bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth curve analyses are best suited to examine the relation between developmental pathways and selective breeding: Comment on Hofer, Shair, Masmela, & Brunelli, “Developmental effects of selective breeding for an infantile trait: The rat pup ultrasonic isolation call”
Authors: Michel George F.
Published: August 2002

Hofer, Brunelli, Shair, & Masmela (2001) provide valuable information about the effects of selective breeding on rat‐pup behaviors and physiology. Although the design and statistical analytic techniques employed are typical of those used to evaluate behavioral development in animals, I offer several suggestions about how to evaluate the influence of selective breeding on developmental pathways using modern statistical techniques. As Hofer et al. demonstrate, the development of rat behavior and physiology can be an excellent model for examining the relation between selection and development. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 247–250, 2001
Testing neural models of the development of infant visual attention
Authors: Richards John E. , Hunter Sharon K.
Published: August 2002

Several models of the development of infant visual attention have used information about neural development. Most of these models have been based on nonhuman animal studies and have relied on indirect measures of neural development in human infants. This article discusses methods for studying a “neurodevelopmental” model of infant visual attention using indirect and direct measures of cortical activity. We concentrate on the effect of attention on eye movement control and show how animal‐based models, indirect measurement in human infants, and direct measurement of brain activity inform this model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 226–236, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10029
Outstanding questions about phonological processing in dyslexia
Authors: Ramus Franck
Published: August 2002

It is widely accepted that developmental dyslexia results from some sort of phonological deficit. Yet, it can be argued that phonological representations and their processing have been insufficiently tested in dyslexia research. Firstly, claims about how tasks tap into certain kinds of representations or processes are best appreciated in the light of an explicit information‐processing model. Here, a cognitive model of lexical access is described, incorporating speech perception, reading and object recognition. The model emphasizes that phonological forms of lexical items are distinct from non‐lexical phonological representations. Secondly, phonology, as a linguistic discipline, teaches us that there is much more to it than phonemic categorization and awareness. The phonological level of representation also embodies phonotactic regularities, patterns of phoneme assimilation and alternation, as well as supra‐segmental knowledge pertaining to syllable structure, stress, intonation and rhythm. All these aspects are in part language‐dependent, and therefore must be learnt by children in order to become proficient native speakers and listeners. If phonological representations were affected in dyslexia, dyslexic children would presumably have difficulties acquiring these aspects of their language. This prediction is as yet untested. A possible research agenda is outlined, aiming to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the phonological theory of dyslexia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudoparadoxical impulsivity in restrictive anorexia nervosa: A consequence of the logic of scarcity
Authors: Fessler Daniel M. T.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To explain an apparently paradoxical pattern wherein sufferers of restrictive anorexia nervosa exhibit both rigorous self‐restraint and episodic impulsivity.

Method

The experimental, historical, and clinical literatures were examined for evidence of psychological and behavioral changes accompanying severe dietary constriction; such changes were noted and compared with those reported to occur in anorexics.

Results

Increased impulsivity in association with dietary constriction is described in diverse literatures. A number of lines of evidence suggest that the serotonergic system mediates this change.

Discussion

Many forms of impulsivity can be understood as having once constituted fitness‐enhancing responses to resource scarcity. It is suggested that an evolved psychological mechanism calibrates the individual's sensitivity to risk in light of future prospects. Self‐injurious behaviors are explicable as misfirings of such a mechanism. Similarly, excessive exercising by anorexics may reflect the misdirection of reward systems that normally encourage adaptive increases in ranging behavior under conditions of scarcity. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 376–388, 2002.
Screening Chinese patients with eating disorders using the eating attitudes test in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Sing , Kwok Kathleen , Liau Carmen , Leung Tony
Published: August 2002

Objective

To evaluate the Chinese Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐26) in screening patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) in Hong Kong.

Method

A consecutive series of Chinese patients with BN (N = 67) and typical (fat phobic; N = 65) and atypical (nonfat phobic; N = 44) AN underwent clinical assessment and completed the EAT‐26. Results were compared with those of Chinese female undergraduates (N = 646).

Results

The mean EAT scores for bulimic and typical AN patients were significantly higher than those of undergraduates, but the scores of atypical AN patients were anomalously low. The dieting and bulimia factor scores and body mass indices entered the classification tree. When compared with using the conventional EAT‐26 cutoff, the misclassification rate for typical AN, atypical AN, and BN changed from 41.4% to 52.3%, 88.6% to 43.2%, and 23.9% to 29.9%, respectively.

Discussion

Using the EAT‐26 in the conventional manner would lead to an underestimate of atypical AN in community surveys. Complementary use of a classification tree improved the prediction of atypical AN, but the EAT‐26 remains a suboptimal screening instrument for the community epidemiological study of AN. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 91–97, 2002.
Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome: Psychological and behavioral characteristics
Authors: Napolitano Melissa A. , Head Susan , Babyak Michael A. , Blumenthal James A.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The present study was designed to examine the psychological and behavioral characteristics associated with both night eating syndrome (NES) and binge eating disorder (BED) in 42 males and 41 females who were enrolled in a university‐based weight loss center.

Method

Individuals were classified into one of four groups: NES only (N = 23), BED only (N = 13), both NES and BED (N = 13), or no diagnoses of an eating disorder (N = 34). Analyses of covariance (covarying for age and gender) were conducted to compare patients with BED and NES.

Results

NES patients scored lower on disinhibition than BED patients (p < .01). Also, individuals who met criteria for both disorders scored higher than NES only patients on state anxiety (p < .01), disinhibition (p = .08), and trait anxiety (p = .08).

Discussion

These results suggest that NES represents a subcategory among the obese, which also overlaps with binge eaters. In addition, anxiety distinguished individuals who met criteria for both disorders from patients who were diagnosed with either NES or BED. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 193–203, 2001.
An eating disorder curriculum for primary care providers
Authors: Gurney Valerie W. , Halmi Katherine A.
Published: August 2002

Objective

Primary care providers frequently lack adequate training in treating eating disorders. This study examined the effectiveness of an eating disorder curriculum designed to address the lack of knowledge among primary care providers.

Method

Medical social workers completed four intensive training sessions, each lasting 75 min. Participants completed questionnaires assessing eating disorder knowledge, perceived ability to treat eating disorders, and practice behaviors, before and after training as well as at 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

The eating disorder curriculum resulted in a significant increase in eating disorder knowledge and a moderate improvement in practice behaviors such as screening new patients for an eating disorder. Training did not significantly change providers' perceived ability to intervene.

Discussion

The results of this pilot study suggest that brief intensive training can increase providers' knowledge and change their routine clinical practices, resulting in increased rates of detection and intervention in the primary care setting. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 209–212, 2001.
Eating‐related thought suppression in high and low disinhibitors
Authors: Oliver Kylie G. , Huon Gail F.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study examined the effects of the attempts by high and low disinhibitors to suppress thoughts about food and eating.

Method

Seventy‐seven females who differed in level of disinhibition were asked to monitor their thoughts about food and eating for three 5‐min periods. Participants were administered either a suppression or a nonsuppression instruction relating to thoughts about food and eating. The number of food‐related thoughts were recorded. Self‐report ratings of anxiety, distress, perceived frequency of thoughts, control over thoughts, and strategies used to control thoughts were also obtained.

Results

Low disinhibitors who were instructed to suppress had more food‐related thoughts than high disinhibitors who were instructed to suppress. The reverse was true in the nonsuppression condition. High disinhibitors reported higher levels of anxiety and distress. Furthermore, high disinhibitors had less difficulty controlling their thoughts than low disinhibitors when asked to suppress, whereas the reverse was true when they did not receive suppression instructions. Thought control strategies were found to correlate significantly with anxiety ratings, self‐reported frequency of intrusions, actual number of thought intrusions, and distress.

Discussion

High disinhibitors are able to successfully suppress their thoughts about food and eating, at least across relatively short periods of time. However, there appears to be associated negative consequences. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 329–337, 2001.
Transient response in a dc–dc converter employing load‐current feedforward control
Authors: Kanemaru Shoji , Nabeshima Takashi , Nakano Tadao
Published: August 2002

Load‐current feedforward control applied to a voltage‐controlled buck‐type dc–dc converter is proposed in order to reduce output voltage deviation. The design conditions that optimize the transfer characteristics of the current transformer for load current sensing are identified by introducing the integral of the square of the output voltage deviation as a performance index. An effective region of feedforward control limited by the saturation characteristics of the PWM is considered quantitatively. The usefulness of the proposed method and the stability problem when the bulk capacitor is added to the load are examined. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(8): 14–22, 2001
Applying the DCMP adaptive array to the OFDM‐CDMA systems
Authors: Uraguchi Takeshi , Kikuma Nobuyoshi , Inagaki Naoki
Published: August 2002

It is known that DS/CDMA has extremely good interference suppression characteristics. However, due to the correlation of the spreading code, interference occurs and the communication quality is degraded. In order to resolve this problem, various systems have been proposed that suppress interference by means of adaptive arrays. In this paper, we propose a system for operating a DCMP adaptive array based on estimation of the array propagation vector of the desired signals in the OFDM‐CDMA communication system by the ESPRIT algorithm. In this application, correlation between the arriving waves is suppressed by adaptive spatial smoothing using the frequency characteristics of the OFDM signals. In order to determine the effectiveness of the proposed system, a computer simulation is used for analysis of the fundamental characteristics and the nature of the mutual coupling between elements. It is found that the system works well as a DCMP adaptive array and that separated reception of correlated multiple waves is possible. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(11): 44–53, 2001
A grid array antenna with C‐figured elements
Authors: Kawano Toru , Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: August 2002

The radiation characteristics of grid antennas are investigated. A balanced feed grid array antenna (a balanced feed GA), which radiates a linearly polarized wave and is used as a reference antenna, has a half‐power beamwidth (HPBW) of 19° in the ϕ = 0° plane and 18° in the ϕ = 90° plane. The gain of the balanced feed GA is calculated to be 19.1 dBi. It is shown that a circularly polarized wave is obtained when C‐figured elements are added to the balanced feed GA. The rotation angle of the C‐figured elements for a right‐hand circularly polarized wave is ϕrot= 135°, while that for a left‐hand circularly polarized wave is ϕrot= 45°. The HPBW and gain of the balanced feed CGA are almost the same as those of the balanced feed GA. In addition to the balanced feed GA and CGA, unbalanced feed GA and CGA are also analyzed. It is found that the HPBW of the unbalanced feed GA is almost the same as that of the balanced feed GA. Similarly, the HPBWs of the unbalanced feed CGA and the balanced feed CGA are almost the same. The axial ratio and gain of the unbalanced feed CGA at the center frequency are 0.2 dB and 17.3 dBi, respectively. The frequency bandwidths for the axial ratio and gain of the unbalanced feed CGA are calculated to be both approximately 8%. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 58–68, 2002
Construction and evaluation of agent domain knowledge for flexible videoconference system
Authors: Doke Sung , Karahashi Takuji , Suganuma Takuo , Kinoshita Tetsuo , Shiratori Norio
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses a method to configure agent domain knowledge base, which is used to improve flexibility of videoconference systems, where flexibility means the ability to absorb the change in the system and provide an easy‐to‐use service. For the knowledge (INTER Knowledge) for interagent cooperation that enables interservice adjustment of flexible videoconference systems, we propose a new architecture, Meta‐INTER Model, whose aim is to dynamically switch strategies and flexibly cope with problems taking into account properties of problems and progress of problem solving. Also, we apply the Meta‐INTER Model to a flexible videoconference system. We show that more advanced flexibility can be implemented by this model so that interagent cooperation in flexible videoconference systems can be executed effectively, and systems can cope with stricter constraints, compared with prior models. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(2): 69–80, 2002
A Method of Decreasing the Harmonic Distortion for Inverter Microwave Oven
Authors: Bessyo Daisuke , Yasui Kenji , Nakaoka Mutsuo
Published: August 2002

Microwave ovens for home use generate microwaves with a magnetron. Since the magnetron is a diode vacuum tube with a nonlinear load characteristic, the power supply current is distorted. A scheme is used for control of the inverter power supply to drive the magnetron so that the class A standard value of the guideline for home and general‐purpose harmonic prevention is met. In this paper, a control method is reported that simultaneously provides harmonic suppression of the inverter power supply using a voltage resonant circuit and the zero voltage switching. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(4): 23–32, 2002
Fast algorithm for indoor microcell area prediction system using ray‐tracing method
Authors: Imai Tetsuro , Fujii Teruya
Published: August 2002

In mobile communication systems such as cordless telephones, it is extremely important to understand the service area if the base station is placed indoors. However, within a building, there exist walls, pillars, and partitions, so that accurate establishment of the propagation prediction formula has been difficult. A method that can accurately estimate the electric field intensity for a complex layout such as an indoor environment is the ray‐tracing method. In this method, the electric field intensity can be estimated rather easily by deriving only the geometrical tracing between the transmitter and receiver. However, if the number of structural components such as walls, pillars, and partitions is increased, the processing time increases drastically. Therefore, it is indispensable to increase the processing speed in order to make this method practical. In the present paper we propose (1) the HY‐RAYT method, (2) the ray‐receiving model, and (3) the component search method, which allow high‐speed processing via the ray‐tracing method. The estimation accuracy and reduction of the computational effort are discussed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(6): 41–52, 2002
SMEM algorithm for mixture regression problems
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Ueda Naonori
Published: August 2002

We investigate applications of the SMEM (Split and Merge EM) algorithm to regression problems. We use the NGnet (Normalized Gaussian network) as a mixture regression model in which a set of input and output variables is dealt with as a joint probability. We describe the split and merge operations and criteria necessary for applying the SMEM algorithm to the NGnet. We show the usefulness of the SMEM algorithm for regression problems through experiments using artificial and real data. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(12): 54–62, 2001
Radiation characteristics analysis of broad area laser diodes and the proposal of improvement methods
Authors: Morimoto Naoyuki , Toda Tomoaki , Takano Tadashi
Published: August 2002

In a broad‐area laser diode (LD) having a wide stripe width, a Gaussian pattern is not obtained in the near field (NFP) and the far field pattern (FFP) has multiple peaks, which is known as filamentation. Thus, when used in communications, the losses in the side lobes are large, and antenna directivity problems develop. In this paper, we solve the wave motion equation and the dispersion equation to explain the radiation characteristics during filamentation. In particular, we explain the relationship between the phase distribution at the LD facets and the NFP and FFP. We also investigate the improvements in the radiation characteristics by examining the phase distribution at the facets and the injected current distribution in the direction perpendicular to the wave propagation direction. The results showed that the FFP can be a single peak with a side lobe suppression ratio of −13.4 dB when phase correction having two peaks was performed at the facets. The results also showed effective narrowing of the current distribution. ©2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(3): 40–49, 2002
A vehicle parking detection method using image segmentation
Authors: Yamada Keiichi , Mizuno Morimichi
Published: August 2002

A method of individual vehicle detection using grayscale images acquired from a high position is proposed for guidance of incoming vehicles to vacant cells in a parking lot and other similar purposes. With the proposed method, each image region corresponding to a cell is fragmented according to density (gray level), and the distribution of segment area is analyzed to decide if a vehicle is present. Reference images taken in vacant state are not needed, hence the method can be easily applied to parking lots in continuous service. Shape features are not employed, hence detection is performed independent of car shape. The proposed method was tested on an actual outdoor parking lot during 4 days with different weather conditions from sunrise through sunset. The results confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method, with the detection rate being over 98.7%. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(10): 25–34, 2001
A bus delay reduction technique considering crosstalk
Authors: Hirose Kei , Yasuura Hiroto
Published: August 2002

Recently, progress in shrinking CMOS process technology and increasing chip size has made interconnect delay a serious problem in deep micron LSI design. The interconnect delay is maximized by the influence of crosstalk when adjacent wires simultaneously switch in opposite transient directions. This paper proposes an on‐chip bus delay reduction technique based on shifting the signal transition timing of adjacent wires. From an equation for the approximate bus delay, delay reduction can be achieved by applying the proposed technique to repeater‐inserted on‐chip buses. The result of SPICE simulation also shows that at most a 20% reduction of the total bus delay can be achieved. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 24–31, 2002
Order counting of elliptic curves defined over finite fields of characteristic 2
Authors: Izu Tetsuya , Kogure Jun , Noro Masayuki , Yokoyama Kazuhiro
Published: August 2002

Algorithms for counting the order of the rational points group are indispensable for the random selection of secure elliptic curves used in cryptosystems. In the case of curves over fields having large characteristics, it is possible to use the SEA (Schoof–Elkies–Atkin) algorithm [3, 5, 16], but in the case of elliptic curves defined over finite fields of characteristic 2, the SEA algorithm can be applied only in a modified form. In the case of characteristic 2, the authors implemented the Lercier [10] and Couveignes [2] algorithms, and combined them with an improved Intelligent Choice System [7, 8] proposed by the authors earlier. It was confirmed that in the case of characteristic 2 the combination of these methods allows for a fast generation of secure curves. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 62–70, 2002
Error Spectrum Shaping in Two‐Dimensional Separable‐Denominator Digital Filters
Authors: Hinamoto Takao , Nakamoto Masayoshi , Higashi Keisuke
Published: August 2002

In the implementation of recursive digital filters, the characteristics might be degraded due to finite word length effects. The degradation generates noise at the filter output which is caused by roundoff errors in the product quantization. A technique called error spectrum shaping (ESS) can be applied to suppress the noise. ESS usually relies on the use of feedback of roundoff errors and sometimes their feedforward. In this paper, a technique is developed for ESS in two‐dimensional separable‐denominator digital filters by applying both feedback and feedforward of roundoff errors. A two‐dimensional separable denominator is implemented with the minimum number of delay elements and includes two quantizers. A genetic algorithm is also applied to obtain the suboptimal discrete solution of feedback–feedforward coefficients for the purpose of cost reduction. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the utility of the proposed technique. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 10–19, 2002
A new method of characteristic analysis for three‐phase induction motors
Authors: Ishikawa Hiroki , Murai Yoshihiro
Published: August 2002

Generally speaking, the characteristics of induction motors (IM) are analyzed by means of the equivalent circuit withd–qtransformation. Although this method is simple, the magnetic flux distributions in the stator and rotor are defined as sinusoidal waves. Therefore, the equivalent circuits become relatively complex for the high‐frequency components and transient states. For detailed analysis, the finite element method (FEM) is used. The FEM can take account of the influence of skewed rotor bars and slots, and of the skin coefficient. However, the calculation time is very long for high‐frequency components and transient analysis. We therefore propose a new method of characteristic analysis for IM. The proposed method analyzes the magnetic flux simply based on the construction of the IM. It can analyze transient and steady states and high‐frequency components regardless of the type of source. The influence of skewed rotor bars and slots can also be treated simply. This paper describes the method of analysis, presents the results of the proposed method and compares them with experimental results, and describes thed–qtransition. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 64–75, 2001
A circulating current control scheme for multiple three‐level NPC inverter systems
Authors: Okayama Hideo , Koyama Masato , Ise Toshifumi
Published: August 2002

In recent years, motor drive systems for steel rolling mills have been steadily increasing in capacity. In particular, the development of three‐level NPC (Neutral Point Clamped) inverters is now focusing on the replacement of cycloconverters. In order to satisfy such a requirement, in this paper a multiple three‐level NPC inverter system is proposed. The configuration consists of two three‐level NPC inverters with the same configuration connected in parallel by current limiting reactors. In this case, the circulating current flowing between the two three‐level NPC inverters must be controlled to prevent a decrease in the maximum output capacity. In particular, a new method for control of the circulating current is a major topic of discussion. The method is based on space voltage vector‐based PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control for the three‐level NPC inverters and the circulating current is controlled by adjusting the output durations of the respective space voltage vectors. In this method the circulating current controller can be decoupled from the motor current controller. Therefore, it is possible to design the different controllers independently. In addition, the experimental results obtained using an induction motor show that the circulating current can be reduced to within 2% of the rated motor current when the motor current response exceeds 1000 rad/s. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(2): 38–48, 2001
Flexible network integrated supervisory control for power systems based on distributed objects
Authors: Seki Tomomichi , Seki Toshibumi , Tanaka Tatsuji , Watanabe Hadime
Published: August 2002

This paper introduces the flexibility of SCOPE (System Configuration Of PowEr control system) which is a new architecture to realize flexible and reliable supervisory control for power systems. Energy Management Systems/Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (EMS/SCADA) systems are usually geographically distributed and have hierarchical operational organizations. They are continuously changing in accordance with various requirements and varying environments. Therefore, they should be flexible enough to adapt to those changes quickly. SCOPE classifies programs in conventional electric power systems into three hierarchical layers: application‐dependent part, power system‐dependent part, and computer system‐dependent part. The power system‐dependent part realizes flexibility for changing of power system equipment and operational organization, by introducing an enhanced abstract function of object‐oriented technology. Therefore, SCOPE architecture enables EMS/SCADA systems to be flexible, and also enables development efficiently and economically. Through developing and evaluating a SCOPE prototype system, it has been confirmed that the flexibility of EMS/SCADA systems had been improved. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 34–46, 2001
A fundamental study on electrical insulation of N2/SF6 gas‐insulated electric power apparatus
Authors: Sato Hitoshi , Morita Keiichi , Kikkawa Takashi , Hayakawa Naoki , Okubo Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we carried out a case study on fundamental insulation design for the application of N2/SF6 gas mixtures to a 275‐kV gas‐insulated busbar. First, we investigated the impulse ratio in N2/SF6 gas mixtures and point out that the insulation design might be based on the negative switching impulse voltage in the case of lower SF6 content. Second, we estimated the tank diameter and SF6 gas amount with consideration of the electric field strength on conductor surface and temperature rise in gas mixtures. We clarified that the tank diameter at the lower SF6 content is mainly determined by the electric field strength on the conductor surface and quantified the optimum gas pressure and SF6 content for a target reduction of SF6 gas amount. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 9–16, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1163
Sea and regional planning—overcoming the institutional constraints: some lessons from the EU
Authors: Glasson John , Gosling Jim
Published: August 2002

The long lasting debate on the need for a European Directive on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) now seems to be approaching closure, with a common position agreed by the European Council in December 1999, albeit applied to plans and programmes only and not to government policy. This paper considers the institutional structures within which such a directive would be implemented, structures far more complicated than those met by the project EIA Directive 97/11.

This paper reviews the existing but limited application of SEA to plans in Europe, in particular to regional plans, using an existing framework for the institutional analysis of integrated water management developed by Mitchell. The application of SEA to plans for regional structural funding by the European Commission, to regional and sub‐regional plans in England, the Netherlands and Spain, suggests that it is the overall context that influences the observed variations in both SEA and plan‐making practice. This highlights in particular the strength of the politico‐environmental lobby and the relative powers of planning, sectoral and environmental executives. Approaches to SEA can be modelled as incremental (The Netherlands), stapled (Spain) and concurrent (England). It is perhaps the latter model, an iterative and multi‐staged but ‘weaker’ approach to SEA, that offers a future route to a wider form of sustainability appraisal.

How well the more formal and ‘stronger’ application of SEA required by the European Union integrates into existing institutional structures remains to be seen. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Transport and environment: policy directions for europe
Authors: Tinch Robert
Published: August 2002

Transport externalities are among the most important environmental problems affecting quality of life in Europe. Forecasts suggest that past environmental improvements may now be rolled back by traffic growth, and current traffic trends are not sustainable. The theory of environmental policy proposes pricing external costs at their marginal social costs as one solution. Although full marginal social cost pricing is impracticable, advances in tolling technology and environmental valuation mean that it is now a viable option to approximate such charging. There are signs that the European Commission and other bodies are starting to favour pricing over regulatory instruments. However, often overlooked is the potential for non‐convexities in the transport sector or between transport and the rest of the economy. For example it may be that small increases in resources for public transport would not result in welfare gains, whereas large increases would. Non‐convexities would mean that market forces under marginal social cost pricing might lead away from the optimal transport system. This is one reason why pricing instruments cannot in themselves be a panacea for transport externalities or bring about a sustainable transport system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Orality in environmental planning
Authors: Woerkum Cees van
Published: August 2002

An often‐neglected aspect of interactive policy making is the symbolic interaction between professionals and citizens, specifically the way they speak, the kind of orality that is involved. The orality of officials is text bound and texts on the environmental attain a firm position in the discourse of these officials, quite different from the orality of citizens. The characteristics of orality and literacy, from a communicative viewpoint, vary considerably. In literacy details and figures matter; in orality it is the intention of the speaker and the gist of the story that counts most. By bringing in a large amount of literacy in oral presentations, officials spoil the functions of orality, its effects on learning, its creative potential, the way how, via stories, many people can get involved or how trust is developed. Officials can conquer the orality of the people, they can cope with it in a strategic way or they can deal with it as a valuable asset in policy making. For this officials have to rethink the way they speak. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Vegetation–environment relationships along El‐Salam Canal, Egypt
Authors: Serag Mamdouh S. , Khedr Abdel‐Hamid A.
Published: August 2002

The bank and open water vegetation along El‐Salam Canal in north‐eastern Egypt were studied in relation to the prevailing environmental factors. The hypothesis that terresterial and aquatic species would show different downstream patterns of species richness was tested by sampling species composition and environmental variables along 80 km of the canal. Species richness was highest in the first 30 km of the canal. The downstream decrease in species richness exhibits interpretable downstream patterns. Total species richness increased with increasing organic matter in the soil and decreased with both increasing soil and water salinity along the gradient.

The indicator species of TWINSPAN analysis are: Azolla filiculoides, Echinochloa stagnina, Eichhornia crassipes and Saccharum spontaneum (cluster I); Ceratophyllum demersum, Ludwigia stolonifera and Typha domingensis (cluster II); Potamogeton pectinatus and Phragmites australis (cluster III); Tamarix nilotica and Suaeda vera (cluster IV).

The environmental factors influencing the vegetation clusters were analysed using canonical correspondence analysis ordination (CCA). The water salinity, total nitrogen and total phosphorus appeared to be the most important factors controlling the abundance of aquatic plant distribution along the canal. The shoreline vegetation is mainly controlled by salinity, K+ and organic carbon of the soil.

Water analysis indicated that the salinity of the water increases southwards and the minimum salinity of the water (0.78 mS/cm) was recorded at the intake of the canal. The maximum value (7.5 mS/cm) of water salinity was recorded near the Suez Canal. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate declustering techniques
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees
Published: August 2002

Declustering techniques are techniques that identify independent events in a data record and filter out extreme values from them. Declustering techniques for univariate series of observations are well established. However, there has been little work concerned with declustering techniques for multivariate data. In this paper we propose a new multivariate declustering technique and show how it applies to a wide range of data structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal adaptive selection of sampling sites
Authors: Chao Chang‐Tai , Thompson Steven K.
Published: August 2002

Under an assumed population model, the optimal sampling strategy is often an adaptive one. In spatial statistics an important problem is that of optimally locating sample sites for estimation or prediction. In some cases a certain number of sampling sites have already been located and now one would like to optimally choose locations for a set of additional sites. If the optimal strategy is an adaptive one, then the selection of the new sites should take into account not only the locations of the existing sites but also the values of the variable of interest observed at those sites. In this paper, the optimal sampling strategy in two phases is examined and compared with the optimal conventional strategy. While the optimal conventional design is approximately a systematic arrangement of sampling sites, the optimal adaptive selection varies depending on the realized spatial distribution. The relative efficiency of the optimal (adaptive) strategy to the optimal conventional strategy, which is always greater than 1, is seen to be related to the range of influence of the spatial covariance function. Finally, the strategies are compared using data from a study of geothermal with CO2emissions in Yellowstone National Park. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistically meaningful standards for contaminated sites using composite sampling
Authors: Barnett Vic , Bown Marion
Published: August 2002

Current environmental standards commonly consist of a statement of some upper or lower limit to be met by pollutant levels ‘at large’ or of prescriptions of required outcomes from sampling procedures, with no consideration of the effects of uncertainty or variation. Barnett and O'Hagan (1997) classified these as ideal standards and realizable standards, respectively, concluding that neither form was satisfactory and recommending that they be replaced with statistically meaningful standards. Such standards should conjointly incorporate a regulatory limit coupled with a standard that provides some prescribed level of statistical assurance that the limit is actually being met, and are termed statistically verifiable ideal standards (SVISs). This recommendation was endorsed by the U.K. government Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1998).

In many cases, realizable standards specify a particular sampling scheme and the outcome that is required from such a scheme to demonstrate compliance with the standard, but without consideration of the statistical interpretation of the outcome that might infer some property of the underlying population. The sampling methods take various forms and may feature composite sampling. One example of a set of realizable standards that consider composite sampling is found in the Australian Environmental Investigation Limits (EILs) for contaminated land sites (ANZECC/NHMRC, 1992). Under specific sampling guidelines (Standards Australia, 1997), composite sampling is allowed only if the conservative ‘divide‐by‐n’ principle is employed for adjustment of the standard limit.

Using this set of standards and the associated sampling guidelines as motivation, we investigate an alternative SVIS that takes direct account of uncertainty and variation, and is statistically interpretable. The approach is developed initially for the illustrative case of independently and identically normally distributed pollution data, using a more statistically appropriate and less conservative principle than the ‘divide‐by‐n’ rule. We also consider other distributional assumptions for the pollution data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing and contrasting some environmental and experimental design problems
Authors: Martin R. J.
Published: August 2002

Designing an unreplicated field trial essentially involves firstly selecting the plots for the check varieties, and secondly arranging the check varieties among these plots. Selecting the check plots appears to be very similar to choosing sites for a monitoring network, or choosing sites in a region at which to take a sample. The problems appear to be even closer if spatial dependence is postulated, when another aim in choosing the sites is to allow efficient estimation of the dependence. In this paper, the designs of monitoring networks and spatial samples, and some related design problems, are considered to see if they have implications for the design of unreplicated field trials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incremental dynamic analysis
Authors: Vamvatsikos Dimitrios , Cornell C. Allin
Published: August 2002

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is a parametric analysis method that has recently emerged in several different forms to estimate more thoroughly structural performance under seismic loads. It involves subjecting a structural model to one (or more) ground motion record(s), each scaled to multiple levels of intensity, thus producing one (or more) curve(s) of response parameterized versus intensity level. To establish a common frame of reference, the fundamental concepts are analysed, a unified terminology is proposed, suitable algorithms are presented, and properties of the IDA curve are looked into for both single‐degree‐of‐freedom and multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structures. In addition, summarization techniques for multi‐record IDA studies and the association of the IDA study with the conventional static pushover analysis and the yield reduction R‐factor are discussed. Finally, in the framework of performance‐based earthquake engineering, the assessment of demand and capacity is viewed through the lens of an IDA study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelet‐based characterization of design ground motions
Authors: Mukherjee Sushovan , Gupta Vinay K.
Published: August 2002

With the recent emergence of wavelet‐based procedures for stochastic analyses of linear and non‐linear structural systems subjected to earthquake ground motions, it has become necessary that seismic ground motion processes are characterized through statistical functionals of wavelet coefficients. While direct characterization in terms of earthquake and site parameters may have to wait for a few more years due to the complexity of the problem, this study attempts such characterization through commonly available Fourier and response spectra for design earthquake motions. Two approaches have been proposed for obtaining the spectrum‐compatible wavelet functionals, one for input Fourier spectrum and another for input response spectrum, such that the total number of input data points are 30–35% of those required for a time‐history analysis. The proposed methods provide for simulating ‘desired non‐stationary characteristics’ consistent with those in a recorded accelerogram. Numerical studies have been performed to illustrate the proposed approaches. Further, the wavelet functionals compatible with a USNRC spectrum in the case of 35 recorded motions of similar strong motion durations have been used to obtain the strength reduction factor spectra for elasto‐plastic oscillators and to show that about ±20% variation may be assumed from mean to 5 and 95% confidence levels due to uncertainty in the non‐stationary characteristics of the ground motion process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsupervised fuzzy neural network structural active pulse controller
Authors: Hung Shih‐Lin , Lai C. M.
Published: August 2002

Applying active control systems to civil engineering structures subjected to dynamic loading has received increasing interest. This study proposes an active pulse control model, termed unsupervised fuzzy neural network structural active pulse controller (UFN‐SAP controller), for controlling civil engineering structures under dynamic loading. The proposed controller combines an unsupervised neural network classification (UNC) model, an unsupervised fuzzy neural network (UFN) reasoning model, and an active pulse control strategy. The UFN‐SAP controller minimizes structural cumulative responses during earthquakes by applying active pulse control forces determined via the UFN model based on the clusters, classified through the UNC model, with their corresponding control forces. Herein, we assume that the effect of the pulses on structure is delayed until just before the next sampling time so that the control force can be calculated in time, and applied. The UFN‐SAP controller also averts the difficulty of obtaining system parameters for a real structure for the algorithm to allow active structural control. Illustrative examples reveal significant reductions in cumulative structural responses, proving the feasibility of applying the adaptive unsupervised neural network with the fuzzy classification approach to control civil engineering structures under dynamic loading. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modal identification of structures from ambient vibration, free vibration, and seismic response data via a subspace approach
Authors: Huang C. S. , Lin H. L.
Published: August 2002

This work presents a unified procedure for determining the natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and modal shapes of a structure from its ambient vibration, free vibration and earthquake response data. To evaluate the coefficient matrices of a state‐space model, the proposed procedure applies a subspace approach cooperating with an instrumental variable concept. The dynamic characteristics of a structure are determined from the coefficient matrices. The feasibility of the procedure is demonstrated through processing anin situambient vibration measurement of a five‐storey steel frame, an impulse response measurement of a three‐span continuous bridge, and simulated earthquake responses of five‐storey steel frames from shaking table tests. The excellent agreement of the results obtained herein with those published previously confirms the feasibility of the present procedure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model
Authors: Eckardt F. D. , Drake N. , Goudie A. S. , White K. , Viles H.
Published: August 2002

The formation of Namibia's extensive pedogenic gypsum crusts (CaSO4·2H2O) is interpreted in a new light. It is suggested that gypsum primarily precipitates at isolated points of evaporitic concentration, such as inland playas, and that deflation of evaporitic‐rich gypsum dust from these playas contributes to the formation of pedogenic gypsum duricrusts on the coastal gravel plains of the Namib Desert surrounding these playas. This study establishes the nature, extent and distribution of playas in the Central Namib Desert and provides evidence for playa gypsum deflation and gravel plain deposition. Remote sensing shows the distribution of playas, captures ongoing deflation and provides evidence of gypsum deflation. It is proposed that, following primary marine aerosol deposition, both inland playas and coastal sabkhas generate gypsum which through the process of playa deflation and gravel plain redeposition contributes to the extensive pedogenic crusts found in the Namib Desert region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distorted Froude‐scaled flume analysis of large woody debris
Authors: Wallerstein Nicholas P. , Alonso Carlos V. , Bennett Sean J. , Thorne Colin R.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents the results of a movable‐boundary, distorted, Froude‐scaled hydraulic model based on Abiaca Creek, a sand‐bedded channel in northern Mississippi. The model was used to examine the geomorphic and hydraulic impact of simplified large woody debris (LWD) elements. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and the method used to construct the LWD test channel is developed. The channel model had bed and banks moulded from 0·8 mm sand, and flow conditions were just below the threshold of motion so that any sediment transport and channel adjustment were the result of the debris element. Dimensions and positions of LWD elements were determined using a debris jam classification model. Elements were attached to a dynamometer to measure element drag forces, and channel adjustment was determined through detailed topographic surveys.

The fluid drag force on the elements decreased asymptotically over time as the channel boundary eroded around the elements due to locally increased boundary shear stress. Total time for geomorphic adjustment computed for the prototype channel at theQ2discharge (discharge occurring once every two years on average) was as short as 45 hours. The size, depth and position of scour holes, bank erosion and bars created by flow acceleration past the elements were found to be related to element length and position within the channel cross‐section. Morphologies created by each debris element in the model channel were comparable with similar jams observed in the prototype channel. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.