bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational transmission of sociality: the role of parents in shaping social behavior in monogamous and non-monogamous species
Authors: Perkeybile Allison M. , Bales Karen L.
Published: January 2017

Social bonds are necessary for many mammals to survive and reproduce successfully. These bonds (i.e. pair-bonds, friendships, filial bonds) are characterized by different periods of development, longevity and strength. Socially monogamous species display certain behaviors not seen in many other mammals, such as adult pair-bonding and male parenting. In our studies of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus), we have examined the neurohormonal basis of these bonds. Here, we discuss the evidence from voles that aspects of adolescent and adult social behavior are shaped by early experience, including changes to sensory systems and connections, neuropeptide systems such as oxytocin and vasopressin, and alterations in stress responses. We will compare this with what is known about these processes during development and adulthood in other mammalian species, both monogamous and non-monogamous, and how our current knowledge in voles can be used to understand the development of and variation in social bonds. Humans are endlessly fascinated by the variety of social relationships and family types displayed by animal species, including our own. Social relationships can be characterized by directionality (either uni- or bi-directional), longevity, developmental epoch (infant, juvenile or adult) and strength. Research on the neurobiology of social bonds in animals has focused primarily on ‘socially monogamous’ species, because of their long-term, strong adult affiliative bonds. In this Review, we attempt to understand how the ability and propensity to form these bonds (or lack thereof), as well as the display of social behaviors more generally, are transmitted both genomically and non-genomically via variation in parenting in monogamous and non-monogamous species.
Machine vision methods for analyzing social interactions
Authors: Robie Alice A. , Seagraves Kelly M. , Egnor S. E. Roian , Branson Kristin
Published: January 2017

Recent developments in machine vision methods for automatic, quantitative analysis of social behavior have immensely improved both the scale and level of resolution with which we can dissect interactions between members of the same species. In this paper, we review these methods, with a particular focus on how biologists can apply them to their own work. We discuss several components of machine vision-based analyses: methods to record high-quality video for automated analyses, video-based tracking algorithms for estimating the positions of interacting animals, and machine learning methods for recognizing patterns of interactions. These methods are extremely general in their applicability, and we review a subset of successful applications of them to biological questions in several model systems with very different types of social behaviors.
Cognitive skills and the evolution of social systems
Authors: Fernald Russell D.
Published: January 2017

How do animal social skills influence evolution? Complex animal social behaviors require many cognitive skills including individual recognition and observational learning. For social systems to evolve, these abilities need to be transmitted genetically or culturally and supported by the evolution of underlying neural systems. Because animal skill sets are so varied, it seems best to describe animal cognitive behaviors as being a social calculus that can change with experience, which has evolved to match and facilitate the complexity of the social system where it arose. That is, acquiring and using social information in response to a rapidly changing complex world leads to social competence enabling success in essential behavioral interactions. Here, we describe the remarkable suite of social skills discovered in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, including an attention hierarchy, male deception, transitive inference, the mechanistic bases of social dominance, female mate choice and the neural control of female reproductive behavior. The social calculus of this species is presented as an example of a potential causal factor in the evolution of sophisticated social behavior necessary for the evolutionary success of their social system.
Evolution of the asexual queen succession system and its underlying mechanisms in termites
Authors: Matsuura Kenji
Published: January 2017

One major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is its promotion of genetic variation, although it reduces the genetic contribution to offspring. Queens of social insects double their contribution to the gene pool, while overuse of asexual reproduction may reduce the ability of the colony to adapt to environmental stress because of the loss of genetic diversity. Recent studies have revealed that queens of some termite species can solve this tradeoff by using parthenogenesis to produce the next generation of queens and sexual reproduction to produce other colony members. This reproductive system, known as asexual queen succession (AQS), has been identified in the subterranean termites Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes virginicus and Reticulitermes lucifugus and in the Neotropical higher termites Embiratermes neotenicus and Cavitermes tuberosus. The studies presented here have uncovered the unusual modes of reproduction in termites and have aimed to identify their underlying mechanisms. The study of AQS, the mixed use of sexual and asexual reproduction, is of fundamental importance as it may provide a key to solve the evolutionary paradox of sex.
How social learning adds up to a culture: from birdsong to human public opinion
Authors: Tchernichovski Ofer , Feher Olga , Fimiarz Daniel , Conley Dalton
Published: January 2017

Distributed social learning may occur at many temporal and spatial scales, but it rarely adds up to a stable culture. Cultures vary in stability and diversity (polymorphism), ranging from chaotic or drifting cultures, through cumulative polymorphic cultures, to stable monolithic cultures with high conformity levels. What features can sustain polymorphism, preventing cultures from collapsing into either chaotic or highly conforming states? We investigate this question by integrating studies across two quite separate disciplines: the emergence of song cultures in birds, and the spread of public opinion and social conventions in humans. In songbirds, the learning process has been studied in great detail, while in human studies the structure of social networks has been experimentally manipulated on large scales. In both cases, the manner in which communication signals are compressed and filtered – either during learning or while traveling through the social network – can affect culture polymorphism and stability. We suggest a simple mechanism of a shifting balance between converging and diverging social forces to explain these effects. Understanding social forces that shape cultural evolution might be useful for designing agile communication systems, which are stable and polymorphic enough to promote gradual changes in institutional behavior.
Individual versus collective cognition in social insects
Authors: Feinerman Ofer , Korman Amos
Published: January 2017

The concerted responses of eusocial insects to environmental stimuli are often referred to as collective cognition at the level of the colony. To achieve collective cognition, a group can draw on two different sources: individual cognition and the connectivity between individuals. Computation in neural networks, for example, is attributed more to sophisticated communication schemes than to the complexity of individual neurons. The case of social insects, however, can be expected to differ. This is because individual insects are cognitively capable units that are often able to process information that is directly relevant at the level of the colony. Furthermore, involved communication patterns seem difficult to implement in a group of insects as they lack a clear network structure. This review discusses links between the cognition of an individual insect and that of the colony. We provide examples for collective cognition whose sources span the full spectrum between amplification of individual insect cognition and emergent group-level processes.
Caste development and evolution in ants: it's all about size
Authors: Trible Waring , Kronauer Daniel J. C.
Published: January 2017

Female ants display a wide variety of morphological castes, including workers, soldiers, ergatoid (worker-like) queens and queens. Alternative caste development within a species arises from a variable array of genetic and environmental factors. Castes themselves are also variable across species and have been repeatedly gained and lost throughout the evolutionary history of ants. Here, we propose a simple theory of caste development and evolution. We propose that female morphology varies as a function of size, such that larger individuals possess more queen-like traits. Thus, the diverse mechanisms that influence caste development are simply mechanisms that affect size in ants. Each caste-associated trait has a unique relationship with size, producing a phenotypic space that permits some combinations of worker- and queen-like traits, but not others. We propose that castes are gained and lost by modifying the regions of this phenotypic space that are realized within a species. These modifications can result from changing the size–frequency distribution of individuals within a species, or by changing the association of tissue growth and size. We hope this synthesis will help unify the literature on caste in ants, and facilitate the discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying caste development and evolution.
Genetic conflicts: the usual suspects and beyond
Authors: McLaughlin Richard N. , Malik Harmit S.
Published: January 2017

Selfishness is pervasive and manifests at all scales of biology, from societies, to individuals, to genetic elements within a genome. The relentless struggle to seek evolutionary advantages drives perpetual cycles of adaptation and counter-adaptation, commonly referred to as Red Queen interactions. In this review, we explore insights gleaned from molecular and genetic studies of such genetic conflicts, both extrinsic (between genomes) and intrinsic (within genomes or cells). We argue that many different characteristics of selfish genetic elements can be distilled into two types of advantages: an over-replication advantage (e.g. mobile genetic elements in genomes) and a transmission distortion advantage (e.g. meiotic drivers in populations). These two general categories may help classify disparate types of selfish genetic elements.
Assessment of chest CT at CTDIvol less than 1 mGy with iterative reconstruction techniques
Authors: Padole Atul , Digumarthy Subba , Flores Efren , Madan Rachna , Mishra Shelly , Sharma Amita , Kalra Mannudeep K
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To assess the image quality of chest CT reconstructed with image-based iterative reconstruction (SafeCT; MedicVision®, Tirat Carmel, Israel), adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR; GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) and model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR; GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) techniques at CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) <1 mGy.

Methods:

In an institutional review board-approved study, 25 patients gave written informed consent for acquisition of three reduced dose (0.25-, 0.4- and 0.8-mGy) chest CT after standard of care CT (8 mGy) on a 64-channel multidetector CT (MDCT) and reconstructed with SafeCT, ASIR and MBIR. Two board-certified thoracic radiologists evaluated images from the lowest to the highest dose of the reduced dose CT series and subsequently for standard of care CT.

Results:

Out of the 182 detected lesions, the missed lesions were 35 at 0.25, 24 at 0.4 and 9 at 0.8 mGy with SafeCT, ASIR and MBIR, respectively. The most missed lesions were non-calcified lung nodules (NCLNs) 25/112 (<5 mm) at 0.25, 18/112 (<5 mm) at 0.4 and 3/112 (<4 mm) at 0.8 mGy. There were 78%, 84% and 97% lung nodules detected at 0.25, 0.4 and 0.8 mGy, respectively regardless of iterative reconstruction techniques (IRTs), Most mediastinum structures were not sufficiently seen at 0.25–0.8 mGy.

Conclusion:

NCLNs can be missed in chest CT at CTDIvol of <1 mGy (0.25, 0.4 and 0.8 mGy) regardless of IRTs. The most lung nodules (97%) were detected at CTDIvol of 0.8 mGy. The most mediastinum structures were not sufficiently seen at 0.25–0.8 mGy.

Advances in knowledge:

NCLNs can be missed regardless of IRTs in chest CT at CTDIvol of <1 mGy. The performance of ASIR, SafeCT and MBIR was similar for lung nodule detection at 0.25, 0.4 and 0.8 mGy.
Supporting evidence-based analysis for modified risk tobacco products through a toxicology data-sharing infrastructure
Authors: Boué Stéphanie , Exner Thomas , Ghosh Samik , Belcastro Vincenzo , Dokler Joh , Page David , Boda Akash , Bonjour Filipe , Hardy Barry , Vanscheeuwijck Patrick , Hoeng Julia , Peitsch Manuel
Published: January 2017

The US FDA defines modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) as products that aim to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease associated with commercially marketed tobacco products.  Establishing a product’s potential as an MRTP requires scientific substantiation including toxicity studies and measures of disease risk relative to those of cigarette smoking.  Best practices encourage verification of the data from such studies through sharing and open standards. Building on the experience gained from the OpenTox project, a proof-of-concept database and website (INTERVALS) has been developed to share results from both in vivo inhalation studies and in vitro studies conducted by Philip Morris International R&D to assess candidate MRTPs. As datasets are often generated by diverse methods and standards, they need to be traceable, curated, and the methods used well described so that knowledge can be gained using data science principles and tools. The data-management framework described here accounts for the latest standards of data sharing and research reproducibility. Curated data and methods descriptions have been prepared in ISA-Tab format and stored in a database accessible via a search portal on the INTERVALS website. The portal allows users to browse the data by study or mechanism (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress) and obtain information relevant to study design, methods, and the most important results. Given the successful development of the initial infrastructure, the goal is to grow this initiative and establish a public repository for 21st-century preclinical systems toxicology MRTP assessment data and results that supports open data principles.
Hidden Skewness: On the Difficulty of Multiplicative Compounding Under Random Shocks
Authors: Ensthaler Ludwig , Nottmeyer Olga , Weizsäcker Georg , Zankiewicz Christian
Published: January 2017

Multiplicative growth processes that are subject to random shocks often have an asymmetric distribution of outcomes. In a series of incentivized laboratory experiments, we show that a large majority of participants either strongly underestimate the asymmetry or ignore it completely. Participants misperceive the spread of the outcome distribution to be too narrowband, and they estimate the median and the mode to lie too close to the center of the distribution, failing to account for the compound nature of average growth. The observed biases are measured irrespective to risk preferences and they appear under a variety of conditions. The biases are largely consistent with a behavioral model in which geometric growth is confused with linear growth. This confusion is a possible driver of investors’ difficulties with real-world financial products like leveraged exchange-traded funds and retirement savings plans.

Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2618 .

This paper was accepted by Teck-Hua Ho, behavioral economics.
Cry Wolf or Equivocate? Credible Forecast Guidance in a Cost-Loss Game
Authors: Bolton Gary E. , Katok Elena
Published: January 2017

What is the most credible way to convey the risk in expert forecasts to the nonexpert decision makers who use the forecast? We test two ways to communicate this information: provide an unequivocal recommendation or equivocate by providing the probability of the uncertain event of interest. We use a simple game in which human subjects (the forecast users) decide whether to take a risk of a loss or pay a cost to avoid the risk. We find that the influence of forecast information differs depending on whether the information implies that the decision maker should take the status quo action, the preforecast optimal action, or the siren action, optimal only if the period-by-period forecast implies it. Unequivocal recommendations are more successful at inducing the status quo action. Equivocating by providing probabilities is more successful at inducing the siren action. Unequivocal recommendations to take the siren action are less effective because the false certainty makes them more vulnerable to the “cry wolf” effect. A forecast that combines probabilities with recommendations captures most of the gains of the separate approaches. A follow-up study examines whether an explanation of how risk quantities inform recommendations can substitute for providing the risk quantities in the forecast. The study finds little evidence in support of this proposition.

Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2645 .

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
The political identity of social workers in neoliberal times
Authors: Gwilym Hefin
Published: January 2017

Neoliberalism has achieved a hegemonic position within social work, with consecutive governments extending the role of the market in welfare provision. This article explores these developments from the perspective of the political identity of 14 qualified social workers who are members of one of the UK’s parliaments and councils, as well as engaged in political activism. It delineates the development of their social reformist political identity from their earliest days and considers the impact of facing the neoliberal dilemma in social work. The participants engaged in biographical interviews that traced the development of their political identity throughout their life course to date. The findings include: how embeddedness in politically engaged families forged strong political identities; how the skills acquired in social work were extremely useful in their political careers; and how the participants have managed to maintain a strong social work identity and resisted neoliberal austerity measures in their political careers.
A Compact Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)-Fed Zeroth-Order Resonant Filter for Bandpass Applications
Authors: Choudhary Dilip Kumar , Chaudhary Raghvendra Kumar
Published: January 2017

A new CPW-fed bandpass filter based on zeroth order resonant (ZOR) technique is presented in this paper. Proposed filter structure is designed on a CPW single layer where via is not required, hence reduces fabrication complexity. The property of metamaterial of ZOR has been utilized to reduce the filter size. The proposed structure is symmetrically CPW-fed and contains tuning-fork stub, which connects patch to CPW ground plane. The metamaterial properties are characterized by plotting dispersion diagram of proposed structure. The experimental result of proposed filter design shows an insertion loss of 0.51 dB, return loss of 22.5 dB with fractional bandwidth 61.5 % at centre frequency 2.60 GHz. The size of the filter is 0.45 λg×0.36 λg (λg is the guided wavelength at centre frequency).
New chromophores based on combination of ethylenedioxythiophene and carbazole fragments: synthesis and optoelectronic properties
Authors: Bakiev A.N. , Mayorova O.A. , Gorbunov A.A. , Lunegov I.V. , Shklyaeva E.V. , Abashev G.G.
Published: January 2017

Two new D-π-A chromophores composed of an electron-donating carbazole unit linked through π- bridges, bearing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) moiety, with an electron withdrawing dicyanovinyl group (DCV) were successfully synthesized involving Suzuki or Heck cross-coupling and Knöevenagel reactions as the key steps. The obtained compounds absorb light over a broad spectral range, including the visible spectrum. The HOMO/LUMO energies and band gap energy values (Eg) were calculated on the basis of the experimental optical and electrochemical data: HOMO, LUMO, Eg (eV), −5.51, −3.14, 2.37 (4), −5.34, −3.14, 2.20 (7). The presence of the HC=CH unit in compound 7 resulted in the increase of the HOMO energy level, the decrease of a band gap value and red shifts of the absorption and emission bands in comparison with those of 4. Large Stokes shifts and broadband luminescence inherent to both chromophores suggest their use as materials for luminescent solar collectors (LSCs). The obtained compounds demonstrated good solubility and suitable thin-film forming properties. For this reason, they may be suitable for solution-processable photovoltaic applications.
Osteopontin Is a Blood Biomarker for Microglial Activation and Brain Injury in Experimental Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Li Yikun , Dammer Eric B. , Zhang-Brotzge Xiaohui , Chen Scott , Duong Duc M. , Seyfried Nicholas T. , Kuan Chia-Yi , Sun Yu-Yo
Published: January 2017

Clinical management of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) suffers from the lack of reliable surrogate marker tests. Proteomic analysis may identify such biomarkers in blood, but there has been no proof-of-principle evidence to support this approach. Here we performed in-gel trypsin digestion of plasma proteins from four groups of 10-d-old mice [untouched and 24 h after low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, hypoxia-ischemia (HI), or LPS/HI injury;n= 3 in each group) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis to search for HI- and LPS/HI-associated brain injury biomarkers. This analysis suggested the induction of plasma osteopontin (OPN) by HI and LPS/HI, but not by sham and injury-free LPS exposure. Immunoblot confirmed post-HI induction of OPN protein in brain and blood, whereasOpnmRNA was induced in brain but not in blood. This disparity suggests brain-derived plasma OPN after HI injury. Similarly, immunostaining showed the expression of OPN by Iba1+microglia/macrophages in HI-injured brains. Further, intracerebroventricular injection of LPS activated microglia and up-regulated plasma OPN protein. Importantly, the induction of plasma OPN after HI was greater than that of matrix metalloproteinase 9 or glial fibrillary acid protein. Plasma OPN levels at 48 h post-HI also parallel the severity of brain damage at 7-d recovery. Together, these results suggest that OPN may be a prognostic blood biomarker in HIE through monitoring brain microglial activation.
A causal role for hyperinsulinemia in obesity
Authors: Templeman Nicole M , Skovsø Søs , Page Melissa M , Lim Gareth E , Johnson James D
Published: January 2017

Insulin modulates the biochemical pathways controlling lipid uptake, lipolysis and lipogenesis at multiple levels. Elevated insulin levels are associated with obesity, and conversely, dietary and pharmacological manipulations that reduce insulin have occasionally been reported to cause weight loss. However, the causal role of insulin hypersecretion in the development of mammalian obesity remained controversial in the absence of direct loss-of-function experiments. Here, we discuss theoretical considerations around the causal role of excess insulin for obesity, as well as recent studies employing mice that are genetically incapable of the rapid and sustained hyperinsulinemia that normally accompanies a high-fat diet. We also discuss new evidence demonstrating that modest reductions in circulating insulin prevent weight gain, with sustained effects that can persist after insulin levels normalize. Importantly, evidence from long-term studies reveals that a modest reduction in circulating insulin is not associated with impaired glucose homeostasis, meaning that body weight and lipid homeostasis are actually more sensitive to small changes in circulating insulin than glucose homeostasis in these models. Collectively, the evidence from new studies on genetic loss-of-function models forces a re-evaluation of current paradigms related to obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. The potential for translation of these findings to humans is briefly discussed.
Dvigubo žvilgsnio knyga, arba apie kalbėjimą kūnu
Authors: Raškevičiūtė Jurgita
Published: January 2017

...
A definição foucaultiana de antropologia e os limites da filosofia crítica
Authors: Pinheiro Clara Virgínia de Queiroz , De Araújo Vitor Vasconcelos
Published: January 2017

O principal objetivo deste artigo é articular a noção de antropologia, contida na tese complementar de Foucault a História da loucura, Gênese e estrutura da Antropologia de Kant, e em sua obra de 1966, As palavras e as coisas, reconhecendo no uso deste conceito uma cumplicidade teórica entre os dois textos. Em segundo lugar, procuramos entender os motivos que levaram Foucault a abandonar Kant como referência crítica às ciências humanas. Ao desvencilhar-se da filosofia kantiana, o pensador francês é forçado a construir outros pressupostos que tornam possíveis o estudo do homem, tanto inspirado pela tendência estruturalista dos intelectuais franceses, sem, no entanto, estruturar condições atemporais dos discursos, como na crítica de Nietzsche à tradição filosófica.
Conversion of Consciousness as Principle of Morality
Authors: Utz Konrad
Published: January 2017

Kant shows that a fundamental theory of normativity and morality can give neither an explanation nor an explication of normativity, but can only articulate and render explicit its origin. It can do so by indicating the place or topos and the turn or trope of its originating. According to Kant, the topos of normativity is the will qua practical reason and its trope is the general, typically instrumental use of this reason, i.e. reflection. The trope of the origin of morality is autonomy, i.e. practical reason turning on itself and thus becoming pure practical reason, thereby establishing its own form as law: the categorical imperative. Consequently, fundamental ethics serves two functions (if it is indeed successful): formally, it provides evidence for the originality or authenticity of morality; materially, it gives a criteriological principle for the content of morality. The article argues that Kant was right in his view of the foundation of ethics, but was wrong in the manner in which he met the requirements thus established. The topos of normativity and, consequently, of morality cannot be reason, but must be consciousness or, more precisely, (actual) knowledge de se; and its fundamental trope cannot be reflection (and then autonomy), but must be what can be described as a conversion of consciousness. This conversion can be identified with philein in the sense of Aristotle. It has four different aspects: desire, cognition, benevolence, and recognition. When philein is reciprocal and lived, philia ensues. Friendship (in the broad sense of Aristotle) is then described as the topos of the origin of Normativity and Morality.
O mito do conhecimento
Authors: BonJour Laurence , Gallina Albertinho Luiz , Da Silva Kariane Marques
Published: January 2017

Em “O Mito do Conhecimento”, Laurence BonJour defende a tese de que a concepção “falibilista” de conhecimento, assumida de modo preponderante pelos epistemólogos na era pós-Gettier, “está errada”, pois tal concepção “fraca” de conhecimento proporciona pouca satisfação da perspectiva filosófica e é inexistente no âmbito do senso comum, constituindo tão-somente um “mito filosófico”.
Unreasonable Selflessness
Authors: Borges Rodrigo , Medeiros Felipe Castelo Branco
Published: January 2017

According to Jennifer Lackey (2007), one should assert that p only if (i) it is reasonable for one to believe that p and (ii) if one asserted that p, one would assert that p at least in part because it is reasonable for one to believe that p. As data for this norm of assertion Lackey appeals to the intuition that in cases of ‘selfless assertion’ agents assert with epistemic propriety something they don’t believe. If that norm of assertion was true, then it would explain why selfless assertions are epistemically proper. In this paper we offer a reductio ad absurdum of this view. The result is that selfless assertions are not epistemically appropriate.
Ratio of Seaweed Porridge Eucheuma cottonii and Sargassum sp. as a Sunscreen Cream Formula
Authors: Luthfiyana Novi , Nurjanah Nurjanah , Nurilmala Mala , Anwar Effionora , Hidayat Taufik
Published: January 2017

The use of sunscreen is highly recommended to protect the health of the skin from ultraviolet radiation.
The aim of this study was to get the best ratio sunscreen preparation of porridge E. cottonii and Sargassum
sp. through the total test microbes, antioxidants and SPF value, get a stable cream preparations physically
through sensory test, pH, consistency, Cycling test and centrifugal test. The main materials used were E.
cottonii, Sargassum sp. and raw materials stocks cream. This study used a completely randomized design
(CRD), which consisted of four treatments with two replications.The results showed that the best ratio of
sunscreen cream was cream with the addition of E. cottonii and Sargassum (1:1). The result obtained was
the absence of microbs at creams and porridge E. cottonii and Sargassum sp. The antioxidant activity of E.
cottonii porridge 127.23 ± 2.77μg/mL, Sargassum sp. 119.66 ± 0.25 μg/mL, and cream 83.4 ± 0.03 μg/mL.
Cream SPF value was 7.03 ± 0.01. Consumer acceptance of the products through sensory test ranged from
normal to like. Sunscreen creams had good physical stability and the cream has a shelf life preparation one
year.
Heavy Metal Contain Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu in Whiting Fish (Sillago sihama) Muscle in estary of Donan River, Cilacap, Central Java
Authors: Cahyani Nica , Lumbanbatu Djamar F.T , Sulistiono Sulistiono
Published: January 2017

Waste produced by industrial activities in Donan River the may a heavy metals which is one source of harmful pollutant to the aquatic environment. This study was conducted every month from August 2015 to January 2016 at the waters of the river estuary Donan. The aims of this study was analyze the content of heavy metals Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu in whiting fish muscle, and determine the tolerance limit to consume fish that contain heavy metals. The average content of heavy metal in whiting fish muscle by reading Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) on a monthly basis exeded than standard limit, but there are also still belowstandard limit. The value consist of 1,24-9,29 ppm (Pb); 304,50-4535,22 ppb (Hg); 0,11-0,56 ppm (Cd); dan 0,36-1,39 ppm (Cu). The maximum limit of fish muscle for adults (50 kg bb) and children (15 kg bb) was 17,6 y 4 g muscle week-1 and was 5,29 g muscle week-1.
Isolation and Charactherization of Collagen from Swim Bladder Waste of Yellow-pike Conger (Muraenesox talabon)
Authors: Kartika I Wayan Darya , Trilaksani Wini
Published: January 2017

Indonesian capture fisheries production reached ± 6.4 million tons in 2014. This number was predicted
resulted a huge fishery waste, one of them was swim bladder that potentially contain collagen, so it needs to
be developed. This aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the swim bladder (proportion
and chemical content) and collagen characteristics (yield and physicochemical properties) extracted from
the swim bladder cunang (Muraenesox talabon). Swim bladder waste had proportion 0.57 to 0.67% of whole
yellow-piked conger body weight and 24.74% protein/100 g wet weight (equivalent to 93.39% of protein/100
gram dry). The waste had a potency of collagen, which is characterized by the high proportion of the
amino acids glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and alain. Acid extraction and hydrothermal process resulted
collagen extracts, identified from a spectrum of amide I, amide II and amide III functional groups. Collagen
extracted with acid process contained a higher glycine than hydrothermal one, but instead hydrothermal
process produced extract with a higher proline, hydroxyproline and alanine composition.
El sector automotriz en méxico y Brasil: Un análisis desde la perspectiva comercial
Authors: Carbajal-Suárez Yolanda , Morales-Fajardo María Esther
Published: January 2017

Se analiza el desempeño y características de la cadena automotriz en México y Brasil, con énfasis en los diferentes senderos tomados por las respectivas industrias y el intercambio bilateral del sector automotriz. El análisis determina que la industria automotriz ha tomado caminos marcadamente diferentes en los dos países, Brasil ha dado prioridad al fortalecimiento de su mercado interno, mientras que en México claramente se ha dado prioridad al mercado de exportación. A nivel bilateral, la importancia del intercambio comercial radica en el comercio del sector industrial, particularmente del sector automotriz; sin embargo, esta relación se ha visto disminuida a raíz del diferendo ocurrido en el marco del Acuerdo de Complementación Económica (ACE) 55.
Factors Influencing the Growth of South Africa’s Agricultural Exports toWorld Markets
Authors: Potelwa Xolisiwe Yolanda , Lubinga Moses Herbert , Ntshangase Thandeka
Published: January 2017

The paper assesses the factors influencing South Africa’s agricultural export growth to its cardinal destinations between 2001 and 2014. A gravity model was used to present investigation of trade flows that has been validated as a suitable tool in determining export growth. The findings indicate that an improvement in South Africa’s and importer’s GDP causes an increase in agricultural exports. Distance and political stability have been shown to have no influence on the growth of agricultural exports to its trading partners. The importer’s population and the export capacity showed a positive relationship on the growth of South Africa’s agricultural exports to its trading partners. Trading agreements, which include AGOA and the TDCA with the EU, show a positive impact on increase in export performance. Therefore, the results suggest that South Africa should focus on countries with a growing population and GDP to improve agricultural export growth and market diversification.
Laboratory Experiences for Prospective Science Teachers: A Meta-analytic Review of Issues and Concerns
Authors: Prabha Shashi
Published: January 2017

Prospective science teachers need to be prepared for making laboratory experiences integral part of teaching-learning of science in order to facilitate students to nurture their natural curiosity. This can engage students towards acquiring proficiency in the processes that can lead them to inquiry and generation and validation of scientific knowledge. This study is guided by the research question, “what is the status of laboratory experiences for prospective teachers?” and “what is missing in prospective science teachers’ preparation programme in order to bring excellence in science education?” An attempt has been made to carry out a meta-analytical review of the relevant literature to address some of the issues and concerns for providing laboratory experiences to prospective science teachers. Major issues emerging from the review of literature in this area are– recognizing need and understanding objectives of laboratory work from pedagogical prospective; integrating it with theory and providing laboratory experiences infused with inquiry.
Analyzing Inventory Turnover Performance in Different Retailing Mode of Operations
Authors: Ali Khan Junaid , Deng Shiming
Published: January 2017

Inventory turnover differs across different retailers and operation modes employed by the retailers. Such a variation while undermining the usefulness of inventory turnover for performance analysis; requires particular attention. We perform an empirical analysis using sales data from a large retail firm for the year 2013-2016 for investigating the relationship of inventory turnover with mode of operations. The analysis reveals that the variation of inventory turnover among different mode of operations is much larger than variation of inventory turnover within each mode. So there is significant relationship between mode of operations and inventory turnover. This study inspects the influence of different channel structures on inventory turnover in a large supermarket, which has employed multiple modes of operations in different categories.
Obstacles to Entrepreneurship in Albania, Georgia, Morocco, Nigeria, and Pakistan
Authors: El Alaoui Aicha , Shopovski Jovan , Kvirkvaia Murtaz , Alam Noor , Ofili Onyeka Uche
Published: January 2017

Entrepreneurship reinforces the economic growth of a country. Therefore, most countries, especially developing ones, are striving to create new policies and implement actions in order to support entrepreneurial processes through the establishment of a business-friendly environment. However, there are still many obstacles facing entrepreneurs in these countries. The aim of this paper is to locate the most common barriers to entrepreneurial processes in Albania, Georgia, Morocco, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Data from officials in 149 companies were collected through questionnaire dissemination from October to December 2015. The company officials have been asked several questions, among which, to rate the obstacles listed, starting from the ones they perceive to be most restrictive for their businesses. Most of the companies examined were small and medium size companies, SMEs. Both a descriptive analysis and a comparative analysis of the data were applied, in order to check the accuracy of the hypothesis established. It was found that state policy towards SMEs and political instability/corruption are the most common obstacles to entrepreneurship in these developing countries. Also, tax policy was also considered as an obstacle to entrepreneurship.
Exploring the Quality of Life of Jordanian Children and Adolescents with End Stage Renal Disease Receiving Hemodialysis
Authors: Abdelkader Raghad , Khalil Amani Anwar , Masaadi Rami , Al-Kloub Manal Ibrahim , Alrimawi Intima
Published: January 2017

Background: Depression is a common psychosocial problem that negatively affects the lives and relationships of school-age children, adolescents, and adults both in private and public. Purpose: To explore the psychosocial well-being among Jordanian schoolage children and adolescents who are complaining of end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. Method and Design: The study was carried out using a descriptive crosssectional correlation design. A convenient sample of 121 school-age children and adolescent were recruited from seven major dialysis units in Jordan . The children's psychosocial well-being was measured by using a self-report questionnaire. This, however, includes demographic data, adherence to treatment, Dialysis Patient-Perceived Exercise Benefits, and Barriers Scale. Also, Pediatrics Quality of Life PedsQL 3.0 ESRD and Depression Scale for Children were used for data collection
Variabilidad en la estructura morfológica de los sustantivos españoles
Authors: Ambadiang Théophile
Published: January 2017

Las propuestas formuladas a lo largo de las últimas décadas en torno a la formación de diminutivos, la asignación del acento, la formación del plural y las llamadas marcas de palabra en el ámbito de la morfología nominal del español remiten en último término a la estructura morfológica de los sustantivos españoles. Los estudios más relevantes en torno a esta última tienen un enfoquefonológico (cf. Harris 1983, Roca 1989, Baković en prensa, entre otros) o morfológico (cf. Hooper y Terrell 1976, Harris 1991, 1992, Bermúdez-Otero 2006,2007 y Bonet 2006, entre otros), dependiendo de la naturaleza de los criteriosen los que basan sus generalizaciones. Intentamos mostrar en un primer momento que, más allá de la diferencia a la que acabamos de aludir, los análisispropuestos en estos estudios tienen el efecto de poner en tela de juicio cualquiercaracterización de los segmentos finales de las formas nominales que se basaseen rasgos morfológicos, en contradicción con propuestas como las de Lloret(2013), Mel’čuk (2013) y, en menor medida, Roca y Feliú (2002), por ejemplo.Por otro lado, no pueden evitar que formas idénticas en sus segmentos finales ysu patrón acentual se comporten de manera diferente en uno o diferentes procesos morfológicos, ni que formas dispares en cuanto a sus segmentos finales y su patrón acentual se comporten de manera idéntica en tales procesos. A las incongruencias implícitas en estas dos observaciones cabe añadir que en algunos casos una misma forma puede presentar comportamientos diferentes en un mismo proceso o en diferentes procesos morfológicos.  Sugerimos que existe cierta correlación entre estas últimas observaciones, enel sentido de que las divergencias y coincidencias que se producen entre diversas formas nominales no se pueden disociar de la variabilidad que se observa con ciertos sustantivos. Desde este punto de vista, el estudio de la variabilidad estructural de los sustantivos españoles tiene implicaciones de mucho interés para su representación morfológica y, en este sentido, motiva el intento, que nos proponemos aquí, de buscar las correlaciones que puedan existir entre las representaciones morfológicas posibles con una forma nominal dada y su comportamiento en diversos procesos morfológicos. A este efecto, examinamos las fuentes de la variabilidad que se observa en las formas nominales del español, antes de estudiar su alcance, el estatus y las funciones de los segmentos finales o prefinales, así como las implicaciones de nuestras observaciones para la representación morfológica de los sustantivos españoles y su comportamiento en diversos procesos morfológicos. A modo de cierre, recalcamos la necesidad de ahondar en la caracterización morfológica de los segmentos (pre)finales de las formas nominales, así como su incidencia en el comportamiento que tienen estas últimas en diversos procesos morfológicos.
La esgrima conversacional: entre la tradición discursiva y la tradición popular verbal
Authors: Córdova Patricia
Published: January 2017

El presente artículo define la esgrima conversacional como una tradición discursiva que aparece en la copla folklórica, la literatura y el cine mexicano en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Tal tradición discursiva es atravesada por una tradición verbal popular que abreva del refrán, del albur y de otros usos indirectos del lenguaje. Pragmáticamente, la esgrima conversacional es evocada en una situación en la que los hablantes tienen una relación simétrica o de cercanía y están dispuestos a una interacción verbal en la que el tono de afrenta o donaire prevalece. Esta tradición discursiva respondería a la búsqueda de un triunfo simbólico que garantiza la subsistencia social, pero a su vez es parte de un legado histórico e idiomático del español de México.
Metáfora y metonimia en la construcción del espacio conceptual y lingüístico en la práctica de la atención plena
Authors: Silvestre-López Antonio José
Published: January 2017

El estudio de la experiencia del ser y de la consciencia no es nada nuevo; los conceptos tratados en este artículo, tampoco. Su aportación más relevante pretende ser la propuesta de un modelo de representación de parte de esta experiencia (esto es, la percibida mediante la práctica de la atención plena) a través de parámetros básicos, establecidos y reconocidos dentro del paradigma cognitivo. Partiendo de la perspectiva de la lingüística cognitiva, se presenta lo que se denomina el ‘Modelo Cognitivo Idealizado (MCI) de la contemplación’, cuya estructura se describe con la ayuda de ejemplos extraídos de un corpus que compila la producción lingüística de instructores y principiantes en cursos de formación en atención plena. Concretamente, el artículo introduce primero el espacio que se crea en el practicante y que posibilita la percepción de los fenómenos a observar durante los periodos de atención consciente; tras ello propone y describe, a través del mencionado MCI, la integración de estructura preconceptual y conceptual que permite experimentar este ‘escenario de observación’ y captar los fenómenos que en él acontecen. El artículo concluye con una serie de consideraciones sobre los datos en él manejados, así como diversas líneas de investigación derivadas de la aquí presentada y sus aplicaciones en diferentes campos.
Nivel de actividad física según el cuestionario PAQ-A en escolares de secundaria en dos colegios de San Martin de Porres – Lima
Authors: Montoya Trujillano Andrea Alexia , Pinto Rebatta Dora Andrea , Taza Mendoza Andrea Edith Fátima , Meléndez Olivari Elizabeth Cecilia , Alfaro Fernández Paul Rubén
Published: January 2017

Objetivos: Determinar el nivel de actividad física en escolares de secundaria de edades entre los 14 -17 años en dos colegios del distrito de San Martín de Porres; así como, el nivel de actividad física en relación al tipo decolegio, género, edad, a las actividades físicas, participación en las clases de educación física, actividades del tiempo libre, actividades del fin de semana y frecuencia diaria. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo,observacional y transversal. Se tomó la población universo de 690 escolares del nivel secundario de 3er, 4to y 5to año del colegio entre las edades de 14-17 años, 375 eran del colegio estatal I.E. N° 3037 Gran Amauta, y 315 delcolegio privado Institución Educativa Parroquial “San Columbano” del Distrito de San Martin de Porres. Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó el cuestionario PAQ-A. Resultados: El 75,9% de la población encuestada presentó un nivel bajo y muy bajo de actividad física. En los niveles moderado e intenso, los varones fueron más activos que las mujeres con una diferencia del 5,7%. Asimismo, existió diferencia entre ambos colegios respecto al nivel de actividad física moderado e intenso (Estatal 30,1% - Particular 18,4%). Conclusiones: Según el Cuestionario PAQ – A, en esta población de escolares de edades entre 14 y 17 años de ambos colegios de San Martín de Porres, el nivel de actividad física fue bajo.
Síndrome de Beals
Authors: Marruffo Huapalla Gustavo , Del Pozo Copaja Edwin
Published: January 2017

El síndrome de Beals es una enfermedad hereditaria del tejido conectivo. Tiene un carácter autosómico dominante. Fenotípicamente, es parecido al síndrome de Marfan, pero menos grave. Se caracteriza por aracnodactilia,dolicostenomelia, cifoscoliosis, contracturas múltiples congénitas, alteraciones de los pabellones auriculares, hipoplasia de los músculos de la pantorrilla y cardiopatía. El gen responsable de este síndrome (5q-23-31) codifica una proteína, la fibrilina 2, componente de las microfibrillas de elastina. La evolución de las contracturas es hacia la mejoría, pero la cifoscoliosis puede ser progresiva. Describimos un nuevo caso y revisamos la bibliografía médica.
Sistema de asistencia manual (SAM): Para disfunciones neurologicas y misceláneas.
Authors: Arista Rivera. María Teresa
Published: January 2017

SAM tiene como objetivo brindar soporte en la rehabilitación del miembro superior, como complemento terapéutico. Está basado en Idea (iDEA – iPad Dexterity Enhancement Apparatus, Loyola Marymount University), cuyo análisis permitió replantear el diseño y los accesorios así como su accesibilidad en términos de costo. Por su versatilidad puede ser utilizado por el terapeuta debido a los brazaletes ajustables a un solo dispositivo. Se implementa el uso de AsT-rix (ortesis para la escritura), diseñada según la necesidad del usuario en forma individual y con los criterios clínicos competentes. Se hace referencia a cinco casos clínicos que utilizaron el sistema en forma satisfactoria, 2 adultos y 3 niños con diagnóstico de hemiplejia y parálisis cerebral.