bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of human mitoNEET reveals distinct groups of iron–sulfur proteins
Authors: Lin Jinzhong , Zhou Tao , Ye Keqiong , Wang Jinfeng
Published: September 2007

MitoNEET is a protein of unknown function present in the mitochondrial membrane that was recently shown to bind specifically the antidiabetic drug pioglizatone. Here, we report the crystal structure of the soluble domain (residues 32–108) of human mitoNEET at 1.8-Å resolution. The structure reveals an intertwined homodimer, and each subunit was observed to bind a [2Fe-2S] cluster. The [2Fe-2S] ligation pattern of three cysteines and one histidine differs from the known pattern of four cysteines in most cases or two cysteines and two histidines as observed in Rieske proteins. The [2Fe-2S] cluster is packed in a modular structure formed by 17 consecutive residues. The cluster-binding motif is conserved in at least seven distinct groups of proteins from bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, which show a consensus sequence of (hb)-C-X
1
-C-X
2
-(S/T)-X
3
-P-(hb)-C-D-X
2
-H, where hb represents a hydrophobic residue; we term this a CCCH-type [2Fe-2S] binding motif. The nine conserved residues in the motif contribute to iron ligation and structure stabilization. UV-visible absorption spectra indicated that mitoNEET can exist in oxidized and reduced states. Our study suggests an electron transfer function for mitoNEET and for other proteins containing the CCCH motif.
DJ-1 gene deletion reveals that DJ-1 is an atypical peroxiredoxin-like peroxidase
Authors: Andres-Mateos Eva , Perier Celine , Zhang Li , Blanchard-Fillion Beatrice , Greco Todd M. , Thomas Bobby , Ko Han Seok , Sasaki Masayuki , Ischiropoulos Harry , Przedborski Serge , Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L.
Published: September 2007

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Whereas the majority of PD cases are sporadic, rare genetic defects have been linked to this prevalent movement disorder. Mutations in
DJ-1
are associated with autosomal recessive early-onset PD. The exact biochemical function of DJ-1 has remained elusive. Here we report the generation of
DJ-1
knockout (KO) mice by targeted deletion of exon 2 and exon 3. There is no observable degeneration of the central dopaminergic pathways, and the mice are anatomically and behaviorally similar to WT mice. Fluorescent Amplex red measurements of H
2
O
2
indicate that isolated mitochondria from young and old
DJ-1
KO mice have a 2-fold increase in H
2
O
2
.
DJ-1
KO mice of 2–3 months of age have a 60% reduction in mitochondrial aconitase activity without compromising other mitochondrial processes. At an early age there are no differences in antioxidant enzymes, but in older mice there is an up-regulation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and a 2-fold increase in mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase activity. Mutational analysis and mass spectrometry reveal that DJ-1 is an atypical peroxiredoxin-like peroxidase that scavenges H
2
O
2
through oxidation of Cys-106.
In vivo
there is an increase of DJ-1 oxidized at Cys-106 after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine intoxication of WT mice. Taken together these data indicate that the
DJ-1
KO mice have a deficit in scavenging mitochondrial H
2
O
2
due to the physiological function of DJ-1 as an atypical peroxiredoxin-like peroxidase.
Nitric oxide induces CD4+CD25+Foxp3−regulatory T cells from CD4+CD25−T cells via p53, IL-2, and OX40
Authors: Niedbala Wanda , Cai Beilei , Liu Haiying , Pitman Nick , Chang Lynda , Liew Foo Y.
Published: September 2007

The principal aim of the immune system is to establish a balance between defense against pathogens and avoidance of autoimmune disease. This balance is achieved partly through regulatory T cells (Tregs). CD4+CD25+Tregs are either naturally occurring or induced by antigens and are characterized by the expression of the X-linked forkhead/winged helix transcription factor, Foxp3. Here we report a previously unrecognized subset of CD4+CD25+Tregs derived from CD4+CD25−T cells induced by nitric oxide (NO). The induction of Tregs (NO-Tregs) is independent of cGMP but depends on p53, IL-2, and OX40. NO-Tregs produced IL-4 and IL-10, but not IL-2, IFNγ, or TGFβ. The cells were GITR+, CD27+, T-betlow, GATA3high, and Foxp3−. NO-Tregs suppressed the proliferation of CD4+CD25−T cellsin vitroand attenuated colitis- and collagen-induced arthritisin vivoin an IL-10-dependent manner. NO-Tregs also were inducedin vivoin SCID mice adoptively transferred with CD4+CD25−T cells in the presence of LPS and IFNγ, and the induction was completely inhibited byNG-monomethyl-l-arginine, a pan NO synthase inhibitor. Therefore, our findings uncovered a previously unrecognized function of NO via the NO–p53–IL-2–OX40–survivin signaling pathway for T cell differentiation and development.
The Rpb7p subunit of yeast RNA polymerase II plays roles in the two major cytoplasmic mRNA decay mechanisms
Authors: Lotan Rona , Goler-Baron Vicky , Duek Lea , Haimovich Gal , Choder Mordechai
Published: September 2007

The steady-state level of mRNAs is determined by the balance between their synthesis by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and their decay. In the cytoplasm, mRNAs are degraded by two major pathways; one requires decapping and 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity and the other involves 3′ to 5′ degradation. Rpb7p is a Pol II subunit that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Here, we show that Rpb7p is involved in the two mRNA decay pathways and possibly couples them. Rpb7p stimulates the deadenylation stage required for execution of both pathways. Additionally, Rpb7p is both an active component of the P bodies, where decapping and 5′ to 3′ degradation occur, and is capable of affecting the P bodies function. Moreover, Rpb7p interacts with the decapping regulator Pat1p in a manner important for the mRNA decay machinery. Rpb7p is also involved in the second pathway, as it stimulates 3′ to 5′ degradation. Our genetic analyses suggest that Rpb7p plays two distinct roles in mRNA decay, which can both be uncoupled from Rpb7p's role in transcription. Thus, Rpb7p plays pivotal roles in determining mRNA levels.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate dependence in the regulation of lymphocyte trafficking to the gut epithelium
Authors: Kunisawa Jun , Kurashima Yosuke , Higuchi Morio , Gohda Masashi , Ishikawa Izumi , Ogahara Ikuko , Kim Namju , Shimizu Miki , Kiyono Hiroshi
Published: September 2007

It is well established that intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IELs) are derived from conventional single-positive (SP) thymocytes, as well as unconventional double-negative (DN) thymocytes and CD103+CD8αβ recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). We show that IELs can be divided into two groups according to their dependency on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) for trafficking into the intestines. CD4 or CD8αβ naive lymphocytes originating from SP thymocytes express high levels of type 1 S1P receptor (S1P1), and their preferential migration into the large intestine is regulated by S1P. In contrast, RTEs migrate exclusively into the small intestine, whereas DN thymic IEL precursors expressing either TCRαβ or TCRγδ migrate into both the small and large intestines. S1P does not play a role in the migration pathways of these unconventional thymic IEL precursors. Thus, down-regulation of S1P1 expression or disruption of the S1P gradient halted conventional CD4 or CD8αβ IEL trafficking into the intestines, but did not affect the trafficking of unconventional thymic IEL precursors. These data are the first to demonstrate that a lipid-mediated system discriminates IELs originating from conventional and unconventional thymic precursors.
PLAYS AND PLAYERS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken finds reprieve by becoming a drama critic. An older critic gives him valuable advice that becomes the mainstay of Mencken's style: in order to get a crowd, you must give them a show. Mencken finds his true métier, and promotes the controversial and liberating plays of George Bernard Shaw and Henrik Ibsen. Professionally, he publishes a book of poetry (Ventures Into Verse) and becomes City Editor of the Herald. In his personal life, he begins to date actresses and starts a new musical group called, The Saturday Night Club.
THE DRY MILLENNIUM DAWNS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

The 1920s began with the advent of the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition, which Mencken viewed as the ultimate violation of the civil liberties that he cherished. His battle against Prohibition was accompanied by his efforts to reinvigorate the Baltimore Sun, to make it free to deal honestly and realistically with politicians and the American scene. Mencken's efforts to embrace these ideals in his newspaper prepare the reader to comprehend his disillusionment with the practice of journalism in the years ahead. For the next eighteen years until 1938, Mencken wrote a weekly “Monday Article”, different from “The Free Lance” diatribes that he wrote years earlier. Without straining for effect, Mencken addressed issues of civil liberty and free speech, and became a leading national voice.
OF POLITICS AND PROSE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

With Mencken's acerbic column and a new staff, the Baltimore Sun becomes a leading chronicler of national news. Mencken took great pleasure in covering politics, but his reputation as a catalyst in American letters also rose in stature as The American Language became a bestseller. With Prejudices: Second Series, Mencken became the instigator of the Southern renaissance. Black intellectuals, among them James Weldon Johnson and W. E. B. Du Bois welcomed Mencken as an important force in the Harlem renaissance. However, just as Mencken was being hailed as a major influence on a new generation of American writers, his old mentor, James Huneker, died.
THE SCOPES TRIAL
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a history of the famous Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925, when famed lawyer Clarence Darrow defended John Thomas Scopes, a schoolteacher in Dayton, Tennessee, for teaching the theory of evolution. Leading the prosecution was Christian fundamentalist, William Jennings Bryan, whom Mencken had encountered as a reporter years before. The chapter focuses on Mencken's crucial role in the trial, and the positive and negative influence he exerted.
THE GERMAN VALENTINO
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Mencken's complex relationships with women between 1927-1928. He was torn with conflicting emotions over actress Aileen Pringle; opera singer Gretchen Hood; former girlfriend, the now-divorced Marion Bloom; and Southern writer Sara Haardt. Although Mencken was drawn to all these women, he felt a kinship with Sara Haardt, who seemed to share his quiet values more than any other.
“HAPPY DAYS ARE HERE AGAIN”
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Tired and depressed, Mencken took a Caribbean cruise with Sara Haardt before turning his attention to the 1932 presidential elections. Initially, Mencken found the effects of the Depression greatly exaggerated. He was the product of the 1893 Depression, and of a city that weathered the economic downturn better than most. When he realized that the Depression was real, he casted his vote for Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose stunning victory and action to repeal the Prohibition elicited Mencken's admiration. The chapter ends with Mencken downing the first mug of real beer, as he celebrated the return of “the essential liberties of man”.
A WINTER OF HORROR
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Sara Haardt Mencken's fragile health continued to fail and she died on May 31, 1935. “When I married Sara,” Mencken mourned, “the doctors said she could live more than three years. Actually, she lived five, so that I had two more years of happiness than I had any right to expect.” He edited a collection of her short stories (Southern Album) and decided to leave the apartment they shared on Cathedral Street and move back to his family home.
6 Epilogue
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This epilogue explores the uniquely Roman ethical concept of wholeness (integritas), the term that gives its name to the modern concept of “integrity”. It shows how the ancient concept differs from the modern in being less concerned with notions of inwardness, autonomy, and authenticity, and more concerned with a kind of “baseline” or “threshold” ethical soundness, of the sort that would be displayed by someone who correctly experienced the emotions studied in the books earlier chapters.
Influences on Upland System Structure I: Aspen Woodland
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Aspen in western North America grows in clones, and reproduces from root shoots (ramets) that replace short-lived (100-130 year) trees. Elk browse leaves and low branches producing browse lines, peel the bark of medium-age and young trees, browse off young ramets preventing reestablishment, and convert understories to low-diversity stands of grasses and annuals. Clones outside the park in the absence of ungulates, inside park exclosures, and in early park photographs, have mixed-age ramets, no highlines, and diverse understories of shrubs and perennial forbs. Contrary to natural-regulation advocates, photographic and dencrochronological evidence shows that aspens were a significant component of the vegetation before 1872 and in early park years. There has been no tree recruitment in the northern range since the 1920s, one-third of clones in early photographs have disappeared, the area of surviving clones has declined 80%, and associated biota of browsed clones has declined, all attributed primarily to elk browsing rather than other factors proposed by natural-regulation advocates.
Influences on Upland System Structure IV: The Ungulate Guild
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Nutritional research on northern-range elk and park-wide bison shows catabolic decline and mortality increase through winters, and as functions of population size and winter severity, collectively indicating usurpation of the range resource and intraspecific competition. Bighorn sheep numbers declined from the 1920s until about the 1960s, increased during and immediately after the elk population low, and then declined again in the 1980s and 1990s when they occurred at low population viability. Contrary to one hypothesis, the bison population increased steadily from the 1960s, except for slight population reductions in the 1980s and 1990s, until it reached ~3,000 when animals began leaving the park. Mule deer declined from the early 1900s to 1958-1970, and increased substantially by the 1980s and 1990s when they began wintering outside the park. Pronghorns, numbering in the thousands in early park years, now exist at low population viability. With speculative estimates, elk numbers and biomass increased 3.2x between park establishment and the 1990s; the other four species together declined 67% in numbers and 40% in biomass.
Influences on Ecosystem Function II: Historical Perturbations in Small Lake Basins
Authors: Hamilton Wayne L.
Published: September 2007

Reanalysis of previously published data on trends in sedimentation rates over time in eight small lakes in the northern range shows variations associated with elevation and character of lake basin (kettle lakes or lakes in slide-deposit terrain) that must be taken into account in evaluating whether sedimentation rates have changed over time in response to increases in the elk herd. Total sedimentation rates and those of allogenic silica increased in most lakes between park establishment and the 1980s-1990s. Total organic sedimentation rates, and those of biogenic silica and phosphorus, increased during park history indicating eutrophication. Two species of diatoms characteristic of eutrophic conditions increased during park history in three of five lakes. Although more comprehensive research is needed on this question, an increase in the northern herd is the most probable hypothesis to explain the evidence from this preliminary study.
Influences on Ecosystem Function III: Bioenergetics
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Five of six studies of annual, net above-ground production (ANPP) in ungrazed herbaceous vegetation in or near the northern range have produced values from 52.8-110.6 g/m2. One extensive study of unbrowsed sagebrush production on the northern range placed ANPP at 101.4 g/m2. Estimates of the proportion of herbaceous ANPP removed by the northern herd — largely taken in winter when the vegetation is dormant — have ranged between 5% in earlier studies to 42% more recently. But subjective appraisals and obvious nutritional shortage in elk and bison suggest nearly complete utilization. Although inferred from some studies, the available evidence does not point to overcompensation in the native northern-range grasses. The large numbers and variety of ungulates in the 20th century migrating between seasonal ranges have prompted some authors to call Yellowstone the North American Serengeti. But the short, high-latitude and high-elevation growing season, and prevalence of C3 rather than C4 grasses are differences that distinguish the contemporary northern range. The low densities of ungulates in prehistory also made Yellowstone quite different from the Serengeti before park establishment.
Influences on Ecosystem Function IV: Nitrogen Biogeochemistry
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Ungulate grazing, primarily by elk and bison, accelerates nitrogen cycling within the northern-range system by consumption, digestion, excretion, and subsequent mineralization. Ungulate use does not in and of itself increase or decrease the total nitrogen content of the system. The content is determined by input-output processes that include fixation, denitrification, volatilization, soil erosion, aerosol transport, and seasonal elk movements. Without measurements of the input-output processes, no nitrogen budget for the system can be formulated.
Why the Science Missed the Mark
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Research by Yellowstone biologists was administered by the park until 1993, when they were transferred out of the National Park Service (NPS). Park northern-range research since 1971 has largely supported the natural-regulation hypothesis, which has provided a scientific rationale for the politically coerced natural-regulation policy. Park research since 1971 has produced inferences on the northern range that are contrary to pre-1971 research and post-1971 research not supported by the park, because contrary evidence has been ignored; evidence has been used selectively, hypotheses have been proposed for which there was no supporting evidence, and subsequently treated as confirmed, careless scholarship; and administrative actions coercing compliance with the natural-regulation hypothesis. Scientific objectivity in park research could be fostered by placing it in an independent NPS division that reports to the NPS director. But such a move is administratively unlikely because former park biologists are now in the Biological Resources Division of the US Geological Survey, and the park has moved to ‘backfill’ its vacated research program.
The Science–Policy Interface
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Public resources are managed to satisfy societal values, and policies are set to prescribe management programs that satisfy those values. Science does not set policies but provides a factual environment in which policies can be set. The natural-regulation policy was set internally within NPS, a procedure that tends to promote ownership of the policy and resistance to critical scientific evidence. Scientific objectivity is more likely to be promoted with policies set externally by representatives of all interest groups as in the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Effective administration of national parks requires explicit goals for the purposes of the areas, and freedom to employ whatever management is needed to achieve the goals.
Work and Sing
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers how the conditions of production and dissemination of children's literature changed beginning in the mid-1930s, and looks at the particular ways that leftists, in response to these changes, began to reshape the field and its output in the years prior to the onset of the Cold War. Beginning in the mid-1930s, especially thanks to a Popular Front effort to broaden left-wing influence in American life, members of the Communist milieu began to write children's books that were geared toward a wide audience. This effort intersected with a growing sense among librarians, teachers, and other established members of the children's literature field (including the influential Child Study Association) that children should be exposed to real-world issues and cultural diversity (“interracial books”), a theme that became especially pronounced during World War II. Following discussions of left-wing efforts through the New Masses and organizations such as the League of American Writers to expand a leftist presence in children's literature, and institutional developments among educators, librarians, and publishers (including union efforts among teachers, the formation of a Progressive Librarians Council, and the development of the 25-cent Little Golden Book). The chapter concludes with an analysis of several books that promote an anti-fascist and anti-racist sensibility in children. Among the authors discussed in this chapter are Harry Granick, Marshall McClintock, Mary Elting, Lavinia Davis, John R. Tunis, Florence Crannell Means, Doris Gates, Henry Gregor Felsen, and Emma Gelders Sterne.
What Parents Say—and Do Not Say—about Essences
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: September 2007

From an empiricist view, children learn about essences by observation, either direct or indirect — including via the stories told by their parents. This view is appealing in many respects, particularly since children believe many other sorts of surprising things (the existence of Santa Claus and the Tooth Fairy, for instance) because they are told to and they are trusting. Also, if parents transmit these beliefs to children directly, then we do not have to grapple with the disquieting implications of the possibility that children are somehow biased in constructing stereotypes. However, not all stories told to children are essentialist. The input that children hear is more complicated, and the acquisitional account is correspondingly more interesting. This chapter details a systematic investigation about what parents say about essences — and what they do not say.
Essentialism in Language
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that language exerts important influences on essentialist reasoning. Two primary ways that language seems to affect the construction of essentialized kind are discussed: one is by conveying membership in a richly structured category (naming), the other is by expressing the scope of a proposition (generic noun phrases). These are then contrasted with two forms that, although potentially relevant to essentializing, are not used to essentialize (the word “kind” and universal quantifiers). The discussion ends by cautioning that, despite the importance of language, there is no compelling evidence as yet that language creates an essentialist stance, or that essentialism requires language.
Darwin's Champions
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on champions of Darwin's evolutionary theory, the most prominent being Thomas Henry Huxley in the UK and Ernst Haeckel in Germany. Topics discussed include man's place in nature, natural theology and agnosticism, archetype and idealism, ontogeny and phylogeny, and the philosophical and religious implications of Darwinism.
The Wild Gangs of the Chesapeake
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that labor shortages and the availability of land encouraged Chesapeake colonists to abandon English practices and adopt free-range livestock husbandry. Many animals, especially swine, strayed from plantations and feral populations resulted. These developments loosened the colonists' hold on their livestock, complicated claims to animal property, and compromised domestic animals' usefulness as symbols of English civility.
Re-Forming the Immigrant Masses
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the convergence of ideas and practices regarding respective nation-building among the educated elements of Issei men and women, Tokyo's diplomats, and white Californians. It also hopes to shed light on their divergence from ordinary Japanese immigrants, who never seriously heeded the elite vision of ideal citizen-subjects. The formation of Japanese immigrant leadership and community, and moral reform under racial exclusion are discussed.
Epilogue
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the wartime and post-war phases of Japanese American history. The Pacific War led to the demise of transnational immigrant history. The collective world view that inspired Issei to search for a pioneer past and strive for a better future vanished with the collapse of the Japanese settlement communities and industries in the American West — tangible markers of racial development. The post-war phase of Japanese American history diverged from the Issei's original designs. Under the War Relocation Authority (WRA) policy, the leadership of the community fell into the hands of the second generation, notably senior members of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL). Along the line of the WRA-JACL collaboration, integration into mainstream society, rather than racial development, became the central concern of the ethnic community in the wake of internment.
FROM THE PLATFORM TO THE STAGE: CLINGING TO FAME
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

After the Panic of 1873 the lyceum circuit fell into decline. Anna Elizabeth Dickinson still enjoyed tremendous popularity and could fill the occasional hall, but she would need new strategies to capitalize on that fame. Even as she climbed summits in Colorado and basked on beaches in New Jersey, Dickinson was contemplating her options. Since her youth, she had dreamed of going on the stage, but as long as lecturing provided an outlet for her passions it would have been folly to change careers. But even as she kept her distance from the theater, Dickinson grew friendly with several actors and actresses. Dickinson would eventually turn to the stage in 1876, opening herself up to particular national scrutiny in the process.
A Return to Order
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes Stalin's relationships with members of the ruling group during the period of reconstruction after World War II. What emerges is a picture of Stalin's relentless severity applied in equal measure to all members of the group, be they old Bolsheviks such as Molotov, second-generation functionaries such as Malenkov, or new recruits such as the younger Zhdanov. Despite the sharpness of some of these attacks, this period is characterized ironically by a sense of equilibrium within the leadership.
State Building Stalin-Style
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the political structures and decision-making procedures under which the postwar leadership operated. Through an examination of the Politburo and the Council of Ministers, the chapter describes the peculiar blend of personal rule and modern, regular, committee-based government that Stalin achieved in this period.
Awakening to Crisis
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

Stalin and his coterie's pursuit of their own goals left large swathes of their country in dire poverty. As became apparent from the mounting flow of complaints to the center, some sectors of the economy, most notably agriculture and the labor camp system were — after years of relentless exploitation — on the verge of crisis. This chapter examines the leadership's response to these signs of crisis. It focuses on these two policy areas that presented particular problems to the leadership in the late Stalin era and that would subsequently lie at the heart of the new course followed by the post-Stalin leadership.
Creating the Future
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes five things leaders must do to support strategic thinking about knowledge retention. This includes: (1) always linking organizational strategy to knowledge management initiatives; (2) coping with the uncertainty created by changing workforce capabilities; (3) taking a systemic approach when addressing knowledge retention problems and seeking solutions integration; (4) recognizing that knowledge loss can seriously hurt organizational learning capabilities by undermining a firm's absorptive capacity; and (5) using a strategic planning framework to take a long-term perspective on challenges posed by changing workforce demographics and the resulting threats of knowledge loss.
The Beauty of the Primitive
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

For the past forty years shamanism has drawn increasing attention among the general public and academics. So far no one has tried to understand why and how Western intellectual and popular culture became so fascinated with the topic. Behind fictional and non-fictional works on shamanism, this book uncovers an exciting story that mirrors changing Western attitudes toward the primitive. It explores how shamanism, an obscure word introduced by the 18th-century German explorers of Siberia, entered Western humanities and social sciences, and has now become a powerful idiom used by nature and pagan communities to situate their spiritual quests and anti-modernity sentiments. Moving from Enlightenment and Romantic writers and Russian exile ethnographers to the anthropology of Franz Boas to Mircea Eliade and Carlos Castaneda, the book details how the shamanism idiom was gradually transplanted from Siberia to the Native American scene and beyond. It also looks into the circumstances that prompted scholars and writers at first to marginalize shamanism as a mental disorder and then to recast it as high spiritual wisdom in the 1960s and the 1970s. Linking the growing interest in shamanism to the rise of anti-modernism in Western culture and intellectual life, it examines the role that anthropology, psychology, environmentalism, and Native Americana have played in the emergence of neo-shamanism. It discusses the sources that inspire Western neo-shamans and seeks to explain why lately many of these spiritual seekers have increasingly moved away from non-Western tradition to European folklore.
Enlightenment and Romantic Writers Look at Shamans
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Enlightenment travel writings on Siberia as well as contributions from Romantic writers and scholars, who laid the foundations of shamanism studies. Among them are such pioneers of shamanology as Orientalist Dorji Banzarov and Finnish folklore scholars and writers. Although inspired by different intellectual and cultural ideals, all of them found tribal spirituality attractive and worthy of recording. Wilhelm Radloff, one of the prominent representatives of European Romantic Orientalism, is a Russian-German linguist and ethnographer who pioneered shamanism studies and wrote a book that remained the major source on “classical” shamanism for Western audiences until 1900. The word shaman originated from the language of the Tungus (Evenki), one of the Siberian indigenous groups. Russian settlers in Siberia chose this expression and eventually began to apply it to all native spiritual healers. Russian-educated people learned about Siberian shamans from original or translated writings of Western explorers of Siberia.
Single-Scale Sampling
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides examples and discusses several single-scale sampling techniques for measuring plant diversity. Common techniques include: searching, where a species list is obtained for a site, natural area, of ecosystem; single-scale plots, where plant species and their foliar cover are commonly recorded; and nested-plot designs, where large plots are used to measure trees, and nested smaller plots are used to measure saplings or herbs and grasses. The benefits of single-scale sampling include simplicity, large sample size, and ease of analysis. The limitations of single-scale sampling also are discussed.
Multiscale Sampling
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reveals that sampling plant diversity at multiple spatial scales may allow for a deeper understanding of relationships between species distributions and composition shifts relative to changing environmental gradients. Like single-scale techniques, different multi-scale techniques have various strengths and weaknesses, and some may be better suited than others for particular study goals and objectives. No single design will be the “end all, be all” for plant diversity sampling. All designs have advantages and disadvantages that must be carefully evaluated. An experimental approach is almost always warranted. Several examples provide a glimpse of the profound potential of multi-scale sampling for plant diversity.
Camera Work
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This chapter is concerned with the role of Alfred Stieglitz and his magazine Camera Work in forging a connection between modern art, modern literature, and photography. It argues that Camera Work incorporated influences from snapshots, film, and advertising photography that were unknown to and antipathetic to Stieglitz himself, insofar as these influences informed the modern painting featured in the magazine.
F. Scott Fitzgerald's Spectroscopic Fiction
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes two different ways in which Fitzgerald's fiction absorbs the influence of photography and film. On one level, particularly evident in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald delights in reproducing the “flicker” of film, the disorienting modernity of it. On another level, though, he clearly fears the retrograde repetitiousness of all recording media, which appears in Tender Is the Night as an experiential and narrative “rewind.” In both its positive and its negative senses, film pivots on the image of the black body, which appears in these novels either as a liberating or a particularly enigmatic object of sight.
Conclusion
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

Modern writers value modern recording media because of the novelty these have incorporated into the sensory experience of modern times. Yet, it is interesting to note that for many American writers, race seems to set a limit to the innovation such media can bring. There is a reminder, even in the most experimental of these writers, of the deadliness of recording, and the retrograde force it exerts even as recording media accelerate the pace of change in the modern world.
Virgil Recomposed
Authors: McGill Scott
Published: September 2007

The Virgilian centos, in which authors reconnect discrete lines taken from Virgil's Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid to create new poems, are some of the most striking texts to survive from antiquity. This book examines the twelve mythological and secular examples, which probably date from c.200-c.530. While verbal games, the centos deserve to be taken seriously for what they disclose about Virgil's reception, late-antique literary culture, and other important historical and theoretical topics in literary criticism. As radically intertextual works, the centos are particularly valuable sites for investigating topics in allusion studies: when can and should audiences read texts allusively? What is the role of the author and the reader in creating allusions? How does one determine the functions of allusions? This book explores these and other questions, and in the process comes into dialogue with major critical issues.
1 The Question
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explains what it means to ask what we are. It begins by breaking the question up into smaller ones, such as what we are made of, what parts we have, and whether we are substances. It makes clear that the question is not about people in general, but only about us human people. It considers two ways of rephrasing the question: What do our personal pronouns and proper names refer to? and What sorts of beings think our thoughts and perform our actions? The question is distinguished from the question of personal identity over time and from the mind‐body problem. It is then argued that thinking about personal identity without considering what we are leads to metaphysical trouble.
Gender in New Religions
Authors: Pike Sarah M.
Published: September 2007

New religious movements have typically emerged and thrived in times of social upheaval during which normative gender roles are challenged, such as in the United States during the industrializing mid-19th century and in the 1960s-1970s. New religions offer a range of roles for men and women that are shaped by a variety of different factors, including mythology, conceptions of deity, the role and teachings of the founder and leaders, and the demographic background of participants. Gender roles in NRMs include hierarchical models, role reversals, partnerships, and androgynous models. NRMs have typically experimented with alternative sex, marriage, and family structures, including celibacy, polygamy, and free love.
The Curse can appear anywhere
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

While Tyco demonstrates the winner’s curse at the highest levels of the firm and in the serial acquisition of hundreds of other firms, a well-known editor in a publishing company described the winner’s curse in her business: the tendency to try and hit “home-runs” with every new book published. In such a climate, in cases when successful first-time authors negotiate for a second manuscript, their agents are able to secure very large advances. Oftentimes when the second book is published, it may have reasonable sales, but not high enough sales to justify the huge advance. As a result, the book, however good, is regarded as unsuccessful and the “winning” author is “cursed” by the publishing industry being gun-shy of bidding for the third book. The sports industry has a number of very famous instances of winner’s curse, many of them centered around team owners competing with each other to hire a “star” who turns out to disrupt the chemistry in the locker room, the finances of the team, and also does not live up to promise. Additionally, Bristol Myers Squibb demonstrates the curse at the level of a single product, the licensing of a cancer drug from ImClone.
Dot-coms: On top of the world for a while
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

Many dot.com companies, declared to be the winners in the new economy, were expected to change completely the paradigm of doing business and drive down the market shares of traditional “bricks and mortar” firms in their industries. These “winners” attracted huge amounts of capital and the adulation of stock market analysts. All of the parties involved overestimated the value and likely success of dot.com business models and the impact of technology. In the space of less than two years, the winner’s curse surfaced with a vengeance: the dot.coms and their prospects had been highly overvalued by their founders, venture capitalists, and the investing public. The business models in many cases were just not realistic. This chapter examines several of the dot.coms to learn how “irrational exuberance” and excessive optimism led to the demise of firms like Webvan and Boo.com.
Winners and losers in the securities industry
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on a major force in the economy, and one that is key to the capitalist system: securities markets and the brokerage industry. Although Nasdaq online securities market was one of the first movers in electronic markets, when Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs) came along and siphoned a considerable amount of trade away, Nasdaq, with its very survival in question, took a long time to respond to the threat. The chapter relates the story of how organizational factors made it difficult for the most successful broker, Merrill Lynch, to respond with a new price structure for trading stocks when electronic brokerages like Schwab and e-Trade came along. These examples illustrate a winner’s curse that comes from complacency and the psychological and organizational factors that often prevent a winner from responding to new events and challenges.
Complacency in the computer industry
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores what happened to IBM — the early victor in the computer industry — and how complacency and a focus on a single technology the mainframe computer, almost ruined the company. Digital Equipment succeeded because Ken Olson and his colleagues recognized that because the central processing unit of a computer was rapidly becoming cheaper to design and fabricate, small computers could offer a price/performance advantage over larger mainframe computers, the staple of the industry in 1960. Seemingly blinded by its own success and victory over mainframes, when personal computers came along, Olson felt they were a “toy” and did not pursue the market aggressively. Although DEC was a winner with minicomputers, it exhibited a sense of managerial optimism, hubris, and invulnerability when confronted with PCs, leading to the winner’s curse. DECs PCs were late to market, and were not particularly competitive.
Avoiding the Winner's Curse
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

In many cases, company executives have turned away from continuing on a path to actually winning a venture that they started pursuing. This chapter examines the reason why these managers were willing to walk away and considers a number of potential ways in which companies can avoid the winner’s curse. A process for avoiding the curse is presented. The process includes steps that can be done to guard against the excess risk of “winning” and provides a number of “take-aways” for senior management.
ARGUMENTS OF VERBS
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter establishes a default order for arguments and adjuncts in the Latin simple sentence and proposes a syntactic structure with pragmatically defined functional projections. Deviations from the default order are handled by scrambling, which is a pragmatically conditioned rule. Postverbal constituents include prepositional phrases in Caesar and additionally tail and nonreferential phrases in the historians. The latter are explained in terms of informational individuation, which can be represented typetheoretically.
MODIFIERS
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyzes the interaction of semantic and pragmatic factors in conditioning the order of adjectives relative to the noun and of stacked adjectives relative to one another. It covers intersectives, adjectives of age, evaluation and measure, as well as some quantifiers and demonstratives.
“All the Gentiles Will Be Blessed in You”
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This chapter proposes a context for interpreting the phrase “in Christ” that would have resonated with Paul's audience: the ideology of patrilineal descent. The same logic which underlies the notion of “coming out of” (ek) your ancestors also shapes the concept of being “in” your ancestors. Indeed, these are two ways of expressing the same relationship: ancestors contain descendants. To understand how “in Christ” fits in with this descent logic, it is instructive to consider the other contexts in which Paul applies a similar concept of being “in” someone: the gentiles are blessed “in” Abraham (Gal 3:8), and true descendants of Abraham are said to be “in” Isaac (Rom 9:7). This chapter discusses a range of texts — Greek, Roman, and Jewish — that maintain similar notions about ancestors and descendants, and then focuses on the Septuagint (Paul's source for this “in” language) and Paul's letters to show how Paul turns this phrase into his own discourse of kinship for gentiles.
Conclusion
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of whether the assemblies in Paul's letters would have been understood as ethnic groups or some other sort of community. While they did speak in terms of common ancestry, they were not concerned with future generations like other ethnic groups in the ancient world and much of Paul's language comes from the practice of psychagogy, as in schools of philosophy. Some final reflections consider the relevance of this study for Christians today, for feminist concerns, and for Jewish-Christian relations. Ethnic discourses thus serve as tools not only in Paul's mythmaking, but also in the mythmaking engaged in by interpreters.
The Roles of Love, Attachment, and Altruism in the Adjustment to Military Trauma
Authors: Ghafoori Bita , Hierholzer Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarizes research on the associations among love in the form of a secure adult attachment, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and altruism. The chapter is organized into five sections. The first section briefly reviews PTSD and its symptom clusters. The second section provides an overview of attachment theory and explores evidence that early childhood attachment patterns endure as adult attachment styles. The third section efforts to link attachment theory to the concept of adult love. The fourth section explores the relationship between attachment styles and the development of PTSD in those exposed to trauma, suggesting that love and secure attachment may protect against PTSD or ameliorate its course. The final section introduces altruistic intent into the adult attachment equation and examines the relationships among altruism, loving attachments, and PTSD.
Chapter 4 CHANGING OUR HABITATION
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

Urban townhouses framed many important aspects of urban life, including consumption, gender and race relations, and paternal authority. The wealthiest Charleston residents sat atop the pyramid of colonial patriarchal society, and they built grand houses that bespoke their mastery and refinement. Wealthy elite masters like Henry Laurens clung to traditional notions of patriarchal regulation to keep their houses and cities in order. These elite city dwellers found it difficult to maintain rigid, patriarchal domination and social control when rioters might pressure their neighbors who supported obnoxious British policies, when slaves might revolt or run away, and when women asserted their decision‐making power. The imperial crisis caused social unrest that gave the urban gentry several reasons to feel less secure about their households. As the revolutionary movement spread, Charlestonians negotiated with one another about the proper arrangement of their households and the appropriate limits of mobilization.