bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional, Industry and Power Effects on Integration in Cross-border Acquisitions
Authors: Mtar Monia
Published: August 2010

Drawing on comparative institutional theory, this paper examines post-acquisition integration in international acquisitions, which has seldom been examined through this perspective. Based on a longitudinal and comparative study of three blue-chip French acquirers in the UK that shared similar integration intentions but realized those to varying degrees, this paper theorizes this variation in integration outcomes as a dynamic interplay of institutional distance, market structure and power dependencies. Whilst all important, those effects do not equally explain integration outcomes and can only be understood in conjunction with one another. Thus, contrary to a core assumption of institutional theory that institutional distance is consistently a dominant influence on multinational firms’ behaviour, the study shows that its effect is varied. It will only become extremely constraining when the market structure is highly localized, and both dynamics combine to make the acquirer largely dependent on the target firm. The study’s first contribution is to provide a fuller conceptual understanding of post-acquisition integration. Secondly, it introduces the role of market structure into a politico-institutional framework and, thirdly, it demonstrates complex relationships among three effects located at multiple levels. The results have important implications for the debate about environmental determinism vs multinationals’ agency at host-country level.
Dealing with pericardial suction blood and residual pump volume: a review of current practices in the UK
Authors: Issitt Richard , Sheppard Stuart
Published: August 2010

The pathological effects of pericardial suction blood (PSB) have been well described in numerous studies for many years; yet, despite this, there is no definitive answer to the question of how best to attenuate this pathology. More recently, large studies have shown that, whilst PSB contains many factors indicating its pathological potential, the direct re-infusion of PSB and residual pump volume (RPV) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) potentially reduces the risk of transfusion and is no more harmful to the patient than the re-infusion of cell salvage-processed PSB after CPB.We conducted a telephone audit of UK perfusion units to determine if current protocols and practices reflected this.We found that there is a definite majority processing RPV with cell-saving devices, with many units defining their protocols as “surgeon dependent” whilst half immediately returned PSB to the systemic circulation whilst on CPB. The results of this national audit suggest that the issue of dealing with PSB and RPV is confused, heavily influenced by surgical and anaesthetic preference and lacking clear guidance and high quality evidence.
Development geography: Politics and ‘the state’ under crisis
Authors: Silvey Rachel
Published: August 2010

This article examines theorizations of the state and politics in recent development geography. It argues that in the context of the current international financial crisis, questions about what constitutes the political and how to conceptualize the state in relation to development have taken on a renewed salience for development studies. It reviews recent research that traces the social and cultural production of states and markets, and identifies some important new work that contributes to understanding local mediations of state power. It argues that whereas the dramatic economic retrenchment of recent years has prompted reinvigorated attention to the politics of international development and the governance of international finance, critical development geographers have maintained a steady focus on these issues for many decades. It concludes with a call for sustained engagement with questions about development praxis and the role of the public intellectual in development studies.
Geography and ethics: Justice unbound
Authors: Barnett Clive
Published: August 2010

Debates in geography often centre on whether it is possible or preferable to develop robust normative foundations for critique. But the relationship of academic analysis to normative concepts does not need to be thought of in foundational terms, one way or the other. It is better understood in terms of elaboration, elucidation and amplification. Theorizing justice from the bottom up in this way is consistent with certain strands in recent moral and political philosophy, exemplified by Amartya Sen’s recent account of comparative justice. Recent work by feminist philosophers including Seyla Benhabib, Nancy Fraser, and Iris Marion Young explicitly engages with the question of how to theorize the geographies of democratic justice in non-foundational, modest ways. The proliferation of geographical concerns in moral and political philosophy is indicative of the various ways in which concepts of justice are ‘unbound’ from forms of containment to which they have often been subjected. Philosophizing about justice is no longer automatically restricted to a national frame; and neither are questions of justice contained within prescriptive styles of reasoning, opening up instead to insights from empirical social sciences. Freeing concepts of justice from imaginary geographical constraints and from restrictive rationalistic conventions presents a challenge to spatial disciplines to suspend their chauvinism about the use of spatial vocabularies in other fields.
Race in the study of food
Authors: Slocum Rachel
Published: August 2010

Recent reviews of food scholarship in Progress in Human Geography have begun to engage with racial identity but have not considered the breadth of work on the subject. Once we look outside what is known as agri-food studies to research in international development, environmental history, feminist theory, cultural studies and anthropology, it is evident that a large body of research exists relating race to the production, distribution and consumption of food. However, to see how this work actually refers to race often requires reading between the lines. Authors may refer to ‘difference’, ‘alterity’ or ‘Otherness’ instead of race and some are not explicit about the theory of race upon which they draw. Consequently, it is not always evident how race matters to the study of food. This paper’s contribution is to propose how theories of race are being used in this literature. It does so by drawing on the work of geographers, but the paper seeks to engage with research outside the discipline as well. Most literature implicitly relies on the social construction of race to consider representations and performances of race in contexts of eating or producing food. A smaller body of work theorizes racial embodiment as a material process. Explicit engagement with the concept of race and its diverse theoretical foundations is important because it allows scholars to make arguments about how racism shapes food systems, to understand how race changes through food, and to consider how food might enable different theorizations of race.
Small technologies, big change: Rethinking infrastructure through STS and geography
Authors: Furlong Kathryn
Published: August 2010

Infrastructure tends to be conceived as stabilized and ‘black-boxed’ with little interaction from users. This fixity is in flux in ways not yet fully considered in either geography or science and technology studies (STS). Driven by environmental and economic concerns, water utilities are increasingly introducing efficiency technologies into infrastructure networks. These, I argue, serve as ‘mediating technologies’ shifting long-accepted socio-technical and environmental relationships in cities. The essay argues for a new approach to infrastructure that, by integrating insights from STS and geography, highlights its malleability and offers conceptual tools to consider how this malleability might be fostered.
Malcolm Pines et al.: The Art of Teaching Group Analysis
Authors: Behr Harold
Published: August 2010

Group-analytic training is based on the triadic model of personal therapy, supervision and theory. All of these fields, especially the last, involve an element of teaching and learning, and it is this somewhat neglected aspect of group analysis that I would like to consider, in a personal memoir which places in the foreground my recollections of one of our most distinguished teachers, Malcolm Pines, whose 85th birthday is celebrated in this issue of the journal.
A Gentle Revolutionary: The Influence of Malcolm Pines on My Thinking and Practice
Authors: Tubert-Oklander Juan
Published: August 2010

The author tells the history of his relationship with Malcolm Pines, and uses it in order to describe the latter’s personality and thinking, as well as to trace the influence that he has had on his thinking and practice. The focus of the discussion is on Malcolm’s understanding of the socio-political context of mental processes, including the creation of psychoanalysis by Freud, and the inner politics of psychoanalytical and group-analytical institutions. Malcolm is described as a revolutionary character, in Fromm’s terms. The article is a celebration of Pines’ life and contributions, as he reaches the age of 85.
Reflections on ‘Reflections on Mirroring’
Authors: Schermer Victor L.
Published: August 2010

Malcolm Pines’ seminal article, ‘Reflections on Mirroring’ (1982) is discussed in a special journal edition honouring and expanding upon his life work. In ‘Reflections’, Pines elaborates on the mirror as metaphor for human experience using clinical material as well as references to mythology, literature, and natural science. The present author reviews Pines’ commentary on ‘mirroring’ as it bears upon both personal growth and human destructiveness. He then considers the advantages and limitations of the mirroring concept in understanding social and group development. The mirror has become a metaphor for contemporary concepts in psychoanalysis such as empathy, attunement, attachment, and intersubjectivity, where emphasis is placed on ongoing interactions, rather than memories and representations as such. Since neuroscience increasingly supports the related concept of the ‘social brain’, the author discusses recently discovered ‘mirror neurons’ and the notion of the ‘ego tunnel’ as they relate to Pines’ ‘Reflections on Mirroring’, especially regarding group-as-a-whole dynamics and the ‘group illusion’.
Notations about the Possibilities in Large Groups
Authors: Ahlin Göran
Published: August 2010

Using material from previous European Symposia in Group Analysis this article pays homage to Malcolm Pines 85th birthday by discussing dynamics of, and how to arrange group-analytic large groups. It is suggested that large group dynamics are strongly influenced by a stratum of group members who have voices favoured by the large group. This stratum act as culture brokers during years between and during events, and the conductors are often recruited from this stratum. The difficulties of reality testing in the large groups, due to increasing participation numbers and to the neglect of physical arrangements and acoustics, are exposed as reasons for ambivalence towards the large group from new-comers and experienced participants. Inspiration for future discussion of these matters is offered—discussion also acts as a tribute to Malcolm Pines, who, throughout his professional life, has strongly encouraged the development of the group-analytic frame of reference.
Reflecting from the Fringe: On Expanding the Analytic Frame
Authors: Gildenhuys Assie
Published: August 2010

Establishing group analytic psychotherapy as part of the academic offering in a clinical psychology-training programme requires revisiting the models and basic stance on training. This article outlines the significant shifts adopted when changing a traditional lecturer-centred approach to a relational model. Some of the arresting dilemmas created by social and academic isolation are highlighted. The significance of a personal validating participatory experience in bridging the divides is then discussed. The important role of Malcolm Pines is reviewed: in liaising and encouraging links and forging theoretical refinement and expansion, and his affirming contribution of scholarly works and professional discourse to widen group analytic practice.
The Group and the Individual in Conflict and War
Authors: Friedman Robi
Published: August 2010

This article is an expression of gratitude to Malcolm Pines who has been both a personal mentor and a robust supporter of the Israeli Institute for Group Analysis. The firm friendship which we developed, as well as his strong links with Israel and his wish to see us well, secure and developing are a source of great comfort. I would not have started to write at all if he had not provided encouragement over a decade ago. Thus this article is not only an effort to use the group clinically and an attempt to overcome difficulties politically by group work, but is itself an outcome of Malcolm’s influence. Beyond many other possible citations, I use two of the most relevant:

‘My belief is that the therapist has always to earn the right to make any interpretation. Truths are always personal. There is no objective, impersonal truth given by a therapist pronouncing objective truth about the patient. To speak out what you believe to be true about another person’s life is to engage with them in a shared encounter . . .’ (Pines, 1993: 101); and,

‘A new group has a limited range of communication, as its capacity to contain, to hold and ultimately to understand what people are expressing in their illnesses is limited. Over the time the range of responsiveness and understanding greatly widens . . . ’ (Pines, 1993: 102).

This article is about the difficulties of painfully working through our own truths and the advantages and limitations of group development.
The Phenomenon of Silence
Authors: Urlić Ivan
Published: August 2010

The phenomena of silence and quietness have been omnipresent in human life since its beginning. Nevertheless, they are rarely explored in their comprehensive and particular meanings. The author explores the meanings of silence and quietness in psychotherapy and in everyday life through theoretical considerations, clinical and social life examples, bearing in mind the psychodynamic/group analytic frame of reference. The dynamics of the transformation of non-verbal communication into verbal, the many meanings of an apparent lack of communication, and its understanding and differentiation from the culture of keeping silent are discussed, as well as the roles of internal and external group influences. In conclusion, the author refers to the phenomena of silence and quietness as regressive, repressive, transitional, transferential and countertransferential, as well as progressive phenomena spectrum.

This article is dedicated to Malcolm Pines for the pleasant and thought provoking encounters, both personally and through his works, and for his sharp eye in perceiving messages and nuances of verbal and silent communications in depth and width, that inspired me to examine the contents of silences.
The Effect of Platelet-rich Plasma with Mineralized Collagen-based Scaffold on Mandible Defect Repair in Rabbits
Authors: Xie L.N. , Wang P. , Pan J.L. , Sun Z. , Cui F.Z.
Published: August 2010

The effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on a porous scaffold of nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(lactic-acid) (nHAC/PLA) to repair a mandible defect in a rabbit model was evaluated. A 10 × 8 mm2 perforated defect roughly 5 mm thick was made in the right mandible of each animal, preserving the periosteum in situ. The defects were treated using nHAC/PLA grafts with or without autologous PRP. The results of X-ray, dual energy X-ray measurements of bone mineral density, scanning electron microscopy, histology, and newly formed bony area evaluated by ANOVA showed that PRP significantly shorten recovery time and accelerate defect repair, especially in the first month. The incorporation of PRP appears to be an effective approach for improving bone repair.
Institutionalizing the Family Business: The Role of Professional Associations in Fostering a Change of Values
Authors: Parada Maria José , Nordqvist Mattias , Gimeno Alberto
Published: August 2010

The authors examine the role played by a voluntary professional association as a carrier of mimetic and normative institutional pressures in the institutionalization of new governance practices among family businesses. They observe how a change in guiding values within family businesses is led by an institutional champion actively involved in the professional association. This institutional champion bridges the gap between micro-level change at the firm level and the professional association’s macro-level discourse. This study makes several contributions to both family business research and institutional theory.
Bayesian hierarchical modeling of latent period switching in small-area putative health hazard studies
Authors: Al-Hadhrami Ahmed , Lawson Andrew B
Published: August 2010

In recent years, small area risk assessment modelling and data analysis around putative hazard sources has become a fundamental part of public health and environmental sciences. In this study, we address a fundamental problem in the analysis of such data, when intermittent operation of facilities could lead to evidence for latent periods of risk. This study examines the development of Bayesian models for the latent switching operating period of putative hazard sources such as nuclear processing plants and waste disposal incinerators. The developed methodology is applied in a simulation study as well as to a real data example.
Changing news: re-adjusting science studies to online newspapers
Authors: Riesch Hauke
Published: August 2010

With the newspapers’ recent move to online reporting, traditional norms and practices of news reporting have changed to accommodate the new realities of online news writing. In particular, online news is much more fluid and prone to change in content than the traditional hard-copy newspapers – online newspaper articles often change over the course of the following days or even weeks as they respond to criticisms and new information becoming available. This poses a problem for social scientists who analyse newspaper coverage of science, health and risk topics, because it is no longer clear who has read and written what version, and what impact they potentially had on the national debates on these topics. In this note I want to briefly flag up this problem through two recent examples of UK national science stories and discuss the potential implications for PUS media research.
The Theos/ComRes survey into public perception of Darwinism in the UK: A recipe for confusion
Authors: Baker Sylvia
Published: August 2010

A survey of the general public in the UK, conducted in 2008, suggested that more than half of the British population are unconvinced by Darwinism. That survey, conducted by the polling company ComRes on behalf of the theological think-tank Theos, reported its full findings in March 2009 and found them to be “complex and confused.” This paper argues that the confusion identified may have been partly engendered by the way in which the survey questionnaire was constructed and that the survey itself, not simply its respondents, was confused. A source of the confusion, it is argued, could be found, first, in the definitions used for the four positions of young earth creationism, theistic evolution, atheistic evolution and intelligent design. Second, a failure to define the key terms “evolution” and “science,” used in some of the survey questions, resulted in responses that were difficult to interpret.
Ethical vulnerabilities in nursing history: Conflicting loyalties and the patient as ‘other’
Authors: Lagerwey Mary Deane
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this article is to explore enduring ethical vulnerabilities of the nursing profession as illustrated in historical chapters of nursing’s past. It describes these events, then explores two ethical vulnerabilities in depth: conflicting loyalties and duties, and relationships with patients as ‘other’. The article concludes with suggestions for more ethical approaches to the other in current nursing practice. The past may be one of the most fruitful sites for examining enduring ethical vulnerabilities of the nursing profession. First of all, professional identity, which includes moral identity, comes in part from knowledge of the nursing profession’s past. Second, looking to the past to understand better how events and ideologies have brought vulnerabilities to the fore raises questions about ethical nursing practice today
Mentoring overseas nurses: Barriers to effective and non-discriminatory mentoring practices
Authors: Allan Helen
Published: August 2010

In this article it is argued that there are barriers to effective and non-discriminatory practice when mentoring overseas nurses within the National Health Service (NHS) and the care home sector. These include a lack of awareness about how cultural differences affect mentoring and learning for overseas nurses during their period of supervised practice prior to registration with the UK Nursing and Midwifery Council. These barriers may demonstrate a lack of effective teaching of ethical practice in the context of cultural diversity in health care. This argument is supported by empirical data from a national study. Interviews were undertaken with 93 overseas nurses and 24 national and 13 local managers and mentors from six research sites involving UK health care employers in the NHS and independent sectors in different regions of the UK. The data collected showed that overseas nurses are discriminated against in their learning by poor mentoring practices; equally, from these data, it appears that mentors are ill-equipped by existing mentor preparation programmes to mentor overseas-trained nurses from culturally diverse backgrounds. Recommendations are made for improving mentoring programmes to address mentors’ ability to facilitate learning in a culturally diverse workplace and thereby improve overseas nurses’ experiences of their supervised practice.
Nurses’ perceptions of individual and organizational political reasons for horizontal peer bullying
Authors: Katrinli Alev , Atabay Gulem , Gunay Gonca , Cangarli Burcu Guneri
Published: August 2010

Nurses are exposed to bullying for various reasons. It has been argued that the reason for bullying can be political, meaning that the behavior occurs to serve the self-interests of the perpetrators. This study aims to identify how nurses perceive the relevance of individual and political reasons for bullying behaviors. In February 2009 a survey was conducted with nurses working in a research and training hospital located in Turkey. The results showed that the aim of influencing promotion, task assignments, performance appraisal, recruitment, dismissal, allocation of equipment and operational means, together with allocation of personal benefits and organizational structure decisions, were perceived as potential political reasons for bullying by nurses. Moreover, the reasons for the various bullying behaviors were perceived as relevant to individual characteristics, namely, the perpetrators’ need for power, and their psychological and private life problems.
Courage and nursing practice: A theoretical analysis
Authors: Lindh Inga-Britt , Barbosa da Silva António , Berg Agneta , Severinsson Elisabeth
Published: August 2010

This article aims to deepen the understanding of courage through a theoretical analysis of classical philosophers’ work and a review of published and unpublished empirical research on courage in nursing. The authors sought answers to questions regarding how courage is understood from a philosophical viewpoint and how it is expressed in nursing actions. Four aspects were identified as relevant to a deeper understanding of courage in nursing practice: courage as an ontological concept, a moral virtue, a property of an ethical act, and a creative capacity. The literature review shed light on the complexity of the concept of courage and revealed some lack of clarity in its use. Consequently, if courage is to be used consciously to influence nurses’ ethical actions it seems important to recognize its specific features. The results suggest it is imperative to foster courage among nurses and student nurses to prepare them for ethical, creative action and further the development of professional nursing practices.
Moral obligations of nurses and physicians in neonatal end-of-life care
Authors: Gingell Epstein Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to explore the obligations of nurses and physicians in providing end-of-life care. Nineteen nurses and 11 physicians from a single newborn intensive care unit participated. Using content analysis, an overarching obligation of creating the best possible experience for infants and parents was identified, within which two categories of obligations (decision making and the end of life itself) emerged. Obligations in decision making included talking to parents and timing withdrawal. End-of-life obligations included providing options, preparing parents, being with, advocating, creating peace and normalcy, and providing comfort. Nurses and physicians perceived obligations in both categories, although nurse obligations centered on the end of life while physician obligations focused on decision making. The findings demonstrate that, although the ultimate goal is shared by both disciplines, the paths to achieving that goal are often different. This has important implications for collaboration, communication, and improving the end of life.
Ethical openings in palliative home care practice
Authors: Santos Salas Anna , Cameron Brenda L
Published: August 2010

Understanding how a nurse acts in a particular situation reveals how nurses enact their ethics in day-to-day nursing. Our ethical frameworks assist us when we experience serious ethical dilemmas. Yet how a nurse responds in situations of daily practice is contingent upon all the presenting cues that build the current moment. In this article, we look at how a home care nurse responds to the ethical opening that arises when the nurse enters a person’s home. We discuss how the home presents the nurse with knowledge that informs the provision of ethical nursing care. The analysis is based on findings from an interpretive research study in palliative home care in Canada. Through interpretive analysis of a nursing situation we delineate how the nurse engages with the whole and acts inside the moment. The analysis shows how home care nurses are ethically determined to engage with whatever is going on in a patient’s home.
A theoretical examination of the rights of nurses
Authors: Kangasniemi Mari , Viitalähde Kirsi , Porkka Sanna
Published: August 2010

Nurses’ duties and patients’ rights have been important foci in nursing. Nurses’ rights legitimate the power and responsibility of the profession. There are few published articles on this subject in the nursing science literature. This article is a theoretical examination of nurses’ rights that aims to structure (i.e. show the internal logic of) those that have been little studied. It is based on the philosophical literature and published research. Nurses’ rights can be divided into: human and civil rights, rights based on health care legislation, professional rights, and earned rights. In this context, professional rights relate to nursing and also to tasks shared with other health care professions. Analyzing nurses’ rights will help to promote these rights, improve nurses’ position both nationally and internationally, and provide possibilities for enhancing patient care.
Battlefield conditions: Different environment but the same duty of care
Authors: Kelly Janet
Published: August 2010

Using an interpretative research approach to ethical and legal literature, it is argued that nursing in the battlefield is distinctly different to civilian nursing, even in an emergency, and that the environment is so different that a duty of care owed by military nurses to wounded soldiers should not apply. Such distinct differences in wartime can override normal peacetime professional ethics to the extent that the duty of care owed by military nurses to their patients on the battlefield should not exist. It is also argued that as military nurses have legal and professional obligations to care for wounded soldiers on the battlefield, this obligation conflicts with following military orders, causing a dual loyalty conflict. This is because soldiers are part of the ‘fighting force’ and must be fit to fight and win the battle. This makes them more of a commodity rather than individual persons with distinct health care needs.
Screening for Human Papillomavirus in Basaloid Squamous Carcinoma: Utility of p16INK4a, CISH, and PCR
Authors: Winters Ryan , Trotman Winifred , Adamson Christine S. C. , Rajendran Vanitha , Tang Alice , Elhosseiny Abdelmonem , Evans Mark F.
Published: August 2010

This study compares p16 INK4a immunohistochemistry (IHC), HPV chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH), and HPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping for detection of HPV infection in basaloid squamous carcinoma (BSCC). A retrospective histopathological analysis of 40 BSCC from a single institution was carried out. p16 IHC, HPV DNA extraction and ISH, and HPV PCR genotyping were performed, and there was excellent agreement between all 3 methods of HPV detection. Analysis of variance yielded no significant differences between the results of the 3 tests ( P = .354) and Pearson product—moment correlation coefficients calculated for each pair of tests demonstrated direct correlation ( r = .61 for PCR and IHC, r = .61 for PCR and ISH, and r = 1.00 for ISH and IHC). This supports the use of p16INK4a IHC as an initial screening tool for HPV infection in BSCC, while definitive evidence of HPV DNA can be sought subsequently with PCR or CISH.
Early Drinking and Its Association With Adolescents’ Participation in Risky Behaviors
Authors: Calvert Wilma J. , Keenan Bucholz Kathleen , Steger-May Karen
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Adolescent alcohol use is a significant public health problem. Drinking before 13 years of age is correlated to the use of illicit drugs and other risky behaviors, such as cigarette smoking. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between adolescents’ early alcohol use and participation in risky behaviors such as smoking marijuana and cigarettes, as well as risky sexual behaviors. STUDY DESIGN: Respondents for this cross-sectional secondary analysis came from a sample of 809 racially diverse adolescents in a community-based study examining familial influences on offspring outcomes. RESULTS: Early-onset drinking, compared with nondrinking, was significantly related to participating in many of the risky behaviors. Many of the relationships persisted in the multivariable models that adjusted for demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Early drinking was associated with participation in various risky behaviors (e.g., multiple sexual partners, unprotected intercourse), which may negatively alter an adolescent’s future. Screening should focus on the co-occurrence of such behaviors.
Nursing Knowledge About Alcohol Use and Alcohol Problems in Women: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Corte Colleen , Rongmuang Daravan , Farchaus Stein Karen
Published: August 2010

In this article, the authors review the nursing empirical literature on alcohol and women’s health published over the past 5 years (2005-2010). A total of 36 data-based articles authored by nurse investigators met eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Most were single studies by individual nurse investigators; few studies reflected ongoing programs of research related to alcohol and women’s health. Studies were categorized into four main groups, including (a) determinants of alcohol use and alcohol problems; (b) patterns of use, assessment of alcohol use, and comorbidity; (c) consequences of alcohol use; and (d) the effects of treatment or specific interventions and the contributions of nursing research to the knowledge base of each group are summarized. The authors then propose a research agenda for nursing that addresses the most pressing issues related to alcohol use and alcohol problems in women.
Reexamining the Relationship Between Academic Achievement and Social Behavior
Authors: Algozzine Bob , Wang Chuang , Violette Amy S.
Published: August 2010

Numerous studies have demonstrated the comorbidity of achievement and behavior problems in students identified with learning disabilities and emotional disturbance. The causal basis for this relationship has not been demonstrated, but several theories regarding the association have been posited, and potential benefits related to prevention keep interest in the connection alive. This article briefly reviews the background for original and continuing focus on behavior and achievement and sets the context for it by looking over some of the work that has been done. It also provides an empirical analysis with outcomes that are contrary to most of those previously reported. It presents findings as a base for directing attention to a fundamental goal of positive behavior interventions and supports (i.e., teaching behavior as well as academic skills in efforts to prevent learning problems and failure in school).
Health Across Generations: Findings From the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health
Authors: Lucke Jayne C. , Brown Wendy , Tooth Leigh , Loxton Deborah , Byles Julie , Spallek Melanie , Powers Jennifer , Hockey Richard , Pachana Nancy A. , Dobson Annette
Published: August 2010

Interpretation of changes in health and health care utilization patterns across the life span depends on an understanding of the effects of age, period, and cohort. The purpose of this article is to illustrate differences among three generations of women in demographic factors, health risk factors, and health status indicators from 1996 to 2008. The article examines data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, a broad-ranging project funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA) and involving three age groups of women (born in the periods 1973—1978, 1946—1951, and 1921—1926) who were first surveyed in 1996 and will be surveyed every 3 years until at least 2015. Patterns in selected demographic factors (marital status and level of educational qualification), health risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index [BMI]), and health status indicators (asthma, hypertension, diabetes and depression; physical functioning and mental health scores from the SF-36) were examined to illustrate examples of biological age, generational differences, or period effects that affect all age groups and generations simultaneously. The results can be used to inform the development of responsive and effective models for both prevention and management of chronic disease, including health and aged-care systems that will meet the needs of different generations of women across their life span.
Gendered Innovations: A New Approach for Nursing Science
Authors: Sims Stacy T. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Kronenberg Fredi , Sachedina Nishma A. , Schiebinger Londa
Published: August 2010

Considerable sex and gender bias has been recognized within the field of medicine. Investigators have used sex and gender analysis to reevaluate studies and outcomes and generate new perspectives and new questions regarding differential diagnoses and treatments of men and women. Sex and gender analysis acts as an experimental control to provide critical scientific rigor; researchers who ignore it risk ignoring a possible source of error in past, current, and future science. In this article, the authors introduce some tools of sex and gender analysis and illustrate the concept of gendered innovations by demonstrating through examples how this type of analysis has profoundly enhanced human knowledge in health and disease. The authors also provide recommendations for incorporating the concepts of sex and gender analysis into nursing education and research.
A Call to Action for Evidence-Based Military Women’s Health Care: Developing a Women’s Health Research Agenda That Addresses Sex and Gender in Health and Illness
Authors: Trego Lori , Wilson Candy , Steele Nancy
Published: August 2010

Women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines are serving in complex occupational specialties that sustain national policy and ensure combat effectiveness of our forces. Their roles have evolved from supportive roles during early conflicts to active roles in combat support and counterinsurgency operations today. Although women have received military health care over the past three decades, sex- and gender-specific care has been limited to reproductive needs and has rarely addressed military-specific health risks and outcomes. The complexity of military jobs and increased deployments to combat operations has led to increased occupational and health risks for women. As differences have been noted between men and women’s deployment-related health outcomes, it is incumbent on the Military Health Care System (MHS) to create an evidence base that addresses sex and gender differences in the health of its service members. A working group of military women’s health advanced practice nurses (APN) and research experts proposes to address this gap in knowledge and practices through sex- and gender-specific research. A sex-and gender-based research agenda for military women’s health will be a valuable instrument to those who are dedicated to the health of this population, including members of the Army, Navy, and Air Force military nursing community. Using the knowledge that the research agenda generates, military health care providers can develop clinical practice guidelines, influence policy, and participate in program development to improve the health of servicewomen. Shaping a sex- and gender-specific military women’s health research agenda will create the foundation for future evidence-based care.
Antepartum Bed Rest for Pregnancy Complications: Efficacy and Safety for Preventing Preterm Birth
Authors: Maloni Judith A.
Published: August 2010

Preterm birth is the major maternal—child health issue across developed nations and the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Of all deaths of infants <1year of age in the United States in 2005, 68.6% occurred in infants born prior to term. Although the preterm birth rate in European countries is 5-7%, the U.S. preterm birth rate is 12.7%, representing an increase of 9% since 2000. Antepartum bed rest/activity restriction (ABR/AR) has been a mainstay of treatment to prevent preterm birth for the past 30 years prescribed for nearly 1 million women in the United States annually, despite a lack of evidence for its effectiveness. In fact, there is increasing evidence that ABR causes several adverse physiologic and psychological side effects among women and their infants. Unfortunately, these findings have had little impact on clinical practice. This integrative review of literature provides a comprehensive analysis of the evidence for the practice of prescribing ABR and its physiologic, behavioral, and experiential side effects. It also presents a model to guide continuing research about the effects of maternal bed rest as well as evidence supporting the use of home care with bed rest, a different, safe, and feasible model of prenatal care for treating women with pregnancy complications used particularly in other countries. Finally, suggestions to improve the health of high-risk pregnant and postpartum women and their infants are provided.
The Effects of Exercise Conditioning in Normal and Overweight Pregnant Women on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Stutzman Sherri S. , Brown C. Ann , Hains Sylvia M. J. , Godwin Marshall , Smith Graeme N. , Parlow Joel L. , Kisilevsky Barbara S.
Published: August 2010

Pre-pregnancy obesity is a risk factor for preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and hypertension. Regular exercise during pregnancy has been shown to decrease the risk of these obstetrical complications. The purpose of this prospective study was to measure the effects of an exercise program in normal-weight and overweight/obese pregnant women on blood pressure (BP) and cardiac autonomic function, determined by heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Twenty-two sedentary pregnant women, recruited at 20 weeks gestational age (GA), were grouped as normal weight or overweight/obese. They were systematically assigned to an exercise (walking) group or control (nonwalking) group after the first participants were randomly assigned. Women in the walking groups participated in a 16-week, low-intensity walking program. BP, HRV, and BRS were measured at rest and during exercise at the beginning (20 weeks GA) and end (36 weeks GA) of the walking program. Results indicated that women in the control groups (especially overweight women) showed changes in BP, HRV, and BRS over pregnancy that were not seen in the walking group. Overweight women in the control group increased resting systolic BP by 10 mmHg and diastolic BP by 7 mmHg. HRV declined in the control group but not in the walking group. A reduction in BRS and R-R interval at rest was found in all groups except the walking normal-weight group. The results suggest that an exercise program could attenuate the increase in BP and the loss of parasympathetic tone associated with pregnancy, especially in overweight women.
Mother-Infant Activity Synchrony as a Correlate of the Emergence of Circadian Rhythm
Authors: Tsai Shao-Yu , Barnard Kathryn E. , Lentz Martha J. , Thomas Karen A.
Published: August 2010

Objective: Entrainment to the day—night cycle is critical for infant sleep and social development. Synchronization of infant circadian systems with the social 24-hr day may require maternal activity signals as an entraining cue. This descriptive and exploratory research examines the activity level and circadian pattern in mothers and infants. Method: Twenty-two healthy mothers and their infants (postnatal age 49.8 ± 17.1 days) wore actigraph monitors for seven days. Daytime (06:00—21:59) and nighttime (22:00—05:59) activity levels and circadian parameters of rest—activity patterns (i.e., mesor, amplitude, acrophase, and 24-hr cosinor fit) were calculated. Results: Mothers and infants were significantly more active during the day than at night. The goodness-of-fit index for the model (R2) indicates that circadian rhythm accounted for a mean of 29 ± 10% and 12 ± 8% of the variability in maternal and infant activity, respectively. Acrophase of activity occurred at 15:46 ± 1:07 for the mothers and 15:20 ± 1:21 for the infants. The mean within-dyad correlation of activity counts was r = .46 ± .11, and the within-dyad correlation was associated with the amplitude (r = .66, p < .01) and 24-hr cosinor fit of infant activity (r = .67, p < .01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest maternal rhythms as a possible exogenous influence on shaping an infant’s emerging rhythms and synchronizing them with the external light—dark cycle. Strong pattern synchrony between maternal and infant activity may support infant circadian entrainment and enhance a regular 24-hr sleep—wake schedule during the early postnatal weeks.
Methodologic Issues in the Measurement of Cytokines to Elucidate the Biological Basis for Cancer Symptoms
Authors: Gilbertson-White Stephanie , Aouizerat Bradley E. , Miaskowski Christine
Published: August 2010

Multiple concurrent symptoms are highly prevalent in patients with cancer. However, little is known about the relationships among these symptoms and their underlying mechanisms. A number of cytokines that are involved in the development of sickness behavior are hypothesized to be a mechanism for symptom clusters. Measurement of these cytokines would provide valuable information that could be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying the development of symptom clusters and the identification of potential targets for intervention studies. In this article, the authors explore several issues that warrant careful consideration when designing a research study involving the use of a cytokine as a biomarker in symptom cluster research. These issues include which molecules to measure, which specimens to collect, the timing of specimen collection and processing, and which technologies to use to measure the biomarker and the sensitivity and specificity of the assay system. The article begins with a brief discussion of cytokines and sickness behavior and the role of the cytokines in cancer-related symptoms.
A case of chronic progressive myelopathy
Authors: Kim Jun-Soon , Young Ho Park  , Kim Sung-Min , Kim Su-Hyun , Kyung Seok Park  , Sung Jung-Joon , Lee Kwang-Woo
Published: August 2010

Acute myelitis and optic neuritis are the main clinical features of patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), which usually appears as a relapsing—remitting course of disease that worsens over days and improves over weeks. We present a patient with chronic progressive myelitis over a 4-month period without remission as having a limited form of NMO that improved after plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis may benefit patients with chronic progressive myelitis, which may be a manifestation of NMO, as well as those with a relapsing—remitting course of NMO.
A novel adaptive design strategy increases the efficiency of clinical trials in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chataway Jeremy , Nicholas Richard , Todd Susan , Miller David H , Parsons Nicholas , Valdés-Márquez Elsa , Stallard Nigel , Friede Tim
Published: August 2010

Background:Adaptive seamless designs (ASDs) have been proposed to test multiple candidate compounds using an interim decision point which allows potentially effective therapies to be taken into the next design stage and to be assessed using a phase III outcome.

Objective:To determine whether ASDs are feasible in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and to compare them with conventional trial designs.

Methods:We develop an innovative adaptive trial design for SPMS, which builds on recent developments in statistical methodology. A literature search and individual clinical datasets were used to inform a framework to run simulations to evaluate the proposed design.

Results:ASDs are feasible in SPMS with MRI informing an interim decision point and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) as the final disability endpoint. Furthermore ASDs are more efficient than conventional designs with sample size savings of up to 40%. Sample sizes of 1000–1250 patients are sufficient to test up to four experimental treatments. Controlled recruitment is important to realize the full benefits of ASDs.

Conclusions:Although more complex in design, ASDs have the potential to be more efficient and more powerful than conventional designs.
Measuring Processes of Care in General Surgery: Assessment of Technical and Nontechnical Skills
Authors: Leake Pierre-Anthony E. , Urbach David R.
Published: August 2010

Measuring the quality of health care is becoming increasingly important. Quality is often conceptualized as 3 dimensions of care: structures, processes, and outcomes. Unfortunately, there is little consensus about what should be measured—and how it should be measured—when it comes to measuring processes of care related to the conduct of surgical procedures. This article reviews recent advances in surgical quality of care measurement with particular emphasis on processes of care, and evaluates existing measures of technical and nontechnical surgical skills as measures of quality of care in surgery.