bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Ethics and the Law
Authors: Maehle Andreas-Holger
Published: February 2013

This article reflects on some historiographical focal points and trends in the recent scholarly literature on the history of medical ethics and bioethics. It discusses historical relationships between normative thought and legal regulations. This analysis focuses on three key issues: the nature and motivations of traditional medical professional ethics; the history of ethical abuses in clinical experimentation and their consequences for regulation; and the rise of bioethics. The history of clinical experimentation has brought the ethics of the doctor–patient relationship into sharp relief. The issues surrounding human organ donation and transplantation that have become central to modern bioethics are also discussed. The conclusion of this article points to future directions in the historiography of medical ethics.
Non-Technical Introduction
Authors: Tett Gillian
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the development of the credit derivatives concept and how it became increasingly controversial, especially during the banking crisis of 2007 and 2008. In the fifteen years since the concept was first developed, by groups such as J. P. Morgan, Bankers Trust, Credit Suisse – and others – this product has expanded with dizzying speed. At the start of the decade, official data from ISDA suggested that barely $1 trillion of these contracts had been written in the global markets when measured in terms of gross outstanding amount (i.e., without netting off contracts which offset each other). By 2008, that sum had swelled above $60 trillion. More striking still, the original concept of credit derivatives had mutated into numerous new forms, breeding a host of acronyms along the way covering corporate, sovereign, and mortgage debt.
Saddlepoint methods in portfolio theory
Authors: Lipton Alexander , Rennie Andrew
Published: February 2013

This article, which provides the first complete exposition of the saddlepoint method to the calculation and management of portfolio losses, in an environment that is quite general and therefore applicable to many asset classes and many models, is divided into two parts. First, it discusses the construction of the distribution of losses, which is an essential ingredient of valuing collateralised debt obligation tranches and calculating risk measures at different levels of confidence. Second, the article examines where the risk is coming from, which more formally means the sensitivity of risk to asset allocation – an idea that is fundamental to portfolio theory and risk management, and which is at the heart of the Capital Asset Pricing Model.
A Valuation Model for ABS Cdos
Authors: Manzano Julian , Kamotski Vladimir , Pesavento Umberto , Lipton Alexander
Published: February 2013

This article develops a pricing model for asset-backed securities collateralised debt obligation tranches backed by mortgage collateral (including prime, sub-prime, and other property types) via the Monte Carlo method. It is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a brief historical overview of the sub-prime market. Section 3 provides the core technical description of the scenario generator. After the stochastic model is established in Section 4, the calibration procedure is presented. Section 5 and 6 discuss results and conclusions, respectively.
Teacher–Student Relationships: Two Case Studies
Authors: Cohen Yoram , Kedar Sivan
Published: February 2013

This article presents two case studies concerning teacher-student relationships in ancient Mesopotamia. The first case introduces the teachers and students of a scribal school at the city of Emar in ancient Syria which show the conditions under which schooling was conducted, who the students and teachers were, and what the relationship between them was. The second case presents a varied group of Neo- and Late Babylonian apprenticeship contracts that provide a better understanding of the apprentice's gender and age, social background, the length of his tuition, the salary of his master, and the trade being learned.
Assyria At War: Strategy and Conduct
Authors: Fuchs Andreas
Published: February 2013

This article examines Assyria's military strategy and conduct of war. It argues that the rise of Assyria can be explained by the peculiar historical setting of the later tenth century and the developments leading to it. It explains that the Assyrian kings used their armies cautiously and successfully, giving their troops a lead in numbers, experience, and competence, and they maintained these advantages for no less than three centuries. It describes the sources and the ideal image of the king at war and comments on the battle reports of kings.
Agriculture as Civilization: Sages, Farmers, and Barbarians
Authors: Wiggermann F.A.M.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the role of farmers and sages in the history of cuneiform writing in ancient Mesopotamia. It explains that when cuneiform writing was invented at the end of the fourth millennium bc, agriculture had a long history behind it being the foundation of urban life in the steppes and plains of Mesopotamia. Throughout history writing served the common cause and was concerned with the management and administration of resources and it provided explicit information on practical matters such as the digging of canals, the planting of gardens, and disputes over land and water.
Sourcing, Organizing, and Administering Medicinal Ingredients
Authors: Böck Barbara
Published: February 2013

This article explores the history of the sourcing, organization, and administration of medicinal ingredients in ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform culture produced a substantial quantity of medical recipes and a smaller number of pharmacological handbooks that give detailed information about the materials employed in healing. Although there were subtle changes in the drug terminology, the virtue of traditionalism seems to have impeded new developments in pharmacology or changes in ancient attitudes towards medicine.
Changing Images of Kingship in Sumerian Literature
Authors: Brisch Nicole
Published: February 2013

This article examines changes in the images of kingship in Sumerian literature, particularly in the hymns, myths, and narratives of the late third and early second millennia bc. It investigates whether ancient Mesopotamian kings were able to influence and model intellectual activity in order to maintain and support their political rule. The analysis reveals that royal hymns and other literary texts, such as the Sumerian Gilgameš tales and the narratives surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, the legendary kings of Uruk, disseminated an 'ideal' image of the king as a centre of social and cosmic order.
Cuneiform Culture's Last Guardians: The Old Urban Notability of Hellenistic Uruk
Authors: Clancier Philippe
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on cuneiform culture and the three separate but related aspects of scribal activity in Uruk during the Hellenistic period. It considers the cuneiform scribe as a representative of the old urban notability in the context of that specific social group and its links to the temples and the Hellenistic kings and describes the legal activities of both the cuneiform scribe and the alphabet scribe working on leather and the closely related role of the Babylonian temples as courts of justice. It also explores the interaction between alphabetic and cuneiform cultures by focusing on the so-called Graeco-Babyloniaca.
Unintroduction: Middletonian Dissensus
Authors: Taylor Gary , Henley Trish Thomas
Published: February 2013

This article, which discusses the criticism of the works of Thomas Middleton, suggests that most Middleton criticism, from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, has been based on pervasively shaky foundations. The first collection of Middleton's canon in a single volume comparable to the Jonson (1616), Shakespeare (1623), or Fletcher (1647) folios was not published until November 2007 – 380 years after Middleton's death. In a real sense, Middleton criticism started, or started over, in 2007. Literary criticism is necessarily systemic, because it articulates the relationships between different texts on the basis of explicit or implied principles. Without a reliable canon of Middleton's work, criticism could not map the relationships between his individual works, or the relationship between his work and the work of other writers. The 2007 Oxford edition of Middleton's Collected Works established a Middleton system, whose principles have not yet been articulated, and whose integration into the larger literary universe has only just begun. This newly visible system necessitates a rebirth of Middleton criticism, allowing us to look with new eyes upon an unfamiliar canonical landscape. This handbook is designed to complement the dominant scholarly resource in the field, the Oxford Middleton.
Playing With Boys On Middleton's Stage—and Ours
Authors: Rutter Carol Chillington
Published: February 2013

This article sets aside Middleton's first boy players to think about his latest, offering a case study in performance that begins by remembering an experiment in boys becoming women, and then focuses on an ensemble of boys playing A Mad World, My Masters. It considers the attraction of Middleton for youth today: the way he rubs up their young lives; the friction he sets up between their adolescence and his works. Fed in school on a standard educational diet of William Shakespeare, boys messing around with Middleton – scurrilous punster, dirty joker – can gorge on toothsome junk food that satisfies appetites Shakespeare never reaches.
‘Time's Comic Sparks’
Authors: Maguire Laurie , Smith Emma
Published: February 2013

This article explores the plays A Mad World, My Masters and Timon of Athens, both of which examine the role of benevolence in the modern world. Generosity cues the subject of bonds, obligation, and reciprocity. Mad World and Timon are further connected dramaturgically by a central prop – the casket – which cements their explorations of fiscal and ethical bonds.
Middletonian Stylistics
Authors: Hope Jonathan
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on Middleton' style. More than Shakespeare or Jonson, Middleton was a writer of works for the printing press – works commissioned by publishers rather than theatres, whose initial reception would be in the visual form of the printed page. While Jonson prepared his plays for the press, and Shakespeare may have thought about publication, this was not their primary mode of disseminating their work, and print as a culture and a technology does not occupy either's mental landscape to the extent it does Middleton's. Even in plays, Middleton's characters display, and Middleton assumes in his audience, an easy familiarity with the language of printing and book-making. Middleton's dramatic prose style is characterized by snappy, symmetrical prose, with effects coming at the phrasal and clausal, rather than lexical, levels. His effects come from structural manipulation: balance, juxtaposition, parallelism, and a cool, almost detached, handling of ideas. Middleton is cautious in his use of inkhorn terms. His characters, even lower-class ones, are certainly capable of savouring the unfamiliar weight of a newly derived Latinate word, but Middleton is more comfortable with words that mix Latinate roots with native affixes.
Spectres of Europe: Europe's Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Bialasiewicz Luiza
Published: February 2013

Since the late eighteenth century, the division of Europe into ‘East’ and ‘West’ bespoke not only a particular geography but also a particular temporal divide. Over the past two decades, a number of leading European thinkers have attempted to trace the ‘geo-philosophy’ of the European idea focusing on the idea of Europe as a civitas futura. This article discusses changing understandings of Europe in (and through) time, focusing on how different understandings of Europe's relation to its past, present, and future have been reflected in radically different visions for European geopolitics. After considering the myth of the Habsburg Empire, it looks at Europe after the Iraq war. The article then argues that contemporary visions of Europe's role in the world (in particular, the geographical imaginations of Europe's presumed ‘spaces of responsibility’) are inescapably bound up with certain historical shadows, but also rely in great part on distinct ‘spectres’ of a future to come.
Ethnic Cleansing
Authors: Ther Philipp
Published: February 2013

One can define ethnic cleansing as a mass-scale, violent, and permanent removal of an ethnically defined group from one territory to a perceived external homeland. Deportations within a state were special in this regard because there was no vision of an external territory to which the cleansed population would be sent. It still needs to be explored why some states treated deported minorities worse than other states treated their supposed external enemies. This article examines the origins and three preconditions of ethnic cleansing: modern nationalism, the concept of the modern nation-state, and the development of population policy. It also discusses four major periods of ethnic cleansing: 1912–1925, ethnic cleansing under the hegemony of Nazi Germany (1938–1944), ethnic cleansing and the postwar order in Europe (1944–1948), and ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia (1991–1995).
Europe's Cold War
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi M.
Published: February 2013

In 1945, much of Europe was in rubble, following an orgy of violence and genocide unprecedented in recorded history. This alone provides one explanation for the phenomenal rise of Soviet and American power in Europe after World War II. And given the ideological differences, material capabilities, security interests, and contrasting personalities of those in power, it was no wonder that any possibility of cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States vanished after the common objective of defeating the Axis powers had been achieved. While the Cold War may not have been inevitable, it would have been difficult to avoid. This article explores the evolution of transatlantic relations during the Cold War, with particular emphasis on Geir Lundestad's thesis about ‘empire by invitation’. It then turns to the other side of the Cold War divide and evaluates the supposed omnipotence of the Soviet Union over its client states. The article also examines the cracks in the Iron Curtain – the evolution of relations between, beneath, and beyond the two blocs in Europe.
The Western European Welfare State Beyond Christian and Social Democratic Ideology
Authors: de Haan Ido
Published: February 2013

One of the most striking features of Europe's postwar history is the emergence of the welfare state. Even though the first social policies had already been introduced in the 1880s, and while many of the organisational forms that became entrenched after 1945 were initiated in the first half of the twentieth century, the size and impact of the postwar welfare state was unprecedented. Even more remarkable was the widespread consensus with which structural social and economic reforms were implemented. The deep political and social rifts of the 1920s and 1930s and the lack of trust in democratic means to overcome these confrontations had been replaced by the acceptance of an interventionist state and parliamentary democracy as the way to solve conflicts about the way in which this state distributed social goods. The swift and consensual growth of the welfare state is also remarkable because most western European countries were governed by conservative governments, or coalition governments in which Social Democrats had to share power with conservative Christian Democrats and Liberals.
The Truth About Friendship Treaties: Behind The Iron Curtain
Authors: Selvage Douglas
Published: February 2013

The basic, legal building blocks for the Soviet sphere of influence during the Cold War were the bilateral ‘Treaties of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance’ between the states of East Central Europe and the Soviet Union. Germany was the main potential enemy, but the treaties also applied to any state allied with it or any third state in general – most importantly, the United States. This article traces the evolution of the East Central European states' limited sovereignty from the origins of the friendship-treaty system during World War II through to its final reformulation in the mid-1970s. In terms of the Soviet bloc friendship treaties, one can speak of three periodsm the first of which began with the establishment of the system of friendship treaties under Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, 1943–1948, and ended with his death in 1953. A second period began after Stalin's death in 1953 and the eventual assumption of power by Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev, whose removal ushered in a third and final period for the friendship-treaty system under his successor, Leonid Brezhnev.
A Continent Bristling With Arms: Continuity and Change In Western European Security Policies After the Second World War
Authors: Nuti Leopoldo
Published: February 2013

Since the end of World War II, Europe has known an unprecedented period of peace that has profoundly altered the political landscape of the continent. Yet at the same time, for much of the postwar period, this peace has been accompanied by frightening preparations for a global nuclear war – in the 1960s, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) planned to deploy in Western Europe 7,000 tactical atomic warheads of different yields – and by a number of recurrent crises that repeatedly threatened the stability of the postwar order. Nor should one neglect the fact that two European powers – France and Britain – still field the third and fifth largest nuclear arsenals in the whole world respectively. This article explores the post World War II evolution of defence and security policies in Western Europe, as well as the role of nuclear weapons in European security and the shifting perceptions of war in European public opinion and mentality. After considering colonial empires, decolonisation and nuclear issues, it discusses the last years of the Cold War.
What was National Stalinism?
Authors: Tismaneanu Vladimir
Published: February 2013

As a political variety within Leninism, different from what is usually called national communism, national Stalinism systematically opposed any form of liberalisation, let alone democratisation. Reactionary and self-centered, it valued autarky and exclusiveness. The fundamental values of such a regime are political voluntarism, sectarianism, radicalism, cult of hierarchy and authority, scorn for parliamentary democracy, and constitutionalism. This article first analyses the origins and the model for national Stalinism, and then looks at four cases amongst Eastern European countries in the post-Stalin era: Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, and Poland. In contrast to Nikolai Lenin, for Joseph Stalin, the complete, irreversible victory of socialism in Russia was not contingent upon the success of proletarian revolutions in the West.
After the Fear was Over? What Came After Dictatorships in Spain, Greece, and Portugal
Authors: Graham Helen , Quiroga Alejandro
Published: February 2013

What Spain, Greece, and Portugal have in common in the twentieth century is the manner in which their internal processes of change – rural to urban, agrarian to industrial – were intervened in and inflected at crucial moments and with enduring effect by the force of international political agendas. By the 1960s, in all three countries, the fearful imaginaries of traditionalists still saw a disguised form of communism in the ‘godlessness’ of Americanisation, social liberalisation, and anti-puritanism. This article adopts a tripartite structure (1945: survival; 1970s: transition; after 1989: memory) in order to explore why, how, and with what consequences Southern European political establishments with clear Nazi links or empathies not only survived the collapse of Adolf Hitler's new order, but were also able to persist as dictatorial and authoritarian regimes into the 1970s. It then interrogates the nature of the subsequent transitions to parliamentary democracy, paying particular attention to the continuities. It is remarkable, even today, how few Western European or North American commentators understand the brutality beneath the burlesque of dictatorship in Southern Europe.
What Comes After Communism?
Authors: Shafir Michael
Published: February 2013

Was it communism or socialism that succumbed in 1989? Was communism dead in 1989, when the ‘Sinatra Doctrine’ (‘each does it his own way’) replaced the Brezhnev Doctrine in East Central Europe? Or did the patient agonise until the official dismemberment of the Soviet Union in 1991? Twenty-seven countries share a communist past in Europe and Asia. Of the surviving five, not all would pass the ‘Leninist test’. Which legacies affect post-communist systems has been an issue under debate since shortly after the fall of the Old Regimes. Claus Offe pointed out that post-communist regimes are faced with a ‘dilemma of simultaneity’, amounting to a ‘triple transition’: the process of having to cope concomitantly with unconsolidated borders, democratisation, and property redistribution. While other authors have often wondered which legacies ‘count’ in post-communism (those of communism itself or the ante-communist heritage), it is Herbert Kitschelt's merit to have pointed out that the modes of communist rule have been in turn influenced by historical antecedents.
Heritage and the Reconceptualization of the Postwar European City
Authors: Ashworth G.J. , Graham Brian
Published: February 2013

Despite their marked differences, Belfast and Berlin demonstrate a trait that, since the mid-1970s, has become a defining characteristic of European cities, namely the repositioning of the contemporary urban area through representations of its past. This is the most recent stage in the genesis of postwar European cities which, since 1945, have undergone an as yet incomplete process of radical restructuring that has changed not merely the outward physical appearance of morphologies, buildings, and spaces, but, more fundamentally, the ways in which cities are used and, ultimately, their meanings for those who use them. Urban landscapes constitute a powerful economic resource in that the European city has become a keystone in cultural tourism while the historically referenced landscape is also used to ‘sell’ places. This article explores how cities in Europe have been reconceptualised since 1945, not just as places to live and work, but as sites of memory and culture. The discussion is framed through the lens of heritage.
Postwar Art, Architecture, and Design
Authors: Muthesius Stefan
Published: February 2013

There is no doubt that planners, architects, and designers, or anybody involved with creating works addressed to the public, would have testified to the overwhelming importance of a comprehensive sense of a new postwar world, most definitely for the first twenty years after 1945. It was a period that followed what appeared as the ‘zero hour’, marking the end of the most terrible war in history. There was a sense of a new beginning that aimed at ‘making good’ what the war had destroyed and pacifying the evils of dictatorship. But not only that; the ‘reformers’ aimed higher, at creating a world which was ‘better’ than any known before, and even the pre-war years in those countries that had not been under a dictatorship, such as Britain, were held to have been gravely deficient. Almost all other countries also took part in this ‘renewal’, chiefly under the banner of ‘modernity’. This article examines art, architecture, and design in Europe during the postwar period, looking at painting and sculpture as well as postmodernism.
The Great Patriotic War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Collective Memory
Authors: Markwick Roger D.
Published: February 2013

World War II has never ended for the citizens of the former Soviet Union. Nearly 27 million Soviet citizens died in the course of what Joseph Stalin declared to be the Great Patriotic War, half of the total 55 million victims of the world war. The enduring personal trauma and grief that engulfed those who survived, despite the Red Army's victory over fascism, was not matched by Stalin's state of mind, which preferred to forget the war. Not until the ousting of Nikita S. Khrushchev in October 1964 by Leonid Brezhnev was official memory of the war really resurrected. This article elaborates a thesis about the place of World War II in Soviet and post-Soviet collective memory by illuminating the sources of the myth of the Great Patriotic War and the mechanisms by which it has been sustained and even amplified. It discusses perestroika, patriotism without communism, the fate of the wartime Young Communist heroine Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, the battle for Victory Day, the return of ‘trophy’ art, the Hill of Prostrations, and Sovietism without socialism.
City and Country: Home, Possessions, and Diet, Western Europe 1600–1800
Authors: Margairaz Dominique
Published: February 2013

Already in the early modern period, urban elites defined the city as a place of civilization and cultural progress in stark opposition to the brute nature and barbarism associated with the countryside. To what extent is it possible to generalize about the differences in material surroundings and daily life between city and country? Are these differences, where they exist, the result of different attitudes and behaviour with regard to consumption? These questions raise the issue of the relationship between home consumption and the degree to which households were integrated into the market, but they point also to the consumption choices and consumer preferences that can be seen in the probate inventories of material goods owned by urban and rural populations. In the contemporary imagination, crowded cities are opposed to a spacious countryside. In reality, dwelling was more complex in early modern Europe. This article compares home, possessions, and diet in city and country in Western Europe between 1600 and 1800, and considers urban and rural dress as well as food consumption in town and country.
Consumption of Energy
Authors: Nye David E.
Published: February 2013

Anthropologists working within a functionalist tradition considered energy to be a fundamental need, along with food, water, and shelter. In 1949, Leslie White argued that systems of energy were so fundamental that societies could be classified according to how much light, heat, and power they had mastered. The society with the greatest access to energy was the most advanced. The most primitive were those that controlled nothing more than their own muscle power. By the 1980s, however, historians began to see consumers as actors whose decisions shaped which products succeeded in the market. The notion that advertisers controlled consumption collapsed after Roland Marchand's archival work revealed that agencies continually responded to changes in public taste, forced to follow trends beyond their control. Before it was possible to think of energy as something to be effortlessly consumed, complex networks of power had to be built into the very structure of cities. This article discusses energy consumption, and considers the establishment and growth of factories, as well as the use of energy in public lighting and transportation.
Eating
Authors: Warde Alan
Published: February 2013

Among the copious research on consumption in the last couple of decades, historians and historical accounts have made some most trenchant and fruitful contributions. However, our improved understanding of the operation of, for want of a better concept, consumer culture, has, despite its apparent potential, had limited impact on the analysis of eating. This article reviews recent scholarship in the field of eating and food consumption, and uses the lens of the globalization thesis to explore how goods, people, and ideas have come to circulate in ways that affect eating habits. It argues that scholarship on eating per se has been comparatively weak, and that recently, rather than being driven by the theoretical concerns of social science, the focus has been on popular anxieties about food. The article also discusses the movement of goods and the movement of people (international migration, suburbanization), and the circulation of ideas about what is good to eat (gastronomy and restaurant guides, cookery books).
Status, Lifestyle, and Taste
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: February 2013

The concepts of status, lifestyle, and taste have played a powerful role in the sociological lexicon for well over a century. Their deployment from the later nineteenth century, especially in the thinking of Georg Simmel and Max Weber, was itself a marker of a new modern sensibility that defined the intellectual territory of nascent sociology. The idea that taste and lifestyles were both a fragment of modernity, and a means of recovering lost solidarities, proved both appealing and enduring to the project of sociology as a whole. This article examines the argument of Pierre Bourdieu, the single most influential figure whose work now commands the central stage in debates related to status, taste, and lifestyle. It also considers how arguments about the remaking of status, taste, and lifestyle are related to dramatic social change during the twentieth century associated with the rise of the white-collar middle classes, the cultural industries, and Americanization. Finally, the article discusses the recent fortunes of what might be termed cultural elitism, Weber's concept of styles of life, and Bourdieu's notion of cultural reproduction.
Self and Body
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the historical formation and specific configuration of a threefold relation crucial to contemporary society, that between the body, the self, and material culture, which, in contemporary, late modern (or post-industrial) societies, has become largely defined through consumer culture. Drawing on historiography, sociology, and anthropology, it explores how, from the early modern period, the consolidation of new consumption patterns and values has given way to particular visions of the human being as a consumer, and how, in turn, the consumer has become a cultural battlefield for the management of body and self. The article also discusses tastes, habitus, and individualization.
Social psychology of interactivity in human-website interaction
Authors: Sundar S. Shyam
Published: February 2013

This article discusses interactivity as a modality feature, source feature, and message feature. It argues that the ultimate effect of interactivity does not lie so much in its function as a peripheral cue in the message context, but as a technological feature that boosts social-psychological effects of content by creating greater user engagement with it. Interactivity can manifest itself by extending the range and functionality of all three basic elements of mediated communication – source, modality, message – and, through theoretical mechanisms involving concepts such as perceptual bandwidth, customization, and contingency, it can determine the manner in which content is psychologically processed by users.
Characterizing online groups
Authors: Brandon David P. , Hollingshead Andrea B.
Published: February 2013

The proliferation of information and communication technologies has fostered dramatic growth in both the number and variety of online groups over the past fifteen years. Such growth necessitates a more sophisticated language for describing and capturing the diversity of online groups that moves away from traditional conceptualizations of online groups. Thus, the goal of this article is to place within a theoretical framework a set of dimensions useful in describing, categorizing, and comparing online groups. The article begins with a definition and a review of previous conceptualizations of online groups. The description of online groups borrows from and expands on the locales framework.
Psychology, discrimination and hate groups online
Authors: Douglas Karen M.
Published: February 2013

The proliferation of online hate groups over the past few years has brought two main issues into focus. First, legal and political scholars have questioned the extent to which such hate speech should be regulated. Second, and perhaps more importantly, there is a great deal of concern about the effects of hate expressed online – specifically, if it incites violence and hostility between groups in the physical world. Understanding cyberhate therefore provides an important challenge for psychologists. Specifically, it is important to understand why online hate is so widespread and the content of online hate sites often so insulting and aggressive, given that the physical activities of hate groups are much more covert. This article attempts to provide a psychological perspective on the nature and purpose of online hate groups and their underlying motivations, their strategies, psychological theories and research that provide insight into disinhibited online behaviour, the actions being taken to combat cyberhate, and some challenges for future research.
Impression management and identity online
Authors: Chester Andrea , Bretherton Di
Published: February 2013

Online impressions ‘need not in any way correspond to a person's real life identity; people can make and remake themselves, choosing their gender and the details of their online presentation’. This comment came to represent the way the Internet was portrayed both in the popular media and within academic writing in the 1990s. Online communication was seen to hold the potential for unique opportunities to present the self: no longer constrained by corporeal reality, users could invent and reinvent themselves. They could manage impressions in ways never before possible. The Internet was described as the quintessential playground for postmodern plurality, fragmentation, and contextual construction of self. This article examines the process of impression management online and considers whether these conceptualizations of identity experimentation still accurately describe ‘life on the screen’.
Examining the role of the Internet in health behaviour
Authors: Sillence Elizabeth , Briggs Pam
Published: February 2013

This article explores the role of the Internet in health behaviour, with particular emphasis on the issue of trust and trusting behaviours, as this is seen as key to determining the impact of the Internet on health outcomes. It is organized as follows. The first section discusses the role of the Internet in the context of health information and advice, exploring broader issues such as user motivation and outcomes in terms of perceived health benefits, as well as interactions with healthcare professionals. The article then goes on to examine the types of health websites available, and explores issues of advice and information quality. The following section examines the context of trust in relation to online health advice and information, and presents a staged model of trust that helps reconcile differences in the literature. The last section presents a validation of the staged model through in-depth, longitudinal qualitative work.
The Literary Tradition
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: February 2013

Robert Burns, both the son of a peasant and an ardent reader of earlier Scottish poetry, made Scots vernacular a key and continuing element in Scotland's literary and national identity, even while the nation's eighteenth-century literati were training themselves to avoid ‘Scotticisms’ and to produce polished English. The role of Scots gave Scottish literature its defining difference from the English literature that the Scots so assiduously studied in their courses in Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. That the oldest continuing literary language in Scotland was not Scots, but Gaelic, did not have the same defining impact on Scottish literature and Scottish identity. The most influential literary event of eighteenth-century Scotland was the publication, in 1760, of James Macpherson's Fragments of Ancient Poetry. Macpherson's Ossianic poems are doubly poems of memory. In 1730, the London-based Scot James Thomson published a long poem entitled The Seasons, whose celebration of the natural world introduced into anglophone poetry something that would later be identified as ‘Romanticism’.
Scotland restored and reshaped: Politics and Religion, c.1660–1712
Authors: Raffe Alasdair
Published: February 2013

The period between the Restoration of Charles II and the creation of the United Kingdom was a crucial phase in the formation of modern Scotland's political and religious cultures. The five decades after 1660 engaged the nation's rulers and thinkers in a search for answers to a number of intertwined questions. How, and from where, would Scotland be governed? What sort of monarchy should the nation have, and what other institutions were necessary? What would be the character of the national Church, and how could the rival claims of religious and political authority be reconciled? How could religious diversity – and ultimately a plurality of Churches – be accommodated within a stable society? This article examines Scottish politics and religion during the Restoration period (1660–1688), looking at the changes brought by the Revolution of 1688–1690 and the character of post-Revolution Scotland. It argues that there are good reasons for seeing the ‘Union settlement’ as a more decisive set of changes than those of 1688–1690.
Migrant Destinations, 1500–1750
Authors: Murdoch Steve , Mijers Esther
Published: February 2013

Scholars of early modern Scotland have long mused over the plethora of migrant destinations utilized by Scots who either chose or were forced to leave their homeland. Their push and pull factors have long been discussed, and include economic opportunity or necessity, political considerations, coercion, conflict, and climate change. Taken together, these migration triggers have led to claims that Scotland was the country with the highest levels of migration in Europe. This in turn has implications for our understanding of the state of the Scottish economy and society, as the more inflated the migration figures are, compared to the notoriously inaccurate population statistics, the more significance is attached to such problems of economy and society. Several main locations emerge as host destinations for Scottish populations and, depending on what one believes, the nations and locations that benefited from significant Scottish immigration even by the sixteenth century might include France, Poland-Lithuania, Ireland, the Low Countries, and England. This article provides an overview of Scottish migrant destinations from the Reformation until the middle of the eighteenth century.
The Religious Factor
Authors: Walker Graham
Published: February 2013

Scotland began the twentieth century as a profoundly religious country, at least if measured in terms of adherence to Churches, but by the end of the century was implicated in what a leading scholar in the area has termed ‘The Death of Christian Britain’. Clearly, there is a lot to explain around the role of the religious factor in Scotland over the last century, which began with a highly important and symbolical reorganization of Scotland's dominant religious tradition of Presbyterianism. The Roman Catholic Church, whose hierarchy was restored in 1878, prioritized control over the education of its adherents and directed efforts in the political arena to this end. All the main religious denominations in Scotland shared in the patriotic response to World War I. The recent historiography of the religious factor in Scotland during the interwar period has indeed tended to focus on the sectarian tensions between Protestants and Catholics. Meanwhile, the Church of Scotland, especially after the reunion of 1929, was desperate to reassert itself as the national Church.
Introduction
Authors: Lusk Jayson L. , Roosen Jutta , Shogren Jason F.
Published: February 2013

This introductory article starts by discussing the importance of food for human life, culture, and civilization. Although research on food demand and consumption has been active for a few decades, the article states, there are presently few resources to which someone can turn as a basic reference on the economics of food consumption and policy that covers specificities of theories and methods related to the study of food consumers and covers issues in food demand and policy. This book is meant to fill that gap. This article finally outlines the main parts in the book which are divided into theory and methods, food policy, and topics and applications.
Nutritional Labeling
Authors: Drichoutis Andreas C. , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Lazaridis Panagiotis
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the regulatory environment with respect to nutrition information in several countries. It then discusses the trends in label formats and the increasing number of studies that have focused on this issue. It summarizes some of the theoretical attempts at modeling the economics of nutrition information search. It then illustrates and addresses some important econometric issues that have been only minimally covered in the extensive empirical literature on nutritional labeling and health outcomes. Furthermore, it discusses the literature on nutritional labeling and food away from home, which has received a lot of attention over the last five years. It mainly updates previous literature reviews on nutritional labels and nutrition/health claims, and then concludes with future areas of research.
Globalization and Trends in World Food Consumption
Authors: Fabiosa Jacinto F.
Published: February 2013

A close examination of global food consumption trends from studies on food consumption over a long period of time and over a wide range of spatial coverage uncovers clear emerging patterns. This article details the trading-up phenomenon and the convergence phenomenon. It shows the landscape of food consumption in the world by reviewing the per capita consumption pattern of major agricultural commodities by country using use consumption data published by the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute. It provides statistical evidence of the convergence hypothesis suggesting a narrowing of differences in consumption pattern between countries. It identifies the fundamental forces that drive the development of these patterns and gives the specific country examples of these phenomena. Some of the implications of this emerging consumption trend are explored, namely, food security and the emerging consumption affects on health outcomes.
Demographics and Food Consumption: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Albisu Luis Miguel , Gracia Azucena , Sanjuán Ana Isabel
Published: February 2013

This article reviews only those empirical works that report results on the influence of sociodemographic factors on food consumption. It highlights those recent papers that can be helpful to the interested reader as a base from which to explore further aspects of demographics and food consumption. Reviewed empirical studies analyze the influence of demographics on food consumption following the two different approaches. This article presents the main demographic trends in developed countries. It gathers empirical evidence about the effect of demographic factors on food consumers' preferences for different food attributes, classified for pedagogical purposes in the following categories: ethics (organics, fair trade, and animal welfare), food safety and health (food safety, healthy diets, genetic modification, and irradiation), local and typical produce, ethnicity, and convenience. Finally, it concludes with some remarks and comments about emerging trends for future research.
Habit Formation in Food Consumption
Authors: Daunfeldt Sven - Olov , Nordström Jonas , Thunström Linda
Published: February 2013

This article summarizes the empirical literature on habit formation in food consumption in order to analyze the hypothesis that food consumption is habit forming. It reviews the main econometric models used to study habits in food consumption and describes the most commonly used demand models and departs from the static version of the models. It describes how these models can be extended to dynamic versions incorporating habit formation. The focus is on the functional form of the models rather than estimation. The empirical studies reviewed in this article generally find habit formation in food consumption, implying that dynamics is an important factor in food demand analysis. Finally, it summarizes the results and discusses fruitful areas for future research.
Demand for Meat Quality Attributes
Authors: Schroeder Ted C. , Tonsor Glynn T.
Published: February 2013

Consumer demand for meat is constantly changing and agricultural economists have been prolifically researching this change. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of demand for meat quality attributes and it discusses implications for industry stakeholders and policymakers. Discussion focuses especially on demand for red meat quality attributes by consumers in the United States and Europe. It mentions that properly specified meat demand models require variables capturing changing consumer lifestyles and preferences for specific meat quality attributes if models are to be of value in understanding consumer behavior. It also shows the overall patterns in meat demand. It assesses how consumer demand for meat quality attributes is influencing consumer meat purchasing decisions. Numerous economic experiments and surveys reveal that consumers are willing to pay more for products they perceive possess intrinsic quality attributes they want.
The Plain Language Movement
Authors: Adler Mark
Published: February 2013

A discipline that might eventually become known as ‘plain language studies’ is beginning to emerge through the collaboration of individual plain language proponents (plainers for short). In 2008, the two main international umbrella organizations (Clarity and PLAIN) and the Center for Plain Language in the United States set up a joint working group to develop what they hoped would eventually become internationally recognized professional standards and accreditation. Law is only one aspect of the plain legal language movement; some plainers promote plain medicine, others plain government, plain technical writing, plain finance, and plain scientific papers. Some legal plainers are linguists, writers, editors, or legal translators. Some are practising lawyers who write plainly for their clients. This article provides a brief history of the plain legal language movement, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using plain language to write legal documents, and examines attitudes to plain legal language. Finally, it considers plain language drafting techniques and presents an example of traditional writing made plain.
Bilingual Interpretation Rules As A Component Of Language Rights In Canada
Authors: Bastarache Michel
Published: February 2013

In Canada, a few groups enjoy explicit constitutional recognition, including certain official language minorities and aboriginals. In light of the constitutional history of Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada affirmed in the Reference re Secession of Quebec that the protection of minorities forms part of the constitutional order in Canada. This article explores bilingual interpretation rules as a component of language rights in Canada. It first outlines the linguistic rights of minorities in Canada and then discusses the historical development of multilingual legislation in the country. The article also considers multilingual statutory interpretation, focusing on the rules of equal authenticity and shared meaning, selective application by jurists, the conflict between language versions, and erroneous applications of the equal authenticity and shared meaning rules. It concludes with a discussion of future challenges in Canadian bilingual jurisprudence as well as the publication of bilingual judgments.