolit olgu sunumu anlatılmıştır.
COVID-19’un Tanı ve Tedavi Sürecinde Hematolojik Parametreler
Authors: ORHAN Mehmet Fatih , BÜYÜKAVCI Mustafa
Published: April 2020

COVID-19 tanısı alan hastaların tanı ve tedavi sürecinde gözlenen hematolojik parametrelerin, güncel literatür ışığında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. En sık yapılan test olan hemogramda görülebilecek bulgular: Lenfopeni, lökopeni/lökositoz, nötrofili, monositoz, trombositopeni/trombositoz’dur. Koagülasyon parametrelerinden de PT uzunluğu, D-Dimer yüksekliği ve fibrinojen yüksekliği rapor edilen bulgulardandır. Dissemine intravasküler koagülasyon ortaya çıkma ihtimali nedeniyle de düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparin kullanımı gündeme gelmiştir. Tedavi algoritmalarında şu an kullanılmakta olan ve kullanılması olası etken maddelerin tüm hematolojik yan etkileri de özetlenmiştir. Önümüzdeki aylarda/yıllarda insanoğlunun henüz 3 aylık süredir tanıdığı bu SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün oluşturduğu hastalık hakkında bilgisi artmaya devam edecektir.
Correção cirúrgica de estenose de traquéia em cão (Canis familiares) - relato de caso
Authors: Fernandes Maria Eduarda Lopes , Peixoto Anna Julia Rodrigues , Campos Ana Carolina de Souza , dos Santos Filho Mário , Oliveira Lucinéia Costa , Ballot Sophie , da Silva Ricardo Siqueira , de Paiva Jonimar Pereira
Published: April 2020

A estenose traqueal é o estreitamento de 10% ou mais do lúmen traqueal, obstruindo parcialmente a passagem de ar para os brônquios. Animais com histórico de sinais respiratórios e antecedentes de trauma e/ou intubação orotraqueal são mais propensos à esta afecção, que é pouco relatada na medicina veterinária. O objetivo deste relato é destacar a correção cirúrgica em um caso de estenose traqueal em cão jovem de grande porte. Um cão, macho, da raça Labrador, com seis meses de idade, foi atendido com tosse paroxística, dispneia obstrutiva e intolerância ao exercício. A radiografia cervico-torácica revelou estreitamento traqueal entre as vértebras C7-T1. Na traqueoscopia foi possível visualizar estreitamento do lúmem traqueal percorridos aproximadamente 20 cm a partir de sua entrada. O paciente foi então submetido à procedimento cirúrgico de ressecção e anastomose término-terminal da porção estenosada da traquéia através de acesso mediano cervical. Não houveram complicações trans ou pós-cirúrgicas, sendo observado remissão dos sinais clínicos de obstrução respiratória já no pós-cirúrgico imediato. O paciente foi acompanhado e avaliado clínica e fisicamente durante o período de um ano. Nesse período o paciente não apresentou recidiva dos sinais respiratórios obstrutivos, o que demonstrou que o tratamento cirúrgico foi eficaz para o retorno à sua qualidade de vida.
Stratigraphy and palaeoceanography of upper Maastrichtian chalks, southern Danish Central Graben
Authors: Ineson Jon R. , Buchardt Bjørn , Lassen Susanne , Rasmussen Jan A. , Schiøler Poul , Schovsbo Niels H. , Sheldon Emma , Surlyk Finn
Published: April 2020

Upper Maastrichtian chalks form important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Danish sector of the North Sea and have been intensively studied, yet their lithological uniformity can frustrate attempts to develop a high-resolution stratigraphic subdivision and a genetic understanding of the factors controlling production and sedimentation of the pelagic carbonate ooze. Recent research into these topics, supported by the Danish Energy Authority, was carried out by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) in collaboration with the Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen by means of a multidisciplinary study involvingquantitative/semiquantitative palynology, micropalaeontology (nannofossils, foraminifers) and isotope geochemistry, integrated with detailed sedimentology. Two key wells were selected, the M-10X well from the Dan Field and the E-5X well from the Tyra SE Field (Fig. 1), based on the extensive core coverage in these wells and on their position in the southern part of the Danish Central Graben where evidence of large-scale resedimentation (and consequent stratigraphic complexity) is uncommon within the Maastrichtian section. In focusing on such a pelagic carbonate system, the ultimate aim is a holistic understanding of the marine system including temperature variation, nutrient supply and distribution, salinity, watermass layering, circulation and oxygen distribution. All these factors influence organic productivity and thus the accumulation of biogenic sediment. This study concentrated on a number of palaeoceanographic signals that can be derived from the sedimentary record, summarised in Fig. 2. Planktonic organisms, both phytoplankton (e.g. coccolithophores, some dinoflagellates) and zooplankton (e.g. foraminifers) provide a record of conditions in the upper water masses, largely within the photic zone, while bottom conditions are indicated by epifaunal/infaunal organisms (e.g. benthic foraminifers) and bioturbation, and by the sedimentological evidence of depositional processes at the sea floor. On a larger scale, the input of terrestrial organic material relative to the marine component can provide an indirect measure of shoreline migration and thus relative sea-level change, a factor that is also reflected in the δ13C isotopic composition of the seawater, as recorded by the biogenic carbonate ooze.
Spit-systems – an overlooked target in hydrocarbon exploration: the Holocene to Recent Skagen Odde, Denmark
Authors: Johannessen Peter N. , Nielsen Lars Henrik
Published: April 2020

Well-constrained depositional models are essential for successful exploration and field development. The Skagen spitsystem offers a unique possibility for the establishment of a depositional model constrained by excellent outcrops, well-defined palaeogeography, good age control and detailed observations on hydrodynamics and morphology of the prograding part of the spit-system. The model offers a supplementary interpretation of shallow marine sandstones to the existing delta and linear shoreface models. The sand-dominated Skagen spit-system is c. 22 km long, 4 km wide and up to 35 m thick, with a sand volume of c. 2.2 km3. If filled with oil, this system would contain 0.6 km3 corresponding to 3.8 x 109 barrels assuming a porosity of 30% and an oil saturation of 90%. This is comparable in size with the largest Danish oil field (the Dan field), in the North Sea. Reservoir models for isolated linear ‘offshore’ sandstone bodies have been controversial for many years. Their size and internal indications of palaeocurrent directions are similar to those of the spit-system model, and this model may therefore be applicable for some of these bodies.
Detection of terrain changes in southern Denmark using persistent scatterer interferometry
Authors: Schack Pedersen Stig A. , Cooksley Geraint , Gaset Marc , Roll Jakobsen Peter
Published: April 2020

Since 1991, a number of European satellites have acquired data of the Earth’s surface for environmental monitoring. In general, a satellite will orbit the Earth in about 1½ hours and it takes 35 days before an ERS or ENVISAT satellite repeats radar scanning of the same position. For younger generations of satellites, such as RADARSAT and TERRA, the scanning repeat interval has decreased to 24 and 11 days, respectively, so that hundreds of radar scenes of the same place, produced over the past c. 20 years, are now available.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty – a peace-keeping initiative with scientific impact
Authors: Larsen Tine B. , Voss Peter H. , Dahl-Jensen Trine , Gregersen Søren
Published: April 2020

Any major shaking of the Earth can be recorded on a seismograph regardless of the nature of the source. Earthquakes and large explosions generate waves with similar frequency content. This fact has been used for decades to construct systems to monitor detonations of underground nuclear explosions. The quality of the monitoring system has increased significantly in recent years, and we demonstrate here that the data are useful in Danish earthquake research.
DODEX – Geoscience Documents and Data for Exploration in Greenland
Authors: Riisager Peter , Pedersen Mikael , Jørgensen Mette Svane , Schjøth Frands , Thorning Leif
Published: April 2020

In the following we describe the project Geoscience Documents and Data for Exploration in Greenland, in short DODEX. A central part of DODEX is an interactive web application (http://www.geus.dk/dodex/) that provides easy access to all non-confidential company geoscience reports received by the authorities in Greenland and Denmark in accordance with the Mineral Resources Act of Greenland (1 January 2010) and associated regulations. From the web application it is possible to search in the DODEX report database using alphanumeric and geographic search criteria and to access report metadata. It is also possible to download the actual report as a PDF file. In addition to the open DODEX web application, the project also includes the development of a closed web application where authorised users can access confidential reports. The DODEX project was carried out at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) in cooperation with the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) under the Government of Greenland as part of the promotion of the mineral resources of Greenland.
Ruled Surfaces With W-direction Curves
Authors: GÜVEN İlkay
Published: April 2020

In this study, some special ruled surfaces were determined which were constituted by using the base curve as the W-direction curves of a Frenet curve. We gave the characterizations of developability and minimality of these ruled surfaces. We investigated the relation between the primary curve and the base curve of ruled surfaces, we also inquired the occurence geodesic curve, asymptotic line and principal line of the W-direction curve on the ruled surface. Terminally, some examples were given.
ANALYTICAL RESEARCH OF ZONES OF THE APPLICATION TENSION AT AXIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SHAFT
Authors: Bobrovsky A. , Drachev O. , Yarygin O.
Published: April 2020

In article the rheological model of axial deformation of a shaft is considered. The block diagram on local elastoplastic deformation constructed on the basis of the mathematical description of process is provided. Recommendations about processing methods of axial deformation are made.
INFLUENCE OF THE TIME FACTOR ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF HARDENING IN THE MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS MADE OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS
Authors: Zlobina I. , Bekrenev N. , Katsuba I.
Published: April 2020

The article describes the results of comparative tests for three-point bending of carbon fiber samples processed in a microwave electromagnetic field after exposure for 1.5 years in a closed room of the production type. It was found that the time factor does not lead to a decrease in the strength characteristics of the treated cured carbon plastics within the studied limits. For control samples, a decrease of 10.6% was observed. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of using microwave technology as a finishing operation in the production of engineering products made of structural carbon plastics.
ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR SHAPING INTERNAL SURFACES OF ROTATION
Authors: Tchigirinsky Ju. , Greshnikov A. , Zhdanov A. , Frolov E.
Published: April 2020

A comparative analysis of the methods used for processing holes of relatively large diameter for parts processed at CNC milling processing centers is carried out. The possibility of using the interpolation (planetary) turning method is considered.
CONTROL OF THE PNEUMATIC ROTARY TABLE BASED ON THE ANGLE SENSOR DATA
Authors: Guschin I. , Drobotov A.
Published: April 2020

Faceplatemovement dynamics of pneumatic rotary table is investigated and its mathematical description is given, which has been verified experimentally. Control system construction and the algorithm of the automatic control program for rotarytable based on the analysis of angle sensor data in real time are proposed.
INVESTIGATION OF THE COIL SWITCHING TIME EFFECT ON A MAGNETIC HYDRODYNAMIC PUMPFLOW RATE
Authors: Drobotov A. , Torubarov I.
Published: April 2020

Various approaches to additive manufacturing of metal objects are investigated. A method for feeding material based on the principle of operation of aninduction magnetohydrodynamic pump is proposed. The influence of the switching time effect on the pump flow rate is investigated.
DESIGN OF COMPOSITE CONCENTRATORS FOR PIEZOCERAMIC ULTRASONIC HEADS
Authors: Agapov S. , Potapov A. , Panin N. , Kirakosyan K.
Published: April 2020

The problems of designing composite concentrators for piezoceramic ultrasonic heads taking into account the laws of the rod system are considered.
For Now, Let’s Just Thank … and Help … the Heroes
Authors: Taylor Norman E.
Published: April 2020

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The relation between the control-of-variables strategy and content knowledge in physics in secondary school
Authors: Edelsbrunner Peter Adriaan , Osterhaus Christopher , Schwichow Martin
Published: April 2020

The control-of-variables strategy (CVS) is considered a hallmark in the development of scientific reasoning. It holds that informative experiments need to be contrastive and controlled. Prior evidence suggests that CVS is connected to the acquisition of science content knowledge. In a cross-sectional study involving 1,283 high school students (grades 5 - 13), we investigate whether students’ mastery of CVS is related to their science content knowledge in physics. A latent variable model indicates that CVS is substantially associated with students’ science content knowledge, even when controlling for common effects of general reasoning abilities. Substantial differences in students’ CVS skills and their science content knowledge exist between the lower grade levels in secondary school when students receive physics education. A latent profile analysis shows that the most difficult aspect of CVS is understanding the impact of confounding. This sub-skill emerges in late secondary school and it requires that students master more procedural sub-skills of CVS. These findings indicate that CVS and science content knowledge are closely related within secondary school science contexts. In addition, the findings emphasize that students show various distinct patterns of CVS skills. The identified skill patterns can inform researchers and science educators about the CVS skills that students typically show and thus can be utilized in inquiry activities in different school grades, while the CVS skills students are lacking might be trained in focused interventions.
Pengaruh media Edmodo terhadap hasil belajar pada pembelajaran sejarah siswa kelas X IPS SMAN I Jorong
Authors: Haliza Wida
Published: April 2020

Proses pembelajaran di sekolah saat ini tidak bisa lepas dari peran teknologi informasi. Hal tersebut dapat terlihat dari kegiatan guru dan siswa dalam menggunakan komputer dan internet di sekolah. Tujuannya untuk mendorong penyelenggaraan pembelajaran yang lebih menarik, aktif, dan kreatif seperti yang tercantum di dalam isi peraturan menteri pendidikan dan kebudayaan no 65 tahun 2013 mencamtumkan bahwa setiap guru wajib menerapkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi secara terintegrasi, sistematis, dan efektif sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi. Penerapan teknologi informasi dalam proses pembelajaran juga dapat menciptakan suasana pembelajaran yang aktif, kreatif, efektif dan menarik bagi siswa. Dengan demikian, diharapkan pembelajaran yang memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dapat meningkatkan mutu dan kualitas pembelajaran.
Bibliography in Theme
Authors: Susanto Heri
Published: April 2020

List of bobliography in main subject
Gothic Horror and Muslim Madness in V. S. Naipaul’s Beyond Belief
Authors: O’Shea-Meddour Wendy
Published: April 2020

This article is written in response to the favorable critical reception that V. S. Naipaul’s writings about the Muslim world have received in mainstream western culture. Since the publication of his travel narratives, Among the Believers and Beyond Belief, Naipaul has enjoyed a reputation as an authority on the Muslim world. The critical acclaim that he has received has been accompanied by official recognition, including a knighthood and the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, many critics beyond the periphery of mainstream western culture have voiced concerns about his hatred of Islam. In this article, I offer a revisionist reading of Naipaul’s most recent Islamic travel narrative, Beyond Belief, arguing that Islamophobia has been disturbingly misinterpreted as expertise. Focusing on three main literary themes – nineteenth-century literary conventions, the gothic genre, and neurosis – I expose this bigoted worldview and call for his status to be reconsidered.
Women in the Mosque
Authors: Reda Nevin
Published: April 2020

This paper deals with the issue of women’s full or partial access to the mosque from 610-925. This period is divided into two timeframes. The first, 610-34, consists mainly of the time in which the Prophet was active in Makkah and Madinah. The second, 634-925, is the period beginning with `Umar’s reign to the time when the Hadith literature was written down and set into the well-known compilations. Two types of evidence are examined for both periods: material and textual records. Material records consist of the layout of the various mosques, where the existence or absence of dividing walls or separate entrances could be important clues. Textual records consist mainly of the Qur’an and Hadith literature. The Qur’an is used as a primary source for the first period, whereas the Hadith literature is used as a primary source for the second period. The Hadith is used to distinguish trends and directions in the Muslim community after the demise of the Prophet, rather than as a source of information on the Prophet himself. This avoids problems of authenticity, while not denying that much of the Hadith may well be authentic. From the primary sources available for the first period, there does not appear to be any evidence of segregation; rather the evidence indicates that women had full access to the mosque. In the second period, three trends appear: a pro-segregation trend, an anti-segregation trend, and a trend that sought to prohibit women from going to the mosque altogether.
“Citizens of Heaven” versus “The Islamic Peril”
Authors: Stockdale Nancy L.
Published: April 2020

In early 2001, the Holy Land Experience (HLE) theme park opened in Orlando, Florida. Before 9/11, Islam was merely a shadowy figure at the HLE; after 9/11, however, the park has promoted a vision of Islam and Muslims that fosters hate among American Protestant visitors. This paper argues that the HLE is a site of extreme potential danger, for it espouses holy war and dissent between American Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
Al-Wakalah and Customers’ Preferences toward It
Authors: Annuar Hairul Azlan
Published: April 2020

The agency system has been the main distribution channel for insurers. However, Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad (STMB) does not implement it, while Takaful Nasional Sendirian Berhad (TNSB) does. This has a lot to do with juristic opinions (ikhtilaf) on whether a takaful company (mudarib) can use part of the participants’ capital (rabb al-mal) to pay for management expenses. An exploratory survey was undertaken to ascertain the respondents’ perception on the importance of agents. My study showed that customers prefer the agency system (al-wakalah) and that this system can generate greater benefits (manfa`at) to both parties.
Westernization, Mahmud II, and the Virtue Tradition
Authors: Ersahin Seyfettin
Published: April 2020

The Ottoman reforms of the nineteenth century sought a reconciliation between Islam and western civilization. The ulama played a key role in this process by supporting the reformers’ desire to bring Islam closer to the needs of the age and of the empire. The reformers, chiefly Sultan Mahmud II and his close friends, gained the ulama’s support to such an extent that the Shaykh al-Islam wrote a treatise to persuade the masses to accept the reforms. Applying the traditional virtue literature to the Ottoman dynasty, he presented Sultan Mahmud II as an ideal caliph-sultan. This effort helped to westernize the traditional Ottoman political structure and society.
Classification of Abrogation in the Qur’an
Authors: Khan Israr Ahmad
Published: April 2020

Most classical-era Qur’anic studies scholars, among then Abu `Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam (d. 224 AH), Makki ibn Abi Talib (d. 437 AH), Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Jawzi (d. 597 AH), Badr al-Din al- Zarkashi (d. 794 AH), and Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH) were enthusiastic supporters of the theory of abrogation. They claimed that the Qur’an contains three types of abrogation1: suspension of certain verses’ practical dimension only, expurgation of both the verses and their rulings, and exclusion of the verses even though their rulings are still valid. To substantiate their approach, they advanced hadiths comprising statements supposedly made by both the Companions (Sahabah) and the Followers (Tabi`un). A rational and critical scrutiny of these hadiths will reveal whether they can form the basis of such arguments. I will check the nature of these hadiths’ chains of narrators and weigh the views attributed to early Muslim scholars against reason. As regards the first category, several of my articles on these arguments have been published elsewhere.2 This article, which examines the remaining two categories, consists of two dimensions: applying the hadith criticism principle to these hadiths and checking their information in a rational manner.
Islamicjerusalem
Authors: Abu-Munshar Maher
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the extent to which `Umar ibn al-Khattab and Salah al-Din adhered to the Islamic vision toward non- Muslims and determines whether they established a multicultural society in Islamicjerusalem after the city’s first and second conquests. In addition, it provides a historical perspective to these two important events, focuses on their attitudes toward Islamicjerusalem’s non-Muslims inhabitants, and investigates whether the Muslims’ understanding of other religions is possible and whether it is an integral part of a pluralist, multicultural society.
The Islamic Concept of Education Reconsidered
Authors: Bagheri Khosrow , Khosravi Zohreh
Published: April 2020

Some authors have analyzed the Islamic concept of education in parallel to the assumed contrast between Islam and the liberal tradition. Hence, given the latter’s rationalist tendencies, an almost indoctrinatory essence is assumed for the Islamic concept of education. However, we argue that rationality is involved in all elements of the Islamic concept of education. There might be some differences between the Islamic and liberal conceptions of rationality, but these are not so sharp that the derivative Islamic concept of education can be equated with indoctrination. We suggest an Islamic concept of education that includes three basic elements: knowledge, choice, and action. Then, we show that, according to the Islamic texts, these elements have a background of wisdom.
Toleration, Political Liberalism, and Peaceful Coexistence in the Muslim World
Authors: Sahin Bican
Published: April 2020

How can Muslim societies marked by religious, cultural, and ethnic diversity secure peace and stability? I argue that the principle of toleration provides the most appropriate environment for the peaceful coexistence of these differences, for individuals living in a polity can adopt different moral views and experience their cultural, ethnic, and other differences peacefully. Toleration is mainly a characteristic of liberal democratic regimes. However, different traditions of liberalism lead to different versions of liberal democracy. Also, not all versions of liberalism value toleration to the same degree. I argue that a liberal democracy based on “political” rather than “comprehensive” liberalism provides the broadest space for the existence of differences, for it does not present a shared way of life, but only a political framework within which individuals and groups with different worldviews can solve their common political problems. However, a liberal democracy based on comprehensive liberalism requires cultural groups and/or individuals to subscribe to fundamental liberal values (e.g., autonomy), and this stance limits its room for toleration. Thus, if liberal democracy is going to be introduced into the Muslim world to bring about peace and stability, it must be a liberal democracy based on political, rather than comprehensive, liberalism.
Internal Control Systems in West Malaysia’s State Mosques
Authors: Sulaiman Maliah , Siraj Siti Alawiah , Ibrahim Shahul Hameed Mohamed
Published: April 2020

The embezzlement of funds from religious organizations, particularly in western church institutions, is becoming more common. Such scandals have raised concerns about their internal control systems. Despite the lack of any reported financial scandals in mosques, there is a growing concern as to whether they experience the same deficiencies as other religious institutions do. Our study examines the internal control procedures related to the receiving income and disbursing funds in West Malaysia’s state mosques. A questionnaire survey and informal interviews were used to collect the data. The results indicate that these mosques have a strong internal control system vis-à-vis these two activities. This study also reveals that their practice of several basic control activities (e.g., segregating duties, recording financial transactions, and authorizing particular activities) is satisfactory. Though this is an exploratory study, the results may provide a benchmark for further studies examining internal control practices in religious organizations.
Muslim Reformist Action in Nineteenth-century Tunisia
Authors: El-Mesawi Mohamed El-Tahir
Published: April 2020

This article revisits the origins of the Islamic reformist movement that arose in response to the challenges presented by western civilization in the nineteenth century. Tunisia was chosen because the spirit of reform manifested itself in the form of intellectual activity and socio-political action. The article highlights the features of the Tunisian experience before the French occupation in 1881, reveals the cooperation and complementary relationship between religious scholars and statesmen that gave the reform efforts their substance and form, and discusses the dynamic of the forces that were in play and helped determine the attempted reforms’ fate.
Religious Education and the Delegitimation of Knowledge
Authors: Sajjadi Seyed Mahdi
Published: April 2020

The velocity of information production has increased at all levels, including the global. These expansions lead to the delegitimation of knowledge by equating information with knowledge or the predominance of information over knowledge. Given that this situation has caused epistemological challenges for the process of religious education, this article attempts to study the epistemological problems and challenges posed by information technology (IT) in this area.
In our days, religion has once again become something alien
Authors: Günther Sebastian
Published: April 2020

No Abstract
The Qur’anic Talut (Saul) and the Rise of the Ancient Israelite Monarchy
Authors: Reda Nevin
Published: April 2020

Using contemporary ideas of intertextuality, this study investigates the Qur’anic story of Talut (2:246-51), the first Israelite monarch, as it is set against the background of the Biblical account. A verse-by-verse analysis yields the Qur’anic sequence of events, which includes Talut’s nomination, the Ark’s appearance, crossing the river, Goliath’s defeat, and David’s succession. The Biblical counterparts, located within the books of Joshua, Judges, and I Samuel, feature such characters as Joshua, Gideon, Samuel, and Saul. The Qur’an is thereby reading the books of Joshua, Judges 6-8, I Samuel 1-7, and I Samuel 8-31 synoptically, and the Talut story is a harmonized account of these narratives. Reading between the two texts enhances the Qur’anic story, showing how it functions as a blueprint for the synoptic reading, in addition to furthering our understanding of Talut, who provides a typological prefiguration for Muhammad. However, the synoptic reading also enhances the Biblical story, showing the skill with which the multiple consecutive narratives implicitly argue for judgeship as opposed to kingship in the post-exilic context.
Death and Dying in the Qur’an
Authors: Saleh Walid
Published: April 2020

Death is a central element in the Qur’an. In this discursive essay, the importance of death and the afterlife is discussed and highlighted.
Rehabilitating Islamic Ethics
Authors: Swazo Norman K.
Published: April 2020

The debate between modernity and postmodernity in western discourses about law and morality calls for a similar debate in contemporary Islam. For Islam, the question is whether a rehabilitation of its classical discipline of ethics (`ilm al-akhlaq) may contribute to international morality even as it disabuses Islam of privileging Islamic jurisprudence (`ilm al-fiqh), which conceives of the Shari`ah as merely law. Islam’s strong tradition of ethical discourse is similar to the West’s classical and contemporary formulations of virtue ethics. Such a renewal constitutes a postmodern opportunity for contemporary Islam as it faces the globalization of western values and jurisprudence.
The Numerical Distribution of Muslims in Africa
Authors: Kaba Amadu Jacky
Published: April 2020

This quantitative research study shows the numbers and percentages of Muslims in Africa, relative to Christians and Africans who continue to practice their traditional religions, within the continent’s five regions (viz., Eastern, Middle, Northern, Southern, and Western), as of July 2009. It also presents religious breakdowns for those nations that are currently or at one time were partly or fully colonized by European powers. The statistics show that Islam and Christianity combined have converted over 80 percent of all Africans and that the proportion of Africans on the continent who practice traditional or indigenous religions has now declined to less than 12 percent.
Islam as an Ideology of Resistance among the Oromo of Ethiopia
Authors: Hassen Mohammed
Published: April 2020

Before I embark on the main subject, three caveats are in order. First, this article deals with two themes that are indirectly related, but necessary, to understanding why the Oromo, who have had contact with Islam since at least the fourteenth century, embraced it mainly during the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding their recent conversion, today the Oromo are the single largest Muslim community in Ethiopia. The article will explore their rapid conversion during the second half of the nineteenth century in conjunction with Emperor Menilek II’s conquest and occupation of their land and its impact upon every aspect of their existence. Second, in this paper I have heavily drawn on a paper I presented at a conference held at the University of Edinburgh in 1999 and another one published in 1992. Third, the paper is divided into seven unequal parts, preceded by a short introduction.
Semantics of the Qur’anic Weltanschauung
Authors: Solihu Abdul Kabir Hussain
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the structural semantic approach based on the theory of linguistic relativity to scriptural language as exemplified in Toshihiko Izutsu’s studies of the Qur’anic weltanschauung. According to this theory, each language contains a particular worldview that causes its speakers to view the world in a way different from the speakers of other languages. By an analytical study of the semantic fields and contextual use of the Qur’an’s key conceptual terms, Izutsu explores the semantic factors believed to have been employed by the Qur’an in its Islamization of the jahili (pre-Islamic Arab) worldview. Such an approach exhibits that the Qur’an’s linguistic vision of reality is internally coherent but culturally and historically conditioned. Following a textual analysis, this study critically examines, from both an ethical and a theological perspective, the semantic theory that Izutsu applies to the Qur’an’s key concepts in his two works: God and Man in the Qur’an and Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an. The objective is to investigate the extent to which semantic analysis could enrich our understanding of the ontological problems raised in the Qur’an.
Muslims and Science
Authors: Uthman Ibrahim Olatunde
Published: April 2020

It is sad and paradoxical that Muslims, who were once the precursors and torchbearers of the scientific knowledge that culminated in modern civilization, are today wallowing in a state of backwardness, ignorance, and domination. Despite their global numerical strength of over one billion people,1 only a few Muslim countries are currently making any significant strides in shaping contemporary civilization and the state of the world. This paper examines how the Islamic concept of khilafah (vicegerency) can be employed to revive Islamic science so that it can sustain human and other creatures in a wholesome manner. It argues that teaching secular sciences according to Islamic principles, as is being done today at the International Islamic University, Malaysia (IIUM) and Nigeria’s Crescent University, Abeokuta (CUA) will reverse such negative trends.
The Dilemmas of Islamic Bioethics in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Bouzenita Dr. Anke Iman
Published: April 2020

The current discourse on bioethical questions often reveals a certain patchiness or seeming inability to answer contemporary bioethical problems within an Islamic epistemological paradigm. Attempting to analyze the causes of this phenomenon, the author describes the decontextualization of Islamic concepts from a background of secularized medical care and the ethics in the Islamic world—as well as the estrangement due to these questions of Islamic law from its holistic framework of application as a pervasive phenomenon, which brought about the dilemmas of bioethics in the twenty-first century. The author discusses chosen bioethical case studies in this light, with a focus on the concept of brain death. Doing so, the author takes into consideration the paradigmatic relationship between science, bioethical models, and the implications of the relevant different worldviews. The author shows how constructed realities related to the life sciences have been imported from the secular setting into an already estranged Islamic context to be answered, and describes the evolving dilemmas that make Islamic bioethics appear like a stranger moving in a strange land.
American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
Authors: Ojsadmin
Published: April 2020

Include within the sample
The Challenge of the Believing Intellectual
Authors: Voll John O.
Published: April 2020

This paper analyzes the role of Professor al Faruqi as a believing intellectual who contributed toward the development of an alternative model of modernity in which religion plays a definite and contributory role. Alternative modernity is not inevitably secular or nonreligious. This Islamic version of modernity is one amongst the multiple modernities of the globalized world. It puts forth a “modern” knowledge. Professor al Faruqi contributed to this venture through his project called the “Islamization of Knowledge.” In this way, Professor Ismail al-Faruqi illustrates the changing role of believing intellectuals in the second half of the twentieth century.
Islamization of Knowledge After Thirty
Authors: Haneef Mohamed Aslam
Published: April 2020

Critically reviews the process of the Islamization of knowledge as applied toward the discipline of economics over the last thirty years. One of the lacuna behind the not yet fully developed field of Islamic economics is the nondevelopment of its methodological aspects. This has been a result of narrowing the understanding of methodology to that of usul al-fiqh, which unfortunately has been limited to mean the legal sciences or jurisprudence. Since Islamic economics is a social/human science, the way forward is to develop an usul al-iqtisad, or methodology of social science, that may be quite different in its specific rule and criteria compared to the former. The author calls for revisiting the methodological aspect of the Faruqi work plan for the Islamization of knowledge, which has been overlooked and neglected.
An Islamic Conceptual Framework of a Well-balanced Personality
Authors: Nik Yaakob Nik Rosila
Published: April 2020

The aim of this article is to highlight a conceptual framework of a well-balanced personality in the light of an Islamic point of view. The article begins with an explanation on the nature of human beings as the underlying concept on which the entire assumption of human personality is based. Further discussion will focus on the types of personality ‒ that is, nafs al-ammārah, nafs al-muţmainnah, and nafs al-lawwāmah. In this regard, the spiritual development process is about thecontinuous effort of the animal soul to subordinate itself to the power of the rational soul.1 Meanwhile, the educational process ‒ in particular, its methods and the curriculum content ‒ is discussed as an element of intervention in developing good personality traits. The exposition of this article’s writing is derived from scholarly and original sources of knowledge ‒ that is, the Holy Qur’ān and the tradition of the Prophet (ṢAAS), as well as the writings of Muslim scholars to verify and elucidate some of the relevant matters.
In Diplomatic Banquet of Treaty
Authors: Dawood Hamzah Adesola
Published: April 2020

The importance of treaties in international relations cannot be overemphasized especially now that the contemporary world has radically changed to a global village’. It has been observed as far back as 1960s that “modern international law can hold the allegiance of the world at large only by establishing its claim to continuing acceptance as a synthesis of the legal thought of widely varying tradition and culture.”1including Islamic law. Hugo Grotius drew most of his ideas of modern international law from the Bible and from the St. Augustine’s just war theory. It is not surprising, therefore, that treaties under modern international law are based on good faith. “The ideal of law in Islam is based on good faith. . . .”2 This is an indication that Islamic law and modern international law must have come from the same source. Treaties, therefore provide a veritable opportunity to attempt a harmony and a communality between the two legal regimes with a view to achieve, despite the complexity and diversity of human society, a common universal understanding that ensures peace and cooperation across the globe. This article aims at achieving that objective
Muslim Representations in Two Post-September 2001 American Novels
Authors: Marandi Seyed Mohammad , Tari Zeinab Ghasemi
Published: April 2020

Several novels have appeared after the September 11 attacks which deal directly or indirectly with the effect of the event on individuals, both inside and outside the United States. Though, the novels often claim to deal with the posttraumatic aftermath of the incident, the writers regularly use Orientalist stereotyping, and it seems that after September 11 these attitudes toward Muslims and Arabs have hardened and even strengthened the old Orientalist discourse. This paper shall focus on Don Delillo’s Falling Man and John Updike’s Terrorist because both novels were New York Times bestsellers and both novelists are prominent figures in American literature. It attempts to examine the way in which the novelists have responded to the September 11, 2001 attacks and how Muslims and their ideologies are represented. The significant point is that though these novels have been written in the twenty-first century, where there has been an increase in contacts and information about Muslims, the writers often use the same cliches and stereotypes about Muslims that have existed since the Middle Ages.
Awareness of Islam in the Post-9/11 American Workplace
Authors: Kaifi Belal A. , Mujtaba Bahaudin G.
Published: April 2020

Political unrest in Islamic nations, worldwide terrorist attacks, and the western media’s coverage of these events might be contributing to a distorted and biased perception of Muslims. This article analyzes the responses of vocational college instructors to a nineteenquestion survey regarding Islam. It was intended to evaluate the 100 participants’ knowledge and understanding of Islam in the aftermath of the 9/11 tragedy. An evaluation of their answers suggested that the majority of them lacked basic knowledge about Islam. Although some of the responses indicated that the instructors would treat Muslim students with sensitivity, only a few understood how to respond to certain classroom situations. The results show that vocational instructors urgently need diversity training programs that focus on the similarities, as opposed to the minor differences, of views and religions. Interpersonal training should address the importance of respecting differences in the workforce by emphasizing professionalism and conflict management techniques. Training implications are presented and explored.
A Critical Reassessment of Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” Thesis
Authors: Seif-Amirhosseini Zahra
Published: April 2020

My critique of Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilizations” thesis is divided into three sections. The first section provides a critical reassessment of his definition of civilization, modernization and westernization from an Islamic perspective, or, more broadly, a religio-traditional understanding of civilization and its various historical manifestations. I also present an academic critique from the perspective of political science and sociology. Consequently, these two perspectives are sometimes set out separately and sometimes intertwined. The second section attempts to demonstrate how his analysis of Islam is based on cultural essentialism, which views Islam as an inherent threat and a stumbling block to democratic development, and to explain how his theories are both inaccurate and extremely dangerous in terms of their political and policy implications. The third section comprises an analysis of his theory’s impact on policy and its consequences for the United States.
Islamophobia, Euro-Islam, Islamism, and Post-Islamism
Authors: O’Brien Peter
Published: April 2020

Modern secularism, as theorized by such prominent liberal philosophers as John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas, prescribes that the state should treat all religions equally on the condition that they and their adherents relinquish their theocratic aspirations and recognize the political sovereignty and superiority of man-made law. Convinced that the secular bargain undermines the moral virtue of society and its members, a small, fragmented, but nevertheless conspicuous number of Islamists in Europe prefer to observe Islamic law in all walks of life, private and public. Alarmed by Islamists and informed by Orientalist readings of Islam, an increasingly vehement and vociferous contingent of Islamophobes avers that Islam is inherently incompatible with democracy and urges European governments to treat neither Islam nor Muslims equally, but rather suspiciously as real or potential threats to the wellbeing of European societies. In contrast, advocates of Euro-Islam insist that Islam can be reformed, like Christianity, to meet the requirements of modern secularism. This article contends that elements of all three of these vying ideological positions have found their way into policymaking targeting Muslims in several European lands. The resulting inconsistency and contradiction – what I call policy “messiness” – corroborate the process of “mutual fragilization” theorized by Charles Taylor, in which actors facing radical value pluralism develop solicitude regarding their own principles as well as greater tolerance for ambivalence. The latter, in particular, creates what Homi Bhabha terms a “third space” from which actors confronting cultural pluralism can freely and constructively explore cross-fertilizations and hybrid combinations with the potential to yield yet unimagined approaches and solutions to the problems of “super-diversity.” I identify just such a creative hybridity among a younger generation of European Muslims whom many observers dub “post-Islamists.”