bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serial suture ligation glossectomy for squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of a massive lymphovascular malformation
Authors: Chien Wade , Lin Harrison W. , Deschler Daniel G.
Published: February 2012

Background

We describe a novel surgical technique for resection of squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of a massive tongue lymphovascular malformation (LVM).

Methods and Results

A 75‐year‐old man with a history of long‐standing massive LVM of the tongue presented with a 4‐cm squamous cell carcinoma of the involved oral tongue. Given the aberrant vascular anatomy of this lesion, traditional surgical treatment could not be undertaken. Therefore, serial suture ligation was performed over a 2‐week period, allowing complete excision of the squamous cell carcinoma and a large portion of the tongue LVM with minimal morbidity. Return to preoperative functional status was likewise achieved.

Conclusion

Serial suture ligation glossectomy is a simple and effective technique for treating the uncommon case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in the setting of a massive LVM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Significant overexpression of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) large T antigen in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Erovic Boban M. , Al Habeeb Ayman , Harris Luke , Goldstein David P. , Ghazarian Danny , Irish Jonathan C.
Published: February 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the expression pattern of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) large T‐protein antigen in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma.

Methods

A tissue microarray (TMA) containing 30 specimens was constructed and stained for the MCPyV large T protein. Immunohistochemical expression was determined semiquantitively and was compared to patients' outcome.

Results

Nuclear expression of MCPyV large T protein was detected in 29 of 30 specimens (97%). In particular, 60% to 100%, 30% to 60%, and 10% to 30% of tumor cells were positive in 27 specimens (90%), 1 (3%), and 1 (3%), respectively. There was no difference in positivity between primary and metastatic lesions. Clinical data could not be correlated to MCPyV large T‐protein expression.

Conclusion

MCPyV large T protein was significantly overexpressed in 97% of all specimens. Although we could not demonstrate a predictive effect, MCPyV large T protein may represent a molecular marker with utility in pathological diagnosis as well as a potential new therapeutic target in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Stage grouping in tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity using the sixth edition of the UICC classification of malignant tumors
Authors: Kreppel Matthias , Scheer Martin , Beutner Dirk , Drebber Uta , Semrau Robert , Zöller Joachim E. , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando
Published: February 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the sixth edition of the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) classification and different TNM‐based stage groupings for malignant tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 98 patients with malignant tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity between 1967 and 2003. The UICC classification of the sixth edition and the T and N Integer Score (TANIS) and Hart were tested for their prognostic significance.

Results

In univariate analysis, all stage groupings revealed discriminatory power for overall survival (OS;p< .05), however, in multivariate analysis only the UICC‐stage grouping (p= .033) and the TANIS‐8 scheme (p= .044) predicted OS. The TANIS did not have a better prognostic quality than the sixth edition of the UICC classification.

Conclusion

The UICC‐stage grouping of the sixth edition is a good prognostic index for malignant tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene‐Based Molecular Tweezers and Cyclophanes
Authors: Chou Teh‐Chang , Liao Kung‐Ching , Hwa Ching‐Lun , Tseng Jui‐Chang
Published: February 2012

The U‐shaped, tetraetheno‐bridged dicyclopenta[b,i]anthracenediol 1 was utilized as a platform molecule to construct molecular tweezers via bis‐esterification with benzoic acid and 9‐fluorenone‐2‐carboxylic acid using Yamaguchi protocol, affording the respective bis‐benzoate 3 (96%) and bis‐9‐fluorenone‐2‐carboxylate 6 in 59% yield. The latter bis‐esterification was accompanied by producing a mixed diester 7 (30%) and bis‐2,4,6‐trichlorobenzoate 8 (8%). Via bis‐O‐alkylation of diol 1 with ortho‐, meta‐, or para‐α,α′‐dibromoxylene, the corresponding cyclophanes formed by the modes of [1+1] and [2+2] were obtained. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures of molecular tweezers 3, 6, 7, [1+1]cyclophanes 11‐m and 11‐p, and [2+2]cyclophane 12‐o were obtained and described.
FTIR analysis of lignin regenerated from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus woods dissolved in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids
Authors: Casas Ana , Alonso María Virginia , Oliet Mercedes , Rojo Ester , Rodríguez Francisco
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: The dissolution of wood and the regeneration of compounds such as cellulose and lignin is one of the challenges currently facing biorefineries. Lignin can be processed and employed for value‐added products; therefore, environmentally friendly methods for wood solubilization and lignin regeneration are required and ionic liquids (ILs) offer an attractive alternative approach.

RESULTS: Dissolution of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus woods in imidazolium‐based ILs (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride) was studied as well as the regeneration of lignin from wood liquors. The dissolution of wood in ILs was verified using an optical microscope to select the most appropriate ILs and the best experimental time and temperature conditions. Lignin was regenerated from wood dissolved in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride after 24 h at 150 °C by precipitation with an antisolvent. The regenerated solid was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and compared with Indulin AT (reference). Furthermore, the influence of the wood dissolution time, the antisolvent employed and the antisolvent/wood solution ratio in the lignin recovery was studied.

CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows that 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride can be employed effectively to dissolve wood at 150 °C for 24 h and lignin can be regenerated using methanol or ethanol as antisolvents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of styrene from dilute gaseous waste streams using a trickle‐bed bioreactor: kinetics, mass transfer and modeling of biodegradation process
Authors: Kasperczyk Damian , Bartelmus Grażyna , Ga̧szczak Agnieszka
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: The removal of styrene from air streams in a co‐current gas‐liquid downflow trickle‐bed bioreactor (TBB) inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. E‐93486 strain was studied experimentally. The experiments were conducted to determine such parameters of the bioprocess as gas and liquid flow rates and specific styrene loading for which maximum elimination capacity was achieved.

RESULT: The effect of inlet styrene concentration in gas phase on its degradation was studied in the range from 0.08 to 1.1 g m−3. The recirculation rate of the liquid medium was changed from 0.17 to 0.35 m3 h−1 whereas the gas flow rate was changed in the range from 1.2 to 6 m3 h−1. The treatment of air streams contaminated with styrene in a trickle‐bed bioreactor was described with a mathematical model. The model incorporates mass transfer in both the gas and liquid phases and a biological reaction in biofilm. The rate of the partial stages of the process was determined experimentally. Microbial growth tests in the presence of styrene as the sole carbon and energy source were performed both in batch and continuous cultures. The Haldane model was used to describe Pseudomonas sp. E‐93486 strain growth kinetics on styrene.

CONCLUSION: The experiments conducted showed high activity of the examined bacterial strain in the styrene biodegradation process and relatively low sensitivity to inhibition of its growth at higher concentrations of styrene in the solution. The results of the experiments carried out in TBB were compared with the values obtained from a mathematical model. Satisfactory compatibility of the calculated and experimental data was obtained. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Body Size on Expression of Manduca sexta Midgut Genes
Authors: YEOH AARON J. , DAVIS KYLE , VELA‐MENDOZA ALLISON V. , HARTLAUB BRADLEY A. , GILLEN CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: February 2012

Isometric growth of larval insect midgut predicts that the ratio of midgut surface area to body mass decreases as larvae grow. Gut tissue and gut content masses were measured in first through fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae. Wet mass of gut tissue increased in relationship to body mass with a scaling exponent of 0.85 compared to an exponent of 1.33 for gut content mass, suggesting that surface area becomes increasingly limiting in larger larvae. To test the hypothesis that compensation for the decrease in relative surface area of the midgut occurs by increased expression of membrane proteins, we compared midgut mRNA expression in fourth and fifth instar. Surveyed genes encoded apical membrane proteins with diverse functions, including the potassium amino acid transporter KAAT1, ion channel CAATCH1, aminopeptidase msAPN3, V‐type H‐ATPase E subunit, and cation chloride cotransporter masBSC. KAAT1 was expressed 300‐ to 1500‐fold higher in middle and posterior midgut compared to anterior midgut. Expression of msAPN3 was approximately 200‐fold higher in posterior midgut than middle midgut. Expression of KAAT1 was 2.3‐ to 3.1‐fold higher in fifth compared to fourth‐instar larvae, and masBSC expression was 1.3‐ to 1.9‐fold higher in fifth‐instar larvae. Expression of msAPN3 and V‐ATPase, but not KAAT1, decreased as body mass increased within the fifth instar. Although the increased expression of KAAT1 and masBSC in fifth‐instar larvae supports the hypothesis of increased membrane protein expression in larger larvae, results from the other genes do not support this hypothesis. J. Exp. Zool. 317:141–151, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fourth‐order finite‐difference time‐domain method based on error‐controlling concepts
Authors: Zygiridis Theodoros T.
Published: February 2012

Conventional finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) methodologies incorporate discrete operators with the smallest truncation errors, as those are determined from the application of Taylor expansions. It is generally accepted that such choices, although quite efficient, do not necessarily provide optimum solutions when simulating electromagnetic wave phenomena. With the aim at improving accuracy without increasing the involved computational burden, the present paper is concerned with the development of a higher‐order FDTD algorithm, which, in contrast to classic trends, is primarily based on the application of error‐controlling ideas to its difference approximations. In essence, a fourth‐order scheme is presented, whose spatial expressions are designed to remedy the leading terms of suitable error formulae. The latter can be easily extracted for each operator, given that the general nature of the expected solutions is known in advance. A correction factor is next added to the temporal operators to compensate for remaining errors at a selected wavelength. Unlike other approaches with single‐frequency optimization, our technique is not strictly narrowband but capable of outperforming the conventional fourth‐order FDTD algorithm in wideband simulations as well, without further modifications. The properties of the proposed scheme are verified through theoretical studies, as well as harmonic and multifrequency numerical tests, where comparisons with other standard techniques are performed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of organic farming and genotype on alimentary and nutraceutical parameters in tomato fruits
Authors: Migliori Carmela , Di Cesare Luigi F , Lo Scalzo Roberto , Campanelli Gabriele , Ferrari Valentino
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: In recent years there has been growing interest in the influence of sustainable cultivation systems on the biochemical quality of vegetables. In this study, two genotypes of tomato, Giulianova and Perbruzzo, were grown in both organic (Or) and conventional (Conv) systems for three years and harvested at commercial ripening in each year. The Conv system was established according to traditional techniques and the Or system according to current EU regulations. Samples were evaluated for volatile substances, sugars, organic acids, dry matter, pH and lycopene.

RESULTS: During the three years, volatile substances increased in Or samples of Giulianova, while this response was less evident in Perbruzzo. Other parameters of both genotypes were not influenced by Or cultivation. Lycopene content in both Conv‐cultivated genotypes was constant during the whole experimental period. In Or samples, lycopene content was lower than in Conv samples during the first and second years. In the last year, lycopene content in Or samples of Giulianova was similar to that in Conv samples, while lycopene content in Or samples of Perbruzzo was higher than that in Conv samples.

CONCLUSION: Changes in biochemical parameters of tomato fruits could be affected by both cultivation system and genotype, with a significant increase in both volatile substances and lycopene in the 2010 crop. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation in concentrations of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits and macropolymers in wheat grains of a recombinant inbred lines population and in two contrasting eco‐sites in China
Authors: Li Xiangnan , Cai Jian , Liu Fulai , Bo Yun , Qi Zengjun , Dai Tingbo , Cao Weixing , Jiang Dong
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Concentrations of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits and macropolymers in wheat grains are important indicators of grain quality, which are genetically determined and affected by environmental factors. The 6 VS·6AL translocation chromosome segment is reported to own high powdery mildew and yellow rust resistance genes of Pm21 and Yr26. This study investigated the variation in concentrations of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in response to the 6 VS·6AL translocation segment and the two contrasting sites.

RESULTS: Large variations in concentrations of HMW‐GS and GMP were observed within lines containing different HMW‐GS compositions and between the contrasting eco‐sites. However, 6 VS·6AL chromosome translocation segment showed no significant effects on concentrations of HMW‐GS and GMP. In addition, HMW‐GS concentration was also found to be significantly correlated with the GMP concentration.

CONCLUSION: Concentrations of HMW‐GS and GMP are largely affected by the eco‐sites and the composition of HMW‐GS, whilst not by the presence of 6 VS·6AL chromosome segment translocation. The 6 VS·6AL translocation is suggested as potential donor for breeding wheat cultivars for high resistence to powdery mildew and yellow rust with less risk of undesirable effects on grain quality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of stimulation intensity on assessment of voluntary activation
Authors: Van Leeuwen DaniËl M. , De Ruiter Cornelis J. , De Haan Arnold
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

The interpolated twitch technique is often used to assess voluntary activation (VA) of skeletal muscles. We investigated VA and the voluntary torque‐superimposed torque relationship using either supramaximal nerve stimulation or better tolerated submaximal muscle stimulation, which is often used with patients.

Methods:

Thirteen healthy subjects performed maximal and submaximal isometric knee extensions with superimposed maximal or submaximal doublets (100 Hz).

Results:

Superimposed torque relative to potentiated resting doublets was smaller with maximal nerve than with submaximal muscle stimulation. Maximal VA was 87 ± 7% and 93 ± 5% for submaximal muscle and maximal nerve stimulation, respectively. The individual voluntary torque‐superimposed torque relationships were more linear for submaximal muscle stimulation, possibly leading to less overestimation of VA.

Conclusions:

Submaximal muscle stimulation can be used to estimate VA in the knee extensors. It is less painful, and overestimation of VA may be less compared with maximal nerve stimulation. Muscle Nerve 45: 841–848, 2012
Diagnosis of and remedy for imperfection sensitivity of arch bridges
Authors: Jia Xin , Mang Herbert A.
Published: February 2012

Unless the hangers of arch bridges are sufficiently stiff, such bridges are imperfection sensitive [1]. Increasing the stiffness of the hangers, such structures eventually become imperfection insensitive. The mathematical definition of imperfection insensitivity follows from a series expansion of the dimensionless load parameter Δλ(κ, η), relative to the stability limit λ = λS, given as [2]

Δλ(κ, η)
= λ1(κ)η
+ λ2(κ)η2
+ λ3(κ)η3
+ O(η4),

where λ1, λ2, … are coefficients depending on the stiffness of the hangers representing the design parameter κ and η is a path parameter describing the postbuckling path.

A necessary condition for imperfection insensitivity is [3]

λ1(κ) = 0   ∀κ.

If, for a specific value κ of κ, also

λ2(κ=κ) > 0,

then the structure is imperfection insensitive for κ=κ.

It will be shown numerically that the increase of the stiffness of the hangers is the remedy addressed in the title of the paper. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Limitations of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetes screening
Authors: Hanna Fahmy WF , Geen John , Issa Basil G , Tahrani Abd A , Fryer Anthony A
Published: February 2012

Recently, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the World Health Organisation and subsequently by many other professional bodies as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus. However, the cut‐off values suggested vary between these groups and uncertainties remain regarding the limitations of this test and its effectiveness as a diagnostic tool. We wished to assess the effect of HbA1c on detection rates for dysglycaemia in a high risk cohort of 200 patients with possible acute coronary syndrome not previously known to have diabetes.

Anthropometric as well as HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), random and fasting plasma glucose (RPG and FPG) concentrations, fasting lipids and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein data were obtained during admission. We examined each of the recommended cut‐off values for HbA1c. Test accuracy was assessed by the degree of misclassification (both under‐ and over‐diagnosis) of patients into normal glycaemic control, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus based on OGTT data using WHO criteria. A predictive index (PI) was generated using stepwise ordinal regression models (incorporating FPG, HbA1c, HDL‐C, triglycerides, age and gender).

HbA1c alone, using the International Expert Committee cut‐off values, had unacceptably high misclassification rates (49.0% under‐ and 2.5% over‐diagnosed). This did not improve when ADA criteria were examined, despite their lower cut‐off values for normoglycaemia (44.4% under‐ and 7.1% over‐diagnosed). FPG was marginally better, misclassifying 44.4% (mostly under‐diagnosis; 41.4%). The PI had the lowest misclassification rate (35.9%; with 22.7% under‐ and 13.1% over‐diagnosed).

In conclusion, our data suggest that HbA1c alone offers little advantage over FPG in detecting dysglycaemia in this high risk population. Our approach using a predictive index to combine HbA1c with other test data will enhance its performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Influence of DC electric field on both crystalline structure and conductivity of poly(ethylene oxide)10:LiClO4 electrolyte
Authors: Wang Jiliang , Lei Jingxin
Published: February 2012

The dynamic ionic conductivity and polarizing morphology of poly(ethylene oxide)10:LiClO4 (PEO10:LiClO4) electrolyte membranes under different direct current electric fields (EFs) were simultaneously investigated. PEO molecular chains were found to rearrange during the migration of charge carriers, and the rearrangement of PEO molecular chains dramatically affected the conductivity of the electrolyte membrane. No noticeable differences of conductivity and polarizing morphology between the heating and cooling process were observed when the EF was absent. However, the conductivity of the membrane was remarkably enhanced after applying an EF and after carrying out a heating–cooling loop. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction of the sample with different treatments of both EFs and heating–cooling loops showed that the conductivity enhancement or reduction after loading special EFs and heating–cooling loops were attributed to the change of both the crystallite size of certain diffraction planes and the thickness of PEO lamellae. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
A new and unexpected domain–domain interaction in the AraC protein
Authors: Cole Stephanie Dirla , Schleif Robert
Published: February 2012

An interaction between the dimerization domains and DNA binding domains of the dimeric AraC protein has previously been shown to facilitate repression of the Escherichia coli araBAD operon by AraC in the absence of arabinose. A new interaction between the domains of AraC in the presence of arabinose is reported here, the regulatory consequences of which are unknown. Evidence for the interaction is the following: the dissociation rate of arabinose‐bound AraC from half‐site DNA is considerably faster than that of free DNA binding domain, and the affinity of the dimerization domains for arabinose is increased when half‐site DNA is bound. In addition, an increase in the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan residues located in the arabinose‐bound dimerization domain is observed upon binding of half‐site DNA to the DNA binding domains. Direct physical evidence of the new domain–domain interaction is demonstrated by chemical crosslinking and NMR experiments. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ST pinch: A side chain‐to‐side chain hydrogen‐bonded motif
Authors: Bomar Martha G. , Raghavender Upadhyayula S. , Spindel Alexander W. I. , Kodukula Krishna , Galande Amit K.
Published: February 2012

The ST Pinch is a 12‐membered hydrogen‐bonded motif (Ser/Thr‐Xaa‐Ser/Thr) involving the side chain oxygen atoms of two Ser/Thr residues. We identified the ST Pinch in 104 proteins in a database containing high‐resolution crystal structures. Conformational analysis of the ST Pinch in these proteins points to specific preferences for the Xaa residue and a high propensity of this residue to adopt positive φ angles. Our results suggest that this motif serves as a linker of secondary structural elements within proteins and is a new addition to the existing list of short hydrogen bond‐stabilized motifs in proteins. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of Erythrocytes in Patients With Multiple Myeloma Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Zhang Yuping , Zhang Wei , Wang Shunqing , Wang Caixia , Xie Jianjin , Chen Xiaoyan , Xu Yanli , Mao Ping
Published: February 2012

The goal of this study was to examine the pathophysiological changes to erythrocytes in multiple myeloma (MM) patients at a nanometer scale. We hypothesize that studying changes in red blood cells may be important for early diagnosis and effective treatment of MM. Blood samples were taken from ten healthy volunteers and ten MM patients before and after treatment. Changes in the morphological and biomechanical properties of the erythrocytes were studied at a nanometer scale with atomic force microscopy (AFM). There were dramatic deformations in the overall shape and surface membrane of the erythrocytes from pre‐ and post therapeutic MM patients compared with the healthy controls. Healthy and pathological MM erythrocytes could be distinguished by several morphologic parameters, including the width, length, length to width ratio, valley, peak, valley‐to‐peak, standard deviation, and surface fluctuation. The effectiveness of disease treatment could also be evaluated by studying these red blood cell parameters. AFM was able to detect noticeable morphological differences in the red blood cells from MM patients compared with healthy controls. Therefore, erythrocyte morphology is an important parameter for diagnosing MM, as well as evaluating the efficacy of disease treatment. SCANNING 34: 295–301, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A secure, efficient, and cost‐effective distributed architecture for spam mitigation on LTE 4G mobile networks
Authors: Bou‐Harb Elias , Pourzandi Makan , Debbabi Mourad , Assi Chadi
Published: February 2012

The 4G of mobile networks will be a technology‐opportunistic and user‐centric system, combining the economical and technological advantages of various transmission technologies. As a part of its new architecture, LTE networks will implement an evolved packet core. Although this will provide various critical advantages, it will, on the other hand, expose telecom networks to serious IP‐based attacks. One often adopted solution to mitigate such attacks is based on a centralized security architecture. However, this approach requires large processing and memory resources to handle huge amounts of traffic, which, in turn, causes a significant over dimensioning problem in the centralized nodes. Hence, it may cause this approach to fail from achieving its security task. In this paper, we focus on a SPAM flooding attack, namely SMTP SPAM, and demonstrate, through simulations and discussion, its DoS impact on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network and subsequent effects on the mobile network operator. Our main contribution involves proposing a distributed architecture on the LTE network that is secure and that mitigates attacks efficiently by solving the over dimensioning problem. It is also cost‐effective by utilizing ‘off‐the‐shelf’ low‐cost hardware in the distributed nodes. Through additional simulation and analysis, we demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity‐based construction for secure and efficient handoff authentication schemes in wireless networks
Authors: Zhang Y. H. , Chen X. F. , Li H. , Cao J.
Published: February 2012

With the rapid development of computer networks, wireless technologies find important applications in roaming communication. In this scenario, practical needs initiate the demand for a secure and efficient handoff authentication scheme. To the best of our knowledge, however, there exists no scheme that can simultaneously provide robust security properties and enjoy desirable efficiency. In this paper, we first examines the security of the scheme proposed in International Conference on Communications 2007 by Kim et al. and demonstrates that the scheme of Kim et al. fails to achieve perfect forward/backward secrecy. Furthermore, we propose a new identity‐based construction for secure and efficient handoff authentication schemes, in which an identity‐based online/offline encryption scheme is the primary ingredient. Compared with the scheme of Kim et al., our construction enjoys desirable efficiency in terms of the computation cost and the communication cost. To be specific, the developed scheme not only realizes a seamless handoff with key agreement, but also provides perfect forward/backward secrecy, which has never been achieved in any existing handoff‐related schemes. Therefore, our construction is more suitable for handoff authentication in the wireless applications environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of the Cannula for Tracheotomy During the Middle Ages and Renaissance
Authors: Missori Paolo , Brunetto Giacoma M. , Domenicucci Maurizio
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this article was to trace the historical origin of the inserted cannula during tracheotomy. Tracheotomy is mentioned in most ancient medical texts, but the origin of cannula insertion into the windpipe is unclear. We reviewed the incunabula and Renaissance texts reporting the utilization of surgical cannulas and tracheotomy. The incunabula disclosed extended use of surgical cannulas during the middle ages and Renaissance. Although tracheotomy was advocated in acutely suffocating patients for a disease of the throat termed squinantia or angina, the first report of the procedure was found only at the end of the middle ages and a second during the middle Renaissance. The introduction of cannula use in tracheotomy was supported by a semantic misinterpretation by Antonio Musa Brasavola. The historical origin for tracheotomy in the middle ages and Renaissance is conflicting. Antonio Brasavola wrongly interpreted Avicenna’s oral cannula introduced into the windpipe for angina. This misinterpretation allowed Giulio Casserio to draw the first curved cannula introduced for used during tracheotomy.
New Invagination Procedure for Pancreaticojejunostomy Using Only Four Sutures
Authors: Nakanishi Yoshitsugu , Ohara Masanori , Noguchi Misa , Domen Hiromitsu , Komuro Kazuteru , Hirano Satoshi
Published: February 2012

Background

Pancreaticoenterostomy remains one of the most stressful parts of pancreatoduodenectomy. We introduce herein a new convenient and secure invagination procedure for pancreaticojejunostomy.

Methods

We performed our new procedure during pancreatoduodenectomy in 15 consecutive patients (7 men, 8 women). The features of the procedure are as follows. First, it is performed using only four sutures. Second, the pancreas stump is invaginated into the jejunum, mainly by two sutures that penetrate the parenchyma and are continuously purse‐string sutured to the jejunum. Third, all needle holes on the surface of the pancreas are covered with the jejunal wall.

Results

Eight patients were classified as showing no pancreatic fistula, and seven displayed a grade A fistula, according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula criteria. The median operating time for these 15 patients using the present procedure was about 60 min shorter than that for the previous nine patients who underwent duct‐to‐mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy in our hospital.

Conclusions

The present method allows pancreaticojejunostomy to be performed swiftly and conveniently.
Long‐Term Outcomes of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. What are the Real Numbers?
Authors: Peralta Ruben , Latifi Rifat
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Advances in the acute management of the severely injured and critically ill patients have had a significant impact in survival and have increased our exposure to complex repair of large abdominal wall defects. The purpose of this article was to review the long‐term (5‐year or greater) outcomes of reconstruction of abdominal wall defects and the different modalities and materials currently available in the management of this challenging clinical condition.

Methods

A review of published literature.

Results

Our review of literature, in English language from 1984 to May 2011, identified six studies. The minimum average follow‐up of the studies examined was 63 months. The hernia recurrence rate ranged from 1.1 to 16% at 5 years. A 10‐year cumulative recurrence rate of 63% has been reported for suture repair and a 32% for prosthetic repair in incisional hernia.

Conclusions

There is a need for long‐term studies of complex abdominal wall reconstruction, using biologic prosthetics mesh.
Byzantine fault-tolerant deferred update replication
Authors: Pedone Fernando , Schiper Nicolas
Published: February 2012

Replication is a well-established approach to increasing database availability. Many database replication protocols have been proposed for the crash-stop failure model, in which servers fail silently. Fewer database replication protocols have been proposed for the byzantine failure model, in which servers may fail arbitrarily. This paper considers deferred update replication, a popular database replication technique, under byzantine failures. The paper makes three contributions. First, it shows that making deferred update replication tolerate byzantine failures is quite simple. Second, the paper presents a byzantine-tolerant mechanism to execute read-only transactions at a single server. Third, we consider byzantine client attacks against deferred update replication and discuss effective countermeasures against these attacks.
Early Recurrence of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer as a Clinical Marker of a Poor Prognosis and Cancer-Specific Survival
Authors: Charlesworth P.J.S. , Gray R.H.R. , Blick C. , Kilbey N. , Protheroe A. , Crew J.P.
Published: February 2012

Objective

To determine whether early recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer confers prognostic value with respect to bladder cancer-specific survival. Patients and methods: Following local ethics committee approval, all patients that underwent TURBT for a bladder tumour within the Oxford Radcliffe Trust between 1997 and 2007 were entered into the local Cancer Research Uro-Oncology Database (CRUD©). The rate of positive histological recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer at first cystoscopy (<4 months) following the index TURBT was calculated and the cancer-specific survival calculated using data from the National Cancer Intelligence Network.

Results

Median positive early recurrence of (NMIBC) non-muscle invasive bladder cancer was 18.9% for the period of 1997 to 2007 (mean 20.3%; range 13.9–-28.3%). Positive early recurrence was associated with significantly worse survival, with 5-year cancer specific survival falling from 82.3% (first cystoscopy negative) to 69.4%, (first cystoscopy positive), Log Rank p = 0.02.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that if histological recurrence is present at first cystoscopy then the patient is more likely to die from bladder cancer, with 5-year cancer specific mortality of 18% if first cystoscopy clear, compared to 31% if histological recurrence (relative risk 1.7). With the growing demand for surgical outcome measures, our study suggests that ‘positive recurrence at first cystoscopy’ is both simple to measure and a valid predictor of patient outcome.
Unlocking the Power of OPNET Modeler
Authors: Lu Zheng , Yang Hongji
Published: February 2012

For fast, easy modeling, this practical guide provides all the essential information you need to know. A wide range of topics is covered, including custom protocols, programming in C++, External Model Access (EMA) modeling and co-simulation with external systems, giving you the guidance not provided in the OPNET documentation. A set of high-level wrapper APIs is also included to simplify programming custom OPNET models, whether you are a newcomer to OPNET or an experienced user needing to model efficiently. From the basic to the advanced, you will find topics are easy to follow with theory kept to a minimum, many practical tips and answers to frequently asked questions spread throughout the book and numerous step-by-step case studies and real-world network scenarios included.
On Editing Aeschylus
Authors: Headlam Walter
Published: February 2012

This is an early publication (1891) by the highly regarded classical scholar and poet Walter George Headlam (1866–1908). Headlam, who taught at King's College, Cambridge, was deeply interested in textual criticism and dedicated much of his short life to translating and interpreting the works of Aeschylus, and even thirty years after his untimely death his notes formed the basis for an influential edition of the Oresteia. Although Headlam's subtitle does not name the target of his 'criticism', this book is in fact an impassioned attack on the style and method of editing employed by A. W. Verrall in Seven Against Thebes in 1887, and Agamemnon in 1889. Headlam condemns Verrall's 'rationalist' methods which in his view 'required outspoken criticism'. The young Headlam painstakingly dissects Verrall's work on Aeschylus, pointing out the errors, inconsistencies and shortcomings of the texts and proposing his own editorial methods.
To-morrow
Authors: Howard Ebenezer
Published: February 2012

Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850–1928) travelled to the USA and was inspired by the rebuilding of Chicago, as well as his interest in social welfare, to found the Garden City Association in 1899. Howard believed that the solution to overcrowding and poor conditions in modern industrial towns was to produce new planned communities which created a 'joyous union' of town and country. The goal of the garden city was to combine the attractions of town life with access to nature and a healthier lifestyle. The first of these communities, Letchworth Garden City, was established in the early 1900s, followed by Welwyn Garden City in the 1920s. This volume, first published in 1898, sets out Howard's utopian vision in full; explaining how a garden city would be financed, planned and administered. Energetic and conversational in style, this book is a charming introduction to Howard's ground-breaking and influential ideas.
The United Nations Global Compact
Authors: Ki-moon Ban
Published: February 2012

The United Nations Global Compact is a strategic policy initiative that encourages businesses to support ten universal principles in the areas of human rights, labor standards, the environment, and anti-corruption. It is the world's largest voluntary corporate responsibility initiative with more than 7,500 business and non-business participants in over 130 countries. This book reviews the first ten years of the Compact's existence (2000–2010) by presenting exclusively commissioned chapters from well-known scholars, practitioners from the business world and civil society, and Global Compact staff. They reflect on what the Global Compact has achieved, what trends it may have to respond to, and what challenges are ahead. The book contains not only up-to-date reflections but also debates recent changes to the structure of the Compact, including the Communication on Progress policy, the role of Global Compact Local Networks, and the role of emerging specialized initiatives.
The Invasion of the Crimea
Authors: Kinglake Alexander William
Published: February 2012

Alexander William Kinglake (1809–1891) was a travel writer and historian. He witnessed the battle of the Alma and the Charge of the Light Brigade, and became well acquainted with the British commander, Lord Raglan. This work was commissioned by Lady Raglan to repair her husband's reputation, and Kinglake was given access to Raglan's papers, and to private and confidential state records. The eight volumes were published between 1863 and 1887. They were extremely successful commercially, but received mixed critical reviews, owing to the bias and prejudice shown by the author, and serious questions were raised about his use of the sources to which he was given exclusive access. However, the breadth of his research, corresponding with or interviewing participants in the war, and use of French, Turkish and Russian sources as well as British, gives lasting value to the work. Volume 1 covers the background to the war.
Applications of Palaeontology
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn
Published: February 2012

Palaeontology, the scientific study of fossils, has developed from a descriptive science to an analytical science used to interpret relationships between earth and life history. This book provides a comprehensive and thematic treatment of applied palaeontology, covering the use of fossils in the ordering of rocks in time and in space, in biostratigraphy, palaeobiology and sequence stratigraphy. Robert Wynn Jones presents a practical workflow for applied palaeontology, including sample acquisition, preparation and analysis, and interpretation and integration. He then presents numerous case studies that demonstrate the applicability and value of the subject to areas such as petroleum, mineral and coal exploration and exploitation, engineering geology and environmental science. Specialist applications outside of the geosciences (including archaeology, forensic science, medical palynology, entomopalynology and melissopalynology) are also addressed. Abundantly illustrated and referenced, Applications of Palaeontology provides a user-friendly reference for academic researchers and professionals across a range of disciplines and industry settings.
A Guide to Experimental Algorithmics
Authors: McGeoch Catherine C.
Published: February 2012

Computational experiments on algorithms can supplement theoretical analysis by showing what algorithms, implementations and speed-up methods work best for specific machines or problems. This book guides the reader through the nuts and bolts of the major experimental questions: What should I measure? What inputs should I test? How do I analyze the data? To answer these questions the book draws on ideas from algorithm design and analysis, computer systems, and statistics and data analysis. The wide-ranging discussion includes a tutorial on system clocks and CPU timers, a survey of strategies for tuning algorithms and data structures, a cookbook of methods for generating random combinatorial inputs, and a demonstration of variance reduction techniques. The book can be used by anyone who has taken a course or two in data structures and algorithms. A companion website, AlgLab (www.cs.amherst.edu/alglab) contains downloadable files, programs and tools for use in experimental projects.
Collective Rights
Authors: Jovanović Miodrag A.
Published: February 2012

In a departure from the mainstream methodology of a positivist-oriented jurisprudence, Collective Rights provides the first legal-theoretical treatment of this area. It advances a normative-moral standpoint of 'value collectivism' which goes against the traditional political philosophy of liberalism and the dominant ideas of liberal multiculturalism. Moreover, it places a theoretical account of collective rights within the larger debate between proponents of different rights theories. By exploring why 'collective rights' should be differentiated from similar legal concepts, the relationship between collective and individual rights and why groups should be recognised as the third distinctive type of right-holders, it presents the topic as connected to the larger philosophical debate about international law of human rights, most notably to the problem of universality of rights.
Public Opinion and Political Change in Poland, 1980–1982
Authors: Mason David Stewart
Published: February 2012

This book draws on public opinion surveys conducted in Poland during the Solidarity era to examine popular attitudes on fundamental issues of political power and on the dramatic political events of 1980–1982. These surveys, unprecedented for a communist regime, offer a unique portrait of the values and attitudes of a population in a society undergoing profound social, economic and political change. The study focuses on the citizens, who are often overlooked in studies of communist systems. As such, it provides a fresh look at the Solidarity experience from the public's point of view. It details the sources of support and opposition for the regime, the Solidarity leadership, and the policies of each. For example, support for Solidarity declined during 1981, but it remained strong, and there was little popular support for the hardline measures employed by the regime.
As Others See Us
Authors: Hope Keith
Published: February 2012

In comparing the educational systems of Scotland and the United States, Keith Hope argues that the Scottish selective system is more successful in advancing students on the basis of intelligence and merit than is the comprehensive American system. Based on some unique longitudinal data assembled between 1947 and 1964 by the Mental Survey Committee of the Scottish Council for Research in Education, his work offers definitions and models for assessing the contribution of intelligence to processes of social mobility. Dr Hope also introduces a major distinction - between 'disadvantage' and 'deprivation' - which he uses to identify a particular type of childhood disability as being likely to have an adverse effect on life-chances. The book concludes with an account of the divergent meanings of the word 'merit' in the United States and Britain that shows how this difference is rooted in the intellectual traditions of the two countries' bureaucracies.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Latin Manuscripts in the John Rylands Library at Manchester
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: February 2012

M. R. James (1862–1936), best known as a writer of chilling ghost stories, was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. This two-volume catalogue, first published in 1921, was commissioned as the fourth in a series of guides to the collection of Oriental and Western manuscripts in the John Rylands Library. It describes 183 Latin rolls and codices dating from the sixth to the nineteenth century, their material, dimensions, structure, provenance, decoration and content. Volume 1 contains the text, and Volume 2 consists of 187 plates, illustrating a wide range of scripts, decorations and covers. James' book is still sought after and this reissue will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Cosmology and the Polis
Authors: Seaford Richard
Published: February 2012

This book further develops Professor Seaford's innovative work on the study of ritual and money in the developing Greek polis. It employs the concept of the chronotope, which refers to the phenomenon whereby the spatial and temporal frameworks explicit or implicit in a text have the same structure, and uncovers various such chronotopes in Homer, the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Presocratic philosophy and in particular the tragedies of Aeschylus. Mikhail Bakhtin's pioneering use of the chronotope was in literary analysis. This study by contrast derives the variety of chronotopes manifest in Greek texts from the variety of socially integrative practices in the developing polis - notably reciprocity, collective ritual and monetised exchange. In particular, the Oresteia of Aeschylus embodies the reassuring absorption of the new and threatening monetised chronotope into the traditional chronotope that arises from collective ritual with its aetiological myth. This argument includes the first ever demonstration of the profound affinities between Aeschylus and the (Presocratic) philosophy of his time.
WLAN Positioning Systems
Authors: Kushki Azadeh , Plataniotis Konstantinos N. , Venetsanopoulos Anastasios N.
Published: February 2012

Describing the relevant detection and estimation theory, this detailed guide provides the background knowledge needed to tackle the design of practical WLAN positioning systems. It sets out key system-level challenges and design considerations in increasing positioning accuracy and reducing computational complexity, and it also examines design trade-offs and experimental results. Radio characteristics in real environments are discussed, as are the theoretical aspects of non-parametric statistical tools appropriate for modeling radio signals, statistical estimation techniques and the model-based stochastic estimators often used for positioning. A historical account of positioning systems in also included, giving graduate students, researchers and practitioners alike the perspective needed to understand the benefits and potential applications of WLAN positioning.