bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Call of the World”: Women's Memories of Global Socialist Feminism in India
Authors: Roy Mallarika Sinha
Published: March 2022

This article explores the juncture between historical time and space in the context of socialist feminism, primarily through the memoir of an Indian woman activist who spent four years in East Berlin as the Asian Secretary at the Women's International Democratic Federation. This primary source material is drawn from a longer history of Indian leftist women's participation in political mobilizations and organizational work, the literary tradition of travel writing, found especially in Bengal, and academic histories of socialist feminism.
The effect of height on family formation in rural Spain, birth-cohorts 1835–1975
Authors: Marco-Gracia Francisco J.
Published: March 2022

This article examines the relationship between the height of adult males and marital outcomes, including likelihood of marrying, age at marriage, and marital fertility, in rural Spain. For this analysis, a sample of 4,501 men born between 1835 and 1975 living in 14 villages in northeastern Spain was taken. Previous research has shown that shorter individuals are less likely to marry. However, it is still disputed whether differences exist in the timing of marrying based on height, and little attention has been paid to the effect(s) of height on offspring. Family data were obtained from parish records and interviews with individuals and their families, while height data were obtained from military records, with individuals in Spain being conscripted at the age of 21 years. The data were linked according to nominative criteria using family reconstitution methods. The results confirm that shorter individuals were less likely to marry. Individuals of medium and medium-high height were the first to marry, with a small gap between them and shorter individuals. With regard to marital fertility, no difference in terms of average fertility by height were found, but there were small differences in timing of childbirth, possibly as a result of delayed marriage.
Effects of intermittency via non-Gaussianity on turbulent transport in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Palade D.I. , Pomârjanschi L.
Published: March 2022

We analyse how the turbulent transport of

$\boldsymbol {E}\times \boldsymbol {B}$

type in magnetically confined plasmas is affected by the intermittent features of turbulence. The latter are modelled via the non-Gaussian distribution

$P(\phi )$

of the turbulent electric potential

$\phi$

. Our analysis is performed at an analytical level and confirmed numerically using two statistical approaches. We have found that the diffusion is inhibited linearly by intermittency, mainly via the kurtosis of the distribution

$P(\phi )$

. The associated susceptibility for this linear process is shown to be dependent on the poloidal velocity

$V_p$

and on the correlation time

$\tau _c$

(or the Kubo number

$K_\star$

, the ratio between

$\tau _c$

and the specific time of flight

$\tau _{{\rm fl}}$

) with a maximum at

$\tau _c\approx \tau _{{\rm fl}}$

(

$K_\star \approx 1$

). Intermittency does not affect the scaling of diffusion with the Kubo number.
A world of taxonomic pain: cryptic species, inexplicable host-specificity, and host-induced morphological variation among species of Bivesicula Yamaguti, 1934 (Trematoda: Bivesiculidae) from Indo-Pacific Holocentridae, Muraenidae and Serranidae
Authors: Cribb Thomas H. , Bray Rodney A. , Justine Jean-Lou , Reimer James , Sasal Pierre , Shirakashi Sho , Cutmore Scott C.
Published: March 2022

The taxonomy of species of Bivesicula Yamaguti, 1934 is analysed for samples from holocentrid, muraenid and serranid fishes from Japan, Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia), the Great Barrier Reef (Queensland), New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Analysis of three genetic markers (cox1 mtDNA, ITS2 and 28S rDNA) identifies three strongly supported clades of species and suggests that Bivesicula as presently recognized is not monophyletic. On the basis of combined morphological, molecular and biological data, 10 species are distinguished of which five are proposed as new. Bivesicula Clade 1 comprises seven species of which three are effectively morphologically cryptic relative to each other; all seven infect serranids and four also infect holocentrids. Bivesicula Clade 2 comprises three species of which two are effectively morphologically cryptic relative to each other; all three infect serranids and one also infects a muraenid. Bivesicula Clade 3 comprises two known species from apogonids and a pomacentrid, and forms a clade with species of Paucivitellosus Coil, Reid & Kuntz, 1965 to the exclusion of other Bivesicula species. Taxonomy in this genus is made challenging by the combination of low resolving power of ribosomal markers, the existence of regional cox1 mtDNA populations, exceptional and unpredictable host-specificity and geographical distribution, and significant host-induced morphological variation.
MOBILITY AND METALS: INSIGHTS ON MANUFACTURING, CONSUMPTION, KNOWLEDGE AND PROCUREMENT NETWORKS AT THE BRONZE–IRON TRANSITION FROM THE KARPHI ASSEMBLAGE
Authors: Wallace Saro
Published: March 2022

This paper investigates the transformative effects on technology of state collapse and related major cultural transitions in the period 1200–1000 BC (Late Bronze to Iron Age). It documents and assesses a notably large, preserved metal artefact assemblage (mainly bronze) from one of the best-known Mediterranean sites of the period. This is the large mountaintop town of Karphi, recently confirmed through excavation as occupied solely at the Bronze–Iron transition. Few other contemporary Aegean settlements sharing these characteristics of size, complexity and single-period occupation have been excavated, producing a lack of comparably informative metals assemblages. This contextual interpretative study considers in-depth knowledge of the archaeology of the site and its landscape alongside the results (published and discussed inArchaeometryin 2021) of surface HH-XRF testing on the whole assemblage. The latter is preserved in similar condition throughout, offering opportunities for broad internal alloy composition profiling by the latter method, as well as limited general compositional comparison with other assemblages from the contemporary Mediterranean. Comparisons of an interregional nature are attempted through typological, technological and contextual study of the Karphi material. In considering using this range of evidence, and considering how procurement, manufacturing technology and consumption processes around bulk metals and metal artefacts changed following state collapse, the analysis dwells on and highlights signs of locally centred, agent-driven shifts in contact, cultural and economic networks. On the basis of the full range of evidence addressed, it argues that Lasithian groups made specific, informed choices about manufacture and consumption without relying on specialised manufacture and supply from other points within Crete.
Values and the experience of family care-giving: cultural values or shared family values?
Authors: Knight Bob , Keane Niamh , Benea Daniela , Stone Richele
Published: March 2022

The Sociocultural Stress and Coping Model focuses on the role of cultural values in shaping the stress and coping process for family care-givers of frail older adults. The literature suggested ethnic group-specific values as influences. The current study explored care-givers’ perceptions of values influencing caring to identify values not addressed in quantitative studies of cross-cultural care-giving. Seventeen family care-givers from Australian Aboriginal, Romanian-Australian, Pacific Island and white non-immigrant Australian backgrounds participated in semi-structured interviews about their care-giving experience and the role that values played in caring for a frail older adult. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts led to identification of themes of cultural values of familism and care for frail older adults, religious values of filial piety and religious coping, love, reciprocity and responsibility/obligation. While cultural values influenced family care versus institutional care, religion was a more clearly identified source of values. Care-givers mostly shared values of love, reciprocity and responsibility/obligation rather than endorsing culture-specific values, with potential variations in expression between individualist and collectivist cultures. These findings suggest that the focus on cross-cultural differences may have missed core values shared across cultural groups and underestimated the influence of religion on care-giving values. Future research could focus on these perceptions of care-givers themselves rather than external perceptions of researchers and service providers.
LIFE ON THE EDGE: ELITES, WEALTH AND INEQUALITY IN SONORA 1871-1910
Authors: Castañeda Garza Diego , Krozer Alice
Published: March 2022

This paper engages with and aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion regarding the role of economic and political elites in inequality dynamics and their reproduction over time. We reconstruct the distribution of wealth employing a sample of wills from the El Colegio de Sonora database covering the period of 1871-1910. We show that the rapid industrialisation and modernisation process that occurred in northern Mexico during the late-19th and early-20th centuries led to a continuous increment in wealth concentration at the top of the distribution. The Gini index measure of 0.58 for the 1871-1885 period rose to 0.80 in 1901-1910. Rather than a natural or «Kuznetsian» inevitability fundamental (kuznetsian) necessity, however, our subsequent analysis of the wills of the upper classes suggests a critical role played by the political economy at the time and highlights the importance of control over natural resources on inequality dynamics.
Moral Injury and the Lived Experience of Political Violence
Authors: Rothenberg Daniel
Published: March 2022

Moral injury names how the lived experience of armed conflict can damage an individual's ethical foundations, often with serious consequences. While the term has gained increasing acceptance for the clinical treatment of veterans and as a means of better understanding the impact of war, it is generally applied to individualized trauma. As part of the roundtable, “Moral Injury, Trauma, and War,” this essay argues that moral injury is also a useful means of addressing political violence at a societal level. It explores the term's value within international human rights discourse and practice, particularly in efforts to document and analyze the systematic commission of atrocities to achieve accountability and reconciliation. The essay presents field research among Iraqi human rights investigators as a means of reflecting on the value of rediscovering agency in the aftermath of societal trauma. In this way, moral injury provides guidance on the essential ethical qualities of the lived experience of violent repression, an issue central to a more complete understanding of international affairs.
Moral Injury and Revisionist Just War Theory
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jesse
Published: March 2022

As part of the roundtable, “Moral Injury, Trauma, and War,” this essay explores the relationship between revisionist just war theory and moral injury. It proceeds in four sections. First, it offers a brief overview of the just war tradition, focusing on traditionalist and revisionist accounts, respectively. Next, it explores the relationship between moral injury and armed conflict. Then, it explores the links between moral injury and revisionist accounts of just war theory. Finally, by way of conclusion, the essay signals two potential complementary paths forward that future research could use to clarify the revisionist position and its link with moral injury.
Identity and Shared Humanity: Reflections on Amartya Sen's Memoir
Authors: Chatterjee Deen
Published: March 2022

Amartya Sen's memoir, Home in the World, is a compelling read, giving a fascinating view of the making of the mind of one of the foremost public intellectuals of our time. In reflections on the first three decades of his life—all filled with an amazing range of experiences, encounters, and intellectual explorations that span Asia, Europe, and North America—Sen weaves a comprehensive and interlocking narrative that brings together a unitary worldview where two multi-dimensional themes are juxtaposed throughout the book: the presence of the past and the convergence of the near and the far. In this essay, I highlight some of the life experiences and lessons shared in Sen's memoir grounded in his ideas of identity and shared humanity. These ideas took on a prominent place in Sen's life, in part, through his educational experience at the innovative school founded by the visionary poet Rabindranath Tagore. I draw on the views of both Sen and Tagore, as discussed in Sen's memoir. These lessons and ideas can help us in appreciating the power of knowledge, the value of education, and the allure of diversity. They can also guide us in our search for a more just world.
An exemplar-based approach to composite predicates in the history of American English
Authors: SUNDQUIST JOHN D.
Published: March 2022

This study examines composite predicates (CPs) in the history of American English and uses an exemplar-based model to explain changes in the frequency of verb–noun pairings over time. Two different types of verb-nominal CPs are considered, including those liketake a look, in which a light verb occurs with an abstract nominal object, and others likelose sight, with a more lexically specific verb. Using a corpus of texts written between 1820 and 2009, I track the frequency of different CPs and analyze several families of semantically related nouns that occur with the same verb (e.g.take a look,peak, etc.). Representative families are analyzed to determine the presence of highly frequent verb–noun pairings, or exemplars, that separate themselves over time. The success of exemplars is evaluated according to several factors that may shape patterns of use, including the relative size of noun families, the frequency band of tokens of each family and the distribution of tokens across types within a family. Results indicate that the two types of CPs differ with respect to the evolution and success of exemplary verb–noun pairings and indicate that frequency bands play a role while the size of the noun family and their distributional patterns do not.
Dynamic Imaging of Glacier Structures at High‐Resolution Using Source Localization With a Dense Seismic Array
Authors: Nanni Ugo , Roux Philippe , Gimbert Florent , Lecointre Albanne
Published: March 2022

Dense seismic array monitoring combined with advanced processing can help retrieve and locate a variety of seismic sources with unprecedented resolution and spatial coverage. We present a methodology that goes beyond classical localization algorithms through gathering various types of sources (impulsive or continuous) using a single scheme based on a gradient‐descent optimization and evaluating different levels of phase coherence. We apply our methodology on an Alpine glacier and demonstrate that we can retrieve the dynamics of active crevasses with a metric resolution using sources associated with high phase coherence; the presence of diffracting materials (e.g., rocks) trapped in transverse crevasses using sources with moderate phase coherence; and the two‐dimensional time evolution of the subglacial hydrology system using sources with low phase coherence. Our study highlights the strength of using an appropriate and systematic seismological approach to image a wide range of subsurface structures and phenomena in settings with complex wavefields.
Oxygen Ion Escape at Venus Associated With Three‐Dimensional Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability
Authors: Dang Tong , Lei Jiuhou , Zhang Binzheng , Zhang Tielong , Yao Zhonghua , Lyon John , Ma Xuanye , Xiao Sudong , Yan Maodong , Brambles Oliver , Sorathia Kareem , Merkin Viacheslav
Published: March 2022

How oxygens escape from Venus has long been a fundamental but controversial topic in the planetary research. Among various key mechanisms, the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) has been suggested to play an important role in the oxygen ion escape from Venus. Limited by either scarce in‐situ observations or simplified theoretical estimations, the mystery of oxygen ion escape process associated with KHI is still unsettled. Here we present the first three‐dimensional configuration of KHI at Venus with a global multifluid magnetohydrodynamics model, showing a significantly fine structure and evolution of the KHI. KHI mainly occurred at the low latitude boundary layer if defining the interplanetary magnetic field‐perpendicular plane as the equatorial plane, resulting in escaping oxygen ions through mixing with the solar wind at the Venusian boundary layer, with an escape rate around 4 × 1024 s−1. The results provide new insights into the basic physical process of atmospheric loss at other unmagnetized planet.
The 2021 Western North American Heatwave and Its Subseasonal Predictions
Authors: Lin Hai , Mo Ruping , Vitart Frederic
Published: March 2022

Record‐breaking above‐normal temperatures were observed across western North America in June–July 2021. In this study, our ability to predict this heatwave 2–3 weeks in advance is assessed based on 10 Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal prediction models. It is found that the above normal temperature in Western Canada during June 28–July 4 was predicted by most models as early as June 10. However, for the forecasts initialized earlier than June 17, not a single ensemble member of all the models is able to capture the magnitude of the observed temperature anomaly. We identify two important processes: an upper tropospheric wave train associated with the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation in Southeast Asia and an anomalous North Pacific atmospheric river leading to high moisture conditions. Most models are able to predict the wave train across the North Pacific. A realistic representation of moisture transport and its pattern appears crucial for the extended‐range forecast of this heatwave.
Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Winds and Tidal Variations During the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: Liu Guiping , Janches Diego , Ma Jun , Lieberman Ruth S. , Stober Gunter , Moffat‐Griffin Tracy , Mitchell Nicholas J. , Kim Jeong‐Han , Lee Changsup , Murphy Damian J.
Published: March 2022

Realistic modeling of the winds and dynamical variations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) at Southern Hemisphere (SH) mid‐to‐high latitudes near 60°S where dramatic motions occur has been a challenge. This work presents an evaluation of the MLT zonal and meridional winds from ∼80 to 98 km altitude produced by the high‐altitude version of the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM‐HA) numerical weather prediction system during the Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in September 2019. These results are compared with the coincident measurements by five meteor radars at Tierra del Fuego (TDF; 53.7°S, 67.7°W), King Edward Point (KEP; 54.3°S, 36.5°W), King Sejong Station (KSS; 62.2°S, 58.8°W), Rothera (ROT; 67.5°S, 68.0°W), and Davis (DAV; 68.6°S, 78.0°E) across SH mid‐to‐high latitudes. We find that the day‐to‐day variations in NAVGEM‐HA winds related to tidal motions are overall consistent with variations in the radar winds, and the daily mean winds have a correlation of 0.7–0.9 between them. Three‐hourly NAVGEM‐HA winds have a correlation of ∼0.5 and mean difference <10 m/s to the radar observations at most stations, and the Root Mean Square (RMS) error ranges from ∼25 to 35 m/s. Above 90 km altitude, the correlation coefficient decreases, and the difference and RMS error increase, indicating an upper limit to the validity of the NAVGEM‐HA results. Both the analyzed and observed winds reveal an enhancement in diurnal and semidiurnal tidal amplitude during this SH SSW. NAVGEM‐HA shows some evidence that nonmigrating tidal enhancements are produced through the interaction of migrating tides with planetary waves.
Wet Scavenging in Removing Chemical Compositions and Aerosols: A Case Study Over the Lake Urmia
Authors: Ravan Parisa , Ahmady‐Birgani Hesam , Solomos Stavros , Yassin Mohamed F. , Abasalinezhad Hamed
Published: March 2022

Lake Urmia, NW Iran, and S Caucasus region, has lost approximately three‐fourth of its water volume resulting in increased exposure of lacustrine deposits. Therefore, the role of Lake Urmia desiccated saline lands on local aerosols and rainwater compositions is still vague. This study investigates the temporal and seasonal patterns of rainwater chemistry from January 2018 to June 2018 (six months) in 13 stations throughout the Lake Urmia basin. The samples collected were analyzed using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐QQQ) and ion chromatography (IC) to measure elemental and ionic concentrations. Then, the Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) was applied to identify the pathway and contribution of emissions. The results depict that the concentration of elemental and ionic components over different parts of the Lake Urmia basin are significantly different. West and north directions have the highest concentrations of marine ions associated with fewer toxic elements. In contrast, the east and south directions show a high concentration of heavy metal elements and ions. The high level of heavy and toxic elements at the east and south directions indicates that local anthropogenic sources are more influential. The seasonal and monthly variabilities of chemical compositions depict that the highest concentration of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Cl−, Br−, NO3−, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co were in the spring season and SO42−, NH4+ and NO2− were highest in winter. Seasonal variation for MSA, organic acids (i.e., Pyruvate, Adipate, and Oxalate), Ni, Cu, Zn, V, and Ti were not apparent. Cluster‐mean HYSPLIT backward trajectories results show the most dominant air mass sectors are from W (a: Iraq, Syria, and Arabian deserts; b: Mediterranean Sea; and c: KSA) and NE (the Caspian Sea and its vicinity), contributed to almost 65% and 22%, respectively. These air masses bring a significant quantity of crustal and marine aerosols, respectively. It is inferred that the Lake Urmia dried‐up lakebeds have less impact on the contribution of emissions across the region.
An Insight Into Ancient Aeolian Processes and Post‐Noachian Aqueous Alteration in Gale Crater, Mars, Using ChemCam Geochemical Data From the Greenheugh Capping Unit
Authors: Bedford Candice C. , Banham Steven G. , Bridges John C. , Forni Olivier , Cousin Agnes , Bowden Donald , Turner Stuart M. R. , Wiens Roger C. , Gasda Patrick J. , Frydenvang Jens , Gasnault Olivier , Rammelkamp Kristin , Rivera‐Hernandez Frances , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Smith Rebecca , Achilles Cherie , Dehouck Erwin , Bryk Alexander B. , Schwenzer Susanne P. , Newsom Horton
Published: March 2022

Aeolian processes have shaped and contributed to the geological record in Gale crater, Mars, long after the fluviolacustrine system existed ∼3 Ga ago. Understanding these aeolian deposits, particularly those which have been lithified and show evidence for aqueous alteration, can help to constrain the environment at their time of deposition and the role of liquid water later in Mars' history. The NASA Curiosity rover investigated a prominent outcrop of aeolian sandstone within the Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment as part of its investigation of the Glen Torridon area. In this study, we use geochemical data from ChemCam to constrain the effects of aeolian sedimentary processes, sediment provenance, and diagenesis of the sandstone at the Greenheugh pediment, comparing the Greenheugh data to the results from previous Stimson localities situated 2.5 km north and >200 m lower in elevation. Our results, supported by mineralogical data from CheMin, show that the Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment was predominately sourced from an olivine‐rich unit that may be present farther up the slopes of Gale crater's central mound. Our results also suggest that the Greenheugh pediment Stimson formation was cemented by surface water runoff such as that which may have formed Gediz Vallis. The lack of alteration features in the Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment relative to those of the Emerson and Naukluft plateaus suggests that groundwater was not as available at this locality compared to the others. However, all sites share diagenesis at the unconformity.
Hydrological Drivers of Bedload Transport in an Alpine Watershed
Authors: Antoniazza G. , Nicollier T. , Boss S. , Mettra F. , Badoux A. , Schaefli B. , Rickenmann D. , Lane S. N.
Published: March 2022

Understanding and predicting bedload transport is an important element of watershed management. Yet, predictions of bedload remain uncertain by up to several order(s) of magnitude. In this contribution, we use a 5‐year continuous time series of streamflow and bedload transport monitoring in a 13.4‐km2 snow‐dominated Alpine watershed in the Western Swiss Alps to investigate hydrological drivers of bedload transport. Following a calibration of the bedload sensors, and a quantification of the hydraulic forcing of streamflow upon bedload, a hydrological analysis is performed to identify daily flow hydrographs influenced by different hydrological drivers: rainfall, snowmelt, and combined rain and snowmelt events. We then quantify their respective contribution to bedload transport. Results emphasize the importance of combined rain and snowmelt events, for both annual bedload volumes (77% on average) and peaks in bedload transport rate. A non‐negligible, but smaller, amount of bedload transport may occur during late summer and autumn storms, once the snowmelt contribution and baseflow have significantly decreased (9% of the annual volume on average). Although rainfall‐driven changes in flow hydrographs are responsible for a large majority of the annual bedload volumes (86% on average), the identified melt‐only events also represent a substantial contribution (14% on average). The results of this study help to improve current predictions of bedload transport through a better understanding of the bedload magnitude‐frequency relationship under different hydrological conditions. We further discuss how bedload transport could evolve under a changing climate through its effects on Alpine watershed hydrology.
Generalizable Permeability Prediction of Digital Porous Media via a Novel Multi‐Scale 3D Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Elmorsy Mohamed , El‐Dakhakhni Wael , Zhao Benzhong
Published: March 2022

Subsurface characterization is critical in understanding and controlling many natural and industrial processes including groundwater movement, oil extraction, and geological carbon dioxide sequestration. While recent advances in three‐dimensional (3D) imaging of core samples have enabled digital subsurface characterization, the exorbitant computational cost associated with direct numerical simulation in 3D remains a persistent challenge. In contrast, machine learning models are much more efficient, though their use in subsurface characterization is still in its infancy. Here, we introduce a novel 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) for end‐to‐end prediction of permeability, which is a fundamental characteristic of subsurface porous media. We show that increasing the dataset size and diversity, utilizing multi‐scale feature aggregation, and optimizing the network architecture elevate the model accuracy beyond that of existing state‐of‐the‐art 3D CNN models for permeability prediction. We demonstrate that the model is generalizable, and it is capable of predicting the permeability of previously unseen samples with an excellent accuracy.
The Bumpy Search for Liquid Water at the South Pole of Mars
Authors: Benningfield Damond
Published: March 2022

Studies since 2018 have provided competing explanations of bright radar reflections from the base of the south polar ice cap.
Evolutionarily conservative and non-conservative regulatory networks during primate interneuron development revealed by single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing
Authors: Zhao Ziqi , Zhang Dan , Yang Fuqiang , Xu Mingrui , Zhao Shaoli , Pan Taotao , Liu Chuanyu , Liu Yongjie , Wu Qingfeng , Tu Qiang , Zhou Ping , Li Rong , Kang Jia , Zhu Lan , Gao Fei , Wang Yaqing , Xu Zhiheng
Published: March 2022

The differences in size and function between primate and rodent brains, and the association of disturbed excitatory/inhibitory balance with many neurodevelopmental disorders highlight the importance to study primate ganglionic eminences (GEs) development. Here we used single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing to characterize the emergence of cell diversity in monkey and human GEs where most striatal and cortical interneurons are generated. We identified regional and temporal diversity among progenitor cells which give rise to a variety of interneurons. These cells are specified within the primate GEs by well conserved gene regulatory networks, similar to those identified in mice. However, we detected, in human, several novel regulatory pathways or factors involved in the specification and migration of interneurons. Importantly, comparison of progenitors between our human and published mouse GE datasets led to the discovery and confirmation of outer radial glial cells in GEs in human cortex. Our findings reveal both evolutionarily conservative and nonconservative regulatory networks in primate GEs, which may contribute to their larger brain sizes and more complex neural networks compared with mouse.
Histones released by NETosis enhance the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 by bridging the spike protein subunit 2 and sialic acid on host cells
Authors: Hong Weiqi , Yang Jingyun , Zou Jun , Bi Zhenfei , He Cai , Lei Hong , He Xuemei , Li Xue , Alu Aqu , Ren Wenyan , Wang Zeng , Jiang Xiaohua , Zhong Kunhong , Jia Guowen , Yang Yun , Yu Wenhai , Huang Qing , Yang Mengli , Zhou Yanan , Zhao Yuan , Kuang Dexuan , Wang Junbin , Wang Haixuan , Chen Siyuan , Luo Min , Zhang Ziqi , Lu Tianqi , Chen Li , Que Haiying , He Zhiyao , Sun Qiu , Wang Wei , Shen Guobo , Lu Guangwen , Zhao Zhiwei , Yang Li , Yang Jinliang , Wang Zhenling , Li Jiong , Song Xiangrong , Dai Lunzhi , Chen Chong , Geng Jia , Gou Maling , Chen Lu , Dong Haohao , Peng Yong , Huang Canhua , Qian Zhiyong , Cheng Wei , Fan Changfa , Wei Yuquan , Su Zhaoming , Tong Aiping , Lu Shuaiyao , Peng Xiaozhong , Wei Xiawei
Published: March 2022

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can capture and kill viruses, such as influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), thus contributing to host defense. Contrary to our expectation, we show here that the histones released by NETosis enhance the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, as found by using live SARS-CoV-2 and two pseudovirus systems as well as a mouse model. The histone H3 or H4 selectively binds to subunit 2 of the spike (S) protein, as shown by a biochemical binding assay, surface plasmon resonance and binding energy calculation as well as the construction of a mutant S protein by replacing four acidic amino acids. Sialic acid on the host cell surface is the key molecule to which histones bridge subunit 2 of the S protein. Moreover, histones enhance cell–cell fusion. Finally, treatment with an inhibitor of NETosis, histone H3 or H4, or sialic acid notably affected the levels of sgRNA copies and the number of apoptotic cells in a mouse model. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 could hijack histones from neutrophil NETosis to promote its host cell attachment and entry process and may be important in exploring pathogenesis and possible strategies to develop new effective therapies for COVID-19.
Self-healing oxygen evolution catalysts
Authors: Thorarinsdottir Agnes E. , Veroneau Samuel S. , Nocera Daniel G.
Published: March 2022

Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting offers a scalable approach to producing hydrogen from renewable sources for sustainable energy storage. Depending on the applications, oxygen evolution catalysts (OECs) may perform water splitting under a variety of conditions. However, low stability and/or activity present challenges to the design of OECs, prompting the design of self-healing OECs composed of earth-abundant first-row transition metal oxides. The concept of self-healing catalysis offers a new tool to be employed in the design of stable and functionally active OECs under operating conditions ranging from acidic to basic solutions and from a variety of water sources.
Quantum interference directed chiral raman scattering in two-dimensional enantiomers
Authors: Zhang Shishu , Huang Jianqi , Yu Yue , Wang Shanshan , Yang Teng , Zhang Zhidong , Tong Lianming , Zhang Jin
Published: March 2022

Raman scattering spectroscopy has been a necessary and accurate tool not only for characterizing lattice structure, but also for probing electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions. In the quantum picture, electrons at ground states can be excited to intermediate energy levels by photons at different k-points in the Brillouin zone, then couple to phonons and emit photons with changed energies. The elementary Raman processes via all possible pathways can interfere with each other, giving rise to intriguing scattering effects. Here we report that quantum interference can lead to significant chiral Raman response in monolayer transitional metal dichalcogenide with triclinic symmetry. Large circular intensity difference observed for monolayer rhenium dichalcogenide originates from inter-k interference of Raman scattering excited by circularly polarized light with opposite helicities. Our results reveal chiral Raman spectra as a new manifestation of quantum interference in Raman scattering process, and may inspire induction of chiral optical response in other materials.
Implicitly perturbed Hamiltonian as a class of versatile and general-purpose molecular representations for machine learning
Authors: Alibakhshi Amin , Hartke Bernd
Published: March 2022

Unraveling challenging problems by machine learning has recently become a hot topic in many scientific disciplines. For developing rigorous machine-learning models to study problems of interest in molecular sciences, translating molecular structures to quantitative representations as suitable machine-learning inputs play a central role. Many different molecular representations and the state-of-the-art ones, although efficient in studying numerous molecular features, still are suboptimal in many challenging cases, as discussed in the context of the present research. The main aim of the present study is to introduce the Implicitly Perturbed Hamiltonian (ImPerHam) as a class of versatile representations for more efficient machine learning of challenging problems in molecular sciences. ImPerHam representations are defined as energy attributes of the molecular Hamiltonian, implicitly perturbed by a number of hypothetic or real arbitrary solvents based on continuum solvation models. We demonstrate the outstanding performance of machine-learning models based on ImPerHam representations for three diverse and challenging cases of predicting inhibition of the CYP450 enzyme, high precision, and transferrable evaluation of non-covalent interaction energy of molecular systems, and accurately reproducing solvation free energies for large benchmark sets.
Atomistic insights into highly active reconstructed edges of monolayer 2H-WSe2 photocatalyst
Authors: Qorbani Mohammad , Sabbah Amr , Lai Ying-Ren , Kholimatussadiah Septia , Quadir Shaham , Huang Chih-Yang , Shown Indrajit , Huang Yi-Fan , Hayashi Michitoshi , Chen Kuei-Hsien , Chen Li-Chyong
Published: March 2022

Ascertaining the function of in-plane intrinsic defects and edge atoms is necessary for developing efficient low-dimensional photocatalysts. We report the wireless photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 over reconstructed edge atoms of monolayer 2H-WSe2 artificial leaves. Our first-principles calculations demonstrate that reconstructed and imperfect edge configurations enable CO2 binding to form linear and bent molecules. Experimental results show that the solar-to-fuel quantum efficiency is a reciprocal function of the flake size. It also indicates that the consumed electron rate per edge atom is two orders of magnitude larger than the in-plane intrinsic defects. Further, nanoscale redox mapping at the monolayer WSe2–liquid interface confirms that the edge is the most preferred region for charge transfer. Our results pave the way for designing a new class of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides with reconstructed edges as a non-precious co-catalyst for wired or wireless hydrogen evolution or CO2 reduction reactions.
Ab initio mechanism revealing for tricalcium silicate dissolution
Authors: Li Yunjian , Pan Hui , Liu Qing , Ming Xing , Li Zongjin
Published: March 2022

Dissolution of minerals in water is ubiquitous in nature and industry, especially for the calcium silicate species. However, the behavior of such a complex chemical reaction is still unclear at atomic level. Here, we show that the ab initio molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations enable quantitative analyses of reaction pathways, thermodynamics and kinetics of the calcium ion dissolution from the tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5) surface. The calcium sites with different coordination environments lead to different reaction pathways and free energy barriers. The low free energy barriers result in that the detachment of the calcium ion is a ligand exchange and auto-catalytic process. Moreover, the water adsorption, proton exchange and diffusion of water into the surface layer accelerate the leaching of the calcium ion from the surface step by step. The discovery in this work thus would be a landmark for revealing the mechanism of tricalcium silicate hydration.
An open-like conformation of the sigma-1 receptor reveals its ligand entry pathway
Authors: Meng Fuhui , Xiao Yang , Ji Yujia , Sun Ziyi , Zhou Xiaoming
Published: March 2022

The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) is a non-opioid transmembrane receptor which has been implicated in many diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. After more than forty years of research, substantial progress has been made in understanding this unique receptor, yet the molecular mechanism of its ligand entry pathway remains uncertain. Published structures of human σ1R reveal its homotrimeric organization of a cupin-fold β-barrel body that contains the ligand binding site, a carboxy-terminal V-shaped two-helix bundle, and a single amino-terminal transmembrane helix, while simulation studies have suggested a ligand entry pathway that is generated by conformational rearrangements of the cupin-fold domain. Here, we present multiple crystal structures, including an open-like conformation, of σ1R from Xenopus laevis. Together with functional binding analysis our data suggest that access to the σ1R ligand binding site is likely achieved by protein conformational changes that involve the carboxy-terminal two-helix bundle, rather than structural changes in the cupin-fold domain.
Switching magnon chirality in artificial ferrimagnet
Authors: Liu Yahui , Xu Zhengmeng , Liu Lin , Zhang Kai , Meng Yang , Sun Yuanwei , Gao Peng , Zhao Hong-Wu , Niu Qian , Li J.
Published: March 2022

Chirality, an intrinsic degree of freedom, has been barely exploited as the information carriers in data transmission, processing, computing, etc. Recently the magnons in antiferromagnets were proposed to carry both right-handed and left-handed chiralities, shedding a light on chirality-based spintronics in which chirality-based computing architectures and chiral magnonic devices may become feasible. However, the practical platform for chirality-based spintronics remains absent yet. Here we report an artificial ferrimagnetic Py/Gd/Py/Gd/Py/Pt multilayer by which the switching, reading, and modulation of magnon chirality are demonstrated. In particular, the coexisting resonance modes of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic characteristics permit the high adjustability and easy control of magnon chirality. As a main result, we unambiguously demonstrated that Py precessions with opposite chiralities pump spin currents of opposite spin polarizations into the Pt layer. Our result manifests the chirality as an independent degree of freedom and illustrates a practical magnonic platform for exploiting chirality, paving the way for chirality-based spintronics.
Highly stable flexible pressure sensors with a quasi-homogeneous composition and interlinked interfaces
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Yang Junlong , Hou Xingyu , Li Gang , Wang Liu , Bai Ningning , Cai Minkun , Zhao Lingyu , Wang Yan , Zhang Jianming , Chen Ke , Wu Xiang , Yang Canhui , Dai Yuan , Zhang Zhengyou , Guo Chuan Fei
Published: March 2022

Electronic skins (e-skins) are devices that can respond to mechanical stimuli and enable robots to perceive their surroundings. A great challenge for existing e-skins is that they may easily fail under extreme mechanical conditions due to their multilayered architecture with mechanical mismatch and weak adhesion between the interlayers. Here we report a flexible pressure sensor with tough interfaces enabled by two strategies: quasi-homogeneous composition that ensures mechanical match of interlayers, and interlinked microconed interface that results in a high interfacial toughness of 390 J·m−2. The tough interface endows the sensor with exceptional signal stability determined by performing 100,000 cycles of rubbing, and fixing the sensor on a car tread and driving 2.6 km on an asphalt road. The topological interlinks can be further extended to soft robot-sensor integration, enabling a seamless interface between the sensor and robot for highly stable sensing performance during manipulation tasks under complicated mechanical conditions.
Frequency chasing of individual megadalton ions in an Orbitrap analyser improves precision of analysis in single-molecule mass spectrometry
Authors: Wörner Tobias P. , Aizikov Konstantin , Snijder Joost , Fort Kyle L. , Makarov Alexander A. , Heck Albert J. R.
Published: March 2022

To enhance the performance of charge-detection mass spectrometry, we investigated the behaviour of macromolecular single ions on their paths towards and within the Orbitrap analyser. Ions with a mass beyond one megadalton reach a plateau of stability and can be successfully trapped for seconds, travelling a path length of multiple kilometres, thereby enabling precise mass analysis with an effective resolution of greater than 100,000 at a mass-to-charge ratio of 35,000. Through monitoring the frequency of individual ions, we show that these high-mass ions, rather than being lost from the trap, can gradually lose residual solvent molecules and, in rare cases, a single elementary charge. We also demonstrate that the frequency drift of single ions due to desolvation and charge stripping can be corrected, which improves the effective ion sampling 23-fold and gives a twofold improvement in mass precision and resolution.
Physiological benefits of lung recruitment in the semi-lateral position after laparoscopic surgery: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Oh Eun Jung , Lee Eun Ji , Heo Burn-young , Huh Jin , Min Jeong-Jin
Published: March 2022

We evaluated the physiological benefits of performing lung recruitment maneuver (LRM) in the semi-lateral position compared in the supine position. Seventy-nine patients undergoing laparoscopic prostatectomy were randomly assigned to either the supine or semi-lateral group according to body position during the LRM. At the end of surgery, LRM (35 cmH2O for 20 s) was performed twice in the assigned posture. The primary outcome was the maximal decrease in systolic arterial pressure during LRM. Secondary outcomes were changes in PaO2/FiO2 and the regional lung volume distribution after LRM. The decrease in systolic arterial pressure during the LRM was significantly higher in the supine group than in the semi-lateral group (mean ± standard deviation, [−] 27.6 ± 14.6% vs. [−] 18.6 ± 9.9%, P = 0.001). Improvement in PaO2/FiO2 ratio after the LRM was evident in both groups but was more prominent in the semi-lateral group than in the supine group (median [interquartile range], 39.3% [20.2, 63.6] vs. 18.2% [8.4, 29.2], P = 0.001). Among the horizontal lung divisions, regional lung volume in the most dependent portion (the dorsal division) was significantly increased after the LRM only in the semi-lateral group (P = 0.024). Performing lung recruitment in a semi-lateral position protected against hemodynamic deterioration during the LRM and increased regional lung ventilation in the dependent portion of the lung, leading to an improvement in arterial oxygenation after laparoscopic procedures.

Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service (https://cris.nih.go.kr/). Identifier: KCT0003756.
Network flow and flood routing model for water resources optimization
Authors: Tahiri Ayoub , Che Daniel , Ladeveze David , Chiron Pascale , Archimède Bernard
Published: March 2022

Real-time management of hydraulic systems composed of multi-reservoir involves conflicting objectives. Its representation requires complex variables to consider all the systems dynamics. Interfacing simulation model with optimization algorithm permits to integrate flow routing into reservoir operation decisions and consists in solving separately hydraulic and operational constraints, but it requires that the water resource management model is based on an evolutionary algorithm. Considering channel routing in optimization algorithm can be done using conceptual models such as the Muskingum model. However, the structure of algorithms based on a network flow approach, inhibits the integration of the Muskingum model in the approach formulation. In this work, a flood routing model, corresponding to a singular form of the Muskingum model, constructed as a network flow is proposed and integrated into the water management optimization. A genetic algorithm is involved for the calibration of the model. The proposed flood routing model was applied on the standard Wilson test and on a 40 km reach of the Arrats river (southwest of France). The results were compared with the results of the Muskingum model. Finally, operational results for a water resource management system including this model are illustrated on a rainfall event.
Motion illusion-like patterns extracted from photo and art images using predictive deep neural networks
Authors: Kobayashi Taisuke , Kitaoka Akiyoshi , Kosaka Manabu , Tanaka Kenta , Watanabe Eiji
Published: March 2022

In our previous study, we successfully reproduced the illusory motion perceived in the rotating snakes illusion using deep neural networks incorporating predictive coding theory. In the present study, we further examined the properties of the network using a set of 1500 images, including ordinary static images of paintings and photographs and images of various types of motion illusions. Results showed that the networks clearly classified a group of illusory images and others and reproduced illusory motions against various types of illusions similar to human perception. Notably, the networks occasionally detected anomalous motion vectors, even in ordinally static images where humans were unable to perceive any illusory motion. Additionally, illusion-like designs with repeating patterns were generated using areas where anomalous vectors were detected, and psychophysical experiments were conducted, in which illusory motion perception in the generated designs was detected. The observed inaccuracy of the networks will provide useful information for further understanding information processing associated with human vision.