bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnocentric Party Mobilization in Europe: the Importance of the Three Dimensional Approach
Authors: Eatwell Roger
Published: October 2023

In recent years, a variety of ethnocentric parties have made notable electoral breakthroughs in Europe. Until recently the best known has been the Front National (FN), which in the late 1990s had the support of 15 per cent of French electors. In Italy, the ethno-regionalist Lega Nord (LN) has attracted more like 30 per cent in some areas; after losing support in the late 1990s, it has bounded back in the 2000 regional elections on a strongly anti-immigrant, anti globalization programme. Most dramatically of all, in Austria, the Freedom Party (FPO) won 27 per cent of the national vote in the 1999 elections, again on a strongly ethnocentric programme; in early 2000, the FPO formed a new coalition government with the conservative Austrian People’s Party. Other notable Western European parties which have achieved these levels of support nationally, or in significant localities, are the Norwegian Progress Party, with 15 per cent of the national vote in 1997, and the Flemish-Belgian Vlaams Blok (VB), which can poll approaching twice this in some areas.
Immigration and European Integration: New Opportunities for Transnational Political Mobilization?
Authors: Favell Adrian , Geddes Andrew
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we assess the extent to which EU responsibilities for free movement, immigration, and asylum lead to specifically transnational political action. For this to happen would be a novelty, because in the post-war period, control over immigration has been strictly the domain of nation-states, indeed a defining hallmark of national sovereignty: thus immigration policy has been a question struggled over predominantly at national level alone. Freer movement of persons is, however, a foundational tenet of European Union (EU) treaties, and in recent years the connection between free movement, on the one hand, and immigration and asylum, on the other, has led to the emergence of EU integration and co-operation in this field. The Amsterdam Treaty has now also created the scope for future EU level action against racist, ethnic, and religious based discrimination and raised questions about access to EU rights for legally resident non-EU nationals-’third country nationals’ (TCNs), of whom there are around 11 million in the 15 member states. We pay close attention to new patterns of political action by pro-migrant organizations and to the motivations, calculations, and alliance-building strategies of EU level institutional actors.
Infant Mortality in Nineteenth-century Italy: Interactions between Ecology and Society
Authors: Breschi Marco , Derosas, Renzo , Manfredini Matteo
Published: October 2023

All past societies had to face the fundamental challenge of adapting to periods of scarcity, difficult climatic conditions, disease, and war. A study of demographic behaviour can reveal the ways in which such historical communities faced these challenges. It is not easy, however, to measure precisely the influence and interactions between economic, social, and ecological factors. Aggregate research can mask the heterogeneity of populations, but the introduction of control variables can rapidly produce samples that are too small to be statistically significant. Event history analysis offers a powerful tool to counter this problem, and as a consequence has recently become an interesting application in the field of historical demography.
Livelihoods, Diversification and Agrarian Change
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

This book is about livelihoods, diversification, and the survival strategies of rural households in developing countries. Its key point of departure is that for many such households farming on its own does not provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas. For this reason most rural households are found to depend on a diverse portfolio of activities and income sources amongst which crop and livestock production feature alongside many other contributions to family well being. Engagement in a diverse portfolio of activities also means nurturing the social networks of kin and community that enable such diversity to be secured and sustained.
Geography and Location
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The ample evidence of concentration of economic activity presents unmistakable geographical imprints. The shift from rural to industrial and subsequently service economies is mirrored by the development of large metropolitan areas and cities that attract a large proportion of countries ‘ population. London, Paris, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Barcelona, Buenos Aires, and other city clusters developed in locations providing access to trade routes and transportation through harbors, rivers, and channels. Canadian manufacturing is heavily concentrated in Ontario. In fact, most of Canada ‘s population and economic activity concentrates near the US border. The US concentration magnets include the East Coast, the West Coast, and the Great Lakes in the Midwest. The Ruhr region is Germany ‘s industrial backbone. The concentration of economic activity and income per capita in ‘northern ‘ countries stands in contrast with ‘southern ‘ countries development plights.
Competition and Rivalry
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines competition policy and strategic policy formulation in oligopolistic world markets. Strategic trade analysis extends the basic models of inter- national trade by providing a set of tools for understanding market practices and policy formulation in the presence of a small number of interacting agents. It focuses on oligopolistic markets and governments that behave strategically vis-à-vis firms and other policymakers. Governments subject to political influence have incentives to inter- act strategically when they formulate export policies toward competitive industries such as agriculture. Therefore, the notion that strategic analysis does not apply to competitive markets is misleading.
Trade under Asymmetric Information
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines trade and policy formulation when there is asymmetric information about firm costs and the level of demand. Asymmetric information raises the issue of how to convey or extract unobserved information. For instance, which mechanisms induce type revelation by a firm holding private information about whether it is a low- or a high-cost type? Types can be revealed by screening and signaling. In a screening game, the government designs a mechanism inducing firms to reveal their type. In signaling games, firms take the initiative and make a costly choice, such as increasing research spending or incurring the costs of developing an infra- structure for exporting (Shy, 2000), to signal their type to the government, rival firms or consumers.
Information and Moral Hazard
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines trade and policy in the presence of informational barriers. A country ‘s exports are driven by existing exporting ventures but also by new exporters that are not well-known in foreign markets and face informational barriers already surpassed by incumbents. Roberts and Tybout (1997b) found that industrial export booms in Columbia, Mexico, and Morocco were partly accounted for by increased exports from existing exporters and partly by a greater number of new exporting firms. Successful participation in international trade hinges on the manner in which firms and policymakers address informational barriers giving rise to adverse selection and moral hazard.
Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Processes: Laying the Groundwork
Authors: Presser Harriet B , Sen Gita
Published: October 2023

The United Nations Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), which was held in Cairo in 1994, brought to the fore of the population community the concept of women’s empowerment. Drawing on the growing use of this concept in the development field, the ICPD Programme of Action devoted a full chapter to ‘Gender Equality, Equity, and Empowerment of Women’ (United Nations, 1994). Moreover, a commitment to women’s empowerment is pervasive throughout the document. There is general consensus among the international population community that this commitment, along with the related goals of improving women’s reproductive health and securing their reproductive rights, represented a paradigm shift in the discourse about population and development, even though there are differences of opinion about whether this is a positive change or not (see Presser, Appendix to this volume).
Population Policy and Women’s Empowerment: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Barroso Carmen , Jacobson Jodi L
Published: October 2023

In recent years, ‘women’s empowerment’ has become a stated priority of governments, multilateral and bilateral institutions, and private foundations concerned with current demographic trends. For example, the Plan of Action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)— agreed to by 183 countries—states: ‘the empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of their political, social, economic, and health status is a highly important end in itself [and] is essential for sustainable development’ (United Nations, 1994).
Ireland From Single-Party to Coalition Rule
Authors: Mitchell Paul
Published: October 2023

Until recently there was no real consensus that Ireland should even be included in the group of European countries labelled ‘coalition systems’. As late as 1983 Farrell noted that ‘despite the operation of STV, the typical out come has been single-party government’ (Farrell 1983: 249), while a few years later Laver and Higgins concluded that ‘until Fianna Fail shows a willingness to share power with others, or until it loses support to smaller parties, Ireland is not really a coalition system at all’ (1986: 196). Fianna Fail, for long the predominant party in the system, has now done both, gradually losing votes until finally they agreed to take part in coalition governments.
Belgium On Government Agreements, Evangelists, Followers and Heretics
Authors: Winter Lieven De , Timmermans Arco , Dumont Patrick
Published: October 2023

Belgium undoubtedly has the most complex coalition bargaining system in Western Europe. Its party system is the most fragmented, with the highest average number of parties in government (De Winter, Della Porta, and Deschouwer 1996), and an extremely long government formation process. Electoral responsiveness is very low, with parties taking office more often after electoral losses than after electoral success. In order to reduce the high potential of uncertainty and shirking, political parties have developed a multifaceted and sophisticated set of coalition maintenance mechanisms.
Italy From ‘Constrained’ Coalitions to Alternating Governments?
Authors: Verzichelli Luca , Cotta Maurizio
Published: October 2023

The making of governments in Italy after World War II, which has ordinarily meant coalition governments, has been very visibly affected by the durable features of ‘polarised multipartism’ (Sartori 1976). Only recently has the breakdown of that system opened the door to new and unexplored territory (Cotta and Isernia 1996; Bartolini and D’Alimonte 1998).
Governing the Global Environmental Commons: The Political Economy of International Environmental Treaties and Institutions
Authors: Congleton Roger
Published: October 2023

The literature reviewed in this chapter analyzes political aspects of negotiating and implementing environmental treaties, and develops empirical evidence on the kinds of treaties most likely to be signed, the types of countries that are most likely to sign them, and the extent to which environmental treaties tend to affect environmental quality. Although the literature that simultaneously addresses political and economic aspects of international environmental agreements is not very large, the problems addressed are very important, complex and multifaceted. The aim of the present chapter is to provide the reader with a sense of the main issues addressed, the strengths and weaknesses of the analyses, and the problems that remain.
Deciding whether the European Union should Adopt Formula Apportionment of Company Income
Authors: Mclure Charles E , Weiner Joann M
Published: October 2023

This chapter raises issues that the European Union [EU) should consider in deciding whether formula apportionment [FA) should replace separate accounting [SA) based on the arm’s-length system [ALS) as the primary method of determining the geographic source of income of companies operating in more than one Member State of the EU. It begins ‘[in Section 1) with a brief description of the two methods of income attribution, the problems that will increasingly plague reliance on SA as the economic integration of Europe proceeds, and the advantages of FA in addressing those problems. Section 2 describes some conceptual weaknesses of FA and various transitory, technical, and political issues that the EU would face in shifting to FA. Section 3 examines previous company tax reform efforts by the European Commission and the impact of European integration on possible reform. Section 4 appraises FA in the light of some important tax policy objectives and constraints of the EU.
Government Formation and Cabinet Type
Authors: Mitchell Paul , Nyblade Benjamin
Published: October 2023

While political scientists over the last few decades have studied many features of coalition politics, the most sustained focus has been given to government formation. In most parliamentary democracies, government formation is not a trivial matter. Only in the few countries where plurality electoral systems (almost) invariably manufacture a majority for a single party is government formation a somewhat less interesting arena. Most elections in Western Europe result in legislatures in which no single party controls a majority of seats, typically leading to periods of coalition negotiations, which may involve multiple inconclusive bargaining rounds, as was discussed in the prior chapter by De Winter and Dumont. However, whether coalition bargaining takes less than a week, or several months, ultimately a government is formed, and the focus of this chapter is on explaining ‘the type’ of that government.
Institutions, Chance, and Choices: The Dynamics of Cabinet Survival
Authors: Saalfeld Thomas
Published: October 2023

‘Chance ends some governments. . . . The electoral calendar terminates other executives. . . . Still other governments collapse as a result of deliberate party choice’ (Mershon 2002: 143). Understanding the sources of cabinet durability1 and the dynamics of cabinet termination in parliamentary systems of government is ‘a very important substantive concern for political science’ (Laver 2003: 23). After all, low levels of cabinet duration may have implications for the extent to which executives are able to dominate legislatures (Lijphart 1999: 129); for ministerial efficiency vis-à-vis the bureaucracy (Huber and Lupia 2000); for a political system’s and government’s policy performance (Huber 1998); and for democratic regime legitimacy (Linz 1978: 66–9; Warwick 1994: 5). In post-war Western Europe, cabinet durations have varied considerably within and across countries (see Table 10.1). There is a prolific tradition of empirical and theoretical work in comparative political science seeking to explain such variations (see the survey in Laver 2003). Nevertheless, progress has been hampered, firstly, by a lack of integration of theoretical and empirical work (Mershon 2002: 187; Laver 2003: 38–9).
International jurisdiction over international capital flows and the role of the IMF: plus Ça change ..
Authors: Lichtenstein Cynthia Crawford
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the international law applicable to governmental controls 2.01 over the movement of money, in particular when the movement involves the exchange of the currency of one country for the currency of another. The primary source of this law is an international treaty, Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund,1 signed in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, which entered into effect on 27 December 1945 and has been amended three times (‘the Fund Agreement’). The chapter looks first at the inter¬ national law created in 1945 by the Fund Agreement and goes into the Fund Agreement’s original resolution of what has been termed ‘the long-running debate about the desirability of unrestrained capital movements’.
The Changing Roles Of The Bretton Woods Institutions: Evolving Concepts Of Conditionality
Authors: Newburg* Andre
Published: October 2023

The global financial crisis that began in the summer of 1997 has focused public 3.01 attention on the adequacy of the international ‘financial architecture’ and stimulated examination of the need for reform of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Questions have been raised in respect of the roles of these inter¬ national financial institutions (IFis) and there have been calls to go ‘back to basics’.
On the Threshold of the Modern Era
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The political, economic, and cultural core of the Dutch Republic after 1572 was the province of Holland, and it is logical that our story should begin with the rise of Holland to prominence in the Low Countries during the thirteenth century. The thirteenth century was indeed a crucial period in the shaping of the Dutch context. Much of the foundation for the later emergence of the north Netherlands in ways which were to astound Europe, and the wider world, was laid at that time. Earlier there had been some primitive construction of dikes and dams to control the movement of water and some digging of drainage channels. But, until around I 200, such work had been on a limited scale and insufflcient to allow regular cultivation of the low-lying western regions of the Netherlands. For even much of the area which was not normally under water remained subject to frequent flooding. Twelfth-century Holland, like Zeeland, much of Friesland, Groningen, and Utrecht, and the part of Flanders adjoining the Scheidt estuary, was a waterlogged marshy land, dangerous, thinly populated, and marginal to the life of the Low Countries as a whole. Most agricultural and commercial activity was carried out on the higher ground, safe from flooding, to the south and also to the east. At that time, north of the great rivers,
Feminism and Science
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox
Published: October 2023

In recent years, a new critique of science has begun to emerge from a number of feminist writings. The lens of feminist politics brings into focus certain masculinist distortions of the scientific enterprise, creating, for those of us who are scientists, a potential dilemma. Is there a conflict between our commitment to feminism and our commitment to science? As both a feminist and a scientist, I am more familiar than I might wish with the nervousness and defensiveness that such a potential conflict evokes. As scientists, we have very real difficulties in thinking about the kinds of issues that, as feminists, we have been raising. These difficulties may, however, ultimately be productive. My purpose in the present essay is to explore the implications of recent feminist criticism of science for the relationship between science and feminism. Do these criticisms imply conflict? If they do, how necessary is that conflict? I will argue that those elements of feminist criticism that seem to conflict most with at least conventional conceptions of science may, in fact, carry a liberating potential for science. It could therefore benefit scientists to attend closely to feminist criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Joan B. Landes
Published: October 2023

Claiming that ‘the personal is political‘, second-wave feminists boldly challenged the myths supporting conventional notions of the family and personal life. Far from being a platform for personal fulfilment, in feminist writings the private sphere first figured as a site of sexual inequality, unremunerated work, and seething discontent. In Betty Friedan’s evocative formulation, the housewife—the ideal woman of the post-Second World War years in the United States and other advanced industrial societies—suffered silently from a ‘problem that has no name’.
Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking
Authors: Dietz Mary G
Published: October 2023

In the past twenty years, perhaps no other theoretical issue has created as much controversy within the feminist movement as the role of women in the family. First-wave feminists as varied as Kate Millett, Betty Friedan, Juliet Mitchell, and Shulamith Firestone all shared at least one common task: to desanctify the family and demystify motherhood. These first-wave thinkers considered the bureaucratic state, capitalism, and the patriarchal family to be three sides of an iron triangle of women’s oppression. By the mid-1970s, later feminists were deepening first-wave criticism by further examining the relations between capitalism and patriarchy, the family and the capitalist mode of production, housework and surplus labour, motherhood and oppression.
Gender and Public Access: Women’s Politics in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Ryan Mary P
Published: October 2023

In the twenty-five years since The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere was written, public life has shifted, convulsed, and been transformed anew. With those changes the political and intellectual project that the book inaugurated has become more crucial than ever. The word ‘public’ has long served as the place marker for the political ideal of open, inclusive, and effective deliberation about matters of common and critical concern. Early in the 1960s such a public discourse was hardly audible in the United States amid the manipulative communications of consumer culture and consensus politics. Before that decade ended, however, the staid surfaces of welfare-state mass democracy had been fractured. The civil rights and anti-war movements disturbed the equanimity and passivity of public discourse, shattered consensus, and revitalized a conception of politics based on participatory democracy. Those movements and student activism around the globe opened a narrow wedge in entrenched political structures and permitted their participants to experience, however briefly, a more commodious public space.
Celebrity Material: Materialist Feminism and the Culture of Celebrity
Authors: Wicke Jennifer
Published: October 2023

A materialist feminism could be defined, provisionally, as a feminism that insists on examining the material conditions under which social arrangements, including those of gender hierarchy, develop. While fully acknowledging that the gender hierarchy pervasively maintains ‘men on top’, materialist feminism avoids seeing this as the effect of a singular, persistent patriarchy and instead gauges the web of social and psychic relations that make up a material, historical moment, when the women in question may be situated in a variety of positions that defy a horizontal reading. The women of the Bloomsbury Group, for example-Virginia Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Dora Carrington, and others-are materially constellated differently than nineteenth-century Flemish female coal miners, or Georges Sand, or the Saudi Arabian women who boldly staged a ‘drive-in’ a few years ago.
Democracy
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

That human rights and democracy belong together is today a widely accepted axiom of international affairs. The tacit premise of claims, initiatives and programmes, it is also the explicit message of countless government statements and international declarations. But what precisely is the relation between these two phenomena, the one concerned with basic entitlements and the legal guarantees put in place to protect them, the other focused on political processes and on the allocation and organisation of public power? Is it that, as is sometimes said, democracy provides a congenial environment for the protection of human rights? Is it that the protection of human rights provides a safeguard for democracy? Or are human rights a necessary corrective to democracy?
The Structure and Membership of the Courts
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel
Published: October 2023

One of the most curious features of the Conseil d’Etat for the British administrative lawyer is its double role as both adviser and judge of the administration. To a much lesser extent, the position is replicated in the Tribunaux Administratifs which occasionally are invited to give legal advice to the prefect.1 144 such avis were requested in 1996 by prefects in metropolitan France and 20 by prefects overseas.2 But, as we have seen, while the functions of the Tribunaux Administratifs have become increasingly judicial, the Conseil has retained its dual activity. By contrast, the Cours Administratives d’ Appel have exclusively judicial functions. For these reasons, and because of its seniority in the hierarchy, chief attention will be given to the Conseil d’Etat. Historically too the Conseil d’Etat, as the previous chapter demonstrated, has enjoyed unbroken continuity from its creation by Napoleon, whereas the Tribunaux Administratifs and the Cours Administratives d’ Appel only date from 19533 and 1987 respectively.
Seasonality and the Order of Integration for Consumption*
Authors: Osborn Denise R , Chui A P L , Smith, Jeremy P , Birchenhall C R
Published: October 2023

Cointegration has aroused considerable interest in the recent literature of dynamic modelling for economic time series. Nevertheless, despite the importance of seasonal movements as a feature of economic data, seasonality has received relatively little attention in the cointegration analysis. A notable exception to this lack of attention, however, is the paper by Engle et al. (1987).

In a companion paper, Birchenhall et al. (1989), we use cointegration as the bases for a dynamic analysis of non-durable consumption in the UK. There we take the view that consumer preferences are seasonal, which implies the equilibrium relationship between consumption and its explanatory variables has a seasonal structure.
Periodicity and Stochastic Trends In Economic Time Series
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: October 2023

This book provides a self-contained account of periodic models for seasonally observed economic time series with stochastic trends. Two key concepts are periodic integration and periodic cointegration. Periodic integration implies that a seasonally varying differencing filter is required to remove a stochastic trend. Periodic cointegration amounts to allowing cointegration part-term adjustment parameters to vary with the season. The emphasis is on econometric models that explicitly describe seasonal variation and can reasonably be interpreted in terms of economic behaviour. The analysis considers econometric theory, Monte Carlo simulation, and forecasting, and it is illustrated with numerous empirical time series. A key feature of the proposed models is that changing seasonal fluctuations depend on the trend and business cycle fluctuations. In the case of such dependence, it is shown that seasonal adjustment leads to inappropriate results.
Workbook On Cointegration
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

This workbook is a companion to the textbook Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models, also published by Oxford University Press. The workbook contains exercises and solutions concerned with the theory of cointegration in the vector autoregressive model. The main text has been used for courses on Cointegration, and many of the exercises have been posed as either training exercises or exam questions. Many of them are challenging and summarize results published in the literature. Each chapter starts with a brief summary of the content of the corresponding chapter in the main text, which introduces the notation and the most important results.
Context Is All: Feminism and Theories of Citizenship
Authors: Dietz Mary G
Published: October 2023

In Margaret Atwood’s powerful novel The Handmaid’s Tale, the heroine Offred, a member of a new class of ‘two-legged wombs’ in a dystopian society, often thinks to herself, ‘Context is all: Offred reminds us of an important truth: at each moment of our lives our every thought, value, and act—from the most mundane to the most lofty—takes its meaning and purpose from the wider political and social reality that constitutes and conditions us. In her newly reduced circumstances, Offred comes to see that matters beyond one’s immediate purview make a great deal of difference with respect to living a more or less free and fully human life. But her realization comes too late.
Beyond God the Father
Authors: Daly Mary
Published: October 2023

Mary Daly is the feminist theologian most likely to be known to feminists outside the ranks of organized religion. Beyond God the Father remains a prophetic book, raising concerns that later become central in both English-speaking and French feminist theory. Daly accuses Christian theology of the heresy it most opposes idolatry. Like liberation theology, feminist theology highlights the way that ‘false gods’ kill genuine hope for a better world. Daly is a sophisticated analyst of religious language and, drawing implicitly on Feuerbachian theories of projection, anticipates the French philosopher and psychoanalyst Luce lrigaray in saying that women need to name God (correctly) in order newly to name themselves.
Pornography and Rape: A Causal Model
Authors: Russell Diana E H
Published: October 2023

Proponents of the anti-pornography-equals-censorship school deliberately obfuscate any distinction between erotica and pornography, using the term erotica for all sexually explicit materials (e.g. Pally 1994; Strossen 1995). In contrast, most anti-pornography feminists consider it vitally important to distinguish between pornography and erotica (see Itzin 1992; Lederer 1980; Russell 1993). While condemning pornography, most of us approve of, or even advocate, erotica. Although women’s bodies are the staple of adult pornography, it is important to have a gender-neutral definition that encompasses the various types of pornography, including gay pornography and child pornography.
The Elect Nation
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

The Elect Nation is the first comprehensive study of the religious, political and cultural movement inspired by Savonarola. Based on a thorough examination of archival material and manuscript sources, the book argues that the followers of Savonarola exercised a profound influence on every facet of Florentine life during the important period of the city's transition from republic to principate. It is the author's contention that their ideology and activities provide the key to understanding not only the policital developments of the last years of the Florentine Republic, but also the nature of contemporary political debate and the characteristics of the merging Medicean Principate. A major preoccupation of the book is to show how the Savonarolans as a group managed to survive the execution of their leaders and to regain their strength and influence. The author traces their networks of support and analyses the way in which they infiltrated and restructured existing Florentine institutions to their advantage. He also reveals how they exploited spiritual counselling and lay and religious partronage to expand their influence, and, in particular, how they ensured the survival of their movement by forming an anti-Medicean alliance of republican forces in Florence.
Knowledge Management in Policing and Law Enforcement
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

Sharing knowledge in policing remains a significant challenge for police forces around the world. The Bichard Inquiry examined the effectiveness of police forces’ information sharing and found it to be severely lacking. This unique book sets out the conceptual framework for knowledge management and explains how a greater understanding of the subject can help policing at an operational level. The book is split into a clear and logical three part structure: Part I covers the foundations of knowledge management and the key security issues in relation to a ‘globalised’ world of crime and terrorism, Part II looks at the building of structures and the use of applications and Part III integrates the first two parts by providing illustrative examples of working applications of police-specific knowledge management systems. Drawing on examples from around the world, the book takes the reader through the range of different systems and approaches and shows how they can be implemented in practice using illustrative case studies and practical diagrams. This is an ideal purchase for all police professionals and policing academics with an interest in, or role in knowledge management systems.
New directions in the analysis of inequality and poverty
Authors: Jenkins Stephen P , Micklewright John
Published: October 2023

Over the last four decades, academic and wider public interest in inequality and poverty has grown substantially. This book aims to contribute to debates about the analysis of inequality and poverty and to provide new empirical evidence from around the world. Papers written by an international cast list of authors form the remaining twelve chapters. An overview of these chapters follows in the second part of this Introduction. First, however, we place them in a wider context, relating them to previous research, by addressing the question: what have been the major new directions in the analysis of inequality and poverty over the last thirty to forty years? This time period coincides with a marked upsurge in interest in income distribution and related topics.
Inequality of learning in industrialized countries
Authors: Micklewright John , Schnepf Sylke V
Published: October 2023

The importance of human capital in determining incomes leads quickly to interest in the extent of educational inequalities. Differences in education have a major impact on the distribution of earnings and on the number and characteristics of the poor. Inequalities in education also help produce disparities in well-being in dimensions other than income. These include both obvious dimensions—such as improved health and higher occupational status—and less obvious ones such as ability to perceive and take advantage of a range of opportunities: ‘the educational level of the retired, for example, is relevant to their capacity to participate in society and to take part in the democratic process’ (Atkinson et al. 2002: 128).
On the multidimensionality of poverty and social exclusion
Authors: Nolan Brian , Whelan Christopher T
Published: October 2023

While poverty is still most often measured in terms of income, it has long been said that poverty is ‘not just about money’. The widespread adoption of the terminology of social exclusion/inclusion in Europe reflects inter alia the concern that focusing simply on income misses an important part of the picture. There is an increasing emphasis on the multidimensionality of poverty and social exclusion, and on the need to incorporate indicators relating to dimensions other than income. Thus the set of indicators adopted by the European Union (EU) to monitor social inclusion at the Laeken Council in 2001 include not only measures of income poverty and income inequality, but also educational disadvantage, health inequalities, unemployment and worklessness;1 such a multidimensional approach has been adopted in many of the EU member states and other developed countries.
Robust multidimensional poverty comparisons with discrete indicators of well-being
Authors: Duclos Jean-Yves , Sahn David , Younger Stephen D
Published: October 2023

Most poverty analysts agree that poverty is multidimensional in theory. In practice, empirical poverty studies are overwhelmingly univariate, with most economists limiting their attention to poverty defined in terms of having low income or low consumption expenditure. This chapter is part of a larger research agenda that aims to bring the empirical literature closer to the widely accepted theory.1 In particular, we show that it is both interesting and practicable to make poverty comparisons when poverty is measured using more than one dimension of well-being.
Gender, Writing, and Performance
Authors: Swift Helen J .
Published: October 2023

This book explores the poetics of literary defences of women written by men in late-medieval and early-modern France. It fills an important lacuna in studies of this polemic in imaginative literature by bridging the gap between Christine de Pizan and a later generation of women writers and male, Neo-Platonist writers who have recently all received due critical attention. Whereas male-authored defences composed between 1440 and 1538 have previously been dismissed as 'insincere' or 'mere intellectual games', Swift formulates reading strategies to overcome such critical stumbling blocks and engage with the particular rhetorical and historical contexts of these works. Edited and as yet unedited texts by Martin Le Franc, Jacques Milet, Pierre Michault, and Jean Bouchet-catalogues of women, allegorical narratives, and debate poems-are brought together and analysed in detail for the first time in order to explore, for example, how such works address the misogynistic spectre of Jean de Meun's Roman de la rose. The book seeks to understand the contemporary popularity of the case for women (la querelle des femmes) as literary subject matter. It investigates the publication history across this period, from manuscript to print, of Le Franc's Le Champion des dames. Swift further aims to show how these texts hold interest for modern audiences. A nexus of theoretical concerns centred on performance - Judith Butler's gender performativity, Derrida's re-working of Austin's linguistic performativity through spectrality, and dramatic performance - is enlisted to articulate the interpretative engagement expected by querelle writers of their audience. The reading strategies proposed foster a nuanced and enriched perspective on the question of a male author's 'sincerity' when writing in defence of women.
Greed, Lust & Gender
Authors: Folbre Nancy
Published: October 2023

When does the pursuit of self-interest go too far, lapsing into morally unacceptable behaviour? Until the unprecedented events of the recent global financial crisis economists often seemed unconcerned with this question, even suggesting that “greed is good.” A closer look, however, suggests that greed and lust are generally considered good only for men, and then only outside the realm of family life. The history of Western economic ideas shows that men have given themselves more cultural permission than women for the pursuit of both economic and sexual self-interest. Feminists have long contested the boundaries of this permission, demanding more than mere freedom to act more like men. Women have gradually gained the power to revise our conceptual and moral maps and to insist on a better-and less gendered-balance between self-interest and care for others. This book brings women’s work, their sexuality, and their ideas into the center of the dialectic between economic history and the history of economic ideas. It describes a spiralling process of economic and cultural change in Great Britain, France, and the United States since the 18th century that shaped the evolution of patriarchal capitalism and the larger relationship between production and reproduction. This feminist reinterpretation of our past holds profound implications for today’s efforts to develop a more humane and sustainable form of capitalism.
The Unproductive Housewife
Authors: Folbre Nancy
Published: October 2023

Numbers often seem less easily twisted than mere words. Census reports and national income accounts lend an aura of objectivity to economic history, generating numbers that trace consistent narratives of increased female labor force participation along with economic growth. But the categories behind the numbers tell their own story, reflecting philosophical assumptions, economic theories, and collective interests. Ironically, economic growth itself seems to unleash forces that can retrospectively affect its measurement and interpretation.
A Long-term Appraisal of Country Risk
Authors: Jones EL
Published: October 2023

Whether Hungarian politburo members or Chinese students, they have seen the capitalist-imperialist past and it works (Timothy Garton-Ash, The Spectator, 27 May 1989). This paper deals with two sets of issues. The first alludes to the recurrent tendency towards growth within the Chinese economy over the last thousand years. My principal aims are to indicate that southern, or coastal, China’s current achievement has not sprung up in the world’s least propitious seed-bed, as well as to relate recent changes to preceding episodes. The second set of issues touches on what I have called the ‘extricability problem’-whether or not economic growth can proceed successfully in the absence of the political and creative freedoms western history has accustomed us to associate with it.
Tax Policy: Theory and Practice in OECD Countries
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher
Published: October 2023

How do governments justify their choice of tax policy? What are the arguments for and against the choices they make? Are there common trends in the tax policy choices of OECD countries? This book provides a unique guide to tax policies pursued by the governments of OECD countries by assessing recent policies, offering a thorough critique of their justification and looking at actual examples of policy choice. The authors give an overview of post-war tax developments, addressing in detail topics such as the dynamics of tax revenues and public sector developments. They go on to examine the arguments for and against governments’ main tax policy choices, looking at personal income tax, social security contributions, business taxes, consumption taxation and taxes on wealth, capital gains, and property. They rigorously examine arguments used by governments to justify certain policy choices, providing an objective evaluation of both the valid and invalid arguments for the choices made with regard to domestic taxation. In addition to a thorough critique of recent tax policies, the book looks at the actual tax choices of 25 of the thirty OECD countries and aims to identify the similarities and the differences between them. The authors draw on these real examples and on their considerable experience in assessing possibilities for future tax systems. The book will be of special interest to academics and students in the field of public finance, national and international tax policymakers, politicians, and journalists.
Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?*: Corporate Governance Failures in the Transition
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E
Published: October 2023

Two economic events have dominated the twentieth century-the socialist/communist experiment that began in the Soviet Union in 1917 and ended with the fall of the Soviet Empire just under a decade ago; and the transition of these economies to market economies during the past decade. There is widespread agreement about the lessons from the first-central planning cannot replace markets, and even market socialism cannot replace the incentives associated with capitalism-incentives to produce goods more cheaply, to produce what consumers want, and to innovate. But the lessons from the second experiment are far more ambiguous, and it is upon these that l want to focus my remarks today.
From Insulation to Appeasement: the Major and Blair Governments Reconsidered
Authors: Patterson Henry
Published: October 2023

Until the archives in London, Dublin, and Washington are open and unless the IRA provides the minutes of its Army Council, it is impossible to do more than offer a provisional judgement on the roles played by the Major and Blair Governments in the peace process. Yet, it is at least possible to lay to rest one of the myths that has already gained credence in both journalistic and academic accounts, namely that the Belfast Agreement was possible only because the Blair Government broke with the approach of John Major. The Major administration’s alleged failure to exploit constructively the first IRA cease-fire in 1994 is claimed to have resulted in its collapse, endangering the historic opportunity created by the work of the real authors of the peace process, John Hume, Gerry Adams, and Albert Reynolds. It was Major’s insistence that the IRA begin the process of decommissioning its arsenal that, according to critics, destroyed the first cease fire.
New Research in Financial Markets
Authors: Biais Bruno , Pagano Marco
Published: October 2023

In recent years, European financial economists have been brought together, via research projects and conferences, by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). These fruitful interactions have contributed to the development of financial economics in Europe, and have generated a strong flow of interesting writing—both theoretical and empirical—in the fields of financial markets and corporate finance. The chapters in this volume and its companion volume, “Corporate Finance and Baking: A Reader”, reflect the depth and breadth of the research interests of European scholars in financial economics. The analysis of financial markets presented in this collection enhances our understanding of asset pricing, both in the context of perfect markets and in the context of market imperfections, such as asymmetric information. Those chapters that appear in “Corporate Finance and Banking” further our understanding of the interaction between business cycle and financial imperfections, IPOs, takeover bids, and the interplay between banks and financial markets. Together, these two volumes comprise an authoritative and invaluable reference tool for scholars and others working in the fields of finance, corporate finance, and monetary economics.
Just How Big is Global Production Sharing?
Authors: Yeats Alexander J
Published: October 2023

Historically, the development of international production-sharing activities has been a major and evolving process. In one of its earliest forms, this process involved the production of primary commodities in developing countries, shipment of these goods to industrial nations for further processing, and then the re-exportation (in part) of the processed product back to the primary-commodity-producing country. As an example, iron ore might be mined in Mauritania, shipped to Europe for processing into iron and steel products-some of which were then re-exported to Mauritania. In part these ‘production-sharing’ trade flows were based on comparative advantage (some commodity processing, such as the fabrication of metals from ores or petroleum refining, is highly capital intensive), but other factors such as ‘escalation’ in industrial countries’ trade barriers also contributed to this exchange pattern.
Joining the Global Economy: Experience and Prospects of the Transition Economies
Authors: Kierzkowski Henr Yk
Published: October 2023

Nearly a decade ago, a group of countries in Central Europe embarked on the road towards a market economy. The transformation process was ignited by Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, but it spread rapidly south towards Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and Yugoslavia. A huge wave of fundamental reforms has also swept across what was then known as the Soviet Union. Today, there are, all in all, twenty-six transition economies if the term is reserved for members of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. They represent a significant part of the world economy in terms of population, area, natural resources, and economic potential.