bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stages In The Development Of Language About Aristotle’S Nous
Authors: Huby Pamela
Published: November 2023

Attempts to interpret Aristotle’s doctrine of the soul and intellect started with Theophrastus. He and others, especially Eudemus, appear to have edited—in some sense—Aristotle’s esoteric works, and to have had them before him much as we have them now. It is clear that when Theophrastus talks about Aristotle he is drawing his information from exactly the same works as we have now. He makes no claim to know what Aristotle thought independently of what he wrote down, and is as puzzled as we are about what his master meant.1 One can only conjecture how this situation arose, given that the two were almost constant companions from the time of Theophrastus’ entry into the Aristotelian circle. Perhaps they never had the time to discuss such matters; after all, the quantity of work that both left, if we include all that we know has been lost, and the amount of empirical study involved, could not leave much time over. It is also likely that most of the De anima was written late in Aristotle’s life.
Form and the immateriality of the intellect from Aristotle To Aquinas
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2023

Disagreement about (9) represents the difference between Averroes and Alexander of Aphrodisias. Alexander was prepared to allow that the potential intellect was immaterial yet perishable on the grounds that, being a mere potentiality, it is a disposition of the body, though not itself material or bodily.2 In effect, Alexander's problem and response can be put in a way which parallels (1)-(8) above. It concerns only the active intellect.
Death and Other Difficulties
Authors: Williams C J F
Published: November 2023

The doctrine I was preaching in Chapter I was not that ‘exist’ has no task to perform, but that amongst its tasks we do not find that of being a first-level predicate, i.e. being used to say something about some particular person or thing. But isn’t this absurd? It is a fact about Queen Anne that she is dead. And this is no different from the fact that she has ceased to exist. She has also ceased to eat. Eating was something she used to do, reputedly on an extensive scale.
‘Somewhether’ and ‘thether’
Authors: Williams C J F
Published: November 2023

Being was the topic of Chapters I and II. Identity was the topic of Chapter III, and it turned out that the account needed of the meaning of the word ‘same’ covered certain aspects of the meaning of the word ‘self also. But not all aspects. Where the self is myself, special considerations apply; and these were the topic of Chapter IV. Now it is time to proceed to truth.
To What Extent is German an International Language?
Authors: Ammon Ulrich
Published: November 2023

If a language can be used widely in international communication, its speakers have numerous advantages: they can use their native language (mother tongue) for negotiating international business contracts or political treaties, for lecturing and publishing internationally as scientists or scholars, or as tourists, while others have to resort to a foreign language for these activities. The use of a foreign language not only requires considerable additional learning but, as a rule, remains a more strenuous and less effective means of communication than the use of one’s native language. In extreme cases, the non-native user of a language may resemble a baby, with respect to his/her verbal skills, as compared to the ‘adult’ native speaker. Given these practical advantages it is not surprising that most language communities try to spread their language internationally if they see any chance of success, and national pride in their own language further stimulates such endeavours. In this chapter, I shall concentrate on the question of the degree to which the German language actually is international. However, before this question can be assessed systematically, a few remarks on definitions and methods are necessary.
Theories of Sociolinguistic Variation in the German Context
Authors: Dittmar Norbert
Published: November 2023

Sociolinguistics in German-speaking countries started with language philosophical reflections on the expressive power and logical capacity of German as one of Europe’s national languages. The claim that French was superior to German in terms of logic and clarity of expression produced many philosophical and philological dissertations on the ‘Reichthum und Armut der deutschen Sprache’ (wealth and poverty of the German language: see Dieckmann 1989; ‘poor’ and ‘rich’ in this context can be seen in global and historical terms).
The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Comrie Bernard , Stone Gerald , Polinsky Maria
Published: November 2023

Bernard Comrie and Gerald Stone's The Russian Language since the Revolution (OUP 1978) provided a comprehensive account of the way Russian changed in the period between 1917 and the 1970s. In this new volume the authors, joined by Maria Polinsky, extend the time frame back to 1900 and forward to glasnost in the mid 1980s. They first consider changes in the pronunciation, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary of the language and then examine the effects of social change on the language in chapters on the changing staus of women, modes of address and speech etiquette, and orthography. They show that changes in all these areas have been very substantial, and explore the extent to which the standard language, as portrayed in dictionaries and grammars, coincides with the actual usage - both spoken and written - of educated Russians. The book will be of interest not only to students of Russian but more generally to sociolinguists and those with an interest in language change.
Morphology
Authors: Comrie Bernard , Stone Gerald , Polinsky Maria
Published: November 2023

The gender of many Russian nouns has changed in the period since 1917. The largest specific group consists of those affected by the change from masculine to common or varied gender—a change motivated by the new roles of Russian women in Soviet society. This phenomenon is of such proportions that we have allotted a separate chapter to it (Chapter 6).
Supervenience
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

My own first use of the word, so far as I can determine, was in a paper, never published, which I read to the Oxford Philosophical Society in 1950. This was in the course of an attempt to find clear logical criteria for distinguishing between evaluative and purely descriptive words. I thought at that time that this characteristic of value-words could be used for that purpose. I even tried in the same paper to use it in order to refute ethical descriptivism, in much the same spirit as that in which Dr Blackburn has more recently had recourse to it in his campaign (which of course I support) against ethical realism (1971, 1981, 1984, 1985). But I came to think that both moves were mistaken. For supervenience is a feature, not just of evaluative words, properties, or judgements, but of the wider class of judgements which have to have, at least in some minimal sense, reasons or grounds or explanations. And, as we shall see later, it is possible, at a certain cost in queerness, to remain a descriptivist or a realist, even of a non-naturalist stamp, and still believe in supervenience.
Why Change Rather than Quiescence?
Authors: Pivčević Edo
Published: November 2023

That nothing is permanent is a familiar truism. The world all around us is in a state of flux and turbulence. Things move about through space and alter their features, some are relatively enduring, some fleeting and evanescent, some grow and develop for a while, then decay and perish, while others emerge into being. Change is the most striking and pervasive feature of all existence. Yet what assurance do we have, apart from the strength of our conviction, that changes take place independently of our belief that they do? Or, to phrase it differently, on what grounds are we entitled to claim that that is how the world really is rather than how it is merely thought to be?
The Breakdown of the Causal Model
Authors: Pivčević Edo
Published: November 2023

I said that the premiss underlying the Eleatic reasoning was that change was intelligible only if it was in principle causally accountable. This accords with common sense. In general we make two assumptions about change: (1) that changes are ‘brought about’ by antecedent causes, that is, we associate change with forward-moving time; and (2) that if B is caused by A, then A and B must be causally continuous, that is, there must be an unbroken causal line leading from the occurrence of A to the occurrence of B. Zeno’s argument, as we saw, amounted to an attempt to show that the latter assumption in particular could not be sustained. It was in principle impossible to construct a coherent model to show how the causal relation operated across intervals of space and time, and that consequently there was no means of proving that what we perceive, or rather seem to perceive, as continuous processes were not sequences of discrete stationary states with no causal connections between them.
Accidental Causes and Real Explanations
Authors: Freeland Cynthia A
Published: November 2023

Among Aristotle scholars current opinion is virtually unanimous that the theory of the four causes is really a theory of explanation. Julius Moravcsik, for example, writes that the theory, ‘properly understood’, ‘is the Stagirite’s account of what constitutes an adequate explanation’. Julia Annas remarks in a similar vein, ‘It is a great improvement to cease thinking of an aitia as a cause and to treat it instead as an explanation, a “because”.’ A host of other Aristotelian scholars have joined in, as has the philosopher of science Bas van Fraassen, who sees in Aristotle’s texts a theory of causes emphasizing, like his own, ‘the pragmatics of explanation’.
Teleological Causation in the Physics
Authors: Charles David
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s discussion of the fourth cause is introduced in Phys. 11. 3 as follows.

The fourth cause—the teleological cause—plays a distinctive role in Aristotle’s discussion of physics and of metaphysics. He held that in these areas, as in biology and psychology, one must employ teleological causation in addition to material and efficient causation. Many of his predecessors erred, in his view, in thinking that such phenomena could be explained in terms of material causation alone. Thus he (famously) wrote, ’It is not likely that fire or earth or any such element should be the cause of things manifesting goodness and beauty both in their being and their coming to be’ (Met. 984bn-i4). In most recent discussions of Aristotle’s account of teleology, the major interest has been to discover why he thought that teleological causation was indispensable in studying natural processes, and why he thought that his
Aristotle’s Mathematical Physics: A Reconstruction
Authors: Hussey Edward
Published: November 2023

Aristotle was not the first to suggest that the physical world exhibits mathematical relationships of various kinds. This thought is at home both in the ‘Milesian’ tradition of natural philosophy, and in that of the ‘Pythagoreans’. It is even arguable that Democritus had envisaged a thoroughly mathematical physics. In any case, there existed, by the time of Aristotle, some specialized mathematical sciences, not dependent on any particular cosmology or metaphysics, but having uncontested and successful application in the actual world. These were (two- and three-dimensional) geometry, geometrical optics, harmonics (mathematical theory of music), and particularly mathematical astronomy. The most mathematically developed of these sciences was astronomy, in the hands of Aristotle’s contemporaries Eudoxus and Callippus. The mechanical-mathematical model developed by Eudoxus to account for the celestial motions was, I shall suggest, a source of stimulus and inspiration for Aristotle in more than one way.
Aristotle on Self-Motion
Authors: Gill Mary Louise
Published: November 2023

In Book VIII of the Phys1i·s Aristotle discusses self-motion in order to show that particular changes caused by one body acting on another can be explained without citing an infinite number of previous changes. In VIII. 5 he argues that an explanatory regress can be avoided because ordinary changes are caused, either directly or indirectly, by something that moves itself, and self-motions by an unmoved mover within the self-mover. Typical changes thus finally depend on a mover that is not itself changed and so requires no further cause. This solution must be questioned, however, because in the very next chapter, Phys. VIII 6, Aristotle suggests that animals-the paradigmatic self-movers–do not after all initiate their own motions but derive that impetus from features in their environment (259b1-16). In what sense, then, are animals self-movers, and how does their dependence on external factors affect the proposed solution in VIII. 5?
Divine Perfection and Freedom: The Contemporary Debate
Authors: Rowe William L
Published: November 2023

On the assumption that among the possible worlds there is a best world, we have considered the alternatives facing God as creator. And we have reached the preliminary conclusion that God’s absolute perfection would leave him no choice other than the choice to create the very best world. In the course of reaching this conclusion we’ve looked with some care at the writings of Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, both of whom hold that there is a best possible world, and we’ve concluded that neither succeeds in the effort to avoid the conclusion that God’s choice to create the best world is absolutely necessary. But since it seems impossible to prove that there is a best among possible worlds (or a best world creatable by an infinitely powerful, infinitely wise being were such a being to exist), we must now consider the apparent possibility that there is no best world, that for any world creatable by God (if he exists) there is a better world he could create instead. If this were the way things are, it seems initially reasonable to suppose that while God would not be free to create a bad world he would be free to create some good world even though he could create a better world instead. For on the supposition that for every creatable world there is a better creatable world it would be impossible for God to create a world that is better than any other creatable world.
The Varieties of Necessity
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2023

Necessity abounds. There are the necessary truths of logic, mathematics, and metaphysics, the necessary connections among events in the natural world, the necessary or unconditional principles of ethics, and many other forms of necessary truth or connection.
The Art of the Impossible
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Prize: One hundred dollars to the first person who identifies a picture of a logical impossibility. I may be willing to pay more for the painting itself. This finder’s fee is simply for pointing out the picture. Let me explain more precisely what I seek. There is a genre of children’s picture puzzles that is marked by the question ‘What is wrong with this picture?’Well, that goat does not belong in the library. That clock is mirror-reversed. Ostriches do not fly…Theo job of the viewer is to spot the incongruities.
The Conceivability of Naturalism
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

A central dilemma in contemporary metaphysics is to find a place for certain anthropocentric subject-matters—for instance, the semantic, moral, and psychological—in a world as conceived by modern naturalism: a stance which inflates the concepts and categories deployed by (finished) physical science into a metaphysics of the kind of thing the real world essentially and exhaustively is. On one horn, if we embrace this naturalism, it seems we are committed either to reductionism: that is, to a construal of the reference of, for example, semantic, moral, and psychological vocabulary as somehow being within the physical domain—or to disputing that the discourses in question involve reference to what is real at all.
Locke on Justice
Authors: Harris Ian
Published: November 2023

What is justice with Locke? Justice, of course, is a concept integral to any moral theory which considers people in relation to each other, for it determines what each individual owes to the rest. It can have a further interest, as when a political theory proceeds from the conclusions of moral thinking. Locke’s thought embodies these features, but his language about justice has a warmth which suggests that it had a special importance to him. Justice, he wrote in section 110 of Some thoughts concerning education, was a “great Social Vertue”. He repeated this assessment in his major work of political theory, Two treatises of government, at II. ii. 5. So answering our question should lead us to some themes of marked importance in his moral and political theories.
“Beating Down Scepticism”: The Solid Philosophy of John Sergeant, 1623-1707
Authors: Southgate Beverley c.
Published: November 2023

John Sergeant has never attained the respectability of inclusion within the philosophical canon. Some posthumous consolation must derive from an enduring reputation in theology; for, as a chief Catholic spokesman in the mid-seventeenth century “rule of faith” controversies, he has been accounted “one of the most prominent ecclesiastics of his century” and even as “seemingly omnipresent”. 1 But philosophical recognition has continued to elude him. Despite some notice as an early critic of Locke and as a possible influence on Berkeley, there seems little need to modify an assessment made in 1929 by N. C. Bradish, that “perhaps there are few names in the history of philosophy as little known as that of John Sergeant”.:.
Jeremy Coote and Anthony Shelton, Introduction
Authors: Firth Raymond
Published: November 2023

The essays in this volume provide an introduction to the anthropological study of art and aesthetics, reflecting the richness and variety that characterize the subject today. While most of the essays concentrate on a single theme and a single cultural tradition, together they cover a wide theoretical and cultural range.
Disentangling Tapu
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The complexities of interpreting other cultural systems have very frequently been stressed by anthropologists. The difficulties and ultimate impossibility of translation have been emphasized, especially by those with a commitment to one form or another of cultural relativism. This kind of critique would attend to the misinterpretations and biases of descriptions of non-Westem people, but tended, until recently, to say little about the systemic connections between these features of ethnographic or travel literature, and their roles (in the past and present) as representations within a colonial system. The examination of particular themes and judgements in discourses about ‘others’, about colonized, prospectively colonized, or once-colonized societies, makes it possible to see that particular representations were or are often motivated by, and have been linked with, wider images of ‘primitive types’ or ‘mentalities’. Here the fact that these discourses were generally racist is of less importance than the specific ways in which the interests of writers (such as missionaries) shaped-and distorted-their depictions of tribal cultures.
Between Chiefs and Shamans: Ritual Agency and the Diffusion of Power
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Power in the Marquesas was dispersed rather than consolidated. The fact that chieftainship was not socially encompassing has been linked with the power of shamans, and this association is reinforced by the pattern of social variation within the group: the most potent tau’a appear to be found where chieftainship and chiefly elites were less tightly knit. This question of the dispersal of power can be pursued into a broader comparative frame through examination of the significance of shamanistic figures in Polynesia generally; the patterns suggest a link between local conflicts and longer-term evolution. It is also worth presenting a general picture of inspired priestly activities in Polynesia, because these have not generally been recognized as forms of shamanism in Oceanic anthropology, which has resulted in an imbalanced view of pre-Christian Polynesian religion.
The Islands: Geography and Prehistory
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The Marquesas Islands, named ‘las Marquesas de Mendoca’ by Mendana in 1595, consist of six substantial inhabited islands, and a number of islets, some of which were occasionally visited and intermittently inhabited by the indigenous Polynesians in the period before European contact. The islands are situated between eight and eleven degrees south, and are about l ,400 kilometres north-east of Tahiti, while the Hawaiian chain is over 3,000 kilometres to the north-west. The closest inhabited islands were atolls in the Tuamotu archipelago, about 450 kilometres to the south and south-east. The whole of the Pacific is known as ‘Oceania’ but the term is especially apt in eastern Polynesia, where clusters of islands generally much smaller than those of the Melanesian archipelagos were separated by vast expanses of water.
Logic of Relations
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank
Published: November 2023

In Culture and Practical Reason, Sahlins uses a relational model to suggest an isomorphism between social and material classification in Fiji. According to Sahlins, the commutability within, and incommensurability between, certain classes of goods can be seen as a transposition of the scheme of social distinctions, which unite and oppose classes of men, onto the plane of objects. But in considering this world of objects one does not know exactly what is intended when it is said that a relation of ‘transitive equivalence’ obtains among whales’ teeth, pigs, and turtles, because of their common interchangeability with men:

Whale’s teeth are ‘the head of all things’. Their only social measure is a human being: they give a claim on the services, in war or in work, of those who accept them as an offering; they secure the wife to the husband, compensate the warrior for his tribute of a cannibal victim, the father-in-law for the death of the wife, the mother’s kin for the birth of her child.
The Citrakārs: Caste of Painters and Mask-Makers
Authors: Toffin Gérard
Published: November 2023

The Citrakārs are a group of about 1,200 people, i.e. 0.3 per cent of the Newar population, and are clustered in the urban centres of the ‘Valley’. Nearly 80 per cent of them live in Kathmandu (about 100 households) and Lalitpur (eighty households). Traditionally, they are painters and the name of the caste comes from the Sanskrit word citra which means ‘image, painting’.
Conclusion: Caste Organization and the Ancient City
Authors: Quigley Declan
Published: November 2023

In his introduction Gellner suggests that Newar society provides a kind of paradigm for the study of Hindu South Asia and that the Kathmandu Yalley exhibits one of the clearest expressions of the basic principles of caste. There is no good a priori reason why this should not be so. Nor is there any good reason for making the association which is often made between caste orthodoxy and India. Where should one choose in India as the locus of this orthodoxy? Perhaps the most remarkable feature of Hinduism is that it does not have a Rome or a Mecca.
Cargoism and Occidentalism
Authors: Lindstrom Lamont
Published: November 2023

Paul Nizan in Aden, Arabie, his travelogue of disillusionment, wrote gloomily that ’The Orient reproduces the Occident and is a commentary on it’ (1987: ll0). Although Nizan had in mind wretched attempts of European colons to replicate life back home, his disappointment in the similarities between Orient and Occident says something about the gravity of expectation that surrounds this boundary. Nizan travelled to Arabie seeking difference but he discovered only more of the same-and that in an odiously intensified form. The Orient is a corrosive commentary on the Occident: ’The liquid has been decanted and only the essence is left; everything that diluted the solution has evaporated’ (1987: ll0).
The Colonial, the Imperial, and the Creation of the ’European’ in Southern Africa
Authors: Thornton Robert
Published: November 2023

South Africa’s history has long been characterized as the struggle be tween an imperial power, England, and indigenous people who have sought to maintain their independence or autonomy. The interests of the imperial power, according to the standard view, were mainly to control the territory of southern Africa and to control access to natural and human resources within it. Far from being a merely historical interpretation, this view was tantamount to policy from the time that Cecil John Rhodes took his seat in the Cape Parliament in 1881 (Rotberg 1988: 128) soon after the crushing defeat at Majuba of the first British attempt to annex the Transvaal.
The Problem Defined: The Need for an Anthropology of Art
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: November 2023

An ‘anthropological theory of visual art’ probably suggests a theory dealing with the art production in the colonial and post-colonial societies anthropologists typically study, plus the so-called ‘Primitive’ art now usually called ‘ethnographic’ art-in museum collections. The ‘anthropological theory of art’ equals the ‘theory of art’ applied to ‘anthropological’ art. But this is not , what I have in mind. The art of the colonial and post-colonial margins, inasmuch as it is ‘art’, can be approached via any, or all, of the existing ‘theories of art’, in so far as these approaches are useful ones. Critics, philosophers, and aestheticians have been busy for a long time; ‘theories of art’ constitute a vast and well-established field.
The Critique of the Index
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: November 2023

Since these reflections on art are directed in the main at the existing anthropology-of-art confraternity, I can make a start—and perhaps make amendsby considering, first of all, a classical theme in the anthropology-of-art literature, namely, the significance of ‘geometric’ (i.e. non-representational, or marginally representational) decorative designs. Most ‘western’ art-theory is about representational art, and so is most of the philosophy of art, in so far as these two may be distinguished. But it is fair to say that most of the art in the collections held in ethnological museums-if not on display there-is ‘decorative’ art, usually applied to arte facts such as pots, mats, and so forth.
Style and Culture
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, my aim is to formulate a concept of ‘style’ adapted to the requirements of the anthropology of visual art. In the anthropology-of-art con text the concept of style is distinguishable from the concepts of style applicable in Western art history and aesthetics in that the ‘units’ of style are not (usually) individual artists, or schools of artists, or movements, but ‘cultures’ or ‘societies’. Actually, the units of style are conventional ethnographic isolates as represented for study purposes by museum collections and published sources on material culture.
Kleinwort Benson
Authors: Wake Jehanne
Published: November 2023

Kleinwort Benson is one of the most distinguished international investment banks in the City of London, becoming part of the Dresdner Bank Group in 1995. This is the story of how two families, the Kleinworts and the Bensons, emerged from medieval beginnings in Holstein and the Lake District to seek their fortunes in Hamburg, Cuba, and Liverpool, before arriving in the 1850s in London. There they founded two very different merchant banks, which merged in 1967 to create Kleinwort Benson Lonsdale, later Kleinwort Benson. The Kleinwort Benson story mirrors both the spectacular growth of English capital and its often turbulent side-effects. It shows how the two families survived the collapse of the Benson bank in 1875, the freezing of Kleinwort assets and business by the European financial crisis of 1931, and two World Wars, and how they established their banks as powerful City players in the postwar period. Their story is as much a human drama as a financial history. Brimming with generations of Kleinworts, Bensons, and the families with whom they married and formed partnerships, the book evokes their feuds and friendships, their successes and failures, set against the background of more than two hundred years of social and business history. This is the first full history of Kleinwort Benson. It contributes to our understanding of the way in which business is carried out in the City of London, and provides fascinating insights into the lives of those concerned. Jehanne Wake was given unrestricted access to the bank's archives and staff and has drawn upon a wealth of original sources to furnish this lively and readable history of the members of two banking dynasties and their boardroom successors.
Parliamentary Procedure: The Hidden Power?
Authors: Norton Philip
Published: November 2023

Sir Kenneth Pickthorn sat in the House of Commons from 1935 to 1966. He was a scholar whose political career reached a peak when he spent three years as a junior minister in the Department of Education. His main claim to fame is a comment he made when addressing the House of Commons on 8 February 1960. ‘Procedure’, he declared, ‘is all the poor Briton has, now that any Government which commands 51 per cent of the House of Commons can at any moment do anything they like with retrospective or prospective intentions.’He thus encapsulated an essential truth of the British political system, but one that has never quite been fully appreciated. While the fact that a government secure in a parliamentary majority can mobilize that majority to support its measures has been accepted as a truism, the consequences of procedure in limiting its capacity to achieve its desired outcomes have rarely been drawn out.
Syntactic Change in Akkadian
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

Akkadian is one of the earliest attested languages and the oldest recorded Semitic language. It exists in written record between 2500BC and 500BC, much of it in letters and reports concerned with domestic and business matters, and written in colloquial language. It provides a unique and valuable source for the study of linguistic change but which, perhaps because of the impenetrability of its writing system, has rarely been exploited by linguists. In this book, Guy Deutscher examines the historical development of subordinate structures in Akkadian. A case study comprises the first two parts of the book, presenting an historical grammar of sentential complementation. Part I traces the emergence of new structures and describes how the finite complements first emerged in Babylonian. It also explains the grammaticalization of the quotative construction. Part II is a functional history which examines the changes in the functional roles of different structures. It shows how, during the history of the language, finite complements and embedded questions became more widespread, whereas other structures (e.g. infinite complements, parataxis, etc.) receded. Part III seeks to explain the historical developments in a theoretical light, showing how the development in Akkadian is mirrored in many other languages. It goes on to suggest that the emergence of finite complementation may be seen as 'adaptive' and related to the development of more complex communication patterns. This book will be of interest to both specialists and general linguists alike. For specialists it offers a contribution towards a badly-needed historical grammar of the Akkadian language. For general linguists this book will be of interest not only for the questions which it raises about the nature of complementation, but also for the window which it provides on to this little-known language.
Tropical rain forests through time
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

The great contrast between the two divisions of the archipelago is nowhere so abruptly exhibited as on passage from the island of Bali to that of Lombock, where the two regions are in closest proximity. In Bali we have barbets, fruit-thrushes, and woodpeckers; on passing over to Lombock these are seen no more, but we have an abundance of cockatoos, honey-suckers, and brush-turkeys which are equally unknown in Bali or any island further west. The strait is here fifteen miles wide, so that we may pass in two hours from one great division of the earth to another, differing as essentially in their animal life as Europe does from America.
Species richness
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

One of the most famous features of tropical rain forests is their extreme species richness which has impressed scientists ever since the earliest explorations (Chapter 1). Some species are common, but most are rare: as has been described above (p. 32), in the richest rain forests every second tree on a hectare or so is a different species. Even disregarding the trees, some rain forests are richer in species than any other vegetation on earth; and the richest communities outside the humid tropics have about the same total number of species on small plots as there are trees of 0.1 m in diameter and greater in many rain forests. The way such very large numbers of species have evolved and are packed together has been the driving force for endless speculation, constrained to varying degrees by observation, and commonly involving massive extrapolation. It is one of the most basic and fascinating aspects of these forests and one that energizes much of tropical biology.
Tropical rain forests yesterday and today
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

Human impact on tropical rain forests has changed in pace and scale through time. In this chapter we consider the earlier phases, up to the end of European colonial empires. This includes a look at minor forest products, which have historically been more important than timber. Then we describe the dramatic changes since World War II as timber exploitation has become of such major importance, population pressure has substantially increased, and global awareness of human impact has snowballed. The book concludes in Chapter 11 with the picture today and a prognosis for the future.
Robots Nature’s
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Proteins are amazingly versatile molecules. They make the chemical reactions happen that form the basis for life, they transmit signals in the body, they identify and kill foreign invaders, they form the engines that make us move, they record visual images. All of this is now common knowledge, but it was not so a hundred years ago. Nature’s Robots is an authoritative history of protein science, from the origins of protein research in the nineteenth century, when the chemical constitution of ‘protein’ was first studied and heatedly debated and when there was as yet no glimmer of the functional potential of substances in the ‘protein’ category, to the determination of the first structures of individual proteins at atomic resolution - when positions of individual atoms were first specified exactly and bonding between neighbouring atoms precisely defined. Tanford and Reynolds, who themselves made major contributions to the golden age of protein science, have written a remarkably vivid account of this history. It is a fascinating story, involving heroes from the past, working mostly alone or in small groups, usually with little support from formal research groups. It is also a story that embraces a number of historically important scientific controversies. Written in clear and accessible prose, Nature’s Robots will appeal to general readers with an interest in popular science, in addition to professional scientists and historians of science.
Energy Unlimited
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

The most recent and globally spectacular outbreak of selfdelusion— the triumph of desire over reason—began some ten years ago with the news that fusion of hydrogen had been achieved in something not much more complex than a test-tube. Atomic fusion is the process that generates the heat of the sun and the energy released by the explosion of a hydrogen bomb. If it could be brought about cheaply and at a controlled rate, the world’s energy needs, no matter how extravagant, would be satisfied in perpetuity, the scourge of pollution conquered and the man who discovers how it is done would be adulated by generations to come as mankind’s greatest benefactor. The rewards are ample and the prospect sufficient, as the cold-fusion aberration showed, to unhinge the keenest intellect.
The Physics, Clinical Measurement, and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

A good knowledge of physics, measurement and equipment is essential for practising anaesthetists. The subject does, however, present considerable problems for many, few of whom have any background in physics. This book explains the physical principles and applications of physics in anaesthesia, covering the statistical methods that anaesthetists are required to understand. The book includes sections on equipment and safety in anaesthesia, and electrical safety. The book starts with mathematics, statistics and a basic physics background, not only to enhance the understanding for what follows in the book, but also because these basic sciences are fundamental to many other aspects of medical science. Areas which trainees find particularly troublesome, such as electricity and electrical safety, are discussed in detail.
Behaviour of fluids (liquids and gases, pressure and flow)
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

Fluid flow behaviourIn the context of the study of fluid flow, a fluid can be either a liquid or a gas. Fluids exhibit different flow behaviour depending on their physical properties, in particular viscosity and density. Flow characteristics also depend on the geometry of the pipes or channels through which they flow and on the driving pressure regimes. These principles can be applied to any fluid and the complexity of the analysis depends on the flow regimes described in this section, including whether the flow can be considered compressible or not (Massey 1970).
Principles and standards of anaesthetic monitoring
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiology (International Task Force on Anaesthesia Safety 1993) adopted standards relating to the safe practice of anaesthesia in 1992. Earlier, such standards had been pro-posed by a number of countries in order to cut the morbidity due to anaesthesia itself. These included the Health Council of the Netherlands (1978–80), Germany (1984–90), Harvard Hospitals (1986), the American
Respiratory gas analysers
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

The purpose of respiratory gas analysis during anaesthesia is to identify and measure the concentrations, on a breath-by-breath basis, of the individual gases and vapours in use. It may also be useful as a guide to cardiac function or to identify trace contaminant gases. Different techniques use different physicochemical properties of the gas or vapour. An understanding of the physical principle underlying each method is necessary to recognize the uses and limitations of each.
Medical training using simulators
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

The aviation and aerospace industries have used simulators since the 1950s to train pilots. These methods have been extrapolated into some areas of the medical profession, particularly anaesthesia where the work of an anaesthetist has many similarities to that of a pilot. There are said to be parallels between the process of take-off and landing of an aircraft and the induction and recovery of a patient.
The black dog and the muse
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

I kept on with my life at a frightening pace. I worked ridiculously long hours and slept next to not at all. When I went home at night it was to a place of increasing chaos: Books, many of them newly purchased, were strewn everywhere. Clothes were piled up in mounds in every room, and there were unemptied shopping bags as far as the eye could see The chaos in my mind began to mirror the chaos of my rooms; I could no longer process what I was hearing; I became confused, scared, and disoriented Icould not follow the path of my own thoughts. Sentences flew around in my head and fragmented first into phrases and then words; finally, only sounds remained One evening I stood in the middle of my living room and looked out at a blood red sunset spreading out over the horizon of the Pacific.
I and the other robots
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

Bye-child by Seamus Heaney He was discovered in the henhouse where she had confined him. He was incapable of saying anything.
Questions and answers about Tourette syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

The exact rate depends, at least in part, on how one defines Tourette syndrome, but the generally accepted figure nowadays is five cases per 10 000 people. Using these figures, this would mean there are approximately 110 000 patients in the USA, and 25 000 in the UK.
Pain-Related Fear and Avoidance: A Conditioning Perspective
Authors: Goubert Liesbet , Crombez, Geert , Peters Madelon
Published: November 2023

Pain is more than an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience. It elicits innate responses and action tendencies that prepare and facilitate escape from pain. Par excellence, pain is an experience that drives learning. We learn about the circumstances of everyday pain. We discover the events or actions that precede the experience of pain, and find out what predicts and causes pain. We learn to fear impending pain, and learn which actions should be undertaken to minimize pain, and to avoid it on future occasions. The same applies for the experience of clinical and chronic pain. The relevance of learning in chronic pain has been recognized early on in the field of pain (Fordyce 1976), and continues to play a role in more recent biopsychosocial accounts of chronic pain. For example, fear-avoidance models have elaborated the role of fear and avoidance behavior in the development of chronic pain problems (for an overview, see Vlaeyen and Linton 2000). At present, the concepts of “pain-related fear” and “avoidance” have become established in the pain literature. However, the precise mechanisms by which learning takes place are often taken for granted or left unspecified.
The neuropathology of HIV-associated brain disease
Authors: Budka Herbert
Published: November 2023

Since its start more than 20 years ago, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has resulted in an extraordinary challenge to the medical profession, including all disciplines of the clinical neurosciences. A plethora of publications has covered nervous system damage in this devastating disease. The large body of experience in clinical and basic sciences is in contrast to our present incomplete understanding of HIV neuropathogenicity. However, it has become clear that the nervous system, together with the immune system, is the major target of HIV. Indeed, the human brain is the only organ to have been demonstrated to suffer from a new disease specific to HIV. While considerable knowledge has accumulated on etiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of opportunistic infections of the nervous system in AIDS, essential questions on the role of HIV in the nervous system remain to be answered.
Human polyomavirus, JC virus, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Safak Mahmut , Major, Eugene , Khalili Kamel
Published: November 2023

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes by a human polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV). This disease develops mostly in patients with underlying immunosuppressive conditions including AIDS, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lymphoproliferative diseases and those undergoing antineoplastic therapy (Berger and Concha 1995; Berger and Major 1999; Berger 2000; Berger et al. 2001; Major et al. 1992). In addition, in a small number of cases, PML was also found to affect individuals with no underlying disease (Berger and Concha 1995; Major et al. 1992).
Opportunistic infections of the nervous system in AIDS
Authors: Berger Joseph R , Cohen Bruce A
Published: November 2023

Since the first edition of this text, there have been remarkable achievements in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The availability of combination highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led not only to prolonged suppression of HIV replication, but also to reconstitution of the immune system. Not unexpectedly, the frequency of neurological opportunistic infections has also declined in such successfully treated individuals (Jellinger et al. 2000; Sacktor et al. 2001; Vago et al. 2002). Nonetheless, there still remains a reservoir of individuals whose first presentation of HIV is with a neurological opportunistic infection, and a group of patients in whom even HAART therapy fails to maintain control of evolving species of resistant HIV resulting in recurrent or persistent immune suppression and the potential for neurological opportunistic infection.
Evaluation of neurodevelopmental deficits in children with HIV-1 infection
Authors: Wolters Pamela L , Brouwers Pim
Published: November 2023

Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are at risk for developing central nervous system (CNS) disease characterized by impairments in cognitive, language, motor, and behavioral functions. The clinical presentation of pediatric HIV-1 CNS disease varies among patient subgroups as to the time of onset, rate of deterioration, severity of deficits, and number of domains affected (Belman 1994). CNS manifestations range from mild impairments in selective domains of cognitive functioning to the most severe form, referred to as HIV encephalopathy, in which children exhibit global and debilitating neurodevelopmental deficits with possible loss of previously acquired skills.
Psychosocial aspects of neurological impairment in children with AIDS
Authors: Wiener Lori , Martin Staci
Published: November 2023

One of the most devastating occurrences associated with working with children living with HIV/AIDS is witnessing cognitive deterioration. Neurological impairments associated with HIV infection in childhood present significant challenges to the overall quality of life of affected children and their families. A child’s deviation from a normative developmental course can impact the emotional well-being of the child, disrupt family relationships, and lead to problems in the child’s and family’s interface with society. Helping families cope and adjust to these neurological manifestations requires more than providing medical information and changing medications. Clinicians must help families understand and adjust to the implications of their child’s deficits within a developmental framework, and provide assistance in accessing and obtaining needed community services.
Current concepts in the treatment of HIV infection with focus on brain disease
Authors: Swindells Susan
Published: November 2023

Rapid progress in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease has led to substantial success in reducing morbidity and mortality but has also introduced significant complexity in the management of disease (Yeni et al. 2002). Newly emerging toxicities, suboptimal antiviral activity, and the development of drug resistance necessitate continual re-evaluation of treatment guidelines. Over the last few years, the threshold for initiation of antiretroviral therapy has changed, largely in response to a recognition of the limitations of available therapies. Specialist expertise is recommended to assess the potential risks and benefits of specific management decisions, preferably in the context of a multidisciplinary team.