bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomic force microscopy study of the role of LPS O‐antigen on adhesion ofE. coli
Authors: Strauss Joshua , Burnham Nancy A. , Camesano Terri A.
Published: April 2009

The O‐antigen is a highly variable component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) amongEscherichia colistrains and is useful for strain identification and assessing virulence. While the O‐antigen has been chemically well characterized in terms of sugar composition, physical properties such as O‐antigen length ofE. coliLPS have not been well studied, even though LPS length is important for determining binding of bacteria to biomolecules and epithelial cells. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the LPS of eightE. colistrains. Steric repulsion between the AFM tip (silicon nitride) and theE. colicells was measured and modeled, to determine LPS lengths for three O157 and two O113E. colistrains, and three control (K12) strains that do not express the O‐antigen. For strains with an O‐antigen, the LPS lengths ranged from 17 ± 10 to 37 ± 9 nm, and LPS length was positively correlated with the force of adhesion (Fadh). Longer lengths of LPS may have allowed for more hydrogen bonding between the O‐antigen and silanol groups of the AFM silicon nitride tip, which controlled the magnitude ofFadh. For control strains, LPS lengths ranged from 3 ± 2 to 5 ± 3 nm, and there was no relationship between LPS length and adhesion force between the bacterium and the silicon nitride tip. In the absence of the O‐antigen, we attributedFadhto electrostatic interactions with lipids in the bacterial membrane. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of histidines 11, 15 and 19 in the binding of zinc to the fusogenic H5WYG peptide
Authors: Buré Corinne , Pichon Chantal , Midoux Patrick
Published: April 2009

The histidine‐rich GLFHAIAHFIHGGWHGLIHGWYG peptide (H5WYG) coordinates a Zn2+ ion and forms a stable peptide–metal complex promoting membrane fusion at physiologic pH. In our previous article titled ‘Histidine‐rich peptide: evidence for a single zinc‐binding site on H5WYG peptide that promotes membrane fusion at neutral pH’ in Journal of Mass Spectrometry (2009, 44, 81–89), tandem mass spectrometry experiments have provided evidence for the binding of a single Zn2+ ion to H5WYG and suggested that this binding is shared between H11, H19 and probably H15 residues. To clarify the involvement of these histidine residues in the binding to the Zn2+ ion and especially to remove the doubt about the implication of the H15 residue, here we have used three H5WYG mutants termed H5WYGH11A, H5WYGH15A and H5WYGH19A, whose H11, H15 and H19 residues were replaced with an alanine residue. The novelty introduced by these new tandem mass spectrometry experiments performed with the mutants is the demonstration that H15 is involved in the binding of the single Zn2+ ion and that it may even favour the setting of another Zn2+ ion. Thus, the three histidines H11, H15 and H19 could lead to a specific structuring of H5WYG that can promote membrane fusion upon the binding of zinc. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VEGF serum concentrations in patients with long bone fractures: A comparison between impaired and normal fracture healing
Authors: Sarahrudi Kambiz , Thomas Anita , Braunsteiner Tomas , Wolf Harald , Vécsei Vilmos , Aharinejad Seyedhossein
Published: April 2009

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the bone repair process as a potent mediator of angiogenesis and it influences directly osteoblast differentiation. Inhibiting VEGF suppresses angiogenesis and callus mineralization in animals. However, no data exist so far on systemic expression of VEGF with regard to delayed or failed fracture healing in humans. One hundred fourteen patients with long bone fractures were included in the study. Serum samples were collected over a period of 6 months following a standardized time schedule. VEGF serum concentrations were measured. Patients were assigned to one of two groups according to their course of fracture healing. The first group contained 103 patients with physiological fracture healing. Eleven patients with delayed or nonunions formed the second group of the study. In addition, 33 healthy volunteers served as controls. An increase of VEGF serum concentration within the first 2 weeks after fracture in both groups with a following decrease within 6 months after trauma was observed. Serum VEGF concentrations in patients with impaired fracture healing were higher compared to the patients with physiological healing during the entire observation period. However, statistically significant differences were not observed at any time point between both groups. VEGF concentrations in both groups were significantly higher than those in controls. The present results show significantly elevated serum concentrations of VEGF in patients after fracture of long bones especially at the initial healing phase, indicating the importance of VEGF in the process of fracture healing in humans. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1293–1297, 2009
Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman micro‐spectroscopy using spectral focusing: theory and experiment
Authors: Langbein Wolfgang , Rocha‐Mendoza Israel , Borri Paola
Published: April 2009

Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy using linearly chirped femtosecond laser pulses and spectrally and time‐integrated detection is discussed both theoretically and experimentally. By matching the linear chirp of Stokes and pump pulses, the spectral resolution is reduced to the Fourier limit of the chirped pulse duration (spectral focusing). We discuss the effect of the time‐ordering of Pump and Stokes pulses on the signal strength and selectivity, and give analytical expressions for the relevant quantities. We consider linear chirp obtained by glass elements of known group‐velocity dispersion, and analyze the limit of the spectral resolution by higher order glass dispersion. Experiments corroborating the theory are presented, using 100 fs laser pulses, SF57 glass elements, and polystyrene beads as test samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of collective motions in liquid tert‐butanol from low‐wavenumber Raman scattering
Authors: Sassi P. , Paolantoni M. , Perticaroli S. , Palombo F. , Morresi A.
Published: April 2009

The collective properties of liquid tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) were analysed by low‐wavenumber Raman (LWR) scattering spectroscopy. Vibrational and relaxation phenomena of this H‐bonding system were assessed in pure liquid phase at different temperatures in the 15–70 °C range, and in solution with 2,2′‐dimethyl butane (2,2′‐DMB) and water as a function of composition in the 0.7⩽xTBA⩽0.9 range at constant temperature (T = 25 °C). The LWR spectrum of pure TBA (below 150 cm−1) was expressed by the dynamical (or Raman) susceptibility ???? and reproduced by curve fitting using three functional forms. The high‐wavenumber band, whose intensity is poorly dependent on the temperature, was assigned to the ultrafast librational mode; the remaining components with an intensity that increased with temperature were attributed to relaxation dynamics in the range of picosecond (‘slow’ 3 ps) and sub‐picosecond (‘fast’, 0.4 ps) timescales. Adding 2,2′‐DMB to TBA had no significant effect on the intermolecular interactions in alcohol‐rich solutions, with almost unchanged LWR scattering features. On the other hand, water added to TBA determined an increase in interactions, similar to the effect of a temperature decrease in pure liquid alcohol; this was clearly depicted by the LWR profiles. Moreover, through the analysis of the OH stretching bands of water in solution, the confinement of aqueous pools in the hydrophilic spaces of alcohol‐rich solutions was confirmed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responses of intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilisation in goats fed low‐quality roughages supplemented with tree foliages
Authors: Patra Amlan K
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: A meta‐analysis of data containing 127 different dietary treatments with 593 goats from 30 published studies was performed to explain the effects of foliage supplementation to low‐quality roughages on intake, digestibility and N utilisation in goats.

RESULTS: Basal dry matter (DM) intake decreased linearly with increasing foliage level (FL) in diets and foliage crude protein (CP) intake, whereas total DM intake increased linearly with increasing FL and CP intake from foliages and quadratically with increasing concentration of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in foliages. The digestibility of DM and CP increased linearly with increasing FL and CP concentration in basal roughages and foliage CP intake. The greater concentration of NDF in foliages and roughages decreased CP digestibility linearly. Intakes of digestible DM and CP increased quadratically with increasing FL, with plateau levels of 36.4 and 5.52 g kg−1 (body weight)0.75 in response to 490 and 740 g kg−1 FL respectively. Faecal N, urinary N and N retention increased linearly with increasing FL and foliage CP intake.

CONCLUSION: Responses of goats fed basal roughages supplemented with foliages are influenced by the quality and quantity of foliages and quality of roughages. Up to 490 g kg−1 FL can be incorporated in diets for better feed utilisation and animal performance, beyond which nutrient utilisation may be adversely affected. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term follow‐up results of fertility sparing surgery in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Anchezar Juan P. , Sardi Juan , Soderini Alejandro
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

To assess clinical and obstetric outcome in young patients with epithelial ovarian cancer treated with fertility sparing surgery.

Methods

Eighteen patients younger than 40 years carrying epithelial ovarian tumors were submitted to fertility sparing surgery between 1988 and 2003. Disease‐free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Statistical analysis was performed with the χ2 test.

Results

Disease free survival (DFS) 83.3% and overall survival (OS) 94.4% of patients treated with conservative surgery at 10 years. Up to date, six of seven patients who attempted pregnancy delivered seven healthy newborns.

Conclusion

Conservative surgery in young women with epithelial ovarian cancer is an appropriate therapeutic option in patients who wish to preserve childbearing potential. Long‐term follow‐up results shows excellent overall survival and pregnancy results. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:55–58. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preoperative prediction of poorly differentiated components in small‐sized hepatocellular carcinoma for safe local ablation therapy
Authors: Imai Katsunori , Beppu Toru , Nakayama Yoshiharu , Ishiko Takatoshi , Horino Kei , Komori Hiroyuki , Masuda Toshiro , Hayashi Hiromitsu , Okabe Hirohisa , Baba Yoshihumi , Watanabe Masayuki , Takamori Hiroshi , Awai Kazuo , Yamashita Yasuyuki , Baba Hideo
Published: April 2009

Background

Poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a malignant potential such as frequent microvascular invasion even if the tumor is smaller than 3 cm in diameter. The aim of this study was to clarify the preoperative predictors of poorly differentiated HCC for safe local ablation therapy.

Methods

Sixty‐six patients underwent a hepatic resection for solitary small‐sized HCC (≤3 cm) were included in this study. According to the postoperative histological examination, the patients were divided into a “poorly differentiated group” (n = 17) and a “well/moderately differentiated group” (n = 49). This study investigated the clinicopathological factors and imaging findings, and elucidated the predictive factors of the poorly differentiated type.

Results

In a univariate analysis, serum hepatitis B surface antigen positive, hepatitis C virus antibody negative, alpha‐fetoprotein level, des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin level, and a high contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) in T2‐weighted MR imaging were significantly associated with the poorly differentiate type. In a multivariate analysis, a high CNR in T2‐weighted MR imaging was the only independent predictor of the poorly differentiated type. In the postoperative pathological findings, portal vein invasion and intrahepatic metastasis were significantly frequent in the poorly differentiated group.

Conclusions

The CNR in T2‐weighted MR imaging is a useful tool to predict poorly differentiated HCC preoperatively. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:121–126. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of zinc supplementation on the survival of patients who received concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Follow‐up of a double‐blind randomized study with subgroup analysis
Authors: Lin Yung‐Song , Lin Li‐Ching , Lin Shih‐Wei
Published: April 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Dietary zinc has been reported to have positive effects on treating carcinoma. This study examined the effects of zinc supplementation on the improved survival of patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CCRT).

Study Design:

A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study with subgroup analysis.

Methods:

Thirty‐four patients with stages III and IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma were selected from a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study. All the patients were randomized to receive a standard dose (75 mg/day for 2 months) of zinc supplements or placebo, in conjunction with CCRT. The overall local recurrence, metastasis, and disease‐free survivals were defined as the period between the time of first treatment to the time of death, local recurrence, or distant metastases occurred.

Results:

Patients in the experimental group exhibited a higher 5‐year overall local‐free and disease‐free survival rate than the patients in the placebo group (P = .044, P = .007, and P = .033, respectively). However, no significant differences were found between both patient groups for the 5‐year metastases‐free survival rate (P = .149).

Conclusions:

Zinc supplementation prescribed in conjunction with CCRT effects attenuating local tumor recurrence and improves the overall survival of patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The failure to reduce distant metastasis survival might have been related in part to the more advanced disease stages in our patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
Looking toward basic science for potential drug discovery targets against community‐associated MRSA
Authors: Otto Michael
Published: April 2009

The difficulties to find a conventional vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus and the increasing resistance of S. aureus to many antibiotics demand the exploration of novel therapeutic options, such as by targeting virulence determinants and using specific antibodies in an antitoxin‐like approach. Community‐associated methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (CA‐MRSA) strains have recently emerged predominantly in the US, causing epidemic outbreaks of mostly skin and soft tissue infections, but also more dramatic and sometimes fatal diseases. MRSA is now the most frequent cause of death by a single infectious agent in the US. The fact that, at least in the US, CA‐MRSA infections are almost entirely due to one sequence type, USA300, gives researchers a novel, unique chance to focus on one clone in their efforts to analyze pathogenesis in a clinically important S. aureus. While the molecular underpinnings of the exceptional virulence and transmissibility of USA300 are not yet well understood, recent findings indicate that increased expression of widespread virulence determinants and acquisition of mobile genetic elements have to be considered. Delineating the relative importance of virulence determinants in USA300 and other important clinical strains is a key endeavor needed to develop a potential antitoxin for CA‐MRSA disease. Published 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 1, 1–22, 2010
A new protocol for complete phalloplasty with free sensate and prelaminated osteofasciocutaneous flaps: Experience in 37 patients
Authors: Schaff Juergen , Papadopulos Nikolaos A.
Published: April 2009

Background:

Herein, we present our latest protocol of following three operative stages for complete phalloplasty, applied in 37 female‐to‐male transsexuals: first, mastectomy, ovariohysterectomy, urethral lengthening, vaginectomy, colpocleisis, and neourethra prelamination; second, neophallus creation with free sensate osteofasciocutaneous fibula (n = 31) or radial forearm (n = 6) flap; and third, urethral connection, neoscrotum formation, and testicle prosthesis implantation.

Results:

Occasionally, wound healing disturbance and slight asymmetry of the breasts was observed, as well as colpocleisis revision needed. Partial flap necrosis took place in 6 patients, while 12 presented urethral stricture and 6 a fistula. Despite inferior neophallus sensibility, patients whose neophallus was created using fibula flap experienced better sexual intercourse. However, overall patients' satisfaction was superior.

Conclusions:

The applied protocol demonstrates the effectiveness of such a multistage and interdisciplinary approach for female‐to‐male transsexuals, offering an essential improvement of their quality of life, concerning their successful integration into the reassigned gender position in the society. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2009.
Postoperative monitoring of free vascularized bone grafts in reconstruction of bone defects
Authors: Pliefke Jenny , Rademacher Grit , Zach Alexander , Bauwens Kai , Ekkernkamp Axel , Eisenschenk Andreas
Published: April 2009

Vascularized bone transfer is increasingly recognized as a very useful and versatile technique for reconstructing large bone defects. It is especially indicated in patients with challenging conditions, such as nonunions, postoncologic resections, severe trauma, and congenital defects. With increasing experience of reconstructive surgeons, improved microsurgical techniques, and more enhanced flaps, the failure rate of free flaps has been reduced in the last decades. Especially, the early‐postoperative period is decisive in the outcome of surgery. Several techniques have been described for monitoring the postoperative viability of microsurgical free vascularized graft, and their sensitivity and reliability continues to be the object of animal experiments and clinical trials. The qualities of an optimal monitoring device should be objective, continuous, noninvasive, safe, reproducible, easily managed, and interpretable for the nursing staff, inexpensive, and a clear indicator of changes in arterial and venous circulation. Presently, no one neither fulfills all of the criteria completely nor is uniformly accepted. In this article, relative advantages and disadvantages of these various postoperative monitoring techniques are discussed. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2009.
Perineal and posterior vaginal wall reconstruction with superior and inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps
Authors: Wagstaff Marcus J. D. , Rozen Warren M. , Whitaker Iain S. , Enajat Morteza , Audolfsson Thorir , Acosta Rafael
Published: April 2009

Perineal and posterior vaginal wall reconstruction following abdominoperineal and local cancer resection entails replacement of volume between the perineum and sacrum and restoration of a functional vagina. Ideal local reconstructive options include those which avoid functional muscle sacrifice, do not interfere with colostomy formation, and avoid the use of irradiated tissue. In avoiding the donor site morbidity of other options, we describe a fasciocutaneous option for the reconstruction of the perineum and posterior vaginal wall. We present our technique of superior and inferior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP or IGAP) flaps to reconstruct such defects. Fourteen patients between 2004 and 2008 underwent 11 SGAP and three IGAP flaps. There were no flap failures or partial flap losses and no postoperative hernias. All female patients reported resumption of sexual intercourse following this procedure. Our experience in both the immediate and delayed setting is that this technique produces a good functional outcome with low donor‐site morbidity. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2009.
Derivatives of pyrazinecarboxylic acid: 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopic investigations
Authors: Holzer Wolfgang , Eller Gernot A. , Datterl Barbara , Habicht Daniela
Published: April 2009

NMR spectroscopic studies are undertaken with derivatives of 2‐pyrazinecarboxylic acid. Complete and unambiguous assignment of chemical shifts (1H, 13C, 15N) and coupling constants (1H,1H; 13C,1H; 15N,1H) is achieved by combined application of various 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. Unequivocal mapping of 13C,1H spin coupling constants is accomplished by 2D (δ,J) long‐range INEPT spectra with selective excitation. Phenomena such as the tautomerism of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazinecarboxylic acid are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nepetanal and nepetanoate: a new diterpene aldehyde and a benzene derivative ester from Nepeta juncea
Authors: Hussain Javid , Jamila Nargis , Ullah Khan Farman , Prasad Devkota Krishna , Shah M. Raza , Anwar Saeed
Published: April 2009

One new tricyclic clerodane type diterpene aldehyde nepetanal (1) and one new benzene derivative nepetanoate (2) have been isolated from a plant Nepeta juncea together with two known compounds oleanolic acid (3) and ursolic acid (4). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by means of modern spectroscopic techniques and comparison with literature data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of four new oligosaccharides and two new glycosides from Periploca forrestii
Authors: Feng Jiaquan , Zhao Weimin
Published: April 2009

Four new oligosaccharides (1–4), one new pregnane glycoside (5), and one new cardiac glycoside (6) were isolated from the roots of Periploca forrestii Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and wounds. Their structures were characterized on the basis of extensive analysis of NMR (1H, 13C NMR, 1H‐1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, TOCSY and ROESY) spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algebraic analysis of two‐grid methods: The nonsymmetric case
Authors: Notay Yvan
Published: April 2009

Two‐grid methods constitute the building blocks of multigrid methods, which are among the most efficient solution techniques for solving large sparse systems of linear equations. In this paper, an analysis is developed that does not require any symmetry property. Several equivalent expressions are provided that characterize all eigenvalues of the iteration matrix. In the symmetric positive‐definite (SPD) case, these expressions reproduce the sharp two‐grid convergence estimate obtained by Falgout, Vassilevski and Zikatanov (Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 2005; 12:471–494), and also previous algebraic bounds, which can be seen as corollaries of this estimate. These results allow to measure the convergence by checking ‘approximation properties’. In this work, proper extensions of the latter to the nonsymmetric case are presented. Sometimes approximation properties for the SPD case are summarized in loose terms; e.g.: Interpolation must be able to approximate an eigenvector with error bound proportional to the size of the eigenvalue (SIAM J. Sci. Comp. 2000; 22:1570–1592). It is shown that this can be applied to nonsymmetric problems too, understanding ‘size’ as ‘modulus’. Eventually, an analysis is developed, for the nonsymmetric case, of the theoretical foundations of ‘compatible relaxation’, according to which a Fine/Coarse partitioning may be checked and possibly improved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐level additive Schwarz algorithms for nonlinear complementarity problem with an M‐function
Authors: Xu Hongru , Zeng Jinping , Sun Zhe
Published: April 2009

Nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP) is a wide class of problems. In this paper, some two‐level additive Schwarz algorithms for NCPs with an M‐function are developed and analyzed. The algorithms are proved to be convergent monotonically and can reach the solution of the problem within finite steps. They may also offer a possibility of making use of fast nonlinear solvers for solving the subproblems involved in the algorithms. Some preliminary numerical results are reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrations of an elastic structure with shunted piezoelectric patches: efficient finite element formulation and electromechanical coupling coefficients
Authors: Thomas O. , Deü J.‐F. , Ducarne J.
Published: April 2009

This article is devoted to the numerical simulation of the vibrations of an elastic mechanical structure equipped with several piezoelectric patches, with applications for the control, sensing and reduction of vibrations. At first, a finite element formulation of the coupled electromechanical problem is introduced, whose originality is that provided a set of non‐restrictive assumptions, the system's electrical state is fully described by very few global discrete unknowns: only a couple of variables per piezoelectric patches, namely (1) the electric charge contained in the electrodes and (2) the voltage between the electrodes. The main advantages are (1) since the electrical state is fully discretized at the weak formulation step, any standard (elastic only) finite element formulation can be easily modified to include the piezoelectric patches (2) realistic electrical boundary conditions such that equipotentiality on the electrodes and prescribed global charges naturally appear (3) the global charge/voltage variables are intrinsically adapted to include any external electrical circuit into the electromechanical problem and to simulate shunted piezoelectric patches. The second part of the article is devoted to the introduction of a reduced‐order model (ROM) of the problem, by means of a modal expansion. This leads to show that the classical efficient electromechanical coupling factors (EEMCF) naturally appear as the main parameters that master the electromechanical coupling in the ROM. Finally, all the above results are applied in the case of a cantilever beam whose vibrations are reduced by means of a resonant shunt. A finite element formulation of this problem is described. It enables to compute the system EEMCF as well as its frequency response, which are compared with experimental results, showing an excellent agreement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Just don't eat chicken’: the challenge of engaging Australian adults in appropriate preventive behaviours for bird flu
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Iverson Don , Waters Louise
Published: April 2009

Leading medical experts have cautioned about the risk of inappropriate behavioural responses as a result of fear of avian influenza (bird flu) even before a pandemic emerges, and have emphasised the need for appropriate risk communication strategies. There is a paucity of in‐depth qualitative research into the general public's understanding of, and reactions to, such potential health crises. Four focus groups were conducted in April 2006 and a further eight focus groups in July 2006, to examine people's knowledge, beliefs and behaviours in relation to avian influenza, with the primary aim being to inform the development of future communication strategies. It was clear from the focus groups that avian influenza is not a disease the participants perceive they are likely to acquire; it was not simply that Australia was far from mind when thinking of avian influenza, but that they also saw Australia as a haven protected from avian influenza. We found that, in general, participants see avian influenza as yet another example of media sensationalism—not as a disease that poses any real risk to Australia—and are clearly unprepared for a potential outbreak. Governments and health authorities should conduct further research to understand consumer perceptions of avian (or other pandemic) influenza, and attitudes towards the recommended protective behaviours, in order to pro‐actively develop communication strategies to rapidly inform the public and encourage appropriate behavioural responses in the event that the potential risk is realised.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exploration of reminiscence and post‐war European immigrants living in a multicultural aged‐care setting in Australia
Authors: Hodges Cherie , Schmidt Rachael
Published: April 2009

This phenomenological study explores the experiences and perceptions of the telling of life stories of four post‐war immigrants living in a multicultural residential aged‐care setting in Australia. This study aims to shed light on what participants feel about life stories, and the prospect of involvement in the documentation of their life story in order to provide insight and understanding for optimum programme facilitation and better resident care.

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with the four participants. Data were audiotaped and transcribed. Phenomenological methods were used to explicate data.

Three main themes emerged: diminution of guilt, social sharing – common bonds and, the urge to ‘feel’ the past to ‘fill’ the present. It is apparent that aged survivors of war, and displacement to a new country, feel residual guilt regarding the leaving of their homeland. The prospect of documenting their life stories offers an opportunity to provide an explanation for their decision.

Immersion in life stories allows the re‐experiencing and sharing of past emotions and sensations. Engagement in occupational reminiscence enhances understanding a person's lived life experience, which adds meaning to one's life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory symptoms in young infancy: child, parent and physician related determinants of drug prescription in primary care
Authors: de Jong Brita M. , van der Ent Cornelis K. , van der Zalm Marieke M. , van Putte‐Katier Nienke , Verheij Theo J.M , Kimpen Jan L.L. , Uiterwaal Cuno S.P.M.
Published: April 2009

Purpose

Respiratory symptoms account for the majority of drug prescriptions in the first year of life. We investigated the influence of child, parent and physician factors on drug prescriptions for respiratory symptoms in primary care in infancy.

Methods

Infants participated in the WHeezing Illnesses STudy LEidsche Rijn (WHISTLER), a prospective birth cohort on respiratory illnesses. Outcome was defined as having received a prescription of antibiotics or of anti‐asthma medication for respiratory symptoms by a physician.

Results

Nearly 60% of all children ever visited a physician for respiratory symptoms during the first year of life, of which 40% received a prescription. Every extra day with symptoms during the month before consultation and each extra visit to a physician were associated with a higher chance for prescription (respectively odds ratios (OR) 1.07/2.63, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.02–1.12/1.83–3.76). Further, we found a higher chance for drug prescribing for boys (2.7, 2.0–3.7), children attending day care (1.17, 1.09–1.25), mothers with higher education (2.3, 1.2–4.6), working mothers (4.5, 0.9–22.0) and older mothers (years) (1.09, 1.02–1.16). Furthermore, physicians' years of experience was a determinant for receiving a prescription (2.5, 1.1–6.0). Accounting for symptoms and visits as strong predictors of prescribing, infant gender and day care attendance were still predictors. Furthermore, infant gender, day care attendance, family history of asthma and physicians' years of experience were independent determinants of the number of prescriptions besides symptoms and visits.

Conclusion

In young infancy, besides the severity of symptoms there are child, physician and particularly maternal characteristics that influence the decision of general practitioners to prescribe drugs for respiratory symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating ethnic differences in self‐reported new use of antidepressant medications: results from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Delaney Joseph A. C. , Oddson Bruce E. , McClelland Robyn L. , Psaty Bruce M.
Published: April 2009

Introduction

There is evidence that the utilization of antidepressant medications (ADM) may vary between different ethnic groups in the United States population.

Methods

The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a population‐based prospective cohort study of 6814 US adults from 4 different ethnic groups. After excluding baseline users of ADM, we examined the relation between baseline depression and new use of ADM for 4 different ethnicities: African–Americans (n = 1822), Asians (n = 784) Caucasians (n = 2300), and Hispanics (n = 1405). Estimates of the association of ethnicity and ADM use were adjusted for age, study site, gender, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), alcohol use, smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, education, and exercise. Non‐random loss to follow‐up was present and estimates were adjusted using inverse probability of censoring weighting (IPCW).

Results

Of the four ethnicities, Caucasian participants had the highest rate of ADM use (12%) compared with African–American (4%), Asian (2%), and Hispanic (6%) participants. After adjustment, non‐Caucasian ethnicity was associated with reduced ADM use: African–American (HR: 0.42; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.31–0.58), Asian (HR: 0.14; 95%CI: 0.08–0.26), and Hispanic (HR: 0.47; 95%CI: 0.31–0.65). Applying IPCW to correct for non‐random loss to follow‐up among the study participants weakened but did not eliminate these associations: African–American (HR: 0.48; 95%CI: 0.30–0.57), Asian (HR: 0.23; 95%CI: 0.13–0.37), and Hispanic (HR: 0.58; 95%CI: 0.47–0.67).

Conclusion

Non‐Caucasian ethnicity is associated with lower rates of new ADM use. After IPCW adjustment, the observed ethnicity differences in ADM use are smaller although still statistically significant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immediate‐ and delayed‐type allergic reactions to amide local anesthetics: clinical features and skin testing
Authors: Fuzier Régis , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Mertes Paul‐Michel , Nicolas Jean‐François , Benoit Yves , Didier Alain , Albert Natalie , Montastruc Jean‐Louis
Published: April 2009

Purpose

Amide type local anesthetic agents are among the most commonly used drugs in medicine. Several adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been previously described with their use. Among them, allergic reactions are considered rare. The aim of this study was to describe the main characteristics of ADRs induced by amide type local anesthetic drugs.

Methods

We studied reports recorded in the French Pharmacovigilance database and the GERAP database over a 12‐year period (1995–2006). For each report, we detailed the clinical features and skin tests used. Delayed or immediate‐type allergic reactions and cross‐reactivity between amide type local anesthetics were also analyzed.

Results

We identified 16 reports (seven from the Pharmacovigilance database and nine from the GERAP database). Local anesthetic allergic reactions occurred mostly in young females (F/M sex ratio = 14:2). An immediate‐type allergic reaction was encountered in 11/16 cases. Lidocaine was the local anesthetic most often involved (11/16). Prick test, intradermal reaction, and challenge tests were used to confirm the diagnosis. A cross‐reactivity between the different amide type local anesthetics was found in six cases (lidocaine–mepivacaine in all cases).

Conclusions

This is the largest series of immediate‐type local anesthetic allergic reactions reported in the literature. Cutaneous symptoms are the main features even though more serious symptoms may occur. Intradermal reaction and challenge tests are very helpful. Because cross‐reactivity is not scarce, skin tests should involve several local anesthetics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliver solar cells for concentrator PV systems with concentration ratio below 50
Authors: Franklin Evan , Blakers Andrew , Everett Vernie
Published: April 2009

This paper links together two different yet complimentary technologies: concentrator photovoltaics (CPVs) and Sliver technology. Recent research and development and commercialisation efforts in concentrator technologies have centred on high‐concentration systems, encouraged by the availability of high‐efficiency, multi‐junction III‐V cells. In contrast, little attention has been paid to the potential of systems with low‐to‐medium levels of concentration. Arguably, this is due to the absence of any suitable, low‐cost concentrator cells, readily available at a commercial scale. Sliver technology is a candidate for the supply of commercial low‐cost cells suitable for systems with concentration ratios in the range of 5–50. This can be achieved via judicious choice of cell design parameters and with only minor changes to the fabrication process suitable for 1‐sun Sliver cells. Device modelling is used to show that Sliver cells are suitable for illumination intensities up to 5 W/cm2, with unavoidable emitter resistance limiting performance for higher intensities. The best cells manufactured for operation at low and medium concentration had efficiencies of 18·8% at 9 suns (above 18·6% between 5 and 15 suns) and 18·4% at 37 suns (above 18·2% between 30 and 50 suns), respectively. Incorporation of sidewall texturing and SiN anti‐reflection coatings would yield efficiencies exceeding 20% for similar cells. Concentrator Sliver cells can be produced to almost any length and are perfectly bifacial, features which add significantly to their attractiveness to concentrator system designers. The availability of cheap concentrator Sliver cells could provide opportunities for new, low‐cost concentrator systems, which in turn has the potential to provide a pathway to low‐cost solar electricity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliable hot‐spot classification in 10 ms using ultra‐fast lock‐in thermography
Authors: Kasemann Martin , Walter Benjamin , Warta Wilhelm
Published: April 2009

We propose and demonstrate a reliable and non‐destructive spatially resolved measurement technique for ultra‐fast hot‐spot classification of solar cells. The method can deliver quantitative images of the local heat dissipation in hot‐spots in measurement times below 10 ms. The high accuracy and sensitivity allow for reliable hot‐spot testing and provide the basis for a reliable classification of solar cells into different hot‐spot categories. The method can be applied to wafer‐based silicon solar cells and in principle also to thin‐film solar cells of all material compositions. This paper explains the measurement principle, gives a detailed step‐by‐step description of viable automated evaluation procedures, and assesses the sensitivity and accuracy of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RSLpred: an integrative system for predicting subcellular localization of rice proteins combining compositional and evolutionary information
Authors: Kaundal Rakesh , Raghava Gajendra P. S.
Published: April 2009

The attainment of complete map‐based sequence for rice (Oryza sativa) is clearly a major milestone for the research community. Identifying the localization of encoded proteins is the key to understanding their functional characteristics and facilitating their purification. Our proposed method, RSLpred, is an effort in this direction for genome‐scale subcellular prediction of encoded rice proteins. First, the support vector machine (SVM)‐based modules have been developed using traditional amino acid‐, dipeptide‐ (i+1) and four parts‐amino acid composition and achieved an overall accuracy of 81.43, 80.88 and 81.10%, respectively. Secondly, a similarity search‐based module has been developed using position‐specific iterated‐basic local alignment search tool and achieved 68.35% accuracy. Another module developed using evolutionary information of a protein sequence extracted from position‐specific scoring matrix achieved an accuracy of 87.10%. In this study, a large number of modules have been developed using various encoding schemes like higher‐order dipeptide composition, N‐ and C‐terminal, splitted amino acid composition and the hybrid information. In order to benchmark RSLpred, it was tested on an independent set of rice proteins where it outperformed widely used prediction methods such as TargetP, Wolf‐PSORT, PA‐SUB, Plant‐Ploc and ESLpred. To assist the plant research community, an online web tool ‘RSLpred’ has been developed for subcellular prediction of query rice proteins, which is freely accessible at http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred.
Mass spectrometry‐based absolute quantification of microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 in human liver
Authors: Langenfeld Elmar , Zanger Ulrich M. , Jung Klaus , Meyer Helmut E. , Marcus Katrin
Published: April 2009

We describe the assay of the human cytochrome P450 2D6 in a set of 30 genotyped liver samples using the ‘absolute quantification’ (AQUA) technique. We found approximately 30 fmol CYP2D6 per μg of microsomal protein, with the values spanning from 0 to nearly 80 fmol/μg. This is greater by a factor of 5–10 from the compared to the currently accepted value, which was around 5 fmol/μg. Our results thus suggest that the amount of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in liver have to be reassessed. We used quantitative Western blotting, calibration standards and activity assays, to validate the results. Our results show, that using the AQUA technique a true assay of CYP2D6 in human liver was possible.
The secreted salivary proteome of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum characterised by mass spectrometry
Authors: Carolan James C. , Fitzroy Carol I. J. , Ashton Peter D. , Douglas Angela E. , Wilkinson Thomas L.
Published: April 2009

Nine proteins secreted in the saliva of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum were identified by a proteomics approach using GE‐LC‐MS/MS and LC‐MS/MS, with reference to EST and genomic sequence data for A. pisum. Four proteins were identified by their sequences: a homolog of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (an M2 metalloprotease), an M1 zinc‐dependant metalloprotease, a glucose‐methanol‐choline (GMC)‐oxidoreductase and a homolog to regucalcin (also known as senescence marker protein 30). The other five proteins are not homologous to any previously described sequence and included an abundant salivary protein (represented by ACYPI009881), with a predicted length of 1161 amino acids and high serine, tyrosine and cysteine content. A. pisum feeds on plant phloem sap and the metalloproteases and regucalcin (a putative calcium‐binding protein) are predicted determinants of sustained feeding, by inactivation of plant protein defences and inhibition of calcium‐mediated occlusion of phloem sieve elements, respectively. The amino acid composition of ACYPI009881 suggests a role in the aphid salivary sheath that protects the aphid mouthparts from plant defences, and the oxidoreductase may promote gelling of the sheath protein or mediate oxidative detoxification of plant allelochemicals. Further salivary proteins are expected to be identified as more sensitive MS technologies are developed.
Limits to Effective Leadership Style and Tactics in Critical Incident Interventions
Authors: Thomas Dominic , Bendoly Elliot
Published: April 2009

Leadership effectiveness takes many forms. Its impact on performance can be critical, but by no means does it stand alone, and hence cannot truly be evaluated in isolation. Nor can it be assumed that more of any one effective style is necessarily a good thing. In project management contexts, these issues are particularly salient. Here we study the impact of multiple leadership styles on project performance, as well as the joint role that intervention tactics in general play. Our empirical study demonstrates the benefit of moderate mixes of leadership style and the declining returns on active interventions in these settings.
Reactions of O‐aryl S‐aryl dithiocarbonates with pyridines in aqueous ethanol: kinetics and mechanism
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Gazitúa Marcela , Santos José G.
Published: April 2009

The reactions of O‐(4‐methylphenyl) S‐(4‐nitrophenyl) dithiocarbonate (1), O‐(4‐chlorophenyl) S‐(4‐nitrophenyl) dithiocarbonate (2), and O‐(4‐chlorophenyl) S‐phenyl) dithiocarbonate (3) with a series of pyridines were subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt% ethanol–water, at 25.0 °C and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. The reactions were followed spectrophotometrically. Under amine excess, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (kobs) were determined. For the studied reactions, plots of kobs versus free pyridine concentration at constant pH were linear, with the slope (kN) independent of pH. The Brønsted‐type plots for (1) and (2) were biphasic, suggesting a stepwise mechanism with a change in the rate‐determining step, from breakdown to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate (T±), as the basicity of the pyridines increases. For the reactions of (3), at the pKa range of the pyridines studied, only the breakdown to products of T± was observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometry of the group Diff(S1) of diffeomorphisms of the circle. Vector fields with divergence zero on the group of diffeomorphisms of the two dimensional torus
Authors: Airault H.
Published: April 2009

After summarizing some results on the group of diffeomorphisms of the circle Diff(S1), we consider the group of diffeomorphisms of the two dimensional torus Diff(S1 × S1). We give an expression for the bracket of vector fields on this group. With the trigonometric functions sin and cos, we define a Hilbert transform on vector fields with vanishing divergence.
Stringy instantons from Seiberg duality
Authors: Amariti A. , Girardello L. , Mariotti A.
Published: April 2009

We review the field theory interpretation in terms of Seiberg duality of the non perturbative contribution due to a SU(1) stringy instanton.
Preparing for the early years of the Large Hadron Collider
Authors: Strassler M.
Published: April 2009

The early years of the LHC will be ones of great challenge. I review some of the main issues I believe that all high‐energy theorists, including string theorists, should be aware of.
Targeted molecular dynamics reveals overall common conformational changes upon hybrid domain swing‐out in β3 integrins
Authors: Provasi Davide , Murcia Marta , Coller Barry S. , Filizola Marta
Published: April 2009

The β3 integrin family members αIIβ3 and αVβ3 signal bidirectionally through long‐range allosteric changes, including a transition from a bent unliganded‐closed low‐affinity state to an extended liganded‐open high‐affinity state. To obtain an atomic‐level description of this transition in an explicit solvent, we carried out targeted molecular dynamics simulations of the headpieces of αIIβ3 and αVβ3 integrins. Although minor differences were observed between these receptors, our results suggest a common transition pathway in which the hybrid domain swing‐out is accompanied by conformational changes within the β3 βA (I‐like) domain that propagate through the α7 helix C‐terminus, and are followed by the α7 helix downward motion and the opening of the β6‐α7 loop. Breaking of contact interactions between the β6‐α7 loop and the α1 helix N‐terminus results in helix straightening, internal rearrangements of the specificity determining loop (SDL), movement of the β1‐α1 loop toward the metal ion dependent adhesion site (MIDAS), and final changes at the interfaces between the β3 βA (I‐like) domain and either the hybrid or the α β‐propeller domains. Taken together, our results suggest novel testable hypotheses of intradomain and interdomain interactions responsible for β3 integrin activation. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.