bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrial Property Arbitration in Turkey: An Analysis in Comparison with Swiss Law
Authors: Okur Irem
Published: February 2023

Given the difficulties in international intellectual property litigation, such as jurisdictional issues, choice of law, and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, arbitration and other dispute resolution mechanisms may be better tailored to resolve intellectual property disputes. Under Swiss law, these disputes are arbitrable to such an extent that arbitral tribunals seated in Switzerland and state courts are equally competent to rule on the validity of industrial property rights. This paper assesses the arbitrability of industrial property disputes under Turkish law, under which there is neither a specific statutory provision nor an official decision regarding their arbitrability. The paper concludes that disputes arising from industrial property rights should be considered arbitrable under Turkish law, provided that for disputes over the validity of industrial property rights, the arbitral tribunal decides on the industrial property rights’ enforceability and the arbitral award has an inter partes effect. Although submitting industrial property disputes, especially those on employee inventions, to arbitration may in certain cases not be accepted due to the intention to protect the weaker party, employees are obliged to resort to arbitration for the resolution of their employee invention disputes under Turkish law. This paper also examines the resolution of employee invention disputes by way of arbitration from a comparative perspective.
Ruxolitinib Alleviates Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Intestinal Barrier Leakage in Ulcerative Colitis via STAT3
Authors: Li Chunxiao , Xu Yu , Gao Tengjiao , Zhang Shunyao , Lin Zhe , Gu Shaobo , Fang Yi , Yuan Xin , Yu Siyi , Jiang Qi , Lou Zhongze , Zhang Xiuming , Zhang Jie , Wu Qiaoyan , Gu Mengli , Ding Xiaoyun , Sun Jing , Chen Yi
Published: February 2023

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inﬂammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa with increasing prevalence and limited management. Ruxolitinib is a new anti- JAK/STAT3 biologic agent that has shown potential in protecting against colitis.

Methods

We first constructed an in vivo UC model and an in vitro colonic epithelial cell inflammation model. Ruxolitinib was administered via gavage in mice. After treatment, colon tissues, cells, and cell lysates were collected and prepared for histological evaluation, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining, and cytokine analysis. STAT3 expression was silenced and overexpressed via small interfering RNA and overexpression plasmid transfection, respectively, and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the downstream effects.

Results

Ruxolitinib administration significantly alleviated colitis both in vivo and in vitro, as manifested by reduced body weight loss, shortened colon lengths, relieved disease activity (measured by the disease activity index), and prolonged survival. A mechanistic study showed that ruxolitinib attenuated nuclear factor kappa B–induced inflammation, reduced apoptosis, and ameliorated epithelial barrier leakage, and thereby reduced colitis activity in vivo. STAT3 knockdown partially reversed the protective effect of ruxolitinib against colitis, while STAT3 overexpression exaggerated the reductions in proinflammatory cytokine levels upon ruxolitinib treatment.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that ruxolitinib alleviates colitis by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B–related inflammation and apoptosis in addition to restoring epithelial barrier function via STAT3, providing a new strategy for UC treatment.
Remote physiologic monitoring for hypertension in primary care: a prospective pragmatic pilot study in electronic health records using propensity score matching
Authors: Petito Lucia C , Anthony Lauren , Peprah Yaw Amofa , Lee Ji Young , Li Jim , Sato Hironori , Persell Stephen D
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Since 2019, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services covers remote physiologic monitoring (RPM) for blood pressure (BP) per hypertension diagnosis and treatment guidelines. Here, we integrated Omron VitalSight RPM into the health system’s electronic health record to transmit BP and pulse without manual entry, assessed feasibility, and used pragmatic prospective matched cohort studies to assess initial effects in (1) uncontrolled (last two office BP ≥140/90 mmHg) and (2) general (diagnosed hypertension or last office BP ≥140/90 mmHg) hypertension patient populations.

Materials and Methods

Seventeen clinicians at two internal medicine practices were oriented. Eligible patients were aged 65–85 years had Medicare insurance with ≥1 office visit in the previous year. We prospectively identified matched controls (age, sex, BP, and number of office visits in previous year) from other primary care practices within the health system and estimated the association between RPM availability (clinic-level) and patient BP outcomes after 6 months. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04604925.

Results

Feasibility. Uptake was low at pilot clinics: 10 physicians prescribed RPM to 118 patients during the 6-month pilot. This included 7% (14/207) of the prespecified uncontrolled hypertension cohort and 3.3% (78/2356) of the general hypertension cohort. Surveyed clinicians (n = 4) reported changing their patients’ medical treatment in response to RPM BPs, although they recommended having a dedicated RN or LPN to review BP readings. Effectiveness. At 6 months, BP control was greater at pilot practices than among matched controls (uncontrolled: 31.4% vs 22.8%; P = .007; general: 64.0% vs 59.7%; P < .001). Systolic BP at last office visit did not differ (mean [SD] 146.0 [15.7] vs 147.1 [15.6]; P = .48) in the uncontrolled population, and was lower in the general population (131.8 [15.7] vs 132.8 [15.9]; P = .04).The frequency of antihypertensive medication changes was similar in both groups (uncontrolled P = .986; general P = .218).

Discussion and Conclusions

Uptake notwithstanding, RPM may have improved BP control. A potential mechanism is increased physician awareness of and attention to uncontrolled hypertension. Barriers to RPM use among physicians require further study.
Separable shape tensors for aerodynamic design
Authors: Grey Zachary J , Doronina Olga A , Glaws Andrew
Published: February 2023

Airfoil shape design is a classical problem in engineering and manufacturing. In this work, we combine principled physics-based considerations for the shape design problem with modern computational techniques using a data-driven approach. Modern and traditional analyses of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) aerodynamic shapes reveal a flow-based sensitivity to specific deformations that can be represented generally by affine transformations (rotation, scaling, shearing, and translation). We present a novel representation of shapes that decouples affine-style deformations over a submanifold and a product submanifold principally of the Grassmannian. As an analytic generative model, the separable representation, informed by a database of physically relevant airfoils, offers: (i) a rich set of novel 2D airfoil deformations not previously captured in the data, (ii) an improved low-dimensional parameter domain for inferential statistics informing design/manufacturing, and (iii) consistent 3D blade representation and perturbation over a sequence of nominal 2D shapes.
Least-squares reverse-time migration in VTI media using a T-distribution-based misfit function
Authors: Guo Xu , Tan Qiang , Li Xinjun , Huang Jianping , Ma Zenghu
Published: February 2023

Anisotropy of subsurface media can affect the seismic wave travel time estimates, and then affect the imaging of target regions. To calibrate the effect of anisotropy, a VTI (transverse isotropy media with vertical symmetry axis) least-squares reverse-time migration (LSRTM) algorithm is used. However, if seismic data contains noise especially the outliers, the high-quality images cannot be produced by LSRTM based on an L2 norm. Considering that Student's t-distribution has better robustness than the L2 norm, this study derives a VTI-LSRTM algorithm based on Student's t-distribution (T-VTI-LSRTM) misfit function. The plane-wave encoding is introduced into the T-VTI-LSRTM to improve the computational efficiency. We conduct numerical tests using the complex models to illustrate the effectiveness and adaptability of the method. The sensitivity analysis of velocity and anisotropy parameters demonstrate that anisotropy and velocity parameters have a distinct effect on imaging results, in which velocity sensitivity is the strongest, then the epsilon and parameter delta sensitivity is the weakest.
Seismic geomorphological analysis of channel types: a case study from the Miocene Malay Basin
Authors: Manshor Nurul Adilah , Amir Hassan Meor Hakif
Published: February 2023

Imaging the subsurface is a major challenge due to many aspects; the most notable is the resolution of the data, which often leads to misinterpretation of reservoir behaviour and depositional environment. Even with the robust tools available to precisely model the subsurface reservoir and depositional architecture, a precise result is still incorrect if derived from an inaccurate subsurface description. Recent advances in 3D seismic geomorphology analytical methods, particularly the application of root mean square (RMS) and frequency decomposition analysis, have enabled detailed imaging, description and classification of subsurface channel networks. Typically, it is easier to image shallow subsurface channels (<500 m depth), but it gets increasingly challenging to recognize channel features at subsurface depths ≥1.5 km. This paper presents the characterization of channel features imaged from such depths within the Miocene section of the Malay Basin, offshore Peninsular Malaysia. An integrated dataset from a selected area in the central region of the Malay Basin was used for this study, including a high-quality 3D seismic cube (1563 km2) and data from one well penetrating the Miocene section of the Malay Basin. We have identified five seismic geobody groups and 10 channel types from both planform and cross-section views. The dimensions, shapes, sinuosities and thicknesses of these channel types vary. Additionally, they display various seismic characteristics in cross-section and planform views. Variability in channel geometries is related to the complex interplay between fluvial and marine processes.
An enigma: case series of vesical calculi from prolonged and neglected indwelling catheter
Authors: Khalid Abdullahi , Abdulwahab-Ahmed Abdullah , Muhammad Abubakar Sadiq , Jesini Gamdu , Agwu Ngwobia Peter , Mungadi Isma'ila Arzika
Published: February 2023

Vesical calculus is a common condition with familiar aetiology in our environment as it is obtained in other parts of the world. Notwithstanding, uncommon aetiology of this pathology still exists though rarely encountered especially where out-of-pocket payment is the norm for accessing health care services. This is a report of three patients with varying indications for indwelling vesical catheter insertion via urethral or suprapubic route and who developed vesical calculus from prolonged and neglected indwelling vesical catheter. These cases are indeed an enigma in contemporary surgical patient care. We share our experience in the care of these patients and to underscore the extra role expected of health care providers in adequate patient education, close attention to guidance and counseling during patients’ visits to health facilities.
Combination of Mustardé cheek advancement flap and paramedian forehead flap as a functional and aesthetic alternative
Authors: Solis-Pazmino Paola , Godoy Richard , Pilatuña Eduardo , Rocha Carla , García Cristhian
Published: February 2023

Depending on the size and location, defects resulting from the surgical procedure due to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) may be challenging to reconstruct. A combination of more than one flap type might be necessary for moderate to large-sized defects, especially in face lesions. We present a patient with a large BCC in the nasal region, successfully closed using a combination of rotation and advancement flaps. The patient showed excellent functional and cosmetic outcomes.
A cyst in the mist: bronchogenic mediastinal cysts
Authors: Menon Sowmya Prasanna Kumar , Wachira Lianne , Srinivasan Lakshmi
Published: February 2023

Malformations of the bronchopulmonary foregut can lead to the formation of bronchogenic mediastinal cysts (BMC). BMC are rare congenital malformations usually found in the middle or posterior mediastinum. Only one-third of patients with BMC are symptomatic. We report a case of BMC in a 48-year-old female who was referred to the cardiothoracic surgeons due to an incidental finding of an anterior mediastinal mass on investigation for intermittent chest pain. The mass was treated surgically with a partial median sternotomy and mass excision. The patient’s symptomology and mass histology were atypical for BMC. At follow-up, the patient reported no residual symptoms. This case demonstrates the significance of considering BMC, especially the anterior subtype, as a differential diagnosis in the findings of patients with intermittent chest pain and computerized tomography findings of a mediastinal mass.
Maturation of pathogenic biofilms induces enhanced resistance against gaseous chlorine dioxide
Authors: Kim Se-Yeon , Park SangHyun
Published: February 2023

Biofilms are surface-associated microbial clusters embedded in extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms formed on food-contact surfaces create challenges for the food industry due to their increased tolerance to antimicrobial agents and disinfectants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the biofilm maturation period on their resistance to gaseous ClO2. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonellaserotype Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms formed on stainless steel (SS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces were investigated. The total cell mass and protein content significantly increased (P < .05) between the second and the fifth day of maturation, and the biofilms’ resistance to gaseous ClO2 increased as they matured. Generally, the cell counts of 0-day-old L. monocytogenes, Salm. Typhimurium, and E. coli O157:H7 biofilms on SS and HDPE reduced below the detection limit (0.48 log CFU/cm2) within 5 min. The cell counts of 2-day-old biofilms of the three pathogens were reduced by 6.22 to over 7.52 log, while those of 5-day-old biofilms were reduced by 3.64 to over 6.34 log after 20 min of treatment with 30 ppmv of gaseous ClO2. Therefore, as resistance increases with biofilm maturation, daily gaseous ClO2 treatment would maximize the antimicrobial efficacy of the cleaning strategy against biofilms.
Case Report: Eustachian Tube Dysfunction after Penetrating Facial Trauma
Authors: LaBanc Austin J , Schlocker Caroline
Published: February 2023

Traumatic conductive hearing loss (TCHL) is most commonly attributed to tympanic membrane perforations, hemotympanum, or ossicular chain disruption. These complications are generally managed conservatively for up to 6 months with good hearing outcomes. We encountered a case of penetrating facial trauma leading to TCHL because of obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction (OETD), which is not a previously described etiology for OETD and TCHL. A lysis of scar tissue surrounding the Eustachian tube with balloon dilation was performed in our patient, resulting in resolution of conductive hearing loss. In the absence of traditional signs of TCHL, providers should consider OETD as a potential cause of TCHL. We recommend visualization of the Eustachian tube orifice and balloon dilation if clinically indicated.
Relativistic force-free models of the thermal X-ray emission in millisecond pulsars observed by NICER
Authors: Carrasco F , Pelle J , Reula O , Viganò D , Palenzuela C
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTJP

Several important properties of rotation-powered millisecond pulsars (MSPs), such as their mass-radius ratio, equation of state and magnetic field topology, can be inferred from precise observations and modelling of their X-ray light curves. In the present study, we model the thermal X-ray signals originated in MSPs, all the way from numerically solving the surrounding magnetospheres up to the ray tracing of the emitted photons and the final computation of their light curves and spectra. The magnetosphere is solved by performing general relativistic force-free simulations of a rotating neutron star (NS) endowed with a simple centred dipolar magnetic field, for many different stellar compactness and pulsar misalignments. From these solutions, we derive an emissivity map over the surface of the star, based on the electric currents in the magnetosphere. In particular, the emission regions (ERs) are determined in this model by spacelike four-currents that reach the NS. We show that this assumption, together with the inclusion of the gravitational curvature on the force-free simulations, lead to non-standard ERs facing the closed-zone of the pulsar, in addition to other ERs within the polar caps. The combined X-ray signals from these two kinds of ERs (both antipodal) allow to approximate the non-trivial interpulses found in several MSPs light curves. Our modelled X-ray signals are compared against very accurate NICER observations of four target pulsars: PSR J043-4715, PSR J1231-1411, PSR J2124-3358, and PSR J0030 + 0451; achieving very good simultaneous fits for their light curves and spectral distributions.
3D MHD models of the centrifugal magnetosphere from a massive star with an oblique dipole field
Authors: ud-Doula Asif , Owocki Stanley P , Russell Christopher , Gagné Marc , Daley-Yates Simon
Published: February 2023

We present results from new self-consistent 3D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the magnetospheres from massive stars with a dipole magnetic axis that has a non-zero obliquity angle (β) to the star’s rotation axis. As an initial direct application, we compare the global structure of co-rotating discs for nearly aligned (β = 5°) versus half-oblique (β = 45°) models, both with moderately rapid rotation (∼0.5 critical). We find that accumulation surfaces broadly resemble the forms predicted by the analytical rigidly rotating magnetosphere model, but the mass buildup to near the critical level for centrifugal breakout against magnetic confinement distorts the field from the imposed initial dipole. This leads to an associated warping of the accumulation surface towards the rotational equator, with the highest density concentrated in wings centred on the intersection between the magnetic and rotational equators. These MHD models can be used to synthesize rotational modulation of photometric absorption and H α emission for a direct comparison with observations.
The role of radial migration on tracing lithium evolution in the Galactic disc
Authors: Zhang Haopeng , Chen Yuqin , Zhao Gang , Bi Shaolan , Zhang Xianfei , Xue Xiangxiang
Published: February 2023

With the calculated guiding centre radius Rguiding and birth radius Rbirth, we investigate the role of radial migration on the description of lithium evolution in the Galactic disc based on the upper envelope of the A(Li) versus [Fe/H] diagram. Using migration distances, we find that stars in the solar neighbourhood are born at different locations in the Galactic disc, and cannot all be explained by models of chemical evolution in the solar neighbourhood. It is found that the upper envelope of the A(Li) versus [Fe/H] diagram varies significantly with Rbirth, which explains the decrease of Li for super-metal-rich (SMR) stars because they are non-young stars born in the inner disc. The upper envelope of Li-Rbirth plane fits very well with chemical evolution models by Grisoni et al. for Rbirth = 7–12 kpc, outside which young stars generally lack sufficient time to migrate to the solar neighbourhood. For stars born in the solar neighbourhood, the young open clusters and the upper envelope of field stars with age <3 Gyr fit well with theoretical prediction. We find that calculations using stars with ages less than 3 Gyr are necessary to obtain an undepleted Li upper envelope, and that stars with solar age (around 4.5 Gyr) have depleted around 0.3 dex from the original value based on the chemical evolution model of Grisoni et al.
I
Authors: Conrad Joseph
Published: February 2023

There were two white men in charge of the trading station. Kayerts, the chief, was short and fat; Carlier, the assistant, was tall, with a large head and a very broad trunk perched upon a long pair of thin legs.* The third...
II
Authors: Conrad Joseph
Published: February 2023

But it was at night that he talked openly, forgetting the exactions of his stage. In the daytime there were affairs to be discussed in state. There were at first between him and me his own splendour, my shabby suspicions, and the scenic landscape...
The Pecuniary Standard of Living
Authors: Veblen Thorstein
Published: February 2023

For the great body of the people in any modern community, the proximate ground of expenditure in excess of what is required for physical comfort is not a conscious effort to excel in the expensiveness of their visible consumption, so much as it is...
McTeague
Authors: Norris Frank
Published: February 2023

McTeague (1899) chronicles the demise of a San Francisco couple at the end of the nineteenth century. Inspired by an actual crime that was sensationalized in the San Francisco papers, it tells the story of charlatan dentist McTeague, his wife Trina, and their spiralling descent into moral corruption.

Norris is often considered to be the ‘American Zola’, and this is one of the most purely naturalistic American novels of the nineteenth century. With its compelling portrayal of human nature at its most basic level, McTeague is a gripping and passionate tale of greed, degeneration and death. It is also one of the first major works of literature to set in California, and it provided the story for Erich von Stroheim’s classic of the silent screen, Greed.
XII
Authors: Norris Frank
Published: February 2023

‘Now, then, Maria,’ said Zerkow, his cracked, strained voice just rising above a whisper, hitching his chair closer to the table, ‘now, then, my girl, let’s have it all over again. Tell us about the gold plate—the service. Begin with, “There were over...
The orbital solution and dynamical masses of the binary system V* PX Virginis
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Xia Fang , Fu Yanning
Published: February 2023

V* PX Vir is a nearby single-lined spectroscopic binary with the primary being a variable of a BY Dra-type star. It has a period of ∼216 d and the components of the system are two low-mass pre-main-sequence stars. By a simultaneous least-squares fit to the radial velocities, the relative positions, and the revised Hipparcos intermediate astrometric data, the complete orbital solution is derived and the precision is improved significantly. In addition, the Hipparcos parallax is revised as 46.06±0.69 mas. Taking advantage of the resulting orbital elements and parallax, the component masses are calculated to be 0.74±0.06 M⊙ and 0.47±0.02 M⊙, respectively. The absolute magnitudes in the K and H bands are determined as 4.32±0.14, 4.42±0.03 for the primary and 5.63±0.46, 6.08±0.03 for the secondary, respectively. According to the derived physical parameters, the two components of the system lie very close to the same isochrone age 0.1–0.14 Gyr by comparison with pre-main-sequence evolution tracks.
LysM receptor-like kinases involved in immunity perceive lipo-chitooligosaccharides in mycotrophic plants
Authors: Wang Tongming , Gasciolli Virginie , Gaston Mégane , Medioni Lauréna , Cumener Marie , Buendia Luis , Yang Bingxian , Bono Jean Jacques , He Guanghua , Lefebvre Benoit
Published: February 2023

Symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) produce both conserved microbial molecules that activate plant defense and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that modulate plant defense. Beside a well-established role of LCOs in the activation of a signaling pathway required for AMF penetration in roots, LCO perception and defense modulation during arbuscular mycorrhiza is not well understood. Here we show that members of the LYRIIIA phylogenetic group from the multigenic Lysin Motif Receptor-Like Kinase family have a conserved role in dicotyledons as modulators of plant defense and regulate AMF colonization in the Solanaceae species Nicotiana benthamiana. Interestingly, these proteins have a high-affinity for LCOs in plant species able to form a symbiosis with AMF but have lost this property in species that have lost this ability. Our data support the hypothesis that LYRIIIA proteins modulate plant defense upon LCO perception to facilitate AMF colonization in mycotrophic plant species and that only their role in plant defense, but not their ability to be regulated by LCOs, has been conserved in non-mycotrophic plants.
Building a resilient coexistence with wildlife in a more crowded world
Authors: Carter Neil H , Linnell John D C
Published: February 2023

There is an urgent need to sustainably coexist with wildlife. However, realizing this goal is hampered by scant understanding of the processes that facilitate and maintain coexistence. Here, we synthesize human–wildlife interactions into eight archetypal outcomes, from eradication to sustained co-benefits, which collectively serve as a heuristic for forms of coexistence across a wide range of species and systems worldwide. We utilize resilience theory to elucidate how and why human–wildlife systems shift between these archetypes, yielding insights on research and policy priorities. We underscore the importance of governance structures that actively enhance the resilience of coexistence.
Towards a network control theory of electroconvulsive therapy response
Authors: Hahn Tim , Jamalabadi Hamidreza , Nozari Erfan , Winter Nils R , Ernsting Jan , Gruber Marius , Mauritz Marco J , Grumbach Pascal , Fisch Lukas , Leenings Ramona , Sarink Kelvin , Blanke Julian , Vennekate Leon Kleine , Emden Daniel , Opel Nils , Grotegerd Dominik , Enneking Verena , Meinert Susanne , Borgers Tiana , Klug Melissa , Leehr Elisabeth J , Dohm Katharina , Heindel Walter , Gross Joachim , Dannlowski Udo , Redlich Ronny , Repple Jonathan
Published: February 2023

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is arguably the most effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression. While large interindividual variability exists, a theory capable of explaining individual response to ECT remains elusive. To address this, we posit a quantitative, mechanistic framework of ECT response based on Network Control Theory (NCT). Then, we empirically test our approach and employ it to predict ECT treatment response. To this end, we derive a formal association between Postictal Suppression Index (PSI)—an ECT seizure quality index—and whole-brain modal and average controllability, NCT metrics based on white-matter brain network architecture, respectively. Exploiting the known association of ECT response and PSI, we then hypothesized an association between our controllability metrics and ECT response mediated by PSI. We formally tested this conjecture in N = 50 depressive patients undergoing ECT. We show that whole-brain controllability metrics based on pre-ECT structural connectome data predict ECT response in accordance with our hypotheses. In addition, we show the expected mediation effects via PSI. Importantly, our theoretically motivated metrics are at least on par with extensive machine learning models based on pre-ECT connectome data. In summary, we derived and tested a control-theoretic framework capable of predicting ECT response based on individual brain network architecture. It makes testable, quantitative predictions regarding individual therapeutic response, which are corroborated by strong empirical evidence. Our work might constitute a starting point for a comprehensive, quantitative theory of personalized ECT interventions rooted in control theory.
Are Women an Important Part of the Economy?
Authors: Argys Laura M. , Averett Susan L.
Published: February 2023

When people think about contributing to the economy, they often consider the work they and others perform in the job market. We start this chapter by explaining how women’s involvement in the workforce has changed over time. We then ask how women’s work compares to men’s. For example, do women work as much as men? How much does women’s work contribute to the economy? Are recessions different for men and women? In order to answer these questions, we have to think about how we define and measure work and the ways in which the specific jobs women do are different from those usually performed by men. Because most of the world’s people live in developing countries, we also look at the patterns of work for women in these countries. In addition to work, spending is an important part of economic activity. You may have heard that, at least in the United States, women make the majority of family spending decisions. We take a closer look at that statement to see if it holds up under scrutiny. We end the chapter by noting that in many cases products designed for and marketed to women often come at a higher price than very similar products designed for and marketed to men.
Is There Such a Thing as Women’s Work?
Authors: Argys Laura M. , Averett Susan L.
Published: February 2023

Social norms regarding women’s roles have evolved. Throughout history there have been cultural expectations about the division of labor between the sexes. Prior to the Industrial Revolution in the United States, women and men often worked side by side, typically on a family farm or in a family business. After the Industrial Revolution, most men went to work in factories, performing jobs often considered dangerous, dirty, and inappropriate for women, while women had primary responsibility for work done in the home. It is only relatively recently that women, particularly married women, gained more autonomy and reentered the workforce in large numbers. In fact, for much of history, a married woman was considered subordinate to her husband—it was not even until the 1970s that a married woman could apply for credit in her own name. It is not surprising that women’s family responsibilities often impact their labor market choices. In this chapter we explore the evolution of gender roles, the types of work that women perform, and social and contraceptive changes that have influenced women’s family responsibilities and work choices.
Secession and State Creation
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James , Fabry Mikulas
Published: February 2023

What makes a state? This question has attracted more and more attention in recent years with Catalan's illegal vote for independence from Spain and Palestine's ongoing search for international recognition. And while Scotland chose to remain with the United Kingdom, discussions of independence have only continued as the ramifications of the later Brexit vote begin to set in.
As James Ker-Lindsay and Mikulas Fabry show in this new addition to the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, the road to statehood does not run smooth. Declaring independence is only the first step; gaining both local and global acceptance is necessary before a state can become truly independent. The prospect of losing territory is usually not welcomed by the parent state, and any such threat to an existing culture and its economy is often met with resistance–armed or otherwise. Beyond this immediate conflict, the international community often refuses to accept new states without proof of defined territory, a settled population, and effective government, which frequently translates to a democratic one with demonstrated respect for human rights. Covering the legal, political, and practical issues of secession and state creation, Ker-Lindsay and Fabry provide an essential guide to this timely topic.
Statehood and Secession in International Politics
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James , Fabry Mikulas
Published: February 2023

What is a state?

While the concept of statehood has existed for hundreds of years, it is perhaps surprising to learn that the formally accepted definition of a “state” only emerged in 1933. The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is generally...
Changing Rules?
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James , Fabry Mikulas
Published: February 2023

How Did The End Of The Cold War Change Secession And Statehood?

The end of the Cold War marked a profound change to the international system that had emerged after the end of the Second World War. The end of the bipolarity between the United...
What Does Science Tell Us About Ethical Behavior?
Authors: Nelson J.S. , Stout Lynn A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents what behavioral science tells us about how and why people act as they do in ethical situations. The results are pertinent not only for businesspeople to understand their own impulses, but to understand what might be driving the behavior that they see around them. Questions include: Are people innately ethical? How do people develop the capacity to be ethical? What sorts of pressures drive otherwise-ethical people to do unethical things? What sorts of social environments encourage ethical or unethical behavior? How different are ethics from culture to culture? Why does “tone at the top” matter so much? How do ethical and unethical individuals influence others? How can incentive plans encourage ethical or unethical behavior? What does where you work say about you?
Understanding Corporations, LLCS, and Other “Legal Persons”
Authors: Nelson J.S. , Stout Lynn A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an introduction to the corporate form and emphasizes the importance of understanding how corporations are governed, the different roles human beings play in them, and what sorts of responsibilities accompany different roles. The chapter delves into the common problem of conflicts of interest within corporations and discusses some of the ways conflicts can be addressed. Questions include: What is a corporation, LLC, or other “legal person”? What is the purpose of a corporation? What is the role of the board of directors? What are the roles of corporate officers, executives, and other employees? What is the relationship between the corporation and its shareholders? What can a controlling shareholder do? What is the business judgment rule and why does it matter? What kinds of conflicts of interests are common incorporations and how can they be addressed? What special rules apply to corporations? How can laws be enforced against a “legal person”?
How to Respond to Investigations and Protect Your Reputation
Authors: Nelson J.S. , Stout Lynn A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter helps businesspeople and organizations navigate the difficult shoals of an investigation. It discusses the benefits of having a pre-existing ethics program, why the prosecution’s “theory of the case” matters so much, the steps of the prosecution, and the question of internal investigations and cooperation during a prosecution. Questions include: How much benefit is there to the company from having a compliance and ethics program in place before an investigation? Understanding the narrative: Why does a prosecution’s “theory of the case” matter? What does cooperating with the prosecution mean for a business? How, in brief, do businesses conduct internal investigations? What does cooperating with the prosecution mean for an employee? What are the steps of a prosecution? What happens to corporations and individuals who don’t resolve allegations and investigations before trial? What lessons should businesses and individuals take away from this closing chapter and this book in general?
Jihad in the Quran and Commentary Literature
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma
Published: February 2023

The term “jihad” and words related to it occur several times in the Quran. The Quran (which means “Recitation” and “Reading” in Arabic) is a text divinely revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, as Muslims believe. The revelations started roughly in the year 610 CE in...
Explaining Sanctions Success/Failure
Authors: Jentleson Bruce W.
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews factors that explain why sanctions succeed or fail. For scholarly research this is the independent variables question, identifying factors that have a high probability of determining sanctions success or failure and theorizing patterns of causality. For policymakers it’s about matching the most important factors with the particular case at hand to formulate a viable strategy. Seven main questions structure this chapter: Is economic impact the key factor? Are sanctions more effective if backed by threats or use of military force? Is a reciprocity strategy, sanctions and inducements together, more effective than sanctions alone? What about regime type, with regard to both sender state and target state? Do multilateral sanctions work better than unilateral ones? How effective are smart sanctions, and particularly financial sanctions? Does success vary with the type of objective?
United States
Authors: Jentleson Bruce W.
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on US sanctions policy. Key questions addressed: Why does the US use sanctions so much more frequently than any other country? What types of sanctions does the US make particular use of? Whom does the US target? Are American sanctions more successful than others? What are key patterns in the domestic politics and policy process (Congress, bureaucratic politics, interest groups, public opinion)? How does federalism and the role of state and local governments affect sanctions? This chapter’s case studies, also structured within the why-what-who-how sanctions analytic framework, include sanctions against Iran (Obama and Trump), Soviet Union/Russia (1970s Jewish emigration, Afghanistan 1980, dissident Alexei Navalny, Ukraine 2014 and 2022), China (1989 Tiananmen Square, Uyghurs, Huawei), North Korea, Venezuela, and counterterrorism. Based on the general analysis and case studies, some conclusions are drawn and challenges identified for American sanctions policy.
United Nations and European Union
Authors: Jentleson Bruce W.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 included the 1935–1936 League of Nations sanctions against Mussolini’s Italy for the invasion of Ethiopia and the UN 1966–1979 sanctions against Rhodesia and 1962–1994 sanctions against South Africa. The first part of this chapter focuses on UN sanctions since 1990. How often and for what objectives has the UN imposed sanctions? What sanctions has it principally used? How successful have UN sanctions been? Case studies include Iraq 1990s sanctions, Liberia (1992–2016), and Côte d’Ivoire (2004–2016). The second part of the chapter focuses on the European Union (EU) for its importance in its own right and as an example of the role of regional organizations. Why does the EU impose sanctions? What types of sanctions? How effective? How is sanctions policy made within the EU? What has been the mix of US-EU sanctions cooperation and conflict? The final section draws out policy implications for both the UN and EU.
Introduction
Authors: Kirp David , Macpherson Kevin
Published: February 2023

The introduction offers a broad-brush description of the K–12 public education system, critiquing its success in equalizing opportunity for all students. There are persistent racial and socioeconomic inequalities in student experiences and outcomes. The section briefly introduces the role of the Supreme Court and state courts in addressing inequality. The introduction incorporates an overview of major social changes that affect the schools, including increased ethnic diversity nationwide. The twenty-first century has brought an era of warp-speed technological innovation. Public schools have to adapt to these changes or face irrelevance.
The Key Players
Authors: Kirp David , Macpherson Kevin
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 focuses on the major players in the K–12 school system. It discusses policy issues that relate to teaching, analyzing such hot-button topics as teacher effectiveness, teacher recruitment and retention, teacher preparation, teacher evaluation, and teacher strikes. The treatment of each of these topics includes a critique of the research concerning its impact on student outcomes. The chapter also explores the role of principals and superintendents in influencing student outcomes. It examines the influence of such key stakeholders as school boards and the impact of outside money on school board elections and school district policy. And it explores the role of philanthropists, assessing their ability to shape school board elections and design the policy choices of school districts.
The Impact of the Pandemic
Authors: Kirp David , Macpherson Kevin
Published: February 2023

Covid-19 proved to be a stress test for the schools. The pandemic both highlighted and exacerbated long-standing inequities in the education system, as already-substantial gaps in racial and ethnic opportunity widened. On average, students fell five months behind in mathematics and four months behind in reading. Nonwhite students and students from poor families fared much worse. As well, the pandemic had a profound socio-emotional impact. This chapter summarizes schools’ responses, such as school closures and masking requirements, that turned school board meetings into heated, sometimes violent, political battles. It concludes by offering tentative predictions regarding the pandemic’s long-term impact on educational policy and practice, including expanded virtual learning, greater focus on students’ mental health and well-being, and an increase in the number of community schools.
Statewide, Local, and Congressional Elections
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: February 2023

The vast majority of campaigns and elections in the United States occur at the state and local levels and include everything from gubernatorial and big-city mayoral contests to local ordinances. Although much attention is on presidential contests, it is at the local and state levels that much public policy and many decisions that affect everyday life are made. The United States is truly the land of elections, with nearly 520,000 elected officials throughout the country. More women than ever are involved in elected office. Judicial elections are becoming similar to those of regular political candidates. Congressional incumbents rarely lose when they are up for re-election.
The 2020 Presidential Election
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: February 2023

The 2020 presidential election was unusual, controversial, and significant. Thanks to the Covid pandemic, much of the usual trappings of campaigning had to been halted, and when votes were cast, an unusually high number were done through mail-in ballots. The popular vote clearly indicated a victory for Joe Biden, but fewer than fifty thousand votes would have tipped the electorate to Trump. Such are the quirks of the Electoral College system. There were razor-thin margins in several states. It was the first time since 1992 that a sitting president was defeated for re-election.
Social and Religious Values
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Holzhauer Hunter M. , Nofsinger John R.
Published: February 2023

Personal values are the basis of sustainable investing. Such values can differ in focus and conviction. Many people derive their values from their strong beliefs stemming from religion, political association, and patriotism. They can target topics like social values, civil rights, and climate change. Various re-ligions, including Catholicism, Judaism, Islam, and Mormonism, have different values and thus offer diverse investment guidance. Similarly, different political ideologies lead to other invest-ment objectives. This chapter helps sustainable investors reflect on their own beliefs, under-stand the conflicts between value-based systems, and align their investment strategy with their beliefs. Many stock indices, mutual funds, and ETFs follow various values-based strategies to help investors satisfy their sustainability criteria.
Performance Implications of Sustainable Investing
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Holzhauer Hunter M. , Nofsinger John R.
Published: February 2023

This chapter in-vestigates the financial and social performance of sustainable investing and discusses specific da-ta concerns for measuring performance. The bulk of the chapter examines the financial perfor-mance of sustainable investing compared to traditional investing for different strategies and as-set classes, including equity funds, index funds, fixed-income funds, and even funds focused on “sin” stocks. Overall, the evidence suggests that sustainable investing does not underperform traditional investing and may slightly outperform under certain circumstances. The chapter also explores the social performance of sustainable investing and whether it affects our society and planet. Most sustainable investors want a competitive financial return and an impactful social return. The chapter aims to provide an easy-to-digest menu of performance topics and let investors decide if they can have their cake and eat it too.
Building a Portfolio with a Purpose
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Holzhauer Hunter M. , Nofsinger John R.
Published: February 2023

This chapter fo-cuses on building a portfolio extending beyond purely financial returns. The main differences between building a portfolio for traditional and sustainable investors concern their goals and how to achieve them. Traditional investors want to realize an expected level of return while minimizing risk. Their goal is financial. By contrast, sustainable investors seek both financial and non-financial returns. Sustainable investors look at ESG factors, along with financial analy-sis. Because their goals differ, how they achieve them also varies. Although the same asset clas-ses are generally available to both investor types, not all investments within each category are necessarily sustainable. Therefore, those interested in sustainable investing have fewer choices within each asset class than traditional investors. Sustainable investments may represent a core part of a portfolio or a satellite component, depending on the investor. This chapter highlights several portfolio topics, including asset allocation, diversification, and rebalancing.
Climate Politics and Policies
Authors: Romm Joseph
Published: February 2023

This chapter will explain the most commonly used or discussed climate policies around the world. It will also explore some of the issues involving climate politics.

What climate policies are governments around the world using to fight climate change?

The major policies used by governments...
Climate Change and You
Authors: Romm Joseph
Published: February 2023

This chapter will explore some of the more personal questions that climate change raises for individuals and their families.

How will climate change impact you and your family in the coming decades?

The transition to a low-carbon economy is inevitable this century, and indeed it...