bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive and active X-ray optics
Authors: Lider V. V.
Published: February 2023

This review describes the principles and capabilities of X-ray adaptive and active optics. The main executive mechanisms of bending mirrors used at synchrotron radiation sources and in X-ray telescopes are considered. Particular attention is paid to wavefront metrology using Shack-Hartmann sensors, as well as sensors based on grating interferometers, X-ray speckle and ptychography. Keywords: X-rays, adaptive optics, active optics, bimorph mirror, wavefront metrology.
Effect of Thickness of the Dielectric Substrate on Absorbing and Antireflective Properties of Ultrathin Copper Films
Authors: Andreev V.G.  , Vdovin V. A.  , Glazunov P. S.  , Pyataikin I. I  , Pinaev Yu. V.
Published: February 2023

The dependence of optical coefficients of ultrathin copper films 2-30 nm thick on the substrate thickness has been studied. Films were fabricated on quartz substrates 4 mm thick, and the thickness of the substrates (6 and 8 mm) was varied by tightly pressing clean substrates with thicknesses of 2 and 4 mm to a 4 mm substrate with a film. The measurements were carried out in a waveguide in the frequency range 8.5-12.5 GHz in the TE10 mode for two film orientations with respect to direction of the incident wave. The dependences of the optical coefficients measured when the wave was incident from the side of the film and from the side of the substrate differ significantly. It is shown that the effect of anomalously high absorption of waves (more than 77%) by copper films no thicker than 10 nm is observed in a wide frequency band. The maximum absorption (77.5%) was obtained at frequency of 8.5 GHz when a wave was incident on a film 8.6 nm thick from the side of a 6-mm substrate. The effect of extremely low reflection (0.06%) was recorded for the first time when a wave of frequency 11.54 GHz was incident on a film 7.9 nm thick from the side of a 4-mm substrate. It is shown that the frequency range where the effect of minimal reflection was observed exceeds the antireflection band of a dielectric plate with half-wave resonance. Keywords: ultrathin cooper films, quartz substrate, optical coefficients, waveguide measurements, microwave frequency range.
Optical properties of silver nanoparticles based on their structural defects
Authors: Leonov N. B.
Published: February 2023

The relation between the defects in island silver films produced by thermal spraying and their optical properties has been studied. The effect of defects in nanoparticles on the photo effect has been studied. Radiation with a wavelength of 355 nm (quantum energy 3.5 eV) causes a single-photon photo effect, while the work function of bulk silver is not lower than 4.2 eV. A hypothesis was put forward about the relation between defects in nanoparticles and their absorption spectra. In the process of deposition an absorption peak appears on the extinction spectra of a silver island film at a wavelength of 370 nm, which disappears within several tens of minutes after the end of deposition. It was also shown, that the defects in islands can be created artificially by irradiating them with ultraviolet light, that leads to an increase in the rate of self-diffusion in these islands upon heating. Key words: nanoparticles, defects, diffusion, extinction spectra.
Focusing of the surface plasmon wave on the nanoapex of a scanning metal microtip near a plane-layered structure
Authors: Petrin A. B.
Published: February 2023

A generalized method of mirror reflections of electrostatics for a point charge located near a flat-layered structure is formulated and proved. The method is generalized to the case of an arbitrary system of charges. It is shown in detail how to apply the obtained method to finding the focal distribution of the electric field in the vicinity of the nanoapex of a metal micropoint located near the flat-layered structure, which is obtained when a surface plasmon TM wave converges to the nanoapex. The penetration of the field into the area of the surface layer of the flat-layered structure (photoresist) with a size of the order of the tip rounding radius is demonstrated. Keywords: nanofocusing, surface plasmons, optical sensors.
Siembra de guayaba
Authors:   Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, Bogotá (Colombia),   Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria, Mosquera (Colombia)
Published: February 2023

Aprenda en este clip tecnológico, cómo realizar la siembra para un cultivo de guayaba.
Siembra de maracuyá: entrevista
Authors:   Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, Bogotá (Colombia),   Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria, Mosquera (Colombia)
Published: February 2023

En este clip tecnológico se muestra el paso a paso para la siembra de maracuyá.
Mortaja blanca o Rosellinia Sp. en papa
Authors:   Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, Bogotá (Colombia),   Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria, Mosquera (Colombia)
Published: February 2023

En este clip se presentan las recomendaciones tecnológicas para el manejo integrado de Mortaja blanca en los cultivos de papa.
Ola invernal Boyacá
Authors:   Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, Bogotá (Colombia),   Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, (Colombia),   Fondo Nacional del Ganado, Bogotá (Colombia)
Published: February 2023

Con el fin de mitigar el impacto del paso de la ola invernal en el interior del país, AGROSAVIA en alianza con FEDEGAN, el Ministerio de Agricultura, con recursos del programa Colombia Humanitaria, entregó 392 toneladas de alimento ensilado a productores afectados por el invierno de varios municipios de Boyacá y Cundinamarca.
Poda de formación en cítricos
Authors:   Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, Bogotá (Colombia),   Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, (Colombia)
Published: February 2023

En este clip se presenta el paso a paso de realización de poda de formación.
Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria and Level of Antibiotic Residues in Hospital Effluents in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Bakon Sophia Karen , Mohamad Zuraifah Asrah , Jamilan Mohd Azerulazree , Hashim Hazimah , Kuman Mohamed Yazid , Shaharudin Rafiza , Ahmad Norazah , Muhamad Nor Asiah
Published: February 2023

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major global public health challenge due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics for humans and animals. Hospitals are among the major users of antibiotics, thereby having a large contribution to AMR.

Objective

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria and the level of antibiotic residues in the hospital effluents in Selangor, Malaysia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study will be performed in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Tertiary hospitals will be identified based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methods are divided into three phases: sample collection, microbiological analysis, and chemical analysis. Microbiological analyses will include the isolation of bacteria from hospital effluents by culturing on selective media. Antibiotic sensitivity testing will be performed on the isolated bacteria against ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, vancomycin, colistin, and piperacillin/tazobactam. The identification of bacteria will be confirmed using 16S RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR will be performed to detect resistance genes (ermB, mecA, blaNDM-L, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-48, blaSHV, VanA, VanB, VanC1, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, Intl1, Intl2, and qnrA). Finally, the level of antibiotic residues will be measured using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

The expected outcomes will be the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter (ESKAPE) bacterial species from the hospital effluents, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from the isolated ESKAPE bacteria, and the level of antibiotic residues that may be detected from the effluent. Sampling has been conducted in three hospitals. Data analysis from one hospital showed that as of July 2022, 80% (8/10) of E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin and 10% (1/10) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Further analysis will be conducted to determine if the isolates harbor any ARGs and effluent samples are being analyzed to detect antibiotic residues. Sampling activities will be resumed after being suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and are scheduled to end by December 2022.

Conclusions

This study will provide the first baseline information to elucidate the current status of AMR of highly pathogenic bacteria present in hospital effluents in Malaysia.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/39022
Therapist Feedback and Implications on Adoption of an Artificial Intelligence–Based Co-Facilitator for Online Cancer Support Groups: Mixed Methods Single-Arm Usability Study
Authors: Leung Yvonne W , Ng Steve , Duan Lauren , Lam Claire , Chan Kenith , Gancarz Mathew , Rennie Heather , Trachtenberg Lianne , Chan Kai P , Adikari Achini , Fang Lin , Gratzer David , Hirst Graeme , Wong Jiahui , Esplen Mary Jane
Published: February 2023

Background

The recent onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the social distancing requirement have created an increased demand for virtual support programs. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may offer novel solutions to management challenges such as the lack of emotional connections within virtual group interventions. Using typed text from online support groups, AI can help identify the potential risk of mental health concerns, alert group facilitator(s), and automatically recommend tailored resources while monitoring patient outcomes.

Objective

The aim of this mixed methods, single-arm study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, validity, and reliability of an AI-based co-facilitator (AICF) among CancerChatCanada therapists and participants to monitor online support group participants’ distress through a real-time analysis of texts posted during the support group sessions. Specifically, AICF (1) generated participant profiles with discussion topic summaries and emotion trajectories for each session, (2) identified participant(s) at risk for increased emotional distress and alerted the therapist for follow-up, and (3) automatically suggested tailored recommendations based on participant needs. Online support group participants consisted of patients with various types of cancer, and the therapists were clinically trained social workers.

Methods

Our study reports on the mixed methods evaluation of AICF, including therapists’ opinions as well as quantitative measures. AICF’s ability to detect distress was evaluated by the patient's real-time emoji check-in, the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software, and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised.

Results

Although quantitative results showed only some validity of AICF’s ability in detecting distress, the qualitative results showed that AICF was able to detect real-time issues that are amenable to treatment, thus allowing therapists to be more proactive in supporting every group member on an individual basis. However, therapists are concerned about the ethical liability of AICF’s distress detection function.

Conclusions

Future works will look into wearable sensors and facial cues by using videoconferencing to overcome the barriers associated with text-based online support groups.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

RR2-10.2196/21453
Weight Loss Expectations of Adults With Binge Eating: Cross-sectional Study With a Human-Centered Design Approach
Authors: Voss Claire , Liu Jianyi , Chang Angela , Kosmas Jacqueline A , Biehl Abigail , Flynn Rebecca L , Kruzan Kaylee P , Wildes Jennifer E , Graham Andrea K
Published: February 2023

Background

People tend to overestimate their expectations for weight loss relative to what is achievable in a typical evidence-based behavioral weight management program, which can impact treatment satisfaction and outcomes. We are engaged in formative research to design a digital intervention that addresses binge eating and weight management; thus, understanding expectations among this group can inform more engaging intervention designs to produce a digital intervention that can achieve greater clinical success. Studies examining weight loss expectations have primarily focused on people who have overweight or obesity. Only one study has investigated weight loss expectations among people with binge eating disorder, a population that frequently experiences elevated weight and shape concerns and often presents to treatment with the goal of losing weight.

Objective

The aim of the study is to investigate differences in weight loss expectations among people with varying levels of binge eating to inform the design of a digital intervention for binge eating and weight management. Such an evaluation may be crucial for people presenting for a digital intervention, given that engagement and dropout are notable problems for digital behavior change interventions. We tested the hypotheses that (1) people who endorsed some or recurrent binge eating would expect to lose more weight than those who did not endorse binge eating and (2) people who endorsed a more severe versus a low or moderate overvaluation of weight and shape would have higher weight loss expectations.

Methods

A total of 760 adults (n=504, 66% female; n=441, 58% non-Hispanic White) completed a web-based screening questionnaire. One-way ANOVAs were conducted to explore weight loss expectations for binge eating status as well as overvaluation of shape and weight.

Results

Weight loss expectations significantly differed by binge eating status. Those who endorsed some and recurrent binge eating expected to lose more weight than those who endorsed no binge eating. Participants with severe overvaluation of weight or shape expected to lose the most weight compared to those with low or moderate levels of overvaluation of weight and shape.

Conclusions

In the sample, people interested in a study to inform a digital intervention for binge eating and weight management overestimated their expectations for weight loss. Given that weight loss expectations can impact treatment completion and success, it may be important to assess and modify weight loss expectations among people with binge eating prior to enrolling in a digital intervention. Future work should design and test features that can modify these expectations relative to individuals’ intended treatment goals to facilitate engagement and successful outcomes in a digital intervention.
Dynamics of the Negative Discourse Toward COVID-19 Vaccines: Topic Modeling Study and an Annotated Data Set of Twitter Posts
Authors: Lindelöf Gabriel , Aledavood Talayeh , Keller Barbara
Published: February 2023

Background

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines have been an important topic in public discourse. The discussions around vaccines are polarized, as some see them as an important measure to end the pandemic, and others are hesitant or find them harmful. A substantial portion of these discussions occurs openly on social media platforms. This allows us to closely monitor the opinions of different groups and their changes over time.

Objective

This study investigated posts related to COVID-19 vaccines on Twitter (Twitter Inc) and focused on those that had a negative stance toward vaccines. It examined the evolution of the percentage of negative tweets over time. It also examined the different topics discussed in these tweets to understand the concerns and discussion points of those holding a negative stance toward the vaccines.

Methods

A data set of 16,713,238 English tweets related to COVID-19 vaccines was collected, covering the period from March 1, 2020, to July 31, 2021. We used the scikit-learn Python library to apply a support vector machine classifier to identify the tweets with a negative stance toward COVID-19 vaccines. A total of 5163 tweets were used to train the classifier, of which a subset of 2484 tweets was manually annotated by us and made publicly available along with this paper. We used the BERTopic model to extract the topics discussed within the negative tweets and investigate them, including how they changed over time.

Results

We showed that the negativity with respect to COVID-19 vaccines has decreased over time along with the vaccine rollouts. We identified 37 topics of discussion and presented their respective importance over time. We showed that popular topics not only consisted of conspiratorial discussions, such as 5G towers and microchips, but also contained legitimate concerns around vaccination safety and side effects as well as concerns about policies. The most prevalent topic among vaccine-hesitant tweets was related to the use of messenger RNA and fears about its speculated negative effects on our DNA.

Conclusions

Hesitancy toward vaccines existed before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, given the dimension of and circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, some new areas of hesitancy and negativity toward COVID-19 vaccines have arisen, for example, whether there has been enough time for them to be properly tested. There is also an unprecedented number of conspiracy theories associated with them. Our study shows that even unpopular opinions or conspiracy theories can become widespread when paired with a widely popular discussion topic such as COVID-19 vaccines. Understanding the concerns, the discussed topics, and how they change over time is essential for policy makers and public health authorities to provide better in-time information and policies to facilitate the vaccination of the population in future similar crises.
Attitudes and Experiences of Clinicians After Mandated Implementation of Open Notes by the 21st Century Cures Act: Survey Study
Authors: Leonard Sophia M , Zackula Rosalee , Wilcher Jonathan
Published: February 2023

Background

On December 13, 2016, the US Congress enacted the 21st Century Cures Act (hereafter the Cures Act), which contained the Final Rule mandate that took effect on April 5, 2021. Since then, health systems have been required to provide patients digital access to their eHealth information “without delay” and without charge.

Objective

This study aimed to assess clinicians’ initial experiences with, and attitudes toward, sharing visit notes with patients after being mandated to do so by the Cures Act and to determine clinician preferences regarding instant record release.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey study was conducted between June 10, 2021, and August 15, 2021, at the University of Kansas Health System, a large academic medical center in Kansas City, Kansas, United States. Participants included clinicians currently employed by the health system, including resident and attending physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and critical care and emergency medicine registered nurses.

Results

A total of 1574 attending physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, as well as 506 critical care and emergency medicine nurses, were sent invitations; 538 (34.18%) and 72 (14.2%), respectively, responded. Of 609 resident physicians, 4 (response rate not applicable because it was unknown how many residents viewed the website while the link was available) responded. The majority of respondents were attending physicians (402/614, 65.5%) and within the department of internal medicine (160/614, 26.1%). Most agreed that sharing visit notes was a good idea (355/613, 57.9%) and that it is important to speak with the patients before they accessed their records (431/613, 70.3%). Those who agreed that sharing visit notes is a good idea tended to view the practice as a useful tool for engaging patients (“Agree”: 139/355, 39.2%; “Somewhat agree”: 161/355, 45.4%; P<.001) and experience no change in the clinical value of their notes for other clinicians (326/355, 91.8%; P<.001). Those who disagreed (or were neutral) tended not to encourage patients to read their notes (235/258, 91.1%; P<.001) and were more likely to experience a change in their charting practice (168/257, 65.4%; P<.001) and increased time charting (99/258, 38.4%; P<.001).

Conclusions

The findings of this study may be generalizable to institutions similar to the University of Kansas Health System, and the clinician testimonies gathered in this study may provide valuable insight into the initial opinions and experiences of clinicians at these institutions. In addition, these clinician experiences collected early in the transition period may be used to guide future health policy implementation and to understand how best to prepare clinicians for these changes in practice.
Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection Self-Tests to Increase COVID-19 Case Detection in Peru: Qualitative Study
Authors: Torres-Slimming Paola A , Carcamo Cesar , Martínez-Pérez Guillermo Z , Mallma Patricia , Pflucker Cristina , Shilton Sonjelle
Published: February 2023

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic heavily impacted many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such as Peru, overwhelming their health systems. Rapid antigen detection self-tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, have been proposed as a portable, safe, affordable, and easy-to-perform approach to improve early detection and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in resource-constrained populations where there are gaps in access to health care.

Objective

This study aims to explore decision makers’ values and attitudes around SARS-CoV-2 self-testing.

Methods

In 2021, we conducted a qualitative study in 2 areas of Peru (urban Lima and rural Valle del Mantaro). Purposive sampling was used to identify representatives of civil society groups (RSCs), health care workers (HCWs), and potential implementers (PIs) to act as informants whose voices would provide a proxy for the public’s attitudes around self-testing.

Results

In total, 30 informants participated in individual, semistructured interviews (SSIs) and 29 informants participated in 5 focus group discussions (FGDs). Self-tests were considered to represent an approach to increase access to testing that both the rural and urban public in Peru would accept. Results showed that the public would prefer saliva-based self-tests and would prefer to access them in their community pharmacies. In addition, information about how to perform a self-test should be clear for each population subgroup in Peru. The tests should be of high quality and low cost. Health-informed communication strategies must also accompany any introduction of self-testing.

Conclusions

In Peru, decision makers consider that the public would be willing to accept SARS-CoV-2 self-tests if they are accurate, safe to use, easily available, and affordable. Adequate information about the self-tests’ features and instructions, as well as about postuse access to counseling and care, must be made available through the Ministry of Health in Peru.
Low-Cost Technology-Aided Programs for Supporting People With Motor, Visual, and Intellectual Disabilities in Functional Forms of Occupation and Communication: Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E , Singh Nirbhay N , O’Reilly Mark F , Sigafoos Jeff , Alberti Gloria , Chiariello Valeria , Desideri Lorenzo , Buono Serafino
Published: February 2023

Background

People with motor, visual, and intellectual disabilities may have serious problems in independently accessing various forms of functional daily occupation and communication.

Objective

The study was aimed at developing and assessing new, low-cost technology-aided programs to help people with motor or visual-motor and intellectual disabilities independently engage in functional forms of occupation and communication with distant partners.

Methods

Two programs were set up using a smartphone interfaced with a 2-switch device and a tablet interfaced with 2 pressure sensors, respectively. Single-subject research designs were used to assess (1) the first program with 2 participants who were blind, had moderate hand control, and were interested in communicating with distant partners through voice messages; and (2) the second program with 2 participants who possessed functional vision, had no or poor hand control, and were interested in communicating with their partners through video calls. Both programs also supported 2 forms of occupational engagement, that is, choosing and accessing preferred leisure events consisting of songs and music videos, and listening to brief stories about relevant daily topics and answering questions related to those stories.

Results

During the baseline phase (when only a conventional smartphone or tablet was available), 2 participants managed sporadic access to leisure or leisure and communication events. The other 2 participants did not show any independent leisure or communication engagement. During the intervention (when the technology-aided programs were used), all participants managed to independently engage in multiple leisure and communication events throughout the sessions and to listen to stories and answer story-related questions.

Conclusions

The findings, which need to be interpreted with caution given the nature of the study and the small number of participants, seem to suggest that the new programs may be viable tools for helping people with motor or visual-motor and intellectual disabilities independently access leisure, communication, and other forms of functional engagement.
Gender Equality Training for Students in Higher Education: Protocol for a Scoping Review
Authors: Condron Claire , Power Mide , Mathew Midhun , Lucey Siobhan M
Published: February 2023

Background

The principles of gender equality are integral to the goals, targets, and indicators of all sustainable development goals. Higher education institutes can be powerful agents for promoting gender equality, diversity, and inclusion not only in the higher education context but also in society as a whole. To address and overcome gender inequality in the higher education environment, experts posit that change needs to occur from day 1 of the student’s academic experience. To this end, training is required. A preliminary review of the literature indicates that multiple gender equality–based training programs or initiatives for students have been designed and evaluated in second and third-level education settings. Examples of educational activities undertaken include delivery of didactic teaching, participation in a face-to-face collaboration project, site visits, case studies, and coaching. Yet, our initial search indicated that, to date, a comprehensive review collating the available evidence on gender equality training for third-level students has not yet been carried out.

Objective

Our review seeks to identify and explore the existing literature on gender equality training interventions for third-level students, with a particular emphasis on training content, methodology, and outcome evaluation.

Methods

This scoping review will be structured using the Arskey and O’Malley’s 5-stage framework and will consider empirical research and other relevant published works that address gender equality training. Systematic searches will be carried out in 6 research databases and the gray literature using key search terms. Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been defined, and a data charting tool created to methodically extract information from selected literature. The free web software Rayyan will be used for primary screening where each reference will be screened in duplicate first by title, then abstract, and finally by full text.

Results

This review forms part of the LIBRA (Balance) study and has received peer-reviewed grant funding from the Irish Higher Education Authority. LIBRA aims to use simulation-based education to develop a gender equality leadership training program for student leaders in higher education. The findings will be summarized in tabular form, and a narrative synthesis produced to inform curriculum development.

Conclusions

This review seeks to inform curriculum design by reporting on the gender equality–enabling skills and leadership skills necessary to foster gender equality. This paper should inform recommendations for training and catalyze future research in this rapidly evolving area.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/44584
Weight Loss Expectations of Adults With Binge Eating: Cross-sectional Study With a Human-Centered Design Approach (Preprint)
Authors: Voss Claire , Liu Jianyi , Chang Angela , Kosmas Jacqueline A , Biehl Abigail , Flynn Rebecca L , Kruzan Kaylee P , Wildes Jennifer E , Graham Andrea K
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

People tend to overestimate their expectations for weight loss relative to what is achievable in a typical evidence-based behavioral weight management program, which can impact treatment satisfaction and outcomes. We are engaged in formative research to design a digital intervention that addresses binge eating and weight management; thus, understanding expectations among this group can inform more engaging intervention designs to produce a digital intervention that can achieve greater clinical success. Studies examining weight loss expectations have primarily focused on people who have overweight or obesity. Only one study has investigated weight loss expectations among people with binge eating disorder, a population that frequently experiences elevated weight and shape concerns and often presents to treatment with the goal of losing weight.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study is to investigate differences in weight loss expectations among people with varying levels of binge eating to inform the design of a digital intervention for binge eating and weight management. Such an evaluation may be crucial for people presenting for a digital intervention, given that engagement and dropout are notable problems for digital behavior change interventions. We tested the hypotheses that (1) people who endorsed some or recurrent binge eating would expect to lose more weight than those who did not endorse binge eating and (2) people who endorsed a more severe versus a low or moderate overvaluation of weight and shape would have higher weight loss expectations.

METHODS

A total of 760 adults (n=504, 66% female; n=441, 58% non-Hispanic White) completed a web-based screening questionnaire. One-way ANOVAs were conducted to explore weight loss expectations for binge eating status as well as overvaluation of shape and weight.

RESULTS

Weight loss expectations significantly differed by binge eating status. Those who endorsed some and recurrent binge eating expected to lose more weight than those who endorsed no binge eating. Participants with severe overvaluation of weight or shape expected to lose the most weight compared to those with low or moderate levels of overvaluation of weight and shape.

CONCLUSIONS

In the sample, people interested in a study to inform a digital intervention for binge eating and weight management overestimated their expectations for weight loss. Given that weight loss expectations can impact treatment completion and success, it may be important to assess and modify weight loss expectations among people with binge eating prior to enrolling in a digital intervention. Future work should design and test features that can modify these expectations relative to individuals’ intended treatment goals to facilitate engagement and successful outcomes in a digital intervention.
Influences on Patient Uptake of and Engagement With the National Health Service Digital Diabetes Prevention Programme: Qualitative Interview Study (Preprint)
Authors: Ross Jamie , Cotterill Sarah , Bower Peter , Murray Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Digital diabetes prevention programs (digital-DPPs) are being implemented as population-based approaches to type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention in several countries to address problems with the uptake of traditional face-to-face diabetes prevention programs. However, assessments of digital-DPPs have largely focused on clinical outcomes and usability among those who have taken them up, whereas crucial information on decision-making about uptake (eg, whether a user downloads and registers on an app) and engagement (eg, the extent of use of an app or its components over time) is limited. Greater understanding of factors that influence uptake and engagement decisions may support large-scale deployments of digital-DPPs in real-world settings.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the key influences on uptake and engagement decisions of individuals who were offered the National Health Service Healthier You: Digital Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS-digital-DPP).

METHODS

A qualitative interview study was conducted using semistructured interviews. Participants were adults, aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with nondiabetic hyperglycemia, and those who had been offered the NHS-digital-DPP. Recruitment was conducted via 4 providers of the NHS-digital-DPP and 3 primary care practices in England. Interviews were conducted remotely and were guided by a theoretically informed topic guide. Analysis of interviews was conducted using an inductive thematic analysis approach.

RESULTS

Interviews were conducted with 32 participants who had either accepted or declined the NHS-digital-DPP. In total, 7 overarching themes were identified as important factors in both decisions to take up and to engage with the NHS-digital-DPP. These were knowledge and understanding, referral process, self-efficacy, self-identity, motivation and support, advantages of digital service, and reflexive monitoring. Perceptions of accessibility and convenience of the NHS-digital-DPP were particularly important for uptake, and barriers in terms of the referral process and health care professionals’ engagement were reported. Specific digital features including health coaches and monitoring tools were important for engagement.

CONCLUSIONS

This study adds to the literature on factors that influence the uptake of and engagement with digital-DPPs and suggests that digital-DPPs can overcome many barriers to the uptake of face-to-face diabetes prevention programs in supporting lifestyle changes aimed at diabetes prevention.
From Social Network to Peer Support Network: Opportunities to Explore Mechanisms of Online Peer Support for Mental Health (Preprint)
Authors: Rayland Amy , Andrews Jacob
Published: February 2023

UNSTRUCTURED

An increasing number of psychological interventions are shifting to online modes of delivery. One such intervention is peer-to-peer support, which in this context may provide internet users living with mental health disorders an opportunity to connect with and support others living with similar conditions. This paper presents a call for further research into how platforms such as Facebook could be used as channels for peer support and the mechanisms that may underlie their effectiveness. We discuss the background of peer support, how it has transitioned online, and consider theories and models that may have relevance. We also consider the importance of moderation within online peer support and the development of specific social network–based online interventions. We conclude that for social network sites to be used as peer-to-peer support interventions, more research is needed to understand their effectiveness, the role of moderation in these communities, and the mechanisms that produce the benefits experienced by users.
Exposure to Pornography and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Systematic Review (Preprint)
Authors: Pathmendra Pranujan , Raggatt Michelle , Lim Megan SC , Marino Jennifer L , Skinner S Rachel
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Formative experiences in adolescence lay the foundation for healthy and pleasurable romantic and sexual relationships. Exposure to pornography may affect these experiences.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to synthesize evidence published in the past decade on the relationship between exposure to pornography and sexual behavior (earlier age of first sex [<16 years], condomless sex, past-year multiple partners [>1], lifetime multiple partners [>1], group sex, sexual aggression including forced sex, paid sex, teenage pregnancy, and history of sexually transmitted infection) in adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years.

METHODS

We identified 19 eligible studies by searching MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science databases from January 2010 to November 2022.

RESULTS

Out of 8 studies that assessed earlier age of first sex, 5 studies, including 1 longitudinal study, found a statistically significant association with exposure to pornography. Given that most studies were cross-sectional or had substantial limitations, causal inference could not be made. Also, exposure to pornography was not measured consistently. The evidence was conflicting or insufficient to draw any conclusions regarding other outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

More quantitative research is needed to elucidate the association between pornography exposure and sexual behavior, and sex education should adopt evidence-based approaches to minimize the potential harms from pornography.

CLINICALTRIAL

PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42021227390; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=227390
Levels of Electronic Health Records (EHR) Implementation and their Influence on Quality and Safety (Preprint)
Authors: Opoku-Agyeman William
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Improvement in quality and patient safety outcomes have been at the forefront of the U.S. healthcare system. Policies advocate for implementing different electronic health records (EHR) levels to support this effort. Several studies have demonstrated mixed results on the impact of EHR on quality and safety outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

Our study delves deeper into gaining an understanding of this influence on hospitals that have adopted various levels of EHR, especially intermediate and comprehensive.

METHODS

Using a longitudinal study design for general acute care hospitals within the U.S., we examine the relationship between intermediate and comprehensive EHR on quality (readmission rates for pneumonia and COPD) and safety (adverse incident rate) using a random-effects model. Our national sample consisted of 7,084 hospital-year observations from 2014-2016.

RESULTS

: Hospitals with intermediate EHR had about an 8% decrease in 30-day readmission for Pneumonia compared to the hospitals with no intermediate EHR, with comprehensive EHR experienced a decrease of about 1% in adverse incident rate compared to hospitals that did not have comprehensive EHR.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study buttresses prior findings that simply having EHR may not have an effect on outcomes, and a more targeted, meaningful use would need to be ensured.
ChatGPT in Clinical Toxicology (Preprint)
Authors: Sabry Abdel-Messih Mary , Kamel Boulos Maged N
Published: February 2023

UNSTRUCTURED

ChatGPT has recently been shown to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). We tested ChatGPT (Feb 13, 2023 release) using a typical clinical toxicology case of acute organophosphate poisoning. ChatGPT fared well in answering all of our queries regarding it.
sistemas protectorios de Derechos Humanos y de Derecho Internacional Humanitario:
Authors: Reca Joaquín Pablo
Published: February 2023

Este trabajo analiza los puntos de contacto que exhiben las principales disciplinas del Derecho Internacional Público, estas son, los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario. De allí es que pondremos el acento en las zonas “convergentes” que presentan ambos ordenamientos y, con ello, a la “complementariedad” que los ciñe, cuya latencia la encontramos aun en los casos de “conflictos armados”. Es pues, a los fines de darle basamento a esa aseveración, que ponderaremos el tratamiento que al respecto ha merecido por parte de los órganos que supervisan la tutela de los derechos fundamentales en los respectivos ámbitos internacional y regional. Precisamente, esta característica, la de su complementariedad, es de observarse por medio de las denominadas reglas interpretativas de la “humanitarización” y de la “humanización” que se plasman con los pronunciamientos de dichos órganos.
Teorías sociológicas y educación
Authors: Aguilar Santana Felipe
Published: February 2023

Esta obra analiza las diversas corrientes del pensamiento sociológico para identificar la construcción de la realidad social y la influencia de esta en la percepción de la educación mediante la revisión de las principales ideologías sociológicas que han permeado la práctica educativa
Organizing the development of urban planning solutions
Authors:   Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), Sborshchikov Sergej B. , Zhuravlev Pavel A.
Published: February 2023

Introduction. The integrated and sustainable development of urban areas within the framework of urban planning is based on the principle of effective use and is embodied in urban planning solutions. Characteristic aspects of appropriate urban planning solutions encompass various technical, technological, social, environmental, economic issues and development peculiarities of urban areas and buildings. Urban planning solutions, developed for areas and buildings in need of an effective management and evaluation system and a comfortable and safe urban environment, are the subject of this research. The purpose of the research is to develop an approach to organizing the development and selection of optimal urban planning solutions towards the development and transformation of areas and buildings. Materials and methods. Due to its complexity, urban planning goes beyond traditional design and construction and needs sound and effective organization and management methods. Within the framework of this approach, organizational models of development, implementation and optimization of urban planning solutions must have the following components: object and subject of control, parameters of regulatory influence, information and technical support. Towards this end, the list of applications of urban planning solutions, their composition and characteristics are presented. Research methods include structural and functional analysis. Results. The authors have discovered that the effective management of urban planning solutions requires an information model of built-up areas that will be updated and upgraded on an ongoing basis. The mathematical description of the process of selecting optimal urban planning solutions is presented. Conclusions. The list of provisions, formulated by the authors, establishes a scientific rationale for the development and implementation of investment programmes and projects focused on the reengineering of areas and buildings, their composition and structure, establishes an effective regime and configuration of flows of regulatory impacts within the framework of urban planning activities, as well as the preconditions (conditions) of organizing the development and selection of optimal urban planning solutions.
A wall-mounted gas convection boiler with an atmospheric burner operating in the double modulation mode
Authors:   Engineering Center “April”, Alexey L. Toropov
Published: February 2023

Introduction. Apartment heating requires the thermal capacity of no more than 1.0–2.5 kW; hot water preparation needs 15–25 kW. Convection gas boilers cannot operate efficiently, if a change in the range of smooth modulation reaches 20 times. Discrete modulation is triggered in the heating mode, which is also accompanied by a substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions and a sharp decline in energy efficiency. The heating of such premises requires heat generators operating in the two ranges of thermal capacity. Materials and methods. The author analyzes the operation of a wall-mounted convection gas boiler with an atmospheric burner equipped with a three-section manifold that ensures a smooth modulation range of 2.4–6 kW, when the boiler is in the heating mode, and the modulation range of 15–24 kW, when the boiler is in the hot water supply mode (HWS). Results. The author made boiler efficiency diagrams for the heating and HWS modes during the steady boiler operation; the author also made boiler diagrams for discrete modulation modes and the regular on-off switching of the boiler. A direct method, that entailed the study of the flow rates of gas and heat conductor, as well as the boiler inlet and outlet temperatures, was employed to find the energy efficiency values. Conclusions. The use of conventional wall-mounted gas convection boilers as a source of heating for the 60 m2 premises entails discrete capacity modulation, that causes a substantial reduction in the energy efficiency of a heating system and rises greenhouse gas emissions. The application of efficiency indicators to different modes of operation of boilers does not convey the real mode of operation of a boiler during the heating period, since it entails a substantial overestimation, while wall-mounted convection boilers, having atmospheric burners with two ranges of smooth modulation, ensure highly efficient apartment heating.
Prevention of secondary pollution of drinking water in water supply networks made of metals
Authors:   INCO-expert, Prodous Oleg A. , Shlychkov Dmitriy I. , Spitsov Dmitriy V. ,   Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)
Published: February 2023

Introduction. The requirements of current regulatory documents guarantee the quality of drinking water leaving water treatment facilities (WTF). Hence, the water, coming into water supply networks, made of steel and cast iron pipes, made of gray-cast iron, is transported to consumers. Its quality must meet the standards of GOST R (Russian National Standard) 51232-98 “Drinking water” and SanPiN (Sanitary Regulations and Norms) 1.2.3685-21 “Hygienic standards and requirements to ensure the safety and (or) harmlessness of habitat factors for people”. The aim of the study is to analyze methods of preventing secondary pollution of drinking water in water supply networks, made of metal, and to identify the most effective and practically grounded method. Materials and methods. The concepts of electrochemical corrosion and microbiological corrosion of the inner surface of pipes were used to perform the analysis. Three methods of preventing the formation of a layer of deposits on the inner surface of steel and gray cast-iron pipes are used in the practice of water treatment and disinfection of drinking water: the method of using strong oxidants, such as chlorine and sodium hypochlorite, for the disinfection of drinking water; the method of increasing the pH level of drinking water; the method of using chemicals to ensure the formation of a microscopic film on the surface of layers of deposits to “slow down” electrochemical and microbiological corrosion processes on the inner surface of pipes. Results. The authors have identified a method for preventing the secondary pollution of drinking water, time-tested by the twelve years of practical use by the operator of WTF and drinking water supply and distribution networks made of metal. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the method of preventing the secondary pollution of drinking water through the use of new generation reagents, made of polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, has been proven in practice.