bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective database queries in combined knapsack and set covering problem domains
Authors: Mochocki Sean A. , Lamont Gary B. , Leishman Robert C. , Kauffman Kyle J.
Published: March 2021

Database queries are one of the most important functions of a relational database. Users are interested in viewing a variety of data representations, and this may vary based on database purpose and the nature of the stored data. The Air Force Institute of Technology has approximately 100 data logs which will be converted to the standardized Scorpion Data Model format. A relational database is designed to house this data and its associated sensor and non-sensor metadata. Deterministic polynomial-time queries were used to test the performance of this schema against two other schemas, with databases of 100 and 1000 logs of repeated data and randomized metadata. Of these approaches, the one that had the best performance was chosen as AFIT’s database solution, and now more complex and useful queries need to be developed to enable filter research. To this end, consider the combined Multi-Objective Knapsack/Set Covering Database Query. Algorithms which address The Set Covering Problem or Knapsack Problem could be used individually to achieve useful results, but together they could offer additional power to a potential user. This paper explores the NP-Hard problem domain of the Multi-Objective KP/SCP, proposes Genetic and Hill Climber algorithms, implements these algorithms using Java, populates their data structures using SQL queries from two test databases, and finally compares how these algorithms perform.
Investigation of corneal topographic and densitometric properties of Wilson's disease patients with or without a Kayser-Fleischer ring
Authors: Alakus Mehmet Fuat , Caglayan Mehtap , Ekin Nazım , Oncul Hasan , Arac Esref , Dag Umut , Diri Halit
Published: March 2021

Background

To investigate the topographic measurements and densitometry of corneas in Wilson’s disease (WD) patients with or without a Kayser-Fleischer ring (KF-r) compared to healthy individuals.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 20 WD patients without a KF-r (group I), 18 WD patients with a KF-r (group II), and 20 age-matched controls (group III). The Pentacam high resolution imaging system is used to determine corneal topographic measurements and densitometry.

Results

Mean age for groups I, II and III was 25.40 ± 6.43 years (14–36 years), 25.38 ± 6.96 years (16–39 years), 23.60 ± 6.56 years (17–35 years), respectively (P = 0.623). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the anterior corneal densitometry values (P > 0.05), while the 6–10 mm and 10–12 mm mid stroma and the 2–6 mm, 6–10 mm, and 10–12 mm posterior corneal densitometry values in group II were significantly higher than those in groups I and III (for all values, P <  0.05). However, the 10–12 mm posterior corneal densitometry values in group I were also significantly higher than those in group III (P = 0.038). The central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (tCT), and corneal volume (CV) values in groups I and II were significantly lower than those in group III (for CCT values, P = 0.011 and P = 0.009; for tCT values, P = 0.010 and P = 0.005; for CV values, P = 0.043 and P = 0.029).

Conclusion

In WD patients with a KF-r, corneal transparency decreased in the peripheral posterior and mid stromal corneal layers; for these patients, corneal transparency may be impaired not only in the peripheral cornea but also in the paracentral cornea.
Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Stabilities of Transitional Hydrogen Bonds in Sulfate Aqueous Solution
Authors: Nieszporek Jolanta , Pańczyk Tomasz , Nieszporek Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

Different mechanisms of H-bond formation between sulfate anion and water are presented using molecular dynamics simulations. Multi-centered hydrogen bonds were observed. Always the hydrogen bridge making/breaking goes according to the large angular jump mechanism. Moreover, classical, bifurcated and trifurcated hydrogen bonds between water and sulfate have transitional character. This is supported by free energies of binding of water to sulfate ion determined for particular types of hydrogen bridges. This phenomenon is similar to the one observed in the hydration shell of perchlorate anion. Nevertheless the amplitudes of angular jump as well as hydrogen bond lifetimes are different in both cases.
Morphology of strobili at different development positions and cone and seed characteristics of Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis
Authors: Kwon Soon-Ho , Kim Yang-Gil , Kang Hye-In , Shim Donghwan , Kang Kyu-Suk
Published: March 2021

Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis is a rare and unusual form of genus Pinus. It has excellent ornamental values due to many trunks from its root collar, and produces female, male, and bisexual strobili on thes ame tree. However, there is limited study whether the bisexual strobili are functional, mature lateral conesproduce filled seeds, and the seeds from the mature lateral cones germinate and grow as well as those frommature apical cones. The structure of apical female, and lateral male and bisexual strobili were analyzed in an open-pollination-progeny population. The strobili were photographed to obtain external, cross-section, and radial-section images using a 45× stereoscopic microscope. Radial sections of strobili were imaged using scanning electron microscopy. Characteristics of apical and lateral cones and seeds were surveyedby cone analysis and germination test. P. densiflora f. multicaulis developed typical female strobili apically,and ordinary male and bisexual strobili laterally. Additionally, female strobili developed laterally whereas the male strobili were normally located. The mature lateral female strobili had the same structure as the apical female. In the mature bisexual strobili, the proportion of male and female tissue was unequal. The cones developed from lateral female strobili showed highly significant differences in the length, width, and weight, being shorter (32.7%), narrower (26.9%), and lighter (59.8%) than those from apical female strobili. Both types produced filled seeds and seedlings, and well significant positive correlations were found among characteristics of seeds from apical and lateral female strobili. The initial seed germination rate of the seeds from apical female strobili was higher than that of seeds from lateral female strobili, but the difference decreased over time. The viability and spatial distribution of the female and male tissue of bisporangiate cones, and their frequent occurrence suggests a common mechanism for the production of bisporangiate structures in seed plants.
An Inexpensive model to teach hemorrhage control in resource limited settings
Authors: Malik Omar Abbas Ahmed , Chhapra Rijah
Published: March 2021

We have created a bleeding leg simulator using inexpensive and readily available materials to teach civilians in resource-poor settings how to control exsanguinating hemorrhage until the patient can be brought to the hospital, as commercially available mannequins are often too expensive in these settings. Items used include a leg of lamb, IV tubing, IV fluids, and food coloring.The model was consistently rated as ‘‘nearly – real’’ to ‘‘life like’’ by ten physicians and surgeons, cost less than fifty dollars to make, and provided a fairly realistic model for teaching hemorrhage control.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3517

How to cite this:Malik OAA, Chhapra R. An Inexpensive model to teach hemorrhage control in resource limited settings. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(3):916-918. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3517

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Affordable mobile microfluidic diagnostics: minimum requirements for smartphones and digital imaging for colorimetric and fluorometric anti-dengue and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection
Authors: Jégouic Sophie M. , Jones Ian M. , Edwards Alexander D.
Published: March 2021

Background: Miniaturised bioassays permit diagnostic testing near the patient, and the results can be recorded digitally using inexpensive cameras including smartphone and mobile phone cameras. Although digital cameras are now inexpensive and portable, the minimum performance required for microfluidic diagnostic bioassays has not been defined. We present a systematic comparison of a wide range of different digital cameras for capturing and measuring results of microfluidic bioassays and describe a framework to specify performance requirements to quantify immunoassays.

Methods: A set of 200 µm diameter microchannels was filled with a range of concentrations of dyes used in colorimetric and fluorometric enzyme immunoassays. These were imaged in parallel using cameras of varying cost and performance ranging from <£30 to >£500.

Results: Higher resolution imaging allowed larger numbers of microdevices to be resolved and analysed in a single image. In contrast, low quality cameras were still able to quantify results but for fewer samples. In some cases, an additional macro lens was added to focus closely. If image resolution was sufficient to identify individual microfluidic channels as separate lines, all cameras were able to quantify a similar range of concentrations of both colorimetric and fluorometric dyes. However, the mid-range cameras performed better, with the lowest cost cameras only allowing one or two samples to be quantified per image. Consistent with these findings, we demonstrate that quantitation (to determine endpoint titre) of antibodies against dengue and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses is possible using a wide range of digital imaging devices including the mid-range smartphone iPhone 6S and a budget Android smartphone costing <£50.

Conclusions: In conclusion, while more expensive and higher quality cameras allow larger numbers of devices to be simultaneously imaged, even the lowest resolution and cheapest cameras were sufficient to record and quantify immunoassay results.
Idea powrotu Ormian z rozproszenia do narodowej ojczyzny w świetle memoriałów Roberta Bogdanowicza z 1877 i 1884 roku
Authors: Zięba Andrzej A.
Published: March 2021

The idea of the return of Armenians from dispersal to their historicalhomeland in the context of the Robert Bogdanowicz’s memorials from 1877 and 1884

The article contains an analysis of the two memorials, of which the first,from 1877, remained in the manuscript, and the second, from 1885, was publishedunder the title The question of the Church of Armenian rite and its mission, as wellas the Armenian question in the East in their own country. Both were compiled byRobert Bogdanowicz, a landowner, a descendant of an Armenian family who hadlived in Poland for at least four centuries. The memorials were inspired by the author’scorrespondence with the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire,Mikhail Loris-Melikov, and Armenian archbishop Gabriel Ayvazovski. Bogdanowiczdiscussed the issue of Armenia’s independence, and in Russia he saw a patronof the struggle for national liberation. He called for the return of Polish Armeniansto their homeland in order to rebuild the state and its culture and spread ArmenianCatholicism there. Bogdanowicz can be considered one of those political thinkers ofmodern Armenia who were the co-founders of the ideology of Armenian nationalism,although the language barrier excluded its influence on other parts of the Armeniandiaspora. He did not receive any significant response among his peers atfirst, but then gained a few like-minded followers in the generations that followed.Therefore, he can be considered a protagonist of the Armenian national renaissanceof Polish Armenians that took place between the two world wars, and whose furtherdevelopment was blocked by the destruction of their homeland in former Galicia andtheir dispersion after 1944.
Fundacja Rozwoju i Wspierania Studiów Armenologicznych „Aniw” – przegląd działalności
Authors: Checzojan Armen , Gurinow Jewgienij
Published: March 2021

Foundation for the Development and Supportof Armenian Studies “Aniv”: a brief overview of activities The Foundation for the Development and Support of Armenian Studies“Aniv” was officially registered in 2015 in Moscow and in 2019 in Yerevan. Previously,its founders (private persons) individually carried out various projects relatedto Armenian issues. The mission of the foundation is to support the interests of Armeniaand Armenians through academic research, cultural and public projects. Themain areas of its activity are: organizing and conducting research on the history andculture of Armenia; promoting the development of dialogue in the field of Armenianstudies (armenology), establishing and developing contacts between Armenian academicsfrom different countries of the world; preservation and popularization of thehistorical and cultural heritage of the Armenian people; supporting researchers andyoung scientists involved in Armenian research.
Interpreted communication with children in Public-Sector Services
Authors: Birgitta Nilsen Anne
Published: March 2021

Many areas of the public sector, including, for example, healthcare and social services, are experiencing a growing need for interpreters in order to enable or facilitate communication. Although public service interpreters interpret mainly between adults, they are also sometimes called upon to interpret for children. This article argues that shifting from a monolingual to a multilingual perspective may assist public service professionals when planning and conducting meetings with children from ethnic minority backgrounds. In addition, such a perspective may improve our theoretical understanding of interpreter-mediated communication. The proposed adoption of a multilingual perspective is based on research into multilingualism, and on a review of the literature concerning interpreter-mediated communication with children.
Composição mineral de diferentes tipos de sais de cozinha
Authors: Galiotto Giovana , Siviero Josiane , Branco Catia Santos , Facco Elizete Maria Pesamosca , Chilanti Gabriela
Published: March 2021

Introdução: Fortes evidências demonstram associação entre o alto consumo de sódio e o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, entre outras complicações metabólicas. A literatura é escassa, no entanto, em relação ao estudo da composição do sal de cozinha, um ingrediente amplamente utilizado pela população. Assim é de extrema importância conhecer a composição dos sais que se utilizam com frequência na culinária. Objetivo: Analisar a composição química de diferentes sais de cozinha: refinado/comum, rosa do Himalaia, marinho e light. Paralelamente, a precificação e os rótulos foram também analisados, a fim de relacioná-los com as análises químicas. Método: A determinação de minerais foi realizada pelo método 3050-B rev.02/SMEWW 3111-B e a quantificação de metais totais foi feita por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama. Resultado: Observaram-se diferenças significativas na quantidade de minerais encontrada em sais da mesma natureza, provenientes de diferentes marcas. Os resultados mostraram ainda que o sal rosa do Himalaia apresentou maiores teores de cálcio, ferro, magnésio e sódio em comparação aos demais (p<0.05). Analisando precificação e informações de rotulagem, identificaram-se preços significativamente diferentes entre os produtos, além da ausência de informações sobre sua composição química. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que há diferenças na composição mineral de sais de cozinha e indicam a necessidade de identificar a composição desses nutrientes nos rótulos, possibilitando que a população possa escolher o melhor tipo de sal e/ou marca através do rótulo alimentar, levando em consideração o custo-benefício.
Sintomas de ansiedade gestacional e pós-parto e intenção de amamentar exclusivo até os seis meses: resultados de uma coorte prospectiva do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Moraes Aline Oliveira dos Santos , Magalhães Elma Izzie Da Silva , Vilela Ana Amélia Freitas , Kac Gilberto , Vaz Juliana Dos Santos
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre sintomas de ansiedade gestacional e pós-parto e intenção de amamentar exclusivamente até os seis meses. Métodos Coorte prospectiva com uma população de mulheres atendidas no serviço de obstetrícia de um centro de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro. Os sintomas de ansiedade foram avaliados pelo Inventário de Ansiedade Traço/Estado no primeiro trimestre da gestação (ansiedade-traço) e 30-45 dias pós-parto (ansiedade-estado). A intenção de amamentar exclusivamente até seis meses foi avaliada por questionário aplicado 30-45 dias pós-parto. Variáveis independentes foram obtidas de questionários padronizados com dados socioeconômicos, obstétricos e nutricionais. As associações brutas e ajustadas foram testadas por regressão de Poisson com variâncias robustas. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 195 mulheres no primeiro trimestre gestacional e 185 no pós-parto. A prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade-traço ao início da gestação foi de 53%, e ansiedade-estado no pós-parto 29%. Cinquenta e nove por cento das mulheres pretendiam amamentar exclusivamente até seis meses. Nas análises ajustadas, a presença de sintomas de ansiedade-traço associou-se com a intenção de não amamentar exclusivamente até os seis meses (RP=1,70; IC95%=1,07–2,72). A presença de sintomas de ansiedade-estado no pós-parto perdeu a associação com o desfecho após os ajustes (RP=1,54; IC95%=0,97–2,44). Conclusões: A presença de sintomas de ansiedade-traço influencia negativamente na intenção de amamentar exclusivamente até os seis meses. Ressalta-se a importância de avaliar a saúde mental da mulher na gestação e pós-parto visando proteger a manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo.
Effectiveness of individually tailored exercise on functional capacity and mobility in nursing home residents
Authors: Bertoncello Chiara , Sperotto Milena , Bellio Stefania , Pistellato Ilaria , Fonzo Marco , Bigolaro Chiara , Ramon Roberto , Imoscopi Alessandra , Baldo Vincenzo
Published: March 2021

Deterioration of physical and functional capacities is often seen in nursing homes. The present study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of an individually tailored physical exercise intervention on mobility and functional decline in nursing home residents in a 1-year follow-up period. Information on gender, age, education, profession and cognitive status was collected at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of the intervention. The decline in functional capacity and mobility was assessed using the Barthel index. Some 221 participants were included. Results from the multivariate logistic regression showed how residents who never participated in physical activities had a five-fold higher risk of mobility decline compared with residents who did engage for the whole follow-up time. A lower effect was seen in residents who participated for only 6 months. Although dementia appeared to be a significant predictor of decline, a substantial stabilisation in mobility capacity was noted in patients with both mild and severe dementia performing exercise. The findings suggest that preventing or slowing physical decline in nursing home residents is an achievable goal, and even those with a higher degree of cognitive decline may benefit from a tailored physical activity plan.
Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Muhammad Evy Prastiyanto  , ROHMAH NI’MATUR , EFENDI LESITA , ARIFIN RAHMATIA , WARDOYO FANDHI ADI , WILSON WILDIANI , MUKAROMAH ANA HIDAYATI , DEWI SRI SINTO , DARMAWATI SRI
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Prastiyanto ME, Rohmah N, Efendi L, Arifin R, Wardoyo FA, Wilson W, Mukaromah AH, Dewi SS, Darmawati S. 2021. Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Biodiversitas 22: 1509-1513. Fungal infections have now become serious health issues. One of the strategies to avoid the problems of fungal infections is by using natural product from plants that are effective against many human pathogenic fungi. The study portrayed the use of the extracts of plant rhizomes as the alternatives to fight against number of human pathogenic fungi. This research aimed to investigate the antifungal activities of crude ethanol extract of five member of the family Zingiberaceae (Curcuma longa, Alpinia galanga Zingiber officinale. var. rubrum, Zingiber officinale var. officinarum and Zingiber officinale var. amarum), which are widely used as folk medicines against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Crude ethanol extracts of five members of Zingiberaceae were evaluated for their antifungal activities and the results were calculated based on the zones of inhibition using the diffusion method. The extract showed antifungal activity against Candida. albicans in the agar well diffusion assay (10.2-27.1 mm inhibition diameter) and against T. rubrum (27.3-44.3 mm inhibition diameter). The data have revealed that all rhizomes have the potential to be developed as antifungal agents, particularly against C. albicans and T. rubrum. Studies on the antifungal activity against yeast-like (C. albicans) and filamentous (T. rubrum) can provide new information about the benefits of members Zingiberaceae as a source of natural antifungal. Researchers can select the type of rhizome that has more potential for further extraction to obtain pure compounds that can be used as antifungals.
Valuing ecotourism in Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island, Malaysia based on visitors’ experience
Authors: MOHD-ASRI NABILA FARHANA , KAMALUDDIN SITI NORSYUHADA , DHARMALINGAM SABAPATHY , IDRIS WAN MOHD RAZI , MD ZAIN BADRUL MUNIR
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Mohd-Asri NF, Kamaluddin SN, Dharmalingam S, Idris WMR, Md-Zain BM. 2021. Valuing ecotourism in Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island, Malaysia based on visitors’ experience. Biodiversitas 22: 1543-1549. Ecotourism has been identified as one of the alternative ways of boosting a region's economic status and highlighting the necessity of a healthier tourism sector. Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island (BMOUI) is the only ex-situ conservation center promoting primate ecotourism on the Malay Peninsula. We conducted a primate ecotourism survey at BMOUI to determine six ecotourism expressive valuations for describing the quality of tourists’ visits to BMOUI and estimating tourist’s willingness to pay (WTP) in relation to the entrance fee. Surveys were completed by 100 randomly selected respondents aged at least 18 years. Likert scale items and Cronbach’s alpha were used in the data analyses. Six ecotourism experiences (hedonic, interaction, novelty, comfort, stimulation, and safety values) were further analyzed using statistical software. The results showed that visitors experienced moderate hedonic experience (44.8%), moderate interactive value (42.35%), moderate novelty value (42.5%), medium comfort value (42.5%), medium stimulation value (42.7%), and low security value (37.15%). In addition, the mean WTP, determined by the bidding process, was about RM54.90 per visitor for each visit. The findings of ecotourism experiences and the estimated price can provide important information to BMOUI administrators. This study will contribute indirectly to upgrading the level of awareness of primate conservation aspects among tourists, entrepreneurs, and locals.
The effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the epidemiology of hip fractures in the elderly: a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Malik-Tabassum K , Robertson A , Tadros BJ , Chan G , Crooks M , Buckle C , Rogers B , Selmon G , Arealis G
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic presented extraordinary challenges to the UK healthcare system. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the epidemiology, treatment pathways and 30-day mortality rates of hip fractures. Outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients were compared against those who tested negative.

Methods

An observational, retrospective, multicentre study was conducted across six hospitals in the South East of England. Data were retrieved from the National Hip Fracture Database and electronic medical records. Data was collected for the strictest UK lockdown period (period B=23 March 2020–11 May 2020), and the corresponding period in 2019 (period A).

Results

A total of 386 patients were admitted during period A, whereas 381 were admitted during period B. Despite the suspension of the ‘Best Practice Tariff’ during period B, time to surgery, time to orthogeriatric assessment, and 30-day mortality were similar between period A and B. The length of inpatient stay was significantly shorter during period B (11.5 days vs 17.0 days, p<0.001). Comparison of COVID-19 positive and negative patients during period B demonstrated that a positive test was associated with a significantly higher rate of 30-day mortality (53.6% vs 6.7%), surgical delay >36h (46.4% vs 30.8%, p=0.049), and increased length of inpatient stay (15.8 vs 11.7 days, p=0.015).

Conclusions

The COVID-19 lockdown did not alter the epidemiology of hip fractures. A substantially higher mortality rate was observed among patients with a COVID-19 positive test. These findings should be taken into consideration by the healthcare policymakers while formulating contingency plans for a potential ‘second wave’.
Deutsch als "leicht zu erlernende Fremdsprache"
Authors: Kurtz Gunde
Published: March 2021

The goal of this paper is to encourage the search for accessible language features and teaching and learning facilitators which can ease the way into German as a Foreign Language (DaF).
The paper begins with a terminological discussion, followed by a first model of the most important factors concerning the initial entry into FL territory. After a short review on previous work in this area, I consider methods for utilising knowledge of accessible language features and teaching and learning facilitators. Finally, suspected facilitating features - which have come to light through research as well as classroom observations – are exemplified. These, however, are to be understood as working hypotheses and thus still 'under construction'.
Through this paper, I would like to invite other researchers to consider a new perspective on DaF with the intention of changing the status quo:
"Applied linguistics is not simply a matter of matching up findings about language with pre-existing problems but of using findings to explore how the perception of problems might be changed. It may be that when problems are reformulated from a different point of view they become more amenable to solution. This changed perception may then, in turn, have implications for linguistics." (Cook : 2003: 10)
My goal will have been achieved when the focus of this paper becomes a motivation for improving DaF teaching ("problems [...] become more amenable to solution") - and, should it lead to "implications for linguistics", so much the better.

Ziel dieses Beitrages ist, eine umfassende Suche nach leichten Stellen und Erleichterungen beim Zugang zum Deutschen als fremder Sprache anzuregen.
Nach Begriffsklärung und einem ersten Vorschlag zu den für die Zugänglichkeit einer Sprache ausschlaggebenden Faktoren (1) sowie einem kurzen Überblick über Fundstücke zum Thema (2) steht die Rolle der praktischen Umsetzung von Erkenntnissen als Hauptinstrument für den Bereich der Erleichterungen und die Nutzung leichter Stellen im Mittelpunkt (3). Dabei werden einige Kandidaten benannt, die sowohl aus vorliegenden Forschungsergebnissen als auch aus Beobachtungen in Alltag und Fremdsprachenunterricht (FSU) gewonnen wurden. Die so gewonnenen Einsichten sind als Arbeitshypothesen und somit als im Wandel begriffen zu verstehen.
Ich möchte mit diesem Beitrag einladen zu einer neuen Perspektive auf das Deutsche als Fremdsprache, und zwar mit der Absicht etwas zu verändern:
"Applied linguistics is not simply a matter of matching up findings about language with pre-existing problems but of using findings to explore how the perception of problems might be changed. It may be that when problems are reformulated from a different point of view they become more amenable to solution. This changed perception may then, in turn, have implications for linguistics." (Cook : 2003: 10)
Mein Ziel ist erreicht, wenn sich vorliegende Fragestellung als Schlüssel zu verbesserter DaF-Unterrichtspraxis ("problems [...] become more amenable to solution") erweist. Falls sie sogar "implications for linguistics" zeitigt, umso besser.
New Trends in Yorùbá Personal Names among Yorùbá Christians
Authors: ̀Ikọ̀tún Reuben Olúwáfẹ́mi
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we examine new trends in Yorùbá personal names that are first names among Yorùbá Christians. The data used include data drawn from previous studies on Yorùbá personal names, the lists of names of the candidates of the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board of Nigeria the lists of staff of three Nigerian universities, some attendance registers of pupils in nursery, primary and secondary schools as well as participant observation. We show that the European or established Churches and the newly founded autochthonous Nigerian Churches have different influences on Yorùbá naming system and tradition-based Yorùbá personal or first names. We also indicate that, at present, there is a complete cultural shift from the use of tradition-based Yorùbá personal names as first names to the use of biblical or Christian names and that this new dimension is as a result of the influence of western culture or civilization and the newly founded churches in Nigeria. We further show that the activities that are shrouded in fanaticism, flavours, modernisation and especially names that endear the Nigerian believers to one another are meant to prove that the newly founded autochthonous Nigerian churches understand the Bible teachings better than the European churches and that name modification or name change is inevitable when there is acculturation.
"Can I Be at Risk of Getting AIDS?" A Linguistic Analysis of Two Internet Columns on Sexual Health
Authors: Harvey Kevin , Locher Miriam A. , Mullany Louise
Published: March 2021

Recent global statistics highlight that, out of all new cases of HIV infection, 45% are diagnosed in young people (UNAIDS 2008). Despite a range of new initiatives aimed at increasing young people's knowledge of HIV at the beginning of the first decade of the twenty-first century (UNAIDS 2001), latest figures highlight that such initiatives have not been wholly successful in preventing new infection in young people (UNAIDS 2011). In light of this, the language patterns that young people use when seeking information about HIV/AIDS are investigated. Our focus in particular is on computer-mediated-communication, a relatively under-researched area in the sphere of health communication. Building on previous research (Locher 2006, 2010; Harvey et al. 2008; Harvey 2013), we examine one UK and one US Internet-based, professional, health advice column as sources of advice-information for young people. Despite numerous established health campaigns, young advice-seekers' questions reflect misinformed conceptions, such as the conflation of HIV and AIDS and confusion as to the way in which the virus can be contracted. Our linguistic research gives access to young people's lay beliefs about sexual health and highlights the need to redress such beliefs, with the aim of improving the effectiveness of health education initiatives. We suggest that computer-mediated communication can be one effective medium through which to assess young people's knowledge about HIV/AIDS, as well as effectively disseminating sexual health advice and information by health care bodies.
La structure profonde et la modélisation des règles de construction de lexèmes: l'exemple de cinq suffixes agentifs du français
Authors: Owoeye Samuel Tuesday
Published: March 2021

The advent of the Chomskyan Lexicalist Hypothesis brought about radical theoretical orientations in the field of morphology. One of those orientations is Lexeme-Based Morphology. Primarily, morphologists under the auspices of Lexeme-Based Morphology formulate and describe rules that generate built lexemes. Having observed that most of the morphological rules hitherto formulated revolve most essentially around syntactic rules, we set out in this paper to explore few principles of D-structure of language in the formulation of a rule that can account for the construction of all possible agent nouns arising from five French suffixes (-ant, -eur, -ier, -iste and -oir). We adopt the substratal principle whereby the formation of lexemes is organized around a multidimensional operation which takes into account graphemic, phonological, syntactic and semantic information about both the base and the built lexemes.
Noch so 'ne Phrase, Faust auf die Nase! – Eine phraseologische Untersuchung des Nerv-Sprech
Authors: Schulze Florian
Published: March 2021

Spiegel has published a web dictionary of "Nerv-Sprech"-units, which functions as a ready-made corpus. This article categorizes these phraseological units as slogans, pragmatic or predicative phrasemes. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the validity of the term "Nerv-Sprech" from the point of view of the language system, I examine whether there are semantic or structural modifying aspects that are dominant among the phrasemes (and if so, which ones). Finally, a ludic function of "Nerv-Sprech" is postulated as a result of the creativity in modifying these phrasemes.
Phraseologismen und stereotype Sprechakte im Deutschen und im Französischen
Authors: Kauffer Maurice
Published: March 2021

.
Cross-Language Poetics: Proposal for an Interdisciplinary Research Program
Authors: Francis Norbert
Published: March 2021

For creative writers and for readers, opportunities to work with language in ways that engage two linguistic systems and/or two writing systems continue to expand with the growing influence of international and regional lingua francas. At the same time, we have witnessed the continuing development of literary creation in languages with fewer speakers, even in communities facing the outright erosion and replacement of their language. Alongside the tendencies of globalization, literature has also become more diverse, a new recognition of multilingualism and multiculturalism emerging among writers and readers alike. The special circumstances of composition and understanding that the different kinds of language and cultural interaction highlight also present us with an opportunity to study what it is that is fundamental in verbal art. After reviewing three historical examples of European origin (in Section 2) we will turn our attention to problems of language, writing system and poetry in East Asia (in Section 3). The examples from history will help us to put the current situation of multilingual and multicultural contexts for literature into a broader perspective. This is will allow us to return to consider a proposal for research on cross-language poetics.
Estudio comparativo de los prospectos farmacéuticos franceses y españoles. Su aplicación en la formación de traductores biosanitarios
Authors: Mira Rueda Concepción
Published: March 2021

The pharmaceutical industry is characterised by its success and strong stability in the international market even in times of crisis. That is to say that the pharmaceutical field could be an attractive source of employment for future translators and interpreters whose expertise, interest and knowledge are focused on medicine. This is the reason why it is extremely important to have a basic background of the medical field. In short, this paper pursues two goals: firstly, we study the main characteristics of the patient information leaflets (PILs) in French and Spanish; and lastly, we offer some didactic suggestions for the training of medical translators.
Grammatisches Wissen, Fremdsprachenunterricht und Lehrwerke – Zur Qualität von Grammatikübungen in zwei kroatischen DaF-Lehrwerken
Authors: Pon Leonard
Published: March 2021

The present paper looks into an important aspect of textbooks for teaching German as a for-eign language: grammar exercises. The author analyses two Croatian textbooks for teaching German at primary school level: Applaus! 7 and Flink mit Deutsch 4.
The first part investigates the relationship between explicit and implicit knowledge and shows that explicit knowledge has an important role in the development of grammar competence. Consequently, grammar exercises used for explicit grammar teaching must be incorporated into textbooks. The author elaborates on what types of grammar exercises are needed and how these exercises should be created so that learners can benefit from them. In addition, the first part comments on the role of chunks in the development of grammar competence. Finally, the author examines the role of receptive and productive skills in connection with grammar teach-ing.
The second part addresses the textbook analysis in general. It refers to the previous research conducted in the field as well as to the criteria that can be drawn upon when describing the quality of teaching materials.
In the third part, the results of the analysis of the two Croatian textbooks are presented. Both quantitative and qualitative data are commented on. This part also includes some information regarding the Croatian teaching situation so that potential readers not acquainted with it can better understand comments and suggestions provided by the author.
On one side, the paper points to the strengths and weaknesses of the teaching materials in question. On the other side, the author provides some general comments on what a good text-book should contain in order to help foreign language learners develop their grammar compe-tence.
How children "add" or "restrict" entities and temporal spans in narrations: evidence from Italian and English native children
Authors: Giuliano Patrizia
Published: March 2021

This work focuses on the acquisition of restrictive and (temporal and non temporal) additive means by Italian and English native children, especially including scope particles, together with children's progressing ability to build textual cohesion in a narrative text. In particular, the author tries to identify the age at which additive and restrictive means appear and the functions they carry out in discourse organization of very young subjects, as well as the cognitive operations the latter can use. Thanks to the consideration of two different languages, this work also explores the possible language-specific strategies exploited by the two groups of children.
Part of the results can be read as age cognitive restrictions independent of the L1 of the child. Additive means appear from the age of four on but with some differences according to the types of quantification solicited, namely the quantification of entities and that of time spans: the 4-year-olds clearly have less problems in quantifying entities rather than time spans. In comparison with adult reference groups, Italian and English L1 children of any group exploit additive temporal means less frequently than means quantifying entities; the quantification of entities involving a negation shows up from the age of seven. From a cognitive viewpoint, the precocious emergence of entity contrasts by additive means is in agreement with what Givón (1995) maintains with respect to nominal referents (they are perceptually and cognitively more salient, they are acquired early in ontogeny and evolve early in phylogeny, they are culturally central entities etc.). Concerning negative particles, their later appearance is in agreement with some studies about negation showing the more problematic processing of negative structures by children with respect to the positive ones (cf. Giuliano 2004).
Some other strategies identified in children's retellings are, conversely, to be interpreted as language-specific. The more frequent problems that Italian children have with the concept of iteration with respect to English L1 children could be due to the polyfunctional semantics of the Italian particles ancora ('more, again, still') and sempre ('always, again, still'); the late appearance of also in English L2 children's data, an internal positioning particle, is probably caused by the fact that English has an external, perceptually more salient particle, namely too, whose semantics is equal to that of also.
Salz, eine Brezel und der Weg zum Bahnhof. Strategien des Bittens in Varietäten des Deutschen und im Serbischen
Authors: Hentschel Elke
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the verbal strategies used by speakers of German in Germany and Switzerland and speakers of Serbian in Serbia in order to voice a request. The participants in the
study were asked what they would say in the following three situations: Asking for the way to
the railway station in a strange city, asking their younger brother to pass the salt at the family
dinner table, and buying a pretzel at the local bakery. Subsequently, the use of downtoners
like 'please' or special particles was analysed, as well as the frequency of non-indicative verbal
modes (subjunctive or conditional), the occurrence an equivalent of excuse me at the beginning
of the request, and the use of greetings and address forms. The results show surprising
differences between the three groups.
Banknoten als sprachenpolitisches Instrument
Authors: Proell Simon
Published: March 2021

For modern states, multilingualism is not an exception, but the norm. Most states explicitly
deal with the status of their languages through their (often rather sparse) legislation, while
implicitly reflecting their policy through language use on official documents. Banknotes
provide a link between the official policy and its common application, as they are both a
document of the state as well as an object of daily use. Here, the state is responsible for
bridging the gap between legislature, national identity and the (sometimes conflicting) selfconceptions
of its citizens. Thus, banknotes ideally provide evidence on a state’s factual
(rather than nominal) language policy. In addition, the textual and pragmatic functions of
banknotes are not prone to change over time, which qualifies them as excellent sources for
diachronic questions.
This article exemplarily illustrates the language policies of Norway, the Faroe Islands,
Belgium and Luxembourg, as seen from a sociohistorical perspective, with their respective
note emissions during their newer language history (19th and 20th centuries). It closes with a
proposal for a typology of different language policies.
Links ist dumm – Zur Konstruktion rechter Meinungsführerschaft in Online-Diskussionen
Authors: Stopfner Maria
Published: March 2021

Sharing the notion of identity as a dynamic construct within social interaction (cf. Kresic 2006; Mead 1968; Tajfel 1978), the paper traces the strategic manoeuvers by which far and extreme right users try to obtain opinion leadership in online debates. Based on the concept of "communities of practice" (cf. Wenger 2010, 2000, 1998; Wenger/McDermott/Snyder 2002; Lave/Wenger 1991), the qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of 1047 user comments combines conversation analytic approaches to identity construction (cf. a. o. De Fina/Shiffrin/Bamberg 2006; Bucholtz/Hall 2005, 2003) with typical far and extreme right argumentation schemes specified by critical discourse analysis (cf. a. o. Reisigl/Wodak 2001; Wetherell/Potter 1992; Wodak et al. 1990; van Dijk 1987). The results show that within far and extreme right communities of practice, differing comments are no longer seen as legitimate contribution to the debate, but are considered as personal lack of understanding and, ultimately, as proof of the opponent's intellectual inadequacy.
Some characteristics of deverbal nominals in Slavic and Romance languages
Authors: Matracki Ivica Peša , Kovačić Vinko
Published: March 2021

In this paper we will investigate the nature of deverbal nominals across languages. Deverbal nouns are typically classified according to their word-formation model: affixation and conver-sion. Our study will compare the word formation of deverbal nominals in Slavic (Croatian, Slovenian and Polish) and Romance languages (Italian, French and Spanish) in order to show (i) that affixation corresponds to a specific mode of morphological operations and (ii) that the differences and similarities between deverbal nominals of these two language families follow from the properties of the base verbs. Furthermore, our analysis will try to shed some light on the distinction between nouns and verbs. The paper comprises three major thematic parts. The first part briefly reviews the basic notions and theoretical assumptions of Generative Grammar regarding word formation. We have especially tried to explain those notions that we draw from Distributed Morphology. This part further exposes the theoretical framework that is used in this paper. In the second part, deverbal nominals in Slavic languages are analysed and de-scribed. We primarily investigate the Slavic languages, since in these languages morphology plays a larger role in the construction of deverbal nouns. The third part contains an investiga-tion of the phrasal structure of nominalizations across the Romance languages. We close the work with a general conclusion about the behaviour of deverbal nouns in these two groups of languages. We concentrate mainly on the differences between the phrasal architecture of nom-inalizations and correspondent verbal constructions.
Die Zukunft der Derivation oder: Derivation 2.0
Authors: Fuhrhop Nanna , Werner Martina
Published: March 2021

Traditionally, contemporary German is considered to be rich in affixes which is displayed by a wide range of e. g. nominal suffixes (such as -ung, -heit, -nis, -tum, -sal). However, productivity tests, especially with non-native lexemes, challenge this view since many formal restrictions between affixes and different word classes can be formally identified – synchronically and diachronically – and which cannot be explained by traditional approaches. This paper questions the general morphological productivity of derivation coinciding with a decrease of nominal, adjectival and verbal affixation and, in parallel, pointing to morphological alternatives. In this view, a process of an increasing “syntactification” (as it will be called) is taking place resulting in a morphological preference for conversion. Diachronically, the morphological development from compounding to derivation is well-described. The question as to why and how conversion emerges, especially in an inflectional language, and how it is linked to former or coexisting morphological types, here derivation, has never been asked – though important observations from language typology have been made. Against this background, the process of syntactification fills this research lacuna, also in a morpho-theoretical way, since it can be interpreted as an ongoing language change consisting of a change in linguistic encoding.
À quelle langue accède l’apprenant ? Examen critique du traitement de l’oral dans les premières leçons de manuels de français langue étrangère pour débutants
Authors: Surcouf Christian , Giroud Anick
Published: March 2021

If one considers the recordings from textbooks of French as a foreign language, some typical spoken French phenomena appear not to reflect results provided by spoken French corpora. In order to have a better insight into this issue, we analyzed the recordings of the first three lessons of ten beginners’ textbooks (1982–2012). In this article, we examine /ə/ deletion (/ȝəvøləvwaʁ/ vs. /ȝvølvwaʁ/ ‘je veux le voir’), reduction from /ty/ to /t/ before vowel (/tyabitu/ vs /tabitu/, ‘tu habites où?’), and /l/ deletion in il(s)/elle(s) before consonant (/imãȝ/ vs. /ilmãȝ/, ‘il mange’). We then compare our corpus’s data with spoken French corpora. Finally, we discuss the possible origins of the discrepancies between both corpora.