bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-existence of scheduled and charter services in public air transport
Authors: Thomka-Gazdik J. G.
Published: March 2023

While my own views are the product of long association with the airline industry, I would not wish to ask the airlines—or any one of them—to assume responsibility for such personal views and conclusions as may be put forward in this paper. Having added this caveat, I am hopeful that what I have to say reflects at least the opinion of some within the airline industry.
Integration of services and systems into the total aircraft design
Authors: Zeffert H.
Published: March 2023

Much has been written on the subject of systems design, which can be treated in several ways. Some choose to go in for deep mathematical analysis to solve the problem, some for management techniques, but the object of this paper is to relate our observations to the basic logic and practice that we actually use in aircraft systems design, which includes both techniques where applicable, together with a deep experience continued from one aircraft to the next, which is a most essential factor in achieving the standard that is required. The subject is so wide that it will be impossible to deal in detail with the many aspects, but we hope to cover sufficient of the philosophy to provide an appreciation of the task. The paper does, however, attempt to emphasise that unique skill in aircraft design, i.e., airframe systems engineering.
A new look at parachute opening dynamics
Authors: Payne Peter R.
Published: March 2023

There is some evidence to indicate that injuries associated with parachute opening shock are much less frequent than injuries associated with the acceleration loads imposed by ejection seats, even though the stresses presumed to be induced in the human body may often be of the same order. Since all such data is based on operational experience, the details are necessarily vague, and it is hard to draw firm conclusions.

The Aeromedical Research Laboratory, USAF, as part of its studies of aircrew injury, decided to see whether there was any difference between the dynamics of parachute opening when used with a rigid anthropometric dummy of the type normally used to obtain opening shock data, and a human parachutist whose body is naturally more resilient.
Subharmonic resonance of order ½ with an asymmetrical restoring force
Authors: Reif Z. F.
Published: March 2023

Excitation of subharmonic resonances is one of the serious vibration problems which often have to be overcome in the development of high speed machinery. Such resonances have been observed, for example, in gas turbines(3), in rotor systems(4) and in the geared drive of a rotating kiln(5).

The subharmonic resonance of order 1/2, of a single degree of freedom system with viscous damping, is investigated for the case of a centrifugal disturbing force. The restoring force characteristic is of the non-odd form and its asymmetry is expressed in terms of the static deflection parameter. The Ritz averaging method, with a five term approximation, is used for the theoretical analysis. Numerical results are presented for the undamped case and are compared with analogue computer solutions.

The choice of the Ritz averaging method is determined mainly by its adequate accuracy at larger magnitudes of non-linearity. It is also more versatile than other methods and in a previous application(6) to a system with an asymmetrical restoring force it produced satisfactory results.
Overall costs in developing and introducing advanced transport systems
Authors: Fitchie J. W.
Published: March 2023

When the Society asked me to give a short introductory paper on overall costs at a meeting where the emphasis will be mainly concerned with financial aspects of aircraft and airports, I felt it might be of some interest to you in the short time I have available to discuss overall costs in terms of urban transport systems. My reasons for thinking this are that for air trips between European cities and particularly within the UK, the convenience or otherwise that a passenger experiences in getting from his home, for example, to the airport and again from the airport at the end of his journey to his point of business, depends largely on the urban transport situation and as you will all know it is a very significant factor in the competition between land based modes and air based modes.
Social acceptability of heliports particularly from the standpoint of noise
Authors: Stephenson R. J.
Published: March 2023

Helicopters have several advantages over conventional fixed-wing aircraft, but so far as future operation on a wide scale is concerned, one of the most important may well be that they can be operated successfully in or near to city centres. Their acceptability to the general population depends principally on the effects of noise produced by them but no national or international standards exist at present which specify the maximum noise levels and /or the number of movements permissible for city-centre operation. There are many regulations pertaining to aircraft noise near to airports and to various noise sources in cities but none of these can be directly applied to helicopters.

The problem has been considered by the Committee on the Planning of Helicopter Stations in the London Area, which was set up by the Minister of Aviation in 1959, and whose report was published in 1961, the Wilson Committee on the Problem of Noise who reported in 1963 (Cmnd 2056), in the United States, particularly by Messrs Bolt, Beranek and Newman and also many others. It is not possible to review the literature in this short paper which gives some account of the practical work and considerations concerning the use of helicopters in London with which the author has been associated.
The Civil Aviation Act 1971—a general review
Authors: Colegate Ray
Published: March 2023

The guidance given by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry to the Civil Aviation Authority begins with a very important sentence—though some might regard it as a truism. It says that civil air transport exists by serving the public. As it happens, it was I who wrote those words and perhaps you will permit me to paraphrase them in everyday language, rather than the language of White Papers.

Civil air transport is about people. It is about the people who fly in aeroplanes as passengers, or who would like to do so if they could afford it. It is about the people who work for airlines, whether they be on the flight deck or in the cabin or on the ground. It is about the people who run airlines, whether they are the chairman of public corporations like Henry Marking or the founders of independent airlines like Adam Thomson or Freddy Laker. And finally it is about the people who regulate airlines; those who lay down the grant strategy like the members of the Edwards Committee and those who say you may or you may not.
The Civil Aviation Authority and the second force
Authors: Thomson Adam
Published: March 2023

MY views on the Civil Aviation Authority and the “second force” airline cannot ignore the political controversy which has taken place concerning the base from which the airline should be able to operate successfully. This controversy began very shortly after publication of the Report of the Edwards Committee in May 1969, and the recent debate in the House of Commons provided another unedifying example of a misguided preoccupation with political dogma at a time when the new regulatory body should be given every encouragement to get to grips with the many problems which face it.

The debate is over. Now begins the task of strengthening British civil aviation and providing for the legitimate needs of the growing number of people to whom in one way or another air transport is an essential element of everyday life.
Research and development for future air transports
Authors: Seddon J.
Published: March 2023

The task attempted in this paper is to exhibit a contemporary perspective of aeronautical research trends, needs and opportunities and to draw from it such pointers to the future as may contribute in a manner both interesting and helpful to the overall theme of the meeting.

The contribution at which I am aiming is a broad presentation, not going deeply into technical detail but standing sufficiently back from the research scene that, while major details are still discernible to give the picture definition, at the same time the scene as a whole can be viewed in some relationship to its environment of project development, market opportunities, social considerations and other factors.
Airliner flight deck design for crew co-ordination
Authors: Zeffert H.
Published: March 2023

This paper outlines the aircraft designer's role and problems in airliner flight deck design. The impact of this has a significant effect on the final result, notwithstanding the desires and academic assumptions which are constantly being applied as being the “right” way to carry out this immensely difficult task of trying to please everybody, yet with the restraints of a defined operational role and an economic timescale.

It must be remembered that the “ideal” aircraft would never get off the ground and the over complex aircraft would have a good attempt at staying there.
Navigation Systems for Agricultural Flying
Authors: Thomson J. M.
Published: March 2023

Agricultural flying is a highly competitive business in which the rate for the job appears to be continually dropping as more and more operators enter the field. In this environment, every piece of extra equipment must earn its keep either in terms of improved efficiency or improved safety and, as a result, the adoption of such things as modern navigational systems has lagged behind that in general aviation practice.

What then can a suitable electronic navigation system offer the agricultural flyer? First and foremost, immediate knowledge of his present position and secondly a clear indication of track made good. These two characteristics translate very quickly into a reduction in non-effective flying time both en route and while spraying, together with a marked improvement in application quality and control, to say nothing of reduced pilot fatigue and improvement in safety; features with appeal to operator, pilot and farmer alike.
A Method of Flow Stabilisation with High Pressure Recovery in Short, Conical Diffusers
Authors: Rao D. M.
Published: March 2023

The problem of obtaining proper flow spreading together with useful pressure recovery across rapidly expanding diffusers is of considerable practical importance. Many different approaches to this end have been reported in literature, e.g. vortex generators, screens or baffles, surface roughness, corrugations, etc., apart from the use of direct boundary-layer control. These methods have the common aim of preventing separation from the walls of the diffuser. With increasing expansion angle and area-ratio, however, the effectiveness of these methods either breaks down or is obtained at a high cost of pressure recovery.
Linearised Analysis of a Damped Gravity Orientated Satellite
Authors: Tschann C. , Modi V. J.
Published: March 2023

The problem of maintaining a satellite in a fixed orientation relative to the earth has led to the investigation of several methods of attitude control. In particular, the one involving passive stabilisation using gravity-gradient torque has aroused considerable interest. However, a major limitation of this manner of stabilisation is its inability to achieve station keeping to a high degree of accuracy. Furthermore, some form of external damping is necessary to recover an equilibrium configuration in a reasonably short period of time. Modi and Brereton investigated the energy dissipating mechanism which was an extension of the model proposed by Paul The numerical analysis of the system with small damper mass showed limit cycles associated with the system to be identical with one of the periodic solutions of the undamped case.
The Ansty Noise Facility—its Design, Instrumentation and Future Commitments
Authors: Flintoff J. L.
Published: March 2023

My connections with,the helicopter industry covered a period of some ten years, working principally on the jet reaction rotorcraft Fairey Rotodyne, and my only regret about this exceptional aircraft was that it never entered airline service. VTOL/STOL projects currently being bandied around today for civil use appear to'have made very slow progress in noise reduction since that time.

It was on this aircraft that I really got to grips with the noise problem, and with this experience behind me, my present task with Rolls-Royce became much more invigorating and refreshing. If for no other reason than, if you generate the noise, you are the principal agency which is required to set about removing it.

My present paper is really a factual presentation of the Ansty Noise Facility and its relationship with the general lowering of sound levels of the next generation of gas turbine engines. It is therefore slanted more to the fixed wing CTOL type of aircraft powerplant, although VTOL/STOL applications are now being studied at scale size.
Some Air Transportation Concepts for the Future
Authors: Miller R. H.
Published: March 2023

Throughout his career, Lanchester’s phenomenal engineering output was directed mainly towards the automobile which proved in his day to be a more suitable vehicle than the aeroplane for the practical application of the products of his genius. Aeronautics remained always a compelling avocation “wholly individual … never backed by funds from external sources”, to quote his own words. During the First World War he did contribute to the practical solution of a serious tail flutter problem on Handley Page and de Havilland aircraft, making him probably one of the first applied aeroelasticians. However, his major contributions, cited in the 1931 award of the Guggenheim medal, were to the fundamental theory of aerodynamics. The full extent of these contributions is still being explored as Dr. J. P. Jones in the Thirteenth Lanchester Lecture points out. His contributions to automotive engineering, on the other hand, were immediately reduced to practice and it therefore seems appropriate in this Fourteenth Lanchester Lecture which it is my great privilege to present, to examine whether, as we continue the full exploitation of his discoveries in aeronautics, the aeroplane will ever be able to complement, possibly even replace to a degree, the ubiquitous automobile to whose practical realisation as a safe, comfortable and reliable transport medium he contributed so much.
The Case for the Convertible Rotor
Authors: Hafner R.
Published: March 2023

Thiry-three years ago, by an ironic fate, a man passionately concerned with safety in air travel, which he hoped to achieve by a radical change from fixed to rotating wings, lost his life in an aeroplane accident. Since de la Cierva's tragic death, civil air transport has grown to a spectacular system, especially if one considers the speed of modern aircraft and the size of modern airports. It is, however, still quite small by comparison with other mass transport systems, if one takes ton-mileage or passenger-mileage as the yard-stick. Indeed the penetration of the aircraft into road, rail and sea traffic has not been very impressive except across the Atlantic and perhaps on certain routes in the USA. The modern airliner with a casualty probability of the order of 10-6 per passenger flight is considered a fairly safe means of transport. Although the cost of air travel is comparatively high, the mode of travel, especially the high cruise speed, is attractive.
The Impact of VTOL Aircraft on Airport Design and Development
Authors: Chichester-Miles I. , Romer D. R. M.
Published: March 2023

I would like to make this talk as non-provocative as possible. I want to talk about VTOL: I do not want to compare VTOL with STOL, although it is necessary to make a comparison with ordinary aeroplanes because one must have an economic datum.

Hawker Siddeley's interest in VTOL, or more properly V/STOL, arises at least partly from experience on the Harrier. Unlike the Harrier, future civil aircraft will of course need to have multiple engines of very low jet velocity, for low noise and safety. These VTOL elements have however already been demonstrated in flight separately (on such aircraft as the SC-1, Dornier Do31 and Ryan XV-5) but not yet together. From what we know about the trends of engine technology, and from a fairly intensive project and research programme on civil V/STOL over the past few years, we have arrived at V/STOL designs with operating costs and noise characteristics rather better than those suggested by BAC. However, I think we would agree with a very great deal of what Mr. Quick has said about STOL. In our view, VTOL and STOL are by no means mutually exclusive … there is likely to be a future market for all kinds of aeroplanes whether they are STOL, V/STOL, RTOL, CTOL, or whatever.
A Numerical Method for Calculating the Trailing Vortex System behind a Swept Wing at Low Speed
Authors: Butter D. J. , Hancock G. J.
Published: March 2023

A wing of finite span in flight generates trailing vorticity which “rolls up” into two “discrete” vortices. During the rolling up process the trailing vorticity is displaced vertically downward (assuming that the aircraft is in horizontal flight) under the influence of the wing circulation and the self-induced downwash velocities. In this note a method is presented for the prediction of the spatial distribution of the trailing vorticity during the rolling up process, thus giving the overall downwash field behind the wing.
Effect of Environmental Forces on the Attitude Dynamics of Gravity Orientated Satellites
Authors: Modi V. J. , Flanagan R. C.
Published: March 2023

In addition to direct solar radiation, this paper includes the effect of direct earth radiation, its albedo and shadow on the attitude dynamics of gravity orientated systems, thus extending the analysis of Part I down to the earth's effective atmosphere. The importance of these radiations was indicated by a preliminary force analysis, which revealed that they can exert a force comparable to that of direct solar radiation for close earth satellites. Thus, the need for a rigorous investigation including the effect of earth radiations on satellite attitude dynamics is evident.

Earth radiation forces were obtained in integral form by Clancy and Mitchell using elementary radiation principles. However, in a test on an IBM-7044 digital computer, it was found that the time required to evaluate these integrals renders a study of satellite attitude dynamics virtually impossible.
The Use of Carbon Fibre Composites in Helicopters
Authors: Winny H. F.
Published: March 2023

The structural use of fibre composites in helicopters, both for primary and secondary structures, has been recognised for some time. In 1964, Westlands developed a glass fibre composite tail boom and tailplane for the Wasp helicopter (Fig. 1) and the results were encouraging. The non-corrodable structure of the glass composite is considered a great advantage, especially for Naval helicopters. Strength testing of the tail boom was successfully completed with a weight of the component close to the existing metal tail boom, but resonance testing showed that a small additional weight was necessary to meet the stiffness requirements. The tailplane in glass fibre composite showed an appreciable saving in weight and after satisfactorily completing static and fatigue testing, one is now flying on a Service aircraft.
Crossflow development at the side-edges of a corner boundary layer subjected to suction
Authors: El-Gamal H. A. , Barclay W. H.
Published: March 2023

The flow along the corners formed by the intersection of two semi-infinite flat plates has been studied by many workers, notably Pearson (1957) and Rubin (1966) who treated the case of a rectangular corner. The situation is characterised by a region of three-dimensional flow in the vicinity of the intersection line bounded by regions in which the usual two-dimensional boundary layer equations are applicable. Within these boundary regions a secondary shear layer exists whose velocity is normal to the ‘two-dimensional’ vector.
Some experimental results of the effect of a streamwise vortex on a two-dimensional wing
Authors: Patel M. H. , Hancock Q. J.
Published: March 2023

A problem of some practical importance concerns the interference between a wing surface in a free stream and a nearby streamwise vortex. This situation can arise for example, either in a helicopter rotor system, or when concentrated vortices, which are shed from a fuselage nose or from forward canard controls, interfere with an aft lifting surface.

An approximate non-linear analytical study is described in Ref. 1 in which the three-dimensional loading on a two-dimensional non-swept wing underneath a streamwise line vortex in low speed flow (as shown in Fig. 1) is deduced. Since publication of Ref. 1 a number of linearised theoretical studies have come to light.
The Missing Link? Western Communists as Mediators Between the East German FDGB, the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), and African Trade Unions in the Late 1950s and Early 1960s
Authors: Harisch Immanuel R. , Burton Eric
Published: March 2023

In the interstices of Cold War rivalries and anti-colonial agitation in late 1950s Africa, African workers came into the focus of African nationalist politicians, Western leftists, colonial regimes and state socialist states alike. They were a small, but influential group, increasingly organized in trade unions and capable of bringing whole economies to a halt. European communists on both sides of the Iron Curtain saw these workers not only as part of an inceptive working class but also debated their role as a potential key force in global anti-capitalist revolution – if they had the right concepts. But how could trade union representatives, particularly those ones from Eastern Europe, actually get in touch with their African counterparts? Based on archival materials of the East German Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (FDGB), this article discusses East-West-South connections in labor education with a special emphasis on the role of Western trade union officials working for or affiliated to the communist-dominated World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Drawing on their international experience, personal networks and linguistic skills, French and British communists established and intensified links between African trade unions and WFTU affiliates like the FDGB in the 1950s and early 1960s. Their influence facilitated and shaped these East-South connections. First, through their networks in West Africa, Western communists enabled the WFTU and the FDGB to internationalize their concepts of trade union education and integrate it into African political structures. Secondly, we examine the African Workers’ University in Conakry, an East-West-South joint venture between the West African Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire (UGTAN) and the WFTU, where trade unionists from the entire African continent attended courses between 1960 and 1965 and where European communists broadened their horizons while often holding on to rigid views. Thirdly, the article examines how European trade union functionaries talked about African course participants behind closed doors—building on the transcripts from a 1963 WFTU gathering on education for African trade unionists. Emphasizing their insider knowledge, French communists with experience in African trade union education called for innovative pedagogical concepts including a more practice-related education which acknowledged the heterogeneous conditions in different countries. However, they also promoted Eurocentric stage theories and saw a need to “discipline” Africans. The article concludes that the cooperation between actors from East, West and South rested on some shared assumptions, but encounters also led to reconceptualizations and realizations of ideological and practical constraints in international labor education.
Compressed Modernity in Taiwan: Fathers as the Sole Influencers on National Identity
Authors: Chang Yun-Tzu , Fong Eric
Published: March 2023

Many studies point to the importance of parents in shaping the ethnic and/or political identity of their offspring. However, there is a lack of consensus on the pattern of influence of fathers and mothers in the process of political socialization. While studies in the United States and Japan show the mother to be more influential than the father in transferring political identity to children, studies in China show that both parents have equal importance. We suggest that these differences are owing to different trajectories of modernization. Using Taiwan as a case study and drawing on the theory of compressed modernity, we demonstrate how compressed modernization generates a different shift in the pattern of parental political socialization. We show that before Taiwan's experience of compressed modernization, both parents influenced children's sense of Taiwanese-ness, while only the father was influential after compressed modernization. We also show the significance of a macro-level perspective for explaining differences in the micro-level socialization perspective.
An EEG-based method to decode cognitive factors in creative processes
Authors: Yin Yuan , Zuo Haoyu , Childs Peter R. N.
Published: March 2023

Neurotechnology has been applied to gain insights on creativity-related cognitive factors. Prior research has identified relations between cognitive factors and creativity qualitatively; while quantitative relations, such as the relative importance of cognitive factors and creativity, have not been fully determined. Therefore, taking the creative design process as an example, this study using electroencephalography (EEG) aims to objectively identify how creativity-related cognitive factors of retrieval, recall, association, and combination contribute to creativity. The theoretical basis for an EEG-based decoding method to objectively identify which cognitive factors occur in a creative process is developed. Thirty participants were recruited for a practical study to verify the reliability of the decoding method. Based on the methodology, relationships between the relative importance level of the cognitive factor and creative output quality levels were detected. Results indicated that the occurrence of recall and association are reported with a high reliability level by the decoding method. The results also indicated that association is the dominant cognitive factor for higher creative output quality levels. Recall is the dominant cognitive factor for lower creative output quality levels.
Short-term impact of an extreme weather event on the threatened Dupont’s LarkChersophilus duponti
Authors: Pérez-Granados Cristian , Bota Gerard , Gómez-Catasús Julia , Pla Magda , Barrero Adrián , Sáez-Gómez Pedro , Reverter Margarita , López-Iborra Germán M. , Giralt David , Bustillo-de la Rosa Daniel , Zurdo Julia , Traba Juan
Published: March 2023

The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events represent a threat for biological diversity and are expected to increase in many regions over the following decades due to climate change. Our current knowledge about the impact of extreme weather events on the population dynamics of bird species is very limited. Here, we evaluated the impact of an extreme winter snowstorm on the abundance of 14 populations of the threatened Dupont’s LarkChersophilus duponti, a resident bird whose European population is restricted to Spain. We found a drastic and significant population decline in the next reproductive season following the extreme weather event. During the control period (2017–2020) the species suffered an overall annual decline of 19.4% (±5.0, SE). However, the overall annual decline after the storm was 67.6% (±9.4, period 2019–2021), with a mean decline of 66.5% (±15.9) for seven populations monitored both the year before and the year after the snowstorm (period 2020–2021). The snow covered the ground for over 10 days in central and eastern Spain, which together with a subsequent extreme cold wave could have reduced the species ability to find food resources and properly thermoregulate, forcing the species to move to unknown areas. Indeed a few days after the storm, several individuals were reported in areas typically avoided. Such displacements may increase the mortality risk for dispersing individuals, besides the direct effects of the extreme cold event, such as thermal challenges to energy balance or a reduced immune function. We discuss the potential role that extreme weather events may have on the population dynamics and conservation of the species.
Travelling to See, Reading to Believe: Being Fascists after the End of the Second World War
Authors: Martini Andrea
Published: March 2023

This article focuses on two practices which, while neglected by historiography, played a fundamental role in the re-emergence of the fascist community after 1945, namely travel and reading. Travel allowed fascists to realise that the political cause they were fighting for had remained alive even outside their own borders, and to strengthen and renew their transnational network, while reading books – often banned books – allowed them to reinforce their ideology and score a victory over the authorities. By leaving aside a reconstruction focused purely on political events, this article sheds light on how fascists were materially able to re-think their political identity and to influence, albeit to different degrees, the transformed political context of the immediate post-war period.
‘Defeat, Victory, Repeat’: Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944
Authors: Núñez Seixas Xosé M. , Beyda Oleg
Published: March 2023

Tens of thousands of White Russians were forced to leave their country after 1920. Many of them were career officers and soldiers imbued with anti-communism, who were then hired by diverse armies. They acted as transnational soldiers of the counter-revolution during the interwar period. This article analyses the trajectory of some dozens of them, who volunteered for the Francoist army in 1936–8 during the Spanish Civil War. Afterwards, many of them joined the ranks of the Spanish ‘Blue Division’ as interpreters to take part in the invasion of their home country by the Germans. Their experience as occupiers was highly ambiguous and oscillated between disappointment and nostalgia once they perceived that the objective of the invasion was not to liberate Russia from communism, but to enslave the country and its inhabitants. However, once they returned to Spain, they cultivated a hero myth of their past experience and regarded themselves as winners.
Social Security safety net with rare event risk
Authors: Cottle Hunt Erin , Caliendo Frank N.
Published: March 2023

The US Social Security program was created in part as an explicit response to the Great Depression. We evaluate the performance of Social Security as a protective safety net against a rare episode of sudden and significant loss of private wealth such as the Great Depression. We construct a model in which a rare event causes a shock to wealth at an unknown time. How well does Social Security function as a safety net against such risk? The answer depends critically on whether households optimize in the face of this risk. If the household has full information on the distribution of rare event risk and solves a dynamic stochastic problem to hedge this risk, then Social Security is unnecessary along this dimension. Alternatively, if the household does not account for rare event risk in its financial planning, then Social Security can provide very large welfare gains as a safety net.
Developing a post-stroke home care checklist for primary care professionals in Turkey: a modified Delphi study
Authors: Akgül Esra , Çifçili Serap , Apaydın Kaya Çiğdem
Published: March 2023

Aim:

The aim of this study is to develop a post-stroke home care checklist for the use of primary care professionals.

Background:

Home care is an integral part of primary health care. In the literature, several scales are available to help determine elderly individuals’ need for home care services; however, there are no standard care criteria or guidelines for the home care of stroke survivors. Therefore, a standardized post-stroke home care tool specific for use by primary care professionals is needed to identify patients’ needs and to detect intervention areas.

Methods:

This is a checklist development study carried out between December 2017 and September 2018 in Turkey. A modified Delphi technique was used. In the first stage of the study, a literature review was carried out, a workshop was conducted with healthcare specialists in the stroke area, and a 102-item draft checklist was created. In the second stage, two written Delphi rounds were carried out via email with 16 healthcare professionals providing post-stroke home care. In stage three, the agreed items were reviewed, and similar items were grouped together to create the final checklist.

Findings:

A consensus was achieved in 93 of the 102 items. The final checklist, consisting of four main themes and 15 headings, was created. The four main areas of assessment in post-stroke home care are ‘assessment of current status’, ‘identification of risks’, ‘evaluation of the care environment and caregiver’, and ‘planning follow-up care’. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the checklist was found to be 0.93. In conclusion, the PSHCC-PCP is the first checklist created to be used by primary care professionals in post-stroke home care. However, it needs to be assessed in terms of effectiveness and usefulness with further studies.
Technical and Economic Irrigation Potentials Within Land and Water Boundaries
Authors: Beier Felicitas Dorothea , Bodirsky Benjamin Leon , Heinke Jens , Karstens Kristine , Dietrich Jan Philipp , Müller Christoph , Stenzel Fabian , von Jeetze Patrick José , Popp Alexander , Lotze‐Campen Hermann
Published: March 2023

To satisfy the increasing global demand for agricultural products, the expansion of irrigation is an important intensification measure. At the same time, unsustainable water abstractions and cropland expansion pose a threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Irrigation potentials are influenced by local biophysical irrigation water availability and competition of different water users. Using a novel hydro‐economic data processing routine that considers economic criteria of water allocation via a productivity ranking of grid cells and both land and water sustainability criteria, we estimate global irrigation potentials at a 0.5° spatial resolution. We show that there is considerable technical potential to expand irrigation within local water and land boundaries. In terms of potentially irrigated areas on all global land suitable for crop production, 2,144 Mha could be irrigated within land and water environmental boundaries when only considering biophysical criteria. However, not all of these areas would actually be irrigated under consideration of irrigation costs. Of these, only 698 Mha (330 Mha) have a yield gain of more than 300 (600) USD ha−1 under the current crop mix valued at their current commodity price (economic irrigation potential).
Robust Changes in North America's Hydroclimate Variability and Predictability
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Dewes Candida F. , Newman Matthew , Duan Yanan
Published: March 2023

Climate change adaptation planning requires a robust understanding of the projected change in hydroclimate variability and predictability. We use two large ensemble data sets to quantify the projected change in land hydroclimate variability and its potential predictability. Additionally, we use a “reddened El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)” framework that partitions annually averaged root‐zone soil moisture variability into ENSO, land surface memory, and internal variability to understand drivers of the changes in hydroclimate variability and predictability. Even when global warming is projected to increase ENSO and its teleconnected precipitation variability over North America, we find that the corresponding change in soil moisture variability is relatively small and even decreases. This counter‐intuitive result occurs since there is also a concurrent projected reduction in land surface memory due to global warming, which leads to reduced year‐to‐year persistence of soil moisture variability. Further, we find that regional mean state land surface (soil moisture) changes primarily drive future drought and pluvial risks, suggesting that infrastructure planning can incorporate robust mean state changes despite uncertainty in the variability projections. For the regions and in the models where the ENSO signal increases, we also find a concomitant shift in the frequency of drought and pluvial events, with higher power on inter‐annual time scales but less power on decadal time scales, enhancing inter‐annual hydroclimate predictability.
Quantifying the Spatial Representativeness of Carbon Flux Footprints of a Grassland Ecosystem in the Semi‐Arid Region
Authors: Gong Haixing , Wang Yanyu , Wang Guoyin , Gao Yuqiu , Li Guo , Kuang Zexing , Zhuo Xianwang , Bi Jianrong , Wang Peng , Wang Weijie , Cheng Tiantao
Published: March 2023

Quantifying the single‐site representativeness of carbon flux footprints plays a crucial role in land‐atmosphere interaction, especially in semi‐arid regions with high‐frequency turbulence. In this study, we used multi‐platform datasets, including observational data derived from the eddy covariance flux monitoring systems of the Semi‐Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) and multivariate satellite remote sensing, to explore the distribution characteristics of carbon flux footprints during 2007–2016, using a Flux Footprint Prediction model. The relative importance of atmospheric boundary layer factors and vegetation factors on the area of carbon flux footprints was quantified by correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression, and random forest. Physical mechanisms affecting the differences in the spatial distribution of carbon flux footprints were also analyzed. The results show that the carbon flux footprints are usually distributed on the prevailing wind side of the station, whose main contributing source area is the relatively flat grassland at the summit range of SACOL, with a spatial representativeness of 67.4–507.2 m in length and 54,982–105,329 m2 in area. Mechanism studies have shown that the frictional velocity, vegetation Index, atmospheric instability parameters, and wind speed have significant importance on the area of carbon flux footprints due to dynamic and thermal forcing, with frictional velocity being dominant, while wind direction has a major effect on the profile shape. This study provides references for the representativeness of site fluxes for semi‐arid regions dominated by grassland ecosystems where observations are often scarce.
Multi‐Source Mapping of Peatland Types Using Sentinel‐1, Sentinel‐2, and Terrain Derivatives—A Comparison Between Five High‐Latitude Landscapes
Authors: Karlson Martin , Bastviken David
Published: March 2023

Mapping wetland types in northern‐latitude regions with Earth Observation (EO) data is important for several practical and scientific applications, but at the same time challenging due to the variability and dynamic nature in wetland features introduced by differences in geophysical conditions. The objective of this study was to better understand the ability of Sentinel‐1 radar data, Sentinel‐2 optical data and terrain derivatives derived from Copernicus digital elevation model to distinguish three main peatland types, two upland classes, and surface water, in five contrasting landscapes located in the northern parts of Alaska, Canada and Scandinavia. The study also investigated the potential benefits for classification accuracy of using regional classification models constructed from region‐specific training data compared to a global classification model based on pooled reference data from all five sites. Overall, the results show high promise for classifying peatland types and the three other land cover classes using the fusion approach that combined all three EO data sources (Sentinel‐1, Sentinel‐2 and terrain derivatives). Overall accuracy for the individual sites ranged between 79.7% and 90.3%. Class specific accuracies for the peatland types were also high overall but differed between the five sites as well as between the three classes bog, fen and swamp. A key finding is that regional classification models consistently outperformed the global classification model by producing significantly higher classification accuracies for all five sites. This suggests for progress in identifying effective approaches for continental scale peatland mapping to improve scaling of for example, hydrological‐ and greenhouse gas‐related processes in Earth system models.
Representing Bidirectional Hydraulic Continuum Between the Stream and Hillslope in the National Water Model for Improved Streamflow Prediction
Authors: Hong M. , Mohanty B. P.
Published: March 2023

Although hydraulic groundwater (GW) theory has been recognized as a promising tool for understanding the role of the aquifer(s) in the surface‐subsurface hydrologic cycle, the integrated modeling community still lacks a proper hydrologic structure to apply the well‐studied theory to large‐scale hydrologic predictions. This study aims to present a novel hydrologic structure that enables the Boussinesq equation‐based depiction of the bidirectional stream‐hillslope processes for applying hydraulic GW theory to large‐scale model configurations. We integrated the BE3S's (Hong et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027571) representation scheme of the catchment‐scale stream‐hillslope continuum into the National Water Model (NWM) and applied the modified NWM (i.e., the NWM‐BE3S) to three major basins in Texas (i.e., the Trinity, Brazos, and Colorado River basins). Since the NWM currently relies on a single reservoir model for baseflow simulation, we used the Boussinesq aquifer as an alternative subsurface hydrology routine and evaluated its predictive skill and efficacy. We identified that the implemented Boussinesq aquifer(s) in the NWM‐BE3S yielded noticeable improvements in predicting streamflow for aquifers that exhibited higher nonlinearities in the observed recessions. The varying degree of improvements in streamflow predictions per the recession nonlinearities demonstrated not only (a) the algorithmic enhancement of subsurface hydrology (physics) but also (b) the applicability of the Boussinesq theory‐based depiction of the stream‐hillslope two‐way continuum. We diagnosed each stream's state based on the bidirectional stream‐hillslope exchanges and identified the dominant processes (i.e., river infiltration or baseflow) that were represented spatially in the NWM‐BE3S.
Failing Subduction Initiation in an Opposing Pair of Incipient‐Diffuse Subduction Margins: A Case From the East Sea (Japan Sea)
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hyuk , Yoon Seok‐Hoon , Kim Yoon‐Mi , So Byung‐Dal , Kim Gi‐Bom
Published: March 2023

This study reports a rare case of failing incipient subduction found in the East Sea (Japan Sea), a back‐arc basin in the western circum‐Pacific, where an opposing pair of incipient‐diffuse subduction margins competes to attain self‐sustainability. Seismic reflection analysis of the post‐4 Ma structural components around the western East Sea margin revealed three juxtaposed compressional neotectonic components: (a) the Ulleung Major Thrust, (b) the Ulleung Syncline, and (c) the East Korean Thrust Belt. The Ulleung Major Thrust, marked by the NS‐elongated west‐dipping reverse tri‐shear zone along the continent–back‐arc transition boundary, is interpreted as an embryonic subduction interface that began to guide the underthrust of the Ulleung back‐arc crust below the Korean continental block. With the growth of the Ulleung Major Thrust, the crustal downbuckle on the western end of the Ulleung Basin became progressively asymmetric and formed the Ulleung Syncline, a proto‐trench. Underthrusting of the Ulleung Basin crust induced regional uplift over the eastern Korean margin, accommodated by arrays of east‐dipping thrust faults referred to as the East Korean Thrust Belt. The east‐upward thrust movements formed NS‐elongated thrust‐bounded sedimentary basins, classified as piggyback basins. The subduction initiation on the western East Sea margin appears destined to fail, because a convergent proto‐plate boundary is now nucleating on its opposing side. However, lines of evidence, such as marine terraces and frequent compressional earthquakes on Quaternary faults along the eastern Korean margin imply that the subduction initiation on the western East Sea is failing but has not yet failed.
Practice harmonization workshops of EBMT: an expert-based approach to generate practical and contemporary guidelines within the arena of hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy
Authors: Yakoub-Agha Ibrahim , Greco Raffaella , Onida Francesco , de la Cámara Rafael , Ciceri Fabio , Corbacioglu Selim , Dolstra Harry , Glass Bertram , Kenyon Michelle , McLornan Donal P. , Neven Bénédicte , de Latour Regis Peffault , Peric Zinaida , Ruggeri Annalisa , Snowden John A. , Sureda Anna , Sánchez-Ortega Isabel
Published: March 2023

For hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and cellular therapy (CT), clinical patient care is localized, and practices may differ between countries and from center to center even within the same country. Historically, international guidelines were not always adapted to the changing daily clinical practice and practical topics there were not always addressed. In the absence of well-established guidelines, centers tended to develop local procedures/policies, frequently with limited communication with other centers. To try to harmonize localized clinical practices for malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders within EBMT scope, the practice harmonization and guidelines (PH&G) committee of the EBMT will co-ordinate workshops with topic-specific experts from interested centers. Each workshop will discuss a specific issue and write guidelines/recommendations that practically addresses the topic under review. To provide clear, practical and user-friendly guidelines when international consensus is lacking, the EBMT PH&G committee plans to develop European guidelines by HCT and CT physicians for peers’ use. Here, we define how workshops will be conducted and guidelines/recommendations produced, approved and published. Ultimately, there is an aspiration for some topics, where there is sufficient evidence base to be considered for systematic reviews, which are a more robust and future-proofed basis for guidelines/recommendations than consensus opinion.