bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A large ion beam device for laboratory solar wind studies
Authors: Ulibarri Zach , Han Jia , Horányi Mihály , Munsat Tobin , Wang Xu , Whittall-Scherfee Guy , Yeo Li Hsia
Published: November 2017

The Colorado Solar Wind Experiment is a new device constructed at the Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust at the University of Colorado. A large cross-sectional Kaufman ion source is used to create steady state plasma flow to model the solar wind in an experimental vacuum chamber. The plasma beam has a diameter of 12 cm at the source, ion energies of up to 1 keV, and ion flows of up to 0.1 mA/cm2. Chamber pressure can be reduced to 4 × 10−5 Torr under operating conditions to suppress ion-neutral collisions and create a monoenergetic ion beam. The beam profile has been characterized by a Langmuir probe and an ion energy analyzer mounted on a two-dimensional translation stage. The beam profile meets the requirements for planned experiments that will study solar wind interaction with lunar magnetic anomalies, the charging and dynamics of dust in the solar wind, plasma wakes and refilling, and the wakes of topographic features such as craters or boulders. This article describes the technical details of the device, initial operation and beam characterization, and the planned experiments.
Bubbling mixed type solutions of the SU(3) models on a torus
Authors: Lee Youngae
Published: November 2017

We consider a nonlinear elliptic system arising in the study of the SU(3) Chern-Simons model on a two-dimensional flat torus Ω. Solutions of this SU(3) Chern Simons system could be classified as topological, mixed-type, and non-topological solutions. In this paper, we succeed to construct bubbling mixed type solutions. This is the first result for such example in the literature. The analysis for the existence of such solution provides some important insights for us to develop the asymptotic analysis of classifying all mixed-type solution.
Probing Molecular Interactions in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride-Water and 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol Mixtures Using Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Yan-tao , Li Kun-lan , Wei Li-gang , Ma Ying-chong
Published: November 2017

Molecular interactions of the ternary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4C1im]Cl)-water-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP, a phenolic monomer lignin model compound) were investigated in comparison with the [C4C1 im]Cl-water binary systems through attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Results indicated that the microstructures of water and [C4C1im]Cl changed with varying mole fraction of [C4C1im]Cl (xIL) from 0.01 to 1.0. This change was mainly attributed to the interactions of [C4C1im]Cl-water and the self-aggregation of [C4C1im]Cl through hydrogen bonding. The band shifts of C–H on imidazolium ring and the functional groups in 2,6-DMP indicated that the occurrence of intermolecular interactions by different mechanisms (i.e., hydrogen bonding or π-π stacking) resulted in 2,6-DMP dissolution. In the case of xIL=0.12, the slightly hydrogen-bonded water was fully destroyed and [C4C1im]Cl existed in the form of hydrated ion pairs. Interestingly, the maximum 2,6-DMP solubility (238.5 g/100 g) was achieved in this case. The interactions and microstructures of [C4C1im]Cl-water mixtures influenced the dissolution behavior of 2,6-DMP.
First-Principles Study on Magnetism of Manganese Dithiolene-diamine and Dihydroxyl-diamine Nanosheets
Authors: Zhao Xiao-xia , Chen Hao-qi , Li Bin
Published: November 2017

We perform first-principles simulations on a type of two-dimensional metal-organic nanosheet derived from the recently reported manganese bis-dithiolene Mn3C12S12 [Nanoscale 5, 10404 (2013)] and manganese bis-diamine Mn3C12N12H12 [ChemPhysChem 16, 614 (2015)] monolayers. By coordinating chalcogen (S or O) atoms and -NH- group to Mn atoms with trans- or cis-structures and preserving space inversion symmetry, four configurations of this type of nanosheet are obtained: trans-manganese dithiolene-diamine Mn3(C6S3N3H3)2, cis-manganese dithiolene-diamine Mn3(C6S6)(C6N6H6), trans-manganese dihydroxyl-diamine Mn3(C6O3N3H3)2, and cis-manganese dihydroxyl-diamine Mn3(C6O6)(C6N6H6). The geometric configuration, electronic structure and magnetic properties of these metal-organic nanosheets are systematically explored by density functional theory calculations. The calculated results show that Mn3(C6S3N3H3)2, Mn3(C6O3N3H3)2 and Mn3(C6O6)(C6N6H6) monolayers exhibit half-metallicity and display strong ferromagnetism with Curie transition temperatures near and even beyond room temperature, and Mn3(C6S6)(C6N6H6) monolayer is a semiconductor with small energy gap and spin frustration ground state. The mechanisms for the above properties, especially influences of different groups (atoms) substitution and coordination style on the magnetism of the nanosheet, are also discussed. The predicted two-dimensional metal-organic nanosheets have great promise for the future spintronics applications.
A Computational Investigation of the Uncatalysed and Water-Catalysed Acyl Rearrangements in Ingenol Esters
Authors: Kroeger Asja A. , Karton Amir
Published: November 2017

Ingenol esters have been identified as potent anticancer and HIV latency reversing agents. Ingenol-3-angelate was recently approved as a topical treatment for precancerous actinic keratosis skin lesions. It was found, however, that ingenol esters can undergo a series of acyl rearrangements, which may affect their biological potency and the shelf-life of drug formulations. We use double-hybrid density functional theory to explore the mechanisms for the uncatalysed and water-catalysed acyl migrations in a model ingenol ester. The uncatalysed reaction may proceed either via a concerted mechanism or via a stepwise mechanism that involves a chiral orthoester intermediate. We find that the stepwise pathway is kinetically preferred by a significant amount of ΔΔH‡298 = 44.5 kJ mol−1. The uncatalysed 3-O-acyl to 5-O-acyl and 5-O-acyl to 20-O-acyl stepwise rearrangements involve cyclisation and ring-opening steps, both concomitant with a proton transfer. We find that the ring-opening step is the rate-determining step for both rearrangements, with reaction barrier heights of ΔH‡298 = 251.6 and 177.1 kJ mol−1 respectively. The proton transfers in the cyclisation and ring-opening steps may be catalysed by a water molecule. The water catalyst reduces the reaction barrier heights of these steps by over 90 kJ mol−1.
Women's Health: Ideology or Science?
Authors: de Solenni Pia
Published: November 2017

Countless resources have been spent advocating for women's health. Yet many of the proposals appear to be ideologically driven rather than based on hard science and an integral understanding of the human person. To advance the health of women, ideologies need to be set aside.
Proteinopathies and OXPHOS dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Kawamata Hibiki , Manfredi Giovanni
Published: November 2017

Mitochondria participate in essential processes in the nervous system such as energy and intermediate metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Major neurodegenerative diseases are characterized pathologically by accumulation of misfolded proteins as a result of gene mutations or abnormal protein homeostasis. Misfolded proteins associate with mitochondria, forming oligomeric and fibrillary aggregates. As mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS), occurs in neurodegeneration, it is postulated that such defects are caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, this hypothesis and the pathological role of proteinopathies in mitochondria remain elusive. In this study, we critically review the proposed mechanisms whereby exemplary misfolded proteins associate with mitochondria and their consequences on OXPHOS.
Asymmetry of inverted-topology repeats in the AE1 anion exchanger suggests an elevator-like mechanism
Authors: Ficici Emel , Faraldo-Gómez José D. , Jennings Michael L. , Forrest Lucy R.
Published: November 2017

The membrane transporter anion exchanger 1 (AE1), or band 3, is a key component in the processes of carbon-dioxide transport in the blood and urinary acidification in the renal collecting duct. In both erythrocytes and the basolateral membrane of the collecting-duct α-intercalated cells, the role of AE1 is to catalyze a one-for-one exchange of chloride for bicarbonate. After decades of biochemical and functional studies, the structure of the transmembrane region of AE1, which catalyzes the anion-exchange reaction, has finally been determined. Each protomer of the AE1 dimer comprises two repeats with inverted transmembrane topologies, but the structures of these repeats differ. This asymmetry causes the putative substrate-binding site to be exposed only to the extracellular space, consistent with the expectation that anion exchange occurs via an alternating-access mechanism. Here, we hypothesize that the unknown, inward-facing conformation results from inversion of this asymmetry, and we propose a model of this state constructed using repeat-swap homology modeling. By comparing this inward-facing model with the outward-facing experimental structure, we predict that the mechanism of AE1 involves an elevator-like motion of the substrate-binding domain relative to the nearly stationary dimerization domain and to the membrane plane. This hypothesis is in qualitative agreement with a wide range of biochemical and functional data, which we review in detail, and suggests new avenues of experimentation.
Reproducible and flexible simulation experiments with ML-Rules and SESSL
Authors: Warnke T , Helms T , Uhrmacher A M
Published: November 2017

The modeling language ML-Rules allows specifying and simulating complex systems biology models at multiple levels of organization. The development of such simulation models involves a wide variety of simulation experiments and the replicability of generated simulation results requires suitable means for documenting simulation experiments. Embedded domain-specific languages, such as SESSL, cater to both requirements. With SESSL, the user can integrate diverse simulation experimentation methods and third-party software components into an executable, readable simulation experiment specification. A newly developed SESSL binding for ML-Rules exploits these features of SESSL, opening up new possibilities for executing and documenting simulation experiments with ML-Rules models.

Availability and implementation

ML-Rules is implemented in Java, SESSL and its bindings are implemented in Scala. The source code is available under open-source licenses:

ML-Rules               git.informatik.uni-rostock.de/mosi/mlrules2

ML-Rules Quickstart (Graphical Editor) git.informatik.uni-rostock.de/mosi/mlrules2-quickstart

SESSL               git.informatik.uni-rostock.de/mosi/sessl and sessl.org

SESSL Quickstart (Experiment Template) git.informatik.uni-rostock.de/mosi/sessl-quickstart

Furthermore, Maven-compatible compiled packages of ML-Rules, SESSL, and the SESSL bindings are available from the Maven Central Repository at maven.org (org.sessl:* and org.jamesii: mlrules).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Meta-analytic principal component analysis in integrative omics application
Authors: Kim SungHwan , Kang Dongwan , Huo Zhiguang , Park Yongseok , Tseng George C
Published: November 2017

Motivation

With the prevalent usage of microarray and massively parallel sequencing, numerous high-throughput omics datasets have become available in the public domain. Integrating abundant information among omics datasets is critical to elucidate biological mechanisms. Due to the high-dimensional nature of the data, methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) have been widely applied, aiming at effective dimension reduction and exploratory visualization.

Results

In this article, we combine multiple omics datasets of identical or similar biological hypothesis and introduce two variations of meta-analytic framework of PCA, namely MetaPCA. Regularization is further incorporated to facilitate sparse feature selection in MetaPCA. We apply MetaPCA and sparse MetaPCA to simulations, three transcriptomic meta-analysis studies in yeast cell cycle, prostate cancer, mouse metabolism and a TCGA pan-cancer methylation study. The result shows improved accuracy, robustness and exploratory visualization of the proposed framework.

Availability and implementation

An R package MetaPCA is available online. (http://tsenglab.biostat.pitt.edu/software.htm).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Creatures
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

Although Cavendish believed Nature to be one continuous whole, she also believed Nature can be understood as a collection of particular finite items or creatures, individuated by how their motions differ. This chapter examines her account of how individual creatures behave and interact. It covers Cavendish’s account of the identity of individual creatures over time (where self-love and passionate love play a role), her distinction of natural creatures from the artificial or “hermaphroditical,” her account of interaction between creatures through occasional causation and sympathy, and her distinction between voluntary and involuntary actions by creatures. Since creatures also require knowledge in order to move appropriately, this chapter explores Cavendish’s epistemology, focusing on self-knowledge and perception. It also examines the relationship between the natural world and God and Cavendish’s account of “irregularities” when creatures do not behave as they should.
The Law of Contracts and Property
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4 examines cases between 1865 and 1899 in which black southerners faced off against whites over everyday economic matters, disputing contracts, contesting transactions of land or livestock, and demanding fair payment for work they had completed. More than one-third of these cases involved black and white participants who had known one another as master and slave. As they litigated such suits, African Americans throughout the South asserted their right to participate in the postwar economy on an independent, equal basis. In response, white litigants asserted their own view of black litigants’ place in the southern economy, which often looked all too similar to the era of slavery.
Epilogue
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

Analysis of language mixing in the actual production data of bilingual individuals has permitted us to test and overturn many long-standing assumptions about borrowing and code-switching empirically: borrowing is not monolithic but takes many forms in the speech community; it does not originate as code-switching; integration is not gradual but abrupt; speakers tend not to code-switch individual words but to borrow them. This work has also confirmed that code-switching and borrowing are diametrically opposed, not only structurally but from the perspective of the individuals who engage in them. The observable differences between multiword code-switches and lone other-language items, coupled with the overwhelming preponderance of the latter in every bilingual dataset that has been quantitatively analyzed, together demonstrate that any model of language mixing with pretensions to constituting a “unified” theory of language contact phenomena is in fact a theory of lexical borrowing.
College Hookup Culture and Christian Ethics
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

What happens at college parties? Why do students dress and behave the way they do? Who has power, and what kind? And are college students happy overall with party and hookup culture? In response to undergraduates’ skepticism of researchers’ accounts of hookup culture, the author engaged 126 college students as ethnographers to observe and analyze this complex social reality at parties. Part I presents their results, revealing a disillusionment with contemporary sexual and relational norms that challenges benevolent or even neutral views of hookup culture. Part II brings students into conversation with Christianity’s narrative of what it means to become fully human and experience genuine joy and fulfillment. The spokesperson for this vision is theologian Johann Metz, whose portrait of Jesus struggling to become fully human by embracing poverty of spirit resonates with today’s college students. Comparing Jesus’s way of being in the world with their college culture’s status quo, many undergraduates discover in Metz’s Poverty of Spirit a countercultural path to authenticity, happiness, and fulfillment. Part III culminates in a call to action: with understanding of contemporary norms gained in part I, and poverty of spirit as explored in part II, these chapters explore obstacles to sexual justice on college campuses, identify key commitments necessary for change, and envision how undergraduates can work to create the college culture they truly desire and deserve.
Power Dynamics at College Parties
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

Undergraduate ethnographers analyzed the power dynamics among different social groups at parties, attending to race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender. Based on their observations, they sought to identify dominant and subordinate social groups. Most ethnographers who addressed power dynamics in regard to ethnicity and sexual orientation (many did not) perceived that white heterosexual males had the most power and dominance. Regarding power dynamics among the genders, 66% of students claimed that heterosexual males were the most powerful group; 7% argued that females had more power; 24% perceived that both men and women exercise different forms of power or that social factors unrelated to gender determined which individuals were most powerful; and 3% did not directly answer the question about power. After analyzing ethnographers’ reasoning for their perspectives, Beste draws on social scientific research to analyze the power dynamics and gender inequalities manifest in college social and sexual culture.
New Friends
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

The success of Ballad for Americans allowed Latouche to move into nice quarters in Greenwich Village and marry Theodora Griffis. During this period, that is, the early 1940s, his new friends included Carson McCullers and Leo Lerman. He also continued to befriend notable émigrés, including Brion Gysin, Jimmy Ernst, Yul Brynner, Marlene Dietrich, Eleonora and Francesco von Mendelssohn, Anaïs Nin, and Ruth Yorck. Meanwhile, his interest in the occult was reflected in his friendships with medium Eileen Garrett, palmist Margaret Mamlok, sand astrologers Charles Jayne and Natacha Rambova. He and many of his friends took stimulants under the supervision of Dr. Max Jacobson, with whom Latouche collaborated on some projects, and who became known as the notorious Dr. Feelgood.
Polonaise
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

As the war came to an end, Latouche patronized the work of John Cage, wrote songs with David Broekman, and became friendly with composer-critic Donald Fuller. He also wrote the lyrics to another operetta, Polonaise, with music by Chopin arranged by Bronislaw Kaper, and starring the married couple Jan Kiepura and Marta Eggerth. It was only somewhat more successful than Rhapsody.
The Golden Apple
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

One of Latouche’s masterpieces, the opera The Golden Apple, with composer Jerome Moross, reimagines the Judgment of Paris story and the Homeric epics through the prism of early-twentieth-century America. Hanya Holm directed, and William and Jean Eckart did the memorable designs. First premiering at the Phoenix Theatre off-Broadway, it moved to Broadway for a short run there. Although more a critical than a popular sucess—it won the Donaldson Award, the Page One Award, and the New York Critics’ Circle Award for the season’s best musical—it remains a favorite among connoisseurs of American musical theater.
The Ballad of Baby Doe
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

The libretto to the opera The Ballad of Baby Doe, with music by Douglas Moore, was Latouche’s crowning achievement. A dramatization of the true love triangle involving the nineteenth-century Colorado silver king Horace Tabor and his two wives, Augusta Tabor and Elizabeth “Baby Doe” Tabor, the work premiered in Colorado shortly before the lyricist’s death, and became one of the most successful works in the American operatic canon. This chapter considers the work’s historical accuracy, with regard to Latouche’s libretto, and its musical and poetic essence, as well as some consideration of its critical reception.
Against Understanding (as a Condition on Explanation)
Authors: Skow Bradford
Published: November 2017

The idea that “explanation is that which produces understanding” is commonly accepted and often used to evaluate theories of explanation. But it cannot be used for this purpose. For the claim either means that knowing the answer to the question why X is sufficient for understand why X—in which case the claim is false; or it means that answering the question why X by performing the speech act of explaining invariably causes one’s audience to understand why X—in which case the claim is useless, for theories of explanation aim only to say what it takes to be an answer a why-question, not to say what it takes to provide an answer by performing the speech act of explaining. After defending these conclusions, this chapter examines a couple of philosophers’ attempts to use the alleged connection between explanation and understanding to argue against one or another theory of explanation.
Franco-Catholic Communication and Indian Alliance in the Seven Years War
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

The last imperial war in colonial North America (1754–1763) intensified the French and British battle for American Indian souls. Mid-eighteenth-century French Jesuits established an approach to missionary linguistics that was the opposite of the English. In François Picquet’s Mohawk mission and Pierre Maillard’s Mi’kmaq mission, linguistic knowledge became a medium of authority and military control. Knowledge of indigenous words and symbols secured native allegiance to France and established an indigenous Catholicism as a lasting mark of France’s imperial presence in the New World.
Unruly Empiricisms and Linguistic Sovereignty in Thomas Jefferson’s Indian Vocabulary Project
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

From 1790 to 1810, Thomas Jefferson inaugurated a massive effort to collect and preserve native languages. Compiling as many languages as he could, Jefferson worked to solve the question of Indian origins. More interesting for its failures than for what it achieved, the Indian Vocabulary archive displays telling instances of cross-cultural mistranslation as indigenous words spill beyond Jefferson’s rules of orthography and beyond the word list itself. The archive, in this way, defies Jefferson’s goal of recording the ancient and pure sounds of “primitive” America. This chapter argues that the archive reveals forms of linguistic sovereignty established as the indigenous speakers interviewed for the project refused to have their languages condemned to the atavistic detritus of American antiquity.
What Is the Moral Problem with Killer Robots?
Authors: Burri Susanne
Published: November 2017

An autonomous weapon system (AWS) is a weapons system that, “once activated, can select and engage targets without further intervention by a human operator” (US Department of Defense directive 3000.09, November 21, 2012). Militaries around the world are investing substantial amounts of money and effort into the development of AWS. But the technology has its vocal opponents, too. This chapter argues against the idea that a targeting decision made by an AWS is always morally flawed simply because it is a targeting decision made by an AWS. It scrutinizes four arguments in favor of this idea and argues that none of them is convincing. It also presents an argument in favor of developing autonomous weapons technology further. The aim of this chapter is to dispel one worry about AWS, to keep this worry from drawing attention away from the genuinely important issues that AWS give rise to.
Visible Braille, Invisible Blindness
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

The chapter analyzes the use of Braille and other tactile features in public spaces, such as elevators, and in such sites as the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial in Washington DC, and in the work of such artists as Ann Hamilton and Robert Graham. The chapter also does some close readings of tactile books that are intended to explain visual art to blind children and adults. The over-determined analogy that links the eyes of the sighted to the hands of the blind makes Braille in these sites more of a signifier of blindness than a true access tool. The chapter also includes some works by blind artists that seem to comment on how Braille is typically understood.
Audio Description Described
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

Audio description seeks to make visual media—film, television, theater, art exhibits—accessible to blind people. This chapter uses the audio described version of the Oscar-nominated film The Sessions as an example of the current standards. Audio description of film is timed to fit in the silences between spoken dialogues which means that only minimal detail is possible. Even more problematic is the rule that description must be objective. Often important information is omitted when it is understood as interpretative. I then speculate on future innovations that could bypass some of these problems, democratize the medium and make it more aesthetic and inclusive.
Introduction
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

Considers three cases in which we not only need to name a problem to do justice to girls and women, but in which male dominance is actively tied to blocking and preempting the term’s usage, or rewriting her mind to engineer agreement (known as “gaslighting”). Introduces the practices of silencing—in particular, “testimonial smothering”—theorized by the philosopher Kristie Dotson as a way of understanding what is at stake in analyzing terms such as “strangulation” versus “choking,” “rape,” and, it is subsequently argued, “misogyny.” Clarifies the book’s aims, methods, limitations, and notable omissions. Goes on to introduce a way of thinking about the logic of misogyny in functional terms—and hence, in this case, political ones. On the ensuing account, misogyny is a system that serves to enforce and police gendered norms and expectations to which groups of girls and women are subject under historically patriarchal orders, given the intersection between patriarchal forces with other systemic forms of domination and disadvantage, oppression and vulnerability.
Adaptive Strategies for Small-Handed Pianists
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Adaptive Strategies for Small-Handed Pianists brings together information from ergonomics, physics, biomechanics, anatomy, medicine, and piano pedagogy to focus on the subject of small-handedness. Chapter 1 presents an overview from historical, anatomical, and pedagogical perspectives and includes a discussion of small-handedness as a risk factor for piano-related injury. Chapter 2 establishes a basic understanding of work efficiency and the human anatomy, moves on to general observations about piano playing and the constraints of physics, and explains the principles of healthy movement at the piano. Chapter 3 is a focused analysis of piano technique as it relates to small-handedness. Chapters 4 to 7 deal with specific alternative approaches: redistribution, refingering, ways to maximize reach and power, and musical solutions for technical problems. Hundreds of examples taken from the standard intermediate and advanced piano literature show concrete applications of these strategies within appropriate musical contexts. Chapter 8 presents tables that pianists can use to diagnose and resolve commonly encountered problems and synthesizes the adaptive approaches outlined in the book. Reflective application points are provided as guides to further exploration. The book demonstrates that the specific physical and musical needs of the small-handed can be addressed in sensitive and appropriate ways and illuminates alternative paths to help pianists with small hands reach their musical goals.
Technique and the Small-Handed Pianist
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Chapter 3 explores the three main areas of technical challenge for small-handed pianists: fatigue, power, and reach. Building on the examination of fundamental principles of movement in Chapter 2, this chapter equips readers with the analytical tools to critically evaluate the adaptive strategies discussed later in the book, tools which pianists may then use to develop additional approaches tailored to their own needs. Common maladaptive tendencies are discussed. A lexicon of facilitative techniques follows, delineating important strategies such as timing muscular release, choosing appropriate levers, cultivating alignment, combining basic movements into larger gestures, reducing the amplitude of movements and gestures, maximizing key speed, transmitting force through skeletal structures, using arm impulses, using the arm to navigate distances, using passive spread, and using vertical spans. The chapter concludes with a discussion of boundaries that should be respected.
Refingering
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Fingering is a craft developed over an entire lifetime of experience. Wise choices not only expedite music learning but also provide a first line of defense against the difficulties of small-handedness. Chapter 5 explains why fingering decisions are so important for small-handed pianists and proposes innovative refingering strategies. Areas of focus include encouraging compact hand positions, repeating the same finger to recover space in the hand, optimizing sound production and voicing, moving longer fingers over shorter fingers, substituting the thumb for inner fingers, using positional fingerings to achieve maximum speed, substituting fingers, and retaking released notes silently. The chapter also provides a historical context for understanding that the standard fingering rules that are rigidly enforced today have changed and evolved over time.
Musical Solutions for Technical Problems
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

The paramount goal of musical study is to become more than a mere player of the instrument. Music is a language, and those with small hands struggle every day with central aspects of thinking and speaking in sound—how to forge a legato line from widely separated notes, how to deliver a powerful yet sonorous tone, how to voice textures spanning wide reaches of the keyboard. Small-handed pianists must thus be keenly aware of what they want to express and consider the means by which they can best communicate their thoughts, emotions, and ideas in sound. While the strategies discussed in previous chapters all describe physical interventions for counteracting challenges of small-handedness, Chapter 7 seeks answers by looking first to musical solutions, addressing issues including legato, fortissimo playing, pedaling, rhythmic inflection, tempo modification, rubato, voicing, and gestural shaping.
Flesh Made Word
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that César Vallejo’s engagement with journalism is crucial for comprehending the aesthetics and politics of his Spanish Civil War poetry, although this connection is often overlooked. Reading across genres brings to light Vallejo’s commitment to self-questioning as an ethical gesture in his war poems. It illuminates the idiosyncratic, dialectical poetics he developed to unite Catholicism and Marxism, lyric and epic, and poetry and news. Beyond his poetry’s political exhortation, which has received emphasis from scholars, its graphic portrayals of the relation between war death and the production of literature dramatizes the ethical and aesthetic problems inherent in transforming soldiers’ experiences into poetic material. This chapter contends that España, aparta de mí este cáliz is a meta-rhetorical reflection on its own conditions of articulation. This chapter sets the stage for those to follow, delineating issues that also motivate other civilian poets to employ meta-rhetoric in their war writing.
W. H. Auden in an Age of Dark Oratory
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

This chapter charts how Auden’s strategies for writing about war as a civilian changed during World War II, extending the previous chapter’s inquiry regarding the journalistic aspirations of his 1930s writing and his vision of the transformation of bodily experience into text. It contends that the poems of Another Time offer parables of wartime interrelation: models for imagining the relation between contemplation and action, civilian and soldier. Further, whereas The Double Man has been read as superannuated and excessively rhetorical, this chapter argues that it shrewdly showcases the resources of poetic language available to the noncombatant. A concluding section examines a surprising episode in 1945 when Auden donned a military uniform for the United States Strategic Bombing Survey and finally got the bird’s eye view of war he had imagined.
Gertrude Stein and the War She Saw
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

Gertrude Stein’s conservative politics and her decision to remain in France during World War II have been much discussed, and her wartime texts have been criticized for a cryptic style that insufficiently responds to its moment. In considering these issues, this chapter expands the book’s central claim that indirection, self-interference, and ethical self-scrutiny are civilian strategies for writing about war from a distance. In her genre-mixing alternative to war reportage, Wars I Have Seen, Stein records dates, statistics, and oral testimony. Yet the text also contains reverse epiphanies: lyric outbursts within the prose that signal and dwell on moments of fear. Rather than indicative revelation, reverse epiphanies, or éclats, contain disturbing incidents and rein in the perception of threat. This chapter contends that Stein’s use of reverse epiphanies, understatement, and meta-rhetoric was inflected by her understanding of French cultural restraint, which she aimed to emulate while writing about life under occupation.
American Civil Mysticism
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

This theoretical chapter introduces a largely overlooked tradition of mysticism in the politics, art, religion, and culture of post-revolutionary U.S. society. Civil mysticism refers to nonsectarian practices of transcendence that engender the people, namely political and social rituals such as maypole ceremonies, presidential inaugurations, and literary pilgrimages. This chapter elaborates on civil mysticism’s specific conditions and techniques, insisting that the sacred interval of ritual is indispensable—its embodied practices (e.g., dancing, chanting, reading), sensuous objects (icons, books), and cognitive states or moods (enchantment). Drawing on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The Maypole of Merry Mount” and other nineteenth-century depictions of maypoles and liberty poles, the chapter argues that civil mysticism managed the democratic representational conundrum of being plural at the same time as being one.
Vox Populi, Vox Dei
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents enchanted subjectivity as a model of political subjectivity in which individuals claim to speak for God, not for themselves, as commonly assumed for a democratic society. This phenomenon occurred in both the political and religious realms, as demonstrated in the popular republican expression “Vox populi, vox dei” (The voice of the people is the voice of God) and in the prophecies of the Second Great Awakening. Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland (1798) brings together the political and religious culture of prophecy in his novel about ventriloquism, an early exploration of political theology, that is, a study of the ways in which theological principles infuse republican political arrangements.
The Nervous Stage
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

Theater and neuroscience: What could these two have in common? What could their historical developments tell us about modernity and the modern subject? The Nervous Stage argues that, to a significant degree, modern theater emerged out of a dialogue with the neurological sciences. Beyond this, the book demonstrates that an understanding of this dialogue sheds new light on the emergence of modern notions of embodiment and subjectivity. This wide-ranging study encompasses artists as diverse as Joanna Baillie, Percy Shelley, Georg Büchner, Charles Dickens, Richard Wagner, Émile Zola, August Strindberg, and Antonin Artaud—and recreates their conversations with a wide range of nineteenth-century neurologists. It is during the nineteenth century that the conception of the subject as essentially nervous went through what was its most intense period of formation and development, and thus it is during the same century that we discover the formation of a subject largely comprehensible, interpretable, and transformable through neurophysiological networks. This subject was magnetic; felt vibrations; was thrilled, electrified, and shocked; became hysterical; succumbed to neurasthenia and was re-energized. It was a site for the influx and efflux of nervous sensations, a site that was also understood as a subjectivity, a personality, and a person. Working between disciplines of theater studies and medical history, the book ultimately describes the formation of a new idea of personhood. We are already neural subjects, the book suggests, and have been for a long time.
The Nervous System
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

During the 1860s, a cult of sensation took full hold of cultures across much of Western Europe and North America; as the term “sensation” implies, this craze was linked to developments in neurology. This chapter focuses on one particular network in the construction of the modern neural subject, a network that connects elements as seemingly diverse as railway trains, changing notions of risk and trauma, and the newly popular form of melodrama dubbed “sensation drama,” with the emblematic scenario of the person tied to the train tracks and rescued in the nick of time. This “railway rescue” scenario emerged in the late 1860s, spread like wildfire, and continued in our collective consciousness to the present. This chapter traces the explosive rise and iconic significance of this scenario, and concludes by reading a Dickens short story that reflects on melodrama and the ghostly traumas of industrialized sensation.
The Prison House of Nerves
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

Zola’s 1873 stage adaptation of his novel Thérèse Raquin is generally considered the first Naturalist drama, which inspired the most famous Naturalist play, Strindberg’s Miss Julie. This chapter examines these plays in the context of the neurophysiological theories behind Zola and Strindberg’s conceptions of Naturalism. It argues that Zola’s Naturalism, like that of his scientific mentor Claude Bernard, attempts to balance a commitment to neurophysiological determinism with a commitment to independent scientific observation, producing an uneasy fault line in Thérèse Raquin. The chapter further depicts Miss Julie as an earthquake in the rift of Zola’s earlier Naturalism. Strindberg’s artistic innovations are partly grounded in the author’s refusal to reconcile the most disruptive neurological findings of his time with more acceptable ideas of objectivity, independence, and agency. Fully appreciating Strindberg’s artistic contribution requires understanding his intellectual debt to the neuropsychological researchers of his day, above all Charcot and Bernheim.
Introduction
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

This introduction describes the main arguments and historiographical interventions undertaken in the present work. The majority of previous scholarship on Islam in Soviet Central Asia has treated the Communist anti-religious campaigns of the 1920s and 1930s as representative of the entire Soviet period. By contrast, this book argues that Stalin’s normalization of church-state relations in 1943–1944 allowed a permanent space for Islam to exist in Soviet society. This space rapidly became the site of an accommodation between Islam and Communism for many Central Asians. The introduction concludes with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the sources employed throughout the book.
SADUM’s New Ambitions, 1943‒1958
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

After the failed centralization initiatives of the 1940s, SADUM adopted a more ambitious strategy to coopt Muslim figures across Central Asia. Under the leadership of its second mufti, Ziyovuddin qori Bobokhonov (1908‒1982), the organization turned many of its early detractors into loyal employees. As it cemented administrative control over Muslim communities across Central Asia, the muftiate began to develop its own vision of a modern Islam meriting full inclusion into a socialist society. In this endeavor, it began attacking folk religion, and especially shrine pilgrimage, with determination. Throughout the 1950s SADUM benefited from the moderation aggressively promoted by CARC at the expense of anti-religious hardliners within the Party.
The Resurrection of the Body and the Life Everlasting
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 explores the central role that the promise of universal resurrection and its enactment in the liturgy played in the constitution of the late medieval Christian community of faith. Together, it argues, raised voices and the promise of the resurrection of the dead created the ideal of a universal Christian community that was to remain forever united and that was bound together by a shared experience of ritual. The chapter presents a case study of the ways in which resurrection pervaded the aural, visual, and material culture of Nuremberg, particularly in the commemoration of the dead with the Requiem Mass and the Office of the Dead. Throughout the late medieval city, sounds, objects, and gestures defined a community of faith that was understood to encompass all Christians from the time of Christ until the apocalypse.
Noise Exposure and Hearing Disorders
Authors: Byrne David C. , Morata Thais C.
Published: November 2017

Exposure to industrial noise and the resulting effect of occupational hearing loss is a common problem in nearly all industries. This chapter describes industrial noise exposure, its assessment, and hearing disorders that result from overexposure to noise. Beginning with the properties of sound, noise-induced hearing loss and other effects of noise exposure are discussed. The impact of hearing disorders and the influence of other factors on hearing loss are described. Typically, noise-induced hearing loss develops slowly, and usually goes unnoticed until a significant impairment has occurred. Fortunately, occupational hearing loss is nearly always preventable. Therefore, this chapter gives particular attention to recommendations for measures to prevent occupational hearing loss such as engineering noise controls and hearing protection devices.
Biological Hazards
Authors: Russi Mark
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes various biological hazards and their impact on workers and others. A major focus of the chapter is biological hazards in healthcare and laboratory settings, including exposure to bloodborne pathogens and prevention of diseases related to them. Sections deal with sharps injuries, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases that can be acquired in the work environment via direct contact, droplet or airborne spread, or fecal-oral transmission. In addition, infectious agents spread by animal contact or arthropod vectors in a broad range of settings will be addressed. Newly emerging infectious or re-emerging infections, such as those due to H5N1 and novel H1N1 influenza, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) as well as agents associated with bioterrorism are discussed.
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Harris-Adamson Carisa , Bao Stephen S. , Evanoff Bradley
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the nature and magnitude of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) and their prevention and control. The incidence and severity of musculoskeletal disorders is described by body region and by occupation, and a conceptual model for the contributors and pathways to developing WRMSDs is described. Neck disorders and upper-extremity disorders as well as low back pain and lower-extremity disorders are described in detail, including evaluation, diagnosis, and prevention. Personal factors, physical exposures, and psychosocial stress that contribute to the development of WRMSDs are described. Ergonomic interventions to reduce or eliminate physical exposures are stressed as critically important preventive measures.
Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Landrigan Philip J.
Published: November 2017

Children are exquisitely vulnerable to health threats in the environment. The World Health Organization estimates that 36% of all deaths in children worldwide are caused by harmful environmental exposures. Environmental exposures are major causes of non-communicable diseases in children—asthma, birth defects, preterm birth, neurodevlopemental disorders, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. This chapter reviews the historical origins of children’s environmental health, which is the branch of pediatric medicine and public health that studies the influence of the environment on children’s health, development, and risk of disease. It describes the evolution of research in this growing field. It describes the global spread of environmental hazards, especially toxic chemicals and pesticides to rapidly industrializing low- and middle-income countries where these materials have resulted in major episodes of disease and death in children. The chapter concludes with a discussion of strategies for prevention of environmental disease in children.
Hazards for Healthcare Workers
Authors: Lipscomb Jane A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes occupational hazards for healthcare workers. The chapter focuses on biological hazards, chemical hazards, physical hazards, safety and ergonomic hazards, violence, psychosocial and organizational factors, and health consequences associated with changes in the organization and financing of healthcare. The nature and magnitude of various problems is described. The chapter includes specific prevention and control measures for addressing biological hazards, chemical hazards, ionizing radiation, safety hazards, ergonomic hazards, musculoskeletal disorders, violence, and psychosocial hazards. Finally, the chapter provides a summary of historical and recent policy initiatives, including federal and state laws, regulations and guidelines, developed and implemented to protect healthcare workers from recognized hazards.
What Can Economists Contribute to the Common Good Tradition?
Authors: Yuengert Andrew M.
Published: November 2017

Although most economists are skeptical of or puzzled by the Catholic concept of the common good, a rejection of the economic approach as inimical to the common good would be hasty and counterproductive. Economic analysis can enrich the common good tradition in four ways. First, economics embodies a deep respect for economic agency and for the effects of policy and institutions on individual agents. Second, economics offers a rich literature on the nature of unplanned order and how it might be shaped by policy. Third, economics offers insight into the public and private provision of various kinds of goods (private, public, common pool resources). Fourth, recent work on the development and logic of institutions and norms emphasizes sustainability rooted in the good of the individual.