bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organized Resistance and Black Educators’ Quest for School Equality, 1878–1938
Authors: Walker Vanessa Siddle
Published: February 2005

Historical accounts of advocacy for equality in educational facilities and resources for Blacks during de jure segregation in the South have generally minimized, or ignored, the role of Black educators. This article challenges the omission of Black educators in the historical portrait by providing a historical analysis of four periods of teacher activism in Georgia prior to Brown. Results indicate that, through their organizational structure, Black educators consistently advocated for improved facilities, bus transportation, longer school terms, high schools, and better salaries. Although the success of their activities was mediated by the Southern political context of the era in which they advocated, the Black teachers’ organization was the most organized agent for change throughout this period.
The Legacy of Brown: Implications for Equal Educational Opportunities for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Students
Authors: Strauss Sarah A.
Published: February 2005

Concern about the impact of discrimination on the well-being of African Americans played a prominent role in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and has been hotly contested in the ongoing struggle to achieve equal educational opportunities. The importance of this legacy is also reflected in the recent efforts on behalf of gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) students in America. For those seeking to help GLB youth, the similarity between these two struggles means that Brown can provide crucial insights into attempts to undermine these efforts. This article will describe in detail the relationship between Brown and the well-being of African American students in order to shed light on the possibilities and obstacles facing those seeking to support GLB students.
Tools of Exclusion: Race, Disability, and (Re)segregated Education
Authors: Ferri Beth A. , Connor David J.
Published: February 2005

In this article we explore the dynamic interplay between racism and ableism—or discrimination against someone based on perceived “ability”1—in the resistance to school desegregation and inclusion of students with disabilities in general education. In attending to the workings of power that connect these two histories, we show how racialized notions of ability functioned to uphold segregated schooling and justify the use of special education as a tool of racial resegregation. Moreover, we locate the current problem of overrepresentation of Black2students (and other students of color) in segregated special education classrooms to the connected discourses of segregation and exclusion. Recent efforts to challenge exclusionary practices in special education through the increased “inclusion” of students with disabilities in regular classrooms have resulted in resistance similar to that expressed in response to school desegregation shortly after Brown. In this article we first provide an overview of the complicated and intertwined histories of school desegregation and special education. Then, in the discursive context of a sample of very diverse newspapers, we examine how editors, readers and contributors responded to both court-ordered desegregation in the 1950s and then special education inclusion in the 1980s and 1990s by calling for delays and gradual compliance. We argue that gradualism has functioned to maintain, rather than disrupt, the status quo of racially segregated schooling both within and across schools. Finally, we argue that race and disability should be understood primarily as interactive social constructs and not distinct biological markers.
A Note on the Specification and Estimation of ARMAX Systems
Authors: Poskitt D. S.
Published: February 2005

Abstract. This paper addresses the problem of identifying echelon canonical forms for a vector autoregressive moving‐average model with exogenous variables using finite algorithms. For given values of the Kronecker indices, a method for estimating the structural parameters of a model using ordinary least squares calculations is presented. These procedures give rise, rather naturally, to a technique for the determination of the structural indices based on the use of conventional model selection criteria. A detailed analysis of the statistical properties of the estimation and identification procedures is given and some evidence on the practical significance of the results obtained is also provided. The conclusion briefly discusses modifications designed to improve the performance of the identification method and points to the application of the techniques to subspace algorithms.
Assessing Persistence In Discrete Nonstationary Time‐Series Models
Authors: McCabe B. P. M. , Martin G. M. , Tremayne A. R.
Published: February 2005

Abstract.  The aim of this paper is to examine the application of measures of persistence in a range of time‐series models nested in the framework of Cramer (1961). This framework is a generalization of the Wold (1938) decomposition for stationary time‐series which, in addition to accommodating the standard I(0) and I(1) models, caters for a broad range of alternative processes. Two measures of persistence are considered in some detail, namely the long‐run impulse‐response and variance‐ratio functions. Particular emphasis is given to the behaviour of these measures in a range of non‐stationary models specified in discrete time. We document the conflict that arises between different measures, applied to the same model, as well as conflict arising from the use of a given measure in different models. Precisely which persistence measures are time dependent and which are not, is highlighted. The nature of the general representation used also helps to clarify which shock the impulse‐response function refers to in the case of models where more than one random disturbance impinges on the time series.
EOG correction: A comparison of four methods
Authors: Croft Rodney J. , Chandler Jody S. , Barry Robert J. , Cooper Nicholas R. , Clarke Adam R.
Published: February 2005

EOG correction is a class of techniques that account for ocular artifact in the electroencephalogram (EEG) by subtracting electrooculographic data from the EEG. The purpose of this study was to evaluate four of these correction techniques (Verleger, Gasser, & Möcks, 1982 [VGM]; Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 [GCD]; Semlitsch, Presslich, Schuster, & Anderer, 1986 [SPSA]; Croft & Barry, 2000 [CB]). Blinks, vertical eye movements (VEM), and horizontal eye movements (HEM) from 26 subjects were corrected using these techniques, and eye movement event‐related potentials computed to aid validation. HEMs were corrected better by CB, VGM/GCD then SPSA, VEMs by CB, VGM/GCD then SPSA, and blinks by CB, SPSA, GCD and then VGM, with the advantage of CB substantial for blinks (η2>.72), VEMs (η2>.60), and HEMs (η2>.27). It is argued that the CB procedure adequately accounts for ocular artifact in the EEG. Reasons for the limitations of the other procedures are discussed.
Memory‐based or afferent processes in mismatch negativity (MMN): A review of the evidence
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Jacobsen Thomas , Winkler István
Published: February 2005

The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an electromagnetic response to any discriminable change in regular auditory input. This response is usually interpreted as being generated by an automatic cortical change‐detection process in which a difference is found between the current input and the representation of the regular aspects of the preceding auditory input. Recently, this interpretation was questioned by Jääskeläinen et al. (2004) who proposed that the MMN is a product of an N1 (N1a) difference wave emerging in the subtraction procedure used to visualize and quantify the MMN. We now evaluate this “adaptation hypothesis” of the MMN in the light of the available data. It is shown that the MMN cannot be accounted for by differential activation of the afferent N1 transient detectors by repetitive (“standard”) stimuli and deviant (“novel”) stimuli and that the presence of a memory representation of the standard is required for the elicitation of MMN.
Electrophysiological correlates of error correction
Authors: Fiehler Katja , Ullsperger Markus , Von Cramon D. Yves
Published: February 2005

Evidence in the literature for the proposed relationship between the error‐related negativity (ERN) and error correction is rather limited and inconsistent. We investigated corrective behavior and the ERN in two groups of participants who performed a flanker task. The correction‐instructed group was asked to immediately correct all encountered errors. The noninstructed group was unaware that corrective responses were recorded. We found a negative deflection following corrected errors that peaked at 200–240 ms after the error. We refer to this negativity in the ERP waveform as correction‐related negativity (CoRN). We assume that the correction‐related negativity reflects evaluative functions of the motor system necessary for error corrections. ERN latency and amplitude were modulated by the occurrence and temporal characteristics of immediate corrections. These results are discussed within the framework of current models of performance monitoring.
The influence of hydration status on stress‐induced hemoconcentration
Authors: Veldhuijzen Van Zanten Jet J.C.S. , Thrall Graham , Wasche Dean , Carroll Douglas , Ring Christopher
Published: February 2005

This study examined the effects of hydration status on rheological and hemodynamic activity during rest, mental stress, postural stress, and combined mental/postural stress in 24 men when euhydrated and hyperhydrated. The stress tasks elicited hemoconcentration, although the effects were less pronounced during mental stress. Hyperhydration was associated with higher plasma volume throughout. All stress tasks also perturbed hemodynamic activity, irrespective of hydration status, with the exception of heart rate reactivity, which was attenuated when hyperhydrated. As expected the combined stress during euhydration was associated with an unfavorable rheological and cardiovascular profile, which may help explain the increased incidence of cardiovascular events in the morning.
Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Neotropical electric eel Eigenmannia (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)
Authors: MOYSÉS C. B. , MOCKFORD S. , ALMEIDA‐TOLEDO L. F. , WRIGHT J. M.
Published: February 2005

Ten microsatellite loci were isolated from a species of the Neotropical electric eel, Eigenmannia, a genus of freshwater fish characterized by small populations and low vagility. Nine microsatellites were polymorphic, the number of alleles ranging from seven to 27, and values of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.327 to 0.741. These loci were developed for population genetic studies of Eigenmannia sp. 2, however, cross‐amplification carried out with other species of this genus as well as other Gymnotiformes genera indicate that these molecular markers are also potentially useful for population‐level studies in closely related species.
Tetranucleotide microsatellites for aquila and haliaeetus eagles
Authors: BUSCH JOSEPH D. , KATZNER TODD E. , BRAGIN EVGENY , KEIM PAUL.
Published: February 2005

A unique community of four syntopic eagle species exists in north‐central Kazakhstan. Questions about behaviour and genetics in these four species would benefit from the development of microsatellite markers. We isolated eight polymorphic microsatellite repeats (AAAG)n from the eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) genome using a hybridization enrichment technique. These loci revealed moderate diversity in a local population of eastern imperial eagles (observed heterozygosity 0.26–0.78), and were also polymorphic in steppe eagles (A. nipalensis) and white‐tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla). These primers may be polymorphic in other species of Aquila and Haliaeetus eagles.
Characterization of microsatellite markers in the mosquito Ochlerotatus caspius (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: PORRETTA D. , BELLINI R. , URBANELLI S.
Published: February 2005

Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the mosquito species Ochlerotatus caspius, using an enriched genomic library. The number of alleles per locus varied between two and 11; the expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.18 to 0.77. These microsatellite primers should prove useful for population genetic studies of this mosquito species.
hierfstat, a package for r to compute and test hierarchical F‐statistics
Authors: GOUDET JÉRÔME
Published: February 2005

The package hierfstat for the statistical software r, created by the R Development Core Team, allows the estimate of hierarchical F‐statistics from a hierarchy with any numbers of levels. In addition, it allows testing the statistical significance of population differentiation for these different levels, using a generalized likelihood‐ratio test. The package hierfstat is available at http://www.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/hierfstat.htm.
Phylomatic: tree assembly for applied phylogenetics
Authors: WEBB CAMPBELL O. , DONOGHUE MICHAEL J.
Published: February 2005

Phylomatic (http://www.phylodiversity.net/phylomatic) is an online phylogenetic query tool where users submit a list of taxa (e.g. from an ecological community), with modern family and genus names, and which returns a phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationships among taxa. Any set of stored phylogenies, or a user‐supplied one, can be chosen as the basis for the returned phylogeny, and several output formats for the tree can be selected. Currently, the source databases cover seed plants.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers in polyploid Lepidium draba L. ssp. draba (Brassicaceae) and cross‐species amplification in closely related taxa
Authors: BON M.‐C. , HURARD C. , GASKIN J. , RISTERUCCI A.‐M.
Published: February 2005

Heart‐podded hoary cress, Lepidium draba L. ssp. draba (Brassicaceae) is a noxious invasive weed in the USA. At present, efficient biological control of this Eurasian native weed in the USA is hampered by lack of knowledge of its population genetic structure and colonization process. Here, we describe the development of 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers that also reveal the polyploidy of this weed. Successful cross‐species amplification highlights the possibility of using these markers for genetic studies in other closely related species.
Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite markers from the malaria vector Anopheles marajoara (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: LI CONG , WILKERSON RICHARD C. , FONSECA DINA M.
Published: February 2005

Microsatellite‐containing regions were isolated and characterized in Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) marajoara, a primary vector of malaria parasites in northeastern Amazonia, Brazil. An enrichment protocol yielded 500 positive clones. We designed primers to amplify 40 unique microsatellites, 11 of which amplified cleanly and were polymorphic. A survey of 323 individuals showed that these loci are highly variable with the number of alleles ranging from 11 to 52, and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.64 to 0.95. These markers will be useful for studies of population structure and intraspecific variation in A. marajoara.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the tetraploid birch, Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa
Authors: TRUONG C. , PALMÉ A. E. , FELBER F. , NACIRI‐GRAVEN Y.
Published: February 2005

The mountain birch, Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa is a tetraploid tree species which forms the tree limit in northern Fennoscandia. We identified nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in order to characterize the genetic structure of populations at different elevations close to the treeline. The microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, with 14–42 alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity of 0.73 ± 0.25 under random chromosome segregation and 0.68 ± 0.23 under random chromatid segregation.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)
Authors: FRANCK PIERRE , GUÉRIN FABIEN , LOISEAU ANNE , SAUPHANOR BENOÎT
Published: February 2005

Twenty‐four microsatellite markers were isolated using an enrichment protocol in Cydia pomonella, the major Lepidopteran pest in apple orchards. Twenty‐two loci turned out to be polymorphic (four to 23 alleles per loci). Only four of these loci cross‐amplified and are potentially polymorphic in some other Tortricid pests such as Cydia molesta, Cydia lobarzewsky and Lobesia botrana. The description of these 24 loci makes microsatellite‐based population genetic studies feasible in C. pomonella.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci from the western corn rootworm (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and cross‐amplification with other Diabrotica spp
Authors: KIM KYUNG SEOK , SAPPINGTON THOMAS W.
Published: February 2005

Corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) make up the major insect pest complex of corn in the US and Europe, and there is a need for molecular markers for genetics studies. We used an enrichment strategy to develop microsatellite markers from the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). Of 54 loci isolated, 25 were polymorphic, and of these, 17 were surveyed for variability in 59 wild individuals. In addition, the potential for cross‐amplification of these microsatellites was surveyed for Mexican, northern, and southern corn rootworms. Nine microsatellite loci showed Mendelian inheritance and are likely to be useful in population genetics studies.
Analysis of major histocompatibility complex class II gene in water voles using capillary electrophoresis‐single stranded conformation polymorphism
Authors: BRYJA J. , GALAN M. , CHARBONNEL N. , COSSON J.‐F.
Published: February 2005

Analysis of a single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) using capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a novel method to study polymorphism of DNA sequences in large scale population studies. We optimized CE‐SSCP analysis to study the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alpha gene (DQA) polymorphism. Short‐chain linear polyacrylamide (6%) as sieving matrix, TrisCl (pH 8.5) as buffer for sample dilution, and 27 °C, 9 kV as electrophoresis parameters were suitable for sufficient resolution of all alleles. We found that almost 25% of clones contained a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) artefact and strict criteria have to be applied when using cloning and sequencing to analyse the allelic diversity of MHC genes.
Polymorphic microsatellites for the study of newly established populations of the gastropod Cyclope neritea
Authors: SIMON‐BOUHET BENOÎT , DAGUIN CLAIRE , GARCIA‐MEUNIER PASCALE , VIARD FRÉDÉRIQUE
Published: February 2005

Both human‐mediated introductions and climatic changes may promote the settlement of species in new areas outside of their natural geographical range. To investigate the settlement of recently established populations of the neogastropod Cyclope neritea, we developed eight microsatellite markers. Their usefulness was studied in two native populations previously found to be monomorphic with mitochondrial markers. The eight loci were found to be polymorphic in both populations, with two to 18 alleles per locus. This result shows promise for these loci in studies of recently founded populations of C. neritea.
Characterization of 28 microsatellite loci for the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
Authors: VAN'T HOF A. E. , ZWAAN B. J. , SACCHERI I. J. , DALY D. , BOT A. N. M. , BRAKEFIELD P. M.
Published: February 2005

We present 28 polymorphic microsatellite loci, including a sex‐linked W‐chromosome marker, for the Afrotropical butterfly, Bicyclus anynana. Our primary motivation to develop these markers was to apply them in quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies. A technique is also proposed that may be useful in avoiding redundant sequences which are common in lepidopteran‐enriched libraries. Pedigree analysis was performed to test Mendelian segregation of the markers and to address the issue of null alleles.
Dinucleotide microsatellite DNA loci from the ant Myrmica scabrinodis
Authors: ZEISSET INGA , EBSEN JON R. , BOOMSMA JACOBUS J.
Published: February 2005

We describe the isolation and characterization of five dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the ant Myrmica scabrinodis, which were obtained using a magnetic bead hybridization selection protocol. The PCR primers were tested on nine to 11 individuals. The number of alleles ranged from two to 13, and the observed heterozygosity from 0.200 to 0.778.
Microsatellite markers for the large blue butterflies Maculinea nausithous and Maculinea alcon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and their amplification in other Maculinea species
Authors: ZEISSET INGA , DAMM ALS THOMAS , SETTELE JOSEF , BOOMSMA JACOBUS J.
Published: February 2005

We developed microsatellite markers for Maculinea nausithous and Maculinea alcon, two of five species of endangered large blue butterflies found in Europe. Two separate microsatellite libraries were constructed. Eleven markers were developed for M. nausithous and one for M. alcon. The primers were tested on both species as well as on the three other European Maculinea species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 14. These markers will be useful tools for population genetic studies of Maculinea species.
Cross‐amplification of polymorphic microsatellites reveals extra‐pair paternity and brood parasitism in Sturnus vulgaris
Authors: LOYAU A. , MOUREAU B. , RICHARD M. , CHRISTE P. , HEEB P. , SORCI G.
Published: February 2005

We tested the cross‐amplification of 37 microsatellites in a population of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Twenty‐three of them amplified and five exhibited a large number of alleles per locus and high heterozygosity (on average: 14.6 alleles/locus and HE = 0.704). We assessed the occurrence of extra‐pair paternity (EPP) and intraspecific brood parasitism (IBP) in this population. The EPP rate was 16% to 18% offspring from 43% to 45% of nests. IBP was very variable between two successive years (14% to 27% chicks from 25% to 64% of clutches). These five polymorphic markers will be of potential use in studies of genetic diversity, population structure and reproductive strategy of this species.
The role of viscous heating in Barrovian metamorphism of collisional orogens: thermomechanical models and application to the Lepontine Dome in the Central Alps
Authors: BURG J.‐P. , GERYA T. V.
Published: February 2005

Thermal models for Barrovian metamorphism driven by doubling the thickness of the radiogenic crust typically meet difficulty in accounting for the observed peak metamorphic temperature conditions. This difficulty suggests that there is an additional component in the thermal budget of many collisional orogens. Theoretical and geological considerations suggest that viscous heating is a cumulative process that may explain the heat deficit in collision orogens. The results of 2D numerical modelling of continental collision involving subduction of the lithospheric mantle demonstrate that geologically plausible stresses and strain rates may result in orogen‐scale viscous heat production of 0.1 to >1 μW m−3, which is comparable to or even exceeds bulk radiogenic heat production within the crust. Thermally induced buoyancy is responsible for crustal upwelling in large domes with metamorphic temperatures up to 200 °C higher than regional background temperatures. Heat is mostly generated within the uppermost mantle, because of large stresses in the highly viscous rocks deforming there. This thermal energy may be transferred to the overlying crust either in the form of enhanced heat flow, or through magmatism that brings heat into the crust advectively. The amplitude of orogenic heating varies with time, with both the amplitude and time‐span depending strongly on the coupling between heat production, viscosity and collision strain rate. It is argued that geologically relevant figures are applicable to metamorphic domes such as the Lepontine Dome in the Central Alps. We conclude that deformation‐generated viscous dissipation is an important heat source during collisional orogeny and that high metamorphic temperatures as in Barrovian type metamorphism are inherent to deforming crustal regions.
Sternothyroideus Myotomy, Staphylectomy, and Oral Caudal Soft Palate Photothermoplasty for Treatment of Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate in 102 Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: Smith Jennifer J. , Embertson Rolf M.
Published: February 2005

Objective—To compare racing performance before and after sternothyroideus myotomy, staphylectomy, and oral caudal soft palate photothermoplasty in Thoroughbred racehorses with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP).

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Thoroughbred racehorses (n=102) with DDSP.

Methods—Retrieved data included signalment, primary complaint, and upper respiratory tract endoscopic finding. Lifetime race records were compared for earnings per start before and after surgery, days to 1st start, and races won postoperatively.

Results—Comparing mean earnings per start for 3 races before ($2792) and after ($3806) surgery, racing performance improved significantly after surgery in 63% (46/73) of horses that competed in at least 1 race before and after surgery (P=.02). Mean and median days to 1st start after surgery were 109 and 69 days, respectively. Of horses that raced postoperatively 65% (60/92) won at least 1 race, and 77% (71/92) raced in >5 races after surgery.

Conclusions—Sternothyroideus myotomy, staphylectomy, and oral caudal soft palate photothermoplasty significantly improved racing performance in experienced Thoroughbred racehorses with performance limiting DDSP, and overall had a similar outcome to other reported surgical techniques for treatment of DDSP.

Clinical Relevance—Sternothyroideus myotomy, staphylectomy, and oral caudal soft palate photothermoplasty should be considered as a surgical approach to correction of DDSP in Thoroughbred racehorses; however, it is possible that staphylectomy may not be necessary to achieve a desirable outcome.
Comparison of Two Laparoscopic Suture Patterns for Repair of Experimentally Ruptured Urinary Bladders in Normal Neonatal Calves
Authors: Bouré Ludovic P. , Kerr Carolyn L. , Pearce Simon G. , John Runciman R. , Lansdowne Jennifer L. , Caswell Jeff L.
Published: February 2005

Objective— To compare 2 laparoscopic suture patterns for repair of experimentally ruptured urinary bladders in normal neonatal calves.

Study Design— Experimental surgical study.

Animals— Thirty male Holstein calves.

Methods— A bladder defect was created in 24 anesthetized calves (day 0). They were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6/group). In groups 1 and 3, the defect was closed laparoscopically using a one layer full thickness simple continuous (FTSC) suture pattern (pattern A). In groups 2 and 4, the defect was closed laparoscopically in 2 layers using a FTSC suture pattern followed by Lembert continuous suture pattern (pattern B). Groups 1 and 2 calves were euthanatized at the end of the surgery and groups 3 and 4 at day 10. Six healthy calves were also euthanatized and used as a control group. The bladders were harvested and tested for bursting strength (BS). The surgical time (ST) data from the two groups for each pattern were pooled. A Student t‐test was used to compare ST data. For the BS data, a 2‐factor ANOVA test with post‐hoc Student t‐test was used to determine if treatment, time, or treatment‐time interaction was significant. A Dunnett's test was used to compare BS of the 4 treatment groups to the control group. P<.05 was considered significant.

Results— Mean ST was significantly shorter for pattern A than for pattern B. In all treatment groups, the mean bladder BS (MBBS) was significantly lower than the MBBS for the control group. The MBBS was significantly lower for group 1 than for group 2. There was no significant difference in the MBBS between groups 3 and 4.

Conclusion— In this study, a 1‐layer laparoscopic closure technique had advantages compared with 2‐layer laparoscopic closure technique. Further work is required before a 1‐layer laparoscopic closure technique can be recommended clinically.

Clinical Relevance— One‐layer bladder closure is fast and safe in clinically normal calves and permits additional research to evaluate its safety in foals and clinical ruptures.
Chronic Pain and Ultrarapid Opioid Detoxification
Authors: Kaye Alan D. , Banister Ron E. , Hoover Jason M. , Baluch Amir R. , Jacobs Scott , Shah Rinoo V.
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  Availability of opiate substances through physicians and on the street has led to a rise in dependence and in addiction resulting in countless numbers of people hooked on these drugs. Long‐term use of these agents results in reduction of endogenous supply of opiate replaced by these exogenous compounds. A technique known as Ultrarapid Detoxification (UROD) has been developed and appears more promising than conventional modalities. UROD has been modified over 3 decades resulting in a safe and an effective general anesthetic that results in hemodynamically stable withdrawal without manifestation of central nervous system hyperarousal. A cornerstone of this technique involves clonidine, which stimulates reuptake of catecholamines and allows for large doses of opioid antagonist to be delivered without significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure, displacing the opiate. Though techniques vary from center to center, safety should be paramount with the technique performed in an intensive care unit with trained professional anesthesiologists. Psychosocial issues should be evaluated by a trained addictionalist and most people will succeed from the UROD procedure without experiencing the horrible withdrawal syndrome. Patients must have realistic goals and be prepared to deal with psychosocial issues post‐procedure.
Government Discourses on Entrepreneurship: Issues of Legitimization, Subjugation, and Power
Authors: Perren Lew , Jennings Peter L.
Published: February 2005

The belief in market–driven ideology and the assumption that new business ventures create jobs and foster innovation has embedded entrepreneurship into political discourse. Academics have analyzed government policies on entrepreneurship, but they have tended to share the same underlying beliefs in the function of entrepreneurs within the economic machine. This article explores selected dimensions of the impact of those beliefs by using critical discourse analysis to show how government websites around the world portray entrepreneurs and their role in society. Discourses of government power and self–legitimization are revealed that manifest themselves in a colonizing discourse of entrepreneurial subjugation. The article concludes by challenging government rhetoric on entrepreneurship and questioning the motives underpinning the agenda of government involvement in supporting entrepreneurs.
Radiographic manifestations of periapical inflammatory lesions
Authors: Gröndahl Hans‐Göran , Huumonen Sisko
Published: February 2005

Diagnosis, treatment planning, and treatment monitoring in endodontics depend to a very large extent on results from radiographic examinations. The often complex anatomy in respect to the teeth themselves as well as their surrounding structures may render those tasks difficult. New tomographic techniques hold promises for improvements in all those areas, in particular techniques that can display the object in all its three dimensions and remove disturbing anatomical structures to make it possible to evaluate each root and its closest surroundings in detail. They also provide images, taken at different points in time, that are similar in geometry and contrast making it possible to evaluate differences occurring in the fourth dimension – time. Image‐processing techniques applied to digital images obtained with conventional periapical radiography can be of some help towards improved diagnosis provided that optimal irradiation geometry has been used during image acquisition. When conventional radiographs are used and conventional means employed for their evaluation, one should take radiographs from more than one direction to ensure that at least some three‐dimensional information will be obtained. When evaluating images over time they must be compared side by side to provide best possibilities of subjectively detecting changes occurring over time.
Epidemiologic issues in studies of association between apical periodontitis and systemic health
Authors: Caplan Daniel J.
Published: February 2005

Perhaps the most exciting issue currently facing the dental research community centers around a hypothesized connection between chronic inflammatory oral infections, most notably periodontal disease, and the development of adverse systemic health conditions. To date, inflammation of endodontic origin (i.e., apical periodontitis (AP)) has not been extensively studied in this regard despite being a commonly found sequel to bacterial infection of the dental pulp space. Although numerous differences exist between chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal and endodontic origins, there are some notable similarities, primarily that: (1) both often are associated with Gram‐negative anaerobic bacteria, and (2) elevated cytokine levels may be released systemically from acute and chronic manifestations of both disease processes. This article provides a brief review of several important concepts concerning adverse general health outcomes as they relate to periodontal disease, summarizes recent epidemiologic studies of AP and root canal therapy, and reviews some general issues involved in the conduct of epidemiologic studies as well as how these issues apply to investigations that address potential links between endodontic inflammatory disease and adverse systemic health outcomes.
Histologic features of apical periodontitis in human biopsies
Authors: Ricucci Domenico , Bergenholtz Gunnar
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this article is to exhibit some of the challenges a clinician may be faced with in the management of apical periodontitis associated with primary infected pulps. Histological sections of selected clinical cases are displayed to show variations in the location of the bacterial mass, features of the microbial–host tissue interface, advanced apical root resorption and radicular cyst formation. While a single case may only give a glimpse of the set of events that may prevail in apical periodontitis, histologic examination of human biopsy specimens, linked to clinical records, has nevertheless served as an important basis for our current understanding of its natural history.
Classification, diagnosis and clinical manifestations of apical periodontitis
Authors: Abbott Paul V.
Published: February 2005

‘Apical periodontitis’ is a general term used to describe the periapical inflammatory process that occurs in response to the presence of micro‐organisms and other irritants within the root canal system of a tooth. Although many patients will develop apical periodontitis without having symptoms for a long period of time, it is very likely that there will be an acute exacerbation at some stage and then various signs and/or symptoms will become obvious. However, there are other conditions that can mimic apical periodontitis – such as an ‘extension’ of pulpitis, periodontal disease, occlusal trauma, an accident that has damaged the periodontal ligament, and various tumors or cysts. Hence, it is essential that dental practitioners understand the progressive nature of the periapical disease process as well as how and why the various stages occur so they can be diagnosed and managed appropriately. The diagnosis will usually be based on the clinical and radiographic manifestations and the results of the various tests that can be performed as part of a routine dental examination.
Cloning and expression of the first nonmammalian interleukin‐11 gene in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Wang Tiehui , Holland Jason W. , Bols Niels , Secombes Christopher J.
Published: February 2005

Interleukin (IL)‐11 is a multifunctional cytokine that stimulates hematopoietic progenitor cells and exerts a series of important immunomodulatory effects. It was believed to be restricted to mammals, but here we report the first nonmammalian IL‐11gene, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A trout IL‐11 cDNA clone was isolated that contains a 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) of 400 bp, an open reading frame of 612 bp and a large 3′‐UTR of 1924 bp. Analysis of a genomic DNA clone from a trout lambda library revealed that the trout IL‐11 gene has the same five exon/four intron gene organization, as well as the same intron phase, as mammalian IL‐11 genes. The 204 amino acid trout IL‐11 translation has a predicted signal peptide of 26 amino acids and mature peptide of 178 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 20.5 kDa and a theoretical pI of 9.83. The mature peptide contains a cysteine residue and a potential N‐linked glycosylation site that are not present in mammals. Phylogenetic analysis clearly grouped trout IL‐11 with IL‐11 molecules from other species and separated from other members of the IL‐6 family. The IL‐11 gene is highly expressed in intestine and gills in healthy fish and its expression can also be detected in spleen, head kidney, brain, skin and muscle. Bacterial infection of rainbow trout markedly up‐regulates IL‐11 expression in liver, head kidney and spleen. IL‐11 expression is also up‐regulated in RTS‐11 cells (a trout macrophage cell line), which constitutively expressed the lowest level of IL‐11 of the four trout cell lines examined, after stimulation with bacteria, lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C) and recombinant trout IL‐1β. Only a single transcript of 3.2 kb could be detected in lipopolysaccharide or recombinant IL‐1β‐stimulated RNA samples by northern blotting. The expression results, showing that IL‐11 is widely distributed and modulated by infection and other cytokines, suggest that fish IL‐11 is an active player in the cytokine network and the host immune response to infection.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ybr004c and its human homologue are required for addition of the second mannose during glycosylphosphatidylinositol precursor assembly
Authors: Fabre Anne‐Lise , Orlean Peter , Taron Christopher H.
Published: February 2005

Addition of the second mannose is the only obvious step in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) precursor assembly for which a responsible gene has not been discovered. A bioinformatics‐based strategy identified the essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ybr004c protein as a candidate for the second GPI α‐mannosyltransferase (GPI‐MT‐II). S. cerevisiae cells depleted of Ybr004cp have weakened cell walls and abnormal morphology, are unable to incorporate [3H]inositol into proteins, and accumulate a GPI intermediate having a single mannose that is likely modified with ethanolamine phosphate. These data indicate that Ybr004cp‐depleted yeast cells are defective in second mannose addition to GPIs, and suggest that Ybr004cp is GPI‐MT‐II or an essential subunit of that enzyme. Ybr004cp homologues are encoded in all sequenced eukaryotic genomes, and are predicted to have 8 transmembrane domains, but show no obvious resemblance to members of established glycosyltransferase families. The human Ybr004cp homologue can substitute for its S. cerevisiae counterpart in vivo.
Characterization of the Drosophila Methoprene ‐tolerant gene product
Authors: Miura Ken , Oda Masahito , Makita Sumiko , Chinzei Yasuo
Published: February 2005

Juvenile hormones (JHs) of insects are sesquiterpenoids that regulate a great diversity of processes in development and reproduction. As yet the molecular modes of action of JH are poorly understood. The Methoprene‐tolerant (Met) gene of Drosophila melanogaster has been found to be responsible for resistance to a JH analogue (JHA) insecticide, methoprene. Previous studies on Met have implicated its involvement in JH signaling, although direct evidence is lacking. We have now examined the product of Met (MET) in terms of its binding to JH and ligand‐dependent gene regulation. In vitro synthesized MET directly bound to JH III with high affinity (Kd = 5.3 ± 1.5 nm, mean ± SD), consistent with the physiological JH concentration. In transient transfection assays using Drosophila S2 cells the yeast GAL4‐DNA binding domain fused to MET exerted JH‐ or JHA‐dependent activation of a reporter gene. Activation of the reporter gene was highly JH‐ or JHA‐specific with the order of effectiveness: JH III ≫ JH II > JH I > methoprene; compounds which are only structurally related to JH or JHA did not induce any activation. Localization of MET in the S2 cells was nuclear irrespective of the presence or absence of JH. These results suggest that MET may function as a JH‐dependent transcription factor.
Characterization of a eukaryotic type serine/threonine protein kinase and protein phosphatase of Streptococcus pneumoniae and identification of kinase substrates
Authors: Nováková Linda , Sasková Lenka , Pallová Petra , Janeček Jiří , Novotná Jana , Ulrych Aleš , Echenique Jose , Trombe Marie‐Claude , Branny Pavel
Published: February 2005

Searching the genome sequence of Streptococcus pneumoniae revealed the presence of a single Ser/Thr protein kinase gene stkP linked to protein phosphatase phpP. Biochemical studies performed with recombinant StkP suggest that this protein is a functional eukaryotic‐type Ser/Thr protein kinase. In vitro kinase assays and Western blots of S. pneumoniae subcellular fractions revealed that StkP is a membrane protein. PhpP is a soluble protein with manganese‐dependent phosphatase activity in vitro against a synthetic substrate RRA(pT)VA. Mutations in the invariant aspartate residues implicated in the metal binding completely abolished PhpP activity. Autophosphorylated form of StkP was shown to be a substrate for PhpP. These results suggest that StkP and PhpP could operate as a functional pair in vivo. Analysis of phosphoproteome maps of both wild‐type and stkP null mutant strains labeled in vivo and subsequent phosphoprotein identification by peptide mass fingerprinting revealed two possible substrates for StkP. The evidence is presented that StkP can phosphorylate in vitro phosphoglucosamine mutase GlmM which catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine, an essential common precursor to cell envelope components.
Characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Mee Blanaid , Kelleher Dermot , Frias Jesus , Malone Renee , Tipton Keith F. , Henehan Gary T.M. , Windle Henry J.
Published: February 2005

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CAD; 1.1.1.195) catalyse the reversible conversion of p‐hydroxycinnamaldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, leading to the biosynthesis of lignin in plants. Outside of plants their role is less defined. The gene for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Helicobacter pylori (HpCAD) was cloned in Escherichia coli and the recombinant enzyme characterized for substrate specificity. The enzyme is a monomer of 42.5 kDa found predominantly in the cytosol of the bacterium. It is specific for NADP(H) as cofactor and has a broad substrate specificity for alcohol and aldehyde substrates. Its substrate specificity is similar to the well‐characterized plant enzymes. High substrate inhibition was observed and a mechanism of competitive inhibition proposed. The enzyme was found to be capable of catalysing the dismutation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. This dismutation reaction has not been shown previously for this class of alcohol dehydrogenase and provides the bacterium with a means of reducing aldehyde concentration within the cell.
Low Scores in the Sexual Health Inventory for Men Questionnaire May Indicate Sexual Disorders Other Than Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Heruti Rafi , Ashkenazi Itschak , Shochat Tzipi , Tekes-Manova Dorit , Justo Dan
Published: February 2005

Introduction

A screening program aimed at early detection of erectile dysfunction, among other hidden morbidities, is offered by the medical services of the Israel Defense Force for career servicemen. Men apparently with erectile dysfunction can turn to a sexual rehabilitation specialist for consultation.

Aim

To present our experience in sexual evaluation of men with low scores in the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire.

Methods

Men aged 25–50 years go through a routine check-up at the Staff Periodic Examination Center. The SHIM questionnaire was used to characterize erectile dysfunction. Men who had scored low in the SHIM questionnaire were referred to a sexual consultation and evaluation.

Results

During 2001–2003, 11,914 men reported to the Staff Periodic Examination Center (mean age 34.8 ± 7.1 years). Among 5,836 men who filled out the SHIM questionnaire (compliance of 48.9%), 1,570 (26.9%) men scored low. Of those men with low SHIM scores, 7.2% (114/1,570) underwent a sexual dysfunction evaluation. Only 50% (57/114) of the men in fact had erectile dysfunction, of whom 15.7% (9/57) also had premature ejaculation. In addition, 38.5% (44/114) of the men were found to have premature ejaculation only, and the rest (14/114, 9.7%) had other sexual dysfunctions or lack of sexual knowledge.

Conclusion

The SHIM questionnaire is a valuable tool for detecting various sexual dysfunctions other than erectile dysfunction. Incorporating the SHIM questionnaire in a routine check-up encourages men to seek consultation and treatment for sexual disorders. In addition, the SHIM questionnaire encourages men to seek sexual education and increase their awareness of issues concerning sexual health.
Superoxide Anion Production in the Rat Penis Impairs Erectile Function in Diabetes: Influence of in Vivo Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Gene Therapy
Authors: Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Usta Mustafa F. , Kendirci Muammer , Pradhan Leena , Alvarez Xavier , Champion Hunter C. , Kadowitz Philip J. , Hellstrom Wayne J.G.
Published: February 2005

Introduction

Superoxide anion may contribute to erectile dysfunction (ED) in diabetes mellitus by reducing cavernosal nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to determine if gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) can reduce superoxide anion formation and determine if this reactive oxygen species may contribute to diabetes-related ED in an experimental model of diabetes.

Methods

Three groups of animals were utilized: (1) control; (2) streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats [60 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip)] intracavernosally injected with AdCMVβgal (negative control); and (3) STZ-rats intracavernosally injected with AdCMVEC-SOD. Two months after ip injection of STZ, groups 2 and 3 were transfected with the adenoviruses and 2 days after transfection, all animals underwent cavernosal nerve stimulation (CNS) to assess erectile function. Confocal microscopy for superoxide anion and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) was performed in the STZ-diabetic rat. Superoxide anion production, total SOD activity, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were measured in each experimental group of rats.

Results

248 Confocal microscopy demonstrated superoxide in smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the STZ-rat cavernosum and colocalized with vWF in the endothelium. Higher superoxide anion levels and decreased cGMP levels were found in the penis of STZ-rats at a time when erectile function was reduced. Two days after administration of AdCMVEC-SOD, superoxide anion levels were significantly lower in the penis of STZ-rats. Total SOD activity and cavernosal cGMP was increased in the penis of EC-SOD-transfected rats. STZ-rats transfected with AdCMVEC-SOD had a peak intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and total ICP to CNS that was similar to control rats.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that in vivo adenoviral gene transfer of EC-SOD can reduce corporal superoxide anion levels and raise cavernosal cGMP levels by increasing NO bioavailability thus restoring erectile function in the STZ-diabetic rat.