bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of nitric oxide on mitochondrial oxidative defence in postharvest peach fruits
Authors: Jing Guangqin , Zhou Jie , Zhu Shuhua
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

It has been confirmed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fruit can cause oxidative damage and nitric oxide (NO) can regulate the accumulation of ROS and the antioxidative defence of fruit. However, little is known about the roles of NO on the antioxidant system in mitochondria of fruit. In this study, Feicheng peach fruits were dipped with 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (c‐PTIO) and NO solutions to explore the effects of NO on the membrane permeability transition and antioxidant system in mitochondria of peach fruit.

RESULTS

Treatment with 15 µmol L−1 NO solution could delay the decrease of mitochondrial permeability transition and decrease the content of ROS in mitochondria. Besides, when the endogenous NO was scavenged by c‐PTIO, the ROS in mitochondria increased greatly and superoxide dismutase activity decreased, while the content and activities of peroxidase and catalase changed slightly.

CONCLUSION

By delaying the decrease of mitochondrial permeability transition, 15 µmol L−1 NO treatment could promote a more stable internal medium in mitochondria of Feicheng peach fruit. The increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in mitochondria caused by the remove of endogenous NO suggested that NO also plays an important role in the mitochondrial antioxidant system of Feicheng peach fruit. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Retention behavior of resorcinarene‐based cavitands on C8 and C18 stationary phases
Authors: Bartó Endre , Prauda Ibolya , Kilár Ferenc , Kiss Ibolya , Felinger Attila
Published: June 2015

The understanding of the retention behavior of large molecules is an area of interest in liquid chromatography. Resorcinarene‐based cavitands are cavity‐shaped cyclic oligomers that can create host–guest interactions. We have investigated the chromatographic behavior of two types of cyclic tetramers as analytes in high‐performance liquid chromatography. The experiments were performed at four different temperatures (15, 25, 35, 45°C) on two types of reversed stationary phases (C8 and C18) from two different manufacturers. We have found a huge difference between the retention of resorcinarenes and cavitands. In some cases, the retention factor of cavitands was even a hundred times larger than the retention factor of resorcinarenes. The retention of methylated derivates was two to four times larger compared to that of demethylated compounds on every column. The opposite retention behavior of the resorcinarenes and cavitands on the two types of stationary phases showed well the difference of the selectivity of the XTerra and BDS Hypersil columns. The retention mechanism was studied by the thermodynamic parameters calculated from the van't Hoff equation.
The economic burden of cancer in the UK: a study of survivors treated with curative intent
Authors: Marti Joachim , Hall Peter S. , Hamilton Patrick , Hulme Claire T. , Jones Helen , Velikova Galina , Ashley Laura , Wright Penny
Published: June 2015

Objective

We aim to describe the economic burden of UK cancer survivorship for breast, colorectal and prostate cancer patients treated with curative intent, 1 year post‐diagnosis.

Methods

Patient‐level data were collected over a 3‐month period 12–15 months post‐diagnosis to estimate the monthly societal costs incurred by cancer survivors. Self‐reported resource utilisation data were obtained via the electronic Patient‐reported Outcomes from Cancer Survivors system and included community‐based health and social care, medications, travel costs and informal care. Hospital costs were retrieved through data linkage. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine cost predictors.

Results

Overall, 298 patients were included in the analysis, including 136 breast cancer, 83 colorectal cancer and 79 prostate cancer patients. The average monthly societal cost was $US409 (95%CI: $US316–$US502) [mean: £260, 95%CI: £198–£322] and was incurred by 92% of patients. This was divided into costs to the National Health Service (mean: $US279, 95%CI: $US207–$US351) [mean: £177, 95%CI: £131–£224], patients' out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenses (mean: $US40, 95%CI: $US15–$US65) [mean: £25, 95%CI: £9–£42] and the cost of informal care (mean: $US110, 95%CI: $US57–$US162) [mean: £70, 95%CI: £38–£102]. The distribution of costs was skewed with a small number of patients incurring very high costs. Multivariate analyses showed higher societal costs for breast cancer patients. Significant predictors of OOP costs included age and socioeconomic deprivation.

Conclusions

This study found the economic burden of cancer survivorship is unevenly distributed in the population and that cancer survivors may still incur substantial costs over 1 year post‐diagnosis. In addition, this study illustrates the feasibility of using an innovative online data collection platform to collect patient‐reported resource utilisation information. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Better Reading Through Science: Using Research-Based Models to Help Students Read Latin Better
Authors: Wegenhart Todd A.
Published: June 2015

For the past several decades, education researchers have devoted a lot of time, energy, and practice to gaining an understanding of literacy and the cognitive processes that control it. This research has developed, evidence has converged around certain findings, and teaching methods for reading and literacy have changed for the better because of it. Unfortunately the information and research, by and large, has not trickled out of the realm of reading education. Nevertheless, there is a great deal that teachers of Classical languages can learn and gain from an understanding of the ideas that have evolved from this research. After all, reading is a key component to any Latin or Greek classroom, regardless of whether the teacher espouses a reading method, a traditional grammar-translation method, or an approach that focuses more on productive proficiency. By using the products of the past years of literacy research, Latin and Greek teachers can perform better as educators, since they will have a stronger construct for how reading works as a cognitive process and they will be more able to provide students with help and support by isolating problem skills and developing activities specifically to remedy those issues.
Ton-Psychologie 1Unter dieser Überschrift werden die beiden Vorträge „Ton-Psychologie–Klang und Ton” vom 1. 2. 2013 in Berlin und „”The Essence cannot be found in the Notes.” Tone-Psychology in Music Therapy” vom 10. 7. 2014 in Krems zusammengefasst.
Authors: Hörmann Karl
Published: June 2015

Ton-Psychologie ist nicht mit Tonpsychologie 2 gleichzusetzen. Während jene hauptsächlich die von Carl Stumpf begründete Lehre von der Schallwahrnehmung meint, bezieht sich Ton-Psychologie auf Geschehnisse, die in der Kommunikation mitschwingen und oft mit Klang oder Ton umschrieben werden. Bei den Begriffen Klang und Ton handelt es sich um sehr schillernde Begriffe voller Überschneidungen in ihren Bedeutungszuschreibungen, hinter denen widerstreitende Auffassungen von Kunst allgemein und Musik im engeren Sinn bis hin zu Fragen von Wahrnehmungsperspektiven und Spiritualität miteinander ringen. Ton-Psychologie als vornehmlich bildgebendes Verfahren betont die Bedeutung der Konkretisierung des mit dem vordergründig Hör- und Beobachtbaren einhergehenden strukturellen Hintergrunds von Musik und Patient durch Visualisierung ihrer Bewegungsspuren und erlebnisphilosophischen Schichten.
Diagnostik psychopathischer Persönlichkeitszüge bei Straftätern
Authors: Eisenbarth Hedwig , Alpers Georg W.
Published: June 2015

Das Psychopathic Personality Inventory Revised (PPI-R) wurde bisher anhand der Daten gesunder, nicht straffälliger Probanden validiert. Die vorliegende Untersuchung überprüft die Validität des PPI-R für Straftäterstichproben. Die PPI-R Werte von 152 männlichen Patienten des Maßregelvollzugs, 65 Strafgefangenen und 214 männlichen Studenten wurden verglichen. Es wurden Reliabilitätskoeffizienten sowie Korrelationen mit der PCL-R berechnet. Es ergaben sich gute Reliabilitätskoeffizienten in der forensischen und der Strafgefangenen-Stichprobe. Die forensischen Patienten unterschieden sich signifikant von der gesunden Gruppe im Gesamtwert des PPI-R. Der PPI-R Gesamtwert und die PCL-R sowie deren Faktoren korrelierten signifikant. Obwohl die Gütekriterien des PPI-R auch in Straftätergruppen repliziert werden konnten, legen die Ergebnisse die Verwendung spezifischer Referenzwerte nahe. Einschränkungen des Einsatzes im Rahmen von prognostischen Aussagen sind zu beachten.
Working Toward Gender Parity in the Geosciences
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: June 2015

How are women represented in the geosciences? The author of a new AGU book, Women in the Geosciences: Practical, Positive Practices Toward Parity, answers some questions.
Neurogranin regulates CaM dynamics at dendritic spines
Authors: Petersen Amber , Gerges Nashaat Z.
Published: June 2015

Calmodulin (CaM) plays a key role in synaptic function and plasticity due to its ability to mediate Ca2+ signaling. Therefore, it is essential to understand the dynamics of CaM at dendritic spines. In this study we have explored CaM dynamics using live-cell confocal microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to study CaM diffusion. We find that only a small fraction of CaM in dendritic spines is immobile. Furthermore, the diffusion rate of CaM was regulated by neurogranin (Ng), a CaM-binding protein enriched at dendritic spines. Interestingly, Ng did not influence the immobile fraction of CaM at recovery plateau. We have previously shown that Ng enhances synaptic strength in a CaM-dependent manner. Taken together, these data indicate that Ng-mediated enhancement of synaptic strength is due to its ability to target, rather than sequester, CaM within dendritic spines.
Growth kinetics of plasma-polymerized films
Authors: Hwang Sukyoung , Seo Hosung , Jeong Dong-Cheol , Wen Long , Han Jeon Geon , Song Changsik , Kim Yunseok
Published: June 2015

The growth kinetics of polymer thin films prepared by plasma-based deposition method were explored using atomic force microscopy. The growth behavior of the first layer of the polythiophene somewhat differs from that of the other layers because the first layer is directly deposited on the substrate, whereas the other layers are deposited on the polymer itself. After the deposition of the first layer, each layer is formed with a cycle of 15 s. The present work represents the growth kinetics of the plasma-polymerized films and could be helpful for further studies on growth kinetics in other material systems as well as for applications of plasma-polymerized thin films.
Non-monotonic dynamics and crosstalk in signaling pathways and their implications for pharmacology
Authors: van Wijk Roeland , Tans Sander J. , Wolde Pieter Rein ten , Mashaghi Alireza
Published: June 2015

Currently, drug discovery approaches commonly assume a monotonic dose-response relationship. However, the assumption of monotonicity is increasingly being challenged. Here we show that for two simple interacting linear signaling pathways that carry two different signals with different physiological responses, a non-monotonic input-output relation can arise with simple network topologies including coherent and incoherent feed-forward loops. We show that non-monotonicity of the response functions has severe implications for pharmacological treatment. Fundamental constraints are imposed on the effectiveness and toxicity of any drug independent of its chemical nature and selectivity due to the specific network structure.
Analysis of danofloxacin, difloxacin, ciprofloxacin and sarafloxacin in honey using micellar liquid chromatography and validation according to the 2002/657/EC decision
Authors: Tayeb Cherif K. , Peris-Vicente J. , Carda-Broch S. , Esteve-Romero J.
Published: June 2015

A reliable and sensitive method based on micellar liquid chromatography was optimized for the analysis of fluoroquinolones danofloxacin, difloxacin, ciprofloxacin and sarafloxacin in honey.
Transitions between dynamical behaviors of oscillator networks induced by diversity of nodes and edges
Authors: Werner Sebastian , Lehnertz Klaus
Published: June 2015

We study the impact of dynamical and structural heterogeneity on the collective dynamics of large small-world networks of pulse-coupled integrate-and-fire oscillators endowed with refractory periods and time delay. Depending on the choice of homogeneous control parameters (here, refractoriness and coupling strength), these networks exhibit a large spectrum of dynamical behaviors, including asynchronous, partially synchronous, and fully synchronous states. Networks exhibit transitions between these dynamical behaviors upon introducing heterogeneity. We show that the probability for a network to exhibit a certain dynamical behavior (network susceptibility) is affected differently by dynamical and structural heterogeneity and depends on the respective homogeneous dynamics.
New synthesis of artepillin C, a prenylated phenol, utilizing lipase-catalyzed regioselective deacetylation as the key step
Authors: Yashiro Kazuki , Hanaya Kengo , Shoji Mitsuru , Sugai Takeshi
Published: June 2015

We have synthesized artepillin C, a diprenylated p-hydroxycinnamate originally isolated from Brazilian propolis and exhibiting antioxidant and antitumor activities, from 2,6-diallylphenol. Replacement of the terminal vinyl with 2,2-dimethylvinyl group by olefin cross-metathesis and subsequent transformation yielded 2,6-diprenyl-1,4-hydroquinone diacetate. Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed deacetylation in 2-propanol regioselectively removed the less hindered acetyl group to give 2,6-diprenyl-1,4-hydroquinone 1-monoacetate. After triflation of the liberated 4-hydroxy group, a three-carbon side chain was introduced by palladium-mediated alkenylation with methyl acrylate. Final hydrolysis of the esters furnished artepillin C.
The liberalisation of India's labour laws within the National Manufacturing Policy 2011: where business power and social policy collide
Authors: Running Katherine
Published: June 2015

Following formal economic liberalisation in 1991, business, in particular big business, has gained increasing access to and influence over policy decision-making in India. Industry has been an outspoken critic of national labour laws and has lobbied extensively for greater labour market flexibility. While business has not been successful in influencing “official” labour reform at the national level, it was able to influence labour policy within the National Manufacturing Policy 2011, which curtailed labour protections and implemented “hire and fire” policies. Utilising qualitative data from 40 face-to-face interviews with policy stakeholders in New Delhi, India, this paper aims to explore how business was able to influence labour reform within this policy as well as underscore the wider social welfare implications that may follow. It will be argued that the ability of business to dictate labour reform, while strong, is somewhat variable as competing factors serve to constrain business influence. Furthermore, the extent to which labour laws are hindering manufacturing investment is widely debatable. Nevertheless, curtailment of labour protections, as afforded in this policy, will have a widespread and damaging impact on workers. While the policy promises to empower rural youth, provide gainful employment, and enable growth to become more sustainable and inclusive for its citizens, it is questionable whether these goals can be achieved alongside the curtailment of labour protections.
Definition and Scope of Wasaṭiyyah
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: June 2015

Wasaṭiyyah is often given different meanings, contextualized and equated with concepts such as “appeasement,” “mediocrity,” “compromise,” and “weakness.” It is necessary, therefore, to provide clarification and an accurate review of the meaning and definition of wasaṭiyyah, as well as some of its allied expressions, which is what this chapter has attempted to do. The chapter proceeds to review the Arabic usages of the wasaṭiyyah in the Qur’an, hadith, and linguistic usage of the Arabs while drawing attention also to the renewed importance moderation acquired in the aftermath of the September 2001 attacks, their devastation effects on Islam-West relations, and a fresh cycle of radicalization, extremism, and violence the world has experienced ever since.
Moderation and Justice
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: June 2015

If extremism signifies the opposite of wasaÏiyyah, then justice is conceptually its closest synonym. Hence, much of the blueprint on justice in the sources of Islam also applies, mutatis mutandis, to wasaÏiyyah. Yet the Qur’anic conception of justice goes well beyond the confines of its legal connotations and courtroom proceedings. As their principal mission on building a just social order, Muslims are charged with acting justly at all times, and with rejecting oppression and injustice. This chapter illustrates how the scriptural guidelines of Islam on justice repeatedly advise that justice should not be always guided by a measure-for-measure approach, but should, rather, be enriched and moderated by Islam’s ethical guidelines on fairness, forgiveness, patience, and forbearance.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: June 2015

This chapter puts forward a number of actionable proposals and policy recommendations that arise from the various parts of this book on a variety of themes. Attention is drawn to the importance of action plans, project works, and measures that can help reduce tension within communities and address the causes of extremism and violence beyond national borders. Good action plans are naturally nurtured by accurate understanding of the nature of issues and conceiving of proportionate responses to address them through peaceful means. Government leaders, media personalities, universities, teachers, and religious leaders are instrumental in advancing the causes of peace and moderation through enlightenment and better understanding of Islam in conjunction with the realities of our time.
The Jewish-Irish Modern American Drama
Authors: Watt Stephen
Published: June 2015

Beginning with Lawrence Langner and Bernard Shaw’s argument over a character known as “The Jew” in the latter’s play Geneva (1938), this chapter outlines the effects of Irish drama and Irishness on major contributors to socially progressive or proletarian theater in America: Elmer Rice, Clifford Odets, Stella Adler, and Arthur Miller. It also contextualizes such drama with the negative affects of tenement fiction, shame for instance, and traces the collaboration between Irish and Jewish practitioners in advancing modern drama. In addition to discussing the impact of Shaw and O’Casey on American drama, the chapter also considers their relation to Judaism and to larger critiques of industrial capitalism, including the redaction of stereotypes. The chapter also intimates the lingering influence of the nineteenth-century stage on modern drama, concluding with a discussion of this phenomenon in the later work of Eugene O’Neill, which shares numerous similarities with melodrama and the socially progressive drama of Odets and Rice.
Background
Authors: Glasner Ruth
Published: June 2015

This introductory chapter reviews the major problems which faced a medieval scholar who wished to promote the applied mathematical sciences: the incompatibility between Ptolemy’s astronomy and Aristotle’s physics; the weakness of Ptolemy’s cosmology; the discord between geometrical optics and Aristotle’s theories of light and vision; and the methodological inadequacy of the applied mathematical sciences according to Aristotelian standards.
Gersonides
Authors: Glasner Ruth
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a sketch of the evolution of Gersonides’ scientific thought that draws on the dates of completion of his works (indicated by their colophons) and on the dates of his astronomical observations. The study of the works in the supposed order of their writing suggests a division of Gersonides’ life into three periods. In the early period he claimed to be ‘a mathematician, natural scientist, and philosopher’ and believed that using his skills in all these disciplines, he would be able to solve the major problem of medieval science (Chapter 1). The middle period marks his turning away from metaphysics and then, gradually also from Aristotelian natural science altogether (Chapters 3–6). In the late period (Chapter 8), Gersonides concentrated on mathematical astronomy, perfecting his techniques of observation and computation. This reconstruction of the intellectual development of Gersonides helps us understand how he shifted from polymathy to specialization.
Cosmology
Authors: Glasner Ruth
Published: June 2015

Having robbed the Aristotelian divine science of its primacy, Gersonides endeavours to develop an alternative ‘divine science’ that would accord with his belief that the world was created. The underlying philosophical assumption of the new world picture is that the stars are the instruments of God’s providence and that their effects on the sublunar region and especially on humanity were programmed at the time of creation. The underlying physical basis is the theory of rays presented in a pseudo-Avicennian work translated into Hebrew from Latin. Gersonides draws in particular on the notion of the ‘mixing of rays’ described in that work to explain combinations of stellar influences. He draws on the general framework of natural astrology and on several mathematical rules of proportion that describe how the stellar influences can in principle be computed.
Introduction
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

This book is a general history of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) from 2001 to 2011. The book covers the initial organization of the IASB and its subsequent evolution, the process of developing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and the acceptance of IFRSs in many countries around the world. The book was written at the invitation of the IASB, as a companion to a previous book on the history of the IASB’s predecessor body, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). While written at the IASB’s invitation and with the IASB’s support, the book was researched and written as an independent academic study. The book is based on archival materials provided by the IASB, published sources, and over 170 interviews with individuals from around the world who have been involved with the IASB and IFRSs in various capacities.
The IASB Sets its Agenda
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

The IASB was free to set its own agenda of technical projects, building on the inherited corpus of IASC standards. A part of the initial agenda continued the IASC’s policy of improving standards in order to gain acceptance by securities regulators, organized in IOSCO. Another element was the notion of convergence, initially conceived of as multilateral convergence of IFRSs and the best standards from a range of countries, but increasingly thought of as convergence of IFRSs and US GAAP. Thirdly, members of the IASB Board drew on their experience to select issues that had already attracted the attention of standard setters in the 1990s. IFRS 2 on accounting for share-based payment was one of the IASB’s early successes. Conversely, the IASB was unable to bring projects on performance reporting and insurance contracts to a swift conclusion.
Financial Instruments
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

Accounting for financial instruments became a test-case for the adoption of IFRSs by the European Union. The standard IAS 39 had always been controversial. There was a widely held view that the IASB was not sufficiently receptive to the views of the European banking industry while making a number of short-term improvements to IAS 39 prior to its endorsement for use in the EU. The IASB, on its part, insisted that it had followed due process and properly exercised its independent expert judgment. The issue ascended to the political level. IAS 39 was endorsed in 2004, but with two so-called carve-outs. Relations between the IASB and its European constituents were severely strained, even before the actual transition to IFRSs in 2005.
The IASB’s Organization Matures
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

This chapter traces the evolution of the IASB organization through its first decade, and reviews the changing composition of the trustees, the Board, the advisory council, the interpretations committee and the technical staff. The trustees exercised their right to appoint Board members by gradually shifting the emphasis in the Board from technical accounting expertise to a broader range of backgrounds and experiences. Several initiatives were taken to enhance the Board’s due process and to improve its communication with constituents. Establishing a secure funding basis for the IASC Foundation was a continuous preoccupation of the trustees. Gradually, the initial reliance on voluntary contributions was replaced by national funding mechanisms and by funding from the European Commission.
Concepts and Convergence
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

Between 2005 and 2008, the IASB’s technical agenda was increasingly dominated by convergence with US GAAP. In order to facilitate the lifting of the 20-F reconciliation, the IASB and the FASB agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2006, outlining a work programme of over a dozen convergence projects. The MoU was updated in 2008. A target or deadline for completion by mid-2011 was agreed, evidently with a view to a decision by the SEC on use of IFRSs by US domestic companies. The chapter reviews the most important convergence projects. To the alarm of some constituents, the work programme led the two boards to a fundamental reconsideration of several basic accounting concepts and practices. During the period, the IASB also completed a version of its standards designed for small and medium-sized entities (SMEs).
Preparing the IASB for the Second Decade
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

Between 2006 and 2009 the question of the IASB’s public accountability was resolved by establishing a Monitoring Board, mainly composed of securities regulators. The powers of the Monitoring Board, in relation to the IASB Board’s independence, were a matter of intense negations. In the course of the second review of the Foundation’s Constitution, a number of other changes were made in recognition of the IASB’s growing responsibility as the standard setter for companies in more than a hundred countries. Given the central role played by David Tweedie during the IASB’s first decade, the choice of his successor was a seen as a vital matter, testing the relationship between the Foundation trustees and the recently established Monitoring Board. The relationship was further explored in parallel reviews of the IASB’s governance and strategy conducted by the trustees and the Monitoring Board.
The Uncertain Path Towards a Single Global Standard
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

Following the financial crisis and personnel changes at the US SEC, the prospect of adoption of IFRSs in the United States began to fade. This brought other jurisdictions, which had formed their policies in anticipation of a US adoption, to reconsider their approach to IFRSs. The most notable example was Japan, which in 2009 adopted a roadmap towards a decision on adoption of IFRSs, but where the lack of progress in the United States, coupled with increasing domestic scepticism about the desirability of moving to IFRSs, ushered in a period of indecision. China maintained its policy of substantial convergence, while India explored ways of adopting a modified version of IFRSs. Meanwhile, Brazil and many other Latin American countries announced or completed adoption of IFRSs.
Epilogue
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

This chapter reviews major developments between June 2011 and the middle of 2014. Because of the SEC’s silence on the use of IFRSs in the United States, the IASB had to find its position in a world where it had unquestionably become a leading player, but where national standard setters retained important positions in several jurisdictions. In modifying its consultative arrangements, the IASB paid particular attention to interaction with national standard setters. The IASB’s special relationship with the FASB was reconsidered. Some of the two boards’ remaining convergence projects were completed, but no new joint projects were initiated. The IASB undertook a major agenda consultation to chart its course over the next years. As evidenced by events in the United States and Europe, critical questioning of the IASB and of IFRSs continued.
If Urban Regions are the Answer, What is the Question? Thoughts on the European Experience
Authors: Tomàs Mariona
Published: June 2015

This essay contributes to the current debate in the field of critical urban and regional studies on the meanings of the ‘regional’ and the ‘urban’. From a political science perspective, we focus on the European case. Firstly, we argue that the conception of the regional scale is not the same in various languages and traditions. Regions in Europe carry meanings and connotations that are not always easy to translate without losing their specific histories. Secondly, our analysis of contemporary debates on the ‘regional’ in the field of urban studies reveals that both practitioners and academics consider the regional scale mainly as a functional space, as the space for economic competitiveness. However, urban regions are also to be regarded as spaces for social and political mobilization. I argue that the political dimension of the ‘regional’ deserves more attention and that further research needs to be undertaken in this respect.
Elite Compacts in Africa: The Role of Area‐based Management in the New Governmentality of the Durban City‐region
Authors: Beall Jo , Parnell Susan , Albertyn Chris
Published: June 2015

Through reflection on the practical post‐apartheid (re)alignment of competing rationalities across the Greater Durban urban region, this essay teases out the interface between traditional and modern settlement management systems, and explores how governance cleavages are being renegotiated and mediated. It is suggested that, in building an integrated method of operating across the fragmented city‐regional scale and navigating the competing interests involved, the practice of African urbanism is being defined. Without making any claims for what may or may not be uniquely African city‐regional dynamics at the boundaries of tradition and modernity, what is clear from the Durban case is that both conventional city‐regional literature and new city‐regional ideas have glossed over the complexity of finding solutions to tensions between poor communities, urban managers, elected local authorities and the traditional rural elites of the functional city‐regions of Africa.
Analysis of the key enzymes of butyric and acetic acid fermentation in biogas reactors
Authors: Gabris Christina , Bengelsdorf Frank R. , Dürre Peter
Published: June 2015

This study aimed at the investigation of the mechanisms of acidogenesis, which is a key process during anaerobic digestion. To expose possible bottlenecks, specific activities of the key enzymes of acidification, such as acetate kinase (Ack, 0.23–0.99 U mg−1 protein), butyrate kinase (Buk, < 0.03 U mg−1 protein) and butyryl‐CoA:acetate‐CoA transferase (But, 3.24–7.64 U mg−1 protein), were determined in cell free extracts of biogas reactor content from three different biogas reactors. Furthermore, the detection of Ack was successful via Western blot analysis. Quantification of corresponding functional genes encoding Buk (buk) and But (but) was not feasible, although an amplification was possible. Thus, phylogenetic trees were constructed based on respective gene fragments. Four new clades of possible butyrate‐producing bacteria were postulated, as well as bacteria of the genera Roseburia or Clostridium identified. The low Buk activity was in contrast to the high specific But activity in the analysed samples. Butyrate formation via Buk activity does barely occur in the investigated biogas reactor. Specific enzyme activities (Ack, Buk and But) in samples drawn from three different biogas reactors correlated with ammonia and ammonium concentrations (NH3 and NH4+‐N), and a negative dependency can be postulated. Thus, high concentrations of NH3 and NH4+‐N may lead to a bottleneck in acidogenesis due to decreased specific acidogenic enzyme activities.
Statistical Learning Is Not Affected by a Prior Bout of Physical Exercise
Authors: Stevens David J. , Arciuli Joanne , Anderson David I.
Published: June 2015

This study examined the effect of a prior bout of exercise on implicit cognition. Specifically, we examined whether a prior bout of moderate intensity exercise affected performance on a statistical learning task in healthy adults. A total of 42 participants were allocated to one of three conditions—a control group, a group that exercised for 15 min prior to the statistical learning task, and a group that exercised for 30 min prior to the statistical learning task. The participants in the exercise groups cycled at 60% of their respective O2max. Each group demonstrated significant statistical learning, with similar levels of learning among the three groups. Contrary to previous research that has shown that a prior bout of exercise can affect performance on explicit cognitive tasks, the results of the current study suggest that the physiological stress induced by moderate‐intensity exercise does not affect implicit cognition as measured by statistical learning.
A child is a child is a child? Paediatric terminology in a health context
Authors: Hirschfeld Steven
Published: June 2015

This commentary is on the systematic review by Clark et al. on pages 1011–1018 of this issue.
High‐Precision Laser Scanning System for Three‐Dimensional Modeling of Saffron Flower
Authors: Zeraatkar Mojtaba , Khalili Khalil , Foorginejad Abolfazl
Published: June 2015

Because plants have nonrigid parts in various and complicated shapes and high level of variability in their shapes, they have remained one of the most difficult objects to model. Saffron is the most expensive agricultural crop and spice in the world. There is very few information about the geometric properties of saffron flower and its parts in academic resources. Because of the very low thickness of the parts of saffron flower such as petals, the extracted point clouds interfere. In this article, using reverse engineering, three‐dimensional (3D) data of saffron flower are extracted by employing laser scanning technology. After data pre‐processing and processing, the 3D model of saffron flower was developed for the first time. A novel algorithm was proposed to address the problem of interference in point cloud and to separate point cloud of the top surface and the bottom surface of the petal.

Practical Applications

There is very few information about the geometric properties of saffron flower and its parts in academic resources. Owing to the lack of a virtual model of saffron flower, it is difficult to analyze and design a postharvesting mechanism. By generation of a three‐dimensional geometrical model of the flower, not only the geometric parameters of flower are obtained but also a more accurate mechanical study of the object such as aerodynamic study becomes possible. The mechanical behavior of saffron flower is important in the design and analysis of postharvesting mechanisms. In this research, a novel algorithm was developed capable of avoiding interference of point clouds belonging to different surfaces with very close distance to each other, i.e., thin objects. This algorithm was named “projected homogeneous neighbors.” Laser scanning technology with the current precision may well be useful, appropriate and practical technology for precise modeling as well as the description of details and existing issues in biology and agriculture products such as saffron flower.
Towards a Better Understanding of Dynamic Interaction Metrics for Wildlife: a Null Model Approach
Authors: Miller Jennifer A.
Published: June 2015

The ability to measure dynamic interactions, such as attraction or avoidance, is crucial to understanding socio‐spatial behaviors related to territoriality and mating as well as for exploring resource use and the potential spread of infectious epizootic diseases. In spite of the importance of measuring dynamic interactions, it has not been a main research focus in movement pattern analysis. With very few exceptions (see Benhamou et al. 2014), no new metrics have been developed in the past 20 years to accommodate the fundamental shift in the type of animal movement data now being collected and there have been few comparison or otherwise critical studies of existing dynamic interaction metrics (but see Long et al. 2014; Miller 2012). This research borrows from the null model approach commonly used in community ecology to compare six currently used dynamic interaction metrics using data on five brown hyena dyads in Northern Botswana. There was disconcerting variation among the dynamic interaction results depending on which metric and which null model was used, and these results highlight the need for more extensive research on measuring and interpreting dynamic interactions in order to avoid making potentially misleading inferences about socio‐spatial behaviors.
Design of ordered two-dimensional arrays mediated by noncovalent protein-protein interfaces
Authors: Gonen Shane , DiMaio Frank , Gonen Tamir , Baker David
Published: June 2015

Designing proteins to self-assemble

DNA has been used as a nano building material since the 1980s. Protein nanostructures have the potential to give greater geometric control and shape variability. Gonen
et al.
describe the computational design of proteins that self-assemble into two-dimensional arrays. These programmable protein lattices should enable new approaches in biomolecular structure determination and molecular sensing.

Science
, this issue p.
1365
Large Tailed Spindle Viruses of Archaea: a New Way of Doing Viral Business
Authors: Hochstein Rebecca , Bollschweiler Daniel , Engelhardt Harald , Lawrence C. Martin , Young Mark
Published: June 2015

Viruses of
Archaea
continue to surprise us. Archaeal viruses have revealed new morphologies, protein folds, and gene content. This is especially true for large spindle viruses, which infect only
Archaea
. We present a comparison of particle morphologies, major coat protein structures, and gene content among the five characterized large spindle viruses to elucidate defining characteristics. Structural similarities and a core set of genes support the grouping of the large spindle viruses into a new superfamily.
Cell- and Protein-Directed Glycosylation of Native Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope
Authors: Pritchard Laura K. , Harvey David J. , Bonomelli Camille , Crispin Max , Doores Katie J.
Published: June 2015

The gp120/gp41 HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is highly glycosylated, with up to 50% of its mass consisting of
N
-linked glycans. This dense carbohydrate coat has emerged as a promising vaccine target, with its glycans acting as epitopes for a number of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Characterizing the glycan structures present on native HIV-1 Env is thus a critical goal for the design of Env immunogens. In this study, we used a complementary, multistep approach involving ion mobility mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography to comprehensively characterize the glycan structures present on HIV-1 gp120 produced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The capacity of different expression systems, including pseudoviral particles and recombinant cell surface trimers, to reproduce native-like glycosylation was then assessed. A population of oligomannose glycans on gp120 was reproduced across all expression systems, supporting this as an intrinsic property of Env that can be targeted for vaccine design. In contrast, Env produced in HEK 293T cells failed to accurately reproduce the highly processed complex-type glycan structures observed on PBMC-derived gp120, and in particular the precise linkage of sialic acid residues that cap these glycans. Finally, we show that unlike for gp120, the glycans decorating gp41 are mostly complex-type sugars, consistent with the glycan specificity of bnAbs that target this region. These findings provide insights into the glycosylation of native and recombinant HIV-1 Env and can be used to inform strategies for immunogen design and preparation.

IMPORTANCE
Development of an HIV vaccine is desperately needed to control new infections, and elicitation of HIV bnAbs will likely be an important component of an effective vaccine. Increasingly, HIV bnAbs are being identified that bind to the
N
-linked glycans coating the HIV envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, highlighting them as important targets for vaccine design. It is therefore important to characterize the glycan structures present on native, virion-associated gp120 and gp41 for development of vaccines that accurately mimic native-Env glycosylation. In this study, we used a number of analytical techniques to precisely study the structures of both the oligomannose and complex-type glycans present on native Env to provide a reference for determining the ability of potential HIV immunogens to accurately replicate the glycosylation pattern on these native structures.
Structural Determinants for the Selective Anti-HIV-1 Activity of the All-β Alternative Conformer of XCL1
Authors: Guzzo Christina , Fox Jamie C. , Miao Huiyi , Volkman Brian F. , Lusso Paolo
Published: June 2015

HIV-1 replication is regulated
in vivo
by a complex network of cytokines and chemokines. XCL1/lymphotactin, a unique metamorphic chemokine, was recently identified as a broad-spectrum endogenous HIV-1 inhibitor that blocks viral entry via direct interaction with the gp120 envelope glycoprotein. HIV-1 inhibition by XCL1 requires access to the alternative all-β conformation, which interacts with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) but not with the specific XCL1 receptor, XCR1. To investigate the structural determinants of the HIV-inhibitory function of XCL1, we performed a detailed structure-function analysis of a stabilized all-β variant, XCL1 W55D. Individual alanine substitutions of two basic residues within the 40s' loop, K42 and R43, abrogated the ability of XCL1 to bind to the viral envelope and block HIV-1 infection; moreover, a loss of HIV-inhibitory function, albeit less marked, was seen upon individual mutation of three additional basic residues: R18, R35, and K46. In contrast, mutation of K42 to arginine did not cause any loss of function, suggesting that the interaction with gp120 is primarily electrostatic in nature. Strikingly, four of these five residues cluster to form a large (∼350 Å
2
) positively charged surface in the all-β XCL1 conformation, whereas they are dissociated in the classic chemokine fold, which is inactive against HIV-1, providing a structural basis for the selective antiviral activity of the alternatively folded XCL1. Furthermore, we observed that changes to the N-terminal domain, which is proximal to the cluster of putative HIV-1 gp120-interacting residues, also affect the antiviral activity of XCL1. Interestingly, the complement of residues involved in HIV-1 blockade is partially overlapping, but distinct from those involved in the GAG-binding function of XCL1. These data identify key structural determinants of anti-HIV activity in XCL1, providing new templates for the development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors.

IMPORTANCE
The host immune system controls HIV-1 infection through a wide array of inhibitory responses, including the induction of cytotoxic effector cells and the secretion of noncytolytic soluble antiviral factors such as cytokines and chemokines. We recently identified XCL1/lymphotactin, a chemokine primarily produced by CD8
+
T cells, as a novel endogenous factor with broad anti-HIV activity. Strikingly, only one of the two conformations that XCL1 can adopt in solution, the alternative all-β fold, mediates antiviral activity. At variance with the classic HIV-inhibitory chemokines such as CCL5/RANTES, XCL1 acts via direct interaction with the external viral envelope glycoprotein, gp120. Here, we identify the interactive surface of XCL1 that is implicated in binding to the HIV-1 envelope and HIV-1 inhibition, providing a structural basis to explain why only the all-β XCL1 conformer is effective against HIV-1. Our findings may be useful in guiding the rational design of new inhibitors of HIV-1 entry.
Identification of the Receptor-Binding Domain of the Spike Glycoprotein of Human Betacoronavirus HKU1
Authors: Qian Zhaohui , Ou Xiuyuan , Góes Luiz Gustavo Bentim , Osborne Christina , Castano Anna , Holmes Kathryn V. , Dominguez Samuel R.
Published: June 2015

Coronavirus spike (S) glycoproteins mediate receptor binding, membrane fusion, and virus entry and determine host range. Murine betacoronavirus (β-CoV) in group A uses the N-terminal domain (NTD) of S protein to bind to its receptor, whereas the β-CoVs severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV in group B and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV in group C and several α-CoVs use the downstream C domain in their S proteins to recognize their receptor proteins. To identify the receptor-binding domain in the spike of human β-CoV HKU1 in group A, we generated and mapped a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the ectodomain of HKU1 spike protein. They did not cross-react with S proteins of any other CoV tested. Most of the HKU1 spike MAbs recognized epitopes in the C domain between amino acids 535 and 673, indicating that this region is immunodominant. Two of the MAbs blocked HKU1 virus infection of primary human tracheal-bronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells. Preincubation of HTBE cells with a truncated HKU1 S protein that includes the C domain blocked infection with HKU1 virus, but preincubation of cells with truncated S protein containing only the NTD did not block infection. These data suggest that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of HKU1 spike protein is located in the C domain, where the spike proteins of α-CoVs and β-CoVs in groups B and C bind to their specific receptor proteins. Thus, two β-CoVs in group A, HKU1 and murine CoV, have evolved to use different regions of their spike glycoproteins to recognize their respective receptor proteins.

IMPORTANCE
Mouse hepatitis virus, a β-CoV in group A, uses the galectin-like NTD in its spike protein to bind its receptor protein, while HCoV-OC43, another β-CoV in group A, uses the NTD to bind to its sialic-acid containing receptor. In marked contrast, the NTD of the spike glycoprotein of human respiratory β-CoV HKU1, which is also in group A, does not bind sugar. In this study, we showed that for the spike protein of HKU1, the purified C domain, downstream of the NTD, could block HKU1 virus infection of human respiratory epithelial cells, and that several monoclonal antibodies that mapped to the C domain neutralized virus infectivity. Thus, the receptor-binding domain of HKU1 spike glycoprotein is located in the C domain. Surprisingly, two β-CoVs in group A, mouse hepatitis virus and HKU1, have evolved to use different regions of their spike glycoproteins to recognize their respective receptors.