bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—A Lava from Montserrat, West Indies
Authors: Waller Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

In the March and April Numbers of the Geological Magazine, Mr. J. J. Harris Teall describes some beautiful rocks from the Cheviots, containing a rhombic pyroxene with well-marked pleochroism, and as there seems little doubt that this mineral, which we must consider hypersthene, has been hitherto overlooked in a good many rocks, another note of its occurrence may perhaps possess some interest.
III.—On the Cause of the Glacial Period
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

In concluding an article on “The Climate Controversy” in the Geol. Mag. for September and October, 1876, I observed (p.451) that it had long appeared to me that the “Glacial period proper” was due neither to a change in the earth’s axis, nor to any variation in the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, nor to any changes in the distribution of land and water, but to a diminution in the heat-emitting power of the sun. In a memoir on the Newer Pliocene period in England, published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for Nov. 1880, and Nov. 1882, wherein I have endeavoured to trace in detail the succession of events in this country from the commencement of the Red Crag down to the close of the Minor Glaciation, I have reiterated that view, as being the only one that is reconcileable with the succession thus traced; for with the exception of the single interval of warmer climate in which the beds termed by me the “Cyrena fluminalis formation” accumulated, and which was succeeded bythe renewed refrigeration that I have termed the “Minor Glaciation,” and regarded as coincident with the second advance of the Alpine glaciers long ago detected by Continental geologists, I have not been able to discover any indication of those alternations of warm and cold climate, which form an indispensable part of the eccentricity theories of Adhemar, Croll, Murphy and others.
IV.—On Accumulation and Denudation, and their Influence in Causing Oscillation of the Earth’s Crust
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: May 2009

No fact in Physical Geology is more frequently recorded than a simultaneous occurrence of subsidence of the earth’s crust where deposition of sedimentary strata has been in progress. Reference is often made to the fact that the basement beds of different sedimentary formations were deposited in shallow water, and to the indications presented by subsequent deposits that they were accumulated in a sea of moderate depth. On them immense accumulations may have been deposited in successive strata, amounting even to miles in thickness; showing that with the deposition there has been a corresponding depression of the original surface. Though these phenomena are so inseparable in their occurrence and so well known, English geologists, until the last few months, have made little, it may even be said no endeavour, to determine whether they should be associated as cause and effect. This has not been the case with American geologists.
II.—On Hypersthene Andesite
Authors: Teall J. J. Harris
Published: May 2009

At the conclusion of my last paper on the Cheviot andesites and porphyrites (Geol. Mag. Vol. X. p. 262), I called attention to the close resemblance between the Cheviot hypersthene andesite (or porphyrite) and a rock from Steinerne Mann, Nahe, which has been called a proterobase. Both rocks are black in colour and consist macroscopically of glassy felspars (Mikrolin) imbedded in a groundmass which has a resinous or semi-resinous lustre. Microscopically they consist of two generations of felspar, pyroxene mostly rhombic, magnetite, and a glassy base with various devitrification products.
VI.—Note on Chonetes Laguessiana
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

At page 37 of his chapter “On the Minute Structure of the Shells of the Brachiopoda,” and forming part of my work “On British Fossil Brachiopoda,” Dr. Carpenter says:— “Chonetes.— Of this genus, also, I have examined two species, armata and lata, both of which are perforated,”—but Dr. Carpenter does not explain in what way they are perforated, viz. whether these perforations pass through the entire thickness of the valve, or are restricted to a small portion of its thickness as in Productus.
V.—Notes on Geological Sections, within Forty Miles Radius of Southport
Authors: De Rance Charles E.
Published: May 2009

Striking a radius of 40 miles from Southport, the line will be seen to intersect the sea-coast near the Silurian districts of Ulverstone in North Lancashire, and Colwyn Bay in North Wales. The succession in both cases is very similar, Denbighshire Grits and Flags of the one area corresponding in time to the Coniston Grits and Flags of the other; and just as the Silurians of the Lake District are overlaid by a fringe of Carboniferous Limestone, so the Silurians of Diganwy are overlaid by the Carboniferous Limestone of the Great and Little Ormes Head. Laid upon a floor of Silurian rocks, the Carboniferous Limestone may be regarded as extending continuously under the Irish Sea, and underlying the various Carboniferous and Triassic rocks now occupying Lancashire.
II.—Synopsis of the Genera and Species of Carboniferous Limestone Trilobites
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

IV.—Brachymetopus, M‘Coy, 1847.—General form elliptical; head-shield semicircular, and slightly pointed, about one-third wider than long; glabella small, somewhat elevated, one-third the width of the entire shield, and about one-half the length, having a basal lobe on each side, but no short lateral furrows on the glabella; neck-furrow distinctly marked, equal in width to the posterior border of free cheeks; eyes small, smooth, equal to half the length of the glabella; no facial suture visible, only the axal furrow surrounding the glabella and the neck-furrow; free-cheeks slightly convex, nearly twice as long as they are broad, with no visible suture separating them from one another in front of the glabella; margin broad and slightly grooved, angles of cheeks produced posteriorly into spines. The entire surface of the head covered irregularly with a small bead-like ornamentation.
V.—The Human Skull found near Southport
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The author of a paper on the above subject read before the Anthropological Section of the British Association at Southport having made the startling assertion that, “In immediate proximity (to where the skull was found) were numerous bones of the Irish Elk and Reindeer,” I feel it incumbent on me to relate the facts of the case. Unfortunately I was not at the meeting when the paper was read, so could not contradict the statement on the spot.
IV.—On the Disintegration of a Chalk Cliff
Authors: Fisher Osmond
Published: May 2009

As a slight contribution to the elucidation of questions of denudation, and at the same time an exemplification of the application of mathematics to a geological problem, I send the following:

Noticing a lofty chalk cliff, forming the face of an old quarry in the neighbourhood of Lewes, I remarked that the action of the weather upon the surface was to disintegrate it equally all over, so that the face of the quarry remained vertical, while the stuff that fell down formed a talus, whose surface was approximately a plane, inclined to the horizon at that particular angle at which such materials will stand. The question then occurred to my mind— What will be the profile of the solid chalk behind the talus?.
I.—On the Geological Epochs at which Gold has made its Appearance in the Crust of the Earth
Authors: Forbes David
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, 1865, Vol. II., p. 308, reference is made to the recent discoveries of Whitney as to the occurrence of Gold in rocks of California even of an age as recent as Cretaceous. These discoveries fully confirm my previous results in South America, yet the examination of a series of specimens recently sent me from California makes me communicate these few observations upon the relations of the gold-bearing rocks in question and some remarks on the views which I have expressed with reference to the geological periods at which gold has made its appearance in the crust of our globe.
IV.—Some Observations on the Zoantharia Rugosa
Authors: Lindström Gustave
Published: May 2009

The next operculated species which claims our attention is the Calceola Gotlandica of F. Roemer. This species has been removed from the class Brachiopoda in a list of the Upper Silurian Brachiopods which I published in 1860. I now give my reasons for so doing (then but briefly indicated).
II.—Description of a New Species of Fossil Fish Spine, Ctenacanthus minor, from the Lower Coal-measures of Yorkshire
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: May 2009

A short time ago, whilst examining and appending the names to a number of specimens of fossil fish in the collection of the Bradford Philosophical Society, which are being arranged and exhibited in the new Corporate Museum in that town, I came across the spine which is the subject of this notice. It is from the Black-bed Coal at Dudley Hill, near Bradford.
II.—On the Physical Changes Preceding the Deposition of the Cretaceous Strata in the South-West of England
Authors: De Rance C. E.
Published: May 2009

Zone of Scaphites æqualis.—Beneath the Yellow Chalk of West Dorset and South Somerset occurs a very constant bed of yellow calcareous paste, with glauconitic grains, and containing at the base numerous small minute pebbles of quartz, the whole being so well cemented together as to be used at Pennys Toller, near Bea-minster, as a rough building stone. In 1865 I collected from this zone a large number of fossils, most of which I found to occur in the Cambridgeshire “ Chloritic marl,” Chardstock, Buckram, and Pennys Toller being perhaps the most fossiliferous localities. At the base occurs a well-marked horizon of Ammonites Rhothomagensis.
V.—On the South of England Ice-Sheet
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

In the Reader, 14th October, 1865, and afterwards more fully in my papers on the “Boulder-clay of Caithness,” and on the “ Transport of the Wastdale Crag Blocks,” 2 the following were shown from physical considerations to be necessary results, viz.:—

1. That were the ice of Greenland much thicker than it is at present, which it evidently was during the Glacial Epoch, it would not float in Davis Straits and Baffin's Bay, and consequently, would not break up into icebergs, but would move over upon the North American continent in one continuous mass, and pursue its course southwards, until it gradually melted away under the influence of the Sun's heat.
I.—On the Dawn and Development of Life on the Earth
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In ‘The East,’ that wonderful cradle of the human race, towards whose sunrise we turn to find the dawn at once of Civilization and Romance, Nature exhibits herself in all the exuberance of her vitality, both of plant and animal. The summer and the rainy season unite, with no intervening period of spring and autumn. Seasons, like days, spring suddenly into full-blown development. Night is succeeded by day without dawn, and day by night without the lingering; hues of eve.
IV.—On the Geology of the Nottingham District
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

A Glance at the map stows that within a short distance of the town of Nottingham there are Coal-measures, Permian, Bunter, keuper, and Lias rocks. A paper therefore on the district must of necessity be somewhat lengthy, but perhaps of all the greater interest as dealing with the border-land of the Palæozoic and Mesozoic epochs. The generally supposed unconformability between the Permian and Triassic rocks does not appear to exist in this area; while that between the Permian and the Coal-measures is very considerable.
I.—Remarks upon the Relations and Grouping of the Permian and Triassic Rocks
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

The physical history of the Permian and Triassic rocks of Great Britain has been told by Professor Ramsay, who has pointed out that the beds were deposited in great inland lakes, for the most part salt. Without entering into the consideration of this subject, there seems to be much that requires to be unravelled in regard to the structure of the beds individually, and much that has yet to be explained in regard to the relations and grouping of the rocks.
V.—Additions to the Type Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum
Authors: Woods Henry
Published: May 2009

In the “Catalogue of Type Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge”, an account was given of all the types and described specimens known to be in the Museum at the end of November, 1891. The work is here continued to December 31st, 1892. The additions given consist of (1) Types presented during the year 1892; (2) Specimens described during the year; (3) Specimens which were in the Museum at the time of publication of the Catalogue but which were not then known to be types.
I.—On the Origin of the Lagoon called The Fleet, Dorsetshire
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

In the November Number of this Magazine (Vol. X. p. 481) the Rev. O. Fisher has called attention to the formation of the Fleet, Dorsetshire, and puts forward suggestions as to its formation in opposition to the sub-aerial denudation theory of Messrs. Bristow and Whitaker. To me the formations of the Fleet and Chesil Beach seem easily explained, as similar beaches are not uncommon on other parts of the English coast, and also on that of Ireland; but inland behind many of these banks the spaces that were formerly lagoons are now reclaimed land.
II.—Observations on the Genus Porambonites
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

In 1830 Pander proposed the genus Porambonites for a remarkable group of Lower Silurian Brachiopoda, which abound in the neighbourhood of St. Petersburg, in Esthonia, and other parts of Russia; as well as in rocks of a similar geological age in Great Britain, Portugal, and other countries.
VI.—On a New Section of Pre-Glacial White Clay and Sand near Mold
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

Mr George Maw, in the Geological Magazine, Vol. IV. pp. 24 and 299, has described a number of sections in Flintshire and Denbighshire in which white clay or sand occurs under Boulder-clay. A newly-exposed section near Colomendey Hall, about three miles from Mold, is very important on account of the complete series of glacial drifts by which the white clay is overlain. I lately examined it in company with Mr. Manning, of the Chester Natural Science Society.
V.—Glacialoid or Re-arranged Glacial Drift
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

Let us now consider the recent drifts that in other places are being formed at the present day. In portions of the sea-coast of Western Ireland, but especially in Galway and Mayo, there are clifis of glacial drift margining the Atlantic. These are degrading away yearly, the detritus being carried away to form submarine and estuarine deposits.
IV.—Geology of West Galway and S.W. Mayo, Ireland
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

Having received permission from the Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, I exhibited before the Geological Section of the British Association at Belfast in August last, the Maps and Sections of the rocks forming the hill-country of West Galway and S.W. Mayo, and gave a description of the district, of which the following is an epitome.
IV.—Notes on some Silurian Entomostraca from Peeblesshire
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Some specimens of dark olive-grey mudstone from Peeblesshire, collected and shown to me by Mr. D. J. Brown, contain several internal and external casts of small bivalved Entomostraca.
I.—On a New Genus of Orthopterous Insects of the Family Phasmidæ (Protophasma Dumasii), from the Upper Coalmeasures of Commentry, Dept. Allier, France
Authors: Brongniart M. Charles
Published: May 2009

We possess only a few elements of the Insects of the Coal Period—Articulata are rare in these beds, and it is only after long research that we are able to collect sufficient materials for a special work on the Entomology of this epoch.
II.—Post-Tertiary Geology of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

The materials for a classification of the later Pleistocene deposits of Cornwall are so voluminous that it was found impossible to embody them in a single paper. Having submitted to the Geological Society a general classification with such notices of the deposits as seemed necessary to show the grounds whereon it was based, I purpose in the following paper to complete the notices of deposits. As an apology for the amount of compilation thus rendered necessary, I must plead the object of the papers, viz. to place in one view all that has been written on the subject, as references alone would entail more time and trouble in looking up than many readers would be disposed to concede.
III.—On the Physical History of the English Lake District. With Notes on the Possible Subdivisions of the Skiddaw Slates
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

As the Carboniferous rocks form a framework around the Silurian mountain country, so do the Permian rocks for considerable distances lie as an outer flat and bevelled edge to the slightly raised Carboniferous frame, the edge indeed overlapping the frame itself along the west coast-line between St. Bee's Head and the Duddon Estuary.
V.—Note on a Coast-Section at the Lizard
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

At the meeting of the Geological Society on February 8th, Mr. Teall exhibited, as one of the illustrations of his paper “On some Coast-Sections at the Lizard,” an eminently characteristic and instructive diagram of serpentine and granite in juxtaposition; and the interesting question whether the granite was intrusive in the serpentine or vice versa, was ventilated and discussed, but by no means decided.
IV.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

A sound like that of a cannon ball passing through the air was heard by four observers near Warrenton. On looking up they saw an object falling, which struck a tree, breaking off the limbs, and then coming to the ground with a crash. The observers were fifty or sixty mètres distant from the spot where it fell. The snow was melted where it fell. From the fragments found, it appears to have had a conical form, and to have been about eighteen inches in length. The pieces, although warm, were easily handled. It is estimated that the stone weighed about one hundred pounds, but only about from ten to fifteen pounds weight have been preserved.
VI.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

The best test of the difficulty of an inquiry is the number of theories which its solution has evolved. If we test the subjectmatter of the present communication in this way, we shall be assured that, second only perhaps to the Loess, which has occupied us previously, it may claim pre-eminence for the difficulty of the problems which surround it. We only venture upon a tentative solution. Such a solution is in effect the only one which is available in science at all; for to-morrow's fiercer light is certain to throw out of perspective some of to-day's most cherished convictions; and finality is outside the pale of all living and fertile inquiry.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

I must refer to Memoir No. 1—Corallian Gasteropoda—for remarks with respect to the so-called Chemnitzias. The curious group, of which “Terebra vetusta,” Phil., may be regarded as the type, is also very doubtfully placed under Chemnitzia.
III.—On the Theory of Vorticose Earthquake-Shocks
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

Earthquake-shocks have generally been divided into three classes:

a. Undulatory shocks, by far the most commonly felt, consisting of one or several waves, the movement at any place being to and fro along a line inclined to the horizon, but in general nearly horizontal.

b. “Sussultatore” shocks, consisting of one or more up-and-down movements, in a nearly vertical direction.
IV.—Subsoil Denudation of Boulder-Clay
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

On removing the superficial sand and soil to prepare for getting clay for brick-making, it is not unusual to find the surface of the Boulder-clay in this neighbourhood corrugated with tortuous channels. These channels are commonly filled with slutchy sand and gravel, which must be removed before the clay can be obtained.

At the present time there is an excellent example to be seen in Earle Eoad, Smithdown Road, Liverpool, next to the site of a new Board School that I am, as architect, superintending. The surface of the ground slopes rather quickly to the valley below, and the superficial strata consist of soil and a yellow subaërial quartzose sand, together from 4 to 5 feet deep, in which there are no stones or gravel. This sand we are using for mortar, it being what is called “sharp,” or consisting of angular grains. Below this the corrugations of the Boulder-clay are better developed than I have seen elsewhere, and give a clue to the origin of these channel-like depressions.
VI.—On the Classification of the European Rocks Known as Permian and Trias
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

Any geologist who has spent a short time at Eisenach, and has examined any of the numerous road- and hill-side sections in the district about the celebrated Wartburg, must have been struck, as I was myself several years ago, with the enormous development of the breccias and conglomerates interbedded with well-stratified sandstones and marls; and this district is fairly typical of the Thüringerwald. For an account of these the reader must be referred to Siluria, to the paper by Murchison and Morris before mentioned, and to Credner. The former writers remark: “The movements by which the great brecciated masses were aggregated were clearly suspended and repeated many times; the intervals of quiescence allowing of those deposits of finely, triturated red sand and marl which alternate with the coarse and subangular conglomerates. … These breccias and conglomerates, with their associated sandstones, are of gigantic dimensions, and have been bored into in fruitless searches after coal to a depth of about 2500 English feet.” (Here is surely something more than a mere appendage to the Carboniferous.)
I.—On Some Reptilian Teeth from the Upper Permian Cupriferous Sandstones of Kargalinsk, near Orenburg, Russia
Authors: Twelvetrees W. H.
Published: May 2009

The teeth under consideration in this paper were derived from the Kargalinsk copper mines in the government of Orenburg, Russia. These mines are in the marls and sandstones overlying conformably the Zechstein or Magnesian Limestone, and were referred by Murchison to the upper division of the Permian. Other writers have regarded them as belonging to the Lower Trias, so that the question of their horizon is still sub judice. I have elsewhere explained my reasons for believing them to form part of the Permian formation, and wishing to avail myself of the latest Russian opinions, I have recently asked Dr. Trautschold, the esteemed palæontologist of Moscow, what is the state of opinion now, and he informs me that there are as yet no positive data on which to base a Triassic hypothesis. Dr. Trautschold has visited and examined the locality, an advantage not possessed by many of those who consider the series must be Triassic, because reptilian remains of a high grade are found in them.
IV.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

In this paper is given an engraving, actual size, and a short account of a small metallic mass, weighing rather more than two pounds, and found at the above date in Davison county. When found it was covered with a thick scaly crust of oxide. It weighs 1·24 kilogrammes or 23 3/4 ounces avoirdupois. It is one of the rare class that do not show the Widmanstättian figures. It contains iron, nickel, cobalt, and phosphorus. A complete analysis of the meteorite is being prepared. It is the property of Professor W. E. Hidden, of the New York Academy of Sciences.
III.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

The Terraces which are so conspicuous in many valleys of Western Europe, and have been largely studied in France and Britain, have given rise to a great deal of discussion. The polemics which they have suggested have been not merely about details, but about fundamental principles, and it is these fundamental principles which are still unsettled and awaiting a solution. In England at all events it may be said that every solution which is current, and there are many, fails to meet the facts, and the majority of them are singularly suggestive of the dangers of Deductive methods of reasoning.
IV.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

A correspondent of the “Coblenzer Zeitung,” dating from “Höhr, 27th December,” writes that on the preceding day two meteorites fell near the road leading to the former frontier, in the direction of Ballendar, and that the fall was attended by a very characteristic explosion. The editor of the above journal has been unable to gather any further particulars of the occurrence beyond the fact that the stones fell in a wood, and could not be discovered.
I.—On the Occurrence of the Cyrena Fluminalis at Summertown, near Oxford
Authors: Prestwich J.
Published: May 2009

A Considerable length of section of the river valley-gravel has recently been laid open in the grounds of St. Edward's School, Summertown. It is only 200 or 300 yards distant from the Suvnmertown brick-pit, where the same gravel is exposed, and which is there close on the edge of the Thames valley; nevertheless, this section presents features which have not been observed there or at any other place, numerous as are the sections of the superficial gravel and sand in the neighbourhood of Oxford.
IV.—Notes on the Vertebrata of the Pre-Glacial Forest Bed Series of the East of England
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of Fish-remains among the “Forest Bed” Vertebrata attracted the attention of some of the earlier writers on Norfolk Geology; but it is only within the last few years that any of these fish have been specifically determined. Mr. A. Bell in the Proceed, of the Geol. Assoc. 1871, included the Pike and Perch in his list of “Forest Bed” Vertebrata, and the same two species are given by Mr. A. Savin in the Proceed, of the Norwich Geol. Soc. for 1878, p. 27. The fish mentioned by Sir C. Lyell from Mundesley (Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. ser. 3, vol. xvi. p. 345, 1840) were from the Post-Glacial River Bed.
VI.—The Life and Work of Linnarsson
Authors: Lapworth Chas.
Published: May 2009

During the year 1871, in connexion with his duties upon the Geological Survey of Sweden, Linnarsson made a careful study of the Lower Palaeozoic strata of Dalarne and Jemtland, publishing the fruits of his observations in the following year. Dalarne had been already most successfully investigated by Dr. Sven. Törnquist; but Linnarsson, familiar with details of the better known succession in Westrogothia, was enabled to throw much new light upon the crumpled and shattered strata of this region.
II.—The Chloritic Marl and Upper Greensand of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Norman Mark W.
Published: May 2009

It will no doubt be remembered by some that as far back as the year 1858, in“The Geologist,” Vol. I. pp. 480 and 509, I published a paper upon the Chloritic and Fossiliferous Marls, with some remarks on the Upper Greensand, of the Isle of Wight, my object being to point out the difference between these deposits, and their organic remains, with the view to their separation; stating as a reason that the fossils and deposits of the upper beds which intervene between the Chalk and the Upper Greensand were a distinct formation, and contained distinct fossils from those of the beds below.

But like much that has been written upon the subject, both before and since, the paper was no doubt defective, especially in the nomenclature of the fossils. Still, the main facts remained.
IV.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

Dr. Divers has drawn attention to two Japanese meteorites, the property of a gentleman, Mr. Naotora Nabeshima, formerly Daimiyo of Ogi or Koshiro, in the province of Hizen, Japan. They are heirlooms in his farnity, and used to be in the care of the priests of one of the family temples in Ogi, called Fukuchi-inGomado. After the revolution the temple was closed. in the family archives there is a record of these stones having been entrusted some years after their fall to a priest named Jishobo, which is dated December 10th, 1744, and his receipt for them is also preserved; they must therefore have fallen about 150 years ago.
VI—On the Cause of the Depression and Re-Elevation of the Land During the Glacial Period
Authors: Jamieson Thomas F.
Published: May 2009

In England the ice seems to have been heaviest in Wales and the N.W., and lightest on the East and S.E., where it appears to have thinned off altogether, and the evidence of depression corresponds with this. If we draw a line from Dover to Anglesea, we find proof of great submergence in Wales, decreasing to zero as we approach the English Channel. and Prof. Hughes of Cambridge, in a recent paper “On the Evidence of the Later Movements of Elevation and Depression in the British Isles,” read before the Victoria Institute, says: “As we trace these movements north to the borders of the mountains, we find evidence of greater sinking and greater elevation.”
III.—Notes on some Fossils from the Red Beds of the Lower Devonian, Torquay, South Devon
Authors: Etheridge Robert
Published: May 2009

Mr. A. Champernowne having requested me to examine and briefly notice some fossils in his collection, obtained from the Red Homalonotus Beds of the Lower Devonian, Torquay, I have endeavoured to comply with his request so far as the condition of the specimens permits. Besides the Homalonotus remains, there are a number of Mollusca preserved as casts, but, for the most part, so distorted by slaty cleavage, as to render their determination most difficult.
VII.—The Life and Work of Linnarsson
Authors: Lapworth Chas.
Published: May 2009

We now enter upon the third and concluding term of Linnarsson's geological career. This extended from the commencement of the year 1876 to the date of his untimely death in September, 1881. Hitherto, he had been occupied mainly in the development of the grander natural divisions of the Lower Palæozoic Succession of Sweden. This final period was devoted to the task of elaborating their minor subdivisions and best-characterized zones of life.
II.—Microscopic Structure of Irish Granites. No. 3. Granite of Ballyknockan, Co. Wicklow
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

The granite of Ballyknockan belongs to the great mass of the South-east of Ireland, which extends from Booterstown, near Dublin, to Poulmounty in Co. Carlow.
IV.—Notes on the Post-Carboniferous (Dyassic) and Triassic Deposits of the Alps
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this communication is to supplement the author's paper on the “Classification of the European Rocks known as Permian and Trias,” which has appeared in recent numbers of this MAGAZINE. It is based on a short communication made to Section C. of the British Association at the recent meeting at Southampton, and has been expanded into the present paper at the request of the President of the Section, E. Etheridge, Esq., F.R.S.
V.—On the Occurrence of Porphyritic Structure in Some Rocks of the Lizard District
Authors: Fox Howard , Somervail Alex.
Published: May 2009

The crystals of felspar are found to be most numerous in those rocks which lie in the closest proximity to the gabbro and serpentine; they have their long axis at various angles, and are mostly small, except at Parn Voose, Cavouga, and Green Saddle. The felspathic and hornblendic lines often circle round the crystals.

Such is a brief statement of the bare facts of our observations in this particular direction. Without discussing any theory as to the true nature and origin of the whole of the schists, we think that the porphyritic structure, so prevalent in the dark bands of the “Granulitic Group,” in many of the micaceous and other rocks, as also in the later intrusions cutting the serpentine, indicates an igneous origin for many rocks hitherto regarded as schists.
IV.—Notes on Tertiary Lacertilia and Ophidia
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

A Recent examination of the remains of Tertiary Lacertilia and Ophidia preserved in the British Museum having brought to light some new facts in regard to distribution, and also indicating the necessity of revision of certain determinations of other authors, I have thought it advisable to communicate the result of my observations in a collective form.
VI.—Note on Myalina crassa (Fleming)
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

The genus Myalina was erected by Prof. De Koninck, in his Description des Animaux fossiles qui se trouvent dans le terrain Carbonifère de Belgique, for certain Modioliform shells, and M'Coy re-defined the genus in his British Palæozoic fossils and described two forms from the Permian of Durham.
I.—Colonel Feilden's Contributions to Glacial Geology
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In 1877 and the following year Colonel H. W. Feilden published the results of his scientific investigations on the coasts of Smith Sound and the channel to the north. In 1896 he made contributions to the geology of Kolguev, Waigats, and Novaya Zemlya in two other papers. These are reprinted, together with one previously unpublished, in the appendix to Mr. H. J. Pearson's book, “Beyond Petsora Eastward” (1899). As the earlier work appears to have been forgotten by some writers upon glacial subjects, and the last-named might very easily escape their notice, I urged Colonel Feilden to give a summary of his chief results in some generally accessible periodical. Shortly afterwards, on being unexpectedly called away for service in South Africa, he requested me to undertake the task. For the sake of brevity, I restrict myself mainly to the investigations which throw light on the formation of Boulder-clay and its associated sands and gravels, because these establish two points: (1) that such deposits are sometimes formed beneath the sea; (2) that the land in these Arctic regions has been elevated, in places not less than a thousand feet, since either some time in or the close of the Glacial epoch.
VI.—On the Formation of Reef Knolls
Authors: Tiddeman R. H.
Published: May 2009

At the meeting of the British Association at Newcastle in 1889. I brought out my interpretation of the probable origin of the limestone knolls of Yorkshire.
VII.—Alleged Prints of Echinoderms in Triassic Reptiliferous Sandstones
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for January, 1901 (n.s., Dec. IV, Vol. VIII, pp. 3, 4), Professor Burckhardt describes certain markings in the sandstone matrix of specimens of Hyperodapedon and Rhynchosaurus in the British Museum, from Elgin, Shropshire, and Warwickshire (the last, however, not being, as implied by the legend to the figure, represented in the Museum). He believes that these are hollow imprints “left by Echinoderms of a Euryalid shape, having peripheral arms, either simple or forked,” but he appeals to specialists to decide to which group of Echinoderms they are due. Since these marks are said to be exceedingly numerous, and since Dr. Burckhardt uses them as evidence of contemporaneity, I thought it my duty, as the specialist nearest at hand, to examine these statements without delay.
III.—Observations on Señor Ameghino's “Notes on the Geology and Palæontology of Argentina”
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

The general conclusions of the brothers Ameghino in reference to the geology of Patagonia, as detailed in the foregoing valuable synopsis of results, may be still more briefly stated in the following manner

(1) The oldest sedimentary rocks in which fossils have been found are red sandstones, containing mineralized wood, Dinosaurian bones, and other smaller reptilian remains. “Upper Cretaceous.”

(2) The terrestrial or fresh-water Pyrotherium Beds succeed these and may be partly intercalated with them. They contain a singular mammalian fauna, notably primitive Ungulata. “Upper Cretaceous.”
IV.—On the Effect of the Great Japanese Earthquake of 1891 on the Seismic Activity of the Adjoining Districts
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The problem I have tried to solve in this paper is, whether the Mino-Owari, or great Japanese, earthquake of 1891 had any effect on the seismic activity of the surrounding regions. The effect we might anticipate would be either an increase or decreasein the frequency of shocks in those regions soon after the occurrenceof the principal earthquake—a decrease if the stress were thereby diminished over the whole district, an increase if the stress were relieved in the central area and partially transferred to those adjoining it.
IV.—On Deneholes and Bell Pits
Authors: Holmes T. V.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for July appears an article by Mr. Charles Dawson on Ancient and Modern Dene Holes. As Mr. Dawson mentions Essex deneholes, and comes to conclusions contrary to those arrived at by Mr. Cole and myself, the authors of the Report of the Essex Field Club on the Deneholes of Hangman's Wood, near Grays Thurrock, I shall be glad to be allowed space for a reply. For though our views do not appear to be injuriously affected by Mr. Dawson's remarks, yet as the Denehole Report is now more than ten years old it is probable that few of the readers of the Geological Magazine have both seen and remember it. And the impression which the reader would derive from Mr. Dawson's article is, that his Bell Pit hypothesis is something quite new, and therefore unnoticed by us, whereas it was an old view before the Report was written, having been put forward by the late Roach Smith in the Gentleman's Magazine in 1867; and an account of workings for chalk, of the kind described by Mr. Dawson, written by Mr. F. J. Bennett, of the Geological Survey, is appended to the Denehole Eeport.
I.—On Aggregate Deposits, and their Relations to Zones
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

Geological time, like all other kinds of time, can only be measured by the succession of events. If the events considered are constant in their recurrence and uniform in their nature, their number will afford the means of measuring the length of time. Thus the oscillations of a given pendulum, the rotation of the earth on its axis, and its revolution round the sun are sufficiently constant and uniform to afford a basis for our seconds, days, and years. Of such uniform and constantly recurring events geology affords no examples by which we could measure the length of geological time.
IV.—On Mr. W. Gunn's Correlation of the Carboniferous Rooks of England and Scotland
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

All students of Carboniferous geology will hail with pleasure Mr. W. Gunn's masterly paper in the August number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE (p. 342), and it is only to be regretted that the publication of such important stratigraphical facts should have been delayed for so long; but however useful from the numerous facts it contains, I must take exception to the deductions made from them. The paper is a remarkable one, because, while having for its object the correlation of rocks which occur over a wide expanse of country, no appeal has been made to palseontological evidence to clinch the author's views which are based on purely stratigraphical considerations.
VIII.—Note on the Martley Quartzite
Authors: Groom Theodore
Published: May 2009

My attention has been drawn to a recent notice' by Mr. Colesof a quartzite at Martley. Since this area is included withinthe district of the Malvern and Abberley Hills, which I have beenengaged in studying for more than two years, a brief descriptionof the relations of the rocks, as determined by myself in Januaryof the present year, may not be out of place. The small patch of interesting rocks here is likely to become covered up as cultivation progresses; indeed, the exposure is evidently much less extensive than it was when Phillips described it in his memoir on the Malvern and Abberley Hills. Mr. Coles has, moreover, I think, hardly done justice to the remarkable section exposed here.
III.—Notes on the Physics of Metamorphism
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

The problem of the metamorphism of rock-masses is one in which increased study has not led to unanimity of opinion. The literature of the recent Geological Congress in London suffices to remind us, how widely divergent are the conclusions to which various geologists have been led by researches in the field. Since, then, the a posteriori line gives such very different results in different hands, it may be worth while to revert for a moment to the deductive method, and try to trace the consequences, in this connexion, of admitted physical principles.
IV.—On the Ballantrae Rocks of South Scotland and their Place in the Upland Sequence
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

On the extreme north-west flank of the Lower Palæozoic region of the Southern Uplands of Scotland there occurs a remarkable coastal area of stratified, igneous and altered rocks, known to geologists as the “Ballantrae Rocks,” from the little fishing town of Ballantrae, which is built upon them. They range along the shores of the Firth of Clyde for a distance of about 12 miles, and are well displayed in section in a series of rugged cliffs cut through by the picturesque coast road between Ballantrae and Girvan. The area they occupy nowhere exceeds five miles in width, and is limited inland by the smoother regions floored by the barren greywackés of the Uplands and the fossiliferous strata of the Girvan district, but this inland boundary is everywhere curiously broken and irregular.
V.—On the Occurrence of Soda-Felsites (Keratophyres) in Co. Wicklow, Ireland
Authors: Hatch Frederick H.
Published: May 2009

In an Appendix to the Explanatory Memoir on Sheets 138 and 139 of the Map of the Geological Survey of Ireland (Dublin, 1888), I have given some notes on the petrographical characters of the igneous rocks of Co. Wicklow. One or two of the facts elicited by an examination of these rocks are sufficiently interesting to deserve a wider circulation.
VI.—An Analysis of the Kentish Rag
Authors: Sanford P. Gerald
Published: May 2009

In May last I visited the Preston Hill Quarry, near Maidstone, in the company of the “Geological Field Class,” conducted by Professor Seeley, F.R.S., and took from it the specimen, the analysis of which is given below. In appearance the rock was a hard, grey, sandstone, containing fine quartz grains disseminated throughout its mass; its sp. gr. ═ 2.685; on the addition of an acid sulphuretted hydrogen was evolved, from the decomposition of calcium sulphide.
VII.—On a Remarkable Sodalite Trachyte lately discovered in Naples, Italy
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J.
Published: May 2009

In the last two British Association Reports of the Vesuvian Committee, I drew attention to some very large masses of trachyte traversed, at the back of Naples, by the tunnel of the Cumana Railway. A full account of the stratigraphy of these will be deferred until some further excavations, now in progress, are completed. I propose at present merely to describe the earliest-discovered and most striking of these masses.
VI.—On a Breccia and an Altered Hornblende-Schist at Housel Cove, Lizard
Authors: Somervail Alexander
Published: May 2009

The rocks forming Housel Bay consist of the normal dark hornblende-schists with the exception of those out of which the charming little Cove bearing the same name has been formed, which holds nearly the central part of the Bay, facing the south-east.
IV.—On the Creeping of the Soilcap through the Action of Frost
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

1. The object of this paper is to show how the soilcap, or its upper portion, may creep down an inclined surface through the action of frost. The subject has also been discussed by Mr. W. C. Kerr in a valuable memoir, “On the action of frost in the arrangement of superficial earthy material,” published in May, 1881. I reproduce here one of the figures given by Mr. Kerr, as I cannot better describe the nature of the phenomenon which it is the aim of this paper to consider.
V.—Notes on the Wicklow Greenstones
Authors: Hatch Frederick H.
Published: May 2009

The Wicklow greenstones occur in sheets and dykes intrusive in the Lower Silurian slates (the equivalent of the Bala beds of Wales) that lie to the east of the main chain of the Leinster granite. Like the Welsh greenstones, they are associated with acid lavas (felsites and keratophyres) and felspathie tuffs, although of slightly later origin than these.
VI.—The Present State of the Archæan Controversy in Britain
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: May 2009

The Archæan question in this country may be said to be about twelve years old. Rocks older than the Cambrian had indeed been recognized by Murchison and Sedgwick, and brief notices of Pre-Cambrian masses at St. Davids had been published by Salter, Harkness, and Hicks; but the Archæan campaign was formally opened by Dr. Hicks in a paper read before the Geological Society in November, 1876. The attack upon the old views was followed up by Prof. Bonney, the Rev. Edwin Hill, Prof. Hughes, and myself, and, more recently, by Prof. Lapworth and Prof. Blake. The defence has been conducted by Dr. A. Geikie. The controversy has been animated, and not without sensational incidents. Great diversity of opinion has existed even amongst the assailants, and many important divisions of the inquiry must be still regarded as unsettled.
VII.—Note on some Points in the Nomenclature of Fossil Reptiles and Amphibians, with Preliminary Notices of Two New Species
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

Having occasion in a work now in the press to refer to certain fossil Reptiles and Amphibians of which the commonly accepted nomenclature requires revision, I think it advisable to make the necessary amendments in a Journal specially devoted to Geology and Palæontology. I also take the opportunity of giving two new scientific names to Reptiles from the Wealden.
IV.—Notes on New and other Dinosaurian Remains
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

In the present communication I call attention to a Reptilian vertebra which does not appear to have received the notice it deserves, and also give a preliminary diagnosis of certain forms which I hope to describe more fully later on.
VI.—Palæontology in the Malton Museum
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Among the local Museums of recent foundation, it would be difficult to find one of more scientific interest and importance than that of the Malton Field Naturalists' and Scientific Society. The commencement of the collection, indeed, was made so lately, that it might naturally be expected to have attained little beyond the nucleus-stage; but as an exponent of local Natural History it already rivals many of the older Museums, and the object of the present notice is briefly to call the attention of palæontologists to the material it affords for all interested in the investigation of Jurassic and Cretaceous fossils.
I.—Bala Lake and the River System of North Wales
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

In North Wales there are several valleys which run parallel or nearly parallel to the valley of the Bala fault, and, like it, are crossed by watersheds which are quite inconspicuous. One of these watersheds separates the head of Cwm Prysor from the source of Afon Tryweryn; a second parts the springs of the Conway from those of Afon Dwyryd; and a third divides the waters of Nant Ffrancon from those of Afon Llugwy (a tributary of the Conway). (Pl. XI.)
IV.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: On the British Species of the Genus Conocoryphe
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In 1877 Dr. Woodward recorded nineteen British species of the genus Conocoryphe, of which seven were doubtful. The following is the list of them:—