bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two types of exercise‐induced neuroplasticity in congenital hemiparesis: a transcranial magnetic stimulation, functional MRI, and magnetoencephalography study
Authors: Juenger Hendrik , Kuhnke Nicola , Braun Christoph , Ummenhofer Frank , Wilke Marko , Walther Michael , Koerte Inga , Delvendahl Igor , Jung Nikolai H , Berweck Steffen , Staudt Martin , Mall Volker
Published: August 2013

Aim

Early unilateral brain lesions can lead to a persistence of ipsilateral corticospinal projections from the contralesional hemisphere, which can enable the contralesional hemisphere to exert motor control over the paretic hand. In contrast to the primary motor representation (M1), the primary somatosensory representation (S1) of the paretic hand always remains in the lesioned hemisphere. Here, we report on differences in exercise‐induced neuroplasticity between individuals with such ipsilateral motor projections (ipsi) and individuals with early unilateral lesions but ‘healthy’ contralateral motor projections (contra).

Method

Sixteen children and young adults with congenital hemiparesis participated in the study (contralateral [Contra] group: n=7, four females, three males; age range 10–30y, median age 16y; ipsilateral [Ipsi] group: n=9, four females, five males; age range 11–31y, median age 12y; Manual Ability Classification System levels I to II in all individuals in both groups). The participants underwent a 12‐day intervention of constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT), consisting of individual training (2h/d) and group training (8h/d). Before and after CIMT, hand function was tested using the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and diverging neuroplastic effects were observed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Statistical analysis of TMS data was performed using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for pair‐wise comparison; for fMRI standard statistical parametric and non‐parametric mapping (SPM5, SnPM3) procedures (first level/second level) were carried out. Statistical analyses of MEG data involved analyses of variance (ANOVA) and t‐tests.

Results

While MEG demonstrated a significant increase in S1 activation in both groups (p=0.012), TMS showed a decrease in M1 excitability in the Ipsi group (p=0.036), but an increase in M1 excitability in the Contra group (p=0.043). Similarly, fMRI showed a decrease in M1 activation in the Ipsi group, but an increase in activation in the M1–S1 region in the Contra group (for both groups p<0.001 [SnPM3] within the search volume).

Interpretation

Different patterns of sensorimotor (re)organization in individuals with early unilateral lesions show, on a cortical level, different patterns of exercise‐induced neuroplasticity. The findings help to improve the understanding of the general principles of sensorimotor learning and will help to develop more specific therapies for different pathologies in congenital hemiparesis.
Can neuroimaging help identify effective strategies for constraint therapy in congenital hemiparesis?
Authors: Cheyne Douglas O , Fehlings Darcy
Published: August 2013

This commentary is on the original article by Juenger et al. on pages 941–951 of this issue.
Neurodevelopmental outcome, psychological adjustment, and quality of life in adolescents with congenital heart disease
Authors: Schaefer Christina , von Rhein Michael , Knirsch Walter , Huber Reto , Natalucci Giancarlo , Caflisch Jon , Landolt Markus A , Latal Beatrice
Published: August 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine neurodevelopment, psychological adjustment, and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents after bypass surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) during early childhood.

Method

Fifty‐nine adolescents (34 females, 25 males) with CHD were examined at a median age of 13 years 8 months (range 11y 5mo–16y 11mo). Outcome was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, (fourth edition); the Beery Test of Visual‐Motor Integration; the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; and the KIDSCREEN questionnaires. Results were compared with those of 40 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy comparison individuals.

Results

Outcome with regard to full‐scale IQ, perceptual reasoning, and the working memory scale was poorer in patients with CHD than in the comparison group (all p≤0.001). Visual perception, visuomotor integration (p≤0.001), and executive functions (Rey figure copy: p=0.05) were also affected. Patients with CHD also had lower scores on all motor domains (p<0.02) except static balance. Psychological adjustment was affected only in the ‘peer relationship’ domain (p=0.05). Quality of life was similar to that of typically developing peers.

Interpretation

Adolescents with CHD may manifest persistent cognitive and motor impairments, while psychological adjustment and self‐reported HRQoL are mostly typical. Thus, long‐term neurodevelopmental evaluations are necessary to provide early educational and therapeutic support.
Early diagnosis of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency using a high‐throughput screening method and a trial of oral S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine as a treatment method
Authors: van Werkhoven Michiel A , Duley John A , McGown Ivan , Munce Teresa , Freeman Jeremy L , Pitt James J
Published: August 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to develop a high‐throughput urine screening technique for adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency and to evaluate S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAMe) as a potential treatment for this disorder.

Method

Testing for succinyladenosine (S‐Ado), a marker of ADSL deficiency, was incorporated into a screening panel for urine biomarkers for inborn errors of metabolism using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to confirm and monitor the response of metabolites to oral SAMe treatment.

Results

Increased levels of S‐Ado were detected in a 3‐month‐old male infant with hypotonia and seizures. ADSL gene sequencing revealed a previously described c.–49T>C mutation and a novel c.889_891dupAAT mutation, which was likely to disrupt enzyme function. After 9 months of SAMe treatment, there was no clear response evidenced in urine metabolite levels or clinical parameters.

Interpretation

These results demonstrate proof of the principle for the high‐throughput urine screening technique, allowing earlier diagnosis of patients with ADSL deficiency. However, early treatment with SAMe does not appear to be effective in ADSL deficiency. It is suggested that although SAMe treatment may ameliorate purine nucleotide deficiency, it cannot correct metabolic syndromes in which a toxic nucleotide is present, in this case presumed to be succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of a Mycotic Coronary Artery Aneurysm: A Case Report
Authors: Pfahl Kyle W. , Orsinelli David A. , Raman Subha , Firstenberg Michael
Published: August 2013

Aneurysms of the coronary arteries are rare and are usually associated with atherosclerosis in adults. Mycotic coronary artery aneurysms are exceedingly uncommon and are typically associated with systemic bacteremia, endocarditis, or septic emboli. Literature and data describing the management of mycotic coronary artery aneurysms are limited. This case describes the successful diagnosis of a large right coronary artery aneurysm by transesophageal echocardiogram as well as the successful management of the aneurysm.
Real Time Three‐dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Novel Approach for the Assessment of Prosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Anwar Ashraf M. , Nosir Youssef F.M. , Alasnag Mirvat , Chamsi‐Pasha Hassan
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To explore our initial experience with real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3DTEE) for the assessment of prosthetic valves (PV).

Methods

The study included 40 patients (mean age 35 ± 8.5 years, 68% male) who underwent PV implant. Fifty PV (34 bioprosthetic and 16 mechanical) were evaluated using two‐dimensional (2D)TEE and RT3DTEE to rule out PV dysfunction.

Results

In all patients, RT3DTEE allowed good and simultaneous visualization of PV leaflets. Ten patients had normal functioning PV (5 in mitral, 3 in aortic, and 2 in tricuspid positions). Infective endocarditis was evident in 13 patients (20 PV) by repeated 2DTEE. RT3DTEE confirmed the 2DTEE diagnosis of endocarditis in same patients. Clear delineation of vegetations (size, site, and number) was obtained from RT3DTEE full volume while the vegetation attachment, consistency, mobility and its relation to valve structure were obtained using zoom 3D. Paraaortic abscesses size, site, extension, wall thickness of the abscess could be identified by RT3DTEE in 7 PV. Through cropping of the full‐volume 3D images, the orifice of communication between the abscess cavity and aorta could be visualized well in en face view. Color full‐volume allowed the detection of paravalvular regurgitation (size, location, direction, and extent) in 8 patients. In the 18 PV who underwent redo surgery, the intra‐operative findings confirmed the RT3DTEE description of PV lesions.

Conclusion

Real time 3DTEE improved the anatomical and functional assessment of PV with better understanding of the underlying causes of PV dysfunction; hence, it could improve the management planning for such patients.
Ecological characteristics of insects that affect symbiotic relationships with mites
Authors: Okabe Kimiko
Published: August 2013

Parasites and pathogens that begin as symbionts, i.e., organisms living together in the same habitat, are some of the most promising drivers of species evolution. Because insects are highly diverse and important as ecosystem service agents and because mites can exert large effects on insect populations (capable of killing at least juveniles), insect–mite interactions have been analyzed from various perspectives, including evolutionary, ecological and pest‐management perspectives. Here,Ireview and examine insect–mite symbiotic associations to develop hypotheses concerning the factors that maintain and develop their relationships. Previous studies have hypothesized that insect sociality and mite richness and specificity affect insect–mite interactions. I found that both solitary and social insects, including parasocial and subsocial insects, harbor numbers of symbionts including species‐specific ones but few dangerous mite symbionts in their nests or habitats under natural conditions. Nest size or the amount of food resources in a nest may affect mite richness. On the basis of this review,Ihypothesize that the insect characteristics relevant for mite symbiotic hosting are sharing the same habitat with mites and living in a nutrient‐rich habitat. I also suggest that many cases of species‐specific symbiosis began with phoresy. To test these hypotheses, phylogenetic information on mites living with insect groups and quantitative analysis to characterize each insect–mite relationship are necessary.
Domestic dogs' (Canis familiaris) understanding of Projected Video Images of a Human Demonstrator in an Object‐choice Task
Authors: Péter András , Miklósi Ádám , Pongrácz Péter
Published: August 2013

Presenting animals with artificial visual stimuli is a key element of many recent behavioral experiments largely because images are easier to control and manipulate than live demonstrations. Determining how animals process images is crucial for being able to correctly interpret subjects' reactions toward these stimuli. In this study, we aimed to use the framework proposed by Fagot et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 519 to classify how dogs perceive life‐sized projected videos. First, we tested whether dogs can use pre‐recorded and hence non‐interactive, video footage of a human to locate a hidden reward in a three‐way choice task. Secondly, we investigated whether dogs solve this task by means of referential understanding. To achieve this, we separated the location of the video projection from the location where dogs had to search for the hidden reward. Our results confirmed that dogs can reliably use pre‐recorded videos of a human as a source of information when the demonstration and the hiding locations are in the same room. However, they did not find the hidden object above the chance level when the hiding locations were in a separate room. Still, further analysis found a positive connection between the attention paid to the projection and the success rate of dogs. This finding suggests that the factor limiting dogs' performance was their attention and that with further training they might be able to master tasks involving referential understanding.
Once Bitten, Twice Shy: Does Previous Experience Influence Behavioural Decisions of Snakes in Encounters with Predators?
Authors: Gregory Patrick T.
Published: August 2013

Injuries are common in animals of diverse taxa and are usually attributed to encounters with predators. Although often non‐lethal, injuries nevertheless represent effects of predators that can have negative consequences for demography and fitness (e.g. reproductive costs). However, encounters with predators also represent experience through which animals can learn and positively adapt their future behaviour, potentially mitigating, at least partly, the negative effects of prior exposure to predators. I predicted that injured grass snakes (Natrix natrix), which presumably had been handled previously by a predator, would be more likely to move before capture than uninjured snakes. This prediction was borne out. Snakes with injuries also had lower body condition than uninjured snakes, although the effect was non‐significant. Snakes that had been previously captured also were significantly more likely to move before capture than snakes that had never been caught before. These results provide strong evidence for the role of experience and learning in modifying the antipredator behaviour of snakes.
E6 and E7 of human papillomavirus type 18 and UVB irradiation corporately regulate interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐8 expressions in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hsiao Yu‐Ping , Yang Jen‐Hung , Wu Wen‐Jun , Lin Meng‐Hsuan , Sheu Gwo‐Tarng
Published: August 2013

The lack of a human papillomavirus (HPV)‐infected skin cancer cell line has hampered the investigation of the interaction of UV and HPV in skin carcinogenesis. We identified a human basal cell carcinoma (BCC‐1/KMC) cell line integrated with E6 and E7 genes of high‐risk HPV type 18 and demonstrated that repression of E6 and E7 results in proliferation inhibition. Sublethal ultraviolet‐B (UVB) irradiation induced the expressions of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), as well as viral E6 and E7 genes, in BCC‐1/KMC cells. When E6 and E7 expressions were inhibited, IL‐6/IL‐8 expressions were repressed. Furthermore, IL‐6/IL‐8 remained inducible by UVB irradiation when E6 and E7 were inhibited. These results indicated that IL‐6 and IL‐8 can be upregulated by viral E6 and E7 proteins without UVB irradiation. Moreover, chronic exposure to UVB upregulates IL‐6 and IL‐8 when E6/E7 is induced by UVB.
Effects of a topical aqueous oxygen emulsion on collagen deposition and angiogenesis in a porcine deep partial‐thickness wound model
Authors: Li Jie , Ollague Sierra Jose , Zhu Linjian , Tang Ling , Rahill Kirah , El‐Sabawi Bassim , Liu‐Mares Wen , Mertz Patricia M. , Davis Stephen C.
Published: August 2013

A porcine deep partial‐thickness wound model was used to evaluate the effects of a newly developed topical aqueous oxygen emulsion (TOE) on wound repair. The wounds were treated with TOE, which contains super‐saturated oxygen or vehicle control. Semiquantitative immunofluorescent staining was performed to examine protein production for type I and type III collagen and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Immunofluorescent staining revealed higher protein levels of type I and type III collagen and VEGF in the TOE treatment group. Histological analysis also revealed improved angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation with topical TOE treatment and was consistent with the protein expression. In addition, the histology examination demonstrated faster epithelialization in wounds treated with TOE. The study suggests that sustained high levels of oxygen released by TOE may promote the process of wound repair through increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis as well as stimulating epithelialization.
Implications of enzyme deficiencies on mitochondrial energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species formation of neurons involved in rotenone‐induced Parkinson's disease: a model‐based analysis
Authors: Berndt Nikolaus , Holzhütter Herrmann‐Georg , Bulik Sascha
Published: August 2013

Steadily growing experimental evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the age‐dependent impairment of nerve cells underlying several neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the citric acid cycle enzyme complex α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) and respiratory chain complex I of the respiratory chain often show reduced activities in the dopaminergic neurons involved in Parkinson's disease, both giving rise to an impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism as demonstrated in a number of in vitro studies with cell lines as well as isolated mitochondria. To understand the metabolic regulation underlying these experimental findings we used a detailed kinetic model of mitochondrial energy metabolism. First, we investigated the effect of complex I inhibition on energy production and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Next, we applied the model to a situation where both KGDHC and complex I exhibit reduced activities. These calculations reveal synergistic effects with respect to the energy metabolism but antagonistic effects with respect to ROS formation: the drop in the ATP production capacity is more pronounced than at inhibition of either enzyme complex alone. Interestingly, however, the reduction state of the ROS‐generating sites of the impaired complex I becomes significantly lowered if additionally the activity of the KGDHC is reduced. We discuss the pathophysiological consequences of these intriguing findings.
Viewing serine/threonine protein phosphatases through the eyes of drug designers
Authors: Zhang Mengmeng , Yogesha S. D. , Mayfield Joshua E. , Gill Gordon N. , Zhang Yan
Published: August 2013

Protein phosphatases, as the counterpart to protein kinases, are essential for homeostatic balance of cell signaling. Small chemical compounds that modulate the specific activity of phosphatases can be powerful tools to elucidate the biological functions of these enzymes. More importantly, many phosphatases are central players in the development of pathological pathways where inactivation can reverse or delay the onset of human diseases. Therefore, potent inhibitors for such phosphatases can be of great therapeutic benefit. In contrast to the seemingly identical enzymatic mechanism and structural characterization of eukaryotic protein kinases, protein phosphatases evolved from diverse ancestors, resulting in different domain architectures, reaction mechanisms and active site properties. In this review, we discuss for each family of serine/threonine protein phosphatases their involvement in biological processes and corresponding strategies for small chemical intervention. Recent advances in modern drug discovery technologies have markedly facilitated the identification of selective inhibitors for some members of the phosphatase family. Furthermore, the rapid growth in knowledge about structure–activity relationships related to possible new drug targets has aided the discovery of natural product inhibitors for the phosphatase family. This review summarizes the current state of investigation of the small molecules that regulate the function of serine/threonine phosphatases, the challenges presented and also strategies to overcome these obstacles.
Movement patterns of small benthic fish in lowland headwater streams
Authors: Mitsuo Yoshito , Ohira Mitsuru , Tsunoda Hiroshi , Yuma Masahide
Published: August 2013

Understanding the mechanism governing the movements of stream‐dwelling fish is a fundamental issue associated with a diverse range of ecological processes. We examined the movement pattern of a small benthic species, Lefua echigonia, using a mark–recapture technique in small headwater streams. Our main objectives were as follows: (i) to assess the movement range and direction of L. echigonia; (ii) to examine how biotic and abiotic factors affect emigration and immigration patterns and (iii) to assess movement patterns at the stream scale.

Stationary fish accounted for the greatest proportion of recaptured adult L. echigonia. Seventy‐five per cent of recaptured individuals moved <100 m in 12 months after release, and the maximum movement distance was 500 m upstream. Moreover, adult L. echigonia showed significant upstream bias in movements.

According to the results of the generalised linear mixed model GLMM analysis, movement of adult L. echigonia was associated mainly with the density of conspecifics, rather than with habitat quality and body size. Adult L. echigonia were mainly stationary in relatively high‐density sections, and emigration tended to increase with decreasing density. Moreover, mobile individuals were prone to move into relatively high‐density sections.

The proportion of mobile fish showed a strong positive correlation with catchment area at the stream scale. This result indicates that stream discharge can influence the mobility of adult L. echigonia. During baseflow, the water was static in a number of stream sections, which suggests that the influence of catchment area on mobility may be more a function of freshets than normal water flow.
Lithium treatment alleviates impaired cognition in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome
Authors: King M. K. , Jope R. S.
Published: August 2013

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by suppressed expression of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which results in intellectual disability accompanied by many variably manifested characteristics, such as hyperactivity, seizures and autistic‐like behaviors. Treatment of mice that lack FMRP, Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice, with lithium has been reported to ameliorate locomotor hyperactivity, prevent hypersensitivity to audiogenic seizures, improve passive avoidance behavior and attenuate sociability deficits. To focus on the defining characteristic of FXS, which is cognitive impairment, we tested if lithium treatment ameliorated impairments in four cognitive tasks in Fmr1 KO mice, tested if the response to lithium differed in adolescent and adult mice and tested if therapeutic effects persisted after discontinuation of lithium administration. Fmr1 KO mice displayed impaired cognition in the novel object detection task, temporal ordering for objects task and coordinate and categorical spatial processing tasks. Chronic lithium treatment of adolescent (from 4 to 8 weeks of age) and adult (from 8 to 12 weeks of age) mice abolished cognitive impairments in all four cognitive tasks. Cognitive deficits returned after lithium treatment was discontinued for 4 weeks. These results show that Fmr1 KO mice exhibit severe impairments in these cognitive tasks, that lithium is equally effective in normalizing cognition in these tasks whether it is administered to young or adult mice and that lithium administration must be continued for the cognitive improvements to be sustained. These findings provide further evidence that lithium administration may be beneficial for individuals with FXS.
Pathological characteristics of patients who develop hepatocellular carcinoma with negative results of both serous hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody
Authors: Kondo Reiichiro , Nakashima Osamu , Sata Michio , Imazeki Fumio , Yokosuka Osamu , Tanikawa Ken , Kage Masayoshi , Yano Hirohisa ,   The Liver Cancer Study Group of Kyushu
Published: August 2013

Aim

We tried to characterize the pathological features of patients who developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with the negative results of both serous hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody (non‐B, non‐C).

Methods

In a multicenter study in Kyushu, Japan, we studied the histopathological characteristics of non‐cancerous liver tissues in 129 patients (103 men and 26 women) with non‐B, non‐C HCC. The histological liver damage was evaluated for fibrosis (stage) and inflammation (grade) according to the Ludwig classification of chronic hepatitis. In addition, we examined the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome in serum samples and liver tissues of 20 patients with non‐B, non‐C HCC.

Results

Positivity of serum hepatitis B core (HBc) antibody, alcohol abuse, diabetes and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis were present in 61 (47%), 76 (59%), 57 (44%) and eight (6%) patients, respectively. The degree of fibrosis was mild (stage 1.6 ± 1.2). The stage of patients with neither serum HBc antibody nor alcohol abuse was significantly lower than the stage of patients with HBc antibody and no alcohol abuse (P < 0.05). HBV genome was detected in 15 cancerous tissues (75%) and 16 non‐cancerous liver tissues (80%) in 20 patients with non‐B, non‐C HCC. Only three of the 20 patients were positive for serum HBc antibody.

Conclusion

Non‐B, non‐C patients appear to develop HCC at a low stage of fibrosis. Occult hepatitis B virus infection is the major risk factor for HCC of non‐B, non‐C patients in Kyushu, Japan.
Peripheral T‐cell and NK‐cell lymphomas and their mimics; taking a step forward – report on the lymphoma workshop of the XVIth meeting of the European Association for Haematopathology and the Society for Hematopathology
Authors: Attygalle Ayoma D , Cabeçadas José , Gaulard Philippe , Jaffe Elaine S , de Jong Daphne , Ko Young Hyeh , Said Jonathan , Klapper Wolfram
Published: August 2013

Mature T‐cell and T/NK‐cell neoplasms are both uncommon and heterogeneous, among the broad category of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. Owing to the lack of specific genetic alterations in the vast majority, most currently defined entities show overlapping morphological and immunophenotypic features, and therefore pose a challenge to the diagnostic pathologist. In the light of recent immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular genetics advances in the field of T‐cell and T/NK‐cell lymphomas, the focus of the lymphoma workshop of the European Association for Haematopathology/Society for Hematopathology meeting in Lisbon, Portugal, in October 2012 was to refine existing diagnostic criteria and clarify the borders between overlapping entities. The panel reviewed over 200 submitted cases, which were grouped into five categories: (i) angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma and T‐follicular‐helper‐cell‐associated lymphomas; (ii) CD30‐positive T‐cell lymphomas/lymphoproliferative diseases; (iii) extranodal T‐cell and NK‐cell neoplasms; (iv) EBV‐associated T‐cell/NK‐cell lymphomas/lymphoproliferative diseases; and (v) peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and mimics. This report summarizes the discussions and conclusions of the workshop, which question current diagnostic criteria and provide recommendations for refining existing classifications.
Evaluation of the automated hematology analyzer ADVIA® 120 for cerebrospinal fluid analysis and usage of unique hemolysis reagent
Authors: Tanada H. , Ikemoto T. , Masutani R. , Tanaka H. , Takubo T.
Published: August 2013

Introduction

In this study, we evaluated the performance of the ADVIA 120 hematology system for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay.

Methods

Cell counts and leukocyte differentials in CSF were examined with the ADVIA 120 hematology system, while simultaneously confirming an effective hemolysis agent for automated CSF cell counts.

Results

The detection limits of both white blood cell (WBC) counts and red blood cell (RBC) counts on the measurement of CSF cell counts by the ADVIA 120 hematology system were superior at 2 cells/μL (10−6 L). The WBC count was linear up to 9.850 cells/μL, and the RBC count was linear up to approximately 20 000 cells/μL. The intrarun reproducibility indicated good precision. The leukocyte differential of CSF cells, performed by the ADVIA120 hematology system, showed good correlation with the microscopic procedure. The VersaLyse hemolysis solution efficiently lysed the samples without interfering with cell counts and leukocyte differential, even in a sample that included approximately 50 000/μL RBC.

Conclusion

These data show the ADVIA 120 hematology system correctly measured the WBC count and leukocyte differential in CSF. The VersaLyse hemolysis solution is considered to be optimal for hemolysis treatment of CSF when measuring cell counts and differentials by the ADVIA 120 hematology system.
Towards a Higher Comparability of Geothermometric Data obtained by Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material. Part I: Evaluation of Biasing Factors
Authors: Lünsdorf Nils K. , Dunkl Istvan , Schmidt Burkhard C. , Rantitsch Gerd , von Eynatten Hilmar
Published: August 2013

Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM) is frequently used to determine metamorphic peak temperatures from the structural order of carbonaceous material enclosed in metasediments. This method provides a quick, robust and relatively cheap geothermometer. However, the comparability of the RSCM parameter is low as there are at least three major sources of biasing factors. These sources are the spectral curve‐fitting procedure, the sample characteristics itself and the experimental design including the used Raman system. To assess the impacts of the biasing factors on RSCM, a series of experiments was performed. The experiments showed that curve‐fitting is strongly influenced by individual operator‐bias and the degrees of freedom in the model, implying the need for a standardised curve‐fitting procedure. Due to the diversity of components (optics, light detection device, gratings, etc.) and their combinations within the Raman systems, different Raman instruments generally give differing results. Consequently, to estimate comparable metamorphic temperatures from RSCM data, every Raman instrument needs its own calibration. This demands a reference material series that covers the entire temperature calibration range. Although sample heterogeneity will still induce some variation, a reference material series combined with standardised curve‐fitting procedures will significantly increase the overall comparability of RSCM data from different laboratories.
Genetic relationships between KoreanCalanthespecies and some naturally occurring mutants based on multiple DNA markers
Authors: Srikanth Krishnamoorthy , Koo Ja Choon , Whang Sung Soo
Published: August 2013

RAPD, ISSR and AFLP were used to assess the genetic relationships among KoreanCalanthe(Orchidaceae) species. Sixteen accessions belonging to five nativeCalanthespecies and some spontaneous mutants were studied. The mutants clustered withC. sieboldii,indicating that they are genetically closer toC. sieboldiithan to the rest of the species.Calanthe bicolorclustered withC. discolor, suggesting that its genetic composition is close to that ofC. discolor. Though it is suggested to have originated as a result of natural hybridization betweenC. sieboldiiandC. discolor, introgression is likely to have occurred in the direction ofC. discolor. Calanthe reflexaandC. aristuliferawere the most genetically differentiated of the species studied. We identified 117, 42, 50 putative makers via RAPD, ISSR and AFLP analysis, respectively.
Ajania semnanensis sp. nov. (Asteraceae–Anthemideae), from northeast Iran: insights from karyological and micromorphological data
Authors: Sonboli Ali , Olanj Nayyereh , Mozaffarian Valiollah , Gholipour Abbas
Published: August 2013

Ajania semnanensis (Compositae: Anthemideae), a new species of Ajania from northeast of Iran, Semnan province, is described and illustrated. Ajania semnanensis is a suffruticose perennial growing on rocky and stony slopes of mountains at altitudes of 1500–2800 m a.s.l. Karyological and micromorphological data of the pollen and achenes, as well as a distribution map for the species are provided. The cytotype of the species was found to be diploid (2n = 2x = 18) based on x = 9. The karyotype formula is 2n = 2x = 4M + 6m + 6sm + 2st. Pollen grains of A. semnanensis are prolate‐spheroidal (P/E = 1.1), 3‐zonocolporate and echinate (Anthemis type). The achenes of A. semnanensis are obovate, 1.0–1.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm, light brown, with 4–6 fine and inconspicuous ribs, glabrous, without pappus and with a subbasal carpopodium. The IUCN status of the new species is suggested to be ‘Least Concern’ (LC).
Conversion of Solution‐Derived Perhydropolysilazane Thin Films into Silica in Basic Humid Atmosphere at Room Temperature
Authors: Nakajima Koji , Uchiyama Hiroaki , Kitano Takayuki , Kozuka Hiromitsu
Published: August 2013

Spin‐on perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) thin films were converted into mechanically hard silica thin films by an exposure to the vapor from aqueous ammonia. Infrared absorption and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses were conducted to clarify the details of the PHPS‐to‐silica conversion and the nature of the silica thin film products. The PHPS‐to‐silica conversion was found to proceed rapidly between 2 and 3 h of exposure via a reaction‐limited process, where the refractive index and the pencil hardness greatly decreased and increased, respectively. Finally, the O/Si mole ratio close to 2 was achieved, which has never been realized in literature for PHPS‐derived silica thin films. It was also found that the condensation of Si–OH groups proceeds in films immediately after PHPS hydrolysis, which is similar to the base‐catalyzed hydrolysis–condensation reaction of silicon alkoxides. Although the silica thin films obtained had refractive indices similar to that of silica glass, high pencil hardness over 9H on Si(100) substrates, and O/Si mole ratios close to 2, it was concluded that they are nonidentical to silica glass, containing trace amounts of Si–OH and Si–H groups.
Diagnostic criteria for acute‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (2012): Report of the Committee of Japan Diabetes Society on the Research of Fulminant and Acute‐onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kawasaki Eiji , Maruyama Taro , Imagawa Akihisa , Awata Takuya , Ikegami Hiroshi , Uchigata Yasuko , Osawa Haruhiko , Kawabata Yumiko , Kobayashi Tetsuro , Shimada Akira , Shimizu Ikki , Takahashi Kazuma , Nagata Masao , Makino Hideichi , Hanafusa Toshiaki
Published: August 2013

Type 1 diabetes is a disease characterized by destruction of pancreatic β‐cells, which leads to absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. Depending on the manner of onset and progression, it is classified as fulminant, acute‐onset or slowly progressive type 1 diabetes. Here, we propose the diagnostic criteria for acute‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Among the patients who develop ketosis or diabetic ketoacidosis within 3 months after the onset of hyperglycemic symptoms and require insulin treatment continuously after the diagnosis of diabetes, those with anti‐islet autoantibodies are diagnosed with ‘acute‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (autoimmune)’. In contrast, those whose endogenous insulin secretion is exhausted (fasting serum C‐peptide immunoreactivity <0.6 ng/mL) without verifiable anti‐islet autoantibodies are diagnosed simply with ‘acute‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus’. Patients should be reevaluated after certain periods in case their statuses of anti‐islet autoantibodies and/or endogenous insulin secretory capacity are unknown.
Weak evidence for anticipatory parental effects in plants and animals
Authors: Uller T. , Nakagawa S. , English S.
Published: August 2013

The evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity relies on the presence of cues that enable organisms to adjust their phenotype to match local conditions. Although mostly studied with respect to nonsocial cues, it is also possible that parents transmit information about the environment to their offspring. Such ‘anticipatory parental effects’ or ‘adaptive transgenerational plasticity’ can have important consequences for the dynamics and adaptive potential of populations in heterogeneous environments. Yet, it remains unknown how widespread this form of plasticity is. Using a meta‐analysis of experimental studies with a fully factorial design, we show that there is only weak evidence for higher offspring performance when parental and offspring environments are matched compared with when they are mismatched. Estimates of heterogeneity among studies suggest that effects, when they occur, are subtle. Study features, environmental context, life stage and trait categories all failed to explain significant amounts of variation in effect sizes. We discuss theoretical and methodological reasons for the limited evidence for anticipatory parental effects and suggest ways to improve our understanding of the prevalence of this form of plasticity in nature.
Local climate determines intra‐ and interspecific variation in sexual size dimorphism in mountain grasshopper communities
Authors: Laiolo P. , Illera J. C. , Obeso J. R.
Published: August 2013

The climate is often evoked to explain broad‐scale clines of body size, yet its involvement in the processes that generate size inequality in the two sexes (sexual size dimorphism) remains elusive. Here, we analyse climatic clines of sexual size dimorphism along a wide elevation gradient (i) among grasshopper species in a phylogenetically controlled scenario and (ii) within species differing in distribution and cold tolerance, to highlight patterns generated at different time scales, mainly evolutionary (among species or higher taxa) and ontogenetic or microevolutionary (within species). At the interspecific level, grasshoppers were slightly smaller and less dimorphic at high elevations. These clines were associated with gradients of precipitation and sun exposure, which are likely indicators of other factors that directly exert selective pressures, such as resource availability and conditions for effective thermoregulation. Within species, we found a positive effect of temperature and a negative effect of elevation on body size, especially on condition‐dependent measures of body size (total body length rather than hind femur length) and in species inhabiting the highest elevations. In spite of a certain degree of species‐specific variation, females tended to adjust their body size more often than males, suggesting that body size in females can evolve faster among species and can be more plastic or dependent on nutritional conditions within species living in adverse climates. Natural selection on female body size may therefore prevail over sexual selection on male body size in alpine environments, and abiotic factors may trigger consistent phenotypic patterns across taxonomic scales.
Determination of Some Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Meat and Milk Products
Authors: Gundogan Neslihan , Ataol Ozlem , Torlak Fatma Ozturk
Published: August 2013

The aim of this work is to characterize Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from meat and milk products in Ankara, Turkey. A total of 40 S. aureus, 55 E. faecalis and 30 E. faecium isolates were isolated from raw calf meat (minced), chicken drumsticks, raw milk, ice cream and white cheese samples. A high proportion of S. aureus isolates had slime formation (80%), biofilm formation (70%), deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity (53%), hemolytic activity (40%), protease production (80%) and lipase production (45%). The frequency of positive slime formation, DNase activity, hemolysis and protease production for E. faecalis isolates was 36, 5, 7 and 16%, and for E. faecium isolates was 50, 10, 13 and 6%. Neither biofilm formation nor lipase production was detected in Enterococcus isolates. It was found that S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin (77%), ampicillin (67%), erythromycin (30%), tetracycline (25%), chloramphenicol (20%) and gentamicin (17%), but they were sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin. All Enterococcus spp. isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, teicoplanin, tetracycline and vancomycin, but they were resistant to erythromycin (47%), gentamicin (14%) and penicillin (4%).

Practical Applications

A number of factors contribute to the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci, including slime, biofilm, deoxyribonuclease, hemolysin, protease and lipase production. Our results suggest that the determination of these traits in food isolates of S. aureus and enterococci could be valuable tests for the meat and dairy industry. Antimicrobial resistance is an important public health concern worldwide. Thus, antibiotic resistance can also be used as adjunct test in the food industry. In the absence of control measures, virulent and antibiotic‐resistant organisms might be transmitted to humans by the consumption of meat, milk and their product.
Malnutrition in children with food allergies in the UK
Authors: Meyer R. , De Koker C. , Dziubak R. , Venter C. , Dominguez‐Ortega G. , Cutts R. , Yerlett N. , Skrapak A.‐K. , Fox A. T. , Shah N.
Published: August 2013

Background

The mainstay of dietary management of food allergies remains the elimination diet. However, the removal of major food groups may predispose children to an inadequate nutrient intake. We therefore set out to establish growth status in food allergic children receiving dietetic input in the UK.

Methods

Dietitians were approached via the Food Allergy and Intolerance Specialist Group from the British Dietetic Association and asked to submit anthropometrical data for children with food allergies. Data collected related to the systems involved and number of foods excluded. Malnutrition was defined according to World Health Organization standards.

Results

Data from 13 different centres yielded 97 patients (51 male and 46 female) of which 66 excluded ≤2 foods and 31 excluded ≥3 foods. Data indicated that 8.5% had a weight for age ≤ −2 Z‐score and, conversely, 8.5% were ≥2 Z‐score. For height for age, 11.1% were ≤ −2 Z‐score and, for weight for height, 3.7% were ≤ −2 Z‐score and 7.5% ≥2 Z‐score. Type of allergy, system involved and specific food elimination did not impact on the level of malnutrition. However, the elimination of ≥3 foods significantly impacted on weight for age (P = 0.044).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that children with food allergies are more underweight than the general UK population, which appears to be linked to the number of foods excluded. However, the impact of the disease process itself should not be disregarded. Additionally, obesity can also occur in this population despite dietary elimination.
Modulation of intracellular ATP determines adenosine release and functional outcome in response to metabolic stress in rat hippocampal slices and cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Nedden Stephanie zur , Doney Alexander S. , Frenguelli Bruno G.
Published: August 2013

Cerebral ischaemia rapidly depletes cellular ATP. Whilst this deprives brain tissue of a valuable energy source, the concomitant production of adenosine mitigates the damaging effects of energy failure by suppressing neuronal activity. However, the production of adenosine and other metabolites, and their loss across the blood–brain barrier, deprives the brain of substrates for the purine salvage pathway, the primary means by which the brain makes ATP. Because of this, cerebral ATP levels remain depressed after brain injury. To test whether manipulating cellular ATP levels in brain tissue could affect functional neuronal outcomes in response to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD), we examined the effects of creatine and d‐ribose and adenine (RibAde). In hippocampal slices creatine delayed ATP breakdown, reduced adenosine release, retarded both the depression of synaptic transmission and the anoxic depolarization caused by OGD, and improved the recovery of transmission. In contrast, RibAde increased cellular ATP, caused increased OGD‐induced adenosine release and accelerated the depression of synaptic transmission, but did not improve functional recovery. However, RibAde improved the viability of cerebellar granule cells when administered after OGD. Our data indicate that RibAde may be effective in promoting recovery of brain tissue after injury, potentially via enhancement of salvage‐mediated ATP production.

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Case of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by rapidly progressive group A hemolytic streptococcal infection during postoperative chemotherapy for cervical cancer
Authors: Nogami Yuya , Tsuji Kousuke , Banno Kouji , Umene Kiyoko , Katakura Satomi , Kisu Iori , Tominaga Eiichiro , Aoki Daisuke
Published: August 2013

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a severe infectious disease caused by group A hemolytic streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). This condition is a serious disease that involves rapidly progressive septic shock. We experienced a case of STSS caused by primary peritonitis during treatment with paclitaxel and cisplatin (TP therapy) as postoperative chemotherapy for cervical cancer. STSS mostly develops after extremity pain, but initial influenza‐like symptoms of fever, chill, myalgia and gastrointestinal symptoms may also occur. TP therapy is used to treat many cancers, including gynecological cancer, but may cause adverse reactions of neuropathy and nephrotoxicity and sometimes fever, arthralgia, myalgia, abdominal pain and general malaise. The case reported here indicates that development of STSS can be delayed after chemotherapy and that primary STSS symptoms may be overlooked because they may be viewed as adverse reactions to chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a case of STSS during chemotherapy.
Vulvar pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia associated with herpes simplex virus type II mimicking cancer in an immunocompromised patient
Authors: Tangjitgamol Siriwan , Loharamtaweethong Kongsak , Thawaramara Thaovalai , Chanpanitkitchot Saranya
Published: August 2013

We report an exaggerated dermatological inflammatory condition in an immunocompromised patient. The patient was a 51‐year‐old woman who had HIV infection and a history of cervical cancer. Three years after highly active antiretroviral therapy with an improved immune status, and 2 years after remission of cervical cancer, she developed verrucous perineal masses. Provisional diagnosis was recurrent cervical cancer or primary vulvar cancer. Pathological features revealed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia associated with herpes viral infection. After minimal response to systemic oral antiviral drugs and topical imiquimod, she had clinical resolution with the addition of systemic oral corticosteroid.