bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-cultural differences in children's object handling at home
Authors: Casillas Marisa , Elliott Mary
Published: October 2021

Object-centered interactions (e.g., child-caregiver toy play) are thought to make significant contributions to children’s early word learning. However, it is yet unknown how frequently such interactions occur across children’s waking days. We investigate how often 83 children under age four (and their interactants) handle objects during everyday life in two non-Western communities: one Mayan and one Papuan. Indeed, after infancy, children handle objects relatively frequently (15% or more of their time) and do so in bursts and lulls across the day. Importantly, cultural differences impact how frequently children handle objects across age, perhaps due to differences between these communities in infant carrying practices, young children’s daily activities, and the objects available to children. In contrast, we find little evidence to support the idea that object handling by children’s interactants might drive early word learning. We discuss the implications of these findings for theoretical and computational models of word learning.
Complex of global functional network as the core of consciousness
Authors: Onoda Keiichi , Akama Hiroyuki
Published: October 2021

Finding the neural basis of consciousness is a challenging issue, and the distribution location of the core of consciousness remains inconclusive. The integrated information theory (IIT) argues that the posterior part of the brain is the hot zone of consciousness, especially in a phenological consciousness. The IIT has proposed a “main complex”, which is a set of elements determined such that the information loss in a hierarchical partition approach is the largest among those of any other supersets and subsets, as the core of consciousness in a dynamic system. This approach may be applicable not only to phenomenal but also to access-consciousness. This study estimated the main complex of brain dynamics using a functional magnetic resonance imaging in Human Connectome Project (HCP) and sleep datasets. The complex analyses revealed the common networks across various tasks and rest in HCP, composed of executive control, salience, and dorsal/ventral attention networks. The set of networks of the main complex was maintained during sleep, but the amount of information of these networks in addition to the default mode network was reduced for the hypnagogic stage compared with the wakefulness stage. These results suggest that the global interconnected structure composed of major functional networks can be a candidate for the core of consciousness.
Better together: A systematic review of studies combining Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Gadassi Polack Reuma , Paganini Gabriela , Winschel Julia , Benisty Hadas , Joormann Jutta , Kober Hedy , Mishne Gal
Published: October 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) are two powerful methods to study psychological processes that have become increasingly popular in the last two decades. Though each method is valuable in its own right, their complementary strengths have the potential to further advance our understanding of typical and atypical human behavior. Despite the increase in the number of studies that combine these methods over the last decade, there are no existing recommendations for best practices or norms for conducting and reporting the findings from these types of studies. To address the absence of such standards in the field, we conducted a systematic review of papers that combine these methods. A systematic search of peer-reviewed papers using Google Scholar resulted in a pool of 11,558 articles. Inclusion criteria were 1) data-based study in which 2) participants completed (a) Structural or functional MRI and (b) an EMA protocol that included self-report. Seventy-one papers met inclusion criteria. The following review compares these studies based on several key parameters (e.g., population age and type, type of MRI scans and EMA assessments, sample size) with the aim of determining feasibility and current standards for design and reporting in the field. The review concludes with recommendations for future research guidelines. A special focus is given to the ways in which the two methods are combined on an analytical level and suggestions for novel computational methods that could further advance the field.
What moves us?: The intrinsic memorability of dance
Authors: Ongchoco Joan Danielle K. , Chun Marvin , Bainbridge Wilma A.
Published: October 2021

Actions speak loudly, and our ability to remember and keep track of how other people move is fundamental to our interactions with them. But people move in incredibly complex, varied, and expressive ways, and we can’t remember all this information. Here we explore whether and how we prioritize some movements over others. With static images, previous work has found remarkable consistency in which images are remembered or forgotten across people — and this measure of how likely an image is to be remembered consistently is called its ‘memorability’. We know little, however, about how such a property of ‘memorability’ might influence our more dynamic experiences. Using the test case of a rich and abstract series of actions from dance, we discover memorability as an intrinsic attribute of movement. Across genres, some movements were consistently remembered, regardless of the perceiver. Such memorability was independent of static visual information and was additive (where memorability of constituent moments ultimately contributed to the memorability of the longer sequences). Amongst a comprehensive set of movement and aesthetic attributes, consistency in which movements people remembered was most predicted by subjective memorability, and importantly by both subjective (observer ratings) and objective (optical flow analysis) measures of the scale of motion, such that the less overall motion in a dance segment, the more memorable the movements tended to be. Thus, the dynamic segments that were most memorable were those that effectively created static snapshots for the mind.
Occupation-congruent appearance: a measuremental approach
Authors: Sarpila Outi , Koivula Aki , Kukkonen Iida
Published: October 2021

In this article we introduce a novel measure, which we call ‘occupation-congruent appearance’ (OCA). We argue that the measure captures the appearance norms of looking ‘right’ for a particular occupation. Using a combination of large-scale photograph data (N=1,411) and rating data (N=7,920) from Finland, including 387,542 individual ratings, we show that shared cultural standards for OCA exist, and rate of agreement compares with agreement on beauty standards. We systematically compare the relationship between OCA, attractiveness, and masculinity/femininity in male-dominated, gender-balanced, and female-dominated occupational fields for men and for women. We conclude that occupation-congruent appearance is independent from other typically used measures in studies on appearance and social inequalities. Thus, it seems that OCA can capture the kind of elements of appearance that are not reducible to attractiveness, femininity, and masculinity. We discuss the possibilities for using OCA as a complementary measure for researchers interested in appearance and social inequalities.
Solutions of Generalized Fractional Perturbed Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation Arising in a Magnetized Dusty Plasma
Authors: Akinyemi Lanre
Published: October 2021

The generalized fractional perturbed (3+1)-dimensional Zakharov–Kuznetsov (PZK) equation which appear in the magnetized two-ion-temperature dusty plasma and quantum physics is considered. The sub-equation method in the conformable sense is proposed to obtained closed-form analytical solutions to this equation. The newly solutions obtained by the proposed method are kink-shape, multi-soliton, solitary wave, bell-shaped solitons, and periodic solutions that are substantial in the field of mathematical physics and can be of relevance in the field of plasma physics, also for future research.
Extraction and Screening of Biofilm producing Bacterial isolates in Short-and Long-term Catheters
Authors: Vivehananthan Kalaivani , Thevashayinath S. , Abeygunawardena I.
Published: October 2021

Biofilm is defined as microbial-derived sessile communities enclosed with extra polymeric substances and characterized by cells that are irreversibly attached to a surface. Biofilm bacteria are a serious threat to public health as biofilm formation of bacteria in indwelling medical devices especially in urinary catheters causes persistent infections resistant to treatment with antimicrobial agents. The present study focused to screen the biofilm-producing bacteria from the indwelling urinary catheters.  Both short-term and long-term urinary catheters were collected from the catheterized patients admitted in the national and a private hospital. Bacterial population removed from the catheters were tested for biofilm production by widely used three methods such as Tube method, Congo Red Agar method, and Tissue Culture Plate method. In this preliminary screening, the major biofilm producer identified in the present study is E.Coli in all types of catheters.  Further, biofilm-producing bacteria were predominantly detected in long-term catheters than short-term catheters. In addition, the identification of more than one bacterial strain in long-term catheters revealed that bacterial diversity increases with the duration of catheterization. The results of the present study revealed that long-term urinary catheters have the potential for survival and diverse biofilm-producing bacteria.
Literature review on Real-time Location-Based Sentiment Analysis on Twitter
Authors: Rathnayaka Dilmini , Jayasena Pubudu K.P.N , Ratnayake Iraj
Published: October 2021

Sentiment analysis mainly supports sorting out the polarity and provides valuable information with the use of raw data in social media platforms. Many fields like health, business, and security require real-time data analysis for instant decision-making situations.Since Twitter is considered a popular social media platform to collect data easily, this paper is considering data analysis methods of Twitter data, real-time Twitter data analysis based on geo-location. Twitter data classification and analysis can be done with the use of diverse algorithms and deciding the most appropriate algorithm for data analysis, can be accomplished by implementing and testing these diverse algorithms.This paper is discussing the major description of sentiment analysis, data collection methods, data pre-processing, feature extraction, and sentiment analysis methods related to Twitter data. Real-time data analysis arises as a major method of analyzing the data available online and the real-time Twitter data analysis process is described throughout this paper. Several methods of classifying the polarized Twitter data are discussed within the paper while depicting a proposed method of Twitter data analyzing algorithm. Location-based Twitter data analysis is another crucial aspect of sentiment analyses, that enables data sorting according to geo-location, and this paper describes the way of analyzing Twitter data based on geo-location. Further, a comparison about several sentiment analysis algorithms used by previous researchers has been reported and finally, a conclusion has been provided.
Salas de roteiristas durante o isolamento social: métodos pandêmicos de escrita colaborativa no Brasil
Authors: Silva Marcel Vieira Barreto
Published: October 2021

Este artigo busca investigar os impactos do isolamento social causado pela pandemia de COVID-19 na criação de séries brasileiras em salas de roteiristas. De início, apontamos questões teórico-metodológicas sobre as salas de roteiristas, através de revisão da literatura. Em seguida, analisamos entrevistas de roteiristas que trabalharam em sala durante a pandemia e apresentamos principais vantagens e desvantagens do trabalho remoto nas condições específicas deste processo criativo de séries de TV.
Seria o roteiro uma obra de arte?
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: October 2021

Ao revisar os escritos de teóricos do cinema e da literatura sobre o tema do roteiro, constatam-se duas tendências. De um lado, há uma inclinação para conceber o roteiro como uma forma de obra de arte; de outro, uma tendência a negar seu status artístico. Filósofos da arte, no entanto, têm mantido um surpreendente silêncio sobre esse tópico. Pode-se, então, de maneira razoável, intuir que o roteiro é, como ocorre com a dramaturgia, um tipo de obra dramático-literária, e que oferece modalidades de interesse estético e de estudo análogas às de seu primo teatral.
UTILIZAÇÃO DE COOLING CENTRAL PARA PRESERVAR A REGULAÇÃO DO EXERCÍCIO EM AMBIENTES QUENTES
Authors: Silva Renato André Sousa da , Barreto Cayque Brietzke , Alvarenga Paulo Estevão Franco , Pires Flávio Oliveira
Published: October 2021

As respostas de termorregulação derivam de mecanismos centrais e periféricos que se baseiam na estimulação sensorial de áreas cerebrais termosensíveis. A estes mecanismos, denomina-se interocepção. Funções corporais vitais como a termorregulação parecem interferir sob uma dinâmica complexa para o ajuste do recrutamento muscular e ritmo de exercício. Neste sentido, é provável que técnicas de resfriamento (cooling) possam reduzir a transmissão de informações sensoriais que alcançam os centros cerebrais superiores, alterando a regulação do exercício. O cooling é um método utilizado com finalidades terapêuticas e esportivas, a fim de obter vantagens termorregulatórias. No contexto do desempenho esportivo, o cooling é utilizado para atenuar o ganho e o estoque de calor corporal, reduzindo assim, a sinalização realizada por vias de interocepção. Há indicativos de que atletas podem se beneficiar do resfriamento corporal quando competem em ambientes quentes e úmidos. Há a necessidade, no entanto, de se testar os efeitos do cooling em diferentes instantes, antes e durante exercícios de longa duração, assim como em diferentes modelos de exercício.
ATIVIDADE FÍSICA NO LAZER COMO CRITÉRIO DISCRIMINANTE DO MENOR NÍVEL DE ESTRESSE PERCEBIDO EM ADOLESCENTES
Authors: Lourenço Camilo Luis Monteiro , Oliveira Júnior Gersiel Nascimento de , Zanetti Hugo Ribeiro , Mendes Edmar Lacerda
Published: October 2021

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os pontos de corte do tempo despendido em atividades físicas no lazer (AFL) de diferentes intensidades como critério discriminante do menor nível de estrese percebido (MEP) em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra composta por adolescentes de 14 a 18 anos, de ambos sexos, do ensino médio regular. Dados da atividade física e do MEP foram obtidos por meio do questionário COMPAC. MEP foi considerada variável de classificação, enquanto minutos em atividades físicas no lazer (AFL) de intensidade moderada (AFLM), vigorosa (AFLV) e moderada a vigorosa (AFLMV) as variáveis de teste. Na análise dos dados foi usada a curva ROC, complementadas por valores de sensibilidade e especificidade, adotando-se área sob a curva (AUC > 0,50) e p < 0,05. A amostra final deste estudo foi de 984 adolescentes (idade: rapazes = 15,93 ± 1,10 anos; moças = 15,87 ± 1,04 anos) com maior proporção de moças (n = 544; 55,3%). O tempo despendido em AFLM ? 40 min/sem (sensibilidade = 41,7%; especificidade = 75,7%; AUC = 0,59; p
TREINAMENTO DE POTÊNCIA EM IDOSOS: PORQUE É IMPORTANTE?
Authors: Orsano Vânia Silva Macedo , De Moraes Wilson Max Almeida Monteiro , Prestes Jonato
Published: October 2021

Ponto de vista
Evaluation of Hyponatremia among Psychiatric Inpatients: A Preliminary Local Appraisal
Authors: Shoja Shafti Saeed , Memarie Alireza , Rezaie Masomeh , Hamidi Masomeh
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Hyponatremia is one of the most frequent ion and water disorders and severe hyponatremia is associated with well-known clinical symptoms and manifestations. In the present assessment the incidence and clinical profile of hyponatremia have been probed among a great sample of non-western psychiatric inpatients and compared with the available data in literature regarding prevalence and other associated clinical characteristics. Methods: All inpatients with idiopathic hyponatremia during the last sixty-four months had been included in the present study. Clinical diagnosis, as well, was in essence based on ‘Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5)’. Statistical significance had been defined as a p value ≤0.05. Results: While the annual incidence of hyponatremia in current evaluation was around 0.01%, the annual incidence of mortality due to hyponatremia was around 0.001%. It was significantly more prevalent among male psychiatric inpatients (p<0.04) and patients with duration of illness in excess of one year (p<0.04). Furthermore it was meaningfully more evident among schizophrenic patients (p<0.007), in comparison with remaining primary psychiatric disorders. There was no significant relationship between hyponatremia and symptomatic profile, or serum level of sodium and occurrence of seizure. Conclusion: Hyponatremia was significantly more prevalent among male patients and cases with duration of illness in excess of one year. Furthermore it was meaningfully more evident among schizophrenic patients.
La disputa por el agua residual en México como conflicto ecológico-distributivo paradójico
Authors: García Salazar Edith Miriam , Fuente Carrasco Mario Enrique
Published: October 2021

English abstract:
This article addresses the category of ecological-distributive conflict from The Global Environmental Justice Atlas project to explain the emergence of environmental justice movements as a response to a certain distribution of pollution burdens or access to environmental resources. The theoretical approach addresses environmentalism of the poor and adds a historical review to understand such an existing paradox. The empirical work was carried out in the Valle del Mezquital, where the discharge of wastewater generated in the Metropolitan Area of the Valle de Mexico presents a paradoxical situation: some farmers perceive the reception of contaminated water as positive. The analysis includes a reflection on the criteria for evaluating conflict since the emergence of COVID-19.

Spanish abstract:
Este artículo retoma la categoría de conflicto ecológico-distributivo del proyecto The Global Environmental Justice Atlas para explicar la emergencia de movimientos de justicia ambiental como una respuesta ante determinada distribución de las cargas de la contaminación o en el acceso a los recursos ambientales. El planteamiento teórico aborda el ecologismo de los pobres, más una revisión histórica para comprender tal paradoja. El trabajo empírico se llevó a cabo en el Valle del Mezquital, cuyo vertimiento de aguas residuales generadas en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México presenta una situación paradójica a la categoría señalada: algunos campesinos perciben como positiva a la recepción de agua contaminada. El análisis incluye una reflexión de los criterios de valoración del conflicto a partir de la emergencia del COVID-19.

French abstract:
Depuis le projet The Global Environmental Justice Atlas, la catégorie de conflit écologique et distributif propose d’expliquer l’émergence de mouvements de justice environnementale comme une réponse à une certaine répartition des effets de la pollution ou à l’accès aux ressources environnementales. Dans la Vallée du Mezquital, le déversement des eaux usées de la Zone métropolitaine de la Vallée de Mexico présente une situation paradoxale par rapport à ce qui a été signalé dans le projet mentionné : certains paysans perçoivent comme positive la réception d’eau polluée. Les apports de l’écologisme des pauvres, ainsi qu’une révision de l’histoire permettent de comprendre ce paradoxe. La question de savoir si l’émergence du Covid-19 peut modifier les critères d’évaluation de ce conflit est également examinée.
Center of rotation analysis for thoracic and lumbar 3-column osteotomies in patients with sagittal plane spinal deformity: insights in geometrical changes can improve understanding of correction mechanics
Authors: Koller Heiko , Ansorge Alexandre , Hostettler Isabel C. , Koller Juliane , Hitzl Wolfgang , Hempfing Axel , Jeszenszky Dezsoe
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Three-column osteotomy (3CO) is used for severe spinal deformities. Associated complications include sagittal translation (ST), which can lead to neurological symptoms. Mismatch between the surgical center of rotation (COR) and the concept of the ideal COR is a potential cause of ST. Matching surgical with conceptual COR is difficult with pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) and vertebral column resection (VCR). This mismatch influences correction geometry, which can prevent maximum possible correction. The authors’ objective was to examine the sagittal correction geometry and surgical COR of thoracic and lumbar 3CO.

METHODS

In a retrospective study of patients with PSO or VCR for severe sagittal plane deformity, analysis of surgical COR was performed using pre- and postoperative CT scans in the PSO group and digital radiographs in the VCR group. Radiographic analysis included standard deformity measurements and regional kyphosis angle (RKA). All patients had 2-year follow-up, including neurological outcome. Preoperative CT scans were studied for rigid osteotomy sites versus mobile osteotomy sites. Additional radiographic analysis of surgical COR was based on established techniques superimposing pre- and postoperative images. Position of the COR was defined in a rectangular net layered onto the osteotomy vertebrae (OVs).

RESULTS

The study included 34 patients undergoing PSO and 35 undergoing VCR, with mean ages of 57 and 29 years and mean RKA corrections of 31° and 49°, respectively. In the PSO group, COR was mainly in the anterior column, and surgical and conceptual COR matched in 22 patients (65%). Smaller RKA correction (27° vs 32°, p = 0.09) was seen in patients with anterior eccentric COR. Patients with rigid osteotomy sites were more likely to have an anterior eccentric COR (41% vs 11%, p = 0.05). In the VCR group, 20 patients (57%) had single-level VCR and 15 (43%) had multilevel VCR. COR was mainly located in the anterior or middle column. Mismatch between surgical and conceptual COR occurred in 24 (69%) patients. Larger RKA correction (63° vs 45°, p = 0.03) was seen in patients with anterior column COR. Patients with any posterior COR had a smaller RKA correction compared to the rest of the patients (42° vs 61°, p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

Matching the surgical with the conceptual COR is difficult and in this study failed in one- to two-thirds of all patients. In order to avoid ST during correction of severe deformities, temporary rods, tracking rods, or special instruments should be used for correction maneuvers.
The meningioma surface factor: a novel approach to quantify shape irregularity on preoperative imaging and its correlation with WHO grade
Authors: Popadic Branko , Scheichel Florian , Pinggera Daniel , Weber Michael , Ungersboeck Karl , Kitzwoegerer Melitta , Roetzer Thomas , Oberndorfer Stefan , Sherif Camillo , Freyschlag Christian F. , Marhold Franz
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas account for 20% of all meningiomas. An irregular tumor shape on preoperative MRI has been associated with WHO grade II–III histology. However, this subjective allocation does not allow quantification or comparison. An objective parameter of irregularity could substantially influence resection strategy toward a more aggressive approach. Therefore, the aim of this study was to objectively quantify the level of irregularity on preoperative MRI and predict histology based on WHO grade using this novel approach.

METHODS

A retrospective study on meningiomas resected between January 2010 and December 2018 was conducted at two neurosurgical centers. This novel approach relies on the theory that a regularly shaped tumor has a smaller surface area than an irregularly shaped tumor with the same volume. A factor was generated using the surface area of a corresponding sphere as a reference, because for a given volume a sphere represents the shape with the smallest surface area possible. Consequently, the surface factor (SF) was calculated by dividing the surface area of a sphere with the same volume as the tumor with the surface area of the tumor. The resulting value of the SF ranges from > 0 to 1. Finally, the SF of each meningioma was then correlated with the corresponding histopathological grading.

RESULTS

A total of 126 patients were included in this study; 60.3% had a WHO grade I, 34.9% a WHO grade II, and 4.8% a WHO grade III meningioma. Calculation of the SF demonstrated a significant difference in SFs between WHO grade I (SF 0.851) and WHO grade II–III meningiomas (SF 0.788) (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified SF as an independent prognostic factor for WHO grade (OR 0.000009, 95% CI 0.000–0.159; p = 0.020).

CONCLUSIONS

The SF is a proposed mathematical model for a quantitative and objective measurement of meningioma shape, instead of the present subjective assessment. This study revealed significant differences between the SFs of WHO grade I and WHO grade II–III meningiomas and demonstrated that SF is an independent prognostic factor for WHO grade.
Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma in cancer patients with refractory thrombocytopenia
Authors: Lee Sungho , Srivatsan Aditya , Srinivasan Visish M. , Chen Stephen R. , Burkhardt Jan-Karl , Johnson Jeremiah N. , Raper Daniel M. S. , Weinberg Jeffrey S. , Kan Peter
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Surgical evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) in cancer patients is often contraindicated owing to refractory thrombocytopenia. Middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) recently emerged as a potential alternative to surgical evacuation for patients with chronic SDH. The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MMAE for chronic SDH in cancer patients with refractory thrombocytopenia.

METHODS

A multiinstitutional registry was reviewed for clinical and radiographic outcomes of cancer patients with transfusion-refractory thrombocytopenia and baseline platelet count < 75 K/µl, who underwent MMAE for chronic SDH.

RESULTS

MMAE was performed on a total of 31 SDHs in 22 patients, with a mean ± SD (range) platelet count of 42.1 ± 18.3 (9–74) K/µl. At the longest follow-up, 24 SDHs (77%) had reduced in size, with 15 (48%) showing > 50% reduction. Two patients required surgical evacuation after MMAE. There was only 1 procedural complication; however, 16 patients (73%) ultimately died of cancer-related complications. Median survival was significantly longer in the 16 patients with improved SDH than the 6 patients with worsened SDH after MMAE (185 vs 24 days, p = 0.029). Length of procedure, technical success rate, SDH size reduction, and complication rate were not significantly differ between patients who underwent transfemoral and transradial approaches.

CONCLUSIONS

Transfemoral or transradial MMAE is a potential therapeutic option for thrombocytopenic cancer patients with SDH. However, treatment benefit may be marginal for patients with high disease burden and limited life expectancy. A prospective trial is warranted to address these questions.
Logical Relativism Through Logical Contexts
Authors: Becker Arenhart Jonas R.
Published: October 2021

We advance an approach to logical contexts that grounds the claim that logic is a local matter: distinct contexts require distinct logics. The approach results from a concern about context individuation, and holds that a logic may be constitutive of a context or domain of application. We add a naturalistic component: distinct domains are more than mere technical curiosities; as intuitionistic mathematics testifies, some of the distinct forms of inference in different domains are actively pursued as legitimate fields of research in current mathematics, so, unless one is willing to revise the current scientific practice, generalism must go. The approach is advanced by discussing some tenets of a similar argument advanced by Shapiro, in the context of logic as models approach. In order to make our view more appealing, we reformulate a version of logic as models approach following naturalistic lines, and bring logic closer to the use of models in science.
Supporting and inhibiting factors of community based tourism management: A case study of Setanggor Village
Authors:   Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram, Johari Muhammad , Azizurrohman Muhammad ,   Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Mataram, Al-Qusyairi Yusuf Setiawan ,   Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram
Published: October 2021

The development of community-based tourism has developed quite rapidly. Indonesia is one of the countries that have the potential to develop community based tourism by promoting local culture. Setanggor Village is a tourist village that uses the concept of community-based tourism. Thus, the author wants to know more about Community Based Tourism (CBT) management and the supporting and inhibiting factors of Community Based Tourism (CBT) management in the Setanggor tourist village. Using observation, interview, and documentation techniques, the authors found that the people of Setanggor Village are involved in controlling, managing, and developing tourism. In terms of supporting factors, the village government has quite a lot of development funding assistance. In addition, the village community is quite active in tourism development. However, the social status between communities and the bureaucracy of village organizations became the main problems found.
Moderating Effects of Coping Style on Externalizing Behaviors and Substance Use in Urban Adolescents Exposed to Community Violence
Authors: Gresham Bria , Orihuela Catheryn A. , Mrug Sylvie
Published: October 2021

Community violence exposure is associated with externalizing problems in adolescents, yet little research has examined the moderating role of coping in these relationships. Eighty-four low-income, urban adolescents (Mage = 13.36, 50%male, 95%African American) participated in two waves of a longitudinal study a year and a half apart. Youth reported their community violence exposure and coping styles at Wave 1, and their delinquent behavior, physical aggression, and substance use at Waves 1 and 2. Conduct problems were assessed by parent-report at Waves 1 and 2. Results showed that avoidant coping predicted less delinquency, aggression, substance use, and conduct problems over time. Further, avoidant coping attenuated the effect of community violence on delinquency. Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping did not moderate community violence exposure effects. Findings suggest that among low-income, minority urban youth, avoidant coping may protect against the development of externalizing problems in the context of community violence exposure.
Renin-Angiotensin System Alterations in the Human Alzheimer’s Disease Brain
Authors: Ismael Saifudeen , Mirzahosseini Golnoush , Ahmed Heba A. , Yoo Arum , Kassan Modar , Malik Kafait U. , Ishrat Tauheed
Published: October 2021

Background: Understanding Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in terms of its various pathophysiological pathways is essential to unravel the complex nature of the disease process and identify potential therapeutic targets. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in several brain diseases, including traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, and AD. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the protein expression levels of RAS components in postmortem cortical and hippocampal brain samples obtained from AD versus non-AD individuals. Methods: We analyzed RAS components in the cortex and hippocampus of postmortem human brain samples by western blotting and immunohistochemical techniques in comparison with age-matched non-demented controls. Results: The expression of AT1R increased in the hippocampus, whereas AT2R expression remained almost unchanged in the cortical and hippocampal regions of AD compared to non-AD brains. The Mas receptor was downregulated in the hippocampus. We also detected slight reductions in ACE-1 protein levels in both the cortex and hippocampus of AD brains, with minor elevations in ACE-2 in the cortex. We did not find remarkable differences in the protein levels of angiotensinogen and Ang II in either the cortex or hippocampus of AD brains, whereas we observed a considerable increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. Conclusion: The current findings support the significant contribution of RAS components in AD pathogenesis, further suggesting that strategies focusing on the AT1R and AT2R pathways may lead to novel therapies for the management of AD.
COVID-19 Case Fatality and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Schultz Jordan L. , Aldridge Georgina M. , Simmering Jacob E. , Kim Youngcho , Ogilvie Amy C. , Narayanan Nandakumar S.
Published: October 2021

Previous studies have identified dementia as a risk factor for death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it is unclear whether Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an independent risk factor for COVID-19 case fatality rate. In a retrospective cohort study, we identified 387,841 COVID-19 patients through TriNetX. After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, we found that AD patients had higher odds of dying from COVID-19 compared to patients without AD (Odds Ratio: 1.20, 95%confidence interval: 1.09–1.32, p < 0.001). Interestingly, we did not observe increased mortality from COVID-19 among patients with vascular dementia. These data are relevant to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic.
Electromagnetic-Guided Interstitial Catheter Navigation for Gynecological Brachytherapy: a Phase I Trial (E-MINT)
Authors: Khan Alam
Published: October 2021

Catheter insertion for gynecological interstitial brachytherapy is a challenging surgical procedure due to the lack of real-time guidance available to Radiation Oncologists. To mitigate the limitations associated with catheter placement, electromagnetic navigation (EMN) was proposed as a solution to the current interstitial brachytherapy workflow. The sequence of events leading up to the completion of this project were as follows, the validation of the system and then the application of the EMN system in a clinical trial. Using a phantom-based validation method, submillimetric accuracy and jitter was characterized for the operational performance of an EMN system in a brachytherapy operating room environment.

Following validation, the EMN system was used for catheter placement in 5 patients, in
an ongoing prospective clinical study. The mean catheter deflection documented was 3.52 +/-
2.53 mm when adopting EMN as a form of real-time guidance compared to 5.48 +/- 3.63 mm
when the standard clinical workflow (SCW) was employed. The mean catheter spacing when
using EMN was 9.31 +/- 4.81 mm compared to 7.09 +/- 6.06 mm when the SCW was followed.
Also, the mean intraoperative time was 50.00 +/- 18.80 minutes for EMN and 38.20 +/- 15.29
minutes for the SCW.

The results of this project demonstrate that electromagnetic navigated interstitial catheter
placement is promising as a real-time guidance option for the interstitial gynecological
brachytherapy workflow.
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE FIRST TOWN HALLS
Authors: Popova O.
Published: October 2021

The article considers the history of the origin and formation of the town hall architecture as the first building of local governments. Over the past century, most town hall buildings have lost their historical significance. This process is due to the improvement of local government in Europe. In addition, the reason for this was the development of autonomy of city government and civil liberties. This process was also influenced by the democratization of the life management procedures of the urban community.
From the beginning of its existence, the town hall was formed as the main public space of the city. This space was a place of judicial and public gatherings; the town hall was a centre of trade, as well as a core of theatrical and cultural events. Some town halls had a system of spaces of social interaction, such as closed halls, open and semi-open public rooms. The tendency of concentration of administrative institutions and service enterprises developed. This development took place through the integration of functional, spatial, organizational and technological structures into a single public-administrative complex. In modern town hall buildings, such components as assembly halls, session halls, exhibition halls, museum premises, offices of the City government and offices of fractions are kept until now.
METHODS AND CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE CONDITION OF RIGID PAVEMENT CONTAINING CRACKS
Authors: Batrakova A. , Urdzik S.
Published: October 2021

Road agencies around the world note the aging of the national road network and the accelerated destruction of pavement during operation due to changes in the composition of the traffic. Many scientific studies have noted that cracks of various configurations, depths, origins are the most characteristic type of pavement damage, make up a significant part of the total area of destruction and are the main danger as the initial stage of more serious damage leading to loss of pavement distribution. Timely detection of hidden cracks in the coating layers and the base layers allows to prevent the destruction of pavement and significantly reduce the cost of road repairs. The purpose of the article is to analyze the methods and criteria for assessing the condition of non-rigid pavement, which contains hidden defects in its structural layers. The results of the analysis make it possible to take into account a particular type of defect when choosing a calculation scheme and the order of calculation of pavement.
The analysis proved that the calculated schemes of pavement design do not allow to take into account such indicators of pavement condition as the number of cracks, their position, geometric parameters of hidden cracks, sizes of cracked base blocks, volumetric damage of the layer material. The assumptions and simplifications accepted in the normative documents actually make it impossible to assess the condition and predict the failure of the design of paved roads with cracks. Therefore, the assessment of the condition of non-rigid pavement should be based on probabilistic methods and criteria for assessing the condition of pavement, which allow to take into account the heterogeneity of pavement design, due, inter alia, the presence of cracks in layers of monolithic materials. The next stage of research is the analysis of existing probabilistic methods of designing and assessing the condition of pavement.
Certificados ambientales por estrato de empresas en las regiones de México
Authors: González-Acolt Roberto , Díaz-Flores Manuel , Leal-Medina Felipe de Jesús Salvador
Published: October 2021

El objetivo del trabajo es comprender la dinámica de los certificados ambientales por tamaño de empresa —micro, pequeña, mediana y grande— en el contexto de las regiones de México. Los resultados confirman que las grandes y medianas empresas en promedio son las que tienen una participación importante en la certificación ambiental. La región 5, donde aparecen los estados de Nuevo León y Coahuila, está por arriba de las otras regiones en cuanto al número de empresas promedio con certificado ambiental, además en esta región la empresa grande y mediana es la que tiene la mayor incidencia en este tipo de certificación. Se sugiere que debido a los costos de la auditoría ambiental, las compañías grandes con suficientes recursos monetarios tienen más facilidad de aplicar este programa; en contraste las empresas pequeñas, que con insuficientes recursos económicos presentan más dificultades en adoptar este esquema ambiental.
Una revisión al uniformitarismo, sus aplicaciones en paleontología y las particularidades del registro fósil de animales terrestres mexicanos
Authors: Guerrero Arenas Rosalía , Jiménez-Hidalgo Eduardo , Bravo-Cuevas Víctor Manuel
Published: October 2021

El estudio del registro fósil permite formular hipótesis sobre los ambientes del pasado. Las comparaciones con análogos actuales se basan en el estudio de diversos indicadores. El objetivo del artículo es discutir la validez de dichas hipótesis sobre las condiciones ambientales del pasado. También se argumenta por qué el uniformitarismo, como concepto, puede ser malentendido y mal aplicado en varios estudios, originando interpretaciones débiles. Se discuten las razones de la falta de interpretaciones válidas de los ambientes del pasado del territorio mexicano, principalmente la carencia de análogos modernos. A partir de ejemplos con organismos terrestres fósiles se argumenta la singularidad del registro mexicano ylas limitaciones existentes para la interpretación de sus ambientes del pasado y su biocronología.
César Martínez. In memoriam
Authors: Paez David Alfonso , Aké Lilia P.
Published: October 2021

Sin resumen
Назад в будущее: наступательный консерватизм и «русский кошмар»
Authors: Lebedev Dmitry
Published: October 2021

Book review: Илья Будрайтскис. Мир, который построил Хантингтон, и в котором живем все мы. Парадоксы консервативного поворота в России. М.: Издательство книжного магазина «Циолковский», 2020, 160 с. ISBN 9785604367322
Vaccine Clinical Development
Authors: Lockhart Stephen , Gruber William
Published: October 2021

Vaccine Clinical Development is an integrated part of the overall process of vaccine development, which involves clinical trials in which study participants are usually prospectively and randomly allocated to receive the vaccine candidate or a control vaccine.

Participants are then actively monitored to generate information on safety, and often immune responses and/or cases of the target disease.

Clinical development starts with small phase 1 studies in tens or hundreds of volunteers.

In phase 2, volunteers in the target population are studied for safety and evidence of a desired effect, often an immune response.

In phase 3, pivotal studies will generally examine prevention of the target disease with at least 3000 participants receiving the vaccine candidate.

The key outputs are reports for regulatory agencies, policy makers and health care workers to support marketing approval and appropriate ways to use the vaccine.

Clinical trial designs and results are made public through registries and peer-reviewed publications.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Cornely Oliver A , Lange Cara
Published: October 2021

Clinical trials (a.k.a. clinical studies) in vaccinology are investigations with humans to assess the immunogenicity, reactogenicity i.e., the expected local or systemic symptoms of the desired immune response, safety and/or efficacy or effectiveness of vaccines.

Such investigations must be designed, conducted, and analysed based on scientific principles to get sound answers to specific questions stated in the trial plan.

Since Clinical Trials involve human subjects, highest ethical standards need to be applied.

In addition, national laws, licensing regulations and international standards, for example Declaration of Helsinki, regulate the procedures and conduct of clinical trials.

Vaccine trials can be classified by development phase (phase I-III before licensure; phase IV post-licensure); by purpose; or role of the investigator.

The study protocol covers design, selection of study subjects, selection of endpoints, methods to minimize bias, conduct of the study and analysis plan, all aimed at answering the study question with best possible internal scientific validity.
Approaches to quantifying hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA
Authors: Zhang Henrik , Tu Thomas
Published: October 2021

Chronic hepatitis B is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and is currently incurable. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA is a key form of the virus responsible for its persistence and is the transcriptional template for all viral transcripts. The field is focussed on methods to clear HBV cccDNA but this been limited by technical difficulties in its quantification due to: identical sequence to other forms of HBV DNA; low copy number per cell; and high resistance to denaturation by heat, leading to difficulty using polymerase chain reaction or hybridization methods for detection. A number of assays have been developed in order to overcome these hurdles either directly or detecting cccDNA levels indirectly via its transcriptional products. In this review, we summarize the approaches to cccDNA quantification that are currently used, and outline key open questions in the cccDNA biology field which remain to be answered due to the limitations of current methods.
PASTURE GROWTH AT MODERATE STOCKING RATES
Authors: Edmond D.B.
Published: October 2021

IN APRIL, 1961, the writer was invited by I. McQueen, Dairy Farm Supervisor, Massey University of Manawatu, to assist in investigating two systems for the wintering of dry dairy cows. The need for this occurred on the No. 3 (Bourke) Dairy Farm, where wet soil was unstable in winter and spring. It was difficult to utilize pasture growth and avoid treading damage (Edmond, 1963), a problem common to most dairy farms.
ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ СУЧАСНОГО РОЗУМІННЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ «ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЯ»
Authors: Магновcький І.Й.
Published: October 2021

У статті висвітлено в теоретико-правовому аспекті сучасне розуміння категорії «децентралізація». Охарактеризовано новітні підходи дослідників щодо тлумачення дефініції «децентралізація». Зауважено на відсутності серед науковців єдиної позиції щодо розуміння децентралізації. Указано на складність та комплексність поняття «децентралізація», яке розкривається через його вплив на адміністративно-територіальний устрій держави, систему органів публічної адміністрації, розподіл між ними функцій, повноважень та фінансових ресурсів. Означено мету децентралізації, котра полягає у відтворенні ефективної системи публічного управління державного, регіонального та місцевого рівнів, здатної своєчасно реагувати на потреби та проблеми сучасного суспільства. Наголошено на децентралізації як одній із форм розвитку демократії, що надає змогу (за збереження єдності держави та її інститутів) розширити місцеве самоврядування, активізувати населення для забезпечення власних потреб та інтересів, обмежити сферу впливу держави на суспільство. Децентралізація розглядається як принцип публічного управління і як спосіб організації державної влади.