bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
15‐year evaluation of Class II amalgam restorations
Authors: Gruythuysen R. J. M. , Kreulen C. M. , Tobi H. , van Amerongen E. , Akerboom H. B. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In a clinical trial. 1544 Class II amalgam restorations were inserted. In this study 1213 restorations were evaluated after 15 years and the reasons for replacement were registered. Attention was also paid to patient drop‐out and patients' variables such as gender, filling degree, type of tooth (premolar vs molar), type of restoration (MO or DO vs MOD), jaw (upper vs lower) and the patients' operator. Furthermore, replacement rates of three alloys applied in comparable circumstances (n=394) are reported. Of the restorations, 214 (17.6%) were replaced during the trial period. Factors influencing the replacement rates are gender, type of restoration and operator. Factors such as type of tooth and type of alloy seemed to have no influence on the replacement rates in this study.
Analysis of adolescents' beliefs about the outcome of using dental floss and drinking non‐sugared mineral water
Authors: Åström A. N. , Rise J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Using an expectancy value approach, personal and normative beliefs about the outcome of using dental floss and drinking non‐sugared mineral water were studied in a sample of 970 15‐year‐old adolescents in the county of Hordaland in Norway. The data stem from a survey performed in October 1992. A detailed analysis of these beliefs provides information about which of them should be targeted in a persuasive communication directed at changing behavior. The adolescents evaluated six outcomes of each behavior in terms of how much they wanted or feared them, and rated the probability of each outcomes happening. The adolescents also rated the probability that four significant referents would approve the performance of each behavior and how much they valued the approval of each referent. Subjects with relatively strong and relatively weak intentions to use dental floss and to drink non‐sugared mineral water (intenders and non‐intenders) were compared with respect to their scores on each measure. A one‐way analysis of variance showed consistent differences between intenders and non‐intenders. Intenders were more likely to believe that the specified behaviors would result in positive outcomes and they evaluated these outcomes as more desirable than non‐intenders. Intenders believed their referents, in particular dentists and parents, to be more concerned about whether or not to perform the specified behaviors than non‐intenders. The most promising candidates for persuasive communication among behavioral beliefs with respect to the specified behaviors appeared to be reduced tooth decay and several non, health beliefs in terms oi immediate social and sensory concerns.
Xerostomia and associated factors in a community‐dwelling adult population
Authors: Billings R. J. , Proskin H. M. , Moss M. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Xerostomia is the subjective sensation of dry mouth. Estimates on the occurrence of xerostomia in community‐dwelling adults have ranged from 10% among persons over age 50 to 40% for persons over age 65. Virtually no data are available for persons under age 50. To begin to establish a database on the occurrence of xerostomia and factors associated with it, a cross‐sectional assessment of self‐reported symptoms and salivary function was conducted across a broad age‐range of generally healthy community‐dwelling adults. A convenience sample of 710 adults who ranged from 19 to 88 years of age was drawn from various sources in the greater‐Rochester, New York area. Study volunteers were administered a standardized questionnaire on general and oral health, which included questions on the symptoms of xerostomia, and were provided an oral screening examination, which included measurement of unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva flow rates. Overall, the observed prevalence of xerostomia was 24% among females and 18% among males. While xerostomia was more commonly observed in women than men, this association was only clear after age 50. Xerostomia was associated with: use of medications with hyposalivatory side‐effects; difficulty with dry foods; cracked lips; dry eyes; difficulty swallowing; and, among males, current cigarette smoking. Results indicated a tendency for salivary flow rates to be lower for older persons, particularly the stimulated flow rate. There was a tendency in the younger cohorts for flow rates to be lower among individuals who reported sensation of dry mouth than among those who did not. This tendency was not apparent among older persons, suggesting that younger persons may be more likely to experience symptoms of oral dryness when salivary flow was low while older persons may relate symptoms of dry mouth to a more complex constellation of factors where salivary flow is only one component. These findings need to be examined further.
How useful are cross‐sectional data from surveys of dental caries?
Authors: Burt Brian A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Surveys are projects involving systematic data collection without a specific hypothesis to be tested and hence without a specific research design. This paper reviews their uses, and some of the issues involved with measuring dental caries in surveys. The principal benefits of surveys are in (a) monitoring trends in oral disease when the surveys are repeated periodically; and (b) giving dental health a visibility to might otherwise not gel among policy‐makers. On the other hand, they are of limited use in determining treatment needs for a population, evaluating treatment outcomes, and evaluating prevention programs. Some major issues in caries surveys today include difficulties with the DMF index; the use of exclusively visual versus visual‐tactile criteria; “hidden” caries; and the appropriate role for early, non‐cavitated carious lesions. The DMF index suffers from its mixing of disease and treatment, and more research is needed to determine the most appropriate role for exclusively visual criteria in surveys. Trade‐offs, such as weighing the benefits of exclusively visual criteria against the probable greater difficulty in finding “hidden” caries, have not been determined. Inclusion of non‐cavitated lesions in a survey will increase its cost. Organizers should therefore be clear before the survey on how this additional information will be used to justify the additional expense.
Epidemiological survey of oral submucous fibrosis in Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China
Authors: Tang Jie‐Ging , Jian Xiang‐Fu , Gao Ming‐Liang , Ling Tian‐You , Zhang Kui‐Hua
Published: May 2006

Abstract Oral submucous fibrosis is a high risk precancerous condition and is suggested to be caused by areca nut chewing. Areca nut chewing is popular in Hunan Province of China, and is more concentrated in Xiangtan City. Two and nine cases of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) were first noticed in 1984 and 1985 respectively, and an epidemiologic survey was subsequently performed in 1986. The epidemiologic method of cluster sampling was used. The Yuhu District, one of the five urban districts of the Xiangtan City with a population of 100 000 was selected as a whole body in the survey. 57 independent units of various professions were randomly selected as group samples and more than 70% of subjects in each unit were examined. Definite fibrous band on palpation was used as a main diagnostic criterion for OSF. A total of 11 046 individuals were examined; among them were 3 907 areca nut chewers (35.37%) and 7 139 non‐chewers (64.63%). 335 cases of OSF were found, comprising a prevalence rate of 3.03%. The disease involved mainly the middle third of the oral cavity. All of the OSF cases were areca nut chewers. No case had been found in non‐chewers. Four cases of oral carcinoma were found on the basis of OSF, the malignant transformation rate was 1.19%. The high prevalence of OSF may be due to areca nut chewing plus extensive and heavy use of hot pepper in Xiangtan people. The result supports the role of the areca nut as an etiologic factor in the development of OSF. The low malignant transformation rate of 1.19% compared with the 7.6% in an Indian report may be because Xiangtan people chew areca nut without tobacco.
Effect evaluation of an oral health education programme in primary schools in Tanzania
Authors: van Palenstein Helderman W. H. , Munck L. , Mushendwa S. , van't Hof M. A. , Mrema F. G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This study aimed to assess the clinical oral health outcome effects among schoolchildren participating in a school‐based oral health education (OHE) programme. Local social, cultural and environmental conditions were determinants of the school‐based OHE programme, which was compiled on the basis of prevailing beliefs and on what teachers and educational authorities considered to be important for the oral health of schoolchildren. Consequently, the practical aspects of oral hygiene and information on the cause and prevention of caries and gingivitis were the components of oral health education. The teachers were prepared to carry out weekly supervised toothbrushing sessions and monthly lessons on aspects of oral health for the school year in grade 4. Eight participating schools were selected for the clinical effect evaluation and four non‐participating schools served as the control. In total, 309 children from the participating schools and 122 children from the non‐participating schools were available for the evaluation. Their ages varied between 9 and 14 years. The mean plaque score, calculus score and gingival bleeding score at baseline and at follow‐up examinations 3, 8, 15 and 36 months later were not significantly different for participating schools and controls. The mean DMFT value at baseline was 0.4 and 3 years later 0.9 in both the participating and control schools. In conclusion, the present study shows that the implemented school‐based OHE programme did not result in significant reductions of the clinical parameters measured.
An investigation of the disposal of hazardous wastes from New Zealand dental practices
Authors: Treasure Elizabeth T. , Treasure Patrick
Published: May 2006

Abstract A national survey was conducted to investigate current procedures in New Zealand dental practices for disposal of clinical waste. A questionnaire was sent out to all dental practices in New Zealand, and non‐returns were followed up by two further mailings. From three mailings 767 useable questionnaires were returned (71.3% of those sent out, 79.0% of those potentially valid). Responses indicated that 56.4% of dental practices disposed of bloody swabs into the waste paper bin, and 24.4% disposed of contaminated sharp items into the general household refuse collection. Qualitative interviews with dental practitioners revealed a lack of concern about disposal of contaminated waste into the general waste. The existence of legislation governing waste disposal was not sufficient to motivate many practitioners to comply with guidelines. In some areas there was no specialised waste disposal service available, but some dentists had rejected a specialised service on the grounds of cost or inconvenience. Substantial efforts were made to salvage amalgam waste to be sold for scrap.
A validation study of three indexes of orthodontic treatment need in the United States
Authors: Younis John W. , Vig Katherine W. L. , Rinchuse Daniel J. , Weyant Robert J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability and validity of three occlusal indexes of orthodontic treatment need in predicting the opinion of treatment need of a panel of 18 orthodontists. A set of 160 study casts representing all types of malocclusion was used. The casts were scored with the following occlusal indexes: the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), the Handicapping Labio‐Lingual Deviations index (HLD), and the Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record (HMAR modified). The diagnostic accuracy or validity of each index was calculated using the mean opinion of the orthodontic raters as a “gold standard”. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted for each index. The overall diagnostic accuracy, as determined by percent area under the curve, was similar for each index: IOTN 98.6%; HLD 96.1%; HMAR 96.6%. The score optimizing the sensitivity and specificity relationship for each index was as follows: IOTN (dental health component) 4; HLD 13; HMAR 12. These results indicate that the three occlusal indexes provided valuable information for determining orthodontic treatment need.
Risk factors associated with fluorosis in a non‐fluoridated population in Norway
Authors: Wang Nina J. , Gropen Anne‐Marie , Øgaard Bjørn
Published: May 2006

Abstract In Norway, there is no water fluoridation and little naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride toothpaste is used by 95% of the population and there is a long tradition of fluoride supplement use. The purpose of this study was to record the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in 8‐year‐old children and relate this to systemic fluoride exposure (supplements and toothpaste). All children (n= 551, born 1988) in a municipality in Norway were invited to participate. Dental fluorosis on the buccal surface of the upper permanent incisors was recorded according to the Thylstrup‐Fejerskov index (TF). Parents provided data on use of supplements and toothpaste. Complete data were obtained from 383 children. Sixty‐seven percent of the children had used fluoride supplements regularly during childhood. At 8 months or earlier, the teeth of 26% of the children, and at age 14 months or earlier the teeth of 82%, were being brushed. Among children who used fluoride supplements regularly, periodically, seldom and not at all, 45%, 21%, 10% and 0%, respectively, had dental fluorosis. The dental fluorosis was mild (TF=1) in 87% of the cases. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that, in addition to use of fluoride supplements, starting toothbrushing at an early age was associated with higher prevalence of dental fluorosis. The child's birth weight and liking for or swallowing of toothpaste did not influence the prevalence of fluorosis. Risk factors for fluorosis were use of toothpaste before the age of 14 months and regular use of fluoride supplements during childhood.
Geographically partitioned spatial synchrony among cyclic moth populations
Authors: Klemola Tero , Huitu Otso , Ruohomäki Kai
Published: May 2006

Many species of forest lepidopterans exhibit regular population cycles, which culminate in outbreak densities at approximately ten‐year intervals. Population peaks and mass outbreaks typically occur synchronously and may lead to extensive forest damages over large geographic areas. Here, we report patterns of spatial synchrony among cyclic autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) populations across Fennoscandia, as inferred from 24 long‐term (10–33 years) data sets. The study provides the first formal analysis of spatial synchrony of this pest species which damages mountain birch (Betula pubescensssp.czerepanovii) forests in the sub Arctic. We detected positive cross‐correlations in population growth rates between the time series, indicating overall spatial synchrony. However, we found the strongest degree of synchrony within geographically and climatically distinct regional clusters, into which time series were partitioned using cluster analyses. Within regional clusters, moth populations were exposed to the synchronizing effects of common, spatially autocorrelated environmental conditions, i.e. a Moran effect. Consequently, we conclude that a geographically and climatically restricted Moran effect, perhaps interacting with dispersal, is the most likely explanation for the regionally partitioned pattern of synchrony among autumnal moth populations in Fennoscandia. Our results emphasize that high amounts of environmental variation may result in a clear structuring of spatial synchrony at unexpectedly small scales.
On dendrogram‐based measures of functional diversity
Authors: Podani János , Schmera Dénes
Published: May 2006

Euclidean distance is commonly involved in calculating functional diversity (FD), for example, in measures based on dendrogram branch lengths. We point out that this function is inappropriate in many cases and that the choice of clustering method is more crucial than earlier thought. Gower's formula and UPGMA clustering are suggested here as a standard combination of techniques for calculating FD. The advantage of Gower's measure is its suitability to a mixture of scale types and its tolerance to missing values. Examples demonstrate that UPGMA clustering is more robust and has a better goodness of fit to dissimilarities than complete and single linkage classifications. In addition, we propose that the effect of individual species on FD is best evaluated by species removals and subsequent comparisons of tree length values. The influence of each functional trait is optimally judged by considering both dendrogram length and topological changes.
Geographical variation in the periodicity of gypsy moth outbreaks
Authors: M. Johnson Derek , M. Liebhold Andrew , N. Bjørnstad Ottar
Published: May 2006

The existence of periodic oscillations in populations of forest Lepidoptera is well known. While information exists on how the periods of oscillations vary among different species, there is little prior evidence of variation in periodicity within the range of a single Lepidopteran species. The exotic gypsy moth is an introduced foliage‐feeding insect in North America. Its populations are characterized by high amplitude oscillations between innocuously low densities and outbreak levels during which large regions of forests are defoliated. These outbreaks are recognized to arise periodically with considerable synchrony across much of the gypsy moth's North American range. Our analysis indicates that gypsy moth outbreaks in North America are periodic but they exhibit two dominant periodicities: a primary period of 8–10 yr (as previously reported) and a secondary period of 4–5 yr (a new finding in this study). The outbreak periodicity varied geographically and this variation was associated with forest type. We found that in the most susceptible forest types, those on xeric sites where oak is often mixed with pines, outbreak periodicity had a more dominant 5‐yr period while in forest types characteristic of more mesic sites where oak was mixed with maples and other species, cycles were clearly operating on a 10‐yr period.
A KINETIC DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE FRAGMENTATION
Authors: JABIN PIERRE-EMMANUEL , SOLER JUAN
Published: May 2006

This paper is concerned with the formulation and analysis of particle fragmentation by a mathematical approach of the kinetic theory. We consider a fairly general model which may require a description of the internal configuration of each particle, like internal energy. The fragmentation process is assumed to occur due to the configuration of the corresponding particle; an easy modification would allow one to consider the interaction with some external medium (typically a fluid) but we do not deal with fragmentation processes induced by particles collision here. The proposed model is therefore linear and may be analyzed with the use of correct entropies.
From In Vitro to In Situ
Authors: Shepherd Chris J.
Published: May 2006

Southern non-governmental organizations (NGOs) now act as important intermediaries in the transfer of agricultural science and technology for the development of Third World food production and markets. This paper presents an ethnographic exploration at the interface of Peruvian agricultural development NGOs and highland peasant communities, who are encouraged to leave subsistence farming and produce instead for wider markets. Following a methodology of symmetrical anthropology based in actor-network theory, I show how sociotechnical processes that underpin agricultural development rely on constructions of ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ categories of practice in order to perpetuate efforts to change the peasant production methods. Yet as peasants appropriate and reinvent development’s technologies and resources, NGOs are pressured to further control the ‘discrepant’ responses and behaviours of peasants. Focusing on a number of NGOs and indigenous, Quechua-speaking communities in the southern Andes, I argue that the incorporation of peasants into markets is made problematic by both entrenched racial tensions and the creative capacity of peasants to circumvent the disciplining and social planning strategies of NGOs.
Indigenous knowledge and library work in Sierra Leone
Authors: Kargbo John Abdul
Published: May 2006

Indigenous knowledge is vital information that is sadly diminishing at an alarming rate in Sierra Leone. There is, therefore, an urgent need to collect it before much of it is completely lost. This article explores the concept of indigenous knowledge and indigenous knowledge systems with a particular focus on Sierra Leone. Definitions and explanations of the concept are given and their importance for developing countries is stressed. The type of knowledge that falls within the definitions is listed and its significance for Sierra Leone is explored. The application of intellectual property rights to this type of knowledge is analysed. The article ends with an evaluation of the role that librarians, as information officers, should play in documenting and disseminating indigenous knowledge in the country.
Hersch Lauterpacht, the Realist Challenge and the ‘Grotian Tradition’ in 20th-Century International Relations
Authors: Jeffery Renée
Published: May 2006

This article argues that although he is ordinarily relegated to the realm of international legal scholarship, Hersch Lauterpacht made a significant contribution to the development of International Relations theory. In particular, it demonstrates that in attempting to address the range of debates surrounding the relationship between law and morality in the interwar and postwar eras, Lauterpacht not only engaged directly with E.H. Carr’s criticisms of ‘utopian’ thought but was responsible for providing the most comprehensive expression of the ‘Grotian tradition’ to date, a tradition that later appeared in the works of Martin Wight and subsequent scholars. In doing so, this article seeks to achieve not only Lauterpacht’s reincorporation into the history of International Relations scholarship but brings into question the disciplinary demarcations that divide the so-called ‘disciplines’ of International Relations and International Law.
Actin Binding Activity of Subunit B of Vacuolar H+-ATPase Is Involved in Its Targeting to Ruffled Membranes of Osteoclasts
Authors: Zuo Jian , Jiang Jin , Chen Shih-Hua , Vergara Sandra , Gong Yan , Xue Jing , Huang Haobo , Kaku Masato , Holliday L Shannon
Published: May 2006

Adeno-associated virus was used to transduce primary mouse osteoclasts with the B1 isoform of vacuolar H+-ATPase. B1, which is not normally expressed in osteoclasts, was correctly targeted to ruffled membranes of resorbing osteoclasts. Mutant subunit B1 that lacked a functional actin-binding site did not accumulate in ruffled membranes.

Introduction: The B1 “kidney” and B2 “brain” isoforms of subunit B of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) have actin binding sites that mediate interactions between the intact enzyme and filamentous-actin. Accumulating data support the hypothesis that the actin binding activity in subunit B is required for targeting of V-ATPases to the ruffled plasma membrane of osteoclasts. This study was designed to directly test this hypothesis.

Materials and Methods: Osteoclasts express B2, but not B1. Adeno-associated virus vectors were used to transduce mouse osteoclasts with wildtype B1 or B1mut, a full-length B subunit that contained minor alterations that disrupted actin-binding activity. Immunofluorescence was performed using polyclonal antibodies specific for subunit E, B2, and B1 of V-ATPase. Immunoprecipitations were performed using an anti-E subunit antibody. Microfilaments were detected with phalloidin and actin rings were stained with phalloidin or anti-vinculin antibodies. Images were collected using a confocal microscope.

Results: Immunoprecipitations of transduced osteoclasts suggested that both B1 and B1mut assembled with endogenous V-ATPase subunits to form intact enzyme in osteoclasts. Both B1 and B1mut were localized like endogenous V-ATPase subunits in unactivated osteoclasts. Wildtype B1 associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton and was transported to ruffled membranes of resorbing osteoclasts. In contrast, B1mut failed to associate with the actin cytoskeleton and was not transported efficiently to ruffled membranes.

Conclusions: The B1 isoform of B subunit contains the necessary information for targeting to the ruffled membranes of osteoclasts even though it is not normally expressed in osteoclasts. The actin binding activity of B1 is involved in proper ruffled membrane targeting.
Chronic Acidosis-Induced Growth Retardation Is Mediated by Proton-Induced Expression of Gs Protein
Authors: Goldberg Ruth , Reshef-Bankai Ella , Coleman Raymond , Green Jacob , Maor Gila
Published: May 2006

The etiology of skeletal growth retardation accompanying metabolic acidosis is not clear. Using ex vivo models for endochondral ossification, we showed that the cAMP/PKA pathway, probably triggered by proton sensitive G-protein–coupled receptors, is responsible for impaired skeletal growth in acidosis.

Introduction: Chronic metabolic acidosis (CMA) is very often accompanied by skeletal growth retardation. We have previously shown in an ex vivo model of endochondral ossification that murine mandibular condyles subjected to acidic conditions exhibit growth retardation accompanied by a decline of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its receptors. PTH-induced ameliorative effects on the CMA-induced growth retardation of the mandibular condyle are partially mediated by protein kinase C (PKC). In this study we explored the mechanisms underlying the acidosis-induced growth retardation; in particular, the involvement of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) cellular pathway in the process.

Materials and Methods: Mandibular condyles from neonatal mice or mandibular condyle derived chondrocytes (MCDCs) were incubated for 3 days under either control or acidic conditions or in the presence of cAMP-regulating factors (cAMPrf) such as forskolin, iso-butyl methyl xanthine (IBMX), or 8-Br cAMP. The effects on proliferation and differentiation of the cultures as well as on phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and increased expression of the α subunit, Gs were determined. The intracellular pH was detected using the acridine orange assay.

Results: Our results show that, under acidic conditions, PKA levels were increased. H89 abolished the adverse effects of acidosis on condylar development and restored IGF-I and IGF-I receptors (IGF-IR) levels. The inhibitory effects of acidosis on proliferation and differentiation of cartilaginous cells were mimicked by cAMPrf. We have also shown that acidosis stimulates activation of Gs trimeric protein and CREB phosphorylation. GDPβS—a Gs antagonist—abolished the acidosis-induced condylar growth arrest. Using an acridine orange assay, we showed that the intracellular environment is not acidified under acidic conditions.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that the adverse effects of acidosis on skeletal growth centers are mediated at least in part by the cAMP/PKA cellular pathway. We speculate that high proton concentrations exerted by acidosis conditions stimulate proton sensitive G-protein–coupled receptors, which are mediated by the cellular cAMP/PKA pathway and induce skeletal growth retardation.
Writing with photographs writing self: Using artistic methods in the investigation of identity
Authors: Suominen Anniina
Published: May 2006

In this paper I discuss arts-based, autoethnographic research and introduce methods for studying identity construction and visual knowledge/understanding. Included is discussion of self as a subject of study. The paper suggests self-reflexive and artistic methods applicable to all levels of inquiry focusing on construction of cultural identity. In the final section I propose that applying self-reflexive artistic practices to multicultural art education can further develop our understanding of diversity.
Sperm channel diversity and functional multiplicity
Authors: Darszon Alberto , Acevedo Juan J , Galindo Blanca E , Hernández-González Enrique O , Nishigaki Takuya , Treviño Claudia L , Wood Chris , Beltrán Carmen
Published: May 2006

Ion channels are extraordinarily efficient machines that move ions in diversely controlled manners, allowing cells to rapidly exchange information with the outside world and with other cells. Communication is the currency of fertilization, as it is of most fundamental cell signaling events. Ion channels are deeply involved in the dialogue between sperm, its surroundings, and the egg. How sperm swim, find the egg and fertilize it depend on ion permeability changes modulated by environmental cues and components of the egg outer layer. Different ion channels distinctly localized in these tiny, amazing cells perform specific decoding functions that shape the sophisticated behavior of sperm. It is not surprising that certain sperm ion channels are turning out to be unique. New strategies to characterize sperm ion transport have opened exciting possibilities to dissect sperm–egg signaling and unveil novel contraception targets.
Localization and temporal regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 in mouse ovary
Authors: Bu Shumin , Cao Chenfu , Yang Yongjun , Miao Chenglin , Hu Zeng , Cao Yujing , Sang Qingxiang Amy , Duan Enkui
Published: May 2006

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are potential regulators of tissue remodeling in the ovary. The aim of the present study was to examine the localization and temporal regulation of TIMP-4 protein in the mouse ovary. An induced superovulation model (eCG/hCG) was employed in immature mice to evaluate TIMP-4 protein expression profiles in ovaries collected during the follicular phase, the pre ovulatory period, and the luteal lifespan. Immunofluorescence results indicated that TIMP-4 protein was localized to theca of both antral and preovulatory follicles and adjacent ovarian stroma. After the initiation of luteinization with hCG, TIMP-4 was observed within the luteinizing granulosa cells and persisted throughout the lifespan of the corpus luteum. In the cycling ovary, TIMP-4 signaling localized to corpus luteum from previous estrous cycles, the theca of preovulatory follicles, and appeared to be lower in newly forming corpus luteum. Western analysis further showed that the levels of TIMP-4 increased significantly during the luteinization process of granulosa cells, but no significant change was found among all corpus luteum stages. A putative regulatory mechanism of TIMP-4 expression was identified utilizing an in vitro model. Treatment of cultured granulosa cells with hCG significantly augmented TIMP-4 protein expression levels. Together our data indicate that the luteinization process of granulosa cells is associated with up-regulation of TIMP-4 and that TIMP-4 might play an essential role in maintenance of the luteal function during the whole lifespan of corpus luteum.
Mathematical modelling of oxygen concentration in bovine and murine cumulus–oocyte complexes
Authors: Clark A R , Stokes Y M , Lane M , Thompson J G
Published: May 2006

Immature oocytes benefit from nutrient modification of the follicular environment by the surrounding cumulus mass. However, the oxygen concentration that the oocyte may be exposed to could be lower than the antral follicular concentration due to the metabolism of surrounding cumulus cells. Using metabolic data previously determined, we have developed a mathematical model of O2 diffusion across the bovine and murine cumulus–oocyte complex. From this we have determined that across a physiological range of external pO2, less than 0.25% and 0.5% O2 is removed by cumulus cells within the bovine and murine cumulus–oocyte complex respectively. Our model differs from others as it: incorporates a term that allows for nonlinear variation of the oxygen consumption rate with oxygen concentration; considers two regions (oocyte and cumulus) sharing a common boundary, both of which consume oxygen at different non linear rates. Cumulus cells therefore remove little O2, thus sparing this essential gas for the oocyte, which is dependent on ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation.
Platelet-derived growth factor modulates the primordial to primary follicle transition
Authors: Nilsson Eric E , Detzel Chris , Skinner Michael K
Published: May 2006

Primordial follicles steadily leave the arrested pool and undergo a primordial to primary follicle transition during the female reproductive lifespan. When the available pool of primordial follicles is depleted reproduction ceases and humans enter menopause. The present study was designed to investigate the actions of several growth factors previously identified as candidate regulatory factors for the primordial to primary follicle transition with a microarray analysis. Ovaries from 4-day-old rats were placed into culture and treated for 2 weeks with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), anti-PDGF neutralizing antibody, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neuregulin (NRG), or kit ligand (KITL) as a positive control. PDGF-treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of primordial follicles and a concomitant increase in the percentage of developing primary follicles compared to controls. In contrast, ovaries treated with an anti-PDGF neutralizing antibody had a significant increase in the percentage of primordial follicles demonstrating an inhibition of endogenous follicle development. Ovaries incubated in the presence of VEGF or NRG had no change in follicle development. Observations indicate that PDGF, but not VEGF or NRG, promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition. Immunohistochemical localization indicated that the PDGF protein was present in the oocytes of both primordial and developing follicles. PDGF-treatment of cultured ovaries resulted in an increase in KITL mRNA expression. KITL has been previously shown to promote the primordial to primary follicle transition. KITL-treatment of ovaries had no effect on expression of Pdgf or any PDGF homologs or receptors. Therefore, PDGF appears to be produced by the oocyte and acts as one of several extracellular signaling factors that regulate the primordial to primary follicle transition. These observations provide insight into the cell–cell interactions involved in the regulation of primordial follicle development and can be used in the future development of therapies for some forms of infertility.
Long-Term Dynamics of U.S. Atlantic Sea Scallop Placopecten magellanicus Populations
Authors: Hart Deborah R. , Rago Paul J.
Published: May 2006

Biomass and commercial catch rates of Atlantic sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus in the USA generally declined from the 1960s through the mid-1990s as fishing mortality increased. Sporadic large recruitment events temporarily increased landings but also encouraged higher overall fishing effort and thereby contributed to the long-term declines in resource abundance. In 1994, a number of new management measures were introduced, including a moratorium on new permits, limitations on days at sea, gear and crew restrictions, and year-round closed areas. During 1994–2005, the biomass of sea scallops in the U.S. sector of Georges Bank increased by a factor of about 18, while the biomass of sea scallops in the Middle Atlantic Bight increased by about eight times. These increases were primarily due to the area closures. Biomass in the Georges Bank closed areas was 25 times higher in 2005 than in 1994, and the 2005 level constituted over 80% of the biomass in the U.S. portion of Georges Bank. Substantial increases in sea scallop abundance and biomass also occurred in two of the three areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight that were closed rotationally to sea scallop fishing for 3 years. Mean recruitment on Georges Bank did not significantly increase since the closures there, but very strong recruitment has been observed downstream of one of the mid-Atlantic rotational closures. In the open areas, responses to effort reduction measures were minimal until 1999, but biomass, commercial catch rates, and landings substantially increased during 1999–2005 due to effort controls and increased recruitment in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The recovery of U.S. sea scallop populations demonstrates that the combination of effort controls and area management can rapidly rebuild severely depleted fisheries.
Production of TH1 and TH2 Cell Lines and Clones
Authors: Fitch Frank W. , Gajewski Thomas F. , Hu‐Li Jane
Published: May 2006

This unit describes protocols for the generation of polyclonal TH1 and TH2 cell lines from naive CD4+ T cells as well as for generation of antigen‐specific cell lines from TCR‐transgenic mice and antigen‐specific T cell clones from primed mice. Also described are methods for the preparation and maintenance of alloreactive murine helper T (TH) lymphocyte and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones using the limiting dilution technique, as well as derivation of TH clones reactive with soluble protein antigens, including a method for the selection of either TH1 or TH2 lymphocyte subsets. These two subsets of TH cells exhibit helper function in different ways and can be distinguished by the patterns of cytokines they synthesize. Support protocols describe a micromanipulation method for cloning T cells and a roadmap for using protocols published elsewhere in this series to assess cytokine production by T cell clones and lines.
Multiplex PCR for Identifying DMD Gene Deletions
Authors: den Dunnen Johan T. , Beggs Alan H.
Published: May 2006

The identification of dystrophin as the defective protein in patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD) has allowed the development of sensitive and specific tests to establish a diagnosis and to aid in genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. The Basic Protocol describes three complementary multiplex PCR assays that detect 26 dystrophin gene exons. The multiplex nature of these assays allows the detection of up to ten different exons in a single reaction. At least one of these exons is missing in >95% of deletions. The Support Protocol describes preparation and storage of stock PCR reaction mixes with primers for each of the three diagnostic assays. The Alternate Protocol is a modification of the Basic Protocol for radioactive detection of duplications in males and deletions in carrier females.
Die neue Tonhalle Düsseldorf – Beratung einer akustischen Quadratur des Kreises
Authors: Lorenz‐Kierakiewitz Klaus‐Hendrik , Vercammen Martijn
Published: May 2006

In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Überblick über die mannigfaltigen Facetten einer nichtalltäglichen raumakustischen Beratung gegeben: der kompletten Modernisierung der aufgrund Ihrer Form echobehafteten Tonhalle Düsseldorf, welche nach intensiver Planung und Beratung am 4. November 2005 mit großem Erfolg neu eröffnet werden konnte. Durch umfangreiche Labormessungen in einem akustischen Maßstabsmodell, einem reflexionsarmen Raum und einem Hallraum konnten hierzu spezielle Reflektorgeometrien, akustisch transparente Metallgewebe, eine minimal absorbierende Bestuhlung und nahezu geräuschlose architektonische Beleuchtungskörper entwickelt werden, womit nicht nur das frühere Echoproblem gelöst, sondern auch ein State of the Art‐Konzertsaal mit hervorragender Akustik und beeindruckender Optik gebaut werden konnte. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mixed Crystals in the System Cu2MnGexSn1‐xS4: Phase Analytical Investigations and Inspection of Tetrahedra Volumes.
Authors: Bernert Thomas , Zabel Manfred , Pfitzner Arno
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Volume‐Based Thermodynamics (VBT) and Attempted Preparation of an Isomeric Salt, Nitryl Chlorate: [NO2][ClO3].
Authors: Bhasin Kuldip K. , Crawford Margaret‐Jane , Jenkins H. Donald Brooke , Klapoetke Thomas M. , Liebman Joel F.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ga3(HPO3)4F4(H3DETA) (DETA: Diethylenetriamine): A New Open‐Framework Fluorinated Gallium Phosphite with Pentameric Building Unit.
Authors: Wang Li , Song Tianyou , Fan Yong , Wang Ying , Xu Jianing , Shi Suhua , Zhu Tao
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Ba2CrMoO6.
Authors: Sher Falak , Attfield J. Paul
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bismuth‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of 1,3‐Dienes with Carbamates, Sulfonamides, and Carboxamides.
Authors: Qin Hongbo , Yamagiwa Noriyuki , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones Using N‐Methylpiperidine Zinc Borohydride (ZBNMPP) as a New Reducing Agent.
Authors: Alinezhad Heshmatollah , Tajbakhsh Mahmoud , Zamani Reza
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An N‐Heterocyclic Carbene as a Nucleophilic Catalyst for Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Fukuda Yoshimasa , Maeda Yuka , Ishii Satoru , Kondo Kazuhiro , Aoyama Toyohiko
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Difluorocarbene Chemistry: Synthesis of gem‐Difluorocyclopropenyl Ketones and gem‐Difluorinated Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Cheng Zhan‐Ling , Chen Qing‐Yun
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Dialkoxylation of Styrenes: A Profound Influence of an o‐Phenol.
Authors: Schultz Mitchell J. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroxycarbonylation of Aryl and Vinyl Triflates by in situ Generated Carbon Monoxide under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Lesma Giordano , Sacchetti Alessandro , Silvani Alessandra
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metallophosphite‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Acylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Amides.
Authors: Nahm Mary R. , Potnick Justin R. , White Peter S. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Donor‐Substituted 1,1,4,4‐Tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs): New Chromophores with Efficient Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Interactions by Atom‐Economic Synthesis.
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Boudon Corinne , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Seiler Paul , Frank Brian , Moonen Nicolle N. P. , Gross Maurice , Diederich Francois
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Carbanions Derived from α‐Substituted Methyl Tolyl Sulfones with Quinone Methides as Michael Acceptors.
Authors: Groszek Grazyna , Blazej Sylwia , Brud Aneta , Swierczynski Dariusz , Lemek Tadeusz
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Activation of Carboxylic Acids by Burgess Reagent: An Efficient Route to Acyl Ureas and Amides.
Authors: Wodka Derek , Robbins Michael , Lan Ping , Martinez Rogelio L. , Athanasopoulos John , Makara Gergely M.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ceric(IV)‐Mediated Reaction of Methylenecyclopropanes in Organic Synthesis: A Facile Access to Dihydrofurans and Cyclobutanones.
Authors: Chen Wanli , Huang Xian , Zhou Hongwei , Ren Lianjun
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Scope and Mechanism of the Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Arylation/Carboalkoxylation of Unactivated Olefins with Indoles.
Authors: Liu Cong , Widenhoefer Ross A.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Generation of a Library of 5‐Aryl‐2‐arylsulfonyl‐1,3‐thiazoles.
Authors: Sheldrake Peter W. , Matteucci Mizio , McDonald Edward
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Regioselective DABCO‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) Reaction of Methyl 2,6‐Dichloronicotinate with Phenols.
Authors: Shi Yao‐Jun , Humphrey Guy , Maligres Peter E. , Reamer Robert A. , Williams J. Michael
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation and Heteroarylation of Azolopyrimidines.
Authors: Mendiola Javier , Castellote Isabel , Alvarez‐Builla Julio , Fernandez‐Gadea Javier , Gomez Antonio , Vaquero Juan J.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modelling Heterogeneous Photocatalysis by Metal‐Oxide Nanostructured Semiconductor and Insulator Materials: Factors That Affect the Activity and Selectivity of Photocatalysts
Authors: Serpone N. , Emeline A. V.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diterpene‐Containing Adenine Alkaloids
Authors: Ohba Masashi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.