bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperacute Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Adjuvant Effect of Pertussis Vaccines and Extracts
Authors: Levine Seymour , Wenk Eugene J. , Devlin Henry B. , Pieroni Robert E. , Levine Leo
Published: January 2023

Pertussis vaccine acts as an adjuvant for development of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats, accelerating and intensifying it, and converting it to a hyperacute form. The active principle in pertussis vaccine was resistant at 56°C but labile at 80°C. It was absent from endotoxin preparations but was present in partially purified histamine sensitizing factor (HSF). It was present in vaccines and extracts in proportion to their HSF content. The active principle may be identical with HSF or closely associated with it.
Delayed-Type Contactant Hypersensitivity Elicited in Epithelia of Vagina, Uterus and Colon of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Macher Egon , Dörner Volkmar
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs sensitized epicutaneously to 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene and shown to exhibit typical delayed-type hypersensitivity on the skin were found to exhibit equivalent reactions, upon proper challenge, also on the epithelium of the vagina, the uterus and the colon. The reactions are defined histologically by emigrated and accumulated small lymphocytes which tend to move toward, and to affect, the epithelial cells directly below the site of the applied chemical.

Conversely, sensitizing applications made to the mucosa of the colon resulted in contact sensitivity of the skin.

The fact that contact sensitivity was found not to be limited to the skin appears to exclude a role for keratin or prekeratin as required carrier of the hapten.
The Sedimentation Behavior of Rhinovirus Neutralizing Activity in Nasal Secretion and Serum Following the Rhinovirus Common Cold
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Douglas R. Gordon , Cate Thomas R. , Couch Robert B. , Butler William T.
Published: January 2023

Nasal washings and serum from nine volunteers inoculated with rhinovirus NIH-1734 were fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and the fractions were analyzed quantitatively for γA-globulin, γG-globulin and rhinovirus neutralizing activity.

Neutralizing activity in the nasal secretions was predominantly associated with 9S to 14S γA-globulin whether the nasal secretion sample came from individuals developing antibody for the first time after experimental infection or from volunteers with naturally acquired antibody of long duration. In a few nasal secretion samples, 5S to 7S neutralizing activity was also found to be associated with both γA-globulins and γG-globulins and, in a single instance, nasal secretion contained 18S virus neutralizing activity which may have been associated with γM-globulin.

Rhinovirus neutralizing activity in serum from all but one volunteer sedimented in the 5S to 7S region and was associated with fractions containing both γA- and γG-globulins. Sera from five subjects also contained virus neutralizing activity, which sedimented between 7S and 19S. Serum from one additional volunteer contained only 14S and 20S virus neutralizing activity. 19S antibody developed in only one of four volunteers infected for the first time with this strain of rhinovirus.
An Immunochemical Analysis of Bacterial Mucopeptides
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Lackland Henry , Krause Richard M.
Published: January 2023

Mucopeptides extracted from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria which were solubilized by ultrasonic treatment gave precipitin reactions with rabbit antistreptococcal serum. A haptenic inhibitor isolated from S. albus enzymes digest of Group D streptococcal cell walls inhibited this precipitin reaction between the mucopeptides of heterologous bacteria and streptococcal antiserum. Greater than 87% inhibition of the M. lysodeikticus and 65% inhibition of the E. coli quantitative mucopeptide precipitin reactions was achieved with 4 mg/ml of this inhibitor. In double diffusion studies, the mucopeptides from different species of bacteria and streptococcal mucopeptide antiserum formed merging precipitin lines. These results suggest that the mucopeptides of many different species of bacteria possess antigenic determinants which are immunochemically similar to those of streptococci.
Rubella Complement-Fixing Antigens Derived from the Fluid and Cellular Phases of Infected BHK-21 Cells: Extraction of Cell-Associated Antigen with Alkaline Buffers
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

Rubella complement-fixing (CF) antigens with titers considerably higher than those previously prepared from infected RK-13 culture fluids were obtained by concentration of the fluid phase of infected BHK-21 cultures. Greater amounts of CF antigen could be obtained from the cellular phase of infected BHK-21 cultures by sonic oscillation than by freezing and thawing, and extraction of infected cells with glycine or borate buffers at pH 9 or 10 released even more antigen. In addition to being more potent antigens, alkaline buffer extracts were less anticomplementary than antigens produced by physical disruption of the cells. Factors influencing the effectiveness of extraction of CF antigen with alkaline buffers were studied. Antigens produced from both the fluid and cellular phases of infected BHK-21 cultures could be treated with ether to render them noninfectious with only a slight loss in titer; ether-treated antigens retained their sensitivity and specificity in tests with human sera. The preparation of both fluid concentrates and alkaline buffer extracts of infected cells greatly increased the amount of rubella CF antigen obtainable from infected BHK-21 cultures.
Antigenic Analysis of Tumors and Sera from Animals Inoculated with Para-Adenovirus Populations
Authors: Rapp Fred , Butel Janet S. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Katz Myron , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The oncogenicity for hamsters of a PARA-adenovirus 7 population carrying SV40 determinants was confirmed and the immunologic events studied. Tumors induced by PARA-adenovirus 7 were virus-free but synthesized SV40 tumor antigen. Almost all the animals bearing tumors induced by this virus produced antibodies against SV40 tumor antigen and 50 percent also produced antibodies against adenovirus tumor antigen.

Transcapsidation of PARA from adenovirus type 7 to adenovirus type 2 conferred oncogenic properties to the previously nontumorigenic adenovirus 2. Again, the resulting tumors were virus-free. Cells established in culture from the tumors synthesized SV40 tumor antigen. In addition, most of the animals produced antibodies against both SV40 and adenovirus tumor antigens.
Immunochemical Studies on Dextrans
Authors: Arakatsu Yutaka , Ashwell Gilbert , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Isomaltose and isomaltotriose were oxidized to their respective aldonic acids with bromine and coupled to bovine serum albumin by the mixed anhydride reaction. All of six rabbit antisera to the isomaltonic acid antigen showed specificity for terminal α-glucosyl residues but did not cross-react with dextran while all of six rabbit antisera to the isomaltotrionic acid antigen cross-reacted extensively with dextran. These findings suggest a lower limit for the size of an antibody-combining site required for cross-reactivity with dextran as greater than a terminal α-glucopyranosyl unit and perhaps as large as a terminal α-linked isomaltosyl unit. With three of the antisera to the isomaltotrionic acid, antigens IM3, IM4, IM5 and IM6 were equally potent as inhibitors on a molar basis. In two of the other sera IM4, IM5 and IM6 were equally potent but slightly better than IM3 and in the sixth antiserum IM5 and IM6 were equal and slightly better than IM4, which in turn was better than IM3. The basis for these results is discussed.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Mandy William J.
Published: January 2023

Homoreactant, present in the purified normal rabbit γG-globulin, reacted specifically with homologous Fab fragments. The reaction was demonstrated by the agglutination of human red cells sensitized with the Fab of rabbit anti-HEA. Pepsin digestion of HR did not affect this agglutinating activity; it was destroyed, however, by papain digestion. The activity of HR was inhibited by the Fab fragments of normal rabbit γG-globulin. The concept that HR is a 7S naturally occurring antibody is supported by the data.

Homoreactant was unable to agglutinate erythrocytes sensitized with 1) the artificially prepared univalent 7S hybrid anti-HEA, 2) subagglutinating doses of intact anti-HEA or 3) the rabbit incomplete antierythrocyte antibody. Furthermore, HR was not inhibited by intact γG-globulin. The data suggest that HR is directed to antigenic determinants which are ordinarily buried in the intact γG-globulin molecule and are exposed after papain digestion.

Gel-diffusion experiments provided another way of demonstrating HR activity. The data suggest that this technique may prove to be useful for further quantitative studies.

Differences between HR and certain other serum factors are discussed.
Runt Diseases Induced by Non-Living Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Ekstedt Richard D. , Hayes Lawrence L.
Published: January 2023

Neonatal mice injected repeatedly with a variety of sterile bacterial vaccine exhibit a form of runt disease similar in most respects to classic graft-vs.-host runting. Fractionation of these organisms has suggested that the responsible antigens are polysaccharide or polysaccharide-nucleic acid complexes. Vaccine-runted mice showed a characteristic depression of circulating lymphocytes with a marked alteration and depletion of lymphocytopoiesis in the spleen and thymus. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of plasma from vaccine-runted animals showed no striking alterations although a characteristic smearing of the IgM region was consistently observed. Runted mice were shown to respond less well to immunization with sheep erythrocytes than normal animals but no change in their ability to reject skin homografts could be demonstrated.
Gross and Microscopic Skin Reactions to Killed Typhus Rickettsiae in Human Beings
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Batawi Yehia El , Wood William H. , Noriega Antonio R.
Published: January 2023

Studies of the skin reactions produced by formalin-killed suspensions of Rickettsia mooseri and Rickettsia prowazekii in normal human subjects and in subjects with various kinds of previous experience with typhus organisms have yielded the following observations: Relatively concentrated rickettsial suspensions produce local “toxic” reactions in the skin of normal subjects which are compatible with an endotoxic component in the organisms.Subjects with previous typhus experience exhibit a markedly enhanced local and systemic reactivity to the typhus antigens. Thir reaction is compatible with a delayed type hypersensitivity to typhus antigens.Histologic studies of skin biopsies taken from different subjects at various times after injection of test material revealed an early inflammatory response in normal subjects compatible with that induced by endotoxins and a delayed inflammatory response in hypersensitive subjects compatible with a reaction of delayed type hypersensitivity.The skin reaction did not distinguish between murine and epidemic typhus, suggesting that the major antigen(s) involved is common to both species of organism.The delayed type hypersensitivity to typhus antigens developed with regularity following vaccination with the attenuated living E strain of R. prowazekii, a positive reaction often appearing as early as 7 to 10 days following vaccination.
Localization of Anti-Brain Radioantibodies in Rat Brain
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Rigsbee Lewis , Wilkins Robert , Mahaley M. Stephen
Published: January 2023

The brain localization of intravenously (i.v.) and intracerebrally (i.c.) injected radioantibodies and normal radioglobulin in rats has been investigated. Cross-localizing antibodies, that remain in brain when i.c. injected but localize primarily in other normal tissue when i. v. injected, were used to test the concept that the blood-brain barrier to radioglobulin is in essence a dynamic equilibrium whose equilibrium constant favors the general circulation by several orders of magnitude. This concept was offered to explain the phenomenon that i.c. injected normal radioglobulin achieved the same general bodily distribution as did i. v. injected normal radioglobulin.

Through passive transfer of 125I-labeled antibrain radioantibody, paired with 131I-labeled normal radioglobulin, in normal rats for 2 hr, and subsequent i.v. transfer of serum-borne radioglobulins to normal recipient rats for another 24 hr, a specific brain-localizing antibody was detected in minute but significant amounts. It was not determined whether the detected portion constituted the bulk of the specific entity or whether some was removed during the passive transfer.
Bacteriophage Neutralizing Activity of Fragments Derived from Rabbit Immunoglobulin by Papain Digestion
Authors: Stemke G. W. , Lennox E. S.
Published: January 2023

Fragments of IgG derived from antiphage IgG retain phage neutralization activity upon papain digestion. However, only about 10% to 20% of the globulin activity remains and, for phage T2, more than one antibody fragment is required to neutralize the phage. While Fabfragment II has more activity than Fab-fragment I, it is suggested that phage binding by Fab I and II may be about equal. The variation in phage neutralizing activity of Fab I and Fab II is not evident in the neutralizing activity of the parent IgG class which gives Fab I or Fab II, but must arise upon digestion.
Physicochemical and Immunologic Properties of Eluates Containing I-125 Anti-Rh0(D)
Authors: Fong Susie W. , Masouredis S. P. , Dupuy Mary Edith , Elliot Margaret , Hug Katherina
Published: January 2023

The effect of different elution procedures on the physicochemical properties and the immunologic behavior of I-125 anti-Rh0(D) containing eluates derived from the same antiserum was studied. Differences in the properties of the I-125 anti-Rh0(D) eluates could be attributed to the composition of the globulin containing fraction used for sensitization, the physical form of the antigen-containing red cells used for absorption-elution, the manner in which the red cells were converted to stroma and the modality used for eluting the sensitized stroma. Eluates were prepared by using heat to 56°C, an acid medium to pH 3.5 and by lipid solvent disruption of the red cell membrane. The I-125 anti-Rh0(D) eluates showed differences in antibody content, rate of association with red cells and in their reaction with red cells in antibody excess (zoning). Zoning was observed in eluates prepared by heat from red cells or stroma sensitized with a crude globulin fraction, and in eluates prepared from sensitized cells lysed with digitonin and eluted by acid. All I-125 anti-Rh0(D) eluates on immunoelectrophoresis contained γG-globulins of extended (fast) electrophoretic mobility. The increase in the anionic charge of the eluted I-125 anti-Rh0(D) is probably due to the presence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in the eluates. When a homogeneous γG fraction was used for sensitization of red cells, it was possible to prepare a heat and an acid eluate which did not differ significantly from each other in either physicochemical properties or immunologic behavior.
The Nature of C-Reactive Protein in Acute Phase Serum: Evidence for an Equilibrium form Containing a Mucopolysaccharide of Serum
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F.
Published: January 2023

C-reactive protein (CRP) in acute phase serum is in equilibrium with mucopolysaccharide, also present in normal serum, to form a higher molecular weight mucopolysaccharide-CRP complex. The interaction, in part, involves participation of sialic acid. CRP purified by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, or partially purified by the procedure of Wood et al. (3), contains mucopolysaccharide. Addition of a final gel filtration step on Sephadex G200 to purified CRP isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose yields readily crystallizable CRP, and the interacting mucopolysaccharide.
The Growth of Rubella Virus in Small Laboratory Animals
Authors: Oxford J. S.
Published: January 2023

The studies provided evidence for the multiplication of rubella virus in the lungs of the rabbit, hamster, guinea pig and ferret after intranasal inoculation of virus. Rubella virus could be recovered from the hamster lung for as many as 20 weeks after the intranasal inoculation of virus. This long persistence of virus in the lung was not detected in the ferret, rabbit or guinea pig.

No evidence of infection was obtained for the chick, the adult rat or the hedgehog, while the results for the newborn mouse were equivocal.

No illness attributed to rubella virus was noted in any of the animals inoculated by different routes, and no consistent correlation was noted between the presence of rubella virus in the lungs and macroscopic lung lesions.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Polypeptide Chains Isolated from Antibodies in the Serum of Immunized Rabbits
Authors: Miller Edward J. , Osterland C. Kirk , Davie Joseph M. , Krause Richard M.
Published: January 2023

The electrophoretic patterns of the sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with group A-variant and group C streptococcal vaccines exhibit a prominent narrow band in the γ-globulin region. This electrophoretically homogeneous γ-globulin was identified as antibody. L chains isolated from purified antibody preparations were shown to migrate as a narrow band on acid urea starch gel electrophoresis, whereas L chains from normal γ-globulin traveled as a diffuse smear. A limited number of L chain bands was also demonstrable using alkaline urea starch gel. All of the rabbits exhibiting this unusual antibody response were allotypically homozygous at both the a and b loci. Precipitin gel diffusion experiments suggest that the purified antibodies represent a limited population of the antigenic spectrum of normal rabbit γ-globulin. Thus, the immunologic and physicochemical properties of the γ-globulin isolated from these rabbits suggest a selective manufacture of an unusually homogeneous population of group specific carbohydrate antibodies.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Studies on Several Anti-A Lectins
Authors: Chattoraj Aparna
Published: January 2023

The anti-A lectins of Dolichos biflorus, Sieva lima beans and the snail, Otala lactea have been compared in a sensitive and reproducible quantitative hemagglutination technique using a Coulter electronic particle counter model B. The HD50 and slopes were noted for differentiation between the lectins. A sharp specificity of Dolichos biflorus was plainly evident. The snail extract seemed to be a specific anti-A lectin with the widest range of reactivity for the different subgroups of A and AB.
The Effect of Antigen on the Rate of Guanosine-8-C14 Incorporation by Lymphocytes
Authors: Mayron Lewis W. , Baram Peter
Published: January 2023

Lymphocyte cultures from PPD-hypersensitive human donors have been shown to develop an increase in the rate of nucleic acid synthesis upon stimulation with PPD. This increase, as reflected by the rate of incorporation of guanosine-8-C14 into a trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction, occurs between the 5th and the end of the 13th day of culture with a peak at 8 days. Cells from weakly-sensitive donors have a peak of incorporation at approximately 3 days. Lymphocyte cultures from ragweed-sensitive human donors, demonstrating no delayed hypersensitivity reaction, developed a slight increase in the rate of nucleic acid synthesis upon stimulation with ragweed extract. The peak observed was at day 6 and the rate of incorporation fell to normal levels by day 8. The reaction appears not to be influenced by antibody or antibody-producing cells.
Antigenic Analysis of a Metazoan Parasite, Toxocara Canis
Authors: Jeska Edward L.
Published: January 2023

A fractionation procedure is presented, together with the analysis of two genus-specific antigenic components extracted from the metazoan parasite, Toxocara canis. The components were identified as bands 2 and 5 of the six formed with the whole extract and absorbed antiserum. They were recognized by their electrophoretic characteristics in immunoelectrophoresis and by elution patterns from Sephadex G 200 and from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose.

Both antigenic components were derived from ovarian tissue of the adult female.
Desensitization to Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Levine Herbert
Published: January 2023

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs sensitized to α,DNP(Lys)7–10 peptides could be specifically inhibited by prior intraperitoneal injection of the homologous immunizing antigen or by larger immunogenic α,DNP-oligo-L-lysyl peptides. Desensitization was short-lived and normal skin reactivity returned by 6 days. Small closely related nonimmunogenic α,DNP-oligo-L-lysines, oligo-L-lysines, or dinitrophenylated proteins were unable to desensitize these animals. The exquisite immunologic specificity and the requirement for an immunogenic molecule to desensitize as well as elicit the delayed response provides strong evidence for the concept that the initial event in the delayed response is an active process triggered by antigen rather than the result of passive interaction of preformed “delayed antibody” with antigen.
Immunoglobulins in Serum and Nasal Secretions Following Infection with Type 1 Parainfluenza Virus and Injection of Inactivated Vaccines
Authors: Smith Charles B. , Bellanti Joseph A. , Chanock Robert M.
Published: January 2023

The antibody response in serum and nasal secretions was studied in volunteers following infection with type 1 parainfluenza virus and injection with type 1 virus inactivated vaccines. Although both methods of immunization stimulated a serum antibody response, virus infection was more effective in stimulating a local antibody response than was vaccination. Antibody in nasal secretions was found to be associated with γA-immunoglobulins. No significant differences were observed in the immunoglobulin distribution of serum antibody following infection and vaccination.
Effect of Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on an Antibody-Forming System
Authors: Gengozian N. , Hübner K. F.
Published: January 2023

The results of this study have shown a) a marked depression of the primary immune response when phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is given 1 day before antigen; b) the absence of a nonspecific anamnestic response when an antigen-sensitized system was exposed to PHA; c) no enhancement or inhibition of the secondary response when PHA is given shortly (8 hr) before the antigen to the animals that have shown a primary response including both 19 S and 7 S antibody; d) induction of a 19 S memory system following a depressed primary immune response yielding only 19 S antibody formation; and e) a suppression of the secondary response when PHA was given shortly (8 hr) before the antigen in animals that have shown a primary response without 7 S antibody production.
Immunologic Responses in the Axolotl, Siredon Mexicanum
Authors: Ching Yi-Chuan , Wedgwood Ralph J.
Published: January 2023

The specific immune response of the axolotl is of a lower order than seen in anurans and higher fish. In both larvae and adult animals a prolonged period passed between antigen administration and the appearance of specific antibody. Larval animals, with one exception, produced only rapidly sedimenting antibody after primary or secondary stimulation, whereas adults produced both slowly and rapidly sedimenting antibodies after secondary stimulation. This response appeared to be dose dependent. Marked susceptibility of antibody activity to heating of serum to 56°C for 30 min was noted. This susceptibility was not related to dependence on other serum components analogous to complement and is probably intrinsic to the antibody itself. Observations on the inhibition of appearance of circulating antibody in the cold suggest that cold exerts a major influence on the early part of the induction period.
Herpes Simplex Neutralizing Antibody—Quantitation of the Complement-Dependent Fraction in Different Phases of Adult Human Infection
Authors: Heineman Herbert S.
Published: January 2023

A quantitative analysis of complement dependence in herpes antibody was carried out, using the plaque-reduction technique to test sera from young adults with primary and recurrent herpes. The results suggest the following conclusions:

Between one- and two-thirds of neutralizing antibody activity is complement dependent.

Neither the fraction of complement-dependent antibody nor the serum complement level varies in the different phases of recurrent herpes in such a manner as to suggest any role of complement in allowing or preventing recurrences.

In adult primary herpes, complement-dependent and complement-independent antibody appear together, so that complement dependence cannot be used in the diagnosis during the acute phase.
Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies in Rats Infected with Moloney Virus
Authors: Cremer Natalie E.
Published: January 2023

The concentration of serum α- and β-globulins in rats remained within normal limits during the course of infection with Moloney virus. The γ-globulin concentration in such rats was normal at weaning age (4 weeks). However, the γ-globulin concentration did not increase normally as the animals matured, but remained at low levels throughout the life of the animal. The ability of the infected rat to produce IgM globulin appeared to be unimpaired. After immunization with S. typhi “O” antigen, a line corresponding to IgM appeared in both normal and infected rat serum. Agglutination titers to O antigen were comparable in both groups of rats. The antibody in the serum of infected rats was primarily mercaptoethanol sensitive while that in the serum of control rats consisted of both mercaptoethanol sensitive and mercaptoethanol resistant agglutinins.
Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity with Cellular Fractions from Sensitized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dunn Donald J. , Patnode Robert A.
Published: January 2023

Passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity to normal, intact guinea pigs, or to the leukocytes thereof, was accomplished using whole cells, crude cell lysates, microsomes or Sephadex fractions from tuberculin sensitive animals.

Sephadex G 50 Fraction I from sensitized cell lysates, which was capable of passive transfer, contained one major peak with an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 280 mµ, suggesting the presence of a protein component. Sephadex G 50 Fraction III, also capable of passive transfer, contained a major component with a ribose sugar moiety and an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 260 mµ, suggesting an RNA-like material.
Studies of the Effect of Induced Immune Lymphopenia
Authors: Denman A. Michael , Frenkel Eugene P.
Published: January 2023

Inbred Fischer rats, rendered tolerant to rabbit Ig G, were injected daily with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte globulin (ALG) for periods up to 1 month. These rats developed “wasting disease,” which included a hemolytic anemia. Histologically, lymphoid tissues demonstrated profound lymphocyte depletion with marked reticulum cell and moderate plasma cell hyperplasia.

Animals not tolerant to rabbit Ig G required larger and more prolonged injections of ALG to produce persistent lymphopenia. Compared with the tolerant rats, weight loss was slight, “wasting disease” did not develop, and the histologic changes were minimal. Unlike the tolerant animals, these rats developed circulating antibodies against rabbit Ig G.

These findings suggest that the effects of antilymphocyte globulin were potentiated in the tolerant rats, and that the reduction in lymphoid mass in these animals was greater. They provide additional evidence that “wasting disease” results whenever the lymphoid mass is reduced below a critical level irrespective of the manner employed to produce this effect.
Some Experiences with Chemical Inactivants of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Fellowes O. N.
Published: January 2023

Tris (1-(2 methyl) aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (MAPO), tributyltin benzoate (TBTB), and acetylpropylene imine (API) were each tested for their ability to inactivate FMDV, type SAT-2 strain RHO-1 at 37°, 23° or 4°C. Various concentrations of the chemicals were employed and some were combined with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). MAPO or API in concentrations of 0.1 to 1% inactivated all virus present in mixtures at 37°C in 24 hr. TBTB in concentrations up to 1% was not capable of inactivating all of the virus in mixtures at 37°C in 24 hr. MAPO and TBTB were comparatively ineffective as inactivants of FMDV, type SAT-2 at 23°C in 24 to 30 hr in concentrations of 0.1 to 1% as contrasted to API. Neither MAPO or TBTB were particularly active at 4°C over a period of 72 hr in reducing the infectivity of the virus while API was quite active at the same temperature. The inactivated viruses, treated with MAPO and API, were immunogenic in guinea pigs.
Neutralization of the Shwartzman Reactions by Polymyxin B
Authors: Rifkind David , Hill Rolla B.
Published: January 2023

Polymyxin B prevented the localized Shwartzman reaction in rabbits when admixed with the intravenous (i.v.) provocative dose of endotoxin but enhanced the reaction when admixed with the intracutaneous preparatory dose.

Polymyxin B prevented the generalized Shwartzman reaction when admixed with either the preparatory or the provocative i.v. dose of endotoxin.

A preparatory i.v. dose of endotoxin resulted in the production of low concentrations of plasma heparin-precipitable protein, and following a second or provocative dose of endotoxin 24 hrs later the concentration was augmented 30-fold. This augmentation was prevented by polymyxin B admixed with the provocative but not with the preparatory dose of endotoxin. These data indicate that the production of high concentrations of heparin-precipitable protein is not in itself sufficient for the production of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.

The addition of polymyxin B in vitro to heparinized plasma samples obtained after two i.v. doses of endotoxin did not depress the formation of heparin-precipitable protein.

The admixture of polymyxin B to a single i.v. dose of endotoxin resulted in the reduction of the toxin mortality in rabbits from 23% to 4%.
Cell-Released Non-Specific Stimulators of Antibody-Forming Spleen Cell Populations
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Braun Werner
Published: January 2023

Addition of particulate antigen (e.g., chicken RBC) to a suspension of spleen cells from mice previously immunized with this antigen, will cause the release of a soluble, relatively heat-stable, dialyzable, 260-absorbing material capable of producing a non-specific stimulation of antibody-forming cells in vivo (e.g., of cells forming anti-sheep RBC or anti-E. coli). As in the case of oligodeoxyribonucleotides derived from calf thymus DNA, the non-specific endogenous stimulators (which also appear to be oligodeoxy-ribonucleotides) a) must be administered with antigen, b) enhance the early period of increases in antibody-forming cell populations, and c) are antagonized by kinetin riboside. The stimulators are recoverable from the extracellular environment 60 min after the initiation of in vitro reactions between immune spleen cells and corresponding antigen and can be released from spleen cell populations even when the spleen is harvested as late as 3 weeks after immunization. A corresponding release of non-specific stimulators in vivo by re-exposing animals at time of immunization, with antigen B, to a previously experienced different antigen A, has been noted. The results appear to elucidate the nature of a number of previously observed adjuvant effects and may have a bearing on a number of hitherto unexplained stimulations of immune responses.
Adjuvanticity of Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus: Influence of Virus Infection on the Establishment of Immunologic Tolerance to a Protein Antigen in Adult Mice
Authors: Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Notkins Abner L. , Dougherty Suanne F.
Published: January 2023

Adult Balb-C mice developed immunologic tolerance following intraperitoneal injection of “unaggregated” human γ-globulin (HGG) prepared either by ultracentrifugation or “biological filtration.” However, unaggregated HGG did not produce immunologic tolerance in mice which had been acutely infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) or which had been inoculated with bacterial endotoxin. Acute but not chronic LDV infection converted the animal's response to unaggregated HGG from tolerance induction into antibody production. These studies suggest that one of the mechanisms of action of an adjuvant is its ability to alter the host's response to a tolerogenic stimulus.
The Relationship between the Inv (1) and (2) Genetic Antigens of Kappa Human Light Chains
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. , Kunkel Henry G.
Published: January 2023

The two closely related human genetic antigens, Inv (1) and Inv (2) were studied with respect to their occurrence in myeloma proteins, Bence Jones proteins and isolated light chains. Five isolated myeloma proteins out of 92 surveyed and four Bence Jones proteins carried both genetic characters. No proteins were found which carried one and not the other factor. The co-existence of the two antigens on the same myeloma proteins along with the genetic studies indicated control by an Inv1,2 gene.

Three different Inv typing systems, two of them specific for Inv (1) and the third for Inv (2) were used to study the separated heavy and light chains of Inv (1, 2) proteins. The Inv antigens were found to be dependent to varying degrees on the combination of the two subunit chains. This dependence was most marked in the case of the Inv (1)-MO typing system where free light chains or Bence Jones proteins failed completely to express the Inv antigen. To localize this genetic antigen to the light chain it was necessary to perform recombination studies. A group of isolated Bence Jones proteins tested also had limited expression of the Inv antigens in the same manner as the isolated light chains.

The relationship of the two Inv antigens to the single amino acid substitution thus far described for the invariable portion of these Bence Jones proteins was discussed.
Physicochemical Properties of Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Menzel Arthur E. O.
Published: January 2023

Serum fractions from ragweed sensitive patients were heated at 56°C for 2 to 4 hr and the effect of this treatment on the γG-, γA- and γE-antibodies against purified ragweed allergen (antigen E) was studied. After heating, both γG- and γA-antibodies showed radioactive precipitin bands in radioimmunodiffusion, whereas the γE radioactive band was lost. Disappearance of the radioactive γE band on heating is not due to loss of antigen-binding activity of γE-antibody but to loss of precipitability of the protein with anti-γE-antibody. By the heat-treatment, skinsensitizing γE-antibody was changed to blocking antibody. It was also found that a fraction containing γE-globulin nonspecifically blocked passive sensitization of human skin with reaginic antibody, and that the blocking activity of the preparation was lost by heating. The results indicate that the major reason for inactivation of skin sensitizing activity by heating is the loss of affinity of γE-antibody for human skin tissues rather than to destruction of the antibody-combinding sites of the molecule.
Papain Fragments of Rabbit Anti-Leukocyte Antibodies: Effects in Relation to Some Serologic and Biologic Activities of the Antiserum
Authors: Ogburn Clifton A. , Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna
Published: January 2023

Serologically detectable antibodies in rabbit anti-rabbit leukocyte sera were digested with papain to the point of loss of the serologic activity. The papain fragments could inhibit the agglutination by anti-leukocyte sera of RBC coated with soluble rabbit histocompatibility antigens. Digestion was also demonstrated of the antibody in such sera which causes reduction in the number of hemolytic antibody plaques produced by stimulated rabbit lymph node cells.

Papain fragments of the antibodies in antileukocyte sera were not effective in suppressing transferred lymph node cells in contrast to the native antibodies. The requirement for complement demonstrated in the plaque-reduction system could explain this failure.

Competition between papain fragments and the native antibody for antigenic sites on the lymph node cell was shown in the agglutination of lymph node cells by RBC coated with specifically purified antibody from the anti-leukocyte sera, and in plaque-reduction and cytotoxicity. In the case of the latter two reactions, with increasing concentrations of the antibody disproportionately greater concentrations of the papain fragments were required to reduce the effect of the antibody to a given endpoint.
Role of Macrophages in Antibody Production
Authors: Argyris Bertie F.
Published: January 2023

The present studies are concerned with the role of macrophages in antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Intact thioglycollate (TG)-induced SRBC-containing peritoneal cells elicited antibodies in normal syngeneic recipient mice but not in irradiated mice. This suggests the release of immunogens by the antigen-carrying macrophages, inducing an immunologic response with kinetics similar to that after injection of non-phagocytized SRBC. Simultaneous administration of 15 million TG-induced peritoneal cells and SRBC did not decrease the immunogenicity of the SRBC. These results suggest that macrophages are not merely “scavenger” cells, and that the macrophage does not play a negative role in the immunization process.

Mice exposed to SRBC 5 days after injection of TG, when their internal production of macrophages was maximal, exhibited an impaired immune response to threshold doses of SRBC. The significance of these results was discussed.

Comparison of the persistence of immunogenicity of intracellular SRBC in vitro and in vivo suggests that the sharp decrease in immunogenicity in vitro is unphysiological.
Secondary Antibody Responses in Haptenic Systems: Cell Population Selection by Antigen
Authors: Paul William E. , Siskind Gregory W. , Benacerraf Baruj , Ovary Zoltan
Published: January 2023

Secondary responses late in the course of immunization may be obtained with DNP conjugated to proteins different from that used for primary immunization. These responses are characterized by a modest increase in serum antibody concentration and by a large increase in affinity for hapten. On the other hand, secondary responses to the immunizing antigen involve a large increase in serum antibody concentration with little or no change in affinity. Secondary responses in rabbits immunized with type III pneumococci may be achieved with purified capsular polysaccharide but only very late in the course of immunization.

These results are discussed in terms of a thermodynamically driven selection of sub-populations of sensitive cells by antigen.
Immunity in Experimental Syphilis
Authors: Miller James N.
Published: January 2023

Eleven of 17 rabbits immunized over a 24-week period with a total of 1.6 × 109 γ-irradiated, motile, non-proliferating Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, were partially protected against challenge with 500 virulent treponemes as evidenced by delayed incubation periods and the development of atypical lesions.

Thirteen of 15 rabbits which showed no immunity to challenge after a 12-week period of immunization with a total of 9.7 × 108 irradiated organisms exhibited relatively high pre-challenge TPI titers ranging from 1:208 to 1:7680. Similar high titers ranging from 1:84 to 1:4234 were obtained on sera from seven of the eleven animals with partial immunity after the 24-week period of immunization as compared to the relatively low titers of 1:14 to 1:22 exhibited by the remaining four animals in the group.

In addition to the lack of apparent correlation between the level of Treponema pallidum immobilization antibody and the immune status of the host, no evidence of an anamnestic response to challenge was noted.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Cells and Tissues: Immunodiffusion Studies on Liver Tissue, White Blood Cells and Subcellular Fractions
Authors: Brand K. G. , Chiu S. Y. , Silberman-Ziv G. , Buoen L. C. , Brand I.
Published: January 2023

Antisera were prepared in guinea pigs and other animal species against established human cell strains, human liver tissue and white blood cells. By means of agar-immunodiffusion numerous cellular antigens were discovered and defined. The cellular origin of the antigens was confirmed by excluding human plasma as the source. The distribution of these antigenic components in cell strains, liver tissue, white blood cells, subcellular fractions and on the erythrocyte membrane was studied. Liver tissue contained 19 of 20 antigenic components which had been described previously as a result of antigenic analyses on eight established human cell strains. Seven out of 17 antigenic components present in liver tissue were not demonstrable in three different specimens of human white blood cells. Therefore, the value of leukocytes as direct indicator of tissue antigenicity is questioned. Some of the antigenic components studied by immunodiffusion occur not only in soluble, diffusible form but were also detected on the human erythrocyte membrane as structural constituents. Specific associations between defined antigenic components and subcellular fractions have been established.
Association of Antigenic Type of Herpesvirus Hominis with Site of Viral Recovery
Authors: Dowdle Walter R. , Nahmias André J. , Harwell Rebecca W. , Pauls Frank P.
Published: January 2023

Ninety-one H. hominis strains isolated from a variety of sites representing various clinical manifestations were tested by the micro-quantal neutralization technique against antisera determined previously to represent two antigenic types of herpesvirus. The virus isolates could be divided into two distinct groups each with a distribution similar to that of a control virus representing type 1 or type 2. All 42 strains identified as type 2 were isolated from herpetic infections related directly or indirectly to involvement of the adult genital tract. The remaining 49 strains, identified as type 1, represented all other sites and included viruses associated with meningoencephalitis, eczema herpeticum, dermatitis (other than on thigh and buttocks), gingivostomatitis, asymptomatic herpes and herpes labialis. The association of a particular antigenic type of herpesvirus to the genital tract, or closely related sites, is of particular biologic and epidemiologic interest and suggests a specific tropism of a virus type.
Studies of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Marcus Donald M. , Cass Louise E.
Published: January 2023

A goat immunized with type H hog gastric mucin produced two antibodies of different specificity: 1) anti-H inhibited by a type I H oligosaccharide that contains the sequence α-fucosyl-(1 → 2)-β-galactosyl-(1 → 3)-N-acetylglucosamine at its terminal non-reducing end, but is not inhibited by a type II H oligosaccharide that contains the terminal sequence α-fucosyl-(1 → 2)-β-galactosyl-(1 → 4)-N-acetylglucosamine; and 2) antibody to a determinant common to many hog A and H substances, which contains a terminal α-N-acetylglucosamine linked to galactose.
Studies on the Immunoglobulins Which Stimulate the Ingestion of Glutaraldehyde-Treated Red Cells Attached to Macrophages
Authors: Rabinovitch M.
Published: January 2023

Fractions obtained from anti-horse red cell rabbit sera were examined as to their ability to stimulate the ingestion of glutaraldehydetreated horse red cells (GRC) attached to macrophages. Activity of both primary (10-day) and secondary sera was restricted to the light (7 S) fractions obtained by means of sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Preparations rich in IgM were obtained from 7-day primary immune response serum by means of salt precipitation, gel filtration and gradient density centrifugation. These preparations were found to be inactive in the ingestion system, in contrast to chromatographically purified IgG obtained from secondary response serum. The ingestion of GRC treated with IgM or with 7 S globulins was markedly stimulated when carried out in the presence of anti-rabbit globulin goat serum. Treatment of IgG with pepsin markedly reduced the ingestion stimulating activity.
A Stoichiometric Assay for the Fourth Component of Complement in Whole Human Serum Using Eac′lagp and Functionally Pure Human Second Component
Authors: Ruddy Shaun , Austen K. Frank
Published: January 2023

The fourth component of complement (C′4hu) in whole human serum has been measured by a three-step titration based on its specific interaction with a stable intermediate of the hemolytic system, EAC′1agp. In this interaction the conversion of SAC′1agp to SAC′1agp4hu sites is stoichiometrically related to the relative C′4hu concentration in the reaction mixture; the reciprocal of the serum dilution which produces one SAC′1agp4hu per cell is arbitrarily defined as the number of C′4hu units per ml of serum. The specificity of the assay for C′4hu was supported by the finding that the assay of two preparations of C′4hu, purified by entirely different methods, was stoichiometric and optimal without alteration of the procedure. The application of the C′4hu titration to the study of patients with hereditary angioedema has shown it to be a reproducible and sensitive index of the in vivo activation of C′1.
Paleoecological characterization of ostracods in beachrocks from the Northern sector of the Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain, Brazil
Authors: Bergue Cristianini Trescastro , Lopes Renato Pereira , Caron Felipe , Ritter Matias do Nascimento , Rodrigues Fabio Lameiro
Published: January 2023

A micropaleontological analysis on 15 beachrock samples from the Northern sector of Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (RSCP ), southern Brazil , revealed a relatively diverse and well-preserved ostracod assemblage composed of 16 species , including Cyprideis multidentata Hartmann, Callistocythere nucleoperiscum Whatley et al., Cytheretta punctata Sanguinetti, Caudites ohmerti Coimbra & Ornellas , and Argenticytheretta levipunctata Sanguinetti et al. Eleven ostracod species are left in open nomenclature or tentatively identified . Besides ostracods , some foraminifers , echinoderm spines, and fish remains (teeth) were also recovered ; however , the scarcity of specimens or poor preservation precluded identification at species level. Based on the Ostracoda taxonomic composition it is proposed that the beachrocks characterize environmentally condensed assemblages . This preliminary study reveals the importance and potentiality of micropaleontology for understanding the processes involved in the formation of beachrocks. Keywords: Pelotas Basin, Quaternary, coastal environments, micropaleontology, taphonomy.
Cingulata of the Abismo Ponta de Flecha Cave (Pleistocene-Holocene), Ribeira de Iguape Valley, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Chahud Artur , Oliveira Paulo Ricardo de , Okumura Mercedes
Published: January 2023

The Ribeira de Iguape Valley, located in southeastern Brazil, is an important karstic region, presenting a large number of caves containing fossil and subfossil vertebrate materials. The Abismo Ponta de Flecha Cave is a complex vertical cave divided into galleries where a large amount of osteological material was collected. The cave acted as a natural trap for several taxa and possibly as a disposal site for ancient human communities. Osteoderms and appendicular bones assigned to two genera of Cingulata were identified in the faunal assemblage. The most abundant bone material belongs to the family Chlamyphoridae, genus Cabassous, represented by the living species C. tatouay and by remains of a larger, but little-known species, cf. C. antiquus. The other identified genus belongs to the family Dasypodidae: Dasypus sp. Evidence of human activity was characterized in only one C. tatouay bone, while the other specimens were considered as being of natural origin. Keywords: Quaternary, Chlamyphoridae, Dasypus, Cabassous, taxonomy.