bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Potlucks to Protests
Authors: Wijeyeratne Sasha
Published: May 2021

This collaborative activist reflection highlights the work and activism of the TransLatin@ Coalition, a nationally recognized organization founded in 2009, which advocates for the dignity and respect of Trans Latin@ lives in the United States. Headquartered in Los Angeles, the organization released a survey report in November 2016, titled “The State of Trans Health: Trans Latin@s and Their Health Care Needs” that takes a holistic approach of understanding how issues such as mental health, medical health, sexual health, housing, employment, and spirituality shape the health and well-being of Trans Latin@s in Southern California. We highlight the importance of collaborative community-based participatory research methods as a tool to bring visibility to the urgent needs of Trans Latin@ immigrants.
Welcome to Cuban Miami
Authors: Solórzano Rafael Ramirez
Published: May 2021

Queer and trans migration analyses and activisms require critically engaging settler colonialisms and First Nations’ sovereignty. This roundtable features four scholar-activists who share knowledge and insights on the vexed relationship between queer and trans migration struggles and indigenous organizing for sovereignty and self-determination.
Bridging Immigration Justice and Prison Abolition
Authors: Hammami Jamila
Published: May 2021

As a longtime Chicago-based organizer and writer, the author offers a reflection on the status of the immigrant justice movement. One of the first to bring queer and immigration concerns together outside of the issue of binational same-sex couples, the author critiques how undocuqueer activism has focused on identity and stories, thereby entrenching neoliberal logics and erasing labor within the movement.
The Price of Survival
Authors: Soto José Guadalupe Herrera
Published: May 2021

The chapter reflects on the Facing Crisis photography workshop held in Athens (Greece) in July 2017 in collaboration with LGBTQI+ refugees. The aim of the workshop was to engage people in collective acts of self-representation through portraiture. Participants were people who have been rendered entirely invisible in hegemonic, heteronormative discourses of the “refugee crisis.” As the authors reflected on the workshop, they wanted to “problematize” the ubiquity of projects that give cameras to refugees and exhibit photographs they take of themselves. What anxieties do we mask in seeking to make the subaltern visible? The authors put forward a visual and theoretical provocation motivated by a desire for living and working together across and against axes of power and lines of belonging constituting a bordered reality.
Introduction
Authors: Avilez GerShun
Published: May 2021

The introduction presents the argument that Black queer individuals are injury-bound subjects: they are surrounded by the threat of injury. This focus on injury is an engagement of and movement away from Afro-pessimism, which foregrounds the social and epistemic ubiquity of Black death. The turn to injury emphasizes embodied presence rather than physical absence. The introduction asserts that desire and pleasure represent recurring ways that artists respond to the threats of injury queers face. Attention to how different bodies inhabit space, one way of understanding of the “politics of scale,” is a crucial analytic for making sense of queer experiences of spatialized injury. Desire emerges as a cultural response to such spatial differentiation and is imagined as a way to find freedom in restriction.
Laughing to Keep from Dying
Authors: Morgan Danielle Fuentes
Published: May 2021

This book utilizes an interdisciplinary approach to expand the parameters of satire to include the satirization found in twenty-first-century African American forms of expression crossing generic boundaries. While many of these texts and performances are satires or comedies in a traditional sense, some offer the satirization of race itself as a strategy to create space for possible satiric readings. The use of comedy, humor, and satire in these texts and performances incisively problematizes the existing social sphere by highlighting its absurdity in both the reality of racialization and the mythology of the “post-racial.” These texts reveal the irrationality of racialization and critique anxieties surrounding race and Blackness to demonstrate the usefulness of satire as a critical frame for articulating Black selfhood. Here the power of satire is found in “laughing to keep from dying,” a form of revolutionary laughter in two registers. The in-group laughter opens up Black interior space to make room for autonomous Black identity formation. Out-group laughter either indicts the listener or offers protective plausible deniability of “just jokes” in which comedy is feigned to lack sociopolitical meaning. This laughter opens up space for kaleidoscopic Blackness, where all autonomous performances of Black self-identity are valid.
Prometheus Bound
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

The naming of Dandelion Crater as a lunar navigation point by the Apollo 15 crew establishes the baseline for assessing Bradbury’s continuing role as a Space Age visionary and talisman. The chapter offers deeper context through a brief summary of his earlier rise to Space Program prominence as described in the previous volume, Ray Bradbury Unbound. As the Apollo program came to an end, Bradbury began work designing the basic ride concept and narrative for what would become Spaceship Earth at Disney World’s EPCOT. Chapter 1 closes with the termination of Apollo, long-term setbacks in Disney’s Spaceship Earth planning efforts, and the effect of these twin disappointments on Bradbury.
One-Way Ticket Man
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s long association with WED (later Walt Disney Imagineers) resulted in the 1982 opening of EPCOT and the Spaceship Earth geodetic sphere that he had worked on for more than a decade. Chapter 17 describes the milestones of Bradbury’s participation in Spaceship Earth’s ride display, themes, and audio narration, and his opening-day experiences at Disney World. This cross-country trip included rail and automobile mishaps, and Disney executives, including Roy Disney, were able to convince Bradbury to return to Los Angeles by way of his first airline flight. Chapter 17 includes brief context for the Disney Studio filming of his novel Something Wicked This Way Comes.
A Most Favorite Subject
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s fascination with genre fiction art resulted in “1982: A Helicon Year for the Artists of Science Fiction.” Chapter 19 goes on to describe how Byron Preiss assembled a range of well-known artists to illustrate a new collection of Bradbury stories, Dinosaur Tales. These included Gahan Wilson, Jim Steranko, Jean Henri Giraud, David Wiesner, and Overton Loyd. The chapter also explores Bradbury’s high regard for traditional poets Phyllis McGinley and Helen Bevington in the context of his second and third Knopf volumes of his own poetry. The chapter concludes with Bradbury’s ill-fated collaboration with Japanese producer Yutaka Fujioka, Roger Allers, and Chris Lane on the juvenile animated feature, Little Nemo in Slumberland, inspired by the comic strip character by Winsor McCay.
1984 Will Not Arrive
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s New Year’s Eve appearance with Orson Welles for a televised reading and discussion of George Orwell’s novel 1984 opens chapter 21. Bradbury’s countervailing optimism to the Orwell scenario centered on his view that everyone should share in the achievements of Space Age science and technology, including immigrants who continued to arrive on American shores. The chapter also shows his similar work as chair of the newly founded World Interdependence Fund and co-host of NASA’s 22nd Space Congress. Chapter 21 concludes with Bradbury’s first official visit to his hometown of Waukegan, Illinois in October 1984, where he reestablished his roots in the town he had left a half-century earlier.
Death Is a Lonely Business
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Much of chapter 22 centers on the evolution of Death Is a Lonely Business, Bradbury’s first sustained experiment in autobiographical fiction. The novel represents Bradbury’s long backward glance at his life in the late 1940s, when he first realized that he would be able to be successful as a mainstream author. This chapter tracks the long road culminating in Bradbury’s return to detective fiction and the influence of such precursors and friends as Ross Macdonald, Leigh Brackett, and James Crumley. Chapter 22 concludes with a broader range of life loves and influences as Bradbury described them to his pen-pal friend and fellow poet Helen Bevington.
The ABCs of Science Fiction
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 30 opens with a surprise proposal from Planetary Society founders Carl Sagan and Louis Friedman to send a digitized copy of works by the ABC authors—Asimov, Bradbury, and Clarke—to Mars in 1992. The Russian lander carrying this cargo failed, but an expanded version of the ABC project remained for a future American mission to attempt. Bradbury participated in the 1992 grand opening of the Euro Disney Resort and Park, where he had served as an occasional advisor to Imagineer executive Tim Delany as it was developed. The final episodes of the six-year Ray Bradbury Theater television series were produced and broadcast during 1992; the chapter concludes with an assessment of the series and its record of awards.
Closing the Book
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 45 concludes Bradbury Beyond Apollo with an assessment of his legacy, prefaced by an account of the memorial to Bradbury staged by the Planetary Society as the Mars rover Curiosity landed in early August 2012. Chapter 45 wraps up the three-volume biography with a summary of the well-known early story collections and novels that anchor Bradbury’s twenty-first century reputation, and a parallel summation of the important achievements of the last forty years of his career. These include The Halloween Tree’s affirmation of life over death, the six-year run of Ray Bradbury Theater, the role of “The Toynbee Convector” as Bradbury’s settled view on human endeavor, his visionary but sometimes controversial articles, and his delicate but compelling Somewhere a Band Is Playing.
“The Life of a Musician”
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: May 2021

Bristow’s first teacher was his father, William Richard Bristow; he later studied with George Macfarren, Ole Bull, and others. During the 1840s he performed professionally in theater orchestras (Park, National, and Olympic), joined the Philharmonic Society (1842), and soon began performing in the orchestra (1843). Important mentors included William Musgrif and George Loder. In the same decade he wrote songs, piano pieces, and chamber works, as well the Concert Overture (1845) and Sinfonia No. 1 (1847). By mid-decade he was thoroughly immersed in the thriving performance scene of the city: as an ensemble member, conductor, and solo violinist or pianist.
The 1850s
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: May 2021

Bristow married Harriet Crane (1853) and began to teach in the New York Public Schools (1854). He was conductor of the New York Harmonic Society (1851-1863) and organist for several churches. Three major works were premiered: his opera Rip Van Winkle (1855, by the Pyne and Harrison Company) and his symphonies nos. 2 and 3 (1856 and 1859, both by the Philharmonic Society). He also wrote the Winter’s Tale Overture (1855). During the 1850s Bristow’s activities as a teacher, performer, and composer grew apace, as did his reputation. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (1858) and enjoyed a testimonial concert (1859).
Bristow as Businessman and Musical Authority
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: May 2021

Bristow organized two piano and melodeon businesses--the first a disaster, the second more successful. He provided testimonials to many instrument manufacturers (Steinway, Chickering, Bradbury, and Weber pianos) and other music-related endeavors. He was also associated with the United States Mutual Pianoforte Association (1867), a nonprofit that made pianos available to the general public at low prices. Bristow also served as a musical-instrument judge at the 1876 Centennial Exposition and became swept up in a controversy about the judging process. He was defended by some New York critics but was deemed guilty by association by many and must have rued the day he agreed to take on the task.
Ownership, Management, and Labor Discipline
Authors: Wen Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Huawei’s ownership structure and its controversial managerial and labor policies. Huawei’s experiments in designing its employee-shareholding ownership structure can be viewed a result of an organizational innovation in the context of China’s corporatization and ownership diversification reforms. To capture the complicated process of class restructuring and labor relations in a transnationalized production system, this chapter also provides an analysis of Huawei’s labor practices, including its procurement practices, training systems, hierarchical job structure, divisive salary regime, and “soft management” skills. The relentless practices and coercive modes of labor control reveal the capital-labor tensions.
Introduction
Authors: Wood Betsy
Published: May 2021

The introduction discusses the scholarly goals of the book, including situating child labor reform within a new historiographical context of scholarship on slavery and emancipation and the meaning of freedom within post-emancipation societies. It explains how the purpose of the book is to understand what debates about child labor over time reveal about the legacy of sectionalist conflict between North and South in an emerging capitalist society. It also discusses how gender and race played crucial roles in debates about child labor and how the racial and gender dimensions of these debates evolved within a new market context.
Cultural Warriors
Authors: Wood Betsy
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses why the battle over a proposed Child Labor Amendment to the US Constitution in the 1920s came to embody the new sectionalism of the modern industrial age. This battle shaped opposing visions of work, freedom, morality, and the market within an emerging consumer society. The campaign for expanded federal authority over child labor through an amendment enabled Southern manufacturers to spur a collective grassroots protest against modern secular bureaucracy. Defining the amendment as a spiritual threat to rural America and farm families, opponents resurrected free labor principles—especially for boys—and traditional moral values based in fundamentalist Christianity as weapons against the encroachment of the modern bureaucratic state.
Introduction
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This introduction reframes the history of the U.S. Supreme Court decision Hague v. CIO (1939) that guaranteed speech and assembly rights in public municipal forums under federal law for the first time. It lifts the story out of standard treatment as a product of police repression of labor organizers by city boss Frank Hague, exploring instead the case’s broader roots in multiple changes in city governance, policing, the labor movement, civil liberties law, and anticommunism and antifascism politics of the late New Deal era. It urges examination of all sides of the controversy, winners and losers, scrutinizing evidence beyond antiboss sources, including varied newspapers, municipal reports, trial transcripts, labor archives, and federal court records. It views the case as part of a constitutional watershed.
Introduction
Authors: Velasco Gina K.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the constellation of figures that make up the global Filipina body—the mail-order bride, the sex worker / trafficked woman, and the domestic helper / overseas contract worker—as the embodiment of racialized and gendered labor that the Philippine nation provides for a global capitalist economy. Within Filipina/o diasporic cultural production, the global Filipina body represents the failure of the heteropatriarchal Philippine nation under neoliberal globalization. Situating this book within the overlapping fields of Philippine studies, Filipina/o American studies, transnational feminisms, and queer studies, this chapter argues that the queering of the figure of the global Filipina body allows for a queer and feminist engagement with the politics of nationalism(s) in the context of the diaspora.
The Queer Cyborg in Gigi Otálvaro-Hormillosa’s Cosmic Blood
Authors: Velasco Gina K.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 draws on José Muñoz's Cruising Utopia as a theoretical framework for analyzing the cyborg as a utopian figure for a queer diaspora beyond the heteronormativity and masculinism of the nation. The performance and video art piece Cosmic Blood, by the queer Colombian and Filipina/o American artist Gigi Otálvaro-Hormillosa, challenges both (post)colonial taxonomies of racial difference and contemporary capitalist discourses that naturalize the labor of the racialized, gendered Filipina body. Cosmic Blood uses a science fictional mode to present a retelling of the moment of first contact between the colonizer and the colonized. The cyborg character functions both as a figure for racial and gender hybridity and as a figure for a queer diaspora beyond the familial ties of blood and kinship.
Using Connected Vehicle Data to Reassess Dilemma Zone Performance of Heavy Vehicles
Authors: Li Howell , Platte Tom , Mathew Jijo K. , Smith W. Benjamin , Saldivar-Carranza Enrique , Bullock Darcy M.
Published: May 2021

The rate of fatalities at signalized intersections involving heavy vehicles is nearly five times higher than for passenger vehicles in the US. Previous studies in the US have found that heavy vehicles are twice as likely to violate a red light compared with passenger vehicles. Current technologies leverage setback detection to extend green time for a particular phase and are based upon typical deceleration rates for passenger cars. Furthermore, dilemma zone detectors are not effective when the max out time expires and forces the onset of yellow. This study proposes the use of connected vehicle (CV) technology to trigger force gap out (FGO) before a vehicle is expected to arrive within the dilemma zone limit at max out time. The method leverages position data from basic safety messages (BSMs) to map-match virtual waypoints located up to 1,050 ft in advance of the stop bar. For a 55 mph approach, field tests determined that using a 6 ft waypoint radius at 50 ft spacings would be sufficient to match 95% of BSM data within a 5% lag threshold of 0.59 s. The study estimates that FGOs reduce dilemma zone incursions by 34% for one approach and had no impact for the other. For both approaches, the total dilemma zone incursions decreased from 310 to 225. Although virtual waypoints were used for evaluating FGO, the study concludes by recommending that trajectory-based processing logic be incorporated into controllers for more robust support of dilemma zone and other emerging CV applications.
Temporalities as Ideologies
Authors: Graff Rebecca S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on temporalities at both sites. First, it looks at the six-month lifespan and subsequent material erasure of the World’s Columbian Exposition, and how its ephemerality provided transformative potential. This is followed by discussion of the fair’s architecture and exhibits from the imagined past, present, and future, and how tourists consumed them and their ideological messages as an unproblematic totality. The archaeological research likewise centered upon Fair temporalities: monumental ephemerality (the fair’s enormous structures made of temporary building materials) and infrastructural permanence (systems of sewerage, water, gas, and electricity). The chapter then turns to the Charnley House, designed by Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright as an aesthetically modern home, whose façade looked “out of time” with the rest of the domestic architecture of the city. Finally, an 1890s alarm clock from the Charnley midden reinforces and makes materially possible the keeping of modern, industrial time.
An Introduction to the Sagas of Icelanders
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: May 2021

An Introduction to the Sagas of Icelanders provides new perspectives on a unique medieval literary genre: the Sagas of Icelanders (also known in English as Family Sagas). The book deepens our understanding both of the Old Norse-Icelandic texts and of our responses to them by attending to the ways in which the texts work as narratives of identity. It offers a fresh account of the sagas by relating them to questions addressed by postcolonial studies, feminist and queer theory, and ecocriticism, approaches that are currently more familiar in other areas of literary study than in the study of Old Norse-Icelandic literature. The book begins by examining what an Icelandic saga is, and then goes on to discuss the origins of the genre, describing its historical contexts and arguing that a rich variety of oral and written source traditions combined to produce a new literary form. The book then examines issues of national, religious, and legal identity, gender and sexuality, and the relations between human beings, nature, and the supernatural. Readings of selected individual sagas show how the various source traditions and thematic concerns of the genre interact in the most widely read and admired sagas. A brief history of the translation of the sagas into English shows how consistently translation has been inspired by, and undertaken in accordance with, beliefs about identity. The book’s conclusion draws together the preceding chapters by underlining how they have presented the sagas of Icelanders as narrative explorations of identity and alterity.
The Sagas in English
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 considers the translation history of the sagas of Icelanders into English. The chapter reveals the importance of the Icelandic sagas to literary culture in the English-speaking world over the last two hundred or more years and also shows how consistently the translation of Old Norse-Icelandic literature has been inspired by, and undertaken in accordance with, beliefs about identity. Beginning with Walter Scott’s epitome of Eyrbyggja saga it goes on to consider the Victorian translations of William Morris, Sabine Baring-Gould, and George Webbe Dasent; the translation of Egils saga by the early fantasy novelist E. R. Eddison; the translations of Gwyn Jones; the widely read Penguin Classics translations by Hermann Pálsson and his collaborators; and the complete translation of all sagas of Icelanders published by Leifur Eiríksson Publishing in 1997.
The Philosopher as an Artist Writ Large
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

Mexican muralism began as a manifestation of José Vasconcelos’ belief that beautiful environments produced more effective learning. He thought of muralism as decoration and hired his artists for that purpose. That what they created was to be Mexican was a given, but how it was to be Mexican went unspecified. The stained-glass window he commissioned from Roberto Montenegro, unveiled at the outset of the nation’s centennial celebration in 1921, took the jarabe tapatío (Mexican hat dance) as its theme. The commemorative events which followed the window’s unveiling underlined the post-revolutionary government’s intent to separate itself from the French taste associated with the dictatorship it had overthrown. Although the nation’s new leaders may not have had the means to impose a national aesthetic at the time, through its centennial celebration it pronounced itself firmly in favor of folk art as a sign of the national.
A Question of Technique
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

Mexico’s lack of dance infrastructure was evident to its political leadership. As a new administration shifted the focus of Vasconcelos’ educational program from Mexico’s classical European heritage to that of its working urban and rural peoples, the Secretaría de Educación Pública’s educators sought to employ a still ill-defined Mexican dance as one of its tools to educate the public. Despite a failed first attempt centered on the classical ballet and the financial challenges of the international financial depression, the SEP persisted in its efforts. Abstract painter Carlos Mérida, whose modernism sought to capture the spirit of pre-conquest indigenous art forms, turned the programming of what would become the National School of Dance toward the remnants of “pure” indigenous dance.
Competing Modernisms
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

Through Carlos Mérida’s advocacy of the Graham technique, the Secretaría de Educación Pública invited U.S. choreographer Anna Sokolow to perform and teach in Mexico City. The SEP also invited Waldeen Falkenstein to perform, setting up a competition between their opposing styles of socially engaged choreography. Sokolow’s approach was closely aligned to Graham’s ideas; Waldeen claimed to have found her inspiration in specifically Mexican ways of moving. Their antagonistic approach mirrored ongoing divisions in the visual arts community over local inspiration versus an international orientation, though the disciples of both dancers vehemently rejected suggestions of any foreign elements in their work. Sokolow would come to be known as the originator of modern dance in Mexico, but it was Waldeen who created its watershed work, La Coronela (The Woman Coronel), with a distinctly female-centric evocation of Mexico’s revolution.
Lunar Outfitters
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

Lunar Outfitters chronicles the history of the Apollo space suit and how it was developed and produced. It focuses on the employees of ILC Industries, the maker of these lunar suits, and highlights the first engineer who saw the need for such a suit and those who came along later to advance the suit and make it the best space suit in the industry. Details and stories in the text describe many hurdles, such as the challenges this relatively small company faced in convincing NASA they were capable of fulfilling the contract. Later chapters provide technical details of the various Apollo model suits and how they were assembled, including the materials used.
Developing the State-of-the-Art Space Suit
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

What is the definition of a space suit? This chapter explains and chronicles the development of the model XMC2-ILC pressure suit for the early U.S. Air Force high-altitude aircraft.
The Model A-7L Space Suit, 1967–1971
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

The Apollo 1 fire tragedy forces ILC to change their approach on how the suit is designed so that future crews will be offered more protection by the use of modern materials for the cover layers. This chapter covers all of the Apollo missions that used the model A-7L space suit and describes the various features of the suit.
End of a Historic Era
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of how the Apollo program came to an end, the end of the space race, and how both affected ILC Industries.
Chesterfield Smith, America's Lawyer
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

Chesterfield Smith was one of the boldest lawyers of the twentieth century. A child of a poor, broken household but also a child of a politically connected family, Smith grew up aimless. His World War II combat experience changed him. He returned an ambitious and impatient man who had learned from the European theater what systemized hate and prejudice could do. Smith rose fast, building his small firm to a goliath, leading the Florida Bar, and masterminding the creation of a new state constitution. As president of the American Bar Association during Watergate, his was one of the earliest voices calling for Nixon to obey the law or resign. At home, Smith urged his lawyers to improve the practice of law, and the world around them, by “doing good.” Smith’s larger-than-life personality and drive to improve his surroundings irritated some and inspired many.
War
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

Chesterfield Smith served in the U.S. Army for more than five years; after excelling in training in Kansas and Mississippi, he married his childhood sweetheart and was shipped overseas. Smith, a captain, led an artillery battalion that saw action in France and eventually fought as reinforcements in the Battle of the Bulge. Smith suffered a minor wound in Germany from a Messerschmidt jet plane. He cleaned up an uninhabitable prison camp he found in a German town by forcing the townspeople to switch places with the prisoners until the townspeople had made the prison habitable.
The Rainbow’s Generational Masochisms
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Husband and wife in D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow equally embrace and use masochism as a tool of intense interpersonal interaction. Lawrence approaches the first Brangwen generation, Tom and Lydia, with a subtle gesture to their capacity for masochism. As their daughter, Anna, marries Will, this second generation is marked by a keen consciousness of the need for mutual masochism in order to render their partnership successful. Anna and Will are extraordinarily well-matched and, in many ways, could be considered Lawrence’s marital ideal. In direct conversation with the flat and failed masochistic experimentation of their daughter, Ursula, Will and Anna’s relationship is telling in its dynamic reciprocity. This chapter traces the three generations in the novel and the ways in which Lawrence’s portrait of marital success is contingent upon the recognition of marriage as an already accepted, socially and legally sanctioned form of masochism.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews Christopher N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the A Long Time Coming project. It discusses the background of the community under study as well as the theories and approaches that frame the book. These include historical archaeology, community archaeology, decolonization, structural racism, and archaeology as political action.
Conclusion
Authors: Matthews Christopher N.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 provides a reflection of the findings of the book. A story of recent resistance to the marginalization of people of color in the community provides the framework. Resistance to white racism and appropriated histories are a framework for understanding how people of color claimed their civil rights for the last two hundred years. The chapter concludes with a proposal for an affirmative action program in the heritage industry.
Culture Contact and the Cahokia Phenomenon
Authors: Friberg Christina M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter orients the reader with a discussion of anthropological and archaeological theory pertaining to culture contact and the history of research at Cahokia. A brief summary of Mississippian settlement systems and chronology in the Greater Cahokia area, the northern hinterland, and the Lower Illinois River Valley provides the regional background and theoretical focus necessary for situating the arguments made in subsequent chapters. The theoretical frameworks include political economy, craft production, and theories of identity and tradition, migration, and social interaction.
Making Mississippian
Authors: Friberg Christina M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter synthesizes the patterns presented in the book to reconstruct what life was like for Audrey Mississippians. It discusses the implications of these findings for the limits of Cahokia’s economic control and political influence and the nature of culture contact dynamics north of the American Bottom. The Lower Illinois River Valley’s proximity to Cahokia did in fact result in more changes to social organization at Audrey than observed in the northern hinterland. Audrey inhabitants nevertheless maintained certain Woodland-era conventions and hybridized others, generating new Mississippian traditions in the process. Finally, a discussion of exotic materials north of Cahokia characterizes a spirit of exchange and interaction between and among these diverse regions that likely fueled the Mississippianization of the north.
An Archaeology of Native American Placemaking in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Rodning Christopher B. , Sullivan Lynne P.
Published: May 2021

Archaeology contributes material perspectives and temporal dimensions to the study of placemaking. This chapter explores relationships between people and place in Native American town areas of the southern Appalachians. How did these towns situate themselves within the southern Appalachian landscape during the period just before and after European contact? How did practices of placemaking shape Native American responses to encounters and entanglements with Spanish conquistadors and English traders and military expeditions? As evident from archaeology, oral tradition, and place names, many places within the landscape of the southern Appalachians were sources of resilience and stability and points of resistance to change.
Freeing Oneself
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

In the nineteenth century, coartación had taken a legal leap from being an option requiring the master’s consent to being a demand slaves could make on their masters. Paradoxically, this qualitative leap made the slaves’ subjection to their owners all the more acute. As the century progressed, enforced emancipation of the slaves driven by masters became more widespread in the society. Equally, however, coartación processes were blocked, at the master’s whim. Slaves’ self-purchase became a problem on large plantations, and the movement of slaves from city to country and from country to city was increasingly common. This indicator underscores the fact that slave hiring in rural areas became more widespread. Within the sugar estates, coartados could not earn money as easily because they were not allowed to leave without a consent letter from the masters, and, because on rural areas, commerce and the exercise of the trades that allowed them to earn wages were limited.
An Institution for the Advancement of Slaves into Freedmen?
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

The main objective of hired slaves was to have their price of coartación set at a low amount. The higher the price of coartación, the more money they would have to turn over to their owners, although the portion of wages that either party might hold back was inconsistent. Generally speaking, agreements were made after private negotiations, and adjustments badly regulated. Coartados’ personal earnings were reduced by the percentage they were obliged to pay to their masters during their coartación period; in other words, they had to pay a kind of “interest” on their masters’ investment. This chapter explains the legal dispersal of coartación and how the jurisprudence of the time worked.
Conclusion
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

In this study, we look beyond the classic perception of coartación as paid manumission or simple self-purchase; that way of looking at it is insufficient—at some point that meaning, that definition, was lost, or at least twisted. Being a coartado did not consign one to a rigid socio-economic status, nor did coartación conform to a regular labor pattern that arose from the predominance of large sugar plantations, haciendas, and the principles on which they worked. Slave owners who refused to recognize the law or regulations by which a slave might purchase his or her own freedom “on the instalment plan,” by rejecting the meaning of it that might be favorable to the slave, made coartación an unstable concept.
Making an Immigrant City
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter demystifies how São Paulo’s population expanded from around 65,000 inhabitants in 1890 to roughly one million by 1930. It demonstrates São Paulo distinguished itself as a node of family immigration among immigrant receiving nations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Immigrant registrations from the Hospedaria de Imigrantes and calls to immigrate, chamadas, demystify how the state’s immigration program built to support coffee agriculture dramatically impacted the city's growth and allow for distinctions between immigrant groups. There were complex and diverse migration streams to the city. Early Italian migration was followed by unskilled, Portuguese migration between 1903 and 1913, and a skilled German migration in the postwar period. This change signals that World War I marked a turning point in the city from labor-intensive toward capital-intensive growth. The records also suggest the war marked an increase in northeastern migration to São Paulo. In contrast to most regional assumptions, migrants from northeastern Brazil were more literate than many immigrant groups and Brazilians from other regions. Despite their literacy, they were much less likely to be contracted in the city than their European counterparts.
The Middle-Class Glass Ceiling in the Postwar Era
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores working Paulistanos’ access to good jobs and the limits to mobility in the 1920s. By the end of the Old Republic, laborers and liberal professionals comprised São Paulo’s middle class, and a segmented labor market existed with good jobs in commerce, transportation, and the mechanical sector and bad jobs in the textile sector. Interview transcripts and worker profiles show workers valued a high salary, opportunities for training and advancement, and family employment. Established residents and new residents, who were internal migrants, Eastern Europeans, or immigrants from other Southern Cone ports, vied for these good jobs. Despite tightening immigration regulations and increasing cost of living, the city doubled in size. Not everyone had equal access to these positions: a good appearance and the right connections facilitated entry, placing individuals coming directly from the lavoura, who could not afford the city’s overpriced clothing, women, and Afro-Brazilians increasingly at a disadvantage. The search for housing compounded disadvantages, and the working class increasingly built outward, expanding São Paulo’s footprint into the city’s floodplains. The Great Flood of 1929 demonstrated the precariousness of success and limits of opportunity as flood victims sought refuge in the Hospedaria.
Introduction
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces leprosy, an infection that is still misunderstood and considered a neglected tropical disease but declining in frequency, according to the World Health Organization. The bacteria that cause leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, are outlined, as well as how a relative strength of a person’s immune system determines how leprosy affects the body. Although leprosy is curable, associated stigma and disability remain common challenges for people with the disease in parts of the world. The goals and structure of the book are outlined, ten myths that still pervade society at large are listed, and the use of the word “leper” discussed. Based on World Health Organization data, the chapter also explores the frequency of leprosy today, where the infection remains a challenge, and the history of detecting and reporting evidence for leprosy in living populations. Finally, the reasons why bioarchaeologists have an interest in this infection are explored.
The Biology of Leprosy Bacteria and How they are Transmitted to Humans
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the nature of the bacterial causes of leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, including research on their genomes. Paucibacillary leprosy is the high-resistance form of leprosy and multibacillary leprosy is the low-resistance form. It is clear that genomic research, including the documentation of different strains of the bacterium and identifying susceptibility and resistance genes, is providing knowledge that is helping to track transmission and identify areas within regions of countries that remain challenges for management. While it is concluded that leprosy is transmitted through the exhalation and then inhalation of bacteria-laden droplets (droplet infection), other reported mechanisms have been discussed, and there are environmental sources of the bacteria. Leprosy in children is rare, and males are affected more than females. The wide range of intrinsic (e.g., age, sex) and extrinsic (e.g., diet, living conditions) factors that make people more or less susceptible to leprosy provide a complex picture to manage when thinking about why any particular person contracts the infection. The wild nine-banded armadillo and the red squirrel natural endemic hosts for M. leprae, but while non-human primates may be affected there is no evidence of them being infected in the wild.
The Bioarchaeological Evidence of Leprosy
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the evidence for leprosy in skeletons from archaeological sites across the globe. On this basis, leprosy has a history of 7,000 years, but this picture will change as more evidence is uncovered. In the past, leprosy appears to have been a disease of the Old World and the northern and eastern hemispheres. The earliest skeletons with leprosy are from Britain, Hungary, Turkey, Iran, and Sudan. Northern Europe has the most evidence with Britain, Denmark, Hungary, and Sweden providing the most data. No evidence has been confirmed in the Americas, but there are more recent documentary data for leprosy there as a result of migration, the slave trade, and colonialism. Leprosy in non-adult skeletons is rare, and there is only one preserved body with evidence: an Egyptian mummy. The majority of the people whose skeletons revealed leprosy were buried normally for the time period in which they lived, their culture, and their geographic location. The bioarchaeological evidence does not corroborate the historical evidence for the frequency of leprosy (and some bioarchaeological evidence predates the historical data), nor does it support the wholesale stigma and marginalization of those affected that is often reported in the historical literature.
A Future for Leprosy: Clinical and Bioarchaeological Perspectives
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter considers the overall findings of the book, some limitations of the data, and addresses the myths of leprosy outlined at the start of the book. All the ten myths are dismissed. For example, leprosy can be cured using antibiotic therapy, which has been free for all who need it since 1995; leprosy as we know it today is not described in the Bible—this misconception is related to a mistranslation of a Hebrew word; leprosy is a problem for people today. While figures from the World Health Organization indicate that new “cases” of leprosy have shown a steady decline since the late 1990s, the legacy of leprosy (impairment, stigma, isolation) remains; and all people with leprosy were not necessarily segregated from society in the past—the bioarchaeological data show that not everyone with leprosy was segregated and that people likely remained part of their communities. Finally, a future for leprosy in our world is considered, alongside its future study in history and bioarchaeology through an evolutionary perspective that is ethically grounded, not forgetting that using the word “leper” is not advised.
Estimativas de Índices de Vegetação na Microbacia do Rio Puruzinho, Sul do Amazonas
Authors: Franciscon Uilson , Cunha José Maurício da , Campos Milton César Costa , Silva Douglas Marcelo Pinheiro da , Lemos Natasha Sousa Araújo , Brito Filho Elilson Gomes de , Brito Wildson Benedito Mendes
Published: May 2021

A Amazônia é o maior bioma do Brasil, abrange as bacias hidrográficas do rio Amazonas, Araguaia-Tocantins, bacias costeiras do Norte Ocidental e bacias costeiras do Nordeste. A microbacia do Rio Puruzinho, está inserida em uma região onde há ocorrência exclusiva dos chamados Campos Naturais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar a dinâmica espaço temporal dos índices de vegetação na detecção de transformações ambientais em uma microbacia hidrográfica do rio Puruzinho. A área de estudo localiza-se em Humaitá, AM. A bacia do rio Puruzinho situa-se no interflúvio Purus-Madeira, Sudoeste da Amazônia Brasileira. Para o cálculo da estimativa dos Índices de vegetação e biofísicos, foi utilizado a ferramenta Model Maker do software ERDAS Imagine 2014. A maior média do NDVI foi para a imagem do ano de 2010, apresentando valor médio de 0,354 e a menor média do NDVI foi para o ano de 2017. O resultado do desvio padrão do NDVI apresentou altos valores, variando entre 0,278 para a imagem do ano de 2017 e 0,358 para o ano de 2010. Há uma predominância na ocorrência da classe representada pela cor verde clara, para os anos 2006, 2008, 2011 e 2017, revelando uma predominância na ocorrência de vegetação menos densa para esses anos. Os índices biofísicos exibiram padrão inverso entre as áreas de floresta densa e áreas antropizadas. A utilização dos índices biofísicos, combinados com técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento, mostraram-se ferramenta imprescindível no monitoramento e detecção de áreas com transformações ambientais.
Estratégias para ler e reler textos sobre ensino de Geografia
Authors: Batista Bruno Nunes
Published: May 2021

Tomando por base a noção de que a leitura acadêmica pressupõe um método para entender os fundamentos teóricos, os meios de aplicação e o contexto de elaboração dos textos, este ensaio é escudado pela tese de que cabe ao professor aprender a ler os clássicos da área do ensino de Geografia. Mediante essa premissa, os argumentos-chave são desenvolvidos por meio dos seguintes imperativos: 1) levantar a hipótese de que os estudantes de licenciatura não sabem ler ou leem mal; 2) dialogando com autores como Dominique Folscheid, Jean-Jacques Wunenburguer e Frédéric Cossutta, aventar uma metodologia ledora; 3) fazendo uso da técnica da explicação e do comentário, problematizar três tempos distintos do pensamento geográfico escolar.
Introduction
Authors: Tian Xiaofei
Published: May 2021

The An Lushan Rebellion that broke out in 755 set in motion forces that led to the gradual decline of the splendid Tang Empire but helped create a great poet. In 759 Du Fu 杜甫‎ (712–770) left the capital region and began wanderings through west and southwestern China that would occupy the rest of his life. His post-rebellion poetry chronicled the life of a man and his family in a chaotic age. Arguably the greatest Chinese poet, he was certainly the most influential of all Chinese authors in any genre because of the long-lasting and far-reaching impact of his poetry....
History Channels
Authors: Patterson Gregory
Published: May 2021

This chapter reads Du Fu’s commemorative poems on Yu the Great and Zhuge Liang in light of the specific communicative conditions of the Three Gorges, the vital yet perilous channel of transport and trade on the Tang empire’s remote southwest frontier. It argues that the poems for both figures are distinguished by imaginings of commemorative form—comprising both the materiality of local monuments and the means by which they extend their influence to the wider world. Picturing Yu’s creation of Qutang Gorge, Du Fu considers the founding act of “channeling and carving” as a transformation of elemental matter into ordered space that models a heroic vision of poetic composition. His poems on Zhuge Liang’s monuments dwell on the threat of material decay, while visualizing connections between Zhuge’s temples and those of his lord and patron, Liu Bei. Taken together, these poems suggest how the Three Gorges activated Du Fu’s desire for communication with history and prompted imaginative reflection on the channels that made it possible.