bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in Human Research Ethics Committee and governance processes throughout Australia: a need for a uniform approach
Authors: Dudi‐Venkata Nagendra N. , Cox Daniel R. A. , Marson Nicholas , Tan Lorwai , Pockney Peter , Muralidharan Vijayaragavan , Watson David I. , Richards Toby ,   Clinical Trials Network Australia New Zealand (CTANZ)
Published: April 2021

Background

In Australia, ethics committees across different states vary in application, requirement and process for the ethical review and approval for clinical research. This may lead to confusion and delays in the enablement of multicentre research projects. This study explores the effect of differing processes for Ethics and Governance in the establishment of the CovidSurg‐Cancer study during the global COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

An anonymous, structured web‐based questionnaire was designed using the Research Electronic Data Capture application (REDCap) platform to capture consultant surgeons, fellows, and trainees experience in the ethics application process. ‘CovidSurg‐Cancer’ was an international multicentre collaborative study to assess the impact of COVID‐19 on the outcomes of patients undergoing cancer surgery. The ethics process to set up this observational study was used as to explore the differing processes applied across Australia.

Results

The CovidSurg‐Cancer study was successfully set up in 14 hospitals. Four hospitals approved the study directly as an audit. Of the remaining sites, 10 ethics applications underwent Human Research Ethics Committee review following which two (14%) were subsequently approved as an audit activity and eight hospitals (57%) were given formal ethical approval with waiver of consent. Ethics application acceptance from another Australian Human Research Ethics Committee was provided with six applications; however, only three were reciprocated without the requirement for further agreements. A third of (30%) respondents suggested that the details of the application pathway, process and documentation were unclear.

Conclusion

Ethics processes are varied across Australia with considerable repetition. A centralized, harmonized application process would enhance collaborative research.
He Wānanga Whakarite: preparing Māori for surgical selection interviews
Authors: Nicholls Lincoln , Parore Nora , Buckthought Lance
Published: April 2021

Background

Māori are significantly under‐represented in the surgical workforce in Aotearoa New Zealand. There needs to be more effort and initiative action to address this lack of diversity in order to ultimately achieve proportionality so that more Māori surgeons are available to help treat and care for their communities.

Methods

An independent kaupapa Māori wānanga (course) initiative, using a ‘by Māori, for Māori’ approach, and adhering to tīkanga Māori (Māori lore and protocols) was developed to support and prepare Māori Non‐Training Surgical Registrars for the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Surgical Education and Training (SET) interviews. This paper reviews the inception of the wānanga, its content, and shares experiences had by attendees.

Results

Those who attended this wānanga agreed unanimously that this initiative dramatically improved their preparation for SET interviews. In 2020, the wānanga produced a significant success rate amongst attendees with 80% of wānanga attendees selected for SET training positions.

Conclusion

This kaupapa Māori initiative illustrates a successful active measure that can be taken to support Māori doctors seeking selection in surgical training programmes. The initiative seeks to address inequity in the surgical workforce in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Clinical guidance for diagnosis and management of suspected Pediatric Acute‐onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome in the Nordic countries
Authors: Pfeiffer Helle Cecilie Viekilde , Wickstrom Ronny , Skov Liselotte , Sørensen Camilla Birgitte , Sandvig Inger , Gjone Inger Helene , Ygberg Sofia , de Visscher Caroline , Idring Nordstrom Selma , Herner Linn Breen , Hesselmark Eva , Hedderly Tammy , Lim Ming , Debes Nanette Marinette
Published: April 2021

Pediatric acute‐onset neuropsychiatric syndrome is a clinical concept used to describe a subgroup of children with sudden onset of psychiatric and somatic symptoms. The diagnostic term and especially management of children differs depending on the clinical setting to which they present, and the diagnosis and management is controversial. The aim of this paper is to propose a clinical guidance including homogenous diagnostic work‐up and management of paediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome within the Nordic countries. The guidance is authored by a Nordic‐UK working group consisting of paediatric neurologist, child psychiatrists and psychologists from Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Great Britain, and is the result of broad consensus.

Conclusion

Consensus was achieved in the collaboration on work‐up and treatment of patients with paediatric acute‐onset neuropsychiatric syndrome, which we hope will improve and homogenise patient care and enable future collaborative research in the field.
Equity Versus Liabilities Debate, in the Context of Accounting for Employee Share Options
Authors: Wallington Craig , Marques Gary , Maroun Warren
Published: April 2021

This paper's finding's will be usef

ul for both practitioners and academics grappling with the difficulty of defining ‘equity’ and ‘liabilities’. In addition, the research makes a valuable contribution by addressing the need for interpretive‐inspired financial reporting research.

This paper explores the distinction between ‘equity’ and ‘liabilities’ in financial reporting to assess the merits of the current system of accounting for share‐based payment transactions. It applies an interpretive methodology. Data were collected from a series of interviews with purposefully selected experts. Criticisms of, and support for, the current accounting regime are interpretively analysed and used to identify key themes or principles for evaluating the merits of three models proposed in the academic literature: the strict liability, narrow equity, and ownership‐settlement models. The study finds that the strict liability approach remains supported on the grounds that it provides decision‐useful information with which users are familiar. The other models are rejected as they are perceived as diminishing the usefulness of financial reporting. The study also identifies support for an obligation‐centric approach, not fully developed in the literature, which may require detailed consideration by standard‐setters.
Ruminal pH and its relationship with dry matter intake, growth rate, and feed conversion ratio in commercial Australian feedlot cattle fed for 148 days
Authors: Cusack PMV , Dell'Osa D , Wilkes G , Grandini D , Tedeschi LO
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Measurement of ruminal pH throughout a 148‐day feeding period in cattle fed commercial diets and to relate this to feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Factors contributing to variation in rumen pH, including meal frequency, duration and weight, and, total daily intake, were also evaluated.

Methods

Forty‐eight cattle were randomly allocated to two pens and 12 randomly selected from each pen had rumen pH monitoring boli inserted. Ruminal pH was measured every 10 min and feed intake was measured continually. The cattle were fed a commercial feedlot diet for 148 days and weighed into and out of the feedlot to measure growth rate and to calculate feed conversion ratio. Cattle from both pens were registered to collect individual feed intake data using the GrowSafe® feed management system.

Results

Mean ruminal pH decreased with days on feed. Mean daily dry matter intake was the major contributor to greater average daily gain and lower ruminal pH. Lower mean ruminal pH was associated with greater average daily gain and lower feed conversion ratio, where it remained above the threshold of 5.6. There was no association between ruminal pH and average daily gain or feed conversion ratio for mean ruminal pH below 5.6.

Conclusions

Ruminal acidosis can occur at any time during the feeding period, and the risk could be greater as days on feed increase. Feedlot production outcomes are not improved by ruminal pH depression below the threshold of 5.6.
Evolution of eligibility criteria for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma randomised controlled trials over 30 years
Authors: Loh Zoe , Salvaris Ross , Chong Geoffrey , Churilov Leonid , Manos Kate , Barraclough Allison , Hawkes Eliza A.
Published: April 2021

Eligibility criteria for randomised control trials (RCT) in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) may be becoming increasingly strict. In this analysis, 42 first‐line phase III RCTs enrolling DLBCL patients since 1990 were identified from PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov. Changes in 31 individual eligibility criteria were assessed using three pre‐defined eras [(1) 1993–2005; (2) 2006–2013; and (3) 2014–2020]. The presence of 15/31 criteria increased significantly over time, and the total number of criteria per study also increased over time [median Era 1: 14·5, interquartile range (IQR) 12·6–16·4; Era 2: 21, 18·8–23·3; Era 3: 23, 21–25; P < 0·001]. When each trial's eligibility criteria were applied to 215 consecutive patients from an institutional database treated between 2010 and 2020, a median of 57% (IQR 47–70) of patients were hypothetically eligible for trial enrolment. The median percentage of patients eligible was 68% (56–91), 54% (37–81) and 47% (38–82) for Era 1, 2 and 3 respectively (P = 0·004). Phase III front‐line DLBCL trial criteria have become increasingly restrictive over the last three decades, resulting in a diminishing proportion of trial‐eligible patients, with less than 50% of our patients eligible for modern‐era studies. This potentially impacts generalisability of recent trial results and will likely limit recruitment to ongoing studies.
Peripheral blood molecular measurable residual disease is sufficient to identify patients with acute myeloid leukaemia with imminent clinical relapse
Authors: Skou Anne‐Sofie , Juul‐Dam Kristian Løvvik , Ommen Hans B. , Hasle Henrik
Published: April 2021

Longitudinal molecular measurable residual disease (MRD) sampling after completion of therapy serves as a refined tool for identification of imminent relapse of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) among patients in long‐term haematological complete remission. Tracking of increasing quantitative polymerase chain reaction MRD before cytomorphological reappearance of blasts may instigate individual management decisions and has paved the way for development of pre‐emptive treatment strategies to substantially delay or perhaps even revert leukaemic regrowth. Traditionally, MRD monitoring is performed using repeated bone marrow aspirations, albeit the current European LeukemiaNet MRD recommendations acknowledge the use of peripheral blood as an alternative source for MRD assessment. Persistent MRD positivity in the bone marrow despite continuous morphological remission is frequent in both core binding factor leukaemias and nucleophosmin 1‐mutated AML. In contrast, monthly assessment of MRD in peripheral blood superiorly separates patients with imminent haematological relapse from long‐term remitters and may allow pre‐emptive therapy of AML relapse.
Catastrophic expenditure rates and barriers for treatment adherence in patients with colorectal cancer in India: The CROCODILE study protocol
Authors:   CROCODILE study group
Published: April 2021

Aim

Little is known about the delivery of colorectal cancer treatment in India and its associated costs. The aim of this study is to identify financial and nonfinancial barriers to adherence to colorectal cancer treatment in India.

Method

CROCODILE is a mixed‐methods study with a quantitative and a qualitative workstream. The quantitative workstream will be a prospective cohort study to assess treatment adherence and catastrophic expenditure rates among patients with colorectal cancer in India. Consecutive newly diagnosed patients with histopathologically proven colorectal cancer from five tertiary hospitals in India will be included. Catastrophic expenditure will be defined as a treatment cost higher than 40% of nonsubsistence annual household income. Treatment costs will include medical, nonmedical and indirect expenses. Income assessment will be compared between three methods: patient‐reported income, the International Wealth Index and the Gapminder tool. The qualitative workstream will explore the views and experiences of colorectal cancer patients and professionals about barriers to and facilitators for treatment adherence. Individual semistructured interviews with three to five patients and cancer care professionals in each centre will be performed. An analytical framework will be developed to perform the analysis, through a combined approach (deductive and inductive). The results will be triangulated with the quantitative workstream for mutual knowledge enrichment.

Conclusion

The CROCODILE study will identify barriers to and facilitators for colorectal cancer delivery in India, influencing research and policy decisions. It will explore the feasibility of collecting data on patient‐level costs and income to inform future economic evaluations in cancer and surgical care.
Diagnostic utility of rapid on‐site evaluation of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration samples: A study in a region of high tuberculosis burden
Authors: Bharati Purnima , Deepak Desh , Kaushal Manju , Gupta Prajwala
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) has emerged as a very useful tool for precise diagnosis of thoracic lesions. However, the procedure sometimes has a poor yield. Rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) in EBUS‐TBNA has been shown to be helpful to improve its diagnostic yield and minimise the need for repeat procedures. Most of the studies that have evaluated the utility of ROSE have focused on malignant lesions; however, it is important to understand its utility in benign lesions, particularly in a country with a high tuberculosis burden.

Objective

This study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of ROSE in EBUS‐TBNA for the diagnosis of patients presenting with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and/or thoracic mass for benign and malignant pathologies.

Methods

This was a prospective study including 47 patients who underwent EBUS‐TBNA for thoracic lesions (lung masses and hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy) over a 10‐month period at a single tertiary care centre. In addition to ROSE and definitive cytology, the aspirated material was also sent for cell block and microbiological studies. Endobronchial/transthoracic biopsy was conducted for histopathological evaluation (HPE) where required, at the discretion of the clinician. ROSE diagnosis was then compared with the final diagnosis.

Results

Of the 47 patients examined using ROSE, granulomas were observed in 33 cases, non‐specific inflammation in six cases, and malignancy in five cases; one case was inconclusive and the sample was found to be inadequate in two cases. The ROSE assessment matched the final diagnosis in 84.45% patients.

Conclusion

ROSE is a simple procedure that is able to provide an immediate and accurate assessment of adequacy and has a significant yield, enabling a preliminary diagnosis to be made in both benign and malignant samples.
Digging and burying of hosts by a pupal parasitoid
Authors: Chung Hao‐Cheng , Okuyama Toshinori
Published: April 2021

1. This study describes the host‐handling behaviour of the parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Dirhinus giffardii sometimes excavates underground hosts, parasitises them, and buries them in the soil. Considering that the parasitoid can parasitise underground hosts without excavating them, we hypothesised that the parasitoid excavates hosts to evaluate the host quality. We also hypothesised that the parasitoid buries them to reduce the risk of superparasitism because superparasitism is common in D. giffardii.

2. Pupae of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) were buried in or placed on peat moss as an experimental treatment, and the behavioural responses of the parasitoid towards the hosts were examined. Small and large hosts, and empty puparia were simultaneously presented to a parasitoid.

3. The probability of excavation was greater for larger hosts than for smaller hosts or empty puparia. However, while it appeared that parasitoids could evaluate the size of the hosts, they did not preferentially parasitise large hosts in the soil. In addition, unusable empty hosts were readily excavated. Parasitism risk was higher for hosts located on a peat moss surface than for the buried hosts, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the hiding hosts reduces the risk of superparasitism. Alternative hypotheses for the mixed results have been discussed in the paper.
Perceptions of plague in eighteenth‐century Europe†
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: April 2021

Major epidemics of plague in Germany and France in the early eighteenth century and in Moscow in the 1770s brought an end to a series of epidemic disasters in Europe which had started with the Black Death. The article examines what they had in common, and seeks to understand why they should have ended when they did. It shows that European governors were unanimous in insisting on rigid quarantine and other measures for containing the disease developed over previous centuries, despite their ignorance of plague's precise causes. It shows also that physicians across Europe were more deeply divided than they had ever been on the issue of contagion, and now engaged in an international dispute about whether the acknowledged cruelties inflicted by compulsory quarantines were wholly counterproductive, or a price worth paying for the prevention of still worse disasters. The article concludes by drawing on recent work on plague in the Ottoman Empire, and on research into the ancient DNA of the second pandemic, in order to set the epidemic history of western Europe in a wider comparative context.
Artificial Intelligence and Family ODR
Authors: Gingras Darren , Morrison Joshua
Published: April 2021

In the last 10 years, Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) has become a buzzword hovering over many industries, including the legal industry. It is a concept that we all think we understand based on the media or our own experiences with Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri or IBM's Watson. Yet, the fact is that the majority of us have little to no understanding of AIs current practical application in our own industry or what it may mean to our practices tomorrow. To some, the potential of AI spreading and growing throughout the legal sector feels almost Orwellian‐like partners or worse—replacements—who will deliver better, faster, and cheaper legal services. In this article we will answer the questions so many family lawyers seem be asking about AI: What is it really? Why are so many people so enamoured with it? And how will it impact legal services, especially for small firms or sole practitioners today and into the future?
Extrapolation of the dynamic stress spectrum of train bogie frame based on kernel density estimation method
Authors: Wang Qiushi , Zhou Jinsong , Wang Tengfei , Gong Dao , Sun Yu , Chen Jiangxue , You Taiwen
Published: April 2021

The sufficiency and integrity of dynamic stress spectrum will affect the accuracy of the analysis result. It is necessary to extrapolate them from the short term to the long term while retaining the probability distribution characteristics. The stress spectrum extrapolation and fatigue life assessment of the bogie frame were studied, and a test point was taken as a case study. First, the optimal bandwidth determination in two‐dimensional KDE (kernel density estimation) was studied. Second, the gray incidence degree analysis method was proposed to evaluate the proximity‐incidence degree and similarity‐incidence degree of the rain‐flow matrices extrapolated before and after. Finally, a fatigue life assessment method, with a multi‐sample dynamic stress spectrum extrapolated based on KDE, was proposed. Compared with the linear extrapolation, the relative error of fatigue life assessment result based on KDE extrapolation is −4.17%, which meets the accuracy requirements of engineering. It is more beneficial to ensure the vehicles' safe operation.
Backfitting Estimation for Geographically Weighted Regression Models with Spatial Autocorrelation in the Response
Authors: Chen Feng , Leung Yee , Mei Chang‐Lin , Fung Tung
Published: April 2021

Geographically weighted regression model with a spatially autoregressive term of the response variable (GWR‐Lag model for short) is a useful tool to simultaneously model spatial autocorrelation in the response variable and spatial heterogeneity in the regression relationship. The profile maximum likelihood estimation has been developed to calibrate the model, where a single bandwidth is used for all of the spatially varying coefficients. However, due to different spatial scales at which the explanatory variables might operate, the coefficients may have different levels of spatial heterogeneity and cannot be effectively estimated by a single bandwidth. To deal with such multiscale problem, a backfitting method is proposed to calibrate the GWR‐Lag model, where the optimal bandwidth size is separately selected for each coefficient and the autoregressive parameter is estimated by maximizing the log‐likelihood function. A simulation study with a comparison of the GWR‐based profile maximum likelihood (GWR‐ML) estimation is conducted to assess the performance of the backfitting approach. The empirical results show that the backfitting method not only provides useful scale information for each explanatory variable, but also yields more accurate estimators of the coefficients. Furthermore, a real‐life data set is analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the backfitting approach.
21st‐century transnational real estate development: What, where, who, how and why?
Authors: Koelemaij Jorn , Derudder Ben
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we review the emerging geographical literature dealing with large‐scale transnational real estate development projects (TREDs). Predominantly geared towards (often imagined) upper middle classes through eye‐catching and mixed‐use projects, the distinctive feature of TREDs is that they are facilitated by a formative transnational investor/developer. Based on a literature review and an analysis of fDi Markets data, we discuss the nature of TREDs, where they can be found, which actors and companies are mainly responsible for them, how they emerge and materialize (or not), and why they are so relevant in contemporary economic geography. It is argued that TREDs are both characteristic of and contribute to the rise of authoritarian urban development practices. We furthermore show that both fictitious and symbolic capital play a role and that real estate and geopolitical strategies are inextricably linked with one another. Given that interscalar dynamics between the main facilitators of TREDs are still relatively understudied within economic geography, we end with a call to develop more in‐depth perspectives on these matters.
UV‐induced activation of ATR is mediated by UHRF2
Authors: Hanaki Shunsuke , Habara Makoto , Shimada Midori
Published: April 2021

UHRF1 (Ubiquitin‐like with PHD and ring finger domains 1) regulates DNA methylation and histone modifications and plays a key role in cell proliferation and the DNA damage response. However, the function of UHRF2, a paralog of UHRF1, in the DNA damage response remains largely unknown. Here, we show that UHRF2 is essential for maintaining cell viability after UV irradiation, as well as for the proliferation of cancer cells. UHRF2 was found to physically interact with ATR in a DNA damage‐dependent manner through UHRF2’s TTD domain. In addition, phosphorylation of threonine at position 1989, which is required for UV‐induced activation of ATR, was impaired in cells depleted of UHRF2, suggesting that UHRF2 is essential in ATR activation. In conclusion, these results suggest a new regulatory mechanism of ATR activation mediated by UHRF2.
Simplified Approach for Calculating Building‐Specific Attenuation Factors and Vapor Intrusion Mitigation System Flux‐Based Radius of Influence
Authors: Nicholson B.A.Sc. Paul , Mali B.A.Sc Darius , McAlary Ph.D. Todd A.
Published: April 2021

This article describes a simplified method to calculate a building‐specific subslab to indoor air attenuation factor using data collected during pressure‐field extension testing similar to industry standards for radon mitigation. It also describes a simplified method to calculate the radius of influence for a conventional suction point using a mass flux‐balance model. The analysis is based on three simple measurements: (1) the extraction flow rate, (2) cross‐slab applied vacuum at a radial distance of 3 feet, and (3) cross‐slab applied vacuum at a radial distance of 10 feet. The intent is to provide a practitioner with a rapid and useful screening‐level assessment of whether the benefits of reduced mitigation system costs warrant an investment in a more detailed mathematical analysis of the flow and vacuum data. In addition, this may also help a practitioner to make real‐time decisions regarding placement of communication test points during pressure‐field extension testing.
Butterfly communities track climatic variation over space but not time in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Mingarro Mario , Cancela Juan Pablo , BurÓn‐Ugarte Ana , García‐Barros Enrique , Munguira Miguel L. , Romo Helena , Wilson Robert J.
Published: April 2021

Indices of environmental associations such as the Community Temperature Index (CTI) and Community Precipitation Index (CPI) can be derived from occurrence data to extend the geographic scope or time frame of evidence for responses of insect diversity to global change.

We tested whether occurrence records from 1901 to 2016 from the Iberian Peninsula could shed light on butterfly community responses to changes over space and time in the climate; and whether local climatic variation caused by topographic heterogeneity could buffer communities against the effects of climate change.

CTI and CPI were closely related to variation in temperature and precipitation across 115 well‐sampled 10 km grid squares. However, whereas temperature and precipitation changed systematically from 1901–1979 to 1980–2016, and these changes were positively related to changes in CTI and CPI, community climatic associations did not change significantly over time. Butterfly communities became more associated with closed vegetation, suggesting that land cover changes overshadowed the effects of climate change.

Local (1 km) climatic variation generally exceeded change over time at 10 km resolution, and heterogeneity in elevation slowed rates of warming. In turn, spatial variation in climatic conditions dampened butterfly community responses to heating and drying.

Occurrence data are limited by their spatial resolution but can inform understanding of insect community responses to global change for regions lacking long‐term monitoring data. Our results suggest that local climatic variation accompanying topographic heterogeneity can shield regional butterfly faunas from the impacts of climate change.
Artificial Intelligence in hair research: A proof‐of‐concept study on evaluating hair assembly features
Authors: Daniels Gabriela , Tamburic Slobodanka , Benini Sergio , Randall Jane , Sanderson Tracey , Savardi Mattia
Published: April 2021

Objective

The first objective of this study was to apply computer vision and machine learning techniques to quantify the effects of haircare treatments on hair assembly and to identify correctly whether unknown tresses were treated or not. The second objective was to explore and compare the performance of human assessment with that obtained from artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms.

Methods

Machine learning was applied to a data set of hair tress images (virgin and bleached), both untreated and treated with a shampoo and conditioner set, aimed at increasing hair volume whilst improving alignment and reducing the flyway of the hair. The automatic quantification of the following hair image features was conducted: local and global hair volumes and hair alignment. These features were assessed at three time points: t0 (no treatment), t1 (two treatments) and t2 (three treatments). Classifier tests were applied to test the accuracy of the machine learning. A sensory test (paired comparison of t0 vs t2) and an online front image‐based survey (paired comparison of t0 vs t1, t1 vs t2, t0 vs t2) were conducted to compare human assessment with that of the algorithms.

Results

The automatic image analysis identified changes to hair volume and alignment which enabled the successful application of the classification tests, especially when the hair images were grouped into untreated and treated groups. The human assessment of hair presented in pairs confirmed the automatic image analysis. The image assessment for both virgin hair and bleached only partially agreed with the analysis of the subset of images used in the online survey. One hypothesis is that treatments changed somewhat the shape of the hair tress, with the effect being more pronounced in bleached hair. This made human assessment of flat images more challenging than when viewed directly in 3D. Overall, the bleached hair exhibited effects of higher magnitude than the virgin hair.

Conclusions

This study illustrated the capacity of artificial intelligence for hair image detection and classification, and for image analysis of hair assembly features following treatments. The human assessment partially confirmed the image analysis and highlighted the challenges imposed by the presentation mode.
Bullying in nursing students: A integrative literature review
Authors: Fernández‐Gutiérrez Lidia , Mosteiro‐Díaz Maria‐Pilar
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this integrative review was to analyse the current situation of bullying in nursing students through an exhaustive review of the last 10 years. As the sources of information, we used electronic databases, such as Medline, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, and SciELO, using bullying, nursing students, and clinical environment as search terms. We based the methodology of the study in PRISMA checklist. Articles were selected for their relevance and suitability for the purpose, and they were constructed into a table. A critical appraisal was done using MMAT TOOL and AACOODS checklist. Papers were analysed using a constant comparison and a concept mapping. Finally, 30 articles were included. We analysed: prevalence, profile of the victim and perpetrator, type of violence, and bullying consequences. Bullying prevalence varied from 9–96% according to the author. Differences about the influence of sociodemographic variables were detected, there is no consensus about age, gender, or educational level. Bullying in nursing students is an important problem that affects all spheres of their life. Harassment also has consequences for the patient and for the health organization, so it is really important to take action regarding bullying and to act to victims, perpetrators, and health organizations. Regarding to implications for nursing practice, we found that some interventions were useful to reduce bullying, so it is important to participate in intervention programmes to eventually stop this problem. This study has revealed that more research on the efficacy of psychological intervention programmes to help students cope with bullying situations is essential.
An evaluation of mental health and emotion regulation experienced by undergraduate nursing students in China during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zhu Yuanyuan , Wang Hongyun , Wang Aihong
Published: April 2021

The COVID‐19 outbreak negatively impacted the mental health and emotions of many individuals. The study presented here explores the mental health and emotion regulation experienced by undergraduate nursing students in China during the pandemic. Potential risk factors related to negative mental health symptoms were identified in this study. An online cross‐sectional study including 342 respondents was performed from March 6, 2020, to April 1, 2020, at a University in China. A Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were used to evaluate mental health and emotions. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, or comorbid anxiety and depression were 55.0%, 56.4%, and 31.6%, respectively. The mean score of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression was 29.36 ± 8.00 and 15.55 ± 5.14. Lower scores for cognitive reappraisal and higher scores for expressive suppression were susceptible to symptoms of anxiety, depression, or comorbid anxiety and depression. Issues with mental health occurred in nursing students during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Findings from this study provide a better understanding of the association between mental health and emotion regulation, which will help direct psychological intervention that relieves these issues during the pandemic.
Community phylogeographic patterns reveal how a barrier filters and structures taxa in North American warm deserts
Authors: Provost Kaiya L. , Myers Edward A. , Smith Brian Tilston
Published: April 2021

Aim

The study of biogeographic barriers is instrumental in understanding the evolution and distribution of taxa. With the increasing availability of empirical datasets, emergent patterns can be inferred from communities by synthesizing how barriers filter and structure populations across species. We assemble phylogeographic data across a barrier and perform spatially explicit simulations, quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of divergence, the influence of traits on these patterns, and the statistical power needed to differentiate diversification modes.

Taxon

Vertebrates, Invertebrates, Plants

Location

North America

Methods

We incorporate published datasets, from papers that match relevant keywords, to examine taxa around the Cochise Filter Barrier, separating the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts of North America, to synthesize phylogeographic structuring across the communities with respect to organismal functional traits. We then use simulation and machine learning to assess the power of phylogeographic model selection.

Results

Taxa distributed across the Cochise Filter Barrier show heterogeneous responses to the barrier in levels of gene flow, phylogeographic structure, divergence timing, barrier width, and divergence mechanism. These responses correlate with locomotor and thermoregulatory traits. Many taxa show a Pleistocene population genetic break, often with introgression after divergence. Allopatric isolation and isolation by environment are the primary mechanisms structuring genetic divergence within taxa. Simulations reveal that in spatially explicit isolation with migration models across the barrier, age of divergence, presence of gene flow, and presence of isolation by distance can confound the interpretation of evolutionary history and model selection by producing easily confusable results. We re‐analyze five empirical genetic datasets to illustrate the utility of these simulations despite these constraints.

Main Conclusions

By synthesizing phylogeographic data for the Cochise Filter Barrier, we show that barriers interact with species traits to differentiate taxa in communities over millions of years. Identifying diversification modes across the barrier for these taxa remains challenging because commonly invoked demographic models may not be identifiable across a range of likely parameter space.
Barriers to telehealth access among homebound older adults
Authors: Kalicki Alexander V. , Moody Kate A. , Franzosa Emily , Gliatto Peter M. , Ornstein Katherine A.
Published: April 2021

Background/Objectives

To identify major barriers to video‐based telehealth use among homebound older adults.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

A large home‐based primary care (HBPC) program in New York City (NYC) serving 873 homebound patients living in the community.

Participants

Sixteen primary care physicians.

Measurements

An 11‐item assessment of provider perceptions of patients' experience with and barriers to telehealth.

Results

According to physicians in the HBPC program, more than one‐third (35%) of homebound patients (mean age of 82.7; 46.6% with dementia; mean of 4 comorbidities/patient) engaged in first‐time video‐based telehealth encounters between April and June 2020 during the first COVID‐19 surge in NYC. The majority (82%) required assistance from a family member and/or paid caregiver to complete the visit. Among patients who had not used telehealth, providers deemed 27% (n = 153) “unable to interact over video” for reasons including cognitive or sensory impairment and 14% lacked access to a caregiver to assist them with technology. Physicians were not knowledgeable of their patients' internet connectivity, ability to pay for cellular plans, or video‐capable device access.

Conclusion

The COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in a large and dramatic shift to video‐based telehealth use in home‐based primary care. However, 4 months into the pandemic a majority of patients had not participated in a video‐based telehealth encounter due to a number of barriers. Patients lacking caregiver support to assist with technology may benefit from novel approaches such as the deployment of community health workers to assist with device setup. Physicians may not be able to identify potentially modifiable barriers to telehealth use among their patients, highlighting the need for better systematic data collection before targeted interventions to increase video‐based telehealth use.
Designing the sensory profile of sugarcane juice extracted from different cultivars
Authors: de Queiroz Bomdespacho Laura , Lapa‐Guimarães Judite , Petrus Rodrigo Rodrigues
Published: April 2021

The raw material cultivar of sugarcane may significantly influence juice quality. This study was primarily conducted to design the sensory profile of pasteurized cane juice extracted from eight cultivars of raw material. Hedonic tests, Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), and check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) techniques were performed. The juice batches were treated at 85°C/30 s, cooled to 10°C and ultra clean filled into plastic bottles. Microbiological and physicochemical assays and instrumental measurement of color parameters were carried out to feature the end product and assure its safety. Juice samples from different cultivars were discriminated in relation to their color, sugarcane flavor, sweet taste, and body in the QDA. The findings demonstrated that juice from different cultivars were similar, except for color, sweet odor, and sugarcane flavor. Such attributes played a crucial role for appearance and flavor acceptability. In CATA technique, the panelists discriminated the juice's cultivars in most of the sensory descriptors. The attributes of “rapadura” (juice candy) odor, “sweet” odor, “strong rapadura” odor, and “light/bright” color are desirable in cane juice because they increase its acceptability.

Practical Applications

This research paper describes the sensory profile for pasteurized sugarcane juice extracted from different cultivars of raw material. The cane cultivar has a great impact on the juice's quality and shelf life. The findings herein reported can be utilized by the emerging cane juice industry for effective choice of raw material cultivar as well as to perform the juice's processing.
Feeding rice fermented beer waste improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization in growing rabbits
Authors: Lalhriatpuii Melody , Patra Amlan Kumar
Published: April 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rice brewer waste (RBW) on growth performance, nutrient utilization and nitrogen balance in growing rabbits. Thirty growing rabbits (758 ± 25.7 g initial body weight) were randomly assigned to control and four treatment groups (containing RBW) in a completely randomized design with six rabbits per group. The study lasted 6 weeks for measurements of feed intake and growth performance followed by a five‐day metabolic trial to determine nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. The five diets contained RBW at 0% RBW (control group), unsterilized RBW at 10% and 20% and sterilized RBW at 10% and 20% in the concentrates. The average daily body weight gain (ADG) in the 20% unsterilized RBW group was higher (p < 0.01) than the control group. No statistically significant difference (p = 0.089) of ADG was observed for the control vs. the sterilized groups, but the overall ADG was better (p = 0.044) in the unsterilized RBW groups than the sterilized RBW groups. The daily dry matter intake in unsterilized and sterilized RBW groups was higher (p < 0.01) than the control group. However, no difference (p = 0.22) was found between the unsterilized and sterilized RBW. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower for the unsterilized RBW groups vs. the control group (p = 0.041), but there was no difference of FCR in the control vs. sterilized RBW groups (p = 0.37) and the unsterilized RBW groups vs. unsterilized RBW groups (p = 0.14). The digestibility of organic matter, crude protein and crude fibre was greater (p < 0.01) in the unsterilized and sterilized RBW groups than the control group. The nitrogen balance and efficiency of nitrogen utilization were also higher in the unsterilized and sterilized RBW groups than the control group (p < 0.01). The study showed that the dietary RBW could improve growth performance and nutrient utilization in growing rabbits with superior responses for the unsterilized RBW.
Furosemide clearance in very preterm neonates early in life: A pilot study using scavenged samples
Authors: Okazaki Kaoru , Fukuoka Noriyasu , Kuboi Toru , Unemoto Jun , Kondo Masatoshi , Kusaka Takashi , Itoh Susumu
Published: April 2021

Background

Furosemide is an off‐label drug, frequently used as a diuretic in neonates with oliguria and/or edema. Its clearance in preterm neonates is lower than in term neonates or children. We aimed, herein, to clarify furosemide clearance (CL) in very preterm (VP) neonates (<28 weeks’ gestation) within the first 2 weeks of life and identify the factors predictive of the pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters, such as CL.

Methods

Furosemide was administered at 0.5 or 1 mg/kg in a 0.5‐h infusion via a syringe pump; blood samples were drawn from an artery or vein after the intravenous injection. The serum furosemide concentration was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The PK parameters were then analyzed using Bayesian estimation.

Results

Thirteen blood samples were obtained from 10 VP neonates after intravenous injection. The mean postconceptional age and mean postnatal days at exposure to furosemide were 26.9 weeks and 7.1 days, respectively. The estimated mean CL was 16.5 mL/kg/h. The mean distribution volume (Vd) and elimination half‐life (t1/2) were 0.37 L/kg and 15.3 h, respectively. Furosemide CL was negatively associated with serum creatinine (SCr) [CL = 84.2 – 67.1 × SCr (mg/dL)].

Conclusions

Very preterm neonates within the first 2 weeks of life had a higher CL than subjects in other preterm neonatal studies. The SCr level was the sole parameter influencing furosemide CL and might serve as a good index for furosemide dosing in VP neonates.
High Transaldolase 1 expression predicts poor survival of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Wu Yi‐Ru , Lee Yi‐Chen , Li Wei‐Ming , Hsu Wei‐Chi , Lin Hui‐Hui , Chang Lin‐Li , Huang A‐Mei , Jhan Jhen‐Hao , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Li Ching‐Chia , Lee Hsiang‐Ying , Yeh Hsin‐Chih , Ke Hung‐Lung
Published: April 2021

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare tumor with an incidence that varies greatly between Eastern and Western countries. Transaldolase 1 (TALDO1) is a rate‐limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, aberrant TALDO1 activity has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases and malignancies; however, the function of TALDO1 in UTUC has not been previously investigated. Here we evaluated the clinical significance of TALDO1 expression in 115 paraffin‐embedded tumor samples from patients with UTUC using immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that there was an association between high TALDO1 expression and advanced stage (P = 0.011), tumor size (P = 0.005), tumor location (P = 0.047), distant metastases (P = 0.023), local recurrence (P = 0.002), and cancer death (P = 0.003). Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we found that chemotherapy was an independent factor for bladder recurrence‐free survival. Late stage (III/IV) and high TALDO1 expression were independent prognostic factors for progression‐free and cancer‐specific survival. In summary, increased TALDO1 expression in UTUC was significantly correlated with late stage, tumor size, tumor location, distant metastases, local recurrence, and cancer death. Therefore, high TALDO1 expression could be a predictor of poor survival in patients with UTUC. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of TALDO1 in UTUC development.
Effects of panicle development stage and temperature on rice panicle blast infection by Magnaporthe oryzae and visualization of its infection process
Authors: Du Yan , Qi Zhongqiang , Yu Junjie , Yu Mina , Cao Huijuan , Zhang Rongsheng , Yong Mingli , Yin Xiaole , Pan Xiayan , Song Tianqiao , Liu Yongfeng
Published: April 2021

Panicle blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae), directly contributes to yield loss in the field. The effects of panicle development stage and temperature on panicle blast were studied and the infection process of M. oryzae in panicles was visualized. Rice panicles at different development stages from three rice cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension in vitro. The rice cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu was highly susceptible to panicle blast at 5 days postinoculation (dpi) when the pulvinus distance was 15–20 cm. Nanjing 9108 was moderately susceptible to panicle blast when the pulvinus distance was 8–10 cm, but Yliangyou 800 was resistant. The effect of temperature on panicle blast was determined under 22–35 °C temperature treatments. Inoculated panicles placed at temperatures of 28 and 30 °C showed the highest lesion grade based on lesion length at 5 dpi. The infection process of M. oryzae in rice panicles was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). M. oryzae initially formed the appressorium to invade through the epidermis of rice panicles at 24 hours postinoculation (hpi). As the disease progressed, the invasive hyphae formed dense mycelial networks in the inner parenchyma cells at 60 hpi. Our results will contribute to the understanding of panicle development stage and temperature effects on panicle blast and improve resistance evaluation methods. Additionally, visualization of the infection process by CLSM and TEM are valuable methods to observe M. oryzae invasive hyphae inside rice panicle cells.
Reply
Authors: Gantier Michael P.
Published: April 2021

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