bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Consequence of Blurring the Boundaries – Less Choice for the Victims of Domestic Violence?
Authors: Hitchings Emma
Published: January 2006

If the main aim of civil law is to regulate and improve matters for the future, by, for example, making orders about the future behaviour of parties rather than punishing past behaviour (criminal law), then a fundamental question is whether the civil law is adequately fulfilling these requirements regarding domestic violence. This is a particularly pertinent question given the implementation of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004. This article will examine whether the Government's reforms offer protection to all victims of domestic violence as proposed in the Consultation Paper ‘Safety and Justice’ and will suggest that instead of achieving a clear coherent framework for dealing with domestic violence, the Act has taken a step towards blurring the boundaries between the criminal and civil law.
Antidepressiva in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Tschudin  , Lapaire
Published: January 2006

Depressive Störungen sind häufig bei Frauen im reproduktiven Alter. Entsprechend haben die Identifikation von Schwangeren mit erhöhtem Risiko für die Entwicklung einer Depression, das frühzeitige Erkennen einer depressiven Symptomatik und eine adäquate Behandlung derselben einen wichtigen Stellenwert bei der Prävention schwerwiegender chronischer depressiver Störungen. Zeigen psychotherapeutische Interventionen keinen ausreichenden Effekt, ist der Einsatz von Antidepressiva indiziert. Mittlerweile liegen für zahlreiche Antidepressiva genügend Daten vor, dass eine schwerwiegende Gefährdung des Föten und Neugeborenen ausgeschlossen werden kann. Grundsätzlich sind Monotherapien der Vorzug zu geben. Das Antidepressivum sollte in der minimal wirksamen Dosis verabreicht werden. Auf Grund des Nebenwirkungsprofils sind Serotonin-Reuptake-Hemmer (SRI) den tri- und tetrazyklischen Antidepressia vorzuziehen. Bei beiden Stoffgruppen besteht gemäß heutiger Datenlage kein Hinweis für Teratogenität. Bezodiazepine sind mit großer Zurückhaltung zu verwenden, da negative Langzeitfolgen beim Kind nicht ausgeschlossen sind. Es spricht – bei allerdings spärlichem Datenmaterial – nichts gegen den Einsatz von Johanniskraut in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit. Bei Lithium sollte ein detailliertes Organscreening durchgeführt werden, wobei neuere Studien kein erhöhtes Risiko für eine Ebstein Anomalie mehr ergaben. Ein multidisziplinäres Vorgehen, welches die Psychiatrie, Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie einschließt, ist in der Betreuung Schwangerer mit depressiver Störung immer anzustreben.
Gerinnungshemmende Medikamente in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Tsakiris
Published: January 2006

Gerinnungshemmende Medikamente können bei thromboembolischen Komplikationen in der Schwangerschaft verabreicht werden. Die Hauptkomplikationen bei allen sind Blutungen, welche die Schwangerschaft gefährden. Das unfraktionierte und die niedermolekularen Heparine sind die Präparate der Wahl bei einer prophylaktischen oder therapeutischen oralen Antikoagulation in der Schwangerschaft. Wenn es um die Thrombozytenhemmung geht, kann Aspirin in der Schwangerschaft mit Sicherheit verabreicht werden. Die Koumarine bleiben während der Schwangerschaft wegen Blutungs- oder Missbildungsgefahr kontraindiziert. Über die neuen Thrombozytenhemmer, sowie die direkten Thrombininhibitoren fehlen noch die kompletten Daten für eine komplikationsfreie Applikation in der Schwangerschaft. Weiterhin werden in diesem Beitrag einige praktische Aspekte über die Anwendung der neuen Antikoagulantien in Bezug auf die Spinalanästhesie oder die Stillzeit diskutiert.
Antiretrovirale Medikamente und Schwangerschaft
Authors: Wunder  , Evison
Published: January 2006

Während die vertikale Transmissionsrate bei unbehandelten HIV-positiven Müttern rund 30% beträgt, konnte 1994 durch Zidovudin (Retrovir®) eine um knapp 70% reduzierte vertikale Transmission auf 10.4% gezeigt werden. Damit kam es zum Durchbruch der antiretroviralen Therapie in der Schwangerschaft. Von großer Bedeutung ist die für jede Patientin individualisierte, optimale antiretrovirale Kombinations-Therapie, die idealerweise im zweiten Trimenon oder bei mütterlicher Indikation oder sehr hohem Viral load bereits im ersten Trimenon begonnen wird. Außerdem sollte als zusätzliche Prävention der vertikalen Transmission eine intravenöse Zidovudintherapie unter der Geburt und für das Neugeborene per os während vier Wochen postnatal gegeben werden. Wenn zusätzlich ein Kaiserschnitt am wehenlosen Uterus ohne vorzeitigen Blasensprung erfolgt, kann die Übertragungsrate der HIV-Infektion von der Mutter auf das Kind auf unter 2% gesenkt werden. Langzeitdaten zur Sicherheit der antiretroviralen Therapie nach intrauteriner Gabe zeigen mit wenigen Ausnahmen weder ein teratogenes Potential beim Menschen noch Langzeitschäden. Kritisch ist die Situation in den Entwicklungsländern, wo aus logistischen und Kostengründen die optimale antiretrovirale Therapie der HIV-positiven Schwangeren sowie das primäre Abstillen nicht realisiert werden können und es nach wie vor zu hohen vertikalen Transmissionsraten kommt. Deshalb werden immer häufiger antiretrovirale Kurzprotokolle entwickelt mit immerhin rund 50-prozentiger Reduktion der vertikalen Transmission. Die Betreuung von HIV positiven Schwangeren sollte interdisziplinär erfolgen.
Selbstmedikation in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Drack
Published: January 2006

Die Versorgung mit Medikamenten auf eigene Initiative gewinnt durch die zunehmende Werbung inkl. neuerdings im Internet zunehmend an Gewicht. Aus dem immensen Angebot an Pharmazeutika, Naturheilmittel und Homöopathika wird eine kleine Auswahl häufiger Medikamente für häufige Probleme in der Schwangerschaft vorgestellt.
Chemotherapie bei gynäkologischen Tumoren – kontraindiziert in der Schwangerschaft?
Authors: Zanetti-Dällenbach  , Wight
Published: January 2006

Die Inzidenz während der Schwangerschaft (SS) an einem Malignom zu erkranken ist 0.02–0.1%. Die Entscheidung zur Durchführung einer Chemotherapie während der SS muss gegen das Risiko eines schlechteren mütterlichen Überlebens bei Therapieaufschub abgewogen werden. Die operative Therapie wird während der SS als sicher angesehen, hingegen sollte die Radiotherapie in diesem Zeitraum nicht durchgeführt werden. Im ersten Trimenon sind Chemotherapien möglichst zu vermeiden, wogegen sie im zweiten und dritten Trimenon relativ sicher scheinen. Das Ovarialkarzinom tritt in der SS sehr selten auf, wird aber in der Mehrzahl der Fälle in einem Frühstadium diagnostiziert und hat deshalb eine gute Prognose. Bei fortgeschrittenen Stadien muss neben der Operation auch eine Chemotherapie durchgeführt werden, meist als Monotherapie. Beim Mammakarzinom in der SS führt man die Mastektomie mit axillärer Lymphonodektomie durch, um die Radiatio in Graviditate zu vermeiden. Die Indikation zur Chemotherapie wird entsprechend den Richtlinien bei nicht schwangeren Patientinnen gestellt. Die meist empfohlenen Schemata während der SS sind AC mit und ohne Fluorouracil. Beim invasiven Zervixkarzinom ist die operative Therapie, die Radiotherapie und evtl. die Chemotherapie nach einem Schwangerschaftsabbruch oder einer Sektio indiziert. Die Prognose beim Ovarialkarzinom und Mammakarzinom ist bei schwangeren und nicht schwangeren Patientinnen derselben Altersgruppe und gleichem Stadium vergleichbar. Ein therapeutischer Schwangerschaftsabbruch bringt keinen Benefit bezüglich Überleben der Mutter beim Ovarial- und Mammakarzinom. In diesen Fällen ist die systemische Therapie während der SS und die Geburt in der 34. Schwangerschaftswoche indiziert. Die Literatursuche im PubMed deckt auf, dass die Mehrzahl der Arbeiten Fallberichte oder Arbeiten mit kleinen Fallzahlen sind. Studien oder Metaanalysen mit größeren Fallzahlen sind uns keine bekannt.
Assessment of Antioxidative Activity of Lipid- and Water-Soluble Vitamins in Human Whole Blood. Comparative Analysis Between a Biological Test and Chemical Methods
Authors: Lesgards Jean-Francois , Lehucher-Michel Marie-Pascale , Vidal Nicolas , Stocker Pierre
Published: January 2006

Assessment of the antioxidant activity of vitamins and other compounds is of interest in the understanding of their in vivo effects. In this study, we have investigated the activity of several lipid and water-soluble vitamins in human whole blood. Measurements were carried out using a biological test that enables the evaluation of both red blood cells and plasma resistance against free radical activity induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride (AAPH). Antioxidant activity of vitamins has been determined by using the biological test versus chemical methods (chemiluminescence, DMPD radical). We have observed strong antioxidant potentials for vitamins B6 and B9 with biological tests, but not with chemical methods. At 10 μM, the vitamin B9 efficiency in inhibiting radical-induced red blood cell hemolysis was almost three times higher than vitamin C efficiency and two times higher than α-tocopherol efficiency. Antioxidant activity was not observed for vitamins B1 or B2, nor for retinol. The weak activity of β-carotene still remains to be investigated particularly in relation to oxygen pressure. Our study demonstrated that the biological test is more useful than the chemical methods employed in this instance, for the evaluation of antioxidant capacity of lipophilic and putatively biologically active compounds.
Jew's Mellow Leaves (Corchorus olitorius) Suppress Elevation of Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels in Rats and Humans
Authors: Innami Satoshi , Ishida Hiroshi , Nakamura Kahoru , Kondo Mika , Tabata Kimiko , Koguchi Takashi , Shimizu Jun , Furusho Tadasu
Published: January 2006

The study was performed to explore the suppressive effect of Jew's mellow leaves (JML) on postprandial blood glucose levels in rats and humans. A soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from the freeze-dried JML powder. An elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level in rats given 1% or 2% JML-SDF solution orally together with 20% glucose solution was significantly suppressed as compared with that observed in the control rats given only glucose solution. When seven healthy young male adults ingested 225 mL of JML mixed juice containing 15 g of freeze-dried powder with 75 g of glucose in the fasting state in the morning, the elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level was significantly suppressed as compared with the control subjects. The diffusion rate of glucose and the permeation rate of glucose in the cultured Caco-2 cells were both significantly reduced by the addition of appropriate amounts of JML-SDF when compared to the controls. These results indicate that the effective substance in JML for suppressing blood glucose elevation is a kind of mucilaginous SDF. The mechanism by which this suppression occurs may be largely attributable to the delayed absorption of glucose from the intestinal membrane in the upper digestive tract by viscous SDF.
Duplex scanning criteria for selection of patients for internal carotid artery endarterectomy
Authors: Engelhardt  , Bruijnen  , Schnur  , Pfadenhauer  , Bohndorf  , Wölfle
Published: January 2006

Background: The value of carotid endarterectomy for stroke prevention depends on reliable identification of patients at higher risk for stroke from their internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusive disease than from surgery. This selection of patients is based on the degree of ICA stenosis. Therefore, preoperative diagnostic measures should strive for a prevalence independent probability for disease of 100%. Aim of this prospective study was to obtain clinically applicable duplex scanning criteria for ICA stenosis ≥70% with a probability for disease of 100%. Patients and methods: In 124 ICA in 62 patients (79% male) angiography and duplex scanning were performed. Degree of stenosis was classified in 4 categories: I < 50%; II 50%–69%; III 70%–99%; IV 100%. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to estimate agreement between both methods within categories. To improve accuracy post-test likelihood for disease was calculated for each point on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC)-curve for peak systolic (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and cut-off points for velocity criteria were set at a positive likelihood of 100%. Results: Diagnostic agreement was good with kappa = 0.77 (95% CI, 0.64–0.90; p < 0.001). For EDV a criterion of ≥150 cm/sec was associated with a post-test likelihood for disease of 100%. For PSV no appropriate criterion could be detected. Conclusions: A probability of 100% for ICA stenosis ≥70% can be achieved by mere preoperative duplex scanning. Vascular laboratory specific validation of duplex scanning criteria should consider prevalence independent post-test likelihood for disease to ensure the value of CEA for stroke prevention.
Perioperative morbidity and mortality of carotid artery surgery under loco-regional anaesthesia
Authors: Assadian  , Senekowitsch  , Assadian  , Ptakovsky  , Hagmüller
Published: January 2006

Background: Loco-regional anaesthesia for carotid artery surgery has many advantages over general anaesthesia. It may be associated with a reduction in neurological, and equally important, non-neurological morbidity and mortality. However, sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials comparing general anaesthesia with local anaesthesia for carotid artery surgery are not yet published. Herein, we present our single centre experience of carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthesia and their respective procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates. Patients and methods: From January 1996 to December 2002, 1271 patients were operated on their carotid arteries. Of these, 1210 (95%) patients and 1355 carotid arteries were operated on in loco-regional anaesthesia and included in a prospective recording. The patients age ranged from 47 to 100 years (mean 70.5 years), 711 patients were male, 499 female. 496 patients (41%) were asymptomatic (Fontaine stage I), 460 have had a transient neurological deficit (TIA) prior to admission (Fontaine stage II) and 254 patients have had a stroke (Fontaine stage IV). Results: The combined stroke rate was 2.2% (n = 30). The overall 30 day mortality was 0.2% (n = 3). The rate of haematoma indicating revision was 3% (n = 40). The revision in all cases was within 12 hours of surgery. No patient developed respiratory insufficiency after surgery. However, of the 40 patients with revision for haematoma, 4 (10%) needed prolonged respiratory assistance and one patient ultimately died of respiratory insufficiency and stroke. No cardiac mortality was observed. The over all rate of myocardial infarction observed postoperatively was 1.4% (n = 19), of which 1.1% (n = 15) were non q-wave infarcts. The combined shunting-rate for all stages was 18.6% (n = 252). Conclusion: Morbidity and mortality of carotid endarterectomy in loco-regional anaesthesia is comparable to recently published single-centre results. Patients with severe COPD, usually unsuitable candidates for general anaesthesia, can also be treated safely.
Transsyndesmotic Kirschner-Wires - Another Technique for Fixation of the Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
Authors: Missbach-Kroll  , Meier  , Meyer  , Burckhardt  , Eisner
Published: January 2006

Malleolarfrakturen mit Syndesmosenrupturen werden in der AO-Technik mit einer Stellschraube versorgt. Alternativ besteht die Möglichkeit, die Transfixation der Syndesmose mit Kirschnerdrähten durchzuführen. Nach der Osteosynthese der Fraktur erfolgt die Transfixation der Syndesmose durch zwei 1.6 mm starke Kirschnerdrähte, welche von lateral distal nach proximal medial durch die Fibula, entsprechend dem Verlauf der Syndesmose, bis in die Gegenkortikalis der Tibia eingebracht werden. Eine Metallentfernung ist nicht zwingend nötig. Die allfällige Osteosynthesematerialentfernung kann einzeitig erfolgen. Wir stellen diese Methode vor und berichten retrospektiv über unsere Erfahrungen aus den Jahren 1988-1996. In diesem Zeitraum wurden am Departement Chirurgie des Kantonsspital Olten (KSO) 50 Patienten mit Syndesmosenrupturen bei Malleolarfrakturen mit transfixierenden Kirschner-drähten versorgt. 45 Patienten (90 %) wiesen bezüglich der Transfixation einen komplikationslosen Verlauf auf. Bei fünf Patienten (10 %) trat eine Kirschnerdrahtdislokation auf, was eine frühzeitige Entfernung derselben, sowie bei einem Patienten eine Reosteosynthese erforderte. Tibiofibulare Verknöcherungen wurden nicht beobachtet. 36 Patienten konnten fünf bis zwölf Jahre postoperativ nachkontrolliert werden. Acht Patienten waren zwischenzeitlich verstorben, sechs Patienten ins Ausland verzogen. Insgesamt 29 Patienten (81 %) erreichten subjektiv ein sehr gutes oder gutes Ergebnis. Gute radiologische Resultate waren bei 29 Patienten (81 %) zu verzeichnen. Damit handelt es sich bei der Kirschnerdraht-Transfixation bei Malleolarfrakturen mit Syndesmosenrupturen um ein technisch einfaches Verfahren mit überwiegend guten und sehr guten Ergebnissen.
Unilateral Apophyseal Fracture of the Anterior Iliac Spine - A Case Report
Authors: Beck  , Messmer  , Regazzoni
Published: January 2006

Ein 19-jähriger Patient präsentierte sich in unserem Spital auf Grund plötzlich aufgetretener Schmerzen über dem rechten vorderen Beckenkamm während des Fussballspielens. Die Computertomographie bestätigte die unilaterale Avulsion der Apophysenfuge der rechtsseitigen Spina iliaca anterior superior. Bei nur minimer Dislokation und noch offenen Wachstumsfugen entschieden wir uns zur konservativen Therapie mittels Stockentlastung. Der posttraumatische Verlauf war komplikationslos. Bereits drei Wochen nach dem Unfall war der junge Mann praktisch ohne Beschwerden. Avulsionsfrakturen der SIAS sind am häufigsten beim Adoleszenten. Oft wird der Befund als Muskel- oder Hüftzerrungen "verkannt" und dementsprechend symptomatisch behandelt. Später bestätigt allerdings die typische hypertrophe Knochenbildung die Abrissfraktur. Die Avulsion entsteht durch plötzlichen Zug des M. sartorius. Dieser Zug disloziert das noch am Wachstumsknorpel hängende relativ lose Fragment gegen kaudal. In den meisten Fällen ist eine konservative Therapie erfolgreich.
Factors controlling the crustal density structure underneath active continental margins with implications for their evolution
Authors: Tassara Andrés
Published: January 2006

The design and interpretation of gravity‐based Earth models require sufficient knowledge of the effect exerted on continental crustal density by chemical composition, pressure‐temperature (PT) conditions, and water content. This need has motivated the development of a petrophysical modeling for 55 major element analyses compiled to characterize the geochemical differentiation trend of active continental margins. Equilibrium mineral assemblages and densities were computed using two independent thermodynamic approaches along conductive geotherms representing volcanic arcs and shields. Results under anhydrous conditions demonstrate that density is inversely correlated with the weight percent of SiO2 for all PT conditions. Empirical relationships with correlation factors commonly better than 0.9 allow the density under active continental margins to be estimated from silica content at critical conditions. Calculations for H2O‐saturated systems and estimates of the effect produced by retained melt on the bulk density of lower crustal zones of melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization (MASH zones) indicate that these empirical relationships should also hold for wet, melt‐containing crustal columns of acidic to intermediate composition. They cannot be applied for basic compositions because mafic rocks absorb significant amounts of water via the formation of amphiboles, strongly reducing their density with respect to the dry granulites formed by garnet‐pyroxene assemblages. This fact, plus the density reduction generated by the retention of some volume percent of melt, suggests that MASH zones underneath hydrated, subduction‐related magmatic arcs thinner than 50 km could contain large amounts of basic to ultrabasic material (SiO2 as low as 43 wt%) in a gravitationally stable situation. This could have implications for estimates of global crustal composition and models of crustal growth. The results also suggest restricted thermal, compositional, and tectonic conditions for the removal of lower crust into the mantle.
Learning about the carbon cycle from global budget data
Authors: Melnikov Nikolai B. , O'Neill Brian C.
Published: January 2006

Observation‐based estimates of the global carbon budget serve as important constraints on carbon cycle models. We test the effect of new budget data on projection uncertainty. Using a simple global model, we find that data for an additional decadal budget have only a marginal effect on projection uncertainty, in the absence of any constraints on decadal variability in carbon fluxes. Even if uncertainty in the global budget were eliminated entirely, uncertainty in the mechanisms governing carbon sinks have a much larger effect on future projections. Results suggest that learning about the carbon cycle will best be facilitated by improved understanding of sink mechanisms and their variability as opposed to better estimates of the magnitudes of fluxes that make up the global carbon budget.
Large scale ground deformation of Etna observed by GPS between 1994 and 2001
Authors: Houlié Nicolas , Briole Pierre , Bonforte Alessandro , Puglisi Giuseppe
Published: January 2006

We have processed thirty Global Positioning System (GPS) campaigns carried out at Etna from 1994 to early 2001 between the last two main flank eruptions of the Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy). This rest period allowed us to investigate the deep magma plumbing system of the Mt. Etna. The temporal dynamics of twenty‐three points observed three times or more were analyzed. All the time series show a first‐order linear trend during the five years period. It suggests that the volcano was continuously deformed by the action of a deep source while a discrete activity of the volcano was observed at the summit. We have interpreted the residual deformation field as the result of an major eastward motion of the eastern flank of the volcano.
Climate feedback implied by observed radiation and precipitation changes with midlatitude storm strength and frequency
Authors: Tselioudis George , Rossow William B.
Published: January 2006

Current climate observations are used to quantify the relationships between midlatitude storm strength and frequency and radiation and precipitation properties. Then, the derived radiation/precipitation‐storm relationships along with the midlatitude storm changes with climate‐warming predicted by a climate model are used to determine the radiation and precipitation changes resulting from an increase in midlatitude storm intensity and a decrease in midlatitude storm frequency. Increases in midlatitude storm intensity produce shortwave cooling and longwave warming while decreases in storm frequency produce the opposite effects. When the two changes are added together the increase in storm strength dominates producing a shortwave cooling effect of 0–3.5 W/m2 and a longwave warming effect of 0.1–2.2 W/m2. For precipitation, the increase in storm intensity also dominates the decrease in storm frequency and produces an increase in precipitation of 0.05–0.08 mm/day.
Evolution of high‐latitude snow mass derived from the GRACE gravimetry mission (2002–2004)
Authors: Frappart Frédéric , Ramillien Guillaume , Biancamaria Sylvain , Mognard Nelly M. , Cazenave Anny
Published: January 2006

Since March 2002, the GRACE mission provides monthly global maps of geoid time‐variations. These new data carry information on the continental water storage, including snow mass variations, with a ground resolution of ∼600–700 km. We have computed monthly snow mass solutions from the inversion of the 22 GRACE geoids (04/2002–05/2004). The inverse approach developed here allows to separate the soil waters from snow signal. These snow mass solutions are further compared to predictions from three global land surface models and snow depths derived from satellite microwave data. We find that the GRACE solutions correlate well with the high‐latitude zones of strong accumulation of snow. Regional means computed for four large boreal basins (Yenisey, Ob, Mac Kenzie and Yukon) show a good agreement at seasonal scale between the snow mass solutions and model predictions (global rms ∼30–40 mm of equivalent‐water height and ∼10–20 mm regionally).
Estimation of interdecadal change of spring bloom timing, in the case of the Japan Sea
Authors: Yamada Keiko , Ishizaka Joji
Published: January 2006

A new method to estimate past chlorophyll a variation from available satellite, ship and buoy data is proposed. Satellite chlorophyll a variations during spring from 1998 to 2003 in the Japan Sea were described well by a Gaussian curve, and the parameters were correlated with physical variables obtained from other sources. Start and peak timing of spring bloom had positive/negative correlation with average wind speed in February and March and strength of stratification during spring ship observation, respectively. Spring bloom timing estimated for past 20 years showed that in mid‐1980s the bloom started and peaked relatively earlier in early March and the duration was shorter. Primary production during 1980s was estimated not to be high. The method is also applicable to understanding of past chlorophyll a conditions in other areas.
The effects of geothermal heating on the ocean overturning circulation
Authors: Mullarney Julia C. , Griffiths Ross W. , Hughes Graham O.
Published: January 2006

We examine the response of an overturning circulation, driven by differential thermal forcing along the top horizontal boundary, to a small additional heat flux applied at the bottom horizontal boundary. The system forms a simple thermally‐driven flow that provides insight into the ocean's meridional overturning circulation. We conclude that the additional destabilising (geothermal) heat flux tends to promote a more vigorous full‐depth overturning having approximately 10% greater volume flux than with no bottom heating. No significant change is observed in the vertical density structure. In contrast, the addition of a stabilising heat flux at the base leads to a shallow, partial‐depth circulation. The key diagnostic for the significance of the geothermal flux appears to be the ratio of the buoyancy flux supplied at the bottom to the residual buoyancy flux driving the downwelling plume through the base of the thermocline.
Atmospheric circulation impacts on winter maximum sea ice extent in the west Antarctic Peninsula region (1979–2001)
Authors: Harangozo S. A.
Published: January 2006

Increasing evidence exists that the strong warming of the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region since the 1950s is related to reduced sea ice that is likely to be due to changes in the atmospheric circulation. Over twenty years of sea ice extent, ice motion and reanalysed near‐surface wind data are used to establish that winter ice extent in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region is largely determined by the meridional (north‐south) atmospheric circulation. A remarkably strong ice extent‐wind relationship is found in the WAP. No other Antarctic or comparable sub‐Arctic sea ice region shows this. Ice motion data confirm wind‐induced drift is crucial for extensive winter ice to occur. Reasons for winter ice extent and winds being more strongly correlated in the WAP than in other parts of the Antarctic are discussed along with implications for understanding the observed warming.
Generation mechanism for the intraseasonal variability in the Indo‐Australian basin
Authors: Yu Z. , Potemra J.
Published: January 2006

In the Indo‐Australian basin the strongest intraseasonal variability occurs during the second half of the year according to satellite altimeter data. This study attempts to identify the generation mechanism of this variability by means of numerical ocean modeling. By separately varying winds and transports through individual straits it is shown that the seasonal cycles of both the wind and the transport through the Lombok Strait play crucial roles in generating mixed barotropic and baroclinic instabilities during July–September. Both the spatial and temporal patterns of the variability are also sensitive to transports through the Ombai Strait and the Timor Passage, though to a lesser degree. The Smagorinsky scheme in the model is essential for these instabilities to reach the observed magnitude of standard deviation in sea level anomaly; constant eddy viscosity, which needs to be sufficiently large for the Somali Current in summer, would damp the eddies in the Indo‐Australian basin severely.
Investigation of aerosol components influencing atmospheric transfer of UV radiation in Baltic Sea region
Authors: Reinart A. , Kikas Ü. , Tamm E.
Published: January 2006

Linking of atmospheric aerosol size distributions and optical properties via predefined aerosol components was investigated. The measured aerosol volume distributions were decomposed to Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) components, and aerosol optical properties were calculated for a mixture of those components. The obtained aerosol optical properties were then used for modeling the surface UV irradiances with the libRadtran radiative transfer code. The results were verified with the columnar aerosol characteristics obtained from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) station Tõravere (58.26°N, 26.46°E) and clear‐sky surface UV measurements in Pärnu, Estonia (58.38°N, 24.51°E). The best decomposition results were obtained with four OPAC components, when their lookup characteristics varied within ±10%. Variation of aerosol optical properties in 17 days was influenced by the following aerosol components: soot, 1.2 ± 1.4%; insoluble, 23.1 ± 8.3%; water‐soluble, 44.0 ± 10.8%; accumulation mode sea salt, 31.6 ± 6.2% of total aerosol volume. The average refractive index (for λ = 440 nm) of the component mixture was of 1.42 − 0.013i. Interpretation of the soot component was disputable, since similarly high soot concentrations corresponded to the secondary particles in polluted atmosphere and the nucleation bursts in clean atmosphere. The sea‐salt component showed a correlation with the aerosol residence time over sea. The water‐soluble component and the additional “biomass haze” component represented partly the same aerosol volume in the diameter range of 0.18–1.8 μm. The surface UV irradiances modeled with the AERONET data and the fitted aerosol components were highly correlated with each other, but both model results underestimated the UV extinction by aerosol.
Spatial distributions of perchloroethylene reactive transport parameters in the Borden Aquifer
Authors: Allen‐King Richelle M. , Divine Dana Packard , Robin Michel J. L. , Alldredge J. Richard , Gaylord David R.
Published: January 2006

We determined the descriptive statistical and spatial geostatistical properties of the perchloroethene ln Kd and the ln k of a 1.5 m thick by 10 m horizontal transect of the Borden aquifer near the location of the Stanford‐Waterloo (SW) tracer experiment. The ln Kd distribution is not normal and is right skewed because of a few high values that occur localized in two regions of the transect. In contrast, the ln k data can be characterized by a normal distribution. A linear regression of ln Kd on ln k yields a statistically significant positive correlation, also shown at small lags in the cross correlogram. No significant vertical or horizontal trend in the ln Kd data was detected. The semivariogram ranges of ln k and ln Kd differ from one another in the vertical direction (0.33 ± 0.06 m and 0.20 ± 0.04 m, respectively) and are much less than the horizontal ranges (a few meters). Despite significant effort the horizontal range of ln Kd remains poorly characterized because of limitations of the sample locations. Many of the characteristics described above do not match those assumed in prior theoretical studies that examined the importance of various aquifer characteristics on SW tracer transport. We suggest that there is knowledge to be gained by revisiting the conclusions of these prior studies in light of the new information presented here.
Irrigation water demand: A meta‐analysis of price elasticities
Authors: Scheierling Susanne M. , Loomis John B. , Young Robert A.
Published: January 2006

Metaregression models are estimated to investigate sources of variation in empirical estimates of the price elasticity of irrigation water demand. Elasticity estimates are drawn from 24 studies reported in the United States since 1963, including mathematical programming, field experiments, and econometric studies. The mean price elasticity is 0.48. Long‐run elasticities, those that are most useful for policy purposes, are likely larger than the mean estimate. Empirical results suggest that estimates may be more elastic if they are derived from mathematical programming or econometric studies and calculated at a higher irrigation water price. Less elastic estimates are found to be derived from models based on field experiments and in the presence of high‐valued crops.
Philicity indices within the spin-polarized density-functional theory framework
Authors: Chamorro E. , Pérez P. , De Proft F. , Geerlings P.
Published: January 2006

The electrophilicity index is analyzed within the framework of spin-polarized density-functional theory. In this context, constrained philicities, ωN≡(μN)2∕(2ηNN), are introduced in order to define the capability of a system to acquire or donate electrons in a process at constant spin number. The spin-philicity/spin-donicity indices, ωS±≡(μS±)2∕(2ηSS), are examined and rationalized here as the philicity of a given system to change its spin-polarization state, as being defined through the spin potential μS and spin hardness ηSS for a process at constant number of electrons. The local extension of these indices has been also outlined and numerical results have been discussed on the analysis of the electrophilic nature of some simple carbene systems both in the singlet and triplet states.
Fine grading of sl(p2,C) generated by tensor product of generalized Pauli matrices and its symmetries
Authors: Pelantová Edita , Svobodová Milena , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: January 2006

Study of the normalizer of the MAD-group corresponding to a fine grading offers the most important tool for describing symmetries in the system of nonlinear equations connected with contraction of a Lie algebra. One fine grading that is always present in any Lie algebra sl(n,C) is the Pauli grading. The MAD-group corresponding to it is generated by generalized Pauli matrices. For such MAD-group, we already know its normalizer; its quotient group is isomorphic to the Lie group SL(2,Zn)×Z2. In this paper, we deal with a more complicated situation, namely that the fine grading of sl(p2,C) is given by a tensor product of the Pauli matrices of the same order p, p being a prime. We describe the normalizer of the corresponding MAD-group and we show that its quotient group is isomorphic to Sp(4,Fp)×Z2, where Fp is the finite field with p elements.
Pi-cell liquid crystal displays at arbitrary pretilt angles
Authors: Yeung Fion S. , Li Y. W. , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: January 2006

The pi-cell is studied as a function of its pretilt angle. It is shown experimentally and theoretically that the critical holding voltage decreases as the pretilt angle increases. At high pretilt angles, the critical holding voltage becomes zero and the bend cell becomes stable. The measured total response time of the pi-cell decreases with the pretilt angle as well. There is almost a factor of 2 difference between the total response time of conventional pi-cell and the no-bias bend cell.
Top hat electrostatic analyzer for far-field electric propulsion plume diagnostics
Authors: Victor Allen L. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Gallimore Alec D.
Published: January 2006

The design, development, and testing of the top hat electric propulsion plume analyzer (TOPAZ) are presented for far-field electric propulsion plume diagnostics. The trend towards high-power thruster development will require plume diagnostic techniques capable of measuring high-energy particles as well as low-energy ions produced from charge-exchange collisions due to elevated facility background pressures. TOPAZ incorporates a “top hat” design with a geometrical analyzer constant of 100 resulting in a wide energy range and a high-energy resolution. SIMION, an ion trajectory analysis program, was used to predict characteristics of the analyzer. An ion beam accelerator system confirms the computational results. TOPAZ provides an energy resolution of 2.7%, field of view of 112°×26° (azimuthal by elevation) with an angular resolution in each direction of 2°, and a demonstrated energy-per-charge acceptance range of 5–15keV. An energy profile measurement of the NASA-173Mv1 Hall thruster demonstrates instrument operation in a Hall thruster plume.
Pulsed- and continuous-mode operation at high temperature of strained quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Diehl L. , Bour D. , Corzine S. , Zhu J. , Höfler G. , Lee B. G. , Wang C. Y. , Troccoli M. , Capasso F.
Published: January 2006

We present the pulsed operation at room temperature of different strained InGaAs∕AlInAs quantum-cascade lasers grown by low-pressure metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. Devices based on a bound-to-continuum transition design have threshold current densities in pulsed mode as low as 1.84kA∕cm2 at 300K. Identical lasers grown at higher rate (0.5nm∕s) also have threshold current densities lower than 2kA∕cm2 at 300K. Buried heterostructure lasers based on a double phonon resonance design were operated in continuous mode up to 280K. Overall, the performance obtained from strained quantum cascade lasers deposited by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy are comparable with that of similar structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy.
Room temperature operation of epitaxial lead-telluride detectors monolithically integrated on midinfrared filters
Authors: Böberl M. , Fromherz T. , Roither J. , Pillwein G. , Springholz G. , Heiss W.
Published: January 2006

Epitaxial PbTe midinfrared photodetectors are monolithically integrated on optical filter structures, like λ∕4 antireflection layers or λ∕2 microcavities. The antireflection layers result in an increased photoresponsivity of the detectors by a factor of 2.2, measured at the target wavelength of 3.1μm. The microcavities, acting as efficient narrow band filters, consist of two PbEuTe∕EuTe Bragg interference mirrors separated by a PbEuTe cavity layer. The photoresponse spectra of the detectors integrated with the microcavity filters exhibit a single resonance at 3.6μm with a relative line width of 2.7%. The narrow photoresponse peak is in coincidence with a molecular absorption line typical for nonaromatic aldehydes. For all devices room temperature operation is demonstrated either in photoconductive or in photovoltaic operation mode.
Influence of La doping in multiferroic properties of BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Lee Yi-Hsien , Wu Jenn-Ming , Lai Chih-Huang
Published: January 2006

The influence of La doping on the crystal structure and multiferroic properties of BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films was investigated. BFO-based films of pure perovskite phase were deposited on BaPbO3∕Pt∕TiOx∕SiO2∕Si substrates by rf-magnetron sputtering. The increased dielectric constant and remanent polarization of the La-doped BFO films were due to the increased lattice parameters and an improved crystallinity. The polarization switching and the fatigue behavior of the BFO films were significantly enhanced by the La doping. The in-plane magnetization-field curves revealed that the room-temperature saturated magnetization of the BFO films increased with La doping.
Thermal transport via surface phonon polaritons across a two-dimensional pore
Authors: Hammonds James S.
Published: January 2006

Thermal radiative transport across a microscale evacuated two-dimensional (2D) pore is approximated classically using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and a Green function approach. The results of this work show that for 2D pores bounded by surface active ceramics, a radius range can be identified where thermal exchange may be dominated by surface phonon polaritons, and thus a coherence length longer than that typically associated with thermal radiation. This extended coherence length may significantly affect thermal radiative transport in some microporous materials of micro- to mesoscale dimensions.
Raman scattering in carbon-doped InAs
Authors: Najmi S. , Zhang X. , Chen X. K. , Thewalt M. L. W. , Watkins S. P.
Published: January 2006

Carbon-doped InAs samples grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy were studied by Raman spectroscopy. A local vibrational mode (LVM) identified at 527cm−1 correlated with carbon concentration from secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements, and based on LVM trends in other III-Vs, appears to be consistent with substitutional acceptors. On the other hand, an increase in n-type doping is observed with increasing carbon concentration, which suggests that carbon also generates donors, either substitutional point defects, or complexes. An additional LVM at 386cm−1 is present in as-grown samples, and can be eliminated by annealing under nitrogen. This mode is attributed to a carbon-hydrogen complex.
Defining Locality Boundaries with Synthetic Data
Authors: Coombes Mike
Published: January 2006

Boundaries can be defined by applying a number of alternative techniques to various types of information; the choices made on these decisions should reflect the purpose for which the boundaries will be used. In this paper I report research to define a set of localities intended to provide an up-to-date and relevant definition of local communities across Britain for the very varied purposes of academic social scientists. First, the multidimensional nature of modern localities are outlined. Three established types of regionalisation procedure are then reviewed, leading to the identification of an appropriate method for analysing a suitable dataset. At the same time, it is concluded that a broadly based set of boundary definitions requires a more innovative approach in order to collate the many strands of evidence which are relevant to locality definitions. The response here is the development of synthetic data which codifies the critical information in any boundary set into a form which can then be combined with other, similar evidence. This leads to the first empirical challenge, which is to collect or create boundary sets which each provide a relevant strand of evidence for locality definitions. I apply the preferred regionalisation method to the synthetic data which has been created, and illustrate the localities which have been defined on this basis. I end by suggesting some other ways in which synthetic data might be analysed to provide insights into patterns of spatial association at the local scale.
An Econometric Model of Homeownership: Single-Family and Multifamily Housing Option
Authors: Lee Seong Woo , Myers Dowell , Park Heon Soo
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the multifamily housing sector through models of household tenure decision, by comparing the various individual and market characteristics. We utilized individual household-level census data in the United States to detect different responses between single-family housing occupiers and multifamily housing occupiers during the 1980s. We found that although the investment potential for multifamily housing was almost equivalent to that of single-family housing in 1980, multifamily structures had lost their potential by 1990. Given this change, individual households choose multifamily housing as their shelter in a market where housing prices are high. This confirms the hypothesis that, if housing prices rise rapidly in a certain location, then individual consumers who cannot afford single-family housing may try to find a new alternative that meets their financial or other household-specific requirements.
Organizing the Scale of Labor Regulation in the United States: Service-Sector Activism in the City
Authors: Walsh Jess
Published: January 2006

Geographical scholarship on the localization of labor regulation, militant particularism in class struggle, and labor-union activity has highlighted the need for workers to contest the scales over which their working lives are produced. Because these analyses have focused on the role of spatial competition and capital mobility in defeating labor struggle, and on the production of scale by manufacturing firms and workers, prescriptions for activism have tended to privilege interregional and international labor solidarity and regulatory mechanisms that might allow labor to operate at the same scale as capital. With a case study of service-sector activism in the US city of Baltimore, I argue for attention to the metropolitan scale of pro-worker labor-market regulation and organizing. By removing local labor activism from a juxtaposition against mobile capital, I add to existing geographies of labor regulation and resistance a theoretical and empirical focus on the importance of ‘spatial fixes' for workers at the local scale, and highlight the processes through which local struggles can be articulated both with each other and with overarching regulation.
Rescaling Power Relations between Trade Unions and Corporate Management in a Globalising Pharmaceutical Industry: The Case of the Acquisition of Boehringer Mannheim by Hoffman—La Roche
Authors: Zeller Christian
Published: January 2006

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are reorganising their production systems. Many MNCs are integrating their production on a continental scale and allocating specific responsibilities and tasks to their research centres on a global scale. Empirical research on the pharmaceutical industry suggests that the spatial reorganisation of the production system can be understood as a process of reterritorialisation and deterritorialisation on different scales. In this paper I outline how MNCs in the pharmaceutical industry are responding to the challenges of the changing economic environment. The ongoing restructuring and rationalisation in the Swiss pharmaceutical giant F Hoffmann–La Roche serves as an example. The recent acquisition of the German pharmaceuticals and diagnostics company Boehringer Mannheim by F Hoffmann – La Roche illustrates how such huge business transactions meet with trade unions which are completely unprepared. I also discuss the responses of trade unions in different affected locations to the ongoing spatial industrial reconfiguration. Whereas the executive committees of MNCs think, develop their strategies, and act on a global scale trade unions, social movements, and local governments are, in contrast, locally and nationally anchored. They have not been able to break out of the cage of localism and the national state with their concepts and activities. This structural inequality is one of the reasons for the loss of importance and credibility of trade unions. Therefore, labour must adopt a new approach to the spatial and social scales of its political practice.
The Transnational Corporate Networks of Breakfast Cereals in Asia
Authors: Pritchard Bill
Published: January 2006

Network perspectives have recently been proposed as a theoretical base for research in economic geography. However, there is an unclear relationship between the advocacy of network approaches and the development of methodological tactics to frame related empirical research. By reference to one episode of corporate spatial behaviour—the establishment of a manufacturing facility in Thailand by the US-headquartered breakfast-cereal company, Kellogg—an organising framework for network-inspired economic geography is suggested. Kellogg's entry into Thailand is analysed in terms of the construction and mobilisation of relational networks producing five overlapping geographies: (1) geographies of place; (2) geographies of intrafirm trade and relations; (3) regional geographies of accumulation; (4) geographies of interfirm relations; and (5) geographies of consumption.