bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land, Literacy, and “Quichua-ization”
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the way missionaries and the Waorani faced three issues arising from the relocations of the late 1960s and early 1970s, as well as from ongoing contact between the Waorani and outsiders: adequate land, literacy skills, and the Wao desire to imitate their lowland Quichua neighbors. Jim Yost and various Waorani laid the groundwork for parts of Wao ancestral territory to be set aside for Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park and for another large tract to be designated a Waorani Ethnic Reserve. SIL literacy specialist Pat Kelley worked with the Waorani to encourage literacy and native-authored literature in Wao tededo, the Wao language. While seeking to preserve their traditional territory and their language, many Waorani also began to imitate the customs of the more populous Quichuas in an effort to move up the social ladder of Ecuadorian society.
Catholics and the Waorani
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on efforts by Catholic missionaries from the Capuchín order of missionary friars, especially Monsignor Alejandro Labaca Ugarte, to contact the Waorani. In 1965 Labaca was named the apostolic prefect of Aguarico and given responsibility by the Catholic Church for the “Auca problem,” bands of Waorani killing Quichua settlers along the Napo River. Labaca’s missionary strategy was shaped by the Second Vatican Council, especially Ad Gentes Divinitus. His early attempts to locate the Waorani were unsuccessful, in part because he was competing with Rachel Saint and Wao “missionaries.” A decade later Labaca tried again, this time successfully befriending Waorani along the Dicado River. During the next few years, Labaca made numerous visits to these kinship groups, most of whom were part of the Wepeidi, sometimes called the ridge people. While the Capuchíns and SIL were no longer competing, the collaboration the Catholics hoped for did not materialize.
The Business of Medicine
Authors: Broadbent Alex
Published: February 2019

This chapter identifies a competence whose exercise might constitute the core business of medicine in the absence of curative competence. On the basis of an inference to the best explanation, the Inquiry Thesis is introduced: medicine is an inquiry into the nature and causes of disease, for purpose of cure. (The Inquiry and Curative Theses thus agree on the goal of medicine, but differ on its business.) The Bullshit Objection says that the core medical competence is bullshit—that is, duping patients into believing that medicine has cures when it does not. This is rejected on the basis of strong historical evidence that the ineffectiveness of medicine was widely known. The Whig’s Objection says that old medicine was just a mistake, and is rejected on the basis that it fails to acknowledge either the similarities between our epistemic position and that of our forebears, or the contribution their activities made to contemporary cures.
Medical Nihilism
Authors: Broadbent Alex
Published: February 2019

One thread running through this book so far has been a concern that medicine is not all it is cracked up to be. This chapter considers the most dramatic version of this stance, namely Medical Nihilism. Nihilism is the view that its object is worthless, accompanied by an emotional reaction of despair. Medical Nihilism is this attitude toward medicine. It was a common stance in the 19th century because of the persistent elusiveness of cures. The chapter considers Wootton’s nihilism about historical Western medicine, but focuses on Stegenga’s recent arguments for low confidence in contemporary medicine. Stegenga’s arguments are ultimately rejected, but the larger lesson is Medical Nihilism relies heavily on the Curative Thesis. Even if Therapeutic Nihilism were warranted (which the chapter denies), this would not warrant Nihilism about the whole of medicine, if medicine is properly characterized by the Inquiry Thesis, as the earlier parts of the book contend.
Rewriting Gideon
Authors: Murphy Kelly J.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 1 argues that the Bible we read today reflects periods of rewriting, understood as a kind of reception history, and illustrates how revisions and expansions to earlier texts provide readers with a window onto changing expectations for gendered performance, as inscribed in the biblical story of Gideon. The chapter analyzes the significance of a manuscript found at Qumran, 4QJudga, which lacks the unnamed prophet now in Judg 6:7–10. Additionally, the chapter explores how constructions of gender often define men as the opposite of what is considered “womanly,” citing two examples: first, by examining how the prophet in Judg 6:7–10 connects the story of Deborah to the story of Gideon; and, second, by discussing how the first-century Jewish historian Josephus retells the stories of Deborah, Barak, and Gideon from the book of Judges by rewriting these characters in light of ancient Roman gender norms.
Laying Out the Fleece
Authors: Murphy Kelly J.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 approaches Gideon’s story in three different ways: the role of divine signs in the ancient Near East; the portrait of Gideon as a hesitant solider in need of divine assurance in the biblical stories of Judg 6:36–40, 7:1–8, and 7:9–15; and the ways that early Christian exegetes interpreted Gideon’s requests for divine assurance. The chapter continues to trace how masculinity is constructed in different cultures, including the Greco-Roman world of early Christianity, where men were encouraged to fight spiritual battles rather than physical battles. These interpretations serve as a powerful reminder that masculinity is always “in crisis,” tending toward transformation and change, depending on cultural context.
Battlefields
Authors: Murphy Kelly J.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 4 explores the first battle scene in the Gideon narrative. First, the chapter examines how the story of the battle against the Midianites in Judg 7:16–22 is used in contemporary Christian children’s literature to show how Gideon is a model warrior because he trusted God. Next, the chapter turns to Judg 7:16–22, uncovering how these verses might contain some of the earliest materials about Gideon the “mighty warrior,” though they are now overlaid with a later theological retelling of the battle. Last, the chapter returns to the way that Gideon is rewritten as a model man who now acts according to the prevailing ideals for masculinity in some forms of present-day Christianity.
Fathers and Sons
Authors: Murphy Kelly J.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 5 examines the final scenes of the Gideon narrative, arguing that the earliest texts about the “mighty warrior” can be found here, though later rewriting and updating of the narrative resulted in cutting the successful war hero down to size. In particular, additions to an earlier Gideon narrative rewrite him as an idolater and failed father. The chapter highlights the many ways Gideon acts as the ideal hegemonic male of the Hebrew Bible, especially in Judg 8:4–21, while also focusing on how later readers—from antiquity to the present—have wrestled with questions of piety, fathers/sons, and violence in the construction of masculinity both in the text and as the text is later used.
Executing Plans
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M.
Published: February 2019

Once a decision has been made, it still needs to be implemented into the real world. Although a decision is a commitment to a course of action, it is important to consider the stages beyond mere commitment and the issues that are encountered during the execution of this commitment. Furthermore, although a decision may be an internal commitment or preference, in many cases decisions made by an individual are done so within an environment of multiple, competing individuals and agencies that may (or may not) share the individual’s priorities and values. As such, the commitment made by the individual may not reflect the decision that is executed. This chapter examines the wider social pressures that are present within the decision-making environment and also how these can interfere with an individual’s preference, resulting in changes in commitment and decision errors. This chapter also examines the barriers to executing decisions.
Thoughts That Haunt
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M.
Published: February 2019

Least-worst decisions, by their nature, have a high chance of an adverse outcome. The decisions that soldiers make during war cause them conflict, and such decisions can have major implications for reintegration post-war. This chapter discusses what happens after soldiers must engage in least-worst first decision-making and the sequelae often observed after soldiers return home from deployment—post-traumatic stress disorder and its effects. Based on interviews of soldiers, it is clear that least-worst decisions have a long-lasting impact due, in part, because they may constantly wonder “what if?” This chapter discusses the long-term implications of having to make such decisions.
How Do Soldiers Do What They Do and What Can We Learn from It?
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the psychology of making decisions in a conflict environment. Furthermore, it examines the reality that in many cases, a good decision can often still result in an adverse outcome. Finally, the chapter discusses how the changing character of conflict and how the insights gleaned from this book can be integrated into future training to help develop soldiers who are better able to handle situations they face in which there really are no good outcomes. Specifically, it focuses on the fact that soldiers often seem to outperform their non-military counterparts in navigating fraught psychological terrain with ease and conviction, proving decisive where others might falter.
“I heard that Mexicans Are Hispanic and Puerto Ricans Are Latino”
Authors: Rosa Jonathan
Published: February 2019

Chapter 2 unpacks the school’s project of creating “Young Latino Professionals” by analyzing the construction of Latinx as an ethnoracial category across contexts. The chapter tracks the contradictory ways in which race and ethnicity are conceptualized in the context of New Northwest High School and demonstrates how these contradictions are systematically linked to broader forms of ambivalence surrounding the interrelated processes of racialization and ethnicization. It argues that “Mexican” and “Puerto Rican” are not merely straightforward identities that students bring with them to school; instead, it shows how students respond to the erasure of Mexican–Puerto Rican difference within the school’s project of socialization by twisting and turning these categories through practices characterized as “ethnoracial contortions.”
“They’re Bilingual . . . That Means They Don’t Know the Language”
Authors: Rosa Jonathan
Published: February 2019

This chapter links the ethnoracial constructions detailed in the first half of the book to an analysis of language ideologies and linguistic practices associated with Latinx identities. It begins by arguing that monolingual ideologies produce a profound transformation in which bilingualism comes to be equated with the category of “Limited English Proficiency.” Meanwhile, students designated as English Language Learners are positioned alongside special education students as second-class educational figures. It shows how this situation can be productively understood in relation to what is described as a racialized ideology of “languagelessness” that positions students as incapable of using any language legitimately. The double stigmatization that results from standardizing forces surrounding English and Spanish demonstrates how ideologies of languagelessness operate in powerful ways to racialize students as inherently linguistically deficient.
“Pink Cheese, Green Ghosts, Cool Arrows/Pinches Gringos Culeros”
Authors: Rosa Jonathan
Published: February 2019

This chapter analyzes the multiple forms of stigmatization mapped onto students’ English and Spanish language practices and demonstrates some of the complex ways that they attempted to fashion linguistic escape routes from these discriminatory perspectives. Students felt pressured to signal their Spanish language proficiency, but they sought to do so without calling into question their ability to speak “unaccented” English; they were faced with the task of speaking Spanish and English simultaneously without being perceived as possessing an accent. The chapter argues that students combined specific Spanish and English linguistic forms as part of the enregisterment of language and identity in ways that differ from what has been previously described as “Mock Spanish.” This analysis introduces the notion of “Inverted Spanglish” and suggests that it is a racialized index of US Latinx panethnicity and a parodic take on the school-based category of “Young Latino Professional.”
Entering Show Business
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Chapter 2 chronicles Bolger’s entrance into New York show business. The 1920s were a transitional decade for American entertainers and entertainment, as film grew in popularity and as show business became increasingly complicated to navigate. The business structure of vaudeville in the 1920s and the demands it placed upon performers are discussed in depth. This chapter details Bolger’s work for vaudeville impresario Gus Edwards and Bolger’s debut, as part of Edwards’s act, at the Palace Theatre—the pinnacle of vaudeville theaters. Bolger’s early film work for Red Seal Pictures, his work in the “movie palaces” conceived by Roxy Rothafel, and his Broadway debut are discussed. This chapter also includes information on Bolger’s courtship of his would-be wife, Gwendolyn Rickard.
Broadway Goes West
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

This chapter chronicles Bolger’s assignments as an employee of MGM. Of primary note is The Great Ziegfeld, the acclaimed Oscar-winning picture that earned Bolger a longer contract. Bolger’s next Broadway collaboration with Rodgers and Hart, On Your Toes, is explored. This was the first Broadway show to incorporate ballet and included “Slaughter on Tenth Avenue” choreographed by George Balanchine and introduced by Bolger. Bolger then returns to MGM to film the Nelson Eddy/Eleanor Powell movie Rosalie, and the Nelson Eddy/Jeanette MacDonald pictures Sweethearts and The Girl of the Golden West. Bolger’s assignment to, and the production of, The Wizard of Oz, figure prominently into the second half of the chapter.
Jupiter Forbid
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

This chapter details Bolger’s return to New York after exiting his MGM contract at the conclusion of filming The Wizard of Oz. His Broadway show Keep Off the Grass with Jimmy Durante, a revue, is discussed as is his last collaboration with Rodgers and Hart: the long-running Broadway hit By Jupiter. This chapter also remarks on the outbreak of World War II and United States involvement in it. The chapter concludes with Bolger quitting By Jupiter to join the United Service Organization’s (USO) Camp Show tour. Ray had promised his agent he would go overseas again with the USO after a year’s work on By Jupiter. He informed Rodgers privately of the decision, but he could not publicly share his true reason for leaving the show due to the USO’s efforts to keep the camp show trip under wraps for security.
Soldiers in Greasepaint
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Chapter 7 retraces Bolger’s four-month stint in the South Pacific with pianist Little Jack Little. The two were the first entertainers to interact with Americans in the South Pacific. The USO sent just Bolger and Little to the South Pacific because many of the territories they would tour were still considered unfit for women, even for female nurses; Japanese militants were still on some of the islands. The logistics of battle in these islands and the impacts on Bolger and Little, as well as their audiences, are discussed. Simultaneously, the author traces Gwen Bolger’s attempts to secure Bolger a contract for a film with Rita Hayworth while Bolger was abroad. British director Victor Saville wanted Bolger for a supporting role in his forthcoming adaptation of the play Heart of the City. The film would be a Technicolor musical, telling the story of a London variety theater that refused to close for even a single performance during the Blitz.
Where’s Charley?
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Chapter 8 chronicles the inception and creation of Where’s Charley?, Bolger’s most important Broadway show. The estate that held rights to the show agreed to let Feuer and Martin produce it if three conditions were met: Bolger needed to be the star, the show had to play in a first-class Broadway theater, and Feuer’s edits to the original Samuel French edition of the play had to be the basis of the finished musical. The chapter includes accounts of director George Abbott, composer and lyricist Frank Loesser, choreographer George Balanchine, and new producers Cy Feuer and Ernest Martin, who received assistance from Bolger’s wife, Gwen Rickard. In particular, Bolger’s “Once in Love with Amy” number is discussed for its importance and for the role it played in securing him a Tony Award for his performance as Charley Wykeham.
The New Triple Threat Man
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Chapter 9 explores the creation of the Warner Brothers film Where’s Charley? based on the Broadway show. Bolger and the cast traveled to the campus of Oxford University; Where’s Charley? was the first movie filmed on the campus. Interior scenes were shot at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, but St. John’s College at Oxford was used for exteriors. Bolger’s first television appearances and his lucrative contract opening the Sahara Resort in Las Vegas are discussed. There is also an extended description of the creation of Bolger’s sitcom, Where’s Raymond? later renamed The Ray Bolger Show, one of the first sitcoms on network television, which was filmed at Desilu Studios.
All American
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Chapter 10 describes the sunset of Bolger’s career. Particular focus is given to the creation of All American, Mel Brooks’s first musical, starring Bolger. The show hearkened back to the era that shaped Bolger’s core values. But, like so much of the art reflecting the culture of the 1960s, All American was actually out to lampoon these values. This story offers insight into the culture wars of the 1960s and Bolger’s changing attitude toward stardom. His increasing interest in political activities is explored. The Republican Party encouraged his participation in their activities. He performed for President Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon at the 1957 inauguration. He would go on to work on three presidential campaigns for Nixon. Bolger’s final Broadway show, Agnes de Mille’s Come Summer, also features prominently in this chapter.
The Romantic Lives of Emerging Adults
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of emerging adults and the challenges they face. It examines the unstable nature of emerging adulthood itself as a prelude to the discussion of the romantic lives of emerging adults. Tending to view relationships as either undependable or too difficult to manage at this point in their lives, emerging adults are retaining their independence longer and putting a heavier reliance on nonromantic relationships. On the other hand, most of them do foresee getting married and are desirous of forming long-term, trusting relationships. Emerging adults are apparent contradictions and this book aims to shed some light on how and why this is so. This introductory chapter also describes the methods used for the book’s original research and summarizes the chapter content. It concludes with a “case study” of one emerging adult research participant.
Casual Sexual Relationships and Experiences
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

Casual sexual relationship and experiences (CSREs) are defined by sexual encounters that take place outside of formal romantic relationships. These relationships are associated with sexual identity exploration and in keeping with the fluid and flexible pathways emerging adults are taking during this transitional period. Consistent with the ambiguity emblematic of these relationships, terminology used to describe these relationships are also ambiguous and can vary by degree of commitment, investment, and emotional closeness. Sexual double standards are evident; emerging adult women are more likely to be judged negatively for participating in CSREs. Transitions from casual relationships to more exclusive relationships and their influence on future romantic relationships are not well understood. A case study of one of the 29 participants is presented and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Love and Living LGBTQ
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines some of the challenges faced by LGBTQ-identified emerging adults as they chart a romantic course in the early 21st century. Diversity and fluidity are themes specific to today’s emerging adults, with a greater acceptance of a range of sexual/gender identities in evidence. The complexity of sexual/gender identity is discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of each individual’s intersectionalities with other identities (race, religion, ethnicity, etc.). Terms are defined, with the understanding that LGBTQ definitions are evolving and not always universally accepted. The nature and effect of stigma, both overt and subtle, is examined. Queer theory is introduced as a way of looking beyond heteronormative bias in the day to day lives of emerging adults. The issues of coming out and living as a trans individual are given attention. Two detailed case studies of LGBTQ-identified individuals are presented.
Defining Normativity
Authors: Finlay Stephen
Published: February 2019

This chapter aims to clarify debate over the nature, existence, extension, and analyzability of normativity, by investigating whether different philosophers’ claims are about the same subject or (as argued by Derek Parfit) they are using the terms ‘normative’ and ‘normativity’ with different meanings. While it is suggested that the term may be multiply ambiguous, reasons are identified for optimism about a common subject-matter for metanormative theory. This is supported by sketching a special hybrid view of normative judgment, perspectivism, that occupies a position between cognitivism and noncognitivism, naturalism and nonnaturalism, objectivism and subjectivism. Three main fissures are explored: between (i) the “normativity” of language/thought versus that of facts and properties, (ii) abstract versus substantive normativity, and (iii) formal versus robust normativity.
Brain-Mind
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: February 2019

Minds enable people to perceive, imagine, solve problems, understand, learn, speak, reason, create, and be emotional and conscious. Competing explanations of how the mind works have identified it as soul, computer, brain, dynamical system, or social construction. This book explains minds in terms of interacting mechanisms operating at multiple levels, including the social, mental, neural, and molecular. Brain–Mind presents a unified, brain-based theory of cognition and emotion with applications to the most complex kinds of thinking, right up to consciousness and creativity. Unification comes from systematic application of Chris Eliasmith’s powerful new Semantic Pointer Architecture, a highly original synthesis of neural network and symbolic ideas about how the mind works. The book shows the relevance of semantic pointers to a full range of important kinds of mental representations, from sensations and imagery to concepts, rules, analogies, and emotions. Neural mechanisms are used to explain many phenomena concerning consciousness, action, intention, language, creativity, and the self. This book belongs to a trio that includes Mind–Society: From Brains to Social Sciences and Professions and Natural Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.
Visions of Equality
Authors: Kramer Zachary
Published: February 2019

Equality is the touchstone of American civil rights. But what do we mean by equality? Discrimination law devotes a significant amount of time and attention to the question of whether sex—or another identity trait—is a necessary component of a given job. To answer that question, we have to decide where and when identity matters. We have to decide, in other words, what we want civil rights law to achieve. The conventional way of thinking about equality is in terms of sameness, of having—or giving people—the same rights and protections. Another way of thinking about equality, however, is based on difference. This is how the law deals with disability and religious discrimination, and it can do the same with all other forms of discrimination, too. This chapter distinguishes between two visions of equality—sameness and difference. Sameness is the more dominant of the two, undergirding much of civil rights law as we know it. Difference, by contrast, occupies a smaller share of the landscape. The goal of this chapter is to make the case for difference.
Accommodating Difference
Authors: Kramer Zachary
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that the future of civil rights is accommodation, letting people be themselves. Opening up, negotiating, finding common ground—accommodation offers a new way of thinking about equality. Rather than treating identity as a standard form, rather than searching in vain for discriminatory intent, rather than squeezing people into boxes, accommodation would reorient civil rights law around inclusion. This requires us to take people as they come, judge them on their own terms, and try to find balance. With that aim in mind, this chapter proposes two major changes. The first is a right to personality, a power for people to define who they are for themselves. The second is to install an accommodation mandate, under which the question is whether we can carve space for difference.
Conclusion
Authors: Kramer Zachary
Published: February 2019

In its current formulation, civil rights law is geared to contend with a particular flavor of discrimination. So long as the discrimination is aimed at status, so long as group membership is the lynchpin of the enterprise, civil rights law is well-suited to the task. But when the discrimination is about performance, when it is about self-definition or constraints on how we live our lives, when it is aimed at the one thing that sets the person apart from everyone else, civil rights law is lost at sea. The time has come to rethink the way we do equality. Difference is the path forward. Equality is a work in progress. The important thing is that we keep the conversation going. People are capable of monumental change.
Laughter on the Fringes
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

This book examines the impact that Athenian Old Comedy had on Greek writers of the Imperial era. It is generally acknowledged that Imperial-era Greeks responded to Athenian Old Comedy in one of two ways: either as a treasure trove of Atticisms, or as a genre defined by and repudiated for its aggressive humor. Worthy of further consideration, however, is how both approaches, and particularly the latter one that relegated Old Comedy to the fringes of the literary canon, led authors to engage with the ironic and self-reflexive humor of Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus. Authors ranging from serious moralizers (Plutarch and Aelius Aristides) to comic writers in their own right (Lucian, Alciphron), to other figures not often associated with Old Comedy (Libanius) adopted aspects of the genre to negotiate power struggles, facilitate literary and sophistic rivalries, and provide a model for autobiographical writing. To varying degrees, these writers wove recognizable features of the genre (e.g., the parabasis, its agonistic language, the stage biographies of the individual poets) into their writings. The image of Old Comedy that emerges from this time is that of a genre in transition. It was, on the one hand, with the exception of Aristophanes’s extant plays, on the verge of being almost completely lost; on the other hand, its reputation and several of its most characteristic elements were being renegotiated and reinvented.
A Problematic Genre
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

Plutarch is famous for his disapproval of Old Comedy despite the fact that he invokes the genre as a source in his biographies. This chapter takes as its starting point the negative comparison that Plutarch draws between Aristophanes and Menander, arguing that Plutarch recasts the agonistic language of Old Comedy into an attack on its figurehead. Comic language in this text serves to reinforce social and educational hierarchies. Plutarch employs a similar approach in the Lives, where the negative example of Old Comedy is used to highlight both the positive virtues of Pericles and the character flaws of Nicias. Plutarch thus shows himself to be an astute reader of Old Comedy even when he expresses strong disapproval of key features of the genre.
A Menandrian Interlude
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

Alciphron’s collection of 123 fictional letters recreate in miniature the world of Menandrian New Comedy. Three of these letters, however, involve a basic scenario that is reminiscent of Clouds: disputes between a father and son and, in one case, a hetaira and her lover, regarding the corrupting influence of philosophers. Language borrowed directly from Aristophanes’s play further cements this connection. In this context, Old Comedy is subsumed into a New Comic context, and Clouds emerges as a literary shorthand for denoting corrupt philosophers. Yet the epistolary format also provides Alciphron with a way to recreate the dramatic elements of the original play: his readers are given unfettered access to the characters and are asked to fill in what is left unsaid by the letter from their knowledge of Aristophanes’s play.
Old Comedy Transformed
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

The fourth century witnessed significant changes in how Old Comedy was read and understood. Not the least significant factor responsible for these changes was the shrinking of the corpus of plays that were readily available. A reference to Old Comedy emerges, then, in a surprising way in Libanius’s Life: the young sophist is struck by lightning while reading Aristophanes’s Acharnians. By referencing Aristophanes’s play in this scene, Libanius draws on the play’s reputation for self-referential writing, such that Old Comedy emerges in the Life as a possible foil for Libanius’s own autobiographical project. Eunapius’s praise for the charm and wit of Libanius’s “Old Comic” style in his biography of the sophist deserves reconsideration in light of this reference to Acharnians. As Eunapius’s account suggests, the genre could be regarded as a model for stylistic grace, an approach to the genre that has previously been more closely associated with Roman orators and theorists—namely Cicero and Quintilian.
Epilogue
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

The Imperial-era approaches to Old Comedy had an appreciable effect on later understandings of the genre when it was in the process of being rediscovered in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe. Both Plutarch and Lucian were among the most popular Greek authors in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. While manuscripts of Aristophanes’ plays were available in Greek as early as 1501, it would take almost thirty years before Latin translations were available. This means that the reception of Aristophanes by Plutarch, Lucian, and others likely contributed to how early modern readers conceived of Old Comedy as a genre. Evidence from Erasmus’s Adagia and Thomas More’s Utopia point to the close associations between Aristophanes, Lucian, and Plutarch. As a text that blurs the boundaries between fiction and reality, More’s Utopia displays a particularly Lucianic view of the comic poet—a fact that is signaled by the inclusion of both Lucian and Aristophanes as among the Utopians’ favorite authors.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides a sketch of Norman Anderson’s lifelong interest in Islam against the broad backdrop of three major developments:1) the long-term growth of secular imaginaries in western culture, 2) the geopolitical transformation of the ‘Near East’ into the ‘Middle East’, and 3) the evolution of liberal imperialism in the midst of decolonization. It draws on key features of Anderson’s thought, situating them against ancient, medieval and early modern trends, to develop broader conclusions about the historically unique features that define and distinguish twentieth-century Christian concern about Islam from its historical predecessors. It finds these features in the growing association of spiritual authenticity with private, voluntary, personal religion.
Inter-war Evangelicalism, Cambridge Student Missionary Enthusiasm and Anderson’s Mission to Evangelise Egypt
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter follow’s Norman Anderson’s career as a missionary with the Egypt General Mission in Egypt from 1932 to 1939. It traces the influence of prominent missionary thinkers, Egyptian Christians and Islamic intellectuals on Anderson’s missionary strategy and his growing interest in Islamic reform. Anderson’s missionary strategy coalesced around evangelistic outreach to Egyptian students at Cairo University. In order to reach these students he attended classes in law, constructed a modern purpose-built house to host gathering near campus and wrote an apologetic for the Christian faith in Arabic aimed at sceptics and Muslims. Anderson also became fascinated with the movement to reform Egyptian law and began to study the Arabic writings of the leading teachers in Islamic law at the University.
Nationalism, Protestant ‘Modernity’ and the Reform of Islamic Law
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter traces Anderson’s entry into the world of British academia as a specialist in Islamic law. It scrutinizes the attention paid by various British academics and Muslim intellectuals to Anderson’s academic work and the ways in which a Protestant conception of modernity influenced his analysis of Islamic legal reform. It situates Anderson’s academic work against the backdrop of the general evolution of oriental studies in Britain after World War II and the specific developments at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. It also highlights the ways in which Anderson’s attachment to natural law theory shaped his approach to comparative law and Islamic legal reform.
Christian Missions and Islam in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter tracks Anderson’s role in promoting the idea of dialogue between Christianity and Islam in the 1960s and 1970s. It also follows Anderson’s efforts towards working out practical institutional responses to the dissolution of the Christendom-heathendom dichotomy amongst Anglican missionary societies. It takes up Anderson’s ongoing debates with figures like Kenneth Cragg and assesses his theological contributions to missionary theories about contextualization and salvation outside of the Christian faith. It makes a case for viewing Anderson as an influential theologian of pluralism and religious dialogue within the conservative Evangelical tradition.
The Waning of ‘Secular’ Nationalism in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explains the gradual dissolution of the transnational movement for reform that Anderson tried to foster amidst the rise of liberal and Islamist approaches to legal reform by considering Anderson’s students and his response to the Iranian Revolution. It considers Anderson’s approach to religion and legal reform in Britain as well as the increasingly visible presence of Muslim immigrants and concludes with his reflections on the role of Islam in Iran’s revolution. Following the Iranian Revolution, Anderson began to grow more and more concerned about the influence of theologically conservative but militant forms of Islam on the global movement of legal reform and on global conflict. However, this did not affect his continued belief in the ‘moderate’ approach to Islamic legal reform he had supported for over thirty years.
Conclusion
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

The chapter situates Norman Anderson’s thought within the broader traditional of liberal imperialism, highlights his affinities with certain strands of Muslim reformist thought and assesses his impact on scholarly approaches to Islamic law. It concludes by comparing and contrasting Anderson’s thought with that of two influential western commentators on Islam at opposite ends of the political and theological spectrum from each other: Patrick Sookhdeo and Edward Said. Though Anderson, Sookhdeo and Said differ over the weight they give to the influence of theological ideas in shaping the practical activities of Muslims, they all share a commitment to a secular form of politics. This commonality illustrates the ways in which commitment to a particular way of conceiving the boundaries between the secular and the religious has come to shape discourse about Islam in the twentieth century and beyond.
Teen Feminist Digital Activisms
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

Chapter 7 explores how teen girls are using social media to engage with institutionalized and systematic forms of sexism, sexual objectification, and harassment constitutive of not only what can be termed rape culture but also lad culture in secondary schools in the UK, US, and Canada. The chapter draws on interview data with 27 teenage girls including individual Skype interviews with 11 teen girls in Canada, US, UK, and Ireland and in-person focus groups with 16 girls from a London secondary school feminist club. We show how platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and group chats provide different affordances and vernaculars for girls to challenge rape culture collectively and individually. We focus on the minutia of moments such as when girls challenge a rape joke on Facebook, collectively operate a feminist Twitter account, or negotiate instances of trolling, offering unique insight into the nuances of using social media as teen feminist activists attending school.
“He Appeared unto Me Three Times in One Night”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses Joseph Smith’s First Vision and his vision of the angel and the gold plates. Some historians have argued that he transformed his tale of treasure guarded by a ghost or spirit into a religious account of an ancient record delivered by the angel Moroni. Alan Taylor and others have contended, however, that treasure-seeking itself was rich with Christian symbols and that Joseph’s activities as a village seer led naturally to his role as a prophet. Lucy Mack Smith’s history gives the best account of Joseph’s life from 1820 to 1826. Affidavits from Howe’s Mormonism Unvailed are also included.
“I Cannot Read a Sealed Book”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

In February 1828, Martin Harris obtained a transcript of Book of Mormon characters Joseph Smith had copied from the gold plates. He took them to two prominent scholars in New York City: Samuel Mitchill and Charles Anthon. Harris and Anthon both left a record of their meeting, but the accounts differ widely. Anthon said it was all a hoax and that he tried to protect the “simple farmer” from losing his money. Harris said that Anthon confirmed that this was an authentic ancient script. Some accounts add that Anthon also validated Joseph Smith’s translation. Harris returned to Harmony more convinced than ever that the work was divine and that his actions fulfilled a prophecy in the book of Isaiah, chapter 29.
“I Have Lost My Soul”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

In June of 1828, after Joseph Smith and Martin Harris had translated 116 pages of the Book of Mormon, Harris convinced Joseph to let him take the manuscript for family members to read. Harris agreed to show the document only to a small group of people. Right after Harris’s departure, Emma Smith gave birth to her and Joseph’s first child, a boy, but the baby was either stillborn or died shortly after birth. After caring for Emma for some time, Joseph went north and west to the Manchester, New York, area to check on the manuscript. When Smith arrived in New York, Martin Harris confessed that he had lost the manuscript. Lucy Harris is later said to have stolen or burned it. Smith feared that all was lost but was reassured by the first revelation for which a text has survived.
“Days Never To Be Forgotten”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

dLate in March 1829, Oliver Cowdery traveled from Manchester, New York, to Harmony, Pennsylvania, to assist Joseph Smith with the translation of the Book of Mormon. The two men had not met prior to this but begin translating on April 7 and translated at a furious pace, completing the project in about fifty-seven working days. Accounts from Pomeroy Tucker, Joseph Knight, and others offer views from both skeptics and believers. Cowdery’s letters to W. W. Phelps present the perspectives of both Cowdery and Smith. During this same period, Smith dictated several revelations that later were incorporated into the Book of Commandments and subsequently the Doctrine and Covenants.
“I Often Sat By and Saw and Heard Them Translate and Write for Hours Together”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

Around June 1, 1829, David Whitmer arrived in Harmony, Pennsylvania, to move Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery to Fayette Township, New York, a journey of more than one hundred miles. With the help of David and his family, the translation was completed at the Whitmer farm by the end of June. Several individuals witnessed the translation, including David Whitmer and his sister, Elizabeth (future wife of Cowdery). During this same period, Jesse Smith wrote a hostile letter to Hyrum Smith—this is the first extant letter mentioning the Book of Mormon. This chapter also includes a contemporaneous letter from Oliver Cowdery to Hyrum Smith as well as Cowdery’s “Articles of the Church of Christ.”
An Overview of Taliban and Other Afghan Insurgent Stories and an Assessment of their Master Narratives
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to the Master Narratives of the Taliban or those key themes that drive their narratives and associated stories. Specifically, the chapter focuses on the background of Taliban IO and its key themes or elements – religious concepts, cultural concepts, and political concepts. Each of these themes are discussed relative to their Afghan cultural significance and target audiences.
The Taliban’s Use of the Internet, Social Media Video, Radio Stations, and Graffiti
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on a variety of Taliban IO delivery systems some of which have not had scholarly assessments. The Taliban have had a major presence on the internet since their development of their main webpage – Alemarah. This site has become quite sophisticated over the years and is published in Pashto, Dari, Urdu, Arabic and English languages. Hence, the site targets a variety of audiences including the international community in addition to Afghans, Arabs, and Pakistanis. The Taliban also have a significant presence on social media to include sites on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. They also use videos and DVDs to project their messages. They have affiliated “media studios such as Mana-ul Jihad, al Hijrat, and El Emarah which are described in detail in the chapter. They also use regular “spokesman” to interact with both local and international media. Finally they use a variety of radio stations to present their narratives and associated stories. Lastly they use graffiti to communicate with target audiences.
Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) Propaganda Activities
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

While the vast majority of this book examine Taliban narratives and associated stories, the chapter focuses on the propaganda of Hezb-e-Islami (Gulbuddin) and its variety of IO delivery mechanisms: Oqab (Eagle) Website; EID messages, printed media (Shahadat – Martyrdom; Tanweer – Enlightenment), internet and social media, DVDs and videos. The major themes of HIG’s propaganda include: exploiting collateral damage by the U.S. Coalition, HIG’s inevitable victory, permanent of coalition military bases in Afghanistan, fraudulent Afghan elections, and a HIG peace proposal. The chapter also assesses the very significant role of Pakistan in the development of HIG narratives and associated stories.
The People’s Justice
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

What are the historical antecedents of post-apartheid vigilantism? Much literature explains contemporary South African vigilantism as a legacy of counterrevolutionary attempts to suppress youthful insurgents under apartheid. By contrast, this chapter argues that there is an important legacy from revolutionary vigilantism. Based on archival and interview data on one of the Durban area’s bloodiest conflicts—the war between the politically radical Comrades and the amaSinyora youth gang in KwaMashu—the chapter shows revolutionary vigilantism was based on contradictory social ties among young men that broke down amid competition for the future of the South African state. The chapter argues such revolutionary vigilantism has had lasting effects on the networks and practices through which vigilantism is practiced today.
Spectacles of Statecraft
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

Why was the democratic state unable to monopolize violence despite massive judicial reforms? By considering the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, one of the most important early state-building institutions, the chapter shows the state has had difficulty disciplining relations between citizens such that they would turn to the law to resolve disputes rather than violently doing so themselves. Specifically, it examines the Victor Kheswa hearings in Sebokeng where, despite Kheswa’s alleged involvement in one of the worst massacres in South African history, his mother was put on stage as a victim of human rights abuses. The chapter argues that by proclaiming Kheswa’s mother as a victim, the TRC went against local notions of justice, as she was widely considered to be an enabler of violence, not a victim. This infelicitous performance mirrored the state’s challenges in getting citizens to turn to the law for justice, as many citizens considered suspects’ procedural rights as putting the law on the side of criminals.