bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of stanozolol on body composition, nitrogen balance, and food consumption in castrated dogs with chronic renal failure
Authors: Cowan Laine A. , McLaughlin Ron , Toll Philip W. , Brown Scott A. , Moore Terri L. , Butine Michael D. , Milliken George
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the effect of stanozolol on body composition, nitrogen balance, and food consumption in castrated dogs with chronic renal failure.

Design

Blinded crossover trial.

Animals

22 casated Beagles with experimentally induced chronic renal failure.

Procedure

Dogs were divided into 2 groups of 11 dogs each. During each of two 6-week treatment periods, dogs in 1 group received stanozolol, and those in the other group received a control agent. Nitrogen balance, body composition, and food consumption were determined.

Results

During administration of stanozolol, the amount of food consumed per dog, lean body mass, and nitrogen balance increased. Stanozolol did not have a significant effect on body fat, bone mineral content, or food consumption per kilogram of body weight.

Clinical Implications

For dogs with mild-to-moderate, nonuremic, experimentally induced, chronic renal failure, stanozolol had positive effects on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:719–722)
Results of retrograde urethrography in cats with idiopathic, nonobstructive lower urinary tract disease and their association with pathogenesis: 53 cases (1993–1995)
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Chew Dennis J. , Buffington C. A. Tony , Kendall Michael , Léveillé Renée
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe results of retrograde urethrography in cats with idiopathic, nonobstructive lower urinary tract disease (LUTD), to review the normal anatomy of the feline urethra, and to relate anatomy observed radiographically to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of LUTD in cats.

Design

Retrospective case series and anatomic study.

Animals

53 cats with signs of nonobstructive LUTD for which an underlying cause could not be determined. Results for these cats were compared with those for 6 healthy female cats undergoing urethrocystoscopy for another study and 6 male cats without a history of LUTD undergoing necropsy examination.

Procedure

Medical records, results of positive-contrast retrograde urethrography (cats with idiopathic, nonobstructive LUTD) and urethrocystoscopy (healthy female cats), and necropsy findings (healthy male cats) were reviewed.

Results

Abnormalities were not detected during urethrocystoscopy, dissection, or urethrography. Previously, the urethra in male cats has been described simply as a long tube that tapers caudally, and the only structures consistently differentiated by radiography have been pelvic and penile parts. In this study, the seminal colliculus, isthmus of the urethra, preprostatic part of the urethra, and urethral crest were consistently observed in male cats in addition to pelvic and penile parts. The urethral crest also was observed in the comparatively simple female urethra.

Clinical Implications

During retrograde urethrography in cats, prior distention of the bladder with positive-contrast medium may obscure radiographic signs associated with normal anatomic structures. Knowledge of urethral anatomy and radiographic signs associated with idiopathic, nonobstructive LUTD in cats should improve understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:741–748)
Malignant colonic neoplasia in cats: 46 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Slawienski Michael J. , Mauldin Glenna E. , Mauldin G. Neal , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate a group of cats with malignant colonic neoplasia and to identify factors related to survival time.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

46 cats with malignant colonic neoplasia.

Procedure

Information on signalment, diagnostic findings, histopathologic diagnosis, surgical procedure performed, identification of nodal metastasis at surgery, type of chemotherapy administered, and survival time was obtained from the medical record of each cat. A diagnosis of malignant colonic neoplasia had been established by histologic examination of endoscopic biopsy specimens (3 cats), biopsy specimens obtained during laparotomy (38), or necropsy specimens (5).

Results

Mean age of cats was 12.5 years (range, 6 to 18 years). Ultrasonography was useful 84% of the time in localizing the mass to the intestine. Three cats had endoscopic biopsy, 9 had incisional biopsy, 21 had mass resection, and 8 had subtotal colectomy performed. Histopathologic diagnoses included adenocarcinoma (21 cats), lymphoma (19), mast cell tumor (4), and neuroendocrine carcinoma (2).

Clinical Implications

Obtaining clean margins at surgery seems to increase survival time in cats with malignant colonic neoplasia. Metastasis at the time of surgery decreases survival time. Data from this study indicate that the survival time of certain cats with colonic lymphoma may not be affected by chemotherapy. Cats with an unidentified colonic mass should receive a subtotal colectomy to increase survival time. Cats with colonic adenocarcinoma should receive a subtotal colectomy with consideration of doxorubicin administration to increase survival time. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:878–881)
Effects of water supplementation with selenium and vitamin E on growth performance and blood selenium and serum vitamin E concentrations in weanling pigs
Authors: van Heugten Eric , Sweet Lauren A. , Stumpf Todd T. , Risley Chad R. , Schell Timothy C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine effects of supplementation of drinking water with selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium and serum vitamin E concentrations, growth performance, and water intake of pigs.

Design

Prospective controlled study.

Animals

228 weanling pigs.

Procedure

In experiments 1 and 2, pigs were given drinking water supplemented with selenium and vitamin E, and blood selenium and serum vitamin E concentrations were measured. In experiment 3, growth performance and water intake were measured in pigs that received supplemented water for 2 or 5 weeks and in control pigs.

Results

In experiment 1, blood selenium concentrations were significantly increased after 7 days of supplementation, and serum vitamin E concentrations were significantly increased after 1 and 7 days of supplementation, compared with baseline concentrations. In experiment 2, blood selenium concentrations were not significantly different between treated and control pigs, and serum vitamin E concentrations were significantly increased on day 7. In experiment 3, gain-to-feed ratios were significantly higher for pigs supplemented with selenium and vitamin E for 5 weeks, but other differences were not detected.

Clinical Implications

Supplementation of drinking water with selenium and vitamin E may improve the selenium and vitamin E status of weanling pigs by increasing selenium and vitamin E intake. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1039–1042)
Electrocardiographic characteristics of endurance-trained Alaskan sled dogs
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Constable Peter D. , Farris James W. , Schmidt Karin E. , Hamlin Robert L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine electrocardiographic characteristics of endurance-trained Alaskan sled dogs.

Design

Case series.

Animals

319 Alaskan sled dogs entered to compete in the 1994 Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

Procedure

ECG were recorded while dogs were standing and were analyzed digitally.

Results

Amplitudes of P waves (median, 0.40 mV; fifth to 95th percentile range, 0.11 to 0.61 mV) and R waves in lead II (median, 3.02 mV; fifth to 95th percentile range, 1.49 to 4.40 mV) were high; durations of P waves in lead II (median, 61 milliseconds; fifth to 95th percentile range, 36 to 96 milliseconds), QRS complexes (median, 64 milliseconds; fifth to 95th percentile range, 52 to 80 milliseconds), and QT intervals (median, 236 milliseconds; fifth to 95th percentile range, 208 to 277 milliseconds) were prolonged. Median value for mean axis of ventricular depolarization was 57° (fifth to 95th percentile range, 19 to 90°). Atrial and ventricular premature depolarizations were observed in 3 (0.9%) and 4 (1.3%) of 319 dogs, respectively, and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia was detected in 1 (0.3%).

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that electrocardiographic characteristics of endurance-trained Alaskan sled dogs differ from those reported for nonsled dogs, probably as a result of effects of endurance training on heart size. Some of these characteristics could be mistaken as evidence of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1138–1141)
Evaluation of ruminal sulfide concentrations and seasonal outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia in beef cattle in a feedlot
Authors: McAllister Milton M. , Gould Daniel H. , Raisbeck Merl F. , Cummings Bruce A. , Loneragan Guy H.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To measure concentrations of thiamine in blood and sulfide in ruminal fluid in cattle with polioencephalomalacia (PEM) and to evaluate temporal associations between PEM and risk factors.

Design

Epidemiologic analysis.

Sample Population

14 steers with acute signs of PEM, 26 clinically normal steers, and records of all cattle in a feedlot for the past 6 years.

Procedures

Concentrations of thiamine in blood and sulfide in ruminal fluid were measured. Values were compared between healthy steers that had been in the feedlot for 3 weeks or 2 months. Records were used to estimate the incidence of PEM and the time when cattle were at greatest risk of developing PEM.

Results

Thiamine concentrations in steers with PEM were within reference ranges. Healthy steers had significantly greater sulfide concentrations 3 weeks after entering the feedlot, when the incidence of PEM was greatest, than 2 months after entering the feed-lot, when risk of developing PEM was low. Thiamine concentrations were within reference ranges at these times. Annually recurrent outbreaks of PEM during the summer began after initiating use of a water well containing a high content of sulfate.

Clinical Implications

Excessive ruminal sulfide production is an important factor in the pathogenesis of PEM, without concurrent thiamine deficiency. Most cases of PEM developed between 15 and 30 days after introduction to a high-sulfur diet. When water is an important source of dietary sulfur, risk of PEM may increase during hot weather. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1275–1279)
Survey of diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons regarding postoperative intraabdominal adhesion formation in horses undergoing abdominal surgery
Authors: Southwood Louise L. , Baxter Gary M. , Hutchison Jennifer M. , Shuster Rachel
Published: December 2023

Objective

To obtain information from specialists in equine surgery as to prevalence of, predisposing factors for, and methods to prevent postoperative adhesion formation in horses undergoing abdominal surgery.

Design

Survey.

Procedure

Surveys were mailed to 196 diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons involved in equine practice.

Results

60 (31%) surveys were returned. Most respondents (55/60) routinely informed clients of the risk of postoperative adhesion formation in horses with small intestinal lesions. When asked after which procedures they routinely used measures to prevent adhesions, 56 of 60 (93%) indicated that they did after small intestinal resection and anastomosis and 56 of 60 (93%) indicated that they did after any abdominal surgery in foals. The 4 methods most frequently listed when respondents were asked which methods were effective at preventing adhesion formation were meticulous surgical technique, administration of antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intraoperative peritoneal lavage, and methods that prevent abdominal contamination. Most respondents (50/60) thought that at least some horses with colic secondary to adhesion formation could be managed medically. Fifty-four (90%) respondents indicated that they were successful less than half of the time when treating horses with adhesions severe enough to require additional surgery.

Conclusion

In general, respondents thought that less than 15% of horses undergoing abdominal surgery would develop adhesions, but that horses with small intestinal disease and foals were most prone to develop adhesions. Meticulous surgical technique was thought to be the most important factor in preventing adhesions, and many prevention regimens reported to be effective in the literature were not commonly used in practice. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1573–1576)
Comparison of two estrus synchronization programs in a large, confinement-housed dairy herd
Authors: Britt Jenks Swann , Gaska Jerome
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare pregnancy rates, seasonal effects, and economic benefits of 2 estrus synchronization programs for a confinement-housed dairy herd.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Animals

200 lactating Holstein cows.

Procedure

Cows eligible for breeding were palpated per rectum and randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups during 4 seasonal periods. Cows in one group (Ovsynch) received injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on day 0, prostaglandin F2α on day 7, and a second injection of GnRH on day 8. Cows in the other group (PP) that had a palpable corpus luteum were given prostaglandin F2α. Estrus detection was not performed on the Ovsynch cows, which were artificially inseminated at a predetermined time after the second GnRH injection. Cows in the PP group were observed for signs of estrus, and only those that were detected in estrus were inseminated.

Results

Pregnancy rates and insemination rates were significantly improved for cows in the Ovsynch group, compared with cows in the PP group.

Clinical Implications

The Ovsynch program was an economically advantageous method for controlling reproduction that resulted in pregnancies without the need for estrus detection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:212:210–212)
Comparison of ceftiofur sodium and oxytetracycline for treatment of acute interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) in feedlot cattle
Authors: Morck Douglas W. , Olson Merle E. , Louie Thomas J. , Koppe Arie , Quinn Bruce
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether ceftiofur sodium would be useful for treatment of acute interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) in cattle.

Design—

Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—

308 cross-bred yearling steers with clinical signs of acute interdigital phlegmon (ie, lameness with interdigital swelling, interdigital lesions, or both).

Procedure—

Steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: ceftiofur at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg (0.045 mg/lb) of body weight, IM, every 24 hours; ceftiofur at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg (0.45 mg/lb), IM, every 24 hours, and oxytetracycline at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg (3 mg/lb), IM, every 24 hours. All animals were treated for 3 days; treatment was considered successful if animals were no longer lame on day 4. Biopsy specimens were collected prior to treatment from 5 animals in each group and submitted for anaerobic bacterial culture and histologic examination.

Results—

Success rates for the high-dosage ceftiofur (94/129; 73%) and oxytetracycline (87/128; 68%) groups were significantly higher than that for the low-dosage ceftiofur group (5/50; 10%), but there were no significant differences between the high-dosage ceftiofur and oxytetracycline groups. Anaerobic bacteria most frequently isolated from biopsy specimens were Porphyromonas levii and Provetella intermedia.

Clinical Implications—

Use of ceftiofur at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg for treatment of cattle with acute interdigital phlegmon was as effective as use of oxytetracycline at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg. However, ceftiofur has a negligible withdrawal time and, therefore, may be a better choice for treatment of near-market weight animals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:254–257)
Prevalence of heartworm infection in cats with signs of cardiorespiratory abnormalities
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , DeFrancesco Teresa C. , Miller Matt W. , Meurs Kate M. , Keene Bruce
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine prevalence of heartworm infection in a population of pet cats with cardiorespiratory abnormalities and to determine relative usefulness of clinical signs and tests in diagnosis of heartworm disease.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

100 client-owned cats with clinical signs of cardiorespiratory abnormalities.

Procedure

Cats were evaluated using CBC, modified Knott test, ELISA for serologic detection of heartworm antigen and antibodies to heartworms, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography. Cats were considered infected if they had circulating microfilaria, heartworm antigens in serum, or if heartworms were detected by echocardiography or on necropsy. Cats were considered suspicious for infection if they had 2 of the following: serum antibodies to heartworms, eosinophilia or basophilia, or indicative radiographic findings.

Results

9 cats were infected with heartworms, resulting in a prevalence of 9%; 26 cats had evidence of heartworm exposure (ie, serum antibodies to heartworms). Twenty cats were considered suspicious for heartworm infection. Some outdoor exposure was reported twice as often in heartworm-infected cats, compared with noninfected and suspicious cats. However, a third of infected cats were reportedly housed totally indoors. Cough and dyspnea were strong indicators of heartworm disease. Eight of 9 infected cats had serum antibodies to heartworms and heartworm antigen in serum. Thoracic radiography and echocardiography indicated heartworm infection in 6 and 7 of the 9 cats, respectively.

Clinical Implications

Cough or dyspnea may indicate heartworm disease in cats; serologic tests, echocardiography, and radiography are most useful diagnostic procedures. Although living indoors is protective, it may not preclude heartworm infection in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:517-520)
Evaluation of prostaglandin F2αtreatment in dairy cows at risk for low fertility after parturition
Authors: Kristula Michaela A. , Bartholomew Richard
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the effect of 2 postpartum prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) treatment protocols on reproductive performance of dairy cows at risk for low fertility. In addition, various medical conditions in cows that are recognized as having adverse effects on fertility were evaluated as criteria for fertility treatment.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

291 cows with, and 271 cows without, risk factors for low fertility.

Procedure

Cows at risk for low fertility were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups. Group-1 cows received 3 IM injections of PGF2α at weekly intervals after parturition, and group-2 cows received 1 IM injection of PGF2α 17 to 24 days after parturition.

Results

Compared with a single PGF2α treatment 17 to 24 days after parturition, there was no added benefit of 3 treatments with PGF2α 3 to 10, 10 to 17, and 17 to 24 days after parturition in cows at risk for low fertility. Cows without risk factors for low fertility had 20% higher pregnancy rates, compared with cows with risk factors for low fertility. Twinning had a negative effect on future fertility.

Clinical Implications

Results of this study indicate that further consideration should be given to the timing and intervals of PGF2α administration after parturition. Risk factors for low fertility, such as retained placenta, twins, and assisted calvings, are valid criteria to evaluate different treatment options to improve fertility in dairy cows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:702-704)
Brucellosis in adult beef cattle of Mexican origin shipped direct-to-slaughter into Texas
Authors: Brown William H. , de Anda Jorge Hernández
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare prevalence estimates of brucellosis (BR) in adult beef cattle that originated from different states and regions of Mexico and that were shipped direct-to-slaughter into Texas during 1995.

Design

Epidemiologic survey.

Animals

About 65,000 adult beef cattle.

Procedure

Blood samples were collected during postmortem examinations and were tested for serum antibodies to Brucella abortus, using the particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay and automated complement-fixation test. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals of BR were calculated by state of origin in Mexico. The difference among prevalence estimates of BR in cattle from different states and regions was tested for significance (P< 0.05), using the proportion test.

Results

On the basis of serologic test results, the overall prevalence estimate of BR was 0.32%. The prevalence estimate of BR in cattle from the state of Chihuahua (0.10%) was significantly different than that in cattle from the states of Nuevo Leon (0.23%), Zacatecas (0.34%), Durango (0.47%), Chiapas (1.81%), Tamaulipas (2.71%), Aguascalientes (7.89%), and Campeche (12.24%). In addition, prevalence estimates of BR in cattle were significantly different among the northern (0.22%), south-central (3.18%), and south coastal (9.42%) regions of Mexico.

Clinical Implications

Results of this study indicate that the number of cattle exposed to B abortus may be significantly different among states and regions of Mexico. Current import sanitary requirements should continue to mitigate potential risk of transmission of BR from sexually intact cattle of Mexican origin to Texas cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:705-707)
Serologic survey for hantavirus infection in domestic animals and coyotes from New Mexico and northeastern Arizona
Authors: Malecki Tinalyn M. , Jillson Gregory P. , Thilsted John P. , Elrod Jed , Torrez-Martinez Norah , Hjelle Brian
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether animals had serologic evidence of infection with Sin Nombre virus (SNV).

Design

Prospective serosurvey.

Sample Population

Serum samples were obtained from 145 cats, 85 dogs, 120 horses, and 24 cattle between April 1993 and August 1994 and 54 coyotes between December 1994 and February 1995.

Procedure

Serum samples were analyzed by western immunoblot assays for reaction with SNV nucleocapsid antigen. Samples with reactivity to SNV nucleocapsid proteins were used to probe multiple-antigen blots containing recombinant fusion proteins derived from prototypic hantaviruses. Lung tissue or blood clots were used in nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays for a 320-nucleotide portion of the SNV G1 gene.

Results

Sera from 4 of 145 (2.8%) cats and 4 of 85 (3.5%) dogs had trace reactivity to full-length SNV-encoded nucleocapsid proteins. All samples from horses, cattle, and coyotes were nonreactive. Sera from cats and dogs that had trace IgG-antibody reactivity to nucleocapsid proteins were then tested for IgG-antibody reactivity to nucleocapsid proteins of prototypic hantaviruses. One cat had multiple cross-reactivities with these hantaviruses, consistent with exposure to a hantavirus; however, epitope mapping studies did not support this conclusion. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction studies of blood clots or lung tissue from 2 animals that had weak reactivity to SNV failed to amplify any hantavirus sequence.

Clinical Implications

Domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, as well as coyotes do not appear to have a major role in the maintenance and transmission of SNV. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:970–973)
Clinical and laboratory assessment of hydration status of neonatal calves with diarrhea
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Walker Pamela G. , Morin Dawn E. , Foreman Jonathan H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To develop accurate, objective guidelines for assessing hydration status of neonatal calves with diarrhea.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

15 male dairy calves 3 to 10 days old.

Procedure

Dehydration and diarrhea were induced by administration of diuretic agents (ie, furosemide, spironolactone, hydrochlorothiazide) and sucrose solution. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between potentially useful factors for evaluating hydration status (extent of enophthalmos; skin-tent duration on neck, thorax, and upper and lower eyelids; heart rate; mean central venous pressure; peripheral [extremity] and core [rectal] temperatures; core-peripheral [rectal-extremity] temperature difference; PCV; and hemoglobin and plasma protein concentrations) and degree of dehydration, as determined by change in body weight.

Results

Best predictors of degree of dehydration were extent of enophthalmos, skin elasticity on neck and thorax, and plasma protein concentration.

Clinical Implications

These experimentally determined guidelines provide practitioners with a simple, inexpensive, and practical method for evaluating hydration status of neonatal calves with diarrhea. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:991–996)
Results of postmortem examination of psittacine birds with cardiac disease: 26 cases (1991–1995)
Authors: Oglesbee Barbara L. , Oglesbee Michael J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize prevalence and type of cardiac disease evident in psittacine birds during postmortem examination.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

26 psittacine birds with gross and histologic evidence of cardiac disease.

Procedure

Records of postmortem examinations of psittacine birds necropsied during a 4-year period were reviewed. Data on gross and histologic evidence of cardiac disease were analyzed. Birds identified included those in which congestive heart failure (CHF) was considered the primary cause of death and those in which substantial cardiac disease was evident, despite a lack of postmortem findings supportive of CHF.

Results

Of 269 psittacine birds necropsied, 26 (9.7%) had evidence of cardiac disease. In 15 (58%) birds with cardiac disease, changes consistent with CHF were evident and were sufficiently severe as to be considered the cause of death. The remaining 11 birds had cardiac lesions secondary to other systemic diseases; cardiac lesions were considered to be an incidental finding in these birds, and CHF was not evident. Of the 15 birds with CHF, 10 had evidence of right ventricular or biventricular failure, whereas only 5 had evidence of left ventricular failure.

Clinical Implications

Prevalence of cardiac disease in the psittacine birds reported here was similar to that seen clinically in other companion animals. The high incidence of right ventricular or biventricular heart failure in psittacine birds was similar to that for poultry in which lesions of right-sided heart failure predominate. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1737–1742)
Longitudinal fractures of the condyles of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in racehorses: 224 cases (1986–1995)
Authors: Bassage Lance H. , Richardson Dean W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine type, distribution, and radiographic appearance of condylar fractures of the third metacarpal bone (MC-3) or third metatarsal bone (MT-3) in Thoroughbreds (TB), Standardbreds (SB), and Arabians, to assess long-term outcome of horses in which fractures were repaired surgically, and to identify variables associated with prognosis for return to racing.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

224 horses with 233 fractures.

Procedure

Medical records and radiographs obtained before and after treatment were reviewed. Racing performance before and after treatment was determined by reviewing race records.

Results

TB were overrepresented and SB were underrepresented, compared with the hospital population. Thoroughbreds had significantly more lateral condylar fractures and significantly more forelimb fractures than did SB. Thoroughbreds were less likely to race after treatment if they had complete, rather than incomplete, lateral condylar fracture or had concurrent proximal sesamoid bone fracture. Convalescent time for TB with medial condylar fractures of MT-3 was significantly longer than that for TB with lateral condylar fractures of MT-3.

Clinical Implications

Horses with condylar fractures of MC-3 and MT-3 that had minimal pathologic changes in the involved joint had a favorable prognosis for returning to racing after surgical treatment. Prognosis for horses with complete condylar fractures, particularly those with substantial pathologic changes in the involved joint, was worse. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1757–1764)
Evaluation of a commercially available vaccine against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis for use in sheep
Authors: Piontkowski Michael D. , Shivvers Douglas W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available bacterin-toxoid vaccine for preventing Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis-induced abscesses in sheep.

Design

Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Animals

31 mixed-breed sheep seronegative for C pseudotuberculosis.

Procedure

Sheep were randomly assigned to vaccinate (n = 20) or nonvaccinate (11; control) groups. Sheep in the vaccinate group received 2 doses of serial A or serial B bacterin-toxoid vaccine at 4-week intervals. Serologic testing was conducted after vaccination to document an antibody response to vaccination. All sheep were challenge inoculated with virulent C pseudotuberculosis organisms 32 weeks after the second vaccination. Twenty weeks after challenge inoculation, all sheep were examined for external and internal abscesses secondary to C pseudotuberculosis infection.

Results

Vaccinated sheep developed an antibody response to both components of the vaccine, as measured by use of ELISA tests. After challenge inoculation, vaccinated sheep had significantly less external, internal, and total abscesses than control sheep.

Clinical Implications

Vaccination of sheep with a commercially available bacterin-toxoid against C pseudotuberculosis could substantially decrease the prevalence and number of abscesses that form secondary to C pseudotuberculosis infection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1765–1768)
Agents, vehicles, and causal inference in bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks: 82 reports (1986-1995)
Authors: Petersen Kenneth E. , James William O.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine the study design of, and the practice of causal inference in, investigations of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks occurring in the United States and to summarize agents and vehicles identified.

Design

Retrospective study.

Procedure

An online medical reference database was searched for reports of bacterial foodborne disease outbreak investigations published between 1986 and 1995. Reports were retrieved and reviewed for use of 9 causal criteria in investigations Information on etiologic agents, vehicles, seasonality, and primary study design from each outbreak was also retrieved.

Results

82 reports were retrieved and reviewed Coherence, consistency, temporality, and strength of association were the causal criteria most commonly used in foodborne disease outbreak investigations. Coherence was used in all investigations. The number of criteria used ranged from 3 to 7. Meat (n = 20) and eggs (12) were the most commonly implicated vehicles. Salmonella sp and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 accounted for 55% of agents reportedly isolated. Cohort and case-control methods were the most common study designs.

Clinical Relevance

Patterns were found in the use of causal criteria in foodborne disease outbreak investigations. These criteria can provide veterinarians and other public health practitioners with a means to effectively conceptualize, communicate, and summarize causal conclusions. The 4 most commonly used criteria may represent core criteria that investigators consider most useful in explaining foodborne disease outbreaks. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:212:1874–1881)
Prognostic factors for dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 42 cases (1982–1996)
Authors: Muñana Karen R. , Luttgen Patricia J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess signalment, clinical signs, results of CSF analysis, treatment, and survival times in dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) and to identify factors associated with survival.

Design

Retrospective study.

Sample Population

Medical records of 42 dogs with GME.

Procedure

Information on signalment, neurolocalization, presence of focal or multifocal signs, results of CSF analysis, method of treatment, and time from onset of clinical signs to death was retrieved from medical records of each dog. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess survival times. The Cox proportional hazards method was used to identify predictors of survival.

Results

Females and toy and terrier breeds were predisposed to GME. Half of the dogs had focal neurologic signs, and half had multifocal involvement. Clinical signs referable to the forebrain were most common with focal involvement, whereas signs referable to the forebrain and brainstem were most commonly seen with multifocal involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis commonly revealed a mononuclear pleocytosis. Survival times ranged from 1 to > 1,215 days. Significant differences in survival times were demonstrated for the following factors: focal versus multifocal clinical signs, neurolocalization of focal signs, and treatment with radiation. Radiation was the only independent predictor of survival.

Clinical Implications

Dogs with signs suggesting focal involvement of GME tend to survive longer than those with multifocal involvement. Radiation is an effective treatment for dogs with GME, particularly those with clinical signs suggesting focal involvement. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1902–1906)
Serum distemper virus and parvovirus antibody titers among dogs brought to a veterinary hospital for revaccination
Authors: McCaw Dudley L. , Thompson Mark , Tate Deborah , Bonderer Anita , Chen Yi-Ju
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine serum canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) antibody titers in healthy dogs brought to a veterinary hospital for revaccination.

Design

Case series.

Animals

122 dogs.

Procedure

Serum antibody titers were measured by means of hemagglutination inhibition (CPV titers) or serum neutralization (CDV titers) at the time dogs were brought to the hospital for revaccination. All dogs had been vaccinated between 271 and 1,665 days previously. Dogs were grouped by age, breed (purebred vs mixed breed), sex, and weight to determine whether these factors were associated with antibody titers. Serum CPV titers ≥ 1:80 and serum CDV titers ≥ 1:96 were considered protective.

Results

Breed, sex, and weight were not significantly associated with serum CPV and CDV titers. Age was significantly associated with CPV titer, with younger dogs having higher titers, but was not associated with CDV titer. Thirty-three of 122 (27%; 95% confidence interval, 19.0 to 34.9%) dogs had a less-than-protective CPV titer. Twenty-five of 117 (21%; 95% confidence interval, 13.6 to 28.4%) dogs had a less-than-protective CDV titer.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that, on the basis of serum antibody titers, the current practice of annual revaccination of dogs against CPV and CDV infection should be maintained. Measurement of antibody titers to determine whether revaccination is truly needed would seem justifiable in those dogs that have previously had an adverse reaction to vaccination. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:72-75)
Preoperative variables affecting long-term outcome of triple pelvic osteotomy for treatment of naturally developing hip dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Rasmussen Lara Marie , Kramek Betty A. , Lipowitz Alan J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether preoperative radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD), hip joint laxity, or age at surgery is associated with long-standing DJD or hip function in dogs with hip dysplasia (HD) that had a triple pelvic osteotomy (TRO).

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

34 dogs with HD.

Procedure

Dogs that had TPO performed during an 8-year period were chosen for long-term follow-up evaluation that included physical examinations, pelvic radiographs, and owner questionnaires. Data on radiographic evidence of DJD, Norberg angle, and percentage of femoral head coverage were retrieved from preoperative records and determined from follow-up radiographs.

Results

Approximately 40% of dogs had progression of DJD. Eighty-seven percent of dogs received excellent or good physical examination scores, and 76% received excellent or good at-home activity scores. Preoperative and long-standing DJD were not associated. The risk of DJD was increased with increased age at surgery, narrower preoperative Norberg angle, and lower percentage of femoral head coverage, but these variables were not associated with clinical hip function.

Clinical Implications

TPO for treatment of HD in dogs may slow, rather than stop, radiographic progression of DJD; however, clinical outcome is acceptable for most dogs. Preoperative evidence of DJD may not be a limiting criterion in selecting dogs as suitable TPO candidates. Dogs with extensive hip joint laxity before surgery may be predisposed to developing DJD; thus, the risk-to-benefit ratio for TPO versus salvage procedures should be considered. Younger dogs may develop less severe DJD after TPO; surgery should be considered at the first sign of hip joint laxity and pain. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:80-85)
Pneumothorax secondary to Dirofilaria immitis infection in two cats
Authors: Smith Jeffery W , Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine , Rivers Bill J.
Published: December 2023

Heartworm disease in cats should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cats with sudden signs of respiratory distress caused by pneumothorax.

A diagnosis of heartworm disease is made on the basis of clinical signs, serologic test results for heartworm antigen and antibodies, and radiographic and ultrasonographic findings.
Effects of a microdose of medetomidine on diazepam-ketamine induced anesthesia in dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Nicklin Constance E , Melendaz Michelle , Hamilton Patricia , Kuonen Christopher D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of a microdose of medetomidine hydrochloride on diazepam-ketamine (DK) hydrochloride induced anesthesia in dogs.

Design

Randomized crossover study.

Animals

6 two-year-old healthy female dogs.

Procedure

A study was designed to compare quality of anesthetic induction, recovery, analgesia, muscle relaxation, duration of immobilization, and ease of endotracheal intubation between diazepam-ketamine-medetomidine (DKM) and diazepam-ketamine induced anesthesia in 6 dogs. Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg [0.114 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) and ketamine (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], IV) with or without a microdose of medetomidine (5 μg/kg, IV) were administered to dogs. A baseline ECG was obtained, and baseline measurements of arterial blood gas tensions, arterial pressures, heart and respiratory rates, and minute volume were taken before drug administration. All measurements were repeated again 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Endotracheal intubation was attempted 1 minute after drug administration and then again 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Analgesia was evaluated by tail clamp and needle prick testing.

Results

Medetomidine improved quality of anesthetic induction, ease of endotracheal intubation, and extended duration of analgesia and lateral recumbency in anesthetized dogs. The addition of medetomidine to DK increased blood pressure and decreased heart and respiratory rates and minute volume. Hypoxemia was observed in 1 dog after DKM induced anesthesia.

Clinical Implications

Administration of a microdose of medetomidine provides a useful adjunct to DK induced anesthesia in dogs. Oxygen insufflation is recommended for a minimum of the first 5 minutes of DKM induced anesthesia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:215-219)
Megavoltage irradiation of pituitary macrotumors in dogs with neurologic signs
Authors: Théon Alain P. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the efficacy and determine prognostic factors of megavoltage irradiation for pituitary macrotumors in dogs with neurologic signs.

Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

24 dogs with pituitary macrotumor syndrome; 19 ACTH-secreting and 5 clinically endocrine-inactive tumors.

Procedure

Dogs were treated with 48 Gy of radiation during 4 weeks on an alternate-day schedule of 4 Gy/fraction. Three (12.5%) dogs did not complete the planned treatment because of progression of neurologic signs.

Results

A significant correlation was found between relative tumor size (ie, size of tumor relative to calvarium size) and severity of neurologic signs and between relative tumor size and remission of neurologic signs after irradiation. In dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism, a significant correlation was found between relative tumor size and plasma endogenous ACTH concentrations. Prognostic factors that independently affected duration of remission of neurologic signs were relative tumor size and endocrine activity. The prognostic factor that independently affected overall survival time was severity of neurologic signs. Prognostic factors of duration of eucortisolism were not found. Use of a large field of irradiation was associated with substantial damage to brain tissue.

Clinical Implications

Because radiation therapy was effective for treatment of tumors of small relative size in dogs, early treatment of pituitary tumors should improve prognosis. Further improvements may be obtained, using protocols in which higher total radiation doses and smaller radiation dose fractions are given. Irradiation was effective for long-term control of functional pituitary macrotumors and resulted in acceptably low complication rates when small fields of radiation were used. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:225-231)
Comparison of five regimens for oral administration of medication to induce sedation in dogs prior to euthanasia
Authors: Ramsay Edward C. , Wetzel Randolph W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare regimens for oral administration of medication to induce sedation in dogs prior to euthanasia.

Design

Prospective randomized clinical study.

Animals

37 dogs.

Procedure

Groups and medications were as follows: group 1, acepromazine (n = 8); group 2, tiletamine-zolazepam (8); group 3, tiletamine-zolazepam and acepromazine (8); group 4, tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol (6); and group 5, pentobarbital sodium (7). Capsules or tablets were placed in each dog's food. Sedation was scored at 3-minute intervals after consumption of medication for at least 60 minutes. Dogs with signs of persistent or progressive sedation were observed for 90 minutes.

Results

Only 2 dogs in group 1 became slightly ataxic. All group-2 dogs were slightly ataxic, and 4 of 8 became laterally recumbent (mean time to lateral recumbency, 62 minutes). Seven of 8 group-3 dogs became sternally recumbent, and 6 of these dogs became laterally recumbent (mean, 48.6 minutes). Four of 6 group-4 dogs were slightly or moderately ataxic, and 1 of these dogs became laterally recumbent (mean, 48 minutes). One dog in group 5 was not affected by the medication, but all other group-5 dogs became laterally recumbent (mean, 59 minutes).

Clinical Implications

Of the medications evaluated, tiletamine-zolazepam and acepromazine at dosages of approximately 20 mg/kg (9.1 mg/lb) and 2 mg/kg (0.91 mg/lb), respectively, or pentobarbital sodium alone (63.2 ± 5.1 mg/kg [28.7 ± 2.3 mg/lb]) most consistently induced profound sedation and lateral recumbency after oral administration to dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:240-242)
Evaluation of analgesia provided by postoperative administration of butorphanol to cats undergoing onychectomy
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Howe Lisa B. , Slater Margaret R. , Haughn Linda , Martinez Elizabeth A. , Hartsfield Sandee M. , Matthews Nora S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate adequacy of analgesia provided by postoperative administration of butorphanol to cats undergoing onychectomy.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Animals

63 cats undergoing elective onychectomy.

Procedure

Cats were randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 42) or control group (21). Cats in the treatment group were given butorphanol parenterally immediately and 4 hours after surgery and orally for 2 days after surgery. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded and scores were assigned for temperament, recovery, sedation, analgesia, and lameness for the first 24 hours after surgery. Owners provided scores for appetite, personality, and lameness the first and second days after discharge from the hospital.

Results

Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and temperament and sedation scores were not significantly different between groups at any evaluation time. Recovery scores were significantly better for butorphanol-treated than for control-group cats 10 minutes after extubation. Analgesia scores were significantly better for butorphanol-treated than for control-group cats between 5 and 24 hours after surgery. Fewer butorphanol-treated than control-group cats were lame at the time of discharge from the hospital. The first day after discharge, owners reported that percentages of butorphanol-treated cats that ate normally, acted normally, and had only mild or no lameness were significantly higher than percentages of control-group cats that did. Significant differences between groups were not detected the second day after discharge.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that for cats undergoing onychectomy, administration of butorphanol the day of surgery and the first full day after surgery provides effective analgesia and improves recovery, appetite, and gait. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:246-250)
Monitoring and detection of acute viral respiratory tract disease in horses
Authors: Mumford Elizabeth L. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Salman M. D. , Collins James K. , Getzy David M. , Carman Jane
Published: December 2023

Objective

To develop a system to monitor and detect acute infections of the upper respiratory tract (ie, nares, nasopharynx, and pharynx) in horses and to assess the association among specific viral infections, risk factors, and clinical signs of disease.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

151 horses with clinical signs of acute infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD) from 56 premises in Colorado.

Procedure

Health management data, blood samples, and nasal or nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained for 151 horses with clinical signs of acute IUBD. Of these horses, 112 had an additional blood sample obtained during convalescence and were considered to have complete sample sets. Samples were tested for evidence of respiratory tract infection by use of ELISA, virus isolation, and serologic testing of paired serum samples.

Results

Viral infections were identified in 65 horses with complete sample sets; influenza virus infection was identified in 43 horses, equine herpesvirus (EHV) infection in 18, and mixed influenza virus and EHV infections in 4. On 14 premises, samples were obtained from more than 1 affected horse. Viral infections were identified in horses on 11 of 14 premises. Equine herpesviruses were isolated from 10 horses. A relationship was not found between vaccination history and identification of EHV or influenza virus infections. An infection with EHV was less likely to be identified in horses with initial (acute) antibody titers > 1:16 to EHV.

Clinical Implications

Influenza virus (specifically, A/equine/2) was the most common virus associated with acute IURD. Use of multiple diagnostic tests and obtaining samples from more than 1 horse in an outbreak may improve detection of viral infections. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:385-390)
Complications associateci with administration of detomidine into the caudal epidural space in a horse
Authors: Wittern Chelsea , Hendrickson Dean A. , Trumble Troy , Wagner Ann
Published: December 2023

Detomidine hydrochloride, administered at lower than recommended doses into the caudal epidural space in horses, can induce greater sedation than expected.

Horses given detomidine as a caudal epidural injection and in which general anesthesia is subsequently induced with halothane may require lower concentrations of anesthetic for maintenance.