bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microphone arrays for efficient communications during long-duration space missions
Authors: Achi Peter , Petculescu Andi
Published: November 2017

The astronauts' ability to communicate easily among themselves or with the ship's computer should be a high priority for the success of the mission. Long-duration space habitats—whether spaceships or surface bases—will likely be larger than present-day Earth-to-orbit/Moon transfer ships. Hence an efficient approach would be to free the crew members from the relative burden of having to wear headsets throughout the spacecraft. This can be achieved by placing microphone arrays in all crew-accessible parts of the habitat. Processing algorithms would first localize the speaker and then perform speech enhancement. The background ``noise'' in a spacecraft is typically fan and duct noise (hum, drone), valve opening/closing (click, hiss), pumps, etc. We simulate such interfering sources by a number of loudspeakers broadcasting various sounds: real ISS sounds, a continuous radio stream, a poem read by one author, etc. To test the concept, we use a linear 30-microphone array driven by a zero-latency professional audio interface. Speaker localization is obtained by time-domain processing. To enhance the speech-to-noise ratio, a frequency-domain minimum-variance approach is used. Time-permitting, we will discuss array weight sensitivity to parameters such as frame length/overlap, windowing, (sub-)array structure, etc. [This work was supported by the Louisiana Space Consortium (LaSPACE).]
An inexpensive acoustic data acquisition system using a single-board microcomputer
Authors: Wright Andrew B.
Published: November 2017

Low-cost, single-board microcomputers have become increasingly available, driven primarily by the smart phone and tablet markets. The beaglebone black (BBK, circa $50) contains a host processor, which is normally configured to run the linux operating system, and two programmable real-time units (PRU) that can access all peripherals on the device. The host processor is used to coordinate all of the human interface tasks, such as ethernet, usb, i2c, and hdmi. The PRU microcontrollers can sample either the 12-bit, 8 channel internal analog to digital converters (ADC), an external ADC, or a USB sound card, at high, precisely controlled sample rate. In this project, a BBK was programmed to sample an inexpensive external microphone through the internal ADC at 40 kHz. The power supply, external electronics, and BBK were housed in a custom-designed, 3D printed case. A unidirectional shroud for the microphone was designed and printed.
Applications of operator theory and symmetry arguments to sound field recording and reproduction
Authors: Trevino Lopez Jorge A. , Sakamoto Shuichi , Suzuki Yôiti
Published: November 2017

The problem of recording and reproducing sound fields using microphone/loudspeaker arrays is treated by exploiting its symmetries. This approach leads to well-known results, such as high-order Ambisonics corresponding to the requirement of the error field to be invariant under rotations. More importantly, it allows us to treat some difficult problems critical to the application of sound field recording and reproduction to virtual reality, where one or more users can freely move around a realistic environment. In this presentation, we consider three of these problems. First, we present a method to extrapolate extended sound field information from conventional spherical microphone array recordings by imposing symmetry constrains based on a priori knowledge of the sound source positions. Second, we apply the same symmetry constrains to the problem of sound field reproduction, allowing us to formulate a method of presenting spatial sound to moving listeners. Finally, we consider the problem of describing and reproducing the sound field due to a moving sound source.
An underwater measurement and control network centralized data fusion localization algorithm based on Chan-algorithm method
Authors: Zhao Tianbai , Fu Jin , Wang Yan , Zhang Boxuan
Published: November 2017

In order to exploit the development potential of current measurement and control equipment and to build an omnibus underwater measurement and control network with higher precision, according to the working characteristics of the system itself, an underwater measurement and control network centralized data fusion localization algorithm based on Chan-algorithm method is proposed. It is an algorithm that coarsely calculates the target position according to the time of arrival by using the weighted least squares estimation(WLS) method at first; second, constructs new error vectors on the basis of the relationship between the position and the time delay information; last, resolves the target position from the vectors above by using WLS method again. The result of research demonstrates that the algorithm realizes the data fusion method of multiple sets of underwater measurement and control equipment, which could improve the precision of localization globally. The precision of the proposed method is much better than the data fusion localization algorithm purely based on the time of arrival.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition Plays Dual Role in Host-Pathogen Interactions
Authors: Melvin Jeffrey A. , Gaston Jordan R. , Phillips Shawn N. , Springer Michael J. , Marshall Christopher W. , Shanks Robert M. Q. , Bomberger Jennifer M.
Published: November 2017

How bacteria compete and communicate with each other is an increasingly recognized aspect of microbial pathogenesis with a major impact on disease outcomes. Gram-negative bacteria have recently been shown to employ a contact-dependent toxin-antitoxin system to achieve both competition and regulation of their physiology. Here, we show that this system is vital for virulence in acute infection as well as for establishment of chronic infection in the multidrug-resistant pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying bacterial virulence and infection is important for the development of effective therapeutics in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Non-aesthetic indications for periocular hyaluronic acid filler treatment: a review
Authors: Tan Petrina , Kwong Tsong Qiang , Malhotra Raman
Published: November 2017

Dermal fillers have been in use for many years for aesthetic rejuvenation of the face. More recently, however, fillers have been increasingly used as an alternative to traditional surgical procedures for non-aesthetic indications. These indications include lagophthalmos, eyelid malpositions and orbital volume deficiency. The advantages of these filler injections are multiple: minimally invasive, repeatable, titratable and even reversible (depending on the product used). We review the current literature of functional uses of filler injections as mentioned above and evaluate the safety profile and efficacy of filler injections for this purpose.
Visual field indices and patterns of visual field deficits in mesopic and dark-adapted two-colour fundus-controlled perimetry in macular diseases
Authors: Pfau Maximilian , Lindner Moritz , Steinberg Julia S , Thiele Sarah , Brinkmann Christian K , Fleckenstein Monika , Holz Frank G , Schmitz-Valckenberg Steffen
Published: November 2017

Background/Aims

To analyse the retest reliability of visual field indices and to describe patterns of visual field deficits in mesopic and dark-adapted two-colour fundus-controlled perimetry (FCP) in macular diseases.

Methods

Seventy-seven eyes (30 eyes with macular diseases and 47 normal eyes) underwent duplicate mesopic and dark-adapted two-colour FCP (Scotopic Macular Integrity Assessment, CenterVue). Non-weighted (mean defect, loss variance), variability-weighted (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation (PSD)) and graphical (cumulative defect (Bebie) curves) indices were computed. Reproducibility (coefficient of repeatability, CoR) of these indices was assessed. Cluster analysis was carried out to identify patterns of visual field deficits.

Results

The intrasession reproducibility was lower for the mean defect as compared with the mean deviation (CoR (dB) 2.67 vs 2.57 for mesopic, 1.71 vs 1.45 for dark-adapted cyan, 1.94 vs 1.87 for dark-adapted red testing) and lower for the square-root loss variance as compared with the PSD (CoR (dB) 1.48 vs 1.34, 0.77 vs 0.65, 1.23 vs 1.03). Hierarchical cluster analysis of the indices disclosed six patterns of visual field deficits (approximately unbiased P value>0.95) with varying degrees of global versus focal defect and rod versus cone dysfunction. These were also reflected by the cumulative defect curves.

Conclusion

FCP with mesopic and dark-adapted two-colour testing allows for reproducible assessment of different types of retinal sensitivity, whereby mean deviation and PSD exhibited the better retest reliability of the tested indices. Distinct patterns of retinal dysfunction can be identified using this setup, reflecting variable degrees of rod and cone dysfunction in different macular diseases. Dark-adapted two-colour FCP provides additional diagnostic information and allows for refined structure–function correlation in macular diseases.
Menopausal hormone therapy and colorectal cancer: a linkage between nationwide registries in Norway
Authors: Botteri Edoardo , Støer Nathalie C , Sakshaug Solveig , Graff-Iversen Sidsel , Vangen Siri , Hofvind Solveig , de Lange Thomas , Bagnardi Vincenzo , Ursin Giske , Weiderpass Elisabete
Published: November 2017

Objectives

With the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Setting

Cohort study based on the linkage of Norwegian population-based registries.

Participants

We selected 466822 Norwegian women, aged 55–79, alive and residing in Norway as of 1 January 2004, and we followed them from 2004 to 2008. Each woman contributed person-years at risk as non-user, current user and/or past HT user.

Outcome measures

The outcome of interest was adenocarcinoma of the colorectal tract, overall, by anatomic site and stage at diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were estimated by Poisson regression and were used to evaluate the association between HT and CRC incidence.

Results

During the median follow-up of 4.8 years, 138 655 (30%) women received HT and 3799 (0.8%) incident CRCs occurred. Current, but not past, use of HT was associated with a lower risk of CRC (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.98). RRs for localised, regionally advanced and metastatic CRC were 1.13 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.41), 0.81 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.94) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.00), respectively. RRs for current use of oestrogen therapy (ET) were 0.91 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.04) while RR for current use of combined oestrogen–progestin therapy (EPT) was 0.85 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.03), as compared with no use of HT. The same figures for ET and EPT in oral formulations were 0.83 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.03) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.05), respectively.

Conclusions

In our nationwide cohort study, HT use lowered the risk of CRC, specifically the most advanced CRC.
Cross-sectional study of the financial cost of training to the surgical trainee in the UK and Ireland
Authors: O’Callaghan John , Mohan Helen M , Sharrock Anna , Gokani Vimal , Fitzgerald J Edward , Williams Adam P , Harries Rhiannon L
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Applications for surgical training have declined over the last decade, and anecdotally the costs of training at the expense of the surgical trainee are rising. We aimed to quantify the costs surgical trainees are expected to cover for postgraduate training.

Design

Prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study.

Setting/Participants

A non-mandatory online questionnaire for UK-based trainees was distributed nationally. A similar national questionnaire was distributed for Ireland, taking into account differences between the healthcare systems. Only fully completed responses were included.

Results

There were 848 and 58 fully completed responses from doctors based in the UK and Ireland, respectively. Medical students in the UK reported a significant increase in debt on graduation by 55% from £17 892 (2000–2004) to £27 655 (2010–2014) (p<0.01). 41% of specialty trainees in the UK indicated that some or all of their study budget was used to fund mandatory regional teaching. By the end of training, a surgical trainee in the UK spends on average £9105 on courses, £5411 on conferences and £4185 on exams, not covered by training budget. Irish trainees report similarly high costs. Most trainees undertake a higher degree during their postgraduate training. The cost of achieving the mandatory requirements for completion of training ranges between £20 000 and £26 000 (dependent on specialty), except oral and maxillofacial surgery, which is considerably higher (£71 431).

Conclusions

Medical students are graduating with significantly larger debt than before. Surgical trainees achieve their educational requirements at substantial personal expenditure. To encourage graduates to pursue and remain in surgical training, urgent action is required to fund the mandatory requirements and annual training costs for completion of training and provide greater transparency to inform doctors of what their postgraduate training costs will be. This is necessary to increase diversity in surgery, reduce debt load and ensure surgery remains a popular career choice.
A New Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Hatch Score
Authors: Selvi Mithat , Gungor Hasan , Zencir Cemil , Gulasti Sevil , Eryilmaz Ufuk , Akgullu Cagdas , Durmaz Selim
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HATCH score and atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. 369 patients (103 patients with AF and 266 patients without AF) undergoing isolated CABG surgery were analyzed. Complete medical records were retrospectively collected to investigate HATCH score. The median age of patients with AF was significantly higher than the median age of non-AF group (60.8±10.0 years vs 67.8±9.5 years, P<0.001). HATCH score was significantly higher in patients who developed AF after CABG surgery than the non-AF group (P=0.017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HATCH score (OR 1.334; 95% CI 1.022 to 1.741, P=0.034) was an independent predictor of AF after CABG surgery. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cut-off point of HATCH score related to predict AF was >1 (two or more), with a sensitivity of 42% and specificity of 70%. Patients with elevated preoperative HATCH score may have higher risk for AF after CABG surgery.
High prevalence of TB disease in contacts of adults with extrapulmonary TB
Authors: Wingfield Tom , MacPherson Peter , Cleary Paul , Ormerod L Peter
Published: November 2017

UK guidelines no longer recommend routine screening of household contacts of adult patients with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). From 27 March 2012 to 28 June 2016, we investigated the prevalence of active TB disease in household contacts of 1023 EPTB index cases in North West England, and compared estimates with: published new entrant migrant screening programme prevalence (~147/100 000 person-years); London-based contact screening data (700/100 000 contacts screened); and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) new entrant TB screening thresholds (TB prevalence >40/100 000 people). Active TB disease prevalence in EPTB contacts was 440/100 000 contacts screened, similar to UK new entrant screening programmes, London EPTB contact prevalence and >10 times NICE’s threshold for new entrant screening. The decision to no longer recommend routine screening of EPTB contacts should be re-evaluated and cost-effectiveness analyses of screening strategies for EPTB contacts should be performed.
A computational investigation into nickel-bis(diselenolene) complexes as potential catalysts for reduction of H+ to H2
Authors: Boychuk Briana T.A. , Bushnell Eric A.C.
Published: November 2017

As a result of burning fossil fuels, levels of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere are increasing at an alarming rate. Such an increase in greenhouse gases threatens our planet due to global climate change. To reduce the production of greenhouse gases, we must switch from fossil fuels to alternative fuels for energy. The most viable alternative energy source involves the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy via the photocatalytic splitting of water to form molecular hydrogen. In the present work, the Ni-bis(1,2-diamine-diselenolene) and Ni-bis(1,2-dicyano-diselenolene) complexes were studied using density functional theory (DFT). From the results, it was found that the 1,2-diamine-diselenolene and 1,2-dicyano-diselenolene nickel complexes catalyze the formation of H2(g) with overall reaction Gibbs energies of +8.7 kJ mol–1 and +8.4 kJ mol–1, respectively, in a dilute aqueous environment versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Although both are able to catalyze the HER through a marginally endergonic reaction, the most thermodynamically favourable pathways differed between the complexes. In particular, the most thermodynamically favourable pathway for the formation of H2 by CNOx involves an EECC mechanism, whereas for NH2Ox, the most thermodynamically favourable pathway occurs via an ECCE mechanism. From the results presented, the choice of substituent on the alkene backbone significantly affects the reduction potential and reaction Gibbs energies of protonation. The considerably more positive reduction potential for the CN complexes may offer a solution to the problems experimentally observed for the production of H2.
Optical potential for light nuclei and momentum-space eikonal phase function
Authors: Werneth Charles M. , Maung K.M. , Vera M.D. , Townsend L.W.
Published: November 2017

The space radiation environment comprises all of the nuclei in the periodic table with energies that extend from a fraction of an MeV/n to TeV/n. The vast range of projectile–target and energy combinations necessitates highly efficient and accurate cross section codes for use in radiation transport codes. As particles in the space radiation environment impinge on shielding materials, nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fragmentation, occur. One way of estimating nuclear fragmentation cross sections is to use an abrasion–ablation model, which describes how nucleons are dislodged from the nuclei as a result of nuclear collisions and the mechanism by which excited pre-fragments decay via particle emission to more stable states. The well-known partial wave solution method cannot be used directly for the computation of abrasion cross sections. Instead, abrasion cross sections may be computed by slightly altering the Eikonal solution method, which is a high energy (small scattering angle) approximation that depends on the nucleus–nucleus optical potential. The aim of the current work is to present two efficient methods for the computation of the Eikonal phase shift function. Analytic formulas of the optical potential are presented in the position-space representation for nuclei that are well-represented by harmonic-well nuclear matter densities (A < 20), which reduces the Eikonal phase factor to an integration over a single dimension. Next, the Eikonal phase function is presented in the momentum-space representation, which is particularly useful when the Fourier transform of the position-space optical potential is known. These new methods increase the computational efficiency by three orders of magnitude and allow for rapid prediction of elastic differential, total, elastic, and reaction cross sections in the Eikonal approximation.
THE VALUE OF CHINESE SUPERSTITIONS IN MALAYSIA: EVIDENCE FROM CAR PLATE AUCTIONING
Authors: WONG WOEI-CHYUAN , ABDULLAH NUR ADIANA HIAU , LIM HOCK-EAM
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this paper is to examine Malaysian motorists’ willingness to pay for Chinese lucky plate numbers. Regression analyses reveal that the Chinese bidders are more likely to win and pay significantly more for the Chinese lucky numbers than their non-Chinese counterparts. Consistent with resale motive considerations, the non-Chinese bidders impose the same discount for unlucky numbers as their Chinese counterparts but do not pay a premium for the lucky numbers. We also document the influence of peer effects on the winning bid price. Specifically, Chinese bidders tend to pay more for the same plate numbers won by their peers in the previous auction, whereas both Chinese and non-Chinese bidders are less averse to the unlucky numbers if there are precedents of such ownership among their peers. Overall, our findings suggest that policymakers and marketers need to be sensitive to the subtle differences in the cultural cues of consumers in a multiracial society such as Malaysia.
A NEW METHOD TO DETERMINE VOLUMETRIC BONE MINERAL DENSITY FROM BI-PLANAR DUAL ENERGY RADIOGRAPHS USING A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL: AN EX-VIVO STUDY
Authors: Choisne Julie , Travert Christophe , Valiadis Jean-Marc , Follet Hélène , Skalli Wafa
Published: November 2017

Finite element models (FEMs) derived from QCT-scans were developed to evaluate vertebral strength but QCT scanners limitations are restrictive for routine osteoporotic diagnosis. A new approach considers using bi-planar dual energy (BP2E) X-rays absorptiometry to build vertebral FEM. The purpose was to propose a FEM based on BP2E absorptiometry and to compare the vertebral strength predicted from this model to a QCT-based FEM. About 46 vertebrae were QCT scanned and imaged with BP2E X-rays. Subject-specific vertebral geometry and bone material properties were obtained from both medical imaging techniques to build FEM for each vertebra. Vertebral body volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) distribution and vertebral strength prediction from the BP2E-based FEM and the QCT-based FEM were compared. A statistical error of 7[Formula: see text]mg/cm3 with a RMSE of 9.6% and a [Formula: see text] of 0.83 were found in the vBMD distribution differences between the BP2E-based and qCT-based FEM. The average vertebral strength was 3321[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] and 3768[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] for the qCT-based and BP2E-based FEM, respectively, with a RMSE of 641[Formula: see text]N and [Formula: see text] of 0.92. This method was developed to estimate vBMD distribution in lumbar vertebrae from a pair of 2D-BMD images and demonstrated to be accurate to personalize the mechanical properties in vitro.
Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Historical Extreme Winter Temperatures in England and Scotland — A Non-Stationary Extreme Value Analysis
Authors: Khare Swarna , Chalabi Zaid , Youngman Ben
Published: November 2017

Cold temperature extremes can have a detrimental effect on human health, public services and the economy of a country. From a public health services perspective, it is important to quantify the frequency of occurrence of extreme cold events and how this frequency changes over time in order to develop cost-effective anticipatory plans to reduce the potential impact of cold extremes on the exposed vulnerable population. Using non-stationary extreme-value analysis, the geographical and temporal distribution of cold temperature extremes over the last 160 years in several locations in England and Scotland was investigated. The temperature data were obtained from weather stations. It is then shown that the 5, 10, 50 and 100 year return levels of minimum winter temperature have increased throughout the 20th century. It was also shown that the probability of experiencing extreme cold temperatures has become very low in most locations particularly in years with a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Finally, an estimate of the approximate financial risk to the UK economy of consecutive days of extreme cold temperatures is presented.
Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1: Persistence and Pathogenesis
Authors: Bangham Charles R.M.
Published: November 2017

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5–10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
Physiological Measurement in the Organizational Sciences: A Review and Recommendations for Future Use
Authors: Ganster Daniel C. , Crain Tori L. , Brossoit Rebecca M.
Published: November 2017

We review recent literature in the organizational sciences that uses some form of physiological measurement. We organize our review in terms of the underlying constructs that physiological measures were intended to assess. The majority of such constructs represents stress, health, or arousal, although these constructs are often studied in an attempt to understand a diverse set of other phenomena. The majority of the studies we discuss use peripheral measures of the autonomic nervous system or biological indicators of various physiological subsystems, such as the cardiovascular, metabolic, or immunological. Advances in instrumentation and biological assaying methods have made the use of physiological measures more feasible, and in some cases, affordable for researchers without specialized training in physiology. The significant challenges we discuss mostly concern issues of sampling and timing, as well as the careful selection of physiological indicators to fit the theoretical demands of the research.
Election Polls—A Survey, A Critique, and Proposals
Authors: Kenett Ron S. , Pfeffermann Danny , Steinberg David M.
Published: November 2017

Election polls, also called election surveys, have been under severe criticism because of apparent gaps between their outcomes and election results. In this article, we survey election poll performance in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Israel and discuss the current state of the art. We list the main data collection methods used in election surveys, describe a wide range of analysis techniques that can be applied to such data, and expand on the relatively new application of predictive models used in this context. A special section considers sources of error in election surveys followed by an introduction and a general discussion of an information quality framework for studying them. We conclude with a section on outlooks and proposals that require more research.
Exercise induces muscle fiber type switching via transient receptor potential melastatin 2-dependent Ca2+ signaling
Authors: Lee Seo-Ho , Kim Byung-Ju , Park Dae-Ryoung , Kim Uh-Hyun
Published: November 2017

The aim of the present study was to examine whether transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) plays a role in muscle fiber-type transition during exercise. Mice were trained at a speed of 12 m/min at a slope of 0° for 60 min for 5 consecutive days/wk for 4 wk. Exhaustion tests were performed on the treadmill (the speed was set at 6 m/min at a slope of 0° and increased at a rate of 1 m/min every 6 min). Isolated primary skeletal muscle cells from TRPM2-knockout (KO) mice showed lower amplitudes of electrical stimuli (ES)-induced Ca2+ signals when compared with wild-type (WT) mice due to a defect in Ca2+ influx. Moreover, TRPM2-KO mice had a higher proportion of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers and a lower proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers before exercise than WT mice. After exercise, the expression of slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers was increased only in WT mice but not in TRPM2-KO mice. ES-induced nuclear translocation of the Ca2+-dependent transcription factor NFATc1 was significantly lower in TRPM2-KO mice than in WT mice. TRPM2-KO mice also showed decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ and membrane potential. Lactate levels were higher in the skeletal muscle cells of TRPM2-KO mice before and after ES compared with WT mice. Collectively, these data indicate that TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of fiber-type switching and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY TRPM2 has been shown to play an important role in a variety of cellular functions. However, the role of TRPM2 in skeletal muscle remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling is required for training-induced improvement in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and fiber type transition.
Cycling efficiency and energy cost of walking in young and older adults
Authors: Gaesser Glenn A. , Tucker Wesley J. , Sawyer Brandon J. , Bhammar Dharini M. , Angadi Siddhartha S.
Published: November 2017

To determine whether age affects cycling efficiency and the energy cost of walking (Cw), 190 healthy adults, ages 18–81 yr, cycled on an ergometer at 50 W and walked on a treadmill at 1.34 m/s. Ventilation and gas exchange at rest and during exercise were used to calculate net Cw and net efficiency of cycling. Compared with the 18–40 yr age group (2.17 ± 0.33 J·kg−1·m−1), net Cw was not different in the 60–64 yr (2.20 ± 0.40 J·kg−1·m−1) and 65–69 yr (2.20 ± 0.28 J·kg−1·m−1) age groups, but was significantly ( P < 0.03) higher in the ≥70 yr (2.37 ± 0.33 J·kg−1·m−1) age group. For subjects >60 yr, net Cw was significantly correlated with age ( R2 = 0.123; P = 0.002). Cycling net efficiency was not different between 18–40 yr (23.5 ± 2.9%), 60–64 yr (24.5 ± 3.6%), 65–69 yr (23.3 ± 3.6%) and ≥70 yr (24.7 ± 2.7%) age groups. Repeat tests on a subset of subjects (walking, n = 43; cycling, n = 37) demonstrated high test-retest reliability [intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 0.74–0.86] for all energy outcome measures except cycling net energy expenditure (ICC = 0.54) and net efficiency (ICC = 0.50). Coefficients of variation for all variables ranged from 3.1 to 7.7%. Considerable individual variation in Cw and efficiency was evident, with a ~2-fold difference between the least and most economical/efficient subjects. We conclude that, between 18 and 81 yr, net Cw was only higher for ages ≥70 yr, and that cycling net efficiency was not different across age groups.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study illustrates that the higher energy cost of walking in older adults is only evident for ages ≥70 yr. For older adults ages 60–69 yr, the energy cost of walking is similar to that of young adults. Cycling efficiency, by contrast, is not different across age groups. Considerable individual variation (∼2-fold) in cycling efficiency and energy cost of walking is observed in young and older adults.
Neutral Sphingomyelinase Behaviour in Hippocampus Neuroinflammation of MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease and in Embryonic Hippocampal Cells
Authors: Cataldi Samuela , Arcuri Cataldo , Hunot Stéphane , Légeron François-Pierre , Mecca Carmen , Garcia-Gil Mercedes , Lazzarini Andrea , Codini Michela , Beccari Tommaso , Tasegian Anna , Fioretti Bernard , Traina Giovanna , Ambesi-Impiombato Francesco Saverio , Curcio Francesco , Albi Elisabetta
Published: November 2017

Neutral sphingomyelinase is known to be implicated in growth arrest, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Although previous studies have reported the involvement of neutral sphingomyelinase in hippocampus physiopathology, its behavior in the hippocampus during Parkinson’s disease remains undetected. In this study, we show an upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and a downregulation of neutral sphingomyelinase in the hippocampus of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- (MPTP-) induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, the stimulation of neutral sphingomyelinase activity with vitamin 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces specifically saturated fatty acid sphingomyelin by making sphingomyelin a less rigid molecule that might influence neurite plasticity. The possible biological relevance of the increase of neutral sphingomyelinase in Parkinson’s disease is discussed.
Multimodal Images of Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Shah Parth , Schwartz Stephen G. , Flynn Harry W.
Published: November 2017

Two illustrative cases of acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) are presented with multimodal imaging, including fluorescein angiography (FA) and commercially available optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). In both patients, retinal ischemia was imaged well using both FA and OCT-A, and the two imaging studies provided comparable pictures. OCT-A provides useful information for the diagnosis and management of patients with acute CRAO, without the need for dye injection.
Analysis of a New Delayed HBV Model with Exposed State and Immune Response to Infected Cells and Viruses
Authors: Sun Deshun , Liu Fei
Published: November 2017

We propose a comprehensive delayed HBV model, which not only considers the immune response to both infected cells and viruses and a time delay for the immune system to clear viruses but also incorporates an exposed state and the proliferation of hepatocytes. We prove the positivity and boundedness of solutions and analyze the global stability of two boundary equilibria and then study the local asymptotic stability and Hopf bifurcation of the positive (infection) equilibrium and also the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions. Moreover, we illustrate how the factors such as the time delay, the immune response to infected cells and viruses, and the proliferation of hepatocytes affect the dynamics of the model by numerical simulation.
The Role of Copy Number Variants in Disorders of Sex Development
Authors: Croft Brittany , Ohnesorg Thomas , Sinclair Andrew H.
Published: November 2017

Despite considerable research effort and significant advances in sequencing technologies, the majority of disorders of sex development (DSD) cases still lack a molecular genetic diagnosis. While coding variants have been discovered in known and candidate DSD genes, comparatively little is known about copy number variations (CNVs) affecting both coding and noncoding regions. Due to rapidly falling costs of whole genome sequencing, many more CNVs in individuals with DSD will be identified. These CNVs may explain a significant number of hitherto undiagnosed cases of DSD. In this review, we provide an overview of CNVs that are known to cause DSD and discuss approaches to identify and verify causative CNVs.
Heavy Alcohol Consumption Effects on Blood Pressure and on Kidney Structure Persist After Long-Term Withdrawal
Authors: Leal Sandra , Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira , Joana Barbosa , Maria Silva Susana , Isabel Sá Susana
Published: November 2017

Background/Aims: Heavy ethanol consumption is a risk factor for hypertension and prompts organ damage. There is no information regarding the impact of long-term heavy ethanol consumption on kidney structure and function linking to their hypertensive effects nor the repercussions after withdrawal. Methods: Rats were exposed to ethanol for 24 weeks and, afterwards, a group was assigned to withdrawal for 8 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was measured and serum biochemical parameters were quantified. Glomerular volume density, areal density of glomerular tuft and renal corpuscles were determined. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) protein expression was evaluated. Results: Twenty-four weeks of ethanol consumption causes atrophy of renal corpuscles and glomeruli and reduces the volume of glomeruli. Glomerular changes induced by ethanol consumption were still evident after withdrawal. Renal AT1R levels were increased in ethanol-treated rats and returned to control levels during withdrawal. Ethanol consumption also induced an increase in BP, uric acid and albumin levels. Upon withdrawal, systolic and mean arterial pressures decreased, but were still higher than in controls rats. Conclusion: Ethanol consumption induces changes in glomerular morphology associated with increased BP and AT1R expression. Long-term withdrawal was inefficient to restore the structural integrity of renal corpuscles and in lowering systolic pressure.
Does Anaemia Have Major Public Health Importance in Children Aged 6–59 Months in the Duggina Fanigo District of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia?
Authors: Tiku Yohannes Samuel , Mekonnen Tefera Chane , Workie Shimelash Bitew , Amare Endale
Published: November 2017

Background: Globally, a large number of children aged 6–59 months are affected by anaemia. In Ethiopia, like other developing countries, more than 40% of children under 5 years are affected by anaemia. Anaemia during infancy and childhood period is associated with poor health and impaired cognitive development, leading to reduced academic achievement and earning potential in their adult life. The aim of this research was to assess whether anaemia remained a major public health problem among children aged 6–59 months or not in Duggina Fanigo District of Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia in 2016. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2016, on 404 mothers with children aged 6–59 months who were selected through the systematic sampling method. Socio-demographic and other data on associated factors was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Capillary blood was taken from the fingertip of each child and hemoglobin was measured using Haemo-Cue digital photometer. All the necessary safety measures were taken during blood collection. Data analysis was made using SPSS version 21. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of independent variables with outcome variables and to control the possible confounding factors. Result: The overall prevalence of anaemia was 51.4%. Anaemia was common among young children as compared to older children. After controlling the effect of confounding and adjusting for age, gender and altitude, explanatory variables like low dietary diversity (AOR = 3.24; 95% CI [1.68–6.23]), food insecurity (AOR = 3.63; 95% CI [2.18–6.04]), stunting (AOR = 2.60; 95% CI [1.56–4.35]), underweight (AOR = 2.46; 95% CI [1.29–4.67]) and fever within 2 weeks (AOR = 2.49; 95% CI [1.29–4.81]) prior to the survey were significantly associated with anaemia. In conclusion, the overall prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6–59 months has remained a major public health importance in the study area. Integrated efforts need to be prioritized to improve the health as well as the nutritional status of children aged 6–59 months through appropriate feeding practices in infants and children.
Curcumin Delays Retinal Degeneration by Regulating Microglia Activation in the Retina of rd1 Mice
Authors: Wang Yanhe , Yin Zhiyuan , Gao Lixiong , Sun Dayu , Hu Xisu , Xue Langyue , Dai Jiaman , Zeng YuXiao , Chen Siyu , Pan Boju , Chen Min , Xie Jing , Xu Haiwei
Published: November 2017

Background/Aims: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is characterized by degeneration of photoreceptors, and there are currently no effective treatments for this disease. However, curcumin has shown neuroprotectant efficacy in a RP rat and swine model, and thus, may have neuroprotective effects in this disease. Methods: Immunofluorescence staining, electroretinogram recordings, and behavioral tests were used to analyze the effects of curcumin and the underlying mechanism in retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mice. Results: The number of apoptotic cells in the retina of rd1 mice at postnatal day 14 significantly decreased with curcumin treatment and visual function was improved. The activation of microglia and secretion of chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases in the retina were inhibited by curcumin. These effects were also observed in a co-culture of BV2 microglial cells and retina-derived 661W cells. Conclusions: Curcumin delayed retinal degeneration by suppressing microglia activation in the retina of rd1 mice. Thus, it may be an effective treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as RP.
Diphthamide Biosynthesis 1 is a Novel Oncogene in Colorectal Cancer Cells and is Regulated by MiR-218-5p
Authors: Liu Minghui , Yin Kai , Guo Xu , Feng Huijin , Yuan Min , Liu Yanqing , Zhang Jianguo , Guo Baoliang , Wang Chen , Zhou Guangxin , Zhou Zhen , Zhang Chen-Yu , Chen Xi
Published: November 2017

Background/Aims: This study focused on the oncogenic role of Diphthamide biosynthesis 1 (DPH1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Methods: The expression of DPH1 was determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and western blotting in CRC tissues. The role of DPH1 in CRC cells was investigated via cell viability and invasion assays under the condition of DPH1 silencing or overexpression. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter analysis were used to identify the upstream microRNA which might regulate DPH1.The inverse correlation between the microRNA and DPH1 was also detected in CRC cells. Results: We identified an unexpected role for DPH1 as an oncogene in CRC cells. The tumour-suppressive miR-218-5p regulates DPH1 directly and negatively. Loss of miR-218-5p drives the oncogenic role of DPH1 in CRC cells. Conclusion: The modulation of DPH1 by miR-218-5p may be an important regulatory axis during CRCtumourigenesis.
A solidão dos trabalhadores: sociabilidade contemporânea e degradação do trabalho
Authors: Praun Luci
Published: November 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo problematizar as relações de trabalho e a sociabilidade que emergem entre as décadas de 1970-1980. Questiona, neste contexto, se estaríamos diante de condições e situações de trabalho mais adoecedoras que aquelas vivenciadas no período de predomínio do taylorismo-fordismo. Salienta, com base neste questionamento, os mecanismos presentes na sociabilidade contemporânea capazes de converter os locais de trabalho em espaços de degradação dos laços de solidariedade, de adoecimento físico e mental, assim como de descarte dos trabalhadores adoecidos pelo trabalho.
O sentimento de medo no cotidiano de trabalho na vigilância prisional e seus impactos sobre a subjetividade dos agentes penitenciários
Authors: Santiago Eneida , Zanola Pedro Costa , Hisamura Junior Renato Shoiti , Silva Iúri Yrving Müller da
Published: November 2017

Neste relato de experiência, problematizamos as vivências subjetivas construídas na atuação profissional de agentes penitenciários que atuam em uma unidade prisional fechada paranaense. Utilizamos referenciais da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, da Psicanálise e de escritos sobre Processos Grupais para disponibilizarmos aos trabalhadores um espaço grupal semanal em que eles eram convidados a conversarem e refletirem sobre o cotidiano laboral no intramuros institucional. A partir da compreensão da inseparabilidade entre trabalho e vivências subjetivas, acolhemos no espaço coletivo relatos sobre um cotidiano prisional que produz desgastes e desdobramentos de suas dimensões institucionais sobre os próprios sujeitos, bem como de suas relações familiares, afetivas e sociais. Em análise dos conteúdos, foi possível identificar vários aspectos de como a instituição prisional produz impactos na subjetividade daqueles que ali trabalham, entre eles, o sentimento de medo. As condições que delineamos são cotidianas, ou seja, não são exceções, e refletem os vínculos complexos e contraditórios entre sujeitos trabalhadores e instituição prisional.
Drogas e trabalho: considerações sobre atenção a trabalhadores usuários de drogas
Authors: Lopes Fábio José Orsini
Published: November 2017

Este ensaio versa sobre as relações entre uso de drogas e trabalho. Tem como objetivo central discutir os modelos e práticas de atenção aos trabalhadores usuários de drogas no âmbito da organização do trabalho e em consonância com a atual política de atenção integral a esses usuários. Inicia trazendo algumas contribuições de pesquisas que compõem o campo e apresenta as diretrizes centrais da política nacional de atenção integral aos usuários de drogas. O artigo considera que tanto o uso de drogas quanto o trabalho estão em relação direta com a conformação subjetiva e com a busca de equilíbrio e normalidade em saúde. Assim, os fenômenos de uso e abuso de drogas também podem ser apreendidos através de sua relação, direta e muitas vezes causal, com a organização e a natureza do trabalho como fazer humano nos planos identitário e social. Os resultados apontam para desafios na concretização do paradigma de superação do proibicionismo e na assimilação da lógica de redução de danos, pois as relações e a organização do trabalho parecem se mostrar tão vitais quanto despreparadas para alguma revisão ou transformação fundamental na atenção ao trabalhador usuário de drogas.
Formação graduada em Terapia Ocupacional na América Latina: mapeando quem somos e onde estamos.
Authors: Bianchi Pamela Cristina , Malfitano Ana Paula Serrata
Published: November 2017

O presente trabalho visa refletir sobre a formação graduada em terapia ocupacional nos países latino-americanos. Partindo de um mapeamento nos websites de 114 escolas que apresentam o curso, o estudo elaborou uma análise acerca dos anos de criação dos cursos, tempo de formação, titulação dos docentes e grades curriculares. Os resultados apontaram que, embora haja um crescimento das ofertas formativas nos anos 2000, a profissão ainda é incipiente na região frente ao pequeno número de cursos de graduação, alguns de caráter técnico, e ofertado por grande número de docentes sem formação pós-graduada. Desenha-se como desafio para a terapia ocupacional latino-americana a construção de novos cursos, o aumento do número de profissionais para a conquista de campos de atuação, o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e a construção de conhecimentos próprios que contribuam com uma maior institucionalização da profissão na América Latina.
Avaliação da estimulação e apoio no ambiente familiar oferecido à criança com paralisia cerebral
Authors: Azevedo Tássia Lopes de , Della Barba Patrícia Carla De Souza
Published: November 2017

A família é um espaço privilegiado para o desenvolvimento do indivíduo e da sociedade. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a frequência da estimulação e apoio oferecido à criança no ambiente familiar, baseado na perspectiva dos pais. Participaram 17 mães e dois pais de crianças com paralisia cerebral com idade entre um a 12 anos. Os participantes foram entrevistados em centros de atendimento à criança, instituição educacional e no próprio domicílio. O questionário aplicado foi o EC-Home. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de métodos descritivos (frequência absoluta, relativa e média aritmética). Os resultados demonstraram que os pais são responsivos às necessidades dos filhos e tentam manter-se próximos deles na maior parte do tempo; oferecem estímulos, principalmente relacionados aos aspectos acadêmicos e de linguagem. Conclui-se que os dados podem auxiliar outras pesquisas na proposição de programas de intervenção focados em famílias, a fim de maximizar a estimulação que pode ser oferecida aos filhos e empoderar os pais, apontados como os principais agentes para o desenvolvimento infantil.