bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of galactic interactions on the evolution of the far-infrared–radio correlation
Authors: Pavlović M , Prodanović T
Published: September 2019

A strong correlation has been known to exist between the far-infrared (FIR) and radio emission of star-forming galaxies. Observations have shown that, although scatter is present, this correlation holds over a range of redshifts and does not evolve. However, there have been a number of more recent observations, especially in higher redshift surveys, indicating the opposite. The question that then presents itself is: what is driving this evolution? In this work, we explore the possibility that the answer might be hiding in galactic interactions and revealed by morphology. We present a number of models based on the evolving number of galaxies of different morphological types, some of which could potentially explain the observed trends and scatter in general. Furthermore, we analyse a small sample of 34 submillimetre galaxies for which observations have been published and morphology classified. In this sample, we look at the FIR–radio correlation separately in galaxies of different morphological types. We find that, while for both disc and irregular star-forming galaxies there are hints of evolution of this correlation with redshift, where this evolution appears to be stronger in irregular galaxies, due to low number statistics, both samples are also consistent with no evolution, making it difficult at this point to discriminate between models. However, when analysis was performed on the combined sample, an evolving and decreasing trend was indeed found, indicating that evolution should be expected in at least one of the morphological types.
A highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@metal–organic framework composite for high-performance electrochemical energy storage
Authors: Zheng Shasha , Li Qing , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan , Xu Qiang
Published: September 2019

Most metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hardly maintain their physical and chemical properties after exposure to alkaline aqueous solutions, thus precluding their use as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we present the design and synthesis of a highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@MOF composite, Co3O4 nanocube@Co-MOF (Co3O4@Co-MOF), via a controllable and facile one-pot hydrothermal method under highly alkaline conditions. The obtained composite possesses exceptional alkaline stability, retaining its original structure in 3.0 M KOH for at least 15 days. Benefitting from the exceptional alkaline stability, unique structure, and larger surface area, the Co3O4@Co-MOF composite shows a specific capacitance as high as 1020 F g−1 at 0.5 A  g−1 and a high cycling stability with only 3.3% decay after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The as-constructed solid-state flexible device exhibits a maximum energy density of 21.6 mWh cm−3.
Impact of Setting up an “Endocarditis Team” on the Management of Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Ruch Yvon , Mazzucotelli Jean-Philippe , Lefebvre François , Martin Aurélie , Lefebvre Nicolas , Douiri Nawal , Riegel Philippe , Hoang Minh Tam , Petit-Eisenmann Hélène , Hansmann Yves , Argemi Xavier
Published: September 2019

Background

Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a severe disease with a high mortality rate. Therefore, guidelines encourage the setup of a multidisciplinary group in reference centers. The present study evaluated the impact of this “Endocarditis Team” (ET).

Methods

We conducted a monocentric observational study at Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France, between 2012 and 2017. The primary end point was in-hospital mortality. Secondary end points were 6-month and 1-year mortality, surgery rate, time to surgical procedure, duration of effective antibiotic therapy, length of in-hospital stay, and sequelae. We also assessed predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Results

We analyzed 391 episodes of IE. In the post-ET period, there was a nonsignificant decrease in in-hospital mortality (20.3% vs 14.7%, respectively; P = .27) and sequelae, along with a significant reduction in time to surgery (16.4 vs 10.3 days, respectively; P = .049), duration of antibiotic therapy (55.2 vs 47.2 days, respectively; P < .001), and length of in-hospital stay (40.6 vs 31.9 days, respectively; P < .01). In a multivariate analysis, the post-ET period was positively associated with survival (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.96; P = .048).

Conclusions

This multidisciplinary approach exerted a positive impact on the management of IE and should be considered in all hospitals managing IE.
Health TheatRe
Authors: Cox Susan , Belliveau George
Published: September 2019

Research-based theater is increasingly valued as a means of enhancing understanding of lived experience in different groups and communities. This innovative use of theater is being applied within various disciplines, including health research. In this chapter, we explore the use of research-based theater in three health-related projects, each of which focuses on a different application of research-based theater. The first highlights the use of theater to disseminate research findings; the second looks at the use of theater in developing a therapeutic intervention; and the third is concerned with the use of theater as a means of engaging citizens in health policy development. We conclude the chapter by discussing two salient ethical and methodological issues arising from the use of research-based theater in these three projects: (1) artistic expertise or professionalism and (2) authorship and its attribution in collaborative, creative work.
Narrative Film as Public Scholarship
Authors: Woo Yen Yen
Published: September 2019

Based on her experience developing a career as a media creator and professor in the field of education, Dr. Yen Yen Woo answers frequently asked questions about using film as public scholarship. In this chapter, she explains the reasons for working in creative forms and answers questions about funding; methodology, such as writing and directing; and distribution. The question of distribution is especially important in an environment where it is increasingly easy for films to get made but increasingly hard for them to engage the attention of the audience. She also provides useful examples of new forms, such as transmedia storytelling, that scholars can use to engage new audiences.
Cellphilms in Public Scholarship
Authors: MacEntee Katie , Burkholder Casey , Schwab-Cartas Joshua
Published: September 2019

Digital media offer new platforms for engagement and dissemination for public scholarship. Cellphilm method (cellphone + film production) is a participatory visual methodology that builds on the increasing ubiquity of cellphones and other mobile technology across the globe, and the uptake of cellphone video-making as a form of socially engaged visual practice. In this chapter the authors trace the development of cellphilm method in research. They present case studies of cellphilm research in Hong Kong, Mexico, and South Africa in order to provide concrete examples of cellphilm research in practice and nuance the methodological implications of integrating cellphones and visual media production into public scholarship. The chapter concludes by offering directions for future research on cellphilms as a public scholarship method and providing a critical perspective on the integration of cellphones in research for public scholarship.
Growing the Revolutionary Intellectual, Creating the Counterpublic Sphere
Authors: McLaren Peter , Monzó Lilia D.
Published: September 2019

The current crisis of humanity—endemic racism, the dehumanization of women, nationalist fervor, pending environmental disaster, corrupted power and moral decay, the eclipse of personal freedoms—demands the rehabilitation of the public intellectual as a catalyst for dissidence and revolutionary change. In this chapter, the authors recount the historical significance of the public intellectual and its various articulations and discuss the strongman politics and corporate greed commandeering global capitalism and the Trump administration. With the advent of apocalyptic disaster looming, the authors call for revolutionary intellectuals to challenge the capitalist social relations of production that have brought the world to a state of unmitigated pain and destruction and to spark a people’s movement that can lead us to freedom.
Literature and Creative Writing as Public Scholarship
Authors: Faulkner Sandra L. , Squillante Sheila
Published: September 2019

The use of literature and creative writing as public scholarship bridges the humanities, social sciences, and social activism. Public scholarship merges creative writing, democratic impulses, and the power of activism. In this chapter, the authors argue for the power and possibilities of literature as public scholarship for transforming our communal perspectives and self-perspectives and for contributing to meaningful public dialogue and the public good. The chapter engages the following questions by examining public literature in virtual and nonvirtual spaces: How can creative writing and literature alter, transform, and reimagine our experiences and definitions of public space? How does literature in everyday spaces democratize our lived experiences and empower our voices? The authors provide examples of poetry, creative nonfiction, fiction, and hybrid forms as public scholarship and offer resources for readers interested in their own public scholarship projects using literary forms.
Online, Asynchronous Data Collection in Qualitative Research
Authors: Spencer Tracy , Rademaker Linnea , Williams Peter , Loubier Cynthia
Published: September 2019

The authors discuss the use of online, asynchronous data collection in qualitative research. Online interviews can be a valuable way to increase access to marginalized participants, including those with time, distance, or privacy issues that prevent them from participating in face-to-face interviews. The resulting greater participant pool can increase the rigor and validity of research outcomes. The authors also address issues with conducting in-depth asynchronous interviews such as are needed in phenomenology. Advice from the field is provided for rigorous implementation of this data collection strategy. The authors include extensive excerpts from two studies using online, asynchronous data collection.
Academic Blogs
Authors: Manning Jimmie
Published: September 2019

Academic blogs are an increasingly popular form of social media that allow scholars to enact public engagement. This chapter examines academic blogs as scholarship, blogs about scholarship, and blogs as a tool to generate scholarship. After reviewing key terms and processes related to blogging, a brief history of blogging is provided. Then three types of blog environments are reviewed: personal, topic-driven, and filter blogs. Next, five metaphors for academic blogs are considered: blogs as education, information, relationship, engagement, and scholarship. These metaphors illustrate the breadth of blog functions, specifically their use for research innovation, mobility, connection, and reflexivity as well as for educational possibilities. Blogging as a form of scholarship is then explored in depth, especially the use of blogs for content analysis, multiadic discourse analysis, forms of diary research, and arts-based approaches. Finally, two key tensions regarding blogs as scholarship are explored: how the expedience of blog scholarship comes into conflict with concerns about credibility and how the accessible language and approaches to blog writing come into conflict with a blog entry’s enduring popularity or appeal.
Disaster Research
Authors: Landahl Mark R. , Bennett DeeDee M. , Phillips Brenda D.
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the history and development of research examining disaster events. The historical review includes discussion of the three core research traditions (disasters, hazards, and risk) and the more recent focus on public administration. A focus on research methods unique to disasters guides a review of the challenges of research in the four phases of disaster. The chapter also examines specific methodological challenges related to disaster field research, including sampling and data collection. The chapter concludes by reviewing issues in the transfer of research findings to emergency management practice and discusses the future of disaster research.
(Un)Settling Imagined Lands
Authors: Bhattacharya Kakali
Published: September 2019

De/colonial methodologies and ontoepistemologies have gained popularity in the academic discourses emerging from Global North perspectives over the last decade. However, such perspectives often erase the broader global agenda of de/colonizing research, praxis, and activism that could be initiated and engaged with beyond the issue of land repatriation, as that is not the only agenda in de/colonial initiatives. In this chapter, I coin a framework, Par/Des(i), with six tenets, and offer three actionable methodological turns grounded in transnational de/colonial ontoepistemologies. I locate, situate, and trace the Par/Des(i) framework within the South Asian diasporic discourses and lived realities as evidenced from my empirical work with transnational South Asian women, my community, and my colleagues. Therefore, I offer possibilities of being, knowing, and enacting de/colonizing methodologies in our work, when engaging with the Par/Des(i) framework, with an invitation for an expanded conversation.
Public Scholarship Goes Online
Authors: Trier-Bieniek Adrienne
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses the intersections between public scholarship, impression management, and email as a qualitative research method. Through a discussion of Erving Goffman’s theory of impression management, the author contends that the use of email in qualitative methods must first be considered as an exercise in how we manage identities online. When public scholarship is attached to online research, qualitative researchers can take an act that is already public and form a methodological route to devise studies. The chapter outlines the use of email as a qualitative method by exploring logistics like recruitment, rapport building, ethics, consent, transcripts, and privacy expectations. The chapter ends with suggestions for future areas of research.
Creative Nonfiction in Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Smartt Gullion Jessica , Williams Jessica Spears
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, Gullion and Williams address many of the nuances of writing qualitative inquiry. They urge researchers to incorporate elements from creative nonfiction and storytelling into their work to appeal to readers outside of their particular disciplines and sub-fields. They argue that while writing “academically” has its own merit, if researchers truly want their research to reach a broad audience, they must break out of their academic training and become storytellers. By advocating for the use of elements from creative nonfiction, such as narrative, plot lines/story arcs, descriptive language, bringing characters to life, and metaphors, Gullion and Williams show researchers how to bring their research to life in such a way as to draw in a multitude of readers.
#spacesforknowledgeproduction
Authors: Barney Daniel T. , Blair Lorrie , Castro Juan Carlos
Published: September 2019

The authors acknowledge the data-mining potential of Instagram as an enormous data stream for quantitative research studies, but in this chapter they describe how it can also serve as an inquiry space, or social studio, for data contributors. For example, Instagram is currently one of the most widely used social networking platforms in the world, but it has not been utilized as extensively as a data source by researchers in comparison to Facebook or Twitter, and there is little scholarship published on Instagram as a platform for creative and pedagogical inquiry. The authors of this chapter are art educators utilizing Instagram to further this particular inquiry possibility; that is, to investigate Instagram as a social practice, pedagogical platform, reconceptualized exhibition venue, and artistic mode.
Ethical Challenges Community-Based Researchers and Community-Based Organizations Face
Authors: Boyd Margaret R.
Published: September 2019

Community-based research (CBR) has grown rapidly since its origins and has helped to make substantial and positive changes within communities. The goals of CBR are to collaborate with community-based organizations (CBOs) and community partners in culturally sensitive, synergistic relationships to address community-defined problems and find community-relevant solutions. This chapter focuses on the ethical challenges that community-based researchers and CBOs face when working with traditional Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to guide and evaluate their projects. Traditional IRB standards regarding informed consent, personal and professional boundaries, and decisions regarding risks and benefits to communities need to change. Academic researchers, community partners, IRBs, and institutions of higher learning must work together so that community-based researchers and CBOs can continue to work in community and communities for social justice and social change.
Interviews
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: September 2019

Qualitative interviews are normally conducted as personal conversations between two or more individuals. Such personal conversations, however, are frequently used in the service of public scholarship, which gives rise to a number of significant issues having to do with researching private lives and placing accounts in the public arena. This chapter addresses the role of qualitative interviewing in public scholarship. It first discusses the very idea of the public, especially as it was articulated by the American pragmatist John Dewey. It is argued that the social sciences, and qualitative interviewing specifically, have a central role to play in the constitution of a public in modern society. The reader is then taken through various stages of interview research and some examples are given that show how qualitative interview studies have significantly advanced public scholarship.
Oral History, the Public Record, and the Story
Authors: Janesick Valerie J.
Published: September 2019

Oral history is a perfect vehicle for public scholarship because it is chiefly concerned with telling a person’s story. To understand a community, it is critical to listen to the stories being told to the oral history researcher. Furthermore, in today’s digital world, storytelling through oral history benefits from the use of software, public records, photography, poetry, the internet, social media, arts-based representations of data, and websites like YouTube. Smartphones, iPads, and other handheld devices also provide tools for the oral historian. These are strong vehicles for understanding oral history as public scholarship. The mainstays of oral history, such as interviewing, site documents, observations, and photography, are connected to ways of knowing the world through the digital techniques available to today’s oral history researcher.
The Politics of Gender and Global Health
Authors: Hawkes Sarah , Buse Kent
Published: September 2019

Politics, simply understood as who gets what, when, and how, is self-evidently central to health policy and health equity outcomes. The material, ideational, and institutional interests and power of stakeholders will determine whose health is given salience and who influences those decisions. Gender, understood as the roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that are expected, allowed, and valued in a woman or man in any given context in turn impacts the influence and interests of those stakeholders. This chapter explores the impact of gender on health outcomes as well as the global health complex’s responding to or leveraging gender to ensure more equitable outcomes. The chapter begins by setting out the significant differences in the gendered distribution of health outcomes. It then presents a conceptual framework that explains the ways through which gender impacts those outcomes, namely how gender serves as and interacts with other determinants of health, how gender influences the differences in health-harming and health-affirming behaviours between men and women, and how gender impacts health programmes and delivery. The chapter provides a historical account of the manner in which global health organisations have treated (largely ignored) gender. It concludes with a discussion of the politics of health that explains why global health remains gender blind despite centuries of empirical evidence to suggest that it could be amongst the most influential determinants of health and promotes ideas of what will be required to ensure that global health is more gender responsive.
Did Groupthink or Polythink Derail the 2016 Raqqa Offensive?
Authors: Barr Kasey , Mintz Alex
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the effect of group dynamics on the 2016 decision within the administration of President Barack Obama to lead the international coalition in a mission to liberate Raqqa, Syria, from the Islamic State. The authors show that whereas the groupthink syndrome characterized the decision-making process of the US-led coalition’s decision to attack Raqqa, it was polythink that characterized the decision-making dynamics both in the US-led coalition and within the inner circle of Obama’s own foreign policy advisors. Through case-study analysis, the authors illustrate that groupthink is more likely in strategic decisions, whereas polythink is more likely in tactical decisions.
Judith Shklar,Ordinary Vices
Authors: Sabl Andrew
Published: September 2019

Judith Shklar’s Ordinary Vices is often oversimplified, and its radicalism underplayed. Far from simply endorsing “putting cruelty first,” the work doubts that this is politically desirable (or even clearly possible). Its defense of hypocrisy is subtler and more ambivalent than often thought. Its attack on aristocratic, “primary” snobbery merits less attention than its defense of a pluralistic snobbery that allows each of us to find some group that may freely exclude, and look down on, (some) others. Its skepticism regarding accusations of betrayal relies less on direct political analysis than on a moral-psychological analysis of our need to attribute disloyalty to others. Its defense of the “liberalism of fear” stipulates the limits of such a liberalism and the necessity to join it with representative democracy. Finally, Shklar’s benign misanthropy leads her not only to endorse constitutional politics but also, and more fundamentally, to denigrate systematic political theory.
Against Hypocrisy and Dissent
Authors: Walsh Marcus
Published: September 2019

Focusing on writings by Samuel Butler (Hudibras), John Dryden (Absalom and Achitophel), and Jonathan Swift (A Tale of a Tub), this chapter examines satire in verse and prose attacking a variety of forms of dissent. Such Anglican satiric writings regularly associated dissenting politics and devotion with hypocrisy in many forms. Dissent is represented as politically manipulative, ethically flexible, and interpretatively deceptive or erroneous, appropriating biblical texts to dissenting agendas. In a period where ironic, or rhetorical, or parabolic writing against religions of any stripe was typically considered suspicious or transgressive, however, the ironic methods used by these Anglican satirists, and most especially by Swift, involved serious difficulties of reception, and of interpretation.
Science and Satire
Authors: Lynall Gregory
Published: September 2019

Whilst this chapter explores the variety of ways in which satire interrogated science during the Restoration and eighteenth century, it also challenges the accepted view of an antagonism between these two cultural practices. It demonstrates how satirists often transformed scientific ideas into witty conceits and vehicles of ridicule, and acknowledges that some of the most important satirists on science were themselves involved in scientific pursuits. Moreover, it outlines how irony, satire, and parody were sometimes deployed by natural philosophers themselves, since they recognized the distinctive rhetorical power of these modes within their intellectual and personal disputes. The chapter shows that satire made a significant contribution to the social circulation and validation of natural knowledge in this period, and that the recovery of this history should modify our reading of not only the wider relationship between literature and science, but also the cultural agency of satire.
Corporate Acts of Satire
Authors: Hawley Judith
Published: September 2019

Some satirists acted as lone wolves, alienated outsiders, picking off their prey; many preferred to hunt in packs. This chapter will describe and analyse the activity of satirical clubs and groups in the period, attempting to understand the motives and impact of corporate acts of satire from the age of Dryden to that of the Scriblerians. The factious state of politics fostered the emergence of clubs of satirists; some used poetry as a way of conducting politics by other means. Few of these groups had a formal club constitution with rules of membership, and few lasted for long. Moreover, corporate satire took many forms: as well as joint authorship, it includes sociable forms such as the dialogue, variations on the list or litany, assemblies of texts circulated in manuscript, periodicals, and running battles in pamphlet form. Nonetheless, their influence on the forms and culture of satire has proved long-lasting.
Mixing It
Authors: Baines Paul
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the presence of ‘satire’, broadly conceived, in various kinds of miscellany publication between 1680 and 1732. Taking a cue from the ‘mixed’ nature of satire as it was theorized in the Restoration, the chapter looks first at the series of Miscellanies published by Tonson and Dryden from 1684 onwards. While satire was originally foundational to the series, it soon became aesthetically quarantined as one witty showcase amongst many others. The second section looks at the various rival attempts to match this polite formula. The individual author miscellanies issued as Poems on Several Occasions show, next, marked variations in the foregrounding of satire, in collections by women as well as men, over the same period. The final section looks at the agon between Pope and Curll, and the role of the collaborative Pope–Swift Miscellanies in Prose and Verse (1727–32) in controlling the marketing of satiric wit.
Sexing Satire
Authors: Campbell Jill
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates sexuality’s appearance in eighteenth-century satire, both as a frequent topic of satiric attacks and as an analogue for the questionable drives that animate satire itself. Satires of the period target female licentiousness, male debauchery, and same-sex desire as objects of excoriation, and they regularly expose sexual energies as the real source of pretended aesthetic or civic aspiration. Yet they also often suggest that libidinal drives, including sadistic aggression, scopophilia, and fetishism, may underlie supposedly high-minded satiric acts. The chapter draws its primary examples from poems by Alexander Pope, concentrating particularly on his attacks on Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Lord Hervey, and on their replies, with the second half of the chapter devoted to a reading of Sober Advice from Horace. The chapter also traces a historic shift from the Restoration to the Augustan period in patterns of association between sexual and satiric acts.
The Body of Thersites
Authors: Deutsch Helen
Published: September 2019

‘Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everyone’s face but their own.’ The preface to Swift’s ‘The Battle of the Books’ (1704) articulates a uniquely human paradox of universal error and individual delusion that inspires the genre’s violent attempts to reform by replacing self-love with the painful shock of self-recognition. Evoking both Thersites and Achilles, the monster and the hero, the satirist strives to humble human pride by holding up a beastly mirror, undermining both dominant protocols of representation and standard ethical categories. The reader of satire thus is forced to embrace madmen, monsters, and savage others as herself, at once humbled by and freed from the limits of the human. The liberating potential and visceral power of these inhumanely human texts offer joy in rage and freedom of fellowship with the abject other, while providing no escape from one’s own monstrosity.
Satirical Objects
Authors: Silver Sean
Published: September 2019

Satire has its objects: the people or practices towards which it is directed. But it also has plenty of objects, in the word’s materialist sense: things which are complexly related to satire’s rhetorical work. This chapter considers the double alignment of the goals of satire with its stuff, its objects with its objects, by looking at its strategies of defining and defending community boundaries. In the first place, satire creates and enforces social distinctions through rhetorical strategies of abjection or objectification. People are compared to dirt, disease, and disorder—thereby marking a primal distinction between social in- and out-groups. But recent work reminds us of a second, powerful force at work in early modern satire; this is the sympathetic response to bodies in pain. Far from merely enforcing systems of difference, satire offers repeated, compensatory opportunities for identification, which is where much of the transformative potential of the genre lies. Examples are drawn from Dryden, Pope, Addison, and especially Swift.
Moralizing Satire
Authors: Fowler James
Published: September 2019

In the period 1660–1740, major events in France and Britain (the beginning of Louis XIV’s personal reign, the Restoration, and the Glorious Revolution) stimulated comparisons with Augustus Caesar’s accession to power—a tendency connected with the Querelle des anciens et des modernes, and with cultural rivalry among modern nations. Poets including Boileau, Dryden, and Pope focused on the relationship between Augustus and Horace; they also reflected, often critically, on their own relation to living monarchs. The imitation of ancient poets, especially Horace, also allowed for a complex engagement with contemporary (or near-contemporary) poets, cast as lesser rivals. Meanwhile these poets’ theories of satire, expressed in verse and prose, raised questions straddling ethics and statecraft. For instance, are panegyric and satire ever entirely distinct? And under what conditions, if any, can a court poet render satire a force for the general good, and in that sense moral?
Satire, Morality, and Criticism, 1930–1965
Authors: Bucknell Clare
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the reception of eighteenth-century verse satire in transatlantic criticism of the first half of the twentieth century. Beginning with the revival of interest in Georgian writing and art in literary circles between the wars, it surveys the gradual rehabilitation of eighteenth-century satire from its low Victorian reputation to its major treatment by mid-century New Critics, scholars of rhetoric, and textual editors. In particular, it traces patterns of oscillation in satire’s reception history between moral and formal approaches, suggesting that treatments of satire as a moral art flourished under the special conditions of wartime, but were replaced in subsequent years by less politically charged rhetorical analyses of texts’ internal logic. It concludes by focusing on the sceptical return to moral questions in satire criticism of the 1960s and indicates some problems with reading satire from modern positions of moral relativism.
Graphic Satire
Authors: Molesworth Jesse
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the influence of Scriblerian satire within the practice of visual satire during the eighteenth century, specifically viewed within the graphic works of William Hogarth and James Gillray. What Hogarth took from the Scriblerians, particularly Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope, is the bathetic logic of satire, which assumes an entropic narrative of decline, marked by the irreversibility of time. Such can be seen not merely in his moral progresses, but in virtually all of his works, even those not typically seen as progressive, like The Four Times of the Day (1738). Gillray, by contrast, adapted the scatology of the Scriblerians into a complex visual grammar—now central to modern political caricature—wherein the lowness and porousness of the body serves as a metaphor for the insubstantiality of words and rhetoric.
Byzantine Festal Homilies on The Virgin Mary
Authors: Cunningham Mary B.
Published: September 2019

Liturgical homilies in honour of the Virgin Mary, Theotokos (‘God-bearer’) were composed in Greek from about the early fifth century ce in the Eastern Christian Church. As Marian feasts were added to the Byzantine liturgical calendar between approximately the sixth and eighth centuries, preachers throughout the Eastern Roman empire (and beyond) added to this corpus, delivering homilies on subjects such as the Annunciation, the Nativity of the Virgin, her Entrance into the temple, and Dormition and Assumption into heaven. They were collected and transmitted mainly in liturgical collections, thus becoming readings for both liturgical and private devotional use. The surviving homilies, many of which remain untranslated into modern languages, contain a combination of Christological, narrative, and intercessory themes. As poetic, but also deeply theological, reflections on Mary, the Mother of God, these works represent important contributions to the wider Christian tradition.
Mary and Grace
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: September 2019

The chapter explores the topic of Mary and grace in light of its biblical background, especially the Gospel of Luke and the letters of Paul. On the topic of Mary’s grace and her sanctification, I examine the perspectives of four notable Fathers of the Church: Irenaeus, Origen, Augustine, and John of Damascus. Treating the Western development of doctrine on this topic, I very briefly describe the positions of Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus, as well as the reflections of Matthias Scheeben and John Henry Newman after the 1854 promulgation of the dogma of Mary’s Immaculate Conception.
Mary and Migrant Communities
Authors: Notermans Catrien
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the meaning of Mary for migrant communities, and for African migrants in Europe in particular. These women appear to be well informed about European pilgrimages and, once in Europe, develop a programme of religious travel. Their mobility has become a kind of lifestyle that serves to frame their new lives as migrant mothers. The central question to be answered is: How do women as pilgrims and souvenir shoppers intensify their Marian devotion in post-migration life and in what kind of religious fusion and empowerment does that result? This central question is answered with an analysis of the data collected during multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in France (Paris, Lourdes) and Italy (San Damiano) between 2009 and 2015.
The Virgin as Theotokos at Ephesus (ad 431) and Earlier
Authors: Price Richard
Published: September 2019

The earliest apparent piece of evidence for giving Our Lady the title Theotokos is a papyrus in the John Rylands Library originally dated to the third century; recent research, however, suggests a date many centuries later. It has also been asserted that the First Council of Ephesus (431) formally defined that Our Lady is Theotokos; in fact, no such decree was issued. Although early Fathers had used the title as a matter of course, St Cyril of Alexandria was the first champion of its dogmatic status. But he did nothing to promote a cult of Our Lady, involving prayer for her intercession. This was because he bestowed on Our Lady a greater dignity than that of mere patron saints, namely an indispensable role as the collaborator of Our Lord in the work of salvation.
Mary, Gender, and the English Reformation
Authors: Bates Stephen
Published: September 2019

No woman is so closely associated with her body as Mary the mother of Christ, so much so that we know her simply as the Virgin. Yet at the same time she is disembodied: ethereal, unattainable. Conventional wisdom holds that this tension was the cultural product of men and that its consequence was to burden women with a role model who was inimitable (Warner 1976). This chapter reassesses the role of the Virgin as a model for piety during the sixteenth century, arguing that both men and women actively engaged with her (cf. Peters 2003). Subsequently, Mary was regarded as a symbol of Catholic excesses and her place in religious culture was re-evaluated. She remained, however, the archetype of pious humility. Moreover, in spite of Protestantism’s criticism of Mary’s immaculate condition, the Virgin continued to exercise a moderating influence on contemporary misogyny by representing the idealization of humanity.
Mary in Medieval Prayer: The Hours of the Virgin
Authors: Brown Rachel Fulton
Published: September 2019

By the later Middle Ages, every man, woman, or child, cleric or lay, who could read would have known the Hours or ‘Little Office’ of the Virgin Mary. Even those who could not read the Office in full would have known to recite its opening antiphon (Ave Maria) at the appropriate hours of the day. This chapter argues that a close reading of the texts of the Hours themselves is necessary to appreciate fully the place that Mary held in the hearts and minds of her medieval devotees. Through the hymns, antiphons, and psalms that make up the core of her Office, Mary is revealed as above all the temple in which God made himself present to the world, the Lord whom the psalmist called upon to make his face shine on his people. It was with this understanding of Mary that her medieval devotees sought to serve her through the recitation of her Hours.
Mary in the Apocrypha
Authors: Burke Tony
Published: September 2019

References to Mary of Nazareth are plentiful in Christian apocryphal texts. The canonical gospels say little about her life before the birth of Jesus, and less still about what happened to her after Jesus’ death. Christian imagination filled in these gaps in Mary’s biography while also introducing some key aspects of doctrine. The chapter covers in detail the two key Marian apocryphal texts: the Protevangelium of James and the Dormition of the Virgin. Included also are numerous texts that expand and reflect upon her birth and early life, upon her role as the mother of Jesus, and upon her depiction as a mediator between God and humanity. Attention is paid also to the composite Mary found in gnostic texts, and to efforts at combining apocryphal texts of Mary into comprehensive biographies. The chapter aims to be descriptive about the texts that are available for study while also reflective of their importance for the history of Marian devotion.
Mariology at and after the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Calkins Arthur B.
Published: September 2019

The formal treatment of the Blessed Virgin Mary by the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) was solemnly promulgated on 21 November 1964 as the eighth and final of the council’s most foundational document Lumen Gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church. There was intense debate over whether there should be a separate document on Mary or whether it should be included in the document on the Church. By a margin of just forty votes it was decided to include the document on Mary in the constitution on the Church. There was a constant tension between presenting Mary in terms of her analogy with Christ and her analogy with the Church. After eight drafts, a remarkable balance was achieved. While the Council Fathers had no intention of saying a final word on Mary, they presented a biblical-dogmatic treatise that provides a solid foundation for teaching about Mary, which continued to be developed and commented on by the postconciliar popes, especially by Pope Saint John Paul II.
Eating Disorders as Disorders of Embodiment and Identity
Authors: Castellini Giovanni , Ricca Valdo
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the lived word of persons with eating disorders. Moving from the phenomenological perspective, it focuses on the role of the awareness and experience of one’s own body as the original anchors of the developing sense of self. It also describes a new instrument for assessment of eating disorders, based on this approach. Finally, it considers the centrality of language for body definition and its relationship with the process of identity construction. From this point of view, eating disorders can be considered as examples of psychopathology of postmodernity, in which linguistic changes and innovations of language definitions mirror the fluidity of cultural transformations and their impact on the body. Therefore, to understand the subjective world of persons with eating disorders, the phenomenological approach takes into account both the way persons speak about their body as well as the way persons perceive their own body.
Functional Neuroimaging in Empirical Aesthetics and Neuroaesthetics
Authors: Ishizu Tomohiro
Published: September 2019

Functional neuroimaging refers to methods used to non-invasively visualize neural activity in the brain in relation to specific experimental variables. Over the past 15 years, functional neuroimaging has begun to provide novel findings on the neurobiology of our aesthetic activities and art appreciation. This chapter provides a review of functional neuroimaging studies, especially using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), on a range of aesthetic experiences and evaluations and their neural correlates. It describes an overview of a number of core brain structures and networks engaged in aesthetic activities, together with general functions of each of the brain regions. It then discusses recent advancements in neuroaesthetics including an investigation into cross-cultural aspects, abstraction of beauty, a contextual effect on aesthetic evaluations, and new analysis techniques.
Lexicography
Authors: Hanks Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses computational lexicography in two senses: the function of a lexicon in computer applications, and the use of computational techniques in compiling dictionaries. After a short historical survey, the article distinguishes scholarly dictionaries based on historical principles from practical synchronic dictionaries of contemporary words and meanings. Only the latter are suitable for computational applications, but many computational linguists are unaware of the difference. The chapter goes on to describe the ways in which computational techniques are bringing about radical changes in the methodology of compiling new dictionaries. It argues that future dictionaries, if they are to be maximally useful to both learners and computer programs, will need to make a more serious effort to report the stereotypical phraseology that is associated with each meaning of a word and the ways in which these stereotypes are exploited. Current developments and future possibilities are surveyed. The chapter closes with some suggestions for further reading. This article is designed to be read in conjunction with Chapter 3 of this volume.
Nobeyama 45 m mapping observations toward the nearby molecular clouds Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17: Project overview
Authors: Nakamura Fumitaka , Ishii Shun , Dobashi Kazuhito , Shimoikura Tomomi , Shimajiri Yoshito , Kawabe Ryohei , Tanabe Yoshihiro , Hirose Asha , Oyamada Shuri , Urasawa Yumiko , Takemura Hideaki , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Momose Munetake , Sugitani Koji , Nishi Ryoichi , Okumura Sachiko , Sanhueza Patricio , Nygen-Luong Quang , Kusune Takayoshi
Published: September 2019

We carried out mapping observations toward three nearby molecular clouds, Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M 17, using a new 100 GHz receiver, FOREST, on the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. We describe the details of the data obtained such as intensity calibration, data sensitivity, angular resolution, and velocity resolution. Each target contains at least one high-mass star-forming region. The target molecular lines were 12CO (J = 1–0), 13CO (J = 1–0), C18O (J = 1–0), N2H+ (J = 1–0), and CCS (JN = 87–76), with which we covered the density range of 102 cm−3 to 106 cm−3 with an angular resolution of ∼20″ and a velocity resolution of ∼0.1 km s−1. Assuming the representative distances of 414 pc, 436 pc, and 2.1 kpc, the maps of Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17 cover most of the densest parts with areas of about 7 pc × 15 pc, 7 pc × 7 pc, and 36 pc × 18 pc, respectively. On the basis of the 13CO column density distribution, the total molecular masses are derived to be $3.86 \times 10^{4}\, M_\odot$, $2.67 \times 10^{4}\, M_{\odot }$, and $8.1\times 10^{5}\, M_{\odot }$ for Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17, respectively. For all the clouds, the H2 column density exceeds the theoretical threshold for high-mass star formation of ≳ 1 g cm−2 only toward the regions which contain current high-mass star-forming sites. For other areas, further mass accretion or dynamical compression would be necessary for future high-mass star formation. This is consistent with the current star formation activity. Using the 12CO data, we demonstrate that our data have enough capability to identify molecular outflows, and for the Aquila Rift we identify four new outflow candidates. The scientific results will be discussed in detail in separate papers.
Application of a two-dipole model to PSR J1640–4631, a pulsar with an anomalous braking index
Authors: Shi Hui , Hu Hong-Wei , Chen Wen-Cong
Published: September 2019

Recent timing observation provides an intriguing result for the braking index of the X-ray pulsar PSR$\:$J1640$-$4631, which has a measured braking index $n=3.15\pm 0.03$. The decrease of the inclination angle between the spin axis and the magnetic axis can be responsible for such a high braking index. However, the physical mechanisms causing the change of the magnetic inclination angle have not been fully understood. In this Letter, we apply a two-dipole model given by Hamil, Stone, and Stone (2016, Phys. Rev. D., 94, 063012) to explain the decrease of the magnetic inclination angle of PSR$\:$J1640$-$4631. The rotation effect of a charged sphere and the magnetization of ferromagnetically ordered material produce magnetic moments $M_{\,1}$ and $M_{\,2}$, respectively. There exists a minimum of the potential energy for the magnetic moment $M_{\,2}$ in the magnetic field of $M_{\,1}$, hence the $M_{\,2}$ will freely rotate around the minimum energy position (i.e., equilibrium position), similar to a simple pendulum. Our calculation indicates that the magnetic moment $M_{\,2}$ would evolve towards alignment with the spin axis for PSR$\:$J1640$-$4631, and cause the magnetic inclination angle to decrease. The single peak in the pulse profile favors a relatively low change rate for the magnetic inclination angle.
Reflections on Project Managing a Home Office Funded Collaborative Multi-Stakeholder Research Project
Authors: Peters Elizabeth R , Stanko Elizabeth A , Merrett Robin
Published: September 2019

Combining attention to the dynamics of collaborative relationships with standard project management techniques, this article describes and reflects on the approach taken by the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) in the delivery of a Home Office Police Innovation Fund research project. The research project, with several work streams, focused on the development of the evidence base to inform the design and implementation of the College of Policing’s new Police Education Qualifications Framework graduate entry programme for police officers. The article comments on managing a complex collaboration comprising MOPAC, three academic research teams, Police Now and the College of Policing, and discusses the relationship between the project and the evolving policy environment. In conclusion, the article makes some observations about the value of a tri-partite collaboration between policy, practice, and research and the insights gained through this experience, which may offer guidance in the future management of collaborative projects.