bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grensekrysninger, symbolsk makt/vold og litterært uttrykk hos Annie Ernaux og Nina Bouraoui
Authors: Isaksen Heidi
Published: October 2015

De to franskspråklige forfatterne Annie Ernaux (1940-) og NinaBouraoui (1967-) knyttes begge til en økende historisk-sosial tendens iromangenren observert siden 1980-tallet. Annie Ernaux regnes somen av forløperne; "J'ai toujours le sentiment qu'il y a un gouffre entrele monde de la littérature et la vie des gens dominés." og NinaBouraouis tekster knyttes til flere retninger innenfor denne tendensen,hvor forfattere ofte søker å formulere stemmer for dominertekategorier i samfunnet. Mange har villet plassere Bouraoui iretningen som går under navnet ”littérature beur” og omhandlerspesifikke problemstillinger knyttet til de såkalte ”andregenerasjonsinnvandrere” i Frankrike, problemstillinger som nettoppble reaktualisert med de nye forstadsopptøyene som begynte i october2005. Hun knyttes også til retningen ”nyere kvinnelig algerisklitteratur”, stort sett produsert i eksil av franskspråklige forfattere,som skriver for å gi en stemme til de som er fratatt sin. Algeriskekvinner ble i 1984 ved lov fratatt sin sosiale status i Le Code de lafamille. Både Ernaux’ og Bouraouis forfatterskap fokuserer påkvinnelig seksualitet, og Nina Bouraoui gir de lesbiske en stemme idet offentlige rom: ”Je reçois beaucoup de courrier de lectrices,adolescentes et femmes plus âgées, qui disent leur solitude, leursentiment d’être sans cesse niées.”
Et lite pekk tesies. Litt om språket i Vett og uvett
Authors: Knutsen Nils Magne
Published: October 2015

I det ytre er Vett og Uvett ei ganske lita bok, men den ruver som etstorverk i nordnorsk litteratur. Og den har en posisjon i nordnorskfolkeliv og i nordnorsk bevissthet som ingen andre verdslige bøkerhar hatt - kanskje unntatt Nordlands Trompet. I det ytre ganske beskjeden, altså, men likevel et slags kulturelt landemerke, et fast punktman som nordlending kan orientere seg ut fra - i flere retninger.Og dette er det ikke vitenskapen eller universitetet eller Bokbadeti NRK eller Dagbladets kultursider som har bestemt, det har vi nordlendinger selv bestemt, og det har vi bestemt gjennom å ta boka ibruk, ved å dyrke den, ved å sitere den, ved å la den gå inn i vår forestillingsverden, og ved å la den glede oss og trøste oss og løfte oss nårdet ser litt mørkt ut.
Øystein Rottem om Pan. Person og påvirkning
Authors: Bartnæs Morten
Published: October 2015

Øystein Rottem arbeidet med Hamsuns romaner gjennom hele sitt liv som litteraturforsker og -kritiker. Innenfor Rottems virke ser ikke Pan ut til å innta noen sentral stilling, men hans Pan-studie ble gitt ut i tre forskjellige versjoner over et tidsrom på 16 år. Artikkelens resepsjonshistorie ser imidlertid ikke ut til å motsvare utgivelseshistorien. Når Rottems artikkel siteres, vises det til hans gjengivelse av Pan-resepsjonen (Wærp 1999, 215), eller hans uttalelserom romanpersonenes psykologi (Brøgger 1999, 201ff.). Når det gjelder hovedsynspunktene i Rottems artikkel, er det bare tilsynelatende en enkel oppgave å gjengi dem, og det er kanskje ikke urimelig å anta at dette er en av årsakene til den mangel på resonans de har støtt på iden senere Pan-litteraturen.Siktemålet med de følgende bemerkningene er ikke å diskutere hvorvidt de resultatene Øystein Rottem kom frem til som Panfortolker, er passende. I stedet ønsker jeg å ta utgangspunkt i to vanskeligheter som kan oppleves under lesingen av Rottems artikkel om Pan. Disse vanskelighetene kommer etter mitt syn spesielt tydelig til syne i Rottems artikkel, men har også generelle sider som av plasshensyn imidlertid bare kan behandles flyktig her.
Juliane's speech: Knut Hamsun's Play In the Grip of Life (Livet i vold)
Authors: Zagar Monika
Published: October 2015

My article will present an examination of interactional styles in dialogues created by Knut Hamsun in his 1910 play In the Grip of Life (Livet i vold). Hamsun equipped his protagonists with a particular speech. The point of the analysis is to investigate how Hamsun fleshed out his protagonists' speech styles, what he deemed as the most suitable and appropriate speech for women and men, and how he lets them transgress it. In fact, Hamsun uses transgression of the traditional rules of gender communication as his creative technique. Following Weber-Knapp's strategy, my analysis will focus on the following: length and frequency of speech contributions, interruptions, and initiating and responding utterances
Forsøk på å beskrive det ugjennomtrengelige i Dag Solstads romanprosa
Authors: Skaftun Atle
Published: October 2015

Forsøk på å beskrive det ugjennomtrengelige er tittelen på en av DagSolstads romaner, en roman som vi finner ca. midt i forfatterskapet.Solstad debuterte i 1965, Forsøk er fra 1984, og Solstads siste komhøsten 2002. Tittelen er imidlertid sentral i forfatterskapet også påandre og mer interessante måter.
Semiotikk som indre eksil: Om binære modellars rolle i russisk kultur
Authors: Mjør Kåre Johan
Published: October 2015

The article consists of a critical discussion Jurij Lotman and BorisUspenskij's (in)famous theory of Russian culture possessing anunderlying dual (binary) structure and of a contextualisation of theirideas in relation to both their contemporary Soviet situation andpossible historical predecessors.
La figure de la passante: une allégorie de la décadence?
Authors: De Palacio Jean
Published: October 2015

The Woman Passer-by, casually met with in modern city streets, and soon lost sight of, belongs to the legacy of Baudelaire. Such a figure, ever on the move, always on the verge of disappearance, must needs be nameless, speechless, and out of reach. She is indeed more soul than body, never implied in any love affair or sexual intercourse. If so, however, either sitting, eating or loving, as is often the case in the poetry of fin-de-siècle writers, she is warped out of her true nature and may become an allegory of Decadence, so much the more when turned into a tigress or she-wolf.
Michael Field’s “A Dance of Death”
Authors: Richardson LeeAnne
Published: October 2015

The 1912 poem "A Dance of Death" by Michael Field (pen name of Katherine Bradley and her niece Edith Cooper) depicts Salome in an alternate version of the biblical story: this Salome dances on a frozen river, falls through the ice, and is decapitated on a jagged edge. Nonetheless, her beautiful head continues dancing over the frozen river. This poem is highly unusual, especially in the context of the other poems in the postconversion volume Poems of Adoration, because it questions, rather than submits to, authority. In re-writing a familiar Christian tale, as well as a familiar decadent theme, Field uses the poem to assert the supremacy of their artistic vision, which (despite their ardent Catholicism) cannot be subject to any law outside themselves. Like the continually dancing head of Salome, which continues to create beauty even after nature (and perhaps God) has struck it down, the poet is subjugate only to her own law and creates without boundaries or restrictions on her art. Bradley and Cooper were acutely aware of their authorial persona (actively taking not only a masculine but also a singular poetic identity), and their mode of reconciling the apparent contradictions of this identity are mirrored in their presentation of Salome in a "Dance of Death."
From Exquisite to Transgressive Moderns? The Goncourt's "Decadent" Eighteenth-Century Art Revival
Authors: Simpson Juliet
Published: October 2015

As avid collectors of French eighteenth-century art, the Goncourts' contribution to its nineteenth-century history is well-known. This article, however, explores a less welldocumented aspect of their L'Art du dix-huitième siècle (1858-1875): that is, its articulation of an art of latency and decadence prior to the term's fin-de-siècle association with explicitly transgressive cultures of modernity. Indeed, the paper argues that the Goncourts were amongst the first writers of their age to use the art of an age linked with political and cultural decay, to foreground latently decadent tendencies in mid nineteenth-century French art and culture. In so doing, they were to produce a paradigm of "decadence" defining not decline, but a new and highly modern artistry of heightened aesthetic expression. The article will explore these ideas in two principal ways. First, it considers neglected relations between the Goncourts' and Taine's ideas on art, and specifically, the Goncourts' use and exploitation of Tainean indicators of decadence, broached in Taine's study on La Fontaine (1861), for opposing artistically and culturally productive ends. Second it develops these ideas in a discussion of the three artist-studies in L'Art du dixhuitième siècle in which the Goncourts' developing theme of "decadence" is articulated with especial force and prescience: in "Boucher" (1861), "Greuze" (1863) and ‘Fragonard' (1864). These, as the paper argues, suggest particularly defined channels for the Goncourts' engagement with key Tainean ideas of the period, offering related opportunities for their promotion of corruption, vice and decline as aesthetically and culturally compelling. In repositioning Boucher's sensualism as "indécence", Greuze's "innocence" as "perverse" and Fragonard's Italianate expressivity as "impure", the Goncourts not only situate their "histories" in the vanguard of a new, transgressive aesthetic understanding of eighteenth-century art, they re-appropriate its Romantically exquisite aspects as emblems of an art of exquisite corruption and as triggers for recreation.
Transgression médiatique et provocations décadentes: La décadence comme comportement médiatique.
Authors: Vérilhac Yoan
Published: October 2015

The decadent and symbolist movements are deeply connected to the creation of media: newspapers, small reviews which make the promotion of the young poets and their original works. In the 1880’s, the decadent reviews use in a provocative way the codes and the media potentialities. However this provocative press is based on a double language (especially about the relationship with the public), and this contradiction generates a negative image in the popular press: the new generation of poets and writers appears to be a noisy group of « hoaxers ». Therefore, around 1890, when the new reviews grouped around the « symbolist » label define themselves a media identity, it is important for them to distance from decadent behaviours. The decadent moment of the mediatization of literature is thus indispensable to understand the history of connections between press and poetic avant-gardes.
Comment représenter la transgression de genre - L'Hermaphrodite dans l'oeuvre de J. K. Huysmans -
Authors: Stănică Mihaela Gabriela
Published: October 2015

By the end of the 19th century one may observe the birth of a particular form of knowledge which would further be known as scientia sexualis as well as the rationalization of the hermaphroditic body. Ernest Martin’s attempt to realize a taxonomy of the different forms of monstrosity (Histoire des monstres depuis l’Antiquité jusqu’à nos jours -1880) from a juridical and clinical perspective is representative for what Jean-Jacques Courtine will call “le désenchantement de l’étrange”.Since the physicians from that period refuse to acknowledge the existence of real hermaphrodites among humans, the pseudo-hermaphrodite will lose his ontological independence and will turn into a simple pathological deviation which will be placed among the other pathological figures which constitute the inventory of degenerationshaunting the imaginary of the fin de siècle. Since the hermaphroditic body, this gender trouble that threatens the dual taxonomy of the society, is denied the ontological independence, this body enters the sphere of invisibility. Given that the transgressive body becomes a simple deviation, the hermaphrodite can only be a secondary representation.How are these mechanisms of the secondary representation applied to the literary productions of that period? The answer to this question could be found in Huysmans’ texts where the ambiguity of the hermaphroditic figure is captured into somatic and psychical representations that seem to confirm the epistemic paradigms of that fin de siècle.
To anmeldelser
Authors: Aamotsbakken Bente , Wærp Henning Howlid
Published: October 2015

Mette Elisabeth Nergård: Veier til Verket. Om Heimlandet Barndom av Edvard Hoem. Anmeldt av Bente AamotsbakkenTruls Gjefsen: Syng liv i ditt liv! Hans Børlis liv og diktning. Anmeldt av Henning Howlid Wærp
Seks anmeldelser
Authors: Langfeldt Anne-Lise , Utnes Astrid , Willumsen Liv Helene , Larsen Leif Johan , Paulson Sarah , Wærp Henning Howlid
Published: October 2015

Alvhild Dvergsdal: Oehlenschlägers tragediekunst, anmeldt av Anne-Lise LangfeldtGunvor Hofmo: Etterlatte dikt; red. av Jan Erik Vold, anmeldt av Astrid UtnesOm Regine Normanns biografi - slik biografen ser det, av Liv Willumsen (Dette er et svar til anmeldelsen av Liv Willumsens bok Havmannenens datter. Regine Normann - et livsløp, skrevet av Ragnhild Engelskjøn. Denne anmeldelsen var på trykk i Nordlit nr. 2.)Jahn Thon: Lasso rundt fru Luna, anmeldt av Leif Johan LarsenKarin E. Ellefsen: Huset med den blinde glassveranda, anmeldt av Sarah PaulsonFinn Aarsæther: Veier til verket: om Pan av Knut Hamsun, anmeldt av Henning Howlid Wærp
Transience and Place: Exploring Tourists' Experiences of Place
Authors: Jacobsen Jens Kristian Steen
Published: October 2015

This paper explores tourists' transient place experiences. The focus is on what is commonly called sightseeing, confined mainly to experiences of locations not previously visited. This type of travel experience, seeing actual places or objects for one's self and taking photographs, is regarded here as an important ritual in modernity. With reference to the concept of adventurer, the paper attempts to describe various aspects of novel travel experiences. For instance, ephemeral tourist sensations of place are compared to «love at first sight», a blissful experience of meeting with a place to which one feels strongly attracted. While transient encounters may also provide access to dreamlike place experiences, adventurous tourists are always in danger of being caught up in other roles, or of becoming embroiled in a new everyday life with accompanying routines. By way of conclusion, it is proposed that the restrictions on time inherent in today's holiday tours usually result in transient place experiences as the only alternative for those desiring to gain first-time impressions of several places or larger geographic areas.
Om Regine Normanns biografi med påfølgende debatt - slik biografen ser det
Authors: Willumsen Liv Helene
Published: October 2015

This essay is written as part of a debate related to the biography as genre, following the publishing of my biography Havmannens datter. Regine Normann - et livsløp [The merman's daughter. Regine Normann - a life story] (1997). On one hand the essay contains arguments related to this specific biography. On the other hand, it contains general points of view related to biography as genre. The author defines biography as a written life-story about a person different from the biographer himself or herself. A biography is a work according to historical methods, as it is based on historical sources and has an explicit claim to documentation inherent. In the specific biography on Regine Normann, which is styled as a story, strict demands to historical references are practiced. Still the biography in its final form is dependant upon interpretation of the sources. As more general points on biography as genre the essay argues that competence within documentation is of uttermost importance for the work, as reliable historical sources are the fundament of any valid biography. The work of reference is emphasized, as the reader should have the possibility to control the factual information given. There is a demand that correct and accurate when referring to sources, and not inventing or adding information which can not be documented.It is further argued for a division line between biography writing and literary analysis, in cases wherein the biography is written on an author. For that reason, literary analysis of fictional works does not have any place in a biography, but should be published as literary research. The interpretative function of the biographer is underlined, even in a text based on historical information. In a text formed along narrative lines, as is the case with Regine Normann's life story, the narrator has the authority and power to interpret documents and formulate the text in his own manner and according to his interpretation.  N.B: This article was originaly printed among the reviews of Nordlit nr. 3 and can also be found there, in its chronological place. It has been elevated by request of the author.
"Sæt mig ikke paa en haardere prøve!" Johan Kulstads beretning fra Svalbard 1853
Authors: Knutsen Nils Magne
Published: October 2015

In his book from 1865 Johan Kulstad tells the story of a hunting expedition to Spitzbergen in 1853. The mother ship disappears, and in desperation Kulstad and his six men starts rowing their small hunting boat back to Norway. After six days of incredible suffering, they are rescued by a Danish ship a few miles off the coast of Finnmark. After outlining the main sides of this story, the article comments briefly on the way Kulstad tells his story: There is a mixture of pre-realistic and naturalistic narrative, there is a mixture of genres, and the text is without the heroism which is so prevalent in later Arctic narrative. Interesting detail: The way a Sami member of the expedition is portrayed
Nostalgisk erindring og polar karrierehistorie. Fridtjof Nansen: Blant sel og bjørn: min første ishavs-ferd (1924)
Authors: Karlsen Silje Solheim
Published: October 2015

In Fridtjof Nansens Hunting & adventure in the Arctic (1924), the last polar travel account Nansen wrote, he writes about his first experience with the Arctic; when he as a young student in 1882 joined the sealboat Viking to the sealing grounds outsideGreenland. The account is a polyphonic book where both the young student and the 63 year old scientist and polar hero alternately speaks. The young Nansen seems overwhelmed by the Arctic surroundings, he tells enthusiastically of ice, polar bears, hunting and the sealing. The old scientist explains the nature and whole fauna in the Arctic, supported by his own experiences and all research available. The result is, on the one hand, a nostalgic travelbook which also functions as a memoir over the totalof Nansen´s Arctic travels and expeditions. On the other hand, the convincing andthorough scientific material in the book positions Nansen as an authority both what regards science, but perhaps just as important: as a successful polar explorer and hero.
De-framing the Indigenous Body. Ethnography, Landscape and Cultural Belonging in the Art of Pia Arke
Authors: Thisted Kirsten
Published: October 2015

The article presents the Greenlandic-Danish artist Pia Arke (1958-2007) and gives readings of various of her artworks, arguing that they attempt to negotiate a postcolonial condition. Arke was fascinated by the male European explorers and their fascination with the Arctic landscape, the Inuit and, not the least, the Inuit women. "Arctic Hysteria" is one of the main metaphors she used to describe this fascination - giving a whole new meaning to this concept invented by explorers and scientists to describe a special kind of pathology by which the inhabitants of the Arctic were classified and distinguished from other people. Where so many male intellectuals have responded to the European representations with resentment and anger, Arke chooses curiosity as her main approach. What did these men see? What made them see in this way? What did the women feel? How does it feel to take upon oneself this subject position of the cultural and sexual "Other"? Thus, instead of repeating the dichotomizing constructions, as is often the outcome of "Anti-Orientalist" or "Anti-Othering" studies, Arke re-lives and thereby out-lives and deconstructs the colonial representations, leaving the stage open for new images and encounters. Arke thus addresses some of the key problems in the discussion of representation, and her work becomes an important critique not only of the colonial representations itself, but of the way in which the postcolonial response has dealt with these issues, trying to bring us further and beyond.
Triumf, lojalitet, avstand. Fridtjof Nansens Fram-ekspedisjon (1893-1896) – og litteraturen i dens kjølvann.
Authors: Karlsen Silje Solheim
Published: October 2015

Doktordisputas 27. januar 2012. Fakultet for humaniora, samfunnsvitenskap og lærerutdanning, Universitetet i Tromsø. Den fulle avhandlingen finnes i Munin, http://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/3796.Denne teksten dekker bakgrunnen for prosjektet.
From Nature to iNature. Articulating a Sami Christian Identity Online
Authors: Olsen Torjer
Published: October 2015

The article discusses the activities of both indigenous people and religion online, and introduces the pair of concepts indigeneity-online/online-indigeneity as a means of analysing this activity. This concept is new, and leans heavily on the pair of concepts religion-online/online-religion that is used in religious studies. The second part of the article consists of an analysis of the website www.osko.no, a site for the Christian education of Sami children and youth. I treat this as an expression of, or a medium for, the contemporary formation of Sami identity, and argue that it can be seen as an indigenous website. The Church of Norway, as an institution with a strong history of colonization  and  Norwegianization, has  developed  into an  institution  that  seeks  to integrate, implement and strengthen the Sami voices and traditions to such extent thatSami  Christians  use  it  as platform  for  the  communication  of  a Sami  kind of Christianity. www.osko.no is an example of a certain articulation of Sami identity. What seems  to  be  the  preferred  or idealized  Saminess  is  related  to nature and  a particular past, and is distant to modernity, urban culture and Norwegian culture.
China in the Arctic: interests, actions and challenges
Authors: Wegge Njord
Published: October 2015

This article gives an overview of China’s interest in and approach to the Arctic region. The following questions are raised: 1.Why is China getting involved in the Arctic, 2. How is China’s engagement in the Arctic playing out? 3, What are the most important issues that need to be solved in order for China to increase its relevance and importance as a political actor and partner in the Arctic. In applying a rationalist approach when answering the research questions, I identify how China in the last few years increasingly has been accepted as a legitimate stakeholder in the Arctic, with important stakes and activities in areas such as shipping, resource utilization and environmental science.  The article concludes with pointing out some issues that remain to be solved including Chinas role in issues of global politics, the role of observers in the Arctic Council as well as pointing out how China itself needs to decide important aspects of their future role in the region.
Fangstmannsbiografien og heltelitteratur. Med et skråblikk på sjangeren: Wanny Woldstad, Henry Ette, Thorleif Bjertnes og Henry Rudi.
Authors: Karlsen Silje Solheim
Published: October 2015

This article deals with the literature written by hunters and trappers wintering on Svalbard, addressing especially the idea of the hunter´s memoirs as heroic literature. My reading is centered around Wanny Woldstads account Første kvinne som fangstmann på Svalbard (1956) and against the background of memoirs written by Henry Rudi, Henry Ette and Thorleif Bjertnes I first question the label heroic, before I proceed examining how Woldstad with her female perspective relates to the traditional view on the hunter as a masculine, hard-boiled Arctic hero.
The use of Latin and the European republic of letters: Change and continuity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Authors: Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: October 2015

This article, which is the author’s trial lecture for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor, offers a brief history of the use of Latin among men of learning. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are known as the periods of Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, respectively. In the same timespan the Republic of Letters flourished, a word which connoted a kind of ‘imagined community’ (in Benedict Anderson’s words) which bound together the supporters of the new science. In transgressing confessional, civil, and ideological boundaries Latin offered a peculiar kind of assistance. A text in Latin would signify not merely erudition, but also some sort of neutrality. However much the active use and the passive ability to understand various vernacular languages rose internationally, neither Italian, French, English, or German was received without mixed feelings. Escaping the famous definition of a language as ‘a dialect with an army and a navy’, Latinity proved capable of persisting by means of ‘soft power’ alone. The processes which led to the end of this state of affairs were not one and the same. Italian, which Galilei and the academicians of Florence used, achieved national or regional, rather than international, success. English, cultivated by the Royal Society of London, was undoubtedly comprehensible to many learned, but it was used rarely abroad nevertheless. French, having the Académie Royale des Sciences and the encyclopédistes among its supporters, especially towards the end of the eighteenth century seemed poised to take over the Republic of Letters. German, read by many men of learning in Nordic and Eastern parts of Europe, reeked of vulgarity or even barbarism. That Latin, the victim of nationalism, democratisation, and secularisation, in brief, of European modernity, also served as a vehicle and a midwife for that very same modernity is a lesson well worth bearing in mind.
De Finnis cornutis
Authors: Pekkanen Tuomo
Published: October 2015

Horned Finns. The ‘cornuti Finni’ mentioned in the Historia Norwegiae have not found their explanation, because the Latin word cornu, from which the adjective is derived, has been understood in the strict sense of ‘horn on the head’. The Latin word, however, also means ‘hoof’ of horses or ‘cloven hoof’ of cows and goats, even of the mythologic Faunus and Pan. In December 1913 Kai Donner saw in Dudinka Avam-Samojeds, who because of their cylindrically shaped reindeer winter boots, the front of which was hoof-shaped, were called ‘hoofed men’ (in Finnish ‘kaviolliset miehet’). In the extracts of Aristeas of Proconnesus, who as early as about 625 B.C travelled in North-Eastern Asia, the Aigipodes, men with goats feet, are mentioned as inhabitants of Northern Siberia. In the first century A.D., Pomponius Mela knows Hippopodes, men with horse’s feet, in the Northmost Sarmatia. The three names, cornuti Finni, Aigipodes and Hippopodes find their explanation in the reindeer boots, necessary in the arctic climate. Recent photographs of the Ngasani and Nenets Samojed show that this kind of boots are still used. The fact that some arctic peoples have since ancient times got their nickname from their boots, which made them look like hoofed animals, makes it necessary to reconsider the origin of the names Lapp and Finn, the etymology of which is unclear. As the Swedish lapp, earlier form of modern labb, is of Indogermanic origin and has in several languages the meaning of the foot of a quadruped animal, it seems that the name Lapp, considered as abusive by the Sami, belongs to the arctic names given to people who because of their boots looked like men with goat’s or horse’s feet and were called, as Donner heard it, ‘hoofed men’. It remains an open question whether the ethnonym Fenni / Finni may be of similar origin.
“Hva har romerne noen gang gjort for oss i Nord- Norge?” Om mulige forbindelser mellom Romerriket og det nordligste Norge
Authors: Ravnå Per-Bjarne
Published: October 2015

“What Have the Romans Ever Done for Us Here in North Norway?”: On Possible Connections Between the Roman Empire and Northernmost Norway. This article argues that scholars studying the early history of northern Norway should pay more attention to Roman history. Even if the geographical distances were long, there are clear signs of connections between inhabitants of northern Norway and the Roman world during the Roman era. In order to understand these connections scholars also need to study Roman history in its own right. To make this point the article investigates the possible Roman connections of a well-known warrior grave from Steigen (Nordland County, North Norway), dated to the middle of the third century CE. The investigation yields no stunning new discoveries, but aims to contribute to a broader and more well-founded understanding of the buried man and the experiences he might have had, as well as a cautious and informed view of broader connections between the North and the Roman world.
Kvinnens overflødighet hos Platon
Authors: Nilsen Fredrik
Published: October 2015

The Superfluity of Women in Plato. In her article «Plato’s problematic women» Kristin Sampson argues that Plato has two different views on women in the Republic and the Timaeus respectively. In the Republic Plato operates with some sort of equality of status between the two genders, at least in the leaders’ and the soldiers’ classes, whereas in the mythology of the Timaeus women are depicted as reincarnations of men who earlier had lived an unmoral and bad life. According to my interpretation, these two views must be seen as two aspects of one common Greek thought or, as Vigdis Songe-Møller puts it, one common Greek dream, «the dream of the women’s superfluity». In the Republic Plato tries to rule out differences between genders by making the women as similar to men as possible, while in the Timaeus he describes them as something completely different from the norm, the man, and actually as a punishment to men with bad moral behaviour, something that society ideally should do without.
Old women in the Odyssey
Authors: Jensen Minna Skafte
Published: October 2015

Being a heroic epic, the Odyssey is peopled by male protagonists in their prime. Nevertheless, the poem gives attention also to humbler figures, among them old women. They are few, but important. A couple of them belong to the highest stratum of society, the rest are slaves. Especially, they are trophoi, nurses, and the impression given is that such nurses are an indispensable part of any big household. The most impressive of them is Odysseus’ nurse Eurycleia, who has a role to play all the way through the poem. When her story is traced from beginning to end it unfolds as a poem inside the poem, with its own inner coherence. Her character is ambiguous: in some scenes she is the quintessence of care and kindness, in others she is brutal, so much so as to make of her one of the scariest characters in the poem. What has made her so full of hatred? the hard life as a slave. She has accustomed herself to her fate and shows unbroken solidarity with her masters, only to feel all the more offended by the amount of work the feasting suitors have caused. Besides, a traditional fairy tale pattern runs as an undercurrent through the epic, with Penelope and Eurycleia filling in the same tale role so that good and bad is split between them.
The Tomba dei Tori at Tarquinia: A ritual approach
Authors: Brandt J. Rasmus
Published: October 2015

In a recent publication (Brandt 2014b) an attempt was made to single out recurring pictorial motifs in Etruscan tomb paintings and to interpret them as elements of funerary ritual procedures with reference to Arnold van Gennep’s rites-de-passage model (1908) and Mary Douglas’ views on purity and danger (1996). The model is here applied on the Archaic and well-known Tomba dei Tori at Tarquinia in order to see if the tomb’s many enigmatic pictorial scenes can be read as coherent elements of such procedures.
Milk as a symbol of immortality in the “Orphic” gold tablets from Thurii and Pelinna
Authors: Torjussen Stian Sundell
Published: October 2015

This article offers an interpretation of the enigmatic “kid-in-milk” formula which appears in four of the “Orphic” gold tablets from Thurii and Pelinna. These tiny tablets accompanied the dead in their graves and contained texts of various lengths which were believed to help the deceased on his or her journey to the otherworld. Many see the tablets as Orphic texts, but this question has been highly debated during the last century. The four tablets in question, from two sites in southern Italy and Greece, tell how the deceased has suffered in life, but that he or she has attained immortality through initiation. The immortalization was referred to and summed up in the “kid-in-milk” formula, where, it is argued, milk was a direct reference to immortality. Thus milk in this eschatological context is a symbol of immortality which served as a focal point for both the text and the initates.
Once again “the Scythian” myth of origins (Herodotus 4.5–10)
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: October 2015

Far from being authorless texts, eternal truths, and the authentic voice of the Volk (as Romantic theories have it), myths are narratives that disguise both their authorship and their tendentious nature. The two variants of “the” Scythian origin myth preserved in Herodotus 4.5–6 and 4.8–10 provide a convenient example of how close reading permits one to identify the interests advanced by each variant through the ways they rework details of the structure they have in common.
Difference in association. About bridging the cultural gap when translating Ibsen's En folkefiende
Authors: Peters Anne Lande
Published: October 2015

Ibsen-In-Translation aims at translating Ibsen’s work simultaneously into the languages of: Classic Arabic, Chinese, Egyptian, English, Hindi, Japanese, Russian and Spanish. During the translation of En Folkefiende the group met twice to discuss problems and help eachother’s understanding of the play. This article aims at pointing out some of the common translation-problems the eight translators encountered, and to mention specific problems I encountered in the process of translating the play into Japanese.

During our two meetings, I saw that some problems were language-specific, and that some were common to more of us. We also discovered that some words and expressions are so rooted in the Norwegian culture and that a literal translation of such words and expressions create different associations in the target language. Among the problems we had in common, there seemed to be two main categories. 1: Concepts related to Christian values, and 2: Concepts related to the Norwegian societal organization of the time. Christian values-related problems consisted of translating swearwords, translating the concepts and the associations related to the words ”temperance”, ”atheism” and ”openmindedness”. As for the problems relating to societal organization and political ideology in Norway of the time, concepts relating to the term ”borger” was a challenge for many of us. As for me specifically, I also had the added challenge of fitting the relatively democratic language of Ibsen into the Japanese hierarchical language system. 
Romantiske stereotypier eller barnlige avvik. Arktis som oppdragende element i jentebøker fra 1940- og 1950-tallet
Authors: Karlsen Silje Solheim
Published: October 2015

Children’s literature has traditionally tended to be aimed primarily at raising and educating children. The setting has played an important role as a didactic and educational element, especially in literature for boys, where the natural setting has been pictured as a space of freedom without boundaries, following the pattern of the robinsonade. However, the didactic literature for girls was more related to the eighteenth-century genre of conduct literature, a British tradition aimed at giving girls and young women a sense of how they ought to behave, think, feel and respond, following conservative ideals of manners and morals. With this tradition in mind, it is quite interesting that many Norwegian books written for children and teens between the 1930s and 1970s take place in the Arctic, several of them with young girls as heroines and protagonists. Drawing on theories of the didactic function of children’s literature, focusing especially on the Arctic landscape as setting, this article examines three girls’ books from the period 1930–1950 and the roles and spaces this literature present as available for girls and young women. It addresses questions of the significance of the Arctic setting, and asks what kind of space these narratives offer and what kind of limitations and possibilities the representations contain.
Ibsen in Dutch theatres and the sustainability of Nora
Authors: Klok Janke
Published: October 2015

In this article I reflect on Ibsen's laborious road to the Dutch stages to display the reciprocal influence between innovating theatre plays and the process of a modernizing society. In doing this I take into account insights from translation theory and the thinking on cultural mediation, whereby cultural transmission is seen as a way of interacting: the receiving culture’s receptivity towards new ideas and new forms is crucial for the space available for innovative literature from abroad.

Tracking Ibsen on the Dutch stages shows a wavelike movement. Research into the reception of Ibsen supports the claim by the Dutch author Ina Boudier-Bakker (1875-1966) who used the late first staging of Ibsen's A Doll's House (1889) to illustrate the Amsterdam and Dutch conservatism with regard to gender roles and avant-garde art. Prior to 1890 the Netherlands lagged behind other European countries. With the Dutch production of A Doll’s House a new era arrives.After a flying start and a growing appreciation for Ibsen as a social reformer, particularly concerning entrenched (gender) conventions, Dutch critics in the period 1930-1970, do not seem to be able to place Ibsen’s plays. A qualitative analysis of the revival by way of the jubilee performance Ghosts in 1956, shows that Dutch audiences hold off a contemporary debate by focusing on geographical and ethnographical distance. It indicates that in the fifties this audience was intellectually and artistically conservative. Tracking Ibsen on the stages after 1970 shows us the current multicultural society; it shows us a renewed interest in his female characters, which culminates with Nora. It shows us an increasing number of women directors in Dutch theatres, also in advanced theatre school performances. Present-day Dutch theatres and their audiences seem to be mostly interested in Ibsen’s theatre women, be it his female characters or the relatively new phenomenon of women directing his plays. Their experiments with his texts are highly appreciated and show a renewed interest in public debate, re-establishing the discussion that was aroused in the first period of staging Ibsen in the Netherlands. The experiments with Ibsen’s “old” female characters by his “new” women directors form a most important ingredient of his modernity and sustainability, both where content (feminism = noraism) and where form are concerned. It is these women who confirm Ibsen’s position as an author of today’s world. 
Avatar of transgression: Hamsun's Munken Vendt
Authors: Buttry Dolores
Published: October 2015

Knut Hamsun's play Munken Vendt may be considered a compendium of transgression of many kinds. We see in the play sexual transgression, violence, blasphemy, transgression of social rules (theft, opposition to class divisions), as well as the crossing of boundaries. The protagonist can be seen as an anticipation of the French writer Georges Bataille -- the former Catholic turned libertine fascinated with evil. Aesthetic transgression is evident as well: Hamsun transgressed against rules of style and genre in writing his monstrous eight-act verse play. The play is a confused cry of revolt.
Individuell læring i gruppebasert psykoedukativ kognitiv rehabilitering
Authors: Evensen Aud , Brataas Hilfrid V. , Landstad Bodil
Published: October 2015

Artikkelen omhandler en kvalitativ studie om individuell læring i gruppebasert psykoedukativ kognitiv rehabilitering. Studiens formål var å få frem kunnskap om betydning av å benytte kombinasjon av individrettet og grupperettet metode i rehabiliteringsopplegg,
Metode: Kvalitativ beskrivende og fortolkende studie med bruk av fokusgruppeintervjuer to år etter deltakelse i rehabiliteringsopplegget.
Resultater: Gruppebasert rehabilitering var opplevd som gjensidig støtte. Rehabilitering med kognitiv tilnærming førte til oppdaging om egen lært hjelpeløshet og lavt selvbilde før rehabilitering og læring om andre måter å møte belastninger på. To år etter deltakelse på gruppebasert rehabilitering var opplegget erfart å ha betydning for selvfølelse, meningsfulle liv, mer aktivitet og mestring i hverdagen. Det er behov for mer forskning hvor opplevelse av mening og sammenheng måles og effekter av ulike rehabiliteringsmetoder sammenlignes.
Konklusjon: Kombinasjonen gruppebasert rehabilitering med individuell kognitiv tilnærming hadde betydning for motivasjon, mestring og aktivt liv to år etter rehabiliteringen.
Sammenhengen mellom livserfaringer og utvikling av langvarige muskelplager og fibromyalgi; en fenomenologisk livsverdenstudie av 5 kvinners livserfaringer i årene før de fikk diagnosen fibromyalgi
Authors: Wanvik Anne Kristin
Published: October 2015

Hensikt; Utforske kroppslige erfaringer hos kvinner i årene før de fikk fibromyalgidiagnosen. Dette er gjort gjennom kvalitativt intervju hvor målsettingen er å få et bilde av kvinnenes livsverden, hvor kroppspraksis og ureflekterte handlingsmønstre vil tre fram.

Design; Retrospektiv undersøkelse

Utvalg; Fem kvinner som har hatt fibromyalgidiagnosen i et år.

Metode; Kvalitativt intervju, transkribert og analysert etter Giorgi’s vitenskapelige fenomenologiske analyse.

Resultater; En sterk andreorientering og smerter og trøtthet i kroppen og lange perioder med fysisk og psykisk stress i årene før de fikk diagnosen fibromyalgi. Plagene ble forsøkt skjøvet bort og ignorert og symptomene ble verre med årene. En opplevelse av kroppen som noe annet enn ”dem selv”. Konklusjon; Kvinner som utvikler fibromyalgi viser i denne studien en splittelse mellom kroppen og selvet, og at kroppen ofte oppleves som et objekt. 

Dette kan sees som en manglende identifisering med og en objektgjøring av egen kropp.  Denne fremmedgjøringen og objektgjøringen av egen kropp synes å ha vært medvirkende til overbelastning av kroppen og utvikling av langvarige muskelplager for kvinnene i studien.
Kompetanseutvikling i sykehjem; ansattes perspektiv
Authors: Brenden Trine Kopperud , Storheil Anne Julie , Grov Ellen Karine , Ytrehus Siri
Published: October 2015

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: NO-BOK; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Denne artikkelen handler om kompetanseutvikling i sykehjem og baserer seg på en intervjuundersøkelse med ansatte ved to sykehjem. Resultatene viser at de ansatte lærer av hverandre på uformell basis. Imidlertid tyder studien på manglende systematikk i kompetanseutviklingen. Det er mange tilbud om kurs, men innholdet samsvarer ikke med de ansattes og sykehjemmets behov slik ansatte ser det. Internundervisningen er ikke tilstrekkelig med tanke på å nå alle ansattes behov. Kunnskapskilder er ikke tilgjengelig, og kommunikasjonskanaler, motivasjon, belønning og medbestemmelse syntes ikke ivaretatt som middel for kompetanseutvikling. De ansatte kjenner ikke til om sykehjemmene har mål og planer for kompetanseutvikling. Det kreves et bredt spekter av tilnærminger for å skape positiv kompetansekultur og kontinuerlig fokus på kompetanseutvikling. Denne studien gir grunn for å framheve betydningen av vekt på utvikling av formelle strukturer for kompetanseutvikling, kartleggig av kompetansebehov, lokale kompetanseplaner og ledelse av kompetanseutviklingsarbeidet.
”Med mobilen i lomma” Pårørendes erfaringer når en av deres nære dør i sykehjem
Authors: Midtbust May Helen , Lykkeslet Else , Skovdahl Kirsti
Published: October 2015

I dag og i årene fremover har helsevesenet store omsorgsutfordringer knyttet til økningen av antall eldre i befolkningen. En stor andel eldre avslutter livet i sykehjem, og de fleste har pårørende hos seg i tiden rundt dødsfallet. Hensikten med studien var å øke forståelsen for hvordan det erfares å være pårørende ved livets slutt i sykehjem, og å få kunnskap om hvordan helsepersonell kan bistå familien i prosessen. Data ble samlet ved hjelp av semistrukturerte, individuelle intervju av seks pårørende som nylig erfarte å miste en av sine nære i sykehjem. De pårørende ble rekruttert fra to forskjellige sykehjem. Resultatet viser at pårørende opplever at døden i sykehjem kan være uforutsigbar og fremmed. Svingninger i sykdomsforløp og usikkerhet i forhold til tidsaspektet i forventet levetid, førte til at pårørende alltid måtte være tilgjenglig. Når møte med døden for mange er fremmed, beskriver pårørende behovet for trygghet i en ukjent situasjon.
Livskvalitet for personer med demenssykdom – sett i et livsløpsperspektiv - En narrativ tilnærming basert på pårørendes fortellinger
Authors: Tretteteig Signe , Thorsen Kirsten
Published: October 2015

Artikkelen bygger på en undersøkelse om hva som oppleves som god livskvalitet for personer med demenssykdom under sykdomsforløpet, basert på kvalitative intervjuer med pårørende. Studien utvider livskvalitetsbegrepet ved å anvende et livsløpsperspektiv.  Den viser hvordan personens livserfaringer påvirker mulighetene til å oppleve livskvalitet i omsorgsbolig gjennom sykdomsprosessen. Nære familierelasjoner er særlig betydningsfulle for livskvaliteten for personer med demenssykdom ved flytting til omsorgsbolig, for opplevelse av sammenheng i livet, selvbekreftelse og identitetsstøtte. Betydningen av livskvalitetsaspekter forbundet med tidligere liv endrer seg etter hvert som demenssykdommen utvikler seg. I en sen fase av demenssykdommen ser det ut til at opplevelsen av livskvalitet i større grad enn før handler om personalets og andre nære omsorgspersoners evne til å gi trygghet og omsorg, og tidligere livskvalitetsaspekter trer i bakgrunnen. At personalet anvender livshistorisk kunnskap er sentralt for at beboerne skal få individuelt tilrettelagt livsinnhold, aktiviteter og omsorg som fremmer livskvalitet.

 
Bruk/ikke bruk av telemedisin i svangerskaps- og fødselsomsogen
Authors: Dyb Kari
Published: October 2015

Norge har, i likhet med flere andre stater i den vestlige verden, investert betydelige beløp på innføring av informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi (IKT) i helsesektoren. Til tross for politisk optimisme viser forskning at mange teknologiprosjekter feiler. Forklaringene på feilslåtte teknologiprosjekter er mange og til dels ulike. Det er likevel en klar tendens til å kategorisere IKT-utfordringene enten som teknologiske eller som organisatoriske. Denne artikkelen viser at det er mer til saken med å forstå utfordringene med bruk av IKT. Med utgangspunkt i en empirisk analyse av hvordan telemedisin både blir brukt og ikke tatt i bruk i svangerskaps- og fødselsomsorgen argumenterer Dyb for hvordan en materiellsemiotisk tilnærming er et godt inntak til å belyse mangfoldet i hva som skjer når ny teknologi blir innført i helsesektoren. Til slutt drøfter hun hvordan en materiellsemiotisk tilnærming dermed også er et godt inntak til refleksjoner omkring helsepolitiske teknologiforståelser