bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic regimen for cardiac function evaluation by echocardiography in mice: comparison between ketamine, etomidate and isoflurane versus conscious state
Authors: Lairez Olivier , Lonjaret Laurent , Ruiz Stéphanie , Marchal Pauline , Franchitto Nicolas , Calise Denis , Fourcade Olivier , Mialet-Perez Jeanne , Parini Angelo , Minville Vincent
Published: July 2013

Mice with genetic alterations are used in heart research for the extrapolation of human diseases. Echocardiography is an essential tool for evaluating cardiac and hemodynamic functions in small animals. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different anesthetic regimens and the conscious state on the evaluation of cardiac function by echocardiography. Mice were examined in the conscious state after three days of training, and then for a 7 min period after a single intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at 100 mg/kg, etomidate at 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg, or after inhalation of isoflurane at 1.5% with or without a short period of induction with isoflurane 3%. Intra- and inter-observer variabilities were assessed. The operator’s comfort was also assessed. Heart rate, left ventricular end diastolic diameter, fraction shortening and cardiac output were measured using echocardiography. Ketamine at 5 and 7 min after induction and isoflurane at 3, 5 and 7 min after induction provided good anesthetic conditions and a quick awakening time, and did not influence cardiac performance, whereas the conscious state was associated with a non-physiological sympathetic activation and other anesthetic drugs induced a significant decrease in heart rate. Etomidate 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg were not enough to provide adequate anesthesia. Etomidate 30 mg/kg induced a good anesthetic condition but influenced cardiac performance and had a long awakening time. Our results indicate that ketamine and isoflurane with a short induction period are better anesthetic drugs than isoflurane without induction or etomidate for evaluating cardiac function in healthy mice.
The Eyes of the Beholder: Aesthetic Preferences and the Remaking of Cultural Capital
Authors: Hanquinet Laurie , Roose Henk , Savage Mike
Published: July 2013

Bourdieu’s Distinction (1984) has been highly influential in sociological debates regarding cultural inequality, but it has rarely been considered a theory of aesthetics. In this article we explore empirically how the modernist framing of Bourdieu’s aesthetics needs to be rethought in the context of contemporary aesthetic change. Drawing on a survey of museum visitors in Ghent, Belgium ( n = 1195), we use Multiple Correspondence Analysis to analyse what aesthetic dimensions are important when people contemplate works of art. We find that the familiar Bourdieusian opposition between popular (based on beauty and harmony) and highbrow aesthetics is still important. However, the content of highbrow aesthetics has changed, now privileging ‘postmodernist’ dimensions over modernist ones. We can also detect another dimension that favours a socially reflexive art compared to a detachment of art from social preoccupations, which is not recognized in Bourdieu’s account.
Shaming Encounters: Reflections on Contemporary Understandings of Social Inequality and Health
Authors: Peacock Marian , Bissell Paul , Owen Jenny
Published: July 2013

The idea that social inequality has deleterious consequences for population health is well established within social epidemiology and medical sociology (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2001; Scambler, 2012). In this article, we critically examine arguments advanced by Wilkinson and Pickett in The Spirit Level (2009) that in more unequal countries population health suffers, in part, because of the stress and anxiety arising from individuals making invidious or shame-inducing comparisons with others regarding their social position. We seek to extend their arguments, drawing on sociologically informed studies exploring how people reflect on issues of social comparison and shame, how they resist shame, and the resources, such as ‘collective imaginaries’ (Bouchard, 2009), which may be deployed to protect against these invidious comparisons. We build on the arguments outlined in The Spirit Level, positing a sociologically informed account of shame connected to contemporary understandings of class and neoliberalism, as well as inequality.
The Price of the Ticket: Rethinking the Experience of Social Mobility
Authors: Friedman Sam
Published: July 2013

Increasing social mobility is the ‘principal goal’ of the current Coalition Government’s social policy. However, while mainstream political discourse frames mobility as an unequivocally progressive force, there is a striking absence of studies examining the long-term impact of mobility on individuals themselves. In British sociology the most influential research was carried out by Goldthorpe 40 years ago and argued that the mobile were overwhelmingly content with their trajectories. However, using a critique of Goldthorpe as its springboard, this article calls for a new research agenda in mobility studies. In particular, it proposes a large-scale re-examination of the mobility experience – one which addresses the possibility that people make sense of social trajectories not just through ‘objective’ markers of economic or occupational success, but also through symbols and artifacts of class-inflected cultural identity. Such enquiry may yield a richer account that explains both the potential social benefits and the costs of mobility.
Public Greenspace and Life Satisfaction in Urban Australia
Authors: Ambrey Christopher , Fleming Christopher
Published: July 2013

This paper examines the influence of public greenspace on the life satisfaction of residents of Australia’s capital cities. A positive relationship is found between the percentage of public greenspace in a resident’s local area and their self-reported life satisfaction, on average corresponding to an implicit willingness-to-pay of $1172 in annual household income for a 1 per cent (143 square metres) increase in public greenspace. Additional results suggest that the value of greenspace increases with population density and that lone parents and the less educated benefit to a greater extent from the provision of public greenspace than the general population. In all, these results support existing evidence that public greenspace is welfare enhancing for urban residents and adequate allowance should be made for its provision when planning urban areas.
Health and Wellness Benefits of Travel Experiences
Authors: Chen Chun-Chu , Petrick James F.
Published: July 2013

Tourism has been widely regarded as a mentally and physically healthy pursuit. Thus, recent studies in tourism have paid more attention to the benefits of travel experiences. However, most studies pertaining to the topic have been conducted in the fields of organizational behavior and health science. Therefore, this research attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the health and wellness benefits of travel. The results revealed that positive effects of travel experiences on perceived health and wellness have been demonstrated by multiple studies. These benefits have been found to gradually diminish after a vacation. It was also found that there is a lack of research demonstrating the positive effect of travel experiences on physical health. Based on these findings, directions for future research are addressed.
Passivity-based control of two-dimensional translational oscillator with rotational actuator
Authors: Gao Bingtuan , Bao Yuqing , Xie Jiehua , Jia Lijuan
Published: July 2013

An underactuated two-dimensional translational oscillator with rotational actuator (2DTORA) consisting of an actuated rotational proof-mass and two unactuated translational carts is presented. Passivity-based control design is employed for 2DTORA based on its Euler–Lagrange structure and passivity property. Firstly, the dynamics of 2DTORA are derived based on Euler–Lagrange equations. Motivated by constructing a damped close-loop Euler–Lagrange system, the controller dynamics is designed to shape the potential energy and inject the required damping. As a result, the designed controller stabilizes the underactuated 2DTORA with the feedback of the rotational actuator’s position only. Moreover, by modifying controller dynamics with a saturation function, the control input can be constrained to certain bounds. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed controllers.
Mothers respond differently to infants’ gestural versus nongestural communicative bids
Authors: Olson Janet , Masur Elise Frank
Published: July 2013

Thirty infants at 1;1 and their mothers were videotaped while playing for 18 minutes. Experimental stimuli were presented in three communicative intent contexts – proto-declarative, proto-imperative, and ambiguous – to elicit infant communicative bids that did and did not contain gestures. Mothers’ responses were analyzed, and their verbal responses were further coded as object labels, action labels, internal state labels, and nonlabeling utterances. Results demonstrated differential responses to infants’ gestural and nongestural bids. Mothers responded more often and were more likely to provide a verbal response in all contexts when infants’ communicative bids included gestures. They were also more likely to provide an object label and less likely to provide nonlabeling utterances to gestural than nongestural bids in the proto-declarative and ambiguous contexts. The privileged responses following infants’ gestures may serve as a mechanism for vocabulary acquisition.
Philosophy
Authors: Staiti Andrea
Published: July 2013

In this article I argue that new light can be shed on the analytic/Continental divide by looking at the controversy on the nature of philosophy in late 19th-century/early-20th-century Germany. The controversy is between those thinkers who understand philosophy primarily as a worldview [ Weltanschauung] and those who insist that it should be understood as a science [ Wissenschaft]. The positions of the two main representatives of the two camps, Wilhelm Dilthey and Heinrich Rickert, are presented and assessed. Their mutual disagreement on what philosophy ought to be reflects in a striking way some of the major tensions existing between the analytic and the Continental camps today. At the end of the article I formulate a historical hypothesis about how the Wissenschaft/Weltanschauung controversy petrified into the analytic/Continental divide.
Recency of Divorce, Depression, and Suicide Risk
Authors: Stack Steven , Scourfield Jonathan
Published: July 2013

Previous individual-level research on the association between the status of divorce and suicide risk has been marked by two recurrent limitations: (a) it is not clear if the timing of divorce (recent vs. distal) affects risk of completed suicides and (b) it is not clear if the association between divorce and suicide completions will withstand controls for a series of risk and protective factors including psychiatric morbidity. The present study addresses these two gaps in the literature. Data are from the National Mortality Follow Back Survey and refer to 13,897 deaths including 1,169 suicides. A model is estimated that controls for major alternative predictors of suicide completions including psychiatric predictors (depression scale) and sociological risk and protective factors (job loss, job demotion, and religiosity). The results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis determined that, controlling for the psychiatric, social, and economic predictors of suicide completions, recent divorce increases the odds of death by suicide 1.6 times, compared with 1.3 times for distal divorce. The study provides the first systematic, U.S.-based results that show that the timing of divorce influences risk of completed suicides independent of depression.
“Back Off”! Helicopter Parenting and a Retreat From Marriage Among Emerging Adults
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , Hersh Joshua N. , Padilla-Walker Laura M. , Nelson Larry J.
Published: July 2013

The present study used a sample of 779 unmarried emerging adult college students to test the hypothesis that higher levels of helicopter parenting would be related to less positive marital attitudes. Helicopter parenting entails intense and intrusive involvement by parents under the guise of caring and protection. Using hierarchical multiple regression models, results suggested that helicopter parenting was not associated with the general importance placed on marriage but did influence emerging adults’ beliefs about the advantages of being single versus being married and their expected age of marriage. Higher reported helicopter parenting among emerging adults was associated with stronger beliefs that being single held more advantages than being married and an expected delay of eventual marriage. Other results suggested that parental warmth with mothers and fathers was also an important correlate of emerging adults’ marital attitudes.
Defining assessment literacy: Is it different for language testers and non-language testers?
Authors: Jeong Heejeong
Published: July 2013

Language assessment courses (LACs) are taught by professionals who have majored in the area of language testing (language testers or LTs), but also by others who come from different language-related majors (non-language testers, non-LTs). Different language assessment courses may be developed, depending on who teaches the course and the instructors’ understanding of assessment literacy. This study seeks to investigate the effect instructors bring in shaping the characteristics (i.e., content and structure) of language assessment courses. Findings from an online instructor survey ( N = 140) and in-depth follow-up phone interviews ( N = 13) show that there are significant differences in the content of the courses depending on the instructors’ background in six topic areas: test specifications, test theory, basic statistics, classroom assessment, rubric development, and test accommodation. Interview results confirm non-LTs are less confident in teaching technical assessment skills compared to LTs and have a tendency to focus more on classroom assessment issues. The paper ends by stressing the importance of possessing a common understanding of assessment literacy among stakeholders within the testing community, but also among non-LTs who teach language assessment courses so as to maintain course quality and to better meet student teachers’ needs.
From the society of the spectacle to the society of the machinery: Mutations in popular culture 1960s–2000s
Authors: Teurlings Jan
Published: July 2013

When Guy Debord wrote The Society of the Spectacle in 1967, he was criticizing a society that was saturated by mass media and the endless stream of representations they crank out. This article argues that the society of the spectacle as described by Debord has mutated into a new form, best described as the society of the machinery. In it, the focus on representations is complemented by an obsession with the machinery that produces said representations. The mechanism can be seen at work in phenomena as diverse as America’s Next Top Model, the by-now obligatory Director’s Commentary on DVD releases, or the success of Hollywood and television tourism. In the society of the machinery, the dominant ideological form is the debunking mode that combines a hermeneutics of suspicion with a conservative refusal of utopianism, making it a particularly effective ideological tool for pacifying society. The second part of the article traces how the change from spectacle to machinery has occurred. Drawing on the work of Boltanski and Chiapello, the article contends that the society of the machinery is a by-product of the Situationist critique of the spectacle. Contemporary capitalism has split the Debordian critique into the artist critique and the social critique, and has incorporated the former while neutralizing the latter.
Total artificial heart in the pediatric patient with biventricular heart failure
Authors: Park SS , Sanders DB , Smith BP , Ryan J , Plasencia J , Osborn MB , Wellnitz CM , Southard RN , Pierce CN , Arabia FA , Lane J , Frakes D , Velez DA , Pophal SG , Nigro JJ
Published: July 2013

Mechanical circulatory support emerged for the pediatric population in the late 1980s as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. The Total Artificial Heart (TAH-t) (SynCardia Systems Inc., Tuscon, AZ) has been approved for compassionate use by the Food and Drug Administration for patients with end-stage biventricular heart failure as a bridge to heart transplantation since 1985 and has had FDA approval since 2004. However, of the 1,061 patients placed on the TAH-t, only 21 (2%) were under the age 18. SynCardia Systems, Inc. recommends a minimum patient body surface area (BSA) of 1.7 m2, thus, limiting pediatric application of this device.

This unique case report shares this pediatric institution’s first experience with the TAH-t. A 14-year-old male was admitted with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe biventricular heart failure. The patient rapidly decompensated, requiring extracorporeal life support. An echocardiogram revealed severe biventricular dysfunction and diffuse clot formation in the left ventricle and outflow tract. The decision was made to transition to biventricular assist device. The biventricular failure and clot formation helped guide the team to the TAH-t, in spite of a BSA (1.5 m2) below the recommendation of 1.7m2. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax, in conjunction with a novel three-dimensional (3D) modeling system and team, assisted in determining appropriate fit. Chest CT and 3D modeling following implantation were utilized to determine all major vascular structures were unobstructed and the bronchi were open. The virtual 3D model confirmed appropriate device fit with no evidence of compression to the left pulmonary veins. The postoperative course was complicated by a left lung opacification. The left lung anomalies proved to be atelectasis and improved with aggressive recruitment maneuvers. The patient was supported for 11 days prior to transplantation. Chest CT and 3D modeling were crucial in assessing whether the device would fit, as well as postoperative complications in this smaller pediatric patient.
Reliability of different body temperature measurement sites during aortic surgery
Authors: Göbölös L , Philipp A , Ugocsai P , Foltan M , Thrum A , Miskolczi S , Pousios D , Khawaja S , Budra M , Ohri SK
Published: July 2013

Objective:

We retrospectively performed a comparative analysis of temperature measurement sites during surgical repair of the thoracic aorta.

Methods:

Between January 2004 and May 2006, 22 patients (mean age: 63±12 years) underwent operations on the thoracic aorta with arterial cannulation of the aortic arch concavity and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Indications for surgical intervention were acute type A dissection in 14 (64%) patients, degenerative aneurysm in 6 (27%), aortic infiltration of thymic carcinoma in 1 (4.5%) and intra-aortic stent refixation in 1 (4.5%). Rectal, tympanic and bladder temperatures were evaluated to identify the best reference to arterial blood temperature during HCA and ACP.

Results:

There were no operative deaths and the 30-day mortality rate was 13% (three patients). Permanent neurological deficits were not observed and transient changes occurred in two patients (9%). During re-warming, there was strong correlation between tympanic and arterial blood temperatures (r= 0.9541, p<0.001), in contrast to the rectal and bladder temperature (r=0.7654, p= n.s; r=0.7939, p= n.s., respectively).

Conclusion:

We conclude that tympanic temperature measurements correlate with arterial blood temperature monitoring during aortic surgery with HCA and ACP and, therefore, should replace bladder and rectal measurements.
Is the treatment of the small saphenous veins with foam sclerotherapy at risk of deep vein thrombosis?
Authors: Gillet JL , Lausecker M , Sica M , Guedes JM , Allaert FA
Published: July 2013

Objective

To assess the deep vein thrombosis risk of the treatment of the small saphenous veins depending on the anatomical pattern of the veins.

Method

A multicenter, prospective and controlled study was carried out in which small saphenous vein trunks were treated with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy. The anatomical pattern (saphenopopliteal junction, perforators) was assessed by Duplex ultrasound before the treatment. All patients were systematically checked by Duplex ultrasound 8 to 30 days after the procedure to identify a potential deep vein thrombosis.

Results

Three hundred and thirty-one small saphenous veins were treated in 22 phlebology clinics. No proximal deep vein thrombosis occurred. Two (0.6%) medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis occurred in symptomatic patients. Five medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis and four cases of extension of the small saphenous vein sclerosis into the popliteal vein, which all occurred when the small saphenous vein connected directly into the popliteal vein, were identified by systematic Duplex ultrasound examination in asymptomatic patients. Medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis were more frequent ( p = 0.02) in patients with medial gastrocnemius veins perforator. A common outlet or channel between the small saphenous vein and the medial gastrocnemius veins did not increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis.

Conclusion

Deep vein thrombosis after foam sclerotherapy of the small saphenous vein are very rare. Only 0.6% medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis occurred in symptomatic patients. However, the anatomical pattern of the small saphenous vein should be taken into account and patients with medial gastrocnemius veins perforators and the small saphenous vein connected directly into the popliteal vein should be checked by Duplex ultrasound one or two weeks after the procedure. Recommendations based on our everyday practice and the findings of this study are suggested to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis.
The VANISH-2 study: a randomized, blinded, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of polidocanol endovenous microfoam 0.5% and 1.0% compared with placebo for the treatment of saphenofemoral junction incompetence
Authors: Todd Kenneth L , Wright DI ,   for the VANISH-2 Investigator Group
Published: July 2013

Objective

VANISH-2 Investigator Group: K Gibson, Bellevue, WA, USA; M Goldman, San Diego, CA, USA; P Hertzman, Los Alamos, NM, USA; S Hirsch, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; R Hye, San Diego, CA, USA; M Isaacs, Walnut Creek, CA, USA; M Plaza-Ponte, Monroeville, PA, USA; S Rathbun, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; J Rhodes, Rochester, NY, USA; G Rosenberg, Frederick, MD, USA; M Schul, Lafayette, IN, USA; M Stanbro, Greenville, SC, USA; and R Weiss, Hunt Valley, MD, USA To determine efficacy and safety of polidocanol endovenous microfoam in treatment of symptoms and appearance in patients with saphenofemoral junction incompetence due to reflux of the great saphenous vein or major accessory veins.

Method

Patients were randomized equally to receive polidocanol endovenous microfoam 0.5%, polidocanol endovenous microfoam 1.0% or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was patient-reported improvement in symptoms, as measured by the change from baseline to Week 8 in the 7-day average electronic daily diary VVSymQ™ score. The co-secondary endpoints were the improvement in appearance of visible varicosities from baseline to Week 8, as measured by patients and by an independent physician review panel.

Results

In 232 treated patients, polidocanol endovenous microfoam 0.5% and polidocanol endovenous microfoam 1.0% were superior to placebo, with a larger improvement in symptoms (VVSymQ (−6.01 and–5.06, respectively, versus –2.00; P < 0.0001) and greater improvements in physician and patient assessments of appearance ( P < 0.0001). These findings were supported by the results of duplex ultrasound and other clinical measures. Of the 230 polidocanol endovenous microfoam-treated patients (including open-label patients), 60% had an adverse event compared with 39% of placebo; 95% were mild or moderate. No pulmonary emboli were detected and no clinically important neurologic or visual adverse events were reported. The most common adverse events in patients treated with polidocanol endovenous microfoam were retained coagulum, leg pain and superficial thrombophlebitis; most were related to treatment and resolved without sequelae.

Conclusion

Polidocanol endovenous microfoam provided clinically meaningful benefit in treating symptoms and appearance in patients with varicose veins. Polidocanol endovenous microfoam was an effective and comprehensive minimally invasive treatment for patients with a broad spectrum of vein disease (clinical, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology clinical class C2 to C6) and great saphenous vein diameters ranging from 3.1 to 19.4 mm. Treatment with polidocanol endovenous microfoam was associated with mild or moderate manageable side effects. VVSymQ is an important new, validated instrument for symptom assessment in patients with varicose veins.
Neonatal MK-801 treatment differentially alters the effect of adolescent or adult MK-801 challenge on locomotion and PPI in male and female rats
Authors: Zhao Ying-Ying , Li Ji-Tao , Wang Xiao-Dong , Li You-Hong , Huang Run-Hu , Su Yun-Ai , Si Tian-Mei
Published: July 2013

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder and is typically “triggered” by subsequent insults in life. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) induces locomotor hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits, which can mimic the schizophrenia phenotype. In this experiment, we assessed whether neonatal exposure to MK-801 (postnatal days 5–14) could induce sensitization to both hyperactivity and PPI deficit caused by later-life acute MK-801 treatment during adolescence or adulthood. Our results showed that the hyperactivity induced by an acute MK-801 challenge was enhanced in male and female rats after neonatal MK-801 treatment. Notably, in the PPI test, adult female rats neonatally exposed to MK-801 exhibited a significantly greater reduction in PPI in response to acute MK-801 administration, whereas male rats receiving neonatal MK-801 treatment expressed attenuated PPI disruption in adulthood. Our data indicate that a combination of neonatal and later-life NMDA receptor blockades could induce sensitization in the locomotor activity of both sexes in adolescence and adulthood. In addition, a sex difference was observed in the effects of this treatment regime on PPI.
Pulmonary embolism in oncologic patients: frequency and embolus burden of symptomatic and unsuspected events
Authors: Bach Andreas Gunter , Schmoll Hans-Joachim , Beckel Christoph , Behrmann Curd , Spielmann Rolf Peter , Wienke Andreas , Abbas Jasmin , Surov Alexey
Published: July 2013

Background

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in oncologic patients. Furthermore, PE is an unsuspected finding in many cases.

Purpose

To determine the frequency and embolus burden of PE in a consecutive oncologic patient group including symptomatic as well as incidental and initially unreported events.

Material and Methods

In a retrospective, single-center study from June 2005 to January 2010 all patients with an oncologic disease (ICD-10 code C00 to C96) that received at least one contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examination of the chest were reviewed. The study group included 3270 patients with 6780 examinations. A validated pulmonary artery obstruction index (Mastora score) was used to assess embolus burden.

Results

PE was found in 240 of 3270 (7.3%) oncologic patients. The frequency was highly variable among different malignancies ranging from 0% to 25%. In the present study about half of all PE were unsuspected. The mean embolus burden was significantly higher in symptomatic PE than in unsuspected PE ( P <0.001). The risk of developing a PE was 1.5 times higher in patients with metastases compared to patients without metastases ( P <0.005). Age and sex had no influence on PE risk and embolus burden.

Conclusion

PE is a frequent unsuspected finding in staging examinations: particularly in patients with malignancies of the ovary, brain, and pancreas, and in patients with metastases. Therefore, the status of the pulmonary vasculature should be assessed in every staging examination that includes the chest. The effect of therapeutic actions on PE events and the unsuspected finding of PE in follow-up CT examinations require further prospective studies.
Posterior Hindfoot Arthroscopy
Authors: Smyth Niall A. , Zwiers Ruben , Wiegerinck Johannes I. , Hannon Charles P. , Murawski Christopher D. , van Dijk C. Niek , Kennedy John G.
Published: July 2013

In recent years, minimally invasive surgery has developed and progressed the standard of care in orthopaedics and sports medicine. In particular, the use of posterior hindfoot arthroscopy in the treatment of posterior ankle and hindfoot injury is increasing rapidly as a means of reducing pain, infection rates, and blood loss postoperatively compared with traditional open procedures. In athletes, hindfoot arthroscopy has been used effectively in expediting rehabilitation and ultimately in minimizing the time lost from competition at previous levels. Van Dijk et al were the first to describe the original 2-portal technique, which remains the most commonly used by surgeons today and forms the basis for this review. The current evidence in the literature supports the use of 2-portal hindfoot arthroscopy as a safe, primary treatment strategy for symptoms of posterior ankle impingement, including resection of os trigonum, treatment of flexor hallucis longus and peroneal tendon injury, treatment of osteochondral lesions of the ankle, and the resection of subtalar coalitions. In this review, we present where possible an evidence-based literature review on the arthroscopic treatment of posterior ankle and hindfoot abnormalities. Causes, diagnosis, surgical technique, outcomes, and complications are each discussed in turn.
Osteochondral Autologous Transfer Combined With Valgus High Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: Minzlaff Philipp , Feucht Matthias J. , Saier Tim , Schuster Tibor , Braun Sepp , Imhoff Andreas B. , Hinterwimmer Stefan
Published: July 2013

Background:

Deep osteochondral defects of the medial femoral condyle in young and active patients are a serious condition that might lead to early osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Concomitant varus malalignment most likely promotes this process because of overloading of the medial compartment. Osteochondral autologous transfer (OAT) combined with valgus high tibial osteotomy (HTO) might therefore be a comprehensive solution to preserve long-term knee function in these patients.

Purpose:

To evaluate clinical long-term results and analyze survival rates (conversion to knee joint arthroplasty) after combined OAT and valgus HTO in young and active patients with symptomatic osteochondral defects of the medial femoral condyle and concomitant varus malalignment.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Between 1998 and 2008, combined OAT and valgus HTO was performed in 86 patients with deep osteochondral defects of the medial femoral condyle and concomitant varus malalignment >2°; 74 patients (86%) were available for follow-up evaluation. The mean age of patients was 38 years, and the mean follow-up time was 7.5 years. Knee function was assessed using the Lysholm score, and pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). The survival rates of this combined procedure were evaluated. Failure was defined as conversion to knee joint arthroplasty during the follow-up period.

Results:

Adjusted to follow-up time, the Lysholm score showed a mean increase of 33 points (95% CI, 27.1-39.4; P < .001) from 40 to 73, representing a significant improvement compared with preoperatively. The VAS score decreased by a mean of 4.8 points (95% CI, 4.1-5.5; P < .001) from 7.5 to 2.7, and 93% of the patients were satisfied with the results of the operative procedure. Mean survival rates were 95.2% ± 2.7% at 5 years, 93.2% ± 3.3% at 7 years, and 90.1% ± 4.4% at 8.5 years after surgery.

Conclusion:

Combined OAT and valgus HTO is an option to successfully treat patients with deep osteochondral defects of the medial femoral condyle and concomitant varus malalignment. Significantly improved knee function, decreased pain intensity, and a high survivorship rate can be expected up to 8.5 years postoperatively.
Small and Large Groups as Containers for Transformation in a Group Analytic Training Programme: Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Spiro Monica , Becker Lily , Beech Thea
Published: July 2013

An introductory group analytic training programme commenced in 2007 in Cape Town. This programme has seen the introduction of group processes in experiential small and large groups that mirror emergent voices, identities and consciousness within contemporary South African discourse. Themes that have emerged include the search for voice by previously oppressed groups; questions about the legitimacy of Eurocentric theory and the call for the development of indigenous theory; culturally/racially-based projections onto fellow participants and faculty; and the importance of dialogue for shaping the transformative potential within the group. Communications in the group include challenges to authority; attempts by the emergent voices to silence others’ experiences and identities; personal narratives of trauma embodied in the legacy of apartheid; and oppressor/oppressed splits. This article will explore these group processes, address the tasks of the conductor and consider the implications for group analytic training in South Africa.
An Empirical Exploration of the “Pains of Imprisonment” and the Level of Prison Misconduct and Violence
Authors: Rocheleau Ann Marie
Published: July 2013

Sykes coined the phrase “pains of imprisonment” to describe those deprivations in prison that most prisoners experience as particularly difficult to handle. This study is an empirical exploration of Sykes’ pains of imprisonment and other prison hardships to determine whether or not they are associated with involvement in serious prison misconduct and violence. The research included prisoners’ assessments of these prison hardships on self-report surveys administered to a random sample of 312 prisoners in medium and maximum security facilities as well as disciplinary data for those same 312 prisoners extracted from the prison system’s database. Prisoners who found it particularly difficult to deal with boredom, concerns for their safety, and conflicts with staff were more at risk of serious misconduct and violence. Policy recommendations to lessen the violence are explored.
Thinking about Food and Sex
Authors: Leschziner Vanina , Green Adam Isaiah
Published: July 2013

Overemphasizing automatic, dispositional cognitive processes, research on social fields has tended to undertheorize the active, reflective dimensions of cognition that shape practice. This has occurred, at least in part, as a reaction to the overly instrumentalist premises of rational action theory. But redressing the errors of an excessively instrumentalist notion of action by overemphasizing the automatic nature of cognition leaves us with a similarly inadequate understanding of how cognition works to influence practice in a field and, as a consequence, the ways in which change may occur from pressures originating within the field itself. In this article, we draw from data on cognition and practice in two kinds of fields—a sexual and a culinary field—to demonstrate how inherent structural pressures encourage instances of deliberate nondispositional cognition and practice. These data suggest an expanded model of practice in field theory that moves beyond a dual-process model of cognition and toward a more nuanced understanding of the relationship of automaticity and deliberation, and habituality and nonhabituality, in the routine practices of a field.
Parties, Drugs, and High School Hookups
Authors: Williams Lela Rankin , Adams Heidi L.
Published: July 2013

Although uncommitted sexual relationships have become increasingly accepted by adolescents, the contexts and socioemotional consequences of these relationships are unknown, particularly among Mexican American youths. Using focus group methodology, we explored the dating experiences of Mexican and European American male and female middle adolescents and found that “hookups” are a salient dating experience that generally occurs in the context of substance use and parties. Females, particularly Mexican American, were more likely to hold mismatched expectations of their desire for a hookup to transition into a more committed type of relationship. A feminist developmental lens is invoked in the discussion of the findings.
Who Pays for the Health Benefits of Exclusive Breastfeeding? An Analysis of Maternal Time Costs
Authors: Smith J. P. , Forrester Robert
Published: July 2013

Background:

The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, including public health cost savings, are widely recognized, but breastfeeding requires maternal time investments.

Objective:

This study investigates the time taken to exclusively breastfeed at 6 months compared with not exclusively breastfeeding.

Methods:

Time use data were examined from an Australian survey of new mothers conducted during 2005-2006. Data from 139 mothers with infants age 6 months were analyzed using chi-square tests of independence to examine socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and 2-sided t tests to compare average weekly hours spent on milk feeding, feeding solids, preparing feeds, and the total of these. The comparison was of exclusively breastfeeding mothers with other mothers. We also compared exclusively breastfeeding with partially breastfeeding and formula feeding mothers using a 1-way between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:

The exclusively breastfeeding (vs other) mothers spent 7 hours extra weekly on milk feeding their infants but 2 hours less feeding solids. These differences were statistically significant. ANOVA revealed significant differences between exclusively breastfeeding mothers, breastfeeding mothers who had introduced solids, and mothers who fed any formula, in time spent feeding milk, and solids, and preparing feeds.

Conclusion:

Exclusive breastfeeding is time intensive, which is economically costly to women. This may contribute to premature weaning for women who are time-stressed, lack household help from family, or cannot afford paid help. Gaining public health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding requires strategies to share maternal lactation costs more widely, such as additional help with housework or caring for children, enhanced leave, and workplace lactation breaks and suitable child care.
Linear and quadratic utility loss functions in voting behavior research
Authors: Singh Shane
Published: July 2013

Numerous studies examine voting behavior based on the formal theoretical predictions of the spatial utility model. These studies model individual utility from the election of a preferred party or candidate as decreasing as the alternative deviates from one’s ideal point, but differ as to whether this loss should be modeled linearly or quadratically. After advancing a theoretical argument for linear loss, this paper uses a wealth of data across 20 countries to empirically examine the predictive power of these two loss functions in terms of both voter choice and voter turnout. Results indicate that the linear loss function outperforms the quadratic loss function. The findings have important implications for theoretical scholars seeking to model voter behavior, for observational scholars, who must assign utility values across parties to individuals under study, and for experimental researchers, who must entice individuals with particular utility loss functions.
Wildfire history and climatic change in the semi-arid loess tableland in the middle reaches of the Yellow River of China during the Holocene: Evidence from charcoal records
Authors: Tan Zhihai , Huang Chun Chang , Pang Jiangli , Zhou Yali
Published: July 2013

High-resolution macroscopic charcoal and sediment analysis was used to reconstruct fire history and environmental changes from three loess-paleosol profiles on the semi-arid loess tableland landscape during the Lateglacial period and the Holocene. Analysis of charcoal concentrations, influx, and the ratios of particle-size classes (from which changes in charcoal taphonomy over time are inferred) in the profiles show spatially coherent patterns of change that relate to regional variations in climate. Effective moisture variability on century to millennial timescales and regional differences in fuel availability appear to be the most important controls on fire from the Lateglacial period to the mid Holocene (12,000–3100 yr BP). Conversely, asynchronous fire patterns during the late Holocene appear to indicate regional and temporal variations as well as changing intensities of human activity. Land use intensified in the region during the late Holocene, when the climate became more arid, and a distinct increase in charcoal concentration then indicated an unprecedented increase in biomass burning. The increase in fire activity occurs in the recent loess layer (L0) and the surface soil (TS) consistent with the establishment of irrigated farming for cereal cultivation in the southern part of the study region about 3100 yr BP. Broad-scale land reclamation was extended to the loess tableland region about 2170–1730 yr BP (during the Qin-Han Dynasty period), and the rapidly decreasing charcoal concentration in the accumulated topsoil (at depths of less than 20 cm) at the CCY site since 1500 yr BP is consistent with the development of terrace farming in the northern part of the study region at that time. In summary, the evolution of fire history in the study profiles across the region is closely related to (1) gradients in humidity; (2) spatial and temporal variability in the distribution and intensity of human land use; and (3) the buildup of burnable biomass, among which there was a nonlinear complex relationship during the Holocene. Increased efforts to synthesize and analyze multiple paleo-environmental records and to combine these with multiproxy evidence are needed to understand wildfire history as well as human land use and social cultural development across the region in depth.
Use of a faecal immunochemical test narrows current gaps in uptake for sex, age and deprivation in a bowel cancer screening programme
Authors: Digby Jayne , McDonald Paula J , Strachan Judith A , Libby Gillian , Steele Robert JC , Fraser Callum G
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To investigate the characteristics of participants screened for bowel cancer using a faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin (FIT).

Setting

Scottish Bowel Screening Programme.

Methods

65909 men and women in two NHS Boards, aged 50 to 74, were invited to participate in an evaluation of FIT as a first-line test. Uptake was calculated by sex, age in quintiles, and deprivation in quintiles, and compared with a group who had completed a guaiac faecal occult blood test (gFOBT) and for whom details of sex, age and deprivation were well documented.

Results

FIT kits from 38672 participants were tested. The overall uptake of 58.7% was significantly higher than the 53.9% for gFOBT (p < 0.0001). Uptakes in the two NHS Boards were 57.6% and 54.4% for men and 63.2% and 59.1% for women, higher than the 49.5% and 58.1% completing gFOBT. Uptake was higher for FIT than gFOBT in all age and deprivation quintiles for both men and women in both NHS Boards. The difference in uptake fell with age for men but rose for women; the increase in uptake was greater for men than women. Uptake fell as deprivation decreased for both sexes, and was similar in both NHS Boards.

Conclusions

Use of FIT increases uptake over gFOBT, and the greatest increases are seen in men, younger participants, and more deprived individuals, groups for which an increase in uptake is likely to be beneficial. The results support a move to FIT as a first-line screening test for those countries still using gFOBT.
Screening for Pain in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors Using the Pain Thermometer
Authors: Chordas Christine , Manley Peter , Merport Modest Anna , Chen Bing , Liptak Cori , Recklitis Christopher J.
Published: July 2013

Numerous instruments have been developed to measure pain within various populations; however, there remains limited understanding of how these tools are applicable to childhood cancer survivors. This study compared a single-item screening measure, the Pain Thermometer (PT), with a more in-depth measure, the Brief Pain Survey (BPS), in a cohort of childhood brain tumor survivors. Ninety-nine survivors (aged 13-32 years) with a median time from diagnosis of 9.9 years (range = 2-18 years) completed the 2 instruments. Thirty-seven survivors (37.4%) were identified on the BPS as having clinically significant pain, but the PT was not found to be an accurate tool for identifying these pain cases. Application of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of PT ratings against BPS criterion indicated overall concordance between measures. No cutoff score on the PT were identified that resulted in acceptable sensitivity, meaning pain cases identified on the BPS would be missed on the PT. Findings suggest that a multi-item screening measure may better identify clinically significant pain in childhood brain tumor survivors compared with a 1-item screening measure alone.
Gender Differences in Reasons to Quit Smoking Among Adolescents
Authors: Struik Laura L. , O’Loughlin Erin K. , Dugas Erika N. , Bottorff Joan L. , O’Loughlin Jennifer L.
Published: July 2013

It is well established that many adolescents who smoke want to quit, but little is known about why adolescents want to quit and if reasons to quit differ across gender. The objective of this study was to determine if reasons to quit smoking differ in boys and girls. Data on the Adolescent Reasons for Quitting (ARFQ) scale were collected in mailed self-report questionnaires in 2010–2011 from 113 female and 83 male smokers aged 14–19 years participating in AdoQuest, a longitudinal cohort study of the natural course of the co-occurrence of health-compromising behaviors in children. Overall, the findings indicate that reasons to quit in boys and girls appear to be generally similar, although this finding may relate to a lack of gender-oriented items in the ARFQ scale. There is a need for continued research to develop and test reasons to quit scales for adolescents that include gender-oriented items.
Delayed non-fragile H∞ control for offshore steel jacket platforms
Authors: Zhang Bao-Lin , Huang Zuo-Wu , Han Qing-Long
Published: July 2013

This paper is concerned with a delayed non-fragile [Formula: see text] control scheme for an offshore steel jacket platform subject to self-excited nonlinear hydrodynamic force and external disturbance. By intentionally introducing a time-delay into the control channel, a delayed robust non-fragile [Formula: see text] controller is designed to reduce the vibration amplitudes of the offshore platform. The positive effects of the time delays on the non-fragile [Formula: see text] control for the offshore platform are investigated. It is shown through simulation results that (i) the proposed delayed non-fragile [Formula: see text] controller is effective to attenuate the vibration of the offshore platform; (ii) the control force required by the delayed non-fragile [Formula: see text] controller is smaller than that required by the delay-free non-fragile [Formula: see text] controller; (iii) the time delays can be used to improve the control performance of the offshore platform.