bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecclesia Reformata semper Reformanda: A convergent approach to science and theology may reinforce Scriptural authority
Authors: Pieterse Andr� C.
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this article is to debate the relationship between a convergent approach to the sciences and Scriptural authority. The thesis is that a multi-disciplinary convergent methodology may be beneficial in the current apologetical debate about the relevance of Scripture. This line of thought is also in compliance with the ideals of the protestant reformation. We will assess this view by investigating the possible consonance between scientific perspectives and theological confessions of what it means to be human. Subsequently the focus will shift to the impact consonance might have on the different interpretations of the creation narratives in Genesis. In conclusion, we will state the case for a convergent approach to the sciences, and the benefits with regard to Scriptural authority.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This study would not have been possible without extensive intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary research. The subject matter imposes on the researcher the necessity to make use of knowledge from across the theological spectrum. It compels the various subjects within the theological encyclopedia to take note of any new research and incorporate it. In addition, it dispels the myth that natural science and theology have little in common. From a holistic perspective on creation the need for continuous interaction between the sciences is imperative.
Transfusion-acquired Hemoglobinopathies: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Somasundaram Venkatesan , Purohit Abhishek , Manivannan Prabhu , Saxena Renu
Published: August 2015

Transfusion-acquired hemoglobinopathy occurs when a carrier of hemoglobinopathy with no significant abnormalities donates blood, and the blood is transfused to a recipient. This process can lead to spurious results in the recipient without any clinical abnormality or infrequently can result in disastrous situations. The incidental finding of such posttransfusion related abnormal peaks in hemoglobin high-performance liquid chromatography (Hb HPLC) may cause diagnostic dilemmas and result in unnecessary laboratory testing. Here, we report two such cases of transfusion-acquired hemoglobinopathies, which were subsequently resolved by the abnormally low percentage of the Hb variants, transient nature of the peaks, and parental Hb HPLC.
Comparison Between Conventional and Automated Techniques for Blood Grouping and Crossmatching: Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Bhagwat Swarupa Nikhil , Sharma Jayashree H , Jose Julie , Modi Charusmita J
Published: August 2015

Context: The routine immunohematological tests can be performed by automated as well as manual techniques. These techniques have advantages and disadvantages inherent to them.

Aims:The present study aims to compare the results of manual and automated techniques for blood grouping and crossmatching so as to validate the automated system effectively.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1000 samples were subjected to blood grouping by the conventional tube technique (CTT) and the automated microplate LYRA system on Techno TwinStation. A total of 269 samples (multitransfused patients and multigravida females) were compared for 927 crossmatches by the CTT in indirect antiglobulin phase against the column agglutination technique (CAT) performed on Techno TwinStation.

Results: For blood grouping, the study showed a concordance in results for 942/1000 samples (94.2%), discordance for 4/1000 (0.4%) samples and uninterpretable result for 54/1000 samples (5.4%). On resolution, the uninterpretable results reduced to 49/1000 samples (4.9%) with 951/1000 samples (95.1%) showing concordant results. For crossmatching, the automated CAT showed concordant results in 887/927 (95.6%) and discordant results in 3/927 (0.32%) crossmatches as compared to the CTT. Total 37/927 (3.9%) crossmatches were not interpretable by the automated technique.

Conclusion: The automated system shows a high concordance of results with CTT and hence can be brought into routine use. However, the high proportion of uninterpretable results emphasizes on the fact that proper training and standardization are needed prior to its use.
Relationship Between Insulin Resistance and Mean Platelet Volume in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Baldane Suleyman , Ipekci Suleyman Hilmi , Kebapcilar Aysegul
Published: August 2015

Objectives: A few studies have investigated the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and in these studies the relationship between MPV and insulin resistance has not been analyzed. Our aim in this study was to compare MPV values of the pregnant women with or without GDM and evaluate the relationship between MPV and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in pregnant women.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and fourteen with GDM measurements being obtained before any dietary advice or therapy with insulin or hypoglycemic agents were given, and 76 with healthy pregnant women were included the study. Results: In the group with GDM, MPV value was found to be significantly higher than that of the control group (10.2 fl [8.0–12.2] vs. 9.9 fl [5.81–10.9], P = 0.004). HOMA-IR value was detected to be significantly higher in the group with GDM (2.46 [1.5–5.88] vs. 1.30 [0.17–2.92], P < 0.001). A positive correlation between MPV and HOMA-IR was found (r = 0.30, P = 0.002).

Conclusion: We have shown that MPV was significantly elevated in GDM patients when compared to healthy pregnant women. Furthermore, we found that there was a positive correlation between MPV and HOMA-IR.
Improving 18F-Fluoro-D-Glucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging in Alzheimer′s Disease Studies
Authors: Knešaurek Karin
Published: August 2015

The goal was to improve Alzheimer′s 2-deoxy-2- 18 F-fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 F FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging through application of a novel, hybrid Fourier-wavelet windowed Fourier transform (WFT) restoration technique, in order to provide earlier and more accurate clinical results. General Electric Medical Systems downward-looking sonar PET/CT 16 slice system was used to acquire studies. Patient data were acquired according the Alzheimer′s disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) protocol. Here, we implemented Fourier-wavelet regularized restoration, with a Butterworth low-pass filter, order n = 6 and a cut-off frequency f = 0.35 cycles/pixel and wavelet (Daubechies, order 2) noise suppression. The original (PET-O) and restored (PET-R) ADNI subject PET images were compared using the Alzheimer′s discrimination analysis by dedicated software. Forty-two PET/CT scans were used in the study. They were performed on eleven ADNI subjects at intervals of approximately 6 months. The final clinical diagnosis was used as a gold standard. For three subjects, the final clinical diagnosis was mild cognitive impairment and those 13 PET/CT studies were not included in the final comparison, as the result was considered as inconclusive. Using the reminding 29 PET/CT studies (23 AD and 6 normal), the sensitivity and specificity of the PET-O and PET-R were calculated. The sensitivity was 0.65 and 0.96 for PET-O and PET-R, respectively, and the specificity was 0.67 and 0.50 for PET-O and PET-R. The accuracy was 0.66 and 0.86 for PET-O and PET-R, respectively. The results of the study demonstrated that the accuracy of three-dimensional brain F-18 FDG PET images was significantly improved by Fourier-wavelet restoration filtering.
Nuclear Medicine to Evaluate Complications of Cerebral Shunts: Two Cases and Review of Literature
Authors: Vettiyil Beth , Bessette Sabrina , McQuiston Samuel , Greiner Francis
Published: August 2015

We present two cases of cerebral shunts - a ventriculopleural shunt and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, with their associated complications. We also hope to provide a comprehensive literature review on various imaging modalities, including nuclear medicine studies in evaluating cerebral shunt complications.
A better understanding of hydroxyl radical photochemical sources in cloud waters collected at the puy de Dôme station – experimental versus modelled formation rates
Authors: Bianco A. , Passananti M. , Perroux H. , Voyard G. , Mouchel-Vallon C. , Chaumerliac N. , Mailhot G. , Deguillaume L. , Brigante M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The oxidative capacity of the cloud aqueous phase is investigated during three field campaigns from 2013 to 2014 at the top of the puy de Dôme station (PUY) in France. A total of 41 cloud samples are collected and the corresponding air masses are classified as highly marine, marine and continental. Hydroxyl radical (HO•) formation rates (RHO•f) are determined using a photochemical setup (xenon lamp that can reproduce the solar spectrum) and a chemical probe coupled with spectroscopic analysis that can trap all of the generated radicals for each sample. Using this method, the obtained values correspond to the total formation of HO• without its chemical sinks. These formation rates are correlated with the concentrations of the naturally occurring sources of HO•, including hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, nitrate and iron. The total hydroxyl radical formation rates are measured as ranging from approximately 2 × 10−11 to 4 × 10−10 M s−1, and the hydroxyl radical quantum yield formation (ΦHO•) is estimated between 10−4 and 10−2. Experimental values are compared with modelled formation rates calculated by the model of multiphase cloud chemistry (M2C2), considering only the chemical sources of the hydroxyl radicals. The comparison between the experimental and the modelled results suggests that the photoreactivity of the iron species as a source of HO• is overestimated by the model, and H2O2 photolysis represents the most important source of this radical (between 70 and 99 %) for the cloud water sampled at the PUY station (primarily marine and continental).
Volatility of organic aerosol and its components in the Megacity of Paris
Authors: Paciga A. , Karnezi E. , Kostenidou E. , Hildebrandt L. , Psichoudaki M. , Engelhart G. J. , Lee B.-H. , Crippa M. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Baltensperger U. , Pandis S. N.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Using a mass transfer model and the volatility basis set, we estimate the volatility distribution for the organic aerosol (OA) components during summer and winter in Paris, France as part of the collaborative project MEGAPOLI. The concentrations of the OA components as a function of temperature were measured combining data from a thermodenuder and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis. The hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) had similar volatility distributions for the summer and winter campaigns with half of the material in the saturation concentration bin of 10 μg m−3 and another 35–40 % consisting of low and extremely low volatility organic compounds (LVOCs and ELVOCs, respectively). The winter cooking OA (COA) was more than an order of magnitude less volatile than the summer COA. The low volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA) factor detected in the summer had the lowest volatility of all the derived factors and consisted almost exclusively of ELVOCs. The volatility for the semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) was significantly higher than that of the LV-OOA, containing both semi-volatile organic components (SVOCs) and LVOCs. The oxygenated OA (OOA) factor in winter consisted of SVOCs (45 %), LVOCs (25 %) and ELVOCs (30 %). The volatility of marine OA (MOA) was higher than that of the other factors containing around 60 % SVOCs. The biomass burning OA (BBOA) factor contained components with a wide range of volatilities with significant contributions from both SVOCs (50 %) and LVOCs (30 %). Finally, combining the O : C ratio and volatility distributions of the various factors, we incorporated our results into the two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS). Our results show that the factors cover a broad spectrum of volatilities with no direct link between the average volatility and average O : C of the OA components. Agreement between our findings and previous publications is encouraging for our understanding of the evolution of atmospheric OA.
Upper tropospheric water vapour variability at high latitudes – Part 1: Influence of the annular modes
Authors: Sioris C. E. , Zou J. , Plummer D. A. , Boone C. D. , McElroy C. T. , Sheese P. E. , Moeini O. , Bernath P. F.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Seasonal and monthly zonal medians of water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) are calculated for both Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) instruments for the northern and southern high-latitude regions (60–90 and 60–90° S). Chosen for the purpose of observing high-latitude processes, the ACE orbit provides sampling of both regions in eight of 12 months of the year, with coverage in all seasons. The ACE water vapour sensors, namely MAESTRO (Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation) and the Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) are currently the only satellite instruments that can probe from the lower stratosphere down to the mid-troposphere to study the vertical profile of the response of UTLS water vapour to the annular modes. The Arctic oscillation (AO), also known as the northern annular mode (NAM), explains 64 % (r = −0.80) of the monthly variability in water vapour at northern high-latitudes observed by ACE-MAESTRO between 5 and 7 km using only winter months (January to March 2004–2013). Using a seasonal timestep and all seasons, 45 % of the variability is explained by the AO at 6.5 ± 0.5 km, similar to the 46 % value obtained for southern high latitudes at 7.5 ± 0.5 km explained by the Antarctic oscillation or southern annular mode (SAM). A large negative AO event in March 2013 produced the largest relative water vapour anomaly at 5.5 km (+70 %) over the ACE record. A similarly large event in the 2010 boreal winter, which was the largest negative AO event in the record (1950–2015), led to > 50 % increases in water vapour observed by MAESTRO and ACE-FTS at 7.5 km.
Accuracy of retrieving temperature and humidity profiles by ground-based microwave radiometry in truly complex terrain
Authors: Massaro G. , Stiperski I. , Pospichal B. , Rotach M. W.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Within the Innsbruck Box project, a ground-based microwave radiometer (RPG-HATPRO) was operated in the Inn Valley (Austria), in very complex terrain, between September 2012 and May 2013 to obtain temperature and humidity vertical profiles of the full troposphere with a specific focus on the valley boundary layer. In order to assess its performance in a deep alpine valley, the profiles obtained by the radiometer with different retrieval algorithms based on different climatologies are compared to local radiosonde data. A retrieval that is improved with respect to the one provided by the manufacturer, based on better resolved data, shows a significantly smaller root mean square error (RMSE), both for the temperature and humidity profiles. The improvement is particularly substantial at the heights close to the mountaintop level and in the upper troposphere. Lower-level inversions, common in an alpine valley, are resolved to a satisfactory degree. On the other hand, upper-level inversions (above 1200 m) still pose a significant challenge for retrieval. For this purpose, specialized retrieval algorithms were developed by classifying the radiosonde climatologies into specialized categories according to different criteria (seasons, daytime, nighttime) and using additional regressors (e.g., measurements from mountain stations). The training and testing on the radiosonde data for these specialized categories suggests that a classification of profiles that reproduces meaningful physical characteristics can yield improved targeted specialized retrievals. A novel and very promising method of improving the profile retrieval in a mountainous region is adding further information in the retrieval, such as the surface temperature at fixed levels along a topographic slope or from nearby mountaintops.
Examining Job Satisfaction among Kentucky Head Principals Using the Rasch Rating Scale Model
Authors: Webb Xavier J. , Royal Kenneth D. , Nash John B.
Published: August 2015

Effective principals can impact student learning and other vital outcomes; thus, it is important to retain effective school leaders. This article examines the perceived sources of Kentucky principals’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction with their work and implications for policies and practices to increase principal retention. Survey research methods were used and Kentucky principals’ satisfaction with specified job facets was measured using the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RRSM). Data indicated that head principals sampled in Kentucky were generally dissatisfied with the amount of time spent on tasks that have nothing to do with their primary responsibility of improving student outcomes. 
The Relationship between Political Orientation and Race on Modern Racism
Authors: Oxendine David Bryan
Published: August 2015

Political orientation and race have consistently found to be associated with attitudes leading to the foundational elements underpinning prejudice. This study investigates these relationships more fully in order to determine the magnitude of these relationships leading to modern racist attitudes. The research participants consisted of 225 undergraduate and graduate students at an ethnically diverse regional university in the southeastern United States. Consistent with existing literature, White participants reported greater levels of modern racist attitudes than did Non-White participants. As hypothesized, political orientation and race significantly related to modern racist attitudes. Implications for continuing future research on political orientation, race and other factors associated with modern racism.
Laura Z. Hobson and the Making of Gentleman's Agreement
Authors: Gordan Rachel
Published: August 2015

Scholars of postwar American Jewish history have traditionally focused on highbrow texts in charting the shifting ways that “Jews,” as a category, has been defined and characterized. Including postwar middlebrow publications in our analysis offers a more comprehensive picture of the changing discursive representation of Jews during the twentieth century. Despite the fact that Gentleman's Agreement rarely receives more than a line or two of mention in scholarly accounts of postwar Jews, it is a text that ably demonstrates the power that popular novels wield in shaping cultural sensibilities. Hobson was not the only 1940s novelist to publish an anti-Semitism themed novel, and her connection to a larger body of such literature contributes to the value of Gentleman's Agreement. The novel's best-selling status (and its adaptation into an Academy Award-winning film) is what makes it exceptional among this genre. The making of Gentleman's Agreement, with all of the debate and opposition it aroused, indicated tectonic shifts within publishing circles and the wider American culture about how to treat the topic of Jews and anti-Semitism.
“The Kindling Breath of Another Mind”:
Authors: Shiffman Dan
Published: August 2015

I argue that Bread Givers and the broader body of Anzia Yezierska's writing gather a strong and persistent critique of how American education reinforces social stratifications, rather than engaging the lived experiences of students. Her fiction dramatizes students’ hope for acceptance and dialogue, and she reveals the currents of social containment that run against Progressive education's emphasis on democratic participation and tolerance of diversity. By depicting encounters with a variety of educators and learned people, Yezierska intimates an ideal educational environment in which students’ knowledge and experiences are essential and respected, and social and cultural hierarchies suspended. I suggest that the force of Yezierska's critique of American education, and more specifically the tensions within Progressive education, remains underappreciated because of the critical attention given to her personal relationship with John Dewey and because of the perception among some readers that she is more of an assimilationist than a social critic.
Comparison of GnRh Agonist Microdose Flare Up and GnRh Antagonist/Letrozole in Treatment of Poor Responder Patients in Intra Cytoplaspic Sperm Injection: Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Nabati Azar , Peivandi Sepideh , Khalilian Alireza , Mirzaeirad Sina , Hashemi Seyyed Abbas
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUNDS: the prevalence of infertility is up to 10 to 15 % which 9 to 24 % of them are Poor Ovarian Responders (POR). This study was designed to compare two methods of GnRH Agonist Microdose Flareup (MF) and GnRH Antagonist/Letrozole (AL) in treatment of these patients.

METHODS & MATERIALS: this randomized clinical trial study consisted of 123 patients. In the first step of treatment in both methods FSH, LH, estradiol, anderostandion, testestron in third day of menstruation period and the thickness of endometrium by Transvaginal sonography were evaluated. At the time of HCG injection the thickness of endometrium and follicles which were more than 14mm ware established and hormones were evaluated. Two weeks later serum βhCG and after 6 to 8 weeks Transvaginal sonography were applied to prove the pregnancy.

RESULTS: there were 61 patients with mean age of 38.7±4.58 in MF group and 62 patients with mean age of 38.5±4.6 in AL group (P=0.80).

At the time of hCG injection there were significant increase in the level of LH,estradiol, thickness of endometrium and follicles more than 14mm in MF patients (P<0.0001). The mean time of ovary stimulation in MF group was 10.72±1.5 and in AL was 8.45±1.2 (P<0.0001). The mean level of gonadotropin which were used was 80.6±20.1 in MF patients and 64.7±16.4 in AL group (P<0.0001). 18 % of MF group and 38.7% in AL group had no normal cycle of ovulation (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.25-6.57, P=0.011). The mean numbers of oocyte and normal fetus in MF was 5.83±3.5 and 3.7±2.5 and in AL was 3±1.69 and 1.4±1.33 (P<0.0001). The number of chemical pregnancy in MF group was 10 (16.4%) and in AL was 3 (4.8%) (OR:3.85, 95%CI:1.06-14.77, P=0.037). Clinical pregnancy in 10 patients (16.4%) of MF group and 3 (4.8%)in AL was reported. OR: 3.85, 95%CI: 1.06-14.77, P=0.037).

CONCLUSION: this study showed that MF method of pregnancy leads to more positive results in pregnancy based on chemical and clinical evaluation in comparison with AL and is advised for poor responder patients.
Trihalomethane Formation Downstream of Spray Aerators Treating Disinfected Groundwater
Authors: Duranceau Steven J. , Smith C. Tyler
Published: August 2015

Total trihalomethane (TTHM) formation was evaluated in disinfected groundwater that had been treated using spray aeration. A bench‐scale air‐stripping test apparatus was operated using two alternative spray nozzle configurations: a bench‐scale (BS) spray head and an off‐the‐shelf (OTS) spray nozzle. Finished chlorinated water samples were collected from two Florida groundwater supplies. The Babson Park water treatment plant (BPWTP) contained bromide at below detection levels of <0.025 mg/L; the Oviedo Mitchell‐Hammock water treatment plant (OWTP) contained ~0.17 mg/L bromide. Chlorine residuals were maintained downstream of spray aeration treatment at 1.0 mg/L with no apparent loss from aeration. The BS spray nozzle resulted in TTHM removals of 45.2 ± 3.3% for the BPWTP and 37.7 ± 3.1% for the OWTP. The OTS spray nozzle removed 54.7 ± 3.9% and 48.1 ± 6.6% of TTHMs for BPWTP and OWTP, respectively. Lower percent removals in the OWTP were attributed to bromide and subsequent formation of brominated TTHMs in the supply.
The Relation of Marital Adjustment and Family Functions With Quality of Life in Women
Authors: Basharpoor Sajjad , Sheykholeslami Ali
Published: August 2015

Given the immense importance of marital relationships in the quality of life, this research was conducted in order to investigate the relationships between marital adjustment and family functions with quality of life in women. The design of the current study was correlational. Seven hundred and thirty women were selected randomly among all women living in the province of Western Azerbaijan (Iran) and participated in this study. The sample responded to the Family Assessment Device, Dyadic Adjustment scale and Quality of Life questionnaire, individually in their homes. Collected data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression tests. The results showed that all dimensions of family functions and dyadic adjustment were positively correlated with quality of life in women. Results of multiple regression also revealed that 33 percent of total quality of life can be explained by family functions and 24 percent of this variable can be explained by dyadic adjustment. Our study demonstrated that women’s quality of life was affected by family functions and marital adjustment in family.
Working With Embroideries and Counter-Maps: Engaging Memory and Imagination Within Decolonizing Frameworks
Authors: Segalo Puleng , Manoff Einat , Fine Michelle
Published: August 2015

As people around the world continue to have their voices, desires, and movements restricted, and their pasts and futures told on their behalf, we are interested in the critical project of decolonizing, which involves contesting dominant narratives and hegemonic representations. Ignacio Martín-Baró called these the “collective lies” told about people and politics. This essay reflects within and across two sites of injustice, located in Israel/Palestine and in South Africa, to excavate the circuits of structural violence, internalized colonization and possible reworking of those toward resistance that can be revealed within the stubborn particulars of place, history, and culture. The projects presented here are locally rooted, site-specific inquiries into contexts that bear the brunt of colonialism, dispossession, and occupation. Using visual research methodologies such as embroideries that produce counter-narratives and counter-maps that divulge the complexity of land-struggles, we search for fitting research practices that amplify unheard voices and excavate the social psychological soil that grows critical analysis and resistance. We discuss here the practices and dilemmas of doing decolonial research and highlight the need for research that excavates the specifics of a historical material context and produces evidence of previously silenced narratives.
Application of Generalized Additive Models to the Evaluation of Continuous Markers for Classification Purposes
Authors: López-Ratón Mónica , Rodríguez-Girondo Mar , Rodríguez-Álvarez María   Xosé , Cadarso-Suárez Carmen , Gude Francisco
Published: August 2015

Background: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and derived measures as the Area Under the Curve (AUC) are often used for evaluating the discriminatory capability of a continuous biomarker in distinguishing between alternative states of health. However, if the marker shows an irregular distribution, with a dominance of diseased subjects in noncontiguous regions, classification using a single cutpoint is not appropriate, and it would lead to erroneous conclusions. This study sought to describe a procedure for improving the discriminatory capacity of a continuous biomarker, by using generalized additive models (GAMs) for binary data.
Methods: A new classification rule is obtained by using logistic GAM regression models to transform the original biomarker, with the predicted probabilities being the new transformed continuous biomarker. We propose using this transformed biomarker to establish optimal cut-offs or intervals on which to base the classification. This methodology is applied to different controlled scenarios, and to real data from a prospective study of patients undergoing surgery at a University Teaching Hospital, for examining plasma glucose as postoperative infection biomarker.

Results: Both, theoretical scenarios and real data results show that when the risk marker-disease relationship is not monotone, using the new transformed biomarker entails an improvement in discriminatory capacity. Moreover, in these situations, an optimal interval seems more reasonable than a single cutpoint to define lower and higher disease-risk categories.

Conclusions: Using statistical tools which allow for greater flexibility (e.g., GAMs) can optimize the classificatory capacity of a potential marker using ROC analysis. So, it is important to question linearity in marker-outcome relationships, in order to avoid erroneous conclusions.
DNA damage induces nuclear actin filament assembly by Formin-2 and Spire-1/2 that promotes efficient DNA repair
Authors: Belin Brittany J , Lee Terri , Mullins R Dyche
Published: August 2015

Actin filaments assemble inside the nucleus in response to multiple cellular perturbations, including heat shock, protein misfolding, integrin engagement, and serum stimulation. We find that DNA damage also generates nuclear actin filaments—detectable by phalloidin and live-cell actin probes—with three characteristic morphologies: (i) long, nucleoplasmic filaments; (ii) short, nucleolus-associated filaments; and (iii) dense, nucleoplasmic clusters. This DNA damage-induced nuclear actin assembly requires two biologically and physically linked nucleation factors: Formin-2 and Spire-1/Spire-2. Formin-2 accumulates in the nucleus after DNA damage, and depletion of either Formin-2 or actin's nuclear import factor, importin-9, increases the number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), linking nuclear actin filaments to efficient DSB clearance. Nuclear actin filaments are also required for nuclear oxidation induced by acute genotoxic stress. Our results reveal a previously unknown role for nuclear actin filaments in DNA repair and identify the molecular mechanisms creating these nuclear filaments.
Potential for a large earthquake near Los Angeles inferred from the 2014 La Habra earthquake
Authors: Donnellan Andrea , Grant Ludwig Lisa , Parker Jay W. , Rundle John B. , Wang Jun , Pierce Marlon , Blewitt Geoffrey , Hensley Scott
Published: August 2015

Tectonic motion across the Los Angeles region is distributed across an intricate network of strike‐slip and thrust faults that will be released in destructive earthquakes similar to or larger than the 1933 M6.4 Long Beach and 1994 M6.7 Northridge events. Here we show that Los Angeles regional thrust, strike‐slip, and oblique faults are connected and move concurrently with measurable surface deformation, even in moderate magnitude earthquakes, as part of a fault system that accommodates north‐south shortening and westerly tectonic escape of northern Los Angeles. The 28 March 2014 M5.1 La Habra earthquake occurred on a northeast striking, northwest dipping left‐lateral oblique thrust fault northeast of Los Angeles. We present crustal deformation observation spanning the earthquake showing that concurrent deformation occurred on several structures in the shallow crust. The seismic moment of the earthquake is 82% of the total geodetic moment released. Slip within the unconsolidated upper sedimentary layer may reflect shallow release of accumulated strain on still‐locked deeper structures. A future M6.1–6.3 earthquake would account for the accumulated strain. Such an event could occur on any one or several of these faults, which may not have been identified by geologic surface mapping.
A 1400 year environmental magnetic record from varved sediments of Lake Xiaolongwan (Northeast China) reflecting natural and anthropogenic soil erosion
Authors: Su Youliang , Chu Guoqiang , Liu Qingsong , Jiang Zhaoxia , Gao Xing , Haberzettl Torsten
Published: August 2015

Lake sediments can provide high‐quality information about human activities. In this study, we investigate a sediment core from Lake Xiaolongwan using magnetic and geochemical methods. The dominant magnetic minerals of this sediment core are stable single domain (SSD) and superparamagnetic (SP) magnetite particles. The increasing amount of SP particles reflected by the rise of magnetic susceptibility and frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility since AD 1500 can be attributed to an increasing influx in pedogenic soil, which is related to a regional‐scale increase in the intensity of human activity in Northeastern China. This extends the timing of human activities, which is independent from climate changes and its effects on local ecosystems in Northeastern China significantly.
Stacking autocorrelograms to map Moho depth with high spatial resolution in southeastern Australia
Authors: Kennett B. L. N. , Saygin E. , Salmon M.
Published: August 2015

Current estimates of Moho depth in southeastern Australia are based on sparse sampling. The results are augmented with 180 new Moho estimates constructed from spatial stacks of crustal P wave reflectivity derived from autocorrelograms at over 750 stations. The spatial stacks of reflectivity are constructed using a Gaussian with half width 0.5°. Picks of the base of crustal reflectivity are made with the aid of the previous Moho model, based on the sparser data, and knowledge of the variation in the character of the crust‐mantle boundary across the region. Good ties can be made to previous results from deep reflection profiling. The new information fills in many holes in coverage and provides a Moho map with closer ties to geological provinces. The procedure exploits the continuous records at the stations and just the vertical components and so can be applied to older data for which receiver function techniques cannot be used.
Evaporative cooling amplification of the entrainment velocity in radiatively driven stratocumulus
Authors: de Lozar Alberto , Mellado Juan Pedro
Published: August 2015

Evaporative cooling monotonically increases as the thermodynamical properties of the inversion allow for more evaporation in shear‐free radiatively driven stratocumulus. However, the entrainment velocity can deviate from the evaporative cooling trend and even become insensitive to variations in the inversion properties. Here the efficiency of evaporative cooling at amplifying the entrainment velocity is quantified by means of direct numerical simulations of a cloud top mixing layer. We demonstrate that variations in the efficiency modulate the effect of evaporative cooling on entrainment, explaining the different trends. These variations are associated with the evaporation of droplets in cloud holes below the inversion point. The parametrization of the efficiency provides the evaporative amplification of the entrainment velocity as a function of a single parameter that characterizes the inversion. The resulting entrainment velocities match our experiments and previous measurements to within ±25%. The parametrization also predicts the transition to a broken‐cloud field consistently with observations.
Relativistic electron flux dropouts in the outer radiation belt associated with corotating interaction regions
Authors: Yuan C.‐J. , Zong Q.‐G. , Wan W.‐X. , Zhang H. , Du A.‐M.
Published: August 2015

Understanding how the relativistic electron fluxes drop out in the outer radiation belt under different conditions is of great importance. To investigate which mechanisms may affect the dropouts under different solar wind conditions, 1.5–6.0 MeV electron flux dropout events associated with 223 corotating interaction regions (CIRs) from 1994 to 2003 are studied using the observations of Solar, Anomalous, Magnetospheric Particle Explorer satellite. According to the superposed epoch analysis, it is found that high solar wind dynamic pressure with the peak median value of about 7 nPa is corresponding to the dropout of the median of the radiation belt content (RBC) index to 20% of the level before stream interface arrival, whereas low dynamic pressure with the peak median value of about 3 nPa is related to the dropout of the median of RBC index to 40% of the level before stream interface arrival. Furthermore, the influences of Russell‐McPherron effect with respect to interplanetary magnetic field orientation on dropouts are considered. It is pointed out that under positive Russell‐McPherron effect (+RM effect) condition, the median of RBC index can drop to 23% of the level before stream interface arrival, while for negative Russell‐McPherron effect (−RM effect) events, the median of RBC index only drops to 37% of the level before stream interface arrival. From the evolution of phase space density profiles, the effect of +RM on dropouts can be through nonadiabatic loss.
Sodium lidar‐observed gravity wave breaking followed by an upward propagation of sporadic sodium layer over Hefei, China
Authors: Ban Chao , Li Tao , Fang Xin , Dou Xiankang , Xiong Jiangang
Published: August 2015

The University of Science and Technology of China sodium temperature/wind lidar observed a strong zonal wind shear (~60 m/s/km) near 98 km between 1315 and 1330 UT on 29 July 2013 and a cooling near 96–100 km (above a warming near 90–95 km) between 1330 and 1430 UT. This suggests a possible gravity wave (GW) breaking event. Comparison of the lidar results with observations from a nearby meteor radar and with satellite results indicated that the GW likely broke down over a large horizontal area. In addition, the sodium number density suddenly increased 10–12 times (∼13, 000atm/cm3) near 95 km at 1400 UT, immediately following the GW breaking. This sporadic sodium layer (SSL), which is different from most previously observed SSL events (which propagate downward), tended to propagate upward and also appeared ~2 min earlier in the west channel than in the east channel. The horizontal propagation direction of the SSL was aligned with the horizontal wind direction, which was likely due to the propagation of a high‐density sodium layer from the northwest of the lidar site, and was possibly related to the earlier GW breaking event.
THEMIS observation of intermittent turbulence behind the quasi‐parallel and quasi‐perpendicular shocks
Authors: Macek W. M. , Wawrzaszek A. , Sibeck D. G.
Published: August 2015

Turbulence is complex behavior that is ubiquitous in nature, but its mechanism is still not sufficiently clear. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is analysis of intermittent turbulence in magnetospheric and solar wind plasmas using a statistical approach based on experimental data acquired from space missions. The quintet spacecraft of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) allows us to investigate the details of turbulent plasma parameters behind the collisionless shocks. We investigate both the solar wind and magnetospheric data by using statistical probability distribution functions of Elsässer variables that can reveal the intermittent character of turbulence in space plasma. Our results suggest that turbulence behind the quasi‐perpendicular shock is more intermittent with larger kurtosis than that behind the quasi‐parallel shocks, which are immersed in a relatively quiet solar wind plasma, as confirmed by Wind measurements. It seems that behind the quasi‐perpendicular shock the waves propagating outward from the Sun are larger than possibly damped waves propagating inward. In particular, we hope that this difference in characteristic behavior of the fluctuating space plasma parameters behind both types of shocks can help identify complex plasma structures in the future space missions. We also expect that the results obtained in this paper will be important for general models of turbulence.
An investigation of the Arctic inversion using COSMIC RO observations
Authors: Ganeshan Manisha , Wu Dong L.
Published: August 2015

The stable temperature inversion over sea ice plays an important role in the surface climate of the Arctic Ocean through direct and indirect feedbacks. Although several studies have investigated Arctic inversion characteristics such as height, depth, and frequency, there are significant challenges for long‐term climate monitoring mainly due to limited sampling over the ocean and/or poor resolution of available observations. This study investigates the Arctic temperature inversion during the cold season using the high‐resolution refractivity profiles from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation (RO). For the coldest and driest months in the Arctic, a reliable retrieval technique for boundary layer properties, such as inversion height and surface‐based inversion (SBI) frequency, is developed. We find that these variables have a strong negative relationship over the Arctic Ocean and are well correlated in the time and space domain. The spatial patterns show a minimum inversion height (maximum SBI frequency) over the ice‐covered Pacific sector of the ocean similar to that observed in past studies. Seasonal evolution of the inversion characteristics suggests a surface temperature control over the sea ice region, with the peak in SBI frequency occurring during the transition period from winter to spring. There is little diurnal variability in the mean inversion height during the cold season. Despite its limitations, the RO refractivity profile is found quite useful for monitoring the Arctic boundary layer, including interannual variability of inversion characteristics.
A 21st century northward tropical precipitation shift caused by future anthropogenic aerosol reductions
Authors: Allen Robert J.
Published: August 2015

The tropical rain belt is a narrow band of clouds near the equator, where the most intense rainfall on the planet occurs. On seasonal timescales, the rain moves across the equator following the Sun, resulting in wet and dry seasons in the tropics. The position of the tropical rain belt also varies on longer timescales. Through the latter half of the twentieth century, for example, shifts in tropical rainfall have been associated with severe droughts, including the African Sahel and Amazon droughts. Here I show that climate models project a northward migration of the tropical rain belt through the 21st century, with future anthropogenic aerosol reductions driving the bulk of the shift. Models that include both aerosol indirect effects yield significantly larger northward shifts than models that lack aerosol indirect effects. Moreover, the rate of the shift corresponds to the rate of the decrease of anthropogenic aerosol emissions across different time periods and future emission scenarios. This response is consistent with relative warming of the Northern Hemisphere, a decrease in northward cross‐equatorial moist static energy transport, and a northward shift of the Hadley circulation, including the tropical rain belt. The shift is relatively weak in the Atlantic sector, consistent with both a smaller decrease in aerosol emissions and a larger reduction in northward cross‐equatorial ocean heat flux. Although aerosol effects remain uncertain, I conclude that future reductions in anthropogenic aerosol emissions may be the dominant driver of a 21st century northward shift of the tropical rain belt.
Propionibacter
Authors: Hansen Theo A.
Published: August 2015

Pro.pioni.bac' ter
. M.L. n.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Propionibacter
propionic acid rod.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Propionibacter

Rods 0.9–1.1 × 0.5–0.6 μm. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Multiply by binary fission
. Gram negative. Do not form spores.
Anaerobic
. Can grow in stationary cultures under an air atmosphere, but not in well‐aerated cultures. In the absence of nitrate,
substrates are fermented to propionate and acetate
. Growth occurs on simple organic compounds (sugars, dicarboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, and aspartate). Nitrate is reduced to nitrite.

Utilize N
2
as nitrogen source

. Isolated from estuary mud.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61.

Type species
:
Propionibacter pelophilus
Meijer, Nienhuis‐Kuiper and Hansen 1999, 1043.
Rhodocyclus
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.cy' clus
. Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; Gr. n.
cyclos
a circle; M.L. masc. n.
Rhodocyclus
red circle.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Rhodocyclus

Cells are slender, curved, or straight, thin rods
. Motile by means of polar flagella or nonmotile. Multiply by binary fission.

Gram negative, belonging to class
Betaproteobacteria

. Internal photosynthetic membranes may appear as small, single, finger‐like intrusions of the cytoplasmic membrane or may be absent.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids. Contain ubiquinones and menaquinones with eight isoprene units (Q‐8 and MK‐8). Straight‐chain C
16:1

and

C
16:0

acids are the major components of cellular fatty acids.

C
10:0 3OH

is present.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64.1–65.1.

Type species
:
Rhodocyclus purpureus
Pfennig 1978, 285.
Bacteriovorax
Authors: Williams Henry N. , Baer Marcie L.
Published: August 2015

Bac.te.ri.o.vo' rax
. Gr. dim. n.
bacterion
small rod; L. n.
vorax
devourer; M.L. n.
Bacteriovorax
devourer of bacteria.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Bdellovibrionales / Bdellovibrionaceae / Bacteriovorax

Members of the genus
Bacteriovorax
exhibit the same general morphological and life cycle features as described for the genus
Bdellovibrio
. However, genetically the two genera vary considerably, with
Bacteriovorax
sp. having a lower
mol
%
G
+
C content, little to no DNA–DNA hybridization
(<
4
%),
and
<
82
%

rDNA similarity with
Bdellovibrio

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 41–43.5.

Type species
:
Bacteriovorax stolpii
(Seidler, Mandel and Baptist 1972) Baer, Ravel, Chun, Hill and Williams 2000, 223 (
Bdellovibrio stolpii
Seidler, Mandel and Baptist 1972, 216.)
Desulfarculus gen. nov.
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sulf.ar' cu.lus
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. masc. n.
arculus
a small bow; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfarculus
a bow‐shaped sulfate‐reducer.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfarcales / Desulfarculaceae / Desulfarculus

Vibrio‐shaped cells, 0.5–0.7 × 1.5–4 μm
. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative. The type species is motile. Strict anaerobe with respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotroph, using formate, butyrate, and higher fatty acids as electron donors and carbon sources
; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Growth on acetate and propionate is very slow.

Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Sulfur, fumarate, and nitrate are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Growth does not usually occur in the absence of an external electron acceptor

. Optimal temperature for growth, 35–39°C. Anoxic media (with sulfide as a reductant) are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required. Cells contain cytochromes of the
b
‐ and
c
‐type. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity is commonly observed, indicating the operation of the anaerobic C
1
‐pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway, Woodpathway) for CO
2
fixation and complete oxidation of acetyl‐CoA.
Desulfarculus
species are widespread in freshwater habitats, but might occur in brackish or marine sediments as well.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.

Type species
:
Desulfarculus baarsii
comb. nov
. (
Desulfovibrio baarsii
Widdel 1981, 382.)