bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water Utility Image–Imagination and Modest Budget
Authors: Mortensen W. Fred
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how much can be done along the lines of cultivating favorable public opinion by even the smallest and least prosperous water utility. The article describes how rather impressive programs, which enhance the image of the water utility in the minds of its public, can be carried on without spending great sums of money. Various avenues are presented for focusing the public's attention on the good works of water utilities at surprisingly little cost.
Future of Chlorination
Authors: Morris J. Carrell
Published: February 2018

Recently, the ability of chlorination to adequately meet the possible future requirements for effective disinfection has been questioned. As demand for water grows, as industrialization and increasing population density produce continually greater impairment in the quality of available supplies, and as standards for hygienically safe water become stricter, the task of disinfection will become even greater and more difficult. This article discusses doubts about the effectiveness of chlorination to meet this increased responsibility in comparison with other existing or foreseeable methods of disinfection.
Role of Silt in Water Pollution
Authors: Walker R. D.
Published: February 2018

Silt is a major problem in at least two ways to the water industry in its handling of surface water supplies. First, the treatment plant must remove the suspended silt; and second, deposits of silt or sediment deplete reservoir storage capacity. This article discusses the use of soil conservation practices within the watershed that reduce the amount of silt that reaches the reservoir or treatment plant. Soil conservation work is being carried out by soil and water conservation districts and the Soil Conservation Service throughout Illinois.
Use of Digital Computers in Distribution System Analyses
Authors: Shirley William O. , Bailey John J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses significant advances in the use of digital computers in the analyses of three separate water distribution systems. These advances include: having the computer set the initial flow pattern; speeding the process of convergence by means of special control loops and a method of overrelaxation; utilizing internal notations of variables to permit flexibility of input data; and, providing the capability of handling large networks at modest cost. The systems which were analyzed are municipal water systems located in St. Louis County, Missouri. These systems and the approximate populations served are Florissant, 50,000; Kirkwood, 30,000; and Webster Groves, 30,000. In each case, the analyses were conducted as a part of an overall study of needs for improvement or expansion of the systems and served as a valuable tool in determining system weaknesses and evaluating the effects of proposed improvements to the system.
Water Rate Structures in Latin America
Authors: Shipman Harold R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses Latin American practices regarding water rates; rate structures; metering practices; elements of metered rate structures; classification of Latin American rate systems including consumer class rates, property class rates, volume class rates; water rights; uniform or straight‐line rates; reduction of unit charge; and, uniform rate application.
Alewife Problems at Waukegan Generating Station
Authors: Danson J. O.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the problem of the alewife fish clogging the intake screens and unit condensers at a Waukegan (Illinois) generating station from 1961‐1964. It was discovered that the operation of the chlorinators was tied in with the plugging of the screens by dead alewife fish.
In‐Service Training
Authors: Knutson Arthur E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the author's experience as water superintendent of the city of Mountlake Terrace, Washington, in developing a technical training program. An outline is provided of the course content of the water utility training program.
Functional Design for Effective Operation of Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries
Authors: Taylor Floyd B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses design criteria that are essential to a properly functioning water system under conditions that exist in developing countries. Emphasis has been placed upon the necessity for including in design and specification considerations the concept of obtaining a supply or plant that will be maintained and operated after it is installed. From a practical viewpoint, this means having and applying knowledge of the cultural, social, and economic practices of the people for whom the supply is being provided. It also involves making provision for the proper training of those who will operate the plant.
Biographical Sketches of William C. Stripe, Founder, and Benjamin F. Jones, Fifth President, of AWWA
Authors: Filby Ellsworth L. , Stripe William C. , Jones Benjamin F.
Published: February 2018

This article contains a biographical overview of the life of William C. Stripe, superintendent of the privately owned water system of Keokuk, Iowa, and known as the “Father of AWWA” for his organization of the first meeting of officials and representatives of the water utility industry, out of which came the formation of the American Water Works Association in 1881. The article also contains a biographical overview of the life of Benjamin Franklin Jones who was an active member of AWWA, presenting papers, serving as a vice‐president and in 1886 as president of AWWA.
Survival of Bacterial Enteric Pathogens in Farm Pond Water
Authors: Andie D. A. , Weiser H. H. , Maloney G. W.
Published: February 2018

The longevity of representative species of bacterial enteric pathogens exposed to water from Ohio farm ponds was studied. Salmonella species survived about 16 days, while Shigella species survived about 12 days, indicating survival of enteric pathogens in pond water for a significant time interval. These observations emphasize the importance of preventive measures to block entrance of such organisms into pond waters, including such precautions as location of the pond in a spot that will avoid polluting drainage and exclusion of farm animals from the pond watershed. The results also emphasize the importance of an effective water treatment system that is properly maintained.
Consumer Attitudes Toward Mineral Taste in Domestic Water
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Ongerth Henry J. , Dillehay Ronald C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a research project intended to produce objective data for the recommendation of limiting standards, which was initiated by the California State Department of Public Health. The objective of this report was to outline the research program, discuss its rationale, and present results from initial surveys designed to field test and evaluate the newly developed research procedures.
Techniques in Water Hammer Control and Surge Suppression
Authors: Winn W. P.
Published: February 2018

The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWDSC) has given special attention to the problem of water hammer and pressure surges. The district, which supplies the coastal plain of Southern California, has experimented successfully with corrective devices on its 242‐mile Colorado River aqueduct and 440‐mile distribution system. MWDSC has demonstrated that water hammer pressures can be controlled by the careful design of a pipeline, the selection of appropriate equipment, and the adequate programming of control devices. It is certainly desirable to control water hammer during the design stages; corrective steps, however, can be taken if excessive water hammer pressures are experienced during operation of a system.
Pipe Friction Coefficients From Measured Velocity Profiles
Authors: Howard Charles D. D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a program of field discharge and pressure measurements that was initiated in the summer of 1966 on a Boston trunk water main system. This program was intended to supply basic water system data to complement land use studies and meter records. The field discharge readings, velocity traverses and loss of head tests to determine friction coefficients were performed by Pitometer Associates of New York using standard procedures.
Analysis of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation, 1948–1966
Authors: Dworsky Leonard B.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this article was to put into perspective the general principles of water pollution control legislation for the period 1948‐1966, and to consider the recent changes as part of the continuous program of legislative review and reappraisal by Congress. Except for a beginning section on general policy, the sections of the paper follow the principal parts of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended, enacted by the Congress October 17, 1966, and approved by the President, November 3, 1966. (P.L. 89‐753.) A final section is concerned with Executive Orders and other significant administrative actions which also play an important role in the control of water pollution.
Billing Frequency and Customer Relations
Authors: Umbaugh H. J.
Published: February 2018

Water billing frequency is a judgment decision having many sides. The decision is first an economic one. Under economic considerations are such important factors as the cost of water service, costs which necessarily increase with more frequent billing; working capital requirements which decrease with more frequent billing; the ability to detect line losses which decreases with less frequent billing; and, customer deposit requirements which reduce with more frequent billing. Secondly, there is a social side to the issue regarding the effect of the decisions on the elderly who are on fixed incomes and also on large families with tight budgets.
Digital Computer Simulation in Hydrology
Authors: Dawdy David R. , Thompson Terry H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses research focused on the development of a physical model of stream‐flow runoff and objective criteria for fitting. Data from this research is presented and used to discuss some of the problems of hydrologic modeling. The ease in producing similar hydrographs creates most of the problems associated with streamflow simulation. The fitting of parameters and the criteria used for measuring accuracy are two major problems.
Pitless Units Simplify Lansing Well Field
Authors: Erickson Claud R. , Lien Neil C.
Published: February 2018

This article presents an example of successful pitless unit design that was used by the Lansing (Michigan) Board of Water and Light in the construction of a new water treatment plant in the southwest section of the city for a new source of raw water. The Wise Road Water Plant draws its water supply from three wells in the Stiefel Well Field, which presented problems regarding ground elevation, sanitation, frost protection, and pumping control. Working closely with personnel of Baker Manufacturing Company of Evansville, Wisconsin, the Board solved these problems economically by taking advantage of recent developments in the field of custom pitless unit design.
The Impact of Nitrates on Water Use
Authors: Lenain August F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the impacts of nitrates on water use including health effects in infants, standards developed by the U.S. Public Health Service establishing the maximum contaminant levels in public water supplies, sources of nitrates found in groundwater by underground migration, the Orange County Water Replenishment Program, and nitrate analyses and remedial measures.
The New Challenge of Water
Authors: Udall Stewart L.
Published: February 2018

This address was presented at the 1967 AWWA Annual Conference at Atlantic City, New Jersey, by Stewart L. Udall, Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Udall describes a change in attitude he has noticed across the country and a new spirit of conservation spreading over the nation. This new spirit of conservation is demonstrated by new goals for cleaning up the nation's air and water, and new goals toward the elimination of pollution of the nation itself.
Rhode Island Water Planning
Authors: Chafee John H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the regional approach taken by the state of Rhode Island toward its water issues. The state established a state‐wide water resources board that is responsible for acquiring, constructing, or purchasing water facilities and land, formulating and maintaining long‐range guide plans, and implementing plans for development.
Impoundment Destratification for Raw Water Quality Control Using Either Mechanical‐or Diffused‐Air‐Pumping
Authors: Symons James M. , Irwin William H. , Robinson Ernest L. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

This article compares two methods of artificially destratifying lakes and reservoirs. Both methods, mechanical‐ and diffused‐air‐pumping broke up the thermal stratification patterns in the study lakes successfully and improved water quality. In both cases, dissolved oxygen (DO) was added to the water and sulfides, reduced iron and manganese were oxidized. Although some nitrogen and phosphorus was transported to the surface layers during mixing, excessive algal growths did not develop in either case. In both cases, actually, some environmental factors changed during mixing causing algal populations to decline. Populations of blue‐green algae declined more than green algal populations. In neither case were the declines permanent; the algal numbers increased again after mixing stopped.
A Long Island Sound Reservoir
Authors: Gerard Robert D.
Published: February 2018

In response to the water shortages of the northeastern U.S., this article proposes the development of Long Island Sound into a coastal reservoir. The dual‐purpose objectives of the project are to provide a reliable and adequate water supply, and to provide two important bridge‐dam links between Long Island and the mainland. The article discusses the engineering considerations of the bridge‐dam links, the removal of salt water from the reservoir, the economics of the project, and arguments for and against the project.
The Challenges of a Changing Water Economy
Authors: Merryfield Fred
Published: February 2018

The field of water supply has been radically affected by recent technologic and sociologic upheaval. The problems of allocation, distribution, quality, ownership, and valuation of water all have up‐to‐the‐minute political and economic significance. The emerging discipline of water resources management, faced with complex multiple‐ choice situations, looks to technology for solutions. These developments have not altered basic responsibilities; they have, however, shifted emphasis by creating new areas of concern.
Employee Motivation
Authors: Morgan Henry H.
Published: February 2018

This article presents five propositions for successful, motivational leadership of an effective organization, which utilizes employees to their full potential: have a theory of human behavior; recognize individual differences; know yourself; learn your varied roles in an organization; and, continue to learn.
Theory of Water Filtration
Authors: O'Melia Charles R. , Stumm Werner
Published: February 2018

This article briefly summarizes certain aspects of filtration theory, and outlines the framework for a conceptual model for the filtration process. Water filtration is generally considered to include both physical and chemical phenomena. Experimental evidence related to the chemical aspects of water filtration is presented and discussed.
A Liquid Cement‐Calcite Pipe‐Coating Process
Authors: Radziul Joseph V. , Campbell S. J. , Brinkos Richard M. , Shervin Edward J.
Published: February 2018

Since 1964, the Philadelphia Water Department has been engaged in research to develop an economical pipe coating process for small diameter mains. This article presents a progress report of a continuing study of the modifications of the basic McCauley process of lining by calcium carbonate precipitation.
Rubber Gaskets for Pipe
Authors: Valenziano Frank P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of several types of flexible joints for all sizes of concrete pressure and sewer pipe. The behavior of rubber gasket joints and the material properties required for successful performance are described. Except for the 44‐durometer gaskets tested for contact pressure and compression set of stretched specimens, all results and conclusions are based upon the rubber and steel joint in which the fully confined 60‐durometer gasket fills the gasket groove.
Water Rights Litigation and Legislation, 1966
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a constructive approach of group dynamics, participated in by all major parties, that has been successfully used in two intense water rights controversies.
Loss in Water Main Carrying Capacity
Authors: Larson T. E. , Sollo Frank W.
Published: February 2018

Carrying capacity of water mains can be reduced by restrictions to flow created by valves, bends, sludge deposits, tuberculation, microbiologic slime growths, and chemical deposits from the water. This article discusses the problems created by tuberculation and two types of chemical deposits.
Communications During a Crisis
Authors: McCormick John A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses developing a disaster communication plan to establish priorities of communications, message classification, the information to be transferred from place to place in the order of importance, and individual responsibilities for executing the plan. In order to handle the increased traffic, each exchange of communications should be held to the briefest minimum.
Study of Three‐Phase Water Treatment for Kansas City, Missouri
Authors: Popalisky J. Robert , Pogge Franklyn
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a cooperative study conducted at the water treatment facility in Kansas City, Missouri, on the feasibility of developing a supplementary groundwater supply; the advantages and savings associated with the use of groundwater; and, the feasibility of pretreatment of raw water by chemicals prior to entering the presedimentation basin. The results of the study indicated that significant improvements could be made in the treatment process with the use of oxidants and well water blending in the stage before softening. The study found that a third stage in the treatment process is necessary in order to produce a high quality product of unquestionable safety. This stage, in addition to facilities for the application of coagulants and activated carbon, should provide for continuous chlorination of the raw water, intermittent application of potassium permanganate and intermittent blending of well water with river water.
Control Techniques for Coagulation‐Filtration
Authors: Hannah S. A. , Cohen J. M. , Robeck G. G.
Published: February 2018

When the removal of suspended solids from unsoftened surface waters is the primary objective of treatment, coagulation is all‐important. The efficiency of the plant and the quality of the treated water depend upon careful control of the process. Type and frequency of tests for controlling coagulation depend largely upon the character of the raw water and the plant design. Some parameters may be evaluated in the laboratory, while others need monitoring of the treatment equipment or the treated water at various stages of treatment. Every operator develops his favorite monitoring and control techniques that allow him to produce a satisfactory product most of the time. This article compares some of these techniques and evaluates their general applications for research and plant control.
Training Subprofessional Water System Personnel
Authors: Hudson H. E.
Published: February 2018

This article reviews the needs and methods for training of subprofessional individuals at the place where they can best be trained: within the working framework of the water system.
Pilot Plant Studies of Floc Blanket Clarification
Authors: Miller Derek G. , West John T.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses pilot plant studies on floc blanket clarification done by the Water Research Association at Medmenham, United Kingdom. British and American practices differ concerning the type of clarifier used; the U.S. uses the horizontal system with preflocculation facilities while in the U.K., the horizontal tank is quickly disappearing in favor of floc blanket clarifiers. These studies make theoretic comparisons and consider reported experience on the use of different designs of tanks.
Well and Well Field Operation
Authors: Klaer Fred H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development and maintenance of an adequate well water system with the help of accurate records, a general understanding of their function, and periodic check‐ups.
Use of Pilot Filters to Predict Optimum Chemical Feeds
Authors: Kreissl J. F. , Robeck G. G. , Sommerville G. A.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to formulate and test a pilot filter system for the determination of optimum chemical dosages. The pilot filter was designed to indicate the minimum coagulant dosage required to produce a filter effluent of a given quality and the proper floc strength to maintain that quality throughout a filter run terminated by the development of maximum head loss. This pilot filter would have hydraulic and physical characteristics similar to full‐scale filters and would therefore be representative of the larger filters.
Water Works Improvements at Manila, Philippines
Authors: Arnold G. E.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a chronology of the water works improvements at Manila, Philippines. Increasing the source of water supply is discussed, along with the basic organization or clear‐cut chain of command of the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority. The Authority is organized into four principal areas of engineering, operations, administration, and provinces. The Authority's 1964 reorganization is discussed.
Staining of Free‐Living Nematodes by Alcoholic Eosin‐Y Dye
Authors: Engelbrecht R. S. , Austin J. H. , Chaudhuri Malay , Goodrich Melvin
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method for staining free‐living nematodes. The method should be useful to water and wastewater treatment plant operators for determining the presence of nematodes. It involves the use of an alcoholic solution of eosin‐Y dye, which stains a heterogenous population of nematodes. This method is a modification of the procedure proposed by Chaudhuri et al. Its major advantages are the ability to differentiate free‐living nematodes from particles of debris and the increased accuracy of the results over other staining procedures.
Backwash Investigation and a Proposed Simple Uniformity Control
Authors: Hirsch A. Adler
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study were to examine backwash characteristics, investigate some of the dynamics of the washing process, determine the effect of bed structure, and contribute to the theory of filter design. The method of investigation consists of the determination of the amount of suspended matter contained in the washings sampled at various key positions over the filter throughout the duration of a backwash. Strategic points selected for catchment are the troughside bottom (where cleansing is most complete), the intertrough median (where floc removal is reduced sharply), a corner (where wash is notoriously sluggish), and a composite sample at the sewer.
Trace Organics in Missouri Subsurface Waters
Authors: Grigoropoulos Sotirios G. , Smith John W.
Published: February 2018

The main objectives of this investigation were: the recovery of organic micropollutants from subsurface and surface Missouri waters; the characterization and identification of these substances; the evaluation of their toxic effects, both acute and long‐term; and, the development of methods for their destruction or removal. This article reports on the first phase of the study, which is primarily concerned with the recovery and characterization of organic micropollutants from several subsurface waters. An additional objective was the evaluation of the carbon adsorption method with regard to the number of filters required for the effective recovery of organic materials. Two modified carbon adsorption assemblies, consisting of three activated carbon filter units arranged in series were used for the study. Three subsurface waters, two deep wells and a spring were sampled. One filter run was made at each well while two runs were made at the spring. Water at its natural pH was passed through the three activated carbon filters in an upflow direction. The carbon was removed from the filters and the organic matter that was adsorbed onto the carbon was extracted sequentially with redistilled chloroform, ethanol, and then acetone and benzene, or benzene and acetone, using four modified extractors.
Management of Ground Water Aquifers
Authors: Graham Jack B.
Published: February 2018

This article considers the geologic and hydrologic data needed as a basis for effective aquifer management, the methods available for obtaining such data, and the problems ahead.
Design for Unbalanced Thrust for Buried Water Conduits
Authors: Manganaro Charles A.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated longitudinal stresses in the wall of a pipe (due to harnessing of the joints) to determine whether they are excessive. Joints of the flanged or “victaulic” type also can be considered harnessed joints. The magnitude of the thrust at the harnessed joints is also analyzed in this article.
Pigs in the Water Pipe
Authors: Hardy W. Ralph
Published: February 2018

Flow studies made of water transmission mains in Fort Worth in 1964 indicated that carrying capacities of some new mains had deteriorated due to a deposit of a soft rippled layer of alumina, Al2O3, and silica, SiO2. This article describes a plastic pig cleaning device used by Fort Worth shaped like a bullet‐nosed cylinder made of polyurethane sponge covered partially with spiral strips of a tough plastic that may be fitted with plastic bristles or abrasive coatings. The article discusses the cleaning procedure, along with the results and costs of the cleaning.
Toxic Effects of Odorous Trace Organics
Authors: Smith John W. , Grigoropoulos Sotirios G.
Published: February 2018

The principle objectives of this investigation were the recovery of organic micropollutants from subsurface and surface Missouri waters; the characterization and identification of these substances; the evaluation of their toxic effects, both acute and long‐term; and, the development of methods for their destruction or removal. The carbon adsorption method of recovering trace organics from water was used. Because of the higher concentration of organics in the spring water, large quantities of extracts were obtained and permitted extensive toxicity studies. The acute and long‐term toxic effects of the surface and subsurface organics were quite different, as were their effects upon respiratory enzyme systems. The batch‐type long‐term bioassay, necessary because of the limited quantity of organics available, provided a workable procedure for the evaluation of the cumulative long‐term effects of the trace organics. Tissue studies and visual observation of dissected exposed fish provided an insight on the mode of action of the toxicants.
New Developments in Automatic Cathodic Protection for Water Storage Tanks
Authors: Pollitt Van Dyke J.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing variables that affect the amount of cathodic protection required for water storage tanks. The article goes on to discuss the development of automatic cathodic protection for water utility structures, called automatic potential control, which was replaced by the development of potentiostat polarization control. The article also discusses the development of a new system that offers three separate control circuits within one unit for the application, regulation, and measurement of cathodic protection.
Economics of Water Quality Management
Authors: Johnson Edwin L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses economic questions involved in water quality management and some of the economic problems that need to be resolved as managers become necessarily more sophisticated in water quality management decisions. The article discusses three major economic questions involved in water quality management: what are the damages from pollution and on whom do they fall; what are the costs of preventing or correcting the damages; and, what is obtained for the money and who pays these costs?
Activated Silica as a Filter Conditioner Raymond W. Pitman and
Authors: Wells Glen W.
Published: February 2018

The Hanford water treatment plants operated by Douglas United Nuclear provide large quantities of low‐turbidity coolant water for atomic plants. Since 1957, all plants have used a water treatment process in which a filter conditioner is used to bind the floc in the filters. The continuing effort to improve water treatment performance and reduce costs has recently involved the evaluation of an activated silica sol as a filter conditioner. This report reviews the performance achieved in an initial series of tests performed on a plant filter, and preliminary data from large‐scale plant testing now in progress.
Odor Control With Carbon and Permanganate at Des Moines
Authors: Maloney John R.
Published: February 2018

Activated carbon has been used for many years for the reduction of tastes and odors in municipal water supplies. Although this procedure has been satisfactory in the control of tastes and odors from surface supplies, most cities that rely on such sources experience periods during the year when the threshold odor rises to undesirable levels, resulting in widespread complaints by consumers. The water supply at Des Moines, Iowa, has been no exception. In recent years, potassium permanganate has become economical for use in water treatment for several purposes, including reduction of taste and odor. It has been found valuable in Des Moines as an adjunct to the feed of activated carbon.
Operation and Maintenance of Rapid Sand and Mixed‐Media Filters in a Lime Softening Plant
Authors: Tuepker J. L. , Buescher C. A.
Published: February 2018

At the St. Louis Water Company, a study demonstrated that water receiving proper pretreatment can be successfully filtered at rates of 5‐6 gpm/sq ft, with either a rapid sand filter or a dual‐media filter. Pretreatment requirements will vary with the quality of the raw water and should be determined on this basis. The pretreatment facilities utilized for this study had detention times based on a 3 gpm/sq ft filtration rate. The water treated had widely varying characteristics. Statistics show the range of raw‐water characteristics, turbidity of water applied to dual‐media filters, and turbidity of the filter effluent during 1967. The unit dosage of chemicals to achieve these results is also presented.
ILLINOIS GROUND WATER POLLUTION
Authors: Walker William H.
Published: February 2018

Although there are now ample goodquality ground water supplies in Illinois, that may not be so in the futu reo Widespread contamination of aquifers may occur soon unless stringent precautionary measures are employed.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
Authors: Barnett Paul R. , Skougstad Marvin W. , Miller Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

Minor‐element content of water supplies has received relatively little study. A Denver investigation compares trace mineral contents of raw water against that of processed water.
COMPLETION OF THE FAIRFAX COUNTY WATER AUTHORITY ACQUISITION PROGRAM
Authors: Corbalis James J.
Published: February 2018

Legal complications often attend the acquisition of a privately owned company by a government agency. That was the case when the Fairfax County Water Authority took over the Alexandria Water Company.
COMPACT TRIGGERING DEVICE FOR PORTABLE AUTOMATIC WATER SAMPLERS
Authors: Kunkle Samuel H. , Houghton Russell J.
Published: February 2018

The authors discuss an inexpensive triggering device which was developed for use on automatic water samplers at the Sleepers River Experimental Watershed in Danville, Vermont. For use at remote watershed sites, the device activates a sampler when runoff raises the stream stage to a designated level.
TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL IN VIRGINIA
Authors: Sutherland Earl R.
Published: February 2018

An irony of water treatment is that it generates its own kind of pollution which can become somebody else's problem. In Virginia guidelines are being written for preventing redistribution of wastes trapped by treatment plants.
CREDIT AND COLLECTION POLICIES AT EUGENE, ORE.
Authors: Brown John E.
Published: February 2018

Credit and collection policies of water utilities should be both realistic and humane. The Water & Electric Board of Eugene, Ore., follows a model system which is firmly scheduled for collections, but flexible, for credit extension.
HIGH VOLTAGE DC POWER TRANSMISSION EFFECTS ON PIPELINES
Authors: Dorsey J. S.
Published: February 2018

Massive DC movements through soil that lies adjacent to long‐distance power lines threaten buried utility pipelines along the way with serious physical deterioration.
UNUSUAL FEATURES OF PORTMOUTH'S NEW FILTRATION WORKS
Authors: Weeks R. Kenneth
Published: February 2018

As the Portsmouth Water Department grew, its design engineers devised a system of electronic controls which they felt was out of the ordinary but which suited the particular situation well.
POTATO STARCH AS A SLUDGE CONDITIONER
Authors: Vogh Richard P. , Warrington James E. , Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

New softening plants in Florida have experienced torque troubles from resistant sludge. A form of potato starch which swells in cold water was found to condition the sludge properly at very moderate cost with little extra work, and a new torque tester evolved from the research.
ANN ARBOR'S RECALCINING PROCESS AND PROBLEMS
Authors: Scott James C.
Published: February 2018

Ann Arbor Utilities Department constructed a recalcining plant to handle a lime sludge waste disposal problem and to reduce lagooning requirements. The plant eliminated the disposal problem, but created new ones.
ALGAL REMOVAL IN UNIT PROCESSES
Authors: Speedy Ronald R. , Fisher Neil B. , McDonald Donald B.
Published: February 2018

Among the eternal problems in water treatment is removal of algal growths. The different steps of treatment remove different kinds of algae at different rates, as this study discovers.
RESEARCH ON RECREATIONAL USE OF WATERSHEDS AND RESERVOIRS
Authors: Carswell J. Keith , Symons James M. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

Before the controversy is settled as to whether the public should be allowed to use water supply sources for sport and play, it must first be determined how recreational use affects water quality—if at all. Five completed studies provide arguments for both sides of the question, and two studies yet to be concluded promise further data for resolving the question.
DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER FROM WATER FILTRATION PLANTS
Authors: Fulton George P.
Published: February 2018

Recent changes in some state standards have reclassified settling basin underflow and filter backwash as potential pollutants. The water industry must provide satisfactory disposal of these newly defined wastes at reasonable cost.
HARNESSED JOINTS FOR WATER PIPE
Authors: Manganaro Charles A.
Published: February 2018

With the harnessed joint method, buried conduits can be designed and pipe lengths calculated to resist unbalanced forces caused by internal pressures. The harnessed joint method has its principal application in water distribution systems where street excavations may endanger the integrity of a pipeline, or where limited clearance with other structures or utilities necessitates the laying of the pipeline in other than straight runs. A secondary application is on exposed pipeline installations supported by piers, hung under bridges, and put in structures. This paper discusses the mechanics of the joint force method, including various force systems involved.
AGAR MOUNTING OF PLANKTONIC ALGAE COLLECTED ON A MEMBRANE FILTER
Authors: Thomson Richard M.
Published: February 2018

Membrane filter collection of algae cannot serve its full purpose when material collected by the filter is destroyed through scraping and rinsing, or is distorted by dehydration. Another step that uses agar retains all the advantages of membrane filtration and will yield a semipermanent slide preparation as a bonus.
APPROACHES TO A FILTRABILITY INDEX FOR GRANULAR FILTERS
Authors: Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

Nobody has yet developed a satisfactory standard filtrability index to quantify the filtering characteristics of suspended solids on granular media. Development of a granular‐filter testing apparatus shows why previous membrane‐filter testing always led to poorly‐predictable mathematical models.
CONCERNING SERVICES AND RATES
Authors: Brock Robert P.
Published: February 2018

This comment responds to the article by Burzell, Owen, and Kean entitled “Trends in Services and Rates,” published in the November 1968 Journal.
WATER SYSTEM FOR AN INTEGRATED STEEL PLANT
Authors: Wight Robert D.
Published: February 2018

The Kaiser Steel plant in Fontana, Calif., unlike practically all others, is located in a basically arid region and lacks a large water supply. To surmount this obstacle, an unusual system of water recirculation and reuse was developed.
Consideration of ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESERVOIRS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PROJECT
Authors: Teerink John R. , Martin Cecil V.
Published: February 2018

To establish cost‐benefit ratios for California lake destratification, values must be placed on water quality changes. But, because of intangibles, many benefit values can only be roughly estimated.
FRESH WATER SPONGES IN RAW‐WATER TRANSMISSION LINES
Authors: King D. L. , Ra A. D. , Tuepker J. L.
Published: February 2018

Fresh‐water spongescan clog raw‐water conduits, and to remove them can be expensive. But modest amounts of chlorine can arrest their development.
MULTILAYER FILTRATION
Authors: Mohanka Shyam S.
Published: February 2018

Combining several layers of differentsized filtration media so as to make the whole depth of a filter bed act as a filter, instead of just the top few layers, is a task always subject to refinement. Here are some new thoughts on the matter.
DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS—PART 1
Authors: Faber Harry A.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this report is to provide current information on the nature of the water treatment plant waste disposal problem, and to assist water utilities in solving the problem. The report describes technology presently available, defines new approaches to the problem, and suggests future directions for the coordination and dissemination of information.
AIR IN TRANSMISSION MAINS
Authors: Whitsett A. M. , Christiansen Lars E.
Published: February 2018

Air entrainment within transmission lines of the Metropolitan Water District of of Southern California has been a problem evidenced by surging and white water conditions below a cascading reach of line. Several specific problems are described and the relative merits of attempted solutions are delineated.
TRIBUTE TO SAMUEL B. MORRIS
Authors: Arnold G. E.
Published: February 2018

This tribute to Samuel B. Morris was presented on May 21, 1969 at the Fuller Award Society Breakfast, AWWA Annual Conference, San Diego, California. Morris had a long career as an engineer and water works man. He was very active in AWWA, serving as chairman of the California Section of AWWA in 1927, national director of AWWA from 1930 to 1932, and president in 1944. He served on many committees of the Association and received the Diven medal for outstanding service to AWWA in 1933 and the Fuller Award in 1952.
REMOTE METER READING DEVICES EXPERIMENTATION
Authors: Snider H. E.
Published: February 2018

Remote meter reading is surely the wave of the future. The only question is, which methods offer the greatest reliability with the greatest convenience? Tests like those conducted in Kansas City, Mo., are finding out.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE ODOR THRESHOLD
Authors: Pomeroy Richard D. , Cruse Henry
Published: February 2018

This article presents a technique to ascertain the minimum concentration at which the odor of hydrogen sulfide in water can be detected. This investigation was a part of studies sponsored by the California State Water Resources Control Board.
COMBATTING WATER POLLUTION FROM LARGE OIL SPILLS
Authors: Ferguson George E.
Published: February 2018

Public concern over major oil spills tends to center on the damage to beaches and recreational areas that has resulted from shipwrecked ocean‐going tankers. The waterworks industry is more vulnerable to inland spills. Water utilities must ready themselves for quick action against such spills, which often find operators inexperienced in handling them.
BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE, AND SERVICE
Authors: Remus Gerald
Published: February 2018

Reliable operation of a wide‐urea system does not happen by chance. Although all problems cannot be foreseen, certain operational, personnel, and fiscal policies can be adopted to enhance the reliability factor.
Summary of Equivalence Concept for the Design and Analysis of Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Williamson Wesley
Published: February 2018

This is a summary of a paper submitted to the Journal AWWA on May 15, 1967, by the author Wesley Williamson. It breaks down the paper into 15 points, the first 4 of which are listed here: 1. Methods in use at present for the design and analysis of water distribution systems are considered inadequate in many respects and the principal requirements of an ideal method are listed. 2. An alternative theoretical approach is suggested which enables the same model to be used for both approximate and accurate analysis. The concepts involved may be summarized as follows: 3. Any pipe network can be converted to a model network with pipes of a common diameter and roughness factor. 4. The model network can be reduced to a single line of pipe of the same common diameter and roughness factor, so that the head losses between points on the line are exactly equivalent to the head losses between nodes on the network for the same flow and demand conditions, draw‐off at the network nodes being assumed taken from the equivalent points on the line.
DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS—PART 4
Authors: Lamb J. C.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this report is to provide current information on the nature of the water treatment plant waste disposal problem, and to assist water utilities in solving the problem. The report describes technology presently available, defines new approaches to the problem, and suggests future directions for the coordination and dissemination of information.
DESIGNING RESIDENTIAL WATER SERVICES
Authors: Francis Jerry L.
Published: February 2018

Inadequacy of residential water service can be overcome only when every water application in the home is calculated into metering requirements. A design procedure is proposed that will take all factors into account.
SODIUM IMBALANCE IN DRINKING WATER
Authors: Russell Edward Lee
Published: February 2018

What are the health implications—if any at all—when a source begins to present substantial concentrations of sodium? The answers are still largely hypothetical.
WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING IN INDUSTRY
Authors: Eller J. , Ford D. L. , Gloyna E. F.
Published: February 2018

The current status of industrial water reuse and recycling is surveyed by a presentation of representative case studies. Particular emphasis is placed on reuse of municipal wastewaters by selected industries.
THE WATER ACTIVITIES OF THE BUREAU OF WATER HYGIENE
Authors: Harris Robert R.
Published: February 2018

The author discusses programs under way to update drinking water standards, control interstate carrier water supplies, conduct studies on community water supplies, and provide technical services to state and private agencies. He also discusses other upcoming activities of the Bureau of Water Hygiene.
CORROSION EFFECTS OF DESALTED WATER
Authors: Crossley Eugene I. , Waters Forest O.
Published: February 2018

Converted sea water, once it is made manageable, may be one solution to a growing resource problem. Since 1969, the San Diego Utilities Department has been involved in the research and development of materials suitable for transporting desalinated water.
COMPUTERIZED OPERATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Van Dyke Robert P.
Published: February 2018

In the latest evolution of distribution control systems, computers play an increasingly important role. Operators are relieved of much tedious routine and are given the ability to conceptualize the total system.
APPARATUS TO EXAMINE FLOC‐FORMING PROCESSES
Authors: TeKippe Rudy J. , Ham Robert K.
Published: February 2018

Until the development of the Coulter apparatus for measuring coagulation, researchers were limited because the various other methods used gave information about only one property of the suspension. This paper, describing the advantages and limitations of the Coulter counter, will be followed in a later issue by a companion paper on comparative techniques in coagulation testing prepared by the authors for the 1970 Annual Conference.
INSTALLING BACKFLOW PREVENTERS
Authors: Buus Paul , W. W. E.
Published: February 2018

The author comments on Mr. William E. West's article entitiled “Auxiliary Water Supplies and Cross‐ Connection Control”, published in the August 1969 Journal AWWA issue (pp. 401‐402). He expresses doubt as to whether the procedures described in the “Current Procedures” section of the paper comply with the California Administrative Code.
EFFECT OF SULFATE AND OTHER IONS IN COAGULATION WITH ALUMINUM(III)
Authors: Hanna George P. , Rubin Alan J.
Published: February 2018

In a previous study, the authors investigated the coagulation of the Gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli by aluminum nitrate. In this study, they systematically investigate the coagulation of the same variant of E. coli by aluminum sulfate under the same conditions reported for the nitrate salt.
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR QUALITY WATER AT ROTTERDAM
Authors: Knoppert P. L. , Rook J. J. , Hofker Tj. , Oskam G.
Published: February 2018

Most of the ground water in the western part of the Netherlands is undrinkable due to saltwater infiltration of the land, which is well below sea level. Since the city of Rotterdam must, therefore, depend on surface water, largely that of the Rhine, the maintenance of quality in holding reservoirs is important, especially in light of increased industrial pollution of the Rhine.
HIGH RATE FILTRATION IN FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA
Authors: Eunpu Floyd F.
Published: February 2018

The Fairfax County Water Authority, upon acquisition of a new facility, the Alexandria Water Company, found itself faced with the problem of increasing output without new construction. Therefore the Authority proceeded to investigate the possibility of increasing the output of its filters through the concept of high rate filtration.
DESIGN PROBLEMS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Authors: Muldowney James J.
Published: February 2018

Most of the difficulty in providing adequate water during peak demands lies in the distribution system involved, not in the lack of a source. Constant changes in the demands on a system cause breakdowns and failures. With the proper outlook, these can be avoided.
WATER PROBLEMS AND PLANNING IN KANSAS
Authors: Krause Keith S.
Published: February 2018

The state of Kansas, realizing the need for extensive planning to facilitate maintaining a sufficient supply of quality water, has instituted a number of plans designed to carry out this aim. The author outlines these plans and describes the extent to which they have been carried out.
MANAGEMENT TRAINING SHORT COURSE
Authors: Costello Charles V.
Published: February 2018

The need for short, comprehensive training courses for operators, so that they may become aware of increasing improvements in management practices, is self evident. This discussion is part of a joint discussion given on May 22, 1969, at the Annual Conference, San Diego, by J. H. Austin and Charles V. Costello.