bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Latent Heating Rate From GPM and Convective Gravity Wave Momentum Flux Calculated Using the GPM Data
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Kyu , Kang Min‐Jee , Chun Hye‐Yeong , Kim Donghyeck , Shin Dong‐Bin
Published: September 2022

Parameterizations of convective gravity‐wave (CGW) drag (CGWD) require cloud information as input parameters. As cloud information provided from reanalyses includes some uncertainties, observed cloud information is required for better representation of CGWs. For this, characteristics of the latent heating rate (LHR) based on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite over 6 yr (June 2014 to May 2020) are investigated, and the CGW momentum flux and CGWD based on an offline CGWD parameterization are calculated using the GPM‐LHR and the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2) background variables. Additionally, they are compared with those using LHR afforded by MERRA‐2. The averaged cloud‐bottom height is lower than that from MERRA but the cloud top height is similar for the both data, yielding deeper clouds from GPM that can generate more high phase‐speed components of CGWs. The column‐maximum heating rate, which is an input of the CGW momentum flux, of GPM‐LHR is maximal near the equator and the secondary maximum locates in the winter hemisphere storm tracks. The maximum of the cloud top momentum flux (CTMF) of CGWs locates in the winter hemisphere storm tracks, with the GPM‐CTMF being much larger than MERRA‐CTMF, as extreme convective events occur more frequently in GPM. In the equatorial region above z = 40 km, the GPM‐CGWD is significantly larger because high phase‐speed components of CGWs that survive up to the upper stratosphere are abundant for GPM‐CTMF, and this will contribute to drive more realistic semi‐annual oscillation.
ASL-BIDS, the brain imaging data structure extension for arterial spin labeling
Authors: Clement Patricia , Castellaro Marco , Okell Thomas W. , Thomas David L. , Vandemaele Pieter , Elgayar Sara , Oliver-Taylor Aaron , Kirk Thomas , Woods Joseph G. , Vos Sjoerd B. , Kuijer Joost P. A. , Achten Eric , van Osch Matthias J. P. ,   BIDS maintainers, Appelhoff Stefan , Blair Ross , Feingold Franklin , Gau Rémi , Markiewicz Christopher J. , Salo Taylor , Detre John A. , Lu Hanzhang , Alsop David C. , Chappell Michael A. , Hernandez-Garcia Luis , Petr Jan , Mutsaerts Henk J. M. M.
Published: September 2022

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a non-invasive MRI technique that allows for quantitative measurement of cerebral perfusion. Incomplete or inaccurate reporting of acquisition parameters complicates quantification, analysis, and sharing of ASL data, particularly for studies across multiple sites, platforms, and ASL methods. There is a strong need for standardization of ASL data storage, including acquisition metadata. Recently, ASL-BIDS, the BIDS extension for ASL, was developed and released in BIDS 1.5.0. This manuscript provides an overview of the development and design choices of this first ASL-BIDS extension, which is mainly aimed at clinical ASL applications. Discussed are the structure of the ASL data, focussing on storage order of the ASL time series and implementation of calibration approaches, unit scaling, ASL-related BIDS fields, and storage of the labeling plane information. Additionally, an overview of ASL-BIDS compatible conversion and ASL analysis software and ASL example datasets in BIDS format is provided. We anticipate that large-scale adoption of ASL-BIDS will improve the reproducibility of ASL research.
Task prioritization modulates alpha, theta and beta EEG dynamics reflecting proactive cognitive control
Authors: Liegel Nathalie , Schneider Daniel , Wascher Edmund , Arnau Stefan
Published: September 2022

Most neuroscientific studies investigating mental effort apply unspecific effort allocation paradigms. In contrast, the present EEG study targets specific effort allocation during task prioritization. Twenty-eight participants performed a cued number classification task during the retention interval of a working memory task including retrospective cues. One of two possible number classifications was done per trial. Each trial started with a cue indicating which of the two tasks would be more important in the upcoming trial. Subjects were told to engage in both tasks, but to concentrate on the important one. Feedback given at the end of each trial was calculated based on task performance, with scores obtained from the relevant task being tripled. Participants performed significantly better in either task when it was important compared to when not. Task prioritization modulates theta, alpha and beta oscillations, predominantly during task preparation. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed that the exact type of the two possible number classifications was decodable, however, decoding accuracy did not depend on task importance. Hemispheric alpha power asymmetries indicating attentional orienting between working memory representations also did not depend on task importance. The findings suggest that task prioritization primarily affects proactive cognitive control on a superordinate level.
The role of NMR-based circulating metabolic biomarkers in development and risk prediction of new onset type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bragg Fiona , Kartsonaki Christiana , Guo Yu , Holmes Michael , Du Huaidong , Yu Canqing , Pei Pei , Yang Ling , Jin Donghui , Chen Yiping , Schmidt Dan , Avery Daniel , Lv Jun , Chen Junshi , Clarke Robert , Hill Michael R. , Li Liming , Millwood Iona Y. , Chen Zhengming
Published: September 2022

Associations of circulating metabolic biomarkers with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and their added value for risk prediction are uncertain among Chinese adults. A case-cohort study included 882 T2D cases diagnosed during 8-years’ follow-up and a subcohort of 789 participants. NMR-metabolomic profiling quantified 225 plasma biomarkers in stored samples taken at recruitment into the study. Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for T2D associated with individual biomarkers, with a set of biomarkers incorporated into an established T2D risk prediction model to assess improvement in discriminatory ability. Mean baseline BMI (SD) was higher in T2D cases than in the subcohort (25.7 [3.6] vs. 23.9 [3.6] kg/m2). Overall, 163 biomarkers were significantly and independently associated with T2D at false discovery rate (FDR) controlled p < 0.05, and 138 at FDR-controlled p < 0.01. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1, triglycerides in VLDL and medium and small HDL particles, and VLDL particle size were strongly positively associated with T2D (HRs 1.74–2.36 per 1 SD, p < 0.001). HDL particle size, cholesterol concentration in larger HDL particles and docosahexaenoic acid levels were strongly inversely associated with T2D (HRs 0.43–0.48, p < 0.001). With additional adjustment for plasma glucose, most associations (n = 147 and n = 129 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) remained significant. HRs appeared more extreme among more centrally adipose participants for apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1, BCAA, HDL particle size and docosahexaenoic acid (p for heterogeneity ≤ 0.05). Addition of 31 selected biomarkers to an established T2D risk prediction model modestly, but significantly, improved risk discrimination (c-statistic 0.86 to 0.91, p < 0.001). In relatively lean Chinese adults, diverse metabolic biomarkers are associated with future risk of T2D and can help improve established risk prediction models.
Highly sensitive characterization of non-human glycan structures of monoclonal antibody drugs utilizing tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: She Yi-Min , Dai Shaojun , Tam Roger Y.
Published: September 2022

Glycosylation is an important attribute of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for assessing manufacturing quality. Analysis of non-human glycans containing terminal galactose-α1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid is essential due to the potential immunogenicity and insufficient efficacy caused by mAb expression in non-human mammalian cells. Using parallel sequencing of isobaric glycopeptides and isomeric glycans that were separated by reversed-phase and porous graphitic carbon LC, we report a highly sensitive LC MS/MS method for the comprehensive characterization of low-abundance non-human glycans and their closely related structural isomers. We demonstrate that the straightforward use of high-abundance diagnostic ions and complementary fragments under the positive ionization low-energy collision-induced dissociation is a universal approach to rapidly discriminate branch-linkage structures of biantennary glycans. Our findings reveal the structural diversity of non-human glycans and sulfation of α-galactosylated glycans, providing both an analytical method and candidate structures that could potentially be used in the crucial quality control of therapeutic mAb products.
Molecular pathogenesis of desmoid tumor and the role of γ-secretase inhibition
Authors: Federman Noah
Published: September 2022

Desmoid tumor (DT) is a rare, soft tissue neoplasm associated with an unpredictable clinical course. Although lacking metastatic potential, DT is often locally aggressive and invasive, causing significant morbidity. Both sporadic DT and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)-associated DT are linked to constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway with mutations in the β-catenin oncogeneCTNNB1or the tumor suppressor geneAPC, respectively. Cross-talk between the Notch and Wnt pathways, as well as activation of the Notch pathway resulting from dysregulation of the Wnt pathway, suggest a possible therapeutic target for DT. Due to the role γ-secretase plays in Notch signaling through cleavage of the Notch intracellular domain (with subsequent translocation to the nucleus to activate gene transcription), γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have emerged as a potential treatment for DT. Two GSIs, nirogacestat (PF-03084014) and AL102 are in later-stage clinical development; nirogacestat is being evaluated in a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial while AL102 is being evaluated in a phase 2/3, dose-finding (part A) and placebo-controlled (part B) trial. This review summarizes current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of DT focusing on dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, crosstalk with the Notch pathway, and the potential therapeutic role for GSIs in DT.
Enhanced flow synthesis of small molecules by in-line integration of sequential catalysis and benchtop twin-column continuous chromatography
Authors: Sivo Alessandra , Kim Tae Keun , Ruta Vincenzo , Luisi Renzo , Osorio-Tejada Jose , Escriba-Gelonch Marc , Hessel Volker , Sponchioni Mattia , Vilé Gianvito
Published: September 2022

In-line integration of sequential catalysis and continuous multi-column purification. Adapted for small compound amounts (hit-to-lead). Suitable for large-scale purification (process chemistry).
Deep learning framework for multi‐round service bundle recommendation in iterative mashup development
Authors: Ma Yutao , Geng Xiao , Wang Jian , He Keqing , Athanasopoulos Dionysis
Published: September 2022

Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of service‐oriented computing technologies. The boom of Web services increases software developers' selection burden in developing new service‐based systems such as mashups. Timely recommending appropriate component services for developers to build new mashups has become a fundamental problem in service‐oriented software engineering. Existing service recommendation approaches are mainly designed for mashup development in the single‐round scenario. It is hard for them to effectively update recommendation results according to developers' requirements and behaviours (e.g. instant service selection). To address this issue, the authors propose a service bundle recommendation framework based on deep learning, DLISR, which aims to capture the interactions among the target mashup to build, selected (component) services, and the following service to recommend. Moreover, an attention mechanism is employed in DLISR to weigh selected services when recommending a candidate service. The authors also design two separate models for learning interactions from the perspectives of content and invocation history, respectively, and a hybrid model called HISR. Experiments on a real‐world dataset indicate that HISR can outperform several state‐of‐the‐art service recommendation methods to develop new mashups iteratively.
Understanding dust production and mass loss in the AGB phase using post-AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Tosi S. , Dell’Agli F. , Kamath D. , Ventura P. , Van Winckel H. , Marini E.
Published: September 2022

Context. The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of evolution in low- and intermediate-mass stars is governed by poorly understood physical mechanisms, such as convection, mixing, dust production and mass loss, which play a crucial role in determining the internal structure and the evolution of these stars. The spectra of post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) stars hold critical chemical fingerprints that serve as exquisite tracers of the evolution, nucleosynthesis, and dust production during the AGB phase.

Aims. We aim to understand the variation in the surface chemistry that occurs during the AGB phase by analysing results from observations of single post-AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds. We also aim to reconstruct dust-formation processes, which are active in the circumstellar envelope of AGB stars, occurring towards the end of the AGB phase and during the subsequent course of evolution when contraction to the post-AGB has begun.

Methods. We study likely single post-AGB sources in the Magellanic Clouds that exhibit a double-peaked (shell-type) spectral energy distribution (SED). We interpret their SED by comparing with results from radiative transfer calculations to derive the luminosity and the dust content of the individual sources. Additionally, we compare the observationally derived stellar parameters and the photospheric chemical abundances of the target sample with results from stellar evolution modelling of AGB and post-AGB stars. This allows for the characterization of the individual sources in terms of the initial mass and formation epoch of the progenitors. The theoretically derived dust mineralogy and optical depth is used to assess when dust formation ceases and to determine the propagation velocity of the dust-gas system during post-AGB evolution.

Results. We find that amongst our target sample of 13 likely single post-AGB stars with shell-type SED, eight objects are carbon stars descending from ∼1−2.5 M⊙ progenitors. Five of the 13 objects are of lower mass, descending from M < 1 M⊙ stars. Based on the dust mineralogy, we find that these five stars are surrounded by silicate dust, and thus failed to become carbon stars. The dust optical depth and the luminosity of the stars are correlated, owing to the faster evolutionary timescale of brighter stars, which makes the dusty layer closer to the central object. From our detailed analysis of the SEDs, we deduce that the dust currently observed around post-AGB stars was released after the onset of the central star contraction and an increase in the effective temperature to ∼3500−4000 K.
Sexualbezogene Online-Fortbildung für Fachkräfte: TikTok
Authors: Döring Nicola
Published: September 2022

Der vorliegende Praxisbeitrag befasst sich mit der Kurzvideoplattform TikTok. Er beschreibt die Funktionsweise der Plattform und geht auf den bisherigen Stand der TikTok-Forschung ein. Im Fokus stehen dann Sexualaufklärung, LGBTIQ + sowie Beziehungs- und Datingberatung auf TikTok.
Doppelstöckige Rindertransporte und die Grenzen des Tierschutzes
Authors: Schimanski Michael , Franzky Andreas , Herzog Kathrin
Published: September 2022

Doppelstöckige Rindertransporte werden regelmäßig innerstaatlich, EU-weit und in Nicht-EU-Staaten durchgeführt. Dabei sind sehr lange Transporte von einer Woche und mehr keine Seltenheit. Insbesondere bei ausgewachsenen Deutsch-Holstein Rindern ist ein doppelstöckiger Transport problematisch, da die Tiere aufgrund ihrer Größe immer seltener unter Wahrung der tierschutzrechtlichen Vorgaben verladen werden können.

Aufgrund ihrer Größe können Rinder mit dem Kopf oder dem Rücken mit den Dach- oder Zwischenbodenkonstruktionen in Kontakt kommen und sich dabei verletzen. Gemäß der europäischen Tierschutztransportverordnung darf eine Tierbeförderung nicht durchgeführt oder veranlasst werden, wenn den Tieren dabei Verletzungen oder unnötige Leiden zugefügt werden. Sowohl die europäische als auch die nationale Tierschutztransportverordnung bilden das Regelwerk tierschutzrechtlicher Vorgaben zur gewerbsmäßigen Beförderung von Tieren. Die Platzvorgaben über den Tieren (sog. „Rückenfreiheit“) sind nicht eindeutig im Verordnungstext geregelt, weshalb die Europäische Kommission in einer angeforderten Konkretisierung 2011 bei Rindern eine „Rückenfreiheit“ von mind. 20 cm über dem Widerrist des größten Tieres als erforderlich ansieht.

Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über die Tierschutzproblematik der doppelstöckigen Beförderung von Rindern geben und aktuell mögliche Lösungsansätze aufzeigen.
Divergierende Konzeptionen sexueller Funktionsstörungen in DSM-5 und ICD-11: Konsequenzen für die Diagnostik, Forschung und Praxis
Authors: Schwesig Rebekka , Briken Peer , Velten Julia , Hoyer Jürgen
Published: September 2022

Einleitung Obwohl in vielen Bereichen psychischer Störungen in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine Harmonisierung der Diagnosekategorien gemäß DSM-5 und ICD-11 erreicht wurde, gilt dies für den Bereich der sexuellen Funktionsstörungen nicht.

Forschungsziele Anliegen dieser Übersicht ist ein Vergleich der Konzeptionen sexueller Funktionsstörungen in der ICD-11 und im DSM-5. In einem zweiten Schritt sollen Vor- und Nachteile beider Konzeptionen sowie deren Konsequenzen für die Diagnostik, Forschung und Praxis untersucht und kritisch diskutiert werden.

Methoden Die Konzeptionen und diagnostischen Entscheidungsregeln sexueller Funktionsstörungen in den zwei Klassifikationssystemen werden gegenübergestellt und hinsichtlich der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede auf Symptom- und Störungsebene untersucht.

Ergebnisse In der ICD-11 werden die sexuellen Funktionsstörungen nicht mehr den psychischen Störungen zugeordnet, sondern in einem neunen Kapitel „Conditions related to sexual health“ verortet. Während sich ICD-11 und DSM-5 in ihren Störungs- und Symptombeschreibungen deutlich angenähert haben, unterscheiden sie sich nun fundamental in ihrem Umgang hinsichtlich der Ätiologie sexueller Funktionsstörungen: Dem neuen integrativen, multifaktoriellen, (in Bezug auf die Diagnosevergabe) nicht-ätiologischen Ansatz der ICD-11 (bei dem aber gleichzeitig eine Ätiologie benannt werden kann) steht der ausschließlich psychische, Ätiologie-geleitete Ansatz des DSM-5 entgegen, der zum Ziel hat, sexuelle Funktionsstörungen isoliert als psychische Störungen zu definieren.

Schlussfolgerung Die Unterschiede in der Konzeption sexueller Funktionsstörungen erschweren die internationale Kommunikation und Forschungszusammenarbeit maßgeblich und sind auch für die Anwendungspraxis mit erheblichen Konsequenzen verbunden. Eine einheitliche Klassifikation sexueller Funktionsstörungen wäre daher wünschenswert. Dies scheint aber auch in Zukunft – aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Prioritäten und Zielgruppen der Weltgesundheitsorganisation und der American Psychiatric Association – nicht sehr wahrscheinlich.
Successful treatment of coagulation disorders and hypoalbuminaemia in a puppy with Infectious Canine Hepatitis
Authors: Polovitzer Julia , Guija-De-Arespacochaga Abigail , Auer Angelika , Künzel Frank
Published: September 2022

Due to high vaccination coverage of the dog population in Western and Middle Europe, veterinarians are usually not familiar with clinical signs and treatment of Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH). This case report describes a 4-month-old female mixed breed dog that was imported from Bulgaria. According to the history, the puppy was presented with lethargy, pyrexia, icterus and melaena. On clinical examination, the dog additionally exhibited a painful abdomen and bleeding tendency at the venous puncture sites. Blood analysis revealed anaemia, left shift without leucocytosis, increased liver enzymes and prolonged coagulation times. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and subsequently sequence analysis performed out of urine confirmed Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV-1) as the causative agent of the disease. Peripheral oedema developed on the dog´s head and limbs during the progression of the disease due to severe hypoalbuminaemia. Initial treatment of the puppy included transfusion of whole blood and fresh frozen plasma. Hypoalbuminaemia was treated by transfusion using human albumin. On day eight after starting the treatment, the dog was released from the hospital due to an unremarkable clinically condition. This case report indicates that ICH might become a re-emerging disease by means of rising dog imports. Especially, the severe form of ICH can be associated with several life-threatening complications that require hospitalisation and intensive care treatment.
Comparison of Cervical Joint Position Sense in Computer Users with Neck Pain, Forward Head Posture, Asymptomatic and Non-Computer Users – A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Reddy Ravi Shankar , Alshahrani Mastour Saeed , Tedla Jaya Shankar , Dixit Snehil , Asiri Faisal , Lafi Al-Otaibi Mohammed , Kakaraparthi Venkata Nagaraj , Assiri Sultan Mofreh A.
Published: September 2022

Purpose People use computers in offices and workplaces daily to perform different activities. Impaired cervical proprioception and forward head posture (FHP) may contribute to the development and maintenance of neck pain in computer users. The aims of this study are 1) to compare cervical joint position sense (JPS) in computer users with neck pain, with FHP, healthy computer users, and healthy non-computer users, 2) to assess the relationship between cervical JPS and age, BMI, pain, disability, head posture, and duration of computer usage.

Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study included 134 subjects aged between 25 to 50 years old in four groups (Group 1: computer users with neck pain (n=31), group 2: computer users with FHP (n=33), Group 3: healthy computer users (n=35), and Group 4: healthy non-computer users (n=35). The cervical JPS was evaluated in flexion, extension left and right rotation directions using a cervical range of motion device. The reposition accuracy is estimated as joint position error (JPE) in degrees. The cervical JPS is compared between groups and correlated with age, BMI, pain, disability, head posture, and duration of computer usage.

Results and Discussion The mean cervical JPE's were significantly larger in the neck pain group (p<0.001) and in the FHP group (p<0.001) compared to other groups. There were no significant differences in JPE's between healthy computer users and non-users (p.>0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between JPE's and age, pain intensity, disability, and computer usage duration.

Conclusion Computer users with neck pain and with FHP had significantly impaired cervical JPS. Factors like FHP, pain intensity, disability, and duration of computer usage may influence cervical JPS, and these factors can be considered when assessing and planning treatment strategies for computer professionals.
Effects of Abacus Training on Auditory Spatial Maturation in Children with Normal Hearing
Authors: Sanjana M. , Nisha K. V.
Published: September 2022

Introduction The spatial auditory system, though developed at birth, attains functional maturity in the late childhood (12 years). Spatial changes during childhood affect navigation in the environment and source segregation. Accommodation of a new skill through learning, especially during childhood, can expedite this process.

Objective To explore the auditory spatial benefits of abacus training on psychoacoustic metrics in children. The study also aimed to identify the most sensitive metric to abacus training related changes in spatial processing, and utilize this metric for a detailed spatial error profiling.

Methods A standard group comparison analysis with 90 participants divided into three groups: I: children with abacus training (C-AT); II: children with no training (C-UT); III: adults with no training (A-UT). The groups underwent a series of psychoacoustic tests, such as interaural time difference (ITD), interaural level difference (ILD), and virtual auditory space identification (VASI), as well as perceptual tests such as the Kannada version of the speech, spatial, and quality questionnaire (K-SSQ).

Results Significant group differences were observed in the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post-hoc tests, with the C-AT group showing significantly lower ILD scores (p = 0.01) and significantly higher VASI scores (p<0.001) compared to the C-UT group, which is indicative of better spatial processing abilities in the former group. The discriminant function (DF) analyses showed that the VASI was the most sensitive metric for training-related changes, based on which elaborate error analyses were performed.

Conclusions Despite the physiological limits of the immature neural framework, the performance of the C-AT group was equivalent to that of untrained adults on psychoacoustic tests, which is reflective of the positive role of abacus training in expediting auditory spatial maturation.
The Boundaries of a Small Company’s Human Voice: Insights into Dark Humour in Internet Recruitment Advertising
Authors: Oikarinen Eeva-Liisa
Published: September 2022

This study develops a framework on how a small company's human tone of voice involving dark humour can be communicated in Internet recruitment advertising. A case study approach with an abductive logic provided a synthesis of the different recruitment communication perspectives [sender, message, electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM)] and a dark humour tone of voice used in a small company's Internet recruitment advertising in a holistic framework. The developed framework was able to demonstrate the dynamics related to a tone of voice based on dark humour from different communication perspectives in Internet recruitment advertising, and the process of how the limits for an acceptable human tone of voice are formed. Further, the study proposed a new definition for eWOM in recruitment advertising which included a human tone of voice as a relevant aspect of eWOM. For managers, the boundaries of the human tone of voice, in this case dark humour, should be handled as it might become an irritating employer brand message element and might negatively affect the construction of a positive and consistent employer image.
Physiological noise facilitates multiplexed coding of vibrotactile-like signals in somatosensory cortex
Authors: Kamaleddin Mohammad Amin , Shifman Aaron , Abdollahi Nooshin , Sigal Daniel , Ratté Stéphanie , Prescott Steven A.
Published: September 2022

Neurons can use different aspects of their spiking to simultaneously represent (multiplex) different features of a stimulus. For example, some pyramidal neurons in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) use the rate and timing of their spikes to, respectively, encode the intensity and frequency of vibrotactile stimuli. Doing so has several requirements. Because they fire at low rates, pyramidal neurons cannot entrain 1:1 with high-frequency (100 to 600 Hz) inputs and, instead, must skip (i.e., not respond to) some stimulus cycles. The proportion of skipped cycles must vary inversely with stimulus intensity for firing rate to encode stimulus intensity. Spikes must phase-lock to the stimulus for spike times (intervals) to encode stimulus frequency, but, in addition, skipping must occur irregularly to avoid aliasing. Using simulations and in vitro experiments in which mouse S1 pyramidal neurons were stimulated with inputs emulating those induced by vibrotactile stimuli, we show that fewer cycles are skipped as stimulus intensity increases, as required for rate coding, and that intrinsic or synaptic noise can induce irregular skipping without disrupting phase locking, as required for temporal coding. This occurs because noise can modulate the reliability without disrupting the precision of spikes evoked by small-amplitude, fast-onset signals. Specifically, in the fluctuation-driven regime associated with sparse spiking, rate and temporal coding are both paradoxically improved by the strong synaptic noise characteristic of the intact cortex. Our results demonstrate that multiplexed coding by S1 pyramidal neurons is not only feasible under in vivo conditions, but that background synaptic noise is actually beneficial.
Specific contribution of Reelin expressed by Cajal–Retzius cells or GABAergic interneurons to cortical lamination
Authors: Vílchez-Acosta Alba , Manso Yasmina , Cárdenas Adrián , Elias-Tersa Alba , Martínez-Losa Magdalena , Pascual Marta , Álvarez-Dolado Manuel , Nairn Angus C. , Borrell Víctor , Soriano Eduardo
Published: September 2022

The extracellular protein Reelin, expressed by Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells at early stages of cortical development and at late stages by GABAergic interneurons, regulates radial migration and the “inside-out” pattern of positioning. Current models of Reelin functions in corticogenesis focus on early CR cell–derived Reelin in layer I. However, developmental disorders linked to Reelin deficits, such as schizophrenia and autism, are related to GABAergic interneuron–derived Reelin, although its role in migration has not been established. Here we selectively inactivated the
Reln
gene in CR cells or GABAergic interneurons. We show that CR cells have a major role in the inside-out order of migration, while CR and GABAergic cells sequentially cooperate to prevent invasion of cortical neurons into layer I. Furthermore, GABAergic cell–derived Reelin compensates some features of the
reeler
phenotype and is needed for the fine tuning of the layer-specific distribution of cortical neurons. In the hippocampus, the inactivation of Reelin in CR cells causes dramatic alterations in the dentate gyrus and mild defects in the hippocampus proper. These findings lead to a model in which both CR and GABAergic cell–derived Reelin cooperate to build the inside-out order of corticogenesis, which might provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders linked to abnormal migration and Reelin deficits.
Truncated Tau caused by intron retention is enriched in Alzheimer’s disease cortex and exhibits altered biochemical properties
Authors: Ngian Zhen-Kai , Tan Yow-Yong , Choo Ching-Thong , Lin Wei-Qi , Leow Chao-Yong , Mah Shan-Jie , Lai Mitchell Kim-Peng , Chen Christopher Li-Hsian , Ong Chin-Tong
Published: September 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and Tau tangles in brain tissues. Recent studies indicate that aberrant splicing and increased level of intron retention is linked to AD pathogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed increased retention of intron 11 at the
Tau
gene in AD female dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex as compared to healthy controls, an observation validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using different brain tissues. Retention of intron 11 introduces a premature stop codon, resulting in the production of truncated Tau11i protein. Probing with customized antibodies designed against amino acids encoded by intron 11 showed that Tau11i protein is more enriched in AD hippocampus, amygdala, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe than in healthy controls. This indicates that
Tau
messenger RNA with the retained intron is translated in vivo instead of being subjected to nonsense-mediated decay. Compared to full-length Tau441 isoform, ectopically expressed Tau11i forms higher molecular weight species, is enriched in Sarkosyl-insoluble fraction, and exhibits greater protein stability in cycloheximide assay. Stably expressed Tau11i also shows weaker colocalization with α-tubulin of microtubule network in human mature cortical neurons as compared to Tau441. Endogenous Tau11i is enriched in Sarkosyl-insoluble fraction in AD hippocampus and forms aggregates that colocalize weakly with Tau4R fibril-like structure in AD temporal lobe. The elevated level of Tau11i protein in AD brain tissues tested, coupled with biochemical properties resembling pathological Tau species suggest that retention of intron 11 of Tau gene might be an early biomarker of AD pathology.
Expectation effects in working memory training
Authors: Parong Jocelyn , Seitz Aaron R. , Jaeggi Susanne M. , Green C. Shawn
Published: September 2022

There is a growing body of research focused on developing and evaluating behavioral training paradigms meant to induce enhancements in cognitive function. It has recently been proposed that one mechanism through which such performance gains could be induced involves participants’ expectations of improvement. However, no work to date has evaluated whether it is possible to cause changes in cognitive function in a long-term behavioral training study by manipulating expectations. In this study, positive or negative expectations about cognitive training were both explicitly and associatively induced before either a working memory training intervention or a control intervention. Consistent with previous work, a main effect of the training condition was found, with individuals trained on the working memory task showing larger gains in cognitive function than those trained on the control task. Interestingly, a main effect of expectation was also found, with individuals given positive expectations showing larger cognitive gains than those who were given negative expectations (regardless of training condition). No interaction effect between training and expectations was found. Exploratory analyses suggest that certain individual characteristics (e.g., personality, motivation) moderate the size of the expectation effect. These results highlight aspects of methodology that can inform future behavioral interventions and suggest that participant expectations could be capitalized on to maximize training outcomes.
Subject pronouns in Spanish-English code-switching
Authors: Bustin Amy , Muntendam Antje , Sunderman Gretchen
Published: September 2022

While the Minimalist Program argues that Spanish-English code-switches between pronominal subjects and finite verbs are ungrammatical (Van Gelderen & MacSwan, 2008), the MLF/4-M models (Myers-Scotton, 1993;Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2000) predict their grammaticality when overt pronouns are obligatory in both languages (e.g., contrastive focus). In this study, we test the contrary predictions of these models using a code-switching production task. Thirty-eight Spanish-English bilinguals (31 female; Age: 18–23 years) completed a concurrent memory-loaded repetition task where visual primes forced broad or contrastive focus interpretations. We also examined the effects of switch direction, code-switching frequency, and language dominance. The results showed that code-switches between a Spanish overt pronoun and an English inflected verb were more accurately produced in the contrastive focus than the broad focus condition, lending support for the MLF/4-M models. No effect of code-switching frequency was found. Finally, higher Spanish dominance resulted in more accurate production of these code-switches.
The development of the Chinese VdeO cleft construction
Authors: Zhan Fangqiong , Pan Haihua
Published: September 2022

This paper addresses the development of the Chinese VdeO cleft construction, and how the cleft constructional network was developed in the history of Chinese. It is argued that VdeO clefts emerged in the 13th century which was about 300 years later than VPdeclefts. A key factor in their development is the use in Middle Chinese of relative clause in post-copula position. We argue that the emergence of VdeO clefts also involved analogization to the extant VPdeclefts as well as deferred equatives. Once VdeO clefts occurred, they were recruited into the cleft network as a subschema, resulting in the schematic network being augmented and expanded. This study is a contribution to the developing field of constructionalization by making more explicit the way how nodes are created in a constructional network and how the network is reorganized and expanded.
Workload and cognitive architecture in translation
Authors: Maier Robert M.
Published: September 2022

This article endeavours to sketch out a consistent merger of models of language production and bilingualism that are currently used in the fields of Translation and Interpreting and of psycholinguistics. The workload resource of Cognitive Verbal Processing and the processing components that it serves are found to be of particular interest in this interdisciplinary perspective. Known psycholinguistic effects that involve workload (i.e., a function of activation energy) are outlined with particular emphasis on their possible relevance in translation processing. This suggests a number of potential lines of research for both fields.
The effect of Marangoni convection on mass transfer in a rising droplet with surface reaction
Authors: Denisova M O , Kostarev К G
Published: September 2022

Dispersing of the medium from which the desired component is extracted is still one of the main approaches to liquid extraction. However, despite its high efficiency, this approach is still of empirical nature, since the choice of the main parameters - the average drop diameter and the residence time of the drop in the surrounding liquid (the extractant) - is determined by experiment in relation to the initial concentration of the extracted substance (reagent). The main difficulty with a full-scale theoretical treatment and numerical simulation is a three-dimensional shape of the droplet and, accordingly, the lack of experimental data on the structure of convective flows and the dynamics of reagent concentration fields in the moving droplet. The situation can get worse when the extracted component is a surfactant or reactive against the extractant. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the structure and evolution of flows and distribution of a reagent (acetic acid) diffusing from a rising cylindrical droplet with an insoluble base component into a chemically active medium (aqueous sodium hydroxide solution). The motion of the droplet is accompanied by the development of Marangoni convection and neutralization reaction on the droplet surface.
An overview of the applicability of SNI IEC 61331-1:2016 on Lead apron for medical use
Authors: Darmawati Suzie , Sunarto Sunarto , Yasmine Hanna , Santosa Sigit
Published: September 2022

The use of lead apron for radiation protection is regulated under the Indonesia Nuclear Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) Decree no. 8 year 2011 about Radiation Safety and the Use of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiological X-Ray Machine. It listed the apron specifications are as follows: having thickness equivalent to 0.2 mm Pb or 0.25 mm Pb for diagnostic use and equivalent to 0.35 mm Pb or 0.5 mm Pb for interventional use. Further, National Standardization Agency (BSN) had issued SNI IEC 61331-1:2016, providing guidance for testing the plate materials on the apron using 400 kV x-ray machine and 1.3 MeV gamma exposure with narrow beam, to measure the attenuation ratio and air kerma rate. The method used is to determine the attenuation ratio, build-up factors, and equivalent attenuation coefficient. There were 4 different aprons (A, B, C, and D) with 9 measurement points. The results showed the air kerma rate without apron was 0.664 mGy/second, the air kerma rate with lead-equivalent layer was 0.0006 mGy/second, and the best result was produced using the apron C, with the attenuation ratio ranging from 17.2 to 29.1, showing the most homogeneity.
Graded Approach Establishment for the HTGR Maintenance Activities Using Modified Fuzzy FMEA & Expert Judgement Methodology
Authors: Ngarayana W , Murakami K
Published: September 2022

Grading is an important step of the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operation & maintenance activities. However, there are several grading difficulties for the High Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) as well as the other type of NPPs causing by the lack of operational experiences and availability of the reliability data. Failure Mode & Effects Analysis (FMEA) is one of the mature techniques that are commonly used to solve such kinds of difficulties. Nevertheless, traditional FMEA has several issues and possibly become an obstacle in the grading process. The modified FMEA by utilizing expert judgment elicitation techniques combined with the fuzzy logic theory is proposed to solve those issues. As a study practice, the proposed methodology is applied by examining Japanese’s HTGR, Gas Turbine High Temperature Reactor 300 for Cogeneration (GTHTR300C) design carefully. This study establishing good practice especially for the future advanced NPP maintenance activities development.
A hybrid pixel detector with 4D information for dynamic synchrotron radiation applications
Authors: Wei W. , Zhang J. , Cui S. , Li Z. , Li M. , Wang Y. , Wang Z. , Jiang X. , Zhu K. , Liu P.
Published: September 2022

TETPIX is a hybrid pixel detector designed for dynamic synchrotron radiation applications. It is based on hit-driven readout scheme. 4D information of every incoming photon, including 2D position, timing, and energy, can be detected at the same time. The chip consists of a 64 × 32 pixel array with a pixel size of 150 μm × 150 μm. A module system is designed with a sensitive area of 2 cm × 2 cm, and tested at synchrotron radiation beamlines. The results show an energy resolution better than 16% over a range of 10–15 keV, and a capability of fine timing structure detection.
Optical properties of low background PEN structural components for the Legend-200 experiment
Authors: Manzanillas L. , Efremenko Y. , Febbraro M. , Fischer F. , Guitart Corominas M. , Hackett B. , Leonhardt A. , Majorovits B. , Schulz O.
Published: September 2022

Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) plastic scintillator has been
identified as potential self-vetoing structural material in
low-background physics experiments. Radio-pure scintillating
components have been produced from PEN using injection compression
molding technology. These low-background PEN components will be used
as optically active holders to mount the Germanium detectors in the
Legend-200 neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. In
this paper, we present the measurement of the optical properties of
these PEN components. The scintillation light emission spectrum,
time constant, attenuation and bulk absorption length as well as
light output and light yield are reported. In addition, the surface
of these PEN components has been characterized and an estimation of
the surface roughness is presented. The light output of the final
Legend-200 detector holders has been measured and is
reported. These measurements were used to estimate the self-vetoing
efficiency of these holders.
Comparative assessment of passive scattering and active scanning proton therapy techniques using Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Asadi A. , Hosseini S.A. , Akhavanallaf A. , Vosoughi N. , Zaidi H.
Published: September 2022

Background: in this study, two proton beam delivery
designs, i.e. passive scattering proton therapy (PSPT) and pencil
beam scanning (PBS), were quantitatively compared in terms of
dosimetric indices. The GATE Monte Carlo (MC) particle transport
code was used to simulate the proton beam system; and the developed
simulation engines were benchmarked with respect to the experimental
measurements.

Method: a water phantom was used to simulate system energy
parameters using a set of depth-dose data in the energy range of
120–235 MeV. To compare the performance of PSPT against PBS,
multiple dosimetric parameters including Bragg peak width
(BP
W50), peak position, range, peak-to-entrance dose ratio,
penumbra(90-10)%, penumbra(80-20)%, M
95% and dose volume
histogram have been analyzed under the same conditions. Furthermore,
the clinical test cases introduced by AAPM TG-119 were simulated in
both beam delivery modes to compare the relevant clinical values
obtained from Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) analysis.

Results: the parametric comparison in the water phantom
between the two techniques revealed that the value of
peak-to-entrance dose ratio in PSPT is considerably higher than that
from PBS by a factor of 8%. In addition, the BP_W50,
penumbra(90-10)%,
penumbra(80-20)%, and M
95% in PSPT was
increased by a factor of 7, 51, 37, and 2.7%, respectively
compared to the corresponding value obtained from PBS model. TG-119
phantom simulations showed that the difference of PTV mean dose
between PBS and PSPT techniques are up to 1.8% while the
difference of max dose to organ at risks (OARs) exceeds 50%.

Conclusion: the results of this simulation show that
although the passive scattering design method has a slightly higher
ability to adjust the dose in target volume, but the active scanning
proton therapy systems was superior in dose painting, and lower
out-of-field dose compared to passive scattering design.
Experimental characterisation of diamond-based neutron spectrometer
Authors: Gaganov V.V. , Ryabeva E.V. , Molodtsev D.A. , Ibragimov R.F. , Vershinin I.S. , Kokorev Y.A. , Urupa I.V.
Published: September 2022

The results of testing and characterisation of the neutron
spectrometer based on a diamond detector are presented. It is shown
that spectrometer calibration with monoenergetic electrons and
alpha-particles leads to different results. The energy resolution of
the spectrometer is estimated based on the experiments with
alpha-particles and with DT-neutrons from NG-150M neutron
generator. It has been shown experimentally that for neutrons with
an energy of 14 MeV the energy resolution of a diamond-based
spectrometer is 0.6%.
Tailoring the bending pattern of non-uniformly flexible pitching hydrofoils enhances propulsive efficiency
Authors: Han Tianjun , Mivehchi Amin , Kurt Melike , Moored Keith W
Published: September 2022

We present new measurements of non-uniformly flexible pitching foils fabricated with a rigid leading section joined to a flexible trailing section. This construction enables us to vary the bending pattern and resonance condition of the foils independently. A novel effective flexibility, defined as the ratio of added mass forces to elastic forces, is proposed and shown to provide a scaling for the natural frequencies of the fluid-structural system. Foils with very flexible trailing sections of EI < 1.81 × 10−5 N m2 do not show a detectable resonance and are classified as ‘non-resonating’ as opposed to ‘resonating’ foils. Moreover, the non-resonating foils exhibit a novel bending pattern where the foil has a discontinuous hinge-like deflection instead of the smooth beam-like deflection of the resonating foils. Performance measurements reveal that both resonating and non-resonating foils can achieve high propulsive efficiencies of around 50% or more. It is discovered that non-uniformly flexible foils outperform their rigid and uniformly flexible counterparts, and that there is an optimal flexion ratio from 0.4 ⩽ λ ⩽ 0.7 that maximizes the efficiency. Furthermore, this optimal range coincides with the flexion ratios observed in nature. Performance is also compared under the same dimensionless flexural rigidity, R*, which highlights that at the same flexion ratio more flexible foils achieve higher peak efficiencies. Overall, to achieve high propulsive efficiency non-uniformly flexible hydrofoils should (1) oscillate above their first natural frequency, (2) have a flexion ratio in the range of 0.4 ⩽ λ ⩽ 0.7 and (3) have a small dimensionless rigidity at their optimal flexion ratio. Scaling laws for rigid pitching foils are found to be valid for non-uniformly flexible foils as long as the measured amplitude response is used and the deflection angle of the trailing section β is < 45°. This work provides guidance for the development of high-performance underwater vehicles using simple purely pitching bio-inspired propulsive drives.