bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hymedesmia(Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Irish and Scottish cold-water coral reefs, with a description of five new species
Authors: Goodwin C.E. , Picton B.E. , Van Soest R.W.M.
Published: March 2011

This study describes species of the genusHymedesmiafrom three areas of cold-water coral reef: Mingulay Reef Complex (Scotland, UK) and Rockall and Porcupine Banks (off UK and Irish coasts). Five new species are described:Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) gibbosa, H. stoneae, H. tendali, H. xavieraeandH. valentinae. Records are provided of other poorly knownHymedesmiaspecies:H. bocki, H. cohesibacilla, H. curvichela, H. ebria, H. gustafsoni, H. simillima, H. irregularis, H. proxima, H. hibernicaandH. primitiva. Information on distribution of otherHymedesmiaspecies occurring in Britain and Ireland is presented. The sites studied represent a variety of depth-ranges and the data collected suggest that someHymedesmiaspecies may be restricted to particular bathymetric zones.
Taxonomic review of the genus Opaliopsis (Gastropoda: Nystiellidae) from Brazil, with description of a new species
Authors: Andrade Bruno Garcia , Costa Paulo Márcio Santos , Pimenta Alexandre Dias
Published: March 2011

The genus Opaliopsis from Brazil is revised based on three deep-water species. Opaliopsis atlantis (Clench & Turner, 1952) is confirmed as occurring in north-eastern and south-eastern localities. Opaliopsis opalina (Dall, 1927) is reported for the first time in the south-western Atlantic. A new species, Opaliopsis cearense, is described from the north-eastern Brazilian coast, and is distinguished by its large number of fine spiral cords per teleoconch whorl.
Effect of conspecifics density on the settlement of Petrolisthes laevigatus (Decapoda: Porcellanidae)
Authors: Gebauer P. , Freire M. , Barria A. , Paschke K.
Published: March 2011

Settlement is one of the critical points in the development of organisms with complex life cycles. Some marine invertebrates respond to specific cues such as substratum and conspecifics, and the larvae of species presenting gregarious settlement are characterized by a preference for settlement in patches with conspecifics over those without. An evaluation was made in the field of the effect of conspecifics density on the settlement of Petrolisthes laevigatus during two settlement seasons. The size-distribution and density were maintained constant throughout the first settlement season, while in the second year they were adjusted to match those presented in three previously identified periods during the season. The settlement rate of P. laevigatus was higher in the presence than the absence of conspecifics. There was evidence of saturation in the settlement of the higher densities, mainly at the beginning of the settlement season, when approximately 80% of the settlement occurred. We propose that gregarious settlement is an important factor in determining the distribution and abundance of P. laevigatus at different spatial scales, both within and among coastal areas, and could restrict the colonization of new areas and the recovery of populations reduced by disturbances.
Why liquid energy results in overconsumption
Authors: de Graaf Cees
Published: March 2011

Liquids have been shown to have a low satiating efficiency. The may be related to the high rate of consumption for liquids which may be higher than 200 g/min. In a number of studies, we showed that the positive relationship between eating rate and energy intake is mediated by oro-sensory exposure time. Longer sensory exposure times are consistently associated with lower food intakes. This observation maybe linked to the role of cephalic phase responses to foods. Cephalic phase responses are a set of physiological responses, which are conceived to prepare the digestive system for the incoming flow of nutrients after ingestion, with the aim of maintaining homeostasis. Results from various studies suggest that cephalic phase responses are much smaller (absent) for liquids compared to solids. It is hypothesised that the absence of cephalic phase responses to liquid foods may be one of the causes why liquid energies enter the body undetected and lead to weak energy intake compensation. This idea fits with the concept of the taste system as a nutrient-sensing system that informs the brain and the gastro-intestinal system about what is coming into our body. With liquids, this system is bypassed. Slower eating may help the human body to associate the sensory signals from food with their metabolic consequences. Foods that are eaten quickly may impair this association, and may therefore lead to overconsumption of energy, and ultimately to weight gain.
Developmental transformations in attachment in middle childhood
Authors: Kerns Kathryn A.
Published: March 2011

The target article proposes a model to explain the emergence of sex differences in attachment in middle childhood and their implications for reproductive strategies. While biological factors are prominent in the model, little is said about the social context of middle childhood and its contributions. There is also a need to clarify the fundamental nature of attachment in middle childhood.
Establishing an experimental model of photodynamically induced anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: WANG R.S. , LV P.L. , WANG W.J. , WANG X.D. , ZHANG X.J. , LI S.N. , WANG J.Z. , ZENG Y.J.
Published: March 2011

Numerous methods and drugs have been used to treat anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION); however, further investigations to determine the value of treatments for AION have been impeded by the lack of appropriate animal models of AION, significantly impacting on in-depth study of the disease. A rat model of AION was established, and corresponding functional changes of the fundus were observed using fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and flash visual-evoked potential (F-VEP) in order to confirm the reliability of the AION model histopathologically. One day after model establishment, histopathology demonstrated that portions of the optic disc were highly edematous, with edema of nerve fibers and loose tissue, accompanied by displacement of the surrounding retina. At 23 days, the optic disc and surrounding nerve fiber layers had become thinner. None of the above-mentioned changes was observed in the laser, hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), or naive groups. The results of fundus, FFA, F-VEP, and OCT—within 90 days after model establishment—confirmed that krypton red laser irradiation (647 nm), applied 2 h after HPD injection, can establish an ideal animal model of AION.
Some dependence results between the spreading speed and the coefficients of the space–time periodic Fisher–KPP equation
Authors: NADIN GRÉGOIRE
Published: March 2011

We investigate in this paper the dependence relation between the space–time periodic coefficients A, q and μ of the reaction–diffusion equation

and the spreading speed of the solutions of the Cauchy problem associated with compactly supported initial data. We prove in particular that (1) taking the spatial or temporal average of μ decreases the minimal speed, (2) if μ is not constant with respect to x, then increasing the amplitude of the diffusion matrix A does not necessarily increase the minimal speed and (3) if A = IN, μ is a constant, then the introduction of a space periodic drift term q = ∇Q decreases the minimal speed. In order to prove these results, we use a variational characterisation of the spreading speed that involves a family of periodic principal eigenvalues associated with the linearisation of the equation near zero. We are thus back to the investigation of the dependence relation between this family of eigenvalues and the coefficients.
High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in school-age children in Tehran, 2008: a red alert
Authors: Neyestani Tirang R , Hajifaraji Majid , Omidvar Nasrin , Eshraghian Mohammad R , Shariatzadeh Nastaran , Kalayi Ali , Gharavi A'azam , Khalaji Niloufar , Haidari Homa , Zowghi Telma , Nikooyeh Bahareh
Published: March 2011

Objective

To assess the vitamin D status of 9–12-year-old primary-school children in Tehran during autumn and winter 2007–2008.

Design

A descriptive cross-sectional study.

Setting

Primary schools of Tehran city, Iran.

Subjects

A total of 1111 children aged 9–12 years (573 boys and 538 girls) from sixty primary schools were enrolled in the study. Weight, height, BMI and serum levels of Ca, P, Mg, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase of all the participants were assessed. Dietary Ca intake was also evaluated using a quantitative FFQ for a subsample of the study population (n 503). Vitamin D sufficiency was defined on the basis of serum levels of 25(OH)D as either ≥37 nmol/l (criterion 1) or ≥50 nmol/l (criterion 2).

Results

Daily intake of Ca did not differ significantly between boys and girls (929·6 (sd 436·7) mg and 909·5 (sd 465·5) mg, respectively). However, on the basis of the first criterion, approximately 86 % of the children had vitamin D deficiency, with 38·3 % being severely deficient (25(OH)D < 12·5 nmol/l). According to the second criterion, prevalence of vitamin D deficiency rose to 91·7 %. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in girls than in boys by either criterion. Serum levels of 25(OH)D inversely correlated with iPTH (r = −0·154, P < 0·001) and BMI (r = −0·092, P = 0·002) but directly correlated with duration of sun exposure (r = 0·115, P < 0·001).

Conclusions

The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among schoolchildren (especially among girls) warrants immediate interventions for proper nutritional support.
TYPE DECOMPOSITION OF A PSEUDOEFFECT ALGEBRA
Authors: FOULIS DAVID J. , PULMANNOVÁ SYLVIA , VINCEKOVÁ ELENA
Published: March 2011

Effect algebras, which generalize the lattice of projections in a von Neumann algebra, serve as a basis for the study of unsharp observables in quantum mechanics. The direct decomposition of a von Neumann algebra into types I, II, and III is reflected by a corresponding decomposition of its lattice of projections, and vice versa. More generally, in a centrally orthocomplete effect algebra, the so-called type-determining sets induce direct decompositions into various types. In this paper, we extend the theory of type decomposition to a (possibly) noncommutative version of an effect algebra called a pseudoeffect algebra. It has been argued that pseudoeffect algebras constitute a natural structure for the study of noncommuting unsharp or fuzzy observables. We develop the basic theory of centrally orthocomplete pseudoeffect algebras, generalize the notion of a type-determining set to pseudoeffect algebras, and show how type-determining sets induce direct decompositions of centrally orthocomplete pseudoeffect algebras.
Cytochrome P450 eicosanoids and cerebral vascular function
Authors: Imig John D. , Simpkins Alexis N. , Renic Marija , Harder David R.
Published: March 2011

The eicosanoids 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are generated from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, possess a wide array of biological actions, including the regulation of blood flow to organs. 20-HETE and EETs are generated in various cell types in the brain and cerebral blood vessels, and contribute significantly to cerebral blood flow autoregulation and the coupling of regional brain blood flow to neuronal activity (neurovascular coupling). Investigations are beginning to unravel the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which these CYP eicosanoids regulate cerebral vascular function and the changes that occur in pathological states. Intriguingly, 20-HETE and the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme that regulates EET levels have been explored as molecular therapeutic targets for cerebral vascular diseases. Inhibition of 20-HETE, or increasing EET levels by inhibiting the sEH enzyme, decreases cerebral damage following stroke. The improved outcome following cerebral ischaemia is a consequence of improving cerebral vascular structure or function and protecting neurons from cell death. Thus, the CYP eicosanoids are key regulators of cerebral vascular function and novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Its Application to Nanotechnology
Authors: Raman S. N. , Paul D. F. , Hammond J. S. , Bomben K. D.
Published: March 2011

Over the past decade, the field of nanotechnology has expanded, and the most heavily used nanoscale characterization/imaging techniques have been scanning probe microscopy (SPM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although these high-resolution imaging techniques help visualize nanostructures, it is essential to understand the chemical nature of these materials and their growth mechanisms. Surface modifications in the first few nanometers can alter the bulk properties of these nanostructures, and conventional characterization techniques, including energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) associated with SEM and TEM are not suited to detecting these surface modifications except in special, favorable specimens. A modern state-of-the-art scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) instrument provides valuable elemental and chemical characterization of nanostructures with a lateral spatial resolution better than 10 nm and a depth resolution of a few nm. In this article we review the technique of scanning AES and highlight its unique analytical capabilities in the areas of nanotechnology, metallurgy, and semiconductors.
Surface Microanalysis by Low-Energy Ion Scattering
Authors: Grehl T. , Niehuis E. , Brongersma H. H.
Published: March 2011

Low-energy ion scattering (LEIS) has gained new capabilities and now provides high-end instrumentation for real-world surface analytical applications. Although the technique has been available for some decades, recent developments in instrumentation make the unique capabilities of LEIS accessible for everyday applications. Special ion energy analyzer designs allow LEIS to be used for non-destructive quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of the outermost atomic layer with high sensitivity and high mass resolution. At the same time, the composition of the first 10 nm of sub-surface material is also assessed. Applications are very broad, ranging from catalysts to various thin films to polymers.
Fundamental Aspects of XPS and the Development of XPS Imaging
Authors: Moffitt Chris
Published: March 2011

Our common introduction to the laws of chemistry is rooted in the bulk, steady-state phenomena of solution and gas chemistries. This eases the introduction of the mathematical structure required to explain our macroscopic measurements. We come to understand that chemical change is driven by local gradients in the bulk and that gradients are steepest where properties change most rapidly. This is exactly what happens at material interfaces, where the mathematics get complicated, chasing infinities, and approximations often have to suffice. This confirms what we intuitively knew from everyday observation, that chemical dynamics take place at the interfaces between materials. The interfaces are where the action is.
NetNotes
Authors: Phillips Thomas E.
Published: March 2011

Selected postings from the Microscopy Listserver from November 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010. Complete listings and subscription information can be obtained at http://www.microscopy.com. Postings may have been edited to conserve space or for clarity.
Organizational routines and cognition: an introduction to empirical and analytical contributions
Authors: LAZARIC NATHALIE
Published: March 2011

This article introduces this special issue on routines. It offers some suggestions as to why the concept of routines is considered central in methodological considerations of capabilities and organizational evolution. The contributors to this special issue propose various analytical tools, and provide some missing pieces from the puzzle related to the prominent role of routines. Issues discussed in the papers include methodological individualism. Routines lie between the individual and the firm levels of analysis because they are enacted by individuals in a social context. It is also suggested that a multilevel research agenda provides a finer-grained analysis because organizational routines are not isolated units but are entangled among the various organizational layers.
In situ measurement of the structure of supercooled oxide liquids
Authors: Wilding M. , Benmore C. J. , Weber J. K. R. , Parise J. B.
Published: March 2011

This paper will describe the results of in situ high-energy X-ray measurements performed on stable and supercooled oxide liquids using containerless techniques. As will be discussed in the companion paper (Weber et al.), the use of an aerodynamic levitator furnace with laser heating allows the structures of refractory oxide liquids to be probed. Because of the contactless nature of this sample environment liquids can be deeply supercooled, and this provides opportunities to study the metastable structures of supercooled liquids. Of particular interest are the so-called fragile liquids that depart from Arrhenius-law viscosity behaviour and that, by definition, have temperature-dependent structures. The focus of this paper is the study of two oxide systems, MgO–SiO2 and Al2O3–SiO2. These two liquids have highly disordered stable liquid structures that differ substantially from the structures of the equivalent glasses. We present data showing how these structures change when supercooled and demonstrate dramatic changes in short-range (coordination number) and intermediate-range order during vitrification. These data have been collected by isothermal measurement and also fast quenching methods using the recently developed method of rapid acquisition using a Perkin Elmer amorphous silicon flat panel detector; this gives a large Q coverage for incident energies of >115 keV. The rapid data acquisition enables the vitrification process to be observed directly.
CD4+ T cells from MHC II‐dependent thymocyte–thymocyte interaction provide efficient help for B cells
Authors: Kim Eun Ji , Choi Bomi , Moon Hana , Lee You Jeong , Jeon Yoon Kyeong , Park Seong Hoe , Kim Tae Jin , Jung Kyeong Cheon
Published: March 2011

Recently, a novel CD4+ T‐cell developmental pathway was reported that generates thymocyte–thymocyte (T–T) CD4+ T cells. We established a mouse system (CIITAtgCIITApIV−/−) where thymic positive selection occurred only by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ thymocytes. T–T CD4+ T cells selected via MHC class II‐dependent T–T interaction are comprised of PLZF‐negative and innate PLZF‐positive populations. Until recently, the functional role of the PLZF‐negative population was unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that naïve T–T CD4+ T cells provide B‐cell help to a level comparable with that of naïve conventional CD4+ T cells. Considering the absence of PLZF expression in naïve T–T CD4+ T cells, these results suggest that PLZF‐negative naïve T–T CD4+ T cells are functionally equivalent to conventional naïve CD4+ T cells in terms of B‐cell help.
Shape changes in Au–Ag bimetallic systems involving polygonal Au
nanocrystals to spherical Au/Ag alloy and excentered Au core Ag/Au alloy shell particles under oil-bath heating
Authors: Alam Md Jahangir , Tsuji Masaharu , Matsunaga Mika , Yamaguchi Daiki
Published: March 2011

Spherical Au/Ag alloy and excentered Au core Ag/Au alloy shell particles were prepared using shape changes in Au–Ag bimetallic systems involving polygonal Au nanocrystals under oil-bath heating.
Haem oxygenase-1 and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Authors: Chan Kim H. , Ng Martin K. C. , Stocker Roland
Published: March 2011

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite progress in management, there remain a significant number of patients who are not eligible for current treatment options. Traditionally, HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1), one of two isoenzymes that initiate haem catabolism, was thought to only play a metabolic role. However, HO-1 is now recognized to have additional protective activities in states of heightened noxious stimuli or stress such as acute coronary syndromes. The present review article provides an overview of the mode of action of HO-1 in vascular protection, with particular emphasis on its atheroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, as well as its role in vascular repair. Furthermore, we present evidence for the protective effects of HO-1 in CVD (cardiovascular disease) in both animal and human studies. Given its potential in vascular protection and repair, strategies aimed at inducing HO-1 emerge as a novel and alternative therapeutic target in the management of CVD.
Business: The Electronic Health Record: Front Line Experience
Authors: Griffin Rosemary
Published: March 2011

National legislation is in place to facilitate reform of the United States health care industry. The Health Care Information Technology and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) offers financial incentives to hospitals, physicians, and individual providers to establish an electronic health record that ultimately will link with the health information technology of other health care systems and providers. The information collected will facilitate patient safety, promote best practice, and track health trends such as smoking and childhood obesity.
Current Issues: Reflective Writing for Personal-Professional Balance
Authors: Stone-Goldman Judy
Published: March 2011

Speech-language pathologists and audiologists face many stressors in serving clients' needs and fulfilling administrative/supervisory responsibilities. Coping with these stressors is even more difficult when work experiences intersect with personal concerns, memories, and beliefs. As stressors and reactions mount, we can become imbalanced with distracted thoughts, intrusive emotions, and confusion about the meaning of our discomfort. One approach for transitioning from imbalance to balance is reflective writing. In reflective writing, the individual expresses thoughts and feelings freely, followed by self-directed questions and continued writing. Ongoing reflective writing can lead to a renewed sense of emotional calm and mental clarity and a deeper understanding of oneself. This article describes a procedure for beginning the reflective writing process and encourages professionals to see personal-professional balance as an important aspect of professional effectiveness.
Supervision: Supervision and Clinical Practicum in Telepractice
Authors: Crutchley Sena
Published: March 2011

This article describes how a telepractice pilot project was used as a vehicle to train first-year graduate clinicians in speech-language pathology. To date, six graduate clinicians have been trained in the delivery of telepractice at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Components of telepractice training are described and the benefits and limitations of telepractice as part of clinical practicum are discussed. In addition, aspects of training support personnel involved in telepractice are outlined.
Health Communication: Implications for Diverse Populations
Authors: Hasselkus Amy
Published: March 2011

The need for improved communication about health-related topics is evident in statistics about the health literacy of adults living in the United States. The negative impact of poor health communication is huge, resulting in poor health outcomes, health disparities, and high health care costs. The importance of good health communication is relevant to all patient populations, including those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Efforts are underway at all levels, from individual professionals to the federal government, to improve the information patients receive so that they can make appropriate health care decisions. This article describes these efforts and discusses how speech-language pathologists and audiologists may be impacted.
Reconnecting Skills for Sustainable Communities with Everyday Life
Authors: Franklin Alex , Newton Julie , Middleton Jennie , Marsden Terry
Published: March 2011

In this paper we review the current policy approach to skills and knowledge for sustainable communities. The aspatial and target-led nature of these approaches around the attainment of fixed skill sets is discussed and then contrasted with educationalist literatures which provide an alternative pedagogical approach to learning. That is, one that places a much greater emphasis on ‘learners’ as individuals and ‘learning’ as achieved through experience. The role and influence of people in place are implicit within these ‘learner-centred’ models. This reflects an understanding of the need to approach learning strategies in a way that relates to people's everyday lives. Drawing on ongoing empirical research conducted in the English town of Stroud (Gloucestershire, UK), we demonstrate some of the insights which can be gained from understanding skills and knowledge for sustainable communities in the context of these more experiential and process-orientated approaches. We do so by looking at the accounts and practices not of professionals, but of community members who are actively engaged with sustainable communities initiatives. We explore the relationships between their knowledge and understandings of sustainability and how they have sought to encompass and actively develop principles of sustainable communities as part of their everyday lives.
Financial Crises, Japan's State Regime Shift, and Tokyo's Urban Policy
Authors: Fujita Kuniko
Published: March 2011

The 2008 global financial crisis, a major crisis in the history of capitalist development, has called for drastic state activism and market regulation and may lead to state regime shift in many parts of the world. Relying upon John Maynard Keynes's crisis theory, that slumps were always possible in a market system left to itself, and that there was therefore a continuous role for government in ensuring that they did not happen, I look at the case of Japan's state regime shift which two previous financial crises have enabled. I argue that the 1989 crisis catalyzed Japan's developmental state's transition to a new direction and the 2008 global crisis continued to push ongoing shift further. I focus on state and Tokyo's urban policies which played a pivotal role in state regime shift, and assess why state and urban policies have failed to resolve Japan's contribution to global imbalances and avoidance of further crises. I conclude that state and urban policy analysis in the past few decades cannot be dissociated from financial crises, and that Japan's state regime shift is a crisis outcome rooted in Japan's political economy—one of many variations of market economies in the postcrisis multilateral global order.
(Post)Suburban Development and State Entrepreneurialism in Beijing's Outer Suburbs
Authors: Wu Fulong , Phelps Nicholas A
Published: March 2011

Chinese cities are experiencing rapid urban expansion and rampant land conversions in periurban areas. Has China's suburban growth gone beyond commonly noted ‘suburbanisation’? To what extent does fast metropolitan growth reflect state entrepreneurialism after economic reform? The authors seek to elaborate further and contextualise Chinese suburban and postsuburban development and examine the underlying dynamics of state entrepreneurialism in the process of metropolitan development. The empirical basis of this research is a case study of the historical development of Yizhuang, an outer suburban new town of Beijing. The city originates from the establishment of the Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone in 1992, but has passed rapidly through several phases of growth. The pattern of growth reveals both the complexities of adequately defining and delimiting such a growth node within the metropolitan fabric and of the state's intimate involvement in its development and evolution.
Another Washington-New York Consensus? Progressives Back in Contention
Authors: Indergaard Michael
Published: March 2011

I use the case of New York to explore how federal activism in the wake of crisis affects US urban regimes. Multiscalar policy networks, formerly used to extend neoliberalism to subnational levels, now feature an odd mix of progressives and neoliberals. I use the idea of path dependence to explain this indeterminacy in terms of the contradictory effects of US federalism on national regime formation: while federalism provided havens for progressives to mobilize for regime change, it also anchors defenders of neoliberalism and its legacies. The Obama administration has exploited crisis to move scalar relations in a progressive direction. This has brought some changes to New York's neoliberal regime. That, along with the White House's cool reaction to recent proposals from New York, suggest a break with the neoliberal apparatus. Yet neoliberal legacies constrain efforts to institutionalize new federal roles and scalar relations, leaving the New York regime unsettled. What seems the likely result is a heterodox national regime that combines state and market mechanisms and a policy network open to heterogeneous influences—a mix where progressives are back in contention, if not necessarily in control.
Realising the Diversity Dividend: Population Diversity and Urban Economic Development
Authors: Syrett Stephen , Sepulveda Leandro
Published: March 2011

This paper critically examines the increasing use of population diversity as a source of competitive advantage and distinctiveness within policies promoting urban economic development. Rising levels of population diversity are a characteristic feature of many urban areas and this has led to increased policy attempts to realise a so-called ‘diversity dividend’. Yet much of this policy thinking demonstrates a restricted understanding of the nature of the relationships between diverse populations and urban economic change. Through a comprehensive review of existing theoretical and policy practice in relation to population diversity, this paper identifies an often narrow focus upon higher skilled and higher income populations and their needs within much urban economic policy thinking. It is argued that a more critical and wide-ranging approach to the complex relationship between population diversity and city development is required if a more just form of urban economic development is to be achieved.
The Topology and the Emerging Urban Geographies of the Internet Backbone and Aviation Networks in Europe: A Comparative Study
Authors: Tranos Emmanouil
Published: March 2011

The objective of this paper is to compare the topology and the emerging urban geographies of two infrastructural networks across European cities: the international intercity Internet backbone and aviation networks. Both of them are facilitators of the knowledge economy and contribute to what was identified by Castells as the first layer of the space of flows, supporting the world city process. In order to compare them, network analysis methods and complex networks theory are employed. The results indicate the different attributes of these networks, the lack of scale-free characteristics but also the different roles different cities perform in these networks.
A Mismatch in the Human Realism of Face and Voice Produces an Uncanny Valley
Authors: Mitchell Wade J , Szerszen Kevin A , Lu Amy Shirong , Schermerhorn Paul W , Scheutz Matthias , MacDorman Karl F
Published: March 2011

The uncanny valley has become synonymous with the uneasy feeling of viewing an animated character or robot that looks imperfectly human. Although previous uncanny valley experiments have focused on relations among a character's visual elements, the current experiment examines whether a mismatch in the human realism of a character's face and voice causes it to be evaluated as eerie. The results support this hypothesis.
Snow - a photobiochemical exchange platform for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds with the atmosphere
Authors: Ariya P. A. , Domine F. , Kos G. , Amyot M. , Côté V. , Vali H. , Lauzier T. , Kuhs W. F. , Techmer K. , Heinrichs T. , Mortazavi R.
Published: March 2011

Environmental context Recent research has been directed towards the exchange of microorganisms and chemical compounds between snow and air. We investigate how microorganisms and chemical species in snow from the Arctic and temperate regions are transferred to the atmosphere and altered by the sun's energy. Results suggest that snow photo-biochemical reactions, in addition to physical‐chemical reactions, should be considered in describing organic matter in air–snow exchanges, and in investigations of climate change. AbstractField and laboratory studies of organic compounds in snow (12 species; concentrations ≤17 µg L–1) were conducted and microorganisms in snow and aerosols at urban and Arctic sites were investigated (snow: total bacteria count ≤40000 colony forming units per millilitre (CFU mL–1), fungi ≤400 CFU mL–1; air: bacteria ≤2.2 × 107 CFU m–3, fungi ≤84 CFU m–3). Bio-organic material is transferred between snow and air and influence on snow-air exchange processes is demonstrated. Volatile organic compounds in snow are released into the air upon melting. In vitro photochemistry indicated an increase of ≤60 µg L–1 for 1,3- and 1,4-dimethylbenzenes. Bacillus cereus was identified and observed in snow and air with ice-nucleating being P. syringae absent. As a result snow photobiochemical reactions should be considered in describing organic matter air–snow exchanges, and the investigation of climate change.
Volatile organic compounds sources in Paris in spring 2007. Part I: qualitative analysis
Authors: Gros Valérie , Gaimoz Cécile , Herrmann Frank , Custer Tom , Williams Jonathan , Bonsang Bernard , Sauvage Stéphane , Locoge Nadine , d'Argouges Odile , Sarda-Estève Roland , Sciare Jean
Published: March 2011

Environmental context
Megacities are huge hotspots of pollutants that have an impact on atmospheric composition on local to larger scales. This study presents for the first time detailed results of measurements of volatile organic compounds in Paris and shows that, whereas non-methane hydrocarbons are mainly of local and regional origin associated with traffic emissions, a significant part of oxygenated volatile organic compounds originates from continental import. This highlights the importance of measuring volatile organic compounds instead of non-methane hydrocarbons alone in source classification studies.

Abstract
High-time-resolution measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were performed in the Paris city centre in spring 2007. The studied region was influenced mainly by air masses of two origins: (1) from the Atlantic Ocean, and (2) from north-eastern Europe. Although the baseline levels (i.e. those not influenced by local emissions) of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and CO were only slightly impacted by changes in the air-mass origin, oxygenated compounds such as acetone and methanol showed much higher baseline levels in continentally influenced air masses. This suggests that NMHC and CO mixing ratios were mainly influenced by local-to-regional-scale sources whereas oxygenated compounds had a more significant continental-scale contribution. This highlights the importance of measuring VOCs instead of NMHC alone in source classification studies. The period of Atlantic air influence was used to characterise local pollution, which was dominated by traffic-related emissions, although traffic represents the source of only one third of total VOCs emissions in the local inventory. In addition to traffic-related sources, additional sources were identified; in particular, emissions from dry-cleaning activities were identified by the use of a specific tracer (i.e. tetrachloroethylene).
Arsenic is not stored as arsenite - phytochelatin complexes in the seaweeds Fucus spiralis and Hizikia fusiforme
Authors: Wood B. Alan , Miyashita Shinichi , Kaise Toshikazu , Raab Andrea , Meharg Andrew A. , Feldmann Jörg
Published: March 2011

Environmental context
Seaweeds hyperaccumulate the toxic metalloid arsenic, but seemingly achieve detoxification by transformation to arsenosugars. The edible seaweed hijiki is a notable exception because it contains high levels of toxic arsenate and arsenite. Terrestrial plants detoxify arsenic by forming arsenite–phytochelatin complexes. The hypothesis that seaweeds also synthesise phytochelatins to bind arsenite as a means of detoxification before arsenosugar synthesis is tested in this investigation.

Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs), generic structure [γ-Glu-Cys]n-Gly, are peptides synthesised by terrestrial plants to bind toxic metal(loid)s such as cadmium and arsenic. Seaweeds are arsenic hyperaccumulators, seemingly achieving detoxification via arsenosugar biosynthesis. Whether seaweeds synthesise PCs to aid detoxification during arsenic exposure is unknown. Hizikia fusiforme (hijiki) and Fucus spiralis were used as model seaweeds: the former is known for its large inorganic arsenic concentration, whereas the latter contains mainly arsenosugars. F. spiralis was exposed to 0, 1 and 10 mg L–1 arsenate solutions for 24 h, whereas hijiki was analysed fresh. All samples contained AsIII, glutathione and reduced PC2, identified using HPLC-ICP-MS/ES-MS. Although hijiki contained no AsIII–PC complexes, arsenate exposed F. spiralis generated traces of numerous arsenic compounds that might be AsIII–GS or AsIII–PC2 complexes. AsIII–PC complexes seem not to be a principal storage form for long-term arsenic storage within seaweeds. However, 40 times higher glutathione concentrations were found in hijiki than F. spiralis, which may explain how hijiki deals with its high inorganic arsenic burden.
Biodynamic modelling of the bioaccumulation of arsenic by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor
Authors: Rainbow P. S. , Smith B. D. , Casado-Martinez M. C.
Published: March 2011

Environmental context
Models that explain the uptake and bioaccumulation of an element in an aquatic ecosystem are valuable for predicting its potential ecotoxicity in coastal areas. Arsenic is a toxic element that is strongly adsorbed to sediments, offering a potential risk to deposit-feeding invertebrates, and ultimately to consumers higher up coastal food chains. This study uses biodynamic modelling to predict the uptake and accumulation of arsenic from water and sediment in a deposit-feeding polychaete worm that is a major source of food to fish and wading birds in estuaries.

Abstract
Arsenic (AsV) uptake and bioaccumulation from water and ingested sediment by the deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor has been investigated using biodynamic modelling. Worms accumulated As from solution linearly at dissolved concentrations from 2 to 20 µg L–1 (uptake rate constant 0.057 l g–1 day–1 at 10°C, 16-psu salinity), and the As assimilation efficiency from ingested sediment was 28.9%. Efflux rate constants of As taken up from water and ingested sediment were 0.0488 and 0.0464 day–1 and did not differ significantly. Sediment As concentrations, ranging from very high to low, were measured at eight estuarine sites, and the model predicted accumulated As concentrations in resident N. diversicolor. Comparisons of predicted against independently measured As concentrations in locally collected worms showed that the model generally performed well, highlighting the potential of biodynamic modelling in predicting the uptake and therefore ecotoxicity of As in estuarine sediments.
Social learning and the development of individual and group behaviour in mammal societies
Authors: Thornton Alex , Clutton-Brock Tim
Published: March 2011

As in human societies, social learning may play an important role in shaping individual and group characteristics in other mammals. Here, we review research on non-primate mammals, concentrating on work at our long-term meerkat study site, where longitudinal data and field experiments have generated important insights into the role of social learning under natural conditions. Meerkats live under high predation pressure and occupy a difficult foraging niche. Accordingly, pups make extensive use of social information in learning to avoid predation and obtain food. Where individual learning is costly or opportunities are lacking, as in the acquisition of prey-handling skills, adults play an active role in promoting learning through teaching. Social learning can also cause information to spread through groups, but our data suggest that this does not necessarily result in homogeneous, group-wide traditions. Moreover, traditions are commonly eroded by individual learning. We suggest that traditions will only persist where there are high costs of deviating from the group norm or where skill development requires extensive time and effort. Persistent traditions could, theoretically, modify selection pressures and influence genetic evolution. Further empirical studies of social learning in natural populations are now urgently needed to substantiate theoretical claims.
Mode and tempo in the evolution of socio-political organization: reconciling ‘Darwinian’ and ‘Spencerian’ evolutionary approaches in anthropology
Authors: Currie Thomas E. , Mace Ruth
Published: March 2011

Traditional investigations of the evolution of human social and political institutions trace their ancestry back to nineteenth century social scientists such as Herbert Spencer, and have concentrated on the increase in socio-political complexity over time. More recent studies of cultural evolution have been explicitly informed by Darwinian evolutionary theory and focus on the transmission of cultural traits between individuals. These two approaches to investigating cultural change are often seen as incompatible. However, we argue that many of the defining features and assumptions of ‘Spencerian’ cultural evolutionary theory represent testable hypotheses that can and should be tackled within a broader ‘Darwinian’ framework. In this paper we apply phylogenetic comparative techniques to data from Austronesian-speaking societies of Island South-East Asia and the Pacific to test hypotheses about the mode and tempo of human socio-political evolution. We find support for three ideas often associated with Spencerian cultural evolutionary theory: (i) political organization has evolved through a regular sequence of forms, (ii) increases in hierarchical political complexity have been more common than decreases, and (iii) political organization has co-evolved with the wider presence of hereditary social stratification.
Natural pedagogy as evolutionary adaptation
Authors: Csibra Gergely , Gergely György
Published: March 2011

We propose that the cognitive mechanisms that enable the transmission of cultural knowledgeby communicationbetween individuals constitute a system of ‘natural pedagogy’ in humans, and represent an evolutionary adaptation along the hominin lineage. We discuss three kinds of arguments that support this hypothesis. First, natural pedagogy is likely to be human-specific: while social learning and communication are both widespread in non-human animals, we know of no example of social learningbycommunication in any other species apart from humans. Second, natural pedagogy is universal: despite the huge variability in child-rearing practices, all human cultures rely on communication to transmit to novices a variety of different types of cultural knowledge, including information about artefact kinds, conventional behaviours, arbitrary referential symbols, cognitively opaque skills and know-how embedded in means-end actions. Third, the data available on early hominin technological culture are more compatible with the assumption that natural pedagogy was an independently selected adaptive cognitive system than considering it as a by-product of some other human-specific adaptation, such as language. By providing a qualitatively new type of social learning mechanism, natural pedagogy is not only the product but also one of the sources of the rich cultural heritage of our species.
Young children's selective trust in informants
Authors: Harris Paul L. , Corriveau Kathleen H.
Published: March 2011

Young children readily act on information from adults, setting aside their own prior convictions and even continuing to trust informants who make claims that are manifestly false. Such credulity is consistent with a long-standing philosophical and scientific conception of young children as prone to indiscriminate trust. Against this conception, we argue that children trust some informants more than others. In particular, they use two major heuristics. First, they keep track of the history of potential informants. Faced with conflicting claims, they endorse claims made by someone who has provided reliable care or reliable information in the past. Second, they monitor the cultural standing of potential informants. Faced with conflicting claims, children endorse claims made by someone who belongs to a consensus and whose behaviour abides by, rather than deviating from, the norms of their group. The first heuristic is likely to promote receptivity to information offered by familiar caregivers, whereas the second heuristic is likely to promote a broader receptivity to informants from the same culture.
The scope of culture in chimpanzees, humans and ancestral apes
Authors: Whiten Andrew
Published: March 2011

More studies have focused on aspects of chimpanzee behaviour and cognition relevant to the evolution of culture than on any other species except our own. Accordingly, analysis of the features shared by chimpanzees and humans is here used to infer the scope of cultural phenomena in our last common ancestor, at the same time clarifying the nature of the special characteristics that advanced further in the hominin line. To do this, culture is broken down into three major aspects: the large scale, population-level patterning of traditions; social learning mechanisms; and the behavioural and cognitive contents of culture. Each of these is further dissected into subcomponents. Shared features, as well as differences, are identified in as many as a dozen of these, offering a case study for the comparative analysis of culture across animal taxa and a deeper understanding of the roots of our own cultural capacities.
The evolution of the diversity of cultures
Authors: Foley R. A. , Mirazón Lahr M.
Published: March 2011

The abundant evidence that
Homo sapiens
evolved in Africa within the past 200 000 years, and dispersed across the world only within the past 100 000 years, provides us with a strong framework in which to consider the evolution of human diversity. While there is evidence that the human capacity for culture has a deeper history, going beyond the origin of the hominin clade, the tendency for humans to form cultures as part of being distinct communities and populations changed markedly with the evolution of
H. sapiens
. In this paper, we investigate ‘cultures’ as opposed to ‘culture’, and the question of how and why, compared to biological diversity, human communities and populations are so culturally diverse. We consider the way in which the diversity of human cultures has developed since 100 000 years ago, and how its rate was subject to environmental factors. We argue that the causes of this diversity lie in the distribution of resources and the way in which human communities reproduce over several generations, leading to fissioning of kin groups. We discuss the consequences of boundary formation through culture in their broader ecological and evolutionary contexts.