bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Northeast India in Human Health
Authors: Shankar Rama , KumarTripathi Ashish , Anku Gyati , Neyaz Shazia , Rawat Mohan S
Published: September 2017

Objective:

This study was conducted to prepare records of medicinal plants used in various traditional practices in Northeast India for the management of different diseases.

Introduction:

Northeastern region comprises the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim. Topography of the region which is the prime source of diversity of flora and fauna covering the part of natural medicine is from tropical, subtropical, temperate, and alpine regions of vegetation distribution. This topography reflects the occurrence of diverse types of medicinal plants suitable for different climatic conditions. The study deals with the medicinal plants used in the management of various prevalent diseases in Northeast India by the use of locally available herbs.

Outcome:

Medicinal plants distributed in the different climatic zones of Northeast are Aconitum heterophyllum, Acer palmatum, Adiantum capillus veneris, A. lunulatum, Aquilaria malaccensis, Bacopa monnieri, Berberis aristata, B. wal- lichiana, Bergenia ciliata, Curcuma caesia, C. zedoaria, Crateva nurvela, Cordyceps sinensis, Embelia ribes, Emblica officinalis, Gentiana kurroo, Gmelina arborea, Gynocardia odorata, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Nardostachys jatamansi, Panax pseudoginseng, Paris polyphylla, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Rauvolfia serpentina, Rubia manjith, Saraca asoca, Solanum nigrum, Taxus wallichiana, Terminalia arjuna, T. bellerica, T. chebula, T. citrina, Valeriana jatamansi, Zanthoxylum armatum, Z. rhetsa, Zingiber zerumbet, Z. officinale, etc.

Conclusion:

The commercial cultivation, systemic collection for trade is the mode through which local inhabitants may earn money for moving toward prosperity.
Methodical Documentation of Local Health Traditions and Folklore Claims
Authors: Srikanth Narayanam , Maheswar Thugutla , Singh Sobaran
Published: September 2017

Quest for healthy and long life is perhaps as old as human existence and efforts are unremitting to address the challenges and triumph over the bottlenecks across this journey. Natural products of botanical, animal or mineral sources have initiated the scientific expedition of drugs since antiquity. Still, more interesting leads are emerging for drug discovery from documented traditional knowledge and certain oral undocumented Local Health Traditions (LHTs). The LHTs encompass the integral component medical heritage of the any country. Systematic documentation of such knowledge is pivotal to preserve the medical heritage of the country besides scientific validation of its attributes and principles. Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) has developed a comprehensive format for documentation of Local Health Traditions (LHTs), Folklore Claims etc. This format could be well utilized as a tool for uniform recording of information by scientists and scholars engaged in ethno medicinal, ethno pharmacology and traditional medicine research
Het ‘praktisch’ geweten: over de nood tot en voorwaarden voor morele intervisie
Authors: Topal Julien
Published: September 2017

‘Practical’ Moral Conscience: on the necessity of and conditions for moral intervention

This article seeks to connect insights from moral psychology to methodologies of moral learning. This is done by way of the notion of ‘practical’ moral conscience. Our moral conscience warns us when we are (potentially) bound to make a moral mistake. While a capacity possessed by all, the contents of our moral conscience are largely bound by our social-cultural upbringing. Add to that the findings of moral psychology that our moral judgments are 1) largely intuitive and 2) that these intuitions are heavily influenced by our cognitive limitations and emotional triggers, and a need for interventions on our moral conscience emerges. This need is particularly obvious within (governmental) organizations, which for their integrity are dependent on morally conscious employees. Without specifying a specific method by which to undertake such interventions, this article stipulates four preconditions for the needed critical engagement with our moral conscience.
Decolonising the classroom
Authors: Autar Louise
Published: September 2017

Taking the concept of credibility as a focal point, this article explores inclusive and decolonised classroom dynamics in the Dutch universities. Though much has been written on diversity and decolonisation in higher education, from curricula to epistemology to recruitment, there is a dearth in the discourse when it comes to decolonisation of classrooms. Drawing on Sally Haslanger’s conceptualisation of ‘credibility’ in classroom dynamics (2014), I focus on the intricate ways of classroom interaction which can usher those present in retracting from participating and engaging in class due to micro-aggressions, intimidation, or oppression in any form. As class participation and engagement are pivotal to success in the current format of academia that values individual participation and visibility, especially so in the Humanities, special attention to credibility addresses how classrooms can be transformed into inclusive teaching environments for all. The main question of this paper is: how are inclusive classrooms, in which every attendee feels credible as a knowledge producer, created and sustained? Classroom dynamics are complicated when both visibly and invisibly ‘marked’ attendees join the classroom, as power dynamics, inherent biases, and (micro-)aggressions can become hurdles in the learning process. It is the coloniality (Quijano & Ennis, 2000) of the classroom and the overrepresentation of Man (McKittrick, 2014) which I first analyse to demonstrate the need for decolonisation of the classroom. Then, I show the innovative investigative lens that the concept of credibility can offer in analysing classrooms through an illustration. Based on this exploration of classroom credibility, tools to evaluate the coloniality of classrooms and strategies to decolonise the classroom may be formulated.
Reflections on the History of the Indian Ocean: the sources and their relation to local practices and global connectivities
Authors: Bang Anne K.
Published: September 2017

This paper discusses the interpretation of sources for Indian Ocean history, from the point of view of translocal interpretations beyond the locality of the source. The article presents three cases, all deriving from the Muslim South-Western Indian Ocean. The argument is made that the ambiguity of the sources, and the interrelationship between the various locations related to the source, affect not only the historians interpretation but also the sense of the past held by people in these locations.
Communication in the Early Modern Indian Ocean World
Authors: Pearson Michael
Published: September 2017

People living on the shores of the early modern Indian Ocean spoke many languages. To communicate, whether for trade or other reasons, several strategies were found. I have already sketched the role of cultural brokers. The present study looks at silent trade, and the possibly existence of linguas franca, second languages widely spoken in the area. The two most commonly found were Portuguese and Arabic.
Revising global ozone dry deposition estimates based on a new
mechanistic parameterisation for air-sea exchange and the multi-year MACC composition reanalysis
Authors: Luhar Ashok K. , Woodhouse Matthew T. , Galbally Ian E.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Dry deposition at the Earth’s surface is an important sink of atmospheric ozone. Currently, dry deposition of ozone to the ocean surface in atmospheric chemistry models has the largest uncertainty compared to deposition to other surface types, with implications for global tropospheric ozone budget and associated radiative forcing. Most models assume that the dominant term of surface resistance in the parameterisation of ozone dry deposition velocity at the oceanic surface is constant. We present a consistent, process-based parameterisation scheme for air-sea exchange in which the surface resistance accounts for the simultaneous waterside processes of ozone solubility, molecular diffusion, turbulent transfer, and a first-order chemical reaction of ozone with dissolved iodide. The new scheme makes the following realistic assumptions: (a) the thickness of the top water layer is of the order of a reaction-diffusion length scale (a few micrometres) within which ozone loss is dominated by chemical reaction and the influence of waterside turbulent transfer is negligible; (b) in the water layer below, both chemical reaction and waterside turbulent transfer act together and are accounted for; and (c) iodide (hence chemical reactivity) is present through the depth of the oceanic mixing layer. The asymptotic behaviour of the new scheme is consistent with the known limits when either chemical reaction or turbulent transfer dominates. It has been incorporated into the ACCESS-UKCA global chemistry-climate model and the results are evaluated against dry deposition velocities from currently best available open-ocean measurements. In order to better quantify the global dry deposition loss and its interannual variability, the modelled 3-h ozone deposition velocities are combined with the 3-h MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) reanalysis ozone for the years 2003–2012. The resulting ozone dry deposition is found to be 98.4 ± 4.5 Tg O3 yr−1 for the ocean and 722.8 ± 20.9 O3 yr−1 globally. The new estimate of the ocean component is approximately a third of the current model estimates. This reduction corresponds to an approximately 20 % decrease in the total global ozone dry deposition, which is equivalent to an increase of approximately 5 % in the modelled tropospheric ozone burden and a similar increase in tropospheric ozone lifetime.
Aerosol optical characteristics and their vertical distributions under
enhanced haze pollution events: effect of the regional transport of
different aerosol types over eastern China
Authors: Sun Tianze , Che Huizheng , Qi Bing , Wang Yaqiang , Dong Yunsheng , Xia Xiangao , Wang Hong , Gui Ke , Zheng Yu , Zhao Huijia , Ma Qianli , Du Rongguang , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The climatological variation of aerosol properties and the planetary boundary layer (PBL) during 2013–2015 over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region were investigated by employing ground-based Microwave Pulse Lidar (MPL) and CE-318 sun-photometer observations. Combining MODIS and CALIPSO satellite products, enhanced haze pollution events affected by different types of aerosol over the YRD region were analyzed through vertical structures, spatial distributions, backward trajectories, and the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) model. The results show that aerosols in the YRD are dominated by fine-mode particles, except in March. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) in June and September is higher due to high single scattering albedo (SSA) from hygroscopic growth, but is lower in July and August due to wet deposition from precipitation. The PBL height (PBLH) is greater (means ranging from 1.23 to 1.84 km) and more variable in the warmer months of March to August, due to the stronger diurnal cycle and exchange of heat. Northern fine-mode pollutants are brought to the YRD at a height of 1.5 km. The SSA increases blocking the radiation to the surface, and cooling the surface, thereby weakening turbulence, lowering the PBL, and in turn accelerating the accumulation of pollutants, creating a feedback to the cooling effect. Originated from the deserts in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, long-range transported dust masses are seen at heights of about 2 km over the YRD region with an SSA440 nm below 0.84, which heat air and upraise PBL, accelerating the diffusion of dust particles. Regional transport from biomass burning spots to the south of the YRD region bring mixed aerosol particles at a height below 1.5 km, resulting in an SSA440 nm below 0.89. During the winter, the accumulation of local emission layer is facilitated by stable weather condition, staying within the PBL even below 0.5 km.
Impact of biomass burning on pollutants surface concentrations in megacities of the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Menut Laurent , Flamant Cyrille , Turquety Solene , Deroubaix Adrien , Chazette Patrick , Meynadier Remi
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In the framework of the Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project, the tropospheric chemical composition in the megacities along the Guinean Gulf is studied using the Weather and Research Forecast and CHIMERE regional models. Simulations are performed for the May–July 2014 period, without and with biomass burning emissions. Model results are compared to satellite data and surface measurements. Using numerical tracer release experiments, it is shown that the fire emissions in Central Africa are impacting the surface aerosol and gaseous species concentrations in the Guinean Gulf cities, such as Lagos (Nigeria) and Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Depending on the altitude of injection of these emissions, the pollutants follow different pathways: directly along the coast or over land towards the Sahel before to be vertically mixed in the convective boundary layer and transported to the south-west and over the cities. In July 2014, the maximum increase in surface concentrations is ~ 150 μg m−3 for CO, ~ 10 to 20 μg m−3 for O3 and ~ 5 μg m−3 for PM10. The analysis of the PM10 chemical composition shows that this increase is mainly related to an increase of Particulate Primary Matter and Particulate Organic Matter.
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Gregor Luke , Kok Schalk , Monteiro Pedro M. S.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Machine learning methods (support vector regression and random forest regression) were used to map gridded estimates of ΔpCO2 in the Southern Ocean from SOCAT v3 data. A low (1°  × monthly) and high (0.25° × 16-day) resolution implementation of each of these methods as well as the SOM-FFN method of Landschützer et al. (2014) were added to a five member ensemble. The ensemble mean ΔpCO2 was used to calculate FCO2 (air–sea CO2 flux). Data was separated into nine domains defined by basin (Indian, Pacific and Atlantic) and biomes defined by Fay and McKinley (2014). The regional approach showed large zonal asymmetry in ΔpCO2 and FCO2 estimates. Importantly, there was a seasonal decoupling of the modes summer and winter interannual variability. Winter trends had a larger 10 year mode of variability compared to summer trends, which had a shorter 4–6 year mode. To understand this variability of FCO2, we separately assessed changes in summer and winter ΔpCO2 and the drivers thereof. The dominant winter changes were driven by wind stress variability. Summer variability correlated well with chlorophyll-a variability where the latter had high concentrations. In regions of low chlorophyll-a concentrations, wind stress and sea surface temperature were lower order drivers of ΔpCO2.
Land–sea coupling of Early Pleistocene glacial cycles in the southern North Sea exhibit dominant Northern Hemisphere forcing
Authors: Donders Timme , van Helmond Niels A. G. M. , Verreussel Roel , Munsterman Dirk , Ten Veen Johan , Speijer Robert P. , Weijers Johan W. H. , Sangiorgi Francesca , Peterse Francien , Reichart Gert-Jan , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap , Lourens Lucas , Kuhlmann Gesa , Brinkhuis Henk
Published: September 2017

Abstract. We assess the disputed phase relations between forcing and climatic response in the Early Pleistocene with a spliced Gelasian (~ 2.6–1.8 Ma) multi-proxy record from the southern North Sea. The cored sections couple climate evolution on both land and sea during the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciations (NHG) in NW Europe, providing the first well-constrained stratigraphic sequence of the classic terrestrial Praetiglian Stage. Terrestrial signals were derived from the Eridanos paleoriver, a major fluvial system that contributed a large amount of freshwater to the northeast Atlantic. Due to its latitudinal position, the Eridanos catchment was likely affected by Early Pleistocene NHG, leading to intermittent shutdown and reactivation of river flow and sediment transport. Here we apply organic geochemistry, palynology, carbonate isotope geochemistry, and seismostratigraphy to document both vegetation changes in the Eridanos catchment and regional surface water conditions and relate them to Early Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles, and relative sea level changes. Paleomagnetic and palynological data provide a solid integrated timeframe that ties the obliquity cycles, expressed in the borehole geophysical logs, to Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 103 to 92, independently confirmed by a local benthic oxygen isotope record. Marine and terrestrial palynological and organic geochemical records provide high resolution reconstructions of relative Terrestrial and Sea Surface Temperature (TT and SST), vegetation, relative sea level, and coastal influence. During the prominent cold stages MIS 100, 98 and 96, the record indicates increased non-arboreal vegetation, and low SST and TT, and low relative sea level. During the warm stages MIS 99, 97 and 95 we infer freshwater influx increases causing stratification of the water column together with higher % arboreal vegetation, high SST and relative sea level maxima. The Early Pleistocene distinct warm–cold alterations are synchronous between land and sea, but lead the relative sea level change. The record provides evidence for a dominantly NH driven cooling and glacial build up which is obliquity driven. Timing of southward migration of Arctic surface water masses, indicated by relative SST, are furthermore relevant for the discussion on the relation between the intensity of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and ice sheet growth in order to identify lead-lags between forcing and response of Early Pleistocene glaciations.
The Global Streamflow Indices and Metadata Archive (GSIM) – Part 1: The production of daily streamflow archive and metadata
Authors: Do Hong Xuan , Gudmundsson Lukas , Leonard Michael , Westra Seth , Seneviratne Sonia Isabelle
Published: September 2017

Abstract. This is the first part of a two paper series presenting the Global Streamflow Indices and Metadata archive (GSIM), a worldwide collection of metadata and indices derived from more than 35,002 daily streamflow timeseries. This paper focuses on the compilation of the daily streamflow timeseries based on 12 free-to-access streamflow databases (seven national databases and five international collections). It also describes the development of three metadata products (freely available at https://iacweb.ethz.ch/staff/lukasgu/GSIM/GSIM_metadata.zip): (1) a GSIM catalogue collating basic metadata associated with each timeseries, (2) catchment boundaries for the contributing area of each gauge, and (3) catchment metadata extracted from 12 gridded global data products representing essential properties such as land cover type, soil type, climate and topographic characteristics. The second paper in the series then explores production and analysis of streamflow indices. Having collated an unprecedented number of stations and associated metadata, GSIM can be used to advance large-scale hydrological research and improve understanding of the global water cycle.
A low-power data acquisition system for geomagnetic observatories and variometer stations
Authors: Morschhauser Achim , Haseloff Jürgen , Bronkalla Oliver , Müller-Brettschneider Carsten , Matzka Jürgen
Published: September 2017

Abstract. A modern geomagnetic observatory must provide data of high stability, continuity, and resolution. The INTERMAGNET network has therefore specified quantitative criteria to ensure a high quality standard of geomagnetic observatories. Here, we present a new data acquisition system which was designed to meet these criteria, in particular with respect to 1 Hz data. This system is based on a Raspberry Pi embedded PC and runs a C+ +  data acquisition software. As a result, the data acquisition system is modular, cheap, and flexible, and it can be operated in remote areas with limited power supply. In addition, the system is capable of near-real-time data transmission, using a reverse SSH tunnel to work with any network available. The system hardware was successfully tested at the Niemegk observatory for a period of 1 year and subsequently installed at the Tatuoca observatory in Brazil.
Spatial Mapping of Soil Properties Using Geostatistical Methods in the Ghazvin Plains of Iran
Authors: Bostani Amir , Salahedin Maryam , Rahman Md Mahmudur , Khojasteh Davood Namdar
Published: September 2017

Geostatistical interpolation is widely used to map spatial variability in physical and chemical properties of soil, such as organic matter content, particle density; and pH. Geostatistical interpolation is a branch of applied science which predicts spatial concentrations at unknown locations at a study area by incorporating limited measured data, which is a major advantage over classical statistics. Although many studies applied geostatistical interpolation in agricultural land, there are still gaps in knowledge in selecting suitable models to map soil properties on a large geographical location. The objectives of this paper were to examine and to map the spatial distribution of the soil physico-chemical properties, including electric conductivity (EC), pH, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), organic matter (OM), percentage of sand, silt and clay, bulk density (ρb), saturate percentage (SP), and mean weight diameter (MWD), at 800 hectares of agro-industrial land at Sharifabad, Qazvin, Iran. The soil samples were collected in total 275 points in a regular grid (100 × 100m) over the study area. The exploratory statistical analysis was applied on the collected data for understanding the distribution of the dataset. The silt content, clay content and OM data showed normal frequency distribution, and the pH data show near to normal frequency distribution. The remaining soil properties data, including SAR, EC, SP, MWD, sand content and bulk density showed log-normal distribution, which was identified by the normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov with an error probability of 1%. The spatial characteristics of the dataset were assessed by semivariogram models in GS+ and GIS 10.3 software. Among the four different semivariogram models, namely linear, exponential, Gaussian and spherical, the best performing model was chosen following the highest R2 and lowest error values. The predictive geostatistical interpolation maps for each variable were drawn using ordinary kriging model.
Derdenwerking van exoneratiebedingen: een inkadering van het redelijkheidsoordeel
Authors: Salome P.F.
Published: September 2017

Derdenwerking van exoneratiebedingen: een inkadering van het redelijkheidsoordeel

Derdenwerking van exoneratiebedingen dient te worden gerechtvaardigd door de ‘aard van het desbetreffende geval’. Gezichtspunten spelen daarbij een rol. De literatuur is kritisch op de rechtspraak van de Hoge Raad en de door hem geformuleerde gezichtspunten: het zou resulteren in een gebrek aan houvast. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de toepassing van de gezichtspunten in de rechtspraak. Hieruit volgt een ‘diffuus beeld’. Na een uitstap naar het Engelse contractenrecht wordt een aanbeveling gedaan om het leerstuk van (meer) rechtszekerheid te voorzien.
USING ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY IN LINEAR ARRAYS OF MEASUREMENT
Authors: Rymarczyk Tomasz
Published: September 2017

The article presents an application to the topology optimization in electrical impedance tomography using the level set method. The level set function is based on shape and topology optimization for areas with partly continuous conductivities. The finite element method has been used to solve the forward problem. The proposed algorithm is initialized using topological sensitivity analysis. Shape derivative and material derivative have been incorporated with the level set method to investigate shape optimization problems. The coupled algorithm is a relatively new procedure to overcome this problem. Using the line measurement model is very useful to solve the inverse problem in the copper-mine ceiling and the flood embankment.
CONCEPT OF DETECTION SYSTEM TO LOCALIZE INSIDE CLOSED AREA BY RADIO TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Authors: Rymarczyk Tomasz , Adamkiewicz Przemysław , Szumowski Jakub , Niderla Konrad , Gołąbek Łukasz , Sikora Jan
Published: September 2017

. System for navigation and localization inside buildings will determine man's location in confined spaces with level of accuracy never yet achieved. System's operation will be mainly based on Bluetooth signals in accordance with the Beacon standard. A worldwide innovation will be the use of Radio Tomographic Imaging (RTI). This technology will enable tracking of moving objects by image reconstruction based on changes of electromagnetic field signal strength (RSS).
NEEDLE DETECTOR OF X-RAY AND GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: Domański Grzegorz , Szabatin Roman , Brzeski Piotr , Konarzewski Bogumił
Published: September 2017

The article presents the developed structure of the novel needle proportional gas detector (NPC – Needle Proportional Counter) used for the detection of X-rays and gamma rays. The advantage of the detector is its simple mechanical construction and the possibility of detection of incident radiation in a direction parallel to the needle. The measured energy spectrum of the isotope Fe-55 by means of the developed detector is presented.
2D MODELLING OF A SENSOR FOR ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY IN ECTSIM TOOLBOX
Authors: Kryszyn Jacek , Smolik Waldemar
Published: September 2017

Electrical capacitance tomography is used to visualize a spatial distribution of dielectrical permittivity of materials placed in a tomographic sensor. An image is reconstructed from measurements of mutual capacitances of electrodes placed around the examined volume. This technique is characterized by very high temporal resolution – it is possible to achieve even few thousands of images per second. One of drawbacks of the method is low spatial resolution. Electrical capacitance tomography is mainly used in industry, e.g. for multiphase flow visualization. One of important elements of a tomographic system is a sensor which parameters influence quality of measurements and therefore affects quality of reconstructed images. In the Division of Nuclear and Medical Electronics a Matlab toolbox called ECTsim was developed. It is used for modelling of sensors, simulations of electrical field and image reconstruction. In this article we present the latest improvement which is modelling of a sensor using algebra of sets. Using primitive elements like rectangle and sector of a ring it is possible to perform operations like union, intersection and difference of two elements with a designed language. With such tools it is easy to prepare complex models of tomographic sensors which have different geometries. In this paper we show two models of sensors with different geometry in order to show how ECTsim solves forward problem.
Competencia matemática, actitud y ansiedad hacia las Matemáticas en futuros maestros
Authors: Nortes Martínez-Artero Rosa , Nortes Checa Andrés
Published: September 2017

Para saber si los alumnos que acceden al Grado de Maestro de Primaria tienen adquirida la Competencia Matemática de 6.º de Primaria, conocer su nivel de ansiedad y actitud hacia las Matemáticas, se han seleccionado 174 alumnos de la Universidad de CCC. Los resultados indican que uno de cada tres alumnos del Grado no posee la Competencia Matemática, y que en 2.º, primer curso con Matemáticas, dos de cada cinco alumnos suspenden la prueba, y uno de cada cinco suspende en los cuatro bloques del currículo de Primaria. Su actitud hacia las matemáticas es ligeramente positiva y no tienen ansiedad ante las matemáticas. Mejores resultados en alumnos que en alumnas, siendo en Geometría donde más errores se cometen. La mitad de los ítems de razonar y reflexionar se suspenden.
Kekuatan Politik Media Sosial: Uji Kasus pada Revolusi Mesir 2011
Authors: Juned Mansur , Maliki Musa , Asrudin M
Published: September 2017

This article examines that internet social media have influenced the Egypt Revolution from the authoritarian government to the democratic transition. There are two theories: Cyber-Optimist that argues internet social media is significant in changing a rezim and Cyber-Realist that believes internet is a status quo regime's arsenal in controlling their citizen. Based on cyber-optimist argument, this article believes that internet social media is not supporting the authoritarian government of Husni Mubarak in Egypt, but as the citizen's arsenal to change the authoritarian government of Husni Mubarak.
A Novel Diffuse Fraction‐Based Two‐Leaf Light Use Efficiency Model: An Application Quantifying Photosynthetic Seasonality across 20 AmeriFlux Flux Tower Sites
Authors: Yan Hao , Wang Shao‐Qiang , Yu Kai‐Liang , Wang Bin , Yu Qin , Bohrer Gil , Billesbach Dave , Bracho Rosvel , Rahman Faiz , Shugart Herman H.
Published: September 2017

Diffuse radiation can increase canopy light use efficiency (LUE). This creates the need to differentiate the effects of direct and diffuse radiation when simulating terrestrial gross primary production (GPP). Here, we present a novel GPP model, the diffuse‐fraction‐based two‐leaf model (DTEC), which includes the leaf response to direct and diffuse radiation, and treats maximum LUE for shaded leaves (ɛmsh defined as a power function of the diffuse fraction (Df)) and sunlit leaves (ɛmsu defined as a constant) separately. An Amazonian rainforest site (KM67) was used to calibrate the model by simulating the linear relationship between monthly canopy LUE and Df. This showed a positive response of forest GPP to atmospheric diffuse radiation, and suggested that diffuse radiation was more limiting than global radiation and water availability for Amazon rainforest GPP on a monthly scale. Further evaluation at 20 independent AmeriFlux sites showed that the DTEC model, when driven by monthly meteorological data and MODIS leaf area index (LAI) products, explained 70% of the variability observed in monthly flux tower GPP. This exceeded the 51% accounted for by the MODIS 17A2 big‐leaf GPP product. The DTEC model's explicit accounting for the impacts of diffuse radiation and soil water stress along with its parameterization for C4 and C3 plants was responsible for this difference. The evaluation of DTEC at Amazon rainforest sites demonstrated its potential to capture the unique seasonality of higher GPP during the diffuse radiation‐dominated wet season. Our results highlight the importance of diffuse radiation in seasonal GPP simulation.
Methods and Model Dependency of Extreme Event Attribution: The 2015 European Drought
Authors: Hauser Mathias , Gudmundsson Lukas , Orth René , Jézéquel Aglaé , Haustein Karsten , Vautard Robert , van Oldenborgh Geert J. , Wilcox Laura , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: September 2017

Key Points

Multi‐method event attribution of the 2015 European drought

Contradicting evidence on the role of anthropogenic influence on the event

Uncertainty in event attribution may be larger than previously thought
Roadmaps to Transition Countries to 100% Clean, Renewable Energy for All Purposes to Curtail Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Risk
Authors: Jacobson Mark Z.
Published: September 2017

Solving the problems of global warming, air pollution, and energy security requires a massive effort by individuals, communities, businesses, nonprofits, and policy makers around the world. The first step in that process is to have a plan. To that end, roadmaps to transition 139 countries of the world to 100% clean, renewable wind, water, and solar power for all energy purposes (electricity, transportation, heating, cooling, industry, agriculture, forestry, and fishing) by 2050, with 80% by 2030, have been developed. The evolution, characteristics, and impacts to date of these plans are briefly described.
Simulated Prompt Acceleration of Multi‐MeV Electrons by the 17 March 2015 Interplanetary Shock
Authors: Hudson Mary , Jaynes Allison , Kress Brian , Li Zhao , Patel Maulik , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Thaller Scott , Wiltberger Michael , Wygant John
Published: September 2017

Prompt enhancement of relativistic electron flux at L = 3–5 has been reported from Van Allen Probes Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT) measurements associated with the 17 March 2015 interplanetary shock compression of the dayside magnetosphere. Acceleration by ∼1 MeV is inferred on less than a drift timescale as seen in prior shock compression events, which launch a magnetosonic azimuthal electric field impulse tailward. This impulse propagates from the dayside around the flanks accelerating electrons in drift resonance at the dusk flank. Such longitudinally localized acceleration events produce a drift echo signature which was seen at >1 MeV energy on both Van Allen Probe spacecraft, with sustained observations by Probe B outbound at L = 5 at 2100 MLT at the time of impulse arrival, measured by the Electric Fields and Waves instrument. MHD test particle simulations are presented which reproduce drift echo features observed in the REPT measurements at Probe B, including the energy and pitch angle dependence of drift echoes observed. While the flux enhancement was short lived for this event due to subsequent inward motion of the magnetopause, stronger events with larger electric field impulses, as observed in March 1991 and the Halloween 2003 storm, produce enhancements which can be quantified by the inward radial transport and energization determined by the induction electric field resulting from dayside compression.
Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation From Streamer Collisions
Authors: Luque Alejandro
Published: September 2017

We present a full electromagnetic model of streamer propagation where the Maxwell equations are solved self‐consistently together with electron transport and reactions including photoionization. We apply this model to the collision of counter‐propagating streamers in gaps tens of centimeters wide and with large potential differences of hundreds of kilovolts. Our results show that streamer collisions emit electromagnetic pulses that, at atmospheric pressure, dominate the radio frequency spectrum of an extended corona in the range from about 100 MHz to a few gigahertz. We also investigate the fast penetration, after a collision, of electromagnetic fields into the streamer heads and show that these fields are capable of accelerating electrons up to about 100 keV. By substantiating the link between X‐rays and high‐frequency radio emissions and by describing a mechanism for the early acceleration of runaway electrons, our results support the hypothesis that streamer collisions are essential precursors of high‐energy processes in electric discharges.
Using the Weak‐Temperature Gradient Approximation to Evaluate Parameterizations: An Example of the Transition From Suppressed to Active Convection
Authors: Daleu C. L. , Plant R. S. , Woolnough S. J.
Published: September 2017

Two single‐column models are fully coupled via the weak‐temperature gradient approach. The coupled‐SCM is used to simulate the transition from suppressed to active convection under the influence of an interactive large‐scale circulation. The sensitivity of this transition to the value of mixing entrainment within the convective parameterization is explored. The results from these simulations are compared with those from equivalent simulations using coupled cloud‐resolving models. Coupled‐column simulations over nonuniform surface forcing are used to initialize the simulations of the transition, in which the column with suppressed convection is forced to undergo a transition to active convection by changing the local and/or remote surface forcings. The direct contributions from the changes in surface forcing are to induce a weakening of the large‐scale circulation which systematically modulates the transition. In the SCM, the contributions from the large‐scale circulation are dominated by the heating effects, while in the CRM the heating and moistening effects are about equally divided. A transition time is defined as the time when the rain rate in the dry column is halfway to the value at equilibrium after the transition. For the control value of entrainment, the order of the transition times is identical to that obtained in the CRM, but the transition times are markedly faster. The locally forced transition is strongly delayed by a higher entrainment. A consequence is that for a 50% higher entrainment the transition times are reordered. The remotely forced transition remains fast while the locally forced transition becomes slow, compared to the CRM.
Evaluation of Sox2 binding affinities for distinct DNA patterns using steered molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yesudhas Dhanusha , Anwar Muhammad Ayaz , Panneerselvam Suresh , Kim Han‐Kyul , Choi Sangdun
Published: September 2017

Transcription factors (TFs) are gene expression regulators that bind to DNA in a sequence‐specific manner and determine the functional characteristics of the gene. It is worthwhile to study the unique characteristics of such specific TF‐binding pattern in DNA. Sox2 recognizes a 6‐ to 7‐base pair consensus DNA sequence; the central four bases of the binding site are highly conserved, whereas the two to three flanking bases are variable. Here, we attempted to analyze the binding affinity and specificity of the Sox2 protein for distinct DNA sequence patterns via steered molecular dynamics, in which a pulling force is employed to dissociate Sox2 from Sox2–DNA during simulation to study the behavior of a complex under nonequilibrium conditions. The simulation results revealed that the first two stacking bases of the binding pattern have an exclusive impact on the binding affinity, with the corresponding mutant complexes showing greater binding and longer dissociation time than the experimental complexes do. In contrast, mutation of the conserved bases tends to reduce the affinity, and mutation of the complete conserved region disrupts the binding. It might pave the way to identify the most likely binding pattern recognized by Sox2 based on the affinity of each configuration. The α2‐helix of Sox2 was found to be the key player in the Sox2–DNA association. The characterization of Sox2's binding patterns for the target genes in the genome helps in understanding of its regulatory functions.
Plant Architecture Modelling: Virtual Plants and Complex Systems
Authors: Godin Christophe , Costes Evelyne , Sinoquet Hervé
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nature of Plant Architecture: Basic Concepts

Representing and Analysing Plant Architecture

Modelling Functions on Static Structures

Models of Plant Development

Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Movement of Viruses to and through Plasmodesmata
Authors: Nelson Richard S.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Virus Cell‐to‐Cell Movement

Note

Acknowledgements
Electrical SignallingviaPlasmodesmata
Authors: van Bel Aart J.E. , Ehlers Katrin
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrical Coupling as an Initial Probe for Symplasmic Cell Coupling

Physical Essentials of Electrical Coupling Measurements

Membrane Potential Mapping as a Tool for Recognition of Symplasmic Domain Borders

Interrelations between Current Injection and Plasmodesmatal Permeability

Potential Functions of Electrical Cell–Cell (un)Coupling

Relationships between Electropotential Waves, Plasmodesmatal Conductance and Physiological Activities

Role of Plasmodesmata in the Propagation of Electropotential Waves and Long‐Distance Signalling

Are Integrated Electrical and Chemical Long‐Distance Signals Mediated by Plasmodesmata during Systemic Induced Resistance?

Concluding Remarks
Floral Patterning and Control of Floral Organ Formation
Authors: Kramer Elena M.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

TheABCModel of Floral Organ Identity

Regulating the Expression of the Floral Organ Identity Genes

Conservation and Modification of theABCProgram

Sex Determination as a Modification of Floral Organ Identity

Future Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Inflorescence Architecture – Moving beyond Description to Development, Genes and Evolution
Authors: Singer Susan R.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Overview

Inflorescence Typologies

Inflorescence Development

Evolution of Inflorescence Architecture

Future Directions: Modeling Inflorescence Architecture
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility
Authors: Budar Françoise , Touzet Pascal , Pelletier Georges
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Pioneering Work in Plant Sexuality and Hybridisation

Early Studies ofCMS

Definition ofCMSas a System with Two Genetic Determinants

Use ofCMSin Hybrid Seed Production

The Search forCMS: Intraspecific Crosses, Alloplasmic Situations and Cybrids

SpontaneousCMSsResult from Genomic Conflict between Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Genes

Molecular Studies onCMSs: A Step towards Understanding or Confusion?

Conclusion and Prospects

Acknowledgements
The Diversity and Significance of Flowering in Perennials
Authors: Townsend Theresa , Albani Maria , Wilkinson Mike , Coupland George , Battey Nick
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Importance of Perenniality

Flowering in the Context of Perenniality

Raunkiaer's Five Life Form Groups: Deeper and Deeper Connections between Flowering and Perenniality

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
Flower Colour
Authors: Tanaka Yoshikazu , Brugliera Filippa
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Flower Colour

The Pigment Classes

Anthocyanin Structure and Flower Colour

Complexity of Blue Flowers

Biosynthesis of Flavonoids

Flower Colour and Mutations

Evolutionary Aspects of Structural Genes in the Flavonoid Pathway

Genetic Engineering of Flower Colour

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Entrainment of the Circadian Clock
Authors: Somers David E.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Light Perception and Entrainment

Signal Transduction and Interaction

Coupling to the Central Oscillator

Circadian Gating of Photic Input

Thermal Entrainment

Conclusion
A Dual‐Layered Microfluidic System for Long‐Term Controlled In Situ Delivery of Multiple Anti‐Inflammatory Factors for Chronic Neural Applications
Authors: Frey Laura , Bandaru Praveen , Zhang Yu Shrike , O'Kelly Kevin , Khademhosseini Ali , Shin Su Ryon
Published: September 2017

This study reports the development of a microfluidic system capable of repeated infusions of anti‐inflammatory factors post‐implantation for use as a coating for neural probes. This system consists of a microchannel in a thin gelatin methacryloyl–polyethylene glycol composite hydrogel surrounded by a porous polydimethylsiloxane membrane, where the hydrogel can be dried to increase the stiffness for easy insertion. Reswelling allows the perfusion of interleukin (IL)‐4 and dexamethasone as anti‐inflammatory factors through the channel with minimal burst release and significant amounts of IL‐4 are observed to release for up to 96 h post‐infusion. Repeated injections of IL‐4 increase the ratio of prohealing M2 versus proinflammatory M1 phenotypes of macrophages encapsulated in the hydrogel by sixfold compared with a single injection, over a 2‐week period. These repeated infusions also significantly downregulate the expression of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐6 in astrocytes encapsulated in hydrogel. To demonstrate the system as a coating of neural probes for in vivo applications, a prototype device is further fabricated, where a thin dual‐layered microfluidic system is integrated onto a metal probe. Such a drug delivery system can help reduce the formation of a glial scar around neural probes.
Multifunctional Glyco‐Nanofibers: siRNA Induced Supermolecular Assembly for Codelivery In Vivo
Authors: Chang Yincheng , Lv Yinghua , Wei Peng , Zhang Pengfei , Pu Liang , Chen Xiaoxu , Yang Kui , Li Xueliang , Lu Yuchao , Hou Chenxi , Pei Yuxin , Zeng Wenxian , Pei Zhichao
Published: September 2017

Targeted codelivery and controlled release of drug/siRNA (small interfering RNA) in a safe and effective vehicle hold great promises for overcoming drug resistance and optimal efficacy in cancer treatment; however, rational design and preparation of such vehicles remain a critical challenge. Thus, glyco‐nanofibers (GNFs) are fabricated via supermolecular assembly of polyanionic siRNA and cationic vesicles to simultaneously deliver siRNA and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) in vitro and in vivo. The vesicles are created through self‐assembly of a positively charged amphiphilic lactose derivative featuring a lactose moiety and a ferrocenium unit on either end of the molecule. The GNFs display excellent biocompatibility, enhanced cell‐penetrating ability, and hepatoma targetability. The high transport efficiency of siRNA, effective gene silencing ability, and enhanced cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells of GNFs loaded with DOX are observed in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo experiments show reduced systemic toxicity and enhanced therapeutic efficacy of DOX to both HepG2 and HepG2/ADR subcutaneous tumor‐bearing nude mice. This work proves the electrostatic self‐assembly between cationic carbohydrates and polyanionic siRNA to be a convenient and effective strategy to fabricate a single vehicle for safe and effective codelivery of drug/siRNA, which can be used to combine chemo‐ and gene‐therapy against cancers and other diseases.
“It Felt Like Violence”: Indigenous Knowledge Traditions and the Postcolonial Ethics of Academic Inquiry and Community Engagement
Authors: Gone Joseph P.
Published: September 2017

Highlights

Research approaches based on Indigenous epistemologies are called Indigenous Research Methodologies.

Consideration of IRMs evoked a thorny ethical challenge concerning publicization of sacred knowledge.

This ethical challenge resists resolution owing to competing values promoted by community psychology.
Synthesis and Utilization of Nitroalkyne Equivalents in Batch and Continuous Flow
Authors: Morse Peter D. , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: September 2017

We report a method for overcoming the low stability of nitroalkynes through the development of nitrated vinyl silyltriflate equivalents. Because of their instability, nitroalkynes have only rarely been utilized in synthesis. The reactivity of these silyltriflates, which are prepared in situ, is exemplified by dipolar cycloaddition reactions with nitrones to give highly substituted 4‐nitro‐4‐isoxazolines in high yields. This approach has proven general for several different alkyl and aryl substituted alkynes. In order to minimize the accumulation of potentially hazardous reaction intermediates, we have also developed a continuous flow variant of this method that is capable of carrying out the entire reaction sequence in a good yield and a short residence time.
Olefin‐Supported Rhenium(III) Terminal Oxo Complexes Generated by Nucleophilic Addition to a Cyclopentadienyl Ligand
Authors: Lohrey Trevor D. , Bergman Robert G. , Arnold John
Published: September 2017

The reactivity of the oxo ReV β‐diketiminate, OReCl2(BDI), with various cyclopentadienide (Cp) sources has been investigated. As a result, we have developed a route to a new class of terminal oxo complexes of ReIII supported by olefin moieties of substituted cyclopentadienes. The success of this pathway is due to the electrophilic nature of the Cp ligand in the cation, [ORe(η5‐Cp)(BDI)]+ (3+), which allows for nucleophilic attack by a variety of reagents under mild conditions. In contrast, tBuNC was found to attack at the oxo moiety to produce isocyanate by oxygen atom transfer.