bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition in the Martian surface rocks due to cosmic ray exposure
Authors: Pavlov A. A. , Pavlov A. K. , Ostryakov V. M. , Vasilyev G. I. , Mahaffy P. , Steele A.
Published: May 2014

13C/12C and15N/14N isotopic ratios are pivotal for our understanding of the Martian carbon cycle, history of the Martian atmospheric escape, and origin of the organic compounds on Mars. Here we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the surface rocks on Mars can be significantly altered by the continuous exposure of Martian surface to cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can effectively produce13C and15N isotopes via spallation nuclear reactions on oxygen atoms in various Martian rocks. We calculate that in the top meter of the Martian rocks, the rates of production of both13C and15N due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) exposure can vary within 1.5–6 atoms/cm3/s depending on rocks' depth and chemical composition. We also find that the average solar cosmic rays can produce carbon and nitrogen isotopes at a rate comparable to GCRs in the top 5–10 cm of the Martian rocks. We demonstrate that if the total carbon content in a surface Martian rock is <10 ppm, then the “light,” potentially “biological”13C/12C ratio would be effectively erased by cosmic rays over 3.5 billion years of exposure. We found that for the rocks with relatively short exposure ages (e.g., 100 million years), cosmogenic changes in15N/14N ratio are still very significant. We also show that a short exposure to cosmic rays of Allan Hills 84001 while on Mars can explain its high‐temperature heavy nitrogen isotopic composition (15N/14N). Applications to Martian meteorites and the current Mars Science Laboratory mission are discussed.
Linguistic Differentiation in All Classrooms
Authors: Fairbairn Shelley , Jones‐Vo Stephaney
Published: May 2014

This entry discusses the process of differentiating both linguistic expectations and scaffolding for English learners at varying levels of English language development. A differentiated example grounded in US curricular standards is provided, and student characteristics that impact language learning are also discussed.
Knowledge Base of Language Teachers
Authors: Kubanyiova Magdalena
Published: May 2014

Language teachers' knowledge base is a relatively young notion in applied linguistics. Although the professional preparation of language teachers has traditionally drawn from disciplines such as linguistics, literature, cultural studies, education, and second language acquisition (SLA), it was not until Richards and Nunan's seminal 1990 publication of second language teacher education research that a more systematic inquiry was initiated into what language teachers need to know in order to do their job well. Critical to these debates was a shift in general teacher education research from the predominantly behaviorist and transmission‐oriented conceptions of teaching to a deeper appreciation of the less observable and multidimensional knowledge base of teaching. This entry reviews selected key themes that have since then continued to shape debates in this branch of applied linguistics, focusing on language teachers' knowledge of SLA, knowledge about language, teacher identity, and moral knowledge base. It concludes with proposals for the research domain's future agendas and methodological approaches which could contribute to producing a more compelling, robust, and locally appropriate evidence base and inspire a more widespread uptake of language teacher education practices that support the development of effective language education professionals.
Language Policy for Sign Languages
Authors: Reagan Timothy
Published: May 2014

Language policy efforts related to sign languages have been concentrated on a number of concerns: efforts to achieve official recognition of sign languages, the provision of bilingual education programs for deaf students, and the teaching of sign languages to hearing individuals as foreign languages. There has been considerable controversy related to beliefs and attitudes about the nature of sign languages and as to whether they count as “real” languages. Also relevant in considerations about the role of sign languages, both socially and educationally, are the related issues of linguicism and language rights—both, topics on which there are extensive bodies of literature. This entry will discuss the legal and constitutional status of sign languages and then explore the nature, role, and purposes of language policy with respect to sign languages, with a focus on the impact of ideological beliefs on linguistic judgments and policies.
Learner Dictionaries
Authors: Ranalli Jim , Nurmukhamedov Ulugbek
Published: May 2014

The phraselearner dictionaryis typically used to describe monolingual lexical reference tools designed for learners of a second or foreign language (L2). Such dictionaries have been created to support the learning of a number of European and Asian languages, but the best known and most influential learner dictionaries are produced in English, by major publishers in the United Kingdom and, more recently, in the United States. In contrast to bilingual dictionaries, which have been used by language learners for hundreds of years, monolingual learner dictionaries—also known aspedagogical,ELT(English‐language teaching), orEFL(English as a foreign language)dictionaries—are a relatively recent development, spurred by the global demand for English instruction in the 20th century.
Placement Testing
Authors: Crusan Deborah
Published: May 2014

Placement testing is defined as testing that separates students into groups on the basis of their ability in a specific area (for the purposes of this entry, the ability of interest is a linguistic one and it is in reading, writing, speaking, and listening). Placement is connected with larger ethical issues of assessment; specifically with the need to assess ability in order to produce a fair and accurate placement. This entry provides a brief summary of placement, its purposes, and the issues related to placement testing; an overview of the types of tests used for placement; and a discussion of what can be expected in the future concerning placement. It focuses on placement testing in English for academic purposes (EAP) in US contexts.
Qualitative Research Interviews in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Williams Serena , Menard‐Warwick Julia
Published: May 2014

The interview is a spoken (and written) genre popular in news, politics, and entertainment across the contemporary world, and also employed for varied purposes in social science and humanities research. Within the field of second language acquisition (SLA), qualitative interview research has examined the following: how groups of speakers structure language within an interview; the linguistic features of second language (L2) speech; the ideas about language or language learning represented in interviews; and the attitudes and social structures that L2 speakers invoke through language. Since we particularly hope that this entry can be informative for the novice SLA researcher, we follow our discussion of the uses of interviews outlined above with an exploration of L2 interview data from two studies in progress prepared by PhD students.
Repetition in Incidental Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Webb Stuart
Published: May 2014

The number of times that unknown vocabulary is encountered affects whether or not it will be learned. Generally, the more frequently words are encountered, the more likely they are to be learned. However, research has revealed that there is a lot of variation in the number of encounters necessary for vocabulary learning. Many factors may affect the degree to which frequency affects learning, and there is no specific number of encounters that ensures acquisition. The results of empirical studies of repetition have been valuable because they indicate that incidental vocabulary learning is typically a function of how often words occur in language; higher‐frequency words are likely to be learned before words of a lower‐frequency level. The findings in studies examining repetition have also been usefully applied to corpus‐driven research to indicate how many words might be learned by encountering different amounts of language.
Transcribing Interactions
Authors: Song Juyoung
Published: May 2014

Communication is a multifaceted social phenomenon; talk involves complex activities in situ such as verbal interaction, prosody, pause, gestures, eye gaze, and so forth. To investigate features of social actions during interaction, researchers make audio and video recordings of the interaction. Then they analyze certain aspects of the interaction through transcription that transforms audible data into text‐based documents.
Communicative Grammar and Communicative Competence
Authors: Kern Richard , Kramsch Claire
Published: May 2014

Our notions of competence are inevitably influenced by our understanding of what grammar is. This entry offers an expanded perspective on grammar and considers implications for the ways we think about competence and about the teaching of languages.
Frontier Words:L1andL2Partial Knowledge of Vocabulary
Authors: Zareva Alla
Published: May 2014

The acquisition of knowledge in almost any domain proceeds through a state known as partial knowledge. Similarly, knowing a word is not an either/or state of affairs; rather, the development of vocabulary knowledge takes place incrementally and, respectively, it is subject to partial knowledge. Between the two extremes (where every word is either known or unknown), there is an intermediate level of partially familiar vocabulary (also called “frontier words”) that has not been clearly operationalized in L1 and L2 research. However, having a better understanding of the status of those words in L1 and L2 users' minds would allow us to get a better understanding of the relationship between the L1 and L2 lexicon. Pedagogically, the goal should be to make L2 users aware of what partial word familiarity entails (in terms of its consequences) and help them move such vocabulary from the status of frontier to the status of known.
Teaching Speaking
Authors: De Jong Nivja H.
Published: May 2014

The entry starts with a definition of speaking ability in order to identify components of speaking that learners will need to acquire to become successful speakers. Six types of knowledge, ranging from lexical knowledge to knowledge about problem solving in speaking, are identified. Alongside these types of knowledge, a learner must master the accompanying skills to access the knowledge fast as speaking is a skill that must always be performed under time pressure. The entry then exemplifies how certain types of activities would foster speaking and what the role of the teacher in these activities would be. Finally, the methods of teaching speaking are situated in influential models of second language acquisition and it is shown how these theories reflect the two perspectives of “speaking to learn” and “learning to speak.”
Polymorphism in Crystalline Microfibers of Achiral Octithiophene: The Effect on Charge Transport, Supramolecular Chirality and Optical Properties
Authors: Di Maria Francesca , Fabiano Eduardo , Gentili Denis , Biasiucci Mariano , Salzillo Tommaso , Bergamini Giacomo , Gazzano Massimo , Zanelli Alberto , Brillante Aldo , Cavallini Massimiliano , Della Sala Fabio , Gigli Giuseppe , Barbarella Giovanna
Published: May 2014

Polymorphic crystalline microfibers from an achiral octithiophene with one S‐hexyl substituent per ring are separately and reproducibly grown with the same characteristics on various solid surfaces, including the interdigitated electrodes/SiO2 surface of a bottomcontact field‐effect transistor. The arrangement of the same molecule in two diverse supramolecular structures leads to markedly different electronic, optical, and charge mobility properties. The microfibers—straight and yellow emitting or helical and red emitting—exhibit p‐type charge transport characteristics, with the yellow ones showing a charge mobility and on/off current ratio of one and three orders of magnitude, respectively, greater than the red ones. Both forms show circular dichroism signals with significant differences from one form to the other. DFT calculations show that the octithiophene exists in two different quasi‐equienergetic conformations aggregating with diverse orientations of the substituents. This result suggests that the observed polymorphism is conformational in nature. The self‐assembly, driven by sulfur–sulfur non‐bonding interactions, amplifies the small property differences between conformers, leading to quite different bulk properties.
Recombinant interleukin‐12, but not granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor, improves survival in lethally irradiated nonhuman primates in the absence of supportive care: Evidence for the development of a frontline radiation medical countermeasure
Authors: Gluzman‐Poltorak Zoya , Vainstein Vladimir , Basile Lena A.
Published: May 2014

Hematopoietic syndrome of acute radiation syndrome (HSARS) is a life‐threatening condition with no approved treatment. We compared recombinant human interleukin‐12 (rHuIL‐12; 175 ng/kg × 1) with vehicle, granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF; 10 µg/kg/day × 18), or rHuIL‐12+G‐CSF after lethal irradiation in rhesus monkeys in a Good Laboratory Practice, randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled study. Fluids, antibiotics, and blood products were not used. Survival at day 60 was significantly increased for rHuIL‐12 versus G‐CSF or vehicle. rHuIL‐12/G‐CSF combination provided no additional survival benefit over rHuIL‐12. Both rHuIL‐12 and rHuIL‐12+G‐CSF increased blood cell nadirs, induced earlier recovery of all hematopoietic lineages, and significantly decreased frequencies of severe cytopenias versus vehicle or G‐CSF. In bone marrow, rHuIL‐12 alone increased erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocyte counts relative to vehicle or G‐CSF. Thus, a single injection of rHuIL‐12, without supportive medical intervention, significantly improved survival and promoted multilineage hematopoietic recovery in a nonhuman primate model of HSARS. Am. J. Hematol. 89:868–873, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Annihilation of Tumor Cells with Platinum–Porphyrin Conjugates
Authors: Naik Anu , Rubbiani Riccardo , Gasser Gilles , Spingler Bernhard
Published: May 2014

Despite the extensive use of porphyrins in photodynamic therapy (PDT), tetraplatinated porphyrins have so far not been studied for their anticancer properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of such novel platinum–porphyrin conjugates as well as their photophysical characterization and in vitro light‐induced anticancer properties. These conjugates showed only minor cytotoxicity in the dark, but IC50 values down to 19 nM upon irradiation with light at 420 nm.These values correspond to an excellent phototoxic index (PI=IC50 in the dark/IC50 in light), which reached 5000 in a cisplatin‐resistant cell line. After incubation with HeLa cells, nuclear Pt concentrations were 30 times higher than with cisplatin. All of these favorable characteristics imply that tetraplatinated porphyrin complexes are worthy of exploration as novel PDT anticancer agents in vivo.
Beobachtung von Nano‐Entnetzung bei der Trocknung kolloidaler Kristalle
Authors: Muldarisnur Mulda , Marlow Frank
Published: May 2014

Der Trocknungsprozess kolloidaler Kristalle ist mit einem kontinuierlichen Schrumpfen verbunden. Jedoch scheint das System einige Minuten nach Beginn der Trocknung noch einen Atemzug zu nehmen, bevor es bis zu seinem Endzustand, der nach ungefähr einem Tag erreicht wird, kontinuierlich schrumpft. Dieser kurze Zeitabschnitt wird aufgrund der Kurvenform für die Gitterkonstante “v‐Ereignis” genannt: Einem Abfall folgt ein nicht intuitiver Anstieg, der nach einer Stunde endet. Dieses Ereignis kann in zeitabhängigen optischen Spektren beobachtet werden. Es wird dem Beginn eines Nano‐Entnetzungsprozesses der kolloidalen Partikel zugeschrieben.
Assembly of BaTiO3 Nanocrystals into Macroscopic Aerogel Monoliths with High Surface Area
Authors: Rechberger Felix , Heiligtag Florian J. , Süess Martin J. , Niederberger Markus
Published: May 2014

Aerogels with their low density and high surface area are fascinating materials. However, their advantageous morphology is still far from being fully exploited owing to their limited compositional variety and low crystallinity. Replacing the sol–gel process by a particle‐based assembly route is a powerful alternative to expand the accessible functionalities of aerogels. A strategy is presented for the controlled destabilization of concentrated dispersions of BaTiO3 nanoparticles, resulting in the assembly of the fully crystalline building blocks into cylindrically shaped monolithic gels, thereby combining the inherent properties of ternary oxides with the highly porous microstructure of aerogels. The obtained aerogels showed an unprecedentedly high surface area of over 300 m2 g−1.
Observation of Nano‐Dewetting in Colloidal Crystal Drying
Authors: Muldarisnur Mulda , Marlow Frank
Published: May 2014

The drying of colloidal crystals is connected with a continuous shrinkage process. However, several minutes after starting the drying, the system seems to take a breath before it shrinks monotonously until its final state after about one day. This short period we call “v”‐event because of the shape of the curve characterizing the lattice constant: a decrease followed by a counter‐intuitive increase which ends after one hour. This event is found in time‐dependent optical spectra. It is assigned to the start of a nano‐dewetting process occurring at the colloidal particles.
Cu–iminopyridine complexes as catalysts for carbene and nitrene transfer reactions
Authors: Abedi Yaghoub , Biffis Andrea , Gava Riccardo , Tubaro Cristina , Chelucci Giorgio , Stoccoro Sergio
Published: May 2014

Copper complexes with chiral iminopyridine ligands were screened for their catalytic efficiency in carbene (cyclopropanation) and nitrene transfer reactions (aziridination, CH amidation). Both pre‐formed and in situ formed complexes were considered. The results highlighted the poor catalytic efficiency of these complexes in cyclopropanation reactions employing methyl phenyldiazoacetate as the carbene source, whereas better results were obtained in nitrene transfer reactions, particularly in the amidation of CH bonds, albeit the enantioselectivity of the reactions was negligible in nearly all cases. Finally, copper complexes were also found to promote an interesting oxidative functionalization of alkynes with PhI(OAc)2 at room temperature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of a chitosan‐based flame‐retardant synergist and its application in flame‐retardant polypropylene
Authors: Xiao Youyou , Zheng Yuying , Wang Xie , Chen Zhijie , Xu Zhe
Published: May 2014

A novel flame‐retardant synergist, chitosan/urea compound based phosphonic acid melamine salt (HUMCS), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 31P‐NMR. Subsequently, HUMCS was added to a fire‐retardant polypropylene (PP) compound containing an intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) system to improve its flame‐retardant properties. The PP/IFR/HUMCS composites were characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, vertical burning tests (UL‐94 tests), microscale combustion calorimetry tests, and thermogravimetric analysis to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The addition of 3 wt % HUMCS increased the LOI from 31.4 to 33.0. The addition of HUMCS at a low additive amount reduced the peak heat‐release rate, total heat release, and heat‐release capacity obviously. Furthermore, scanning electron micrographs of char residues revealed that HUMCS could prevent the IFR–PP composites from forming a dense and compact multicell char, which could effectively protect the substrate material from combusting. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40845.
Nano‐dimensional self assembly of regioregular poly (3‐hexylthiophene) in toluene: Structural, optical, and morphological properties
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Takashima Wataru , Kaneto Keiichi , Prakash Rajiv
Published: May 2014

This article presents the optimization and systematic analysis of the growth kinetics of fiber formation of the regio‐regular poly (3‐hexylthiophene), rr‐P3HT. In addition to it a comparative study of as‐prepared fiber with fresh, quenched (at −7°C) and commercial rr‐P3HT formed in toluene solvent. The rr‐P3HT (Mw ≈ 5340; polydispersity ≈ 1.22) is synthesized using a well known Grignard metathesis reaction and characterized by 1HNMR and FTIR techniques. The films obtained by the ageing of rr‐P3HT solution for 20 days contain nanostructured fiber with 6–10 nm thickness. However, it acquires a nanostructured globular shape when same concentration of solution is sudden quenched at −7°C. A saturation point for the growth of nano fiber is observed under UV–visible study and it is found that 10 days are sufficient for fiber growth. The concentration dependent free exciton band width of fiber growth is studied by Frank–Condon principle and correlated with AFM morphological studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40931.
Synthesis of amine‐functionalized block copolymers for nanopollutant removal from water
Authors: Qureshi Ziyauddin S. , DSouza Roshan , Mallampati Ramakrishna , Valiyaveettil Suresh
Published: May 2014

Polyamines are rare in literature owing to increased reactivity, sensitivity to air and moisture, low stability, and processing difficulties. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of highly processable polyamines and use them for the removal of dissolved metallic nanoparticles from water. Three amphiphilic block polyamines such as poly(N‐aminoethyl acrylamide‐b‐styrene), poly(N‐aminopropyl acrylamide‐b‐styrene), and poly(N‐aminoxylyl acrylamide‐b‐styrene) have been synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization of ethyl acrylate and styrene followed by aminolysis of the acrylic block. The polymerization and properties of the polymers are studied using different physicochemical techniques. Surface morphology of films prepared from these block copolymers by dissolving in different solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and N,N‐dimethylformamide, and drop‐casting polymers on a glass substrate show interesting porous films and spherical nanostructures. In addition, the amine‐functionalized block copolymers have been used for the removal of nanoparticles from water and show high extraction efficiency toward silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. All three amine‐functionalized block copolymers show higher extraction capacities (Qe) toward Au NPs (50–109 mg g−1) and Ag NPs (99–117 mg g−1). Our approach allows us to make amine‐functionalized block copolymers which are stable in air and can be easily processed in nonpolar solvents. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40943.
Exploring the knowledge development process ofEnglish language learners at a high school: How doEnglish language proficiency and the nature of research task influence student Learning?
Authors: Kim Sung Un
Published: May 2014

This study aims to understand the learning experience ofEnglish language learners (ELLs) within the framework ofKuhlthau's Information Search Process (ISP). Forty‐eightELLstudents from three classes at a high school participated in the study while they conducted a research project inEnglish. Data were collected through demographic questionnaire and process surveys. Students' demographic information, knowledge about their research topic, labeling of knowledge, estimate of interest and knowledge, and learning outcomes were collected and analyzed with content analysis and statistical techniques. The findings indicate thatELLstudents, as a whole group, showed significant increases in their topical knowledge and estimate of interest and knowledge as they progressed in the research project, which are consistent with what otherISP‐based studies found. When three differentEnglish proficiency‐level groups were compared, only the intermediate group showed significant increases in topical knowledge and estimate of knowledge throughout the process. Also, different research tasks impacted the amount and substance of knowledge students built and their estimated knowledge during the research project. The findings led to suggestions for instructional strategies such as learning goals reflecting various kinds of learning, differentiated instructions in mixed‐ability classrooms, structured interventions, personalized research topics, and teacher–school librarian collaborations.
ChemInform Abstract: Superconductivity in a Layered Ta4Pd3Te16 with PdTe2 Chains.
Authors: Jiao Wen‐He , Tang Zhang‐Tu , Sun Yun‐Lei , Liu Yi , Tao Qian , Feng Chun‐Mu , Zeng Yue‐Wu , Xu Zhu‐An , Cao Guang‐Han
Published: May 2014

Ta4Pd3Te16 crystals are prepared by a self‐flux method from mixtures of the elements in an atomic ratio of Ta:Pd:Te = 2:3:15 (quartz ampule, 1223 K, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Low Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide‐Doped BaTiO3 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Culver Sean P. , Stepanov Viktor , Mecklenburg Matthew , Takahashi Susumu , Brutchey Richard L.
Published: May 2014

Nanocrystals of BaTiO3 doped with up to 2 mol% Dy or La are prepared by the vapor diffusion sol—gel method from solutions of Ln(acac)3 (Ln: Dy, La) and BaTi(O‐CH2‐CH(Me)‐OMe)6 in BuOH/2‐methoxypropanol under a flow of N2/HCl/H2O vapor (25 °C, 72 h; 68—76% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Electric and Magnetic Properties of LaVO2.78N0.10.
Authors: Weidenkaff Anke , et al. et al.
Published: May 2014

The title perovskite‐type compound is prepared by ammonolysis of LaVO4 in a NH3 stream (1123 K, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Layered Iron Arsenide Superconductor: (Ca, Pr)FeAs2.
Authors: Yakita Hiroyuki , et al. et al.
Published: May 2014

(Ca0.73Pr0.27)FeAs2 is prepared by solid state reaction of FeAs, PrAs, Ca, As, and CaO (evacuated quartz tube, 1000—1200 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: First Stable Nitrate‐Encapsulated Sandwich Type Polyoxometalate: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Performance.
Authors: Farsani Mostafa Riahi , Yadollahi Bahram , Rudbari Hadi Amiri , Amini Akbar , Caradoc‐Davis Tom , Price Jason R.
Published: May 2014

Na4K5 [K3Cu3(NO3) (PW9O34)2] is synthesized from an aqueous solution of Na2WO4, Na2HPO4, Cu(NO3)2, and HCl (pH 7.5, 90 °C, 1 h followed by addition of KCl; 79% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Complex Polyanionic Nets in RbAu4.01(2)Ga8.64(5) and CsAu5Ga9: The Role of Cations in the Formation of New Polar Intermetallics.
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Corbett John D. , Miller Gordon J.
Published: May 2014

Single crystals of the new title compounds are prepared from the elements (Ta ampules, 300 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Selenium‐Rich Octanuclear Iridium Clusters with Mixed‐Valent Selenium Ligands in the Densest Known Packing of Ellipsoids.
Authors: Stolze Karoline , Guenther Anja , Hoffmann Herbert C. , Ruck Michael
Published: May 2014

Dark‐red air‐stable crystals of Ir8Se28Br14·2H2O are synthesized by reaction of Ir with an excess of Se and SeBr4 (silica ampule, 300 °C, 7 d, 80% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of the Superconducting Cage Compound Ba3Ge16Ir4.
Authors: Duong Nguyen Hong , Prots Yurii , Schnelle Walter , Boehme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Paschen Silke , Grin Yuri
Published: May 2014

The title compound is prepared from a stoichiometric mixture of BaGe, Ge, and Ir (Ar atmosphere, glassy carbon crucible, 910 °C, 10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐, Diastereo‐, and Regioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Acyclic β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Liu Wen‐Bo , Reeves Corey M. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: May 2014

The first regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective allylic alkylation of acyclic β‐ketoesters to form vicinal tertiary and all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Cyclic β‐Amino Acid Derivatives with Quaternary Carbon Center via a Radical Addition‐Cyclization Sequence.
Authors: Miyata Okiko , Takeda Norihiko , Ueda Masafumi , Kajisa Seiko , Matsuno Kenji , Naito Takeaki
Published: May 2014

A new method is applied for the construction of α,α‐disubstituted cyclic β‐amino acid derivatives via the sulfanyl radical addition‐cyclization reaction of oxime ether connected with acrylate.
ChemInform Abstract: A Scalable Procedure for Light‐Induced Benzylic Brominations in Continuous Flow.
Authors: Cantillo David , de Frutos Oscar , Rincon Juan A. , Mateos Carlos , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: May 2014

A continuous‐flow protocol for the bromination of benzylic compounds with NBS is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light‐Promoted Metal‐Free C—H Activation: Diarylketone‐Catalyzed Selective Benzylic Mono‐ and Difluorination.
Authors: Xia Ji‐Bao , Zhu Chen , Chen Chuo
Published: May 2014

An operationally simple method for the direct conversion of benzylic C—H groups into C—F groups is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Method for the Efficient α‐Oxidation of tert‐Alkylamines Using Bis(2,2,2‐trichloroethyl) Azodicarboxylate.
Authors: Sugihara Takumichi , Honzawa Shinobu , Uchida Mitsuaki
Published: May 2014

The protecting group of amines is playing a crucial role.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heteroaryl Compounds Through Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl Bromides or Benzyl Halides with Thienyl and Pyridyl Aluminum Reagents.
Authors: Chen Xu , Zhou Lingmin , Li Yimei , Xie Tao , Zhou Shuangliu
Published: May 2014

An efficient method for synthesis of useful biaryl building blocks containing thienyl or pyridyl moieties is provided through cross‐coupling reactions of freshly prepared heteroaryl aluminum reagents with aryl bromides or benzyl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Accelerated ortho‐C—H Alkylation of Arylcarboxylic Acids Using Alkyl Boron Reagents.
Authors: Thuy‐Boun Peter S. , Villa Giorgio , Dang Devin , Richardson Paul , Su Shun , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: May 2014

A protocol for the Pd(II)‐catalyzed ortho‐C—H alkylation of phenylacetic and benzoic acids using alkylboron reagents is disclosed.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano Copper(I) Oxide—Zinc Oxide Catalyzed Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones, Secondary Amines, and Terminal Alkynes in Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Hosseini‐Sarvari Mona , Moeini Fatemeh
Published: May 2014

as an efficient and environmentally benign method for the synthesis of propargylamines (32 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Mediated Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrocarboxylation of Enynes.
Authors: Li Wenbo , Zhang Junliang
Published: May 2014

Phosphine‐catalyzed addition of O‐nucleophiles to yne‐enones furnishes polysubstituted 1,3‐dienes in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening of Activated Cyclopropanes with NIS/NaN3: Synthesis of C‐1 Linked Pseudodisaccharides.
Authors: Haveli Shrutisagar Dattatraya , Roy Sudipta , Gautam Vibha , Parmar Ketan C. , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan
Published: May 2014

Donor‐acceptor‐substituted cyclopropanes react with a mixture of NIS and NaN3 to yield 1‐iodo‐3‐azido propane derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Olefins Utilizing gem‐ and vic‐Diborylated Vinylsilanes Prepared by Silylborylation of an Alkynylboronate and Diborylation of Alkynylsilanes.
Authors: Jiao Jiao , Hyodo Keita , Hu Hao , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Nishihara Yasushi
Published: May 2014

This protocol serves as a general synthetic method toward regio‐ and stereodefined multisubstituted olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethylaminoalkyl Chalcogenolate Palladium(II) Complexes as an Efficient Copper‐ and Phosphine‐Free Catalyst for Sonogashira Reaction.
Authors: Khairnar Bhikan J. , Dey Sandip , Jain Vimal K. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: May 2014

N,N‐Dimethylaminoalkyl chalcogenolate Pd(II) complexes are investigated as robust, moisture‐ and air‐stable catalysts for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions in the absence of copper and phosphine ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Radical Trifluoromethylation of Unsaturated Potassium Organotrifluoroborates.
Authors: Presset Marc , Oehlrich Daniel , Rombouts Frederik , Molander Gary A.
Published: May 2014

The title reaction allows a simple and mild access to a wide range of unsaturated trifluoromethylated compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Primary Amines by Transfer Hydrogenative Reductive Amination of Ketones by Using Cyclometalated IrIII Catalysts.
Authors: Talwar Dinesh , Salguero Noemi Poyatos , Robertson Craig M. , Xiao Jianliang
Published: May 2014

An easy way to prepare primary amines is demonstrated by direct reductive amination of various ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: An (Aminopyrimidinato)titanium Catalyst for the Hydroamination of Alkynes and Alkenes.
Authors: Brahms Christian , Tholen Patrik , Saak Wolfgang , Doye Sven
Published: May 2014

An efficient catalyst for intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes and intramolecular hydroamination of alkenes [e.g. (XIV)] is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/C‐Catalyzed Direct Formylation of Aromatic Iodides to Aryl Aldehydes Using Carbon Dioxide as a C1 Resource.
Authors: Yu Bo , Zhao Yanfei , Zhang Hongye , Xu Jilei , Hao Leiduan , Gao Xiang , Liu Zhimin
Published: May 2014

A novel and practical method for the direct conversion of aromatic iodides into corresponding benzaldehyde derivatives using CO2 as carbon source is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Arene C—H Bonds with Benzylic Ethers as Acyl Equivalents.
Authors: Han Sangil , Sharma Satyasheel , Park Jihye , Kim Mirim , Shin Youngmi , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Bae Jong Jin , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su
Published: May 2014

A palladium‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of arene C—H bonds with benzylic ethers via C—H bond activation is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free, One‐Pot Oxidative Conversion of Aldehydes to Primary Thioamides in Aqueous Media
Authors: Yadav Arvind K. , Srivastava Vishnu P. , Yadav Lal Dhar S.
Published: May 2014

18 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Ethyl Glyoxylate N‐Tosylhydrazone as Sulfonyl‐Transfer Reagent in Base‐Catalyzed Sulfa‐Michael Reactions.
Authors: Fernandez Maitane , Uria Uxue , Orbe Lucia , Vicario Jose L. , Reyes Efraim , Carrillo Luisa
Published: May 2014

Ethyl glyoxylate N‐tosylhydrazone (IIa) is identified as an excellent sulfonyl anion surrogate in the DBU‐catalyzed conjugate addition reaction with enones and enals for the synthesis of functionalized sulfones.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Transformation of Ph2P(O)‐Protected Ethynes: Deprotection Followed by Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Coupling.
Authors: Peng Lifen , Xu Feng , Suzuma Yoshinori , Orita Akihiro , Otera Junzo
Published: May 2014

Ph2P(O) is found to be a useful protecting group for ethynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Direct β‐Arylation of Simple Ketones with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Huang Zhongxing , Dong Guangbin
Published: May 2014

The reaction is applied to the cycloalkanones with different ring size, flavonone and acyclic ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of Sulfur‐Containing Spirocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Geant Pierre‐Yves , Urban Michal , Remes Marek , Cisarova Ivana , Vesely Jan
Published: May 2014

Two different enantioselective organocatalytic cascade reactions to form new sulfur‐containing spirocyclic scaffolds are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Assembly of Tetrahydrofuran and Tetrahydropyran Skeletons with All‐Carbon‐Substituted Quaternary Stereocenters.
Authors: Chen Zhilong , Sun Jianwei
Published: May 2014

The cyclic acetal products can be transformed into other chiral building blocks with all‐carbon‐substituted stereocenters which are difficult to access using other methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Vicinal Bisheterocyclizations of Alkynes via Nucleophilic Interception of a Catalytic Platinum Carbene.
Authors: Allegretti Paul A. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: May 2014

A novel platinum‐catalyzed double heterocyclization of propargylic ethers is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Synthesis of Antrodia Maleimides and Maleic Anhydrides.
Authors: Boukouvalas John , Albert Vincent
Published: May 2014

The short and biomimetic synthesis of the potent HCV protease inhibitor antrodin A, (I), in three steps and 73% overall yield represents a significant improvement over previous routes.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Azide, Furan, and Pyrrole Units with Benzynes Generated by the Hexadehydro‐Diels—Alder (HDDA) Reaction.
Authors: Hoye Thomas R. , Chen Junhua , Baire Beeraiah
Published: May 2014

Dienes (IV) and (VI) are used in a 5‐10 fold excess which can be recovered in case of (IVb) and (VIa,b) upon chromatic purification of the products.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diastereoselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Between Diazoacetoacetate Enones and Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Doyle Michael P. , Truong Phong M. , Mandler Michael D. , Shanahan Charles S.
Published: May 2014

The cycloaddition reaction proceeds with nearly complete diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Arylalkoxycarbonylation of N‐Aryl Acrylamides with Carbazates.
Authors: Xu Xiangsheng , Tang Yucai , Li Xiaoqing , Hong Guo , Fang Mingwu , Du Xiaohua
Published: May 2014

A novel arylalkoxycarbonylation of N‐aryl acrylamides with carbazates leading to alkoxycarbonylated oxindoles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to the Synthesis of Novel Dihydroindoles Bearing Electron‐Withdrawing Groups at C‐2 Position.
Authors: Maruoka Hiroshi , Okabe Fumi , Takasu Masaru , Masumoto Eiichi , Fujioka Toshihiro , Yamagata Kenji
Published: May 2014

8 Title compounds of type (VI) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐, 4‐Hydroxy‐, and 4‐Nitro‐1,3,4,5‐tetrahydrobenz[cd]indoles and Its Bromination.
Authors: Somei Masanori , Nakagawa Kyoko , Aoki Naokatsu , Mukaiyama Harunobu
Published: May 2014

A simple synthetic method for 4‐nitro‐1,3,4,5‐tetrahydrobenz[cd]indole (V) is established.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Reactions of Prop‐2‐enyl and Prop‐2‐ynyl Substituted 4‐Aminomethyl‐ and 4‐Oxymethyl‐2(5H)‐furanones.
Authors: Bach Thorsten , Fort Diego , J. Woltering Thomas A. , Alker Andre M.
Published: May 2014

The photoreaction of (Ia) can be performed on a gram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches to 3,3′‐Biindolyl and 3,3′‐Biindazolyl Derivatives.
Authors: Bergman Jan , Nakhai Azadeh
Published: May 2014

Biindolyl derivative (V) is synthesized by oxidative coupling of N‐acetylindole (III), while attempt to use the same reaction conditions for synthesis of biindazolyl derivative (XII) fails.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Lithiation of N‐Silyl‐Protected (S)‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazol‐3(2H)‐one.
Authors: Metallinos Costa , Sadraei Seyed Iraj , Zhukovskaya Nadezda
Published: May 2014

L‐Proline‐derived imidazolone (I) undergoes diastereoselective lithiation—substitution to give 5‐substituted products (III) that may be easily converted to ureas (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines Through Intramolecular Carbolithiation Reactions.
Authors: Sotomayor Nuria , Garcia‐Calvo Oihane , Martinez‐Estibalez Unai , Lete Esther
Published: May 2014

When (‐)‐sparteine is used as chiral ligand low levels of enantioselectivity are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Xanthone Oxime and Related Compounds Using a Combination of tert‐Butyl Nitrite and Potassium Hexamethyldisilazide.
Authors: Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Cho Hidetsura , Iwama Yusuke , Noro Takahiro , Okano Kentaro
Published: May 2014

The method is effective for the synthesis of xanthone, thioxanthone, acridone, and anthrone oximes, which are difficult to obtain by conventional dehydrative condensation of corresponding ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Iminium Ion—Enamine Cascade Cyclizations: Facile Access to Structurally Diverse Azacyclic Compounds and Natural Products.
Authors: Hanessian Stephen , Chattopadhyay Amit Kumar
Published: May 2014

The applicability of the title cascade reaction is demonstrated on the total synthesis of (+)‐ipalbidine (VIIb) and (+)‐julandine (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Converting Cycloalkanones into N‐Heterocycles: Formal Synthesis of (‐)‐Gephyrotoxin 287C.
Authors: Pichette Simon , Winter Dana K. , Lessard Jean , Spino Claude
Published: May 2014

Key step in the synthesis of Kishi′s intermediate (VIII) on the way to the natural alkaloid gephyrotoxin 287C (IX) is the combination of Beckmann ring expansion and photochemical ring contraction to convert cyclopentanone (I) into pyrrolidine (VI) stereospecifically.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Novel 2‐(Thiazol‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydropyridazin‐3(2H)‐one Derivatives Catalyzed by Activated KSF.
Authors: Mahmoodi Nosrat O. , Safari Niloufar , Sharifzadeh Bahman
Published: May 2014

A convenient, simple, efficient, chemo‐ and regioselective one‐pot, three‐component synthesis of the title compounds (IV) (12 examples) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 5‐Aryl/Hetarylidenyl 3‐(2‐Methyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno [2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Biehl Edward R. , Mendoza Kimberly , Kamila Sukanta
Published: May 2014

Knoevenagel condensation of thiazole (I) with various (het)aryl aldehydes gives the title compounds in high yields either under microwave irradiation or under conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: BF3·Etherate‐Mediated Friedel—Crafts Arylation of 2‐Hydroxy‐1,4‐benzoxazines: Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐1,4‐benzoxazine Derivatives.
Authors: Naganaboina Ram Tilak , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: May 2014

The title reaction allows a simple, mild, and efficient access to a wide range of biologically interesting 2‐arylated 1,4‐benzoxazine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Route to Benzo‐ and Pyrido‐Fused 1,2,4‐Triazinyl Radicals via N′‐(Het)aryl‐N′‐[2‐nitro(het)aryl]hydrazides.
Authors: Berezin Andrey A. , Zissimou Georgia , Constantinides Christos P. , Beldjoudi Yassine , Rawson Jeremy M. , Koutentis Panayiotis A.
Published: May 2014

A two‐step route to 1,3‐disubstituted benzo‐ and pyrido‐fused 1,2,4‐triazinyl radicals is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed endo‐Selective Intramolecular α‐Alkenylation of β‐Yne‐Furans: Synthesis of Seven‐Membered‐Ring‐Fused Furans and DFT Calculations.
Authors: Dong Zhe , Liu Cheng‐Hang , Wang Yi , Lin Mu , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: May 2014

Six‐membered‐ring‐fused furans can also be obtained through exo‐selective cyclization for substrates with terminal alkynes [(XIII) and (XVIIa)] and alkynes bearing a CO2Me group [(XVIIb) and (XVIIc)].
ChemInform Abstract: A Convergent, Modular Approach to Functionalized 2,1‐Borazaronaphthalenes from 2‐Aminostyrenes and Potassium Organotrifluoroborates.
Authors: Wisniewski Steven R. , Guenther Courtney L. , Argintaru O. Andreea , Molander Gary A.
Published: May 2014

A convergent approach is developed to synthesize disubstituted 2,1‐borazaronaphthalenes from N‐substituted 2‐aminostyrenes and potassium organotrifluoroborates, where the potassium organotrifluoroborate is converted to the active R—BX2 species (X = Cl or F) in situ by addition of a fluorophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Iodides with 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐benzo[d][1,3,2]diazaboroles.
Authors: Murata Miki , Hirai Nobuyoshi , Okuyama Michihiro , Namikoshi Takeshi , Watanabe Shinji
Published: May 2014

The borylated products (III) and (V) can be readily converted to the corresponding boronic acids under acidic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of Clematis uncinata
Authors: Li Shuo‐Guo , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Li Man‐Mei , Wang Mei , Feng Rui‐Bing , Zhang Wei , Li Yao‐Lan , Wang Ying , Ye Wen‐Cai
Published: May 2014

isolation, structure elucidation and cytotoxic activity of eight new bisdesmosidic triterpenoid saponins, clematiunicinosides A‐H, along with eleven known ones
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Marine Alkaloid Mansouramycin D.
Authors: Prakash K. S. , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: May 2014

The first total synthesis of the title compound (I) is reported in 3 steps and up to 61% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Chemistry of Alkyne‐Substituted Homo‐ and Heterometallic Carbonyl Clusters of the Iron, Cobalt and Nickel Triads. An Update
Authors: Gervasio Giuliana , Sappa Enrico , Secco Andrea
Published: May 2014

Review: [608 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Complexes of Ambivalent and Ambiphilic Lewis Acid/Bases with Symmetry Signatures and an Alternative Notation for These Non‐Innocent Ligands
Authors: Mingos D. Michael P.
Published: May 2014

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Historical Landmarks of the Application of Molecular Transition Metal Catalysts for Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Huber Stefan , Cokoja Mirza , Kuehn Fritz E.
Published: May 2014

Review: 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Stability of Organometallic Ligands in Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Crabtree Robert H.
Published: May 2014

Review: [64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Prospects of Synthetic Electrochemistry in the Development of New Methods of Electrocatalytic Fluoroalkylation
Authors: Dudkina Y. B , Khrizanforov M. N. , Gryaznova T. V. , Budnikova Y. H.
Published: May 2014

Review: [73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Double Aldol Reactions Involving the Sequential Activation of Silicon Tetrachloride by Chiral Phosphine Oxides
Authors: Kotani Shunsuke , Sugiura Masaharu , Nakajima Makoto
Published: May 2014

Review: [23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Properties of Supported Gold Nanoparticles in Organic Syntheses
Authors: Kustov L. M.
Published: May 2014

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phthalocyanine Conjugates with Carbohydrates: Synthesis and Aggregation in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Koifman O. I. , Hanack M. , Syrbu S. A. , Lyubimtsev A. V.
Published: May 2014

Review: [50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Amino Acids of Cyclopropylglycine Series
Authors: Yashin N. V. , Averina E. B. , Sedenkova K. N. , Kuznetsova T. S. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: May 2014

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Laccase and Laccase‐Mediated Systems in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds
Authors: Mogharabi Mehdi , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2014

Review: [recent studies on structural properties, occurence, reaction mechanism, redox mediators of laccases and their application in dimerization, polymerization, oxidation and amination reactions; 201 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of X (C, O, N)—CN Bonds: Cases of Selective X (C, O, N)—C Activation
Authors: Wang Rui , Falck John Russell
Published: May 2014

Review: [18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Support of Academic Synthetic Chemistry Using Separation Technologies from the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Welch Christopher J. , et al. et al.
Published: May 2014

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches to Glycophthalocyanines
Authors: Lourenco Leandro M. O. , Neves Maria G. P. M. S. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S. , Tome Joao P. C.
Published: May 2014

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Employing Molecular Hydrogen
Authors: Paradies Jan
Published: May 2014

Review: [41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Occurrence and Biological Significance of the α‐Keto‐sugars Pseudaminic Acid and Legionaminic Acid within Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Zunk Matthew , Kiefel Milton J.
Published: May 2014

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Quinoxaline Synthesis. Part 2
Authors: Mamedov Vakhid A. , Zhukova Nataliya A.
Published: May 2014

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Piancatelli Rearrangement: New Applications for an Intriguing Reaction
Authors: Piutti Claudia , Quartieri Francesca
Published: May 2014

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoaluminum Complexes with Bonds to S‐Block, P‐Block, D‐Block, and F‐Block Metal Centers
Authors: Schulz Stephan
Published: May 2014

Review: general synthetic pathways, structural and bonding properties; 186 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Future MOF Catalytic Applications
Authors: Xamena Francesc X. Llabres I. , Gascon Jorge
Published: May 2014

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomolecules at Interfaces. Chiral, Naturally
Authors: Gonzalez‐Campo Arantzazu , Amabilino David B.
Published: May 2014

Review: 242 refs.