bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Promise of American Pentecostal Political Theologies
Authors: Studebaker Steven M.
Published: December 2022

Political strife and cultural upheaval characterize public life in the United States today. When did it start? Not with Donald J. Trump’s election, but he certainly amplified and accelerated these trends. Do the Spirit of Pentecost and communities of people filled with and empowered by the Holy Spirit offer a way forward beyond the acrimony, hatreds, bigotries, and political polarities? The articles in this issue think they do. With these concerns and questions in mind, the articles presented here assess, critique, and offer constructive proposals for pentecostal political theology and practice in the age of Trump and beyond. This introductory article lays groundwork, historical and theological, for the generative contributions these articles make to pentecostal political theology in the United States.
Thinking Africa in Postmission Theology: Implications for Global Theological Discourse
Authors: Appiah Simon Kofi
Published: December 2022

It is necessary to consider the place of Africa in postmission theology, described here as ‘postmissionality,’ because of the high Christian percentage of the African population. This demography means that Africa is now, more than ever before, of great significance to global Christianity. In the same vein, it reveals that Christianity is an important variable in the development of Africa. The relevance of this dialogical relationship between Africa and Christianity extends beyond Africa into global Christianity, which is today experienced as the innovative realization of the Christian religion in de-imperializing contests. This paper discusses three – political/liberationist, multicultural/pluralism, and Pentecostal – of the many aspects of ‘postmissionality’ and shows how they can influence and advance the development of global theological discourse.
Soteriology in Evangelical Practice: A View from the Street
Authors: Paas Stefan
Published: December 2022

This article discusses the difficulties experienced by evangelical missionary practitioners in the West from the perspective of soteriology. This is done ‘from below,’ that is, based on recent empirical studies. First, the ‘benchmark soteriology’ of evangelicalism is presented. Second, based on an analysis of recent field studies of missionary practices in Europe a series of challenges for evangelical evangelism are listed. It appears that evangelical practitioners often experience ‘speechlessness’ in terms of witness. This leads to various forms of frustration and disappointment. After offering some suggestions for an explanation of this speechlessness, the article concludes with a tentative description of a new paradigm of evangelism emerging from missionary practices in the West.
Examining the Patterns and Dynamics of Intra-Regional Trade and Revealed Comparative Advantage in the East African Community
Authors: Mkenda Beatrice K.
Published: December 2022

This paper investigates intra-regional trade changes in the East African Community since its revival, as well as their revealed comparative advantage and evolution between 2001 and 2020. While most studies have examined the comparative advantage of individual EAC countries, they have not addressed how the revival of the Community impacted comparative advantage and intra-regional trade over time. As its analytical approach, the study calculates trade intensity indicators, revealed comparative advantage indices, and evaluates product categories that have lost, retained, or gained comparative advantage. The following conclusions are drawn from the study’s findings: first, the revival of the Community increased intra-regional trade at first, but it soon dwindled due to non-tariff barriers. Second, product groups exported in raw form retained their comparative advantage, with Uganda having the most such product groups. Third, comparative advantage evolved, with Kenya having the greatest number of product groups gaining comparative advantage. Three policy implications emerge: first, restoring intra-regional trade to immediate post-Community levels requires significant reductions in trade barriers. Second, increasing export revenues necessitates the addition of value to agricultural products. Third, due to the dynamic nature of comparative advantage, countries must tailor policy support to product groups that lose comparative advantage.
Theological Dependencies of the Palatinate Church Order (1563)
Authors: Kroese Wouter
Published: December 2022

The Reformed Dutch baptismal form in the Dathenus Psalter (1566) is a translated adaption of the form in the Palatinate Church Order (1563). In the Palatinate Church Order (1563), this baptismal form is accompanied by a text “On holy baptism.” The present article researches the sources of the baptismal texts in the Palatinate Church Order (1563), with a special focus on the phrase “children having the Holy Spirit.” It builds upon the critical edition of J.F. Gerhard Goeters (1969), and uses an extra type of sources: the so-called Lasconian catechisms.
Exasperating Rides and Bittersweet Duties
Authors: Sinno Nadine
Published: December 2022

This article offers a contextual analysis of Annemarie Jacir’s film Wajib. I argue that Jacir employs the tropes of ‘the exasperating ride’ and ‘bittersweet duty’ as a means of demonstrating the material conditions endured by Palestinians in Nazareth, documenting mundane acts of sumuud in the face of personal and collective traumas, and articulating the complex sociopolitical landscape inhabited by Palestinians. Employing the interrelated tropes of the exasperating ride and bittersweet duty, Jacir ‘humors the Palestinian homeland’, thereby eschewing clichéd representations of Palestinians. The usage of the term ‘humor’ refers to a sense of eliciting frivolousness, as well as a sense of accommodating difference. Palestinian protagonists in Wajib often utilize humor as a survival mechanism; they also humor other Palestinians, whose worldviews, relationship to the land and modalities of steadfastness may differ from their own. The film emphasizes the polyphonous voices circumventing an exclusive master-narrative about the Palestinian homeland.
Interpreting Empire: English, U.S. Advisors, and Interpreters in the Korean War
Authors: Jin Syrus
Published: December 2022

The Korean Military Advisory Group (kmag) – a relatively small unit of U.S. Army officers – developed, advised, and exerted influence over the Republic of Korea (rok) Army from its inception in 1946 through the signing of the Korean War armistice in July 1953. kmag advisors served down to the battalion level, working alongside South Korean counterparts in rok Army units, causing language to be a crucial battlefield that animated American anxieties and negative racial assumptions. In a moment when few, if any, American military officers had Korean language proficiency, South Koreans with English-language capability became essential to the U.S. foreign policy project in South Korea. South Korean interpreters, too, amplified racialized concerns about the trustworthiness of rok soldiers. This article places American understandings of language in kmag affairs into critical focus, highlighting the cultural assumptions that came to effect material change in U.S. Army policy towards the rok Army before and during the Korean War. It shows how language was a means of U.S. penetration into the fabric of Korean state and society, but also a target of imaginations that disturbed the U.S. military because of its consistent reminder of how language could resist American suggestion.
Local Affairs or Imperial Scandals?
Authors: Vasquez-Parra Adeline
Published: December 2022

What is the historical part of minorities and foreigners in the modern process of citizenship-building outside the French Kingdom? The study of legal claims and disputes shows that from the end of the Nine Years’ War (1688–1697) to the French Revolution (1789), many foreign inhabitants of the French Atlantic colonies shared a common understanding of their individual rights. The study of foreign subjects’ legal culture, defined as a set of attitudes and perceptions towards the law, also reveals governance tactics such as the gathering of certain foreign groups into trustworthy “colonial communities”. This opened a particular framework of relationships between the French administration and members of three of these communities: Acadians, Converso Jews, and Irishmen. Settled in the French Caribbean islands, they all progressively understood their legal status through a new category of “citizen” prior to the age of Atlantic Revolution (1776–1791).
Capitalism and its American Incarnation
Authors: Cutterham Tom , Hartigan-O’Connor Ellen , Hart Emma , Shammas Carole
Published: December 2022

This forum includes three assessments of Emma Hart’s Trading Spaces: The Colonial Marketplace and the Foundations of American Capitalism and a response by the author. These analyses consider the book’s tracking of the formation of an American commercial system that, it argues, occurred in conjunction with the creation of the independent United States.
Grammatical resumption and dependency processing in Southern Jordanian Arabic
Authors: Al-Aqarbeh Rania , Al-Malahmeh Mohammed
Published: December 2022

This study investigates the sensitivity of grammatical resumption to islands in wh-interrogative and relative clause dependencies in Southern Jordanian Arabic (JA). An offline acceptability judgment task and an eye-tracking reading experiment were conducted. The results reveal that resumption in southern JA exhibits sensitivity to strong islands, such as adjunct islands, in both dependencies. The findings also suggest that the southern JA parser posits a resumptive pronoun (RP) inside islands that allow resumption. However, the parser does not predict an RP inside islands that disallow resumption. Furthermore, quantitative data show that wh-interrogative and relative clause dependencies pattern similarly in their sensitivity to islands.
Asymmetric inflection in Berber
Authors: Faust Noam , Lahrouchi Mohamed
Published: December 2022

In Tashlhiyt Berber nouns, grammatical gender is usually expressed on both edges of the noun by the segment /t/. However, at the right edge, there is another, more minor pattern: many grammatically feminine nouns end in a vowel. The regular realization involves a final /t/ associated to a suffixal CV unit. Vowel-final feminine nouns are derived when a final stem vowel is associated to the V position of the suffix, blocking the association of the /t/. This right-edge effect is a mirror-image of Bendjaballah’s (2011) analysis of the left-edge inflection of vowel-initial stems. The distribution of gender marking in loans provides further supports to this analysis.
The secret morphology of Tashlhiyt Berber
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: December 2022

Two secret languages used in Tashlhiyt Berber are reported in work by Douchaïna (1996, 1998) and Lahrouchi & Ségéral (2009, 2010ab): Tagnawt and Taqjmit. I propose that they should both be analyzed as instances of prosodic morphology, employing the same prosodic morpheme [L.LL.L]. Prosodic morphemes are common in the regular morphology of Tashlhiyt: the prosodic foot [LL] for the imperfective and Tifrdi, the prosodic word [H.H] for Ukris, and [L.H.L] for Tirrugza, Abnakli and Azddayru (Jebbour 1999, Dell & Elmedlaoui 1992). The prosodic shape [L.LL.L] of the secret languages fills out the paradigm as a variant of [L.H.L], which appears marginally in the secret languages. The shapes [L.LL.L] and [L.H.L] are found also in Tashlhiyt verse metrics, where they form a natural class of verse feet, alternating with the anapest [LL.H] (Dell & Elmedlaoui 2008, Riad 2017). Based in part on the striking shape parallels in Tashlhiyt, I argue that there is an organic connection between prosodic morphemes and the prosodic categories employed in verse. Furthermore, the simultaneous prosodic structures that we find in verse metrics—regular prosody and meter—are applicable also to prosodic morphology, particularly clearly so in root-and-pattern formations.
Multiple Streams, Open Windows, and yet No Solution
Authors: Schumacher Helge
Published: December 2022

Article VII of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) requires states to provide emergency assistance in the case of a deliberate bioweapons attack on any state party to the convention. Since no operational mechanism defining how to request or provide such assistance has yet been established, the painful lessons of the 2014–2016 West African Ebola crisis returned this topic to the agenda of the BWC. This study uses multiple streams analysis to investigate the impact of the Ebola crisis on the considerations of Article VII. While it revived the three streams of the debate—problem, policy, and politics—and opened a policy window, nevertheless, no political entrepreneur was able to couple the streams to produce policy output. As this window of opportunity begins to close, the Covid-19 pandemic seems to be the next focusing event shaping the BWC discourse on emergency assistance.
Beyond Generations
Authors: Hellmüller Sara , Lobjoy Marie , Tan Xiang-Yun Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Authors commonly categorize peace missions according to different generations: first-generation missions serving as interposition forces to monitor a cease-fire, second-generation missions with multidimensional mandates, and third-generation missions with enforcement mandates. While the generation typology is useful to show the development of peace missions over time, this article points to four main limitations: ambiguity, reductionism, linear connotations, and restricted applicability. It proposes an alternative categorization distinguishing between a minimalist approach aiming at ending violence, a moderate approach aiming at ending violence and installing some form of good governance, and a maximalist approach aiming at addressing the root causes of conflict. Based on an analysis of all UN peace missions between 1991 and 2020, the article demonstrates how this new classification overcomes the flaws of the generation typology and presents further advantages related to its focus on objectives, its versatility, and its potential for statistical analysis. It thereby allows for a more accurate analysis of UN peace missions and their effectiveness.
Challenges Facing the Implementation of the New Secondary School Curriculum in Malawi
Authors: Chirwa Grames Wellington , Banda Enelesi , Mwakapenda Willy
Published: December 2022

In its recent attempt to improve the quality of education in Malawi, the Malawian Ministry of Education, Science and Technology changed its secondary school curriculum; the new curriculum began to be implemented in 2017. So far, little is known about the challenges facing the implementation of this new secondary school curriculum. It is against this background of a knowledge gap that this study was undertaken: to investigate in depth the challenges facing the implementation of the new curriculum from the perspectives of school management, and ways of overcoming those challenges to improve the implementation. The study adopted the concerns-based adoption model. This model describes the process of change experienced by those at school level attempting to implement the new curriculum. The theory is concerned with the effect of the nature of the investment in people, time and resources as they pertain to the implementation of educational innovations. The study was conducted in four secondary schools in Lilongwe district in Malawi. A qualitative research method was used, employing a case study design. The participants were four head teachers, four deputy head teachers and 12 heads of department from the sample schools. Data were collected through interviews, document review and classroom observation of heads of departments’ lessons in order to provide methodological triangulation.

Data were analysed using the inductive thematic content analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the new secondary school curriculum faces multiple challenges, the main ones being ineffective orientation training for curriculum implementers; inadequate numbers of qualified teachers, especially in science subjects; insufficient teaching and learning materials; too few and inadequately equipped science laboratories; and discrepancy in the administration of continuous assessment. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for better implementation of the curriculum.
Transcending a Western Bias
Authors: Mende Janne , Heller Regina , Reichwein Alexander
Published: December 2022

In this introduction to the Special Issue, we suggest a decolonised and entangled perspective in norms research that transcends the Western legacies of global norms by taking into account the complex constellations and interactions within and between norms. We seek to move beyond the dichotomy of ‘good’ Western versus ‘bad’ non-Western norms without simply reversing it. We instead propose to integrate three dimensions into norms research: 1) revealing the ambivalences and ambiguities inherent to norms; 2) investigating plural actors as vectors of normative change; and 3) broadening the disciplinary realm of norms research. Our aim is to further develop the empirical and conceptual discussion of norms that moves beyond a Western bias without simply giving up on normative assessments of norms.
Shaping Subjectivity
Authors: Benedix Nadine
Published: December 2022

Working children are commonly not considered as active political subjects. Yet, many of them have organised themselves as local groups that cooperate across borders. As a transnational network, they advocate for a right to work and political participation. In ir, these actors were accurately analysed as ‘governed’ actors proactively engaging in (inter-)national norm dynamics. Yet, their situatedness in local and global power relations (shaped by colonialism) remains understudied. Analysing how working children in Bolivia discursively shape their subjectivity in such hierarchical processes, it is argued that their norm engagement is intertwined with how they are situated in this context. Looking beyond proactive norm engagement, the paper argues for a broader conceptual understanding of the ‘agency of the governed’ in norm dynamics emerging in narrative practices. Special emphasis is placed on how working children in Bolivia (re)create their subjectivity through everyday practices interacting with institutional, material, and social structures which in turn are embedded within broader narrative frameworks.
Eurasian Supranationalism: From Academic Discourse to the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Simonyan Artur
Published: December 2022

The profound institutionalisation of the European Union through supranationalism ensured universal standing for the Euro-centric interpretation of this concept in comparative legal and political studies. This Chapter, in opposition, validates the regional interpretation of supranationalism in post-Soviet Eurasian space and its variation both in academic discourse and regional legal practices. The Chapter primarily scrutinises the legal-historical deconstruction of the concept of supranationalism in the post-Soviet Eurasian region within three academic communities: Eurasianist, Soviet, and Post-Soviet. The Chapter’s interpretation of the concept of supranationalism is conducted through a re-evaluation of regional attitudes towards the concepts of sovereignty and typology of States and their function in shaping the Eurasian vision of supranationalism. When necessary, the conceptual framework is also widened to subsume the observation of other relevant phenomena, considering the specificity of each academic community conditioned upon time and ideological affiliation. Ultimately, Russian-Eurasian academic discourse on supranationalism is projected over the institutional law of the Eurasian Economic Union to ascertain the interrelation between academic percipience and regional law. Central prominence is shifted towards the institutional decision-making mechanism of the Eurasian Union and the role of the EAEU Court in shaping the concept of supranationalism. The Chapter concludes that regional attitudes have constructed an authoritarian, illiberal type of supranationalism typical of emerging Post-Soviet Eurasian regional international law.
Russian Approaches to Regulating Use of Force in Cyberspace
Authors: Lumiste Liina
Published: December 2022

Discussion in the United Nations on how international law applies to cyberspace has lasted more than two decades. Initially, the issue was raised by Russia and gained little attention by Western States; today, however, the question of state responsibility, applicability of humanitarian law and thresholds of intervention, use of force or armed attack have become a high priority for all digitalised States. Debate on the matter has, in many aspects, polarised and one of the divides occurs between Russia and Western States. This Chapter analyses the Russian approach to the applicability of international law to state behaviour in cyberspace from the perspective of Russian approaches to international law in general. In doing so, the Chapter aims to explain the sometimes-controversial positions taken by a State that is at once a world power, one of the most active cyber-actors and often in an adversarial position. Special focus is put on the Russian approach to use of force in the ICT environment.
ASEAN Ambiguity on International Law and Norms for Cyberspace
Authors: EG Tan Eugene , Ang Benjamin
Published: December 2022

This chapter will argue that while the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has on occasion stressed the need and its respect for a rules-based international order, and that international law applies in cyberspace, it has not spelt out how it applies to cyberspace. The ASEAN experience is unique and should be considered separately from other regional organisations. Scholars have tried to compare ASEAN and the European Union (EU) in the hope that the processes of understanding international law and conforming to norms are similar. However, unlike the European Union, where integration on rules and law are advanced and States share a common cultural heritage, a common language and face similar economic and security problems, ASEAN is a unique area where the formation of a regional grouping is based largely on mutual benefit and geography. ASEAN is a pragmatic entity that is not dogmatic on the framing of international law when it perceives a deficit of order in the international system, and does not solely subscribe to a singular interpretation of international law or to others’ views on cyberspace governance. ASEAN leaders especially place much importance on the principles of ‘mutual respect’ and ‘non-interference’, and views sovereignty as a sacrosanct principle among ASEAN member States. There is an unwillingness to define what States in the region see as sovereignty, choosing to maintain an ambiguous stance in order to achieve more flexibility in both foreign and domestic policy.
Transitional Justice and Health Protection: Assessing the Contribution of International Criminal Proceedings and Truth Commissions in Africa
Authors: Guematcha Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

This paper explores the relationship between health protection in Africa and two transitional justice mechanisms: international criminal proceedings and truth commissions. It questions the contribution of these transitional justice mechanisms to health protection in Africa and argues that the contribution is both retrospective and prospective. On the one hand, these mechanisms help to identify the past failures of health protection and, on the other hand, they tend to ensure health protection for the future. However, there are gaps in this contribution because the work done by the two mechanisms does not fully address the broader problems of health protection in Africa.
La “responsabilité d’assister” et sa mise en œuvre dans la lutte contre les pandémies en Afrique
Authors: Mubiala Mutoy
Published: December 2022

Le droit régional africain comporte, en dehors des sources traditionnelles principales du droit international (traités et coutumes), des sources complémentaires, dont les principes formulés dans le cadre des organisations régionales africaines et les traditions juridiques positives. Parmi ceux-ci, il convient de mentionner celui de la « responsabilité d’assister » découlant de la Déclaration de l’UA de 2012 portant Initiative africaine de solidarité (ISA), connue aussi sous le vocable « L’Afrique aide l’Afrique ». Le présent article examine le contenu normatif de ce principe et sa mise en oeuvre dans le contexte de la lutte contre les pandémies en Afrique. Il évalue l’applicabilité universelle du principe émergent de « responsabilité d’assister », à la lumière des réponses mondiales à la crise actuelle de la Covid-19. Il examine aussi les voies et moyens de sa mise en oeuvre effective au triple plan national, régional et mondial, tout en clarifiant les différences d’approches entre la « responsabilité d’assister » et la responsabilité de protéger.
Plaidoyer pour un cadre institutionnel régional en faveur de l’action des régions et villes africaines dans le contexte des urgences de santé publique de portée internationale
Authors: Museni Jimmy Niamadjomi
Published: December 2022

Face aux urgences de santé publique de portée internationale, les régions et les villes africaines adoptent et appliquent souvent des mesures visant à contrer la propagation, tout en veillant également à la mise en oeuvre des actions locales de résilience. Pourtant, la plupart des engagements ainsi que de décisions et résolutions adoptées au niveau régional africain dans le contexte des crises sanitaires internationales méconnaissent implicitement ce rôle participatif des autorités régionales et urbaines. Cette méconnaissance est souvent à la base de quelques inquiétudes dans la gestion de fonds en provenance de partenaires internationaux au profit des populations locales en situation d’urgence sanitaire. Dans le souci de remédier à cette déviation, cet article propose un réajustement institutionnel régional permettant aux autorités locales régionales et municipales d’avoir l’autonomie d’accès au financement en provenance des partenaires extérieurs. Il en détermine les modalités de mise en oeuvre et les stratégies territoriales à adopter pour y parvenir en dépit des obstacles éventuels.
Universal Jurisdiction and the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Senegalese Judicial System: Towards a Replicable Enforcement Model?
Authors: Ntahiraja Bernard
Published: December 2022

On 22 August 2012, the Republic of Senegal and the African Union agreed to create the Extraordinary African Chambers (EACs) within the Senegalese judicial system. The Chambers’ mission would be to try Hissène Habré for international crimes he had allegedly committed while he was President of the Republic of Chad (1982–1990). The Agreement recognised that even before its conclusion, Senegal enjoyed jurisdiction to try Habré and was even obliged to do so – unless it extradites him -. Senegal’s jurisdiction was based on the universality principle. The success of the trial – i.e. the conclusion of the criminal aspect of the proceedings – has brought some stakeholders to think and declare that a new enforcement mechanism of universal jurisdiction had been found. They argued that it could be generalised. This article questions that view. It first recalls the context in which the Chambers were created. The purpose is to demonstrate that their setting up resulted from a historical accident rather than a well thought out policy. The essential element of that context is the controversial judgment of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS). The article then undertakes a detailed presentation of the Chambers as a judicial institution, emphasising their composition. It finds out that the rationale behind the hybridity was the mere concern to comply with the judgment of the ECOWAS Court. At no point was the discussion about pursuing hybridity for its (alleged) intrinsic advantages. Lastly, the article balances the possible value-added of an EACs-like formula against the risks it presents when it comes to the enforcement of universal jurisdiction. It finds out that while the formula has no apparent advantages, there are risks attached to it. The most important of these is that it would decrease the likelihood of trials based on the universality principle in Africa.
The Precariousness of Self-Defence in International Law by the Targeted Killing of Major General Soleimani of Iran by the United States
Authors: Owie Udoka Ndidiamaka
Published: December 2022

The view of the United States that it can lawfully hunt and kill terrorists plotting attacks on Americans even in the territory of other states is not peculiar to the Administration of Donald Trump. The earlier Administrations of Barack Obama and George W. Bush, Jr had acted against terrorists similarly. However, the killing of Major General Qasem Soleimani of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Iran, a senior state official of Iran, goes beyond the narrower issue of the targeted killing of terrorists to the right of self-defence in international law and deserves closer analysis because of its precarious implications for international law and its unique rule-making mechanism.
The 2022 Amendments of the Regulations and Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes: Change and Continuity
Authors: Parra Antonio R.
Published: December 2022

This article examines the amendments of the Regulations and Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) recently approved by the Administrative Council of ICSID. The amendments are of all regulations and rules for proceedings that ICSID has long been authorized to administer – ICSID Convention and Additional Facility conciliation and arbitration and fact-finding proceedings. As part of the amendments, ICSID has also issued a new set of mediation rules. For context, the article briefly recalls previous amendments of the Regulations and Rules before discussing highlights of the newly amended Regulations and Rules. A concluding section points out that the amendments, which respond to many criticisms of investor-State arbitration under investment treaties (ISDS), will generally apply to all ICSID ISDS arbitrations initiated on or after the effective date of the amendments (1 July 2022).
Temporal Order Judgments in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders – Explicit and Implicit Measures
Authors: Arrouet Alana , Polgári Patrik , Giersch Anne , Joos Ellen
Published: December 2022

Ordering events in time is essential for the understanding of causal relationships between successive events. Incorrect causal links can lead to false beliefs and an altered perception of reality. These symptoms belong to psychosis, which is present in schizophrenia (SZ) spectrum and bipolar (BP) disorder. Experimental results show that patients with SZ have an altered perception of temporal order, while there are no data in patients with BP. We investigated the ability of patients with SZ, BP, and controls to judge the order of stimuli with a 100-ms Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA), and how such large asynchronies facilitate temporal order judgments for small asynchronies. Explicit temporal order effects suggest that patients with SZ perform worse at a long SOA (100 ms) as compared to controls, whereas patients with BP show no difference compared to controls or to patients with SZ. Implicit order effects reveal improved performances in case of identical as compared to different relative order between two successive trials for all groups, with no differences between the groups. We replicated explicit order impairments in patients with SZ compared to controls, while implicit effects appear to be preserved. This difficulty for patients to consciously order stimuli in time might be understood under the light of the loosening-of-associations phenomenon well described in SZ. Further, we showed that patients with BP do not reveal such an explicit order impairment which is consistent with phenomenological descriptions, suggesting a difference in time experience in patients with SZ and BP.
A Matter of Competence?
Authors: Preßlein David
Published: December 2022

In the aftermath of the BVerfG’s controversial ruling on the ecb’s Public Sector Purchase Programme and the launch of an infringement procedure against Germany, politicians and legal scholars have called once more for the establishment of an “EU Competence Court”. Such a court would be the sole arbiter of competence disputes between the EU and its Member States. This article first recapitulates the current assessment of EU competences and its problems. Subsequently, it illustrates what the proposals to establish an EU Competence Court would entail and examines the different models they draw inspiration from by using a comparative approach. Ultimately, it is argued that none of these concepts stands up to closer scrutiny. Instead, the article uses further legal comparison to develop a two-tier solution: the first tier includes modifications to the cjeu’s decision-making process, while the second tier implements a new “constitutional advisory mechanism” to strengthen judicial multilogue.
Body Pitch Together With Translational Body Motion Biases the Subjective Haptic Vertical
Authors: Tseng Chia-Huei , Chow Hiu Mei , Spillmann Lothar , Oxner Matt , Sakurai Kenzo
Published: December 2022

Accurate perception of verticality is critical for postural maintenance and successful physical interaction with the world. Although previous research has examined the independent influences of body orientation and self-motion under well-controlled laboratory conditions, these factors are constantly changing and interacting in the real world. In this study, we examine the subjective haptic vertical in a real-world scenario. Here, we report a bias of verticality perception in a field experiment on the Hong Kong Peak Tram as participants traveled on a slope ranging from 6° to 26°. Mean subjective haptic vertical (SHV) increased with slope by as much as 15°, regardless of whether the eyes were open (Experiment 1) or closed (Experiment 2). Shifting the body pitch by a fixed degree in an effort to compensate for the mountain slope failed to reduce the verticality bias (Experiment 3). These manipulations separately rule out visual and vestibular inputs about absolute body pitch as contributors to our observed bias. Observations collected on a tram traveling on level ground (Experiment 4A) or in a static dental chair with a range of inclinations similar to those encountered on the mountain tram (Experiment 4B) showed no significant deviation of the subjective vertical from gravity. We conclude that the SHV error is due to a combination of large, dynamic body pitch and translational motion. These observations made in a real-world scenario represent an incentive to neuroscientists and aviation experts alike for studying perceived verticality under field conditions and raising awareness of dangerous misperceptions of verticality when body pitch and translational self-motion come together.
‘For Everyone Born, a Place at the Table’
Authors: Meijers Erica
Published: December 2022

This paper elucidates the understanding of the bond between Liturgy and Diaconia. Liturgy and Diaconia are often considered two distinct practices in the daily life of the Church; one a set of rituals confined to the inner circle of Christians, the other a service to people in need, both in- and outside the Church. This contribution explores an encounter between the two by investigating experiences of Eucharist Celebrations during the Sanctuary in the Bethel Chapel, The Hague (Netherlands) in 2018/2019. The article briefly introduces the case of the Sanctuary, then describes and analyzes the results of interviews with pastors and finally formulate conclusions on the relation between Diaconia and Liturgy.
Researching ‘Faith’ Beyond the Congregation: Testing Terminology in a Pilot Project
Authors: Porter Fran , Jones Ian
Published: December 2022

Based upon the experience of an empirical pilot project, this article considers methodological challenges and opportunities involved in researching the faith of people not attached to church congregations, but participating in a church-based initiative. Is it possible to find out what ‘faith’ is for these people, without imposing overtly religious – or non-religious – understandings of ‘faith’? Having situated our work within the research landscape concerning faith, belief and non-belief, we introduce our definition of ‘faith’, drawing upon (but also in places critiquing) Abby Day’s work on investigating ‘belief’ and David Gortner’s research on worldview and ‘personal theology’. Supported by the project’s process and findings, we argue that our approach offers a framework which takes seriously Day’s concern to understand interviewees’ ‘belief’ on its own terms whilst also offering a way of inviting them to evaluate the Christianity they encountered through contact with a local church.
Tensile properties of six desert shrub species in Hobq Desert, China
Authors: Liu Xu-Yang , Ning Wen-Xiao , Wang Zhen-Ting
Published: December 2022

Desert shrubs are often planted to control wind erosion, land desertification, and desert expansion. Their motions of bending and vibration can absorb and disperse kinetic energy of wind, so as to protect the erodible surfaces close-by. According to continuum mechanics, the quantification of mechanical properties of shrubs is critical to understand their dynamic behaviors. In this study, the conventional tensile tests of six dominant desert shrub species’ stems mainly sampled in the Hobq Desert of China are performed. It is found that the tensile strength of Tamarix ramosissima and Hedysarum scoparium are larger than others, whereas Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides are more flexible. And then, it is theoretically and experimentally proved that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of these desert shrubs both decrease with the increase of diameter.
Effect of Origanum dubium, Origanum vulgare subsp hirtum, and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils on immune cells in athletes
Authors: Ulupınar Süleyman , Maral Hasan , Özbay Serhat , Gençoğlu Cebrail , Türk Baydır Ayşegül , Şebin Engin , Altınkaynak Konca , Fazıl Kishalı Necip , Siktar Erdinç , İnce zzet , Buzdağlı Yusuf
Published: December 2022

Natural herbal products are widely used by athletes to reduce the immune suppression caused by intensive exercise. This study aimed to determine the effects of the essential oils Origanum dubium, Origanum vulgare subsp hirtum, and Lavandula angustifolia, which belong to the Lamiaceae family, on immune cells in athletes. Thirty-four trained men (age: , height: , body mass: ) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups or the control group. Leukocytes and their subgroups were measured before and after a 14-day essential oil intervention and following an intensive exercise session. The main findings indicated that essential oils isolated from O. dubium (; ; ; increase), O. vulgare subsp hirtum (; ; ; increase), and L. angustifolia (; ; ; increase) increased lymphocyte counts, thus maintaining baseline levels despite decreased post-exercise lymphocyte counts. Additionally, the post-exercise lymphocyte count was lower than that after the intervention (; ) but higher than at baseline (; ) in the O. vulgare subsp hirtum group. The lower post-exercise lymphocyte counts of the control group compared with those after the 14-day period (; ) and baseline (; ) supported the experimental group results. However, our findings revealed that essential oil interventions had no significant effect on neutrophil counts, but the intensive exercise intervention increased the neutrophil counts in all groups. No significant change was identified in the other subgroup counts following the essential oil intervention or post exercise. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that these plants, especially O. vulgare subsp hirtum, can be used to alleviate the immune suppressive effects of intense exercise in athletes.
Deriving the Key Competencies Required as an Extreme Citizen Scientist
Authors: Kwon Ji Hye , Cha Hyun-Jung , Na Seo-Ha , Um Hyejin , Lim Sung-Eun , Park Changmi , Ga Seok-Hyun , Kim Chan-Jong
Published: December 2022

Citizen science is expected to play an important role in relation to scientific literacy Vision III for students living in the future society. This study aims to identify the characteristics of extreme citizen science (ECS) and extreme citizen scientists (ECS s) and to derive key competencies of ECS s using literature analysis from Korean and international educational contexts. The characteristics of ECS are identified were as follows: Citizens recognize problems, set research topics, establish data collection plans to solve them, analyze and interpret collected data, and conduct social action. Three categories of key competencies for ECS s were derived: Thinking scientifically with appropriate knowledge, exploring as knowledge producers, and acting while considering both individuals and communities. The results of this study can be used for developing citizen science competency measurement tools, development of ECS programs, and training of ECS s. Implications for future research are considered.
Translated Solidarity
Authors: Huang Kun
Published: December 2022

This essay traces the translation, reception, and adaptation of African anti-colonial poetics that emerged from the Congo Crisis in the People’s Republic of China in the early 1960s. It examines the Cold War mechanisms that coded translated African poetry, the socialist literary network that facilitated and constrained textual circulation, and the Maoist discourse of world revolution underlying Chinese writers’ responses to Patrice Lumumba’s assassination and African decolonization. The article argues that the Cold War served as a powerful geopolitical and discursive structure for keeping specific anti-colonial African authors, texts, tropes, and aesthetics alive and legible across national and ideological borders, while also rendering them susceptible to mistranslations and appropriations. The material, ideological, and affective configurations of the Cold War thus profoundly mediated imaginations and articulations of Sino-African solidarity in Maoist China.
World Literature in Kerala
Authors: Ikbal Eesha Jila
Published: December 2022

Highlighting the local dimension of world literature, this article attempts a re-narrativization of Malayalam literary history through the lens of world literature. It does so by locating four possible materializations or phases of world literature, each marked by a crucial social or political development in the state of Kerala: the British colonial intervention, anti-colonialist sentiment, the phenomenon of the Cold War, and the dissolution of the USSR that followed the Cold War. While employing each of these as discursive categories to shed light on their literary and cultural implications in shaping the idea of “world literature” at different junctures, this article also analyzes the various meanings that “world” and “literature” embodied in the state.
Regime Creation for the South China Sea Dispute: the Feasibility of the Creation of the South China Sea Council
Authors: Seo Youngmin
Published: December 2022

This article explores the feasibility of creating a regime for the benefit of managing and resolving the South China Sea dispute in accordance with an analysis of a strand of thought in political science (institutional liberalism). The South China Sea is closer to a non-regime situation; however, the relevant circumstance of the region is ripe enough to discuss regime creation. This article shows how regime creation is feasible and beneficial to the claimants, not least China (the most important player), as opposed to the conventional wisdom among Chinese elites regarding the danger of the internationalization of the dispute. The establishment of a soft-law maritime regime (the “South China Sea Council”) and its operational particularity are suggested with reference to the Arctic Council.
Philippines
Authors: Cosme Ana Lourdes L.
Published: December 2022

Marine litter has been a persistent problem in the Philippines despite comprehensive legislation on solid waste management in place for more than twenty years in the form of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. Until 2021, the Philippines did not have a national policy and legislation that directly addressed marine litter issues in the country. In 2021, the Philippine government launched the National Plan of Action for the Prevention, Reduction, and Management of Marine Litter (npoa-ml) and in 2022, Congress passed Republic Act No. 11898 or the Extended Producer Responsibility Act of 2022.
Korea
Authors: Lee Seokwoo
Published: December 2022

The Japanese government on 13 April 2021 announced its 30-year plan to release radioactive contaminated wastewater from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean from the spring of 2023. Korea’s former President Moon Jae In, ordered Korea’s ministries to explore how to resolve the matter through the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (itlos) through filing a lawsuit and potentially requesting provisional measures. There are several dispute resolution methods under international law. President Moon’s order to file a suit and potentially request provisional measure is one approach to resolving disputes. However, President Moon acted prematurely because even though the Japanese government had announced its plans to release radioactive contaminated wastewater from spring of 2023, the timing of this discharge was unclear. Since the release would have taken more than two years from Moon’s order, it would have been sufficient to respond by expressing “deep regret” and seek other ways to proceed under international law.
Claims to Straight Baselines in the Asia-Pacific: Contrary to Customary International Law?
Authors: Schofield Clive , Poll Robert van de
Published: December 2022

This article examines the straight baseline claims that have been made by coastal States in the Asia-Pacific region in light of the International Court of Justice’s ruling regarding Nicaragua’s straight baselines in the Caribbean Sea. Uncertainties over the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are discussed before straight baseline claims made in the Asia-Pacific region are outlined with particular note made of Malaysia’s June 2022 clarification of its baselines claims through publication of the geographical coordinates of the base points concerned. The findings of the International Court of Justice concerning Nicaragua’s straight baselines are then discussed. This leads to the conclusion that the majority of State practice relating to straight baselines in the Asia-Pacific region would be deemed as contrary to customary international law were they to be assessed against the standard set by the Court in that case.
The European Union’s Proposed Amendments to Article 10(1) of the ECT: Advancing or Undermining Its Ambitions for the Green Transition?
Authors: Knoebel Ceyda , Collins Stephanie
Published: December 2022

This article considers the European Union (EU)’s proposed amendments to Article 10(1) (the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard) of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), put forward in the context of the on-going ‘modernisation’ process of that treaty. The amendments proposed by the EU (which have now been agreed upon in principle by the Contracting Parties to the ECT) seek to narrow the current openended definition of the FET standard, and therefore may be seen to limit investor protection. This, in turn, may undermine the confidence of investors looking to invest in the EU at a time when billions of Euros in investment is required to power the green transition and meet the EU’s climate change objectives. This article considers whether the EU’s proposal to amend Article 10(1) of the ECT may be considered to advance or undermine those objectives.