bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximum economic yield
Authors: Grafton R. Quentin , Kompas Tom , Chu Long , Che Nhu
Published: July 2010

Analytical results for steady‐state values of the biomass that maximises the sum of inter‐temporal economic profits (dynamicbMEY) are derived in terms of a generalised harvesting function. The conditions under which dynamicbMEYexceeds the biomass that maximises the sustained yield (bMSY) are evaluated under a range of conditions including when the discount rate exceeds the intrinsic growth rate, with a variable stock effect, technological change, and from an increase in the cost per unit of effort. The findings show that dynamicbMSYprovides both a sustainable and profitable management target under a wide range of parameter values.
Productive performance in fisheries: modeling, measurement, and management
Authors: Morrison Paul Catherine J. , Felthoven Ronald G. , Torres Marcelo de O.
Published: July 2010

We overview the roles of production structure models in measuring fisheries’ productive performance to provide policy‐relevant guidance for fishery managers and analysts. In particular, we summarize the literature on the representation and estimation of production structure models to construct productive performance measures for fisheries, with a focus on parametric empirical applications and on the management implications of these kinds of measures.
Social Roots of Australian Nationalism
Authors: WARD RUSSEL
Published: July 2010

“The entire man is, so to speak, to be seen in the cradle of the child. The growth of nations presents something analogous to this; they all bear some marks of their origin; and the circumstances which accompanied their birth and contributed to their rise, affect the whole term of their being.”
The Teaching of Public Administration
Authors: SCHAFFER B. B.
Published: July 2010

“Neither is it to be passed over in silence that this dedicating of colleges and societies only to the use of professory learning hath not only been an enemy of the growth of sciences, but hath redounded likewise to the prejudice of states and governments: for hence it commonly falls out that princes, when they would make choice of ministers fit for the affairs of state, finde about them such a marveilous solitude of able men; because there is no education collegiate designed to this end.” Bacon, Advancement of Learning, Book I
China's new patterns of social stratification
Authors: RAY D. M.
Published: July 2010

Until 1962 the Chinese communist policies of class conflict had been directed at the remnants of China's precommunist class structure. After 1962 the Maoist oligarchy had to concern itself not only with the continuing influence of the ‘bourgeois ideas’ of the old China, but with new patterns of social stratification which had been created by the communist regime. Despite the efforts of Mao Tse‐tung, the party and the government cadres have increasingly become an elite set apart from the population. The purpose of this article will be to briefly examine this phenomenum and its impact on Chinese politics.
The Evolution of Russia's Pakistan Policy
Authors: BUDHRAJ VIJAY SEN
Published: July 2010

Moscow's preoccupation in Eastern Europe in the late 1940's, the distorted image it had of Pakistan and its belief that the defeat of Chiang Kai‐shek would be followed by the spread of revolution through the Indian sub‐continent tended to discourage the Kremlin from establishing cordial relations with Pakistan.
Aspects of Tokugawa Bureaucracy and Modernization
Authors: DOWDY EDWIN
Published: July 2010

There is perhaps in all history no parallel case to the swiftness and effectiveness of Japanese modernization in the few years following the Meiji Restoration of 1868. A few examples of it will suffice to indicate its extent and thoroughness. The feudal lords (daimyõ) returned their fiefs to the state in 1869, and the new prefectures were created in 1871. At the end of 1869 a telegraphic service began between Tokyo and Yokohama. In 1870 smallpox vaccination was made compulsory throughout the country. In 1871 there was new coinage based on the gold system, and the old currencies were abolished. By the following year a railway line existed from Yokohama to Shimbashi in Tokyo, and a government‐operated spinning mill was set up in Tomioka in Gumma prefecture. A national system of primary education was established in these years, and the government not only planned but also intervened with investment in industrial developments, especially in heavy industry. Of quite fundamental importance were the missions which the government sent to Europe and the United States of America to study and report on various governmental, legal, and military systems. In all this there was obviously much central planning, central control and capable administration. There was also, and had to be, a fairly compliant and literate populace. Less obviously, one may assume that there were certain ‘growing points’ in the traditional values and social structure for the modernizing processes to develop from; evidence for that assumption will be offered below.
The ‘Princeland’ secession movement in Victoria and South Australia, 1861–1867
Authors: HARRIS R. McL.
Published: July 2010

‘Australians have always recognised that distance or isolation was one of the moulds which shaped their history.’ G. Blainey, The Tyranny of Distance, p. vii.
Australian Economic Policy, 1961–1963 in light of the British approach to the EEC
Authors: SCIBERRAS EDMOND
Published: July 2010

… but the boy cried, wolf once too often, for when one day the wolf really did appear, the boy cried out but no one took any notice … and the wolf gobbled him up.
Book Notes
Authors: Cannon Michael
Published: July 2010

WHO'S MASTER? WHO'S MAN?: Australia in the Victorian Age. By Michael Cannon.

THE FIRST GENERATION: School and Society in Early Australia. By John F. Cleverly.

THE AUSTRALASIAN SKETCHER WITH PEN AND PENCIL 1880. Edited by Michael

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORIAN ABORIGINES: from the earliest manuscripts to 31 December 1970. By Aldo Massola.

THE AUSTRALIAN THUNDERER: The Age after the Gold Rush 1854–1859. Edited by

A COLONIAL AUTOCRACY: New South Wales under Governor Macquarie 1810–1821. By M. Phillips.

THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT O F JUSTUS MOSER: The Growth of a German Patriot. By William F. Sheldon.

LITERATURE AND POLITICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Essays. Edited by John Lucas.

TWICE ROUND THE CLOCK: Or the Hours of the day and night in London. By George Augustus Sala. Introduction by Philip Collins.

MIDLOTHIAN SPEECHES 1879. By W. E. Gladstone. Introduction by M. R. D. Foot.

THE GREAT LANDOWNERS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. By John Bateman.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION IN ITALY. By M. M. Watson.

IMPERIAL CONTROL OF COLONIAL LEGISLATION, 1813–1865: A Study of British Policy towards Colonial Legislative Powers. By D. B. Swinfen.

THE EMERGENCE OF BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Passing of the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884–1885. Edited by J. B. Conacher.

THE PRICE REVOLUTION IN SIXTEENTH‐CENTURY ENGLAND. Edited by P. H. Ramsay.

DOCUMENTS IN THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT, 1815–1939. Edited by G. A. Kertesz.

PROLOGUE: A documentary history of Europe, 1846–1960. Edited by M. Christine Walsh.

ALLIANCES: Latent War Communities in the Contemporary World. Edited and introduced by Francis A. Beer.

NATIONS AND MEN: An Introduction to International Politics. By Ivo D. Duchacek.

THE POLITICS OF THE DEVELOPING AREAS. Edited by G. A. Almond and J. S. Coleman.

DEMOCRACY. By D. Pickles.

THE TRADING VOYAGES O F ANDREW CHEYNE 1841–1844. Edited by Dorothy Shineberg.

SHIRLEY BAKER AND THE KING OF TONGA. By Noel Rutherford.

SPEECHES AND DOCUMENTS ON NEW ZEALAND HISTORY. Edited by W. D. McIntyre and W. J. Gardner.

THE OKINAWA PROBLEM: A Chapter in Japan‐US. Relations. By Akio Watanabe.

THE ROLE OF THE OPPOSITION IN THE INDIAN PARLIAMENT. By H. S. Fartyal.

AMERICAN DEMOCRACY. By R. K. Carr, M. H. Bernstein, W. F. Murphy, and M. N. Danielson.

ESSAYS ON THE STATE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS. By D. G. Herzberg and J. Unruh.

POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION AND EDUCATIONAL CLIMATES: A Study of Two School Districts. By Richard M. Merelman.

MELBOURNE STUDIES IN EDUCATION, 1971. Edited by R. J. W. Selleck.
The Soviet Concept of Peaceful Coexistence: Some Theoretical and Semantic Problems
Authors: KUBÁLKOVÁ V. , CRUICKSHANK A.A.
Published: July 2010

…we are prepared to normalize relations with China on the basis of principles of peaceful coexistence. Furthermore it is possible to declare with confidence: if in Peking they will return to politics genuinely based on Marxism‐Leninism, if they abandon the hostile course vis‐ä‐vis the socialist countries, [if they] place themselves on the path of co‐operation and solidarity with the socialist world, then an appropriate response will be forthcoming from our side and the possibility will present itself for the development of good relations between the USSR and PRC to correspond with the principles of socialist internationalism.
‘… the state begins to wither away…’: Notes on the Interpretation of the Paris Commune by Bakunin, Marx, Engels and Lenin
Authors: FISCHER GERHARD
Published: July 2010

Bakunin (1871): ‘Revolutionary socialism has just attempted its first demonstration, both splendid and practical, in the Paris Commune …. I am above all a supporter of it because it was a bold and outspoken negation of the state.’

Marx (1871): ‘The Commune—that is the reabsorption of the state power by society as its own living forces instead of as forces controlling and subduing it, by the popular masses themselves, forming their own force instead of the organized form of their suppression.’

Engels (1891): ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat … Do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? Look at the Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletariat.’

Lenin (1919): ‘Only the Soviet organization of the State can really effect the immediate break‐up and total destruction of the old, i.e. bourgeois, bureaucratic and judicial machinery which has been … the greatest obstacle to the practical implementation of democracy for the workers and working people generally. The Paris Commune took the first epoch‐making step along this path. The Soviet system has taken the second.’
God, Mammon and Mussolini: The Ideology and Policy of the Citizens' League of South Australia, 1930–1934
Authors: James Stephen A.
Published: July 2010

Twelve months ago the suggestion that Australia needed a Dictator was received with a tolerant smile. A Mussolini might suit the Latin psychology but the Australian sentiment would not stand for one. Today a large number of persons representing every side of our civic and commercial life agree that the suggestion is a sound one. The only question is “Who is the man?‘
A Survey of Military, Educational and Community Expectations of the Cadet Movement in Australia, 1866‐2006
Authors: Stockings Craig
Published: July 2010

The national military cadet movement in Australia marked its centenary in 2006. In total, however, taking into account their colonial forebears, cadets have existed in this country for more than 140 years. The scale of the organisation over time, in the context of a relatively small regular army and situated (for the most part) within secondary schools, serves to emphasise its importance as a nexus of military, educational and social history. Throughout time the movement has been characterised by two key features. The first is that all cadet schemes, from 1866, have operated on the basis of consistent military, educational and social support. The second is a conspicuous lack of published material concerning the history of the movement. The purpose of this article is therefore twofold. It aims to explain the longevity of this three‐sided commitment; why the army, state schooling systems, and the community at large have underwritten the movement for so long. What did they expect in return? In doing so the article traces a cyclic balance between the expectations of these three groups — to this end it is a survey of changing aspirations. As a secondary objective, it hopes to help fill the near historiographical vacuum surrounding the movement.
The Devil and Kaiser Bill: Victor Kroemer and the World Crisis of 1914–15
Authors: Bongiorno Frank
Published: July 2010

The apocalyptic writings of Victor Eugene Kroemer (1883–1930) provide us with an insight into millenarian responses to the outbreak of the Great War, a subject that has been little noticed in research on Australian religious history. This article, however, will also show that a study of Kroemer's occult beliefs can illuminate larger themes in the Australian cultural response to the war. Kroemer's interpretation of the war as an essentially spiritual conflict between the forces of Zion (Great Britain) and Babylon (Germany) was not confined to the religiously unorthodox, nor did his belief in the appearance of battlefield angels and other supernatural phenomena fail to find echoes among more conventional believers. Much research in Australia and overseas in the last thirty years has challenged the notion of the Great War as a modernising and secularising experience and this article, through a study of a single Australian author and activist, draws attention to the quest of occult authors in Australia and Great Britain to explain the “world crisis” in spiritual terms to a range of audiences.
John Treloar, Official War Art and the Australian War Memorial*
Authors: Condé Anne‐Marie
Published: July 2010

John Treloar's involvement in the Australian War Memorial began in 1917, and he was Director from 1920 until his death in 1952. The idea of a national war memorial serving also as a museum, gallery and library was not his: the credit for that goes to Charles Bean. But there would have been no museum, gallery or library without Treloar's organisational ability and collecting genius. Treloar was responsible at first for collecting a documentary record, but later as the vision expanded, he began to acquire many other kinds of material, including art. It was an unusual challenge for a soldier, public servant, and man who scrupulously distanced his emotions from his work. This article examines aspects of Australia's official and commissioned war art and teases out the relationship between the bureaucrat and the artist. I suggest that the administrative effort involved in the war art schemes has to be recognised as part of the process of cultural production, and that in these circumstances the life of the bureaucrat is as worthy of exploration as that of the artist.
“A Good‐Will Ship”: The Light Cruiser Köln Visits Rabaul (1933)
Authors: Winter Christine
Published: July 2010

The concept of loyalty still holds a central space in many histories about New Guinean‐Australian relations, especially during the Second World War, and translates into demands by Australians that New Guineans recognize Australia's political system as “the best”. In this article about the visit of the first German navy cruiser to New Guinea after the First World War, I tell a story not about loyalties, but about contesting colonial claims, namely Australia's insistence on “loyalty”, and Germany's demand for a “return” of her colony. The visit of Köln in 1933 raises questions such as: How did Germans and Australians negotiate living together in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea? How were divisions, grief, tensions, and hostilities after the First World War dealt with? What separated them, what united them, and what role did New Guineans play in this complex relationship?
John Howard, Economic Liberalism, Social Conservatism, and Australian Federalism
Authors: Hollander Robyn
Published: July 2010

The Howard era saw a further accumulation of power in Canberra and continued the marginalisation of the States. This essay locates John Howard within Liberal Party tradition and examines the way in which his own values shaped his approach to federalism. Howard identified himself as an economic liberal and as a social conservative (although he might be better thought of as a social liberal.) His commitment to small government and a single market unimpeded by state borders together with his lack of sympathy with regional identity had important consequences for the evolution of the Australian federation after 1996.
The 2007 Australian Federal Election: The Story of Labor's Return from the Electoral Wilderness
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2010

In an era of continuous campaigning, elections are seldom won in the final weeks of the formal campaign period. The 2007 Australian federal election saw voters dispatch a Liberal Party and Nationals Coalition government that had presided over a buoyant economy, and return the Australian Labor Party from the electoral wilderness it had occupied since 1996. The explanation of this revival in Labor's stocks can be traced to the Wheat Board scandal, the unpopularity of the labour market deregulation, and to a series of other political tribulations that the fourth Howard Government faced during 2005 and 2006. Initially their impact was masked by the failure of Labor's parliamentary leadership. But when caucus elected Kevin Rudd and freed him to position Labor as offering fresh ideas and a safe pair of hands, Labor seized a lead in the opinion polls and retained it throughout 2007. Rudd's tactical leadership of his party proved critical. This article describes how the 2007 campaign unfolded and the pattern of events which saw a refashioned ALP win an eighteen‐seat lower house majority.
Feminism and Political History
Authors: Murphy Kate
Published: July 2010

Political historians traditionally privileged the political activities of men and masculine political institutions. This vision of political history was revised from the early 1970s, first by “women's history” and later due to the influence of the “gender turn”. The latter encompassed a recognition that conceptions of masculinity and femininity contribute to the shaping of political power. Both developments challenged but ultimately reinvigorated political history. However, as this article will argue, political history and feminist history remain to an extent quarantined from one another, despite the radical potential for feminist scholarship to change the way politics is conceived.
The Rise of the Insider: Memoirs and Diaries in Recent Australian Political History
Authors: Scalmer Sean
Published: July 2010

The memoirs and diaries composed by politicians represent an increasingly important form of history. This article provides a comprehensive survey of such writings in Australia. It suggests that they have become more popular, diffuse, confessional, immediate, ambitious, interventionist and cynical over recent decades. The significance of these developments is considered and some tentative explanations advanced.
Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health
Authors: Todorova Irina L.G. , Falcón Luis M. , Lincoln Alisa K. , Price Lori Lyn
Published: July 2010

Racism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of discrimination and its relevance to health. Participants in our study were 45‐ to 75‐year‐old (N = 1122) Puerto Ricans. The measures were perceived discrimination, depressive symptomatology (CES‐D), perceived stress (PSS), self‐rated health, medical conditions, blood pressure, smoking and drinking behaviours, demographics. Our findings show that 36.9 per cent of participants had at some time experienced discrimination, with men, those with more years of education, currently employed and with higher incomes being more likely to report it. Experiences of discrimination were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms and perceived stress. When controlling for covariates, perceived discrimination was predictive of the number of medical conditions, of ever having smoked and having been a drinker, and having higher values of diastolic pressure. Depressive symptoms are a mediator of the effect of perceived discrimination on medical conditions, confirmed by the Sobel test: z = 3.57, p < 0.001. Mediating roles of perceived stress, smoking and drinking behaviours were not confirmed. Increased depressive symptoms might be the main pathway through which perceived discrimination is associated with a greater number of medical diagnoses.
Top‐predator control on islands boosts endemic prey but not mesopredator
Authors: Bonnaud E. , Zarzoso‐Lacoste D. , Bourgeois K. , Ruffino L. , Legrand J. , Vidal E.
Published: July 2010

Introduced predators on islands are responsible for numerous native species extirpations and extinctions. Predation by cats is particularly detrimental to seabirds and cat control or eradication is generally the best option to reduce their negative impacts on native fauna. However, potential cascading effects, such as mesopredator release effect, need to be monitored after cat removal. In Port‐Cros Island, a cat control campaign was undertaken to eliminate the strong and recurrent threat from feral cat predation to the small yelkouan shearwater Puffinus yelkouan population, without harming a neutered domestic cat population. To evaluate the conservation value of this campaign for an island endemic and endangered species, the diet and impact of the remaining domestic cats were studied through scat analysis and trap success. Moreover, to evaluate the recovery of the seabird population and detect any potential mesopredator release effect, shearwater and rat populations were monitored before, alongside and after the cat control. Only live traps were used, and most cats were trapped in the first year of cat eradication. The last incidence of cat predation on the yelkouan shearwater occurred the following year. The recovery of the shearwater population, occurring the first year of cat control, was mainly attributable to the settlement of new breeders in the colony. Rat population dynamics fluctuated widely but, even though the interactions between rats and shearwaters at breeding cavities increased, no evidence of rat predation on shearwaters was recorded. Thus, cat control on Port‐Cros Island was a success for native species conservation, proving that such management strategy can induce an increase in the population of the endemic species, here the yelkouan shearwater, without any evidence of a mesopredator release effect.
How does the accuracy of fisher knowledge affect seahorse conservation status?
Authors: O'Donnell K. P. , Pajaro M. G. , Vincent A. C. J.
Published: July 2010

Despite a growing interest in incorporating fisher knowledge into quantitative conservation assessments, there remain practical impediments to its use. In particular, there is some debate about the accuracy of fisher knowledge. In this study, we report an attempt to quantify assumptions about how accurately fishers report past events (retrospective bias). Then we examine how the assumption we make about retrospective bias affects the characterization of changes in the fishery and extinction risk. We link fisher interviews and fisher logbooks to establish a catch rate (catch per unit of effort) trend for the history of a data‐poor, small‐scale seahorse fishery in the Philippines. We find that fishers perceive historic declines in fishing rate that are not apparent in more recent logbook trends, and the extent of the decline (and therefore extinction risk) hinges on assumptions we make about the accuracy of fisher recall. Scenarios that ignore retrospective bias result in the most severe declines and the most worrying extinction risk classifications. Furthermore, the historic baseline set by interviews suggests that relying on recent decades of data alone may underestimate extinction risk for our study species, and others that have been historically exploited. Attempting to link interviews with logbooks also illustrates differences between fisher‐derived datasets: retrospective interviews may exaggerate early fishing rates and capture less variability than logbooks. In addition to being the first seahorse fishery reconstruction, our work contributes to the emerging interest in how fisher knowledge can guide conservation assessment. Future studies that incorporate fisher knowledge into quantitative assessments require (1) clearly stated assumptions about fisher knowledge bias; (2) clear criteria to compare fisher knowledge collected with different methods; (3) evaluation of the impact of assumptions on assessments.
Amino Acid Levels in the Guinea Pig Spinal Gray Matter After Axotomy of Primary Sensory and Descending Tracts
Authors: Potashner S. J. , Dymczyk L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: This study attempts to determine if the axonal endings of dorsal root sensory fibers and of descending axons to the spinal gray matter in the guinea pig store glutamate and/or aspartate. Bilateral dorsal rhizotomy (spinal segments C5‐T1) and partial cordotomy (segment C5, right side) were used to interrupt primary sensory and descending tracts, respectively. At 1 and 2 days after surgery, amino acid levels were determined in regions microdissected from areas of the gray matter of spinal segment C7 that receive heavy projections from the primary sensory and the descending tracts. These regions were identified by visualizing the degeneration of axons and their terminal fields in silver‐impregnated light microscopic preparations of the spinal cord. After dorsal rhizotomy, the heaviest degeneration in the spinal gray appeared centrally in laminae II‐IV and medially in laminae IV‐VI. The levels of aspartate, glutamate, and γ‐aminobutyrate were reduced by 34, 21, and 26% in laminae II‐IV and 28, 33, and 23%in medial laminae IV‐VI. The levels of glycine, alanine, and threonone‐serine‐glutamine (unseparated) were increased. After partial cordotomy, the heaviest degeneration in the spinal gray appeared laterally in laminae IV‐VI, dorsolaterally in lamina VII, and in lamina IX. The levels of aspartate and glutamate were reduced by 22 and 28% in lateral laminae IV‐VI and by 26 and 28% in dorsolateral laminae VII and IX. Glycine levels were reduced by 9% in dorsolateral laminae VII and IX. The levels of γ‐aminobutyrate, alanine, and threonine‐serine‐glutamine were either unchanged or raised. These findings suggest that the axonal endings of the primary sensory and of one or more of the descending tracts probably contain relatively high levels of glutamate and aspartate, and that they may use these amino acids as transmitters. The partial deafferentation of spinal interneurons and the destruction of some pro‐priospinal fibers probably caused the losses of γ‐aminobutyrate and glycine, and contributed modestly to those of aspartate.
Microtubule dysfunction precedes transport impairment and mitochondria damage in MPP+‐induced neurodegeneration
Authors: Cartelli Daniele , Ronchi Cristina , Maggioni Maria G. , Rodighiero Simona , Giavini Erminio , Cappelletti Graziella
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 247–258.

Dysfunction of the microtubule (MT) system is an emerging theme in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. This study was designed to investigate the putative role of MT dysfunction in dopaminergic neuron death induced by the neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpiridinium (MPP+). In nerve growth factor‐differentiated PC12 cells, we have analyzed post‐translational modifications of tubulin known to be associated with differently dynamic MTs and show that MPP+ causes a selective loss of dynamic MTs and a concomitant enrichment of stable MTs. Through a direct live cell imaging approach, we show a significant reduction of MT dynamics following exposure to MPP+ and a reorientation of MTs. Furthermore, these alterations precede the impairment of intracellular transport as revealed by changes in mitochondria movements along neurites and their accumulation into varicosities. We have also analyzed activation of caspase 3 and mitochondrial injury, well‐known alterations induced by MPP+, and found that they are noticeable only when MT dysfunction is already established. These data provide the first evidence that axonal transport impairment and mitochondrial damage might be a consequence of MT dysfunction in MPP+‐induced neurodegeneration, lending support to the concept that alterations of MT organization and dynamics could play a pivotal role in neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease.
LENS AND FILM RESOLUTION
Authors: Fish R. W.
Published: July 2010

The paper discusses the subject of resolution in photographic systems and in particular systems for air survey. While not claiming any originality, its purpose is to explain the background of the phrase‘Lens Resolution,’to present some of the difficulties encountered in practical resolution work, and to clear up some popular misconceptions on the whole subject.
STEREOSCOPIC VISION APPLIED TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Wright W. D.
Published: July 2010

In Part I the visual processes involved in depth perception are briefly described and discussed, while in Part II their application in stereo plotting and allied observations is considered. Reference is made to the visual axis, the need for and nature of eye movements, the conception of the horopter space within which fusion of the binocular images occurs and objects are seen in three‐dimensions, and the tolerances for fusion implied by the existence of Panum's areas. Monocular clues make an important contribution to the perception of depth, and the apparent location of an object in space is determined by the factors of retinal disparity, convergence, angular size, perspective, motion parallax, elevation, aerial haze, etc. The following problems are then discussed: The significance of the horopter in relation to the general contour in a stereo photograph; the fusion of the images in a stereo plotting machine; the arguments for and against some convergence of the eyepiece axes; the special problems of spectacle wearers; the functions of field stop. An analysis of the visual task in contour plotting is attempted, but a more complete analysis would be possible if records were available of the observer's eye movements while plotting. Finally, chromatic aberration in relation to the Multiplex system is considered, and also in connection with the stereoscopic effect observed with differently coloured objects lying in a plane.
THE AIRBORNE PROFILE RECORDER
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The Airborne Profile Recorder is explained and two experiments with it are described.

In the first experiment the equipment was used in the aircraft during exposure of the survey photographs. A distance of 200 miles was bridged without appreciable scale error and with only small and random height errors down the central section. The experiment confirms the work of Mr. Blachut of the National Research Council using the same photographs, but does not provide any additional information with regard to the use of the technique under different conditions or in relation to any particular production requirements.

In the second experiment the equipment was flown after the photographic survey, down the lateral overlaps of the photographic strips. It is concluded that this is an uneconomical method of using the equipment and unlikely to give results comparable with the first method.
SIGN CONVENTION AND NOTATION
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This article describes and explains the Resolution on Sign Convention approved at the Stockholm Congress. The advantages that result from adopting the convention are set out. The more complex problem of a notation for rotations (tilts) is then discussed and some proposals made. The article concludes by suggesting some alternatives for the words “tip,”“tilt” and “swing” as applied to air photographs.
RIGOROUS GEOMETRICAL CONDITIONS IN AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Arthur D. W. G.
Published: July 2010

Geodetic adjustments owe their efficiency to the many rigorous conditions which have to be satisfied. At present these conditions are not available in aerial triangulations. They can be introduced into aerial triangulation, but only at the expense of much higher costs in all stages of the work. Their introduction seems to depend on the use of transverse tie‐strips, or deep lateral overlap in the main strips of the air survey block. The conditions are stated here in terms of the entities which appear in analytical aerial triangulations.
MULTIPLEX BRIDGING WITH TWO PROJECTORS
Authors: Hutchings C. R.
Published: July 2010

Bridging tests have been carried out using a short bar Multiplex assembly with only two projectors. Two different methods were tested; these are described and the results obtained are given; they indicate that heighting accuracy is maintained, but that plan positions are less accurate than those obtained by the long bar technique. Comments are made on the two methods and the times taken.
THE PRESIDENT'S PRIZE ESSAY
Authors: Petrie Gordon
Published: July 2010

Subject

Review the present position of control by photogrammetric methods, and discuss in the light of possible developments in apparatus and techniques the extent to which you think ground traverse and triangulation can be superseded.
TWO THEOREMS FROM MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF ERRORS TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND OTHER MEASURING SCIENCES
Authors: Hallert B.
Published: July 2010

The theory of errors, so widely used in photogrammetric work, is based on the mathematics of statistics. Two statistical theorems, the central limit theorem and the arc sine law theorem, are briefly discussed and the lessons which may be drawn from them are found to be highly applicable to photogrammetric operations.
THE FX.105 SURVEY CAMERA
Authors: Towns V. W. H. , Danielsson E.
Published: July 2010

The camera is designed for work at great heights and calls for a precise and exacting specification and some novel features. The lens is specially designed. A filter is incorporated in a special coating of one of the lens surfaces. Dessicators and breathers are provided. A specially designed pressure plate ensures very close contact of the film with a register glass bearing an engraved reseau. In place of the normal magazine, film cassettes are used. The removable inter‐lens shutter is of unusual design to meet a rigorous specification. Remote control is provided. The mounting of the camera and certain minor details and adjustments have yet to be finalised in the prototype.
THE ALLIANCE OF ELECTRONICS WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Mott P. G.
Published: July 2010

The paper discusses, from a practical point of view, the increasingly close connection between photogrammetry and electronics. The subject is considered under three heads: Airborne Instruments, Field Instruments, and Laboratory Instruments. Brief examples of the use of various instruments and techniques are mentioned, with particular reference to the practical advantages and disadvantages. Desirable improvements and probable future developments are reviewed and conclusions as to the potentialities and limitations of electronics in the field of photogrammetry are drawn.
VARIATIONS IN BINOCULAR ACUITY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CONTOUR MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Palmer David Alan
Published: July 2010

Contour measurements by means of stereoscopic vision, as used in photogrammetry, have now become so highly developed that the limit of accuracy is often set by the binocular acuity of the observer. Very small variations in the personal error of the observer can introduce significant inaccuracies in the measurements. A stereoscope capable of measuring binocular parallax to one second of arc was constructed and used to study the possible causes of these personal variations. Analysis of the results suggests that the monocular clue of “overlay” may be one of the main causes of error, the magnitude of the error varying with the definition of the photograph being studied, and with the state of visual fatigue of the observer.
LOSS OF NEGATIVE RESOLUTION DUE TO PRINTING AND EXAMINATION PROCEDURES
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

A photograph exposed on modern fine‐grain film in a Wild RC 5 camera over a resolution test object is used by the author to gauge the difference in quality between negatives and prints made from them. In addition, the effect of inspecting negatives and prints at different viewing magnifications is examined.
FORESTRY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Miller R. G.
Published: July 2010

The author describes the responsibilities of the forester both for the production of timber and the preservation of natural resources, and shows how aerial photographs can assist in supplying the information required for organising the management of forest areas. On limited experience with infrared and colour films, the author compares them with panchromatic film for aerial photography of forest country; he considers that in most cases good definition is the most desirable quality in such photographs, although special contrast effects may be useful for particular purposes.
DOPPLER NAVIGATION FOR SURVEY FLYING AND CONTROL
Authors: English J. S. , Huggett M. G.
Published: July 2010

This paper is divided into two parts: the first discusses the practical navigation techniques evolved for air survey, and the second deals with the associated techniques of ground plotting and flight‐line recovery. Both parts of the paper have a geophysical bias since it is in this field that most experience has been gained, but the basic principles apply equally to photographic survey.
SOME ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF AIR PHOTO‐INTERPRETATION IN CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
Authors: Jones R. G. B.
Published: July 2010

In catchments where the climatic conditions are conducive to a high soil erosion hazard, soil and land classification surveys and engineering measures designed to protect the land against the erosive action of stormwater run‐off are an essential preliminary to correct land use. This paper stresses the importance of air photo‐interpretation in the execution of these surveys and discusses some of its specific applications to soil and water conservation engineering practices. Also examined are the basic types of interpretation equipment required.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO PIPE SYSTEMS OF CHEMICAL PLANT
Authors: Farrand R.
Published: July 2010

A successful attempt has been made to produce design plans of large chemical plant using photogrammetric techniques, and involving the development and modification of cameras and plotting equipment. Photogrammetry has provided a solution to a problem which could not easily be solved by direct methods.
SUPER‐WIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION WITH VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

Some of the advantages and disadvantages of super‐wide angle photography are discussed. Special reference is made to photography of an area in Bechuanaland, when airborne profile recorder and horizon camera were used in conjunction with aerial photography. Data from these ancillary aids were used in the subsequent adjustment procedure. The paper concludes with an account of analytical bridging using super‐wide angle photography and a monocomparator.
IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING PROBLEM AREAS IN SOIL EROSION SURVEYS USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Jones R. G. B. , Keech M. A.
Published: July 2010

Gully erosion has for many years been a problem in Rhodesia1s Tribal Trust Lands.

This paper describes how Soil Conservation Service staff, with no previous ground knowledge of these areas, used good quality 1/25,000 scale aerial photographs to measure the extent of the gully erosion and to pinpoint erosion “black spots.” This enabled quick and reliable estimates of the cost of reclamation work to be made without the need for time‐consuming field survey.

The survey method discussed is capable of wide application wherever gully erosion occurs and needs to be brought under control.
SOME ASPECS OF COLOUR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN PRACTICE AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Authors: Mott P. G.
Published: July 2010

An attempt is made to review the factors affecting the use of colour photography in photogrammetry and photo‐interpretation. Examples of current practice and results of comparative tests are quoted, as well as the advantages and deficiencies of the various materials available.
A COMPARISON OF AERIAL FILMS IN THE STUDY OF THE BREIDAMERKUR GLACIER AREA, ICELAND
Authors: Welch R.
Published: July 2010

During the summer of 1965, colour, false colour, infra‐red and panchromatic photography was flown of the Breidamerkur Glacier area in south‐east Iceland. Subsequent comparative interpretation studies of the film types have indicated that colour photography is superior for the interpretation of glacierized† areas. This is attributed to brightness qualities and a continuous colour tone range, which, in this instance, closely matched visual representation of ground objects.

The false colour film, due to the striking tonal qualities of vegetation and moisture, is considered best for studies involving the delimitation of these features. Panchromatic film appears to be satisfactory for general interpretation work, particularly where the utmost in definition is called for. The infra‐red film, because of the dark tones produced by gravels and the subsequent high contrasts between ice and gravel debris on the ice surface, is considered a poor choice for the interpretation of glacierized areas.
ASPECTS OF AIRBORNE CAMERA DEVELOPMENT FROM 1945 TO 1966
Authors: Odle J. E.
Published: July 2010

The background to development of airborne cameras for specific rôles is reviewed and probable future advances outlined.
THE STANDARD ERROR OF AN OBSERVATION OF UNIT WEIGHT
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

Cette courte communication souligne les dangers de l'emploi de l'expression ‘l'erreur moyenne de l'unité'de poids’.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF GLACIAL LANDFORMS
Authors: Welch R. , Howarth P. J.
Published: July 2010

Photogrammetric methods using sequential aerial photography can provide the geomorphologist with comparative measurements of rapidly changing glacial landforms. Examples are given of eskers, kame and kettle areas, an ice‐dammed lake and coastal features in south‐east Iceland.
THE THEORY OF THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE STEREOGRAM
Authors: Miles M. J.
Published: July 2010

The theory of the solution of the stereogram is developed from the condition that the vector triangle, formed by the base‐line and the two rays from the perspective centre to a common model point, shall be in equilibrium. Using this approach the unique definition of a point in the model follows naturally from the solution of the relative orientation problem.
THE LAUSANNE CONGRESS
Authors: Cooper G. R. , Petrie G. , Smith A. D. N. , Sowton M. , Atkinson K. B.
Published: July 2010

The International Society for Photogrammetry held the Xlth International Congress at Lausanne during July 1968. The authors review the activities of five of the seven I.S.P. Commissions.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC OBSERVATIONS
Authors: van der Weele A. J.
Published: July 2010

In order to be able to predict the accuracy which may be expected from an aerial triangulation adjustment, it is required that the observed quantities (parallaxes and co‐ordinates) should be introduced with their proper weight and correlation coefficients. After a review of the present knowledge of these coefficients for the usual photogrammetric observations, the conclusion is reached that this knowledge is inadequate for the purpose. Further research in this field is recommended.
SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NON‐TOPOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Atkinson K. B.
Published: July 2010

Equipment manufactured in connexion with the special applications of photogrammetry has developed from very early designs, often with remarkably few changes. The first section of the paper traces this evolution up to the present time.

Architectural photogrammetry has been, since Meydenbauer, one of the most important of these special applications and the second part describes some recent work of this type in England and Jordan.
ACCURACY OF HEIGHTING FROM VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHY OBTAINED BY HELICOPTER
Authors: Cheffins O. W.
Published: July 2010

Experimental photography at scales up to 1 : 500 has been taken and analysed, subsequently, using Zeiss C8 and Wild A8 instruments. Results indicate that a 25 mm contour interval may be achieved on reliable surfaces, such as roads and aerodrome runways.
THE USE OF AIRBORNE AUXILIARY DATA IN THE RIGOROUS LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF A BLOCK OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Miles M. J. , Smith A. D. N.
Published: July 2010

The problem of incorporating airborne auxiliary data into an aerial triangulation block adjustment is considered. The conclusion is reached that this problem can be most readily solved by the use of a fully rigorous adjustment method. The first order adjustment equations for all types of airborne auxiliary control are developed and the method of incorporating these equations into the block solution is demonstrated. The general computing problems of the aerial triangulation block adjustment are briefly discussed and a method outlined for the incorporation of tie strips, at any angle across the block, into the adjustment without unduly increasing the storage requirements for the solution. The problem of correctly weighting the different types of available data is discussed. The paper concludes with a demonstration of the improved accuracy possible if precise aerial triangulation data are combined with apparently crude absolute airborne data.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MAPPING FROM EARTH SATELLITES
Authors: Petrie G.
Published: July 2010

In attempting to assess the possibilities of mapping from earth satellites, various factors which do not occur with aerial photography must be considered. The orbital characteristics of satellites are discussed from the point of view of their effects on photographic scale and coverage and the problems of taking and retrieving photography from satellites are outlined. An evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of mapping from both single and stereoscopic television pictures and normal frame photography is made and the tentative conclusion reached that topographic mapping from earth satellite photography may only be considered seriously for the scales 1 : 250 000 to 1 : 1 000 000 and for a minimum contour interval of 100 m. The economy of this very small‐scale mapping is at present very doubtful in view of the current costs of building and launching a suitable satellite. Any extensive programme of satellite photography for mapping purposes could pose some difficult legal and political problems if the photography was made freely available.
AN EXACT PROCEDURE FOR NUMERICAL ORIENTATION OF A PLOTTING INSTRUMENT
Authors: Harley I. A.
Published: July 2010

An exact theory is developed and a method of solution is described for the computation of relative and, if so desired, absolute orientation settings in a plotting instrument. The Ω drum of the plotting instrument is used to remove vertical parallax “in the model” at each of the standard orientation points in turn; this is also done at the control points if the absolute orientation is to be found simultaneously. After removal of parallax at each point, the X, Y, Z settings are recorded. From these data the final instrument settings are computed. The (non‐linear) condition equations are solved using a simplified form of the Newton method generalised to n dimensions. No restrictions are placed on any of the initial settings of the instrument. In view of the continuously increasing ease and speed of access to electronic computers, it seems desirable to ignore all assumptions of small tilts and flat ground which are usually made in order to simplify the arithmetic and to aim instead at an exact solution in one computation.
SPACE RESECTION WITHOUT INTERIOR ORIENTATION
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

In this paper projective methods are used to resect the vertex of a picture when the interior orientation elements are unknown. In the course of the work the projective theory of photography is taken beyond its most elementary stages.
INFRA‐RED LINE‐SCAN IMAGERY: AN EXAMPLE AND AN APPLICATION
Authors: White L. P.
Published: July 2010

The detection of drainage patterns in an area of the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, provides an example of the usefulness of infra‐red line‐scan imagery.