bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “Big Fish Network”: Using new technology to incentivise citizen science engagement in the Maldives
Authors: Hancock James W. , Rees Richard G. , Jenkins Tom K. , Shameel1 Ibrahim , Hindle Katie , Zareer Irthisham , Donati Giulia , Childs Alexander , Cagua Edgar F.
Published: July 2019

Background The use of citizen scientist contributions is a cost-effective approach that can provide valuable information, usually at scales larger than those attainable by individual researchers. The challenge, however, is to motivate contributors to continuously supply data when doing so can be time consuming and monotonous and where the results of the contributions they make are part of long term studies with infrequent outputs. When studying a highly mobile animal in a geographically disparate location such as the Maldives, a widely spread network of contributors submitting encounter information on whale shark (Rhincodon typus) sightings is vital to providing information on spatial movements and residency patterns. Approach The Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme created a prototype of a mobile device friendly version of the identification software I3S and linked it to an established, custom made interactive online portal called the Big Fish Network, designed to provide a platform for data exchange. Tour operators were invited to submit standardised data logs from their excursions. In return, operators were openly provided access to a photo-identification database of whale shark individuals and 8 years of corresponding encounter data. Outputs from the portal for the operators include an interactive map, a customised trip report, social-media bulletins and a mobile app. These features were designed to aid tour guides in planning and marketing their excursions and informing and engaging tourists, during and after the excursion. Results Since the launch of the Big Fish Network in July 2013, 834 stakeholder data submissions were received from external contributors; equivalent to 59.8% of the total encounters recorded in the same period, as compared to 23.4% between April 2006 and July 2013. In addition, utilising this network produced evidence for 5 instances of inter-atoll movements using sightings submitted from locations that are outside the main survey areas. Conclusions We believe that this example of using appealing technology and open data as tools to produce carefully tailored incentives may strengthen stakeholder commitment to citizen science initiatives and increase the catchment of data from a wider range of stakeholders. Employing similar models at a regional level in whale shark hotspots around the world may improve data flow to global databases for this species.
Association of adult female whale sharks with open ocean and coastal upwelling frontal systems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: Hearn Alex R , Espinoza Eduardo , Green Jonathan R , Acuña-Marrero David , Ryan John P
Published: July 2019

Background Although whale sharks are a mostly solitary pelagic species, most of our knowledge of their ecology is derived from around a dozen coastal feeding sites around the world where mainly immature males aggregate. Darwin Island in the Galapagos Marine Reserve is one of a few oceanic sites around the world where mostly large female whale sharks may be observed on a predictable basis. Since 2011, the Galapagos Whale Shark Project has tracked their movements from Darwin to the Equatorial Front, which is located to the north of the Galapagos Islands, extending zonally over several thousand kilometers, and is most pronounced from July through November. Towards the end of the year, the whale sharks move to the eastern boundary upwelling zone off the shelf break of Ecuador and northern Peru. Approach We placed SPOT-5 tags on 24 whale sharks in 2011 and 16 in 2012 at Darwin Island (Galapagos Marine Reserve) and tracked their seasonal movements west along the Equatorial Front then east to the eastern boundary upwelling off Ecuador and northern Peru. Using satellite data, we extracted sea surface temperature (SST) cross sections for each shark position, meridional for equatorial positions and zonal for eastern boundary positions, to emphasize habitat occupation in terms of thermal gradients relative to the sharks. We analyzed a meridional ship hydrographic section to examine habitat occupation for one shark at the EF in relation to recorded depth preferences. Results The whale sharks occupied a geographical range of 4060 km from east to west, and 2027 km from north to south. Preliminary results show that within this range, the seasonal presence of adult female whale sharks at the Equatorial Front and the eastern boundary upwelling occurs when the frontal zones are fully developed. Whale sharks were consistently located along the warm side of the Equatorial Front, occupying a narrow thermal band on average: 25–25.5 C. The depth profile of one shark in relation to in-situ vertical profiles also supports this. Similarly, they occupied the warm side of the primary coastal upwelling front, on average 21.7 C. Conclusions Although encounters with whale sharks along the coastal waters of Ecuador and Peru suggest that a larger population comprising adults and juveniles of both genders occupies the continental shelf year-round, the seasonal movements through Darwin and the Equatorial Front are mainly carried out by large, adult females. Many of these sharks display distended bellies, suggestive of pregnancy. The Equatorial Front is an important feeding ground for both planktivorous and piscivorous seabirds, while other marine filter feeders such as manta rays and southern ocean sunfish have also been tracked along the Front. We propose that Darwin is a navigational waypoint to this offshore feeding ground, which may also function as an open water pupping area.
Are we losing the battle to save the biggest fish in the sea – and can we turn it around?
Authors: Norman Bradley M.
Published: July 2019

Background Prior to 1999, the conservation status of the biggest fish in the sea was listed by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as ‘Indeterminate – Data Deficient’ in its Red List of Threatened Species publication. A Species Report was commissioned in 1999 and the Whale Shark's status was subsequently upgraded to ‘Vulnerable’ in 2000. Much attention has been afforded this species since 2000, with various protective measures implemented at the local, national and international scale. But has it had any effect? Approach Literature Review and discussions with stakeholders from across the globe was used to investigate the current state of play. A recent updated IUCN Red List Report was also consulted. Areas of concern are highlighted and suggested ways forward discussed. Results Whale Sharks are listed under many international conventions e.g. the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); the Bonn Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS); the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). There is however little evidence of actions under these Conventions. The Whale Shark is known to occur in the waters of more than 100 countries – yet it receives protection in less than 50% of these. One country that lists protection for this species is China – the location of the largest active commercial whale shark fishery. Yet enforcement of existing laws is lacking. A review of the conservation status for the Whale Shark was undertaken in 2015 resulting in no change to its ‘Vulnerable’ assessment in the IUCN's 2016 Red List. The main threats are fisheries catches, bycatch in nets, vessel strikes, whale shark tourism, marine pollution, and the inability for implementation/actions under current laws and Conventions. Conclusions Where are we failing – and what needs to be done? For a start, we need better information, starting with regional and global population assessments to establish population trends globally (at present ‘unknown’ in the latest Red List Assessment). We need improved monitoring of threats and the means to implement adjustments as required (including tourism activities) to minimise impacts. We must have an increased level of data sharing: greater collaboration between researchers, especially to maximise the use of limited available resources to achieve tangible outcomes (which can then be reviewed by relevant authorities when implementing conservation measures). And then an increased level of public education on a local, national and global scale – to help minimise threats (esp. fin trade/habitat destruction e.g. various marine industries; development etc.). Perhaps consumer-driven pressure to make it unviable for stocking/sourcing of whale shark products? And then could it be possible to have a fisheries quota – and benefit the global conservation of this species? Discussions need to be had.
Fine-scale behaviour of whale sharks off Mafia Island, Tanzania
Authors: Paulsen Jens , Rohner Christoph A. , Reuter Hauke , Levenson J. Jacob , Pierce Simon J. , Diamant Stella , Prebble Clare E.M. , Igulu Mathias , Kuguru Baraka
Published: July 2019

Background Mafia Island off the Tanzanian coast features a year-round resident whale shark population. Many of the sharks are seen regularly, making this a great natural laboratory to study their behaviour in detail. At the same time, whale sharks here also face threats locally from net entanglement and boat strike. We therefore set out to determine their fine-scale behaviour using novel telemetry methods in order to establish a profound baseline. Approach We conducted field work at Mafia Island from November–December 2015 and used 3D tags (Open Tags) and satellite tags (Desert Star SeaTagMODs) to examine whale shark behaviour. 3D tags recorded depth, temperature, acceleration as well as gyrometer and magnetometer readings at 200 data points per second. Satellite tags recorded depth, temperature, acceleration and geolocation. We attached 3D behavioural tags to the first dorsal fin using a padded clamp, and double-tagged some of the sharks with satellite tags attached with a titanium dart anchor and short tether. We manually retrieved both types of tags. A total of 117 hours of 3D tag data and 53 days of satellite tag data were recorded. Data were analysed in R. Results The attachment method using a padded clamp kept the tags in a stable position throughout their deployment period, although minor scarring of the fin was evident. We suggest some further improvements to the clamp to reduce scarring. Preliminary dive depth analysis of 3D tag data indicates that whale sharks largely stayed in shallow water, with an average swimming depth of just 4.7 m, SE: ± 0.008. The sharks also spent 10.4 hours, SD: ± 2.2 or 44.4% of the day swimming near or at the surface (depth < 2 m), indicating extensive surface feeding behaviour or surface swimming. We will clarify which behaviours were exhibited following further analysis of acceleration and gyrometer data. A simple one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between dive depth during the day and night (p < 0.005). During daytime, the deepest dive was to 18.8 m, with an overall mean depth of 3 m ± 0.007. The deepest recorded dive (29.8 m) occurred at night. Mean dive depth at night was two times higher, at 6.4 m ± 0.012. Time spent above 2 m was twofold higher during the day with 6.9 h ± 1.9 than at night with 3.5 h ± 1.2, indicating that a diel behavioural shift occurred. Conclusion 3D telemetry is an emerging technique that provides unprecedented insight into whale shark behaviour. Here, we show some initial results that indicate the potential applications for this technology. We will continue analysing gyrometer and acceleration data that allow us to further distinguish and quantify behaviours, such as feeding and search behaviour.
Long-term husbandry and physical observation of the whale sharks in Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium
Authors: Sato Keiichi , Matsumoto Rui , Murakumo Kiyomi , Asahina Kiyoshi
Published: July 2019

Background Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium has established a long-term husbandry program for whale sharks since 1980. Currently, three individuals (1 male and 2 female) are housed in the 7,500 m3 capacity main exhibit tank. The male shark was caught by a set-net on March 11, 1995, and it measured a total length (TL) of 460 cm; a subsequent measurement in December 2015 revealed the TL had increased to 865 cm. The corresponding TLs of the female sharks that have been housed in this facility for nine and eight years were 762 cm and 787 cm, respectively. The growth rate, hormonal trends, quantity of food ingested, behaviors, and other physical changes along with maturation of these sharks are presently monitored. Approach The total length of each whale shark was estimated by measuring the length between the snout tip and the first dorsal fin using an equation formulated by us. Periodic measurements of the girth at the posterior margin of the pectoral fin have been recorded since May 2014. For measuring hormonal levels, blood was collected underwater from free-swimming individuals and plasma samples were extracted. The plasma concentration of steroid hormone was measured using time-resolved fluorescent antibody analysis. This data has been collected since May 2008. The quantity of food consumed and the feeding behavior of the whale sharks are recorded each day. Results The TL of the male whale shark increased from 460 cm to 744 cm by March 2005, at an average annual growth rate of 28 cm/year. Since 2005, there has been a decrease in the growth rate, to 12.5 cm/year. The two females have been growing at an annual rate of 33 cm/year (TL = 762 cm) and 37 cm/year (TL = 787 cm). Our data shows that the rate of change of girth appears to be associated with calorie intake. The plasma concentration of steroid hormone of the male shark increased from June 2011 to June 2012 (21.49 ng/ml; TL: 850 cm). This appears to be in synchrony with the rapid elongation of the claspers. Additionally, since April 2012, we have been observing the male shark rotating its entire body laterally crossing both claspers, which is a behavioral indication that the male has reached maturity. Conclusions From our long-term study on captive whale sharks, details on direct observations on the maturity process, growth rate, required food consumption, behavioral patterns, and proportional measurement changes are available. Based on these details, we expect that future attempts for reproduction in captivity would be successful and would allow us to unravel many mysteries of whale shark reproduction.
Return to Work following Ill Health or Disability in a Public-Private Health Care Facility: A Study in South Africa
Authors: Govender Rubendri , Naidoo Deshini , Govender Pragashnie
Published: July 2019

INTRODUCTION: Disability management involves is dynamic interactional strategies used to promote an individual’s return to work. These strategies revolve around the person’s health condition and contextual factors for example their employer and the work environment. However, there remains limited literature on the strategies used in the public healthcare sector. Objective: To explore the return to work strategies used at a public sector facility in the province of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.

METHOD: A case study design, with multiple sources of data contributed towards profiling disability management strategies implemented at a central quaternary health care facility. Data collection methods included a file audit, work ability index assessments and semi-structured interviews with employees. Saturation sampling was used to recruit n = 23 employees who had been referred for occupational therapy vocational assessments over a period of 10 years. Data from the file audit were analysed using descriptive statistics and interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS: Fifty six percent (n = 38) of the participants that were currently employed at the institution scored between 28 and 38 (moderate) on the Work Ability Index and required job realignments and reasonable accommodations within their current vocations. Twenty two percent (n = 5) scored 7–9 (poor) and were medically boarded or on long-term incapacity leave.

CONCLUSIONS: Occupational therapists play a significant role in disability management within public health care facilities. Return to work strategies and reasonable accommodations can improve productivity in the workplace.
Solar Roof Top Generation, Marginal Cost, Financial Impacts on the Utility of Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayawardena J. G. L. S. , Kumara U. Anura , Sriyalatha M. A. K.
Published: July 2019

The intensity of solar radiation in Sri Lanka is 1,247-2,106 kWh/m2 per annum (SEA, 2014). There are existing solar generation capacities of 177 MW by using solar roof top systems and 51 MW of the utility scale solar plants in the country as at 28th March 2019. The Government of Sri Lanka(GOSL) introduce Building Integrated Photo Voltaic program since 2009 basically to bank the surplus of electricity units with the Utility. In 2016 GOSL introduced cash payback method for surplus energy generated by Roof Top Solar installations. Some of the stakeholders of the electricity sector argue that the Roof Top Solar generation program has negative financial impact on the financial position of the utility. The impact of the Solar Roof Top program on revenue of the Utility and the customer tariff system has been studied. Results show that Feed in Tariff of the Solar Roof Top is comparatively low with most of the thermal power generation. According to the findings of the study it can be concluded that the financial impact of the program is beneficial to the economy as a whole, but marginally negative to the short terms cash flow of the utility. Anyhow it is seen that such utility centric negativity can be ameliorated though due tariff structure. The government has to consider about the electricity policy of customer tariff in order to provide the concessions only for the needy people.
Activated Carbon Obtained from Coffee and Orange Wastes
Authors: Godinez-Adame Dorian M. , Diaz-Hernandez Job A. , Alvarez-Jacinto Luis E. , Ortiz-Garcia Ludwig I.C. , Cahum-Chan Emily G. , Canul-Petul Sheila M. , Santiago-Martinez Claudia B. , Solis-Uc Lourdes J. , Borbolla-Vazquez Jessica
Published: July 2019

Organic coffee and orange wastes have increased considerably in the last decade. In order to utilize this "garbage", the present study focuses on the obtaining of activated carbon from them. The pyrolysis of the samples, followed by chemical activation and subsequent neutralization, allowed the establishment of two protocols “A” and “B”, with slight variations depending on the residue. The results indicate that the efficiency of the activated carbon from coffee grounds using protocol "A" and "B" was 3.68% and 6.30%, respectively. On the other hand, the carbon obtained from orange peels had an efficiency of 5.00 % and 2.88 %, respectively. To confirm that the activated carbon from each type of waste has adsorption and absorption capacity, we performed a colorimetric analysis with methyl blue. These analyses showed that the activated carbon from coffee grounds and orange peels have a retention capacity of 91.09 and 95.25%, respectively, while the retention capacity of a commercial activated carbon was 99.23 %. In this preliminary study, it is shown that several residues considered "garbage" can be used sustainably.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 12, No. 4
Authors: Sun Sherry
Published: July 2019

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2019
Social Democracy: A Comparative Account of the Left-Wing Party Family
Authors: Bielik Ivan
Published: July 2019

Keman, Hans: Social Democracy: A Comparative Account of the Left-Wing Party Family. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 2017. 230 pages.
Efeitos de ácidos orgânicos na germinação e crescimento inicial de Brassica napus L. var. oleifera
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil., Pedrolo Ana Marina , Stafen Cássia Fernanda , Leitzke Suzana , Viana Vívian Ebeling , Busanello Carlos , Rosa Mariana Peil da , Tomm Gilberto , Oliveira Antonio Costa de , Pegoraro Camila
Published: July 2019

A Canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) é cultivada no Sul do Brasil como uma alternativa para a estação fria no sistema de rotação de culturas. O sistema de plantio direto e a ocorrência de solos hidromórficos favorece a formação de ácidos orgânicos alifáticos com cadeia curta e baixo peso molecular, como os ácidos acético, butírico e propiônico. Estes ácidos podem causar efeitos negativos na produção de canola. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a resposta de cinco genótipos híbridos de canola sob o efeito dos ácidos acético, butírico e propiônico na germinação e na fase inicial do crescimento da plântula. Os resultados demonstraram que os caracteres avaliados respondem de forma diferente em relação aos tratamentos aplicados dentro do mesmo genótipo. Dessa forma, a seleção de um genótipo que manteve um comportamento padrão nos caracteres avaliados sob estresse é dificultado. Entretanto, em uma visão geral, o genótipo Hyola 433 manteve respostas características de sensibilidade nos caracteres avaliados em relação aos ácidos utilizados. Ainda, foi detectado que o ácido acético teve menor efeito na germinação e na fase inicial de crescimento dos genótipos estudados.
Teores e estoques de carbono orgânico do solo em diferentes usos da terra no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santos Kristiana Fiorentin dos , Barbosa Fabrício Tondello ,   Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Bertol Ildegardis ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Werner Romeu de Souza , Wolschick Neuro Hilton , Mota Josie Moraes
Published: July 2019

O estudo das modificações do carbono do solo provocadas pela mudança de uso da terra possibilita adotar medidas que reduzam os riscos de futuros impactos negativos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi quantificar e comparar os teores (COT) e os estoques (EC) de carbono orgânico total do solo em diferentes usos da terra na região do Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina. Foram selecionadas áreas sob floresta natural (FN), plantio de pinus (PP), campo natural pastejado (CP) e sucessão de lavoura e pastagem (LP). Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, onde foram determinados os teores e calculados os estoques de carbono orgânico total por dois métodos, considerando a camada equivalente e a massa equivalente de solo. Os diferentes usos da terra influenciam os COT e os EC, os quais são maiores na condição de FN. Os valores de COT foram, respectivamente, 33,9; 27,1; 26,0 e 23,2 g kg-1 para FN, PP, CP e LP, na média da camada de 0-40 cm, enquanto os EC até a profundidade de 40 cm foram, respectivamente, 121,5; 113,8; 112,4 e 100,6 Mg ha-1 com base na camada equivalente de solo e 121,5; 102,2; 99,1 e 89,8 Mg ha-1 após correção pela massa equivalente de solo. A adequada gestão de uso do solo, a recuperação de matas e a florestação das terras são passos importantes para permiti
Erosão hídrica em um Cambissolo Háplico após aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brasil., Fontanive Maicon , Bertol Ildegardis , Wolschick Neuro , Bagio Bárbara , Stürmer Sidinei Leandro Klöckner ,   Instituto Federal Catarinense, Rio do Sul, SC, Brasil.
Published: July 2019

As perdas de água, solo, fósforo (P) e potássio (K) por erosão hídrica e escoamento subsuperficial são influenciadas pelo manejo e fertilização do solo com dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS). A pesquisa foi conduzida em 09/2014 e 11/2015, em um Cambissolo Háplico, para avaliar as doses 0 (zero), 50, 100 e 200 m³ ha-1 de DLS aplicado no milheto (Pennisetum americanum), aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e crotalária (Crotalaria ochroleuca), em comparação ao solo sem cultivo e sem DLS. A porosidade total (PT) e macroporosidade (Ma) do solo, as concentrações de P e K no solo, na enxurrada e no escoamento subsuperficial, a massa seca da parte aérea das culturas (MS), e as PA e PS pela foram determinadas. Os principais resultados mostram que a aplicação de DLS no solo resulta em aumento da PT e Ma e da concentração de P e K no solo, além da MS das plantas, em relação à ausência de dejeto. A erosão hídrica diminui com o aumento da dose de DLS, no intervalo entre 50 e 200 m3 ha-1 do dejeto aplicado no solo em relação à dose de 50. O aumento da dose de DLS faz aumentar a concentração e as perdas totais de P e K no escoamento superficial e diminuir a concentração desses nutrientes no fluxo subsuperficial, no intervalo entre 50 e 200 m3 ha-1 de dejeto. O aumento de MS das plantas, no intervalo entre 13,75 e 22,82 t ha-1, faz diminuir as PS a uma taxa média de 2,90 t ha-1. A concentração de K na água do fluxo subsuperficial se relaciona negativamente com a concentração do elemento no escoamento superficial.
Exatidão cartográfica de três MDE disponíveis para o Estado de Santa Catarina
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias., Pereira Gustavo Eduardo , Caten Alexandre ten ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus de Curitibanos
Published: July 2019

O presente estudo objetivou apresentar uma avaliação independente do potencial de um modelo digital de elevação (MDE/SC), gerado por aerofotogrametria, para aplicações as quais demandem escalas detalhadas no Estado de Santa Catarina. Foram coletados 20 pontos de controle e comparados com valores altimétricos derivados do MDE/SC, SRTM v.4.1 e TOPODATA conforme especificações da PEC-PCD. O MDE/SC atendeu aos requisitos da escala 1:10.000 na classe C, enquanto os MDE SRTM v.4.1 e TOPODATA foram enquadrados na escala 1:50.000 classes A e B, respectivamente. A classificação do MDE/SC condiz com a informada no relatório do aerolevantamento e, assim, recomenda-se o emprego do MDE/SC em estudos e levantamentos os quais demandem escalas detalhadas no Estado de Santa Catarina.
Acidificação do solo sob fertilização nitrogenada de longo prazo em campo nativo com introdução de azevém
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Cecagno Diego , Costa Sérgio Ely Valadão Gigante de Andrade , Anghinoni Ibanor , Brambilla Daniel Martins , Nabinger Carlos
Published: July 2019

A pastagem nativa é uma importante fonte de alimentos na produção de bovinos e ovinos no bioma Pampa. A introdução do azevém e a fertilização nitrogenada são alternativas que visam intensificar a exploração pecuária de forma mais sustentável. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura em pastagem nativa com introdução de azevém nos indicadores de acidez do solo. O experimento consistiu de uma sucessão secundária da pastagem natural submetida ao pastejo contínuo. A área foi calcareada, e foram utilizadas três doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, correspondendo a 0, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio. Foram realizadas avaliação de saturação por bases, saturação por alumínio e pH nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Na camada de 0-10 cm, para cada 100 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura, o pH decresceu 0,27 unidades. Na camada de 10-20 cm o pH decresceu de 5,3 até 4,7 e 4,6 com a aplicação de nitrogênio na dose de 100 e 200 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A fertilização nitrogenada de longo prazo em campo nativo com introdução de azevém resultou em acidificação do solo até a profundidade de 20 cm.
Perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Schade Jackson , Curti Juliana Massitel , Gonçalves Gustavo Romero , Silva Taise Pissinato da ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Appolonio Emanuel Vitor Pereira ,   Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Campus de Botucatu
Published: July 2019

As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.
Aproximación conceptual a la relación entre la economía colaborativa y el turismo
Authors: Díaz Pablo
Published: July 2019

La economía colaborativa está teniendo en el turismo uno de los campos de expansión de referencia. Los artículos en prensa y en revistas académicas se multiplican ante la repercusión que plataformas como Airbnb, Uber o Blablacar crean a diferentes niveles. Este artículo pretende tratar distintos aspectos del fenómeno. En primer lugar, se realiza un esfuerzo por conocer a qué nos referimos con economía colaborativa o consumo colaborativo; revisaremos para ello desde las definiciones iniciales que abrían la posibilidad a un nuevo paradigma económico hasta las últimas descripciones que introducen la visión comercial y de plataforma. Seguidamente, se analizan tres cuestiones que explican aspectos conexos entre la economía colaborativa y el turismo: el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, el papel de las referencias o calificaciones de usuarios, y la visión disruptiva. Finalmente, se ofrecen unas conclusiones.
La investigación en el ámbito del turismo sostenible
Authors: González Reverté Francesc
Published: July 2019

Esta aportación pretende hacer un repaso de la investigación actual en turismo sostenible desde las dos vertientes. En primer lugar, se describen las claves del debate teórico que rodean la idea de sostenibilidad aplicada al sector turístico y, en segundo término, los ámbitos de investigación académico que son objeto del interés de la investigación en turismo y sostenibilidad. Esta aproximación permitirá elaborar una valoración global sobre los elementos que condicionan el debate en la sostenibilidad del turismo y los ejes temáticos preferentes donde se aborda esta cuestión.
Fermentation Reduces Cyanide Content during the Production of Cassava Flours from Sweet and Bitter Cassava Tuber Varieties
Authors: Obi C. N. , Okezie O. , Ukaegbu T.
Published: July 2019

Sweet and Bitter Cassava tubers were fermented for production of cassava flours. The samples were peeled, washed with potable water and cut into slices of 5-6 cm length. They were steeped separately in water to ferment spontaneously for 4 days. The samples were serially diluted and 0.1 ml aliquot inoculated on appropriate media and incubated for isolation of bacteria and fungi. Physico-chemical, cyanide and proximate status of the fermented samples were determined. Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Corynebacterium spp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus and Candidia species were isolated. Lactobacillus, Bacillus and Candida species remained till the end of fermentation. Sweet cassava had total viable bacterial counts range: 3.6 x 102 - 4.1 x 105cfu/ml; coliform counts: 2.7 x 102cfu/ml - 3.5 x 105cfu/ml and fungal counts 1.6 x 102cfu/ml - 2.3 x 105cfu/ml while bitter cassava had total viable bacterial counts: 3.3 x 102 - 3.7 x 105cfu/ml; coliform counts: 2.3 x 102 - 3.2 x 105cfu/ml and fungal counts of 1.3 x 102 to 2.1 x 105cfu/ml. Titratable acidity of both cassava samples increased after fermentation while the hydrogen cyanide and pH decreased after fermentation in both cassava tubers varieties. Fermentation reduced the cyanide content in both cassava varieties flours to acceptable limits and eliminated food borne pathogens from the floors thus making the cassava flours safe for human consumption.
Educational Intervention in Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Barranco-Cuevas Irma Aidé , Tamayo-Huerta Maria Jose , Perdomo-Díaz Karina , Espinosa-Gómez Yenni , García-Galicia Arturo , Vázquez-Cruz Eduardo , González-López Akihiki Mizuki , Pérez-Vázquez Ana Lourdes , Gaytán-Fernández Suemmy
Published: July 2019

Objective: To identify the knowledge of Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STD) in adolescents before and after an educational intervention.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental, longitudinal study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Family Medicine Unite Number 6 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Puebla, Mexico during January to April in 2017.

Methodology: 151 patients were included in whom the knowledge level in sexual transmitted diseases were correlated. A study was used to measure the knowledge in the anatomy and sexual physiology, STDs prevention and ant conceptive. Central tendency and dispersion measures were employed for numeric variables and frequency (proportions) measures for categorical measures.

Results: A total of 151 adolescents with (58.9%) are female 17 years of age, 97.4% without partner and 74% without sex life. The knowledge after an educational intervention increased 10.6% in comparison to before the intervention. The statistical treatment was based on the Wilcoxon, resulting in a p=0.000.

Conclusion: The knowledge of STDs in adolescents increased after an educational intervention.
Antimicrobial Potential of Ethanol Extract and Fractions of Caesalpinia benthamiana (Caesalpinaceae) Root on Some Organisms Implicated in Oral Infections
Authors: Olorunmola Felix Oluwasola , Oladeji Oladokun Layiwola , Oriola Ayodeji Oluwabunmi , Adesina Simeon Kolawole
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the activities of ethanol root extract of Caesalpinia benthamiana (Baill) Herend. and Zarucchi. (Caesalpiniaceae) against some microbial isolates implicated in oral infections and determined the killing rate of the most active fraction. It also investigated the phytochemical properties of the root extract. This was with a view to providing scientific basis for the use of the root in the treatment of oral infections.

The plant root was collected from the wild, washed, air-dried, ground to powder and macerated using ethanol and water at ratio 7:3 (v/v) with constant shaking for 72 hours in a mechanical shaker.  The filtrate was concentrated in-vacuo at 50°C using a rotary evaporator and freeze dried.  The crude extract was screened for phytochemical and antimicrobial properties. The extract was further partitioned into fractions using different organic solvents in order of their polarity. The antimicrobial potential of the different fractions was determined using agar-well diffusion and agar dilution method respectively.  Time-kill-assay of the most active fraction was carried out on each of the organisms namely, Staphylococcus aureus (NCIB 8588) clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans, S. pyogenes, S. salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The values obtained were subjected to inferential statistical analysis.

Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, phenolics and phenolic glycosides and anthraquinones. The root extract showed appreciable activity against all the test organisms, with the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrating highest activity and lowest MIC (0.16 mg/mL) compared with the crude extract and the other fractions. The activity was also time and concentration dependent. At triple the MIC all cells of respective organisms were killed at 5 minutes as was the case with all the standard antibiotics and anti-fungi used as positive control. 

It was concluded that C. benthamiana ethanol root extract was highly active against oral isolates with its ethyl acetate fraction being the most effective.
X‐Ray Co‐Crystal Structure Guides the Way to Subnanomolar Competitive Ecto‐5′‐Nucleotidase (CD73) Inhibitors for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Bhattarai Sanjay , Pippel Jan , Meyer Anne , Freundlieb Marianne , Schmies Constanze , Abdelrahman Aliaa , Fiene Amelie , Lee Sang‐Yong , Zimmermann Herbert , El‐Tayeb Ali , Yegutkin Gennady G. , Sträter Norbert , Müller Christa E.
Published: July 2019

Ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (CD73, EC 3.1.3.5) catalyzes the extracellular hydrolysis of AMP yielding adenosine, which induces immunosuppression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and proliferation of cancer cells. CD73 inhibition is therefore proposed as a novel strategy for cancer (immuno)therapy, and CD73 antibodies are currently undergoing clinical trials. Despite considerable efforts, the development of small molecule CD73 inhibitors has met with limited success. To develop a suitable drug candidate, a high resolution (2.05 Å) co‐crystal structure of the CD73 inhibitor PSB‐12379, a nucleotide analogue, in complex with human CD73 is determined. This allows the rational design and development of a novel inhibitor (PSB‐12489) with subnanomolar inhibitory potency toward human and rat CD73, high selectivity, as well as high metabolic stability. A co‐crystal structure of PSB‐12489 with CD73 (1.85 Å) reveals the interactions responsible for increased potency. PSB‐12489 is the most potent CD73 inhibitor to date representing a powerful tool compound and novel lead structure.
Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant and anti‐diabetic activities of a novel protein–vanadium complex
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Kim Sang Moo
Published: July 2019

The protein–vanadium complex was successfully synthesized and systematically characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The antioxidant activity analysis indicated that it had better radical scavenging activity on 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) and O2− compared with the free protein and vanadate. Additionally, the complex exhibited high anti‐diabetic activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae α‐glucosidase and rat intestinal maltase with IC50 values of 258.53 and 72.41 μg/ml, respectively. Kinetics study showed that the complex was a mixed inhibition type against S. cerevisiae α‐glucosidase and uncompetitive inhibition type against rat intestinal maltase. These indicated that the complex with antioxidant and anti‐diabetic potential could be used for lowering blood glucose that might be caused by insufficient secretion of insulin in the body or excess fat storage. Our findings provide a new protein–vanadium complex for further use in diabetes mellitus or obesity.
Synthesis and evaluation of anticonvulsant activities of 7‐phenyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrothieno[3,2‐b]pyridine derivatives
Authors: Wang Shiben , Liu Hui , Wang Xuekun , Lei Kang , Li Guangyong , Li Xiaojing , Wei Lichao , Quan Zheshan
Published: July 2019

A series of 7‐phenyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrothieno[3,2‐b]pyridine derivatives containing triazole and other heterocycle substituents (methyltriazole, tetrazole, and triazolone) is described. Two experimental methods, maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ), were used to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of the target compounds. Moreover, the neurotoxicity (NT) was tested using the Rotarod test. 5‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐4,5‐dihydrothieno[2,3‐e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyridine (6c) showed the best anticonvulsant activity. In the MES and PTZ experiments, the 50% effective dose (ED50) values of compound 6c were 9.5 and 20.5 mg/kg, respectively. From the therapeutic index (PI) values, 6c (MES and PTZ with PI values of 48.0 and 22.2, respectively) showed better safety than the clinical drugs carbamazepine (MES with PI value of 6.4) and ethosuximide (PTZ with PI value of 3.2). The biological activities of the compounds were verified by using molecular docking studies. Compound 6c showed significant interactions with residues at the benzodiazepine‐binding site on gamma‐aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors. The results of in vivo GABA estimation and bicuculline‐induced seizures showed that 6c may have an effect on the GABA system. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the target compounds were predicted.
Rapid and visual detection for hypochlorite of an AIE enhanced fluorescence probe
Authors: Cheng Huan‐ren , Ji Yan , Liu Fei , Lu Xiao‐ju
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a new ‘turn‐on' fluorescence probe for the rapid, sensitive, and visual detection of hypochlorite is reported. The push–pull type trianiline–tricyanofuran‐based fluorescent probe was prepared using a condensation reaction between tricyanofuran and the thiophene–trianiline derivative that had high quantum yields and showed aggregation‐induced emission enhanced properties. Upon exposure to hypochlorite, prominent fluorescence enhancement of the probe was observed via the release of the fluorophore from the probe. The probe showed a ratiometric absorption change at 315 nm and 575 nm. Importantly, the probe showed an excellent detection limit for hypochlorite at 1.2 × 10−7 M in solution and it was successfully applied for monitoring hypochlorite in waste water by test strip. This work reports a new fluorescence analytical sensing method for hypochlorite that has potential practical value in environmental monitoring and biological discrimination.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Metania and Drulia (Metaniidae) Freshwater Sponges from Amazonia
Authors: Manço da Costa Bolson Glaucia Cristina , Bezerra de Barros Iuri , Volkmer‐Ribeiro Cecília , Alencar Lima Josélia , Celmar Costa França Tanos , Santos Ivanildes , Puccinelli Orlandi Patrícia , Florêncio da Veiga‐Junior Valdir
Published: July 2019

Sponges from freshwater environments, unlike marine's, are poorly known producers of natural compounds with medicinal purposes. Amazonian sponges produce massive large specimens and are widely spread, taxonomically diverse and their metabolites could represent a new frontier on unusual natural products to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's and Malaria. Species of Metania and Drulia (Metaniidae) genera are major contributors to the fauna of Amazonian freshwater sponges. Methanolic extracts from several species from these genera had their inhibitory activities evaluated in vitro, for parasite Plasmodium falciparum and acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes (AChE and BChE). All extracts were able to inhibit AChE, although no activity was observed towards BChE. Drulia uruguayensis extract was the most potent, inhibiting AChE with IC50=1.04 mg/mL. For antiplasmodial activity, all species showed inhibition to P. falciparum, but Metania reticulata being the most efficient with IC50=2.7 μg/mL. Mass spectrometry analyses evidenced the presence of fatty acids and sterols in active extracts.
Engineering Cell‐Surface Receptors with DNA Nanotechnology for Cell Manipulation
Authors: Fan Jiahui , Wang Hong‐Hui , Xie Shiyi , Wang Miao , Nie Zhou
Published: July 2019

Cell‐surface receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of cell fate. Molecular engineering of cell‐surface receptors enables control of cell signaling and manipulation of cell behavior in a user‐defined way. Currently, the development of chemical‐biological approaches for non‐genetic engineering and regulation of membrane receptors is attracting significant interest. Recent research advances in functional nucleic acids and DNA nanotechnology have made it possible to use DNA as a new and promising molecular toolkit for controlling receptor‐mediated signaling and cell fates. In this minireview we summarize the advances in the use of DNA nanotechnology for the spatiotemporal regulation of cell receptors and highlight practical applications in manipulating cell functions including cell adhesion, cell–cell contact, cell migration, and cellular immunity. We also provide a perspective on the potential of and challenges facing DNA‐based receptor engineering in future applications of cell manipulation and cell‐based therapy.
Differentiation of Retinal Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Chichagova Valeria , Dorgau Birthe , Felemban Majed , Georgiou Maria , Armstrong Lyle , Lako Majlinda
Published: July 2019

This unit describes a protocol for generating retinal organoids that contain all major retinal cell types and are responsive to light from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). hPSCs are differentiated in 96‐well plates to allow large‐scale production of organoids that could be used for multiple applications, including study of human retinal development, disease modeling, and compound screening. The differentiation approach is based on the knowledge that insulin‐like growth factor 1 signaling together with retinoic acid and triiodothyronine is important for retinal development. After 22 weeks in culture, the organoids form a thick layer of neuroepithelium containing photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, Müller, and retinal ganglion cells. Differentiation progress can be tracked by morphological observations and protein localization, as detected with immunocytochemistry. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
QoS‐aware LTE‐A downlink scheduling algorithm: A case study on edge users
Authors: Uyan Osman Gokhan , Gungor Vehbi Cagri
Published: July 2019

4G/LTE‐A (Long‐Term Evolution—Advanced) is the state of the art wireless mobile broadband technology. It allows users to take advantage of high Internet speeds. It makes use of the OFDM technology to offer high speed and provides the system resources both in time and frequency domain. A scheduling algorithm running on the base station holds the allocation of these resources. In this paper, we investigate the performance of existing downlink scheduling algorithms in two ways. First, we look at the performance of the algorithms in terms of throughput and fairness metrics. Second, we suggest a new QoS‐aware fairness criterion, which accepts that the system is fair if it can provide the users with the network traffic speeds that they demand and evaluate the performance of the algorithms according to this metric. We also propose a new QoS‐aware downlink scheduling algorithm (QuAS) according to these two metrics, which increases the QoS‐fairness and overall throughput of the edge users without causing a significant degradation in overall system throughput when compared with other schedulers in the literature.
Exploratory behavior undergoes genotype–age interactions in a wild bird
Authors: Class Barbara , Brommer Jon E. , van Oers Kees
Published: July 2019

Animal personality traits are often heritable and plastic at the same time. Indeed, behaviors that reflect an individual's personality can respond to environmental factors or change with age. To date, little is known regarding personality changes during a wild animals' lifetime and even less about stability in heritability of behavior across ages. In this study, we investigated age‐related changes in the mean and in the additive genetic variance of exploratory behavior, a commonly used measure of animal personality, in a wild population of great tits. Heritability of exploration is reduced in adults compared to juveniles, with a low genetic correlation across these age classes. A random regression animal model confirmed the occurrence of genotype–age interactions (G×A) in exploration, causing a decrease in additive genetic variance before individuals become 1 year old, and a decline in cross‐age genetic correlations between young and increasingly old individuals. Of the few studies investigating G×A in behaviors, this study provides rare evidence for this phenomenon in an extensively studied behavior. We indeed demonstrate that heritability and cross‐age genetic correlations in this behavior are not stable over an individual's lifetime, which can affect its potential response to selection. Because G×A is likely to be common in behaviors and have consequences for our understanding of the evolution of animal personality, more attention should be turned to this phenomenon in the future work.