bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding in Children's Books: Reflecting and Shaping Our Values
Authors: Altshuler Anne
Published: March 2007

Children's books reflect and reinforce our society's message that bottlefeeding is the normal way to feed human babies. Even books that include breastfeeding may unwittingly undermine their intended message of support. It is important for lactation consultants to be aware of and help to promote those books that show or describe breastfeeding in a positive light. No book is perfect, and no one book will fit all needs, but a number of helpful books that include breastfeeding are available today. We can help to bring them to the attention of parents and children and to encourage their use in libraries, schools, clinics, childbirth classes, and similar settings.
Breastfeeding in Vietnam: Poverty, Tradition, and Economic Transition
Authors: Morrow Martha
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding's crucial role in infant health is almost universally recognized. Although nearly all Vietnamese women initiate breastfeeding and duration is lengthy, infant growth faltering and malnutrition are widespread. Based on an analysis of in-depth interviews, observation in hospitals, and the available literature, the paper argues that complacency about breastfeeding in Vietnam is unwarranted. Discussion focuses on the principal influences on infant feeding in Vietnam, among them poverty, rapid socio-economic change, marketing by formula manufacturers, and some traditional perceptions about childbirth. The conclusion considers possible directions for breastfeeding promotion to address these multiple influences.
PRAXIS AND METHOD: A SOCIOLOGICAL DIALOGUE WITH LUKÁCS, GRAMSCI AND THE EARLY FRANKFURT SCHOOL, Richard Kil minster, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. 334 pp. $28.50 (cloth).
Authors: Thomas Jim
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and reviews solicited by the New Ethnographies Editor Readers are invited to participate in the New Ethnographies section by discovering ethnographies, writing annotations of them, and sending in these annotations Published works are to be preferred to the unpublished (M A or Ph D theses), but exceptions may be made in particular cases Please direct all correspondence to John Van Maanen, New Ethnographies Editor, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
The Subculture of Serious Artists in a Maximum Security Prison
Authors: Baroody-Hart Cynthia , Farrell Michael P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents findings from an ethnographic study of the art world of "serious artists" in a maximum security prison. The study is based on extensive interviews with inmate-artists and guards, both alone and in groups, and direct observation of the settings in which inmates "do art." We find that "serious artists" are disproportionately older, white, long-term prisoners who adopt a strategy of withdrawal into a network of friends to escape the psychological and physical stresses of dealing with the guards and the more violent inmates. Becoming a "serious artist" involves a career that includes passage through the prison art program, sales within prison, recognition by established artists, sales to outside organizations that sponsor prison art, and, finally, sales at public art shows. Each advance in the career provides access to more resources, especially self-esteem and money, which frees the inmate from the prison economy. Recognition by the network of serious artists facilitates a career by providing access to exchange of supplies, criticism, information about markets, and socialization into skills of dealing with the guards and dangerous inmates.
From Night to Day
Authors: Hood Jane C.
Published: March 2007

Based upon a longitudinal case study of public building custodians, this article describes the work-setting transformations brought about by a mandatory change from the night to the day shift. The move from night to day both changed the organization of the custodians' work and created status-management dilemmas by forcing the workers into contact with the building's higher-status daytime occupants. Extending Goffman's relative stigma hypothesis, this article illustrates how time can alter social space, so that “clean work” done at one time becomes “dirty work” when done at another.
GOING INTO THE CLOSET WITH SCIENCE
Authors: ARLUKE ARNOLD
Published: March 2007

This analysis extends the notion of occupational stigmatization beyond traditionally low-status, marginal workers to scientists and technicians who conduct biomedical research on animals. Like many “dirty” workers, animal research personnel report that they see themselves as stigmatized by others and sometimes manage information about themselves and their work to avoid unpleasant interactions with those who disapprove of what they do. While information may be managed about their occupational identity through concealment or cautious disclosure, these practices suggest guilt and create a dilemma for some. Nevertheless, the use of information control strategies often seems imperative in the face of a threatening “other,” defined as either reproaching, confrontive, dangerous, and/or distorting.
MUTUAL RELEVANCE OF ETHNOGRAPHY AND DISCOURSE
Authors: SPENCER J. WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

This article argues for the mutual relevance of ethnography and discourse analysis to field-based research. Although this is not a particularly new idea, ethnographic studies and studies of face-to-face interaction are still often conducted in ways that ignore or downplay their mutual relevance. Ethnographers are reminded of the importance of treating situated language use as a topic of inquiry in the settings they study. Conversely, students of face-to-face interaction are reminded of the importance of doing ethnography as part of their research. A variety of field-based studies are drawn on to provide examples of how sensitivity to this mutual relevance can enrich both approaches to field-based research. Finally, four articles in this special issue of Journal of Contemporary Ethnography are introduced.
THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF AN ELECTRONIC BAR
Authors: CORRELL SHELLEY
Published: March 2007

This article describes an electronic lesbian bar, the Lesbian Cafe (LC), which was created as a computer bulletin board system (BBS) on a major on-line computer service. Little has been written on BBS, but literature on a senior citizen BBS and on computer dating has shown that there are advantages to meeting people and interacting via the computer. The primary purposes of examining the LC were to discover how a community could be created and sustained through interaction restricted to the computer and to determine what functions were served by it. Daily “activities” at the LC were observed by computer, and patrons were interviewed privately and in groups via electronic mail, via telephone, and in person. Results show that the appearance of the LC is affected both by the appearance of real-world bars and by the computer as a communication medium. This study also found that four types of patrons—regulars, “newbies,”“lurkers,” and “bashers”—collectively form this lesbian cyberspace community. These findings challenge the traditional notion of community by demonstrating that a community can be created in a different kind of space.
FROM APPREHENSION TO FASCINATION WITH “DOG LAB”
Authors: ARLUKE ARNOLD , HAFFERTY FREDERIC
Published: March 2007

Forty-one first-year medical school students were interviewed regarding their expectations of and experience in a physiology laboratory where live, anesthetized dogs were injected with drugs and surgically manipulated before being killed. Before going into lab, there was widespread uneasiness among most students regarding the moral implications of their anticipated use of dogs as experimental tools. However, students described the lab in very positive terms after going through it. The findings suggest that this change in attitude stems from the ability of students to neutralize the moral dirty work of “dog lab.” The authors argue that this is possible because the students learn absolutions that permit denial of responsibility and wrongdoing.
APPLYING ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: LYON ELEANOR
Published: March 2007

Despite the growing diversity of methods, goals of analysis, theoretical frameworks and styles of presentation used by ethnographers in the past fifteen to twenty years, relatively few have engaged in “applied” research or explicitly discussed the implications of their work for policy or practice. This article raises questions about the major impediments to applied ethnographic research and provides a synthesis of the forms it can take.
LEARNING THE SCIENTIST'S ROLE
Authors: SOLOT DORIAN , ARLUKE ARNOLD
Published: March 2007

Based on fieldwork in sixth-grade science classes, this article looks at how students managed the dissection of fetal pigs. Although most students were initially ambivalent and squeamish about dissecting, they learned to transform the animal and the situation into one that was not only neutral but positive. By transforming their contact with the fetal pigs, accentuating the positive, avoiding part or all of the dissection, becoming macho, and using light-hearted humor, the students could regard the animals as mere specimens and not feel ethically or emotionally uneasy. It is argued that this transformation serves as a rite of passage into the scientific community.
U.S. Maritime Ports: Trends, Policy Implications, and Research Needs
Authors: Helling Amy , Poister Theodore H.
Published: March 2007

Major changes in ports and marine shipping in the United States since 1960 resulted from (a) containerization, intermodalism, and increasing scale; (b) reduced rail and over-the-road freight shipping costs; (c) advances in freight logistics and information technology; and (d) the integration of world markets. Consequently, ports face great uncertainty, their benefits are increasingly dispersed and locally less significant, and their adverse impacts remain localized. Yet, fragmented and ineffective public responses remain rooted in a tradition of economies achieved through vast scale and long-lived, inflexible investments spurred by excessive (subsidized) competition. We propose a future-oriented research agenda to improve public policy toward ports through (a) reviews of other nations’ approaches, (b) comparative scholarly case studies of the economic roles of U.S. maritime ports and whether their institutional and funding arrangements match these roles, (c) prospective benefit-cost analyses of publicly funded port expansion plans, and (d) research to identify variables that affect ports and are amenable to policy influence.
Should the Government Regulate Prophets? Methodological Problems with Research on Faith-Based Economic Development
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: March 2007

This research note provides some challenges and lessons for doing research on faith-based economic development. Research challenges include sampling, access, and measurement issues. Future research should focus on attaining larger and more representative samples, exploring alternative research methodologies, and standardizing definitions and indicators.
Certified Capital Companies (CAPCOs): Strengths and Shortcomings of the Latest Wave in State-Assisted Venture Capital Programs
Authors: Barkley David L. , Markley Deborah M. , Rubin Julia Sass
Published: March 2007

Certified Capital Companies (CAPCOs) are state-certified venture capital companies funded by insurance companies. As an incentive to invest in CAPCOs, insurance companies receive a $1 credit on premium taxes for each $1 invested (tax credits are spread over a 10-year period). The CAPCOs must invest in specific types of businesses according to an established time schedule to ensure the availability of tax credits to the insurance companies. Legislation authorizing CAPCO programs has passed in five states (Louisiana, Missouri, Florida, New York, and Wisconsin) and has been considered in eight other states (Iowa, Illinois, Arizona, Texas, Kansas, Vermont, Colorado, and North Carolina). This article summarizes the characteristics and experiences of CAPCO programs in the states that have passed enabling legislation. Lessons learned from the experiences of the state programs are provided, and the advantages and disadvantages of CAPCOs as compared to alternative state-sponsored venture capital programs are reviewed.
Transport Deregulation... and all that
Authors: Kahn Alfred E.
Published: March 2007

While the regulation of transportation has a legitimate place in history, it became apparent by the decades of the 1960s and 1970s that transportation regulation had suppressed innovation, denied the public a variety of price and quality options, sheltered inefficiency, discouraged intermodalism, and encouraged the wage-price spiral. The author reflects on our experience with deregulation and concludes that deregulation has opened transportation to competition and has produced a striking deconstruction of markets. This new competition has provided numerous benefits to the public including a rate structure in much closer alignment with costs, a greater variety of price and quality options, striking improvements in efficiency, a downward pressure on inflated wages, lower average prices, and an overall improvement in the quality of service. The author concludes that while there is no single cure for the economic problems of the country, preservation and restoration of competition is certainly an important one.
Neighborhood Economics: Local Communities and Regional Markets
Authors: Teitz Michael B.
Published: March 2007

Despite the large numbers of organizations claiming to promote economic development at the neighborhood level, there is little conceptual foundation for the idea. Substantial arguments can be made for alternative bases for economic development at the city or regional level, in contrast to arguments advanced by conventional growth advocates. But neighborhoods themselves are unlikely to constitute economic entities around which economic development policy can be constructed. Although they are strongly influenced by economic conditions, neighborhoods are best seen as social communities. Their economic dependence on city and regional labor, capital, and real estate markets makes neighborhoods vulnerable to economically motivated forces of change. Efforts to resist or shape this change at the neighborhood level are more likely to work if they are directed at political mobilization and access of residents to urban labor markets, rather than at direct job creation within the neighborhood itself
An Incentive-Conscious Approach to Toxic Chemical Controls
Authors: Roe David
Published: March 2007

Regulation of toxic chemicals has traditionally been pursued through a strict command-and-control model, and market-based mechanisms have been assumed to be unworkable in the toxic chemical context. However, a new California law makes conscious use of marketplace incentives to achieve health protection goals. Despite bitter opposition, the strategy at this early stage appears to be working. Major industries have adopted "self-policing" measures in order to comply with the law, and government agencies are being relieved of primary enforcement burdens. The new law, Proposition 65, also consciously seeks to reverse an important disincentive to effective regulation that is inherent in traditional command-and-control structures for toxic chemical control. In response to the changed structural incentive, California's progress in solving long-delayed regulatory issues has been impressive, particularly in comparison to the federal record.
Science/Technology Parks and Regional Development Theory
Authors: Goldstein Harvey A. , Luger Michael I.
Published: March 2007

Science/technology (or research) parks have become a prominent element in regional development strategies. Most existing studies of these parks are anecdotal, or focus on parks as real estate ventures only. No study we have seen attempts to analyze the types of regional development outcomes we can expect from science/technology parks and how and why those outcomes might vary. These are important for planners and policymakers to know so they can decide whether science/technology parks can be effective in restructuring regional economies. In this article, we address these issues by drawing on the regional development theory literature. We discuss the outcomes predicted by that literature, critically review those predictions or hypotheses, and provide some insights about their applicability in the U.S. context. Specifically, we review different theories that can be used as ex post rationales for science/technology park development, and critically assess each as explanations of science/technology park development; focus on the particular hypotheses suggested by theory that relate variations in regional development impacts to different input elements of science/technology parks; and place science/technology park development within the broader scope of regional development and technology policy.
A Rejoinder to Jon A. Ritter
Authors: Milward H. Brinton , Newman Heidi Hosbach
Published: March 2007

Since 1980 there has been both a rapid escalation in the costs associated with industrial recruitment and a dramatic increase in the number of states vying for new auto assembly facilities. The following study reviews both the business and nonbusiness factors relevant in location determination and focuses upon the Nissan, Mazda, Saturn, Diamond-Star, Toyota, and Fuji-Isuzu plant announcements and the offered state incentive packages that have led to the recent formation of the "Japanese Auto Alley.
Migration and Regional Economic Growth: An Origin-Destination Model
Authors: Crown William H.
Published: March 2007

For nearly 3 decades regional economists have debated about the direction of the relationship between interregional migration and regional employment growth. This study hypothesizes that migration and manufacturing employment growth are jointly determined but that the effects of employment growth on interstate migration are stronger than the converse effects. To test this hypothesis, two-stage least squares is used to estimate a simultaneous equations model of migration and manufacturing employment growth. As hypothesized, the results show that manufacturing growth and migration are jointly determined and that manufacturing growth has a stronger effect on migration than vice versa.
State Venture Capitalism, State Politics, and the World of High-Risk Investment
Authors: Eisinger Peter K.
Published: March 2007

State venture capital programs, using public money to make high-risk equity investments in innovative firms in order to generate jobs, proliferated in the 1980s. A state by state follow-up survey of an earlier effort reveals that by the beginning of the 1990s, however, there was a shakeout in the ranks of these programs. Some lost political support; others could not be justified in economic hard times; still others could not operate effectively under the constraints of open, democratic government norms. Although the theory of state venture capitalism suggests that there is a continuing role for such programs, there are sufficient inherent contradictions to make their long-term survival a highly uncertain proposition.
Asian-American Success in Self-Employment
Authors: Bates Timothy , Dunham Constance R.
Published: March 2007

Emphasizing the relevance of cultural factors, sociologists have treated Asian immigrant business ownership as a group phenomenon, heavily dependent on social resources available from group support networks. In this article, the authors' analysis of the "social resources" explanations of Asian entrepreneurship casts doubt on the importance of social resources interpretations of business behavior This study shows that significant variations among population groups in levels of financial capital and human capital are important factors in understanding differences in business performance. Specifically, levels of personal wealth and educational attainment are significantly related to rates of business entry.
Dilemmas of Progressives in Government: Playing Solomon in an Age of Austerity
Authors: Simmons Louise
Published: March 2007

The problems that face progressive elected officials with respect to economic development involve popular expectations meeting harsh economic realities. Definitions of progressive politics suggest an orientation toward redistributive and equity-oriented policies, as well as the involvement of popular movements in shaping the local agenda. The experiences of Hartford, Connecticut, between 1991 and 1993 demonstrate the trials and errors of attempting progressive governance. Local officials faced external political opposition, internal political dissension, huge budget shortfalls, a declining tax base, and a population in extreme poverty. They encountered proposals for casinos, possible relocation of major league football teams to the city, mounting costs of municipal employee contracts, and the attempt to foster local economic development through inauguration of a school construction program. New modes of political participation and advocacy are suggested as components of progressive local economic development.
The Manufacturing Modernization Process: Mediating Institutions and the Facilitation of Firm-Level Change
Authors: Flynn Erin , Forrant Robert
Published: March 2007

Case studies of the Delaware Valley Industrial Resource Center in Philadelphia and the Labor Management Council for Economic Renewal in Michigan are presented to demonstrate how manufacturing modernization organizations (MMOs) facilitate organizational change in small and medium-size firms. Despite differences in structure, size, and funding, these two MMOs shared important characteristics that enabled them to work effectively with firms. First, each organization had credibility in the employer community. Second, each organization was connected to existing state and local industrial resources to network services to firms. Third, staff of each organization had sufficient shop floor knowledge to catalyze change through on-site problem solving. Fourth, each organization developed collective activities such as group trainings and seminars to help firms learn from one another about organizational innovations. Finally, each organization pursued continuous contact with the firms they serve to maintain their confidence. These five characteristics have important implications for the funding and design of MMOs.
Tax Progressivity and State Economic Performance
Authors: Chernick Howard
Published: March 2007

Principles offiscal federalism suggest that subnational units of government should rely on benefits-received financing, implying regressivity in state and local taxes. Empirically, however, states and their localities vary enormously in the degree of progressivity of their tax systems. This article investigates the effect of tax progressivity on economic growth. Using a pooled cross-section model from 1977 to 1993, the author found that the degree of progressivity has no effect on the rate of growth of state personal income per capita. Measuring growth rates over the entire period, the author found that progressivity has a significant negative effect on economic growth. The long-period result is driven by the high growth rates of a small number of northeastern states, who benefited from strong regional growth and their tax haven status adjacent to more progressive states. The weak progressivity effect suggests that there is considerable scope for differences in tax incidence across states.
GENDER AND PROFESSIONAL PURITY
Authors: BARR DONALD A. , BOYLE ELIZABETH HEGER
Published: March 2007

How does gender affect work rewards for professionals in a state-run economy? Using surveys from physicians in Estonia in 1991, the authors first found that the gender of the physician did not affect the level of formal rewards. However, because the state allocated formal rewards on the basis of professional purity, which was negatively correlated with feminization, specialties that had the greatest proportion of women also had the lowest formal rewards. These findings contrast with the author's findings for the level of informal “black market” rewards. Women were less likely to receive informal rewards than men, especially if they worked in subfields high in professional purity. The authors conclude that the link between professional purity and feminization is critical in explaining pay differences informal work rewards while gender itself is the critical factor in explaining informal reward differences.
WINNING THE VOTE IN THE WEST
Authors: McCAMMON HOLLY J. , CAMPBELL KAREN E.
Published: March 2007

When Congress passed the 19th Amendment in 1919 granting women voting rights, 13 western states had already adopted woman suffrage. Only 2 states outside the West had done so. Using event history analysis, the authors investigate why woman suffrage came early to the western states. Alan Grimes's hypotheses, that native-born, western men were willing to give women the vote to remedy western social problems and to increase the number of women in the region, receive little support in our analysis. Rather, this study finds that woman suffrage came to the West because of the mobilization of the western suffrage movements and because of political and gendered opportunities existing in that region.
WOMEN, SCIENCE, AND ACADEMIA
Authors: FOX MARY FRANK
Published: March 2007

In the study of gender and society, science is a strategic analytic research site—because of the hierarchical nature of gendered relations, generally, and the hierarchy of science, particularly. Academic science, especially, is crucial to, and revealing of, status in science and society. This article focuses on three questions: What is the status of women in scientific careers and the role of graduate education in these careers? What are the implications for the analysis of gender? Where can we intervene, and how? In addressing these questions, the arguments concentrate on the social and organizational context of science and its relationship to gender and status.
CONFESSIONS OF LOSS:
Authors: SIMONDS WENDY
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes articles appearing in True Story from 1920 to 1985 that concern women's grief after pregnancy and child loss. They are discussed as a historical link between nineteenth-century consolation literature and current psychological and academic discussions of grief. True Story is a confession magazine marketed for working-class women, whose reproductive losses have generally been minimized or ignored by previous literary and current professional and journalistic treatments of maternal grief. Articles are examined within the constructs of confession literature and within the larger context of women's popular literature. Like working-class women's experiences of reproductive loss, these areas have been largely overlooked, dismissed, or denigrated by literary scholars and sociologists. The moral tone of True Story gives women's first-person narratives about infant death and pregnancy an ambiguous prescriptive quality, in that both self-empowerment and self-blame are recommended. True Story reinforces traditional notions of motherhood and femininity, but subtly challenges patriarchal class relations in American society.
SURMOUNTING A LEGACY:
Authors: MATTHEWS NANCY A.
Published: March 2007

Historical dynamics around feminism, race, and rape discouraged extensive early Black involvement in anti-rape work in the United States. In Los Angeles, concern among women of color in the movement and a state initiative to fund poorly served areas converged to produce two new Black rape crisis centers in the mid-1980s. Ironically, state funding, an otherwise conservative influence on the anti-rape movement, has facilitated the progressive goal of expanding racial and ethnic diversity in the Los Angeles anti-rape movement. Racially homogeneous organizations contributed more to diversifying the movement than integration within organizations. Despite differences in political perspective, women from older feminist groups and the new community-oriented centers now successfully work in coalition.
STREET GIRL: 1900
Authors: SCHWARTZ ADRIA E.
Published: March 2007

The following dramatic scenes were taken from a full-length play that was inspired by my reading of The Mamie Papers (Rosen and Davidson 1977). This remarkable collection of letters written to Fanny Quincy Howe (1870-1933), a Boston aristocrat and woman of letters, chronicled the life and times of Mamie Pinzer. Mamie was a “working girl” in the fullest sense of the word. Her struggle to live with autonomy and dignity often placed her at odds with standards of decency preferred by a society that looked with suspicion upon those values in women, if they implied independence from male hegemony. The letters are unique in their detail and passion, as well as the proto-feminist consciousness that emerges through daily confrontation with patriarchy.
Class, Gender, and Machismo:
Authors: PEÑA MANUEL
Published: March 2007

Mexican machismo and its vulgar folklore have long been of interest to students of Mexican culture. This article, based on research among a group of undocumented male workers, reexamines one aspect of this folklore - its degradation of women - and proposes that, besides legitimizing the oppression of women, it plays an ideological role in class conflict. The article argues that, as a signifying system unique to working-class male culture, the folklore of machismo symbolically conflates class and gender by shifting the point of conflict from the public domain of the former to the domestic domain of the latter.
The Tea Ceremony:
Authors: MORI BARBARA LYNNE ROWLAND
Published: March 2007

This report analyzes the role Japanese women play in the traditional art of the tea ceremony (chado) and its meaning for their lives. It is based on data collected for a larger study which explored the ways in which a cultural art transmits its practice and values to Japanese and foreign learners, conducted in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Yokohama, Japan, from 1983 to 1985. Using the Urasenke school, which accounts for approximately 70 percent of all practitioners as a case study, this report explores the impact of women's participation as professionals and students on the organizational structure and activities of the school. Interviews with 31 teachers and 55 students, professionals, and amateurs provided the data to explore the ways in which the art has accommodated women's interests.
SORTING GENDER OUT IN A CHILDREN'S MUSEUM
Authors: LURIA ZELLA , HERZOG ELEANOR W.
Published: March 2007

Psychologists believe grade schoolers' free play in the United States is universally biased toward single-gender groups. In a study of grade schoolers in a children's museum, already-acquainted kindergartners to sixth graders (453 girls and 502 boys) were observed at three exhibits. While boys chose more automobile play and girls more supermarketing, one-quarter of each group played in settings dominated by the other gender. Boys had no group-size preference; girls had a strong preference for small groups. That preference accounts for most of the gender differences found in children's gender sorting in a novel environment. However, the ubiquity of gender segregation in large groups of grade schoolers was disconfirmed for this setting.
HAVING A BABY:
Authors: WENK DEEANN , GARRETT PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

This analysis tests the influence of personal, job, and family status characteristics on maternal employment. We use the Merged Child/Mother File from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine employment patterns of mothers who gave birth between 1979 and 1986. Logistic regression is used to estimate the probabilities; proportional hazards techniques are used to estimate rates of leaving and return to employment after childbirth. We find that family status factors and the proportion of the family income the mother earns are consistently important in predicting maternal employment. Human capital factors are more significant in predicting employment exits and the rate of exit than the rate of return or employment status one year after a birth.
THE EFFECTS OF MARITAL STATUS AND WIVES' EMPLOYMENT ON THE SALARIES OF FACULTY MEN:
Authors: BELLAS MARCIA L.
Published: March 2007

Wives contribute both directly and indirectly to their husbands' careers. For men in some occupations, wives' contributions should lead to higher salaries. In addition, if wives who are not employed contribute more to their husbands' careers than employed wives, men with nonemployed wives should enjoy greater financial benefits than men with employed wives. This study examines data for a national sample of faculty men to determine whether marital status and wives' employment appear to affect men's salary levels. Findings reveal a monotonic increase in earnings corresponding to the hypothesized levels of contributions that men received from wives: men with employed wives had higher salaries than never-married men, while men with nonemployed wives had the highest salaries. This pattern is partly attributable to differences in employment characteristics and achievement levels between these categories of men. However, a direct relationship between salary, and marital status and wives' employment remains after controlling many variables known to affect faculty salaries.
“COMING OUT” IN THE AGE OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM:
Authors: RUST PAULA C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines sexual identity formation among 346 lesbian-identified and 60 bisexual-identified women. On average, bisexuals come out at later ages and exhibit less “stable” identity histories. However, variations in identity history among lesbians and bisexuals overshadow the differences between them and demonstrate that coming out is not a linear, goal-oriented, developmental process. Sexual identity formation must be reconceptualized as a process of describing one's social location within a changing social context. Changes in sexual identity are, therefore, expected of mature individuals as they maintain an accurate description of their position vis-à-vis other individuals, groups, and institutions.
OF CALDECOTTS AND KINGS:
Authors: CLARK ROGER , LENNON RACHEL , MORRIS LEANNA
Published: March 2007

The authors mark the twentieth anniversary of the classic study by Weitzman et al., which found considerable gender stereotyping in picture books for preschool children, by replicating and extending their study with an updated sample that includes books by Black illustrators. The authors find evidence that female characters and female relationships receive considerably more attention in recent books by both conventional illustrators and Black illustrators than they did in the late 1960s. They also find, consistent with the liberal feminist aims of Weitzman et al., evidence that male and female characters are shown in a more egalitarian fashion than they were in the late 1960s in books by mainstream authors. Finally, they discover that, consistent with the aims of recent Black feminist theorists, Black illustrators are more apt than others to highlight women's involvement in an ethic of caring and an ethic of personal accountability.
IN THE FRATERNAL SISTERHOOD
Authors: HANDLER LISA
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes sororities as gender strategy. The author argues that young women use sororities as a strategy for dealing with the complexities of gender(ed) relations—both among women and between women and men. Based on a case study of a nationally affiliated historically white sorority, the article focuses primarily on how sororities structure relationships among women and between women and men, helping them to navigate campus life, particularly what Holland and Eisenhart have identified as a male-dominated culture of romance. Employing a language of sisterhood, sororities encourage strong bonds between members; still, they fail to resolve tensions between the collective interests of the sororities and the individualistic strategies of members in the romantic marketplace. It is argued that, while sororities can be seen as a collective response to male domination, they are not a challenge to it.
WE GOT OUR WAY OF COOKING THINGS
Authors: BEOKU-BETTS JOSEPHINE A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the significance of cultural practices related to food and women's role in the formation and continuance of these practices in Gullah communities in the Sea Islands of Georgia and South Carolina. I argue that although food preparation, under pressure of dominant cultural practices, may be viewed as a measure of gender inequality and women's subordination in the household, analysis of the relationship between women and food preparation practices can broaden understanding of the construction and maintenance of tradition in marginalized cultural groups, a neglected aspect of the study of social organization within sociology. The study uses ethnographic data based on field observations and semistructured interviews with 22 women over several visits made between 1989 and 1992.
“YOU'RE NOT JUST IN THERE TO DO THE WORK”
Authors: ARONSON JANE , NEYSMITH SHEILA M.
Published: March 2007

Community care for frail elderly people rests heavily on the work of low-status, paraprofessional home care workers. Home care workers describe their work as highly personalized caring labor that often seeps out of its formal boundaries into informal, unpaid activities. Although these activities are valued by workers, their supervisors, elderly clients, and family members, they represent uncompensated and exploited labor. Cost-cutting trends in home care management that seek to depersonalize home care labor are likely to increase its exploitative potential for paid care workers and, simultaneously, to disadvantage and jeopardize elderly home care clients and their unpaid family caregivers.
WIVES' AND HUSBANDS' HOUSEWORK REPORTING
Authors: PRESS JULIE E. , TOWNSLEY ELEANOR
Published: March 2007

This investigation places recent research about changes in wives' and husbands' domestic labor in the context of well-known reporting differences between different kinds of housework surveys. An analysis of the “reporting gap” between direct-question reports of housework hours from the National Survey of Families and Households (1988) and time-diary reports from Americans' Use of Time, 1985, shows that both husbands and wives overreport their housework contributions. Furthermore, gender attitudes, total housework, class, education, income, family size, and employment status together significantly affect the overreport, although the variables operate in different ways for wives and husbands. It is concluded that changing and uneven social perceptions of the appropriate domestic roles of women and men have resulted in reporting biases that do not necessarily correspond to actual changes in housework behavior. These findings cast doubt on claims that contemporary husbands are doing more housework than their predecessors.
GENDER AND RACE IN A PRO-FEMINIST, PROGRESSIVE, MIXED-GENDER, MIXED-RACE ORGANIZATION
Authors: OSTRANDER SUSAN A.
Published: March 2007

Feminist researchers have urged more study of how feminist practice is actually accomplished in mixed-gender organizations. Social movement scholars have called for more attention to dynamics of gender and race in social movement organizations, especially to the challenges of maintaining internal solidarity. Based on field observations in a pro-feminist, progressive, mixed-gender, mixed-race social movement organization, this article examines organizational decision-making processes and interpersonal and group dynamics. Gendered and racialized patterns of subordination are both very much in evidence and—at the same time—actively challenged in this organization. The author argues that profeminist and progressive organizational practices and efforts to create solidarity across gender and race can exist through competing and contradictory dynamics and ongoing struggles. Complex and inconsistent dynamics around these social barriers are likely to occur in organizations more generally and need to be a subject for more research.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease: Impact of the ε4 Allele on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Høgh Peter , Knudsen Gitte Moos , Kjær Karen Husted , Jørgensen Ole Steen , Paulson Olaf B. , Waldemar Gunhild
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele on semiquantitative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in Alzheimer's disease. Single photon emission computed tomography tech netium (SPECT) with (99m)Tc d,1-hexamethyl propylenamine oxine was used to determine rCBF in 41 consecutive patients (18 males/23 females) with probable Alzheimer's disease according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria (mean age 71.0 years; range 54-85). The mean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 20.4 (range 10-30). After normalization of CBF to mean blood flow in the cerebellum, values for rCBF in several cortical regions of interest, side-to-side asymmetry indices, and anterior-posterior ratios were calculated. Determination of the APOE genotype from blood samples was performed using restriction enzyme polymerase chain reaction technique. Multivariate regression analyses and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for unpaired data (Mann-Whitney) were used for statistical analysis. The patients comprised 27 APOE ε4-positive and 14 APOE ε4-negative individuals. Five patients were APOE ε4 homozygotes. APOE ε4-positive patients had significantly reduced rCBF in the right frontal and left occipital lobes. On nonparametric analysis, the most prominent differences between ε4-negative and ε4-positive patients were demonstrated in subregions representing the frontal association cortex (Mann-Whitney, P < .01). Age- stratified analysis suggested that these findings could be demonstrated predominantly in the elderly patients. The results of this study suggest that the APOE genotype in itself may have an impact on the pattern of rCBF deficits in Alzheimer's disease. The more pronounced reduction of rCBF in frontal association cortex observed in elderly APOE ε4-positive patients might predict clinical progression. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:42-51).
Are Patients with Parkinson's Disease Suicidal?
Authors: Myslobodsky Michael , Lalonde Francois M. , Hicks Leslie
Published: March 2007

Using the National Center of Health Statistics' mortality statistics databases for 1991 through 1996 (12,430,473 deaths), we isolated 144,364 individuals 40 years of age or older with a primary diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Of these, 122 died by suicide. The rate of suicide in the general population was about 10 times higher than in patients with PD (0.8% compared with only 0.08%, respectively). These different rates of suicide cannot be attrib uted to differences in age, gender, race, education, or marital status. Compared with patients with suicidal PD, patients with PD who died from other causes manifested significantly lower rates of affective disorders. The refer ent population exhibited a higher rate of malignancy and a lower rate of depression. The findings suggest that marital status, mood disorder, and somatic comorbidity provide only a limited understanding of completed suicide. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:120-124).
Interlaminar Fracture Energy of Laminates Made of Thermoplastic Impregnated Fiber Bundles
Authors: Wittich H. , Friedrich K.
Published: March 2007

Interlaminar mode I- and II-fracture energy measurements (in terms of the strain energy release rate) were carried out with different laminates of a glass fiber/thermoplastic PA 12- and aramid fiber/PA 12-composite system. Specimens were prepared from fiber bundles interspersed with polymer powder and a polymer sheath around them. The results, ob tained from two different test procedures and data reduction methods, reflect a good in terlaminar fracture toughness of the different laminates. This can be attributed to the large damage zone size due to the tough matrix and a big amount of fiber bridging, which is highlighted by micrographs achieved with SEM-analysis.
Factors Influencing the Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Rubber Toughened Thermoplastic Matrix Composite
Authors: Parker D.S. , Yee A.F.
Published: March 2007

The use of a rubber modified thermoplastic resin has been investigated as a method to improve the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of a unidirectional con tinuous carbon fiber composite Test results show that the improvement in the fracture toughness is less than expected due to rubber particle agglomeration, solvent and molding induced crystallization of the matrix and poor fiber/matrix adhesion The plastic zone in composites utilizing tough matrices can extend well beyond a single interfibrillar spacing However, the development of the plastic zone is limited due to the failure of the fiber/ matrix interface. In order to fully evaluate the potential of tough composites using toughened matrices, any improvement made in the matrix toughness must be coupled with improvements in the fiber/matrix adhesion.
Environmental Effect on the Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced PPS and PEEK Composites
Authors: Ma Chen-Chi M. , Yur Shih-Wen
Published: March 2007

Research has been conducted to investigate the water absorption in carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK/C.F.) and polyphenylene sulfide compos ites (PPS/C.F.). Effect of humidity and temperature on tensile, flexural and impact strength of these composites was also studied.

Results indicated that the waters absorbed in PPS/C. F. and PEEK/C. F. are 0.059 wt% and 0.138 wt% respectively. The diffusion process is a classical Fickian diffusion in the temperature region investigated. The activation energies of diffusion are 667 cal/g-mole (for PPS/C.F.) and 8934 cal/g-mole (for PEEK/C.F.).

The retention of mechanical properties of these composites is very good under hot-wet condition. These composites materials can be served as high performance materials even in the hostile environment. PEEK/C.F. composites show excellent mechanical properties retention even at 80°C and 75% R.H.
Electrical Properties of Nickel-Coated Carbon-Fiber/ Nylon 66 Composite
Authors: Hussain F.A. , Zihlif A.M.
Published: March 2007

Some electrical properties of a nickel-coated carbon-fiber/nylon 66 com posite with different concentrations are investigated. The impedance behavior, loss factor, and dielectric constant of this composite have been studied at a low-frequency range (3 Hz-10 kHz). The effects of the carbon-fiber content, frequency of the applied electrical field, and temperature on the ac and dc volume electrical conductivities of the given com posite are considered. The calculated dielectric constant of the composite was found to in crease with the filler content. The dependence of the dielectric constant on frequency is attributed to some complicated polarization events. It was found that the measured dc elec trical conductivity is greatly enhanced with the filler content and exhibits temperature de pendence. The determined activation energy of the thermal rate-process of the electrical conduction was found to decrease with the carbon-fiber content
Processability and Compatibility of Polyethylene Terephthalate and High-Density Polyethylene from Post-Consumer Wastes
Authors: Hon David N.-S. , Buhion Caroline J.
Published: March 2007

In view of the post-consumer waste problems facing the country, an at tempt to recycle mixed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which are the sources of soda bottles and milk jugs, was made. PET and HDPE were intensely co-mixed in a Brabender and compression molded into composite products. The processability of mixing PET and HDPE with various mixing ratios was investigated. The mechanical properties, i.e., stress at maximum load, percent strain at maximum load, and modulus of elasticity, of the composites were statistically analyzed. The ther momechanical properties—such as storage modulus and loss modulus—of composites were evaluated. Compatibility of the composites was also examined by a scanning electron microscope.