bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical characterization of regeneratingHydratissue spheres
Authors: Perros Thomas , Biquet-Bisquert Anaïs , Ben Meriem Zacchari , Delarue Morgan , Joseph Pierre , Marcq Philippe , Cochet-Escartin Olivier
Published: October 2023

Hydra vulgaris,long known for its remarkable regenerative capabilities, is also a longstanding source of inspiration for models of spontaneous patterning. Recently, it became clear that early patterning duringHydraregeneration is an integrated mechano-chemical process where morphogen dynamics is influenced by tissue mechanics. One roadblock to understandHydraself-organization is our lack of knowledge about the mechanical properties of these organisms. In this paper, we combined microfluidic developments to perform parallelized microaspiration rheological experiments and numerical simulations to characterize these mechanical properties. We found three different behaviors depending on the applied stresses: an elastic response, a visco-elastic one and tissue rupture. Using models of deformable shells, we quantify their Young’s modulus, shear viscosity as well as the critical stresses required to switch between behaviors. Based on these experimental results, we propose a description of the tissue mechanics during normal regeneration. Our results provide a first step towards the development of original mechano-chemical models of patterning grounded in quantitative, experimental data.

Statement of significance

Hydra vulgarisis a remarkable organism thanks to its regenerative abilities. One can cut this animal into several pieces which will reform a fullHydrain a few days. In this process, the pieces have to define a new organizing axis. Recently, researchers have shown that this axis definition is under mechanical control. One roadblock to understand the relationship between tissue mechanics andHydrabiology is our lack of knowledge about the mechanical state of this organism. Here, we perform a mechanical characterization using a combination of microaspiration setups and numerical simulations. We finally propose a description of what happens at the mechanical level duringHydraregeneration, allowing quantitative approaches questioning the role of mechanical cues in axis definition.
The dynamics and longevity of circulating CD4+memory T cells depend on cell age and not the chronological age of the host
Authors: Bullock M. Elise , Hogan Thea , Williams Cayman , Morris Sinead , Nowicka Maria , Sharjeel Minahil , van Dorp Christiaan , Yates Andrew J. , Seddon Benedict
Published: October 2023

Quantifying the kinetics with which memory T cell populations are generated and maintained is essential for identifying the determinants of the duration of immunity. The quality and persistence of circulating CD4+effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) T cells in mice appear to shift with age, but it is unclear whether these changes are driven by the aging host environment, by cell age effects, or both. Here we address these issues by combining DNA labelling methods, established fate-mapping systems, a novel reporter mouse strain, and mathematical models. Together, these allow us to quantify the dynamics of both young and established circulating memory CD4+T cell subsets, within both young and old mice. We show that that these cells and their descendents become more persistent the longer they reside within the TCMand TEMpools. This behaviour may limit memory CD4 T cell diversity by skewing TCR repertoires towards clones generated early in life, but may also compensate for functional defects in new memory cells generated in old age.

Author summary

Our long-term protection against infections depends in part on the maintenance of diverse populations of memory CD4 T cells, which are made in response to the initial exposure to the pathogen or a vaccine. These cells are not long-lived, but instead are maintained dynamically at a clonal level through loss and division. Understanding how immune memory persists therefore requires measuring these rates of these processes, and how they might change with age. Here we combine experiments in mice with mathematical models to show that memory CD4 T cells exhibit complex dynamics but increase their capacity to survive as they age. This dynamic implies that as individuals age, their memory CD4 T cell populations become enriched for older clones. This established memory may compensate for functional defects in new T cell responses generated later in life.
Horizon Sham Adaptor: Unlocking the Potential of Dual-Functionality of Single TMS Coil for Real and Sham Stimulations
Authors: Sorkhabi Majid Memarian
Published: October 2023

Abstract

This paper introduces a new figure-of-eight TMS coil design capable of delivering both real and sham TMS stimulation using a single coil. The design, emitted clicking noise, and induced tactile sensation provide no discernible indication of whether it is in the real or sham state, making it suitable for double-blind studies. This coil family comprises the E-z Cool Coil and Air Film Coil (AFC) and is compatible with Magstim Horizon stimulators. This single-coil TMS setup enables the administration of either real or sham protocols without requiring coil replacement or physical repositioning. The transition between these states is achieved simply by replacing the adaptor between the coil connector and the TMS device.
Locus coeruleus neuromelanin accumulation and dissipation across the lifespan
Authors: Riley Elizabeth , Cicero Nicholas , Swallow Khena , De Rosa Eve , Anderson Adam
Published: October 2023

The pigment neuromelanin, produced in the locus coeruleus (LC) as a byproduct of catecholamine synthesis, gives the “blue spot” its name, and both identifies LC neurons and is thought to play an important yet complex role in normal and pathological aging. Using neuromelanin-sensitive T1-weighted turbo spin echo MRI scans we characterized volume and neuromelanin signal intensity in the LC of 96 participants between the ages of 19 and 86. Although LC volume did not change significantly throughout the lifespan, LC neuromelanin signal intensity increased from early adulthood, peaked around age 60 and precipitously declined thereafter. Neuromelanin intensity was greater in the caudal relative to rostral extent and in women relative to men. With regard to function, rostral LC neuromelanin intensity was associated with fluid cognition in older adults (60+) only in those above the 50th percentile of cognitive ability for age. The gradual accumulation of LC neuromelanin across the lifespan, its sudden dissipation in later life, and relation to preserved cognitive function, is consistent with its complex role in normal and pathological aging.
The More Unclear the Hearing, the Faster the Feeling: Speech Comprehension Changes Subjective Speech Rate
Authors: Chen Liangjie , Jin Yangping , Ge Zhongshu , Lu Lingxi , Li Liang
Published: October 2023

Imagine being in a foreign country, surrounded by locals speaking a language entirely alien to you. Does their conversation seem to race like a machine gun? The perception of speech rate, as a facet of time perception, greatly impacts our daily lives. However, the factors influencing this perception remain poorly understood. Through a series of three experiments (with sample sizes of 31, 27, and 25 respectively), we discovered that speech comprehension significantly alters listeners’ perception of speech rate. As comprehensibility diminishes, listeners tend to overestimate the speech rate. Intriguingly, this effect is further influenced by the listener’s language proficiency. Specifically, the better the listener’s language proficiency, the more likely their perception of speech rate is influenced by the speech comprehension. Our study corroborates the notion that biases in time perception may be prevalent in our everyday communication. These subjective experiences could prompt listeners to modify their behavior or processing strategies.
Development and application of the DePtH framework for categorising the agentic demands of population health interventions
Authors: Garrott Kate , Ogilvie David , Panter Jenna , Petticrew Mark , Sowden Amanda , Jones Catrin P. , Foubister Campbell , Lawlor Emma , Ikeda Erika , Patterson Richard , Van Tulleken Dolly , Armstrong-Moore Roxanne , Vethanayakam Gokulan , Bo Lorna , White Martin , Adams Jean
Published: October 2023

The ‘agentic demand’ of population health interventions may influence intervention effectiveness and equity, yet the absence of an adequate framework to classify agentic demands limits the fields’ advancement. We systematically developed the DEmands for PopulaTion Health Interventions (DePtH) framework identifying three constructs influencing agentic demand - exposure (initial contact with intervention), mechanism of action (how the intervention enables or discourages behaviour), and engagement (recipient response), combined into twenty classifications. We conducted expert qualitative feedback and reliability testing, revised the framework and applied it in a proof-of-concept review, combining it with data on overall effectiveness and equity of dietary and physical activity interventions. Intervention components were concentrated in a small number of classifications; DePtH classification appeared to be related to intervention equity but not effectiveness. This framework holds potential for future research, policy and practice, facilitating the design, selection, evaluation and synthesis of evidence.
Home-Based Osteoporosis monitoring Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: Muscle-to-Bone Mass Ratio
Authors: Zeng Jingqi , Jia Xiaobin
Published: October 2023

Osteoporosis and its associated fractures affect nearly one-fifth of the global population, becoming a significant public health concern. While medical interventions can reduce these risks, Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), the primary screening method, is limited due to its high cost, need for professional operation, and radiation exposure risks. However, in our Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) conducted on 152,449 Chinese residents, we identified two distinct Muscle-to-Bone Mass Ratio (MBR) subgroups in both male and female elderly populations. The MBR range for males is 12.5-15.5 and 16.5-17.8; for females, it’s 11.2-15.2 and 16.5-18.2, with 16 being a significant threshold. Individuals with an MBR value exceeding 16 exhibit pronounced features of osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. For instance, the Bone Mineral Content (BMC) in males decreased by 19.18% (95%CI, 18.65%-19.73%), and in females by 29.84% (95%CI, 29.31%-30.36%). These individuals also showed lower body weight and BMI values. Females also displayed shorter stature and a higher body fat percentage, both indicators associated with osteoporosis. In contrast to the traditional Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-score, the MBR sheds light on a specific physiological state in the elderly. In this condition, their risk of fractures significantly increases. This new understanding of osteoporosis suggests that we should not solely rely on the simple quantification of BMD. Furthermore, BIA measurements taken with domestic scales make MBR a safer, more efficient, and economical screening tool. This enables long-term MBR monitoring at home, offering continuous feedback for osteoporosis and fracture prevention, surpassing the limitations of DXA technology.
The Dilute domain of Canoe is not essential for Canoe’s role in linking adherens junctions to the cytoskeleton but contributes to robustness of morphogenesis
Authors: McParland Emily D. , Butcher T. Amber , Gurley Noah J. , Johnson Ruth I. , Slep Kevin C. , Peifer Mark
Published: October 2023

Robust linkage between cell-cell adherens junctions and the actomyosin cytoskeleton allows cells to change shape and move during morphogenesis without tearing tissues apart. The multidomain proteinDrosophilaCanoe and its mammalian homolog Afadin are critical for this linkage, and in their absence many events of morphogenesis fail. To define underlying mechanisms, we are taking Canoe apart, usingDrosophilaas our model. Canoe and Afadin share five folded protein domains, followed by a large intrinsically disordered region. The largest of these folded domains is the Dilute domain, which is found in Canoe/Afadin, their paralogs, and members of the MyosinV family. To define the roles of Canoe’s Dilute domain we have combined biochemical, genetic and cell biological assays. Use of the AlphaFold tools revealed the predicted structure of the Canoe/Afadin Dilute domain, providing similarities and contrasts with that of MyosinV. Our biochemical data suggest one potential shared function: the ability to dimerize. We next generatedDrosophilamutants with the Dilute domain cleanly deleted. Surprisingly, these mutants are viable and fertile, and CanoeΔDIL protein localizes to adherens junctions and is enriched at junctions under tension. However, when we reduce the dose of CanoeΔDIL protein in a sensitized assay, it becomes clear it does not provide full wildtype function. Further, canoeΔDILmutants have defects in pupal eye development, another process that requires orchestrated cell rearrangements. Together, these data reveal the robustness in AJ-cytoskeletal connections during multiple embryonic and postembryonic events, and the power of natural selection to maintain protein structure even in robust systems.
The role of theta and gamma oscillations in item memory, source memory, and memory confidence
Authors: Wynn Syanah C. , Townsend Christopher D. , Nyhus Erika
Published: October 2023

Theta and gamma oscillations have been linked to episodic memory processes in various studies. Both oscillations seem to be vital for processes guided by the medial temporal lobe, such as the retrieval of information from memory. While theta oscillations increase with successful memory, it is unclear what the unique contribution of theta is to various subcomponents of memory. On the other hand, memory-related gamma oscillations have been mainly reported in the hippocampus, leaving the role of neocortical gamma in memory underexplored. In the current study, we explored how unique variability in memory accuracy and memory confidence contributes to fluctuations in theta and gamma power. To this end, we recorded EEG from 54 participants while they performed a source memory task. From this task we obtained their item memory accuracy, source memory accuracy, item memory confidence, and source memory confidence. These behavioral measures were put in a trial-by-trial linear mixed effects model to uncover their unique contribution to the oscillatory power in frontal and parietal regions. Our results are in line with the involvement of theta oscillations in both memory accuracy and confidence, but seem to indicate a main role for theta oscillations in memory-related confidence. In addition, we found that gamma oscillations play various roles in memory-processing, dependent of brain region.
Comparative analyses of disease-linked missense mutations in the RNA exosome modeled in budding yeast reveal distinct functional consequences in translation
Authors: Sterrett Maria C. , Cureton Lauryn A. , Cohen Lauren N. , van Hoof Ambro , Khoshnevis Sohail , Fasken Milo B. , Corbett Anita H. , Ghalei Homa
Published: October 2023

The RNA exosome is an evolutionarily conserved exoribonuclease complex that consists of a 3- subunit cap, a 6-subunit barrel-shaped core, and a catalytic base subunit. Missense mutations in genes encoding structural subunits of the RNA exosome cause a growing family of diseases with diverse pathologies, collectively termed RNA exosomopathies. The disease symptoms vary and can manifest as neurological defects or developmental disorders. The diversity of the RNA exosomopathy pathologies suggests that the different missense mutations in structural genes result in distinctin vivoconsequences. To investigate these functional consequences and distinguish whether they are unique to each RNA exosomopathy mutation, we generated a collection ofin vivomodels using budding yeast by introducing pathogenic missense mutations in orthologousS. cerevisiaegenes. We then performed a comparative RNA-seq analysis to assess broad transcriptomic changes in each mutant model. Three of the mutant modelsrrp4-G226D, rrp40-W195Randrrp46-L191H, which model mutations in the genes encoding structural subunits of the RNA exosome,EXOSC2, EXOSC3andEXOSC5showed the largest transcriptomic differences. Further analyses revealed shared increased transcripts enriched in translation or ribosomal RNA modification/processing pathways across the three mutant models. Studies of the impact of the mutations on translation revealed shared defects in ribosome biogenesis but distinct impacts on translation. Collectively, our results provide the first comparative analysis of several RNA exosomopathy mutant models and suggest that different RNA exosomopathy mutations result inin vivoconsequences that are both unique and shared across each variant, providing more insight into the biology underlying each distinct pathology.
Sensory cues potentiate VTA dopamine mediated reinforcement
Authors: Wolff Amy R. , Saunders Benjamin T.
Published: October 2023

Sensory cues are critical for shaping decisions and invigorating actions during reward seeking. Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are critical in this process, supporting associative learning in Pavlovian and instrumental settings. Studies of intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) behavior, which show that animals will work hard to receive stimulation of dopamine neurons, support the notion that dopamine transmits a reward or value signal to support learning. Recent studies have begun to question this, however, emphasizing dopamine’s value-free functions, leaving its contribution to behavioral reinforcement somewhat muddled. Here, we investigated the role of sensory stimuli in dopamine-mediated reinforcement, using an optogenetic ICSS paradigm in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-cre rats. We find that while VTA dopamine neuron activation in the absence of any external cueing stimulus is sufficient to maintain robust self stimulation, the presence of cues dramatically potentiates ICSS behavior. Our results support a framework where dopamine can have some base value as a reinforcer, but the impact of this signal is modulated heavily by the sensory learning context.
Describing the landscape of medical education preprints on medRxiv
Authors: Maggio Lauren A. , Costello Joseph A. , Artino Anthony R.
Published: October 2023

Introduction

A preprint is a version of a research manuscript posted to a preprint server prior to peer review. Preprints enable authors to quickly and openly share research, afford opportunities for expedient feedback, and enable immediate listing of research on grant and promotion applications. In medical education, most journals welcome preprints, suggesting they play a role in the field’s discourse. Yet, little is known about medical education preprints, including author characteristics, use, and ultimate publication status. This study provides an overview of preprints in medical education in an effort to better understand their role in the field’s discourse.

Methods

The authors queried medRxiv, a preprint repository, to identify preprints categorized asMedical Educationand downloaded the related metadata. CrossRef was queried to gather information on preprints later published in journals.

Results

Between 2019-2022, 204 preprints were classified in medRxiv asMedical Educationwith most deposited in 2021 (n=76, 37.3%). On average, preprint full-texts were downloaded 1875.2 times, and all were promoted on social media. Preprints were authored, on average, by 5.9 authors. Corresponding authors were based in 41 countries with nearly half (45.6%) in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Almost half (n=101, 49.5%) of preprints became published articles in predominantly peer-reviewed journals. Preprints appeared in 65 peer-reviewed journals withBMC Medical Education(n=9, 8.9%) most represented.

Discussion

Medical education research is being deposited as preprints, which are promoted, heavily accessed, and subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals, including those specific to medical education. Considering the benefits of preprints and slowness of medical education publishing, it is likely that preprint deposition will increase and preprints will be integrated into the field’s discourse. Based on these findings, we propose next steps to facilitate the responsible and effective creation and use of preprints in medical education.
Barriers to adoption of work–life balance practices amongst construction companies in Lagos, Nigeria: an exploratory factor analysis
Authors: Osuizugbo Innocent Chigozie , Oshodi Olalekan Shamsideen , Kukoyi Patricia Omega , Lawani Amos Okemukoko , Onokwai Anthony Ogochukwu
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The current study seeks to investigate and determine the principal barriers to the adoption of work–life balance (WLB) practices amongst construction companies operating in the developing countries using Lagos, Nigeria as a case study.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts a survey research technique. Snowball sampling technique was adopted to identify the target respondents for the administration of questionnaire. A total of 156 questionnaires were distributed and a response rate of 66% (103 questionnaires were completely filled and returned) was attained. Data elicited were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Findings

The results from the exploratory factors analysis show that the principal barriers to the adoption of WLB practices amongst construction companies in Lagos, Nigeria are categorised into four components: nature of construction job and limited evidence on impact of WLB, support, awareness and culture, lack of involvement of management staff and organisational factors.

Originality/value

This study contributed to more effective WLB studies by highlighting the barriers to the adoption of WLB practices in the construction sector. An understanding of these barriers can aid policy makers and management personnel in construction organisations as well as facilitate development of strategies required to reduce the barriers to WLB practices in the construction sector.
Examining the linkages between ICTs, economic development and the sustainable development goals: evidence based on the ICT4D value chain
Authors: Alhassan Muftawu Dzang , Nuoterah Louis , Adam Ibrahim Osman , Seini Adiata Borresa , Bukari Awal , Naatu Stephen , Issah Mudasir
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Globally, information and communication technology (ICT) is regarded as a reliable tool that facilitates economic development and propels sustainable development. However, little empirical work exists on the specific effects of ICT access and usage on economic and sustainable development. This paper aims to investigate the nexus between ICTs, economic and sustainable development at the global level.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents ICT for Development (ICT4D) value chain empirical evidence on the linkages between ICTs, economic development and sustainable development goals (SDGs). The research model based on the capability approach is validated by using archival data from 130 global countries and partial least squares–structural equation modelling.

Findings

The findings reveal that ICT access and usage significantly influence a country’s attainment of the SDGs. Whilst ICT access plays a crucial role in promoting economic development, ICT usage does not. Also, findings show that economic development significantly mediated the nexus between ICT access and SDGs but not between ICT usage and SDGs. This calls for countries to ensure that access to ICTs is accompanied by a low cost of usage to achieve the full benefits of economic and sustainable development.

Originality/value

Using the ICT4D value chain, this paper empirically shows how ICT readiness and availability in the form of ICT access and ICT uptake (individual ICT use) promote economic development and SDGs (impact). Furthermore, with many studies conducted on SDGs at the country level, this study provides a broader understanding of the roles of ICT access and use on SDGs at the global level. This allows for easy generalisability and reproducibility of results.
Employees as decision-makers: coordinating empowerment at all levels
Authors: Evans Klavdia Markelova , Salaiz Ashley , McKee Rob Austin
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to address an important question of what makes companies succeed or not in their attempt to empower employees. As this study answers this question, the arguments suggest that coordination is essential to creation of employee empowerment climate in organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

This is conceptual paper rooted in extensive research on both – empowerment (culture, climate and organizational structure) and coordination (formal and informal).

Findings

To help managers to be effective in their roles, this study presents four insights to creating empowerment climate. The arguments conclude that coordination provides a vessel for successful realization of empowerment. Specifically, only informal coordination (vs formal) will fully realize empowerment’s benefits. Given that the topic of empowerment is highly germane to managers in today’s context of the increasing number of employees working remotely, this work presents an important and actionable advance for managers.

Originality/value

This study represents original research that has not been published and is not currently under review at any other journal.
European approach to remote customer onboarding solutions
Authors: Cookman Daniel
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This study aims to identify European positioning on the use of remote customer onboarding solutions in combating financial crime.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is a desktop research that examines European Banking Authority (EBA) policy statements relating to the use of innovative solutions in combating financial crime.

Findings

Technological advancements in biometric data and software tools provide a unique opportunity to address potential paper customer onboarding process deficiencies. Electronic remote customer onboarding solutions equip credit, financial institutions and investment firms with an alternative FTE cost-saving solution, in their pursuit of revenue generation. Whilst the EBA and Financial Action Task Force have provided approval for the utilisation of innovative solutions and AML technologies in combatting financial crime. Hesitancy remains on the ability of credit and financial institutions to use technological solutions as a “magic solution” in preventing the materialisation of money laundering/terrorist financing related risks. Analysis of policy suggests a gravitation towards the increased use of the aforementioned technologies in the interim.

Originality/value

Capitalisation of European banking authority.
Do pro-diversity beliefs enhance OCB? The joint effects of gender diversity and diversity beliefs on group organizational citizenship behavior through collective personality fit
Authors: Sung Sang Hun , Seong Jee Young , Hong Doo-Seung , Zhang Linyuan
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This paper investigates the interaction effects of gender diversity and diversity beliefs on group-level personality fit (“collective personality fit”) and group organizational citizenship behavior (GOCB). It seeks to provide a sufficient understanding of the under-researched area, such as how group composition impacts group behavioral outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 453 employees and their leaders in 63 teams of Korean private sector firms using a moderated-mediation model.

Findings

This study found that high diversity beliefs can weaken the negative effects of gender diversity on collective personality fit and further enhance GOCB. The results confirm the moderated-mediation effect of diversity beliefs in the relationship between gender diversity and GOCB.

Practical implications

Management should realize that the negative effect of workforce diversity on GOCB can be reduced by boosting collective personality fit in the team. In this process, enhancing diversity beliefs may relieve the adverse effects on GOCB caused by workgroup gender differences.

Originality/value

This study develops a group-level model proposing that the interaction effects of gender diversity and high diversity beliefs enable a high level of collective personality fit, enhancing GOCB. It attempts to investigate the effects of gender diversity at the group level under boundary conditions.
Impact of chiglitazar on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: A pooled data analysis from two phase III trials
Authors: Ning Zhiqiang , Ai Guoqiang , Chen Bo , Yao He , Cao Haixiang , Pan Desi , Lu Xianping
Published: October 2023

Background

To evaluate the glycemic control effects of vhiglitazar (carfloglitazar), a novel peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor pan‐agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) or insulin resistance (IR) using pooled data analysis of two phase III clinical trials.

Methods

Data were collected from two randomized phase III clinical trials in China, comparing chiglitazar to placebo or sitagliptin in T2DM patients. The MetS was defined by the Adult Treatment Panel III MetS criteria, and IR was defined by homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) ≥4.31 (male) or 4.51 (female). The main end point of this analysis was glycemic control in the different arms within each subgroup.

Results

In the MetS subgroup, changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline at week 24 in the chiglitazar 32 mg, chiglitazar 48 mg, and sitagliptin 100 mg arms were −1.44%, −1.68%, and −1.37%, respectively; p < .05 was obtained when chiglitazar 48 mg was compared with sitagliptin. In the IR subgroup, the changes in HbA1c were −1.58%, −1.56%, and −1.26% in chiglitazar 32 mg, chiglitazar 48 mg, and sitagliptin 100 mg arms, respectively; p < .05 was obtained when chiglitazar 32 mg was compared with sitaligptin. The two doses of chiglitazar demonstrated a greater reduction in fasting plasma glucose and 2 h postprandial plasma glucose than sitagliptin in the pooled population and in the MetS and IR subgroups.

Conclusions

Chiglitazar shows promising efficacy for glycemic control in patients with T2DM associated with MetS or IR. Further prospective trials are required to validate these findings.
Characteristics of race/ethnicity in trials leading to anti‐rheumatic drug approval for inflammatory arthritis by the US Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Xie Yan , Liu Yang , Qin Yunhe , Chen Xiaoyuan , Xie Qibing
Published: October 2023

Objective

Presenting the racial/ethnic representation in clinical trials leading to new approvals of inflammatory arthritis (IA) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to determine the extent of racial/ethnic disparities.

Methods

Pivotal trials supporting the approval of new indications from July 2012 to June 2022 were collected from Drugs@FDA, the FDA‐approved drugs database. More details were then identified by searching Pubmed and the National Institutes of Health trials registry. General characteristics of the approved drugs and demographic data for each pivotal trial, especially the race/ethnicity data, were collected. The enrollment profiles of each race/ethnicity were analyzed and then compared with the 2020 US census data.

Results

From 2012 to 2022, 34 new approvals were identified based on 59 clinical trials. The Black was consistently underrepresented in all subtypes of IA and drugs, while the White was overrepresented compared to the 2020 US census data.

For Asian and Hispanic participants, these pivotal trials presented relatively heterogeneities in enrollments. As for the trends over time, increased involvements of White were still observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthritis, while increased involvements of Black and decreased enrollments of Asian and Hispanic were only observed in RA.

Conclusions

Despite many efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities, the Black was consistently underrepresented in pivotal clinical trials compared to the 2020 US national race/ethnicity distribution data. The White was consistently overrepresented, and the Hispanic presented heterogeneous results. No evident time trend was observed.
The Russia–Ukraine conflict and investor psychology in financial markets
Authors: Chowdhury Emon Kalyan , Humaira Umme
Published: October 2023

This study examines the effect of the Russia–Ukraine conflict on global financial markets and the resulting changes in investor psychology. We have analysed weekly data from January 2021 to March 2023, including indicators such as gross national income, Bitcoin historical price, Standard and Poor 500 index, US consumer price index, US dollar index, and investor psychology index, using a variety of econometric techniques. Our findings reveal a positive and significant correlation between investor psychology and market returns. These results highlight the importance of monitoring investor psychology during times of conflict as it can greatly impact investment decisions in financial markets, providing valuable insights for investors and policymakers.
Technology accessibility and the local government's incentive to aid zombie firms in China
Authors: Yang Shangming , Zhang Yanjiang , Zhang Jinyuan , Zhang Bochao
Published: October 2023

We develop an open‐city model in which the incentive for a local government to shut down zombie firms depends on the capacity of the most efficient firms in the city to re‐employ the displaced workers in competition with the efficient firms in other cities. The model predicts that the local government has a greater incentive to shut down zombie firms when the city has better access to technology that enables the efficient firms to expand and re‐employ displaced workers. Data from Chinese cities validate the prediction. Our developed model adds to the understandings of governments' roles in China's zombie firm problems and provides a more feasible solution for reducing zombie firms.
The ‘hijacking’ of the Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems: Implications for the information systems community
Authors: Müller Sune Dueholm , Sæbø Johan Ivar
Published: October 2023

Journal hijacking, which refers to the attempted brand takeover of a journal by a third party, is a nascent threat confronting the information systems (IS) community, as evidenced by cybercriminals having established an online presence, masquerading as the Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). The SJIS hijacking damages the journal's reputation, leads to payment and publication scams, involves identity theft among unsuspecting IS researchers, and results in tarnished author reputations. Beyond SJIS, journal hijacking presents a threat, not only to the IS community, but also to science and academic integrity in general if researchers and readers cannot distinguish between fake publications by hijacked journals and real publications by legitimate journals. In this opinion article, we relate the story of the SJIS hijacking from the victims' perspectives. We describe its many aspects, draw attention to the key factors that contribute to the problem, and offer our perspectives on different response strategies in the absence of simple solutions. We hope to create awareness about the problem and stimulate a discussion in the IS community, not least in the face of digital innovations, such as ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence technologies that may inadvertently support paper mills and the production of fake research results.
Comparison of the incidence of wound complications with preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy in patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yan Han‐Kun , Huang Jin , Yang Zhao‐Hui , Chen Wen‐Ge , Xia Zheng‐Dong , Xiang Yi , Peng Hao
Published: October 2023

We performed a meta‐analysis to compare the effect of preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy on wound complications after resection of extremity soft tissue sarcoma (ESTS). A comprehensive computerised search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, and Wanfang databases was conducted from their inception to August 2023 to identify studies comparing the effect of preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy on wound complications after ESTS resection. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the articles. The meta‐analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Nine studies with 1271 patients were included, with 631 and 640 patients in the preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy groups, respectively. The results showed that the incidence of postoperative wound complications after ESTS resection was significantly higher with preoperative radiotherapy than with postoperative radiotherapy (27.26% vs. 12.03%, odds ratio [OR]: 2.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.12–3.91, p < 0.001). However, the rate of local recurrence of ESTS was significantly lower with preoperative radiotherapy than with postoperative radiotherapy (8.75% vs. 14.81%, OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36–0.91, p = 0.02), and the 3‐year overall survival was significantly higher in the preoperative radiotherapy group than in the postoperative radiotherapy group (82.24% vs. 70.04%, OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.05–3.71, p = 0.03). This pooled analysis suggests that although preoperative radiotherapy increases the rate of wound complications in ESTS compared with postoperative radiotherapy, it significantly reduces the rate of local recurrence after ESTS resection and improves the overall survival of patients. Owing to the limitations in the number and quality of the included studies, additional prospective cohort studies or randomised controlled trials are required to confirm these findings.
Physicians' Reports of Self‐Injury Cases among Their Patients Not Seen in the Hospital*
Authors: Whitehead Paul C. , Ferrence Roberta G. , Johnson F. Gordon
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: A 12‐month study was completed in London, Ontario, Canada, of physician contacts with 232 patients with nonhospitalized self‐injuries. Of 254 physicians contacted, 17 percent accounted for the reports of the 232 patients—83 percent of the physicians reporting zero cases. Reasons for underreporting by physicians of nonhospitalized self‐injuries, as well as reasons for cases of self‐injury being differentially distributed among different kinds of physicians, are explored. The notion of “self‐injury” is examined, and some practical implications are discussed.
Factors Affecting Reported Rates of Self‐Injury*
Authors: Ferrence Roberta G. , Johnson F. Gordon
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT:The magnitude of variation in reported rates of self‐injury suggests that factors other than actual incidence affect these rates. Factors that relate to the scope of the reporting network and to the intensity of contacts within this network are examined in detail to determine their effect on the reporting process. Differences in study design and reporting procedures are found to explain most of this variation and suggest the need for standardized techniques in studying the epidemiology of self‐injury.
Rescue Fantasies in Homicide‐Suicide*
Authors: Selkin James
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Thirteen homicide‐suicides, events in which an individual murders one or more persons and kills himself immediately afterward, were studied. Findings were presented in terms of the setting in which these events occurred, the relationship between perpetrator and victim, and the rationalizations produced by the perpetrators to explain their behavior. The results are interpreted to suggest that persons who commit homicide‐suicide are acting out a three‐party rescue fantasy in an attempt to resolve unbearable stress.
Suicide Potential and Behavior in Children Ages 4 to 12
Authors: Paulson Morris J. , Stone Dorothy , Sposto Richard
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: From a population of 662 children 12 years of age and under, seen at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, during the years 1970 to 1974, 34 severely depressed children were identified who were also self‐abusive and/or suicidal. Case study revealed fragmented, pathological homes, where the children's affect disorders and behaviors were symptomatic of acute family breakdown, marital disharmony, and observed and experienced violence, both verbal and physical. Follow‐up on all available children, at least three years posttreatment, revealed that no child had committed suicide. Treatment evaluation by the parents was highly positive, with the great majority of children showing fair to good recovery and adjustment.
Similarities and Differences in Precipitating Events Between Black and Anglo Suicide Attempts
Authors: Bush James A.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The rapid rise in suicide among young Blacks in America the past decade is of increasing concern to mental health practitioners and suicidologists. While there are some similarities among suicide attempts by Blacks and Whites, the pattern is that Black suicide attempters are distinctly more youthful. This exploratory study tests the hypothesis that the precipitating events for young Blacks who consider, plan, and attempt suicide is more likely to be “the loss or threatened loss of a love partner in the context of a negative value‐orientation and intragroup pressures” than among Anglo suicide attempters. Specific strategies are recommended that use a family perspective for assisting Blacks who consider, plan and attempt suicide.
Some Notes on Conducting a Psychological Autopsy
Authors: Rudestam Kjell Erik
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: This paper outlines procedures for conducting interviews with relatives of suicide victims or survivors of equivocal deaths, by means of the “psychological autopsy.” A number of methodological recommendations are made which deal with training interviewers, contacting survivors and using experimental controls.
The effects of descriptive and injunctive social norms on workplace incivility
Authors: Jacobson Ryan P.
Published: October 2023

This research examines workplace incivility through the lens of the focus theory of normative conduct, demonstrating effects of descriptive and injunctive norms on incivility perpetration. Using an experimental vignette methodology, Study 1 demonstrated that incivility intentions toward an insulting colleague were higher when organizational incivility (vs. civility) was described as both common (descriptive norm) and approved (injunctive norm). Study 2 disentangled the influences of descriptive from injunctive norms, demonstrating that each exerts an independent effect on incivility intentions. In Study 3, workers' perceptions of the descriptive and injunctive norms for incivility at their organizations predicted their uncivil intentions toward an insulting colleague—beyond the effects of other established workplace mistreatment predictors. Study 4 replicated these findings in predicting uncivil behavior frequency; additionally, job satisfaction accentuated the effects of both norm types and organizational identification amplified the effects of injunctive norms. Overall, results support key tenets of the focus theory of normative conduct, provide novel evidence for individual difference moderators of the norms' effects, and suggest that norm‐based persuasive messaging interventions may hold promise for discouraging workplace incivility.
Gut microbiota changes in patients with hypertension: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cai Meiling , Lin Lingyu , Jiang Fei , Peng Yanchun , Li Sailan , Chen Liangwan , Lin Yanjuan
Published: October 2023

Hypertension is a major public health issue worldwide. The imbalance of gut microbiota is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The authors conducted the systematic review and meta‐analysis to clarify the relationship between gut microbiota and hypertension through conducting an electronic search in six databases. Our meta‐analysis included 19 studies and the results showed that compared with healthy controls, Shannon significantly decreased in hypertension [SMD = −0.13, 95%CI (−0.22, −0.04), p = .007]; however, Simpson [SMD = −0.01, 95%CI (−0.14, 0.12), p = .87], ACE [SMD = 0.18, 95%CI (−0.06, 0.43), p = .14], and Chao1 [SMD = 0.11, 95%CI (−0.01, 0.23), p = .08] did not differ significantly between hypertension and healthy controls. The F/B ratio significantly increased in hypertension [SMD = 0.84, 95%CI (0.10, 1.58), p = .03]. In addition, Shannon index was negatively correlated with hypertension [r = −0.12, 95%CI (−0.19, −0.05)], but had no significant correlation with SBP [r = 0.10, 95%CI (−0.19, 0.37)] and DBP [r = −0.39, 95%CI (−0.73, 0.12)]. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes [SMD = −0.01, 95%CI (−0.37, 0.34), p = .94], Bacteroidetes [SMD = −0.15, 95%CI (−0.44, 0.14), p = .30], Proteobacteria [SMD = 0.25, 95%CI (−0.01, 0.51), p = .06], and Actinobacteria [SMD = 0.21, 95%CI (−0.11, 0.53), p = .21] did not differ significantly between hypertension and healthy controls. At the genus level, compared with healthy controls, the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium decreased significantly [SMD = −0.16, 95%CI (−0.28, −0.04), p = .01], while the Streptococcus [SMD = 0.20, 95%CI (0.08, 0.32), p = .001] and Enterococcus [SMD = 0.20, 95%CI (0.08, 0.33), p = .002] significantly increased in hypertension. Available evidence suggests that hypertensive patients may have an imbalance of gut microbiota. However, it still needs further validation by large sample size studies of high quality.