bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Spontaneous Conversion of 2‐Azido‐3‐nitropyridines to Pyridofuroxans.
Authors: Leyva Elisa , de Loera Denisse , Jimenez‐Catano Rogelio
Published: October 2010

The conversion of substrates (I) into 2‐azido derivatives is followed by spontaneous N2 elimination to form the target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Procedure for the Synthesis of Novel 1,3‐Diphenyl‐2‐azaphenalene Derivatives via One‐Pot Multicomponent Reactions.
Authors: Foroughifar Naser , Mobinikhaledi Akbar , Moghanian Hassan
Published: October 2010

Advantages of the title procedure is the simplicity of handling and the easy work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiospecific Synthesis of 6‐Aryl‐3‐cyano‐5‐alkylamino/arylamino‐1‐p‐tolyl‐1H‐pyrazolo [4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐7(6H)‐ones via Iminophosphorane‐Mediated Annulation.
Authors: Wu Ming‐Hu , Hu Ji‐Huan , Shen Dong‐Sheng , Bremond Paul , Guo Haibing
Published: October 2010

The aza‐Wittig reaction of iminophosphorane (III) with aromatic isocyanates to form carbodiimides is followed by the nucleophilic addition of primary or secondary amines to afford the desired fused pyrimidinones (38 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 6,9‐Disubstituted Purin‐8‐ones via Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling/Cyclization.
Authors: Zhong Qi‐Fei , Sun Li‐Ping
Published: October 2010

Dichloro carbamate (I) undergoes a CuCl/amino acid catalyzed reaction with primary amines to give 6‐chloropurin derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydro‐3‐substituted‐2H‐naphtho[2,1‐e][1,3]oxazine Derivatives Catalyzed by Zirconyl(IV) Chloride and Evaluation of Its Biological Activities.
Authors: Kategaonkar Amol H. , Sonar Swapnil S. , Pokalwar Rajkumar U. , Kategaonkar Atul H. , Shingate Bapurao B. , Shingare Murlidhar S.
Published: October 2010

A series of new naphthooxazine derivatives (IV) (9 examples) is synthesized via a novel Zr(IV)‐catalyzed one‐pot, three component reaction of naphthol (I), anilines and formalin.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetracyclic Sulfones as Potent γ‐Secretase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship Studies.
Authors: Sasikumar T. K. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2010

The route to tetracycles (VIII) from the known tricyclic ketone (I) is inspired by a camphor sultam synthesis previously reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted 1,5‐Benzodiazepine and Benzimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Goswami Papori , Das Babulal
Published: October 2010

Different reaction mechanisms leading either to benzodiazepines or benzimidazoles are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Flow‐Vacuum Pyrolysis of Polycyclic Compounds. Part 27. Pyrolysis of 8,9‐Dihydro‐14H‐tetrazolo[1,5‐a]dibenzo[c,f]azonine and 6,7,8,9‐Tetrahydro‐tetrazolo[1,5‐a]benzo[c]azocine.
Authors: Popescu Angela , Andrei Elena , Istrati Daniela , Draghici Constantin , Ciuculescu Crinu , Banciu Mircea D.
Published: October 2010

Flow‐vacuum pyrolysis of the title fused tetrazole derivatives (II) and (V), resp., provides stable N‐cyanoheterocycles in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Dibenzo[b,f]azepine Derivatives
Authors: Balaure Paul Catalin , Costea Ion , Iordache Florin , Draghici Constantin , Enache Cristian
Published: October 2010

as potential neuropharmacologically active compounds
ChemInform Abstract: H14[NaP5W30O110] as a Heterogeneous Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of 6,8‐Dimethyl‐3‐aryl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiazepine Derivatives.
Authors: Hekmatshoar Rahim , Sadjadi Sodeh , Sadjadi Samaheh , Heravi Majid M. , Bamoharram Fatemeh F.
Published: October 2010

The catalyst can be recycled by filtration and reused.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxy‐3,4‐dehydro‐apo‐8′‐lycopene and Methyl Hydroxy‐3,4‐dehydro‐apo‐8′‐lycopenoate, Novel C30 Carotenoids Produced by a Mutant of Marine Bacterium Halobacillus halophilus.
Authors: Osawa Ayako , Ishii Yoko , Sasamura Nao , Morita Marie , Koecher Saskia , Mueller Volker , Sandmann Gerhard , Shindo Kazutoshi
Published: October 2010

Chemical mutagenesis of Halobacillus leads to the novel carotenoids (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Lactariolines A and B: New Guaiane Sesquiterpenes with a Modulatory Effect on Interferon‐γ Production from the Fruiting Bodies of Lactarius hatsudake.
Authors: Xu Guang‐Hua , Kim Jae Wha , Ryoo In‐Ja , Choo Soo‐Jin , Kim Young‐Hee , Seok Soon‐Ja , Ahn Jong‐Seog , Yoo Ick‐Dong
Published: October 2010

The two new guaiane sesquiterpenes lactarioline A (I) and B (II) inhibit IFN‐γ production in NK92 cells in a dose‐dependent manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Cherylline and Latifine Dimethyl Ether.
Authors: Kumar A. Sanjeev , Ghosh Samir , Soundararajan R. , Mehta G. N.
Published: October 2010

A short and efficient synthesis of racemic cherylline (VIII) and latifine dimethyl ether (XIII) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short Path to Erythrina Alkaloid Derivatives.
Authors: Tuan Le Anh , Kim Guncheol
Published: October 2010

The condensation of (I) with (II) yields (III) and (IV) which can be used as intermediates for the synthesis of erysotramidine precursor (VI) and iso‐13‐demethoxyerythratidinone (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Preparation of 1‐[5‐O‐(tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl) ‐2,3‐dideoxy‐3‐iodo‐β‐D‐threo‐pentofuranosyl]thymine from Thymidine: An Efficient Entry to 3′,4′‐Unsaturated Nucleoside.
Authors: Kubota Yutaka , Nakamura Kohji , Haraguchi Kazuhiro , Tanaka Hiromichi
Published: October 2010

The title 3′,4′‐unsaturated nucleoside (IV) may be used for the preparation of 4′‐branched derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereocontrolled Method for the Synthesis of D‐ and L‐2‐Deoxy‐C‐nucleosides Using an Intramolecular Sakurai‐Type Cyclization Reaction.
Authors: Midtkandal Rebecca R. , Macdonald Simon J. F. , Migaud Marie E.
Published: October 2010

Target compound (V) is prepared by a multistep procedure via cyclization of acetal (II) as a key step.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Diverse Adenosine 5′‐Phosphonate Analogues as Chain Terminators Against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).
Authors: Kim Bo‐Seung , Kim Beom‐Tae , Hwang Ki‐Jun
Published: October 2010

4′‐Alkyl or ‐vinyl substituted nucleosides containing azido or amino group at the 2′‐ or 3′‐position [e.g. (VIII)] are conveniently synthesized in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the Macrocyclic Core of Iriomoteolide‐1a
Authors: Li Shuo , Chen Zheng , Xu Zhengshuang , Ye Tao
Published: October 2010

involving a ring‐closing metathesis as key steps
ChemInform Abstract: Dinohydrazides A and B, Novel Hydrazides from a Symbiotic Marine Dinoflagellate.
Authors: Maru Norihito , Ohno Osamu , Yamada Kaoru , Uemura Daisuke
Published: October 2010

The title compounds (I) moderately inhibit the growth of mammalian cells.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pyridyloxadiazole Incorporated Acridone Offering Selective Optical Detection of Fluoride.
Authors: Mashraqui Sabir H. , Tripathi Sapna , Betkar Rupesh , Chandiramani Mukesh
Published: October 2010

Acridox‐P (I) offers selective detection of fluoride by means of color change from yellow to orange.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of 2‐(4‐Methoxy‐phenyl)‐5‐methyl‐4‐(2‐arylsulfanyl‐ethyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐ [1,2,4]triazolo‐3‐ones and Their Corresponding Sulfones.
Authors: Patil Bhimagouda S. , Krishnamurthy G. , Naik H. S. Bhojya , Latthe Prashant R. , Ghate Manjunath
Published: October 2010

Compound (Id) shows good inhibition against S.
ChemInform Abstract: Inorganic & Materials Chemistry
Authors: Dupree Ray
Published: October 2010

Review: space group assignment and full structural determination by using NMR; 22 refs
ChemInform Abstract: Ceria‐Based Solid Catalysts for Organic Chemistry
Authors: Vivier Laurence , Duprez Daniel
Published: October 2010

Review: 273 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐ and Cycloalkylamines by Reaction of Acetals with Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Friestad G. K.
Published: October 2010

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐ and Cycloalkylamines by Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: October 2010

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Engineering Metal Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Corma A. , Garcia H. , Llabres i Xamena F. X.
Published: October 2010

Review: 260 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Most Relevant Recent Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrrolidines and Piperidines
Authors: Companyo Xavier , Alba Andrea‐Nekane , Rios Ramon
Published: October 2010

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ethynylation of Pyrrole Nucleus with Haloacetylenes on Active Surfaces
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Sobenina Lyubov N.
Published: October 2010

Review: 191 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Chemistry of 3(2H)‐Furanones
Authors: Haug Timm T. , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: October 2010

Review: 235 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions Involving Heterocyclic Surrogates of Oxo‐carbenium and Iminium Ions
Authors: Catti Federica , Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: October 2010

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Last Decade of Research in Sonochemistry for Green Organic Synthesis
Authors: Martin‐Aranda Rosa Maria , Calvino‐Casilda Vanesa
Published: October 2010

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Atom‐Economic Transformations of Propargylic Alcohols Catalyzed by the 16‐Electron Allyl‐ruthenium(II) Complex [Ru(μ3‐2‐C3H4Me)(CO)(dppf)] [SbF6] (dppf = 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Garcia‐Garrido Sergio E. , Gimeno Jose , Nebra Noel
Published: October 2010

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Taylor‐Made Palladium Pincer Complexes: A New Source of More Efficient Catalysts for Sustainable Organic Synthesis
Authors: Moreno Isabel , SanMartin Raul , Ines Blanca , Churruca Fatima , Dominguez Esther
Published: October 2010

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkali Metal Carboxylates and Carboxylic Acids Using “Wet” and “Anhydrous” Alkali Metal Hydroxides
Authors: Krief Alain , Kremer Adrian
Published: October 2010

Review: 326 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Transition Metal Catalyzed Higher‐Order Carbocyclization Reactions
Authors: Inglesby Phillip A. , Evans P. Andrew
Published: October 2010

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Exchange Between Metal Ions with Unquenched Orbital Angular Momenta: Basic Concepts and Relevance to Molecular Magnetism
Authors: Palii Andrei , Tsukerblat Boris , Clemente‐Juan Juan Modesto , Coronado Eugenio
Published: October 2010

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dissymmetries in Fluorescence Excitation and Emission from Single Chiral Molecules
Authors: Hassey‐Paradise Ruthanne , Cyphersmith Austin , Tilley Anna May , Mortsolf Tim , Basak Dipankur , Venkataraman Dhandapani , Barnes Michael D.
Published: October 2010

Review: 227 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Light‐Controlled Nitric Oxide Delivering Molecular Assemblies
Authors: Sortino Salvatore
Published: October 2010

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Reductions and Chemical Versatility of the Old Yellow Enzyme Family of Flavoprotein Oxidoreductases
Authors: Toogood Helen S. , Gardiner John M. , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: October 2010

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Trends in Design of Electroluminescent Rare Earth Metallo‐Complexes for OLEDs
Authors: Katkova Marina A. , Bochkarev Mikhail N.
Published: October 2010

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design Strategies for Industrial Catalysts
Authors: Alerasool Saeed , Kelkar C. P. , Farrauto Robert J.
Published: October 2010

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homochirality and Chemical Evolution: New Vistas and Reflections on Recent Models
Authors: Avalos Martin , Babiano Reyes , Cintas Pedro , Jimenez Jose L. , Palacios Juan C.
Published: October 2010

Review: 120 refs.
α‐Chymotrypsin‐Catalyzed Reaction Confined in Block‐Copolymer Vesicles
Authors: Chen Qi , Rausch Kristin G. , Schönherr Holger , Vancso G. Julius
Published: October 2010

Herein the reactivity of the enzyme α‐chymotrypsin in the confinement of polystyrene‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) (PS‐b‐PAA) vesicles was investigated. Enzyme and substrate molecules were encapsulated in PS‐b‐PAA vesicles with internal diameters ranging from 26 nm to 165 nm during the formation of the vesicles. While the loading efficiencies of enzyme and substrate molecules were practically identical for vesicles of identical size, they were found to increase with decreasing vesicle size. The kinetics of the α‐chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of N‐succinyl‐Ala‐Ala‐Phe‐7‐amido‐4‐methylcoumarin (AMC) was evaluated following the increase of the absorption of the product 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The values of the catalytic turnover number obtained for reactions inside vesicles with different sizes showed an increase of up to fourteen times compared to the bulk value with decreasing vesicle volume, while the values of the Michaelis–Menten constant decreased, respectively. This increase in reactivity of α‐chymotrypsin is attributed to the effect of vesicle–wall interactions in the finite encapsulated space, where the reagents could diffuse, leading to enhanced collision frequencies.
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in renal transplant patients
Authors: Hasni Kamran , Slusher Joseph , Siddiqui Waqar , Matsumura David , Malek Bachar , Heifets Michael , Ahmed Ziauddin
Published: October 2010

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a syndrome with distinct clinical, radiological, and histological features. The radiographic changes of BOOP vary from multiple patchy, alveolar, or ground‐glass infiltrates to diffuse reticulonodular opacities. The most frequently observed CT features are areas of lung consolidation and ground‐glass opacity often with a subpleural distribution and small nodules; in addition, bronchial wall thickening and bronchodilatation can be seen. The exact pathogenesis of BOOP after organ transplantation remains to be clarified. Some researchers have suggested that BOOP is a non‐specific reaction to injury; rejection is the most common injury in lung and kidney transplant recipients.
Three New Polycatenation Networks Based on 4,4′‐Oxybis(benzoate) and Bis(imidazole) Ligands: Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescence
Authors: Xu Yun , Chen Pang‐Kuan , Che Yun‐Xia , Zheng Ji‐Min
Published: October 2010

In this paper we report three new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), [Zn(oba)(L1)0.5(H2O)]n (1), [Zn2(oba)2(L2)2](H2O)3 (2) and [Co(oba)(L1)]n (3) [oba = 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoate), L1 = 1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, L2 = 1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene] that have been obtained under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis (EA). A structural investigation revealed that all three coordination compounds present polycatenation features. Interestingly, 1 shows a rare 1D → 2D structure formed by the catenation of 1D ladders. Both 2 and 3, however, are unusual cases that have 3D frameworks constructed from 2D 44‐sql layers by parallel polycatenation. The photoluminescence properties of 1 and 2 have also been investigated.
Physicochemical and textural properties of puff pastry margarines
Authors: Pajin Biljana , Šoronja‐Simović Dragana , Šereš Zita , Gyura Julianna , Radujko Ivana , Sakač Marijana
Published: October 2010

In this paper some physicochemical and textural characteristics of four puff pastry margarines are defined: MLT1 and MLT2 with low trans fatty acid (TFA) content, MLT3 with relatively low and MLT4 with high TFA content. Analyzing the solid trigliceride content (SFC), the crystallization kinetics in isothermal conditions and the margarine firmness, it is determined whether the technological characteristics of margarines (which are very important for puff pastry quality) are significantly changed due to TFA decrease in margarines. The highest SFC at 10, 20, 25 i 30°C have samples MLT1 and MLT4. Despite of significant differences in fatty acid composition of these margarines, SFC content at temperatures at 20, 25, and 30°C do not differ significantly, at the level of significance of 95% (p>0.05). The SFC of MLT1 and MLT2 samples, which have practically the same fatty acid composition at every investigated temperature, statistically have significant difference (p<0.05). The crystallization kinetics are in the range from 2.6 to 10.1% per min. The significance of the induction period at every observed samples is negligible. The average firmness of margarine samples MLT1, MLT2, MLT3, and MLT4 at 20, 25, and 30°C is significantly different (p<0.05). The firmness changes of the samples MLT1 and MLT2 in the most important temperature interval for puff pastry production (between 20 and 30°C) are at level of 5 to 25%, and for margarine samples MLT3 and MLT4 these values reach even 70%.
A constitutive expression system for high‐throughput screening
Authors: Aerts Dirk , Verhaeghe Tom , De Mey Marjan , Desmet Tom , Soetaert Wim
Published: October 2010

To reduce the amount of consumables and number of pipetting steps in high‐throughput screening, a constitutive expression system was developed that comprises four different promoters of varying strength. The system was validated by the expression of different sucrose phosphorylase enzymes from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium adolescentis in 96‐deep‐ and low‐well plates at three temperatures. Drastically improved soluble expression in mini‐cultures was observed for the enzymes from L. mesenteroides strains by reducing the promoter strength from strong to intermediate and by expressing the proteins at lower temperatures. In contrast, the enzymes from B. adolescentis and L. acidophilus were expressed most efficiently with a strong promoter. The constitutive expression of sucrose phosphorylases in low‐well plates resulted in a level of activity that is equal or even better than what was achieved by inducible expression. Therefore, our plasmid set with varying constitutive promoters will be an indispensable tool to optimize enzyme expression for high‐throughput screening.
Powerful multi‐marker association tests: unifying genomic distance‐based regression and logistic regression
Authors: Han Fang , Pan Wei
Published: October 2010

To detect genetic association with common and complex diseases, many statistical tests have been proposed for candidate gene or genome‐wide association studies with the case‐control design. Due to linkage disequilibrium (LD), multi‐marker association tests can gain power over single‐marker tests with a Bonferroni multiple testing adjustment. Among many existing multi‐marker association tests, most target to detect only one of many possible aspects in distributional differences between the genotypes of cases and controls, such as allele frequency differences, while a few new ones aim to target two or three aspects, all of which can be implemented in logistic regression. In contrast to logistic regression, a genomic distance‐based regression (GDBR) approach aims to detect some high‐order genotypic differences between cases and controls. A recent study has confirmed the high power of GDBR tests. At this moment, the popular logistic regression and the emerging GDBR approaches are completely unrelated; for example, one has to choose between the two. In this article, we reformulate GDBR as logistic regression, opening a venue to constructing other powerful tests while overcoming some limitations of GDBR. For example, asymptotic distributions can replace time‐consuming permutations for deriving P‐values and covariates, including gene‐gene interactions, can be easily incorporated. Importantly, this reformulation facilitates combining GDBR with other existing methods in a unified framework of logistic regression. In particular, we show that Fisher's P‐value combining method can boost statistical power by incorporating information from allele frequencies, Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium, LD patterns, and other higher‐order interactions among multi‐markers as captured by GDBR. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:680–688, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preservation, development, and hatching of resting eggs in the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus pallas
Authors: Kanagasabapathi Velumani , Munuswamy Natesan
Published: October 2010

The resting eggs of Brachionus calyciflorus produced under laboratory by manipulating various environmental conditions were subjected to preservation for long‐term storage. Preservation strategies included as storing freshly collected resting eggs, dry resting eggs, and storing at 4°C. Results showed that the resting eggs preserved by drying as they were able to maintain the viability without much variation in the hatchability. The scanning electron micrographs clearly depicted the surface damage as well as change in the shape and surface topography due to the storage. The resting eggs thus stored were traced for their normal embryonic development, during which as many as 11 stages were traced and time taken for each stage of development was observed. Microscopic observations revealed that the first four stages represented the development of embryo and thereafter around 16–18 h extrution of neonate from egg occurred. At 18–19 h of development the characteristic of anterior and posterior spines appeared in the neonate. Just released neonate, after 4–5 h of development reached adult stage. Overall the hatching and embryonic development of the resting eggs preserved by “drying” were normal and hence this method could be adopted for long‐term storage. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of photodynamic therapy using topical applied hexylaminolevulinate and methylaminolevulinate upon the integrity of cervical epithelium
Authors: Soergel Philipp , Loehr‐Schulz Regine , Hillemanns Marija , Landwehr Sandra , Makowski Lars , Hillemanns Peter
Published: October 2010

Background and Objective

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is associated with genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and represents the precursor of cervical cancer. Established ablative treatment methods may cause substantial complications in following pregnancies including premature delivery and the birth of low‐weight babies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of CIN using esters of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) represents a promising alternative. However, it has not been analyzed yet if the PDT itself leads to sustained damage of the cervical tissue. This study aims at evaluating the effect of hexylaminolevulinate (HAL) and methylaminolevulinate (MAL) PDT on cervical tissue.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Twenty‐five patients underwent 1–2 PDT cycles for CIN 1–3 applying topical HAL and MAL. Before and 6 months after PDT, biopsies were obtained from the cervix. Macroscopic changes of the cervix were evaluated. We assessed H&E slides for signs of sustained tissue damage. Furthermore, expression profiles of p16INK4a, Ki67, Bcl‐2, Bax, and CD31 were evaluated.

Results

PDT was performed satisfactory in all patients. No macroscopic changes of the cervix were encountered and histological evaluation revealed no signs of apoptosis, necrosis, irritation, vascular changes and fibroses 6 months after PDT. Ki67 and p16INK4a were useful for the prediction of response to PDT. Bcl‐2 and Bax showed no significant expression profile changes after PDT and the micro‐vessel pattern was not altered.

Conclusions

HAL and MAL PDT do not leave any sustained damage in normal cervical tissue. This is of paramount importance as cervical insufficiency or stenosis may have implications on pregnancy and cervical cancer screening. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:784–790, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser photobiostimulation of wound healing: Defining a dose response for splinted wounds in diabetic mice
Authors: Chung Tzu‐Yun , Peplow Philip V. , Baxter G. David
Published: October 2010

Background and Objectives

We have used a 660 nm, 80 mW laser diode in genetic diabetic mice to stimulate the healing of wounds covered with a Tegaderm HP dressing that causes a retardation of contraction (splinted wounds). The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of irradiating the wounds for different time intervals in order to determine a dose response relationship.

Materials and Methods

A circular excisional wound was made on the left flank of diabetic mice using a 5‐mm skin punch, and covered with a Tegaderm HP dressing. Mice were allocated to four groups in which wounds were irradiated 660 nm, 80 mW for 0, 10, 20, or 40 seconds each day for 7 days. In total, 51 mice were used. Wounds were harvested on day 14 and the healing assessed from hematoxylin–eosin stained sections examined by light microscopy.

Results

The wounds were splinted in 40 of the mice, and splinting caused a retardation of healing. The findings for the four treatments showed that irradiation for 20 second/day for 7 days brought about the greatest extent of healing. The wounds healed mainly by re‐epithelization and granulation tissue formation. This duration of irradiation represents an energy dose of 1.6 J per irradiation and, for an estimated area of irradiation of 32–43 mm2, corresponds to an energy density of 3.7–5.0 J/cm2.

Conclusion

Irradiation with 660 nm, 80 mW at an energy density of 3.7–5.0 J/cm2 each day for 7 days caused the maximal stimulation of healing in splinted wounds of diabetic mice. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:816–824, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the electrocardiogram as a potential tool to screen for premotor Parkinson's disease
Authors: Valappil Ruksana Azhu , Black Jed E. , Broderick Meredith J. , Carrillo Oscar , Frenette Eric , Sullivan Shannon S. , Goldman Samuel M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Langston James W.
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with REM sleep behavior disorder, many of whom will develop Parkinson's disease (PD) or a related synucleinopathy, will demonstrate decreased heart rate variability (HRV) compared with a group of age‐matched controls as measured by an electrocardiogram during wakefulness. We compared HRV in 11 untreated idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder patients (9 men and 2 women; mean age, 63.3 years; SD, 7.5 years) and 11 control subjects with idiopathic insomnia without REM sleep behavior disorder (7 men and 4 women; mean age, 59.5 years; SD, 8.7 years). Subjects with other causes of reduced HRV were excluded. HRV was determined from 5‐minute presleep segments of a single channel electrocardiogram recorded during polysomnographic evaluations, using R‐R intervals during wakefulness. Time domain, geometric measures, and spectral analysis of the R‐R intervals were significantly different between cases and controls. A discriminant function analysis correctly classified 95.5% of subjects (overall model fit, P = 0.016). Leave‐one‐out cross‐validation correctly classified 77.3% of subjects. HRV during wakefulness is significantly decreased in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder compared with control subjects, suggesting abnormalities of both sympathetic and parasympathetic function. Patients with RBD may later develop motor and cognitive features of a Lewy body disorder, such as PD. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is also impaired in PD, suggesting that impaired HRV may be an early sign of PD. HRV measured by routine electrocardiograms could be used to screen for Lewy body disorders such as PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Parkinson's Disease and pathological gambling: Results from a functional MRI study
Authors: Frosini Daniela , Pesaresi Ilaria , Cosottini Mirco , Belmonte Gina , Rossi Carlo , Dell'Osso Liliana , Murri Luigi , Bonuccelli Ubaldo , Ceravolo Roberto
Published: October 2010

Seven patients with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and pathological gambling (PG) and 7 PD patients without PG were investigated by functional MRI and a block‐design experiment with gambling‐related visual cues alternating with neutral stimuli and rest periods. Compared with PD/non‐PG, in PD/PG patients, several areas of increased cue‐related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)‐response were observed including bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, medial and superior frontal gyri, and precuneus, right inferior parietal lobule, and ventral striatum. The over activation of cingulate cortex and ventral striatum in PD/PG patients after the craving task is similar to that reported in addicted patients, whereas the activation of the parietal structures is probably related to the attentional network. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Fatigue in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence and associated factors
Authors: Beiske Antoine G. , Loge Jon Håvard , Hjermstad Marianne J. , Svensson, PhD Elisabeth
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of fatigue in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and compare this to the general population. Factors associated with fatigue were investigated by linear regression. Fatigue was assessed by the fatigue questionnaire. The mean age of the 176 PD patients (41% women) was 69 years (range 35–90), and the mean UPDRSIII was 22.3 (SD 11.7). Fatigue levels (means) were significantly higher in PD patients compared with the general population; however, effect sizes were moderate for women for physical and total fatigue indicating clinically significant differences here only. Only female PD patients had more chronic fatigue than the general population. Fatigue was related to characteristics of PD but also to sleep disturbance, depression, and gender. This population‐based study demonstrates that fatigue is a common symptom in PD patients, but compared with the general population, clinically significant differences were only found for female PD patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
ErbB family receptor inhibitors as therapeutic agents in breast cancer: Current status and future clinical perspective
Authors: Saxena Ruchi , Dwivedi Anila
Published: October 2010

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women and the second most common cause of female cancer‐related deaths, with more than one million new cases diagnosed per year throughout the world. With the recent advances in the knowledge of cellular processes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, the current focus of researchers and clinicians is to develop novel treatment strategies that can be included in the armamentarium against breast cancer. With the failure of endocrine‐targeted therapy and the development of resistance to existing chemotherapy, the most explored pathway as next generation target for breast cancer therapy has been the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (ErbB‐1)/herceptin‐2 (HER‐2) (ErbB‐2) pathway. This review focuses on the rationale for targeting members of ErbB receptor family and numerous agents that are in use for inhibiting the pathway. The mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical trial data of the agents that are in use for targeting the EGFR/HER‐2 pathway and the current status, thereof, have been discussed in detail. In addition, the future clinical trial promises these agents hold either as monotherapy or as combination therapy with conventional agents or with other antisignaling agents have been pondered, so as to provide better and more efficacious treatment strategies for breast cancer patients.   © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev 32:166‐215, 2012
The method of approximate particular solutions for solving certain partial differential equations
Authors: Chen C.S. , Fan C.M. , Wen P.H.
Published: October 2010

A standard approach for solving linear partial differential equations is to split the solution into a homogeneous solution and a particular solution. Motivated by the method of fundamental solutions for solving homogeneous equations, we propose a similar approach using the method of approximate particular solutions for solving linear inhomogeneous differential equations without the need of finding the homogeneous solution. This leads to a much simpler numerical scheme with similar accuracy to the traditional approach. To demonstrate the simplicity of the new approach, three numerical examples are given with excellent results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 506–522, 2012
Numerical solutions of the Kawahara type equations using radial basis functions
Authors: Dereli Yilmaz , Dağ Idris
Published: October 2010

This study is carried out to investigate the numerical solutions of the Kawahara, KdV‐Kawahara, and the modified Kawahara equations by using the meshless method based on collocation with radial basis functions. Results of the meshless method with different radial basis functions are presented for the travelling wave solution of the Kawahara type equations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 542–553, 2012
A homogeneous limit methodology and refinements of computationally efficient zigzag theory for homogeneous, laminated composite, and sandwich plates
Authors: Tessler Alexander , Di Sciuva Marco , Gherlone Marco
Published: October 2010

The Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) for homogeneous, laminated composite, and sandwich plates is revisited to offer a fresh insight into its fundamental assumptions and practical possibilities. The theory is introduced from a multiscale formalism starting with the inplane displacement field expressed as a superposition of coarse and fine contributions. The coarse displacement field is that of first‐order shear‐deformation theory, whereas the fine displacement field has a piecewise‐linear zigzag distribution through the thickness. The resulting kinematic field provides a more realistic representation of the deformation states of transverse‐shear‐flexible plates than other similar theories. The condition of limiting homogeneity of transverse‐shear properties is proposed and yields four distinct variants of zigzag functions. Analytic solutions for highly heterogeneous sandwich plates undergoing elastostatic deformations are used to identify the best‐performing zigzag functions. Unlike previously used methods, which often result in anomalous conditions and nonphysical solutions, the present theory does not rely on transverse‐shear‐stress equilibrium constraints. For all material systems, there are no requirements for use of transverse‐shear correction factors to yield accurate results. To model homogeneous plates with the full power of zigzag kinematics, infinitesimally small perturbations in the transverse shear properties are derived, thus enabling highly accurate predictions of homogeneous‐plate behavior without the use of shear correction factors. The RZT predictive capabilities to model highly heterogeneous sandwich plates are critically assessed, demonstrating its superior efficiency, accuracy, and a wide range of applicability. This theory, which is derived from the virtual work principle, is well‐suited for developing computationally efficient, C0 a continuous function of (x1,x2) coordinates whose first‐order derivatives are discontinuous along finite element interfaces and is thus appropriate for the analysis and design of high‐performance load‐bearing aerospace structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Peristaltic motion of Phan‐Thien‐Tanner fluid in a planar channel
Authors: Hayat T. , Noreen S. , Ali N. , Abbasbanday S.
Published: October 2010

An analysis describing the peristalsis of non‐Newtonian fluids in a symmetric channel is carried out. Two explicit forms of Phan‐Thien‐Tanner model are used in the flow description. Mathematical analysis is presented at small Reynolds number and large wavelength assumptions. The influence of emerging parameters is highlighted upon the pressure rise, frictional force, and shear stress. In addition, pumping phenomena is described. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 737–748, 2012
MAPK pathway activation through BRAF gene fusion in pilocytic astrocytomas; a novel oncogenic fusion gene with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential
Authors: Jeuken Judith WM , Wesseling Pieter
Published: October 2010

Recently, a new mechanism for activation of B‐RAF was identified resulting from a tandem duplication, generating a fusion protein with constitutive BRAF activity and thereby activating the MAPK pathway. Different fusion variants involving BRAF and KIAA1549 were demonstrated, present in 80% of pilocytic astrocytomas in children. As the KIAA1549–BRAF fusion gene is detected at a much lower frequency in diffuse low‐grade astrocytomas and survival was much longer than expected in the patients with a ‘non‐pilocytic’ astrocytoma carrying the fusion gene, identification of this fusion gene can be of diagnostic and prognostic value. In the near future, interference with the (fusion gene causing) activation of the MAPK signalling cascade may open new therapeutic avenues for children with pilocytic astrocytomas, as a first line of defence against tumour growth or in situations where the tumour has become refractory to other therapeutic modalities. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Invited Commentary for Forshew et al. Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway: a signature genetic defect in posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytomas, J Pathol 2009; 218: 172–181.
Posterior fossa syndrome after posterior fossa surgery in children with brain tumors
Authors: Küpeli Serhan , Yalçın Bilgehan , Bilginer Burçak , Akalan Nejat , Haksal Pınar , Büyükpamukçu Münevver
Published: October 2010

Background

Posterior fossa syndrome (PFS) is defined as the temporary and complete loss of speech after posterior fossa surgery. The goal of this study was to identify incidence and risk factors for PFS and to determine accompanying neurobehavioral and psychologic problems.

Procedure

Between May 2007 and April 2009, children with brain tumors having posterior fossa surgery were evaluated neurologically and psychologically in preoperative and postoperative period.

Results

PFS developed in 9 patients among 36 (25%) included in the study. Mutism continued for 120 days in one patient. Histopathological diagnosis (P = 0.05), location of the tumor (P = 0.05) and socioeconomic level of the family (P = 0.06) gave the significant results in relation with the PFS by univariate analyses. In multivariate analysis the risk of developing PFS was found 7.2 times higher in patients with medulloblastoma, 6.7 times higher in tumors located at the midline, 5.7 times higher in families with low socioecnomic level. Intelligence quotients of the patients in PFS and other group (P = 0.85) with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the results of the Denver II Developmental Screening Test were not significant statistically (P = 0.5).

Conclusion

The diagnosis of medulloblastoma, midline location of the tumor and low socioeconomic level of the families are important risk factors for the development of PFS. These findings support the hypothesis that temporary ischemia and edema due to retracted and manipulated dentate nuclei and superior cerebellar pedincles may be the cause of mutism. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:206–210. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathological skeletal remains from ancient Egypt: the earliest case of diabetes mellitus?
Authors: Dupras TL , Williams LJ , Willems H , Peeters C
Published: October 2010

The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus from skeletal remains is very difficult given the complexity of the disease and the fact that there are no pathological skeletal characteristics exclusively associated with diabetes mellitus. Skeletal identification of diabetes mellitus may only be possible through differential diagnosis, when several pathological changes are present. Skeletal and dental changes associated with diabetes mellitus include Charcot's joint (neuropathic arthropathy), osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH, or Forestier's disease), adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder), dental caries, periodontal disease, and antemortem tooth loss.

Skeletal remains of an adult male from the Egyptian archaeological site of Dayr al‐Barsha, dated to the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2055–1650 BC), display a myriad of pathological conditions that, when considered together, likely indicate diabetes mellitus, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This diagnosis represents the earliest, and possibly the only recorded archaeological skeletal evidence for this disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Thermoelectric properties of iodine doped pentacene thin films
Authors: Hayashi Kei , Shinano Takashi , Miyazaki Yuzuru , Kajitani Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2010

We attempted the iodine doping on the pentacene thin film grown on the glass substrate, and measured thermo‐electric properties. The doped iodine formed polyiodine species in the film. Although the thermoelectric performance was relatively high among organic semiconductor thin films, it decreased through time due to the desorption of the polyiodine species from the film (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vertical heterojunction field‐effect transistors utilizing re‐grown AlGaN/GaN two‐dimensional electron gas channels on GaN substrates
Authors: Yaegassi Seiji , Okada Masaya , Saitou Yuu , Yokoyama Mitsunori , Nakata Ken , Katayama Koji , Ueno Masaki , Kiyama Makoto , Katsuyama Tsukuru , Nakamura Takao
Published: October 2010

Vertical heterojunction field‐effect transistors (VHFETs) utilizing re‐grown AlGaN/GaN two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channels on free‐standing GaN substrates have been developed. The VHFETs exhibited a specific on‐resistance (RonA) of 7.6 mΩcm2 at a threshold voltage (Vth) of ‐1.1 V and a breakdown voltage (VB) of 672 V. The breakdown voltage and the figure of merit (VB2/RonA) are the highest among those of the GaN‐based vertical transistors ever reported. It was demonstrated that the threshold voltage can be controlled by the thickness of AlGaN layers and Al concentration. A normally‐off operation was achieved with a 10‐nm‐thick Al0.2Ga0.8N layer. The possibility that VHFET with smaller current collapse phenomena than planar HEMT was revealed (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface mediated control of droplet density and morphology on GaAs and AlAs surfaces
Authors: Wu Jiang , Wang Zhiming M. , Li Alvason Z. , Li Shibin , Salamo Gregory J.
Published: October 2010

We present a comparative study of gallium (Ga) and aluminium (Al) droplets fabricated on GaAs (100) and AlAs (100) surfaces. Higher density of Ga droplets is achieved on AlAs surface compared with GaAs surface. Similarly, the density of Al nanostructures is higher on AlAs surface than on GaAs surface, even though different morphologies are obtained on each surface. Further, while uniform Ga droplets are formed on both GaAs and AlAs surfaces, Al rings and dots, with big inhomogeneity, are observed on GaAs and AlAs surface, respectively. This investigation suggests that size and shape of nanostructures grown by the droplet epitaxy method can be designed by employing different surfaces. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Problems and Outcome of Hirschsprung’s Disease Presenting after 1 Year of Age in a Developing Country
Authors: Ekenze S. O. , Ngaikedi C. , Obasi A. A.
Published: October 2010

Background

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the problems, treatment outcome, and contributory factors to delayed presentation in Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) after 1 year of age in a resource‐limited setting.

Methods

This retrospective study included 41 children aged >1 year with HD managed at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, in south eastern Nigeria, between January 2000 and June 2009.

Results

Complications of HD were evident at presentation in 38 (92.7%) of the 41 children. Late presentation was due to delayed referral in 27 cases (65.9%), parental ignorance in 11 (26.8%), and poverty in 3 (7.3%). The HD was rectosigmoid in 33 patients (80.5%) and was of ultra‐short length variety in 8 patients (19.5%). Thirty‐five patients (85.4%) required colostomy for decompression, and colostomy‐related complications occurred in 24 of them (68.6%). The definitive surgical procedure was a Swenson pullthrough in 34 cases (82.9%) and posterior myectomy in 7 others (17.1%). Twenty patients (48.8%) experienced at least one postoperative complication. After follow‐up of 7–64 months (mean: 31 months), 31 (75.6%) patients had a good outcome, 6 (14.6%) had persistent constipation, 3 had (7.3%) incontinence, and one child (2.4%) died from overwhelming infection.

Conclusions

Hirschprung’s disease presenting after 1 year of age may be associated with high colostomy rates and increased morbidity. Continued dissemination of updated information on HD to medical practitioners and a public awareness campaign may improve time to diagnosis.
Compartment Syndrome in all Four Extremities: A Rare Case Associated with Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome
Authors: Brown Rodger H. , Downey Cara , Izaddoost Shayan
Published: October 2010

While isolated limb injuries often lead to suspicion for and treatment of compartment syndrome, multi-limb compartment syndrome induced by a systemic disease is a rare entity, in which lack of immediate diagnosis can have catastrophic consequences to the patient. We present a patient with idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) resulting in compartment syndrome in all four extremities. Treatment required bilateral hand, forearm, calf, and thigh fasciotomies. Presenting symptoms included pain in all four extremities, malaise, and confusion. Laboratory data included polycythemia, hypoalbuminemia, leukocytosis, and elevated creatinine, but not a monoclonal spike on serum electrophoresis as is common in SCLS. Thus, when faced with clinical evidence of multiple extremity compartment syndrome, the surgeon should consider systemic disorders, such as SCLS, and aggressively treat the compartment syndrome as well as the underlying disease.
Micellar and Surface Properties of Some Monomeric Surfactants and a Gemini Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Verma Santosh Kumar , Ghosh Kallol K.
Published: October 2010

The physicochemical and interfacial properties of the monomeric surfactants cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), cetyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide (CTPB), tetradecyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide (TTPB), cetyldiethylethanol ammonium bromide (CDEEAB), cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTACl), tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), and a gemini surfactant (C16‐3‐C16, 2Br−) at different pH (3.1, 7.0, and 7.75) have been investigated by conductivity and surface tension measurements at 300 K. The critical micellar concentration (CMC), degree of micellar ionization (α), surface excess concentration (Гmax), minimum surface area per molecule of surfactant (Amin), Gibbs free energy of micellization (∆Gm0), surface pressure at the CMC (πCMC), and the Gibbs energy of adsorption (∆Gads0) of the monomeric surfactants have also been determined. The CMC, α and Гmax, increase with increasing pH whereas Amin decreases.
Eu-us-russia Relations: Moving from a Solid Foundation into the Challenges of the 2010s
Authors: Stubb Alexander
Published: October 2010

Changes in the structure of international politics only continue in the 2010s. The EU and US are vital partners for Russia's modernisation, and we must view Russia's aim to modernise its economy as a good starting point for increased economic cooperation. In strengthening this partnership, we do not have to start from scratch. Our societies have become more similar, thanks to the progress in Russia's economy. The existing ties between our countries and societies are a strong foundation for working together. Building on this momentum, we need to take concrete action to promote the movement of people and lower the barriers between our economies.