bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future of Women in Psychological Science
Authors: Gruber June , Mendle Jane , Lindquist Kristen A. , Schmader Toni , Clark Lee Anna , Bliss-Moreau Eliza , Akinola Modupe , Atlas Lauren , Barch Deanna M. , Barrett Lisa Feldman , Borelli Jessica L. , Brannon Tiffany N. , Bunge Silvia A. , Campos Belinda , Cantlon Jessica , Carter Rona , Carter-Sowell Adrienne R. , Chen Serena , Craske Michelle G. , Cuddy Amy J. C. , Crum Alia , Davachi Lila , Duckworth Angela L. , Dutra Sunny J. , Eisenberger Naomi I. , Ferguson Melissa , Ford Brett Q. , Fredrickson Barbara L. , Goodman Sherryl H. , Gopnik Alison , Greenaway Valerie Purdie , Harkness Kate L. , Hebl Mikki , Heller Wendy , Hooley Jill , Jampol Lily , Johnson Sheri L. , Joormann Jutta , Kinzler Katherine D. , Kober Hedy , Kring Ann M. , Paluck Elizabeth Levy , Lombrozo Tania , Lourenco Stella F. , McRae Kateri , Monin Joan K. , Moskowitz Judith T. , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Oettingen Gabriele , Pfeifer Jennifer H. , Prause Nicole , Saxbe Darby , Smith Pamela K. , Spellman Barbara A. , Sturm Virginia , Teachman Bethany A. , Thompson Renee J. , Weinstock Lauren M. , Williams Lisa A.
Published: September 2020

There has been extensive discussion about gender gaps in representation and career advancement in the sciences. However, psychological science itself has yet to be the focus of discussion or systematic review, despite our field’s investment in questions of equity, status, well-being, gender bias, and gender disparities. In the present article, we consider 10 topics relevant for women’s career advancement in psychological science. We focus on issues that have been the subject of empirical study, discuss relevant evidence within and outside of psychological science, and draw on established psychological theory and social-science research to begin to chart a path forward. We hope that better understanding of these issues within the field will shed light on areas of existing gender gaps in the discipline and areas where positive change has happened, and spark conversation within our field about how to create lasting change to mitigate remaining gender differences in psychological science.
Patterns of achievement-motivated behavior and performance as predictors for future success in rowing: A person-oriented study
Authors: Schmid Michael J , Conzelmann Achim , Zuber Claudia
Published: September 2020

Talent selection in rowing is often solely based on anthropometric and performance variables, even though psychological characteristics are considered to be important contributors to successful talent development. Because multidimensional talent models and holistic theories represent the state-of-the-art in talent research, we aimed to find patterns connecting psychological and performance variables to future success in rowing. Therefore, 22 coaches rated the achievement-motivated behavior represented by the variables proactivity, ambition and commitment of 65 competitive to high-level athletes ( Mage = 17.2 ± 1.55 years) for the past year (t1). Additionally, the athletes performed several 2,000 m ergometer tests during that same period. At t2 (30 months later), each rower’s performance was evaluated based on the success at different competitions. To examine the results, we used the person-oriented Linking of Clusters after removal of a Residue (LICUR) method to identify the relationships between the achievement-motivated behavior and ergometer results at t1 and the success at t2. The rowers could be assigned to five clusters. Although the highly motivated rowers were not the fastest on the ergometer at t1, they were more likely to be in highest performance level at t2 compared to the other clusters (OR = 3.5, p < .05). By contrast, all the ambitionless rowers and unmotivated rowers were either racing at national level or had dropped out. In conclusion, certain patterns of achievement-motivated behavior and current performance are associated with future success (30 months later). The consideration of achievement-motivated behavior in the selection of rowers seems promising in this context.
A principled approach to equipment scaling for children’s sport: A case study in basketball
Authors: Gorman AD , Headrick J , Renshaw I , McCormack CJ , Topp KM
Published: September 2020

The aims of this research were to (a) demonstrate how a principled approach using anthropometric measures of the hand can be used to identify the most appropriate basketball size for junior basketball players and (b) examine participants’ preferences in relation to the use of different sized basketballs after gameplay. The hand spans and hand lengths of junior and senior male basketball players were measured and used to create hand size-to-ball-size ratios. Junior male basketball players also competed in 3 vs 3 half-court games using size 3, 4, 5, and 6 basketballs. Using the hand size-to-ball-size ratio as a means of scaling equipment for junior basketball players revealed that the most appropriate ball for 11-year-old boys is size 3 or 4, however, the junior players preferred using the larger basketballs (size 5 and 6) during gameplay. Anthropometric measures of the hand can be used by sports administrators and coaches as a principled means to scale sports equipment for juniors. Given that the preferred ball size appears to be influenced by the prior experiences of each child, it may be important for scaled equipment to be introduced during the initial stages of motor learning.
Discrepancies in conservative treatment for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis: a comparison between different specialities and patient characteristics
Authors: Billig Jessica I. , Kane Robert L. , Yue Molin , Wang Lu , Chung Kevin C.
Published: September 2020

Non-surgical treatment is successful in controlling pain and preventing disease progress in treating thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. We used Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Databases between 2015 and 2018 to conduct a study of the patient and provider characteristics associated with three types of non-surgical treatment (hand therapy, splinting and corticosteroid injection) prior to surgery. In this population-based cohort study, we found that non-surgical providers were more likely to provide three different types of non-surgical treatments, as compared with hand surgeons. In addition, women and patients with comorbid conditions, including carpal tunnel syndrome, obesity, chronic pain and depression, were less likely to exhaust the available non-surgical management options for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. Therefore, we suggest that these specific patient populations can potentially benefit from additional non-surgical treatments that may delay or obviate surgery for this disease. These groups are target populations for future efforts to ensure that all patients receive equitable care.

Level of evidence: II
Outcome of primary tendon grafts for open Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries
Authors: Ecker Jeff , Andrijich Courtney , Pavleski Karolina , Badur Nicole , Crepaldi Bruno E.
Published: September 2020

Open injuries of the extensor mechanism in Zone 3 (dorsum of the proximal interphalangeal joint) have poor outcomes. We retrospectively analysed the outcomes of treating 19 Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries in 17 patients. The treatment comprised wound excision and debridement, primary tendon graft to reconstruct the damaged/missing extensor tendon, skeletal fixation when required, local flaps to vascularize the zone of injury and immediate short arc motion therapy. Using the criteria defined by Geldmacher et al., the outcome was predicted to be poor in nine, satisfactory in seven and good in three cases. In this study the outcomes were excellent in 10, good in six and satisfactory in three cases. Mean range of motion was 75° (range 25°–115°) at the proximal interphalangeal joint. We conclude that using the protocol described there should no longer be the perception of a dismal outcome for these complex Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries.

Level of evidence: IV
LCAT deficiency and pregnancy: Case report
Authors: Leal-Gonzalez Raul , Ramos-Reyes Álvaro , Moncada-Madrazo Mariana , Apodaca-Ramos Irasema , Morales-Palomino Kimberly L , Valdés-Cepeda Alejandro , Marrufo-García César A , Rangel-Nava Hugo A
Published: September 2020

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive condition affecting lipid metabolism with a prevalence of less than 1:1,000,000. Described here is the case of a 29-year-old pregnant woman with a diagnosis of LCAT deficiency (c.140G>A in exon 4), who had three episodes of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis and nephrotic-range proteinuria throughout the pregnancy. Furthermore, fetal ultrasounds carried out during the second and third trimester revealed a steady reduction in fetal growth rate, and fetal growth restriction (FGR) was diagnosed. The woman underwent an elective caesarean section at 33 weeks of gestation and delivered a healthy neonate. This case report adds knowledge of the natural history of LCAT deficiency during pregnancy and will be useful in future patient management.
Interplay of intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity in inflammatory bowel disease: a relationship of frenemies
Authors: Chen Huimin , Li Hongfen , Liu Zhanju
Published: September 2020

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. With in-depth studies on the mechanisms of the initiation and development of IBD, increasing lines of evidence have focused on the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD. The imbalance between the host and intestinal microbiota induces dysregulated immune response in intestinal mucosa and plays a pivotal role in the initiation of disease and ongoing bowel destruction. This review focuses on recent advances in intestinal microbiota regulation of mucosal immune response as well as novel approaches based on intestinal microbiota alterations in the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic response in IBD.
Ingestion and integration of ICTs for pedagogy in Indian private high schools
Authors: Kundu Arnab , Bej Tripti
Published: September 2020

In most cases, private schools in India are considered to have sufficient ICT resources for teaching-learning in 21st century classrooms and are assumed to be leaders in technology integration in the school pedagogy in this country. This study aimed to investigate the state of ICT integration and the degree of expertise these schools have attained. A survey of forty teachers from twenty purposively selected private high schools was conducted using a set interview protocol. Data were analyzed following the grounded theory approach. Results revealed that despite a high level of appreciation among teachers of the importance of ICT integration into teaching and learning classroom integration was not found problem-free. Several debilitating factors evolved including, a lack of ICT infrastructure, a lack of institutional encouragement, weak policies, and above all a lack of sufficient skills among teachers at all levels- technological, pedagogical, and integrative. This shows poor conviction in the hypothesis that private schools are good at ICT integration. Based on the analysis the study proposed 3E-Model along with a program of action for its implementation to improve ICT integration by dampening down the challenges and recommending schools to establish independent authorities; for example Working School Governing Bodies (WSGBs) that would look after the model and issues relating to the promotion of ICT integrated pedagogies in schools.
Changes in Digital Communication During the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for Digital Inequality and Future Research
Authors: Nguyen Minh Hao , Gruber Jonathan , Fuchs Jaelle , Marler Will , Hunsaker Amanda , Hargittai Eszter
Published: September 2020

Governments and public health institutions across the globe have set social distancing and stay-at-home guidelines to battle the COVID-19 pandemic. With reduced opportunities to spend time together in person come new challenges to remain socially connected. This essay addresses how the pandemic has changed people’s use of digital communication methods, and how inequalities in the use of these methods may arise. We draw on data collected from 1,374 American adults between 4 and 8 April 2020, about two weeks after lockdown measures were introduced in various parts of the United States. We first address whether people changed their digital media use to reach out to friends and family, looking into voice calls, video calls, text messaging, social media, and online games. Then, we show how age, gender, living alone, concerns about Internet access, and Internet skills relate to changes in social contact during the pandemic. We discuss how the use of digital media for social connection during a global public health crisis may be unequally distributed among citizens and may continue to shape inequalities even after the pandemic is over. Such insights are important considering the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s social wellbeing. We also discuss how changes in digital media use might outlast the pandemic, and what this means for future communication and media research.
Preliminary study on the anti-apoptotic mechanism of Astragaloside IV on radiation-induced brain cells
Authors: Liu Xin , Chu Weiwei , Shang Shuying , Ma Liang , Jiang Chenxin , Ding Yanping , Wang Jianlin , Zhang Shengxiang , Shao Baoping
Published: September 2020

With multiple targets and low cytotoxicity, natural medicines can be used as potential neuroprotective agents. The increase in oxidative stress levels and inflammatory responses in the brain caused by radiation affects cognitive function and neuronal structure, and ultimately leads to abnormal changes in neurogenesis, differentiation, and apoptosis. Astragaloside Ⅳ (AS-Ⅳ), one of the main active constituents of astragalus, is known for its antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-infarction, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and wound healing, angiogenesis, and other protective effects. In this study, the mechanism of AS-IV against radiation-induced apoptosis of brain cells in vitro and in vivo was explored by radiation modeling, which provided a theoretical basis for the development of anti-radiation Chinese herbal active molecules and brain health products. In order to study the protective mechanism of AS-IV on radiation-induced brain cell apoptosis in mice, the paper constructed a radiation-induced brain cell apoptosis model, using TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, Western blotting to analyze AS-IV resistance mechanism to radiation-induced brain cell apoptosis. The results of TUNEL staining and flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of radiation group was significantly increased. The results of Western blotting indicated that the expression levels of p-JNK, p-p38, p53, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 protein, and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in radiation group were significantly increased. There was no significant difference in the expression levels of JNK and p38. After AS-IV treatment, the apoptosis was reduced and the expression of apoptosis related proteins was changed. These data suggested that AS-IV can effectively reduce radiation-induced apoptosis of brain cells, and its mechanism may be related to the phosphorylation regulation of JNK-p38.
From Public to Private Accountability in Norwegian Local Government
Authors: Bjørnå Hilde , Weigård Jarle
Published: September 2020

This article discusses the consequences of changing views on accountability in democratic decision-making. Trends in Norway indicate that Norwegians are evaluating local democracy increasingly in terms of service performance and output, rather than in terms of political input from citizens. While traditional process evaluation is associated with governmental hierarchies and how voters can make elected representatives accountable for their policies, performance evaluation has connections with the logic of the market. It represents a shift from collective political control to individual consumer satisfaction, and consequently, from public to private accountability. Some highly prized democratic values, such as vertical political accountability, informed discussions of the totality of interests, and traditional democratic will-formation, could be lost on the way.
Exploratory data analysis on large data sets: The example of salary variation in Spanish Social Security Data
Authors: Nicodemo Catia , Satorra Albert
Published: September 2020

New challenges arise in data visualization when the research involves a sizable database. With many data points, classical scatterplots are non-informative due to the cluttering of points. On the contrary, simple plots, such as the boxplot that are of limited use in small samples, offer great potential to facilitate group comparison in the case of an extensive sample. This article presents exploratory data analysis methods useful for inspecting variation across groups in crucial variables and detecting heterogeneity. The exploratory data analysis methods (introduced by Tukey in his seminal book of 1977) encompass a set of statistical tools aimed to extract information from data using simple graphical tools. In this article, some of the exploratory data analysis methods like the boxplot and scatterplot are revisited and enhanced using modern graphical computational devices (as, for example, the heat-map) and their use illustrated with Spanish Social Security data. We explore how earnings vary across several factors like age, gender, type of occupation, and contract, and in particular, the gender gap in salaries is visualized in various dimensions relating to the type of occupation. The exploratory data analysis methods are also applied to assessing and refining competing regressions by plotting residuals-versus-fitted values. The methods discussed should be useful to researchers to assess heterogeneity in data, across-group variation, and classical diagnostic plots of residuals from alternative models fits.

JEL CLASSIFICATION: C55; J01; J08; Y10; C80
Rainbow-Collar Jobs? Occupational Segregation by Sexual Orientation in the United States
Authors: Finnigan Ryan
Published: September 2020

Lesbian and gay workers hold different occupations than straight workers, partly reflecting lesbian and gay workers’ tendency to avoid same-gender-dominated occupations. Previous studies have grappled with significant data limitations, obscuring patterns for bisexual workers and potentially biasing estimates of occupational segregation by sexual orientation. In this study the author addresses these limitations using large-scale, nationally representative data from the 2013–2018 National Health Interview Survey. Occupational segregation by sexual orientation is stronger among men than women. Within gender, lesbian/gay and bisexual workers are as segregated from each other as they are from straight workers. These differences are structured by both occupational gender composition and education: occupational segregation by sexual orientation is greatest among less educated workers and when correlated with occupational gender composition. These findings contribute to a more detailed empirical description of labor market inequalities by sexual orientation and offer some empirical puzzles for further theoretical development.
Informed consent, Montgomery and the duty to discuss alternative treatments in England and Australia
Authors: Carver Tracey
Published: September 2020

The UK Supreme Court in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board imposes a duty on healthcare professionals in relation to information disclosure. The obligation is to take reasonable care to ensure that patients are aware, not just of material risks inherent in any recommended treatment, but of any reasonable alternative treatments. While liability for information non-provision was previously decided according to whether the profession would deem disclosure appropriate, the law now judges the sufficiency of information from a patient’s perspective. In doing so, it adopts the approach advocated for Australia in Rogers v Whitaker. However, commentators, in this journal and elsewhere, have expressed concern that the disclosure obligation is unclear. Although Montgomery defines what is ‘material’ for the purpose of identifying notifiable treatment risks, it offers less guidance as to when alternative treatments will be sufficiently ‘reasonable’ to warrant disclosure. Through an analysis of Australian and UK case law and examples, this article considers the ambit of a practitioner’s duty to discuss alternatives. It concludes that although likely subject to further litigation, the identification of reasonable treatment options requiring disclosure will be influenced by the patient’s clinical condition, their prognosis and viable options from a medical perspective, and various non-clinical matters influenced by the test of materiality.
Occupational risk prevention, education and support in black, Asian and ethnic minority health worker in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Morris Nicholas H , Elneil Sohier , Morris David , Ellis Peter , Arulkumaran Sabaratnam
Published: September 2020

The onset of the COVID-19 in the UK has resulted in an inordinate amount of deaths affecting Black, Asian and Ethnic Minority (BAME) healthcare workers. The occupational risk to this group is thought to be a contributory factor, but other factors include race, genetics, medical co-morbidities, socio-economic status, and access to personal protection equipment. Why COVID-19 appears to be more deadly in BAME members remains unknown, but the UK government is investigating this now. It does appear that certain factors may worsen the disease process in BAME members, but which ones are pertinent to prevention remain to be determined, until a vaccine is available. Thus, the onus should rest on risk prevention, education, and support for all.

Some of the safety strategies that may be instituted to help guide those in the workplace include education, treating potential therapeutic targets and ensuring protection in the working environment. The consideration of a compensation scheme, for families of healthcare workers that have suffered because of COVID-19, would go some way to support the recovery process.
Constant-ductility energy factors of SDOF systems subjected to mainshock–aftershock sequences
Authors: Ji Duofa , Wen Weiping , Zhai Changhai
Published: September 2020

This article focuses on the energy factor of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to mainshock–aftershock (MSAS) sequences, of which 163 and 143 are collected from crustal and subduction regions, respectively. The recorded MSAS sequences are divided into four groups based on the relative intensity that is defined as the ratio of the peak ground acceleration ( PGA) of an aftershock to the PGA of the corresponding mainshock. Constant-ductility inelastic spectra are calculated to assess the energy factor, γ, defined as the ratio of the covered area of the skeleton load-deformation curve of the inelastic structural system to that of the corresponding elastic system with identical elastic properties, by considering various levels of structural inelasticity. Moreover, the effect of the hysteresis law, damping ratio, post-yield stiffness ratio, soil condition, and relative intensity on the energy factor is thoroughly analyzed. A predictive model is also developed as a function of the ductility factor, vibration period, damping ratio, and post-yield stiffness ratio. Such a model is expected to facilitate the energy-based seismic design of structures.
Absent B cells, agammaglobulinemia, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in folliculin-interacting protein 1 deficiency
Authors: Saettini Francesco , Poli Cecilia , Vengoechea Jaime , Bonanomi Sonia , Orellana Julio C. , Fazio Grazia , Rodriguez Fred H. , Noguera Loreani P. , Booth Claire , Jarur-Chamy Valentina , Shams Marissa , Iascone Maria , Vukic Maja , Gasperini Serena , Quadri Manuel , Barroeta Seijas Amairelys , Rivers Elizabeth , Mauri Mario , Badolato Raffaele , Cazzaniga Gianni , Bugarin Cristina , Gaipa Giuseppe , Kroes Wilma G. M. , Moratto Daniele , van Oostaijen-ten Dam Monique M. , Baas Frank , van der Maarel Silvère , Piazza Rocco , Coban-Akdemir Zeynep H. , Lupski James R. , Yuan Bo , Chinn Ivan K. , Daxinger Lucia , Biondi Andrea
Published: September 2020

Agammaglobulinemia is the most profound primary antibody deficiency that can occur due to an early termination of B-cell development. We here investigated 3 novel patients, including the first known adult, from unrelated families with agammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Two of them also presented with intermittent or severe chronic neutropenia. We identified homozygous or compound-heterozygous variants in the gene for folliculin interacting protein 1 (FNIP1), leading to loss of the FNIP1 protein. B-cell metabolism, including mitochondrial numbers and activity and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway, was impaired. These defects recapitulated the Fnip1−/− animal model. Moreover, we identified either uniparental disomy or copy-number variants (CNVs) in 2 patients, expanding the variant spectrum of this novel inborn error of immunity. The results indicate that FNIP1 deficiency can be caused by complex genetic mechanisms and support the clinical utility of exome sequencing and CNV analysis in patients with broad phenotypes, including agammaglobulinemia and HCM. FNIP1 deficiency is a novel inborn error of immunity characterized by early and severe B-cell development defect, agammaglobulinemia, variable neutropenia, and HCM. Our findings elucidate a functional and relevant role of FNIP1 in B-cell development and metabolism and potentially neutrophil activity.
Full-wave-equation depth extrapolation for migration using matrix multiplication
Authors: You Jiachun , Cao Junxing
Published: September 2020

To investigate wavefield depth extrapolation using the full-wave equation, we have derived a new depth extrapolation scheme for migration using functions of the vertical wavenumber. We develop a complete matrix multiplication formulation and approach to calculate the related mathematical functions of the vertical wavenumber and perform depth extrapolation using matrix multiplication only. Because our depth extrapolation algorithm involves only matrix multiplication, it is naturally applicable to parallel computations. Impulse response experiments demonstrate that our proposed migration method can achieve the same accuracy as full-wave-equation migration using the finite-difference method, in terms of phase information, even for media with strong lateral velocity changes. In numerical experiments using a smoothed version of the 2D SEG/EAGE salt model, our migration method provides an equivalent imaging result compared with reverse time migration (RTM) and a more accurate imaging result than migration using one-way propagators. Our method has certain potential advantages over RTM using the same full-wave equation with fewer internal multiple scatterings and fewer data storage requirements. Our adopted method is a stable depth extrapolation scheme because the evanescent waves are well suppressed. The numerical experimental results on the synthetic model demonstrate the importance of suppressing evanescent waves in a full-wave-equation-based depth extrapolation scheme and migration for imaging quality and computation cost.
DESMEX: A novel system development for semi-airborne electromagnetic exploration
Authors: Becken M. , Nittinger C. G. , Smirnova M. , Steuer A. , Martin T. , Petersen H. , Meyer U. , Mörbe W. , Yogeshwar P. , Tezkan B. , Matzander U. , Friedrichs B. , Rochlitz R. , Günther T. , Schiffler M. , Stolz R. ,   the DESMEX Working Group
Published: September 2020

There is a clear demand to increase detection depths in the context of raw material exploration programs. Semi-airborne electromagnetic (semi-AEM) methods can address these demands by combining the advantages of powerful transmitters deployed on the ground with efficient helicopter-borne mapping of the magnetic field response in the air. The penetration depth can exceed those of classic airborne EM systems because low frequencies and large transmitter-receiver offsets can be realized in practice. A novel system has been developed that combines high-moment horizontal electric bipole transmitters on the ground with low-noise three-axis induction coil magnetometers, a three-axis fluxgate magnetometer, and a laser gyro inertial measurement unit integrated within a helicopter-towed airborne platform. The attitude data are used to correct the time series for motional noise and subsequently to rotate into an earth-fixed reference frame. In a second processing step, and as opposed to existing semi-AEM systems, we transform the data into the frequency domain and estimate the complex-valued transfer functions between the received magnetic field components and the synchronously recorded injection current by regression analysis. This approach is similar to the procedure used in controlled-source EM. For typical source bipole moments of 20–40 kAm and for rectangular current waveforms with a fundamental frequency of approximately 10 Hz, we can estimate reliable three-component (3C) transfer functions in the frequency range from 10 to 5000 Hz over a measurement area of [Formula: see text] for a single source installation. The system has the potential to be used for focused exploration of deep targets.
Convolutional equivalent layer for gravity data processing
Authors: Takahashi Diego , Oliveira Jr. Vanderlei C. , Barbosa Valéria C. F.
Published: September 2020

We have developed an efficient and very fast equivalent-layer technique for gravity data processing by modifying an iterative method grounded on an excess mass constraint that does not require the solution of linear systems. Taking advantage of the symmetric block-Toeplitz Toeplitz-block (BTTB) structure of the sensitivity matrix that arises when regular grids of observation points and equivalent sources (point masses) are used to set up a fictitious equivalent layer, we develop an algorithm that greatly reduces the computational complexity and RAM memory necessary to estimate a 2D mass distribution over the equivalent layer. The structure of symmetric BTTB matrix consists of the elements of the first column of the sensitivity matrix, which, in turn, can be embedded into a symmetric block-circulant with circulant-block (BCCB) matrix. Likewise, only the first column of the BCCB matrix is needed to reconstruct the full sensitivity matrix completely. From the first column of the BCCB matrix, its eigenvalues can be calculated using the 2D fast Fourier transform (2D FFT), which can be used to readily compute the matrix-vector product of the forward modeling in the fast equivalent-layer technique. As a result, our method is efficient for processing very large data sets. Tests with synthetic data demonstrate the ability of our method to satisfactorily upward- and downward-continue gravity data. Our results show very small border effects and noise amplification compared to those produced by the classic approach in the Fourier domain. In addition, they show that, whereas the running time of our method is [Formula: see text] s for processing [Formula: see text] observations, the fast equivalent-layer technique used [Formula: see text] s with [Formula: see text]. A test with field data from the Carajás Province, Brazil, illustrates the low computational cost of our method to process a large data set composed of [Formula: see text] observations.
An unsupervised deep-learning method for porosity estimation based on poststack seismic data
Authors: Feng Runhai , Mejer Hansen Thomas , Grana Dario , Balling Niels
Published: September 2020

We propose to invert reservoir porosity from poststack seismic data using an innovative approach based on deep-learning methods. We develop an unsupervised approach to circumvent the requirement of large volumes of labeled data sets for a conventional learning process. We apply convolutional neural networks (CNN) on seismic data to predict the relative porosity that is to be added to a low-frequency prior component. We then apply a forward model to synthesize seismic data based on a source wavelet and an acoustic impedance converted from the network-determined porosity. The parameters in the CNN are iteratively updated to minimize the error between recorded and simulated seismic data. We test the capability of our deep-learning approach to estimate reservoir porosity using a synthetic rock-physics model with two different signal-to-noise ratios. We also apply the proposed method to a real case study of seismic data acquired for hydrocarbon exploration of clastic reservoirs in the Vienna Basin. Instead of randomly assigning neural parameters, we use pretrained weights and biases at a previous location as initialization values for the next location, to preserve the geologically lateral continuity of the layers’ physical properties. As shown by these analyses, the unsupervised CNN-based scheme provides more or equally accurate results than standard methods for porosity estimation from seismically inverted acoustic impedance, which makes it a promising tool in seismic reservoir characterization with less user intervention.
The positioning of buried pipelines from magnetic data
Authors: Li Caifang , Liu Dejun , Meng Jin , Liu Jialin , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2020

Buried pipelines are “lifelines” for cities; therefore, it is vital to understand their location and depth before municipal construction to prevent them from being damaged. Magnetic methods have been applied to detect buried ferrous metal pipelines such as steel and cast-iron pipes. We have developed a positioning method for buried pipelines from magnetic data, which is based on a combination of the tilt angle and the downward continuation. The magnetic tilt angle can provide information about the location and depth of buried pipelines, which can easily be calculated by the horizontal and vertical magnetic field gradients. We prove that the tilt angle for the magnetic field that has been reduced to the pole is independent of the magnetization direction given by the pipeline direction with respect to the inducing field. A tilt angle of 90° marks the location of a buried pipeline, whereas the depth is the distance between the location of the 90° and its adjacent 0°. The iterative Tikhonov regularization method for downward continuation, while separating the superimposed anomalies and enhancing the horizontal resolution, also reduces the influence of fast Fourier transform-induced noise and other noise that is intrinsic to the data set. We use the derivative of the Tikhonov regularization result as a regularization term of the minimization function and a constraint for the regularization parameter choice to obtain a more stable and accurate downward-continued result. This positioning method is applicable to single and parallel pipeline detection.
ICPis-Induced Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2: A Review of the Literature and a Protocol for Optimal Management
Authors: Shi Yun , Shen Min , Zheng Xuqin , Chen Yang , Zhao RuiLing , Gu Yong , Yang Tao
Published: September 2020

Context

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and its ligand (PD-L1) are now approved to treat a variety of cancers. However, ICPis therapy is associated with a risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS-2) is a rare endocrine irAE.

Evidence Acquisition

Several databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus) were searched up to February 18, 2020, for case reports on endocrine irAEs and ICPis. The reported side effects and adverse events of the ICPis therapy in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) adverse events pharmacovigilance registries are also included.

Evidence Synthesis

Here, we provide an overview of all published and reported cases (n = 30) of ICPis-induced APS-2. We summarize the clinical characteristics, autoantibodies, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, and therapies and propose an APS-2 screening strategy.

Conclusions

Given the life-threatening risks of endocrine dysfunction if it is not promptly recognized (such as diabetic ketoacidosis and acute adrenal crisis), physicians (especially endocrinologists and oncologists) should be familiar with APS-2. After diagnosis of an autoimmune disease induced by ICPis (especially PD-1 inhibitors), patients with a high-risk HLA allele (HLA-DR4) require close monitoring for the development of APS-2.
The Biology of Intimacy: Lamarckian Evolution and the Sentimental Novel
Authors: Schuller Kyla
Published: September 2020

This article explores the enabling intimacy between sentimentalism and biopolitics by turning to a less-than-obvious and yet characteristic example of the sentimental mode: the ubiquitous orphan tale of the mid- to late nineteenth century. It argues that individual orphan heroines of domestic plots not only function as tropes of domestic and national belonging, as has been widely recognized, but also of population regulation at the biological level of species. Sentimentalism functions as a mode of evolutionary theory, one that articulated the Lamarckian belief that sensory impressions shape the development of the individual body and of the species. Sentimental Lamarckism extended across literature, reform, and scientific theory and preceded naturalism’s deep engagement with evolutionary thought by decades. The sentimental orphan trope figures as a key aesthetic technology for regulating the growth of the population. Sentimental novels about orphans are not just about children who transform through their experiences; they were also directed at children readers and crafted to elicit emotional identification that could spur similar changes off the page.
Dual regulation of planar polarization by secreted Wnts and Vangl2 in the developing mouse cochlea
Authors: Huarcaya Najarro Elvis , Huang Jennifer , Jacobo Adrian , Quiruz Lee A. , Grillet Nicolas , Cheng Alan G.
Published: September 2020

Planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins localize asymmetrically to instruct cell polarity within the tissue plane, with defects leading to deformities of the limbs, neural tube, and inner ear. Wnt proteins are evolutionarily conserved polarity cues, yet Wnt mutants display variable PCP defects, thus how Wnts regulate PCP remains unresolved. Here, we used the developing cochlea as a model system to show that secreted Wnts regulate PCP through polarizing a specific subset of PCP proteins. Conditional deletion of Wntless or Porcupine, both essential for secretion of Wnts, caused misrotated sensory cells and shortened cochlea-both hallmarks of PCP defects. Wntless-deficient cochleae lacked the polarized PCP components Dishevelled1/2 and Frizzled3/6, while other PCP proteins (Vangl1/2, Celsr1, Dishevelled3) remained localized. We identified seven Wnt paralogues, including the major PCP regulator Wnt5a, which was surprisingly dispensable for planar polarization in the cochlea. Finally, Vangl2 haploinsufficiency markedly accentuated sensory cell polarization defects in Wntless-deficient cochlea. Together, our study indicates that secreted Wnts and Vangl2 coordinate to ensure proper tissue polarization during development.
LFA-1 signals to promote actin polymerization and upstream migration in T cells
Authors: Roy Nathan H. , Kim Sarah Hyun Ji , Buffone Alexander , Blumenthal Daniel , Huang Bonnie , Agarwal Sangya , Schwartzberg Pamela L. , Hammer Daniel A. , Burkhardt Janis K.
Published: September 2020

T cell entry into inflamed tissue requires firm adhesion, cell spreading, and migration along and through the endothelial wall. These events require the T cell integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4 and their endothelial ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, respectively. T cells migrate against the direction of shear flow on ICAM-1 and with the direction of shear flow on VCAM-1, suggesting that these two ligands trigger distinct cellular responses. However, the contribution of specific signaling events downstream of LFA-1 and VLA-4 has not been explored. Using primary mouse T cells, we found that engagement of LFA-1, but not VLA-4, induces cell shape changes associated with rapid 2D migration. Moreover, LFA-1 ligation results in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and ERK pathways, and phosphorylation of multiple kinases and adaptor proteins, whereas VLA-4 ligation triggers only a subset of these signaling events. Importantly, T cells lacking Crk adaptor proteins, key LFA-1 signaling intermediates, or the ubiquitin ligase cCbl (also known as CBL), failed to migrate against the direction of shear flow on ICAM-1. These studies identify novel signaling differences downstream of LFA-1 and VLA-4 that drive T cell migratory behavior.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Cricket Fast Bowling Technique and Lumbar Bone Stress Injury
Authors: ALWAY PETER , FELTON PAUL , BROOKE-WAVELL KATHERINE , PEIRCE NICHOLAS , KING MARK
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Lumbar bone stress injuries (LBSI) are the most prevalent injury in cricket. Although fast bowling technique has been implicated in the etiology of LBSI, no previous study has attempted to prospectively analyze fast bowling technique and its relationship to LBSI. The aim of this study was to explore technique differences between elite cricket fast bowlers with and without subsequent LBSI.

Methods

Kinematic and kinetic technique parameters previously associated with LBSI were determined for 50 elite male fast bowlers. Group means were compared using independent-samples t-tests to identify differences between bowlers with and without a prospective LBSI. Significant parameters were advanced as candidate variables for a binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

Of the 50 bowlers, 39 sustained a prospective LBSI. Significant differences were found between injured and noninjured bowlers in rear knee angle, rear hip angle, thoracolumbar side flexion angle, and thoracolumbar rotation angle at back foot contact; the front hip angle, pelvic tilt orientation, and lumbopelvic angle at front foot contact; and the thoracolumbar side flexion angle at ball release and the maximal front hip angle and ipsilateral pelvic drop orientation. A binary logistic model, consisting of rear hip angle at back foot contact and lumbopelvic angle at front foot contact, correctly predicted 88% of fast bowlers according to injury history and significantly increased the odds of sustaining an LBSI (odds ratio, 0.88 and 1.25, respectively).

Conclusions

Lumbopelvic motion is implicated in the etiology of LBSI in fast bowling, with inadequate lumbopelvifemoral complex control as a potential cause. This research will aid the identification of fast bowlers at risk of LBSI, as well as enhancing coaching and rehabilitation of fast bowlers from LBSI.
Diffusion tensor imaging in renal artery stenosis: a preliminary report
Authors: Gaudiano Caterina , Clementi Valeria , Corcioni Beniamino , Renzulli Matteo , Mancini Elena , Golfieri Rita
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To investigate the diffusion properties in the kidneys affected by renal artery stenosis (RAS) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Methods:

In this prospective study, 35 patients with RAS and 15 patients without renal abnormalities were enrolled and examined using DTI. Cortical and medullary regions of interest (ROIs) were located to obtain the corresponding values of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA). The cortical and medullary ADC and FA were compared in the kidney affected by variable degrees of stenosis (RAS 50–75% and >75%) vs controls, using the one-way ANOVA and Student’s t-test. The Spearman correlation test was used to correlate the mean ADC and FA values in the cortex and medulla with the estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Results:

For the controls, the ADC value was significantly (p = 0.03) higher in the cortex than in the medulla; the FA value was significantly (p = 0.001) higher in the medulla than in the cortex. Compared with the controls, a significant reduction in the cortical ADC was present with a RAS of 50–75% and >75% (p = 0.001 and 0.041, respectively); a significant reduction in the medullary FA was verified only for RAS >75% (p = 0.023). The Spearman correlation test did not show a statistically significant correlation between the cortical and medullary ADC and FA, and the eGFR.

Conclusion:

The alterations of the diffusional parameters caused by RAS can be detected by DTI and could be useful in the diagnostic evaluation of these patients.

Advances in knowledge:

1. Magnetic resonance DTI could provide useful information about renal involvement in RAS. 2. Magnetic resonance DTI allows non-invasive repeatable evaluation of the renal parenchyma, without contrast media.
«Νεο-ολιγαρχική» πολιτική; Ιδιότητα του πολίτη, κόμματα και δημοκρατία σε μια εποχή μετάβασης.
Authors: Σκλαβούνος Ιωάννης Σ.
Published: September 2020

Σκοπός του άρθρου αυτού είναι μια ιστορική πραγμάτευση της αντίληψης και του τρόπου άσκησης της πολιτικής στο πλαίσιο των σύγχρονων δυτικών δημοκρατιών μέσα από την εξέταση ορισμένων κρίσιμων στοιχείων που προσδιορίζουν την εκάστοτε μορφή τους. Αξιοποιώντας ιδίως τις μελέτες των T. H. Marshall, Claus Offe, Peter Mair και Νίκου Μουζέλη, δίδεται έμφαση στους τρεις τύπους δικαιωμάτων (ατομικά, πολιτικά, κοινωνικά) που συγκροτούν την ιδιότητα του πολίτη, στον εκάστοτε συμβιβασμό μεταξύ καπιταλισμού και πολιτικής δημοκρατίας, στην οργανωσιακή εξέλιξη των πολιτικών κομμάτων και τη σχέση τους με το κράτος και την κοινωνία πολιτών, στην ένταξη των μαζών στην πολιτική και τελικά στον τύπο δημοκρατίας και πολιτικής που εξαρτούν οι παραπάνω μεταβλητές. Υποστηρίζεται ότι, υιοθετώντας και επεκτείνοντας το σχήμα του Νίκου Μουζέλη περί «ολιγαρχικής» και «μετα-ολιγαρχικής» πολιτικής, στις σύγχρονες δυτικές δημοκρατίες μπορούμε να κάνουμε λόγο για «νέo-ολιγαρχική» πολιτική.