bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further characterization of embryonic stem cell‐derived radial glial cells
Authors: Liour Sean S. , Kraemer Stacey A. , Dinkins Michael B. , Su Chen‐Ying , Yanagisawa Makoto , Yu Robert K.
Published: September 2005

Previously, we showed that radial glia‐like (RG) cells differentiated from embryonic stem (ES) cells after retinoic acid induction (Liour and Yu, 2003: Glia 42:109–117). In the present study, we demonstrate that the production of RG cells from ES cells is independent of the neural differentiation protocol used. These ES cell‐derived RG (ES‐RG) cells are similar in morphology to RG cells in vivo and express several characteristic RG cell markers. The processes of these ES‐RG cells are organized into radial arrays similar to the RG scaffold in developing CNS. Expression of Pax6, along with other circumstantial data, suggests that at least some of these ES‐RG cells are neural progenitors. The progression of neurogenesis into gliogenesis during the in vitro neural differentiation of ES cells recapitulates the in vivo developmental process. The identification of two cell surface markers, SSEA‐1 and GM1, on both the native embryonic RG cells and ES‐RG cells, may facilitate purification of radial glial cells for future studies and cell therapy. Overall, our study suggests that differentiation of radial glial cells is a common pathway during the neural differentiation of ES cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What campuses need to know about organizational learning and the learning organization
Authors: Kezar Adrianna
Published: September 2005

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on organizational learning and the learning organization, sets out key concepts in each area, and reviews the way that organizational learning and the learning organization have been applied within higher education.
What do we mean by “learning” in the context of higher education?
Authors: Kezar Adrianna
Published: September 2005

Instead of the traditional view of learning as acquiring cognitive knowledge or data, the author argues for a broader notion of knowledge that includes emotions, values, intuition, and creativity.
Beyond faculty development: How centers for teaching and learning can be laboratories for learning
Authors: Lieberman Devorah
Published: September 2005

The author articulates how she helped create learning through a center for teaching and learning and other strategies.
Closing the achievement gap in higher education: An organizational learning perspective
Authors: Bensimon Estela Mara
Published: September 2005

The author uses the theory and process of organizational learning to make a case for how to understand and address the cultural and structural barriers that preclude colleges and universities from producing equitable educational outcomes for students.
Theta activity in neurons and networks of the amygdala related to long‐term fear memory
Authors: Pape Hans‐Christian , Narayanan Rajeevan T. , Smid Jan , Stork Oliver , Seidenbecher Thomas
Published: September 2005

With a combined in vitro/in vivo electrophysiological and behavioral approach, we have correlated conditioned fear behavior to electrophysiological activities in the lateral amygdala and the hippocampal formation in rodents. Data indicate that projection neurons in the lateral amygdala display a continuum of spike patterns including accommodating patterns, regular firing, and oscillatory activity at theta frequencies. The firing pattern is controlled to an important part by the intracellular cAMP system, in that an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration facilitates regular firing and theta oscillations. Oscillatory electrical activity, in turn, provides an important cellular element of synchronized theta activity at 4–8 Hz (indicating atropine‐sensitive type 2 theta) occurring in amygdalo‐hippocampal pathways during conditioned fear responses. This type of rhythmic network activity is associated with the retrieval of long‐term fear memory following cued and contextual fear conditioning, but is not related to the expression of fear behavior per se or to short‐term fear memory. Synchronization at theta frequencies is suggested to represent activity in amygdalo‐hippocampal pathways associated with system consolidation of fear memory, which is supported by the cholinergic system. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microarray analysis of the differential transformation mediated by Kirsten and Harvey Ras oncogenes in a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line
Authors: Roberts Michael L. , Drosopoulos Konstantinos G. , Vasileiou Ioannis , Stricker Mona , Taoufik Era , Maercker Christian , Guialis Apostolia , Alexis Michael N. , Pintzas Alexander
Published: September 2005

Colorectal cancer arises after a series of mutational events in the colon epithelia and is often used as a model of the multistep progression of tumorigenesis. Mutations in Ki‐Ras have been detected in some 50% of cases and are thought to occur at an early stage. Almost never do mutations arise in the loci of other Ras isoforms (Ha‐ and N‐), leading to the assumption that Ki‐Ras plays a unique role in tumorigenesis. In order to examine the distinctive function that Ki‐Ras plays in cancer development in the colon, we introduced constitutively active mutant Ki‐ and Ha‐Ras genes into an intermediate‐stage colon adenoma cell line (Caco‐2). We found that mutant active Ha‐RasV12 was more efficient at transforming these colon epithelial cells as assessed by anchorage‐independent growth, tumor formation in SCID mice and the development of mesenchymal morphology compared to transformation by Ki‐RasV12. We conducted microarray analysis in an attempt to reveal the genes whose aberrant expression is a direct result of overexpression of either Ki‐RasV12 or Ha‐RasV12. We used Clontech's Atlas cancer cDNA (588 genes) and RZPD's Onco Set 1 (1,544 genes) arrays. We identified fewer genes that were commonly regulated than were differentially expressed between Ki‐ and Ha‐RasV12 isoforms. Specifically, we found that Ki‐RasV12 regulated genes involved in cytokine signaling, cell adhesion and colon development, whereas Ha‐RasV12 mainly regulated genes involved in controlling cell morphology, correlating to an epithelial‐mesenchymal transition only observed in these cells. Our results demonstrate how 2 Ras isoforms regulate disparate biologic processes, revealing a number of genes whose deregulated expression may influence colon carcinogenesis (supplementary material for this article can be found on the International Journal of Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0020‐7136/suppmat/index.html). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of p63 and cytokeratin 5/6 expression is associated with more aggressive tumors in endometrial carcinoma patients
Authors: Stefansson Ingunn M. , Salvesen Helga B. , Akslen Lars A.
Published: September 2005

p63 and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 are markers of basal and squamous differentiation in several normal epithelia and human tumors and are also suggested to be markers of progenitor or stem cells in certain stratified epithelia. In endometrial carcinoma, there is very limited information about the expression pattern of p63 or CK5/6 and no prognostic information. The aim of our study was to examine whether the expression of these markers was associated with a certain tumor phenotype in terms of other biomarkers, clinicopathologic characteristics and patient prognosis. Immunohistochemical expression of p63 and CK5/6 was examined using tissue microarrays (TMAs) in a large population‐based series of 276 endometrial carcinomas with long and complete follow‐up. Selected cases of normal and hyperplastic endometrium were examined for comparison (n = 15). Absence of p63 expression (70%) was significantly associated with nonendometrioid carcinomas, high histologic grade (FIGO), higher mitotic count and tumor cell proliferation by Ki‐67, microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of hMSH6 expression. A tendency toward reduced patient survival was also seen (p = 0.098). Presence of CK5/6 expression was more frequent in endometrioid tumors with squamous differentiation, while loss of CK5/6 expression (54%) was significantly associated with high FIGO stage, reduced β‐catenin expression, MSI and reduced patient survival (p = 0.0001); the latter was also found within the endometrioid subgroup (p = 0.0004). Multivariate survival analysis revealed that loss of CK5/6 expression had an independent prognostic impact in addition to well‐known prognostic variables. Expression of both markers was increased in simple hyperplasia compared with normal endometrium. In complex hyperplasia, p63 expression was also increased, whereas CK5/6 was positive in areas with squamous differentiation only. Thus, loss of p63 or CK5/6 was associated with features of aggressive tumors, and lack of CK5/6 was significantly associated with reduced survival in multivariate analysis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indole‐3‐carbinol activates the ATM signaling pathway independent of DNA damage to stabilize p53 and induce G1 arrest of human mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Brew Christine T. , Aronchik Ida , Hsu Jocelyn C. , Sheen Joon‐Ho , Dickson Robert B. , Bjeldanes Leonard F. , Firestone Gary L.
Published: September 2005

The phytochemical indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, has been shown to elicit a potent anti‐proliferative response in human breast cancer cell lines. Treatment of the immortalized human mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A with I3C induced a G1 cell cycle arrest, elevated p53 tumor suppressor protein levels and stimulated expression of downstream transcriptional target, p21. I3C treatment also elevated p53 levels in several breast cancer cell lines that express mutant p53. I3C did not arrest MCF10A cells stably transfected with dominant‐negative p53, establishing a functional requirement for p53. Cell fractionation and immunolocalization studies revealed a large fraction of stabilized p53 protein in the nucleus of I3C‐treated MCF10A cells. With I3C treatment, phosphatidyl‐inositol‐3‐kinase family member ataxia telangiectasia‐mutated (ATM) was phosphorylated, as were its substrates p53, CHK2 and BRCA1. Phosphorylation of p53 at the N‐terminus has previously been shown to disrupt the interaction between p53 and its ubiquitin ligase, MDM2, and therefore stabilizing p53. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that I3C reduced by 4‐fold the level of MDM2 protein that associated with p53. The p53–MDM2 interaction and absence of p21 production were restored in cells treated with I3C and the ATM inhibitor wortmannin. Significantly, I3C does not increase the number of 53BP1 foci or H2AX phosphorylation, indicating that ATM is activated independent of DNA double‐strand breaks. Taken together, our results demonstrate that I3C activates ATM signaling through a novel pathway to stimulate p53 phosphorylation and disruption of the p53–MDM2 interaction, which releases p53 to induce the p21 CDK inhibitor and a G1 cell cycle arrest. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetracycline analogues (doxycycline and COL‐3) induce caspase‐dependent and ‐independent apoptosis in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Onoda Toshinao , Ono Takashi , Dhar Dipok Kumar , Yamanoi Akira , Nagasue Naofumi
Published: September 2005

Tetracycline analogues (TCNAs) possess cytotoxic activities as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory properties. Previously, we demonstrated that doxycycline (DOXY) could induce apoptosis in human HT29 colon cancer cells. In present study, the molecular apoptotic mechanisms induced by two kinds of TCNAs, designated as DOXY and COL‐3 (chemically modified tetracycline‐3; 6‐demethyl, 6‐deoxy, 4‐dedimethylamino tetracycline), were evaluated in cultured HT29 cells. Both TCNAs inhibited the proliferation of 6 different colorectal cancer cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. Especially, COL‐3 had a stronger effect on cancer cells than DOXY. Apoptotic changes were actually observed by 10 μg/ml COL‐3 and 20 μg/ml DOXY in a time‐dependent manner. COL‐3 produced the increase in cytosolic cytochrome c and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after 3 hr treatment, and thereafter activated caspases. In case of DOXY, these changes were observed after 24 hr. Bax translocation was not a prerequisite for cytochrome c releasing in COL‐3 treatment. Pretreated pancaspase inhibitor (Z‐VAD‐FMK) reduced COL‐3 and DOXY mediated apoptosis up to 81.3 and 35.3%, as compared with nontreated cells, respectively. These data indicated that TCNAs could induce mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis through both caspase‐dependent and ‐independent pathway. In fact, endonuclease G and apoptosis‐inducing factor were released into cytosol after the treatment of TCNAs, which indicated that caspase‐independent apoptotic pathway is also one of the key mechanisms for the treatment of TCNAs. Taken together, we believe that TCNAs could have strong potentials for clinical application in treating colorectal cancers and improve cancer chemotherapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human papillomavirus type 18 E6 and E7‐specific CD4+ T‐helper 1 immunity in relation to health versus disease
Authors: Welters Marij J.P. , van der Logt Pauline , van den Eeden Susan J.F. , Kwappenberg Kitty M.C. , Drijfhout Jan Wouter , Fleuren Gert Jan , Kenter Gemma G. , Melief Cornelis J.M. , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Offringa Rienk
Published: September 2005

The most common high‐risk human papillomavirus types, HPV16 and 18, differ markedly with respect to their interaction with the host. Clearance of HPV18 infections generally takes longer and HPV18‐positive cancers have a poorer prognosis. We therefore evaluated Th1‐type immunity against the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV18 in healthy subjects and in patients with HPV18‐positive genital cancer, and compared the results to our previously obtained data for HPV16. Approximately 20% of the healthy individuals displayed immunity against HPV18 E6. In contrast, none of the patients showed such responses, despite the presence of HPV18‐positive lesions. Several of the patients did respond to HPV18 E7, whereas this immunity is rarely found in healthy subjects. This pattern of immune reactivity is essentially similar to that previously found for HPV16. It is unlikely that this similarity is the result of immunological cross‐reactivity between the E6 and E7 antigens of HPV types 16 and 18. Our data confirm the relation between failure of E6‐specific Th1 immunity and high‐risk HPV‐induced cervical neoplasia and argue that parameters other than these determine the differences in pathological impact between HPV types 16 and 18. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of LTF gene at 3p21.3 in lung cancers
Authors: Iijima Hironobu , Tomizawa Yoshio , Iwasaki Yasuki , Sato Koji , Sunaga Noriaki , Dobashi Kunio , Saito Ryusei , Nakajima Takashi , Minna John D. , Mori Masatomo
Published: September 2005

Allelic loss on the short arm of chromosome 3 is one of the most common events in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The lactotransferrin gene (LTF, also referred to as the lactoferrin gene, LF) is located at 3p21.3 common eliminated region 1, which is frequently deleted in lung and other cancers. The expression of the LTF gene was absent in 16 (59%) of 27 small cell lung cancer cell lines, 33 (77%) of 43 nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and 7 (54%) of 13 primary NSCLC, while LTF mRNA was overexpressed in 3 (7%) of 43 NSCLC cell lines. Its expression was restored by treatment with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐dC), trichostatin A (TSA) or a combination of both in a subset of lung cancer cell lines without LTF expression. In addition, we found 8 different types of nucleotide substitutions and one frameshift mutation. These results indicate that the LTF gene is inactivated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in lung cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variants in the MDM2 promoter and lung cancer risk in a Chinese population
Authors: Hu Zhibin , Ma Hongxia , Lu Daru , Qian Ji , Zhou Jiannong , Chen Yijiang , Xu Lin , Wang Xinru , Wei Qingyi , Shen Hongbing
Published: September 2005

Overexpression of MDM2 may attenuate the P53 stress response pathway through direct blocking of P53 transcriptional activity and mediating P53 degradation. Two promoter polymorphisms (one is a T to G substitution at the intronic P53‐response promoter, and the other is a 40‐bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the constitutive promoter) were identified, and recently the T/G substitution (SNP309) has been demonstrated to alter the levels of MDM2 gene products. In this molecular epidemiological study with 717 incident lung cancer cases and 1,083 cancer‐free controls, we genotyped these 2 promoter polymorphisms of MDM2 and evaluated their associations with risk of lung cancer. We found that there were no significant associations between MDM2 SNP309 variant genotypes and lung cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.95–1.53 for TG and adjusted OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.85–1.48 for GG, respectively). Similarly, we did not find evidence for any association between risk of lung cancer and MDM2 insertion/deletion polymorphism. The findings suggest that these two MDM2 promoter polymorphisms may not play a major role in lung cancer susceptibility in this Chinese population. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS15 expression predicts survival in human breast carcinoma
Authors: Porter Sarah , Span Paul N. , Sweep Fred C.G.J. , Tjan‐Heijnen Vivianne C.G. , Pennington Caroline J. , Pedersen Tanja X. , Johnsen Morten , Lund Leif R. , Rømer John , Edwards Dylan R.
Published: September 2005

We recently undertook expression profiling of all 19 human ADAMTS metalloproteinases (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) in malignant and non‐neoplastic breast tissue and showed that 11 of the ADAMTS genes are dysregulated in breast carcinoma. We identified a subgroup of ADAMTSs, based on functional and amino acid sequence similarity (ADAMTS1, 4, 5, 8 and 15), to be the focus of further study in breast carcinoma. Further RNA expression analysis by real‐time PCR on a different cohort of 229 patients with breast cancer has identified ADAMTS8 as a predictor of poor overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.20, 95% C.I. = 1.29–3.74, p = 0.004) and confirmed ADAMTS15 as a predictor of prolonged relapse‐free survival (RFS) (HR = 0.54, 95% C.I. = 0.32–0.89, p = 0.016). We explored the differences in survival of the 4 groups that could be categorized based on the expression levels of ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS15. For both RFS and OS, the group with high ADAMTS8 and low ADAMTS15 expression had a particularly poor prognosis. This group had a 3‐fold higher chance of recurrence (HR = 3.03, 95% C.I. = 1.49–6.15, p = 0.001) and a greater than 5‐fold higher chance of death (HR = 5.40, 95% C.I. = 2.16–13.5, p < 0.001) than the most favorable prognostic group. This prediction of poor prognosis by ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS15 expression was found to be independent of other classical clinicopathological factors. Results observed in FVB‐PyMT mice, a robust transgenic model of highly metastatic breast carcinoma, fitted the expectation that relatively high expression levels of ADAMTS8 together with low expression levels of ADAMTS15 seen in human breast carcinoma are associated with a poor clinical outcome. In summary, ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS15 have emerged as novel predictors of survival in patients with breast carcinoma. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrothermal treatments of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties: effect of micronisation on physicochemical and structural characteristics
Authors: Mwangwela Agnes M , Waniska Ralph D , Minnaar Amanda
Published: September 2005

The effects of a hydrothermal treatment consisting of tempering (to 41% moisture) and heating to 153 °C (micronisation) on the structural and physicochemical characteristics of two cowpea varieties were studied. The untreated varieties had similar cooking times, although cooked Bechuana white cowpeas were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) softer and had a higher incidence of splitting than Var. 462 cowpeas. This may be due in part to differences in cotyledon structure affecting water uptake during cooking. The hydrothermal treatment changed the physical structure and chemical properties of the cowpea seeds. This led to significant (P ≤ 0.05) reductions in the cooking time of micronised Bechuana white and Var. 462 cowpeas, by 47 and 36% respectively, as compared with control samples. Micronisation caused physical fissuring of the seed coat and cotyledon and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the bulk density of treated seeds. These changes in the physical structure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved the initial water uptake during soaking and cooking, increased the enzyme‐susceptible starch and reduced the protein solubility and hydration capacity of the cowpea seeds. Cooked (60 min) micronised cowpeas also had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more splits and a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) softer texture than control samples. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical constituents, antimicrobial investigations and antioxidative potential of volatile oil and acetone extract of star anise fruits
Authors: Singh Gurdip , Maurya Sumitra , deLampasona MP , Catalan Cesar
Published: September 2005

GC and GC‐MS analysis of fruit volatile oil of star anise (Illicium verum Hook) showed the presence of 25 components which account for the 99.9% of the total amount. The major components were trans‐anethole (94.37%), methyl chevicol (1.82%) and cis‐anethole (1.59%). 15 Components were identified from its acetone extract accounting for 80.27% of the total amount. trans‐Anethole (51.81%) was found as a major component along with linoleic acid (11.6%), 1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐prop‐2‐one (6.71%), foeniculin (5.29%) and palmitic acid (1.47%). Using an inverted petriplate method, the volatile oil completely inhibited the growth of Fusarium moniliforme at 6 µl dose. In case of extract, 50% mycelial zone inhibition was obtained for Penicillium citrinum and Penicillium viridicatum. Moreover, using food poison technique, the volatile oil was found to be effective for controlling the growth of F. moniliforme and Aspergillus niger whereas the extract has been found to be highly effective for Aspergillus flavus. In antibacterial investigations, using agar well diffusion method, the extract has shown better activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in comparison with volatile oil and commercial bactericide, ie Ampicillin. However, volatile oil has shown better activity for Salmonella aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, the extract has shown excellent activity for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products in rapeseed oil which were evaluated using peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, p‐anisidine and carbonyl values. The activity of extract was further confirmed using other antioxidant properties such as ferric thiocyanate method in linoleic acid system, reducing power and scavenging effect (%) on 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical. Hence, the extract could be considered as natural antioxidant which may be used for chemoprevention of diseases occurring due to oxidative deterioration. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Physiological properties of fresh‐cut watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in response to 1‐methylcyclopropene and post‐processing calcium application
Authors: Mao Linchun , Jeong Jiwon , Que Fei , Huber Donald J
Published: September 2005

Seedless watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. Mansfeld, cv. Millionaire) fruit were exposed to 10 µL L−1 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) or air for 18 h. Afterward, the fruit were processed into placental‐tissue pieces, treated with calcium dips (20 g kg−1 CaCl2) or deionized water, and stored in vented containers for 7 days at 10 °C. At intervals during storage, fresh‐cut placental tissue was monitored for respiration, ethylene production, firmness, electrolyte leakage, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and microbial growth. Ethylene production was below detection in fresh‐cut placental tissue, consistent with the low ethylene production in intact watermelon fruit. Respiration rates were significantly enhanced in response to tissue processing, and continued to increase throughout the 7 days of storage. Tissue derived from 1‐MCP‐treated fruit showed enhanced 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate synthase (ACS, EC 4.4.1.14) activity, suppressed respiratory rates and undetectable levels of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase (ACO) activity during storage. Post‐processing calcium dips (CaCl2) had little influence on ACS activity relative to tissue not receiving calcium, but significantly enhanced ACO activity and maintained firmness of fresh‐cut tissue throughout storage. The data collectively support the conclusion that 1‐methylcyclopropene treatment of intact watermelon fruit is alone unlikely to benefit the storage duration of fresh‐cut watermelon. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Erucic acid content in some rapeseed/mustard cultivars developed in Bangladesh
Authors: Mortuza Md Golam , Dutta Paresh C , Das Manik L
Published: September 2005

Seed samples of 21 indigenous and developed rapeseed/mustard cultivars (Brassica campestris, B. juncea and B. napus) were characterized for their fatty acid composition. Erucic acid was one of the main fatty acids, in proportions ranging from 21.59 to 51.57% followed by oleic acid ranging from 7.03 to 25.21%. The other major monounsaturated fatty acid was gadoleic acid, which accounted for 4.12–12.06%. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids were linoleic and linolenic acid, ranging from 11.79 to 16.89% and 6.29 to 11.15%, respectively. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid accounted for 1.20–3.36%. Erucic acid content was negatively correlated with all other major fatty acids. The cultivars Binasarisha‐3, Binasarisha‐4, Binasarisha‐5, MM 22‐12‐98, MM 2‐16‐98, MM 36‐6‐98, MM 49‐3‐98, MM 34‐7‐98 and Barisarisha‐8 of B. napus had significantly (P < 0.001) low levels of erucic acid and high levels of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids among all the cultivars. These four cultivars and five advanced generation mutant lines may be exploited in breeding programmes for the development of nutritionally better‐quality locally adaptive cultivars. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction and determination by liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry of naloxone in microparticles for drug‐addiction treatment
Authors: Gil‐Alegre Maria Esther , Barone Monica Lareo , Torres‐Suárez Ana Isabel
Published: September 2005

This paper discusses the development and validation of two analytical methods for the assay of naloxone in microparticles, as used in the therapy of opioid drug addiction (weaning). A UV‐Vis spectrophotometric method is proposed to study drug loading and drug release, due to its ease and simplicity of performance, while a high performance liquid chromatographic method is developed as a means of stability‐indication. Both analytical procedures were validated according to the International Committee for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Although the ranges and wavelengths were different for the two analytical methods, they were both found to be specific, linear, precise, and accurate under the determined conditions.
Determination of melatonin and its precursors and metabolites using capillary electrophoresis with UV and fluorometric detection
Authors: Poboży Ewa , Michalski Aleksander , Sotowska‐Brochocka Joanna , Trojanowicz Marek
Published: September 2005

A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous determination of melatonin and its precursors and metabolites. A 20 mM borate buffer pH 9.5 with 50 mM SDS served as the electrolyte. Tryptophan, 5‐methoxyindoleacetic acid, 6‐hydroxymelatonin, melatonin, serotonin, and 5‐methoxytryptamine were baseline separated in less than 13 min. The limits of detection for UV detection and fluorometric detection based on native fluorescence of analytes were at the sub‐ppm level. The proposed method with UV detection was applied to melatonin content control in pharmaceutical tablets with a precision expressed as RSD (n = 7) = 1.6%. For biological samples extraction with chloroform and ethyl acetate was examined. With ethyl acetate and chloroform recoveries of 87.2% and 82.1% melatonin, respectively, were obtained from plasma samples. The recovery of melatonin from spiked urine samples was 80.0% for ethyl acetate and 82.5% for chloroform. Fluorometric detection provides about two‐fold improvement over UV in the detection of melatonin and minor improvements for three other analytes, but is much poorer than UV for tryptophan and 6‐hydroxymelatonin in applied conditions.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Biosci. 9/2005
Authors: Suzuki Yoshikatsu , Esumi Yasuaki , Koshino Hiroyuki , Doi Yoshiharu
Published: September 2005

Cover: A complexed poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate) (cPHA) was isolated from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), being a homopolymer of 3‐hydroxybutyrate with the acylated hydroxyl end (72 mol‐%). Also, the MALDI MS showed that beet cPHA has a slightly shorter chain length with a narrow molecular weight distribution than the known E. coli cPHA. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by Y. Suzuki,* Y. Esumi, H. Koshino, and Y. Doi on page 853.
Hyperbranched Poly(arylene ether amide) via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction
Authors: In Insik , Kim Sang Youl
Published: September 2005

Summary: New hyperbranched poly(arylene ether amides) with fluorine or hydroxy end groups were synthesized from AB2 or A2B type monomers via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction. Monomer syntheses were facilitated by chemo‐selective amidation reactions, and even a direct synthesis of hyperbranched polymer was possible without isolation of the monomer. The resulting hyperbranched poly(arylene ether amides) showed highly branched characteristics (DB = 0.43–0.53), high glass transition temperatures (Tg > 220 °C), and high thermal stability (Td10 > 420 °C). All hyperbranched polymers were readily soluble in aprotic polar solvents such as DMF, DMSO, and NMP regardless of the end groups. Such a similar solubility pattern may result from the high amide contents and longer branching distances between adjacent branching points in these hyperbranched polymer backbones.

Polymerization of AB2 and A2B‐type monomers.

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Polymerization of AB2 and A2B‐type monomers.
Curing of Diglycidyl Ether of 4,4′‐Bisphenol P with Nitro Derivatives of Amine Compounds, 3
Authors: Zhang Yanxi , Vyazovkin Sergey
Published: September 2005

Summary: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry and isoconversional kinetic analysis were used to study the curing reaction of diglycidyl ether of 4,4′‐bisphenol P epoxy resin with an aromatic amine, 2,4‐dinitroaniline. Two exothermic peaks have been observed on a DSC curve. The first one corresponds to the cure and the second one represents decomposition. Advanced isoconversional method shows an activation energy of cure (90–115 kJ · mol−1) which is markedly higher than the typical activation energy of epoxy‐amine cure reaction. The effect is explained by electrostatic repulsion of the NO2 group that shields NH2 from nucleophilic attack and creates an extra energy barrier to the curing reaction.

Dependence of activation energy on the extent of conversion (scatter plot) and the dependence of the extent of conversion on temperature (line plot) at the heating rate of 10 °C · min−1of DGEBP/2,4‐DNA system.

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Dependence of activation energy on the extent of conversion (scatter plot) and the dependence of the extent of conversion on temperature (line plot) at the heating rate of 10 °C · min−1of DGEBP/2,4‐DNA system.
G2019S dardarin substitution is a common cause of Parkinson's disease in a Portuguese cohort
Authors: Bras Jose Miguel , Guerreiro Rita Joao , Ribeiro Maria Helena , Januario Cristina , Morgadinho Ana , Oliveira Catarina Resende , Cunha Luis , Hardy John , Singleton Andrew
Published: September 2005

LRRK2 mutations have recently been described in families with Parkinson's disease. Here we show that one of them (G2019S) is present in 6% (7 of 124) unrelated cases of disease in a clinic‐based sample series from central Portugal, but not present in 126 controls from the same population. Thus, LRRK2 mutations appear to be a common cause of typical Parkinson's disease and as such will alter clinical practice. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Photoreactive main‐chain liquid‐crystalline polyesters: Synthesis, characterization, and photochemistry
Authors: Tejedor Rosa M. , Oriol Luis , Piñol Milagros , Serrano José Luis , Strehmel Veronika , Stiller Burkhard , Stumpe Joachim
Published: September 2005

Three series of semiflexible and rigid main‐chain polyesters containing photoreactive mesogenic units derived from p‐phenylenediacrylic acid (PDA) and cinnamic acid have been synthesized by high‐temperature polycondensation. The thermal and mesomorphic properties of the polymers have been determined. The photochemical behavior of polymer P‐[1]‐T, which contains a PDA unit, has been studied both in solution and in films. In solution, [2+2] photocycloaddition, E/Z photoisomerization, and photo‐Fries rearrangement can take place. In contrast, the dominant process in spin‐coated films is the [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction, which causes crosslinking of the polymer. In films, the photochemistry and induction of anisotropy are strongly influenced by the aggregation of the PDA phenylester unit. A dichroism of about 0.2 has been induced in films by irradiation with linearly polarized UV light, and thus the capability of these films to induce optical anisotropy and align liquid crystals has been demonstrated. Liquid‐crystalline cells have been made with polarized irradiated films of P‐[1]‐T as aligning layers. A commercial liquid‐crystalline mixture has been used for this study, and a similar liquid‐crystalline order determined by polarized Fourier transform infrared to a commercial cell with rubbed polyimide as an aligning layer has been detected. Because of crosslinking of the irradiated P‐[1]‐T photoaligning layer, the photoinduced anisotropy is stable at high temperatures, and the liquid‐crystalline molecules are insoluble in the irradiated polymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4907–4921, 2005
The influence of attachment and emotional support in end‐stage cancer
Authors: Hunter Marcus J. , Davis Penelope J. , Tunstall Jennifer R.
Published: September 2005

The impact of attachment style and emotional support on negative affect in 67 end‐stage cancer patients was examined via self‐report inventory. Path analysis revealed high levels of both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were associated with lower levels of emotional support which, in turn, had a major adverse influence on patients' negative affect. In addition, attachment anxiety was also directly associated with distress. The discussion emphasises the importance of attachment theory and emotional support within the context of terminal cancer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective interactions between chaotropic agents and proteins
Authors: Salvi Giovanni , De Los Rios Paolo , Vendruscolo Michele
Published: September 2005

Chaotropic agents are cosolutes that can disrupt the hydrogen bonding network between water molecules and reduce the stability of the native state of proteins by weakening the hydrophobic effect. In this work, we represent the chaotropic agent as a factor that reduces the amount of order in the structures formed by water molecules, both in the bulk and the hydration shells around hydrophobic amino acids. In this framework we show that low chaotrope concentrations lead to a destabilization of the native state of proteins, and that high concentrations induce complete denaturation. We also find that the reduction of the number of bulk ordered states of water molecules can give origin to an effective interaction between chaotropic molecules and proteins. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variance estimation for clustered recurrent event data with a small number of clusters
Authors: Schaubel Douglas E.
Published: September 2005

Often in biomedical studies, the event of interest is recurrent and within‐subject events cannot usually be assumed independent. In semi‐parametric estimation of the proportional rates model, a working independence assumption leads to an estimating equation for the regression parameter vector, with within‐subject correlation accounted for through a robust (sandwich) variance estimator; these methods have been extended to the case of clustered subjects. We consider variance estimation in the setting where subjects are clustered and the study consists of a small number of moderate‐to‐large‐sized clusters. We demonstrate through simulation that the robust estimator is quite inaccurate in this setting. We propose a corrected version of the robust variance estimator, as well as jackknife and bootstrap estimators. Simulation studies reveal that the corrected variance is considerably more accurate than the robust estimator, and slightly more accurate than the jackknife and bootstrap variance. The proposed methods are used to compare hospitalization rates between Canada and the U.S. in a multi‐centre dialysis study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hierarchical Bayesian birth cohort analysis from incomplete registry data: evaluating the trends in the age of onset of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
Authors: Moltchanova E. , Penttinen A. , Karvonen M.
Published: September 2005

Childhood diabetes is one of the major non‐communicable diseases in children under 15 years of age. It requires a life‐long insulin treatment and may lead to serious complications. Along with the worldwide increase in the incidence several countries have recently reported a decreasing trend in the age of onset of the disease. The aim of this study is to analyse long‐term data on the incidence of the childhood diabetes in Finland from the birth cohorts perspective. The annual incidence data were available for the period 1965–1996 which translates into 1951–1996 birth cohorts. Hence the data consist of completely and partially observed cohorts. Bayesian modelling was employed in the analysis. Several different priors and cohort combinations were tried in order to determine the sensitivity of the results. The cumulative birth cohort incidence of diabetes was determined to have an increasing average annual trend of 2.5 per cent. Although the average birth cohort‐specific age of onset was estimated to have decreased slightly over the years of observation, the trend could be a result of random variation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidence intervals of effect size in randomized comparative parallel‐group studies
Authors: Wu Jianrong , Jiang Guoyong , Wei Wei
Published: September 2005

We have presented a new likelihood‐based approach for constructing confidence intervals of effect size that are applicable to small samples. We also conduct a simulation study to compare the coverage probability of the new likelihood‐based method with other three methods proposed by Hedges and Olkin and Kraemer and Paik. Simulation studies show that the confidence interval generated by the modified signed log‐likelihood ratio method possesses essentially exact coverage probabilities even for small samples, although the coverage probabilities are consistently but slightly less than the nominal level. The methods are also applied to two examples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating LGBT issues into student affairs graduate education
Authors: Talbot D. M. , Viento Wanda L. E.
Published: September 2005

The authors address the need for including LGBT issues in student affairs graduate education, sharing current practices in select graduate programs and recommending a model for best practice.
Fostering critical literacy: The art of assignment design
Authors: Wilner Arlene
Published: September 2005

Applying reading and writing theory to cases in composition, this chapter troubleshoots assignments that produced disappointing results and illustrates how the model of the “ill‐structured problem” can help writing instructors craft assignments that foster the cognitive and affective maturation essential to college‐level literacy.
The zen of unit one: Residential learning communities can foster liberal learning at large universities
Authors: Schein Howard K.
Published: September 2005

A residential learning community that melds academic affairs and student affairs concerns can address the
whole student through fostering liberal learning experiences. Students can explore innovative and controversial ideas and activities designed to challenge their personal and intellectual growth in a community of faculty and student affairs staff who encourage, value, and support open exchange.
Dissociation of the Hepatic Phenotype from HNF4 and HNF1α Expression
Authors: Bulla Gary A. , Kraus David M.
Published: September 2005

Dedifferentiated cells have served as tools to understand the molecular consequences of the loss of tissue-specific pathways. Here we report the characterization of one of these cell lines, M29, which lacks the liver-enriched HNF4-HNF1α pathway, in order to determine if this class of variant cell lines could provide additional information regarding requirements for tissue-type expression. We report that although the liver-specific α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) gene remains silent despite reactivation of the HNF4/HNF1α pathway in the M29 cells, the frequency of activation of an integrated α1AT-APRT transgene is increased 1000-fold in response to these transcription factors. The human α1AT locus (introduced via chromosome transfer) also remained silent on these cells, despite HNF4 and HNF1α expression. Results from cell fusion experiments suggest that the defect in the M29 cells is recessive. Results suggest that the M29 cells contain a defect that represses liver gene expression despite the presence of the HNF4/HNF1α pathway.
ARISTOCRATIC LIBERALISM IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE
Authors: DIJN ANNELIEN DE
Published: September 2005

This article investigates the nature and prevalence of aristocratic liberalism in post-revolutionary France. Defenders of the aristocracy, it argues, departed from a specific conception of liberty, which can be distinguished both from a purely negative definition of liberty as the ability to do what one wanted to do, and from a republican conception of liberty as something that could be guaranteed through self-government alone. To legitimate the role of the aristocracy in post-revolutionary France, publicists and politicians developed a conception of liberty as a condition that could be guaranteed only through the existence of ‘intermediary powers’ between the central government and the people. Although this conception of liberty was severely criticized by Restoration liberals such as Benjamin Constant, it had a considerable impact on the debate about the best way to safeguard liberty in nineteenth-century France, as appears from texts by important political thinkers such as Tocqueville and Dupont-White.
THE ‘MILCH-COW STATE’ REVISITED: REPUBLICAN POLITICS IN THE AVEYRON
Authors: SIMPSON MARTIN
Published: September 2005

This article examines the ‘republicanization’ of the Aveyron under the Third Republic, exploring issues of the practice and meaning of politics in this rural département. I look at the impact of the Republic's efforts to secularize education and ask on what grounds a département that emphatically rejected the secular/anti-clerical programme of the Republic could nonetheless eventually vote republican. This opens up questions of peasant understandings of politics. In particular I refer to the work of P. M. Jones who has written on this area, attributing republican success to the material benefits offered by the ‘milch-cow state’ and forceful administrative intervention. I argue that whilst the action of the Republic was significant, the success of the republicans rested on more than their ability to deliver local services. Republican politics in the Aveyron succeeded in redefining republicanism, arriving at an alternative conception of the Republic that was acceptable to the strongly Catholic and politicized electorate. We need to move away from any ideas of a single opportunist republicanism to realize that there were multiple conceptions of the Republic and a range of local republicanisms forged in relation to the circumstances of the individual French peripheries.
cigar-makers in american colonial manila: survival during structural depression in the 1920s
Authors: chiba yoshihiro
Published: September 2005

this article analyses the socioeconomic relations of manila cigar-makers, who had strong bargaining power vis-à-vis management during the american colonial period. focusing on a structural economic depression which took place in the mid-1920s, the study considers the evolution of these workers' lives in terms of skills, autonomy, stratification and cohesiveness at their work sites.
Extracellular reactive oxygen species production by lichens
Authors: BECKETT Richard Peter , MINIBAYEVA Farida V. , LAUFER Zsanett
Published: September 2005

This review discusses the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by lichens and their possible roles. All organisms produce ROS, and production is increased by many abiotic and biotic stresses. Intracellular ROS production is generally considered to be harmful, and a variety of enzymic and non-enzymic scavenging systems exist to detoxify them. However, extracellular ROS formation has been suggested to play ‘positive roles’, particularly in the response of organisms to stress. Given their high stress tolerance, it is rather surprising that studies on extracellular ROS production by lichens have just started. Surveys of a wide range of lichens have shown that constitutively high rates of extracellular superoxide production occur in the Suborder Peltigerineae, but production appears to be absent in other groups. In some members of the Peltigerineae ROS production is stimulated by desiccation and wounding. It seems probable that the enzymes that produce the superoxide are laccases, based on first the types of substrates that lichens can break down, and second the dependence of the breakdown of these substrates on pH, temperature and the presence of inhibitors. While much more work is needed, we suggest that physiological roles of extracellular ROS production will be found to include defence against pathogens, melanization, and lignin breakdown.