bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterochrony and the development of the escape response: prehatching movements in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Gibb Alice C. , Liu Corina , Swanson Brook O.
Published: August 2007

Teleost fishes produce coordinated escape responses (C‐starts) at hatching. This implies that essential swimming morphologies and motor behaviors develop during the incubation interval while the embryo is in the chorion. We examined prehatching motor behaviors in rainbow trout Oncorhycus mykiss (considered morphologically mature at hatching) and compared this species with zebrafish Danio rerio (considered morphologically immature) and assessed two hypotheses concerning the development of escape behavior. (1) Escape behavior is associated with the formation of key elements of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems; thus, the escape response appears early in ontogeny, when these elements form. (2) Escape behavior is not directly associated with the formation of underlying morphological elements; instead, it appears at hatching (i.e. when needed). We find that rainbow trout, like zebrafish, respond to touch early in the incubation interval, but do not demonstrate a complete C‐start (including the second, propulsive stage) until shortly before hatching. At hatching, rainbow trout and zebrafish are similar in the degree of development of the chondocranium, paired fins and visceral arches (which comprise the larval jaw and gill support); however, rainbow trout have incipient rays in their unpaired fins (dorsal, anal and caudal), whereas zebrafish retain the embryonic fin fold. Although rainbow trout are more mature in axial swimming morphology at hatching, the essential neural and musculoskeletal systems that produce a coordinated escape response are functional at hatching in both species. This finding supports the evolutionary hypothesis that an effective escape response is critical for the survival of newly hatched teleost fishes. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:556–567, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of an anonymous system to report medical errors in pediatric inpatients
Authors: Taylor James A. , Brownstein Dena , Klein Eileen J. , Strandjord Thomas P.
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE

To compare reports of medical errors in hospitalized children submitted using an electronic, anonymous reporting system with those submitted via traditional incident reports.

STUDY DESIGN

During the 3‐month study period in 2003, reports of medical errors from 2 units at a large children's hospital were made using an electronic, anonymous system. Three reviewers independently evaluated each report and determined whether the events described constituted a medical error. An identical procedure was used to categorize medical error data collected via incident reports from the 2 study units from 1999 to 2002.

RESULTS

A total of 146 reports were made using the anonymous system, 131 of which documented medical errors. The rate of reporting medical errors with the anonymous system was 2.41/100 patient‐days. The rate of reporting medical errors via incident reports in 1999‐2002 was 2.40/100 patient‐days. However, 33.8% of all incident reports dealt with mislabeled laboratory specimens; after excluding these reports, the rate of medical errors documented via incident reports was 1.56/100 patient‐days. The rate of reporting was significantly higher with the anonymous system (rate ratio 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.26, 1.90). With the anonymous system, 25.2% of reported medical errors were near‐misses compared with 12.6% of the errors reported with the incident report system (P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Implementation of the anonymous reporting system with training was associated with a statistically significant increase in the rate of reported medical errors. The reporting of near‐miss events was significantly increased, suggesting this may be a useful format for gathering data on this type of medical error. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:226–233. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Analyte solvent and injection volume as variables affecting method development in semipreparative reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Kozlowski Edward S. , Dalterio Richard A.
Published: August 2007

Analyte solvent and injection volume were examined as parameters that affect peak elution during method development for semipreparative RP HPLC purification. Analytical and semipreparative scale HPLC with gradient elution were used to analyze a mixture of three standard compounds with significantly different retention factors (k). This mixture was analyzed after (i) dissolution in solvents of varied compositions, and (ii) with progressively larger injection volumes. As analyte solvent composition and injection volume were changed, the most notable effects on peak shape were observed for the compounds with the smallest k values. Overall changes in peak shape were less pronounced when analyte solvent composition was similar to the starting mobile phase regardless of injection volume. Scale‐up to semipreparative conditions yielded results consistent with those observed at the analytical scale. These data show that peak shape is greatly affected by analyte solvent composition and injection volume, and that these effects can be ameliorated by the dissolution of analytes in solvent that closely resembles that of the mobile phase used for initial run conditions. The following study addresses the concepts of peak elution in RP HPLC and how they factor into semipreparative purification.
Chromatographic fingerprinting analysis of Danshen root (Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma) and its preparations using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD‐ESI/MS)
Authors: Liu Mei , Li Yong‐Guo , Zhang Fang , Yang Li , Chou Gui‐Xin , Wang Zheng‐Tao , Hu Zhi‐Bi
Published: August 2007

Danshen root (Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma) is a representative Chinese herb containing multiple components contributing to its polyvalent bioactivities. Advanced analysis approaches are needed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the targeting constituents in complete matrix. In this study, a chromatographic fingerprinting method to monitor simultaneously the hydrophilic and lipophilic constituents was developed for the quality evaluation of Danshen root and its preparations. Ten hydrophilic and nine lipophilic components were identified using HPLC‐diode array detection‐electrospray‐MS (HPLC‐DAD‐ESI/MS) by comparing with the available references and reported data. Using the established method, 13 Danshen root samples collected from different sources, and 21 batches of Danshen preparations including tablets, injections, capsules, and dropping pills produced by different manufacturers were analyzed and their chromatographic fingerprints (CFP) were constructed. The results showed that the products of Danshen roots such as the tablets and capsules contained both the hydrophilic and lipophilic components, while the injections and dropping pills contained mainly the hydrophilic components. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied for the statistical analysis of the fingerprinting data of crude herb and its preparations. The established CFPs demonstrate the representative chemical profiling of the existing components and can be applied to the authentication and quality assessment of Danshen roots and other Danshen containing formulated preparations.
Retention of heavy metal ions on SBA‐15 mesoporous silica functionalised with carboxylic groups
Authors: Bruzzoniti Maria Concetta , Prelle Ambra , Sarzanini Corrado , Onida Barbara , Fiorilli Sonia , Garrone Edoardo
Published: August 2007

Three samples of SBA‐15 functionalised with –(CH2)3COOH groups have been prepared by co‐condensation, starting from solutions of TEOS and 4‐(triethoxysilyl)butyronitrile, acting as –(CH2)3COOH precursor, of different molar compositions. Materials were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The pKa and the acidic capacity were measured for all samples by potentiometric titration. The acidic capacity increases with increasing amount of –COOH precursor in the synthesis mixture only up to 10% molar of total alkoxysilane. The value for the pKa (4.75) is independent of the acidic capacity of the material. The sample prepared starting from an amount of –COOH precursor equal to 10% molar of total alkoxysilane was chosen to test selective interactions with heavy metals of environmental importance (Ag+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+) at different pH values and ionic strengths. The significant and selective adsorption exhibited by the material has been exploited in a preliminary cation‐exchange chromatographic application showing the possibility of eluting the metal ions at different retention times.
Peptide correlation: A means to identify high quality quantitative information in large‐scale proteomic studies
Authors: Schwarz Emanuel , Levin Yishai , Wang Lan , Leweke F. Markus , Bahn Sabine
Published: August 2007

A major challenge of proteomic studies is the accurate quantitation of proteins. LC‐MS/MS‐based methods are especially suited for profiling proteins in large sample sets. In this setup, the measurement of relative protein abundance relies on the correct quantitation of tryptic peptides. However, peptide intensities often do not unequivocally reflect the abundance of the native proteins in the sample. In this study, we show that peptides that accurately reflect relative protein abundances in large‐scale sample sets can be selected based on the correlation to each other. This strategy was tested in a well‐controlled experiment using a set of spiked serum samples as well as 55 clinical serum samples from schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers. The peptide correlation analysis we present here provides an intuitive and simple procedure to obtain a high quality quantitative information from proteomics data.
A practical guide to nano‐LC troubleshooting
Authors: Noga Marek , Sucharski Filip , Suder Piotr , Silberring Jerzy
Published: August 2007

Capillary LC is one of the most powerful analytical tools available for separation scientists. Its unique analytical properties are associated with numerous technical issues that may cause operation of such systems to be somehow troublesome. Because of that, a good experience in capillary LC troubleshooting is required to keep the system in shape and, in effect, to obtain reliable results. In this paper, we summarize the most important issues of the capillary systems, including void and dead volumes, leakages, sample injection, and a multidimensional LC approach. The aim of this paper was to provide practical advise on system diagnosis, and to present solutions to problems discussed. Also, several exemplary nano‐LC separations are included to demonstrate some typical problems encountered in our daily work.
Cathepsins and osteosarcoma: Expression analysis identifies cathepsin K as an indicator of metastasis
Authors: Husmann Knut , Muff Roman , Bolander Marc E. , Sarkar Gobinda , Born Walter , Fuchs Bruno
Published: August 2007

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant bone tumor with a poor survival rate for patients with metastasis. Previous studies have shown that beside other proteases, distinct sets of cathepsins are involved in the process of metastasis of different tumors. In this study we investigated the expression of cathepsin proteases in human osteosarcoma metastasis. First, the mRNA expression of 14 human cathepsins was studied in SAOS‐2 osteosarcoma cells and the highly metastatic LM5 and LM7 sublines by reverse transcriptase (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of cathepsin D, K, and L mRNA was found upregulated and that of cathepsin F, H, and V downregulated in the highly metastatic LM5 and LM7 cells. A subgroup of the cathepsin proteases was further studied at the protein level by Western blot analysis of cell extracts. The expression of cathepsin B and H was decreased and that of cathepsin D, K, and L was increased in the highly metastatic cell lines as compared to the SAOS‐2 cell line. Diagnostic relevance of cathepsin K expression in osteosarcoma was revealed upon correlation of survival and metastasis with immunohistochemical cathepsin K staining of biopsies collected from 92 patients prior to chemotherapy. Patients with metastatic high‐grade osteosarcoma and low cathepsin K expression at diagnosis had a better prognosis than those with high expression. Thus, it appears that cathepsin K expression is of predictive prognostic value for patients with high‐grade tumors and metastasis at diagnosis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STAT1 expression is not required for polyp formation in Min mice
Authors: Liddle Forrester J. , Frank David A.
Published: August 2007

Recent studies have suggested the importance of interleukin (IL)‐6 signaling in the development of colon cancer. Expression of IL‐6 and the IL‐6 receptor have been found to be elevated in colorectal carcinoma tissue, and IL‐6 has been found to be critical for tumor formation in mouse models of colon cancer. IL‐6 mediated activation of the transcription factor STAT1 has been shown to be important in protection of colorectal carcinoma cells from apoptotic signals. To test the hypothesis that the IL‐6‐STAT1 axis plays a role in early stages of colon cancer development, we examined the role of this pathway in the mouse multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Due to low fecundity, we were unable to generate Min mice lacking expression of IL‐6. We then focused on the role of STAT1 in intestinal polyp formation in these animals. Min mice lacking STAT1 or heterozygous for STAT1 developed polyps in similar numbers as those expressing STAT1. Furthermore, the anatomic distribution and histological characteristics of these polyps did not vary among these populations. These results indicate that STAT1 does not play a role in the pathogenesis of the Min model for colon cancer. However, they do not rule out the possibility that STAT1 plays a role in other stages of colon cancer development. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional abnormalities in the primary orofacial sensorimotor cortex during speech in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rektorova Irena , Barrett Jennifer , Mikl Michal , Rektor Ivan , Paus Tomas
Published: August 2007

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects speech, including respiration, phonation, and articulation. We measured the blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) response to overt sentence reading in: (1) 9 treated female patients with mild to moderate PD (age; mean 66.0 ± 11.6 years, mean levodopa equivalent 583.3 ± 397.9 mg) and (2) 8 age‐matched healthy female controls (age; mean 62.2 years ± 12.3). Speech was recorded in the scanner to assess which brain regions underlie variations in the initiation and paralinguistic aspects (e.g., pitch, loudness, and rate) of speech production in the two groups. There were no differences in paralinguistic aspects of speech except for speech loudness; it was lower in PD patients compared with that in controls, when age was used as a covariate. In both groups, we observed increases in the BOLD response (reading‐baseline) in brain regions involved in speech production and perception. In PD patients, as compared with controls, we found significantly higher BOLD signal in the right primary orofacial sensorimotor cortex and more robust correlations between the measured speech parameters and the BOLD response to reading, particularly, in the left primary orofacial sensorimotor cortex. These results might reflect compensatory mechanisms and/or treatment effects that take place in mild to moderately ill PD patients with quality of speech yet comparable with that of age‐matched controls. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
High‐resolution magic‐angle spinning NMR for the identification of reaction products directly from thin‐layer chromatography spots
Authors: Bradley Scott A. , McLaughlin Rebekah L.
Published: August 2007

We have investigated the prospect of identifying organic reaction products directly from separated thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) spots with high‐resolution magic‐angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR. The concept is to use the TLC spots for NMR analysis so that spectra can be obtained before the reaction is worked up, but without having to elute the product from the TLC stationary phase. Thus, the separated spot is scraped from the plate, transferred to an HRMAS sample rotor, and suspended with a deuterated solvent. Herein, we describe the effects of having the stationary phase present during NMR acquisition. Using a Varian 4 mm gHX Nanoprobe and rotenone as a test compound, we found that the presence of the stationary phase during NMR acquisition resulted in (i) a large, broad ‘background’ signal near 4.6 ppm and (ii) a decrease in the signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the adsorption of the product molecules to the adsorbent. However, both effects could be adequately and conveniently eliminated. The background signal was removed by using either a CPMG pulse sequence or chemical exchange. The adsorption was avoided by using a more polar solvent system. Finally, we found that spectra with good signal‐to‐noise ratio and resolution could be acquired in a matter of minutes even for cases of limited product concentration. Therefore, we believe the technique has value and provides the organic chemist with another option to obtain NMR data critical for structural elucidation or verification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A heuristic cross‐layer mechanism for real‐time traffic over IEEE 802.16 networks
Authors: Triantafyllopoulou Dionysia , Passas Nikos , Salkintzis Apostolis K. , Kaloxylos Alexandros
Published: August 2007

In this paper we propose and study a cross‐layer mechanism that can improve real‐time QoS provisioning over IEEE 802.16 metropolitan area networks. This mechanism utilizes information provided by the physical and MAC layers and using a heuristic algorithm it derives new operational parameters for the physical and application layers, which can improve the performance of real‐time applications. The main idea is to coordinate the adaptive modulation capability of the physical layer and the multi‐rate data‐encoding capability of modern real‐time applications in order to avoid inefficiencies caused by their independent operation. Simulations show that the proposed mechanism can assist 802.16 systems to better adapt to frequent channel and traffic changes, leading to considerably reduced packet loss rates, especially under heavy traffic conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoplastic elastomer based on high‐density polyethylene/natural rubber blends: rheological, thermal, and morphological properties
Authors: Nakason C. , Jamjinno S. , Kaesaman A. , Kiatkamjornwong S.
Published: August 2007

Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) comprising air‐dried sheet or natural rubber (ADS or NR) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) was prepared by a simple blending technique. NR and HDPE were mixed with each type of phenolic compatibilizer (HRJ‐10518 or SP‐1045) or liquid natural rubber (LNR) at 180°C in an internal mixer. The mixing torque, shear stress, and shear viscosity of the blends increased with increasing amounts of NR. Positive deviation blend (PDB) for the blends containing active hydroxyl methyl phenolic resin in HRJ‐10518 or dimethyl phenolic resin in SP‐1045 was obtained. PDB was not observed for the blends without the compatibilizers or with LNR. The blends with HRJ‐10518 or SP‐1045 were compatible or partially compatible while the LNR blends were incompatible. In the phenolic compatibilized blends, NR dispersed in the HDPE matrix was found in the NR/HDPE blends of 20/80, 40/60, and 50/50 ratios. HDPE dispersed in NR matrix was obtained in the NR/HDPE blend of 80/20 ratio, and the co‐continuous phase was accomplished in the NR/HDPE blend of 60/40 ratio. The NR/HDPE blend at 60/40 ratio compatibilized with HRJ‐10518 and fabricated by a simple plastic injection molding machine exhibited higher ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break (EB). Incorporation of parafinic oil caused a decreasing tendency in tensile strength with increases in EB. The TPNRs exhibited high elastomeric nature with low‐tension set. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and mechanical properties of poly(chitosan‐g‐DL‐lactic acid) fibrous mesh scaffolds
Authors: Wan Ying , Cao Xiaoying , Wu Quan , Zhang Shengmin , Wang Sheng
Published: August 2007

DL‐lactic acid was grafted onto chitosan to produce poly(chitosan‐g‐DL‐lactic acid)(PCLA) without using a catalyst. These PCLAs were then spun into filaments and further fabricated into fibrous mesh scaffolds using an improved wet‐spinning technique. The diameter of filaments in different scaffolds could vary from a few micrometers to several tens of micrometers. The scaffolds exhibited various pore sizes ranging from about 20 µm to more than 200 µm and different porosities up to 80%. The several main processing conditions were optimized for obtaining the desired scaffolds with well‐controlled structures. The tensile and compressive mechanical properties of the mesh scaffolds in both dry and hydrated states were mainly examined. Significantly improved tensile strength and modulus, enhanced compressive modulus, and stress as well as the dimensional stability for these mesh scaffolds in their hydrated state were observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sarcomas: genetics, signalling, and cellular origins. Part 1: The fellowship of TET
Authors: Riggi N , Cironi L , Suvà M‐L , Stamenkovic I
Published: August 2007

Sarcomas comprise some of the most aggressive solid tumours that, for the most part, respond poorly to chemo‐ and radiation therapy and are associated with a sombre prognosis when surgical removal cannot be performed or is incomplete. Partly because of their lower frequency, sarcomas have not been studied as intensively as carcinomas and haematopoietic malignancies, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie their pathogenesis are only beginning to be understood. Even more enigmatic is the identity of the primary cells from which these tumours originate. Over the past 25 years, however, several non‐random chromosomal translocations have been found to be associated with defined sarcomas. Each of these translocations generates a fusion gene believed to be directly related to the pathogenesis of the sarcoma in which it is expressed. The corresponding fusion proteins provide a unique tool not only to study the process of sarcoma development, but also to identify cells that are permissive for their putative oncogenic properties. This is the first of two reviews that cover the mechanisms whereby specific fusion/mutant gene products participate in sarcoma development and the cellular context that may provide the necessary permissiveness for their expression and oncogenicity. Part 1 of the review focuses on sarcomas that express fusion genes containing TET gene family products, including EWSR1, TLS/FUS, and TAFII68. Part 2 (J Pathol 2007; DOI: 10.1002/path.2008) summarizes our current understanding of the genetic and cellular origins of sarcomas expressing fusion genes exclusive of TET family members; it also covers soft tissue malignancies harbouring specific mutations in RTK‐encoding genes, the prototype of which are gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐(3,5‐Di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐4‐iodobenzene, a peculiar case of a nonlinear optical photoswitch
Authors: Spangenberg Arnaud , Sliwa Michel , Métivier Rémi , Dagnélie Romain , Brosseau Arnaud , Nakatani Keitaro , Pansu Robert , Malfant Isabelle
Published: August 2007

N‐(3,5‐Di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐4‐iodobenzene (1) is photochromic in the solid state, owing to its ability to yield enol–keto tautomerism. Despite its centrosymmetric structure (P21/c), polycrystalline thin films of 1 show second harmonic generation (SHG). Moreover, this SHG can be reversibly switched by light. Investigations using confocal microscopy showed that a morphology change occurs when the fundamental beam of a Ti:sapphire (990 nm, 1.3 ps) is focused on the material, yielding an SHG‐active solid. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isothermal crystallization kinetics and spherulitic morphology of poly(4‐hydroxybutyric acid‐alt‐glycolic acid)
Authors: Martínez‐Palau Meritxell , Franco Lourdes , Puiggalí Jordi , Ungar Goran
Published: August 2007

Isothermal crystallization behavior of a new regular polyester constituted by glycolic acid and 4‐hydroxybutyric acid units is studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry and hot‐stage optical microscopy. A wide range of crystallization conditions were experimentally accessible, allowing various morphological features to be observed and accurate estimates made of characteristic growth parameters, including radial growth and nucleation rates. Three‐dimensional spherulitic growth from heterogeneous nuclei is deduced from the Avrami analysis, whereas optical micrographs reveal two different spherulitic textures that agree with the existence of two crystallization regimes. These can be well distinguished from the breaks observed in the Lauritzen and Hoffman plots when the linear crystal growth rate or the overall crystallization rate is considered. Ringed and nonringed spherulites with negative and positive birefringence, respectively, can be obtained depending on crystallization conditions and regimes. The studied polyester shows rather complex melting behavior which is interpreted in terms of a recrystallization process involving the two different kinds of spherulites. This study allows polymorphism to be discounted. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2640–2653, 2007
Identification of patients with low‐risk for aneuploidy: Comparative discriminatory models using linear and machine‐learning classifiers in prostate cancer
Authors: Venkataraman Girish , Heinze Georg , Holmes Earle W. , Ananthanarayanan Vijayalakshmi , Bostwick David G. , Paner Gladell P. , Bradford‐De La garza Carrie M. , Brown Henry G. , Flanigan Robert C. , Wojcik Eva M.
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND

Prostate needle biopsy (PNB) ploidy status has proven utility to predict adverse outcomes after prostatectomy. We sought to develop models to predict ploidy status using clinicopathologic variables.

METHODS

We identified a cohort of 169 patients with a diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma on PNB, and estimated ploidy status (determined using Feulgen stained biopsy tissue) using four predictors, including age, prebiopsy PSA, highest Gleason score (GS), and the percentage of involvement by carcinoma at the biopsy site with the highest GS (PCARBX). Logistic regression (LR), Neural Network (NN), and CART classifiers were constructed.

RESULTS

Univariate analyses revealed all four predictors to be significantly associated with ploidy status. On multivariable analyses, LR identified a 2‐parameter model, including GS and PCARBX that had a significant ability to predict ploidy status with a 74% and 75% correct classification rate (CCR), respectively. Using the same variables, CART and NN yielded similar CCRs of 70.4%. Within GS = 6 cohort, the CART model classified over 90% of biopsies as diploid when patients had a PCARBX < 55% and a log(PSA) < 1.7.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates that models using GS and PCARBX are able to predict PNB ploidy status with acceptable accuracy. While machine learning classifier‐derived models yield similar accuracy as LR‐derived models, the latter methodology has the distinct advantage of being applicable in future datasets to estimate case‐specific predictions. This information may be useful in identifying potentially aneuploid patients, who can then be targeted for more aggressive therapy. Prostate 67: 1524–1536, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evaluation of risks of ethoxylation reactors
Authors: Salzano Ernesto , Di Serio Martino , Santacesaria Elio
Published: August 2007

Alkoxylations are commonly performed in industry for the production of surfactants and polyglycols by means of a simple semi‐batch liquid‐stirred reactor. More recent processes use semi‐batch Venturi Loop Reactors (VCR) or Spray Tower Loop Reactors (SLR), where liquid phase is dispersed into the gaseous oxides through recirculation loops. In this article, a risk analysis is made on the recirculation loops to compare these three reactor types. More specifically, the analysis of consequences for the ethoxylation of dodecanol with different ethylene oxide partial pressures and process temperatures are studied. The atmospheric wind velocity was varied for a range of releases from the recirculation loop or from small releases from flanges and valves along the same pipeline.

This article shows that the risks of the VLR and SLR are lower than the semi‐batch reactor. The higher risks for recirculation loops are only related to toxicity in the proximity of reactor.

Explosions give high overpressures only in the case of near‐instantaneous releases of the reactor contents (large releases).

Although this analysis was specifically made for alkoxylation reactors, the methods and conclusions can also be used for comparing the risks of other semi‐batch reactors to loop reactors. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 26, 2007
Multivariate explanation of the 1985–1990 and 1995–2000 destination choices of newly arrived immigrants in the United States: the beginning of a new trend?
Authors: Liaw Kao‐Lee , Frey William H.
Published: August 2007

On page 11, one sentence was deleted in error. The paragraphs should have read as follows:

(.  .  .) We assume that most of the individuals in the first term retired as a consequence of entering into the 65–69 age group in 1985–1990. For each state as a potential destination for the 1995–2000 new immigrants, this place attribute was computed from the 2000 Census data in an analogous way.

In light of the possibility that the destination choice behaviours of the new immigrants might be affected by the severity of winter, we specify the following climatic factor.

Coldness

For each state, this variable was defined as a weighted average of the heating degree‐days of cities with records from 1951 to 1980, using city populations as the weights. The unit was 1000 degree (F)‐days.

This error will be corrected prior to print publication.

The publishers apologise for this error, and any inconvenience it may have caused.
First‐principles study on electronic structures and absorption bands of CaWO4 crystals with interstitial oxygen atoms
Authors: Ze‐Xu Shao , Qi‐Ren Zhang , Ting‐Yu Liu , Jian‐Yu Chen
Published: August 2007

The electronic structures of CaWO4 crystals with interstitial oxygen atoms are studied within the framework of the fully relativistic self‐consistent Dirac–Slater theory, using a numerically discrete variation (DV‐Xα) method. It is concluded by the calculation that interstitial oxygen atoms combine with two formal lattice oxygen ions forming oxygen molecular ions, which exhibits donor energy level locating in the forbidden bands. The optical transition energy is 3.85 eV, which correspond to the 324 nm absorption bands. It is predicted that the 324 nm absorption bands originate from the interstitial oxygen in CaWO4 crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defects in diamond
Authors: Dannefaer S.
Published: August 2007

Diamond is one of the remarkable forms of carbon. For example, it can be found in nature with an impurity content of less than 1 ppm, or it can be synthesized either as a single‐crystal or as a polycrystalline deposit on various surfaces. Furthermore, boron doping makes it a p‐type semiconductor, and even superconducting. Diamond is also one of the few materials where optical absorption (OA) yields relevant information on defects, including the omnipresent nitrogen impurity. This is so because in diamond many defects have sharp zero‐phonon lines. Irradiation produces vacancies and interstitials both of which have been identified by OA and electron paramagnetic resonance, and also by positron annihilation (vacancy only). Irradiation‐produced defects are remarkable stable, with the monovacancy becoming mobile at 700 °C, and the divacancy surviving to at least 1000 °C. In this contribution are reviewed relevant aspects of diamond physics and what positron annihilation has contributed so far. Diamond provides the opportunity for a correlation between optical absorption and positron results, including the difficult issue of the electrical charge of a defect. Such combined experiments are presently searching for the elusive positively charged monovacancy in irradiated B doped single crystalline diamond. Future positron experiments could with benefit be aimed at investigating vacancy impurity complexes, such as the one claimed by OA as a four nitrogen‐vacancy complex. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature dependence of positronium lifetime in cylindrical pores
Authors: Zaleski R. , Goworek J. , Kierys A.
Published: August 2007

Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) results for ordered mesoporous silica sieves (MCM‐41 and its fibre form MSF) are used to verify predictions of the Extended Tao‐Eldrup (ETE) model. Cylindrical pores (R ∼ 1–2 nm) in these materials have well defined geometry and size, thus the structure of MCM‐41 and MSF reproduces the model assumptions. Positron lifetimes were measured in the range 100‐500K. In MCM‐41, due to low intensity of pore related ortho‐positronium component, it is difficult to determine the component's lifetime precisely. Accuracy of the lifetime fitting is better for MSF, where temperature dependence is in a good agreement with the ETE model results. For comparison, the ETE model predictions fit the lifetime of the pore related component in the Vycor sample only for T > 200 K. Below this value the lifetime exceeds the model predictions by over 30%. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of the chemical vicinity of open volume defects in magnesium and AZ31 with coincident Doppler broadening spectroscopy
Authors: Stadlbauer M. , Hugenschmidt C. , Schreckenbach K.
Published: August 2007

Magnesium alloys experience an increasing interest for industrial applications due to their low specific weight, high elasticity and mechanical strength. For the high performance of these materials a homogeneous distribution of the alloy constituents is required. Therefore it is of great interest to investigate the behaviour of the elemental distribution in the vicinity of open volume defects. In order to investigate the influence of defects and their chemical surrounding, polished and annealed samples of pure magnesium and the alloy AZ31 (3 wt.% Al and 1 wt.% Zn) were irradiated with Zn, Al and Mg ions respectively. The energy of the ions was chosen between 1.4 MeV and 3.0 MeV according to 2.3 µm mean implantation depth. First, Doppler‐broadening measurements as a function of the positron implantation energy as well as lateral position with a resolution of 2 mm were recorded in order to image the irradiated area on the sample. Secondly, coincident Doppler‐broadening spectra were measured at different positron penetration depths according to the Makhovian profile, which clearly show strong deviations depending on the ion type of the irradiated samples. The relation between elemental signature and defect concentration in the sample is discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density change of ion irradiated polystyrene studied by positron annihilation and SAICAS
Authors: Saito F. , Fujii Y. , Nagashima Y. , Yotoriyama T. , Nakao A. , Suzuki Y. , Iwaki M. , Nishiyama I. , Hyodo T.
Published: August 2007

Ion‐irradiated polystyrene was investigated using positron annihilation DBS, AFM and SAICAS. SAICAS revealed effective crosslink formation and molecular chain scission. Due to efective crooslink formation, the subsidence of the surface hardly produced as shown in the AFM image. From positron annilation and SAICAS, the density of the irradiated layer was estimated to be 0.8 and 0.6 g/cm3 for the ion irradiation of fluence 5×1015 and 1×1016 ions/cm2, respectively, while the density of the as received sample was 1.02 g/cm3. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First positron flux measurements at the Argonne Positron Source (APosS)
Authors: Chemerisov Sergey , Jonah Charles D. , Jean Y. C. , Chen Hongmin , Schrader David , Hunt Alan W.
Published: August 2007

The development of the APosS at the Argonne low‐energy linac is discussed. We measured the yields and outline strategies to increase the number of slow positrons. We describe the measurement of the yield of slow positrons as a function of electron‐beam energy and compare these results with theoretical calculations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ejection of electrons and positrons in collisions of positronium with atoms
Authors: Starrett C. , Walters H. R. J.
Published: August 2007

We discuss the observation of electrons and positrons ejected in collisions of positronium with atomic targets. We consider processes in which the target is excited or ionized or where the observed electron is ejected from the target rather than from the positronium. Example calculations based upon the impulse approximation and the first Born approximation are presented for total ionization cross sections, cross sections differential in the longitudinal energy of the ejected particle, and double differential cross sections in the energy and angle of the ejectile. Comparison is made with experimental data where available. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A case study: Reliability‐based product development and improvement model
Authors: Cui Yuling , Khan A. Wahid
Published: August 2007

A field data‐driven reliability and improvement program was introduced to ForHealth Technologies, Inc. (FHT) in December 2004 for its IntelliFill i.v. (IFiv) System. Since then, FHT has developed and executed a unique reliability‐based product development and improvement model. As a result of implementing this model, from January 2005 to February 2007, the reliability of IFiv System improved its Mean Syringes Between Failures by 1703%, Operator Interventions Per Thousand Syringes by 45%, and Mean Time Between Failures improved by 1725% with system uptime of over 99%. Furthermore, system‐related product costs were reduced by over 40%. IFiv has now delivered over 16 million doses without any medication errors and helped hospital pharmacies realize their drug cost savings along with higher operational efficiencies. The purpose of this case study is to share FHT's success story of conducting reliability‐based product development and improvement program, while keeping the process simple with fast results. This model is applicable at system level for all industries with positive bottom line impact. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust split‐plot designs
Authors: Parker Peter A. , Anderson‐Cook Christine , Robinson Timothy J. , Liang Li
Published: August 2007

In many experimental situations, practitioners are confronted with costly, time consuming, or hard‐to‐change (HTC) factors. These practical or economic restrictions on randomization can be accommodated with a split‐plot design structure that minimizes the manipulation of the HTC factors. Selecting a good design is a challenging task and requires knowledge of the opportunities and restrictions imposed by the experimental apparatus and an evaluation of statistical performance among competing designs. Building on the well‐established evaluation criteria for the completely randomized context, we emphasize the unique qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria for split‐plot designs. An example from hypersonic propulsion research is used to demonstrate the consideration of multiple design evaluation criteria. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periodic models in quantum chemical simulations of F centers in crystalline metal oxides
Authors: Zhukovskii Yuri F. , Kotomin Eugene A. , Evarestov Robert A. , Ellis Donald E.
Published: August 2007

We present a survey of recent first principles simulations of the neutral oxygen vacancies (F centers) existing as native or radiation‐induced point defects in various crystalline metal oxides in different forms (bulk, bare substrate surface, and on the interface with metal adsorbates). We mainly consider periodic models in calculations of point defects using the metal oxide supercell or cyclic clusters. We compare different formalisms of first principles calculations, mostly the Density Functional Theory (DFT) as implemented in the framework of either localized basis set of atomic orbitals or delocalized basis sets of plane waves. We analyze in detail the structural and electronic properties of F centers in binary oxides of light metals (MgO and Al2O3), and ternary metal oxides (SrTiO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3, KNbO3, and PbZrO3 perovskites). When available, we compare results of ab initio periodic defect calculations with experimental data, results of the first principles cluster calculations (both embedded and molecular) as well as with semi‐empirical calculations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Controllability and motion planning of a multibody Chaplygin's sphere and Chaplygin's top
Authors: Shen Jinglai , Schneider David A. , Bloch Anthony M.
Published: August 2007

This paper studies local configuration controllability of multibody systems with nonholonomic constraints. As a nontrivial example of the theory, we consider the dynamics and control of a multibody spherical robot. Internal rotors and sliders are used as the mechanisms for control. Our model is based on equations developed by the second author for certain mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints, e.g. Chaplygin's sphere and Chaplygin's top in particular, and the multibody framework for unconstrained mechanical systems developed by the first and third authors. Recent methods for determining controllability and path planning for multibody systems with symmetry are extended to treat a class of mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints. Specific
results on the controllability and path planning of the spherical robot model are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A session‐oriented approach in modeling hierarchies of streams
Authors: Chatziantoniou Damianos , Anagnostopoulos Achilleas
Published: August 2007

Data stream systems became recently the focus of intense research activity. Sensor measurements, financial data, network packets and log files can all be seen as data streams. The ability to query data streams is of increasing importance and has been identified as a crucial element for modern organizations and agencies. This article identifies an interesting class of applications where stream sessions may be organized into a hierarchical fashion—i.e. sessions may consist of subsessions. For example, log streams from call centers belong to different call sessions and call sessions consist of services subsessions. We may want to monitor statistics and perform accounting at any level on this hierarchy, relative to any other (higher) level (e.g. monitoring the average service session per call vs the average service session for the entire system). We argue that data streams of this kind have rich procedural semantics—i.e. behaviour—and therefore a semantically rich model should be used: a session may be defined by opening and closing conditions, may have data and methods and may consist of subsessions. We propose a simple conceptual model based on the notion of ‘session’—similar to a class in an object‐oriented environment having lifetime semantics. Queries on top of this schema can be formulated via HSA (hierarchical stream aggregate) expressions. We give an algorithm describing how stream data ‘flow down’ session hierarchies and discuss potential evaluation and optimization techniques for HSAs. We finally present NESTREAM, a prototype implementation incorporating many of these concepts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival and transmission of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum from naturally infected common bean seeds to the seedlings
Authors: Yesuf Mohammed , Sangchote Somsiri
Published: August 2007

Surveys were made of major seed‐borne fungi associated with seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in different bean‐growing areas of Ethiopia. Field and laboratory experiments were also carried out during the 2003 and 2004 crop seasons to study the survival and transmission of bean anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum to the seedlings. The major seed‐borne fungi associated with common bean seeds were Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Phaeoisariopsis griseola and Ascochyta phaseolorum. Bean anthracnose survived in infected seeds but not in the soil, and the primary source of bean anthracnose infection in the field was from infected seeds. Seed infection of common beans by bean anthracnose resulted in both pre‐emergence and post‐emergence mortality of bean seedlings. A significant positive relationship was found between the levels of primary seed infection and seedling infection in the field. Further development of bean anthracnose in the field was influenced by weather variables (rainfall, number of rainy days, humidity and temperature). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Castor seed proteins and their viscosities
Authors: Joshi B. N. , Varma J. P.
Published: August 2007

Properties of castor‐proteins from castor bean kernels prior to extraction of oil have been studied with regard to ash content, nitrogen content, and yields, using different peptizing and precipitating agents. The viscosities of the NaOH peptized and acetic acid or SO2 precipitated proteins were determined and found to be comparable to acid casein. Maximum yields were obtained by using alkali as a peptizing agent and acetic acid or SO2 as precipitating agents. These castor proteins may possibly be adopted as a substitute for casein in various industries.
Some effects of semolina lipoxidase activity on macaroni quality
Authors: Irvine G. N.
Published: August 2007

It has been established that durum wheats contain lipoxidase and that the presence of this enzyme is responsible for the low correlation between the pigment content of semolina and the color of macaroni. By taking account of the lipoxidase factor and using a multiple regression equation, it is possible to predict macaroni pigment or percentage of purity of macaroni from measurement of semolina reflectance, semolina pigment, or wheat pigment.
Melting point, solidification, and consistency
Authors: Smith Hampton M.
Published: August 2007

There are probably as many methods or variations of methods for melting points, solidification, and consistency as there are producers in the fats and oil industry. I have tried to review the more important ones. The interpretation of results and importance attached to each test will vary widely from producer to producer. My presentation and interpretation have been primarily of methods used by our company and related to the shortening field. In our experience the data obtained from Wiley Melting Points, Penetration Values, and % solids from dilations are the primary controls for the consistency of our products.