bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling steel-strip-confined reinforced-concrete columns
Authors: Rizwan Muhammad , Khan Shaukat A. , Ilyas Muhammad , Hussain Raja Rizwan
Published: August 2016

Confinement introduces deformability in reinforced-concrete columns. The stress–strain relationship of confined concrete is significantly influenced by the yield strength, configuration and spacing of the confining reinforcement. These also influence estimation of compressive strength of confined concrete. Performance of confined columns can be studied through the hysteresis response. The backbone curves of the hysteresis are of significant importance. Parameters such as yield, peak load, ultimate displacement, stiffness degradation and ductility can all be measured and evaluated from these curves. In this paper, the behaviour of steel-strip-confined columns is presented in the form of hysteresis curves along with their backbone curves. The experimentally achieved backbone curves are modelled in Drain-3DX through simple calibration. The hysteresis of standard stirrup columns is also modelled and compared with that of steel-strip-confined columns. The comparison indicates improvement in the response of columns confined with steel strip transverse reinforcement. The study will be helpful in understanding the modelling of the hysteresis response in Drain-3DX. The calibrated models will be available for further application in evaluation of the performance of building structures containing steel-strip-confined or standard stirrup columns.
Vibration serviceability of Helix Bridge, Singapore
Authors: Brownjohn James Mark William , Reynolds Paul , Fok Paul
Published: August 2016

Helix Bridge is a key feature of the iconic Marina Bay Sands development in Singapore. It usually functions as a pedestrian link between the Esplanade and Sands Casino/Hotel, but is occasionally used as a viewing platform for events in Marina Bay that have centred on a small purpose-built stadium opposite the bridge. To supplement the stadium capacity, integral cantilevered ‘pods’ have been built into the bridge. Because of its dual role, the Land Transport Authority of Singapore commissioned a vibration serviceability evaluation of Helix Bridge following a specification developed by Arup Australia. This evaluation was carried out in three stages. First, an experimental campaign comprising multi-shaker modal testing was used to estimate modal properties. Next, limited pedestrian and crowd testing directly evaluated the dynamic response to individuals and small groups walking, running or jumping. Finally, modal properties were utilised, with bespoke simulation software, to predict the performance of the bridge under extreme crowd loading using models specified in the most up-to-date design guidance on crowd loading for pedestrian bridges and stadia. The bridge performance proved to be acceptable, both in direct testing with small groups and in the simulations of large crowds.
Occupant response to wind-excited buildings: a multidisciplinary perspective
Authors: Lamb Steve , Macefield Vaughan G. , Walton Darren , Kwok Kenny C. S.
Published: August 2016

The occupant response to wind-induced building motion is complex, governed by human physiology, and moderated by the psychological response to motion and discomfort within a sophisticated engineered environment. This paper aims to consolidate and critique the early research on the occupant response to building motion and to present recent multidisciplinary research that identifies a broader range of responses to, and consequences of, exposure to building motion. Recent field-based research shows that mild motion sickness, known as sopite syndrome, can cause significantly reduced work performance and occupant comfort. This is supported by laboratory-based physiological studies showing low-amplitude acceleration induces physiological changes in humans well below the threshold of motion perception (∼6·5 milli-g) which are consistent with the early onset of nausea. Current design criteria, based on perception thresholds, do not include the wider range of possible effects, particularly sopite syndrome and nausea. As a consequence, building occupants may suffer from a range of effects, including sopite syndrome and reduced work performance, that are not considered in current guidelines.
Spectator comfort in grandstands – an alternative approach
Authors: Browning Gillian G.
Published: August 2016

With increasing pressure on designers to deliver elegant, efficient solutions it is more important than ever that design guidance is tailored to the needs of the user. Current UK guidance for the Dynamic Performance Requirements for Permanent Grandstands Subject to Crowd Action, issued by the Institution of Structural Engineers in 2008, provides two methods for designing stadia for spectator comfort. The first is a broad-brush frequency limit approach, which aims to minimise large vibrations by avoiding resonance. The second method uses detailed analysis to calculate the likely accelerations that spectators will experience at various types of event. These accelerations are then compared against the serviceability criteria provided. Although much research has been carried out on how best to predict the accelerations generated by synchronised crowd loading, the corresponding serviceability criteria are based on limited published research. This paper uses stadia-specific human perception data, collected experimentally at the University of Bath, to challenge the currently published Institution of Structural Engineers guidance from 2008. It also proposes a new approach to specifying human comfort thresholds in permanent grandstands which allows greater user flexibility and choice.
A macro-element model for masonry-infilled structural frames
Authors: Le Dinh Quoc Khanh , Bui Thanh Cong , Nguyen Yen Van
Published: August 2016

This paper presents a macro-element model using an equivalent multi-strut approach to analyse the non-linear response of structural frames infilled with masonry. The usability, advantages and deficiencies of this model are assessed based on experiment results as well as comparisons with previous equivalent mono-strut models. The formulas used to convert the infilled masonry into a multi-strut model are based on an analysis of the beams on a Winkler elastic foundation, in which the beams and columns are represented as ‘beams’ and the masonry infill is the ‘elastic foundation’. The analytical results for the equivalent multi-strut model show that the non-linear behaviour of the infilled frames corresponds closely to experimental results using reinforced concrete frames and autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry, and is found to be more suitable for some problems than previous equivalent mono-strut models.
A new analysis method for polymer-confined concrete columns
Authors: Ouyang Y. , Lo S. H. , Kwan A. K. H. , Ho J. C. M.
Published: August 2016

The confining stresses in a concrete column confined with fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) are uniform across the section and isotropic only when the column is under concentric loading and circular in shape. If the column is under eccentric loading or non-circular in shape, the confining stresses in the column become non-uniform and anisotropic. However, without knowing the confining stresses, it is impossible to predict the structural behaviour of confined concrete columns. To overcome this difficulty, a new finite-element (FE) method was developed based on the most up-to-date lateral strain–axial strain and axial stress–strain constitutive models of concrete. This paper reports on using the method to analyse circular concrete columns confined by FRP under eccentric loading. It was found that, under eccentric loading, the confining stresses are generally smaller at larger eccentricity. Overall, good agreement between the theoretical results and published experimental data was achieved. In theory, the FE method can be applied to concrete columns of any shape and even those provided with lateral reinforcement, as will be elaborated upon in subsequent papers.
Influence of test procedure on timber wall racking performance
Authors: Coste Guillaume , Kermani Abdy , Porteous Jack , Murray David , Dhonju Roshan
Published: August 2016

In the UK, the design procedure for calculating the racking strength of timber-framed walls is based on the rules in Eurocode 5 and given in PD 6693-1. Currently, the PD method does not include a procedure for calculating racking strength using the results from wall panel racking tests to BS EN 594. Under the Building Regulations (England and Wales), BS 5268-6.1:1996, which was superseded by Eurocode 5, can still be used and this standard includes a calculation method using test results from BS EN 594:1996. As BS EN 594:2011 uses a revised test procedure, it has been found that the results are no longer compatible with the BS 5268-6.1 design procedure. This paper describes an extensive experimental programme investigating the compatibility and suitability of the test method in BS EN 594:2011 with the racking design method in BS 5268-6.1:1996. The test results have been analysed and compared, and appropriate recommendations are made.
Mechanics solutions for deflection and cracking in concrete
Authors: Visintin Phillip , Oehlers Deric J. , Sturm Alexander B.
Published: August 2016

Serviceability failures in reinforced concrete elements that are the result of excessive cracking or deflection are relatively common, particularly for slender sections such as slabs. The calculation of member deflection is typically carried out by applying an elastic deflection equation with an effective flexural rigidity that is a function of the full-interaction uncracked and cracked flexural rigidities. The effective flexural rigidity achieves two purposes: it allows for variations in cracking along the member length; and approximates tension stiffening, that is slip between the reinforcement and adjacent concrete, as this is not accounted for in standard full interaction analyses. Although much research has been conducted to define effective flexural rigidity, the resulting equations are typically empirical calibrations or allow for bond without allowing for bond slip. In this paper, a new partial-interaction approach for quantifying the flexural rigidity of a cracked section based on a recently developed segmental analysis procedure is presented. It is shown that the partial-interaction cracked flexural rigidity is independent of the applied moment after the onset of cracking. Hence, for a given cross-section, the effective flexural rigidity only varies with the proportion of the member which is cracked.
Structure and topology of high-speed rail networks
Authors: Cañizares María Pilar Martín , Pita Andrés López , Álvarez Alberto García
Published: August 2016

Transport infrastructures, including high-speed rail networks, are built to make efficient transport services possible. An analysis of the characteristics of the networks and sections they comprise can support design decisions and contribute to increase the efficiency of transport services. This paper is devoted to analysis of the structure and topology of three representative high-speed rail networks, in Japan, France and Spain. The Japanese network presents a mixed lineal and branching structure, while the French and Spanish networks are clearly branching. The efficiency and ratios of development of the systems are estimated. Two types of sections can be differentiated in branching railway networks – those located in the centre, denoted as backbone sections, and their ramifications at the periphery. The operating models and line equipment used on these two types of sections should not be the same as their roles are different.
Simulation study of bicycle multi-phase crossing at intersections
Authors: Du Yiman , Wu Jianping , Qi Geqi , Jia Yuhan
Published: August 2016

Mixed motor vehicle and bicycle traffic is increasingly common in urban transport. Multi-phase crossings for left-turning bicycles are proposed for highly populated intersections to reduce conflict and improve safety. The objective of this research was to study the potential impact of applying multi-phase crossings for left-turning bicycles on the efficiencies of signalised intersections by means of microscopic simulation. Based on research on the behaviour of motor vehicle drivers and cyclists, a microscopic simulation model was upgraded to consider mixed traffic comprising motor vehicles and bicycles in urban networks. The model was validated with data collected from the road network in Beijing, China. The simulation results show that bicycle multi-phase crossings with proper signal operations can reduce bicycle delays dramatically with only a minor effect on vehicle delay, and can reduce the number of vehicle stops.
Spatial analysis of road mortality rates in Turkey
Authors: Tortum Ahmet , Atalay Ahmet
Published: August 2016

This study proposes a spatial analysis for road traffic accidents (RTAs) using geographical information system technology based on the number of RTAs and the length of the roads in each province of Turkey. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to show whether the provinces with high mortality rates show clustering. Using spatial autocorrelation analysis the spatial distribution of provinces with high mortality rates was found to be non-random and to be clustered with a significance of p < 0·05. Factor analysis was carried out using population, population density, number of vehicles, number of vehicle-kilometres, number of passenger-kilometres and number of ton-kilometres. The results show that mortality rates based on the number of RTAs are higher in undeveloped provinces compared with developed provinces, and that mortality rates based on the length of roads are higher in developed provinces than in undeveloped provinces.
Impacts of climate change on marginal nights for road salting
Authors: McSweeney Robert T. , Tomlinson James E. , Darch Geoff J. C. , Parker Joanne , Holland Tim
Published: August 2016

Spreading salt on roads costs UK highways authorities millions of pounds each year. As temperatures rise under climate change, the number of nights with freezing temperatures are projected to fall, potentially reducing salting costs. However, this may also mean more nights drop close to freezing, rather than falling comfortably below zero. These ‘marginal nights’ often require a judgement call as to whether salting is required. The analysis presented here considers how climate change is projected to affect the number of marginal nights at nine locations in England in the near-term (2020s). Synthetic temperature timeseries from the UK Climate Projections 2009 weather generator are used to calculate frequencies of marginal nights in the current and potential future climate. The results show a reduction in the average number of marginal nights for all locations under the median estimate of the medium emissions scenario. The full range of results shows that, despite the reduction, marginal nights will still occur, and in some years the frequency will exceed the baseline. This serves as a reminder that, even under a warmer climate, there will be cold periods that require roads to be salted.
Chemical pavement modifications to reduce ice adhesion
Authors: Wright Michael , Parry Tony , Airey Gordon
Published: August 2016

The formation of ice and snow on road pavement surfaces is a recurring problem, creating hazardous driving conditions, restricting public mobility as well as having adverse economic effects. It would be desirable to develop new and improved ways of modifying the pavement surface, to prevent or at least delay the build-up of ice and to weaken the pavement–ice bond, and making the ice which forms easier to remove. This development could lead to economic, environmental and safety benefits for winter service providers and road users. This paper describes how environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the mechanism by which de-icing chemicals, added as a filler replacement to bituminous materials, can be transferred to the pavement surface. The paper assesses the potential for chemical modifications to reduce the adhesion between ice and the pavement surface by means of work of adhesion calculations, based on surface energy parameters and a new physical ice bond test. The paper also examines the influence that the chemical modifications have on the durability of the pavement surface course.
Carbon dioxide emissions from commuter traffic in Xi'an, China
Authors: Yang Liu , Wang Yuanqing , Han Sunsheng , Li Chao , Liu Yuanyuan , Ren Qian
Published: August 2016

This paper analyses the carbon dioxide emissions from home-based commuter traffic in Xi'an, a typical rapidly growing city in China. The results show that increases in car availability, household annual income and the number of parking facilities all increase emissions, while increases in population density and number of public transport routes reduce them. Housing areas separated from the city centre by ring roads are found to be significant contributors to emissions, particularly higher between the second and the third ring roads while lower inside the first ring road. It is also found that the ‘70–20 emissions’ rule exists in Xi'an, which implies high emitters contribute more to emissions, and people working in government emit more than others, which implies that improving the awareness of low-carbon dioxide emission among public servants is important. The findings indicate that the focus of emissions reduction should be on these high emitters, who have car availability and high incomes, work in the government and live outside the downtown districts, along or outside the ring roads, or along radial roads. The findings could be useful for other cities aiming to develop transportation with low carbon dioxide emissions.
Calibrating truck characteristics into traffic microsimulation
Authors: Appiah Justice , Naik Bhaven , Rilett Laurence R. , Sorensen Scott
Published: August 2016

Current practice in microsimulation model calibration is focused almost exclusively on adjusting parameters of driving behaviour (car-following and lane-changing) logic. Often, default parameter values are used for the vehicle performance logic. Where significant differences exist between the default vehicle performance characteristics and those of the local traffic, results from microsimulation analyses can be misleading, especially for networks with reasonable truck traffic. This paper presents an approach for incorporating the unique operating characteristics of the local truck fleet into the calibration process of microsimulation models. In particular, the desired acceleration and deceleration functions for trucks are treated as unknowns that must be estimated as part of the model calibration. The methodology is general and is implemented on a test bed using the VISSIM traffic microsimulation software to demonstrate its applicability. Results of the implementation highlight the need for, and the potential benefits of, calibrating both the vehicle performance and the driver behaviour parameters.
Motorcycle crash risk models for urban roads
Authors: Phan Vu Le , Evdorides Harry , Bradford James , Mumford John
Published: August 2016

This paper presents new models to estimate the potential of rear-end and sideswipe crashes for motorcycles moving in motorcycle-dominated traffic conditions on urban roads based on discrete choice theory and the traffic conflict technique. The proposed models were validated using vehicles' trajectories data collected from an urban road in the city of Danang in Vietnam. The results showed that the models satisfactorily capture the movement characteristics of motorcycles in a motorcycle-dominated traffic environment and provide good estimates of rear-end and sideswipe crash risk for motorcyclists. They therefore have the potential for inclusion in the International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) star rating system.
The evidence for rural road technology in low-income countries
Authors: Burrow Michael Peter Nicholas , Evdorides Harry , Ghataora Gurmel Singh , Petts Robert , Snaith Martin S.
Published: August 2016

Rural road networks in low-income countries (LICs) and low/middle-income countries (LMICs) are critical for economic and social well-being. However, they are mostly unpaved, are of poor average condition, can be impassable after periods of rain and have high user costs. There is therefore a need to identify low-cost, proven sustainable solutions for rural roads in these countries. To this end, the UK Department for International Development commissioned a systematic review to identify and appraise technologies appropriate for low-volume rural roads that have enabled improved and sustainable rural access in LICs and LMICs. Its findings are summarised in this paper. The review found that there is an evidence base of engineering-related technologies (primarily associated with the use of materials and design philosophies) that could be used to improve the performance of gravel or earth rural roads and that proper construction and appropriate maintenance are vital for the technologies to be sustainable in physical terms. However, the review argues that, since there are few empirical studies demonstrating the sustainability of rural road technologies, expert knowledge is needed to support the implementation of its findings.
The aesthetics of structures as environment enhancers
Authors: de Asis Ramírez Chasco Francisco , Meneses Andrés Seco
Published: August 2016

The preservation of areas of environmental significance within city boundaries can only be done by taking the human dimension into consideration, including what this means in terms of enrichment, breadth of approaches and allowances for interrelations and mutual effects. Specifically, when access by people to an essentially linear environment is proposed, as in the case of the riparian environment, the desirability of crossings must be considered in terms of the permeability of the river channel and the construction of structures that could make such crossings possible. This paper argues that the design of these structures must be approached in such a way that it adds value to the configuration of the landscape and environment where the structures are built and, in particular, that the design enhances social and geographic aspects and that the integration of such new elements does not detract from the landscape where they are placed.
Shaking-table test of a cross-laminated timber structure
Authors: Flatscher Georg , Schickhofer Gerhard
Published: August 2016

Shaking-table tests that were performed on a three-storey cross-laminated timber structure using full-scale structural elements without vertical joints. The tests were conducted at Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil in Lisbon, Portugal, under the European Union Series project. The setup, which includes the geometry, connection technique and building instrumentation that was installed to record the behaviour of the cross-laminated timber structure during the tests, and the building design are described, and the preliminary results of the earthquake tests reported. An alternative method for determining the behaviour factor q, which takes into account the results of preliminary single joint tests performed at Graz University of Technology, is discussed.
Influence of material properties on the elongation of tendons
Authors: Dundu Morgan , Rupieper Sebastian
Published: August 2016

The elongation variation between the theoretical and real elongation of a post-tensioned tendon is used as one of the measures of quality in post-tensioning. The South African design standards (Sans 2001-CC1 and Colto) prescribe an elongation variation limit of ±6% and an average variation limit of ±3%. Most often these limits are exceeded in practice. If the elongation variation of a tendon falls outside the prescribed elongation limits it must be assessed by the engineer. This paper analyses the data of bonded tendons from numerous post-tensioned structures. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of material properties on the elongation variation of tendons in these structures. The structures ranged from reservoirs (Mthatha, Malendela and Kwa-Mashu) to viaducts (Jean Avenue P76-P80 and John Vorster P6-10). To achieve this, selected stress–strain graphs of tendons from these structures are presented and discussed.
Role of hoops on seismic performance of reinforced concrete joints
Authors: Dhake Pravinchandra D. , Patil Hemant S. , Patil Yogesh D.
Published: August 2016

Four exterior reinforced concrete beam–column joint specimens with varying amounts of joint hoop reinforcement are constructed and tested under reverse cyclic loading to assess their performance during earthquakes. Headed bars are used in all the specimens. Various parameters such as crack pattern, hysteresis behaviour, modes of failure, energy dissipation, displacement ductility, stiffness degradation and maximum shear strength are studied. The effectiveness of headed bars with short embedded length terminating in the exterior beam–column joint is assessed. As headed bars have the advantage of transferring a more uniform distribution of compressive stress to the concrete at the headed end, they enable the development of a wider compressive strut in the joint, which enhances the joint shear strength under seismic loading. This makes it possible to reduce transverse reinforcement in joints when using headed bars as longitudinal beam reinforcement.
Application of bolted connections in fibre-reinforced polymers
Authors: Oppe Matthias W. , Knippers Jan
Published: August 2016

The use of lightweight and corrosion-resistant construction materials such as pultruded glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) profiles in bridges has been increasing in recent years. Even though the use of detachable connections with mechanical fasteners is the most reliable and controlled technique for joining GFRP structures, there is a lack of information on the load-bearing capacity of connections in which the bolts are subjected to tension loads. The results from a series of tests aimed at investigating the load-bearing behaviour of different GFRP connection types where bending or pull-out failure may occur are summarised in this paper. The tests were conducted using standard stainless steel bolts and nuts. Load resistance models are proposed based on the experimental investigations. Furthermore, a partial safety factor is determined using the statistical methods given in EN 1990. Finally, an application of mechanically fastened connections is shown for a GFRP pedestrian bridge erected near Schwerin, Germany.
Flexure of pultruded glass-fibre-reinforced polymer beams with bonded splice joints
Authors: Turvey Geoffrey John
Published: August 2016

Elastic moduli of pultruded glass-fibre-reinforced polymer beam and plate profiles are presented. The method used to fabricate three beams, each with a six-plate bonded splice joint at mid-span, is outlined. Details of the instrumentation used to measure deflections, etc. during three-point flexure tests on the beams are given. Deflections, support rotations and mid-span strains recorded during the tests are presented. Formulae, based on shear deformation beam theory, are presented for predicting the centre deflection and the support rotations of the beams. It is shown that they predict deflections and rotations with a maximum error of about 10%, provided the elastic moduli are derived from coupon tests rather than the manufacturer's minimum values. The theory is extended to provide a simple method, based on the solution of a quadratic equation, for determining the optimum and limiting splice length ratios for particular values of the additional cross-sectional area and additional second moment of area factors and the shear flexibility parameter. Finally, the theory is used in three parameter studies to assess the effects of splice length ratio, adhesive thickness and modulus, splice plate thickness and splice joint layout on the normalised mid-span deflections of spliced beams.
Strengthening profiled blast walls and connections using fibre-reinforced plastics
Authors: Soleiman Fallah Arash , Louca Luke A.
Published: August 2016

Blast walls are used to limit the destructive effects of a possible gas explosion in an offshore platform by separating the modules from one another. Owing to inadequate blast-resistant capacity of existing blast wall connection systems, strengthening of these structures is required. One approach to solve this issue involves the use of fibre-reinforced plastic composites. In the present study a method has been proposed for optimal strengthening of blast walls and their connections using composite patches. The scheme presented for strengthening blast walls is based on a single parameter used in buckling of plates made of round-house materials and in relation to connections the scheme considers desirable support characteristics. A typical hybrid (steel–composite) system has been analysed both statically and dynamically. Energy absorption capacities of strengthened and unstrengthened systems have been compared and it was observed that increase in the energy absorption capacity is possible provided that there is no damage to the composite patch in fibre breakage mode. This increase is accompanied by large forces being exerted to supporting structures and their vicinity on the profile, which may trigger tearing failure mode. Strengthening patches do not contribute to the energy absorption capacity when there is fibre failure. This is mainly due to the more pronounced opening of connections in a blast load scenario compared to a similar static loading scenario.
Promoting, developing and procuring the New Tyne Crossing
Authors: Fenwick Paul , Jessett Cliff , Dingwall David , Hailey Nigel
Published: August 2016

This paper introduces and describes the promotion, development and procurement of the New Tyne Crossing; the construction of a new vehicle tunnel followed by refurbishment of the existing Tyne Tunnel. A suite of papers is planned to cover the construction phase and specific issues of interest. The strategy was to award a concession for the financing, design, construction and operation of the new tunnel, refurbishment and operation of the existing tunnel and operation of the Tyne pedestrian and cyclist tunnels, for a period of 30 years. The intention of the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority was to transfer the traffic risk and significant design and construction risk to the concessionaire as part of a public–private partnership (PPP) contract. This was subsequently achieved with the award of the contract to TT2/Bouygues TP in November 2007. The project boasts a number of UK firsts: a PPP for which funding has been secured totally from the revenue generated from the tolls and the first UK vehicle tunnel to have an active fire suppression system.
Mendelian Randomization as an Approach to Assess Causality Using Observational Data
Authors: Sekula Peggy , Del Greco M Fabiola , Pattaro Cristian , Köttgen Anna
Published: August 2016

Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a clinically relevant outcome. It presents a valuable tool, especially when randomized controlled trials to examine causality are not feasible and observational studies provide biased associations because of confounding or reverse causality. These issues are addressed by using genetic variants as instrumental variables for the tested exposure: the alleles of this exposure–associated genetic variant are randomly allocated and not subject to reverse causation. This, together with the wide availability of published genetic associations to screen for suitable genetic instrumental variables make Mendelian randomization a time- and cost-efficient approach and contribute to its increasing popularity for assessing and screening for potentially causal associations. An observed association between the genetic instrumental variable and the outcome supports the hypothesis that the exposure in question is causally related to the outcome. This review provides an overview of the Mendelian randomization method, addresses assumptions and implications, and includes illustrative examples. We also discuss special issues in nephrology, such as inverse risk factor associations in advanced disease, and outline opportunities to design Mendelian randomization studies around kidney function and disease.
Pedagogical Conditions for Coordination Development in Girls of Primary School Age through Rhythmic Gymnastics
Authors: Марченко С. І. , Захарова Є. Г.
Published: August 2016

The research objective is to experimentally verify the effectiveness of the use of rhythmic gymnastics means that have been systematized to develop coordination abilities in girls of primary school age.Research methods: method of theoretical analysis and generalization of literary sources, method of control studies, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Research results. The coordination readiness level evaluation demonstrated that at the beginning of the pedagogical experiment the level of the majority of the second-grade girls was low (22.85%), below average (39.97%), and average (11.42%); that of the third-grade girls was below average (57.1%), average (34.26%); and that of the fourth-grade — below average (29.3%), and average (62.06%).After the pedagogical experiment the number of the second-, third- and fourth-grade girls with the low level decreased by 19%, 13.4%, 10.4% in the experimental groups and by 16.3%, 11.8%, 9.8% in the control groups respectively; the number of the girls with the below-average level decreased by 14.7%, 32.7%, 23.1% in the experimental groups and by 12.4%, 21%, 19.1% in the control groups.The positive changes in the level of coordination abilities occurred both in the control and the experimental groups, with the results improved in favor of the experimental groups.
Ajaran Agama dan Pembentukan Kepribadian
Authors: Rohendi Edi
Published: August 2016

Kepribadian seseorang pada umumnya diupengaruhi oleh dua faktor yakni faktor dari dalam dan faktor dari luar diri atau faktor lingkungan. Salah satu faktor penting tersebut adalah ajaran agama. Ajaran agama mempunyai peranan penting dalam pembentukan kepribadian individu. Ajaran agama adalah ukuran‐ukuran yang menetapkan batas‐batas boleh tidaknya atau baik buruknya cara‐cara untuk meredakan ketegangan itu. Ini berarti ajaran agama membentuk secara aktif ego dan super ego, sehingga ketentuan agama menjadi suara hati atau ego ideal (qolbu, hati nurani). Dengan demikian maka jelas ajaran agama sangat berpengaruh terhadap pola sikap seseorang sebagai reaksi atas rangsangan‐rangsangan baik dari dalam maupun dari luar diri individu.
Penerapan Model Inkuiri dalam Meningkatkan Pembelajaran IPS SD Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Rustini Hj. Tin
Published: August 2016

Masalah kualitas pembelajaran IPS di Sekolah Dasar telah lama diperbincangkan. Hal ini menjadi satu syarat bahwa pendidik perlu melakukan inovasi untuk memperbaiki pembelajaran baik yang menyangkut proses maupun hasil. Penelitian ini merupakan salah satu realisasi dari upaya tersebut. Penelitian ini menawarkan alternatif model yang berorientasi pada model pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa. Prosedur Penelitian ini mengacu pada Kemmis Targant dalam bentuk siklus. Pada setiap siklus terdiri dari 4 kegiatan pokok yaitu perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Penelitian tindakan ini mampu mengembangkan suatu model pembelajaran sesuai kurikulum yang berlaku dan sesuai pula dengan kondisi lapangan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa model inkuiri terbimbing merupakan salah satu model pembelajaran yang dapat mengembangkan aktivitas belajar siswa sehingga proses dan hasil belajar siswa akan lebih baik. Oleh karena itu pembelajaran IPS dengan menggunakan model inkuiri terbimbing cukup efektif untuk meningkatkan kualitas proses dan hasil belajar siswa sekolah dasar. Pada akhirnya penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar dalam proses pembelajaran yang menantang dan menyenangkan siswa, melatih keterampilan siswa dalam pemecahan masalah, rasa ingin tahu dan motivasi belajar siswa lebih merasa tertantang untuk membantu, melayani dan mendorong siswa untuk lebih aktif dalam kegiatan belajar Kata Kunci: Model Inkuiri, Pemb
Pengantar Studi Seni Rupa: (Prelude To Aesthetic Theory; Catatan Kecil dalam Pendidikan Seni Rupa
Authors: Ismail Moch. Helmi
Published: August 2016

Uraian singkat tentang pemahaman dasar dan faktor yang membangun unsur keindahan dalam seni rupa. Dengan mencoba mengkaji ulang penteorian mengenai pemahaman dasar seni rupa dikaitkan dengan konteks pemahaman Seni Rupa di masa kini.
Perbandingan Hasil Belajar Teknik Dasar Pukulan Pada Permainan Tenis Meja Antara Yang Langsung Mengunakan Net Dengan Tanpa Menggunakan Net Terlebih Dahulu
Authors: Safari Indra
Published: August 2016

Abstrak  

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji antara hasil belajar langsung menggunakan net dengan yang tanpa menggunakan net terlebih dahulu terhadap peningkatan penguasaan teknik dasar pukulan pada permainan tenis meja bagi pemula.Untuk memecahkan permasalahan tersebut penulis menggunakan metode eksperimen, sedangkan data yang diperoleh adalah melalui eksperimen lapangan. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SDN Muhammadiyah III Bandung, sedangkan untuk sampelnya yaitu siswa kelas 4 s/d 6 (putera dan yang termasuk dalam kategori umur pemula. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa walaupun secara perhitungan statistic kedua cara pembelajaran tersebut tidak ada perbedaan yang berarti (signifikan), tetapi secara fakta di lapangan dengan frekuensi tiga kali dalam seminggu dengan cara pembelajaran tanpa menggunakan net terlebih dahulu memberikan perbedaan dalam perbedaan mean, yaitu yang langsung menggunakan net (0 – 89,0) sedangkan yang tanpa menggunakan net terlebih dahulu (0 – 93,0) dengan taraf nyata 0,05. Kata Kunci: teknik dasar, menggunakan net dan tanpa menggunakan net
Pembaharuan Pendidikan Islam Di Sekolah Dasar Menuju Masyarakat Madani
Authors: - Jenuri
Published: August 2016

Abstrak  

Masyarakat madani merupakan suatu ujud masyarakat yang memiliki kemandirian aktivitas dengan ciri: universalitas, supermasi, keabadian, pemerataan kekuatan, kebaikan dari dan untuk bersama, meraih kebajikan umum, piranti eksternal, bukan berinteraksi pada keuntungan, dan kesempatan yang sama dan merata kepada setiap warganya. ciri masyarakat ini merupakan masyarakat yang ideal dalam kehidupan. Untuk Pemerintah pada era reformasi ini, akan mengarakan semua potensi bangsa berupa pendidikan, ekonomi, politik, hukum, sosial budaya, militer, kerah masyarakat madani yang dicita‐citakan. Sejalan dengan konsep tersebut, agar dasar pendidikan Islam relevan dengan kepentingan umat Islam dan relevan dengan disain masyarakat madani, penerapan konsep dasar filsafat dan teori pendidikan harus memperhatikan konteks suprasistem bagi kepentingan komunitas "masyarakat madani" yang dicita‐citakan bangsa ini.

Kata Kunci: masyarakat madani; pembaharuan pendidikan Islam
Pengembangan (Guru Pendidikan Jasmani) Sebagai Suatu Profesi Keolahragaan Di Indonesia
Authors: M. Arifin Robandi Roni
Published: August 2016

Abstrak  

Tujuan dari makalah ini untuk mengetahui    (1) Apakah profesionalisme dapat meningkatkan pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup yang layak,    (2) Apakah Pengaruh jenjang    pendidikan    terhadap kemampuan menerapkan profesionalisme    (3) Apakah kode etik profesi    guru pendidikan jasmani dapat diterapkan    (4) Apakahada keterkaitan interaksi jenjang pendidikan dan kode etik?                Melalui pembahasan, hakikat profesionalisme,    guru pendidikan jasmani sebagai suatu profesi keolahragaan, ruang lingkup tugas guru pendidikan jasmani, ilmu yang harus diemban, serta pengembangan.   Hasil pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa  (1) jika profesionalisme dan kode etik   serta undang‐undang guru dilaksanakan secara professional, maka penghasilan guru pendidikan jasmani dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup yang layak. (2) Setandarisasi kualivikasi ijasah, merupakan syarat untuk menentukan standar tunjangan    profesionalisme. (3) Kode etik profesi guru pendidikan jasmani di Indonesia bisa diterapkan jika semua unsur  telah  menyadari. (4) Standar kualifikasi pendidikan dan kode etik mempunyai keterkaitan dalam menunjang sikap profesionalisme.

Kata Kunci: pengembangan, guru pendidikan jasmani, dan  profesi keolahragaan
Pembelajaran IPS Di Sekolah Dasar Berbasis pembelajaran Tematik
Authors: Saputra Targana Adi
Published: August 2016

Abstrak

Pendekatan pembelajaran tematik dalam IPS sering disebut dengan pendekatan interdisipliner. Model pembelajaran tematik pada hakikatnya merupakan suatu sistem pembelajaran yang memungkinkan peserta didik baik secara individual maupun kelompok aktif mencari, menggali, dan menemukan konsep serta prinsip‐prinsip secara holistik dan otentik.   Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) merupakan integrasi dari berbagai cabang ilmu‐ilmu sosial seperti: sosiologi, sejarah, geografi, ekonomi, politik, hukum, dan budaya.  Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dirumuskan atas dasar realitas dan fenomena sosial yang mewujudkan satu pendekatan interdisipliner dari aspek dan cabang‐cabang ilmu‐ilmu sosial (sosiologi, sejarah, geografi, ekonomi, politik, hukum, dan budaya). IPS atau studi sosial itu merupakan bagian dari kurikulum    sekolah yang diturunkan dari isi materi cabang‐cabang ilmu‐ilmu sosial: sosiologi, sejarah, geografi, ekonomi, politik, antropologi, filsafat, dan psikologi sosial. Sejalan dengan konsep tersebut, pembelajaran tematik dalam IPS adalah model pembelajaran yang pengembangannya dimulai dengan menentukan topik tertentu sebagai tema atau topik sentral, setelah tema ditetapkan maka selanjutnya tema itu dijadikan dasar untuk menentukan dasar sub‐sub tema dari bidang studi lain yang terkait.

Kata Kunci : Pembelajaran Tematik , IPS
Peranan Media Gambar Dalam Pembelajaran Menulis
Authors: Syahrudin Didin
Published: August 2016

ABSTRAK

Media dalam pengertian umum merupakan sarana komunikasi. Sedangkan dalam pendidikan media dapat diartikan sebagai alat bantu yang dapat dijadikan sebagai penyalur pesan guru dalam mencapai tujuan pengajaran. oleh karena itu media pengajaran lebih dikenal dengan sebutan alat bantu pengajaran atau alat peraga. Dalam pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia di sekolah dasar khususnya dalam pembelajaran menulis karangan prosa, penggunaan media tepat digunakan sebab penjelasan guru tidak cukup dengan metode ceramah atau penugasan saja, melainkan harus dibantu dengan alat berupa media. Pemilihan media pembelajaran harus disesuaikan dengan tingkat perkembangan anak dan tujuan pembelajaran. Media gambar adalah salah satu media yang sering digunakan dalam pembelajaran bahasa dan sastra Indonesia di sekolah dasar terutama dalam keterampilan menulis.

Kata Kunci: Media Gambar, Pembelajaran Menulis
Pengembangan Model Pembinaan Profesionalisasi Guru Pendidikan Jasmani Di Sekolah Dasar Melalui Lesson Study Berbasis Kelompok Kerja Guru
Authors: Safari Indra
Published: August 2016

Abstrak

Lesson study dilaksanakan melalui tiga tahapan yaitu perencanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Lesson study adalah salah satu bentuk pembinaan guru (in-service) yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme guru yang pelaksanaannya dapat berbasis sekolah maupun MGMP/KKG. Mengingat lesson study adalah suatu model pembinaan profesi guru yang baru diimplementasikan di KKG/MGMP. Secara khusus ada beberapa tujuan penelitian sehubungan dengan permasalahan penelitian, antara lain sebagai berikut: 1) Mengembangkan model pembinaan profesionalisasi guru pendidikan jasmani SD melalui lesson studi yang berbasis KKG yang meliputi: desain perencanaan, implementasi, dan evaluasi hasil model pembinaan. 2) Menyusun program model pembinaan profesionalisasi guru pendidikan jasmani SD melalui lesson study berbasis KKG, terutama dalam hal: menyusun program perencanaan, pedoman pelaksanaan, dan pedoman penilaian, dan 3) Mengetahui keunggulan dan kelemahan pengembangan model pembinaan profesionalisasi guru pendidikan jasmani melalui lesson study berbasis kelompok kerja guru baik dari segi perencanaan model pembinaan, pelaksanaan model pembinaan maupun penilaian model pembinaan. Kesimpulan kegiatan Lesson Study materi melompat ini dapat tergambar menjadi : 1) Untuk lebih mengetahui perencanaan dalam upaya meningkatkan penguasaan keterampilan gerak dasar lompat jauh gaya jongkok pada siswa SDN Salamjajar Kecamatan Cisitu maka rancangan pembelajaran dikemas dalam bentuk kegiatan lompat kardus dan papan kayu dengan berbagai macam variasi bentuk atau formasi kegiatan. 2) Pelaksanaan proses pembelajaran lesson study untuk meningkatkan keterampilan gerak dasar lompat jauh gaya jongkok dilaksanakan melalui kegiatan lompat kardus, juga diberi tambahan papan kayu sebagai landasan untuk melakukan tolakan. Apabila masih belum berhasil juga maka proses pembelajaran dilaksanakan dengan bentuk permainan berpos, yang terdiri dari empat pos. 3) Hambatan-hambatan yang ditemui selama proses pembelajaran lesson study materi lompat jauh gaya jongkok melalui kegiatan lompat kardus dan papan kayu, hanya terdapat hambatan kecil yang tidak berarti, seperti kardus banyak yang rusak karena terinjak. 4) Pelaksanaan evaluasi dalam pembelajaran lompat jauh gaya jongkok dilakukan dalam bentuk tes keterampilan proses berdasarkan deskriptor yang telah disusun, dan tes keterampilan produk pada pertemuan terakhir.

Kata Kunci : Lesson Study, pembinaan, profesi.
Pengaruh Implementasi Pendekatan Tematik Terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Dan Kreativitas Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial
Authors: Setiana Nana
Published: August 2016

Penelitian ini bertolak dari keresahan penulis terhadap pelaksanaan pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial berbasis tematik belum sepenuhnya didukung oleh pemahaman guru yang memadai. Padahal pembelajaran tematik telah menjadi tuntutan kurikulum maupun tujuan pembelajaran IPS. Bahkan pembelajaran tematik sesuai dengan karakteristik siswa. Saat ini pelaksanaan kegiatan pembelajaran di SD khusus kelas rendah untuk setiap mata pelajaran masih dilakukan secara terpisah/fragmetaris. Dampak dari pelaksanaan pembelajaran yang terpisah ini antara lain adalah rendahnya mutu proses pembelajaran di kelas rendah, sehingga penguasaan konsep dan kreativitas siswa pun menjadi rendah. Keyataan ini mendorong perlunya penerapan pendekatan pembelajaran tematik di SD yang lebih memadai, khususnya dalam peningkatan pemahaman konsep dan kreativitas siswa dalam pelajaran IPS. Sejalan dengan permasalahan di atas, rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) seberapa besar pengaruh implementasi pendekatan pembelajaran tematik terhadap peningkatan pemahaman konsep oleh siswa kelas III dalam pembelajaran IPS SD?; dan (2) seberapa besar pengaruh implementasi pendekatan pembelajaran tematik terhadap peningkatan kreativitas siswa kelas III dalam pembelajaran IPS SD? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian eksperimen (class control design). Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah teknik tes, observasi, dan kuesioner. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa kelas III seluruh SD di Kecamatan Cileunyi Kabupaten Bandung. Sampel penelitian dipilih dengan teknik random yakni siswa kelas III SDN I Cinunuk ditetapkan sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas III SDN III Cinunuk ditetapkan sebagai kelas kontrol. Data penelitian diolah dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data dengan menggunakan uji statistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) implementasi pendekatan pembelajaran tematik berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap peningkatan pemahaman konsep siswa dalam pembelajaran IPS SD, (2) peningkatan pemahaman konsep sebagai dampak dari implementasi pembelajaran tematik masih terbatas pada konsep konkret yang mencapai penguasaan 80% sedangkan pada konkret abstrak penguasaannya hanya mencapai 40%, (3) Implementasi pendekatan pembelajaran tematik berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap peningkatan kreativitas siswa dalam pembelajaran IPS SD, dan (4) peningkatan kreativitas siswa sebagai dampak atas implementasi pembelajaran tematik masih terbatas pada tahap, tingkat, dan derajat kreativitas tertentu.

Kata Kunci: Pendekatan Tematik, Pemahaman Konsep, Kreativitas