bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADAS Sensor Data Handling in the World of Autonomous
Mobility
Authors: Samantaray Rojalin
Published: March 2023

By 2030, about 95% of new vehicles sold globally will be connected, up from
around 50% today. Around 45% of these vehicles will have intermediate and
advanced connectivity features (source: McKinsey, 2021).

Modernization, standardization, and automation are the key steps in the roadmap
of data handling for connected vehicles. Vehicle software increasingly sits
within a connected ecosystem of devices. Consumer expectations are shifting more
towards digital compatibility, connectivity, and new functionalities offered in
autonomous vehicles. Digitalization is turning the vehicles of the future into
commodities that are as experimental as they are useful. Many OEMs are at the
beginning of this transformation journey and have struggled on the software side
of things. The entire automotive industry is putting its efforts into
effectively monetizing the data captured during the development and management
of autonomous vehicles. It is not easy to handle the complexity, elasticity, and
volume of data involved.

We are now realizing the possibilities of connected vehicles. Soon, the day will
come when data no longer has to be stored directly in the vehicles, and this
will naturally result in an enormous advantage in terms of performance and cost
improvements for OEMs. However, the challenge is how the automotive industry
will manage this transformation and maximize the inherent value of this huge
amount of data. E.g., one single car can generate up to 1 TB of data in an hour.
Traditional data storage methods simply cannot effectively manage costs to meet
all the needs of customer experience and expectations.

Leveraging the ADAS sensor data to speed up innovation and improve the customer
experience will call for totally new capabilities and infrastructure. Load
balancing and failover management are used to achieve data protection,
integrity, and availability. Data is one of the assets of an organization, but
without robust data handling, the right strategy can detect problems and
automatically provide insights into your data center. This paper will give an
excellent overview of how to handle petabytes of data on a daily basis in an
automatic way with proper utilization of infrastructure and HPC resources and
minimum manual tasks. I will describe how to handle data in a hybrid work model.
hybrid if you have a data center on premises and, in the next stage, you want to
go to any of the cloud data storage options because of time constraints,
customer demand, or a third-party company involved in the data sharing concept.
how to handle the number of HDDs in both data centers in an effective way
without any impact on legacy systems and with complete data integrity.
Evolution of Mobile Robotic Manufacturing Systems at Spirit
AeroSystems
Authors: Richardson Curtis A. , Davis Chris R.
Published: March 2023

Efforts toward the mechanization of aircraft manufacturing began as a divided
focus between devices like power tools that augment human worker capability and
purpose-designed, “monument” automation. While both have benefits and
limitations, the capability of modern industrial robots has grown to the point
of being able to effectively fill the capability gap between them, offering a
third option in the mechanization toolbox. Moreover, increasing computer
processing power continues to enable more advanced approaches to perception to
inform task planning and execution. Higher performance robots supplemented with
greater ability to adapt to various conditions and scenarios have also led to
the ability to operate reliably and safely outside traditional
fixed-installation, caged work cells. This in turn has made it feasible for
robot systems to work in ever more complex environments and applications,
including the world of aircraft assembly with its numerous challenges like
workpiece scale, precision issues due to compounding tolerance stack-ups, and
confined and often crowded spaces – including the potential for interaction with
human workers. Mobile industrial robot systems are becoming more common
throughout the aerospace industry and the most popular use case is still
drilling and fastening. Spirit AeroSystems has been at the forefront of this
trend since the early 2000’s in terms of system architecture and configuration,
technology testing and maturation, and deployment into production use cases. In
conjunction with a number of supplier partners, Spirit has nearly 20 years’
worth of history and lessons learned regarding drilling and fastening processes
performed by mobile industrial robotic systems including several new systems
across multiple programs and aerostructure configurations.
Steps towards a Connected Digital Factory Cost Model
Authors: Tierney Christopher M. , Higgins Peter L. , Higgins Colm J. , Collins Rory J. , Murphy Adrian , Quinn Damian
Published: March 2023

Digital transformation is at the forefront of manufacturing considerations, but
often excludes discrete event simulation and cost modelling capabilities,
meaning digital twin capabilities are in their infancy. As cost and time are
critical metrics for manufacturing companies it is vital the associated tools
become a connected digital capability. The aim is to digitize cost modelling
functionality and its associated data requirements in order to couple cost
analysis with digital factory simulation. The vast amount of data existing in
today’s industry alongside the standardization of manufacturing processes has
paved the way for a ‘data first’ cost and discrete event simulation environment
that is required to facilitate the automated model building capabilities
required to seamlessly integrate the digital twin within existing manufacturing
environments.

An ISA-95 based architecture is introduced where phases within a cost modelling
and simulation workflow are treated as a series of interconnected modules:
process mapping (including production layout definition); data collection and
retrieval (resource costs, equipment costs, labour costs, learning rates,
process/activity times etc.); network and critical path analysis; cost
evaluation; cost optimisation (bottleneck identification, production
configuration); simulation model build; cost reporting (dashboard visualisation,
KPIs, trade-offs). Different phases are linked to one another to enable
automated cost and capacity analysis. Leveraging data in this manner enables the
updating of standard operating procedures and learning rates in order to better
understand manufacturing cost implications, such as actual cost versus
forecasted, and to incorporate cost implications into scheduling and planning
decisions.

Two different case studies are presented to highlight different applications of
the proposed architecture. The first shows it can be used within a feasibility
study to benchmark novel robotic joining techniques against traditional riveting
of stiffened aero structures.

In the second case study discrete event digital factory simulations are used to
supply important production metrics (process times, wait times, resource
utilisation) to the cost model to provide ‘real-time’ cost modelling. This
enables both time and cost to be used for more informed decision making within
an ever demanding manufacturing landscape. In addition, this approach will add
value to simulation processes by enabling simulation engineers to focus on value
adding activities instead of time consuming model builds, data gathering and
model iterations.
A High-Performance Milling Machine for Aerospace
Applications
Authors: Bigoney Burt , Smith Scott , Bruns Michael
Published: March 2023

As the aerospace industry moves toward determinate assembly and ever-tighter
manufacturing tolerances, there is a need for automated, high-precision milling,
trimming and drilling equipment that is specialized for aerospace applications.
Precision countersinking is a common requirement for aircraft parts, but this is
not a process that typical general-purpose milling machines are able to
accommodate without the use of specialty tools such as depth-stop tool holders.
To meet this need, Electroimpact has designed a 5-axis milling machine with
high-speed clamping capability for countersink depth control. A custom trunnion
and head with a quill and an additional clamp axis provide clamping
functionality similar in speed and precision to a riveting machine, while
maintaining the accuracy and features of a conventional machining center. An
additional focus on design for pre-compensation accuracy has allowed the system
to achieve post-compensation path and positioning tolerances that are
competitive with premium milling machines. This combination of capabilities
makes the system well suited for a variety of cutting and drilling processes for
aircraft manufacture. This paper will describe the background and design process
that led to the development of this system, and will provide details on its
capabilities, specifications, and possible applications.
System Integration for MOSA-Compliant Integrated Avionics Architectures
Authors: Jakovljevic Mirko , Finnegan Daniel , Zischka Wolfram , Soares Alvaro
Published: March 2023

MOSA (Modular Open System Approach) provides a framework for efficient and sustainable design of complex integrated systems. In domain of embedded technology, the MOSA as-is does a good job in identifying modular software and hardware frameworks required to establish a common baseline for generic open architecture. On the other hand, it does not cover physical aircraft integration, integration methodology and other constituent elements essential for design of robust interfaces and integrated embedded systems, which are owned by OEMs and their suppliers. The definition of open interfaces is a key constituent in definition of MOSA-compliant architectures. An efficient system integration lifecycle requires unambiguous interfacing among hosted functions. Open interfaces and Ethernet are core system integration technologies and should be integrated and configured with other software/hardware framework elements, to enable hard RT, real-time and soft-time application hosting. The system modularity and scalability required for incremental modernization and upgradeability over the lifecycle are at the stake, if the integrated embedded platform and design/configuration/integration methodology do not prevent unintended cross-functional interferences and ambiguous interface definition.

This paper outlines relevant system integration topics and challenges focusing on definition of key system interfaces, which can affect the system lifecycle and implementation of MOSA objectives. This text reflects on system integration decisions, which may limit governments, OEMs and Tier1s ability to fully accomplish or exceed MOSA objectives.
Unbalance Budgeting Optimizes Rotor Design for Assembly Performance -
Straight, Balanced Rotors Run Smoother!
Authors: Buschbeck A. , Hill C. , El-Sawaf T.
Published: March 2023

In rotor engineering, one must achieve a rotor design incorporating a
well-controlled state of unbalance. A reduced nominal rotor unbalance assures
achieving permissible vibration responses during measurement.

Geometric feature controls associated with manufacturing drawings are root causes
of vibratory measurements during engine testing. Difficulties arise during
component design using software that fails to account for the presence of
unbalance, or the ability to achieve a balanced state for each rotor design.
Manufacturing procedures ensure that serial production articles are within
tolerance limits established by the manufacturing drawings. This process is
intended to ensure unbalance contributions estimated during the design phase
will permit vibration limits to be met during final acceptance test.

Performance of a rigid rotor under test cell conditions is dependent upon
effective control of runout and eccentricity between mating components.
Establishment of these tolerances must be accommodated in the design to ensure
which tolerance limits, and the resulting stacked tolerances are acceptable to
achieve established vibration limits during a final acceptance test. Otherwise,
this results in misalignment of the mass axis relative to its bearing
journals.

Using finite element methods, we can estimate the impact of several unbalance
distributions along the rotor axis and its excitation of rotor shaft-elastic
behavior. Predictive analyses with probabilities determine contributions toward
assembly vibration levels. We propose a method to account for the impact of
permissible manufacturing uncertainties during the earliest stages of rotor
design upon subsequent assembly processes. 
Development of a Robotic System for Automated Drilling and Inspection
of Small Aerostructures
Authors: Holden Roger , Portsmore Andy , Cheetham Simon , Chacin Marco , Selby Oliver
Published: March 2023

Traditional solutions developed for the aerospace industry must overcome
challenges posed for automation systems like design, requalification, large
manual content, restricted access, and tight tolerances. At the same time,
automated systems should avoid the use of dedicated equipment so they can be
shared between jigs; moved between floor levels and access either side of the
workpiece. This article describes the development of a robotic system for
drilling and inspection for small aerostructure manufacturing specifically
designed to tackle these requirements. The system comprises three work packages:
connection within the digital thread (from concept through to operational
metrics including Statistical Process Control), innovative lightweight / low
energy drill, and auto tool-change with in-process metrology. The validation
tests demonstrating Technology Readiness Level 6 are presented and results are
shown and discussed.
Bijective proofs for Eulerian numbers of types B and D
Authors: Santocanale Luigi
Published: March 2023

Let $\Bigl\langle\matrix{n\cr k}\Bigr\rangle$, $\Bigl\langle\matrix{B_n\cr
k}\Bigr\rangle$, and $\Bigl\langle\matrix{D_n\cr k}\Bigr\rangle$ be the
Eulerian numbers in the types A, B, and D, respectively -- that is, the number
of permutations of n elements with $k$ descents, the number of signed
permutations (of $n$ elements) with $k$ type B descents, the number of even
signed permutations (of $n$ elements) with $k$ type D descents. Let $S_n(t) =
\sum_{k = 0}^{n-1} \Bigl\langle\matrix{n\cr k}\Bigr\rangle t^k$, $B_n(t) =
\sum_{k = 0}^n \Bigl\langle\matrix{B_n\cr k}\Bigr\rangle t^k$, and $D_n(t) =
\sum_{k = 0}^n \Bigl\langle\matrix{D_n\cr k}\Bigr\rangle t^k$. We give
bijective proofs of the identity $$B_n(t^2) = (1 + t)^{n+1}S_n(t) - 2^n
tS_n(t^2)$$ and of Stembridge's identity $$D_n(t) = B_n(t) -
n2^{n-1}tS_{n-1}(t).$$ These bijective proofs rely on a representation of
signed permutations as paths. Using this representation we also establish a
bijective correspondence between even signed permutations and pairs $(w, E)$
with $([n], E)$ a threshold graph and $w$ a degree ordering of $([n], E)$,
which we use to obtain bijective proofs of enumerative results for threshold
graphs.
The TraceTogether Matrix Has You – Surveillance, Rationalisation and Tactics of Governance in Singapore’s COVID-19 App
Authors: Lee Howard , Lee Terence
Published: March 2023

In the heat of the COVID-19 pandemic, Singapore rolled out TraceTogether; a contact-tracing mobile app that uses proximity sensing to track the movements of its population. TraceTogether was initially voluntary, and used solely for contact tracing. By December 2020, the system became mandatory. This sparked a mass adoption that made TraceTogether possibly the most successful application in Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative. When it emerged in January 2021 that the data had been used by the police for criminal investigation, images of a totalitarianism sprang to mind, where technology permits the state an invasive awareness of the movement of individuals. In this paper, we defer from common arguments that Singaporeans are intrinsically trusting of the government or have been conditioned to accept ‘Big Brother’ modes of surveillance. Instead, we argue that the success of TraceTogether reflects a Singapore society that, through the rationalisation of surveillance, willingly participates in their own surveillance. In uncovering the genealogy of media discourse that surrounds TraceTogether, we highlight that it is the regular practice of voluntary surveillance, of subscribing oneself to the apparatuses of state control, rather than specific technologies, that characterises the Singapore surveillance state. We describe a matrix of reason, layered-on and normalised through media discourse, that exemplifies what Foucault has termed ‘governmentality’, which asserts a government’s power of control not over, but within, citizens.
Communicating Love: Dialogue Icons, Control and Diminishing Social Complexity in Cyberpunk 2077
Authors: Brierley Amy
Published: March 2023

Romance is communicated in an unusual way in digital gaming. The systemisation of one of the most complex and nebulous social engagements, that of romantic love and relationships, often leads to stilted encounters and the prioritisation of sexual interactions. For AAA RPGs, dialogue acts as the primary arbiter of romantic relationships. But dialogue prompts often do not fully convey what will be said by the characters. To compensate for this communication shorthand, some developers have decided to include “dialogue icons”. This is any picture, symbol or image representation that occurs next to a dialogue option. These icons are supplementary tools to aid communication and imply tone where it may have been vague. Dialogue icons have become more common in the RPG genre in recent years, but how they can affect a player’s experience of a game has been critically overlooked in the scholarship. Through a close textual reading of CD Projekt Red’s 2020 game Cyberpunk 2077, I analyse the impacts of these dialogue icons. Drawing on work from Domsch (2017), Rusch (2009) and Shaw (2014), I look at how these dialogue icons serve as a tool of clarity for players, and how this drastically alters the tone and control of in-game romantic subplots. I evaluate the effectiveness and power of this ludic communication, as well as the impact on the narrative and player experience. Ultimately, I find that while dialogue icons do give players the ability to curate their experience by clarifying if an encounter will be romantic in nature, they ultimately diminish the game’s ability to represent social complexity and all but eradicate the possibility of unplanned queer in-game encounters. Communicating romance is not an altogether simple task for developers, and it is worth thinking about how these tools impact play.
Tidal River Siltation and its Impact in the Coastal Parts of Bangladesh
Authors: Ahsan Kamrul , Rashid Md. Bazlar , Talukder Shawon
Published: March 2023

The study area is located in the south-western coastal part of Bangladesh and belongs to the lower deltaic plain of the Ganges delta system, which lies in the Rampal upazila of Bagherhat district. The area is more or less flat with elevation ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 m above mean sea level (MSL) and is blanketed with fluvio-tidal deposits of sandy silt, clayey silt and clay. Right now, water logging is one of the major problems in the area. The present paper is an attempt to expose the causes of water logging as well as its consequences. The satellite images of the last few decades, existing statistical records and simultaneous field checking were employed in this study, which reveals that natural as well as anthropogenic factors are responsible for water logging problem. The rivers and their link channels in the areas are influenced by tidal water regularly. The Water Development Board (WDB) was built embankments along the river courses as well as constructed sluice gates on the head of the tidal creeks to protect the area from regular tidal flooding and sea water intrusion. During monsoon, when rivers carry huge amount of water and sediments due to torrential rain, and these rising waters overtop the natural levees which were artificially modified and raised by coastal embankments. Consequently, the sediments drop down inside the channel and near channel bank rather in the nearby tidal plain. As a result, channels are gradually congested due to siltation, whereas tidal plain areas gradually lower due to subsidence and lack of sedimentation. Moreover, many sluice gates were constructed on the river courses in the coastal areas which also aggravate the situation. Daudkhali river is one of the main rivers in the study area. Image interpretation depicts that in 1977 the width of this river was nearly about 200 m all through its course and the river maintained this width up to 1990. But due to embankments the river starts to squeeze and the width of the river reached about 100 m in 2000. But in 2014, the river was nearly abandoned. A sluice gate was constructed on the course of the river about 30 years ago near Foila Bazar. The sediments carried by the river started to deposit in the mouth of the sluice gate which gradually choked the opening of the gate and now the gate is nearly blocked. During the rainy season, the river cannot carry excess water resulting flooding and water logging for long time. The presence of thick finer sediments in the subsurface as well as climate change further prolongates the situations. Finally, for sustainable development of the area,it is necessary to carry out different development activities with consideration of delta building processes.
USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FOR THE NEEDS OF GEODESY AND CADASTRE
Authors: Petrov Dimiter
Published: March 2023

During the last decade, the use of different in construction and use unmanned aerial vehicles are being used. They have the common name drones. The crucial stimulus for the unmanned aviation worldwide, is the successful use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) by the American and Israel Armies during the warfare in the Persian Gulf, Yugoslavia, the Near East, the Arab Israeli conflict, etc. During these events, the unmanned aircraft became famous as an effective means for reconnaissance, false targets for hitting by the zenith rocket complexes, cargo supply and performance of a variety of other tasks.
EFFECT OF PROTON IRRADIATION ON THE STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIBERS
Authors:   KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY UNIVERSITY, 9700, SHUMEN, BULGARIA, Velev Valentin
Published: March 2023

The influence of proton irradiation on the structural changes in partially crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filaments has been investigated using a wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Experimental data about the role of the exposure dose and the irradiation conditions in the processes of destruction and crosslinking in the irradiated objects have been obtained. The structural changes and the packing density of the macromolecular chain segments of the polyethylene terephthalate filaments irradiated with different doses have been analyzed. A mechanism of the structural reorganization initiated by the irradiation has been supposed on the basis of the changes in the geometry of the intensive distribution of the X-ray diffraction patterns of the objects.
Distinctive Cranial Abnormalities in Children with Early Infancy Insulin Dependent Diabetes in Connection with Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome
Authors: Kaissi Ali Al
Published: March 2023

Background: Abnormal craniofacial contour and deformities of the appendicular skeleton of the lower limbs can occur in connection with a long list of skeletal dysplasia. The natural history of chronic/unusual disorders can be a precise key factor towards a successful diagnostic process.

Material and Methods: Three unrelated children aged 18-months, 2 and 7 year (two boys and one girl) presented with generalised skeletal mal-development compatible with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. However, in the early months of life these children have been diagnosed with early infancy insulin dependent diabetes. Strikingly, all manifested Wormian bones over the lambdoid sutures. In addition to Progressive malalignment of the lower limbs and thoracic kyphosis associated with significant growth deficiency were the major skeletal abnormalities. Endochondral ossification was diffusely affected associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and appearance of irregular and fragmented epiphyses.

Results: Based on early permanent neonatal or early-infancy insulin-dependent diabetes, associated with the clinical and radiological phenotypic characterizations of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and growth retardation as the major abnormalities in these children. Wolcott-Rallison syndrome was the highly likely diagnosis. The most interesting findings in this study; The Wormian bones, not only involved the lambdoid sutures, but also extended to involve the occipitomastoid suture. We confirmed our diagnosis via sequence analysis which revealed a homozygous nonsense gene mutation (EIF2AK3) resulting in a premature stop codon (c.2707 C>T, p.R903X). Parents in two families were identified as heterozygous carriers of this mutation.

Conclusion: The significance of this study is to point out the importance of analysing the skull bones in children with skeletal dysplasia. Interestingly, for the first time we detected the downward bulging of the occiput because of the abundancy of the Wormian bones (sites of maximal skull bone fragility) along the lambdoid and the occipito-mastoid sutures is by itself a highly alarming sign of progressive weakness of the weight-bearing zone (which is represented by the lambdoid and the occipitomastoid sutures). The exerting load of the cerebrum on these vulnerable and soft sutures can lead to brain swelling (a serious condition). Despite that lower limb defects in children are the most frequent deformities encountered in the departments of paediatric orthopaedics, because of the real or apparent detrimental effect that they have on gait and upright activity, and it draw immediate and alarming attention to parents. But, nevertheless, it is the responsibility of physicians to pay prompt attention for the necessity to scrutinize the skulls and the craniocervical junction in patients with long term bone disorders.
Are Sensory and Cognitive Declines Associated in Older Persons Seeking Aged Care Services? Findings From a Pilot Study
Authors: Tay Tien , Kifley Annette , Landau Peter , Ingham Nicholas , Mitchell Paul , Wang Jie-Jin , Lindley Richard
Published: March 2023

Introduction: To assess the association between sensory and cognitive function, and the potential influence of visual function on cognitive function assessment, in a sample of clients accessing aged care services.

Materials and Methods: We recruited 260 non-institutionalised, frail, older individuals who sought aged care services. Visual acuity was assessed using a LogMAR chart and hearing function was measured using a portable pure-tone air conduction audiometer. Visual impairment was defined as visual acuity (VA) <6/12 (<39 letters read correctly in the better eye), moderate-to-severe hearing impairment as hearing thresholds >40 decibels (better ear) and cognitive impairment as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score <24.

Results: Vision and hearing assessments were randomly performed in 168 and 164 aged care clients, respectively. Visual acuity correlated weakly with MMSE scores, either including (r = 0.27, P <0.001) or excluding (r = 0.21, P = 0.006) vision-related MMSE items. After partialling out the effect of age, the association remained (r = 0.23, P = 0.013 including, or r = 0.18, P = 0.044 excluding vision-related items). No correlation was found between MMSE scores and hearing thresholds (r = -0.07, P = 0.375). After adjusting for age, sex and stroke, mean MMSE scores were lower in persons with visual impairment than those with normal vision (25.2 ± 0.5 versus 26.8 ± 0.4 including, or 18.2 ± 0.5 versus 19.2 ± 0.3 excluding vision-related items), but were similar between subjects with none or mild and those with moderate-to-severe hearing loss (26.3 ± 0.4 versus 26.0 ± 0.4).

Conclusions: In this study sample, visual and cognitive functions were modestly associated, after excluding the influence of visual impairment on the MMSE assessment and adjusting for age. Hearing thresholds were not found to be associated with cognitive function.

Key words: Cognition disorders, Frail elderly, Hearing loss, Visual impairment
Retrobulbar Alcohol Injection for Orbital Pain Relief Under Difficult Circumstances: A Case Report
Authors: Kumar Chandra M , Dowd Timothy C , Hawthorne Maurice
Published: March 2023

Introduction: A case is presented of a patient with severe and chronic pain in the orbital region, which was relieved by retrobulbar injection of absolute alcohol. The management of chronic pain in the orbital region has received little attention and the literature is reviewed.

Clinical Picture: A 52-year-old man with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxillary sinus was suffering from severe pain, especially in the left orbital region. There was also pain from ocular exposure and compression caused by the tumour. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed spread of tumour to both orbits, particularly on the left. Multiple debulking surgery and various treatment modalities offered no relief from his pain.

Treatment: A single retrobulbar injection of 2 mL of absolute alcohol, was placed into the putative orbital apex. Outcome: As a consequence of the injection, he had complete resolution of his pain in the 6 months prior to his death.

Discussion: Retrobulbar injection of alcohol offers effective pain relief in certain specific conditions characterised by chronic orbital pain when other treatments do not help.

Conclusion: We have demonstrated that the retrobulbar technique still has a place in our armamentarium.

Key words: Ocular pain, Orbital pain, Orbital pain management, Retrobulbar alcohol injection
Methodologies for Interventional Myopia Studies
Authors: Khoo Chong-Yew , Ng Richard FS
Published: March 2023

Myopia studies are notoriously difficult to carry out. Past studies on intervention in myopia progression have given conflicting results. Beside inaccurate and inadequate measurements, the most important cause for this is the very variable nature of myopia, which makes it difficult to achieve baseline comparability between the control and the study group. Although there were inclusion criteria in these studies, for age, sex, race, degree of myopia and stigmatism, the most important variate – the rate of myopia progression – was not included. Randomisation can achieve baseline comparability of the myopia progression rate, provided the sample sizes are large enough. Unfortunately, past studies have been limited to 100 to 200 children only. Studies on twins are more reliable than random groups because myopia progression rates are more likely to be the same in a pair of twins. Studies on the same subject, comparing the right eye and the left eye would be even better, but this method is practicable for some studies only (e.g., we cannot have a spectacle lens for one eye and a contact lens on the fellow eye). There is another method of doing an interventional study on myopia. Because myopia progression is linear in its early stage until the early teenage years, it is possible to observe what happens to the linear progression upon intervention. In this way, we avoid the problem of trying to compare “apples with apples” but use the “same apple” instead.

Key words: Cross-over study, Linear progression, Myopia progression rate, Randomised controlled trial, Rigid gas-permeable contact lenses
The Outbreak of SARS at Tan Tock Seng Hospital – Relating Epidemiology to Control
Authors: Chen Mark IC , Leo Yee-Sin , Ang Brenda SP , Heng Bee-Hoon , Choo Philip
Published: March 2023

Introduction: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) began after the index case was admitted on 1 March 2003. We profile the cases suspected to have acquired the infection in Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), focussing on major transmission foci, and also describe and discuss the impact of our outbreak control measures.

Materials and Methods: Using the World Health Organization (WHO) case definitions for probable SARS adapted to the local context, we studied all cases documented to have passed through TTSH less than 10 days prior to the onset of fever. Key data were collected in liaison with clinicians and through a team of onsite epidemiologists.
Results: There were 105 secondary cases in TTSH. Healthcare staff (57.1%) formed the majority, followed by visitors (30.5%) and inpatients (12.4%). The earliest case had onset of fever on 4 March 2003, and the last case, on 5 April 2003. Eighty-nine per cent had exposures to 7 wards which had cases of SARS that were not isolated on admission. In 3 of these wards, major outbreaks resulted, each with more than 20 secondary cases. Attack rates amongst ward-based staff ranged from 0% to 32.5%. Of 13 inpatients infected, only 4 (30.8%) had been in the same room or cubicle as the index case for the ward.
Conclusions: The outbreak of SARS at TTSH showed the challenges of dealing with an emerging infectious disease with efficient nosocomial spread. Super-spreading events and initial delays in outbreak response led to widespread dissemination of the outbreak to multiple wards.

Key words: Communicable diseases, Emerging; Cross infection; Patient isolation
SARS in Singapore – Predictors of Disease Severity
Authors: Leong Hoe-Nam , Earnest Arul , Lim Hong-Huay , Chin Chee-Fang , Tan Colin SH , Puhaindran Mark E , Tan Alex CH , Chen Mark IC , Leo Yee-Sin
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) affected 8096 individuals in 29 countries, with 774 deaths. In Singapore, there were 238 cases of SARS with 33 deaths. A retrospective analysis was performed to identify predictors of poor outcome in patients with SARS locally. Materials and Methods: Clinical, laboratory and outcome data of 234 patients admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital and Singapore General Hospital were collected and analysed. Only data collected at the time of admission were used in the analysis for predictors of poor outcome. Adverse events were defined as admission to the intensive care unit or death. Results: Clinical (temperature, FiO2) and laboratory [leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, platelet, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin] trends in groups with and without an adversarial event were presented. Fifty patients experienced an adverse event. On univariate analysis, male gender, advanced age, presence of comorbidities, neutrophilia, lymphopaenia, hyponatraemia, hypoalbuminaemia, transaminitis and elevated LDH or C-reactive protein were found to be significant predictors. On multivariate analysis, predictors of poor outcome were increased age [odds ratio (OR) 1.73 for every 10-year increase; 95% CI, 1.35 to 2.21], neutrophilia (OR 1.06 for every 1x109 /L increase; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.11) and high LDH (OR 1.17 for every 100 U/L increase; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.34). None of the 12 paediatric patients had an adverse event. Conclusion: Advanced age, neutrophilia and high LDH predict poor outcomes in patients with SARS.
SARS: How to Manage Future Outbreaks?
Authors: Tai Dessmon YH
Published: March 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was an unknown disease barely 3 years ago. After the World Health Organization declared the world SARS-free on 5 July 2003, there were episodic recurrences of SARS between September 2003 and May 2004, including 4 cases of laboratoryacquired SARS. SARS posed a mammoth challenge because of the impact of nosocomial transmission on healthcare manpower and facilities, and the resources needed for controlling and preventing further spread. Through worldwide scientific collaboration, the medical community has made much progress in unraveling its enigma, though much more needs to be discovered. This paper highlights how we can apply our knowledge of its epidemiology, mode of transmission, clinical course, ICU admission, complications, predictors of poor outcome, treatment and infection control to help us avert a catastrophic outbreak, and to manage our resources and patients. SARS preparedness and response planning must be flexible and dynamic so that appropriate measures can be implemented as an outbreak progresses. Even if SARS does not reemerge, the experience gained from such planning is valuable in preparing for threats of bioterrorism or a global avian influenza A (H5N1) virus pandemic. Key words: Mechanical ventilation, Nosocomial transmission, Pandemic, Resources
Prevalence and Pattern of Sexual Assaults among the Mentally Ill attending the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital
Authors:   Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria., A. K. Nkporbu, , I. K. Oti ,   Department of Physiotherapy, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.
Published: March 2023

Background: Sexual assault among the mentally ill has become a common trend of public health concern occurring in various forms and perpetrated by different classes of individuals. It has become a more accurate predictor of suicidal ideation and attempt than any other form of abuse. Aim: This study determined the prevalence and pattern of sexual assaults among the mentally ill attending the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among attendees of Neuropsychiatric Outpatient Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). A structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and other factors were self-administered to 75 patients diagnosed with various psychiatric disorders by consultant Psychiatrists at the out-patient clinic via a systematic random sampling method. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Results: Majority of the mentally ill patients were male (81%), had tertiary education (58.7%), and between the ages of 21 and 30 (44%). The most common mental illness experienced by victims of sexual assault include depression 21(28.0%), the least being sleep and personality disorders 1(1.3%). 16% reported that they had experienced sexual assault, and majority (38.7%) reported that the assault occurred when they were between the ages of 10 and 18. Majority of perpetrators of sexual assault were siblings 5(6.7%), followed by mother 3(4.0%). Some percentage was strangers (1.3%), with the rest being either a visitor to the house (1.3%), or neighbor (1.3%). Only (2.7%) of those who experienced sexual assault reported the assault, (9.3%) did not report it, while 66 (88%) had no response. Conclusion: Sexual assault among the mentally ill is on the rise and manifests in several forms. Measures should be taken by all stakeholders including the government to curb this ugly trend.
Impact of Service Quality Dimensions on Student Satisfaction in Universitas Amikom Yogyakarta
Authors:   Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen IMMI, Jakarta, Indonesia, Mutiara Sari Anindya Nurani
Published: March 2023

This study aims to examine the effect of service quality dimensions on student satisfaction at Universitas Amikom Yogyakarta. The research population was all undergraduate students who had studied at least in the third semester. The research population was all undergraduate students who had studied at least in the third semester. The sample size was 320. The sampling technique chosen was purposive sampling. Furthermore, testing the research hypothesis using a multiple linear regression model. The results of hypothesis testing prove that the dimensions of tangibles, assurance and empathy have a significant positive effect on student satisfaction. While the dimensions of reliability and responsiveness have a positive but not significant effect on student satisfaction. The coefficient R squared is 56%, meaning that the variation in changes in student satisfaction is determined by the five dimensions of service quality in the research regression model of this study.
Solutions to Attract Businesses to Choose Investment in the Nghi Son Economic Zone (Vietnam) in Post-Covid 19 Period
Authors:   Hong Duc University, Vietnam, Lan Ph.D Le Thi , Thi Loan Ph.D Nguyen ,   Hong Duc University, Vietnam
Published: March 2023

Nghi Son Economic Zone was established in 2006 and is one of 18 economic zones in Vietnam. Nghi Son EZ accounted for 19% of the total investment capital and 31% of the total investment capital in Vietnam's EZs and contributed 50% to the budget of Thanh Hoa province. However, in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, the number of businesses choosing to invest in EZs in recent years has continuously decreased, affecting the overall development rate. This study analyzes 10-year investment data from 2013 to 2022 to assess the current situation and propose some solutions to attract businesses to invest in Nghi Son EZ in the post-COVID-19 context.
Max Planck e a quantização da energia
Authors: Piattella Oliver Fabio
Published: March 2023

Uma das ideias fundadoras da física quântica, a quantização da energia, foi exposta por Max Planck em 1900, durante uma reunião da Sociedade Alemã de Física. A publicação originada daquele seminário é apresentada nessa tradução direta do alemão para o português.
estrutura de emissão e cinemática do gás molecular quente e gás ionizado na galáxia NGC6814
Authors: Baierle Pedro Albino , Riffel Rogemar Andre
Published: March 2023

Utilizamos observações de espectroscopia de campo integral dos 260×260 pc2 centrais da galáxia NGC 6814 para mapear a estrutura de emissão e cinemática do gás molecular quente e do gás ionizado com uma resolução espacial de ∼ 20 pc. As observações foram realizadas com o instrumento Near-Infrared Field Spectrograph (NIFS) instalado telescópio Gemini do Norte. A emissão do gás ionizado é estudada a partir da linha de emissão de recombinação do hidrogênio Brγ, enquanto que o gás molecular quente é traçado pela linha de emissão H2 2.1218 μm. A partir dos ajustes dos perfis das linhas de emissão por funções gaussianas, construímos mapas bidimensionais para o fluxo, velocidade e dispersão de velocidades para cada linha de emissão. Enquanto o H2 apresenta emissão em praticamente todo o campo de visão, a emissão de Brγ fica restrita a distâncias menores do que 50 pc do núcleo. O movimento do gás em ambas as fases é consistente com um padrão de rotação de um disco. A emissão do H2 observada é originada possivelmente por aquecimento do gás por raios X emitidos pelo núcleo ativo da galáxia e massa de gás molecular quente é estimada em MH2 ≈ 109 M⊙. Já a massa de gás ionizado é de MH II ≈ 4.4 × 104 M⊙. Observa-se um aumento na dispersão de velocidades no núcleo, a qual foi atribuída ao potencial gravitacional do buraco negro supermassivo central, cuja massa foi estimada como sendo MSMBH ≈ 4, 4 × 107 M⊙, consistente com estimativas disponíveis na literatura.
Introdução à física dos buracos negros
Authors: Bergliaffa Santiago Esteban Perez
Published: March 2023

O artigo apresenta de forma introdutória as principais características dos diferentes tipos de buracos negros, sejam eles isolados ou em interação com o entorno.
Program Pendidikan Perempuan Diruang Publik Organisasi ‘Aisyiyah Jawa
Authors: Mujahidin Endin , Tazkiyatunnisak Hana
Published: March 2023

Women are part of society, women are mothers, brothers, sisters, children, and wives. Providing access to opportunities for women to obtain educational rights by providing several perspectives on women's education thinking, they are tasked with dividing public tasks according to their relevant environment and psychological and physical abilities. The 'Aisyiyah organization is one of the women's empowerment organizations that has a Human Resource management system. The education program for the role of Muslim women in the public sphere in the 'Aisyiyah Organization, namely: Aisyiyah developed various economic empowerment charities in the form of cooperatives (including savings and loan cooperatives), Baitul Mal wa Tamwil, shops/kiosks, Aisyiyah Family Economic Development (BUEKA), home industry, skills courses and social gathering in economics. The women's education program in the political field within the 'Aisyiyah Organization is taken from the field of women's empowerment which is broadly divided into several forms, namely, coaching, training, studies, workshops, seminars, and campaigns. The 'Aisyiyah organization in the social field has a program consisting of: (1) Development of the Sakinah Family, (2) Qoriyah thoyyibah, (3) Guidance for Muallaf and Dhuafa, (4) Social Welfare, (5) Establishing a Health Agency, (6) Housing Stopover for Street Children, (7) Orphanage, (8) Social Compensation Fund, (9) Body Care Team and (10) Posyandu. In advancing education, especially formal education, the 'Aisyiyah Organization has developed education from kindergarten to high school/high school and even college.

Keywords: Education, Women, ‘Aisyiyah
Menumbuhkan Kepercayaan Diri pada Anak (Broken Home) dengan Terapi Adlerian Islami
Authors: Haerunisa Haerunisa
Published: March 2023

Self-confidence is very important and must be owned by a teenager to achieve success in the future. But the fact is that in Indonesia itself, there are still children who lack high self-confidence, especially in the school environment. However, the low self-confidence in adolescents is not only caused by school factors, it can be caused by other factors, one of which is parents. The role of parents in fostering self-confidence in children is very influential. Lack of parental attention to children can be caused by parental divorce. This study uses a literature review that synthesizes theories and concepts from various opinions about how parental divorce can cause a lack of confidence in children through the Adlerian Islamic therapy approach.

Keywords: parental divorce; Confidence; Islamic Adlerian Therapy