bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effects of different doses of ursodeoxycholic acid on neonatal jaundice
Authors: Gharehbaghi Manizheh Mostafa , Sani Afsaneh Mokhallegh , Refeey Mandana
Published: June 2020

Background. Icterus tends to be one of the most prevalent causes of neonatal hospitalization. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the different doses of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on neonatal jaundice.
Method. In this study, 120 newborns who were hospitalized for phototherapy were randomly assigned. Group A received phototherapy and UDCA 5 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours orally, group B patients were treated with phototherapy and UDCA 7.5 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours orally. Group C received phototherapy with a placebo. All patients were evaluated for bilirubin levels, the duration of phototherapy, and the length of hospital stay.
Results. The mean bilirubin level at hospital admission was 19.88 ± 2.33 mg/dl in group A, 19.33 ± 2.51 mg/ dl in group B, and 19.76 ± 2.64 mg/dl in group C (p= 0.58). The groups receiving phototherapy with UDCA showed a significant decrease in the bilirubin level. Bilirubin level decreased to 10.04 ± 1.11mg/dl in group A, 8.82 ± 1.11 mg/dl in group B, and 12.04 ± 2.05 mg/dl in group C (p= 0.000). Furthermore, the mean duration of phototherapy, as well as the average length of hospital stay, were significantly lower in group B as compared to the other groups (p= 0.000).
Conclusion. The findings of this study indicated that the administration of UDCA in addition to phototherapy could effectively decrease the length of hospital stay and bilirubin levels in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, further studies with a larger sample size are required before one can recommend the routine use of UDCA for the treatment of neonatal jaundice.
Management of pediatric cardiac transplantation candidates with pulmonary hypertension and high pulmonary vascular resistance
Authors: Yakut Kahraman , Varan Birgül , Erdoğan İlkay , Cindik Nimet , Gökdemir Mahmut , Gümüş Ayten , Tokel N Kürşad , Sezgin Atilla
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives. Right ventricular failure is an important cause of mortality and morbidity after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). The right ventricle of the donor may fail to accommodate to the high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of the recipient. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to chronic heart failure with PVRi > 4 Wood units.m2, transpulmonary gradient > 15 mmHg adversely affect the outcome of OHT. In this study we aimed to evaluate management strategies in our pediatric cardiac transplantation candidates with PH and high PVR prior to OHT.
Method. Twenty-six cardiac transplantation candidates (age: 10.2 ± 4.6, 1-17 years) underwent cardiac catheterization for the determination of PVR and pulmonary arterial pressure. They were admitted to the hospital and received 1-3 days of intravenous (IV) vasodilator therapy; 0.5-3 μg/kg/min nitroglyserin and/or 0.5-3 μg/kg/min nitroprusside, 5-15 μg/kg/min dobutamin and/or dopamin to keep systolic blood pressure above 80 mmHg.
Results. Thirteen patients had dilated cardiomyopathy (CMP), 11 had restrictive CMP, one had hypertrophic CMP and one had congenital heart disease (CHD). Nineteen of the 26 patients underwent OHT. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure of the patients ranged between 11 and 82 mmHg (30.4 ± 16 mmHg) and PVRi between 0.41-21.4 Wood units.m2 (5.3 ± 5.7). Nine patients had PVRi above 4 Wood units.m < sup > 2 < /sup > . Six of these patients had IV treatment for longer than three days and some received specific anti-PH treatment. Eventually they underwent a pulmonary vasoreactivity test with IV iloprost and six had PVRi < 4 Wood units.m < sup > 2 < /sup > . Five of them underwent OHT.
Conclusion. Cardiac transplantation candidates with PH and high PVR should be evaluated after conditioning with vasodilator and inotropic treatment. Specific treatment for PH and vasoreactivity testing may help selected patients reenter the transplantation list.
Low function of natural killer cells in treated classic Menkes disease
Authors: Bhat Jayalakshmi Narayan , Maertens Paul
Published: June 2020

Background. Menkes disease (MD) is a rare lethal X-linked, multisystem disorder of copper metabolism resulting from mutations in the ATP7A gene. Features such as Ehlers- Danlos syndrome, trichopoliodystrophy, urologic and skeletal changes have been reported. We present a case of classic MD treated with copper infusions who suffered from persistent natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction.
Case. A 2-year-old, Caucasian male child presented at 8-month-old of age with persistent hypotonia, kinky hair and developmental regression. Diagnosis of MD was based on low serum levels of copper [5 mg/dl (18-37)] and ceruloplasmin [18 ug/dl (75-153)] and gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis performed by the reference laboratory. Brain MRI showed mild hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and vascular tortuosity typical of MD. Copper chloride treatment was immediately initiated. The child became more alert with excellent eye contact and purposeful movements. The child was hospitalized for recurrent respiratory infections, each time caused by enterovirus as confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Extensive immunologic studies were negative, except for a severe NK cell dysfunction on multiple occasions (0.6 NK lytic Units; N > 2.6).
Conclusion. We postulate that NK cell dysfunction in a classic MD can be explained by the deficient incorporation of copper in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in an abnormal Fenton chemistry within phagosomes.
Analyse multidisciplinaire du processus décisionnel de la CISR
Authors: Crépeau François , Foxen Patricia , Houle France , Rousseau Cécile
Published: June 2020

The refugee determination process is one of the most complex judicial functions in our societies. Decision makers involved in this process require a sufficient knowledge of the cultural, social, and political environment of the country of origin, a capacity to bear the psychological weight of difficult hearings and potentially life-threatening decisions, and an ability to deal with complex legal issues and evidence. In Canada, despite a relatively broad recognition rate and wide interpretation of the international refugee definition, dissatisfaction with the decision-making process at the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) has been expressed by numerous actors as well as by the general public. The following report examines the nature and causes of discord between the different actors involved in this process, including irb board members and refugeeclaim officers on the one hand, and professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and expert witnesses on the other. Using a methodological framework that includes both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the authors of this multidisciplinary research project define a set of parameters and variables through which three critical dimensions of the refugee determination process—cultural, psychological, and legal—are explored. Data for the study consist of forty problematic cases referred to the research team by lawyers and other professionals; ten of the cases, which include cassettes and transcripts of hearings, were analyzed in depth by experts in the three respective fields of study. The results indicate numerous problems affecting decisionmaking based on legal factors (difficulties in evaluating evidence, assessing credibility, conducting hearings, and writing decisions), psychological factors (difficulties in coping with vicarious traumatization and emotional reactions), and cultural factors (poor knowledge of the political situation in countries of origin, false representations of daily life in war-torn countries, and cultural misunderstandings or insensitivity). In a majority of cases, these legal, psychological, and cultural dimensions interact, reinforcing uncertainty, cynicism, and aggression, and often negatively affecting the ability of board members to evaluate credibility and the overall conduct of hearings. The report proposes a set of recommendations including revised selection criteria for board members and refugee claim officers, as well as improved training and support for all actors; it highlights as well the difficulties inherent in using a non-adversarial system in refugee hearings. An English version of the report can be found at http://www.juris.uqam.ca/cedim/recherches.htm.
Access, Asylum and Atrocities: An Unholy Alliance?
Authors: Rikhof Joseph
Published: June 2020

This article explores the international and Canadian dimensions of the crossroads between criminal law on one hand and the immigration and refugee law on the other, with special emphasis on the regulation and jurisprudence regarding criminal activities such as terrorism, organized crime, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. In addition to examining the context of international policy and the international criminal law in this area, the article also describes in detail the Canadian case-law in relation to the sections in the Immigration Act that address these types of serious criminality, such as the admissibility provisions and the exclusion clauses. At the same time, the policy of the Canadian government is coming to grips with its international obligations when dealing with persons involved in such criminal activities.
UNHCR in Turkey
Authors: Ozmenek Elif
Published: June 2020

This paper uses an in-depth case study of Turkey to examine the complex and contemporary challenges facing the UNHCR. The work of the UNHCR Turkey Program presents a unique example of the problematic relationship between a nation-state and an international refugee regime. The Turkish government ratified the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees in March 1962, but maintains the geographical limitation restricting its asylum commitment to applicants from European countries. Turkey, one of only two countries among the signatories of the Convention that keeps the geographical limitation, relies mostly on the UNHCR’s eligibility assessment of non-European asylum-seekers. Although the focus of the paper is a country-specific example, its goal is to establish a model that can be used in evaluating any UNHCR regional or country program.
Migration, Refugees, and Racism in South Africa
Authors: Handmaker Jeff , Parsley Jennifer
Published: June 2020

The paper looks at South Africa’s complex history and policies of racism, social separation and control and the impact that this has had on the nature of migration and refugee policy. The paper argues that this legacy has resulted in policy and implementation that is highly racialized, coupled with a society expressing growing levels of xenophobia. Some causes and manifestations of xenophobia in South Africa are explored. It further examines how actions of police and civil servants can mirror the sentiments of the general public, further disadvantaging refugees and migrants. The outcomes of the WCAR are discussed with acknowledgment of the positive gains made for refugees and asylum seekers. The implications for implementation are debated in light of the attacks on the USA. In conclusion, a number of recommendations are made including the need for ongoing public awareness strategies, the value of the WCAR Declarations as lobbying tools, a pragmatic and democratic policy process and the need to highlight development concerns in approaches to address these issues.
Hidden Children: Refugee Fostering in Guinea
Authors: Moller Catherine , Minard Courtney Sara
Published: June 2020

One of the most vulnerable yet overlooked groups within situations of forced migration is that of refugee children who have been separated from their families as a result of armed conflict and subsequently absorbed by foster families in the countries to which they have fled. Based on extensive fieldbased research, this paper presents protection problems and poses solutions for such refugee children in Guinea, West Africa, including their access to rights such as family tracing; cultural and linguistic continuity; and education, health, and well-being. The paper also considers long-term integration options for refugee children living in Guinean foster families. The paper concludes by analyzing the use of a human rights framework to alleviate human suffering in this particular situation of forced migration.
Casualties of Aboriginal Displacement in Canada: Children at Risk among the Innu of Labrador
Authors: Denov Myriam , Campbell Kathryn
Published: June 2020

The concept of displacement has long been associated with individuals within poor and developing nations, living under conditions of conflict and civil unrest. Conversely, little research attention has been paid to displacement among Aboriginal peoples within the context of wealthy and developed nations such as Canada. This paper explores the consequences of internal displacement for the Innu Nation of Labrador. In particular, it examines how Innu children have become at risk for gasoline sniffing and suicide. The paper concludes by assessing the extent to which the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Canada’s Indian Act have been effective in protecting the rights of Innu children. The questionable impact of state responses highlights the need for more effective strategies in order to protect the rights of Innu children.
Planning for the Return of Separated Children Seeking Asylum: An Inter-Country Social Service Perspective
Authors: Crowe Sarah
Published: June 2020

A variety of circumstances contribute to an increasingly large number of minors who leave family, home, and country to seek asylum on foreign soil. They present special challenges to state and local authorities, to relevant non-governmental agencies, and to the international community. This paper considers the planning needs for these minors for whom asylum is denied and for whom return to country of origin needs to be arranged. The paper highlights the need for a social service perspective, such as provided by International Social Service, to be included in the planning process.
Detention in Canada: Are We on the Slippery Slope?
Authors: Gauvreau Catherine , Williams Glynis
Published: June 2020

Canada’s detention policies and practices are far less draconian than those of our neighbours. There are nevertheless concerns about the commitment to detain more people as a measure of security and deterrence, in part as the response to September 11. This article describes the situation of detention in Canada, making reference to new legislation passed in November 2001.
Roundtable Report: Migration and Security: September 11 and Implications for Canada’s Policies
Authors: Bhattacharyya Suman
Published: June 2020

On March 15, 2002, the Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development, in partnership with the Centre for Refugee Studies at York University, held a roundtable meeting in Toronto to assess the implications for Canada’s policies concerning migration resulting from the terrorist attacks of September 11. The purpose of this event was to draw on the knowledge and insight of participants from a wide range of civil society sectors to inform policy development. Discussants proposed a coherent framework for Canada’s migration policy that emphasizes the safety and well-being of migrants. Policy advice generated from this roundtable concerns Canada’s overall approach to migration policy; Canada’s immigration and refugee system; and continental and international implications for Canada’s policies.
Palestinian Emigration from Lebanon to Northern Europe: Refugees, Networks, and Transnational Practices
Authors: Doraï Mohamed Kamel
Published: June 2020

Palestinians in Lebanon are one of the most important communities living in the Middle East, with nearly 350,000 refugees according to UNRWA figures. Since the 1980s about 100,000 Palestinians have emigrated from Lebanon to the Gulf countries and northern Europe, mainly Germany, Sweden, and Denmark. The Palestinian case leads us to reconsider the classical distinction between forced and voluntary migration. Migration has to be considered not only as forced, but also as the result of new forms of transnational solidarity between the different scattered Palestinian communities. This paper aims to demonstrate how refugee communities, like Palestinians, but also Kurds or Eritreans, use their social capital (i.e., solidarity networks) in order to adapt to new situations with strong constraints and to develop new forms of transnational solidarities.
Unraveling the Right of Return
Authors: Friedman Adina
Published: June 2020

The notion of Return in many ways epitomizes the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. The Palestinian Right of Return, one embodiment of this notion, has constituted a hurdle in the parties’ attempts to reach a sustainable agreement. Rather than regard the conflict as of zero-sum nature, this paper assumes that Palestinians and Israelis, in their negotiations on the Right of Return and other issues, do not hear each other, and in fact are seldom speaking the same language even when it seems they are discussing the same issue. It examines the ways in which Israelis and Palestinians understand the issue of Return, and suggests a number of factors that influence their different understandings – as well as what each is able to hear from the other. A sustainable agreement would have to take these factors into account in its formulation and in the way in which it is delivered to both peoples.
The U.S.-Proposed “Trusteeship Agreement” for Palestine: The UN-Styled Plan That Could Have Avoided Forcible Displacement of the Palestinian Refugees in 1948
Authors: Boling Gail J.
Published: June 2020

In this article, the author examines the U.S.-proposed “Trusteeship Agreement for Palestine,” circulated by the U.S. in the UN Security Council and in subcommittees of the General Assembly from March through May of 1948. The U.S. proposed a UN trusteeship for Palestine as a possible means to provide for a peaceful transition from the end of the British Mandate for Palestine into a new governmental entity that would provide equality under the law for all of its citizens. Notably, the proposed trusteeship arrangement would have avoided partition of Palestine. The author asserts that this, in turn, could have avoided the forcible displacement of three-quarters of a million Palestinian refugees in 1948, as well as Israel’s subsequent refusal to repatriate them. The author argues that the U.S.-proposed Trusteeship Agreement for Palestine sheds light on important norms of international law that existed in 1948 and that could, and should, have been followed by the United Nations in providing for the welfare and legal rights of all the inhabitants of mandate Palestine as the clock ticked down on the announced British withdrawal from Palestine as mandatory authority as of 15 May 1948.
Diaspora of Islamic Cultures: Continuity and Change
Authors: Moghissi Haideh
Published: June 2020

This paper, drawing upon an ongoing research project funded by Canada’s Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and the Ford Foundation, introduces the main ideas and themes that inform the study of changing gender and family relations among four displaced communities of Islamic cultures (Iranian, Afghan, Palestinian, and Pakistani). For members of each group, three sets of “circumstances” are analyzed – an individual’s experience in the home and host country, together with an examination of socio-economic conditions and policies in the host. In addition to these social and economic factors, in particular, it will focus on the ways in which social class, gender, and religious commitments affect an individual’s experience when they move. It is argued that gender significantly impacts new migrants’ experience and how they feel about their “home” country. One of our main hypotheses is that under pressures of a rapid, often difficult, social and cultural transformation, changing gender dynamics in the new country can lead to a new understanding among partners – or, alternatively, to heightened tension, with severely damaging effects, particularly for women and children. Culturally, when family understandings collapse, this process may be accompanied by an effort to find religious justification for gender inequality. Then, a connection can be seen between difficulties in the new country, the efforts of conservative men to reclaim the dominance they once enjoyed in their countries of origin, and give it a religious justification. Hence, the revival, in the diaspora, of conservative Islamic practice and belief.
Beyond “Seclusionist” Japan: Evaluating the Free Afghans/Refugee Law Reform Campaign after September 11
Authors: Kaneko Mai
Published: June 2020

Following the events of September 11, Japan renewed its stance against terrorism and aggressively stepped up regulations against aliens including asylum seekers. Responding to the post-September 11 detention of Afghan asylum seekers, citizens of all walks of life joined forces. The Free Afghan Refugees movement not only succeeded in releasing detainees, but also broke new ground by pushing for reform of the Japanese asylum system for the first time in the twenty-one years since the Refugee Recognition Act was enacted. The success and propagation of their activism is a reflection of the maturity attained by the refugee rights movement in Japan, and the increased awareness among citizens about world issues. On an unprecedented scale, citizens are questioning the government’s efforts to maintain a homogeneous social order.
“Disturbing Practices”: Dehumanizing Asylum Seekers in the Refugee “Crisis” in Australia, 2001–2002
Authors: Leach Michael
Published: June 2020

Throughout late 2001 and 2002, the Australian Government, seeking re-election, campaigned on a tough line against so-called “illegal” immigrants. Represented as “queue jumpers,” “boat people,” and “illegals,” most of these asylum seekers came from Middle Eastern countries, and, in the main, from Afghanistan and Iraq. This paper explores the way particular representations of cultural difference were entwined in media and government attacks upon asylum seekers. In particular, it analyzes the way key government figures articulated a negative understanding of asylum seekers’ family units – representing these as “foreign” or “other” to contemporary Australian standards of decency and parental responsibility. This representational regime also drew upon post-September 11 representations of Middle Eastern people, and was employed to call into question the validity of asylum-seekers’ claims for refugee status. Manufactured primarily through the now notorious “children overboard” incident, these images became a central motif of the 2001 election campaign. This paper concludes by examining the way these representations of refugees as “undeserving” were paralleled by new Temporary Protection Visa regulations in Australia.
Interception Practices in Europe and Their Implications
Authors: Sianni Areti
Published: June 2020

The dilemma of reconciling migration control functions and State obligations for refugee protection has underlined much of the immigration and asylum debate in the European Union. In recent years, numerous measures have been introduced to block access to refugee status determination. This paper focuses on EU policies of non-entrée as they relate to the interception of individuals en route to Europe. It argues that there is a fundamental imbalance in the Union’s activities relating to asylum and migration management with recent measures having the effect of undermining the right to seek asylum and effectively blocking access to protection.
In-Country Refugee Processing of Haitians: The Case Against
Authors: Frelick Bill
Published: June 2020

Reviewing past experience with in-country processing in Haiti and its links to American interdiction policies, as well as the history of Cuban migration to the United States, this paper argues against in-country processing for Haitian refugees. The paper asserts that in-country processing in Haiti in the early 1990s was a failure, and arguably was used as a justification for returning to persecution far more people than it saved. The very existence of a small aperture through which relatively few selected individuals will be able to pass for legal admission to the United States is likely to erode the rights of many more Haitian asylum seekers seeking to leave spontaneously and, in particular, to serve to rationalize migration control measures that seriously compromise the fundamental principles of refugee law.
Towards a Common European Asylum System: Asylum, Human Rights, and European Values
Authors: Shepherd Harold
Published: June 2020

The turn of the millennium has been met with a considerable amount of work in the area of refugee protection, culminating in the UNHCR’s Agenda for Protection and Convention Plus initiatives. In addition, in 1999 the European Union embarked on a five-year program to develop a Common European Asylum System as mandated by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Work done by the European Commission sought to incorporate asylum into broader issues of immigration, border security, and foreign relations. As a result, entitlements were generally limited to those that have been mandated by applicable international, European, or domestic law. Some exceptions were further reduced at the political level. Functional values of bureaucratic efficiency and pragmatic political considerations converged to create the lowest common denominator. On the other hand, voices in civil society were raised to protest this approach, advocating that normative values that underpin international human rights law should serve as the interpretative context. In light of this debate, this may be an appropriate time for the international community to revisit the question of status for those not described in the Geneva Convention.
Citizenship, Naturalization, and Asylum: The Case of Britain
Authors: Richmond Anthony H.
Published: June 2020

Citizenship and naturalization procedures in the UK are examined in historical perspective. Recent legislation is reviewed in the light of global change. The implication of membership in the European Union is examined. The differential treatment of Commonwealth citizens and former colonial subjects is reviewed, as well as human rights questions raised by the treatment of asylum seekers. As a result of globalization, Britain is experiencing the same contradictory forces as other advanced industrial societies. Demographic and economic forces promote immigration, which is resisted for a combination of security fears and ethnocentric attitudes.
The Costs of Legal Limbo for Refugees in Canada: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Coates Tim , Hayward Caitlin
Published: June 2020

This paper is designed to provide a preliminary understanding of the barriers facing refugees in legal limbo in Canada. In particular, it will focus on the economic implications, for both protected persons and Canadian society at large, of maintaining tens of thousands of individuals in this difficult situation for extended periods of time. The findings are preliminary, and designed to indicate future avenues of research, as well as potential roadblocks to research in this area. The paper also includes some of the results of a survey of Convention refugees and the refugee-supporting organizations, conducted by the Public Justice Resource Centre. The initial conclusions indicate that the costs of limbo are large enough to warrant serious reconsideration of this stage of Canada’s refugee determination policy. The rationale for this study was to help key decision makers see the futility and the unnecessary cost to the government of keeping refugees in limbo.
Global Minds, Local Bodies: Kosovar Transnational Connections Beyond British Columbia
Authors: Sherrell Kathy , Hyndman Jennifer
Published: June 2020

In 1999, 905 Kosovar refugees settled in the province of British Columbia (BC) in Canada. Despite their sudden and forced departure, many have maintained contact with and returned to visit Kosovo/a. We contend that these transnational links are different for refugees than for other classes of immigrants. In this case, “refugee transnationalism” refers to the social, cultural, economic, and political relations that Kosovar refugees in Canada keep with those in Serbia and Montenegro (formerly the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). A salient feature that shapes Kosovar transnationalism is the uncertain status of the region of origin, namely Kosovo/a. Based on interviews and focus groups with Kosovars in seven BC cities, we discuss the quality and distinctiveness of transnational links among this refugee group and their implications for settlement and integration in Canada.
Transferring Cultural Knowledge and Skills: Afghan Teachers for Afghan Students in Montreal
Authors: Kirk Jackie
Published: June 2020

This article describes the experiences and perceptions of a small group of Afghan women teachers who have set up a small community school for Afghan children in Montreal. It situates the work that they are doing in the context of knowledge transfer and of social capital building in a diasporic context and discusses this heritage education program in relation to transnational processes of living and learning in multiple sites. The women, who were all teachers in Afghanistan, experienced conflict and a political situation which ultimately forced them to leave their homes; as immigrants to Canada they experience the multiple challenges of individual and family integration. However, as volunteer community teachers, they have strong ideas about the work they do and a strong sense of purpose to it; they use their own professional understandings and skills to transmit the cultural knowledge and language skills which they believe are important for young Afghan Canadians and their families in Montreal.
Dilemmas of Diaspora: Partition, Refugees, and the Politics of “Home”
Authors: Bose Pablo
Published: June 2020

The following paper explores the idea of “refugee diasporas” by focusing on a case study of the Hindu Bengali exodus from East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) following the 1947 British Partition of India. The author begins by problematizing and historicizing definitions of diasporas in general and refugee diasporas in particular and then uses the case study to illustrate the diversity in experiences that different groups that emerged from the Partition encountered. This focus on the lived experiences of flight, resettlement, integration (or lack thereof), and the rebuilding of lives helps to unravel some of the embedded and obscured meanings that terms such as “refugee diaspora” might otherwise contain.
The Threat of Destitution as a Deterrent against Asylum Seeking in the European Union
Authors: Da Lomba Sylvie
Published: June 2020

The problematization of asylum has detrimentally impacted on the provision of support for asylum seekers in host countries. The threat of destitution has become instrumental in restrictive asylum policies and is increasingly used as a deterrent against asylum seeking. The EU experience reveals acute tensions between the EU asylum agenda and the EU Member States’ obligations under international refugee and human rights law. The provision of support for asylum seekers challenges narrow approaches to the realization of socio-economic rights for “others” and to host countries’ duties in that respect. The EU Reception Conditions Directive, which aims to set out standards for the reception of asylum seekers across the Union, exemplifies this predicament. Yet international refugee and human rights law provides a legal framework that establishes minimum standards critical to dignified living for asylum seekers and the protection of the right to seek refugee status in the EU and beyond.
“Citizens without Borders”?: Discussions of Transnationalism and Forced Migrants at the Ninth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration, São Paulo, Brazil, January 2005
Authors: Collyer Michael
Published: June 2020

The significance of transnational perspectives at the ninth conference of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) marks a key change in the development of work on both forced migration and migrant transnationalism. A transnational perspective highlights significant policy interventions that can be made in the search for durable solutions to refugee displacement; most significantly, recognizing that a refugee’s community may be spread on a global scale, yet is nonetheless significant in supporting their own efforts to overcome the difficulties of their situation. It is equally important, however, to recognize that transnational activites do not always support pluralistic solutions to conflict. The transnational engagements of forced migrants also challenge a number of assumptions of existing transnational perspectives by directing attention to forms of exchanges and communication that do not necessariy involve the movements of people. Interest in transnational activities is currently concentrated amongst researchers working in the wealthier countries of the global North. Further work may determine if alternative perspectives are more appropriate for research based in the South.
The Psychological Impact of Extended Temporary Protection
Authors: Mansouri Fethi , Cauchi Stephanie
Published: June 2020

Against the background of the recent international trend of a greater reliance on deterrence measures in managing the flow of asylum seekers, this paper discusses the implementation of the temporary protection visa (TPV) in Australia. It focuses on the psychological impact of the TPV policy on individual asylum seekers and how this unlimited temporary status affects the overall process of settlement. This study is based on personal narratives constructed by individual asylum seekers during one-onone interviews aimed at sketching the mental and psychological manifestations of stressful events in their lives as TPV holders. What is particularly revealing among many of these TPV holders is the fact that their pre-migration traumatic experiences are compounded by a post-migration condition of being in indefinite “temporary” protection. This is further exacerbated by a prevalence of racialized discourses and exclusionary policies advocated by the host government. Past trauma and persecution, combined with present family separation and social exclusion, and further compounded by uncertainty about the future, had resulted in almost chronic states of anxiety and depression among a significant number of TPV holders.
Why Governments Prefer Spatially Segregated Settlement Sites for Urban Refugees
Authors: Kibreab Gaim
Published: June 2020

The urbanization of Africa has been recent, rapid and notably disimllar from the pattern of urbanization that occured previously in Europe. Significantly, the urbanization of Africa has occured in the absence of structural transformation. Within this reality, refugees are viewed by African host governments as exacerbating the problems of urbanization and are most often located in government-designated and spatially segregated sites - refugee camps or settlements. Often in defiance of such policies, most refugees with urban backgrounds tend to congregate in urban centres. The case study of Sudan illustrates that even where the stay of certain refugees in urban areas may be formally regularised by governments there are nonetheless identifiable common patterns and problems arising out of and causing the spatial segregation of refugees away from urban centres. It is argued that the underlying reality of urbanization in Africa plus the protracted problems for governments created by urbanisation generally and cross-border ethnic solidarity in the case of many refugee movements in Africa, shape current hostile refugee policies towards urban refugees.
To Be or Not To Be: Urban Refugees in Kampala
Authors: Bernstein Jesse , Okello Moses Chrispus
Published: June 2020

In Uganda, refugee policy and programming is focused almost exclusively on providing protection and assistance to refugees residing in rural settlements. While international law allows refugees the right to freedom of movement and choice of residence, Ugandan legislation restricts refugees’ residency to rural settlements, subjecting those who wish to live outside of settlements and in urban centres to severe restrictions. This study sheds light on the reasons refugees choose to reside in Kampala as opposed to rural settlements and the challenges they endure while attempting to sustain and support themselves. Research findings indicate that at all stages of exile, refugees in Uganda are put under pressure, either implicitly or explicitly, to relocate to settlements. The lack of progressive thinking and hence over-reliance on settlements as the mainstay of refugee protection and assistance has hampered reforms of refugee policy and hindered the broader involvement of municipal authorities in responding to protection and assistance needs of refugees in urban areas. Research findings suggest that many refugees have talents, skills, and abilities which would enable self-sufficiency in Kampala and other urban areas. However, these capabilities are currently undermined by a refugee regime which only promotes self-reliance in rural settlements. In an effort to enhance refugees’ overall human security and to support their own efforts to become independent and self-reliant, this paper asserts that refugee policy in Uganda should be reformed to support refugees’ decisions to choose their own places of residence, instead of restricting them to rural settlements.
Generosity and Resilience: Transnational Activity among the Khmer of Norway
Authors: Overland Gwynyth Jones , Yenn Virak
Published: June 2020

The article reports on the pilot phase of an ongoing study of successfully rehabilitated Khmer refugees. Some of the most striking recoveries in this heavily traumatized group have taken place among those who have focused on contributing to the rebuilding of Cambodia. The article explores this collective and individual transnational generosity both generally, as an aspect of survivor resilience, and specifically by following one process. Why do Khmer refugees want to build a school and what does it mean to them? How does their transnational generosity relate to the resilience of Khmer refugees? Their own explanations are founded in their religion.
Refugee Solutions, or Solutions to Refugeehood?
Authors: Hathaway James C.
Published: June 2020

This is the text of a lecture delivered by James C. Hathaway in London in October 2006 to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of Jesuit Refugee Service. The lecture was sponsored jointly by the Centre for the Study of Human Rights, London School of Economics; the Heythrop Institute for Religion, Ethics, and Public Life; and Jesuit Refugee Service (UK).
North-South Dialogues in Forced Migration
Authors: McWeeny Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

The following speech was given by Elizabeth McWeeny, President of the Canadian Council of Refugees, on the occasion of the opening of the tenth biennial conference of the International Association of the Study of Forced Migration, hosted by the Centre for Refugee Studies of York University in June 2006.
“Upon the Limits of Rights Regimes”: Reception Conditions of Asylum Seekers in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Thornton Liam
Published: June 2020

Only in recent years has Ireland had to deal with appreciable numbers of asylum seekers coming to her shores. The reception of asylum seekers awaiting determination of refugee claims has drastically altered in that period. From inclusion to exclusion has been the hallmark of the legal regulation of reception conditions for asylum seekers. Legal protection from the Irish courts in ensuring a degree of socio-economic protection to asylum seekers is unlikely to be forthcoming. Traditional arguments on asylees’ rights as being “different” from Irish citizens and those of other residents have been utilized to justify exclusion from the welfare state. Ensuring the reception of asylum seekers within traditional welfare state structures, where their rights and needs are considered in a similar manner to those of citizens, is the underlying argument of this paper.
Do No Harm: Challenges in Organizing Psychosocial Support to Displaced People in Emergency Settings
Authors: Wessells Michael G.
Published: June 2020

Psychosocial assistance in emergencies plays an important role in alleviating suffering and promoting well-being, but it is often a source of unintended harm. A prerequisite for ethically appropriate support is awareness of how psychosocial programs may cause harm. This paper underscores the importance of attending to issues of coordination, dependency, politicization of aid, assessment, short-term assistance, imposition of outsider approaches, protection, and impact evaluation. With regard to each of these issues, it suggests practical steps that may be taken to reduce harm and maximize the humanitarian value of psychosocial assistance.
Understanding the Dynamics of Return: The Importance of Microfoundations
Authors: Serrano Inmaculada
Published: June 2020

Displaced persons are relevant actors in determining not only some of their life options but also some of the final results of violent conflict and policies addressing such conflict. Patterns of relocation and return are a key part of those results, especially ethnic-related conflicts. An introductory model to the micro foundations of return (and relocation) is presented here. This model is intended to provide tools for a better understanding of the way violence affects individuals, and more concretely of the way individuals react and cope with it. Particular emphasis is given here to the role played by security concerns (originating in the conflict) in the decision-making process.
Dialectics of Humanitarian Immigration and National Identity in Canadian Public Discourse
Authors: Bauder Harald
Published: June 2020

Humanitarian immigration is an important element in the construction of Canada’s identity as a liberal and compassionate country. Drawing on Hegelian dialectics, a discourse analysis of newspaper articles published between 1996 and 2001 examines processes of national identity formation through humanitarian immigration in the media. My interpretation of this discourse suggests that Canada’s national identity is constructed on the basis of material inequalities through negation and sublation of refugees. By representing refugees who experience gender violence, children, and victims of natural disaster as deserving, the mediaconstrues an identity of Canada as compassionate. War criminals, supporters of hate crimes, and violent offenders are involved only to a limited degree in this dialectic.
A Cuddle at Tax Time
Authors: Rogers Thomas A.
Published: June 2020

Thomas A. Rogers, an account executive with a major investment firm in Toronto, has developed a concrete proposal to provide ongoing financing for Canada's contribution to refugee assistance. Below Mr. Rogers summarizes his innovative proposal, "The Lifeline Trust."
Called to Respond
Authors: Smith Maureen J.
Published: June 2020

The Canadian Jesuit Refugee
Programme hosted the conference "Called
to Respond: Refugees and the New
Canadian Reality" on October 28-30. The
objective was to develop a working strategy
on options to continue supporting
refugees. Given the ambiguity of how the
new legislation will be manifest in practice,
our "new reality" is currently largely
unknown quantity. Clearly, in these circumstances,
the process of developing a
strategy is dynamic in nature since
strategizing must anticipate the need to
respond to reality as it unfolds.
The Fragmented Island:
Ethnic Conf1ict and the Politics of Culture in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ramachandran Sujata
Published: June 2020

This article examines the role of culture
in the ethnic conflict and strife in Sri
Lanka. The general aim is to achieve an
understanding of the nationalist process,
the force of nationalist ideas and traditions
in motivating action-action that is
often violent and intolerant-and to
demonstrate the value of a cultural approach
to the understanding of modern
societies. Culture has been examined in
two ways here, namely, the dramaturgic
approach to culture which emphasizes
the expressive dimensions of culture,
and the politics of culture or the political
culture approach, whereby cultural
manifestations are utilized effectively to
maintain power between groups. The
article concludes that the SinhaleseTamil
conflict is a product of modem
politics, and culture has been used effectively
to legitimate rival nationalisms in
Sri Lanka.
Live Again in Community:
Hispanic Refugees and the Church
Authors: Duggan John F. , J. S.
Published: June 2020

Torture and other forms of physical assault are systematic attempts to undermine a
personal sense of safety by violating our most symbol-laden possession, our body.
Often victims of torture are stripped in the torture process, a gesture that emphasizes
the vulnerability we all experience just below the surface of our lives. (Schreiter, 33)
Integration of Landed Refugee Claimants in Canada:
Toward an Explanatory Model
Authors: Opoku-Dapaah Edward
Published: June 2020

This paper seeks to develop a framework
for explaining the integration
process of landed refugee-claimants in
Canada. The main focus is on Third
World origin landed claimants who
arrived in Canada during the 1980s.
The central argument is that the social
and economic background of landed
refugee-claimants, together with their
past and recent experiences, tend to
result in their marginalization within
the Canadian socioeconomic context.
Past experiences of refugee claimants
include political violence, physical assault
and repression which precipitated
their departure abroad.
Experiences in Canada, such as delays
in the acquisition of legal status, restrictive
access to settlement-related
services, and racism create anxiety,
discouragement and economic dependency.
This paper contends that
such past experiences can make it difficult
for landed refugee-claimants to
participate effectively in social and
economic activities and subsequently
create barriers to integration.
In this paper integration is conceptualized
as the ability of immigrants
and refugees to settle into the existing
Canadian social mosaic, benefitting
fully from available opportunities,
without emerging as a subclass. This
definition is based on the observation
that Canada's official multicultural
policies promote the pluralistic coexistence
of diverse social groups. It is
officially assumed that relatively equal
opportunities should be available to
every Canadian, provided that the person
is equipped with the resourcefulness,
ability, and ambition to take
advantage of such opportunities (Boyd
1987).
The Multiculturalism Act and Refbgee Integration in Canada
Authors: Mata Fernando G.
Published: June 2020

From the scope of federal government
work, this document sketches some
legal, administrative and policy related
aspects of the 1988 Multiculturalism
Act with regard to their linkages to
the refugee integration process in
Canada.
Multiculturalism and the Millennium: Global Perspectives
Authors: Richmond Anthony H.
Published: June 2020

The author confronts the conundrum of
the"multicultural world" underattack.
Can multicultural policies withstand
the impact of globalization, postmodernism
and the "information
superhighway?" He concludes that disintegration
and fragmentation are possible
but not necessary outcomes.
Survival is dependent on both public
and private sectors working together to
achieve "unity in diversity."
Functions and Service Delivery of
Non-Government Organisations for
Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Lampugnani Rosario
Published: June 2020

This paper evaluates the functions and
service delivery of NGOs for immigrants
in Australia. It argues that the
radical economic restructuring in
Western nations has been characterised
by massive processes of deinstitutionalisation
and decentralisation,
with an associated move towards privatisation
and the targeting of disadvantaged
groups. This has led to a
significant reliance on the voluntary
sector to assist in the provision of settlement
services for immigrant groups. As
result in most immigrant receiving nations
the use of NGOs as an extension of
the state is common.