bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Pharmacological Properties of 5-Chloro-2,4-Disulphamyltoluene “Disamide” an Orally Active Diuretic Agent
Authors: David A , Fellowes K P
Published: April 2011

5-Chloro-2,4-disulphamyl toluene, “Disamide”, is a non toxic orally active diuretic agent which has been compared with acetazolamide and chlorothiazide. Disamide at half the dose of chlorothiazide caused a greater diuresis and Na+excretion but had a slightly less Cl−excretion. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity was 0.4 times that of acetazolamide but unlike the latter Disamide still caused diuresis after prolonged administration. Disamide and chlorothiazide were found to have no effect on blood pressure or respiration. The anti-convulsant activity in mice is similar to acetazolamide. The new diuretic agent has no antibacterial, hypoglycaemic or analgesic properties.
Potential Reserpine Analogues: Part I. Derivatives of Tryptamine
Authors: Karim M A , Linnell W H , Sharp L K
Published: April 2011

The six amides, cis-N-(3-indolylethyl)-3-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid amide (II), cis-N-(3-indolylethyl)-N-3-methoxycyclohexylmethyl-acetamide (IV), N-(3-indolylethyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide (V), N-(3-indolylethyl)-3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetamide (VII), 3-indolyl-N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)acetamide (VIII) and 4-methoxycyclohexyl-acetotryptamide (X), have been prepared. II has been reduced to cis-N-(3-methoxycyclohexylmethyl)tryptamine (III); VII and VIII have both been reduced to N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)tryptamine (IX), X has been reduced to N-(4-methoxycyclohexylethyl)tryptamine (XI) and V to N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)tryptamine (VI). Nine of the compounds, II-VI, VIII-XI, were compared with reserpine for their power to potentiate barbiturate hypnosis in mice, and to deplete the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of rat brain. Only compound (IV) was active in both tests, having about one-thirteenth the activity of reserpine. Compound (V) was about one-eighth as active as reserpine in producing potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis.
Esters of N-Methylpyrrolidinylalkanols as Local Anaesthetics
Authors: Linnell W H , Perks F
Published: April 2011

Three new pyrrolidylalkanol esters, 2-p-methoxybenzoyloxymethyl-1-methyl-, 2,5-di(p-methoxybenzoyloxymethyl)-1-methyl- and 2,5-di(2- p-methoxybenzoyloxypropyl)-1-methyl-pyrrolidine have been prepared and tested as local anaesthetics. The activity of the last compound has been shown to be almost identical with that of cocaine by the intracutaneous route, though it is without action on the cornea.
The Development of Tolerance to Morphine in Rats Concurrently Treated with Chlorpromazine
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Irena M , Lu F C
Published: April 2011

Using a modified hot plate method for measuring analgesia in rats, the analgesic dose of morphine was estimated to be about 5 mg./kg. This dose increased by 50 per cent the time the animals withstood exposure before reacting to the thermal stimulation. When chlor-promazine 1.5 mg./kg. was given simultaneously with morphine, a similar degree of analgesia was obtained with about 2 mg./kg. of the narcotic. The sensitivity decreased markedly in rats receiving daily injections of analgesic doses of morphine. Chlorpromazine did not retard the development of tolerance to morphine in these rats. Some of the toxic effects of morphine, however, were less marked in the rats treated with both drugs than those treated with morphine alone.
On the Interfacial Tension Between Gelatin and Sodium Alginate Solutions and Benzene
Authors: Shotton E , Kalyan K
Published: April 2011

Using the systems of benzene and either gelatin solution or sodium alginate described, the results of the sessile drop method depended upon whether the drop was formed from benzene or from the solution. It is suggested that the difference in the results may be accounted for by some form of structure in the solution.
Book Review
Authors: Fairbairn J W
Published: April 2011

INDUSTRIAL GUMS. Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives. Edited by Roy L. Whistler.
The Effect of Hormones and their Analogues Upon the Uptake of Glucose by Mouse Skin in vitro
Authors: Overell B G , Condon S E , Petrow V
Published: April 2011

An experimental system is described for measuring the uptake of glucose by mouse skin in vitro. Insulin is found to stimulate and hydrocortisone to depress the glucose uptake of this system when added to the medium in concentrations comparable to those which may occur in vivo. Oestrogens, androgens and progestational agents, in contrast, have no effect at approximately physiological levels, but cause some depression of glucose uptake at high concentrations.
Polarographic Estimation of Amphenone B and Su 4885
Authors: Stárka Luboš , Buben Ivan
Published: April 2011

The polarographic behaviour of the compounds Amphenone B (3,3-bis(p-aminophenyl)-butan-2-one) and Su 4885 (1,1-dimethyl-2-oxo-ethylenebis-3-pyridine) in aqueous medium is described. Both substances are reduced at the dropping mercury electrode by two electrons and produce well-developed diffusion cathodic waves of a height proportional to the concentration of the depolariser. Su 4885 can be estimated polarographically also in adrenal homogenates in Ringer-Krebs phosphate buffer.
The Antagonism of the Antibacterial Action of Mercury Compounds
Authors: Cook A M , Steel K J
Published: April 2011

Qualitative experiments previously reported showed dimercaprol to be the most, and thioglycollate the least, efficient antagonist of mercuric chloride. Quantitative experiments reversed this order, but the greater susceptibility of dimercaprol to oxidation is responsible for its apparent lack of efficiency. The recovery of mercuric chloride-treated E. coli on media containing an antagonist is affected by the incubation conditions especially when thioglycollate is used as the antagonist. Plots of the percentage of recovered cells against the contact time give different shaped curves for glutathione compared with those for cysteine and thioglycollic acid. Glutathione only inactivates mercuric chloride in the system or adsorbed onto the bacterial cells whereas cysteine and thioglycollic acid, in addition, penetrate the cell and antagonise mercuric chloride within. The incomplete recoveries obtained indicate that the action of mercuric chloride is bactericidal, not bacteriostatic. The rate of kill of E. coli by mercuric chloride was logarithmic under the experimental conditions used.
Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivatives Uses as Primareym Ulsifying Agents. Parti 1
Authors: Davies R E M , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the effects of heat, acid and alkali, salts and alcohol on the stability of methyl-, methylethyl- and sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose emulsions of liquid paraffin. All were stable for 4 to 8 weeks at 40°, but at 80° deteriorated rapidly, the order of decreasing stability being methyl-, methylethyl- and sodium carboxy-methylcellulose emulsions. Heating at 115° for 30 minutes decreased the stability of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, but not of methyl- and methylethyl-cellulose emulsions. Stability in the presence of added substances depended largely on the physical properties of the reaction products. The results are related to the behaviour under similar conditions of aqueous dispersions of the three derivatives, and the influence on emulsion stability of dehydration and degradation of the emulsifying agent is discussed.
A Note on Coriander of Commerce
Authors: Harrod Douglas C
Published: April 2011

As a result of the examination of a number of samples of coriander it has been shown that it is possible to divide the commercial varieties into at least three groups and to give some indication of the geographical origin of the samples.
Glycyrrhetinic Acid—A Triterpene with Anti-Oestrogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Authors: Kraus Shirley D
Published: April 2011

Glycyrrhetinic acid was found to resemble the Δ4-3-ketosteroids in antagonising uterine growth response to exogenous oestrogen in doses which did not interfere with somatic growth or the oestrogenic effect on pituitary trophic hormones. The anti-oestrogenic effect was not mediated through gonadal inhibition, adrenal stimulation or potentiation of endogenous adrenal corticoids. Glycyrrhetinic acid is neither androgenic, oestrogenic nor anti-androgenic. However, it does resemble the glucocorticoids in depressing granuloma tissue formation in adrenalectomised rats.
Toxic Actions of Oestrogens on the Liver
Authors: Kulcsár-Gergely Judith , Kulcsár Andrós
Published: April 2011

The endogenous oestrogen level rises after hepatic damage. With its rise, the condition of the damaged liver deteriorates. This is supported by experiments in which mature ovariectomised animals were loaded with oestrogen. The introduction of oestrogen increases the strain on the damaged liver because of its reduced inactivating capacity. On comparing the results with clinical data in the literature, it is concluded that oestrogen therapy is contra-indicated when hepatic damage is present.
Preliminary Chemical Investigations on Some Indian Substitutes of Male Fern
Authors: Mittal T C , Mehra P N
Published: April 2011

To find suitable indigenous substitutes for the official male fern, Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, which has to be imported into India, fourteen species of Dryopteris Adanson, two of Ctenitis C. Chr. and one each of Hypodematium Kuhn and Cyrtomium Presl, have been assayed to determine the percentage of oleoresin and crude “filicin” in each. The studies have revealed that some of the Indian species have a far higher oleoresin and crude “filicin” content than the official drug. Only some species occur in abundance in nature; their pharmacological activity has not yet been assessed.
Phytolacca Acinosa Roxb., an Adulterant of Indian Belladonna
Authors: Khanna K L , Atal C K
Published: April 2011

Pharmacognostical data of the leaves and roots of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. has been collected and compared with that of Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindley.
Thermal Stability of Insulin Made from Zinc Insulin Crystals
Authors: Stephenson N R , Romans R G
Published: April 2011

A commercial insulin preparation was stored for 2 years, its normal shelf-life, at temperatures from 2° to 36°. Full potency was retained for 2 years when the sample was kept at 2°. However, the activity of the insulin decreased with time as the storage temperature was increased. After one year at room temperature (20° to 25°) the activity of the insulin sample was 20 per cent below that stated on the label. Between 2° and 20° there was a consistent but not significant drop in activity. In the initial period the loss in potency may be essentially a reaction of zero order.
A Note on Royal Jelly
Authors: Dayan A D
Published: April 2011

Royal jelly is a secretion of the honey bee which is essential for the development of queen bees. Its composition is not yet completely known. It contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fatty acids (one of which is unique) and vitamins. The biological effects of the jelly are disputed. It has antibiotic power; it affects the adrenal cortex and can cause hyperglycaemia; and it has an antitumorigenic effect in mice. There is no good evidence that it has oestrogenic activity, or that it affects the growth, longevity or fertility of animals. Clinically it has been used as a general tonic, to ward off the effects of old age and to ease sufferers from chronic degenerative diseases. It seems likely that the novelty of the treatment and not the substance itself has been responsible for whatever successes it has had in these conditions.
The Interaction of Chelating Agents with Bacteria Part II. Cation Binding and the Antibacterial Effects of 8-Hydroxyquinol(Oinxein E)
Authors: Robinson Ann E , Beckett A H , Dar R N
Published: April 2011

The binding of iron, cobalt and manganese ions from their aqueous solutions by viable and heat-killed suspensions of Staph. aureus is investigated. Competitive uptake of any two of these metal ions by viable and heat-killed organisms was also studied. The cation binding properties of viable and nonviable suspensions of Staph. aureus were compared and discussed. Data for the uptake of metal ions are also discussed in relation to the bactericidal effects of oxine solutions containing an equimolar concentration of iron and similar solutions containing additional iron, or cobalt or manganese.
The Importance of the 19-Methyl and the C(20) Ketone Groups for the Thymolytic Activity of the Adrenocortical Steroids
Authors: Stephenson N R
Published: April 2011

Evidence is presented to show that reduction of the ketone grouping at carbon 20 in the α-ketol side chain of the adrenocortical steroid to form either the α- or β-hydroxy derivative, produced a profound, if not complete, loss in the ability of the analogue to involute the thymus gland of the immature albino rat. The 19-nor-derivative of hydrocortisone (cortisol) was unable to produce a significant decrease in the thymus weight at the doses employed, suggesting that the 19-methyl is one of the groups which are essential for the thymolytic activity of the corticosteroids. A 19-norhydrocortisone derivative in which the 4-dehydro-3-keto grouping in ring A was replaced by a phenolic type of structure similar to that found in the oestrogenic steroids had no effect on the thymus gland of the rat.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Alkaloidal Content of Datura Stramonium L
Authors: Fish F
Published: April 2011

Gibberellic acid, at three dose levels, was injected into growing plants of Datura stramonium and the effects on plant habit, yield, and total alkaloidal content of the leaves and tops recorded. Increase in height of treated plants was due to increased internode length, especially on the treated side of the plant. Rapid growth in stem diameter caused axial splitting of the outer tissues resulting in the appearance of scar tissue. Increases in dry weights of aerial parts, observed only in plants treated over a limited period, were due to greater stem development and did not vary with the dose of gibberellic acid given. In plants treated at intervals over a long growing period, there was increased stem production but no gain in total dry weight. Yields of leaves and tops in treated plants were not significantly different from those in control groups. Significantly increased root weights were noted for a few groups of treated plants but proportion of root to total plant weight remained constant. There was a significant decrease in percentage alkaloidal content of leaves and tops in treated plants, the content being lowest in the plants which had received the highest dose of gibberellic acid.
Analgesic Properties of 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-(2-Hydroxy-3-Phenoxypropyl) 4-Phenylpiperidine (B.D.H.200) and Some Related Compounds
Authors: Bianchi Camillo , David Alan
Published: April 2011

Twenty-one 3-aryloxy or 3-alkoxy-2-hydroxy-n-propyl derivatives of norpethidine were tested subcutaneously for analgesic activity in mice. Many of them are more potent than pethidine. The 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl derivative (B.D.H. 200) is at least three times more active than morphine and ten times more active than pethidine in this species with a therapeutic index slightly better than morphine and very much better than pethidine. The duration of analgesia is similar to morphine and pethidine and it is less constipating than pethidine. Its effects on respiration and the cardiovascular systems are counteracted by nalorphine. The decrease in activity after oral administration is probably due to a more rapid metabolic breakdown than poor absorption, as this decrease in activity can be modified by pretreatment with iproniazid and BAL while subcutaneous administration is unaffected.
The Use of S-Alkyl-N-Phenylthiuronium Picrates, Styphnates and Picrolonates for the Characterisation of Alkyl Halides
Authors: Thomas J , Baker W A
Published: April 2011

A series of S-alkyl-N-phenylthiuronium picrates, styphnates and picrolonates has been prepared and the melting points determined. By use of these derivatives it is possible to identify any of the lower primary and secondary alkyl halides examined. This has not previously been possible with S-alkylthiuronium salts. The reaction between tertiary alkyl halides and thiourea has been re-examined.
An Ultra-Violet Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Picrate, Styphnate and Picrolonate in S-Alkyl-N-Phenylthiuronium Salts
Authors: Thomas J , Baker W A
Published: April 2011

By selecting suitable wavelengths to measure the extinction, it has been found possible to determine the percentage of picrate, styphnate and picrolonate in S-alkyl-N-phenylthiuronium salts in ethanol solution by an ultra-violet spectrophotometric method. The method is rapid and accurate to ± 1 per cent.
Anatomical Studies in the Genus Rubus: Part III. The Anatomoy of the Leaf of Rubus loganobaccus
Authors: Fell K R , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

The anatomy of the leaf of Rubus loganobaccus L. H. Bailey, in the whole and powdered condition, is described and illustrated. A summary of the anatomical characters is given, and the anatomical features which distinguish leaves of R. loganobaccus from those of R. idaeus L. and R. fruticosus L.1,2are briefly discussed.
A Study of the Toxicity of Sulphite. I
Authors: Lockett Mary F , Natoff I L
Published: April 2011

The effect of sodium metabisulphite, 750 p.p.m. as SO2, in the drinking water, has been studied through three generations of rats in experiments lasting for nearly 3 years. The metabisulphite was without effect on growth, the intake of food and fluid and the output of faeces. It did not influence fertility, the weight of the newborn or lactation: neither did it increase the frequency with which tumours developed.
Chromatographic Studies of the Effect of Intravenous Injections of Tyramine on the Concentrations of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Plasma
Authors: Lockett Mary F , Eakins K E
Published: April 2011

Intravenous injections of tyramine, increased the concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the plasma of heparinised blood withdrawn from the lower aortae of chloralosed cats, which had been rested for 30–40 minutes after induction of lasting ganglion block with hexamethonium and exclusion of the adrenals from the circulation. Both the pressor response to tyramine and this increase in catechol amine was abolished either by pretreatment of the animal with reserpine or by the intramuscular injection of cocaine. Only one tenth of the increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline in the plasma of the lower aorta reached the inferior vena cava, and there was only a very small accompanying rise in the catechol amine content of plasma from blood taken from the base of the carotid arteries when the tyramine injected did not exceed 120 μg./kg.
The Influence of Sex on the Catabolism of Griseofulvin
Authors: Busfield Dorothy , Child K J , Basil B , Tomich E G
Published: April 2011

Blood griseofulvin levels have been determined on rats given a single oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intravenous dose and on guinea pigs and human volunteers after oral administration. In rats the blood levels of females were higher than those of males: this applied to all four routes of administration. No differences in blood levels between males and females were observed in guinea pigs or human volunteers. In vitro studies have shown that liver slices obtained from male rats destroy griseofulvin more rapidly than those from females; the sex difference did not apply to rabbits or guinea pigs.
A Phytochemical Survey of the Hong Kong Medicinal Plants
Authors: Arthur H R , Cheung H T
Published: April 2011

332 species of plants from the colony of Hong Kong have been tested for the presence of alkaloids. 38 gave strong positive reactions.
Book Review
Authors: Callingham B A
Published: April 2011

THE PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL USE OF DIURETICS. By Carroll A. Handley and John H. Moyer.
The Colorimetric Determination of Phenacetin in Tablet Mixtures
Authors: Kum-Tatt Lee , Chian-Seng Chan
Published: April 2011

Phenacetin may be quantitatively converted to nitrophenetidine by nitration and subsequent saponification with sodium hydroxide. The nitrophenetidine thus formed is soluble in alkaline solution and may be determined colorimetrically at 445 mμ. The method may be applied to samples containing 1 to 5 mg. of phenacetin. This method possesses several advantages over existing methods in that it is simple, sensitive and accurate and does not require the tedious separation of caffeine when applied to the determination of phenacetin in aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine mixtures. Recovery data of phenacetin in these mixtures are given. A simple and rapid procedure for the analysis of the components of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine is also described.
The Local Anaesthetic Properties of A Series of N-Substituted p-Aminobenzoic Acid Esters of Tropine
Authors: Haining C G , Johnston R G , Scott K A
Published: April 2011

The local anaesthetic properties and toxicities of a series of N-sub-stituted p-aminobenzoic acid esters of α- and β-tropine were investigated. No consistent differences in local anaesthetic activity were observed between the corresponding α-tropine and β-tropine esters. Substitution at the p-amino group by straight chain alkyl radicals having up to four carbon atoms increased both local anaesthetic activity and toxicity. The propyl derivative was as potent as amethocaine but its therapeutic index was lower.
The Anti-Inflammatory Action of Griseofulvin in Experimental Animals
Authors: D'Arcy P F , Howard E M , Muggleton P W , Townsend Shirley B
Published: April 2011

When tested by the cotton-pellet method in rats or the tuberculin-hypersensitivity test in guinea pigs, griseofulvin had a marked antiinflammatory action. The activity was, weight for weight, less than that of the corticosteroids tested concurrently. The anti-inflammatory action of griseofulvin appears to be independent of any effect upon the pituitary-adrenal axis.
The Identification and Determination of Nitrogenous Organic Bases with Ammonium Reineckate
Authors: Kum-Tatt Lee
Published: April 2011

The identification and determination of several important bases as their reineckates is described. The ultra-violet and visible spectra of reineckates were studied and used for the determination of molecular weights and solubilities and for the determination of bases. This paper also records as yet unreported constants of the characteristic mono- and di-reineckate derivatives of several clinically important compounds. A method for the regeneration of the conjugate bases from the reineckates using ion exchange resins is also given.
Some Observations on the Pharmacology of 10-Methoxydeserpidine
Authors: Mir B J , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

10-Methoxydeserpidine caused a slow sustained fall in the arterial blood pressure of the anaesthetised cat when doses of 2 to 4 mg./kg. were given, an effect seen only when the initial blood pressure was high. Unlike reserpine and deserpidine, 10-methoxydeserpidine did not cause ptosis or loose stools in mice or rats when used at doses of from 10 to 80 mg./kg. and although pentobarbitone sleeping time was not increased, at higher doses of 40 to 80 mg./kg. there was reduction of motor activity, respiratory depression and some animals died. Unlike deserpidine the 10-methoxy derivative had no effect on the pressor responses to compression of the abdominal aorta or stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, but depressed the response to occlusion of the common carotid arteries. The LD50 of 10-methoxydeserpidine was found to be 82 ± 2–6 mg./kg. in mice. Methyl reserpate and reserpic acid showed reserpine-like activity in intact animals and isolated tissues only at very high doses.
A Note on Sodium Salicylate and Tissue 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Rat
Authors: Medaković M , Radmanović B
Published: April 2011

The treatment of rats with large doses of sodium salicylate induces a marked decrease in the 5-hydroxytryptamine level of the skin without depleting the stores in the ileum.

After the addition of sodium salicylate to rat incubated skin, an increased release of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the surrounding fluid was noted in only 3 instances out of 10 using Vane's preparation of the rat fundus for the assay.
Stability of Atropine Solutions: Biological and Chemical Assays
Authors: Lu F C , Hummel B C W
Published: April 2011

Atropine solutions stored at room temperature for 2 to 6 years were assayed biologically using the anti-acetylcholine action as end point. The activity of the 6-year old solutions was about 25 per cent below the labelled strength. The loss of activity was proportional to the duration of storage. Colorimetric assays on some of these samples confirmed these results. The spasmolytic and lethal activities of two other samples of partially hydrolysed atropine solutions were also determined. The presence of the hydrolysis products did not alter the ratio of these two activities of atropine. But, the biological activities of the sample, in which the hydrolysis amounted to 44 per cent, were greater than those attributable to the unhydrolysed atropine.
Studies in the Field of Diuretic Agents
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

A procedure has been developed for converting sulphamyl derivatives of aniline into the corresponding sulphamyl-sulphonchlorides. The latter have been condensed with ammonia and with amines giving novel 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-disulphamyl derivatives of benzene, required for examination as diuretics.
The Release of Sympathetic Amines by Tyramine from the Aortic Walls of Cats
Authors: Lockett Mary F , Eakins K E
Published: April 2011

Horns of rat uteri in chambers, perfused with the femoral arterial blood of cats, relaxed during pressor responses to intravenous injections of tyramine, but failed to do so when half this weight of tyramine was put directly into the arterial blood bathing the uterine horn. Concentrations of tyramine, evoking only threshold inhibitions of rat uteri, have been shown to release one or more compounds from the isolated perfused aortae of cats. The substances released inhibit the spontaneous and induced contractions of rats' uteri. Finally both adrenaline and noradrenaline have been demonstrated in extracts of cats' aortae.
Respiratory Tract Fluid and Inhalation of Phosgene
Authors: Boyd Eldon M , Perry William F
Published: April 2011

Increase in the permeability of the respiratory membrane of rabbits after exposure to phosgene was followed by measuring the output and composition of respiratory tract fluid. During the latent period, levels of sodium and chloride in respiratory tract fluid were elevated but volume was normal. During the early symptomatic period, the levels of sodium and chloride were definitely elevated but volume was still normal. Just before death in the late symptomatic period, respiratory tract fluid poured out of the lungs at a rate which averaged 60 times the normal and its sodium, chloride, and lipid levels were identical to those of blood plasma. Rabbits in the last group had an intense pulmonary oedema, haemoconcentration, and little or no resistance to the lethal effect of urethane.
Pharmacognostic Study of Valeriana Pyro-Laefolia Decaisne
Authors: Atal C K , Khanna K L
Published: April 2011

The macroscopical and microscopical characters of the roots, rhizomes and stolons of Valeriana pyrolaefolia Decaisne have been described.
Influence of Haloperidol (R 1625) and of Haloperidide (R 3201) on Avoidance and Escape Behaviour of Trained Dogs in A “Jumping Box”
Authors: Niemegeers Carlos J E , Janssen Paul A J
Published: April 2011

The experimental details of a technique for establishing conditioned responses on the basis of escape and avoidance behaviour of dogs in an electrically charged “jumping box” are described. The method is similar to the well-known Warner technique for rats. The influence of two new neuroleptic agents, haloperidol (R 1625) and haloperidide (R 3201), on the behaviour of trained dogs is reported. One and five hours after injection the effects of both compounds are qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. Haloperidol has a longer duration of action. These results are of particular interest in view of the fact that haloperidide is about ten times more active than haloperidol as an antagonist of apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs.
A Note on the Oxidative Deamination of Isomers of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Other Indolealkylamines
Authors: Erspamer V , Ferrini R , Glässer A
Published: April 2011

Monoamine oxidase from guinea pig tissues oxidises 4-hydroxy-tryptamine, 6-hydroxytryptamine and 7-hydroxytryptamine at about 50–70 per cent of the rate of 5-hydroxytryptamine. For the rat liver the relative rate of oxidation of 6-hydroxytryptamine is less. 5-Methoxytryptamine and tryptamine are substrates for amine oxidase as good as, or better than 5-hydroxytryptamine, whereas iso-5-hydroxytryptamine and iso-tryptamine are oxidised less readily than 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptamine. 5-Hydroxy-β-hydroxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine(β-hydroxybufotenine) does not seem to be a substrate for amine oxidase from guinea pig kidney.
A Slope-Ratio Design for Accelerated Storage Tests
Authors: Tootill J P R
Published: April 2011

An experimental design is presented for predicting the “expiry” dates of pharmaceutical preparations at various storage temperatures on the basis of the degradation rates observed in short time studies at elevated temperatures. The design is based on the observation that a suitable metameter of potency falls off linearly with time at a rate depending on the absolute temperature, in accordance with the Arrhenius equation. It is particularly applicable when relatively imprecise assay methods have to be employed. The design is so constructed to involve the minimum number of time-temperature combinations necessary to check the validity of the assumptions made in applying the Arrhenius equation, and also to provide a precise estimate of known error for the expiry date.
Ethylene Oxide Sterilisation—Some Experiences and Some Practical Limitations
Authors: Royce A , Bowler C
Published: April 2011

Causes of failure to sterilise using ethylene oxide have been investigated. Organisms can occur naturally in conditions in which they are “protected” from the action of the gas, and in consequence its action on organisms which have been artificially protected has been studied. The work is discussed with particular reference to moisture content and relative humidity, and means of overcoming the difficulties of sterilising “protected” organisms are suggested. Bacteriological controls have been found unreliable without safeguards.
The Determination of Hexachlorophane and Other Phenols in Pharmaceutical Preparations by A Δ E Spectrophotometric Method
Authors: Elvidge D A , Peutrell B
Published: April 2011

The changes in spectral characteristics of phenolic compounds which occur with variations in pH have been used to develop a simple, rapid method for their determination in pharmaceutical preparations. Results compare favourably with those obtained by chemical analysis. The method is more specific than the chemical method.
The Strength of Compressed Tablets
Authors: Shotton E , Ganderton D
Published: April 2011

Examination of the fracture of tablets in a strength test has revealed two types of failure. Where the interparticulate bond is strong, fracture occurs across the grains and the strength of tablet is a simple function of the particle size. If the interparticulate bond is weak, fracture occurs around the grain and particle size has little effect. A thin coating of stearic acid was used to weaken the interparticulate bond when the effect of grain size on strength disappeared or was reversed. The relation of bonding and capping is discussed and it is shown that capping can be reduced by weakening the interparticulate bond.
A Specific Solvent-Extraction Method for the Determination of Trace Quantities of Fluoride
Authors: Johnson C A , Leonard M A
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the specific determination of trace quantities of fluoride. The procedure depends upon the solvent extraction and subsequent colorimetric measurement of the blue complex formed between fluoride and the cerous-alizarin complexan chelate. Concentrations of 0.25 to 7 μg. of fluoride in 150 ml. of water can be determined. The method has been shown to be applicable to distillates from strong acid and has been used for solid samples of low fluoride content.
Entrainment and Flooding in Vertical Still-Heads
Authors: Evans A J , Shotton E , Train D
Published: April 2011

An investigation has been made of the entrainment entering, and collected on, vertical still-heads from a boiling solution. The entrainment entering the still-heads increased gradually with increasing distillation rate until the Reynolds Number of the vapour in the still head reached a value of about 10,000. At this point a much greater rate of increase was noted and was accompanied by a greater rate of collection of the entrainment over all sections of the still-head. The value of 10,000 for the Reynolds Number was verified from the observations of others. The true flooding effect did not occur until much higher distillation rates, when there was a sudden increase in the volume of liquid collected at the top of the still-head and a corresponding decrease in that collected at the bottom. Increasing the length of the still-head from 30 to 60 inches showed an increase in maximum collecting efficiency from approximately 96 to 99 per cent. Decontamination factors compared favourably with those obtained by other workers using more complex packed columns.
The Assay of Enzyme Activity by the Plate-Diffusion Technique
Authors: Carter D V , Sykes G
Published: April 2011

The technique described provides a convenient means for estimating various enzymes quantitatively. Only a few examples are quoted, but provided suitable indicator substrates can be found the range can be extended. Having established the procedure for one enzyme, it is applicable to others, subject only to the variation in substrate required and the different dilutions of the enzyme preparation necessary to obtain satisfactory responses. Thus, the method is more convenient and easier to manipulate than are the existing methods, including those official in the B.P. and U.S.P.; moreover, as already stated, the assay is quantitative, the limits of error being only about 8 per cent (P = 0.95).
The Influence of the Variations in Solubilising Properties of Polysorbate 80 on the Vitamin a Palmitate: Polysorbate 80: Glycerol: Water System
Authors: Boon P F G , Coles C L J , Tait M
Published: April 2011

The vitamin A palmitate: Polysorbate 80: glycerol: water system has been studied with special reference to the production of one-phase, water miscible, transparent solutions. The preparation of such solutions has been shown to depend on the hydrophile-lipophile balance of Polysorbate 80; this can be controlled by a cloud-point titration method.
Some Observations on the Flow Properties of Barium Sulphate Suspensions
Authors: Carless J E , Chenoy N C
Published: April 2011

Barium sulphate particles of narrow size range were prepared by precipitation and the flow properties of suspensions of these particles were investigated. Particle sizes were determined by a photo-extinction sedimentometer method. The mean size of the particles varied from 6 μ to less than 1 μ. The flow properties of the suspensions can be explained by relating the viscosity not only to the volume concentration of the solid present but also to the volume of “free liquid” in the suspension. The Roscoe equation equating the relative viscosity to the concentration of a suspension, fits the experimental results, if an “effective concentration” is substituted for the actual concentration of solid. The “effective concentration” is the total volume of solid together with the solvent trapped within clumps of particles. This effective concentration was estimated from the sedimentation volume of the suspension.
The Inhibition of the l-Histidine Decarboxylases of Guinea-Pig Kidney and Rat Hepatoma
Authors: Robinson B , Shepherd D M
Published: April 2011

The preparation of some potential inhibitors of l-histidine decarboxylase is described. These, and certain commercially available compounds, have been compared for their ability to inhibit in vitro the histidine decarboxylases of guinea-pig kidney and of the transplantable rat hepatoma (F-Hep). Structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors are discussed.
The Oxidation of Aldehydes in Aqueous Solutions of Cetomacrogol
Authors: Carless J E , Mitchell A G
Published: April 2011

The oxidation of emulsions and solutions of five paraffinic aldehydes in aqueous solutions of cetomacrogol was measured manometrically at 25°. The rate of oxidation depends on the saturation of the dispersion and not on the concentrations of aldehyde and cetomacrogol except in so far as these control saturation. A method of expressing saturation, applicable to both solutions and emulsions is proposed. Differences between the oxidation rates of emulsions containing aldehydes of different chain length are shown to depend mainly on the proportion of aldehyde in the disperse phase.
A Note on the Paper Chromatographic Separation of Codeine, Morphine and Nalorphine
Authors: Street Harold V
Published: April 2011

Codeine has been separated from a mixture of codeine, morphine and nalorphine on Whatman ET20 ion-exchange paper, in 5 min. A mixture of morphine and nalorphine has been separated in 90 min. by horizontal circular reversed phase paper chromatography. Using ascending chromatography at 86° on tributyrin-treated paper, an unequivocal resolution of a mixture of morphine, nalorphine and codeine has been achieved within 20 min.
A Colour Test to Distinguish Between the Fruits of Illicium Verum and Illicium Anisatum L.
Authors: Phang S E , Dutt M C , Tee Thng Soon
Published: April 2011

A simple colorimetric method to differentiate the non-poisonous Chinese Star Anise from the poisonous Japanese Star Anise is described.
A Modified Procedure for the Determination of Isoniazid in Mixtures with Sodium p-Aminosalicylate
Authors: Kum-Tatt Lee , Yan-Hon Ho
Published: April 2011

A modification of a routine method for the determination of isoniazid in mixtures with sodium p-aminosalicylate in tablet form is described. After the removal of interfering tablet excipients with hydrochloric acid the isoniazid is determined by reduction of the hydrazine group with a zinc-copper couple in potassium hydroxide to ammonia which is absorbed in standard acid the excess of which is titrated with standard alkali.
The Morphology and Histology of Seeds of Datura Cornigera Hook
Authors: Wellendorf M
Published: April 2011

The macroscopical and microscopical characters of the seeds of Datura cornigera Hook, are described and illustrated. A most striking feature is the peculiar spongy parenchyma which constitutes the major part of the testa. The location of alkaloids is surprising, only the collapsed inner part of the testa showed no content of alkaloids. In the outer layers of the endosperm, many cells contained regular crystals of a substance which dissolved in strong sulphuric acid giving an intense orange colour.
The Effect of Deficiency and Small Excess of Thiamine on the Rat Phrenic Nerve Diaphragm Preparation
Authors: Bhagat B , Lockett Mary F
Published: April 2011

Preparations made from thiamine deficient rats showed subnormal twitch tensions in response to nerve stimulation but gave normal twitch tensions when directly stimulated. Tensions developed during tetanus were subnormal whether elicited directly or indirectly. Sensitivity to an excess of potassium ion was reduced but that to tubocurarine remained unchanged. Excess of thiamine, in near physiological concentrations, was almost devoid of curare-like action except in the presence of an excess of thyroid hormone.
The Hydrolysis of Ethyl Benzoate, Diethyl Phthalate and Benzocaeme in Cetrimide Solutions
Authors: Mitchell A G
Published: April 2011

The effect of cetrimide on the alkaline hydrolysis of emulsions and solutions of ethyl benzoate and diethyl phthalate and solutions of benzocaine has been investigated. In the initial stages of the reaction, the hydrolysis rate of emulsions increases with cetrimide concentration while that of solutions decreases. In the later stages the rate of hydrolysis decreases with increasing cetrimide concentration.
Estimation and Urinary Excretion of Tetrahydroaminoacrxdine
Authors: Kaul P N
Published: April 2011

Two methods for the quantitative determination of tetrahydroamino-acridine in aqueous solutions and in urine are described. Four metabolites have been isolated from the rat urine. Two of these, constituting the major proportion of the total metabolites, have also been isolated from human urine and partially characterised.
Diterpene Alkaloids. Isolation and Study of Two New Alkaloids
Authors: Singh Nazar , Chopra K L
Published: April 2011

Two new alkaloids tentatively named as “denudatine” and “denudatidine” have been isolated in pure form from an indigenous crude drug “Judwar” which has been provisionally identified as the roots of Delphinium denudatum Wall. (Fam. Ranunculaceae). The purity of these alkaloids has been checked by paper chromatographic analysis and they have been characterised. Denudatine is the major alkaloid and has been isolated in pure form in a yield of 0.05 per cent. On the basis of microanalysis for the elements of the base, m.p. 248–249° and its derivatives; the determination of the active hydrogen, =N–Me, ≡C–Me and infra-red and ultra-violet absorption spectra, denudatine has been tentatively classified as a diterpene alkaloid of atisine group. Pharmacological actions of denudatine have been investigated. The normal rhythmic contractions of isolated rabbit duodenal strip are inhibited. The isolated guinea-pig uterine strip is stimulated by the base solution. It decreases the tone and inhibits the peristaltic movements of the intestine but does not show any effect on the blood pressure and respiration of the anaesthetised dog. It is non-toxic and lacks curariform activity. Denudatidine, m.p. 273° (yield, 0.003 per cent) has not been studied further.
The Effects of Prolonged Administration of Some Adrenocortical Steroids in the Rat
Authors: D'Arcy P F , Howard E M
Published: April 2011

An approximation has been made of the relative potency of some adrenocortical steroids to retard body growth and cause adrenocortical atrophy in chronically treated rats. The site of cortical atrophy and depletion of sudanophilic lipid varies with the nature of the steroid administered. The implications of these findings have been discussed with particular reference to the pituitary control of the zona glomerulosa. Corticosteroid induced adrenocortical atrophy is reversible on cessation of treatment. The effect of prolonged administration of cortisone on the weight of organs and other endocrine glands has also been studied.
A Note on the Action of Gallamine on Isolated Rabbit Auricles
Authors: Laity J L H , Garg B K
Published: April 2011

The action of gallamine triethiodide on the effects of methacholine and acetylcholine on isolated spontaneously beating rabbit auricles in oxygenated mammalian Ringer's solution at 30° has been investigated. Gallamine blocked the effects of both drugs. The effects of gallamine were similar to those of atropine, but gallamine was weaker and was more readily removed by washing.
Common Drugs that May Invalidate Spectrophotofluorometric Assays of Blood Griseofulvin
Authors: Child K J , Bedford Carole , Tomich E G
Published: April 2011

Studies have been made of the potential effects of aspirin, salicylic acid, phenacetin, paracetamol, codeine, caffeine, theophylline and quinine on the spectrophotofluorometric assay of griseofulvin in blood. Aspirin, salicylic acid or quinine are likely to give falsely high values. Detection of this bias by inspecting the fluorescence spectra of the extracted griseofulvin is not always possible.
Chronic Toxicity Studies on Food Colours: V. Observations on the Toxicity of Brilliant Blue FCF, Guinea Green B and Benzyl Violet 4B in Rats
Authors: Mannell W A , Grice H C , Allmark M G
Published: April 2011

The food colours Brilliant Blue FCF, Guinea Green B and Benzyl Violet 4B were fed to rats at concentrations of 0.03, 0.3 and 3 per cent of the diet for 75 weeks. Thirty rats were used at each feeding level. Brilliant Blue and Benzyl Violet had no adverse effects on growth at any of the levels used. With Guinea Green there was an initial depression of growth at the two higher levels accompanied by a decreased food efficiency and, in one group, a lower food consumption. There was an increase in mortality in female rats fed 3 per cent of all three colours. With Brilliant Blue, indications were that this increase was not related to treatment. In the groups fed 3 per cent Guinea Green and 3 per cent Benzyl Violet there was a total of eight malignant tumours. Five of these were derived from the epidermis. Further investigation of these two colours is required.
The Effects of Bretylium and Cocaine on Noradrenaline Depletion
Authors: Callingham B A , Cass Rosemary
Published: April 2011

Bretylium and cocaine possess the property of reducing the depletion of noradrenaline in rat hearts and spleens produced either by guanethidine or by reserpine. Their modes of action differ.
Cardiotonic Substances from Bersama Abyssinica Fres. Sub. Species Abyssinica
Authors: Lock J A
Published: April 2011

Three crystalline materials have been isolated from the leaves of Bersama abyssinica sub. sp. abyssinica, N.O. Melianthaceae. Some chemical and pharmacological evidence is presented that these materials are bufodienolide aglycones. The material isolated in greatest quantity has a toxicity similar to that of scillaridin.
Studies on the Kinetics of Fungicidal Action
Authors: Chauhan N M , Walters V
Published: April 2011

The mean Q10 value for the mortality of Penicillium notatum spores in water from 50 to 55° was 881. In 1 to 1.25 per cent solutions of phenol from 15 to 40° it was 3.4; higher values were obtained for 0.75 and 0.875 per cent phenol.
Studies on Datura Leichhardtii Muell. Ex Benth.
Authors: Evans W C , Stevenson N A
Published: April 2011

Datura leichhardtii is readily distinguished from other species of the genus by its general morphology. Although similar to that of D. stramonium, the microscopy of the leaf differs in the length of the clothing trichomes and often in the form of the calcium oxalate crystals; it may be distinguished from other members of the Section Dutra, with the exception of D. metel, by the form and abundance of trichomes. D. leichhardtii differs from D. metel in possessing on the lamina of the leaf, glandular trichomes with a uniseriate stalk and a single-celled head. The values for palisade ratio and stomatal index are within the same range as those of allied species.
Studies in the Field of Diuretic Agents. Part VI Some Sulphamoylbenzoic Acids
Authors: Jackman G B , Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

The requirements for diuretic activity in the sulphamoylbenzoic acid series have been studied. Optimal activity is shown by 4-halogeno-3- sulphamoylbenzoic acids.
Observations on the Use of A Mouse Bioassay Method for Investigating Purgative Activity
Authors: Brittain R T , D'Arcy P F , Grimshaw J J
Published: April 2011

Some essentially practical observations have been made on the use of a simple purgative assay in mice. Modifications of the method have improved both the accuracy and precision of the assay. Senna extracts have been assayed in terms of a sennoside A standard.
The Distribution and Excretion by Cats of A New Hypotensive Drug, N-Benzyl-N′N″-Dimethylguanidine
Authors: Boura A L A , Duncombe W G , Robson R D , McCoubrey A
Published: April 2011

The distribution and excretion of 14C-labelled N-benzyl-N′N″-dimethylguanidine (BW 467C60) have been studied in cats. The drug, like bretylium, had a selective affinity for adrenergic neurones. At 3 mg./kg., about half the dose was excreted unchanged in urine within 24 hr. and no metabolites were found. Excretion continued for more than 7 days.