bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenomenology of CP-even ALP
Authors: Sakurai Kodai , Yin Wen
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Axion or axion-like particle (ALP) has been usually considered as a CP-odd Nambu-Goldstone boson (NGB) from the spontaneous breakdown of a global U(1) symmetry. In this paper, we point out that the NGB behaves as a CP-even particle coupled to the SM particles in a large class of simple (or perhaps the simplest) renormalizable models. We provide a first study of the collider phenomenology and cosmology of the CP-even ALP. In a natural parameter region, the CP-even ALP can be produced from the Higgs boson decay in colliders. When the mass is not very light, the signals will be Higgs exotic decays, Higgs decay to displaced vertex ×2, Higgs decay to displaced vertex + missing energy. The signal can be discriminated from other models, e.g. hidden photon, by measuring the decay length and the decay products of the light new particle. In addition, when ma ≲ MeV, in which case the Higgs boson invisible decay may be probed in the colliders, the CP-even ALP is a nice Dark matter (DM) candidate. The DM can be probed by 21cm line measurement, the future measurement of the Milky way mass halo function in the Vera Rubin Observatory, as well as X- or γ-ray observations. The DM production mechanisms are discussed.
Gauging discrete symmetries of TN-theories in five dimensions
Authors: Acharya Bobby , Lambert Neil , Najjar Marwan , Svanes Eirik Eik , Tian Jiahua
Published: April 2022

Abstract

We study the gauging of a discrete ℤ3symmetry in the five-dimensional superconformalTNtheories. We argue that this leads to an infinite sequence of five-dimensional superconformal theories with eitherE6×SU(N) or SU(3)×SU(N) global symmetry group. In theM-theory realisation ofTNtheories as residing at the origin in the Calabi-Yau orbifolds$$ \frac{{\mathbb{C}}^3}{{\mathbb{Z}}_N\times {\mathbb{Z}}_N} $$ℂ3ℤN×ℤNwe identify the ℤ3symmetry geometrically and the new theories arise fromM-theory on the non-Abelian orbifolds$$ \left(\frac{{\mathbb{C}}^3}{{\mathbb{Z}}_N\times {\mathbb{Z}}_N}\right)/{\mathbb{Z}}_3 $$ℂ3ℤN×ℤN/ℤ3. On the other hand, in the (p, q) 5-brane web description in Type IIB theory, the symmetry combines theU-duality symmetry with a rotation in space, defining a so-calledU-fold background, where theE6symmetry is manifest.
Lepto-axiogenesis in minimal SUSY KSVZ model
Authors: Kawamura Junichiro , Raby Stuart
Published: April 2022

Abstract

We study the lepto-axiogenesis scenario in the minimal supersymmetric KSVZ axion model. Only one Peccei-Quinn (PQ) field and vector-like fields are introduced besides the MSSM with the type-I see-saw mechanism. The PQ field is stabilized by the radiative correction induced by the Yukawa couplings with the vector-like fields introduced in the KSVZ model. We develop a way to follow the dynamics of the PQ field, in particular we found a semi-analytical solution which describes the rotational motion under the log-arithmic potential with including the thermalization effect via the gluon scattering which preserves the PQ symmetry. Based on the solution, we studied the baryon asymmetry, the effective number of neutrino, and the dark matter density composed of the axion and the neutralino. We found that the baryon asymmetry is successfully explained when the mass of PQ field is $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(106 GeV) ($$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(105 GeV)) with the power of the PQ breaking term being 10 (8).
Quantum Concentration Inequalities
Authors: De Palma Giacomo , Rouzé Cambyse
Published: April 2022

We establish Transportation Cost Inequalities (TCIs) with respect to the quantum Wasserstein distance by introducing quantum extensions of well-known classical methods: First, we generalize the Dobrushin uniqueness condition to prove that Gibbs states of 1D commuting Hamiltonians satisfy a TCI at any positive temperature and provide conditions under which this first result can be extended to non-commuting Hamiltonians. Next, using a non-commutative version of Ollivier’s coarse Ricci curvature, we prove that high temperature Gibbs states of commuting Hamiltonians on arbitrary hypergraphs $$H=(V,E)$$

H
=
(
V
,
E
)

satisfy a TCI with constant scaling as O(|V|). Third, we argue that the temperature range for which the TCI holds can be enlarged by relating it to recently established modified logarithmic Sobolev inequalities. Fourth, we prove that the inequality still holds for fixed points of arbitrary reversible local quantum Markov semigroups on regular lattices, albeit with slightly worsened constants, under a seemingly weaker condition of local indistinguishability of the fixed points. Finally, we use our framework to prove Gaussian concentration bounds for the distribution of eigenvalues of quasi-local observables and argue the usefulness of the TCI in proving the equivalence of the canonical and microcanonical ensembles and an exponential improvement over the weak Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis.
Image-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy for rectal cancer: technical note and first clinical experience on an organ-preserving approach
Authors: Fleischmann Maximilian , Diefenhardt Markus , Trommel Martin , Scherf Christian , Ramm Ulla , Chatzikonstantinou Georgios , Fokas Emmanouil , Rödel Claus , Tselis Nikolaos
Published: April 2022

Purpose

As the population ages, the incidence of rectal cancer among elderly patients is rising. Due to the risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality, alternative nonoperative treatment options have been explored in elderly and frail patients who are clinically inoperable or refuse surgery.

Methods

Here we present technical considerations and first clinical experience after treating a cohort of six rectal cancer patients (T1‑3, N0‑1, M0; UICC stage I-IIIB) with definitive external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) followed by image-guided, endorectal high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT). Patients were treated with 10–13 × 3 Gy EBRT followed by HDR-BT delivering 12–18 Gy in two or three fractions. Tumor response was evaluated using endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis.

Results

Median age was 84 years. All patients completed EBRT and HDR-BT without any high-grade toxicity (> grade 2). One patient experienced rectal bleeding (grade 2) after 10 weeks. Four patients (67%) demonstrated clinical complete response (cCR) or near cCR, there was one partial response, and one residual tumor and hepatic metastasis 8 weeks after HDR-BT. The median follow-up time for all six patients is 42 weeks (range 8–60 weeks). Sustained cCR without evidence of local regrowth has been achieved in all four patients with initial (n)cCR to date.

Conclusion

Primary EBRT combined with HDR-BT is feasible and well tolerated with promising response rates in elderly and frail rectal cancer patients. The concept could be an integral part of a highly individualized and selective nonoperative treatment offered to patients who are not suitable for or refuse surgery.
Exploring the roles of trust and social group preference on the legitimacy of algorithmic decision-making vs. human decision-making for allocating COVID-19 vaccinations
Authors: Lünich Marco , Kieslich Kimon
Published: April 2022

In combating the ongoing global health threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, decision-makers have to take actions based on a multitude of relevant health data with severe potential consequences for the affected patients. Because of their presumed advantages in handling and analyzing vast amounts of data, computer systems of algorithmic decision-making (ADM) are implemented and substitute humans in decision-making processes. In this study, we focus on a specific application of ADM in contrast to human decision-making (HDM), namely the allocation of COVID-19 vaccines to the public. In particular, we elaborate on the role of trust and social group preference on the legitimacy of vaccine allocation. We conducted a survey with a 2 × 2 randomized factorial design among n = 1602 German respondents, in which we utilized distinct decision-making agents (HDM vs. ADM) and prioritization of a specific social group (teachers vs. prisoners) as design factors. Our findings show that general trust in ADM systems and preference for vaccination of a specific social group influence the legitimacy of vaccine allocation. However, contrary to our expectations, trust in the agent making the decision did not moderate the link between social group preference and legitimacy. Moreover, the effect was also not moderated by the type of decision-maker (human vs. algorithm). We conclude that trustworthy ADM systems must not necessarily lead to the legitimacy of ADM systems.
Renal hypoxia–HIF–PHD–EPO signaling in transition metal nephrotoxicity: friend or foe?
Authors: Thévenod Frank , Schreiber Timm , Lee Wing-Kee
Published: April 2022

The kidney is the main organ that senses changes in systemic oxygen tension, but it is also the key detoxification, transit and excretion site of transition metals (TMs). Pivotal to oxygen sensing are prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs), which hydroxylate specific residues in hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), key transcription factors that orchestrate responses to hypoxia, such as induction of erythropoietin (EPO). The essential TM ion Fe is a key component and regulator of the hypoxia–PHD–HIF–EPO (HPHE) signaling axis, which governs erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, anaerobic metabolism, adaptation, survival and proliferation, and hence cell and body homeostasis. However, inadequate concentrations of essential TMs or entry of non-essential TMs in organisms cause toxicity and disrupt health. Non-essential TMs are toxic because they enter cells and displace essential TMs by ionic and molecular mimicry, e. g. in metalloproteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HPHE interactions with TMs (Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Pt) as well as their implications in renal physiology, pathophysiology and toxicology. Some TMs, such as Fe and Co, may activate renal HPHE signaling, which may be beneficial under some circumstances, for example, by mitigating renal injuries from other causes, but may also promote pathologies, such as renal cancer development and metastasis. Yet some other TMs appear to disrupt renal HPHE signaling, contributing to the complex picture of TM (nephro-)toxicity. Strikingly, despite a wealth of literature on the topic, current knowledge lacks a deeper molecular understanding of TM interaction with HPHE signaling, in particular in the kidney. This precludes rationale preventive and therapeutic approaches to TM nephrotoxicity, although recently activators of HPHE signaling have become available for therapy.
Mirabegron attenuates porcine ureteral contractility via α1-adrenoceptor antagonism
Authors: Lim Iris , Chess-Williams Russ
Published: April 2022

The β3-agonist mirabegron is thought to induce relaxation of the detrusor muscle, contributing to the improvement of overactive bladder symptoms. There has been recent interest in purposing mirabegron as a medical expulsive therapy drug to improve the passage of smaller kidney stones by relaxing the ureteral smooth muscles. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mirabegron on the activity of the ureter. Additionally, we investigated the receptor and mechanisms through which mirabegron exerts these effects. In vitro agonist-induced responses of isolated porcine distal ureteral tissues were measured in the absence and presence of mirabegron in organ bath experiments. The responses were expressed as frequency, area under the curve and maximum amplitude. Mirabegron at concentrations of 100 nM and lower failed to suppress phenylephrine- or 5-HT-induced contractions in the porcine ureteral strip. Mirabegron at 1 μM and 10 μM produced a rightward shift of phenylephrine concentration–response curves in these tissues. This effect of mirabegron (10 μM) was not present in 5-HT concentration–response curves. The mirabegron effect on phenylephrine-induced contractions was also not abolished by β-adrenoceptor antagonist SR 59230A (10 μM), β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (10 μM), α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (30 nM), and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NNA (10 μM). The present results show that mirabegron suppresses ureteral contractile responses in the porcine ureter via α1-adrenoceptor antagonism, since their effects were not present when the tissues were contracted with 5-HT. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects by mirabegron were not affected by β3-adrenoceptor antagonists.
Antarctic Porifera homogenates as a source of enzymes and antibacterial substances: first results
Authors: Caruso Gabriella , Papale Maria , Azzaro Maurizio , Rizzo Carmen , Laganà Pasqualina , Caruso Rosalba , Lo Giudice Angelina
Published: April 2022

Marine Porifera (sponges) are known to produce several bioactive metabolites having a biotechnological potential, mostly derived from their bacterial symbionts; however, current knowledge on the production of metabolites such as enzymes and antibacterial molecules in sponges living in Antarctic environments is not fully exhaustive and needs further deepened investigation. The interest in discovering the broad spectrum of natural products potentially derived from species adapted to colonize extreme environments stimulates the research toward Antarctic sponge bioprospection. In this study, whole homogenates of Antarctic Demospongiae, belonging to five different species [Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) dancoi, Microxina sarai, Dendrilla antarctica, and Mycale acerata] were collected from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) and examined for presence and activity of enzymes, including lysozyme, and antibacterial substances. Enzyme activities (leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase) were measured using fluorogenic substrates; lysozyme content was determined on plates containing lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls as a substrate. Homogenates were screened in microtiter plates for their antibacterial activity against Antarctic bacterial isolates, and the absorbance reduction was measured with a microplate reader. All homogenates exhibited proteolytic, glycolytic, and phosphatasic activities, lysozyme and antibacterial activities at near “in situ” temperature (5 °C), with some differences among the examined species. Results confirmed that Antarctic sponge homogenates are interesting sources of different bioactive substances, likely produced from associated bacterial symbionts, and that could have great potential to be used in medicine or industrial applications.
Associations of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acids with incidence of stroke and stroke types in adult Chinese: a prospective study of over 8000 individuals
Authors: Sun Liang , Du Huaidong , Zong Geng , Guo Yu , Chen Yan , Chen Yiping , Yin Huiyong , Pei Pei , Yang Ling , Chu Qianqian , Yu Canqing , Li Yixue , Lv Jun , Zheng He , Zhou Puchen , Chen Junshi , Li Liming , Chen Zhengming , Lin Xu ,   the China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Published: April 2022

Purpose

There is limited and inconsistent evidence about the relationships of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with stroke and stroke types, particularly in China where the stroke rates are high. We aimed to investigate the associations of different erythrocyte PUFAs with incidence of total stroke, ischemic stroke (IS), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Chinese adults.

Methods

In the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank, erythrocyte PUFAs were measured using gas chromatography in 10,563 participants who attended 2013–14 resurvey. After a mean follow-up of 3.8 years, 412 incident stroke cases (342 IS, 53 ICH) were recorded among 8,159 participants without prior vascular diseases or diabetes. Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for stroke associated with 13 PUFAs.

Results

Overall, the mean body mass index was 24.0 (3.4) kg/m2 and the mean age was 58.1 (9.9) years. In multivariable analyses, 18:2n–6 was positively associated with ICH (HR = 2.33 [95% CIs 1.41, 3.82] for top versus bottom quintile, Ptrend = 0.007), but inversely associated with IS (0.69 [0.53,0.90], Ptrend = 0.027), while 20:3n-6 was positively associated with risk of IS (1.64 [1.32,2.04], Ptrend < 0.001), but not with ICH. Inverted-U shape curve associations were observed of 20:5n–3 with IS (Pnonlinear = 0.002) and total stroke (Pnonlinear = 0.008), with a threshold at 0.70%. After further adjustment for conventional CVD risk factors and dietary factors, these associations remained similar.

Conclusion

Among relatively lean Chinese adults, erythrocyte PUFAs 18:2n–6, 20:3n–6 and 20:5n–3 showed different associations with risks of IS and ICH. These results would improve the understanding of stroke etiology.
A deep learning based system for handwashing procedure evaluation
Authors: Greco Antonio , Percannella Gennaro , Ritrovato Pierluigi , Saggese Alessia , Vento Mario
Published: April 2022

Hand washing preparation can be considered as one of the main strategies for reducing the risk of surgical site contamination and thus the infections risks. Within this context, in this paper we propose an embedded system able to automatically analyze, in real-time, the sequence of images acquired by a depth camera to evaluate the quality of the handwashing procedure. In particular, the designed system runs on an NVIDIA Jetson Nano$$^{{\mathrm{TM}}}$$

TM

computing platform. We adopt a convolutional neural network, followed by a majority voting scheme, to classify the movement of the worker according to one of the ten gestures defined by the World Health Organization. To test the proposed system, we collect a dataset built by 74 different video sequences. The results achieved on this dataset confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The transferability and validity of a population-level simulation model for the economic evaluation of interventions in diabetes: the MICADO model
Authors: Emamipour Sajad , Pagano Eva , Di Cuonzo Daniela , Konings Stefan R. A. , van der Heijden Amber A. , Elders Petra , Beulens Joline W. J. , Leal Jose , Feenstra Talitha L.
Published: April 2022

Aims

Valid health economic models are essential to inform the adoption and reimbursement of therapies for diabetes mellitus. Often existing health economic models are applied in other countries and settings than those where they were developed. This practice requires assessing the transferability of a model developed from one setting to another. We evaluate the transferability of the MICADO model, developed for the Dutch 2007 setting, in two different settings using a range of adjustment steps. MICADO predicts micro- and macrovascular events at the population level.

Methods

MICADO simulation results were compared to observed events in an Italian 2000–2015 cohort (Casale Monferrato Survey [CMS]) and in a Dutch 2008–2019 (Hoorn Diabetes Care Center [DCS]) cohort after adjusting the demographic characteristics. Additional adjustments were performed to: (1) risk factors prevalence at baseline, (2) prevalence of complications, and (3) all-cause mortality risks by age and sex. Model validity was assessed by mean average percentage error (MAPE) of cumulative incidences over 10 years of follow-up, where lower values mean better accuracy.

Results

For mortality, MAPE was lower for CMS compared to DCS (0.38 vs. 0.70 following demographic adjustment) and adjustment step 3 improved it to 0.20 in CMS, whereas step 2 showed best results in DCS (0.65). MAPE for heart failure and stroke in DCS were 0.11 and 0.22, respectively, while for CMS was 0.42 and 0.41.

Conclusions

The transferability of the MICADO model varied by event and per cohort. Additional adjustments improved prediction of events for MICADO. To ensure a valid model in a new setting it is imperative to assess the impact of adjustments in terms of model accuracy, even when this involves the same country, but a new time period.
Management of severe intraoperative hemorrhage during intraventricular neuroendoscopic procedures: the dry field technique
Authors: Oertel Joachim , Linsler Stefan , Strohm Lea , Senger Sebastian
Published: April 2022

Objective

Neuroendoscopic procedures inside the ventricular system always bear the risk for an unexpected intraoperative hemorrhage with potentially devastating consequences. The authors present here their experience, and a stage-to-stage guide for the endoscopic management of intraoperative hemorrhages.

Methods

A step-by-step guide for the management to gain control of and stop the bleeding is described including a grading system. More advanced techniques are presented in cases examples.

Conclusion

Most of intraoperative hemorrhages can be controlled by constant irrigation and coagulation. More advanced techniques can be applied quickly and easily to ensure control of the hemorrhages and avoid the need for a microsurgical conversion.
The use of quantitative pupillometry in patients with pituitary tumors: a technical note
Authors: Lenga Pavlina , Jakobs Martin , Jesser Jessica , Trong Philip Dao , Unterberg Andreas W. , Beynon Christopher
Published: April 2022

Background

Pituitary tumors may cause compression of the optic chiasm, resulting in decreased visual acuity. Therefore, decompression of the optic chiasm is a major goal of surgical treatment in such patients. Quantitative pupillometry has been used in various clinical settings for assessing the optic system but has not been applied in patients with pituitary tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of this technique to improve treatment modalities in patients undergoing surgical resection of pituitary tumors.

Method

Pupillometry using the automated NPi 200® Pupillometer was performed in seven patients who underwent surgical resection of large pituitary tumors at the University of Heidelberg in 2018. The neurological pupil index (NPi) was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively, and correlations with visual acuity and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings regarding optic chiasm compression were determined.

Results

All patients experienced visual disturbance due to a large pituitary tumor. The NPi was < 4.0 in all patients in at least one pupil. Intraoperative MRI demonstrated successful decompression of the optic chiasm in all cases. Postoperatively, the NPi values increased, and this increase was correlated with improved visual acuity.

Conclusions

We found that quantitative pupillometry can detect optic chiasm compression in patients with pituitary tumors. Furthermore, postoperative improvement of NPi values may indicate sufficient decompression of the optic chiasm. Further studies are warranted to substantiate the granularity of this technique to gain valuable information for patients with pituitary tumors who are indicated for surgery.
Formal verification of OIL component specifications using mCRL2
Authors: Bunte Olav , van Gool Louis C. M. , Willemse Tim A. C.
Published: April 2022

To aid in making software bug-free, several high-tech companies are moving from coding to modelling. In some cases model checking techniques are explored or have already been adopted to get more value from these models. This also holds for Canon Production Printing, where the language OIL was developed for modelling control-software components. In this paper, we present OIL and give its semantics. We define a translation from OIL to mCRL2 to enable the use of model checking techniques. Moreover, we discuss validity requirements on OIL component specifications and show how these can be formalised and verified using model checking. To test the feasibility of these techniques, we apply them to two models of systems used in production.
Anion Exchange Capacity Explains Deep Soil Nitrate Accumulation in Brazilian Amazon Croplands
Authors: Huddell Alexandra , Neill Christopher , Palm Cheryl A. , Nunes Darlisson , Menge Duncan N. L.
Published: April 2022

Deep tropical soils with net anion exchange capacity can adsorb nitrate and might delay the eutrophication of surface waters that is often associated with many temperate croplands. We investigated anion exchange capacity and soil nitrate pools in deep soils in the Southern Brazilian Amazon, where conversion of tropical forest and Cerrado to intensive fertilized soybean and soybean-maize cropping expanded rapidly in the 2000s. We found that mean soil nitrate pools in the top 8 m increased from 143 kg N ha−1in forest to 1,052 in soybean and 1,161 kg N ha−1in soybean-maize croplands. This nitrate accumulation in croplands aligned with the estimated N surpluses in the croplands. Soil anion exchange capacity explained the magnitude of nitrate accumulation. High nitrate retention in soils was consistent with current low levels of streamwater nitrate exported from croplands. Soil exchange sites were far from saturation, which suggests that nitrate accumulation can continue for longer under current cropping practices, although mechanisms such as competition with other anions and preferential water flowpaths that bypass exchange sites could reduce the time to saturation.
Advanced Passive Thermal Control Materials and Devices for Spacecraft: A Review
Authors: Tachikawa Sumitaka , Nagano Hosei , Ohnishi Akira , Nagasaka Yuji
Published: April 2022

In recent planetary exploration space missions, spacecraft are exposed to severe thermal environments that are sometimes more extreme than those experienced in earth orbits. The development of advanced thermal control materials and devices together with reliable and accurate measurements of their thermophysical properties are needed for the development of systems designed to meet the engineering challenges associated with these space missions. We provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art advanced passive thermal control materials and devices that are available for space applications, specifically, variable emissivity thermal control materials and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), radiofrequency (RF)-transparent and/or tunable solar absorptivity and total hemispherical emissivity thermal control materials, and a passive re-deployable radiator with advanced materials and insulation. Prior to our in-depth review of these thermal control materials, we briefly summarize the thermal environments surrounding spacecraft, the characteristics of thermophysical properties for spacecraft materials that differ from those of materials for ground use, and the significance of solar absorptivity and total hemispherical emissivity for passive thermal control in space. In all four topics of materials and devices, the following subjects are overviewed: the basic principle of passive thermal control techniques in space, the measurement of thermophysical properties of those novel materials, simulation and/or on-orbit verification thermal performance tests, degradation tests in space environments, and some aspects of the implementation of the above-described materials and devices in actual space missions.
Correction to: Risk factors for readmission among patients receiving outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Douiyeb Sabrine , de la Court Jara R. , Tuinte Bram , Sombogaard Ferdi , Schade Rogier P. , Kuijvenhoven Marianne , Minderhoud Tanca , Sigaloff Kim C. E.
Published: April 2022

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
The Effect of Bulk Residual Stress on Milling-Induced Residual Stress and Distortion
Authors: Chighizola C. R. , D’Elia C. R. , Jonsson J. E. , Weber D. , Kirsch B. , Aurich J. C. , Linke B. S. , Hill M. R.
Published: April 2022

Background

Distortion arises during machining of metallic parts from two main mechanisms: 1) release of bulk residual stress (BRS) in the pre-form, and 2) permanent deformation induced by cut tools. Interaction between these mechanisms is unexplored.

Objective

Assess this interaction using aluminum samples that have a flat surface with variations of BRS, where that surface is subsequently milled, and we observe milling-induced residual stress (MIRS) and distortion.

Methods

Plate samples are cut from two kinds of large blocks, one kind stress-relieved by stretching and a second kind solution heat treated, quenched and aged. The BRS field in the plates is known from a recent series of measurements, being small in the stress relieved plates (within ±20 MPa) and large (±100 MPa) in the quenched plates, varying from tension to compression over the surface that is milled. MIRS is measured following milling using hole-drilling. Distortions of thin wafers cut at the milled surfaces are used to elucidate BRS/MIRS interactions. A finite element (FE) model and a strength of materials model are each used to assess consistency between wafer distortion and measured MIRS.

Results

Milling in samples with high BRS magnitude changes the directions of MIRS and distortion relative to the milling direction, with the direction of maximum curvature rotating toward or away from the milling direction depending on the sign and direction of BRS. High magnitude BRS was also found to increase the wafer peak arc height, nearly doubling the amount found in low BRS samples.

Conclusion

Measured residual stress and observed wafer distortion both show interactions between MIRS and BRS. Stress analysis models show that the differences in measured MIRS are consistent with the differences in observed distortion.
Dual-polarization multiplexing amorphous Si:H grating couplers for silicon photonic transmitters in the photonic BiCMOS backend of line
Authors: Georgieva Galina , Mai Christian , Seiler Pascal M. , Peczek Anna , Zimmermann Lars
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we report on polarization combining two-dimensional grating couplers (2D GCs) on amorphous Si:H, fabricated in the backend of line of a photonic BiCMOS platform. The 2D GCs can be used as an interface of a hybrid silicon photonic coherent transmitter, which can be implemented on bulk Si wafers. The fabricated 2D GCs operate in the telecom C-band and show an experimental coupling efficiency of − 5 dB with a wafer variation of ± 1.2 dB. Possibilities for efficiency enhancement and improved performance stability in future design generations are outlined and extension toward O-band devices is also investigated.

Graphical Abstract
Kinetics of human leukocyte antigen receptor HLA-DR+ monocytes and T lymphocytes during remission induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis
Authors: Tampe Désirée , Hakroush Samy , Biggemann Lorenz , Winkler Martin Sebastian , Tampe Björn
Published: April 2022

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is characterized by small vessel inflammation and the presence of autoantibodies against cytoplasmic proteases, most often proteinase-3 and myeloperoxidase. Peripheral blood monocytes are an important source of local macrophage accumulation within parenchymal organs, as evidenced by their presence in early lesions in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II cell surface receptor human leukocyte antigen receptor (HLA-DR) allows antigen presentation to T cells and is crucial for the initiation of an immune response. We herein report HLA-DR abundance in AAV and the kinetics of HLA-DR+monocytes and T lymphocytes during remission induction therapy in AAV. Life-threatening AAV with pulmonary hemorrhage and renal involvement was associated with the presence of HLA-DR in a considerable population of peripheral blood monocytes and T lymphocytes, and relapsing disease manifested despite persistent B cell depletion after remission induction with rituximab. Moreover, remission induction in AAV with steroids, plasma exchange and intravenous cyclophosphamide, and improvement of clinical symptoms were associated with a decrease in HLA-DR+differing between monocytes and T lymphocytes. Particularly, persistent suppression of HLA-DR+monocytes was observed during remission induction, while an initial decrease in HLA-DR+T lymphocytes was followed by recovery of this population during the further course. Detailed insights into HLA-DR kinetics could pave the way towards an increased understanding of immunopathology and identify patients that could mostly benefit from distinct remission induction regimens.
Blind nasal intubation as an alternative airway management modality for bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis in a resource constrained set-up: A clinical case report
Authors: Zemedkun Abebayehu , Angasa Dugo , Gobena Negeso , Regasa Teshome
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction and importance:

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is increasing dramatically especially in developing countries due to the delay in treatment and difficulty access to specialized healthcare. Patients usually presents with restricted mouth opening, dentofacial deformity, malocclusion, impaired speech, difficulty in mastication, malnutrition, obstructive sleep apnea, and airway obstruction.

Case presentation:

This case report presented an 18 year old, 32 kg, 1.50 m female patient diagnosed as bilateral temporomandibular ankylosis and her airway was managed with blind nasal intubation without any apparent perioperative complication.

Clinical discussion:

Administration of anesthesia and airway management to patients with TMJ ankylosis ideally requires the availability of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope and trained personnel who use the equipment and monitoring facilities. However, many facilities especially in developing countries are lacking the necessary equipments. Retrograde intubation, tracheotomy and blind intubation are also another possible option for airway management of these patients.

Conclusion:

We believe that blind nasal intubation can be an alternative airway management modality in resource constrained settings where flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope is not available.

Highlights
Geometry of the Phase Retrieval Problem
Authors: Barnett Alexander H. , Epstein Charles L. , Greengard Leslie , Magland Jeremy
Published: April 2022

Recovering the phase of the Fourier transform is a ubiquitous problem in imaging applications from astronomy to nanoscale X-ray diffraction imaging. Despite the efforts of a multitude of scientists, from astronomers to mathematicians, there is, as yet, no satisfactory theoretical or algorithmic solution to this class of problems. Written for mathematicians, physicists and engineers working in image analysis and reconstruction, this book introduces a conceptual, geometric framework for the analysis of these problems, leading to a deeper understanding of the essential, algorithmically independent, difficulty of their solutions. Using this framework, the book studies standard algorithms and a range of theoretical issues in phase retrieval and provides several new algorithms and approaches to this problem with the potential to improve the reconstructed images. The book is lavishly illustrated with the results of numerous numerical experiments that motivate the theoretical development and place it in the context of practical applications.
The 1857 Indian Uprising and the Politics of Commemoration
Authors: Pender Sebastian Raj
Published: April 2022

The Cawnpore Well, Lucknow Residency, and Delhi Ridge were sacred places within the British imagination of India. Sanctified by the colonial administration in commemoration of victory over the 'Sepoy Mutiny' of 1857, they were read as emblems of empire which embodied the central tenets of sacrifice, fortitude, and military prowess that underpinned Britain's imperial project. Since independence, however, these sites have been rededicated in honour of the 'First War of Independence' and are thus sacred to the memory of those who revolted against colonial rule, rather than those who saved it. The 1857 Indian Uprising and the Politics of Commemoration tells the story of these and other commemorative landscapes and uses them as prisms through which to view over 150 years of Indian history. Based on extensive archival research from India and Britain, Sebastian Raj Pender traces the ways in which commemoration responded to the demands of successive historical moments by shaping the events of 1857 from the perspective of the present. By telling the history of India through the transformation of mnemonic space, this study shows that remembering the past is always a political act.
Making Sense
Authors: Olson David R.
Published: April 2022

Understanding, as Descartes, Locke and Kant all insisted, is the primary 'faculty' of the mind; yet our modern sciences have been slow to advance a clear and testable account of what it means to understand, of children's acquisition of this concept and, in particular, how children come to ascribe understanding to themselves and others. By drawing together developmental and philosophical theories, this book provides a systematic account of children's concept of understanding and places understanding at the heart of children's 'theory of mind'. Children's subjective awareness of their own minds, of what they think, depends on learning a language for ascribing mental states to themselves and others. This book will appeal to researchers in developmental psychology, cognitive science, education and philosophy who are interested in the cognitive and emotional development of children and in the more basic question of what it means to have a mind.
The Cost of Doing Politics
Authors: Sumner Jane L.
Published: April 2022

Using quantitative and qualitative evidence, Sumner shows how consumer boycotts can work to dissuade companies from donating money to politicians, but may also encourage companies to attempt influence by largely invisible means. Boycotts do not work as many people expect – by threatening sales. Instead, Sumner shows how boycotts are less a statement of consumer behaviour than a way for people to signal their political inclinations, and they primarily hurt companies by tarnishing their reputation. Political influence is about building relationships, which means that companies have many more options for influence than just PAC contributions and formal lobbying. With these options available, companies can decide how to influence politics when they need to, and the tarnish of boycotts to a company's image can push some businesses to pursue options that are less noticeable to the public.
Notes on Hamiltonian Dynamical Systems
Authors: Giorgilli Antonio
Published: April 2022

Starting with the basics of Hamiltonian dynamics and canonical transformations, this text follows the historical development of the theory culminating in recent results: the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem, Nekhoroshev's theorem and superexponential stability. Its analytic approach allows students to learn about perturbation methods leading to advanced results. Key topics covered include Liouville's theorem, the proof of Poincaré's non-integrability theorem and the nonlinear dynamics in the neighbourhood of equilibria. The theorem of Kolmogorov on persistence of invariant tori and the theory of exponential stability of Nekhoroshev are proved via constructive algorithms based on the Lie series method. A final chapter is devoted to the discovery of chaos by Poincaré and its relations with integrability, also including recent results on superexponential stability. Written in an accessible, self-contained way with few prerequisites, this book can serve as an introductory text for senior undergraduate and graduate students.
Corpora in Applied Linguistics
Authors: Hunston Susan
Published: April 2022

Corpus Linguistics has revolutionised the world of language study and is an essential component of work in Applied Linguistics. This book, now in its second edition, provides a thorough introduction to all the key research issues in Corpus Linguistics, from the point of view of Applied Linguistics. The field has progressed a great deal since the first edition, so this edition has been completely rewritten to reflect these advances, whilst still maintaining the emphasis on hands-on corpus research of the first edition. It includes chapters on qualitative and quantitative research, applications in language teaching, discourse studies, and beyond. It also includes an extensive discussion of the place of Corpus Linguistics in linguistic theory, and provides numerous detailed examples of corpus studies throughout. Providing an accessible but thorough grounding to the fascinating, fast-moving field of Corpus Linguistics, this book is essential reading for the student and the researcher alike.
Ephesians
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: April 2022

In this commentary, David deSilva approaches Ephesians as Paul's contribution to the ongoing work of forming his converts' individual and collective identity in Christ through the celebration of God's activity (past, ongoing, and future) on behalf of all who had responded in trust and faithfulness toward Jesus throughout the eastern Roman empire. He explores how Paul's first-century audiences in Roman Asia would have understood and responded to his message, particularly his promotion of the attitudes, pursuits, and practices that would constitute an appropriate response of gratitude for so costly a deliverance and so magnificent a destiny. deSilva's discussion is richly grounded in the Jewish and Greco-Roman contexts that both informed Paul as he composed and his audiences as they engaged his message. He is also attentive to points of relevance to the modern contexts of today's readers who continue to wrestle with Paul's vision for Christian discipleship and human community.
Law Student Professional Development and Formation
Authors: Hamilton Neil W. , Bilionis Louis D.
Published: April 2022

Law schools currently do an excellent job of helping students to 'think like a lawyer,' but empirical data show that clients, legal employers, and the legal system need students to develop a wider range of competencies. This book helps legal educators to understand these competencies and provides practical ways to build them into a law school curriculum. Based on recommendations from the American Bar Association, the American Association of Law Schools, and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, it will equip students with the skills they need not only to think but to act and feel like a lawyer. With this proposed model, students will internalize the need for professional development toward excellence, their responsibility to others, a client-centered approach to problem solving, and strong well-being practices. These four goals constitute a lawyer's professional identity, and this book empowers legal educators to foster each student's development of a professional identity that leads to a gratifying career that serves society well. This title is Open Access.
The Problem of Blame
Authors: McCormick Kelly
Published: April 2022

This book makes a case for the permissibility of reactive blame – the angry, harmful variety. Blame is a thorny philosophical problem, as it is notoriously difficult to specify the conditions under which an agent is deserving of blame, is deserving of blame in the basic sense, and furthermore why this is so.  Kelly McCormick argues that sharpening the focus to reactive, angry blame can both show us how best to characterize the problem itself, and suggest a possible solution to it, because even reactive blame is both valuable and deserved in the basic sense. Finally, McCormick shows how, despite the many facets of the dark side of blame, adopting an explicitly victim-centered approach highlights a powerful argument from empathy for retaining reactive blame and its attendant attitudes and practices.
Challenges of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Lebanon in the midst of the economic collapse
Authors: Zahreddine Nada K. , Haddad Sara F. , Kerbage Anthony , Kanj Souha S.
Published: April 2022

Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the Middle East, has held for decades a reputation for being the premier medical hub for patients from the Arab world as well as neighboring countries and for offering world-class treatment and advanced medical services. However, this once world-renowned healthcare sector is now facing a risk of imminent collapse as overlapping crises have struck the country since October 2019. In this article, we describe the concomitant political, economic, and financial challenges that Lebanon is facing, which have strained the national healthcare system and have undermined its ability to respond to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We present an overview of the political instability, the Lebanese revolution with countrywide protests, as well as the devaluation of the Lebanese currency representing one of the worst economic meltdowns since the 19th century. We describe the unprecedented energy crisis the country is facing and the disastrous consequences of the Beirut port explosion of August 2020. We review the efforts and measures taken by different stakeholders to contain the COVID-19 pandemic amid the multifaceted challenges and the large exodus of healthcare personnel.
Why the long teeth? Morphometric analysis suggests different selective pressures on functional occlusal traits in Plio-Pleistocene African suids
Authors: Yang Deming , Pisano Asli , Kolasa Joan , Jashashvili Tea , Kibii Job , Gomez Cano Ana R. , Viriot Laurent , Grine Frederick E. , Souron Antoine
Published: April 2022

Neogene and Pleistocene African suids displayed convergent evolutionary trends in the third molar (M3) morphology, with increasingly elongated and higher crowns through time. While these features can prevent premature loss of masticatory functionality and potentially increase long-term reproductive success, changes in dental occlusal traits such as enamel complexity and thickness can also improve chewing efficiency and increase short-term energetic return. While both long-term and short-term benefits can contribute to the thriving of a lineage, the selective pressures associated with each category can be different. To examine how crown elongation correlates with these functional occlusal traits, we selected M3s ofKolpochoerus,Notochoerus, andMetridiochoerusfrom Kenya and South Africa, dated between 3.0 Ma and 0.4 Ma. To account for dental wear, we used micro-computed tomography imaging of unworn/slightly worn M3s to simulate wear progression within each tooth. We compared morphometric representatives of occlusal enamel complexity and thickness among the specimens following their respective wear trajectories. We found that M3 elongation correlates with higher occlusal complexity and thinner enamel inNotochoerusandMetridiochoeruslineages through time. InKolpochoerus, enamel complexity and thickness were generally maintained through time, despite M3 elongation. The differences in M3 morphometric trends suggest thatKolpochoeruslikely experienced a different set of selective pressures on functional occlusal traits compared withNotochoerusandMetridiochoerus. The shared evolutionary trends of M3 specialization amongNotochoerusandMetridiochoerussuggest similar selective pressures on their chewing efficiency and the possibility of a dietary niche overlap in more xeric habitats.
Sign Theory: Some Scholastic Encounters with ‘The Fifteen Signs before the Day of Judgement’
Authors: LERNER ROBERT E.
Published: April 2022

The traditional medieval ‘Fifteen Signs Before the Day of Judgement’ have recently become a subject of renewed scholarly interest. Nevertheless, more work has been done on vernacular versions than Latin ones and little attention has been paid to analytical or critical stances taken regarding the ‘Signs’. This article proposes to accomplish this, first by treating approaches taken by two Scholastic authors: Hugo of Novocastro and Guiral Ot. Then it looks at various Scholastic expressions of doubt.