bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscopic Thickness Uniformity and Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown Lifetime Dispersion of Thermally Grown Ultrathin SiO2 Film on Atomically Flat Si Surface
Authors: Hasunuma Ryu , Hayashi Yusuke , Ota Masahiro , Yamabe Kikuo
Published: February 2013

Microroughness at the surface and interface of SiO2 thermally grown on an atomically flat Si terrace was investigated by atomic force microscopy. Although surface protuberances on SiO2 increased in height during oxidation, their relative locations were preserved. Their positions were mostly determined in the initial stage of oxidation and their heights increased during the subsequent oxidation. It was also found that, at many positions, protuberances on the SiO2 surface correspond to dimples at the interface and the dimples on the SiO2 surface correspond to the protuberances on the Si/SiO2 interface. With decreasing thickness, the thickness of the SiO2 layer becomes two-dimensionally less uniform. The Weibull slope of the time-dependent dielectric breakdown lifetime decreased when the thermal SiO2 films were grown on rougher Si substrates, which was attributed to film thickness nonuniformity. The SiO2 film formed on well-defined Si wafers showed a higher microscopic thickness uniformity and higher long-term reliability.
Graphene Layer Formation on Polycrystalline Nickel Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kanzaki Kenichi , Hibino Hiroki , Makimoto Toshiki
Published: February 2013

We studied the structure of graphene layers grown by chemical vapor deposition on polycrystalline nickel. The conditions of the polycrystalline nickel catalyst (size of fine crystals and surface roughness) were controlled by cyclic heating and cooling, and its effect on the graphene layer formation was evaluated. By increasing the average size of the nickel fine crystals and thereby increasing of the surface roughness, nonuniformity of the graphene sheet numbers tends to increase. A marked change in graphene sheet number tends to occur at discontinuities in the polycrystalline nickel surfaces. From the structural analysis, the graphene layer is found to be made up of single or multiple crystal graphene thin films with different crystallographic directions. The size of each thin film is independent of and not restricted by the size of the nickel fine crystals, and a certain thin film passes over the discontinuities.
Improvement of Crystallographic Quality of Electroplated Copper Thin-Film Interconnections for Through-Silicon Vias
Authors: Suzuki Ken , Murata Naokazu , Saito Naoki , Furuya Ryosuke , Asai Osamu , Miura Hideo
Published: February 2013

The relationship between the electrical properties and crystallographic quality (crystallinity) of electroplated copper thin-film interconnections was investigated. The crystallinity of the grains and grain boundaries of the interconnections was evaluated on the basis of the image quality (IQ) value obtained by electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The electrical properties of the interconnections vary markedly depending on their crystallinity. The crystallinity also changed markedly as functions of electroplating conditions and the annealing temperature after electroplating. Although the electro migration (EM) resistance of the annealed interconnection was improved, stress-induced migration (SM) was activated by a high residual stress after annealing. To improve electrical reliability without heat treatment after electroplating, the effects of the seed layer under the interconnections on the crystallinity were investigated. As a result, the crystallinity was improved by changing the seed layer from Cu to Ru. In addition, the decrease in current density during electroplating also improved the crystallinity. Therefore, both introducing the Ru seed layer and decreasing the current density during electroplating are effective for developing highly reliable copper interconnections.
Statistical Analysis of Subthreshold Swing in Fully Depleted Silicon-on-Thin-Buried-Oxide and Bulk Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Mizutani Tomoko , Yamamoto Yoshiki , Makiyama Hideki , Iwamatsu Toshiaki , Oda Hidekazu , Sugii Nobuyuki , Hiramoto Toshiro
Published: February 2013

The variability of subthreshold swing (SS) in fully depleted (FD) silicon-on-thin-buried-oxide (SOTB) MOSFETs is statistically analyzed and compared with that of conventional bulk MOSFETs. It is newly found that SS variability is small enough in deep subthreshold region (small drain current I
ds) while it increases as increasing I
ds. The mechanisms of this behavior is intensively investigated and it is found that the increase in SS variability is caused by current-onset voltage (COV) variability that is due to random dopant fluctuation (RDF). Since SOTB FETs have small COV variability thanks to an intrinsic channel, SS variability is much smaller than bulk FETs, which is a great advantage of FD SOTB in terms of I
on/I
off ratio.
Effect of the Active Layer Thickness and Temperature on the Switching Kinetics of GeS2-Based Conductive Bridge Memories
Authors: Palma Giorgio , Vianello Elisa , Molas Gabriel , Cagli Carlo , Longnos Florian , Guy Jérémy , Reyboz Marina , Carabasse Catherine , Bernard Mathieu , Dahmani Faiz , Bretegnier Damien , Liebault Jacques , Salvo Barbara De
Published: February 2013

In this paper, the effect of the active layer thickness and temperature on the switching kinetics of GeS2-based conductive bridge memories is addressed through electrical characterization. Results are explained in terms of a thermally and field driven ion hopping model for reversible resistance switching. The combined analysis reveals that at high temperature the set voltage and the set resistance decrease. Furthermore, the study suggests that applying the same reset condition, for GeS2thicknesses lower than 50 nm, the conductive filament is almost dissolved, while for thicker layers a portion of the filament still remains.
Influence of Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy Regrowth on Characteristics of InAlN/AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors
Authors: Hiroki Masanobu , Watanabe Noriyuki , Maeda Narihiko , Yokoyama Haruki , Kumakura Kazuhide , Yamamoto Hideki
Published: February 2013

We fabricated InAlN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures using a regrowth technique in order to avoid an unintentional Ga incorporation into the InAlN barrier layer. We prepared two types of samples (S1 and S2) using different regrowth sequences: InAlN regrowth on AlGaN/GaN (S1), and InAlN/AlGaN/GaN regrowth on GaN (S2). The characteristics of the high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) differed depending on the adopted sequence. In current–voltage characteristics, the kinks appear only for the HEMTs using S1 (HEMT-S1). The current reduction induced by gate-bias stress is as large as 20% in HEMT-S1, while it is only 5% in HEMT-S2. Results of our complementary experiments on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures prepared by various regrowth sequences suggest that the inferior device properties of HEMT-S1 can be attributed to higher trap density at the regrowth interfaces. The higher trap density is most likely a result of the AlGaN surface's being more easily oxidized than the GaN surface. Non-uniform decomposition of the AlGaN surface during the heating process prior to the regrowth may also play a role. The fairly a good device performance of HEMT-S2 indicates that InAlN can actually act as a good barrier for GaN-based HEMTs by careful optimization of the fabrication sequence even with a regrowth process.
Investigation of the Gate Bias Stress Instability in ZnO Thin Film Transistors by Low-Frequency Noise Analysis
Authors: Jeong Kwang-Seok , Yun Ho-Jin , Kim Yu-Mi , Yang Seung-Dong , Lee Sang-Youl , Kim Young-Su , Lee Hi-Deok , Lee Ga-Won
Published: February 2013

To investigate the electrical instability mechanism under the application of gate bias stress and relaxation, the 1/f noise spectra of two different ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) were analyzed. In terms of gate bias dependence (S
IDS/I
DS), both devices followed a mobility fluctuation model based on the traps in their channel layers prior to and after stress. Device A (channel thickness: 20 nm), recovered its initial noise parameter (αapp) after relaxation, in exact agreement with the current–voltage (I–V) measurement results; this shows that in device A, the dominant phenomenon under the application of stress was temporary charge trapping at grain boundary traps. However, in device B (channel thickness: 80 nm), αapp did not recover its initial values after relaxation, and transfer parameters, such as V
TH, mobility, SS, and N
t, degraded after the gate bias stress. Moreover, after the stress, device B showed a reduced gate insulator breakdown voltage. The electrical degradation seen in device B can be explained by trap creation and/or charge injection near channel/gate oxide interfaces, including those within the channel layer.
Detection of a Charged Two-Level System by Using the Kondo and the Fano–Kondo Effects in Quantum Dots
Authors: Tanamoto Tetsufumi , Liu Yu-xi , Hu Xuedong , Nori Franco
Published: February 2013

The Kondo effect and the Fano–Kondo effect are important phenomena that have been observed in quantum dots (QDs). We theoretically investigate the transport properties of a coupled QD system in order to study the possibility of detecting a qubit state from the modulation of the conductance peak in the Kondo effect and the dip in the Fano–Kondo effect. We show that the peak and dip of the conductance are both shifted depending on the qubit state. In particular, we find that we can estimate the optimal point and tunneling coupling between the |0> and |1> states of the qubit by measuring the shift of the positions of the conductance peak and dip, as functions of the applied gate voltage on the qubit and the distance between the qubit and the detector.
Printable Top-Gate-Type Polymer Light-Emitting Transistors with Surfaces of Amorphous Fluoropolymer Insulators Modified by Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Treatment
Authors: Kajii Hirotake , Terashima Daiki , Kusumoto Yusuke , Ikezoe Ikuya , Ohmori Yutaka
Published: February 2013

We investigated the fabrication and electrical and optical properties of top-gate-type polymer light-emitting transistors with the surfaces of amorphous fluoropolymer insulators, CYTOP (Asahi Glass) modified by vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) treatment. The surface energy of CYTOP, which has a good solution barrier property was increased by VUV irradiation, and the gate electrode was fabricated by solution processing on the CYTOP film using the Ag nano-ink. The influence of VUV irradiation on the optical properties of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) films with various gate insulators was investigated to clarify the passivation effect of gate insulators. It was found that the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film prevented the degradation of the F8BT layer under VUV irradiation because the PMMA film can absorb VUV. The solution-processed F8BT device with multilayer PMMA/CYTOP insulators utilizing a gate electrode fabricated using the Ag nano-ink exhibited both the ambipolar characteristics and yellow-green emission.
Effective Creation of Spin Polarization in p-Type Ge from a Fe/GeO2Tunnel Contact
Authors: Spiesser Aurélie , Watanabe Suguru , Saito Hidekazu , Yuasa Shinji , Ando Koji
Published: February 2013

We examined electrical creation of spin-polarized carriers in heavily doped p-type Ge from a Fe/GeO2tunnel contact where GeO2is an amorphous insulator. Clear spin accumulation signals were successfully observed up to 300 K down to a very low voltage of 1 mV. In contrast to epitaxial Fe/MgO tunnel contact, the magnitude of spin accumulation signal exhibits a nearly symmetric behavior with respect to the bias voltage polarity. These results establish that GeO2is an effective tunnel barrier for spin injection and detection in germanium.
Everglades restoration could decrease carbon sink potential
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2013

Starting more than a century ago and ramping up to a massive scale in the 1950s, canal building and drainage projects in the Florida Everglades steadily degraded the sprawling wetland ecosystem. In the coming years, a massive 30‐year multibillion‐dollar restoration program is set to naturalize the Florida Everglades, returning the drained land to a closer approximation of its original structure. Restoring the Everglades, however, will have consequent effects on wetland dynamics, as plants and soil processes adjust to the changing water levels. Using eddy covariance measurements of surface‐atmosphere gas exchange, Jimenez et al. tracked the roles of two different types of Everglades wetlands in the regional carbon cycle. Based on their findings, the authors suggest that, contrary to previous research, restoring the Everglades will likely diminish the potential of the region to serve as a carbon sink.
First satellite detection of volcanogenic carbon monoxide
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2013

Measuring and tracking the gases that vent from an erupting volcano is a project fraught with potential dangers and difficulties. Taking measurements on the ground places researchers in harm's way, as does taking airborne samples. These approaches also may suffer from issues around accurately representing the spatial and temporal shifts in gas emissions rates. As such, satellite‐based remote sensing techniques are becoming a preferred way to assess the dispersion and concentrations of various volcanic gases. Devising a functional remote sensing scheme, however, depends on identifying a satellite sensor that can reliably identify the chemical species in question and pick the volcanic emissions out from the background concentrations. Such efforts have so far been successful for only a few volcanic gases: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
New Congressional Climate Change Task Force Calls on President to Use Administrative Authority
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2013

Spurred by U.S. congressional inaction on climate change and by President Barack Obama's comments on the topic in his 21 January inaugural address, several Democratic members of Congress announced at a Capitol Hill briefing the formation of a bicameral task force on climate change. In addition, they have called on the president to use his administrative authority to deal with the issue.
New Director of Publications Selected
Authors: Buhrman Joan
Published: February 2013

AGU has announced that Brooks Hanson—former deputy editor of physical sciences for Science—will be its new director of publications. In the position, which he will assume on 25 February 2013, Hanson will work to evolve AGU's publishing program in a changing marketplace as well as to monitor and develop strategies to address public policy directives and options that impact the publishing of scholarly research.
Assessing the uncertainties in flux measurements
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: February 2013

Climate and environmental studies require knowledge of the exchange of carbon, water vapor, and energy between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. These exchanges are measured by tower instruments at numerous sites around the world using a technique known as eddy covariance. However, there are few studies estimating the errors in those flux tower networks by comparing their measurements with measurements from independent instruments. Schmidt et al. assessed the errors in the AmeriFlux network by comparing measurements made by the towers to measurements made using portable instruments during 84 site visits between 2002 and 2012. They found that, after statistical outliers were removed, the network had mean relative instrumental errors of less than 10% for all variables measured. The lowest errors were for meteorological variables, while the highest errors were for latent heat and carbon dioxide flux measurements. They note that many of the errors, such as calibration problems, were corrected at the sites. Overall, the authors say the study confirms the high quality and value of the AmeriFlux network data for studying fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial surface. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Biogeosciences, doi:10.1029/2012JG002100, 2012)
Science Policy: Using Your Voice to Inform and Inspire
Authors: Goldner Aaron , Henderson Jennifer , Shieh Owen
Published: February 2013

In recent decades, scientific research that addresses complex and critical global issues, such as climate change, has become increasingly politicized, leaving many scientists feeling as though they cannot directly engage decision makers and simultaneously preserve the integrity of their work. Now at a time when policy makers and the public struggle to understand the technical nature of these issues, scientists who want to communicate their findings clearly and effectively can turn to science policy to better understand how to engage in this process.
Coastal Altimetry Benefits From CryoSat‐2 Synthetic Aperture Measurements
Authors: Cipollini Paolo , Benveniste Jérôme , Vignudelli Stefano
Published: February 2013

The scientific community involved in the research and development of applications of satellite altimetry in the coastal zone met for the 6th Coastal Altimetry Workshop. Research in coastal altimetry is going through exciting times: Experimental data sets for the coastal zone are now available, such as those from the French PISTACH project for the Jason‐2 satellite and from the European Space Agency (ESA)–funded COASTALT project for the Envisat satellite, and many diverse applications were shown at the workshop. These range from observing coastal currents to monitoring river and lake levels, ice margins, and storm surges to gravity mapping in coastal zones.
Io's volcanism controls Jupiter's magnetospheric activity
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: February 2013

Jupiter's volcanic moon Io spews out volcanic gas, which reaches its atmosphere and becomes ionized, forming what is known as the Io plasma torus. This plasma torus can interact with Jupiter's magnetosphere, possibly affecting auroral activity there. To help determine whether Io's volcanic activity affects Jupiter's magnetosphere, Yoneda et al. analyzed ground‐based observations of Jupiter's sodium nebula, which provides an indication of Io's volcanic activity and plasma content in the Io plasma torus, along with satellite‐based measurements of the radio emission called hectometric (HOM) emission, which is a sign of Jupiter's auroral activity.
Seabirds influence Arctic methane and nitrous oxide emissions
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: February 2013

Seabird activity is contributing significantly to methane and nitrous oxide emissions in the Arctic tundra, a new study shows. Methane emissions, which play an important role in the global carbon cycle, and nitrous oxide fluxes, a key element in the nutrient cycle, are predicted to increase in the Arctic and contribute to Arctic warming in the near future.
Mixed‐Ligand Zn‐MOFs for Highly Luminescent Sensing of Nitro Compounds
Authors: Wang Hao , Yang Weiting , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: February 2013

Three ZnII metal‐organic frameworks (Zn‐MOFs), [Zn2(tib)(HL1)(H2L1)0.5]⋅2H2O (1), [Zn2(tib)(L2)]⋅H2O (2) and [Zn3(tib)(L3)2(H2O)6]⋅2 H2O (3), have been prepared by reactions of 1,3,5‐tris(1‐imidazolyl)benzene (tib), and biphenyl‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid (H4L1), 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic acid (H4L2), or benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (H3L3) with corresponding ZnII salts, respectively. Single crystal structure analyses reveal that 1 and 2 are constructed by Zn‐centered polyhedra, tib and multidentate tetracarboxylate ligands to form 3‐dimensional frameworks. In contrast, when the tetracarboxylate ligands were replaced by tricarboxylate ligand, layered structure of 3 is produced. These compounds are further characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, element analyses, thermogravimetric analyses and photoluminescent spectroscopy. The luminescent properties of three Zn‐MOFs dispersed in different solvents have been investigated systematically, demonstrating high sensitivity for the detection of nitro compounds via a fluorescence quenching mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: Expanding the Ruddlesden—Popper Manganite Family: The (n = 3) La3.2Ba0.8Mn3O10 Member.
Authors: Hadermann Joke , Abakumov Artem M. , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Rozova Marina G. , Sarakinou Eleni , Antipov Evgeny V.
Published: February 2013

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of La2O3, BaO, Mn2O3, and MnO (pressed pellet, evacuated silica tube, 1000 °C, 150 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Growth of LuVO4 Nanoleaves: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Morphology Evolution, and Luminescence Properties.
Authors: Xu Zhenhe , Bian Shasha , Liu Tao , Wang Liming , Gao Yu , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun
Published: February 2013

LuVO4 nanoleaves are hydrothermally synthesized from mixtures of Lu(NO3)3, Na3VO4, sodium tartrate, NaOH, and H2O (pH 10, 180 °C, autoclave, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Solar Powered Lithium‐Ion Battery Incorporating High Performing Electrode Materials.
Authors: Gopukumar S. , Nithya C. , Maheshwari P. H. , Ravikumar R. , Thirunakaran R. , Sivashanmugam A. , Dhawan S. K. , Mathur R. B.
Published: February 2013

A new high‐performance lithium ion battery with a graphite paper anode and a LiMg0.025Cu0.175Co0.8O2 cathode, which can be charged by solar power, delivers an energy output of 280 Wh/kg with a cycling efficiency of 97% over 500 cycles of the lithium ion cell.
ChemInform Abstract: Modified Marko′s Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols under Atmospheric Pressure with Air or Molecular Oxygen at Room Temperature.
Authors: Nishii Takeshi , Ouchi Tomomi , Matsuda Aya , Matsubara Yuka , Haraguchi Yuuko , Kawano Tomomi , Kaku Hiroto , Horikawa Mitsuyo , Tsunoda Tetsuto
Published: February 2013

A novel modified protocol for primary and secondary alcohols is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: The Application of Pyranoside Phosphite‐Pyridine Ligands to Enantioselective Ir‐Catalyzed Hydrogenations of Highly Unfunctionalized Olefins.
Authors: Margalef Jessica , Lega Matteo , Ruffo Francesco , Pamies Oscar , Dieguez Montserrat
Published: February 2013

The applied catalyst is prepared in three steps from readily available precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: FeCl3/Montmorillonite K10 as an Efficient Catalyst for Solvent‐Free Aza‐Michael Reaction Between Amine and α,β‐Unsaturated Compounds.
Authors: Choudhary V. R. , Dumbre D. K. , Patil S. K.
Published: February 2013

Primary or secondary amines are added to acrylates, acrylonitrile, or methyl vinyl ketone in the presence of FeCl3 supported on the title silicate to give the corresponding alkylated amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Allylation of Aromatic Aldehydes with α‐Halo‐β,β‐difluoropropene Derivatives.
Authors: Lin Xiaowei , Zheng Feng , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: February 2013

The title reaction provides an efficient and diastereoselective approach to γ‐fluorinated homoallylic alcohols of type (III), (VI), and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Catalyzed Reductive Bromination of Carboxylic Acids Leading to Alkyl Bromides.
Authors: Moriya Toshimitsu , Yoneda Shinichiro , Kawana Keita , Ikeda Reiko , Konakahara Takeo , Sakai Norio
Published: February 2013

The reducing system is selective for carboxylic acids and other functional groups are not attacked.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pentafluorinated β‐Hydroxy Ketones.
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wolf Christian
Published: February 2013

A new, mild, and fast method to prepare a wide range of β‐hydroxy ketones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Scope of the Two‐Step, One‐Pot Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation/Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction Utilizing Bis‐Boronic Acids.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Trice Sarah L. J. , Kennedy Steven M.
Published: February 2013

A simple and efficient method to prepare a wide range of biaryls is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(OAc)2 Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Eletron‐Deficient Arenes Without Ligands or with Monoprotected Amino Acid Assistance.
Authors: Wang Ya‐Nong , Guo Xu‐Qing , Zhu Xiao‐Han , Zhong Rui , Cai Li‐Hua , Hou Xiu‐Feng
Published: February 2013

Optimal reaction conditions are found for the regioselective monoarylation of disubstituted arenes.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,4‐ vs 3,4‐Disubstituted Pyrrole Synthesis Switched by Copper and Nickel Catalysts.
Authors: Chen Feng , Shen Tao , Cui Yuxin , Jiao Ning
Published: February 2013

By simply switching the transition metal catalyst, various disubstituted pyrrole systems are obtained under mild and neutral conditions without any additives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Diaryl‐1H‐benzo[g]indazoles.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Tai Hang‐Yi , Chen Yeh‐Long , Hsu Ru‐Ting
Published: February 2013

Title compounds are synthesized by the present new three‐step procedure starting from dimethoxyallylbenzaldehyde (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction for the Construction of Bicyclic Skeletons with Multiple Stereocenters by Using a Bifunctional Organocatalytic Strategy: An Efficient Approach to Chiral Macrolides.
Authors: Jiang Xianxing , Wang Long , Kai Ming , Zhu Liping , Yao Xiaojun , Wang Rui
Published: February 2013

A wide range of densely functionalized bicyclic structures containing up to four stereocenters is prepared with good yields and high enantioselectivities using a bifunctional organocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(III) Porphyrin Catalyzed Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Wakabayashi Ryota , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: February 2013

Various electron‐deficient dienes react with unactivated imine substrates to produce the desired piperidine scaffold, mostly at room temperature and within a short time.
ChemInform Abstract: FeCl3·6H2O‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Allylic Amination: Synthesis of Substituted Dihydroquinolines and Quinolines.
Authors: Wang Zhiming , Li Shen , Yu Bin , Wu Haibo , Wang Yurong , Sun Xiaoqiang
Published: February 2013

The reaction of anilines of type (I) with small amounts of FeCl3·6H2O allows a new and facile access to substituted 1,2‐dihydroquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines via New Multicomponent Reaction.
Authors: Rineh Amir , Khalilzadeh Mohammad A. , Hashemi Mohammad M. , Rajabi Medi , Karimi Fatemeh
Published: February 2013

Quinoline derivatives (IV), (VI) are efficiently obtained in a one‐pot three‐component reaction of alkyl 4‐chloroacetate or ethyl chloropyruvate and activated acetylenic compounds in the presence of the nucleophilic form of isatin in water.
ChemInform Abstract: Site‐Selective Electrophilic Cyclization and Subsequent Ring‐Opening: A Synthetic Route to Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines and Indolizines.
Authors: Aggarwal Trapti , Kumar Sonu , Dhaked Devendra K. , Tiwari Rakesh K. , Bharatam Prasad V. , Verma Akhilesh K.
Published: February 2013

Treatment of alkynylated pyranoquinolines such as (III) and (VI) with AgOTf or I2 is found to allow a new, facile, and efficient access to biologically important pyrroloquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Thieno[2,3‐b]quinolinone Derivatives (V)
Authors: Han Guang‐Fan , Wang Ming , Chen Li‐Zhuang , Hu Xiao‐Lei
Published: February 2013

via Cu‐catalyzed cyclization of enamines (IV)
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Biginelli Products of Indandione.
Authors: Dabholkar Vijay V. , Patil Sunil R. , Pandey Rajesh V.
Published: February 2013

Indeno[1,2‐d]pyrimidinones (IV) are synthesized by a Biginelli cyclocondensation reaction and tested for their antibacterial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐pyrazine‐2‐carbohydrazide and 3‐Amino‐N′‐methylpyrazine‐2‐carbohydrazide Derivatives.
Authors: Milczarska Barbara , Gobis Katarzyna , Foks Henryk , Golunski Lukasz , Sowinski Pawel
Published: February 2013

The synthesis of new thiosemicarbazide, thiadiazole, oxadiazole and triazole derivatives via reactions of the title carbohydrazides (I) with isothiocyanates, aromatic aldehydes, ketones, CS2, and formic acid are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Secondary C—H Bonds in Cyclic Ethers.
Authors: Liskey Carl W. , Hartwig John F.
Published: February 2013

The borylation of various cyclic ethers occurs with unique selectivity for the β‐position by use of an optimized iridium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α‐Substituted Ethenylphosphonic Acids.
Authors: Dong Kaiwu , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling
Published: February 2013

Unprecedented enantioselectivities (98‐99% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of γ,δ‐Unsaturated Selenoamides via the Seleno‐Claisen Rearrangement of in situ Generated Allylic Vinyl Selenides from Selenoamides and Allylic Bromides.
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Ezaka Tatsuya , Kato Shinzi
Published: February 2013

Initial alkylation may take place at the selenium atom to give allylic vinyl selenide followed by a seleno Claisen rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Novel Ferrocenyl Pyrrolizidines.
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Mei , Liu Peng , Zhang Hong‐Li , Feng Guo‐Liang , Geng Li‐Jun
Published: February 2013

A series of hitherto unknown ferrocenyl pyrrolidines (IV) is obtained via [3 + 2]‐cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides, derived from proline and aromatic aldehydes, with unusual ferrocene dipolarophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Reengineered Epipodophyllotoxin.
Authors: Magedov Igor V. , et al. et al.
Published: February 2013

A novel epipodophyllotoxin analogue (V) is prepared via an intramolecular Diels—Alder reaction of ester (II) as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Transparent BaAl4O7 Polycrystalline Ceramic Obtained by Full Crystallization from Glass.
Authors: Allix Mathieu , Alahrache Salaheddine , Fayon Franck , Suchomel Matthew , Porcher Florence , Cardinal Thierry , Matzen Guy
Published: February 2013

A highly transparent polycrystalline BaAl4O7 ceramic is prepared by annealing a glass bead (obtained by melting a 1:2 molar mixture of BaCO3 and Al2O3 followed by rapid quenching) in an open‐air atmosphere tubular furnace at 1000—1100 °C for 2—24 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatility of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Synthetic Methodologies Epitomizing the Role of Silica Support in TiO2 Based Mixed Oxides.
Authors: Kibombo Harrison S. , Peng Rui , Rasalingam Shivatharsiny , Koodali Ranjit T.
Published: February 2013

Review: 217 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alloys in Catalysis: Phase Separation and Surface Segregation Phenomena in Response to the Reactive Environment
Authors: Zafeiratos Spiros , Piccinin Simone , Teschner Detre
Published: February 2013

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Beyond Samarium Diiodide: Vistas in Reductive Chemistry Mediated by Lanthanides(II)
Authors: Szostak Michal , Procter David J.
Published: February 2013

Review: 285 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Click Chemistry of Alkyne—Azide Cycloaddition Using Nanostructured Copper Catalysts
Authors: Jin Tienan , Yan Mei , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: February 2013

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mononuclear Water Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Hetterscheid Dennis G. H. , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: February 2013

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in InCl3‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Singh Maya Shankar , Raghuvanshi Keshav
Published: February 2013

Review: about 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rare Earth Metal Oxazoline Comlexes in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Ward Benjamin D. , Gade Lutz H.
Published: February 2013

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Occurrence of Halogenated Alkaloids
Authors: Gribble Gordon W.
Published: February 2013

Review: 835 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Reactions of Organometallic Derivatives of Oximes
Authors: Abele Edgars , Lukevics Edmunds
Published: February 2013

Review: 452 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synchronization and Complex Dynamics of Oscillators with Delayed Pulse Coupling.
Authors: Baer Markus , Schoell Eckehard , Torcini Alessandro
Published: February 2013

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Conversion of Hemicellulosic Biomass to Furfural and Upgrading to Biofuels
Authors: Dutta Saikat , De Sudipta , Saha Basudeb , Alam Md. Imteyaz
Published: February 2013

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unraveling the Complexity of Catalytic Reactions via Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation: Current Status and Frontiers
Authors: Stamatakis Michail , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: February 2013

Review: 175 refs.
Interactions of Amino Acids with Oxidized Guanine in the Gas Phase Associated with the Protection of Damaged DNA
Authors: Zhao Jing , Yang Hongfang , Zhang Meng , Bu Yuxiang
Published: February 2013

Density functional theory calculations were employed to study the stabilization process of the guanine radical cation through amino acid interactions as well as to understand the protection mechanisms. On the basis of our calculations, several protection mechanisms are proposed in this work subject to the type of the amino acid. Our results indicate that a series of three‐electron bonds can be formed between the amino acids and the guanine radical cation which may serve as relay stations supporting hole transport. In the three‐electron‐bonded, π–π‐stacked, and H‐bonded modes, amino acids can protect guanine from oxidation or radiation damage by sharing the hole, while amino acids with reducing properties can repair the guanine radical cation through proton‐coupled electron transfer or electron transfer. Another important finding is that positively charged amino acids (ArgH+, LysH+, and HisH+) can inhibit ionization of guanine through raising its ionization potential. In this situation, a negative dissociation energy for hydrogen bonds in the hole‐trapped and positively charged amino acid–Guanine dimer is observed, which explains the low hole‐trapping efficiency. We hope that this work provides valuable information on how to protect DNA from oxidation‐ or radiation‐induced damages in biological systems.
Isotopic systematics of the early Mauna Kea shield phase and insight into the deep mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Nobre Silva Inês G. , Weis Dominique , Scoates James S.
Published: February 2013

The 3500 m deep Hawai'i Scientific Drilling Project core provides a ~680 kyr record of the magmatic history and source components of Mauna Kea volcano. We report high‐precision Pb‐Sr‐Nd isotopic compositions of 40 basalts from the last 408 m of the final drilling phase (HSDP2‐B and HSDP2‐C) and show that these lowermost basalts represent the early shield stage of Mauna Kea's growth history. Two sample groups are distinguished based on their isotopic variability compared to the rest of the core. Over a depth interval of 210 m (3098.2–3308.2 mbsl), the basalts show very restricted isotopic variation and represent sampling of a relatively homogeneous source. Samples from the bottom 192 m record the largest range of 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb in the core, reflecting the greater isotopic variability of the earlier stages of volcanism compared to subsequent stages. The heterogeneity of Mauna Kea lavas is explained by mixing variable proportions of four distinct components intrinsic to the Hawaiian mantle plume. One of these components, Kea, is a prevalent and long‐lived composition within the Hawaiian plume, whereas the other three components are involved at different stages of the volcano's history and contribute to the short‐term isotopic variability of Mauna Kea. The compositional similarity of the Kea component to “C” and to the super‐chondritic bulk‐silicate Earth suggests that Kea may be part of the primitive mantle of a non‐chondritic Earth. Other Pacific oceanic island basalts share Kea‐like compositions, indicating that the Kea component is a common, widespread composition within the Pacific deep mantle.
Recent changes in pan‐Arctic melt onset from satellite passive microwave measurements
Authors: Wang L. , Derksen C. , Brown R. , Markus T.
Published: February 2013

A new satellite passive microwave (PMW) melt onset retrieval algorithm based on temporal variations in the differences of the brightness temperature between 19 and 37 GHz is shown to be as effective as radar (e.g., QuikScat) measurements. The PMW technique shows improved melt estimates that are more closely linked to observed snow‐off dates than previous studies. An integrated pan‐Arctic (north of 50°N) melt onset date (MOD) dataset is produced by combining estimates on land and sea ice for the entire satellite PMW record. During the 1979–2011 period, significant trends of 2~3 days (decade)−1 to earlier MOD are mainly concentrated over the Eurasian land sector of the Arctic, consistent with changes in spring snow cover extent observed with visible satellite data. The variability and change in melt onset are largely driven by spring surface air temperature, with insignificant influence from low‐frequency modes of atmospheric circulation.
The solar proton events in 2012 as observed by MIPAS
Authors: von Clarmann T. , Funke B. , López‐Puertas M. , Kellmann S. , Linden A. , Stiller G. P. , Jackman C. H. , Harvey V. L.
Published: February 2013

During the solar proton events (SPE) on 23–30 January and 7–15 March 2012, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat monitored atmospheric temperature and composition with global coverage. In the Northern Hemisphere, the January SPE started at the end of a polar stratospheric warming period. The SPE effect is superimposed by large‐scale subsidence of mesospheric NOx‐rich air, which partly masks direct chemical SPE effects. SPE‐induced NOx increases by 5, 20, 50, and 100 ppbv at altitudes of 50, 57, 60, and 70 km, respectively, are observed during the January SPE and those by 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 35 ppbv at altitudes of 47, 50, 53, 60, 63, and 66 km, respectively, during the March SPE. SPE‐related ozone loss is clearly observed in the mesosphere, particularly in the tertiary ozone maximum. A sudden short‐term HNO4 increase immediately after the January SPE hints at SPE‐triggered HOx chemistry. In the Southern Hemisphere, a large NOx response is observed (increases by 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 ppbv at 52, 56, 59, 63, and 70 km in January and by 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 35 ppbv at 47, 50, 53, 60, 63, and 66 km in March), while the effect on other species seems much less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere. SPE‐related destruction of mesospheric ozone in the Southern Hemisphere was much more pronounced after the March SPE than the January SPE but in both cases, ozone recovered within about a day.
Plasmaspheric filament: an isolated magnetic flux tube filled with dense plasmas
Authors: Murakami Go , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Yoshioka Kazuo , Yamazaki Atsushi , Kagitani Masato , Taguchi Makoto , Kikuchi Masayuki , Kameda Shingo , Nakamura Masato
Published: February 2013

The Telescope of Extreme Ultraviolet (TEX) onboard Japan's lunar orbiter KAGUYA provided the first sequential images of the Earth's plasmasphere from the “side” (meridian) view. The TEX instrument obtained the global distribution of the terrestrial helium ions (He+) by detecting resonantly scattered emission at 30.4 nm. One of the most striking features of the plasmasphere found by TEX is an arc‐shaped structure of enhanced brightness, which we call a “plasmaspheric filament”. In the TEX image on 2 June 2008, the filament structure was clearly aligned to the dipole magnetic field line of L = 3.7 at 7.3 magnetic local time. Our analysis suggests that the filament represents an isolated flux tube filled with four times higher He+ density than its neighbors. We found four events of plasmaspheric filament in the images obtained between March and June 2008, and in all four events, the geomagnetic activity was quite low. The plasmaspheric filament in the TEX image is the first evidence that a “finger” structure seen in the IMAGE‐EUV image is the projection of an isolated flux tube.
Glacier tongue calving reduced dense water formation and enhanced carbon uptake
Authors: Shadwick E. H. , Rintoul S. R. , Tilbrook B. , Williams G. D. , Young N. , Fraser A. D. , Marchant H. , Smith J. , Tamura T.
Published: February 2013

Dense shelf water formed in the Mertz Polynya supplies the lower limb of the global overturning circulation, ventilating the abyssal Indian and Pacific Oceans. Calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT) in February 2010 altered the regional distribution of ice and reduced the size and activity of the polynya. The salinity and density of dense shelf water declined abruptly after calving, consistent with a reduction of sea ice formation in the polynya. Breakout and melt of thick multiyear sea ice released by the movement of iceberg B9B and the MGT freshened near‐surface waters. The input of meltwater likely enhanced the availability of light and iron, supporting a diatom bloom that doubled carbon uptake relative to precalving conditions. The enhanced biological carbon drawdown increased the carbonate saturation state, outweighing dilution by meltwater input. These observations highlight the sensitivity of dense water formation, biological productivity, and carbon export to changes in the Antarctic icescape.
Configurational Stability of Optically Active Dichloromethyl p‐Tolyl Sulfoxide and Its Anionic Species: Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Kimura Tsutomu , Tsuru Takahiro , Momochi Hitoshi , Satoh Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2013

Racemization of optically active dichloromethyl p‐tolyl sulfoxide took place at −78°C in the presence of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS), while the same racemization did not occur under reflux in toluene in the absence of KHMDS. Density functional theory calculations suggested that the pyramidal inversion at the sulfur center was unlikely to be involved in the racemization mechanism. An anionic species of the sulfoxide was found to be gradually converted into chlorobis(p‐tolylsulfinyl)methane and dichlorocarbene. We propose a racemization mechanism mediated by achiral potassium p‐toluenesulfenate and chloro(p‐tolylsulfinyl)methylene. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:131–137, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21074
EFFECTS OF FIXED VERSUS RANDOM CONDITION SEQUENCING DURING MULTIELEMENT FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES
Authors: Hammond Jennifer L. , Iwata Brian A. , Rooker Griffin W. , Fritz Jennifer N. , Bloom Sarah E.
Published: February 2013

It has been suggested that a fixed condition sequence might facilitate differential responding during multielement functional analyses (FAs) by capitalizing on or limiting sequence effects (Iwata, Pace, et al., 1994); however, the effects of condition sequence have not been examined empirically. We conducted fixed‐ and random‐sequence FAs for 7 individuals with developmental disabilities to determine the relative effects that sequence may have on assessment outcomes. Experimental conditions during the fixed sequence were conducted in the following order: ignore, attention, play, and demand; condition order during the random sequence was determined randomly. Results showed that sequence had no influence on the FA outcomes for 3 subjects, whereas differential responding emerged either faster (1 subject) or only (3 subjects) under the fixed sequence for the remaining subjects. These results suggest that the fixed sequence, a simple modification, should be used when conducting multielement FAs to accommodate the influence of establishing operations across assessment conditions.
A Phase I Study Evaluating the Effect of Everolimus on the Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Urva Shweta , Bouillaud Emmanuel , Delaney Rosemary , Jappe Annette , Cheung Wing
Published: February 2013

The selective mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus has demonstrated competitive inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) 3A4 in vitro; however, its influence on CYP3A4 activity in humans is unknown. This study examined the influence of everolimus on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam, a sensitive CYP3A4/5 substrate, and its 1‐hydroxy metabolite in 25 healthy male subjects. Compared with administration of oral midazolam 4 mg/day alone, coadministration with everolimus 10 mg/day increased the midazolam maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by 25% and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) by 30%. The Cmax and AUC of 1‐hydroxymidazolam increased by 20% and 25%, respectively. Concomitant administration of everolimus with midazolam did not change the midazolam metabolic ratio (i.e., the ratio of 1‐hydroxymidazolam AUC to midazolam AUC) or the midazolam or 1‐hydroxymidazolam terminal half‐lives (geometric mean ratios for midazolam + everolimus vs. midazolam alone of 0.96, 1.03, and 1.06, respectively). These results suggest everolimus may affect the bioavailability, but not the systemic clearance, of orally coadministered CYP3A4 substrate drugs.
Bank‐Based Microfinance: From Peripheral to Integrated Responsibility Toward Sustainability
Authors: Ingham Marc , Grafé‐Buckens Anne , Tihon Alain
Published: February 2013

only a few banks truly integrate sustainability in their core values, vision, mission, activities, strategies, and structures.
Deglacial development of (sub) sea surface temperature and salinity in the subarctic northwest Pacific: Implications for upper‐ocean stratification
Authors: Riethdorf Jan‐Rainer , Max Lars , Nürnberg Dirk , Lembke‐Jene Lester , Tiedemann Ralf
Published: February 2013

Based on models and proxy data, it has been proposed that salinity‐driven stratification weakened in the subarctic North Pacific during the last deglaciation, which potentially contributed to the deglacial rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide. We present high‐resolution subsurface temperature (TMg/Ca) and subsurface salinity‐approximating (δ18Oivc‐sw) records across the last 20,000 years from the subarctic North Pacific and its marginal seas, derived from combined stable oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios of the planktonic foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.). Our results indicate regionally differing changes of subsurface conditions. During the Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas cold phases, our sites were subject to reduced thermal stratification, brine rejection due to sea‐ice formation, and increased advection of low‐salinity water from the Alaskan Stream. In contrast, the Bølling‐Allerød warm phase was characterized by strengthened thermal stratification, stronger sea‐ice melting, and influence of surface waters that were less diluted by the Alaskan Stream. From direct comparison with alkenone‐based sea surface temperature estimates (SSTUk′37), we suggest deglacial thermocline changes that were closely related to changes in seasonal contrasts and stratification of the mixed layer. The modern upper‐ocean conditions seem to have developed only since the early Holocene.
Die Quantenmechanik auf dem Prüfstand der Neutroneninterferometrie
Authors: Rauch H.
Published: February 2013

Mit der Perfektkristall‐Neutroneninterferometrie konnten in den vergangenen zehn Jahren eine Reihe quantenmechanischer Grundlagenexperimente mit Materiewellen realisiert werden. Das klassische Doppel‐spaltexperiment, der Einfluß der Gravitation, der Nachweis der 4π‐Symmetrie von Spinoren sowie der Nachweis des Spin‐Superpositionsprinzips auf makroskopischer Basis werden diskutiert. Alle Ergebnisse zeigen volle Übereinstimmung mit den Vorhersagen der Quantenmechanik, sind jedoch dazu geeignet, die Debatte über die Interpretation dieser Theorie neu zu beleben.
Der Quanten‐Hall‐Effekt
Authors: Hajdu J. , Kramer B.
Published: February 2013

Im Frühjahr 1980 hielt Klaus von Klitzing an der Physikalisch Technischen Bundesanstalt einen Kolloquiumsvortrag über eine „Neuartige Präzisionsbestimmung von h/e2”︁. Niemand ahnte damals, daß seine beeindruckenden Meßergebnisse die Entdeckung eines neuartigen Effektes großer Tragweite bedeuteten und eine Lawine von Veröffentlichungen auslösen würden. Was ist der Grund für das außergewöhnliche Interesse, das die Physiker in aller Welt diesem „Quanten‐Hall‐Effekt”︁ seit nunmehr über fünf Jahren entgegenbringen (vgl. [1])?