bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical and chemical consequences of artificially deepened thermocline in a small humic lake – a paired whole-lake climate change experiment
Authors: Forsius M. , Saloranta T. , Arvola L. , Salo S. , Verta M. , Ala-Opas P. , Rask M. , Vuorenmaa J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Climate change with higher air temperatures and changes in cloud cover, radiation and wind speed alters the heat balance and stratification patterns of lakes. A paired whole-lake thermocline manipulation experiment of a small (0.047 km2) shallow dystrophic lake (Halsjärvi) was carried out in southern Finland. A thermodynamic model (MyLake) was used for both predicting the impacts of climate change scenarios and for determining the manipulation target of the experiment. The model simulations assuming several climate change scenarios indicated large increases in the whole-lake monthly mean temperature (+1.4–4.4 °C in April–October for the A2 scenario), and shortening of the length of the ice covered period by 56–89 days. The thermocline manipulation resulted in large changes in the thermodynamic properties of the lake, and those were rather well consistent with the simulated future increases in the heat content during the summer-autumn season. The manipulation also resulted in changes in the oxygen stratification, and the expansion of the oxic water layer increased the spatial extent of the sediment surface oxic-anoxic interfaces. The experiment also affected several other chemical constituents; concentrations of TotN, NH4 and organic carbon showed a statistically significant decrease, likely due to both unusual hydrological conditions during the experiment period and increased decomposition and sedimentation. Changes in mercury processes and in the aquatic food web were also introduced. In comparison with the results of a similar whole-lake manipulation experiment in a deep, oligotrophic, clear-watered lake in Norway, it is evident that shallow dystrophic lakes, common in the boreal region, are more sensitive to physical perturbations. This means that projected climate change may strongly modify their physical and chemical conditions in the future.
Sequential assimilation of multi-mission dynamical topography into a global finite-element ocean model
Authors: Skachko S. , Danilov S. , Janjić T. , Schröter J. , Sidorenko D. , Savcenko R. , Bosch W.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. This study focuses on an accurate estimation of ocean circulation via assimilation of satellite measurements of ocean dynamical topography into the global finite-element ocean model (FEOM). The dynamical topography data are derived from a complex analysis of multi-mission altimetry data combined with a referenced earth geoid. The assimilation is split into two parts. First, the mean dynamic topography is adjusted. To this end an adiabatic pressure correction method is used which reduces model divergence from the real evolution. Second, a sequential assimilation technique is applied to improve the representation of thermodynamical processes by assimilating the time varying dynamic topography. A method is used according to which the temperature and salinity are updated following the vertical structure of the first baroclinic mode. It is shown that the method leads to a partially successful assimilation approach reducing the rms difference between the model and data from 16 cm to 2 cm. This improvement of the mean state is accompanied by significant improvement of temporal variability in our analysis. However, it remains suboptimal, showing a tendency in the forecast phase of returning toward a free run without data assimilation. Both the mean difference and standard deviation of the difference between the forecast and observation data are reduced as the result of assimilation.
Benchmark experiments for higher-order and full Stokes ice sheet models (ISMIP-HOM)
Authors: Pattyn F. , Perichon L. , Aschwanden A. , Breuer B. , de Smedt B. , Gagliardini O. , Gudmundsson G. H. , Hindmarsh R. , Hubbard A. , Johnson J. V. , Kleiner T. , Konovalov Y. , Martin C. , Payne A. J. , Pollard D. , Price S. , Rückamp M. , Saito F. , Souček O. , Sugiyama S. , Zwinger T.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. We present the results of the first ice sheet model intercomparison project for higher-order and full Stokes ice sheet models. These models are validated in a series of six benchmark experiments of which one has an analytical solution under simplifying assumptions. Five of the tests are diagnostic and one experiment is prognostic or time dependent, for both 2-D and 3-D geometries. The results show a good convergence of the different models even for high aspect ratios. A clear distinction can be made between higher-order models and those that solve the full system of equations. The latter show a significantly better agreement with each other as well as with analytical solutions, which demonstrates that they are hardly influenced by the used numerics.
Functional Adhesive Surfaces with “Gecko” Effect: The Concept of Contact Splitting
Authors: Kamperman Marleen , Kroner Elmar , del Campo Aránzazu , McMeeking Robert M. , Arzt Eduard
Published: May 2010

Nature has developed reversibly adhesive surfaces whose stickiness has attracted much research attention over the last decade. The central lesson from nature is that “patterned” or “fibrillar” surfaces can produce higher adhesion forces to flat and rough substrates than smooth surfaces. This paper critically examines the principles behind fibrillar adhesion from a contact mechanics perspective, where much progress has been made in recent years. The benefits derived from “contact splitting” into fibrils are separated into extrinsic/intrinsic contributions from fibril deformation, adaptability to rough surfaces, size effects due to surface‐to‐volume ratio, uniformity of stress distribution, and defect‐controlled adhesion. Another section covers essential considerations for reliable and reproducible adhesion testing, where better standardization is still required. It is argued that, in view of the large number of parameters, a thorough understanding of adhesion effects is required to enable the fabrication of reliable adhesive surfaces based on biological examples.
Design of Multiresponsive Hydrogel Particles and Assemblies
Authors: Hendrickson Grant R. , Smith Michael H. , South Antoinette B. , Lyon L. Andrew
Published: May 2010

In the realm of soft nanotechnology, hydrogel micro‐ and nanoparticles represent a versatile class of responsive materials. Over the last decade, our group has investigated the synthesis and physicochemical properties of a variety of synthetic hydrogel particles. From these efforts, several particle types have emerged with potentially enabling features for biological applications, including nanogels for targeted drug delivery, microlenses for biosensing, and coatings for biomedical devices. For example, core/shell nanogels have been used to encapsulate and deliver small interfering RNA to ovarian cancer cells; nanogels used in this fashion may improve therapeutic outcomes for a variety of macromolecular therapeutics. Microgels arranged as multilayers on implantable biomaterials greatly minimize the host inflammatory response to the material. Furthermore, the triggered release of drugs (i.e., insulin) has been demonstrated from similar assemblies. The goal of this feature article is to highlight developments in the design of responsive microgels and nanogels in the context of our recent efforts and in relation to the community that has grown up around this fascinating class of materials.
Effect of Contact Mode on the Electrical Transport and Field‐Emission Performance of Individual Boron Nanowires
Authors: Liu Fei , Su Zanjia , Li Li , Mo Fuyao , Jin Shunyu , Deng Shaozhi , Chen Jun , Shen Chengmin , Gao Hongjun , Xu Ningsheng
Published: May 2010

Vapor–liquid–solid processing of boron nanowires (BNWs) can be carried out either using a bottom‐up or top‐down growth mode, which results in different contact modes between the nanowire and the substrate. The contact mode may strongly affect the electrical transport and field‐emission performance of the individual boron nanowires grown on a Si substrate. The electrical transport and field‐emission characteristics of individual boron nanowires of different contact modes are investigated in situ using a scanning electron microscope. The contact barriers are very distinct for the different contact modes. Moreover, the transition from a “contact‐limited” to a “bulk‐limited” field‐emission (FE) process is demonstrated in nanoemitters for the first time, and the proposed improved metal–insulator–vacuum (MIV) model may better illustrate the nonlinear behavior of the Fowler‐Nordheim (FN) plots in these nanoscale systems. Individual BNWs with different contact modes have a discrepancy in their emission stability and vacuum breakdown characteristics though they have similar aspect ratios, which suggests that their electrical transport and field‐emission performance are closely related to their contact mode. Boron nanowires grown in the base‐up mode have better field‐emission performances and are more beneficial than those grown in the top‐down mode for various device applications.
Induced SER‐Activity in Nanostructured Ag–Silica–Au Supports via Long‐Range Plasmon Coupling
Authors: Feng Jiu‐Ju , Gernert Ulrich , Hildebrandt Peter , Weidinger Inez M.
Published: May 2010

A novel Ag–silica–Au hybrid device is developed that displays a long‐range plasmon transfer of Ag to Au leading to enhanced Raman scattering of molecules largely separated from the optically excited Ag surface. A nanoscopically rough Ag surface is coated by a silica spacer of variable thickness from ∼1 to 21 nm and a thin Au film of ∼25 nm thickness. The outer Au surface is further functionalized by a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) for electrostatic binding of the heme protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) that serves as a Raman probe and model enzyme. High‐quality surface‐enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectra are obtained with 413 nm excitation, demonstrating that the enhancement results exclusively from excitation of Ag surface plasmons. The enhancement factor is estimated to be 2 × 104–8 × 103 for a separation of Cyt c from the Ag surface by 28–47 nm, corresponding to an attenuation of the enhancement by a factor of only 2–6 compared to Cyt c adsorbed directly on a SAM‐coated Ag electrode. Upon immobilization of Cyt c on the functionalized Ag–silica–Au device, the native structure and redox properties are preserved as demonstrated by time‐ and potential‐dependent SERR spectroscopy.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alkyne Oxidation with Part‐Per‐Million Catalyst Loadings
Authors: Ren Wei , Liu Jinfeng , Chen Long , Wan Xiaobing
Published: May 2010

Using a catalytic system of the (cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, [Ru(cymene)Cl2]2, (0.001 mol%) and iodine (10 mol%), a variety of alkynes bearing different functional groups were oxidized with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP; 70% solution in water) under mild conditions to give 1,2‐diketones in good to excellent yields. Two noteworthy features of the method are the extremely high catalyst productivity (TON up to 420,000) and scale‐up to 1 mol. Preliminary mechanism investigations showed that iodonium ion and water were involved in the transformation.
Sex differences in child nutritional and immunological status 5–9 years post contact in fringe highland Papua New Guinea
Authors: Decaro Jason A. , Decaro Erin , Worthman Carol M.
Published: May 2010

Objectives:

This study examines sex differences in vulnerability among children experiencing rapid culture change that may reflect distinct microecologies driven by differential parental investment and/or sex‐specific life history strategies. Apparent female growth canalization may be a life history strategy favoring growth over maintenance but also may reflect sex‐differentiated selection for resilience based on unequal treatment during early life.

Methods:

Stature, weight, and serum measures of C‐reactive protein (CRP, an inflammation marker) and Epstein‐Barr Virus antibodies (EBV, a humoral immune response marker) were collected longitudinally among children/adolescents ages 5–20 years (N= 65), 5–9 years after sustained contact in a fringe highland hunter‐horticulturalist group from the Schrader Range in Papua New Guinea exhibiting male preference and sex‐biased survival. It was hypothesized that girls would exhibit canalization, with better nutritional status than boys; lower maintenance investment would yield lower female immune activation; and because of differential survivorship, females would appear increasingly canalized as early conditions for girls worsened relative to boys.

Results:

Girls had greater arm circumferencez‐scores than boys, less frequent stunting, and lower CRP despite high pathogen load. Average nutritional status for girls improved over time as the sex ratio became increasingly male biased and the condition of female infants reportedly worsened.

Conclusions:

Both canalization and survivorship effects were found. Although a life history perspective on female canalization can help explain developmental outcomes in populations undergoing rapid culture change amid adversity, possible sex differences in the strength of survivorship effects that select for resiliency should not be ignored. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:657–666, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic radiation exposure in the Rivne‐Polissia region of Ukraine: Implications for birth defects
Authors: Dancause Kelsey Needham , Yevtushok Lyubov , Lapchenko Serhiy , Shumlyansky Ihor , Shevchenko Genadiy , Wertelecki Wladimir , Garruto Ralph M.
Published: May 2010

Objectives:

The health effects of chronic low‐dose radiation exposure remains a controversial question. Monitoring after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine suggested that chronic low‐dose radiation exposure was not linked to cancer mortality among the general population. However, elevated rates of birth defects in contaminated compared to uncontaminated regions suggest that exposure to radiation in utero might impact development and that chronic radiation exposure might represent an underestimated risk to human health.

Methods:

We sought to determine current radiation exposure routes in Rivne‐Polissia, a region of Ukraine contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. This represents a first step toward comprehensive studies of the effects of chronic radiation exposure on human health. We designed and administered a dietary and activity survey to 344 women in Polissia. We assessed types and sources of food consumed, types of outdoor activities, and alcohol intake.

Results:

Alcohol intake was low and alone does not account for the observed high rates of birth defects. Wild foods, especially mushrooms and berries, and locally produced foods, especially milk related, were major radiation exposure routes. Additionally, women were exposed to radiation through inhalation while burning grasses and potato vines in fields, and wood for cooking and heating.

Conclusions:

Twenty four years after the Chernobyl accident, women continue to be chronically exposed to low‐dose radiation at levels exceeding current recommendations. This might contribute (especially synergistically with alcohol consumption and micronutrient deficiencies) to higher prevalence of birth defects in areas of Ukraine with high levels of radiation contamination compared to uncontaminated areas. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:667–674, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical outcomes of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and analysis of meiotic segregation modes in reciprocal translocation carriers
Authors: Ko Duck Sung , Cho Jae Won , Park So Yeon , Kim Jin Young , Koong Mi Kyoung , Song In Ok , Kang Inn Soo , Lim Chun Kyu
Published: May 2010

Balanced reciprocal translocation is the most common chromosome rearrangement, with an incidence of 1 out of 625 newborns. In reciprocal translocation carriers, genetically unbalanced gametes can be produced through three principal modes of segregation: adjacent‐1, adjacent‐2 and 3:1. In this study, we reviewed 133 cycles of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for 65 couples with reciprocal translocation and analyzed pregnancy outcomes and the meiotic segregation mode of gametes of the translocation carriers using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). We found that 285 of 1,508 embryos (18.9%) were normal or balanced. Thirty‐three clinical pregnancies, including eight spontaneous abortions (21.6% per couple), were established. According to the meiotic segregation analysis, the frequencies of 3:1 and 4:0 segregation modes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in female carriers, and the frequencies of adjacent‐1 and chaotic segregation modes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in male carriers. Our results indicate that meiotic segregation might be affected by the carrier's sex but not by the carrier's age or breakpoints. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The morphology of the sella turcica in velocardiofacial syndrome suggests involvement of a neural crest developmental field
Authors: Mølsted Kirsten , Boers Maria , Kjær Inger
Published: May 2010

We described the morphology of the sella turcica in individuals with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), also known as chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and compared the morphology with that of a control group of individuals from the Oslo University Craniofacial Growth Archive. The aim was to measure the cranial base angles in individuals with VCFS and, if possible, to discover the developmental field that may be involved in the condition. The study included 33 patients with VCFS from the Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center, Denmark. The genotype was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The morphology of the sella turcica was described and measurements of the cranial base angles were performed on lateral cephalometric radiographs. The VCFS individuals had larger deviations in the morphology of the sella turcica compared to individuals from the Oslo University Craniofacial Growth archive. The deviations were mostly in the posterior part of the dorsum sellae. Individuals with VCFS had increased cranial base angles. The results of this study combined with the information in the literature on the main defects in VCFS (palatal abnormalities, cardiac anomalies, thymic hypoplasia or aplasia, hypothyroidism, and posterior brain abnormality), suggest involvement of a specific developmental field. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline mosaicism in neurofibromatosis type 1 due to a paternally derived multi‐exon deletion
Authors: Bottillo Irene , Torrente Isabella , Lanari Valentina , Pinna Valentina , Giustini Sandra , Divona Luigina , De Luca Alessandro , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: May 2010

We report on the clinical and molecular features of a family in which neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) occurred in two of three siblings born to unaffected parents and in one granddaughter. Linkage analysis showed that the two affected siblings and the daughter of one of them shared the same paternal allele, whereas they had inherited different maternal alleles. We detected a disease‐causing deletion (c.4773‐3622‐?_5749+?del) encompassing three NF1 gene exons in affected individuals. This mutation occurred on the paternally derived allele, arguing for a germline mosaicism in the probands' father. Real‐time PCR showed that the mutation was present in about 10–17% of the paternal sperms. Current results confirm that germline mosaicism can explain the recurrence of NF1 in offspring of unaffected parents. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion of 8q24 in an adult with mild dysmorphic features, developmental delay, and ketotic hypoglycemia
Authors: Solomon Benjamin D. , Lange Eileen , Shubrook Jay , Service F. John , Herman Gail , Karne Rajaram J. , Gorden Phillip , Muenke Maximilian , Stratakis Constantine A.
Published: May 2010

We present a 56‐year‐old female with a history of carbohydrate intolerance and ketotic hypoglycemia, dysmorphic features, mild developmental delay, lymphedema, altered pain sensation, and frequent fractures, who was found to have a heterozygous 8.09 Mb deletion of chromosome 8q24.11q24.13 containing more than 39 genes, as well as a duplication of 20q11.23 containing one gene. The deleted region overlaps that of two previously reported patients, who share a subset of clinical characteristics with the patient described here. Some of this patient's clinical features are consistent with the loss of genes in the deleted region. The diagnostic work‐up of this patient clearly demonstrates the evolution of genetic testing techniques. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autosomal dominant spondylocostal dysostosis in three generations of a Macedonian family: Negative mutation analysis of DLL3, MESP2, HES7, and LFNG
Authors: Gucev Zoran S. , Tasic Velibor , Pop‐Jordanova Nada , Sparrow Duncan B. , Dunwoodie Sally L. , Ellard Sian , Young Elizabeth , Turnpenny Peter D.
Published: May 2010

The spondylocostal dysostoses (SCDs) are a heterogeneous group of axial skeletal disorders characterized by multiple segmentation defects of the vertebrae (SDV) and abnormality of the thoracic cage with mal‐aligned ribs and often a reduction in rib number. The four known monogenic forms of SCD follow autosomal recessive inheritance, have generalized SDV, a broadly symmetrical thoracic cage, and result from mutations in Notch signaling pathway genes—DLL3, MESP2, LFNG, and HES7. Autosomal dominant (AD) SCD has been reported less often, is very variable, and molecular genetic mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report a three‐generation, non‐consanguineous family with four affected individuals demonstrating multiple or generalized SDV. Scoliosis was present and the trunk shortened but the ribs were relatively mildly affected. There were no other significant organ abnormalities, no obvious dysmorphic features, neurodevelopment was normal, and all investigations, including mutation analysis of DLL3, MESP2, LFNG, and HES7, were normal. A non‐pathogenic variant was detected in LFNG but it did not segregate with the phenotype. This Macedonian kindred adds to knowledge of AD SCD and to our knowledge is the first to be tested for the four Notch pathway genes known to be associated with SCD. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of novel porous SiO2 material functionalized with C,C‐pyridylpyrazole receptor
Authors: Radi Smaail , Attayibat Ahmed , Ramdani Abdelkrim , Bacquet Maryse
Published: May 2010

A simple heterogeneous synthesis of pure modified porous polysiloxane SiO2 by condensing a functionalized C,C‐pyridylpyrazole with a 3‐glycidoxy‐propyltrimethoxy‐silane silylant agent, previously anchored on a silica surface is reported. The epoxide group was opened yielding a receptor pendant group bonded to the inorganic surface. The surface modification (MS) was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, BET surface area and B.J.H. Pore sizes. The new material exhibits good chemical and thermal stability determined by thermogravimetry curves. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Association of autistic spectrum disorder with season of birth and conception in a UK cohort
Authors: Hebert Karen J. , Miller Laura L. , Joinson Carol J.
Published: May 2010

Purpose: To examine the association between autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and seasons of conception and birth in a UK birth cohort: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Methods: Seasons of conception and birth were compared in children with and without ASD with season grouped as follows: spring (March–May); summer (June–August); autumn (September–November) and winter (December–February). Results: A total of 86 children with ASD were identified in the ALSPAC cohort giving a prevalence of ASD of 61.9 per 10,000. There was some evidence for an excess of children with ASD being conceived during the summer months with a rate per 1,000 conceptions of 9.5 in summer compared to 5.1, 4.6, 5.7 in spring, autumn and winter, respectively. A doubling of the odds was suggested for summer compared to autumn (Odds ratio 2.08 [1.18, 3.70]). In agreement with previous research, there was a corresponding peak in spring births. Conclusion: Conception during the summer months was associated with an over‐representation of children with ASD in this UK birth cohort. There was also an association between ASD and spring births. Further investigation of seasonal influences on the aetiology of autism is required to identify possible factors in the environment, and their mechanisms and timings.
A High‐Throughput Screen for Chemical Inhibitors of Exocytic Transport in Yeast
Authors: Zhang Lisha , Nebane N. Miranda , Wennerberg Krister , Li Yujie , Neubauer Valerie , Hobrath Judith V. , McKellip Sara , Rasmussen Lynn , Shindo Nice , Sosa Melinda , Maddry Joseph A. , Ananthan Subramaniam , Piazza Gary A. , White E. Lucile , Harsay Edina
Published: May 2010

Most of the components of the membrane and protein traffic machinery were discovered by perturbing their functions, either with bioactive compounds or by mutations. However, the mechanisms responsible for exocytic transport vesicle formation at the Golgi and endosomes are still largely unknown. Both the exocytic traffic routes and the signaling pathways that regulate these routes are highly complex and robust, so that defects can be overcome by alternate pathways or mechanisms. A classical yeast genetic screen designed to account for the robustness of the exocytic pathway identified a novel conserved gene, AVL9, which functions in late exocytic transport. We now describe a chemical‐genetic version of the mutant screen, in which we performed a high‐throughput phenotypic screen of a large compound library and identified novel small‐molecule secretory inhibitors. To maximize the number and diversity of our hits, the screen was performed in a pdr5Δ snq2Δ mutant background, which lacks two transporters responsible for pleiotropic drug resistance. However, we found that deletion of both transporters reduced the fitness of our screen strain, whereas the pdr5Δ mutation had a relatively small effect on growth and was also the more important transporter mutation for conferring sensitivity to our hits. In this and similar chemical‐genetic yeast screens, using just a single pump mutation might be sufficient for increasing hit diversity while minimizing the physiological effects of transporter mutations.
Concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide followed by temozolomide and sorafenib in the first‐line treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Ervin Thomas , Friedman Elke , Priego Victor , Murphy Patrick B. , Clark Bobby L. , Lamar Ruth E.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND:

The current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of sorafenib, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, when added to standard radiotherapy and temozolomide in the first‐line treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme.

METHODS:

After initial surgical resection or biopsy, patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme received concurrent radiotherapy (2.0 grays [Gy]/day; total dose, 60 Gy) and temozolomide (at a dose of 75 mg/m2 orally daily), followed by 6 months of maintenance therapy with temozolomide (at a dose of 150 mg/m2 orally on Days 1‐5 every 28 days) and sorafenib (at a dose of 400 mg orally twice daily). Patients were re‐evaluated every 2 months; the primary endpoint of the trial was progression‐free survival (PFS).

RESULTS:

A total of 47 patients were treated; 34 had undergone previous debulking surgery. Nineteen patients withdrew from treatment before the initiation of maintenance therapy with temozolomide and sorafenib (12 because of early tumor progression). Twenty‐eight patients (60% of enrolled patients) received 4 months of maintenance therapy with temozolomide and sorafenib, and 9 patients (19%) completed the planned 6 months of maintenance therapy. The median PFS for the entire group was 6 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.7‐7 months), with a 1‐year PFS rate of 16%. The median overall survival was 12 months (95%CI, 7.2‐16 months). Maintenance therapy with temozolomide and sorafenib was found to be well tolerated by most patients, with no grade 3/4 toxicity (according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 3.0]) reported to occur in >10% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

The addition of sorafenib did not appear to improve the efficacy of treatment when compared with the results expected with standard therapy. A substantial percentage of patients (40%) did not receive any maintenance sorafenib, most often because of early disease progression. The administration of angiogenesis inhibitors concurrently with radiotherapy and temozolomide may optimize the opportunity to improve therapy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Generalized Self‐Similarity of Edge Plasma Turbulence in Fusion Devices
Authors: Budaev V.P.
Published: May 2010

Recent results of the edge plasma turbulence in fusion devices are reviewed. The intermittent turbulent fluctuations demonstrate a multifractal statistics. The generalized scale invariance has been observed by involving the Extended Self‐Similarity hypothesis. Turbulence scalings are compared with predictions of intermittent turbulence models (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinear Dynamics in the Tokamak Edge
Authors: Scott B.D. , Kendl A. , Ribeiro T.
Published: May 2010

The nonlinear character of the tokamak edge results from a unique combination of parameters, leading to a wide dynamical range for most processes. The energetically consistent gyrokinetic equilibrium is emphasised. Edge turbulence computed gyrokinetically exhibits energetic contact to mesoscale MHD and does not follow linear scaling. Gyrofluid studies show self consistent profiles, currents and flows which are kicked out of equilibrium to varying degree. L‐mode turbulence and ELM crash phenomenology are both examples of energetic contact between turbulence and MHD, with opposite causality. The overall equilibrium is a statistical saturation rather than a state to which the plasma dissipatively converges (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthetic Doppler Reflectometer Diagnostic for Nonlinear Global Gyrokinetic Simulations
Authors: Leerink S. , Bulanin V. V. , Gusakov E. Z. , Heikkinen J.A. , Janhunen S. J. , Kiviniemi T. P. , Korpilo T. , Nora M. , Ogando F.
Published: May 2010

Turbulence spectra of density fluctuations measured with Doppler Reflectometry at the FT‐2 tokamak are com‐pared to full f nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations by means of a synthetic Doppler reflectometry diagnostic. The experimental and synthetic power spectrum of the Doppler reflectometer show good agreements in both the Doppler shift as well as the width of the power spectrum, indicating comparable rotation and spreading of the turbulence. The averaged radial electric field is shown to closely folllow the neoclasical Hazeltine Hinton value and Geodesic Acoustic mode are clearly identified by the width of the spectra (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling of Carbon Transport in the Outer Divertor Plasma of ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Aho‐Mantila L. , Wischmeier M. , Airila M.I. , Chankin A.V. , Coster D.P. , Fuchs Ch. , Groth M. , Kirschner A. , Krieger K. , Müller H.W. , Wolfrum E. , Nachname Vorname , Nachname Vorname , the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: May 2010

Carbon transport in the ASDEX Upgrade outer divertor plasma is investigated in numerical simulations. The SOLPS5.0 code package is used to model the scrape‐off layer plasma in a set of repeated lower‐single‐null L‐mode discharges. Special emphasis is given to replicate the plasma conditions measured in the full tungsten, vertical outer target of ASDEX Upgrade, and solutions with and without the effect of drifts are presented. First ERO simulations of hydrocarbon transport in a SOLPS plasma background including drifts are carried out, and significantly closer match to the experimental 13C deposition pattern is obtained than with the solution without drifts. The 2D divertor electric field predicted by SOLPS is applied to the ERO modelling, and it is observed to result in a poloidal hydrocarbon drift that agrees well with the experiment. An increased carbon deposition efficiency, particularly upstream from the source, is obtained in the normal ASDEX Upgrade field configuration (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Climate changes' effects on vegetation water stress in Mediterranean areas
Authors: Pumo D. , Viola F. , Noto L.V.
Published: May 2010

Many recent studies have demonstrated that CO2 increase is driving the climate in Mediterranean areas towards important changes, mainly represented by a temperature increase and a contemporaneous rainfall reduction. Starting from this premise, the primary aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of potential climatic changes on vegetational stress in Mediterranean ecosystems. Particular attention is here focussed only on the plants' water stress in water controlled ecosystems, mainly related to soil water balance. The interactions among climate, soil and vegetation are evaluated numerically by means of an ecohydrological model. In this work, different future climatic scenarios and their effects on woody and grassy vegetation are analysed, and the results show an increase in water stress for woody and grass vegetations: trees could suffer more because of the higher evapotranspiration rates and the decrease of the winter recharge. Results are strictly dependent on the future rainfall seasonal distribution and the possible modification in rainfall frequency and intensity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
γ‐Deprotonation of Bridging Vinyliminium Ligands: New Route to Aminobutadienylidene Diiron and Diruthenium Complexes
Authors: Busetto Luigi , Marchetti Fabio , Salmi Mauro , Zacchini Stefano , Zanotti Valerio
Published: May 2010

The SPh‐functionalized vinyliminium complexes [M2{μ‐η1:η3‐C(R′)=C(SPh)C=N(Me)(R)}(μ‐CO)(CO)(Cp)2][SO3CF3][M = Fe, R = Xyl, R′ = Me, 2a; M = Fe, R = Me, R′ = Me, 2b; M = Fe, R = 4‐C6H4OMe, R′ = Me, 2c; M = Ru, R = Xyl, R′ = Me, 2d; M = Fe, R = Xyl, R′ = CH2OH, 2e; M = Fe, R = Me, R′ = CH2OH, 2f; Xyl = 2,6‐Me2C6H3] react upon treatment with NaH in thf solution. Species 2a and 2c afford thedinuclear butadienylidene complexes [Fe2{μ‐η1:η3‐CN(R)(Me)=C(SPh)C=CH2}(μ‐CO)(CO)(Cp)2] (R = Xyl, 4; R = 4‐C6H4OMe, 8), respectively. The transformation of 2c into 8 is selective, whereas 2a produces 4 together with the metallacycle [Fe(CO)(Cp){CN(Xyl)(Me)C(SPh)C(Me)C(O)}] (3). A very similar metallacycle [Fe(CO)(Cp){CN(Me)2C(SPh)C(Me)C(O)}] (7) is obtained, as a single product, from 2b. Diruthenium complex 2d, upon treatment with NaH, affords the dinuclear butadienylidene complex [Ru2{μ‐η2:η3‐CN(Me)(Xyl)=C(SPh)C=CH2}(CO)2(Cp)2] (9), which is very similar to diiron species 4 and 8, but it exhibits a different bridging coordination mode, as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction. Complexes 2d and 2f upon treatment with NaH undergo deprotonation of the OH group, which consequently gives rise to an intramolecular nucleophilic addition to the CO group to yield the complexes [Fe2{μ‐η1:η3‐C{CH2OC(O)}=C(SPh)C=N(Me)(R)}(μ‐CO)(Cp)2] (R = Xyl, 10a; R = Me, 10b). This transformation is reversed upon treatment with HSO3CF3. The molecular structures of 8, 9, and 10a·0.33CH2Cl2·were determined by X ray diffraction studies.
Tandem Photoarylation–Photoisomerization of Halothiazoles: Synthesis, Photophysical and Singlet Oxygen Activation Properties of Ethyl 2‐Arylthiazole‐5‐carboxylates
Authors: Amati Mario , Belviso Sandra , D'Auria Maurizio , Lelj Francesco , Racioppi Rocco , Viggiani Licia
Published: May 2010

The photochemical reaction between ethyl 2‐chlorothiazole‐5‐carboxylate and benzene gave no product. In contrast, the reaction with ethyl 2‐iodothiazole‐5‐carboxylate gave ethyl 3‐phenylisothiazole‐4‐carboxylate. The same behaviour was observed if the reaction was performed in the presence of furan, thiophene and 2‐bromothiophene. The products thus obtained were studied for their photophysical properties and it was found that the observed absorptions [λmax=257 nm (ϵ = 7000 M–1 cm–1) for ethyl 3‐phenylisothiazole‐4‐carboxylate, 278 nm (ϵ = 7000 M–1 cm–1) for ethyl 3‐(2‐furyl)isothiazole‐4‐carboxylate, 269 and 285 nm (ϵ = 7500 M–1 cm–1) for ethyl 3‐(2‐thienyl)isothiazole‐4‐carboxylate] are mainly due to π → π* transitions from the HOMO to the LUMO+1 orbital. The tested compounds showed fluorescence [λem = 350–400 (λexc = 300 nm), 360 and 410 nm (λexc = 320 nm), 412 nm (λexc = 340 nm) for ethyl 3‐phenylisothiazole‐4‐carboxylate, 397 and 460 nm (λexc = 300 nm), 381, 394 and 460 nm (λexc = 320 nm), 381, 398 and 466 nm (λexc = 340 nm) for ethyl 3‐(2‐furyl)isothiazole‐4‐carboxylate, 372, 377 and 414 nm (λexc = 300, 320 and 340 nm respectively) for ethyl 3‐(2‐thienyl)isothiazole‐4‐carboxylate], possibly due to dual emission from different excited states. The use of the compound obtained as a sensitizer in the photo‐oxidation of trans‐α,α′‐dimethylstilbene showed that all the new compounds are singlet‐oxygen sensitizers.
Diastereoselective Access to Enantiomerically Pure cis‐2,3‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidines
Authors: Delaye Pierre‐Olivier , Pradhan Tarun K. , Lambert Émilie , Vasse Jean‐Luc , Szymoniak Jan
Published: May 2010

A straightforward access to enantiomerically pure 2,3‐disubstituted pyrrolidines is reported that involves diastereoselective allylation of (R)‐phenylglycinol‐derived imines and a sequential hydrozirconation–cyclization. A number of pyrrolidine derivatives bearing aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl and alkenyl groups have been prepared in this way. Such compounds are useful building blocks in the synthesis of molecules of biological interest, as illustrated by the syntheses of proline derivatives and the naturally occurring alkaloid (–)‐isoretronecanol.
General Approach to 2,3‐Dibenzyl‐γ‐butyrolactone Lignans: Application to the Total Synthesis of (±)‐5′‐Methoxyyatein, (±)‐5′‐Methoxyclusin, and (±)‐4′‐Hydroxycubebinone
Authors: Amancha Prashanth K. , Liu Hsing‐Jang , Ly Tai Wei , Shia Kak‐Shan
Published: May 2010

The total synthesis of natural lignans 5′‐methoxyyatein (1), 5′‐methoxyclusin (2), and 4′‐hydroxycubebinone (3), in racemic form, has been achieved by a newly developed strategy, wherein lithium naphthalenide induced decyanation was employed as a key operation to establish the essential trans configuration of the butyrolactone ring.
Substantial Spatial Flexibility and Hydrogen Bonding within the Catalysis Exerted by Cyclodextrin Artificial Glycosidases
Authors: Bjerre Jeannette , Bols Mikael
Published: May 2010

Herein we report the synthesis of a novel 7A,7D‐dicyanohydrin‐β‐cyclodextrin that catalyzes the hydrolysis of aryl glycosides with up to 5500 times rate increase (kcat/kuncat), functioning as a glycosidase enzyme mimic. For all glycoside substrates tested at 50 mM phosphate buffer this catalysis is superior to previously reported results for 6A,6D‐dicyanohydrin cyclodextrin (CD) artificial glycosidases, i.e. analogues which have their catalytic group one carbon atom closer to the cyclodextrin cavity. This provides proof of substantial flexibility within the catalysis exerted by these CD chemzymes. A series of permethylated mono‐ and dicyanohydrin α‐ and β‐CDs were also synthesized, and these showed more modest catalytic rate enhancements of up to 110 times (10 % catalysis rate, relative to non‐methylated analogues), implying that the permethylation blocks or hampers catalytically important binding between the saccharide part of the substrate and the CD. For comparison, the permethylated 6A,6D‐dicarboxylic acid β‐CD was also synthesized and afforded 25 % activity (up to 250 times rate increase) relative to the nonpermethylated 6A,6D‐dicarboxylic acid β‐CD. This suggests that the catalytic effect of the polar interactions of the ionized carboxylate entity is less dependent on the substrate position. These findings afford new information on the scopes and boundaries for CD artificial glycosidase catalysis, and the spatial flexibility discovered fosters optimism for future advances and discoveries within the field of artificial enzymes.
Bienzyme Sensor Based on an Oxygen Reducing Bilirubin Oxidase Electrode
Authors: Göbel G. , Dietz T. , Lisdat F.
Published: May 2010

Based on an oxygen reducing electrode combining bilirubin oxidase and multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified gold (BOD‐MWCNT‐Au electrode) a bienzyme sensor is developed. Therefore the BOD‐MWCNT‐Au electrode is covalently coupled to enzymes catalysing oxygen‐consuming reactions (glucose oxidase and ascorbate oxidase) to result in a membrane‐free bienzyme electrode. The electrochemical characterisation of these bienzyme sensors reveals an enzyme substrate sensitivity down to 250 μM glucose and 100 μM ascorbate. In addition, the assembled sensor systems allow amperometric measurements in a potential range where the influence of interfering substances reacting directly at the transducing electrode is minimised. The results indicate that the BOD electrode provides a suitable platform for sensing analytes of medical and environmental interest for which oxidases of high activity are available.
Simultaneous Determination of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers Using Preanodized Inlaying Ultrathin Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Wang Zhenhui , Sun Zhidan , Zhu Hefeng , Gao Guiqin , Liu Haiping , Zhao Xiaoling
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we described a rapid, sensitive and selective method for simultaneous voltammetric determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers with a preanodized inlaying ultrathin carbon paste electrode (PAIUCPE). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltammetry were employed to characterize the configuration and electrochemical properties of the electrode. The resulting PAIUCPE exhibited excellent recognition ability towards dihydroxybenzene isomers. Three well‐defined oxidation peaks of catechol (CC), resorcinol (RC) and hydroquinone (HQ) can be identified entirely at the electrode. The oxidation peak potential difference between HQ and CC was 120 mV, CC and RC 430 mV, respectively. The peak currents increased linearly with increasing the concentration of dihydroxybenzene isomers. The proposed electrode can be applied to simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers without previous chemical or physical separations.
Sensitive Superoxide Biosensor Based on Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles
Authors: Rafiee‐Pour Hossain‐Ali , Noorbakhsh Abdollah , Salimi Abdollah , Ghourchian Hedayatollah
Published: May 2010

Direct electron transfer of immobilized superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn‐SOD) onto silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles displays a pair of well defined and nearly reversible redox peaks with formal potential (E°′) of −0.03 V in pH 7.4. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) and surface coverage (Γ) of immobilized SOD are 11.0±0.4 s−1 and 1.42×10−11 mol cm−2. Biosensor shows fast amperometric response (3s) with sensitivity and detection limit of 1.416 nA μM−1, 1.66 μM, and 1.375 nA μM−1, 2.1 μM for cathodically or anodically detection of superoxide, respectively. This biosensor also exhibits good stability, reproducibility and long life‐time.
Electrochemical and Optical Behavior of 8‐Hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic Acid at Optically Transparent Electrodes
Authors: Andrews Ronnee N. , Seliskar Carl J. , Heineman William R.
Published: May 2010

The objective of this work is to elucidate the electrochemical and corresponding optical properties of 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (HPTS), using optically transparent electrodes, thereby deducing its usefulness as a model compound for spectroelectrochemical sensor development. Three pH levels were tested to determine optimal solution conditions for optical signal modulation. The electrolysis of HPTS follows an ECE mechanism, presumably resulting in the formation of a dihydroxy/dione derivative, and modulates the optical response at 405 and 460 nm wavelengths for pH 5 solutions. HPTS is a good candidate for spectroelectrochemical sensor research.
Advances in the Study of Ion Transfer at Liquid Membranes with Two Polarized Interfaces by Square Wave Voltammetry
Authors: Molina A. , Ortuño J. A. , Serna C. , Torralba E. , Gonzalez J.
Published: May 2010

A general analytical expression has been deduced for the I/E response of the square wave voltammetry corresponding to ion transfer processes in systems with two liquid/liquid polarized interfaces. This expression has been evaluated through the experimental study of a series of quaternary ammonium cations and metal chloro complex anions. We have found that systems with two liquid/liquid polarizable interfaces present the striking advantage that the difference between peak potentials of square wave voltammograms of cations and anions with similar standard ion transfer potential is much greater than in systems with a single polarizable one.
Carbonized Hemoglobin Nanofibers for Enhanced H2O2 Detection
Authors: Ding Yu , Jia Wenzhao , Zhang Heng , Li Baikun , Gu Zhiyong , Lei Yu
Published: May 2010

Electrospun hemoglobin (Hb) microbelts were used as a novel precursor to produce a new class of carbon nanofibers (Hb‐CNFs) containing Fe species (Fe2O3 and/or Fe‐N4 moiety). The Hb‐CNFs modified glassy carbon electrode (Hb‐CNFs/GCE) exhibits significant oxidation/reduction towards H2O2. The observed H2O2 oxidation/reduction starting at ca. +0.26 V and +0.15 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) are significantly lower than the values observed at other CNFs modified GCE. The Hb‐CNFs/GCE was also applied to the amperometric detection of H2O2 and the results showed fast response, high sensitivity, excellent reproducibility, good selectivity, and wide dynamic range with good limit of detection.
Selective Electroanalysis of Ascorbic Acid Using a Nickel Hexacyanoferrate and Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Hybrid Film Modified Electrode
Authors: Tsai Tsung‐Hsuan , Chen Tse‐Wei , Chen Shen‐Ming
Published: May 2010

The mixed‐valent nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) hybrid film (NiHCF‐PEDOT) was prepared on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by multiple scan cyclic voltammetry. The films were characterized using atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (AC impedance). The advantages of these films were demonstrated for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA) using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric techniques. The electrocatalytic oxidation of AA at different electrode surfaces, such as the bare GCE, the NiHCF/GCE, and the NiHCF‐PEDOT/GCE modified electrodes, was determined in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7). The AA electrochemical sensor exhibited a linear response from 5×10−6 to 1.5×10−4 M (R2=0.9973) and from 1.55×10−4 to 3×10−4 M (R2=0.9983), detection limit=1×10−6 M, with a fast response time (3 s) for AA determination. In addition, the NiHCF‐PEDOT/GCE was advantageous in terms of its simple preparation, specificity, stability and reproducibility.
Voltammetry of Aluminum Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media with Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode
Authors: Korshunov Andrey , Heyrovský Michael
Published: May 2010

The method of linear cyclic voltammetry with hanging mercury drop eletctrode allows to follow the behaviour of aluminum nanoparticles in aqueous dispersions. The particles gradually react with the dispersion medium to form aluminum hydroxide over various intermediate aggregates depending on composition of the dispersing solution. Voltammetry shows adsorption at the electrode of some of the reaction intermediates and formation of aluminum amalgam when the bared metallic core contacts the electrode.