bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cybergeography IRL
Authors: Longan Michael W.
Published: August 2014

Though the internet is relatively new, the methods used to study it do not necessarily need to be entirely new. Drawing from the author’s experiences of doing cybergeography research, documented through the use of excerpts from a research journal, this article describes how traditional methods are adapted to understand the relationships between online and offline worlds and how people seek to use the internet to change their everyday landscapes. Research strategies include treating the study of online places as if they were material landscapes, analyzing characteristics of websites, visiting associated places, and in-person interviews with producers. The amount of qualitative data collected from sites and the time it takes to analyze this data are challenges associated with qualitative analysis of websites. Field work is still necessary in internet research. Site visits and interviews reveal details about cases that may not be visible online including infrastructures and identities. Limitations of visits and interviews include the inability to study global scale phenomena as well as ethics of anonymity and confidentiality. Triangulation among virtual landscapes, material places, and interviews helps to reveal a nuanced view of the way that the internet transforms everyday life.
Wage, Work Environment, and Staffing: Effects on Nurse Outcomes
Authors: McHugh Matthew D. , Ma Chenjuan
Published: August 2014

Research has shown that hospitals with better nurse staffing and work environments have better nurse outcomes—less burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intention to leave the job. Many studies, however, have not accounted for wage effects, which may confound findings. By using a secondary analysis with cross-sectional administrative data and a four-state survey of nurses, we investigated how wage, work environment, and staffing were associated with nurse outcomes. Logistic regression models, with and without wage, were used to estimate the effects of work environment and staffing on burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intent to leave. We discovered that wage was associated with job dissatisfaction and intent to leave but had little influence on burnout, while work environment and average patient-to-nurse ratio still have considerable effects on nurse outcomes. Wage is important for good nurse outcomes, but it does not diminish the significant influence of work environment and staffing on nurse outcomes.
A case of primary rectal angioleiomyoma: review of radiologic finding with histopathologic correlation
Authors: You Woo Young , Min Seon Jeong , Hwang Dae Hyun , Kang Ik Won , Chang Suk Ki , Choi Jae Jeong , Choi Young Hee
Published: August 2014

Angioleiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that originate from the tunica media of veins and arteries. They can occur anywhere in the body, but the preferential location of these tumors is the lower extremities. We describe a rare case of rectal angioleiomyoma and present our findings obtained by using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathological analysis.
Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis After Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy
Authors: Tanaka Miho J. , Munch Jacqueline L. , Slater Alissa J. , Nguyen Joseph T. , Shubin Stein Beth E.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is performed in a predominantly young and often female population due to the prevalence of patellofemoral disorders in this group. While considered a procedure that falls within the realm of sports surgeries, the procedure can carry significant morbidity, including infection, fracture, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The incidence of postoperative DVT in this population has not been described in the literature, although it has been mentioned anecdotally, and current guidelines do not address the issue of DVT prophylaxis in postoperative TTO patients.

Purpose:

To describe the incidence of DVT after TTO and identify any predisposing factors.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Subjects who had undergone TTO by the senior author from 2002 to 2013 were identified, and a retrospective chart review was performed. Those who presented with symptomatic DVT confirmed with ultrasonography were reported. Demographic data, as well as potential risk factors such as body mass index, family history of bleeding/clotting disorders, duration of the nonweightbearing period, total tourniquet time, use of contraceptive medication, smoking status, and use of anticoagulants, were collected from the chart and analyzed for correlation with development of DVT.

Results:

A total of 156 patients were included in this study. Six patients were found to have developed symptomatic DVT during the first 6 weeks after surgery. The mean age at the time of surgery in the DVT group was 34.94 ± 6.57 years, compared with 26.26 ± 10.20 years in the non-DVT group ( P = .04). Due to the small number of patients with positive findings, there was no statistically significant correlation between the development of DVT and factors such as nonweightbearing duration, tourniquet time, or the use of contraceptives.

Conclusion:

The incidence of postoperative DVT in arthroscopic and sports procedures has been thought to be low. This case series reported a rate of 3.8% with symptomatic DVT after TTO, and patients diagnosed with DVT were significantly older than unaffected patients. It is anticipated that the actual rate including asymptomatic DVT would be higher, as only 60% of patients with DVT are symptomatic. More studies are needed to define the actual incidence in this population. Given the number of common risk factors in this population, including nonweightbearing duration and the use of oral contraceptive pills, future studies may show the advantage of chemical prophylaxis for DVT in this group.
Maltese Ceramics and Imperial Foodways: An Exploration of Nineteenth-Century Red Wares
Authors: Palmer Russell
Published: August 2014

The archaeological study of recent periods in Malta is in its infancy. Despite the high potential for an historical archaeology of Malta contributing to broader issues, such as an understanding of Mediterranean trade and colonialism, as well as the cultural history of Malta, the archaeological resource has remained under-explored. The aim of this article is to address the situation and offer an initial classification and interpretation of local and imported red earthenware ceramics. It will demonstrate the need for such work in relation to answering questions relating to local production, international trade, and foodways.
A specialized post-anaesthetic care unit improves fast-track management in cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Probst Stefan , Cech Christof , Haentschel Dirk , Scholz Markus , Ender Joerg
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Fast-track treatment in cardiac surgery has become the global standard of care. We compared the efficacy and safety of a specialised post-anaesthetic care unit (PACU) to a conventional intensive care unit (ICU) in achieving defined fast-track end points in adult patients after elective cardiac surgery.

Methods

In a prospective, single-blinded, randomized study, 200 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), valve surgery or combined CABG and valve surgery), were selected to receive their postoperative treatment either in the ICU (n = 100), or in the PACU (n = 100). Patients who, at the time of surgery, were in cardiogenic shock, required renal dialysis, or had an additive EuroSCORE of more than 10 were excluded from the study. The primary end points were: time to extubation (ET), and length of stay in the PACU or ICU (PACU/ICU LOS respectively). Secondary end points analysed were the incidences of: surgical re-exploration, development of haemothorax, new-onset cardiac arrhythmia, low cardiac output syndrome, need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, stroke, acute renal failure, and death.

Results

Median time to extubation was 90 [50; 140] min in the PACU vs. 478 [305; 643] min in the ICU group (P <0.001). Median length of stay in the PACU was 3.3 [2.7; 4.0] hours vs. 17.9 [10.3; 24.9] hours in the ICU (P <0.001). Of the adverse events examined, only the incidence of new-onset cardiac arrhythmia (25 in PACU vs. 41 in ICU, P = 0.02) was statistically different between groups.

Conclusions

Treatment in a specialised PACU rather than an ICU, after elective cardiac surgery leads to earlier extubation and quicker discharge to a step-down unit, without compromising patient safety.

Trial registration

http://ISRCTN71768341. Registered 11 March 2014.
Polymerase Chain Reaction molecular diagnostic technology for monitoring chronic osteomyelitis
Authors: Mariani Brian D , Martin Daniel S , Chen Antonia F , Yagi Haruyo , Lin Sheldon S , Tuan Rocky S
Published: August 2014

Background

Osteomyelitis is a devastating condition whose treatment relies on the detection of bacteria. The current standard of microbiology culture may not be adequate. Molecular biology based diagnostic procedures for detecting bacteria in orthopaedic infections was previously established, but has not been applied to the setting of chronic osteomyelitis. We aim to determine the applicability of molecular diagnostic procedures for monitoring chronic osteomyelitis, and to evaluate if these procedures are superior to standard culture methods of osteomyelitis detection.

Methods

A rabbit experimental model of chronic osteomyelitis was used; infection was induced in the proximal, medial aspect of the tibia with Staphylococcus aureus at titers ranging from 1 × 102 to 1 × 106 colony forming units. At 28 days post-infection, animals were sacrificed, and the tibias were examined radiographically, harvested, and assayed for the presence of bacteria. Two bacterial detection methods were used: (1) standard microbiological culturing, and (2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based diagnostic method to detect bacterial genomic DNA.

Results

The molecular diagnostic method was highly sensitive and accurate, and detected low titer infections that were undetected by radiographic and microbiological methods. By using two sets of PCR primers, one for a universal bacterial gene (16S rRNA) and one for a species-specific gene (nuc), the molecular protocol allowed both the detection and speciation of the bacterial infection.

Conclusions

The use of the PCR-based method was effective for high-sensitivity detection and identification of bacteria associated with chronic osteomyelitis in a rabbit model. Our findings illustrate the applicability of PCR for monitoring chronic osteomyelitis, which may be useful for improved detection of osteomyelitis organisms in humans.
A Different Look at Native American Depopulation: Comanche Raiding, Captive Taking, and Population Decline
Authors: Rivaya-Martínez Joaquín
Published: August 2014

It has often been argued that the widespread Native American practice of capturing and adopting outsiders served, for some indigenous groups, as a way to recover from Euro-American–induced population decline. In this study I contend that Comanche looting expeditions, including raids in which captives were taken, resulted in Comanche deaths outnumbering the captives who were eventually assimilated. Hence, rather than compensating Comanche population decline, as is often assumed, those expeditions brought about a net population loss. I further argue that Comanches primarily seized captives to use them as laborers. A premeditated intention to capture enemies for adoption was seldom (if ever) the primary motivation for Comanche raids, which were fundamentally aimed at obtaining horses. These findings raise critical questions concerning widely accepted interpretations of Native American population decline that attribute the decline to external forces without exploring in depth the consequences of the manifold courses of action followed by Indians themselves.
Surviving the Rubber Boom: Cofán and Siona Society in the Colombia-Ecuador Borderlands (1875–1955)
Authors: Wasserstrom Robert
Published: August 2014

In the 1960s and 1970s, anthropologists began modern ethnographic research in lowland Ecuador and Colombia. At the time, Cofán and Siona people there lived in apparently remote forests with a diverse subsistence economy based on hunting, fishing, and gardening. It was difficult to imagine that traditional indigenous territories often coincided with old rubber outposts, derelict haciendas, missionary stations, and abandoned oil camps. Nor did researchers envision the maelstrom that had taken place fifty years earlier, when native families were forced to collect rubber throughout the western Amazon. It seemed more reasonable to think that they had somehow avoided the cataclysmic impacts of rubber extraction that led to enslavement and ethnocide along the lower Putumayo River. But the story turns out to be much more complicated, as new historical research shows. Since 1930, the resurgence of Cofán and Siona communities presents a compelling story of survival and reconstruction, not isolation. It bears directly on current discussions of ethnicity, citizenship, and indigenous rights in contemporary Amazonian society.
Alkyl Substituent Effects on Molecular Packing and Optoelectronic Properties of 2,3-Dialkyltetracenes
Authors: Kitamura Chitoshi , Ohe Genki , Kawase Takeshi , Saeki Akinori , Seki Shu
Published: August 2014

A series of 2,3-dialkyltetracenes (alkyl = propyl to hexyl) were readily prepared from 2,3-dialkyl-5,12-tetracenequinone by a one-pot sequence involving hydride reduction with sodium borohydride and subsequent addition of tin(II) chloride in concd hydrochloric acid. X-ray diffraction patterns of their recrystallized powder samples demonstrated their crystalline nature. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the butyl derivative revealed that there were two disordered sets of butyl groups with 50% occupancies, and that in the molecular structure, one butyl group was coplanar with the tetracene core, while the other butyl group was perpendicular to the tetracene plane. Further, the crystal structure adopted a repeating bilayer structure of herringbone-packed tetracene cores and disordered alkyl groups. The conformational analysis demonstrated that there were a number of stable conformers, which would account for the occurrence of alkyl disorders. Flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC) measurements of 2,3-dialkyltetracenes exhibited an increase in the product of charge carrier mobility (3.0 × 10−5 to 3.5 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1) and its generation efficiency with increase in the length of the alkyl side chains, suggesting that a longer alkyl side chain plays an important role in the degree of transfer integral and in the suppression of charge recombination or exciton quenching.
Case Report: Hyponatremia of malignancy – An alternative mechanism? Syndrome of inappropriate atrial natriuretic peptide (SIANP)
Authors: Mansoor Steven Elias , Kagen David I , Kansagara Devan
Published: August 2014

Euvolemic hyponatremia in the setting of lung cancer is most commonly due to the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). However, some patients with small cell carcinoma and hyponatremia have low levels of ADH but elevated levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which is produced by some small cell tumors. We report the case of a 64-year-old man with a limited-stage small cell carcinoma of the lung undergoing chemoradiation therapy, who was admitted to hospital with a pulmonary embolism. Two months earlier, at the time of diagnosis with lung cancer, he had a hypotonic, euvolemic hyponatremia, presumed to be caused by SIADH. At that time, his serum sodium readily normalized with water restriction and ADH-antagonist therapy with demeclocycline. However, during his second admission, his sodium level slowly declined from 138 mmol/L to a nadir of 118 mmol/L, despite early initiation of water restriction and maximal doses of demeclocycline. Laboratory values revealed a very low level of ADH, an inappropriately low level of aldosterone and an elevated ANP suggesting that SIADH could not explain his hyponatremia. While a causal link between ectopic ANP production and hyponatremia has never been established, an inappropriately high level of ANP can directly decrease sodium re-absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney and increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in greater excretion of sodium and water. In addition, high circulating levels of ANP can inhibit aldosterone secretion, potentially resulting in further sodium wasting. Here, the low levels of ADH, elevated ANP, and inappropriately low aldosterone suggested the possibility of an ANP-mediated hyponatremia through the suppression of aldosterone response.
Reactions of Intestinal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Post Chronodynamics
Authors: Воронцова  , Vorontsova Zoya , Шишкина  , Shishkina Viktoriya
Published: August 2014

Presented experimental investigations aimed at studying the immune component of the mucous membrane of the jejunum as the most active segment of the small, in which the processes wall, membrane and intracellular digestion occur with the greatest severity. These processes implement homeostasis at the level of the whole organism. All changes after the general γ -irradiation in small doses led to a decrease in the barrier-protective functions. In this paper the authors note the failure of the prolonged post-radiation monitoring period to restore structural component, although some of them returned to normal. The morphological and functional changes were characterized by a barrier imbalance of indicators of optical density of sialomucin gel and alkaline phosphatase, tuckaleechee population on the background of a strong correlation relations including interaction in mitotic cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Thus, it was observed interoperability and the fat cells showed radioprotective effect. Lymphoid tissue through the formation of lymphocytic infiltrate in the epithelium and M-cells, as well as lymphocytic-plazmocitomom in the subepithelial layer with lymphoid nodules testified to the disadvantage of homeostasis.
Features of Dispensary Observation of Children of I-II Health Groups under the Conditions of Chronic Social Stress
Authors: Петров  , Petrov V. , Рыбакова  , Rybakova M. , Акопов  , Akopov E. , Королюк  , Korolyuk Ekaterina , Жуков  , Zhukov Sergey , Зайцева  , Zaytseva A.
Published: August 2014

For the purpose of preventing the risk of decrease of a level of health in children under the conditions of a chronic social stress the scheme of dispensary observation was developed and approved. The authors’ scheme of dispensary observation includes two stages: the stage of identifying and registration of children of risk group and the stage of monitoring of children of risk group. The authors have developed and registered a computer expert diagnostic systems, facilitating and accelerating the decision making process for mass screening of children. The proposed scheme of dispensary observation was tested during the year in the course of the experimental implementation. The obtained results indicate its effectiveness: in the experimental group the share of persons of the first group of health has increased in 1,2 times, there were no children with the third health groups. At the same time among the children of the control group there was a significant decrease in the level of health - every fifth child has passed in the third health groups, the proportion of children in group I of health has decreased in 4 times. This paper is intended for a wide circle of specialists - doctors, pediatricians, school doctors, health managers, family doctors.
Influence of Experimental Hypercalcemia on Cardiovascular Manifestations of Chronic Copper Intoxication
Authors: Кабисов  , Kabisov O. , Митциев  , Mittsiev A. , Брин  , Brin Vadim , Митциев  , Mittsiev K.
Published: August 2014

Chronic toxicity of copper sulfate leads to the formation of system hemodynamic disturbances, which manifests itself in the form of increased mean arterial pressure in experimental animals and reduction in the pumping function of the heart. Increased heart rate in experimental animals under conditions of chronic copper toxicity is compensatory in nature and is intended to maintain the level of cardiac output. The observed increase adrenal reactivity of cardiovascular system in animals receiving only insulated copper sulfate, apparently due to changes in the activity of sympathetic nervous system. Under the conditions of experimental hypercalcemia toxic effects of copper on the cardiovascular system become more pronounced, probably due to an increase in the absorption of the metal in gastrointestinal tract. Copper sulphate amid intragastric administration of vitamin D3 leads to greater inhibition of the contractile function of the heart, as compared with the group of animals treated only xenobiotic. Despite a significant reduction in cardiac index, formed pronounced arterial hypertension associated with a strong increase of the specific peripheral vascular resistance. Effect of copper sulfate adrenal reactivity cardiovascular system is more pronounced in animals with experimental hypercalcemia model.
Overview about Dental Care in Pre-Revolutionary Voronezh Province
Authors: Кравчук  , Kravchuk E , Губин  , Gubin M. , Косолапов  , Kosolapov Vladimir , Сыч  , Sych Galina
Published: August 2014

This study allows to present and to evaluate the formation of dental care in Voronezh province in the pre-revolutionary period. The article highlights the ways of providing dental care to residents of Voronezh province in this period. Archival documents of the State archive of the Voronezh region contain information about the first practicing dental doctors and dentists in the city of Voronezh. The training of dental dentistry by apprenticeship is presented in the documents. Documentary procedure of registration and opening of private hospitals diseases of teeth and cavity of mouth in 1905 in the town of Voronezh is demonstrated. Charter private hospitals diseases of teeth and cavity of mouth, which includes the objectives of the hospital and the basis for its device, the description of the conditions of admission of patients, rights and obligations of the founder of the institution, Governor and head of the economic part also is presented. In the documents there is information about the approved rate of private dental clinics, which gives the opportunity to present, in what amount and what fees dental care was provided in Voronezh at the beginning of the last century. The paper shows the quantitative distribution of dental surgeons and dentists in the Voronezh province and the city of Voronezh in the early XX century.
Utility of Nine-Color, 11-Parameter Flow Cytometry for Detection of Plasma Cell Neoplasms
Authors: Behdad Amir , Ross Charles W. , Jacques Joshua , Kota Usha , Keren David , Stoolman Lloyd
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is a widely available laboratory platform for the evaluation of plasma cell (PC) neoplasms. We assess the performance of a nine-color MFC assay that uses stain-lyse-fix processing of bone marrow aspirates, minimal wash steps, and high acquisition rates with analysis of up to 1.8 × 106 cells.

Methods:

MFC results were compared with microscopic examinations, immunohistochemical studies, and serum/urine M-protein measurements from patients with documented or suspected PC neoplasms.

Results:

Sensitivity exceeded that of microscopic examinations, with or without immunohistochemistry. In patients with PC myeloma, clonal PC detection by MFC fell in concert with M-protein levels. However, in a subset of patients, MFC detected clonal PCs after serum/urine studies turned negative.

Conclusions:

The nine-color analytic cocktail eliminates duplication of PC gating reagents required for evaluation of the same epitopes using a five- or six-color approach. Fewer analytic cocktails result in lower instrument acquisition times per case, a significant factor for the large data sets required for optimal residual disease assessment. Finally, concurrent analysis of nine epitopes and two light scatter parameters aids detection of residual disease, particularly when it is mixed with polyclonal PCs.
Recognition and Discrimination of Tissue-Marking Dye Color by Surgical Pathologists
Authors: Williams Andrew S. , Hache Kelly Dakin
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

A variety of tissue-marking dye (TMD) colors can be used to indicate surgical pathology specimen margins; however, the ability of pathologists to differentiate between specific microscopic margin colors has not been assessed systematically. This study aimed to evaluate pathologists’ accuracy in identifying TMD color and determine the least ambiguous combinations of colors for use in surgical pathology.

Methods:

Seven colors of TMD were obtained from three manufacturers and applied to excess formalin-fixed uterine tissue. Study blocks contained multiple tissue pieces, each marked with a different color from the same manufacturer. Slides were assessed by eight participants for color and color distinctness of each piece of tissue.

Results:

Black, green, red, and blue TMDs were accurately identified by most participants, but participants had difficulty identifying violet, orange, and yellow TMDs. Black, green, and blue TMDs were most commonly rated as “confidently discernable.”

Conclusions:

Pathologists have difficulty identifying and distinguishing certain colors of TMDs. The combined use of certain colors of TMDs (yellow/orange/red, blue/violet, and red/violet) within the same specimen should be avoided to decrease the risk of inaccurately reporting specimen margins.
The Braggart's Dilemma: On the Social Rewards and Penalties of Advertising Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Berman Jonathan Z. , Levine Emma E. , Barasch Alixandra , Small Deborah A.
Published: August 2014

People often brag about, or advertise, their good deeds to others. Seven studies investigate how bragging about prosocial behavior affects perceived generosity. The authors propose that bragging conveys information about an actor's good deeds, leading to an attribution of generosity. However, bragging also signals a selfish motivation (a desire for credit) that undermines the attribution of generosity. Thus, bragging has a positive effect when prosocial behavior is unknown because it informs others that an actor has behaved generously. However, bragging does not help—and often hurts—when prosocial behavior is already known, because it signals a selfish motive. In addition, the authors demonstrate that conspicuous cause marketing products have effects akin to bragging by signaling an impure motive for doing good deeds. Finally, the authors argue that bragging about prosocial behavior is unique because it undermines the precise information that the braggart is trying to convey (generosity). In contrast, bragging about personal achievements does not affect perceptions of the focal trait conveyed in the brag. These findings underscore the strategic considerations inherent in signaling altruism.
Parental Preferences for Primary School Characteristics
Authors: Borghans Lex , Golsteyn Bart H. H. , Zölitz Ulf
Published: August 2014

Free school choice has often been argued to be a tide that lifts school quality through increased competition. This paper analyzes the underlying assumption that school quality is an important choice criterion for parents. Using a large and representative data set of over 15,000 Dutch primary school starters, we estimate models of school demand that incorporate heterogeneity in school preferences. Our results show that traditional measures for school quality matter, but other characteristics, such as school denomination and educational philosophy, are more important predictors of choice. Preferences for these school characteristics are strongly heterogeneous across parents.
Cobalt and nickel nanoparticles fabricated p(NIPAM-co-MAA) microgels for catalytic applications
Authors: Farooqi Zahoor H. , Iqbal Sadia , Khan Shanza Rauf , Kanwal Farah , Begum Robina
Published: August 2014

In this research work, multi-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) copolymer microgels were synthesized via emulsion polymerization in aqueous medium. Then, nickel and cobalt nanoparticles were fabricated within these microgels by in situ reduction of metal ions using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize these microgels. The pH sensitivity of these copolymer microgels was studied using dynamic light scattering technique (DLS). DLS studies revealed that the hydrodynamic radius of these microgels increased with the increase in pH of the medium at 25°C. The catalytic activity of hybrid microgels for the reduction of p-nitrophenol (4-NP) to p-aminophenol (4-AP) was investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometery. The value of apparent rate constant of reaction was found to change linearly with catalyst dosage. The nickel-based hybrid system was found to be five times more efficient as a catalyst compared to the cobalt-based hybrid system for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP in aqueous medium.
DAS ZWÖLFTAFELGESETZ UND DIE BESTATTUNG DES MISENUS IN VERGILS AENEIS (6, 176–231). ZU EINEM DEUTUNGSVERSUCH DES DOMIZIO CALDERINI
Authors: Strobl Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

In the 1470s the Italian scholar and humanist Domizio Calderini (1444/46-1478) compiled a hitherto seldom noticed commentary on Virgil’s Aeneid. In his comments on Misenus’ burial the author draws on the archaic Law of the Twelve Tables several times. Calderini attempts to establish a link between the guidelines on burial (or more specifically on the curtailment of funerary luxury), as recorded in Tabula X, and the funerary ceremony as described in detail by Virgil, which also substantiates the Roman character of the passage. Although the parallels drawn up by Calderini are in general hardly convincing and his interpretative approach fails as a result, the explanations regarding the reading of the Twelve Tables given en passant by the philologist, who lectured at the Roman Studium Urbis, are of particular significance to both the history of classical philology and to the history of reception of this first Roman body of laws.
Investigation of optimum cutting parameters and tool radius in turning glass-fiber-reinforced composite material
Authors: Yardimeden Ahmet
Published: August 2014

Glass-fiber-reinforced composite materials (GFRPs) are used widely in various fields of engineering. Turning is the principal process conducted on these materials for obtaining minimum surface roughness. Machining of GFRP materials is different from traditional style due to their inhomogeneous and anisotropic structures. Optimum machining parameters for specific GFRP materials need to be ascertained for perfect machining. In this study, the influence of cutting parameters and insert radius on the cutting force and surface roughness of GFRP material during machining was investigated. For measuring main cutting force, a three-component piezoelectric crystal type of dynamometer was used. Cutting force and surface roughness were experimentally measured through longitudinal axes of the GFRP material. Through this study, it was observed that high cutting speeds and low feed rates provide the best surface quality in the turning process of GFRP composite materials.
Genomic Profiling of Collaborative Cross Founder Mice Infected with Respiratory Viruses Reveals Novel Transcripts and Infection-Related Strain-Specific Gene and Isoform Expression
Authors: Xiong Hao , Morrison Juliet , Ferris Martin T , Gralinski Lisa E , Whitmore Alan C , Green Richard , Thomas Matthew J , Tisoncik-Go Jennifer , Schroth Gary P , Pardo-Manuel de Villena Fernando , Baric Ralph S , Heise Mark T , Peng Xinxia , Katze Michael G
Published: August 2014

Genetic variation between diverse mouse species is well-characterized, yet existing knowledge of the mouse transcriptome comes largely from one mouse strain (C57BL/6J). As such, it is unlikely to reflect the transcriptional complexity of the mouse species. Gene transcription is dynamic and condition-specific; therefore, to better understand the mouse transcriptional response to respiratory virus infection, we infected the eight founder strains of the Collaborative Cross with either influenza A virus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and sequenced lung RNA samples at 2 and 4 days after infection. We found numerous instances of transcripts that were not present in the C57BL/6J reference annotation, indicating that a nontrivial proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed but poorly annotated. Of these novel transcripts, 2150 could be aligned to human or rat genomes, but not to existing mouse genomes, suggesting functionally conserved sequences not yet recorded in mouse genomes. We also found that respiratory virus infection induced differential expression of 4287 splicing junctions, resulting in strain-specific isoform expression. Of these, 59 were influenced by strain-specific mutations within 2 base pairs of key intron–exon boundaries, suggesting cis-regulated expression. Our results reveal the complexity of the transcriptional response to viral infection, previously undocumented genomic elements, and extensive diversity in the response across mouse strains. These findings identify hitherto unexplored transcriptional patterns and undocumented transcripts in genetically diverse mice. Host genetic variation drives the complexity and diversity of the host response by eliciting starkly different transcriptional profiles in response to a viral infection.
Polymorphism Identification and Improved Genome Annotation of Brassica rapa Through Deep RNA Sequencing
Authors: Devisetty Upendra Kumar , Covington Michael F , Tat An V , Lekkala Saradadevi , Maloof Julin N
Published: August 2014

The mapping and functional analysis of quantitative traits in Brassica rapa can be greatly improved with the availability of physically positioned, gene-based genetic markers and accurate genome annotation. In this study, deep transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of Brassica rapa was undertaken with two objectives: SNP detection and improved transcriptome annotation. We performed SNP detection on two varieties that are parents of a mapping population to aid in development of a marker system for this population and subsequent development of high-resolution genetic map. An improved Brassica rapa transcriptome was constructed to detect novel transcripts and to improve the current genome annotation. This is useful for accurate mRNA abundance and detection of expression QTL (eQTLs) in mapping populations. Deep RNA-Seq of two Brassica rapa genotypes—R500 (var. trilocularis, Yellow Sarson) and IMB211 (a rapid cycling variety)—using eight different tissues (root, internode, leaf, petiole, apical meristem, floral meristem, silique, and seedling) grown across three different environments (growth chamber, greenhouse and field) and under two different treatments (simulated sun and simulated shade) generated 2.3 billion high-quality Illumina reads. A total of 330,995 SNPs were identified in transcribed regions between the two genotypes with an average frequency of one SNP in every 200 bases. The deep RNA-Seq reassembled Brassica rapa transcriptome identified 44,239 protein-coding genes. Compared with current gene models of B. rapa, we detected 3537 novel transcripts, 23,754 gene models had structural modifications, and 3655 annotated proteins changed. Gaps in the current genome assembly of B. rapa are highlighted by our identification of 780 unmapped transcripts. All the SNPs, annotations, and predicted transcripts can be viewed at http://phytonetworks.ucdavis.edu/.
Genome-Wide Linkage Disequilibrium in Nine-Spined Stickleback Populations
Authors: Yang Ji , Shikano Takahito , Li Meng-Hua , Merilä Juha
Published: August 2014

Variation in the extent and magnitude of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) among populations residing in different habitats has seldom been studied in wild vertebrates. We used a total of 109 microsatellite markers to quantify the level and patterns of genome-wide LD in 13 Fennoscandian nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) populations from four (viz. marine, lake, pond, and river) different habitat types. In general, high magnitude (D’ > 0.5) of LD was found both in freshwater and marine populations, and the magnitude of LD was significantly greater in inland freshwater than in marine populations. Interestingly, three coastal freshwater populations located in close geographic proximity to the marine populations exhibited similar LD patterns and genetic diversity as their marine neighbors. The greater levels of LD in inland freshwater compared with marine and costal freshwater populations can be explained in terms of their contrasting demographic histories: founder events, long-term isolation, small effective sizes, and population bottlenecks are factors likely to have contributed to the high levels of LD in the inland freshwater populations. In general, these findings shed new light on the patterns and extent of variation in genome-wide LD, as well as the ecological and evolutionary factors driving them.
Adaptation in Tunably Rugged Fitness Landscapes: The Rough Mount Fuji Model
Authors: Neidhart Johannes , Szendro Ivan G , Krug Joachim
Published: August 2014

Much of the current theory of adaptation is based on Gillespie’s mutational landscape model (MLM), which assumes that the fitness values of genotypes linked by single mutational steps are independent random variables. On the other hand, a growing body of empirical evidence shows that real fitness landscapes, while possessing a considerable amount of ruggedness, are smoother than predicted by the MLM. In the present article we propose and analyze a simple fitness landscape model with tunable ruggedness based on the rough Mount Fuji (RMF) model originally introduced by Aita et al. in the context of protein evolution. We provide a comprehensive collection of results pertaining to the topographical structure of RMF landscapes, including explicit formulas for the expected number of local fitness maxima, the location of the global peak, and the fitness correlation function. The statistics of single and multiple adaptive steps on the RMF landscape are explored mainly through simulations, and the results are compared to the known behavior in the MLM model. Finally, we show that the RMF model can explain the large number of second-step mutations observed on a highly fit first-step background in a recent evolution experiment with a microvirid bacteriophage.
On Paper – A celebration of two millennia of the work and craft of papermakers
Authors: Hubbe Martin
Published: August 2014

Those of us whose lives have been deeply touched by the technology of papermaking – and many others besides – are in for a real treat this coming fall when the book On Paper is scheduled to be published. The author, Nicholas Basbanes, employs an engaging, personalized approach as he brings to life the story of how paper has enabled the progress of civilization throughout two millennia. I first learned about Nick’s grand project, to capture the most intriguing aspects of paper’s story, during a re-broadcast of his hour-long interview that was presented on the CSPAN TV network. His enthusiasm is infectious, and it can be an uplifting experience to have him as a tour-guide to “all things paper”.
Transnational, Social, and Neighborhood Ties and Smoking Among Latino Immigrants: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Alcántara Carmela , Molina Kristine M. , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We examined whether transnational ties, social ties, and neighborhood ties were independently associated with current smoking status among Latino immigrants. We also tested interactions to determine whether these associations were moderated by gender.

Methods. We conducted a series of weighted logistic regression analyses (i.e., economic remittances, number of return visits, friend support, family support, and neighborhood cohesion) using the Latino immigrant subsample (n = 1629) of the National Latino and Asian American Study in 2002 and 2003.

Results. The number of past-year return visits to the country-of-origin was positively associated with current smoker status. Gender moderated the association between economic remittances, friend support, and smoking. Remittance behavior had a protective association with smoking, and this association was particularly pronounced for Latino immigrant women. Friendship support lowered the odds of smoking among men, but not women.

Conclusions. Our results underscore the growing importance of transnational networks for understanding Latino immigrant health and the gendered patterns of the associations between social ties, transnational ties, and health risk behaviors.
Instituting a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Ban: Experience From a Children’s Hospital
Authors: Eneli Ihuoma U. , Oza-Frank Reena , Grover Kathryn , Miller Rick , Kelleher Kelly
Published: August 2014

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is linked to increased weight and obesity in children and remains the major source of added sugar in the typical US diet across all age groups. In an effort to improve the nutritional offerings for patients and employees within our institution, Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, implemented an SSB ban in 2011 in all food establishments within the hospital. In this report, we describe how the ban was implemented. We found that an institutional SSB ban altered beverage sales without revenue loss at nonvending food locations. From a process perspective, we found that successful implementation requires excellent communication and bold leadership at several levels throughout the hospital environment.
Physical Dating Violence Victimization Among Sexual Minority Youth
Authors: Luo Feijun , Stone Deborah M. , Tharp Andra T.
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We examined (1) whether sexual minority youths (SMYs) are at increased risk for physical dating violence victimization (PDVV) compared with non-SMYs, (2) whether bisexual youths have greater risk of PDVV than lesbian or gay youths, (3) whether youths who have had sexual contact with both sexes are more susceptible to PDVV than youths with same sex–only sexual contact, and (4) patterns of PDVV among SMYs across demographic groups.

Methods. Using 2 measures of sexual orientation, sexual identity and sexual behavior, and compiling data from 9 urban areas that administered the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 2001 to 2011, we conducted logistic regression analyses to calculate odds of PDVV among SMYs across demographic sub-samples.

Results. SMYs have significantly increased odds of PDVV compared with non-SMYs. Bisexual youths do not have significantly higher odds of PDVV than gay or lesbian youths, but youths who had sexual contact with both-sexes possess significantly higher odds of PDVV than youths with same sex–only sexual contact. These patterns hold for most gender, grade, and racial/ethnic subgroups.

Conclusions. Overall, SMYs have greater odds of PDVV versus non-SMYs. Among SMYs, youths who had sexual contact with both sexes have greater odds of PDVV than youths with same sex–only sexual contact. Prevention programs that consider sexual orientation, support tolerance, and teach coping and conflict resolution skills could reduce PDVV among SMYs.
The Implications of Fundamental Cause Theory for Priority Setting
Authors: Goldberg Daniel S.
Published: August 2014

Application of fundamental cause theory to Powers and Faden’s model of social justice highlights the ethical superiority of upstream public health interventions.

In this article, I assess the ramifications of fundamental cause theory specifically in context of public health priority setting.

Ethically optimal public health policy simultaneously maximizes overall population health and compresses health inequalities. The fundamental cause theory is an important framework in helping to identify which categories of public health interventions are most likely to advance these twin goals.
Reduction in Fatalities, Ambulance Calls, and Hospital Admissions for Road Trauma After Implementation of New Traffic Laws
Authors: Brubacher Jeffrey R. , Chan Herbert , Brasher Penelope , Erdelyi Shannon , Desapriya Edi , Asbridge Mark , Purssell Roy , Macdonald Scott , Schuurman Nadine , Pike Ian
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the public health benefits of traffic laws targeting speeding and drunk drivers (British Columbia, Canada, September 2010).

Methods. We studied fatal crashes and ambulance dispatches and hospital admissions for road trauma, using interrupted time series with multiple nonequivalent comparison series. We determined estimates of effect using linear regression models incorporating an autoregressive integrated moving average error term. We used neighboring jurisdictions (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Washington State) as external controls.

Results. In the 2 years after implementation of the new laws, significant decreases occurred in fatal crashes (21.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.3, 26.4) and in hospital admissions (8.0%; 95% CI = 0.6, 14.9) and ambulance calls (7.2%; 95% CI = 1.1, 13.0) for road trauma. We found a very large reduction in alcohol-related fatal crashes (52.0%; 95% CI = 34.5, 69.5), and the benefits of the new laws are likely primarily the result of a reduction in drinking and driving.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that laws calling for immediate sanctions for dangerous drivers can reduce road trauma and should be supported.
Reducing Tobacco Use and Access Through Strengthened Minimum Price Laws
Authors: McLaughlin Ian , Pearson Anne , Laird-Metke Elisa , Ribisl Kurt
Published: August 2014

Higher prices reduce consumption and initiation of tobacco products. A minimum price law that establishes a high statutory minimum price and prohibits the industry’s discounting tactics for tobacco products is a promising pricing strategy as an alternative to excise tax increases.

Although some states have adopted minimum price laws on the basis of statutorily defined price “markups” over the invoice price, existing state laws have been largely ineffective at increasing the retail price.

We analyzed 3 new variations of minimum price laws that hold great potential for raising tobacco prices and reducing consumption: (1) a flat rate minimum price law similar to a recent enactment in New York City, (2) an enhanced markup law, and (3) a law that incorporates both elements.
Analysis of the Accuracy of Weight Loss Information Search Engine Results on the Internet
Authors: Modave François , Shokar Navkiran K. , Peñaranda Eribeth , Nguyen Norma
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We systematically identified and evaluated the quality and comprehensiveness of online information related to weight loss that users were likely to access.

Methods. We evaluated the content quality, accessibility of the information, and author credentials for Web sites in 2012 that were identified from weight loss specific queries that we generated. We scored the content with respect to available evidence-based guidelines for weight loss.

Results. One hundred three Web sites met our eligibility criteria (21 commercial, 52 news/media, 7 blogs, 14 medical, government, or university, and 9 unclassified sites). The mean content quality score was 3.75 (range = 0–16; SD = 2.48). Approximately 5% (4.85%) of the sites scored greater than 8 (of 12) on nutrition, physical activity, and behavior. Content quality score varied significantly by type of Web site; the medical, government, or university sites (mean = 4.82, SD = 2.27) and blogs (mean = 6.33, SD = 1.99) had the highest scores. Commercial (mean = 2.37, SD = 2.60) or news/media sites (mean = 3.52, SD = 2.31) had the lowest scores (analysis of variance P < .005).

Conclusions. The weight loss information that people were likely to access online was often of substandard quality because most comprehensive and quality Web sites ranked too low in search results.