bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spiritual foundations of the modern consumer slavery
Authors: Jurjevič Katasonov Valentin
Published: March 2018

Among the feudal lords was the accumulation of money, but not the capital.Even when the feudal lords resorted exploitation, based on the use ofcredit and debt, it did not make them capitalists. Credit interest, in any form(cash, in-kind or the form of tillage) went to personal consumption of feudallords, it was not turning into capital. However, this does not mean that in feudalsociety there was no capital and capitalism. Capital and capitalism were asthey were in the Roman slave-owning society. In Ancient Rome, the capitaldid not exist in the commodity or production form, but in money, capitalismwas not a commercial or industrial, but usurious. There the “professional”usury was practiced by people from the stock of horsemen.
Cosmopolitan perspective in the work of Zygmunt Bauman
Authors: Repovac Nikšić Valida , Ždralović Amila
Published: March 2018

The theoretical legacy of Zygmunt Bauman is an inexhaustible sourceof inspiration for sociological analysis, particularly bearing in mindthe scope of his work and the diverse range of modern day problemsthat this British-Polish author dealt with. The first part of this articleexamines the question of personal identity in liquid modernity, whichis the starting point of Bauman’s work. Similar to some other authors,Bauman discusses the paradox of the individual who is not free inan individualized society. Bauman’s diagnosis carries pessimistic featureswhich in some places correspond to insights developed in classicalsociology. Bauman makes occasional and sporadic incursionsinto the pitfalls of conservative thought, particularly in relation tothe dichotomies of individual versus community, individualism versustogetherness, and egoism versus solidarity. However, it seems thatthe author manages to skilfully avoid the inherent theoretical traps ofsociology, turning towards cosmopolitan theory. The second part ofthis article presents the thesis that Bauman’s thought is in fact cosmopolitan,especially bearing in mind his final public appearances andwritings. This argument is based in his description of global societythat is simultaneously integrating and developing, and dramaticallydisintegrating and regressing. Bauman writes about violent killingsand expulsions of people in the 21st century and their inability to findrefuge in the Western and democratic world that promotes humanrights. Recalling the crucial cosmopolitan principles of solidarity andhospitality, Bauman makes an appeal to progressive forces to consolidateand work on opening and reaffirming the “cosmopolitan condition”of contemporary society.
Zygmunt Bauman and the Task of theTranslator
Authors: Wróbel Szymon
Published: March 2018

The author presents the figure of Zygmunt Bauman as a public intellectualand a translator. Following Walter Benjamin and his essay“The Task of the Translator” and Jacques Derrida and his text“What Is a ‘Relevant’ Translation,” the author concludes that a publicintellectual as a translator is persistently confrontedwith the taskof translatingstatements and postulates from the “language of politics”into “language of practice” and “individual experience”, fromthe “language of science” into the “language of collective action”, andfrom the “language of sociology” into the “language of the media.”The author claims that the key category in Bauman’s thinking wasneither “liquidity” nor “modernity”, but “socialism as active utopia”.For Bauman, socialism is impossible without a socialist culture, butculture is a practice, i.e. it is anattempt to attune our collective goalsaimed at improving the social world. This alignment comes withoutresorting to the idea of a collective conductor (a program), but bymeans of resorting to the idea of a translator.
The social struggle against death: Human strategies for immortality
Authors: Galić Marko
Published: March 2018

Death is an infallible part of the human life, and what makes humandifferent from all other beings is fact that he knows that he isgoing to die. Knowing this, human beings are spending their wholelife knowing that the day of their end is going to come. It is clear thatdeath has its biological part, also as a huge event in the existenceof all life forms, including human, death has its philosophical pointof view, and finally, unlike some may disagree, death itself is a hugesocial phenomena as well, and as such, the social influence of deathdeserves close attention and its own part in the social science studies.This paper analyzes the presence of the death in human culture, includinginstitutions, rituals and beliefs following the discourse of lateZygmunt Bauman who left huge influence on this field of study. Sincethe earliest forms of communities, humans are trying to overcomethe death, the state of “after-life” and some form of immortality ofthe being is something that is common to all religions and beliefs everknown to mankind, which stands as a evidence that the final void ofnon-existence know to us as death is something that always presentedhorror in the mind of the humans.
Razvoj ideje bezbjednosti
Authors: Pavlović Gojko
Published: March 2018

Pojam bezbjednosti se kroz istoriju shvatao, tumačio i označavao na različitenačine. Takođe, to je pojam koji se kao rijetko koji drugi pominje i proučavau svim granama nauke, kako prirodnim i tehničkim, tako i u društvenimi humanističkim. Upravo zbog korišćenja pojma bezbjednosti u različitimoblastima života i rada, znatno je otežano njegovo jednoznačno defi nisanje.Nadalje, činjenica je da su promjene nastale na međunarodnoj sceni, poslijezavršetka hladnog rata, uslovile i promjene oko zamisli u vezi sa pojmombezbjednosti uopšte, kao i njegovim konceptima. S tim u vezi se u radu ističeda tradiconalna shvatanja o bezbjednosti nisu više u stanju da objasne ida izađu na kraj sa složenom prirodom savremenih bezbjednosnih izazova,rizika i prijetnji. Tako se danas, prilikom razmatranja bezbjednosnih pitanjajavljaju brojne neodumice, poput onih za koga je potrebno obezbijeditibezbjednost, ko je odgovoran za bezbjednost, od koga dolazi prijetnja bezbjednosti,te kojim se sve postupcima, sredstvima i načinima dostiže, čuva iunaprjeđuje bezbjednost. Cilj rada jeste da ukaže na razvoj ideje o bezbjednosti,odnosno na različita shvatanja i zamisli bezbjednosti na način kako suse ona istorijski kretala.
Metodološka komplementarnost sociologije i istorije u proučavanju demografskih procesa
Authors: Vukadinović Srđan
Published: March 2018

Pravilno i tačno interpretirani istorijski podaci kroz vrijeme prepoznatljivostsu ozbiljnih naučnih istraživanja koja traže svoje sociološko objašnjenje itumačenje. Neophodnost komplementarnosti sociologije i istorije u naučnojmisli uviđa se u različitim vremenskim periodima shodno naučnim strujanjimai tendencijama u ove dvije discipline. Predmeti sociologije i istorije su,dijelom, identični, ali su putevi kojima dolaze do saznanja različiti. Njihovapovezanost vidljiva je u jedinstvu različitih saznjanih ciljeva. Istorijskaproučavanja zasnivaju se na konkretnom i idividualnom, a sociološka nautvrđivanju opštih zakonitosti u istorijskim događanjima. Jedan od naučnihi stručnih fenomena koji se može proučavati uz značajan stepen disciplinarnesaglasnosti sociologije i istorije je i problem demografskih pomjeranja, odnosnoprocesa. Razmatranje demografskih kretanja jednog ili različitih društvenihperioda spada u polje istorijske sociologije, koja se kao naučna disciplinakonstituiše tokom poslednjih decenija XX vijeka. Demografski pokazateljiiskazani kroz statističku ili emipirijsku građu predstavljaju istorijsku evidenciju,a njihovo objašnjenje je predmet sociološke teorije. Demografske pojavei demografska kretanja imaju svoje istorijsko trajanje i istorijsko utemeljenje.Sociološka proučavanja demografskih kretanja, i kroz istoriju, a i u savremenomtrenutku doprinose defi nisanju i utvrđivanju demografske strukture kaojedne od podstruktura društva. Iz tih razloga je pri proučavanju demografskihkretanja neophodna metodološka komplementarnost, kao i međusobnoobostrano dopunjavanje sociologije i istorije.
Problemi metodologije u sociološkoj znanosti
Authors: Žiga Jusuf
Published: March 2018

Opće je poznato da nikada nije dovoljno htjeti nešto uraditi, već je nužnoznati kako željeno ostvariti. Tako je i sa osmišljavanjem metodologije za edukacijskei znanstveno-istraživačke potrebe. Jer, nije isto o tome govoriti u oblastifi lozofi je, sociologije, medicine, umjetnosti, sporta… Naravno, ovdje ćemo sefokusirati samo na sociološko znanstveno područje.
Uzroci i posljedice demografskih procesa i promjena u savremenom društvu
Authors: Vilić Dragana
Published: March 2018

Za funkcionisanje i razvoj društva veliki značaj imaju demografskiprocesi i promjene (prirodni priraštaj, fertilitet, natalitet, mortalitet,starenje stanovništva, promjene u vezi sa sklapanjem braka, učestalostcelibata, razvod braka). U radu se analiziraju uzroci i posljediceovih procesa i promjena u savremenom društvu. Trendovi demografskihpromjena nisu isti u svim društvima u svijetu. U razvijenimdruštvima danas se zapažaju, s neznatnim razlikama, isti demografskitrendovi – nizak i/ili negativan prirodni priraštaj, izrazito starenjestanovništva, niske stope mortaliteta, povećanje razvoda braka i sl.Na drugoj strani, u nerzvijenim društvima se rađa veliki broj djece,gdje slabi ekonomski uslovi pogoduju pogoršanju materijalnog, socijalnogi zdravstvenog stanja stanovništva (bolest i smrtnost, naročito,žena i djece). Ovo jasno ukazuje na činjenicu da demografski procesii promjene nisu neposredno uslovljeni ekonomskim i socijalnim činiocima(nivo obrazovanja, razvitak društva uopšte i sl.), već da postojiniz posrednih društvenih činioca koji ih uslovljavaju (nacionalni,klasni, politički, kulturni, religiozni i sl.). Kao odgovor na nepovoljnedemografske trendove (veličina populacije, starost stanovništva i sl.)i posljedice koje populacioni faktor stvara u mnogim ekonomskim isocijalnim oblastima (smanjenje radno aktivnog stanovništva, opterećenjefondova socijalne sigurnosti i sl.), u prethodne dvije decenijeu većini zemalja populaciona politika je stavljena u oblast fertilitetastanovništva – uvedene su pronatalitetne mjere u razvijenim zemljamai mjere kojima se destimuliše rađanje u nerazvijenim zemljama.
Korištenje kvalitetnih obrazovnih pristupa za primenu novih veština
Authors: Macuh Bojan
Published: March 2018

Mogu se svi zainteresovani uključiti u proces obrazovanja, ali pristupii metode svakog pojedinca zavise od prirode njegovog posla,potreba, mogućnosti i sposobnosti. Primarna socijalizacija imauticaj na to koliko je sposobnosti i znanja čovek stekao da bi krozdalji život mogao neprekidno da ih nadograđuje i ažurira. Ovdećemo sprovesti istraživanje metodom ankete i statističkom obradompodataka prikupljenih u okviru rukovodećeg osoblja iz obrazovnihorganizacija.Nova saznanja pojedincu mogu biti obezbeđena kroz Delorsovačetiri stuba obrazovanja:- Naučite da biste znali;- Naučite da biste mogli da znanje unapređujete;- Naučite da znate kako da živite u zajednici i među drugima;- Učite da biste postojali.Mi se edukujemo tokom celog našeg života. U zavisnosti od našesposobnosti, podrške za osnovno i srednje međuzavisnosti životnesredine, finansijske sposobnosti, će, Elan i treba da unapredimosvoja ukupna znanja, kao i ona koja nam se javljaju kao potrebana radnom mestu. Doživotno učenje ne poznaje starosne granice,već je i dalje samo težnja da se nauči nešto novo, drugačije.Društvo, na osnovu doživotnog učenja, može da obezbedi boljubudućnost i bolji kvalitet života.
Jedan pogled na položaj sociologije prava u Rusiji
Authors: Vilić Dragana , Nišić Vanja
Published: March 2018

Kao sociološka disciplina koja proučava ulogu i mjesto prava u društvu,sociologija prava je nastala sredinom 19. vijeka. Ova disciplinaproučava uslove i okolnosti koji dovode do konstituisanja prava ipravnog sistema u jednoj državi, zatim pravnu aktivnost u društvu,kao i posljedice svih vidova pravnog djelovanja u društvu. Od polovine20. vijeka u sociologiji su uklonjene brojne nedoumice u vezi sdruštvenom ulogom prava, od ovog perioda pravo se proučava kaonormativni fenomen. U radu se analizira položaj sociologije prava,njen istorijski razvoj i institucionalizacija u Rusiji, kao i aktuelneteme ruskih teoretičara. Navodeći ruske teoretičare koji su se bavilipravno-sociološkim temama, kroz ovaj rad analiziraćemo pitanja iprobleme koji su se našli u procesu institucionalizacije sociologije pravau Rusiji krajem XX i početkom XXI vijeka. U radu dajemo kratakpregled stanja sociologije prava u nekim zemljama bivše Jugoslavijekao moguće poređenje sa stanjem sociologije prava u Rusiji.
Uloga motivacije u organizacionom ponašanju - iskustvo preduzeća u Bosni i Hercegovini
Authors: Šijaković Ivan
Published: March 2018

Ovaj rad analizira ulogu i značaj motivacije u privatnim preduzećimai drugim poslovnim subjektima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Rad sezasniva na istraživanju koje je provedeno pomoću upitnika u preduzećimau najvećim gradovima BiH. Analiza rezultata prikupljenihupitnikom na uzorku od 1239 ispitanika, pokazuje da su zaposlenisvesni značaja i uloge motivacije, da shvataju da ona utiče na zadovoljstvona poslu, da gradi dobre međuljudseke odnose, da podstičelojalnost kompanijama i poslovnim subjektima i da očekuju da menadžerii lideri stalno unapređuju oblike i načine motivacije zaposlenih.
Uzroci i posljedice povećanog trenda starenja stanovništva u savremenom društvu
Authors: Vilić Dragana
Published: March 2018

U radu se analiziraju uzroci i posljedice povećanog trenda starenjastanovništva u savremenom društvu izraženog u prethodnih nekolokodecenija. Ovdje se misli na povećanje udjela stanovništva starog od 60,65 godina i više (hronološki kriterijumi definisani su u modernoj dobiu odnosu na životnu dob u kojoj prestaje radna aktivnost, ne moguse primijeniti na afričke zemlje), to jest udio starog stanovništva od 7(i više) procenata u ukupnoj populaciji. Kao posljedicu toga, imamopovećanje broja demografski starih društava. Starenje jeste biološkiproces, ali i društveni konstrukt, jer se u različitim vremenima i urazličitim društvima različito određuje granica starosti, odnos premastarenju, status starih ljudi i sl. Najvažnije demografske odrednicekoje uzrokuju starenje stanovništva u savremenom društvu jesu:snižavanje fertiliteta, snižavanje mortaliteta (naročito u starijimživotnim skupinama) i migracije. Ubrzano starenje stanovništvanarušava ekonomsku i socijalnu ravnotežu u društvima u kojima jeono izraženo (povećanje pritiska na fondove socijalne, zdravstvene ipenzione zaštite), zahtijeva povećano ulaganje napora za suočavanjesa ovim problemom i njegovim rješavanjem, ali ima i posljedice zapojedince (gubljenje autonomije, usamljenost, bolest i sl.). U novijevrijeme odnos prema starim ljudima i doživljaj starenja su sepromijenili zbog poboljšanja ukupnog kvaliteta života (radni i životniuslovi, napredak u oblasti medicine), što daje priliku da ljudi u ovojživotnoj dobi mogu da vode ispunjen život različitim aktivnostima(putovanje, školovanje, usvajanje novih vještina i sl.). Iako je ostvarennapredak u pogledu ljudskih prava, kvaliteta života i položajastarih ljudi u društvu, i dalje postoje raznovrsni problemi s kojimase oni suočavaju (socijalna isključenost, siromaštvo, nasilje i sl.). Usavremenom društvu se preduzimaju različite aktivnosti kojimase nastoji afirmisati pozitivan odnos prema stari(ji)m osobama ispriječiti diskriminacija na osnovu životne dobi.
The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Causal Relationship between Carbon Dioxide Emissions and GDP per Capita in Indonesia, 1960-2000
Authors: Sambodo Maxensius Tri
Published: March 2018

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Dynamic Analysis of the Stock Price Index and the Exchange Rate Using Vector Autoregression (VAR): An Empirical Study of the Jakarta Stock Exchange, 2001-2004
Authors: Novita Mila , Nachrowi Nachrowi D.
Published: March 2018

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Book Review: Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations: A Story of Economic Discovery
Authors: S. Ari A. Perdana
Published: March 2018

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An Analysis of Personal Income Tax Compliance Rate in Indonesia For The Period 1996-2004
Authors: Panjaitan Friska P.
Published: March 2018

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Determinant Factors of lndonesia Palm Oil Export to Major lmporting Countries: an Error Correction Model Analysis
Authors: Yulismi Yulismi , Siregar Hermanto
Published: March 2018

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Estimation of the Size of Indonesia's Shadow Economy
Authors: Panjaitan Friska P.
Published: March 2018

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Crisis, Response and Survival lnternatio in the 1930s
Authors: Claver Alexander
Published: March 2018

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Technocratic Decision Making in Economic Policy
Authors: Sadli Mohammad
Published: March 2018

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Heterogenous Characteristics of Microfinance Clients and Institutions: Theoretical Implications and Policy Issues in Indonesia
Authors: Nugroho Agus Eko
Published: March 2018

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Going Bankrupt? Business Failure in Colonial Indonesia, c. 1870-1940
Authors: Claver Alexander , Lindblad J. Thomas
Published: March 2018

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Indonesian Economy: Contagion of World Financial Crisis and Policy Response
Authors: Matsuda Atsushi , Oshige Hitoshi
Published: March 2018

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The Archipelagix Paradox: Island, Cities, and the Modern States, 1808-2008
Authors: Dick Howard
Published: March 2018

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Volatility Spillover Effects in East Asian Capital Markets: A Case Study to the Real Estate Sectors
Authors: Lestari Esta
Published: March 2018

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The Role of Sumatra in the Integration of the Indonesian Economy into the World Economy from Two Waves of Globalization
Authors: Panennungi Maddaremmeng A.
Published: March 2018

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Reducing Poverty of Cocoa Smallholders in lndonesia: ls Agricultural Economic Activity Still the Pioneer?
Authors: Arsyad Muhammad , Kawamura Yoshio
Published: March 2018

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Cash Waqf and People Economic Empowerment in Indonesia
Authors: Hasanah Uswatun
Published: March 2018

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The Indonesian Governmental Debt Transformation
Authors: Soelistianingsih Lana
Published: March 2018

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The Roles and Problems of Infrastructure in Indonesia
Authors: Adam Latif
Published: March 2018

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The Role of Speculative Factor in the Indonesian Stock Price Determination
Authors: Rahardjo Soemarso Slamet
Published: March 2018

This study observes the speculative element in the price determination and its mean reverting pattern. The existence of speculative element in the Indonesian stock market price determination was proven. Exponential Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (EGARCH) method indicates the non-stationary process of the residuals. There are systematic as well as unsystematic component embedded in the speculative behavior. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) concludes that prices contain volatilities in the short run, but, it will revert to the mean in the long run. Investors’ behavior are neutral toward expected gain vis a vis losses in a stock trading.
"Does Inflation Targeting Framework Make a Significant Difference in Lowering Price Level?” What is Its Implication to Indonesia’s Inflation Rate?
Authors: Rachman Faisal
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn the last two decades many countries have been starting to employ Inflation Targeting Framework (ITF) as their main monetary policy framework. This is done to achieve an objective of anchoring public expectation on inflation which in the end will steer the price level movement towards ITF’s ultimate target of relatively low and stable inflation rate. By conducting Difference-in-Difference method on panel data consisting of five countries implementing ITF since 2001 and twenty-one selected non-ITF countries for period 1990-2010, it is statistically proved that ITF adoption has a significant effect on inflation. In case of Indonesia, through Structural Break approach, the implementation of ITF since 2005 is also proved able to lower and stabilize inflation rate.Abstrak Dalam dua dekade terakhir ini banyak negara yang telah mulai menggunakan Inflation Targeting Framework (ITF) sebagai kerangka utama kebijakan moneter mereka. Hal ini dilakukan guna mencapai tujuan pengendalian ekspektasi publik yang pada akhirnya akan mengendalikan pergerakan tingkat harga relatif rendah and stabil. Dengan menggunakan metode Difference-in-Difference pada data panel, yang terdiri dari lima negara yang telah mengimplementasikan ITF sejak tahun 2001 dan dua puluh satu negara bukan pengguna ITF, untuk periode 1990-2010, disimpulkan bahwa ITF memiliki dampak signifikan pada tingkat inflasi. Untuk kasus Indonesia yang telah mengimplementasikan ITF sejak tahun 2005, melalui metode Structural Break disimpulkan hasil yang sama, yaitu tingkatan harga yang rendah dan stabil.
Oil Exploration Economics: Empirical Evidence from Indonesian Geological Basins
Authors: Patria Harry , Adrison Vid
Published: March 2018

Oil exploration has been subject to economic research for decades. Earlier studies of exploration models are mostly discussed the behavior of exploration at the macro-level analysis such as field, firm, region, and continental. This paper then focuses on the geological and economic factors that determine the well-drilling decision at the micro-level using disaggregated panel data of 32 geological basins in Indonesia over the period of 2004–2013. This study shows that the number of drilled wells is determined significantly by the lag of success rate, lag of discovery size, lag of global oil price, and regional location of geological basin. AbstrakEksplorasi migas telah menjadi subyek ekonomi dalam beberapa dekade. Studi-studi sebelumnya dengan model eksplorasi, kebanyakan mengembangkan model Fisher (1964), secara umum dikelompokkan oleh persamaan yang menjelaskan respons eksplorasi pada tingkat makro menggunakan lapangan, perusahaan, wilayah, dan kontinental. Paper ini fokus pada analisis faktor-faktor geologi dan ekonomi yang menentukan tingkat sumur pemboran pada tingkat mikro menggunakan data panel dari 32 basin di Indonesia dalam periode 2004–2013. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa tingkat sumur pemboran ditentukan secara signifikan berdasarkan tingkat keberhasilan pemboran, ukuran temuan dan harga minyak pada tahun sebelumnya serta lokasi basin geologis.Kata kunci: Pengeboran; Variabel Geologi; Variabel Ekonomi; EksplorasiJEL classifications: L71; Q35
Gender, age, and concomitant diseases of melanosis coli in China: a multicenter study of 6,090 cases
Authors: Wang Shufang , Wang Zikai , Peng Lihua , Zhang Xiuli , Li Jianfeng , Yang Yunsheng , Hu Bing , Ning Shoubin , Zhang Bingyong , Han Junling , Song Ying , Sun Gang , Nie Zhanguo
Published: March 2018

Backgrounds and Aims

Melanosis coli (MC) is a noninflammatory, benign, and reversible colonic disorder, but its detection rates in China are unclear. We therefore aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of MC in China.

Methods

We assessed the detection rates, associated factors and concomitant diseases of MC in the patients who underwent colonoscopy at eight medical centers across five regions of China between January 2006 and October 2016. All data were procured from the electronic database established at each participating institutions.

Results

Among the 342,922 included cases, MC was detected in 6,090 cases (detection rate = 1.78%, 95% confidence interval, 1.73%–1.82%) at a mean age of 60 years. The detection rate gradually increased yearly, and along with the increasing age regardless of gender, while a rapid increase presented in the patients ≥60 years of age (0.58% for ≤25 years, 1.22% for 25–59 years, and 3.19% for ≥60 years). The detection rate was higher in females than in males; however, the rate of per-year increase was higher in males than in females at age of ≥60 years, which was 1.85-fold of that in females. Among cancer, polyp, inflammation, and diverticula, polyp was the most common concomitant disease of MC and identified in 41.72% of MC patients.

Conclusions

MC detection rates were increased annually and elevated in older patients, particularly in male patients. Males in the elderly population of ≥60 years were most likely to have MC. Colonic polyp is the most common concomitant disease of MC.
Low‐Altitude Ion Heating, Downflowing Ions, and BBELF Waves in the Return Current Region
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Knudsen David J. , Burchill Johnathan K. , Howarth Andrew D. , Yau Andrew W. , Miles David M. , James H. Gordon , Perry Gareth W. , Cogger Leroy
Published: March 2018

Heavy (O+) ion energization and field‐aligned motion in and near the ionosphere are still not well understood. Based on observations from the CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe at altitudes between 325 km and 730 km over 1 year, we present a statistical study (24 events) of ion heating and its relation to field‐aligned ion bulk flow velocity, low‐frequency waves, and field‐aligned currents. The ion temperature and field‐aligned bulk flow velocity are derived from 2‐D ion velocity distribution functions measured by the suprathermal electron imager (SEI) instrument. Consistent ion heating and flow velocity characteristics are observed from both the SEI and the rapid‐scanning ion mass spectrometer instruments. We find that transverse O+ ion heating in the ionosphere can be intense (up to 4.5 eV), confined to very narrow regions (∼2 km across B), is more likely to occur in the downward current region and is associated with broadband extremely low frequency (BBELF) waves. These waves are interpreted as linearly polarized perpendicular to the magnetic field. The amount of ion heating cannot be explained by frictional heating, and the correlation of ion heating with BBELF waves suggests that significant wave‐ion heating is occurring and even dominating at altitudes as low as 350 km, a boundary that is lower than previously reported. Surprisingly, the majority of these heating events (17 out 24) are associated with core ion downflows rather than upflows. This may be explained by a downward pointing electric field in the low‐altitude return current region.
Two Day Wave Traveling Westward With Wave Number 1 During the Sudden Stratospheric Warming in January 2017
Authors: Xiong Jiangang , Wan Weixing , Ding Feng , Liu Libo , Hu Lianhuan , Yan Chunxiao
Published: March 2018

Quasi‐two day wave propagating westward with wave number 1 (W1) in January 2017 is studied using global temperature observed by Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry and wind observed by a meteor radar at Fuke, China (19.0°N, 109.8°E). The amplitude of W1 significantly enhances during January 2017, when two stratospheric warming events occur. The temperature perturbation of W1 reaches maximum amplitude of more than 6 K at latitude ±15° around ~84 km and ~95 km. The structure of temperature W1 is symmetric with regard to the equator. The temporal variation of W1 is consistent with the stationary planetary wave with wave number 2 (SPW2), but contrary to the quasi‐two day wave propagating westward with wave number 3 (W3). When SPW2 is large during two sudden stratospheric warming events, energy transfers from W3 to W1. Two bursts of the 2 day wave in meridional wind observed by the meteor radar are just corresponding to the local maxima of W3 and W1, respectively. We conclude that during January 2017, W1 is generated by the nonlinear interaction between SPW2 and W3. SPW2 which is modulated by the quasi‐16 day perturbation in the stratosphere plays a key role in the energy transmission from W3 to W1, and it is responsible for the 16 day variation of W1.
Improvement of Mars Surface Snow Albedo Modeling in LMD Mars GCM With SNICAR
Authors: Singh D. , Flanner M. G. , Millour E.
Published: March 2018

The current version of Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Mars GCM (original‐MGCM) uses annually repeating (prescribed) CO2 snow albedo values based on the Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations. We integrate the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation (SNICAR) model with MGCM (SNICAR‐MGCM) to prognostically determine H2O and CO2 snow albedos interactively in the model. Using the new diagnostic capabilities of this model, we find that cryospheric surfaces (with dust) increase the global surface albedo of Mars by 0.022. Over snow‐covered regions, SNICAR‐MGCM simulates mean albedo that is higher by about 0.034 than prescribed values in the original‐MGCM. Globally, shortwave flux into the surface decreases by 1.26 W/m2, and net CO2 snow deposition increases by about 4% with SNICAR‐MGCM over one Martian annual cycle as compared to the original‐MGCM simulations. SNICAR integration reduces the mean global surface temperature and the surface pressure of Mars by about 0.87% and 2.5%, respectively. Changes in albedo also show a similar distribution to dust deposition over the globe. The SNICAR‐MGCM model generates albedos with higher sensitivity to surface dust content as compared to original‐MGCM. For snow‐covered regions, we improve the correlation between albedo and optical depth of dust from −0.91 to −0.97 with SNICAR‐MGCM as compared to the original‐MGCM. Dust substantially darkens Mars's cryosphere, thereby reducing its impact on the global shortwave energy budget by more than half, relative to the impact of pure snow.
Solar Wind Access to Grains in the Upper Layer of Regolith
Authors: Kulchitsky Anton V. , Hurley Dana M. , Johnson Jerome B. , Duvoy Paul X. , Zimmerman Michael
Published: March 2018

The surface of the Moon is exposed to the solar wind and the particles can reach a few average grains deep into the regolith. This work examines the depth of penetration of solar wind particles in lunar regolith using equations derived from analytical, Monte Carlo, and ray tracing techniques and discrete element method simulations. It is shown that the process can be approximately described using an exponential distribution function starting from some small depth with parameters depending on void ratio, solar wind incidence angle, and regolith grain size distribution. The proton implantation rate into the regolith as a function of depth is proposed with the coefficients computationally derived from Monte Carlo simulations of proton implantation process.
Process‐Oriented Modeling of a High Arctic Tundra Ecosystem: Long‐Term Carbon Budget and Ecosystem Responses to Interannual Variations of Climate
Authors: Zhang Wenxin , Jansson Per‐Erik , Schurgers Guy , Hollesen Jørgen , Lund Magnus , Abermann Jakob , Elberling Bo
Published: March 2018

Terrestrial carbon (C) cycling in high Arctic tundra depends on ecosystem responses to climatic warming and concurrent changes in environmental conditions. There are very few studies to quantify long‐term C budget in high Arctic tundra due to lack of sufficient measurements. Here based on well‐established multiyear measurements, we calibrated a process‐oriented model (CoupModel) to quantify various components of the C budget at a Cassiope tetragona heath ecosystem in northeast Greenland. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) for 2000–2014 was estimated at −15 ± 10 g C m−2 yr−1. Ecosystem respiration (ER) for nongrowing seasons was estimated at 10.3 ± 5.3 g C m−2 yr−1, representing around 13% of the annual ER. Significant trends for interannual variations of aboveground and belowground C fluxes and stocks were found for the subperiods (i.e., 2000–2008 and 2008–2014) but not for the entire period. Interannual variations of NEE largely relied on the response of gross primary production (GPP) and ER to seasonal changes in climate. Moreover, the model showed that interannual variations of GPP, ER, and NEE had a much higher linear correlation with July temperature and annual maximum thawing depth (ALDmax) than other climatic and site characteristics. ALDmax had the highest correlation with the decomposition rate of humus C. Overall, this modeling study suggests that a sink‐source transition of the studied ecosystem depends on ecosystem responses to interannual variations of climate and that the net C balance may be sensitive to summer warmth and active layer thickness.
Effects of Extreme Events on Arsenic Cycling in Salt Marshes
Authors: Northrup Kristy , Capooci Margaret , Seyfferth Angelia L.
Published: March 2018

Extreme events such as storm surges, intense precipitation, and supermoons cause anomalous and large fluctuations in water level in tidal salt marshes, which impacts the sediment biogeochemistry that dictates arsenic (As) cycling. In addition to changes in water level, which impacts soil redox potential, these extreme events may also change salinity due to freshwater inputs from precipitation or saltwater inputs due to surge. It is currently unknown how As mobility in tidal salt marshes will be impacted by extreme events, as fluctuations in salinity and redox potential may act synergistically to mobilize As. To investigate impacts of extreme events on As cycling in tidal salt marshes, we conducted a combined laboratory and field investigation. We monitored pore water and soil samples before, during, and after two extreme events: a supermoon lunar eclipse followed by a storm surge and precipitation induced by Hurricane Joaquin in fall 2015 at the St. Jones Reserve in Dover, Delaware, a representative tidal salt marsh in the Mid‐Atlantic United States. We also conducted soil incubations of marsh sediments in batch and in flow‐through experiments in which redox potential and/or salinity were manipulated. Field investigations showed that pore water As was inversely proportional to redox potential. During the extreme events, a distinct pulse of As was observed in the pore water with maximum salinity. Combined field and laboratory investigations revealed that this As pulse is likely due to rapid changes in salinity. These results have implications for As mobility in the face of extreme weather variability.
Selective Leaching of Dissolved Organic Matter From Alpine Permafrost Soils on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Yinghui , Xu Yunping , Spencer Robert G. M. , Zito Phoebe , Kellerman Anne , Podgorski David , Xiao Wenjie , Wei Dandan , Rashid Harunur , Yang Yuanhe
Published: March 2018

Ongoing global temperature rise has caused significant thaw and degradation of permafrost soils on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Leaching of organic matter from permafrost soils to aquatic systems is highly complex and difficult to reproduce in a laboratory setting. We collected samples from natural seeps of active and permafrost layers in an alpine swamp meadow on the QTP to shed light on the composition of mobilized dissolved organic matter (DOM) by combining optical measurements, ultrahigh‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, radiocarbon (14C), and solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our results show that even though the active layer soils contain large amounts of proteins and carbohydrates, there is a selective release of aromatic components, whereas in the deep permafrost layer, carbohydrate and protein components are preferentially leached during the thawing process. Given these different chemical characteristics of mobilized DOM, we hypothesize that photomineralization contributes significantly to the loss of DOM that is leached from the seasonally thawed surface layer. However, with continued warming, biodegradation will become more important since biolabile materials such as protein and carbohydrate are preferentially released from deep‐layer permafrost soils. This transition in DOM leachate source and associated chemical composition has ramifications for downstream fluvial networks on the QTP particularly in terms of processing of carbon and associated fluxes.
Current Systems in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Ganushkina N. Yu. , Liemohn M. W. , Dubyagin S.
Published: March 2018

The basic structure and dynamics of the primary electric current systems in the Earth's magnetosphere are presented and discussed. In geophysics, the word current is used to describe the flow of mass from one location to another, and its analog of electric current is a flow of charge from one place to another. An electric current is associated with a magnetic field, and they combine with the Earth's internally generated dipolar magnetic field to form the topology of the magnetosphere. The concept of an electric current is reviewed and compared with other approaches to investigate the physics of the magnetosphere. The implications of understanding magnetospheric current systems are discussed, including paths forward for new investigations with the robust set of observations being produced by the numerous scientific and commercial satellites orbiting Earth.
Modeling the Lower Part of the Topside Ionospheric Vertical Electron Density Profile Over the European Region by Means of Swarm Satellites Data and IRI UP Method
Authors: Pignalberi A. , Pezzopane M. , Rizzi R.
Published: March 2018

An empirical method to model the lower part of the ionospheric topside region from the F2 layer peak height to about 500–600 km of altitude over the European region is proposed. The method is based on electron density values recorded from December 2013 to June 2016 by Swarm satellites and on foF2 and hmF2 values provided by IRI UP (International Reference Ionosphere UPdate), which is a method developed to update the IRI model relying on the assimilation of foF2 and M(3000)F2 data routinely recorded by a network of European ionosonde stations. Topside effective scale heights are calculated by fitting some definite analytical functions (α‐Chapman, β‐Chapman, Epstein, and exponential) through the values recorded by Swarm and the ones output by IRI UP, with the assumption that the effective scale height is constant in the altitude range considered. Calculated effective scale heights are then modeled as a function of foF2 and hmF2, in order to be operationally applicable to both ionosonde measurements and ionospheric models, like IRI. The method produces two‐dimensional grids of the median effective scale height binned as a function of foF2 and hmF2, for each of the considered topside profiles. A statistical comparison with Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate/FORMOsa SATellite‐3 collected Radio Occultation profiles is carried out to assess the validity of the proposed method and to investigate which of the considered topside profiles is the best one. The α‐Chapman topside function displays the best performance compared to the others and also when compared to the NeQuick topside option of IRI.
Randomized Truncated SVD Levenberg‐Marquardt Approach to Geothermal Natural State and History Matching
Authors: Bjarkason Elvar K. , Maclaren Oliver J. , O'Sullivan John P. , O'Sullivan Michael J.
Published: March 2018

The Levenberg‐Marquardt (LM) method is commonly used for inverting models used to describe geothermal, groundwater, or oil and gas reservoirs. In previous studies, LM parameter updates have been made tractable for highly parameterized inverse problems with large data sets by applying matrix factorization methods or iterative linear solvers to approximately solve the update equations. Some studies have shown that basing model updates on the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) of a dimensionless sensitivity matrix achieved using Lanczos iteration can speed up the inversion of reservoir models. Lanczos iterations only require the sensitivity matrix times a vector and its transpose times a vector, which are found efficiently using adjoint and direct simulations without the expense of forming a large sensitivity matrix. Nevertheless, Lanczos iteration has the drawback of being a serial process, requiring a separate adjoint solve and direct solve every Lanczos iteration. Randomized methods, developed for low‐rank matrix approximation of large matrices, are more efficient alternatives to the standard Lanczos method. Here we develop LM variants which use randomized methods to find a TSVD of a dimensionless sensitivity matrix when updating parameters. The randomized approach offers improved efficiency by enabling simultaneous solution of all adjoint and direct problems for a parameter update.
Rationalizing Fabrication and Design Toward Highly Efficient and Stable Blue Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on NHC Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Weber Michael D. , Fresta Elisa , Elie Margaux , Miehlich Matthias E. , Renaud Jean‐Luc , Meyer Karsten , Gaillard Sylvain , Costa Rubén D.
Published: March 2018

Recently, the use of a new family of electroluminescent copper(I) complexes—i.e., the archetypal [Cu(IPr)(3‐Medpa)][PF6] complex; IPr: 1,3‐bis‐(2,6‐di‐iso‐propylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene; 3‐Medpa: 2,2′‐bis‐(3‐methylpyridyl)amine—has led to blue light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) featuring luminances of 20 cd m−2, stabilities of 4 mJ, and efficiencies of 0.17 cd A−1. Herein, this study rationalizes how to enhance these figures‐of‐merit optimizing both device fabrication and design. On one hand, a comprehensive spectroscopic and electrochemical study reveals the degradation of this novel emitter in common solvents used for LEC fabrication, as well as the impact on the photoluminescence features of thin‐films. On the other hand, spectro‐electrochemical and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy assays suggest that the device performance is strongly limited by the irreversible formation of oxidized species that mainly act as carrier trappers and luminance quenchers. Based on all of the aforementioned, device optimization was realized using ionic additives and a hole transporter either as a host–guest or as a multilayered architecture approach to decouple hole/electron injection. The latter significantly enhances the LEC performance, reaching luminances of 160 cd m−2, stabilities of 32.7 mJ, and efficiencies of 1.2 cd A−1. Overall, this work highlights the need of optimizing both device fabrication and design toward highly efficient and stable LECs based on cationic copper(I) complexes.
Progress of the Interface Design in All‐Solid‐State Li–S Batteries
Authors: Yue Junpei , Yan Min , Yin Ya‐Xia , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: March 2018

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are one of the most promising next‐generation battery types for their high energy density and low cost. On the other hand, safety issues and poor cyclability strongly limit practical application. Solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) can present as high ionic conductivity as aprotic electrolytes and eventually avoid the shuttle effect, which provides an ultimate solution for safe Li–S batteries with good cyclability. In this review, the recent achievements in all‐solid‐state Li–S batteries based on inorganic SSEs are summarized. Furthermore, the main attentions are paid to the interfaces, including metallic lithium|SSEs, SSEs|SSEs, and composite sulfur cathode|SSEs. The potential approaches to deal with these interfacial issues are proposed as well, such as composite SSEs with an asymmetric structure to enhance their compatibility with lithium anodes and sulfur cathodes, adding Li2O or LiF and increasing the densification to reduce the grain boundary resistance, and nanomaterials used to improve the kinetic process in cathode.
Ultrafast Heterogeneous Nucleation Enables a Hierarchical Surface Configuration of Lithium‐Rich Layered Oxide Cathode Material for Enhanced Electrochemical Performances
Authors: Guo Haocheng , Jia Kai , Han Shaojie , Zhao Hu , Qiu Bao , Xia Yonggao , Liu Zhaoping
Published: March 2018

Lithium‐rich layered oxides have attracted much attention for the high energy density, but they still suffer from cycling degradation and sluggish kinetic capability. In the present study, a novel modification of Li1.143Mn0.544Ni0.136Co0.136O2 sphere cathode materials by a hierarchical surface configuration is proposed, which integrates advantages of dual oxide layers of both amorphous and nanocrystalline Al2O3, as well as an inner spinel membrane. Mainly promoted by an ultrafast heterogeneous nucleation of Al(NO)3 nanoseeds caused by huge solubility differences, it only takes several minutes for pretreatment. After common annealing at low temperature, the obtained material is capable to deliver a high discharge capacity of 296.3 mAh g−1 with initial Coulombic efficiency of 92.9% at 0.1 C rate, and maintain stable cycling at both 0.2 and 0.5 C rates. Besides, rate performances are also enhanced as a result of the superior interface gained after surface modification, which produces reduced polarization during cycling. Through comprehensive analyses, improved surface property and stability are confirmed as the key to these enhancements. This strategy is anticipated to inspire new modification designs in future high energy density cathode materials.
A Flexible Oxygenated Carbographite Nanofilamentous Buckypaper as an Amphiphilic Membrane
Authors: Homaeigohar Shahin , Strunskus Thomas , Strobel Julian , Kienle Lorenz , Elbahri Mady
Published: March 2018

Here, for the first time, oxygenated amorphous carbon/graphite (a‐COx/G) hybrid nanofilaments are produced and used as the building blocks of a buckypaper membrane. The nanofilaments are in fact the innovatively chopped version of brittle, highly graphitized polyacrylonitrile precursor nanofibers. The high temperature (1250 °C) graphitization and then fast cooling bring about biphasic nanofibers made of graphite and amorphous carbon, readily reoxidized during cooling. The combination of polar and nonpolar domains in the nanofilaments governs a desirable amphiphilicity, thus selectivity to a variety of polar/nonpolar water pollutants. Through electrostatic and π–π interactions, the membrane efficiently discriminates amphiphilic castor oil as well as cationic methylene blue dye from water. Moreover, the buckypaper‐like structure of the membrane is 100% efficient in depth filtration of colloidal particles from water. The membrane's water flux is 16 times higher than that of commercial microfiltration membranes, promising an advanced energy/cost efficient filtration process. Thus, being multispectrally selective and highly water permeable, the a‐COx/G nanofilamentous membrane is regarded potentially a next‐generation, cost‐effective, and sustainable alternative to the long‐existing thin‐film composite membranes for water treatment.
Printing Silver Conductive Inks with High Resolution and High Aspect Ratio
Authors: Chu Ta‐Ya , Zhang Zhiyi , Tao Ye
Published: March 2018

Narrow metal lines with low electrical resistance are essential for many printable electronic devices. Printing metal lines of narrower than 10 µm and with a high thickness‐to‐width aspect ratio is very difficult and remains a technical challenge in printable electronics. In this work, by controlling the ink–substrate interaction and ink drying dynamics, 4.6 µm wide inkjet‐printed silver lines are demonstrated with an aspect ratio of 0.7 and an elliptical cross‐section. The silver lines are obtained by jetting a silver nanoparticle‐based ink onto an SU‐8‐coated polyethylene terephthalate substrate to form well‐defined silver lines, and then heating the lines to transform them into high aspect ratio narrow lines through ink dewetting and receding. The simultaneous dissolution and redistribution of SU‐8 by the ink result in a concave structure, which prevents the lines from bulging and allows the lines to become embedded into the SU‐8 film.