bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the differences between Jin Di’s translation theory and Eugene A. Nida’s translation theory
Authors: Ma Hui-juan
Published: June 2012

Some translation scholars hold that Jin Di’s theory of equivalent effect and Nida’s theory of dynamic equivalence are essentially same because Jin has basically adopted the definition of Nida’s dynamic equivalence in formulating his own translation theory. However, this paper reveals that there are some fundamental differences between the two theories in three aspects:

(1) Nida’s theory is reader-oriented while Jin’s is text-oriented;

(2) Nida’s theory is flexible while Jin’s tends to be inflexible; and

(3) Jin’s theory is an ideal one in the sense that it cannot be realized in translation practice whereas Nida’s theory is a realistic one.

Examples from Jin’s Chinese version of James Joyce’s Ulysses and Bible translations are given to illustrate these differences between Nida’s theory and Jin’s theory.

This paper further explores the two major reasons that lead to such discrepancies: (1) the deficiency of Nida’s theory in dealing with transference of aesthetic elements for literary translation; (2) the influence of traditional Chinese translation theories upon Jin’s translation principle. Although Nida’s theory is not restricted to Bible translation, it has some limitations in guiding literary translation because it fails to address the transference of aesthetic elements for literary translation. When Jin translated Joyce’s Ulysses, he had to face the problem of aesthetic transference of literary works. This is the reason why Jin eventually turns to traditional Chinese translation theory and classic literary criticism to seek for support for his translation theory of equivalent effect.
L'implicite culturel dans la traduction
Authors: Bariki Ozidi
Published: June 2012

Implied meaning is not an inherent part of translation, but it is important all the same as no one says everything while speaking. Implied messages are often perceived through shared experiences. To decode and encode an implied cultural meaning calls for a thorough understanding of that culture. The translator should be able to distinguish a consciously implied meaning from an unconscious one. In the former, the locutor passes on the message indirectly but is not ready to accept responsibility for the implied meaning. In the second case, the locutor has no intention to deliberately hide his intentions behind the words. However, this can lead to intercultural communication problems.

To my mind, the attitude of a translator to these implied meanings is this: be as faithful as possible to the spirit of the deliberately hidden message, but be more explicit where the implied meaning seems to have been hidden unconsciously. There is however need for caution as the translator cannot be too sure of knowing the attitude of the author all the time.
Translation and sociolinguistics
Authors: Sánchez María T.
Published: June 2012

Language varies depending not only on the individual speaker but also on the specific situation in which speakers find themselves. This means that the language used in a given social envi­ronment may be perfectly translatable into a different language, but the society to which this other language belongs may not recognise the situation described by the first language.

This ­article presents some examples of cultural values which cannot be translated literally (or which, if translated literally, will convey a message not intended in the original language/culture) and reaches the conclusion that, as a result of all this, there cannot be a simple answer to whether language can translate society. In some cases, it will be perfectly possible; in others, the translator will have to adopt a technique which reflects the society he or she is translating for, rather than the society described in the original text.
Traduction et adaptation des éléments ­culturels dans les textes scientifiques
Authors: Rey Joëlle
Published: June 2012

The reading of scientific articles reveals that references to non-scientific cultural elements are numerous in this type of texts, particularly in those published in scientific magazines. Indeed, the integration of new knowledge into existing one is only possible if the reader is able to relate new elements to his or her cultural background or daily experiences: comparisons, examples and metaphors play an important role in this process.

Although some of these elements can be automatically transferred when translating into another language, others would hardly be “interpretable” by the reader of the translation, and the translator has to apply mechanisms of adaptation. In this article, my intention is to examine the different mechanisms of adaptation used in a corpus of texts published in American magazines and translated into French, to analyse the characteristics of the segments which have been adapted and to identify the criteria that might guide the translator in his or her choices.
The power of translation
Authors: Lukits Stefan
Published: June 2012

“The Power of Translation” examines the language phenomenon of translation in the context of power relations and the transcendence of power relations. The thesis of the article can be summarized in point form:

*Translation is a player in the power structure of human relating from which it cannot be extracted and based on an objective and purely translative ground.

*Translation, as much as language itself, is a force which results in separation, not in connection. At the same time, the ‘tools’ (technology, translation, language, eros) which separate us become connective where they retain the capacity of self-subversion and dialogue.

*Subsequent to this dynamic, we discern the colonizing and eschatological plot inherent in translation. Translation is an ‘open’ phenomenon, always engaged in creating structures which are both oppressive and liberating. It is this openness which constitutes the power of translation.
What constitutes a translation graduate school in South Korea?
Authors: Park Ocksue
Published: June 2012

South Korea is the first country where the translation education has operated at a postgraduate level in Asia. The first graduate school, the Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, operated at 1979. As of 2006, there are ten translation and/or interpreting departments at graduate level in South Korea.

The curriculum of translation graduate schools in South Korea should be examined from a theoretical standpoint. This article is the answer of what constitutes a translation graduate school in South Korea in terms of its title, its commencement date, type of school, division of departments, admission requirements, and the duration of the programme and what is an appropriate curriculum for a translation graduate school in South Korea.

For this study, I have conducted interviews with heads of translation departments at South Korea’s graduate schools in the first place, with a view to establish the real situation of graduate schools that teach translation in South Korea.

I adopted Renfer’s model for analysing the programme of the graduate schools. Renfer (1991) presents four basic programme models of translator and/or interpreter education training for western countries such as Two-tier system, Parallel translator and interpreter training model, Y model, and Postgraduate interpreter training or intensive on-the-job training in international organisations.

The results of the data analysis are discussed, and lastly suggestions for translation students to develop and improve their translation skills are presented.
Internal reconstruction in Chulupí (Nivaclé)
Authors: Campbell Lyle , Grondona Verónica
Published: June 2012

This paper is about internal reconstruction and the history of Chulupí, a Matacoan language of Argentina and Paraguay. We apply internal reconstruction and postulate several sound changes in the history of Chulupí. We bring the results of this internal reconstruction to bear on external comparisons based on cognates in other Matacoan languages, and in this way we check the validity of the internal reconstruction and contribute to aspects of Matacoan historical linguistics. We discuss some methodological implications for internal reconstruction in general and its relationship to the comparative method.
On the development of the tense/aspect system in Early New and New Persian
Authors: Estaji Azam , Bubenik Vit
Published: June 2012

The unique documentation of the Iranian family of languages provides a rare opportunity to study the development of a verbal system over the span of several millennia. We argue that the rise of the Early New Persian aspectual type was a consequence of the loss of ergative typology, examining the rise of continuous and progressive aspects, and further development in the retrospective aspect, most notably the appearance of the perfect continuous. Another section is devoted to the study of the rise of the innovative ‘become’-passive. In both sections we pay special attention to the appearance of New Persian surcomposé formations and we review their analysis in the context of a number of interesting parallels in other IE and non-IE languages, pointing out some avenues for further comparative research in this area (especially the trend of the perfect and its surcomposé formations to develop inferential meaning). To strengthen our argument, we look at diverging developments in several Khorasani dialects which recall the Early New Persian state of affairs.
Parameterization and change in non-finite complementation
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: June 2012

Through the history of Nordic and Norwegian, the infinitive marker has undergone several syntactic and phonological changes. This article discusses the syntactic changes in terms of functionalist and generativist grammaticalization theory. The article starts with a brief review of the origin and use of the infinitive marker in Germanic, followed by a presentation of the syntactic characteristics of infinitive constructions in Old Norse, where the author offers arguments in support of analyzing the infinitive marker as a complementizer word. In Middle and Early Modern Norwegian, the infinitive marker is reanalyzed as a clitic adjoined to the verb. A later reanalysis in Modern Norwegian has resulted in the infinitive marker once again occupying the complementizer position. The history of the Norwegian infinitive marker thus exhibits different types of grammaticalization (lexical word > grammatical word, and word > clitic), degrammaticalization (clitic > word), and different kinds of realization of a functional category.
Feature-geometry and diachrony
Authors: Tosco Mauro
Published: June 2012

Several East and South Cushitic languages of East Africa have a preverbal series of subject markers. They are generally clitics, sometimes phonologically independent words. Like the subject clitics of many Romance varieties, these markers display characteristic restrictions: their paradigm is often incomplete, or the same morpheme may be shared by two or more persons. In this article, the subject markers of Cushitic are first compared with the Romance subject clitics, and then analyzed in the light of the feature geometry of pronominal systems (Harley & Ritter 2002b). It is argued that feature-geometric accounts are amenable to a diachronic interpretation, and that subject markers, rather than deriving directly from independent personal pronouns, arise out of the piecemeal addition of pronominal features from a minimal system. In so doing, they move along a possibly universal path of development, whose different stages are neatly exemplified in Cushitic.
On the life and death of a collocation
Authors: Alba-Salas Josep
Published: June 2012

This paper seeks to shed light on the diachronic evolution of collocations by examining structures formed in Modern Spanish with dar “give” plus state nouns (e.g. dar miedo “frighten”, literally, “give fear”). Using the Corpus del español, I offer a quantitative and qualitative analysis of eighteen representative dar miedo-type collocations from the 1200s to the 1900s. The results show that although the basic properties of dar miedo-type structures have remained remarkably stable over the centuries, during the Middle Ages the verb hacer “make” was used here almost as often as dar — a competition apparently inherited from Latin. While different nouns show different patterns of loss of hacer, echoing the lexical diffusion of certain grammatical changes, the 1500s saw a very sharp decline in “make” cases across the board, leading to its complete disappearance from this context by the 1800s. The loss of hacer led to a radical simplification of the collocational properties of state nouns in Spanish vis-à-vis Latin and other Modern Romance varieties. This process resulted both from language-internal factors mostly related to the lexical semantics of dar and hacer and from three key sociolinguistic processes in 16th-century Spanish: koineization, change of norm and increased standardization.
Bergin’s Rule
Authors: Eska Joseph F.
Published: June 2012

Bergin’s Rule constructions, whereby verbs in Old Irish occur in other than normal clause-initial position and with ‘conjunct’ flexion in simplex verbs and ‘prototonic’ stress in compound verbs, has traditionally been viewed as evidence for the language’s prehistoric clausal configuration, usually considered to be SOV or, more recently, V2. Others view the construction as entirely artificial, i.e., as not reflecting any historical reality, perhaps based on Latin models. This paper demonstrates that the difficult evidence emphatically does not support a V2 analysis, but is otherwise indeterminate. The conjunct flexion of simplex verbs and the prototonic stress of compound verbs used in the construction is also diagnostic of the fact that it is not simply the result of scrambling the normal VSO clausal configuration of Old Irish, but represents vestiges of real syntax.
Gullah in the diaspora
Authors: Hackert Stephanie , Huber Magnus
Published: June 2012

The status of Gullah and Bahamian Creole English (BahCE) within the Atlantic English creoles and their historical relationship with African American Vernacular English (AAVE) have long been a matter of discussion. It was assumed that Gullah and BahCE are ‘sister’ varieties sharing an immediate ancestor in the eighteenth-century creole English spoken on plantations in the American South. We present historical and linguistic data, including a statistical analysis of 253 phonological, lexical, and grammatical features found in eight Atlantic English creoles, to show that Gullah and BahCE are indeed closely related — so closely in fact that BahCE must be considered a ‘diaspora variety’ not of AAVE but of Gullah.
On the development and use of appearance/attribute adverbs in English
Authors: Killie Kristin
Published: June 2012

It is commonly claimed that in English adjectives denoting colour and other physical properties, referred to here as ‘appearance/attribute’ adjectives, do not give rise to adverbs. This alleged constraint has been related to the fact that the adjectives in question are stative. In this paper I present data which show that appearance/attribute adjectives do give rise to adverbs. To be sure, such ‘appearance/attribute adverbs’ are infrequent and ‘literary’, but they began to be used to some extent in the 19th century, and their frequency has increased considerably during the last two centuries. In fact, in contexts where both adjectives and adverbs are allowed, i.e. in collocation with verbs that do not subcategorize for an adjective or adverb, adverbs have become more frequent than adjectives. This paper discusses what brought about this change, arguing that the crucial mechanism is analogy, and that conditioning factors are the argument structure of the relevant adverbs, the dynamicity of the collocating verb, positional distribution, creativity, and the existence of the same adverb forms with metaphorical meanings. I also argue that the development of appearance/attribute adverbs must be seen in relation to the so called ‘adverbialization process’ which has been sweeping the English language for at least a millennium.
How to use typological databases in historical linguistic research
Authors: Wichmann Søren , Saunders Arpiar
Published: June 2012

Several databases have been compiled with the aim of documenting the distribution of typological features across the world’s languages. This paper looks at ways of utilizing this type of data for making inferences concerning genealogical relationships by using phylogenetic algorithms originally developed for biologists. The focus is on methodology, including how to assess the stability of individual typological features and the suitability of different phylogenetic algorithms, as well as ways to enhance phylogenetic signals and heuristic procedures for identifying genealogical relationships. The various issues are illustrated by a small sample of empirical data from a set of Native American languages.
Primary split revisited
Authors: Blust Robert A.
Published: July 2012

Textbook treatments generally state that primary split, or split-merger leads to positional neutralization, but has no effect on phoneme inventory. However, if the phonemes affected by a primary split have a defective distribution at the time of the change the result may be loss of contrast, or inventory reduction. This potential is illustrated with artificial data, but involves no assumptions that are contrary to common types of sound change.
The Pitkern-Norf’k language and education
Authors: Mühlhäusler Peter
Published: June 2012

This paper examines the role that educational policies and practices have played in weakening the Norf’k language, a contact language that developed among British sailors and their Tahitian entourage on Pitcairn Island in the late 18th century. It is argued that the education system was only one of several factors in the decline of Norf’k and that its projected revival will require more than just supportive educational measures.
Unstressed periphrastic do — from Southwest England to Newfoundland?
Authors: Wagner Susanne
Published: June 2012

This article discusses possible reasons for the (near-)absence of a feature from Newfoundland Vernacular English (NVE) that was present in both of its major donor dialects, namely the varieties of Southwest (SW) England and Ireland. Unstressed periphrastic do, the feature under investigation, is used as a tense carrier and marker of habituality in Southwestern dialects and — in a more restricted context — in Irish English (IrE). Modern NVE shows only traces of periphrastic do. All of these uses are (a) of IrE origin and (b) recessive (cf. e.g. Clarke 2004b: 305). If all settlers had used the feature at the time they emigrated to Newfoundland, it is extremely unlikely that it should have been lost in NVE, one of the most conservative varieties of English, but maintained, at least to a certain extent, in the much less conservative modern varieties of SW English and IrE.

 This paper suggests possible stages of the life of periphrastic do in Newfoundland. With the help of evidence from literature on SW English dialects from the 19th and 20th centuries, it is argued that it is unlikely that all settlers were do users when arriving in Newfoundland. Moreover, a competing variant, generalized verbal ‑s, a pattern typical of NVE to the present day, existed in some of the settlers’ grammars (both SW English and IrE). It is assumed that periphrastic do, if it ever existed in NVE in those uses typical of SW English dialects, has been eradicated through contact with dialects that either used generalized ‑s or a more standard system.
Some segmental rules of Nigerian English phonology
Authors: Simo Bobda Augustin
Published: June 2012

This paper discusses some major processes which characterise Nigerian English (NigE) phonology at the segmental level. After a review of patterns of realisation of English sounds in NigE, the paper identifies, analyses and names, where no previous names exist, the most salient contextual processes which can be considered the hallmarks of this variety of English. The next part of the analysis discusses the patterns of interaction of rules in NigE, addressing issues like ordering of rules, feeding and bleeding. The third part highlights the behaviour of NigE in relation to the existing rules of English; it thus acknowledges that NigE shares many existing rules of English phonology. But more importantly it shows that NigE applies other rules differently (either more generally, partially, or inordinately) and that some of its rules are altogether new when perceived in terms of the standard accents of Inner Circle Englishes. The conclusion of the study shows, inter alia, that the findings can be used very fruitfully to provide further, alternative, and arguably more convincing explanations and interpretations of many facts of NigE and related Englishes.
An investigation into attitudes and motivation of Botswana secondary school students towards English, Setswana and indigenous languages
Authors: Magogwe Joel M.
Published: June 2012

This study explores attitudes of Botswana students towards the functions of English and Setswana and to find out whether the students are instrumentally or integratively motivated to learn these languages. It also explores whether indigenous languages should be taught in schools. Data was collected using a questionnaire adapted from Gardner’s (1985) Attitude and Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). The results of this study show that Botswana students have a positive attitude towards English and Setswana. Despite Botswana students’ loyalty to Setswana, they think that Setswana should not become the medium of instruction, but it should continue to be taught as a subject. Botswana students seem to favour bilingualism or multilingualism because they suggest that indigenous languages should also be taught in schools.
Editor’s report 2003–2007
Authors: Schneider Edgar W.
Published: June 2012

This article provides a report from the editorial office of English World-Wide, covering the five-year period of 2003 to 2007. Specifically, it describes the stages of the editing and manuscript handling process from submission to publication, and it breaks down submission and publication figures of articles by world regions.
Working to keep aligned in psychotherapy
Authors: Muntigl Peter , Knight Naomi , Watkins Ashley
Published: June 2012

We examine therapist nods in terms of how they display and maintain affiliation with clients in contexts in which therapists reformulate clients’ prior talk. We found that therapist nods functioned to maintain affiliation with clients irrespective of whether clients aligned (e.g., confirmed) or disaligned (e.g., disconfirmed) with the therapist’s prior reformulation. Further, we found that the sequential placement of a therapist’s nod was influenced by the quality of alignment; that is, in aligning contexts, nods were found to be contiguous to the client’s confirmation. In disaligning contexts, by contrast, therapists delayed the production of nods to a point at which the client either ‘fully’ disconfirmed or displayed an affectual stance regarding a personal event. We argue that these forms of delay index a practice in which therapists may successfully secure realignment with clients.
The representation of self through the dialogic properties of talk and conduct
Authors: Sanders Robert E.
Published: June 2012

It is a basic dialogical principle that the meaning of what is said or done is based on its similarities and especially its differences with other things that might have been said or done as relevantly instead, just then, just there. This makes what was actually said or done meaningful as a “choice” for all practical purposes, whether the actor made it consciously or not. And any choice a person makes (or is deemed to make) is revealing about what he or she had in mind — his or her intentions and wants, values and affects, character and qualities as a social being — that subjectively warranted producing what was said or done instead of one of the alternatives. What one’s talk and conduct reveal about what one had in mind constitutes a representation of one’s self as a social being. This representation is a persona, a “face” in Goffman’s sense. This representation is discursively, dialogically produced, such that actors’ talk and conduct will unavoidably produce a representation of themselves regardless of whether they intend it. Accordingly, persons who would not be expected to have such competence nonetheless produce representations of self, for example young children or impaired adults. Insofar as those representations are in the person’s self-interest, there is a warrant for considering that they have that competence after all. In contrast, persons who can be expected to have such competence may nonetheless produce representations that work against their self-interest by accident or deficiencies of performance. Arguably, it is an additional dimension of the representation of self that an actor produces, having to do with his or her competence, whether the representation seems to be intentional, and beyond that, artful or clever. I examine two cases to elaborate on the key propositions here: (a) that representations of self are produced whether intended or not, (b) that ones that seem to be intended because they are in the actor’s self-interest are evidence of his or her competence, and (c) that ones that seem unintentional because they are not in the actor’s self-interest are evidence of a performance lapse, or more broadly, deficiencies of competence. The first case is of two young children whose talk and conduct interactively produce representations of self that do serve their respective interests, and thus warrant reconsideration of the expressive and interactional competence of children of that age. The second is of a doctor in an urban clinic whose representation of self is not in his self-interest.
Mathematical meaning-making in whole-class conversation
Authors: Zolkower Betina , Freitas Elizabeth de
Published: June 2012

This paper focuses on a brief whole-group conversation captured in a sixth grade classroom taught by an experienced teacher. Drawing upon systemic functional linguistics, we treat the conversation as a multi-semiotic text of the genre of teacher-guided mathematics problem framing. After describing the generic structure of the text and its context of situation, we analyze the ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings students and teacher contributed to its conjoined making. Our analysis shows how the text means as it does and, in so doing, underlines those features that make it a paradigmatic instantiation of its genre. We conclude by highlighting the contribution of systemic functional linguistics to current conversations about thought and language, dialogue and representation, and context and text.
The arroseur arrosé or the misfortunes of pathos in a media dialogue
Authors: Torck Danièle
Published: June 2012

The case study which is presented here refers to the Polanski affair (2009) and the resulting debate in France and is an illustration of the loss of legitimacy that some intellectuals, the so-called media intellectuals, suffer in their relationship to dialogues on the Internet . It also illustrates what has been called by Charaudeau (1997)the pathemization of public discourse and its spectacularization in the media. I will analyze the argumentation in a dialogue (or its refusal) between two philosophers on the French public radio, France Inter. I will describe the discursive ethos of the main speaker, Alain Finkielkraut, but also the fallacies, the dominance of pathos and the accusation of amalgam (fallacious analogy) that characterize his discourse. This accusation, which is very frequent in French public discourse, will be examined in the framework of Angenot’s approach of the logics of resentment (1997). I will then confront this analysis to the discourse and argumentation used by some Internet users on the Polanski affair and more generally on dialogues in the media.
Defining dialogue in ancient Rome
Authors: Giorgio Jean-Pierre De
Published: June 2012

This article investigates the process whereby Greek dialogue was reinvested in the Roman world, based on a study of Cicero’s De oratore. This work is considered in the light of classical theories of the literary genre developed in the 1st century BCE, under the influence of Hellinistic research, and in the light of the modern notion of interaction. Situated on the frontier between drama and the social practice of conversation, philosophical dialogue established itself as a legitimate constitutive discourse in the field of Roman literature.
Proceduralism and implicatures in dialogue
Authors: Garbayo Luciana
Published: June 2012

This article aims at discussing some of the problems for the construction of a shared moral point of view in dialogical context, through a revision of both Habermas’ proceduralistic discourse ethics and Grice’s pragmatist conversational implicatures project. I claim that a) by discounting the undue idealization of both projects, supported by their Kantian underpinnings, and b) by refreshing them with a consequentialist approach to rationality in a fallibilistic bounded reasoning approach, one could achieve a more realistic understanding of the dialogical problems between moral strangers. By following such a revision, I suggest to be then possible to operate c) a reversal of the principle of rational cooperation in Grice, in convergence with Sperber & Wilson’s relevance theory, while also considering the role of other additional mechanisms in interaction, such as empathy (in Alvin Goldman’s sense). These modifications result in a fallibilistic understanding of the process of the dialogical construction of a shared moral point of view among moral strangers, with the aid of a non-idealized use of procedures and implicatures.
Towards a pragmatic semantics
Authors: Lejeune Guillaume
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this article is to justify how the philosophy of German Romanticism could still inform what is at stake in our conception of truth, representation and dialogue. Dialogue in Schlegel and Schleiermacher relies less on a supposed representation of truth, than on a conflict of representations in which truth is approximated. Dialogue concerns not only the communication of truth. It is the space in which truth is constructed. The semantics of German Romanticism does not refer to a defining relation between subject and object — as it is the case in the traditional concept of truth as adaequatio rei et intellectus. It depends on the dialogue between subjects. We are also led to a pragmatical conception of truth.
The verbalization of repressed intentions
Authors: Lamarche Jean-Baptiste
Published: June 2012

The widely shared tendency to locate psychoanalysis beyond the scope of the social-historical world is ultimately based on the idea that intention is an inner, mental event that precedes its fulfillment in action or its communication in speech. Now, intention, far from being such a private event, is always expressed, in deeds or in words. Above all, the verbalization of intentions is an instituted practice that mediates interactions by gauging actions against social norms. Freud, by showing his interlocutors how to verbalize new kinds of intentions (repressed ones), implicitly showed them how to gauge actions against the common meanings of an emerging modern, contractual society.
Synthèse rétrospective et nouvelles perspectives développementales
Authors: Bartning Inge
Published: June 2012

Cet article présente une synthèse des recherches en acquisition du français langue seconde/étrangère menées à l’Université de Stockholm. Il fait le lien entre les premiers résultats obtenus au sein du projet InterFra (Interlangue française — développement, interaction et variation) avec les recherches menées récemment sur les stades très avancés. L’article se divise en trois parties. Les deux premières sont rétrospectives, d’abord une description du corpus InterFra — présenté ici dans son intégralité pour la première fois —, puis un bilan des résultats des thèses qui ont utilisé ce corpus, et, finalement, les stades de développement proposés par Bartning et Schlyter (2004). La troisième partie présente un projet sur les stades ultimes d’une L2, High-level proficiency in second language use, programme de recherche commun à cinq départements de l’Université de Stockholm et rend compte des résultats d’études récentes concernant trois groupes d’un niveau proche du locuteur natif, des locuteurs non natifs appelés respectivement avancés, bilingues fonctionnels et quasi-natifs. L’article se clôt sur un bilan de ces études.
Pragmatic use of temporal adverbs in L1 and L2 French
Authors: Hancock Victorine
Published: June 2012

This paper deals with the functions of a number of frequent temporal adverbs and their placement in the information structure produced by highly advanced L2 speakers of French. The study concerns both structural and pragmatic aspects of learner language that seem relevant for characterizing the highly proficient French L2 user. The pragmaticalization of these adverbs, i.e. the development of different pragmatic functions in L2, is investigated. The adverbs can occupy different positions in the utterance and we expect that the pragmaticalization of the adverbs entails their syntactic isolation in the information structure. The analysis of positions showed that, for two adverbs, argumentative functions in outer positions were absent even in the most advanced speaker group.
La dislocation dans le français oral d’apprenants suédophones
Authors: Engel Hugues
Published: June 2012

Les dislocations sont très fréquentes en français parlé et jouent un rôle essentiel dans la construction des énoncés. C’est pourquoi il est important pour les apprenants du français d’acquérir les moyens grammaticaux et les principes pragmatiques qui sous-tendent l’emploi de cette structure. La présente étude est empirique et se fonde sur un corpus de productions orales de locuteurs non natifs (LNN) : des lycéens apprenants du français, des étudiants de français de l’Université de Stockholm et des LNN ayant vécu de nombreuses années en France. Le corpus comprend également des productions d’un groupe contrôle composé de locuteurs natifs (LN). L’étude examine la question du développement formel et fonctionnel de la dislocation en français langue seconde (L2). Nous nous intéressons également à la façon dont le type de tâche influence l’emploi de la dislocation. Pour étudier cette question, nous analyserons deux tâches, des entretiens et des récits, qui imposent aux locuteurs des efforts cognitifs très différents.
Vocabulary aspects of advanced L2 French
Authors: Lundell Fanny Forsberg , Lindqvist Christina
Published: June 2012

In her overview of research on the advanced L2 learner, Bartning (1997) aims at characterizing the advanced learner variety. This characterization is above all based on morphosyntactic traits. The aim of this contribution is to present additional characteristics of the advanced learner as defined by Bartning (1997), as well as to describe even more advanced levels based on recent research concerning spoken L2 French. More specifically, the main issue under investigation is whether two vocabulary measures, viz. lexical richness and lexical formulaic sequences, can be used to distinguish between different advanced levels and thus contribute to the characterization of the advanced learner of French. An additional issue investigated here is whether these two lexical aspects correlate with each other or whether they develop at different rates.
Formulaic and proceduralised language in the initial and advanced stages of learning French
Authors: Towell Richard J.
Published: June 2012

This article is based on the model of SLA presented in Approaches to Second Language Acquisition (Towell & Hawkins 1994). It begins by presenting that view in summarised form. It then looks at four sets of empirical data drawn from two longitudinal multiple case studies and interprets the evidence in the light of the particular approach. The first two deal with learners in the initial stages of learning and show how they have to store formulaic knowledge in order to be able to extract syntactic information. The second two deal with advanced learners and show how they have to chunk and proceduralise intermediate knowledge in order to be able to develop both their knowledge and their fluency. The study of the advanced learners shows, however, that they do not become either as knowledgeable or as fluent in the L2 as they are in the L1. An interpretation of that evidence within the model offered suggests that this is because their L2 is based on a multiplicity of knowledge sources and that processing this kind of knowledge is more demanding of the memory systems than acquiring knowledge of and the ability to process the L1.
The acquisition of additive scope particles by Moroccan Arabic L1 learners of French
Authors: Véronique Georges Daniel
Published: June 2012

The paper analyzes the acquisition of the additive particles aussi (‘also’), même (‘even’) and encore (‘still’) by five Moroccan Arabic L1 adult learners of French, participants in the ESF project (Perdue 1984). On the basis of a comparison between the French scope particles and their Moroccan Arabic equivalents, it is hypothesised that transfer from L1 plays an indirect role in the acquisition of French scope particles because of major semantic and syntactic differences between the two languages. The paper sets out to describe the emergence and use of additive scope particles in a sample of texts spanning ca. three years. It is shown that aussi is used quite early in the longitudinal data collected. Même is differently used in various learner varieties and encore is acquired late. The paper compares the findings about the acquisition of additives particles in Moroccan Arabic learner varieties with previous work.
Development of object clitics in child L2 French
Authors: Granfeldt Jonas
Published: June 2012

It has been argued that the study of child L2 development can inform different maturational accounts of language acquisition. One such specific proposal was put forward by Meisel (2008), arguing for a cut-off point for monolingual or bilingual first language acquisition — (2)L1 — type of development at 3–4 years. The paper analyses the longitudinal development of object clitics in child L2 French (L1 Swedish) and compares the developmental sequence in child L2 learners (n = 7) with different Ages of Onset of Acquisition (AoA) (from 3;0 to 6;5) to the adult L2 sequence that was found in previous studies (Granfeldt & Schlyter 2004). The study also includes age-matched simultaneous bilingual children (n = 3) and monolingual controls (n = 5). The results show that some of the child L2 learners with an AoA over 4 years display structures that are typical of adult L2 acquisition, whereas these structures were not found in the simultaneous bilingual children or in the child second language acquisition (cL2) children with an AoA under 4 years. It is suggested that differences in developmental sequences are due to a combination of AoA and the level of L1 linguistic development at the onset of L2 acquisition.
The dark side of technologies: Technostress among users of information and communication technologies
Authors: Salanova Marisa , Llorens Susana , Cifre Eva
Published: June 2012

This paper tests the structure and the predictors of two psychological experiences of technostress associated with the use of information and communication technologies (ICT), i.e., technostrain (users report feelings of anxiety, fatigue, scepticism and inefficacy beliefs related to the use of technologies) and technoaddiction (users feel bad due to an excessive and compulsive use of these technologies). The study included a sample of 1072 ICT users (N = 675 nonintensive ICT users and N = 397 intensive ICT users). Results from multigroup confirmatory factor analyses among non‐intensive and intensive ICT users showed, as expected, the four‐factor structure of technostrain in both samples. Secondly, and also as expected, confirmatory factorial analyses revealed that technostress experiences are characterized not only by technostrain but also by an excessive and compulsive use of ICT. Moreover, multiple analyses of variance showed significant differences between non‐intensive and intensive ICT users (1) in the dimensions of technostress and (2) in specific job demands and job/personal resources. Finally, linear multiple regression analyses revealed that technostrain is positively predicted by work overload, role ambiguity, emotional overload, mobbing and obstacles hindering ICT use, as well as by lack of autonomy, transformational leadership, social support, ICT use facilitators and mental competences. Work overload, role ambiguity and mobbing, as well as the lack of emotional competences, positively predict technoaddiction. Theoretical and practical implications, in addition to future research, are discussed.
Misconstruing methods and meaning in the General Factor of Personality
Authors: Comensoli Andrew , MacCann Carolyn
Published: June 2012

Research has suggested that a General Factor of Personality (GFP) might represent a real and meaningful higher‐order factor in the personality hierarchy. However, there are psychometric shortcomings in many of the studies used to support this argument, as well as convincing empirical evidence for alternative explanations of the GFP as methodological rather than meaningful. The current article re‐examines the research supporting a substantive GFP by considering and evaluating the evidence presented in a recent volume (Just, 2011). It is concluded that covariation among first‐order personality factors is more likely a statistical or methodological artefact than a theoretically meaningful higher‐order construct.
Does young adults’ preferred role in decision making about health, money, and career depend on their advisors’ leadership skills?
Authors: Garcia‐Retamero Rocio , Galesic Mirta
Published: June 2012

Few empirical data exist on how decision making about health differs from that in other crucial life domains with less threatening consequences. To shed light on this issue we conducted a study with 175 young adults (average age 19 years). We presented the participants with scenarios involving advisors who provided assistance in making decisions about health, money, and career. For each scenario, participants were asked to what extent they wanted the advisor to exhibit several leadership styles and competencies and what role (active, collaborative, or passive) they preferred to play when making decisions. Results show that decision making about health is distinct from that in the other domains in three ways. First, most of the participants preferred to delegate decision making about their health to their physician, whereas they were willing to collaborate or play an active role in decision making about their career or money. Second, the competencies and leadership style preferred for the physician differed substantially from those desired for advisors in the other two domains: Participants expected physicians to show more transformational leadership—the style that is most effective in a wide range of environments—than those who provide advice about financial investments or career. Finally, participants’ willingness to share medical decision making with their physician was tied to how strongly they preferred that the physician shows an effective leadership style. In contrast, motivation to participate in decision making in the other domains was not related to preferences regarding advisors’ leadership style or competencies. Our results have implications for medical practice as they suggest that physicians are expected to have superior leadership skills compared to those who provide assistance in other important areas of life.
Was privatisation necessary and did it work? The case of South Africa
Authors: Pitcher Anne
Published: July 2012

‘Why structural adjustment is necessary and why it doesn't work’ published by Gavin Williams in ROAPE in 1994, highlighted the paradoxical nature of structural adjustment policies. Drawing on Williams's insights, this article examines the adoption and outcome of privatisation policies in South Africa from 1994 to 2010. The paper makes two claims that reinforce Williams's earlier arguments. First, privatisation was central to the effort by the post-apartheid government to secure a marriage between the state and capital through the expansion of black ownership. Yet, second, concerns over employment equity, preferential procurement, and unemployment forced the state to depend on parastatals after the turn of the century and in doing so, to abandon the privatisation of state assets. State-owned enterprises have now become an integral component of the state's developmental project in South Africa.

[Est-ce que la privatisation était nécessaire et a-elle fonctionné ? Le cas de l'Afrique du Sud]. « Pourquoi l'adaptation structurelle est-elle nécessaire et pourquoi cela ne fonctionne pass », publié par Gavin Williams dans ROAPE en 1994, souligna le caractère paradoxal des politiques d'ajustement structurel. S'appuyant sur les idées de Williams, cet article analyse l'adoption et les résultats des politiques de privatisation en Afrique du sud de 1994 à 2010. Le document émet deux demandes qui renforcent les arguments antérieurs de Williams. Tout d'abord, la privatisation était au centre de l'effort consenti par le gouvernement postapartheid afin de garantir un lien entre l'État et le capital grâce à l'extension de la propriété noire. Cependant, en second lieu, les préoccupations concernant l'équité sur l'emploi, les marchés préférentiels et le chômage obligèrent l'État à dépendre des sociétés paraétatiques à la fin du siècle et, ce faisant, de renoncer à la privatisation des actifs de l'État. Les entreprises d'État sont à présent devenues une partie intégrante du projet de développement de l'État en Afrique du Sud.

Mots-clés : le néolibéralisme ; la privatisation ; l'état de développement ; l'Afrique du Sud
Doctors can dance
Authors: Newell Anna , Kleiman Paul
Published: June 2012

Between 2008–2010 the School of Medicine at Queen's University Belfast funded and supported two unique and intensive three week interdisciplinary performance projects in which medical and drama students worked together to create an experimental dance theatre piece. One of the
unique aspects of this collaboration was that the medical students who participated in the project received the same credit as their peers taking a three-week clinical elective. This paper, which is not a conventional academic paper, is a reflection on that project, and is based on a keynote
address given by Anna Newell, the director of project, at the 8th Annual Galway Symposium on Higher Education in June 2010. The Symposium title was 'Creative Thinking: Re-imagining the University'. The sections in boxes are direct quotes from Anna Newell's address.
Creativity: does place matter?
Authors: Bradley Finbarr
Published: June 2012

This article argues that creativity has the greatest potential to flourish if a learning environment is embedded within a community that emphasises a deep sense of place. Yet in a globalised world, rootedness is often regarded as antithetical to creativity. But far from representing
dead artefacts that are anti-modern and non-economic, culture and tradition provide the ideal base for innovation. Ireland's creative potential will only be realised if its strong tradition of metaphor, storytelling and imagination is fostered. Education that emphasises the arts rooted in
place, provides the condition for an innovative self-reliant country, unique while cosmopolitan, well positioned to compete in a turbulent global economy.