bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The gas–liquid mass transfer and pressure drop behaviors of the gas–liquid–liquid three‐phase flow in micro‐packed beds
Authors: Zhang Jingwei , Chen Zhuo , Xu Jianhong
Published: August 2024

Micro‐packed bed reactors, due to their high mass and heat transfer efficiency, and inherent safety, have significant advantages in processes such as hydrogenation reactions, debenzylation reactions, and catalyst screening. Despite extensive studies on gas–liquid two‐phase flow in micro‐packed beds, research on gas–liquid–liquid three‐phase flow remains limited. This study investigates the mass transfer and pressure drop behaviors of gas–liquid–liquid three‐phase flow in micro‐packed beds. Experimental results reveal that gas–liquid mass transfer is influenced by dispersion and turbulence enhancements, as well as the secondary liquid phase. A mathematical model for mass transfer shows strong agreement with experimental data. Additionally, a pressure drop model, considering inertial, viscous, and interfacial tension forces, accurately predicts experimental results. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing micro‐packed bed operations.
Plasma‐catalytic one‐step steam reforming of methane to methanol: Revealing the catalytic cycle on Cu/mordenite
Authors: Hao Yingzi , Li Shangkun , Fang Wei , Wang Ximiao , Cui Zhaolun , Bal Kristof M. , Gerrits Nick , Guo Hongchen , Neyts Erik C. , Bogaerts Annemie , Yi Yanhui
Published: August 2024

Direct CH4 to CH3OH conversion is a long‐standing grand challenge in catalysis. We present one‐step steam reforming of methane to methanol (OSRMtM) by combining an atmospheric pressure CH4/H2O/Ar plasma with a Cu/Mordenite (Cu/MOR) catalyst at 170°C, achieving 77% CH3OH selectivity with 3.0% CH4 conversion. Catalyst characterization and plasma diagnostics, as well as D2O and H218O‐labeled isotope tracer experiments reveal that the excellent reaction performance is attributed to Cu‐O active sites confined by MOR zeolite. During plasma‐catalytic OSRMtM, both CH4 and H2O are activated in the plasma and dissociated to produce radicals (CH3, OH, and H). These radicals drive the redox process between Cu2+ and Cu+, playing an important role in plasma‐catalytic OSRMtM. Although a gradual reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ leads to slow deactivation, the catalytic performance can be completely recovered through simple calcination, which enables a continuous plasma‐catalytic OSRMtM process using a fluidized‐bed reactor.
Employing Cu@Fe3O4/SiO2@MWCNTs as New Catalyst for the Green Synthesis of New Pyridopyrroloindoles Using Multicomponent Reactions of Isatins
Authors: Sheikholeslami‐Farahani Fatemeh , Hojjati Mahsa , Shirangi Hannaneh Sadat , Hossaini Zinatossadat
Published: August 2024

By using a multicomponent reaction involving isatins, diamines or aminoalcohols, activated acetylenic compounds, haloketones, and ammonium acetate in aqueous media in the presence of Cu@Fe3O4/SiO2@MWCNTs as new catalyst, the novel pyridopyrroloindole was produced in high yields. This catalyst was produced by employing Petasites hybridus rhizome water extract as a green media and moderate base. The pyridopyrroloindole derivatives were newly synthesized compounds, and their antioxidant properties were assessed using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical trapping and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) experiments. The pyridopyrroloindole 6b showed higher performance than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) better results. This method is used to make pyridopyrroloindole derivatives, and it has the advantages of a quick reaction, high yields, and the ability to separate the products easily.
Comparison of Free‐Hydroxy With 3′,5′‐Di‐O‐Acetyl Ribose of 5‐Alkynyl Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl 2′‐Deoxy‐Furopyrimidines Hybrids: Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and ROS Determination
Authors: Kaczmarek Renata , Radzikowska‐Cieciura Ewa , Królewska‐Golińska Karolina , Andrei Graciela , Snoeck Robert , Dolot Rafał , Wheeler Kraig A. , Agyei Gyimah Dominic , Yang Susan , Dembinski Roman
Published: August 2024

Synthesis of 5‐alkynyl furopyrimidine nucleoside analogs, with free‐ribose groups, was carried out, and their biological activity was evaluated. The substituents introduced at the C‐5 included propargyl and homopropargyl alcohols, 4‐methylphenyl (p‐tolyl), and 4‐pentylphenyl substituted alkynyl groups (56%–88%). Subsequently, alkyne function was coordinated to dicobalt hexacarbonyl unit, yielding the corresponding dicobalt hexacarbonyl 5‐alkynyl furopyrimidine nucleosides (51%–75%). All compounds contained 4‐pentylphenyl group attached at the C‐6 position of the bicyclic base, in line with most active antiviral structures. The antiproliferative effect of these modified nucleosides on cancer cells of different phenotypes was determined using in vitro studies. The tested compounds show antiproliferative effects with median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 16–23 and 9–15 μM for HeLa and K562 cells, respectively. The determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in K562 cells in the presence of modified nucleosides may suggest that the mode of action of the examined compounds may be attributed to the induction of oxidative stress.
Dual nanoparticles effect on the frictional and vibrational dissipation behaviors of polymer‐based water‐lubricated bearing materials
Authors: Li Shifan , Dong Conglin , Yuan Chengqing , Bai Xiuqin
Published: August 2024

Marine water‐lubricated bearings have the advantages of environmental friendliness and long replacement cycle. However, when under the complex lubrication circumstance, the frictional and vibrational behaviors of water‐lubricated bearing always dissipate the mechanical energy output from the ship's diesel engine. Aiming at this problem and combining with previous research findings, in this paper, ceramic balls with similar mechanical properties to ship's main shaft were selected as the friction counterpart to simulate the operating conditions of marine water‐lubricated bearing. Meanwhile, dual nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide (WS2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were used to modify ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) bearing material. The tribological and vibrational properties of the prepared composites were carefully investigated. The results showed that compared to pure UHMWPE, with the synergistic effect of 0.75 wt% WS2 and 0.9 wt% TiO2, the frictional and vibrational behaviors of the composites were reduced by 43.3% and 42.7%. Mechanical testing and microscopic characterization revealed the enhancement mechanism of these nanoparticles on UHMWPE. This study proposed a design strategy on marine water‐lubricated bearings for engineering application.
Site Selection Criteria and Recommendations for the Restocking of Juveniles of River Prawn Cryphiops caementarius in the Semiarid Region of Chile: A Basin and Participatory Approach
Authors: Velásquez Carlos , Alanís Yeriko , Henríquez‐Antipa Luis , Cárcamo P. Francisco
Published: August 2024

The fishery of the river prawn Cryphiops caementarius in semiarid basins of northern Chile constitutes a small‐scale artisanal activity, developed in fragmented habitats with extended periods of drought, which represents a severe threat for the conservation of its populations. Fishers filed an environmental complaint for massive prawn mortalities caused by river channellings in the Choapa River basin. The government promoted a participatory program with fishers to carry out a restocking initiative in this basin, releasing ~4000 hatchery reared juveniles. The aim of this study was to evaluate site selection criteria for the releases, which included ecological variables relevant to the life habits of juveniles. These criteria incorporated background of the natural history of the species, seasonal monitoring of habitat indicators (fluvial habitat index and hydraulic stress index) and recommendations of fishers (traditional ecological knowledge). This study demonstrated that the integration of these criteria and restocking sciences based on aquaculture is beneficial when selecting the release site, with a high coincidence of ecological characteristics for C. caementarius to thrive. The results of this experience are discussed, emphasizing the pioneering character of this type of measure in freshwater crustaceans in Chilean basins, the ecological framework used to responsibly assist these measures in basins with intense anthropogenic impacts and recommendations that allow the improvement of the releases and monitoring efforts of this species, considering the drought scenario that affects this region of Chile.
Late‐Stage Fluorination of Tyrosine Residues in Antiviral Protein Cyanovirin‐N
Authors: da Frota Lívia C. R. M. , Vasconcelos Ariana A. , Almeida Fábio C. L. , Finelli Fernanda G.
Published: August 2024

The applications of fluorinated molecules in chemical biology are rapidly expanding driven by the unique properties of C−F bonds, leading to increased interest in methodologies for controlled introduction of this atom. In this study, we present the first method for late‐stage fluorination of tyrosine residues in proteins. Our results demonstrate that electrophilic fluorination using Selectfluor, a stable and non‐toxic reagent, offers a straightforward and cost‐effective method for labeling Cyanovirin‐N (CVN), a 101‐amino‐acid lectin with effective antiviral activity. Uni‐ and bidimensional 1H, 13C and 19F NMR analyses, along with mass spectrometry, revealed chemoselective fluorination of the three tyrosine residues in CVN without affecting its overall structure or mannose‐binding affinity. Additionally, we observed that other aromatic amino acids, such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, and histidine, are not fluorinated using this method. These findings advance our understanding of protein fluorination and its applications in studying structure, dynamics, and interactions, as well as other biological utilities.
Acute effects of exercise on gaze fixation and affective response inhibition in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized cross‐over study
Authors: Ludyga Sebastian , Bruggisser Fabienne , Leuenberger Rahel , Ishihara Toru , Kamijo Keita , Brotzmann Mark , Trescher Sarah , Förster Markus , Gerber Markus
Published: August 2024

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show impairments in response inhibition, especially in socio‐emotional contexts. A single aerobic exercise session has the potential to temporarily reduce such impairments as findings from neurotypical children support acute benefits of this exercise type for inhibitory control and emotion recognition. In children with ASD, we therefore aimed to investigate the effects of an aerobic exercise bout on response inhibition in an emotional Go/NoGo task and gaze fixation as possible mechanism underlying changes in performance. Using a cross‐over design, 29 patients completed a 20‐min aerobic exercise bout at moderate intensity on a cycling ergometer and a control condition in a randomized order. An emotional Go/NoGo task was administered before and after both experimental conditions. Eye‐tracking was performed during the cognitive task to assess the duration of gaze fixation of eyes and mouth parts of faces expressing happy or sad emotions. The results support no beneficial effect of exercise on performance on the emotional Go/NoGo task. Instead, patients showed a greater decrease in accuracy on Go trials displaying happy faces in the exercise compared to the control condition. This change was associated with a more pronounced decrease in the fixation duration of the eyes for faces expressing either happy or sad emotions. In conclusion, while a single session of moderately intense aerobic exercise does not affect response inhibition, it temporarily aggravates ASD‐specific deficits in the processing of and response to facial emotions.
Discovery of fibroblast growth factor 2‐derived peptides for enhancing mice skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation
Authors: Fujii Itsuki , Kinoshita Remi , Akiyama Hirokazu , Nakamura Ayasa , Iwamori Kanako , Fukada So‐ichiro , Honda Hiroyuki , Shimizu Kazunori
Published: August 2024

Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) are essential for muscle regeneration. Their proliferation and differentiation are influenced by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2. In this study, we screened for FGF‐2‐derived peptides that promote SC proliferation. Utilizing photocleavable peptide array technology, a library of 7‐residue peptides was synthesized, and its effect on SC proliferation was examined using a mixture of five peptides. The results showed that peptides 1–5 (136%), 21–25 (136%), 26–30 (141%), 31–35 (159%), 71–75 (135%), 76–80 (144%), and 126–130 (137%) significantly increased SC proliferation. Further experiments revealed that peptide 33, CKNGGFF, enhanced SC proliferation. Furthermore, its extended form, peptide 33‐13, CKNGGFFLRIHPD, promoted SC proliferation and increased the percentage of Pax7‐positive cells, indicating that SCs were maintained in an undifferentiated state. The addition of FGF‐2 and peptide 33‐13 further induced cell proliferation but did not increase the percentage of Pax7‐positive cells. A proliferation assay using an FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitor suggested that peptide 33‐13 acts through the FGFR‐mediated and other pathways. Although further research is necessary to explore the mechanisms of action of these peptides and their potential for in vivo and in vitro use, the high sequence conservation of peptides 33 and 33‐13 in FGF‐2 across multiple species suggests their broad application prospects in biomedical engineering and biotechnology.
Papaverine effect on superficial vein in thumb replantation procedure: A case study
Authors: AlSheryani Mahra , AlDhamin Ammar
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Topical papaverine is an effective vasodilator that can be used for dilating small veins to accept venous couplers for thumb replantation. This technique corrects size mismatches for successful venous anastomosis and minimizes postoperative complications.

Thumb replantation is a complex microsurgical procedure used to restore function and appearance after amputation. A successful venous anastomosis is essential in replantations; however, venous couplers can mismatch the size of veins and lead to obstacles. A 26‐year‐old male presented with a left thumb amputation caused by an electric saw injury. The amputated thumb was preserved and replantation surgery was performed 9 h post‐injury. The digital artery and veins were repaired but a size mismatch was found between the only salvageable superficial vein (0.7 mm) and the smallest available venous coupler (1 mm). The vein was dilated to accept the coupler by a series of applications of topical papaverine (1 mg/mL). This allowed venous anastomosis to be accomplished in 25 min. Postoperative follow‐up showed good thumb function, sensation, and circulation. Venous anastomosis is vital in thumb replantation to avoid venous congestion hence survival of the replanted thumb. Venous couplers shorten operative time and decrease the risk of postoperative complications. Papaverine is a vasodilator and facilitates venous anastomosis when veins and couplers are mismatched. This case demonstrates how papaverine, a vasodilator, may be used to improve surgical outcome during thumb replantation when small veins prevent venous coupler use.
Lumbosacral tuft of hair as a key stigma for early detection of occult spinal dysraphism: A case report of diastematomyelia with tethered cord in a newborn
Authors: Farhadi Roya , Kazemi Seyed Amir , Godazandeh Farnaz
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Early detection of occult spinal dysraphism, such as diastematomyelia with tethered cord, is vital to prevent neurological damage. Though rarely diagnosed in the neonatal period, cutaneous stigmata can aid early identification. Utilizing neonatal ultrasound enables timely management and multidisciplinary intervention.
Rare calcifying fibrous pseudotumor of the peritoneum in an adult woman as a random finding during laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Topis Spyridon , Samaras Menelaos , Potiris Anastasios , Machairiotis Nikolaos , Drakakis Peter , Stavros Sofoklis
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Calcifying fibrous pseudotumors (CFT) are rare benign lesions diagnosed by histological and immunohistochemical studies. Our case presents a rare detection of a CFT in the parietal peritoneum. These lesions can be falsely interpreted as myomas or adnexal masses and thus gynecologists should be aware of the existence of CFTs.
Artificial neural network model for extracting knowledge from the electro‐Fenton process for acid mine wastewater treatment
Authors: Maurya Anoop Kumar , Narayana Pasupuleti Lakshmi , Paturi Uma Maheshwera Reddy , Nagireddy Gari Subba Reddy
Published: August 2024

In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were employed to analyze the complex interactions between electro‐Fenton (EF) process variables (plate spacing, current intensity [CI], initial pH, aeration rate) and the Fe(II) and Mn(II) removal efficiency from wastewater. After experimenting with 69 different ANN architectures, the 4‐8‐8‐2 architecture was identified as more efficient, achieving higher accuracy (adj. R2 of 0.93 for Fe(II) and 0.96 for Mn(II)) than the published model. The research provides valuable insights into the correlation between EF process parameters and removal efficiency, guiding the optimization of wastewater treatment processes. Sensitivity analysis revealed that CI significantly affects Mn(II) and Fe(II) removal efficiency. A user‐friendly graphical interface was created based on the synaptic weights of the best model to enable practical predictions. It is designed to be accessible even to users without programing experience.
Fluid–structure interaction analysis of a healthy aortic valve and its surrounding haemodynamics
Authors: Yin Zhongjie , Armour Chlöe , Kandail Harkamaljot , O'Regan Declan P. , Bahrami Toufan , Mirsadraee Saeed , Pirola Selene , Xu Xiao Yun
Published: August 2024

The opening and closing dynamics of the aortic valve (AV) has a strong influence on haemodynamics in the aortic root, and both play a pivotal role in maintaining normal physiological functions of the valve. The aim of this study was to establish a subject‐specific fluid–structure interaction (FSI) workflow capable of simulating the motion of a tricuspid healthy valve and the surrounding haemodynamics under physiologically realistic conditions. A subject‐specific aortic root was reconstructed from magnetic resonance (MR) images acquired from a healthy volunteer, whilst the valve leaflets were built using a parametric model fitted to the subject‐specific aortic root geometry. The material behaviour of the leaflets was described using the isotropic hyperelastic Ogden model, and subject‐specific boundary conditions were derived from 4D‐flow MR imaging (4D‐MRI). Strongly coupled FSI simulations were performed using a finite volume‐based boundary conforming method implemented in FlowVision. Our FSI model was able to simulate the opening and closing of the AV throughout the entire cardiac cycle. Comparisons of simulation results with 4D‐MRI showed a good agreement in key haemodynamic parameters, with stroke volume differing by 7.5% and the maximum jet velocity differing by less than 1%. Detailed analysis of wall shear stress (WSS) on the leaflets revealed much higher WSS on the ventricular side than the aortic side and different spatial patterns amongst the three leaflets.
Meta‐Analysis of Noncompartmental Pharmacokinetic Parameters to Evaluate the Impact of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 Genetic Polymorphisms on Abrocitinib Exposure
Authors: Fostvedt Luke , Liu Jian , Wang Xiaoxing , Li Yinhua , Johnson Jillian , Wood Linda , Dowty Martin , Malhotra Bimal , Valdez Hernan , Nicholas Timothy , Xue Wei
Published: August 2024

Abrocitinib is a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. It is metabolized primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 (approximately 53%) and CYP2C9 (approximately 30%), which form 2 active metabolites. The pharmacologic activity of abrocitinib is attributable to the unbound exposures of abrocitinib and those metabolites with active moiety area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) considered the best measure of the total pharmacological effect. The effect of CYP2C19 and/or CYP2C9 genotypes on abrocitinib and active moiety exposures were evaluated using a meta‐analysis of the noncompartmental estimates of exposure pooled from 10 clinical studies. A linear mixed‐effects model was developed on the basis of the power model to evaluate the effect of CYP2C19 and/or CYP2C9 genotypes on exposure (i.e., abrocitinib AUC and peak plasma concentration, active moiety AUC and peak plasma concentration). The genotypes were evaluated individually and as a combined phenotype effect. When evaluating the poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 or CYP2C9 individually, the estimated increases were 44.9% and 42.0% in active moiety AUC, respectively. The combined phenotype models showed a 0.6% decrease, and 25.1% and 10.5% increases in the active moiety AUC for “elevated,” “mixed,” and “reduced” metabolizers, respectively. Overall, the active moiety exposures did not appear to be affected to a clinically meaningful extent by different genotypes of CYP2C19 and/or CYP2C9.
Secure access technology for industrial internet of things
Authors: Wang Bingquan , Peng Jin , Cui Meili
Published: August 2024

When terminal devices attempt to access the industrial internet of things (IIoT), preventing illegal access from untrusted terminals becomes challenging. This difficulty arises because most devices adopt the commonly used traditional methods of accessing the internet of things. To address this challenge, we propose a perception‐layer‐based IIoT trusted connection architecture, derived from the trusted connection architecture (TCA), and names it TCA‐IIoT. This architecture enables bidirectional identity and platform integrity authentication between access points and terminals, while also ensuring trusted authentication of IIoT terminal behavior. To validate the effectiveness of TCA‐IIoT, the paper details a simulation experiment. This experiment centers on evaluating the success rate of data transmission and measuring the average delay under various conditions, including scenarios with malicious nodes. The results of the study indicate that TCA‐IIoT markedly improves the security and reliability of IIoT networks, advancements that are vital for the sustainable development and broader application of these systems.
Preparation of Poly(allylamine Hydrochloride) Grafted Porous Boron Nitride Fibers for Efficient Cr(VI) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Dong , Song Zirui , Cao Chaochao , Tang Chengchun
Published: August 2024

Cr(VI) pollution poses great harm to the cyclic utilization of groundwater and surface water resources. Efficient adsorbent materials have great potential to change this situation and assist in the restoration of ecosystems. This work chooses porous boron nitride fibers (pBN) with stable physical and chemical properties as the matrix, 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as the coupling agent, and uses a one‐step crosslinking method to graft poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) onto pBN, forming pBN‐AS@PAH with fascinating Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. PAH is uniformly covered and modified on the surface of pBN, and the composite with high specific surface area (383.33 m2/g), large pore volume (0.37 cm3/g), and abundant amino groups. Its equilibrium adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) can reach up to 123.32 mg/g, and the adsorption behavior follows the quasi second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir model, indicating the chemical adsorption process of monolayer. The adsorption style belongs to a spontaneous exothermic process and has the optimal adsorption effect at a pH of ~2. Additionally, after cycling for 5 times, the decrease rate of adsorption capacity is less than 10 %, showing an excellent reusability.
Green Protocol For Synthesis of Cu2O@g‐C3N4 Photocatalysts For 1, 4 Radical Oxidative Addition of Trans Crotonaldehyde Under Visible Light Condition
Authors: Maru Bharat A. , Rao Vandana J. , Kane Sanjeev , Goutam U. K. , Modi Chetan K.
Published: August 2024

Using visible light conditions, we have developed a green protocol to prepare copper oxide‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (Cu2O@g‐C3N4) photocatalysts with varied ratios of g‐C3N4 nanosheets to copper oxide‐dopant (0.1 %, 0.5 %, 0.7 %, and 5 % respectively) and characterized through various physicochemical techniques. These photo‐responsive catalysts were used for the 1,4 radical oxidative addition of trans crotonaldehyde into β‐hydroxybutyric acid (BA) as a major product, utilizing 30 % hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and a white LED (Light Emitting Diode) source. Under the innoculous eco‐friendly stipulations, Cu2O@g‐C3N4 (5 %) exclusively promoted the aforementioned reaction leading to 99.85 % trans crotonaldehyde conversion with 66.57 %, 24.1 %, and 9.1 % selectivity for β‐hydroxybutyric acid, crotonic acid and subsequent radical synthesis, respectively.
Revealing Significant Electronic Effects on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction with Iron Porphyrins
Authors: Qin Haonan , Kong Jiafan , Peng Xinyang , Wang Zhimeng , Li Xialiang , Lei Haitao , Zhang Wei , Cao Rui
Published: August 2024

Understanding electronic effects on catalysis from a mechanism point of view is of fundamental significance but is also challenging. We herein report on electronic effects on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with Fe porphyrins. By using FeIII tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP‐Fe) and FeIII tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TPFP‐Fe), we showed their different electrochemical and chemical behaviors for ORR. Mechanism studies revealed that the FeIII‐superoxo species of TPP‐Fe can undergo smooth protonation with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) but the electron‐deficient FeIII‐superoxo species of TPFP‐Fe cannot be protonated with TFA. The FeIII‐superoxo reactivity difference between TPP‐Fe and TPFP‐Fe is the origin of their different catalytic ORR behaviors.
No sex‐dependent mortality in an amphibian upon infection with the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: Ujszegi János , Ujhegyi Nikolett , Balogh Emese , Mikó Zsanett , Kásler Andrea , Hettyey Attila , Bókony Veronika
Published: August 2024

One of the major factors driving the currently ongoing biodiversity crisis is the anthropogenic spread of infectious diseases. Diseases can have conspicuous consequences, such as mass mortality events, but may also exert covert but similarly severe effects, such as sex ratio distortion via sex‐biased mortality. Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is among the most important threats to amphibian biodiversity. Yet, whether Bd infection can skew sex ratios in amphibians is currently unknown, although such a hidden effect may cause the already dwindling amphibian populations to collapse. To investigate this possibility, we collected common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles from a natural habitat in Hungary and continuously treated them until metamorphosis with sterile Bd culture medium (control), or a liquid culture of a Hungarian or a Spanish Bd isolate. Bd prevalence was high in animals that died during the experiment but was almost zero in individuals that survived until the end of the experiment. Both Bd treatments significantly reduced survival after metamorphosis, but we did not observe sex‐dependent mortality in either treatment. However, a small number of genotypically female individuals developed male phenotype (testes) in the Spanish Bd isolate treatment. Therefore, future research is needed to ascertain if larval Bd infection can affect sex ratio in common toads through female‐to‐male sex reversal.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavioral phenotypes are not underscored by different gut microbiomes
Authors: Ayayee Paul A. , Wong Ryan Y.
Published: August 2024

Although bold and shy behavioral phenotypes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been selectively bred and maintained over multiple generations, it is unclear if they are underscored by different gut microbiota. Using the microbiota–gut–brain concept, we examined the relationship between gut microbiota and the behavioral phenotypes within this model animal system to assess possible gut microbe‐mediated effects on host behavior. To this end, we amplified and sequenced 16S rRNA gene amplicons from the guts of bold and shy zebrafish individuals using the Illumina Miseq platform. We did not record any significant differences in within‐group microbial diversity nor between‐group community composition of the two behavioral phenotypes. Interestingly, though not statistically different, we determined that the gut microbial community of the bold phenotype was dominated by Burkholderiaceae, Micropepsaceae, and Propionibacteriaceae. In contrast, the shy phenotype was dominated by Beijerinckaceae, Pirelullacaeae, Rhizobiales_Incertis_Sedis, and Rubinishaeraceae. The absence of any significant difference in gut microbiome profiles between the two phenotypes would suggest that in this species, there might exist a stable core gut microbiome, regardless of behavioral phenotypes, and possibly, a limited role for the gut microbiota in modulating this selected‐for host behavior. This study characterized the gut microbiomes of distinct innate behavioral phenotypes of the zebrafish (that are not considered dysbiotic states) and did not rely on antibiotic or probiotic treatments to induce changes in behavior. Such studies are crucial to our understanding of the modulating impacts of the gut microbiome on normative animal behavior.
L‐DOPA Test in the Diagnosis of Childhood Short Stature: Evaluation of Growth Hormone Peaks Over Time
Authors: Castelli Barbara , De Santis Rita , Carrera Simona , Malanima Marco Andrea , De Masi Salvatore , Stagi Stefano
Published: August 2024

Introduction

In childhood, growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) diagnosis is based on auxological assessment and biochemical provocative tests, whose reliability remains disputed. Recently, several papers have been published on standardising the duration of some tests. The aim of our study was to analyse the possible length reduction of the L‐DOPA provocative test.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated the response of GH to L‐DOPA in 256 children, analysing 267 tests (some patients were retested over time for the persistence of severe auxopathy). We studied the same data considering GH peak threshold both at 8 ng/mL (Italian GHD cut‐off) and at 10 ng/mL (international cut‐off). Based on stimulation tests, patients were divided into two groups: GHD and no‐GHD short children. We described the results in the whole population and then clustering for gender and pubertal stage. We termed as index the test stopped at 90 min.

Results

The GH peak after L‐DOPA mostly occurred at 60 min. The sensitivity of the index test was the highest, while the specificity was slightly higher using the 8 ng/mL threshold (specificity = 0.68; 95% CI 0.60–0.76) then using the 10 ng/mL threshold (specificity = 0.56; 95% CI 0.47–0.65) at 90 min. The two ROC curves showed moderate performance of the test at 90 min. While the negative predictive value was 100% in both tests, the positive predictive value was slightly better with 10 ng/mL cut‐off. Considering the two groups established by GHD definition and placing a GH threshold at 10 ng/mL, stopping L‐DOPA test time at 90 min would have changed the test result and subsequentially patient's classification in 3/267 of the analysed tests (1.1%), while with the Italian GH threshold value at 8 ng/mL in 7/267 of the tests (2.6%).

Conclusions

Our research shows that omitting 120‐min time reduces L‐DOPA test specificity, especially with GHD cut‐off at 10 ng/mL.
Lipidomics revealed the superior anti‐obesity effect of brown adipose tissue in obese mice
Authors: Jia Min , Yue Hao , Xu Tongcheng , Xu Yong‐Jiang , Liu Yuanfa
Published: August 2024

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been reported to possess the potential to ameliorate diet‐induced obesity. However, the molecular mechanism of BAT activation in alleviating obese states remains unclear. This study investigated the physiology and BAT index of high‐fat diet‐induced and normal chow mice after 3 weeks of mild cold treatment. Body weights and lipid accumulations in BAT and white adipose tissue were significantly decreased by cold treatment. Lipidomics analysis showed that chronic cold treatment caused the remodeling of major lipid classes in BAT, especially species and phospholipid content, plus the mitochondrial morphology. Evidence indicated mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis, and all the effects caused by BAT activation were more pronounced in obese mice. Taken together, our study revealed that phospholipid metabolism is the fundamental requirement in the anti‐obesity effect of BAT.

Practical Applications: Chronic mild cold treatment induced a significant alteration of lipid species and content in BAT and improvement in overall lipid metabolism. Apart from biogenesis and thermogenesis, the categories and morphology of mitochondria were also significantly altered. Though obese mice have inactivated BAT with impaired mitochondria, the superior effect caused by BAT activation on obese mice than control mice indicated the great potential to be evoked. This article may provide lifestyle guidelines for the population with overweight and obesity, especially in teenagers and children.
Electrochemical Transformations of Enamines: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Li Dandan , Chen Long
Published: August 2024

Enamines, containing nucleophilic amino groups and activated C=C bonds, are important building blocks, and widely used in the synthesis of heterocycles, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. In recent years, electrosynthesis has gradually developed into a powerful protocol for constructing chemical bonds due to its high economy, environmental friendliness, and mild reaction conditions. This review summarized the recent advances in the electrochemical transformation of enamines, including the construction of heterocyclic compounds, C(sp2)−H bond functionalization of enamines for synthesis of multi‐substituted alkenes, and the functionalization reactions of enamines via C=C double bond cleavage. The reaction conditions and mechanisms were systematically discussed, and the challenges and future directions of this field were included in this review.
Unlocking the Impact of “Cell Position” on Solid‐State Hydrogen Storage: Investigations on an Activated Carbon Electrode Integrated in a Modified Reversible Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Singh Rupinder , Oberoi Amandeep Singh , Singh Talwinder
Published: August 2024

The presented maiden experimental study introduces a novel cell position concept for a modified reversible polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with an integrated hydrogen storage (H‐storage) electrode. The primary focus of the current study is to enhance the H‐storage capacity of a carbon‐based self‐standing electrode by testing it in vertical, horizontally upward, and horizontally downward positions to meet U.S. Department of Energy objectives. The results show that the developed cell achieves the highest electrochemical hydrogen adsorption (H‐adsorption) of 1.3 weight percent (wt%) in the horizontal downward position during charging, surpassing the vertical position by 36.1% and outperforming the horizontal upward position by 25.3%. The reversible rates of stored hydrogen are measured as 0.587 wt% in the vertical position, 0.781 wt% in the horizontal upward position, and 0.998 wt% in the horizontal downward position. The cell manages to deliver a peak output of 2.2 V and a maximum current of 0.5 mA during the initial discharging phase. The insights gained from this study on cell positioning are poised to inspire future research efforts aimed at enhancing hydrogen storage capacity and its reversibility.
Optimizing Solar Cell Performance: Hybrid Planar‐Si/Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells Achieve 14.75% Efficiency Through Dibenzothiophene‐Spirobifluorene‐Dithienothiophene Insertion Layer Integration
Authors: Ullah Fahim , Hasrat Kamran , Iqbal Sami , Wang Shuang
Published: August 2024

Hybrid planar‐Si/organic heterojunction solar cells have garnered substantial interest due to their potential for producing cost‐effective, high‐efficiency devices. This study investigates the photophysical properties and application of dibenzothiophene‐spirobifluorene‐dithienothiophene (DBBT‐mCbz‐DBT) in enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Utilizing ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, DBBT‐mCbz‐DBT is analyzed in solutions and doped films, showing maximum absorption at 380 nm and emission at 440 nm. Notably, the photoluminescence intensity in 4,4′‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl films peaks at 40–50% DBBT‐mCbz‐DBT concentrations, which are selected for solar cell fabrication. Enhanced light absorption and charge transport are observed with a DBBT‐mCbz‐DBT layer on silicon, significantly improving device performance. The planar silicon/poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (Si/PEDOT:PSS) heterojunction solar cells with DBBT‐mCbz‐DBT exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 14.75%, demonstrating substantial gains over baseline structures. The DBBT‐mCbz‐DBT layer optimizes energy band alignment, reduces recombination losses, and enhances electron transport, improving overall device efficiency. This research underscores the potential of integrating DBBT‐mCbz‐DBT in solar cells to achieve higher performance through simple, scalable fabrication methods.
Comparative study using spectroscopic and mineralogical fingerprinting for suspended sediment source apportionment in a river–reservoir system
Authors: Das Arnab , Remesan Renji , Chakraborty Somsubhra , Collins Adrian L. , Gupta Ashok Kumar
Published: August 2024

The need to control soil erosion has received increasing attention, but quantitative data on the sources of suspended sediment in many river–reservoir systems is still lacking. The goal of this research was to compare the application of spectroscopic [mid‐infrared (MIR)] and mineralogical [X‐ray diffraction (XRD)] fingerprints for assessing relative sediment source contributions from different land use groups (agricultural lands, forests and human settlements) in the Konar–Damodar river–reservoir system in India. Source apportionment was estimated using partial least square (PLS) regression for spectroscopic tracers (MIR) and the Bayesian MixSIAR model for mineralogical tracers. Both methods identified differences between the pre‐ and post‐monsoon sediment contributions of forests (overall contribution bounds of ~35–43%). During monsoon seasons, both fingerprinting methods indicated agricultural land use as the primary source of suspended sediment. Although there were some temporal variations in the predicted contributions of the land use sources, the MIR‐PLS and mineralogical–MixSIAR methods produced comparable ranges. The respective variations in contributions, using MIR‐PLS and mineralogical–MixSIAR, were ~31 to 66% compared with ~36 to 61% for agricultural lands, ~21 to 43% compared with ~15 to 39% for forests and ~16 to 37% compared with ~19 to 32% for human settlements.
Two protein‐derived peptides from Bombyx mori attenuate colitis by enhancing intestinal barrier function and modulating gut microbiota ecology
Authors: Zhou Yaxi , Wang Diandian , Guo Jinhong , Zheng Yue , Duan Hao , Yan Wenjie
Published: August 2024

Food‐sourced proteins have been shown to have ameliorative effects on ulcerative colitis (UC), and studies have identified potential anti‐inflammatory activity of silkworm pupa proteins. Here, we identified and screened two novel protein‐derived peptides, PDLGLF (PD‐6) and GTEGGFPF (GT‐8), from Bombyx mori using UPLC–MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis. These peptides can serve as effective experimental drugs for colitis by modulating the gut microbiota. Treatment with peptides PD‐6 and GT‐8 inhibited colitis inflammation in UC mice, improved oxidative stress levels, and maintained intestinal epithelial barrier function. Peptides PD‐6 and GT‐8 also altered the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota in UC mice and increased the concentration of short‐chain fatty acids. In conclusion, these findings reveal the potential of the naturally derived bioactive peptides PD‐6 and GT‐8 in controlling intestinal inflammation and underscore the potential of PD‐6 and GT‐8 as promising candidates for the prevention and improvement of UC‐related inflammatory diseases.
Monolithic finite element modeling of compressible fluid‐structure‐electrostatics interactions in MEMS devices
Authors: Dutta Suman , Jog C. S.
Published: August 2024

This work presents a monolithic finite element strategy for the accurate solution of strongly‐coupled fluid‐structure‐electrostatics interaction problems involving a compressible fluid. The complete set of equations for a compressible fluid is employed within the framework of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) fluid formulation on the reference configuration. The proposed numerical approach incorporates geometric nonlinearities of both the structural and fluid domains, and can thus be used for investigating dynamic pull‐in phenomena and squeeze film damping in high aspect‐ratio micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) structures immersed in a compressible fluid. Through various illustrative examples, we demonstrate the significant influence of fluid compressibility on the dynamics of MEMS devices subjected to constrained geometry and/or high‐frequency electrostatic actuation. Moreover, we compare the proposed formulation with the nonlinear compressible Reynolds equation and highlight that, particularly at low pressures and high fluid viscosity, the Reynolds equation fails to provide a reliable approximation to the complete set of equations utilized in our proposed formulation.
Oleanolic acid attenuates obesity through modulating the lipid metabolism in high‐fat diet‐fed mice
Authors: Zhang Guangjie , Zhang Huiying , Dong Ruiyi , Zhao Hongmei , Li Junfeng , Yue Weiming , Ma Zheng
Published: August 2024

As a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, oleanolic acid has hepatoprotective, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This work performed the in vitro experiments and animal assay to explore whether oleanolic acid alleviates lipid accumulation induced by high‐fat diet by mediating PPARγ. Oil red O staining showed that oleanolic acid can reduce lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, which were treated with oleic acid and palmitic acid. Immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, and RT‐qPCR showed that oleanolic acid could promote nuclear translocation of PPARγ and reduce the expression level of PPARγ, C/EBP‐β, and SREBP‐1c. The results of in vivo experiments indicated that dietary intervention with oleanolic acid can effectively improve the fat accumulation in liver tissue and attenuate the level of IL‐6 and TNF‐α in serum caused by high‐fat diet. Meanwhile, oleanolic acid did not cause lesions in vital organs at the experimental concentrations. In addition, the computer simulation indicated that oleanolic acid could directly bind to PPARγ with a reasonable and stable docking conformation. The above research results can provide new evidence for oleanolic acid to prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Comparative analysis of the nutritional, physicochemical, and bioactive characteristics of Artemisia abyssinica and Artemisia arborescens for the evaluation of their potential as ingredients in functional foods
Authors: Al‐Maqtari Qais Ali , Othman Norzila , Mohammed Jalaleldeen Khaleel , Mahdi Amer Ali , Al‐Ansi Waleed , Noman Abeer Essam , Al‐Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed , Asharuddin Syazwani Mohd
Published: August 2024

Artemisia abyssinica and Artemisia arborescens are unique plants that show significant bioactive properties and are used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This study assessed the nutritional values, functional properties, chemical composition, and bioactive attributes of these plants as functional nutritional supplements. Compared to A. arborescens, A. abyssinica had higher fat (4.76%), fiber (16.07%), total carbohydrates (55.87%), and energy (302.15 kcal/100 g DW), along with superior functional properties, including higher water and oil absorption capacities (638.81% and 425.85%, respectively) and foaming capacity and stability (25.67% and 58.48%). The investigation of volatile compounds found that A. abyssinica had higher amounts of hotrienol (4.53%), yomogi alcohol (3.92%), caryophyllene (3.67%), and carvotanacetone (3.64%), which possess anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Artemisia abyssinica contributed over 30% of the recommended dietary intake (RDI) of amino acids. It displayed superior levels of sodium (31.46 mg/100 g DW) and calcium (238.07 mg/100 g DW). It also exhibited higher levels of organic acids, particularly malic acid, butyric acid, and succinic acid, compared to A. arborescens. Fatty acid analysis revealed palmitic and linoleic acids as primary components in both plants, with A. abyssinica having a higher palmitic acid content. Artemisia abyssinica also had higher vitamin C and thiamine levels. Although A. arborescens showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and capacity, A. abyssinica demonstrated acceptable efficiency in TPC and antioxidant content. These findings highlight the potential of both Artemisia species, particularly A. abyssinica, as valuable sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds for various applications.
Determination of free fatty acids and volatile compounds of butter oil produced from pasteurized and unpasteurized butter at different temperatures
Authors: Demir Tekin , Andiç Seval , Oğuz Şehriban
Published: August 2024

In this study, the effects of different raw materials, different processing temperatures, and storage temperatures on some properties of butter oil were investigated. Two different kinds of butter were produced from cream containing 40% milk fat. Both butter samples were processed into butter oil at three different temperatures (60, 90, and 120°C). Butter and butter oil samples were stored at +4°C and analyses were performed at 0, 30, and 60 days of storage. There are no significant differences between the atherogenicity index and the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition of butter and butter oil samples. Free fatty acid values of all samples increased during storage. Also, in all three storage periods, it was determined that free fatty acids were higher in butter samples than in butter oil samples. During storage, saturated and unsaturated free fatty acid values are generally higher in butter oil processed at 60°C than in butter oil processed at 90°C and 120°C. In total, 40 volatile compounds were detected, which included 8 ketones, each of 6 aldehydes, alcohols, acids, and hydrocarbons, 5 terpenes, and 3 esters in butter and butter oil samples. Aldehydes and ketones were generally highest in butter oil processed at 120°C.