bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the uterus: A case report
Authors: Molina Claudia P. , Putegnat B. Burton , Logroño Roberto
Published: August 2002

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm of neural origin. MPNST arising in the uterus is extremely rare. Its histologic appearance on this anatomical location has been only rarely reported. A 62‐yr‐old woman with a previous history of partial hysterectomy presented with a large pelvic mass in the uterine stump. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and core biopsy were obtained under ultrasonographic guidance, and the diagnosis of MPNST was established. The cytologic and histologic findings were consistent with a spindle‐cell neoplasm suggestive of MPNST. The tumor cells were focally positive for S‐100 protein immunostain, thus providing further support for the neoplasm's nerve sheath differentiation. The patient had no history of von Recklinghausen's disease. Resection of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of MPNST. To our knowledge, the FNA cytology of MPNST in this unusual location has not been previously reported. FNA cytology, along with core biopsy and immunochemistry, is a reliable tool in the diagnosis of MPNST. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:347–351, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and evaluation of conformationally restricted pyridino N‐alkylated nicotine analogs as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists
Authors: Xu Rui , Dwoskin Linda P. , Grinevich Vladimir , Sumithran Sangeetha P. , Crooks Peter A.
Published: August 2002

Previous work has shown that quaternization of the pyridine‐N atom of S‐(–)‐nicotine (NIC) affords compounds such as N‐n‐octylnicotinium iodide (NONI) and N‐n‐decylnicotinium iodide (NDNI) that act as competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists at α3β2* and α4β2* subtypes, respectively. To ascertain the rotameric preference about the C3‐C2′ bond of NONI and NDNI for interaction with several nAChR subtypes, two classes of bridged analogs representing extreme rotameric conformations (syn and anti) of NONI and NDNI were synthesized. NIC‐evoked [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) release from superfused rat striatal slices was used to determine the activity of the analogs at the α3β2* nAChR. [3H]NIC and [3H]methyllycaconitine ([3H]MLA) binding to rat brain membranes were used to determine affinity for α4β2* and α7* nAChRs, respectively. With the exception of BCDD (IC50 value = 1,580 nM), all analogs potently and selectively inhibited NIC‐evoked [3H]DA release (IC50 values = 30–660 nM), indicating antagonism of α3β2* nAChRs. None of the analogs inhibited either [3H]NIC or [3H]MLA binding, indicating a lack of interaction with α4β2* and α7* nAChR subtypes. Interestingly, the C10 N‐alkyl chain analogs, ACD and BCD, had negligible affinity for the α4β2* subtype compared to the high affinity exhibited by NDNI, suggesting that the α4β2* subtype does not recognize the unique stereochemistry of these conformationally restricted analogs. Thus, conformational restriction of N‐n‐alkylnicotinium iodides eliminated inhibitory activity at α4β2* nAChRs, but more importantly afforded high affinity and selectivity for α3β2* nAChRs. Conformational restriction of N‐n‐alkyl analogs of NIC appears to be a viable approach for the development of α3β2*‐selective nAChR antagonists. Drug Dev. Res. 55:172–186, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Actions of a series of PPADS analogs at P2X1 and P2X3 receptors
Authors: Brown Sean G. , Kim Yong‐Chul , Kim Soon‐Ai , Jacobson Kenneth A. , Burnstock Geoffrey , King Brian F.
Published: August 2002

Seven PPADS (Pyridoxal‐5′‐Phosphate 6‐Azophenyl 2′,4′‐DiSulfonate) analogs were investigated at Group 1 P2X receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. All seven analogs potently inhibited P2X1 (IC50 range, 5–32 nM) and P2X3 (IC50 range, 22–345 nM), the two Group I P2X receptor subtypes. Analogs showed greater inhibitory activity where the pyridoxal moiety of PPADS contained a 5′‐phosphonate group, rather than a 5′‐phosphate group. Analogs also showed greater potency where disulfonate groups were removed from, or substituted at, the azophenyl moiety. The most active analog was MRS 2257 (pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphonate 6‐azophenyl 3′,5′‐bismethylenephosphonate) at P2X1 (IC50, 5 nM) and P2X3 (IC50, 22 nM) receptors, being 14‐fold and 10‐fold more potent than PPADS itself. MRS 2257 produced a nonsurmountable inhibition when tested against a range of ATP concentrations, although blockade was reversed by about 85% after 20 minutes of washout. TNP‐ATP and Ip5I were equipotent with MRS 2257 at P2X1 receptors, whereas TNP‐ATP was 64‐fold more potent than MRS 2257 at P2X3 receptors. In conclusion, the PPADS template can be altered at the pyridoxal and phenyl moieties to produce P2X1 and P2X3 receptor antagonists showing higher potency and greater degree of reversibility than the parent compound at these Group I P2X receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 53:281–291, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring infant memory: Does the ruler matter?
Authors: Gross Julien , Hayne Harlene , Herbert Jane , Sowerby Paula
Published: August 2002

Although the mobile conjugate reinforcement, deferred imitation, and visual attention paradigms are commonly used to test memory processing by infants, there is often debate about the comparability of memory measured by these three procedures. In a series of experiments, we systematically compared 6‐month‐old infants' performance across all three procedures. Contrary to current claims, measures of memory obtained using the mobile conjugate reinforcement and deferred imitation paradigms were more similar than those obtained using the deferred imitation and visual attention paradigms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 183–192, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10020
What does fetal movement predict about behavior during the first two years of life?
Authors: DiPietro Janet A. , Bornstein Marc H. , Costigan Kathleen A. , Pressman Eva K. , Hahn Chun‐Shin , Painter Kathleen , Smith Barbara A. , Yi Linda J.
Published: August 2002

This study evaluated whether motor activity prior to birth is predictive of motor behavior and temperament in neonates, infants, and toddlers. Three measures of fetal motor activity (activity level, amplitude, and number of movements) were collected at 24, 30, and 36 weeks of gestation in 52 healthy fetuses using Doppler‐based actography. Postnatal data collection included a neurobehavioral assessment at 2‐weeks postpartum (n = 41), and laboratory‐based behavioral observations at 1 and 2 years of age (ns = 35). Individual stability in motor activity was present during gestation. Predictive relations between fetal movement and neonatal behavior were inconsistent; significant but small positive associations were detected between motor behavior at 36 weeks and neonatal irritability and motor development. Fetal activity level at 36 weeks was positively associated with observed 1‐year activity level for boys (but inversely related for girls) and maternal report of activity level at 2 years. Fetal movement was consistently and negatively predictive of distress to limitations at 1 year and behavioral inhibition at 2 years, accounting for 21 to 43% of the variance in these measures. Intrafetal variability in motor behavior makes this a relatively unstable metric for prediction to neonatal maturational outcomes, which are relatively constrained, but fetal motor activity appears to predict temperament attributes related to regulatory behaviors in early childhood. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 358–371, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10025
Expression of differentially expressed nucleolar transforming growth factor‐β1 target (DENTT) in adult mouse tissues
Authors: Martínez Alfredo , Ozbun Laurent L. , Angdisen Jerry , Jakowlew Sonia B.
Published: August 2002

Differentially expressed nucleolar TGF‐β1 target (DENTT) is a novel member of the TSPY/TSPY‐L/SET/NAP‐1 (TTSN) superfamily that we have previously identified in human lung cancer cells. Here, we have investigated the expression of this protein in the adult mouse. By Western analysis, DENTT is highly expressed in the pituitary gland and moderately in the adrenals, brain, testis, and ovary. Immunohistochemical staining analysis for DENTT showed differential cytoplasmic and nuclear staining patterns in several cell types. The pituitary gland showed the highest level of immunostaining for DENTT, with strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in the anterior lobe, moderate levels in the posterior lobe, and a few cells showing nuclear staining in the intermediate lobe. In contrast, the intermediate lobe of the pituitary showed intense cytoplasmic staining for TGF‐β1. Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for DENTT was present in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Cytoplasmic staining for DENTT was particularly intense in the cortex of the adrenal gland, whereas the medulla showed weak nuclear staining. In the nervous system, the choroid plexus showed the highest immunoreactivity, with cortical motoneurons and Purkinje cells having relatively high levels of staining for DENTT as well. DENTT immunoreactivity was found in Leydig interstitial cells, Sertoli cells, and primary spermatocytes in the testis. In the female reproductive system, DENTT immunoreactivity was present in oocytes, thecal cells, and corpora lutea. The bronchial epithelium of the lung showed moderate levels of staining for DENTT localized to the cell nucleus. Additionally, three rodent pituitary cell lines (AtT20, GH3, and αT3‐1, representing corticotropes, lactotropes, and gonadotropes, respectively) showed expression of DENTT. Addition of TGF‐β1 or serum to AtT20 cells increased DENTT protein production by 4 hr and, after reaching maximal levels at 2.4‐fold above basal level by 8 hr, decreased, whereas no more than a 1.5‐fold increase in DENTT protein occurred in GH3 or αT3‐1 cells. Transient transfection studies showed that ectopic DENTT expression significantly increased the level of p3TP‐Lux reporter transcription in AtT20 cells, but not in GH3 or αT3‐1 cells. Interestingly, addition of TGF‐β1 had no significant effect on the ability of DENTT expression to influence p3TP‐Lux reporter transcription in AtT20 cells. This report is the first detailed immunohistochemical examination of a member of the TTSN superfamily in the adult mouse. Expression of DENTT in endocrine tissues, nervous system, lung, oocytes, and thecal cells, in addition to the testis, suggests new roles for the TTSN superfamily. The differential patterns of expression of DENTT and TGF‐β1 in some tissues, including the pituitary, suggest that other factors are likely to be regulators of DENTT besides TGF‐β1. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon guidance at the midline choice point
Authors: Kaprielian Zaven , Runko Erik , Imondi Ralph
Published: August 2002

The central nervous system (CNS) of higher organisms is bilaterally‐symmetric. The transfer of information between the two sides of the nervous system occurs through commissures formed by neurons that project axons across the midline to the contralateral side of the CNS. Interestingly, these axons cross the midline only once. Other neurons extend axons that never cross the midline; they project exclusively on their own (ipsilateral) side of the CNS. Thus, the midline is an important choice point for several classes of pathfinding axons. Recent studies demonstrate that specialized midline cells play critical roles in regulating the guidance of both crossing and non‐crossing axons at the ventral midline of the developing vertebrate spinal cord and the Drosophila ventral nerve cord. For example, these cells secrete attractive cues that guide commissural axons over long distances to the midline of the CNS. Furthermore, short‐range interactions between guidance cues present on the surfaces of midline cells, and their receptors expressed on the surfaces of pathfinding axons, allow commissural axons to cross the midline only once and prevent ipsilaterally‐projecting axons from entering the midline. Remarkably, the molecular composition of commissural axon surfaces is dynamically‐altered as they cross the midline. Consequently, commissural axons become responsive to repulsive midline guidance cues that they had previously ignored on the ipsilateral side of the midline. Concomitantly, commissural axons lose responsiveness to attractive guidance cues that had initially attracted them to the midline. Thus, these exquisitely regulated guidance systems prevent commissural axons from lingering within the confines of the midline and allow them to pioneer an appropriate pathway on the contralateral side of the CNS. Many aspects of midline guidance are controlled by mechanistically and evolutionarily‐conserved ligand‐receptor systems. Strikingly, recent studies demonstrate that these receptors are modular; the ectodomains determine ligand recognition and the cytoplasmic domains specify the response of an axon to a given guidance cue. Despite rapid and dramatic progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that control midline guidance, many questions remain. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal neural crest cell migration after the in vivo knockdown of tenascin‐C expression with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Tucker Richard P.
Published: August 2002

A key feature of vertebrate development is the formation of the neural crest. In the trunk, neural crest cells delaminate from the neural tube shortly after the fusion of the neural folds and migrate ventrally along specific pathways to form the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system. As neural crest cells leave the neural tube during the initial stages of their migration, they express the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin‐C, which is also found in the stroma of many tumors. We have studied the possible role for tenascin‐C during neural crest morphogenesis in vivo by microinjecting tenascin‐C morpholino antisense oligonucleotides into the lumen of the avian neural tube in ovo and electroporating the morpholino antisense oligonucleotides into the precursors of the neural crest. After 24 hr, tenascin‐C immunostaining is reduced around the dorsal neural tube in the experimental microinjected embryos (12 of 13) but not in embryos microinjected with control morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (n = 3) or subjected to electroporation only (n = 2). In each of the 12 tenascin‐C knockdown embryos neural crest cells are seen ectopically in the lumen of the neural tube and in the neuroepithelium; cells that do leave the neural tube after the microinjection fail to disperse laterally from the surface of the neural tube into the somites. The observation that neural crest cells must express tenascin‐C to migrate normally is consistent with a role for this glycoprotein in contributing to the invasive behavior of neural crest cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Auditory perceptual processing in people with reading and oral language impairments: current issues and recommendations
Authors: McArthur G.M. , Bishop D.V.M.
Published: August 2002

A popular hypothesis holds that specific reading disability (SRD) and specific language impairment (SLI) result from an impaired ability to process rapid and brief sounds. However, the results of experiments that have tested this hypothesis are incongruous. A number of factors could explain these contradictory findings, including the questionable reliability and validity of rapid auditory processing tasks, individual differences in the auditory processing abilities of SRD and SLI populations, the age of listeners, the quality of control groups, and the relationship between verbal and non‐verbal auditory processing abilities. These issues highlight the need for future studies to (1) establish the reliability and validity of psychophysical tasks used to assess rapid auditory processing; (2) report the rapid auditory processing scores of individuals rather than just group means; (3) include a wide range of reading and spoken language tests to determine the literacy and oral language profile of people who demonstrate an auditory processing deficit; (4) include clinical comparison groups to determine whether a rapid auditory processing deficit is related specifically to written and spoken language impairments; and (5) examine the relationship between low‐level non‐verbal, verbal, and phonological processing abilities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anorexia nervosa with comorbid psychosis and borderline mental retardation: A case report
Authors: Dymek Maureen , le Grange Daniel
Published: August 2002

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is often associated with comorbid depression or anxiety, but rarely with mental retardation or psychosis.

Methods

The present report describes the case of a 22 year‐old woman who met diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, borderline mental retardation, and schizoaffective disorder.

Results and Discussion

The case highlights the difficulties in differential diagnosis with these seemingly incompatible disorders. It also provides some insights into the unclear relationship between anorexia nervosa and these comorbid conditions. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 478–482, 2002.
Pattern of birth in anorexia nervosa I: early‐onset cases in the United Kingdom
Authors: Watkins Beth , Willoughby Kate , Waller Glenn , Serpell Lucy , Lask Bryan
Published: August 2002

Objectives

Previous studies suggest that adults with anorexia nervosa are more likely to be born in spring and early summer. This study examines whether this pattern of birth is true of early‐onset anorexia nervosa, and whether there is a relationship between environmental temperature at assumed time of conception and a later diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.

Method

The population were children and adolescents with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (N = 259) or “other eating disorders” (N = 149). Distribution of births across the year was compared between groups and relative to standard population norms. Temperature at assumed time of conception was taken from meteorological records.

Results

There was a significant preponderance of births among those with anorexia nervosa between April and June, compared with the other months of the year and with the “other eating disorders” group. Anorexia nervosa was also associated with higher environmental temperature at assumed time of conception.

Conclusions

Among early‐onset cases in the United Kingdom, patients with anorexia nervosa are more likely to be born between April and June, and to be conceived during warmer months. A tentative “temperature at conception” hypothesis is advanced to explain these findings and to generate further research. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 11–17, 2002.
Pretreatment motivational enhancement therapy for eating disorders: A pilot study
Authors: Feld Rachel , Woodside D. Blake , Kaplan Allan S. , Olmsted Marion P. , Carter Jacqueline C.
Published: August 2002

Eating disorder patients are notoriously ambivalent about treatment and often lack motivation to change. These characteristics may decrease the number of patients entering treatment and increase the number of patients dropping out of treatment prematurely.

Objective

The aim of this pilot study was to develop and evaluate a motivational enhancement therapy (MET) group program for eating disorder patients. The goal of the MET intervention was to increase participants' motivation to change, which might be expected to increase the success of future treatment of patients with eating disorders.

Method

Nineteen individuals who were referred for specialized treatment took part in the study. The intervention was based on existing literature in the field of addictions and modified for eating disorders.

Results

The motivational measures suggested that the participants' motivation to change increased following the intervention. A decrease in depressive symptoms and an increase in self‐esteem were also found.

Discussion

The results of this study suggest that MET could be valuable for the treatment of eating disorder patients and provide a rationale to conduct further research in this area. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29:393–400, 2001.
Environmental temperature during pregnancy and eating attitudes during teenage years: A replication and extension study
Authors: van Hanswijck de Jonge Laurence , Meyer Caroline , Smith Kelly , Waller Glenn
Published: August 2002

Objective

Among nonclinical adolescents, restrictive eating attitudes are more likely to occur among females born during warmer months. The present study aimed to replicate this finding and to extend it, considering whether such an effect is found in males and across the teenage years. In addition, the influence of temperature across the intrauterine period was considered.

Method

The participants consisted of younger and older teenagers, all born in England. Each completed the relevant scales of the Eating Disorders Inventory and provided demographic information. Temperature across fetal development was determined using national meteorological records.

Results

There was a positive link between restrictive attitudes and temperature at birth among the older female group, although this replication effect did not reach significance. The same association among the older males was highly significant. The range of temperatures during fetal development also predicted later restrictive attitudes. In contrast, these effects were not replicated among the younger group, where a different pattern of effect was found (among the females only).

Conclusion

Environmental temperature seems to have an important influence on later eating attitudes, but the pattern of influence appears to vary across development. Therefore, studies of the mechanisms behind this effect need to consider the role of gender and development, as well as the role of temperature across the period of intrauterine development. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 413–420, 2001.
Making epidemiologic studies responsive to the needs of participants and communities: The Carolina Breast Cancer Study experience
Authors: Plummer Patricia , Jackson Susan , Konarski Jamie , Mahanna Elizabeth , Dunmore Carolyn , Regan Georgette , Mattingly Dianne , Parker Barbara , Williams Sara , Andrews Catherine , Vannapppagari Vani , Hall Susan , Deming Sandra , Hodgson Elizabeth , Moorman Patricia , Newman Beth , Millikan Robert
Published: August 2002

In this report, we present the results of surveys administered to participants and nonparticipants in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS). Surveys and structured interviews were administered to determine women's concerns regarding participation in research studies, access to health care, and beliefs regarding causes of breast cancer. Survey results showed the highest concern for the growing number of women diagnosed with breast cancer in North Carolina and potential environmental agents that may cause breast cancer. Negative responses were noted for time constraints related to participation and lack of familiarity with epidemiologic research; another concern noted was the lack of centralized information regarding breast cancer treatment. These issues were addressed by (1) developing a web site that provided background information about the CBCS, summaries of published study results, and information about the etiology of breast cancer; and (2) creating a statewide, comprehensive breast cancer resource directory for women who need information about breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and support. These two projects were carried out in collaboration with breast cancer advocates, and demonstrate the important role that advocates can play in making epidemiologic research more responsive to the needs of communities. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:96–101, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The partnership between breast cancer advocates and scientists
Authors: Platner Janice H. , Bennett L. Michelle , Millikan Robert , Barker Mary D.G.
Published: August 2002

The National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC) is a grassroots organization that represents breast cancer advocates and is committed to eradicating breast cancer. NBCC defines a breast cancer advocate as someone who has been personally affected by the disease (e.g., a breast cancer survivor, family member, or friend), represents a constituency, and is motivated to join the fight against the disease. One of the organization's goals is to ensure that breast cancer advocates have a seat at the table when decisions are made about breast cancer research and policy. To accomplish this goal, NBCC educates advocates so that they can participate in and make meaningful contributions to legislative, scientific, and regulatory decision‐making bodies. In addition to creating educational opportunities for advocates, NBCC has spearheaded several initiatives designed to directly increase the quality and quantity of breast cancer research. NBCC has also played a major role in making funding available to breast cancer researchers. Two of NBCC's most notable programs include Project LEAD, an intensive science‐training course for breast cancer advocates, and the Environmental Initiative, a collection of activities designed to improve research into the relationship between breast cancer and the environment. Breast cancer advocates trained by NBCC have partnered with the scientific community and individual scientists to improve the peer review, design, and implementation of breast cancer research. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:102–107, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of ICR170‐induced XPD mutations in UV‐sensitive CHO cells
Authors: Tebbs Robert S. , Salazar Edmund P. , Thompson Larry H.
Published: August 2002

We highlight selected contributions of Dr. Richard Setlow that contributed to our earlier understanding of excision repair processes and set the stage for dissecting nucleotide excision repair (NER) in mammalian cells through molecular genetics. More than 20 years ago, large‐scale screens for UV‐sensitive mutants of hamster CHO cells isolated ∼200 mutants, many of which were assigned to the XPD/ERCC2 complementation group, but the nature of the mutations was not determined. The XPD protein performs not only an essential viability function as a structural component of transcription initiation factor TFIIH, but also an NER function as a 5′ to 3′ DNA helicase within TFIIH that unwinds DNA on the 3′ side of bulky lesions. Alterations in these XPD functions are responsible for three UV‐sensitivity genetic disorders that have distinguishable clinical features. In this study, we sequenced six UV‐sensitive ICR170‐induced Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants that previously were assigned to the XPD complementation group to determine whether they carry frameshift mutations. All six mutants show 3‐ to 5‐fold increased hypersensitivity to UV irradiation, similar to the XPD mutant prototype UV5. Even though ICR170 is a strong frameshift mutagen, all six cell lines contain base substitution mutations, five of which are unique among all mutations identified so far in human and rodent cells. The sixth mutation was identical to the R75W mutation previously found in CHO UVL‐1. The results presented here contribute to a mutation database that should prove useful in structure‐function studies of this unique DNA‐structure‐specific helicase and its complex mutant phenotypes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:111–117, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternative air pollution measures for detecting short‐term health effects in epidemiological studies
Authors: Chiogna Monica , Bellini Pierantonio
Published: August 2002

There are many aspects of model choice that are involved in epidemiological studies of the effects of air pollution on health. One of these aspects has to do with exposure assessment of the study population. In this article we propose a different exposure assessment paradigm based on three measures of exposure, named night exposure, severity and duration. The role of these variables is to better grasp personal exposure from ambient concentrations and to include in the models an idea about the pattern of exposure, i.e. short/long exposures to medium/high levels of pollutants. Use of this new setting for the analysis of the relationship between air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory disorders in the Italian city of Verona showed the potential of the new setting to deepen understanding of the nature of the association between air pollution and health. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental investigation of water level effects on the dynamic behaviour of a large arch dam
Authors: Proulx Jean , Paultre Patrick , Rheault Julien , Robert Yannick
Published: August 2002

The need for full‐scale dynamic tests, which are recognized as the most reliable method to evaluate a structure's vibration properties, is increasing as new analysis techniques are developed that take into account the complex interaction phenomenons that occur in dam–reservoir–foundation systems. They are extremely useful to obtain reliable data for the calibration of newly developed numerical methods.

The Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics Research Center (CRGP) at the University of Sherbrooke has been developing and applying dynamic testing methods for large structures in the past 10 years. This paper presents the experimental evaluation of the effects of the varying water level on the dynamic response of the 180 m Emosson arch dam in Switzerland. Repeated forced‐vibration tests were carried out on the dam during four different periods of the reservoir's filling cycle during a one‐year span. Acceleration and hydrodynamic pressure frequency responses were obtained at several locations while the dam was subjected to horizontal harmonic loading. The variation of the resonant frequencies as a function of the reservoir level is investigated. A summary of the ongoing numerical correlation phase with a three‐dimensional finite element model for the dam–reservoir–foundation system is also presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality disorders and eating disorders: the prevalence of personality disorders in 176 female outpatients with eating disorders
Authors: Godt Kristine
Published: August 2002

Objective:

Previous research on the prevalence of personality disorders (PD) in eating disorder (ED) populations has resulted in inconsistent findings. This may be due to methodological problems such as small or selected populations, use of self‐report measures and lack of formal diagnostic criteria, and to differences between populations. In the present study the prevalence of PD is assessed by structured interview in a large outpatient ED sample.

Method:

Consecutive female outpatients (N = 176) with eating disorders (DSM IV) were assessed by Eating Disorder Examination, Present State Examination, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III‐R.

Results:

Thirty‐three per cent fulfilled DSM III‐R diagnostic criteria for at least one PD. Avoidant and dependent PD were the most common specific PDs.

Discussion:

The prevalence of PD in ED populations may not be as high as previously thought. This study shows that approximately every third ED patient fulfils criteria for at least one PD. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Volumetric displacement of flow depth by obstacles, and the determination of friction factors in shallow overland flows
Authors: Dunkerley David
Published: August 2002

Large roughness elements such as stones or plant stems (obstacles) influence the depth of overland flows in two ways. The first effect is a dynamic one, involving frictional retardation of the flow and associated reduction in flow speeds. The second influence is static, and arises from the upward volumetric displacement of flow depth because of the submerged volume of the obstacles. Depending upon the distribution of submerged obstacle volume with height above the soil surface, the proportion of the flow volume occupied (and so, the perturbation of flow depth arising from volumetric displacement) can vary irregularly or systematically with flow stage. Furthermore, the amount of volumetric displacement of flow depth would vary among surfaces carrying different cover fractions of identical obstacles. Consequently, estimates of the change in friction factors arising from the drag on flow traversing varying obstacle cover fractions are confounded with the parallel shift volumetric displacement. To understand the true frictional drag arising from obstacles, a correction must be made for the volumetric displacement. A method for making this correction is outlined. New laboratory experiments provide precise observations of depths and friction coefficients in laminar flows passing fields of regular obstacles. After making the proposed correction for volumetric displacement, increases of 40 to 75 per cent in the derived value of the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, f, are found for an obstacle cover of 20 per cent. Many published studies of friction coefficients in shallow overland flows, such as those on stone‐covered dryland soils, involve larger obstacle cover fractions, and evidently involve the significant confounding effect of volumetric displacement. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of ground‐penetrating radar to the identification of subsurface piping in blanket peat
Authors: Holden J. , Burt T. P. , Vilas M.
Published: August 2002

Natural soil pipes are common and significant in upland blanket peat catchments yet there are major problems in finding and defining the subsurface pipe networks. This is particularly important because pipeflow can contribute a large proportion of runoff to the river systems in these upland environments and may significantly influence catchment sediment and solute yields. Traditional methods such as digging soil pits are destructive and time‐consuming (particularly in deep peat) and only provide single point sources of information. This paper presents results from an experiment to assess the use of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) to remotely sense pipes in blanket peat. The technique is shown to be successful in identifying most of the pipes tested in the pilot catchment. Comparison of data on pipes identified by GPR and verified by manual measurement suggests that pipes can be located in the soil profile with a depth accuracy of 20 to 30 cm. GPR‐identified pipes were found throughout the soil profile; however, those within 10–20 cm of the surface could not be identified using the 100 or 200 MHz antennae due to multiple surface reflections. Generally pipes smaller than 10 cm in diameter could not be identified using the technique although modifications are suggested that will allow enhanced resolution. Future work would benefit from the development of dual‐frequency antennae that will allow the combination of high‐resolution data with the depth of penetration required in a wetland environment. The GPR experiment shows that pipe network densities were much greater than could be detected from surface observation alone. Thus, GPR provides a non‐destructive, fast technique which can produce continuous profiles of peat depth and indicate pipe locations across survey transects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding self‐sufficiency of welfare leavers in Illinois: Elaborating models with psychosocial factors
Authors: Julnes George , Fan Xitao , Hayashi Kentaro
Published: August 2002

With an interest in supporting the existing social capacities of leavers of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), this chapter incorporates psychosocial factors into a structural equation model that includes the outcomes of post‐exit employment and TANF recidivism.
Ongoing capacity building in the American Cancer Society (ACS) 1995–2001
Authors: Compton Donald W. , Glover‐Kudon Rebecca , Smith Iris E. , Eden Avery Mary
Published: August 2002

The authors’ case study narrative is about the seven‐year process of building an ECB structure at this nationwide, not‐for‐profit health organization.
2‐Methoxy‐3‐(1′‐methylpropyl)pyrazine, pea odour, from the marine bacterium Halomonas venusta
Authors: Bungert Michael , Jahns Thomas , Becker Hans
Published: August 2002

The marine bacterium Halomonas venusta (Deleya venusta) develops a strong odour of fresh peas. Bacteria were cultivated in ZoBell medium with the addition of artificial sea water. Air was purged through the culture vessel and then trapped in a column filled with RP 18 silica gel. 1H‐NMR and GC–MS analysis of the adsorbed volatile revealed 2‐methoxy‐3‐(1′‐methylpropyl)pyrazine (MMPP). The substance was synthesized only in the idiophase. The addition of high amounts of glycine and isoleucine to the ZoBell medium doubled the cell dry weight (1.92 g/l) and raised the yield of MMPP (9.8 mg/l). The presumed intermediate, 2,5‐dioxo‐3‐(1‐methylpropyl)piperazine, was found in the cells growing on agar plates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of a stabilized finite element formulation for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on a pressure gradient projection
Authors: Codina Ramon , Blasco Jordi , Buscaglia Gustavo C. , Huerta Antonio
Published: August 2002

We discuss in this paper some implementation aspects of a finite element formulation for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations which allows the use of equal order velocity–pressure interpolations. The method consists in introducing the projection of the pressure gradient and adding the difference between the pressure Laplacian and the divergence of this new field to the incompressibility equation, both multiplied by suitable algorithmic parameters. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss how to deal with the new variable in the implementation of the algorithm. Obviously, it could be treated as one extra unknown, either explicitly or as a condensed variable. However, we take for granted that the only way for the algorithm to be efficient is to uncouple it from the velocity–pressure calculation in one way or another. Here we discuss some iterative schemes to perform this uncoupling of the pressure gradient projection (PGP) from the calculation of the velocity and the pressure, both for the stationary and the transient Navier–Stokes equations. In the first case, the strategies analyzed refer to the interaction of the linearization loop and the iterative segregation of the PGP, whereas in the second the main dilemma concerns the explicit or implicit treatment of the PGP. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistency with continuity in conservative advection schemes for free‐surface models
Authors: Gross Edward S. , Bonaventura Luca , Rosatti Giorgio
Published: August 2002

The consistency of the discretization of the scalar advection equation with the discretization of the continuity equation is studied for conservative advection schemes coupled to three‐dimensional flows with a free‐surface. Consistency between the discretized free‐surface equation and the discretized scalar transport equation is shown to be necessary for preservation of constants. In addition, this property is shown to hold for a general formulation of conservative schemes. A discrete maximum principle is proven for consistent upwind schemes. Various numerical examples in idealized and realistic test cases demonstrate the practical importance of the consistency with the discretization of the continuity equation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stabilized finite element method for the Saint‐Venant equations with application to irrigation
Authors: Hauke Guillermo
Published: August 2002

When the two‐dimensional shallow water equations are applied to solve practical irrigation problems, additional numerical difficulties arise. Large friction coefficients, dry bed conditions and singular infiltration terms engender new challenges which are addressed here to build a finite element method that is robust enough for this type of application. The proposed method is a stabilized formulation based on the symmetric quasi‐linear form and the set of entropy variables. The robustness of the method is increased with a discontinuity capturing operator. A predictor multi‐corrector algorithm is employed to solve the generalized trapezoidal rule. One of the novel features of the present technique is that an ‘explicit’ method has been developed with characteristics of implicit methods, so that the solution can be advanced at a convective CFL number of 1, regardless of the source terms. This leads to an economic procedure. Finally, an entropy production (in) equality is developed, which ensures the correct physical behaviour of the model and helps to determine the correct sign of the infiltration term. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of a minimal deletion interval on chromosome band 8p21 in sporadic prostate cancer†
Authors: Swalwell Jennifer I. , Vocke Cathy D. , Yang Youfeng , Walker Jonathan R. , Grouse Lynette , Myers Stuart H. , Gillespie John W. , Bostwick David G. , Duray Paul H. , Linehan W. Marston , Emmert‐Buck Michael R.
Published: August 2002

Loss of the short arm of chromosome 8 is a common event in prostatic neoplasms. Previous studies indicate that there may be up to three separate tumor suppressor genes on chromosome arm 8p, based on patterns of allelic loss. The responsible gene or genes have yet to be identified. In the present study, we used laser‐capture microdissection of primary human prostate tumors and 17 microsatellite markers across chromosome band 8p21 to determine a minimal deletion interval. From an initial set of 120 cases, three tumors contained overlapping interstitial deletions on chromosome band 8p21. The three cases define an internally consistent minimal candidate tumor suppressor gene interval of approximately two megabases. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐throughput GLGI procedure for converting a large number of serial analysis of gene expression tag sequences into 3′ complementary DNAs
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Lee Sanggyu , Zhou Guolin , Wang San Ming
Published: August 2002

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful technique for genome‐wide analysis of gene expression. However, two‐thirds of SAGE tags cannot be used directly for gene identification for two reasons. First, many SAGE tags match several known expressed sequences, owing to the short length of SAGE tag sequences. Second, many SAGE tags do not match any known expressed sequences, presumably because the sequences corresponding to these SAGE tags have not been identified. These two problems can be solved by extension of the SAGE tags into 3′ complementary DNAs (cDNAs) by use of the GLGI technique (generation of longer cDNA fragments from SAGE tags for gene identification). We have improved the original GLGI technique into a high‐throughput procedure for simultaneous conversion of a large number of SAGE tags into corresponding 3′ cDNAs. The whole process is simple, rapid, low‐cost, and highly efficient, as shown by our use of this procedure for analyzing hundreds of SAGE tags. In addition to identifying the correct gene for SAGE tags with multiple matches, GLGI can be used for large‐scale identification of novel genes by converting novel SAGE tags into 3′ cDNAs. Applying this high‐throughput procedure should accelerate the rate of gene identification significantly in the human and other eukaryotic genomes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequent loss Xq25 on the inactive X chromosome in primary breast carcinomas is associated with tumor grade and axillary lymph node metastasis
Authors: Piao Zhe , Malkhosyan Sergei R.
Published: August 2002

We previously applied arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction DNA fingerprinting to identify molecular genetic alterations in primary breast carcinomas. One of the most frequently observed fingerprint alterations was a reduction in the intensity of the MCG1‐B2 band in 32% of tumors, indicating recurrent loss of X‐chromosome segments. This article reports a mapping analysis of those chromosomal deletions. The subchromosomal origin of MCG1‐B2 was determined to be the Xq25 chromosomal region. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was carried out on 72 infiltrating ductal carcinomas with a panel of seven microsatellite markers spanning Xq25. The smallest common region of the X‐chromosome deletions was mapped to between markers DXS8059 and DXS8009, with the highest LOH frequency of 52.4% at the DXS8098 locus. The LOH at DXS8098 was associated with larger tumor size (> 3 cm) (P = 0.048, Fisher exact test), higher histologic grade (P = 0.036, Fisher exact test), and axillary lymph node metastasis (P = 0.020, Fisher exact test). These results suggest that the Xq25 region harbors a putative tumor suppressor gene whose inactivation in breast cancer is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. LOH at this region, therefore, potentially could be used as a prognostic marker for disease development. One of the two X chromosomes is transcriptionally silent in women. The loss of the Xq25 region detected in this study occurred preferentially on the inactive X chromosome. This suggests that the putative tumor suppressor gene may escape X inactivation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Balanced chromosome abnormalities inv(16) and t(15;17) in therapy‐related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia: Report from an International Workshop†
Authors: Andersen Mette K. , Larson Richard A. , Mauritzson Nils , Schnittger Susanne , Jhanwar Suresh C. , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Jens
Published: August 2002

The Workshop identified 48 unselected patients with therapy‐related myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia (t‐MDS/t‐AML) and inv(16), and 41 patients with t(15;17) after chemotherapy (CT) and/or radiotherapy (RT) for a malignant or nonmalignant disease. The primary diseases were: breast cancer, 33 patients; lymphomas, 24 patients; various other solid tumors, 30 patients; and nonmalignant diseases, 2 patients. The general type of previous therapy was RT only in 10 patients with an inv(16) and in 12 patients with a t(15;17), alkylating agents plus topoisomerase II inhibitors in 24 patients with an inv(16) and in 18 patients with a t(15;17), topoisomerase II inhibitors only in 5 patients with an inv(16) and in 2 patients with a t(15;17), alkylating agents only in 6 patients in each subgroup, and other types of chemotherapy in 3 patients in each subgroup. Most CT‐treated patients (69%) also received RT. The latency period to development of t‐MDS/t‐AML was short: a median of 22 months in patients with inv(16) and 29 months in patients with t(15;17). Twenty‐six patients (54%) with an inv(16) and 17 patients (41%) with a t(15;17) had additional cytogenetic abnormalities, which were unrelated to age and survival in both subgroups. Trisomy of chromosomes 8, 21, and 22 and del(7q) were the most frequent additional abnormalities in the inv(16) subgroup, whereas +8, −5, and del(16q) were most frequent in the t(15;17) subgroup. The disease was overt t‐AML in 38/48 patients (79%) with an inv(16) and in 38/41 patients (93%) with a t(15;17). Thirty‐three of 39 intensively treated patients (85%) with an inv(16) obtained a complete remission, whereas 24 of 35 intensively treated patients (69%) with a t(15;17) obtained a complete remission. The median overall survival of intensively treated patients was 29 months in both cytogenetic subgroups. In the inv(16) subgroup, patients younger than 55 years of age had a longer survival when compared with older patients (P = 0.006). The study supports the observation that t‐MDS/t‐AML with inv(16) and t(15;17) is often associated with prior therapy with topoisomerase II inhibitors; however, a notable finding was the high frequency of treatment with only radiotherapy, 29% of t(15;17) and 21% of inv(16). Response rates to intensive chemotherapy in this study were comparable to those of de novo disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.