bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Gene Delivery in NB-4 Cells: Overcoming Transduction and Selection Challenges
Authors: Leto Stefano , Gehlot Sonakshi , Sheth Bhavwanti , Ratti Stefano , Manzoli Lucia , Divecha Nullin , Fiume Roberta
Published: November 2024

Efficient gene transduction and cell viability are critical factors in genetic manipulation for research and therapeutic purposes. In this study, we explored the challenges associated with transducing the NB-4 cell line, a well-established model for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), using lentiviral vectors. While the initial transduction efficiency in NB-4 cells reached approximately 30%, we observed a significant decrease in cell viability, a phenomenon not observed in other acute leukemia cell lines such as THP-1 cells. We identified that this toxicity could be mitigated by purifying viral particles through ultracentrifugation or polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, indicating that toxic substances, potentially secondary metabolites released by HEK293, could be responsible for the cell death. Nevertheless, cell selection by puromycin was still ineffective; crucially, we discovered that the human phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK) promoter, commonly used in the PLKO1 vector, may become silenced in NB-4 cells, preventing effective selection with puromycin. By replacing the hPGK promoter with the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α) promoter, we successfully achieved high transduction efficiency and robust selection, demonstrating the potential for this modified vector system to facilitate genetic studies in APL models. These findings provide important insights into optimizing gene transduction protocols not only for NB-4 cells but also for other challenging cell lines, offering a refined approach for gene delivery and selection in cell models.
Numerical Study on Composite Multilayer Insulation Material for Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Ding Yi , Shao Dongliang , Jin Suke , Yu Meng , Wang Yubo , Jiang Long
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the heat transfer characteristics of composite multilayer insulation (MLI) materials used for the storage and transport of liquid hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures. This research focused on analyzing the effects of thermal boundary temperature, total layer count, and vacuum level on the heat flux through the insulation material. Based on the layer-by-layer model, a heat transfer model of composite MLI was constructed. This research introduces a novel method for analyzing the heat transfer properties of composite MLI in the liquid hydrogen temperature range. Results indicate that heat flux increases with higher thermal boundary temperatures, with the MLI layers near the cold boundary playing a critical role in overall insulation performance. Additionally, numerical analysis was conducted to examine the impact of different material combinations and variations in vacuum level on heat transfer characteristics. Findings reveal that adding spray-on foam insulation reduces heat flux by 20.76% compared to using MLI alone. Furthermore, increasing the total number of MLI layers effectively mitigates heat flux increase, achieving an optimal heat flux of 0.5377 W/m2 with a total of 50 layers.
Innovations in Active Food Packaging During the Pandemic and into the ‘New Normal’
Authors: Socaciu Maria-Ioana , Vodnar Dan Cristian , Semeniuc Cristina Anamaria
Published: November 2024

COVID-19 significantly impacted global socioeconomic conditions and food security [...]
Bio-Cultural Diversity for Food Security: Traditional Wild Food Plants and Their Folk Cuisine in Lakki Marwat, Northwestern Pakistan
Authors: Ullah Tehsin , Khan Shujaul Mulk , Abdullah Abdullah , Sulaiman Naji , Ullah Ateef , Khan Muhammad Sirab , Zeb Shakil Ahmad , Pieroni Andrea
Published: November 2024

Ethnobotanical studies on foraging are essential for documenting neglected or previously unknown wild food plants, which may be crucial for promoting the diversification of food sources and contributing to food security and sovereignty. The Pashtuns of the Marwat tribe in NW Pakistan are renowned for their traditional customs and food systems. Studying the wild food plants (WFPs) and their associated bio-cultural diversity is quintessential for fostering food security and sovereignty in the region. The research presented here investigated the area’s wild food plants traditionally gathered and consumed. The field survey was conducted in 2023 with 87 study participants. A total of 41 plant species belonging to 24 botanical families was documented. The findings include food uses for Atriplex tatarica, Amaranthus graecizans, and Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima that have rarely been recorded in Pakistan. Moreover, the use of Citrulus colocynthus fruits in jam and Zygophyllum indicum leaves and stems in beverages are novel contributions to the gastronomy of NW Pakistan. The comparison with other food ethnobotanical studies conducted in North Pakistan suggests some similarities between the Lakki Marwat traditional WFPs and those from other semi-arid areas in North Pakistan, both Pashtun and non-Pashtun. While the findings underline the significant role of WFPs in local cuisine, we observed that this local knowledge is also threatened: the rapid spread of fast and industrialized food, modernization, and cultural dilution has led to an alarming reduction in these practices among the younger generations. Therefore, suitable measures to safeguard traditional plants, food knowledge, practices, and the associated culture are urgently needed. The urgency of this situation cannot be overstated, and it is crucial that we act now. Furthermore, preserving wild food plant-related cultural heritage may be fundamental to promoting food security and public health.
Transesophageal Echocardiography-Guided Transseptal Puncture Reduces Pericardial Tamponade in Electrophysiological Procedures
Authors: Teumer Yannick , Eckart Daniel , Katov Lyuboslav , Felbel Dominik , Bothner Carlo , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Weinmann-Emhardt Karolina
Published: November 2024

Background: Transseptal puncture (TSP) is a critical step in electrophysiological (EP) procedures, as a misdirected TSP can result in life-threatening complications. Although TSP is predominantly performed under fluoroscopic guidance in EP procedures, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) offers more precision and certainty in the localization of the transseptal needle at the interatrial septum. Despite the widespread use of TSP, evidence supporting the added value of TEE-guided TSP in EP procedures remains limited. This study evaluates the impact of additional TEE guidance on TSP-associated complications during EP procedures. Methods: This study enrolled patients who underwent left atrial or left ventricular procedures with TSP, performed either without (fluoroscopy group) or with additional TEE guidance (TEE group), at the University Heart Center Ulm, Germany. Results: A total of 932 patients were included: 443 in the TEE group (mean age 68.1 ± 11.8 years, 40.6% female) and 489 in the fluoroscopy group (mean age 68.8 ± 11.0 years, 38.2% female). The mean number of transseptal accesses per patient was 1.18 ± 0.38 in the TEE group and 1.14 ± 0.34 in the fluoroscopy group (p = 0.101). Pericardial tamponade occurred significantly less in the TEE group (0.5%) than in the fluoroscopy group (1.8%; p = 0.046). Logistic regression revealed a 91.8% lower risk of pericardial tamponade with TEE-guided TSP compared to fluoroscopy guidance alone. The overall TEE complication rate was low (0.9%). Conclusions: TEE guidance during TSP significantly reduces the risk of pericardial tamponade in EP procedures, indicating that TSP should be performed with additional sonographic guidance to increase patient safety.
A Novel Hybrid Model for Automatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Classification Using Histopathological Images
Authors: Katar Oguzhan , Yildirim Ozal , Tan Ru-San , Acharya U Rajendra
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Despite recent advances in research, cancer remains a significant public health concern and a leading cause of death. Among all cancer types, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths, with most cases linked to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Accurate classification of NSCLC subtypes is essential for developing treatment strategies. Medical professionals regard tissue biopsy as the gold standard for the identification of lung cancer subtypes. However, since biopsy images have very high resolutions, manual examination is time-consuming and depends on the pathologist’s expertise. Methods: In this study, we propose a hybrid model to assist pathologists in the classification of NSCLC subtypes from histopathological images. This model processes deep, textural and contextual features obtained by using EfficientNet-B0, local binary pattern (LBP) and vision transformer (ViT) encoder as feature extractors, respectively. In the proposed method, each feature matrix is flattened separately and then combined to form a comprehensive feature vector. The feature vector is given as input to machine learning classifiers to identify the NSCLC subtype. Results: We set up 13 different training scenarios to test 4 different classifiers: support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Among these scenarios, we obtained the highest classification accuracy (99.87%) with the combination of EfficientNet-B0 + LBP + ViT Encoder + SVM. The proposed hybrid model significantly enhanced the classification accuracy of NSCLC subtypes. Conclusions: The integration of deep, textural, and contextual features assisted the model in capturing subtle information from the images, thereby reducing the risk of misdiagnosis and facilitating more effective treatment planning.
Robust Biometric Verification Using Phonocardiogram Fingerprinting and a Multilayer-Perceptron-Based Classifier
Authors: Avanzato Roberta , Beritelli Francesco , Serrano Salvatore
Published: November 2024

Recently, a new set of biometric traits, called medical biometrics, have been explored for human identity verification. This study introduces a novel framework for recognizing human identity through heart sound signals, commonly referred to as phonocardiograms (PCGs). The framework is built on extracting and suitably processing Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) from PCGs and on a classifier based on a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) network. A large dataset containing heart sounds acquired from 206 people has been used to perform the experiments. The classifier was tuned to obtain the same false positive and false negative misclassification rates (equal error rate: EER = FPR = FNR) on chunks of audio lasting 2 s. This target has been reached, splitting the dataset into 70% and 30% training and testing non-overlapped subsets, respectively. A recurrence filter has been applied to also improve the performance of the system in the presence of noisy recordings. After the application of the filter on chunks of audio signal lasting from 2 to 22 s, the performance of the system has been evaluated in terms of recall, specificity, precision, negative predictive value, accuracy, and F1-score. All the performance metrics are higher than 97.86% with the recurrence filter applied on a window lasting 22 s and in different noise conditions.
Effect of Coupling Impedance on Stability Assessment of Grid-Forming Converters Under Various Grid Conditions
Authors: Tang Haiguo , Wang Jinhao , Wu Chao , Wang Yong
Published: November 2024

The phenomenon of frequency coupling is widely observed in grid-forming (GFM) converters due to the presence of asymmetrical controls and nonlinear blocks. However, the factors influencing frequency coupling have not been thoroughly explored. This paper introduces a systematic small-signal impedance model of GFM converters that intuitively reflects the factors affecting frequency coupling and provides a detailed analysis of how coupling impedance affects stability. It is demonstrated that the influencing factors of coupling impedance are an active power loop and reactive power loop. Specifically, the active power loop influences coupling impedance characteristics near the fundamental frequency, while the reactive power loop impacts the entire frequency range. This paper first reveals that the reactive power loop has a more pronounced effect on frequency coupling than the active power loop. Additionally, the variation in the steady-state operating points also affects the degree of frequency coupling of the GFM converters, primarily affecting the coupling impedance characteristics beyond the fundamental frequency, and the low operating points tend to affect system stability adversely. Finally, simulation results validate the accuracy of the mathematical model and theoretical analysis.
A Novel Capacitance Estimation Method of Modular Multilevel Converters for Motor Drives Using Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory
Authors: Musadiq Mehdi Syed , Lee Dong-Myung
Published: November 2024

Accurate estimation of submodule capacitance in modular multilevel converters (MMCs) is essential for optimal performance and reliability, particularly in motor drive applications such as permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. This paper presents a novel approach utilizing recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory (RNN–LSTM) to precisely estimate capacitance in MMC-based PMSM drives. By leveraging simulation data from MATLAB, the LSTM neural network is trained to predict capacitance based on voltage, current, and their temporal variations. The proposed LSTM architecture effectively captures the dynamic behavior of MMCs in PMSM drives, providing high-precision capacitance estimates. The results demonstrate significant improvements in estimation accuracy, validated through mean squared error (MSE) metrics and comparative analysis of actual versus estimated capacitance. The method’s robustness is further confirmed under varying operating conditions, highlighting its practical utility for real-time applications in power electronic systems.
A Review of Hydrogen Production Methods and Power Electronics Converter Topologies for Green Hydrogen Applications
Authors: Rego Goncalo , Rocha Joao , Faria Jose A. , Afonso Joao L. , Monteiro Vitor
Published: November 2024

Hydrogen has been receiving a lot of attention in the last few years since it is seen as a viable, yet not thoroughly dissected alternative for addressing climate change issues, namely in terms of energy storage, and therefore, great investments have been made towards research and development in this area. In this context, a study about the main options for hydrogen production, along with the analysis of a variety of the main power electronics converter topologies for such applications, is presented as the purpose of this paper. Much of the analyzed available literature only discusses a few types of hydrogen production methods, so it becomes crucial to include an analysis of all known types of methods for producing hydrogen, according to their production type, along with the color code associated with each type, and highlighting the respective contextualization, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Regarding the topologies of power electronics converters most suitable for hydrogen production, and more specifically, for green hydrogen production, a list of them was analyzed through the available literature, and a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages is presented. These topologies present the advantage of having a low ripple current output, which is a requirement for the production of hydrogen.
Efficiency Improvement on Indium Tin Oxide Films for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using Oxygen Plasma by Bias-Magnetron RF Sputtering Process
Authors: Poonthong Wittawat , Mungkung Narong , Tanitteerapan Tanes , Maneepen Theerapong , Songruk Apidat , Tunlasakun Khanchai , Siricharoenpanich Anumut , Arunrungrusmi Somchai , Kasayapanand Nat
Published: November 2024

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are among the most widely studied thin-film solar cells because of their cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, and simple fabrication method. However, there is still much scope for replacing current DSSC materials due to their high cost, low volume, and lack of long-term stability. Accordingly, indium tin oxide (ITO)-nanorod films were fabricated by electron (E)-beam evaporation using the glancing angle deposition method in this study. Then, the ITO-nanorod was treated with oxygen plasma via a bias-magnetron radio-frequency (RF) sputtering process to improve the efficiency of DSSCs under a varying gas flow rate of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 sccm. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) investigation of the ITO film structure revealed that the obtained nanorod structures have slightly different diameters. At the same time, an increase in the oxygen flow rate resulted in a rougher film surface structure. In this, the lower sheet resistance was received because of rougher morphology. When comparing the DSSCs efficiency (η) test results, we found that at a gas flow rate of 100 sccm, the highest efficiency value showed 9.5%. On the other hand, the ITO-nanorod without plasma treatment exhibited the lowest η. Hence, plasma technology can be practically applied to improve the η of DSSC devices. This study will be a prototype of a highly advanced solar cell manufacturing method for the solar cell industry.
Mitochondrial Mutations in Cardiovascular Diseases: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Papageorgiou Anastasios , Sofiou Fragkiski-Ioanna , Lembessis Panagiotis , Traikov Lubomir L. , Karela Nina-Rafailia , Angouras Dimitrios C. , Philippou Anastassios
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Mitochondria are the main organelles for ATP synthesis able to produce energy for several different cellular activities. Cardiac cells require high amounts of energy and, thus, they contain a high number of mitochondria. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction in these cells is a crucial factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Mitochondria constitute central regulators of cellular metabolism and energy production, producing approximately 90% of the cells’ energy needs in the form of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondria have their own circular, double-stranded DNA encoding 37 genes. Any mitochondrial DNA sequence anomaly may result in defective oxidative phosphorylation and lead to cardiac dysfunction. Methods: In this study, we investigated the potential association between mitochondrial DNA mutation and cardiovascular disease. Cardiac tissue and serum samples were collected from seven patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Total DNA was extracted from cardiac muscle tissue specimens and serum and each sample was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1) gene, which is part of the mitochondrial complex I enzyme complex and was screened for mutations. Results: We identified one patient with a homoplasmic A to G substitution mutation in cardiac tissue DNA and two patients with heteroplasmic A3397G mutation in serum DNA. Specifically, amplicon sequence analysis revealed a homoplasmic A3397G substitution in the ND1 gene in a tissue sample of the patient with ID number 1 and a heteroplasmic mutation in A3397G in serum samples of patients with ID numbers 3 and 6, respectively. The A to G substitution changes the amino acid from methionine (ATA) to valine (GTA) at position 31 of the ND1 gene. Conclusions: The detection of this novel mutation in patients with coronary artery disease may contribute to our understanding of the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and the disease, implying that mitochondria may be key players in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of TCP Genes in Eight Prunus Species and Their Expression Patterns Under Cold Stress in P. tenella var. tenella
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Qian Cheng , Li Lulu , Li Wei , Li Yanhua , Zhao Han
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Teosinte branched1/Cycloidea/Proliferating cell nuclear antigen factors (TCPs) are plant-specific transcription factors involved in leaf development, flowering, branching, hormone signaling, and stress responses. Prunus a key temperate fruit tree with ornamental spring blooms, still lacks comprehensive TCP gene studies across many species. Methods: We identified 154 TCP genes in eight Prunus species: 19 in Prunus tenella var. tenella, 19 in P. amygdalus, 17 in P. armeniaca ‘Rojo Pasion’, 19 in P. mira, 20 in P. jamasakura var. jamasakura, 19 in P. fruticosa, 19 in P. mume var. tortuosa, and 22 in P. × yedoensis ‘Somei-yoshino’. These genes were classified into PCF, CIN, and CYC/TB1 groups. We examined segmental duplication, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements. Expression patterns of 12 TCPs in P. tenella var. tenella were tested under low-temperature stress (25 °C, 5 °C, −5 °C, and −10 °C), and PtTCP9’s subcellular localization was determined. Results: TCP genes within the same groups showed similar motifs and cis-acting elements. Cold stress analysis identified multiple low-temperature-responsive elements in gene promoters. Four genes (PtTCP2, PtTCP6, PtTCP14, and PtTCP16) increased expression under cold stress, while six genes (PtTCP1, PtTCP5, PtTCP8, PtTCP9, PtTCP17, and PtTCP19) decreased. PtTCP9 was localized to the nucleus. Conclusions: This was the first genome-wide study of the TCP gene family in these eight Prunus species, providing valuable insights into the characteristics and functions of TCP genes within this important genus.
Effects of TMEM232 Variant on Infant Atopic Dermatitis According to Maternal Factors
Authors: Choi Eun-A , Han Hee-Soo , Nah Guemkyung , Lee So-Yeon , Kim Young Youl , Hong Soo-Jong , Lee Hye-Ja
Published: November 2024

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is caused by interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Transmembrane protein 232 (TMEM232) is one of the genes strongly implicated in AD. Methods: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between AD with variants within TMEM232 based on maternal factors, including a history of allergic diseases, and sensitization to Der f. We performed a candidate gene association study involving the Cohort for Childhood Origins of Asthma and Allergic Diseases. Results: A single variant of the TMEM232 gene, rs17132261, was found to be significantly associated with AD. Subjects carrying the wild-type allele (C) of rs17132261 had higher total IgE than those carrying the variant rs17132261 (T). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between TMEM232 gene polymorphism and an increased risk of AD in one-year-old infants. Moreover, rs17132261 was associated with increased total IgE in infants with a maternal history of allergic disease. The group with the CC genotype showed a higher risk of developing AD compared to carriers of CT and TT genotypes when the mother had a history of allergic diseases or was sensitized to Der f. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the TMEM232 risk allele, in combination with maternal factors, higher the total IgE, which could be a potential risk factor for AD.
Development and Validation of the Midwifery Interventions Classification for a Salutogenic Approach to Maternity Care: A Delphi Study
Authors: Maga Giulia , Magon Arianna , Caruso Rosario , Brigante Lia , Daniele Marina Alice Sylvia , Belloni Silvia , Arrigoni Cristina
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: This study aims to develop and validate a Midwifery Interventions Classification (MIC), which is an evidence-based, standardized taxonomy and classification of core midwifery interventions based on a salutogenic perspective for maternity care. Methods: This study described the consensus process up to the results regarding the validation of the MIC through a two-round Delphi survey involving three panels of stakeholders: Midwives, Healthcare Researchers, and Maternity Service Users. Results: The resulting MIC comprises 135 core midwifery interventions classified into Direct Midwifery care (n = 80 interventions), Indirect Midwifery Care (n = 43 interventions), and Community Midwifery Care (n = 12 interventions), reaching an overall consensus rate among experts equal to 87%. These interventions were, therefore, adapted specifically for the Italian midwifery care context, with potential for international transferability, implementation, and scalability. Conclusions: The MIC is pivotal to boosting quality improvement, education, and comparable data collection for research, sustaining midwives’ role in promoting optimal health for women, newborns, and families at large.
Regulatory Role of Nfix Gene in Sheep Skeletal Muscle Cell Development and Its Interaction Mechanism with MSTN
Authors: Qiu Meiyu , Zhang Xuemei , Liao Li , Zhang Ning , Liu Mingjun
Published: November 2024

Skeletal muscle development is crucial for livestock production, and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved is essential for enhancing muscle growth in sheep. This study aimed to investigate the role of Nfix, a member of the nuclear factor I (NFI) family, in regulating muscle development in sheep, filling a significant gap in the current understanding of Nfix deficiency and its impact on skeletal muscle growth, as no similar studies have been reported in this species. Bioinformatic analysis, including temporal analysis of transcriptome data, identified Nfix as a potential target gene for muscle growth regulation. The effects of Nfix overexpression and knockout on the proliferation and differentiation of sheep skeletal muscle cells were investigated. Changes in the expression of associated marker genes were assessed to explore the regulatory link between Nfix and the myostatin (MSTN) gene. Additionally, target miRNAs for Nfix and MSTN were predicted using online databases such as miRWalk, resulting in the construction of an Nfix–miRNA–MSTN interactive regulatory network. The findings revealed that Nfix promotes the proliferation and differentiation of sheep skeletal muscle cells, with further analysis indicating that Nfix may regulate muscle cell development by modulating MSTN expression. This study provides preliminary insights into the function of Nfix in sheep skeletal muscle development and its regulatory interactions, addressing a critical knowledge gap regarding Nfix deficiency and its implications for muscle growth. These findings contribute to a better understanding of muscle biology in sheep and provide a theoretical foundation for future research into the regulatory mechanisms governing muscle development.
The Interaction of Apical Periodontitis, Cigarette Smoke, and Alcohol Consumption on Liver Antioxidant Status in Rats
Authors: Ferraz Danilo Cassiano , Moura Camilla Christian Gomes , Signorelli Nara Sarmento Macêdo , Rosa Rodrigo César , Pereira Sanívia Aparecida de Lima , Borges Ana Luiza Silva , Bittar Vinícius Prado , Duarte Rener Mateus Francisco , Teixeira Renata Roland , Bertolini Martinna , Espindola Foued Salmen
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to investigate the impact of alcohol (A), secondhand cigarette smoking (ShS), and their combined effect on liver antioxidant activity and hepatic damage in rats with induced apical periodontitis (AP). Thirty-five female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 7): (1) control (rats without ShS, alcoholic diet, or AP), (2) control-AP (induced AP only), (3) ShS-AP (ShS exposure and induced AP), (4) A-AP (alcoholic diet and induced AP), and (5) A+ShS-AP (alcoholic diet, ShS exposure, and induced AP). Alcohol was administered through semi-voluntary intake, while ShS exposure involved the daily inhalation of cigarette smoke. The experimental period lasted 8 weeks, with AP induction occurring in the 4th week following molar pulp exposure. Liver samples were collected post-euthanasia for histomorphometric and antioxidant marker analyses. All AP-induced groups exhibited increased liver sinusoidal dilation compared to the control group (p < 0.05). AP significantly reduced total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) across all groups (p < 0.05). In AP-induced groups, FRAP levels were further decreased in ShS-AP and A+ShS-AP compared to control-AP (p < 0.05). AP also led to a decrease in the glutathione defense system (p < 0.05). Rats with alcohol exposure (A-AP and A+ShS-AP) showed reduced glutathione peroxidase activity (p < 0.05). Glutathione reductase activity was comparable in the control and control-AP groups (p > 0.05), but significantly decreased in the alcohol and ShS-exposed groups (p < 0.05). Apical periodontitis can relate to morphological changes in the liver’s sinusoidal spaces and impairment of liver’s antioxidant capacity of rats, particularly when combined with chronic alcohol consumption and exposure to cigarette smoke.
A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome
Authors: Mules Thomas C. , Vacca Francesco , Cait Alissa , Yumnam Bibek , Schmidt Alfonso , Lavender Brittany , Maclean Kate , Noble Sophia-Louise , Gasser Olivier , Camberis Mali , Le Gros Graham , Inns Stephen
Published: November 2024

Infecting humans with controlled doses of small intestinal helminths, such as human hookworm, is proposed as a therapy for the colonic inflammatory disease ulcerative colitis. Strengthening the colonic mucus barrier is a potential mechanism by which small intestinal helminths could treat ulcerative colitis. In this study, we compare C57BL/6 mice infected with the small intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus and uninfected controls to investigate changes in colonic mucus. Histology, gene expression, and immunofluorescent analysis demonstrate that this helminth induces goblet cell hyperplasia, and an upregulation of mucin sialylation, and goblet-cell-derived functional proteins resistin-like molecule-beta (RELM-β) and trefoil factors (TFFs), in the colon. Using IL-13 knockout mice, we reveal that these changes are predominantly IL-13-dependent. The assessment of the colonic mucus microbiome demonstrates that H. polygyrus infection increases the abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus, a commensal bacterium capable of utilising sialic acid as an energy source. This study also investigates a human cohort experimentally challenged with human hookworm. It demonstrates that TFF blood levels increase in individuals chronically infected with small intestinal helminths, highlighting a conserved mucus response between humans and mice. Overall, small intestinal helminths modify colonic mucus, highlighting this as a plausible mechanism by which human hookworm therapy could treat ulcerative colitis.
Inhibition of IRAP Enhances the Expression of Pro-Cognitive Markers Drebrin and MAP2 in Rat Primary Neuronal Cells
Authors: Stam Frida , Bjurling Sara , Nylander Erik , Håkansson Esther Olaniran , Barlow Nicholas , Gising Johan , Larhed Mats , Odell Luke R. , Grönbladh Alfhild , Hallberg Mathias
Published: November 2024

The insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP; oxytocinase) is part of the M1 aminopeptidase family and is highly expressed in many tissues, including the neocortex and hippocampus of the brain. IRAP is involved in various physiological functions and has been identified as a receptor for the endogenous hexapeptide Angiotensin IV (Ang IV). The binding of Ang IV inhibits the enzymatic activity of IRAP and has been proven to enhance learning and memory in animal models. The macrocyclic compound 9 (C9) is a potent synthetic IRAP inhibitor developed from the previously reported inhibitor HA08. In this study, we have examined compound C9 and its effects on cognitive markers drebrin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in primary hippocampal and cortical cultures. Cells from Sprague Dawley rats were cultured for 14 days before treatment with C9 for 4 consecutive days. The cells were analysed for protein expression of drebrin, MAP2, GFAP, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1), and synapsin I using immunocytochemistry. The gene expression of related proteins was determined using qPCR, and viability assays were performed to evaluate toxicity. The results showed that protein expression of drebrin and MAP2 was increased, and the corresponding mRNA levels were decreased after treatment with C9 in the hippocampal cultures. The ratio of MAP2-positive neurons and GFAP-positive astrocytes was altered and there were no toxic effects observed. In conclusion, the IRAP inhibitor compound C9 enhances the expression of the pro-cognitive markers drebrin and MAP2, which further confirms IRAP as a relevant pharmaceutical target and C9 as a promising candidate for further investigation.
Targeted Therapy of Antibody-Induced Autoimmune Arthritis Using Peptide-Guided Nanoparticles
Authors: Nanjaiah Hemalatha , Moudgil Kamal D.
Published: November 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints and it affects over 18 million people worldwide. Despite the availability of a variety of potent drugs for RA, over 30–40 percent of patients fail to achieve adequate remission, and many patients suffer from systemic adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for a joint-targeted drug delivery system. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery methods offer a promising resource that is largely untapped for RA. Using the T cell-driven rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) model of human RA, we developed a peptide-targeted liposomal drug delivery system for arthritis therapy. It was based on a novel joint-homing peptide ART-2 to guide liposomes entrapping dexamethasone (Dex) to arthritic joints of rats, and this approach was more effective in suppressing arthritis than the unpackaged (free) drug. To de-risk the translation of our innovative drug delivery technology to RA patients, we undertook the validation of ART-2-liposomal delivery in a genetically and mechanistically distinct arthritis model in mice, the collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model. Using live imaging for tissue distribution of liposomes in vivo, immunohistochemistry of paws for cellular binding of ART-2, and liposomal Dex delivery, our results fully validated the key findings of the rat model, namely, preferential homing of peptide-functionalized liposomes to arthritic joints compared to healthy joints, and higher efficacy of liposomal Dex than free Dex. These results offer a proof-of-concept for the benefits of targeted drug delivery to the joints and its potential translation to RA patients.
Back to the Future: Historic Insights and Recent Innovations in Pediatric Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Mathew Ashley , Kerolus Katrina , Bitonti Nicholas , Guzman Andrea , Moore Robert , Bergese Sergio
Published: November 2024

Pediatric regional anesthesia is evolving with new peripheral nerve blocks and techniques aimed at improving perioperative pain management. While caudal blocks have long been standard due to their simplicity and low complication rates, newer fascial plane blocks offer comparable efficacy with enhanced nerve coverage tailored to specific surgeries. Moreover, adjuncts like dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone have shown promise in prolonging block duration and enhancing post-operative pain relief and patient satisfaction. The integration of these advancements into clinical practice has yielded significant benefits, including reduced intraoperative fluid requirements, decreased reliance on opioids postoperatively, earlier initiation of enteral nutrition, lower readmission rates, shorter hospital stays, and decreased overall hospital costs. Our review underscores the technical progress and expanding literature supporting the rapid adoption of these impactful regional anesthesia techniques in pediatric care.
Numerical Study of Air Cushion Effect in Notched Disk Water Entry Process Using Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Method
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Yang Nana , Ju Jinlong , Bai Xingzhi , Zhou Houcun , Wu Wenhua
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a novel numerical investigation into the air cushion effect and impact loads during the water entry of notched discs, utilizing the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (S-ALE) algorithm in LS-DYNA. Unlike prior studies that focused on smooth or unnotched geometries, the present study explores how varying notch parameters influence the fluid–solid coupling process during high-speed water entry. The reliability and accuracy of the computational method are validated through grid independence verification and comparisons with experimental data and empirical formulas. Systematic analysis of the effects of notch size, water entry velocity, and entry angle on the evolution of the free surface, impact loads, and structural responses uncovers several novel findings. Notably, increasing the notch diameter significantly enhances the formation and stability of the air cushion, leading to a considerable reduction in peak impact loads—a phenomenon not previously quantified. Additionally, higher water entry Froude numbers are shown to accelerate air cushion compression and formation, markedly affecting free surface morphology and force distribution. The results also reveal that varying the water entry angle alters the air cushion’s morphological characteristics, where larger angles induce a more pronounced but less stable air cushion, influencing the internal structural response differently across regions.
Superconductivity at Pd/Bi2Se3 Interfaces Due to Self-Formed PdBiSe Interlayers
Authors: Fan Kaixuan , Hua Ze , Gu Siyao , Zhu Peng , Liu Guangtong , Ren Hechen , Shao Ruiwen , Wang Zhiwei , Lu Li , Yang Fan
Published: November 2024

Understanding the physical and chemical processes at the interfaces of metals and topological insulators is crucial for the development of the next generation of topological quantum devices. Here, we report the discovery of robust superconductivity in Pd/Bi2Se3 bilayers fabricated by sputtering Pd on the surface of Bi2Se3. Through transmission electron microscopy measurements, we identify that the observed interfacial superconductivity originates from the diffusion of Pd into Bi2Se3. In the diffusion region, Pd chemically reacts with Bi2Se3 and forms a layer of PdBiSe, a known superconductor with a bulk transition temperature of 1.5 K. Our work provides a method for the introduction of superconductivity into Bi2Se3, laying the foundation for the development of sophisticated Bi2Se3-based topological devices.
Ruta graveolens Plant Extract as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for 304 SS in 1 M HCl: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Hernández-Sánchez Sonia Estefanía , Flores-De los Rios Juan Pablo , Monreal-Romero Humberto Alejandro , Flores-Holguin Norma Rosario , Rodríguez-Valdez Luz María , Sánchez-Carrillo Mario , Delgado Anabel D. , Chacón-Nava Jose G.
Published: November 2024

This study evaluated the corrosion inhibitory effects of Ruta graveolens leaf extract for 304 stainless steel in 1 M HCl. The analysis of the leaf extract using HPLC indicated that the primary compounds present in the leaf extract were rutin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and apigenin. The inhibition efficiency (IE%) of the extract was studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and computational simulation (density functional theory, DFT). The effects of the inhibitor concentration and solution temperature were investigated. The results indicated that the IE% increased for increasing concentrations of the extract, while the reverse was true with increasing temperatures. At 25 °C and a 600 ppm extract concentration, the results indicated a maximum inhibition efficiency of 95%, 98%, and 96% by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS techniques, respectively. SEM observations showed a significant change in the surface morphology of the 304 SS with and without the addition of the inhibitor compound. At all temperatures, the adsorption of the inhibitor components onto the 304 SS surface was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model, and the inhibition process was governed by physical adsorption. Furthermore, chemical interactions between the inhibitor and the 304 SS steel surface were elucidated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Real-Time Modeling for Design and Control of Material Additive Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Horr Amir M.
Published: November 2024

The use of digital twin and shadow concepts for industrial material processes has introduced new approaches to bridge the gap between physical and cyber manufacturing processes. Consequently, many multidisciplinary areas, such as advanced sensor technologies, material science, data analytics, and machine learning algorithms, are employed to create these hybrid systems. Meanwhile, new additive manufacturing (AM) processes for metals and polymers, based on emerging technologies, have shown promise for the manufacturing of sophisticated parts with complex geometries. These processes are undergoing a major transformation with the advent of digital technology, hybrid physical-data-driven modeling, and fast-reduced models. This study presents a fresh perspective on hybrid physical-data-driven and reduced order modeling (ROM) techniques for the digitalization of AM processes within a digital twin concept. The main contribution of this study is to demonstrate the benefits of ROM and machine learning (ML) technologies for process data handling, optimization/control, and their integration into the real-time assessment of AM processes. Therefore, a novel combination of efficient data-solver technology and an architecturally designed neural network (NN) module is developed for transient manufacturing processes with high heating/cooling rates. Furthermore, a real-world case study is presented, showcasing the use of hybrid modeling with ROM and ML schemes for an industrial wire arc AM (WAAM) process.
Understanding and Quantifying the Benefit of Graded Aluminum Gallium Nitride Channel High-Electron Mobility Transistors
Authors: Grandpierron François , Carneiro Elodie , Ben-Hammou Lyes , Moon Jeong-Sun , Medjdoub Farid
Published: November 2024

Graded AlGaN channel High-Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) technology is emerging as a strong candidate for millimeter-wave applications, as superior efficiency and linearity performances can be achieved. In this paper, graded channel AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are investigated with the aim of further understanding the benefit of the graded AlGaN channel compared to more conventional GaN channel HEMTs. Our study employed a comprehensive simulation workflow including an extensive calibration of direct current (DC), S-parameter, large signal, and linearity characteristics at 30 GHz. Through device modeling and implementation of circuit-level simulation using Advanced Design System (ADS, 2023) software, both linearity and large signal performances could be mimicked remarkably. In agreement with previous studies, the results show that graded channel technology allows for a modified electron confinement leading to a 3D electron gas (3DEG). Consequently, the electric field peak inside of the channel is reduced without degrading the radio frequency (RF) performance, as the electron velocity is improved, thus offering a more linear transconductance and better linearity performances. As a result, for graded AlGaN channel HEMTs, a 6 dB output power back-off from peak power-added efficiency (PAE) is needed to achieve a carrier with a third-order intermodulation (C/IM3) ratio of 30 dBc against 9 dB for conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a lower associated PAE.
Effects of Toxic and Non-Toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the Defense System of Ceratophyllum demersum–Scenedesmus obliquus
Authors: Sha Yuanpu , Zhang Shuwen , Dong Jing , Gao Xiaofei , Yuan Huatao , Zhang Jingxiao , Gao Yunni , Li Xuejun
Published: November 2024

The effects of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the Ceratophyllum demersum–Scenedesmus obliquus system were simulated in the laboratory, and some parameters in relation to these organisms were measured. In this experiment, C. demersum increased the biomass of S. obliquus, and both toxic and non-toxic M. aeruginosa significantly inhibited the colony formation of S. obliquus and inhibited the promotion of S. obliquus biomass. On the 14th day, the soluble polysaccharide content of C. demersum decreased when it was coexisted with S. obliquus, but it rose again because of M. aeruginosa, which significantly increased the protein content of C. demersum. The species composition and diversity of epiphytic microorganisms also vary with different treatments. Proteobacteria is dominant in all the groups, especially in the Toxic_SMC group. In addition, bacteria that can degrade organic pollutants are more abundant in Toxic_SMC group. This study focuses on the defense response of S. obliquus induced by C. demersum under the pressure of toxic or non-toxic M. aeruginosa and evaluates the changes to C. demersum and its epiphytic microorganisms, which provides insights for the study of aquatic plant–algae integrated action systems in eutrophic or cyanobacterial blooms.
Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa SF416, a Potential Broad-Spectrum Biocontrol Agent Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Zhang Yikun , Zhu Zhongfeng , Qin Tian , Li Xiaojuan , Yu Ruochen , Tang Zifan , Zhang Chenjiayi , Yan Yichao , Yin Ke , Xu Zhengyin , Chen Gongyou , Zou Lifang , Xiao Youlun
Published: November 2024

Rice is one of the most important staple crops worldwide. However, the bacterial blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) poses a major threat to the production of rice. In this study, we isolated and identified the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa SF416, which exhibited significant antagonistic activity against Xoo, from a soil sample collected in a winter wheat field in Shannanzhalang County, Tibet, China. The bacterial solution (BS) and cell-free supernatant (CFS) of SF416 had significant prevention effects for the bacterial blight of rice, with an efficacy of 45.1% and 34.18%, respectively, while they exhibited a slightly lower therapeutic efficiency of 31.64% and 25.09%. The genomic analysis showed that P. aeruginosa SF416 contains genes involved in cell motility, colonization, cold and hot shock proteins, antibiotic resistance, and plant growth promotion. SF416 also harbors two sets of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) synthesis gene clusters, phz1 (phzA1-G1) and phz2 (phzA2-G2), and other phenozine product-synthesis--related genes phzS, phzM, and phzH, as well as genes in the SF416 genome that share high similarity with the ones in the genomes of P. aeruginosa M18, suggesting that the two sets of PCA synthesis gene clusters are responsible for the antagonistic effect of SF416 against Xoo. A comparative antiSMASH analysis revealed that P. aeruginosa SF416 contains 17 gene clusters related to secondary metabolite synthesis, 7 of which, encoding for pyochelin, azetidomonamide A/B, L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid, hydrogen cyanide, pyocyanine, pseudopaline, and bicyclomycin, are conserved in strains of P. aeruginosa. Moreover, SF416 can produce protease and siderophores and display a broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against various major plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The results suggest that P. aeruginosa SF416 could be a potential candidate agent for the bacterial blight of rice.