bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Silence of the Survivors
Authors: Phillips Howard
Published: March 2022

In probing the silence of South African survivors about the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic, this chapter makes a fundamental distinction between two kinds of survivors, viz. institutions and individuals. In the case of institutions like the state, the military, the professions and faith-based communities, their silence stemmed mainly from a deliberate wish not to memorialise what was for them a comprehensive rout as they failed, by and large, to meet the needs of those dependent on them for protection or succour. On the other hand, the long silence of individuals about their experiences in the pandemic was, in the main, not the result of active suppression of memories but more a consequence of a reluctance to revive distressing memories of a doleful and frightening period of their lives. That they had not actively buried such memories in amnesia is made clear by the readiness with which, sixty years later—by when the pain of such memories had eased—over 170 of them willingly shared their graphic recollections of the pandemic in interviews with the author. Drawing on these almost unique recollections, this chapter seeks to construct why, when and how their silence turned into speaking, thereby adding important dimensions to one-dimensional concepts of both silence and survivors.
Changing Narratives of ‘That’ Pandemic
Authors: Milne Ida
Published: March 2022

The 1918–19 influenza pandemic was ignored by Irish historians until the twenty-first century; this lacuna meant that there was no national narrative of the Irish experience which would have enabled those who lived through the flu to situate their personal experience within the larger picture. As a result, memory of the pandemic was obscured, remaining an isolated experience rather than part of a larger story. As work began to be published, the story became more widely known, and people got curious about their familial association with it. The 2018 centenary offered an opportunity for the author, as an historian of influenza memory, to give public talks where audiences could share the family memory of the pandemic. Sometimes these memories showed clear evidence of incorporating the author’s own and other influenza historians’ research into the new narrative. This chapter traces the changing narrative of 1918–19 influenza memory at the time of the centenary in an Irish context.
The Ispanka in Historical Context
Authors: Ewing E. Thomas
Published: March 2022

The first reports of widespread and sometimes fatal cases of influenza appeared in Russia in August 1918, as part of the global wave known as the ‘Spanish’ influenza. Over the next three years, however, a series of cascading political, social and health crises overwhelmed Russia, thus overshadowing the impact of the Ispanka, a truncated combination of the Russian terms, Ispanskii gripp, or ‘Spanish influenza’. Given that the total number of Russian deaths in the period from the 1917 Revolution to the famine of 1921 may have exceeded 10 million, the Ispanka was seemingly absorbed into the broader crises of these years, which in turn has contributed to the omission of Russia from most global histories of the epidemic. This history of the Ispanka concludes that the influenza epidemic confirmed the priority assigned to public health by Russian physicians and the Soviet government, even as the conditions of war, revolution, civil war and dictatorship placed increasing burdens on society that exacerbated the spread of all types of disease. Even as the Russian experience with the ‘Spanish’ influenza has been omitted from most histories of the early Soviet period and the global epidemic, this chapter discusses how this experience led Soviet scientists to make important contributions to global research on this disease in the decades that followed.
‘Huge but Unknown’
Authors: Peckham Robert
Published: March 2022

Surprisingly, little attention has been paid in the scientific and historical literature to the 1918–19 influenza pandemic in East Asia, particularly in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). This chapter reconsiders the place of China in the history of the pandemic, drawing comparisons between the PRC and the United States, where despite claims that it is the ‘forgotten pandemic’, the science and epidemiology of the 1918–19 Flu have long informed debates about disease surveillance and pandemic preparedness. The chapter examines the evidence for the pandemic in China and the challenges posed to historians by limited Chinese archival sources. It argues that although the pandemic is little remembered in the PRC today, China has long been identified within a Western virological imaginary as the epicentre of influenza, and since the late twentieth century, as a hot spot of emerging avian influenza epidemics.
Traces in the Archive of a Great Oblivion
Authors: Gabbay Cynthia
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines ‘the great oblivion’ of the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic through an inspection of a variety of Ibero-American literary and visual representations. The study diachronically conceptualises different semiotic phenomena from the last hundred years that are apparent in what could be considered an Ibero-American ‘archive’—understood as a conceptual cultural reservoir—of the 1918–19 pandemic. Given the elusive nature of the non-canonic literary and visual artefacts, which appear as ‘vestiges’ or ‘cinders’ of forgotten cultural histories, the study focuses on the construction of the memory of the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic as an alternation of remembrance and oblivion, and it traces cultural ‘lethomechanisms’ responsible for transmitting memory through manifestations of forgetfulness. A typology of the phenomena is offered through consideration of examples of denial, rejection and silencing of the event, including cultural expressions of ‘pre-forgetting’, collateral representation and textual resignification. These modes of representation have produced an inverted memorable imprint that projects a particular epistemology of the epidemic experience. The chapter concludes that, given the absence of intertextual relations between the different cultural sources, it is not possible to identify a canonical Ibero-American tradition of representations of the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic.
The Practices of Social Forgetting
Authors: Bristow Nancy K.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the process by which Americans actively forgot the 1918 influenza epidemic by investigating the traces of memory evident in American public culture. The epidemic in the United States was, until the advent of COVID-19, understood by many historians as the nation’s ‘forgotten pandemic’. Such a notion, though, fails to recognise that Americans who had suffered illness or loss during the crisis retained vivid private memories of their experiences. The nation’s public amnesia, then, required the active process of what Guy Beiner terms ‘social forgetting’. The media, much of which had actively addressed the story of trauma during the pandemic, soon rewrote it into a tale of resilience, as well as rapid regeneration, and ultimate triumph. Gravestones and memorials that marked the deaths of influenza victims might name the grief of loss, but the role of the pandemic in causing that grief went unexpressed, sometimes veiled behind paeans to those who died as part of the war effort. The epidemic rarely emerged as the focus of artistic works, and though literature offers the most plentiful references, even here authorial choices often relegated the health crisis to a secondary role. Only recently, and particularly with the emergence of COVID-19, have Americans seemed ready to engage with the history of the ‘Spanish’ influenza epidemic, and to find in the struggles and heartache of this past people with whom they are willing to identify, and from whom they may be ready to learn.
The Printer’s Daughter
Authors: Martin Alexander M.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 takes Rosenstrauch’s wedding in 1788 as an entry point into the urban society and culture of western Germany on the eve of the French Revolution. His bride, Susanna Barbara Antonetta Hampe, came from a respectable Lutheran burgher family in Kassel, the capital of Hesse-Kassel and an important center of German enlightened absolutism. Reconstructing the likely circumstances of their encounter, the chapter examines the intellectual and religious atmosphere in Kassel, old and new ideas about love and marriage, the way of life of the burgher class, and the ideological impulses Rosenstrauch may have received from contact with Hessian veterans of the American Revolution and the escaped American slaves who had accompanied them back to Hesse. To be able to wed, Rosenstrauch and Barbara Antonetta eloped to the little town of Brilon, in nearby Catholic Westphalia, where they were married by an elderly priest steeped in the traditions of baroque Catholicism. The chapter explores the similarities and differences between society in the Enlightened Protestant capital of Kassel and the Catholic provincial backwater of Brilon, and between Rosenstrauch’s modern individualistic morality and the cultural traditionalism embodied by the priest and Barbara Antonetta’s family.
Curtain Call
Authors: Martin Alexander M.
Published: March 2022

This chapter follows Rosenstrauch during his first years in St. Petersburg, the great seaport and capital of the Russian Empire. It explores St. Petersburg’s role as Russia’s “window to Europe”—the meeting place for people, goods, and influences from the West and from the Russian interior. It describes the city’s large ethnic German community, and the conditions facing Rosenstrauch and the local German theater troupe under its manager, Joseph Miré. Rosenstrauch was successful as an actor, but over time he soured on the theater. Analyzing the incomes of actors and the expenses that he faced, the chapter argues that he must have struggled financially. The German theater also lacked social prestige, because the Russian elite, including its ethnically German members, was oriented culturally toward France. Lastly, he suffered emotionally from the tension between the ideal of the bourgeois family man whom he played on stage and the reality of his broken marriage and the disrepute of his occupation as an actor. His crisis reached a critical point when his oldest son was murdered in 1806. This shocking event caused him to experience a personal religious conversion and become a fervent Lutheran believer, and eventually to he quit the acting profession altogether.
The Lord’s Will
Authors: Martin Alexander M.
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes the dramatic events in Moscow during the city’s occupation by Napoleon’s Grande Armée in 1812. Unlike most Muscovites, Rosenstrauch found himself unable to leave as the French approached, so he spent the entire period of the occupation in Moscow. The chapter reconstructs his opinions and experiences based on the detailed memoir that he later wrote about the occupation. He did not view the war through the lens of nationalism, conservatism, liberalism, or religious millennialism, the new ideological constructs that his contemporaries used interpret current events. Instead, relying on older frameworks inherited from the German Enlightenment and Freemasonry, he saw the war as an assault on order by an anarchic rabble of Napoleonic soldiers and lower-class Russian civilians, and as a test of character for the French and Russian elites. Following his memoir, the chapter describes his efforts to restrain hostile French soldiers and Russian serfs; his closeness with a group of French officers who lodged in his home and protected his shop against looters; his disdain for Napoleon, whom he viewed as a vainglorious adventurer; and the catastrophic fire that destroyed much of the city.
Conclusion
Authors: Martin Alexander M.
Published: March 2022

To conclude the book, this chapter revisits the principal themes that were raised in the Introduction. Reflecting on the experience of the passing of time and the transformation of personality types and cultural values, the Conclusion analyzes Rosenstrauch, his son, and his grandchildren as representatives of distinct generations, in the sense both of generations within a family and of age cohorts with distinct historical experiences. These generational experiences were shared by many contemporaries, making the Rosenstrauchs characteristic figures of their time. The chapter then uses the concept of space to examine two areas of historical change that profoundly affected the Rosenstrauchs and their contemporaries in the nineteenth century: how the modernization of transport changed the experience of distance, and how the rise of nationalism and nation-states transformed the Rosenstrauchs’ position as cosmopolitan wanderers and intercultural mediators. The chapter closes with a reflection on the nature and limitations of historical evidence and of our general ability to know the past.
Singular Propositions
Authors: Hanks Peter
Published: March 2022

A singular proposition is a proposition that is about an object by virtue of containing that object as a constituent. This chapter shows how singular propositions are the product of a conflation of two different conceptions of propositions, one due to Frege and the other to Russell. A consequence of this conflation is that singular propositions violate an intuitive principle of compositionality. The chapter argues that the only way to rescue singular propositions is to identify them with certain types of actions, a view the author has defended elsewhere (Hanks 2011, 2013, 2015). Another goal of the chapter is to trace the source of the conflation in the concept of a singular proposition through the development of formal semantics, starting with Frege and continuing with Church, Carnap, Montague, Lewis, and ultimately Kaplan.
Determinations of Meaning
Authors: Neale Stephen
Published: March 2022

Work on meaning and utterance interpretation in the Gricean, intentional-inferential tradition cannot be the basis of a general or integrated theory of interpretation. Indeed, the quest for such a theory is a fool’s errand. The things we are said to interpret are massively heterogeneous; so are the activities, methods, or practices involved. This double heterogeneity sinks any chance of a unified subject matter. Only in a superficial sense is there anything for a general theory or philosophical account of interpretation to be about. Even where interpretive activities involve forming hypotheses about intent—as is often claimed for legal, literary, artistic, and archaeological interpretation—work in the Gricean, intentional-inferential tradition fails to illuminate either the nature or the principal goals of those activities. However, it does provide what is necessary to refine postulated hierarchies of intentions needed in those domains and to address about the determination of meaning, and the extent to which semantic theory must ultimately be hostage to a theory of pragmatic interpretation.
Superman and Clark Walk into a Phone Booth
Authors: Richard Mark
Published: March 2022

Observing Clark Kent, so dressed, entering a phone booth and Superman, so dressed, exiting it, most people say (1) is true, (2) false (1) Clark Kent entered the phone booth and Superman came out. (2) Clark Kent entered the phone booth and Clark Kent came out. Why? Some say it’s semantics: the sentences say different things. Others say it’s pragmatics: uses of the sentences (non-semantically) convey different things. Yet others say it’s differing associations speakers make with the sentences. I defend the plausibility of a semantic explanation of our intuitions, arguing that linguistic competence and the meaning it tracks is constituted by something more like a process than a persisting, relatively unvarying state. While it is an empirical matter which explanation is correct, the picture of competence and meaning as things process like is, I argue, preferable to views of them as static.
The Difference That Ends Make
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: March 2022

The presence of final ends in Kantian moral theory suggests some fruitful comparisons with virtue theory. The most important role for final ends is in the idea of the human being as an end in itself. It supports a formula of the categorical imperative (the formula of humanity) often thought to independently provide moral content that the formula of universal law lacks. The chapter offers a close reading of the texts surrounding the introduction and defense of the idea of an end in itself and argues that what it introduces is the conjoint ideas of a reasoner as a final authority for what they reason, which, given the universality inherent in reasoning, adds to the idea of maxim validity, a standard of interpersonal co-reasoning for maxims. Since co-reasoning depends for its application on the formula of universal law, the formula of humanity cannot generate independent results.
We Are Not Alone
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: March 2022

This chapter defends Kant’s claim that we cannot have duties to animals and asks why he seems to think that if we did not recognize some moral constraint in the treatment of animals (an indirect duty with regard to them) the fact that some of us acted cruelly would “uproot” a natural predisposition in all of us that is “serviceable to morality.” It’s a puzzle, since many of us, even without a duty, would be kind. Because animals inform our understanding of our own embodied life, we mistake who we are if we don’t extend the reach of our duties to them.
Other to Self
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: March 2022

Modern moral thought, exemplified in the work of Bernard Williams, finds a fundamental conflict between love and morality. Drawing on material from attachment-oriented psychoanalytic theories, this chapter argues that “the other” is developmentally fundamental for the infant, connected with primitive forms of moral emotion (some strongly negative), whose resolution partly constitutes a self, setting out on a path to a potentially creative form of moral agency. Instead of intractable conflict between love and morality, we find a complex dynamic account of their mutual dependence. There is no gap between other and self; the right sort of independence is the moral achievement.
Computing: The Turing way
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter introduces the Turing paradigm of computation and computational complexity classes. It discusses the algorithmic way combinatorial optimization problems are traditionally solved and explains why some of them are particularly difficult to solve with algorithms. It anticipates the need for non-perturbative approaches to the solution of such problems.
Dynamical systems picture of computing
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This introductory chapter sets out the theoretical foundations for ‘deliberative accountability’ and describes the three metrics by which to evaluate the quality of deliberative accountability—namely, respect among actors, the extent to which partisan-point scoring replaces reason-giving, and a reciprocal dialogue. The context in which these are explored is parliamentary select committee hearings on monetary policy, financial stability and fiscal policy. In these hearings, parliamentarians in the Treasury Select Committee and the Economic Affairs Committee hold central bankers, Treasury officials, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to account for their policy decisions. In this adversarial context, the relationship between parliamentarians and witnesses is hierarchical, which makes deliberative accountability a unique term which is distinct from either deliberation or accountability. The chapter also outlines briefly the mixed methods applied to gauge deliberative accountability, including quantitative text analysis, an experimental approach to gauge nonverbal behaviour by actors, and elite interviews with key participants in the hearings.
Memory, memelements, active elements, and memprocessors
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter clarifies the meaning of memory as time non-locality. It shows that time non-locality induces spatial non-locality. It then introduces the notion of circuit elements with memory, memprocessors, and discusses the need of active elements in MemComputing. It finally highlights that MemComputing is not just ‘in-memory computing’.
Numerical simulations of DMMs
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter shows how to transition from hardware realization to software simulation of digital MemComputing machines. It shows that explicit methods of integration are enough to simulate the ordinary differential equations of DMMs efficiently. It provides several numerical examples.
Application to Machine Learning and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter shows how to employ MemComputing in the field of Machine Learning and Quantum Mechanics. It demonstrates that both the supervised and unsupervised training of neural networks can be improved substantially. It also shows a possible way to use MemComputing to find the ground state of quantum Hamiltonians and the reconstruction of quantum states (quantum tomography).
Approach to equilibrium and the ordered state of DMMs
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter describes how DMMs approach equilibrium, solution of the problem they are attempting to solve. It also demonstrates that DMMs go through a critical branching process that persists until a solution is found. It also argues about the topological order of their state, and demonstrates the reasons behind their robustness against numerical and physical noise. It finally concludes by enumerating the features these machines share with the animal brain.
Epilogue and future work
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter summarizes the book’s main points and offers ideas for further research in the field of MemComputing. It also makes connections with several physical theories such as Renormalization Group and Quantum Chromodynamics and suggests a possible duality between computational complexity theory and algebraic topology.
Prologue
Authors: Adak Mustafa , Thonemann Peter
Published: March 2022

This short introductory chapter lays out the literary sources for the Roman sack of Abdera in 170 BC, in the course of the Third Macedonian War. The main narrative, that of Livy, is discussed in detail, and set in the context of our broader evidence for Roman treatment of Greek cities during the war. Thanks to an extraordinary new epigraphic discovery from the city of Teos in western Asia Minor, the full story of the slow and painful recovery of Abdera in the years after the Roman sack can now be told for the first time.
Abdera, Kotys, and Maroneia in the 160s BC (Document 6)
Authors: Adak Mustafa , Thonemann Peter
Published: March 2022

The first part of this chapter is dedicated to a new edition, with translation and commentary, of a decree of Abdera in honour of the Teian ambassadors Amymon and Megathymos. At the time of this decree, Abdera was locked in a territorial dispute with the Thracian king Kotys; these two men travelled to Rome on the Abderites’ behalf, to support Abdera’s claims before the Roman senate. The date and historical context of this decree, and its relationship to the new decree of Abdera in honour of the Teians, are discussed at some length. In the second part of the chapter, the authors discuss the territorial dispute between Abdera and Maroneia described in the new decree, and some tentative suggestions are floated about the location of the particular stretch of territory at stake in the law-suit.
After Gentzen
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

Gentzen’s pioneering method of natural deduction had a considerable impact. There are important meaning-theoretic ideas underlying its design. Gentzen’s rules of natural deduction afforded a clear logical distinction between constructive and non-constructive reasoning. The rules of Core Logic and its classicized extension are explained. The Core systems capture the further logical property of relevance (between premises and conclusions of proofs) that is a basic feature of all mathematical reasoning. The details of free logic are laid out. It is vital for the proper handling of various singular terms in mathematics that fail to denote. Important examples of such terms are ones formed by variable-binding operators—definite descriptive terms, number-abstraction terms, and set-abstraction terms. Rules of natural deduction are formulated, governing the introduction and elimination of these abstraction operators in the context of canonical identity statements. These are the single-barreled rules on which this study lays great stress.
Introduction, with Some Historical Background
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

The importance of constructive reasoning for logicism is emphasized. The aim is to furnish constructive derivations of the Dedekind–Peano postulates for arithmetic from the more basic rules of Natural Logicism for the natural numbers. Derivations of all instances of Schema N will likewise be constructive, in meeting the adequacy condition that one’s account of the naturals should explain their applicability in our wider thought and talk about the world. A summary is provided of the main historical developments in logicist and neo-logicist theorizing about the natural numbers, from Frege through to Wright. The latter’s ‘HP-based’ neo-logicism is criticized for its important shortcomings. The contrasting virtues of the alternative treatment that was called Constructive Logicism in Anti-Realism and Logic are described; and a few matters of priority are clarified.
Exact Numerosity
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

Numerosity statements are statements of the form ‘There are exactly nΦ‎s’, where the number-word in place of n is understood adjectivally in English. A numerosity statement of this form does not commit one to the existence of the natural number n, or of any numbers at all. The question is how best to regiment these numerosity statements in first-order logical notation. Four different methods for doing so are presented. Each method involves so defining a regimenting formal sentence that, given any natural number n, one can effectively determine which formal sentence at first order regiments the numerosity statement, in English, that there are exactly nΦ‎s. The four different regimentations, which are abbreviated as ∇n
xΦ‎(x), ♢n
xΦ‎(x), Ʊn
xΦ‎(x), and ♡n
xΦ‎(x), are interdeducible.
Mereology and Fraction Abstraction
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

The chapter seeks to show how rational numbers—fractions—are entities to which ra tional thinkers are logically entitled. It begins by introducing mereology as part of our conceptual and methodological framework for eventually attaining a grasp of fractions. The basic concepts of mereology are laid out, with their formal notations. The treatment of identity is discussed. Mereology is the theory of the part-whole relation, and is of very low consistency strength; indeed, it is arguably analytically true. Mereological fusion is treated here as an abstraction operator, in this study’s preferred single-barreled fashion, with introduction and elimination rules in free Core Logic. The notion of a dimensional magnitude(such as length) is introduced, along with the correlative notion of dimensional equality (such as line-segment congruence). One can define whole-number multiples of dimensional magnitudes (such as lengths of line segments; or ‘identical’ pizzas). This enables one to address the problem of characterizing what constitutes an equal share of p dimensionally equal items when these are to be divvied up into q dimensionally equal shares. An easy application of fractional abstraction then delivers the rational number pq. The introduction and elimination rules for fractional abstraction furnish easy proof of all instances of Schema Q. One learns too why q cannot be 0, and why the rational number n1is the natural number n.
Taking Stock and Glimpsing Beyond
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

This abstract is not so much a summary of the big stones laid thus far, but rather some point-work in the cementing that holds them all together. It is one of the longest of the chapter abstracts, for this, the shortest of the chapters. A summary is given of what the Constructive Logicist has been able to attain by means of core reasoning in accordance with natural-deduction rules of introduction and elimination, especially for carefully de signed abstraction operators. The naturals and the rationals are fully within Kroneckerian purview. But now one must prepare to engage with the reals. The hard deductive work was to obtain access to the naturals, and the Dedekind-Peano truths about them. Once entitled to the naturals, one’s passage to the rationals is somewhat easier, courtesy of apt forms of expression afforded by mereology, and another pair of ‘single-barreled’ in troduction and elimination rules, this time for fractional abstraction. Looking ahead to dealing with the reals, however, one has to be mindful of the complications involved in their inherently infinitary nature. One’s ‘ontological entitlement’ to them will notbe as straightforward as it was in the case of the naturals and the rationals. But one now has a methodological bridgehead from the earlier treatment of the rationals: a way of pro ducing a numerical representation for a ‘sub-unit part’. This makes one’s grasp of the reals closely cognate with one’s grasp of the rationals (except for the matter of the reals’ uncountability). This is reflected in the similarity of structure between Schema Q and Schema R.
Resisting the Trend toward Arithmetization
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

The investigations in Chapter 18 revealed that there is no dispositive argument against the exercise of geometric intuition in the logico-genesis of real analysis. This chapter sets about resisting that downgrading of geometric intuition. For it is crucially involved in one’s attaining a grasp of the real numbers in a form that is enlightened enough to meet the four conditions of adequacy on which this work has laid such stress. The concern here is to identify exactly how much has to be vouchsafed by synthetic a priori intuition in order for logic to ‘do the rest’ in ensuring grasp of the reals. The view to be developed is that a very simple and elemental geometric intuition is all one needs. Moreover, it is one that is not shaken by the development of non-Euclidean geometries. The intuition is this. Any sequence of points on a line that proceeds strictly left-to-right and all of whose points are to the left of some bound has a leftmost right bound. This is an a priori intuitive conviction that finds no expression in Euclid. But it would be shared immediately by any Euclidean who is brought to understand the proposition involved. (It is implicit in Archimedes’ famous method of exhaustion.) What the de-geometrizers failed to anticipate is how the logical tradition would at last deliver, in the form of Gentzen’s system of natural deduction, a way of ensuring absolute formal rigor in one’s deductive reasoning. The logico-geneticist can take the aforementioned continuity principle as axiomatic, and then proceed with purely logical reasoning. One will be able to see how and why one can generate infinite bicimals (say) as canonical representations of real numbers; and why it is that one talks, nowadays almost unwittingly, of the real line. The chapter closes by revisiting Bolzano and Dedekind, and examining the contributions of Cauchy and Weierstraß in laying a more rigorous foundation for real analysis. It is a belated irony that ‘Weierstraß’sche Strenge’ can be co-opted by the natural logicist so as to ensure the ultimate foundational rigor of an elemental intuition about the continuity of a line. For it was Weierstraß who ensured genuine rigor in defining central mathematical concepts by using iterated quantifiers. All one needs thereafter is Gentzenian rigor in unpacking them.
Impurities and Incompletenesses
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

Contemporary foundationalists have examined extensively whether certain results in a branch of mathematics depend for their proof on principles governing notions not embedded in those results themselves. A pure proof of a theorem ϕ‎ is one whose premises are axioms embedding only non-logical primitives that are embedded in ϕ‎. With reference to famous results in number theory (such as the Prime Number Theorem, Dirchlet’s Theorem, and Fermat’s Last Theorem) and to foundational results about Gödelian incompleteness of theories, it is questioned whether Bolzano was justified in insisting on purity of proof. The investigation therefore underscores, by tacit implication, the likelihood that any ‘purely logical’ re-capture of various mathematical theories is bound to be of rather limited extent. This lends heightened interest to the question of what, exactly, the ‘purely logical’ parts of these theories are.
Back to Bicimals
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

This chapter picks up the threads of the discussion in Chapter 23 of bicimal expansions for points on a line. There is a natural way of ordering such expansions. One defines a progressive matrix as a list of non-decreasing bicimals. Every progressive matrix β‎ has a characteristic bicimal expansion, which will be called β‎∞. The matrix β‎ of bicimal expansions β‎
1
, β‎
2
, … for a strictly increasing sequence of points γ‎
1, γ‎
2, … is a progressive matrix. The expansion β‎
∞ is that for the right limit point of the point-sequence γ‎
1
, γ‎
2
, … It is shown that every canonical bicimal expansion α‎ corresponds to the limit point of an increasing sequence of points γ‎
1
, γ‎
2
, … , where each γ‎i is the point whose bicimal representation is given by the first n digits of α‎ (followed thereafter by 0s). Distinct geometric points receive distinct bicimal expansions. To every bicimal expansion there corresponds a unique point, namely, the limit of the increasing sequences of points that correspond to the ever longer ‘finite truncations’ of that bicimal expansion. To distinct bicimal expansions there correspond distinct such limit points. The author wraps up and hangs his spurs after explaining the operation of addition on (dimensionless) real numbers in terms of a notion of addition-of-line-segments as the ur-operation, in geometric intuition.
Strategies of Reading
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk
Published: March 2022

On the one hand, genetic criticism involves transferable skills such as aspects of transcription and digital scholarly editing. On the other hand, it also involves more abstract theoretical issues relating to matters of authorship, collaboration, authority, agency, intention, and intertextuality, i.e. the critical stance that colours the critic’s reading of the genesis. This ‘colouring’ is inevitable. What matters is to be aware of one’s own critical stance and to be open about it at the start of a genetic analysis. This chapter discusses strategies of conjuring the hermeneutic potential of archival material and writing processes, involving traces of the creative process (such as notes, drafts, and other manuscripts). The key question here is how to read those traces: not only traces such as deleted words in the drafts but also traces of other books—the intertextual condition. The materiality of these traces is a crucial element in this type of research: if a writer decides to destroy their manuscripts, there is not much to work with. But the research object of genetic criticism is actually the dynamics of the creative process, which emerges from a tension between the concrete objects and the abstract retrospective reconstruction of the process that produced them. This reconstruction implies a form of cognition enactment, not unlike the consciousness enactment that is required from readers to recognize and interpret fictional minds. The chapter ends with a discussion of genetic narratology—the analysis of narratives across versions.
ConclusionUnframed
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk
Published: March 2022

The conclusion considers the use of manuscripts in literary studies as a matter of framing. If one does not regard manuscripts as part of the literary work, the manuscripts are just pragmatic and functional, cognition-enhancing tools for the writer. In that case, the manuscripts are outside of the frame. This book, however, is an invitation to look at works of literature as ‘unframed’ pieces of art. If there are extant manuscripts and other preparatory notes of a particular work, it is worth our while to take a look at them. Evidently ‘unframing’ a work of art is also a form of framing. Taking account of the context of its creative process is a choice. It is an approach that sees literature as an artefact that, while it was in the process of being made, left traces of alternative narratives, twists, phrasings; it is a form of critical framing that is interested both in the ‘factum’ (the artefact as finished product) and in the ‘facere’ (the making-of). This involves an enhanced awareness of the sociology of writing; of the ecologies of the creative process; of the concurrence of writing projects and their mutual impact; of the relevance of manuscripts to genetic narratology or narrative analysis across versions; and of the value of manuscript research for the study of intertextuality. It requires genetic editions and a set of reading strategies, to the development of which this book tries to give an impetus.
Catholics and Treason
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: March 2022

This volume takes the narratives generated by the contemporary law of treason as it applied to Roman Catholics, during and after the Reformation of the Church in the sixteenth century, and uses them to explore the Catholic community’s writing of its own history. Prosecutions of Catholics under the existing law and via new legislation produced a great deal of documentation which tells us much about contemporary politics that we could not garner from any other source. The intention here is to locate the narratives of persecution inside the context of the ‘mainstream’ history of the period from which, for the most part, they have been routinely excluded but out of which they partly came. In that respect, this is the history of the post-Reformation Church and State with the politics (of violence) put back. This volume takes as its starting point the magnum opus of Bishop Richard Challoner, his Memoirs of Missionary Priests, and it works backwards from that book into the period that Challoner describes. It reassembles as far as possible the historical jigsaw puzzle on which Challoner laboured but which he could not complete. Catholics and Treason also considers the implications, for our view of the post-Reformation, of the way in which Challoner and others described the Catholic experience of in/tolerance.
Catholic Martyrdom and the Writing of English Reformation History
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: March 2022

This chapter takes up where the previous one left off. It looks first at the methodological and practical problems associated with these sources in more modern times—to put it bluntly, how does one think historically about texts which probably a majority of scholars have dismissed as confessional fantasy and illusion? Having established what those difficulties are—what the relevant texts tell one and what they deliberately do not—we look at whether, and in what sense, we can say that there was a persecution of Catholics in England after the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, and how we can discuss the issue outside some of the more restrictive parameters which have traditionally framed that question. The material here is framed or bookended by, on the one hand, recent scholarship on John Foxe and, on the other, by the revolution in Catholic historical studies associated with the publications of John Bossy.
Martyrdom and the Construction of Martyr Narratives
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: March 2022

After Chapter 2 attempted to explain why martyr narratives might be historically and historiographically more important than many scholars have taken them to be, Chapter 3 looks at the principal and recurring features of those narratives. The way in which contemporaries recognized and inflected those characteristics is often politically significant. Here we can see accounts of executions being compiled and contested, and then packaged and repackaged for a range of audiences. The chapter looks at the intersection between Catholic martyr narratives and the State’s ceremonial, crude as it was, for conducting these executions, and the ideological significance of the constituent parts of the penalty for treason—both in, as the authorities wanted, the re-establishment of order in the face of the alleged threat constituted by (Catholic) sedition and the, in practice, subversion of the messages that the regime and State evidently wanted the public to derive from such occasions. One crucial component of such martyrologies was the incidence of allegedly providence-inflicted misfortunes which afflicted the persecutors, part of an after-the-fact disruption of the messages which such occasions were supposed to send out.
The Appeal to Rome and the Struggle for the Memory of the Martyrs
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: March 2022

As the Archpriest Dispute reached its conclusion, the approaches made by self-styled Catholic loyalists to the late Elizabethan regime intensified and provoked often bitter hostility from other Catholics, particularly Jesuit clergymen and their friends, who accused their co-religionists of cutting and running. Prominent here was the pamphlet by Thomas Worthington entitled A Relation of Sixtene Martyrs, which explicitly located recent executions of Catholics in the context of the appellant agitation against the authority of the archpriest George Blackwell. The loyalist rhetoric to which some Catholics resorted, violently denouncing the Society of Jesus for its alleged political ambitions and for fomenting sedition, was viewed with hostility by some in authority who thought that they were witnessing a backdoor route to toleration for Catholics, a route mapped out with Machiavellian calculation by Bishop Richard Bancroft and his friends, and that this should not be allowed. That hostility to any form of concession led to the continuing harassment of Catholics, particularly of clergymen. Sporadically, the public politics of the accession debate still resembled a dance of death as specific Catholics were targeted in the course of the regime’s attempts to keep control over public speculation about the political implications of the accession. The rebellion of the earl of Essex was construed this way and that, either as the result of a puritan or of a popish conspiracy, as the regime tried to spin the arrival of King James as a seamless continuation of Tudor rule.
Tolerance and Intolerance in England after the Accession of James VI
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: March 2022

The accession of James VI in England saw a Catholic toleration campaign which was at least as aggressive as the better-known puritan one. Catholic lobbying in the end helped to trigger the reimposition, via new legislation, of an augmented version of the previous reign’s penal law against aspects of contemporary Catholicism. In turn, this provoked some Catholics into sometimes aggressive public displays of separatist independence, notably in the Welsh borders in summer 1605, all by way of reaction against what they saw as the king’s reneging on promises that he had made before his accession in England. Ultimately this led into whatever the Gunpowder Plot was. That conspiracy provoked further parliamentary legislation and a series of subsequent confrontations between Catholics and the regime over what appropriate political loyalty and compliance actually were. There were fewer treason prosecutions of Catholics in the early Jacobean period; but the ones that were taken all the way tell us a good deal about the place of Catholicism in the new Jacobean polity. The regime formulated a new oath of allegiance, and it was promulgated in statute. Catholics’ responses to the oath framed most of the proceedings against clergy in the period after 1606. Faced with royal hostility and the seeming evidence of actual sedition by some of their co-religionists, those who had fronted the appeals against the archpriest late in Elizabeth’s reign renewed their lobbying at Rome for the institution of an episcopal hierarchy which would govern English Catholics appropriately.
The Model in Summary
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: March 2022

The model makes a clear distinction between the household and business sectors, as the utility function of managers differs from that of households. Companies can be valued in two separate ways, through the ‘replacement cost’ of their assets and that ascribed to them by the stock market. For simplification it divides financial assets into three classes, cash, bonds, and equities, rather than by treating bonds as having a range of maturities. Short-term fluctuations in equity prices are random but in the longer term they are predictable, as returns are mean reverting, but as the timing and level of changes are not known, arbitrage does not eliminate the fluctuations. Longer-term returns are determined by the different risk aversions of investors and corporate managers. Investors’ portfolio preferences vary with demographics and adjust to corporate leverage without changing equity returns.
The Yield Curve
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: March 2022

The shape of the yield curve reflects the preferences of borrowers and lenders. The yield curve is steep for early years as household lenders hold short-term reserves for unexpected needs such as ill-health and unemployment. As the timing of these is uncertain, savers need to be well paid for the risk of holding assets which are not immediately realizable at full value. Given this liquidity preference of households, the additional yields required by investors to persuade them to hold bonds of longer maturity rise sharply as they lengthen from zero to ten years, it then slows until bond maturities reach twenty years when it flattens given the lack of need by corporations for longer-dated finance.
Equity, Bond, and Cash Relative Returns
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: March 2022

It is often assumed that the expected returns on equities should rise and fall with changes in the return on bonds. It is one of those ideas that seem inherently reasonable but are shown to be false when tested. The difference between the return on bonds and that on equities is termed the equity risk premium, (ERP), though the term is used imprecisely being sometimes defined using historic data and sometimes using expected future returns. The ERP fluctuates but, as it has not been historically mean reverting, it has no stable average and its level at any one time therefore provides no information about its future level or about the prospective returns for either equities or bonds. Despite this evidence, papers are regularly published on the ERP which assume that its level does provide information on one or other of these variables. It is an example of a common unwillingness among economists to discard an assumption, which seems reasonable, despite the evidence against it.