bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twenty‐Four‐Hour Central Pulse Pressure for Cardiovascular Events Prediction in a Low‐Cardiovascular‐Risk Population: Results From the Bordeaux Cohort
Authors: Cremer Antoine , Boulestreau Romain , Gaillard Prune , Lainé Marion , Papaioannou Georgios , Gosse Philippe
Published: February 2018

Background

Central blood pressure (BP) is a promising marker to identify subjects with higher cardiovascular risk than expected by traditional risk factors. Significant results have been obtained in populations with high cardiovascular risk, but little is known about low‐cardiovascular‐risk patients, although the differences between central and peripheral BP (amplification) are usually greater in this population. The study aim was to evaluate central BP over 24 hours for cardiovascular event prediction in hypertensive subjects with low cardiovascular risk.

Methods and Results

Peripheral and central BPs were recorded during clinical visits and over 24 hours in hypertensive patients with low cardiovascular risk (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation ≤5%). Our primary end point is the occurrence of a cardiovascular event during follow‐up. To assess the potential interest in central pulse pressure over 24 hours, we performed Cox proportional hazard models analysis and comparison of area under the curves using the contrast test for peripheral and central BP. A cohort of 703 hypertensive subjects from Bordeaux were included. After the first 24 hours of BP measurement, the subjects were then followed up for an average of 112.5±70 months. We recorded 65 cardiovascular events during follow‐up. Amplification was found to be significantly associated with cardiovascular events when added to peripheral 24‐hour pulse pressure (
P
=0.0259). The area under the curve of 24‐hour central pulse pressure is significantly more important than area under the curve of office BP (
P
=0.0296), and there is a trend of superiority with the area under the curve of peripheral 24‐hour pulse pressure.

Conclusions

Central pulse pressure over 24 hours improves the prediction of cardiovascular events for hypertensive patients with low cardiovascular risk compared to peripheral pulse pressure.
New record of Charybdis (Goniohellenus) omanensis septentrionalis Türkay & Spiridonov, 2006 (Brachyura, Decapoda, Portunidae) from the Arabian Sea, Kerala, India
Authors: Josileen Jose , Maheswarudu G. , Jinesh P. T. , Sreesanth L. , Ragesh N. , Divya P. R.
Published: February 2018

Charybdis (Goniohellenus) omanensis septentrionalis Türkay & Spiridonov, 2006 was collected from off the Kerala coast, Arabian Sea, India. This is the first record of the subspecies from India and the taxonomic characters are similar to the findings of Türkay & Spiridonov (2006) who described the subspecies for the first time. The present work also records molecular sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI), used to determine the genetic identity of the species.
Characterization of 17 novel microsatellite loci for the brown spiny lobster Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869 using MiSeq
Authors: Gaeta Juliana , Acevedo Iván , Machordom Annie
Published: February 2018

Using high-throughput sequencing technology 17 polymorphic microsatellites with perfect tetra-nucleotide repeats were identified for the brown spiny lobsterPanulirus echinatusSmith, 1869. Two to ten alleles were detected per locus across 30 samples analysed from the Canary Archipelago. Observed and expected heterozygosities per locus ranged between 0.100 and 0.867 and 0.095 and 0.799, respectively. No significant linkage disequilibrium was found between pairs of loci, and only one locus (Pe-L43) deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, likely due to the presence of null alleles. Despite its economic importance and the threat of overfishing, population genetics studies of this species are lacking. Therefore, these 17 novel microsatellites markers will be a useful genetic resource for future conservation studies ofP. echinatus.
First record of a rare deep-sea copepod, Gaussia intermedia Defaye, 1998 (Calanoida, Metridinidae), from the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Alves-Júnior F. A. , Bertrand A. , Melo P. A. M. C. , Correia É. P. , Figueiredo L. G. P. , Neumann-Leitão S.
Published: February 2018

Copepod crustaceans of the genusGaussiainhabit open ocean waters in epipelagic and bathypelagic zones from 0 to 5000 m. They show high-speed vertical migration and bioluminescent characteristics. In the Atlantic Ocean only the speciesG. asymmetricaBjörnberg T. K. S. & Campaner, 1988 andG. princeps(Scott T., 1894) have been recorded previously. We report the first occurrence of the rarely recordedG. intermediaDefaye, 1998 for the Atlantic off Brazil. The specimens were collected around the Rocas Atoll (3°51′S 33°49′W), through the ABRAÇOS (Acoustic along the BRazilian COast) project on board R/V “Antea” in October 2015, using a micronekton net (mesh size 1 mm) and oblique hauls. Five specimens were collected at Rocas Atoll, in depths of 510-525 m. This finding expands the global distribution ofG. intermediaand is the first occurrence in the Atlantic Ocean, updating the checklist of meso-bathypelagic copepods for Brazilian waters.
Do mudballs around burrows affect burrow characteristics of the fiddler crab Austruca annulipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Brachyura, Ocypodidae)?
Authors: Tina Fahmida Wazed , Jaroensutasinee Mullica , Jaroensutasinee Krisanadej , Chumsri Anantanit
Published: February 2018

We examined the effects of mudballs around burrows and of sex on burrow characteristics (shape, diameter, length, depth and volume) in an underground mating fiddler crab species,Austruca annulipes(H. Milne Edwards, 1837). We investigated 35 burrows with mudballs (males: 20; females: 15) and 34 burrows without mudballs (males: 16; females: 18), and measured their burrow characteristics. Results showed that burrow characteristics did not differ between burrows with and without mudballs. Males built larger-sized burrows with greater volumes, and had more mudballs than females. Crabs built J-, I-, L-, S- and U-shaped burrows, with higher numbers of J-shaped burrows in males, and higher numbers of I-shaped burrows in females. J-shaped burrows were larger with greater volumes, and had more mudballs than I-shaped burrows. For burrows with mudballs, mudball numbers were positively associated with burrow characteristics. This indicates that fiddler crab burrow characteristics are affected by sex, not by the production and presence of mudballs.
Pasteuria thornei, a novel biological seed treatment for Pratylenchus brachyurus control in soybean
Authors: Confort Pedro Marcus de Souza , Inomoto Mario Massayuki
Published: February 2018

The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Pasteuria thornei as a biological seed treatment for Pratylenchus brachyurus control in soybean (Glycine max). Seeds of soybean ‘SYN1080’ were treated with three concentrations of P. thornei endospores per seed (5 × 106, 107, 1.5 × 107), together with two other treatments for comparison: a commercial control containing abamectin (0.58 mg seed−1) and a mixed treatment containing abamectin (0.58 mg seed−1) and 107 endospores of P. thornei. These seeds were sown in plastic cups containing soil inoculated with 1000 nematodes (Trial 1) and 600 nematodes (Trial 2). The trials were evaluated at 60 and 90 days after inoculation (dai). The total of nematodes extracted from the roots of each plant was used as the assessment criterion. Only the highest concentration of P. thornei endospores (1.5 × 107) consistently reduced the final populations of P. brachyurus by 25-50% compared to the non-treated seeds. The treatments containing abamectin were superior in reducing the nematode population in all trials and evaluations. There was no visible synergistic effect of the combined use of abamectin and P. thornei in the same treatment at 90 dai.
Preoperative Imaging Findings and Cost in Adults With Postlingual Deafness Prior to Cochlear Implant
Authors: Brown C. Scott , Choi Kevin J. , Kaylie David M.
Published: February 2018

Objective:

To assess the imaging findings of computed topography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adults with postlingual deafness and otherwise normal clinical history and physical exam. Additionally, determine the influence and implications of these findings with respect to surgical outcomes and cost.

Study Design:

Retrospective case review.

Setting:

Tertiary referral hospital.

Patients:

Adults with postlingual deafness with no history of prior ear surgery, chronic ear disease, meningitis, otosclerosis, or head trauma.

Interventions:

Cochlear implantation of 1 or both ears, with preoperative CT, MRI, or both.

Main Outcome Measures:

Imaging results were classified as normal, abnormal affecting surgery, incidental requiring follow-up, or incidental not requiring follow-up. Average cost of each imaging modality was determined.

Results:

A total of 128 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 82 (64.1%) had both CT and MRI performed, 33 (25.8%) had CT, and 13 (10.2%) had MRI prior to cochlear implant (CI). Scans were normal in 125 (97.7%) of cases. Of the remaining 3 (2.3%) patients, there were incidental findings requiring follow-up. All implants were placed successfully, and in no instance did the results of the scan influence the surgery. The average cost of imaging per patient was $4707.

Conclusion:

In adults with postlingual deafness with an otherwise benign clinical history, CT and MRI are unlikely to affect or preclude surgery. With new MRI safe cochlear implants, imaging can be performed safely postoperatively if needed.
A Simple Endoscopic Technique for Measuring the Cross-Sectional Area of the Upper Airway in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Wistermayer Paul R. , McIlwain Wesley R. , Ieronimakis Nicholas , Rogers Derek J.
Published: February 2018

Objective:

Validate an accurate and reproducible method of measuring the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the upper airway.

Subjects and Methods:

This is a prospective animal study done at a tertiary care medical treatment facility. Control images were obtained using endotracheal tubes of varying sizes. In vivo images were obtained from various timepoints of a concurrent study on subglottic stenosis. Using a 0° rod telescope, an instrument was placed at the level of interest, and a photo was obtained. Three independent and blinded raters then measured the CSA of the narrowest portion of the airway using open source image analysis software.

Results:

Each blinded rater measured the CSA of 79 photos. The t testing to assess for accuracy showed no difference between measured and known CSAs of the control images ( P = .86), with an average error of 1.5% (SD = 5.5%). All intraclass correlation (ICC) values for intrarater agreement showed excellent agreement (ICC > .75). Interrater reliability among all raters in control (ICC = .975; 95% CI, .817-.995) and in vivo (ICC = .846;, 95% CI, .780-.896) images showed excellent agreement.

Conclusions:

We validate a simple, accurate, and reproducible method of measuring the CSA of the airway that can be used in a clinical or research setting.
A Pilot Study of the Snap & Sniff Threshold Test
Authors: Jiang Rong-San , Liang Kai-Li
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

The Snap & Sniff® Threshold Test (S&S) has been recently developed to determine the olfactory threshold. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the validity and test–retest reliability of the S&S.

Methods:

The olfactory thresholds of 120 participants were determined using both the Smell Threshold Test (STT) and the S&S. The participants included 30 normosmic volunteers and 90 patients (60 hyposmic, 30 anosmic). The normosmic participants were retested using the STT and S&S at an intertest interval of at least 1 day.

Results:

The mean olfactory threshold determined with the S&S was −6.76 for the normosmic participants, −3.79 for the hyposmic patients, and −2 for the anosmic patients. The olfactory thresholds were significantly different across the 3 groups ( P < .001). Snap & Sniff–based and STT-based olfactory thresholds were correlated weakly in the normosmic group (correlation coefficient = 0.162, P = .391) but more strongly correlated in the patient groups (hyposmic: correlation coefficient = 0.376, P = .003; anosmic: correlation coefficient = 1.0). The test–retest correlation for the S&S-based olfactory thresholds was 0.384 ( P = .036).

Conclusion:

Based on validity and test–retest reliability, we concluded that the S&S is a proper test for olfactory thresholds.
Motivational impairment predicts functional remission in first-episode psychosis: 3-Year follow-up of the randomized controlled trial on extended early intervention
Authors: Chang Wing Chung , Kwong Vivian Wing Yan , Or Chi Fai Philip , Lau Emily Sin Kei , Chan Gloria Hoi Kei , Jim Olivia Tsz Ting , Hui Christy Lai Ming , Chan Sherry Kit Wa , Lee Edwin Ho Ming , Chen Eric Yu Hai
Published: February 2018

Objective:

Functional remission represents an intermediate functional milestone toward recovery. Differential relationships of negative symptom sub-domains with functional remission in first-episode psychosis are understudied. We aimed to examine rate and predictors of functional remission in people with first-episode psychosis in the context of a 3-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial comparing 1-year extension of early intervention (i.e. 3-year early intervention) with step-down psychiatric care (i.e. 2-year early intervention).

Method:

A total of 160 participants were recruited upon completion of a 2-year specialized early intervention program for first-episode psychosis in Hong Kong and underwent a 1-year randomized controlled trial comparing 1-year extended early intervention with step-down care. Participants were followed up and reassessed 3 years after inclusion to the trial (i.e. 3-year follow-up). Functional remission was operationalized as simultaneous fulfillment of attaining adequate functioning (measured by Social and Occupational Functioning Scale and Role Functioning Scale) at 3-year follow-up and sustained employment in the last 6 months of 3-year study period. Negative symptom measure was delineated into amotivation (i.e. motivational impairment) and diminished expression (i.e. reduced affect and speech output). Data analysis was based on 143 participants who completed follow-up functional assessments.

Results:

A total of 31 (21.7%) participants achieved functional remission status at 3-year follow-up. Multivariate regression analysis showed that lower levels of amotivation ( p = 0.010) and better functioning at study intake ( p = 0.004) independently predicted functional remission (Final model: Nagelkerke R2 = 0.40, χ2 = 42.9, p < 0.001). Extended early intervention, duration of untreated psychosis and diminished expression did not predict functional remission.

Conclusion:

Only approximately one-fifths of early psychosis patients were found to achieve functional remission. Functional impairment remains an unmet treatment need in the early stage of psychotic illness. Our results further suggest that amotivation may represent a critical therapeutic target for functional remission attainment in early psychosis.
Do peace negotiations shape settlement referendums? The Annan Plan and Good Friday Agreement experiences compared
Authors: Amaral Joana
Published: February 2018

Peace negotiations have traditionally aimed at reaching a negotiated settlement between political representatives in conflict settings. However, these settlements have seldom been rejected in referendums. This article uncovers whether the way peace negotiations are conducted influences peace settlement referendum outcomes in order to determine if and how they can better foster public support for peace settlements. It analyses and compares if and how specific characteristics of the Annan Plan and the Good Friday Agreement negotiations influenced the rejection of the former in 2004, and the acceptance of the latter in 1998, in their respective referendums in Cyprus and Northern Ireland. Through the qualitative analysis of elite interviews and documental data, it demonstrates that political inclusivity, civil society engagement and the public exposure of the negotiations shaped the opposing outcomes of the two cases, as well as differences in the support given by the local communities. It argues that peace settlement referendums require less secretive and more inclusive negotiation processes, which can better foster political support and civic mobilisation, and inform and engage the wider communities at earlier stages of the peace process.
Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of super-capacitor based on three-dimensional composite structure of graphene and a vertical array of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Choi Daniel , Yang Eui-Hyeok , Gill Waqas , Berndt Aaron , Park Jung-Rae , Ryu Jong Eun
Published: February 2018

We have demonstrated a three-dimensional composite structure of graphene and carbon nanotubes as electrodes for super-capacitors. The goal of this study is to fabricate and test the vertically grown carbon nanotubes on the graphene layer acting as a spacer to avoid self-aggregation of the graphene layers while realizing high active surface area for high energy density, specific capacitance, and power density. A vertical array of carbon nanotubes on silicon substrates was grown by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition process using anodized aluminum oxide nanoporous template fabricated on silicon substrates. Subsequently, a graphene layer was grown by another low-pressure chemical vapor deposition process on top of a vertical array of carbon nanotubes. The Raman spectra confirmed the successful growth of carbon nanotubes followed by the growth of high-quality graphene. The average measured capacitance of the three-dimensional composite structure of graphene-carbon nanotube was 780 µFcm−2 at 100 mVs−1.
Adolescent Romantic Relationship–Oriented Facebook Behaviors: Implications for Self-Esteem
Authors: Langlais Michael R. , Seidman Gwendolyn , Bruxvoort Kyla M.
Published: February 2018

Despite the consistent, high use of Facebook among adolescents, few studies have examined how adolescents use Facebook when forming and maintaining romantic relationships. Based on the Internet-enhanced self-disclosure hypothesis, romantic relationship–oriented Facebook behaviors are likely to relate to adolescent self-esteem. The goal of this study is to examine romantic relationship–oriented Facebook behaviors (private exchanges, monitoring, public displays, and oversharing information) between adolescents and their romantic partners or crushes, and then test how these behaviors relate to self-esteem. Data come from an online survey of adolescents from the Midwestern United States who are current Facebook users. Results demonstrated that the most common romantic relationship–oriented Facebook behavior was monitoring. Regression analyses revealed that monitoring predicted lower adolescent self-esteem. Relationship satisfaction moderated the association between self-esteem and both private exchanges and oversharing information. Implications for adolescent romantic relationship development are discussed.
Full-, Half-, and Step-Sibling Relations in Young and Middle Adulthood
Authors: Steinbach Anja , Hank Karsten
Published: February 2018

This study investigated relationships of full-, half-, and step-siblings in young and middle adulthood with a focus on frequency of contact, emotional closeness, and conflict. We distinguish full-siblings whose parents still live together as a couple (Type 1) from those whose parents separated or died (Type 2). Based on data from Wave 5 of the German Family Panel ( pairfam), we analyzed 8,920 reports from 5,482 respondents representative of three birth cohorts (1991-1993, 1981-1983, and 1971-1973) about their relationships with up to four siblings. Hierarchical linear regression results provided general support for the assumption that although full-siblings of Types 1 and 2 had more contact and felt closer to one another than half-siblings and step-siblings, they also had more conflicts. With one exception (closeness among half-siblings), the results remained stable after controlling for respondent, sibling, and sibling structure characteristics.
Prisoners’ Perception of Legitimacy of the Prison Staff: A Qualitative Study in Slovene Prisons
Authors: Hacin Rok , Meško Gorazd
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this article is to explore prisoners’ perception of legitimacy of prison staff and examine the compliance of prisoners with the authority of prison staff to highlight the differences between instrumental and normative compliance of prisoners. This study draws on data collected from a random sample of 193 prisoners in all Slovene prisons. Using a qualitative approach based on structured interviews, our findings suggest that distributive justice, procedural justice, the quality of relations with prison staff, and the effectiveness of prison staff influence prisoners’ perception of legitimacy in a prison environment. Several prisoners comply with prison rules because they fear sanctions, which indicates their instrumental compliance, while normative compliance was reported by prisoners who perceived the legitimacy of prison staff in a more positive manner. Overall findings indicate that both instrumental and normative compliance of prisoners can be observed in Slovene prisons.
The Impact of Juvenile Educational Measures, Confinement Centers, and Probation on Adult Recidivism
Authors: Villanueva Lidón , Cuervo Keren
Published: February 2018

This study aimed to examine the impact of the educational measure of confinement in juvenile detention center versus probation, on adult recidivism. Participants were 264 youths with a disciplinary record in the Juvenile Court ( M = 16.5), who were sentenced to custody in a juvenile closed detention center or to probation. The risk levels were assessed using the YLS/CMI Inventory (Youth Level of Service/Case Management). A follow-up period for studying these two groups into adulthood was carried out to register possible adult recidivism. The results showed that probation was more effective in reducing subsequent adult offences than the deprivation of liberty. The variable risk level also appears to be a significant factor, improving the predictive model of adult recidivism.
A systems dynamics approach for supporting regional decisions on the energetic use of regional biomass residues
Authors: Szarka Nora , Wolfbauer Jürgen , Bezama Alberto
Published: February 2018

This article presents the definition, building, calibration and application of a system dynamics simulation model to quantify the present and future comparative advantages and disadvantages of using forest and agricultural residual biomass for energetic purpose through different processes and technologies, on a regional basis. A dynamic structure of the agricultural and forestry biomass process activities (i.e. production, transport, conversion and consumption) based on regional time-series data was built, implemented into and calibrated within a dynamic simulation tool (Vensim software) within a Hungarian county. Besides the agriculture and forestry sectors, the model includes data about demography, economy, environment and land use, among others. For carrying out the assessment, realistic scenarios of future biomass processes and of biomass use were formulated, characterised by quantitative sustainable development indicators and simulated within the dynamic model. The results prove that the introduced model supports decision making of biomass utilisation in a regional scale, through comparing and analysing quantitative changes of economic, social and environment indicators, which characterise a sustainable regional development. The model therefore allows analyses and evaluation of not only partial prosperous or adverse characteristics of biomass processes and use, but also to relate regional components and their development over time. The developed dynamic tool is therefore a powerful method to model complex systems, such as a regional energy system, considering the framework of the regional preferences stated by the regional stakeholders. It can thus provide useful decision support, especially when used as a priority-based screening of potential regional development programmes in the energy field.
Gender and Educational Differences in Perception of Domestic Violence Against Women Among Libyan Migrants in Manchester
Authors: El Abani Suaad , Pourmehdi Mansour
Published: February 2018

Domestic violence against women (DVAW) is a worldwide phenomenon and refers to any act committed against women that results in physical and psychological harm, and coercion, loss of liberty, and deprivation. There is a dearth of research and information about the extent and prevalence of domestic violence among Libyan communities. The aim of the study was to explore community knowledge of, and attitudes toward, DVAW and to improve our understanding of the factors that influence knowledge, attitudes, and responses, particularly educational and gender differences. Using snowball sampling, we analyzed 20 semistructured interviews with Libyans living in Manchester, United Kingdom. We found gender and education-influenced participants’ perception of DVAW. Men in general did not recognize DVAW as a serious social problem; noticeably, they saw it as a personal and family issue. Knowing attitudes toward DVAW is necessary for government and communities’ prevention policies as attitudes influence perpetration of DVAW.
Stiffness of meniscus tissue depends on tibio-femoral load and structural integrity of the meniscus root
Authors: Stärke Christian , Lohmann Christoph Hubertus , Kopf Sebastian
Published: February 2018

Development of meniscus replacements requires in-depth knowledge of the material properties and biomechanical behavior of the native meniscus. The compressive properties are of particular interest in this context, which are often assessed with indentation tests. However, those tests are usually done on isolated tissue specimens ex situ, which could have a significant impact on the results. It was, therefore, the goal of the study to assess the stiffness of the meniscus tissue in situ in porcine specimens and to compare it to that of artificial substitutes. Porcine knees (n = 8) were prepared such that the medial meniscus periphery was exposed and the knees could be mounted in a materials testing machine. The tissue stiffness was than measured on the meniscus periphery using a Shore-A durometer in (1) the unloaded knee, (2) with 500-N tibio-femoral compressive load, and (3) with 500-N tibio-femoral load and the posterior meniscus root detached. The stiffness of the meniscus tissue was significantly increased when tibio-femoral load was applied, while this effect was lost when the meniscus root was cut (average measurements on a 0–100 Shore-A durometer scale: group A, 33.8; group B, 58.4; and group C, 36.2). Polyurethane and collagen meniscus implants showed an inferior stiffness compared to the native meniscus. These findings might be relevant for the material choice in artificial meniscus replacements and the fixation of allografts. Biomechanical testing of isolated tissue specimens could underestimate the effective meniscus tissue stiffness compared to a physiological joint environment.
Biomechanical comparison of transdiscal fixation and posterior fixation with and without transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of L5–S1 lumbosacral joint
Authors: Özalp Hakan , Özkaya Mustafa , Yaman Onur , Demir Teyfik
Published: February 2018

Transdiscal screw fixation is generally performed in the treatment of high-grade L5–S1 spondylolisthesis. The main thought of the study is that the biomechanical performances of the transdiscal pedicle screw fixation can be identical to standard posterior pedicle screw fixations with or without transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage insertion. Lumbosacral portions and pelvises of 45 healthy lambs’ vertebrae were dissected. Animal cadavers were randomly and equally divided into three groups for instrumentation. Three fixation systems, L5–S1 posterior pedicle screw fixation, L5–S1 posterior pedicle screw fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage insertion, and L5–S1 transdiscal pedicle screw fixation, were generated. Axial compression, flexion, and torsion tests were conducted on test samples of each system. In axial compression, L5–S1 transdiscal fixation was less stiff than L5–S1 posterior pedicle screw fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage insertion. There were no significant differences between groups in flexion. Furthermore, L5–S1 posterior fixation was stiffest under torsional loads. When axial compression and flexion loads are taken into consideration, transdiscal fixation can be alternatively used instead of posterior pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of L5–S1 spondylolisthesis because it satisfies enough stability. However, in torsion, posterior fixation is shown as a better option due to its higher stiffness.
The Ephemeral-Reward Task: Optimal Performance Depends on Reducing Impulsive Choice
Authors: Zentall Thomas R. , Case Jacob P.
Published: February 2018

The ephemeral-reward task involves providing subjects a choice between two distinctive stimuli, A and B, each containing an identical reward. If A is chosen, the food associated with A is obtained and the trial is over. If B is chosen, the food associated with B is obtained, but the food associated with A can be obtained as well. Thus, the food-maximizing solution is to choose B first. Although cleaner fish (wrasse) and parrots easily acquire the optimal response, choosing B, several primate species, as well as rats and pigeons, do not. To account for these paradoxical findings, we hypothesized that certain species do not associate the choice and reinforcement with the second reinforcement because they often respond impulsively to the seemingly equal, initial choice. To test this hypothesis, we separated the initial choice from the first reinforcement by imposing a 20-s delay between the choice and its outcome. Under these conditions, both pigeons and rats acquired the optimal choice response. We suggest that impulsive choice may make it difficult to acquire certain tasks, and imposing a delay between choice and outcome may decrease impulsivity and, paradoxically, allow for optimal task performance. The general implications of this finding are discussed.
Addressing Evidential and Theoretical Inconsistencies in System-Justification Theory with a Social Identity Model of System Attitudes
Authors: Owuamalam Chuma Kevin , Rubin Mark , Spears Russell
Published: February 2018

System-justification theory (SJT) proposes that people have an inherent motive to support societal systems, even at the expense of their personal and group interests. However, the evidence for this system-justification motive is mixed, and a close examination of the relevant propositions yields some important theoretical inconsistencies. To address this mixed evidence and theoretical inconsistency, we introduce a social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA). SIMSA integrates a cluster of different social identity processes and proposes that system justification can occur among members of low-status groups (a) because of a passive reflection of social reality, (b) as a form of in-group bias (at the superordinate level), and (c) in the hope that in-group advancement is possible in the future within the prevailing system. We conclude that SIMSA provides a more comprehensive and theoretically consistent explanation of system justification than SJT.
Barriers to Family Caregivers’ Coping With Patients With Severe Mental Illness in Iran
Authors: Ebrahimi Hossein , Seyedfatemi Naeimeh , Namdar Areshtanab Hossein , Ranjbar Fatemeh , Thornicroft Graham , Whitehead Bill , Rahmani Farnaz
Published: February 2018

The broad spectrum of problems caused by caring for a patient with mental illness imposes a high burden on family caregivers. This can affect how they cope with their mentally ill family members. Identifying caregivers’ experiences of barriers to coping is necessary to develop a program to help them overcome these challenges. This qualitative content analysis study explored barriers impeding family caregivers’ ability to cope with their relatives diagnosed with severe mental illness (defined here as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, and bipolar affective disorders). Sixteen family caregivers were recruited using purposive sampling and interviewed using a semi-structured in-depth interview method. Data were analyzed by a conventional content analytic approach. Findings consisted of four major categories: the patient’s isolation from everyday life, incomplete recovery, lack of support by the mental health care system, and stigmatization. Findings highlight the necessity of providing support for caregivers by the mental health care delivery service system.
Multiple Researcher Roles in Video-Reflexive Ethnography
Authors: Carroll Katherine , Mesman Jessica
Published: February 2018

Hospital-based video-reflexive ethnography (VRE) is a collaborative visual methodology used by researchers and/or health professionals to understand, interpret, and optimize health professionals’ work practices and patients’ experiences. For more than a decade, the VRE methodology has spread throughout (research) institutions and hospitals internationally, and VRE has evolved and broadened. Different ways of doing VRE have implications for the role of the researcher. A thorough examination of the consequences for the researcher’s position is the central focus of this article. We outline three typical styles of researcher engagement with VRE: clinalyst, affect-as-method, and planned obsolescence. We argue that by examining these different styles of doing VRE research, academic researchers can then critically review and carefully choose which styles of VRE research best meet the needs of their research questions, their field relationships, their disciplinary background, and the expectations of their clinical research collaborators.
A Meta-Study of Qualitative Research Examining Sport and Recreation Experiences of Indigenous Youth
Authors: McHugh Tara-Leigh F. , Deal Colin J. , Blye Clara-Jane , Dimler Ariel J. , Halpenny Elizabeth A. , Sivak Allison , Holt Nicholas L.
Published: February 2018

Participation in sport and recreation may contribute to various holistic benefits among Indigenous youth in Canada. However, there is a need for a consolidated evidence base to support the development of sport and recreation opportunities that could facilitate such holistic benefits. The purpose of this research was to produce a meta-study of qualitative research examining sport and recreation experiences of Indigenous youth in Canada. Following record identification and screening, 20 articles were retained for analysis and synthesis. Strengths and weaknesses of included studies were identified through the meta-method and meta-theory analysis. The meta-data analysis revealed five themes that represent the sport and recreation experiences of Indigenous youth. Working collaboratively with community members, our final meta-synthesis situated these five themes within the integrated Indigenous ecological model. This review consolidates the qualitative evidence base, and provides direction for future research and practice.
Dose-related mucositis with hydroxyurea for cytoreduction in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Trepte Morgan L , Auten Jessica J , Clark Stephen M , van Deventer Hendrik W
Published: February 2018

Hyperleukocytosis occurs in 15–20% of all newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia patients and requires emergent treatment with leukapheresis or hydroxyurea when accompanied by signs or symptoms of leukostasis. Currently, there is no standardized hydroxyurea dosing strategy, although usual dosing ranges from 50 to 150 mg/kg/day, and prescribing patterns vary significantly among oncologists and institutions. In addition to other hematologic and dermatologic toxicities, the use of hydroxyurea may be associated with significant mucositis and mucositis-related pain. The purpose of this study was to compare mucositis-related pain between two different hydroxyurea dosing strategies in patients who received hydroxyurea for cytoreduction during induction. A retrospective chart review of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with chemotherapy at UNC Medical Center from April 2014 to April 2016 who received at least one dose of hydroxyurea for cytoreduction was conducted. This study compared the safety and toxicity profiles of hydroxyurea in patients who received high-dose hydroxyurea (≥75 mg/kg/day) versus low-dose hydroxyurea (<75 mg/kg/day). Safety and toxicity were evaluated based on indicators of mucositis and cumulative intravenous narcotic requirements following induction chemotherapy. Data collection included baseline demographics, mucositis risk factors, baseline laboratory values, hydroxyurea dosing, mucositis indicators, and pain indicators. A total of 55 patients were included in the study, 21 patients (38.2%) received the high-dose hydroxyurea dosing strategy. The high-dose hydroxyurea dosing strategy had a significantly higher white blood cell count at diagnosis, increased duration of hydroxyurea, and received a higher cumulative dose of hydroxyurea. Additionally, the high-dose hydroxyurea dosing strategy patients were associated with significantly more grade 3 or 4 mucositis requiring a formulation change (0% versus 28.6%, p = 0.002) and significantly higher cumulative intravenous narcotic requirements during induction (p = 0.019). No significant differences in baseline demographics or mucositis risk factors between dosing strategies were identified. The high-dose hydroxyurea dosing strategy patients had a significant increase in cumulative intravenous narcotic requirements and formulation changes, both common interventions made for the treatment of mucositis. Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the safety and toxicity profiles of hydroxyurea dosing strategies and to explore the correlation between total cumulative hydroxyurea dose and total cumulative narcotic requirements.
Interstitial pneumonitis and myelosuppression associated to mitomycin C urinary tract instillations: A case report
Authors: Rodriguez-Reyes Montserrat , Marco-Hernandez Javier , Castro-Rebollo Pedro , Soy-Muner Dolors
Published: February 2018

Mitomycin C as a treatment for superficial bladder carcinomas and upper urinary tract tumours has been linked to local adverse events. Systemic toxicity has been documented for just a very few cases. This report presents a case of interstitial pneumonitis accompanied by myelosuppression in a 74-year-old patient after receiving the fifth administration of mitomycin C through a ureteral catheter as a treatment for left kidney pyelocaliceal urothelial carcinoma. Therefore, suspecting mitomycin C toxicity, urinary tract instillations were discontinued, and intravenous filgrastim and methylprednisolone were initiated. Currently, after five months since the last mitomycin C urinary tract instillation, the patient is still receiving filgrastim and corticosteroids. A moderate effort dyspnoea persists despite interstitial pulmonary infiltrates have presented a very important reduction. Pancytopenia has also persisted. Blood count and lung function monitoring would be appropriate in patients undergoing mitomycin C instillations, especially in those with established prior lung disease.
Branching of stretch histories in biaxially loaded nonlinear viscoelastic fiber-reinforced sheets
Authors: Wineman Alan
Published: February 2018

This work considers an experiment in which a nonlinear viscoelastic square sheet, subjected to uniformly distributed tensile forces on its edge surfaces, undergoes a homogeneous biaxial extensional creep history. The sheet is fiber-reinforced with the direction of reinforcement either normal to the midplane of the sheet or parallel to one of its edges. The possibility is considered that when the governing equations are solved for the biaxial creep response, there may be a time during the deformation when a second solution branch can form. Thus, if equal biaxial forces are applied to the sheet, its deformed states are squares until some time when they become rectangular. The material is modeled using the Pipkin–Rogers nonlinear single integral constitutive equation for a transversely isotropic material. A condition is derived to determine the time when the solution to the governing equations forms a new branch. Numerical examples are presented for fibers oriented normal to the sheet and in the plane of the sheet.
When Trust Is Not Enough: A Serial Mediation Model Explaining the Effect of Race Identity, eHealth Information Efficacy, and Information Behavior on Intention to Participate in Clinical Research
Authors: Strekalova Yulia A.
Published: February 2018

Black participants remain significantly underrepresented in clinical research. Mistrust in medical researchers has been named a key barrier to the successful enrollment of minority study participants. However, trust is a social–interactional construct, and its effects on behavior are complex. This study hypothesized that intention to participate in clinical research is mediated by trust in medical researchers, eHealth literacy, and information seeking behavior. The data were collected through an online survey ( N = 340) and analyzed to identify serial mediation. The model showed insignificant direct effect of race identity on behavioral intention, c′ = −0.19, t(335) = −1.22, p = .22, but a significant total effect, c = −0.44, t(335) = −2.59, p < .01. The indirect effect of race identity on behavioral intention was also significant. The positive effect of trust in medical researchers on decisions to participate in clinical research can be amplified by stronger eHealth literacy and active information seeking, which can be supported through focused strategic health education and communication interventions. A focus on the development of information literacy that could provide prospective minority research volunteers with skills for informed decision making should be explored as an option for increasing mindful, informed participation in clinical research among currently underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.
Falling through the gaps: exploring the role of integrated commissioning in improving transition from children’s to adults' services for young people with long-term health conditions in England
Authors: Maniatopoulos Gregory , Le Couteur Ann , Vale Luke , Colver Allan
Published: February 2018

Objectives

To explore the role of integrated commissioning in improving the transition of young people with long-term conditions from child to adult services. We aimed to identify organizational and policy gaps around transition services and provide recommendations for integrated commissioning practice.

Methods

Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with two groups of participants: (1) twenty-four stakeholders involved in the commissioning and provision of transition services for young people with long-term conditions in two regions in England; (2) five professionals with national roles in relation to planning for transition. Transcripts were interrogated using thematic analysis.

Results

There is little evidence of integrated commissioning for transitional care for young people with long-term conditions. Commissioners perceive there to be a lack of national and local policy to guide integrated commissioning for transitional care; and limited resources for transition. Furthermore, commissioning organizations responsible for transition have different cultures, funding arrangements and related practices which make inter- and intra-agency co-ordination and cross-boundary continuity of care difficult to achieve.

Conclusions

Integrated commissioning may be an effective way to achieve successful transitional care for young people with long-term health conditions. However, this innovative relational approach to commissioning requires a national steer together with recognition of common values and joint ownership between relevant stakeholders.
Explicit instruction, input flood or study abroad: Which helps Japanese learners of English acquire adjective ordering?
Authors: Hirakawa Makiko , Shibuya Mayumi , Endo Marie
Published: February 2018

This article explores what kind of second language (L2) input influences Japanese learners’ acquisition of adjective ordering restrictions (AOR) in English where Japanese exhibits no AOR. In Study I, an explicit instruction (EI) group ( n = 13) and a natural exposure (NE) group ( n = 12) responded to a preference task. In Study II, an input flood (IF) group ( n = 15) and a NE group ( n = 16) were involved in the same task. The EI group received 90-minute EI across three weeks while the IF group received positive evidence with multiple adjectives over 15 weeks. The NE groups participated in three or five-week intensive study-abroad programs in North America. Results from the two studies showed that many of the participants failed to make correct choices at the pre-test indicating difficulty with AOR and that only the EI group improved in their performance at the post-tests. We claim that positive evidence alone does not guarantee L2 acquisition of AOR.
Accommodations and support services preferred by college students with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Accardo Amy L , Kuder S Jay , Woodruff John
Published: February 2018

This 2-year study investigated the accommodations and support services preferred by college students with autism spectrum disorder using sequential mixed methods non-experimental survey and semi-structured follow-up interviews. Students with autism spectrum disorder reported using both academic and non-academic supports with frequency (e.g. extended time on exams, transition program), using academic supports in line with other disability populations, and using non-academic supports connecting them one-to-one with a faculty member or coach as preferred (e.g. academic coach, counselor, faculty mentor). Findings suggest a need for university disability service centers, counseling services, and faculty to work together to develop systematic support systems for college students with autism spectrum disorder.
Unsteady pressure fluctuations measured on a hammerhead space vehicle and comparison with Coe and Nute's 1962 data
Authors: Panda J , Garbeff TJ , Burnside NJ , Ross JC
Published: February 2018

A detailed survey of pressure fluctuations was conducted on a replica of the generic, “hammerhead” shaped space vehicle tested more than half century ago by Coe and Nute (1962). A large number of current and past space vehicles follow this general hammerhead configuration. The present test was conducted in the 11-by-11 ft Transonic Wind Tunnel of NASA Ames Research Center over the critical transonic Mach number range of 0.6 ≤ M ≤ 1.2 where typical vehicles encounter very high levels of surface pressure fluctuations during ascent through the atmosphere. Out of the many different types of instrumentations used for this test, data from the dynamic pressure sensors are presented in this paper. In addition, shadowgraph flow visualizations, and a qualitative measure of turbulent fluctuations, estimated from high-speed photography, are also presented. The data set provided a clear insight into the local high level of fluctuations from the formation of the transonic shocks on the payload fairing and also from the impingement of the separated shear layer on the second stage. Space–time correlation showed interesting physics of upstream propagation of pressure fluctuations on the payload fairing when local shock waves were present. A comparison of the magnitude of pressure fluctuations between the present test and that done earlier by Coe and Nute showed good agreement when the limited frequency bandwidth of equipment used in the latter was accounted for. Similarly, when accounting for the differences in the free-stream dynamic pressure, the spectra of surface pressure fluctuations were in reasonable agreement between the present and Coe–Nute tests. The present test provides a far more complete picture of pressure fluctuations due to the usage of a large number of pressure transducers (216 versus 30), wider frequency bandwidth (50 kHz versus 1 kHz), and unsteady pressure-sensitive paint.