bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Behaviourally Informed Approach to Reducing the Risk of Inadvertent Anti-doping Rule Violations from Supplement Use
Authors: Backhouse Susan H.
Published: October 2023

For many reasons, athletes’ use of supplements is highly prevalent across sports and competitive levels, despite the risk of these products containing a substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Contravening anti-doping rules through supplement use could have serious consequences for competitive athletes (e.g., ineligibility from major competitions, loss of medals and funding) due to the principle of strict liability. Indiscriminate supplement use also poses a risk to athlete health. To reduce the possibility of ingesting a supplement containing prohibited substances, independent quality assurance and certification programs have been established (e.g., Informed Sport). However, these programs do not completely eliminate risk, leading to some anti-doping organisations promoting a ‘just say no’ to supplements stance. Yet, this approach can be problematic as a small number of supplements may be necessary for athletes to consume, in certain situations. Recognising that athletes will continue to use these heavily marketed products, this narrative review describes a theoretically underpinned and systematic approach to preventing inadvertent doping by considering the barriers to and enablers of athlete adherence to risk minimisation supplement use guidelines (RMSUG). By outlining a conceptual shift towards a behaviourally informed approach, this review serves to stimulate the development of multifaceted interventions to prevent inadvertent doping through supplement use. Recognising that risk-minimised supplement use involves a myriad of behaviours, the problem of inadvertent doping through supplement use is framed, and research appraised, through the lens of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
Effects of a calorie-restricted dietary intervention on weight loss and gut microbiota diversity in obese patients with sleep deprivation
Authors: Wen Surong , Ni Yaojun , Dai Yuhong , Liu Ziyu , Wang Xiaoqing , Zhang Jie , Yu Weinan , Hu Wen
Published: October 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a calorie-restricted dietary (CRD) intervention on weight and gut microbiota diversity in obese patients with sleep deprivation (SD).

Methods

Twenty obese patients were divided into a sleep deprivation group (SD group, n = 10) and a nonsleep deprivation group (NSD group, n = 10), both of which underwent a CRD intervention for 12 weeks. Measurement of anthropometric parameters, biochemical examinations and gut microbiota detection were performed at baseline and at the end of week 12. Mi Smart Bands 1 (Standard Option) were used to monitor sleep and exercise.

Results

(1) The CRD intervention improved body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), basal metabolic rate (BMR), body fat content (BFC), and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in all obese patients. (2) In the NSD group, BW, BFC, VFA (visceral fat area), BMR and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly reduced after the CRD intervention (P < 0.05). (3) The alpha diversity of the gut microbiota remained unchanged after the intervention in the two groups. (4) There was a negative correlation between Mollicutes and BMR in the NSD group.

Conclusions

The effects of a CRD intervention weaken on weight loss and the metabolism of blood lipids may be weakened by SD. The abundance of Mollicutes bacteria may be related to weight loss after a CRD intervention in obese patients.

Level of evidence

III, prospective cohort study.
Outcomes of hip fracture in centenarians: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Abelleyra Lastoria Diego Agustín , Benny Clerin Kulangara , Smith Toby , Hing Caroline Blanca
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Outcomes of hip fractures in centenarians remain underreported owing to the small number of patients reaching 100 years of age. This review aimed to determine outcomes of hip fracture in centenarians and to identify the most common comorbidities among centenarians with hip fracture to better characterise this population.

Methods

Published and unpublished literature databases, conference proceedings and the reference lists of included studies were searched to the 25th of January 2023. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Included studies were appraised using tools respective of study design.

Results

Twenty-three studies (6970 centenarians) were included (retrospective period: 1990–2020). The evidence was largely moderate to low in quality. One-year mortality following a hip fracture was 53.8% (95% CI 47.2 to 60.3%). Pooled complication rate following a hip fracture in centenarians was 50.5% (95% CI 25.3 to 75.6%). Dementia (26.2%, 95% CI 15.7 to 38.2%), hypertension (15.6%, 95% CI 3.4 to 33.1%), and diabetes (5.5%, 95% CI 1.9 to 10.7%) were the most common comorbidities among centenarians with hip fracture.

Conclusion

Hip fractures in centenarians typically involve complex patient presentations with diverse comorbidities. However, the current evidence-base is moderate to low in quality. Effective cross-discipline communication and intervention is suggested to promote treatment outcomes.
Two-period Colonel Blotto contest with cumulative investments over variable assets with resource constraints
Authors: Hausken Kjell
Published: October 2023

Two resource constrained players compete by investing in two assets which may increase or decrease in value over two periods. A player’s investment in period 1 carries over to period 2. If an asset is cheap in period 1, a player invests more in it in period 1, less in period 2, and does the opposite for the other asset. If an asset is cheap in period 2, a player invests more in it in period 2, less in period 1, and does the opposite for the other asset. If an asset increases in value, both players invest more in it in both periods, and less into the less valuable asset. An advantaged player may invest more into the less valuable asset than the least advantaged player. If an asset increases in value, both players invest more in it in period 2, until the advantaged player eventually ceases investment into the asset with low growth, to focus on the high-growth asset. Various intuitive and less intuitive effects are illustrated for how players strike balances across space (two assets) and time (two periods).
Enhanced parameter estimation by measurement of non-Hermitian operators
Authors: Li Jianning , Liu Haodi , Wang Zhihai , Yi X. X.
Published: October 2023

Quantum metrology aims at delivering new quantum-mechanical improvement to technologies of parameter estimations with precision bounded by the quantum Cramér-Rao bound. The currently used quantum Cramér-Rao bound was established with measurements of observables restricted to be Hermitian. This constrains the bound and limits the precision of parameter estimation. In this paper, we lift the constraint and derive a previously unknown quantum Cramér-Rao bound. We find that the new bound can reach arbitrary small value with mixed states and it breaks the Heisenberg limit in some cases. We construct a setup to measure non-Hermitian operators and discuss the saturation of the present bound. Two examples—the phase estimation with Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states of trapped ions and the adiabatic quantum parameter estimation with the nuclear magnetic resonance—are employed to demonstrate the theory. The present study might open a new research direction—non-Hermitian quantum metrology.
Can machines be trustworthy?
Authors: Søgaard Anders
Published: October 2023

AI regulators promote ‘trustworthy AI’, but what exactly does trustworthy AI mean, and what does it have to do with trust? Many philosophers argue that the phrase is a contradiction of terms. Trust, unlike reliance, is said to be a uniquely human relationship involving direct responsiveness or intent. I argue that the objective of trustworthy AI can be real trust in the general sense of Karen Jones and others, and very similar to the kind of trust we place in institutions. The idea that trustworthiness does not apply to machines, stems from a petitio principii fallacy. We show how to escape this fallacy, providing a better and less anthropomorphic definition of trustworthiness. We briefly discuss how transparency modulates trustworthiness on our revised definition, as well as a possible challenge from intentionality.
Towards learned emulation of interannual water isotopologue variations in General Circulation Models
Authors: Wider Jonathan , Kruse Jakob , Weitzel Nils , Bühler Janica C. , Köthe Ullrich , Rehfeld Kira
Published: October 2023

Simulating abundances of stable water isotopologues, that is, molecules differing in their isotopic composition, within climate models allows for comparisons with proxy data and, thus, for testing hypotheses about past climate and validating climate models under varying climatic conditions. However, many models are run without explicitly simulating water isotopologues. We investigate the possibility of replacing the explicit physics-based simulation of oxygen isotopic composition in precipitation using machine learning methods. These methods estimate isotopic composition at each time step for given fields of surface temperature and precipitation amount. We implement convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based on the successful UNet architecture and test whether a spherical network architecture outperforms the naive approach of treating Earth’s latitude-longitude grid as a flat image. Conducting a case study on a last millennium run with the iHadCM3 climate model, we find that roughly 40% of the temporal variance in the isotopic composition is explained by the emulations on interannual and monthly timescale, with spatially varying emulation quality. The tested CNNs outperform simple baseline models such as random forest and pixel-wise linear regression substantially. A modified version of the standard UNet architecture for flat images yields results that are as good as the predictions by the spherical CNN. Variations in the implementation of isotopes between climate models likely contribute to an observed deterioration of emulation results when testing on data obtained from different climate models than the one used for training. Future work toward stable water-isotope emulation might focus on achieving robust climate–oxygen isotope relationships or exploring the set of possible predictor variables.
Migration and labour unrest during the pandemic: Studies from Germany and Austria
Authors: Neuhauser Johanna , Birke Peter
Published: October 2023

This paper presents the results of research, which highlights the situation during the pandemic in sectors characterised by low wages and a high turnover of workers. The empirical basis is formed by company case studies in the meat industry, postal services, and mask production in Germany and Austria. This paper discusses the significance of different locations (at and beyond the workplace) and forms (‘exit’ and ‘voice’) of labour unrest in sectors of the economy that are characterised by a predominance of the use of migrant labour. It questions how conflicts over migrant labour have been articulated and possibly changed in the pandemic, and what factors may have contributed not only to an upsurge but also to the containment, regulation, and repression, of labour unrest.
The Rationality of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
Authors: Kelsall Joshua
Published: October 2023

Some vaccine-hesitant people lack epistemic trust in the COVID-19 vaccine recommendation that because vaccines have been shown to be medically safe and effective, one ought to get vaccinated. Citing what I call exception information, they claim that whatever the general safety and efficacy of vaccines, the vaccines may not be safe and effective for them. Examples include parents citing information about their children's health, pregnant women's concerns about the potential adverse effects of treatment on pregnant women, young people citing their relative invulnerability to extreme COVID-19 symptoms, or members of vulnerable racial groups citing epistemic injustice, such as a lack of representation in COVID-19 vaccine trials. This paper examines the extent to which a lack of epistemic trust in vaccine recommendations, based on such exemption information, is rational.
Unsteady flow behaviour of multi-rotors in ground proximity
Authors: Dekker Hasse N.J. , Baars Woutijn J. , Scarano Fulvio , Tuinstra Marthijn , Ragni Daniele
Published: October 2023

The unsteady flow behaviour of two side-by-side rotors in ground proximity is experimentally investigated. The rotors induce a velocity distribution interacting with the ground causing the radial expansion of the rotor wakes. In between the rotors, an interaction of the two wakes takes place, resulting in an upward flow similar to a fountain. Two types of flow topologies are examined and correspond to two different stand-off heights between the rotors and the ground: the first one where the height of the fountain remains below the rotor disks, and a second one where it emerges above, being re-ingested. The fountain unsteadiness is shown to increase when re-ingestion takes place, determining a location switch from one rotor disk to the other, multiple times during acquisition. Consequently, variable inflow conditions are imposed on each of the two rotors. The fountain dynamics is observed at a frequency that is about two orders of magnitude lower than the blade passing frequency. The dominant characteristic time scale is linked to the flow recirculation path, relating this to system parameters of thrust and ground stand-off height. The flow field is analysed using proper orthogonal decomposition, in which coupled modes are identified. Results from the modal analysis are used to formulate a simple dynamic flow model of the re-ingestion switching cycle.
Historians and High School Students as Partners: Community-based Learning Experiences as a Tool for Democratizing Research
Authors: Yeboah Tony , Getz Trevor , Kertsman Talia , George Gordon
Published: October 2023

There is a great need for new practices to match evolving theories in decolonizing and democratizing the field of African history. This article is a report on a research practice undertaken in the Central Region of Ghana in which researchers worked with teachers to deliver a community-based history experience for high school teachers. The historians contributed lessons in methodology as well as an approach that valued the students as co-creators. Students selected their own research topics and produced original interpretations for their community. The evidence from this intervention suggests benefits for researchers, students, and community members. Although it required a great deal of preparation and learning on the part of the historians, this kind of practice may build community confidence in the researcher, foster valuable partnerships, produce more accurate information and interpretations, and nurture the development of future historians from local communities.
Undoing Matricide as Maternal Radical Care
Authors: Rozmarin Miri , Simhi Shlomit
Published: October 2023

The concept of matricide theorizes the marginal position of the mother within a phallocentric and patriarchal society from a psychoanalytic perspective. This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of transformative nonmatricidal processes by analyzing the relations between the psychic and political aspects of these processes. We argue that nonmatricidal spaces can be created through the mobilization of a maternal affect as a care practice that transgresses social and normative boundaries. By reading the biblical story of Moses's birth and childhood, we depict the emergence of a nonmatricidal space and the ways in which this space defies and disturbs social boundaries forced by a heteronormative, phallocentric, and patriarchal law. We draw on Luce Irigaray's and Kelly Oliver's concept of a “loving look” to theorize how maternal affect is mobilized as an ethical and a political commitment, which affirms alternative positions of subjectivity and agency. We conclude by arguing that an integrated account of nonmatricidal relational spaces and maternal radical care practices might offer a wider understanding of the political effects of maternal politics as radical care practices.
Impact of diagnostic stewardship interventions in the collection process of fungal blood cultures
Authors: Chavez Miguel A. , Munigala Satish , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Yarbrough Melanie L. , Squires Crystal , Fox Josephine , Gasama Heather , Hsueh Kevin , Warren David K.
Published: October 2023

We implemented 2 interventions to improve utilization and contamination at our institution: kits to improve appropriate sample collection and an electronic order alert displaying appropriate indications of fungal blood cultures. An electronic order alert when ordering fungal blood cultures was associated with decreased utilization without decrease in positivity rate.
Reduced-order models of aeroacoustic sources for sound radiated in twin subsonic jets
Authors: Muthichur Nishanth , Vempati Chandan , Hemchandra Santosh , Samanta Arnab
Published: October 2023

We construct reduced-order models of aeroacoustic sources for single and twin subsonic jets (

$M_j=0.9$

,

$Re=3600$

), with the goal of accurately recovering the far-field sound over a wide band of frequencies

$St=[0.07,1.0]$

and directivity angles

$\phi = [30^{\circ },120^{\circ }]$

within a subdecibel level accuracy. These models are realized via combining spatio-temporally coherent spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) modes extracted directly from Lighthill's stress tensor, itself calculated using large-eddy simulation (LES). We consider two sets of twin subsonic jets of diameter

$D$

each, with spacings of

$0.1D$

and

$1D$

, where the jets merge upstream and downstream of breakdown, respectively. The closely spaced twin jet decays the slowest due to reduced turbulent stresses which are, however, more broadband due to early merging. Such jets show strong shielding in the plane of jets, especially at shallow directivity angles where sound levels may drop below that of the single jet. The farther spaced twin jets have dynamics more akin to the constituent single jet with turbulent fluctuations peaking here at

$St=0.34$

, but showing very little shielding, with their overall sound pressure level (OASPL) mostly linked to the nature of extra flow structures created during merging. Three-dimensional, energy-ranked, coherent structures for twin jets exhibit rather poor low-rank behaviour, especially at the far-field spectral peak

$St=0.14$

. At

$St \gtrsim 0.3$

, the SPOD wavepackets show strong visual coherence, resembling Kelvin–Helmholtz instability modes upstream of breakdown, while at the lower frequencies, there is very little spatial coherence with wavepackets peaking downstream of breakdown. Although the leading SPOD modes radiate poorly, reduced-order models using a subset of them, up to

$45$

SPOD modes per frequency, show a remarkable match (within

$1$

 dB) against the LES-predicted sound over

$0.1 \lesssim St \lesssim 0.5$

, at all angles investigated. At other frequencies, the closely spaced twin jet shows more error, due to its greater hierarchy of spatio-temporal structures, showing slower convergence at the shallower angles.
Coupled climate-glacier modelling of the last glaciation in the Alps
Authors: Jouvet Guillaume , Cohen Denis , Russo Emmanuele , Buzan Jonathan , Raible Christoph C. , Haeberli Wilfried , Kamleitner Sarah , Ivy-Ochs Susan , Imhof Michael A. , Becker Jens K. , Landgraf Angela , Fischer Urs H.
Published: October 2023

Our limited knowledge of the climate prevailing over Europe during former glaciations is the main obstacle to reconstruct the past evolution of the ice coverage over the Alps by numerical modelling. To address this challenge, we perform a two-step modelling approach: First, a regional climate model is used to downscale the time slice simulations of a global earth system model in high resolution, leading to climate snapshots during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS4). Second, we combine these snapshots and a climate signal proxy to build a transient climate over the last glacial period and force the Parallel Ice Sheet Model to simulate the dynamical evolution of glaciers in the Alps. The results show that the extent of modelled glaciers during the LGM agrees with several independent key geological imprints, including moraine-based maximal reconstructed glacial extents, known ice transfluences and trajectories of erratic boulders of known origin and deposition. Our results highlight the benefit of multiphysical coupled climate and glacier transient modelling over simpler approaches to help reconstruct paleo glacier fluctuations in agreement with traces they have left on the landscape.
Contribution of the Roman rat lines/strains to personality neuroscience: neurobehavioral modeling of internalizing/externalizing psychopathologies
Authors: Fernández-Teruel Alberto , Cañete Toni , Sampedro-Viana Daniel , Oliveras Ignasi , Torrubia Rafael , Tobeña Adolf
Published: October 2023

The Roman high-avoidance (RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rat lines/strains were established in Rome through bidirectional selection of Wistar rats for rapid (RHA) or extremely poor (RLA) acquisition of a two-way active avoidance task. Relative to RHAs, RLA rats exhibit enhanced threat sensitivity, anxiety, fear and vulnerability to stress, a passive coping style and increased sensitivity to frustration. Thus, RLA rats’ phenotypic profile falls well within the “internalizing” behavior spectrum. Compared with RLAs and other rat strains/stocks, RHAs present increased impulsivity and reward sensitivity, deficits in social behavior and attentional/cognitive processes, novelty-induced hyper-locomotion and vulnerability to psychostimulant sensitization and drug addiction. Thus, RHA rats’ phenotypes are consistent with a “disinhibiting externalizing” profile. Many neurobiological/molecular traits differentiate both rat lines/strains. For example, relative to RLA rats, RHAs exhibit decreased function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and amygdala, increased functional tone of the mesolimbic dopamine system, a deficit of central metabotropic glutamate-2 (mGlu2) receptors, increased density of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the PFC, impairment of GABAergic transmission in the PFC, alterations of several synaptic markers and increased density of pyramidal immature dendrític spines in the PFC. These characteristics suggest an immature brain of RHA rats and are reminiscent of schizophrenia features like hypofrontality and disruption of the excitation/inhibition cortical balance. We review evidence supporting RLA rats as a valid model of anxiety/fear, stress and frustration vulnerability, whereas RHA rats represent a promising translational model of neurodevelopmental alterations related to impulsivity, schizophrenia-relevant features and comorbidity with drug addiction vulnerability.
Examining American attitudes toward vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of negative and positive rights
Authors: Koong Amanda , McDermott Rose , Kaplan Robert
Published: October 2023

We examine the likely acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in the period prior to political polarization around vaccine mandates. Two representative cross-sectional surveys of 1,000 respondents were fielded in August and December 2020. The surveys included items about the COVID-19 vaccine and vaccine mandates. Respondents self-identifying as liberal were the least likely to believe the vaccine had undisclosed harmful effects (p< .001), conservatives were the most likely (p < .001), and moderates fell in between. Individuals with a bachelor’s degree were less likely to think the vaccine had undisclosed harmful effects than individuals without a bachelor’s degree (p < .001), and 60.5% of those individuals did not support a government vaccine mandate. Political ideology was more often strongly associated with avoiding government involvement compared to education level. In summary, both liberal political ideology and higher education were significantly associated with endorsing intended vaccine uptake. We discuss these results in terms of positive versus negative rights.
Unpacking the impact of integrating the neglected tropical disease supply chain into the national supply chain system: illustrative evidence from Liberia
Authors: Kollie Karsor K. , Jenkins Jack , Theobald Sally , Nallo Gartee , Kpadeh Otis , Jones Lent , Borbor Darwosu , Phillip Maneesh , Wickenden Anna , Kollie Jewel Tarpeh , Rogers Emerson , Zaizay Zeela , Stewart Martyn , Dean Laura
Published: October 2023

Effective supply chain management is a critical pillar of well-functioning health systems ensuring that medical commodities reach those in need. In Liberia, the national neglected tropical disease (NTD) programme supports health systems strengthening for case management of NTDs. Integration of NTD commodities into the national health system supply chain is central to the integrated approach; however, there is minimal evidence on enablers and barriers. Drawing on qualitative evaluation data, we illustrate that perceived benefits and strengths to integrating NTD commodities into the supply chain include leveraged storage and management capacities capitalized at lower system levels; the political will to integrate based on cost-saving and capacity strengthening potential and positive progress integrating paper-based reporting tools. Challenges remain, specifically the risk of reliance on donor funding; difficulty in accessing commodities due to bureaucratic bottlenecks; lack of inclusion of NTD commodities within electronic data tools and poor coordination leading to an inability to meet demand. Collectively, the negative consequences of ineffective integration of NTD commodities into the supply chain has a detrimental impact on health workers (including community health workers) unable to deliver the quality of care to patients. Trust between affected populations and the health system is compromised when treatments are unavailable.
What if God was all of us? Why the definition of ‘God’ matters in analytic discussions of meaning in life
Authors: Singh Asheel
Published: October 2023

Contemporary analytic treatments of meaning in life in the English-speaking Anglo-American-Australasian tradition have largely proceeded from the atheistic and naturalistic assumptions common to the sciences. With the recent publication of Seachris and Goetz's God and Meaning (2016), T. J. Mawson's God and the Meanings of Life (2016), and Thaddeus Metz's God, Soul and the Meaning of Life (2019), more analytic philosophers might be drawn to (re)examining what role, if any, God might play in life's meaning. But the focus tends to be on ‘God’ as understood in the Abrahamic faiths. Examining meaning in the light of another concept of God, familiar to billions of individuals in various Eastern religions and intellectual traditions, might offer useful insights. I have two principle aims in this article. First, I describe an ancient Indian concept of ‘God’, showing how it radically differs from the concept of God currently under examination by philosophers of meaning. Second, I offer a novel case for why and how this concept of ‘God’ could fruitfully contribute to analytic discussions on God's possible role in life's meaning.
Utility of the INECO Frontal Screening and the Frontal Assessment Battery in detecting executive dysfunction in early-onset cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Heikkinen Anna-Leena , Tikkanen Veera , Hänninen Tuomo , Hublin Christer , Koivisto Anne M. , Saari Toni T. , Remes Anne M. , Paajanen Teemu I. , Krüger Johanna
Published: October 2023

Objective:

The INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) are executive dysfunction (ED) screening tools that can distinguish patients with neurodegenerative disorders from healthy controls and, to some extent, between dementia subtypes. This paper aims to examine the suitability of these tests in assessing early-onset cognitive impairment and dementia patients.

Method:

In a memory clinic patient cohort (age mean = 57.4 years) with symptom onset at ≤65 years, we analyzed the IFS and the FAB results of four groups: early-onset dementia (EOD, n = 49), mild cognitive impairment due to neurological causes (MCI-n, n = 34), MCI due to other causes such as depression (MCI-o, n = 99) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 14). Data were gathered at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. We also studied the tests’ accuracy in distinguishing EOD from SCD patients and ED patients from those with intact executive functioning. Correlations with neuropsychological measures were also studied.

Results:

The EOD group had significantly (p < .05) lower IFS and FAB total scores than the MCI-o and SCD groups. Compared with the FAB, the IFS showed more statistically significant (p < .05) differences between diagnostic groups, greater accuracy (IFS AUC = .80, FAB AUC = .75, p = .036) in detecting ED and marginally stronger correlations with neuropsychological measures. We found no statistically significant differences in the EOD group scores from baseline up to 6- or 12-months follow-up.

Conclusions:

While both tests can detect EOD among memory clinic patients, the IFS may be more reliable in detecting ED than the FAB.
Dietary consumption of beef and red meat: a scoping review and evidence map on cognitive outcomes across the lifespan
Authors: Paul Tristen L , Fleming Stephen A
Published: October 2023

Objective:

Mixed evidence exists on the impact of beef consumption on cognition. The goal was to create an evidence map capturing studies assessing beef consumption and cognition to reveal gaps and opportunities in the body of literature.

Design:

A scoping review was conducted to locate studies up to March 2022 using PubMed and backwards citation screening. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers with conflict resolution, and a database was created and made publicly available.

Setting:

Intervention and observational studies.

Participants:

Humans of any age, sex and/or health status, without moderate to severe cognitive impairment and/or abnormalities.

Results:

Twenty-two studies were identified that quantified beef or red meat intake and assessed cognition. Six studies assessed beef intake, with the remaining studies describing intake of red meat that may or may not include beef. Nine articles described randomised controlled trials (RCT), mostly conducted in children. Thirteen described observational studies, primarily conducted on adults and seniors. The most common cognitive domains measured included intelligence and general cognition, and memory. The majority of controlled studies were rated with high risk of bias, with the majority of observational trials rated with serious or greater risk of bias.

Conclusions:

Red meat and beef intake and cognition is largely understudied. There is a significant lack of replication across study designs, populations, exposures and outcomes measured. The quality of the research would be considerably enhanced by focused assessments of beef intake (and not red meat in general) and specific cognitive domains, along with improved adherence to reporting standards.
Anthropometric nutritional status of children (0–18 years) in South Africa 1997–2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kruger Herculina Salome , Visser Marina , Malan Linda , Zandberg Lizelle , Wicks Mariaan , Ricci Cristian , Faber Mieke
Published: October 2023

Objective:

To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature on the anthropometric nutritional status of South African infants and children, 0–18 years old and to report on trends of changes in nutritional status over the period 1997–2022.

Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting:

Review of the available literature on the anthropometric nutritional status of South African infants and children, 0–18 years old, over the period 1997–2022.

Participants:

South African infants and children, 0–18 years old.

Results:

Only quantitative data from ninety-five publications that described the nutritional status in terms of anthropometry were included. Most recent studies applied the WHO 2006 and 2007 definitions for malnutrition among children 0–5 years old and 5–19 years old, respectively. Meta-analysis of all prevalence data shows the highest stunting prevalence of 25·1 % among infants and preschool children, compared to 11·3 % among primary school-age children and 9·6 % among adolescents. Furthermore, the overweight and obesity prevalence was similar among children younger than 6 years and adolescents (19 %), compared to 12·5 % among primary school-age children. In national surveys, adolescent overweight prevalence increased from 16·9 % in 2002 to 23·1 % in 2011. Meta-regression analysis shows a decrease in stunting among children 6–18 years old and an increase in combined overweight and obesity in the 10–19 years age group.

Conclusion:

The double burden of malnutrition remains evident in South Africa with stunting and overweight/obesity the most prevalent forms of malnutrition among children.
Analysis of endovascular therapy for peripheral arterial disease in	all German hospitals
Authors: Betge Stefan , Engelbertz Christiane , Espinola-Klein Christine , Ito Wulf , Heiss Christian , Heilmeier Britta , Langhoff Ralf , Malyar Nasser M.
Published: October 2023

Summary: Background: The quality of vascular care has significantly improved in part by the expansion of endovascular techniques for the treatment of symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) in recent years. In Germany these are primarily provided by the three disciplines of vascular surgery, angiology, and interventional radiology (IR). However, the relative contribute of angiologists to the total number of cases performed is unknown. Patients and methods: In the present study, we analysed the respective contribution of vascular surgery, angiology, and IR to the delivery of endovascular revascularisations in symptomatic PAD in Germany based on the legally mandatory quality reports representative for the reporting year 2018. Results: Vascular surgery is the most common speciality reporting procedures in German hospitals (n=579; 25.1%), followed by IR (n=264; 11.5%), angiology (n=189; 8.2%) and cardiology (n=17; 0.7%). The combination of vascular surgery and IR was reported in 202 (8.8%), vascular surgery and angiology in 167 (7.2%) and angiology and IR in 65 (2.8%) hospitals, and 63 (2.7%) hospitals reported the combination of all three disciplines. Not every department performed catheter interventions. The analysis of procedures per centre revealed that angiology centres provided the highest numbers for both basic procedures and more complex techniques such as atherectomy, rotational thrombectomy, lithoplasty, selective thrombolysis or the use of re-entry devices. In total, angiology centres provided 24.4% of the total procedures or 23.9% of the so-called basic procedures as a surrogate for patient numbers. Conclusions: While each of the disciplines contribute significantly to the endovascular procedures, angiology centres perform more procedures per centre and more complex procedures than the other disciplines highlighting the important quantitative and qualitative contribution of angiology specialists to the care of vascular patients. The inpatient catheter interventional care of patients with PAD is still too rarely carried out in a multi-disciplinary manner in Germany.
Implementation der patientennahen Übergabe in der neurologischen Frührehabilitation
Authors: Gerhard Leonie , Bürger Florian
Published: October 2023

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Pflegerische Übergaben gelten als Hochrisiko-Tätigkeit, sind jedoch eine wichtige Ressource, um passgenaue Einblicke zu transportieren und Patient_innen in den Pflegeprozess zu involvieren. Im Rahmen eines umfassenderen Action Research Projektes wurde mittels eines partizipativen Ansatzes die patientennahe Übergabe implementiert. Zielsetzung: Für eine nachhaltige Veränderung erschien die Frage zentral, welche Faktoren Pflegende zur Veränderung der Übergabepraxis motivieren. Methoden: Es handelt sich um eine Evaluation im qualitativen Design. Es wurden fünf Erkundungsgespräche mit Pflegenden geführt. Ergebnisse: Herausforderungen sind Privatsphärenbedenken und der Umgang mit kognitiv eingeschränkten Patient_innen. Die Motivationen für eine patientennahe Übergabe sind, neben einem als wertvoll erlebten Patientenkontakt, eine weniger fehleranfällige Informationsweitergabe und ein präziseres Bild von den Patient_innen. Diskussion: Die Änderung der Übergabeform geht mit Veränderungen der Stationskultur einher. Die Herausforderungen, vor denen die Pflegenden stehen erfordern hohe kommunikative Kompetenzen zur Überbrückung. Der Hauptfaktor zur Präferenz der Übergabeform stellt die Wirkung auf die Patient_innen dar. Grenzen: Die Übertragbarkeit ist aufgrund des hohen Kontextbezuges eingeschränkt. Transfer: Mithilfe einer strukturierten Implementierungsstrategie können auch Rituale neu verortet werden. Die patientennahe Übergabe hat einen förderlichen Einfluss auf die Personenzentrierung.
Comparing CMIP6 Climate Model Simulations of Annual Global Mean Temperatures to a New Combined Data Product
Authors: Craigmile Peter F. , Guttorp Peter
Published: October 2023

A new statistical approach to validating climate models is introduced. First, five observational estimates of global mean surface temperature with estimated standard errors are combined into one data product, latent observed annual global temperature anomalies for the years 1880–2014, using a Bayesian hierarchical statistical approach. Summarizing these observed anomalies, estimates of smooth trend, levels of warming, and residual dependence as summarized by the spectral density function, are provided with simultaneous 95% credible bands. Then, corresponding estimates of smooth trend, levels of warming, and residual dependence are produced for sixth Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) historical simulations analyzed at the annual global temperature anomaly scale, and compared to these bands. Among our results, we find that 93 out of the 318 CMIP6 historical model runs contain trends fitting inside the simultaneous bands for the smooth trend constructed from the data products, and for residual temporal dependence 69 out of 318 model runs contain spectral density functions that are within the corresponding data‐product‐based‐bands. We estimate the mean global temperature increase from 1995–2014 relative to 1880–1899, from the data product, to be 0.896°C with a 95% credible interval of between 0.877 and 0.915. We find that 14 CMIP6 model runs agree with this interval, 197 model runs lead to a smaller temperature increase globally, and 107 model runs lead to a larger temperature increase.
Periodic Variation of Mesoscale Ultraviolet Contrast at the Cloud Top of Venus
Authors: Suda Tomoya , Imamura Takeshi , Lee Yeon Joo , Yamazaki Atsushi , Satoh Takehiko , Sato Takao M.
Published: October 2023

Images of Venusian clouds taken at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths frequently exhibit mesoscale cellular structures at low latitudes. To obtain clues regarding the origin of these structures, we studied the temporal variation of the mesoscale UV contrast using 283‐ and 365‐nm images taken by the ultraviolet imager (UVI) onboard the Akatsuki spacecraft. The 283‐nm channel is mostly affected by SO2 at the cloud top and the 365‐nm channel is mostly affected by an unknown absorber, though both absorbers are thought to influence both wavelengths. We defined the mesoscale as a spatial scale roughly below 1,000 km, where the effect of large‐scale streaky patterns is not significant according to the spatial spectra of 283‐nm images taken by UVI and 2.02‐μm images taken by the near‐infrared camera (IR2) onboard Akatsuki. We found that the temporal variation of the standard deviation of the mesoscale UV contrast is dominated by quasi‐periodic oscillations with amplitudes of 30%–50% relative to the mean value and periods of around 4–5 Earth days. Oscillations of the planetary‐scale UV contrast with similar periods were also observed, suggesting that the mesoscale structures are influenced by planetary‐scale waves. The mesoscale contrast tends to be enhanced when the background albedo decreases in the course of the propagation of planetary‐scale waves. This correlation suggests that the solar heating near the cloud top level feeds the mesoscale dynamics. An enhancement of the mesoscale contrast in the afternoon was seen at a wavelength of 365 nm.
Uncertainty Quantification for Machine Learning‐Based Ionosphere and Space Weather Forecasting: Ensemble, Bayesian Neural Network, and Quantile Gradient Boosting
Authors: Natras Randa , Soja Benedikt , Schmidt Michael
Published: October 2023

Machine learning (ML) has been increasingly applied to space weather and ionosphere problems in recent years, with the goal of improving modeling and forecasting capabilities through a data‐driven modeling approach of nonlinear relationships. However, little work has been done to quantify the uncertainty of the results, lacking an indication of how confident and reliable the results of an ML system are. In this paper, we implement and analyze several uncertainty quantification approaches for an ML‐based model to forecast Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) 1‐day ahead and corresponding uncertainties with 95% confidence intervals (CI): (a) Super‐Ensemble of ML‐based VTEC models (SE), (b) Gradient Tree Boosting with quantile loss function (Quantile Gradient Boosting, QGB), (c) Bayesian neural network (BNN), and (d) BNN including data uncertainty (BNN + D). Techniques that consider only model parameter uncertainties (a and c) predict narrow CI and over‐optimistic results, whereas accounting for both model parameter and data uncertainties with the BNN + D approach leads to a wider CI and the most realistic uncertainties quantification of VTEC forecast. However, the BNN + D approach suffers from a high computational burden, while the QGB approach is the most computationally efficient solution with slightly less realistic uncertainties. The QGB CI are determined to a large extent from space weather indices, as revealed by the feature analysis. They exhibit variations related to daytime/nightime, solar irradiance, geomagnetic activity, and post‐sunset low‐latitude ionosphere enhancement.
Intravenous administration of BCG in mice promotes natural killer and T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in the lung
Authors: Moreo Eduardo , Jarit-Cabanillas Aitor , Robles-Vera Iñaki , Uranga Santiago , Guerrero Claudia , Gómez Ana Belén , Mata-Martínez Pablo , Minute Luna , Araujo-Voces Miguel , Felgueres María José , Esteso Gloria , Uranga-Murillo Iratxe , Arias Maykel , Pardo Julián , Martín Carlos , Valés-Gómez Mar , del Fresno Carlos , Sancho David , Aguiló Nacho
Published: October 2023

Intravesical administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was one of the first FDA-approved immunotherapies and remains a standard treatment for bladder cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that intravenous (IV) administration of BCG is well-tolerated and effective in preventing tuberculosis infection in animals. Here, we examine IV BCG in several preclinical lung tumor models. Our findings demonstrate that BCG inoculation reduced tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival in models of lung melanoma metastasis and orthotopic lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, IV BCG treatment was well-tolerated with no apparent signs of acute toxicity. Mechanistically, IV BCG induced tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses, which were dependent on type 1 conventional dendritic cells, as well as NK cell-mediated immunity. Lastly, we also show that IV BCG has an additive effect on anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor treatment in mouse lung tumors that are otherwise resistant to anti-PD-L1 as monotherapy. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of systemic IV BCG administration in the treatment of lung tumors, highlighting its ability to enhance immune responses and augment immune checkpoint blockade efficacy.
Visualizing symmetry-breaking electronic orders in epitaxial Kagome magnet FeSn films
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Oli Basu Dev , Zou Qiang , Guo Xu , Wang Zhengfei , Li Lian
Published: October 2023

Kagome lattice hosts a plethora of quantum states arising from the interplay of topology, spin-orbit coupling, and electron correlations. Here, we report symmetry-breaking electronic orders tunable by an applied magnetic field in a model Kagome magnet FeSn consisting of alternating stacks of two-dimensional Fe3Sn Kagome and Sn2 honeycomb layers. On the Fe3Sn layer terminated FeSn thin films epitaxially grown on SrTiO3(111) substrates, we observe trimerization of the Kagome lattice using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, breaking its six-fold rotational symmetry while preserving the translational symmetry. Such a trimerized Kagome lattice shows an energy-dependent contrast reversal in dI/dV maps, which is significantly enhanced by bound states induced by Sn vacancy defects. This trimerized Kagome lattice also exhibits stripe modulations that are energy-dependent and tunable by an applied in-plane magnetic field, indicating symmetry-breaking nematicity from the entangled magnetic and charge degrees of freedom in antiferromagnet FeSn.
Glyco-engineered MDCK cells display preferred receptors of H3N2 influenza absent in eggs used for vaccines
Authors: Kikuchi Chika , Antonopoulos Aristotelis , Wang Shengyang , Maemura Tadashi , Karamanska Rositsa , Lee Chiara , Thompson Andrew J. , Dell Anne , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Haslam Stuart M. , Paulson James C.
Published: October 2023

Evolution of human H3N2 influenza viruses driven by immune selection has narrowed the receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin (HA) to a restricted subset of human-type (Neu5Acα2-6 Gal) glycan receptors that have extended poly-LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAc) repeats. This altered specificity has presented challenges for hemagglutination assays, growth in laboratory hosts, and vaccine production in eggs. To assess the impact of extended glycan receptors on virus binding, infection, and growth, we have engineered N-glycan extended (NExt) cell lines by overexpressing β3-Ν-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 in MDCK, SIAT, and hCK cell lines. Of these, SIAT-NExt cells exhibit markedly increased binding of H3 HAs and susceptibility to infection by recent H3N2 virus strains, but without impacting final virus titers. Glycome analysis of these cell lines and allantoic and amniotic egg membranes provide insights into the importance of extended glycan receptors for growth of recent H3N2 viruses and relevance to their production for cell- and egg-based vaccines.