bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration for the treatment of contrast‐induced acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary interventions
Authors: Marenzi GianCarlo , Bartorelli Antonio L. , Lauri Gianfranco , Assanelli Emilio , Grazi Marco , Campodonico Jeness , Marana Ivana
Published: January 2003

Acute renal failure (ARF) requiring hemodialysis after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is a serious complication with poor prognosis. Hemodialysis‐induced hypotension may have deleterious cardiovascular effects, especially in high‐risk patients. Ultrafiltrate removal and simultaneous fluid replacement with a solution similar to plasma for high‐volume controlled hydration can be obtained with hemodynamic stability by continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration (CVVH). We prospectively assessed the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous CVVH (Y‐shaped double‐lumen catheter, circuit originating from and terminating in the femoral vein) in 33 consecutive patients (23 men and 10 women; mean age, 69 ± 9 years) who, after PCI, developed oligo‐anuric ARF, associated in 20 of them with congestive heart failure. All patients received a concomitant infusion of furosemide (500–1,000 mg/day) and dopamine (2 μg/kg/min). During CVVH, the average fluid volume replacement and body fluid net reduction were 1,000 ± 247 and 75 ± 48 ml/hr, respectively. Treatment with CVVH continued for 4.7 ± 2.7 days and corrected fluid overload in all cases. No patient experienced systemic hypotension or hypovolemia. Diuresis recovered in 32 (97%) patients, who showed a parallel improvement of renal function parameters. One patient required chronic dialysis. In‐hospital and 1‐year mortality was 9.1% and 27.3%, respectively. In conclusion, our data indicate that CVVH is a safe and effective therapy of radiocontrast‐induced ARF following PCI. It temporarily replaces renal function without deleterious cardiovascular effects, allowing the kidney to recover from the nephrotoxic injury. However, despite promising early results, large randomized trials are required to define the role of CVVH in ARF after PCI. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:59–64. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary angiography in the fully anticoagulated patient: The transradial route is successful and safe
Authors: Hildick‐Smith David J.R. , Walsh John T. , Lowe Martin D. , Petch Michael C.
Published: January 2003

The radial approach to coronary angiography is intuitively attractive for fully anticoagulated patients (INR > 2) but no data exist concerning efficacy or safety of this procedure. The consensus view is that the femoral approach is contraindicated in fully anticoagulated patients, and though some operators undertake femoral catheterization in such patients and use closure devices, there are no data to suggest that it is safe to do so. At our institution, the radial approach for coronary angiography is reserved for patients in whom there is a relative contraindication to the femoral route. We have undertaken over 600 radial coronary angiograms in such patients since 1996, 66 of whom underwent transradial catheterization specifically because of anticoagulation status (INR > 2). Thirty‐eight patients (58%) were male, average age 67 ± 11 years. All 66 patients had an INR > 2 but < 4.5. The approach was left radial in 26 (39%), right radial in the remainder; sheath size was 4 Fr in 4 (6%), 5 Fr in 13 (20%), and 6 Fr in 49 (74%). Seven operators in total were involved, though two operators undertook the majority of cases (47; 71%). Success rate was 97%, with no failure of access, and only one minor postprocedural hemorrhage. Failures were due to radial artery atherosclerosis (1) and subclavian tortuosity (1). The radial approach to coronary angiography is safe and to be recommended in the fully anticoagulated patient. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:8–10. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct coronary stenting without balloon predilation of lesions requiring long stents: Immediate and 6‐month results of a multicenter prospective registry
Authors: Boulmier Dominique , Bedossa Marc , Commeau Philippe , Huret Bruno , Gilard Martine , Boschat Jacques , Brunel Philippe , Leurent Bernard , Le Breton Hervé
Published: January 2003

To assess the outcomes of direct coronary stenting (DS) using long stents and examine predictive factors of DS failure, this prospective multicenter registry included 128 consecutive patients who underwent the implantation of stents ≥ 18 mm in length without balloon predilation for de novo coronary artery stenoses. Mean lesion and stent lengths were 20.7 ± 5.4 and 21.4 ± 3.8 mm, respectively. Rates of DS success, lesion success, and primary success were 82%, 99%, and 97.7%, respectively. At 6 months, rates of MACE and TVR were 12.5% and 6.3%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, factors predictive of DS failure vs. DS success were presence of calcifications (78% vs. 45%; P = 0.004) and reference vessel diameter (2.77 ± 0.4 vs. 3.13 ± 0.42 mm; P = 0.0002). DS of complex lesions with stents ≥ 18 mm in length was performed safely and with a high success rate. This strategy was less successful in the treatment of small vessels and in presence of calcifications. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:51–58. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Right coronary arteriography: Experience with standard‐torque and limited‐torque techniques in children and young adults
Authors: Day Ronald W.
Published: January 2003

Coronary spasm and intimal injury may occur during selective right coronary arteriography. The safety and efficacy of right coronary arteriography in children and young adults were retrospectively reviewed for this report. Right coronary arteriography was performed in 200 patients. A standard‐torque technique was used in 150 patients, a limited‐torque technique was used with a reshaped left coronary catheter in 53 patients. The standard‐torque technique was associated with proximal coronary spasm in nine patients, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in one patient, and ST segment changes in one patient. The limited‐torque technique was associated with no complications. The standard‐torque technique was effective in one patient when the limited‐torque technique failed to define distal coronary branches clearly. The limited‐torque technique was effective in nine patients when the right coronary artery could not be engaged while attempting the standard‐torque technique. In conclusion, right coronary arteriography may be performed in a safe and potentially more effective manner using a new catheter design and a limited‐torque technique. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:119–123. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal stent fracture 11 months after implantation in the left pulmonary artery and successful management by a stent‐in‐stent maneuver
Authors: Knirsch Walter , Haas Nikolaus A. , Lewin Martin A.G. , Uhlemann Frank
Published: January 2003

Fracture of a 12 mm Palmaz stent after implantation in the left pulmonary artery for palliation of postoperative stenosis in a 9‐year‐old child is described. Successful management by implantation of a second Palmaz stent revealed immediate stabilization and no signs of significant restenosis during 1‐year follow‐up. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:116–118. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcatheter Amplatzer duct occluder closure of direct right pulmonary to left atrium communication
Authors: Zanchetta Mario , Rigatelli Gianluca , Pedon Luigi , Zennaro Marco , Maiolino Pietro , Onorato Eustaquio
Published: January 2003

Although rare, a congenital direct communication between pulmonary artery and left atrium can present a paradoxical embolism in adults. In our case, diagnosis was first made on contrast transcranial Doppler with Valsalva maneuver and subsequently confirmed by intracardiac echocardiography and selective pulmonary angiography. Successful catheter‐based closure using Amplatzer duct occluder device resulted in definitive exclusion of the source of paradoxical embolism. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:107–110. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of access site in patients treated with platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in the era of closure devices
Authors: Assali Abid R. , Sdringola Stefano , Moustapha Ali , Ghani Mohammad , Salloum Joseph , Schroth George , Fujise Ken , Anderson H. Vernon , Smalling Richard W. , Rosales Oscar R.
Published: January 2003

The most consistent procedural predictor of vascular access site complications thus far has been the intensity and duration of anticoagulant therapy during and after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Several devices have been developed to aid in the closure of the femoral arteriotomy. This report describes the clinical outcome of unsuccessful deployment of femoral closure devices in a cohort of 285 consecutive patients who underwent PCI and were treated with platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Manual femoral artery compression was used in 123 patients, Perclose in 123 patients, and AngioSeal in 39 patients. Successful homeostasis was achieved in 98.4% of patients who received manual compression, in 91.9% of the Perclose‐sealed arteriotomy, and in 84.6% of patients who received the AngioSeal closure device (P = 0.004). The incidence of vascular complications after successful deployment was 9%. Patients not achieving hemostasis with closure device or 1° manual compression developed complications in the majority of cases (> 80%; P < 0.05). By multivariate analysis (with adjustment for baseline differences), the use of AngioSeal closure device was found to be an independent risk factors leading to primary deployment failure and all access site complications (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.5–6.0; P = 0.006). In summary, failed hemostasis by artery closure devices in patients undergoing PCI who are treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors is associated with significant vascular complications. AngioSeal may be associated with a higher failure rate, while manual compression and Perclose seem to be more effective with a lower complication rate. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:1–5. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of coronary stent thrombosis with rheolytic thrombectomy: Results from a multicenter experience
Authors: Silva Jose A. , White Christopher J. , Ramee Stephen R. , Collins Tyrone J. , Jenkins J. Stephen , Ho Kalon , Baim Donald S. , Carrozza Joseph P. , Rinfret Stephane , Setum Cindy M. , Popma Jeffrey J. , Kuntz Richard E.
Published: January 2003

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of rheolytic thrombectomy (RT) for treatment of coronary stent thrombosis. Stent thrombosis is an infrequent but potentially devastating complication. Conventional treatment with balloon angioplasty and/or thrombolysis has yielded suboptimal results. RT was used to treat 18 patients (mean age, 62 ± 8 years; 72% male) with in‐stent thrombosis (mean time to stent thrombosis, 2.4 ± 1.8 days). Device success, procedure success, in‐hospital and 30‐day major cardiovascular events (MACE) were assessed in the hospital and at 30 days. Device success was obtained in 94% and procedure success was achieved in 100% of patients. Following RT, 11 patients underwent balloon angioplasty and 7 patients received additional stents. TIMI 3 coronary flow was obtained in 94.4% and all (100%) patients achieved either TIMI 2 or 3 coronary flow. The angiographic thrombus area decreased from 113.7 ± 79 to 5.5 ± 5.7 mm2 after RT, and to 0.9 ± 2.1 mm2 (P < 0.001) after final treatment. Procedural complications were limited to transient no‐reflow in five patients. Only one patient evolved a Q‐wave MI. At 30 days of follow‐up, no patients suffered death, emergent bypass surgery, or stroke. Our data suggest that the adjunctive use of rheolytic thrombectomy offers improved outcomes compared to prior results of intervention after coronary stent thrombosis and should be strongly considered as a treatment option for this complication. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:11–17. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Change of the mechanical properties of two different balloon catheters with increasing numbers of cycles of resterilization
Authors: Unverdorben Martin , Quaden René , Werner Christian , Bloss Peter , Degenhardt Ralf , Ackermann Hanns , Vallbracht Christian
Published: January 2003

An increasing number of centers are reusing PTCA catheters even though manufacturers warrant single use only. This prospective bench laboratory trial addresses the quality of PTCA balloon catheters after up to three resterilization cycles in order to determine whether a larger trial is warranted to discern whether catheters should be reused. Forty PTCA catheters from two different manufacturers (nominal diameters 1.5 and 3.0 mm) were taken from the shelf. An independent institute tested mechanical properties such as burst pressure, nominal diameter, crossing profile, and balloon surface. The crossing profile increased by 22.5%–39.2% with no additional deterioration after repeated sterilizations. The nominal diameter either increased or decreased by a maximum of 47%. In all 1.5 mm balloons, the burst pressure remained above the manufacturers' values, whereas in the 3.0 mm balloons, the value dropped below the rated burst pressure in 40%–50% of the trials. In conclusion, in both catheter types analyzed, reuse was associated with a considerably worse quality, which puts in question their routine clinical use. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:29–33. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcatheter occlusion of ruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm: Innovative use of available technology
Authors: Rao P. Syamasundar , Bromberg Burt I. , Jureidini Saadeh B. , Fiore Andrew C.
Published: January 2003

A 9‐year‐old boy was found to have ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (RSVA) and aortic coarctation. Following relief of aortic coarctation by balloon angioplasty, transcatheter coil occlusion of the RSVA was performed successfully under transesophageal echocardiographic and fluoroscopic monitoring; bioptome‐assisted delivery of 0.052″ Gianturco coil was undertaken via a 7 Fr sheath stabilized by an 0.035″ guidewire passing through the RSVA and the sheath. This report details the technique of occlusion. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:130–134. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary abscess: A complication of stenting
Authors: Liu Jayson C. , Cziperle David J. , Kleinman Bruce , Loeb Henry
Published: January 2003

We report the case of a 72‐year‐old male who underwent primary angioplasty for an acute myocardial infarction and developed a coronary stent infection with Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was treated with a prolonged course of IV antibiotics and underwent debridement and partial stent extraction successfully. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:69–71. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carotid brachytherapy for in‐stent restenosis
Authors: Chan Albert W. , Roffi Marco , Mukherjee Debabrata , Bajzer Christopher T. , Abou‐Chebl Alex , Ciezki Jay , Bhatt Deepak L. , Ghaffari Sasan , Yadav Jay S.
Published: January 2003

Carotid stenting has emerged as an alternative revascularization modality to endarterectomy for the treatment of carotid artery disease. Restenosis of a carotid stent may be occasionally seen. Our experience in intravascular radiation therapy for coronary restenosis has provided us the opportunity to explore this treatment strategy for carotid restenosis. We report our initial experience with brachytherapy for the treatment of restenosis after carotid stenting. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:86–92. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular lining of the sheep pineal recess studied by light‐, transmission‐, and scanning electron microscopy: Morphologic indications for a direct secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland to the cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Tricoire Hélène , Malpaux Benoit , Møller Morten
Published: January 2003

In the sheep, the pineal hormone melatonin displays nocturnal levels 20 times as high in the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle as in the jugular blood. Moreover, in the pineal recess, the evagination of the third ventricle into the pineal stalk, the levels of melatonin in the cerebrospinal fluid are even higher than in the ventral part of the third ventricle. This finding suggests melatonin to be secreted directly from the pineal gland to the ventricular lumen of the pineal recess of this species. We have, therefore, studied the interface between the sheep pineal gland and the cerebrospinal fluid by light‐, scanning‐, and electron microscopy of the pineal recess, as well as the permeability of the interface by tracer injections into the third ventricle. First, we show that the classic ependymal lining of the third ventricle disappears in the superior part of the recess. In this area, bulging pinealocytes, displaying immunoreactivity for serotonin, directly appose the cerebrospinal fluid. This pineal–cerebrospinal fluid interface of the sheep is large compared with other species, especially rodent species. Intraventricular injections of horseradish peroxidase and fluorescein isothiocyanate showed that both these tracers could permeate from the pineal recess into the sheep pineal parenchyma. This permeation was due to the presence of gap and intermediate junctions connecting the pinealocytes apposing the ventricular lumen. Thus, our results show that endocrine cells in this specialized area of the ventricular system are in direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. This finding supports the physiological concept of a direct secretion of melatonin into the cerebrospinal fluid of the sheep pineal recess. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:39–47, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early development of the Drosophila brain: IV. Larval neuropile compartments defined by glial septa
Authors: Younossi‐Hartenstein Amelia , Salvaterra Paul M. , Hartenstein Volker
Published: January 2003

In this study, we have analyzed the architecture of the brain neuropile of the Drosophila larva, which is formed by two main structural elements: long axon tracts and terminal axonal/dendritic arborizations carrying synapses. By using several molecular markers expressed in neurons and glial cells, we show that the early larval neuropile is subdivided by glial sheaths into numerous compartments. The three‐dimensional layout of these compartments and their relationship to the pattern of long axon tracts described in the accompanying article (Nassif et al. [2003] J. Comp. Neurol 417–434) was modeled by using a three‐dimensional illustration computer software. On the basis of their location relative to each other and to long axon tracts, larval brain compartments can be identified with compartments defined by structural and functional criteria for the adult fly brain. We find that small precursors of most of the compartments of the adult central brain can be identified in the early larva. Changes in brain compartmental organization occurring during larval growth are described. Neuropile compartments, representing easily identifiable landmark structures, will assist in future analyses of Drosophila brain development in which the exact location of neurons and their axonal trajectories is of importance. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:435–450, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early development of the Drosophila brain: V. Pattern of postembryonic neuronal lineages expressing DE‐cadherin
Authors: Dumstrei Karin , Wang Fay , Nassif Claude , Hartenstein Volker
Published: January 2003

The Drosophila E‐cadherin homolog, DE‐cadherin, is expressed postembryonically by brain neuroblasts and their lineages of neurons (“secondary lineages”). DE‐cadherin appears in neuroblasts as soon as they can be identified by their increase in size and then remains expressed uninterruptedly throughout larval life. DE‐cadherin remains transiently expressed in the cell bodies and axons of neurons produced by neuroblast proliferation. In general, axons of neurons belonging to one lineage form tight bundles. The trajectories of these bundles are correlated with the location of the neuronal lineages to which they belong. Thus, axon bundles of lineages that are neighbors in the cortex travel parallel to each other and reach the neuropile at similar positions. It is, therefore, possible to assign coherent groups of neuroblasts and their lineages to the individual neuropile compartments and long axon tracts introduced in the accompanying articles (Nassif et al. [2003] J Comp Neurol 455:417–434; Younossi‐Hartenstein et al. [2003] J Comp Neurol 455:435–450). In this study, we have reconstructed the pattern of secondary lineages and their projection in relationship to the compartments and Fasciclin II–positive long axon tracts. Based on topology and axonal trajectory, the lineages of the central brain can be subdivided into 11 groups that can be followed throughout successive larval stages. The map of larval lineages and their axonal projection will be important for future studies on postembryonic neurogenesis in Drosophila. It also lays a groundwork for investigating the role of DE‐cadherin in larval brain development. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:451–462, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of the cDNA and localization of the mRNA encoding the prohormone convertase PC5‐A in the European green frog
Authors: Gangnon Françoise , Jégou Sylvie , Vallarino Mauro , Vieau Didier , Vaudry Hubert
Published: January 2003

The structure and distribution of PC5‐A, a prohormone convertase that is thought to be involved in post‐translational processing of peptide hormone and neuropeptide precursors, have not been investigated in submammalian vertebrates. In the present study, we characterized the cDNA encoding PC5‐A in the European green frog Rana esculenta. The frog PC5‐A cDNA encodes a 913‐amino acid protein that encompasses a 28‐amino acid signal peptide, the Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad found in all serine proteinases of the subtilisin family, and two potential N‐linked glycosylation sites located in a C‐terminal cysteine‐rich domain. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification showed that PC5‐A mRNA is expressed in various organs including the brain, spinal cord, pituitary, lung, liver, intestine, and testis, but not in the stomach and pancreas. The distribution of PC5‐A mRNA in the frog brain was studied by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Intense expression was observed in the mitral cellular layer of the olfactory bulb, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, the anterior preoptic area, and the suprachiasmatic and ventral hypothalamic nuclei. The expression pattern of PC5‐A mRNA in the central nervous system of anuran amphibians was consistent with the implication of this prohormone convertase in the processing of various neuropeptide precursors. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:60–72, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical description of five bipolar cell types of the mouse retina
Authors: Haverkamp Silke , Ghosh Krishna K. , Hirano Arlene A. , Wässle Heinz
Published: January 2003

With the ever‐growing number of transgenic mice being used in vision research, a precise knowledge of the cellular organization of the mouse retina is required. As with the cat, rabbit, rat, and primate retinae, as many as 10 cone bipolar types and one rod bipolar type can be expected to exist in the mouse retina; however, they still have to be defined. In the current study, several immunocytochemical markers were applied to sections of mouse retina, and the labeling of bipolar cells was studied using confocal microscopy and electron microscopy. By using antibodies against the neurokinin‐3 receptor NK3R; the plasma membrane calcium ATPase1 (PMCA1); and the calcium (Ca)‐binding proteins CaB1, CaB5, caldendrin, and recoverin, three different OFF‐cone bipolar cells could be identified. One type of ON‐cone bipolar cell was identified through its immunoreactivity for CaB5 and PMCA1. Rod bipolar cells, comparable in morphology to those of other mammalian retinae, expressed protein kinase Cα and CaB5. It was also shown that putative OFF‐cone bipolar cells receive light signals through flat contacts at the cone pedicle base, whereas ON‐cone bipolar signaling involves invaginating contacts. The distribution of the kainate receptor subunit GluR5 was studied by confocal and electron microscopy. GluR5 was expressed at flat bipolar cell contacts; however, it appears to be involved with only certain types of OFF‐cone bipolar cells. This suggests that different bipolar cell types receive their light signals through different sets of glutamate receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:463–476, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis following peripheral sensory deafferentation in the olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish
Authors: Vankirk Akiko M. , Byrd Christine A.
Published: January 2003

Removal of the olfactory organ in adult zebrafish results in a significant decrease in volume of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. The current study investigated the potential role of apoptosis in this phenomenon. It was hypothesized that cells in the adult olfactory bulb normally undergo minimal apoptosis and that apoptosis increases upon removal of sensory stimulation. By using both the terminal transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine nick‐end labeling method and bis‐benzimide labeling, the current study showed that, in the normal adult olfactory bulb, cells exhibiting apoptotic profiles were scarce and were localized to the outer layers of the bulb. However, in deafferented animals, there was a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells. The apoptotic response occurred in two phases and was confined to the rostral half of the bulb. The first phase of cell death peaked at 1 hour postsurgery. These apoptotic profiles appeared to be primarily nonneuronal in nature, in that they exhibited no immunohistochemical labeling to the neuron‐specific protein Hu. The second phase of cell death peaked at 24 hours and declined to normal levels by 1 week. At the 24 hour time point, only a fraction of the apoptotic cells was neuronal in nature. Thus, apoptosis of nonneuronal and neuronal elements accounts for at least part of the deafferentation‐induced volume decrease in the zebrafish olfactory bulb. This model of anterograde transneuronal degeneration will be useful in elucidating the afferent signals involved in survival and maintenance of mature brain neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:488–498, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryological origins and development of the rat diaphragm
Authors: Babiuk Randal P. , Zhang Wei , Clugston Robin , Allan Douglas W. , Greer John J.
Published: January 2003

Textbooks of embryology provide a standard set of drawings and text reflecting the traditional interpretation of phrenic nerve and diaphragm development based on anatomical dissections of embryonic tissue. Here, we revisit this issue, taking advantage of immunohistochemical markers for muscle precursors in conjunction with mouse mutants to perform a systematic examination of phrenic‐diaphragm embryogenesis. This includes examining the spatiotemporal relationship of phrenic axon outgrowth and muscle precursors during different stages of myogenesis. Additionally, mutant mice lacking c‐met receptors were used to visualize the mesenchymal substratum of the developing diaphragm in the absence of myogenic cells. We found no evidence for contributions to the diaphragm musculature from the lateral body wall, septum transversum, or esophageal mesenchyme, as standard dogma would state. Nor did the data support the hypothesis that the crural diaphragm is of distinct embryological origins. Rather, we found that myogenic cells and axons destined to form the neuromuscular component of the diaphragm coalesce within the pleuroperitoneal fold (PPF). It is the expansion of these components of the PPF that leads to the formation of the diaphragm. Furthermore, we extended these studies to examine the developing diaphragm in an animal model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We find that malformation of the PPF mesenchymal substratum leads to the defect characteristic of CDH. In summary, the data demonstrates that a significant revision of narratives describing normal and pathological development of the diaphragm is warranted. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:477–487, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A group of glutamatergic interneurons expressing high levels of both neurokinin‐1 receptors and somatostatin identifies the region of the pre‐Bötzinger complex
Authors: Stornetta Ruth L. , Rosin Diane L. , Wang Hong , Sevigny Charles P. , Weston Matthew C. , Guyenet Patrice G.
Published: January 2003

The pre‐Bötzinger complex (pre‐BötC) is a physiologically defined group of ventrolateral medullary neurons that plays a central role in respiratory rhythm generation. These cells are located in a portion of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that is difficult to identify precisely for lack of a specific marker. We sought to determine whether somatostatin (SST) might be a marker for this region. The rat pre‐BötC area was defined as a 500‐μm‐long segment of ventrolateral medulla coextensive with the ventral respiratory group. This region was identified by juxtacellular labeling of neurons with respiratory‐related activity and by its location rostral to the phrenic premotor neurons. It contained most of the SST‐ir neuronal somata of the RVLM. These cells were small (107 μm2) and expressed high levels of preprosomatostatin mRNA. They were strongly neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R)‐ir and were selectively destroyed by saporin conjugated with an NK1R agonist (SSP‐SAP). Most SST‐ir neurons (>90%) contained vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA, and terminals immunoreactive for SST and VGLUT2 protein were found in their midst. Few SST‐ir neurons contained GAD‐67 mRNA (<1%) or preproenkephalin mRNA (6%). Retrograde labeling experiments demonstrated that over 75% of the SST‐ir neurons project to the contralateral pre‐BötC area, but none projects to the spinal cord. In conclusion, the RVLM contains many neurons that express preprosomatostatin mRNA. A subgroup of these cells contains high levels of SST and NK1R immunoreactivity in their somata. These glutamatergic interneurons identify a narrow region of the RVLM that appears to be coextensive with the pre‐BötC of adult rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:499–512, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical and brainstem neurons containing calcium‐binding proteins in a murine model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: Selective changes in the sensorimotor cortex
Authors: Carretta Donatella , Santarelli Marialaura , Vanni Duccio , Ciabatti Sonia , Sbriccoli Alessandro , Pinto Francesco , Minciacchi Diego
Published: January 2003

In the muscular dystrophic (mdx) mouse, which is characterized by deficient dystrophin expression and provides a model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, we previously demonstrated marked central nervous system alterations and in particular a quantitative reduction of corticospinal and rubrospinal neurons and pathologic changes of these cells. Prompted by these findings and in view of the relations between calcium ions and dystrophin, we analyzed with immunohistochemistry the neurons containing the calcium‐binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin D28k, and calretinin in cortical areas and brainstem nuclei of mdx mice. In the sensorimotor cortex, parvalbumin‐positive and calbindin‐positive neurons, which represent a subset of cortical interneurons, were significantly more numerous in mdx mice than in wild‐type ones. In addition, the laminar distribution of parvalbumin‐positive neurons in the motor and somatosensory cortical areas of mdx mice was altered with respect to wild‐type animals. No alterations in the number and distribution were found in the parvalbumin‐ or calbindin‐expressing cell populations of the visual and anterior cingulate cortices of mdx mice. The pattern of calretinin immunoreactivity was normal in all investigated cortical areas. The cell populations containing either calcium‐binding protein were similar in brainstem nuclei of mdx and wild‐type mice. The present findings demonstrated selective changes of subsets of interneurons in the motor and somatosensory cortical areas of mdx mice. Therefore, the data showed that, in the cortices of these mutant animals, the previously demonstrated pathologic changes of corticospinal cell populations are accompanied by marked alterations in the local circuitry. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:48–59, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of androgen receptor mRNA in the late embryonic and early posthatch zebra finch brain
Authors: Perlman William R. , Ramachandran Baskaran , Arnold Arthur P.
Published: January 2003

Zebra finch males sing and females do not, and the underlying neural circuitry in males is more developed than that in females. Sex steroid hormones influence the development of sex differences in this circuitry, including differences in androgen receptor (AR) expression, although the role of androgens has been controversial. We isolated a cDNA encoding a portion of the zebra finch AR and used in situ hybridization to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of AR mRNA expression in the brain during late embryonic development and at hatching. We detected AR mRNA in all the major subdivisions of the brain as early as embryonic day 10. No qualitative sex differences in AR mRNA expression patterns were observed. Cells lining the ventral arm of the lateral telencephalic ventricles expressed AR mRNA on embryonic day 11 and posthatching day 1, as did cells lining the third ventricle at all three developmental stages examined, suggesting that androgens may play a role in early stages of cellular proliferation, migration, or differentiation. AR mRNA was also detected in the hippocampus, neostriatum, septum, ventromedial archistriatum, hypothalamic regions, dorsal mesencephalon, and in and around the brainstem nucleus tracheosyringealis. Our results suggested that androgens act early in neural development and therefore may contribute to the process of sexual differentiation. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:513–530, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α‐Melanophore‐stimulating hormone in the brain, cranial placode derivatives, and retina of Xenopus laevis during development in relation to background adaptation
Authors: Kramer Bianca M.R. , Claassen Ilse E.W.M. , Westphal Nicole J. , Jansen Marjolein , Tuinhof Rienk , Jenks Bruce G. , Roubos Eric W.
Published: January 2003

The amphibian Xenopus laevis can adapt the color of its skin to the light intensity of the background. A key peptide in this adaptation process is α‐melanophore‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), which is derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and released by the endocrine melanotrope cells in the pituitary pars intermedia. In this study, the presence of α‐MSH in the brain, cranial placode derivatives, and retina of developing Xenopus laevis was investigated using immunocytochemistry, to test the hypothesis that POMC peptide‐producing neurons and endocrine cells have a common embryonic origin and a common function, i.e., controlling each other's activities and/or being involved in the process of physiological adaptation. The presence of α‐MSH‐positive cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral hypothalamic nucleus, epiphysis, and endocrine melanotrope and corticotrope cells, which are all involved in regulation of adaptation processes, has been detected from stage 37/38 onward. This is consistent with the presumed common origin of these cells, the anterior neural ridge (ANR) of the neural‐plate‐stage embryo. The olfactory epithelium and the otic and epibranchial ganglia also contain α‐MSH, indicating that these placodal derivatives originate from a common placodal domain continuous with the ANR. Furthermore, we demonstrate the presence of α‐MSH in a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which is possibly also derived from the ANR. Immunoreactivity for α‐MSH in RGCs that are located in the dorsal part of the retina is dependent on the background light intensity, suggesting that these cells are involved in the regulation of background adaptation. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that POMC peptide‐producing cells have a common embryonic origin and are involved in adaptation processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:73–83, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of two teleost melanopsin genes and their differential expression within the inner retina and brain
Authors: Drivenes Øyvind , Søviknes Anne Mette , Ebbesson Lars O.E. , Fjose Anders , Seo Hee‐Chan , Helvik Jon Vidar
Published: January 2003

Melanopsin is a newly discovered photopigment that is believed to be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in tetrapods. Here we describe the characterization of the first two teleost melanopsins (opn4a and opn4b) isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). These two teleost genes belong to a subgroup of melanopsins that also include members from Xenopus, chicken, and Takifugu. In situ hybridization revealed that opn4a and opn4b are differentially expressed within the retina and brain. In the larval and adult retina, both melanopsins are expressed in a subset of cells in the inner retina, resembling amacrine and ganglion cells. In addition, opn4a is expressed in the horizontal cells, indicating a separate task for this gene. In the brain, the two melanopsins are separately expressed in two major retinal and extraretinal photosensitive integration centers, namely, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (opn4a) and the habenula (opn4b). The expression of opn4a in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in cod is similar to the melanopsin expression found in Xenopus. This suggests a conserved role for this opsin and an involvement in mediation of nonvisual photoreceptive tasks, such as entraining circadian rhythms and/or hypophysiotrophic systems. The differential expression of opn4b in the habenula suggests that this gene plays a role similar to that of opn4a, in that it is also situated in an area that integrates photic inputs from the pineal as well as other brain regions. Thus, the habenula may be an additional region that mediates photic cues in teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:84–93, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connexin immunoreactivity in glial cells of the rat retina
Authors: Zahs Kathleen R. , Kofuji Paulo , Meier Carola , Dermietzel Rolf
Published: January 2003

The rat retina contains two types of macroglial cells, Müller cells, radial glial cells that are the principal macroglial cells of vertebrate retinas, and astrocytes associated with the surface vasculature. In addition to the often‐described gap‐junctional coupling between astrocytes, coupling also occurs between astrocytes and Müller cells. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to identify connexins in the retinas of pigmented rats. Several antibodies directed against connexin43 stained astrocytes, identified using antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In addition, two connexin43 antibodies stained Müller cells, identified with antibodies directed against S100 or glutamine synthetase. Connexin30‐immunoreactive puncta were confined to the vitreal surface of the retina and colocalized with GFAP‐immunoreactive astrocyte processes. Connexin45 immunoreactivity was associated with both astrocytes and Müller cells. We conclude that retinal glial cells express multiple connexins, and the patterns of immunostaining that we observe in this study are consistent with the expression of connexins30, −43, and possibly −45 by astrocytes and the expression of connexins43 and −45 by Müller cells. As gap‐junction channels may be formed by both homotypic and heterotypic hemichannels, and the hemichannels may themselves be homomeric or heteromeric, there exists a multitude of possible gap‐junction channels that could underlie the homotypic coupling between retinal astrocytes and the heterotypic coupling between astrocytes and Müller cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:531–546, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Color coordinates of objects with daylight changes
Authors: Romero Javier , Hernández‐Andrés Javier , Nieves Juan L. , García José A.
Published: January 2003

Colorimetric changes were analyzed for a broad set of natural and artificial objects that were illuminated by daylight measured at different solar elevations on separate days, under diverse meteorologic conditions. The changes in L*‐, a*‐, and b*‐color coordinates of the objects, when illuminated with daylight at the maximum solar elevation and at twilight, normally exceeded 3 CIELAB units. However, color differences were not significant when evaluated during the middle hours of the day. Nor were significant differences found in the color of an object on different days, when evaluated during the middle hours. Color appearance attributes of the objects at intervals during the day were also calculated based on the CIECAM97s color appearance model, showing the trends with daylight changes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 25–35, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
A comparison of constant stimuli and gray‐scale methods of color difference scaling
Authors: Montag Ethan D. , Wilber David C.
Published: January 2003

Two psychophysical techniques, the method of constant stimuli and the gray‐scale comparison method, were used to determine color tolerances for three different color centers in the hue, chroma, and lightness directions in CIELAB color space. The same color‐difference pairs were used as the stimuli in both experiments. Although the results followed the same trends, they were different for the two techniques. Based on comparison of the validity and precision of the results, as well as the ease of implementation, use, and analysis, the method of constant stimuli is the preferable method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 36–44, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Modeling color change after spinning process using feedforward neural networks
Authors: Thevenet L. , Dupont D. , Jolly‐Desodt A. M.
Published: January 2003

This article is concerned with the reflectance spectra prediction based on a neural network developed for yarn from the roving reflectance spectra. The neural network developed is a multilayer feed‐forward network. The first system is wavelength dependent, but its performance is not very satisfactory. The scaled conjugate gradient algorithm is incorporated into the backpropagation procedure to reduce the training phase. Once the wavelength independence of the transformation is established, a second system, whose performances agree with the experimental curves, is proposed. Finally, this system is completed by the introduction of a yarn parameter: the count. The results of this later model are quite promising. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 50–58, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Determining colour gamuts of digital cameras and scanners
Authors: Morovič Ján , Morovič Peter
Published: January 2003

The determination of the colour gamuts of colour reproduction media is an important aspect of both understanding them in isolation and using them in the context of a colour reproduction system. Although this is well understood for output colour reproduction media, a solution for input media is not to be had in a simple way. To this end, in this article, we propose a method based on simulating the responses of an input medium to given spectral power distributions. We then determine the gamut of an input medium on the basis of having a set of spectra that covers the majority of all possible spectra, knowing a medium's quantized responses to them, and then determining a boundary beyond which the medium does not produce variation in its responses. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 59–68, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
A non‐PC look at principal components
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: January 2003

Two principal‐component methods are used in color science. For a given data set of spectra, one method finds the best‐fitting subspace about the mean spectrum, and the other finds the best‐fitting subspace about the zero spectrum. The first of these was originally developed for illuminants and the second for reflectance analysis. Yet there seems to be no strong argument for choosing one method over the other, in either case. Hence it is urged that each of us declares which one we are using, even if making that discrimination is considered “non‐PC” (i.e., not “politically correct”). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 69–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Aspiration cytology of cystic carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Levine Pascale Hummel , Waisman Jerry , Yang Grace C.H.
Published: January 2003

Cystic carcinomas of the breast are rarely encountered in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies. The most common entities comprise intracystic papillary adenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma with cystic degeneration including comedo forms of ductal adenocarcinoma in situ, medullary carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and cystic hypersecretory ductal adenocarcinoma. The cytologic diagnosis is often hampered by sparse cellularity, abundant obscuring blood, necrotic debris, and degenerative changes in diagnostic cells. We report on the cytologic features of 10 cases of cystic carcinoma, including 12 FNA biopsies with radiologic and surgical correlation. The original cytologic diagnoses for these cases were: benign (2 cases), atypical (2 cases), suspicious (3 cases), and positive for malignant cells (3 cases). On repeat FNA, one benign case and one atypical case were reclassified, respectively, as atypical and suspicious for carcinoma. The follow‐up diagnoses were 5 intracystic papillary adenocarcinomas and 5 cystic ductal adenocarcinomas. Despite 2 false‐negative cases, all cases were adequately managed. Correlation with clinical and radiologic findings and direct sampling of any solid component of these cystic neoplasms are crucial in diagnosis and management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:39–44. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of metastatic carcinoid tumor: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Jackson Shawn B. , Williams H. James
Published: January 2003

While carcinoid tumor is a relatively common neoplasm in surgical pathology, fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology as a method of primary diagnosis has only been reported in the literature a few times. We report on the case of a 42‐yr‐old female with multiple large metastatic tumor deposits in her liver, pelvic adnexae, bones, and lungs, with an unknown primary. FNA was performed on one of the liver masses, and was diagnosed using routine histochemical and immunohistochemical stains as carcinoid tumor. No follow‐up tissue diagnosis has been obtained. However, the patient is still alive with her tumor 1 yr later. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology can be a useful and safe tool in the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid tumors, avoiding the need for surgery which would not otherwise be indicated for treatment. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:49–53. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.