bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competition between Stress Generation and Relaxation in Iron Oxide Films. Experiments and Modelling
Authors: Panicaud B. , Grosseau-Poussard J.L. , Dinhut J.F.
Published: December 2004

In the present work, the calculated growth stresses arising from iron oxide layers are compared to measurements of the macroscopic residual stresses. High temperature x-ray diffraction was used for determining the stress created in thin iron oxide layers formed on phosphated α-Fe, as a function of the oxidation time. Experiments are conducted both in situ during oxidation and after cooling, allowing us to derive respectively, growth and thermal stresses. A numerical model was developed to calculate the growth stress and the relaxation phenomena occurring during isothermal oxidation. This model takes into account the mechanical behaviour of both the substrate and the oxide, and parameters such as oxide growth kinetics, substrate thickness, etc. The elasto-viscoplastic model correlates the experimental results with the various parameters of the study.
An Analysis of Lattice Strain due to Disclination Dipole Walls in Fe–Pd Martensite
Authors: Mori T. , Oliver E.C. , Daymond M.R. , Withers P.J.
Published: December 2004

The martensite structure in Fe–Pd is shown to possess disclination dipole walls, which induce a locally fluctuating residual stress field. In a polycrystal, the residual stress averaged over each (former austenite) grain vanishes, since the average transformation strain is the same for all grains. Thus, the stress fluctuations within each grain contribute to diffraction line broadening. A simple method is developed to evaluate the average of the square of the residual strain, which is directly related to the line broadening. The method consists of evaluating the elastic energy produced by the domain walls. The structural parameters, such as disclination dipole wall spacing, are also discussed in terms of the elastic energy.
Residual Stress Redistribution due to Cyclic Loading in a Railway Wheel/Axle Assembly
Authors: Yameogo A. , Carrado A. , Marechal A.M. , Pommier S. , Prioul C. , Lodini A.
Published: December 2004

Two reduced scale (1:3) railway wheel/axle assemblies have been tested before and after low cycle fatigue in rotary three point bending. The comparison between the residual stress fields before and after low cycle fatigue tests shows that the high stress zone is shifted towards the mid plane of the assembly, thus indicating that residual stresses resulting from wheel/axle fitting are progressively reduced by cyclic loading. Numerical modelling shows analogue results. A comparison between the two methods is proposed.
The Appropriateness of Residual Stress Length Scales in Structural Integrity
Authors: Bouchard P.J. , Withers P.J.
Published: December 2004

Residual stresses exist in most engineering components as a consequence of material processing and service history. It is well documented that such stresses can vary across a range of length scales and that different measurement techniques are sensitive to different components of the stress. Needless to say for reliable structural integrity assessment the residual stress field must be accurately quantified over the appropriate length scales. A classification system for sub-dividing residual macrostresses into long-, medium- and short-length scales is proposed to aid this process. A series of examples are presented that illustrate how the length scale for residual stress measurement and modelling studies should be determined in terms of the nature and size scale of the specific structural performance concern. The examples are related mainly to the residual stress field induced by a weld repair in a pipe that has been analysed by 3D finite element simulation techniques and measured by neutron diffraction.
Spatially Resolved Texture Investigations of the Rabbit Bone-implant Interface by Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Benmarouane A. , Hansen T. , Millet P. , Lambotte J.C. , Lodini A.
Published: December 2004

We investigated the preferred orientation of hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (HAp) crystallites at the interface bone-implant in rabbit tibia bones, after 40 and 60 days of implantation. The implant had two faces, one coated and one non-coated with plasma-sprayed HAp (80 µm). We probed the samples with a spatial resolution of 0.5 mm starting from the interface to inspect the reorganisation of the HAp crystallite distribution and the crystallinity after implantation. For this texture study, we used the neutron 2 axis diffractometer D20 at the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL).
Residual Stress Analysis in Compositional Gradient Ti + HA Coatings on Ti6Al4V Substrates for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Manescu A. , Albertini G. , Fogarassy P. , Lodini A. , Markocsan N.
Published: December 2004

The residual stresses for different Ti + hydroxyapatite (HA) compositional gradient coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates were analysed by means of synchrotron radiation measurements. The samples were obtained by plasma spraying using different plasma spraying parameters for the different layers and coatings. A finite element model (FEM) was developed and a comparison between the theoretical FEM predictions and the experimental values was done. The influence of the plasma spraying parameters on the stresses was studied. The stress in a pure HA coating on Ti6Al4V substrate was measured and compared with those in the HA layers of the compositional gradient coatings.
Palmitoylation supports assembly and function of integrin–tetraspanin complexes
Authors: Yang Xiuwei , Kovalenko Oleg V. , Tang Wei , Claas Christoph , Stipp Christopher S. , Hemler Martin E.
Published: December 2004

As observed previously, tetraspanin palmitoylation promotes tetraspanin microdomain assembly. Here, we show that palmitoylated integrins (α3, α6, and β4 subunits) and tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, and CD63) coexist in substantially overlapping complexes. Removal of β4 palmitoylation sites markedly impaired cell spreading and signaling through p130Cas on laminin substrate. Also in palmitoylation-deficient β4, secondary associations with tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, and CD63) were diminished and cell surface CD9 clustering was decreased, whereas core α6β4–CD151 complex formation was unaltered. There is also a functional connection between CD9 and β4 integrins, as evidenced by anti-CD9 antibody effects on β4-dependent cell spreading. Notably, β4 palmitoylation neither increased localization into “light membrane” fractions of sucrose gradients nor decreased solubility in nonionic detergents—hence it does not promote lipid raft association. Instead, palmitoylation of β4 (and of the closely associated tetraspanin CD151) promotes CD151–α6β4 incorporation into a network of secondary tetraspanin interactions (with CD9, CD81, CD63, etc.), which provides a novel framework for functional regulation.
Roles of uroplakins in plaque formation, umbrella cell enlargement, and urinary tract diseases
Authors: Kong Xiang-Tian , Deng Fang-Ming , Hu Ping , Liang Feng-Xia , Zhou Ge , Auerbach Anna B. , Genieser Nancy , Nelson Peter K. , Robbins Edith S. , Shapiro Ellen , Kachar Bechara , Sun Tung-Tien
Published: December 2004

The apical surface of mouse urothelium is covered by two-dimensional crystals (plaques) of uroplakin (UP) particles. To study uroplakin function, we ablated the mouse UPII gene. A comparison of the phenotypes of UPII- and UPIII-deficient mice yielded new insights into the mechanism of plaque formation and some fundamental features of urothelial differentiation. Although UPIII knockout yielded small plaques, UPII knockout abolished plaque formation, indicating that both uroplakin heterodimers (UPIa/II and UPIb/III or IIIb) are required for plaque assembly. Both knockouts had elevated UPIb gene expression, suggesting that this is a general response to defective plaque assembly. Both knockouts also had small superficial cells, suggesting that continued fusion of uroplakin-delivering vesicles with the apical surface may contribute to umbrella cell enlargement. Both knockouts experienced vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, renal dysfunction, and, in the offspring of some breeding pairs, renal failure and neonatal death. These results highlight the functional importance of uroplakins and establish uroplakin defects as a possible cause of major urinary tract anomalies and death.
Reconstitution of COPII vesicle fusion to generate a pre-Golgi intermediate compartment
Authors: Xu Dalu , Hay Jesse C.
Published: December 2004

What is the first membrane fusion step in the secretory pathway? In mammals, transport vesicles coated with coat complex (COP) II deliver secretory cargo to vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs) that ferry cargo from endoplasmic reticulum exit sites to the Golgi stack. However, the precise origin of VTCs and the membrane fusion step(s) involved have remained experimentally intractable. Here, we document in vitro direct tethering and SNARE-dependent fusion of endoplasmic reticulum–derived COPII transport vesicles to form larger cargo containers. The assembly did not require detectable Golgi membranes, preexisting VTCs, or COPI function. Therefore, COPII vesicles appear to contain all of the machinery to initiate VTC biogenesis via homotypic fusion. However, COPI function enhanced VTC assembly, and early VTCs acquired specific Golgi components by heterotypic fusion with Golgi-derived COPI vesicles.
Energy- and temperature-dependent transport of integral proteins to the inner nuclear membrane via the nuclear pore
Authors: Ohba Tomoyuki , Schirmer Eric C. , Nishimoto Takeharu , Gerace Larry
Published: December 2004

Resident integral proteins of the inner nuclear membrane (INM) are synthesized as membrane-integrated proteins on the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are transported to the INM throughout interphase using an unknown trafficking mechanism. To study this transport, we developed a live cell assay that measures the movement of transmembrane reporters from the ER to the INM by rapamycin-mediated trapping at the nuclear lamina. Reporter constructs with small (<30 kD) cytosolic and lumenal domains rapidly accumulated at the INM. However, increasing the size of either domain by 47 kD strongly inhibited movement. Reduced temperature and ATP depletion also inhibited movement, which is characteristic of membrane fusion mechanisms, but pharmacological inhibition of vesicular trafficking had no effect. Because reporter accumulation at the INM was inhibited by antibodies to the nuclear pore membrane protein gp210, our results support a model wherein transport of integral proteins to the INM involves lateral diffusion in the lipid bilayer around the nuclear pore membrane, coupled with active restructuring of the nuclear pore complex.
A foldable CFTRΔF508 biogenic intermediate accumulates upon inhibition of the Hsc70–CHIP E3 ubiquitin ligase
Authors: Younger J. Michael , Ren Hong-Yu , Chen Liling , Fan Chun-Yang , Fields Andrea , Patterson Cam , Cyr Douglas M.
Published: December 2004

CFTRΔF508 exhibits a correctable protein-folding defect that leads to its misfolding and premature degradation, which is the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF). Herein we report on the characterization of the CFTRΔF508 biogenic intermediate that is selected for proteasomal degradation and identification of cellular components that polyubiquitinate CFTRΔF508. Nonubiquitinated CFTRΔF508 accumulates in a kinetically trapped, but folding competent conformation, that is maintained in a soluble state by cytosolic Hsc70. Ubiquitination of Hsc70-bound CFTRΔF508 requires CHIP, a U box containing cytosolic cochaperone. CHIP is demonstrated to function as a scaffold that nucleates the formation of a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase whose reconstituted activity toward CFTR is dependent upon Hdj2, Hsc70, and the E2 UbcH5a. Inactivation of the Hsc70–CHIP E3 leads CFTRΔF508 to accumulate in a nonaggregated state, which upon lowering of cell growth temperatures, can fold and reach the cell surface. Inhibition of CFTRΔF508 ubiquitination can increase its cell surface expression and may provide an approach to treat CF.
Sharks can detect changes in the geomagnetic field
Authors: Meyer Carl G , Holland Kim N , Papastamatiou Yannis P
Published: December 2004

We used behavioural conditioning to demonstrate that sharks can detect changes in the geomagnetic field. Captive sharks were conditioned by pairing activation of an artificial magnetic field with presentation of food over a target. Conditioned sharks subsequently converged on the target when the artificial magnetic field was activated but no food reward was presented thereby demonstrating that they were able to sense the altered magnetic field. This strong response provides a robust behavioural assay that could be used to determine how sharks detect magnetic fields and to measure detection thresholds.
Handedness, homicide and negative frequency-dependent selection
Authors: Faurie Charlotte , Raymond Michel
Published: December 2004

Humans exhibit hand preference for most manual activities in which they are specialized. Right- and left-handers have coexisted at least since the Upper Palaeolithic, and left-handers are in the minority in all human populations. The persistence of the polymorphism of handedness is a puzzle because this trait is substantially heritable and several fitness costs are associated with left-handedness. Some countervailing benefit is required to maintain the polymorphism. Left-handers may have a frequency-dependent advantage in fights--the advantage being greater when their frequency is lower. Sports data from Western societies are consistent with this prediction. Here, we show that the frequency of left-handers is strongly and positively correlated with the rate of homicides across traditional societies. It ranges from 3% in the most pacifistic societies, to 27% in the most violent and warlike. This finding is consistent with a frequency-dependent selection mechanism maintaining left-handedness in these societies.
Protein structural transitions and their functional role
Authors: Karplus Martin , Gao Yi Qin , Ma Jianpeng , van der Vaart Arjan , Yang Wei
Published: December 2004

Living cells are a collection of molecular machines which carry out many of the functions essential for the cell's existence, differentiation and reproduction. Most, though not all, of these machines are made up of proteins. Because of their complexity, an understanding of how they work requires a synergistic combination of experimental and theoretical studies. In this paper we outline our studies of two such protein machines. One is GroEL, the chaperone from
Escherichia coli
, which aids in protein folding; the other is F
1
–ATPase, a motor protein which synthesizes and hydrolyses ATP.
A ‘first principles’ potential energy surface for liquid water from VRT spectroscopy of water clusters
Authors: Goldman Nir , Leforestier Claude , Saykally R. J.
Published: December 2004

We present results of gas phase cluster and liquid water simulations from the recently determined VRT(ASP–W)III water dimer potential energy surface (the third fitting of the Anisotropic Site Potential with Woermer dispersion to vibration–rotation–tunnelling data). VRT(ASP–W)III is shown to not only be a model of high ‘spectroscopic’ accuracy for the water dimer, but also makes accurate predictions of vibrational ground–state properties for clusters up through the hexamer. Results of ambient liquid water simulations from VRT(ASP–W)III are compared with those fromab initiomolecular dynamics, other potentials of ‘spectroscopic’ accuracy and with experiment. The results herein represent the first time to the authors' knowledge that a ‘spectroscopic’ potential surface is able to correctly model condensed phase properties of water.
Extending Conceptual Definitions with Default Knowledge
Authors: Coupey Pascal , Fouqueré Christophe
Published: December 2004

In description logics, default knowledge is exclusively treated as incidental rules. However, as few concepts are definable using only strict knowledge, imposing strict definitions leads to terminological knowledge bases that mostly contain partially defined concepts. This is a real problem because such concepts can only be inserted as leaves of the terminology. Moreover, instance recognition is biased as these concepts must be explicitly mentioned as properties of these instances. It follows that partially defined concepts are described with necessary but not sufficient conditions. As a solution to these problems, we propose to integrate defaults in concept definitions and we argue that this is essential for our diagnosis application. We introduce a description language ALεδ with default(δ) and exception(ε) connectives. The cornerstone of our approach is the introduction of a definitional point of view where a default can be part of a concept definition, whereas in the classical inheritance one it is only viewed as a weak implication. We go on to describe a map between the definition of a concept and its inherited properties, and we show that the combination of these definitional and inheritance levels considerably improves the capabilities of classification processes. In particular this allows us to distinguish sure from probable instances and typical from exceptional instances. Finally we provide a specific operation, object refinement, which consists in enlarging object descriptions with exceptions in order to find additional concepts the object is an instance of. This operation is useful for our diagnosis application.
On Social Constraints for Rational Agents
Authors: Tnennenholtz Moshe
Published: December 2004

We define and study social constraints for rational agents. Our work is complementary to work on mechanism design in economics and Distributed Artificial Intelligence, as well as to work on artificial social systems. In our setting agents are rational but obey social laws that are imposed by the system's designer. Agents can be obliged to obey some social constraints, but not any constraint can serve as part of the social law. The main theme of our work is the study of settings where there are restrictions on the constraints that can serve as social laws. In such settings the designer should find social laws that can be imposed on the agents, and that will lead rational agents to satisfactory behavior. Our study is carried out in the context of zero‐sum and general‐sum games (with complete and with incomplete information) in extensive form.
Aggregation in Natural Language Generation
Authors: Dalianis Hercules
Published: December 2004

The content of real‐world databases, knowledge bases, database models, and formal specifications is often highly redundant and needs to be aggregated before these representations can be successfully paraphrased into natural language. To generate natural language from these representations, a number of processes must be carried out, one of which is sentence planning where the task of aggregation is carried out. Aggregation, which has been called ellipsis or coordination in Linguistics, is the process that removes redundancies during generation of a natural language discourse, without losing any information.

The article describes a set of corpus studies that focus on aggregation, provides a set of aggregation rules, and finally, shows how these rules are implemented in a couple of prototype systems. We develop further the concept of aggregation and discuss it in connection with the growing literature on the subject. This work offers a new tool for the sentence planning phase of natural language generation systems.
Inferring dependencies from relations: a conceptual clustering approach
Authors: Carpineto Claudio , Romano Giovanni , D'Adamo Paolo
Published: December 2004

In this paper we consider two related types of data dependencies that can hold in a relation: conjunctive implication rules between attribute‐value pairs, and functional dependencies. We present a conceptual clustering approach that can be used, with some small modifications, for inferring a cover for both types of dependencies. The approach consists of two steps. First, a particular clustered representation of the relation, called concept (or Galois) lattice, is built. Then, a cover is extracted from the lattice built in the earlier step. Our main emphasis is on the second step. We study the computational complexity of the proposed approach and present an experimental comparison with other methods that confirms its validity. The results of the experiments show that our algorithm for extracting implication rules from concept lattices clearly outperforms an earlier algorithm, and suggest that the overall lattice‐based approach to inferring functional dependencies from relations can be seen as an alternative to traditional methods.
Destocking as a Drought–mitigation Strategy: Clarifying Rationales and Answering Critiques
Authors: Morton John , Barton David
Published: December 2004

The idea of externally assisted emergency destocking of pastoralists has gained currency in recent years: increasing the incentives for pastoralists to sell animals, or removing the constraints to selling animals in the early stages of drought. We identify two separate rationales put forward by proponents of destocking: environmental benefits and purchasing power/welfare benefits. We consider whether specific recent critiques of ‘new range ecology’ and specifically of ‘tracking policies’ do in fact provide arguments against emergency destocking in pastoralist areas. We illustrate some of these themes with a case study of a successful destocking exercise in northern Kenya where a very specific form of support was requested and received by pastoralists themselves. The sorts of destocking that work are likely to have significant effects on pastoralist purchasing power at key points of the drought cycle, but minimal effects on the environment. Clarifying these points will make it easier to promote destocking as a drought–mitigation policy.
Zimbabwe’s Child Supplementary Feeding Programme: A Re–assessment Using Household Survey Data
Authors: Munro Lauchlan T.
Published: December 2004

In 1992–3 and 1995–6, Zimbabwe used a Child Supplementary Feeding Programme (CSFP) to combat child malnutrition during drought–induced emergencies. Previous evaluations of the CSFP relied on routine administrative data and key informant interviews and made only cursory use of available household survey data. These evaluations concluded that the CSFP was effective in preventing an increase in malnutrition among children under five, especially in 1992–3. The more–detailed analysis of household surveys provided in this article suggests that CSFP coverage was generally patchy and disappointingly low, especially in 1995–6. There is little evidence that children from poor or nutritionally vulnerable households got preferential access to supplementary feeding. The CSFP failed to feed many malnourished and nutritionally vulnerable children even in areas where the programme was operating. Household survey evidence suggests that the CSFP’s impact on nutritional status was likely marginal, especially in 1995–6.
The Ethiopian Crisis of 1999–2000: Lessons Learned, Questions Unanswered
Authors: Hammond Laura , Maxwell Daniel
Published: December 2004

During 1999–2000, Ethiopia was brought to the edge of a major disaster, with some 10 million people estimated to be in need of food assistance at the height of the crisis. A repeat of the catastrophic famine of 1984–5 was avoided, but the numbers of people affected, the loss of life and the destruction of livelihoods made this one of the most serious crises in the Horn of Africa in the past 15 years. The humanitarian community has been slow to recognise the lessons of 1999–2000, and there have been surprisingly few attempts to conduct a serious, post–event evaluation of the overall crisis and response. The label ‘famine averted’ seems to summarise the crisis to the satisfaction of most parties involved.

This paper reviews the crisis, the events that led up to it and the response effort. It examines the factors that contributed to making this crisis so serious, in order to draw conclusions and note issues that are relevant to current thinking about disaster preparedness and response — in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Some of the lessons learned from the 1999–2000 crisis are not new. However, the very fact that mistakes have been repeated should be a lesson to the humanitarian community.
The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Politics in Britain
Authors: Lent Adam
Published: December 2004

This article compares and contrasts the two major periods of mobilisation around the issue of sexuality that have occurred in Britain. These are the explosions of activity occurring during the 1970s promoted by the Gay Liberation Front and other groups and those occurring in the late 1980s and 1990s promoted by OutRage and other groups. The article shows how these two periods of mobilisation were characterised by considerable differences in terms of values, strategy and organisation. In seeking to explain these changes, the article draws upon diverse ideas in movement theory. In particular, it highlights the notions of frames, networks and incentives as key concepts when trying to explain movement change over long periods of time.
Evolution in Political Science: A Reply to Kerr
Authors: Kay Adrian
Published: December 2004

Peter Kerr ( Kerr 2002 ) recently argued in this journal that evolutionary theories could be of great benefit to political scientists' investigations of change. He is not successful in establishing a case for evolutionary theory in political science due to the misconception that evolutionary theory can have explanatory power without being functionalist. Two options for the use of evolution in political science are set out: firstly, leave the concept at the level of metaphor which might add richness to narratives of political change; or secondly, accept functionalism and construct political science theories along the lines beginning to develop in evolutionary economics. The conclusion is the need for a dynamic approach whilst avoiding functionalism and that political science at this stage should remain agnostic and critical about when and where particular dynamic mechanisms may operate.
Taxes, Strikes and Wages
Authors: Goerke Laszlo
Published: December 2004

A union and a firm bargain about wage increases. The firm possesses private information about its revenues. A two‐period screening model is used to derive equilibrium wage demands by the union and to calculate measures of strike activity. Changes in wage demands and dispute probabilities due to alterations in various taxes are analysed. A more progressive income tax, a lower level of income taxes and higher payroll taxes reduce wages and strike activity. Hence, tax policy can be used not only to affect wages and employment, but lso to influence strike incidence.
Market Structure Dynamics in Indian Industry
Authors: Kambhampati Uma S.
Published: December 2004

Can changes in industry structure be characterized by movements towards a long‐run concentration ratio (CR)? This paper estimates an error correction model for 33 industries in India for the period 1974–85, using nonlinear estimation methods. The results indicate that structural change in India is composed both of significant changes towards the long‐run CR and of significant changes of the long‐run CR. The adjustment towards the long‐run CR seems to be faster in India than in most Western studies. In spite of this, it is below 0.5 in most industries, indicating that even after 11 years, all the difference between actual and long‐run CRs is not eroded and ‘excess’ market shares persist in most industries. Across industries, speeds of adjustment are higher in industries with high profit margins and lower in industries which are reserved for the public sector.
Risk Aversion and the Full Costs of Rent‐Seeking*
Authors: Allard Richard J.
Published: December 2004

Risk aversion is frequently postulated as one of the factors that lead to under‐dissipation of rents. However, the formal analyses which have supported this contention and suggested that the effects can be large have focused solely on the expenditures of contestants, ignoring the associated costs of risk. The paper argues that this omission is wrong in principle, and that when corrected the presence of risk aversion in fact leads to substantial increases in the extent of rent dissipation, although an exception is when there is a very strong combination of risk aversion and asymmetry.
The Measurement of Dynamic Productive Efficiency
Authors: Sengupta Jati K.
Published: December 2004

Measuring dynamic productive efficiency from observed input‐output data raises several new issues which are absent in the static production frontier studies. The adjustment cost approach is developed here as an interface between the static and the dynamic frontier studies, and the non‐parametric method of Farrell developed for static efficiency is extended for the specification of a dynamic production frontier.
Imperfect Capital Mobility and Local Government Behaviour in a Two‐Period Economy
Authors: Ogawa Hikaru
Published: December 2004

One clear result in the tax competition literature is that, when head taxes on immobile residents are available, the optimal capital tax rate for local government is zero. However, zero tax rate, when resident taxes are available, is incompatible with the phenomenon actually observed. In most countries, local governments use capital taxes as policy variables for choosing a nonzero tax rate. This paper presents a model of a two‐period economy with imperfect mobile capital to explain the behaviour of local government providing capital subsidies on capital. It further examines an equilibrium tax rate where local government’s objectives include Niskanen‐type revenue‐maximizing.
A Walrasian Theory of Commodity Money: Paradoxical Results
Authors: Cuadras‐Morató Xavier
Published: December 2004

This note analyses some implications of the model of commodity money described by Banerjee and Maskin (Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 111, 1996, pp. 955‐1005) which may seem paradoxical. In order to do this, a general production cost structure is incorporated into the model. Two different results are highlighted. First, the existence of technologies that make counterfeiting a commodity more difficult may exclude it from being used as a medium of exchange. Second, allocative distortions due to problems of asymmetric information may become larger in the presence of such technologies.
The Most‐Favoured‐Customer Pricing Policy and Competitive Advantage
Authors: Aguirre Iñaki
Published: December 2004

The paper investigates the effects on competition of the unilateral most‐favoured‐customer pricing policy. A model is considered in which a multimarket incumbent firm faces a threat of entry in one of its two markets. It is shown that contemporaneous most‐favoured‐customer clauses may change competition to the advantage of the incumbent both under strategic substitutes and strategic complements. If the duopolistic market is strong, the most‐favoured‐customer policy makes the incumbent ‘tough’ and may be used for entry deterrence purposes.
Policy Rules and Monetarist Arithmetic
Authors: Buffie Edward F
Published: December 2004

This note demonstrates the existence of an important equilibrium path overlooked in the literature on monetarist arithmetic. Pleasant monetarist arithmetic is possible when the interest‐elasticity of money demand exceeds unity. In this case, tight money may lead to a transitory increase in seigniorage, the retirement of government debt, and lower inflation in both the short run and the long run. The set of equilibrium paths is sensitive, however, to the form of the policy rule. Pleasant monetarist arithmetic is not an equilibrium if the policy rule fixes the share of the fiscal deficit financed by seigniorage. Both pleasant monetarist arithmetic and the tight‐money paradox are equilibrium paths when the government's commitment to low money growth is conditional on inflation remaining below its previous level.
Enrolment in Higher Education and Changes in Income Inequality
Authors: Sylwester Kevin
Published: December 2004

Using a cross‐section of countries, this paper empirically examines whether greater enrolment rates in higher education are associated with increases or decreases in subsequent income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient. It finds a negative association between the two, suggesting that countries with larger enrolment rates saw their income inequality decrease relative to other countries. These findings are robust to the inclusion of several control variables and to limiting the sample to non‐OECD countries.
The Favourite‐Longshot Bias, Bookmaker Margins and Insider Trading in a Variety of Betting Markets
Authors: Cain Michael , Law David , Peel David
Published: December 2004

This paper verifies the existence of the favourite‐longshot bias in a variety of sports betting markets where odds are set by bookmakers, but the precise pattern of the bias is not identical. Evidence is found to support a central prediction of the Shin (1993) model, which asserts that bookmakers are impelled to create a bias in their odds because of the presence of insider traders: that margins increase with the number of competitors.
Will the Internet Bring Electronic Services to the Home?
Authors: Baer Walter S.
Published: December 2004

Few topics have attracted more hype than the Internet. This article provides a rare long‐term perspective. It starts with an account of a century of failed visions and applications: the Internet itself operated in obscurity for two decades. However, in the rest of the article, the author documents why he thinks interactive home services may now at last take off, draws some general lessons from past experience and indicates the next areas for growth.
Advanced Auto‐Engineering: A Technology‐Led UK Cluster
Authors: Aston Beverly
Published: December 2004

Advanced auto‐engineering firms in Britain dominate racecar engineering worldwide. They also play an important role in transmitting technology developed in the aerospace/defence industries to the price‐oriented volume‐car industry. But how sustainable is this famous cluster of specialist firms? Tobacco sponsorship is on the way out and the aerospace and defence industries on which they have depended for their technological edge face an uncertain future. This article chronicles the development of the industry from its roots in Britain’s aeronauttical history and then assesses its value as an example of clustering.
Use and Abuse of Scenarios
Authors: Stout David
Published: December 2004

Why do we find the future hard to think about? This article argues, first, that it is because we are inclined to try to predict instead of to suppose. Confident prediction is an impossibility because, although it often is easy to see what will be technologically feasible, what will actually develop – and how soon – is dependent on economic trade‐offs and social and cultural changes that close some doors and open others. This is why the scenarios approach is so valuable. But, for scenario‐building to be useful, it must be properly defined in scope, aim and process terms.
Liberalisation and Competition in UK Energy Markets: the Spur to Innovate
Authors: Currie David
Published: December 2004

This article assesses the main issues for the energy industry over the next decade, and particularly for the British gas industry. Supporting a carbon tax as a way of counteracting market trends towards lower energy prices, the author argues that the agreements at the Kyoto summit will lead, within a decade, to "an effective framework for restricting greenhouse gases". He welcomes the British Government’s recent consultative document on utility regulation and calls for the gas industry to provide serious analysis to allay concerns about diversity of supply in Britain. He foresees accelerating liberalisation in the EU, based not on central agreement but on a Jeffersonian process whereby regulatory changes in one EU state lead to pressure for similar changes in neighbouring states. He concludes by speculating about the energy industry’s equivalent of the PC or mobile phone.
Joint Ventures in Russia: The View from the Russians
Authors: Szymanski Stefan
Published: December 2004

This article, detailing research on Russian joint ventures with foreign partners far to the south east of the capital, focuses on Russian business people who are not playing the GKO market or trying to stash money away in Swiss bank accounts. The findings of this research suggest that some Russians may be growing as disenchanted with the experience of doing business with foreigners as some foreigners have become at doing business with Russians.
Explanation and Generalization in Young Children's Strategy Learning
Authors: Crowley Kevin , Siegler Robert S.
Published: December 2004

Children often learn new problem‐solving strategies by observing examples of other people's problem‐solving. When children learn a new strategy through observation and also explain the new strategy to themselves, they generalize the strategy more widely than children who learn a new strategy but do not explain. We tested three hypothesized mechanisms through which explanations might facilitate strategy generalization: more accurate recall of the new strategy's procedures; increased selection of the new strategy over competing strategies; or more effective management of the new strategy's goal structure. Findings supported the third mechanism: Explanations facilitated generalization through the creation of novel goal structures that enabled children to persist in use of the new strategy despite potential interference from competing strategies. The facilitative effect of explanation did vary with children's age and did not vary between explanations children created by themselves versus explanations they learned from the experimenter.
Play in Two Societies: Pervasiveness of Process, Specificity of Structure
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Haynes O. Maurice , Pascual Liliana , Painter Kathleen M. , Galperín Celia
Published: December 2004

The present study compared Argentine (N = 39) and U.S. (N = 43) children and their mothers on exploratory, symbolic, and social play and interaction when children were 20 months of age. Patterns of cultural similarity and difference emerged. In both cultures, boys engaged in more exploratory play than girls, and girls engaged in more symbolic play than boys; mothers of boys engaged in more exploratory play than mothers of girls, and mothers of girls engaged in more symbolic play than mothers of boys. Moreover, in both cultures, individual variation in children's exploratory and symbolic play was specifically associated with individual variation in mothers' exploratory and symbolic play, respectively. Between cultures, U.S. children and their mothers engaged in more exploratory play, whereas Argentine children and their mothers engaged in more symbolic play. Moreover, Argentine mothers exceeded U.S. mothers in social play and verbal praise of their children. During an early period of mental and social growth, general developmental processes in play may be pervasive, but dyadic and cultural structures are apparently specific. Overall, Argentine and U.S. dyads utilized different modes of exploration, representation, and interaction — emphasizing “other‐directed” acts of pretense versus “functional” and “combinatorial” exploration, for example — and these individual and dyadic allocentric versus idiocentric stresses accord with larger cultural concerns of collectivism versus individualism in the two societies.
Social Interactions in Preschool Classrooms and the Development of  Young Children's Conceptions of the Personal
Authors: Killen Melanie , Smetana Judith G.
Published: December 2004

Two studies examined preschool teacher and child interactions regarding personal, moral, and social‐conventional issues in the classroom and the development of personal concepts in young children. In Study 1, 20 preschool classrooms, 10 with 3‐year‐olds and 10 with 4‐year‐olds, were observed to assess children's and teachers' interactions regarding personal, moral, social‐conventional, and mixed events. Teachers used more direct messages regarding moral and social‐conventional events than personal and mixed events. Teachers offered children choices, but they rarely negotiated personal events with children. Children responded with personal choice assertions when adults offered them choices, but adults did not differ in the frequency that they negated or affirmed children's assertions of personal choice. In Study 2, 120 preschool children, nearly evenly divided between males and females at 3, 4, and 5 years of age, were interviewed regarding their conceptions of personal events in the classroom and home. With age, children judged that they should retain control over personal decisions in both contexts. In both judgments and social interactions, teachers and children identified a personal domain in which children can and should make choices about how to structure their activities and assert their independence in the classroom.
The French Connection: Some Contributions of French‐Language Research in the Post‐Piagetian Era
Authors: Larivée Serge , Normandeau Sylvie , Parent Sophie
Published: December 2004

This article presents French‐speaking researchers' contribution to the field of differential developmental psychology. Following a brief review of key Piagetian ideas pertaining to his conceptualization of individual differences, the core of the article traces methodological and theoretical transformations that were necessary for understanding individual differences within a general theory of cognitive development. On a methodological level, French‐speaking researchers went from standardizing Piaget's clinical method to constructing developmental scales and operational tests. On a theoretical level, Reuchlin's writings guided Longeot, and several other French (Lautrey and Bideaud) and Genevan (de Ribaupierre and Rieben) researchers into a scientific quest for a genuine integration of differential and developmental psychology. We present an overview of the pluralistic and multidimensional model of cognitive functioning and development that emerged from the work of the French–Swiss team of researchers. Concluding remarks focus on the actual research agendas of researchers interested in resolving the challenging issue of understanding relationships between inter‐ and intraindividual differences and general tendencies in cognitive development.
Is the French Connection Neo‐Piagetian? Not Nearly Enough!
Authors: Pascual‐Leone Juan
Published: December 2004

Some general‐causal assumptions of current neo‐Piagetian research are discussed and compared with those of French European developmentalists. Developmental theory problems for the millennium are highlighted.
Domain Specificity and Variability in Cognitive Development
Authors: Gelman Rochel
Published: December 2004

There are core‐specific and noncore‐specific domains of knowledge, but only the core‐specific domains benefit from innate skeletal structures. Core skeletal domains are universally shared, even though their particular foci may vary; individuals vary extensively in terms of the noncore domains they acquire.
A Quest for the Holy Grail in the New Millennium: In Search of a Unified Theory of Cognitive Development
Authors: Parent Sophie , Normandeau Sylvie , Larivée Serge
Published: December 2004

Our reply emphasizes the benefits of cooperation between researchers in developing a comprehensive model of cognitive development that considers the constraints of human brain structures and the interplay of general laws of development and individual differences in developmental pathways within the context of social and cultural environments.
Behavioral and Physiological Responsivity, Sleep, and Patterns of Daily Cortisol Production in Infants with and without Colic
Authors: White Barbara Prudhomme , Gunnar Megan R. , Larson Mary C. , Donzella Bonny , Barr Ronald G.
Published: December 2004

To describe the behavioral and physiological responses associated with colic, the responses of 20 two‐month‐old infants with and 20 without colic were studied during a physical examination. Parents kept a diary of infant behaviors (including crying and fussing) for 3 days following the visit. Using Wessel, Cobb, Jackson, Harris, & Detwiler criteria, colic was defined as fussing/crying for 3 hr or more on each of the 3 days. Behavioral data coded by ‘blind’ observers showed that during the physical exam, colic infants cried twice as much, cried more intensely, and were more inconsolable than were control infants. Despite these behavioral differences, heart rate, vagal tone, and cortisol measures indicated no appreciable difference in physiological responsivity for the two groups. At home, parents collected saliva cortisol samples at wakeup, midmorning, midafternoon, and evening for 2 days. In a finding similar to that shown by the laboratory data, the colic and control infants did not have different levels of daily average cortisol. These laboratory and home data provide no evidence of greater responsivity in the physiological substrate of difficult temperament for colic infants and are consistent with evidence of similarity in temperament once colic is resolved. At home, compared with control infants, colic infants did display a blunted rhythm in cortisol production. By diary, they also slept about 2 hr less per day than did control infants. Nighttime sleep was still significantly different when fussing/crying was statistically controlled. These data suggest that colic might be associated with a disruption or delay in the establishment of the circadian rhythm in activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis and associated sleep – wake activity.
The Development of Children's Knowledge of the Times of Future Events
Authors: Friedman William J.
Published: December 2004

Four studies with 261 children were conducted to describe 4‐ through 10‐year‐olds' ability to differentiate the future distances of events. Distances ranged from later the same day through nearly a year in the future. Judgment methods included pointing to parts of a spatial scale representing future distances and answering open‐ended questions. Although 4‐year‐olds failed to differentiate future distances, 5‐year‐olds were able to distinguish events that would occur in the coming weeks and months from those that would not occur for many months. However, like young children in earlier studies of memory for time, they confused the near future with the recent past. Children 6 through 8 years of age made more differentiated judgments but collapsed the distances of events more than a few months in the future. By 8 to 10 years of age, children accurately judged distances by using mental representations of the times of events in the annual cycle.