bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postoperative pain control in cats: clinical trials with pre-emptive lidocaine epidural co-administered with morphine or methadone
Authors: DeRossi Rafael , Hermeto Larissa Correa , Jardim Paulo Henrique Affonseca , de Andrade Bicudo Natalia , de Assis Klebs Tavares
Published: August 2015

Objectives

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural lidocaine in combination with either methadone or morphine for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Methods

Under general anesthesia, 24 cats that underwent ovariohysterectomy were randomly allocated into three treatment groups of eight each. Treatment 1 included 2% lidocaine (4.0 mg/kg); treatment 2 included lidocaine and methadone (4.0 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively); and treatment 3 included lidocaine and morphine (4.0 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively). All drugs were injected in a total volume of 0.25 ml/kg via the lumbosacral route in all cats. During the anesthetic and surgical periods, the physiologic variables (respiratory and heart rate, arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature) were measured at intervals of time zero, 10 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins, 60 mins and 120 mins. After cats had recovered from anesthesia, a multidimensional composite pain scale was used to assess postoperative analgesia 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h after epidural.

Results

The time to first rescue analgesic was significantly ( P <0.05) prolonged in cats that received both lidocaine and methadone or lidocaine and morphine treatments compared with those that received lidocaine treatment alone. All cats that received lidocaine treatment alone required rescue analgesic within 2 h of epidural injections. All treatments produced significant cardiovascular and respiratory changes but they were within an acceptable range for healthy animals during the surgical period.

Conclusions and relevance

The two combinations administered via epidural allowed ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia in cats, and both induced prolonged postoperative analgesia.
Validation of a brief form of the Perceived Neighborhood Social Cohesion questionnaire
Authors: Dupuis Marc , Baggio Stéphanie , Gmel Gerhard
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was the validation of a brief form of the Perceived Neighborhood Social Cohesion questionnaire using data from 5065 men from the “Cohort Study on Substance-Use Risk Factors.” A 9-item scale covering three factors was proposed. Excellent indices of internal consistency were measured (α = .93). The confirmatory factor analyses resulted in acceptable fit indices supporting measurement invariance across French and German forms. Significant correlations were found between the brief form of the Perceived Neighborhood Social Cohesion questionnaire, and satisfaction and self-reported health, providing evidence of the concurrent validity of the scale. Perceived neighborhood social cohesion, and depression and suicide attempts were negatively associated, sustaining the protective effect of perceived social cohesion.
Medication beliefs mediate the association between medical mistrust and antiretroviral adherence among African Americans living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Kalichman Seth C , Eaton Lisa , Kalichman Moira O , Cherry Chauncey
Published: August 2015

Medical mistrust is a significant barrier to medication adherence among African Americans living with HIV. In this study 380 African American people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a southern US city completed computerized measures at a community-based research site. Multiple mediation modeling showed that medical provider mistrust was associated with medication beliefs and ART adherence. Also, medication beliefs predicted adherence. The indirect effects of medical mistrust on adherence via medication beliefs was significant; the indirect effect was significant for medication concerns beliefs, but not medication necessity beliefs. Medication concerns beliefs therefore mediate the association between medical mistrust and ART adherence.
Association between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators in adolescents from Southern Brazil
Authors: Silva Danilo RP , Ohara David , Tomeleri Crisieli M , Batista Mariana B , Fernandes Rômulo A , Ronque Enio RV , Sardinha Luís B , Cyrino Edilson S
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators in adolescents and to discuss some methodological aspects related to this relationship. We evaluated 1,321 adolescents (55.2% female) aged 10–16 years. Relative body fat (%fat) by measurement of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness and waist circumference (WC) were used as total and central adiposity indicators, respectively. Physical inactivity, time spent in front of the TV, the consumption of soda and/or chocolate, alcohol, and tobacco smoking were analyzed as risk behaviors. Information about the socioeconomic status (categorized into three levels) and nutritional status of the mother (overweight or normal weight) were used as adjustment factors in the analyses of prevalence ratio (PR) of the outcomes and their associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The chi-square test and Poisson regression were used for statistical analyses. Low associations were found between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators. Tobacco smoking was the most positively correlated behavior with adiposity in girls (%fat: PR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.04–2.47; WC: PR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.17–3.08) and in adolescents whose mothers were normal weight (%fat: PR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.33–4.03; WC: PR: 2.31; CI: 1.19–4.46). Additionally, as an important methodological issue, we highlighted the assessment of risk behaviors in adolescents as crucial to producing more robust evidence on the subject. Of the investigated behaviors, we concluded that tobacco smoking is the behavior most associated with adiposity indicators.
A Resistance Dance
Authors: Bacon David
Published: August 2015

In Oaxaca, a forced migration is still channeled into the Dance of the Feather, some 500 years later.
The State, the Market, and Society
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: August 2015

Reviewing The Entrepreneurial State and The Power of Market Fundamentalism.
Saving Our Kids
Authors: McElwee Sean
Published: August 2015

Reviewing Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis.
College Diversity Is (But Doesn’t Have to Be) for Whites
Authors: Byrd W. Carson
Published: August 2015

College diversity programs are designed to improve white students’ experiences, ignoring the benefits of cross-cultural interactions for all.
Scientific Evaluation of Pharmacological Treatment of Osteoarthritis in the Canon of Medicine
Authors: Choopani Rasool , Ghourchian Anahita , Hajimehdipoor Homa , Kamalinejad Mohammad
Published: August 2015

Osteoarthritis is the most common articular disease worldwide. Nonetheless, common osteoarthritis treatments are either not effective or associated with side effects. Now the materials derived from plants have found a relevant place in drug discovery. Until the mid-18th century, osteoarthritis in all medical schools worldwide had been managed as general arthritis. Avicenna, the famous scholar of Iranian traditional medicine has provided a long list of herbs that have been used traditionally to treat arthritis. To gain this worthy list, we searched his most famous medical masterpiece: Canon of Medicine. Some of these materials are investigated and employed by modern medicine. However, it is difficult to ignore that still more of these naturally occurring materials could be of use in modern medicine not only to prevent osteoarthritis progression but also osteoarthritis management as natural anti-inflammatory drugs.
Lamivudine-Induced Skin Rash Remains an Underdiagnosed Entity in HIV
Authors: Sachdeva Ravinder Kaur , Sharma Aman , De Dipankar , Malhi Jasjit , Rewari Bharat Bhushan , Singh Surjit , Varma Subhash
Published: August 2015

Background:

Hypersensitivity reaction to antiretroviral treatment (ART) poses potential threats in maintenance of treatment. Lamivudine (3TC), is rare to cause rash. We are reporting 23 cases of 3TC-induced rash.

Methods:

An observational study conducted in the antiretroviral treatment center of a tertiary care hospital of North India from Feb 2009–Dec 2013 to record 3TC-induced rash. These were then recommended to start ART without 3TC and were followed up at 1-, 2-, and at 4-week intervals to monitor the toxicity, if any, with alternate therapy.

Results:

We observed 3TC-induced skin rash in 23 HIV-infected individuals (0.7%), out of 3213 HIV-infected individuals initiated on first line ART (zidovudine [ZDV]/tenofovir [TDF] + 3TC +nevirapine [NVP]/efavirenz [EFV] during the study period of 5 years [Feb 2009–Dec 2013]). The mean age of these 23 individuals was 37.5 ± 12.8 (17-60) years. Lamivudine rash was more common in women than men (F = 19, M = 4), with an overall mean age of 37.5 ± 12.8 (17-60) years. It was generalized, erythematous, maculopapular eruptions associated with intense itching with no associated mucosal involvement. Lamivudine was substituted with TDF in 19, didanosine (ddl) in 3 and abacavir (ABC) in 1 individual. Mean duration of follow-up is 11.1 ± 12.8 (3-42) months. CD4 count was repeated at 3 months and showed significant improvement ( P = 0.002).

Conclusion:

Lamivudine-induced rash was found at a frequency of 0.7%. The correct and early recognition that the rash is due to 3TC, would save unnecessary substitution to a different class of drugs.
Recovery of plant diversity and soil nutrients during stand development in subtropical forests of Mizoram, Northeast India
Authors: SINGH SH B , MISHRA B P , TRIPATHI S K
Published: August 2015

Singh ShB, Mishra BP, Tripathi SK. 2015. Recovery of plant diversity and soil nutrients during stand development insubtropical forests of Mizoram, Northeast India. Biodiversitas 16: 205-212. The present study assessed the recovery of tree speciesdiversity and soil nutrient dynamics with stand development in subtropical semi-evergreen forest of Mizoram. The study was carried outin two regenerating forest stands following disturbance and one undisturbed forest. Schima wallichii was the dominant species in allstands showing IVI of 63.8, 83.3 and 75.9 in undisturbed, moderately disturbed and highly disturbed stands, respectively. Castanopsistribuloides was co-dominant species in the undisturbed and the moderately disturbed but this species was replaced by Sterculia villosa inthe highly disturbed stand. The shift in position of species and families from undisturbed to highly disturbed stands could be linked withdegree of disturbance. Log-normal dominance-distribution curves in the undisturbed and moderately disturbed stand indicating thestability of community, while short hooked curve in the highly disturbed stand indicates unstable nature of the community. The soilproperties (organic C, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus) increased significantly during the course of stand development, whereas,decrease with the depth in these forest stands.
“In the interest of true history”: The Catholic Historical Review and the American Catholic Historical Association, 1915–69
Authors: White Joseph M.
Published: August 2015

The author discusses the history of the American Catholic Historical Association from its beginnings to 1969, including key leaders, activities, and the relationship with The Catholic Historical Review .
Revolutionary Priest: Pascal Mardel of Grenada
Authors: Jacobs Curtis
Published: August 2015

Fédon’s Rebellion in Grenada (1795–96) was the most spectacular antislavery, anticolonial, proto-nationalist struggle in the British Caribbean during the “Age of Revolution” (1770–1830). Although most published works cite the Roman Catholic-Protestant rivalry as a major underlying cause of the rebellion, the relationship of its religious leadership to the uprising has been neglected. This article discusses the role of Pascal Mardel, the only known Roman Catholic clergyman to take active part in the rebellion led by Julien Fédon and face execution for his activities.
An African in a Toga: Joseph Cinqué and the Roman Rhetoric of the American Revolution
Authors: Malamud Margaret
Published: August 2015

The Revolutionary generation regularly invoked the example of Cato the Younger and his fierce resistance to the death to the tyranny of Julius Caesar, whom they compared to King George III in their own passionate resistance to the “slavery” of the British monarchy. Abolitionists appropriated Roman allusions in order to expose the hypocrisy of the revolutionary rhetoric of liberty in the face of the institution of slavery and to make clear the vast difference between chattel slavery and slavery as a metaphor for political bondage.
The Greek Documentary Papyri as a Linguistically Heterogeneous Corpus: The Case of the “ Katochoi of the Sarapeion” Archive
Authors: Bentein Klaas
Published: August 2015

While the Greek documentary papyri constitute a rich resource for linguistic innovation, they cannot be considered a linguistically homogeneous corpus. In this article, I show that even in a single archive, the “ katochoi of the Sarapeion” archive, considerable variation exists in terms of phonology/orthography, morphology, and syntax. I argue that the different types of documents contained in this archive—that is, dreams, letters and petitions—can be situated on a linguistic continuum or “register” continuum. To account for the linguistic differences between these documents, the so-called “tenor”-vector plays a particularly important role.
Truth, Lies, and Freshman Composition: Using Herodotus to Teach Academic Writing
Authors: Moser Janet
Published: August 2015

Both in his models of organization and theme, borrowed from Homeric epic, and in his recasting of anecdotal source materials, Herodotus, the Father of factually based History, had one foot firmly planted in the world of storytelling. My beginning-student writers, too, are just venturing upon the transition from the rhetoric of the heightened world of storytelling to that of the critical investigation of the real world. Through exercises in close reading and imitation, we use book 2 of the Histories as a model for a variety of organizing principles and rhetorical techniques to enliven and strengthen student academic prose.
The Discourse of Disability in Ancient Greece
Authors: Penrose Walter D.
Published: August 2015

Recent scholarship has been divided over the question of whether a categorization of the disabled existed in antiquity. Close readings of Lysias, Plutarch, and other ancient Greek authors strongly suggest that some Greeks did construct a social category of disability. The ἀδύνατοι were banned from military, political, and religious roles in Athens and elsewhere. The Spartans, on the other hand, chastised those who did not fight, even those with disabling impairments, while lauding those who “overcame” their disabilities. Disability thus provides a new framework within which to gauge inter-Greek ethnic identity.
A Revolutionary Soundscape: Musical Reform and the Science of Sound in Early America, 1760–1840
Authors: Bechtold Rebeccah
Published: August 2015

American colonists initially encountered music in community settings, during worship services and public performances, as well as at dances and other social functions. The rise of singing schools in the 1720s and the growing accessibility of music in the mid eighteenth century, however, cultivated a wider appreciation for music as an individuated art. Early promoters in fact strongly advocated for music’s expansion in the United States by turning to the science behind sound; they argued that music’s impact on and engagement with bodily functions uniquely positioned music as a revolutionary aesthetic, capable of communicating to and regulating the emotions of its listening public. While scholars have described in detail the changing landscape of musical practice in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, no study has addressed the relationship between music’s description as an embodied aesthetic and a revolutionary rhetoric that centralized the body’s importance to the national venture. This essay thus examines how eighteenth and early nineteenth century discussions on music were linked to the political aims of independence through a shared discourse of sensibility. Influenced by music’s origins as a sacred art and an Enlightenment rhetoric interested in bodily functions, Americans living and working in the northeastern cities of Philadelphia, Boston, and New York employed a revolutionary rhetoric that advocated for the aesthetic as a method of reform, accenting music’s potential in safeguarding national harmony and, in the nineteenth century, producing social concord.
The Loyalists and the Federal Constitution: The Origins of the Bill of Attainder Clause
Authors: Palfreyman Brett
Published: August 2015

During American Revolution, rebel state governments adopted bills of attainder to contain and control loyalists, dangerous internal enemies who would apply their blood, treasure, and influence to put down the rebellion. In this extreme form of punitive legislation, state assemblies identified specific Tories by name, judged them guilty of treason, and prescribed a variety of punishments ranging from property confiscation to permanent banishment. Just four years after the war, however, delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia passed an unconditional ban on attainder laws with a unanimous vote and almost no debate. In fact, protection from bills of attainder was one of the handful of individual rights that the Framers included in the actual text of the Constitution. So why the change? Why did so many Americans view bills of attainder as acceptable during the war, then turn around and reject them just a few years later? The Framers’ unanimous decision to ban attainder laws was predicated on two related developments that took place in the aftermath of the Revolution. The first was the peaceful reintegration of loyalists who chose to remain in the states after the war. Once loyalists ceased to pose a special threat, states no longer needed extraordinary measures to manage them. The second was the Framers’ increasing fear that state assemblies had grown too powerful. In this sense, the attainder ban was part of a larger effort to take power away from the people—particularly the alarming power to confiscate private property.
Native Spirits, Shaker Visions: Speaking with the Dead in the Early Republic
Authors: Seeman Erik R.
Published: August 2015

Historians have largely ignored native spirit narratives: the hundreds of pages of extant manuscript sources describing Shaker communications with (mostly fictional) deceased Indians. These sources were generated during the Era of Manifestations (1837-1840s), a period of intense spiritualistic activity among the Shakers that coincided with the Second Great Awakening. Native spirit narratives reveal complex discourses about American Indians. Even though many native spirits partook of crude stereotypes of Indian savagery and ignorance, they also offered sharp critiques of the racism exhibited by whites – Shakers included. Shaker mediums, mostly young and female, likewise used the appearance of native spirits to voice implicit critiques of patriarchal violence. The Shaker spirit narratives thus reveal how one religious society appropriated Indian images available in the Early Republic to express nuanced views about the legacy of colonialism and white male violence, via the group’s characteristic method of speaking with the dead. Because such contact with departed spirits was at the center of Shaker religious practice, and because this practice drew thousands of spectators and generated numerous published descriptions, the Shakers and their native spirits demonstrate the widespread interest in speaking with the dead that would emerge as séance spiritualism after 1848.
Making Constitutional Meaning: The Removal Debate and the Birth of Constitutional Essentialism
Authors: Gienapp Jonathan
Published: August 2015

In one of its earliest debates, the first federal Congress divided over the question of whether the president could remove executive officers. Long neglected by historians, the episode has received ample attention from constitutional scholars who have interpreted it as a crucial contest over the scope of presidential power. However, the debate’s significance owes less to these implications than it does to the language of constitutional essentialism that it produced. In the aftermath of ratification, American politicians were still reckoning with what it meant to be subject to the authority of a supreme, written constitution and in so doing debated not only the meaning of specific constitutional clauses but more generally the kinds of interpretive practices that could legitimately accompany Americans’ governing document. The removal debate began because the Constitution, other than specifications for impeachment, was silent on removal. Some contended that, given this silence, nobody could remove. Most disagreed and as justification contended that Congress enjoyed discretion to fill the document’s silences. However, those who favored removal divided over who could remove: the president alone or in conjunction with the Senate. In waging this disagreement the two sides grounded their rival interpretations in two separate sources of authority: the ‘‘nature of things’’ and the original intent of the Constitution’s framers. In retreating from arguments built on congressional discretion in favor of ones premised on fixed constitutional meaning, politicians constructed a powerful language of constitutional essentialism that implied that the Constitution was equipped with unchangeable meaning.
Biogaz et reforestation en Haïti sous l’angle du principe de Santé dans toutes les politiques
Authors: Ariste Ruolz
Published: August 2015

L’objectif de cette étude est de considérer le rôle du biogaz comme source d’énergie pouvant se substituer au charbon de bois, mais aussi comme solution aux problèmes de la déforestation, de milieux malsains et d’effet de serre. Nous avons soutenu qu’un véritable programme de biogaz s’impose à l’échelle nationale, tout en commençant par étapes à l’échelle régionale. Ce programme, basé sur l’approche du principe de Santé dans toutes les politiques, exigerait que tous les éléments soient pris en compte et que les différents acteurs participent dès la conception du programme. Les bénéfices dans différents secteurs de l’économie sont substantiels. Ainsi, nous avons estimé les profits annuels directs liés à la production de biogaz à environ 438 millions de $ à l’échelle nationale. En plus, des bénéfices annuels indirects de l’ordre de 201 millions de $ ont été estimés pour la valeur carbone de la forêt préservée. Nous avons suggéré d’utiliser la grande partie des profits directs de l’exploitation du biogaz dans des programmes de reboisement. Compte tenu que la production du charbon de bois a toujours été une source de revenu nonnégligeable pour les paysans, nous avons aussi suggéré d’accorder une subvention temporaire à ces derniers ayant des arbres matures sur leurs propriétés.
Haiti: Where Has All the Money Gone?
Authors: Ramachandran Vijaya , Walz Julie
Published: August 2015

In the twenty-seven months after an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 struck Haiti, almost $6 billion was disbursed in official aid. Another $3 billion was donated in private contributions. Analysis of the data shows that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and private contractors have been the intermediate recipients of most of these funds. The government of Haiti has received just 1 percent of humanitarian aid, and 15 to 21 percent of longer-term relief aid. NGOs and private contractors in Haiti have consequently built an extensive infrastructure for the provision of social services. Yet these entities appear to have limited accountability—despite the use of public funds, there are few evaluations of services delivered, lives saved, or mistakes made. We recommend three things to improve the current situation. One, that NGOs and private contractors carry out systematic and widely accessible evaluations of their work. Two, that all actors in Haiti be held accountable by publishing data on expenditures and outcomes. And three, that the government of Haiti procure services through competitive bidding whenever possible.
Liberal Trade in the Postcolonial Americas: Haitian Leaders and British Agents, 1806–1813
Authors: Pierre N.
Published: August 2015

This article argues that the absence of diplomatic agreements between Haiti and Britain created unique opportunities for British citizens to liberalize trade in the postcolonial Americas. It provides some suggestions on how Haitian coffee dominated the nineteenth century marketplace with economic embargos in place. Specifically, it fleshes out the human relationships that made that dominance possible.
“Dead Citizen” and the Abject Nation: Social Death, Haiti, and the Strategic Power of the Image
Authors: Philogene Jerry
Published: August 2015

I argue that the historical visualization of Haiti, coupled with images of dead Haitian bodies shown during the 2010 earthquake, contribute to what I call the “dead citizen,” a historically flawed, inherently sinful body lacking political agency. I analyze the 1919 photograph of the dead body of Charlemagne Péralte, one of the leaders of the oppositional fighters known as cacos , murdered by the US marines during the 1915 occupation. I draw similarities between the public display of Péralte’s corpse and the display of the images of the dead and injured bodies of the earthquake victims. I assert that these anonymously dead bodies were imprisoned in a regulatory gaze of the global world that confirmed a discourse of deviance; thereby reinforcing Haiti as a cursed nation pathologically destined to its history of suffering. I explore the discursive nature of photography and the institutional use and evidentiary value of Péralte’s image and detail the multiple “killings” of Péralte that occurred through the effective hegemonic “act of photography,” the image’s reproduction and dissemination, and the public display of his half-naked corpse.
Avot Reconsidered: Rethinking Rabbinic Judaism
Authors: Schremer Adiel
Published: August 2015

The opening passage of tractate Avot and its claim that all of the rabbinic tradition goes back to the revelation to Moses at Sinai is frequently seen as the manifesto of rabbinic Judaism. In this paper I seek to challenge this widespread view by suggesting that Avot stems from one circle of rabbinic Judaism, which was related to Rabbi Eliezer or his followers, and it reflects specifically the ideology of that group. Indeed, a close reading of the opening passage of the Tosefta, tractate Eduyot, may suggest that the claim that all of the rabbinic tradition is rooted in Sinai was rejected by the “mainstream” of rabbinic circles in second century Palestine, that is, the rabbinic circles that produced the Mishnah and the Tosefta.
Charitable like Abigail: The History of an Epitaph
Authors: Baumgarten Elisheva
Published: August 2015

This article traces the development of a narrative presenting the biblical figure of Abigail as charitable, an idea that is especially evident on early modern tombstones. The article documents different approaches to Abigail and argues that the connection between Abigail and charity originated only in medieval Europe and was a departure from earlier sources. During the Middle Ages, this narrative was introduced by medieval rabbis to justify accepting charity from female donors who contributed to the community without their husbands’ permission, a course of action that was forbidden by law. Subsequently, Abigail and charity became associated in much broader terms and this attribution appeared on early modern and modern tombstones in Germany. These changes are examined against the backdrop of Christian exegesis concerning Abigail and broad connections between the novel Jewish understandings and Christian exegesis are noted. The final part of the article summarizes these developments and discusses the value of locating changing biblical narratives for social historians and especially for scholars interested in the history of women.
S. D. Luzzatto’s Program for Restoring Jewish Leadership in Hebrew Studies
Authors: Di Giulio Marco
Published: August 2015

This article demonstrates that S. D. Luzzatto’s Prolegomeni a una grammatica ragionata della lingua ebraica (1836) was a critical response to the scholarship of Christian Hebraists, motivated by the drive of its author to reclaim from Christians the leading position in the study of the Hebrew language. Luzzatto took exception to Christian scholars’ reliance on Arabic in their linguistic descriptions of Hebrew, an approach championed by the eighteenth-century Dutch Hebraist Albert Schultens. Somewhat unfairly, Luzzatto attributed this approach to his contemporary Wilhelm Gesenius, whose grammar of Hebrew inspired him to undertake his own rival analysis of the language. Melding comparative linguistics with the Enlightenment notion that language was the truest expression of national character, Luzzatto sought to establish scientifically, and in line with rabbinic belief, a close historical linkage between Aramaic and Hebrew. Luzzatto’s committed efforts to disseminate his theory among Christians and Jews reveal his determination to win a scholarly dispute over language by negotiating between philological reasoning and reverence to tradition. However, his program to subvert Christian scholarship by undermining its foundations failed. Luzzatto’s reliance on nationalistic theories of language origin hampered his attempts to master empirical methodology and thus supersede Gesenius’s comparative approach. By examining Luzzatto’s methods as well as contemporary scholars’ reactions to his work, this article shows how Hebrew linguistics could serve as a vehicle for Jewish apologetics and a medium for defending Jewish tradition against critical scholarship that challenged the divine revelation of Scripture.
Nationalism without a Nation?: On the Invisibility of American Jewish Politics
Authors: Loeffler James
Published: August 2015

In this article, I launch a wholesale reexamination of the under-studied subject of American Jewish nationalism. With the focus on the road to Israeli statehood, scholars have ignored the complex, contradictory patterns of nationalist identification that marked American Zionist politics in the first half of the twentieth century. I explore this thesis through a re-reading of two key historical episodes: the American Jewish Congress movement of 1914–1920 and the American Jewish Conference, 1943–1949. In the process, I discuss the relationship between liberalism and nationalism in American Jewish political thought; the political conflicts between Jewish nationalism and anti-nationalism; and the nomenclature of Jewish nationhood in the United States. Ultimately, I conclude that the consensus position of American Jewish support for Israel after 1948 emerged only after statist Zionism had been separated from a more capacious form of American Jewish nationalism that existed before 1948. This helps us understand the origins and rise to significance of the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), with implications for the current moment of American Jewish politics.
The Libraries of Belarus
Authors: Stepanovič Motulskij Roman
Published: August 2015

This paper highlights the history of libraries in Belarus, including the library network development and its current structure. The paper uses data analyses of official state statistics, normative and unpublished legal documents, and scientific research conducted by the National Library of Belarus.
The Libraries of Kosovo: A Historical Overview
Authors: Olluri Adil
Published: August 2015

This paper presents an overview of the development of Kosovan libraries and literature between the years 1990 to 1999, one of the most difficult decades in the county’s history. During this time, both Kosovo’s libraries and its Albanian people suffered under the effects of extreme political unrest. In addition to analyzing this period of social turmoil, the paper provides a brief history of Kosovan libraries, the oppression of the Albanians during the 1998–1999 war in Kosovo, and an overview of the country’s contemporary libraries and their vision for the future.
Libraries in Moldova: The Road to Renewal in Hard Economic Times
Authors: Anghelescu Hermina G.B. , Bejan Eugenia
Published: August 2015

The transition from a communist to a democratic society has affected the entire social map of Moldova, including the library network. For over two and a half decades, Moldovan libraries have undergone major changes and reforms: from closed- to open-access stacks; from ideological institutions serving political platforms to public squares in support of democracy; from repositories of propaganda books to information centers serving the information needs of the communities they serve. This paper examines the changes in, and challenges faced by, Moldova’s libraries from 1991, the year that marks the country’s independence, to the present. Various projects—government-sponsored or assisted by international organizations, such as the Open Society Institute and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation—are featured.
Regime Change in Romania: A Quarter-Century Impact on Libraries
Authors: Anghelescu Hermina G.B. , Chiaburu Elena
Published: August 2015

This paper takes a fresh look at the transformative events that marked the development of the library scene at the twenty-fifth anniversary of regime change in Romania. It examines their significance for the country’s postcommunist trajectories by linking the past, present, and future of library development. Libraries of all types have been affected in either a positive or negative way during the past twenty-five years. Currently, there is no strategy at the national level to coordinate library development or to establish priorities and directions for growth. Due to significant financial aid from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the public library sector has made significant progress, especially in the diversification of computer-based services offered to the communities they serve. Higher education has witnessed the advent of private universities, although oftentimes not endowed with adequate libraries. The public and academic library network has embraced the new information and communications technology. School libraries, although high in numbers, have remained anchored in the past, with a few exceptions. Many special libraries have disappeared, along with their parent institutions. Despite its moving into a modern edifice, the National Library of Romania is yet to identify its role, goals, mission, and vision for the information society. Two major library associations have elevated librarianship to a professional status, but they act independently of each other and their programs never intersect. Library legislation and other laws provide the legal framework for libraries, the publishing industry, and the information and communications field. Despite the progress reported by libraries, usage continues to remain very low. The public’s perception of libraries’ role in society has not yet crystallized. Insufficient funding prevents Romanian libraries from performing at the same parameters as their counterparts in economically developed countries.
Libraries and the Library System of Slovenia
Authors: Ambrožič Melita , Žumer Maja
Published: August 2015

This paper provides a brief introduction to the Republic of Slovenia and presents a history of its library system. Although the first “public” library opened in 1569 and the first “public” research library in 1701, the current library system originated in the twentieth century, after World War I. The library system of Slovenia today is an organized network consisting of publicly funded libraries of all types, which have been in continuous development since the end of World War II. Several academic and research libraries started using information-retrieval systems in the early 1970s, while other Slovenian libraries started using automated services during the late 1980s. Slovenian libraries have recently reached a relatively high level of development and are now focused on providing digital resources and other new services to their users. While digital libraries are active these days and several acquisition consortia are currently providing user access to numerous resources after a long period of stable and significant growth, the recent global financial crisis provoked austerity measures that are threatening the continued development of the country’s library system.
Leadership and Innovators Training Program for Latvian and Romanian Public Librarians at the Mortenson Center for International Library Programs
Authors: Schnuer Susan , Ford Barbara J. , Barber Peggy
Published: August 2015

From 2009 to 2012, the Mortenson Center for International Library Programs (MC) at the University of Illinois Library implemented the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Global Libraries (GL) Leaders and Innovators Training Program. The purpose of the program was to have a team of library leaders and innovators in Latvia and Romania committed to designing and creating a stronger public library environment. The GL grantees, 3TD, and Biblionet worked with the MC team to administer and support the program. The program included planning visits and agreements, training at the MC, attendance at a U.S. library association conference, development and implementation of group projects, and follow-up visits and training. Twelve Latvian librarians and fifteen Romanian librarians participated in the program. The training was unique for each country group based on the needs identified in the initial visits and discussions with the GL grantees. Each country group was divided into three teams of four to five members. The teams had to develop an idea for a library project, write a proposal, and then implement the project. After submitting a successful proposal, the teams received a small grant. The result was a cohort of enthusiastic and engaged library leaders who implemented group projects that were positively received in their respective communities and by library colleagues around the country. All the librarians reported gains in their skills and knowledge in several topics. New library services were implemented, including working closely with local government, making more active use of technology, reaching out to seniors, and creating spaces for children and teens.
Albanian Libraries in a Changing Society
Authors: Domi Etleva
Published: August 2015

This paper provides an overview of the Albanian library network within the changing context of the past twenty-two years. The first part traces the development of the library system in Albania by giving a brief review of library legislation and library science education and professional training. The second part provides background information about the implementation of new technologies that facilitated free access to information throughout the country. The paper highlights the leadership role of the National Library of Albania (NLA), which functions as the professional body that oversees all libraries in the country, and its leading role nationwide. The NLA’s engagement in various digitization projects that ensure access to the Albanian national cultural heritage and treasures makes it an important contributor to international projects as well.
Democracy and Libraries: Modernizing and Rebuilding Bulgarian Libraries with US Support, 1990–2014
Authors: Krastev Dincho , Kazanski Nikola
Published: August 2015

Traditionally libraries, including and perhaps especially Bulgarian ones, are very conservative institutions. Libraries indeed have many reasons to be conservative, but this does not mean that they have been inactive. They have to find the proper modus operandi in order to act appropriately, responsibly, and for the greater good of society. Through funds, grants, and projects, Bulgarian libraries have began recovering. This is not to say, however, that they do not have more work ahead of them. The National Academic Library and Information System (NALIS) and the American Bulgarian Library Exchange (ABLE) projects helped pull libraries in Bulgaria out of the ashes and brought them into the twenty-first century. The aim of this paper is to briefly trace the development of Bulgarian libraries over the course of the last twenty-five years. Throughout this period, there were two decisive factors influencing library development: the rapid expansion of information technologies, and, at the same time, the acute social and economic crisis besetting the country that impeded its modernization of library science.
Montenegrin Libraries, 1989–2014
Authors: Đurović Jelena
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a historical overview of the processes and changes experienced by libraries of all types in Montenegro during the past twenty-five years, as well as their current state. Major aspects of library work are covered: the general situation, legislation, buildings and equipment, collections, services, personnel, and automation. The period from 1989 to 2014 is characterized by a stream of social and economic turbulences as well as by rapid changes due to developments in information and communications technology. Libraries in Montenegro are keeping pace with developments in the library field generally, the National Library of Montenegro (NLM) being the primary moving force in this regard.
Cris de Coeur and the Moral Imperative to Listen to and Learn from Intersex People
Authors: Baratz Arlene , Karkazis Katrina
Published: August 2015

Intersex people first began to publicly tell their stories in the 1990s. Twenty years on, these narratives, scorching in their candor, attest to a continuing failure to bear witness to or to acknowledge some of the most painful experiences we inflict on one another. More than anecdotes, these narratives provide a first–person reflection on care and thus represent a type of long–term follow–up that is largely absent in clinical literature. Out of respect for their courage, we owe these narratives serious consideration. Clinicians who must make daily decisions that may alter patients’ lives may distance themselves from negative outcomes and stories like those told here to avoid professional regret. Honest self–appraisal and accepting regret open the door to feeling guilty, devalued and ashamed, but experiencing these emotions can be a crucial first step in changing clinical practice.
The Enduring Case
Authors: Nelson Craig M.
Published: August 2015

In clinical ethics an enduring case takes on a life of its own and comes to closure over a long period of time. This essay describes the evolution of such a case over a 1–year period. The case involves a 90–year old male patient with multiple chronic medical conditions who lacked decision–making capacity, was a resident of a long–term care facility, and did not have known previously expressed wishes regarding medical treatment. The ethics consultation initially revolved around this question: What method or process must be employed so that medical treatment decisions could be ethically reviewed and could include a shared decision–making process for Mr. Smith? This case analysis describes the evolution of this case and argues that the good of the patient must remain paramount throughout an enduring case.
Beyond Good Intentions
Authors: Feder Ellen K
Published: August 2015

Ethical questions in medicine tend to emphasize the intentions of researchers and physicians. Questions concerning harm have more often been addressed in terms of legal culpability. This commentary proposes that normalizing interventions for atypical sex anatomies, both historical and ongoing, be recognized as a kind of medical error, and that attention be focused not simply on prevention, but on repair.
A Pediatrician’s View
Authors: Frader Joel E
Published: August 2015

The experiences of individuals with intersex conditions include considerable abuse at the hands of medical personnel. Despite changes in expert opinion about full disclosure of the nature of each patient’s condition and recommendations to defer cosmetic surgical interventions, we do not know how much actual practice has changed over several decades. Moreover, discrepancies continue between the views of who have these conditions and medical practitioners, especially about preventing cancer and retaining gonads for the purpose of providing “natural” hormone production. We have insufficient data to resolve these different perspectives.
Stonewalling Emotion
Authors: Liao Lih–Mei
Published: August 2015

This commentary is an exploration of emotion by a therapist. It focuses on how emotion is managed in the stories of growing up and living with atypical sex anatomies—how (much) is emotion (not) discussed, and what are the effects of forestalling emotive dialogue. Emotion care in the narratives is often sidelined in favor of medical doings. Rather than creating a haven to keep normative pressures at bay, so as to enable the affected parents, adolecents and adults to process their situations, some of the storytellers reveal how medicine has concentrated its efforts on the erasure and silencing of their bodily differences. The most frequently mentioned emotion management strategy is ‘stonewalling’, as some of the affected children and adults were silently left to take in what was reflected in the eyes of the large number of people inspecting their naked bodies. Emotional suffering continued for many years for some individuals. An apology might ease suffering but is rarely bestowed. Learning to become more comfortable with emotion may open up more possibilities for helpful conversations between care users and providers and within families. Feelings of joy became more available to the storytellers who as adults learned to embrace their differences and connected with like–minded people.
African Americans and Hospice Care: A Narrative Analysis
Authors: Dillon Patrick J. , Roscoe Lori A.
Published: August 2015

Recent studies suggest that terminally ill African Americans’ care is generally more expensive and of lower quality than that of comparable non-Hispanic white patients. Scholars argue that increasing hospice enrollment among African Americans will help improve end-of-life care for this population, yet few studies have examined the experiences of African American patients and their loved ones after accessing hospice care. In this article, we explore how African American patients and lay caregivers evaluated their hospice experiences. Drawing from 39 in-depth interviews with 26 participants, we use a modified version of Bute and Jensen’s (2011) narrative typology to organize patients’ and caregivers’ stories into three general categories: narratives of satisfaction, narratives of regret, and narratives of ambivalence. Building from these categories, we discuss the implications of this research for understanding hospice experiences, promoting hospice access, and improving end-of-life care for marginalized populations.
Conflicting Values: A Case Study in Patient Choice and Caregiver Perspectives
Authors: Eves Margot M. , Danziger Phoebe Day , Farrell Ruth M. , Cole Cristie M.
Published: August 2015

Decisions related to births in the “gray zone” of periviability are particularly challenging. Despite published management guidelines, clinicians and families struggle to negotiate care management plans. Stakeholders must reconcile conflicting values in the context of evolving circumstances with a high degree of uncertainty within a short time period. Even skilled clinicians may struggle to guide the patient in making value–laden decisions without imposing their own values. Exploring the experiences of one pregnant woman and her caregivers, this case study highlights how bias may undermine caregivers’ ability to meet their obligation to enhance patient autonomy and the moral distress they may experience when a patient’s values do not align with their own. Management strategies to mitigate the potential impact of bias and related moral distress are identified. The authors then describe one management strategy used in this case, facilitated ethics consultation, which is focused on thoughtful consideration of the patient’s perspective.