bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexuality and Religious Passion
Authors: Fuller Robert C.
Published: September 2008

Sexuality represents a powerful life force within us, constituting our body's grand biological imperative. It should not surprise us, then, that our erotic energies often flow naturally into religious creativity. Recent research on the genetic basis of human sexuality identifies three separate programs responsible for lust, romantic love, and long‐term attachment. Religion, it seems, piggy‐backs on our threefold erotic desires. Eroticism thus plays an important role in luring individuals toward seeking union with attractive deities, forging devotional ties to a chosen lord, and forming long‐lasting commitments to the cultural codes thought to emanate from this beloved god. It is for this reason that sexuality is a uniquely powerful site for religious innovation, as can be seen in the sexually charged histories of several nineteenth‐century sectarian movements such as the Latter‐day Saints and the hundred‐year heritage of American Tantrism.
Pain, Healing, and Spiritual Renewal
Authors: Fuller Robert C.
Published: September 2008

Pain and illness often register cultural dysfunction. For this reason, bodily pain frequently motivates radical efforts toward cultural and theological reconstruction. This chapter demonstrates the role that bodily illness plays in stimulating religious reconstructions of reality by examining how the radical theological agendas advanced by metaphysical healing groups have been rooted in the private experience of the body and its afflictions.
Spirituality In/Of the Flesh
Authors: Fuller Robert C.
Published: September 2008

Metaphor structures a great deal of human thought and knowledge. Most metaphors originate in bodily movement, the contours of our spatial and temporal orientation, and our efforts to manipulate objects in our immediate environment. The final chapter thus explores how these “embodied categories of thought” influence both why and how we think about religious topics (e.g., the body of Christ, the lifting of burdens, finding balance, being touched by Jesus, opening our heart to God). A concluding observation notes that studying the biological sources of religion need not be reductionistic. Indeed, a spirituality in the flesh might lead to a spirituality of the flesh that affirms nature itself as teeming with sacred significance.
The Body of God
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

This work closely examines the architectural and sculptural “texts” of the Vaikuntha Perumal Temple built for Vishnu/Krishna at Kanchipuram in the 8th century. The keys to unlock the meaning of these “texts” are in a poem written about the temple by Tirumangai Alvar shortly after it was built. Sacred texts and liturgical practices are also analyzed to understand the vision this Vishnu‐house was intended to embody for sophisticated Bhagavatas of the time. The three‐story temple, conceived as a mandala, houses figures representing various aspects or formations of the supreme Vishnu, and it is covered with some fifty-six panels of figures representing scenes from sacred texts, primarily the Bhagavata Purana. Not only are the stories illustrated by the panels important but also their physical placement, which takes into account metaphysical and cosmological implications of where they are situated on the building and their positions relative to one another. Pancharatra doctrine informs and is illustrated by the panels, opening up complex and subtle relations between the stories and teachings represented. The sculptural program also portrays the spiritual progress of the builder, the emperor Nandivarman Pallavamalla. His life and career are illustrated on the interior of the surrounding walls.
Six Concepts
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

Six concepts of Bhagavata Dharma are discussed: 1. God as person—the meanings of six names of God (Narayana, Vasudeva, Bhagavan, Vishnu, Hari, and Krishna). 2. God as place—the concept of Vaikuntha, the Highest Home of the transcendent Vasudeva. 3. God as father and mother—the relationship between Vasudeva and Devi, the engendering of Brahma and consciousness. 4. The doctrine of formation (vyuha)—spacetime as emanations or formations of Narayana Vasudeva, creating body (the material universe), its contents, and its actions. 5. The structure of the person—the five material sheaths that constitute an individual. 6. Inner vision (dhyana)—the practice that leads to knowledge.
The Poem
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

This chapter translates and briefly discusses each of the ten stanzas of Tirumangai's poem about the temple. The two‐part structure of each stanza, divided between God in the first two lines and emperor in the second two, and the complementary unique division in the temple between God as the vimana and king in the dynastic history on the surrounding wall form the germ of this extended project.
The Emperor's Career Portrayed on the Prakara Wall
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

Since the 6th century, the Pallava kingdom (capital: Kanchipuram) had been ruled by Bhagavatas, worshiping Vishnu/Krishna. In about 731, however, the last of a short dynasty of Shaiva rulers died without a clear heir. His father was the great Rajasimha, who built the Rajasimeshvara temple dedicated to Shiva on the east side of the city. In 731 the notables of the city were determined to install a “pure” Pallava, a devotee of Krishna. They found their candidate some distance away—it is here argued he was the youngest son of Hiranya, a ruler in Cambodia, whose lineage was founded by Bhima, of pure Pallava lineage. He was consecreated in Kanchipuram as Nandivarman Pallavamalla. The chapter discusses the military, political, and religious dimensions of his accession to the throne and subsequent career. A series of sculptures on the inside of the prakara wall is the main source.
The Temple Mandala and the Bottom‐floor Sanctum
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

The chakrabja mandala is described as the foundation of the temple's plan and program. The three sanctums, atop one another, form a three‐dimensional mandala; each sanctum houses a black stone icon of Narayana as Supreme Vasudeva: bottom, sitting; middle, reclining; top, standing (though missing, a relief sculpture of it is on the prakara wall). At the very top is a closed, hollow cube representing Vasudeva as the nonempty brahman. On each side of the outer wall of the bottom sanctum is a representation of one of the vyuhas of Vasudeva: Samkarshana (the Plower), Pradyumna (the Pre‐eminently Mighty), Aniruddha (the Unobstructed). Each manifests a pair of Vasudeva's glorious excellences, and is embedded in an interlocking network of stories expressing theological teachings. The mandala's mapping of the two axes of directional space illuminates the structure of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and points to the structure of chronological time.
The Middle‐floor Sanctum
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

This sanctum's sculpted program consists of two sequences running parallel, west to east: the Northern Path (“Approaching the Honey of the Lotus Feet”) and “The Path of the Southern Doctrine.” This chapter discusses the panels on the west‐ and east‐facing sides of the northern sequence. The two sequences document the ritual career of Nandivarman Pallavamalla and use specific events in Bhagavata stories to illustrate his steps along both paths to reach virya action and aishvarya sovereignty. Discussed here are: the murti Padmanabha; the Seven Seers; Damodara as Ashtabhujasvamin, the Eight‐Armed Lord (incuding Nandivarman's consecration to Man‐lion); Krishna slays the asura Keshin as horse (including significance of horse sacrifice); Krishna leaves the gopis; Akrura's vision of Krishna and Balarama; Krishna wrestles Chanura; Krishna stands as victorious Madhava.
Northern Panels of the Northern Path
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

The six panels facing north in the middle‐floor sanctum document the different stages of purification of consciousness within the devotee during the predawn “Brahma's hour.” This chapter examines three, which represent Hari's indefatigable churning power (bala). First, the person of four bodies is discussed through the story of Prajapati. The first panel is the story of Gajendra rescued from the jaws of the “Grasper” (graha) by Hari, just as the first step in the devotee's purification is the plea to be rescued from the grasp of ignorance. Next, Rama disciplines Ocean on the way to Lanka; it represents on many levels the disciplining of the devotee's consciousness by the acharya. Next Hari as Ajita churns the Milk Ocean to obtain both poison (swallowed by Shiva) and a pot of amrita (which an asura flies off with), just as the devotee's mind is “churned” by the recitation of mantras.
Northern Panels of the Northern Path
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

The three panels discussed here represent Hari's brilliantly blazing omniscient knowledge (jnana). The first two deal with Narasimha, Man‐as‐Lion; he grasps Hiranyakashipu in one and rips him open at the navel in the second. The story of Narasimha is narrated through literary framing, including the stories of Prahlada and Parikshit, and the origin of the Bhagavatam; these point to the many levels of meaning in the sadhaka's path to knowledge. Omniscience is identified as consciousness without clinging. The third panel is the story of Kaliya, depicting the purifying of consciousness as the deepest level.
The Middle‐Floor Sanctum
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

There are four western panels on the Southern Path, and two eastern panels. The first panel is the murti Hrishikesha. The second depicts Vamana the Dwarf at Bali's Horse Sacrifice. The asura Bali, under his acharya Shukra, rules the three worlds and vows 100 horse sacrifices to secure his position. Vamana the Dwarf, a portion of Vasudeva, defeats him by taking three steps that cover the three worlds, and Bali goes to Sutala. Next, Narayana protects Bali (who represents Nandivarman) from Ravana by flicking the asura away with his toe. The eastern panels show first Krishna leaping up to slay Kamsa, whose death is the death of “This is mine” in the sadhaka. This is elaborated in the story of Bhima's slaughter of Jarasandha, setting the stage for the last panel, Yudhishthira's rajasuya, alluding to both events in the Mahabharata and Nandivarman's historical experience.
The Vimana Panels on the Western Side
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

The corner panels on the western side depict the Unbounded Tortoise (Akupara), who supports Mount Mandara during the churning of the Milk Ocean, and Brahma venerating Varaha to begin Daytime of Boar. The four panels in between begin with the Bhagavan on Lokaloka; this represents the outermost sheath of the brahmanda or universe, the division between directional space and chronological time inside, and nondirectional space and unmeasured time outside. The next two panels represent Kalki above Devapi of the Lunar Dynasty and Kalki above Maru of the Solar Dynasty; they allude to Time's degenerating course until the coming of Kalki at the end of the Kali Yuga. Finally, Surya flies over the continent of Plaksha, heralding the last hour before the new day begins.
The Vimana Panels on the Northern Side
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

These six panels depict the Plower formation's jnana or knowledge, and bala or transformative power, as they are relevant to human life. One corner panel shows Vasudeva teaching as Vaikunthanatha (above the brahmanda); the other shows Ananta the Endless, who is Samkarshana the Plower (below the brahmanda). The first of the four bracketed panels shows Naranarayana and Narada, the ideal bhaktiyogin. It implies the transmission of the Satvata‐samhita. Next, Hari announces Kapila's birth to Kardama; Kardama teaches his wife Devahuti samkhya and bhaktiyoga. Next, Hari teaches Brahma the supreme secret of omniscience, the Bhagavatam of Four Stanzas. Finally, Markandeya teaches about the rishis Nara (who forgets) and Narayana (who remembers); Markandeysa's vision of the deluge is implied.
The Vimana Panels on the Southern Side
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis
Published: September 2008

The south‐facing panels represent afternoon moving toward twilight, a time of ambiguity, contradiction, and paradox. Bharata's ambiguous and compromised history told in Book Nine of the Bhagavata Purana may be described as written in “language in the manner of twilight.” The first corner panel depicts Dattatreya with Soma and Durvasas, and assumes knowledge of the Ramayana and Mahabharata; it signifies the tejas of Aniruddha the Unobstructed. In the other corner panel Mohini serves the devas amrita as the asuras watch; tantric rites using the “five m's” are referenced. Two of the bracketed panels illustrate Krishna's long “Summary of the Brahman Doctrine”: Krishna teaches Uddhava at Dvaraka, and Dattatreya as an avadhuta teaches Yadu. The latter alludes to the stories of Taravaloka and Vessantara. The next panel depicts Prahlada worshiping Man‐lion; the meaning of Sudarshana, the wheel‐weapon that embodies Shakti's will, is explored. The “Man‐lion Consecration” is implied. Finally, the Goddess Earth worships Boar, who rescued her from Hiranyaksha.
Choosing Marketing Policy in the Short Run
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) affect the firm's tradeoff between risk and return. It also distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions; in particular, it shows how privately and publicly held firms should coordinate their marketing and financial decisions under uncertainty.
Choosing Marketing Policy in the Long Run
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions. Specifically, it analyzes how the firm can evaluate the effects of strategic flexibility in decision making; in particular, it shows how the firm can use the real options methodology to measure and reward managers so that they focus on long-run performance.
Pricing New Products: Strategies and Caveats
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how firms should price new products, especially under cost and demand uncertainty. It distinguishes between privately and publicly owned firms and show how the risk attitudes of the firm's owners affect new product prices; in addition, it evaluates the conditions under which the firm should announce or preannounce its new products in the marketplace.
Choosing Strategies for New Products Using Market-Level Data
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how the firm can coordinate its new product designs, production processes, and pricing strategies when only secondary (market-level) data are available. In particular, it examines the conditions under which firms should use price or other market signals (e.g., product warranties) when they introduce new products into the marketplace.
Choosing Strategies for New Products Using Primary Data
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how the firm can choose new product designs and pricing strategies when primary data (i.e., intentions studies, conjoint experiments, auctions, simulated test markets, and test markets) are available. It shows how the firm can use the MCT methodology to quantify the effects of competitive reaction and measure cannibalization and market-growth effects when it introduces new products into the market. In particular, it shows how the firm can filter out response error in the data from conjoint and intentions studies to obtain unbiased demand and market share estimates for new products.
Channels of Distribution
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can coordinate its bricks-and-mortar and Internet pricing strategies to maximize performance, show how the firm should coordinate its price and advertising strategies when it sells through distributors, and discuss when the firm should use vertical integration strategies. In particular, it shows how the multiproduct firm should coordinate its channel strategy when the distributor also sells multiple products.
How Does Consumer Behavior Affect Marketing Policy?
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter compares different models of consumer behavior including standard economic theory and alternative behavioral theories such as prospect theory and assimilation-contrast theory. It shows that these behavioral theories have important implications for marketing-finance fusion and human resource management. Specifically, they lead to different market implications for new product pricing, pricing over the business cycle, choosing optimal dividend policy, designing bonus plans, and choosing optimal Customer Relationship Management (CRM) strategies.
Model Extensions: How Should the Multiagent/Multiproduct Firm Reward and Measure Sales Force Performance?
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how the multiproduct/multiagent firm should design compensation plans for its sales force. It distinguishes between the differential effects of experience (productivity), heterogeneous risk attitudes among salespersons, and the firm's market segmentation policies. In addition, it shows how marketing-finance fusion allows multiproduct and multiagent firms to measure changes in sales force productivity using an objective metric (not sales revenue).
How to Make Marketing Decisions When Competitors React: A Game-Theoretic Approach
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how the firm can make optimal marketing decisions after allowing for the effects of competitive reaction. It considers multiproduct firms, explicitly allow for cost and demand uncertainty, distinguish between different behavioral modes for the firm, and show how the firm should adapt its marketing decisions when new information becomes available to it or to its competitors in the future. In particular, it shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to make optimal decisions after simultaneously allowing for competitive reaction and the arrival of new information.
Measuring and Building Brand Equity
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter discusses the conditions under which brand equity can exist and whether brand equity implies charging high prices. It evaluates the use of standard metrics for measuring brand equity (e.g., Tobin's q-ratio and the multiplier method). Following this, it proposes an integrated marketing-finance fusion method for measuring brand equity that combines behavioral and financial data and allows for competitive effects at different levels in the supply chain and for differential market growth rates.
Internet Marketing
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Jagpal Sharan
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to evaluate mergers and acquisition strategies. It examines the potential gains from mergers, the history of mergers and acquisitions, the effect of private equity firms and hedge funds on merger activity and merger performance, and the special problems posed by international mergers. In particular, it shows how buying and selling firms can objectively value brands by combining game theory and data from choice-based experiments.
Reforming National Regulatory Institutions: the EU and Cross-National Variety in European Network Industries
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2008

Regulatory institutions offer a powerful means to coordinate firms with other actors, notably state actors, and hence create institutional advantages. Until the mid-1980s, changes in institutions for the regulation of network industries such as telecommunications, energy and transport followed the predictions of the Varieties of capitalism model. Thus, Britain privatised and liberalised, France followed a grands projets strategy, and Germany one of close links between public suppliers and private equipment manufacturers and consensus among social partners. However, from the mid-1980s onwards, the EU has developed an increasingly detailed regulatory framework that is based on a ‘liberal market economy’ model of regulatory institutions and runs counter to other coordinated or state-led models. It has played an important part in reforms in France and Germany that reshaped formal regulatory institutions in ways similar to those in Britain, notably liberalisation, privatization, and the creation of independent regulatory agencies. Thus, some regulatory institutions have seen considerable change and convergence across countries that represent different varieties of capitalism. At the same time, informal regulatory institutions continued to differ greatly across the three nations — both informal norms and linkages between governments and suppliers. Moreover, strategies for ‘national champion’ firms and uses of European integration in pushing regulatory reform remained distinct. Thus, overall the chapter argues that in the face of European integration, analysis of varieties of capitalism needs to differentiate between formal and informal institutions, and that convergence in the former is compatible with continuing contrasts in national strategies and the process of reform.
What Does Business Want? Labour Market Reforms in CMEs and Its Problems
Authors: Hassel Anke
Published: September 2008

The chapter assesses recent reforms of key labour market institutions such as wage bargaining and the training regime in Germany, in the light of the VoC approach. According to the VoC literature, firms in CMEs generally should have an interest in preserving the institutional capacities to co-ordinate unless the government cannot credibly commit itself to preserving the system. The empirical evidence on firms' behaviour is mixed. On the one hand, business and employers' associations have only pressed for marginal change within the given institutions. On the other hand, business campaigns and political behaviour indicate that German business has started to take a more active and a more radical position vis-à-vis German labour market institutions. The chapter argues that the two seemingly opposing pieces of evidence can be reconciled. Business largely does not want to abandon existing labour market institutions, but to push changes that make institutions to work in their favour. Business and producer interests are still rooted in the given institutional framework. Their preference is to push the workings of the institutions towards more flexibility for firms without dismantling them. The continuing interest of German business in preserving existing labour market institutions does not, however, guarantee that the institutional framework itself or the favourable policy outcomes of low youth unemployment, and an egalitarian wage structure are stabilized in the long-run.
Central European Capitalism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: King Lawrence P.
Published: September 2008

This chapter argues that any incorporation of the CEE economies into the VoC framework must take into account two fundamental features of these economic systems: an almost complete lack of working-class political mobilization and a completely outdated technological structure. As a result, there is great reliance on foreign investors and foreign purchasers for providing technology transfer and the training of manpower. The chapter conceptualizes this VoC as ‘liberal dependent post-communist capitalism’ to highlight the liberal nature of the state and the dependent nature of the economy. In most the rest of the post-communist world, foreign direct investment, or FDI, and foreign manufacturers play a much smaller role. Instead, patron-client relationships ensnare major enterprises, leading to a decomposition of the bureaucratic (in the Weberian sense of the term) nature of the state. This produces a different variety of post-communist capitalism.
The Origins of Varieties of Capitalism: Lessons from Post-Socialist Transition in Estonia and Slovenia
Authors: Feldmann Magnus
Published: September 2008

This chapter studies the origins of varieties of capitalism in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. It develops a theory of network-promotion and network-disruption to explain the emergence of LME and CME institutions. This theory is examined in the context of two countries in the region, Estonia and Slovenia, which are shown to be very good examples of liberal and coordinated market economies. This chapter focuses on industrial relations and wage bargaining in these two countries. It shows how inherited economic institutions and strategic policy choices in early transition have shaped networks and emerging varieties of capitalism.
Grounding Concepts
Authors: Jenkins C. S.
Published: September 2008

This book is a philosophical discussion of arithmetical knowledge. No extant account, it seems, is able to respect simultaneously these three strong pre-theoretic intuitions: (a) that arithmetic is an a priori discipline; (b) that arithmetical realism is correct, i.e.. that arithmetical claims are true independently of us; and (c) that empiricism is correct, i.e., that all knowledge of the independent world is obtained through the senses. This book investigates the possibility of a new kind of epistemology for arithmetic, one which will is specifically designed to respect all of (a)-(c). The book proposes that we could develop such an epistemology if we were prepared to accept three claims: (1) that arithmetical truths are known through an examination of our arithmetical concepts; (2) that (at least our basic) arithmetical concepts map the arithmetical structure of the independent world; and (3) that this mapping relationship obtains in virtue of the normal functioning of our sensory apparatus. Roughly speaking, the first of these claims protects a priorism, the second realism, and the third empiricism.
A Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Jenkins Caroline
Published: September 2008

This chapter sketches a general account of what counts as knowledge, against which background the discussion of arithmetical knowledge in the book will (hopefully) seem particularly plausible. It proposes a subject: A knows that p just in case p would be a good explanation of A's believing p to someone not acquainted with A's specific situation (an ‘outsider’).
On The Very Idea of Concept Grounding: Thinking Too Big
Authors: Jenkins Caroline
Published: September 2008

This chapter focuses on objections to the claim that arithmetical concepts are empirically grounded. It argues that the most common form of objection to projects of this type is based upon a failure to appreciate that it is even possible that empirical input grounds our arithmetical concepts. It traces this view through an illustrative selection of influential philosophers: Kant, C. I. Lewis, Ayer, Quine, and Fodor.
Final Remarks
Authors: Jenkins Caroline
Published: September 2008

This final chapter is concerned with the relevance of the current project to other areas of philosophy, and some ways in which the ideas discussed warrant further research. Among other things, it argues that the notion of empirical grounding for concepts suggests a new way to defend the position known as empirical foundationalism, and points to an empiricist theory of meaningfulness which (unlike the logical positivists' version) considers the relation between sensory input and concepts (rather than that between experience and propositions) to be of primary importance. The possibility of a novel defence of the correspondence intuition in the theory of truth is also raised. The chapter concludes with some larger-scale reflections on the significance of the book's main thesis.
Diffuse Scattering and Defect Structure Simulations
Authors: Neder Reinhard B. , Proffen Thomas
Published: September 2008

In recent years it has become apparent that merely knowing and understanding the average atomic structure is insufficient for comprehending material properties fully. Deviations from this average structure play an important role regarding these properties. To understand the defect or local structure one has to study diffuse scattering and go beyond the classic interpretation of Bragg intensities. Although there is an increasing interest in analysing disordered materials, as expressed by a number of recent text books, the practical aspects of this analysis are not yet widely known. A detailed step-by-step guide that explains how to simulate disordered materials has been missing. This book covers the full range; from basic steps such as how to build a computer model of the crystal to complex disorder models such as domains, stacking faults, and nanoparticles. It also explains how to use advanced refinement techniques to determine the parameters of a disordered structure. This book provides many examples of the simulation of disordered materials including the input files for DISCUS and explains the concepts and pitfalls encountered when simulating disordered materials.
How to run DISCUS
Authors: Neder Reinhard B. , Proffen Thomas
Published: September 2008

The examples given in the book utilize the simulation program DISCUS. This chapter gives a brief introduction into the use of the program as well as some details of the command language, which forms the basis for all subsequent simulation examples in this book.
Correlations and creating short‐range order
Authors: Neder Reinhard B. , Proffen Thomas
Published: September 2008

This chapter deals with the simulation of short range ordered crystals. Correlations are introduced as a convenient way to describe short-range order (SRO). The most common way to create structures showing SRO is through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The chapter explains the usual interaction potentials and algorithms to minimize the corresponding energy. Interactions for chemical short range order based on an Ising model as well as harmonic and Lennard-Jones potentials for distortions are discussed. Two detailed examples are given. In the first example, a structure showing chemical SRO is created. The second example introduces local distortions, demonstrating the effect of the different potentials on the local structure and the diffraction pattern.
Creating nanoparticles
Authors: Neder Reinhard B. , Proffen Thomas
Published: September 2008

Nanomaterials are a growing area of research and this chapter discusses the creation of various nanoparticles. The examples include simple particles, core-shell particles, as well as nanotubes. The small size and shape of these particles usually prohibits the application of periodic boundary conditions. Corresponding implications on the calculation of powder diffraction pattern as well as the PDF are discussed.
Analysing disordered structures
Authors: Neder Reinhard B. , Proffen Thomas
Published: September 2008

This chapter addresses the question of how to visualize a large disordered structure and how to extract information describing the disorder from a large model crystal. Topics include the determination of occupancies and their homogeneity, the calculation of correlations, and the concept of bond valence sums.
Refining disordered structures
Authors: Neder Reinhard B. , Proffen Thomas
Published: September 2008

This chapter deals with the subject of refining the model of a disordered material based on diffraction data. Three different methods are presented: Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC), refinement of the PDF as a function of atom-atom distance, and the refinement of a set of parameters describing a defect structure using a differential evolutionary algorithm. The latter is the most powerful yet computer-hungry approach and two very detailed examples are given. The second example shows how to refine the powder diffraction pattern of a disordered nanoparticle. The refinement is based on a surprisingly small set of parameters needed to create these particles such as lattice parameters, particle diameter, and the stacking fault probability.
Global Stakeholder Democracy
Authors: Macdonald Terry
Published: September 2008

A pressing question at the forefront of current global political debates is: how can we salvage the democratic project in the context of globalization? In recent years, political activists have mounted high-profile campaigns for the democratization of powerful international institutions such as the World Bank and IMF, and for greater ‘corporate accountability’. In turn, many of the NGOs linked to these campaigns have themselves faced demands for greater democratic legitimacy. Through reflecting on the democratic dilemmas surrounding the political power of global NGOs, this book challenges the state-centric theoretical assumptions that have underpinned the established democratic theories of both ‘cosmopolitan’ and ‘communitarian’ liberals. In particular, it challenges the widespread assumption that ‘sovereign’ power, ‘bounded’ (national or global) societies, and ‘electoral’ processes are essential institutional foundations of a democratic system. The book then re-thinks the democratic project from its conceptual foundations, posing a number of questions. What needs to be controlled? Who ought to control it? How could they do so? In answering these questions, the book develops a theoretical model of representative democracy that is focused on plural (state and non-state) actors rather than on unitary state structures. It elaborates a democratic framework based on the new theoretical concepts of public power, stakeholder communities, and non-electoral representation, and illustrates the practical implications of these proposals for projects of global institutional reform.
Introduction
Authors: MacDonald Terry
Published: September 2008

This introductory chapter highlights some of the central normative and institutional challenges confronting democrats seeking greater legitimacy in the exercise of political power beyond state boundaries, and outlines the approach taken in this book to these challenges. In setting out the book's approach this chapter explains the ‘interpretive’ methodology adopted in developing the normative theoretical framework of Global Stakeholder Democracy, and further introduces the book's central arguments regarding the capacity of non-state actors to wield public power, the democratic status of stakeholder communities, and the legitimacy of non-electoral forms of democratic representation.
2 Public Power Beyond Sovereign States
Authors: MacDonald Terry
Published: September 2008

This chapter develops and further defends the central proposition that ‘public power’ is the legitimate subject of global democratic control. The additional arguments set out here attempt to counter some plausible theoretical objections to the autonomy-based criterion for identifying agents of public power, which are based on the claim (implicit in much liberal writing) that public power should be delineated in accordance with certain organizational features of statehood: centralized decision making, the use of force, and law-making capacity. It is argued that none of these organizational features embodies any uniquely public political qualities, and that each of these organizational features qualifies as ‘public’ only to the extent that it satisfies the autonomy-based criterion.
3 The Public Power of NGOs in Global Politics
Authors: MacDonald Terry
Published: September 2008

This chapter applies the autonomy-based criterion for delineating ‘public power’ to the contemporary global domain, and illustrates its practical implications. It identifies some concrete forms of NGO power in contemporary global politics that can be designated as ‘public’ and rightly subjected to democratic contestation and control.
5 Global Social Choice Beyond Nation‐State Representation
Authors: MacDonald Terry
Published: September 2008

This chapter challenges the widespread idea that legitimate social choice in global politics can be achieved solely through representation by nation-states — either as a means of aggregating individual preferences across territorial states, or as a means of conducting deliberative decision making among the cultural entities of ‘nations’. It begins by explaining that any representative democratic theory of legitimate social choice must be built upon two kinds of argument: an explication of and justification for the underlying normative conception of interest representation; and an explanation of how the proposed constituency boundaries can effectively enact the ideal of interest representation in practice. It then develops a critique of the conventional nation-state-based model of global representation, examining both some normative and practical justifications for this model that are based upon a ‘burkean’ model of interest representation and linked to the notion of a nation, and some alternative justifications that are based upon a liberal individualist model of interest representation and linked to the notion of a state. This analysis highlights several significant normative weaknesses of nation-state representation, and concludes accordingly that nation-state representation cannot alone achieve legitimate social choice in global politics.
7 Theorizing Global Representative Agency: Non‐Electoral Authorization and Accountability
Authors: MacDonald Terry
Published: September 2008

This chapter argues that establishing legitimate representative agency in global politics does not require election mechanisms, of the kind that are employed to identify legitimate representatives within state-based democracies. Rather, legitimate representative agency can be established through alternative non-electoral mechanisms of authorization and accountability. The chapter begins by elaborating a fundamental reason for viewing elections as a legitimate means of establishing representative agency: that elections have the capacity to deliver stakeholders some degree of political control over their representatives' actions, and hence some degree of political control over the public political decision making in which they have a legitimate stake. It follows from this that, at least in principle, we could establish legitimate non-electoral representative agency if it were possible to identify alternative institutional mechanisms that could deliver equivalent forms of political control to stakeholders. The chapter then argues that the specific forms of political control over representatives' actions that elections deliver to stakeholders are those entailed in institutional mechanisms of authorization and accountability, which need not be instituted through elections to serve the relevant democratic function.
8 Instituting Global Representative Agency: The Authorization and Accountability of NGOs
Authors: MacDonald Terry
Published: September 2008

This chapter considers how non-electoral mechanisms of authorization and accountability might function in practice in contemporary global politics. In doing so, it examines some possible pathways for institutional reform via which NGOs could build stronger democratic credentials as representatives of various stakeholder groups, drawing on some examples of contemporary practice among NGOs to illustrate the general institutional form such mechanisms might take. Finally, the chapter discusses how it may be possible to meet the challenge of ensuring appropriate forms of democratic equality for all stakeholder participants, in the absence of the formal equality embodied in an election. The chapter does not attempt to argue that current practices are fully democratic, nor to offer fully-developed institutional solutions. Rather, the material presented here is intended to provide a focal-point for exploration of some practical possibilities, and to point towards some potential future directions for innovation and reform.
Conclusion
Authors: MacDonald Terry
Published: September 2008

This concluding chapter reflects upon the broader applications of the theoretical model of Global Stakeholder Democracy developed in this book. It briefly considers how the principles of stakeholder democracy might conceivably be applied to other categories of political actors (such as Transnational Corporations). In addition, it reflects upon how the democratic imperatives arising from this model might relate to other kinds of normative imperatives applying to non-state actors, such as those associated with duties of distributive justice, and those associated with contractual obligations and non-democratic accountabilities.
Introduction
Authors: Langley Paul
Published: September 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the so-called ‘democratization of finance’, focusing on the unprecedented relationships that have formed between society and the financial markets. It then considers the lack of attention received by transformations in savings and borrowing from social science. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
5 Socially Responsible Investment
Authors: Langley Paul
Published: September 2008

This chapter focuses on the presence, practicalities, possibilities, and problematics of dissent which (re)politicizes everyday investment. Specifically, it concentrates on two extended and related examples of SRI: first, the so-called ‘pension fund socialism’ of US multi-employer and public pension schemes; and, second, the ‘ethical investment’ in mutual fund networks.
9 Dissent in Everyday Borrowing
Authors: Langley Paul
Published: September 2008

This chapter considers additional modes of financial dissent. It examines credit art projects that (re)politicize everyday borrowing precisely by playing on the difficulties of personal and political confrontations with credit relations. It then examines credit unions as a mode of dissent which (re)politicizes everyday borrowing, which open up to disagreement the meeting, management, and manipulation of extended borrowing in market networks.
Introduction
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: September 2008

This introductory chapter establishes the framework for the ensuing history, and argues that, contrary to the claims of much modern literary theory, biography has had a distinctive role in defining the literariness of literature. This literariness is never a given and almost always takes the form of a question or a contestation of previous definitions, thus endowing literature with an inherently evolutionary character. The prehistory of biography in the form of ‘lives’ with their emphasis on exemplarity, along with the status of many biographical texts as literary commentary, suggest ways in which biography might be understood as having a pragmatic or ‘performative’ quality that enables it to intervene in debates about the nature of literariness. The origin of biography in ‘lives’ justifies the book's inclusion of autobiography in the 20th century as a variant of biography.
1 Literature and the Use of ‘Lives’: A Prehistory
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: September 2008

This chapter sketches the prehistory of biography in the ‘lives’ of great men, stressing the role of exemplarity in these texts. The emergence in the 16th and 17th centuries of ‘lives’ of writers in various forms (prefaces, dictionaries, éloges, ana) illustrates the pragmatic function of ‘lives’ in helping to delineate a distinctive field that in retrospect may be defined as ‘literature’. The chapter also explores the growing necessity to define this field in terms of an inherent quality, rather than as a compendium of different genres and styles, and considers the use of terms such as the sublime, genius, the poetic, and the aesthetic in the attempt to circumscribe the literariness of this ‘literature’. Authors discussed include Boileau, Batteux, and Baumgarten.
2 Rousseau's Life‐Story and the Experience of Literature
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: September 2008

This chapter examines Rousseau's Confessions as one of the first texts to use the story of a life as part of an attempt to establish a form of writing that sets itself up against an existing, largely social definition of literature, with the aim of proposing an alternative one. He opposes both the social world of letters (littérature) and a poetry in thrall to the rules of versification, to the elaboration of a language of sensation and experience that takes place in time. The mapping of literature onto an evolving life means also that the literary is involved in a constant process of revision.
4 Biographical Business in the Century of Biography: Dictionaries and the Press
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: September 2008

This chapter outlines two major cultural forms taken by biography in the 19th century, the biographical dictionary and the press article. It discusses Michaud's Biographie universelle, and traces some of the debates about the standing of biography in relation to history as illustrated by Cousin and Renan. The biographical dictionary is discussed as an attempt to give the form a respectability that is under threat from a comparison with history. The role of biography as a journalistic genre promoting a culture of celebrity is discussed with examples from Mirecourt and its condemnation by Barbey d'Aurevilly. Both cultural forms provided a model against which literary versions of biography were obliged to measure themselves.
5 Biography Reclaimed: Gautier, Verlaine, and Mallarmé and the Biographical recueil
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: September 2008

This chapter explores the transition from newspaper to book undergone by a number of biographical portraits, as they were collected in volume form. Writers, who were often the subject of biographical portraits in the press, were also frequently obliged to earn their keep through journalism. Some of them were however able to reuse their journalistic essays in book form. The biographical portraits of writers in these volumes, often reinforced by a preface, offered a means of challenging established views of literature. This is the case with Gautier in the 1830s, but also of Verlaine, Rémy de Gourmont and Mallarmé in the fin de siècle, each of whom constructs a new idea of literature in their collected biographical portraits.
6 Sainte‐Beuve: Biography and the Invention of Literary Criticism
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: September 2008

This chapter examines the inherently biographical principles of the literary criticism of Sainte-Beuve. Sainte-Beuve is credited with being the inventor of modern literary criticism and the chapter explores the way in which the biographical perspective of the critic is associated with the new task of identifying the literariness of literature, often expressed in terms of the individual genius of the writer. Literature has therefore to be reinvented with each new critical encounter. Sainte-Beuve's own poetry is read in terms of its presuppositions about its necessary relation to the poet's life. His depictions of poets and poetry itself also imply the need for the biographical perspective of a critical ‘other’. The suggestion is that criticism, with its biographical basis, is better placed to identify literariness than literature itself.