bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How age similarity preference, uncertainty, and workplace challenges affect conflict
Authors: Standifer Rhetta L , Lester Scott W , Schultz Nicole J , Windsor James M
Published: May 2013

In this article, we propose that age similarity preference (ASP) among employees increases workplace difficulties in an age-diverse environment. Individuals use social categorizations such as age groupings to help minimize uncertainty, cope with change, and deal with complexity. When placed in an age-diverse work environment, intergroup comparisons regarding age become more salient. We suggest that when a preference exists among employees to work and interact with those similar in age to themselves in an age-diverse workplace, this will lead to an increase in uncertainty, perceived workplace challenges, and subsequently conflict. Data were collected from 262 employees of an organization in the US Midwest to test our hypotheses. Using multiple mediation modeling, our results suggest that ASP influences the degree of conflict reported, and that uncertainty and perceived work-related challenges mediate the relationship between ASP and conflict. A post-hoc ANOVA analysis of our data also showed a significant relationship between employee age and ASP, indicating that this preference was more likely to be reported by individuals younger in age.
How can companies decrease the disruptive effects of stretch goals? The moderating role of interpersonal- and informational- justice climates
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Jia Ming
Published: May 2013

This article attempts to determine whether stretch goals disrupt organizations and, if so, how organizations minimize those disruptions. We consider how two different kinds of justice climates − interpersonal and informational − interact to influence employees’ unethical behavior and relationship conflicts in the face of stretch goals. The results from 117 departments (including a total of 351 employees and 117 managers) in six Chinese banks support our hypotheses that stretch goals foster unethical behavior and intensify relationship conflict among employees. Furthermore, we find that informational-justice climates greatly reduce the disruptive effect of stretch goals on unethical behavior, and we find that interpersonal-justice climates greatly reduce the disruptive effect of stretch goals on relationship conflict. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Comparison of CaOH with MTA for Direct Pulp Capping
Authors: Hilton T.J. , Ferracane J.L. , Mancl L. ,   for Northwest Practice-based Research Collaborative in Evidence-based Dentistry (NWP), Baltuck C. , Barnes C. , Beaudry D. , Shao J. , Lubisich E. , Gilbert A. , Lowder L.
Published: May 2013

This practice-based, randomized clinical trial evaluated and compared the success of direct pulp capping in permanent teeth with MTA (mineral trioxide aggregate) or CaOH (calcium hydroxide). Thirty-five practices in Northwest PRECEDENT were randomized to perform direct pulp caps with either CaOH (16 practices) or MTA (19 practices). Three hundred seventy-six individuals received a direct pulp cap with CaOH (n = 181) or MTA (n = 195). They were followed for up to 2 yrs at regular recall appointments, or as dictated by tooth symptoms. The primary outcomes were the need for extraction or root canal therapy. Teeth were also evaluated for pulp vitality, and radiographs were taken at the dentist’s discretion. The probability of failure at 24 mos was 31.5% for CaOH vs. 19.7% for MTA (permutation log-rank test, p = .046). This large randomized clinical trial provided confirmatory evidence for a superior performance with MTA as a direct pulp-capping agent as compared with CaOH when evaluated in a practice-based research network for up to 2 yrs (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00812887).
Sleep Apnea Symptoms and Risk of Temporomandibular Disorder
Authors: Sanders A.E. , Essick G.K. , Fillingim R. , Knott C. , Ohrbach R. , Greenspan J.D. , Diatchenko L. , Maixner W. , Dubner R. , Bair E. , Miller V.E. , Slade G.D.
Published: May 2013

The authors tested the hypothesis that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) signs/symptoms are associated with the occurrence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), using the OPPERA prospective cohort study of adults aged 18 to 44 years at enrollment (n = 2,604) and the OPPERA case-control study of chronic TMD (n = 1,716). In both the OPPERA cohort and case-control studies, TMD was examiner determined according to established research diagnostic criteria. People were considered to have high likelihood of OSA if they reported a history of sleep apnea or ≥ 2 hallmarks of OSA: loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, witnessed apnea, and hypertension. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence limits (CL) for first-onset TMD. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% CL for chronic TMD. In the cohort, 248 individuals developed first-onset TMD during the median 2.8-year follow-up. High likelihood of OSA was associated with greater incidence of first-onset TMD (adjusted HR = 1.73; 95% CL, 1.14, 2.62). In the case-control study, high likelihood of OSA was associated with higher odds of chronic TMD (adjusted OR = 3.63; 95% CL, 2.03, 6.52). Both studies supported a significant association of OSA symptoms and TMD, with prospective cohort evidence finding that OSA symptoms preceded first-onset TMD.
Sensitizing effect of polyfunctional monomers on γ-irradiation cross-linking of PA6 fibers under different dose rates
Authors: Zhu Shifeng , Dai Guoliang , Shi Meiwu
Published: May 2013

Irradiation cross-linking of polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers in the presence of polyfunctional monomer was studied. The combination of trimethallyl isocyanurate (TMAIC) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) was found to enhance the irradiation cross-linking of PA6 fibers efficiently. The effect of dose rate on the irradiation cross-linking was also investigated. The highest gel content was achieved when the fibers were irradiated at a high dose rate of 10 kGy/h. In this case, the breaking strength changed slightly and the elongation at break decreased. At a low dose rate of 1 kGy/h, the breaking strength fell drastically and the elongation at break increased at first and then decreased. The onset temperature of degradation fell and the amount of non-volatile residue at 600℃ increased as the irradiation dosage and dose rate increased. A high gel fraction largely improved the melt-drip performance of PA6 fibers. Irradiation cross-linking did not change the α-phase crystal form of PA6 fibers, and crystallinity decreased as the dose increased.
Effects of Polymeric Formula vs Elemental Formula in Neonatal Piglets With Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Hua Zheng , Turner Justine M. , Mager Diana R. , Sigalet David L. , Wizzard Pamela R. , Nation Patrick N. , Ball Ron O. , Pencharz Paul B. , Wales Paul W.
Published: May 2013

Background: Intestinal adaptation is important for recovery in short bowel syndrome (SBS). This process is dependent on the presence of enteral nutrition (EN) and trophic factors, such as glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2). In clinical practice, elemental formula is often used to feed neonates with SBS, whereas animal studies suggest polymeric formula promotes better intestinal adaptation. In neonatal piglet models of SBS, with or without ileum, we compared the elemental with the polymeric formula, including the effect on endogenous GLP‐2. Materials and Methods: Forty‐eight piglets underwent 75% mid‐intestinal resection with jejunoileal anastomosis, 75% distal‐intestinal resection with jejunocolic anastomosis (JC), or sham without resection. Parenteral nutrition (PN) started postoperatively, tapering as EN was increased, according to clinical criteria, based on diarrhea and weight. Within groups, piglets were randomized to an isocaloric/isonitrogenous elemental (amino acid) or polymeric (intact protein) diet. Plasma GLP‐2 and histology for adaptation were measured at 14 days. Results: Within both SBS and control groups, no difference in adaptation was observed according to diet. A difference was observed only within the JC piglet group with regard to clinical outcomes. In these piglets, compared with elemental formula, the polymeric formula was associated with more diarrhea (P = .023) and longer duration of PN support (P = .047). Conclusion: An overall benefit of the polymeric formula over the elemental formula on gut adaptation was not observed. Furthermore, SBS piglets without ileum had less ability to tolerate polymeric formula, contributing to more days of PN support.
The ‘Social Life of Methods’: A Critical Introduction
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2013

This paper explores the distinctive features of the critical agenda associated with the ‘Social Life of Methods’. I argue that although this perspective can be associated with the increasing interest, often associated with scholars in Science and Technology Studies, to reflect on how methods can become objects of inquiry, it also needs to be rooted in the current crisis of positivist methods. I identify the challenge for positivism in terms of the decreasing ability of its procedures to effectively organize increasingly ‘lively’ sources of standardized data, which can now be assembled using aesthetic registers. In developing this argument, I dispute the idea that this development is due to historical shifts linked to the way that methodological devices are playing an increasingly significant role in contemporary social life, which might be argued by writers such as Thrift or Castells. I also argue that by opening up issues of method to the aesthetic, we also recast the relationship between theory and method, pointing to the exhaustion of a certain kind of cultural theory within the social sciences. I contextualize these issues by considering how methods are implicated in the intellectual differentiation between scientific and humanities expertise. Rather than conceiving the ‘Social Life of Methods’ in terms of the rise of instrumentalist modes of governance, it is preferable to place it within the dialectic of transparency and the relationship between the implicit and explicit. These issues are addressed through introducing the papers in the special issue.
Patient and Societal Value Functions for the Testing Morbidities Index
Authors: Swan J. Shannon , Kong Chung Yin , Lee Janie M. , Itauma Omosalewa , Halpern Elkan F. , Lee Pablo A. , Vavinskiy Sergey , Williams Olubunmi , Zoltick Emilie S. , Donelan Karen
Published: May 2013

Background: We developed preference-based and summated scale scoring for the Testing Morbidities Index (TMI) classification, which addresses short-term effects on quality of life from diagnostic testing before, during, and after testing procedures. Methods: The two TMI preference functions use multiattribute value techniques; one is patient-based and the other has a societal perspective, informed by 206 breast biopsy patients and 466 (societal) subjects. Because of a lack of standard short-term methods for this application, we used the visual analog scale (VAS). Waiting tradeoff (WTO) tolls provided an additional option for linear transformation of the TMI. We randomized participants to 1 of 3 surveys: The first derived weights for generic testing morbidity attributes and levels of severity with the VAS; a second developed VAS values and WTO tolls for linear transformation of the TMI to a “dead-healthy” scale; the third addressed initial validation in a specific test (breast biopsy). The initial validation included 188 patients and 425 community subjects. Direct VAS and WTO values were compared with the TMI. Alternative TMI scoring as a nonpreference summated scale was included, given evidence of construct and content validity. Results: The patient model can use an additive function, whereas the societal model is multiplicative. Direct VAS and the VAS-scaled TMI were correlated across modeling groups (r = 0.45–0.62). Agreement was comparable to the value function validation of the Health Utilities Index 2. Mean absolute difference (MAD) calculations showed a range of 0.07–0.10 in patients and 0.11–0.17 in subjects. MAD for direct WTO tolls compared with the WTO-scaled TMI varied closely around 1 quality-adjusted life day. Conclusions: The TMI shows initial promise in measuring short-term testing-related health states.
‘May we bring harmony’? Thatcher’s legacy on ‘race’
Authors: Bourne Jenny
Published: May 2013

The legacy of Margaret Thatcher, one of the most controversial prime ministers of the twentieth century, can be found today in the way that nativism has become part of national discourse. She was responsible for ushering in, following the ‘riots’ of 1981 and the Scarman report, policies based on funding the religious and cultural ‘needs’ of different ethnic groups – which finally broke down black politics and also paved the way for cultural separatism, now deemed problematic. And it was on her watch that the New Right, who espoused a cultural as opposed to a biological racism, working from academia, through Conservative think-tanks to a multitude of newspapers, gained ground in a battle against cultural pluralism and anti-racism. It was this changing of the terms of debate on race that has allowed current Tory politicians and ‘opinion-formers’ to take the UK backwards towards monoculturalism and assimilation.
Fires at storage sites of organic materials, waste fuels and recyclables
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad Asim , Alriksson Stina , Kaczala Fabio , Hogland William
Published: May 2013

During the last decade, the European Union has enforced the diversion of organic wastes and recyclables to waste management companies operating incineration plants, composting plants and recycling units instead of landfills. The temporary storage sites have been established as a buffer against fluctuations in energy demand throughout the year. Materials also need to be stored at temporary storage sites before recovery and recycling. However, regulations governing waste fuel storage and handling have not yet been developed, and, as a result, companies have engaged in risky practices that have resulted in a high number of fire incidents. In this study, a questionnaire survey was distributed to 249 of the 400 members of Avfall Sverige (Swedish Waste Management Association), which represents the waste management of 95% of the Swedish population. Information regarding 122 storage facilities owned by 69 companies was obtained; these facilities were responsible for the storage of 47% of the total treated waste (incineration + digestion + composting) in 2010 in Sweden. To identify factors related to fire frequency, the questionnaire covered the amounts of material handled and burnt per year, financial losses due to fires, storage duration, storage method and types of waste. The results show that 217 fire incidents corresponded to 170 kilotonnes of material burnt and cumulative losses of 49 million SEK (€4.3 million). Fire frequency and amount of material burnt per fire was found to be dependent upon type of management group (waste operator). Moreover, a correlation was found between fire frequency and material recycled during past years. Further investigations of financial aspects and externalities of fire incidents are recommended.
Amplitude-Integrated Electro-encephalography
Authors: Glass Hannah C. , Wusthoff Courtney J. , Shellhaas Renée A.
Published: May 2013

Neurologists increasingly recognize that critically ill patients are at high risk for seizures, particularly nonconvulsive seizures, and that neuromonitoring is a useful tool for diagnosing seizures and assessing brain function in these patients. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (EEG) is a simplified bedside neurophysiology tool that has become widely used in neonates over the past decade. Despite widespread interest by both neurologists and neonatologists in continuous brain monitoring, amplitude-integrated EEG has been largely ignored by neurologists, forcing neonatologists to “go it alone” when interpreting data from this bedside tool. Although amplitude-integrated EEG cannot replace conventional EEG for background monitoring and detection of seizures, it remains a useful instrument that complements conventional EEG, is being widely adopted by neonatologists, and should be supported by neonatal neurologists.
Effects of montmorillonite (MMT) on morphological, tensile, physical barrier properties and biodegradability of polylactic acid/starch/MMT nanocomposites
Authors: Jalalvandi E , Majid RA , Ghanbari T , Ilbeygi H
Published: May 2013

Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites have received great attention due to their synergistic properties of good mechanical and barrier properties; yet, they are biodegradable. In this research, prior to compression into thin sheets, polylactic acid (PLA), tapioca starch, glycerol and maleic anhydride (MA) were compounded with different loadings of montmorillonite (MMT) through a twin screw extruder. MMT was added to improve the mechanical and barrier properties of PLA/starch blend. The effects of MMT loadings on tensile property, morphology and biodegradability were studied. X-Ray diffraction analysis showed that samples with MMT loadings below 6 phr exhibited exfoliated structure, while samples that contained MMT above 6 phr (5.66 wt%) exhibited intercalated structure. The exfoliated-type structure was observed using transmission electron microscopy. These effects were manifested in the tensile results, which showed an increase in modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break. However, for the modulus, the MMT content was limited to 4 phr (3.85 wt%). Beyond that, the modulus decreased. It was thought that above 4 phr, the MMT particles agglomerated, thus reducing the modulus of the samples. This argument was supported by field emission scanning electron microscopic images, which showed big lump when MMT loadings were at 6 and 8 phr (7.41 wt%). Meanwhile, the addition of MMT has improved the water barrier property and hastened the rate of biodegradation. The nanosized MMT particles disturb the continuity of PLA/starch chain, which formed pathways for microorganisms to enter and attack the chain, thus increasing the biodegradation rate. The particle is also able to block a tortuous pathway for water to enter the starch chain, thus reducing the water uptake and improving the physical barrier of nanocomposite.
Development of starch/shellac-based composites for food contact applications
Authors: Poovarodom Ngamtip , Permyanwattana Wasin
Published: May 2013

The present study aimed at exploiting the unfavorable changes of thermally modified shellac with the idea of developing starch/shellac-based composites intended for food contact applications. On baking shellac samples at 200°C for different time intervals (0–20 min), functional groups and linkages were drastically modified, especially anhydride formation, polyesterification, and ether/acetyl linkage occurrences. These processes caused a marked increase in the glass transition temperatures (from about 33 to 60°C) and melting temperatures (from 175 to about 230°C) but a decreased solubility in ethanol (from 95 to 9%). The addition of shellac into a starch-based formulation for producing shaped bodies in combination with heat could significantly strengthen the composite materials and drastically reduce the water uptake after soaking in both cold water and hot water. Furthermore, application of a food-grade biodegradable coating showed remarkable improvement in terms of water resistance and mechanical strength of the composites. The first attempt at making chopsticks was successful and showed promising results. Nevertheless, forming processes and mold designs of such articles—long narrow tubes—need further study.
Modulating effects of hesperidin on key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, lipid profile, and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast carcinogenesis
Authors: Nandakumar N , Rengarajan T , Balamurugan A , Balasubramanian MP
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to document the effect of hesperidin on the key enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profile, and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) during 7,12-dimethylbenz( a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast carcinogenesis. Hesperidin has been reported to have multiple biological properties. Breast cancer was induced by single dose of DMBA (20 mg/kg body weight (bw)). The results revealed that there was a significant increase in the activities of hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, and aldolase and a concomitant decrease in the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in cancer-induced animals. The activities of ATPases were found to be decreased both in erythrocyte membrane and in the liver of mammary cancer-bearing animals. The lipid profiles such as total cholesterol, free cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids significantly increased and in contrast the ester cholesterol in plasma was found to be decreased, whereas it was found to be elevated in the liver of cancer-bearing groups. The altered levels of the above-mentioned biochemical parameters in cancer-bearing animals were significantly ameliorated by the administration of hesperidin at the dosage of 30 mg/kg bw for 45 days. The histopathological analysis of breast and liver tissues were well supported the modulatory property of hesperidin, and this might be associated with normalizing the gluconeogenesis process, stabilization of cell membranes, and modulation of lipid biosynthesis.
Annexin A5 anticoagulant activity in children with systemic lupus erythematosus and the association with antibodies to domain I of β2-glycoprotein I
Authors: Wahezi DM , Ilowite NT , Wu XX , Pelkmans L , Laat B , Schanberg LE , Rand JH ,   for the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Pediatric Lupus Erythematosus Investigators
Published: May 2013

Children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a high prevalence of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies and are at increased risk for aPL-related thrombosis. We investigated the association between annexin A5 anticoagulant activity and antibodies to the domain I portion of β2-glycoprotein I (anti-DI antibodies), and propose a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of aPL-related thrombosis. Using samples from 183 children with SLE collected during the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Pediatric Lupus Erythematosus (APPLE) trial, we examined resistance to the anticoagulant effects of annexin A5, using the annexin A5 resistance (A5R) assay, and evaluated for anti-DI IgG antibodies. Children with SLE had higher frequency of anti-D1 antibodies ( p = 0.014) and significantly reduced A5R compared to pediatric controls: mean A5R = 172 ± 30% versus 242 ± 32% ( p < 0.0001). Children with SLE and positive anti-DI antibodies had significantly lower mean A5R levels compared to those with negative anti-DI antibodies: mean A5R = 155 ± 24% versus 177 ± 30% ( p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, anti-DI antibodies ( p = 0.013) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) ( p = 0.036) were both independently associated with reduced A5R. Children with SLE have significantly reduced annexin A5 anticoagulant activity that is associated with the presence of LA and anti-DI antibodies.
Promoting Swedish countryside in the Netherlands: International rural place marketing to attract new residents
Authors: Eimermann Marco
Published: May 2013

Urban-to-rural consumption-led mobility contributes to restructuring stagnating rural areas in Europe. Against this background, this article explores international rural place-marketing efforts by Swedish municipalities towards affluent western European migrants, exemplified by campaigns in the Netherlands. The analysis is based on the concepts of rural place marketing and lifestyle migration. Research methods employed in this article are observation and a survey during migration information meetings, followed by interviews with both stakeholders and migrants. The results suggest that rural municipalities with less favourable or unfavourable geographic conditions are the most actively engaged in international place-marketing efforts. Participation in migration information meetings and the Internet are the most commonly used communication strategies. The engaged municipalities are selective in their consideration of target groups. Attracting even a few of the ‘right type’ of migrants (i.e. families and entrepreneurs from affluent countries) over the course of some years contributes considerably to maintaining a small municipality’s population and economic viability. However, although stakeholders claim that the marketing efforts have been effective and statistics point out that the number of Dutch migrants has increased, it is hard to distinguish the effect of rural place-marketing campaigns from the myriad possibilities for migrants to gather information about potential destination areas. Therefore, regional policy makers may consider shifting their focus to actively receiving potential migrants who are in the final stage of their decision process.
Horses for Courses
Authors: Kelly Simon
Published: May 2013

This article draws on insights taken from Lacanian psychoanalysis to rethink and resituate notions of the self and subjectivity within the theory and practice of experiential leadership development. Adopting an autoethnographic approach, it describes the author’s own experience as a participant in a program of equine-assisted learning or “horse whispering” and considers the consequences of human–animal interactions as a tool for self-development and improvement. Through an analysis of this human–animal interaction, the article presents and applies three Lacanian concepts of subjectivity, desire, and fantasy and considers their form and function in determining the often fractured relationship between self and other that characterizes leader–follower relations.
Strategies of Cultural Adaption in Intercultural Parenting
Authors: Crippen Cheryl , Brew Leah
Published: May 2013

Twenty-one participants were interviewed about their experiences of parenting as intercultural couples, to understand how they navigate cultural differences within the family. Intercultural couples are defined in this study as heterosexual couples who have different sociocultural heritages with distinct cultures of origin as identified by the participants. All couples identified that either they or their parents were born and raised in a different country of origin from that of their partner’s. A grounded theory method was used for data analysis resulting in the development of a typology of cross-cultural parenting. The diverse strategies used by intercultural parents to negotiate diversity based on their cultural differences and their degree of mutual acculturation emerged to support this model. These strategies of adaptation included assimilation, cultural tourism, cultural transition, cultural amalgamation, and dual biculturalism. This framework can be used by mental health professionals to better understand how many couples may adapt to cultural differences to form healthy families.
Organizational Learning and the Sustainability Community of Practice
Authors: Benn Suzanne , Edwards Melissa , Angus-Leppan Tamsin
Published: May 2013

This article aims to explore factors that influence organizational learning around sustainability. For our theoretical framework, we take a sensemaking approach to the multilevel 4I model of organizational learning. Through our pilot study of the case of the higher education sector in Australia, we explore the particular challenges that sustainability poses in terms of integrating new ideas at the group and organizational levels. Our findings suggest that the use of knowledge sharing and generation tools in the form of selected boundary objects can promote the development of communities of practice and hence those integration and institutionalization processes described by the 4I framework when it is applied to sustainability. In specifically allowing for knowledge development and transfer across knowledge and disciplinary boundaries, our revised version of the 4I model has wide relevance to learning around sustainability in any organizational context.
Safety Assessment of Diethanolamides as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Fiume Monice M. , Heldreth Bart , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: May 2013

Cocamide diethanolamine (DEA) and some of the other diethanolamides are mainly used as surfactant foam boosters or viscosity increasing agents in cosmetics, although a few are reported to be used as hair and skin conditioning agents, surfactant-cleansing or surfactant-emulsifying agents, or as an opacifying agent. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel considered new data and information from previous CIR reports to assess the concerns about the potential for amidases in human skin to convert these diethanolamides into DEA and the corresponding fatty acids. The Expert Panel concluded that these diethanolamides are safe as used when formulated to be nonirritating and when the levels of free DEA in the diethanolamides do not exceed those considered safe by the Panel. The Panel also recommended that these ingredients not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds can be formed.
Safety Assessment of 2-Amino-4-Hydroxyethylaminoanisole and 2-Amino-4-Hydroxyethylaminoanisole Sulfate as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Burnett Christina L. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: May 2013

2-Amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole and its salt, 2-amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate, are used as coupling agents in oxidative hair dyes. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data related to the ingredient. The Expert Panel concluded that 2-amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole and 2-amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate are safe for use in oxidative hair dye formulations. The Expert Panel cautioned that these ingredients should not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds may be formed.
Extended intergroup friendships within social settings: The moderating role of initial outgroup attitudes
Authors: Munniksma Anke , Stark Tobias H. , Verkuyten Maykel , Flache Andreas , Veenstra René
Published: May 2013

The current study hypothesized that extended intergroup friendships improve outgroup attitudes in particular for people with initially unfavorable outgroup attitudes, and for those without direct intergroup friendships. In contrast, building on structural balance theory, it was hypothesized that extended contact in small social settings may also be related to less favorable outgroup attitudes. Hypotheses were tested longitudinally among Dutch students ( n = 661) who just entered multiethnic middle schools. Adopting concepts from social network analysis, an extended intergroup friendships measure was proposed which excludes direct intergroup friendships. Multilevel panel analyses showed that the effect of extended intergroup friendships with Turkish peers did not depend on whether adolescents had direct Turkish friends. Extended intergroup friendships were only related to improved outgroup attitudes for students with relatively unfavorable outgroup attitudes. Additional analyses show, in line with structural balance theory, that extended friendships within classrooms can also be related to outgroup attitudes negatively for students with favorable initial attitudes.
Epistemic agency
Authors: Elgin Catherine Z
Published: May 2013

Virtue epistemologists hold that knowledge results from the display of epistemic virtues – open-mindedness, rigor, sensitivity to evidence, and the like. But epistemology cannot rest satisfied with a list of the virtues. What is wanted is a criterion for being an epistemic virtue. An extension of a formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative yields such a criterion. Epistemic agents should think of themselves as, and act as, legislating members of a realm of epistemic ends: they make the rules, devise the methods, and set the standards that bind them. The epistemic virtues are the traits of intellectual character that equip them to do so. Students then not only need to learn the standards, methods, and rules of the various disciplines, they also need to learn to think of themselves as, and how to behave as, legislating members of epistemic realms who are responsible for what they and their fellows believe. This requires teaching them to respect reasons, and to take themselves to be responsible for formulating reasons their peers can respect.
Rearticulating Values Through Applied Theories at Children’s Hospital Colorado
Authors: Wukitsch Michael , Simmons Ryan , Hutt Mark
Published: May 2013

The Problem

A large, academically affiliated pediatric institution experienced a period of dramatic change leading to concerns of cultural fragmentation and a loss of shared cultural values.

The Solution

An intervention was crafted using theories of action learning, appreciative inquiry (AI), and Scharmer’s (2009) Theory U to reformulate organizational values. A project team representing different departments and organizational levels was created to develop a new values statement. The team facilitated staff listening sessions, distilled perspectives into themes, and synthesized the themes. A traditional values statement was replaced with a unique and original credo. The intervention demonstrates a unique approach to applying multiple theories to an organizational culture change effort.

The Stakeholders

Human resource development (HRD) practitioners and scholars who are interested in the application of theory to interventions in an organizational context.
Designing Healthy Communities
Authors: Hou Su-I
Published: May 2013

Designing Healthy Communities points out that our car-focused and pedestrian-unfriendly community design has significantly worsened the obesity epidemic and has created a pandemic of health crisis and inequities. Many health impacts resulting from our built environment disproportionately affect vulnerable groups. Along with a 4-hour DVD set, the Designing Healthy Communities companion book was recently published by Jossey-Bass (a Wiley imprint) and copublished by the American Public Health Association to document how the built environment and where we live affect our health. Dr. Jackson provides visionary discussions of how we can design healthy communities to address and prevent many of our devastating health concerns. A number of case studies illustrated how community issues were identified and ways communities were transformed into healthful physical environments. This text provides refreshing perspectives and challenges policy makers, health professionals, and citizens to work together, take charge, and be the change agent for our own communities.
Homelessness Here? A District Administrator Encounters an Unexpected Challenge
Authors: Miller Peter , Pavlakis Alexandra , Bourgeois Alexis
Published: May 2013

This case was developed for use in a variety of leadership courses from contemporary issues to policy analysis or school–community relations. A narrative is presented about a superintendent, Kenny, who is faced with two new cases of student homelessness in his affluent suburban community. Students must consider the federal policy context (the McKinney–Vento Act) to analyze the narrative from the perspective of various stakeholders and develop a leadership response. In response to the case, students are able to demonstrate their understanding of federal policy, to identify the challenges of homelessness, and to formulate solutions.
Recurrent Early Thrombus Formation in HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Capoccia Massimo , Bowles Christopher T. , Sabashnikov Anton , Simon Andre
Published: May 2013

Left ventricular assist devices are becoming an established treatment for end-stage heart failure. In spite of their proven benefit, pump thrombosis remains a significant complication. Here we describe the challenging management of a patient with recurrent pump thrombosis.
Common and rare von Willebrand factor (VWF) coding variants, VWF levels, and factor VIII levels in African Americans: the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project
Authors: Johnsen Jill M. , Auer Paul L. , Morrison Alanna C. , Jiao Shuo , Wei Peng , Haessler Jeffrey , Fox Keolu , McGee Sean R. , Smith Joshua D. , Carlson Christopher S. , Smith Nicholas , Boerwinkle Eric , Kooperberg Charles , Nickerson Deborah A. , Rich Stephen S. , Green David , Peters Ulrike , Cushman Mary , Reiner Alex P.
Published: May 2013

Key Points

Several common and rare VWF missense variants contribute to phenotypic differences in VWF and FVIII among African Americans. Next-generation sequencing technology and improved genotype imputation can contribute to molecular genetics of VWD-related phenotypes.
Sum of squared logarithms - an inequality relating positive definite matrices and their matrix logarithm
Authors: Bîrsan Mircea , Neff Patrizio , Lankeit Johannes
Published: May 2013

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+

a
1

a
3

.

Then

(
log

y
1

)

2

+

(
log

y
2

)

2

+

(
log

y
3

)

2

≥

(
log

a
1

)

2

+

(
log

a
2

)

2

+

(
log

a
3

)

2

.

This can also be stated in terms of real positive definite

3
×
3

-matrices

P
1

,

P
2

: If their determinants are equal,

det

P
1

=
det

P
2

, then

tr

P
1

≥
tr

P
2

and

tr
Cof

P
1

≥
tr
Cof

P
2

⟹

∥
log

P
1

∥

F
2

≥

∥
log

P
2

∥

F
2

,

where log is the principal matrix logarithm and

∥
P
∥

F
2

=

∑

i
,
j
=
1

3

P

i
j

2

denotes the Frobenius matrix norm. Applications in matrix analysis and nonlinear elasticity are indicated.

MSC:26D05, 26D07.
Perturbing the metabolic dynamics of myo-inositol in developing Brassica napus seeds through in vivo methylation impacts its utilization as phytate precursor and affects downstream metabolic pathways
Authors: Dong Jinzhuo , Yan Wei , Bock Cheryl , Nokhrina Kateryna , Keller Wilf , Georges Fawzy
Published: May 2013

Background

myo-Inositol (Ins) metabolism during early stages of seed development plays an important role in determining the distributional relationships of some seed storage components such as the antinutritional factors, sucrose galactosides (also known as raffinose oligosaccharides) and phytic acid (PhA) (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate). The former is a group of oligosaccharides, which plays a role in desiccation at seed maturation. They are not easily digested by monogastric animals, hence their flatulence-causing properties. Phytic acid is highly negatively charged, which chelates positive ions of essential minerals and decreases their bioavailability. It is also a major cause of phosphate-related water pollution. Our aim was to investigate the influence of competitive diversion of Ins as common substrate on the biosynthesis of phytate and sucrose galactosides.

Results

We have studied the initial metabolic patterns of Ins in developing seeds ofBrassica napusand determined that early stages of seed development are marked by rapid deployment of Ins into a variety of pathways, dominated by interconversion of polar (Ins phosphates) and non-polar (phospholipids) species. In a time course experiment at early stages of seed development, we show Ins to be a highly significant constituent of the endosperm and seed coat, but with no phytate biosynthesis occurring in either tissue. Phytate accumulation appears to be confined mainly within the embryo throughout seed development and maturation. In our approach, the gene formyo-inositol methyltransferase (IMT), isolated fromMesembryanthemum crystallinum(ice plant), was transferred toB. napusunder the control of the seed-specific promoters, napin and phaseolin. Introduction of this new metabolic step during seed development prompted Ins conversion to the corresponding monomethyl ether, ononitol, and affected phytate accumulation. We were able to produce homozygous transgenic lines with 19% - 35% average phytate reduction. Additionally, changes in the raffinose content and related sugars occurred along with enhanced sucrose levels. Germination rates, viability and other seed parameters were unaffected by theIMTtransgene over-expression.

Conclusions

Competitive methylation of Ins during seed development reduces seed antinutritional components and enhances its nutritional characteristics while maintaining adequate phosphate reserves. Such approach should potentially raise the canola market value and likely, that of other crops.
Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in a pandemic similar to the 2009 H1N1 in the United States
Authors: McGarry Lisa J , Gilmore Kristen E , Rubin Jaime L , Klugman Keith P , Strutton David R , Weinstein Milton C
Published: May 2013

Background

High rates of bacterial coinfection in autopsy data from the 2009 H1N1 influenza (“flu”) pandemic suggest synergies between flu and pneumococcal disease (PD) during pandemic conditions, and highlight the importance of interventions like the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) that may mitigate the impact of a pandemic.

Methods

We used a decision-analytic model, estimated from published sources, to assess the impact of pediatric vaccination with PCV13 versus the 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) on PD incidence and mortality in a normal flu season (10% flu incidence) and in a pandemic similar to 2009-2010 H1N1 (20% flu incidence, mild virulence, high impact in children). Both direct and indirect (herd) effects against PD were considered. Effectiveness of PCV13 was extrapolated from observed PCV7 data, using assumptions of serotype prevalence and PCV13 protection against the 6 serotypes not in PCV7. To simulate 2009–2010 H1N1, autopsy data were used to estimate the overall proportion of flu deaths with bacterial coinfections. By assuming that increased risk of death during the pandemic occurred among those with comorbidity (using obesity as proxy) and bacterial coinfections primarily due toS.pneumoniaeorS.aureus, we estimated the proportion co-infected among all (fatal and non-fatal) flu cases (7.6% co-infected with any organism; 2.2% withS.pneumoniae). PD incidence, mortality, and total healthcare costs were evaluated over a 1-year horizon.

Results

In a normal flu season, compared to PCV7, PCV13 is expected to prevent an additional 13,400 invasive PD (IPD) cases, 399,000 pneumonia cases, and 2,900 deaths, leading to cost savings of $472 M. In a pandemic similar to 2009–2010 H1N1, PCV13 would prevent 22,800 IPD cases, 872,000 pneumonia cases, and 3,700 deaths, resulting in cost savings of $1.0 B compared to PCV7.

Conclusions

In a flu pandemic similar to the 2009–2010 H1N1, protection against the 6 additional serotypes in PCV13 would likely be effective in preventing pandemic-related PD cases, mortality, and associated costs.
Evidence of improving antiretroviral therapy treatment delays: an analysis of eight years of programmatic outcomes in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Sloan Derek J , van Oosterhout Joep J , Malisita Ken , Phiri Eddie M , Lalloo David G , O’Hare Bernadette , MacPherson Peter
Published: May 2013

Background

Impressive achievements have been made towards achieving universal coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the effects of rapid ART scale-up on delays between HIV diagnosis and treatment initiation have not been well described.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study covering eight years of ART initiators (2004–2011) was conducted at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre, Malawi. The time between most recent positive HIV test and ART initiation was calculated and temporal trends in delay to initiation were described. Factors associated with time to initiation were investigated using multivariate regression analysis.

Results

From 2004–2011, there were 15,949 ART initiations at QECH (56% female; 8% children [0–10 years] and 5% adolescents [10–20 years]). Male initiators were likely to have more advanced HIV infection at initiation than female initiators (70% vs. 64% in WHO stage 3 or 4). Over the eight years studied, there were declines in treatment delay, with 2011 having the shortest delay at 36.5 days. On multivariate analysis CD4 count <50 cells/μl (adjusted geometric mean ratio [aGMR]: aGMR: 0.53, bias-corrected accelerated [BCA] 95% CI: 0.42-0.68) was associated with shorter ART treatment delay. Women (aGMR: 1.12, BCA 95% CI: 1.03-1.22) and patients diagnosed with HIV at another facility outside QECH (aGMR: 1.61, BCA 95% CI: 1.47-1.77) had significantly longer treatment delay.

Conclusions

Continued improvements in treatment delays provide evidence that universal access to ART can be achieved using the public health approach adopted by Malawi However, the longer delays for women and patients diagnosed at outlying sites emphasises the need for targeted interventions to support equitable access for these groups.
VEGF-c expression in an in vivo model of orthotopic endometrial cancer and retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis
Authors: Huang Yong-Wen , Xu Li-Qun , Luo Rong-Zhen , Huang Xin , Hou Teng , Zhang Yan-Na
Published: May 2013

Background

Retroperitoneal lymph node (RLN) metastasis is an important indicator of endometrial cancer (EC) prognosis. Because vascular endothelial growth factor c (VEGF-c) is known to influence lymphangiogenesis and thereby lymph node metastasis, this study assessed the relationship of VEGF-c mRNA expression with RLN metastasis in EC.

Methods

The uterine muscularis mucosae of New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated with a VX2 tumor cell suspension after which they were sacrificed at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 days. Control groups consisted of those receiving no treatment or an injection of saline. EC and metastatic RLN tissues along with peripheral blood samples were collected, and VEGF-c mRNA expression was evaluated using fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR.

Results

The establishment of an in vivo model of EC with complete RLN metastasis was pathologically confirmed at day 21 post-injection with VX2 cells. As compared to the control groups, VEGF-c mRNA expression increased significantly over time in the tumor site, RLN, and peripheral white blood cells of EC rabbits. Significantly higher VEGF-c mRNA expression was observed in metastatic RLNs as compared to those without metastasis (P < 0.001). In addition, increased VEGF-c mRNA expression was observed in peripheral white blood cells of rabbits with RLN metastasis (P < 0.002).

Conclusion

Injection of a VX2 cell suspension is a simple method of establishing an in vivo EC model. VEGF-c may play an important role in the development of EC and its metastasis to RLN and may be useful marker to predict RLN metastasis.