bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal changes of sediment dynamics within the Nairobi River sub-basins between 1998-2006 time scale, Kenya
Authors: Kithiia Shadrack , Wambua Boniface
Published: July 2010

Temporal changes of sediment dynamics within the Nairobi River sub-basins between 1998-2006 time scale, Kenya

The city of Nairobi is the heart of both industrial production and the economic hub in Kenya and the Eastern Africa region. The city of Nairobi and its environs are drained by three streams, namely: Nairobi, Mathare and Ngong rivers. These streams drain areas of diverse land use activities. The land use changes in a spatial manner from the rich agricultural system through residential cum urban to industrial. The significance of these various land use systems to pollutants generation, pollution, sediment generation and hence water pollution and quality degradation is quite enormous and worth investigation. The land use changes in a spatial manner making the basin ideal for a temporal variation of sediments yields along the river profile and their impacts on the water quality status. This paper examines the results of study carried out within the basins in the years 1998-2006. The method of study involved water sampling and laboratory analysis to reveal the trends in sediment load increases downstream the investigated streams. Soil samples were also investigated to determine their relationship to soil erosion rates and sediment fluxes. The study attempts further to find the best sediment management strategies in reversing their increasing trends and restoring water quality within the basin.
Application of a particle swarm optimization to a physically-based erosion model
Authors: Santos Celso , Pinto Luiz , De Macedo Machado Freire Paula , Mishra Sudhanshu
Published: July 2010

Application of a particle swarm optimization to a physically-based erosion model

The difficulties involved in calibration of physically based erosion models have been partly attributable to the lack of robust optimization tools. This paper presents the essential concepts and application to optimize channel and plane parameters in an erosion model, with a global optimization method known as Repulsive Particle Swarm (RPS), a variant of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The physically-based erosion model that which was chosen is called WESP (watershed erosion simulation program). The optimization technique was tested with the field data collected in an experimental watershed located in a semi-arid region of Brazil. On the basis of these results, the recommended erosion parameter values for a semi-arid region are given, which could serve as an initial estimate for other similar areas.
Variability of bedload transport rate during flood flows in the Zagożdżonka River
Authors: Popek Zbigniew
Published: July 2010

Variability of bedload transport rate during flood flows in the Zagożdżonka River

The paper presents the measurement results of bedload sediment transport during the flood flows observed in the Zagożdżonka River. The point for measuring the bedload transport, equipped with sediment catcher, devices for continuous measurements, and automated data recording, was localized above the Czarna gauge station in catchment studied by the Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Restoration, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. The results of bedload transport measurements during one of the flood flow waves were compared to those calculated by using the Bagnold's formula. To determine the critical bed-shear stress, the Author's formula resulting from laboratory experiments, was used. Calculated variability of bedload transport rate during analyzed flood flow wave apparently differed from that directly measured. Nevertheless, mass of bedload achieved from calculations was lower by 6% than that from measurements, which can be considered as good result consistence.
Basement of the alluvia influence on the channel pattern in example of selected reach of the Pilica River
Authors: Falkowski Tomasz
Published: July 2010

Basement of the alluvia influence on the channel pattern in example of selected reach of the Pilica River

The type of the channel pattern is being considered as indicative element of the fluvial environment, especially for lowland, mature rivers. Investigations carried out in the Pilica River valley (example of such river) between Inowłódz and Domaniewice (grant no 2P04E 069 29, Ministry of Science) have shown that morphological features of the valley bottom (channel zone, as well as flood terrace) depends not only on river regime, but also on channel zone geological setting. Elements of the Pilica valley geology influencing on fluvial processes are protrusions of alluvia basement composed of deposits resistant to erosion, crop out in the channel zone.
Sedimentary feature on Borsog Bay, eastern shore of Lake Khuvsgul in Northern Mongolia
Authors: Orkhonselenge Aleksander , Kashiwaya K.
Published: July 2010

Sedimentary feature on Borsog Bay, eastern shore of Lake Khuvsgul in Northern Mongolia

This study reports on the sedimentary characteristics of Lake Khuvsgul which is located at the southern end of the Baikal Rift System within the continental interior of East Eurasia. With an elevation of 1645 m a.s.l., it has a climate that is mainly controlled by the Siberian-Mongolian high pressure system and the westerly wind systems from the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Khuvsgul, Mongolia's second largest lake by surface area (2760 km2), is the country's deepest fresh water lake with a bottom that is only 262 m a.s.l. Fed by 96 rivers and streams, it is drained by the Eg River which, after joining the Selenge River, flows into Lake Baikal. Analysis of a 12.3 m core from Borsog Bay near the eastern shore of the lake indicates a sedimentation rate of about 0.08 cm/a. It is believed that this relatively high sedimentation rate is due to the large sedimentary input from River Borsog and the variability of the turbidity currents at depths shallower than 9 m. It further suggests that the large sedimentation rate may be correlated with the annual and seasonal variations in the dominant westerly wind system over the Siberian Plateau. Such variations have resulted in a lowering of lake level and impacted the rate of erosion within the river's catchment area and therefore the sediment input to the lake. Because this is a preliminary report, further research into the sedimentary dynamics within Lake Khuvsgul and the role played in those dynamics by the climatic variability over Mongolia and Central Asia is planned.
The use of the 210Pb method for preliminary evaluating the sedimentation rate in Amazon river mouth
Authors: Althammer Sophie , Foßhag Erich , Hoffmann Harald , Nery José , Bonotto Daniel
Published: July 2010

The use of the 210Pb method for preliminary evaluating the sedimentation rate in Amazon river mouth

This investigation reports the preliminary results for determining the sedimentation rate at the Amazonas River mouth, Brazil, by the 210Pb method. The CIC (constant initial concentration) of unsupported/excess 210Pb model was successfully applied to one sediments core. The measurements were made in a sediments core comprising ten samples 10 cm - thick each. The year of the sampling (2006) was used as reference for the establishment of the rate of sedimentation from the beginning of the top of the testimony. However, the atmospheric conditions and climate in Amapá State, Brazil, claimed for optimization of the results. Because the Channel North is opened into the Atlantic Ocean, it exhibits a huge water volume, causing a permanent motion of sediments and water. So, heavy waves are formed at the water surface, stirring the upper sand strata. Only at a depth of 40-50 cm the profile tends to be more homogeneous, where it is mostly composed by fine sand and very fine sand. Thus, it is reasonable utilize the CIC model from 210Pb data, which allows estimate a sedimentation rate corresponding to 0.61 g/cm2yr and a mean linear rate of 0.8 cm/yr. The 238U and 210Pb activities in the sediments allowed the reconstruction of the sedimentation processes over a period of about 130 years.
“Some Exceptions” and the “Normal Thing”: ReconsideringWaiting for Godot's Theatrical Form through Its Prison Performances
Authors: Koshal Erin
Published: July 2010

Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot has long been read as a timeless and existential allegory portraying human fallibilities with which all viewers can identify. Building on recent scholarship that challenges such interpretations, this article demonstrates the particular manner in which Beckett's theatrical form, by turning around the relationship between the exception and the norm, articulates and responds to a modern form of incarceration. The article argues that Waiting for Godot explores the exceptional logic of detention by manipulating the relationship between spectators and performers in the theatre. An analysis of the play's prison performances further illuminates its performative dimensions and deepens an understanding of how it grapples with modern forms of detention. The final pages outline the implications of this reading for Beckett's larger oeuvre and argue that his “carceral theatricality” marks a significant development in modern drama.
Entropy and Information Approaches to Genetic Diversity and its Expression: Genomic Geography
Authors: Sherwin William B.
Published: July 2010

This article highlights advantages of entropy-based genetic diversity measures, at levels from gene expression to landscapes. Shannon’s entropy-based diversity is the standard for ecological communities. The exponentials of Shannon’s and the related “mutual information” excel in their ability to express diversity intuitively, and provide a generalised method of considering microscopic behaviour to make macroscopic predictions, under given conditions. The hierarchical nature of entropy and information allows integrated modeling of diversity along one DNA sequence, and between different sequences within and among populations, species, etc. The aim is to identify the formal connections between genetic diversity and the flow of information to and from the environment.
Impact of Climate Change on Ambient Ozone Level and Mortality in Southeastern United States
Authors: Chang Howard H. , Zhou Jingwen , Fuentes Montserrat
Published: July 2010

There is a growing interest in quantifying the health impacts of climate change. This paper examines the risks of future ozone levels on non-accidental mortality across 19 urban communities in Southeastern United States. We present a modeling framework that integrates data from climate model outputs, historical meteorology and ozone observations, and a health surveillance database. We first modeled present-day relationships between observed maximum daily 8-hour average ozone concentrations and meteorology measured during the year 2000. Future ozone concentrations for the period 2041 to 2050 were then projected using calibrated climate model output data from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program. Daily community-level mortality counts for the period 1987 to 2000 were obtained from the National Mortality, Morbidity and Air Pollution Study. Controlling for temperature, dew-point temperature, and seasonality, relative risks associated with short-term exposure to ambient ozone during the summer months were estimated using a multi-site time series design. We estimated an increase of 0.43 ppb (95% PI: 0.14–0.75) in average ozone concentration during the 2040’s compared to 2000 due to climate change alone. This corresponds to a 0.01% increase in mortality rate and 45.2 (95% PI: 3.26–87.1) premature deaths in the study communities attributable to the increase in future ozone level.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of New Trp(Nps)-Containing Dipeptide Derivatives as TRPV1 Channel Blockers
Authors: De Vega Mª Jesús Pérez , García-López Mª Teresa , Zaccaro Laura , Royo Miriam , Albericio Fernando , Fernández-Carvajal Asia , Ferrer-Montiel Antonio , González-Muñiz Rosario
Published: July 2010

Trp(Nps)-Lys-NH2 derivatives, bearing alkyl or guanidine groups either at the N–terminus or on the Lys side-chain or at both positions were conveniently prepared on solid-phase and evaluated as TRPV1 channel antagonists.
Nutritional Status of Flemish Vegetarians Compared with Non-Vegetarians: A Matched Samples Study
Authors: Deriemaeker Peter , Alewaeters Katrien , Hebbelinck Marcel , Lefevre Johan , Philippaerts Renaat , Clarys Peter
Published: July 2010

The present study compares the nutritional status of vegetarian (V) with non-vegetarian (NV) subjects. A three-day food record and a health questionnaire were completed by 106 V and 106 NV matched for following characteristics: sex, age, BMI, physical activity, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Total energy intake was not significantly different (men: V: 2,346 ± 685 kcal/d; NV: 2,628 ± 632 kcal/d; p = 0.078; women: V: 1,991 ± 539 kcal/d; NV: 1,973 ± 592 kcal/d; p = 0.849). Macronutrients intake differed significantly between the V and NV subjects for protein (men: V:12.7 ± 2.3 E%; NV:15.3 ± 4.5 E%; p = 0.003; women: V: 13.2 ± 2.3 E%; NV:16.0 ± 4.0 E%; p < 0.001), fat (men: V: 29.3 ± 8.4 E%; NV: 33.8 ± 5.3 E%; p = 0.010; women: V: 29.7 ± 6.9 E%; NV: 34.7 ± 9.0 E%; p < 0.001), and carbohydrate (men: V: 55.3 ± 10.1 E%; NV: 47.4 ± 6.9 E%; p < 0.001; women: V: 55.1 ± 7.6 E%; NV: 47.2 ± 8.2 E%; p < 0.001). The intake of most minerals was significantly different between the V and the NV subjects. V had a lower sodium intake, higher calcium, zinc, and iron intake compared to the NV subjects. Our results clearly indicate that a vegetarian diet can be adequate to sustain the nutritional demands to at least the same degree as that of omnivores. The intakes of the V subjects were closer to the recommendations for a healthy diet when compared to a group of well matched NV subjects.
Application of MODIS Products for Air Quality Studies Over Southeastern Italy
Authors: Dinoi Adelaide , Perrone Maria Rita , Burlizzi Pasquale
Published: July 2010

Aerosol optical thicknesses (AOTs) by the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spetroradiometer (MODIS) on-board Aqua and Terra satellites, and ground-based measurements of PM10 mass concentrations, collected over three years (2006–2008) at two suburban sites which are 20 km apart, are correlated to assess the use of satellite data for regional air quality studies over Southeastern Italy, in the central Mediterranean. Due to the geographical location, this area is affected by local and long-range transported marine, desert (from Sahara), and anthropogenic (from continental Europe) aerosols. 24-hour averaged PM10 mass concentrations span the 1.6–152 µg/m 3 range. Yearly means of PM10 mass concentrations decrease from 2006 to 2008 and vary within the 26–36 µg/m 3 range. Daily mean values of MODIS AOTs vary up to 0.8 at 550 nm, while yearly means span the 0.15–0.17 range. A first assessment of the regression relationship between daily averaged PM10 mass concentrations and MODIS-AOTs shows that linear correlation coefficients ( R ) vary within the 0.20–0.35 range and are affected by the sampling year and the site location. The PM10-AOT correlation becomes stronger (0.34 ≤ R ≤ 0.57) when the analysis is restricted to clear-sky MODIS measurements. The cloud screening procedure adopted within the AERONET network is used in this study to select clear-sky MODIS measurements, since it allows obtaining larger R values than the ones obtained using the cloud fraction MODIS product to select clear-sky MODIS measurements. Using three years of clear-sky measurements to estimate PM10 mass concentrations from MODIS-AOTs, the empirical relation we have found is: PM10 ( m g/m 3 ) = 25 ( m g/m 3 ) + 65 ( m g/m 3 ) × AOT. Over 80% of the differences between the measured and satellite estimated PM10 mass concentrations over the three years are within ±1 standard deviation of the yearly means. The differences between yearly means of calculated and measured mass concentrations that are close to zero in 2006, increase up to 4 m g/m 3 at one siteand 8 m g/m 3 at the other site in 2008. The PM10 mass concentration decrease from 2006 to 2008 contributes to this last result. Our results demonstrate the potential of MODIS data for deriving indirect estimates of PM10 over Southeastern Italy. It is also shown that a stronger relationship between PM10 and MODIS-AOTs is obtained when the AOT is divided by the product of the mixing layer height with the ground wind speed and the analysis restricted to clear sky MODIS measurements. However, we have found that the stronger correlation (0.52 ≤ R ≤ 0.66) does not allow a significant improvement of MODIS-based-estimates of PM10 mass concentrations.
Modeling of Metal Structure Corrosion Damage: A State of the Art Report
Authors: Landolfo Raffaele , Cascini Lucrezia , Portioli Francesco
Published: July 2010

The durability of metal structures is strongly influenced by damage due to atmospheric corrosion, whose control is a key aspect for design and maintenance of both new constructions and historical buildings. Nevertheless, only general provisions are given in European codes to prevent the effects of corrosion during the lifetime of metal structures. In particular, design guidelines such as Eurocode 3 do not provide models for the evaluation of corrosion depth that are able to predict the rate of thickness loss as a function of different influencing parameters. In this paper, the modeling approaches of atmospheric corrosion damage of metal structures, which are available in both ISO standards and the literature, are presented. A comparison among selected degradation models is shown in order to evaluate the possibility of developing a general approach to the evaluation of thickness loss due to corrosion.
INVESTIGATING TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: A COLLISION OF TWO MOTOR VEHICLES
Authors: Prentkovskis Olegas , Sokolovskij Edgar , Bartulis Vilius
Published: July 2010

Traffic safety may be ensured by normal operation of all elements of the system, including the driver, a motor vehicle and transportation medium. Insufficient safety of some particular elements of this system (the lack of discipline of the participants of traffic, poor technical state of a motor vehicle or road, etc.) are the main causes of traffic accidents. Statistical data on traffic accidents in 2000–2009 in Lithuania is presented. Collisions of motor vehicles in 2009 make one of the largest proportion of all traffic accidents ‐ 33.4%. In 2009 drivers, were the main traffic accident perpetrators ‐ 73.6%. The paper considers some major aspects of motor vehicle collision simulation based on the application of PC‐CRASH software, allowing researchers to analyze the changes in the direction of motor vehicle motion in the case of a collision and the influencing factors. This type of traffic accident simulation consists in studying the circumstances of collision, reconstructing the processes, calculating the pre‐impact speed of motor vehicles and deter‐ mining various parameters of motor vehicles’ movement at different stages of traffic accident development.
TRAFFIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL STREET NETWORK MODELLING: BELGRADE CASE STUDY
Authors: Jović Jadranka , Đorić Vladimir
Published: July 2010

The paper presents a procedure for modelling transport demand and analyses effects caused by changes in the characteristics of street network exploitation. Based on the effects of the measures predominantly connected with speed restrictions on characteristic sections, the Scenarios resulting in reduced congestion during peak hour and a decrease in harmful effects of traffic were selected. A rough effectivity analysis of transport vehicle kilometres travelled and travel time on the network was carried out. Transportation modeling is the most efficient way to analyze the effects of traffic solutions. Once established, transport model brings only benefits in future projects. Speed reduction strategy was easily simulated using the transportation modeling procedure. Other sustainable transport and mobility management strategies considering sustainable transportation could also be simulated.
STATISTICAL PROBABILITY EVALUATION OF OPERATING ITS
Authors: Baublys Adolfas , Jarašūnienė Aldona
Published: July 2010

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) work with information and control technologies providing the core of ITS functions. Some of these technologies like loop detectors are well known to transportation professionals. However, there are a number of less familiar technologies and system concepts that are keys to ITS functions. Although information and control technologies act as a technical core of ITS, human factors also remain vitally important and potentially very complex issues. The process of operating ITS is influenced by a number of random factors. Along with an assessment of dependence upon separate random factors, the classification of those in the whole hierarchical structure of operating ITS is presented. Statistical information on operating ITS is renewed and replenished in the course of time. With the growth of information amounts, the costs of storing them also increase. Therefore, the article presents relevant algorithms for obtaining required statistical assessments with the least statistical information. It is deduced that while modelling the process of operating ITS, an analytical description of random factors applying non‐parametric assessment is suitable.
SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS
Authors: Mamčic Stanislav , Bogdevičius Marijonas
Published: July 2010

The article focuses on pressure pulsations in hydraulic systems, the means reducing them and examines the structure of hydraulic accumulators, including their features and differences. Using the method of characteristics and Fortran software, a dynamic model of a hydraulic system is created. By changing the content of a hydraulic accumulator, the paper analyzes the amplitude of pressure waves, the distance between hydraulic accumulators and the dependency of the pulsations of pressure waves on the aforementioned sizes.
An integrated geophysical study of the western part of the Rochechouart‐Chassenon impact structure, Charente, France
Authors: Bobée Cecilia , Schmutz Myriam , Camerlynck Christian , Robain Henri
Published: July 2010

A multi‐method geophysical survey was carried out with the aim of reassessing the structure of the Rochechouart‐Chassenon astrobleme and the geometry of the impact‐related formations, referred to as fallout breccias, in the vicinity of Chassenon. Gravity data extracted from the BRGM InfoTerre database were reprocessed and revealed both the shape of the astrobleme and the presence of a small negative gravity anomaly close to Chassenon, due to the low density of impact‐related rocks; a 2D gravity model across the fallout deposits was provided. Geological settings, well‐logging and geophysical soundings (direct current (DC), time‐domain electromagnetic (TDEM) and frequency‐domain electromagnetic (FDEM)) were carried out on the fallout breccias at Chassenon. The 1D resistivity models based on TDEM and DC soundings, resulting from a mutually constrained inversion and coupled with 1D models of FDEM data, were constrained by borehole data and provided 2D resistivity models across the fallout deposits of Chassenon. The combination of these methods allows the description of both the impact‐related rocks geometry and the global structure of fallout breccia remains at Chassenon. The study also shows that the fallout breccia has a complex structure, consisting of thin layers of lithic breccia and suevite, the total thickness of which is larger at Chassenon than previously estimated by means of geological analysis.
Correction of the attenuation effect of vegetation on airborne gamma‐ray spectrometry data using laser altimeter data
Authors: Ahl Andreas , Bieber Gerhard
Published: July 2010

The interpretation of airborne gamma‐ray data is considerably complicated by the attenuating effects of vegetation. In order to correct these effects we used simultaneously measured laser altimeter data to characterize the vegetation cover. To describe the attenuation effect and correct its consequences on gamma‐ray data we used a simple model of exponential absorption of monoenergetic gamma‐ray photons by an attenuating medium. The determination of the corresponding linear attenuation coefficients for potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th) is based on data from an airborne geophysical survey in Austria.
Geophysical modelling of the Ebersbrunn diatreme, western Saxony, Germany
Authors: Matthes Heidrun , Kroner Corinna , Jahr Thomas , Kämpf Horst
Published: July 2010

The Ebersbrunn diatreme near Ebersbrunn, western Saxony, Germany, causes an elliptical Bouguer anomaly of about –2.5 m Gal, which covers an area of approximately 2.2 km × 2 km and an elliptical magnetic anomaly with values between –250 nT and 1000 nT about half a kilometre smaller in diameter and situated within the southern part of the Bouguer anomaly. Considering magnetic susceptibility and density values determined from core samples of the diatreme, a symmetrical, cone‐shaped body with an oval surface outcrop of 2 km × 1.5 km and a dip angle of the slopes of about 82° is modelled. It comprises a central structure with a diameter of 800–900 m and susceptibility values up to 9000*10−6 SI higher and densities up to 220 kg/m3 lower than the surrounding chimney. Additionally, susceptibility within the body increases with depth and decreases with the degree of weathering. The geometry can clearly be associated with the diatreme of a maar‐diatreme‐volcano. Regarding the petrographic information (the occurrence of pelletal lapilli as juvenile phase, the basaltoid character of the occurring ground mass of magmatic origin and 80% wall rock content) and the final geophysical model, the Ebersbrunn structure can definitely be regarded as the partially eroded remnant (diatreme and root zone) of a maar‐diatreme‐volcano. The association of earthquake swarms in intraplate regions of intersecting fractures and volcanism has led to renewed interest in the eroded maar‐diatreme‐volcano.
Imaging a shallow aquitard with seismic reflection data in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Part I: source comparison, walk‐away tests and the plus‐minus method
Authors: Ge Jiandang , Beatrice Magnani Maria , Waldron Brian
Published: July 2010

Two walk‐away tests were conducted at two sites in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. One site is representative of an urban setting (road median) while the other represents a rural setting (metropolitan park). Three P‐wave sources, a 7.5 kg sledgehammer, a 20 kg weight‐drop and a 12‐gauge shotgun, were tested. Analysis of the data collected indicates that the seismic data recorded from the shotgun source possess the strongest energy, the highest dominant frequency, the broadest frequency band and the least amount of ground roll energy. The source repeatability was also studied by observing the first cycle of each seismic source, showing that the shotgun can generate the most repeatable source wavelets. None of the data recorded from the three sources show significant seismic energy above 100 Hz due to seismic wave attenuation. The loess in the rural site exacerbated the attenuation and resulted in a much lower peak frequency (43.7 Hz), which is nearly half of the peak frequency recorded at the urban site (85.3 Hz). Since attenuation can be a big factor in shallow reflection surveying, we recommend that site attenuation be considered before a reflection survey is performed in the Memphis area and a reflection survey be conducted outside of the loess blanketed area when possible. Since the final goal of the survey is to search for aquitard breaches, Hagedoorns’ plus‐minus method was applied to the walk‐away data set to map the first refractor, the top of the aquitard. One depression from the obtained structure was interpreted as a paleochannel, indicating that river channel erosion may be one of the causes for the formation of aquitard breaches.
Imaging a shallow aquitard with seismic reflection data in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Part II: data analysis, interpretation and traveltime tomography
Authors: Ge Jiandang , Beatrice Magnani Maria , Waldron Brian
Published: July 2010

We collected P‐wave seismic reflection data to image suspected breaches in the confining unit (aquitard) above the Memphis aquifer in Memphis, Tennessee, USA, where previous studies of water quality have suggested potential contamination. A 1‐km‐long reflection line was acquired across depressions of the water table that have been interpreted to reflect a breach in the aquitard. Although raw data are dominated by surface waves, after frequency filtering, shot static correction and filtering, consistent reflections can be observed. Integration of constant velocity analysis (CVS) and super gather semblance analysis was used to determine the RMS velocity field. The stack section shows a set of shallow reflectors interpreted to correspond to the top and bottom of the confining unit. The aquitard thins by about half from the north end to the south end along the reflection line. The continuity of the top and bottom of the aquitard was disrupted by a few faults interpreted along the line. None of these faults juxtapose the surficial aquifer against the Memphis aquifer but it is possible that the faults themselves may act as a hydraulic connection between the surficial aquifer and the Memphis aquifer and thus serve as pathways for a potential leakage. The refraction tomography technique was applied to the first arrival data and it revealed three depressions that are interpreted as paleochannels on the upper part of the confining unit, which is consistent with the background geology of the area. These inferred paleochannels may suggest that ancient river channel erosion may contribute to the process responsible for the formation of aquitard breaches in this area.
NOD1-Mediated Mucosal Host Defense againstHelicobacter pylori
Authors: Watanabe Tomohiro , Asano Naoki , Kitani Atsushi , Fuss Ivan J. , Chiba Tsutomu , Strober Warren
Published: July 2010

Infection of the stomach withHelicobacter pyloriis an important risk factor for gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. Although it has been well established that persistent colonization byH. pyloriis associated with adaptive Th1 responses, the innate immune responses leading to these Th1 responses are poorly defined. Recent studies have shown that the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in gastric epithelial cells plays an important role in innate immune responses againstH. pylori. The detection ofH. pylori-derived ligands by cytosolic NOD1 induces several host defense factors, including antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines. In this paper, we review the molecular mechanisms by which NOD1 contributes to mucosal host defense againstH. pyloriinfection of the stomach.
Isolated Ventricular Noncompaction Syndrome in a Nigerian Male: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Bhattacharya Indrani S. , Dweck Marc , Gardner Andrew , Jones Mark , Francis Mark
Published: July 2010

Isolated ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (IVNC) is a rare, morphologically distinct primary genetic cardiomyopathy, which is now gaining prominence as an important differential diagnosis in patients presenting with cardiac failure. We describe a case report of a Nigerian male with facial dysmorphism presenting with cardiac failure. This is followed by a review of the literature with focus on the diagnosis of this condition, which may be difficult especially in non-Caucasian populations.
Active management of third stage of labour, post–partum haemorrhage and maternal death rate in the Vanga Health Zone, Province of Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Fina Lubaki Jean-Pierre , Musiti Ngolo Jean-Robert , Zikudieka Maniati Lucie
Published: July 2010

Background: Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) is the single largest cause of maternal death worldwide and a particular burden for developing countries. In Africa, about 33.9 % of maternal deaths are due to PPH. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the prevalence of PPH is unknown. PPH can be prevented with active management of the third stage of labour (AMTSL). Objectives: To describe the practice of AMTSL in Vanga Health Zone and to calculate the incidence of PPH in Vanga Health Zone.Method: An intervention study with post-test-only design was conducted among health maternity wards using a data collection sheet to obtain information. All pregnant women attending Vanga Health maternity wards constituted the study population. Frequencies were determined for variables of interest.Results: From April 2007 to March 2008, 6339 deliveries took place at Vanga Health maternity wards, representing 71% of the institutional delivery rate. The number of deliveries realised with the practice of (AMTSL) were 5562; 366 cases of PPH were reported, making an incidence of 5.77%. Three cases of maternal deaths – two of which were related to PPH – were reported during the study period, which means there was a decline of 70% compared with the previous two years.Conclusion: The prevalence of PPH has been estimated to be 5.77%; PPH represents the cause of 67% of all maternal deaths. The extension of AMTSL practice, combined with the assurance of better supplies of oxytocin to enhance drug management, is strongly advised/suggested. As a number of births still take place outside the health maternity wards, the introduction of oral misoprostol could be considered a part of AMTSL for use by patients being treated by traditional midwives.
Intra-Year Discounting Assumptions and Bias in Lost Earnings Analysis
Authors: Eisemann Peter C.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Compensatory Damages and the Appropriate Discount Rate
Authors: Margulis Marc S.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Single Rate Discounting Methods: Abstract
Authors: Means T. S. , Saurman David S.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Interaction of Public Policies on Personal Injury and Bankruptcy
Authors: Depperschmidt Thomas O.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Valuation Of Damages In Shareholder Class Actions
Authors: Grier Paul
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Do Tax-Exempt Discount Rates Eliminate Tax-Induced Errors?
Authors: Harris William G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Statistical Methodology In Employment Discrimination Litigation: A Last Reply To Hawley
Authors: Piette Michael J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Lost Pleasure Of Life Scale: A Reply To Caragonne
Authors: Berlá Edward , Meyer Robert G. , Andrews Paul
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Characteristics of CALIOP attenuated backscatter noise: implication for cloud/aerosol detection
Authors: Wu D. L. , Chae J. H. , Lambert A. , Zhang F. F.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. To study cloud/aerosol features in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) with the NASA's A-Train sensors, a research algorithm is developed for a re-gridded CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) Level 1 (L1) backscatter dataset. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the measurement noise of this re-gridded dataset in order to compare the lidar measurements with other collocated measurements (e.g., CloudSat, Microwave Limb Sounder). The re-gridded dataset has a manageable data volume for multi-year analysis. It has a fixed (5 km) horizontal resolution, and the measurement error is derived empirically from the background-corrected backscatter profile on a profile-by-profile basis. The 532-nm and 1064-nm measurement noises, determined from the data at altitudes above 19 km, are analyzed and characterized in terms of the mean (μ), standard deviation (σ), and normalized probability density function (PDF). These noises show a larger variance over landmasses and bright surfaces during day, and in regions with enhanced flux of energetic particles during night, where the instrument's ability for feature detection is slightly degraded. An increasing trend in the nighttime 1064-nm σ appears to be significant, which likely causes the increasing differences in cloud occurrence frequency between the 532-nm and 1064-nm channels. Most of the CALIOP backscatter noise distributions exhibit a Gaussian-like behavior but the nighttime 532-nm perpendicular measurements show multi-Gaussian characteristics. We apply σ – based thresholds to detect cloud/aerosol features in the UT/LS from the subset L1 data. The observed morphology is similar to that from the Level 2 (L2) 05km_CLAY+05km_ALAY product, but the occurrence frequency obtained in this study is slightly lower than the L2 product due to differences in spatial averaging and detection threshold. In the case where the measurement noises of two data sets are different, the normalized PDF has proven useful for quantifying the day-night difference of the CALIOP backscatters, showing higher daytime cloud occurrence frequency in the tropical UT/LS. Other cloud/aerosol properties, such as depolarization ratio and color ratio, can be also evaluated with the PDF method.
The inter-comparison of major satellite aerosol retrieval algorithms using simulated intensity and polarization characteristics of reflected light
Authors: Kokhanovsky A. A. , Deuzé J. L. , Diner D. J. , Dubovik O. , Ducos F. , Emde C. , Garay M. J. , Grainger R. G. , Heckel A. , Herman M. , Katsev I. L. , Keller J. , Levy R. , North P. R. J. , Prikhach A. S. , Rozanov V. V. , Sayer A. M. , Ota Y. , Tanré D. , Thomas G. E. , Zege E. P.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Remote sensing of aerosol from space is a challenging and typically underdetermined retrieval task, requiring many assumptions to be made with respect to the aerosol and surface models. Therefore, the quality of a priori information plays a central role in any retrieval process (apart from the cloud screening procedure and the forward radiative transfer model, which to be most accurate should include the treatment of light polarization and molecular-aerosol coupling). In this paper the performance of various algorithms with respect to the of spectral aerosol optical thickness determination from optical spaceborne measurements is studied. The algorithms are based on various types of measurements (spectral, angular, polarization, or some combination of these). It is confirmed that multiangular spectropolarimetric measurements provide more powerful constraints compared to spectral intensity measurements alone, particularly those acquired at a single view angle and which rely on a priori assumptions regarding the particle phase function in the retrieval process.
Ionospheric storms at geophysically-equivalent sites – Part 2: Local time storm patterns for sub-auroral ionospheres
Authors: Mendillo M. , Narvaez C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The response of the mid-latitude ionosphere to geomagnetic storms depends upon several pre-storm conditions, the dominant ones being season and local time of the storm commencement (SC). The difference between a site's geographic and geomagnetic latitudes is also of major importance since it governs the blend of processes linked to solar production and magnetospheric input, respectively. Case studies of specific storms using ionospheric data from both hemispheres are inherently dominated by seasonal effects and the various local times versus longitude of the SCs. To explore inter-hemispheric consistency of ionospheric storms, we identify "geophysically-equivalent-sites" as locations where the geographic and geomagnetic latitudes have the same relationship to each other in both hemispheres. At the longitudes of the dipole tilt, the differences between geographic and geomagnetic latitudes are at their extremes, and thus these are optimal locations to see if pre-conditioning and/or storm-time input are the same or differ between the hemispheres. In this study, we use ionosonde values of the F2-layer maximum electron density (NmF2) to study geophysical equivalency at Wallops Island (VA) and Hobart (Tasmania), using statistical summaries of 206 events during solar cycle #20. We form average patterns of ΔNmF2 (%) versus local time over 7-day storm periods that are constructed in ways that enhance the portrayal of the average characteristic features of the positive and negative phases of ionospheric storms. The results show a consistency between four local time characteristic patterns of storm-induced perturbations, and thus for the average magnitudes and time scales of the processes that cause them in each hemisphere. Subtle differences linked to small departures from pure geophysical equivalency point to a possible presence of hemispheric asymmetries governed by the non-mirror-image of geomagnetic morphology in each hemisphere.
HESS Opinions "Topography driven conceptual modelling (FLEX-Topo)"
Authors: Savenije H. H. G.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Heterogeneity and complexity of hydrological processes offer substantial challenges to the hydrological modeller. Some hydrologists try to tackle this problem by introducing more and more detail in their models, or by setting-up more and more complicated models starting from basic principles at the smallest possible level. As we know, this reductionist approach leads to ever higher levels of equifinality and predictive uncertainty. On the other hand, simple, lumped and parsimonious models may be too simple to be realistic or representative of the dominant hydrological processes. In this commentary, a new model approach is proposed that tries to find the middle way between complex distributed and simple lumped modelling approaches. Here we try to find the right level of simplification while avoiding over-simplification. Paraphrasing Einstein, the maxim is: make a model as simple as possible, but not simpler than that. The approach presented is process based, but not physically based in the traditional sense. Instead, it is based on a conceptual representation of the dominant physical processes in certain key elements of the landscape. The essence of the approach is that the model structure is made dependent on a limited number of landscape classes in which the topography is the main driver, but which can include geological, geomorphological or land-use classification. These classes are then represented by lumped conceptual models that act in parallel. The advantage of this approach over a fully distributed conceptualisation is that it retains maximum simplicity while taking into account observable landscape characteristics.
Applying and validating the PTVA-3 Model at the Aeolian Islands, Italy: assessment of the vulnerability of buildings to tsunamis
Authors: Dall'Osso F. , Maramai A. , Graziani L. , Brizuela B. , Cavalletti A. , Gonella M. , Tinti S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The volcanic archipelago of the Aeolian Islands (Sicily, Italy) is included on the UNESCO World Heritage list and is visited by more than 200 000 tourists per year. Due to its geological characteristics, the risk related to volcanic and seismic activity is particularly high. Since 1916 the archipelago has been hit by eight local tsunamis. The most recent and intense of these events happened on 30 December 2002. It was triggered by two successive landslides along the north-western side of the Stromboli volcano (Sciara del Fuoco), which poured approximately 2–3×107 m3 of rocks and debris into the Tyrrhenian Sea. The waves impacted across the whole archipelago, but most of the damage to buildings and infrastructures occurred on the islands of Stromboli (maximum run-up 11 m) and Panarea. The aim of this study is to assess the vulnerability of buildings to damage from tsunamis located within the same area inundated by the 2002 event. The assessment is carried out by using the PTVA-3 Model (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment, version 3). The PTVA-3 Model calculates a Relative Vulnerability Index (RVI) for every building, based on a set of selected physical and structural attributes. Run-up values within the area inundated by the 2002 tsunami were measured and mapped by the Istituto Italiano di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and the University of Bologna during field surveys in January 2003. Results of the assessment show that if the same tsunami were to occur today, 54 buildings would be affected in Stromboli, and 5 in Panarea. The overall vulnerability level obtained in this analysis for Stromboli and Panarea are "average"/"low" and "very low", respectively. Nonetheless, 14 buildings in Stromboli are classified as having a "high" or "average" vulnerability. For some buildings, we were able to validate the RVI scores calculated by the PTVA-3 Model through a qualitative comparison with photographs taken by INGV and the University of Bologna during the post-tsunami survey. With the exception of a single structure, which is partially covered by a coastal dune on the seaward side, we found a good degree of accuracy between the PTVA-3 Model forecast assessments and the actual degree of damage experienced by buildings. This validation of the model increases our confidence in its predictive capability. Given the high tsunami risk for the archipelago, our results provide a framework for prioritising investments in prevention measures and addressing the most relevant vulnerability issues of the built environment, particularly on the island of Stromboli.
A model for large-amplitude internal solitary waves with trapped cores
Authors: Helfrich K. R. , White B. L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Large-amplitude internal solitary waves in continuously stratified systems can be found by solution of the Dubreil-Jacotin-Long (DJL) equation. For finite ambient density gradients at the surface (bottom) for waves of depression (elevation) these solutions may develop recirculating cores for wave speeds above a critical value. As typically modeled, these recirculating cores contain densities outside the ambient range, may be statically unstable, and thus are physically questionable. To address these issues the problem for trapped-core solitary waves is reformulated. A finite core of homogeneous density and velocity, but unknown shape, is assumed. The core density is arbitrary, but generally set equal to the ambient density on the streamline bounding the core. The flow outside the core satisfies the DJL equation. The flow in the core is given by a vorticity-streamfunction relation that may be arbitrarily specified. For simplicity, the simplest choice of a stagnant, zero vorticity core in the frame of the wave is assumed. A pressure matching condition is imposed along the core boundary. Simultaneous numerical solution of the DJL equation and the core condition gives the exterior flow and the core shape. Numerical solutions of time-dependent non-hydrostatic equations initiated with the new stagnant-core DJL solutions show that for the ambient stratification considered, the waves are stable up to a critical amplitude above which shear instability destroys the initial wave. Steadily propagating trapped-core waves formed by lock-release initial conditions also agree well with the theoretical wave properties despite the presence of a "leaky" core region that contains vorticity of opposite sign from the ambient flow.