bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Atlantean Columns and the Lintel of the Initial Series Temple at Chichen Itza
Authors: Weitzel R. B.
Published: April 2006

A portal with foreign ornamentation is more complex than a plain, unadorned doorway. Mexican by derivation, the Atlantean columns of the Initial Series Temple at Chichen Itza were incorporated in Maya architecture. The sculptured figures were given uplifted arms in a pleasing conceit that strong arms sustained the overhead load. These uplifted arms caused projections alongside the pair of heads, so that a stone lintel which rested solely on the inner projections would have had insecure support; hence the requirement for greater extension of the lintel on the Atlantean columns. Some marginal covering of the inscription on the underside of the lintel apparently resulted, but it did not affect the initial series, 10.2.9.1.9, 9 Muluc 7 Zac.
Two New Cape Dorset Sites
Authors: Leechman Douglas
Published: April 2006

Two new sites of the Cape Dorset Eskimo culture were discovered, and partially excavated, by the author in 1935 and 1936. Both of them lie on the south side of Hudson Strait: one, examined in 1935, is on the south side of McLelan Strait, a narrow channel which divides Killinek Island from the northern tip of the Labrador, and contained both modern and Cape Dorset material; the other, which was examined in 1936, is on Nuvuk, an island or a group of islands, lying about thirty miles south-west of Cape Wolstenholme, at the west end of Hudson Strait, and contained only Cape Dorset material, with the exception of some quite obviously modern objects lying on the surface.
Culture Sequences in Central California Archaeology
Authors: Beardsley Richard K.
Published: April 2006

An analysis of the archaeology of two coastal areas of Central California gives strong support to the sequence of three culture periods proposed in 1939 for the prehistoric archaeology of the lower and middle Sacramento River Valley. For one area, the ocean coast of Marin County just north of San Francisco Bay, the first intensive excavations were made by archaeological field parties from the University of California during the summers of 1940 and 1941 ;.the data and conclusions have not been published previously. For the second area, around the shores of San Francisco Bay, few additions have been made to the artifact collections and field data since the latest full site report was made in 1926.3 However, the interpretation presented here comes from reappraisal of the original artifacts and notes from the limited number of published sites, and from study of museum collections from a greater number of smaller sites which have not yet been described in print.
A Kiva Bell from Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico
Authors: Brugge David M.
Published: April 2006

The writer recently observed in a private collection an artifact that is of interest because it has been identified as a kiva bell, an object occasionally found archseologically and still used by the modern Pueblo Indians.

The artifact was found many years ago on the site of Rainbow House, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico. It resembles a blade, being tapered and rounded on one end, squared on the other, with 2 notches set toward the squared end. It was apparently first percussion chipped and then polished on both sides, without any attempt being made to eliminate all traces of the chipping around the edges. The material is a finegrained black basalt. It is broken across the middle, but this is reported to have occurred after it was found. The dimensions are: length 24.5 cm., width 8.8 cm., and thickness about 1.3 cm.

The identification was made by a Cochiti Indian who said that there are others similar to it in use at Cochiti today.
New Radiocarbon Dates and the Maya Correlation Problem
Authors: Satterthwaite Linton , Ralph Elizabeth K.
Published: April 2006

Two long series of samples from Tikal, Petén, Guatemala, have been dated by the radiocarbon method for the purpose of limiting the range of possible correlations of the Maya calendar with the Christian. These samples from lintel and vault beams were selected from latest-growth portions of the beams which were presumably cut at times corresponding to Maya dates carved on lintels of two temples. Christian dates for dedicatory Maya dates of the lintels are calculated according to five correlation hypotheses, and are compared with radiocarbon dates for ten beams from Temple IV and six from Temple I. These new radiocarbon dates are shown to be closely related to “absolute” ages by means of radiocarbon counts of tree-ring-dated samples of the same period. The radiocarbon results support the 11-16 (Goodman-Thompson-Martinez) correlation. Attention is given to previous radiocarbon tests by other laboratories of beams removed from Tikal many years ago which seemed to favor the 12-9 correlation in Spinden or Makemson variants. With the aid of new radiocarbon dates for similar samples, reasons for the differences in results are discussed.
Natural Preservation of Human Brain, Warm Mineral Springs, Florida
Authors: Royal William , Clark Eugenie
Published: April 2006

Artifacts of Archaic types, human bones, and a partly burned log have been recovered from three layers of sediments on the floor of a shallow limestone cave now under water. The skeletal remains include a skull from Layer 2 with naturally preserved portions of brain inside. The charred log from Layer 3 produced a radiocarbon date of 8000 B.C. ± 200 years. The age of the preserved brain may not be as great as that of the log and human remains in Layer 3. The radiocarbon date is the earliest known date for man in Florida and suggests that during the early Southeastern Archaic, man lived in limestone caves in Florida when the sea level was considerably lower than at present.
Implications of Radiocarbon Datings for the Origin of the Dorset Culture
Authors: Hoffman Bernard G.
Published: April 2006

Since its discovery by Jenness in 1925, the Dorset culture has presented students of Eskimo archaeology with a persistent problem. Apparently representing an Arctic land-hunting culture, centering in the eastern Arctic, and containing many cultural items also to be found in more southern Indian cultures, the Dorset culture has presented ample opportunity for conjectural reconstructions of its origins and affinities. Mathiassen, who collected Dorset materials from Bylot and Southampton islands, first considered Dorset merely as a localized and specialized phase of the Thule culture (Mathiassen, 1925, part 1, pp. 206-12, 258-60; part 2, pp. 164-65). Later, however, he came to regard Dorset as non-Eskimo, and as a culture both influenced by, and influencing, Thule (Mathiassen and Holtved, 1936, p. 130). Jenness originally regarded Dorset as a paleo-Eskimo form of the proto-Eskimo culture of the Arctic Interior (Jenness, 1933, p. 365), but later shifted to the viewpoint that Dorset was a genuine Eskimo culture–albeit showing some Indian influences–which was distantly related to the cultures of Western Alaska (Jenness, 1940, p. 9). That this was the case has been repeatedly assumed as proved by de Laguna (1946, p. 106; 1947, pp. 13-14, 284-85).
The Middle Columbia Cremation Complex
Authors: Garth Thomas R.
Published: April 2006

Cremation pits were discovered in the Yakima and Snake River valleys and on the Columbia at Wahluke and at The Dalles before 1927. Recently one has been described from the John Day region in Oregon by Cressman (1950). The cremation complex which the pits represent appears in the late prehistoric period and was undoubtedly widespread and important in the cultural development of the region. In the Dalles-Arlington area, at least, it lasted into historic times. Recent evidence associates the cremation complex with Sahaptin groups inhabiting the region above The Dalles until late historic times. This new evidence controverts an earlier theory, largely based on ethnological traditions, that the Salish were the early inhabitants of the area. The finding of burials below the cremation level at Sheep Island (i.e., a stratified burial site) has particular bearing on the problem.
A Hopewell Tool for Decorating Pottery
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Wedel and Trowbridge described a prehistoric rouletting tool from a Hopewellian site in Wyandotte County, Kansas. This rouletting tool of bone was circular with a notched stamping edge and an attached handle that served also as an axle for the stamping wheel. The discovery of this tool, according to the authors, substantiated rouletting on the principle of wheel-rolling, as originally deduced by Holmes in 1892.

In the collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum there is a Hopewell rouletting tool that may represent a borderline case of the principle of rouletting by wheel-rolling. This tool was excavated from Mound 25 of the Hopewell Group in Ross County, Ohio by Warren K. Moorehead in 1891-92 and until the present time remained unidentified in a miscellaneous collection of fragmentary Hopewell artifacts stored in the Museum.
A Paleo-Eskimo Culture in West Greenland
Authors: Meldgaard Jorgen
Published: April 2006

During a trip to greenland in the summer of 1948 Hans Mosegaard, a well known amateur archaeologist, visited Sarqaq in the Ritenbenk District of the northern part of Disko Bay. Directly west of the present settlement near the low cliff along the beach Mosegaard located remnants of an old midden layer, of which he excavated a surface area of 12 sq. m. with a culture stratum reaching a depth of 30 cm. The find consists of 182 artifacts; stone refuse is plentiful, but only a few bones, none worked, were preserved. No house ruins occur in connection with the culture layer, and Mosegaard was unable to establish any regular arrangement of the many stones scattered at the area.
Some Thoughts on Chibcha Culture in the High Plains of Colombia
Authors: Haury Emil W.
Published: April 2006

The Chibchas, whose habitat was in the high plains of the eastern Cordillera of the Andes in central Colombia, are usually classified with the Maya and Inca as representatives of the highest civilized peoples in native America. Unlike the Maya and Inca, who left abundant testimony of their greatness in the form of spectacular religious monuments, cities, public works, and an enormous array of material possessions, the reminders of the Chibcha are not only difficult to find, but once found, they are unimpressive. Chibcha greatness is attributed to their achievement of political states, each dominated by a ruler who controlled the destiny of those people within his domain.

Using cultures of high political and religious achievement as a basis for comparison, it may be inferred that the Chibcha should have had a respectable history as a requisite for advanced political organization and a complex material culture.
The Ceramic Position of Palenque, Chiapas
Authors: Rands Robert L. , Rands Barbara C.
Published: April 2006

Although the site of Palenque, Chiapas, has long been one of the most famous of Maya ruins, its pottery has until recently remained virtually unknown. Aided by a grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and with the cooperation of the Institute of Andean Research, the writers conducted ceramic excavations at Palenque in the summer of 1951. With the assistance of a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, the senior author in 1956 made additional stratigraphic excavations at Palenque, as well as conducting a brief ceramic survey at nearby sites in Chiapas and Tabasco.
Evidence for Pre-Columbian Goiter in Guatemala
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. , Scrimshaw Nevin S.
Published: April 2006

Detailed medical surveys recently concluded have shown Guatemala, and particularly the Guatemalan highlands, to have one of the highest incidence rates for endemic goiter in the world (Muñoz, Pérez, and Scrimshaw 1955a: 36–43; 1955b: 963–9). At the present time only the tropical and sparsely populated northern Department of Peten is without goiter as a serious public health problem. The incidence in the other departments varies from 21% to 68%.
Specification Survey for Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Kruger Paul
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1955, Nuclear Science and Engineering Corporation, as a basis for determining the demand and desired specifications for radiocarbon dating, carried out a survey of people and institutions believed to have some interest or potential interest in such dating. Polled were archaeologists and geologists in universities, museums, and oil companies. A total of 223 questionnaires was sent to these scientists, requesting information about their interest in having available a commercial laboratory for radiocarbon dating and the specifications that they would require in the analysis of the samples that were available.
The Fort Pierre Branch, Central South Dakota
Authors: Lehmer Donald J.
Published: April 2006

During the 1950 and 1951 seasons, field parties of the Missouri River Basin Survey carried on a series of excavations in the vicinity of the Oahe dam near Pierre, South Dakota. Most of the work was done at two earth lodge villages, the Dodd site (39ST30) and the Phillips Ranch site (39ST14). On the basis of the archaeological material from the Dodd and Phillips Ranch sites, and from a series of previously excavated sites located within a thirty-mile radius of the Dodd site, it seems possible to set up a sequence of cultural complexes for the area, complexes which follow one another in time and which appear to represent a series of modifications in and accretions to the earliest one known for the area.

The Dodd site, located on the west bank of the Missouri River about six miles upstream from Pierre, provides the basis for the chronological seriation of the material.
Prehistoric Footprints from El Salvador
Authors: Haberland Wolfgang , Grebe Willi-Herbert
Published: April 2006

In the Central American Republic of El Salvador the Rio Lempa divides the eastern third of the country from the rest. In its lower course it flows through a large coastal plain, built up in geologically recent times by river deposits and sediments from the volcanic chain in the north (San Vicente and the volcanic group of the east). From west (Balsam range) to east (Colinas de Jucuarán) this plain has a length of about 100 km. and a width of 20 km. Some 20 years ago the nearly flat land, which slopes only very slightly from the volcanic chain to the Pacific coast, was still heavily wooded, but since then most of the forest has been cleared away for cotton crops, only leaving tiny patches of the original vegetation. In this process a number of archaeological sites were revealed, especially east of the Rio Lempa, in the department of Usulután.
The Age of Feather Tempering in Alaska
Authors: Chard Chester S.
Published: April 2006

J. L. Giddings has been kind enough to call my attention to an oversight in my recent note on the occurrence of organic tempering in northeast Asia and Alaska (Chard 1958), wherein the data adduced indicated a relatively recent date for the use of feather temper on the Alaskan side. Giddings' own excavations in oval house pits on the Choris Peninsula have revealed a thin, well-fired pottery much like that designated as "Norton linear-stamped," but tempered entirely with down feathers (Giddings 1957). Although satisfactory radiocarbon dates have not been secured, Giddings suspects an age of over 3000 years for the site on the basis of crosscultural comparisons, which would make this perhaps the earliest pottery in the area.
Historical Implications of a Pattern of Dates at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
Authors: Proskouriakoff Tatiana
Published: April 2006

Inscriptions at Piedras Negras are shown to form a pattern of discrete sets of records, each inscribed on a group of consecutive monuments beginning with a stela depicting the “ascension motif.” The earliest date in a series, identified by the upended frog glyph and called an “initial date” precedes the first dedicatory date by a number of years, falling within the span of an earlier series. A date in the first dedicatory hotun of each set is marked by a “toothache glyph” and is called the “inaugural date.” The intervals between these dates are such that no single series exceeds the span of a reasonable lifetime, and it is suggested that the initial date represents something in the nature of a birth or name day of a ruler who accedes to power on the inaugural date, and that each set of monuments records the history of a reign. The representations on monuments are interpreted as portraits of rulers and their families. Initial and inaugural dates at other sites are identified by their respective glyphs, but no articulated series of reigns has been found outside of Piedras Negras.

The variations of the upended frog and toothache glyphs suggest that they are essentially verbal action glyphs. Other action glyphs are correlated with motifs on Yaxchilan lintels, where they follow close upon date notations. Groups of glyphs following the action glyph are identified as appellatives, and are found to contain feminine head prefixes when they refer to robed or skirted figures of women. It is suggested that “ben-ich” katun notations occurring with appellatives of rulers are to be counted from their initial dates. Lunar and determinant meanings ascribed to dates are shown to have no relation to action glyphs accompanying them, and the historical approach is recommended as being more consistent with observed glyphic patterns.
Association of Fossil Fauna and Artifacts of the Sulphur Spring Stage, Cochise Culture
Authors: Haury Emil W.
Published: April 2006

The validity of the association of extinct faunal remains with the artifact assemblage of the Sulphur Spring horizon of the Cochise culture has recently been questioned. Charred bones, bone articulation, the stratigraphic position of some of the bones above the culture bearing layer, and the frequency of association are cited as convincing evidence that the people of the Sulphur Spring horizon knew and hunted animals now extinct.
Faunal Remains from the Lehner Mammoth Site
Authors: Lance John F.
Published: April 2006

The Lehner site fauna includes at least nine individuals of Mammuthus columbi and one each of Equus, Bison, and Tapirus. Mammoth material consists chiefly of jaws and teeth and shows a great range of individual variation. The tapir is represented by one of the largest fossil tapir jaws described from North America. The accumulation is considered to represent several kills over a period of several months. Climate at the time of the Lehner hunts was probably more humid than at present, but not tropical. The radiocarbon date of about 11,000 B.P. is considered reasonable. New genera reported from other early man faunas are Neotoma from the Ventana complex and Bison from the Naco site.
Indications of a Paleo-Indian Co-Tradition for North America
Authors: Cotter John L.
Published: April 2006

It is time to consider some recent trends in thought on the paleo-Indian and certain inferences which may be derived from trait evidence so. far discovered. Recently, some specialists on the problem have begun to realize that, although a good number of flaked blade types from the “early man” horizon have been found scattered over North America, there are also certain associated artifacts which bear significant similarities over a continental area. Thus, the idea is taking shape that the paleo-Indian here was not represented by many culturally diverse groups, but was, on the other hand, living perforce in a relatively culturally homogeneous manner since he existed on much the same economic base for several thousand years. Although different techniques and fashions of artifact manufacture were developed, these changes did not necessarily indicate change in a mode of living.

In discussing the western area with reference to Danger Cave, Jennings (1953) proposes that many of these “early man” manifestations could be lumped together as the Desert culture.
Archaeological Investigations in Southwestern Alaska
Authors: Larsen Helge
Published: April 2006

Despite considerable activity during the last two decades our knowledge of the archaeology of Alaska is still rather scanty. Very few places have been thoroughly investigated, and almost all work has been confined to two areas, a northern including St. Lawrence Island and a southern including the Aleutian Islands. The intermediate area, from Wales to Port Möller, with a coast line of approximately 2000 miles, is virtually unknown from an archaeological point of view. If archaeological material from this area exists in museum collections, it is unpublished and thus useless to most students.

The need of information about the archaeology of this part of Alaska was felt very badly by the writer during his work on the analysis of the Ipiutak culture. When it became apparent that early Kachemak Bay culture must belong to the same Paleo-Eskimo complex as Ipiutak, it was natural to assume the former existence of the same complex in the intermediate area, an assumption which ethnological evidence seems to bear out.
Genuine Lost Color
Authors: Butler Mary
Published: April 2006

This is written as a warning to archaeological field workers whose excavations may yield pottery decorated by the resist-painted technique. Such a technique, often called negative painting, consists of painting a design on a slipped vessel in some substance, presumably hot wax, that is resistant to paint. The vessel is then painted over in another color, or smoked. The resistant substance is removed, and the design stands out light against a dark background.
Fire Hardening of Wood
Authors: Cosner Aaron J.
Published: April 2006

The literature of anthropology contains so many references to the fire hardening of arrow and spear points, digging sticks, and other pointed implements of wood that the assumption has become dogmatic and almost fixed. It is needless to refer in particular to specific writings which contain references to fire hardening.

Since fire hardening is assumed to be a culture trait of importance, I decided to make a series of experiments to determine to what extent wood was altered by being charred in a fire.
Some Unusual Ceramics from Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Authors: Corbett John M.
Published: April 2006

In 1940, while on a commission for the Ecuadorian Government to the site of La Tolita in the province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, the author had an opportunity to examine and photograph a few specimens in the collection of Sr. Yannuzzelli. Sr. Yannuzzelli maintained a ranch at the archaeological site of La Tolita which is located a few miles up the Rio Santiago from the coastal town of Limones and is not far from the Colombian border. Several large flat top mounds (Fig. 56, 1) and about 25 increasingly smaller ones comprise the present site. It had been visited about 30 years previously by both Uhle and Saville, but neither one conducted adequate excavations there. It is a favorite site for local inhabitants to pan gold, and in 1940, Sr. Yannuzzelli was actually engaged in carrying out extensive, large scale, placer mining operations within the archaeological zone.
The Lake Spring Site, Columbia County, Georgia
Authors: Miller Carl F.
Published: April 2006

While making an archaeological survey of the Clark Hill Reservoir area in eastern Georgia and western South Carolina, the writer located an apparently undisturbed shell deposit, the Lake Spring site (9 Cu 61), which is situated 5 miles east of Pollards Crossroads, Columbia County, Georgia, on the south bank of the Savannah River about 1.5 miles upstream from the construction area of the Clark Hill dam and just west of Lake Spring Creek. It is a fairly large site with a deep midden of shells and other occupational refuse.

This can be ranked as the major site of the Clark Hill Reservoir basin. It occupies an area roughly 400 feet long and about 150 feet wide, and has only superficially been disturbed by plowing. The cultures represented are more or less intact.
A Comparative Study of the Preceramic Occupations of North America
Authors: Hurt Wesley R.
Published: April 2006

In view of the present turmoil in North American archaeology caused by the continuing release of radiocarbon dates, it is most difficult to maintain an understanding of the preceramic occupations. What seems like a good guess today is tomorrow relegated to the realm of unwarranted speculation. The continual excavation of preceramic sites in North America and the constant revision in geological and climatological theories also force us to be cautious in making interpretations and to be willing to change any of them. Yet the evidence now available for reconstructing the preceramic traditions in some instances appears to be sufficient and reliable enough to justify certain interpretations, even though reservations must be kept in mind. In particular the relative chronology of several cultural complexes is slowly taking form.
Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Milnesand, New Mexico
Authors: Sellards E. H.
Published: April 2006

Several Early man hunting sites have been discovered and excavated by various institutions in and near the High Plains region of Texas and New Mexico, including the Folsom, San Jon, and Clovis, or Blackwater Draw, localities in New Mexico, and the Miami, Plainview, Lipscomb, and Lubbock localities in Texas. To the west and north are similar sites in Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas. This large region, including a part of the great interior plains, was indeed for early man a big game hunting area of the North American continent.

A new hunting site in this region, located in the southern part of Roosevelt County near Milnesand, New Mexico, about 40 miles south of Portales, is here described. This locality, containing artifacts, a bison-bone bed and charred bison bones, is in a sand-dune region about 3 miles northeast of Milnesand post office. (The name Milnesand is derived from “mill in the sand,” a term formerly applied to a windmill and watering place located near the present town.) The first artifacts obtained from the locality were collected by Ted Williamson of Milnesand.
The Scott Site, Le Flore County, Oklahoma
Authors: Bell Robert E.
Published: April 2006

Although considerable archaeological excavation has been conducted throughout eastern Oklahoma during the past fifteen years, it is only recently that attempts have been made to present a chronological framework for the area (Orr, 1946; Krieger, 1946, 1947; Newell and Krieger, 1949; Bell and Baerreis, 1951). Within this framework of prehistory, the latter portions such as those represented by the Gibson and Fulton aspects are probably the best understood. "With a single exception (Baerreis, 1951), the earlier cultures remain relatively incognito. One of these early cultures is commonly referred to as Fourche Maline. Unfortunately, however, the Fourche Maline materials remain to be clearly described and identified.
A Method of Calculating the Dietary Percentage of Various Food Animals Utilized by Aboriginal Peoples
Authors: White Theodore E.
Published: April 2006

The renewed activity in Plains Archaeology as a result of the salvage program of the River Basin Surveys of the Smithsonian Institution and cooperating agencies has reemphasized some very striking differences in the types of animals used for food by prehistoric peoples. Some groups, such as the Woodland and Upper Republican, set an extremely varied “table” while others appear to have subsisted almost entirely on one species of food animal. With those groups which subsisted on a variety of game, the question naturally poses itself: “What percentage does each species contribute to the diet of the people?” Although complete data on the “dressedout” weights of the various food animals found in archaeological sites is not available, calculations based on the data and procedure outlined here should provide a means of arriving at a reasonably reliable answer to the above question.
Porcupine Quill Flatteners from Central United States
Authors: Neuman Robert W.
Published: April 2006

Quill flatteners from Wisconsin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming, which are attributed to Menominee, Sioux, Arikara, Blackfeet, and Arapaho, are described in four groups. Iron, S-shaped flatteners date from the period of European contact and trade, and two types of antler and horn flatteners are believed to have been made during the same time period. The only prehistoric or archaeological specimens are in the fourth group of flatteners made of long, thin pieces of mammal bone with rounded ends.
Early Man Sites near Concho, Arizona
Authors: Wendorf Fred , Thomas Tully H.
Published: April 2006

For the past two years Mr. and Mrs. Tully H. Thomas of Concho, Arizona have been collecting surface material from thirty or more non-pottery sites located within a twenty-mile radius of their home (see Fig. 46). Included among the points from these sites are fluted points, indistinguishable from Folsoms (Wormington, 1949, pp. 19-48), parallel flaked points, previously called Yumas (Wormington, 1949, pp. 48-68), and many others best described as similar to Pinto (Campbell, 1935) or Amargosa II (Haury, 1950, p. 193) points of the so-called Desert culture of southern Arizona and California.The importance of this Concho discovery will be immediately recognized by those familiar with the prehistory of the American Southwest.
Arrowshaft-straightening with a Grooved Stone
Authors: Cosner Aaron J.
Published: April 2006

Not long ago at Tonto National Monument, Arizona, I discussed with Erik Reed and Lloyd Pierson, National Park Service archaeologists, the grooved stone “arrowstraightener” or “arrow-smoother” and its presumed uses. At that time I held serious doubts that this well-known object had ever had any place in the making of arrows. As a fletcher of some 20 years' experience, I had taken particular note of Pima fletchers and the manner in which they worked their shafts, and was impressed by the ease with which they took rather crooked sticks and made them straight and serviceable as arrows. These sticks were always of arrow weed, or specifically Pluchea sericea. Salt River Valley had almost no reed cane (carrizo; Phragmites), and I never saw it used. I note also the fact that no grooved stone was used in straightening Pima arrows.
Early Sites in the Pisco Valley of Peru: Tambo Colorado
Authors: Engel Frederic
Published: April 2006

Tambo Colorado is the name given to a group of buildings standing on the north bank of the Pisco River in southern Peru, 45 km. east of the Panamerican Highway. These buildings are definitely Incaic, but were built on an earlier site, and are no more than a very small portion of a large occupied area extending to the west, north, and east of the buildings.

Both banks of the Pisco River were densely populated during Precolumbian times, and establishments much larger than Tambo Colorado can be observed in the area.
A Horizontal-Necked Shirt from Marques, Peru
Authors: Stumer Louis M. , Gayton A. H.
Published: April 2006

Shortly after an article describing a Peruvian shirt with a horizontal neck slot was published (Gayton 1955), a specimen with a similar aperture was unearthed at La Capilla cemetery on the Hacienda Marques. This specimen is sufficiently different from the other to warrant a brief report. The archaeological data are provided by Stumer, the textile data by Gayton.

La Capilla cemetery is on the Hacienda Marques at the mouth of the Chillón River, some 12 km. north of Lima. La Capilla lies at the extreme northwest corner of the irrigable lands of the Chillón and is the most extensive of the cemetery sites which dot the Hacienda Marques.
The Deep-Basined Metate of the Southern California Coast
Authors: Mohr Albert
Published: April 2006

Deep-basined metates are frequently found in early sites on the southern California coast, but the faces of the accompanying manos usually are only moderately convex. Mano faces examined by the writer never have been sufficiently excurvate to make contact with the grinding surfaces of the deeply ground metates. This presents an interesting problem: how were the manos manipulated on the metates?

An examination of specimens from Oak Grove sites 7, 21, and 79 (Rogers, 1929) and the Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys’ sites 4SBa477 and 4SBa485 in Santa Barbara County, California, reveals the following associations and characteristics. Slab, shallow-basined, and deep-basined metates are found in association. The first two types exhibit an unbroken grinding area, but specimens of the latter almost invariably have a slight shoulder running at least a part of the way around the basin, the transition between a slightly concave ground area and the deeply ground cavity.
Earthenware and Steatite Vessels from Northwestern Wyoming
Authors: Wedel Waldo R.
Published: April 2006

In the late summer of 1952, as the author was breaking camp at conclusion of the Smithsonian-Princeton field investigations at the Horner site, near Cody, Wyoming, a large earthenware vessel was brought to him for examination. According to its owner, Mr. Don Marquess, the vessel had recently been found “ … under an overhanging rock near Goff Creek Lodge, which is located 43 miles from Cody, Wyoming, on the North Fork of the Shoshoni River, 10 miles from the East gate to Yellowstone National Park. The ledge of rock under which it was found is on the bank of Goff Creek, a mountain stream which runs through the camp and empties into the Shoshoni River. The bottom [of the pot] was protruding slightly from the surface of the ground. The rocks under which it was buried are of a flat nature of various sizes …” (Marquess to Wedel, letter of October 31, 1952).
Archaeology, History, and Anthropology in the Mixteca-Puebla Region of Mexico
Authors: Gorenstein Shirley
Published: April 2006

Cultural change from the prehistoric to the protohistoric period is seen as a subject of anthropological study in which archaeological and ethnohistorical data are complementary sources. It is suggested that an interpretation of the effect of the postconquest economic and political innovations in Tepexi, a Mixteca-Puebla community in Mexico, can be made only after an examination of the condition of the preconquest economic and political systems. Tepexi was economically overburdened in preconquest times as a result of Aztec tribute demands, and the introduction of the silk industry by the Spaniards may have been responsible for sustaining the failing community.
Lichens and the Patination of Chert in Alaska
Authors: Ackerman Robert E.
Published: April 2006

The exposed surfaces of stone artifacts from the Security Cove site, Alaska, were altered by the mechanical-chemical activity of crustose lichens. This factor should be considered in patination studies carried out in regions where lichens are known to occur. The activity of lichens and the resultant effect on artifact surfaces is discussed and illustrated in two figures.
The San Dieguito Complex: A Review and Hypothesis
Authors: Warren Claude N.
Published: April 2006

The confusing terminology surrounding the San Dieguito complex is reviewed, and a critical evaluation of the content of this complex is undertaken. The San Dieguito complex is redefined and includes Lake Mohave, Death Valley I, and Playa I and II complexes. An age of greater than 6000 B.C. is shown for at least one component of the complex and a date of 7000 to 8000 B.C. is suggested for the complex as a whole.

The hypothesis is developed that the San Dieguito complex is distinct from the Desert culture and represents a generalized hunting tradition which moved into the area along a north-south belt in the western Great Basin.
A Note in Regard to Osteological Field Manuals
Authors: Olsen S. J.
Published: April 2006

This article calls attention to the lack of cooperation among osteologists in sharing with archaeologists their information concerning bone identification by way of field manuals.
A Cache of Unfired Clay Objects from Death Valley, California
Authors: Wallace William J.
Published: April 2006

An unusual cache of unfired-clay basketry effigies and human figurines was uncovered by a windstorm near Stovepipe Wells in Death Valley National Monument. These specimens and others from nearby archaeological sites demonstrate a more extensive use of sun-dried articles in the Death Valley region than hitherto suspected. The unbaked-clay industry appears to come into the area by way of the Great Basin extension of Anasazi culture aroundA.D.900-1100 and to have persisted into the second half of the 19th century.
Possible Eastern Connections for the San Jose-Pinto Basin Complex
Authors: Irwin Henry T.
Published: April 2006

A striking morphological resemblance between projectile point types suggests a connection between two early preceramic complexes, one in the Southeast, the other in the Southwest. The point types compared are Dalton (Southeast) and San José (Southwest).
Ethnomineralogy of Ticul, Yucatan Potters: Etics and Emics
Authors: Arnold Dean E.
Published: April 2006

The emic cultural categories of pottery materials used by the community of potters in Ticul, Yucatan, were compared to the etic mineralogical analysis of these materials. The study reveals that there is a definite relationship between the cognitive ethnomineralogical system used by the community of potters in Ticul and the verbal, non-verbal, and material aspects of the process of selecting and using raw materials for making pottery. This relationship indicates that the Ticul potter has a sophisticated understanding of his raw materials and suggests several implications for archaeology: (1) the cultural patterns which are manifested in the artifacts may be cognitive; (2) since potters’ discriminations are manifested in the physical world, it should be possible to reconstruct ancient emic categories from physical contrasts in the artifacts without the use of ethnographic analogy; (3) the definition of temper as nonplastics may eliminate important cultural information from archaeological consideration; and (4) the community of potters is the unit of population which uses a particular ethnomineralogical system and would be expected to produce a paste and slip combination which is relatively uniform. All of these data indicate that many of the notions of cognitive anthropology can be successfully applied to archaeological considerations.
Entombment, Authority, and Descent at Altar de Sacrificios, Guatemala
Authors: Haviland William A.
Published: April 2006

At the lowland Maya site of Altar de Sacrificios, two burials have been interpreted in such a way as to suggest: (1) that matrilineal principles of social organization may have been operative in some segments of Classic Maya society; and (2) that Maya political units may have been tied together by marriage alliances. These two hypotheses are examined here in the light of anthropological kinship theory. It is concluded that such marriage alliances are in the realm of possibility, but that matrilineality is unlikely.
Preliminary Report of a Stratified Post-Folsom Sequence at Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1
Authors: Agogino George A. , Rovner Irwin
Published: April 2006

Little is known of the post-Folsom sequence at Blackwater Draw, Locality No. 1, in spite of over 30 years of intermittent excavation by major institutions at this site location. Until recently it has been lumped under the name of the "Portales complex" under which several culture complexes were grouped as a single entity. This paper makes an initial attempt to separate these cultures in chronological sequence.
A Paleo-Indian Butchering Kit
Authors: Hammatt Hallett H.
Published: April 2006

A cache of flint artifacts has been discovered near Anadarko in southwestern Oklahoma. It is made up of 4 core chopping tools, 2 discoidal chopping tools, and 26 prismatic blades. Two of the core chopping tools were used to produce blades. One of the discoidal chopping tools and one of the core chopping tools are made of alibates flint, common to the Panhandle area of Texas; the remaining tools are made of grey-white flint. The cache provides interesting insights into prehistoric blade manufacturing. On the basis of similar blades found in dated deposits at Clovis, New Mexico, it is suggested that the cache is of the Paleo-Indian period. However, the manufacture of blades is by no means confined to the Paleo-Indian period. The association of prismatic blades with chopping tools of various sizes leads one to the suggestion that the whole assemblage was intended for use as a butchering kit for large animals.
A Worked Mammoth Bone from Florida
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. , Webb S. David , Waller Benjamin I.
Published: April 2006

A newly discovered worked mammoth bone is described. It exhibits butchering marks and demonstrates man's contemporaneity in Florida with a late Pleistocene fauna.
Cultural Dynamics and the Development of the Oneota Life-Way in Wisconsin
Authors: Gibbon Guy E.
Published: April 2006

An evolutionary and ecological approach is used in an attempt to define the causes and motivations involved in the process of Oneota development in Wisconsin. A primary thesis of this paper is that the Oneota life-way emerged from a Woodland base modified in the direction of the Mississippian pattern. The rapid appearance of a qualitatively distinctive pattern of socio-political organization, the multi-band or "tribal," is thought to be responsible in part for the difficulty in tracing this development. It is suggested that this level of integration became firmly established as the dominant socio-political structure throughout the northeastern United States by A.D. 1100-1200. Early Oneota settlements (A.D. 900-1300) are then contrasted to late Oneota settlements (A.D. 1300-1600) in Wisconsin and a difference in cultural ecological adaptation is suggested. Examples of organizational change in other cultures are briefly illustrated to suggest that the pattern of development may be at least in part recurrent.
A Brief Progress Report on the Excavations at Cerro Portezuelo, Valley of Mexico
Authors: Nicholson H. B. , Hicks Frederic
Published: April 2006

Work at this Classic-Postclassic site, begun by George W. Brainerd and interrupted by his untimely death, is being completed by Nicholson and Hicks. While analysis of much of the archaeological material is well underway, work on the ceramic typology has not yet proceeded to the point where “functional” interpretations can be made. Certain misunderstandings in the use of Cerro Portezuelo material by Mayer-Oakes are noted.
Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Post-Conquest Aztec Sites
Authors: Charlton Thomas H.
Published: April 2006

Recent archaeological and ethnographic research has made known the pre-Conquest and contemporary settlement patterns of the Teotihuacán Valley. Similar data for the intervening post-Conquest period are not available. Most archaeologists have restricted their research to the pre-Conquest period, and the documents do not contain pertinent detailed information on settlement patterns.

To resolve this problem I propose the application of archaeological methodology to sites located and identified through ethnohistoric research. My preliminary results in the area southeast of Otumba suggest that the method is feasible and productive.

I also explore the theoretical implications of the data recovered from dated archaeological deposits for which the relevant sociocultural factors are known.
Further Comments on Emery and Edwards’ “Archaeological Potential of the Atlantic Shelf”
Authors: Bullen Ripley P.
Published: April 2006

Salwen (1967) in commenting on Emery and Edwards’ stimulating article supplied several important data for northeastern United States. The author, who has for a long time been in agreement with Emery and Edwards’ general conclusions, offers additional supportive data from both coasts of Florida.
A Non-Quantitative Non-Law in Anthropology: A Reply to Carneiro
Authors: Bayard Donn
Published: April 2006

I explain my "failure" to familiarize myself with Carneiro's more recent attempts to arrive at "laws" of cultural evolution, and go on to critically evaluate his 1968 paper. I attempt to demonstrate that Carneiro's "law" is not applicable to cultural development in general, and that it is neither quantitative in application nor a law.
A Problematic Example of Peruvian Resist-Dyeing
Authors: VanStan Ina
Published: April 2006

Two Peruvian textile specimens from beneath the temple of Pachacamac (Uhle Collection, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania) show the use, in conjunction with plangi-type tie-dye, of patterning which has the general appearance of tie-dye work, except for a reversal of the basic dark-light color relationship. A consideration of the different methods by which such patterning could have been produced indicates that a batik or batiklike technique probably was used. A few other specimens which appear to have been patterned by the same technique have been reported. Although the evidence is insufficient to justify definite conclusions concerning either the presence or absence of batik in pre-Columbian Peru, strong support is provided for the probability of its presence.
The Jog and the Jaguar Signs in Maya Writing
Authors: Proskouriakoff Tatiana
Published: April 2006

Graphemes T-757 and T-788 (Thompson 1962) are identified as a single sign representing a rodent. Intermediate forms are cited, the use of the sign in glyph T-1.60:757 is discussed, and its substitution for T-501 is noted. It is suggested that before Thompson’s catalog can be successfully used for statistical comparisons it needs to be converted to a catalog of signs by investigations of the use of the individual graphemes in context.
Comments on Struever's Discussion of an Early "Eastern Agricultural Complex"
Authors: Yarnell Richard A.
Published: April 2006

In a recent article, Stuart Struever made certain statements which deserve comment. Discussion of the possibility of pre-maize agriculture in the eastern United States appeared in print as early as 1924. Sunflower and marshelder seem to have been among the plants domesticated, but not giant ragweed. The evidence for cultivation of amaranth and chenopod needs more careful evaluation. The archaeological occurrence of unusually large seeds may be good evidence of domestication, but the occurrence of chenopod at the Pomranky and Hodges sites in Michigan does not appear to be good evidence.
Dry-Cleaning Tags in the Archaeological Laboratory
Authors: Aish P. J. , Dewhirst J. T. , Folan W. J.
Published: April 2006

The use of dry-cleaning tags has minimized the possibility of mixing archaeologically recovered material during cleaning and sorting in the laboratory.
Thickness and Fluting of Paleo-Indian Projectile Points
Authors: Fitting James E.
Published: April 2006

A statistical examination of Paleo-Indian projectile points and bases from the Holcombe (Michigan) and Scharbauer (Texas) sites shows that basal modification, thinning to fluting, is distributed throughout the range of thickness. It is possible that fluted points were considerably thicker before fluting, but this is untestable and, since the present populations have a normal distribution, seems unlikely.
Doctrinaire Diffusionism and Acts of Faith
Authors: O'Brien Patricia J.
Published: April 2006

Some anthropologists have suggested prehistoric Old and New world contacts. Meggers, Evans, and Estrada are the most recent advocates, and their hypothesis of a landfall by Japanese fishermen on the coast of Ecuador seems to have been the causa belli of the attack by John Rowe on “doctrinaire diffusionism.” In a response to Rowe, Jett and Carter (1966) suggest his level of absolute proof is the best, but not the only, proof. Rowe's absolute proof is best because it can be rigorously and objectively tested. But if this level of proof is not met, then the acceptance of such evidence becomes an “act of faith.” The hypotheses of transoceanic contacts can not be evaluated adequately for or against until this level of proof is achieved. Until such time, the acceptance of such theories will remain “acts of faith.”