bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finland's Treaties on Security Policy
Authors: Apunen Osmo
Published: March 2007

Apunen, O. Finland's Treaties on Security Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 249-261.

In this analysis of Finland's treaties from the 1920s to the 1970s concerning security issues, the author proceeds from a dichotomy: treaty elements regulating the political activity of the state and, on the other hand, actual international obligations pertaining to arms control. Treaty instruments of a predominantly political character fall under three categories: non-use of force, obligation to use force under specific circumstances, and obligation to pursue peace-strengthening foreign policy. In this connection the author deals with such questions as the inviolability of frontiers, neutrality, non-alignment and interna tional security guarantees in Finland's bilateral and multilateral treaties. Agreements on disarmament and arms control fall under the concepts of zoning, and quantitative and qualitative limitation of arms. The author concludes that the Finnish agreements reveal 'vogues'. During the interwar period (1920-1939) the aim of Finnish arms control policy was to seek a general European system of mutual regulations through treaties prohibiting the use and threat of force and providing methods for peaceful settlement of disputes. After World War II Finland's bilateral treaty obligations became more specific but, at the same time and especially during the détente period since the 1960s, Finland has been engaged in a process of negotiation based on concepts of positive peace and active interaction.
Icelandic Security Policy: Context and Trends
Authors: Gunnarsson Gunnar
Published: March 2007

Iceland holds a central position in the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom gap (GIUK gap), which constitutes a choke point through which naval transit routes in and out of the Norwegian Sea must necessarily lie. Situated between the American and European continents, Iceland constitutes a 'bridgehead' from which support or reinforcement by short-range aircraft from the U.S. can be provided. This article first analyzes the GIUK gap and its role in U.S. and Soviet naval strategy and concludes that changes in Soviet naval strategy imply diminished importance for the GIUK gap. The second part of the article analyzes general characteristics of Iceland's security policy. While there is no realistic alternative to Iceland's NATO membership, the U.S. base in Keflavík has been highly controversial. The perceived cultural impact of the American presence in Iceland has always been a major focus of the political controversy on security policy, whereas the military aspect has been less prevalent until recent years. Iceland's position in NATO has characteristically been a detached one. Icelandic efforts to establish research and expertise in the security field as well as the trend towards increased politicization of the military aspects of security policy are discussed in the concluding part of the article.
The Politics of Neutrality and Defence: Finnish Security Policy Since the Early 1970s
Authors: Möttölä Kari
Published: March 2007

For Finland, the last decade has been one of implementation in foreign policy and doctrine formation and material expansion in defence policy. After tracing the fun damentals of Finland's security conception, the article notes that the basic argument and strategy for an active foreign policy line, promoting peace and security, and based on acceptability of the line in the East and West, was established as early as the mid-1960s. Finland's Nordic security policy for confirming the 'disengaged' position of the area has been tenacious, whereas in European and global fora Finland's activity has been more dependent on the East-West climate. The three parliamentary defence committees formulated a defence doctrine legitimating the national defence system and ensuing armaments programmes dimensioned to respond to a limited conventional attack. The internal debate resulted in a consensus doctrine on how much Finnish- Soviet military cooperation to include in the defence doctrine that corresponds with the basic philosophy of Finland's foreign policy to trust in political regulation as the best security guarantee even in conflict situations. The military provisions of the Finnish-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance are to be used actively and reliably to maintain the preventive effect of the defence arrangement. With the onset of the 1980s the debate on the increased danger of limited nuclear war is testing the credibility of the defence doctrine based on a restrictive threat conception and questioning the concept of security policy traditionally used.
The Political Economy of European Natural Gas Markets
Authors: Davis Jerome D.
Published: March 2007

Davis, J. D. The Political Economy of European Natural Gas Markets. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII , 1983, 3-20.

The natural gas market, like Caesar's Gaul, is in three distinct parts: production, transmission and distribution. Critical to the relations between the stages is stability — a form of functional equilibrium not unlike that of solutions to a three person cooperative game. After defining stability and instability in natural gas markets, this article examines the manner in which state and industry cooperate both nationally and internationally to provide a stable basis for trade. The nature of European trade in natural gas is then analysed and the forms of industry-state cooperation are highlighted.
Conflict and Cooperation: The Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone Today
Authors: Maude George
Published: March 2007

Maude, G. Conflict and Cooperation: The Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone Today. Coop eration and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 233-243.

This article discusses three major lines of thinking about a proposed Nordic nuclear-free zone, namely the viewpoints of Olof Palme, Johan Jørgen Holst, and Osmo Apunen. These viewpoints constituted the key themes of the Nuclear Weapons and Northern Europe seminar held in Helsinki on 2-3 June 1983 under the auspices of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs. The article assumes the existence of a mounting degree of pressure in Northern Europe for such a zone and therefore attention is paid not to the question of the use-value of a NWFZ but to the method of its realization. It is concluded that notwithstanding the firm line taken by the present Norwegian government, NATO cannot — in the interests of its own power politics — long resist acceptance of a Nordic NWFZ. In this respect the article argues that the most acceptable model is the apparently least ambitious one.
Coordinating Foreign Policy: The Changing Role of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry
Authors: East Maurice A.
Published: March 2007

East, M. Coordinating Foreign Policy: The Changing Role of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 121-134.

This is a study of foreign policy-making in Norway, focusing on the need for increased coordination in foreign policy-making brought about by interdependence. New actors, new issues, and increased interplay between domestic and international forces within a nation's foreign policy arena bring about an increased need for coordination both within the Foreign Ministry and between ministries. It is argued that in Norway, the Foreign Ministry has shown a relatively low level of effectiveness in dealing with several aspects of coordination. This is demonstrated by looking at government studies of the Foreign Ministry, examining the patterns of growth in the ministry — what offices grow and what do they do, and interviewing numerous foreign service officers. It is shown that the Foreign Ministry seems to have increased its capacity to deal with and respond to increased activity by the missions abroad. However, there is less evidence of effective attempts to improve coordination within the ministry or between the ministry and other government agencies. Interviews with foreign policy-makers inside and outside the Foreign Ministry reveal that Foreign Ministry personnel do not consider the problem of coordination to be serious. They feel that because there is good personal and informal contact between individuals in the government, the foundation is there to coordinate whenever this is necessary without more formal or institutional mechanisms. However, when carrying out interaction and communication analysis of other ministries dealing with foreign matters, it is revealed that much information does not reach the Foreign Ministry and that their input is not sought as frequently as foreign service personnel think it is.
International Communication: An Intercultural Approach
Authors: Cohen Raymond
Published: March 2007

In recent years many disciplines within the social sciences have adopted an intercultural approach to human interaction, investigating the problems that arise when members of different cultures come into contact. Cross-cultural encounters are frequently marked by the confrontation of incompatible assumptions, about the nature of society and man's place in the world, which hinder accurate communication. Given that the orderly conduct of international relations depends, among other things, upon mutual comprehension, the article argues for the adoption of an approach sensitive to inter cultural dissonance. A survey of the existing literature suggests that fresh light can be shed on problems in areas such as negotiation, where intercultural communication is of the essence. Due regard, it is emphasized, must be paid to constraints on the relevance of subjective factors.
Decay and Revival of Détente. Dynamics of Center and Periphery in Superpower Rivalry
Authors: Østerud Øyvind
Published: March 2007

The article is an analysis of the relationships between regional questions and the strategic stance of the superpowers during the ebb and flow of détente. The exposition of the dynamics between "periphery" and "center" in East-West rivalry is mainly concentrated on the 1970s, with some lines on trajectories up to that decade, and a comment on later developments. The American and Soviet strategies towards the "grey zones" of influence are spelled out, and the interpretation of regional conflicts in the Third World as the blind spot of détente is substantiated at the level of intentional policies. The argument shows how détente was structurally flawed, and calls for a careful examination of causal strands in the fluctuations of superpower accommodation.
The Nordic Countries in International High-Technology Markets: Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Møller Kim
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to investigate the possible competitive advantages common to enterprises in more than one of the Nordic countries, and at least to some extent to explain them from specific societal or economic aspects common to the Nordic welfare states. Pharmaceutical production and export is chosen as the case study, as this is one example of an international competitive success common to most of the Nordic countries. To some extent the source of competitive advantage is the sophisticated demand for pharmaceuticals, represented by the advanced Nordic health care systems. The so-called Scandinavian welfare model may in this context be considered the source of competitive advantage generally, and the Nordic market as an advanced home market for the development of what are called welfare technologies and products.
Melby, S. The High North in Future US Security Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XXV, 1990, 41-58
Authors: Melby Svein
Published: March 2007

The Reagan administration's policy and interests concerning the situation in the North are described in this article. This is followed by an analysis of the major domestic and international bases for Reagan's security policy with its emphasis on the US Navy and Forward Maritime Strategy. On this basis, the possible changes in US and international security policy in the years ahead are analyzed. With this broad perspective as a starting point the possible future US policy and interests in the North are analyzed. It is concluded that several factors indicate an increased US interest in the North.
Practice and Procedure of the N.L.R.B. affecting the Hotel Industry
Authors: Naumoff Benjamin B.
Published: March 2007

The National Labor Relations Board indicated in May 1959 that it would henceforth exercise jurisdiction over hotels and motels (exclusive of permanent or residential enterprises) which receive at least $500,000 gross revenue yearly. This is a summary of the report given by the Regional Direc tor, Region 1, Bureau of Labor-Management Re ports, at the seminar on Federal Labor Law Affect- ting Hotels in August 1960.
Statistical Analysis in the Hospitality Field
Authors: Lesure John D. , Radigan J. Terry
Published: March 2007

-Out of slightly over 13,000 federal income tax returns filed by corporations in the lodging industry with fiscal years ending in 1961-62, only 44% reported net profits, and for those operations before-tax profits were slightly less than 5% of total receipts from operations of $1.7 billion.

-Out of nearly 35,000 federal income tax returns filed by corporations in the restau rant industry (classified as "Eating and Drinking Places") the respective ratios were 47% reporting net profits of only 4% of total receipts from operations of $4.1 billion.
Food Formulation and Cooking
Authors: Rietz Carl , Wanderstock J.J.
Published: March 2007

This article is an excerpt from The Selection, Combination & Cooking of Foods, Volume II. The authors take a broader, more scientific view of food preparation than that found in traditional books about cooking: "... most contemporary cookbooks are the compositions of the great chefs of the past whose writings were directed toward professional cooks. Training was based on tradi. tion and folklore.... None of these books pre sents the elements of the scientific approach in which knowledge and techniques of application are narrowly defined and exact procedures for mulated." The late Carl Rietz, also author of Volume I, was president of the Rietz Manufac turing Company of Santa Rosa, California and held numerous patents on food processing. Prof. J. J. Wanderstock, co-author of Volume II, in structs classes in Meat, Poultry, and Fish and also in Menu Planning in the School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University. This article is published through the courtesy of the Avi Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut.
A Model of Motel-Choice
Authors: Mayo Edward J.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a study, The Psychology of Choice in the Lodging Market, for which the research was funded by the 3M National Adver tising Company. The author, Dr. Edward J. Mayo, is assistant professor of Marketing Man agement at the University of Notre Dame. In his research, he was assisted by Raymond Ander son and George Vondruska.

This research study was made during the sum mer of 1973 when gasoline shortages were al ready prevalent in some sections of the Rocky Mountains and Northeast. During the Energy Crisis of 1973-74, the availability of gasoline and automobile services became an influencing el ement in the traveling public's decision of where to stay. Since then, gasoline has become generally available — albeit at higher prices - on turnpikes and in resort areas.

Recent sampling of the traveling public indicates for those not on an expense account that motel choice enroute to destination areas is strongly influenced by price, while those at destination are dictated by quality for the price, with house keeping suites at resort complexes being favored by families planning to stay three days or more. — Editor.
Highway Hotel
Authors: Hurley John A.
Published: March 2007

The highway hotel has been a mainstay of the hotel industry. These hotels can be profitable for the right operator. Here's how one owner converted a vintage 1970s highway hotel from a money-loser...
Prisons: Instruments of Law Enforcement or Social Welfare?
Authors: Jacobs James B. , Steele Eric H.
Published: March 2007

Who should be sent to prison is inseparably connected with the question of what the purpose of prison is. At times it may seem that the tail wags the dog; having conceptualized prisons as a part of either the criminaljustice system or the social welfare system, policy-makers then move on to the issue of how to choose clients to fill the institutions. A rational analysis of the place of prison in society must begin with a conceptual discussion which aims to locate prisons as insitutions within a broader societal context. The role of prisons, the details of prison conditions, and the choice of clients for the prison cannot be decided without placing the prison within the context of social control and social welfare.
Crime Prevention and the Displacement Phenomenon
Authors: Reppetto Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the argument that crime prevention programs which stress opportunity reduction or increased risk to offenders are without value because they merely displace crime—that is, shift its incidence to other forms, times, and locales. The paper is based in part on two empirical studies that examined the criminal histories of and interviews with 146 robbers and burglars.

Deterministic and opportunistic criminal behavior and the influence of personality, age, and crime type on the displace ment potential of various offenders are analyzed. The results suggest that there are definite limits to various displacement possibilities. Some crimes are so opportunistic that their pre vention in one circumstance will not lead to their occurrence in another. Even in instances where offenders blocked in one sphere would wish to operate in another, limits and costs will lessen the frequency of operation and therefore reduce the overall crime rate.

The study further suggests that the limitations to displace ment are most salient for specific types of crimes, criminals, and geographic areas. Thus the displacement potential of an anticrime strategy can be gauged in advance and, in certain instances, be minimized.
The Prediction of Dangerousness in Juveniles: A Replication
Authors: Schlesinger Stephen E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the application of predictor variables identified by nine previous studies and by staff members of a family court and its psy chiatric clinic to clinical predictions of dangerousness. The records of 122 juveniles evaluated by the clinic during a six-month period were studied for the presence or absence of the variables. No significant relationships were found in comparisons among predictor variables, clinic recommen dations to the court, and subsequent dangerous behaviors. The author dis cusses the difficulties inherent in field research of this type and the signif icance of the findings for clinical practice.
Does Adult Diversion Work?
Authors: Roesch Ronald
Published: March 2007

The author argues that criminal justice professionals have failed in most cases to critically evaluate programs introduced into the criminal justice system. Other reviews have shown criminal justice research to be largely nonexperimental. This problem is discussed in the context of pretrial diversion, an increasingly popular innovation in criminal justice. A recent project in Illinois illustrates the problems and pitfalls that can be expected when advocating more sophisticated methods of evaluation. In reviewing the research on evaluation of diversion projects, the author concludes that we know little about the effectiveness of this form of pretrial interven tion-projects typically have not been evaluated at all, or they have used weak experimental designs that do not allow for definitive conclusions. The author discusses possible reasons for this nonexperimental attitude and proposes a research methodology for future evaluations of diversion effectiveness. Evaluation of pretrial diversion is only part of a more general problem in criminal justice research, and it leads to a consideration of wide social policy implications.
Parole: Villain or Victim in the Determinate Sentencing Debate
Authors: Hussey Frederick A.
Published: March 2007

This paper counters the idea that the alleged failure of parole justifies abandoning the indeterminate sentencing system in favor of determinate sentencing. The author argues that, instead, we should assess the relevance of the rehabilitative ideal; only then can we logically talk of adopting a new sentencing system. The paper examines the present and historical role of parole and the positions taken in a recent series of papers on determinate sentencing published in Crime & Delinquency.
Marginality and commitment as hidden variables in the Jellinck/Weber/Merton theses on the Calvinist Ethic
Authors: Mol Hans
Published: March 2007

This article is a modest and frankly speculative attempt to draw the atten tion to two variables which (a) could possibly be 'behind' the more tradi tional ones, such as asceticism, objectivity, efficiency, rationality and individualism mentioned as salient for the original development of rational capitalism, natural science and modern democracy, and (b) could possibly provide an interesting fit with sociological theory and the sociology of religion.
Dollars for Schools: The Reinforcement of Inequality
Authors: Guthrie James W. , Kleindorfer George B. , Levin Henry M. , Stout Robert T.
Published: March 2007

The authors contend that children from lower socio-economic status homes are systematically discriminated against in the delivery of school services. Data from Michigan are employed to demonstrate that state aid equilization arrangements not only do not alleviate this discrimination, but, in fact, actually tend to reinforce it. James W. Guthrie is an Assistant Professor and Director of the Urban Education Program at the University of California, Berkeley; George B. Kleindorfer is a Lecturer in the School of Education, University of California, Berkeley and a Consultant to the Ford Foundation on matters related to quantitative analysis: Henry M. Levin is an Associate Professor in the School of Education and a member of the associated faculty of economics at Stanford University; and Robert T. Stout is an Associate Professor at the Clairmont Graduate School and the Coordinator of the Ford Foundation-funded Administrator Training Program at that institution.
The lannaccone-Lutz Model of School Board Change: A Replication in New Mexico
Authors: Le Doux Eugene P. , Burlingame Martin
Published: March 2007

Scholarly growth in the study of politics of education rests in part upon replication of theories seeking to explicate recurring political events. This study sought to replicate and extend scholarly work done in California concerning the predictions of school board election results. Eugene LeDoux is Director, Northern Branch, University of New Mexico and Martin Burlingame is Re search Associate, National Institute of Education, Washington, D.C.
Organizational Structure: A Factor Analysis of Structural Characteristics of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Bishop Lloyd K. , George Julius R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports an attempt to develop a comprehensive instrument for the analysis and quantitative measurement of organizational characteristics within elementary and secondary schools. The Structural Properties Questionnaire (SPQ) has under gone a series of factor solutions as a heuristic approach in applying the Axiomatic Theory of Hage to the measurement of school structure. Both elementary and secondary factor profiles are reported with concomitant research findings drawn from empirical analysis of these data. L. K. Bishop is a professor in the Division of Educational Administration, New York University; J. R. George is an Associate Professor of Educational Administration, Teachers College at Columbia University.
Factors Differentiating Preparation Programs In Educational Administration:UCEA Study of Student Organizational Environment
Authors: Steinhoff Carl R. , Bishop Lloyd K.
Published: March 2007

The findings are presented of a nation-wide survey of the organizational climate of UCEA affiliated preparation programs in educational administra tion. A factor structure extracted from the responses of 757 graduate students is described along with the graphic representation of the forty-two programs which they represent. The data are discussed with regard to their implications for programs planners in educational administration. This research was sup ported by the School of Education, New York University, and the Staff Affiliate program of UCEA.
Major Changes in School Integration Litigation, 1954-1979
Authors: Brown Frank
Published: March 2007

Since the United States Supreme Court's 1954 decision, which declared racially segregated schools unconstitutional, subsequent litigation in that area before the Court has resulted in several major changes. This paper assesses the nature of those changes as well as modifications in the Court's attitude toward equal rights issues. The changes are: standing to sue — the Court has narrowed qualifications for individuals who may sue a school district and has made it more difficult to bring class ac tion suits; test to evidence — in several school integration cases, the Court has shifted the burden of proof from the school district to the plaintiffs; de jure/de facto distinction — the Court has narrowed the distinction and has determined that de facto school segregation is not illegal unless plaintiffs can prove intent by the school district to segregate; and remedies required to integrate a segregated school district are now limited to the amount of the infraction. Current attitudes of the Court toward other school integration issues are also discussed.
Job Satisfaction and Teacher Absenteeism
Authors: Bridges Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

Extant research on the relationship between job satisfaction and employee absenteeism in the private sector clearly shows that job satisfaction is not a major factor in absenteeism. To determine whether a similar pattern prevails in educational organizations, a study was conducted among elementary teachers. Although the results of this study are consistent with the previous research, there is evidence to suggest that the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism, tenuous as it appears to be, is conditioned by the design of the teacher's job. Specifically, job satisfaction and absenteeism are more apt to be related under a condition of high work interdependence than under moderate or low interdependence. (This research was supported in part by the Institute for Educational Finance and Governance, Stanford University.)
Problems of Complex Systems: A Model of System Problem Solving Applied to Schools
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Rousseau Denise M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a model of problem solving that specifies the way in which system properties give rise to a set of generic problems that must be resolved by all organizations. The adequacy of an organization's problem solving is hypothesized to be related to the resources (inputs) available to the system and to the appropriateness of its structures. This model, including the relationship between problem solving adequacy and system outputs, is tested in a sample of twenty-five public schools.
The Effect of Position and Layout on the Readership of News Items
Authors: Knapper Chris , Warr Peter B.
Published: March 2007

In an experiment using four systematically varied versions of a newspaper page, the authors find evidence to show how readership of an item is related to size of headline, size and layout of item, and the item's position on the page.
Changes in the Soviet concept of news - to what extent and why?
Authors: Zhou He
Published: March 2007

The Soviet concept of news has undergone some significant changes over the past few years. Theoretically, there has been an emphasis on timeliness, on the inclusiveness of news coverage, on 'public interest' and on a slight differentiation between official views and individual observations in news.

A brief survey of the Soviet media in this study, which includes a content analysis of sampled English-language translations of Pravda, has found that there have been at least five noticeable changes in the operation of the media: (1) more timely releases of news; (2) a tremendously expanded scope of coverage that has included many formerly forbidden topics; (3) a trend toward providing more factual, though still sketchy, information; (4) more human-interest and entertainment stories; and (5) more 'moderately negative' items.

These changes seem to have started with a slight revision of Lenin's doctrine of an agitating, propagandist, educational and organizational press. The Soviet press has recently been assigned a new role - a role of 'an observer of life,' 'a chronicler of the present day' and 'a public opinion accumulator.'

These changes have been attributed to several causes - 'political ex pediency,' 'professional pride' or 'bottom-up' pressure from the audience. This author, however, assumes that the changes in the Soviet concept of news have been caused, primarily, by the modemization process and the accompanying socioeconomic changes.

Over the past few years, noticeable signs of change have emerged in the Soviet concept of news. Even before Mikhail Gorbachev came to the fore, a new type of Soviet journalism, as Dean Mills observed, was coming into being and was moving toward a more objective form of reporting 'with which few American reporters would disagree.'1 To what extent has the Soviet concept of news changed under Gorbachev? And what has caused the changes? This paper explores these two basic questions.
Ideologies in the news: On the measurement of ideological characteristics of news reports
Authors: van den Berg H. , van der Veer C.G.
Published: March 2007

Abstract. In this article, we discuss recent developments within the field of text-analysis from a socio-cultural point of view. In the first part attention is paid to the relation between dominant research traditions in communication studies such as the tradition of content analysis and new approaches which are often labeled as discourse analysis. The main methodological and theoretical problems within the tradition of content analysis are exposed. Perspectives of discourse analysis to overcome these problems are evaluated. Common problem of different approaches seems to be the question whether adequate research tools can be designed to produce not only reliable and valid results but also theoretical relevant analyses of media-discourses.

In the second part of this article we consider by way of example a new method of measuring ideological characteristics of news. This method is comparable to jurisdiction in several important respects: Like judges, the task of coders does not simply consist of applying rules of coding in a purely technical way. The coding of news articles, using general rules, is coupled to a further elaboration of the rules themselves. To test the validity of this procedure, we use a method of scaling derived from a theoretical model generally known as "the law of categorical judgement". We also analyze the reliability of the coding process. Finally, the value of the research tool is demonstrated by presenting some results of a content analysis of the news coverage of a renowned Dutch industrial dispute in the seventies.
Communication techniques in China's planned birth campaigns
Authors: Cheng Chaoze
Published: March 2007

This study endeavours to explore the range of communicative options that have been used in the process of the family planning in China in the past four decades. The study has several purposes: first, to reconstruct the evolution of birth control policy in China since 1949 when the Communist Party took over power. Second, to explain this evolution through an analysis of how those communication techniques are interwoven and interacted with each other. Third, to review various communication techniques, and to assess the extent to which those techniques used in planned birth campaigns have affected China's fertility rate; and finally, to suggest to policy-makers in other developing countries a basis for assessing which, if any, of the Chinese experience could be selected for adoption and modification for family planning programs, especially in rural populations.
The world of U.S. network television news: Eighteen years of international and foreign news coverage
Authors: Gonzenbach William J. , Arant M. David , Stevenson Robert L.
Published: March 2007

This study updates the research on international and foreign news coverage of U.S. network news with a content analysis of almost 10,000 stories from 1972 to 1989. The results suggest that network news has presented a fairly consistent picture of foreign news over time and that there is little difference between the three networks. A minor increase in on-site correspondent reports has occurred over time, and the difference between in-studio and on-site reports is stronger when time, rather than frequency of stories, is the unit of analysis. Finally, foreign coverage is geographically unbalanced and emphasizes disruption more than domestic coverage does.
The MacBride Movement: Old ‘New Order’ leads to the new
Authors: Sussman Leonard R.
Published: March 2007

‘The MacBride Movement’ was the culmination of the campaign by the Non- aligned Movement to secure a better share of the global communications flows, while improving coverage by the dominant Western news media of Third World information and political objectives. The Soviet bloc, for its own Cold War objectives, joined the Nonaligned's bid for some ‘new world information and communication order’.

With the MacBride Commission's report in 1980, following the relatively moderate Mass Communication Declaration at Unesco in 1978, the Nonaligned Movement's drive for NWICO reached its peak. This was the result, I maintain, mainly of 1) the changed global geopolitics, demonstrated spectacularly in 1989–91, and 2) the opportunities for diversity of information flows provided by the new communications technologies. They had already demonstrated they could generate and sustain political revolutions in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

The paper traces the ‘Hegelian dialectic’ of events preceding and during the rise of the MacBride Movement: the ‘old order’ (Thesis, or Western dominance) from 1946 to 1976, the old ‘new order’ (Antithesis, or Nonaligned-Soviet challenge) from 1976 to 1989, and the new ‘New Order’ (Synthesis, or coming age of ISDN) from 1989.

ISDN, integrated systems of digital networks – the networking of networks, worldwide – provides 'small’ communications capabilities (telephone, fax, copier, computer, radio particularly FM) tied to the long-distance lines (satellites, fiber optics, computer links). The cost of linkage will drop dramatically as each new facility is mass-distributed, and as competition – especially system competing against system – reduces the cost to the citizen.

There are, indeed, dangers in mass linkage. The Orwell warning is appropriate. But this paper argues that competition and government regulation (replacing censorship in many places) will prevent the monopolization by commercial interests, as diverse communication machines in the hands of citizens will prevent government monopolies.

As a consequence, there were mainly winners in the decade-long debates in Unesco over NWICO. The developing countries are beginning to receive aid in building communication infrastructures, Western coverage of their news is improving, and developing-world citizens will increasingly have access to the domestic as well as international information flows. The West, meanwhile, has ended the bitter debates over NWICO, and the perceived threat of new forms of media censorship from governments or intergovernmental organizations.
The International Programme for the Development of Communication: A decade of infancy
Authors: Engstrom Judith A.
Published: March 2007

The IPDC, which at inception promised practical assistance to developing nations unencumbered by the conflicting ideologies of the First and Third Worlds, quickly fell short of expectations and has been largely ignored since the mid-1980s. Despite administrative and budget problems, the Programme remains an acceptable, if small, effort to address communications imbalances. Most projects approved for funding in the past decade have dealt with media training and research, radio and television broadcasting, and the creation or improvement of regional news agencies. In support of the 1991 Declaration of Windhoek, future projects will be funded not only according to need, but also based on their contributions to press freedom and the principles of independence, pluralism and diversity of the media.
Harnessing the potential of entertainment-education telenovelas
Authors: Singhal Arvind , Rogers Everett M. , Brown William J.
Published: March 2007

The enormous economic, political and social problems of the developing world call for creating effective, equitable, and socially responsible mass media programs that will solve human problems and benefit society. The present article investigates the use of the entertainment-education strategy in mass communication, especially focusing on the potential of telenovelas in addressing problems of national development. We trace the diffusion of the entertainment-education telenovelas from Mexico to other developing countries, and distill the lessons learned to date about the conditions (for instance, the physical and human resources) needed in a country to successfully design and implement the entertainment-education strategy.
Communication Development in Vietnam: The Politics of Planning
Authors: Kennedy Laurel B.
Published: March 2007

Vietnam's communication policies since the 1980s have shown a curious dualism in their treatment of the mass communications and telecommunications sectors. While the development of telecommunications has been undertaken with increasing participation from foreign firms operating under liberalized investment policies, the mass media experienced limited freedoms from state controls for only a short period, followed by rapid retrenchment by the Vietnamese Communist Party. This study describes the historical development of the two communication sectors and documents policy trends affecting each over the last five years. The study then explores Vietnam's shifting political economy during the same period, finding that the country's efforts simultaneously to maintain its Communist political ideology and to develop its economy through free-market mechanisms and foreign invest ment explain the tenuous dualism in communications policy.
Development Journalism in an Asian Setting: A Study of Depthnews
Authors: Mckay Floyd J.
Published: March 2007

Asian development journalism, centered since 1967 in the Press Foundation of Asia, begins a second quarter-century with a network of over 2,500 journalists trained by the Manila-based foundation, and a regionwide development news service, Depthnews. A content analysis of Depthnews shows the original ideas of development news survive: the service has a high proportion of stories dealing with rural development, health, population, science and news of women; it also seeks non-institutional sources and subjects. By avoiding direct government ties, PFA has maintained regional press credibility, but remains a supplemental service unable to sell itself outside Asia.
China's TV program import 1958-1988: Towards the inter nationalization of television?
Authors: Junhao Hong
Published: March 2007

This paper illustrates the change in China's TV program import over the past 30 years from 1958 to 1988 - before, during and after the Cultural Revolution. The emphasis is placed on the reform period in the 1980s. The study indicates that, along with the globaliza tion of television, many changes have occurred in China's TV program import channel, import purpose, import criterion, import format and import category. The paper provides descriptions, interpretations and analyses of what has happened in China's TV program importation, why these changes occurred and what these changes meant. The author concludes that the China's reform policies - open-door policy, decentralization policy and pluralism policy - were the fundamental factors for the changes.
New media and old inequities: gender and media use in Nigeria
Authors: Hornig Susanna , Kern-Foxworth Marilyn , Zall Cari
Published: March 2007

This paper uses survey data from Nigerian college students to illustrate the fact that the introduction of new media technology does not in itself solve problems of gender equity in information access. Fewer women than men in the sample read a newspaper or listened to the radio daily, and women were more likely than men to identify television as their "most credible" source. Furthermore, women were less likely than men to identify news programming as preferred television content. Overall, the data suggest that despite equiv alent access women seemed to be getting less news information out of the available system.
Professionalization without guarantees: Changes of the Chinese press in post-1989 years
Authors: Yu Xu
Published: March 2007

Intended to stimulate interest in probing the interrelationship between the press and social change in China, this paper investigates some salient aspects of the changes of the Chinese press in post-1989 years and their implications for journalistic professionalization. It is argued that under the hybrid system of economic freedom and political repression, journalism as a profession, while benefiting from the changing information environment, suffers from persistence in the Maoist press theory and the nation-wide commercialization. It is further argued that press professionalization can hardly be guaranteed unless a more democratic and freer political climate emerges in China.
Advertising and cultural values: A content analysis of advertising in Taiwan
Authors: Tsao James C.
Published: March 2007

Content analysis was used to examine cultural values that were manifested in advertising in Taiwan from 1981 to 1990. During this period, the study shows, time perspectives, Western orientation and hard-sell appeals became increasingly emphasized in Taiwan's advertisements. The study also reveals a sharp contrast on the reflection of cultural characteristics in the advertising of two different periods (1981–1985 and 1986–1990). This contrast is marked by the social and economic changes of Taiwan during the given years. Findings of this study have implications for research on intercultural communication and strategies of international advertising.
The effect of social and physical distance on the global communication networks
Authors: Choi Young
Published: March 2007

A close examination of the effects of social (language) and physical distance on the global communication networks revealed that these two factors played important roles in global communication networks. The results of this study showed that language similar ities/differences (whether or not its citizens spoke the four languages - English, German, French, and Spanish) were significantly related to the structure of the four global communica tion networks, that is telecommunication, written, physical, and face-to-face communication, represented by telephone, mail, trade, and transportation networks respectively. There were also statistically significant relationships between a country's physical location and language similarities/differences and the structure of the four global communication networks. Physical distance added incremental variance in the explanation of the telecommunication, written com munication, physical communication, and face-to-face communication network structure. It was found that the effect of social distance on telecommunication and written communication was stronger than that of social distance on face-to-face communication. On the other hand, the effect of physical distance on face-to-face communication was stronger than that of physical distance on telecommunication and written communication.
International agenda-setting effects of Saudi Arabian media: A case study
Authors: Al-Haqeel Abdallah S. , Melkote Srinivas R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of Saudi Arabian media in setting the intrapersonal, interpersonal and international agenda for the civil servant employees in Riyadh, the capital city. Al-Riyadh and Al-Sharq Al-Awsat were selected for analysis as they were reported to be the most popular Arabic language newspapers in Riyadh. In addition, the two television channels in Saudi Arabia were also examined for their agenda- setting effects. The results of our study indicated that while the mass media were not successful in influencing the intrapersonal and interpersonal agendas of the public, they were very effective in influencing the salience of issues in the public's international agenda. The crosslagged correlations showed that the direction of influence was from the mass media to the public and not vice-versa. The findings of this study have important implications for the agenda-setting functions and impact of the media in countries with a tightly controlled information processing and disseminating system. It is hoped that testing the agenda-setting effects in Saudi Arabia may suggest some generalities that may be relevant to other countries in the Third World with similar socio-political systems.
Phoenix from the ashes: The influence of the past on Cambodian's resurgent free media
Authors: Clarke Judith
Published: March 2007

In 1992-1993, freedom of expression and of the press returned to Cambodia after nearly 20 years of war and internal disruption, including more than three years of complete suppression under the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s. This paper examines the nature of the wide range of news media, old and new, that were in existence by mid-1994 and tries to assess the influence of journalists from various backgrounds, and of different types of ownership and organization.
Sharing information in Kenya: Communication and information policy considerations and consequences for rural women
Authors: Steeves H. Leslie
Published: March 2007

This essay examines communication and information policy considerations from the standpoint of Kenyan women, particularly rural women. Present policy and the historical and political context in which discussions have been taking place are reviewed. A 1991 seminar provides an illustration of how women's needs are neglected in discussions. Assuming a commitment to represent women's needs in policy making, I suggest four areas that must be addressed: (1) women's employment in media and information institutions; (2) women's access to useful information through media and information technologies and other forms of communication; (3) representations of women in media and information content; and (4) gender-sensitive criteria in choices of media and in the acquisition of technologies.
Working together for injury reduction: a study of Accident Alliances in South East England
Authors: Green Judith
Published: March 2007

Partnership is a cornerstone of current UK health policy, and a reduction in mortality and serious injury from accidents a key target. This paper reports a study of Accident Alliances, which explored participants' accounts of working together and using evidence to inform strategic and operational decisions. The reported facilitators of effective inter-agency working around injury reduction included clear remits for participants and the prioritisation of the alliance's work within the contributing organisations. The study focused on the barriers to the adoption of 'evidence-based' policy within partnerships. Evidence was rooted in professional and organisational cultures, and often contested. The greatest challenge was working together across diverse policy agendas, and reaching a consensus about appropriate use of evidence.