bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Cyclohexapeptidic Receptor for Peptides.
Authors: Bae In Whan , Lee Chang‐Yeon , Lee Kum Hee , Yoon Seung Soo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lydiamycins A—D: Cyclodepsipeptides with Antimycobacterial Properties.
Authors: Huang Xueshi , Roemer Ernst , Sattler Isabel , Moellmann Ute , Christner Arnulf , Grabley Susanne
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Optimized Procedure for the Synthesis of 6‐Azido‐6‐deoxy‐galactopyranosides from 6‐O‐Tosyl‐galactopyranosides.
Authors: Li Shu‐Chun , Meng Xiang‐Bao , Cai Meng‐Shen , Li Zhong‐Jun
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of C‐Aryl Glycals from Sugar‐Derived Lactones.
Authors: Li Hui , Procko Kristen , Martin Stephen F.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Glycosyl Phosphates from 1,2‐Orthoesters and Application to in situ Glycosylation Reactions.
Authors: Ravida Alessandra , Liu Xinyu , Kovacs Linda , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐β‐Erythroidine (I).
Authors: Fukumoto Hironori , Takahashi Keisuke , Ishihara Jun , Hatakeyama Susumi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Tryptamine‐Derived Alkaloids from Chimonanthus praecox f. concolor
Authors: Kitajima Mariko , Mori Ikue , Arai Kazumichi , Kogure Noriyuki , Takayama Hiromitsu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ileabethoxazole: A Novel Benzoxazole Alkaloid with Antimycobacterial Activity.
Authors: Rodriguez Ileana I. , Rodriguez Abimael D. , Wang Yuehong , Franzblau Scott G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lycopladine A, a New C16N Alkaloid from Lycopodium complanatum.
Authors: Ishiuchi Kan'ichiro , Kubota Takaaki , Morita Hiroshi , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise Synthesis of the Angular Dihydrofuroquinoline Alkaloids (III) via Cyclopropane Opening in the Presence of Polyphosphoric Acid.
Authors: Su Jiangtao , Xiong Juan , Liang Shucai , Qiu Guofu , Feng Xichun , Teng Hanbing , Wu Lamei , Hu Xianming
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Autoxidation of the Antimicrobial Alkaloid Cleistopholine in Solution.
Authors: Dombeck F. , Bracher F.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Further Investigation of the N‐Demethylation of Tertiary Amine Alkaloids Using the Non‐Classical Polonovski Reaction.
Authors: Thavaneswaran Shanti , Scammells Peter J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New 5‐Substituted Pyrimidine Acyclonucleosides.
Authors: Khattab Ahmed F.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Construction of the 7,8‐Olefin Linkage in Vitamin D3: A Practical Synthesis Benefiting the Vitamin D3 Analogue Study.
Authors: Ono Yoshiyuki , Kashiwagi Hirotaka , Takahashi Tadakatsu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydroxyl Substitution Studies at the 5′′‐Position in the Neomycin B Series: Introduction of a Phthalimide Group under Mitsunobu Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Hernandez Linares Angelica , Fourmy Dominique , Fourrey Jean‐Luis , Loukaci Ali
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereospecific Synthesis of (2E,13Z)‐2,13‐Octadecadienyl Acetate, the Sex Pheromone Component of the Lepidoptera Species.
Authors: Grodner Jacek
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Compounds with Antiproliferative Activity as Analogues of Prenylated Natural Products Existing in Brazilian Propolis.
Authors: Pisco Laura , Kordian Marcus , Peseke Klaus , Feist Holger , Michalik Dirk , Estrada Ernesto , Carvalho Joao , Hamilton Gerhard , Rando Daniela , Quincoces Jose
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Marine Polyacetylenes Callyberynes A—C by Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions to sp Centers.
Authors: Lopez Susana , Fernandez‐Trillo Francisco , Midon Pilar , Castedo Luis , Saa Carlos
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Vertilecanin A.
Authors: Tumer F. , Goksu S. , Secen H.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
MOCVD Synthesis of Germanium Filled “Diamond‐Like” Carbon Nanotubes and Microtubes from Organogermanium Precursors and Their Field‐Emission Properties.
Authors: Ob'edkov Anatoly M. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Ferromagnetic‐Filled Carbon Nanotubes.
Authors: Leonhardt Albrecht , Hampel Silke , Mueller Christian , Moench Ingolf , Koseva Radinka , Ritschel Manfred , Elefant Dieter , Biedermann Kati , Buechner Bernd
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy of the Quadrupolar Halogens: Chlorine‐35/37, Bromine‐79/81, and Iodine‐127
Authors: Bryce David L. , Sward Gregory D.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Directional Superparamagnetism and Photoluminescence in Clusters of Magnetite and Cadmium Selenide Nanoparticles
Authors: Osterloh Frank E.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2005 Pure or Applied Inorganic Chemistry Award Lecture — Host‐Guest Inclusion Chemistry of Electroactive, Mesoporous Transition Metal Oxides Oxidation and 1‐D Confinement in One Step and Why Amorphous is Better
Authors: Skadtchenko B. O. , Antonelli D. M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rare‐Earth Oxide Thin Films for Gate Dielectrics in Microelectronics
Authors: Leskelae Markku , Kukli Kaupo , Ritala Mikko
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Route to the Structure Determination of Amorphous Solids: A Case Study of the Ceramic Si3B3N7
Authors: Jansen Martin , Schoen J. Christian , van Wuellen Leo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Strategies for Increasing the Sensitivity of Gadolinium Based MRI Contrast Agents
Authors: Caravan Peter
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regulation of Stereoselectivity and Reactivity in the Inter‐ and Intramolecular Allylic Transfer Reactions
Authors: Yu Chan‐Mo , Youn Jinsoup , Jung Hee‐Keum
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Base Ionic Liquids
Authors: MacFarlane Douglas R. , Pringle Jennifer M. , Johansson Katarina M. , Forsyth Stewart A. , Forsyth Maria
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Vinylic Amino Acids: Occurrence, Asymmetric Synthesis, and Biochemical Mechanisms
Authors: Berkowitz David B. , Charette Bradley D. , Karukurichi Kannan R. , McFadden Jill M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functionalized 1‐Alkoxy‐1,3‐dienes: Their Preparation and Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: Deagostino Annamaria , Prandi Cristina , Zavattaro Chiara , Venturello Paolo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Combinatorial Chemistry Applied to the Development of anti‐HIV Drugs
Authors: Pettersson S. , Clotet‐Codina I. , Este J. A. , Borrell J. I. , Teixido J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Ganesan A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Applications of Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis on the Multigram Scale
Authors: Wolkenberg Scott E. , Shipe William D. , Lindsley Craig W. , Guare James P. , Pawluczyk Joseph M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Trithioortho Esters and Halogenated Derivatives
Authors: Lebel H. , Grenon M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Alkyl‐, N‐Aryl‐, and N‐Hetaryl‐substituted Amidines (Imidamides)
Authors: Ostrowska K. , Kolasa A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Green Biphasic Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Jessop Philip G. , Heldebrant David J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Reactions of Industrial Importance in Aqueous Media
Authors: Jiang Nan , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Linking Organic Pollutant (Bio)availability with Geosorbent Properties and Biomimetic Methodology: Geosorbent Characterization and (Bio)availability Prediction
Authors: Ehlers George A. C. , Loibner Andreas P.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Phosphonic Acids at the Solid—Water Interface
Authors: Fischer Klaus
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Renal Accumulation of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Mechanism‐Based Approach for Developing Nonnephrotoxic Aminoglycoside Therapy
Authors: Nagai Junya
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Combined Cross Metathesis/CD×FDCD Protocols in Natural Products Research: Micro‐scale Approach for Configurational Analysis
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Accuracy of diagnosis of atypical glandular cells—Conventional and ThinPrep
Authors: Ramsaroop Reena , Chu Ien
Published: August 2006

The incidence of glandular cervical malignancy is steadily increasing. Glandular abnormalities are more frequently diagnosed on cervical smears.

 In this study, we attempt to evaluate our experience with glandular cytology and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the ThinPrep (TP) over conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears.

 Glandular abnormalities during a 3‐yr period from October 2000 to October 2003 were retrieved from our cytology database. The study group comprised smears from 369 patients, 272 conventional Pap smears (CPSs) and 97 TP from a total of 400,184 smears.

 The types of glandular abnormalities were tabulated following a modified Bethesda classification. Correlation with histology and follow‐up cytology was achieved in all but six patients.

 Significant lesions were identified in 116/272 (PPV 42.6%) of CPSs and 58/97 (PPV 58.9%) TPs. Pure glandular abnormalities numbered 125 conventional and 51 TP; significant lesions identified in this group were 36/125 (PPV 28.8%) CPS and 26/51 (PPV 50.9%) TP.

 Statistical analysis showed significant differences for positive predictive values of TP and CPS and a suggestion of increased sensitivity. The main limiting factor was small numbers of glandular abnormalities and a desirable longer study time. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:614–619. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Effect of biogenic substrate concentration on chlorophenol degradation kinetics
Authors: Sahinkaya Erkan , Dilek Filiz B
Published: August 2006

The effects of biogenic substrate (peptone) concentration on reactor performance, yield coefficient (Y) and degradation kinetics were evaluated in an instantaneously fed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) receiving a mixture of 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP). High chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies (90–95%) and complete removal of chlorophenols were observed even in the absence of peptone (i.e. chlorophenols served as sole carbon and energy sources). During the degradation of 4‐CP, 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (CHMS, the meta cleavage product of 4‐chlorocatechol) accumulated but was subsequently completely removed. 2,4‐DCP competitively inhibited 4‐CP degradation, as 4‐CP degradation only commenced after complete removal of 2,4‐DCP. It was concluded that decreasing peptone concentration did not affect chlorophenol degradation profiles in the reactor. The chlorophenol degradation kinetic studies suggest that competent biomass alone was responsible for chlorophenol degradation. Consequently, it was thought that competent biomass concentration was constant even though peptone concentration in the feed was varied, as competent biomass grows on chlorophenols only. Models developed using this assumption agreed well with experimental data, which also confirmed that a biogenic substrate has no impact on chlorophenol degradation profiles in an SBR with instantaneous feed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Crosslinkable poly(propylene carbonate): High‐yield synthesis and performance improvement
Authors: Tao Youhua , Wang Xianhong , Zhao Xiaojiang , Li Ji , Wang Fosong
Published: August 2006

A crosslinking strategy was used to improve the thermal and mechanical performance of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC): PPC bearing a small moiety of pendant CC groups was synthesized by the terpolymerization of allyl glycidyl ether (AGE), propylene oxide (PO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost no yield loss was found in comparison with that of the PO and CO2 copolymer when the concentration of AGE units in the terpolymer was less than 5 mol %. Once subjected to UV‐radiation crosslinking, the crosslinked PPC film showed an elastic modulus 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the uncrosslinked one. Moreover, crosslinked PPC showed hot‐set elongation at 65 °C of 17.2% and permanent deformation approaching 0, whereas they were 35.3 and 17.2% for uncrosslinked PPC, respectively. Therefore, the PPC application window was enlarged to a higher temperature zone by the crosslinking strategy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5329–5336, 2006
ONE NEW AND ONE REDISCOVERED SPECIES OF CLINOPODIUM (LABIATAE) FROM PERU
Authors: SCHMIDT-LEBUHN A. N.
Published: August 2006

The new species Clinopodium jacquelinae (Labiatae) is described from Peru. Distribution and morphological variability of Clinopodium cylindrostachys are examined and discussed.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF GAULTHERIA (ERICACEAE) FROM INDIA
Authors: PANDA S. , SANJAPPA M.
Published: August 2006

Two new species of Gaultheria (Ericaceae) from India, G. akaensis and G. lohitiensis, are described and illustrated.
THE GESNERIACEAE OF SULAWESI IV: TWO NEW SPECIES OF AESCHYNANTHUS
Authors: MENDUM M. , SCOTT S. M. , GALLOWAY L. E. R.
Published: August 2006

Two new species of Aeschynanthus (Gesneriaceae) from Sulawesi, A. citrinus and A. sojolianus, are described.
SUCCESSIONAL CHANGES IN CERRADO AND CERRADO/FOREST ECOTONAL VEGETATION IN WESTERN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL, 1962–2000
Authors: DURIGAN G. , RATTER J. A.
Published: August 2006

Surveys over a period of 38 years have shown a rapid successional change in the remaining areas of cerrado vegetation in western São Paulo State. Cerradão (the dense, tall, forest form of cerrado (sensu lato)) and cerrado/Atlantic forest ecotonal vegetation have replaced more open forms (such as campo cerrado) during this period. An aerial photographic survey in 1962 showed 75% cerrado (sensu stricto), 16% campo cerrado, and only 9% cerradão, while a survey combining Landsat imaging of 1992 with aerial photography of 1984 gave 69%, 0.6%, and 30.5% respectively for the same physiognomies. Visiting 10% of the sites of the latter survey in 2000 showed that cerradão had become the dominant vegetation of 68% of them. In a particular 180 ha site in Assis municipality, cerradão increased from 12.0 to 41.4% of the area in 22 years. Reduction of anthropic pressures, such as fire and cattle-grazing, is considered responsible for these rapid changes. Conservation issues and research priorities related to these changes are discussed and proposed.
PHYSOSPERMOPSIS, A NEW GENUS OF UMBELLIFERAE (APIACEAE) FOR THAILAND, AND A NEW SPECIES
Authors: ESSER H.-J. , WATSON M. F.
Published: August 2006

Physospermopsis siamensis Esser & M.F.Watson is described as a new species from material collected in northern Thailand. This is the first record of Physospermopsis (Umbelliferae, Apiaceae) from Thailand, and represents a significant southern extension of the geographic range of this largely Sino-Himalayan genus. Comparison is provided with P. shaniana, its closest morphological ally, and the key to genera given in the Flora of Thailand account for Umbelliferae is revised.
A REVISION OF PEDICULARIS SERIES CURVIPES (PRAIN) HURUS. (OROBANCHACEAE)
Authors: HUSAIN T. , GARG A. , AGNIHOTRI P. , MILL R. R.
Published: August 2006

Pedicularis L. series Curvipes (Prain) Hurus. (=Pedicularis [unranked] Curvipes Prain) in the Orobanchaceae (often included in the Scrophulariaceae s.l.) is revised. It is demonstrated that the correct name for the series is Pedicularis ser. Curvipes, not Pedicularis ser. Curvipedes as used by at least two previous authors. Arguments are presented for the retention of the three existing species, Pedicularis curvipes Prain, Pedicularis nagaensis H.L.Li and Pedicularis amplicollis T.Yamaz., and the taxonomic history of each is summarized. Pedicularis curvipes from Sikkim and Pedicularis nagaensis from NE India are very similar but can be distinguished on corolla and seed characters. Flowering material of Pedicularis curvipes collected from cultivated material of uncertain origin in 1900 is positively identified as that species for the first time. The known geographical range of Pedicularis nagaensis, which was previously believed to be endemic to a restricted area of Nagaland in NE India, is extended to include Manipur. Pedicularis amplicollis from Bhutan is distinct from both the other two and easily separable by its woolly, 4-lobed calyx. A key to the series and formal taxonomic accounts of each species are provided. The relationships of the series with related series, particularly Pedicularis ser. Furfuraceae, are discussed.
A NEW NAME FOR PODOCARPUS ROTUNDUS DE LAUB. (PODOCARPACEAE)
Authors: MILL R. R.
Published: August 2006

Podocarpus rotundus de Laub. (1978), which has been used for an extant species of Podocarpus L'Hér. ex Pers. from the Philippines and Kalimantan, is an illegitimate name, being published later than its homonym P. rotundus Bocharn. (1960) that has been used for a Palaeocene fossil pollen morphospecies described from Sverdlovsk Oblast in the Urals (Russia). For the species from the Philippines and Kalimantan, the replacement name Podocarpus ramosii is here proposed.
Strain-induced disorder, phase transformations, and transformation-induced plasticity in hexagonal boron nitride under compression and shear in a rotational diamond anvil cell: In situ x-ray diffraction study and modeling
Authors: Levitas Valery I. , Ma Yanzhang , Hashemi Javad , Holtz Mark , Guven Necip
Published: August 2006

Plastic shear significantly reduces the phase transformation (PT) pressure when compared to hydrostatic conditions. Here, a paradoxical result was obtained: PT of graphitelike hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to superhard wurtzitic boron nitride under pressure and shear started at about the same pressure (∼10GPa) as under hydrostatic conditions. In situ x-ray diffraction measurement and modeling of the turbostratic stacking fault concentration (degree of disorder) and PT in hBN were performed. Under hydrostatic pressure, changes in the disorder were negligible. Under a complex compression and shear loading program, a strain-induced disorder was observed and quantitatively characterized. It is found that the strain-induced disorder suppresses PT which compensates the promotion effect of plastic shear. The existence of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) was also proved during strain-induced PT. The degree of disorder is proposed to be used as a physical measure of plastic straining. This allows us to quantitatively separate the conventional plasticity and transformation-induced plasticity. Surprisingly, it is found that TRIP exceeds the conventional plasticity by a factor of 20. The cascade structural changes were revealed, defined as the reoccurrence of interacting processes including PTs, disordering, conventional plasticity, and TRIP. In comparison with hydrostatic loading, for the same degree of disorder, plastic shear indeed reduces the PT pressure (by a factor of 3–4) while causing a complete irreversible PT. The analytical results based on coupled strain-controlled kinetic equations for disorder and PT confirm our conclusions.
The electric field close to an undulating interface
Authors: Kallunki Jouni , Alava Mikko , Hellén E. K. O.
Published: August 2006

The electric potential close to a boundary between two dielectric material layers reflects the geometry of such an interface. The local variations arise from the combination of material parameters and from the nature of the inhomogeneity. Here, the arising electric field is considered for both a sinusoidally varying boundary and for a “rough,” Gaussian test case. We discuss the applicability of a one-dimensional model with the varying layer thickness as a parameter and the generic scaling of the results. As an application we consider the effect of paper roughness on toner transfer in electrophotographic printing.
Observation of Zenneck-type waves in microwave propagation experiments
Authors: Ranfagni A. , Fabeni P. , Pazzi G. P. , Ricci A. M. , Trinci R. , Mignani R. , Ruggeri R. , Cardone F. , Agresti A.
Published: August 2006

The debated question of the superluminal speed of information remains open to different interpretations in spite of recent, apparently conclusive, contributions. A different point of view is here considered, which is based on experimental results of microwave propagation experiments, in far-field conditions. They support the hypothesis of the existence of fast waves of the Zenneck type.
Low-voltage operation of metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor diodes incorporating a ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer Langmuir-Blodgett film
Authors: Gerber A. , Kohlstedt H. , Fitsilis M. , Waser R. , Reece T. J. , Ducharme S. , Rije E.
Published: August 2006

We report the electrical characteristics of metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor structures, where the ferroelectric layer is a Langmuir-Blodgett film of a copolymer of 70% vinylidene fluoride and 30% trifluoroethylene. The 36-nm thick copolymer films were deposited on thermally oxidized (10nm SiO2) p-type silicon and covered with a gold gate electrode. Polarization-field hysteresis loops indicate polarization switching in the polymer film. The device capacitance shows hysteresis when cycling the applied voltage between ±3V, exhibiting a zero-bias on/off capacitance ratio of over 3:1 and a symmetric memory window 1V wide, with little evidence of bias that can arise from traps in the oxide. Model calculations are in good agreement with the data and show that film polarization was not saturated. The capacitance hysteresis vanishes above the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition temperature, showing that it is due to polarization hysteresis. The retention time of both the on and off states was approximately 15min at room temperature, possibly limited by leakage or by polarization instability in the unsaturated film. These devices provide a basis for nonvolatile data storage devices with fast nondestructive readout.
Influence of iron contamination on the performances of single-crystalline silicon solar cells: Computed and experimental results
Authors: Dubois S. , Palais O. , Pasquinelli M. , Martinuzzi S. , Jaussaud C. , Rondel N.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, the impact of iron contamination on the conversion efficiency of single-crystalline p-type silicon solar cells is investigated by means of the combination of numerical simulations and experimental data, taking into account the more recent results about the properties of iron in single-crystalline silicon. Numerical simulations highlight the fill factor losses due to the injection-level dependence of the bulk lifetime, which attenuates the decrease of the open circuit voltage and thus that of the solar cell conversion efficiency with iron concentration. Gettering and hydrogenation effects are quantified by means of experimental results obtained from voluntarily contaminated solar cells and integrated in the simulations. The results show that iron appears to be a metallic impurity rather well tolerated in p-type single-crystalline silicon solar cells, because its injection-level dependent bulk lifetime, like its abilities to be gettered and to be passivated by hydrogenation, limits its influence on the solar cell conversion efficiency.
Nature of germanium nanowire heteroepitaxy on silicon substrates
Authors: Jagannathan Hemanth , Deal Michael , Nishi Yoshio , Woodruff Jacob , Chidsey Christopher , McIntyre Paul C.
Published: August 2006

Systematic studies of the heteroepitaxial growth of germanium nanowires on silicon substrates were performed. These studies included the effect of sample preparation, substrate orientation, preanneal, growth temperature, and germane partial pressure on the growth of epitaxial germanium nanowires. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the resulting nanowire growth. Germanium nanowires grew predominantly along the ⟨111⟩ crystallographic direction, with a minority of wires growing along the ⟨110⟩ direction, irrespective of the underlying silicon substrate orientation [silicon (111), (110), and (100)]. Decreasing the partial pressure of germane increased the number of ⟨111⟩ nanowires normal to the silicon (111) surface, compared to the other three available ⟨111⟩ directions. The growth rate of nanowires increased with the partial pressure of germane and to a lesser degree with temperature. The nucleation density of nanowire growth and the degree of epitaxy both increased with temperature. However, increasing the growth temperature also increased the rate of sidewall deposition, thereby resulting in tapered nanowires. A two-step temperature process was used to initiate nanowire nucleation and epitaxy at a high temperature, followed by nontapered nanowire growth at a lower temperature. Preannealing gold films in hydrogen or argon before nanowire growth reduced the yield of nanowires grown on silicon samples, especially on silicon (111) substrates, but not on silicon oxide. Gold annealing studies performed to investigate this preanneal effect showed greater gold agglomeration on the silicon samples compared to silicon oxide. The results and conclusions obtained from these studies give a better understanding of the complex interdependencies of the parameters involved in the controlled heteroepitaxial growth of vapor-liquid-solid grown germanium nanowires.
Optimization of the anisotropic united atoms intermolecular potential for n-alkanes: Improvement of transport properties
Authors: Nieto-Draghi Carlos , Ungerer Philippe , Rousseau Bernard
Published: August 2006

The parameters of the anisotropic united atom (AUA) intermolecular potential for n-alkanes originally proposed by Toxvaerd [J. Chem. Phys. 93, 4290 (1990)] [AUA(3)] was optimized by Ungerer et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5499 (2000)] [AUA(4)] on the basis of equilibrium properties (vapor pressures, vaporization enthalpies, and liquid densities). In this work we analyze the influence of the torsion potential in the internal and collective dynamics of the AUA model. The modified potential [AUA(4m)] preserves all the intermolecular parameters and only explores an increment in the trans-gauche and gauche+-gauche− transition barrier of the torsion potential. This modification better reproduce different transport properties (shear viscosity, self-diffusion coefficient, and internal relaxation times), keeping the accuracy achieved in our previous work for equilibrium properties. An extensive investigation of the shear viscosity of ethane, n-pentane, n-dodecane, and n-eicosane in a wide range of pressures and temperatures shows that the AUA(4m) improves the accuracy of the original AUA(4), reducing the absolute average deviation from 30% to 14.5%. Finally, the self-diffusion coefficient of n-hexane computed with the new model in the range of 223–333K and from 0.1to295MPa is in better agreement with respect to the experimental data than the original model.
Effect of temperature on mechanical behavior of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses
Authors: Li Hongqi , Tao Kaixiang , Fan Cang , Liaw Peter K. , Choo Hahn
Published: August 2006

The compressive tests and Vickers microhardness measurements were conducted on the as-cast Zr-based bulk metallic glasses at different temperatures. The results show that the strength is proportional to the temperature. Furthermore, at cryogenic temperatures, more shear bands were observed near the fracture surface and surrounding the indentation marks. The analysis suggests that both the formation and propagation of the shear bands are thermally activated processes.
Electrical switching and transport in the Si/organic monolayer/Au and Si/organic bilayer/Al devices
Authors: Tu Chia-Hsun , Lai Yi-Sheng , Kwong Dim-Lee
Published: August 2006

In this letter, the authors investigated the switching and transport characteristics of Si/organic bilayer/Al and Si/organic monolayer/Au devices. The former devices, with two different organic layers, exhibit negative differential resistance (NDR), and the switching process can be manipulated. The irrelevancy of the stacking sequence in regard to the NDR suggests that the interface between these two layers accounts for this phenomenon. On the other hand, using gold as the top electrode, the device was found to exhibit distinct bistability with an on/off ratio up to 105. The current-voltage characteristics suggest that the filament paths that formed as a result of gold diffusion are responsible for the observed bistability.
Between-tree variation in fruit quality and fruit mineral concentrations of Hass avocados
Authors: Marques J. R. , Hofman P. J. , Wearing A. H.
Published: August 2006

Inconsistent internal fruit quality in Hass avocados affects consumer confidence. To determine the influence of individual trees on fruit quality, Hass avocado fruit were harvested from adjacent trees of similar external appearance in 3 commercial orchards in 1998 and 1 orchard in 1999. The trees in each orchard were grown with similar commercial practices and in similar soil types. Within each location, there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the mean ripe fruit quality between trees with respect to fruit body rot severity (mainly anthracnose) with and without cold storage, internal disorders severity due to diffuse discolouration and vascular browning (after cold storage), days to ripen, percentage dry matter, and the percentage of the skin area with purple-black colour when ripe. These effects were also noted in the same orchard in 1999. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in fruit flesh calcium, magnesium, potassium, boron and zinc concentrations between trees. Significant (P<0.05) correlations were observed between average fruit mineral concentrations in each tree (particularly calcium, magnesium and potassium) and body rot severity, percentage dry matter and fruit mass. There was little conclusive evidence that characteristics such as the growth of the non-suberised roots or the degree of scion under- or overgrowth was involved in these tree effects; however, differences between trees with respect to other rootstock characteristics may be involved. The inconsistency of the correlations across sites and years suggested that other factors apart from tree influences could also affect the relationship between fruit minerals and fruit quality.
Understanding farmers' monitoring of water tables for salinity management
Authors: Marsh S. P. , Burton M. P. , Pannell D. J.
Published: August 2006

Given the prominence of dryland salinity as a resource management problem in Australia, it might be expected that farmers would keenly monitor the levels of saline groundwater under their farms. However, many farmers choose not to monitor, in some cases even when they have previously installed bores suitable for this purpose. We investigated this apparent paradox by analysing the monitoring behaviour of a group of farmers in the Jerramungup region of southern Western Australia. The farmers are unusual in displaying a very high rate of monitoring compared with other regions, although this rate has fallen over the past decade. A range of physical, economic and social influences on monitoring behaviour are identified by statistical analysis of survey and physical data. A key finding is that farmers who are using the information from monitoring to assess salinity management strategies implemented on their farms are likely to monitor more frequently. This suggests that monitoring frequency may be driven in large part by the availability of suitable salinity management practices that can be implemented, in contrast to the view that adoption of salinity management practices may be enhanced by programs that encourage monitoring.
A decade of monitoring herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum in Australia
Authors: Broster J. C. , Pratley J. E.
Published: August 2006

Charles Sturt University commenced herbicide resistance monitoring in 1991. A random survey in 1991 to determine the level of resistance in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) to selective herbicides across the south-west slopes region of New South Wales found that 30% of samples were resistant to at least 1 herbicide. A subsequent survey of commercially available ryegrass seed found that 58% of these samples were resistant to at least 1 herbicide. As a result of these findings, a commercial testing service was established and has since received samples from a large proportion of the southern Australian cropping belt. Seventy-seven percent of samples tested were resistant to Group AI, 40% to Group B and 22% to Group AII herbicides. Lower levels of resistance were found to Group D (8%), Group C (1%) and Group M (0.4%) herbicides. The correlation between resistance in Group AI and AII herbicides was lower than expected given that these herbicides are considered to have the same mode of action. Within the Group AI herbicides the observed response of the samples was consistent across herbicide formulations. Resistance to clethodim varied from observed responses to other Group AII herbicides. The variation in resistance levels (and degree of multiple resistance) in each Australian state is discussed in relation to environmental conditions and cultural practices. The size of this dataset allows for the analysis of the relationships present among herbicide resistant annual ryegrass.
Role of sugars and proteins in development of desiccation tolerance in fresh and shade-dried onion seeds
Authors: Pandita V. K. , Nagarajan Shantha
Published: August 2006

In a 2-year field study, the umbels of open-pollinated onion cv. ‘Pusa Red’ were tagged on the day of anthesis and were sampled at different intervals until harvest maturity. Each umbel was cut in half and bulked with others in the respective replication. Seeds were immediately taken from half of the umbels for analysis of seed water content, leachate conductivity, seed capsule chlorophyll, seed dry weight and seed germination. They were also subjected to rapid desiccation to identify the stage at which desiccation tolerance occurred. The remaining umbel halves were shade dried and subjected to the same quality analyses except chlorophyll content. With seed maturation, there were rapid declines in chlorophyll content, leachate conductivity and seed water content, whereas seed dry weight and germination increased. In fresh seeds, maximum germination occurred around 50 days after anthesis, when physiological maturity and maximum seed weight were attained. In shade-dried seed, maximum germination occurred at 42 days after anthesis. This coincided with drastic reductions in seed capsule chlorophyll, leachate conductivity and seed water content in fresh seeds. At this stage, reducing sugar concentration declined and non-reducing sugar concentration increased many fold in shade-dried seeds. SDS-PAGE analysis of the heat-stable proteins extracted from the seeds also showed prominent bands in the lower molecular weight region at 42 DAA. Therefore, the shade-dried seeds attained membrane stability at 42 DAA. In cases of adverse weather conditions or disease attack, seed umbels can be harvested as early as 42 DAA and shade dried without compromising seed germination. Desiccation tolerance in fresh onion seeds occurred around 46 DAA and was a gradual event.
Staple strength of fine, medium and strong wool Merino wethers under drought conditions
Authors: Friend M. A. , Robards G. E.
Published: August 2006

Fine, medium and strong wool Merino wethers (n = 72, 4 years old) were grazed together on drought-affected pastures in a semi-arid environment. In order to examine the hypothesis that restricting liveweight gains at the break of drought would improve staple strength, sheep were allocated to restricted grazing in a 5-ha paddock (drought group), or unrestricted grazing in a 20-ha paddock (drought-break group) when it was judged that the drought had broken in the region. Wool staples from all sheep broke at a point coinciding with summer rainfall events before allocation to treatment groups, and staple strength did not differ between treatments. Medium wool sheep (22.0 ± 1.6 N/ktex) produced wool of lower (P<0.001) staple strength than fine (30.0 ± 1.6 N/ktex) or strong (30.2 ± 1.6 N/ktex) wool sheep. Restricting the measurement of staple strength to the period when treatments were applied revealed no effect of treatment on staple strength, despite the fact that wethers in the drought-break group experienced a greater (P<0.001) liveweight gain (6.62 ± 0.37 kg) after allocation to their treatment than those in the drought group (–3.24 ± 0.37 kg). Staple strength was most strongly correlated with coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (r = –0.65; P<0.001); a result that was observed for all strains and treatment groups. The results indicate that coefficient of variation of fibre diameter is correlated with staple strength regardless of strain, and that management strategies designed to limit fibre diameter variability during a drought need to be applied not only at the break of a drought.
Estimating extractable soil moisture content for Australian soils from field measurements
Authors: Ladson A. R. , Lander J. R. , Western A. W. , Grayson R. B. , Zhang Lu
Published: August 2006

The amount of water that can be stored in soil and evaporated or actively used by plants is a key parameter in hydrologic models and is important for crop and pasture production. Often, the active soil moisture store is estimated from laboratory measurements of soil properties. An alternative approach, described in this paper, is to estimate the extractable soil moisture capacity from direct measurements of soil moisture content in the field. A time series of soil moisture values, over the depth of the soil, shows the actual changes in water content. The difference between the wettest and driest profiles is an estimate of the extractable soil moisture storage. We have gathered data on extractable soil water capacity for 180 locations over Australia and have compared our values with published results from the Atlas of Australian Soils (AAS), derived from profile descriptions and pedo-transfer functions. Our results show that data from the AAS provide a useful lower bound for measured extractable soil moisture storage, but of the sites examined, 42% had values >2 times those in the AAS. In part, this was because total soil depths were underestimated in the AAS results compared with the active depths from the measured data. Active depths are strongly related to vegetation type.
Short-term effects of three animal manures on soil pH and Al solubility
Authors: Naramabuye F. X. , Haynes R. J.
Published: August 2006

A short-term (3-day) equilibration experiment was carried out to determine the effects of 3 animal manures (poultry, pig, and cattle) added at a rate of 20 mg/g to an Oxisol on pH and the concentrations of total (AlT) and monomeric (AlMono) Al in solution. The pH of equilibrium solutions from the control, cattle, pig, and poultry manure treatments were 4.0, 4.6, 5.2, and 6.3, respectively. AlMono concentrations decreased progressively as pH increased but concentrations of AlT were similar in the pig and poultry manure treatments. Subsequent equilibration experiments examined the solubility of AlMono and AlT when the 3 manures were added to the Oxisol or a 40 um AlCl3 solution and pH was maintained at 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5. In both experiments, addition of manures generally tended to reduce the concentration of AlT in the lower pH range (4.0 and 4.5) but increase it in the higher range (pH 5.5 or 6.0 and above). Concentrations of AlMono, and the proportion of AlT present as AlMono, were reduced over the whole pH range. Results were explained in terms of the strong bonding ability of organic matter in both the solid and solution phases for Al. At lower pH, where Al is highly soluble, complexation by solid-phase organic matter results in a reduction in both AlT and AlMono. However, at higher pH, where Al solubility becomes limited, complexation of Al by soluble organic matter becomes an important mechanism and this results in an elevation in AlT, while concentrations of AlMono remain very low. It was concluded that the effects of manures in reducing concentrations of AlMono in soil solution are attributable to both an increase in pH and the complexing ability of organic matter for Al.