bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of Life and Quality of Care in Patients With Diabetes Experiencing Different Models of Care
Authors: Collins Margaret M. , O'Sullivan Tony , Harkins Velma , Perry Ivan J.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To study variation in quality of life and quality of care in patients with diabetes experiencing three different models of care: traditional hospital care, hospital/general practitioner (GP) shared care, and structured GP care.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study involving 1,456 patients with diabetes (71% response rate) was conducted. Quality of life was assessed with the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) instrument and quality of care with a 10-point process-of-care report card.

RESULTS

The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for a high (upper quartile) ADDQoL score was significantly increased in the structured care relative to the traditional hospital care group (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.2–2.5]). A significantly higher proportion of structured GP care patients reported compliance with seven or more key process-of-care measures compared with the other models of care.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes quality of life may be enhanced when care is provided in a primary care setting without compromising quality of care.
Increased Persistency in Medication Use by U.S. Medicare Beneficiaries With Diabetes Is Associated With Lower Hospitalization Rates and Cost Savings
Authors: Stuart Bruce C. , Simoni-Wastila Linda , Zhao Lirong , Lloyd Jennifer T. , Doshi Jalpa A.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess the relationship between annual fills for antidiabetes medications, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and lipid-lowering agents on hospitalization and Medicare spending for beneficiaries with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data from 1997 to 2004, we identified 7,441 community-dwelling beneficiaries with diabetes, who contributed 14,317 person-years of data for the analysis. We used multivariate regression analysis to estimate the effect of persistency in medication fills on hospitalization risk, hospital days, and Medicare spending.

RESULTS

For users of older oral antidiabetes agents, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and statins, each additional prescription fill was associated with significantly lower risk of hospitalization, fewer hospital days, and lower Medicare spending.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest an economic case for promoting greater persistency in use of drugs with approved indications by Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes; however, additional research is needed to corroborate the study's cross-sectional findings.
Is Femur Length the Key Height Component in Risk Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Among Adults?
Authors: Liu Jian , Tan Hongzhuan , Jeynes Brian
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To examine the diabetes risk association with femur length, standing height, and height without femur length (HWFL) (HWFL = standing height − femur length).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used data from three time periods of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2000, 2001–2002, and 2003–2004) for this cross-sectional analysis and confined the eligible subjects to 6,188 adults aged 20+ years who had fasted ≥8 h and had no missing values of femur length or standing height. The outcome measure was type 2 diabetes.

RESULTS

Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds of type 2 diabetes per 1-SD value increase in femur length, standing height, and HWFL were 0.73 (95% CI 0.61–0.86), 0.91 (0.75–1.10), and 1.09 (0.90–1.32) for men, respectively, and 0.82 (0.70–0.97), 0.99 (0.82–1.21), and 1.11 (0.93–1.33) for women.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study supports the hypothesis that femur length may be the key height component in diabetes risk association.
Cost-Effectiveness of Surgically Induced Weight Loss for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Modeled Lifetime Analysis
Authors: Keating Catherine L. , Dixon John B. , Moodie Marjory L. , Peeters Anna , Bulfone Liliana , Maglianno Dianna J. , O'Brien Paul E.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the cost-effectiveness of surgically induced weight loss relative to conventional therapy for the management of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes in class I/II obese patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study builds on a within-trial cost-efficacy analysis. The analysis compares the lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) between the two intervention groups. Intervention costs were extrapolated based on observed resource utilization during the trial. The proportion of patients in each intervention group with remission of diabetes at 2 years was the same as that observed in the trial. Health care costs for patients with type 2 diabetes and outcome variables required to derive estimates of QALYs were sourced from published literature. A health care system perspective was adopted. Costs and outcomes were discounted annually at 3%. Costs are presented in 2006 Australian dollars (AUD) (currency exchange: 1 AUD = 0.74 USD).

RESULTS

The mean number of years in diabetes remission over a lifetime was 11.4 for surgical therapy patients and 2.1 for conventional therapy patients. Over the remainder of their lifetime, surgical and conventional therapy patients lived 15.7 and 14.5 discounted QALYs, respectively. The mean discounted lifetime costs were 98,900 AUD per surgical therapy patient and 101,400 AUD per conventional therapy patient. Relative to conventional therapy, surgically induced weight loss was associated with a mean health care saving of 2,400 AUD and 1.2 additional QALYs per patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgically induced weight loss is a dominant intervention (it both saves health care costs and generates health benefits) for managing recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes in class I/II obese patients in Australia.
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Decreased Quadriceps Muscle Strength in Nondiabetic Adults Aged ≥70 Years
Authors: Barzilay Joshua I. , Cotsonis George A. , Walston Jeremy , Schwartz Ann V. , Satterfield Suzanne , Miljkovic Iva , Harris Tamara B. ,   for the Health ABC Study
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

Lower-limb muscle strength is reduced in many people with diabetes. In this study, we examined whether quadriceps muscle strength is reduced in relation to insulin resistance in well-functioning ambulatory nondiabetic individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants (age ≥70 years) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning to ascertain muscle and fat mass, tests of quadriceps strength, computed tomography scanning of the quadriceps to gauge muscle lipid content, and fasting insulin and glucose level measurements from which homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was derived.

RESULTS

In regression analysis, quadriceps strength per kilogram of muscle mass was negatively associated (P < 0.0001) with HOMA-IR independent of other factors negatively associated with strength such as increased age, female sex, low-physical activity, impaired fasting glucose, and increased total body fat. Muscle lipid content was not associated with strength.

CONCLUSIONS

A small decrease in quadriceps muscle force is associated with increased HOMA-IR in well-functioning nondiabetic adults, suggesting that diminished quadriceps muscle strength begins before diabetes.
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in Individuals With and Without Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Gendelman Nicole , Snell-Bergeon Janet K. , McFann Kim , Kinney Gregory , Paul Wadwa R. , Bishop Franziska , Rewers Marian , Maahs David M.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

Depression is associated with poor glycemic control and complications in people with type 1 diabetes. We assessed the prevalence of depression and antidepressant medication use among adults with and without type 1 diabetes and the association between depression and diabetes complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In 2006–2008, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study applied the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to 458 participants with type 1 diabetes (47% male, aged 44 ± 9 years, type 1 diabetes duration 29 ± 9 years) and 546 participants without diabetes (nondiabetic group) (51% male, aged 47 ± 9 years). Use of antidepressant medication was self-reported. Depression was defined as a BDI-II score >14 and/or use of antidepressant medication. Occurrence of diabetes complications (retinopathy, blindness, neuropathy, diabetes-related amputation, and kidney or pancreas transplantation) was self-reported.

RESULTS

Mean BDI-II score, adjusted for age and sex, was significantly higher in participants with type 1 diabetes than in nondiabetic participants (least-squares mean ± SE: 7.4 ± 0.3 vs. 5.0 ± 0.3; P < 0.0001). Type 1 diabetic participants reported using more antidepressant medications (20.7 vs. 12.1%, P = 0.0003). More type 1 diabetic than nondiabetic participants were classified as depressed by BDI-II cut score (17.5 vs. 5.7%, P < 0.0001) or by either BDI-II cut score or antidepressant use (32.1 vs. 16.0%, P < 0.0001). Participants reporting diabetes complications (n = 209) had higher mean BDI-II scores than those without complications (10.7 ± 9.3 vs. 6.4 ± 6.3, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with nondiabetic participants, adults with type 1 diabetes report more symptoms of depression and more antidepressant medication usage. Depression is highly prevalent in type 1 diabetes and requires further study on assessment and treatment.
Prospective Study of Zinc Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Sun Qi , van Dam Rob M. , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank B.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to investigate the intake of zinc in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Dietary intakes of zinc and other nutrients were assessed and updated using a validated food frequency questionnaire from 1980 to 2002 among 82,297 women who were aged 33–60 years at baseline in 1980 and followed up to 2004 in the Nurses' Health Study.

RESULTS

During the 24 years of follow-up, 6,030 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were ascertained. After adjustment of lifestyle and dietary risk factors, the relative risks (RRs) (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles were 0.90 (0.82–0.99) (Ptrend = 0.04) for total zinc intake and 0.92 (0.84–1.00) (Ptrend = 0.009) for dietary zinc intake from food sources, respectively. We further found an inverse association for dietary zinc to heme iron ratio. After multivariate adjustment of covariates, the RRs (95% CI) across quintiles of this ratio were 1.0 (reference), 0.93 (0.86–1.01), 0.86 (0.79–0.94), 0.82 (0.75–0.90), and 0.72 (0.66–0.80), respectively (Ptrend < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher zinc intake may be associated with a slightly lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women. More studies are warranted to confirm this association and to explore potential mechanisms.
Reexamining Misconceptions About β-Blockers in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: McGill Janet B.
Published: January 2009

IN BRIEF

Because effectively managing patients with diabetes and hypertension requires multiple medications, the appropriate selection of a treatment regimen with good tolerability and simplified dosing is crucial. Despite the proven benefits of β-blockers in lowering blood pressure and improving cardiovascular morbidity, many physicians are reluctant to prescribe them to patients with diabetes and hypertension. This reluctance is based on the misconception that β-blockers worsen glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and dyslipidemia and mask hypoglycemia. Unlike traditional β-blockers, vasodilatory β-blockers have favorable tolerability and metabolic profiles while offering effective blood pressure control.
Genetic Ablation of Nrf2 Enhances Susceptibility to Acute Lung Injury After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Jin Wei , Wang Handong , Ji Yan , Zhu Lin , Yan Wei , Qiao Liang , Yin Hongxia
Published: January 2009

Previous studies have shown that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a unique role in many physiological stress processes. The present study investigated the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Wild-type Nrf2 (+/+) and Nrf2 (−/−)-deficient mice were subjected to a moderately severe weight-drop impact head injury. Pulmonary capillary permeability (PCP), wet/dry weight ratio, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes were measured at 24 h after TBI. Mice lacking Nrf2 were found to be more susceptible to TBI-induced ALI, as characterized by the higher increase in PCP, wet/dry weight ratio and alveolar cells apoptosis after TBI. This exacerbation of lung injury in Nrf2-deficient mice was associated with increased pulmonary mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6); and with decreased pulmonary mRNA expression and enzymatic activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase α1 (GST-α1)—as compared with their wild-type Nrf2 (+/+) counterparts after TBI. The results of the present study suggest that Nrf2 reduces TBI-induced acute lung injury, possibly by decreasing pulmonary inflammation and inducing antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes.
Isolation and Characterization of Enterobacteria Associated with Health and Disease in Sonali Chickens
Authors: Haider MG , Hossain MG , Hossain MS , Chowdhury EH , Das PM , Hossain MM
Published: January 2009

Bacteriological examination on intestinal swabs of 30 apparently healthy and 30 sick / dead Sonali chickens (Fayoumi hen Ã RIR cock), aged between 25 to 60 weeks were carried out to determine the enteropathogens associated with health and disease, during the period from March to October 2003. These birds of either sex and reared under semi-scavenging system under the SLDP-2 project area in the district of Feni. The 60 swabs were collected at slaughter / necropsy in sterile nutrient and tetrathionate broth. In addition, the gross tissue changes of the sick / dead birds were recorded. The prevalent bacterial flora in intestinal swabs were Salmonella (33.33%), E. coli (95.0%), Staphylococcus (51.66%), Streptococcus (40%) and Pasteurella multocida (3.33%) of which Salmonella (36.66%) and E. coli (26.66%) were associated with marked pathological lesions. The isolated enteropathogens and their associated gross and histopathological changes are described and discussed. It may be concluded from this study that the enteric bacteria usually remain as clinically overt infection and do not produce clinical disease unless or until other factors are involved. Key words: Enterobacteria; apparently healthy chickens; sick/dead chickens; pathology doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1928 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 15-21
Efficacy of Formalin Killed Fowl Cholera Vaccine in Experimentally Immunized Fayoumi Chickens
Authors: Rahman MK , Rahman MB , Siddiky MNA , Kafi MA , Islam MA , Choudhury KA
Published: January 2009

Efficacy of experimentally prepared formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine in Fayoumi chickens via different routes of vaccination was determined during the period from April 2002 to March 2003. Pasteurella multocida (PM-38) serotype 1 (X-73) was employed for vaccine preparation and antibody titres of the chicken sera were determined by passive haemagglutination (PHA) test. Vaccination was done either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Each of the experimental chickens was challenged with a virulent isolate of P. multocida @ 3.8 x 108 CFU / ml per bird intramuscularly. The 100% vaccinated chickens protected against virulent P. multocida infection but all (100%) unvaccinated control birds died within 72 hours of challenge. Intramuscular (both primary and booster) route of vaccinations was found superior and more effective than subcutaneous route of inoculation. The higher PHA antibody titre was recorded with intramuscularly (222.86 Â± 25.60) than subcutaneously (111.43 Â± 12.80) vaccinated groups of birds. The result revealed the fact that intramuscular route followed by subcutaneous inoculation could be done for immunization against fowl cholera in chickens. Key words: Efficacy; fowl cholera vaccine; formalin killed; Fayoumi chicken doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1929 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 23-25
Isolation and Characterization of Virulent Strain of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus from Broiler Birds in Bangladesh
Authors: Begum MIA , Islam MA , Bhuiyan MER , Akter S , Rahman M
Published: January 2009

The bursa Fabricius of 50 dead broiler birds aged between 2 to 5 weeks were collected from three different private and Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) poultry farms for isolation of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus during the period from August to September 2002. Each of the collected bursa was stored at -20Â°C until processed for the isolation of virus in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture. Of the 50 bursal samples cultured in the chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, of which 40 (80%) bursal samples were found positive for IBD virus. Each of the 40 isolated IBD virus was characterized as IBD virus M6 strain using type specific polyclonal serum raised in chickens by agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT). These isolated IBD virus M6 strain caused 100% mortality in five weeks old layer chickens on experimental infection through intramuscular route of inoculation. The results of this study indicate that the local isolates of IBD virus are associated with high mortality in chickens under both the natural and experimental conditions in Bangladesh. Key words: Isolation, characterization; virulent strain; IBDV; broiler birds doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1930 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 27-29
Clinico-pathological Studies on Natural and Experimental Infectious Bursal Disease in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Islam MT , Samad MA
Published: January 2009

The clinico-pathological studies on infectious bursal disease (IBD) were carried out in naturally occurred outbreaks of 19 to 22-day-old broilers (population 1000) and experimentally produced infection in 40-day-old 23 broiler chickens during the period from November 2002 to January 2003. Each of the experimental birds received 100 Âµl of 20% bursal homogenates intraocularly with a wild-type field strain (BD-3 Wt) of a Bangladeshi isolate of vvIBDV (BD-3/99). The natural infection caused 29.2% mortality and experimental infection resulted in 26.8% mortality after an incubation period of 48 to 72 hrs. Clinical investigation showed almost similar clinical signs in both the natural and experimental cases. Dullness, depression, anorexia, whitish loose diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea in some chickens, ruffled feathers and severe dehydration were the recorded clinical manifestations. Necropsy examination revealed no significant pathological differences between chickens died of natural and experimental IBDV infection. Oedematous swelling of the bursa with petechial haemorrhages and slimy to gelatinous materials on the inner surface, and petechial haemorrhages on the thigh muscles were the main gross pathological lesions in both cases. Haemorrhages at the junction between proventriculus and gizzard found in chickens of natural infection but not in chickens of experimental infection. The experimentally infected chickens that survived up to the last day of 10 days observation revealed atrophied bursa with creamy or yellowish discolouration at necropsy. Key words: Infectious bursal disease; broiler chickens; clinical signs; pathology doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1931 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 31-35
Effects of Haematinics on Body Weight and Certain Haemotological Values in Black Bengal Goats
Authors: Sharmin ML , Miah MA , Myenuddin M , Shahjalal M
Published: January 2009

Effects of haematinics on body weight and certain haematological values were studied in nine female Black Bengal goats of 1 to 2 years old, divided into three groups (A, B, & C), each consisting of 3 goats during the period from 15 January to 28 February 2002. Goats of group B treated orally with copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate @ 50 mg and 200 mg / head / day respectively and the goats of group C, in addition to copper and ferrous sulphate were treated orally with cobalt sulphate @ 1 mg / head / day along with IM injection of Vit-B12 (B50 ForteÂ®, Square) @ 5 ml / goat every 15 days interval for a period of 45 days whereas group A served as untreated control. Results showed that the body weight gain were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the haematinics treated groups B and C (13.57 Â± 3.63 g and 12.83 Â± 1.01 g respectively) in comparison to control (13.30 Â± 1.40 g) at 45 days of treatment. Haematological examination showed significantly (p < 0.01) increased haemoglobin (10.47 Â± 0.13 g% and 10.77 Â± 0.12 g%), packed cell volume (31.67 Â± 0.33% and 32.33 Â± 0.33%), total erythrocyte count (13.90 Â± 0.12 and 14.78 Â± 0.26 106 / mm3), mean corpuscular volume (22.78 Â± 0.12 Âµ3 and 21.88 Â± 0.16 Âµ3), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (7.53 Â± 0.05 and 7.28 Â± 0.05 ÂµÂµg) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (33.05 Â± 0.08 and 33.30 Â± 0.09%) in the treated groups B and C at 45 days of treatment respectively. The present findings indicate that the supplementation of haematinics could be used in the improvement of general health condition as well as the haematological parameters. Key words: Haematinics; body weight; haematological values; Black Bengal goats doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1936 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 55-57
Inhibitory Effect of Nucleotides on the Multiplication of Babesia gibsoni in Canine Erythrocytes
Authors: Hossain MA , Yamato O , Yamasaki M , Maede Y
Published: January 2009

The inhibitory effects of nucleotides on the multiplication of Babesia gibsoni was studied on the in vitro culture of canine erythrocytes. B. gibsoni was cultivated at 37Â°C for 3 days under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% C02, 5% O2, and 90% N2 inÂ  culture media with no nucleotides (Control), cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-CMP), uridine 5'-monophosphate (5'-UMP), uridine 3'-monophosphate (3'-UMP), thymidine 3'-monophosphate (3'-TMP) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-IMP), adenine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP) and guanine 5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP), in which a final concentration of nucleotides was 5 mM. The adding of 5'-CMP, 5'-UMP, 5'-IMP, 5'-AMP and 5'-GMP as artificial nucleotides significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited the multiplication of B. gibsoni in canine erythrocytes. Further more, the 5'-CMP and 5'-IMP showed the dose-dependently significant inhibitory effect on the multiplication B. gibsoni. It may be concluded from these results that the accumulation of specific nucleotides might have inhibited the multiplication of B. gibsoni in canine erythrocytes. Key words: Babesia gibsoni; multiplication inhibition; canine erythrocytes; nucleotides doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1937 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 59-61
Plate and Tube Agglutination Tests for Diagnosis of Brucella abortus Biotype 1 Infection in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Rahman MS
Published: January 2009

The plate and tube agglutination tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of experimentally induced Brucella abortus biotype 1 infection in 45 female, 6 to 10 months old Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats during the period from 2001 to 2002. These 45 rats were divided into two groups A and B, of which group A consisting of 27 rats used for experimental infection, whereas 18 rats of group B served as uninfected control. Each rat of group A was injected subcutaneously @ 1.0Ã109 colony forming units (CFU) in 500 Âµl of bovine pathogenic strain of B. abortus biotype 1 suspension in physiological saline. The SD rats were monitored at regular intervals by serological and bacteriological methods. The reciprocal antibody titer was 1:400 through tube agglutination test (TAT) whereas it was 1:800 through plate agglutination (PAT) at first week of post-infection. There was no reciprocal antibody titer in sera of 24 weeks of post-infection both through PAT and TAT despite the presence of bacteremia and these tests were evaluated for the first time using sera from rat with brucellosis. PAT using B. abortus strain 1119-3 (S1119-3) whole cell antigen was a potential candidate as an improved diagnostic method for field diagnosis of brucellosis in wild animals. Key words: B. abortus biotype 1; plate and tube agglutination tests; Sprague-Dawley rats doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1938 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 63-67
Bacteriological Profile of Dressed Broilers and Its Public Health Implications
Authors: Anower AKMM , Rahman MM , Ehsan MA , Islam MA , Islam MR , Shil GC , Rahman MS
Published: January 2009

Bacteriological study was conducted to determine the occurrence of bacteria in 52 dressed broiler with intact skin (n = 26) and without skin (n = 26) and to demonstrate the role of packaging and pretreatment chilling on the changes of carcass quality during the period from July to August 2000. The values of total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), total streptococcal count (TStC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC) were determined for meat samples of thigh and breast and swab samples of skin and visceral surfaces of the broilers with intact skin (n = 80) and without skin (n = 80). The values of TVC, TCC, TStC and TSC in both cases with intact skin and without skin were compared. The results indicate that the dressed broilers with intact skin kept in packed condition after prechilled and frozen could maintain the good quality of sensory characteristics up to a maximum period of 10 days storage. Of the160 samples examined bacteriologically, 39.06% had contamination with different bacteria, of which Â Â Staphylococcus spp. (90.63%), Streptococcus spp. (30.00%), Escherichia coli (60.63%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.50%), Micrococcus spp. (18.75%) and Salmonella spp. (11.88%). It appears from these results that the current systems of pretreatment, sanitation, storing temperature and processing are necessary to be improved to ensure the quality assurance and quality control program and subsequently maintain the bacteriological and organoleptic quality of dressed broilers, thus minimizing the potential health hazards associated with contaminants gaining access to the dressed or processed broilers. Key words: Dressed broilers; bacteriology; public health implications doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1939 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 69-73
The Elementary Epistemic Arithmetic of Criminal Justice
Authors: Laudan Larry
Published: January 2009

This paper propounds the following theses: 1). that the traditional focus on the Blackstone ratio of errors as a device for setting the criminal standard of proof is ill-conceived, 2). that the preoccupation with the rate of false convictions in criminal trials is myopic, and 3). that the key ratio of interest, in judging the political morality of a system of criminal justice, involves the relation between the risk that an innocent person runs of being falsely convicted of a serious crime and the risk of being criminally victimized by someone who was falsely acquitted.
In Defense of Rule-Based Evidence Law–and Epistemology Too
Authors: Schauer Frederick
Published: January 2009

Ever since Jeremy Bentham wrote his scathing critique of the law of evidence, both philosophers and legal scholars have criticized the exclusionary rules of evidence, arguing that formal rules excluding entire classes of evidence for alleged unreliability violate basic epistemological maxims mandating that all relevant evidence be considered. Although particular pieces of evidence might be excluded as unreliable, they argue, it is a mistake to make such judgments for entire categories, as opposed to making them only in the context of particular pieces of evidence offered for specific purposes. This paper challenges these claims, arguing that rule-based exclusions serve similar purposes to those served by rules in rule-consequentialist moral theories, and that, even more importantly, they are entirely consistent with the exclusionary nature of legal rules in general. Indeed, once we see the role that exclusionary rules might serve in legal epistemology, we can see that they might have a role to play in epistemic appraisal more generally.
Justification, Coherence, and Epistemic Responsibility in Legal Fact-Finding
Authors: Amaya Amalia
Published: January 2009

This paper argues for a coherentist theory of the justification of evidentiary judgments in law, according to which a hypothesis about the events being litigated is justified if and only if it is such that an epistemically responsible fact-finder might have accepted it as justified by virtue of its coherence in like circumstances. It claims that this version of coherentism has the resources to address a main problem facing coherence theories of evidence and legal proof, namely, the problem of the coherence bias. The paper then develops an aretaic approach to the standards of epistemic responsibility which govern legal fact-finding. It concludes by exploring some implications of the proposed account of the justification of evidentiary judgments in law for the epistemology of legal proof.
Of Black Boxes, Instruments, and Experts: Testing the Validity of Forensic Science
Authors: Mnookin Jennifer L.
Published: January 2009

This paper argues that judges assessing the scientific validity and the legal admissibility of forensic science techniques ought to privilege testing over explanation. Their evaluation of reliability should be more concerned with whether the technique has been adequately validated by appropriate empirical testing than with whether the expert can offer an adequate description of the methods she uses, or satisfactorily explain her methodology or the theory from which her claims derive. This paper explores these issues within two specific contexts: latent fingerprint examination and the use of breath tests for the detection of alcohol. Especially in the forensic science arena, I suggest courts have often been seduced by superficially plausible explanations and descriptions of a technique or method, and permitted these to serve as a substitute for empirical testing. Thinking through these two examples illustrates both why evaluating the extent of testing should be the most important method by which courts assess reliability, and why, when other forms of explanatory evidence are readily available, we may nonetheless elect to make use of them. This paper suggests that these descriptions and explanations may at times usefully supplement evidence of testing, but should not generally be substituted for it. Finally, this paper embraces a kind of evidentiary pragmatism, in which the quantum of evidence required to establish legal reliability is determined not in the abstract, but in relation to the evidence that is, or ought to be, available as a result of reasonable research and investigation.
Brain Images as Legal Evidence
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter , Roskies Adina , Brown Teneille , Murphy Emily
Published: January 2009

This paper explores whether brain images may be admitted as evidence in criminal trials under Federal Rule of Evidence 403, which weighs probative value against the danger of being prejudicial, confusing, or misleading to fact finders. The paper summarizes and evaluates recent empirical research relevant to these issues. We argue that currently the probative value of neuroimages for criminal responsibility is minimal, and there is some evidence of their potential to be prejudicial or misleading. We also propose experiments that will directly assess how jurors are influenced by brain images.
A Functional Approach to the Spousal Evidentiary Privileges
Authors: Stein Edward
Published: January 2009

Most U.S. jurisdictions deem testimony regarding what one spouse tells the other in private inadmissible in most circumstances and most do not allow a person to be compelled to testify against his or her spouse. Although confidential communications and what a spouse knows about the other are both relevant and quite probative, triers of fact do not get to consider them. The scope, character, and very existence of these exceptions to the general principle of admitting everything into evidence have been questioned by legal commentators for centuries, but they remain in force in most U.S. jurisdictions. This paper reviews the justifications for the spousal evidentiary privileges and argues for recasting the spousal evidentiary privileges in functional terms.
Touching Derrida Touching Nancy: The Main Traits of Derrida's Hand
Authors: Hillis Miller J.
Published: January 2009

Derrida has been perennially concerned with hands and touching. This interest finds its most concentrated form in On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy. This text outlines a number of concerns Derrida has in that book which might be extrapolated as exemplary of Derrida's reading strategies in general. It concludes with a consideration of what is revealed about the Derrida-Nancy relationship in this book.
Handshake
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: January 2009

How might Derrida be said to greet Jean-Luc Nancy in Le Toucher? What kind of handshake does he offer? Derrida explicitly mentions the handshake at the very centre of his book, in the tangent devoted to Merleau-Ponty. A reading of this moment reveals an exemplary case of what happens when Derrida reads apparently ‘fraternal’ texts, and opens up further levels of difference. What then if we consider Nancy's response to Derrida, when the recipient of the handshake shakes back? By examining Nancy's various (mis-)readings of Derrida's famous phrase ‘la différance finie est infinie’ it is possible to trace a subtle but irreducible non-reciprocity in this relationship, represented in the handshake of the ‘salut’ as greeting and valediction, beyond all safety or salvation.
Notes about On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy by Jacques Derrida
Authors: Irizarry Christine
Published: January 2009

In this text the translator of the English-language edition of Derrida's Le Toucher, the translator and former book editor Christine Irizarry, discusses her experience of translating the volume. She discusses translation as a philosophical problem, as the passage into philosophy as well as specific problems of translation in this book. She discusses her experiences of being taught by Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe and its relation to translation.
Toucher I: (The Problem with Self-Touching)
Authors: McQuillan Martin
Published: January 2009

The text by Derrida entitled, in English, Touching On – Jean-Luc Nancy is a text about neither ‘touching’ nor Jean-Luc Nancy, in any easy sense. Derrida never really gets started with touch and goes out of his way to correct Nancy's use of the term ‘deconstruction’. Following some exemplary cases of this in the book, this article demonstrates the technical differences between Derrida and Nancy that the former is keen to impress upon his readers.
A Palintropic Genealogy of the Diaphanous Exactitude ofPe(n)ser
Authors: Gaston Sean
Published: January 2009

Derrida frequently comments on the need to read and reread the texts of the tradition, to be always starting again with them. In On Touching – Jean-Luc Nancy Derrida offers another reading of (he starts again with) Aristotles's De Anima. By paying attention to the play of the palintropic, diaphanous, exactitude and ‘penser’ in Derrida's text, this paper seeks to show how important Aristotle is for Derrida in this book and in any deconstruction of the sense of touch.

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Justice's Last Word: Derrida's Post-Scriptum to Force of Law
Authors: Staikou Elina
Published: January 2009

This article considers Derrida's reading of Walter Benjamin's ‘Critique of Violence’ in ‘Force of Law’ with particular reference to the claims Derrida makes in his controversial ‘Post-Scriptum’. The article focuses in particular on Derrida's claim – a claim situated within the context of a discourse on the ‘final solution’ – that the ‘Critique of Violence’ is too Heideggerian. This claim is explored in the article mainly through reading Heidegger's ‘Anaximander's Saying’ with the purpose of showing some affinities between his and Benjamin's notions of justice and also with respect to the importance both thinkers bestow on the purity of the name. Particular attention is paid to the notion of ‘divine violence’ and its ‘complicity’ with the ‘worst’ also in relation to the questions of the witness and the animal in Benjamin and Heidegger. The article insists on the importance of the theme of the singular witness in the thinking of justice and divine violence and opens up possible avenues for exploring Derrida's relation to Benjamin.
MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION OF LITHUANIAN BANKS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEIR RELIABILITY FOR CLIENTS
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas , Podvezko Valentinas
Published: January 2009

In recent years, efforts have been made to rank banks according to their reliability. However, the methods used for this purpose are not accurate. The analysis shows that reliability of banks is a complex phenomenon which can only be described by a set of criteria. The task is complicated by the fact that the criteria used have various dimensions as well as being oppositely directed. To solve the above problems, multicriteria evaluation methods, allowing the values of all the criteria of different dimensions and changeability to be integrated into a single generalized quantity, may be used.
THE EVALUATION MODEL OF A COMMERCIAL BANK LOAN PORTFOLIO
Authors: Mačerinskienė Irena , Ivaškevičiūtė Laura
Published: January 2009

As in other countries where the traditional banking is dominating, the major part of banks’ assets and loan interest income makes a significant share of banks’ income. Inappropriate loan portfolio evaluation might have negative impact on a commercial bank's performance, the overall banking system, and the economic growth of the country. It is not enough for a bank to have a precise strategy, high lending culture, and observance of general principles to ensure the further growth of profitable loans. It is necessary to apply various evaluation methods of historical and present data, of ratios and factors enabling to implement coherent and comprehensive loan portfolio evaluation, and to encompass different factors as far as possible. Due to a complex business environment and intense competition between banks, it is not enough to evaluate a commercial bank loan portfolio only through the aspect of credit risk, i.e. loss probability level aspect, as is suggested by the scientists. As to every business subject striving for a successful performance and further development, it is essential for a bank to earn profit by financing the other subjects, and to establish the level of assets liquidity.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION OF RISKS AT THE ENTERPRISES OF NON‐FINANCIAL SPHERE OF LATVIA
Authors: Voronova Irina
Published: January 2009

The author considers the problems of analysis and assessment of risks at the enterprises of non‐financial sphere basing on tactical standards of risk management. The author studies the development and impact of the theory of economic cycles on the system of risks in entrepreneurship of Chizhevsky's and Kondratjev's temporary cycles that are at the same time space cycles. The author expresses their attitude to the opportunity of using autogenetic and risks identification. As‐trolinguistics studies the nature of changes in macroeconomic environment on the basis of information about the mutual position of the solar system's planets in the process of their motion. This paper discusses how variety of scope methods may be applied for assessment of the profile of risks at the enterprise.
ESTIMATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: GERMINATION ON INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
Authors: Grybaitė Virginija , Tvaronavičienė Manuela
Published: January 2009

The aim of the paper is to investigate approaches to measurement of sustainable development adopted by international organizations, or institutions. Organizations for sustainable development were founded to review progress at the international, regional and national levels in the implementation of sustainable development policy, to take part in legislative process, to control balance between economic development, social development, and environmental development. Valid systems and classifications of sustainable development are being juxtaposed, specific features, advantages and disadvantages revealed. The question, if the systems of indicators provided by considered institutions are applicable for practical analytical purposes, is being raised.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Zavadskas Edmundas Kazimieras
Published: January 2009

OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR A STAKEHOLDER SOCIETY

Reviewed book: Willem K. Brauers. Optimization Methods for a Stakeholder Society: A Revolution in Economic Thinking by Multi‐objective Optimization. Boston / Dordrecht / London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
Living on the edge: life‐history of olive baboons at Gashaka‐Gumti National Park, Nigeria
Authors: Higham James P. , Warren Ymke , Adanu Jeremiah , Umaru Buba N. , MacLarnon Ann M. , Sommer Volker , Ross Caroline
Published: January 2009

Baboons are the most successful and ubiquitous African primates, renowned for their behavioral and reproductive flexibility, which enable them to inhabit a wide variety of habitat types. Owing to a number of long‐term field studies, comparative behavioral, developmental, demographic, and life‐history data are available from several populations, but study sites show a heavy bias toward South and East African savannahs, with little research in West or Central Africa. Life‐history data from such areas are important if we are fully to understand the nature of the environmental factors that limit baboon distribution. Here, we present demographic data for olive baboons at Gashaka‐Gumti National Park (GGNP), Nigeria, collected from December 2000–February 2006, and use these data to test comparative models of baboon life‐history. The GGNP habitat, which includes large areas of rainforest, is an environment in which baboons are little studied, and rainfall is much higher than at previous study sites. GGNP troop size data are presented from censuses, as well as life‐history data for two troops, one of which is within the park and wild‐feeding (Kwano troop), whereas the other dwells at the park edge, and supplements its diet by crop‐raiding (Gamgam troop). Troop sizes at GGNP are small compared with other field sites, but fit within previously suggested ranges for baboons under these climatic conditions. Inter‐birth intervals in Kwano troop were long compared with most studied populations, and values were not as predicted by comparative models. Consistent with known effects of food enhancement, Gamgam troop experienced shorter inter‐birth intervals and lower infant mortality than Kwano troop. We indicate some possible factors that exclude baboons from true rainforest, and suggest that the clearing of forests in Central and West Africa for agricultural land may allow baboons to extend their range into regions from which they are currently excluded. Am. J. Primatol. 71:293–304, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neue Prinzipien für die Bildung von glycosidischen Bindungen
Authors: Zhu Xiangming , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: January 2009

Die wichtige Rolle, die Oligosaccharide und Glycokonjugate in biologischen Systemen spielen, erfordert immer neue und vor allem größere Mengen dieser Moleküle. Wegen ihrer Heterogenität in natürlichen Vorkommen wurden und werden große Anstrengungen unternommen, um die entscheidende glycosidische Bindung sowohl zwischen einzelnen Kohlenhydratresten als auch zu Aglyconen stereoselektiv und in hoher Ausbeute zu erzeugen. Es existieren nun verschiedene Methoden, die effiziente Synthesen von strukturell definierten komplexen Oligosacchariden und Glycokonjugaten ermöglichen.

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Das zunehmende Wissen um die bedeutende Rolle, die Oligosaccharide und Glycokonjugate in biologischen Prozessen spielen, hat rasch das Interesse an solchen Verbindungen für biologische, medizinische und pharmakologische Studien geweckt. Deshalb wurden und werden große Anstrengungen unternommen, um neue Methoden für die Synthese von Glycosiden zu entwickeln, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Bildung der glycosidischen Bindung gerichtet ist. Etliche Übersichtsartikel wurden in den letzten Jahren zur Glycosidsynthese verfasst, die meisten waren jedoch auf einen bestimmten Typ von Glycosiden oder eine bestimmte Methode zur Glycosidsynthese ausgerichtet. In diesem Aufsatz werden neue Prinzipien für die Bildung von glycosidischen Bindungen diskutiert, indem vor allem Arbeiten aus den letzten zehn Jahren berücksichtigt werden, die zu erheblichen Fortschritten in der Oligosaccharid‐ und Glycokonjugatsynthese geführt haben.
Sekundäre Alkylhalogenide in übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen
Authors: Rudolph Alena , Lautens Mark
Published: January 2009

Sekundär, aber nicht zweitrangig: In den vergangenen fünf Jahren hat die Verwendung von sekundären Alkylhalogeniden in übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen erheblich zugenommen. Hier werden ausgewählte Beispiele für solche Prozesse unter Berücksichtigung von mechanistischen und stereochemischen Aspekten betrachtet.

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Es wurde viel Kraft in die Entwicklung von metallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen mit Alkylhalogeniden als elektrophile Reaktionspartner investiert. Während schon heute zahlreiche primäre Alkylhalogenide wirksam in Kreuzkupplungen verwendet werden können, stehen Umsetzungen mit sekundären Alkylhalogeniden gerade erst am Anfang. Hier werden ausgewählte Kreuzkupplungen vorgestellt, in denen sekundäre Alkylhalogenide als Elektrophile wirken. Dabei wird den verwendeten Übergangsmetallen, den Reaktionsmechanismen und dem stereochemischen Verlauf besondere Beachtung geschenkt.
Semisynthese eines homogenen Glycoprotein‐Enzyms: Ribonuclease C (Teil 1)
Authors: Piontek Christian , Ring Petra , Harjes Olaf , Heinlein Christian , Mezzato Stefano , Lombana Nelson , Pöhner Claudia , Püttner Markus , Varón Silva Daniel , Martin Andreas , Schmid Franz Xaver , Unverzagt Carlo
Published: January 2009

Sieben auf einen Streich: Durch die effiziente Bildung von gemischten Disulfiden an dem thiolreichen FusionsproteinAkonnte nach Inteinabspaltung das Cys‐FragmentBmit sieben oxidationsgeschützten Cysteinen erhalten werden. Die native chemische Ligation vonBmit synthetischen Glycopeptidthioestern ergibt Glycoproteine.

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Drug Delivery by an Enzyme‐Mediated Cyclization of a Lipid Prodrug with Unique Bilayer‐Formation Properties
Authors: Linderoth Lars , Peters Günther H. , Madsen Robert , Andresen Thomas L.
Published: January 2009

Liposomale Wirkstofftransportsysteme, in denen Vorstufen durch krankheitsspezifische Enzyme aktiviert werden, haben ein großes Potenzial für die Therapie von Erkrankungen wie Krebs. Eine neuartige Wirkstoffvorstufe auf Phospholipidbasis kann stabile kleine unilamellare Vesikel aufbauen (siehe Bild). Die Aktivierung dieser Vesikel durch das Enzym sPLA2 löst eine Cyclisierungsreaktion aus, die zur Freisetzung des Wirkstoffs führt.

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Katalytische enantioselektive Ringöffnungen von Aziridinen
Authors: Schneider Christoph
Published: January 2009

In Gegenwart eines Dimetallkatalysators mit kooperativen Metallzentren gelingen hochenantioselektive Ringöffnungen von meso‐Aziridinen 1 mit Silylnucleophilen (siehe Schema; TMS=Trimethylsilyl). Die auf diese Weise in hohen Ausbeuten und bis zu 99 % ee zugänglichen 1,2‐Azidoamide 2 und 1,2‐Amidonitrile 3 sind wertvolle Vorstufen für enantiomerenreine 1,2‐Diamine bzw. β‐Aminosäuren.

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Patterned Monolayers of Neutral and Charged Functionalized Manganese Arene Complexes on a Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite Surface
Authors: Kim Sang Bok , Pike Robert D. , D'Acchioli Jason S. , Walder Brennan J. , Carpenter Gene B. , Sweigart Dwight A.
Published: January 2009

Komplex als Muster: Die Arenmangantricarbonylkomplexe [Mn(η5‐2,5‐Didodecoxy‐1,4‐semichinon) (CO)3] und [Mn(η6‐1,4‐Dioctyloxybenzol)(CO)3] BF4 bilden Monoschichten auf hoch geordneten Graphitoberflächen (HOPG). Wasserstoffbrücken, hydrophobe und elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen sorgen dafür, dass zweidimensionale Muster von Manganatomen oder ‐ionen resultieren.

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