bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanomaterials: Removal processes and beneficial applications in treatment
Authors: Boyd Glen R. , Tuccillo Mary Ellen , Sandvig Anne , Pelaez Miguel , Han Changseok , Dionysiou Dionysios D.
Published: October 2013

Nanomaterials are typically defined as particles with at least one dimension measuring < 100 nm. Limited information is currently available and more research is needed regarding the occurrence of these materials in source water and the effectiveness of water treatment processes at removing engineered nanomaterials. Engineered nanomaterials also offer opportunities for improving the operation and performance of drinking water treatment systems. Nanomaterials are currently being developed for the removal of trace organics and metals and for disinfection through application to membranes (nanomaterial‐enhanced or nanoreactive membranes), ion exchange, and sorption processes. Nanomaterials can remove contaminants of emerging concern by oxidation processes (e.g., titanium dioxide photocatalysis) and abiotic reduction (e.g., nanozerovalent iron). They are also being used in nanosensors for water quality monitoring. Ongoing development of nanomaterials is expected to continue contributing improvements to treatment systems with the potential for increasing the availability of safe drinking water supplies.
Étude théorique des relations texte-images dans l’album pour adolescents
Authors: Lépine Martin
Published: October 2013

Dans une société technologique où les supports de lecture sont de plus en plus multimodaux, l’album pour les lecteurs adolescents est une des voies d’avenir de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage de la lecture littéraire à l’école secondaire. Bien que ces oeuvres soient en forte progression éditoriale depuis la fin des années 1990, leur définition, leur place et leur intérêt pour les classes de français demeurent équivoques. Comment distinguer les livres d’images, les oeuvres illustrées et les albums de littérature? En plus de faire ressortir les différences entre ces trois types de livres, nous analysons dans cet article les définitions de l’album contemporain tout en proposant des pistes d’exploitation didactique de ces oeuvres en contexte scolaire.
Understanding the Microscopic Origin of the Very High Charge Mobility in PBTTT: Tolerance of Thermal Disorder
Authors: Liu Tao , Troisi Alessandro
Published: October 2013

The one‐electron states responsible for hole transport in the high‐mobility semicrystalline polymer PBTTT are investigated using a combination of large‐scale electronic structure calculations (with the DFTB method) and classical molecular dynamics simulations. The validity of the structural model is established by comparison with the available data from crystallography, including the paracrystallinity parameter. The localization characteristics of the states at the edge of the valence band, their geometry, and their time evolution clearly indicate the characteristics of PBTTT that are at the origin of its improved mobility: i) the orbitals become very rapidly delocalized within few tens of eV from the valence band edge, that is, the density of trap states is low and the mobility edge is very close to the valence band edge; ii) a very large delocalization of states across chains is observed; iii) the traps, determined by local distortions of the chain, have a typical lifetime of less than 0.1 ns, that is, the conformational changes of the polymer due to its thermal fluctuations are sufficient to induce a detrapping of the charge carrier and the traps are “self‐healing”.
Clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of split‐hand/foot malformation: An update
Authors: Gurrieri Fiorella , Everman David B.
Published: October 2013

We here provide an update on the clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of split‐hand/foot malformation (SHFM). This rare condition, affecting 1 in 8,500–25,000 newborns, is extremely complex because of its variability in clinical presentation, irregularities in its inheritance pattern, and the heterogeneity of molecular genetic alterations that can be found in affected individuals. Both syndromal and nonsyndromal forms are reviewed and the major molecular genetic alterations thus far reported in association with SHFM are discussed. This updated overview should be helpful for clinicians in their efforts to make an appropriate clinical and genetic diagnosis, provide an accurate recurrence risk assessment, and formulate a management plan. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Big Picture Down Under: CASSE (Creating a Safe Supportive Environment)
Authors: Aston Carolyn
Published: October 2013

We have two reports on our work in Australia under the umbrella of a project called CASSE. Its two divisions are a school project described here in a setting where psychoanalytic knowledge is used directly to help schools. In Australia there is much less antipathy to psychoanalysis than there is in USA both among mental health professionals and school teachers The next project is an ambitious effort to help the Australian Aboriginal achieve an adequate relationship with the Australian people and the Federal Government. This account will appear in the next issue. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a computational biomechanical model of the human upper‐airway soft‐tissues toward simulating obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Pelteret Jean‐Paul V. , Reddy Batmanathan D.
Published: October 2013

Numerous challenges are faced in investigations aimed at developing a better understanding of the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The anatomy of the tongue and other upper‐airway tissues, and the ability to model their behavior, are central to such investigations. We present details of the construction and development of a soft‐tissue model of the human upper airway, with the ultimate goal of simulating obstructive sleep apnea. The steps taken to produce a representative anatomical geometry, of which the associated muscle histology is also captured, are documented. An overview of the mathematical models used to describe tissue behavior, both at a macro‐ and microscopic level, is given. A neurological model, which mimics the proprioceptive capabilities of the body, is described as it is applies to control of the active dynamics of the tongue. A simplified scenario, which allows for the manipulation of several environmental influences, is presented. It is demonstrated that the response of the genioglossus is qualitatively similar to that determined through experimental techniques. Furthermore, insights into the stress distribution developed within the tongue are discussed. It is shown that changes in almost any aspect of the breathing or physiological conditions invoke a significant change in the response of the airway dilators. The results of this study provide further evidence of the importance of modeling and simulation techniques as an aid in understanding the complex behavior of the human body. Clin. Anat. 27:182–200, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An improved and provable self‐certified digital signature scheme with message recovery
Authors: Wu Fan , Xu Lili
Published: October 2013

This paper presents a self‐certified digital signature scheme with message recovery that is proven to be secure. So far, many schemes of this kind have been proposed to keep message secret in the transmission. But Zhang et al. has proposed the man‐in‐middle attack to Shao's self‐certified signature scheme, which is based on discrete logarithm. The attacker can make a new signature by using an old one, but the reason of such man‐in‐middle attack was not referred. We present the scheme of Yoon et al., which is also based on discrete logarithm, that cannot resist man‐in‐middle attack either, give the analysis of the attack, and propose a new scheme. The proposed scheme can resist forgery attack in the random oracle model and avoid message leakage, the man‐in‐middle attack, and meanwhile has several security characters. Compared with some self‐certified schemes, our scheme is the best because of the time cost. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partitioning of soil phosphorus regulates competition between Vaccinium vitis‐idaea and Deschampsia cespitosa
Authors: Ahmad‐Ramli Mohd F. , Cornulier Thomas , Johnson David
Published: October 2013

It has been hypothesized that the wide range of forms and complexities of phosphorus (P) in soil may result in resource partitioning that contributes to the maintenance of plant species diversity. Here, we test whether the graminoid, Deschampsia cespitosa, and the ericaceous shrub, Vaccinium vitis‐idaea, which often coexist, display preferences in utilization of P forms, and differ in their production of extracellular P‐degrading enzymes. We provided plants with no additional P, or P forms with decreasing lability, namely sodium phosphate (SP), D‐glucose 6 phosphate (DG6P), sodium phytate (PASS), and a combination of SP, DG6P, and PASS. We also tested if preferences for P forms affected the competitive outcomes between the two species compared between conspecifics, as indicated by shoot biomass and acquisition of nitrogen (N) and P. Both D. cespitosa and V. vitis‐idaea produced the greatest biomass when supplied with a mix of all three forms of P. Of the three forms of P tested alone, shoot biomass produced by both species was least when supplied with SP. D. cespitosa performed better when grown with PASS or a mix of all P forms compared with the performance of V. vitis‐idaea on these substrates. This was reflected by substantially greater phytase activity on the surface of its roots compared with V. vitis‐idaea. In contrast, V. vitis‐idaea produced more phosphomonoesterase to hydrolyze the simple organic P form, DG6P. Although N was kept constant in the treatments, the ability of plants to acquire it was dependent on species identity, competition, and P supply. These findings provide direct evidence for preferences toward specific forms of P and indicate a key role played by organic forms of P. The results support the idea that partitioning for soil P is one factor regulating plant competition, and ultimately, community composition. Our data also highlight the importance of the interplay between P supply and N acquisition.
Daphnia predation on the amphibian chytrid fungus and its impacts on disease risk in tadpoles
Authors: Searle Catherine L. , Mendelson Joseph R. , Green Linda E. , Duffy Meghan A.
Published: October 2013

Direct predation upon parasites has the potential to reduce infection in host populations. For example, the fungal parasite of amphibians, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is commonly transmitted through a free‐swimming zoospore stage that may be vulnerable to predation. Potential predators of Bd include freshwater zooplankton that graze on organisms in the water column. We tested the ability of two species of freshwater crustacean (Daphnia magna and D. dentifera) to consume Bd and to reduce Bd density in water and infection in tadpoles. In a series of laboratory experiments, we allowed Daphnia to graze in water containing Bd while manipulating Daphnia densities, Daphnia species identity, grazing periods and concentrations of suspended algae (Ankistrodesmus falcatus). We then exposed tadpoles to the grazed water. We found that high densities of D. magna reduced the amount of Bd detected in water, leading to a reduction in the proportion of tadpoles that became infected. Daphnia dentifera, a smaller species of Daphnia, also reduced Bd in water samples, but did not have an effect on tadpole infection. We also found that algae affected Bd in complex ways. When Daphnia were absent, less Bd was detected in water and tadpole samples when concentrations of algae were higher, indicating a direct negative effect of algae on Bd. When Daphnia were present, however, the amount of Bd detected in water samples showed the opposite trend, with less Bd when densities of algae were lower. Our results indicate that Daphnia can reduce Bd levels in water and infection in tadpoles, but these effects vary with species, algal concentration, and Daphnia density. Therefore, the ability of predators to consume parasites and reduce infection is likely to vary depending on ecological context.
Structural evolution of monsoon clouds in the Indian CTCZ
Authors: Sengupta Kamalika , Dey Sagnik , Sarkar Mampi
Published: October 2013

Structural evolution of monsoon clouds in the core monsoon region of India has been examined using multisensor data. Invigoration of warm clouds above 4.5 km (occurring in only 15.4% days of the last 11 monsoon seasons) is associated with a transition from negative to positive normalized rainfall anomaly. Cloud top pressure reduces with an increase in aerosol optical depth at a higher rate of invigoration in drier condition (characterized by large fraction of absorbing aerosols) than wet condition. Cloud effective radius for warm clouds does not show any significant change with an increase in aerosol concentration in the presence of high liquid water path, probably due to strong buffering role of meteorology. The structural evolution of monsoon clouds is influenced by both dynamic and microphysical processes that prolong the cloud lifetime, resulting in infrequent rainfall. Our results call for improved representation of aerosol and cloud vertical structures in the climate models to resolve this issue.
Rupture complexity of the Mw 8.3 sea of okhotsk earthquake: Rapid triggering of complementary earthquakes?
Authors: Wei Shengji , Helmberger Don , Zhan Zhongwen , Graves Robert
Published: October 2013

We derive a finite slip model for the 2013 Mw 8.3 Sea of Okhotsk Earthquake (Z = 610 km) by inverting calibrated teleseismic P waveforms. The inversion shows that the earthquake ruptured on a 10° dipping rectangular fault zone (140 km × 50 km) and evolved into a sequence of four large sub‐events (E1–E4) with an average rupture speed of 4.0 km/s. The rupture process can be divided into two main stages. The first propagated south, rupturing sub‐events E1, E2, and E4. The second stage (E3) originated near E2 with a delay of 12 s and ruptured northward, filling the slip gap between E1 and E2. This kinematic process produces an overall slip pattern similar to that observed in shallow swarms, except it occurs over a compressed time span of about 30 s and without many aftershocks, suggesting that sub‐event triggering for deep events is significantly more efficient than for shallow events.
CORRELATES OF CHANGE IN POSTINSTITUTIONALIZED INFANTS’ SUSTAINED SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING ADOPTION
Authors: Dollberg Daphna , Keren Miri
Published: October 2013

Infants adopted from institutions experience inadequate care prior to adoption and are therefore expected to show elevated sustained social withdrawal behavior shortly after being adopted. Social withdrawal is expected to decrease as they adapt to their new families. Sustained social withdrawal was assessed 1 month’ postadoption (Time 1) and again 6 months later (Time 2) via the Baby Alarm Distress procedure (A. Guedeney & J. Fermanian, ). At Time 1, 22.5% of the infants scored within the clinical range for social withdrawal whereas a significant decrease in social withdrawal was indicated at Time 2, with none of the infants scoring above the cutoff score. As predicted, maternal depressive symptoms and insecure attachment were associated with a smaller decrease in infants’ social withdrawal. High maternal expectations for efficacy were associated with a smaller decrease in social withdrawal. Infants’ temperament, gender, age at adoption, developmental level, and maternal marital status were unrelated to the level of change in social withdrawal. Participating in a preventive intervention was not associated with greater change in social withdrawal. These results highlight the beneficial effect of adoption and the role of maternal depression and attachment security in decreasing sustained social withdrawal among internationally adopted infants.
Influence of osteocytes in the in vitro and in vivo β‐tricalcium phosphate‐stimulated osteogenesis
Authors: Chen Zetao , Wu Chengtie , Yuen Jones , Klein Travis , Crawford Ross , Xiao Yin
Published: October 2013

Osteocytes, known to act as the main regulators of bone homeostasis, have become a major focus in the field of bone research. Bioactive ceramics have been widely used for bone regeneration. However, there are few studies about the interaction of osteocytes with bioceramics. The effects of osteocytes on the in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis of bioceramics are also unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of osteocytes on the β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) stimulated osteogenesis. It was found that osteocytes responded to the β‐TCP stimulation, leading to the release of Wnt (wingless‐related MMTV integration site), which enhanced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells via Wnt signaling pathway. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand, an osteoclast inducer, was also upregulated, indicating that osteocytes would also participated in activation of osteoclasts, which played a major role in the degradation process of β‐TCP and new bone remodeling. In vivo studies further demonstrated that when the material was completely embedded by newly formed bone, the only cell contacting with the material was osteocyte. However, the material would eventually be degraded and replaced by the new bone, requiring the participation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which were demonstrated by using immunostaining in this study. As the only cell contacting with the material, osteocytes probably acted in a regulatory role to regulate the surrounding osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocytes were also found to participate in the maturation of osteoblasts and the mineralization process of biomaterials, by upregulating E11 (podoplanin) and dentin matrix protein 1 expression. These findings indicated that osteocytes involved in bone biomaterial‐mediated osteogenesis and biomaterial degradation, providing valuable insights into the mechanism of material‐stimulated osteogenesis, and a novel strategy to optimize the evaluating system for the biological properties of biomaterials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2813–2823, 2014.
A new class of bioactive glasses: Calcium–magnesium sulfophosphates
Authors: Bassett David C. , Meszaros Robert , Orzol Dominik , Woy Michel , Ling Zhang Yu , Tiedemann Kerstin , Wondraczek Lothar , Komarova Svetlana , Barralet Jake E.
Published: October 2013

Low‐melting ionic sulfophosphate glasses from the system P2O5‐SO4‐MO‐Na2O (M = Zn2+, Ca2+ or Mg2+) have been previously shown by us to allow tuneable aqueous dissolution and also enable processing temperatures well below 400°C. Sulfate ions are extremely safe for use in the body as decades of use of calcium sulfate bone grafts testifies and there is no known limit on their adult oral toxicity. This glass system therefore offers great potential for use as biomaterials, especially in organic–inorganic hybrid systems such as glass‐polymer composites for tissue engineering or drug encapsulation and delivery applications. A compositional region was identified where stable sulfophosphates of the type P2O5‐SO4‐(Ca, Mg, Zn)O‐Na2O can be fabricated. For these glasses, the viscosity‐temperature‐dependence, glass transformation temperatures (Tg) and the onset of crystallization were evaluated as the primary processing parameters. As a first step in exploring their potential as a biomaterial, in this study we examine the bioactivity of several compositions of these glasses using fibroblast, monocyte, and osteoclast cell culture models to determine cellular responses in terms of attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and toxicity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2842–2848, 2014.
The Pleiotropic Effects of miRNAs on Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Yin Runting , Guo Le , Zhang Wei , Zheng Junnian
Published: October 2013

Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation and growth from already existing venules is critical in vascular development and homeostasis controlled by the balance of pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic factors. Emerging evidence indicates the development, progression, and metastasis of various human cancers are strongly relied on angiogenesis. However, molecular mechanisms that underlie the complex regulation of angiogenic processes are still not fully elucidated. Recent studies revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) were important regulators of tumor angiogenesis and the entire research in this area has entered into a so‐called “miRNAs era.” Thus, miRNAs might be important therapeutic targets or biomarkers for cancer. Due to the complexity of miRNA regulating mechanisms, how specific miRNAs intersect with and modulate tumor angiogenesis is still unclear. The conflicting results of the same miRNAs from different groups indicated that miRNAs might possess potent activity in a cell type or cell context specific manner. Here, we present a summary of latest advances in understanding the roles of angiogenic miRNAs as potential tools or targets in cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1807–1815, 2015. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paleoenvironments during Younger Dryas‐Early Holocene retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet from outer Disko Trough, central west Greenland
Authors: JENNINGS ANNE E. , WALTON MARIAH E. , Ó COFAIGH COLM , KILFEATHER AOIBHEANN , ANDREWS JOHN T. , ORTIZ JOSEPH D. , DE VERNAL ANNE , DOWDESWELL JULIAN A.
Published: October 2013

Paleoenvironments during the late Younger Dryas through early Holocene retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet from the outer shelf in the Disko Trough system of central West Greenland were investigated via lithofacies, foraminifera, dinocysts and sediment provenance analyses in radiocarbon‐dated sediment cores from the upper slope (JR175‐VC35) and outer shelf (JR175‐VC20 and HU2008029‐070CC). Core data show that the ice margin retreated rapidly from the outer shelf by calving, beginning by 12.2k cal a BP under cold paleoceanographic conditions with up to 11 months of sea‐ice. Ice retreat into Disko Bugt was well underway by 10.9k cal a BP. Enhanced ice‐sheet ablation in Disko Bugt and elsewhere along the West Greenland coast is inferred from cold glacial marine conditions associated with high sedimentation rates between 10.9 and 9.5k cal a BP on the outer shelf. Glacial marine conditions are recorded on the outer shelf until 7.8k cal a BP. Detrital carbonate‐bearing sediments rich in >2‐mm clasts deposited between 11.6 and 10.6 k cal a BP indicate that icebergs calved from northern Baffin Bay ice margins were melting and releasing sediments along West Greenland while the Greenland Ice Sheet margin was retreating into Disko Bugt.
Solar forcing of Caribbean drought events during the last millennium
Authors: BURN MICHAEL J. , PALMER SUZANNE E.
Published: October 2013

Anthropogenic climate change is expected to increase the frequency of drought events in the earth's subtropical regions. However, the climate dynamics of these regions are not fully understood and debate surrounds how external forcing factors such as solar and volcanic forcing influence long‐term rainfall patterns in the subtropics. Here, we present the first high‐resolution reconstruction of Caribbean drought events over the last millennium based on analyses of sediment geochemical data from a continuous high‐resolution coastal lake‐sediment record in Jamaica. The record suggests extended episodes of drought occurred during the so‐called Little Ice Age (1400–1850 CE), which were associated with El‐Niño‐like conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and controlled by low natural radiative forcing. Comparison of the Jamaican drought record with previously published palaeoclimatic archives from within the circum‐Caribbean region suggests that dry conditions were associated with the southward migration of the Hadley Cell, a stronger North Atlantic High and the concomitant intensification of the north‐east trade winds and the Caribbean Low Level Jet. We conclude that pre‐industrial climatic change in the region was probably controlled by solar forcing and modulated by the combined influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Enhancement of All‐Trans Retinoic Acid‐Induced Differentiation by pH‐Sensitive Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Cells
Authors: Wang Yongjian , Wang Huizhen , Lv Xueming , Liu Congcong , Qi Linshuang , Song Xindi , Yu Ao
Published: October 2013

Cancer differentiation therapy is an attractive concept and has been clinically used to treat leukemia. However, it is limited to date for solid tumors. In this study, the pH‐sensitive nanoparticles based on poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are synthesized by coupling 3,4,5,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride with the first generation PAMAM. The modified dendrimers can self‐assemble in aqueous solution to form nanoparticles with a diameter of 125–435 nm. The nanoparticles are relatively stable at physiological pH (pH 7.4) but dissociated in acidic environments (pH 5.0 or 6.0). The present studies show that the proliferation inhibition and albumin secretion of hepatoma carcinoma cells are enhanced with all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) encapsulated in the nanoparticles. The enhancement of induced differentiation is due to the high internalization of ATRA in the cells by the nanoparticles. These experimental results demonstrate that pH‐sensitive nanoparticles may be efficient for improving the differentiation therapy for solid tumor.
Use of traditional and complementary/alternative medicine (TCAM) in children with cancer in Guatemala
Authors: Ladas Elena J. , Rivas Silvia , Ndao Deborah , Damoulakis Doree , Bao Yuan Yuan , Cheng Bin , Kelly Kara M. , Antillon Federico
Published: October 2013

Background

International surveys have demonstrated that use of traditional and complementary/alternative medicine (TCAM) is highly prevalent among children with cancer; however, little is known about its use among children with cancer in Latin America. As part of a regional initiative, we present the results of the first survey exploring use of TCAM among children with cancer residing in Latin America.

Procedure

A cross‐sectional sample of 100 parents whose children received treatment in Guatemala City were interviewed from May 2008 to February 2010. Upon consent, an in‐person interview was performed during a routine clinical visit. Information on the form, duration, cost, and satisfaction of TCAM was collected. Approval from the institutional review board was obtained.

Results

The median age of patients was 9.2 years with 63% undergoing treatment. Use of TCAM was reported by 90% of parents. Most often, more than one type of therapy was utilized. Most patients (67%) relied on TCAM for supportive care indications; however, a significant percentage (34%) used TCAM for curative purposes. The most commonly reported form was the use of oral supplements with the majority perceiving TCAM as effective for the intended purpose.

Conclusions

Use of TCAM was highly prevalent among children with cancer residing in Guatemala. Most importantly, TCAM was used alongside conventional therapy for supportive care indications. These findings underscoring the need for open lines of communication between clinicians and families. Future research may consider exploring the role of TCAM within the scope of supportive care and its effect on existing supportive care interventions. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:687–692. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyamide‐6,6‐based blocky copolyamides obtained by solid‐state modification
Authors: Jeyakumar Albert , Goossens Han , Noordover Bart , Prusty Manoranjan , Scheibitz Matthias , Koning Cor
Published: October 2013

Copolyamides based on polyamide‐6,6 (PA‐6,6) were prepared by solid‐state modification (SSM). Para‐ and meta‐xylylenediamine were successfully incorporated into the aliphatic PA‐6,6 backbone at 200 and 230 °C under an inert gas flow. In the initial stage of the SSM below the melting temperature of PA‐6,6, a decrease of the molecular weight was observed due to chain scission, followed by a built up of the molecular weight and incorporation of the comonomer by postcondensation during the next stage. When the solid‐state copolymerization was continued for a sufficiently long time, the starting PA‐6,6 molecular weight was regained. The incorporation of the comonomer into the PA‐6,6 main chain was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ultraviolet detection, which showed the presence of aromatic moieties in the final high‐molecular weight SSM product. The occurrence of the transamidation reaction was also proven by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As the transamidation was limited to the amorphous phase, this SSM resulted in a nonrandom overall structure of the PA copolymer as shown by the degree of randomness determined using 13C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the SSM products were compared with melt‐synthesized copolyamides of similar chemical composition. The higher melting and higher crystallization temperatures of the solid state‐modified copolyamides confirmed their nonrandom, block‐like chemical microstructure, whereas the melt‐synthesized copolyamides were random. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 5118–5129
Translational vitreous proteomics
Authors: Mahajan Vinit B. , Skeie Jessica M.
Published: October 2013

The vitreous is an extracellular matrix that is still poorly understood. Although many constituents and characteristics have been previously determined, there are many attributes still being discovered. Currently, using protein arrays, MS, and bioinformatics, the vitreous provides a wealth of knowledge regarding ocular diseases and potential targets for personalized therapeutics.
NAIRAS aircraft radiation model development, dose climatology, and initial validation
Authors: Mertens Christopher J. , Meier Matthias M. , Brown Steven , Norman Ryan B. , Xu Xiaojing
Published: October 2013

The Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety (NAIRAS) is a real‐time, global, physics‐based model used to assess radiation exposure to commercial aircrews and passengers. The model is a free‐running physics‐based model in the sense that there are no adjustment factors applied to nudge the model into agreement with measurements. The model predicts dosimetric quantities in the atmosphere from both galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles, including the response of the geomagnetic field to interplanetary dynamical processes and its subsequent influence on atmospheric dose. The focus of this paper is on atmospheric GCR exposure during geomagnetically quiet conditions, with three main objectives. First, provide detailed descriptions of the NAIRAS GCR transport and dosimetry methodologies. Second, present a climatology of effective dose and ambient dose equivalent rates at typical commercial airline altitudes representative of solar cycle maximum and solar cycle minimum conditions and spanning the full range of geomagnetic cutoff rigidities. Third, conduct an initial validation of the NAIRAS model by comparing predictions of ambient dose equivalent rates with tabulated reference measurement data and recent aircraft radiation measurements taken in 2008 during the minimum between solar cycle 23 and solar cycle 24. By applying the criterion of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) on acceptable levels of aircraft radiation dose uncertainty for ambient dose equivalent greater than or equal to an annual dose of 1 mSv, the NAIRAS model is within 25% of the measured data, which fall within the ICRU acceptable uncertainty limit of 30%. The NAIRAS model predictions of ambient dose equivalent rate are generally within 50% of the measured data for any single‐point comparison. The largest differences occur at low latitudes and high cutoffs, where the radiation dose level is low. Nevertheless, analysis suggests that these single‐point differences will be within 30% when a new deterministic pion‐initiated electromagnetic cascade code is integrated into NAIRAS, an effort which is currently underway.
The positive definiteness judgment of Hessian matrix and its application in Hamilton realization of multimachine power system
Authors: Ting Yin , Jie Wang
Published: October 2013

It is important in nonlinear analysis and controller design to judge the positive definiteness of the Hessian matrix for the generalized Hamilton realization of traditional power systems. In this paper, a general method to judge the positive definiteness of the high‐order blocked matrix is derived, which is based on the characteristics of the power system and the proposed method. It will be conducive to the research on control design by the transient energy function of the power system. Time‐domain simulation is given for a four‐machine system to prove the correctness of the criterion and the effectiveness of the control strategy. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inhibitory effects of monoterpenes on human TRPA1 and the structural basis of their activity
Authors: Takaishi Masayuki , Uchida Kunitoshi , Fujita Fumitaka , Tominaga Makoto
Published: October 2013

TRPA1, one of the transient receptor potential channels, has been reported to be involved in nociception and inflammatory pain, suggesting that this molecule could be a promising target for the development of analgesic agents. We screened several monoterpene analogs of camphor, which is known to inhibit human (h) TRPA1, to identify more effective naturally occurring TRPA1 antagonists. Borneol, 2-methylisoborneol, and fenchyl alcohol exhibited higher inhibitory effects on hTRPA1 activity than either camphor or 1,8-cineole. Our results revealed further that the S873, T874, and Y812 residues of hTRPA1 were involved in the inhibitory effects, suggesting that the hydroxyl group in the six-membered ring of the inhibitors may be interacting with these amino acids. Further research on these identified TRPA1 antagonists could lead to new pain therapeutics.
Happiness and health behaviour in Iranian adolescent girls
Authors: Fararouei M. , Brown I.J. , Akbartabar Toori M. , Estakhrian Haghighi R. , Jafari J.
Published: October 2013

This study was conducted to examine the association of happiness in adolescent females with leisure time and health related behaviours namely diet, physical activity and first or second hand smoking. Using a self‐administered questionnaire, data were collected from 8159 female high school students ages 11–19 years. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed statistically significant associations between happiness and weight, regular exercise, exposure to second‐hand tobacco smoke, daily fruit or vegetable consumption and the way participants spent their leisure time. Happiness was associated with lower BMI, regular physical activity, absence of exposure to second‐hand smoke, higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, and spending leisure time with family (all P < 0.005). These exploratory findings suggest that encouraging children and adolescents to adopt healthy behaviours, providing family time and a smoke‐free environment may make them not only healthier but also happier.
Ratner’s property for special flows over irrational rotations under functions of bounded variation
Authors: KANIGOWSKI ADAM
Published: October 2013

We consider special flows over the rotation by an irrational$\alpha $under the roof functions of bounded variation without continuous, singular part in the Lebesgue decomposition and sum of jumps not equal to zero. We show that all such flows are weakly mixing. Under the additional assumption that$\alpha $has bounded partial quotients, we study the weak Ratner property. We establish this property whenever an additional condition (stable under sufficiently small perturbations) on the set of jumps is satisfied. While it is a classical result that the flows under consideration are not mixing, one more condition on the set of jumps turns out to be sufficient to obtain the absence of partial rigidity, hence mild mixing of such flows.
Has a Frog Human a Soul? – Huxley, Tertullian, Physicalism and the Soul, Some Historical Antecedents
Authors: Brennan Robert
Published: October 2013

Much theology presupposes a metaphysical spirit or soul, the existence of which has been questioned in contemporary neurobiological research. Green, Murphy and others argue for alternatives to metaphysical description. If the neuroscience is correct and the soul, if it exists, is not metaphysical then many theological descriptions will need serious revision or possibly even abandonment. One such theological description, directly affected and long considered to be an essential part of Christianity, is God's personal self-communication to humans. This has traditionally been understood to occur through the metaphysical human soul or spirit. The question explored in this article is whether the existence of a metaphysical soul is an all or nothing matter for Christian theology.

A rational and strong challenge to the existence of metaphysical soul is demonstrably not new. Nonetheless, from the beginnings of modernity it has been generally assumed, utilising Augustinian anthropology, that the soul was a metaphysical element of human anatomy. Huxley's work on sensation, including ‘Has the Frog a Soul’, determines the anatomical location of the soul by its supposed function. Huxley questions early modernity's assumptions regarding the nature of sensation and the presumed role of the metaphysical soul within the sensorium. Huxley deduces limits and conditions on the existence of the soul and arrives at a description which has similarities to Tertullian's corporeal description of the soul. Huxley, however, does not engage with Tertullian, whose relatively orthodox description of the soul answers a number of issues that Huxley raises. Tertullian's careful revision of the Aristotelian category of corporeality is not exactly the same as Huxley's nineteenth-century materialism or contemporary physicalism. Tertullian's description of the soul is remarkably similar to Augustine's, differing mainly on the issue of corporeality and metaphysicality. Tertullian's description ironically draws on and shares the same functions as Greek philosophy and medicine. This description of the soul seems to be based more on these sources than scripture, unusually for Tertullian. Some form of reappropriation of Tertullian's non-metaphysical soul may be useful in the contemporary debate, noting the limitations of his understandings of biology and physics. It seems possible to take note, in some form, of changed and better contemporary worldviews, in order to better describe theological anthropology and in particular that element related to the soul.
Metadiscursive regimes of diversity in a multinational corporation
Authors: Park Joseph Sung-Yul
Published: October 2013

Informed by recent work on the commodification of language and identity, this article offers a critique of the neoliberal corporate discourse of “diversity management,” in which the diversity of the workforce is conceived as a resource for maximizing profit. Through a close analysis of the language ideologies deployed in an interaction between three mid-level managers at a multinational corporation and a researcher, this article shows how the discourse of diversity management, constituting a metadiscursive regime, works to rationalize and justify the inequalities of the global workplace through the specific ways in which older and newer discourses of language and identity are juxtaposed. The findings emphasize how sociolinguistic research may contribute to a deeper understanding of the conditions of work in the new economy by identifying language as an indispensable part of the mechanism that sustains processes of control. (Metadiscursive regime, diversity management, neoliberalism, work, language ideology)*
§ VI.—Inscriptions
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

The following article owes its existence rather to the kindness of others than to any epigraphical work of my own during the period of my military service in Macedonia, and it is a pleasant duty to begin by acknowledging the courtesy and generosity with which Lieut. Commander E. A. Gardner, R.N.V.R., Captain S. Casson, General Staff, and Lieut. A. M. Woodward, Intelligence Corps, have handed over to me for publication their epigraphical materials. The extent of my indebtedness to these officers severally will be indicated below in connexion with the individual inscriptions: here I offer them a brief, but none the less sincere, assurance of my gratitude.
§ VII—The Byzantine Castle of Avret-Hissar
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

About eight miles south-west of Kilkish or Kukuš, on the right bank of the river Zensko, is the ruined village of Avret-Hissar. Facing the village, on the left bank of the stream, is a prominent rocky spur, rising steeply from the river and crowned by the remains of a remarkable mediaeval building.

This was correctly identified by Leake, who does not appear to have visited the site, as the castle ofΓυναικόκαστροwhich played a prominent part in the history of this region in the fourteenth century. As I know of no published description of it, these notes seem to be worth publication in the hopes that a fuller study of the site may be made now that exploration in this area is more feasible.
Herodotus and the Caspian
Authors: Casson Stanley
Published: October 2013

From several passages in Herodotus it is possible to piece together a general description of the Caspian Sea which, apart from its claims to accuracy, is at least comprehensive when judged by the standards of Herodotean geography. The Caspian, says the historian, is a sea by itself without connexion with other seas. Its length is fifteen days' journey in a rowing boat, and its breadth at the broadest part is eight days' journey. Its western shores are bounded by the Caucasus and its eastern shores by vast deserts. Its southern shores form the boundary of Asia in the North.
The Ancient Site at Lampousa
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

North of the village of Karavás, the coastline projects half a mile seaward in a flat-fronted promontory nearly 2 miles wide, with a sea cliff rising in places to 20 or 25 feet. This is the front of a bed of sandy limestone, rather higher and drier than most of the coast land west of Kerynia, and more like the similar plateau on which Kerynia itself is built. It runs back southward, rising gently for about 2 miles, till it is dominated by a spur of the North Range west of the villages of Motídhes and Palaiósophos. It is bounded on the east by the Kalembóri River, which comes down past Phtérycha and Elaiá, reaches the sea at Apóstolos Andréas, and is intersected near its eastern edge by the parallel stream from Motídhes and Palaiósophos which runs out in the eastern horn of the promontory.
The Black Stone on the Site of the Paphian Temple at Kouklia
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

Before leaving Cyprus in December 1913 I accepted the invitation of Mr. Markides to accompany him on a visit of inspection to the site of the Paphian Sanctuary at Kouklia which had been cleared by Messrs. Ernest Gardner, Hogarth, and Elsey Smith for the Cyprus Excavation Fund in 1887–8 (JHS IX 147 ff.). The ancient site lies on a spur of soft limestone, about a mile from the sea, where in south-westerly gales, such as we encountered, the reflected breakers, meeting incoming swell at an angle, throw up the remarkable jets of spray on which no doubt is based the myth of ‘Aphrodite rising from the waves.’ On the end of the spur stands a large mediaeval building composed of squared blocks of sandy limestone, of which the seaward wall had fallen only recently. This building seems to stand clear of the ancient site, and is worth preserving.
§ 8. Bronzes from Palaikastro and Praisos
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

There are fragments of eight to ten tripods from Palaikastro now in the Candia Museum. Some of these were found outside and in front of the temple precincts. The excavator mentions fourteen, but he may not have noticed that certain fragments belong to the same tripod. Part of a tripod-leg in the British Museum catalogued (1907, 1–19–233) as being from Palaikastro and published BSA XXXV, 96, 97, fig. 10, pl. 23, 5, is illustrated in Bosanquet's notes, but I have not been able to determine the exact provenience of individual tripods at Palaikastro. Compare the position of tripods found in front of the sanctuary of Polis in Ithaca, BSA XXXV, 51, and in front of the Idaean Cave, Halbherr and Orsi, Museo Italiano, II, p. 5. It certainly comes from the same workshop as Candia Museum No. 86 from the Idaean Cave and carries a similar figurine.
An Archaic Greek Statuette from South Arabia
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: October 2013

The statuette of which photographs are reproduced here was seen by Major the Honble. R. A. B. Hamilton, who writes:—

‘In January 1939 I was riding with a concourse of tribesmen past the old ruin of a fort, which lies at the mouth of the Wadi Jardan, in the Aden Protectorate: Long. 47° E.: Lat. 15° N. A tribesman ran after our party and offered me a small statuette for sale. I asked him where he had found it and he replied that it had been washed out of the ruin by a flood the year before. He demanded Rs. 200 for it. I tried to beat him down but he refused to drop his price. There was, for many reasons, little time for argument, and I had no more than Rs. 50 of my own money with me.
What is Protogeometric?
Authors: Desborough V. R.
Published: October 2013

During the last forty years relatively few attempts have been made to define and describe that style of pottery known as Protogeometric. Following S. Wide's article on the Salamis graves, in which he identified the pottery associated with them as belonging to a new style, came B. Schweitzer's most valuable treatise in 1917, in which an attempt was made to bring together the whole of our knowledge up till that time. After 1917 little appeared until T. C. Skeat's The Dorians in Archaeology, published in 1932, in which the writer demonstrated the ‘excessive hospitality’ of Schweitzer's list of Protogeometric graves, and put forward the theory that the style originated in the North of Greece.
Travels in Crete, 1962
Authors: Hood Sinclair , Warren Peter , Cadogan Gerald
Published: October 2013

These travels occupied us during four weeks of July and August 1962. Our initial intention was not to look for new sites, but to visit those already known, in order to revise the lists in Pendlebury's The Archaeology of Crete (1939).

Crete has perhaps been more thoroughly explored than any other part of Greece. Pashley (Travels in Crete (1837)) and Spratt (Travels and Researches in Crete (1865)) identified many ancient Greek and Roman cities. At the end of the nineteenth century came Evans, and the Italians Halbherr, Mariani, Savignoni, and Taramelli, who began the search for Bronze Age sites continued by Pendlebury, Kirsten, and others between the wars. Much has also been contributed by a series of distinguished Antiquities Officers, I. Hatzidakes, St. Xanthoudides, and Sp. Marinatos; and since the war by N. Platon, whose very full annual reports in Kritika Khronika have provided a valuable record of current excavations and discoveries. In recent years P. Faure has located many new sites in the course of exploring the caves of Crete.
Greek Light on World History
Authors: Toynbee Arnold
Published: October 2013

Approach.: The subject of this talk is in one sense a rather personal one. I am venturing to say something about my own approach to History. I had the good fortune to be born just not too late to come in for the old-fashioned ‘Early Modern Western’ education in the Greek and Latin languages and literatures; the first grown-up job that I did was to teach Greek and Roman history for the School of Literae Humaniores at Oxford; and, in afterwards exploring other provinces of history, I have always found my way into them through a Greek gate. Greek history has been, for me, the key to world history.