bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digitale Transformation im stationären Altersbereich
Authors: Seifert Alexander , Thilo Friederike J. S.
Published: October 2020

Hintergrund

Stationäre Altersinstitutionen durchlaufen derzeit einen digitalen Transformationsprozess, der durch die Orientierung an einer zunehmenden Digitalisierung von Arbeitsprozessen und der institutionellen Infrastruktur gekennzeichnet ist. Doch wie sieht die Vielfalt der eingesetzten technischen Lösungen in den Altersinstitutionen überhaupt aus, und wie wird der digitale Transformationsprozess von den Leitungspersonen der Institutionen bewertet?

Material und Methoden

Die Befragung erfolgte als standardisierte Onlinebefragung bei stationären Alterseinrichtungen in der gesamten Schweiz. Befragt wurden die jeweiligen Leitungspersonen. Die Stichprobe bildeten 466 Institutionen.

Ergebnisse

Etablierte Technologien, wie z. B. Fernseher, Kontakt- und Sturzmatten sowie Softwarelösungen im Verwaltungsbereich, werden fast flächendeckend eingesetzt, während Roboter zur Aktivierung der Klientel, Spielkonsolen oder telemedizinische Technologien nur sehr selten verwendet werden. Die befragten Personen sehen in der Anwendung technischer Hilfsmittel eher Vor- als Nachteile. Die größten Hindernisse, die bei der Einführung neuer Technik wahrgenommen werden, sind die damit verbundenen Kosten, fehlende Mitarbeiterkompetenzen und eine nichtvorhandene Infrastruktur. Die multivariate Analyse zeigt, dass der Digitalisierungsgrad in einer Einrichtung nicht nur von deren Größe abhängt, sondern auch von der Technikaffinität der leitenden Mitarbeitenden.

Diskussion

Der Technologisierungsgrad in Altersinstitutionen ist unterschiedlich hoch, insgesamt aber eher ernüchternd niedrig, hinsichtlich der Verwendung neuer Technologien wie der Robotik oder Telemedizin. Barrieren für die digitale Transformation wurden aus der Befragung herausgearbeitet und diskutiert.
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI): definitions, pathophysiology and imaging—a narrative review
Authors: Bruggeman Gavin F. , Haitsma Iain K. , Dirven Clemens M. F. , Volovici Victor
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a condition defined as multiple, scattered, small hemorrhagic, and/or non-hemorrhagic lesions, alongside brain swelling, in a more confined white matter distribution on imaging studies, together with impaired axoplasmic transport, axonal swelling, and disconnection after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ever since its description in the 1980s and the grading system by Adams et al., our understanding of the processes behind this entity has increased.

Methods

We performed a scoping systematic, narrative review by interrogating Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar on the pathophysiology, biomarkers, and diagnostic tools of TAI patients until July 2020.

Results

We underline the misuse of the Adams classification on MRI without proper validation studies, and highlight the hiatus in the scientific literature and areas needing more research. In the past, the theory behind the pathophysiology relied on the inertial force exerted on the brain matter after severe TBI inducing a primary axotomy. This theory has now been partially abandoned in favor of a more refined theory involving biochemical processes such as protein cleavage and DNA breakdown, ultimately leading to an inflammation cascade and cell apoptosis, a process now described as secondary axotomy.

Conclusion

The difference in TAI definitions makes the comparison of studies that report outcomes, treatments, and prognostic factors a daunting task. An even more difficult task is isolating the outcomes of isolated TAI from the outcomes of severe TBI in general. Targeted bench-to-bedside studies are required in order to uncover further pathways involved in the pathophysiology of TAI and, ideally, new treatments.
Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in subsoils of temperate forest ecosystems
Authors: Rodionov Andrei , Bauke Sara L. , von Sperber Christian , Hoeschen Carmen , Kandeler Ellen , Kruse Jens , Lewandowski Hans , Marhan Sven , Mueller Carsten W. , Simon Margaux , Tamburini Federica , Uhlig David , von Blanckenburg Friedhelm , Lang Friederike , Amelung Wulf
Published: October 2020

Tree roots penetrate the soil to several meters depth, but the role of subsoils for the supply of nutrient elements such as phosphorus (P) to the trees is poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that increased P deficiency in the topsoil results in an increased microbial recycling of P from the forest subsoil. We sampled soils from four German temperate forest sites representing a gradient in total P stocks. We analyzed the oxygen isotopic composition of HCl-extractable phosphate (δ18OP) and identified differences in P speciation with increasing soil depth using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We further determined microbial oxygen demand with and without nutrient supply at different soil depths to analyse nutrient limitation of microbial growth and used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to visualize spatial P gradients in the rhizosphere. We found that δ18OP values in the topsoil of all sites were close to the isotopic signal imparted by biological cycling when oxygen isotopes in phosphate are exchanged by enzymatic activity. However, with increasing soil depth and increasing HCl-P concentrations, δ18Ο values continuously decreased towards values expected for primary minerals in parent material at depths below 60 cm at sites with high subsoil P stocks and below more than 2 m at sites with low subsoil P stocks, respectively. For these depths, XANES spectra also indicated the presence of apatite. NanoSIMS images showed an enrichment of P in the rhizosphere in the topsoil of a site with high P stocks, while this P enrichment was absent at a site with low P stocks and in both subsoils. Addition of C, N and P alone or in combination revealed that microbial activity in subsoils of sites with low P stocks was mostly P limited, whereas sites with high P stocks indicated N limitation or N and P co-limitation. We conclude that subsoil P resources are recycled by trees and soil microorganisms. With continued weathering of the bedrock and mobilisation of P from the weathered rocks, P cycling will proceed to greater depths, especially at sites characterised by P limitation.
Achieving Accuracy through Ambiguity: the Interactivity of Risk Communication in Severe Weather Events
Authors: Bica Melissa , Weinberg Joy , Palen Leysia
Published: October 2020

Risks associated with natural hazards such as hurricanes are increasingly communicated on social media. For hurricane risk communication, visual information products—graphics—generated by meteorologists and scientists at weather agencies portray forecasts and atmospheric conditions and are offered to parsimoniously convey predictions of severe storms. This research considers risk interactivity by examining a particular hurricane graphic which has shown in previous research to have a distinctive diffusion signature: the ‘spaghetti plot’, which contains multiple discrete lines depicting a storm’s possible path. We first analyzed a large dataset of microblog interactions around spaghetti plots between members of the public and authoritative weather sources within the US during the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. We then conducted interviews with a sample of the weather authorities after preliminary findings sketched the role that experts have in such communications. Findings describe how people make sense of risk dialogically over graphics, and show the presence of a fundamental tension in risk communication between accuracy and ambiguity. The interactive effort combats the unintended declarative quality of the graphical risk representation through communicative acts that maintain a hazard’s inherent ambiguity until risk can be foreclosed. We consider theoretical and practice-based implications of the limits and potentials of graphical risk representations and of widely diffused scientific communication, and offer reasons we need CSCW attention paid to the larger enterprise of risk communication.
Self-Reported Cognitive Functions Predict the Trajectory of Paranoid Ideation Over a 15-Year Prospective Follow-Up
Authors: Saarinen Aino I. L. , Granö Niklas , Lehtimäki Terho
Published: October 2020

Background

This study investigated whether self-reported cognitive functions (i.e. task orientation, distractibility, persistence, flexibility, and perseverance) predict the trajectory of paranoid ideation over a 15-year prospective follow-up in adulthood.

Methods

The participants came from the population-based Young Finns study (N = 1210‒1213). Paranoid ideation was assessed with the Paranoid Ideation Scale of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90R) in 1997, 2001, 2007, and 2012. Self-reported cognitive functions were evaluated in 1997 with the Task orientation, Distractibility, Persistence, and Flexibility scales of the DOTS-R (the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey) and the Perseverance scale of the FCB-TI (the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory). The data was analyzed using growth curve models that were adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic factors in childhood and adulthood.

Results

Low self-reported task orientation, low persistence, high distractibility, low flexibility, and high perseverance predicted higher level of paranoid ideation over the 15-year follow-up.

Conclusions

Self-reported cognitive functions seem to predict paranoid ideation over a long-term follow-up. Promoting cognitive functions in early interventions may have long-term protective influences against the development of paranoid ideation in non-clinical populations.
Transatlantic Connections in Colonial and Post-colonial Haiti: Archaeometric Evidence for Taches Noires Glazed Tableware Imported from Albissola, Italy to Fort Liberté, Haiti
Authors: Casale Simone , Jean Joseph S. , Capelli Claudio , Braekmans Dennis , Degryse Patrick , Hofman Corinne
Published: October 2020

This paper presents the first archaeometrical data on colonial glazed wares (taches noires)imported in Haiti (Fort Liberté). The analysis evidenced the exclusive presence of Italiantaches noiresproducts, dated before 1820 and related to the colonial era. The presence of English wares next to colonial materials demonstrated continuity in the use of landscape after the Independence and the establishment of international trade relationships between the state of Haiti and the British Empire. Results are an important step forward in the understanding of production and movement of theTaches noiresware, which were exported globally between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Personal Life Satisfaction as a Measure of Societal Happiness is an Individualistic Presumption: Evidence from Fifty Countries
Authors: Krys Kuba , Park Joonha , Kocimska-Zych Agata , Kosiarczyk Aleksandra , Selim Heyla A. , Wojtczuk-Turek Agnieszka , Haas Brian W. , Uchida Yukiko , Torres Claudio , Capaldi Colin A. , Bond Michael Harris , Zelenski John M. , Lun Vivian Miu-Chi , Maricchiolo Fridanna , Vauclair Christin-Melanie , Poláčková Šolcová Iva , Sirlopú David , Xing Cai , Vignoles Vivian L. , van Tilburg Wijnand A. P. , Teyssier Julien , Sun Chien-Ru , Stoyanova Stanislava , Serdarevich Ursula , Schwarz Beate , Sargautyte Ruta , Røysamb Espen , Romashov Vladyslav , Rizwan Muhammad , Pavlović Zoran , Pavlopoulos Vassilis , van Osch Yvette , Okvitawanli Ayu , Nadi Azar , Nader Martin , Nur Fariza Mustaffa , Mosca Oriana , Mohorić Tamara , Barrientos Pablo Eduardo , Malyonova Arina , Liu Xinhui , Lee J. Hannah , Kwiatkowska Anna , Kronberger Nicole , Klůzová Kračmárová Lucie , Kascakova Natalia , Işık İdil , Igou Eric R. , Igbokwe David O. , Hanke-Boer Diana , Gavreliuc Alin , Garðarsdóttir Ragna B. , Fülöp Márta , Gamsakhurdia Vladimer , Esteves Carla Sofia , Domínguez-Espinosa Alejandra , Denoux Patrick , Charkviani Salome , Baltin Arno , Mira Arévalo D. M. , Appoh Lily , Albert Isabelle , Akotia Charity S. , Adamovic Mladen
Published: October 2020

Numerous studies document that societal happiness is correlated with individualism, but the nature of this phenomenon remains understudied. In the current paper, we address this gap and test the reasoning that individualism correlates with societal happiness because the most common measure of societal happiness (i.e., country-level aggregates of personal life satisfaction) is individualism-themed. With the data collected from 13,009 participants across fifty countries, we compare associations of four types of happiness (out of which three are more collectivism-themed than personal life satisfaction) with two different measures of individualism. We replicated previous findings by demonstrating that societal happiness measured as country-level aggregate of personal life satisfaction is correlated with individualism. Importantly though, we also found that the country-level aggregates of the collectivism-themed measures of happiness do not tend to be significantly correlated with individualism. Implications for happiness studies and for policy makers are signaled.
Prognostic value of the baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and further stratification in low-intermediate (L-I) and high-intermediate (H-I) risk NCCNIPI subgroup by MTV in DLBCL MTV predict prognosis in DLBCL
Authors: Zhao Peng , Yu Tao , Pan Zheng
Published: October 2020

Introduction

In the era of rituximab, the NCCNIPI is widely used in clinical practice as a tool for the prognosis and risk stratification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In recent years, FDG PET/CT has also shown unique prognostic value. We try to further confirm the prognostic role of metabolic parameters in the overall and subgroups patients.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed 87 DLBCL patients who underwent baseline FDG PET/CT and followed the R-CHOP or R-CHOP-like strategy. The clinical parameters and PET-related metabolic parameters were evaluated.

Results

For all patients, the 2-year PFS rate was 65.5% and the 2-year OS rate was 66.7%. According to Cox multivariate analysis, a high NCCNIPI score (4–8 points) and an MTV greater than 64.1 cm3 (defined by ROC) were independent prognostic factors for PFS and OS. The patients were divided into low, low-intermediate, high-intermediate and high-risk groups by NCCNIPI score. The 2-year PFS rates in each group were 90.9%, 71.3%, 33.2% and 16.7%, and the 2-year OS rates were 100%, 81.6%, 48.4% and 16.7%. In the subsequent subgroup analysis by MTV, it could further stratified low-intermediate and high-intermediate NCCNIPI groups, the P value was 0.068 and 0.069 for PFS, 0.078 and 0.036 for OS.

Conclusions

MTV, as a tumor metabolic volume parameter, and the NCCNIPI score were independent predictors of prognosis in general DLBCL patients. In the low-intermediate and high-intermediate NCCNIPI subgroup, we further confirm the risk stratification abilities of MTV, which could add the prognostic value of NCCNIPI.
Is the proof in the PUDding? Reflections on previously undocumented data (PUD) in clinical competency committees
Authors: Schumacher Daniel J. , Kinnear Benjamin
Published: October 2020

None
Strategien von Frieden und Erneuerung in Belfast
Authors: Schiedlowski Felix
Published: October 2020

Mehr als zwanzig Jahre nach dem Abschluss des Karfreitagsabkommens steckt der nordirische Friedensprozess in einer Sackgasse. Während der Einfluss paramilitärischer Gruppen massiv schrumpfte, stagniert die politische und gesellschaftliche Annäherung zwischen den britisch-protestantischen Unionisten und den irisch-katholischen Nationalisten. Dieser Artikel identifiziert daher einen Friedensprozess der zwei Geschwindigkeiten, welcher nirgendwo so offen zu Tage tritt wie in Belfast. In der Hauptstadt hat sich die Form der politischen Auseinandersetzung partiell verschoben, Faktoren wie Geschichte, Identität oder Kultur sind unlängst zur Ware geworden. Insbesondere der Unionismus hat Schwierigkeiten, mit dieser Entwicklung Schritt zu halten. Während der Unionismus landläufig mit der konfliktträchtigen Vergangenheit des Landes assoziiert wird, inszeniert sich insbesondere das Stadtzentrum von Belfast als aufstrebend und befriedet. Für die unionistische Gemeinschaft der Stadt stellt sich jedoch die Frage, wie sie an diesem Wandel Anteil nehmen kann und muss. Dieser Prozess ist zugleich eine Suche nach einem Platz im nordirischen Friedensprozess an sich.
Synthesis of Zeolite Nay From Dealuminated Metakaolin as Ni Support for Co2 Hydrogenation to Methane
Authors: Sholeha Novia Amalia , Jannah Lailatul , Rohma Hannis Nur , Widiastuti Nurul , Prasetyoko Didik , Jalil Aishah Abdul , Bahruji Hasliza
Published: October 2020

The conversion of CO2 into carbon feedstock via CO2 hydrogenation to methane requires a stable catalyst for reaction at high temperatures. Zeolite NaY (abbreviated hereafter as NaY) synthesized from naturally occurring kaolin provides a stable support for Ni nanoparticles. Kaolin can be further dealuminated using sulfuric acid to reduce the Si/Al ratio, but the presence of the remaining sulfur is detrimental to the formation of NaY. The objective of the present study was to synthesize NaY from dealuminated metakaolin, using a method that minimizes the detrimental effects of sulfur, and to investigate the effect of its activity on CO2 methanation. Kaolin from Bangka Belitung, Indonesia, was calcined at 720°C for 4 h to form metakaolin (M) and subsequently treated with sulfuric acid to form dealuminated metakaolin (DM). Excess sulfur was removed by washing with deionized water at 80°C. Zeolite NaY was then synthesized from the M and DM via a hydrothermal method; the relationship between morphology, structural properties, and the catalytic activity of NaY was determined for CO2 methanation at 200–500°C. The presence of excess sulfur following dealumination of metakaolin produced NaY with small surface area and porosity. After Ni impregnation, the synthesized NaY exhibited significant catalytic activity and stability for the reaction at 250–500°C. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of well-defined octahedral structures and large surface areas of ~500 m2/g when NaY was synthesized using DM. Catalytic activity indicated significant conversion of CO2 (67%) and CH4 selectivity (94%) of Ni/NaY from DM in contrast to only 47% of CO2 conversion with 77% of CH4 selectivity for Ni/NaY synthesized from M. Dealuminated metakaolin also produced robust NaY, which indicated no deactivation at 500°C. The combination of well-defined crystallite structures, large surface area, and small Al contents in NaY synthesized from DM helped in CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity for the reaction at 200–500°C.
‘An attempt to trace illusions to their physical causes’: atmospheric mirages and the performance of their demystification in the 1820s and 1830s
Authors: AMERY FIONA
Published: October 2020

This article suggests that, during the 1820s and 1830s, Britain experienced a mirage moment. A greater volume of material was published on the mirage in scientific journals, treatises, travel literature and novels during these two decades than had occurred before in British history. The phenomenon was examined at the confluence of discussions about the cultural importance of illusions, the nature of the eye and the imperial project to investigate the extra-European natural world. Explanations of the mirage were put forward by such scientists and explorers as Sir David Brewster, William Wollaston and General Sir James Abbott. Their demystification paralleled the performance of unmasking scientific and magical secrets in the gallery shows of London during the period. The practice of seeing involved in viewing unfathomable phenomena whilst simultaneously considering their rational basis underwrote these different circumstances. I use this unusual mode of visuality to explore the ways the mirage and other illusions were viewed and understood in the 1820s and 1830s. Ultimately, this paper argues that the mirage exhibited the fallibility of the eyes as a tool for veridical perception in a marvellous and striking way, with consequences for the perceived trustworthiness of ocular knowledge in the period.
Modelling and inference of maize pollen emission rate with a Lagrangian dispersal model using Monte Carlo method
Authors: Souhar Otmane , Marceau Alexis , Loubet Benjamin
Published: October 2020

This work explores the uncertainty of the inferred maize pollen emission rate using measurements and simulations of pollen dispersion at Grignon in France. Measurements were obtained via deposition of pollen on the ground in a canopy gap; simulations were conducted using the two-dimensional Lagrangian Stochastic Mechanistic mOdel for Pollen dispersion and deposition (SMOP). First, a quantitative evaluation of the model's performance was conducted using a global sensitivity analysis to analyse the convergence behaviour of the results and scatter diagrams. Then, a qualitative study was conducted to infer the pollen emission rate and calibrate the methodology against experimental data for several sets of variable values. The analysis showed that predicted and observed values were in good agreement and the calculated statistical indices were mostly within the range of acceptable model performance. Furthermore, it was revealed that the mean settling velocity and vertical leaf area index are the main variables affecting pollen deposition in the canopy gap. Finally, an estimated pollen emission rate was obtained according to a restricted setting, where the model studied includes no deposition on leaves, no resuspension and with horizontal pollen fluctuations either taken into account or not. The estimated pollen emission rate obtained was nearly identical to the measured quantity. In conclusion, the findings of the current study show that the described methodology could be an interesting approach for accurate prediction of maize pollen deposition and emission rates and may be appropriate for other pollen types.
Taxonomical considerations and molecular phylogeny of the closely related generaBitylenchus,SauertylenchusandTylenchorhynchus(Nematoda: Telotylenchinae), with one new and four known species from Iran
Authors: Hosseinvand M. , Eskandari A. , Ganjkhanloo S. , Ghaderi R. , Castillo P. , Palomares-Rius J.E.
Published: October 2020

During several nematological surveys in cultivated and natural habitats in Khuzestan and Zanjan provinces of Iran, a new species,Bitylenchus parvulusn. sp., two new records for Iran – namely,Tylenchorhynchus agriandTylenchorhynchus graciliformis– and a population ofBitylenchus parvusand one ofSauertylenchus maximuswere recovered and characterized based upon morphological and molecular approaches. The new species is characterized by lip region with five to seven annuli, stylet 17.7 (17.0–18.5) μm long, sub-cylindrical tail narrowing abruptly near terminus giving a bluntly digitate shape to the tail tip, cuticle near anterior part of vulva wrinkled and post-rectal sac occupies whole of tail cavity. The phylogenetic analyses were carried out using molecular data from D2–D3 expansion segments of large ribosomal subunit (28S rRNA) for all studied species and the partial small ribosomal subunit (18S rRNA) for the new species. The representatives ofBitylenchusandSauertylenchusformed distinct clades fromTylenchorhynchusmembers, supporting the hypothesis in whichBitylenchusandSauertylenchuscould be considered as valid genera, but rejecting the ‘large-genus’ concept forTylenchorhynchus. Also,Sauertylenchus ibericuswas proposed as a junior synonym ofS. maximusbased on the results from morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, an identification key for all known species included in the three generaBitylenchus,TylenchorhynchusandSauertylenchusis presented herein. The number of transverse annuli on the lip region and presence/absence of post-rectal sac were considered as the main diagnostic characters for classifying the species into seven groups, and other morphological and morphometric characters were subsequently used for distinguishing species in each group.
Taking Measure of the UN's Legacy at Seventy-Five
Authors: Malone David M. , Day Adam
Published: October 2020

Over the past seventy-five years, the UN has evolved significantly, often in response to geopolitical dynamics and new waves of thinking. In some respects, the UN has registered remarkable achievements, stimulating a wide range of multilateral treaties, promoting significant growth of human rights, and at times playing a central role in containing and preventing large-scale armed conflict. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay argues that the organization has been the most impactful in three areas: producing, shaping, and driving key ideas, particularly on development and rights; generating such effective operational agencies as UNICEF and the World Food Program; and, especially in the immediate post–Cold War period, addressing major conflict risks through the Security Council. Since then, however, the UN has struggled to meet emerging challenges on many fronts and been increasingly hampered by internal ossification and institutional sprawl as well as internecine dysfunction. The twenty-first century has confronted the UN with further challenges relating most notably to climate change; to risks arising from new technologies; and to the increasingly fraught relationships between China, Russia, and the United States. If the past seventy-five years can offer one lesson, it is that new thinking and new ideas will need to drive the organization to evolve still further and faster, or else risk irrelevance.
Fighting Fire with a Thermometer? Environmental Efforts of the United Nations
Authors: Ivanova Maria
Published: October 2020

Environmental problems were not among the core issues for the United Nations at its creation in 1945. In the 1970s, however, they created a crescendo of public concern as the threats posed by toxic chemicals, large-scale destruction of natural ecosystems, and the loss of species became visible and were obviously linked to human activity. Pollution, it was clear, did not stop at national borders and solutions required common effort. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay explores how, as the only institution equipped to identify global problems and generate collective action toward their resolution, the UN became the platform for creating multilateral environmental agreements, convening global conferences, and mobilizing national and international effort through a progressively larger number of institutions at the national and international level to guide decisions and influence behavior. We have moved the environmental needle in terms of information, institutions, and awareness. Yet, many environmental problems persist, some are getting worse, and new challenges and, indeed, crises are emerging.
A Guardian of the UN Charter: The UN Secretary-General at Seventy-Five
Authors: Ravndal Ellen J.
Published: October 2020

Over the past seventy-five years, the UN secretary-general has come to occupy a highly visible position in world politics. While the UN Charter describes the post merely as the “chief administrative officer” of the organization, today it is widely recognized that the secretary-general also plays a central role in political matters. What makes the role of the UN secretary-general special? Where does the office's authority come from? As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay looks back at the tenures of previous UN secretaries-general and applies ideas from sociological institutionalism to argue that the UN secretary-general holds the position of a “guardian” of the UN Charter. The UN secretary-general, more than anyone else within the UN system, represents the UN overall. From this flows great responsibilities and challenges, as the UN secretary-general is often expected to step in when other parts of the UN are unable or unwilling to act, and to take the blame when things go wrong. But this special position also endows the office with a substantial degree of authority, which future holders of the office can use to shape policies and mobilize support as the UN seeks to address urgent global challenges.
LAS JARRAS EFIGIE DEL SUR DE LA CUENCA DE MÉXICO: UN ANÁLISIS SOBRE SU CONTENIDO Y SU FUNCIONALIDAD
Authors: Jiménez-González Rocío Berenice , Acosta-Ochoa Guillermo , Cervantes-Rosado Juan , Ortiz-Butrón Agustín , Cruz-Palma Jorge Ezra
Published: October 2020

En las unidades domésticas de las comunidades chinamperas en Xochimilco del posclásico tardío, han sido localizadas un tipo de jarras que tienen como característica principal una aplicación en la parte frontal de la pieza que posiblemente representa una deidad. Con el propósito de entender su función y establecer elementos que permitan identificar estos objetos y su uso en otros contextos, proponemos estudiar estas piezas mediante métodos diferentes a los de los análisis formales tradicionales. Este trabajo expone los resultados de los estudios de residuos químicos impregnados en materiales porosos (spot test) y análisis de gránulos de almidón de 27 muestras obtenidas en 26 ejemplares de jarras efigie procedentes de tres sitios al sur de la cuenca de México. Los resultados indican que fueron enriquecidas con fosfatos, residuos proteicos, carbohidratos, y ácidos grasos, mientras que los almidones recuperados indican una presencia importante de maíz, y en menor medida, de camote, chile, y dioscórea. Basado en lo anterior, en sus contextos de procedencia y en la identificación de las deidades representadas, proponemos que estas jarras contenían bebidas de maíz y que fueron utilizadas en ceremonias domésticas dedicadas a la agricultura—como la fiesta de Huey Tozoztli, entre otras—del calendario mexica.
Predictors of patterns of weight change 1 year after delivery in a cohort of Mexican women
Authors: Soria-Contreras Diana Cristina , Téllez-Rojo Martha María , Cantoral Alejandra , Pizano-Zárate María Luisa , Oken Emily , Baccarelli Andrea A , Just Allan C , Orjuela Manuela A , Ramírez-Silva Ivonne , Wright Robert O , Trejo-Valdivia Belem , López-Ridaura Ruy
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the associations of pregestational BMI, gestational weight gain (GWG) and breast-feeding at 1 month postpartum with four patterns of weight change during the first year after delivery: postpartum weight retention (PPWR), postpartum weight gain (PPWG), postpartum weight retention + gain (PPWR + WG) and return to pregestational weight.

Design:

In this secondary analysis of a prospective study, we categorised postpartum weight change into four patterns using pregestational weight and weights at 1, 6 and 12 months postpartum. We evaluated their associations with pregestational BMI, GWG and breast-feeding using multinomial logistic regression. Results are presented as relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95 % CI.

Setting:

Mexico City.

Participants:

Women participating in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors pregnancy cohort.

Results:

Five hundred women were included (53 % of the cohort). Most women returned to their pregestational weight by 1 year postpartum (57 %); 8 % experienced PPWR, 14 % PPWG and 21 % PPWR + WG. Compared with normal weight, pregestational overweight (RRR 2·5, 95 % CI 1·3, 4·8) and obesity (RRR 2·2, 95 % CI 1·0, 4·7) were associated with a higher risk of PPWG. Exclusive breast-feeding, compared with no breast-feeding, was associated with a lower risk of PPWR (RRR 0·3, 95 % CI 0·1, 0·9). Excessive GWG, compared with adequate, was associated with a higher risk of PPWR (RRR 3·3, 95 % CI 1·6, 6·9) and PPWR + WG (RRR 2·4, 95 % CI 1·4, 4·2).

Conclusions:

Targeting women with pregestational overweight or obesity and excessive GWG, as well as promoting breast-feeding, may impact the pattern of weight change after delivery and long-term women’s health.
A Crash Course in Chopinology
Authors: Kregor Jonathan
Published: October 2020

As the Western world celebrated the dawn of its third millennium, devotees of nineteenth-century art music started to prepare for a spate of bicentennials. By 2013, Hector Berlioz, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner had been honoured with symposia, concerts, exhibitions and premieres the world over. These events offered opportunities for participants to take stock of who these composers once were, who they are now, and how they might endure to the next milestone anniversary.
Successfully Simulating Atmospheric Gravity Waves
Authors: Rehnberg Morgan
Published: October 2020

These waves are key to moving energy from the troposphere to the thermosphere, but until now they haven’t been well described at high altitudes in computer models.
2020 AGU Section Awardees and Named Lecturers
Authors: Bell Robin , Myles LaToya
Published: October 2020

Eighty-five distinguished scientists receive accolades from groups representing their disciplines within AGU, the world’s largest Earth and space science society.
Displacement Accumulation and Sampling of Paleoearthquakes on Active Normal Faults of Crete in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Mouslopoulou Vasiliki , Begg John , Oncken Onno
Published: October 2020

Active normal faults on the Mediterranean island of Crete form prominent limestone scarps together with basin and range topography. These faults mainly strike E‐ESE and N‐NNE in southern and northern Crete, respectively, with fault sets commonly intersecting and northerly trending faults being a factor of 3 more abundant. Lengths, displacements, and displacement rates have been analyzed for 84 active faults sampled over 2 ± 0.5 Ma (long‐term) and 16.5 ± 2 ka (short‐term) time‐intervals, with half showing no resolvable short‐term activity. Active faults record earthquake processes on timescales of thousands to million years and constrain sampling biases, which can lead to under and over estimates of fault parameters. The available data provide no evidence for fault propagation and support a model in which fault lengths were established early in the development of the fault system. Short‐term displacement rates (0.09–1.2 mm/year) are generally higher than long‐term rates (0.002–0.7 mm/year), with a factor of 4 disparity in the average recurrence intervals for the two time periods (∼2.5 Kyr vs. ∼11 Kyr). We attribute these differences to “clustering” of surface‐rupturing (e.g., >Mw6) earthquakes on individual faults over millennial timescales, and to preferential sampling of the most seismically active faults during the short‐term. Displacement rates are comparable when averaged for each time interval on the longest faults (>10 km), indicating that for these faults earthquake “clustering” spans time‐intervals of <∼16.5 Kyr. Paleoerthquakes > Mw6 on Crete are at least three times more frequent than historical earthquakes since ∼1920, possibly because multi‐fault surface‐rupturing earthquakes are double counted in the paleo‐record.
Changing Brine Inputs Into Hydrothermal Fluids: Southern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Wheat C. Geoffrey , Zierenberg Robert A. , Paduan Jennifer B. , Caress David W. , Clague David A. , Chadwick William W.
Published: October 2020

In 2016, temperature recorders were recovered, temperatures were measured, and fluid samples were collected from Vent 1, a high temperature (338°C) hydrothermal discharge site on the southern Cleft Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Coupled with previous sampling efforts, this collection represents a 32‐year record of discharge from a single chimney structure, the longest record to date. Remarkably, the fluid has remained brine‐dominated for more than three decades. This brine formed during phase separation and segregation prior to initial observations in 1984. Although the chloride concentration of the discharging fluid has decreased with time, the fluid temperature has remained nearly constant for at least 3.3 years and probably for 15 or even 22 years. Compositions of the discharging fluids are consistent with inputs from a deep‐sourced brine, which was last equilibrated at >400°C at a depth consistent with the base of the sheeted dikes and the brittle‐ductile transition. This brine mixed (diffusion or dispersion) with a likely non‐phase‐separated, hydrothermal fluid prior to discharge. A survey of hydrothermal endmember fluids with chlorinities in excess of 700 mmol/kg shows, with the exception of Fe, a single trend between major ion concentrations and chlorinity even though data are from a range of crustal compositions, spreading rates, and water and magma depths. Calculated deep‐sourced brines from hydrothermal fluid data are similar to data based on fluid inclusions and estimates of brine assimilation in magmas. A better understanding of brines is required given their potential duration of discharge and capacity for mobilizing metals.
Irregular BSR: Evidence of an Ongoing Reequilibrium of a Gas Hydrate System
Authors: Colin F. , Ker S. , Riboulot V. , Sultan N.
Published: October 2020

Gas hydrate (GH) systems constitute methane sinks sensitive to environmental changes such as pressure, temperature, and salinity. It remains a matter of debate as to whether the large GH system of the Black Sea has reached a steady state since the last glacial maximum (LGM). We report on an irregular free gas distribution in specific sediment layers marking an irregular bottom‐simulating reflector (BSR). This anomalous free gas distribution revealed by very high resolution seismic images, acquired by a deep‐towed multichannel seismic system, might be evidence of an ongoing migration of the base of the GH stability zone (GHSZ). We show that the reequilibrium is not occurring homogeneously as overpressure from hydrate dissociation slows their decomposition in specific sedimentary layers. The Black Sea example highlights that dissociation and the associated methane release in the water column or even in the atmosphere could be largely delayed by overpressure accumulation.
Can a Combination of Convective and Magmatic Heat Transport in the Mantle Explain Io's Volcanic Pattern?
Authors: Steinke T. , van Sliedregt D. , Vilella K. , van der Wal W. , Vermeersen B.
Published: October 2020

Tidal dissipation makes Jupiter's moon Io the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Most of the heat generated in the interior is lost through volcanic activity. In this study, we aim to answer the questions: Can convection and melt migration in the mantle explain the spatial characteristics of Io's observed volcanic pattern? And, if so, what constraints does this place on the viscosity and thickness of the convective layer? We examine three different spatial characteristics of Io's volcanic activity: (i) The presence of global volcanism, (ii) the presence of large‐scale variations in Io's volcanic activity, and (iii) the number of Io's volcanic systems. Our study relies on the assumptions that melt in the mantle controls Io's global volcanism, that the large‐scale variations of Io's volcanic activity are caused by nonuniform tidal heating, and that the spatial density of volcanoes correlates with the spatial density of convective anomalies in the mantle. The results show that the observed small and large‐scale characteristics of Io's volcanic pattern can be explained by sublithospheric anomalies influenced and caused by convective flow. Solutions that allow for active volcanism and Io's specific large‐scale variations in volcanic activity range from a thick mantle of a high viscosity ( Pa s) to a thin asthenosphere of a low viscosity ( Pa s). Provided that Io's volcanoes are induced by convective anomalies in the mantle, we find that more than 80% of Io's internal heat is transported by magmatic processes and that Io's upper mantle needs to be thicker than 50 km.
PROSWIFT Bill and the 2020 Space Weather Operations and Research Infrastructure Workshop From the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Authors: Lugaz Noé
Published: October 2020

The Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act (PROSWIFT) passed the U.S. Senate in July 2020 and the House of Representative on 16 September; it directs NOAA to capture remote images of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with the Space Weather Follow‐On at L1 (SWFO‐L1) mission. A workshop organized by an ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine had its second part held in 9–11 September 2020 to discuss future space weather operations and research infrastructure in the medium term. Discussions included low‐Earth orbit (LEO) constellations, measurements of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and future cislunar and interplanetary measurements.
Ancient dog diets on the Pacific Northwest Coast: zooarchaeological and stable isotope modelling evidence from Tseshaht territory and beyond
Authors: Hillis Dylan , McKechnie Iain , Guiry Eric , St. Claire Denis E. , Darimont Chris T.
Published: October 2020

Domestic dogs are frequently encountered in Indigenous archaeological sites on the Northwest Coast of North America. Although dogs depended on human communities for care and provisioning, archaeologists lack information about the specific foods dogs consumed. Previous research has used stable isotope analysis of dog diets for insight into human subsistence (‘canine surrogacy’ model) and identified considerable use of marine resources. Here, we use zooarchaeological data to develop and apply a Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR) to estimate dietary composition from 14 domestic dogs and 13 potential prey taxa from four archaeological sites (2,900–300 BP) in Tseshaht First Nation territory on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Two candidate models that best match zooarchaeological data indicate dogs predominantly consumed salmon and forage fish (35–65%), followed by nearshore fish (4–40%), and marine mammals (2–30%). We compared these isotopic data to dogs across the Northwest Coast, which indicated a pronounced marine diet for Tseshaht dogs and, presumably, their human providers. These results are broadly consistent with the canine surrogacy model as well as help illuminate human participation in pre-industrial marine food webs and the long-term role of fisheries in Indigenous economies and lifeways.
Self-reported sleepiness and not the apnoea hypopnoea index is the best predictor of sleepiness-related accidents in obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Philip P. , Bailly S. , Benmerad M. , Micoulaud-Franchi J. A. , Grillet Y. , Sapène M. , Jullian-Desayes I. , Joyeux-Faure M. , Tamisier R. , Pépin J. L.
Published: October 2020

To evaluate the value of apnoea + hypopnoea index versus self-reported sleepiness at the wheel in anticipating the risk of sleepiness-related accidents in patients referred for obstructive sleep apnoea. A cross-sectional analysis of the French national obstructive sleep apnoea registry. 58,815 subjects referred for a suspicion of obstructive sleep apnoea were investigated by specific items addressing sleepiness at the wheel and sleepiness-related accidents. Apnoea + hypopnoea index was evaluated with a respiratory polygraphy or full polysomnography. Subjects had a median age of 55.6 years [45.3; 64.6], 65% were men, with a median apnoea + hypopnoea index of 22 [8; 39] events/h. Median Epworth sleepiness scale score was 9 [6; 13], 35% of the patients reported sleepiness at the wheel (n = 20,310), 8% (n = 4,588) reported a near-miss accident and 2% (n = 1,313) reported a sleepiness-related accident. Patients reporting sleepiness at the wheel whatever their obstructive sleep apnoea status and severity exhibited a tenfold higher risk of sleepiness-related accidents. In multivariate analysis, other predictors for sleepiness-related accidents were: male gender, ESS, history of previous near-miss accidents, restless leg syndrome/periodic leg movements, complaints of memory dysfunction and nocturnal sweating. Sleep apnoea per se was not an independent contributor. Self-reported sleepiness at the wheel is a better predictor of sleepiness-related traffic accidents than apnoea + hypopnoea index.
Time-correlated single molecule localization microscopy enhances resolution and fidelity
Authors: Hermon Kobi , Schidorsky Shachar , Razvag Yair , Yakovian Oren , Sherman Eilon
Published: October 2020

Single-molecule-localization-microscopy (SMLM) enables superresolution imaging of biological samples down to ~ 10–20 nm and in single molecule detail. However, common SMLM reconstruction largely disregards information embedded in the entire intensity trajectories of individual emitters. Here, we develop and demonstrate an approach, termed time-correlated-SMLM (tcSMLM), that uses such information for enhancing SMLM reconstruction. Specifically, tcSMLM is shown to increase the spatial resolution and fidelity of SMLM reconstruction of both simulated and experimental data; esp. upon acquisition under stringent conditions of low SNR, high acquisition rate and high density of emitters. We further provide detailed guidelines and optimization procedures for effectively applying tcSMLM to data of choice. Importantly, our approach can be readily added in tandem to multiple SMLM and related superresolution reconstruction algorithms. Thus, we expect that our approach will become an effective and readily accessible tool for enhancing SMLM and superresolution imaging.
Meiotic analyses show adaptations to maintenance of fertility in X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 system of amazon frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768)
Authors: Noronha Renata Coelho Rodrigues , de Almeida Bruno Rafael Ribeiro , da Costa Marlyson Jeremias Rodrigues , Nagamachi Cleusa Yoshiko , Martins Cesar , Pieczarka Julio Cesar
Published: October 2020

Heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements can result in failures during the meiotic cycle and the apoptosis of germline, making carrier individuals infertile. The Amazon frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus has a meiotic multivalent, composed of 12 sex chromosomes. The mechanisms by which this multi-chromosome system maintains fertility in males of this species remain undetermined. In this study we investigated the meiotic behavior of this multivalent to understand how synapse, recombination and epigenetic modifications contribute to maintaining fertility and chromosomal sexual determination in this species. Our sample had 2n = 22, with a ring formed by ten chromosomes in meiosis, indicating a new system of sex determination for this species (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5). Synapsis occurs in the homologous terminal portion of the chromosomes, while part of the heterologous interstitial regions performed synaptic adjustment. The multivalent center remains asynaptic until the end of pachytene, with interlocks, gaps and rich-chromatin in histone H2A phosphorylation at serine 139 (γH2AX), suggesting transcriptional silence. In late pachytene, paired regions show repair of double strand-breaks (DSBs) with RAD51 homolog 1 (Rad51). These findings suggest that Rad51 persistence creates positive feedback at the pachytene checkpoint, allowing meiosis I to progress normally. Additionally, histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of this anuran can suppress recombination in this region, preventing failed chromosomal segregation. Taken together, these results indicate that these meiotic adaptations are required for maintenance of fertility in L. pentadactylus.