bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interplay between QSAR/QSPR Studiesand Partial Order Ranking and Formal Concept Analyses
Authors: Carlsen Lars
Published: April 2009

The often observed scarcity of physical-chemical and well as toxicological data hampers the assessment of potentially hazardous chemicals released to the environment. In such cases Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships/Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSAR/QSPR) constitute an obvious alternative for rapidly, effectively and inexpensively generatng missing experimental values. However, typically further treatment of the data appears necessary, e.g., to elucidate the possible relations between the single compounds as well as implications and associations between the various parameters used for the combined characterization of the compounds under investigation. In the present paper the application of QSAR/QSPR in combination with Partial Order Ranking (POR) methodologies will be reviewed and new aspects using Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) will be introduced. Where POR constitutes an attractive method for, e.g., prioritizing a series of chemical substances based on a simultaneous inclusion of a range of parameters, FCA gives important information on the implications associations between the parameters. The combined approach thus constitutes an attractive method to a preliminary assessment of the impact on environmental and human health by primary pollutants or possibly by a primary pollutant well as a possible suite of transformation subsequent products that may be both persistent in and bioaccumulating and toxic.The present review focus on the environmental – and human health impact by residuals of the rocket fuel 1,1-dimethyl- hydrazine (heptyl) and its transformation products as an illustrative example.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Human Lysozyme –Camelid VHH HL6 Antibody System
Authors: Su Zhi-Yuan , Wang Yeng-Tseng
Published: April 2009

Amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer’s and thrombosis are characterized by an aberrant assembly of specific proteins or protein fragments into fibrils and plaques that are deposited in various tissues and organs. The single-domain fragment of a camelid antibody was reported to be able to combat against wild-type human lysozyme for inhibiting in-vitro aggregations of the amyloidogenic variant (D67H). The present study is aimed at elucidating the unbinding mechanics between the D67H lysozyme and VHH HL6 antibody fragment by using steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations on a nanosecond scale with different pulling velocities. The results of the simulation indicated that stretching forces of more than two nano Newton (nN) were required to dissociate the protein-antibody system, and the hydrogen bond dissociation pathways were computed.
5-[(2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy)methyl]-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol
Authors: Asiri Abdullah
Published: April 2009

The triazole derivative 2 was prepared from 2-[(2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy)acetyl]-N-phenylhydrazine carbothioamide (1) by heating under reflux with aqueous NaOH [1,2].[...]
(2Z)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)acrylonitrile
Authors: Asiri Abdullah
Published: April 2009

(2Z)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)acrylonitrile (3) was prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (1) and 4-methylphenylacetonitrile (2) in ethanol using KOH as a base [1,2].[...]
2-Bromo-4-methoxy-5-(1-methylethoxy)benzeneacetic Acid
Authors: Treu Matthias , Jordis Ulrich
Published: April 2009

2-Bromo-4-methoxy-5-(1-methylethoxy)benzeneacetonitrile [1] (5.86 g, 20.6 mmol) was refluxed in 25% NaOH (50 mL)/EtOH (50 mL) for 12 h.[...]
2-Bromo-4-methoxy-5-(1-methylethoxy)benzeneacetyl Chloride
Authors: Treu Matthias , Jordis Ulrich
Published: April 2009

2-Bromo-4-methoxy-5-(1-methylethoxy)benzeneacetic acid [1] (4.00 g, 13.2 mmol) and DMF (100 μL) were stirred in thionyl chloride (40 mL) for 3 h at ambient temperature.[...]
2-Bromo-4-methoxy-5-(1-methylethoxy)benzeneacetic Acid Ethyl Ester
Authors: Treu Matthias , Jordis Ulrich
Published: April 2009

2-Bromo-4-methoxy-5-(1-methylethoxy)benzeneacetic acid chloride [1] (3.00 g, 9.33 mmol) was treated with dry EtOH (50 mL) at 0 °C.[...]
2-(2`,3`,5`-Tri-O-acetyl-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-(p-tolylazo)-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one
Authors: Haikal Abdelfattah , Zohdi Hussein , Badi Zahra
Published: April 2009

To a solution of 4-(4-methylphenylazo)-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one (1) [1] (0.81g, 3 mmol) in hexamethyldisilazine (HMDS) (25 ml) was added few crystals of anhydrous ammonium sulfate [2].[...]
4,8,11,15-Tetramethyl-1,3,8,11,16,17-hexaazatricyclo[11.2.1.13,6]heptadeca-4,6(17), 13(16), 14-tetraene
Authors: Berhili Farid , Touzani Rachid , Ramdani Abdelkrim , El Kadiri Sghir
Published: April 2009

A suspension of sodium carbonate (12 g, 120 mmol) in acetonitrile (250 mL) was refluxed under magnetic stirring, then a solution of bis-(3-chloromethyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)methane (1) (2 g, 7 mmol) [1, 2] and diamine 2 (0.64 g , 7 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) was added dropwise.[...]
4,8,12,16-Tetramethyl-1,3,8,12,17,18-hexaazatricyclo[12.2.1.13,6]octadeca-4,6(18), 14(17), 15-tetraene
Authors: Berhili Farid , Touzani Rachid , Ramdani Abdelkrim , El Kadiri Sghir
Published: April 2009

A suspension of sodium carbonate (12 g, 120 mmol) in acetonitrile (250 mL) was refluxed under magnetic stirring, then a solution of bis-(3-chloromethyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)methane (1) (2 g, 7 mmol) [1, 2] and diamine 2 (0.74 g , 7 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) was added dropwise.[...]
1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-3-pentanone
Authors: Plourde Guy
Published: April 2009

The discussion and purpose for the synthesis of this compound has been reported elsewhere [1].[...]
1,2-Bis(2-oxo-azepane-1-carboxylic acid-p-phenyl-amide)ethane and 1-(2-Oxo-azepane-1-carboxylic Acid-o-phenyl-amide)-2-(2-oxo-azepane-1-carboxylic acid-p-phenyl-amide)ethane
Authors: Scortanu Elena , Caraculacu Adrian
Published: April 2009

The experimental procedure follows the general synthesis by the addition reaction of isocyanates with e-caprolactam (CPL) [1, 2].[...]
1,2-Bis(p-phenylcarbamoyl-oxy-amino-cyclohexylidene)ethane
Authors: Scortanu Elena , Caraculacu Adrian
Published: April 2009

The experimental procedure follows the general synthesis of blocked isocyanates [1, 2].[...]
N-[5-(3-Phenylpropionyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl]-L-proline Methyl Ester
Authors: Martyn Derek , Abell Andrew
Published: April 2009

To a stirring solution of the pyrrole carboxylic acid 1 [1] (100 mg, 0.41 mmol, 1 equiv) and L-proline methyl ester hydrochloride (75 mg, 0.45 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in dry dichloromethane (6 mL) at r.t. under an inert atmosphere were added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (102 mg, 0.53 mmol, 1.3 equiv) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (83 mg, 0.62 mmol, 1.5 equiv) [2].[...]
Methyl 2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed
Published: April 2009

To a mixture contaning cyclopentanone (8.49 g, 0.1 mol), methyl cyanoacetate (10.0 g, 0.1 mol) and sulfur (3.21 g, 0.1 mol) in methanol (20 ml), morpholine (10 ml) was added dropwise over a period of 30 minutes at 35 °C.[...]
2-(2´-Hydroxybenzoyl)pyrrole N-Benzoylhydrazone
Authors: Kotali Antigoni
Published: April 2009

In continuation of our interest in using o-hydroxyaryl ketone hydrazones as starting materials in organic synthesis [1], we synthesised 2-(2´-hydroxybenzoyl)pyrrole N-benzoylhydrazone.[...]
2-[-3-(2-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxoethylidene)-1,4-dihydro- quinoxaline-2(1H)-ylidene]-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone
Authors: El Kodadi Mohamed , Malek Fouad , Touzani Rachid , Zidane Ismail , Bouabdallah Ibrahim , Ramdani Abdelkrim
Published: April 2009

The product 3 was prepared by the condensation of dienone 2 [1] (1g, 3.11 mmol) with o-phenylenediamine 1 (0.33g, 3.11 mmol) by refluxing an ethanol (50 mL) solution for 1 h.[...]
(s)-2,2’-Bis[5-(p-phenyloxyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-methyl]-1,1’-binaphthyl
Authors: Liu Hai-Yang , Li Yao-Wei , Lai Tat-Shing , Ying Xiao , Tian Jun-Chun , Gu Guo-bang
Published: April 2009

(s)-2,2’-Bis[Bromomethyl]-1,1’-binaphthyl was prepared via the bromination of (s)-2,2’-dimethyl-1,1’-binaphthyl[1] by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in CCl4 with benzoyl peroxide as initiator (yield: 45.0%).[...]
1,3-Diethyl-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione
Authors: Asiri Abdullah , Alamry Khaled , Jalbout Abraham , Zhang S.
Published: April 2009

1,3-Diethyl-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione 3 was prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde 1 and N,N-diethylthiobarbituric acid 2 in ethanol using piperidine as a base [1,2].[...]
Synthesis of {3,4-bis-[(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzylidene)amino] phenyl}phenyl methanone as a new salen derivative
Authors: Jarrahpour A. , Zarei M.
Published: April 2009

Benzophenone derivatives are reported to show biological activities such as cytotoxic activities against human oral squarnous carcinoma cells (HSC-2) and normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) [1], antibiotic activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium [2] and protein kinase C inhibitor [3].[...]
(Z)-2-Methyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethylamino)-but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester
Authors: Pérez-Bonilla Mercedes , Castro Juan , Linares-Palomino Pablo , Altarejos Joaquín , Nogueras Manuel , Sánchez Adolfo , Salido Sofía
Published: April 2009

p-Toluenesulfonic acid (48 mg, 0.25 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of ethyl 2-methyl-acetoacetate (1) (346 mg, 2.40 mmol) and a-methylbenzylamine (2) (358 mg, 2.95 mmol) in toluene (13 mL) [1].[...]
N,N-bis[3-(1,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methyl]aniline
Authors: Bouabdallah Ibrahim , Zidane Ismail , Touzani Rachid , Ramdani Abdelkrim
Published: April 2009

The mixture of aniline 1 (97 mg, 1 mmol), 3-chloromethyl-1,5-dimethyl pyrazol 2 (301.6 mg, 2 mmol) and sodium carbonate (444 mg, 4 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was refluxed for three hours [1, 2].[...]
N’,N’-bis[(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methyl],N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine
Authors: Bouabdallah Ibrahim , Zidane Ismail , Touzani Rachid , Ramdani Abdelkrim
Published: April 2009

The mixture of N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine 2 (136 mg, 10 mmol) and 1-hydroxy-methyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazol 1 (252 mg, 20 mmol) in CH3CN (20 mL), was stirred at room temperature for five days[1,2].[...]
2,5-Diferrocenylidenecyclopentanone
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed
Published: April 2009

There is considerable interest in the synthesis of new materials with large second-order optical non-linearity because of their potential applications in optical data storage, telecommunications and optical signals processing [1,2,3,4].[...]
3-(2,5-Bis-hexyloxy-4-iodo-phenylethynyl)-[1,10]-phenanthroline
Authors: Habibi Davood
Published: April 2009

The experimental procedure follows a protocol developed by Sonogashira [1].[...]
Synthesis of N-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) - 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl -β-D galactopyranosylamine as a new chiral Schiff base for asymmetric [2+2] cycloadditions
Authors: Jarrahpour A. A. , Alvand P. , Arab R. , Beheshti A.
Published: April 2009

The importance of carbohydrates for asymmetric synthesis is well recognized [1,2,3,4].[...]
7,20-Dimethyl-11,16-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,6,11,16,21,22-hexaaza-tricyclo[16.2.1.16,9]docosa-7,9(22),18(21),19-tetraene
Authors: Touzani Rachid , Ramdani Abdelkrim , El Kadiri Sghir
Published: April 2009

Despite the numerous polydentate macrocyclic structures already described as neutral receptors for various substrates [1,2,3], the search for new receptor families is still important with a view to obtaining molecules capable of molecular recognition, transport, selective catalysis or biological models.[...]
Synthesis of tridentate Nitrogen Ligand : N,N-bis-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzylamine (NNNN)
Authors: Daoudi Maria , Bennani Brahim , Zahid Assou , Mchichi Mohamed , Ben Hadda Taibi
Published: April 2009

The product 2 was prepared by the addition of benzylamine (C6H5CH2NH2) to 1 [1] according to the reported procedure [2].[...]
Synthesis and Physical Characterization of 2-((E)-1-(3-((E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylideneamino)-2-methylphenylimino)ethyl)phenol
Authors: Jarrahpour A. A. , Jalbout A. F. , Rezaei S. , Trzaskowski B.
Published: April 2009

In this paper we propose the synthesis of 2-((E)-1-(3-((E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) ethylideneamino)-2-methylphenylimino) ethyl) phenol. In addition to its synthesis we present AM1 and B3LYP/6-31G* calculations to characterize the physical properties of the molecule.
Synthesis of 1-[3-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl]-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole and 1-[3-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)butyl]-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole
Authors: Nowak Krystyna , Grzegożek Maria , Szpakiewicz Barbara
Published: April 2009

The title compounds were obtained in reaction 1,2,3-benzotriazole (1) with 1-(3-chloropropyl)- (2a) and 1-(4-bromobutyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole (2b) [1].[...]
1,1’-dibenzyl-5,5’-diphenyl-3,3’-bipyrazole
Authors: Bouabdallah Ibrahim , Ramdani Abdelkrim , Zidane Ismail , Touzani Rachid
Published: April 2009

A mixture of 5,5’-diphenyl-3,3’-bipyrazole 1 (143 mg, 0.5 mmol) [1] and potassium tert-butoxide (112 mg, 1 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF was stirred under reflux for 30 min [2].[...]
Synthesis of N-acetyl-N-(3,5-dioxo-10-oxa-4-aza-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-yl)-acetamide
Authors: Struga Marta , Kossakowki Jerzy , Mirosław Barbara , Kozioł Anna
Published: April 2009

Various imide derivatives of 10-Oxa-4-aza-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane-3,5-dione have been reported and shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities including antitumor properties [1].[...]
Synthesis and Physical Characterization of 4-(anthracen-10-yl)-1-cyclohexyl-3-phenoxyazetidin-2-one as a New Trans 2-azetidinone
Authors: Jarrahpour Aliasghar , Nazari Mohammad , Jalbout Abraham
Published: April 2009

In this paper we propose the synthesis of 4-(anthracen-10-yl)-1-cyclohexyl-3-phenoxyazetidin-2-one. In addition to its synthesis AM1 calculations to characterize the physical properties of the molecule is also presented.
One-pot Synthesis of 2-seleno-4-methylquinoline
Authors: Ravikumar Naik Tangali , Bhojya Naik Halehatty , Ramesh S. , Raghavendra M. , Krishnamurthy G.
Published: April 2009

Number of workers has reported the synthesis of condensed fused quinoline derivatives containing selenium atom and studied for their DNA binding, cytotoxic, anticancer and antitumour activities [1,2,3].[...]
Methyl 1-prop-2-yn-1-yl-1H-indole-5-carboxylate
Authors: Haider Norbert , Kabicher Tamara
Published: April 2009

The title compound, which is a useful synthon in Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, can be prepared by N-alkylation of methyl indole-5-carboxylate with propargyl bromide in toluene / 50% sodium hydroxide under phase-transfer catalysis.[...]
Synthesis of 4,4'-(Cyclohexane-1,1-diyl)bis(1-methyl- 1H-pyrazol-5-ol)
Authors: Eller Gernot , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: April 2009

Methyl (2E)-3-methoxyacrylate and excess methylhydrazine yield crude 1- methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one which is reacted with cyclohexanone to obtain the title compound in 86% yield. Detailed spectroscopic data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR, and MS) are presented.
3-Dimethylaminomethylene-4-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,5- benzodiazepin-2-one
Authors: El Rhazi Abdelouahhab , Baouid Abdesselam , Elhazazi Said , Boudina Aicha , Essaber Mohamed
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we describe a facile and efficient method to prepare compound 2, which had been previously obtained by a Vilsmeier reaction using DMF/POCl3 [1].[...]
Orientation Effects in Ballistic High-Strained P-type Si Nanowire FETs
Authors: Zhang Jia-Hong , Huang Qing-An , Yu Hong , Lei Shuang-Ying
Published: April 2009

In order to design and optimize high-sensitivity silicon nanowire-field-effect transistor (SiNW FET) pressure sensors, this paper investigates the effects of channel orientations and the uniaxial stress on the ballistic hole transport properties of a strongly quantized SiNW FET placed near the high stress regions of the pressure sensors. A discrete stress-dependent six-band k.p method is used for subband structure calculation, coupled to a two-dimensional Poisson solver for electrostatics. A semi-classical ballistic FET model is then used to evaluate the ballistic current-voltage characteristics of SiNW FETs with and without strain. Our results presented here indicate that [110] is the optimum orientation for the p-type SiNW FETs and sensors. For the ultra-scaled 2.2 nm square SiNW, due to the limit of strong quantum confinement, the effect of the uniaxial stress on the magnitude of ballistic drive current is too small to be considered, except for the [100] orientation. However, for larger 5 nm square SiNW transistors with various transport orientations, the uniaxial tensile stress obviously alters the ballistic performance, while the uniaxial compressive stress slightly changes the ballistic hole current. Furthermore, the competition of injection velocity and carrier density related to the effective hole masses is found to play a critical role in determining the performance of the nanotransistors.
Convenient methods for preparing π-conjugated linkers as building blocks for modular chemistry
Authors: Kulhánek Jiří , Bureš Filip , Ludwig Miroslav
Published: April 2009

Simple, straightforward and optimized procedures for preparing extended π-conjugated linkers are described. Either unsubstituted or 4-donor substituted π-linkers bearing a styryl, biphenyl, phenylethenylphenyl, and phenylethynylphenyl π-conjugated backbone are functionalized with boronic pinacol esters as well as with terminal acetylene moieties allowing their further use as building blocks in Suzuki–Miyaura or Sonogashira coupling reactions.
The status of Koedoe one year after changing to an online publication mode
Authors: Foxcroft Llewellyn C.
Published: April 2009

2008 represented the start of a new online era for Koedoe, which provided us with a number of challenges and opportunities. The challenges lay in developing an entirely new publication and information dissemination system containing a number of new processes. The opportunities however, allowed us to build on Koedoes’ 50 year publication history. The main opportunity for Koedoe lies in using the open access publication route, where all our articles are freely available via the World Wide Web. Further, all back issues of the journal will be available as PDF downloads by March 2009, additional special interest sections were added (for example, essays and book reviews) and the marketing strategy was expanded to reach a wider audience.
Prevalence of HIV among victims of sexual assault who were mentally impaired children (5 to 18 years) in the Mthatha area of South Africa
Authors: Meel Banwari L.
Published: April 2009

Background: Protection of children has been identified as a priority in South Africa. Despite a commitment to uphold children’s rights, much still needs to be done for the safety of mentally impaired children.Method: This is a record review of attendees at the Sinawe Centre from 2001 to 2005. It is the only centre in the Mthatha area that provides care for sexually assaulted persons and it is affiliated to the Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital. All mentally impaired victims of sexual assault were recorded on the register.Results: During the study period, 1,268 individuals, of whom 32 were profoundly mentally impaired, attended the Sinawe Centre following sexual assault. Of these mentally impaired individuals, 28 (87.5%) were below the age of 18 years. Two were males while the rest were females, giving a male to female ratio of 1:15. A close relative was implicated in 29 (90.6%) of the cases. Among the victims were six (18.7%) epileptics who were on treatment. One was 13 years old and pregnant. Four were HIV positive on screening.Conclusion: Over 2% of the sexual assault victims attending the Sinawe Centre were mentally impaired. Of these, 12.5% were HIV seropositive.
Vascularized Nerve Grafts and Vascularized Fascia for Upper Extremity Nerve Reconstruction
Authors: Terzis Julia K. , Kostopoulos Vasileios K.
Published: April 2009

Since 1976, experimental and clinical studies have suggested the superiority of vascularized nerve grafts. In this study, a 27-year experience of the senior author is presented regarding vascularized nerve grafts and fascia for complex upper extremity nerve reconstruction. The factors influencing outcomes as well as a comparison with conventional nerve grafts is presented. Since 1981, 21 vascularized nerve grafts, other than vascularized ulnar nerve, were used for reconstruction of nerve injuries in the upper extremity. Indications were prolonged denervation time, failure of the previously used conventional nerve grafts, and excessive scar in the recipient site. Injury was in the hand/wrist area ( n=5), in the forearm ( n=4), in the elbow ( n=2), in the arm ( n=4), or in the plexus ( n=6). Vascularized sural ( n=9), saphenous ( n=8), superficial radial ( n=3), and peroneal (superficial and deep) nerves were used. The mean follow-up was 31.4 months. Vascularized nerve grafts for upper extremity injuries provided good to excellent sensory return in severely scarred upper extremities in patients in whom conventional nerve grafts had failed. They have also provided relief of causalgia after painful neuroma resection and motor function recovery in selective cases even for above the elbow injuries. Small diameter vascularized nerve grafts should be considered for bridging long nerve gaps in regions of excessive scar or for reconstructions where conventional nerve grafts have failed.
Biological Synthesis of Size-Controlled Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Using ImmobilizedRhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Bai Hongjuan , Zhang Zhaoming , Guo Yu , Jia Wanli
Published: April 2009

Size-controlled cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by immobilizedRhodobacter sphaeroides in the study. The dynamic process that Cd2+was transported from solution into cell by livingR. sphaeroides was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Culture time, as an important physiological parameter forR. sphaeroides growth, could significantly control the size of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. TEM demonstrated that the average sizes of spherical cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were 2.3 ± 0.15, 6.8 ± 0.22, and 36.8 ± 0.25 nm at culture times of 36, 42, and 48 h, respectively. Also, the UV–vis and photoluminescence spectral analysis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were performed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Amine Modified Linseed Oil Fatty Amide Coatings
Authors: Alam Manawwer , Ray Alok R. , Ashraf S. M. , Ahmad Sharif
Published: April 2009

A novel attempt has been made to develop ambient cured polyamine amide (PAA) resins by the condensation polymerization reaction of oil fatty amide diol (N,N‐bis 2‐hydroxy ethyl linseed oil fatty amide) (HELA) and o‐phenylene diamine, which was further modified by poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) at different phr (parts per hundred part of resin) to get a series of PAA–SMA resins. The structural elucidation of HELA, PAA and PAA–SMA were carried out by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physico‐chemical and physico‐mechanical analyses were carried out by standard laboratory methods. Thermal analyses of these resins were accomplished by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Coatings of PAA–SMA were prepared on mild steel strips to evaluate their physico‐mechanical and chemical/corrosion resistance performance under various corrosive environments. It was found that among the PAA–SMA systems, PAA‐35 showed the best physico‐mechanical and corrosion resistance performance. Thermal studies reveal that the coatings can be safely used up to 305 °C.
Purification of GLA‐Triglycerides from Evening Primrose Oil by Gravimetric Column Chromatography
Authors: Rincón‐Cervera M. A. , Rodríguez‐García I. , Guil‐Guerrero J. L.
Published: April 2009

Gravimetric normal‐phase silver ion–silica gel column chromatography has been used for the novel application of purification of GLA‐containing triglycerides (GLA‐TGs) from evening primrose seed oil (EPO). Gradient elution with increasing polarity enabled separation of valuable TG species containing γ‐linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n‐6). Enzymatic hydrolysis revealed the distribution of fatty acids (FAs) in the isolated TG species, with GLA in the sn‐2 position in different percentages, depending on the degree of unsaturation. A novelty of this work was the successful use of the procedure to improve the purification of raw GLA species from EPO up to preparative scale, thus enabling use of this methodology for industrial purposes.
Zwei oder drei Dinge, die ich von der Technikphilosophie weiss.
Authors: Pircher Wolfgang
Published: April 2009

Im Schatten der „offiziellen‟ Technikphilosophie sind in der jüngeren Vergangenheit Arbeiten entstanden, welche sich verschiedenen Techniken zuwenden und deren konkrete geschichtliche Entwicklung philosophisch aufarbeiten. Nach einem kurzen Abriß der Technikphilosophie in Deutschland seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, wird auf eine kleine Auswahl solcher Arbeiten naher eingegangen. Hierbei stellt man eine überraschende Nahe zu den Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften fest.
Actualité d'une philosophie des machines.
Authors: Bontems Vincent
Published: April 2009

Du mode d'existence des objets techniques (1958) demeure une oeuvre singulière dans l'horizon philosophique. Toutefois, tout au long de sa carrière, Gilbert Simondon s'est exprimé sur la technique. L'originalité de ses travaux est d'analyser les machines en tant que matière organisée. Cette orientation renvoie à la divergence entre les recherches française et allemande sur la technique au xxe siècle. Simondon couple la mécanologie à une psycho-sociologie des techniques. En vue d'une réactualisation opératoire, ces deux approches sont mises à l'épreuve du grand collisionneur de hadrons (LHC) et du « halo » psychosocial des nanotechnologies.
Le jugement des fi.èches. Un essai d'épistémologie appliquée
Authors: Braffort Paul
Published: April 2009

Diagrams, schemata, itineraries, we are accustomed to forms of arrowheads in representation. These forms often evoke movements that writing necessarily freezes on the paper while they propose to themselves to express their dynamics. Recent progress in techniques of communication and of expression permit us at limes to surmount these difficulties. When they can spread out into space (and lime) of a propable to entrer in its turn into movement (a machine – or simply a hand), this “liberated” forms permit us to remove (or at the every least to rattle) important epistemological obstacles which subsist in practice as in theory.
Smad2 isoforms are differentially expressed during mouse brain development and aging
Authors: Ueberham Uwe , Lange Peggy , Ueberham Elke , Brückner Martina K. , Hartlage‐Rübsamen Maike , Pannicke Thomas , Rohn Susanne , Cross Michael , Arendt Thomas
Published: April 2009

Smad2 and Smad3 are central molecules of the TGFβ and activin receptor complex mediated intracellular signaling pathway. They function as important transcription factors playing essential roles in brain development. Interestingly they are also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders (including Alzheimer's disease). Due to structural differences in the N‐terminal Mad homology domain 1, Smad2 and Smad3 differ in their ability to bind DNA directly. A splice form of Smad2 lacking exon3, Smad2(Δexon3), assumes features of Smad3, in that it can directly bind to DNA resulting in a functional hybrid of Smad2 and Smad3 properties. There is very little information available on the expression of Smad2 isoforms in the brain. We report here that Smad2(Δexon3) is the most abundant of the two Smad2 isoforms in mouse brain and that Smad expression pattern alters during development and aging. Neuronal expression of Smad2(Δexon3) was confirmed by a single‐cell PCR approach. Moreover, Smad2(Δexon3) predominates in the nuclear fraction of neurons, suggesting special function during brain differentiation. Our data indicate that there may be a specific role for Smad2(Δexon3) in neurons.
Evidence of NAO control on subsurface ice accumulation in a 1200 yr old cave-ice sequence, St. Livres ice cave, Switzerland
Authors: Stoffel Markus , Luetscher Marc , Bollschweiler Michelle , Schlatter Frédéric
Published: April 2009

Mid-latitude ice caves are assumed to be highly sensitive to climatic changes and thus represent a potentially interesting environmental archive. Establishing a precise chronology is, however, a prerequisite for the understanding of processes driving the cave-ice mass balance and thus allows a paleoenvironmental interpretation. At St. Livres ice cave (Jura Mountains, Switzerland), subfossil trees and organic material are abundant in the cave-ice deposit, therefore allowing the dating of individual ice layers. The dendrochronological analysis of 45 subfossil samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the overhanging front of the ice outcrop as well as the dating of seven wood samples with 14C dating allowed for a reconstruction of the St. Livres cave-ice sequence and for the determination of periods of ice accumulation and ablation. Results suggest a maximal age of 1200 ± 50 14C yr BP for the observed ice sequence and indicate the presence of four major deposition gaps dated to the 14th, 15th, mid-19th and late 19th century, which can be related with periods of positive North Atlantic Oscillation anomalies (NAO+) over the winter half-year and/or anthropogenic cave-ice abstraction. Similarly, there is evidence that periods of cave-ice accumulation as observed between AD 1877–1900 and AD 1393–1415 would correspond with phases of negative NAO indices. Cave ice represents therefore an original climate archive for the winter half-year and is complementary to other continental proxies recording preferentially summer conditions (e.g., tree rings, varves).
On the structure of polynomially normal operators
Authors: Kittaneh Fuad
Published: April 2009

We present some results concerning the structure of polynomially normal operators. It is shown, among other things, that if Tn is normal for some n > 1, then T is quasi–similar to a direct sum of a normal operator and a compact operator and if p(T) is normal with T essentially normal, then T can be written as the sum of a normal operator and a compact operator. Utilizing the direct integral theory of operators we finally show that if p(T) is normal and T*T commutes with T + T*, then T must be normal.
Forms of low degree in finite fields
Authors: Orzech Morris
Published: April 2009

It is known that diagonal forms over a finite field have non-trivial zeros if the number of variables, or the size of the field, is large enough. We consider diagonal forms of degree up to five in cases where the size hypotheses are not satisfied. There are finitely many fields not covered by the known results, but a direct computational test of all possible equations is impractical. We describe means of cutting down considerably on the number of fields and the number of equations for which there exist diagonal forms, of degree up to 5 and in 3 variables, with no non-trivial zero.
A class of translation planes of square order
Authors: Narayana Rao M.L. , Satyanarayana K. , Vithal Rao G.
Published: April 2009

A class of translation planes of order p2r, where r is an odd natural number and p is a prime, p ≥ 7, p ≢ ± (mod 10) is constructed. A salient feature shared by all these planes is that one ideal point is fixed by the translation complement and the remaining ideal points are divided into at least two orbits, one of which is of length pr.
A note on the central limit theorem for geodesic random walks
Authors: Blum Gilles
Published: April 2009

In this article we use a theorem of T.G. Kurtz to prove a central limit theorem for geodesic random walks.
Generalized convexity in nondifferentiable programming
Authors: Glover Bevil M.
Published: April 2009

For an abstract mathematical programming problem involving quasidifferentiable cone-constraints we obtain necessary (and sufficient) optimality conditions of the Kuhn-Tucker type without recourse to a constraint qualification. This extends the known results to the non-differentiable setting. To obtain these results we derive several simple conditions connecting various concepts in generalized convexity not requiring differentiability of the functions involved.
Elliptic differential operators and diffusion processes
Authors: Bauer Heinz
Published: April 2009

This article develops survey lectures for general mathematical audiences which the author delivered at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Australian Mathematical Society at the University of Queensland, 1983, and at the 10th Austrian Congress of Mathematicians in Innsbruck, 1981. The central theme of these lectures was the use of probabilistic methods in the study of linear elliptic-parabolic differential equations of second order.

The starting point will be an orientative discussion of the role of Brownian motion in classical potential theory. It will then be discussed that, given an elliptic-parabolic differential operator L of a certain type, there exists a uniquely determined diffusion process which is linked with L formally in the same way in which Brownian motion is linked with the Laplace operator. The fundamental results of K. Itô, D.W.Stroock and S.R.S. Varadhan will be in the centre of this part of the paper. We will then proceed to the discussion of more refined problems of the same type for differentiable manifolds. A glimpse at stochastic Riemannian geometry will then close our tour d'horizon.
Isometries and certain dynamical systems
Authors: Elaydi Saber , Farran Hani R.
Published: April 2009

It is shown that there exists a metric under which a diffeomorphism f on a Riemannian manifold M becomes an isometry, provided that the dynamical system generated by f is of characteristic 0± and all its orbits are closed. Furthermore, it is shown that the foliation given by the suspension of f is parallel in this case.
A chain rule for differentiation with applications to multivariate hermite polynomials
Authors: Withers C. S.
Published: April 2009

A chain rule is given for differentiating a multivariate function of a multivariate function. In the univariate case this chain rule reduces to Faa de Bruno's formula.

Using this, a simple procedure is given to obtain the rth order multivariate Hermite polynomial from the rth order univariate Hermite polynomial.
The mathematics of hysteresis
Authors: Hornung Ulrich
Published: April 2009

A survey over three different approaches to model hysteresis phenomena is given. The starting point for mathematical models are

(a) memory,

(b) population, or

(c) spatial distribution.

In any case the hysteresis effect is interpreted using an averaging procedure over the inner state of the system in consideration.
On the commutativity of torsion free rings
Authors: Psomopoulos Evagelos
Published: April 2009

If R is (n(n−1)/2)-torsion free ring with 1 and satisfies the identity (xy)n = xnyn, then R is commutative provided that n = 4k.
On the boundary behaviour of Bloch and normal functions
Authors: Aulaskari Rauno
Published: April 2009

Criteria for an analytic function f defined in |z| < 1 to belong to B0, the class of Bloch functions satisfying , and criteria for a meromorphic function g defined in |z| < 1 to belong to N0, namely, to satisfy are obtained in terms of the area and the length of the images of hyperbolic disks and hyperbolic circles, respectively.
On second derivative estimates for equations of Monge-Ampère type
Authors: Trudinger Neil S. , Urbas John I.E.
Published: April 2009

We derive interior second derivative estimates for solutions of equations of Monge-Ampère type which extend those of Pogorelov for the case of affine boundary values. A key ingredient in our method is the existence of a strong solution of the homogeneous Monge-Ampère equation.
On orthogonally decomposable ordered Banach spaces
Authors: Yamamuro Sadayuki
Published: April 2009

In a Banach lattice or the hermitian part of a C*-algebra, every element a admits a decomposition a = a+ − a− such that and N(−a) = ‖a−‖, where N is the canonical half-norm of the positive cones. In general ordered Banach spaces, this property is related to the order structure of the duality map and the metric projectability of the positive cones, and it turns out to be equivalent to an “orthogonal” decomposability.
On the codimension of a minimal immersion
Authors: Leung Pui-Fai
Published: April 2009

We show that a certain local pinching condition on a compact minimal submanifold in a sphere leads to a condition on the codimension of the immersion.
Exponential dichotomy of strongly discontinuous semigroups
Authors: Preda P. , Megan M.
Published: April 2009

In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for exponential dichotomy of a general class of strongly continuous semigroups of operators defined on a Banach space. As a particular case we obtain a Datko theorem for exponential stability of a strongly continuous semigroup of class C0 defined on a Banach space.
An existence theorem for ordinary differential equations in Banach spaces
Authors: Rzepecki Bogdan
Published: April 2009

We prove the existence of bounded solution of the differential equation y′ = A(t)y + f(t, y) in a Banach space. The method used here is based on the concept of “admissibility” due to Massera and Schäffer when f satisfies the Caratheodory conditions and some regularity condition expressed in terms of the measure of noncompactness α.
A general denseness result for relaxed control theory
Authors: Balder E. J.
Published: April 2009

A result by the author on the elimination of randomization (or relaxation) for variational problems is partially extended and then used to obtain a very general result on the denseness of the set of original control functions in the set of relaxed control functions. Also, a slight extension of Aumann's theorem on the integrals of multifunctions is shown to follow directly from the elimination result.
Local definitions of local homomorphs and formations of finite groups
Authors: Förster P. , Salomon E.
Published: April 2009

It is well known that every local formation of finite soluble groups possesses three distinguished local definitions consisting of finite soluble groups: the minimal one, the full and integrated one, and the maximal one. As far as the first and the second of these are concerned, this statement remains true in the context of arbitrary finite groups. Doerk, Šemetkov, and Schmid have posed the problem of whether every local formation of finite groups has a distinguished (that is, unique) maximal local definition. In this paper a description of local formations with a unique maximal local definition is given, from which counter-examples emerge. Furthermore, a criterion for a formation function to be a local definition of a given local formation is obtained.
A remark on completely reducible near-rings
Authors: De Stefano Stefania , Di Sieno Simonetta
Published: April 2009

A characterization of the completely reducible (zerosymmetric right) near-rings which are the direct sum of their socle of type 2 and of their 2-radical is given.
Spectral subspaces of operator-valued functions
Authors: Omladič Matjaž
Published: April 2009

We give a generalization of the notion of spectral maximal sub-spaces, for which some of the main results are still valid. We give an application of this theory on a class of operators, defined on some reflexive Banach space.
Oscillatory behavior of nonlinear differential equations with deviating arguments
Authors: Grace S.R. , Lalli B.S.
Published: April 2009

New oscillation criteria for nonlinear differential equations with deviating arguments of the form

n even, are established.
Some applications of differential subordination
Authors: Padmanabhan K. S. , Parvatham R.
Published: April 2009

Let Sa (h) denote the class of analytic functions f on the unit disc E with f (0) =0 = f′ (0) −1 satisfying , where (a real), denotes the Hadamard product of Ka with f, and h is a convex univalent function on E, with Re h > 0. Let . It is proved that F ε Sa (h) whenever f ε Sa (h) and also that for a ≥ 1. Three more such classes are introduced and studied here. The method of differential subordination due to Eenigenburg et al. is used.
Some results on k-quasi-hyponormal operators
Authors: Suri Pushpa R. , Singh N.
Published: April 2009

k-Quasi-hyponormal operators are defined and some inclusion relations between these operators and k-paranormal operators are shown.
On a conjecture of Littlewood in Diophantine approximations
Authors: Krass S.
Published: April 2009

A conjecture of Littlewood States that for arbitrary , and any ε > 0 there exist m0 ≠ 0, m1,…,mn so that . In this paper we show this conjecture holds for all ξ̲ = (ξ1,…,ξn) such that 1, ξ1,…,ξn is a rational bass of a real algebraic number field of degree n+1.
Non-existence of odd periodic maps on certain spaces without fixed points
Authors: Singh Tej Bahadur
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we show that the fixed point set of Zp-actions, p an odd prime, on a finitistic space X of type (a, b) is non-empty, whenever b ≡ 0 (mod p). We also prove a similar result for circle group actions of finitistic spaces of (a, 0) type.
K-Fold symmetric starlike univalent functions
Authors: Anh V. V.
Published: April 2009

This paper establishes the radius of convexity, distortion and covering theorems for the class

where

−1 ≤ B < A ≤ 1, w(0) = 0, |w (z)| < 1 in the unit disc.
Coefficient bounds for functions in are also derived.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for oscillations of delay differential inequalities
Authors: Yan Jurang
Published: April 2009

A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for a first order linear delay differential inequality to be oscillatory. Our main result improves and extends some known results.
A class of strongly degenerate elliptic operators
Authors: Duc Duong Minh
Published: April 2009

Using a weighted Poincaré inequality, we study (ω1,…,ωn)-elliptic operators. This method is applied to solve singular elliptic equations with boundary conditions in W1,2. We also obtain a result about the regularity of solutions of singular elliptic equations. An application to (ω1,…,ωn)-parabolic equations is given.
Strong convergence of selections implied by weak
Authors: Rzezuchowski Tadeusz
Published: April 2009

In some situations weak convergence inL1, implies strong convergence. LetP, L: T→C∘(ℝd) be measurable multifunctions (C∘(ℝd) being the set of closed, convex subsets of ℝd) the valuesL(t)affine sets andW(t)=P(t)∩L(t)extremal faces ofP(t). Letpkbe integrable selections ofP,the projection ofpk,(t)onL(t)andpk(t)onW(t). We prove that ifconverges weakly to zero thenpk−kconverges to zero in measure. We give also some extensions of this theorem. As applications to differential inclusions we investigate convergence of derivatives of convergent sequences of solutions and we describe solutions which are in some sense isolated. Finally we discuss what can be said about control functionsuwhen the corresponding trajectories of ẋ =f(t, x, u)are convergent to some trajectory.
An existence theorem for an optimal control problem in banach spaces
Authors: Avgerinos Evgenios P. , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S.
Published: April 2009

In this paper we prove the existence of an optimal admissible state-control pair for a nonlinear distributed parameter system, with control constraints of feedback type and with an integral cost criterion. An example is also worked in detail.
Character degrees and CLT-groups
Authors: Brandl R. , Linnell P.A.
Published: April 2009

Let G be a finite group and let k be a field. We determine the smallest possible rank of a free kG-module that contains submodules of every possible dimension. As an application, we obtain various criteria for the wreath product of two finite groups to be a CLT-group.
Graph varieties containing Murskii's groupoid
Authors: Pöschel R.
Published: April 2009

In this paper varieties are investigated which are generated by graph algebras of undirected graphs and—in most cases—contain Murskii's groupoid (that is the graph algebra of the graph with two adjacent vertices and one loop). Though these varieties are inherently nonfinitely based, they can be finitely based as graph varieties (finitely graph based) like, for example, the varitey generated by Murskii's groupoid. Many examples of nonfinitely based graph varities containing Murskii's groupoid are given, too. Moreover, the coatoms in the subvariety lattice of the graph variety of all undirected graphs are described. There are two coatoms and they are finitely graph based.
On bounds for the Lipschitz constant of the remainder in polynomial approximation
Authors: Elliott David
Published: April 2009

Suppose f is a function possessing a kth order derivative, the derivative being Lipschitz continuous of order α, 0 < α ≤ 1, on [−1, 1]. Let Pn be a polynomial of degree ≤ n approximating to f on [−1,1] such that if rn = f − Pn then ∥rn∥∞ ≤ An−k−a Define

where 0 < β ≤ 1. Upper bounds are obtained for Mn(β) when k ≥ 1 thereby generalizing results previously given for functions which are only Lipschitz continuous on [−1,1].
A commutativity condition for semi prime rings-II
Authors: Quadri Murtaza A. , Ashraf Mohd , Khan M.A.
Published: April 2009

It is shown that if R is a semi prime ring in which (xy)2 -xy is central for every x, y ε R, then R is commutative.
Sub-direct product closed Fitting classes
Authors: Bryce R.A.
Published: April 2009

It is shown that in the Fitting class of all finitep-by-qgroups, wherepandqare different primes, there is among the sub-direct product closed sub-Fitting classes a unique maximal one: it consists of the groups whose minimal normal subgroups are central.
Hypergroup structures on the set of natural numbers
Authors: Bloom Walter R. , Selvanathan Saroja
Published: April 2009

Every hermitian hypergroup structure on the set of nonnegative integers can be generated by a family of real-valued continuous functions defined on a compact interval. we characterise such structures in terms of properties of the generating functions.
Metrizability of subgroups of free topological groups
Authors: Morris Sidney A. , Thompson H.B.
Published: April 2009

It is shown that any sequential subgroup of a free topological group is either sequential of order ω1 or discrete. Hence any metrizable subgroup of a free topological group is discrete.
Symmetry groups on ordered Banach spaces
Authors: Yamamuro Sadayuki
Published: April 2009

A symmetry of an ordered Banach space is an order and norm isomorphism which commutes with its ideal centre. A class of ordered Banach spaces is introduced to show that, for a space in this class, the group of symmetries is trivial if and only if the space is lattice-ordered. When this group becomes larger, the space approaches an antilattice. This phenomenon is also investigated.
Frenet formulae for holomorphic curves in the two quadric
Authors: Yang Kichoon
Published: April 2009

We give a complete description of holomorphic curves in the complex two quadric via the method of moving frames. For compact curves a Morse theory type integral formula is derived.
A link between Lebesgue constants and Hermite-Fejér interpolation
Authors: Goodenough S. J.
Published: April 2009

A review of the development of estimates for Lebesgue constants associated with Lagrange interpolation on the one hand, and estimates for the rate of convergence of Hermite-Fejér interpolation on the other hand, provides a historical perspective for the following surprising, close link between these apparently diverse concepts. Denoting by Λn (T) the Lebesgue constant of order n and by Δn (T) the maximum interpolation error for functions of class Lip 1 by Hexmite-Fejér interpolation polynomials of degree not exceeding 2n − 1, based on the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomial of first kind, we discover that, for even values of n, Λn(T) = n Δn(T).