bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Armenian Demonology: A Critical Overview
Authors: Asatrian Garnik
Published: March 2013

The paper is a critical study of the Armenian demonic nomenclature of the ancient and later periods, covering the Classical and Middle Armenian texts and modern dialects, including Western Armenian traditions, which were alive until the first decades of the 20th century among the population of the Armenian provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

The author presents a full list of the Armenian demons of different periods, critically revising the origin of their names and functions on a comparative background.
The Iran Narrative: The Ideational Context of US Foreign Policy Decision-Making toward the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Ferrero Christopher
Published: March 2013

The United States and Iran have been estranged for over thirty years. Conventional wisdom in the US holds that Iran is chiefly responsible given its threatening actions and harsh rhetoric. Yet, between 1990 and 2003, Iran presented successive American presidents with opportunities for rapprochement. Each declined to fully seize the opportunity. Why? This article posits the causal significance of ideas and discourse in the United States. What the author calls the Iran Narrative is comprised of the vast collection of frames, myths, caricatures, news reports, “expert” analyses, and ideas that cohere and portray Iran as a uniquely evil, hostile, and irrational enemy of the United States. Domestic actors leverage the Narrative to increase the political costs and reduce the normative desirability of rapprochement with Iran. Perceptions of high political cost and low normative desirability dissuade American presidents from more actively pursuing engagement with Iran. In this article, the author tests the evidence for the existence of an Iran Narrative through a media content analysis and suggests that the Narrative has causal significance for policy decisions. Further explication of the Narrative is an interdisciplinary task that ought to leverage the tools of political science, psychology, anthropology, and other fields. The policy implications of the Iran Narrative are critical. If the Narrative does, indeed, constrain American presidents from taking bold risks for peace with Iran, then a fuller explication and deconstruction of the Iran Narrative is a necessary condition of rapprochement between Washington and Tehran.
Political Elites and the Question of Ethnicity and Democracy in Iran: A Critical View
Authors: Ahmadi Hamid
Published: March 2013

This article presents a critical view of the contemporary studies in the realm of ethnicity and nationality in Iran. Discussing the conceptual, methodological and theoretical pitfalls of such studies, the author claims that the lack of an approach based on the historical sociology and the failure to consider the historical specificities of the Iranian case have distorted the issue of ethnicity and national identity in Iran. Considering the relation between ethnicity and democracy, the author argues that the way ethnicity and ethnic factors have been instrumentally politicised by the regional and international actors, as well as the domestic political elites, has created serious obstacles for the rise and consolidation of democracy in Iran. Such an instrumental approach toward the question of ethnicity in itself stems from the fact that the reality of the ethnic and national issues in the Iranian society has been misunderstood.
Identity Disturbance In Distant Patients
Authors: Hoffman Irwin
Published: March 2013

Chronically distant, emotionally isolated patients often present with identity disturbance. Identity, it is argued, develops as a thematic pattern of narcissism, shaped by the nature of the mother’s early libidinal influences on the child’s sense of self. Identity provides a form of self-definition that addresses the question, Who am I? In the treatment of these patients, resistances to narcissistic vulnerabilities (narcissistic resistances) provide an illusory sense of security and induce the analyst to avoid attention to a central pathological problem: primitive and frightening needs for, and unconscious fantasies of, dependence on, and functionality for, another. Patients’ avoidance of material and therapeutic interactions that deal with their dependencies are aspects of a tacit contract with the analyst to foreclose examination of their considerable problems with inner stability. Among these problems are anxieties regarding intrusion and loss of separateness. As analysis proceeds, elements of such a patient’s identity become clarified and are used to understand and organize the material for both analyst and patient. This can allow the patient to articulate a more embodied and vital experience of individuality. A case is presented to illustrate the analysis of a patient using this approach.
Obesity and the relationship with positive and negative affect
Authors: Pasco Julie A , Williams Lana J , Jacka Felice N , Brennan Sharon L , Berk Michael
Published: March 2013

Objective:

To examine the cross-sectional association between overweight and obesity and positive and negative affect.

Method:

Participants included 273 women, aged 29–84 years, who were enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GOS). Weight and height were measured and overweight and obesity determined from body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) according to WHO criteria. Medical history and lifestyle exposures were assessed by questionnaire. Positive and negative affect scores were derived using the validated 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and categorised into tertiles.

Results:

A pattern of greater negative affect scores was observed for increasing levels of BMI. Setting normal weight as the referent category, the odds for having a negative affect score in the highest tertile were sequentially increased for women who were overweight (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.72–2.40) and obese (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.02–3.73). The association between obesity and increased negative affect was diminished by adjusting for physical illness (adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 0.91–3.42). These associations were not substantially influenced by positive affect score or other exposures. No association was detected between BMI categories and positive affect scores.

Conclusions:

We report data suggesting that obesity is associated with greater negative affect scores, reflecting emotions such as distress, anger, disgust, fear and shame, and that this association is attenuated by physical illness. Further investigations are now warranted to explore possible mechanistic interplay between pathological, neurobiological and psychosocial factors.
Psychosocial Stressors and Health Behaviors
Authors: Lundahl Alyssa , Nelson Timothy D. , Van Dyk Tori R. , West Tiffany
Published: March 2013

Objective. To better understand the relationship between psychosocial stressors and health behaviors in a low-income pediatric sample. Method. Participants were 122 children (8-11 years old, 53.3% female) and their parents recruited from a low-income primary care clinic. Measures assessed child stressors and parental financial strain, and child sleep problems, sedentary behaviors, and physical activity. Results. Parental financial strain and child stressors were independently associated with sleep problems and sedentary behaviors, controlling for age and gender. Though stressors in general accounted for significant variance in physical activity, results indicate a complex relationship as parental financial strain predicted more physical activity and child stressors predicted less physical activity. Conclusion. Stressors are associated with adverse pediatric health behaviors. Consequently, chronic stressors could negatively affect long-term health, and interventions targeting stressors and health behaviors are indicated. Pediatric health care providers play a key role in promoting health behaviors among youth experiencing significant psychosocial stressors.
When Is Spending Time With Peers Related to Delinquency? The Importance of Where, What, and With Whom
Authors: Weerman Frank M. , Bernasco Wim , Bruinsma Gerben J. N. , Pauwels Lieven J. R.
Published: March 2013

Research has shown that time spent with peers is related to delinquency, but little is known about the conditions under which spending time with peers is most related to delinquent behavior. In this study, we contrast different categories of time spent with peers, using detailed information about the activities and whereabouts of 843 adolescents in The Hague, the Netherlands. Our findings reveal substantial differences. Time spent with peers appears to be independently related with delinquency only when it combines at least two of the following risk-inducing conditions: just socializing, being in public, and being unsupervised.
Do They Feel the Same Way About Math?
Authors: Segeritz Micha , Pant Hans Anand
Published: March 2013

This article summarizes the key finding of a study that (a) tests the measurement invariance (MI) of the popular Students’ Approaches to Learning instrument (Programme for International Student Assessment [PISA]) across ethnic/cultural groups within a country and (b) discusses implications for research focusing on the role of affective measures in immigrant and minority education. The Students’ Approaches to Learning instrument captures some of the most prominent constructs in educational psychology. Results indicate significant variation in MI across various affective scales and across cultural groups. This study demonstrates that even if MI for specific scales is established across countries, it is still necessary to test MI across cultural groups within a country. We then discuss implications of MI across immigrant groups and highlight the relevance of MI testing for all research studying the affective conditions of educational achievement among immigrant students or the educational motivation of minority students.
Negative Reciprocity in an Environment of Violent Conflict
Authors: Schubert Manuel , Lambsdorff Johann Graf
Published: March 2013

How is negative reciprocity cultivated in an environment of violent conflict? This study investigates how students in the West Bank react to unfair proposals in an ultimatum game. Proposals submitted with Hebrew as compared to Arab handwriting are rejected more often. Israelis must offer 15 percent more of a given stake than Palestinians in order to achieve the same probability of acceptance. This willingness to lose money by rejecting proposals reveals a preference for discrimination against Israelis, cultivated in the conflict-ridden environment. Students who voice a militant attitude, surprisingly, do not reveal a higher tendency to discriminate, exercising a high degree of negative reciprocity toward all unfair proposals. But those who favor a political role for Islam have a higher inclination to discriminate. This implies that ethnic and religious cleavages do not consistently generate in-group solidarity.
Periodontal Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kaur S. , White S. , Bartold P.M.
Published: March 2013

This systematic review considers the evidence available for a relationship between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, DOSS, Embase, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, MedNar, and ProQuest Theses and Dissertations were searched from the inception of the database until June 2012 for any quantitative studies that examined the association between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Good evidence was found to support an association between these conditions with regard to tooth loss, clinical attachment levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. Moderate evidence was noted for C-reactive protein and interleukin-1β. Some evidence for a positive outcome of periodontal treatment on the clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis was noted. These results provide moderate evidence based on biochemical markers and stronger evidence with regard to clinical parameters that common risk factors or common pathologic processes may be responsible for an association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Further studies are required to fully explore both the biochemical processes and clinical relationships between these 2 chronic inflammatory conditions. There is a need to move from case-control studies to more rigorous studies using well-defined populations and well-defined biochemical and clinical outcomes as the primary outcome measures with consideration of potential confounding factors.
Decreased Osteogenesis in Stromal Cells from Radiolucent Zone of Human TMJ Ankylosis
Authors: Xiao E. , Li J.-M. , Yan Y.-B. , An J.-G. , Duan D.-H. , Gan Y.-H. , Zhang Y.
Published: March 2013

We previously hypothesized that the development of traumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis was similar to that of hypertrophic non-union. Besides similarities in etiology, hypertrophic bone stumps, and long-term development, the radiolucent zone, frequently located in the ankylosed bone, is another common feature. In this study, we demonstrated that the radiolucent zone also contained multilineage potential cells (RZs, radiolucent-zone-related cells) as the non-union tissues. RZs were characterized and compared with mandibular bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) by analysis of MSC-related markers, colony-forming-unit assays, multipotential differentiation assays, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, and cell transplantation in vivo. Both cell types were positive for CD105, CD166, and Stro-1 expression, negative for CD34 and CD45 expression, and exhibited osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potentials. However, compared with mandibular BMSCs, RZs showed lower colony-forming-unit abilities and proliferation rates. The mineralization and bone-forming ability of RZs was weaker than that of mandibular BMSCs, with Runx2 and ALP mRNA expression and ALP activity significantly lower in RZs. All these results suggest that RZs possess the properties of MSCs but lower proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity similar to that of stromal cells in hypertrophic non-union tissues.
Community Disorder, Victimization Exposure, and Mental Health in a National Sample of Youth
Authors: Turner Heather A. , Shattuck Anne , Hamby Sherry , Finkelhor David
Published: March 2013

This study considers whether elevated distress among youth living in more disordered neighborhoods can be explained by personal exposure to violence and victimization, level of non-victimization adversity, and family support. Analyses were based on a sample of 2,039 youth ages 10 to 17 who participated in the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence, a national telephone survey conducted in 2008. Using structural equation modeling, we find no direct effects of community disorder on distress, once the significant mediating effects of victimization, family support, and adversity are taken into account. Using a comprehensive measure of victimization covering several domains of experiences, we show that past-year exposure to child maltreatment, sexual victimization, peer assault and bullying, and property crime each significantly mediate the community disorder–distress association. A measure of the total number of victimization types to which youth were exposed (i.e., level of “poly-victimization”) had the strongest mediating effect.
Combining QCA and Process Tracing in Set-Theoretic Multi-Method Research
Authors: Schneider Carsten Q. , Rohlfing Ingo
Published: March 2013

Set-theoretic methods and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in particular are case-based methods. There are, however, only few guidelines on how to combine them with qualitative case studies. Contributing to the literature on multi-method research (MMR), we offer the first comprehensive elaboration of principles for the integration of QCA and case studies with a special focus on case selection. We show that QCA's reliance on set-relational causation in terms of necessity and sufficiency has important consequences for the choice of cases. Using real world data for both crisp-set and fuzzy-set QCA, we show what typical and deviant cases are in QCA-based MMR. In addition, we demonstrate how to select cases for comparative case studies aiming to discern causal mechanisms and address the puzzles behind deviant cases. Finally, we detail the implications of modifying the set-theoretic cross-case model in the light of case-study evidence. Following the principles developed in this article should increase the inferential leverage of set-theoretic MMR.
Gendered Influence
Authors: Smith Alexis N. , Watkins Marla B. , Burke Michael J. , Christian Michael S. , Smith Caitlin E. , Hall Alison , Simms Shalei
Published: March 2013

The current study meta-analytically examined the gendered nature of lateral and upward influence attempts. Drawing from gender role theory, we investigated the extent to which the gender of the influence actor affected the use and effectiveness of influence behaviors. The role of a gendered environmental context was also examined. The results provided limited support of gender role theory such that men were more likely to use agentic influence tactics and women were more likely to receive personal advancement outcomes when they used communal influence tactics. Overall, the current work suggests that influence tactics may be gendered in nature such that there may be gender differences in the frequency of use and subsequent outcomes thereof. Recommendations for future research on influence include increased attention to the potentially gendered nature of influence behaviors as well as more explicit considerations of the impact of gender and gendered environment on influence effectiveness.
Fair Pay or Power Play? Pay Equity, Managerial Power, and Compensation Adjustments for CEOs
Authors: Shin Taekjin
Published: March 2013

This study examines how firms use benchmarking information about peers to determine the compensation that they offer to chief executive officers (CEOs). It jointly addresses two distinct perspectives: pay equity and managerial power. Pay inequity provides strong motivation for CEOs to restore equity, by promoting the logic of external fairness and urging boards of directors to implement peer benchmarking and adjust the focal CEO’s compensation levels. Although pay inequity may motivate CEOs to restore equity, their reaction to inequity may be effective only when they have sufficient power over the board of directors to influence the pay-setting process. Results from a sample of 1,555 CEOs generally support predictions about the moderating effects of CEO power in the relationship between a focal CEO’s pay and peer CEOs’ pay. The compensation for underpaid CEOs with relatively greater power over the board is associated with their peers’ compensation, suggesting that peer benchmarking is more aggressively used to adjust CEO compensation upward. For overpaid CEOs, the relationship between the focal CEO’s pay and peer CEOs’ pay is weaker when the CEOs have greater influence over the board, suggesting that such CEOs are able to avoid the use of benchmarking and downward adjustments of pay.
Incidence of Retropharyngeal Calcific Tendinitis (Longus Colli Tendinitis) in the General Population
Authors: Horowitz Gilad , Ben‐Ari Oded , Brenner Adi , Fliss Dan M. , Wasserzug Oshri
Published: March 2013

Objective

To determine the incidence of retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis (longus colli tendinitis) in a general urban adult population.

Study Design

Observational study in a municipal medical center.

Setting

Single tertiary referral center.

Methods

All symptomatic patients with a differential diagnosis of retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis underwent fiber‐optic assessment, laboratory studies, and imaging studies. The main outcome measure was the incidence of retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis.

Results

Thirteen patients with symptoms suggestive of retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis were evaluated in our institution between January 2008 and December 2011. Final diagnosis was made by means of a computed tomographic scan: 8 patients had retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis, 1 had retropharyngeal abscess, and the remaining 4 had other deep neck infections. The mean annual crude retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis incidence was 0.50 cases per 100,000 person‐years, and the standardized incidence was 1.31 for the age‐matched population.

Conclusions

Retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis is not a rare disease and is probably underdiagnosed because symptoms are nonspecific, treating physicians are often unfamiliar with this entity, and it is a self‐limiting pathology.
Use of Panitumumab‐IRDye800 to Image Cutaneous Head and Neck Cancer in Mice
Authors: Heath C. Hope , Deep Nicholas L. , Beck Lauren N. , Day Kristine E. , Sweeny Larissa , Zinn Kurt R. , Huang Conway C. , Rosenthal Eben L.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To assess the feasibility of panitumumab in real‐time fluorescent imaging and histologic processing of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in mice.

Design

A near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (IRDye800CW) was covalently linked to a monoclonal antibody–targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (panitumumab) or nonspecific IgG and injected into mice bearing flank xenografts from a cSCC cell line (SCC‐13 or SRB‐12; n = 7), human split‐thickness skin grafts (STSGs; n = 3), or a human tumor explant (n = 1). The tumor and lymph nodes were imaged and dissected using fluorescence guidance with the SPY imaging system and verified with a charge‐coupled NIR system. An NIR scanning device (Odyssey) was used to measure fluorescence intensity in histological sections.

Subjects

Immunodeficient mice.

Setting

In vivo and in vitro imaging lab.

Results

Tumor tissue could be delineated from the human STSG with tumor‐to‐background ratios of 4.5 (Pearl) and 3.4 (SPY). Tumor detection was substantially improved with panitumumab‐IRDye800 compared with IgG‐IRDye800. Biopsies positive for fluorescence were assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry (n = 18/18) to confirm the presence of tumor, yielding a 100% sensitivity. Biopsies of nonfluorescent tissue negative for malignancy (n = 18/18) yielded a specificity of 100%. Furthermore, the SPY system was able to detect residual disease as small as 200 µm in diameter. In addition, the Odyssey confirmed fluorescence of microscopic disease (in tumor samples of frozen and paraffin‐embedded histologic specimens) but not in adjacent noncancerous tissue.

Conclusions

These data suggest panitumumab‐IRDye800 may have clinical utility in detection and removal of subclinical cSCC using Food and Drug Administration–approved imaging hardware.
Systematic Assessment of Noise Amplitude Generated by Toys Intended for Young Children
Authors: Mahboubi Hossein , Oliaei Sepehr , Badran Karam W. , Ziai Kasra , Chang Janice , Zardouz Shawn , Shahriari Shawn , Djalilian Hamid R.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To systematically evaluate the noise generated by toys targeted for children and to compare the results over the course of 4 consecutive holiday shopping seasons.

Study Design

Experimental study.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

During 2008‐2011, more than 200 toys marketed for children older than 6 months were screened for loudness. The toys with sound output of more than 80 dBA at speaker level were retested in a soundproof audiometry booth. The generated sound amplitude of each toy was measured at speaker level and at 30 cm away from the speaker.

Results

Ninety different toys were analyzed. The mean (SD) noise amplitude was 100 (8) dBA (range, 80‐121 dBA) at the speaker level and 80 (11) dBA (range, 60‐109 dBA) at 30 cm away from the speaker. Eighty‐eight (98%) had more than an 85‐dBA noise amplitude at speaker level, whereas 19 (26%) had more than an 85‐dBA noise amplitude at a 30‐cm distance. Only the mean noise amplitude at 30 cm significantly declined during the studied period (P <. 001). There was no significant difference in mean noise amplitude of different toys specified for different age groups.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate the persistence of extremely loud toys marketed for very young children. Acoustic trauma from toys remains a potential risk factor for noise‐induced hearing loss in this age group, warranting promotion of public awareness and regulatory considerations for manufacture and marketing of toys.
The Clinical and Audiologic Features of Hearing Loss Due to Mitochondrial Mutations
Authors: Yelverton Joshua C. , Arnos Kathleen , Xia Xia‐Juan , Nance Walter E. , Pandya Arti , Dodson Kelley M.
Published: March 2013

Objectives

To characterize mitochondrial sequence variants present in a nationwide hereditary deafness DNA repository of samples from deaf subjects and to define the clinical presentation and audiometric characteristics of individuals with a mitochondrial sequence variant.

Study Design

Retrospective review of results for select mitochondrial mutations performed on DNA samples from subjects compiled from 1997 to 2009.

Setting

National hereditary deafness DNA repository.

Subjects and Methods

Available samples from subjects in the repository were screened to identify those with mitochondrial sequence variants. Clinical data on the nature of mutation, type and severity of the hearing loss, and sex, age at diagnosis, family history of hearing loss, and ethnicity were analyzed.

Results

Eighty‐six patients were identified with mitochondrial mutations or 3.5% of the subjects studied. Among those with mitochondrial mutations, 21 (24.4%) had the m.7445A>G substitution, 18 (20.9%) had the m.1555A>G substitution, 18 (20.9%) had the m.961T>G substitution, and 29 (33.7%) had a m.961delT+C(n) complex deletion. The majority of patients had bilateral severe to profound hearing loss. Fifty‐three (62%) patients were female, and a family history of hearing loss was documented in 66 (76.7%) patients. The deafness was recognized prior to 3 years of age in 26 patients.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial deafness in this sample was associated with a variety of genetic mutations and a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Because of increased aminoglycoside susceptibility associated with some forms of mitochondrial deafness, matrilineal relatives may be at risk in those cases, highlighting the importance of making an accurate diagnosis prior to exposure.
Prevalence and Prediction for Malignancy of Additional Thyroid Nodules Coexisting with Proven Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Authors: Choi Sung Yong , Woo Seung Hoon , Shin Jung Hee , Choi Noorie , Son Young‐Ik , Jeong Han‐Sin , Baek Chung‐Hwan , Chung Man Ki
Published: March 2013

Objective

To investigate the clinical efficacy of ultrasonographic (US) classification of additional thyroid nodules coexisting with proven papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care institution.

Subjects and Methods

In addition to the prevalence of additional thyroid nodules based on an US classification, the diagnostic accuracy and predictive factors for malignancy were assessed in 300 nodules randomly selected from 300 patients with cytologically proven PTMC who underwent total thyroidectomy.

Results

The most common thyroid nodules were “indeterminate nodules,” 68.0%, followed by “probably benign nodules,” 20.7%, and “suspicious malignant nodules,” 11.3%. For indeterminate nodules, the malignancy rate was 16.6% (34/204) with disregard to its location, either on the contralateral (15.1%, 16/106) or ipsilateral side (18.4%, 18/98) of the known PTMC (P =. 53). According to univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical and US findings for predictive variables of malignancy in indeterminate nodules, hypoechogenicity was proven to be the sole predictive factor for malignancy (odds ratio 5.62, 95% CI, 2.29‐13.72).

Conclusion

US‐based classification of additional thyroid nodules is a useful tool for decision making of the surgical extent in patients with a single PTMC.
Constructing and deconstructing giftedness
Authors: Hymer Barry
Published: March 2013

This conversation was prompted by a blog entry posted by Tim Dracup in January 2012. The subsequent e-exchange between Tim and Barry Hymer explored a number of issues central to the nature and aetiology of giftedness, confronting these issues from contrasting ontological and epistemological stances. As a result, their conversation includes arguments over the value of social constructivism and the nature of ‘empirical evidence’, equity and incidence, and related socio-political factors. Areas of agreement and continuing disagreement are provided. The subsequent exchange has been lightly edited and abridged for the purposes of this journal. Barry’s contributions are italicised.
Education of gifted students – an axiological perspective
Authors: Sekowski Andrzej , Łubianka Beata
Published: March 2013

This article is an attempt at a systematic presentation of the knowledge of problems related to the value system of gifted persons. Psychological literature was reviewed to make the reader familiar with the concept of the value system and to present the current state of research. The problem of the value system of gifted persons was discussed from the perspective of its relationship with intelligence, abilities and school achievement. From a theoretical point of view, a multi-dimensional description of those issues allows readers to get acquainted with the problem of value preferences in gifted persons. On the educational plane, it allows psychologists, educationalists and teachers to avail themselves of the findings from the research review in their work with schoolchildren and young people with outstanding achievements.
Ontography: Investigating the production of things, deflating ontology
Authors: Lynch Michael
Published: March 2013

In this postscript to the special issue of Social Studies of Science on the ‘turn to ontology’ in science and technology studies, I discuss a tension that runs through many of the articles in the issue. This is a tension between adopting a general philosophical ontology and pursuing empirical studies of particular historical and contemporary practices. The general ontology highlights multiplicity and difference and rejects the idea that, for example, an identical disease entity underlies different practical enactments of that disease in different clinical and research circumstances. The empirical approach investigates how particular identities and differences are negotiated and instantiated in specific circumstances. The two approaches are not necessarily incompatible, but the first settles questions of identity and difference through a ‘pre-theoretical decision’, while the second remains open to distinct resolutions of what counts as identity and difference in the practical settings studied. In this postscript, I argue that a commitment to a general philosophical ontology confuses investigations of specific practical ontologies. To avoid such confusion, I recommend ‘ontography’: historical and ethnographic investigations of particular world-making and world-sustaining practices that do not begin by assuming a general picture of the world. Such investigations avoid making sharp distinctions between epistemology and ontology and take a symmetrical approach to concerns about identity and difference.
An Exploration of Psychopathy in Self-Report Measures Among Juvenile Sex Offenders
Authors: Morrell Laura M. , Burton David L.
Published: March 2013

Researchers have indicated that adult psychopathy often originates in childhood or adolescence. It has also been established that psychopathic traits are linked to disruptive behavior, criminality, and violence. As knowledge about psychopathy and its manifestations in juvenile sex offender populations remains limited, several instruments have been developed in an effort to measure the construct. In this study, we assessed how the relationship of diverse scales of psychopathy related to characteristics of sexual aggression, and determined which scales were most correlated to sexual and nonsexual delinquency. We utilized four measures of juvenile psychopathy: the Modified Childhood Psychopathy Scale (mCPS; Lynam, 1997), the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Frick & Hare, 2001; Frick, O’Brien, Wootton, & McBurnett, 1994), the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI; Millon & Davis, 1993; using two derived psychopathy scales), and the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional (ICU) Traits (Frick, 2003), in a sample of 191 incarcerated adolescent sex offenders located in juvenile detention facilities across a Midwestern state. We found that of the four instruments and seven subscales, only the APSD Narcissism and Impulsivity Scale was significantly correlated to a characteristic of sexual crime (i.e., number of victims, level of crime severity). No subscales were found to predict sexual crime at a significant level. However, several scales were correlated to the total delinquency score as measured by the Self-Reported Delinquency Measure. In a series of multiple regressions, the MACI Factor 2 and ICU total score were determined as the best fit to total nonsexual delinquency. Implications are offered.
Job Frustration in Substance Abuse Counselors Working With Offenders in Prisons Versus Community Settings
Authors: Perkins Elizabeth B. , Oser Carrie B.
Published: March 2013

Substance abuse counselors who work with offenders are facing increasing caseloads, which puts them at higher risk of job frustration. The purpose of this study was to explore differences between substance abuse counselors employed in prison versus community settings in terms of level of organizational support and job frustration. This study also investigated whether organizational support was associated with job frustration after controlling for counselor characteristics and workplace setting. This was accomplished utilizing data that were collected from 267 counselors as part of the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies research cooperative. Results indicated that counselors employed in community settings, as compared with those employed in prisons, are more likely to report higher levels of perceived organizational support. In addition, ordinal logistic regression results reveal that counselors who are non-White and have greater levels of organizational support have less job frustration, after controlling for counselor characteristics and workplace setting. The researches to practice implications are discussed.
Ordinary or Peculiar Men? Comparing the Customers of Prostitutes With a Nationally Representative Sample of Men
Authors: Monto Martin A. , Milrod Christine
Published: March 2013

Recent media attention implies that prostitution seeking is widespread, an “ordinary” aspect of masculine sexual behavior. Other accounts suggest that customers are “peculiar,” characterized by distinct qualities, perversions, or psychological impairments. Using the nationally representative General Social Survey (GSS), this study demonstrates that prostitution seeking is relatively uncommon. Only about 14% of men in the United States report having ever paid for sex, and only 1% report having done so during the previous year. Furthermore, this study dissects whether customers are ordinary or peculiar by comparing a new sample of active customers who solicit sex on the Internet with an older sample of arrested customers, a sample of customers from the GSS, and a nationally representative sample of noncustomers. The customers of Internet sexual service providers differed greatly from men in general and also from other customers. The remaining samples of customers differed slightly from noncustomers in general. We argue for a balanced perspective that recognizes the significant variety among customers. There is no evidence of a peculiar quality that differentiates customers in general from men who have not paid for sex.
Captivity, Citizenship, and the Ethics of Otherwise in the Society-of-Captives Thesis
Authors: Brown Michelle
Published: March 2013

In this engagement with Professor Bruce Arrigo’s psychological jurisprudence model, I explore his critique of captivity and risk management. I am particularly interested in his claims that incarceration culminates in society’s own captivity, that the most destructive aspect of captivity is its foreclosing of human difference and potentiality, and that a praxis that is both clinical and mindful might point a way out. By way of a case anecdote, I interrogate several of the key terms in Arrigo’s formulation— citizenship, reform, revolution, and praxis—in an effort to further conjugate from the ground up such an innovative and important set of possibilities.
Are Dangerous Offenders Different From Other Offenders? A Clinical Profile
Authors: Langevin Ron , Curnoe Suzanne
Published: March 2013

The Canadian dangerous offender (DO) statute requires the assistance of psychiatrists and psychologists in evaluating offenders’ potential danger and risk of future offenses, without substantive supporting empirical clinical research on the topic. The present study compared 62 men facing Canadian DO applications to 2,414 non-DO sexual and violent offenders (ACs) and 62 non-DO offenders matched on offense type (MCs). DOs differed significantly from ACs on 30 of 45 variables and from MCs only on 6. More DOs than MCs had an extensive criminal history, were psychopaths, and had more school truancy. Compared with ACs, DOs had less education and more school adjustment problems, more disturbed childhoods, and more often were diagnosed with sadism, psychopathy, and substance abuse problems. Total sexual and violent offense convictions provided the best but weak distinction of DOs from ACs. The “three strikes” law is noted and early intervention in DOs’ criminal careers is discussed.
Five-Factor Model of Personality and Sexual Aggression
Authors: Carvalho Joana , Nobre Pedro J.
Published: March 2013

Despite several studies have used the five-factor model (FFM) of personality as theoretical background, few studies have been conducted on the topic of the FFM and sexual aggression. This study explored how the big five dimensions and features of emotional adjustment characterize different forms of sexual violence. Twenty-six male students reporting sexual aggression against women (nonconvicted offenders), 32 convicted rapists, and 33 convicted child sexual molesters were evaluated. Participants completed the Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (assessing state emotional adjustment), the Sexual Experiences Survey (perpetration form), and the Socially Desirable Response Set Measure. Results showed that individuals convicted for rape and child sexual abuse presented significantly more neuroticism than nonconvicted sexual offenders; child sex molesters presented significantly less openness than rapists and nonconvicted sexual offenders; and nonconvicted sexual offenders presented significantly less conscientiousness than convicted offenders. Regarding emotional adjustment, convicted rapists revealed marked psychopathological features in relation to child molesters. In addition, convicted rapists and nonconvicted sexual offenders presented significantly more hostility than child sexual molesters. Findings suggested that some of the big five traits as well as state features characterizing emotional adjustment may characterize different types of sexual offenders.
Stereotype Threat Reduces Motivation to Improve
Authors: Fogliati Vincent J. , Bussey Kay
Published: March 2013

According to stereotype threat theory, negative stereotypes impair performance and can lead to reduced motivation. In the present study, we examined whether the female-mathematics stereotype not only impairs women’s performance but also buffers their self-esteem from negative feedback and reduces their motivation to improve. Before completing a mathematics test, 80 (54 female) participants were informed either that men outperform women on the test (stereotype threat condition) or that men and women perform equally well (no-stereotype condition). Following the test, participants received positive or negative feedback prior to rating their self-esteem. Finally, participants were invited to attend free mathematics tutorials and asked to indicate their likelihood of attending. Women under stereotype threat performed worse and were less motivated than non-stereotyped women to attend mathematics tutorials after receiving negative feedback. Furthermore, although men’s self-esteem was higher if they received positive rather than negative feedback, feedback valence had no effect on women’s self-esteem. These results suggest that the effect of stereotype threat on women’s mathematical performance is potentially compounded by its capacity to reduce motivation to improve. Practical implications are discussed, with a particular focus on the need for interventions that produce an identity-safe environment, foster an incremental view of mathematical ability, and provide information about successful role models.
Comparison of 2 Different Techniques for Anatomic Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament
Authors: Kang Huijun , Cao Jianhui , Yu Dahai , Zheng Zhimin , Wang Fei
Published: March 2013

Background:

The comparative clinical outcome of anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) between the Y-graft technique and C-graft technique for chronic patellar instability is unknown.

Hypothesis:

Anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL with a Y-graft technique (a Y-shaped graft: femoral fixation first with separate tensioning of the 2 bundles) would yield better clinical results than a C-graft procedure (a C-shaped graft: patellar fixation first with simultaneous tensioning of both bundles) for chronic patellar instability.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Ninety patients with symptomatic chronic patellar dislocations or instability were randomly divided into 2 groups to undergo double-bundle MPFL reconstruction either with the Y-graft technique or C-graft technique. Follow-ups were performed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. The patellar stability was evaluated with the apprehension test at follow-up. The patellofemoral morphological characteristics were evaluated on axial computed tomography (CT) scans at 30° of knee flexion, and knee function was evaluated using the Lysholm and Kujala scores preoperatively and at 24 months postoperatively.

Results:

Forty patients in the Y-graft group and 42 patients in the C-graft group were followed for 24 months. No recurrent dislocation or subluxation was reported in either group. On CT scans, congruence angle, patellar tilt angle, lateral patellar angle, and lateral displacement were restored to the normal range. The mean postoperative Lysholm scores for the Y-graft group and C-graft group were 92.3 ± 3.9 and 88.4 ± 6.8, respectively ( P = .001). The mean postoperative Kujala scores were 95.9 ± 4.7 and 91.3 ± 9.7 for the Y-graft group and C-graft group, respectively ( P = .001), with a good or excellent rate of 97.5% in the Y-graft group compared with 83.3% in the C-graft group ( P = .031).

Conclusion:

With no patellar redislocations reported, the Y-graft technique for the double-bundle anatomic MPFL reconstruction achieved statistically better knee function than the C-graft procedure at a minimum 2-year follow-up. However, the increase was less than the minimal clinically important difference, and further research is required to demonstrate its meaningful clinical improvement.
Normative Data of Shoulder Activity Level by Age and Sex
Authors: Hepper Clifford Tate , Smith Matthew V. , Steger-May Karen , Brophy Robert H.
Published: March 2013

Background:

The shoulder activity score is a valid and reliable shoulder-specific questionnaire that measures a patient’s shoulder activity level over the previous year. No age- and sex-based normative data exist for the shoulder activity score.

Hypothesis:

The hypothesis was that age is inversely related to the shoulder activity score in patients with no history of shoulder symptoms or treatment for a shoulder condition. The authors also tested the hypothesis that in the same population of patients, men are more active with their shoulders than women.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Participants in 8 age/sex groups, composed of adults aged 18 years and older in the United States, were surveyed via the Internet by a marketing research firm. Participants completed the shoulder activity score and reported their age, sex, and any history of shoulder symptoms or treatment. The survey was sent to 2773 people, with 2403 people completing the entire survey. Participants with a history of shoulder symptoms or treatment were excluded from this analysis, leaving 1625 patients as healthy controls.

Results:

The mean shoulder activity score of healthy controls was 8 ± 5 (range, 0-20). Men scored higher on the shoulder activity score than women of the same age group (9 vs 7, respectively; P < .0001). Shoulder activity scores decreased with age in both men and women ( P < .0001). Men were more likely to participate in contact (15% vs 7.4%, respectively; P < .001) and overhead-throwing sports (19% vs 10%, respectively; P < .001) than women. Participation in contact and overhead-throwing sports also decreased with age.

Conclusion:

In healthy controls, the shoulder activity score decreased with age and was lower in women than in men. Participation in contact and overhead-throwing sports decreased in women and older patients. These normative data are an important baseline for comparing untreated and treated shoulder cohorts to better understand the variance in shoulder activity level and how it may relate to clinical outcomes.
Is Protecting the Healing Ligament Beneficial After Immobilization in External Rotation for an Initial Shoulder Dislocation?
Authors: Itoi Eiji , Hatakeyama Yuji , Itoigawa Yoshiaki , Omi Rei , Shinozaki Nobuhisa , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Sano Hirotaka
Published: March 2013

Background:

Immobilization in external rotation is one of the treatment options for an initial dislocation of the shoulder. However, it remains unclear how long it takes for a Bankart lesion to heal.

Hypothesis:

Protection of a healing Bankart lesion from stretching would promote the healing process and decrease the recurrence rate after an initial dislocation of the shoulder.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

This was a multicenter, prospective randomized study. Between January 2005 and August 2009, 109 patients (71 male and 38 female; mean age, 30 years) with an initial traumatic dislocation of the shoulder were enrolled. After 3 weeks of immobilization in external rotation, a shoulder motion restriction band designed to avoid stretching the anteroinferior shoulder capsule was used for 0 weeks (36 patients), 3 weeks (37 patients), or 6 weeks (36 patients). After using the band, patients were allowed to use their shoulders freely, but they were advised to avoid vigorous sport activities for at least 3 months after the injury. Any recurrent dislocation and return to sports were assessed at 2-year follow-up.

Results:

Of 109 patients, 90 were followed up for 2 years. The compliance rates were 60% to 72% among the groups ( P = .54). The recurrence rate of dislocation was 28% in the 0-week group, 33% in the 3-week group, and 32% in the 6-week group ( P = .88) according to the intention-to-treat analysis, and they were a respective 24%, 28%, and 27% according to the per-protocol analysis ( P = .95). Based on the sport activity level, the recurrence rates for patients involved in contact sports (7/15, 47%) and those involved in noncontact sports (19/51, 37%) were significantly higher than for those not involved in sport activities (2/24, 8.3%) ( P = .0076). Among the 3 groups, there were no significant differences in the recurrence rates. There was no significant difference in the rate of return to sports ( P = .39).

Conclusion:

No difference in the recurrence rate was seen with the use of a shoulder motion restriction band after 3 weeks of immobilization in external rotation after an initial dislocation of the shoulder.