bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrography and Circulation West of Sardinia in June 2014
Authors: Knoll Michaela , Borrione Ines , Fiekas Heinz-Volker , Funk Andreas , Hemming Michael P. , Kaiser Jan , Onken Reiner , Queste Bastien , Russo Aniello
Published: June 2017

Abstract. In the mainframe of the REP14-MED sea trial in June 2014, the hydrography and circulation west of Sardinia, observed by means of gliders, shipborne CTD instruments, towed devices, and vessel-mounted ADCPs, are presented and compared with previous knowledge. So far, the circulation is not well known in this area, and the hydrography is subject to long-term changes. Potential temperature, salinity, and potential density ranges, as well as core values of the observed water masses were determined. Modified Atlantic Water (MAW), with potential density anomalies below 28.72 kg m−3, showed a salinity minimum of 37.93 at 50 dbar. Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), with a salinity maximum of about 38.70 at 400 dbar, was observed within a range of 28.72 < σΘ [kg m−3] < 29.10. MAW and LIW showed slightly higher salinities than previous investigations. During the trial, LIW covered the whole area from the Sardinian shelf to 7°15' E. Only north of 40° N was it tied to the continental slope. Within the MAW, a cold and saline anticyclonic eddy was observed in the southern trial area. The strongest variability in temperature and salinity appeared around this eddy, and in the southwestern part of the domain, where unusually low saline surface water entered the area towards the end of the experiment. An anticyclonic eddy of Winter Intermediate Water was recorded moving northward at 0.014 m s−1. Geostrophic currents and water mass transports calculated across zonal and meridional transects showed a good agreement with vessel-mounted ADCP measurements. Within the MAW, northward currents were observed over the shelf and offshore, while a southward transport of about 1.5 Sv occurred over the slope. A net northward transport of 0.38 Sv across the southern transect decreased to zero in the north. Within the LIW, northward transport of 0.6 Sv across the southern transects were mainly observed offshore, and decreased to 0.3 Sv in the north where they were primarily located over the slope. This presentation of the REP14-MED observations helps to further understand the long-term evolution of hydrography and circulation in the Western Mediterranean, where considerable changes occurred after the Eastern Mediterranean Transient and the Western Mediterranean Transition.
Social Contract on Elderly Caregiving in Contemporary Chile
Authors: Salazar Carola
Published: June 2017

This paper explores the definitions of social contract on elderly caregiving among a group of seven Chilean aging experts. The data show that for Chileans, family remains a strong institution that should provide care of its members, with daughters or daughters-in-law being the preferred person to provide care. Also, age segregation, along with the gradual privatization of services such as health care and the pension system, promotes individuality: this can become a problem for future generations because they are no longer concerned with helping others.
Book Review: Reluctant Intimacies: Japanese Eldercare in Indonesian Hands
Authors: Danely Jason
Published: June 2017

This is a Book Review for the ethnography: Reluctant Intimacies: Japanese Eldercare in Indonesian Hands
Parents’ Involvement and Perspectives Towards the Quality of Teaching: A Review of Related Literature
Authors: Al-shammari Manal
Published: June 2017

In this paper, I discussed the main findings and assumptions posited for the related literature on the parental involvement. Firstly, I discussed the definition of parental involvement. Secondly, I discussed a brief historical background of parental involvement with special reference to its status in the UK. Thirdly, I discussed the effectiveness of parental involvement in the learning process in addition to the factors that encourage parents to get involved in their children’s education and its importance. Fourthly, I investigated the counterarguments advanced against parental involvement and when it becomes negative, most notably over-parenting. Fifthly, this section discussed the barriers that prevent parents from getting involved in their children’s education, including the parent and family factors, child’s age, learning difficulties and disabilities, behaviour problems of the children and the asocial factors, such as poverty. In the last section of this chapter, I discussed the school-relayed factors that affect parental involvement like the school culture as well as the location of the school.
Strategies of Chinese translation of American teleplays based on Skopos Theory–A case study of American teleplay House of Cards
Authors: YU Shuyan , Wang Shengli , XIAO Yuying
Published: June 2017

With a wide spread of American teleplays in China, teleplay translation has become an urgent task for giving viewers access to teleplay appreciation. Based on Skopos Theory, this thesis carried out a tentative study on teleplay translation according to a case study of American teleplay House of Cards. The Skopos of teleplay is to provide, within the constraints of time and space, the well-translated teleplays which aid viewers to understand the content of teleplay well. In order to translate purposefully and fulfill the Skopos of the teleplay translation, translators have to adopt certain principles respecting the target culture and particular strategies in the process of teleplay translation. This essay discussed the characters and functions of teleplays as well as the detailed information of Skopos Theory.
School Age Gender Gap in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Pagal Christy L. , Mirafuentes Jhon Kevin A. , Ypanto Quennie C.
Published: June 2017

Students’ reading comprehension was found to be one of the major concerns with all teachers worldwide. It is essential to optimize students’ performance in all courses. Yet, we claimed that gender, and reading attitudes and practices could influence reading comprehensibility. We utilized descriptive-correlational design of quantitative research. Descriptive design was used to obtain the attributes of students’ reading attitudes and practices. Moreover, we used a correlational design to determine the relationship or association between and among attributes and their level of reading comprehension skills. We found out that students have a positive attitude towards reading when reading materials are educational and entertainment. In terms of the significant relationship between reading attitudes and practices, results reveal that reading attitude does not always affect reading practices. In terms of the relationship between student’s reading attitudes and practices and their levels of reading comprehension skills, student’s reading attitudes and practices have no significant relationships to all levels except between their reading attitudes and their comprehension skills in the Inferential Level. Lastly, in terms of the significant difference between male and female students’ reading comprehension skills, there is a statistical difference in the Literal and Evaluative Levels between the male and female. Thus, reading comprehension skills vary in these two levels. On the other hand, they showed no statistical difference in the Inferential and Critical Levels between the male and female. Therefore, the Literal and Evaluative Levels of male and female to reading comprehension skills are due to their reading attitudes and practices individually.
Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 10, número 2, Maio-Agosto de 2017.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: June 2017

Capa para compor opção de versão impressa.
Within-field distribution of the damson-hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and natural enemies on hops in Spain
Authors: Lorenzana Alicia , Hermoso de Mendoza Alfonso , Seco Victoria , Campelo Piedad , Casquero Pedro A.
Published: June 2017

A field trial was performed in a hop yard throughout 2002, 2003 and 2004 in order to determine the within-field distribution of Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies. The distribution of P. humuli was directly affected by the position of the hop plants in the garden, with significantly higher concentrations of aphids (p=0.0122 in 2002 and p=0.0006 in 2003) observed along the edge. However, in 2004 the plants located on the marginal plots had similar populations to those on the more inner plots. This can be explained by a higher wind speed which made it more difficult to land on edge plants first. The hop aphid’s main natural enemy was Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), whose population was greatest where the aphids were most abundant with a significantly greater number of eggs (p=0.0230) and adults (p=0.0245) in 2003. Lacewing eggs were also frequently observed, with a significantly higher population (p=0.0221 in 2003 and p=0.0046 in 2004) where the aphid numbers were high. The number of winged aphids was greatest towards the margins of the garden in 2003. It is argued that the spatial distribution of the hop aphid and its natural enemies could be used to plan a sampling program and to estimate the population densities of these insects for use in integrated pest management programs.
Machine learning applied to the prediction of citrus production
Authors: Díaz Irene , Mazza Silvia M. , Combarro Elías F. , Giménez Laura I. , Gaiad José E.
Published: June 2017

An in-depth knowledge about variables affecting production is required in order to predict global production and take decisions in agriculture. Machine learning is a technique used in agricultural planning and precision agriculture. This work (i) studies the effectiveness of machine learning techniques for predicting orchards production; and (ii) variables affecting this production were also identified. Data from 964 orchards of lemon, mandarin, and orange in Corrientes, Argentina are analysed. Graphic and analytical descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, principal component analysis and Biplot were performed. Production was predicted via M5-Prime, a model regression tree constructor which produces a classification based on piecewise linear functions. For all the species studied, the most informative variable was the trees’ age; in mandarin and orange orchards, age was followed by between and within row distances; irrigation also affected mandarin production. Also, the performance of M5-Prime in the prediction of production is adequate, as shown when measured with correlation coefficients (~0.8) and relative mean absolute error (~0.1). These results show that M5-Prime is an appropriate method to classify citrus orchards according to production and, in addition, it allows for identifying the most informative variables affecting production by tree.
Communicative Competence of the Fourth Year Students: Basis for Proposed English Language Program
Authors: Tuan Vu Van
Published: June 2017

This study on level of communicative competence covering linguistic/grammatical and discourse has aimed at constructing a proposed English language program for 5 key universities in Vietnam. The descriptive method utilized was scientifically employed with comparative techniques and correlational analysis. The researcher treated the surveyed data through frequency counts, means and percentage computations, and analysis of variance/t-test to compare two main area variables. The respondents was 221 students from 5 universities randomly chosen. The major findings of the study generally reveal that the students’ level of communicative competence is a factor of their parents’ academic influence. Their linguistic/grammatical and discourse competence is helped by their chance for formal and intensive learning, conversing with a native speaker of the English language, rich exposure to social media networks, and reading materials written in English. Moreover, the students’ greatest strength along linguistic competence is on the use and function of noun, pronoun and preposition, while their weaknesses are on the use and function of conjunction, adverb, interjection, and verb. It is a general finding that the 4th year students who are linguistically competent on the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general (consisting of syntax, morphology, inflections, phonology and semantics) have the tendency to speak or write authoritatively about a topic or to engage in conversation. Basing on the findings from this study, an enhancement program was proposed with the certainty that this proposed English language program would bring the best efficiency in the second language acquisition.
The Effect of Low Morale and Motivation on Employees’ Productivity & Competitiveness in Jordanian Industrial Companies
Authors: Shaban Osama Samih , Al-Zubi Ziad , Ali Nafez , Alqotaish Atalla
Published: June 2017

The current study aims to examine the effect of low morale and motivation on employees’ productivity and competitiveness. Low productivity and loss of competitiveness are outcomes of low morale and low motivation and may sometimes lead to further undesired symptoms such as absenteeism and sabotage. A questionnaire was designed to achieve the purpose of this purpose, and it was distributed to selected accounting and management employees working in different Jordanian business environments. The number of questionnaires analyzed were (276) questionnaires. Resolution data were analyzed using the statistical program Smart PLS (Partial Least Square). The study concluded that low morale and low motivation affect productivity and competitiveness, and it also recommends that management should work on increasing productivity by increasing employees’ satisfaction through re-engineering systems and processes and providing incentives, education and training.
The Utility of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Teachers among In-Service Teachers
Authors: Kallio Heli , Virta Kalle , Kallio Manne , Virta Arja , Hjardemaal Finn Rudolf , Sandven Jostein
Published: June 2017

The purpose of the present study is to explore the utility of the compressed version of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Teachers (MAIT-18) among in-service teachers. Knowledge of teachers’ awareness of metacognition is required to support students’ self-regulation, with the aim of establishing modern learning methods and life-long learning. The participants in this study were teachers (N = 208) from different sectors of vocational education. The data has been analysed using structural equation modelling. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated good/acceptable model fit and convergence of each factor. Moreover, alpha scores of the inventory signify that the inventory is internally consistent. These findings reveal the utility of the MAIT-18 in measuring the Metacognitive Awareness of in-service teachers. Now, that the utility of the inventory has been examined among in-service teachers, comparative studies between in-service teachers and teacher trainees as well as longitudinal studies are prospective.
THE CITY’S INTANGIBLE HERITAGE.
MUSEALISATION, PROTECTION, EDUCATION,
M. KWIECIŃSKA (ED.), THE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
OF THE CITY OF CRACOW 2016, 327 PP., ILL.
Authors: Berendt Elżbieta
Published: June 2017

The 2016 publication The city’s intangible heritage.
Musealisation, protection, education sums up an interdisciplinary
conference organised by the Historical Museum
of the City of Cracow. The book is of particular interest in
terms of acknowledging the role of Polish museology in implementing
the provisions of the UNESCO 2003 Convention
for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. Its novelty
in terms of previous similar elaborations results from
tackling the city’s aspect of this heritage. There still does not
appear to be enough works on the diversity of the cultural
areas mentioned in the Convention’s recommendations. It is
imperative to expand research beyond the most frequently analysed culture of the countryside, as the city’s heritage is
a valuable and diverse aspect of human activity. In recent
years it has been particularly prone to fragmentation and
degradation because of the dynamics of urban processes,
social and economic changes and migrations of peoples.
Both the authors of the publication, and the participants
in the conference – museum professionals, museologists,
heritage interpreters both from Poland and abroad – deal
with questions concerning the aspects of identity and the
city’s audiosphere, the safeguarding of its intangible heritage,
musealisation and depositaries, as well as education.
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: June 2017

Welcome to the June 2017 issue of C&RL News. In the current political climate, many libraries are renewing their commitment to serving immigrant and refugee communities. This month’s International Insights column features a series of project outlines from “Academic libraries serving refugee and asylum seekers” both in the United States and overseas.
Academic libraries serving refugees and asylum seekers
Authors: Bowdoin Natalia Taylor , Hagar Chris , Monsees Joyce , Kaur Trishanjit , Middlebrooks Trae , Miles-Edmonson Leatha , White Ashanti , Vang Touger , Olaka Musa Wakhungu , Yier Charles Agai , Chu Clara M. , Ford Barbara J.
Published: June 2017

Refugees and asylum seekers are very much in the news today, and libraries work to identify information resources, services, skills, training and/or research in order to support the resettlement and integration of these groups. ALA has passed resolutions and gathered information about how libraries respond to and empower immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Public libraries have often been leaders in these activities providing library cards; computers with Internet access; free wifi; books, movies, and materials in a number of languages; English classes; electronic resources; programs on topics, such as job searching; and library staff to assist with questions.
Librarian in the underground: What academic libraries can learn from DIY culture
Authors: Blaylock Solomon , Ryan Declan
Published: June 2017

Academic library professionals are now in uncharted territory. We’re hurtling through unfamiliar, rapidly shifting landscapes. Information storage and retrieval, scholarly publishing, information literacy: everything’s changing on a daily basis. Get hung up on any one thing, and you’re already working in the past. Allow yourself to be overwhelmed and you’re paralyzed.
Parallel lives: Two Penn State campuses launch 3-D printing
Authors: Knies Jennie Levine , Lynn Valerie , Angel Erik
Published: June 2017

Penn State-Hazleton and Penn State- Wilkes-Barre are two of Penn State’s 24 campuses, both located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, offering similar baccalaureate four-year degree programs. There are also several associate degree programs; however, many students take advantage of Penn State’s “2+2 Degree Plan,” in which students spend the first two years of study at one Penn State campus and then transition to the main campus at University Park or another campus for the remaining two years. Because of the mobile student body, students and faculty often have difficulty engaging academically with others outside the classroom. The addition of 3-D printing at both campus libraries has proved to be an excellent way to increase campus connections.
The Vicious Circle of Quality in Ethiopian Higher Education
Authors: Woldegiyorgis Ayenachew
Published: June 2017

While Ethiopian higher education is hailed for its expansion in the past years, its quality remains seriously challenged. The supply of low quality teachers and ill-prepared students, along with the high demand for new teachers forcing the government to massively recruit mediocre graduates, continues the vicious circle.
Unusual in Growth and Composition: Ethiopian Private Higher Education
Authors: Tamrat Wondwosen , Levy Daniel
Published: June 2017

Ethiopia’s private higher education (PHE) sector is the largest or second largest in sub-Saharan Africa, however a mix of enabling and restrictive policies have let PHE play a limited role in key respects. This article surveys the current landscape and asks important questions regarding the future of PHE.
Private Higher Education in Brazil: Fueling Economic Growth
Authors: Bezerra José Janguiê , Niskier Celso , Batourina Lioudmila
Published: June 2017

The Brazilian private education sector is one of the largest in the world. Today there are more than 6 million students enrolled in private higher education institutions, which represents more than 75 percent of all university students. Brazilian higher education started expanding in 1996, when the government, according to the National Education Plan, introduced a fund allowing young people to take up students loans. From 1996 to 2010, the government took a number of actions, addressing the problem of social inclusion and supplying the country with educated, middle class workers. The Brazilian Association of Private Universities (ABMES—Associação Brasileira de Mantenedoras de Ensino Superior) is pushing the government to keep investing in the scholarships in spite of the economic crisis, and working together on finding alternative funding mechanisms to provide society with access opportunities to higher education, and to sustain economic growth.
China: A World Leader in Graduation Rates
Authors: Marioulas Julian
Published: June 2017

Graduation rates at higher education institutions in China are among the highest worldwide. Faculty and administration avoid weeding out low-performing students for a plethora of reasons. This can have an adverse effect on student performance, especially at colleges with low entry requirements. It also enables corruption in the admissions process. The author argues that graduation, being almost guaranteed, is acting as an impediment to the further development of Chinese universities.
Politics and the Universities in Postrevolutionary Iran
Authors: Golkar Saeid
Published: June 2017

In the Islamic Republic of Iran, universities are meant to not only produce and distribute knowledge, but also to act as agents of political socialization. Since the establishment of the Islamic regime in 1979, the state has recklessly tried to control and Islamize universities in order to “purify” them from nonconformist students and scholars and train a new generation of devout Muslims for the state bureaucracy. Although these efforts have ultimately failed to create an Islamic university, they have led to massive brain drain and reduced the quality of Iranian higher education.
Requiem for a Dream: Academic Freedom under Threat in Democracies
Authors: Craciun Daniela , Mihut Georgiana
Published: June 2017

Academic freedom is both a core value and a governing principle of higher education institutions. However, more recently, governments in places generally deemed democratic have labeled universities as threats. The recent legislative change in Hungary represents a particularly worrying example.
Recuperação ambiental da Mata Atlântica
Authors: Sette de Almeida Danilo
Published: June 2017

Neste trabalho são discutidos métodos de recuperação de áreas degradadas, principalmente aplicados em atividades agopecuárias na região da Floresta Atlântica. São abordados temas com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para quem deseja se dedicar à recuperação de ecossistemas degradados, levando-se em consideração aspectos técnicos, legais e econômicos do processo de recuperação, abrangendo desde a metodologia para o desenvolvimento de diferentes modelos de recuperação até roteiros para a elaboração de projetos técnicos, realização de diagnósticos, montagem de infraestrutura básica, enfim, subsídios gerais para implantar programas de recuperação apropriados para diferentes situações e escalas.
Repeated losses of PRDM9-directed recombination despite the conservation of PRDM9 across vertebrates
Authors: Baker Zachary , Schumer Molly , Haba Yuki , Bashkirova Lisa , Holland Chris , Rosenthal Gil G , Przeworski Molly
Published: June 2017

Studies of highly diverged species have revealed two mechanisms by which meiotic recombination is directed to the genome—through PRDM9 binding or by targeting promoter-like features—that lead to dramatically different evolutionary dynamics of hotspots. Here, we identify PRDM9 orthologs from genome and transcriptome data in 225 species. We find the complete PRDM9 ortholog across distantly related vertebrates but, despite this broad conservation, infer a minimum of six partial and three complete losses. Strikingly, taxa carrying the complete ortholog of PRDM9 are precisely those with rapid evolution of its predicted binding affinity, suggesting that all domains are necessary for directing recombination. Indeed, as we show, swordtail fish carrying only a partial but conserved ortholog share recombination properties with PRDM9 knock-outs.
Effects of myosin variants on interacting-heads motif explain distinct hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy phenotypes
Authors: Alamo Lorenzo , Ware James S , Pinto Antonio , Gillilan Richard E , Seidman Jonathan G , Seidman Christine E , Padrón Raúl
Published: June 2017

Cardiac β-myosin variants cause hypertrophic (HCM) or dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy by disrupting sarcomere contraction and relaxation. The locations of variants on isolated myosin head structures predict contractility effects but not the prominent relaxation and energetic deficits that characterize HCM. During relaxation, pairs of myosins form interacting-heads motif (IHM) structures that with other sarcomere proteins establish an energy-saving, super-relaxed (SRX) state. Using a human β-cardiac myosin IHM quasi-atomic model, we defined interactions sites between adjacent myosin heads and associated protein partners, and then analyzed rare variants from 6112 HCM and 1315 DCM patients and 33,370 ExAC controls. HCM variants, 72% that changed electrostatic charges, disproportionately altered IHM interaction residues (expected 23%; HCM 54%, p=2.6×10−19; DCM 26%, p=0.66; controls 20%, p=0.23). HCM variant locations predict impaired IHM formation and stability, and attenuation of the SRX state - accounting for altered contractility, reduced diastolic relaxation, and increased energy consumption, that fully characterizes HCM pathogenesis.
Palaeogenomes of Eurasian straight-tusked elephants challenge the current view of elephant evolution
Authors: Meyer Matthias , Palkopoulou Eleftheria , Baleka Sina , Stiller Mathias , Penkman Kirsty E H , Alt Kurt W , Ishida Yasuko , Mania Dietrich , Mallick Swapan , Meijer Tom , Meller Harald , Nagel Sarah , Nickel Birgit , Ostritz Sven , Rohland Nadin , Schauer Karol , Schüler Tim , Roca Alfred L , Reich David , Shapiro Beth , Hofreiter Michael
Published: June 2017

The straight-tusked elephants Palaeoloxodon spp. were widespread across Eurasia during the Pleistocene. Phylogenetic reconstructions using morphological traits have grouped them with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and many paleontologists place Palaeoloxodon within Elephas. Here, we report the recovery of full mitochondrial genomes from four and partial nuclear genomes from two P. antiquus fossils. These fossils were collected at two sites in Germany, Neumark-Nord and Weimar-Ehringsdorf, and likely date to interglacial periods ~120 and ~244 thousand years ago, respectively. Unexpectedly, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that P. antiquus was a close relative of extant African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis). Species previously referred to Palaeoloxodon are thus most parsimoniously explained as having diverged from the lineage of Loxodonta, indicating that Loxodonta has not been constrained to Africa. Our results demonstrate that the current picture of elephant evolution is in need of substantial revision.
Does swimming decrease the incidence of otitis media?
Authors: Robertson Luis Agote M. , Marino Ronald V. , Namjoshi Satish
Published: June 2017

To determine the influence of swimming on the incidence of otitis media in children, the authors designed a case control survey involving 32 children, aged 1 to 4 years, who were participating in swimming classes. Thirty control subjects were matched for age, race, and sex. The participants were pooled from the general pediatrics clinic and toddler swimming classes in Nassau County, New York. Parents completed it questionnaire gathering data over a 12-week study period during the winter months. Information was gathered regarding demographics, number of ear infections, history and frequency of swimming during the study period, presence of head submersion, day care center attendance, allergies, chronicmedical conditions, otolaryngology consultations, ear surgery, and air travel. Forty-three percent of nonswimmers compared with 19% of swimmers had one or more ear infections during the study period (P < .02). The remaining factors surveyed did not differ significantly between groups. A review of the literature yieldedtwo studies suggesting that swimming may have a beneficial effect on eustachian tube function and may indirectly decrease the occurrence of otitis media. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that there appears to be no basis to the commonly held belief that swimming may induce or exacerbate otitis media. In fact, the converse may be true.
Cardiovascular manifestations of Lyme disease
Authors: Paparone Philip W.
Published: June 2017

Lyme disease is a multisystem illness that may affect the heart. Borrelia burgdorferi infection should be suspected in all patients with unexplained cardiac symptoms who are or who have been exposed to endemic areas. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed to avoid potentially life-threatening complications, as well as the inappropriate insertion of a permanent pacemaker. The author reviews the cardiac complications associated with Lyme disease, and provides diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for effective patient care.
Chylothorax: the result of previous radiation therapy?
Authors: Promisloff Robert A. , Hogue Donna J.
Published: June 2017

A patient with a remote history of Hodgkin's lymphoma was seen with recurring bilateral pleural effusions, finally diagnosed as chylothorax after many thoracenteses. The patient also had a previous history consistent with chylous ascites. The only plausible etiology of the chylous effusions (and ascites) was previous radiation therapy to the chest and abdomen. This cause of nontraumatic chylothorax is unusual and has been described infrequently in the medical literature.
Disc-shaped fossils resembling porpitids or eldonids from the early Cambrian (Series 2: Stage 4) of western USA
Authors: Lieberman Bruce S. , Kurkewicz Richard , Shinogle Heather , Kimmig Julien , MacGabhann Breandán Anraoi
Published: June 2017

The morphology and affinities of newly discovered disc-shaped, soft-bodied fossils from the early Cambrian (Series 2: Stage 4, Dyeran) Carrara Formation are discussed. These specimens show some similarity to the OrdovicianDiscophyllumHall, 1847; traditionally this taxon had been treated as a fossil porpitid. However, recently it has instead been referred to as another clade, the eldonids, which includes the enigmaticEldoniaWalcott, 1911 that was originally described from the Cambrian Burgess Shale. The status of various Proterozoic and Phanerozoic taxa previously referred to porpitids and eldonids is also briefly considered. To help ascertain that the specimens were not dubio- or pseudofossils, elemental mapping using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was conducted. This, in conjunction with the morphology of the specimens, indicated that the fossils were not hematite, iron sulfide, pyrolusite, or other abiologic mineral precipitates. Instead, their status as biologic structures and thus actual fossils is supported. Enrichment in the element carbon, and also possibly to some extent the elements magnesium and iron, seems to be playing some role in the preservation process.
A methodology of theropod print replication utilising the pedal reconstruction of Australovenator and a simulated paleo-sediment
Authors: White Matt A. , Cook Alex G. , Rumbold Steven J.
Published: June 2017

Distinguishing the difference between theropod and ornithopod footprints has proved a difficult task due to their similarities. Herein our aim was to produce a method where a skeleton could be more closely matched to actual fossilised footprints. The reconstructed pes of the Australian Megaraptoran Australovenator wintonensis was utilised for this footprint reconstruction. It was 3-D printed in life size, molded and cast to produce a flexible theropod foot for footprint creation. The Dinosaur Stampede National Monument, Lark Quarry, Queensland, Australia was used as our case study to compare fossilised dinosaur footprints with our reconstructed theropod prints. The footprints were created in a sediment that resembled the paleo-sediments of Lark Quarry prior to being traversed by dinosaurs. Measurements of our Australovenator prints with two distinctly different print types at Lark Quarry revealed similarities with one distinct trackway which has been the center of recent debate. These footprints consist of 11 consecutive footprints and show distinct similarities in both size and proportions to our Australovenator footprints.
Structure and evolution of flux transfer events near dayside magnetic reconnection dissipation region: MMS observations
Authors: Dong X.‐C. , Dunlop M. W. , Trattner K. J. , Phan T. D. , Fu H.‐S. , Cao J.‐B. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. , Le Guan , Burch J. L.
Published: June 2017

We investigate a series of three small‐scale flux transfer events (FTEs) associated with reconnected flux ropes, recently generated by a nearby, dayside magnetic reconnection line. The data are observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft near noon local time. We find that the associated FTEs are created by secondary magnetic reconnection and have different magnetic field topologies, which is a similar condition to that expected in the multiple X‐line magnetic reconnection (MR) model. The calculated results show that the sizes of the FTEs become larger with the time elapsed and the MR reconnection jets at the FTEs are all located on the trailing and outer edges. The above features indicate that these FTEs are still in the evolutionary stage after they are ejected from the reconnection region. Our observations suggest that mesoscale or even typical size FTEs can be created from secondary MR, initially, and subsequently can evolve to a typical size in the process of spreading.
The impacts of El Niño on the observed sea ice budget of West Antarctica
Authors: Pope James O. , Holland Paul R. , Orr Andrew , Marshall Gareth J. , Phillips Tony
Published: June 2017

We assess the impact of El Niño‐induced wind changes on seasonal West Antarctic sea ice concentrations using reanalysis data and sea ice observations. A novel ice budget analysis reveals that in autumn a previously identified east‐west dipole of sea ice concentration anomalies is formed by dynamic and thermodynamic processes in response to El Niño‐generated circulation changes. The dipole features decreased (increased) concentration in the Ross Sea (Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas). Thermodynamic processes and feedback make a substantial contribution to ice anomalies in all seasons. The eastward propagation of this anomaly is partly driven by mean sea ice drift rather than anomalous winds. Our results demonstrate that linkages between sea ice anomalies and atmospheric variability are highly nonlocal in space and time. Therefore, we assert that caution should be applied when interpreting the results of studies that attribute sea ice changes without accounting for such temporally and spatially remote linkages.
Contribution of urbanization to the increase of extreme heat events in an urban agglomeration in east China
Authors: Yang Xuchao , Ruby Leung L. , Zhao Naizhuo , Zhao Chun , Qian Yun , Hu Kejia , Liu Xiaoping , Chen Baode
Published: June 2017

The urban agglomeration of Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is emblematic of China's rapid urbanization during the past decades. Based on homogenized daily maximum and minimum temperature data, the contributions of urbanization to trends of summer extreme temperature indices (ETIs) in YRD are evaluated. Dynamically classifying the observational stations into urban and rural, this study presents unexplored changes in temperature extremes during the past four decades in YRD and quantifies the amplification of the positive trends in ETIs by the urban heat island effect. Overall, urbanization contributes to more than one third of the increase of intensity of extreme heat events in the region, which is comparable to the contribution of greenhouse gases. Compared to rural stations, more notable shifts to the right in the probability distribution of temperature and ETIs are found in urban stations. The rapid urbanization in YRD has resulted in large increases in the risk of heat extremes.
Cost‐effective immobilization for whole brain radiation therapy
Authors: Rubinstein Ashley E. , Ingram W. Scott , Anderson Brian M. , Gay Skylar S. , Fave Xenia J. , Ger Rachel B. , McCarroll Rachel E. , Owens Constance A. , Netherton Tucker J. , Kisling Kelly D. , Court Laurence E. , Yang Jinzhong , Li Yuting , Lee Joonsang , Mackin Dennis S. , Cardenas Carlos E.
Published: June 2017

To investigate the inter‐ and intra‐fraction motion associated with the use of a low‐cost tape immobilization technique as an alternative to thermoplastic immobilization masks for whole‐brain treatments. The results of this study may be of interest to clinical staff with severely limited resources (e.g., in low‐income countries) and also when treating patients who cannot tolerate standard immobilization masks. Setup reproducibility of eight healthy volunteers was assessed for two different immobilization techniques. (a) One strip of tape was placed across the volunteer's forehead and attached to the sides of the treatment table. (b) A second strip was added to the first, under the chin, and secured to the table above the volunteer's head. After initial positioning, anterior and lateral photographs were acquired. Volunteers were positioned five times with each technique to allow calculation of inter‐fraction reproducibility measurements. To estimate intra‐fraction reproducibility, 5‐minute anterior and lateral videos were taken for each technique per volunteer. An in‐house software was used to analyze the photos and videos to assess setup reproducibility. The maximum intra‐fraction displacement for all volunteers was 2.8 mm. Intra‐fraction motion increased with time on table. The maximum inter‐fraction range of positions for all volunteers was 5.4 mm. The magnitude of inter‐fraction and intra‐fraction motion found using the “1‐strip” and “2‐strip” tape immobilization techniques was comparable to motion restrictions provided by a thermoplastic mask for whole‐brain radiotherapy. The results suggest that tape‐based immobilization techniques represent an economical and useful alternative to the thermoplastic mask.
Investigation of error detection capabilities of phantom, EPID and MLC log file based IMRT QA methods
Authors: Defoor Dewayne L. , Stathakis Sotirios , Roring Joseph E. , Kirby Neil A. , Mavroidis Panayiotis , Obeidat Mohammad , Papanikolaou Nikos
Published: June 2017

A patient specific quality assurance (QA) should detect errors that originate anywhere in the treatment planning process. However, the increasing complexity of treatment plans has increased the need for improvements in the accuracy of the patient specific pretreatment verification process. This has led to the utilization of higher resolution QA methods such as the electronic portal imaging device (EPID) as well as MLC log files and it is important to know the types of errors that can be detected with these methods. In this study, we will compare the ability of three QA methods (Delta4®, MU‐EPID, Dynalog QA) to detect specific errors. Multileaf collimator (MLC) errors, gantry angle, and dose errors were introduced into five volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for a total of 30 plans containing errors. The original plans (without errors) were measured five times with each method to set a threshold for detectability using two standard deviations from the mean and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) derived limits. Gamma passing percentages as well as percentage error of planning target volume (PTV) were used for passing determination. When applying the standard 95% pass rate at 3%/3 mm gamma analysis errors were detected at a rate of 47, 70, and 27% for the Delta4, MU‐EPID and Dynalog QA respectively. When using thresholds set at 2 standard deviations from our base line measurements errors were detected at a rate of 60, 30, and 47% for the Delta4, MU‐EPID and Dynalog QA respectively. When using ROC derived thresholds errors were detected at a rate of 60, 27, and 47% for the Delta4, MU‐EPID and Dynalog QA respectively. When using dose to the PTV and the Dynalog method 11 of the 15 small MLC errors were detected while none were caught using gamma analysis. A combination of the EPID and Dynalog QA methods (scaling Dynalog doses using EPID images) matches the detection capabilities of the Delta4 by adding additional comparison metrics. These additional metrics are vital in relating the QA measurement to the dose received by the patient which is ultimately what is being confirmed.
2017 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis
Authors: Buckley Lenore , Guyatt Gordon , Fink Howard A. , Cannon Michael , Grossman Jennifer , Hansen Karen E. , Humphrey Mary Beth , Lane Nancy E. , Magrey Marina , Miller Marc , Morrison Lake , Rao Madhumathi , Byun Robinson Angela , Saha Sumona , Wolver Susan , Bannuru Raveendhara R. , Vaysbrot Elizaveta , Osani Mikala , Turgunbaev Marat , Miller Amy S. , McAlindon Timothy
Published: June 2017

Objective

To develop recommendations for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review to synthesize the evidence for the benefits and harms of GIOP prevention and treatment options. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was used to rate the quality of evidence. We used a group consensus process to determine the final recommendations and grade their strength. The guideline addresses initial assessment and reassessment in patients beginning or continuing long‐term (≥3 months) glucocorticoid (GC) treatment, as well as the relative benefits and harms of lifestyle modification and of calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonate, raloxifene, teriparatide, and denosumab treatment in the general adult population receiving long‐term GC treatment, as well as in special populations of long‐term GC users.

Results

Because of limited evidence regarding the benefits and harms of interventions in GC users, most recommendations in this guideline are conditional (uncertain balance between benefits and harms). Recommendations include treating only with calcium and vitamin D in adults at low fracture risk, treating with calcium and vitamin D plus an additional osteoporosis medication (oral bisphosphonate preferred) in adults at moderate‐to‐high fracture risk, continuing calcium plus vitamin D but switching from an oral bisphosphonate to another antifracture medication in adults in whom oral bisphosphonate treatment is not appropriate, and continuing oral bisphosphonate treatment or switching to another antifracture medication in adults who complete a planned oral bisphosphonate regimen but continue to receive GC treatment. Recommendations for special populations, including children, people with organ transplants, women of childbearing potential, and people receiving very high‐dose GC treatment, are also made.

Conclusion

This guideline provides direction for clinicians and patients making treatment decisions. Clinicians and patients should use a shared decision‐making process that accounts for patients' values, preferences, and comorbidities. These recommendations should not be used to limit or deny access to therapies.
A combined backstepping and dynamic surface control to adaptive fuzzy state‐feedback control
Authors: Su Hang , Zhang Weihai
Published: June 2017

This paper studies an adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control for a class of nonlinear systems with fuzzy dead zone, unmodeled dynamics, dynamical disturbances, and unknown control gain functions. The unknown system functions are approximated by the Takagi‐Sugeno–type fuzzy logic systems. There are 3 main features for the presented systematic design scheme. First, by adopting an integrated method, a novel adaptive fuzzy controller is constructed for the nonlinear system with fuzzy dead zone. Second, only 3 online learning parameters need to be tuned, which significantly reduces the computation burden. Third, the possible controller singularity problem in some of the existing adaptive control methods with feedback linearization techniques can be avoided. On the basis of the backstepping technique and dynamic surface control, all the signals of the closed‐loop system are guaranteed to be semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, 2 simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
The Optical Janus Effect: Asymmetric Structural Color Reflection Materials
Authors: England Grant T. , Russell Calvin , Shirman Elijah , Kay Theresa , Vogel Nicolas , Aizenberg Joanna
Published: June 2017

Structurally colored materials are often used for their resistance to photobleaching and their complex viewing‐direction‐dependent optical properties. Frequently, absorption has been added to these types of materials in order to improve the color saturation by mitigating the effects of nonspecific scattering that is present in most samples due to imperfect manufacturing procedures. The combination of absorbing elements and structural coloration often yields emergent optical properties. Here, a new hybrid architecture is introduced that leads to an interesting, highly directional optical effect. By localizing absorption in a thin layer within a transparent, structurally colored multilayer material, an optical Janus effect is created, wherein the observed reflected color is different on one side of the sample than on the other. A systematic characterization of the optical properties of these structures as a function of their geometry and composition is performed. The experimental studies are coupled with a theoretical analysis that enables a precise, rational design of various optical Janus structures with highly controlled color, pattern, and fabrication approaches. These asymmetrically colored materials will open applications in art, architecture, semitransparent solar cells, and security features in anticounterfeiting materials.
Hierarchical Co(OH)F Superstructure Built by Low‐Dimensional Substructures for Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Wan Shanhong , Qi Jing , Zhang Wei , Wang Weina , Zhang Shaokang , Liu Kaiqiang , Zheng Haoquan , Sun Junliang , Wang Shuangyin , Cao Rui
Published: June 2017

The development of new materials/structures for efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation, which is a key reaction in realizing artificial photosynthesis, is an ongoing challenge. Herein, a Co(OH)F material as a new electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is reported. The as‐prepared 3D Co(OH)F microspheres are built by 2D nanoflake building blocks, which are further woven by 1D nanorod foundations. Weaving and building the substructures (1D nanorods and 2D nanoflakes) provides high structural void porosity with sufficient interior space in the resulting 3D material. The hierarchical structure of this Co(OH)F material combines the merits of all material dimensions in heterogeneous catalysis. The anisotropic low‐dimensional (1D and 2D) substructures possess the advantages of a high surface‐to‐volume ratio and fast charge transport. The interconnectivity of the nanorods is also beneficial for charge transport. The high‐dimensional (3D) architecture results in sufficient active sites per the projected electrode surface area and is favorable for efficient mass diffusion during catalysis. A low overpotential of 313 mV is required to drive an OER current density of 10 mA cm−2 on a simple glassy carbon (GC) working electrode in a 1.0 m KOH aqueous solution.