bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive evaluation of an animal model for Helicobacter pylori‐associated stomach cancer: Fact and controversy
Authors: Amalia Rizki , Panenggak Nur Syahadati Retno , Doohan Dalla , Rezkitha Yudith Annisa Ayu , Waskito Langgeng Agung , Syam Ari Fahrial , Lubis Masrul , Yamaoka Yoshio , Miftahussurur Muhammad
Published: January 2023

Even though Helicobacter pylori infection was the most causative factor of gastric cancer, numerous in vivo studies failed to induce gastric cancer using H. pylori infection only. The utilization of established animal studies in cancer research is crucial as they aim to investigate the coincidental association between suspected oncogenes and pathogenesis as well as generate models for the development and testing of potential treatments. The methods to establish gastric cancer using infected animal models remain limited, diverse in methods, and showed different results. This study investigates the differences in animal models, which highlight different pathological results in gaster by literature research. Electronic databases searched were performed in PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane, without a period filter. A total of 135 articles were used in this study after a full‐text assessment was conducted. The most frequent animal models used for gastric cancer were Mice, while Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice were the most susceptible model for gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection. Additionally, transgenic mice showed that the susceptibility to gastric cancer progression was due to genetic and epigenetic factors. These studies showed that in Mongolian gerbil models, H. pylori could function as a single agent to trigger stomach cancer. However, most gastric cancer susceptibilities were not solely relying on H. pylori infection, and numerous factors are involved in cancer progression. Further study using Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice is crucial to conduct and establish the best models for gastric cancer associated H. pylori.
Navitoclax improves acute‐on‐chronic liver failure by eliminating senescent cells in mice
Authors: Watanabe Yusuke , Abe Hiroyuki , Kimura Naruhiro , Arao Yoshihisa , Ishikawa Natsuki , Yuichiro Maeda , Setsu Toru , Sakamaki Akira , Kamimura Hiroteru , Yokoo Takeshi , Kamimura Kenya , Tsuchiya Atsunori , Terai Shuji
Published: January 2023

Aim

Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF), a disease with poor prognosis, is reportedly caused by cellular senescence due to mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we described and analyzed the underlying mechanism of a novel approach for ACLF using ABT263/navitoclax (Navi) that selectively eliminates senescent cells.

Methods

Irradiation‐induced senescent hepatocytes were used for in vitro evaluation of the effects of Navi on ACLF (n = 6 for each group). Lipopolysaccharide‐ and carbon tetrachloride‐induced ACLF mouse model was used for in vivo evaluation of the effects of Navi administration compared with the control using one‐way or two‐way analysis of variance, followed by Student's t‐test or Kruskal–Wallis test. The effects on the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (n = 8 for each group) and mitochondrial functions, including adenosine triphosphate concentration and membrane potential (n = 8 for each group), were investigated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme analysis.

Results

Navi eliminated irradiation‐induced senescent hepatocytes in vitro, leading to non‐senescent hepatocyte proliferation. Navi eliminated senescent cells in the liver in vivo, resulting in downregulation of mRNA expression of senescence‐associated secretory phenotype factors, a decrease of liver enzymes, and upregulated proliferation of non‐senescent cells in the liver. Regarding mitochondrial functional assessment in the liver, adenosine triphosphate concentration and membrane potential were upregulated after Navi administration in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions

Navi may ameliorate ACLF damage by eliminating senescent cells in the liver, downregulating senescence‐associated secretory phenotype factors, and upregulating mitochondrial functions. We believe that this novel approach using Navi will pave the way for ACLF treatment.
Oral hygiene behaviour and its determinants among preparatory school students in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Shitu Kegnie , Alemayehu Mekuriaw , Berassa Simegnew Handebo
Published: January 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate oral hygiene behaviour and its determinants among preparatory school students in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

Institutional‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted among 423 students to evaluate their oral hygiene behaviour and determinant factors (sociodemographic attributes, oral hygiene knowledge, and attitude to oral hygiene behaviours). Linear regression was employed to identify factors associated with oral hygiene behaviour. A p‐value of <0.05 and a 95% confidence interval were used to declare statistical significance.

Results

A total of 407 students participated with a response rate of 96.2%. The mean age of the participants was 18 (SD ±1.3). The mean oral hygiene behaviour (OHB) score was about 7.89 ± 3.43. Only 9.2%, 21.4%, and 5.7% were brushing their teeth at least twice a day, cleaning their tongue, and flossing at least once a day respectively. Father's educational status (able to read and write (β = 1.99, 95% CI: 0.62, 3.38), completed secondary school (β = 1.68, 95% CI: 0.18, 3.18), and diploma and higher (β = 1.75, 95% CI: 0.33, 3.18)), being from private school (β = 3.25, 95%CI: 2.30, 4.19), knowledge about OHB (β = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.30), and attitude towards OHB (β = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.14) were significant factors positively associated with better oral hygiene behaviour.

Conclusion

Oral hygiene behaviour was poor among preparatory school students in Gondar city. Father's educational status, students' oral hygiene knowledge, and attitude were found to be significant factors affecting students' oral hygiene behaviour. Thus, tailored school‐based oral health communication programs are highly required to improve students' oral hygiene behaviour.
The nitrogen‐fixing potential of plant communities depends on climate and land management
Authors: Lepik Mari , Al‐Quraishy Saleh , Davison John , Moora Mari , Bueno C. Guillermo , Zobel Martin
Published: January 2023

Aim

The occurrence, relative richness and abundance of N‐fixing plants are the main features of the N‐fixing potential of vascular plant communities. We aimed to unveil how climate, biome type and land management regime affect the N‐fixing potential of vegetation. Since the world is witnessing an invincible transition of all those environmental factors during the last century, we examined the global growth trends of N‐fixers throughout recent history.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Vascular plant species.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a meta‐analysis of publicly available vegetation data from 290 communities. Combined with the species' N‐fixation capability, we examined the occurrence, abundance and richness of N‐fixing vascular species across varying climate conditions, land use regimes and potential habitat types.

Results

There are relatively more N‐fixing vascular plants in warmer and drier climatic conditions. Management of communities by cutting woody plants, grazing and mowing hay increases the number and abundance of N‐fixing species. The effect of management is pronounced in wet conditions, where a dense canopy would otherwise emerge. As a result, semi‐natural grasslands exhibit higher N‐fixer occurrence than natural grasslands and non‐tropical forests, cessation of management results in a temporary increase in the abundance of N‐fixers. Repeated observations of sites indicated that the global occurrence of N‐fixers increased slightly in managed communities from 1906 to 2018, but there were no other temporal trends.

Main conclusions

The overall number of N‐fixers in plant communities is low. The occurrence, relative richness and abundance of N‐fixing species are higher in sparse vegetation in dry climates and in extensive management where biomass is removed from communities. A probable explanation is the high light availability in dry vegetation and due to biomass removal, which provides a competitive advantage to light‐demanding N‐fixers. A lack of consistent temporal trends suggests that global change is not yet an active driver of N‐fixing potential in plant communities.
A novel antimicrobial peptide M1‐8 targets the lysosomal pathway to inhibit autolysosome formation and promote apoptosis in liver cancer cells
Authors: Zeng Jiali , Wang Jian , Wu Jibin , Deng Rui , Zhang Lun , Chen Qingru , Wang Jie , Jin Xiaobao , Gui Shuiqing , Xu Yinghua , Lu Xuemei
Published: January 2023

Lysosomes, a central regulator of autophagy, play a critical role in tumour growth. Lysosomal protease cathepsin D can initiate apoptosis when released from lysosomes into the cytosol. In this study, we observed that Musca domestica cecropin (Mdc) 1–8 (M1‐8), a small anti‐tumour peptide derived from Mdc, inhibits hepatoma cell growth by blocking autophagy–lysosome fusion. This effect is likely achieved by targeting lysosomes to activate lysosomal protease D. Additionally, we examined whether lysosomal content and cathepsin D release were involved in M1‐8‐induced apoptosis. After exposure to M1‐8, human hepatoma HepG2 cells rapidly co‐localized with lysosomes, disrupted lysosomal integrity, caused leakage of lysosomal protease cathepsin D, caspase activation and mitochondrial membrane potential changes; and promoted cell apoptosis. Interestingly, in M1‐8‐treated HepG2 cells, autophagic protein content increased and the lysosome–autophagosome fusion was inhibited, suggesting that M1‐8 can cause apoptosis through autophagy and lysosomes. This result indicates that a small accumulation of autophagy and autolysosome inhibition in cells can cause cell death. Taken together, these data suggest a novel insight into the regulatory mechanisms of M1‐8 in autophagy and lysosomes, which may facilitate the development of M1‐8 as a potential cancer therapeutic agent.
Shrinkage‐induced cuspal deformation and strength of three different short fiber‐reinforced composite resins
Authors: Magne Pascal , Carvalho Marco Aurelio , Milani Taban
Published: January 2023

Objective

The aim of this study is to assess the shrinkage‐induced cuspal deformation and strength of large MOD restorations using three different short fiber‐reinforced composite resins (SFRC).

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐seven typodont teeth #30 (Columbia) received a standardized slot‐type preparation (5‐mm by 5‐mm depth and bucco‐palatal width). Three types of SFRCs (everX Posterior, everX Flow, and a 50/50 mixture of both materials) were used with the Optibond FL bonding system. The intercuspal distance of each specimen (n = 9) was measured after preparation, immediately after restoration and at 3, 18, and 24 h. Each specimen was then subjected to simulated mastication (30° angulation with cyclic loading of buccal cusp at 5 Hz), starting at 100 N with 100 N increase every 100 cycles until fracture. Failure mode was determined as re‐restorable versus nonrestorable failures. Cusp deformation data were analyzed by two‐way repeated measures ANOVA and the fracture performance by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results

Shrinkage‐induced cuspal deformation ranged from 27–34 microns (immediately) to 33–43 microns (24 h). The largest deformations were observed for everX Flow and the 50/50 mixture (up to 43 microns at 24 h), which also demonstrated the lowest average strength (1456 to 1511 N). everX Posterior demonstrated the least amount of shrinkage‐induced cuspal deformation (27 microns, up 33 microns at 24 h) and the higher average strength (1744 N). everX Flow tended to demonstrate more repairable partial fractures while everX Posterior induced mainly catastrophic failures.

Conclusions

Large direct MOD restorations were most favorably restored with everX Posterior (less shrinkage, higher strength) at the expense of failure mode. everX Flow induced more friendly failure modes but more shrinkage‐induced cuspal deformation.

Clinical Significance

When a low‐cost restoration must be chosen, EverX Posterior will significantly improve the performance but not the failure mode of directly layered restorations. Because of its increased shrinkage values, everX Flow is best indicated as a limited liner to cover the IDS layer and improve geometry for semi‐(in)direct restorations.
A comparative analysis of dual‐axis implants placed into maxillary anterior extraction sockets versus virtual planning with uniaxial implants: A simulated cone beam computed tomography study of implant length and diameter
Authors: Song Seung Jun , Chu Stephanie M. , Chu Stephen J. , Saito Hanae , Levin Barry P. , Egbert Nicholas L. , Sarnachiaro Guido O. , Tarnow Dennis P.
Published: January 2023

Objective

The biaxial nature of the anterior maxilla poses a surgical and restorative challenge in implant dentistry. The present study sought to investigate the apical socket perforation rate (ASPR) from a simulated uniaxial implant placement and to determine the effect of implant length and diameter on ASPR when a uniaxial implant was placed compared with the orientation of the pre‐existing dual‐axis implant.

Material and Method

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from the database of three private practices were searched for patients who received dual‐axis implants within the esthetic zone in immediate tooth replacement therapy. A uniaxial implant was virtually placed using the pre‐existing screw access channel of the dual‐axis implant as a reference. The closest length and diameter were selected for the simulated implant. ASPR by the uniaxial implant was recorded. In addition, the affordable maximum length of a corresponding uniaxial implant that would avoid apical socket perforation was measured.

Result

Eighty‐one patients with a total of 101 dual‐axis dental implants were selected for analysis. A simulated virtual surgical planning with uniaxial implants revealed high ASPR (48.51%). When the length of the uniaxial implant was reduced to 11 and 9 mm, ASPR was decreased to 41.58% and 20.79%, respectively.

Conclusion

Dual‐axis implant design effectively evades anatomical challenges in the anterior maxilla (esthetic zone). Considering the current evidence, efforts should be made to carefully consider the angular disparity between the extraction socket‐alveolus complex and the future restorative emergence so that a harmonious biologic‐esthetic result may be more predictably and consistently obtained.
Integrated assessment of flood risk in Arial Khan floodplain of Bangladesh under changing climate and socioeconomic conditions
Authors: Chyon Md Sadiul Alam , Biswas Subir , Mondal M. Shahjahan , Roy Binata , Rahman Afeefa
Published: January 2023

In the assessment of flood risk, the future flood hazard due to climate change is often tied to the present socioeconomic conditions. This makes an implicit assumption that the drivers of risk, other than the hazard, remain constant with time. Therefore, such risk assessment does not provide a realistic outlook for devising plausible mitigation strategies and plans. In this study, flood risk was assessed from an integrated perspective by considering both physical hazard, and socioeconomic exposure and vulnerability—all changing with time. The flood hazard in the Arial Khan River floodplain in the southcentral Bangladesh was simulated with a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the exposure and vulnerability were projected using different statistical techniques. Principal component analysis was conducted to assign weights to the indicators of hazard, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The results show that the flood depth, duration, and extent would increase from the baseline to 2080s under regional concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The sensitivity and vulnerability would decrease, reflecting an improved adaptive capacity. The low‐risk areas could increase from 62% in the baseline to 85%–91% in 2080s depending on the RCPs. The approach followed can be applied elsewhere in developing countries, particularly in riverine floodplain settings.
Social isolation and 9‐year dementia risk in community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the United States
Authors: Huang Alison R. , Roth David L. , Cidav Tom , Chung Shang‐En , Amjad Halima , Thorpe Roland J. , Boyd Cynthia M. , Cudjoe Thomas K. M.
Published: January 2023

Background

Social isolation can influence whether older adults develop dementia. We examine the association between social isolation and incident dementia among older adults in a nationally representative sample of community dwelling older adults in the United States (U.S.). We also investigate whether this association varies by race and ethnicity.

Methods

Data (N = 5022) come from the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a longitudinal and nationally representative cohort of older adults in the U.S. A composite measure of social isolation was used to classify older adults as socially isolated or not socially isolated at baseline. Demographic and health factors were measured at baseline via self‐report. Dementia was measured at each round of data collection. Discrete‐time proportional hazard time‐to‐event models were used to assess the association between social isolation and incident dementia over 9 years (2011–2020).

Results

Of 5022 older adults, 1172 (23.3%) were socially isolated, and 3850 (76.7%) were not socially isolated. Adjusting for demographic and health factors, being socially isolated (vs. not socially isolated) was associated with a 1.28 (95% CI: 1.10–1.49) higher hazard of incident dementia over 9 years. There was no statistically significant difference by race and ethnicity.

Conclusion

Social isolation among older adults is associated with greater dementia risk. Elucidating the pathway by which social isolation impacts dementia may offer meaningful insights for the development of novel solutions to prevent or ameliorate dementia across diverse racial and ethnic groups.
Are serum delta neutrophil index and other inflammatory marker levels different in hyperemesis gravidarum?
Authors: Dal Yusuf , Akkuş Fatih , Karagün Şebnem , Çolak Hatun , Coşkun Ayhan
Published: January 2023

Aim

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG) is a condition characterized by nausea and vomiting, fluid electrolyte and acid–base imbalance, dehydration, weight loss, and ketonuria in early pregnancy. The relationship of HEG with inflammation has been studied in many studies. This study aimed to investigate the role of serum delta neutrophil index (DNI), a new inflammatory marker, and other inflammatory markers in demonstrating the disease's presence and severity in HEG patients.

Material and Method

This retrospective study was conducted by accessing the electronic data of 79 pregnant women diagnosed with HEG in a tertiary center between 2017 and 2022 and 100 healthy pregnant women. The demographic characteristics of the study and control groups, as well as the hematological parameters in the complete blood count and the levels of inflammatory markers, were recorded.

Results

There was no significant difference between the groups regarding hematological parameters, DNI, platelet‐lymphocyte ratio, monocyte‐lymphocyte ratio, and systemic inflammation index (p > 0.05). Neutrophil count and neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were higher in the HEG group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This is the first study to determine the relationship between HEG and serum DNI, a new inflammatory marker. We found that serum DNI values in HEG patients were not different from normal pregnancies and did not reflect the presence and severity of the disease. We also found that inflammatory markers other than the NLR were not different from normal pregnancies in HEG patients.
The molecular basis of odontogenic cysts and tumours
Authors: Gomes Isadora Pereira , Bastos Victor Coutinho , Guimarães Letícia Martins , Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri
Published: January 2023

The advances in molecular technologies have allowed a better understanding of the molecular basis of odontogenic cysts and tumours. PTCH1 mutations have been reported in a high proportion of odontogenic keratocyst. BRAF p.V600E are recurrent in ameloblastoma and KRAS p.G12V/R in adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, dysregulating the MAPK/ERK pathway. Notably, BRAF p.V600E is also detected in ameloblastic carcinoma, but at a lower frequency than in its benign counterpart ameloblastoma. Recently, adenoid ameloblastoma has been shown to be BRAF wild‐type and to harbour CTNNB1 (β‐catenin gene) mutations, further suggesting that it is not an ameloblastoma subtype. CTNNB1 mutations also occur in other ghost‐cell‐containing tumours, including calcifying odontogenic cysts, dentinogenic ghost cell tumours and odontogenic carcinoma with dentinoid, but the link between CTNNB1 mutations and ghost cell formation in these lesions remains unclear. Regarding mixed tumours, BRAF p.V600E has been reported in a subset of ameloblastic fibromas, ameloblastic‐fibrodentinomas and fibro‐odontomas, in addition to ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. Such mutation‐positivity in a subset of samples can be helpful in differentiating some of these lesions from odontoma, which is BRAF‐wild‐type. Recently, FOS rearrangements have been reported in cementoblastoma, supporting its relationship with osteoblastoma. Collectively, the identification of recurrent mutations in these aforementioned lesions has helped to clarify their molecular basis and to better understand the interrelationships between some tumours, but none of these genetic abnormalities is diagnostic. Since the functional effect of pathogenic mutations is context and tissue‐dependent, a clear role for the reported mutations in odontogenic cysts and tumours in their pathogenesis remains to be elucidated.
Probiotic supplementation in neonates and long‐term gut colonisation: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Srinivasjois Ravisha , Gebremedhin Amanuel , Silva Desiree , Rao Shripada , Pereira Gavin
Published: January 2023

Background

Probiotic supplementation in the neonatal period results in improved gut colonisation with probiotic bacteria in the short term. There is limited information on the long‐term sustainability of this colonisation.

Aims

To evaluate whether oral probiotic supplementation in the neonatal period results in sustained gut colonisation with probiotic bacteria at or beyond 6 months after its cessation.

Methods

A systematic review of neonatal probiotic randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that reported on the stool microbiota during post‐discharge follow‐up was carried out using guidelines of the Cochrane neonatal group.

Results

Four RCTs (n = 605 infants) were included in the review. The studies were heterogeneous in case selection, choice of probiotics, duration of supplementation, timing and the method of stool microbial analysis. Three RCTs (n = 471) showed the presence of intestinal probiotic bacteria at 6‐12 months. The overall certainty of evidence was very low in view of small sample size, heterogeneity and identification only to the genus/species level.

Conclusion

Low certainty of evidence suggests that probiotic supplementation in the neonatal period may result in sustained gut colonisation 6‐12 months post‐cessation, but not at 24 months. Adequately powered, well‐designed RCTs with strain‐specific assays are needed in this area.
Genome‐phenotype‐environment associations identify signatures of selection in a panmictic population of threespine stickleback
Authors: Strickland Kasha , Räsänen Katja , Kristjánsson Bjarni Kristofer , Phillips Joseph S. , Einarsson Arni , Snorradóttir Ragna G. , Bartrons Mireia , Jónsson Zophonías Oddur
Published: January 2023

Adaptive genetic divergence occurs when selection imposed by the environment causes the genomic component of the phenotype to differentiate. However, genomic signatures of natural selection are usually identified without information on which trait is responding to selection by which selective agent(s). Here, we integrate whole‐genome sequencing with phenomics and measures of putative selective agents to assess the extent of adaptive divergence in threespine stickleback occupying the highly heterogeneous lake Mývatn, NE Iceland. We find negligible genome wide divergence, yet multiple traits (body size, gill raker structure and defence traits) were divergent along known ecological gradients (temperature, predatory bird densities and water depth). SNP based heritability of all measured traits was high (h2 = 0.42–0.65), indicating adaptive potential for all traits. Environment‐association analyses further identified thousands of loci putatively involved in selection, related to genes linked to, for instance, neuron development and protein phosphorylation. Finally, we found that loci linked to water depth were concurrently associated with pelvic spine length variation ‐ supporting the conclusion that divergence in pelvic spine length occurred in the face of gene flow. Our results suggest that whilst there is substantial genetic variation in the traits measured, phenotypic divergence of Mývatn stickleback is mostly weakly associated with environmental gradients, potentially as a result of substantial gene flow. Our study illustrates the value of integrative studies that combine genomic assays of multivariate trait variation with landscape genomics.
Ferrous iron uptake via IRT1/ZIP evolved at least twice in green plants
Authors: Rodrigues Wenderson Felipe Costa , Lisboa Ayrton Breno P. , Lima Joni Esrom , Ricachenevsky Felipe Klein , Del‐Bem Luiz‐Eduardo
Published: January 2023

Iron (Fe) is essential for virtually all organisms, being irreplaceable because of its electrochemical properties that enable many biochemical processes, including photosynthesis. Besides its abundance, Fe is generally found in the poorly soluble form of ferric iron (Fe3+), while most plants uptake the soluble form Fe2+. The model angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana, for example, captures Fe through a mechanism that lowers rhizosphere pH through proton pumping that increases Fe3+ solubility, which is then reduced by a membrane‐bound reductase and transported into the cell by the zinc‐regulated, iron‐regulated transporter‐like protein (ZIP) family protein AtIRT1. ZIP proteins are transmembrane transporters of divalent metals such as Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+. In this work, we investigated the evolution of functional homologs of IRON‐REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1/ZIP in the supergroup Archaeplastida (Viridiplantae + Rhodophyta + Glaucophyta) using 51 genomes of diverse lineages. Our analyses suggest that Fe is acquired through deeply divergent ZIP proteins in land plants and chlorophyte green algae, indicating that Fe2+ uptake by ZIP proteins evolved independently at least twice throughout green plant evolution. Our results indicate that the archetypical IRON‐REGULATED TRANSPORTER (IRT) proteins from angiosperms likely emerged before the origin of land plants during early streptophyte algae terrestrialization, a process that required the evolution of Fe acquisition in terrestrial subaerial settings.
Scaling‐up the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship: the effect of environmental heterogeneity on transgressive overyielding
Authors: Gamfeldt Lars , Hagan James G. , Farewell Anne , Palm Martin , Warringer Jonas , Roger Fabian
Published: January 2023

Knowledge of how biodiversity sustains ecosystem function comes predominantly from studies focused on small spatial scales. Thus, we know relatively little about the role of biodiversity at larger scales of space and time where habitats become increasingly heterogeneous. Efforts to upscale the relationship between biodiversity and function have yielded inconclusive results. Given that increasing habitat heterogeneity is a ubiquitous consequence of increasing spatial scale, we asked: as habitat heterogeneity increases, can single species continue to maintain ecosystem function? Or, does transgressive overyielding (functioning of species mixture divided by the functioning of the highest functioning single species) change with habitat heterogeneity? We addressed this using a combination of computer simulations, an experiment and a meta‐analysis. The three parts followed the same rationale: habitat heterogeneity was increased by aggregating local habitats with different conditions into larger and more heterogeneous landscapes. The computer simulations showed that, on average, transgressive overyielding increased with habitat heterogeneity because monoculture functioning decreased with habitat heterogeneity. We tested this expectation experimentally by varying the strain richness from one to five species across 10800 bacterial communities in five different habitats defined by sub‐inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. On average, the experimental results concurred with the simulations. We tested the generality of this result using a meta‐analysis of 26 published experiments that manipulated habitat conditions and species richness. This confirmed that transgressive overyielding tended to increase with habitat heterogeneity but only when species were specialised to different habitats and were not inhibited in mixtures by negative species interactions. This was not the case in several experiments used in our meta‐analysis where one species maximised functioning across all habitats, contrary to the assumptions of many ecological models. Our results illustrate the importance of biodiversity at larger spatial scales with more heterogeneity but also highlights contingencies that this pattern depends on.
Morphological Analysis of Fractures of the Proximal Humerus by the Fracture Mapping Technique
Authors: Ren Hanru , Wu Lianghao , Zhang Xu , Jian Zheng , Yi Chengqing
Published: January 2023

Objective

Fractures of different parts of the proximal humerus may lead to different postoperative functional deficits, but there are few studies on the morphology and related functions of the proximal humerus. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fracture pattern of the proximal humerus by the three‐dimensional (3‐D) fracture mapping technique and to further evaluate its clinical utility.

Methods

Patients with proximal humeral fractures admitted to Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, from January 2018 to December 2020, were analyzed. Three surgeons divided the fractures into groups according to the 3‐D CT imaging technique and mapped the fractures on a 3‐D template according to the fracture line of each fracture. Finally, the humeral head inversion angle and the functional score were recorded in different fracture types.

Results

A total of 312 cases of humeral fractures were included. Among them, there were 90 patients (28.8%) in the simple greater tuberosity + lesser tuberosity + medial cortex group, with typical fracture features of surgical neck fractures of the humerus + greater tuberosity fractures. Eighty‐seven patients (27.9%) in the greater tuberosity + isolated fragment lesser tuberosity + medial cortex group had typical “four‐part fractures.” There were 45 patients (14.4%) in the greater tuberosity + lesser tuberosity + medial isolated fragment group. Moreover, more patients in this group had medial comminution due to varus displacement of the femoral head. There were 66 patients (21.1%) in the isolated greater tuberosity group, 21 patients (6.7%) in the greater tuberosity + lesser tuberosity group, and three patients (1.0%) in the greater tuberosity + medial cortex group. In addition, the humeral head inversion angle and other statistical differences were observed in the greater tuberosity + lesser tuberosity + medial isolated fragment group.

Conclusions

This morphological study helps to further identify the characteristics of proximal humerus fracture patterns, which may be closely related to different clinical outcomes. Further relevant studies are needed to verify the reliability of their clinical application and the potential value in surgical planning and postoperative functional rehabilitation.
Dextromethorphan premedication in the alleviation of cough during flexible bronchoscopy in adults: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Panigrahi Manoj Kumar , Datta Ananda , Bhuniya Sourin , Bal Shakti Kumar , Mohapatra Prasanta Raghab
Published: January 2023

Background and Objective

Cough is invariably encountered during flexible bronchoscopy despite sedation and topical anaesthetics. The ideal cough suppressant during flexible bronchoscopy is not known. We assessed the role of dextromethorphan premedication in relieving the cough during flexible bronchoscopy in adults.

Methods

In this single‐centre study, we randomized patients aged ≥18 years to receive dextromethorphan syrup 30 ml (90 mg) or an equal volume of placebo 1 h before the procedure. Patients rated their cough severity and discomfort on a visual analogue scale at the end of the procedure. Bronchoscopists also rated cough severity at the end of the procedure.

Results

Out of 112 patients screened, 94 patients (median (interquartile range [IQR]) age 51 (36.25–60.75) years, male: female 2.13:1) were randomized to either the dextromethorphan (n = 47) or placebo (n = 47) groups. The patients‐rated median (IQR) cough scores at the end of the procedure were 15 (10–23) mm in dextromethorphan versus 20 (12–45.5) mm in placebo groups (p = 0.03). Patients‐rated median cough scores at 1 h (5 mm vs. 6 mm, p = 0.21), discomfort scores (12.5 mm vs. 12.5 mm, p = 0.49), and midazolam and lignocaine usage were similar between the two groups. The bronchoscopist‐rated median cough score was non‐significantly lower in the intervention compared to the placebo (26 mm vs. 35 mm, p = 0.09) groups.

Conclusion

Dextromethorphan premedication 1 h before flexible bronchoscopy may have an additive effect on cough suppression under conscious sedation and topical lignocaine. Further trials are needed to reiterate our findings with certainty.
Compositional association of 24‐h movement behavior with incident major adverse cardiac events and all‐cause mortality
Authors: Niemelä Maisa , Kiviniemi Antti , Ikäheimo Tiina M. , Tulppo Mikko , Korpelainen Raija , Jämsä Timo , Farrahi Vahid
Published: January 2023

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes a high disease burden. Physical activity (PA) reduces CVD morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the relationship between the composition of moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep during midlife to the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and all‐cause mortality at a 7‐year follow‐up. The study population consisted of Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 members who participated in the 46‐year follow‐up in 2012 and were free of MACE (N = 4147). Time spent in MVPA, LPA, and SB was determined from accelerometer data. Sleep time was self‐reported. Hospital visits and deaths were obtained from national registers. Participants were followed until December 31, 2019, or first MACE occurrence (acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, stroke, hospitalization due to heart failure, or death due to CVD), death from another cause, or censoring. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios of MACE incidence and all‐cause mortality. Isotemporal time reallocations were used to demonstrate the dose–response association between time spent in behaviors and outcome. The 24‐h time composition was significantly associated with incident MACE and all‐cause mortality. More time in MVPA relative to other behaviors was associated with a lower risk of events. Isotemporal time reallocations indicated that the greatest risk reduction occurred when MVPA replaced sleep. Higher MVPA associates with a reduced risk of incident MACE and all‐cause mortality after accounting for the 24‐h movement composition and confounders. Regular engagement in MVPA should be encouraged in midlife.
When rock bottom rocks your world: Crisis of belief as a catalyst for change
Authors: Snook Daniel W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Khadeeja Mariam , Abu‐Ali Hana
Published: January 2023

An experience of severe difficulty can turn the world upside‐down, causing individuals to question important beliefs with which they identify. This phenomenon, which we label as Crisis of Belief (COB), amalgamates the disparate conceptualizations of crisis that exist across several subdisciplines of psychology. Unlike existing ideas of crisis, COB distinguishes itself from stress or trauma alone, and is a clearly specified construct that lends itself to practical operationalization and study. Thus, COB addresses a key gap in literature and offers unique value for understanding how hardship that affects closely held beliefs can catalyze change. We conclude by describing the potential utility of COB as a predictor of both positive (e.g., life satisfaction) and negative (e.g., depression) outcomes and the pressing need for a validated measure.
Education and active labour market policy complementarities in promoting employment: Reinforcement, substitution and compensation
Authors: Plavgo Ilze
Published: January 2023

This paper theorises and empirically assesses how education and active labour market policy (ALMP) relate to each other in shaping individuals' employment chances in Europe. It provides a theoretical base for assessing policy complementarities building on sociological skill‐formation literature, varieties of capitalism and social investment literature. Two hypotheses of complementarity are advanced: reinforcement whereby higher investment in general skills via education boosts ALMP effectiveness; and substitution‐compensation whereby investments in either policy suffice, rendering individual employment chances less dependent on ALMPs at higher (prior) educational investment levels. The advanced theoretical propositions are empirically tested by looking at how individual employment chances are affected by national ALMP efforts conditional on workforce education, distinguishing between individual‐ and national‐level educational attainment. Analyses draw on micro‐level EU‐SILC longitudinal data 2003–2015 from 29 European countries and 285 country‐years applying mixed‐effects dynamic panel regression models. Results highlight the complementarity of education in the functioning of ALMPs and show that the education‐ALMP interplay follows different dynamics when individual or national education are considered, with substitution‐compensation for the former and reinforcement for the latter. Higher individual educational attainment is associated with lower marginal returns from national ALMP efforts, with higher ALMP effectiveness among the lower‐educated. By contrast, higher national educational attainment is associated with increased ALMP effectiveness, with ALMPs tending to be far less effective at low levels of highly educated workforce. Different interaction patterns are observed for youth, indicating increased difficulty in activating this risk group.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*35:502 allele
Authors: Ji Yongping , Zhao Jing , Ma Haiyong , Wu Dan , Zhu Faming
Published: January 2023

The novel HLA‐B*35:502 allele differs from HLA‐B*35:01:01:01 at one position in exon 2.
Image‐based assessment of plant disease progression identifies new genetic loci for resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato
Authors: Méline Valérian , Caldwell Denise L. , Kim Bong‐Suk , Khangura Rajdeep S. , Baireddy Sriram , Yang Changye , Sparks Erin E. , Dilkes Brian , Delp Edward J. , Iyer‐Pascuzzi Anjali S.
Published: January 2023

A major challenge in global crop production is mitigating yield loss due to plant diseases. One of the best strategies to control these losses is through breeding for disease resistance. One barrier to the identification of resistance genes is the quantification of disease severity, which is typically based on the determination of a subjective score by a human observer. We hypothesized that image‐based, non‐destructive measurements of plant morphology over an extended period after pathogen infection would capture subtle quantitative differences between genotypes, and thus enable identification of new disease resistance loci. To test this, we inoculated a genetically diverse biparental mapping population of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with Ralstonia solanacearum, a soilborne pathogen that causes bacterial wilt disease. We acquired over 40 000 time‐series images of disease progression in this population, and developed an image analysis pipeline providing a suite of 10 traits to quantify bacterial wilt disease based on plant shape and size. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses using image‐based phenotyping for single and multi‐traits identified QTLs that were both unique and shared compared with those identified by human assessment of wilting, and could detect QTLs earlier than human assessment. Expanding the phenotypic space of disease with image‐based, non‐destructive phenotyping both allowed earlier detection and identified new genetic components of resistance.
Let us misinvoice more? The effect ofde jurecapital controls on trade misinvoicing
Authors: Lai Mianshan , Hou Jia
Published: January 2023

This paper quantifies how the likelihood of trade misinvoicing responds tode jurecapital controls by using a cross‐country panel data set covering 1995–2017. On one hand, capital controls incentivise firms to misinvoice to circumvent the controls. On the other hand, the controls discourage these firms from misinvoicing by imposing punishments. Under the assumption of no interplay of a given country's capital controls and the misinvoicing behaviours of firms from other countries,de jurecapital controls imposed by importing countries on outflows are shown to increase the likelihood of trade misinvoicing by importing firms. However, capital controls imposed by exporting countries are shown to significantly decrease trade misinvoicing by exporting firms.
The Belgian Photonovel, 1954-1985
Authors: Colangelo Clarissa
Published: January 2023

The Belgian photonovel is the missing link in the amazing history of the photonovel, a comics-inspired form of visual narrative that combines elements from very different genres and media, ranging from literary melodrama, cinema, and of course comics. This monograph discloses the specific Belgian contribution to the genre, in close connection with the singularities of the Belgian women’s and general magazines where these photonovels appeared. If the photonovel is generally considered a typically French or Italian genre, this study demonstrates the importance of a different tradition, which appropriated the foreign models in a very original way. Belgian photonovels are distinct, not only because they tell other kinds of stories, but also because they interact with other types of magazines in ways that are very different from the mainstream forms of the genre in Italy and France. Finally, this lavishly illustrated study is also the first in scrutinizing the technical aspects of magazine printing techniques in the development of the photonovel.
On the eigenvalues of the biharmonic operator with Neumann boundary conditions on a thin set
Authors: Ferraresso Francesco , Provenzano Luigi
Published: January 2023

Let be a bounded domain in with smooth boundary , and let be the set of points in whose distance from the boundary is smaller than . We prove that the eigenvalues of the biharmonic operator on with Neumann boundary conditions converge to the eigenvalues of a limiting problem in the form of a system of differential equations on .
Quantum tilting modules over local rings
Authors: Fiebig Peter
Published: January 2023

We show that tilting modules for quantum groups over local Noetherian domains of quantum characteristic 0 exist and the indecomposable tilting modules are parametrized by their highest weight. For this, we introduce a model category associated with a Noetherian ‐domain and a root system . We show that if is of quantum characteristic , the model category contains all ‐modules that admit a Weyl filtration. If is in addition local, we study torsion phenomena in the model category. This leads to a construction of torsion free, or “maximal” objects in . We show that these correspond to tilting modules for the quantum group associated with and .
Slope inequalities for KSB‐stable and K‐stable families
Authors: Codogni Giulio , Tasin Luca , Viviani Filippo
Published: January 2023

We prove some higher dimensional generalizations of the slope inequality originally due to G. Xiao, and to M. Cornalba and J. Harris. We give applications to families of KSB‐stable and K‐stable pairs, as well as to the study of the ample cone of the moduli space of KSB‐stable varieties. Our proofs rely on the study of the Harder–Narasimhan filtration, and some generalizations of Castelnuovo's and Noether's inequalities.
Improve Hydrogel Adhesion by Introducing Pillar Structures at the Interface
Authors: Jiang Xiaochun , Lu Tongqing , Wang Tiejun
Published: January 2023

Introducing inelastic dissipaters can enhance the adhesion of hydrogels. However, the adhesion energy enhanced by inelastic dissipaters dramatically decreases when the adhesion interface is loaded repeatedly. Here, we achieve tough adhesion of hydrogels by introducing a structure of a pillar array to the adhesion interface as elastic dissipaters. Each pillar undergoes large deformation before debonding. Once debonded, all the elastic energy stored in the pillars is released, and the adhesion energy is greatly improved. As a proof of concept, we adhere a piece of polyacrylamide hydrogel to a piece of polyacrylic acid hydrogel and measure the adhesion energy by a 90-degree peel test. The adhesion energy is 56 J/m2 for the adhesion without structures and 249 J/m2 for the adhesion with structures. We apply the pull-off test on a pillar unit and estimate the adhesion energy enhanced by the pillars using a simplified model, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. We conduct experiments to study the influence of the height and width of the structures on the adhesion energy. The mechanism of enhancement as well as the influence of geometric parameters is further studied by finite element method. The proposed mechanism provides a simple method of structural design to enhance hydrogel adhesion.
Privileges & Pathways Through an Academic Career in Biomechanics: Appreciation for the 2022 ASME HR Lissner Medal
Authors: Setton Lori A.
Published: January 2023

Let me begin by sharing my deepest appreciation to the ASME for honoring me with the HR Lissner Medal and to the Journal of Biomechanical Engineering for this opportunity to share my personal path through biomechanics. ASME has been an academic home for me since my days as a doctoral student where my PhD advisors, Van C. Mow and W. Michael Lai, first supported my presenting on original research in the poster sessions and student competition of the Winter Annual Meetings. ASME meetings were where I met so many career advisors including Bob Nerem, Shu Chien, Savio Woo, Sheldon Weinbaum, Mort Friedman, Steve Goldstein, and Larry Taber who shared insights and tips to support me in navigating the bio-engineering discipline. Each of these mentors and advisors previously received the HR Lissner Medal and to be added to this community brings me the greatest sense of belonging. As I hope to convey here and as I did in my 2022 talk, I very much share this honor with numerous talented trainees that have led and motivated much of the directions in my own research program. For more than 30 years, I benefited from this collective of individuals who provided energy, innovation, talent and shared wisdom that brings me to where I stand now and is a testament to the importance of mentoring in the community of Lissner Medalists and ASME.