bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biogas Production from Waste Glycerol with Inhibition from Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Beschkov V. , Angelov I. , Petrova P.
Published: October 2017

One of the ways for waste glycerol utilization is biogas production. This biogas could be used for partial energy supply of the main biodiesel plant. An important hinder for this application is the accumulation of carboxylic acids leading to strong inhibition of the methanogenesis and shift to production of gas with very low methane content. The present paper studies the possibility of biogas production from waste glycerol in a multistage anaerobic digester composed by consecutively situated cells separated by baffles. This cascade-type bioreactor enables the separation of zones with different pH and organic acid content and therefore to achieve flexible operation. The experiments show stable pH-profile along the bioreactor stages with minimum pH-values in the middle cells. Identification of the intermediate products resulting of the digestion was carried out. A strong correlation between the acid content and the pH-value in each reactor stage was observed.

Microbiological study shows that the microbial profile along the reactor varies with the progress of fermentation. The initial glycerol biodegradation is accomplished by aerobes and facultative anaerobes, whereas the methanogenesis starts after the first stage and it is represented consecutively along the stages by the genera Methanosarcina, Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter. Their concentrations are strongly sependent on the pH values. It was shown that overloading with glycerol leads to gradual decrease of methane in the produced biogas with an un-desired long period of further restoration of the normal reactor functioning.
Microbial Fuel Cell a Reliable Source for Recovery of Electrical Power from Synthetic Wastewater
Authors: Rahimnejad M. , Najafpour G.D. , Ghoreyshi A.A. , Jafari T. , Haghparast F.
Published: October 2017

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were successfully used as a biological process to remove organic load from synthetic wastewater. Electricity was produced via oxidation of biodegradable organic matter in the presence of active biocatalyst. The system was able to generate clean energy at high efficiency. Wastewater contained organic compound used as substrate in the anaerobic chamber of MFC. The chemical energy generated sufficient electrons which were passed through a resistance to identify current density and liberate electric power as energy source. Acetone as biodegradable substrate with concentration of 3g.l-1 was introduced as carbon source in the anode chamber of the MFC. The mixed culture of living microorganisms originated from a biological treatment unit used for anaerobic degradation of organic substrate. The inoculums were supplied by an up flow anaerobic hybrid reactor, a pilot scale bioreactor used for treating pulp and paper wastewater. In this course of treatment, once chemical oxygen demand was removed the current and power was generated while data were recorded via online acquisition system. Also polarization curve was obtained for each set of experiment. In cathode compartment several concentration of ferocynide and potassium permanganate were added to obtain the optimal concentration of oxidizing agents in the cathode chamber. At concentration of 300 μM potassium permanganate, the maximum power and current generated were 22 mW.m-2 and 70 mA.m-2, respectively.
Lab Scale Simulation of a Leak in a Landfill Cover
Authors: Modin Hanna , Palm Helena , Van Praagh Martijn , Persson Kenneth M.
Published: October 2017

Many Swedish landfills are currently applied with a final cover. To minimise costs and the use of natural resources, waste materials can be a suitable substitute in landfill covers. Depending on the wastes’ contents, their mobility and in which layer of the final cover they are used, they could potentially contribute to the emission potential of the landfill. In this study the impact on landfill leachate quality from the drainage water of a final cover is investigated.

Part of a landfill and its cover, below the upper drainage layer, was simulated in lab scale: The simulated liner was constructed from a mixture of fibre and ash residues from paper pulp production and the foundation and gas drainage layer was simulated by bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator. The waste below the liner was simulated by residues fromsorting of construction and demolition waste. The leachate from the simulated damaged landfill cover had elevated concentrations of many substances including metals, ions and organic matter. However, the simulated landfilled waste could sorb several of these. Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, N, P, Pb and Sb were sorbed to such an extent that the effect from the cover leachate was unnoticeable. The only pollutants that passed through the waste unattenuated were As, K, Na, TOC, V and Zn. In a real landfill the sorption would be even better since the waste mass will be much larger compared to the cover. Despite elevated concentrations of potentially complex forming substances there was no evidence that the cover leachate enhanced the leaching of any contaminants from the waste. Altogether the results show that the use of the studied waste materials in landfill covers can only be expected to have a small effect on the concentration of contaminants in the leachate from the landfill.
International Youth Scientific Environmental Forum of the Baltic Region Countries «Ecobaltica»
Authors: Fedorov Mikhail , Rud’ Vasiliy , Cheremisin Alexey
Published: October 2017

The solution of global and local environmental problems demands consolidation of efforts of specialists (experts) from various areas of a science and technology. Education and training of ecologically competent experts is an essential task of a modern society for provision and maintenance of a favorable, ecologically safe environment for present and future generations of people on our planet. This purpose is served by widely known concept of the sustainable development which idea should be a basis in professional training specialists for various branches of a science, economy and education. The important means for exchange by experience, knowledge and designs between scientific and educational institutions,enterprises, companies, firms etc., are the international scientifically-practical conferences, seminars and forums. One of them is the International Youth Scientific Environmental Forum of the Baltic Region Countries «ECOBALTICA».

The history of carrying out of the Forum at the St.-Petersburg State Polytechnic University totals already almost 15 years. Some generations of young scientists and specialists who wereregularly taking part in the Forum in this period, had time to be formed and grow. An aim of the Forum «ECOBALTICA» is consolidation of international experience of solution ofapplied and fundamental issues of ecology and environmental protection, as well as the problems connected with reproduction of highly skilled engineering and scientific manpower at domestic and international level. Interest to the Forum was shown by participants not only from the countries of the Baltic region, but from many far states to Baltic Sea. It is important to notice that long-term cooperation with University of Kalmar city, Sweden, has allowed organizers of the Forum «ECOBALTICA » to raise its efficiency and to deduce it onabsolutely new organizational level.

As a result, there has been created in St.-Petersburg the system of measures directed to increase of efficiency of scientific and educational process in sphere of environmentalprotection, to develop bases of ecological culture of the people that has allowed to pass from discussion of scientific questions and education of qualified manpower, to direct influence on ecological conditions of the Baltic Region.
Thermal Internal Boundary Layer Height by Numerical Simulation of the Fumigation
Authors: Sahebnasagh M.R. , Esfahanian V. , Ashrafi KH. , Khakshour M.
Published: October 2017

Fumigation is an important subject in air pollution. In a neutral atmosphere, temperature decreases with the height. However, when there is a transient condition of climate like sunrise in the morning which leads to increase the land surface temperature, temperature profile of stable condition will change. In these conditions, convection of air near the ground surface increases the turbulence and dispersion coefficient. In coastal area, there will be a temperature difference between the sea and land. This condition make the pollutants to fumigate when enters to the layer above the ground named as Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL). The height of TIBL which defines the extent of fumigation is important. Researchers suggested several formulas for estimating the TIBL height based on practical works. In this paper, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) provides discrete phase model (DPM) of dispersion using Reynolds stress transport model of turbulence (RSM) applied for estimating the TIBL height. Study domain is two dimensional, 2500 m in wind direction (sea to land) by 800 m height. Velocity profiles of the neutral atmosphere are forced to the model in neutral steady state atmospheric conditions. Resulted profiles in downwind of the inlet are compared with the forced profiles to evaluate the accuracy of the model. To simulate the fumigation, land temperature fixed to a higher temperature than the sea by 5°c. Resulted velocity profile andgradient of Reynolds stress parameters u ' u ' and u ' v ' in different elevations is used to estimate the TIBL height. The location of sharp change in the Reynolds stress specified as theTIBL height at each elevation. A formula covering the coordination of these locations fitted to define the TIBL height and its growing from coastline towards wind direction. Experimentalformula which is used can be substituted by the determined formula this study.
An Investigation on the Environmental Impact of a Petroleum Refinery and Proposed Methods for Decontamination of Soil and Groundwater
Authors: Zargar Masoumeh , Sarrafzadeh Mohammad Hossein , Taheri Bahram
Published: October 2017

Toxicity of crude oil for the living world and ecosystems in general is a global problem of both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Therefore, the remediation of oil contaminated soils, sediments and groundwater is a major challenge for environmental research. In the target area of this survey which is a petroleum refinery near Tehran, soil and groundwater pollution, its source, contaminated area and distribution of pollution were studied. The investigations showed that the contamination of soil which is mainly silt and clay is expanded until the surface of region groundwater and formed an oily layer with different thicknesses in the whole area. According to the result of free product analysis, the free product is a multi-type mixture of oil and its main ingredients are assumed to be gasoline, kerosene, and gas oil. In addition, pollution sources in the field are thought to be underground pipes, tanks, pipeline and so on. For decontaminating of soil and water resources there are different ways including physical, chemical and biological methods or combination of two or three types of them to reduce the extent of contamination and its dangers for the region ecosystem. The free oil existing over the groundwater table could be removed by physical ways like pump and treat method but decontamination of soil is more complex. Due to long lasting contamination of the field, the existence of accumulated indigenous microorganisms and the probable ability of them to effectively biodegrade pollutants by man-assisted interventions are expected. In this survey the feasibility assessment of bioremediation alongside other ways of treatment in the investigated area is performed.
Minimizing Economical Losses with the Help of “Real-Time” Algal Surveillance
Authors: Granéli Edna , Esplund Christina , Lindehoff Elin , Brutemark Andreas
Published: October 2017

Cyanobacterial blooms covering almost the entire Baltic Sea is a yearly feature during July-August. For the tourism industry at Öland island, SE Sweden, the economical losses during the summer 2005 amounted to 17-23 million euros. Remote sensing satellite images show that all the Öland beaches are covered with decomposing algae. In reality, these blooms rarely reach the western side of the island. To more accurately inform the public on the quality of the water for swimming, with the help of volunteers, a daily real-time surveillance of the algal densities on the beaches was performed. The volunteers (from 15 years old to pensioners) were trained at the Linnaeus University, from simple laboratory techniques, to more complicated ones such as identification and enumeration of the toxic cyanobacteria species. By latest 9.00 a.m., the public had access to information on the algal situation on 17 beaches. We could show that: 1) although remote sensing images showed Öland being surrounded by the blooms, our surveillance showed no algal accumulations on the beaches 2) that the real-time warning system boosted public confidence in the local water quality and during the first “Miss Algae”-summer 2006, the economical losses by the tourism industry turned in profits, the gain amounting to 17 million euros, 3) this kind of real-time surveillance is economical feasible due to low-costs involved, but also, the project has a great social value for the volunteers who mostly were pensioners. The volunteers who participated in “Miss Algae” had a good knowledge about the area they monitored (as their houses are located nearby) and could disseminate knowledge to the public in these areas. This kind of project also render a lot of interest regional, national and international, and can be used in advertising campaigns to increase tourism in the areas affected by algal blooms.
Elemental Composition of C, N and P in Single Cells of Three Filamentous Cyanobacteria Using Nmp (Nuclear Microprobe) and Traditional Techniques
Authors: Pérez Blanco Eva , Karlsson Chatarina , Pallon Jan , Granéli Edna
Published: October 2017

Intracellular contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in phytoplankton cells are traditionally measured using concentrates containing thousands to millions of cells. In this study we have used a Nuclear MicroProbe (NMP) as an approach for the determination of C, N and P concentrations in single filaments of three cyanobacteria species: Anabaena sp., Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae var. klebahnii isolated from Baltic Sea water. Estimations of C, N and P content per cell have been calculated and compared with the concentrations found with traditional bulk methods. No significant differences regarding the C, N and P cellular content were found between the two methods for each of the species tested. From our results we conclude that the use of NMP can be a useful tool for studying the elemental contents in single phytoplankton cells occurring among several thousands of other cells of different species in field samples.
A two family house built to passive house standard in the north of Sweden: environmental system performance
Authors: Jonasson Jonas , Danielski Itai , Svensson Michelle , Fröling Morgan
Published: October 2017

A life cycle assessment (LCA) of a low energy / passive house in northern Sweden, including building materials and energy use is reported. The case study building is semi detached house for two families situated in Östersund (lat. 63°N), Sweden. Each apartment having a floor space of 160 m2 divided on two floors. The building was constructed during 2010 with a design meeting the requirements for Swedish passive houses as defined by the Forum for energy efficiency buildings (FEBY) and the Swedish center for zero energy houses (SCNH). When it comes to more sustainable buildings, energy use in the build environment has been in focus for some time. The life cycle assessment in this study reveals that the building materials can contribute significantly to environmental burdens of a residential building in northern Sweden. Energy efficiency, efficient use of good building materials and issues of appropriate design need to be discussed in the same context to move toward a more sustainable built environment. For energy efficient buildings in a energy system with renewably based energy carriers, building materials might give rise to a significant or even dominating part of the life cycle impact of a building. This give rise to considerations regarding choices of building materials as well as design of buildings to minimize such impact; while not forgetting social aspects impacted by building design.
Leaching characteristics of the fine fraction from an excavated landfill: physico-chemical characterization
Authors: Kaczala Fabio , Mehdinejad Hadi , Lääne Allar , Orupõld Kaja , Bhatnagar Amit , Kriipsalu Mait , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

This investigation was focused on the physico-chemical characterization of the leachate generated by the fine fraction (<10 mm) of excavated waste from full-scale landfill mining project. The samples were taken in the Kudjape Landfill, Saarema Island, Estonia in four different test pits (TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4) that were divided in four different layers (L1, L2, L3, L4). Total chemical oxygen demand (CODt), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODd), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) were analyzed. The results have shown that most of the COD fraction released into the water (approximately 70%) was in particulate/colloidal state. The TOC released ranged between 3,530- mg/kg dry matters and 2,326 mg/kg dry matter for test pits. Dissolved organic matter (DOC) had concentrations ranging between 365-874 mg/kg and 317-940 mg/kg for different test pits and sampling layers respectively. Very low average leaching rates (%) of metals were observed with leaching ranging between 0.2% and 1.5% which might be explained by the lower solubility of these metals in alkaline pHs. Pb had a significantly higher average leaching rate (1.0%) in comparison to Zn (0.70%) and Cu (0.35%). This study also showed the potential use of CODt as a surrogate indicator of organic carbon in both suspended and dissolved forms (TOC and DOC) and also Zn on the basis of high correlation coefficients observed. To conclude, the proposal and implementation of adequate management strategies that minimize environmental impacts and take advantages of the beneficial use of fine-grained fractions in landfill mining rely on detailed physico-chemical characterization of both the fine fractions itself and the leachate generated during storage and use.
Experiences of three landfill mining projects in the baltic sea area: with focus on machinery for material recovery
Authors: Hogland Marika , Hogland William , Jani Yahya , Kaczala Fabio , De Sá Salomão André Luís , Kriipsalu Mait , Orupõld Kaja , Burlakovs Juris
Published: October 2017

There exists huge number of old landfills and dumps located close to the rivers and lakes in the Baltic Sea Region as well as the Baltic Sea itself. The main risks from landfills are water pollution from leachate and global greenhouse effect from methane emissions as well as effects on human health. Landfill excavation and land remediation are potential methods for treatment of waste from old landfills. Excavation of a landfill might be interesting in order to recover valuable materials from the landfill, save cost for final coverage of the landfill and aftercare. The research project “Closing the Life Cycle of Landfills - Landfill Mining in the Baltic Sea Region for future” sponsored by the Swedish Institute includes studies of excavations of landfills in Baltic Sea Region. It is well known, that landfills contribute to a major extent in the dumping of hazardous substances and the reclamation of such landfills is essential for the sustainable development of the environment. Through the approach used solutions for the remediation/prevention of water and soil pollution and for land reclamation is shown. The resource recovery is one of the beneficial areas of generating revenue for the success of excavation projects. In present paper three landfill mining excavations are presented and in particular with focus on the machinery used. The full-scale excavation is presented from the Estonian Kudjape Landfill, Högbytorp landfill and Vika landfill in Sweden.
Organic by-products for sustainable soil remediation -the effect of 3 different amendments on the degradation of diesel fuel in a tropical ultisol
Authors: Haller Henrik , Jonsson Anders
Published: October 2017

In many tropical developing countries, economic incentives are small for soil remediation to take place. Such locations demand special strategies that are energy-efficient, locally adapted and economic. In situ technologies are appealing where energy and material costs are more limiting than the time factor. One potentially sustainable and economic way to enhance the self-organizing capacity of soil ecosystems is by applications of locally available organic by-products to stimulate the polluted ecosystem´s inherent capacity to heal by utilising the embodied energy of the organic pollutant itself, as an energy source for the necessary biochemical transformations. Tropical climate is favourable for biodegradation but many tropical soils are rich in clay which can inhibit the bioavailability of the pollutant and reduce biodegradation kinetics. A pilot scale experiment was performed in order to assess the capability of three amendments based on by-products; whey, pyroligneous acid and compost tea, to enhance degradation of diesel in ultisol. Biweekly applications of 6 mL whey kg-1 soilsignificantly increased the degradation rate but no positive effect on degradation was found of any of the other amendments.
Optimisation of the resource economy of metals, minerals and energy in an interplanetary perspective
Authors: Stenis Jan , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

Valuable metals and minerals are becoming ever scarcer on Earth. The global population is steadily increasing. Thus, new sources of natural resources in space are now needed as an alternative to digging deeper into Earth. Therefore, a cost structure is proposed for generally improving the resource economy of metal and mineral commodities and energy resources based on the optimisation of residuals as regards resource exploitation on primarily an interplanetary scale. The introduced methodology involves business administration and economics theory and employs the previously introduced equality principle and the Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE) model. The suggested theory is applicable in the solar system and the space-platform context. A case study shows how to in practice apply the findings on the USA exploiting natural and energy resources on asteroids and the red planet Mars. It is concluded that the presented methodology is useful for increasing the cost-effectiveness of mainly the occurring residuals when exploiting natural and energy resources and commodities outside of our own planet in space. Also, the equity of the distribution of such facilities is improved on all scales. The developed methods are suitable information support tools for decision-making in the management of natural resources, with emphasis on the economy of residuals on the interplanetary level as well as generally being applicable on ore mining. A proposed key figure enables management to immediately obtain an overall comprehension of the economic, technological and environmental performance of their interplanetary endeavours that hence continuously can be reviewed, monitored and evaluated.
Approach for sustainable processes for the built environment in triple helix cooperation: the case of Storsjö strand in Östersund
Authors: Jonasson Jonas , Danielski Itai , Mikaelsson Lars Åke , Fröling Morgan
Published: October 2017

The built environment is an important component for a sustainable society. Choices made today will affect society during decades to come, both regarding performance of buildings and in affecting what is possible choices regarding mobility, energy, waste handling and human well being in general. There have been several projects in Sweden and around the world aiming at better sustainability performance of new built areas. A strong experience from earlier projects is that it is not that easy to actually achieve high ambitions set up at project initiation; the most common example in this direction that requirements on energy efficiency are not achieved when measuring in actual use of the final building.

The project Storsjö Strand, a new township in Östersund in an earlier industrialized area, has aimed to work around identified earlier problems, using a strong interactivity and a triple helix process with the municipality, developers, and the university. The role of the university is to through an action research approach both be involved in the process to help guide it and to document and evaluate the process, with the research goal to contribute to and develop sustainable building processes for Sweden and elsewhere.

The Storsjö Strand project is presently an ongoing project. This paper describes the approach taken and how it is a development of earlier approaches for sustainable building processes and also evaluates early experiences of the triple helix process.
Baltic sea challenge: networking and experience exchange enhancing the implementation of concrete water protection measures
Authors: Ruokanen Lotta , Lauttamäki Salla-Maria
Published: October 2017

Watercourses are affected by eutrophication, harmful substances, maritime traffic and leisure boating, dredging, littering and building of infrastructure. On the other hand, nature is an important factor for the well-being of coastal municipalities and industries. Monetary value of the ecosystem services produced by the Baltic Sea is about 5 billion Euros annually. These regulating services, natural resources and recreational services are responsible for e.g. recycling of nutrients, flood prevention, providing fish stocks and a framework for tourism. The protection of waters is governed by international and national laws, intergovernmental conventions and regional or local environmental permits. However, also the implementation of EU or HELCOM regulations is usually carried out on the local level. Municipalities, ports and water utilities are examples of local actors which can set their own, more ambitious goals and take further steps for being exemplary – not only complying with regulations but accomplishing voluntarily measures for water protection. Cities of Helsinki and Turku in Finland see the state of the Baltic Sea as a basis for their competitiveness. They decided in 2007 to launch the Baltic Sea Challenge initiative for the protection of the sea: they published a joint Baltic Sea Action Plan with almost 40 activities that were additional to legal requirements, and challenged other organisations to join. In 2014 the network includes 200 organisations around the Baltic Sea. Together, events are organised, materials produced and best practices shared, in order to protect the waters. The network is free of charge and open to all. Helsinki and Turku updated their joint Baltic Sea Action Plan for 2014–2018, and new operating model with priorities for the network were set out. Baltic Sea Challenge continues to provide benefits and function as a strong communication channel for members, while retaining its distinctive nature as a free-form, easy and direct network.
Towards a broader systems approach to resource management: local to global and short-term to long-term solutions
Authors: Singh Jagdeep , Frostell Björn
Published: October 2017

The overall aim of this paper is to holistically address current challenges to WM with the help of a much broader systems view. In order to accomplish this aim, current WM issues are discussed in a global perspective to explore the gaps in current practices on a systemic level. Different examples are used to illustrate the various ‘deep root’ causes responsible for the current situations by highlighting various aspects related to WM, such as product design, consumer awareness and limited systemic view. The study leads to conclusions that the current efforts, rather isolated, in different systems for WM, waste reduction and resource management are indeed not sufficient in a long term sustainability perspective. The proposed broader systems approach considers production, consumption and WM systems aligned to provide long term sustainable solutions to waste issues.
Specific features of methods for express control of liquid and viscous media in environmental monitoring
Authors: Davydov V. V. , Velichko E.N. , Davydova V.V.
Published: October 2017

Technological advances lead to emergence of factors and enhancement of factors that have a negative impact on the environment. Solid media are more stable and therefore the strongest influence is experienced by air and aquatic environments. In this situation the role of express control of liquid and viscous media becomes extremely important. Devices for analysis of such media (spectrometers etc.) are expensive and require laboratory conditions. So it is more reasonable to analyze liquid and viscous media in which a deviation from the normal condition has been revealed. This is the main task of express - control in on-site testing of media. The requirements to the express control methods are reliability and accessibility, they must not affect the condition of the medium tested. At present three methods are used:

Chemical, i.e., indicator testers. The drawback of this method is that each tester is used tocontrol one-two impact factors. In addition, each medium requires its own tester that has a limited application period.

Optical, i.e., exposure of a medium to UV, visible, and IR radiation. The medium must berelatively transparent. The drawback is a limited number of media that can be tested by this method.

The method based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). By measuring relaxationconstants Т1 and Т2 of a liquid or viscous medium, it is possible to find very quickly the deviation of its aggregate state from the “normal” one. The only condition for application of the NMR method is the presence of protons or nuclei having magnetic moments in the medium (fluorine, lithium, and sodium). The NMR method is almost universal because more than 90% of liquid and viscous media contain protons. The disadvantage is a large weight and a high cost of the magnetic system for detection of NMR signals. At present a considerable research effort is directed towards modification of the devices for the optical and NMR methods.

The authors have developed a small-size NMR spectrometer for express control of liquid and viscous media that can be connected to a laptop to process results of measurements. Our studies have shown a high efficiency of the NMR method for express control of liquid and viscous media as compared with the chemical and optical methods. A further modification of small-size NMR spectrometers can reduce their cost and make the method marketable.
LA DIFICULTAD ENTRE LA CARIDAD Y LA FILANTROPÍA: UN ASPECTO A REVISAR EN EL MARCO DE LAS ACCIONES VOLUNTARIAS EN COLOMBIALA DIFICULTAD ENTRE LA CARIDAD Y LA FILANTROPÍA: UN ASPECTO A REVISAR EN EL MARCO DE LAS ACCIONES VOLUNTARIAS EN COLOMBIA-Difficulty..
Authors: Peña Pinzón Evaristo
Published: October 2017

El contexto colombiano se aproxima a grandes retos en el marco del posconflicto. Este artículo aporta elementos iniciales para una discusión de cara a la labor que muchas Organizaciones No Gubernamentales comenzarán a realizar con personal voluntario, debido a las ventajas económicas, sociales y profesionales que esta forma de acción humana produce. La caridad y la filantropía son aquí cuestionadas partiendo de evidencias históricas y de una apuesta por lograr un lazo social incluyente, garante de derechos y de deberes ciudadanos. Se revisan diversas producciones investigativas para concretar en preguntas clave para el reto que el Estado colombiano enfrentará ante la restitución del bienestar de víctimas directas y de poblaciones afectadas indirectamente por el conflicto armado
Descolonizar a participação: pautas para a pedagogia latino-americana
Authors: Streck Danilo Romeu
Published: October 2017

RESUMO O artigo tem como tema a participação, enquanto meio e fim, na educação para a cidadania. A partir de pesquisas sobre as mediações pedagógicas no orçamento participativo e sobre a pedagogia latino-americana, aponta-se para a necessidade de desconstruir mitos e falácias que se criam em torno da participação, tais como o mito da incapacidade do povo ou da falta de tempo e recursos. Trata-se, como será argumentado, de “descolonizar” a participação, permitindo que ela se torne um efetivo instrumento para a democratização da sociedade. O conceito de colonialidade serve para ancorar a discussão no âmbito das teorias críticas na América Latina. Como contraponto, são apresentadas pautas que, apesar da diversidade encontrada no subcontinente, pretendem abranger o contexto educacional latino-americano: a participação como um processo político-pedagógico; o conhecimento da história de nossa pedagogia em sua vertente crítica; a compreensão das culturas de participação e suas formas de expressão social e política; a reflexão sobre utopias democraticamente transformadoras.
Cena de caracteres na épica arcaica e na tragédia grega clássica
Authors: Colonnelli Marco Valério Classe
Published: October 2017

Resumo Este artigo investigou o uso de uma técnica narrativa presente na épica homérica e na tragédia Ifigênia em Áulis, de Eurípides, a fim de demonstrar os efeitos produzidos por tal expediente. O resultado da investigação apontou não só a diferença entre os níveis narrativos épico e trágico, mas também a produção de um quadro narrativo específico em ambas narrativas: a cena de caracteres.
IMPORTÂNCIA DA BIÓPSIA HEPÁTICA NO DIAGNÓSTICO DA DEFICIÊNCIA DE LIPASE ÁCIDA LISOSSOMAL: RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Tommaso Adriana Maria Alves De , Barra Flávia Fonseca de Carvalho , Hessel Gabriel , Moreno Carolina Araújo , Giugliani Roberto , Escanhoela Cecília Amélia Fazzio
Published: October 2017

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a doença de depósito de ésteres de colesterol (DDEC) e a importância da biópsia hepática na realização do diagnóstico. Descrição do caso: Paciente feminina, dois anos e dez meses de idade, com queixa de aumento do volume abdominal secundário à hepatomegalia há quatro meses. Ultrassonografia abdominal demonstrou hepatomegalia e esteatose hepática. Exames laboratoriais mostraram aumento de enzimas hepáticas e dislipidemia. A biópsia hepática foi compatível com DDEC. Comentários: Embora a medida da atividade enzimática seja o padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de DDEC, a biópsia hepática é muito útil na investigação de casos suspeitos, particularmente quando há outros diagnósticos diferenciais a serem considerados.
The tyranny of the impact factor: why do we still want to be subjugated?
Authors: Albuquerque Ulysses Paulino de
Published: October 2017

Abstract A collective obsession with the Impact Factor (IF) has led to major changes in political science in many countries, and in recent years, these changes have been especially visible in Brazil. Despite critiques of both this measure's ability to evaluate the scientific publications and its spread in the evaluation of researchers and institutions, Brazil has taken the IF as an important element in evaluating Brazilian graduate programs. In this article, we briefly try to demonstrate that the IF can be subject to many biases that seem to be completely ignored or unknown.
Nuevas fitocenosis del Carso de Baire, Cuba Oriental
Authors: Reyes Orlando J. , Cantillo Félix Acosta
Published: October 2017

Resumen El Carso de Baire es una zona constituida fundamentalmente por mogotes y poljas que se encuentran en la vertiente Norte de la Sierra Maestra y se diferencia del resto de la misma por su geología y geomorfología. Generalmente no hay un suelo típico, la temperatura del aire varía entre 20 y 24ºC y llueve de 1.200 a 1.600 mm por año. Mediante la utilización de la metodología de la Escuela Zurich-Montpellier, se describen las dos asociaciones más conspicuas y extensas de dicha zona, Hohenbergio penduliflorae - Guapiretum obtusatae y Rhipsali cassuthae - Hohenbergietum penduliflorae, las que se incluyen en la alianza Synapsidi ilicifoliae - Coccothrinacion Borhidi 1996. La primera, constituida por un Bosque siempreverde micrófilo con poca cobertura, ocupa la mayor extensión en el lapiez de la parte alta de los mogotes, desarrollando el reciclaje de nutrientes en la estera radical; a su vez la segunda, que conforma un matorral, crece en los paredones de alrededor de 90 grados y sus plantas se fijan a las fisuras de las rocas. Ambas asociaciones están sometidas a un gran estrés hídrico y nutrimental.
Records of Mesoproterozoic taphrogenic events in the eastern basement of the Araçuaí Orogen, southeast Brazil
Authors: Fonte-Boa Tobias Maia Rabelo , Novo Tiago Amâncio , Pedrosa-Soares Antônio Carlos , Dussin Ivo
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT: The history of palaeocontinents alternates long fragmentation to drift periods with relatively short agglutination intervals. One of the products of a Rhyacian-Orosirian orogeny was a palaeocontinent that brought together the basement of the Araçuaí-West Congo orogen (AWCO) with regions now located in the São Francisco and Congo cratons. From ca. 2 Ga to ca. 0.7 Ga, this large region of the São Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent was spared of orogenic events, but underwent at least five taphrogenic events recorded by anorogenic magmatism and/or sedimentation. The taphrogenic events are well documented in the AWCO proximal portions and neighboring cratonic regions, but lack evidence in the AWCO high-grade core. Our studies on amphibolites intercalated in the Rhyacian Pocrane complex, basement of the Rio Doce magmatic arc, allowed to the recognition of two Mesoproterozoic taphrogenic episodes. The oldest one, a Calymmian episode, is recorded by amphibolites with a zircon magmatic crystallization age at 1529 ± 37 Ma (U-Pb SHRIMP), and lithochemical signature of basaltic magmatism related to continental intraplate settings. Another set of amphibolite bodies records the youngest taphrogenic episode, a Stenian event, with a zircon magmatic crystallization age at 1096 ± 20 Ma (U-Pb SHRIMP), and lithochemical signature similar to mature magmatism of continental rift setting. The Calymmian episode (ca. 1.5 Ga) correlates to the Espinhaço II basin stage and mafic dikes of the northern Espinhaço, Chapada Diamantina and Curaçá domains, while the Stenian episode (ca. 1.1 Ga) correlates to the Espinhaço III basin stage. We also present U-Pb data for 87 detrital zircon grains from a quartzite lens intercalated in the Pocrane complex, the Córrego Ubá quartzite. Its age spectrum shows main peaks at 1176 ± 21 Ma (35%), 1371 ± 30 Ma (18%), 1536 ± 22 Ma (19%), 1803 ± 36 Ma (17%) and 1977 ± 38 Ma (12%), suggesting a Stenian (ca. 1176 Ma) maximum depositional age (although only one zircon with low discordance shows an age of 955 ± 66 Ma). Comparing with data from the western sector of the Araçuaí orogen and São Francisco craton, it is noteworthy that no igneous zircon from the three samples yielded an age older than early Orosirian (~2.05 Ga), showing age spectra essentially limited in the range of ca. 1-2 Ga; i.e., younger than the Late Rhyacian orogeny that amalgamated the basement, and older than the main anorogenic event (930-870 Ma) associated with the Early Tonian precursor basin of AWCO. All together, these continental taphrogenic events testify the several unsuccessful fragmentation attempts that affected the long-lived São Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent, which remained preserved from a complete break-up associated with ocean spreading from the Early Orosirian to the Atlantic opening in Cretaceous time.
Comparação entre os valores da amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos e do volume corpuscular médio com a citometria de eritrócitos em cães com leishmaniose
Authors: Braz Paulo H. , Sartoretto Marcel C. , Souza Adrian S. , Siqueira Mayara S.
Published: October 2017

RESUMO: A leishmaniose é uma zoonose de caráter endêmico que acomete diferentes espécies animal, dentre elas os cães. Como auxílio no diagnóstico e prognóstico do paciente é rotineiramente solicitado o hemograma, que é caracterizado por uma anemia do tipo normocítica e normocrômica. Os valores de volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular médio (CHCM) são os padrões utilizados para a classificação da anemia, no entanto, nos últimos anos começou-se a utilizar a amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos (RDW) para diferenciar as anemias em regenerativas e arregenerativas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar os valores de RDW e do VCM com a citometria eritrocitária em cães com leishmaniose. Foram colhidos sangue de 19 cães de diferentes raças e idades. As amostras sanguíneas foram processadas em equipamento automático para obtenção dos valores de VCM e RDW e posteriormente confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos para contagem e medição de cem células eritrocitárias de cada lâmina. Para avaliar a dispersão entre os valores de hemácias utilizou-se o coeficiente linear de Pearson. Os valores de RDW mostraram-se mais sensíveis a anemia do que o VCM, quando comparados a citometria eritrocitária.
Ball penetration test for characterisation of soft clays
Authors: Nguyen Tien D. , Chung Sung G.
Published: October 2017

The applicability of the ball penetration test (BPT) for identifying soil layering and evaluating several key geotechnical properties was studied. BPT and piezocone test data at four sites were evaluated and correlated with field and laboratory test results. Both ball and cone resistances were effective in evaluating soil layering. However, the larger transition zone induced by the ball deteriorated the linear variation of the effective overburden stress with depth. The ball factor effectively differentiated the depositional units of Korean clays better than the Japanese clays. The preconsolidation stress and the shear wave velocity Vs(or shear modulus G0) correlated well with the ball and cone resistances, which varied within a deviation of ±20% depending on the properties of the local soils. In the analyses, the total resistance gave a better correlation than the net resistance. Multiple correlations with two or three variables were found to predict the measured Vs(or G0) values more reliably than one-variable correlations. Accordingly, the BPT may be extended for geotechnical characterisation.
Measurements of internal cracking in punching test slabs without shear reinforcement
Authors: Einpaul Jürgen , Fernández Ruiz Miguel , Muttoni Aurelio
Published: October 2017

Advancing the knowledge about the punching behaviour of flat slabs has been held back by the fact that only indirect measurements of the internal failure mechanism have typically been available. In this paper, a novel experimental approach for tracking the formation and development of cracks inside punching test specimens is presented. In six full-scale specimens without shear reinforcement, 48–64 measurement points were installed inside small holes drilled on the soffits of the slabs. During the punching tests, the displacements of these points were followed at various levels of load with a high-precision coordinate measuring arm. Development of inclined flexural cracks (called the critical shear cracks) from the tension chord to the neutral axis was observed in every specimen. In some cases, the punching failures occurred along these cracks. However, in other cases, new lower-angled failure cracks developed, either at the moment of failure or already at earlier stages of loading. These cracks had very different patterns of development, even between two monitored sides of the same specimen, although the specimens were nominally axis-symmetric.
Towards innovative FRP fabric reinforcement in concrete beams: concrete–CFRP bond
Authors: Achintha Mithila , Alami Fikri , Harry Sian , Bloodworth Alan
Published: October 2017

The paper reports results of an experimental investigation into load response and failure behaviour of rectangular prismatic concrete beams reinforced with a combined flexural and shear reinforcement system made from carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabric. It is shown that CFRP U-channels with aggregate coating and an anchorage system consisting of a lipped channel section with intermittent closed loops were found to provide improved composite action between the CFRP reinforcement and concrete. These CFRP channels also ensured adequate strength and ductility before failure. Possible modes of failure of the beams are discussed, as is the effect of the design parameters on the failure mode and the failure load. It is anticipated that the findings of this paper could be effectively used in other applications such as non-prismatic concrete geometries and as permanent formwork/reinforcement in thin concrete members where the flexible characteristics of dry CFRP fabrics are most useful.
Thermal properties of fibre-reinforced alkali-activated concrete in extreme temperatures
Authors: Goncalves Jose R. A. , Boluk Yaman , Bindiganavile Vivek
Published: October 2017

The thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of paste and concrete prepared with alkali-activated fly ash were investigated. Along with a reference plain concrete mix, two other mixes were reinforced with a blend of steel and polypropylene fibres to examine the role of fibre reinforcement on the thermal constants. The mixtures were exposed to a range of extreme temperatures in the sub-zero and elevated regimes, from −30°C to 300°C, for a duration of 2 h. The thermal constants were measured using the transient plane source method on a hot-disc thermal analyser system. The results showed that there was no phase change in the alkali-activated system within the range of exposures. The thermal conductivity increased with a drop in ambient temperature, especially in the sub-zero regime. Adding fibres tended to lower the thermal conductivity, probably due to the finer pore size and consequent lowering of the freezing point of water. The specific heat capacity was found to rise with an increase in ambient temperature. A rule-of-mixtures approach was found to closely approximate the thermal constants at room temperature.
Freeze–thaw durability of air-entrained concrete under various types of salt lake brine exposure
Authors: Tan Yongshan , Yu Hongfa
Published: October 2017

The properties of air-entrained concrete (AEC) subjected to freeze–thaw cycles in various salt lake brines were investigated. The relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM) and weight loss of the AEC were measured after different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles. In addition, the microstructure and composition of the AEC under the combined action of freeze–thaw cycles and salt lake brine attack were analysed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the RDEM and weight losses of AEC subjected to freeze–thaw cycles in salt lake brines from Tibet and Inner Mongolia decreased sharply. For AEC immersed in salt lake brines from Qinghai and Sinkiang, the RDEM was slightly reduced and the weight loss was slightly increased. The coupling effect of freeze–thaw cycles and salt lake brine thus had only a slight influence on concrete damage in Sinkiang and Qinghai regions. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that only chemical corrosion occurred in the AEC under freeze–thaw action in the Qinghai and Sinkiang salt lake brines. However, the coupled effects of water frost-heaving force, salt crystallisation and chemical corrosion rapidly led to damage to the concrete under freeze–thaw action in the Tibet and Inner Mongolia salt lake brines.