bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem‐based adaptation to climate change: Lessons learned from a pioneering project spanning Mauritania, Nepal, the Seychelles, and China
Authors: Mills Anthony J. , Tan Diwen , Manji Atifa K. , Vijitpan Tatirose , Henriette Elvina , Murugaiyan Pugazhendhi , Pantha Ram H. , Lafdal Mohamed Y. , Soule Ahmedou , Cazzetta Silvia , Bégat Pierre , Vlieghe Kelly E. P. , Lavirotte Lucy , Kok Johannes T. , Lister James
Published: July 2020

Societal Impact Statement

Ecosystem‐based adaptation (EbA) is increasingly being used to reduce the impacts of climate change on vulnerable people and landscapes. The international EbA South project implemented EbA interventions across three countries (Mauritania, Nepal, the Seychelles), piloting the restoration of mountain, desert and coastal ecosystems to enhance the climate resilience of local communities. The experiences of the EbA South project across these distinct ecosystems and socio‐economic environments provide unique insights into the adaptive management invariably required within EbA initiatives. This analysis also provides lessons on how to share knowledge among different stakeholders and countries to advance South‐South cooperation.

Climate change is having an increasingly negative impact on the world's most vulnerable societies. Ecosystem‐based adaptation (EbA) uses biodiversity and ecosystem services to help local communities adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. This approach, which has the potential to be implemented across a wide range of ecosystem types and scales, is increasingly being adopted by governments and international donors within climate change adaptation initiatives. The objective of the EbA South project was to enhance the climate resilience of communities in Mauritania, Nepal, and the Seychelles by building institutional capacity, mobilizing knowledge and transferring EbA technologies based on China's experience in successfully implementing restoration. The project implemented EbA interventions in the drylands of Mauritania, Himalayan forests in Nepal, and the coastal zone of the Seychelles. All interventions were carefully monitored by researchers to generate scientific evidence of the impacts of EbA. Here, we provide implementers of EbA with the major lessons learned from the EbA South project, namely: (a) quantifying the full suite of ecosystem goods and services generated through EbA at a landscape scale; (b) budgeting in advance for management of time‐consuming complexities related to socioeconomics and ecology such as land‐use conflict, ineffective government structures, disagreements regarding intervention options, and challenging environmental conditions; (c) undertaking long‐term research for adaptive management and documenting the project's successes; (d) providing platforms for effective communication and collaboration among stakeholders with different first languages; and (e) regularly adjusting exit strategies for maintenance of the EbA landscapes after closure of the project.
Contrasting effects of commercial and native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculants on plant biomass allocation, nutrients, and phenolics
Authors: Frew Adam
Published: July 2020

Societal Impact Statement

As the global population increases, the need to feed more people must be met while simultaneously conserving the long‐term sustainability of our agroecosystems. There is mounting interest and discussion around the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculants to enhance crop growth, nutrient uptake, and pest resistance. However, the effects of AMF inoculation are variable and context dependent. This study found that a multi‐species AMF inoculant had a stronger effect on plant biomass allocation and chemistry than a single AMF species inoculant, however, neither of these had a stronger effect than re‐inoculating plants with a field‐sourced native AMF community.
Combinational Chemotherapy and Photothermal Therapy Using a Gold Nanorod Platform for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Shukla Nutan , Singh Baljinder , Kim Ho‐Joong , Park Myoung‐Hwan , Kim Kibeom
Published: July 2020

Multimodal approaches combined with various nanomaterials and advanced techniques have been developed for synergistic cancer treatment. Among various therapies, conventional chemotherapy (CHT) is a direct cancer treatment that can produce unintended side effects due to nonspecific action on both the tumor and normal cells; patient‐friendly photothermal therapy (PTT) may be able to treat embedded tumors in vital regions with minimal invasion but does not guarantee complete removal of cancers. However, the combination of CHT‐PTT may provide a promising tool for direct cancer treatment with minimal side effects. In this regard, nanostructured materials, such as gold nanorods with tuned size and surface characteristics, are key components designed to enhance the heating capacity and active or passive delivery of drugs to the tumor site. In this review, the pioneering work synergizing CHT and PTT is summarized, and the current state‐of‐the‐art in the development of inorganic and organic nanocomposites for combinational therapy is described.
Regional differences in gene regulation may underlie patterns of sensitivity to novel insecticides in Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Dively Galen P , Crossley Michael S , Schoville Sean D , Steinhauer Nathalie , Hawthorne David J
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Agricultural insect pests frequently exhibit geographic variation in levels of insecticide resistance, which are often presumed to be due to the intensity of insecticide use for pest management. However, regional differences in the evolution of resistance to novel insecticides suggests that other factors are influencing rates of adaptation. We examined median lethal concentration (LC50) bioassay data spanning 15 years and six insecticides (abamectin, imidacloprid, spinosad, cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, and metaflumizone) for evidence of regional differences in Leptinotarsa decemlineata baseline sensitivity to insecticides as they became commercially available.

RESULTS

We consistently found that larvae from Colorado potato beetle populations from the northwestern USA had the highest baseline sensitivity to novel insecticides, while populations from the eastern USA had the lowest. Comparisons of gene expression between populations from these regions revealed constitutively elevated expression of an array of detoxification genes in the East, but no evidence of additional induction when exposed to imidacloprid.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest a mechanism for geographic variation in rates of adaptation to insecticides, whereby baseline levels of gene expression determine a population's response to novel insecticides. These findings have implications for the regional development of insecticide resistance management strategies and for the fundamental question of what determines the rate of adaptation to insecticides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
In situ synthesis of a novel metal oxide affinity chromatography affinity probe for the selective enrichment of low‐abundance phosphopeptides
Authors: Wang Baichun , Wu Huanming , Yan Yinghua , Tang Keqi , Ding Chuan‐Fan
Published: July 2020

Rationale

Due to the dynamic nature of phosphorylation states and the low stoichiometry of phosphopeptides, it is still a challenge to efficiently capture phosphopeptides from complex biological samples before mass spectrometry analysis. Among the enrichment strategies, metal oxide affinity chromatography (MOAC) is one of the most widely used and the one with the most potential. It is based on reversible Lewis acid–base interactions between the metal oxides and the negatively charged phosphate groups to achieve the specific selection of phosphopeptides.

Methods

A novel MOAC affinity probe, denoted as G@PDA@ZrO2, was successfully synthesized by in situ grafting ZrO2 onto the surface of graphene (G) modified with polydopamine (PDA). The novel MOAC probe thus obtained was used for phosphopeptide enrichment.

Results

This novel MOAC affinity probe when used to selectively enrich phosphopeptides from standard protein digest solutions exhibited a high selectivity (β‐casein:bovine serum albumin = 1:1000), a low detection limit (4 fmol), and a high loading capacity (400 mg/g). At the same time, the experimental results proved that G@PDA@ZrO2 had great recyclability (five cycles), stability, and reproducibility. Subsequently, G@PDA@ZrO2 was applied to enrich phosphopeptides from human saliva and human serum, in which 25 and 4 phosphopeptide peaks, respectively, were detected.

Conclusions

This novel MOAC affinity probe (G@PDA@ZrO2) showed good performance in enriching phosphopeptides. Thus, G@PDA@ZrO2 has good potential in phosphopeptidomics analysis.
Ex vivo-expanded autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal cells ensure enhanced fat graft retention in breast augmentation: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Kølle Stig-Frederik T. , Duscher Dominik , Taudorf Mikkel , Fischer-Nielsen Anne , Svalgaard Jesper D. , Munthe-Fog Lea , Jønsson Bo , Selvig Peter B. , Mamsen Frederik P. , Katz Adam J.
Published: July 2020

Autologous fat grafting and implant surgery are used for volume restoration in plastic surgery. With the aim of producing a treatment superior to current solutions, we report a randomized, controlled, data assessor-blinded clinical trial comparing fat grafts enriched with ex vivo-expanded autologous adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) to nonenriched fat grafts in breast augmentation. The intervention group received ASC-enriched fat grafts (≥20 × 106 viable ex vivo-expanded ASCs per milliliter fat), and the control group received conventional nonenriched fat grafts. Volume retention was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical photographs were taken simultaneously for outcome evaluation. ASC-enriched fat grafts had significantly higher retention rates (mean = 80.2%) compared with conventional fat grafts (mean = 45.1%). Clinical photos showed statistically significant superior results in the intervention group, assessed by independent clinical experts. These results improve the prospects for using culture-expanded ASCs in both reconstructive and cosmetic volume restoration and make the procedure an attractive alternative to conventional fat grafting and implants. This study is registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov, number H-16046960.
Structure‐activity Relationship of Cu Species in the Ethanol Upgrading to n‐Butanol
Authors: Tong Yuqin , Zhou Jian , He Yaohui , Tu Pengxiang , Xue Bing , Cheng Yunhui , Cen Jie , Zheng Yifan , Ni Jun , Li Xiaonian
Published: July 2020

Cu‐based catalysts have been widely used in ethanol upgrading to value‐added chemicals, however the selectivity towards target products is still not satisfactory due to the complexity of reaction network. Herein, we take the ethanol conversion to n‐butanol as an example, and demonstrate that there are relationships of the ethanol conversion, the selectivity of n‐butanol and ethyl acetate, and the rate of n‐butanol formation with the ratios of the surface area of Cu0 and Cu+. Both Cu0 and Cu+ are involved in the formation of ethyl acetate, and the ratio is indicative of the catalytic performance, being the higher the ratio, the higher activity of ethanol conversion to n‐butanol but lower selectivity towards ethyl acetate. This work will help develop more efficient and selective catalysts for ethanol upgrading.
One‐Pot, Rapid and Facile Synthesis of Thioglycolic Acid capped CdSe quantum dots: Tuning of Properties, Mechanistic Investigations by Cyclic Voltammetry and Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Singh Avinash , Yumnam Sujata , Kunwar Amit , Tripathi V. S. , Neogy Suman , Rath M. C.
Published: July 2020

Thioglycolic acid (TGA) capped CdSe quantum dots (QD) have been synthesized in aqueous solution using facile, one‐pot and soft chemical route at ambient condition. The excitonic absorption peak and band gap of the QD could be tuned from 435 nm to 472 nm and from 2.37 eV to 2.60 eV respectively. The morphology of these QD were dependent on the precursor's concentration during synthesis. These QD exhibited broad photoluminescence (PL) spectra with large Stokes shift. It was observed that in the synthesis of CdSe QD TGA played twin role of catalyzing and capping agent. Detailed reaction mechanism of synthesis studied using cyclic voltammetry confirms the role of thioglycolate anion in the synthesis of CdSe QD. Cytotoxicity effects of these QD were studied in both the normal and cancer cell, indicted that TGA capped CdSe QD are cytotoxic beyond 10 μg/ml concentration and leads to cell proliferation of cancer cells.
Biodecolorization of Reactive Dyes Using Biochar Derived from Coconut Shell: Batch, Isotherm, Kinetic and Desorption Studies
Authors: Muralikrishnan R. , Jodhi C.
Published: July 2020

The present research examines the remediation of three different reactive dyes namely Reactive Orange 16 (RO16), Reactive Black 5 (RB5) Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) using biochar derived from coconut shell in an aqueous solution. The batch study showed that the pH of 2, temperature of 35 °C and biochar dosage of 1 g/L is the optimum condition for the maximum adsorption of reactive dyes. The adsorption isotherms demonstrated the highest uptake of 73.03 mg/g, 56.92 mg/g and 57.06 mg/g for RO16, RB5 and RB19 respectively. Isotherm studies predicted that the Toth model is the best fit model with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9837. The kinetic study was carried out and results indicated that 120 minutes as an equilibrium time, the pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model were used to fit the experimental data. Finally, the reusability of the biochar was studied by using different elutants, sorbent to liquid ratio and regeneration cycles.
Effect of the Al2O3 Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel
Authors: Schneider Reinhold S. E. , Molnar Manuel , Klösch Gerald , Schüller Christopher , Fasching Josef
Published: July 2020

The service life of roller bearings strongly depends on nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs). Therefore, these steels request highest metallurgical standards in their production. To determine the effect of the Al2O3 content and a protective atmosphere (N2) on the electroslag remelting (ESR) behavior, laboratory scale experiments are conducted. Changes in the composition of the remelted materials and in the slag are determined. In addition, the amount and composition of the NMI prior and after remelting are investigated, and thermodynamic simulations on the formation of NMI are conducted. Changes in the chemical composition can largely be explained by well‐known equilibrium reactions between the slag and the metal. Lowest Al contents in the remelted steel can only be achieved with the Al2O3‐free slag. Higher Al2O3 contents in the slag lead to higher oxygen and sulfur contents in the steel and corresponding higher amounts of NMI after remelting. The use of a protective gas mainly reduced the loss of Si and led to lower O and S contents after remelting with the Al2O3‐free slag. The composition of the NMI changed from alumina type to MgO–Al2O3 (MA)‐spinel type and finally mixed MgO–SiO2 oxides with decreasing Al2O3 contents. These results are confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.
Peer review in academic writing: Different perspectives from instructors and students
Authors: Ahmed Rashad
Published: July 2020

This study employed a mixed‐methods approach to examine peer review through the eyes of writing instructors and first‐year college students, including native and nonnative speakers of English. A total of 162 participants took part in the study, including 142 students and 20 full‐time writing instructors. The quantitative analysis involved multiple chi‐square tests and Fisher’s exact tests with Bonferroni adjustments for Type I error. The researcher examined the qualitative data for common themes and summarized in categories illustrated by participants’ quotes. The results of the study show significant differences between instructors and students in relation to the writing aspects that they focused on when doing peer review. Two important trends were revealed: (1) Both student groups (native and nonnative) focused primarily on language accuracy and range, particularly concerning grammar, spelling, and punctuation; and (2) the instructors were more involved with aspects related to the writing itself, such as thesis statement, organization, coherence, content, and evidence and examples. A significantly higher percentage of instructors reported problems with peer review related to lack of confidence, low appreciation for peer feedback, and reluctance to provide critical comments. The solutions offered by the students and the instructors also varied.
Impact of oxidation processes on the composition and biodegradability of soluble organic nutrients in wastewater effluents
Authors: Tooker Nicholas B. , Gao Ce , Onnis‐Hayden Annalisa , Gu April Z.
Published: July 2020

The characteristics and bioavailability of wastewater derived organic nutrients and their susceptibility to removal technologies have implications in nutrient loading to aquatic environments and their contributions to eutrophication. Therefore, a better understanding of treatability of effluent organic nutrients is of interest for water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) and regulators. Oxidation processes (OPs) can reduce concentrations of soluble organic nutrients and convert them into more biodegradable forms. In this study, three WRRF effluents were treated with low‐pressure ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and combined UV/H2O2. Untreated and treated effluents were subjected to nitrogen and phosphorus speciation analyses and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) biodegradability assays. The OP treatments did not change SON concentrations significantly. For two WRRFs, OP treatments decreased soluble organic phosphorus (SOP) and seemed to convert it into soluble acid hydrolyzable phosphorus (SAHP), indicating possible increases in phosphorus bioavailability. Fingerprinting and quantification of dissolved organic matter (DOM) using fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis revealed changes in DOM pool composition in response to OPs treatments, which suggests likely organic nutrients composition changes. Based on biodegradability assessments, OP treatments likely changed the composition and biodegradability of effluent SON compounds. Combined UV/H2O2 treatment seemed more effective than other OPs at oxidizing some of the organic nutrients.

Practitioner points

Treatment of secondary or tertiary effluent with UV, H2O2, or UV/ H2O2 was generally not effective at mineralizing SON and SOP, when applied at the doses used in this study.

Treatment resulted in observable changes in DOM compositions, likely including SON and SOP compounds. Combined UV/H2O2 treatment was more effective than UV or H2O2 alone at oxidizing some DOM compounds.

The BSON (bioavailable SON) assay indicated that the composition of the SON pool in the effluents was likely changed by the OP treatments. This was supported by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis.
Ein klinisch-radiologischer Score für Femurkopftransplantate
Authors: Siemssen Nicolaus , Friesecke Christian , Wolff Christine , Beller Gisela , Wassilew Katharina , Neuner Bruno , Schönfeld Helge , Pruß Axel
Published: July 2020

Einleitung

Die Transplantation humaner Femurköpfe (FK) ist ein etabliertes Verfahren in der knöchernen Defektrekonstruktion bei orthopädischen und unfallchirurgischen Eingriffen, wobei eine standardisierte morphologische Qualitätsbewertung des Femurkopfgewebes bisher kaum erfolgt.

Material und Methoden

Bei 105 Patienten wurde der jeweilige FK im Rahmen einer Hüft-TEP standardisiert entnommen. Anhand klinischer und radiologischer Kriterien (Vorhandensein von Zysten, Nekrosen, Verkalkungen, Deformitäten und Osteoporose) wurde der FK mittels des Tabea-FK-Scores in drei Kategorien (beste/mittlere/schlechte Qualität) eingeteilt. Hiernach erfolgte eine zweite, makroskopische Einteilung der Qualität des in drei Schichten aufgesägten FK. Dieser „Makro-Score“ diente als Goldstandard. Ergänzend wurden eine periphere quantitative Computertomographie (pQCT) sowie histologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Übereinstimmung des Tabea-FK-Scores sowie der Ergebnisse der ergänzenden Untersuchungen mit dem Makro-Score wurde mittels Sensitivitäten und Spezifitäten beurteilt.

Ergebnisse

Bei 91/105 Patienten (Alter: 68,4 ± 9,9 Jahre, n = 60 Frauen, n = 31 Männer) wurden die explantierten FK in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen dem primären Tabea-FK-Score und dem Makro-Score in Bezug auf die Unterscheidung mittlere/beste sowie schlechte/mittlere Qualität ist als gut einzustufen (Sensitivität 77 % sowie 81 % und Spezifität 76 % sowie 84 %). Die Übereinstimmung des histologischen Befundes mit dem Makro-Score war insgesamt etwas schlechter und wies in Bezug auf die Unterscheidung mittlere/beste sowie schlechte/mittlere Qualität eine Sensitivität von 85 % sowie 54 % und eine Spezifität von 66 % sowie 97 % auf. Der pQCT-Score wies lediglich bei der Unterscheidung mittlere/beste Qualität eine zufriedenstellende Sensitivität (82 %) auf, während diese bei der Unterscheidung schlechte/mittlere Qualität sowie schlechte/mittlere + beste Qualität <10 % betrug.

Diskussion

Die gute Übereinstimmung zwischen primärem Tabea-FK-Score und makroskopischer Zweitbewertung unterstreicht die Fähigkeiten langjährig operativ tätiger Orthopäden, die Qualität der Knochenspongiosa bereits anhand des Röntgenbildes und des intraoperativen Befundes korrekt einzustufen. Insofern kann die Einführung des Tabea-FK-Scores in die Routineabläufe von Knochenbanken als Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahme empfohlen werden.
Acceptable outcomes with unicompartmental knee replacement and PCL deficiency are achievable: a case series of nine patients
Authors: Li Pengfei , Kennedy James , Mohammad Hasan Raza , Pang Zhihui , Mellon Stephen , Jackson William , Price Andrew , Dodd Christopher , Murray David
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) deficiency is considered to be a contraindication for unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR); however, there is no evidence to support or contradict this. There are occasional circumstances where UKR in PCL deficient patients have been performed where the patient otherwise satisfies the indications for UKR. The aim of this paper is to describe the outcome of UKR in PCL deficient patients.

Methods

A retrospective study of patients with painful medial compartment osteoarthritis and PCL deficiency treated with Oxford UKR between 2006 and 2015 was undertaken. Clinical records from a prospectively recorded database were reviewed and outcomes were assessed based on revision rate, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), American Knee Society score and Tegner Activity Score.

Results

Nine patients were identified. The median age at surgery was 51 years (range 42–80) and median follow-up was 6 years (range 1–10). There was one bearing dislocation requiring open exchange. The outcome of seven patients was excellent (OKS > 41). Two patients, who were both elderly, had good outcomes (OKS 41 and 39). One patient had a poor outcome, but it is not clear if this was related to the knee as she had a learning disability and examination and radiographs of the knee were satisfactory.

Conclusion

The results of this small series suggest that excellent results can be achieved with UKR for selected patients with medial osteoarthritis in a PCL deficient knee that was functioning well before the osteoarthritis developed. On the basis of this a larger study should be undertaken. Until more results are available PCL deficiency should be considered a relative contra-indication to UKR.

Level of evidence

IV.
Mode Stability for the Teukolsky Equation on Extremal and Subextremal Kerr Spacetimes
Authors: Teixeira da Costa Rita
Published: July 2020

We prove that there are no exponentially growing modes nor modes on the real axis for the Teukolsky equation on Kerr black hole spacetimes, both in the extremal and subextremal case. We also give a quantitative refinement of mode stability. As an immediate application, we show that the transmission and reflection coefficients of the scattering problem are bounded, independently of the specific angular momentum of the black hole, in any compact set of real frequencies excluding zero frequency and the superradiant threshold. While in the subextremal setting these results were known previously, the extremal case is more involved and has remained an open problem. Ours are the first results outside axisymmetry and could serve as a preliminary step towards understanding boundedness, scattering and decay properties of general solutions to the Teukolsky equation on extremal Kerr black holes.
On Some Non-existence Results in a Semilinear Theory of the Dipolar Thermoelastic Bodies
Authors: Marin Marin , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D.
Published: July 2020

We consider a thermoelastic theory in which the equations that govern the evolution are linear with respect to the thermal displacement and nonlinear with regards to gradients of displacements and temperature. Our results refer to the non-existence of solutions for some mixed problems, considered in this context. We also address the instability of solutions of the considered problems. We will treat separately the case where the mechanical effects are neglected, taking into account only the thermal effect. In this case our problem has a nonlinear structure.
Clinical validation of the novel HDAC6 radiotracer [18F]EKZ-001 in the human brain
Authors: Koole Michel , Van Weehaeghe Donatienne , Serdons Kim , Herbots Marissa , Cawthorne Christopher , Celen Sofie , Schroeder Frederick A. , Hooker Jacob M. , Bormans Guy , de Hoon Jan , Kranz Janice E. , Van Laere Koen , Gilbert Tonya M.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that modulates intracellular transport and protein quality control. Inhibition of HDAC6 deacetylase activity has shown beneficial effects in disease models, including Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This first-in-human positron emission tomography (PET) study evaluated the brain binding of [18F]EKZ-001 ([18F]Bavarostat), a radiotracer selective for HDAC6, in healthy adult subjects.

Methods

Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry studies were performed in four healthy subjects (2M/2F, 23.5 ± 2.4 years) using sequential whole-body PET/CT. The most appropriate kinetic model to quantify brain uptake was determined in 12 healthy subjects (6M/6F, 57.6 ± 3.7 years) from 120-min dynamic PET/MR scans using a radiometabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. Four subjects underwent retest scans (2M/2F, 57.3 ± 5.6 years) with a 1-day interscan interval to determine test-retest variability (TRV). Regional volume of distribution (VT) was calculated using one-tissue and two-tissue compartment models (1-2TCM) and Logan graphical analysis (LGA), with time-stability assessed. VT differences between males and females were evaluated using volume of interest and whole-brain voxel-wise approaches.

Results

The effective dose was 39.1 ± 7.0 μSv/MBq. Based on the Akaike information criterion, 2TCM was the preferred model compared to 1TCM. Regional LGA VT were in agreement with 2TCM VT, however demonstrated a lower absolute TRV of 7.7 ± 4.9%. Regional VT values were relatively homogeneous with highest values in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Reduction of acquisition time was achieved with a 0 to 60-min scan followed by a 90 to 120-min scan. Males demonstrated significantly higher VT than females in the majority of cortical and subcortical brain regions. No relevant radiotracer related adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

[18F]EKZ-001 is safe and appropriate for quantifying HDAC6 expression in the human brain with Logan graphical analysis as the preferred quantitative approach. Males showed higher HDAC6 expression across the brain compared to females.
Why are patients dissatisfied following a total knee replacement? A systematic review
Authors: Nakano Naoki , Shoman Haitham , Olavarria Fernando , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Kuroda Ryosuke , Khanduja Vikas
Published: July 2020

Background

Although total knee replacement (TKR) is an effective intervention for end-stage arthritis of the knee, a significant number of patients remain dissatisfied following this procedure. Our aim was to identify and assess the factors affecting patient satisfaction following a TKR.

Materials and methods

In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, two reviewers searched the online databases for literature describing factors affecting patient satisfaction following a TKR. The research question and eligibility criteria were established a priori. Any clinical outcome study that described factors relating to overall satisfaction after primary TKR was included. Quality assessment for the included studies was performed by two accredited orthopaedic surgeons experienced in clinical research.

Results

The systematic review identified 181 relevant articles in total. A history of mental health problems was the most frequently reported factor affecting patient satisfaction (13 reportings). When the results of the quality assessment were taken into consideration, a negative history of mental health problems, use of a mobile-bearing insert, patellar resurfacing, severe pre-operative radiological degenerative change, negative history of low back pain, no/less post-operative pain, good post-operative physical function and pre-operative expectations being met were considered to be important factors leading to better patient satisfaction following a TKR.

Conclusion

Surgeons performing a TKR should take these factors into consideration prior to deciding whether a patient is suitable for a TKR. Secondarily, a detailed explanation of these factors should form part of the process of informed consent to achieve better patient satisfaction following TKR. There is a great need for a unified approach to assessing satisfaction following a TKR and also the time at which satisfaction is assessed.
Learning curves, potential and speed in training of laparoscopic skills: a randomised comparative study in a box trainer
Authors: Kunert Wolfgang , Storz Pirmin , Dietz Nicolaus , Axt Steffen , Falch Claudius , Kirschniak Andreas , Wilhelm Peter
Published: July 2020

Background

The effectiveness of practical surgical training is characterised by an inherent learning curve. Decisive are individual initial starting capabilities, learning speed, ideal learning plateaus, and resulting learning potentials. The quantification of learning curves requires reproducible tasks with varied levels of difficulty. The hypothesis of this study is that the use of three-dimensional (3D) vision is more advantageous than two-dimensional vision (2D) for the learning curve in laparoscopic training.

Methods

Forty laparoscopy novices were recruited and randomised to a 2D Group and a 3D Group. A laparoscopy box trainer with two standardised tasks was used for training of surgical tasks. Task 1 was a positioning task, while Task 2 called for laparoscopic knotting as a more complex process. Each task was repeated at least ten times. Performance time and the number of predefined errors were recorded. 2D performance after 3D training was assessed in an additional final 2D cycle undertaken by the 3D Group.

Results

The calculated learning plateaus of both performance times and errors were lower for 3D. Independent of the vision mode the learning curves were smoother (exponential decay) and efficiency was learned faster than precision. The learning potentials varied widely depending on the corresponding initial values and learning plateaus. The final 2D performance time of the 3D-trained group was not significantly better than that of the 2D Group. The final 2D error numbers were similar for all groups.

Conclusions

Stereoscopic vision can speed up laparoscopic training. The 3D learning curves resulted in better precision and efficiency. The 3D-trained group did not show inferior performance in the final 2D cycle. Consequently, we encourage the training of surgical competences like suturing and knotting under 3D vision, even if it is not available in clinical routine.
Over a decade of single-center experience with thoracoscopic sympathicolysis for primary palmar hyperhidrosis: a case series
Authors: Mol Adam , Muensterer Oliver J.
Published: July 2020

Background

Primary palmar hyperhidrosis is a severely debilitating condition that can affect patients of any age. We report our experience with thoracoscopic sympathicolysis in a large cohort of children less than 14 years of age.

Methods

All children who underwent thoracoscopic sympathicolysis from April 2005 through January 2017 were evaluated retrospectively. The procedure entailed bilateral bipolar fulguration of the second and third thoracic ganglia with transverse disruption of collateral nerve fibers along the third and fourth rib. Demographic information, as well as postoperative outcome, complications, and satisfaction were analyzed.

Results

Over the 12 year study interval, a total of 102 children underwent thoracoscopic sympathicolysis for palmar hyperhidrosis. Complete follow-up was available for 98 patients (median age 12 [range 5–14] years; 38 boys [39%]). Median follow-up was 4 [range 2–12] years. Complete palmar dryness was achieved in 93 (95%) cases. One patient suffered postoperative unilateral ptosis, 6 reported gustatory sweating, and 65 experienced compensatory sweating. Average postoperative rating on a 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) rating scale was 9, with 97 (99%) patients saying that they would undergo the procedure again.

Conclusion

Our technique of thoracoscopic sympathicolysis in children was associated with very high postoperative satisfaction, despite a high rate of compensatory sweating and occasional autonomic gustatory sweating. Other more severe complications in this age group were rare.
Characterization and dynamical stability of fully nonlinear strain solitary waves in a fluid-filled hyperelastic membrane tube
Authors: Il’íchev A. T. , Shargatov V. A. , Fu Y. B.
Published: July 2020

We first characterize strain solitary waves propagating in a fluid-filled membrane tube when the fluid is stationary prior to wave propagation and the tube is also subjected to a finite stretch. We consider the parameter regime where all traveling waves admitted by the linearized governing equations have nonzero speed. Solitary waves are viewed as waves of finite amplitude that bifurcate from the quiescent state of the system with the wave speed playing the role of the bifurcation parameter. Evolution of the bifurcation diagram with respect to the pre-stretch is clarified. We then study the stability of solitary waves for a representative case that is likely of most interest in applications, the case in which solitary waves exist with speed c lying in the interval $$[0, c_1)$$

[
0
,

c
1

)

where $$c_1$$

c
1

is the bifurcation value of c, and the wave amplitude is a decreasing function of speed. It is shown that there exists an intermediate value $$c_0$$

c
0

in the above interval such that solitary waves are spectrally stable if their speed is greater than $$c_0$$

c
0

and unstable otherwise.
Correction to: Versatile biotechnological applications of amylosucrase, a novel glucosyltransferase
Authors: Seo Dong-Ho , Yoo Sang-Ho , Choi Seung-Jun , Kim Young-Rok , Park Cheon-Seok
Published: July 2020

The article “Versatile biotechnological applications of amylosucrase, a novel glucosyltransferase”, written by Dong-Ho Seo, Sang-Ho Yoo, Seung-Jun Choi, Young-Rok Kim and Cheon-Seok Park, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 29, issue 1, page 1–16 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Correction to: Effect of wheat germ on metabolic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Liaqat Humna , Jeong Eunseon , Kim Kyeong Jin , Kim Ji Yeon
Published: July 2020

The article “Effect of wheat germ on metabolic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”, written by Humna Liaqat, Eunseon Jeong, Kyeong Jin Kim and Ji Yeon Kim, was originally published Online First without Open Access.
Evaluation of two rapid molecular test systems to establish an algorithm for fast identification of bacterial pathogens from positive blood cultures
Authors: Oberhettinger Philipp , Zieger Jan , Autenrieth Ingo , Marschal Matthias , Peter Silke
Published: July 2020

Fast identification of pathogens directly from positive blood cultures is of highest importance to supply an adequate therapy of bloodstream infections (BSI). There are several platforms providing molecular-based identification, detection of antimicrobial resistance genes, or even a full antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Two of such test systems allowing rapid diagnostics were assessed in this study: The Biofire FilmArray® and the Genmark ePlex®, both fully automated test system with a minimum of hands-on time. Overall 137 BSI episodes were included in our study and compared to conventional culture–based reference methods. The FilmArray® is using one catridge including a panel for the most common bacterial and fungal BSI pathogens as well as selected resistance markers. The ePlex® offers three different cartridges for detection of Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, and fungi resulting in a broader panel including also rare pathogens, putative contaminants, and more genetic resistance markers. The FilmArray® and ePlex® were evaluated for all 137 BSI episodes with FilmArray® detecting 119 and ePlex® detecting 128 of these. For targets on the respective panel of the system, the FilmArray® generated a sensitivity of 98.9% with 100% specificity on Gram-positive isolates. The ePlex® system generated a sensitivity of 94.7% and a specificity of 90.7% on Gram-positive isolates. In each case, the two systems performed with 100% sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Gram-negative specimens covered by each panel. In summary, both evaluated test systems showed a satisfying overall performance for fast pathogen identification and are beneficial tools for accelerating blood culture diagnostics of sepsis patients.
Bacterial vaginosis-associated vaginal microbiota is an age-independent risk factor for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in low-risk women, St. Petersburg, Russia
Authors: Shipitsyna Elena , Khusnutdinova Tatiana , Budilovskaya Olga , Krysanova Anna , Shalepo Kira , Savicheva Alevtina , Unemo Magnus
Published: July 2020

The large majority of studies investigating associations between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been conducted among predominantly young women with high risk for STIs. Since a risky sexual behavior is a significant risk factor for both STIs and BV, this creates a bias toward an increased association between BV and STIs. This study evaluated associations between BV-associated vaginal microbiota and STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in a population of women with low risk for STIs and investigated STI outcomes depending on the dominating Lactobacillus species. Repository cervicovaginal samples collected from reproductive-age women from January 2014 to February 2019 were characterized for vaginal microbiota types and the STIs using multiplex real-time PCR assays. In total, 95 STI-positive and 91 STI-negative samples were included. A significant, age-independent association between BV-associated vaginal microbiota and the presence of C. trachomatis, M. genitalium, and T. vaginalis infections was identified (age-adjusted odds ratios 2.92 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–7.03], 2.88 [95% CI 1.19–7.16], and 9.75 × 107 [95% CI 13.03-∞], respectively). Normal vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, L. gasseri, or L. jensenii was a strong protective factor against C. trachomatis and/or M. genitalium infections, whereas L. iners-dominated microbiota was not significantly associated with C. trachomatis and/or M. genitalium positivity. The results of the present study confirm that STI prevention strategies should include interventions that also reduce the incidence of BV and promote a protective vaginal microbiota in both high- and low-risk women.
Trends in diagnostic methods and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in a tertiary care center from 2000 to 2017
Authors: Uzorka Jonathan W. , Duinkerk Dinah L. , Kroft Lucia J. M. , Bakker Jaap A. , Ramai Rajen S. R. S. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Arend Sandra M.
Published: July 2020

Screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is indicated before immunosuppressive therapies but is complicated by lack of a gold standard and limited by, e.g., immunosuppression. This study aimed to investigate a series of patients diagnosed with LTBI during screening before immunosuppressive therapy, describing how the use of diagnostic tests and treatment evolved over time. This retrospective cohort study included all individuals diagnosed with LTBI during screening before intended immunosuppressive therapy in a tertiary care hospital between January 2000 and December 2017. Evidence for LTBI, including history, tuberculin skin test (TST), QuantiFERON (QFT) result and suggestive lesions on chest radiography (CXR), and CT scan if available, was analyzed. The study included 295 individuals with LTBI, with median follow-up of 3.8 years (IQR 1.7–7.4 years). During screening, TST, QFT, and CXR were positive in 80.8%, 53.4%, and 22.7%, respectively. Chest CT revealed lesions associated with past tuberculosis infection in around 70%, significantly more frequent than CXR. In patients diagnosed with LTBI, we observed that the use of TST declined over time whereas the use of QFT increased, and that isoniazid was replaced with rifampicin as preferential treatment. Preventive treatment was started in 82.3%, of whom 88.6% completed treatment. During follow-up, no individuals developed active tuberculosis. The diagnosis of LTBI was based on history, TST, QFT, and/or CXR in nearly every possible combination, but mostly on TST and QFT. The most striking trends were the decreased use of TST, increased use of QFT, and the replacement of isoniazid with rifampicin for treatment.
Molecular epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Finland, 2012–2018
Authors: Räisänen Kati , Lyytikäinen Outi , Kauranen Jari , Tarkka Eveliina , Forsblom-Helander Benita , Grönroos Juha O. , Vuento Risto , Arifulla Dinah , Sarvikivi Emmi , Toura Saija , Jalava Jari
Published: July 2020

Carbapenemase-producingEnterobacterales(CPE) pose an increasing threat to patient safety and healthcare systems globally. We present molecular epidemiology of CPE in Finland during 2012–2018 with detailed characteristics of CPE strains causing clusters during the same time period. All Finnish clinical microbiology laboratories sendEnterobacteralesisolates with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems or isolates producing carbapenemase to the reference laboratory for further characterization by whole genome sequencing (WGS). In total, 231 CPE strains from 202 patients were identified during 2012–2018. Of the strains, 59% were found by screening and 32% from clinical specimens, the latter were most commonly urine. Travel and/or hospitalization history abroad was reported for 108/171 strains (63%). The most common species wereKlebsiella pneumoniae(45%),Escherichia coli(40%), andCitrobacter freundii(6%), and the most common carbapenemase genesblaNDM-like(35%),blaOXA-48-like(33%), andblaKPC-like(31%). During 2012–2018, the annual number of CPE strains increased from 9 to 70 and different sequence types from 7 to 33, andblaOXA-48-likegenes became the most prevalent. Of the clusters, 3/8 were linked to traveling or hospitalization abroad and 5/8 were caused byK. pneumoniaeclone clonal complex 258. Most of the clusters were caused byK. pneumoniaeproducing KPC. High variety among different sequence types indicates that majority of CPE cases detected in Finland are likely imported from foreign countries. Nearly one-third of the cases are not found by screening suggesting that there is hidden transmission occurring in the healthcare settings.
Emergence of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in the tertiary children’s hospital in Cracow, Poland
Authors: Kosecka-Strojek Maja , Sadowy Ewa , Gawryszewska Iwona , Klepacka Joanna , Tomasik Tomasz , Michalik Michal , Hryniewicz Waleria , Miedzobrodzki Jacek
Published: July 2020

Coagulase-negative staphylococci, ubiquitous commensals of human skin, and mucous membranes represent important pathogens for immunocompromised patients and neonates. The increasing antibiotic resistance amongStaphylococcus epidermidisis an emerging problem worldwide. In particular, the linezolid-resistantS. epidermidis(LRSE) strains are observed in Europe since 2014. The aim of our study was to genetically characterize 11 LRSE isolates, recovered mostly from blood in the University Children’s Hospital in Krakow, Poland, between 2015 and 2017. For identification of the isolates at the species level, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and RFLP of thesaoCgene. Isolates were characterized phenotypically by determining their antimicrobial resistance patterns and using molecular methods such as PFGE, MLST, SCCmectyping, detection of theicaoperon, and analysis of antimicrobial resistance determinants. All isolates were multidrug-resistant, including resistance to methicillin, and exhibited so-called PhLOPSAphenotype. In PFGE, all isolates (excluding one from a catheter) represented identical patterns, were identified as ST2, and harbored theicaoperon, responsible for biofilm formation. Linezolid resistance was associated with acquisition of A157R mutation in the ribosomal protein L3 and the presence ofcfrgene. All isolates revealed new SCCmeccassette element composition. Recently, pediatric patients with serious staphylococcal infections are often treated with linezolid. The increasing linezolid resistance in bacterial strains becomes a real threat for patients, and monitoring such infections combined with surveillance and infection prevention programs is very important to decrease number of linezolid-resistant staphylococcal strains.
Human infections caused by Staphylococcus argenteus in Germany: genetic characterisation and clinical implications of novel species designation
Authors: Alhussein Farah , Fürstenberg Judith , Gaupp Rosmarie , Eisenbeis Janina , Last Katharina , Becker Sören L. , Papan Cihan
Published: July 2020

We report a series of Staphylococcus argenteus infections from Saarland, Germany. Travel histories were unremarkable for extra-European sojourns, indicating an autochthonous transmission mode. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that all isolates were members of the clonal complex CC2250. In only one case, guideline-adherent treatment with an isoxazolyl penicillin was prescribed. Our report illustrates the perils of novel species designations, which may lead to misconceptions and suboptimal treatment choices among clinicians.
Financial contagion through space-time point processes
Authors: Adelfio Giada , Agosto Arianna , Chiodi Marcello , Giudici Paolo
Published: July 2020

We propose to study the dynamics of financial contagion by means of a class of point process models employed in the modeling of seismic contagion. The proposal extends network models, recently introduced to model financial contagion, in a space-time point process perspective. The extension helps to improve the assessment of credit risk of an institution, taking into account contagion spillover effects.