bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Greek Accent
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter surveys the evidence for ancient Greek accentuation, beginning with the interest in accents shown by ancient authors preceding or standing outside the main grammatical tradition relating to accentuation. The ancient grammarians themselves provide the basis for most other sources of evidence, and are treated in particular detail (especially Herodian). The other sources surveyed are accent marks in papyri; fragments of ancient Greek music displaying correlations between word accents and musical melody; accentuation of medieval manuscripts; and the evidence for early medieval accentuation provided by prose rhythm and poetic metre.
Words with Suffix ‐ρο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the formation of words with -ro-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -ro- shows that the adjectives are overwhelmingly accented on the final syllable. The nouns are less consistent and predominantly recessive. A division into nouns attested in Homer, and those not attested until after Homer appears to suggest a chronological shift towards recessive accentuation in nouns. However, it is argued that this is a side-effect of other, non-chronological factors distinguishing the two sets of nouns. It is shown that word frequency and accentuation are related, but not linearly: words of medium frequency are more predominantly recessive than those of very high or very low frequency.
Summary and Further Consequences
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter draws together results and suggests that the accentual stability of very frequent words and of words containing frequent and synchronically recognized suffixes both result from the stability of lexical accents attaching to frequently occurring morphemes, whether lexical stems or suffixes. Further classes of Greek word are suggested (deverbative ā-stems; personal names) whose accentuation might have been influenced by the loss of analysis and the subsequent accentual regularization, and accentual phenomena in Latin and English are compared. Consequences for Indo-European, linguistic theory, and the understanding of accentual change are explored. A final section argues that the results do not prove the literal existence of synchronic phonological rules, but could also be expressed in terms of analogy-based morphological processing.
Basil's Reign in Modern and Medieval Historical Literature
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a summary of existing scholarship about Basil II. It argues that most interpretations reflect modern historians' reliance on the testimony of the mid 11th-century historian Michael Psellos. It demonstrates the importance of other sources for this period, including the historians John Skylitzes, Yahya ibn Sa'id, and Stephen of Taro. The significance of extant letters, military manuals, and poetry is outlined, as well as evidence provided by the sigillographical, numismatic, and archaeological records. The chapter also illustrates the unevenness of the supply of relevant source materials for the different decades of a long reign, and for the different regions of a vast empire. It is this unevenness of evidence that persuades against charting the history of the reign simply by stitching different sources together. Instead, it is argued that further progress will only be made following a much more profound analysis of the relevant Byzantine historiography.
Administration and Imperial Authority on the Eastern Frontier
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks behind the distorting mirror of the historiographical record of Basil II's reign. It focuses on the administration of the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier using the contemporary Arabic historiographical record (especially the history of Yahya ibn Sa'id), Byzantine sigilliographical evidence; and an important administrative record from the 970s, the Escorial Taktikon. In the case of military administration, the chapter concentrates on the office of doux; in the case of civil on that of kourator. It is argued that Byzantine administration in the east was not as rigid or as heavily militarized as sometimes thought. Instead, governance was typified by flexibility and a willingness to devolve practical power to local elites on both sides of the frontier. This was particularly true in the second half of the reign when Basil II's most loyal commander, Nikephoros Ouranos, played a particularly prominent role in frontier governance as doux of Antioch.
The Reign of Basil II: A Reconstruction
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a reconstruction of Basil's reign, beginning with the Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas revolts, and the fall of the Parakoimonenos Basil Lekapenos. Following a discussion of Basil's legislation of 996 against ‘The Powerful’, Byzantine relations with a variety of neighbouring powers are discussed. Whereas other modern historians have often seen the emperor's struggles with a separatist aristocracy as the key to understanding Basil's reign, the chapter argues that previous readings have relied too heavily on views of the late 11th-century Greek historiographical record, most notably John Skylitzes' Synopsis Historion. It suggests that once one looks beyond this later distorting historiographical mirror, one realizes that Basil's greatest struggle was to put himself in control of a vast empire, a complex polity, and an ambitious army. It concludes that Basil II was a brutal but great emperor who was not responsible for the failings of his imperial successors.
7 Nymphs and Gnomes
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses a miscellany of Indo-European deities and supernatural beings who, while not constituent elements of our terrestrial environment like the Waters or the Earth-goddess, inhabit some part of it. These include nymphs, elves, dwarfs, satyrs, and giants.
Non-Aligned Humour
Authors: Plaza Maria
Published: September 2007

This chapter on ‘non-aligned’ humour (so called because it is not tied to either object or subject) excludes the Stoic satires of Persius, but argues that for Horace and Juvenal, non-aligned humour is an important characteristic of their work, adding a dimension of merry openness. Through non-aligned humour, Horace’s and Juvenal’s satires again tease, and occasionally cheat the reader, as the ‘irrelevant’ jokes and irony sometimes try to win the reader’s sympathy, but sometimes turn against him; warmly delight in an alternative lifestyle, and then suddenly ridicule it; make cynically nihilistic statements alongside dully traditional ones, and generally destabilize the seriousness of the normative message on the surface. In Horace, the analysis focuses on his masterly balance of extremes. For Juvenal, the discussion centres on the monsters of his world, present even in the Golden Age.
Reading Chaucer in 1532
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the nature of Thynne’s 1532 edition of Chaucer. It argues, on the basis of the surviving accounts and some hitherto largely ignored poems by John Leland, that the editorial task may have been shared by Sir Brian Tuke. The careers, religious views, and social positions of the two men are discussed.
The Apotheosis of Sir Thomas Elyot
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the last of Elyot’s great works, The Image of Governance, a life of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus. It argues that far from being a straightforward life of an ideal emperor, The Image is actually a complex, bitter, and at times savagely satirical rumination on princely power and its perversions, probably prompted at least in part by the fall of Elyot’s patron and friend Thomas Cromwell. Many of the details highlighted in the text seem designed to comment upon contemporary events and Henry’s slide into tyranny in the course of the 1530s.
Wyatt's Embassy, Treason, and ‘The Defence’
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Wyatt’s embassy to the Imperial court of Charles V and his consequential arrest and interrogation by the Privy Council over allegations of treason. Wyatt’s impatience with his king’s unwillingness to accept his advice, his attempts to use unorthodox methods to infiltrate the counsels of Cardinal Reginald Pole, and his loose talk among his friends and compatriots, all laid him open to charges of disloyalty from jealous or suspicious rivals; charges which were addressed and powerfully rebutted in two prose texts which Wyatt drew up while he was in prison, known for convenience sake as The Declaration and The Defence. Read together, the two texts provide an unparalleled insight into the principles and anxieties motivating Wyatt at this crucial point in his life.
Writing Under Tyranny
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the poetic innovations introduced or imported into England by Wyatt and Surrey in their attempts to discover new ways of writing political verse under Henry VIII’s tyranny. It argues that royal oppression not only stifled the traditional forms of literary good counsel that had dominated literary culture for generations, but also prompted the development of newer forms of expression that would come to be seen as characteristic of the Renaissance spirit: individual subjectivity, interiority, a new secular Petrarchan lyric voice, and a variety of new stanzaic forms and metres.
Defending the Polis: Command
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the organization of military command in the Athenian polis. Topics covered include structure of command, hoplite general, regionalized generalship for the countryside, royal interference, Piraeus and Salamis under Macedonian leadership, and military command in Early Hellenistic Athens.
Saving the Polis: Civic Finances
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the civic finances of Athens, and in particular focuses on the contributions that individuals and especially Athenian citizens made within the institutions of the polis. The famous epidosis (subscription) of the archonship of Diomedon is analysed to illustrate the measured respect and dependence that existed between the community of Athenians and its benefactors among the citizen body and resident foreigners.
Greek Heroines and the Wrongs of Women
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the use of Greek heroines such as Medea, Antigone, and Alcestis, and historical figures like Xantippe and Aspasia, to explore feminist issues in the work of George Eliot, Eliza Lynn Linton, Augusta Webster, and Amy Levy. In translations, dramatic monologues and novels, ancient heroines could speak eloquently of the wrongs of women in a way which resonated with Victorian readers. Characters from the tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides, especially Medea, the vengeful victim whose motivation for killing her rival and her own children could be cast in terms of a rebellion against patriarchal society, and Alcestis, the wife who gives up her life for an ungrateful husband, allowed these writers to explore women's anger and violence in a safely distanced context.
Revising the Victorians
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses women writers in the early years of the 20th century, who had to learn the classical languages quickly in order to prove that they could compete with men in university examinations. Their responses to the classics are mediated by English literature, particularly novels by women. May Sinclair revises the plot of the Victorian girl who is prevented from studying by familial pressures. Dorothy L. Sayers and Vera Brittain studied Latin and Greek at Oxford for preliminary examinations; both comment on men's use of classical images to express scorn for women at Oxford. Sayers and Brittain draw on the epics of Homer and Virgil, and Aristotle's Poetics, to claim literary status for the popular forms in which they were writing, the detective story and the First World War memoir.
4 Foreign Investors and Corporate Governance in Japan
Authors: Ahmadjian Christina
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the impact of foreign institutional investors on various aspects of corporate governance and corporate restructuring. Alongside foreign direct investment (FDI) by foreign corporations, portfolio ownership by American and British mutual funds and pension funds has increased. Detailed interviews show how these foreign investors exert influence through the threat of exit and the cultivation of voice, thus exerting pressure for firms to improve corporate disclosure and engage with shareholders. A further analysis of the Japan Corporate Governance Index for 2003 for TSE 1st Section firms shows that firms with higher levels of foreign ownership are more likely to adopt Anglo-American style corporate governance reforms, such as equity-based performance measures, changes in the structure and function of the board, and communication with shareholders. Moreover, foreign ownership is also strongly linked to the likelihood of corporate downsizing in terms of employment or divestment.
Venture Capital and its Governance: The Emergence of Equity Financing Conduits in Japan
Authors: Hata Nobuyuki , Ando Haruhiko , Ishii Yoshiaki
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines corporate governance in the context of Japanese venture capital (VC) firms. VC represents a unique combination of network-based equity finance, expertise, and monitoring that differs greatly from traditional forms of industrial organization. Several institutional factors have limited the development of early stage VC investment in Japan, such as the bank-based financial system, keiretsu groups, and firm-internal labour markets. Thus, early VC funds were organized by banks and targeted only late-stage ventures. More recently, a new generation of VC has emerged in response to new IPO markets and new legislation regarding corporate spin-offs and restructuring. Younger entrepreneurs take different attitudes towards risk and the nature of the firm, reflected in greater willingness to disclose information and maintain their independence from established organizations. These developments have influenced older venture capitalists to take a more open, equity-oriented approach and suggest an optimistic view of the future potential of VC in Japan.
9 Corporate Finance and Human Resource Management in Japan
Authors: Abe Masahiro , Hoshi Takeo
Published: September 2007

Corporate governance can be defined as a system that constitutes an institution that constrains relations between corporate managers and various stakeholders, including shareholders, creditors, workers, suppliers, and customers. Under this broad definition, corporate governance is a system of various sub-systems that are complementary to one another. This chapter focuses on two sub-systems of Japanese corporate governance: corporate finance and human resource management. After briefly documenting the characteristics of the Japanese corporate governance in these two sub-systems, the chapter discusses how each sub-system has been going through substantial changes in recent years. Examining the data for fifty-eight listed companies, the evidence shows some degree of complementarity between the two sub-systems. The firms that have a non-traditional ownership structure (especially high with foreign ownership) seem to have more non-traditional human resource management practices.
11 The Turnaround of 1997: Changes in Japanese Corporate Law and Governance
Authors: Shishido Zenichi
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the impact on the scope of behaviour of top management of legal reforms in Japan since 1997. Demand-pull measures were promoted by business associations to facilitate the introduction of new market-oriented business practices, including removing prohibitions of share buybacks, introducing stock options, and share swaps and spin-offs to support corporate reorganization through M&A. Policy-push reforms were also initiated by the government in order to push change in existing corporate governance practices, such as changes to accounting rules. The epoch making 2002 amendment to the Company Law introduced an American-style board of directors, termed ‘board with committees’ as a second option alongside the traditional Japanese-style board with statutory auditors. By facilitating these new practices, Japanese corporate law has undergone a formal convergence with the US model. However, the diversity of actual choices among firms is argued to reflect continued functional divergence due to differences in the incentive patterns among corporate stakeholders. Thus, legal reform holds an ambiguous potential.
13 Insider Management and Board Reform: For Whose Benefit?
Authors: Ronald Dore
Published: September 2007

Given the traditional weakness of external control by outside directors, Japanese firms are well known for strong internal mechanisms of corporate governance. This chapter examines these mechanisms by distinguishing between the shareholder vs. stakeholder dimension of corporate governance, on one hand, and the issue of accountability as a common underlying factor of good corporate governance, on the other. Accountability in both shareholder and stakeholder-oriented systems of corporate governance can be achieved in different ways. Crucial to the Japanese system is the socialization and career paths of top managers that provide important motivational resources and place important checks on opportunistic behaviour. This analysis raises serious questions as to whether adopting US-style corporate governance practices will improve corporate accountability in Japan or whether recent changes are primarily about the distributional outcomes — the question of who gets what.
It Couldn't Happen Here? Public Policy, Regional Institutions, and Interfirm Collaboration in the United States
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization service to provide training to suppliers — is suggestive of the sorts of public-private institution building that can both enhance supplier performance and proactively encourage greater collaboration between OEMs and their suppliers. The structure and evolution of this policy experiment show that it is both possible and useful to leverage and strengthen existing partial collaboration between OEMs and suppliers through the construction of CME-style institutions premised on substantial business coordinating capacity.
5 Justice to Nature 1: Distributive Approaches
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an overview and critique of many existing distributional theories of ecological justice. After a discussion of some of the key difficulties identified by liberal theorists in applying the concept of justice to the natural world, the chapter examines a number of theories that attempt to expand liberal and distributional notions of justice to future generations of humans and to non-human nature.
6 ‘Nothing to do with Human Affairs?’: Alcibiades' Response to Socrates
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores a further issue that arises from Socrates' account of how our desire for happiness is best satisfied: to what extent is it a human life that he advocates? It argues that Alcibaides, who arrives late to Agathon's symposium, provides the answer to this question in the final speech of the dialogue. This speech explores Socrates' apparently hubristic disdain of the world of human affairs, but Alcibiades' ‘satyric drama’, as Socrates calls it, does not undermine the account of philosophical eros and virtue, as it is sometimes held. Although Alcibiades shows that ways in which philosophical eros is misunderstood — to much comic effect — he also shows that the philosopher is deeply engaged in the world of human affairs.
The Social Contours of Heresy Detection
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows how anti-heresy policy was implemented and the reactions to it in Leicester archdeaconry (Lincoln diocese) during the course of a single visitation in 1413 conducted by Philip Repingdon, Thomas Brouns, and David Pryce. The wandering preacher William Ederyk makes an appearance, and the Hoskin's village, Wigston Magna, is discussed in some detail.
3 Not Good for Anyone: Death in the Thought of Augustine of Hippo
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

In De civitate Dei book XIII, Augustine argues that bodily death is always a bad thing in itself. Careful consideration of the story of the fall from Eden shows it to be the very opposite of the Platonic fall myth. The Eden story sees the union of body and soul as natural and the separation as a punishment. The Platonic fall sees the separation of the soul as natural and the union with the body as a punishment. Augustine's approach to death is thus in sharp contrast to that of Ambrose.
Indonesian Business Groups: The Crisis in Progress
Authors: Hanani Alberto D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter on Indonesian business groups illustrates that the formation and fate of business groups were closely related to political connections. The Suharto government provided favors to close friends and families, who became owners of major business groups in the country. Other business groups run by ethnic Chinese also grew through close alliances with highly ranked government officials. Banks owned by business groups typically acted as ‘cashiers’ that provided credit to companies within the group. The financial crisis devastated the Indonesian economy. The restructuring of business groups deprived several founding families of their ownership in these groups. This chapter demonstrates that business groups that maintained close connections with the political regime that took power after Suharto survived and prospered. Others that lacked these generally failed.
1 How Electoral Systems Matter
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

An electoral system helps determine the number and size distribution of parties in a country, as well as cabinet duration. Electoral systems are expressed in electoral laws. Their impact depends on the way politicians and voters make use of these laws. Flawed electoral laws can lead to breakdown of democracy or to staleness.
2 The Origins and Components of Electoral Systems
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

When choosing an electoral system, the main tradeoff is between decisiveness of government and representation of minority views. With simple electoral systems, their average effect can be predicted. With complex electoral systems, the ability to predict their actual workings is lost. Refraining from changing electoral laws frequently allows an understanding to develop of how the electoral system works.
12 Size and Politics
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

The cube root law of assembly sizes applies to first or only chambers. It says that assembly size is approximately the cube root of the country's population, because this size minimizes the workload of a representative. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. Smaller countries have fewer registered parties but more party members per 1,000 population.
Biological Internalism
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the tradition of biological internalism — starting in the 19th century and consistent with and complementary to Darwin's revolution — as something that current biolinguistic inquiry in the Minimalist Program is an example of. Chomsky's much discussed stance on evolution is presented as an essentially non-controversial quest for greater depth in biological explanation — a project depends on the maximization of the explanatory power of factors in the genesis of language which are both non-genetic and not language-specific (‘third-factor’ conditions).
On Evidence
Authors: Smith Jeremy J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses a key problem in the study of sound-change, viz. the nature of the evidence. The notion of ‘witness’ is interrogated, and then the chapter deals with four sources of witnesses traditionally distinguished for the study of past states of the sound-system of a language: writing-systems, verse practices, contemporary writers on language, and reconstruction.
From Old to Middle English
Authors: Smith Jeremy J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of the strong evidential basis for the Old English-Middle English transition, and then proceeds to discuss the major quantitative sound-changes which characterize this transition: homorganic lengthening, shortening, and Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL).
From Middle to Early Modern English
Authors: Smith Jeremy J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses what is probably the most famous sound-change in the history of English: the Great Vowel Shift, which is one of the key developments distinguishing Early Modern English from Middle English. Two Shifts — a Northern and a Southern development — are discussed, and distinct explanations are offered for both.
1 Introduction
Authors: Richardson Kylie
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces some of the definitions of the terms ‘case’ and ‘aspect’, namely that there are up to five different types of case (structural, lexical, semantic, inherent, and default) posited in the literature and two different types of aspect (lexical and grammatical). This chapter also briefly outlines the main claims presented in Chapters 3, 4, and 5 of the book.
4 Case and Grammatical Aspect in East Slavic Depictives
Authors: Richardson Kylie
Published: September 2007

This chapter illustrates that the instrumental versus case agreement opposition in depictive constructions in the East Slavic languages is directly linked to a grammatical aspectual contrast, namely an instrumental case marked predicate signals that the eventuality described by the predicate is bounded in time, whereas a predicate with case agreement signals that the eventuality is unbounded.
5 Extensions of the Link between Case and Grammatical Aspect
Authors: Richardson Kylie
Published: September 2007

This chapter extends the link between grammatical aspect and the instrumental versus case agreement dichotomy on a predicate in the East Slavic languages to certain participle constructions in Russian and to copular constructions in the East Slavic languages in general. It also compares the syntax of copular constructions in Ukrainian with those in Belarusian, Russian, and Polish.
7 The Genesis of Homeric Poetry (a Brief Synthesis): The ‘Intemporizing’ Cataloguer
Authors: David A. P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a natural history or ‘just so’ story of how Homeric poetry came about in place of the fantasy of generations of extemporizing bards, and the crudity of metrical building blocks. A key is the notion of the ‘intemporizing’ cataloguer, a storyteller who expands a given catalogue of people or events by inserting chiastic, ring-shaped narrative digressions between the catalogue elements, as though expanding an accordion. Both epic and lyric exhibit a ‘choral unfolding of linear myth’. The relation of artists to folk traditions is speculated on, and inferences are drawn for Homer in relation to ancient epic.
Milton and the European Contexts of Toleration
Authors: Smith Nigel
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a framework for the other chapters in this volume by locating Milton in a broad tradition of intellectual freedom of belief associated with elite groups in Europe. From this tradition, Milton derived his understanding of religious toleration and persecution, of free will, Socinianism, and antitrinitarian theology. While challenging Whig accounts of Milton, this study orients the poet-polemicist's views on toleration in terms of cutting-edge thinkers on the Continent, particularly in Spain, the Netherlands, Poland, and France, as well as England. Fusing classical republicanism and advanced Protestantism, Milton's writing is dedicated towards inculcating freedom and belief as anti-idolatrous, anti-popish, and hence anti-enslaved activities; a perpetual source of renewal for a free state. At the same time, the message that liberty means some things are not to be tolerated is also everywhere evident in Milton's poetry and prose.
Milton, Marvell and Toleration
Authors: Maltzahn Nicholas von
Published: September 2007

John Milton and Andrew Marvell have been celebrated as apostles of religious toleration, long seen as a defining value of liberalism. In their own lifetimes, they won some praise for what they wrote on behalf of toleration, praise that was renewed after the Revolution of 1688/9 and often since. The applause for Milton has been longer and louder. Yet it is Marvell's take on toleration that proved more normal in liberal tradition, where contending faiths might agree to disagree, with religion increasingly construed as a private practice tolerable within a secular state. Milton, by contrast, sees toleration as committing us to some collective discovery of Christian saving truth, as he insists on engagement with competing views, in a positive liberty requiring dialogue between believers. Both represent a strain of Puritan free-thinking, however, that might lead as far as Socinianism.
Milton and Antitrinitarianism
Authors: Dzelzainis Martin
Published: September 2007

The aim of this chapter is to retrace as far as possible Milton's engagement with antitrinitarianism, working backwards from the end of his life — the period when we can be relatively certain about his Arianism. Under investigation as well is the matter of how wide a range of religious views Milton would come to embrace within reformed Christianity. An exploration of the author's intellectual engagements with reformist works reveals that Milton questioned orthodox belief in the Trinity in the mid-1640s rather than in the early 1650s. The chapter explores the outer limit of religious tolerance Milton embraces within reformed Christianity, and the political conditions that expose the dimensions of his intellectual engagement with antitrinitarianism. An earlier date for Milton's heretical, antitrinitarianism is posited on the basis of Milton's knowledge of religious controversies in Geneva and Poland.
Toleration in Milton's Epics: A Chimera?
Authors: Achinstein Sharon
Published: September 2007

The chapter explores how Milton's epic poems express a vision of tolerance that is critical of secularism. Though committed to a procedural principle of toleration, the imaginative visions of tolerance in Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained are limited in scope when compared with English and Continental contemporaries. Through literary and linguistic analysis, the chapter looks to Milton's various representations of topics relevant to toleration thinkers (e.g., community, the natural world, Satan, debate, freedom of conscience, the Divine), and judges Milton's epics to be interested in freedom of thought or tolerance not as goals in themselves, but as means to an ultimate end: belief and the triumph of the invisible church.
3 Placing Good Samaritan: Formation Practices
Authors: McClintock Fulkerson Mary
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the events that brought the community of Good Samaritan into being. Of particular interest are the formation practices, of which the opening story in this chapter is a significant example. Who did the community understand itself to be? What did it understand itself to be called to do? As activities of self-definition, formation practices create signs that can coalesce into a claimed identity. And since identity always undergoes renegotiation, there are no absolute boundaries between formation practices and those practices that sustain the community between the origin and dispersal of an identity.
8 A Theological Reading of Place
Authors: McClintock Fulkerson Mary
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the challenge that honoring worldliness presents for some traditional ways of thinking about theology. Topics covered include faith-place as challenge, place and theological anthropology, the grace of the place, and practical theology and the place.
Derived Categories of Coherent Sheaves
Authors: Huybrechts D.
Published: September 2007

The discussion of the previous chapter is applied to the derived category of the abelian category of coherent sheaves. The Serre functor is introduced, and particular spanning classes are constructed. The usual geometric functors, direct and inverse image, tensor product, and global sections, are derived and extended to functors between derived categories. The compatibilities between them are reviewed. The final section focuses on the Grothendieck-Verdier duality.
K3 Surfaces
Authors: Huybrechts D.
Published: September 2007

After abelian varieties, K3 surfaces are the second most interesting special class of varieties. These have a rich internal geometry and a highly interesting moduli theory. Paralleling the famous Torelli theorem, results from Mukai and Orlov show that two K3 surfaces have equivalent derived categories precisely when their cohomologies are isomorphic weighing two Hodge structures. Their techniques also give an almost complete description of the cohomological action of the group of autoequivalences of the derived category of a K3 surface. The basic definitions and fundamental facts from K3 surface theory are recalled. As moduli spaces of stable sheaves on K3 surfaces are crucial for the argument, a brief outline of their theory is presented.
Localist Case Grammar
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

A localist case grammar — based on the relations locative, source, and absolutive (neutral, which is neither of these), and derivatively goal — is fleshed out in this chapter. Agentive is a non-locative source, and an absolutive is, in addition, a goal if it is dependent on the same predicator as such a source. This framework, in which the role of an argument may involve more than one relation, is applied to the description of grammatical (or logical) cases and bifunctional cases. The accusative in Latin, for example, may be a locative or a non-locative goal. Various notions of ‘patienthood’ are shown to involve such combinations. Genitives and partitives are given a localist interpretation using the same relations, with partitives, for instance, interpreted as an adnominal source. This is illustrated from Finnish, and the subject-selection hierarchy is defined in terms of these relations.
Global value chains in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Probert Jocelyn
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at value chains in the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, which was, until recently, relatively isolated from global consolidation, value chain modularization, and indeed global markets. One reason was the institutional and regulatory environment — including governmental emphasis on safety over effectiveness — but corporate strategies also played a part, including a strong preference for organic growth and employment security. It is further noted that there was a limited contribution from university-based research activity, especially in biotechnology. But this industry is now in the throes of rapid change. The prospect is offered that leading pharmaceutical companies may well respond to their challenges while retaining cherished traditions through the pursuit of global niche strategies.
Software's hidden challenges1
Authors: Cole Robert E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines another key ICT industry — packaged software — of which Japan is a huge net importer. In what goes to the heart of the modularization issue, it is shown that the large electronics firms were reluctant to unbundle hardware and software, and insisted on maintaining proprietary systems; indeed, free software was (is) frequently used to boost hardware sales. Spinning out software divisions into group companies led to the maintenance of this orientation, rather than the creation of independent software firms focused on innovation. In a so-called ‘curse of genba shugi’, it is argued that the shopfloor focus of Japanese manufacturing firms, despite its many positive contributions to productivity and quality, creates enormous pressures for customization, which adds heavy costs and forecloses benefits of standardization and corporate wide optimization that would come from the use of packaged software.
Rethinking innovation1
Authors: Yamaguchi Eiichi
Published: September 2007

This chapter amplifies a number of the preceding themes and provides new insights in his case study of the blue LED invention. Distinguishing between ‘paradigm-disruptive’ innovation and ‘performance-disruptive’ innovation, it is argued that large firms face difficult problems with both, but especially the former (because of their ‘competency-enhancing’ innovation bias as well as growing bureaucracy, and more recently, restructuring). Using the blue LED case, it is argued that there is a greater chance of top managers following a hunch or creating a ‘field of resonance’ with their scientists in smaller companies. The implication of this study is a call for hastening the shift to a more open innovation system in Japan, with a greater role for startups and networks of innovative small firms.
Hitachi's nascent ‘new production(ist)’ system
Authors: Whittaker D. H.
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a case study of Hitachi's response to its first postwar loss in 1998, in the face of growing competitive challenges, and ‘large firm malaise’. It began with HRM reforms and an attempt to reshape employment relations, as well as organization and governance reforms. From 2001, MOT concepts were progressively introduced, through exploratory, strategic, and systemic stages. These attempted to combine technologies with new business models to develop areas of technology focus and develop management systems to mobilize more effectively and integrate group and external resources. The resulting blend of continuity and change is called a ‘new production(ist) system’.
A Specific and Sensitive Method for the Detection of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Dry Bean Tissue
Authors: Chen Yong-Yan , Conner R. L. , Gillard C. L. , Boland G. J. , Babcock C. , Chang Kan-Fa , Hwang S. F. , Balasubramanian P. M.
Published: September 2007

To facilitate early diagnosis and improve control of bean anthracnose, a rapid, specific, and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to detect the causal agent, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed. Based on sequence data of the rDNA region consisting of the 5.8S gene and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 of four C. lindemuthianum races and 17 Colletotrichum species downloaded from GenBank, five forward primers were designed and evaluated for their specificity. Among them, one forward primer was selected for use in combination with ITS4 to specifically detect C. lindemuthianum. A 461-bp specific band was amplified from the genomic DNA template of 16 representative isolates of C. lindemuthianum, but not from 58 representative isolates of 17 other Colletotrichum species or 10 bean pathogens. Moreover, to enhance the sensitivity of detection, nested PCR was applied, which allowed the detection of as little as 10 fg of C. lindemuthianum genomic DNA and 1% infected seed powder, which was mixed with 99% healthy seed powder. The diagnostic analysis can be completed within 24 h, compared with about 2 weeks required for culturing. Furthermore, this method can be performed and interpreted by personnel with no specialized taxonomic expertise.
First Report of Phytophthora ramorum on Ornamental Plants in France
Authors: Husson C. , Delatour C. , Frey P. , Marçais B. , Saurat C. , Schenck N.
Published: September 2007

In April 2002, Phytophthora ramorum was associated with twig blight and brown spots on Rhododendron spp. leaves from a nursery in France. The isolate was identified by its morphological characters on V8 agar: slow growth, deciduous and semipapillate sporangia, and abundant production of large chlamydospores (3). The identification was confirmed by ITS rDNA sequencing. During 2002, P. ramorum was also isolated from diseased Viburnum tinus and V. × bodnantense plants exhibiting symptoms of wilting and stem base discoloration. Subsequently, repeated surveys for P. ramorum were carried out in nurseries and areas surrounding nurseries throughout France. Since 2004, a large range of known hosts were investigated in approximately 2,000 nurseries and 200 other sites each year. P. ramorum was detected exclusively in nurseries at 29 locations in 2002, 9 in 2003, 23 in 2004, 17 in 2005, and 19 in 2006. Rhododendron spp. and occasionally V. tinus were the major hosts. In addition, the pathogen was detected for the first time on Pieris japonica in two nurseries in 2005 and on Camellia sp. in one nursery in 2006 from plants exhibiting leaf and twig blight. In both cases, P. ramorum had already been detected on Rhododendron spp. in the same nurseries. Most of the infected plants were found in northwestern France (Bretagne and Pays-de-la-Loire), or came from this region, which is the main rhododendron-growing area in France. In some cases, plants were imported from Belgium or the Netherlands. P. ramorum was also detected in a nursery in soil close to diseased Rhododendron spp. plants and pond water used for irrigation by using a combination of baiting with Rhododendron spp. leaves and PCR assay with species-specific primers (1). Overall, approximately 1% of the investigated nurseries were found positive each year, and this ratio was quite stable from 2004 to 2006. To date, P. ramorum has not been detected outside of nurseries, although many surveys were conducted on the west coast of France where the risk is considered to be high because of a favorable mild and humid climate and the presence of suitable hosts. In addition, 78 isolates of P. ramorum collected between 2002 and 2004 on Rhododendron spp. and V. tinus were found to be of A1 mating type based on pairings with P. cryptogea A1 and A2 mating types (2).

References: (1) K. J. Hayden et al. Phytopathology 94:1075, 2004. (2) S. Werres and B. Zielke J. Plant Dis. Prot. 110:129, 2003. (3) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.
First Report of Race 3 of Bipolaris zeicola on Corn in China
Authors: Zhang R. , Wang Q. , Sun G. Y. , Mao Q. , Gleason M. L.
Published: September 2007

In Meixian County of Shaanxi Province, China, during the summer of 2002, mature corn plants in a field plot showed severe leaf spot symptoms. The lesions were narrow (3.5 to 18 mm long and 0.4 to 1.5 mm wide), grayish tan, and surrounded by a light- to dark-pigmented border. Leaves wilted when lesions coalesced. From 2002 to 2005, the disease was observed in other Shaanxi Province counties, including Yangling, Wugong, Qianxian, Longxian, and Qianyang, although in most cases, symptom development was less severe than it was in Meixian. Seven isolates from four counties were obtained by isolation from host tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA), followed by single-spore culturing and incubation on PDA at 25°C in the dark for 7 days. Conidial suspensions were prepared from a single-spored culture on PDA plates. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying five corn seedlings (cv. Yuyu 22) at the three- to four-leaf stage in separate 10-cm-diameter pots with 10 ml of a conidial suspension (106 spores per ml) per plant. Each of three isolates was used in separate inoculations that were performed in different weeks. Controls were sprayed with sterile distilled water only. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h and incubated at 23 to 25°C in a chamber. One week after inoculation, leaves on all inoculated plants developed characteristic lesions, whereas untreated controls had no symptoms. The pathogen was reisolated from diseased leaves on PDA after surface sterilization with 2% NaOCl. On PDA, proliferation of conidia usually occurred on all sides of the conidiophore. Conidiophores were cylindrical, simple, smooth, septate, and straight to flexuous. Conidia were 49 to 89 μm long and 11 to 17 μm wide, with 3 to 10 distosepta, straight or moderately curved, dark or olivaceous brown, and the cells on the ends sometimes appeared paler than those in the middle. These characteristics match those of Bipolaris zeicola (Stout) Shoemaker. On the basis of the arbitrary primers selected by Jones et al. (1), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for species and physiological race determination. A single DNA fragment approximately 1.2 kb, which is characteristic of B. zeicola, was amplified from all seven isolates with arbitrary primer A20 (5′CTTGGATTC3′). Analysis of PCR products obtained with arbitrary primer A03 (5′AGTCAGCCAC3′) showed that all seven isolates lacked 2,700- and 2,300-base bands, and therefore, sorted into B. zeicola race 3. On the basis of pathogenicity, morphology, and RAPD band patterns of primer A20, the fungus was confirmed as B. zeicola. The shape of leaf lesions and RAPD band patterns using primer A03 showed further that the pathogen was race 3 of B. zeicola. Bai et al. (2) reported race 1 and race 2 of B. zeicola in China, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of race 3 in China.

References: (1) M. J. Jones and L. D. Dunkle. Phytopathology 83:366, 1993. (2) J. K. Bai et al. Acta Phytopathol. Sin. 12:61, 1982.
First Report of Streptocarpus flower break virus in Streptocarpus in the United States
Authors: Pappu H. R. , Druffel K. B.
Published: September 2007

Streptocarpus flower break virus (SFBV) belongs to the genus Tobamovirus and was described from naturally infected streptocarpus plants in 1995 (2). The complete genomic sequence was recently reported (1). Prominent symptoms include flower breaking while foliar symptoms are often lacking. In March 2007, four streptocarpus plants (cv. Indigo Dream) from San Diego County, CA were tested for the presence of SFBV by ELISA and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Symptoms suggestive of a virus infection were not present on these mother plants at the time of sampling. ELISA with SFBV-specific antiserum showed that all samples were infected with SFBV. The ELISA results were verified by RT-PCR followed by cloning and sequencing. Two sets of primer pairs were used in separate RT-PCR tests. One was a degenerate tobamovirus group-specific primer pair and the second primer pair was specific to SFBV (1). The tobamovirus group-specific primer pair consisted of Tob Uni1, 5′-ATT TAA GTG GAG GGA AAA CCA CT-3′ and Tob Uni2, 5′-GTY GTT GAT GAG TTC GTG GA-3′. The SFBV-specific primers were SFBVcpF: 5′-AAA ATG TCG TAC GTG GTG GT and SFBVcpR: 5′-ACC CAC AGA ACT TCC TTC AA-3′ (1). PCR amplicons of the expected size (686 bp for the tobamovirus group-specific primer pair and 562 bp for the SFBV-specific primer pair) were obtained for each primer pair. The positive PCR test using the SFBV-specific primer pair confirmed the presence of SFBV. To further verify the identity of the virus, the amplicons obtained with each primer pair were separately cloned and sequenced. At least two clones for each amplicon were sequenced in both directions. Sequence comparisons with those available in GenBank showed 98% sequence identity with the corresponding genomic region (GenBank Accession No. NC_008365) of SFBV (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SFBV in the United States and it highlights the need for testing for this virus to ensure propagation and distribution of virus-free material.

References: (1) C. Heinze et al. Arch. Virol. 151:763, 2006. (2) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 101:311, 1995.