bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of crystallinity and relative amount of clay minerals in the Kathmandu Basin sediments by decomposition of XRD patterns (profile fitting)
Authors: Kuwahara Yoshihiro , Fujii Rie , Sakai Harutaka , Masudome Yukiko
Published: April 2021

The estimation of crystallinity and relative amount of clay minerals in the Kathmandu Basin sediments were made by using decomposition procedure of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Based on this study an attempt has been made to reconstruct the palaeoclimatic variation recorded in the clay minerals. The variations of the two illite crystallinity indices, Lanson index (LI) and modified Lanson index (MLI) of the drill-core sediments between 5 m and 49 m depth are linked to those of the relative amount of smectite to illitie minerals or to chlorite. The relative amount of kaolinite to illitic minerals or to chlorite roughly showed mirror image of the relative amount of smectite to illitie minerals or chlorite, respectively.

The variation of the hydrolysis condition inferred from these indices were congruous with the variation of δ18O from planktonic foraminifers of deep sea sediments in the Arabian Sea, confirming that the climatic variations during the last ~450 kyr in the Kathmandu Basin were closely related to global climate, without apparent local climatic changes. In addition, they depicted that it was dry during the cold climate and wet during the warm climate in the Kathmandu Basin.
Danuwargaun Fault as a trigger for draining of the Palaeo-Kathmandu Lake, central Nepal
Authors: Sakai Harutaka
Published: April 2021

A normal fault named as the Danuwargaun Fault was discovered in the southern margin of the Kathmandu Valley. The fault is trending NE-SW and dipping 80 to 90°at NW. The secondary minor faults run along the fault, and a sand dyke intrudes into flu vial beds, trending N 54°E with dip of 80° toward NW. As the northeastern extension of the fault seems to cut the Lukundol Formation and terrace gravel of the Chapagaun Formation (Shrestha et al. 1998), the fault might be active. A change of flow direction of the Bagmati River from N-S to NE-SW near the fault exposure suggests that the draining of the Palaeo-Kathmandu Lake was possibly caused by faulting in the southern margin of the valley.
Variability in palaeoclimatic periodicity over 2,500 kyr from magnetic susceptibility of Lake Baikal sediments
Authors: Horii Masae , Sakai Hideo , Takano Masao
Published: April 2021

Magnetic susceptibility was measured on the sedimentary core, BDP-96-2 (100 m length), drilled at the Academician Ridge of Lake Baikal, central Siberia. The palaeomagnetic study has showed that the sediment core covers the past 2,500kyr. The magnetic susceptibility of BDP-96-2 showed high value during glacial periods and low value during interglacial periods, therefore, the susceptibility can be considered to be a good proxy for palaeoclimate around Lake Baikal region.

Spectral analysis to the susceptibility showed that principal periodicity well corresponded to the Earth's orbital cycles. Temporal changes in spectral power of principal periodicities showed a dominance of 100 kyr cycle since 1,200 kyr B.P. and an increase of 23 kyr cycle since 400 kyr B.P. The increase of 100 kyr cycle has been observed also in ODP records around 1200~700 kyr B.P. This variability in the periodicity is thought to be a reflection of change in the global climatic system related to the elevation of Himalayan Mountains. This study demonstrates that the signal of this global climatic change was also found in continental-interior region such as Lake Baikal. Whereas, the increase of 23 kyr precession cycle since 400 kyr B.P. is distinctive of Lake Baikal record. This suggests that local climatic system around Lake Baikal became highly sensitive to the solar insolation since 400 kyr B.P.
Magnetostratigraphic evidence for the occurrence of pre-Brunhes (>780 kyr) sediments in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Gautam Pitambar , Hosoi Azumi , Sakai Tetsuya , Arita Kazunori
Published: April 2021

Fine-grained silt/clay sediments constituting several sections of the fluvio-lacustrine sediments distributed in the central and northwestern parts of the Kathmandu Valley have been studied for the magnetic polarity stratigraphy. These sediments carry a stable primary remanence, residing in hematite and/or magnetite, which is isolated after alternating field demagnetization above 25- 30 mT. The sediments below the Thimi geomorphic surface show dominantly normal polarity except for a short reverse polarity event near the base probably attributable to the Laschamp event (39-45 Ka). In the northwestern part, a prominent reverse polarity magnetozone occurs within the lower parts of the sections that are exposed below the Gokarna geomorphic surfaces. This implies to the deposition of the sediments yielding the reverse polarity prior to the Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron (i.e. before 780,000 yrs). This new discovery requires a thorough chronological study of the northern part of the valley with regard to the extent and distribution of such old deposits, which may directly correlate to the Lokundol Formation occurring widely in the southern part of the Kathmandu Valley.
Lower Palaeozoic Tethys sediments from the Kathmandu Nappe, Phulchauki area, central Nepal
Authors: Funakawa Satoshi
Published: April 2021

Stratigraphy of the middle to upper part of the Kathmandu Complex around Phulchauki area was examined. Pebbly mudstone of the Tistung Formation, the lowest formation of the Phulchauki Group, was formerly regarded as evidence of the unconformity between the Bhimphedi Group and the overlying Phulchauki Group. It has, however, been elucidated as a debris flow sediment on the basis of its sedimentary structures. Stratigraphically it lies within the Lower part of Tistung Formation. It is also concluded that the Phulchauki and the Bhimphedi groups are conformable as they show lithostratigraphic and structural continuity. Preliminary palaeontological investigation of trilobites yielded from the Godavari Formation, the uppermost part of the Phulchauki Group, indicates that the youngest formation of this complex can be assigned to Late Ordovician in age. On the basis of the geologic age and lithostratigraphy, a new scheme of correlation between the Phulchauki Group and the proximal Tethys sediments distributed in the High Himalaya is proposed.
Geology, geochemistry, and radiochronology of the Kathmandu and Gosainkund Crystalline nappes, central Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Rai Santa Man
Published: April 2021

A multidisciplinary study was carried out in the Lesser Himalaya (LH), the Kathmandu Crystalline Nappe (KCN) and the Gosainkund Crystalline Nappe (GCN) in central Nepal Himalaya. Two principal deformations are recorded in both the crystalline nappes and the Lesser Himalaya: ductile, syn-MCTor syn-MT metamorphic deformation marked by microstructures (stretching lineation, S-C structures, and isoclinal folding) and post-MCT/or post-MT metamorphic deformation recorded by a major EW-directed Likhu Khola anticline and by NNE-SSW-directed folds. The Upper Lesser Himalayan rocks close to the Main Central Thrust (MCT) record syn-MCT metamorphic conditions at 750 MPa and 566 °C. The rocks of the KCN record P-T condition from 900 to 720 MPa and 700 to 484 °C, while the GCN rocks were equilibrated at upper amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions from 890 to 583 MPa and 754 to 588 °C. The P-T conditions and field observations exhibit well-preserved inverted metamorphism between the Upper Lesser Himalaya and the Gosainkund Crystalline Nappe.

The augen gneisses from the GCN yielding 486±9Ma U-Pb zircon age and the granites of similar age in the KCN bear similar petrographic and geochemical characteristics and suggest a similar magmatic origin although they belong to different tectonic units. The chemical analyses of the Proterozoic Ulleri augen gneiss of the LH and the granites of the KCN fall within the same compositional field, indicating a magmatic origin of these augen gneisses.

40Ar/39Ar datings on muscovite indicate cooling ages younging systematically from south to north: 22 to 14 Ma in the KCN, 16 to 5 Ma in the GCN, and 12 to 6 Ma in the LH. This systematic younging of muscovite ages does not have any correlation with the present elevation, lithology and tectonic unit and is interpreted as a result of the exhumation of the rock units on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) ramp situated to the north of Kathmandu Valley. Both the KCN and the GCN record a late emplacement history, but the KCN was exhumed earlier than the GCN. The two crystalline nappes presently form a single tectonic block, and the combined uplift of the two nappes occurs on a ramp of a major decollement developed in the upper part of the Indian crust.
Quantifying displacement on the South Tibetan Detachment normal fault, Everest massif, and the timing of crustal thickening and uplift in the Himalaya and South Tibet
Authors: Searle M. P. , Simpson R. L. , Law R. D. , Waters D. J. , Parrish R. R.
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Lithospheric convergence of India and Asia since collision has resulted in horizontal shortening, crustal thickening and regional metamorphism in the Himalaya and beneath southern Tibet. The boundary between the High Himalaya and the Tibetan plateau is a large scale, north-dipping, low-angle normal fault termed the South Tibetan Detachment (STD) which was active contemporaneously with the Main Central Thrust (MCT) bounding the southern margin of the High Himalaya. Previous studies have estimated minimum northward displacement along the STD of 35 km along the Everest profile. Here, we demonstrate approximately 200 km of southward displacement of footwall sillimanite + cordierite gneisses (minimum 90-108 km), formed at 600-630°C and pressures of 4.0-4.9 kbar ( 14-18 km depth), beneath the STD which acted as a passive roof fault during southward flow of the hot, viscous, ductile middle crust. U-Th-Pb dating of gneisses, sheared and cross-cutting leucogranites indicates that ductile shearing was active at 17-16 Ma, and later brittle motion at <16 Ma cuts all rocks in the footwall. High temperatures (>620°C) were maintained for -14 Ma along the top of the High Himalayan slab from 32-18 Ma, implying active crustal thickening and high topography in south Tibet during this time. The ending of metamorphism and melting in the Himalaya and ductile shearing along the STD coincides with the initiation of strike-slip faulting in SW Tibet and E-W extension in south Tibet.
Primary sedimentary structures in the porcellanites of Panda Valley, Bhaunathpur, Lower Vindhyan Basin, district Garhwa (old Palamu), Jharkhand
Authors: Tiwari Akhileshwar , Dube V. S.
Published: April 2021

Panda Valley consists of a thick pile of sediments in which there are three distinct Porcellanite horizons, Lower Porcellanite (LP), Middle Porcellanite (MP) and Upper Porcellanite (UP), with abundant sedimentary structures. The principle types of sedimentary structures noted in the Porcellanite Formation are discussed and an attempt has been made to interpret its depositional environment. The sedimentary structures are suggestive of deposition of sediments in low to moderately high energy, shallow to moderately deep waters in moderately stable tectonic environment.
Physical and geomechanical properties of the Siwalik sandstones, Amlekhganj-Suparitar area, central Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Tamrakar Naresh Kazi , Yokota Shuichiro , Shrestha Suresh Das
Published: April 2021

The Siwalik Group, one of the world's largest fluvial deposits, distributed in the fore deep basin of the rising Himalayas, crops out well in Central Nepal. The group comprises of mudstones, sandstones and conglomerates ranging in age from middle-Miocene to early Pleistocene. Sandstones form the major lithology in the Siwalik Group and distributed pervasively. Forty-four samples of sandstones were tested for physical and geomechanical properties in order to create a database on Siwalik sandstones and to know the variability of these properties with respect to their stratigraphic levels.  Dry density and saturated density of sandstones are 2.10-2.63 g/cm3 and 2.22-2.66 g/cm3, respectively. Porosity is found to vary between 1.93 and 15.2%.They bear weak to strong uniaxial compressive strength (1.29-51.6 MPa), very low to high point­ load strength (0.05-4.53 MPa, measured across bedding), high deformability (secant modulus =0.03-0.98 GPa and tangent modulus = 0.06-1.09)and low modulus ratio (17.8-86.6). The Schmidt hammer hardness in sandstones ranges from 12 to 52. Variation of these properties is independent of stratigraphic level. Dry density and porosity correlate well with uniaxial compressive strength, point-load strength and modulus ratio, and bear highly significant relationships. Hence, dry density and porosity can be used for predicting strength measures for the Siwalik sandstones.
Geological and hydrogeological concepts in the interpretation of electrical sounding: an example from Xiakou Landslide, Yaan City area, Sichuan, China
Authors: Pant Surendra Raj , Wagner A. , Li T. , Yi Fu Wei
Published: April 2021

Due to unfavorable geological and hydrogeological condition the electrical resistivity data interpretation even from a small area such as a landslide can be affected. However, good results can be achieved by using geological and hydrogeological concept during modeling. The outputs of this work are based on the concepts prepared during qualitative analysis. After the modeling of the sounding curves by using geological and hydrogeological concepts the results were found surprisingly good than the results without concepts. Furthermore, there is a comparison between the vertical electrical sounding (VES) modeling results and drillhole information. It shows that VES modeling results provide better assessment of the rock mass in the subsurface than the drill core interpretation only.
Landslide hazard mapping in Nepal: case studies from Lothar Khola (central Nepal) and Syangja district (western Nepal)
Authors: Dangol V. , Ulak P. D.
Published: April 2021

The present paper attempts to evaluate the present status of hazard mapping in Nepal and describes the case studies of landslide hazard mapping of the Lothar Khola (central Nepal) and Syangja district (western Nepal) by two different methods: 1. The rating method proposed in the Mountain Risk Engineering (Deoja et al. 1991), and 2. Bivariate Statistical method developed by the Institute of Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC). The Netherlands (Van Westen 1997). The first method is a manual one and used to make hazard map of the Lothar Khola watershed while the second one is GIS based and was utilized to produce hazard map of the Syangja district. Potentially unstable slopes were mainly found on the slopes ranging from 26-40°, residual soil cover, and in areas underlain by the slate and phyllite. Interestingly the slope movement is high in the areas covered by forest in comparison to the cultivated slopes.
Hydrogeologic and geomorphic settings of the Lower Subansiri Basin, Assam, India
Authors: Goswami U. , Patgiri A. D. , Sarma J. N.
Published: April 2021

Geomorphic settings of an area provide valuable supplementary information regarding groundwater recharge, their occurrence and distribution. The geomorphic settings of the Lower Subansiri Basin can broadly be represented by three distinct geomorphic units viz., structural hills, piedmont zone and alluvial plain. While the elevation, slope, lithology, drainage pattern and various relevant morphometric parameters vary from one geomorphic unit to another, the conditions of recharge and discharge, occurrence and distribution of groundwater also differ in different units. The structural hills occupying only 4.5% of the area along the north-western boundary represent a high run-off zone characterised by steep slope and fairly dense parallel to sub-parallel drainage. The piedmont zone, built up by the coalescence of alluvial fan deposits, represents 7.7% of the area occurring in a long and narrow NE-SW trending steeply sloping belt along the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh. Owing to high permeability, this zone hardly retains any water and hence forms a high recharge zone with relatively deeper groundwater level. The alluvial plain, covering 87.8% of the basin area and characterised by a gentle slope, serves both as recharge and discharge areas where groundwater occurs relatively close to the ground surface.

Panel diagrams prepared for the Lower Subansiri Basin showing the thickness and extent of granular zones display that the unconsolidated alluvial sediments are primarily composed of sands of various grade and gravel with minor amounts of silt and clay. The sand-gravel isolith maps showing the cumulative thickness of the granular zones down to the depth of 40 m reveal that the subsurface formations in a major part of the alluvial plain of the Lower Subansiri Basin are entirely represented by granular zones. The granular zone in most parts of the area forms one single aquifer system where groundwater mostly occurs under unconfined to semi unconfined conditions. Due to the presence of thin clay and/or sandy clay lenses at shallow depths, however, the single aquifer system gets locally dissipated into multiple aquifer system where, barring the uppermost aquifer, groundwater mostly occur under semiconfined to confined conditions. The overall regional variation of depth to water level, from the piedmont zone in the north and north-west to the alluvial plain of the south and southeast, is controlled by the prevalent geomorphic settings of the area. The disposition of water table contours of the area indicates that the configuration of groundwater table closely controls to that of general topography of the area. The steeper hydraulic gradient observed to be present in the north and north-east indicates the possible control of the characteristically distinguished geomorphic setting, i.e., topography, relief and lithology.
Prediction of hazards in coal mines through directional change-point analyses
Authors: Gupta Ashis Sen
Published: April 2021

Change in the mean trend or preferred direction of cleat measurements have been thought of as good predictors of potentially hazardous mining conditions lying ahead. The detection of such a change is thus of great importance and usefulness. This poses the change-point problem for the mean direction of circular data. Usual (arithmetic) mean for linear data is nonsensical for the circular case. Appropriate statistics and techniques for such circular data need to be developed. First some new graphical tools arc presented as quick diagnostic or exploratory data analytic techniques. These are followed up by formal parametric statistical tests. Data from the Wallsend Borehole Colliery is analyzed using these new tools and methods, which seem to be quite promising. DDSTAP-Statistical Analysis Package for Directional Data, recently developed by this author has been utilised for such analyses.
Engineering geological investigation of trail bridges in western Nepal
Authors: Dahal Ranjan Kumar
Published: April 2021

The study covers the engineering geological investigation of eight bridges: Kailashmandu (Bajura district), Khaniya Ghat (Baglung district), Listra Bagar (Bajhang district), Kunalo Gad (Bajura district), Samar (Mustang district), Lode Ghat (Achham district), Puima Gad (Humla district) and Ghatte Gad (Darchula district) of western Nepal. The study was carried out in conceal with the manual and checklist developed by HELVETAS as far as practicable. The present study intended to overwhelm the incompatibility, constraint and limitations of manuals and checklist of SBD by applying the suitable recent methods of engineering geology. During the field observation, the risk of possible bridge failure due to geological and geotechnical conditions was significantly reduced by using the actual rock and soil index parameters obtained from the laboratory test instead of the empirical range values given in the SBD MANUAL. Similarly, the bridge construction cost was also abridged in some extent.
Geological criteria for waste disposal site selection: a case study from Kanichadar, Dhangarhi, Far Western Nepal
Authors: Rimal Lila Nath , Jnawali Bharat M. , Manandhar Surya Prakash
Published: April 2021

Proper management of municipal solid waste in an environmentally friendly way needs first-hand knowledge of site geology. A clay layer (i.e. geological barrier) of sufficient thickness and extension beneath the surface is a suitable condition for a sanitary landfill site. The clay layer acts as a natural barrier against the migrating pollutants originating from leachate into the ground. The leachate generated at the landfill site can pollute the groundwater in absence of such geologic barrier.

The Kanichadar area is underlain by about 3 m thick fine-grained soil. The topmost soil layer is 20-50 cm thick dark brown organic clay. There is a highly compact, dark brown and dry inorganic clayey silt layer of more than 1.5 m thickness below the organic clay layer. Soil samples collected from different Auger holes were subjected to laboratory analysis to determine their physical and chemical properties. The values thus obtained indicated that the soil belongs to 'CL' type, implying that the soil is inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity. However, the hydrometer analysis showed that the samples were of clayey silt.

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) values obtained from the depth of 0.5-2.30 m revealed that the soil had moderate to high barrier potential for attenuation of the migrating pollutants. Therefore, the area close to these auger holes was found to be suitable for sanitary landfill.
Natural hazards and environmental geological assessment of the Pokhara Valley, Western Nepal
Authors: Kaphle Krishna P.
Published: April 2021

Pokhara Valley is an intramontane basin situated on the lap of southern foothills of Annapurna and Machhapuchhre Himal. The valley is surrounded by hills, which are mainly represented by low to medium grade metamorphic rocks. It is believed that the valley fill sediment s were derived from far north in the Himalaya, during three different catastrophic debris flow events along Seti River in Upper Pleistocene to Holocene Epoch. These sediments are rich in calcareous constituents and are susceptible to sinkhole and land subsidence hazards.

Karstification is widespread in the form of sinkholes, caverns and sub-soil pinnacles in the Pokhara Valley. Such sinkholes and pinnacles are frequently observed in Ghachok Formation. Soil erosion and landslides are other natural hazards that frequently occur in steep terrain. As a result of heavy rainfall in monsoon, a number of new landslides occur and many old and dormant landslides become active. These landslides are the sources of huge amount of loose sediments that cause loss of lives, damages of public properties, infrastructures, and siltation in Phewa and Begnas lakes. Haphazard mining of river gravel and sand has also created the problem of riverbank erosion and flooding in the rainy season. Several earthquake events greater than 4 Richter scale have occurred in the past within the Pokhara Valley and its close proximity. Of these the largest earthquake events were 7 Richter scale in 1939 and 6.5 Richter scale in 1954 by which the Pokhara Valley suffered considerable damages.

Unplanned urbanization, haphazard development of infrastructures and settlements, improper locations of industries, improper landuse, uncontrolled surface drain, haphazard disposal of municipal waste etc. are the root causes of environmental degradation in Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan.

All types of hazard prone areas are identified and categorized as low, medium and high hazard areas in Engineering and Environmental Geological map of the Pokhara Valley. The proposed recommendations are expected to be useful to the users in protecting environment and mitigating disaster.
Landslide hazard evaluation in and around the Ilam Hydropower Project, Eastern Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Chamlagain Deepak , Dangol Vishnu
Published: April 2021

The paper describes the results of the engineering geological and landslide hazard evaluation studies carried out in and around the Ilam Hydropower Project, eastern Nepal. Various types of mass wasting phenomena such as gully erosion, bank undercutting, and landslides are observed along the Mai Khola, Puwa Khola and road corridors. Gully erosion and bank undercutting are common on the slopes adjacent to streams and gullies. Most of the landslides are located on the slopes of 25° to 40° whereas large rock falls are found on the slopes, which are steeper than 40°. South-facing dip slopes contain large landslides while north-facing slopes seem to be relatively stable. The population of translational slide is dominant in the study area and is found mostly on soil having a depth of 3-6 m. Most of the rock falls are confined in schistose gneiss and highly fractured quartzite. Generally, three sets of joints govern the failure pattern of rockslides. The main triggering factors for mass movement of the area are high intensity of rainfall, rock discontinuities, steep topography, poor vegetation and river scouring. Land use pattern of the area has also equally contributed to initiate the mass movements in the area. The high hazard zones for rock slopes were confined to the steep dip slopes with highly fractured rocks whereas soil slope hazard is confined to fault zones and south facing slope. The soil slope was found to be more hazardous than the rock slope. The main causative factors for the landslide hazard in the study area are steep slope, rock discontinuity, land use pattern, soil depth and rainfall.
Geology and structure of the Sundarijal-Melamchi area, central Nepal
Authors: Dhital Megh Raj , Sunuwar Subas Chandra , Shrestha Rajendra
Published: April 2021

In the Sundarijal- Melamchi area, the following lithological units arc identified based on detailed field mapping: the Talamarang Formation (dark grey feldspathic schist and banded gneiss with garnet and kyanite), Gyalthum Formation (thin- to thick­ banded, light grey to grey, laminated quartzite with mica partings and bands of feldspathic schist. garnetiferous schist, and gneiss), Bolde Quartzite (grey to light grey, very thick-banded, massive quartzite with mica parting and schist bands containing sillimanite). Timbu Formation (light grey to dark grey, intensely deformed and folded quartzite, gneiss, and migmatite with abundant sillimanite), and Golphu Formation (grey to dark grey feldspathic schist and banded gneiss with large pegmatite veins) from bottom to top, respectively.

The Main Central Thrust (MCT) crosses the Indrawati River north of Majhitar and continues towards the Dhand Khola to SE and joins with the Mahabharat Thrust. It is moderately steep and dips essentially due NW. The footwall of the MCT is made up mainly of slate and phyllite and the grade of metamorphism is quite low in comparison with that of the hanging wall. The inverted metamorphism is conspicuous in the hanging wall of the MCT, where at first garnet schist is observed, which passes rapidly upwards to kyanite schist and then to sillimanite-bearing schist, gneiss, and migmatite.

Augen and banded gneisses invade the upper part of the northern limb and most of the southern limb of the Patibhanjyang Anticline. Apparently, the Sheopuri Injection Gneiss Zone is a continuation of the Kutumsang Gneiss Zone in the north, and the rocks were folded after the emplacement of the injection gneisses.
Miastenia gravis: fisiopatología y manejo perioperatorio
Authors: Hines Chaves Kevin Daniel , Gutiérrez Núñez Mariela , Tinoco Chavarría Valeria
Published: April 2021

La miastenia gravis es una enfermedad autoinmue que afecta la únion neuromuscular, mediante el bloqueo funcional de la misma, al producirse anticuerpos contra receptores nicotínicos. Se presenta con síntomas de fatiga de diferentes grupos musculares, que puede llegar a afectar el habla, la deglución y la respiración. Esta patología se trata con medicamentos anticolinesterásicos, coticosteroides y/o timectomía. Los pacientes con miastenia gravis presentan mayor riesgo de complicaciones perioperatorias que la población general. Debido a esto se deben tener especiales cuidados en el perioperatorio.  El fallo respiratorio es una complicación potencialmente mortal, por lo que se deben minimizar los riesgos de debilidad de los múaculos respiratorios.
Constipación funcional en la edad pediátrica
Authors: León Quirós Stephanie , Parada Peña Karen , Otoya Chaves Fiorella
Published: April 2021

El estreñimiento funcional es un padecimiento que afecta a la población pediátrica del mundo, impacta directamente la calidad de vida del niño que la padece y es una fuente de preocupación para los padres. En muchos casos representa altos costos para el sistema de salud, ya que es causa frecuente de referencia a especialistas y de solicitud de estudios complementarios. Sin embargo, esta patología tiene buen pronóstico si es abordada adecuadamente con historia clínica detallada y examen físico dirigido a los puntos claves para poder identificar posibles causas orgánicas y en muchos casos no se requieren estudios complementarios de alto costo. El tratamiento clásicamente se ha realizado con laxantes, como el polietilenglicol, sin embargo también existen terapias no farmacológicas que han demostrado ser eficaces en conjunto con los fármacos. Existen terapias que aún continúan en estudio, como los probióticos, cuya eficacia sigue siendo motivo de múltiples estudios clínicos.
Lectura de radiografía convencional de tórax
Authors: Goic Morales Marianela , Montoya Allan Priscilla , Murillo Alvarado Katherine
Published: April 2021

La radiografía de tórax ha sido uno de los estudios de imagen más utilizadas desde hace muchos años como método diagnóstico, de ahí la importancia de saber interpretar bien dicho estudio en la práctica médica diaria. Es importante tener un orden al momento de observarla y conocer las estructuras anatómicas normales en las diferentes proyecciones para poder reconocer datos patológicos. También hay que recordar que las estructuras normales en los niños tienen ciertas variantes a la radiografía del adulto.
Current trends and prospects of agricultural development in the North Caucasus Federal District
Authors:   Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas –VNIIESkH, Maslova V.V. , Zaruk N.F. ,   Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas –VNIIESkH, Kulov A.R. ,   Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas –VNIIESkH, Avdeev M.V. ,   Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas –VNIIESkH
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of agriculture and trends in its development in the North Caucasus Federal District. The NCFD has a significant natural and climatic, labor and industrial and technical potential. But according to the main socio-economic indicators, the NCFD shows lower results compared to other federal districts of the country. The article notes that the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District are significantly differentiated in terms of land, labor and production capital. The authors analyzed the dynamics of agricultural production, which allowed us to determine the share of various types of agricultural products in the national production volume. The analysis of investment development in the NCFD showed that over the past five years, investment in fixed assets has decreased by almost 10%. The main exported products of the district are cereals, meat and edible meat offal, and imported products are dairy products. The assessment of tax revenues from the agricultural sector to the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation showed that their volumes are insignificant, in the share of tax payments 56% is accounted for by the personal income tax and about 10% by the unified agricultural tax. The authors noted a number of negative trends that have formed in the NCFD: a large subsidized budget, a high share of agricultural production in low-quality and inefficient households, a low volume of private investment in the industry, and a significant level of unemployment. These problems are interrelated and need to be addressed systematically. The authors propose the main directions of development of agricultural policy of the NCFD, including technological modernization and increase of competitiveness of agroindustrial complex, development of transport, logistical and information infrastructure, improve the investment climate and increase investment attractiveness of the industry based on public-private partnerships, improving labour productivity and quality of personnel potential and formation of a branched network of agricultural cooperatives.
On the formation of organizational culture in accordance with the strategy of an organization in the agro-industrial complex
Authors: Nekhlanova A.M.
Published: April 2021

The implementation of the strategy of organization of the agro-industrial complex is a more complex task than its development. It requires more time and effort, involves a lot of managerial and organizational tasks, the participation of numerous performers, generates new tasks and their solutions, and causes resistance in the organization, which must be overcome. Organizational culture is a strong management tool for the implementation of the strategy, if it is formed in support of the organization’s strategy. The paper considers the current state of organizational culture management. Proposals for the formation of an organizational culture in the organization of the agro-industrial complex in accordance with the organization’s strategy have been developed. The role of managers in the creation and management of organizational culture is reflected.
Innovations in the accounting assessment of production stocks of an agricultural organization
Authors:   Perm State Agrarian Technologies University named after D.N. Pryanishnikov, Khairullina O.I.
Published: April 2021

The article discloses innovations in the assessment of inventories for agricultural organizations, which come into force in 2021. The main differences in the conceptual framework of PBU 5/01, FSBU 5/2019 and IAS 2 are determined, a comparative characteristic of the composition of the reserves is presented. Significant differences in the valuation of inventories broken down by the options for purchasing these assets are disclosed. The essence of the innovations in the assessment of reserves at their disposal is reflected in the article. It was recommended that accountants organize the transition to FSBU 5/2019 using one of the following methods: retrospective and prospective. Provide in the accounting policy options acceptable for the organization for the formation and use of estimates of inventories, using the methodological tools of the new standard.
Services management in the infrastructure of agrarian sector of economy
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Betin O.I. , Truba A.S. ,   Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – VNIOPTUSkH, branch of VNIIESkH, Cherdantsev V.P. ,   Perm State Agrarian Technologies University named after D.N. Pryanishnikov
Published: April 2021

The paper deals with the problems of scientific support for the formation and implementation of the program for sustainable development of rural areas, including the service sector. The role of the service sector and its impact on the standard of living of people in rural settlements is defined. The necessity of developing the socio-economic policy of the village is justified, taking into account the main tasks envisaged by the state’s agricultural policy. It is proposed to provide conditions for the development of rural areas, the development of agricultural production and services, which can make it possible to ensure food security in the country and improve the quality of life of people in rural settlements. It is important to take into account the diverse needs of people when providing them with goods and services. Improving the development of social infrastructure can meet the needs.
Well-posedness results for the wave equation generated by the Bessel operator
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Bekbolat B. ,   Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Modeling,   Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics, Tokmagambetov N. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,   Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Modeling,   Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we consider the non-homogeneous wave equation generated by the Bessel operator. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the non-homogeneous wave equation generated by the Bessel operator. The representation of the solution is given. We obtained a priori estimates in Sobolev type space. This problem was firstly considered in the work of M. Assal [1] in the setting of Bessel-Kingman hypergroups. The technique used in [1] is based on the convolution theorem and related estimates. Here, we use a different approach. We study the problem from the point of the Sobolev spaces. Namely, the conventional Hankel transform and Parseval formula are widely applied by taking into account that between the Hankel transformation and the Bessel differential operator there is a commutation formula [2].
An essential base of the central types of the convex theory
Authors:   Buketov Karaganda University, Yeshkeyev A.R. , Omarova M.T. ,   Buketov Karaganda University
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we consider the model-theoretical properties of the essential base of the central types of convex theory. Also shows the connection between the center and Jonsson theory in permissible enrichment signatures. Moreover, the theories under consideration are hereditary. This article is divided into 2 sections: 1) an essential types and an essential base of central types (in this case, the concepts of an essential type and an essential base are defined using the Rudin-Keisler order on the set of central types of some hereditary Jonsson theory in the permissible enrichment); 2) the atomicity and the primeness of ϕ(x)-sets. In this paper, new concepts are introduced: the ϕ(x)-Jonsson set, the AP A-set, the AP A-existentially closed model, the ϕ(x)-convex theory, the ϕ(x)-transcendental theory, the AP A-transcendental theory. One of the ideas of this article refers to the fact that in the work of Mustafin T.G. it was noticed that any universal model of a quasi-transcendental theory with a strong base is saturated, but we generalized this result taking into account that: the concept of quasi-transcendence will be replaced by the ϕ(x)-transcendence, where ϕ(x) defines some Jonsson set; and the notion of a strong base is replaced by the notion of an essential base, but in a permissible enrichment of the hereditary Jonsson theory. The main result of our work shows that the number of fragments obtained under a closure of an algebraic or definable type does not exceed the number of homogeneous models of a some Jonsson theory, which is obtained as a result of a permissible enrichment of the hereditary Jonsson theory.
On a New Class of Singular Integro-differential Equations
Authors:   National University of Uzbekistan, Yuldashev T.K. , Zarifzoda S.K. ,   Tajik National University
Published: April 2021

In this paper for a new class of model and non-model partial integro-differential equations with singularity in the kernel, we obtained integral representation of family of solutions by aid of arbitrary functions. Such type of integro-differential equations are different from Cauchy-type singular integro-differential equations. Cauchy-type singular integro-differential equations are studied by the methods of the theory of analytic functions. In the process of our research the new types of singular integro-differential operators are introduced and main property of entered operators are learned. It is shown that the solution of studied equation is equivalent to the solution of system of two equations with respect to x and y, one of which is integral equation and the other is integro-differential equation. Further, non-model integro-differential equations are studied by regularization method. This regularization method for non-model equation is based on selecting and analysis of a model part of the equation and reduced to the solution of two second kind Volterra type integral equations with weak singularity in the kernel. It is shown that the presence of a non-model part in the equation does not affect to the general structure of the solutions. From here investigation of the model equations for given class of the integro-differential equations becomes important. In the cases, when the solution of given integro-differential equation depends on any arbitrary functions, a Cauchy type problems are investigated.
On the boundedness of the fractional maximal operator on global Orlicz-Morrey spaces
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian national university, Bokayev N.А. , Khairkulova А.А. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian national university
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the global Orlia-Morrey spaces GMΦ,ϕ,θ(Rn). We find sufficient conditions on pairs of functions (ϕ, η) and (Φ, Ψ), which ensure the boundedness of the fractional maximal operator Mα from GMΦ,ϕ,θ(Rn) in GMΨ,η,θ(Rn). It is proved that under some additional conditions on the function ϕ, the conditions obtained are also necessary. In the proof, the boundedness condition is essentially used, the maximal Hardy-Littlewood functions and the estimate of the norm of the characteristic function in global Orlicz-Morrey spaces are used.
Predicting the optimal solution in fuzzy linear programming problem
Authors:   School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Davoodi S.M. , Abdul Rahman N.A. ,   School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Published: April 2021

In this paper we try to define a percentage form of LR fuzzy numbers which is a useful form of fuzzy numbers and its’ arithmetics. So, we show how the maximum variation range of optimal value of fuzzy objective function can be predicted by using this form of fuzzy numbers. Since fuzzy problems are generally solved through a complicated manner, the purpose of this study is releasing a kind of prediction for the final solution in the way that the manager can access to an outlook to optimal solution (Z∗) without solving the problem. Finally, optimal value of fuzzy objective function on fuzzy linear programming is predicted when maximum variation range of fuzzy variable have been predetermined.
To the solution of the Solonnikov-Fasano problem with boundary moving on arbitrary law x = γ(t).
Authors:   Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Modeling, Jenaliyev M.T. , Ramazanov M.I. ,   Buketov Karaganda University, Tanin A.O. ,   Buketov Karaganda University
Published: April 2021

In this paper we study the solvability of the boundary value problem for the heat equation in a domain that degenerates into a point at the initial moment of time. In this case, the boundary changing with time moves according to an arbitrary law x = γ(t). Using the generalized heat potentials, the problem under study is reduced to a pseudo-Volterra integral equation such that the norm of the integral operator is equal to one and it is shown that the corresponding homogeneous integral equation has a nonzero solution.
On Problem of Internal Boundary Control for String Vibration Equation
Authors:   Institute of Applied Mathematics and Automation of Kabardin-Balkar Scientific Centre of RAS, Attaev A.Kh.
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the vibration control problem described by one dimensional wave equation with integral type boundary condition. As usual, the initial and final moments of time for arbitrary displacements and velocities of the wave are specified by points on a string (Cauchy data). It is shown that the minimum time for the realizable control is uniquely determined by the condition of correct solvability to the Cauchy problem involving data lying on disconnected manifold. This suggests that the internal boundary conditions does not affect the minimum time value. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the desired internal-boundary controls that move the process from the state initially specified to a predetermined final one are obtained and written out. The controls are presented in explicit analytical form. Moreover, it is shown that for the inner-boundary controls expressions, one should use not the representation of the solution to the Cauchy problem in the sought-for domain, but the formula for the general solution of the string oscillation equation (d’Alembert’s formula).
To solving the fractionally loaded heat equation
Authors:   Buketov Karaganda university, Kosmakova M.T. , Iskakov S.A. ,   Buketov Karaganda university, Kasymova L.Zh. ,   Buketov Karaganda university,   Karaganda technical university
Published: April 2021

In this paper we consider a boundary value problem for a fractionally loaded heat equation in the class of continuous functions. Research methods are based on an approach to the study of boundary value problems, based on their reduction to integral equations. The problem is reduced to a Volterra integral equation of the second kind by inverting the differential part. We also carried out a study the limit cases for the fractional derivative order of the term with a load in the heat equation of the boundary value problem. It is shown that the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the integral equation depends on the order of the fractional derivative in the loaded term.
Technology for restoring functional dependencies to determine reliability parameters
Authors:   National Aviation University, Kvasnikov V.P. , Yehorov S.V. ,   National Aviation University, Shkvarnytska T.Yu. ,   National Aviation University
Published: April 2021

The problem of determining the properties of the object by analyzing the numerical and qualitative characteristics of a discrete sample is considered. A method has been developed to determine the probability of trouble-free operation of electronic systems for the case if the interpolation fields are different between several interpolation nodes. A method has been developed to determine the probability of trouble-free operation if the interpolation polynomial is the same for the entire interpolation domain. It is shown that local interpolation methods give more accurate results, in contrast to global interpolation methods. It is shown that in the case of global interpolation it is possible to determine the value of the function outside the given values by extrapolation methods, which makes it possible to predict the probability of failure. It is shown that the use of approximation methods to determine the probability of trouble-free operation reduces the error of the second kind. A method for analyzing the qualitative characteristics of functional dependences has been developed, which allows us to choose the optimal interpolation polynomial. With sufficient statistics, using the criteria of consent, it is possible to build mathematical models for the analysis of failure statistics of electronic equipment. Provided that the volume of statistics is not large, such statistics may not be sufficient and the application of consent criteria will lead to unsatisfactory results. Another approach is to use an approximation method that is applied to statistical material that was collected during testing or controlled operation. In this regard, it is extremely important to develop a method for determining the reliability of electronic systems in case of insufficiency of the collected statistics of failures of electronic equipment.