bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Parametric Analysis of Resonance Regimes for Nonlinear Vibrations of Bladed Disks
Authors: Petrov E. P.
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed to calculate directly resonance frequencies and resonance amplitudes as functions of design parameters or as a function of excitation levels. The method provides, for the first time, this capability for analysis of strongly nonlinear periodic vibrations of bladed disks and other structures with nonlinear interaction at contact interfaces. A criterion for determination of major, sub-, and superharmonic resonance peaks has been formulated. Analytical expressions have been derived for accurate evaluation of the criterion and for tracing resonance regimes as function of such contact interface parameters as gap and interference values, friction and contact stiffness coefficients, and normal stresses. High accuracy and efficiency of the new method have been demonstrated on numerical examples including a large-scale nonlinear bladed disk model and major types of contact interfaces including friction contact interfaces, gaps, and cubic nonlinearities.
Application of the Turbulent Potential Model to Heat Transfer Predictions on a Turbine Guide Vane
Authors: Pecnik Rene , Sanz Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

The accurate numerical simulation of the flow through turbomachinery depends on the reliable prediction of laminar to turbulent boundary layer transition phenomena. The aim of this paper is to study the ability of the turbulent potential model to predict those nonequilibrium turbulent flows for several test cases. Within this model turbulent quantities are described by the turbulent scalar and turbulent vector potentials of the turbulent body force—the divergence of the Reynolds stress tensor. For model validation first flat plate test cases with different inlet turbulence intensities, zero pressure gradient, and nonuniform pressure gradient distributions along the plate were calculated and compared by means of skin friction values measured in the experiments. Finally the model was validated by heat transfer measurement data obtained from a highly loaded transonic turbine guide vane cascade for different operating conditions.
Introduction to Compliant Long Dwell Mechanism Designs Using Buckling Beams and Arcs
Authors: Sönmez Ümit
Published: July 2007

New classes of compliant long dwell mechanism designs are introduced, formulated, and simulated. These classes of compliant dwell mechanisms incorporate the buckling motion of flexible members. Long dwell motion is obtained throughout the buckling motion of a flexible follower. Flexible buckling members are modeled using polynomial functions fitted to nonlinear inextensible exact elastica theory. The displacement analysis of the mechanisms is done quasi-statically using loop closure theory, static equilibrium of flexible parts represented by polynomial load deflections. One example of each new mechanism and its simulation results are presented.
On Spatial Euler–Savary Equations for Envelopes
Authors: Dooner David B. , Griffis Michael W.
Published: July 2007

Presented are three equations that are believed to be original and new to the kinematics community. These three equations are extensions of the planar Euler–Savary relations (for envelopes) to spatial relations. All three spatial forms parallel the existing well established planar Euler–Savary equations. The genesis of this work is rooted in a system of cylindroidal coordinates specifically developed to parameterize the kinematic geometry of generalized spatial gearing and consequently a brief discussion of such coordinates is provided. Hyperboloids of osculation are introduced by considering an instantaneously equivalent gear pair. These analog equations establish a relation between the kinematic geometry of hyperboloids of osculation in mesh (viz., second-order approximation to the axode motion) to the relative curvature of conjugate surfaces in direct contact (gear teeth). Planar Euler–Savary equations are presented first along with a discussion on the terms in each equation. This presentation provides the basis for the proposed spatial Euler–Savary analog equations. A lot of effort has been directed to establishing generalized spatial Euler–Savary equations resulting in many different expressions depending on the interpretation of the planar Euler–Savary equation. This work deals with the interpretation where contacting surfaces are taken as the spatial analog to the contacting planar curves.
Kinematic and Geometric Analysis of a Pure-Rolling Epicyclic Train
Authors: Chen Chao , Zhang Xiang , Angeles Jorge
Published: July 2007

This paper reports an innovative design of epicyclic (planetary) cam trains based on pure-rolling contact, intended to overcome the drawbacks of gear trains, such as Coulomb friction and backlash. The kinematic relations of the mechanism with a given speed-reduction ratio are analyzed; accordingly, the profiles of the sun cam and ring cam, key elements of the mechanism, are obtained. Furthermore, the condition for undercutting avoidance of the ring cam is derived. For mechanical design, different layouts of the epicyclic cam trains are discussed for the structure and transmission optimization. Finally, an epicyclic cam-roller speed reducer is designed and prototyped.
The elastic bounces of a sphere between two parallel walls
Authors: Tavares J. M.
Published: July 2007

The kinematics of a sphere of radius R and mass m bouncing elastically in a horizontal channel is studied in detail. Explicit expressions for the position and linear and angular velocities of the sphere at any collision are obtained. It is shown that if the moment of inertia I=γmR2 is such that (1−γ)∕(1+γ)=cos2π∕k with k an integer and k≥4, the motion is periodic, with repetition after k collisions for k even, and after 2k collisions for k odd. The motion of a homogeneous sphere (which is not periodic) is analyzed by investigating the mean properties of its velocities and positions. The analogy between this motion and that of a periodic oscillator is discussed.
Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in Vigna Savi germplasm revealed by DNA amplification fingerprinting
Authors: Simon M.V. , Benko-Iseppon A.-M. , Resende L.V. , Winter P. , Kahl G.
Published: July 2007

The pantropical genus Vigna (Leguminosae) comprises 7 cultivated species that are adapted to a wide range of extreme agroclimatic conditions. Few data are available on the relationships among these cultivated species or on their importance as sources of resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, we optimized DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) to estimate the genetic diversity within, and genetic relationships among, a representative core collection of cowpea, as compared with 16 accessions representing cultivars from 6 Vigna species. A set of 26 primers was selected from 262 tested random primers and used for the characterization of 85 Vigna accessions (6 V. angularis , 4 each of V. mungo and V. radiata , 2 V. umbellata , 1 V. aconitifolia , and 68 V. unguiculata ), with Phaseolus vulgaris subsp. vulgaris as outgroup. A total of 212 polymorphic bands were used for maximum parsimony analysis. Our results clearly distinguished Brazilian from African V. unguiculata genotypes. At the species level, V. angularis was the most related and V. radiata the most divergent species relative to V. unguiculata. DAF markers were also informative at the intraspecific level, detecting a large diversity between cowpea cultivars. The implications of the presented results for cowpea breeding programs are discussed.
INTRAGENIC PROMOTOR-LIKE SITES IN THE GENOME OFESCHERICHIA COLIDISCOVERY AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATION
Authors: TUTUKINA MARIA N. , SHAVKUNOV KONSTANTIN S. , MASULIS IRINA S. , OZOLINE OLGA N.
Published: July 2007

Mapping of putative promoters within the entire genome of Escherichia coli (E. coli) by means of pattern-recognition software PlatProm revealed several thousand of sites having high probability to perform promoter function. Along with the expected promoters located upstream of coding sequences, PlatProm identified more than a thousand potential promoters for antisense transcription and several hundred very similar signals within coding sequences having the same direction with the genes. Since recently developed ChIP–chip technology also testified the presence of intragenic RNA polymerase binding sites, such distribution of putative promoters is likely to be a general biological phenomenon reflecting yet undiscovered regulatory events. Here, we provide experimental evidences that two internal promoters are recognized by bacterial RNA polymerase. One of them is located within the hns coding sequence and may initiate synthesis of RNA from the antisense strand. Another one is found within the overlapping genes htgA/yaaW and may control the production of a shortened mRNA or an RNA-product complementary to mRNA of yaaW. Both RNA-products can form secondary structures with free energies of folding close to those of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) of the same length. Folding propensity of known sRNAs was further compared with that of antisense RNAs (aRNAs), predicted in E. coli as well as in Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Slightly lower stability observed for aRNAs assumes that their structural compactness may be less significant for biological function.
Spatiotemporal Dimensions of Visual Signals in Animal Communication
Authors: Rosenthal Gil G.
Published: July 2007

Much of the information in visual signals is encoded in motion, form, and texture. Current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying visual communication is spread across diverse disciplines. Contemporary perspectives on the physics, psychology, and genetics of visual signal generation and perception can be synthesized into a conceptually integrative approach. Developmental mechanisms of pattern formation suggest that small changes in gene regulation or structure can result in major shifts in signal architecture. Animals in many species have been shown to attend to variation in higher-order stimulus properties. Preferences for these properties can be innately specified or learned, and may also show large shifts or reversals. Perceptual mechanisms, particularly visual attention, associated with spatiotemporal features are likely to be a major force in shaping the design of visual signals.
A neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist that reduces intra-abdominal adhesion formation decreases oxidative stress in the peritoneum
Authors: Reed Karen L. , Heydrick Stanley J. , Aarons Cary B. , Prushik Scott , Gower Adam C. , Stucchi Arthur F. , Becker James M.
Published: July 2007

Oxidative stress has been implicated in intra-abdominal adhesion formation. Substance P, a neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) ligand, facilitates leukocyte recruitment and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We have shown in a rat model of adhesion formation that intraperitoneal administration of a NK-1R antagonist at the time of abdominal operation reduces postoperative adhesion formation. Thus we determined the effects of NK-1R antagonist administration on peritoneal leukocyte recruitment and oxidative stress within 24 h of surgery. Adhesions were induced in Wistar rats randomly assigned to receive the antagonist or vehicle intraperitoneally. Peritoneal tissue was isolated at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after surgery for analysis of the oxidative stress biomarkers 8-isoprostane (8-IP), protein carbonyl, NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNAs. Total antioxidant capacity of peritoneal fluid was also determined. MPO, NADPH oxidase, 8-IP, and protein carbonyl were elevated ( P < 0.05) by 6 h. ICAM-1 mRNA was elevated ( P < 0.05) by 2 h, whereas VCAM-1 levels decreased ( P < 0.05) at 24 h. The NK-1R antagonist delayed the MPO rise and reduced ( P < 0.05) 8-IP levels by 6 h and ICAM-1 mRNA, VCAM-1 mRNA, and protein carbonyl at 2 h. The antagonist also increased ( P < 0.05) the antioxidant capacity of peritoneal fluid at all time points. These data further support a role for oxidative stress in adhesion formation and suggest that the NK-1R antagonist may limit adhesions, in part, by reducing postoperative oxidative stress through an inhibition of neutrophil recruitment and an increase in peritoneal fluid antioxidant capacity.
Effect of Delivered Dosage of Cigarette Smoke Toxins on the Levels of Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure
Authors: Melikian Assieh A. , Djordjevic Mirjana V. , Chen Shuquan , Richie John , Stellman Steven D.
Published: July 2007

Urinary metabolites of tobacco smoke toxins are often used as biomarkers for the evaluation of active and passive exposure to cigarette smoke toxins. In a study of healthy smokers, we investigated concentrations of urinary biomarkers in relation to concentrations of selected toxins in mainstream cigarette smoke as determined by machine smoking of cigarettes in a manner that mimics an individual's smoking behavior (topography). Concentrations of nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and benzo(a)pyrene, in mainstream smoke determined under human smoking conditions, and their urinary metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, and 1-hydroxypyrene were established for 257 individuals who smoked low-yield (0.1-0.8 mg Federal Trade Commission nicotine/cigarette; mean, 0.66; n = 87), medium-yield (0.9-1.2 mg nicotine/cigarette; mean, 1.1; n = 109), and high-yield cigarettes (nicotine, >1.3 mg nicotine/cigarette; mean, 1.41; n = 61). Levels of urinary metabolites expressed per unit of delivered parent compounds decreased with increased smoke emissions. In smokers of low-, medium-, and high-yield cigarettes, the respective cotinine (ng/mg creatinine)-to-nicotine (mg/d) ratios were 89.4, 77.8, and 57.1 (low versus high; P = 0.06); the 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (pmol/mg creatinine)-to-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (ng/d) ratios were 0.81, 0.55, and 0.57 (low versus high; P = 0.05); and the 1-hydroxypyrene (pg/mg creatinine)-to-benzo(a)pyrene (ng/d) ratios were 1.55, 1.13, and 0.97 (low versus high; P = 0.008). Similarly, means of cotinine per unit of delivered nicotine in smokers who consumed <20 cigarettes per day was 3.5-fold higher than in those who smoked >20 cigarettes per day. Likewise, a negative correlation was observed between cotinine-to-nicotine ratios and delivered doses of nicotine in subgroups of smokers who used the identical brand of cigarette, namely a filter tip-vented Marlboro (r = −0.59), which is a popular brand among Euro-Americans, and Newport (r = −0.37), a menthol-flavored cigarette without filter tip vents that is preferred by African-Americans. Thus, the intensity of the exposures significantly affects the levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure and should be taken into account in the evaluation of human exposure to cigarette smoke toxins. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1408–15)
Mammographic Density and Candidate Gene Variants: A Twins and Sisters Study
Authors: Stone Jennifer , Gurrin Lyle C. , Byrnes Graham B. , Schroen Christopher J. , Treloar Susan A. , Padilla Emma J.D. , Dite Gillian S. , Southey Melissa C. , Hayes Vanessa M. , Hopper John L.
Published: July 2007

Background: Mammographic density, the light/white radiographic appearance on a mammogram that represents connective and epithelial tissue, is a strong risk factor for breast cancer which seems to be highly heritable. Little is known about its genetic determinants.

Methods: We studied 457 women from 207 sisterhoods (104 monozygotic twins, 182 dizygotic twins, and 171 singletons). Percentage mammographic density (PMD) as well as dense area and nondense area were calculated using a computer-assisted method. We measured six single nucleotide polymorphisms from six candidate genes (COMT, HSD3B1, IGFBP3, HER2, XPD, and XRCC3). Associations between genotypes and mammographic measures were tested (a) cross-sectionally using a multivariate normal model fitted using FISHER that allowed separate correlations for monozygotic, dizygotic, and nontwin pairs and (b) within sister pairs using paired t tests.

Results: Cross-sectionally, each additional copy of the HSD3B1 Asn367Thr variant allele was associated with lower PMD (−3.47% per allele; SE = 1.65; P = 0.035). Within-pair regression estimates confirmed this association. There was no evidence for an association between the mammographic density measures and any of the other variants studied.

Conclusion: We have replicated an association between a variant in the HSD3B1 gene and PMD, which suggests that HSD3B1 may be genetic determinant of mammographic density. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1479–84)
Relationship of Human Toenail Nicotine, Cotinine, and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol to Levels of These Biomarkers in Plasma and Urine
Authors: Stepanov Irina , Hecht Stephen S. , Lindgren Bruce , Jacob Peyton , Wilson Margaret , Benowitz Neal L.
Published: July 2007

Recently, we developed sensitive and quantitative methods for analysis of the biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure nicotine, cotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in human toenails. In this study, we further evaluated the newly developed toenail biomarkers by investigating their relationship to demographic factors, reported exposure, plasma nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, and urinary NNAL. Toenails of 105 smokers, mean age 38.9 years (range, 19-68), were analyzed. Fifty-five (53.4%) were male, with approximately equal numbers of Whites and African-Americans. The average number of cigarettes smoked per day was 18 (range, 5-50). There was no effect of age or gender on the toenail biomarkers. Toenail NNAL was higher in White than in African-American participants (P = 0.019). Toenail nicotine and toenail cotinine correlated significantly with cigarettes smoked per day (r = 0.24; P = 0.015 and r = 0.26; P = 0.009, respectively). Toenail nicotine correlated with plasma nicotine (r = 0.39; P < 0.001); toenail cotinine correlated with plasma cotinine (r = 0.45; P < 0.001) and plasma trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (r = 0.30; P = 0.008); and toenail NNAL correlated with urine NNAL (r = 0.53; P = 0.005). The results of this study provide essential validation data for the use of toenail biomarkers in investigations of the role of chronic tobacco smoke exposure in human cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1382–6)
Cholesterol-Dependent and -Independent CD40 Internalization and Signaling Activation in Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Chen Lu , Wang Gang , Tang Hong
Published: July 2007

Objective—

It remains elusive how CD40 endocytosis or clustering on the cell surface is induced by different forms of CD40 agonist. This study aims to investigate whether lipid rafts differentially regulate CD40 traffic and signaling in proinflammatory activation of cardiovascular endothelial cells (ECs).

Methods and Results—

Using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry, we demonstrated that soluble CD40L and agonistic antibody G28.5 induced CD40 internalization via clathrin-independent pathway. Furthermore, depletion of cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) or siRNA knockdown of caveolin-1 efficiently blocked CD40 internalization, suggesting that caveolae-rafts pathway regulates CD40 internalization. In contrast, a membrane-bound CD40L mimic (megamer) triggered aggregation of CD40 rafts outside of the conventional cholera toxin B subunit-positive lipid rafts resistant to cholesterol depletion. Finally, both G28.5 and megamer induced CD40 translocation to Brij58-insoluble, low buoyant density rafts, a movement insensitive to cholesterol depletion. However, MCD effectively inhibited G28.5 but not megamer-induced CD40 activation, and such inhibition could be alleviated by cholesterol reconstitution, suggesting that 2 different raft structures of CD40 induced by G28.5 or megamer possess differential sensitivity to cellular cholesterol levels in downstream signaling.

Conclusions—

Depending on different forms of agonist, CD40 uses either a cholesterol-dependent or -independent mode for trafficking and signaling in ECs.
Gender shift in realisation of preferred type of gp practice: longitudinal survey over the last 25 years
Authors: Maiorova Tanja , Stevens Fred , van der Velden Lud , Scherpbier Albert , van der Zee Jouke
Published: July 2007

Background

An increasing number of newly trained Dutch GPs prefer to work in a group practice and as a non-principal rather than in a single-handed practice. In view of the greater number of female doctors, changing practice preferences, and discussions on future workforce problems, the question is whether male and female GPs were able to realise their initial preferences in the past and will be able to do so in the future.

Methods

We have conducted longitudinal cohort study of all GPs in the Netherlands seeking a practice between 1980 and 2004. The Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research (NIVEL) in Utrecht collected the data used in this study by means of a postal questionnaire. The overall mean response rate was 94%.

Results

Over the past 20 years, an increasing proportion of GPs, both male and female, were able to achieve their preference for working in a group practice and/or in a non-principal position. Relatively more women than men have settled in group practices, and more men than women in single-handed practices; however, the practice preference of men and women is beginning to converge. Dropout was highest among the GPs without any specific practice preference.

Conclusion

The overwhelming preference of male and female GPs for working in group practices is apparently being met by the number of positions (principal or non-principal) available in group practices. The preference of male and female GPs regarding the type of practice and job conditions is expected to converge further in the near future.
Expression of truncated Int6/eIF3e in mammary alveolar epithelium leads to persistent hyperplasia and tumorigenesis
Authors: Mack David L , Boulanger Corinne A , Callahan Robert , Smith Gilbert H
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Int6 has been shown to be an interactive participant with the protein translation initiation complex eIF3, the COP9 signalosome and the regulatory lid of the 26S proteasome. Insertion of mouse mammary tumor virus into the Int6 locus creates a C-terminally truncated form of the protein. Expression of the truncated form of Int6 (Int6sh) in stably transfected human and mouse mammary epithelial cell lines leads to cellular transformation. In addition, decreased expression of Int6/eIF3e is observed in approximately one third of all human breast carcinomas.

Methods

To validate that Int6sh has transforming activity in vivo, a transgenic mouse model was designed using the whey acidic protein (Wap) promoter to target expression of truncated Int6 to differentiating alveolar epithelial cells in the mammary gland. Microarray analyses were performed on normal, premalignant and malignant WapInt6sh expressing tissues.

Results

Mammary tumors developed in 42% of WapInt6sh heterozygous parous females at an average age of 18 months. In WapInt6sh mice, the contralateral mammary glands from both tumorous and non-tumorous tissues contained widespread focal alveolar hyperplasia. Only 4% of WapInt6sh non-breeding females developed tumors by 2 years of age. The Wap promoter is active only during estrus in the mammary tissue of cycling non-pregnant mice. Microarray analyses of mammary tissues demonstrated that Int6sh expression in the alveolar tissue altered the mammary transcriptome in a specific manner that was detectable even in the first pregnancy. This Int6sh-specific transcriptome pattern subsequently persisted in both the Int6sh-expressing alveolar hyperplasia and mammary tumors. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that WapInt6sh-expressing alveolar cells survive involution following the cessation of lactation, and subsequently give rise to the mammary tumors that arise in aging multiparous females.

Conclusion

These observations provide direct in vivo evidence that mammary-specific expression of the Int6sh truncation leads to persistence of alveolar hyperplasia with the accompanying increased predisposition to mammary tumorigenesis.
Otoadmittance in normal subjects
Authors: Himmelfarb Mokdechai Z. , Lessing Joseph , Shanon Eliahu
Published: July 2007

Otoadmittance audiometry was performed on a group of young subjects (18‐30 years old) with normal hearing. Mean values and standard deviations for static admittance, conductance and susceptance were computed on the basis of the point of maximum compliance, as well as the point of zero cross (drum‐free position). In addition, the values of curve width for conductance and susceptance, middle ear pressure and the threshold of the acoustic reflex for pure tones and interrupted tones were evaluated.

Subjects presenting an abnormality of the tympanic membrance were studied as a separate group.

The results obtained in this study were compared with those reported in the literature.
Partial horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy. A method of reconstruction
Authors: Silva Norberto , Lore John M.
Published: July 2007

Despite the low occurrence of early laryngeal lesions amenable to Partial Supraglottic Laryngectomy, they form a very interesting and important group of lesions. Timing is important in their recognition, since adequate treatment can then be secured and important functions of the larynx preserved. The draw back in the treatment of these lesions by partial laryngectomy lies in the difficulty in restoring the patient to his preoperative pattern of life. Repeated aspiration pneumonitis becomes a life threatening problem in a good number of such patients.

A new method of reconstruction is described here by which the aspiration problem is obviated with the aid of a pedicle flap to line the raw surface of the transected base of the tongue allowing the organ to remain in a position capable of occluding the glottis during deglutition, and at the same time guiding the food along the posterior pharyngeal wall and into the esophagus.
Carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Aspects on treatment modalities with reference to a study on patients treated by irradiation
Authors: Edström Staffan , Jeppsson Pål‐Henry , Lindström Jörgen
Published: July 2007

Irradiation is the most common form of treatment of tonsillar region carcinomas in Scandinavia. During recent years, encouraging results have been reported when surgery has been performed. Therefore, an effort was made to compare different treatment principles on the basis of a study on patients treated by irradiation.

This retrospective study comprised 37 patients over a 20‐year period. The relative 5‐year survival was 33%. Most of the patients died in the next two years after diagnosis. Seventy‐three percent of the patients initially had signs of regional metastasis. Hardly 20% of these were still alive after 5 years, while patients without evidence of metastasis had a 5‐year survival of 50%. Neither the size, nor the histopathological features of the primary tumor seemed to affect the incidence of regional metastasis. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis, however, seemed to influence prognosis.

Surgical considerations alone, or in combination with irradiation, should be made in cases with large primary tumor with regional lymph node involvement. In other cases, however, there was no evidence suggesting surgery as a better form of therapy than irradiation alone.
The relationship between the Patient Generated Index (PGI) and measures of HR‐QoL following diagnosis with head and neck cancer: Are illness and treatment perceptions determinants of judgment‐based outcomes?
Authors: Llewellyn C. D. , McGurk M. , Weinman J.
Published: July 2007

Objectives. The primary objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between factors specified in the extended Self‐Regulation Model (SRM) (illness and treatment perceptions and coping strategy) and three types of QoL outcome. Secondary objectives were to examine the relationships between outcome measures (general and cancer‐specific HR‐QoL and the Patient Generated Index (PGI)).

Design. Cross‐sectional questionnaire study.

Methods. Eighty‐two newly diagnosed patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) completed the Illness Perception Questionnaire – Revised (IPQ‐R), the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Brief COPE and the Life Orientation Test (LOT‐R). Patient outcomes were assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ‐C30, MOS Short Form Health Survey (SF‐12v2) and the Patient Generated Index (PGI).

Results. These pre‐treatment cross‐sectional results have shown that key components of the SRM (beliefs and coping) were explanatory factors of HR‐QoL outcomes. The PGI was not associated with any of the components of the SRM. The PGI was partially correlated with HR‐QoL measures; in particular, Global QoL/health status (EORTC) and Mental Component Summary scores (SF‐12).

Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the illness perceptions approach may be a useful method for eliciting and understanding patients' beliefs regarding HNC. In order to maximize outcomes, simple interventions could address particular patient beliefs and coping styles.
Ecomorphometry ofMyotis daubentoniiandM. lucifugus(Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) – a Palearctic-Nearctic comparison
Authors: Gaisler Jiri , Zukal Jan
Published: July 2007

The PalearcticMyotis daubentoniiand the NearcticM. lucifugushave traditionally been included into the subgenusLeuconoedue to their similar ecology and morphology. Recent molecular genetic analysis did not support this view since each of the two species was found to belong to another clade. The present paper is based on the analysis of eight external and 12 cranial characters in a sample of 158M. daubentoniiand 113M. lucifugus, both species being represented by their nominate subspecies. Student t-test and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to test the variability and the impact of characters on interspecific differences. Significant sexual dimorphism was found mainly inM. daubentonii(females larger), hence in further analyses, males were separated from females. In both sexes, significant specific differences were found in most of the measurements,M. lucifugushaving higher population averages thanM. daubentonii. Only ca. 50% of variability was observed on the first two principal component axes in external characters but positive loadings suggested longer ears and tragi inM. lucifugusand negative loadings – longer feet and toe claws inM. daubentonii. PCA performed on cranial measurements provided ca. 70% of variability in each sexe. Insignificant specific differences on the first axis, influenced mainly by length variables of the skull including toothrows and mandible, suggest adaptations to analogous foraging strategies and diets. The projection of specimens onto the second and third principal components demonstrated significant differences between the species; these two axes were dominated by breadth and height of braincase, and interorbital constriction, respectively. The difference in the shape of neurocrania suggests different phylogenetic history in each of the species. The two bats are typical vicariants but their hunting habits do not seem to be identical, M. daubentonii appears to be more adapted to glean the water surface thanM. lucifugus.
The Political Economies of Broadband Development in Korea and Japan
Authors: Kushida Kenji , Oh Seung-Youn
Published: July 2007

South Korea's and Japan's telecommunications sectors developed rapidly, especially in high-speed, low-priced broadband. We argue that both countries are engaged in strategic liberalization, fostering competition to reach specific goals. However, different political dynamics pushed their initially similar policy regimes apart. Korea retained its managed competition regime while Japan experienced a regime shift.
Sampling a Littoral Fish Assemblage: Comparison of Small-Mesh Fyke Netting and Boat Electrofishing
Authors: Ruetz Carl R. , Uzarski Donald G. , Krueger Damon M. , Rutherford Edward S.
Published: July 2007

We compared small-mesh (4-mm) fyke netting and boat electrofishing for sampling a littoral fish assemblage in Muskegon Lake, Michigan. We hypothesized that fyke netting selects for small-bodied fishes and electrofishing selects for large-bodied fishes. Three sites were sampled during May (2004 and 2005), July (2005 only), and September (2004 and 2005). We found that the species composition of captured fish differed considerably between fyke netting and electrofishing based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Species strongly associated with fyke netting (based on NMDS and relative abundance) included the brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus, banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, mimic shiner Notropis volucellus, and bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus, whereas species associated with electrofishing included the Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, catostomids (Moxostoma spp. and Catostomus spp.), freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, walleye Sander vitreus, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, and common carp Cyprinus carpio. The total length of fish captured by electrofishing was 12.8 cm (95% confidence interval = 5.5–17.2 cm) greater than that of fish captured by fyke netting. Size selectivity of the gears contributed to differences in species composition of the fish captured, supporting our initial hypothesis. Thus, small-mesh fyke nets and boat electrofishers provided complementary information on a littoral fish assemblage. Our results support use of multiple gear types in monitoring and research surveys of fish assemblages.
Effect of four organochlorine pesticides on the reproduction of freshwater rotiferBrachionus calycifloruspallas
Authors: Xi Yi-Long , Chu Zhao-Xia , Xu Xiao-Ping
Published: July 2007

Effects of four organochlorine pesticides, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dicofol, endosulfan, and lindane, on the reproduction of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were studied by 3-d population growth tests. Compared to the control, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 0.8 and 1.2 mg/L, endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the population growth rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at concentrations higher than 0.16 mg/L, dicofol at concentrations higher than 0.025 mg/L, endosulfan at concentrations higher than 0.875 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the mictic rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.24 and 0.32 mg/L increased significantly the fertilization rate, but DDT at 0.64 mg/L inhibited completely the occurrence of fertilized mictic females. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.32 and 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 1.2 mg/L, and endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the ratio of ovigerous females to nonovigerous females, but the reverse was true for lindane at 7.0 mg/L. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.0025 and 0.01 mg/L increased significantly the ratio of mictic females to amictic females, but the reverse was true for dicofol at 0.8 mg/L. Both population growth rate and mictic rate of the rotifers were suitable endpoints for assessing the effects of the four organochlorine insecticides on the reproduction of the rotifers, and the latter was more sensitive.
Estimating dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl toxic equivalents from total polychlorinated biphenyl measurements in fish
Authors: Bhavsar Satyendra P. , Hayton Alan , Reiner Eric J. , Jackson Donald A.
Published: July 2007

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are 209 related compounds, a dozen of which are known as dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and are among the most toxic PCBs. Polychlorinated biphenyls contribute to many adverse effects to human health, including cancer, and are a major cause of fish advisories in North America. It is a common perception that individual PCB compounds, especially dl-PCBs, rather than total PCB need to be quantified to predict the environmental hazard because of differences in their toxicity potential and distribution among various environmental matrices, including aquatic food webs. Because the current analytical methods for quantifying dl-PCBs are complex and four- to fivefold more expensive, limited fish samples are analyzed for dl-PCBs. Using what likely is the largest dl-PCB fish data set (n = 912) with a wide distribution of fish species (n = 22), size (19–112 cm), weight (100–14,300 g), sex (male:female, 51:49), and PCB contamination level (20-7,300 ng/g wet wt), we show that the comparatively less expensive and rapid measurements of total PCB in fish can be utilized to assess dl-PCB-related toxicological hazard, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ). A regression equation of dl-PCB-related TEQ (i.e., TEQdl-PCB) to total PCB in fish is presented (TEQdl-PCB = [2.56 × 10−5]CtotalPCB, r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The regression was evaluated by applying it to three independent data sets of substantial sizes (n = 55, 141, and 176). The TEQdl-PCB estimated using the regression and total PCB measurements were within a reasonable factor of two to three of the TEQdl-PCB calculated from the dl-PCB measurements. The successful evaluation indicates versatility of the regression.
Sorption and degradation in soils of veterinary ionophore antibiotics: Monensin and lasalocid
Authors: Sassman Stephen A. , Lee Linda S.
Published: July 2007

Monensin and lasalocid are polyether ionophores commonly used in the beef and poultry industries for the prevention of coccidial infections and promotion of growth. These ionophores can exhibit higher toxicity than many other antibiotics; thus, evaluating their fate in the environments associated with concentrated feed operations is important. Sorption of monensin and lasalocid was measured in eight soils of varying physiochemical composition. Organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficients (log KOC) ranged from 2.1 to 3.8 for monensin and from 2.9 to 4.2 for lasalocid and were inversely correlated to equilibrium soil-solution pH. Degradation of lasalocid and monensin in two contrasting soils with and without manure amendment was measured in moist soils at 23°C and 0.03 MPa moisture potential. The half-life of both compounds in the fresh nonsterile soils was less than 4 d, for which monensin degraded slightly faster than lasalocid. Fresh liquid manure amendments did not significantly alter degradation of either compound. Based on parallel 60Co-sterilized soil experiments, some abiotic degradation of monensin was apparent, whereas lasalocid only degraded in the presence of microbes. Analysis of beef-derived lagoon effluent used for irrigation confirmed that monensin can be present at low-ppb to low-ppm concentrations in the aqueous and suspended solids fractions, respectively; however, subsequent analysis of drainage water in a nearby ditch suggested that attenuation by soil after land application will greatly reduce the amount entering surface waters.
An Early Example of Public Archaeology in the United States: Nauvoo, Illinois, 1962–1969
Authors: Pykles Benjamin C.
Published: July 2007

Although public archaeology has become increasingly popular since the 1980s, there were archaeologists engaged with the public well before this time. Yet, there have been very few attempts to document these early examples of public archaeology in the United States. Many of these early examples were associated with historic site restorations. One such example comes from the archaeological program at the historic Mormon city of Nauvoo, Illinois, during the 1960s. Here, J. C. Harrington, his wife Virginia, and others continued a longstanding tradition of interpreting excavations to the public by utilizing various illustrative methods. The program of interpreting archaeology to the public in Nauvoo is in many ways a forerunner to much of what has since been promoted as noteworthy examples of public archaeology.
Biases in Studying the Diet of the Bearded Vulture
Authors: MARGALIDA ANTONI , MANOSA SANTI , BERTRAN JOAN , GARCíA DIEGO
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We compared methods of assessing the diet of the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) during the nestling period in the Pyrenees, northeast Spain. We determined diet from direct observations of food items delivered to the nest, recent prey remains present in the nest, remains collected in the nests after fledging, and remains collected in the ossuaries (bone‐breaking sites). Data suggest that direct observation (food items delivered and recent prey remains present in the nest) is the only valid method of assessing the bearded vulture's diet accurately. Remains overestimated the presence of large mammals, such as cows (Bos taurus) and horses (Equus caballus), Suidae, and birds; delivered samples contained a higher proportion of small mammals, medium‐sized mammals, micromammals, and reptiles. Ossuaries also differed from delivered samples because remains collected there overestimated large and medium‐sized mammals. Concerning the skeletal parts, ossuaries, compared to all other methods, underestimated extremities and overestimated long bones, such as femur, humeri and tibiae, scapulae, vertebrae, and skulls. Remains samples, which overestimated scapulae, also differed from delivered and present samples. Our results suggest that bearded vultures favor extremities of prey (78% of the mammal remains, which make up 95% of the diet). The prevalence of small carcasses (almost 17%) suggests that vultures select small animals for food for the young. Because food quality may influence breeding success, future conservation projects based on the selective provision of food to breeding pairs should add to food stations meat remains and small carcasses consistent with our assessment of the birds’ dietary needs.
Long‐Distance Movement of a White‐Tailed Deer Away From a Chronic Wasting Disease Area
Authors: OYER ANNE M. , MATHEWS NANCY E. , SKULDT LESA H.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Chronic wasting disease is a fatal, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found among cervids. Spread of the disease across the landscape is believed to result from movements (dispersal, exploratory, transient, or migratory) of infected deer, serving as the vectors for the disease. We document an unusual long‐distance movement of a young female, out of the chronic wasting disease eradication zone in south‐central Wisconsin. This type of movement could function as a rapid, long‐distance dispersing mechanism for the disease only if the following conditions are met: the deer is infected and shedding prions, the deer directly contacts other deer and transmits secretions carrying an infectious dose of prions, or an infectious dose of prions is transmitted to the environment and taken up by other deer. Despite lower prevalence rates of chronic wasting disease among young deer, we believe managers should not dismiss deer making long‐distance movements such as we report, as they could serve as potential long‐distance vectors of the disease.
A Remotely Operated Motorized Burrow Probe to Investigate Carnivore Neonates
Authors: WHITE PAULA A. , FRANK LAURENCE G. , BARBER PAUL H.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:We describe a miniaturized infrared camera mounted on a remotely operated platform (burrow probe system) that we developed to investigate spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) cubs while still in their natal dens. In conjunction with the burrow probe system, we used a hook system to retrieve carcasses from within burrows. To test the utility of these systems, we compared results obtained using the burrow probe and hook to results obtained from intensive above‐ground monitoring alone. With the probe, we documented births and litter sizes at significantly younger ages than with above‐ground monitoring. The probe was instrumental in detecting cubs that died prior to emergence from the natal den. Retrieval of carcasses allowed collection of genetic samples and data on sex and cause of death. Thus, the burrow probe and hook systems can provide scientists and managers with empirical data on productivity and neonatal mortality of carnivores in the wild; data essential to accurately monitor and model population trends.
Ethics Made Accessible to The Manager
Authors: Krueger David A.
Published: July 2007

Michael Rion’s The Responsible Manager provides a distinctive contribution to the field of business ethics. A short text written primarily for the business practitioner, it embodies the rare combination of focused attention to the context and practice of management as well as careful and thoughtful attention to distinctions and tools of ethical analysis. As such, it might serve as one of the most effective primers yet available for the practitioner who desires to benefit from the field of business ethics, without the jargon and flights to linguistic abstraction that characterize much of the academic field. As a resource for managers, teachers of managers and prospective managers the book avoids two pitfalls typical within the literature. It is superior to many texts written by academic theorists (e.g., philosophers) for whom ethics in business proceeds at high levels of theoretical abstraction and with little explicit attention to managerial practice and organizational context. It also succeeds where texts such as Ken Blanchard's The Power of Ethical Management fail—in being sensitive to management practice but lacking in ethical sophistication and theoretical clarity. Indeed, Michael Rion's academic training in ethics (Yale University) and his extensive experience in corporate practice both as resident corporate ethicist (Cummins Engine Company) and as external ethics consultant provide a unique combination rare to the field.
Virtuous Peers in Work Organizations
Authors: Moberg Dennis
Published: July 2007

It is argued that virtuous peers in work organizations have two elements of character no matter what the nature of the goods the organization produces: loyalty to common projects for their own sake and trustworthiness. Each of these is shown to be a uniquely human attribute, an element of character that contributes to a life well lived, and a trait that leads to the flourishing of an entire work community.
Epistemological Structures in Marketing: Paradigms, Metaphors, and Marketing Ethics
Authors: Eric Reidenbach R. , Robin Donald P.
Published: July 2007

This article uses Arndt's depiction of marketing epistemology to suggest a possible explanation for the lack of emphasis on marketing ethics within the marketing literature. While a growing number of writers are turning their attention to the area, marketing's heavy reliance on logical empiricism has contributed to a disinclination in the development of this area. Only through recent and numerous revelations of misconduct has the discipline of marketing responded to its ethical dimensions.
Trust And Managerial Responsibility
Authors: Soule Edward
Published: July 2007

This paper explores the moral responsibility a manager has toward a worker. The primary focus is upon those relationships where workers have been led to trust their managers. I argue that in such circumstances, models of the employment relationship based on rational self-interest fail to adequately describe the behavior of the actors. Rather, I show through case studies how trust operates in these environments to supercede pure, self-interested behavior. I then explore the moral implications of this finding relative to those managers who lead their workers to trust them. I make the claim that these managers cannot adequately discharge their moral obligations unless they take on positive moral obligations. I cast this responsibility as one of positive care for some portion of worker welfare and briefly discuss what this might mean in practice.