bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bitentaculate Cirratulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the northwestern Pacific Islands with description of nine new species
Authors: MAGALHÃES WAGNER F. , BAILEY-BROCK JULIE H.
Published: March 2013

Thirteen cirratulid species from the Hawaiian, Mariana and Marshall Islandsare described. Nine species are new to science: Aphelochaeta arizonae sp. nov., Aphelochaeta honouliuli sp. nov., Caulleriella cordiformia sp. nov., Chaetozone michellae sp. nov., Chaetozone ronaldi sp. nov., Monticellina anterobranchiata sp. nov., Monticellina hanaumaensis sp. nov., and Tharyx tumulosa sp. nov., from Oahu, Hawaii and Aphelochaeta saipanensis sp. nov., from Saipan in the Mariana Islands. Dodecaceria fewkesi and Monticellina nr. cryptica are newly recorded from the Hawaiian Islands. Dodecaceria laddi is widely distributed in the western Pacific and material collected from the Hawaiian, Mariana andMarshall islands is described. We provide SEM photographs for all species in addition to line drawings and methyl green staining pattern photographs for the new species.
Three new species of Glossobalanus (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta: Ptychoderidae) from western North America
Authors: CAMERON CHRISTOPHER B. , OSTIGUY ANGÉLICA
Published: March 2013

Twenty three enteropneust species have been described from the west coast of North America, including one species from the family Ptychoderidae, Glossobalanus berkeleyi from the Salish Sea, Vancouver Island. Here we use morphology to describe three additional species of acorn worms in the genus Glossobalanus: G. williami from Cape Arago, Oregon; G. hartmanae and G. barnharti fromLa Jolla,California. Notes on the habit and localization of each species as well as a dichotomous key to the genera of the family Ptychoderidae are provided.
A new species of Platygaster Latreille (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitizing Chilophaga virgati Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: JOHNSON PAUL J. , TORREZ VERONICA CALLES , BUHL PETER NEERUP
Published: March 2013

Platygaster chilophagae, new species, is described from specimens reared from larvae of Chilophaga virgati Gagné collected and reared in eastern South Dakota. The host larva feeds on the basal meristematic tissues of the inflorescence of Panicum virgatum L. This new species seems to lack immediate affinities with any described Platygaster species in its combination of characteristics, and is compared to and discriminated from six other species. Polyembryony is suggested by the presence of cocoon clusters containing 4–14 pupae from each host larva.
Bathyconchoeciinae, a new subfamily of deep oceanic planktonic halocyprid Ostracod (Myodocopa, Ostracoda)
Authors: ANGEL MARTIN , GRAVES CAROL
Published: March 2013

Species of the genera Bathyconchoecia and Scottoecia are currently classified in the subfamily Euconchoeciinae together with species of the genus Euconchoecia. The morphological and ecological characteristics of many of the species currently attributable to these two taxa are compared with a range of Euconchoecia species and are shown to differ extensively. These differences are sufficient to separate these taxa at the subfamily level. Therefore, a new subfamily, the Bathyconchoeciinae is proposed to accommodate all the species currently classified in the genera Bathyconchoecia and Scottoecia.
The taxonomy of the Japanese oak red scale insect, Kuwania quercus (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kuwaniidae), with a generic diagnosis, a key to species and description of a new species from California
Authors: WU SAN’AN , NAN NAN , GULLAN PENNY , DENG JUN
Published: March 2013

The oak red scale insect, Kuwania quercus (Kuwana), was described from specimens collected from the bark of oak trees (Quercus species) in Japan. More recently, the species has been identified from California and China, but Californian specimens differ morphologically from Japanese material and are considered here to be a new species based on both morphological and molecular data. In this paper, an illustrated redescription of K. quercus is provided based on type specimens consisting of adult females, first-instar nymphs and intermediate-stage females, and a lectotype is designated for Sasakia quercus Kuwana. The new Californian species, Kuwania raygilli Wu & Gullan, is described and illustrated based on the adult female, first-instar nymph and intermediate-stage female. A new generic diagnosis for Kuwania Cockerell based on adult females and first-instar nymphs, and a key to species based on adult females are included.
Influence of Local Dynamical Air–Sea Feedback Process on the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent
Authors: Sasaki Hideharu , Taguchi Bunmei , Komori Nobumasa , Masumoto Yukio
Published: March 2013

Local air–sea interactions over the high sea surface temperature (SST) band along the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent (HLCC) are examined with a focus on dynamical feedback of SST-induced wind stress to the ocean using the atmosphere–ocean coupled general circulation model (CGCM). A pair of ensemble CGCM simulations are compared to extract the air–sea interactions associated with HLCC: the control simulations and other simulations, the latter purposely eliminating influences of the high SST band on the sea surface flux computations in the CGCM. The comparison reveals that oceanic response to surface wind convergence and positive wind stress curl induced by the high SST band increases (decreases) the HLCC speed in the southern (northern) flank of the HLCC. The HLCC speed changes are driven by the Ekman suction associated with positive wind stress curl over the warm HLCC via the thermal wind balance. The HLCC speed increase is more significant than its decrease. This dynamical feedback is likely to be important to sustain the extension of the HLCC far to the west. The heat budget analysis confirms that advection of warm water from the west associated with this significant current speed increase plays a role in the southward shift of the HLCC axis. The dynamical feedback with the HLCC speed increase can potentially amplify the seasonal and interannual variations of HLCC.
Dynamic regulation of epigenomic landscapes during hematopoiesis
Authors: Abraham Brian J , Cui Kairong , Tang Qingsong , Zhao Keji
Published: March 2013

Background

Human blood develops from self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells to terminal lineages and necessitates regulator and effector gene expression changes; each cell type specifically expresses a subset of genes to carry out a specific function. Gene expression changes coincide with histone modification, histone variant deposition, and recruitment of transcription-related enzymes to specific genetic loci. Transcriptional regulation has been mostly studied using in vitro systems while epigenetic changes occurring during in vivo development remain poorly understood.

Results

By integrating previously published and novel global expression profiles from human CD34+/CD133+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), in vivo differentiated human CD4+ T-cells and CD19+ B-cells, and in vitro differentiated CD36+ erythrocyte precursors, we identified hundreds of transcripts specifically expressed in each cell type. To relate concurrent epigenomic changes to expression, we examined genome-wide distributions of H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27me1, H3K27me3, histone variant H2A.Z, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler BRG1, and RNA Polymerase II in these cell types, as well as embryonic stem cells. These datasets revealed that numerous differentiation genes are primed for subsequent downstream expression by BRG1 and PolII binding in HSPCs, as well as the bivalent H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 modifications in the HSPCs prior to their expression in downstream, differentiated cell types; much HSPC bivalency is retained from embryonic stem cells. After differentiation, bivalency resolves to active chromatin configuration in the specific lineage, while it remains in parallel differentiated lineages. PolII and BRG1 are lost in closer lineages; bivalency resolves to silent monovalency in more distant lineages. Correlation of expression with epigenomic changes predicts tens of thousands of potential common and tissue-specific enhancers, which may contribute to expression patterns and differentiation pathways.

Conclusions

Several crucial lineage factors are bivalently prepared for their eventual expression or repression. Bivalency is not only resolved during differentiation but is also established in a step-wise manner in differentiated cell types. We note a progressive, specific silencing of alternate lineage genes in certain cell types coinciding with H3K27me3 enrichment, though expression silencing is maintained in its absence. Globally, the expression of type-specific genes across many cell types correlates strongly with their epigenetic profiles. These epigenomic data appear useful for further understanding mechanisms of differentiation and function of human blood lineages.
Clinical associations and potential novel antigenic targets of autoantibodies directed against rods and rings in chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Stinton Laura M , Myers Robert P , Coffin Carla S , Fritzler Marvin J
Published: March 2013

Background

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequently associated with extrahepatic autoimmune disorders while interferon (IFN) and ribavirin treatment may exacerbate these conditions. Autoantibodies from HCV patients identify a novel indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) pattern on HEp-2 cells characterized by cytoplasmic rods and rings (RR). Our objectives were to determine the prevalence and clinical associations of RR autoantibodies in HCV patients, and identify related novel autoantibody targets.

Methods

Sera from 315 patients with HCV (301 treatment naive, 14 treated with interferon and/or ribavirin) were analyzed for the presence of RR antibodies by IIF on commercially available HEp-2 cell substrates. Antibodies to inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) and cytidine triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1) were detected by addressable laser bead assay and other potential targets were identified by immunoscreening a protein microarray. Clinical and demographic data including HCV genotype, mode of infection, prior antiviral therapy, and histological findings were compared between RR antibody positive (RR+) and negative (RR-) patients.

Results

The median age of the HCV cohort was 51 years, 61% were male, and 76% were infected with HCV genotype 1 (G1). Four percent (n=14) had been treated with IFN-based therapy (IFN monotherapy, n=3; IFN/ribavirin, n=11); all had a sustained virologic response. In total, 15 patients (5% of the cohort) were RR+. RR+ and RR- patients had similar demographic and clinical characteristics including age, sex, mode of HCV infection, prevalence of the G1 HCV genotype, and moderate to severe fibrosis. Nevertheless, RR+ patients were significantly more likely than RR- cases to have been treated with IFN-based therapy (33% vs. 3%; adjusted odds ratio 20.5 [95% confidence interval 5.1-83.2];P<0.0005). Only 1/10 RR positive sera had detectable antibodies to IMPHD2 and none had antibodies to CTPS1. Potentially important autoantibody targets identified on protein arrays included Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZI) and ankyrin repeat motif.

Conclusion

The majority of HCV patients with RR autoantibodies previously received IFN/ribavirin antiviral therapy. Further studies are necessary to determine the genesis of intracellular RR and elucidate the clinically relevant autoantigens as well as the clinical and prognostic significance of their cognate autoantibodies.
Oral rehydration salt use and its correlates in low-level care of diarrhea among children under 36 months old in rural Western China
Authors: Gao Wenlong , Yan Hong , Wang Duolao , Dang Shaonong
Published: March 2013

Background

Since 2000, there has been a decline in the proportion of oral rehydration salts (ORS) therapy in childhood diarrhea. How to sustain and achieve a high level of ORS therapy continues to be a challenge.

Methods

The data of 14112 households and 894 villages in 45 counties across 10 provinces of Western China were collected in 2005. Generalized estimated equation logistic regression models were used to identify the determinants of ORS use in home-based and village-level care.

Results

The therapy rate of ORS was 34.62%. This rate in home-based care (HBC) was significantly lower than that in village-level care (VLC), township-level care or county-level-or-above care. The children in the families with several pre-school-aged children (OR = 0.29 95% CI: 0.10, 0.86) or of the smaller age (12 vs 36 months: OR = 0.10 95% CI 0.02, 0.41; 24 vs 36 months: OR = 0.26 95% CI 0.09, 0.77) were less likely to receive ORS therapy against diarrhea in HBC. The children whose family had the habit of drinking boiled water (OR = 2.77 95% CI 1.30-5.91), or whose caretakers received educational materials about childhood diseases (OR = 3.08 95% CI 1.54, 6.16), or who were living in the villages in which village clinics had the available ORS packages (OR = 3.94 95% CI 2.25, 6.90) were more likely to receive ORS therapy against diarrhea in VLC.

Conclusion

There thus, ORS promoting program should give the highest priority to home care. ORS promoting strategies for low-level care could be strengthened based on children characteristics, the habit of drinking water and the situation of receiving educational material in the families and on the availability of ORS packages in village clinics in rural Western China.
The sustainability of an Australian initiative designed to improve interdisciplinary collaboration in mental health care
Authors: King Kylie , Christo Jo , Fletcher Justine , Machlin Anna , Nicholas Angela , Pirkis Jane
Published: March 2013

Background

The Australian Mental Health Professionals Network (MHPN) is fostering a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to mental health care through the establishment of local interdisciplinary networks of mental health professionals. This paper reports on those factors seen by MHPN participants and staff as having affected the formation and continuation of interdisciplinary networks, and therefore the likely sustainability of these groups.

Method

The paper draws on qualitative data from focus groups with mental health professionals participating in MHPN activities and MHPN staff.

Results

The findings suggest that MHPN’s approach to establishing sustainable interdisciplinary networks has been influenced by a number of factors at the micro-, meso-and macro levels. At the micro-level, factors such as clarity and structure of ongoing meetings, individual dynamics and the role of ‘champions’ can promote or constrain sustainability of ongoing networks. Those networks that had established following an initial workshop and had continued to meet as an interdisciplinary network tended to be led by well-respected co-ordinators, involve members who are enthusiastic and keen to learn from each other, have a flexible structure and meet regularly for a well-defined purpose. These features are underpinned by good communication between network members and with MHPN administration. At the meso- and macro-levels, the key issue relates to resourcing, as well as the wider policy context.

Conclusions

The support and practical resources provided by MHPN have been crucial in guiding successful networks as they form and continue to meet on a regular basis. The networks have also required internal leadership and support, and a clear purpose in order to form and to continue their activities. These findings are consistent with the literature, which states that sustainability of programs is reliant on factors at the project design and implementation level, as well as on factors inherent within the host organization and at the wider community level.
Towards a metagenomic understanding on enhanced biomethane production from waste activated sludge after pH 10 pretreatment
Authors: Wong Mabel Ting , Zhang Dong , Li Jun , Hui Raymond Kin Hi , Tun Hein Min , Brar Manreetpal Singh , Park Tae-Jin , Chen Yinguang , Leung Frederick C
Published: March 2013

Background

Understanding the effects of pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of sludge waste from wastewater treatment plants is becoming increasingly important, as impetus moves towards the utilization of sludge for renewable energy production. Although the field of sludge pretreatment has progressed significantly over the past decade, critical questions concerning the underlying microbial interactions remain unanswered. In this study, a metagenomic approach was adopted to investigate the microbial composition and gene content contributing to enhanced biogas production from sludge subjected to a novel pretreatment method (maintaining pH at 10 for 8 days) compared to other documented methods (ultrasonic, thermal and thermal-alkaline).

Results

Our results showed that pretreated sludge attained a maximum methane yield approximately 4-fold higher than that of the blank un-pretreated sludge set-up at day 17. Both the microbial and metabolic consortium shifted extensively towards enhanced biodegradation subsequent to pretreatment, providing insight for the enhanced methane yield. The prevalence of Methanosaeta thermophila and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, together with the functional affiliation of enzymes-encoding genes suggested an acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway. Additionally, an alternative enzymology in Methanosaeta was observed.

Conclusions

This study is the first to provide a microbiological understanding of improved biogas production subsequent to a novel waste sludge pretreatment method. The knowledge garnered will assist the design of more efficient pretreatment methods for biogas production in the future.
Palmar skin conductance variability and the relation to stimulation, pain and the motor activity assessment scale in intensive care unit patients
Authors: Günther Anders C , Bottai Matteo , Schandl Anna R , Storm Hanne , Rossi Patrik , Sackey Peter V
Published: March 2013

Introduction

Many intensive care unit (ICU) patients describe pain and other adverse feelings that may impact long-term psychological morbidity. Sympathetically mediated palmar skin conductance variability is related to emotionally induced perspiration and correlates with pain levels in the perioperative setting but has not been studied in ICU patients.

Methods

Twenty non-intubated and 20 intubated general ICU patients were included in this observational study. Patients were monitored with the MED-STORM Pain Monitoring System®. The number of skin conductance fluctuations per second (NSCF) was measured in parallel with bedside observation during one hour of intensive care, including rest, procedures and patient-staff interactions. Arousal-agitation level was monitored with the motor activity assessment scale (MAAS). Pain was monitored with the numeric rating scale (0 to 10) in patients able to communicate or by observation in patients unable to communicate.

Results

In non-intubated patients, NSCF increased with increasing stimulation/pain but also with higher MAAS (P = 0.002). An interaction effect was found, with increased NSCF response to stimulation/pain with increasing MAAS (P < 0.001).

In intubated patients, NSCF increased significantly with increasing stimulation/pain (P < 0.001). In contrast to non-intubated patients, no difference in NSCF between MAAS levels was found for any given degree of stimulation in intubated patients.

Conclusions

In critically ill patients, NSCF may be more useful evaluating emotional distress rather than pain alone. It needs to be assessed whether NSCF monitoring is clinically useful and whether controlling emotional distress with the aid of such monitoring may impact on patient care and outcomes.
Three-Gene Immunohistochemical Panel Adds to Clinical Staging Algorithms to Predict Prognosis for Patients With Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ong Chin-Ann J. , Shapiro Joel , Nason Katie S. , Davison Jon M. , Liu Xinxue , Ross-Innes Caryn , O'Donovan Maria , Dinjens Winand N.M. , Biermann Katharina , Shannon Nicholas , Worster Susannah , Schulz Laura K.E. , Luketich James D. , Wijnhoven Bas P.L. , Hardwick Richard H. , Fitzgerald Rebecca C.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a highly aggressive disease with poor long-term survival. Despite growing knowledge of its biology, no molecular biomarkers are currently used in routine clinical practice to determine prognosis or aid clinical decision making. Hence, this study set out to identify and validate a small, clinically applicable immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel for prognostication in patients with EAC.

Patients and Methods

We recently identified eight molecular prognostic biomarkers using two different genomic platforms. IHC scores of these biomarkers from a UK multicenter cohort (N = 374) were used in univariate Cox regression analysis to determine the smallest biomarker panel with the greatest prognostic power with potential therapeutic relevance. This new panel was validated in two independent cohorts of patients with EAC who had undergone curative esophagectomy from the United States and Europe (N = 666).

Results

Three of the eight previously identified prognostic molecular biomarkers (epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], tripartite motif-containing 44 [TRIM44], and sirtuin 2 [SIRT2]) had the strongest correlation with long-term survival in patients with EAC. Applying these three biomarkers as an IHC panel to the validation cohort segregated patients into two different prognostic groups (P < .01). Adjusting for known survival covariates, including clinical staging criteria, the IHC panel remained an independent predictor, with incremental adverse overall survival (OS) for each positive biomarker (hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.40 per biomarker; P = .02).

Conclusion

We identified and validated a clinically applicable IHC biomarker panel, consisting of EGFR, TRIM44, and SIRT2, that is independently associated with OS and provides additional prognostic information to current survival predictors such as stage.
New Syndrome of Paraganglioma and Somatostatinoma Associated With Polycythemia
Authors: Pacak Karel , Jochmanova Ivana , Prodanov Tamara , Yang Chunzhang , Merino Maria J. , Fojo Tito , Prchal Josef T. , Tischler Arthur S. , Lechan Ronald M. , Zhuang Zhengping
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The occurrence of ≥ two distinct types of tumors, one of them paraganglioma (PGL), is unusual in an individual patient, except in hereditary cancer syndromes.

Patients and Methods

Four unrelated patients were investigated, with thorough clinical evaluation. Plasma and tissue catecholamines and metanephrines were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anatomic and functional imaging were performed for tumor visualization. Germline and tumor tissue DNA were analyzed for hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2A) mutations. The prolyl hydroxylation and stability of the mutant HIF2α protein, transcriptional activity of mutant HIF2A, and expression of hypoxia-related genes were also investigated. Immunohistochemical staining for HIF1/2α was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue.

Results

Patients were found to have polycythemia, multiple PGLs, and duodenal somatostatinomas by imaging or biochemistry with somatic gain-of-function HIF2A mutations. Each patient carried an identical unique mutation in both types of tumors but not in germline DNA. The HIF2A mutations in these patients were clustered adjacent to an oxygen-sensing proline residue, affecting HIF2α interaction with the prolyl hydroxylase domain 2–containing protein, decreasing the hydroxylation of HIF2α, and reducing HIF2α affinity for the von Hippel–Lindau protein and its degradation. An increase in the half-life of HIF2α was associated with upregulation of the hypoxia-related genes EPO, VEGFA, GLUT1, and END1 in tumors.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate the existence of a new syndrome with multiple PGLs and somatostatinomas associated with polycythemia. This new syndrome results from somatic gain-of-function HIF2A mutations, which cause an upregulation of hypoxia-related genes, including EPO and genes important in cancer biology.
Isotopic Effect on Stereodynamics of the Reactions H + NeH+/H + NeD+/H + NeT+
Authors: Zou Jinghan , Yin Shuhui , Guo Mingxing , Xu Xuesong , Che Li , Li Lei , Gao Hong
Published: March 2013

Using a new 3D adiabatic potential energy surface constructed by Lv et al. (S.-J. Lv, P.-Y. Zhang, K.-L. Han, G.-Z. He, J. Chem. Phys.2010, 132, 014303), the product polarizations in the reactions H + NeH+/NeD+/NeT+ → H2+/HD+/HT+ + Ne are studied by employing a quasi-classical trajectory method. The distributions of P(θr), P(φr), P(θr, φr) and PDDCSs are calculated at the collision energies of 0.5 and 20 kcal mol−1. The influence of isotope substitution on the product polarization is revealed. The isotopic effect may be attributed to the difference in the mass factor in the title reactions. The noteworthy effect of the potential well on stereodynamics for the title reactions are observed and discussed in the paper.
Total Oxidation of Toluene over Cu/TiO2/SiO2
Authors: Nanba Tetsuya , Chino Tomohiro , Masukawa Shoichi , Uchisawa Junko , Obuchi Akira
Published: March 2013

We investigated the total oxidation of toluene over Cu/MOx/SiO2 (M = metal) catalysts. Among the metal oxides used to modify the SiO2 support, TiO2 afforded the catalyst with the highest activity. The optimum Cu and TiO2 loadings were 3 and 10 wt %, respectively. Changes in the Cu loading had little influence on the activation energy of the toluene oxidation reaction. Cu/TiO2/SiO2 was more active than Cu/TiO2 because the Cu and TiO2 were more highly dispersed on the SiO2 support of the former. We characterized the Cu species by temperature-programmed reduction with NH3, which showed that in Cu/TiO2/SiO2, Cu2+ was reduced at a lower temperature and Cu+ at a higher temperature than in Cu/TiO2 or Cu/SiO2. That is, the TiO2-modified SiO2 was a good support for Cu because the modification widened the temperature range over which the Cu2+  Cu+ redox cycle occurred.
Theoretical Study on the Excited Electronic States of Coronene and Its π-Extended Molecules Using the Symmetry-Adapted Cluster-Configuration Interaction Method
Authors: Fukuda Ryoichi , Ehara Masahiro
Published: March 2013

The excited electronic states and optical absorption spectra of coronene (C24H12), hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) (C42H18), and circumcoronene (C54H18) were studied using the symmetry-adapted cluster-configuration interaction (SAC-CI) method. For coronene and HBC, the SAC-CI calculations reproduced the experimental spectra well and predicted optically forbidden excited states. For HBC, the symmetry lowering enhanced the intensity of the S2 state that corresponds to the p-band, and the SAC-CI calculation predicted the existence of the second and third optically allowed states around the β-band region near 4.0 eV. For circumcoronene, the SAC-CI calculation predicted a strong absorption of the β-band in the visible light region. The mechanisms of energy splitting for the HOMO–LUMO transition were investigated. Electron correlation was the most important factor for the energy splitting between the lowest and the next-lowest states. Configuration interaction with single excitations (CIS) calculations could not correctly predict the relative energies of these states in coronene and circumcoronene. For HBC, on the other hand, the CIS calculation provided the same energy order as the SAC-CI calculation.
A Model of Silica Dissolution Based on Acid Dissociation of Internal Silanol
Authors: Nikaido Fumiya , Inasawa Susumu , Tsuji Yoshiko , Yamaguchi Yukio
Published: March 2013

Previous studies have proposed that silica has micropores or a “gel layer” on its surface; however, previous models of silica dissolution have considered only the top monolayer, and neglected the internal structure of silica. Here, we have developed a dissolution model that takes into account acid dissociation of internal silanol groups. The dissolution rates of silica, the solution pH and the electrophoretic mobilities of the silica particles were measured in basic aqueous media. These parameters were very different depending on the conditions, however all parameters behaved as expected based upon our simple model. In the model, we considered the surface potential and the potential inside the silica particle to quantify the acid dissociation of the top-surface and internal silanols, respectively. The dissolution rates were proportional to the number of top-surface deprotonated silanols, [≡SiO−]top. Internal silanol was not directly involved in the dissolution reaction, however acid dissociation of internal silanol must be considered to evaluate [≡SiO−]top. Electrophoretic mobilities are discussed to confirm the validity of our model.
Is It Better to Average Probabilities or Quantiles?
Authors: Lichtendahl Kenneth C. , Grushka-Cockayne Yael , Winkler Robert L.
Published: March 2013

We consider two ways to aggregate expert opinions using simple averages: averaging probabilities and averaging quantiles. We examine analytical properties of these forecasts and compare their ability to harness the wisdom of the crowd. In terms of location, the two average forecasts have the same mean. The average quantile forecast is always sharper: it has lower variance than the average probability forecast. Even when the average probability forecast is overconfident, the shape of the average quantile forecast still offers the possibility of a better forecast. Using probability forecasts for gross domestic product growth and inflation from the Survey of Professional Forecasters, we present evidence that both when the average probability forecast is overconfident and when it is underconfident, it is outperformed by the average quantile forecast. Our results show that averaging quantiles is a viable alternative and indicate some conditions under which it is likely to be more useful than averaging probabilities.

This paper was accepted by Peter Wakker, decision analysis.
The Seizure of Illicit Assets: Patterns of Civil Forfeiture in Canada and Ireland
Authors: Gallant M. Michelle , King Colin
Published: March 2013

Civil forfeiture is a modern crime control instrument that targets property linked to criminal activity. A recent addition to the state's crime control toolbox, the development of civil forfeiture in Ireland and in Canada, shows remarkable resistance to the idea that standard criminal justice safeguards govern the forfeiture process. The stark parallels in these two jurisdictions demonstrate tacit acceptance of a strategy that proves perilous to long-held procedural and substantive rights. By deftly shifting to formally civil instruments, Ireland and Canada have organized an assault on crime that circumvents the conventional criminal law, arguably seriously abrogating rights and procedural justice.
Colonial Categories and Familial Responses to Treaty and Metis Scrip Policy: The 'Edmonton and District Stragglers,' 1870–88
Authors: Niemi-Bohun Melanie
Published: March 2013

Constructed by colonial agents to resolve administrative problems unanticipated by the entrance of Metis individuals without band affiliation into treaty, the 'straggler' category was a reflection of the fluid nature of Aboriginal identities during a period of harsh economic and environmental realities on the Plains in the mid to late nineteenth century. This paper argues that Metis women and their families used the 'straggler' category in ways unexpected by colonial agents in Treaty Six – they continued to participate in the fur trade economy, refused to settle on reserves, and thus explicitly challenged boundaries of racial classification. This Native agency in turn forced the government to rethink and reformulate status categories. La catégorie de Métis «isolé» ( straggler ) fut construite par des agents de colonisation pour résoudre les problèmes administratifs qu'engendrait la participation au système des traités d'individus métis non rattachés à une bande. Elle reflète le caractère fluide des identités autochtones, dans les dures conditions économiques et environnementales des Prairies de la seconde moitié du dix-neuvième siècle. Cet article soutient que les femmes métisses et leurs familles ont utilisé la catégorie du straggler à des fins que n'avaient pas prévues les agents de colonisation dans le Traité 6: ces Métis ont continué à participer à la traite des fourrures et refusé de s'établir dans des réserves, ce qui revenait à contester ouvertement les frontières de la classification raciale. Cette action autochtone contraignit le gouvernement à repenser les catégories de statuts appliquées aux Autochtones.
When Missions Became Development: Ironies of 'NGOization' in Mainstream Canadian Churches in the 1960s
Authors: Brouwer Ruth Compton
Published: March 2013

Focusing mainly on the United Church of Canada, this article highlights changes in organization, discourse, and practice that were part of a missions-to-development trajectory in the mainstream churches during the 1960s and ironies arising from that shift. The article shows that, despite these churches' increasingly non-evangelistic approach to missions in this tumultuous decade and their desire to escape the taint of colonialism, globally minded young Canadians were not won over. Instead of choosing a missionary vocation, many became volunteers with Canadian University Service Overseas ( cuso ), a secular development organization founded in 1961. Meanwhile, as the United Church and other mainstream churches took on development and solidarity work in the Global South as their new 'mission,' they lost the support of conservative Christians, who continued to hold a more traditional understanding of the missionary task. Although the overseas outreach of the mainline churches survived the challenges of the 1960s, it was in a greatly changed and attenuated form. In practice, the everyday concerns of these faith-based ngo s often had little to distinguish them from the concerns of their young, secular counterparts . Ciblant principalement l'Église unie du Canada, cet article souligne les changements au sein de l'organisation, du discours et des pratiques survenus dans le cadre du recentrage, des missions vers le développement, des principales Églises dans les années 1960, de même que l'ironie née de cette réorientation. Il montre qu'en dépit du choix de ces Églises, dans le tumulte de cette décennie, de recourir à une approche de moins en moins axée sur l'évangélisation et de leur désir d'éviter toute forme de colonialisme, elles n'ont jamais su séduire les jeunes Canadiens universalistes. Au lieu de choisir les missions, plusieurs devinrent bénévoles au sein du Service universitaire canadien outremer ( suco ), un organisme laïque de développement créé en 1961. Au même moment, alors que l'Église unie et les principales autres Églises firent du travail de développement et de solidarité dans les pays en développement leur nouvelle « mission », le soutien des chrétiens conservateurs leur échappa, ceux-ci adhérant toujours à une interprétation plus traditionnelle du missionnariat. Si le rayonnement outremer des principales Églises a survécu aux défis des années 1960, ce fut sous une forme fortement revue et atténuée. En pratique, les préoccupations quotidiennes de ces ong fondées sur la foi se distinguaient peu de celles des jeunes laïques.
Is History Another Word for Experience?: Morton’s Confessions
Authors: Morton Desmond
Published: March 2013

Near the end of his career as a military, political. and social historian, Des Morton reflects on his trade and his definition of history as ‘another word for experience.’ Like most people, we can have a cheerful or a gloomy view of the past. Both approaches deliver messages about how we can seize more happiness or avoid repeating mistakes. Neither approach is fool-proof.

Arrivant au terme de sa carrière d’historien dans le domaine de l’histoire militaire, politique et sociale, Des Morton discute de son métier et de sa définition de l’histoire commeétant « un autre mot pour nommer l’expérience ». Nous pouvons, comme la plupart des gens, nous représenter le passé sur un mode joyeux ou déprimant. Les deux approches transmettent des messages sur la manière de nous approprier plus de bonheur ou d’éviter de répéter nos erreurs. Mais aucune d’entre elles n’est sans faille.
Southern Exposure: Diefenbaker, Latin America, and the Organization of American States
Authors: McKercher Asa
Published: March 2013

For the first four years of his premiership, Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker took an immense interest in Canada’s relations with Latin America. Diefenbaker and his two foreign ministers, Sidney Smith and Howard Green, actively expanded Canadian links to the region and flirted with joining the Organization of American States. In turn, many Latin American political leaders welcomed Ottawa’s focus on their region. However, us President John F. Kennedy’s own interest in an expanded role for Canada in the Western hemisphere alarmed many Canadians, including the prime minister. This article examines the Canadian government’s formulation of Latin American policy and analyzes the interplay between foreign and domestic policy on this question.

Pendant ses quatre premières années de pouvoir, le Premier ministre John Diefenbaker s’intéressa vivement aux relations du Canada avec l’Amérique latine. Diefenbaker et ses deux secrétaires d’État aux Affaires étrangères, Sidney Smith et Howard Green, ne ménagèrent pas les efforts pour développer les relations entre le Canada et cette région, songeant même à joindre l’Organisation des États américains. À leur tour, plusieurs dirigeants politiques latino-américains se réjouirent de l’attention qu’Ottawa accordait à leur région. L’intérêt de John F. Kennedy lui-même, le président des É.-U., pour un accroissement du rôle du Canada dans l’hémisphère occidental préoccupa bien des Canadiens, dont le Premier ministre. Cet article retrace l’élaboration de la politique latino-américaine du gouvernement canadien et analyse l’interaction des politiques étrangères et intérieures sur cette question.
Tea in Toronto and the Liberal Order, 1880–1914
Authors: Walden Keith
Published: March 2013

Although afternoon tea was a cornerstone of sociability in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, there is little information about its lived experience. Most discussions of tea in scholarly literature are based on information contained in advice books. Drawing especially from the reporting found in Saturday Night magazine, this article provides a more realistic understanding of how the rite was conducted in Toronto. Further, it argues that as a device intended to promote circulation in the modern city, tea was linked fundamentally to an emerging liberal order. As problems associated with tea became more pronounced with the growth of the city, the location of tea began to shift from domestic to commercial settings, and the scale of gatherings began to be much more intimate. While the lure of commercial culture undoubtedly pulled women downtown, they were also pushed there by the mounting inconvenience of a primary social ritual.

Le thé d’après-midi était un pilier de la sociabilité à la fin des périodes victorienne et édouardienne, mais son expérience vécue demeure méconnue. Lorsqu’elle traite du thé, la littérature savante se fonde habituellement sur des renseignements provenant de livres de conseils. Puisant au contenu des chroniques mondaines du magazine Saturday Night , cet article nous propose une compréhension plus réaliste du déroulement du rite à Toronto. Il fait valoir également qu’en tant que moyen de promouvoir la circulation dans la ville moderne, le thé était inséparable d’un ordre libéral en émergence. L’aggravation de problèmes associés au thé qui a accompagné la croissance de la ville a vu les réunions autour du thé se déplacer graduellement des lieux privés vers des lieux commerciaux, et leuréchelle devenir beaucoup plus intime. L’appât de la culture commerciale a indubitablement attiré les femmes en ville, mais celles-ci y ont aussi été poussées par les inconvénients grandissants d’un rituel d’abord social.
'The Catholic Mahdi of the North West': Louis Riel and the Metis Resistance in Transatlantic and Imperial Context
Authors: Read Geoff , Webb Todd
Published: March 2013

The authors examine the transatlantic press coverage of the Metis resistance in Saskatchewan in 1885. The article documents that there was extensive international coverage of this ostensibly Canadian conflict and traces the evolution of narratives about it from their origins in French and English Canada to the United States, Great Britain, and France. The article resituates Riel and the Metis resistance within this international framework, demonstrating how the story of Riel and the Metis was reshaped by commentators in the transatlantic world to suit local, national, and imperial contexts. Les auteurs examinent la couverture de presse transatlantique de la résistance des Métis de la Saskatchewan en 1885. L'article révèle que ce conflit, canadien en apparence, reçu une attention médiatique soutenue à l'étranger, puis il fait remonter l'évolution des récits que le Canada français et le Canada anglais en firent dès le départ aux États-Unis, en Grande-Bretagne et en France. Ce cadre d'analyse international permet aux auteurs de réévaluer Riel et la résistance des Métis en montrant comment des commentateurs au sein du monde transatlantique ont refaçonné le récit sur Riel et les Métis pour le faire correspondre aux contextes locaux, nationaux et impériaux.
'Every boy ought to learn to shoot and to obey orders': Guns, Boys, and the Law in English Canada from the late Nineteenth Century to the Great War
Authors: Brown R. Blake
Published: March 2013

Les armes à feu sont devenues un élément essentiel de la culture des garçons et des jeunes hommes du Canada anglais avant la Grande Guerre. Le sentiment impérialiste ayant cours à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle avait nourri l'intérêt croissant pour la chasse, et ses promoteurs célébraient la valeur du maniement du fusil en suggérant qu'il transformait les garçons en hommes britanniques idéaux. De même, des craintes de voir la jeunesse urbaine se féminiser rendirent populaire l'idée d'organiser des exercices militaires et de leçons de tir. Au même moment, des entreprises commercialisaient avec insistance auprès des jeunes des armes bon marché produites en série, affirmant qu'elles pouvaient leur inculquer de nombreuses vertus. Des entreprises tentèrent aussi de donner à certaines armes un statut de bien de consommation acceptable. L'utilisation d'armes par la jeunesse entraîna certains problèmes sociaux redoutés, incluant des fusillades accidentelles, la destruction environnementale et la militarisation de la jeune génération. Les pouvoirs législatifs ne firent toutefois que de timides efforts pour limiter l'accès aux armes à feu. En 1892 et en 1913, le gouvernement canadien imposa des restrictions sur la vente de certaines armes, mais l'idée communément admise qu'il y avait des armes acceptables pour la plupart des garçons et des adolescents fit en sorte que ces mesures furent rarement appliquées.
Insérer les femmes dans l’histoire : le parcours d’une vie
Authors: Dumont Micheline
Published: March 2013

In this text, Micheline Dumont reminds us of how history came to occupy her whole life. During her childhood, she first considered history as a repertoire of beautiful stories and later, in the course of her studies, she progressively discovered the requirements of historical science. After taking a detour through Acadian history and didactics of history, work orders allowed her to discover women’s history, first in its materiality, but then mostly in its theoretical significance. After much research and many publications, she came to realize the political implications of the issues embodied by women’s history.
Do You Have the Time?: Modernity, Democracy, and the Beginnings of Daylight Saving Time in Montreal, 1907–1928
Authors: Rudy Jarrett
Published: March 2013

This article looks at the most significant public debate over time in Montreal’s history: the beginnings of daylight saving time (1907–1928). Seeing daylight saving time as an example of the disembedding of time from place, the article demonstrates the importance of local social dynamics in the creation of meanings of modernity. Daylight saving time began as an idea to save money and improve people’s lives, though it was ridiculed until the First World War, when it was put in place in Montreal and much of North America and Europe. Yet after the war, it was rejected as a national measure, and subsequently much of North America and eventually even the Island of Montreal turned into a patchwork of time zones. The article argues that the difficult beginnings of daylight saving time in Montreal were due to the unequal benefits of changing the clock, rural–urban tensions, the Canadian federal system, conflicts between ethno-religious institutions, Montreal’s tenacious mayor, and the economic power of businesses to shape time.

Cet article se penche sur l’implantation progressive de l’heure avancée (1907–1928), objet du plus important débat public consacré au temps dans l’histoire de Montréal. Voyant dans l’heure avancée un exemple de la dissociation du temps et du lieu, l’article montre l’importance des dynamiques sociales locales dans l’assignation de sens multiples à la modernité. Conçue comme moyen de faire économiser de l’argent et d’améliorer la qualité de vie des gens, l’idée de l’heure avancée fut pourtant ridiculisée jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale, alors que Montréal et une grande partie de l’Amérique du Nord et de l’Europe l’ont adoptée. On l’a toutefois rejetée en tant que mesure nationale après la guerre; plus tard, une grande partie de l’Amérique du Nord et même l’île de Montréal finirent par se transformer en une courtepointe de fuseaux horaires. L’article soutient que les débuts laborieux de l’heure avancée à Montréal s’expliquent par les avantages inégaux associés au changement d’heure, les tensions entre ville et campagne, le système fédéral canadien, les conflits entre plusieurs institutions ethnore-ligieuses, la ténacité du maire de Montréal et le pouvoir économique des entreprises de façonner le temps.
Liberty in Time and Space: A Commentary on Ducharme
Authors: Coates Colin M.
Published: March 2013

The CHR is publishing the papers presented at the Sir John A. Macdonald Prize roundtable which took place during the 2012 Canadian Historical Association’s annual congress. This is the most prestigious prize awarded each year by the Association for the best scholarly book in Canadian history. The roundtable provides the opportunity for historians in the field to discuss the winning study’s contribution from multiple perspectives. The 2011 winner was Michel Ducharme’s Le concept de liberté au Canada à l’époque des Révolutions atlantiques (1776–1838) , published by McGill-Queen’s University Press (2010).

La CHR publie les communications présentées à la table ronde Sir John A. Macdonald qui est au programme du congrès annuel de la Société historique du Canada. Il s’agit du prix le plus prestigieux décerné par l’Association chaque année pour honorer la meilleure publication en histoire canadienne. La table ronde donne la chance à des historiens/nes dans le domaine d’analyser la contribution de l’ouvrage gagnant à partir de points de vue multiples. En 2011, le lauréat du prix fut Michel Ducharme pour son étude intitulée Le concept de liberté au Canada à l’époque des Révolutions atlantiques (1776–1838) , publiée par McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2010.
Window of Opportunity?: Internet Gambling in Canada
Authors: Rex Justin , Jackson David J.
Published: March 2013

This article investigates the current condition and possible future of Internet gambling in Canada. We apply Howlett’s (1998) refinement of Kingdon’s “policy windows” theory to examine four windows of opportunity through which Internet gambling might be placed on the Canadian policy agenda. We conclude that Internet gambling is unlikely to reach the agenda through a routine means; instead, the issue might be recognized by policy-makers through alternative routes such as connection to another Internet-related issue or to a crisis that would intensify the political or economic problems related to the current murky status of online gambling.