bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assess the Adoption of Improved Maize Production Technologies in Gulmi, Nepal
Authors: Khanal Rajan , K.C. Sushan , Paudel Apurba , Poudel Nabin
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the adoption of improved maize production technologies in Gulmi District, Nepal. Ninety-six maize-growing farmers supported by the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project, Maize Zone, Gulmi were randomly selected and interviewed using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Data collected from the Household Survey were coded, tabulated, and analyzed using SPSS 16.0 and Microsoft Excel 2012. In the study area, most of the respondents were male and most of them belonged to middle age (37-60 years) group. Brahmin was the dominant ethnic group an average family size of 6.35. Lesser contact with agriculture service centers and poor mechanization were the major constraints of adopting new technologies. The findings revealed that improved maize varieties were the most preferred seed source, with 76.00% of respondents selecting them; among these Manakamana 3 was the most widely adopted variety. However, only a few proportion of respondents (16.70%) practiced improved cultivation techniques, such as soil testing, agricultural lime application, soil treatment, farm mechanization, and chemical pest control. Most respondents (63.50%) were categorized as medium adopters of improved maize production technologies, with the selection of recommended varieties being the most favored practice. Statistical analysis indicated significant relationships between the level of adoption and factors such as age, ethnicity of respondents, access to mass communication, participation in extension programs, membership to farmers’ groups, visits to agricultural service centers, and subsidy receiving. Additionally, the fall armyworm was identified as a major pest, while black smut as a significant disease, primarily due to poor adoption of seed treatment practices.
Understanding the Key Factors Influencing Cybersecurity Practices in Nepalese Organizations
Authors: Adhikari Basanta Prasad , Ale Kriti , Bhusal Mukti Prasad
Published: February 2025

Urbanization is rapidly increasing worldwide, and refers to the process by which rural areas transform into urban areas, where cities in Karnali Province are experiencing significant growth. However, much of this expansion is characterized by informal construction, with over 80% of housing lacking compliance with building codes, thereby increasing vulnerability to disasters like the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and the 2023 Jajarkot Earthquake. This study evaluates building code compliance in residential RCC buildings within Birendranagar Municipality, focusing on both completed and underconstruction buildings. The research adopts a qualitative approach, combining literature review, field surveys, and questionnaire administration to gather and analyze data.
Key findings reveal that among the 22 completed buildings surveyed, only 5 fully complied with the approved designs, with common issues including noncompliant staircases, beams, and room layouts. For the 22 under-construction buildings, 8 demonstrated full compliance, especially in foundation work, tie beams, and rebar sizing, although non-compliance issues like slab thickness, bar lapping positions, and staircase dimensions were identified. Additionally, 11 out of the 22 completed buildings met municipal bye-laws, especially with regard to ground coverage ratio and building height, but setbacks and floor area ratios were frequently violated. The study also found that most masons lacked formal training, with only 30% aware of earthquake-resistant design principles. Masons relied primarily on practical experience, with limited knowledge of building codes and municipal approval processes. Findings highlight the need for increased training for masons, greater awareness for homeowners, and improved municipal oversight to ensure better compliance and safer construction practices.
Smart Farming for Farm Security: Mitigate Wild-Birds Intrusion in Agriculture Farms
Authors: Dhital Pankaj Raj
Published: February 2025

The instances of wild bird intrusion in the standing crops cause significant losses to agricultural yields which needs for a creative and effective solutions. This study investigates a method to apply smart farming technology to this problem; for sustainable management of the issue by introducing Internet of Things (IoT) devices and automated deterrent systems, for small and medium farms, to develop a proactive and strong farm protection system. By combining these technologies, a more secure and sustainable farming environment may be created through real-time monitoring, early bird detection, and prompt response mechanisms. This is evidence of the IoTs’ potential to revolutionize conventional farming methods, improve bird-human cooperation, and protect farmers’ agricultural investments. The study explores potential ways to control birds’ incursions into farmers’ standing crop fields, particularly in Nepalese cereal-based farming systems. An approach to the issue would be to repel the approaching birds in farmland by using LED technology. The creative application of LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology serves as an inexpensive, practical method of keeping encroaching birds out of agricultural fields without endangering the animals or the farm. The results present an innovative way to deal with the difficulties posed by a variety of instances of animal-bird intrusion in agricultural lands, which contributes to the rapidly developing matter of wildlife and wild bird management. This approach can be a base for providing farmers with a practical, ethically acceptable, and ecologically sound way to reduce confrontations between humans and nature while preserving crops and birds that encourage sustainable coexistence.
लक्ष्मीप्रसाद देवकोटाका व्यङ्ग्य निबन्ध रचनाका प्रेरक परिवेशहरू
Authors: ओझा Ojha रामनाथ Ram Nath
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख लक्ष्मीप्रसाद देवकोटाका व्यङ्ग्य निबन्ध रचनाका प्रेरक परिवेशको अध्ययनमाकेन्द्रित रहेको छ । निबन्धकार लक्ष्मीप्रसाद देवकोटाका निबन्ध सिर्जनाको परिवेश र त्यस परिवेशले उनकोचेतनामा पारेको प्रभावको अभिव्यक्ति उनका निबन्धहरूमा प्रकट भएको छ । गुणात्मक पद्धति अँगालिएको यसआलेखमा पुस्तकालयीय स्रोतबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । समाजद्रष्टा देवकोटाका निबन्धको अध्ययनगरी तिनमा व्यक्त व्यङ्ग्यका सन्दर्भलाई साक्ष्यका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरी उनका जीवनप्रसङ्ग तथा युगीन राजनैतिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक लगायतका विविध सन्दर्भको पहिचान गरी पाठविश्लेषण पद्धतिका आधारमा देवकोटालाईनिबन्ध रचना गर्न प्रभाव पार्ने परिवेशको पहिचान गरिएको छ । यसबाट तत्कालीन राजनैतिक, आर्थिक, सामाजिक,पारिवारिक एवम् वैयक्तिक कारणको प्रभाव देवकोटाका व्यङ्ग्य निबन्धमा परेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
साल्गीका बलात्कृत आँसु कथामा क्षण, जाति र पर्यावरण
Authors: अधिकारी Adhikari रविकिरण Rabi Kiran
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत आलेख कथाकार पारिजातद्वारा रचित ‘साल्गीको बलात्कृत आँसु’ कथाको समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययनमा आधारित छ ।  प्रसिद्ध चिन्तक हिप्पोलाइट तेनको साहित्य विश्लेषणसम्बन्धी समाजशास्त्रीय आधार पहिल्याई उक्त कथाको रचनाकालीन युगचेतना, प्रजातिगत विशिष्टता र पर्यावरणीय विविधताको तथ्यगत पहिचान गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन एवम् समीक्षात्मक कार्यका आधारमा गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधि उपयोग गरी तथ्य सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । गुणात्मक विधिद्वारा पाठभित्रबाट चुनिएका अंशको अध्ययन गरी सामान्यीकृत निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । यस लेखमा स्थापित सिद्धान्तका आधारमा कथाको अध्ययन गरिएको हुँदा मूलतः निगमनात्मक विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ भने रचनाकृति विश्लेषणका सन्दर्भमा आगमनात्मक विधि अपनाइएको छ । तेनद्वारा स्थापित त्रितत्वसम्बन्धी मान्यताका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको यस कथामा पितृसत्तात्मक सामन्ती राज्यव्यवस्थाको ऐतिहासिक कालखण्ड, विकट पहाडी ग्रामीण र सहरी पर्यावरणका प्रजातिगत विशेषता समेटिएका छन् । प्रस्तुत कथा पुरुषप्रधान सामाजिक संरचनाअन्तर्गत महिलामाथि हुने गरेको लैङ्गिक शोषण, उत्पीडन र नारीशरीरको पण्यीकरण संस्कृतिको दस्ताबेज बनेको छ । त्यस्तो विद्रूपताको अनावरण गर्दै उक्त अवस्थाबाट उन्मुक्तिको सञ्चेतना उद्बोधन हुन थालेको युगचेतना सम्प्रेषण गर्न सफल ‘साल्गीको बलात्कृत आँसु’ नारीकेन्द्रित सामाजिक यथार्थवादी कथा हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
कक्षा १२ का विद्यार्थीहरूको संयुक्त वर्ण लेखन क्षमता
Authors: घिमिरे Ghimire दिनेश Dinesh
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेख विद्यालय तहका विद्यार्थीहरूको नेपाली भाषाका संयुक्त वर्ण लेखन क्षमता परीक्षणसँग सम्बन्धित छ । यसमा मिश्रित अध्ययन ढाँचामा आधारित रहेर तथ्याङ्क शास्त्रीय विधिका साथै भाषिक विशिष्टता वर्णनका लागि वर्णनात्मक विधि उपयोग गरिएको छ । कक्षा १२ मा अध्ययनरत जम्मा २०० जना विद्यार्थीमा गरिएको यस अध्ययनबाट मातृभाषी र विमातृभाषी विद्यार्थीको संयुक्त वर्ण लेखन क्षमतामा तावक फरक नरहेको, उनीहरूको संयुक्त वर्ण लेखन क्षमता मातृभाषाका कारणले भन्दा पनि व्यक्तिका भाषिक दक्षताले बढी प्रभावित भएको, विद्यार्थीहरूको लेखाइमा अभ्यस्त प्रयोगमा रहेका क्ष, ज्ञ, श्र, प्र, र आदि वर्णको संयुक्ततामा कम त्रुटि हुने गरेको, ‘ऋ’को प्रयोगका सन्दर्भमा सग्लो वर्णका रूपमा ‘ऋ’ प्रयोगमा शुद्धता पाइए पनि अन्य वर्णसँग योग भएर आउने कृ, बृ आदिको लेखनमा बढी त्रुटि देखिएको, त्यस्तै ङ, त्त, क्त आदिको संयुक्ततामा खप्टिएको वर्ण लेख्नेभन्दा हलन्त प्रयोग गरेर लेख्ने प्रवृत्ति बढी विद्यार्थीमा पाइएको जस्ता निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ ।
आधारभूत तहका नेपाली पाठ्यक्रममा विषयवस्तु र विधागत विविधता
Authors: तिमल्सेना Timalsena शिवप्रसाद Shiva Prasad
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेख आधारभूत तह (कक्षा ४–८) का नेपाली भाषा पाठ्यव्रmममा विषयवस्तु र विधागत विविधताको अध्ययन गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको छ । गुणात्मक ढाँचामा आधारित यस अध्ययनका लागि सामग्री सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयीय पद्धतिबाट गरिएको छ । अध्ययनमा मूलतः प्राथमिक स्रोतका रूपमा आधारभूत शिक्षा पाठ्यक्रम, २०७८ (कक्षा ४ र ५) र आधारभूत शिक्षा  (कक्षा ६–८) पाठ्यक्रम (२०७७) अन्तर्गत नेपाली पाठ्यक्रममा समाविष्ट विषयवस्तु र विधालाई लिइएको छ भने सैद्धान्तिक पुस्तक, लेख तथा शोधकार्यहरू आदि द्वितीयक स्रोतको उपयोग गरिएको छ । लेखकद्वारा गरिएका दाबी पुष्टि गर्न पूर्ववर्ती अध्येतासँग संवाद गर्दै तथ्यका आधारमा निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । अध्ययनबाट यस तहका पाठ्यक्रममा नीति, लोक, शिक्षा, घरायसी, खेलकुद, समाज, कृषि, पुराण, गीति, इतिहास, प्रकृति, बालमनोविज्ञान, देशप्रेम, सञ्चार, निवेदन, कला/संस्कृति, स्वास्थ्य, वन/पर्यावरण, कला संस्कृति, निजात्मक, अन्तर्राष्ट्र, योग, सम्मान पत्र, श्रम, व्यावसायिक चिठी, वाणिज्य र सम्पादकलाई चिठी आदि विविध विषयवस्तु निर्धारण गरिएको छ । यी पाठ्यक्रममा विषयवस्तुगत विविधता कायम गर्न खोजिए पनि व्यावहारिक लेखन विधाका पाठका लागि विषयवस्तु निर्धारण नगरिनु, कतिपय विषयवस्तुहरू धेरैओटा पाठका लागि निर्धारण गरिनु तथा कतिपय विषयवस्तु निर्धारित तहका लागि कठिन हुनु आदि समस्या रहेका देखिन्छन् । त्यस्तै यस तहका पाठ्यव्रmममा कविता, कथा, निबन्ध, चिठी, संवाद, जीवनी, नियात्रा, व्यावहारिक लेखन, संस्मरण, दैनिकी, वादविवाद, प्रबन्ध, वक्तृता, मनोवाद र यात्रा वर्णन आदि विधाहरू निर्धारण गरिएका छन् । विधागत विविधताअन्तर्गत तल्ला कक्षाका पाठ्यव्रmममा नियात्रा, संस्मरण र मनोवाद जस्ता कठिन विधा निर्धारण गरिनु, कथा र कविता विधाको बाहुल्य हुनु, व्यावहारिक लेखन तथा साहित्येतर विधाका पाठहरू कम समेटिनु आदि कमजोरी रहेका देखिन्छन् । अध्ययनबाट देखिएका समस्या र कमजोरीलाई सम्बोधन गर्न सके आधारभूत तहका नेपाली पाठ्यव्रmम विषयवस्तु र विधागत विविधताका दृष्टिले उपयुक्त र प्रभावकारी हुने देखिन्छन् ।
कक्षाकोठा व्यवस्थापनमा भाषा शिक्षकको अनुभव
Authors: काफ्ले Kafle उमेश Umesh
Published: February 2025

भाषा सिकाइको मुख्य उद्देश्य विद्यार्थीलाई भाषिक सिपमा सक्षम बनाउनु हो । उक्त उद्देश्य परिपूर्तिका लागि प्रभावकारी शिक्षण आवश्यक छ । प्रभावकारी शिक्षणको आधार कक्षाकोठा हो । कक्षाकोठामा पस्नासाथ विद्यार्थीमा उत्साह प्रदान हुनुपर्छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन कक्षाकोठा व्यवस्थापनमा भाषा शिक्षकको अनुभव पहिचानमा केन्द्रित छ । गुणात्मक ढाँचालाई अवलम्बन गरी लेख तयार पारिएको छ । यस अध्ययनका लागि रौतहट जिल्लाको गुजरा नगरपालिकाभित्रका माध्यमिक विद्यालयलाई अध्ययन क्षेत्र मानिएको छ । उक्त पालिकाभित्रका माध्यमिक तहमा नेपाली विषय शिक्षण गर्ने चार जना शिक्षकसँग अन्तर्वार्ता लिई उनीहरूको अनुभव सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । शिक्षकले दिएका अनुभवलाई रेकर्ड गरी त्यसलाई लेख्य स्वरूपमा परिवर्तन गरिएको छ । त्यसपछि उनीहरूको भनाइमा रहेको मुख्य विचार (थिम) लाई आधार मानी अध्ययन गरिएको छ । शिक्षकले कक्षाकोठा व्यवस्थापनका लागि भौतिक व्यवस्थापन, योजना निर्माण र सोअनुकूलको शिक्षण, बसाइ व्यवस्थापन, कक्षाकोठाभित्रको सङ्गठन, समयको व्यवस्थापन, शिक्षण विधिको व्यवस्थापन, शिक्षकको पेसागत ज्ञान र व्यवस्थापन, मनोवैज्ञानिक व्यवस्थापन आदिमा जोड दिनुपर्ने मत राखेको पाइएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त तथ्यलाई पूर्णतः सामान्यीकरण गर्न सकिँदैन, तथापि कक्षाकोठा व्यवस्थापनको आधारभूत पक्ष पहिचानार्थ सहयोग पुग्ने देखिन्छ । यस लेखको प्राप्तिले भाषा शिक्षणमा संलग्न व्यक्ति र सो पक्षसँग सम्बन्धित नीति निर्माता र अनुगमनकर्तालाई सहयोग पु¥याउने छ ।
लिपि विकासका सन्दर्भमा देवनागरी लिपिका समस्याहरू
Authors: श्रेष्ठ Shrestha गोपालबहादुर  Gopal Bahadur
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेखमा लिपिको विकासक्रम, लिपिका प्रकार र देवनागरी लिपिको टङ्कणमा देखिएका समस्याहरूको सटिक रूपमा चर्चा गरिएको छ । लिपिको परिचय, विकास, प्रकार र देवनागरी लिपिको समीक्षा गर्नु यस लेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य रहेको छ । लिपिलाई मुख्य सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा बनाई गुणात्मक ढाँचाको उपयोग गरेर यो लेख तयार पारिएको छ । विश्वका केही प्रचलित लिपिको समीक्षाबाट चित्रलिपि, सङ्केतात्मक लिपि हुँदै भावात्मक लिपिको वर्णात्मक लेखनको चरणबाट आधुनिक लिपिको विकास भएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । ब्राह्मी लिपिको उत्तरी र दक्षिणी गरी दुई शाखामध्ये उत्तरी शाखाबाट देवनागरी लिपिको विकास भएको हो । आधुनिक नेपाली भाषाको विकासमा देवनागरी लिपिको महत्वपूर्ण स्थान रहेको छ । देवनागरी लिपिको टङ्कणमा देखिएका समस्या न्यूनीकरण गर्दै अगाडि बढेमा यस लिपिले विज्ञान र प्रविधिको आधुनिक विकासलाई सम्बोधन गर्दै विकसित हुने कुराको निक्र्यौल गरिएको छ । सामग्री सङ्कलनमा द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीको उपयोग गर्दै पुस्तकालयको प्रयोग गरी विभिन्न सन्दर्भ पुस्तक, जर्नल, शोधपत्र, अनुसन्धानमूलक लेख, पत्रपत्रिका आदिको उपयोग गरी वर्णनात्मक, विश्लेषणात्मक रूपमा विश्लेष्य विषयको निष्कर्षमा पुगिने विशुद्ध गुणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । लिपिको बारेमा जिज्ञासा भएका जिज्ञासु, अनुसन्धाता, विद्यार्थी, पाठक वर्गलाई प्रस्तुत लेखले महत्वपूर्ण बौद्धिक खुराक दिने कुराको विश्वास लिन सकिन्छ ।
التنبؤ بمخاطرة أسعار الصرف باستخدام الشبكة العصبونية-دراسة تطبيقية
Authors: م.د. كفاء علي عيسى أبورغيف
Published: February 2025

Neural Networks technology is characterized by its ability to process inputs and reality data and bypassing traditional techniques in explaining the behavior of phenomena, which has made it a topic of interest to many researchers in different fields. The research aims to take advantage of the distinct capabilities of the neural networks when using it in making investment decisions, especially in the field of currencies, as it is one of the important areas of investment, whether at the level of individuals or financial institutions with the aim of achieving profits, which depends mainly on predicting the movements of currency prices up or down. Three types of neural networks technologies were used: Clustering Modified Radial Basis Function (MRBF), (Multi-layer perception (MLP) technology and finally (Artificial neural network (ANN)) technology to obtain the search results. The analysis was carried out using monthly information on the exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar for the period from 1/1/2015 to 31/12/2020, and MATLAB version V.5.2.0 was used to process the input data and thus obtain the search results. The research found that the use of a neural network (ANN) gives great accuracy in predicting the future movements of the currency of the research sample compared to other techniques used according to the RMSE comparison standard, which reduces the risk of investing in currencies and thus increases returns.
استخدام الاستراتيجيات الحديثة لإدارة الأزمات وعلاقتها بالأداء الوظيفي في المؤسسات التعليمية ( دراسة ميدانية على أساتذة و موظفي كلية الآداب - الجامعة المستنصرية / العراق )
Authors: م. مصطفى سعدي طالب  , م.م عمار جبار كاظم
Published: February 2025

The research aims to identify both crisis management strategies and job performance in the research community and to determine the nature of the relationship between the two variables. The descriptive analytical method was used in this research. The research community consists of a group of professors and employees from the college of Arts at Al-Mustansiriya University, with total number of (79) professors and employees. Only (4) forms were excluded due to their lack of validity. Thus, the number of forms approved in the analysis was (75) forms, and the research questionnaires was designed based on previous studies related to the research subject, and the statistical program (SPSS) was used, and the most important results of the research are the existence of a correlation and a significant relationship between the use of crisis management strategies and job performance.
Administrative personality styles and their relationship to the Carnegie model of decision-making
Authors: م.م حسين عليوي كهية العامري
Published: February 2025

The research focuses on measuring the relationship between administrative personality patterns in their dimensions (self-determination, mass, administrative, genius) and Carnegie's model of decision-making in the habit of "uncertainty environment, conflict, establishment of alliances, research, and decision-making". The study was applied in the faculties and institutes of the Central Technical University by (5) technical colleges, and (8) technical institutes at the university.
. The researcher touched on the need of research organizations to promote karnigi decision-making through the relationship between personal administrative patterns, and tested the study on a sample of meaning, consisting of (105) single level (dean- assistant dean - heads of departments), and adopted the researcher (descriptive analytical approach) to collect information and analyze it and reveal the relationships between its dimensions. The study used the questionnaire form as a key tool for collecting data and information, as well as interviews. The researcher drew the most important conclusions: the existence of a variety of correlations between the four personal patterns and the dimensions of the Carnegie model, where the self-made personality achieved as the dominant pattern because it achieved the highest correlation.
The practices of the mass personality achieved the value of the association of the lowest of the four link transaction values. This suggests that the Carnegie model emphasizes that decisions are made on a sufficient basis, decision makers focus on direct problems and short solutions and satisfaction should be reached jointly, collectively and not individually. It is clear that the senior departments of educational institutions have more than one of the four types that gives them a great advantage in the field of management and the use of different skills depending on the requirements of the situation
دور السياسة الصناعية في تنمية المشاريع الصغيرة في العراق بعد عام 2003
Authors: عقيل عبد النبي الدلفي  , أ.د. فلاح خلف علي
Published: February 2025

This research discussed the importance of industrial policy and its role in the development of small projects and standing on the most prominent challenges and obstacle, which it faced small projects in Iraq, the most important of which are: (Deliberate neglect of small projects in Iraq compared to large projects), and Contribute to building a strong diversified economy through the promotion and development of small enterprises, The research aims to identify the developmental role of industrial policy In developing small projects in Iraq, as well as diagnosing and enhancing the developmental role of small projects, This requires the design of industrial policies that work to overcome the obstacles and challenges facing these projects, and the research came to the conclusion say that: The weak developmental role of small projects in Iraq, Represented by its weak contribution to the main economic indicators Especially the added value and the operation, because the neglect of the industrial policy whose actions were marked base for big projects , and that the weakness of small projects was reflected in a weak performance of the private sector in general in Iraq.
اضطراب سوق النفط العالمية
Authors: ا.م.د. علي مهدي عباس  , محمد علي حميد
Published: February 2025

The global oil Market is characterized by a wide range of uncertainty and many economic and political aspects overlap.                                                                 
Studying the oil market and predicting its developments is not an easy matter and contains many complications.                                                                     
The oil market needs an in – depth analysis to be able – even to a close extent – to predict the developments that many occur, especially with regard to prices.
This research deals with the demand for oil, reserves, and global production for the period 2000 – 2018 and their implications for world oil prices .                     
One of the most important conclusions of this research is that the developed countries have maintained their share of global demand during the mentioned period. while global oil production increased from (65.8) million in 2000 to( 75.8)million barrels  per day in 2018 ( an increase of 15.2% and an  annual increase rate of 0.78) ,but the demand by developed countries increased from ( 47. 8) million in 2000( 62. 9%of global demand)  to( 47. 9) million barrels per day in 2018 an increase of 0.2%   and an annual increase rate of 0.01%.             
One of the most important recommendations of the research is that the oil market will remain in the long term a consumer market and not a producer market, that is, the consuming countries control the volume of world demand and influence oil prices. Also, the idea of depleting oil reserves globally will postponed to longer decades as a result of technological progress in the exploration and production of crude oil.
Measuring and analyzing the impact of international financial aid on the economic growth of low-income countries for the period (1990-2019)
Authors: ا.م.د. مخيف جاسم حمد  , م. محمد سلمان جاسم  , م. جمال حسين علي
Published: February 2025

:The international aid in the last decade is a source of funding for most developing countries and at their various levels, especially for low-income countries. The aim of the research is to identify the trends of financial aid and the per capita share of it on the economic growth of the group of low-income countries. The research found the stability of the variables data at the first difference. And a very high moral level, which led to the possibility of conducting co-integration of degrees (0,1) and (1,1), which proved the existence of a long-term relationship between the research variables, The standard results of the estimated model also proved that there is a positive relationship between financial aid and economic growth in the case of directing this aid to building social capital. However, the standard results proved that the increase in the per capita share of such aid leads to a decrease in GDP, as it was insignificant and associated with Aid has a positive relationship stronger than its correlation with GDP, and the independent variables explained about (72%) of the changes of the dependent variable, and there was no self-correlation, and the model was significant, as the value of F () reached a significant degree, and the research recommends activating the role of financial aid and directing it towards Building social capital and supporting poor families and budget deficits for low-income countries.
Funding in the form of Musharakah, reality and development mechanisms,A field study on a sample of Islamic banks in Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Authors: د.صادق أحمد عبدالله السبئي
Published: February 2025

This study aims at identifying the reality of funding in the form of Musharakah in a sample of Saudi and Yemeni Islamic banks. The method of the descriptive analysis was used in order to analyze the reality of funding in the form of Musharakah in Islamic banks based on the published reports for the period 2010-2019. In addition, a questionnaire was distributed to a non-random sample of 112 of funding bank experts, and researchers in Islamic bank funding, to find out the reasons of the poor application of the Musharaka formula in funding, and the mechanisms of their improvement. The descriptive analysis of the financial reports concluded that there is a complete absence of the Musharakah formula in Al-Rajhi Bank. As for Al-Tadhamon Bank and Saba Bank of Yemen, it appeared very weak and sporadic; it ranged between 0.70% - 5.20% in Al-Tadhamon Bank and in Saba Bank between 0.17% - 0.30% of the volume of funding and investment. In the field study, eleven reasons for the poor application of the Musharakah formula (out of  14 reasons) obtained an overall average 3.72 out of 5; four statements of the proposed mechanisms for developing the application of the continuous Musharaka formula obtained an overall average of 4.47 out of 5 at a level of significance of "very useful". An overall average 4.41 out of 5 with a level of significance of "very useful" was obtained from the other three statements of proposed mechanisms for developing the application of the formula of diminishing participating that leads to ownership and the deal participation. It refers to the Musharakah of clients who have significant shares or contributions to the project, and who have good reputation and sufficient experience; it is also necessary to monitor and audit the company's accounts periodically. Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommended the need for the central banks in these two countries to intervene in order to oblige Islamic banks to allocate funding rates for Musharaka formulas in compliance with their establishment laws and regulations.
الموازنة الاتحادية التقليدية الهشة وفرص التنمية المستدامة الضائعة
Authors: م.د صادق طعمة خلف
Published: February 2025

In light of the problems that the Iraqi economy suffers from due to the absence of financial reforms, the inability to address and confront administrative and financial corruption and the fragility of planning for the country’s federal budget, the inevitable contradictions will continue to not achieve sustainable development, especially since Iraq suffers from the worst performance of GDP growth since 2003, Instability, lack of job opportunities, corruption and poor services remain among the most important risks impeding long-term growth in the country. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop the fragile federal budget through structural transformation, financial reform and diversification of national income sources in order to give a greater opportunity to the private sector. The high level of fragility, conflict, corruption and dependence on oil for a single resource hinders the country's progress towards financial and economic reform.
التحليل المالي ودوره في تقييم السياسة الائتمانية (دراسة تحليلية في مصرف الرشيد)
Authors: م. نبراس محمد عباس
Published: February 2025

Financial analysis is one of the effective means that contribute to helping the bank to draw up a successful credit policy, as the research aimed to identify the extent of the impact of financial analysis on making the right credit decision that achieves a successful credit policy. The research problem was launched through direct reliance by the bank’s management on the guarantees previously provided. Therefore, the research sought to find out the extent of the impact of the financial analysis on the credit decisions taken, which will result in the evaluation of the credit policy, which affects the decisions taken and the extent of their safety. Two cases have been studied for companies that applied for credit during the year 2017 and analyzed the financial reports on those companies. The research has reached the most important results, the most important of which is that the financial analysis has an "effective" effect on making the right credit decision. Direct reliance on guarantees may provide security for the bank’s management, but direct reliance on them as a basic indicator may influence the drawing up of a tight credit policy that contributes to the advancement economic projects.
تأثير تقلبات أسعار النفط الخام في السوق العالمية على معدلات البطالة في العراق للمدة (1970 – 2020)
Authors: م.م إسراء سعد فهد
Published: February 2025

The research aims to measure and analyze the relationship between crude oil prices in the international market and unemployment rates in Iraq for the period (1970-2020) using the NARDL model, in addition to estimating the impact of a shock in crude oil prices in the global market on unemployment rates in Iraq. The research found a long-term, non-linear inverse equilibrium relationship between crude oil prices and unemployment rates in Iraq. In addition, an increase in oil prices by a certain percentage leads to a decrease in unemployment rates in Iraq by twice this percentage in the long term; But the decline in crude oil prices by a certain percentage will lead to an increase in unemployment rates in Iraq, double this percentage in the long term..
The Role of the Responsibility Allocation Matrix (RACI) in evaluating the work of the internal auditor
Authors: مهدي ماضي كاطع  , أ.م.د سلوان حافظ حميد
Published: February 2025

The accelerating events and the continuous changes that took place in the business sector cast a shadow on the internal audit in terms of its procedures and direction. The research aims to identify the International Professional Practices Framework issued by the IIA and the developments in the guidance guidelines for assessing risk management processes. It also aims to identify the Responsibility Matrix (RACI) in assessing the responsibility of the internal auditor, as it is one of the modern tools in the evaluation, as it consists of the basic elements (responsible, accountability, consulting, reporting and applying these tools to a sample of Iraqi banks to obtain indicators for evaluating The development of economic units and the risks that these banks are exposed to. A field study has been conducted on some commercial banks registered in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The internal audit is the safety valve for the economic unit in determining the acceptable level of it. Therefore, the problem of searching for the extent of the internal auditor’s perception in the sample of research can be posed. With modern frameworks for professional practices, does the responsibility distribution matrix (RACI) contribute to assessing the responsibility of the internal auditor, to address the weaknesses of the banks, the research sample, and to test the proposed responsibility matrix. And run the data and process it automatically by using statistical models to analyze the results and test the hypotheses There is a correlation relationship between the components of the Responsibility Distribution Matrix (RACI) and the work of the internal auditor, and that their use affects between 80% -95% Therefore, banks can work on developing and updating their systems constantly by relying on international frameworks and guidelines for internal auditors that clarify the work of the economic unit, which can be adopted in light of their use of the Responsibility Matrix (RACI). A risk-based audit program can also be applied.
The effectiveness of internal audit procedures in banks in reducing administrative and financial corruption
Authors: م.د.فاطمة فزع هداب  , م.م.ليلى عبد جاسم  , م.د. صهباء عبد القادر احمد
Published: February 2025

The research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of internal audit procedures in banks in reducing administrative and financial corruption, and to achieve the goal of the research, (100) questionnaires were prepared and distributed to a sample of internal audit employees working in Iraqi banks, and the research hypothesis was tested and the data analyzed through the use of some methods. Appropriate statistic
The most important results were reached: The existence of an effective and efficient internal audit in banks helps to discover administrative and financial corruption and thus reduce it. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which were: the need to increase interest in internal auditing, after which one of the most important elements of effective internal control, and the need to adopt continuous training for internal audit workers to keep pace with modern audit mechanisms, and the observations of internal auditing from the bank management should be responded to quickly.
Comparison of Some Nonparametric Methods Using Simulations
Authors: بسام هاشم داخل  , أ.م.د علي ياسين غني
Published: February 2025

There was a need to compare the nonparametric methods used in predicting time series to find the most efficient method for forecasting, and this was in fact the main objective of this study. The research problem was summed up that parametric statistical methods need conditions and criteria that may be difficult to meet, so it was necessary to search for new methods of prediction other than the traditional methods, which are non-parametric methods. The comparison was through the application of the simulation method, where the data was generated by the restricted generation equation based on the original data, with the lowest value and the highest value for each type of data. The focus of the study is a comparison between the two methods of neural networks (the back propagation error network) and the kernel method (Nadaraya-Watson estimator). As for the sample sizes, the sizes (15, 30, 60 and 100) were selected. As for the criteria that were used for comparison, they were (MSE, RMSE, MAE, MAPE).The results showed, through simulation, that the neural networks give better and more efficient results than the Kernel method in most of the scales and for all sample sizes.
The Role of Electronic Management in Achieving Strategic Success: a Field Study at the Directorate of Education in Baghdad
Authors: م.م. رياض عواد هالج
Published: February 2025

The current study examines the impact of electronic management and its requirements (support for senior management, technical resources and human resources) in the strategic success, and the study problem was represented by a number of questions, answered to know the extent of the interest of senior management in supporting electronic management applications and thus achieving the strategic success of the research sample (Directorate Education), and then determining the impact between these variables, and that the importance of the study stems from the importance of the role played by electronic management in capacity development and development and improving the services provided that lead the organization to achieve the success in a more general achievement have high enough, has been used as a tool questionnaire for data collection form was designed based on the theoretical side and distributed to a total sample strength of 40 respondents represented Managers and staff of the Directorate of Education, and the results matching the study hypotheses.
 The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the presence of a statistically significant effect of electronic management in strategic success, then a set of recommendations came, the most important of which was the need to implement electronic management by the research department because of its importance in solving many problems, including the negatives of paper handling.
اعادة بناءا العلامات العلامات التجارية
Authors: أ.م.د رحيم شراد عامر
Published: February 2025

تمثل العلامة التجارية الارتباطات العاطفية والنفسية التي يصنعها الزبائن مع منظمة أو منتج أو شخص. اذ تكمن المفارقة في تفسيراتنا الذاتية والفريدة للعلاقة مع العلامة التجارية والتي تعبر بشكل او باخر عن منطلقات الفهم الذاتي لدى الافراد ، الذي يرشدنا عمومًا بالارتباط  النفسي والعاطفي مع العلامة، فالتفاعلات التي يجريها الافراد مع ماحولهم ماهي الا تقيمات لكل شي ،وهي بالتالي المفهوم الشخصي للعالم يفسرة كل شخص بشكل مختلف تمامنا عن الاخرين وحتى لو تم التطابق بين تفسيرين فسيكون نسبي ولا يدوم. يمكن أن يكون تنشيط العلامة التجارية الخاملة استراتيجية مربحة للغاية في ظل الظروف المناسبة. فالسوق مليء بقصص النجاح عن كيفية ظهور العلامات التجارية مرة اخرى للسوق.من المتعارف ان العلامات التجارية لها دورة حياة تمر بها منذ مرحلة التأسيس للإطلاق والنمو والنضج والانحدار والتنشيط والتقاعد. والإستراتيجية الجديدة لإعادة البناء أو التجديد هي عملية تكون فيها العلامة التجارية على وشك التقاعد. والهدف من ذلك هو إعادتها إلى الحياة لاستعادة وجودها في الأسواق.
Dynamics of household food security pre and post the COVID-19 pandemic in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia
Authors: Asriani Putri Suci , Wibowo Hariz Eko , Sukiyono Ketut , Agusti Netta
Published: February 2025

After the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been changes in the Food Security Index in Bengkulu Province. One of the main challenges in supporting food security at the household level is the development of community capacity and self-reliance in addressing food issues. Information is needed factors that affect household food security in Bengkulu Province, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research aims to analyze the factors thatÂ  influencing household food security and understanding the dynamics before and after the COVID-19 pandemic regarding household food security in Bengkulu Province. This research can provide a basis for policy-making for the Government of Bengkulu Province. The analytical method used is multinomial logistic regression to identify the factors affecting household food security. The results of analysis show that influencing household food security include pre- and post-pandemic, home ownership status, lighting type, recipients of the Family Hope Program (PKH), adequate sanitation, and average household expenditure. There has been a decrease in energy consumption in self-owned households and households not receiving PKH after the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant changes also occurred in households with non-PLN lighting. Households with inadequate sanitation tend to be food insecure. The pandemic tends have a higher expenditures of household.JEL ClassificationÂ  D19; H75; Q18
Financial technology adoption on MSMEs sustainability: The mediating role of financial literacy and financial inclusion
Authors: Safii Abdul Azis , Anom Latifah , Murtini Murtini
Published: February 2025

This research examines how the adoption of financial technology impacts the sustainability of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), emphasizing the intermediary roles of financial literacy and financial inclusion. A random sample of 288 MSME owners was chosen from the 1,020 members participating in the business legality assistance program by the Bojonegoro Regency Cooperative and MSME Service. Out of these, 247 owners fully completed the survey, providing data for the research. Data analysis utilized Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that although the adoption of financial technology positively influences MSME sustainability, the impact is relatively modest. However, financial literacy and financial inclusion considerably enhance this relationship, with financial literacy exhibiting a stronger mediating effect. These outcomes highlight the importance of specific financial literacy initiatives and better access to financial services to promote the sustainable growth of MSMEs.JEL ClassificationÂ  L21; L26; O15
How to address heuristics and cognitive biases in tax decision-making: A systematic literature review
Authors: Setiyani Ria , Septiani Tika
Published: February 2025

Heuristic and cognitive biases in Indonesia have caused tax compliance issues, as public prejudice leads to tax avoidance, and overconfidence among authorities results in less effective tax policies. This study aims to investigate the use of heuristics and cognitive biases in tax decision-making by individuals and businesses. It examined tax decision-making using heuristics and cognitive biases in tax decision-making, selecting 25 recent research articles from scientific journals. The research shows that using heuristics can lead to biases and errors among individual taxpayers and professionals. To mitigate this issue, adopting a comprehensive approach that includes educational initiatives, integration of advanced technology, establishment of structured decision-making processes, promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration, and fostering a culture of critical analysis within tax-related organizations is important. Therefore, addressing biases driven by heuristics in tax decision-making requires a combination of educational efforts, technological advancements, and cooperative and interdisciplinary efforts to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of decision-making.JEL ClassificationÂ  D91; G40; M41
Sustainable budget allocation strategy in supporting SDGs environmental pillar in Malang City, Indonesia
Authors: Aini Asfa Agustina Nusba , Rahmawati Farida , Sumarsono Hadi
Published: February 2025

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of three pillars: economic, social and environmental. It has been observed that the environmental pillar in Malang City has declined, while the economic and social pillar have increased, indicating that economic and human activities in general have a big influence on reducing environmental quality. This research focuses on evaluating sustainable budget allocation strategies that support the environmental pillar. Budget efficiency analysis was used to assess SDGs achievement in Malang City from 2019 to 2022. Based on the calculation results of this research, Malang City's budgeting efficiency was in the "very poor" category during the 2019-2022 period. It was also observed that the best budget allocation strategy occurred in 2022. In addition, this research shows that the budget allocation strategy is sorted based on the immediacy of need into four budget allocation priorities. The priority grouping can be used as a sustainable budget allocation strategy, especially in the event of limited budget. From a socio-economic point of view, government policy is also a contributing factor with a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, it is hoped that the sustainable budget allocation strategy can serve as a solution to continue paying attention to and improve environmental quality while growing the economy.JEL ClassificationÂ H72; Q51; R58
How to develop an inclusive strategy to strive the social stratification of female entrepreneurs
Authors: Herlina Fristi , Hidayat Kliwon , Kustanti Asihing
Published: February 2025

Social stratification affects certain aspects of life, including gender equality in entrepreneurship. This study aims to analyze social stratification between women entrepreneurs who are members of the Melati Womenâ€™s Cooperative and non-members in Campurejo Village, Bojonegoro Sub-district, and their impact on their entrepreneurial output. This research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive comparative tests and linear regression analysis. Data were collected through questionnaires from 140 female entrepreneurs. The results show that the social stratification of cooperative member women entrepreneurs, characterized by socioeconomic status, education, wealth, honor, and social interaction, significantly differs from that of the non-member. Cooperative members have better access to resources, business networks, and economic opportunities than non-members. They experience strong solidarity and support among members, helping them overcome business challenges. Non-members face isolation and difficulties competing in the market due to limited access to capital and business networks. This study confirms that cooperative membership can reduce social stratification and enhance women entrepreneursâ€™ economic empowerment. This study also revealed that social stratification significantly influences entrepreneurial output, with cooperative members showing better business outcomes. These findings are crucial for developing policies that support cooperatives as a mechanism of social mobility for female entrepreneurs with the aim of creating a more inclusive and equitable society.JEL ClassificationÂ  D10; P13; Q13
From employees to entrepreneurs: Does migration matter in blue-collar workersâ€™ transition?
Authors: Natalia Christiayu , Pratomo Devanto Shasta , Syafitri Wildan
Published: February 2025

Transitioning into entrepreneurship can offer a viable path for former blue-collar workers to reenter the workforce following widespread job losses during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the critical roles of adaptability and resilience in facilitating this transition, with particular attention to how migration status influences success in becoming either formal or informal entrepreneurs. Utilizing detailed microdata from the August 2021 Labor Force Survey (Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional - SAKERNAS), the study applies a multinomial logistic regression model to examine the transition patterns of these former workers. The findings indicate that former migrant blue-collar workers are more inclined to shift towards formal entrepreneurship rather than informal ventures. This suggests the importance of implementing supportive policies aimed at fostering entrepreneurial initiatives among blue-collar workers. Such policies could mitigate the risks associated with job losses, particularly in times of crisis, and provide a safety net by encouraging entrepreneurship. By facilitating entrepreneurial activity, these policies would not only bolster economic resilience but also offer alternative routes for workforce recovery, ultimately contributing to job security, financial stability, and long-term economic sustainability in the face of ongoing uncertainties.JEL ClassificationÂ C25; J24; J63
Education's impact on social mobility: Mediating parental and child class in Indonesia
Authors: Arfines Fuska Atomita Restu , Pitoyo Agus Joko , Susilastuti Dewi Haryani , Pangaribowo Evita Hanie
Published: February 2025

The interplay between occupational class, social status, and education in Indonesia is shaped by multiple forces, including economic changes, traditional social structures, and the growing significance of education in determining social mobility. This research aims to address the role of education and family background on child’s class measured by occupational status. This included measuring the relationship between parents’ education and parent’s occupational class as the family background determinant. The main data used to test the model was secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey wave 1 to 4, allowing us to analyze the social class of father and child pairs, as the subject of this study, with a sample size of 4,035. Through path analysis, the finding shows the indirect pathway, mediated through education, displays a greater influence than the direct pathway. This suggests that education plays a critical role as a mediator in determining occupational status and social mobility. This finding is key to understand the persistent inequities in educational access in Indonesia, where family background continues to have a strong effect on children's educational and occupational outcomes. It suggests that policy interventions targeting educational equity could significantly reduce the impact of family background and promote social mobility.
JEL Classification: F68; I25; Z13
Investigating the Relation of Philological Sciences Teachers with AI in Education
Authors: Pop Anamaria-Mirabela , Sim Monica-Ariana , Constantin Felicia
Published: February 2025

The paper aims to present an image as accurate as possible of how teaching staff perceive artificial intelligence in the current education­al context due to the profound effects that AI already has and will have on civilisation, both culturally and economically. The data analysis obtained after applying a questionnaire to philological sciences teachers in a medi­um-sized university in an Eastern European country highlighted that a rel­atively homogeneous teaching body has quite a heterogeneous approach to the AI phenomenon. As a result, there are many different ways that AI is affecting education, and they can be discussed on many different levels, including the relationships between the many stakeholders, classroom in­struction, scientific research, and the personal training of educators. The benefits and risks associated with implementing AI in education are clear, and it is imperative that appropriate training programs and ethical guide­lines be put in place before AI is used in classrooms.