bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perjanjian Jual Beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor Tanpa Kendaraan Pada Aplikasi Facebook
Authors: Suroto Tyas Yuniawati , Sarjana I Made
Published: June 2021

This study aims to analyze the validity of the Motor Vehicle Owner's Book sale and purchase agreement on the Facebook application in relation to the principle of freedom of contract and to analyze the legal consequences of the Motor Vehicle Owner's Book sale and purchase agreement on the Facebook application which is expected to be a benchmark for how it should be regulated regarding selling and buy this Motor Vehicle Owner's Book in the future. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials used are sources of primary legal materials, sources of secondary legal materials and sources of tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials used is an argumentative technique and descriptive analysis technique. The results of the research show that the sale and purchase agreement for a Motor Vehicle Owner's Book without a vehicle is a valid agreement as long as the agreement meets the legal requirements of an agreement set out in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The legal consequence of this agreement is that it can be canceled if it does not meet the subjective requirements and is null and void if the objective conditions are not met. In the BPKB sale and purchase agreement without a vehicle, it is clear that if the objective conditions are not met, then the agreement is null and void or the existence of the agreement is deemed not to exist from the start.

Studi ini bertujuan ini untuk menganalisis keabsahan perjanjian jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor pada aplikasi Facebook dikaitkan dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak serta menganalisis akibat hukum dari adanya perjanjian jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor pada aplikasi Facebook yang diharapkan akan menjadi tolak ukur mengenai bagaimana seharusnya diatur mengenai jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor ini di masa mendatang. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan   perundang-undangan  dan    pendekatan  konsep. Bahan  hukum  yang digunakan  adalah  sumber  bahan  hukum  primer,  sumber  bahan hukum   sekunder   dan   sumber   bahan   hukum tersier. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah  teknik argumentative serta teknik analisis deskriptif.  Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa perjanjian jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor tanpa disertai kendaraan merupakan perjanjian yang sah sepanjang perjanjian tersebut memenuhi syarat sahnya sebuah perjanjian yang tertuang di dalam Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. Akibat hukum dari adanya perjanjian ini yaitu dapat dibatalkan apabila tidak memenuhi syarat subyektif dan batal demi hukum apabila syarat obyektifnya tidak terpenuhi. Dalam perjanjian jual beli BPKB tanpa kendaraan sudah jelas apabila syarat obyektifnya tidak terpenuhi maka perjanjian tersebut batal demi hukum atau keberadaan perjanjian tersebut sejak awal dianggap tidak ada.
The Ontological of State of Law of Pancasila as The Basis of Welfare State in Indonesia
Authors: Bagiastra I Nyoman
Published: June 2021

The rule of law as stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, namely article 1 Section 3 of the 1945 Constitution which states explicitly that the State of the Republic of Indonesia is a rule of law, of course, has juridical consequences that must be accounted for in the practice of community life, nation, and state. By claiming to be a rule of law, Indonesia must fulfill and realize all the requirements and principles contained in a rule of law, namely the state has the obligation and provides legal certainty for protection to realize the welfare of its citizens. The research method used is normative legal research. the welfare state is briefly described as a series of public policies and state activities in integrating economic policies and social policies for the sake of achieving prosperity.
Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemilik Tanah dalam Akta Jual Beli Tanah PPAT yang Batal Demi Hukum oleh Putusan Pengadilan
Authors: Rizky Muhammad , Abubakar Muzakkir , Mansur Teuku Muttaqin
Published: June 2021

PPAT's authority in making a land sale and purchase deeds must take into account the provisions of Article 22 PP No. 37 of 1998 that: the PPAT deed must be read/enforced to the party in the presence of at least two witnesses before being signed immediately by the parties, witnesses and PPAT. In practice, in the decision of the Ungaran District Court No.80 / Pdt.G / 2015 / PN.Unr, the PPAT land sale and purchase certificate was never signed by the landowner and in the decision of the Tanjung Karang District Court No.35 / Pdt.G / 2015 / PN. Tjk, the legal owner of the land certificate for joint assets does not have the wife's consent letter that is entitled to the land sale and purchase certificate. On this basis, the related parties submitted a cancellation of the issuance of the land sale and purchase certificate, so that the agreement was null and void. The purpose of this research is to analyze the responsibilities of PPAT, how to protect the law for landowners as a result of the issuance of the PPAT land sale and purchase certificate. This type of research is normative juridical with an inviting approach and a case approach. The source of legal material used is secondary data which is analyzed qualitatively and comes from deductive. The research results reveal that whether the legal protection for landowners in the PPAT land sale and purchase deed is null and void by a court decision has provided protection and legal certainty.

Kewenangan PPAT dalam membuat akta jual beli tanah harus memperhatikan ketentuan Pasal 22 PP No. 37 Tahun 1998 bahwa : akta PPAT harus dibacakan/dijelaskan kepada para pihak dengan dihadiri oleh sekurang-kurangnya dua orang saksi sebelum ditandatangani seketika itu juga oleh para pihak, saksi-saksi dan PPAT. Prakteknya dalam  putusan Pengadilan Negeri Ungaran  No.80/Pdt.G/2015/PN.Unr, akta jual beli tanah PPAT tidak pernah ditandatangani oleh pemilik tanah dan dalam putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjung Karang No.35/Pdt.G/2015/PN.Tjk, pemilik sah sertifikat tanah atas harta bersama tidak terdapat surat persetujuan istri yang berhak dalam akta jual beli tanah. Atas dasar tersebut, para pihak terkait mengajukan pembatalan atas lahirnya akta jual beli tanah, agar perjanjian tersebut batal demi hukum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana tanggung jawab PPAT, bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik tanah akibat dari lahirnya akta jual beli tanah PPAT. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan bersifat yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus.  Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang dianalisis secara kualitatif dan ditarik kesimpulan secara deduktif. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa apakah perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik tanah dalam akta jual beli tanah PPAT yang batal demi hukum oleh putusan pengadilan sudah memberikan perlindungan dan kepastian hukum.
Antitesis Pemenuhan Hak Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual dalam Sanksi Adat: Studi Di Desa Tenganan, Karangasem
Authors: Arsawati Ni Nyoman Juwita , Ditayani Antari Putu Eva
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this paper is to examine the customary law sanctions that are threatened against perpetrators of sexual violence against children, for example in the people of Tenganan Village, Karangasem-Bali, which are Balinese customary law communities who still adhere to their traditions in the era of modernization and globalization that is developing in Bali. Whether the customary sanctions for perpetrators of sexual violence against children in Tenganan Village, Karangasem-Bali are in accordance with the principle of fulfilling children's rights. This research is a type of normative legal research or what is often called doctrinal research. The approach used in this research is the Legislative Approach, the Conceptual Approach and the Comparative Approach. The result of this paper is that customary sanctions against sexual violence against children that occur in Tenganan Village do not position children as victims of sexual violence. On the other hand, children are placed in a position to participate as perpetrators. The customary sanctions do not provide legal protection and fulfillment of children's rights for child victims of sexual violence.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sanksi hukum adat yang diancamkan kepada pelaku kekerasan seksual terhadap anak, contohnya pada masyarakat Desa Tenganan, Karangasem-Bali yang merupakan masyarakat hukum adat Bali yang masih memegang teguh tradisinya di era modernisasi dan globalisasi yang berkembang di Bali. Apakah sanksi adat bagi pelaku kekerasan seksual terhadap anak di Desa Tenganan, Karangasem-Bali telah sesuai dengan prinsip pemenuhan hak anak.Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian hukum normative yang menggunakan tiga jenis pendekatanantara lain pendekatan Perundang-undangan, Pedekatan Konseptual dan Pendekatan Perbandingan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa sanksi adat terhadap kekerasan seksual terhadap anak yang terjadi di Desa Tenganan tidak memposisikan anak sebagai korban kekerasan seksual. Sebaliknya anak ditempatkan pada posisi turut serta sebagai pelaku. Dalam sanksi adat tersebut tidak memberikan perlindungan hukum dan pemenuhan hak anak bagi anak korban kekerasan seksual.
Влияние подъемной силы на характер движения погруженного тела в приповерхностной водной среде
Authors:   В.Л. Земляк, В.М. Козин, А.С. Васильев
Published: June 2021

Движение подводного объекта в приповерхностной водной среде имеет важное тактическое значение. Маневренность и управляемость объектом при его взаимодействии со свободной поверхностью воды становятся ключевыми факторами, обеспечивающими безопасность и эффективность проведения операций. В работе авторами на базе опытового бассейна впервые получены экспериментальные зависимости относительного вертикального перемещения погруженных тел различной
формы под воздействием подъемной силы при движении вблизи свободной поверхности жидкости.
Установлено влияние на величину вертикального перемещения особенностей формы корпуса моделей.
Численно с помощью программного комплекса ANSYS 19 R2 Academic Research проанализировано
влияние поля гидродинамического давления, формирующегося вокруг тела, на волновую картину при
движении с различной скоростью; определена зависимость коэффициента волнового сопротивления
для моделей с заданными параметрами.
Ключевые слова: погруженное тело, подъемная сила, свободная поверхность
Влияние рецептурных факторов на деформативные свойства бетонов комбинированного состава
с базальтовой фиброй
Authors:   А.А. Чернильник, Д.М. Ельшаева, Н.А. Доценко, М.С. Самофалова, Ю.В. Жеребцов, М.В. Гончаров, А.У.-Б. Пошев
Published: June 2021

а сегодняшний день применение базальтового волокна при производстве фибробетонов – одно из наиболее перспективных направлений. Для улучшения деформативных свойств бетонов комбинированного состава с базальтовой фиброй авторы предлагаемой статьи исследовали влияние рецептурных факторов, а именно процента фибрового армирования и процентного соотношения содержания керамзита по отношению к граниту, по объему. Всего изготовлено и испытано 18 серий базовых образцов стандартного размера, призмы 54 шт. размерами 150х150х600 мм для испытаний на осевое сжатие и растяжение. Также были проведены расчеты деформативных характеристик в зависимости от рецептурных факторов, расчеты производились методом математического планирования эксперимента – полнофакторный эксперимент. На основании полученных результатов сделан вывод: наиболее эффективно применение базальтовой фибры в количестве 4,5%, а также крупного заполнителя с содержанием керамзита по отношению к граниту по объему в количестве 60%.

Ключевые слова: базальтовая фибра, фиброволокна, деформативные свойства, керамзит, гранит, модуль упругости, процент фибрового армирования
Обобщение распределения тепловыделений в процессе сварки трением с перемешиванием
Authors:   В.Н. Стаценко, А.Е. Сухорада
Published: June 2021

Сварка трением с перемешиванием – перспективный высокотехнологичный и высокопроизводительный процесс. Важный элемент этой технологии – определение температуры материала в
зоне перемешивания, ее можно рассчитать по величине тепловыделения, вносимого в зону сварки торцом вращающегося инструмента. В данной работе представлены результаты авторского экспериментального исследования тепловыделений при точечной и линейной сварке трением с перемешиванием
при различных скоростях вращения инструмента и скоростях сварки. Для нахождения этой величины
авторы статьи выбрали схему экспериментов, в которой свариваемый материал – алюминиевый сплав
АМг5 моделируется в виде рабочей трубки диаметром 20 мм, а инструмент из стали Р6М5 – в виде
рабочей пластины. В лаборатории Департамента промышленной безопасности Политехнического института ДВФУ авторы спроектировали и изготовили два экспериментальных стенда для исследования
момента трения и удельного тепловыделения при точечной и линейной сварке для скоростей вращения
экспериментальной трубки 0,4–1,3 м/с (42–105 рад/с) и скорости перемещения инструмента (скорости
сварки) в диапазоне 0,42–1,67 мм/с. Зависимость удельного тепловыделения от линейной скорости вращения рабочей трубки при разных скоростях сварки имеет экспоненциальный вид. При этом максимальные значения и интенсивность изменения удельного тепловыделения уменьшаются с повышением линейной скорости вращения инструмента и увеличением скорости сварки. Полученные результаты удельного тепловыделения обобщены в виде уравнения, с его помощью рассчитаны тепловыделения на всей площади торца рабочего инструмента, который предназначен для сварки трением с перемешиванием. При этом задавались разные его диаметры при разных скоростях вращения и сварки. В процессе экспериментов на стенде учтены тепловые потери теплопроводностью вдоль стержня (на котором закреплена рабочая трубка) и от рабочей пластины через изолирующую прокладку на рабочий стол станка, а также потери конвекцией от поверхности вращающейся рабочей трубки в окружающую среду.
Ключевые слова: сварка трением с перемешиванием, момент трения, удельное тепловыделение, скорость вращения, скорость сварки, диаметр рабочего инструмента, тепловые потери
How Lighting can Bring a Bridge to Life
Authors: Kruizinga Rob , Kresken Marion
Published: June 2021

As a design office specialising in both bridge design and outdoor lighting, we know from experience what good lighting can do for a bridge and its surroundings. Our lecture will focus on several real-life projects where adding light has played an important role in transforming a bridge into an experience. As these projects will also show, lighting design can serve different purposes:

Providing functional lighting to ensure safety

Enhancing the bridge’s appearance / Creating a specific night-time atmosphere

Telling the story behind the bridge and/or its location

Among the examples shown will be the Hovenring, the hovering roundabout bicycle and pedestrian bridge in Eindhoven, where we have created a well-functioning and spectacular lighting design without a single light pole and a railway, pedestrian and wildlife bridge with illuminated railing that portrays images of the site’s history as well as local wildlife.
A Golden Ratio for Shaping the Curve – Lessons Learned
Authors: Schreinemachers Michel , Strick Wiebe
Published: June 2021

Can we establish the guidelines that make our designs into a success? Is there something like the Golden Ratio for shaping the curve? The Golden Ratio is a common mathematical ratio found in nature, which can be used to create pleasing, organic-looking compositions. This is used for the overall shape and proportions in bridge design. In our practice and in modern-day bridge design we see more and more curved bridges.

Especially with the rise of parametric design a whole world opened up for (more) complex curved designs. Curviness (either vertical, horizontal or both) is not just a nice aesthetic feature. We encounter design principles that need to be taken into account to get to the ultimate elegancy that we thrive for in our bridge design.

In our practice, shaping the curve of a bridge is a recurrent topic in the design process – from concept to realisation. From the forming of the (3D) alignment, it’s about how curves fluidly connect. It’s all about the radius, diameter, arcs, splines, offsets and the way to connect with tangents and sinusoids. This is best shown by the Lucky Knot and the Zaligebrug by NEXT architects. We also experienced the difficulties during construction phase and learned to control dealing with the unexpected.

With a series of case studies from our own bridges we show the importance of precision in shaping curves to make a design that is both natural and understandable to the eye of the user. If done right, curves seem logic and right; but if done improperly, it ends up as a disaster.
Form Follows Experience - Notes on the Functionality of Footbridges
Authors: Schreinemachers Michel , Strick Wiebe
Published: June 2021

Should a bridge always be functional and accessible? Should it always fulfil its purpose? This seemingly self- evident question is a key question in footbridge design that is oriented towards creating experiences.

Footbridges are able to successfully enriches our experience of a certain context or landscape, it cannot be functional all the time, under all environmental conditions, weather and seasons. A good example is the Zalige bridge designed as part of the Room for the River, a large-scale national program for inland flood- protection in the Netherlands. Build upon the floodplains within a newly created river-park by the city of Nijmegen, the Zalige bridge’s curved shape stands in direct relationship to the fluctuating water levels of the river. When water levels rise, the bridge partially submerges, becoming only accessible through steppingstones. At peak heights, the bridge disappears completely, becoming a metaphor for our relationship to the water.

“Building a bridge that fails to fulfil its sole purpose of containing the water; this can only be pulled off in the Netherlands.” – jury Dutch Design Awards about the Zalige bridge.

The loss of functionality is directly related to the creation of an experience. When the water levels rose in January 2018, the bridge became the prime location to experience the changing landscape. It shows that engineering a bridge is not solely focussed on the most efficient engineering, but for the purpose it fulfils as for society. For most pedestrian bridges where the perception of the user is on a different level as for a highway bridge, functionality provides more than just cost driven or efficiency driven parameters. It is more related to the added value for the community. When design not solemnly derives from the sheer taste and predilection of the designer but is based on the user’s experience, it generates a durable relation with a feeling of ownership of its users. The key is to create this experience in an elegant and natural way and not forced or dictated. It should be people's own unique discovery and should not be imposed.
Contest for a Bridge for Pedestrians and Bicycles across the River Minho
Authors: Goberna Pérez Maria Del Mar , Goberna Pérez Gonzalo
Published: June 2021

This paper describes the process of designing an architectural and structural design for the contest of a pedestrian bridge across the river Minho. The process of analyzing design conditions and adopting a solution is developed through teamwork between the architects and the structure engineering studio. The solution finally adopted, and its structural interest is described in such a way that it allows to establish a conclusion on the experience of participating in multidisciplinary teams of different companies and their collaboration, considering the adjusted deadlines of a competition
Breathing Life into an Urban Connection by Reusing Foundations and Derelict Land in Kingston, London
Authors: Metters Edmund , Dean Sean
Published: June 2021

Royal Borough of Kingston (RBK) is improving its cycle network. This includes upgrading the cycle / footway between Kingston Train Station and the River Thames together with the replacement of an existing footbridge crossing over a busy highway. In collaboration with the architects, Buro Happold (BH) carried out the design of the whole connection. A replacement cycle bridge was designed that satisfied the project brief. The clear width of the bridge was maximised while working within the very restrictive constraints imposed by the road below and the adjacent Network Rail (NR) bridge.

The design team added value by reusing the existing abutments and repurposing derelict land for the approaches. To reuse the existing abutments, RBK, and NR, who own the existing abutments, had to be assured that they were suitable to support the replacement bridge. Even though the new bridge was over twice the width of the old, the total load on the foundations was reduced by circa 10%. Reusing the existing abutments has significantly reduced the construction effort, reducing construction costs to meet RBK’s budget and enhancing the sustainability of the project. Additional work was carried out to demonstrate the reuse of the abutments, achieve their approvals and achieve these benefits to the project.
Standardization of Three Efficient Footbridges: Von Mises, Monocontentio and Bicontentio Prototypes.
Authors: Guisasola Mario
Published: June 2021

The Von Mises, Monocontentio and Bicontentio footbridges are three parameterized metal bridge whose main structural characteristics are their variable depth depending on the applied stress and the embedding of abutments. Its use is considered suitable for symmetrical or asymmetrical topographies with slopes or vertical walls on one or both edges. The footbridges include spans spaced apart by 20 to 66 meters, and are between 2 to 4.5 meters wide.

Its design is based on five basic concepts: integration in the geometry of the environment; continuous search for simplicity; design based on a geometry that emanates from structural behavior; unitary and round forms; and long- lasting details.

The structural behavior of these prototypes has been compared with three types of constant-depth metal beams: the bridge simply supported, and the bridge embedded on one or both sides.

The embedding of abutments, and the adoption of a variation of depth adapted to the bending moments diagrams, allow for more efficient and elegant forms which are well-adapted to the boundary conditions.
Building 8500+ Trail Bridges in the Himalayas
Authors: Groeli Robert
Published: June 2021

Mobility is one of the most challenging fundamentals of rural livelihood in the Himalayan hills and mountains. More than 8500 trail bridges, comprising an overall span-length of about 650 kilometers have been constructed to date, saving millions of walking hours for people living in the rural Himalayan areas. Previously, crossing rivers was dangerous and sometimes impossible, especially in the rainy season. These bridges created vital connections which enabled children to go to school and people to access public services and visit medical centers and sanctuaries. They also boost local economic output by reducing the effort required to run local farms, gather crops and visit regional markets.

Fig. 1:The struggles and dangers of crossing a river and its solution

Swiss technical assistance for rural trail bridges started in the early sixties with the construction of a few suspension bridges in the hill areas of Nepal. In 1964 the Nepalese Government established the Suspension Bridge Division (SBD), and starting in 1972 the Swiss Government began providing continuous technical and financial assistance. Similarly, the Public Works Department in Bhutan initiated a country wide trail bridge construction program in 1971 for which assistance was provided from 1985-2010. Exchanges of experiences between these programs created a collaborative environment where new ideas could be evaluated and tested in the field. After SBD initially developed the basic technical norms, design parameters and standard designs suitable for long-span bridges, demand for simpler shorter span bridges rose tremendously. This prompted the program to develop “community executable bridge designs” adapted to the local skills and materials while conforming to established engineering standards. As a result, cost-effective, easy to implement technologies and community-based approaches were developed, which have been replicated in numerous countries leading to multiple successful partnerships in international development cooperation.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the following outcomes of the trail bridge-program:

Standardized cost-effective trail bridge designs based on local capabilities and bridge-building techniques

Published of manuals, technical drawings and teaching resources for design, construction and fabrication

Engaged local communities in the construction, operation and maintenance of trail bridges

Compiled comprehensive trail bridge directory for planning, monitoring and maintenance

Established Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) with institutional frameworks at national and local level

‘South-South Cooperation’ with Bhutan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Laos, Burundi, Honduras, Guatemala
Contextual Footbridge Design
Authors: Beade-Pereda Héctor
Published: June 2021

The design of footbridges, paradigmatic cases of human transformation of the environment, should go beyond their main function as pieces of infrastructure, always aspiring to improve the quality of the built world. How a design relates to its specific context and its evolution through time is crucial to that respect. A positive response to the context in the design can lead to footbridges that are, for example, fitting additions to valuable environments, or catalysers for the transformation of declining areas. A less successful response, on the contrary, may just lead to crossings without further contribution to the site or, in the unfortunately not unusual worst-case scenario, to elements in conflict with the built environment from various points of view.

The article describes different strategies to successfully respond to the particularities of different contexts in footbridge design, using examples of the author’s experience ranging from first designed pieces of ambitious urban transformation projects, to a footbridge in a natural environment nearby a historic crossing, or a movable footbridge in one of the main financial districts in the world.
A Full Weathering Steel Footbridge with Optimized Lattice Truss Parapets
Authors: Bouleau Etienne , Savioz Laurent , Guscetti Gabriele
Published: June 2021

The “Rives de la Broye” footbridge in Payerne (Switzerland) is the result of a design and construction competition organised by a global contractor on a municipal public domain. In this context, our team composed of an architect, an engineer and a steel contractor proposed a full-steel structure that combines lightness and elegance with the financial requirements of the project owner.
BRIDGES - Some Concept Designs for Istanbul
Authors: Stocco Alessandro , Siviero Enzo
Published: June 2021

This paper illustrates some examples of designs created for Istanbul: a metropolis divided between two continents which, on one hand, still shines with the glories of imperial history, and, on the other, represents the most modern and dynamic image of Turkey. The city is a very complex metropolis, constantly evolving and full of contradictions, in need of attention from functional, historical, and social points of view.

The architectural concepts proposed here attempt to reflect these needs by offering solutions that, while responding to the city’s current functional, social, and transportation needs, also look to the future by outlining the development of the areas for which each bridge has been designed.

The case of a pedestrian crossing over the enlarged Kennedy Street; the Şirinevler Footbridge; the case of the Yeni Gezi Footbridge in the Gezi Park; a panoramic terrace overlooking the Bosporus in the Beykoz District; a ribbon stressed footbridge crossing the Mahmutbey Yesilkoy Baglanti Yolu in the area of Çobançeşme; and the design for the Sünnet Bridge crossing the river Cendere at its confluence with the Haliç.

These are the cases for which concept proposals are described in this paper reporting the basic principles that governed the design of the concept, and in doing so, to underline how important the anthropologic and cultural points of view are in the design process.
Use of Parametric Design in the Project of Highly Complex Geometric Footbridges: Workflows
Authors: Ortolano José M. , Romo José
Published: June 2021

One of the fundamental challenges for the designer of structures is to carry out designs that are at the service of the growing social and environmental needs of society. In order to do this, the designer must make use of creativity and ideas, using all available means to materialize those ideas in a specific design. In many cases, the intricacy of the problem to solve crystallize in highly complex geometric designs. In addition to the technical complexities associated with complex geometries, one of the difficulties in dealing with this type of projects lies in the definition of a workflow that allows to efficiently coordinate the work of the different participating agents. In this sense, the use of parametric design tools provides a very efficient solution to guarantee the flow of information between the different agents involved. The implementation of tools that facilitate the exchange of information between existing models and the establishment of dependencies between them are key tasks when facing the project management of highly complex systems. The definition of a workflow based on parametric design is shown through the example of Padre Anchieta Footbridge (Tenerife, Spain). In this case, the parametric approach was included from early stages of design (design competition) and it was extended and adapted in order to complete the subsequent stages of the project (study of alternatives and detailed design).
St. Philips Footbridge in Bristol
Authors: Beade-Pereda Héctor , Barbulescu Bogdan , McElhinney John
Published: June 2021

In 1840, the inauguration of the Great Western Railway in South England connecting London and Bristol, changed part of the outskirts of Bristol to a major railway hub and home of many rail-related activities. An area behind the station in between the railway, the River Avon and the Bath road, known as Temple Island, became restricted to rail use (workshops, depots or sheds) for more than 150 years, making it inaccessible and unattractive as the railway use decreased. The transformation of this area into a new centrally located neighbourhood is one of the most important urban development projects currently planned in Bristol. The new St Philips footbridge spans the River Avon, contributing to accessibility to the site and increasing the sustainable transport network of the city. The bridge, a 50m-span and 4-m wide steel beam with a forked geometry, seamlessly hosts a ramp for disabled and cyclists and a staircase to maximise functionality. The design approach to generate its shape was at the same time structural, aesthetical, and functional, innovatively solving a complex crossing problem.
Footbridges Embraced by Their Users
Authors: Sanchez Corujo Ana , Ney Laurent
Published: June 2021

A good design is reflected in how the users appropriate the structure. During the design process of a bridge, it is essential to consider the life it could have after its opening, how the inhabitants of a place will embrace it and make it part of the environment where they live. Using several footbridges designed by Ney & Partners as example, this article will show the importance of considering user experience when conceiving a bridge. When a design is successful, the structure can become an icon, crossing the footbridge can be an experience, it can be the place where users go to spend time. A design should never be reduced to mere functionality. Building involves social responsibility and designs should be carefully planned so that the bridge becomes part of the live of its users and is integrated in its environment.
Design. Create. Learn. Repeat.
Authors: Reventós Manuel , Guàrdia Jaume
Published: June 2021

The designing process of a footbridge is complex, many variables must be considered that are non-linear and feedback on each other. The creative process is iterative, approximating and depending on the conditions of the environment. In this process is very important the intuition of the designer, or expert, which leads the result in one or another direction.

But how is born this intuition? How is it created? It's hard to narrow down, it's like trying to teach a child how to ride a bike. You have to pedal, for the first time you fall, but after a few hits on the ground you start to ride alone. Intuition is learned through experience and not with books, you learn designing, building, creating.

Every new project we face is fed with our previous experiences. In this article we explain our design process through our most recent projects, both successful and problematic.

In this moment the technological tools have reached to us the most complex forms. We must think about if this should define our way of designing and the footbridges we make. Technology and technique are the tools we have to define forms and materials. But there are other aspects such as the location, its itinerary of the path, the accesses, how it relates to the environment, the user experience and the constructive details, that are elements which define the solution and it cannot be analysed from a theoretical point of view. Each situation is unique and is where the experience of the expert cannot be replaced.
The "Pont Du Lion", Saint-Genis Pouilly, France: a Creative Transformation to Redefine the City Entrance
Authors: Sterling Nicolas
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the creative transformation of an existing stone bridge to enable a safe car traffic together with pedestrians and disabled circulation, and redefine the entrance of the city of Saint - Genis Pouilly along the “rue de Genêve” near the CERN in France.
Three Dimensional Fem Calculation of Stress Ribbons on Saddles
Authors: Hasler Christoph , Goldack Arndt
Published: June 2021

The main objective of this paper is to discuss whether simple 2D calculations of stress ribbons on saddles will provide results for a safe design of stress ribbon footbridges. This investigation was carried out using different numerical models for a two-span stress ribbon bridge with intermediate supports. This paper compares the results of 2D FE models with those of full 3D FE models and provides conclusions for the practical design. It aims to show that there are some typical 3D effects of the steel stress ribbons which are mainly caused by the Poisson’s ratio. Those effects can only be found using a 3D FE model. The results of 3D FE calculations suggest that the effects for the chosen example spans and stress ribbons, particularly when made of steel, are of minor importance. It is therefore sufficient for a safe design to describe the behaviour of a stress ribbon bridge at saddle supports with a simpler 2D FE Model.
New Suspension Footbridges
Authors: Stráský Jiří , Sliwka Pavel , Kaláb Pavel , Zapletalova Lenka
Published: June 2021

Three suspension pedestrian and cyclist bridges built in Sweden and in the Czech Republic are described in terms of their architectural and structural solution, static and dynamic behaviour, and technology of their construction. The bridges with span length up to 179 m have slender decks which are fix connected with suspension cables. The dynamic analysis proved that all structures are comfortable to users and they have a sufficient aerodynamic stability. The footbridges are structurally efficient, they are light and transparent, correspond to the scale of the landscape and the structural members have human dimensions.
New Arch Footbridges
Authors: Stráský Jiří , Romportl Tomas , Kaláb Pavel , Šopík Leonard
Published: June 2021

Four arch pedestrian and cyclist bridges built in the USA, Slovakia and in the Czech Republic are described in terms of their architectural and structural solution, static and dynamic behaviour, and technology of their construction. The bridges with span length up to 104 m have slender decks which are suspended on arches of a butterfly arrangement. The dynamic analysis proved that all structures are comfortable to users. The footbridges are structurally efficient, they are light and transparent, correspond to the scale of the landscape and all structural members have human dimensions.
Knostrop Footbridge – Innovative Design Solutions
Authors: Bowmer Daniel , Harrison-King James
Published: June 2021

Knostrop Footbridge was designed and constructed as part of the Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme. The project’s principle objective was to provide new walking and cycling routes along the River Aire, as well as creating a landmark gateway to the city. Given the intended purpose, budget, programme, and site constraints, a list of key aspirations was developed:

Creation of a slender, flowing structure which “floats” over the water and encourages local use and interest.

Simplified construction through off-site fabrication and streamlined installation.

Mirroring the alignment of the soon to be constructed Knostrop Weir and utilising the weir walls for sub structure support, all whilst accommodating the construction lag between the weir and the bridge.

A durable, low maintenance structure is essential with the difficult access constraints of the weir.

Achieving the above in combination required an innovative approach. Numerous potential solutions were developed, experimented with, and analysed, prior to finalising the design.

This iterative process allowed the bridge to develop into a unique, innovative, and recognisable design, and one which exceeded expectations to efficiently fulfil its purpose with minimal anticipated lifetime maintenance.

This paper presents the innovative design solutions adopted in overcoming the various challenges and achieving the design aspirations.
ESCALA DE BRADEN: BENEFÍCIOS DE SUA APLICAÇÃO NA PREVENÇÃO DE LESÃO POR PRESSÃO NO ÂMBITO DOMICILIAR
Authors: Lima Nataline Rocha de , Lima Nataly Rocha de , Souza Joquebede Costa de Oliveira , Silvério Taiana da Silva , Souza Filho José Ossian Almeida , Santos-Nascimento Tiago dos
Published: June 2021

Objetivo: Averiguar a eficácia da Escala de Braden como instrumento norteador na assistência para prevenção de lesão por pressão em indivíduos acamados no âmbito domiciliar. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa com coleta de dados realizada em domicílio por meio de entrevista e inspeção da pele de 41 participantes. Resultados: A incidência de lesão por pressão foi de 7%. Constatou-se que os indivíduos acamados em domicílio com alto risco, na escala de Braden, não mostraram incidência de lesão por pressão, enquanto os que apresentaram risco moderado houve incidência. Conclusão: Apesar de ser um instrumento bastante utilizado pelos profissionais da área da saúde, o presente trabalho demonstrou que a alta sensibilidade e especificidade da Escala de Braden é questionável. Os cuidados foram essênciais para essa baixa incidência de lesão por pressão, diminuindo sua associação com a idade e tempo de acamado.
INFLUÊNCIA DO GÊNERO NA PERCEPÇÃO EMOCIONAL DE USUÁRIOS DE CADEIRAS DE RODAS A PARTIR DO AUTORRELATO E MICROEXPRESSÃO FACIAL
Authors: Lanutti Jamille Noretza de Lima , Pereira Douglas Daniel , Medola Fausto Orsi , Paschoarelli Luis Carlos
Published: June 2021

A pessoa com deficiência é socialmente caracterizada por suas limitações e pelos dispositivos assistivos. Em especial a Cadeira de rodas (CR) é uma Tecnologia Assistiva vista como socialmente limitante. Isto pode influenciar a experiência emocional com estes produtos estigmatizados. Este estudo buscou compreender como o gênero influencia a percepção emocional de usuários de CR a partir da análise de duas diferentes ferramentas metodológicas: autorrelato (EMOG) e fisiológica (FaceReader®). Participaram do estudo 20 usuários de CR, sendo 10 do gênero masculino e 10 do gênero feminino (idade média de 41,76 anos e dp. 11,34). Assim, foi possível qualificar e quantificar a emoção desses usuários, e os resultados alcançados com o presente estudo permitem afirmar que tanto o Emog quanto o FaceReader® identificam que os participantes do gênero masculino demonstram emoções mais positivas e com maior intensidade, se comparado aos participantes do gênero feminino.
Predicción de la composición química de harina de sangre bovina mediante Espectroscopia de Reflectancia en el Infrarrojo Cercano (NIRS)
Authors: Mejía Flor , Bernal Wilmer , Zamora José , Yoplac Ives
Published: June 2021

El objetivo de la investigación fue predecir la composición química de harina de sangre bovina (HSB), mediante espectroscopia de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS), de las fracciones: Humedad (H), Proteína Bruta (PB), Extracto Etéreo (EE) y Ceniza (C). Se recolectó sangre de ganado vacuno de 1.5 a 8 años de edad, del centro de beneficio municipal de Chachapoyas. Se prepararon 30 muestras de HSB previa cocción a fuego lento por una hora y secado en una estufa a 60 °C. Se tomaron espectros en NIRS 2500XL (Unity Scientific, USA) y de las muestras analizadas en laboratorio por el método proximal, se obtuvo los químicos de referencia para generar el modelo de predicción con el software UCAL Model, por la primera derivada y los métodos de regresión RLM/ACP, RLM y RCP y se obtuvo el coeficiente de determinación R2 de (0.93, 0.83 y 0.82); (0.74, 0.78, 0.19); (0.67, 0.79, 0.39) y (0.69, 0.64, 0.19) y el error estándar de calibración EEC  de (0.38, 0.38, 0.38); (1.39, 1.27, 1.39); (0.04, 0.05, 0.04) y (0.36, 0.35, 0.65); para H, PB, EE y C respectivamente. Por tanto, el modelo RLM tiene potencial en la calibración de la predicción de la de la harina de sangre bovina.
Analysis of the effectiveness of cooperation between China and the African Union within the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rogozhina Evgeniya Mikhailovna , Morozova Natal'ya Mikhailovna , Solodovnikova Anna Nikolaevna
Published: June 2021

The authors study the cooperation between China and the African Union during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic within the Forum on China-Africa cooperation, and consider the peculiarities of relations between China and the African continent. The article studies China’s regional interests before and during the pandemic. Using the analysis of China’s humanitarian work in Africa and its comparison with the assistance of the U.S., Europe, and Russia, the authors detect the obvious interest of Beijing in the cooperation with the countries of the continent, and its urge to press the U.S.’s hegemony in Africa and strengthen China’s positions in the region through cooperation within the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation bypassing other global actors. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the analysis of cooperation between Beijing and the African continent in the context of the Forum on China-Africa in the coronavirus period. In the pre-COVID epoch, China’s activities in Africa, its political, economic and imperial ambitions have been actively studied; the economic, political and military perversion of China through the Forum on China-Africa, ASEAN, the Asia-Pacific Region and China’s initiatives like “One belt and one road” have been studied thoroughly. However, the assessment of the COVID period has become possible only recently when the results of new cooperation concepts became visible. The authors formulate the following conclusions. The effectiveness of cooperation between China and Africa in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic is still high and is further deepening. The Forum on China-Africa, in which each country of the African Union is represented and has a voting right on the equal basis with other member-states, plays a significant role in cooperation strengthening. The authors believe that it is early days yet to speak about China’ supremacy over the U.S. and Europe in Africa, but Beijing is moving in this direction.   
EKONOMIA BEHAWIORALNA: PODSTAWY TEORETYCZNE I MOŻLIWOŚCI WYKORZYSTANIA W PRAKTYCE MIEJSKIEJ
Authors: Szczech-Pietkiewicz Ewelina
Published: June 2021

Ekonomia behawioralna, choć nadal stanowi jeden z najświeższych nurtów w teorii ekonomii, została dobrze przyjęta przez badaczy miasta, głównie ze względu na możliwości, jakie daje w praktycznym zastosowaniu. Prezentowany artykuł przybliża dorobek tej koncepcji na gruncie badań miejskich, omawiając nie tylko założenia ekonomii behawioralnej, ale przede wszystkim sposoby jej wykorzystania do analizy zmian zachodzących w miastach. W artykule wskazuje się na dorobek teoretyczny, który wydaje się ważny dlagospodarki miejskiej, ale także zastosowane praktyczne rozwiązania wynikające z odrzucenia założenia o racjonalnym zachowaniu się podmiotów w gospodarce. Istotną część wywodu stanowią także rekomendacje dla projektowania behawioralnych interwencji miejskich, wynikające z przeglądu zrealizowanych doświadczeń.
On the Origin of the Zaraysk Gospel
Authors: Mazurov Alexey B. , Rodionov Alexander V.
Published: June 2021

The article considers theoretical development of the problem of the origin and provenance in the 15th — the first quarter of the 19th century of the famous Old Russian book monument — the Zaraysk Gospel. Although it has repeatedly attracted the attention of archaeographers, textologists, paleographers, linguists and art historians, this article is the first experience of studying these issues. Created in 1401 in Moscow, the Gospel, which is parchment manuscript, was purchased in 1825 by K.F. Kalaidovich for Count N.P. Rumyantsev from the Zaraysk merchant K.I. Averin, that determined its name by the place of discovery. The scribe book of Zaraysk in 1625 in the altar of the Pyatnitsky chapel of the St. Nikolas wooden church (“which’s on the square”) in the city’s Posad, recorded the description of the manuscript Gospel, corresponding by a number of features to the Zaraysk Gospel. The connection of the codex with the St. Nicholas church is indirectly confirmed by the drawing of the church placed on one of its pages (f. 156 ver.) with the remains of inscription mentioning St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This allows concluding that the manuscript in the 17th century was in the book collection of the temple. In the 17th century, the ancient St. Nicholas church was re-consecrated to the Epiphany, and the sacristy was moved to the stone St. Nicholas cathedral in Zaraysk. It is most likely that in the first quarter of the 19th century, the merchant K.I. Averin purchased the Gospel from the members of the cathedral’s clergy. The article analyzes the context of the early contributions of the 15th century “to the Miraculous Icon of St. Nikolas of Zaraysk”, one of which, most likely, was the parchment Zaraysk Gospel. The authors assume that this contribution is related to the chronicle events of 1401 or 1408. The study is significant in terms of the theoretical development of methods for identifying ancient manuscripts and their origin.
Library Publishing Projects in the Top List of Non/fictio№ 22
Authors: Volkhonskaya Elena N.
Published: June 2021

The article considers the content of publishing activities of the Russian State Library (RSL) in the context of the event-communication process of the International Fair of Intellectual Literature Non/fictio№ 22, held on March 24—28, 2021 in Moscow in the Gostiny Dvor complex. The author presents new products of the “Pashkov Dom” publishing house of the RSL, included in the top list of the Fair, as well as the best-selling books, which were successfully sold at the RSL stand during the forum. Special attention is paid to the presentation of the two-volume book “The Great Librarian. To the 120th Birth Anniversary of Margarita Ivanovna Rudomino” as the central event of the RSL participation program in the Fair. This publishing project has been prepared for publication in cooperation with the Margarita Rudomino All-Russia State Library for Foreign Literature and is intended to open a book series about outstanding librarians.