bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A good story or a good identity?
Authors: Van De Mieroop Dorien
Published: October 2009

Big stories are typically characterized by a high degree of reflexivity, which results in the construction of a fairly coherent — or even “rehearsed” — identity that is acceptable from a contemporary viewpoint. This article focuses on the life story of a former SS Leibstandarte soldier elicited by means of an interview. Most of the analysis confirms this idea of the construction of a “rehearsed” self, since the narrator consistently presents himself as a peaceful man who did not agree with Hitler’s regime. However, although rarely, the interviewee self-initiates stories that do not perfectly match this identity construction. These stories all contain highly reportable events, in which most attention is paid to enhancing credibility instead of making them conform to the prevalent identity construction. This demonstrates that also in big stories, the activity of narrating takes place in the here and now, thus making an audience-oriented criterion such as reportability so important that contradictions of this “rehearsed” identity may occur.
Developing a model of narrative analysis to investigate the role of social support in coping with traumatic war memories
Authors: Burnell Karen J. , Hunt Nigel , Coleman Peter G.
Published: October 2009

Within clinical and health psychology, narrative is used to understand how people make meaning of events that challenge one’s believes about the self and the world e.g. the diagnosis of an illness or the experience of a traumatic event. This paper introduces a model of narrative analysis that can provide insight into the ways in which people make meaning of traumatic events and the types of resources that aid or hinder this process. The model, an adaptation of grounded narrative analysis (Murray, 2003), was applied at two levels (narrative form and narrative content) to the narratives of British male veterans of World War II (WWII) and post WWII veterans up to and including the Iraq war (2003– ). Narrative form concerned the coherence of the narrative, which was defined as an oriented, structured, affectively consistent, and integrated narrative, indicative of the reconciliation. Narrative content focused on the social support experiences of the veterans. Through this two level analysis, it was possible to make theoretical links between the types of social support that aid the meaning making process and help veterans to reconcile their experiences.
Family legacies
Authors: Thompson Blair , Koenig Kellas Jody , Soliz Jordan , Thompson Jason , Epp Amber , Schrodt Paul
Published: October 2009

The current study focused on discovering the ways in which the intergenerational transmission of family legacy stories both enables and constrains individual family members’ sense of their own identities. Using semi-structured interviews, 17 third generation family members identified a multitude of both positive and negative family legacies. Both positive and negative legacies were influenced by the storytelling context. Positive legacies portrayed families as hardworking, caring, and cohesive while negative legacies were more idiosyncratic. Individual family members typically responded to their family legacies by embracing the positive and rejecting the negative. However, individuals’ responses also pointed to additional complexities in accepting or rejecting family legacies. Specifically, some individuals embraced negative family legacies and rejected positive ones; others only accepted portions of the legacies; and some reported their legacies as unembraceable.
Identities on paper
Authors: Moya Helen
Published: October 2009

This paper examines how life story books were used in two care settings in the UK for people with complex support needs. The context of the research was the transition of six people from a long stay hospital to a community home. Discourse analysis was used to analyse talk and texts in the care settings including staff interviews, meetings and the written text in the life story books themselves. Three uses of the books are highlighted in the analysis. They were used as a resource for: getting to know the person; defining the person; and displaying personality and uniqueness. Mutual identities of the various participants were constantly changing with reference to the life story books. It is suggested that the books encourage acceptance in the care relationships. The analysis demonstrated that despite the different uses of the life story books, highlighted by the care staff, there is an underlying assumption that what is written in the books is a direct representation of the person. It appears that once this type of information is committed to paper the identity of the person becomes reified.
“I’ve got a girlfriend”
Authors: Stokoe Elizabeth
Published: October 2009

This paper investigates when, how and for what interactional function, police officers disclose something about their personal lives to the suspects they interview. Anonymized recordings of 120 interviews between different police officers and suspects in a constabulary area of the British police service were transcribed and analysed using conversation analysis. The analysis revealed that ‘clear’ cases of self-disclosure (SDs) had two main functions: (1) When positioned as full turn responses within a suspect’s narrative telling, SDs were designed to affiliate with suspects, in contrast to ‘continuer’ turns that aligned with the telling. A similar affiliative action was accomplished by SDs positioned as sequence-launching first-pair parts of adjacency pairs. Affiliative SDs coalesced around categorial phenomena by displaying shared knowledge of categorial items in suspects’ prior turns, and by temporarily suspending ‘officer’ and ‘suspect’ category memberships and making other identities relevant (e.g., ‘heterosexual man’; ‘social worker’). (2) When positioned as second-pair part responses to suspects’ questions, SDs blocked suspects’ attempts to halt the routine pattern in police interviews of question-answer sequences, and sometimes functioned to pursue admissions from suspects. As such, these SDs had a clearer institutional function than the affiliative SDs. Four further possible types of SD were also considered for their admission-pursuing function. Overall, the paper challenges psychological and narrative analytic approaches to self-disclosure, grounding the analysis of such phenomena in the potent reality of everyday life, rather than in researcher-elicited, self-reported narrative accounts.
Effect of oligofructose or dietary calcium on repeated calcium and phosphorus balances, bone mineralization and trabecular structure in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Scholz-Ahrens Katharina E. , Açil Yahya , Schrezenmeir Jürgen
Published: October 2009

We investigated the effects of dietary oligofructose and Ca on bone structure in ovariectomized rats, using microradiography and histomorphometry. Ninety-six animals were allocated to seven experimental groups: G1, sham-operated; G2–G7, ovariectomized. Semi-purified diets containing 5 g Ca/kg (recommended content) without oligofructose (G1, G2) or with 25, 50 or 100 g oligofructose/kg (G3, G4, G5) or 10 g Ca/kg (high content) without oligofructose (G6) or with 50 g oligofructose/kg (G7) were fed for 16 weeks. At the recommended level of Ca, high oligofructose (G5) increased femur mineral levels in ovariectomized rats, while medium oligofructose did so at high Ca. Increasing Ca in the absence of oligofructose did not increase femur mineral content. Trabecular bone area (%) analysed in the tibia was 10·3 (SEM 1·2) (G1), 7·7 (SEM 0·6) (G2), 9·3 (SEM 0·7) (G3), 9·4 (SEM 1·0) (G4), 9·5 (SEM 0·7) (G5), 10·2 (SEM 0·8) (G6), and 12·6 (SEM 0·8) (G7). At the recommended level of Ca, 25 g oligofructose/kg prevented loss of trabecular area due to increased trabecular thickness, while 50 or 100 g oligofructose/kg increased trabecular perimeter. At high Ca, oligofructose prevented loss of bone area due to increased trabecular number but similar thickness (G7v. G6). When Ca was raised in the presence of oligofructose (G7), trabecular area and cortical thickness were highest, while loss of trabecular connectivity was lowest of all groups. At the same time, lumbar vertebra Ca was higher; 44·0 (SEM 0·8) (G7) compared with 41·6 (SEM 0·8) (G2), 41·4 (SEM 0·7) (G4), and 40·5 (SEM 1·0) mg (G6). We conclude that ovariectomy-induced loss of bone structure in the tibia was prevented but with different trabecular architecture, depending on whether dietary Ca was increased, oligofructose was incorporated, or both. Oligofructose was most effective when dietary Ca was high.
Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of α-linolenic acid metabolism in young men
Authors: Burdge Graham C. , Jones Amanda E. , Wootton Stephen A.
Published: October 2009

The capacity for conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALNA) ton−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated in young men. Emulsified [U−13C]ALNA was administered orally with a mixed meal to six subjects consuming their habitual diet. Approximately 33 % of administered [13C]ALNA was recovered as13CO2on breath over the first 24 h. [13C]ALNA was mobilised from enterocytes primarily as chylomicron triacylglycerol (TAG), while [13C]ALNA incorporation into plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) occurred later, probably by the liver. The time scale of conversion of [13C]ALNA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) suggested that the liver was the principal site of ALNA desaturation and elongation, although there was some indication of EPA and DPA synthesis by enterocytes. [13C]EPA and [13C]DPA concentrations were greater in plasma PC than TAG, and were present in the circulation for up to 7 and 14 d, respectively. There was no apparent13C enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plasma PC, TAG or non-esterified fatty acids at any time point measured up to 21 d. This pattern of13Cn−3 fatty acid labelling suggests inhibition or restriction of DHA synthesis downstream of DPA. [13C]ALNA, [13C]EPA and [13C]DPA were incorporated into erythrocyte PC, but not phosphatidylethanolamine, suggesting uptake of intact plasma PC molecules from lipoproteins into erythrocyte membranes. Since the capacity of adult males to convert ALNA to DHA was either very low or absent, uptake of pre-formed DHA from the diet may be critical for maintaining adequate membrane DHA concentrations in these individuals.
Suppressive effect of dietary raffinose on T-helper 2 cell-mediated immunity
Authors: Nagura Taizo , Hachimura Satoshi , Hashiguchi Masaaki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Kanno Takashi , Kikuchi Hiroto , Sayama Kouji , Kaminogawa Shuichi
Published: October 2009

The effects of the dietary oligosaccharide raffinose on immune responses, with special reference to its anti-allergic functions, were examinedin vivo. First, feeding a diet supplemented with 50 g raffinose/kg to BALB/c mice significantly (P<0·05) increased interleukin (IL) 12 secretion from isolated Peyer's patch (PP) cellsin vitrocompared with feeding control diet. When isolated PP cells were used as antigen-presenting cells (APC) for CD4+T-splenocytes isolated from ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptor transgenic (Tg) mice in the presence of OVA as antigen, significantly (P<0·05) higher levels of interferon-γ were observed in the cultures using APC from raffinose-fed mice than those cultures using APC from control mice. Second, the diet containing 50 g raffinose/kg or control diet was fed to OVA Tg mice, and subsequently, OVA was added to each diet to prime T cellsin vivo. CD4+T-cells from the mesenteric lymph nodes of the raffinose-fed mice secreted significantly (P<0·05) higher levels of IL-2 and significantly (P<0·05) lower levels of IL-4 followingin vitroantigenic stimulation compared with those of the control mice. These present results suggest that feeding raffinose may suppress differentiation of naïve T-helper (Th) cells into Th2 cells in the mesenteric lymphoid nodes. Last, feeding raffinose suppressed rises of serum immunoglobulin E levels in the Tg mice treated with long-term ingestion of OVA. In conclusion, it is suggested that dietary raffinose suppresses serum immunoglobulin E response through suppression of Th2-type immune response against oral antigen in the lymphoid organs located in or near the intestine.
Concurrent validity of alcohol consumption measurement in a ‘healthy’ population; quantity-frequency questionnaire v. dietary history interview
Authors: Koppes Lando L. J. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Snel Jan , Kemper Han C. G.
Published: October 2009

Self-reports of alcohol consumption account for approximately 50 % of the reported sales of alcohol. In the absence of a gold standard, it is not known how accurately different methods of measurement reflect actual consumption and whether under-reporting varies among different populations. The objective of the present study was to compare the consumption reported by the widely used quantity-frequency questionnaire (QFQ) with that reported in a cross-check dietary history interview (DHI), which has higher face validity. In 171 male and 197 female subjects of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (mean age 36 years), alcohol consumption was assessed by both the QFQ and the DHI. Most subjects reported a moderate consumption of alcohol by both measures. Spearman correlation coefficients were high (0·77 and 0·87 in men and women respectively). Overall, greater alcohol consumption was reported using the DHI. The difference between the DHI and QFQ reports was usually greater for wine than for beer. Backward stepwise regression analysis showed that the difference in reporting was positively related to a more irregular drinking pattern, and in wine drinkers to the square of the QFQ report. Sex, drinking alone or with others and the CAGE (acronym for four questions on drinking behaviour) score were not related to the difference in reporting. The precision of DHI estimation from QFQ reports and other factors was low. Serious questions arise as to the validity and precision of alcohol consumption measurements based on the QFQ alone. QFQ information may be improved by incorporating questions on the type of beverage and drinking patterns.
No effect of a high-fat diet on promotion of sex hormone-induced prostate and mammary carcinogenesis in the Noble rat model
Authors: Leung G. , Benzie I. F. F. , Cheung A. , Tsao S. W. , Wong Y. C.
Published: October 2009

Results of international correlation and migrant studies suggest that dietary fat promotes carcinogenesis in hormone-sensitive sites, but this is disputed. In the present study, we used a Noble rat model of sex hormone-induced cancers to examine the effect of a high-fat diet on the incidence and latency of prostate and mammary cancer in male (n139) and female (n72) animals respectively. We also measured α-tocopherol levels in female breast tissue to determine whether a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids depletes antioxidant defence in target tissues, providing a possible potentiating mechanism for carcinogenesis. Results showed a very high incidence of hormone-induced adenocarcinomas of prostate and mammary gland, irrespective of diet. There was no difference in the pattern of carcinogenesis in different prostatic locations, weight of the prostate, or weight gain between male rats on the high-fat diet compared with the control (standard, low-fat) diet. In female rats, the incidence of mammary cancer and the body-weight gain were the same in both dietary groups, and breast α-tocopherol was also unaffected by dietary fat intake. Our present results are supportive of recent cohort studies that reported no significant association between intake of fat and the development of human prostate and breast cancer, and do not support a role for dietary fat in promoting sex hormone-induced prostate and mammary carcinogenesis.
Conversion of α-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women
Authors: Burdge Graham C. , Wootton Stephen A.
Published: October 2009

The extent to which women of reproductive age are able to convert then−3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALNA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was investigatedin vivoby measuring the concentrations of labelled fatty acids in plasma for 21 d following the ingestion of [U−13C]ALNA (700 mg). [13C]ALNA excursion was greatest in cholesteryl ester (CE) (224 (SEM 70) μmol/l over 21 d) compared with triacylglycerol (9-fold), non-esterified fatty acids (37-fold) and phosphatidylcholine (PC, 7-fold). EPA excursion was similar in both PC (42 (SEM 8) μmol/l) and CE (42 (SEM 9) μmol/l) over 21 d. In contrast both [13C]DPA and [13C]DHA were detected predominately in PC (18 (SEM 4) and 27 (SEM 7) μmol/l over 21 d, respectively). Estimated net fractional ALNA inter-conversion was EPA 21 %, DPA 6 % and DHA 9 %. Approximately 22 % of administered [13C]ALNA was recovered as13CO2on breath over the first 24 h of the study. These results suggest differential partitioning of ALNA, EPA and DHA between plasma lipid classes, which may facilitate targeting of individualn−3 fatty acids to specific tissues. Comparison with previous studies suggests that women may possess a greater capacity for ALNA conversion than men. Such metabolic capacity may be important for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate for DHA during pregnancy and lactation. Differences in DHA status between women both in the non-pregnant state and in pregnancy may reflect variations in metabolic capacity for DHA synthesis.
Relationship Between Therapeutic Homework and Clinical Outcomes for Individuals with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Kelly Peter J. , Deane Frank P.
Published: October 2009

Objective: Therapeutic homework has been recommended for use by mental health case managers to help patients with severe mental illness (SMI). The current research examined the actual use of homework by case managers working in clinical practice.

Method: Case managers were trained in a systematic approach to homework administration and were provided with carbonized homework administration pads to assist with homework implementation. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to examine the relationship between homework and outcome for participants in the study (n = 129).

Results: The total number of homework assignments administered to each patient predicted improvement on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) and Kessler 10. How well the homework was completed also predicted improvements on the HoNOS. The relationship between homework and recovery-orientated outcome measures was not significant.

Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary support for the use of a systematic approach to homework administration procedures when working with SMI. Future research should examine strategies to promote the regular use of systematic homework administration procedures by mental health case managers.
Review of the Quality of Information on Bipolar Disorder on the Internet
Authors: Barnes Caryl , Harvey Robin , Wilde Alex , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan , Wilhelm Kay , Mitchell Philip B.
Published: October 2009

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the quality of commonly found websites on bipolar disorder. A specifically designed quality tool, the Bipolar Website Quality Checklist (BWQC), was developed for this purpose.

Methods: The BWQC was developed from quality criteria identified by a literature review of Medline (1966 +), Medline in-process and non-indexed citations, PsychINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Pub Med, Science citation index, and Psych Articles, using keywords: ‘quality, reliability, accuracy, readability, evaluation, assessment, information, internet, web, www’. To identify relevant websites, seven common search engines were accessed and searched using a string of key words: ‘bipolar disorder + mania+ manic depression+ hypomania’. The top active 15 sites identified were rated by three independent raters, using the BWQC and DISCERN instruments.

Results: There was a wide variability in the quality of the websites reviewed. The Black Dog Institute website was ranked first by the BWQC and DISCERN instruments. The National Institute of Mental Health website was ranked second by DISCERN and seventh by BWQC. The BWQC demonstrated high interrater reliability (r = 0.89) and correlated strongly (r = 0.78, p = 0.001) with the more generic DISCERN instrument. Websites with an editorial board or affiliation to a professional organization or which contained information on a variety of mental health issues had higher quality information on bipolar disorder and its treatment than websites that did not share these characteristics.

Conclusions: High-quality information on bipolar disorder does exist on the Internet. It is important that clinicians are familiar with such websites so that they can recommend the most appropriate site that meets the specific need of the individual. Use of such websites can assist clinicians in adhering to clinical practice guidelines by providing material to augment psychoeducational interventions.
Factors Affecting Time to Rehospitalization for Chinese Patients with Bipolar I Disorder in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ching-Hua , Kuo Chao-Chan , Liu Ren-Yi , Huang Ching-Wen , Chen Cheng-Chung
Published: October 2009

Objective: Bipolar disorder is a recurrent disorder for the vast majority of patients, and hospitalization is normally used to control severe symptoms. The goals of treating bipolar disorder include symptomatic remission, full return of psychosocial functioning, and prevention of relapses/recurrences. Rehospitalization, however, becomes necessary with the relapse/recurrence of severe symptoms. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate the risk factors affecting the time to rehospitalization.

Method: Rehospitalization status was monitored for all patients with bipolar I disorder discharged from Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2004. Patients were followed up with respect to rehospitalization until 31 December 2005. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate the mean time to rehospitalization within 1 year after discharge. Risk factors associated with rehospitalization were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results: Four hundred and twenty patients were recruited for the study. Two hundred and eleven patients (50.2%) were readmitted, and the mean time to rehospitalization was 231 days (SD = 7). Bipolar depression at index hospitalization, age at onset, and the number of previous hospitalizations were found to be predictors for time to rehospitalization.

Conclusion: Bipolar depression at index hospitalization, the earlier the onset of an affective episode, and a higher number of previous hospitalizations were associated with a shorter time to rehospitalization. Further studies in this field should test risk factors in a prospective study and be conducted in various mental health systems.
Can Drug Treatments Enhance Learning in Subjects with Intellectual Disability?
Authors: Glue Paul , Patterson Tess
Published: October 2009

Recent research has identified specific molecular mechanisms that might account for impaired learning in particular intellectual disability syndromes. These and other findings raise the possibility that targeted drug treatments might be developed to enhance learning in subjects with intellectual disability. This review considers strategies for developing treatments, and identifies critical issues that will need to be considered in such programmes.
The Resource Hub: An Innovative E-Information Service Delivery Model Addressing Mental Health Knowledge Management
Authors: O'Sullivan Julie , Powell Jacinta , Gibbon Peter , Emmerson Brett
Published: October 2009

Objective: This paper outlines the development of the Resource Hub, an intranet-based electronic information service designed to improve knowledge management and staff satisfaction in the Inner North Brisbane Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Health Service District.

Method: The Resource Hub was launched in April 2007. It encompasses a large range of electronically stored resources and clinically relevant information, including direct links to approved internet sites, psychoeducation resources, fact sheets, resource lists and details of current service research projects. The Hub will continue to expand over time, improving access to clinical service delivery resources.

Results: A significant review conducted in April 2008 resulted in modifications to further improve the content and design of the Hub. Ongoing evaluation incorporates regular usage monitoring and stakeholder satisfaction surveys.

Conclusions: The Resource Hub is a service delivery innovation that effectively addresses mental health service knowledge management issues. It is a strategy that could readily be transferred to other district mental health services and to health services in general.
Integrated Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Co-Occurring Substance Misuse and Major Depression: Lessons from a Youth Mental Health Service
Authors: Carroll Steve , Hides Leanne , Catania Lisa , Mathias Steve , Greenwood-Smith Catherine , Lubman Dan
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe a 20-week integrated cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) program addressing co-occurring substance misuse and major depression in young people.

Method: Participants were aged between 15 and 25 years, met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder and had at least weekly illicit drug use and/or weekly alcohol use exceeding the Australian national guidelines on alcohol.

Results: Between December 2004 and January 2007, an integrated CBT program was offered to 60 young people with co-occurring depression and substance misuse who presented to a youth-specific mental health service. Young people attended for a median of 10.5 sessions.

Conclusions: We describe the components of a 20-week integrated CBT program for young people with co-occurring depression and comorbid substance misuse, as well as the challenges associated with providing such treatment. While integrated treatment approaches are recommended as best practice for this population, further evaluation is necessary to determine their effectiveness within routine clinical settings.
What do GPs Want from a Psychiatrist's Letter?
Authors: Selzer Rob , Foley Fiona , Ellen Steve , McGartland Michael
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the preferences of general practitioners (GPs) in reply letters for patients referred for a one-off psychiatric assessment.

Method: A sample of GPs referring to a primary mental health team service were mailed a questionnaire inquiring into the usefulness of 21 different letter items.

Results: The response rate was 51%. Many of the items in our routine reply letters were rated highly, but others such as developmental history, supplementary information and a comprehensive report were not. Sending a copy of the letter to the patient was rated as useful by only 42.5%.

Conclusions: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ guidelines for reply letters are endorsed. There are, however, some additional items that GPs may find useful.
Qualitative Research: Why Psychiatrists are Well-Placed to Contribute to the Literature
Authors: Crabb Shona , Chur-Hansen Anna
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of this paper is to outline and review some of the qualitative approaches – specifically interviewing and case studies – that can contribute to psychiatric research, and to highlight the existing skills that psychiatrists can bring to such approaches.

Conclusions: Qualitative research methods are currently under-utilized in psychiatric research. Psychiatrists are well placed to utilize qualitative methodologies by applying the skills that they acquire through training and clinical practice. Psychiatrists wishing to conduct research might wish to consider and adopt qualitative methods where appropriate.
Professionalism and Psychiatry: Past, Present, Future
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh
Published: October 2009

Objectives: Professionalism is a core component of being a good psychiatrist. In spite of repeated attacks on psychiatry as a profession, the knowledge and skills required to be a professional have increased. Setting standards and having autonomy and self regulation are crucial aspects of professionalism. The attacks on the medical profession have been related to a perception that the profession is inward looking. With changes in the knowledge base and ease of access to information, the relationship between the patient and the clinician needs to be revisited.

Conclusions: The basic principles of professionalism rely on primacy of patient welfare and patient autonomy. Social justice and a just distribution of finite resources and professional responsibilities need to be redefined. Psychiatry's implicit contract with society needs to be renegotiated for the 21st century.
STAR∗D: Has it Taught us Anything about the Management of Depression?
Authors: Castle David , Schweitzer Isaac , Tiller John
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of this paper was to review the large US National Institute of Mental Health-sponsored depression intervention effectiveness study, STAR∗D, in order to evaluate critically its relevance for Australasian clinicians.

Conclusions: STAR∗D is a landmark study which tried to address issues of effectiveness rather than efficacy, of a number of interventions for depression. However, methodological shortcomings limit the utility of the study in informing Australasian clinical practice.
Immobilization of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Gas1 Protein into the Chitin Ring and Septum Is Required for Proper Morphogenesis in Yeast
Authors: Rolli Eleonora , Ragni Enrico , Calderon Julia , Porello Silvia , Fascio Umberto , Popolo Laura
Published: October 2009

Gas1p is a glucan-elongase that plays a crucial role in yeast morphogenesis. It is predominantly anchored to the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol, but a fraction was also found covalently bound to the cell wall. We have used fusions with the green fluorescent protein or red fluorescent protein (RFP) to determine its localization. Gas1p was present in microdomains of the plasma membrane, at the mother-bud neck and in the bud scars. By exploiting the instability of RFP-Gas1p, we identified mobile and immobile pools of Gas1p. Moreover, in chs3Δ cells the chitin ring and the cross-linked Gas1p were missing, but this unveiled an additional unexpected localization of Gas1p along the septum line in cells at cytokinesis. Localization of Gas1p was also perturbed in a chs2Δ mutant where a remedial septum is produced. Phenotypic analysis of cells expressing a fusion of Gas1p to a transmembrane domain unmasked new roles of the cell wall-bound Gas1p in the maintenance of the bud neck size and in cell separation. We present evidence that Crh1p and Crh2p are required for tethering Gas1p to the chitin ring and bud scar. These results reveal a new mechanism of protein immobilization at specific sites of the cell envelope.
The Cdc42 Effectors Ste20, Cla4, and Skm1 Down-Regulate the Expression of Genes Involved in Sterol Uptake by a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-independent Pathway
Authors: Lin Meng , Unden Heike , Jacquier Nicolas , Schneiter Roger , Just Ursula , Höfken Thomas
Published: October 2009

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Rho-type GTPase Cdc42 regulates polarized growth through its effectors, including the p21-activated kinases (PAKs) Ste20, Cla4, and Skm1. Previously, we demonstrated that Ste20 interacts with several proteins involved in sterol synthesis that are crucial for cell polarization. Under anaerobic conditions, sterols cannot be synthesized and need to be imported into cells. Here, we show that Ste20, Cla4, and Skm1 form a complex with Sut1, a transcriptional regulator that promotes sterol uptake. All three PAKs can translocate into the nucleus and down-regulate the expression of genes involved in sterol uptake, including the Sut1 targets AUS1 and DAN1 by a novel mechanism. Consistently, deletion of either STE20, CLA4, or SKM1 results in an increased sterol influx and PAK overexpression inhibits sterol uptake. For Ste20, we demonstrate that the down-regulation of gene expression requires nuclear localization and kinase activity of Ste20. Furthermore, the Ste20-mediated control of expression of sterol uptake genes depends on SUT1 but is independent of a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Together, these observations suggest that PAKs translocate into the nucleus, where they modulate expression of sterol uptake genes via Sut1, thereby controlling sterol homeostasis.
Regulation of the Transcription Factor YY1 in Mitosis through Phosphorylation of Its DNA-binding Domain
Authors: Rizkallah Raed , Hurt Myra M.
Published: October 2009

Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) is a ubiquitously expressed zinc finger transcription factor. It regulates a vast array of genes playing critical roles in development, differentiation, and cell cycle. Very little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the functions of YY1. It has long been proposed that YY1 is a phosphoprotein; however, a direct link between phosphorylation and the function of YY1 has never been proven. Investigation of the localization of YY1 during mitosis shows that it is distributed to the cytoplasm during prophase and remains excluded from DNA until early telophase. Immunostaining studies show that YY1 is distributed equally between daughter cells and rapidly associates with decondensing chromosomes in telophase, suggesting a role for YY1 in early marking of active and repressed genes. The exclusion of YY1 from DNA in prometaphase HeLa cells correlated with an increase in the phosphorylation of YY1 and loss of DNA-binding activity that can be reversed by dephosphorylation. We have mapped three phosphorylation sites on YY1 during mitosis and show that phosphorylation of two of these sites can abolish the DNA-binding activity of YY1. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for the inactivation of YY1 through phosphorylation of its DNA-binding domain.
Heat-Shock Factor 1 Controls Genome-wide Acetylation in Heat-shocked Cells
Authors: Fritah Sabrina , Col Edwige , Boyault Cyril , Govin Jérôme , Sadoul Karin , Chiocca Susanna , Christians Elisabeth , Khochbin Saadi , Jolly Caroline , Vourc'h Claire
Published: October 2009

A major regulatory function has been evidenced here for HSF1, the key transcription factor of the heat-shock response, in a large-scale remodeling of the cell epigenome. Indeed, upon heat shock, HSF1, in addition to its well-known transactivating activities, mediates a genome-wide and massive histone deacetylation. Investigating the underlying mechanisms, we show that HSF1 specifically associates with and uses HDAC1 and HDAC2 to trigger this heat-shock–dependent histone deacetylation. This work therefore identifies HSF1 as a master regulator of global chromatin acetylation and reveals a cross-talk between HSF1 and histone deacetylases in the general control of genome organization in response to heat shock.
Telomeric DNA Mediates De Novo PML Body Formation
Authors: Brouwer Anneke K. , Schimmel Joost , Wiegant Joop C.A.G. , Vertegaal Alfred C.O. , Tanke Hans J. , Dirks Roeland W.
Published: October 2009

The cell nucleus harbors a variety of different bodies that vary in number, composition, and size. Although these bodies coordinate important nuclear processes, little is known about how they are formed. Among the most intensively studied bodies in recent years is the PML body. These bodies have been implicated in gene regulation and other cellular processes and are disrupted in cells from patients suffering from acute promyelocytic leukemia. Using live cell imaging microscopy and immunofluorescence, we show in several cell types that PML bodies are formed at telomeric DNA during interphase. Recent studies revealed that both SUMO modification sites and SUMO interaction motifs in the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein are required for PML body formation. We show that SMC5, a component of the SUMO ligase MMS21-containing SMC5/6 complex, localizes temporarily at telomeric DNA during PML body formation, suggesting a possible role for SUMO in the formation of PML bodies at telomeric DNA. Our data identify a novel role of telomeric DNA during PML body formation.
The Drosophila Kinesin-13, KLP59D, Impacts Pacman- and Flux-based Chromosome Movement
Authors: Rath Uttama , Rogers Gregory C. , Tan Dongyan , Gomez-Ferreria Maria Ana , Buster Daniel W. , Sosa Hernando J. , Sharp David J.
Published: October 2009

Chromosome movements are linked to the active depolymerization of spindle microtubule (MT) ends. Here we identify the kinesin-13 family member, KLP59D, as a novel and uniquely important regulator of spindle MT dynamics and chromosome motility in Drosophila somatic cells. During prometaphase and metaphase, depletion of KLP59D, which targets to centrosomes and outer kinetochores, suppresses the depolymerization of spindle pole–associated MT minus ends, thereby inhibiting poleward tubulin Flux. Subsequently, during anaphase, loss of KLP59D strongly attenuates chromatid-to-pole motion by suppressing the depolymerization of both minus and plus ends of kinetochore-associated MTs. The mechanism of KLP59D's impact on spindle MT plus and minus ends appears to differ. Our data support a model in which KLP59D directly depolymerizes kinetochore-associated plus ends during anaphase, but influences minus ends indirectly by localizing the pole-associated MT depolymerase KLP10A. Finally, electron microscopy indicates that, unlike the other Drosophila kinesin-13s, KLP59D is largely incapable of oligomerizing into MT-associated rings in vitro, suggesting that such structures are not a requisite feature of kinetochore-based MT disassembly and chromosome movements.
Murine CENP-F Regulates Centrosomal Microtubule Nucleation and Interacts with Hook2 at the Centrosome
Authors: Moynihan Katherine L. , Pooley Ryan , Miller Paul M. , Kaverina Irina , Bader David M.
Published: October 2009

The microtubule (MT) network is essential in a broad spectrum of cellular functions. Many studies have linked CENP-F to MT-based activities as disruption of this protein leads to major changes in MT structure and function. Still, the basis of CENP-F regulation of the MT network remains elusive. Here, our studies reveal a novel and critical localization and role for CENP-F at the centrosome, the major MT organizing center (MTOC) of the cell. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identify Hook2, a linker protein that is essential for regulation of the MT network at the centrosome, as a binding partner of CENP-F. With recently developed immunochemical reagents, we confirm this interaction and reveal the novel localization of CENP-F at the centrosome. Importantly, in this first report of CENP-F−/−cells, we demonstrate that ablation of CENP-F protein function eliminates MT repolymerization after standard nocodazole treatment. This inhibition of MT regrowth is centrosome specific because MT repolymerization is readily observed from the Golgi in CENP-F−/−cells. The centrosome-specific function of CENP-F in the regulation of MT growth is confirmed by expression of truncated CENP-F containing only the Hook2-binding domain. Furthermore, analysis of partially reconstituted MTOC asters in cells that escape complete repolymerization block shows that disruption of CENP-F function impacts MT nucleation and anchoring rather than promoting catastrophe. Our study reveals a major new localization and function of CENP-F at the centrosome that is likely to impact a broad array of MT-based actions in the cell.
The M Phase Kinase Greatwall (Gwl) Promotes Inactivation of PP2A/B55δ, a Phosphatase Directed Against CDK Phosphosites
Authors: Castilho Priscila V. , Williams Byron C. , Mochida Satoru , Zhao Yong , Goldberg Michael L.
Published: October 2009

We have previously shown that Greatwall kinase (Gwl) is required for M phase entry and maintenance in Xenopus egg extracts. Here, we demonstrate that Gwl plays a crucial role in a novel biochemical pathway that inactivates, specifically during M phase, “antimitotic” phosphatases directed against phosphorylations catalyzed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). A major component of this phosphatase activity is heterotrimeric PP2A containing the B55δ regulatory subunit. Gwl is activated during M phase by Cdk1/cyclin B (MPF), but once activated, Gwl promotes PP2A/B55δ inhibition with no further requirement for MPF. In the absence of Gwl, PP2A/B55δ remains active even when MPF levels are high. The removal of PP2A/B55δ corrects the inability of Gwl-depleted extracts to enter M phase. These findings support the hypothesis that M phase requires not only high levels of MPF function, but also the suppression, through a Gwl-dependent mechanism, of phosphatase(s) that would otherwise remove MPF-driven phosphorylations.
Caspase-independent Mitochondrial Cell Death Results from Loss of Respiration, Not Cytotoxic Protein Release
Authors: Lartigue Lydia , Kushnareva Yulia , Seong Youngmo , Lin Helen , Faustin Benjamin , Newmeyer Donald D.
Published: October 2009

In apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) triggers caspase-dependent death. However, cells undergo clonogenic death even if caspases are blocked. One proposed mechanism involved the release of cytotoxic proteins (e.g., AIF and endoG) from mitochondria. To initiate MOMP directly without side effects, we created a tamoxifen-switchable BimS fusion protein. Surprisingly, even after MOMP, caspase-inhibited cells replicated DNA and divided for ∼48 h before undergoing proliferation arrest. AIF and endoG remained in mitochondria. However, cells gradually lost mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content, and DNA synthesis slowed to a halt by 72 h. These defects resulted from a partial loss of respiratory function, occurring 4–8 h after MOMP, that was not merely due to dispersion of cytochrome c. In particular, Complex I activity was completely lost, and Complex IV activity was reduced by ∼70%, whereas Complex II was unaffected. Later, cells exhibited a more profound loss of mitochondrial protein constituents. Thus, under caspase inhibition, MOMP-induced clonogenic death results from a progressive loss of mitochondrial function, rather than the release of cytotoxic proteins from mitochondria.
Methodological Problems in fMRI Studies on Acupuncture: A Critical Review with Special Emphasis on Visual and Auditory Cortex Activations
Authors: Beissner Florian , Henke Christian
Published: October 2009

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used for more than a decade to investigate possible supraspinal mechanisms of acupuncture stimulation. More than 60 studies and several review articles have been published on the topic. However, till now some acupuncture‐fMRI studies have not adopted all methodological standards applied to most other fMRI studies. In this critical review, we comment on some of the problems including the choice of baseline, interpretation of deactivations, attention control and implications of different group statistics. We illustrate the possible impact of these problems by focussing on some early findings, namely activations of visual and auditory cortical areas, when acupoints were stimulated that are believed to have a therapeutic effect on vision or hearing in traditional Chinese medicine. While we are far from questioning the validity of using fMRI for the study of acupuncture effects, we think that activations reported by some of these studies were probably not a direct result of acupuncture stimulation but rather attributable to one or more of the methodological problems covered here. Finally, we try to offer solutions for these problems where possible.
Le Père Étienne Bauny, SJ: la
Somme des péchés qui se commettent en tous états
face aux
Lettres provinciales
Authors: Parish Richard
Published: October 2009

La postérité du Père Bauny se limite pour l'essentiel au statut de celui que Pascal, ou plutôt son porte-parole Louis de Montalte, a combattu dans les
Lettres provinciales
, et qu'il est parvenu à couvrir de ridicule et d'opprobre. Pourtant la
Somme des péchés
, qui se situe dans la longue tradition des manuels à l'usage des confesseurs, se trouve considérablement déformée par le traitement du polémiste. Dans cet article nous cherchons tant soit peu à rééquilibrer les enjeux et à accorder une définition plus objective à la casuistique, tout en admettant qu'un lecteur moderne risque toutefois de trouver l'ouvrage jésuite aussi rébarbatif que sophistique. Après une brève esquisse de certaines de ses caractéristiques les plus saillantes, nous tentons une évaluation des deux théologies qui s'affrontent, et finissons par nous demander quels éléments de leur stratégie éristique furent déterminants pour l'étonnant succès des petites lettres.
Flaubert's Reading Notes on Montaigne
Authors: Chesters Timothy
Published: October 2009

In summer 2008, Flaubert's reading notes on Montaigne's
Essais
and
Journal de voyage
surfaced in a British private collection. The existence of this manuscript had been known about since at least 1931, when it was sold at auction following the death of Flaubert's niece, Caroline. Its rediscovery offers the chance to reassess a much-discussed literary relationship. Scholars have long noted Flaubert's particular affection for Montaigne, an author he calls his ‘père nourricier’. This article, which concentrates on the notes on the
Essais
(those on the
Journal de voyage
will be the subject of a later companion piece), attempts to build on previous studies in three ways. It offers an introduction to the reading notes and seeks to convey a flavour of their content; it embeds them within a broader history of Montaigne's reception in early nineteenth-century France; and it tracks some of the affective, philosophical and aesthetic imprints left by Flaubert's reading of the
Essais
on his published work. Flaubert's notes register a many-faced Montaigne:
égoïste
,
sensible
,
sceptique
, even
bovaryste
. And in his remarks on the style of the
Essais
, he glimpses a new face for his time: that of Montaigne as self-conscious ‘artiste’.
Un grand acteur, un honnête homme: une manifestation de la respectabilité en France au XIX
e
siècle, à travers l'article nécrologique de presse
Authors: Denis Hélène
Published: October 2009

Au dix-neuvième siècle, en France, la mort d'un acteur connu montre une normalisation de la place accordée au sein de la société à un personnage héritier d'une suspicion civile et religieuse séculaire. Depuis la Révolution, la loi d'égalité des citoyens et le pouvoir de l'Église très amoindri, il ne s'agit plus de faire acte de renonciation au métier, de trouver des subterfuges ou de se cacher derrière des demi silences afin de bénéficier des rites communs à l'ensemble des membres de la société. Le rituel mortuaire, effectif et discursif, témoigne de la nouvelle position.

De manière encore plus significative, à travers les échos nécrologiques des journaux, l'époque exprime son souci de respectabilité. En un siècle où le théâtre occupe une place éminente dans la sociabilité et la psychologie des contemporains, les proches, les camarades de troupe ainsi que les journalistes s'emploient à renvoyer une image conformiste de l'artiste défunt, que celle-ci soit ou non proche de la réalité des faits. Le cas de quelques interprètes de la comédie et du vaudeville — genres particulièrement prisés et servis par des talents remarquables — nous introduit à la fois dans l'évolution du statut social de l'acteur et dans les préoccupations comportementales de ses compatriotes.