bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why the Fight against Hunger Mattered
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter discusses the important role of hunger during the American Revolution. Enduring, ignoring, creating, and preventing hunger were all ways to exercise power during the American Revolution. Hunger prompted violence and forged ties; it was a weapon of war and a tool of diplomacy. In North America, Cherokee, Creek, Delaware, Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), Miami, and Shawnee Indians grew and destroyed foodstuffs during the Revolutionary War, which forced their British and American allies to hunger with them, and to furnish provisions that accommodated Native tastes. By the 1810s, the United States had learned how to prevent Indian hunger, to weaponize food aid, and to deny Indians the power gained by enduring and ignoring scarcity. Meanwhile, people of African descent gained some power by creating white hunger during the Revolutionary War, but more so as formerly enslaved communities, primarily after leaving the new United States and migrating to British colonies in Nova Scotia and then Sierra Leone. After white officials in Sierra Leone realized that colonists' hunger-prevention efforts gave them too much freedom, black colonists lost their hunger-preventing rights. Ultimately, three key behaviors changed and were, in turn, changed by evolving ideas about hunger: food diplomacy, victual warfare, and victual imperialism.
Why Native and Black Revolutionaries Lost the Fight
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter explores why Native and black revolutionaries lost the fight against hunger. Indians and formerly enslaved people lost the fight against hunger not because they became bad at stopping it but because imperial officials gathered enough information to circumscribe Native Americans' and black colonists' abilities to prevent hunger themselves. Knowledge acquisition gave these white officials a specific kind of power over Native and black revolutionaries: the power to reinterpret histories of hunger. They had received education about Native appetites and how to satisfy and then manipulate those appetites as they implemented a policy of victual imperialism. Government officials who delegitimized Native and black hunger-prevention efforts interfered with other people's food sovereignty. They decided that Indians and formerly enslaved people were unqualified to decide what to grow, sell, cook, and eat, and they made it harder for those communities to feed themselves. Ultimately, their actions ignored centuries of Native hunger prevention and erased a short decade of free black colonists' efforts to act similarly.
Insults and Scandals
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses Alcibiades' scandals, which resulted from his insolence that went very far back, to childhood and early adolescence. The anecdotes collected by Plutarch are sufficient to suggest Alcibiades' character—and all the dangers therein. The many assets he enjoyed gave rise to increasingly serious faults in his day-to-day life. Handsome, rich, and noble, Alcibiades took no account of others and felt entitled to everything. This attitude appeared first in his manners. People say that he raised fighting cocks; he enjoyed leading the life of a spoiled youth. In relations with others, this meant an attitude of deliberate arrogance. It was said he was so sure of himself that he would have criticized even the twelve gods. What's more, he could, out of pure insolence, ridicule the very rules of the city. The chapter then looks at the area most scandalous of all, relating not to Alcibiades' wealth, but to his beauty: his love life. It is not surprising that his good looks would lead to scandal: he was involved with both men and women. It was said that even here he always wanted to win. Ultimately, all the insolence and scandalous behavior was diverting and amusing. However, from the moment Alcibiades entered politics, they acquired some weight and played a role—one that historians have not failed to reflect on, beginning with Thucydides.
The Grand Design
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the Sicilian expedition. In every respect, at the end of 416, Alcibiades has good reason to be content with his life and confident about his future. Out of all this grew his great ambition. And to begin, he threw himself into the Athenian effort to conquer Sicily. His ideas resonated in an Athens captivated by glory and adventure. First, though, he had to obtain approval by the Assembly of the people for his expedition. At first, everything was simple; the project was quickly approved. However, Nicias, seeing clearly the dangers that lay behind the overly broad and vague objectives, was appalled by the risks Athens was taking. He used a subsequent session of the Assembly, supposedly to deal with armaments, to raise the question of the whole affair once more. Thucydides provided the two main speeches of Nicias and Alcibiades, followed by Nicias's final pitch. During the rest of his speech, Alcibiades is the bold defender of Athenian imperialism. Ultimately, however, the expedition ended in disaster. At the very moment of the triumphant and flamboyant departure, Alcibiades must have begun to worry. If not, he should have, because a dark cloud began to take shape: into the grand plan there suddenly arose the taint of scandal.
Slightly More Than One Hundred Days
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the defeat at the battle at Notium, which was Alcibiades' downfall. The wild confidence that had greeted his return was extinguished with this first defeat. Too much had been expected of him. Still, for the Athenians to reject Alcibiades a second time suggests that their attitude toward him had more specific causes. It is clear that the weight of the past continued to be a burden for him. One should not forget how long it took Alcibiades before he was ready to return, nor the apprehension of many when he did return. After all, between the herms and the mysteries, after the small and large scandals of his youth, he had betrayed his country and caused it great harm. Then he had plotted with the oligarchs only to rejoin the democrats. How could Athenians have forgotten or forgiven? As soon as he was demoted, stripped of his command, he abandoned the fleet, gave up on returning to Athens, and departed, without further delay, for Thrace. One year after his demotion, however, the city continued to ask itself if it should not rely on Alcibiades once more. This emotional ambivalence corresponds perfectly to the two sides of the man—his incomparable gifts and his unscrupulousness. Athens did want “to possess him,” but his situation remained unchanged. It was simply too late: Alcibiades never returned to Athens.
Introduction
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the role of technology in people's relationship with time. Since the invention of the World Wide Web in 1990, digital technologies have revolutionized the relationship between individuals, their worlds, and their temporal horizons. The ever-tighter enmeshing of human worlds with digital media alters the very notion of experience. Indeed, the ontological difference between lived and virtual experience is diminishing as technology transmutes dispositions, habits, and perceptions. Because the information age promotes instant access, it also erodes the expectation of temporal processing. The new era of the “digital now” challenges not only established notions of delayed gratification but also the very idea of time as a multidimensional concept that integrates past, present, and future into human experience. This book therefore investigates temporal anxieties from a broad cultural-historical perspective that illuminates alternative temporal trajectories and experiences. It does this by analyzing how contemporary German literature, film, and photography stage, perform, and bring forth other kinds of time.
The Guardian of Difference
Authors: Langston Richard
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of the essayist Alexander Kluge. Born in 1932 in the central German city of Halberstadt, the German polymath Alexander Kluge is certainly known both at home and abroad for wearing many hats. Above all, his career as one of New German Cinema's most cerebral filmmakers still commands international acclaim. First and foremost a writer of stories, Kluge returned to writing in earnest in 2000 and has generated since then an astonishing complex corpus of storybooks that has grown more than twice the size of what he published during his first robust literary phase. A filmmaker, author, and television producer, Kluge is, however, more than just the sum of this triumvirate. He is also recognized as a trained musician and lawyer, an accomplished theorist with roots in the Frankfurt School, a savvy media activist and entrepreneur, and a celebrated public intellectual of the highest stature. Kluge is also arguably one of Germany's great essayists of the late twentieth- and twenty-first centuries. Collected in the present volume are twenty-eight examples of Kluge's essayistic thinking that attest to his long-standing commitment to “intellectual freedom.” The chapter then looks at the concepts of difference and orientation, which are recurrent themes throughout all of Kluge's thought.
Theory of Storytelling
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the first of four lectures that Alexander Kluge gave in 2012 in conjunction with the acclaimed series, Frankfurt Lectures on Poetics. Kluge's Frankfurt lectures were entitled, “Theory of Storytelling.” A praxis of poetics and narrative can be explained. A collection of every practical experience is also a task none too difficult. A theory, however, is something very difficult. Kluge uses the term “theory” in the sense of Critical Theory. Theory in the sense of Critical Theory is always nourished on interests that are simultaneously practical, political, and vital. It does not theorize in any old manner, but rather serves as an orientation for essential questions. Kluge then explains that reality has many properties when it comes to narration. When it comes to enumeration, registration, or balancing accounts, reality is fairly straightforward. But once one begins to tell stories, one begins to notice that reality has catacombs, wells, and abysses. Below every linear narrative lie happiness and misfortune. In addition to the objective inconsistencies of reality, which are neither smooth nor clear and thus constitute a kind of spirit world, there exists within humans an antirealism of feeling. Kluge also provides a definition of narrative and notes that narrative distinguishes itself from information quite clearly.
Word and Film
Authors: Reitz Edgar , Kluge Alexander , Reinke Wilfried
Published: May 2020

This chapter details the coauthored 1965 essay “Word and Film” by Alexander Kluge, Edgar Reitz, and Wilfried Reinke, which was originally published when all three taught at the Ulm School of Design's trailblazing film department. Words can interact with film in a hundred different ways. Add to this the diversity of conceptions of film. For every one of these conceptions, for every kind of literary expression, the issue presents itself differently and demands a different answer. Walter Hagemann argues that film does not raise any new questions, “because it does not speak a new language; rather it conveys the old language through a new medium. This is the real reason for the backlash which the language of film suffered with the advent of sound.” The authors of the essay then recognize the need to examine how the old language relates to the old film, how new forms of language available today relate to new concepts of film, and how the interplay of word and film may produce new, nonliterary forms of language.
Medialization—Musealization
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter evaluates Alexander Kluge's discussion of the tension between “medialization” and “musealization.” Kluge thinks that the word “medialization” primarily alludes to “television,” but when all its parts are examined, then the “long-distant vision” that the word “tele-vision” implies has nothing at all to do with any of the television stations he knows. Medialization could be generally translated as mediation, but then there must be immediate experience if there are plenty of mediated experiences on the other side. However, Kluge cannot say that as much immediate experience must be saved, preserved, or organized as possible because the principle of immediate experience is a purely private matter. He then suggests that there is a way of dealing with temporalities and modes of experience that can be quite differentiated. Only when all of these differentiations come together is reality rich, which means they are also all real. The isolation or hegemony of one temporal mode over others, even if it were the polite optative, would essentially be a dictatorship of unreality. This would already be the factual contribution, the machinery, leading to the loss of history. If the concept of “musealization” is taken seriously, understood correctly, and interpreted within this context, then it can only mean labor against the loss of history.
The Actuality of Adorno
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter details Alexander Kluge's acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving a prize named for Theodor W. Adorno. Kluge met Adorno when he was twenty-four years old and working as an attorney in Frankfurt. Adorno was a friendly and communicative man of his day. However, when it came to his work, he was a man of extreme incorruptibility and strict earnestness. In order to describe him more accurately, Kluge cites a central point in his thinking. He then mentions Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative: every moral individual should plan his actions such that they could provide maxims for a universal system of laws. Friedrich Nietzsche radicalized this principle: one should always act such that one could live with one's behavior knowing that one would have to repeat one's actions for all eternity. Adorno would presumably find Nietzsche's idea more lively and practical than Kant's formulation, but Nietzsche's phrasing would have been too existential for him, meaning irrelevant compared to the practical experiences of the 1940s. Adorno thus presents a more practical and decisive standard. Public expression, learning and education, in fact every expression of life, he says, exists under the postulate that Auschwitz not repeat itself. One sees in this imperative of Adorno's a sentence that repeats itself: There is no praxis without theory.
Introduction
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of domestic work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines domestic work to include housework; caring for children, ill, disabled, or elderly people in private homes; and tasks such as “driving the family car, taking care of the garden, and guarding private houses.” Paid domestic work is an ancient occupation, rooted in feudal economic systems, but it is part of the modern world under capitalism. Historically, domestic workers cooked, cleaned, and cared for children, as they do today. However, this work has shifted from in-kind payment (room and board) to wages, and from most domestic workers living with employers to most living separately. Also, middle- and upper-class women have entered the workforce, relying on domestic workers to take up the slack at home. Based on research conducted between 2010 and 2018, this book explains why domestic work remains an occupation of last resort in Ecuador (and elsewhere) and discusses how these working conditions might be improved. In exploring the experiences of paid domestic workers in Ecuador, it shows how concepts of social reproduction, urban informal employment, and class boundaries can help illuminate the particular forms of exploitation in this work and explain why domestic work continues to be a bad job.
In Search of the Ideal Worker
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the image of the ideal domestic worker, looking at the point of view of potential employers and domestic employment agencies acting as intermediaries. The ideal worker and the ideal domestic employment arrangement, as communicated by the “help wanted” ads, illustrate all three of this book's main themes: social reproduction, informality, and class relations. Paid domestic work, like other forms of social reproduction, invokes stereotypes about gender roles and involves tasks and qualities that connote femininity. Gendered assumptions about social reproduction are thus embedded in the ads, which nearly always label the desired domestic worker as a woman. Work arrangements are usually informal and escape regulation by labor law. The class relations of contemporary domestic employment are also sometimes visible in the text of the help wanted ads. Some ads refer explicitly to the high status of the employers' family and some indicate status indirectly, for example, mentioning where the family resides—almost always in upper-class or middle-class neighborhoods of Guayaquil, including exclusive gated communities. The class relations of domestic employment, rooted in precapitalist and colonial socioeconomic structures, also appear in references to trato (treatment) of the worker by employers. When employers emphasize trato, personal treatment, rather than pay and benefits, they hearken back to patronage relationships based on personal connections rather than labor laws. Even today, emotion, care, respect, and honor loom large in domestic employment.
Embodied Inequality
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the role of bodies and embodiment in domestic work. It argues that bodies matter for how domestic employees experience their work. Indeed, domestic workers' accounts emphasized physical labor and the embodied inequality between employer and employee. They described their work as exhausting, accelerating the deterioration of their bodies, and potentially dangerous. These accounts conceive of the body as a limited resource that women draw on to do their work, a resource that can be used up or damaged in the process. Bodies also matter because of the symbolic distinctions drawn between “good,” middle-class/elite bodies and “bad,” lower-class/deviant bodies—between employers' and workers' bodies. Workers face clear boundaries between themselves and employers in relation to health, food consumption, and appearance. Even employers who buck tradition by pursuing more egalitarian relations are aware of the differential values typically placed on differently classed bodies in Ecuador.
Informed but Insecure
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyzes the most extensive survey to date of domestic workers in Ecuador, with four hundred women sharing information about their working conditions, benefits, and social security. Most useful for informing policy and organizing strategies are the insights about which workers are most likely to know and demand their rights and the evidence that working conditions of current workers are better than those of former workers, which could indicate change over time. Efforts to inform workers of their right to social security seem to have been successful: 88 percent of the survey participants knew that domestic workers are entitled to join the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS). The main barrier to coverage, however, is the reluctance of employers to enroll workers and contribute on their behalf: nearly a third of survey respondents who were not enrolled reported that their employers' opposition was the reason why. Confirming research findings from around Latin America, working conditions reported by the survey participants are not good. However, they seem to be improving somewhat over time. More than twice as many current workers reported receiving overtime pay when compared with former workers. For vacation time and bonuses, more than four times as many current workers reported receiving these benefits. Despite this considerable improvement, there is still a long way to go for today's domestic workers.
Epilogue
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen
Published: May 2020

This epilogue explores how the principles which have been delineated by focusing on Catullus, Propertius, and Horace might apply to a poet of the next generation. The exile poetry of Ovid uses the conventions earlier authors developed, by which the circuit of communication depicted in the poetry is framed by an implicit acknowledgment of the communication between poet and reader, but in a body of poetry in which the stakes of both kinds of communication are almost impossibly high. The Tristia present themselves as earnest attempts to use poetry to bring about the author's recall from exile, but are shaped just as strongly by the consciousness that they are, in effect, documenting his experience of political repression for readers of the future. There is, of course, an extremely strong coherence in theme, topic, and form throughout the five books of the Tristia. And yet the collection exhibits a surprising degree of variation in the orientation of “story” to discourse, partially masked by the narrow spectrum of topics and themes. Although most of the poems take the form of letters to specific individuals back in Rome, this particular form of poem exists within a more varied pattern than is usually discussed.
The Puzzle of Organizing Collective Action
Authors: Henke Marina E.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter discusses the importance of studying the process of coalition building. The puzzle of collective mobilization lies at the root of all politics. Studying the construction of multilateral military coalitions trains this puzzle on the context of international security—the one area of international cooperation that has traditionally been perceived as the most difficult to sustain a cooperative equilibrium. Moreover, the specific techniques used to build multilateral military coalitions affect how wars are fought. On the battlefield, coalition operations are supposedly more successful than non-coalition endeavors. Multilateral coalition building also affects the prospect for peace. Most peacekeeping deployments today are coalition endeavors, and research suggests that the stronger their participants, particularly in terms of personnel numbers and equipment, the more effective the missions are likely to be. Finally, coalitions unleash important socialization dynamics among participating states. They create common battle experiences and shape threat perceptions, military doctrine, and strategy for years to come. Sometimes, participation in a coalition can radically change a country's political trajectory. Thus, this book uses a social-institutional theory and evidence from over eighty multilateral military coalitions to explain coalition-building practices.
Power, Diplomacy, and Diplomatic Networks
Authors: Henke Marina E.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter discusses that most multilateral military coalitions—including those operating under the umbrella of an international organization—are purposefully constructed by states that are most interested in the deployment of a particular operation. These pivotal states thereby instrumentalize diplomatic embeddedness; they use their diplomatic networks as a resource, as a strategic capability to construct allied cooperation. Most pivotal states are politically powerful and wealthy. Yet asymmetrical power capabilities alone often cannot account for the coalition negotiation outcomes observed in this book. Relatively weak states in fact are often able to drive a hard bargain. They are aware of the pivotal states' desire for their coalition contribution and thus hold considerable power in coalition negotiations. The social-institutional theory of multilateral military coalition building developed in this book explains the theoretical underpinnings of these dynamics in detail. The chapter then considers this book's implications for how governments, international organizations, scholars, and informed citizens analyze multilateral military coalition building and make policies to deal with it.
The Karma of Care
Authors: Aulino Felicity
Published: May 2020

This chapter details ordinary caregiving routines and discusses the importance of karma and merit for local understandings of care. These terms, karma and merit, reflect a robust understanding of cause and effect across lifetimes, in which showing up and doing the right actions are essential. The chapter then traces the connection between care and karma to highlight the importance of how people go through the motions of care, and how and why little emphasis is placed on directly cultivating inner orientations, even though equanimity is of central moral import. The details of embodied practices themselves help bring to the fore what counts, in context, as providing for others, which in turn provides a sense of the logics that come to define a place and its people. This type of ritual framework invites an excavation of care in practice that lays bare unexamined contingencies in contemporary investigations not only of care, but also of moral agency and subjectivity more broadly.
The Subjects of Care
Authors: Aulino Felicity
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a sense of how Thai subjects feel themselves to be part of a group, as well as how social, religious, and political structures are embodied through habituated means of perceiving as part of the collective. It shows how norms of social engagement prioritize what stands out in the environment, how interpersonal interactions are both felt and valued, and how certain patterns of etiquette template moral actions as well as ethical reflection. When one is habituated to perceive oneself as part of a group in the ways the chapter describes, actions to provide for that group according to social dictates function as a form of care for others and as a form of self-care. This aspect of Thai society and social relations carries great import for the way policy is created and implemented, as well as for the various ways social support is sought and governed at the community level. To understand the changes afoot in an “aging” Thailand, one must take into consideration the social body and the care people show to it. Likewise, to adequately understand the care shown to individuals, as well as the systems developed to support such care, one must be clear on the types of actions that constitute care at the interpersonal level and at community and institutional levels as well.
“A Weapon Is Your Honor and Conscience”
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how Red Army soldiers learned to kill. The Red Army was forced to take undertrained soldiers and turn them into efficient killers, often instructing them directly at the front. Indeed, killing was a duty in the Red Army: the inability to kill was scorned, and soldiers were encouraged to keep competitive tallies of their kills. As such, soldiers needed to learn to use, trust, and love their weapons. In significant ways, the Soviet project was a dialogue between humans and machinery. The call to master tractors, lathes, and other industrial means of production articulated during the First Five-Year Plan were echoed in regards to weapons during the war. The chapter then explores the arsenal of the Red Army, treating weapons as tools for specific tasks and highlighting the soldiers' symbiotic relationship with weaponry. It also discusses social differentiation among different branches of service and examines changing tactics as the army became a professional fighting force.
The Making of Amoral Communities
Authors: Dragojević Mila
Published: May 2020

This chapter identifies conditions and contexts that are conducive to wartime collective crimes. It shows how the context in which the perpetrators believe that their actions are not going to be penalized and that their actions are acceptable is created on the local level in some communities. It is a context in which moderates, or those who wish to prevent such crimes, are excluded for putting their desire to protect all civilians—regardless of their identity or political orientation—ahead of the security related needs that are presented by their leaders as more pressing concerns in time of war. This is the context that can be conceptualized as amoral communities. Instead of punishing the perpetrators of criminal acts so that civilians and prisoners of war are protected under all circumstances, the leaders in power place more emphasis on resolving a political crisis, winning a war, or eliminating those defined as enemies. In amoral communities, violence against civilians not only is tolerated by the authorities but also may be covered up or presented as a necessary sacrifice or the result of random accidents, given the need to respond urgently to a security crisis or a war. Moreover, in such communities, it is not necessary for the government to send its own armies because the local population is disposed to take part in the violence.
The Chinese Communist Party and the Overseas Chinese
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the memoirs, diaries, poems, and theater scripts written by Ba Ren, an undercover member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and a writer, and those who used to work with him in the 1940s. It contends that the CCP was better able than its Nationalist rival to capture the hearts and minds of young overseas Chinese by expanding its political networks and promoting cross-ethnic alliances among the working class. In the 1940s, the CCP built its support base among the overseas Chinese through the education and publishing efforts of left-wing intellectuals like Ba Ren who traveled from Mainland China to Southeast Asia and worked as teachers and journalists in overseas Chinese communities. The subsequent rise of literacy and increasing availability of left-wing publications created a generation of revolutionary-minded ethnic Chinese youth. Through supplies, information, and refuge provided by these young people during the Japanese occupation, the CCP established underground offices in Sumatra, which were hidden behind the counters of pastry shops, Chinese medicine companies, soap factories, and wineries. It was the enthusiasm of these left-leaning youth that allowed openly active pro-CCP civic associations and political organizations to blossom during the Indonesian National Revolution.
The Diplomatic Battle between the Two Chinas
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This chapter details how, with the People's Republic of China winning Mainland China and the diplomatic recognition of Indonesia, the positions of the Nationalists and Communists reversed. Having switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing, Jakarta nevertheless allowed the Chinese Nationalist Party apparatus to continue its activities until 1958. Jakarta's ambiguous attitude induced a battle for influence between the two rival Chinese governments. As a regime in exile, the Chinese Nationalist government adjusted its past policies to fit the new circumstances resulting from its retreat to Taiwan. Having lost formal diplomatic representation, the Nationalists forged clandestine alliances with the Indonesian right-wing forces through the personal networks of the remaining Chinese Nationalist loyalists. In contrast with Taipei, Beijing prioritized state-to-state diplomacy over its connections to the overseas Chinese. By suspending the activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) among the overseas Chinese and signing the Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty, Beijing attempted to ease Jakarta's concern that the ethnic Chinese could be used as a Communist fifth column.
Pribumi Perceptions of the “Chinese Problem”
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses how the Indonesian government conducted surveillance of Chinese communities. It demonstrates that, with the advance of the Cold War in Asia, the Indonesian authorities interpreted the ethnic Chinese's oftentimes spontaneous political activism as a systematic infiltration led by Beijing. Some anti-Communist pribumi elites saw Beijing as a strong external power intervening in Indonesian politics and ignored its waning ability to rein in the factional infighting in the Chinese community. Moreover, despite a huge variation in ideological inclinations and economic status among the ethnic Chinese, the pribumi elites tended to treat them as a monolithic group that was simultaneously Communist and capitalist. In 1959, under the pretext of reducing economic stratification, the Indonesian government suspended noncitizen Chinese retailers' business activities in rural areas and legitimized the takeover of foreign enterprises by indigenous merchants.
China and the September Thirtieth Movement
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the September Thirtieth Movement. In the early morning before dawn on October 1, 1965, a group of mostly middle-ranking military officers calling themselves the September Thirtieth Movement kidnapped and killed six senior anti-Communist generals. They later announced that a Revolutionary Council composed of left-wing, right-wing, and neutral political forces had seized power. General Suharto and the Indonesian army under him claimed that the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) had organized the movement with the encouragement of and support from Beijing in order to spark a national uprising. Ten days after the movement, the Indonesian army accused the Chinese government of smuggling arms to the PKI for the revolt. This claim of Beijing's alleged behind-the-scenes role in the September Thirtieth Movement fanned anti-China and anti-Chinese sentiments in Indonesia. In the months following the September Thirtieth Movement, Sino-Indonesian relations deteriorated sharply and mass demonstrations broke out across Indonesia at People's Republic of China embassies, consulates, and news agencies. The chapter then claims that the Suharto regime manufactured these claims to justify its anti-Communist purges.
Beijing, Taipei, and the Emerging Suharto Regime
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies how the 1965 regime change in Indonesia gave rise to a new round of Red-versus-Blue competition. As Suharto's authoritarian rule replaced the Sukarno-PKI alliance, the cross–Taiwan Strait politics between the two Chinas became intertwined with the anti-Communist campaign and mass violence in Indonesia. The suspension of Sino-Indonesian relations reflected the paralysis of PRC diplomacy and greatly contributed to the growing sociopolitical mobilization during the early stages of the Cultural Revolution. The popular misperception in Indonesia that the PRC had sponsored a Communist coup was bolstered by the violent clashes between the PRC's Indonesian diplomatic mission and right-wing youth; the Red Guards' retaliatory attacks on the Indonesian diplomatic compound in China; the inflammatory broadcasts of Radio Peking; and the fiery tirades in the People's Daily against Suharto. Meanwhile, the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan capitalized on the golden opportunity provided by the anti-Communist fervor in Indonesia, which had been fueled by the fall of Sukarno, the demise of the Indonesian Communists, and the country's turn toward the capitalist West. Ultimately, the political turmoil in Indonesia between 1965 and 1967 gave rise to a period of insecurity for most of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia.
The Overseas Chinese “Returning” to the People’s Republic
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights the stories of Chinese migrants who came to the People's Republic of China from Indonesia during the two-decade span of this book. By the late 1960s, at least 164,000 ethnic Chinese had “returned” to their ancestral homeland even though most of them were born and raised in Indonesia. The majority started their lives all over again on the overseas Chinese farms, primarily located in the mountainous regions in the Southern Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan. However, these repatriated overseas Chinese carried the daily practices of capitalism and transnational investment ties with them. Ironically, their resistance against the socialist state's attempts to incorporate them helped prepare the PRC for its transition to market principles and its opening to international trade. Their tales of hope and disappointment, compromise and perseverance, conclude this story of migration in the time of revolution.
Legacies of Warlords and Empires
Authors: Brazelton Mary Augusta
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that by 1937, a medical infrastructure of Western hospitals and clinics already existed in Yunnan—many of which promoted Jennerian vaccination against smallpox, if not immunization against other diseases. This organization had hybrid origins in the efforts of French, British, and Chinese empires during the early twentieth century, although the province remained on the fringes of the emergent Nationalist medical administration until the late 1930s. Wartime biomedical experts in Kunming relied upon this limited but significant infrastructure to build a new vaccination scheme that sought universal coverage of urban and rural populations for the first time. Ultimately, the politics of medicine—and especially vaccination against smallpox—in prewar Yunnan reflected power struggles between empires for influence in the region. Like the Russian, Japanese, and local forces that battled for controlling interests in Manchuria, French and British imperial powers in Yunnan competed with each other as they engaged with local warlords; sought to build economic and transportation networks in the region; and used medicine, especially epidemic control, as a means of establishing influence.
Introduction
Authors: Brazelton Mary Augusta
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of how mass immunization programs made vaccination a cornerstone of Chinese public health and China a site of consummate biopower, or power over life. Over the twentieth century, through processes of increasing force, vaccines became medical technologies of governance that bound together the individual and the collective, authorities and citizens, and experts and the uneducated. These programs did not just transform public health in China—they helped shape the history of global health. The material and administrative systems of mass immunization on which these health campaigns relied had a longer history than the People's Republic of China itself. The Chinese Communist Party championed as its own invention and dramatically expanded immunization systems that largely predated 1949 and had originated with public health programs developed in southwestern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945. The nationwide implementation of these systems in the 1950s relied on transformations in research, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and concepts of disease that had begun in the first decades of the twentieth century. These processes spanned multiple regime changes, decades of war, and diverse forms of foreign intervention. Most important, they brought with them new ideas about what it meant to be a citizen of China.
Backstage Passage
Authors: Martin Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2020

This first chapter describes policed sociality surrounding and infusing the “paichusuo.” It focuses on patrol as the primary mechanism by which police power was projected through society. This chapter explains “control over movement” as an aspect of police power distributed through the political landscape in a manner that effectively embedded formal police operations into the wider political economy. Movement through policed space is organized by police powers and few things display these powers more concretely than arrest and custody—the special authority police have to hold and move people against their will. Navigating the uncertainty of sociability that surrounds and suffuses the work of professional oppression is an enterprise of managing tension.
Policing and the Politics of Care
Authors: Martin Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews the topic of patrol, which provides an ethnographic description of patrol as a point of departure for considering the overall police–community relationship in contemporary Taiwan. It provides details of the development of an ethnographically grounded model of the police function in the context of Taiwanese democracy. The chapter also gives a general critique of functionalist policing theory. The policing theory suggests that some of the most important aspects of Taiwanese policing arise from the value of participating in a meaningful world rather than instrumental concerns with enforcing law or maintaining order. The value of policed order lies as much in its quality as an experience as it does in its functional contribution to other ends.
Holding Things Together
Authors: Martin Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2020

This chapter takes up the issue of how a police power defined, in practice, by the dialogical accommodation of disorder can effectively uphold a solidary political community. It gives insight of an ideal of balance among sentiment, reason, and law, and uses this ideal to continually renew attunement to the potentialities of worldhood that is emergent from human togetherness. The chapter also explores police involvement in “order maintenance” work. It explains how the police engage certain issues through an idiom of a balance among sentiment, reason, and law. It also shows how patrolmen rely on this idiom to do their job, and how it provides a scaling logic for reconciling the localized concerns of “paichusuo” policing with more abstract ideas about state-based order.
From Charisma to Charity
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on a twelfth-century Italian urban lay saint: the merchant turned penitent Ranieri of Pisa (d. 1160). It is within the first written and visual sources created to celebrate Ranieri that one finds the most extensive evidence of a twelfth-century layman being celebrated more for his work as a living holy man than for his pious activities. In short, in the earliest cults of laymen in the Italian communes, it is spiritual gifts or charisma—specifically the performance of miracles—and not pious actions like a dedication to penance, a rigorous prayer schedule, or charity work that stand as the most compelling proof for sanctity. The first sources created for Ranieri's cult gives one an opportunity to see not only a detailed portrait of this kind of lay charisma but also how threatening such claims must have been to the institutional church in the late twelfth century. Although asceticism, pilgrimage, and charity would become defining characteristics of late medieval lay religion and would eventually come to dominate the cults of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century lay saints, Ranieri's early cult demonstrates how such a threefold identity was not emphasized in early lay saints' cults but rather emerged out of Pope Innocent III's efforts to redirect and reconceive of an ideal lay life.
Margaret of Cortona
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the cult of Margaret of Cortona (d. 1297). Although the Roman church would not canonize Margaret of Cortona until 1728, both the community of lay penitents with whom she had lived at the church of San Basilio and Cortona's commune wasted no time in establishing, managing, and developing her cult in the generation after her death in 1297. The source that offers the most extensive account of Margaret's life in Cortona and the beginnings of her cult is the Legenda de vita et miraculis Beatae Margaritae de Cortona. This account of Margaret's life from the time she arrived in Cortona until her 1297 death was written by her Franciscan guardian and confessor, Giunta da Bevegnati, and survives in only three medieval copies. One result of Giunta's complex agenda in writing the Legenda—moving from checking Margaret's sincerity and orthodoxy to celebrating her Franciscan-identified sanctity—was the creation of a new model of an ideal lay life: the lay visionary. Giunta stakes his most powerful claims for Margaret's sanctity on the content, fervor, and results of her internal religious life.
Epilogue
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This epilogue highlights Catherine of Siena (d. 1380). In 1395, the Dominican master general, Raymond of Capua, finally completed the Legenda maior sive Legenda admirabilis virginis Catherine de Senis. This was the culmination of at least a decade of writing by Catherine's last Dominican confessor. Scholars have studied how meticulously Raymond constructed a portrait of Catherine to emphasize the penitential extremes to which she subjected her body, her Christocentric piety, her resolute connection to the Dominican order, and her role as a public prophet. However, in light of the conclusions drawn in this study, one can also see that in Raymond's as well as other Dominican promoters' hands, Catherine's life was not only a means for promoting the papacy during a period of schism as well as encouraging reform of the Dominican Order, but also an opportunity to bring to full fruition the ideas and ideals about what constituted a holy lay life that had developed between the mid-twelfth and fourteenth centuries. As F. Thomas Luongo has argued, the very idea of Catherine—an unmarried laywoman who had a rigorous penitential commitment yet lived outside of a convent—raised a tension that her first Dominican hagiographers were particularly anxious to allay. That tension was essentially the problem of the female lay penitent.
An Important Agreement
Authors: Poast Paul
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the 1948–49 negotiations that produced the North Atlantic Treaty. This case is useful to explore because previous scholarship on these negotiations emphasized the need to overcome entrapment concerns. However, by drawing on a host of sources, the chapter demonstrates that entrapment concerns were not more important than the parties' efforts to overcome incompatibilities in the strategic component of their ideal plans, namely, the geographic scope of the treaty. The parties agreed that the Soviet Union constituted a threat, but they disagreed on the geographic reach of that threat. The French were gravely concerned about Soviet influence in southern Europe, especially the possibility that Italy could enter the communist bloc. For the British and Americans, the primary concern was coercive Soviet threats toward states in northern Europe, especially Norway. The United States had a viable outside option of unilateral action and, therefore, could afford to walk away. Whether France or any other participant perceived itself as also having an attractive outside option is less clear. What is clear is that the participants were unwilling to test this possibility: France's threats to walk away induced its negotiation partners, believing that France had an attractive outside option, to concede to its demands.