bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prawomocność decyzji prokuratorskich kończących postępowanie przygotowawcze w świetle dyrektywy ne bis in idem
Authors: Gerecka-Żołyńska Anna
Published: January 2020

Artykuł dotyczy procesowych skutków prawomocnych decyzji prokuratora o zakończeniu postępowania karnego w konfrontacji z stosowaniem zakazu ne bis in idem. Analiza problemu przeprowadzona została w obrębie dwóch płaszczyzn tematycznych wyznaczonych zakresem obowiązywania zakazu ne bis in idem, tzn. w warunkach krajowych i w ramach współpracy z państwami członkowskimi Unii Europejskiej. W rozważaniach przyjęto, że prawomocne decyzje prokuratorskie o zakończeniu postępowania karnego stwarzają warunki do stosowania zakazu ne bis in idem, gdy pojawia się próba ponownego wszczęcia postępowania karnego wobec tej samej osoby o ten sam czyn. Tendencja ta nie jest charakterystyczna wyłącznie dla systemu polskiego, ale widoczna jest także w ustawodawstwie karnoprocesowym innych państw członkowskich UE, budzi aprobatę w orzecznictwie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, ale ostrożną. W ramach współpracy karnej państw członkowskich UE dla wykładni art. 54 Konwencji wykonawczej do układu z Schengen pierwszoplanowe znaczenie ma orzecznictwo TSUE, w którym przede wszystkim wykorzystywana jest zasada wzajemnego uznawania wyroków i orzeczeń sądowych. Związek stosowania zakazu ne bis in idem z zasadą wzajemnego uznawania wyroków i orzeczeń sądowych w ramach współpracy karnej państw członkowskich UE wynika z fundamentalnej roli, jaką zasada ta pełni wobec regulacji przyjętych w Traktacie o funkcjonowaniu UE (Dział: Przestrzeń wolności, bezpieczeństwa i sprawiedliwości). W artykule wykazano, że w przyjęta w polskim systemie karnoprocesowym koncepcja klasyfikowania zakazu ne bis in idem jako ujemnej przesłanki procesowej określonej w art. 17 § 1 pkt 7 Kodeksu postępowania karnego jest rozwiązaniem optymalnym przy założeniu, że skutek res iuducata systemowo zastrzeżony jest wyłącznie dla oceny orzeczeń sądowych. Zwrócono też w odpowiednim zakresie uwagę na znaczenie kwestii tożsamości czynu jako jednego z kryteriów stosowania zakazu ne bis in idem, aprobując powielaną, zwłaszcza w orzecznictwie TSUE, tezę, że w zaistniałej sytuacji niezbędne jest ustalenie, czy czyn, którego dotyczy prawomocne orzeczenie, jest tożsamy z podstawą faktyczną śledztwa lub dochodzenia, w którym postanowienie o umorzeniu postępowania ma zostać wydane z pominięciem oceny przyjętej kwalifikacji prawnej czynu lub interesu prawnego państwa.
O (de)kompozycjach współczesności
Authors: Wrzesień Witold
Published: January 2020

Zmiany polityczne, ekonomiczne, cywilizacyjne i społeczne ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat doprowadziły do globalnego rozregulowania, w której to rzeczywistości mogła zaistnieć ideologia dezorganizacji. W społeczeństwie niepogrążonym w procesie dekompozycji dotychczasowych regulacji normatywnych (anomia) ten typ marketingowych quasi-rewolucyjnych idei skazany byłyby na porażkę. Podważanie sensu normatywnych regulacji celów i zastępowanie ich nowymi (otoczonymi fałszywym mitem udoskonalania świata), to przykład anomii wykorzystywanej do maksymalizacji zysku (nie tylko w sensie finansowym). Równolegle wypracowane zostały i uległy utrwaleniu dwa nowe mechanizmy kontroli społecznej – kontrola przez emocje i kontrola przez tworzenie iluzji. Niniejszy tekst stanowi wstępną próbę analizy wskazanych powyżej zjawisk i procesów.
Trend Analysis of research on AAC in Korea through Keyword Network Analysis
Authors: Choi Sunghee , Shin Jieun , Jeon Byung-Un ,   Korean Society of Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Published: January 2020

Background and objectives: Recently, in the educational and socio-scientific fields, Keyword Network Analysis has been widely used to analyze research trends. This study also analyzes the research trend related to the AAC by using the Keyword Network Analysis. Method: The study identified the released dates of the AAC-related research recorded in the registered list and waiting list of the KCI 2000-2018, analyzed the keyword network on keywords suggested in the thesis paper and examined how the ego network is formed in the field of disorders which showed high frequency. Result: First, 2000-2018, a total number of 151 AAC-related thesis papers were released, and this figure has steadily increased and more than doubled in 2014 compared to 2013. Second, ‘AAC’ was most frequently found in keywords, followed by ‘severe or multiple disabilities’, ‘brain lesions’, and ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. Third, the Ego Network Analysis shows that studies related to severe and multiple disabilities are mainly focused on communication behavior and high tech AAC, studies related to brain lesions are mainly focused on improving communication, studies related to severe and multiple disabilities are mainly focused on PECS, and studies related to intellectual disabilities are mainly based on animation. Discussion and results: The study has significance in that it identified a specific tendency in regards to the trend and major research topics of the AAC studies.
Perception of Lifelong Education Institution Teachers on Communication Supports for Non-Verbal People with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Chae Soojung , Park Kyoungock ,   Korean Society of Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Published: January 2020

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the current problems and difficulties in terms of developing, disseminating, and using assistive devices to support the communication of adults with developmental disabilities for instructors and directors of lifelong education institutions. Method: A qualitative analysis was conducted by administering an advisory letter and a focus group interview to nine instructors and directors of lifelong education institutions that lead adults with developmental disabilities. Results: During the device development process, there was a demand for instrumental factors and symbols, the development of support in the center, and the development of educational programs so that the tools could be used in the process of dissemination and arbitration. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we discussed the linkage between school and institution, and the support for device dissemination and use according to the life cycle.
Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
Authors: Farooq Adeel , Habib Mustafa , Mahboob Abid , Nazeer Waqas , Kang Shin Min
Published: January 2020

Dendrimers have an incredibly strong potential because their structure allows multivalent frameworks, i.e. one dendrimer molecule has many possible destinations to couple to a functioning species. Researchers expected to utilize the hydrophobic conditions of the dendritic media to lead photochemical responses that make the things that are artificially tested. Carboxylic acid and phenol- terminated water-dissolvable dendrimers were joined to set up their utility in tranquilize conveyance and furthermore driving compound reactions in their inner parts. This may empower scientists to associate both concentrating on atoms and medication particles to the equivalent dendrimer, which could diminish negative manifestations of prescriptions on sound and health cells. Topological indices are numerical numbers associated with the graphs of dendrimers and are invariant up to graph isomorphism. These numbers compare certain physicochemical properties like boiling point, strain energy, stability, etc. of a synthetic compound. There are three main types of topological indices, i.e degree-based, distance-based and spectrum-based. In this paper, our aim is to compute some degree-based indices and polynomials for some dendrimers and polyomino chains. We computed redefined first, second and third Zagreb indices of PAMAM dendrimers PD1, PD2, and DS1 and linear Polyomino chain Ln , Zigzag Polyomino chain Zn, polyomino chain with n squares and of m segments $B_{n}^{1}$and $B_{n}^{2}$We also computed some Zagreb polynomials of understudy dendrimers and chains.
The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
Authors: Szewczyk Katarzyna , Kalemba Danuta , Miazga-Karska Małgorzata , Krzemińska Barbara , Dąbrowska Agnieszka , Nowak Renata
Published: January 2020

The horticultural cultivars of Hemerocallis (daylily) have been used to treat diseases such as insomnia, inflammation and depression, and also as a vegetable in eastern Asia. Taking into consideration the fact, that the volatile compounds in Hemerocallis cultivars have not been investigated to date, we decided to study the composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the aerial parts of ten varieties collecting in Poland. EOs, obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by GC/MS method that resulted in identification of 23-36 volatile compounds comprising 89.5%–96.3% of the total amount. The essential oils differed in their composition and they can be classified into three groups. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of EOs were also evaluated. Gram-negative strains were most strongly inhibited by all tested oils. Two model systems have been used for the antioxidant efficacy, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) andβ-carotene bleaching assays. The essential oils with the high presence of oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons showed higher antioxidant activity. The chemical composition of EOs of Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity is reported for the first time. Thus, the findings presented here suggest that the aerial parts of Hemerocallis cultivars may be candidates for the development of new phytomedicine.
Why Do People Use Digital Applications? A Qualitative Analysis of Usage Goals and Psychological Need Fulfillment
Authors: Zimmermann Sina , Gerber Nina
Published: January 2020

For many people, digital applications, especially messengers, social networks and cloud services, have become an important part of their daily life. Although most users express privacy concerns regarding the use of digital applications, their concerns do not prevent users from sharing personal information with such applications. A reason for this seemingly paradoxical behavior could be that users pursue certain goals when they are using these applications, which possibly overweigh their privacy concerns. We thus conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 users, with most of them being psychology students, to investigate why they use digital applications (i. e., messengers, social networks, cloud services, digital assistants, and Smart TVs) and what psychological needs they aim to fulfill by using these applications. Our study further included a card sorting task, in which the participants ranked the relevance of ten psychological needs for each of the investigated digital applications they reported to use. Using open coding for the analysis of the interview questions, and a quantitative analysis of the card sorting task, we identified four main psychological needs people aim to fulfill by using digital applications: (1) relatedness-belongingness, (2) competence-effectance, (3) pleasure-stimulation, and (4) autonomy-independence, and four additional psychological needs which are application-specific: (5) security, (6) popularity-influence, (7) self-actualization-meaning, and (8) money-luxury. Besides this, we identified several concerns (e. g., data abuse, privacy invasion, and eavesdropping) and reasons why people refrain from using certain digital applications (i. e., the lack of benefits, malfunction, high costs, and the fear of being eavesdropped on). The fulfillment of the psychological needs seem to overweigh those privacy concerns and play a major role for people’s intention to use digital applications, which is why users will not use alternative privacy friendly applications if these do not allow for the fulfillment of those needs in the same way established applications do.
CogniPGA: Longitudinal Evaluation of Picture Gesture Authentication with Cognition-Based Intervention
Authors: Katsini Christina , Avouris Nikolaos , Fidas Christos
Published: January 2020

There is evidence that the visual behavior of users when creating graphical passwords affects the password strength. Adopting a cognitive style perspective in the interpretation of the results of recent studies revealed that users, depending on their cognitive style, follow different visual exploration paths when creating graphical passwords which affected the password strength. To take advantage of the inherent abilities of people, we proposed CogniPGA, a cued-recall graphical authentication scheme where a cognition-based intervention using gaze data is applied. This paper presents the longitudinal evaluation of the proposed scheme in terms of security, memorability, and usability from a cognitive style perspective. Results strengthen the assumptions that understanding and using the inherent cognitive characteristics of users could enable the design of user-first authentication schemes, where no compromises need to be made on security for benefiting usability or the other way around.
OMG I’m Laughing so Hard – Alienation in Digital Communication and Potential Countermeasures
Authors: Quintes Cedric , Ullrich Daniel
Published: January 2020

Nowadays communication is largely dominated by digital text-based channels which naturally only transfer a small part of the information that is present in face-to-face conversations. In particular, information about the communication partner’s emotional state, which is naturally expressed through facial expressions, body language and other non-verbal indicators, can hardly be transferred. Approaches such as emojis address this issue by allowing the sender to show how he (for reasons of readability, the pronoun “he” addresses all genders equally) feels by selecting an appropriate (smiley) face. However, the crucial difference is that this smiley must be deliberately chosen and does not necessarily represent an authentic expression of the sender’s emotional state. The present paper discusses typical challenges and misunderstandings of communication in the digital era by the example of chat communication. It reflects its ramifications on the perceived authenticity of the transferred emotions and discusses possible (technology-based) approaches towards a more direct, authentic way of communication.
Emerging Trends in Usable Security and Privacy
Authors: Alt Florian , von Zezschwitz Emanuel
Published: January 2020

New technologies are constantly becoming part of our everyday life. At the same time, designers and developers still often do not consider the implications of their design choices on security and privacy. For example, new technologies generate sensitive data, enable access to sensitive data, or can be used in malicious ways. This creates a need to fundamentally rethink the way in which we design new technologies. While some of the related opportunities and challenges have been recognized and are being addressed by the community, there is still a need for a more holistic understanding. In this editorial, we will address this by (1) providing a brief historical overview on the research field of ‘Usable Security and Privacy’; (2) deriving a number of current and future trends; and (3) briefly introducing the articles that are part of this special issue and describing how they relate to the current trends and what researchers and practitioners can learn from them.
Bastiat as a Social Scientist
Authors: Leroux Robert
Published: January 2020

This article argues that, notwithstanding views to the contrary, Frédéric Bastiat (Bayonne, 1801; Rome, 1850) was indeed a man of science. Thus, in several of his essays he showed that political economy can attain a level of scientific rigor comparable in many respects to that of the natural sciences. Subscribing to the principle of methodological individualism, he offered some persuasive explanations for why people believe in a multitude of things. After examining science as Bastiat conceived it, we shall look at two important examples, mechanization and rational voting.
Simplifying the Complexities of Negligence Law – A Joint Academic/Judicial Proposal
Authors: Gilead Israel
Published: January 2020

Over a century, common law judges, academics, and practitioners have struggled with the complexities of negligence law. All agree that negligence liability is imposed on a defendant whose unreasonable conduct caused foreseeable harm to the plaintiff, and who owed a duty of care to the plaintiff. But views differ considerably as to the meaning and role of each element (unreasonable conduct, harm causation, duty), the test and the relevant considerations that should be applied to each, the interrelation between these elements, and the meaning and role of the foreseeability requirement in each element. Against this background, the author has argued for years that the above complexities can be easily solved by a simplified model of negligence. Recently the author’s model has been embraced by Israeli justices and judges. The article presents the proposed model, explains how it solves the described complexities, and fends off criticism. It then demonstrates the model’s operation by applying it to the 2018 SCC’s decision in the Rankin case. A glimpse at the Third Restatement on Torts shows that it steers in the same direction, as evidenced by an analysis of the Palsgraf case and the unforeseeable plaintiff question. Following a short overview of leading British cases from Donoghue to the 2018 decision in Robinson, it is argued that a shift to the proposed model would be a natural evolution that can be easily achieved. In contrast, it is argued that Canadian law has moved in another direction, for incorrect reasons. The model is then compared with another reform recently suggested in the literature. Finally, fault-based liability in continental Europe is viewed from the perspective of the proposed model.
No-fault Law on Medical Accidents in Belgium: An Evaluation after Six Years
Authors: Vansweevelt Thierry , Lierman Steven , Buelens Wannes
Published: January 2020

After many years of criticism of the medical malpractice system based on negligence, Belgium introduced a law on medical accidents in March 2010. This law created a Medical Accidents Fund. Under this two-track system the victim of a medical accident has the choice to file a claim before the court or to seek compensation from the Fund. The Law on Medical Accidents has four objectives: (1) to create a Fund with a simple and fast procedure that is cost-free to access, (2) to channel and centralise all medical accident claims to the Fund, and to develop a prevention strategy, (3) to compensate more victims by introducing a personal right to compensation for medical accident victims without the need to consider liability, and finally, (4) to achieve a balanced budget. A medical accident without liability can be defined as an accident caused by healthcare which does not lead to the liability of a caregiver, does not result from the patient’s health condition and causes abnormal damage to the patient. The damage is abnormal if it was not supposed to occur given the current state of scientific knowledge, the patient’s health condition and its objectively predictable evolution. Following analysis of the new law, this study shows that it has created a single, central point of contact that is easily accessible and generally understood by medical accident victims. On average fifty new cases a month are submitted to the Fund. In a reasonable number of cases to date, liability of the caregiver has been accepted by the Fund. However, the Fund is rather strict in awarding no-fault compensation for medical accidents without liability. It remains to be seen whether this interpretation can resist the test of judicial review.
Excrescent vowels in Lamkang prefix sequences
Authors: Burke Mary , Chelliah Shobhana , Robinson Melissa
Published: January 2020

Lamkang is a Trans-Himalayan language spoken in the Chandel District of Manipur, India by under 10,000 ethnically Naga people. Due to a complex person indexation system in Lamkang clauses, multiple prefixes with the shape C- are attached to a verb stem creating lexemes with the shape CCCCVC. To make such forms pronounceable, speakers insert super-short vowel-like segments between the C- prefixes. Combining acoustic analysis with speakers’ intuitions about syllable structure, we examine the nature of these segments, arguing that an accurate phonetic description of Lamkang vowels must include these super-short vowels, as well as long and short vowels, which are phonemically distinct. We call these super-short vowels excrescent, following the terminology discussed in Hall (2011. Vowel epenthesis. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume & Keren Rice (eds.), The blackwell companion to phonology, 1576–1596. Oxford: Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0067: 1584). The excrescent vowel is a type of epenthetic vowel, sometimes also called “intrusive”, and is typified by its short duration and centralized quality distinct from lexical vowels. It is unstressed and has the phonetic effect of helping to transition between consonants. We show that the excrescent vowels in Lamkang have formant structures that barely resemble the characteristic formant profiles of the short and long vowels. While excrescent vowels are not contrastive, they are phonologically relevant because they have just enough sonority to form nuclei of CiVCii syllables where Cii is often ambisyllabic with the following syllable. The Lamkang data show that while any language-specific phonotactic constraints must reference the syllable, what constitutes a syllable must include the possibility of excrescent vowels as nuclei.
On the topology of partial metric spaces
Authors: Bugajewski Dariusz , Wang Ruidong
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we give some necessary and sufficient conditions under which the topology generated by a partial metric is equivalent to the topology generated by a suitably defined metric. Next, we study some new extensions of the Generalized Banach Contraction Principle to partial metric spaces. Moreover, we draw a particular attention to the space of all sequences showing, in particular, that some well-known fixed point theorems for ultrametric spaces, can be used for operators acting in that space. We illustrate our considerations by suitable examples and counterexamples.
Quantum confinement-induced enhanced nonlinearity and carrier lifetime modulation in two-dimensional tin sulfide
Authors: Zhang Feng , Xu Ning , Zhao Jinlai , Wang Yunzheng , Jiang Xiantao , Zhang Ye , Huang Weichun , Hu Lanping , Tang Yanfeng , Xu Shixiang , Zhang Han
Published: January 2020

Two-dimensional tin sulfide (SnS), as a black phosphorus-analogue binary semiconductor, has received considerable attention in photonics and optoelectronics. Herein, the third-order nonlinearity susceptibility Im χ3 is enhanced from  −(6.88 ± 0.10) × 10−14 esu to  −(15.90 ± 0.27) × 10−14 esu by the size-related quantum confinement in layered SnS nanosheets. Due to the energy level alignment, a phonon-bottleneck effect is observed, which leads to a prolonged carrier lifetime. These results provide a platform for actively tuning the linear and nonlinear optics, and pave the way for designing SnS-based tunable and anisotropic optoelectronic devices.
Crystal structure of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, C20H24N4O6
Authors: Li Peizhe , Liu Lei , Lou Benyong , Zhan Hongbing
Published: January 2020

C20H24N4O6, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.2441(5) Å, b = 11.6409(6) Å, c = 12.0107(9) Å, α = 64.328(6)°, β = 70.778(6)°, γ = 86.678(4)°, V = 976.09(12) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0671, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1702, T = 100 K.
Vibration Equation of Fractional Order Describing Viscoelasticity and Viscous Inertia
Authors: Duan Jun-Sheng , Xu Yun-Yun
Published: January 2020

The steady state response of a fractional order vibration system subject to harmonic excitation was studied by using the fractional derivative operator

−
∞

D
t
β

,

${}_{-\infty} D_t^\beta,$

where the order β is a real number satisfying 0 ≤ β ≤ 2. We derived that the fractional derivative contributes to the viscoelasticity if 0 < β < 1, while it contributes to the viscous inertia if 1 < β < 2. Thus the fractional derivative can represent the “spring-pot” element and also the “inerterpot” element proposed in the present article. The viscosity contribution coefficient, elasticity contribution coefficient, inertia contribution coefficient, amplitude-frequency relation, phase-frequency relation, and influence of the order are discussed in detail. The results show that fractional derivatives are applicable for characterizing the viscoelasticity and viscous inertia of materials.
The Errors Recognition and Compensation for the Numerical Control Machine Tools Based on Laser Testing Technology
Authors: Gao Qian , Zhang Pingchuan
Published: January 2020

To improve the accuracy of numerical control machine tools error, this paper studies the application of laser testing technology in numerical control machine tool, and put forward a laser interferometer automatic aiming system which can conduct space error measurement. The system, in the process of the NC machine tool operating, can measure the machine tool space curve through changing the direction of the laser. The principle of laser interferometer and matlab analysis are adopted, through the experiment of laser interference technology in the numerical control machine tool, the law curve of error in NC machine tools is obtained, getting the method of error of NC machine tools. When conducting laser testing error experiment in NC machine tool, the results show that the laser testing can measure aggregated error and thermal error of NC machine tool better, with small control of environment and high accuracy of measurement.
Evaluation and Decision Making of Organization Quality Specific Immunity Based on MGDM-IPLAO Method
Authors: Liu Qiang , Hu Hui-Ya , Guo Yu , Yang Fei-Xue
Published: January 2020

As the starting point, the immunity theory is introduced into the organization quality management, combined with the organization quality specific immunity system, the evaluation index system of organization quality specific immunity is designed. And the evaluation and multi-attribute group decision making model of organization quality specific immunity based on the immunity perspective is constructed by the method of multi-attribute group decision making of intuitive pure linguistic aggregation operators, empirical analysis is carried out by the research objects of relevant experts, representative and typical manufacturing enterprises, the empirical analysis results indicate that multi-attribute group decision making method of intuitive pure linguistic aggregation operators can choose and determine the optimization evaluation solution and the best decision making of partners, confirm the highest value over all partners for organization quality specific immunity system, the method of multi-attribute group decision making of intuitive pure linguistic aggregation operators has validity, feasibility and operability in evaluation and decision making of organization quality specific immunity. Empirical analysis results and conclusion have certain practical value, which provide new ideas to solve the problem of multi-attribute decision making of intuitive information mixed with pure linguistic information, and provides the basis for the effective selection of the best partners for manufacturing enterprises of the supply chain from the perspective of quality management.
Die Schuldenbremse – eine falsche Fiskalregel am falschen Platz
Authors: Hüther Michael , Südekum Jens
Published: January 2020

In der aktuellen makroökonomischen Situation gibt es keine überzeugenden Gründe für ein fast komplettes Neuverschuldungsverbot, wie es momentan im Grundgesetz verankert ist. Auch politökonomische Argumente ändern nichts daran, dass die Schuldenbremse keine überzeugende Fiskalregel für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (mehr) darstellt.
CoFe–OH Double Hydroxide Films Electrodeposited on Ni-Foam as Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Sliozberg Kirill , Aniskevich Yauhen , Kayran Ugur , Masa Justus , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: January 2020

Cobalt-iron double hydroxide (CoFe–OH) films were electrochemically deposited on 3D Ni foam electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The dependence of the OER activity on film composition and thickness was evaluated, which revealed an optimal Fe:Co ratio of about 1:2.33. The composition of the catalyst film was observed to vary with film thickness. The electrodeposition parameters were carefully controlled to yield microstructured Ni-foam decorated with CoFe–OH films of controlled thickness and composition. The most active electrode exhibited an overpotential as low as 360 mV OER at an industrial scale current density of 400 mA cm−2 that remained stable for at least 320 h. This work contributes towards the fabrication of practical electrodes with the focus on the development of stable electrodes for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution at high current densities.
Physical and Energetic Demand of Soccer: A Brief Review
Authors: Dolci Filippo , Hart Nicolas H. , Kilding Andrew E. , Chivers Paola , Piggott Ben , Spiteri Tania
Published: January 2020

Soccer is a complex and exhaustive team-sport requiring a high level of tactical, technical, and physical ability to succeed. During a competitive match, a random combination of explosive and powerful activities, together with technical and tactical gestures, is performed in an intermittent manner over a 90-minute game. This review presents a detailed analysis and up-to-date synthesis of the literature describing activities and energy system contribution during soccer to provide to strength and conditioning coaches a clear understanding of soccer players' physical needs during competition.
A Rapid Method of Determination of Swell Potential and Swell Pressure of Expansive Soils Using Constant Rate of Strain Apparatus
Authors: Kumar T. Ashok , Raheena M. , Robinson R. G. , Thyagaraj T.
Published: January 2020

Swell potential and pressure of expansive soils are conventionally determined using an oedometer apparatus. The specimens are commonly saturated by submerging in water under a seating pressure. Generally, the test takes a long time, as the saturation process is slow. This article presents an improved saturation method by back pressure application in a constant rate of strain (CRS) loading apparatus. Controlled strain loading (CSL) was adopted to bring back the swollen specimens to their initial thickness instead of conventional incremental loading. It is observed that the time taken to complete the test is 7 to 13 times faster compared to the conventional method. When compared to the conventional method, the swell potential and pressure values obtained with the back pressure saturation were found to be higher by about 19 % to 34 % and 6 % to 28 %, respectively. The reason for these higher values is attributed to the attainment of greater saturation using the back pressure saturation technique.
Field Rebound and Recompression Curve of Soft Clay
Authors: Li Zhuofeng , Chen Yunmin , Zhou Yanguo , Bian Xuecheng
Published: January 2020

During sampling and sample preparation, the soil specimen is disturbed, which is accompanied by a decrease in void ratio, and the stresses within it release from in situ status to a residual one, usually associated with an expansion to some extent. As a result, the in situ void ratio and field recompression index, i.e., ev0 and CFR, change to e0 and CLR, respectively, which have not been properly accounted for in the traditional method. A rebound-recompression method (RRM) is proposed in this article for the derivation of a field compression curve from laboratory compression test results, with techniques being developed to modify these two parameters from laboratory measurements to field ones. This method has the clear advantage that the rebound and recompression behavior prior to the yield stress can be satisfactorily captured. Moreover, criterion to assess the sampling and preparation quality of soil samples is also proposed. This new method is validated against three consolidation tests with differing stress paths. In addition, measurements from an excavation in the field suggest that the RRM yields reliable results and highlight the nonconservativeness of the traditional method in deep excavation engineering.
Experimental Study of the Mechanism of TBM Disk Cutter Penetration in Mixed-Faced Grounds under Confining Pressure
Authors: Zhou X. P. , Zhai S. F. , Gong Q. M. , Berto F.
Published: January 2020

In this article, the effects of tunnel boring machine (TBM) disk cutter penetrations on rock fragmentation are experimentally investigated. In these tests, the tested sample is composed of Beishan granite and Chongqing sandstone. The effects of five sets of TBM disk cutter penetrations are investigated under confining pressure of 10 MPa, and 3-D forces acting on the rolling cutter and the forming rock chips are analyzed. It is found from the experimental results that in the mixed-faced ground, for granite, the boreability of the TBM disk cutter increases slowly with increasing penetration, while for sandstone, the boreability of the TBM disk cutter almost linearly decreases. At the same penetration, the average normal force and rolling force in granite are larger than those in sandstone, and cutter vibration becomes obvious when the disk cutter rolls through the interface of the composite rocks. Moreover, the optimizing penetration, which is equal to 2 mm in the mixed-faced ground composed of granite and sandstone under confining stress of 10 MPa, is provided to guide the TBM operation and to predict rock fragmentation in TBM tunneling.
Staging Crossings
Authors: Menchaca Celeste R.
Published: January 2020

This article examines the dynamic interactions between Mexican women who sought to circumvent their sexual regulation at the U.S.-Mexico border, and U.S. immigration officials who enforced these regulations and policed these women's bodies in the early twentieth century. Using the transcripts of the board of special inquiry (BSI)—a panel that deliberated over the admission of excludable immigrants and oversaw accompanying interrogations—I contend that, while the BSI operated to encode corporeally Mexican female immigrants as sexually deviant, it simultaneously served as a stage for them to respond with their own performances of crossing. In the interrogation room, women performed a slew of admissible identities, including the devoted mother, aggrieved woman, and hard-working laborer. When those attempts to cross failed, women did not simply return home. Instead, many re-crossed until they reached their intended destination. Thus, the BSI served as a site for Mexican female border crossers to both uphold and challenge the production of heteropatriarchal notions of marriage. These findings contribute to the growing literature on U.S. border enforcement in the early twentieth century and uncover the (dis)order of a growing U.S. bureaucratic infrastructure based on sexual and gendered regulation.
Declining the “Invitation to Struggle”
Authors: Johns Andrew L.
Published: January 2020

Congress has abdicated its role at the center of U.S. political life. As a result, the constitutional powers that should be exercised by Congress in both domestic and foreign policy have been progressively appropriated by the executive branch. At times, presidents have seized those powers through exigent circumstances or congressional desuetude and ineffectiveness. Just as frequently, however, Congress has been willing—if not eager—to cede those prerogatives to the president whether for the sake of expediency, emergency, efficiency, electoral maneuvering, or in a deliberate effort to deflect political consequences. This has made the country less democratic, more authoritarian, and decreasingly likely to solve complex problems that require a broad range of perspectives and thoughtful deliberation. The article explores how this abdication has occurred throughout U.S. history in a variety of areas, including U.S. foreign relations, the constitutional war powers, national emergencies, and delegations of power. This article is a revised and expanded version of the author’s presidential address at 2019 annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association, delivered August 1, 2019, at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
ВШАНУВАННЯ ПАМ’ЯТІ ГЕРОЇВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНО-ВИЗВОЛЬНИХ ЗМАГАНЬ ПІД ЧАС ЗЕЛЕНИХ СВЯТ У ГАЛИЧИНІ (20-ті – 30-ті рр. ХХ ст.)
Authors: Дрогобицька Оксана
Published: January 2020

У статті на основі широкого кола джерел проаналізовано процес вшанування пам’яті героїв національно-визвольних змагань 1914–1921 рр. під час Зелених свят (Трійці) у Галичині (20-ті – 30-ті рр. ХХ ст.). Поминальні заходи включали урочисті богослужіння за участю членів усіх громадських това- риств, щорічні походи до місць бойової слави (г. Маківка, г. Лисоня), встановлення пам’ятників та меморіальних таблиць. У міжвоєнний період масового характеру набуло також насипання символічних могил на честь полеглих бійців. Відзначено, що такі акції впливали на формування національної свідо- мості, викликали патріотичне піднесення і сприяли гуртуванню молоді навколо ідеї національно- визвольної боротьби.
РОДИНА ГОШКЕВИЧІВ ТА ЇЇ ВНЕСОК У РОЗБУДОВУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ САМОСВІДОМОСТІ УКРАЇНЦІВ В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ІМПЕРІЇ ТА УСРР
Authors: Сінкевич Євген
Published: January 2020

Віктор Іванович Гошкевич археолог, краєзнавець, музеєзнавець, видавець, завновник історико- археологічного музею в Херсоні мало знаний у масштабах України. Він походив зі знаної родини професора богослов’я, ректора Київської духовної семінарії. Разом із М. Грушевським слухав лекції основоположника української класичної історичної та археологічної науки Володимира Антоновича. Опинившись у Херсоні він посів посаду секретаря Херсонського губернського статистичного комітету і, не обмежуючись державною службою, почав вивчати давню історію краю, здійснював археологічні пошуки, турбувався про збереження пам’яток. Неоціненною є його роль в утвердженні української мови та історії у нижньому Подніпров’ї.
ОХОРОНА ЗДОРОВ’Я В ЗАХІДНО-УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ НАРОДНІЙ РЕСПУБЛІЦІ: ІСТОРИКО-АНТРОПОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ
Authors: Давибіда Лев
Published: January 2020

Автор розглядає процес становлення і функціонування системи охорони здоров’я ЗУНР, засто- совуючи методологічні підходи, притаманні для історії повсякденного життя як історико-антропо- логічної дисципліни. Особлива увага приділяється висвітленню організаційних заходів, спрямованих на розбудову ланок управління галуззю охорони здоров’я і забезпечення цивільного населення медичною опікою, аналізується практична діяльність влади і окремих представників лікарської професії у цих процесах. На підставі вивчення архівних джерел, згромаджених у фонді 3982 “Державний секретаріат внутрішніх справ Західно-Української Народної Республіки. Відділ санітарний” Центрального держав- ного архіву вищих органів влади та управління України (ЦДАВО України), охарактеризовано рівень доступності якісної медичної допомоги для пересічного мешканця Східної Галичини в 1918–1919 рр. в умовах занепаду санітарно-гігієнічних відносин, спричиненого тривалими військовими діями, а також з’ясовано, які практичні заходи проводилися задля покращення санітарного стану ЗУНР і подолання інфекційних захворювань.
Morphology, Composition, and Ontogenesis of Platinum-Group Minerals in Chromitites of Zoned Clinopyroxenite–Dunite Massifs of the Middle Urals
Authors: Stepanov S.Yu. , Palamarchuk R.S. , Antonov A.V. , Kozlov A.V. , Varlamov D.A. , Khanin D.A. , Zolotarev A.A.
Published: January 2020

—We present results of analysis of the morphology and chemical composition of platinum-group minerals from chromite– platinum orebodies of zoned clinopyroxenite–dunite massifs in the Middle Urals (Nizhnii Tagil, Svetlyi Bor, Veresovyi Bor, and Kamenushenskii). Study of more than 500 grains has given an insight into the sequence of formation of platinum-group minerals in chromitites of the studied massifs. Three assemblages of platinum-group minerals have been revealed: magmatic (Os–Ir–Ru intermetallic compounds, isoferroplatinum, ferroplatinum, sulfides of the isomorphous series erlichmanite–laurite and kashinite–bowieite, and thiospinels of the series cuproiridsite–cuprorhodsite–malanite); postmagmatic (with a predominance of tulameenite, tetraferroplatinum, and ferronickelplatinum, resulted from serpentinization of dunites); and latest secondary (minerals with a predominance of PGE sulfides, arsenides, sulfoantimonides, sulfoarsenides, plumbides, and amalgams).
Changes in the Ta/Nb Ratio in Successively Formed Differentiates of Granite Melt (Calculations Based on Experimental Data)
Authors: Alferyeva Ya.O. , Gramenitskii E.N. , Shchekina T.I.
Published: January 2020

—Based on experimental data (T = 650–800 °C, P = 1–2 kbar) on the solubility of columbite and tantalite in silicate melt and on the distribution of Ta and Nb among coexisting silicate melt, aqueous fluid, and aluminum fluoride melt, we calculated a possible change in the Ta/Nb indicator ratio in residual deeply differentiated granite melts. The Clarke values of these metals in acid rocks of the Earth’s crust were taken as their initial contents. The calculations were made by the mass balance method. It is shown that the separation of fluid in the closed magmatic system rock-forming minerals–silicate melt–water can lead to an approximately twice increase in Ta/Nb in the residual melt as compared with the initial Clarke value. In the system rock-forming minerals–silicate melt–aluminum fluoride melt with the initial content of fluorine close to that in biotite granites, the Ta/Nb ratio in the residual melt can increase to ~1. Successive crystallization of minerals of the isomorphic columbite–tantalite series can lead to Ta/Nb > 2 in the residual melt. Crystallization of biotite causes a significant increase in Ta/Nb and prevents the accumulation of these metals in the residual silicate melt.
Spatio-Temporal Patterns of the Development of Strong Seismic Activations (1999–2007) in the Northern Baikal Area
Authors: Melnikova V.I. , Seredkina A.I. , Gileva N.A.
Published: January 2020

—The development of strong seismic activations in the northern Baikal area in 1999–2007 is considered. Based on maps of earthquake epicenter density, it has been shown that each activation is a separate group of seismic shocks (a cluster), whose scale and spatio-temporal pattern depend strongly on the stress-strain state of the crust. Estimates of seismic-moment tensors for strong earthquakes within the clusters demonstrate that the most numerous groups of shocks form in the rift stress field. With moving away to the southeast from the conventional axis of the Baikal rift, this field changes under amplification of the compressional stresses in Transbaikalia. Simultaneously, we observe a decrease in the number of seismic events and in their energy level. Totally, the considered seismic activations prove the small-scale block structure of the crust in the northern Baikal area and reflect the main features of the modern geotectonic development of this area related to the adjacent morphostructural zone, where most of fragments are involved in rifting and the other are affected by the activation of positive-sign block movements. The obtained results should be taken into account in the assessment of the seismic hazard of the studied territory.
Three-Dimensional Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data in Study of Focal Zones of Earthquakes in the South of the Altai–Sayan Region
Authors: Belyavsky V.V.
Published: January 2020

—The potentialities of the 3D inversion program WSINV3DMT were estimated on the model [Zm] and observed [Zob] components of the impedance tensor and its invariants during the construction of geoelectrical models for the southern part of the Altai–Sayan region characterized by a three-dimensional distribution of electrical conductivity. These components were obtained for a 3D model constructed by the method of interactive selection of the 3D model induction curves for the experimental ones. Testing of the WSINV3DMT program on the model magnetotelluric data showed the possibility of not only isolation of blocks of high electrical conductivity but also of the appearance of conductivity anomalies different from the model ones. The paper presents a 3D geoelectrical model for the southern focal zones of the region, constructed with the use of the WSINV3DMT program and the proposed method of interpretation. The isolated blocks of low electrical resistivity are correlated with the location of earthquake foci, deep faults, and regions of high absorption of earthquake exchange waves.
The Transformation of the Soviet Agriculture
Authors: Leonavičius Vylius , Ozolinčiūtė Eglė
Published: January 2020

The Soviet past is crucial in understanding the processes of transformation of the Lithuanian kolkhoz system into the farming practices of free-market economy. The violent and forced incorporation of the nation-states into the Soviet Union radically transformed societies. In our analysis of kolkhoz system and its transformations, we use two different concepts – Soviet modernity and modernity of the Soviet period. These concepts let us to approach the agricultural project of the Soviet collective farming as an alternative system of social institutions for implementation of industrial farming of modern society. The concept of entangled modernity refers to interaction of two trends of modernization and defines the kolkhoz as a hybrid or a result of intertwining of two models of modernity – the universal and the Soviet one. By applying the concept of entangled modernity and hybrids to the interpretation of the kolkhoz’s post-Soviet transformation, the article explores the experiences of social actors and the inevitable human and material losses of the hybrid’s transformation. In our theoretical interpretation, we use data from interviews with former agents of the kolkhoz system and legislative documents.
Big Data in the Assessment of Pediatric Medication Safety
Authors: McMahon Ann W. , Cooper William O. , Brown Jeffrey S. , Carleton Bruce , Doshi-Velez Finale , Kohane Isaac , Goldman Jennifer L. , Hoffman Mark A. , Kamaleswaran Rishikesan , Sakiyama Michiyo , Sekine Shohko , Sturkenboom Miriam C.J.M. , Turner Mark A. , Califf Robert M.
Published: January 2020

Big data (BD) in pediatric medication safety research provides many opportunities to improve the safety and health of children. The number of pediatric medication and device trials has increased in part because of the past 20 years of US legislation requiring and incentivizing study of the effects of medical products in children (Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997, Pediatric Rule in 1998, Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of 2002, and Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003). There are some limitations of traditional approaches to studying medication safety in children. Randomized clinical trials within the regulatory context may not enroll patients who are representative of the general pediatric population, provide the power to detect rare safety signals, or provide long-term safety data. BD sources may have these capabilities. In recent years, medical records have become digitized, and cell phones and personal devices have proliferated. In this process, the field of biomedical science has progressively used BD from those records coupled with other data sources, both digital and traditional. Additionally, large distributed databases that include pediatric-specific outcome variables are available. A workshop entitled “Advancing the Development of Pediatric Therapeutics: Application of ‘Big Data’ to Pediatric Safety Studies” held September 18 to 19, 2017, in Silver Spring, Maryland, formed the basis of many of the ideas outlined in this article, which are intended to identify key examples, critical issues, and future directions in this early phase of an anticipated dramatic change in the availability and use of BD.