bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cross‐National Prevalence Study of Children with Emotional and Behavioural Problems—A WHO Collaborative Study in the Western Pacific Region
Authors: Matsuura M. , Okubo Y. , Kojima T. , Takahashi R. , Wang Y.‐F. , Shen Y.‐C. , Lee C. K.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Emotional and behavioural problems in primary school children were investigated with Renter's questionnaires, in Japan (N = 2638), China (N = 2432) and Korea (N = 1975). The prevalence rates of children with deviant scores on the teachers' and parents scales were 3.9 and 12.0% in Japan, 8.3 and 7.0% in China and 14.1 and 19.1 Korea respectively. Deviance of the antisocial type was more frequent than the neurotic type in Japan and China. Both types were almost equally frequent in Korea. The prevalence of deviance was higher in boys, and also higher in those children with poor school achievement. In China and Korea, the prevalence was higher in children from one‐parent families. Although other family background factors had major effects on deviant behaviour in these two countries, the number of siblings and birth order had only a limited effect on the deviant behaviour of children in Japan, China and Korea.
The Family System Test: Differences in Perception of Family Structures between Nonclinical and Clinical Children*
Authors: Gehring Thomas M. , Marti Daniel
Published: December 2006

Abstract Nonclinical respondents and psychiatric outpatients (N = 400) between the first and twelfth grades portrayed their families as they perceived thorn in typical and in conflict situations using the Family System Test (FAST), a figure placement technique that focuses on cohesion and hierarchy in the family. Results showed that typical representations were influenced by whether a respondent was a patient or not, but not by the type of menial disorder, Clinical respondents were less likely to represent their families as being either cohesive, moderately hierarchical or as having clear generational boundaries. In conflict representations, both clinical and nonclinical respondents indicated low cohesion in family patterns. Results were interpreted from a family systems approach as well as form a clinical perspective.
The Emotional Impact of Frightening Stories on Children
Authors: Orbach Israel , Vinkler Edith , Har‐Even Dov
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study of the impact of fairy tales examined catharsis vs repetition compulsion hypotheses. Children with high‐or low‐trait anxiety, aged 6–9 (n = 132), listened either to a frightening story, a frightening‐happy end story, a pause story (for measuring anxiety), or a neutral story. They were tested for slate anxiety before and afterwards and their preference for a second hearing was evaluated. The procedure was repeated after three weeks. The findings show an increase in anxiety following the frightening story only. Preference and state anxiety correlated positively in the frightening story (repetition compulsion) and negatively in the pause story (catharsis), It was concluded that anxiety is elicited by (he frightening elements of the story, rather than the unconscious symbolic content.
The Stability of Fears in Children: a Two‐Year Prospective Study: a Research Note
Authors: Spence Susan H. , McCathie Helen
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study investigated the stability of self‐reported fears amongst 94 primary school children over a 2‐year period using the Fear Survey Schedule for Children–Revised (FSSC—R). Children reported a decrease in fearfulness with increasing age, with girls reporting higher fear scores than boys on both occasions. The most frequently feared stimuli were almost identical for boys and girls and remained the same no both occasions, relating mainly to fears of danger, death and physical injury. Those fears that showed the greatest reduction over time concerned getting sick, parental criticism or punishment and the dark for girls, whereas boys reported the greatest reductions in fears relating to physical injury, parental criticism, the dark and unfamiliar persons. The only fear stimulus to increase with age was “giving a spoken report”, which was rated as more fearful by boys on the second occasion. Children identified as unusually fearful at Time 1, were much more likely to report high fear levels two wars later, compared to children who did not report high fear levels at Time 1.
Cerebral‐palsied Children's Interactions with Siblings—I. Influence of Severity of Disability, Age and Birth Order
Authors: Dallas Evy , Stevenson Jim , McGurk Harry
Published: December 2006

Abstract Sixty‐four Greek cerebral‐palsied children, aged 2–13, and their siblings were observed in a semi‐structured play situation at home. Compared to matched control dyads, disabled children were passive and lacking in assertiveness, while their siblings were correspondingly more directive. Interaction in disabled dyads was predominantly hierarchical in nature with disabled children assuming the role of the younger child regardless of age or birth order. Control dyads were more egalitarian, with members taking turns in initiating the interaction. Maternal intervention was higher in disabled dyads, particularly among younger groups where social skills were poorly developed.
Can Spouse Support be Accurately and Reliably Rated? A Generalizability Study of Families with Disruptive Boys
Authors: Lavigueur Suzanne , Tremblay Richard E. , Saucier Jean‐François
Published: December 2006

Abstract The present study addressed two questions: Can support be accurately and reliably rated? What are the relative setting and subject effects on observed spouse support? From a sample of families with a disruptive boy, the supportive or stressing behaviors of the father towards the mother were rated by trained observers in four different standardized situations. A generalizability study was carried out to assess the relative contribution of variance due to subjects, situations, and raters on the support and stress scores. Results indicate a reliable inter‐rater assessment of observed spouse support. Spouse support appears to be controlled both by personal and by situational characteristics.
Maternal Emotional Responsiveness and Toddlers' Social‐Emotional Competence
Authors: Denham Susanne A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study investigated, via extended naturalistic observation: (a) how mothers and children responded emotionally to each other's emotional displays; and (b) whether ratings of the child's social‐emotional competence (made when the mother was absent) could be predicted by specific maternal responses to the child's emotions. Subjects were 28 mother‐toddler pairs. Sequential analyses suggested that emotional dialogue does exist between mothers and children: certain emotional responses of mothers and children occurred more often than expected by their base rate during interaction. Maternal responsiveness to child sadness, anger, fear and neutrality predicted dimensions of children's social‐emotional competence. Implications regarding the mother‐child affective environment, socialization of emotion and social competency, and developmental methodology are discussed.
“Comorbidity” in an Epidemiological Sample: a Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Verhulst Frank C. , van der Ende Jan
Published: December 2006

Abstract Parents' CBCL ratings of problem behaviors in 1117 4‐ to 11‐year‐olds from the general population were obtained across a 6‐year interval. Data were analyzed categorically as well as quantitatively. Positive association, or overlap, was found between the majority of CBCL problem scales. Most CBCL scales were able to predict non‐corresponding scales across the 6‐year interval. Children who were scored in the deviant range on one particular syndrome but low on another syndrome had a better prognosis than children who were scored high on both syndromes. Studies concerning the etiology or treatment of certain conditions should control for co‐occurring conditions because they may influence the results in unknown ways.
An Epidemiological Study of Disorders in Late Childhood and Adolescence—II. Persistence of Disorders
Authors: Cohen Patricia , Cohen Jacob , Brook Judith
Published: December 2006

Abstract The persistence and new onset of psychiatric disorder were studied in a sample of 734 children from the general population. Diagnoses for six of the more prevalent disorders were generated from maternal and child interviews when the children were ages 9–18 and again 2 1/2 years later. Analyses demonstrated substantial levels of diagnostic persistence over the 2 1/2 year period for all diagnoses except major depression. With few exceptions persistence was roughly equivalent for age and gender subgroups. It is concluded that disorders assessed by structured interview of non‐clinical samples of children cannot be dismissed as transitory.
Assessment of Psychosocial Experiences in Childhood: Methodological Issues and Some Illustrative Findings
Authors: Sandberg Seija , Rutter Michael , Giles Susan , Owen Amanda , Champion Lorna , Nicholls Jon , Prior Vivien , McGuinness David , Drinnan Douglas
Published: December 2006

Abstract The development of a new standardised investigator‐based interview, PACE (Psychosocial Assessment of Childhood Experiences), for the assessment of acute life events and long‐term psychosocial experiences is described. An application of PACE to a sample of 84 children referred to psychiatric clinics and 22 general population controls, is presented. Reliability was assessed using a separate clinic sample of 15 child‐parent pairs. The findings showed that PACE has satisfactory reliability and discriminant validity.
The Effects of Conduct Disorder and Attention Deficit in Middle Childhood on Offending and Scholastic Ability at Age 13
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Lynskey Michael T.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The relationship between conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours in middle childhood (6, 8 and 10 years) and juvenile offending and academic achievement were examined in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. The application of structural equation modelling methods suggested that early behavioural tendencies are related to later developmental outcomes by two highly correlated but distinct developmental progressions. In the first such progression, early conduct disorder behaviours acted as a precursor of future offending patterns but these behaviours were unrelated to later school performance when the correlation between conduct disorder and attention deficit was taken into account. In the second developmental progression early attentional/cognitive behaviours were related to future school performance but were unrelated to the development of antisocial behaviours when the correlations between conduct disorder and cognitive/attentional variables were taken into account. The implications of these findings for validating the distinction between conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours is discussed and the problems of analysing and explaining the high comorbidity between conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours are considered.
Creating Satisfaction: A Psychological Perspective on Stress and Coping in Families of Handicapped Children
Authors: Tunali Belgin , Power Thomas G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This paper briefly reviews the literature on stress and coping in families of developmentally handicapped children and proposes an alternative way for conceptualizing some of the psychological processes involved. The approach specifies how threats to certain human needs lead to predictable patterns of appraisal and coping. The usefulness of this alternative is demonstrated for families of autistic children and the theoretical and clinical implications are discussed
Emotional/Behavioral Problems in Clinic and Nonclinic Children: Correspondence Among Child, Parent and Teacher Reports
Authors: Kolko David J. , Kazdin Alan E.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study examined the correspondence among child, parent and teacher reports, in rating emotional and behavioral problems of 98 community nonpatients and 64 clinically referred children (ages 6–13). The mean ratings differed significantly for the three sources and for the two samples, and there were a few significant interactions. Correlations of the scores between sources, especially parents and teachers, were in the moderate range and were not significantly different from one another. Informant correspondence was higher for externalizing than internalizing problems in both patient and nonpatient samples, and was higher for nonpatients than patients. In general, informant agreement was higher for cases characterized by lower family stress and higher child acceptance, among other clinical variables.
Prevalence of Childhood Depression: Results of the First Study in Spain
Authors: Polaino‐Lorente Aquilino , Domènech Edelmira
Published: December 2006

Abstract Prevalence of depressive disorders was studied in 6432 children aged 8–11 years, selected by exhaustive random sampling in four Spanish cities and two rural areas The number of non‐participants was 38 (0.6%). Selection was by a two‐stage procedure. At stage I, the Children's Depression Inventory was used to identify a sample for more intensive interviewing. At stage II, children were individually evaluated using a semi‐structured interview, the Children's Depression Rating Scale‐Revised (CDRS‐R). CDRS‐R and DSM‐III diagnostic criteria were used to define caseness. 1.8% of children met the criteria for major depression, with a further 6 4% being diagnosed as having dysthymic disorder.
A Longitudinal Study of Neural Maturation and Early Mother–Infant Interaction: a Research Note*
Authors: van Wulfften Palthe T. , Hopkins B.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The development of postural control of the head and of looking towards and looking away from the mother is described, the age relationship between attainment of postural head control and looking towards the mother is investigated and the relation between smiling and “pleasure” vocalizations to looking towards and away is examined. Twelve normal, full‐term mother‐infant pairs participated in this home‐based study. En face interaction was video‐taped for maximally 15 min at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 (or 21) weeks. We conclude that postural head control constitutes an important prerequisite for the emergence of socially directed behaviours during en face interaction
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Self‐Management as an Adjunct to a Behavioural Intervention for Childhood Obesity: a Research Note
Authors: Duffy Gabrielle , Spence Susan H.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness of cognitive self‐management training as an adjunct to the behavioural management of childhood obesity. Twenty‐seven overweight children aged 7–13 years were randomly assigned to either behavioural management plus relaxation placebo or a combined behavioural‐cognitive self‐management approach. Evaluations following the eight treatment sessions revealed a significant reduction in percentage overweight for children in both experimental groups and improvements were maintained at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups Both conditions were also effective in reducing the number of high‐risk foods consumed. No difference in outcome was found between treatments at the post‐treatment assessment or 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups. Although a reduction in percentage overweight of around 9% was found for both procedures, subjects in general remained considerably overweight.
Depressed Mothers' Speech to Their Infants and its Relation to Infant Gender and Cognitive Development
Authors: Murray Lynne , Kempton Claire , Woolgar Matthew , Hooper Richard
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The speech of depressed and well mothers during play with their infants at two months was compared on dimensions of structure and semantics. No differences between maternal groups were found on measures of complexity and syntax. However, the speech of depressed women expressed more negative affect, was less focused on infant experience, and tended to show less acknowledgement of infant agency. Speech style of depressed women also varied according to infant gender. Regression analyses indicated that the quality of maternal communication with the infant, and particularly the focus of speech, mediated the association between depression and infant cognitive development in the first 18 months.
Depression in 11–16‐year‐old Girls: The Role of Past Parental Psychopathology and Exposure to Recent Life Events
Authors: Goodyer I. M. , Cooper P. J. , Vize C. M. , Ashby L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Interviews with parents of a non‐referred sample of 11–16‐year‐old girls (n= 82) revealed that a significantly greater proportion of mothers with a lifetime: history of any psychiatric disorder also reported one or more recent undesirable life events focused on the adolescent compared with mothers with no such history, Lifetime episodes of maternal depression and recent undesirable life events exerted significant additive effects on the likelihood of depression occurring in the previous 12 months in adolescent girls. Some families may be “life event prone” as a consequence of lifetime episodes of parental psychopathology.
Hyperactivity and Spelling Disability: Testing for Shared Genetic Aetiology
Authors: Stevenson Jim , Pennington Bruce F. , Gilger Jeffrey W. , DeFries John C. , Gillis Jacquelyn J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The influence of genetic Factors in the comorbidity of spelling disability arid hyperactivity was investigated in two samples of 190 and 260 Sadie sex twin pairs. The method of bivariate group heritability was used to estimate the genetic correlation for spelling disability and hyperactivity A similar though not statistically significant value for the genetic correlation was obtained for the two samples (0.29 and 0.42). It was estimated that approximately 75% of the co‐occurrence of these two conditions was due to shared generic influences.
Adolescent Adjustment to Chronic Physical Disorders—I. Comparing Neurological and Non‐Neurological Conditions
Authors: Howe George W. , Feinstein Carl , Reiss David , Molock Sherry , Berger Karen
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Early research on child adjustment to chronic illness assumed that oath condition had a unique impact. Recently researchers have suggested that all chronic conditions influence adjustment in similar ways. To compare these models, data were collected on 165 adolescents having chronic conditions with and without brain involvement, and 49 healthy controls. Adolescents with brain‐based conditions had more behaviour problems, less autonomous functioning and poorer school achievement. Children with conditions having no brain involvement differed from controls only in reporting less work experience and having lower math achievement scores. These Endings support a modified perspective that involves both general factors and effects specific to brain‐based conditions.
Psychotic Disorders Diagnosed in Adolescence. Outcome at Age 30 Years
Authors: Gillberg I. Carina , Hellgren Lars , Gillberg Christopher
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Fifty‐five cases who had been diagnosed in adolescence as suffering from a psychotic condition while at lending a child or adult psychiatric clinic were compared with age‐, sex‐and school‐matched cases with respect to various outcome measures at age 30 years. Overall, the outcome for young people who need psychiatric care for psychotic conditions in adolescence appears to be gloomy with respect to psychosocial adjustment. There were clear differences in outcome depending on specific psychosis diagnosis category at the rime of original diagnosis. Females tended to have better outcome than males, but differences were small and not conclusive in this respect.
DSM‐III‐R Disorders, Social Factors and Management of School Attendance Problems in the Normal Population
Authors: Berg Ian , Butler Alan , Franklin Julie , Hayes Helen , Lucas Christopher , Sims Ruth
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Eighty 13–15‐year‐old children who failed to attend one of four schools for more than 40% of a term, without good reason, were studied. A systematic schedule: (C.A.P.A.) was used in interviewing parents and children. Twenty‐five had DSM‐III‐R Disruptive Behaviour Disorders and 15 had Anxiety/Mood Disorders. Truancy was associated with the former and school refusal with the latter but both often occurred without any Disorder. Fourteen children had neither school refusal nor truancy. Compared to controls, poor attenders came from materially disadvantaged homes. School refusal with anxiety disorders rarely received psychiatric treatment. Non‐disturbed absentees were not usually dealt with appropriately.
Is the Continuous Performance Task a Valuable Research Tool for use with Children with Attention‐Deficit‐Hyperactivity Disorder?
Authors: Corkum Penny V. , Siegel Linda S.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The Continuous Performance Task (CPT) has become a popular research toot used to distinguish children with Attention‐Deficit‐Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) From their normal posts. Whether hyperactive children have a vigilance decrement remains an ongoing controversy. The theoretical basis of the CPT and variables known to influence performance arc examined in order to interpret the inconsistencies evident in the research. Studies which employed the CPT in order to examine the possibility of sustained attention deficits in children with ADHD will be reviewed. The results are examined in light of group selection criteria, task variables and situational and external variables. It is concluded that there is no compelling evidence for a sustained deficit in ADHD children. An alternative theoretical model for understanding the results of CPT performance in ADHD children is provided.
Convergence of the Child Behavior Checklist with Structured Interview‐based Psychiatric Diagnoses of ADHD Children with and without Comorbidity
Authors: Biederman Joseph , Faraone Stephen V. , Doyle Alysa , Lehman Belinda Krifcher , Kraus Ilana , Perrin James , Tsuang Ming T.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— We evaluated the convergence of CBCL scales with the diagnosis of ADHD and comorbid disorders in 133 ADHD and 118 normal control boys, aged 6–17 years old. We evaluated the strength of association between each CBCL scale and structured‐interview derived diagnoses with Total Predictive Value (TPV) and the odds‐ratio (OR). Excellent convergence was found between the GBGL Attention Problems scale with the diagnosis of ADHD, between the Delinquent Behaviour scale and the diagnosis of CD, and between die Anxiety/Depression scale and the diagnoses of Anxiety Disorders. These findings indicate that the CBCL could serve as a rapid and useful screening instrument to identity comoribid and non‐comorbid cases of ADHD.
Practitioner Review: Problems in Children's Peer Relations: What Can the Clinician Do?
Authors: Malik Neena M. , Furman Wyndol
Published: December 2006

Abstract— This paper describes the assessment and treatment of children with peer relationship problems. The first part of the paper is organized around five topics: peer rejection, peer neglect, the absence of friendships, reputation in the peer group, and peer group affiliations. Next, a series of assessment methods is delineated, including peer, teacher, parent and self reports, as well as direct observational procedures. Finally, we suggest a number of treatment options, including social skills training, social cognitive interventions, and co‐operative group interventions.
The Epidemiology of Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Ehlers Stephan , Gillberg Christopher
Published: December 2006

Abstract— This paper describes a total population study of Asperger syndrome using a two‐stage procedure. All school children in an outer Goteborg borough were screened. Final case selection based on clinical work‐up showed a minimum prevalence of 3 6 per 1.000 children (7–16 years of age) using Gillberg and Gillberg's criteria and a male to female ratio of 4.1 Including suspected and possible Asperger syndrome cases, the prevalence rose to 7.1 per 1 000 children and the male:female ratio dropped to 2.3:1. These findings are discussed as they relate to previously published results in the field and to findings obtained using Szatmari et al.'s and ICD‐10 draft criteria for the disorder
Why Do Autistic Individuals Show Superior Performance on the Block Design Task?
Authors: Shah Amitta , Frith Uta
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Systematic variations of the block design task were given to 20 autistic, 33 normal and 12 mildly retarded subjects Designs were contrasted which were either “whole” or segmented, rotated or un rotated, and which did or did not contain obliques. Only segmentation, but neither of the spatial orientation factors, revealed a significant group difference. Autistic subjects, regardless of age and ability, performed better than controls when presented with un segmented designs. This result suggests that they need less of the normally required effort to segment a gestalt, and thus supports the hypothesis of weak central coherence as a characteristic of information processing in autism.
Self‐image as a Predictor of Outcome in Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Fine Stuart , Haley Glenn , Gilbert Mervyn , Forth Adele
Published: December 2006

Abstract— We investigated the ability of a measure of self‐image, two measures of depression, and demographic characteristics to predict the outcome of depressive symptoms. Subjects were 47 adolescents who were referred to outpatient treatment for depression. Subjects were assessed for depressive symptoms at three time periods. Self‐image as measured by the Offer Self‐image Questionnaire (OSIQ) was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms at both 3 months and 1 year. That was independent of initial levels of depression. The two most predictive scales from the OSIQ, were the emotional tone and mastery of the external world scales. The results are consistent with previous research indicating the importance of self‐image in adolescent depression The implications of these findings for treatment of adolescent depression are discussed.
Temperament and Major Depression in 11 to 16 Year Olds
Authors: Goodyer I. M. , Ashby L. , Altham P. M. E. , Vize C. , Cooper P. J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Temperament (EAS teacher and parent questionnaire) and mental state (modified DISC‐C interview with adolescent) was systematically assessed in 193 11 to 16 year olds (112 girls, 81 boys) screened for major depression in the community. Sex differences in the structure of temperament were noted from both parent and teacher reports High (negative) emotionality alone was associated with major depression, particularly (but not exclusively) in girls
The Impact of Anger between Adults on Siblings' Emotions and Social Behavior
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Smith Donna
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Peer and sibling dyads (older children = 5–7 years; younger children = 2–5 years) were presented with simulations of friendly, angry, and resolution interactions between a male adult and the mother in the context of play sessions Expressions of positive effect increased among female siblings during the anger period and continued to be more common in the resolution period than in other groups. Prosocial behavior among male siblings greatly increased in the resolution period, with siblings generally more prosocial towards each other than peers in this period. The findings suggest that siblings may attempt to buffer each other from the stress of exposure to adults' discord.
Sociometric Status and Social Behaviour of Children with and without Learning Difficulties
Authors: Nabuzoka Dabie , Smith Peter K.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The sociometric status and behaviour of 179 children aged 8 0–12.0 years, including 36 children with learning disabilities, were examined Compared to non‐LD children, more LD children were rejected and fewer were popular LD children were nominated as shy, seeking help and as victims of bullying significantly more than non‐LD children, fewer were nominated as cooperative or as a leader. Aggressive behaviours did not distinguish the two groups. Teacher scores of LD children's behaviour were not related to peer nominations, although those of non‐LD children were Findings are discussed in relation to the role of social cognitive deficits in LD children's relationships with peers.
Interviewing Deaf Children, the Interviewer Effect: a Research Note
Authors: Hindley Peter , Hill Peter , Bond David
Published: December 2006

Abstract— A highly structured diagnostic interview, the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS), was used to investigate the influence of the interviewer's signing ability and cultural status on the outcome of psychiatric assessments of signing deaf children and adolescents Preliminary findings suggest that linguistic competence of the interviewer had a significant effect on the range of symptoms elicited at interview. In particular that poor competence leads to the masking of a child's emotional difficulties.
The Prevalence of Specific Arithmetic Difficulties and Specific Reading Difficulties in 9‐ to 10‐year‐old Boys and Girls
Authors: Lewis Clive , Hitch Graham J. , Walker Peter
Published: December 2006

Abstract Data from an epidemiological sample (n= 1206) of British schoolchildren were used to estimate the proportions of 9‐ to 10‐year‐olds with specific arithmetic difficulties (SAD), combined with arithmetic‐and‐reading difficulties (ARD), and specific reading difficulties (SRD). Children in the sample contributed scores on saparate tests of arithmetic reading and nonverbal intelligence. Using a cutting‐store approach, which took into account performance on all three tests, a small group of children with SAD (1.3 %) were distinguished from tarter groups with ARD (2.3%) and SRD (3.9%). Contrary to some previous reports, there were equal numbers of males and females within each of the two groups with arithmetic difficulties but a preponderance of males over females amongst the group with specific reading difficulties.
Autism and Known Medical Conditions: Myth and Substance
Authors: Rutter Michael , Bailey Anthony , Bolton Patrick , Le Couteur Ann
Published: December 2006

Abstract There is general agreement that autism has an organic basis but there is less agreement on the frequency with which it is associated with known medical conditions. The evidence in the literature on the latter point is reviewed and it is concluded that the rate of known medical conditions in autism is probably about 10%; however the rate appears to be higher in cases of autism associated with profound mental retardation and in cases of atypical autism.
The Assessment of Individual Differences Between Young Children With a Pervasive Developmental Disorder by Means of Behaviour Scales Which are Derived from Direct Observation
Authors: Althaus Monika , Minderaa Ruud B. , Dienske Herman
Published: December 2006

Abstract Data obtained by direct observation of 112 3–6‐year‐old normal children and 31 children with a pervasive developmental disorder aged 3–6 were used to construct behaviour scales by means of simultaneous component analysis. This is a technique for finding behaviour clusters (components) common to different groups by weighting the variables such that the resulting components maximize variance accounted for when summed over the groups (Milsap & Meredith, 1988, Psychometrika, 53, 123–134; Berge & Kiers, 1990, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 45, 221–226).

An evaluation of the component structure that was found is given for both groups. Results show uncorrelated components for the normal group, while some of the same components are intercorrelated in the clinical group. Scales were constructed which are shown to have discriminative value with respect to subgroups within the group of patients.
Fears in Chinese Children and Adolescents and Their Relations to Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Dong Qi , Yang Bin , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: December 2006

Abstract In the present study, we examined the pattern and intensity of fear in 825 Chinese children and adolescents. Although many of the fears paralleled those reported in Western samples (Australia, England and the United States), some differences were noted. In particular, Chinese children and adolescents reported heightened level of social‐evaluative fears. This pattern was especially evident for children between 11 and 13 years of age. A developmental‐cultural hypothesis was put forth to account for these findings. In addition, modest relations were found between our measure of fear and measures of anxiety and depression. Results were explored in terms of the uniqueness of the constructs of fear, anxiety and depression and their contributions to a more global construct of negative distress, labeled ‘negative affectivity’.
Maternal Expressed Emotion in Conduct and Emotional Disorders of Childhood
Authors: Vostanis Panos , Nicholls Judith , Harrington Richard
Published: December 2006

Abstract Maternal expressed emotion (EE) scales were rated for children aged 6–11 with conduct disorders, emotional disorders and a group of non‐referred children matched for six and age (N = 30 in each of the three groups). Maternal warmth distinguished significantly between the three groups (GD < ED < Controls), while criticism distinguished the group of conduct disordered children. Maternal criticism was positively associated with child behaviour ratings even within the non‐referred group. These observational ratings of warmth and criticism were found to be much more strongly associated with child behaviour than maternal ratings of their family environment.
Contrasting Infant Predictors of Later Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Laucht Manfred , Esser Günter , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The predictive power of early visual attention in terms of later cognitive functioning was compared to standard developmental test scores and further early predictors of later development. In a longitudinal study of 226 infants at risk visual attention in a habituation‐dishabituation paradigm was assessed at 3 months and cognitive development was measured at 3, 24 and 54 months. The results indicated that response decrement and response recovery measures are related lo cognitive outcome in later childhood, but failed to support their superiority over standard developmental test scores or early biological and psychosocial predictors of later IQ. Methodological shortcomings of previous studies and theoretical weaknesses of the habituation concept were discussed as a possible explanation.
Eating Attitudes and Weight Preoccupation Among Female High School Students in Japan
Authors: Mukai Takayo , Crago Marjorie , Shisslak Catherine M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Eating disorder tendencies in 197 eleventh grade Japanese girls were examined to ascertain whether or not the reported correlates of eating disorder tendencies in North America would be replicated in Japan. The 26‐item Eating Attitudes Test was administered along with a set of supplementary questions. As hypothesized, higher levels of eating disturbances were found in the students who: (1)perceived themselves as being overweight, (2)had been encouraged to diet, (3)reported engaging in frequent conversations with their mother about food and dieting. Implications for future cross‐cultural research are discussed.
Children's Behavioral Adaptation Early in Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Blader Joseph C. , Abikoff Howard , Foley Carmel , Koplewicz Harold S.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Behavioral patterns over lime were assessed during the Bret 24 days of hospitalization for 98 child psychiatric inpatients. Staff completed daily behavioral monitoring and ratings. Patients were categorized as improved, unchanged or deteriorated during this time. Thirty‐four percent or patients initially exhibited well‐controlled behavior, but then significantly worsened after a period averaging 6.8 days This result empirically supports the “honeymoon” phenomenon. Other patients showed either improvement during the initial period (15%). no change (30%), or could not be reliably classified (21%). Therefore, many child inpatients show rapid symptom stabilization after admission, but a large number then worsen. Clinical, scientific and administrative implications of these results arc discussed.
Effects of Sudden Infant Death on Bereaved Siblings; a Comparative Study
Authors: Hutton Claire J. , Bradley Benjamin Sylvester
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study investigated behavioural problems (as rated by mothers) in 3S children who had been suddenly bereaved of an infant sibling between 3 and 27 months previously. These children were compared with 40 children matched on age, Render, family composition and social background. Bereaved siblings were reported to have a prolonged and significantly elevated rate of non‐specific behavioural problems. It is argued that, either the bereaved children's problems were real, or bereaved mothers' perceptions of their surviving children were significantly distorted. In either cast. there is serious cause for concern about the welfare of children in families bereaved by Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Analysis of Environmental Deprivation: Cognitive and Social Development in Romanian Orphans
Authors: Kaler Sandra R. , Freeman B. J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The cognitive and social developmental status of a representative: group of Romanian orphans between the ages of 23 and 50 months living in the Leagan de Copii in Timisoara, Romania was assessed using a variety of traditional and nontraditional measures. Results indicated that the orphanage sample all exhibited deficits in cognitive and social functioning; the majority were severely delayed. Correlations between the traditional and nontraditional measures indicated that children's delays occurred across domains. Deficits were not related to length ui time in the orphanage, age at entrance, Apgar scores, or birthweight. The children's greatest capability was in peer social interaction.
Attentional Difficulties in Hyperactive and Conduct‐disordered Children: A Processing Deficit
Authors: Leung Patrick W. L. , Connolly Kevin J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A random population sample of 1479 Chinese boys from Hong Kong was screened and diagnosed in a two‐stage epidemiological study. Four groups, age 7–8, were distinguished: (1) a pure hyperactive group (HA), (2) a mixed hyperactive/conduct–disordered group (HA + CD), (3) a pure conduct‐disordered group (CD), and (4) a normal control group (N). On a visual search task, only the HA children showed a specific processing deficit in performance. This confirms the diagnostic value of such a deficit for hyperactivity, differentiating it from conduct disorder. The failure to find a similar deficit in the HA + CD group raises questions concerning the clinical identity of these children. Each group showed a performance decrement over time in the visual search task but the decrement did not differ between the four groups. This observation is not congruent with the reports of a short attention span in hyperactive children; explanations of this apparent contradiction are considered.
Children with Deficits in Attention, Motor Control and Perception (DAMP) Almost Grown Up: Psychiatric and Personality Disorders at Age 16 years
Authors: Hellgren Lars , Carina Gillberg I. , Bågenholm Andriette , Gillberg Christopher
Published: December 2006

Abstract Fifty‐six cases with childhood onset deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) were followed‐up at age 16 years and compared with 45 children without DAMP. Both groups had originally been recruited from the general population at the age of 6 years. Psychiatric disorders (affective disorders in particular) were more common in the DAMP group. Personality disorders were common in both groups, but the DAMP group much more often had a combination of several different personality disorders. The reasons for the discrepancies between teenagers with and without a prior history of DAMP are discussed.
First Diagnosis of Severe Mental and Physical Disability: A Study of Doctor–Parent Communication
Authors: Quine Lyn , Rutter D. R.
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study investigates factors associated with satisfaction with medical communication at the time of diagnosis of a child's severe mental or physical disability. Two competing social psychological models that have been used to account for parent/patient satisfaction are tested: Korsch's (1968) affective model and Ley's (1977) cognitive model. One hundred and sixty six mothers of children with severe learning disabilities were questioned about the time when their child's disability was first diagnosed. Measures included the child's age when diagnosis was made, the length of time parents had been anxious, and how satisfied they were with the way they were told the diagnosis. They were asked to rate the doctor's affective behaviour and their understanding and memory of the information they received. Fifty‐eight per cent of parents reported dissatisfaction with the communication. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that Korsch's affective scale was much the strongest predictor, entering the equation first, and explaining 35.7% of the variance in satisfaction. Ley's cognitive scale entered second, explaining a further 1.4% of the variance. Further analysis including the other predictors found that six predictors explained 40% of the variance. The implications of the findings for the training of medical staff are discussed.
Pathways Between Parental Divorce and Adult Depression
Authors: Rodgers Bryan
Published: December 2006

Abstract A longitudinal study found high levels of depression in women of divorced parents, but not in men. In childhood there had been few behavioural differences between girls from divorced and intact families. Subsequently, there were significant differences in job‐changing during early careers, premarital pregnancy, and own marital breakdown. Greater adult depression was not attributable to social networks, emotional support, recent life events, financial circumstances or the main effect of marital status. A significant interaction reflected little relationship between parental divorce and symptoms for women in first marriages, but a strong relationship in the never married, divorced, and remaried.
Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression. III Links with Suicidal Behaviours
Authors: Harrington Richard , Bredenkamp Diana , Groothues Christine , Rutter Michael , Fudge Hazel , Pickles Andrew
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study followed up into adulthood a group of child psychiatric patients suffering from depressive disorders and a closely matched nondepressed child psychiatric control group. Depression in childhood was a strong predictor of attempted suicide in adulthood. This predictive power was not due to the association between childhood depression and other childhood risk factors such as conduct disorder or suicidality. Rather, it seemed mostly to reside in the association between depression in childhood and major depression in adult life. These findings suggest that the pathways from childhood psychopathology to adult outcomes can be complex, and depend crucially on what happens later.
Adolescent Onset Psychosis. A Clinical and Outcome Study
Authors: Cawthron P. , James A. , Dell J. , Seagroatt V.
Published: December 2006

Abstract 58 psychotic adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 diagnosed according to RDC criteria were matched with psychiatric comparisons and followed‐up using a two stage design. Information upon the group as a whole was obtained using death records, criminal records and data from the Oxford Record Linkage System. A sub‐sample of 21 matched pairs were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Life time version (SADS‐L) and the Adult Personality Functioning Assessment (APFA). The outcome of adolescent schizophrenia was poor with 78% continuously ill and socially handicapped. Outcome was better for bipolar disorders and schizo‐affective disorders and similar to psychiatric comparisons.
An Empirical Comparison Between the DSM and Psychodynamic Approaches for Assessment of Child Disorders in Children Attending Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Valla Jean‐Pierre , Bergeron Lise , Gaudet Nathalie , Reydellet Claude , Boulanger Michel
Published: December 2006

Abstract The DSM and psychodynamic approaches provide different perspectives on child psychiatric diagnoses. Taking advantage of the recent publication of a psychodynamically oriented classification of child disorders, correspondences between these approaches were studied in a sample of outpatient clinic children. Clinician judges and a psychiatric interview schedule provided for diagnoses. Classifications of child psychopathology are still imperfect to a large extent. As a result, statistical comparisons can only yield limited relationships and caution is necessary when using classification tools. Methodological difficulties notwithstanding, various associations showed that DSM and psychodynamic constructs, while different, are not entirely independent.
An Ethological Study on Behavioural Differences Between Hyperactive, Aggressive, Combined Hyperactive/Aggressive and Control Children
Authors: Buitelaar Jan K. , Swinkels Sophie H. N. , de Vries Han , van der Gaag Rutger Jan , van Hooff Jan A. R. A. M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Frequencies and sequential patterns of behaviour elements in pure hyperactive (N=12), pure aggressive (N=13), combined hyperactive/aggressive (N=15) and control children (N=10) were recorded in a semistructured playroom session and subsequently compared. The samples were age and IQ‐matched. In an overall MANOVA a significant main effect for hyperactivity but not for aggression was found. The hyperactive children were characterized particularly by differences in squirming and changes in sitting. The sequential patterning of their behaviour revealed weaker temporal contingencies between their behaviour and the conversational speech of the experimenter than in the case of the nonhyperactive (aggressive and control) children. This may be explained by deficits in social attention in the hyperactive groups.
Children's Perceptions of Relationships with Siblings, Friends, and Mothers: Compensatory Processes and Links with Adjustment
Authors: Stocker Clare M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Links between children's psychological adjustment and individual differences in their perceptions of relationships with siblings, mothers, and friends were studied in a sample of 85 second‐graders. Results indicated that characteristics of these relationships were significantly correlated with children's loneliness, depressive mood, self‐esteem, and behavioral conduct. There were some links among children's perceptions of their relationships with siblings, friends, and mothers. A compensatory model of associations among adjustment and warmth in children's relationships with friends and mothers was supported. Children who reported that their relationships with either mothers, friends, or mothers and friends were characterized by high levels of warmth had significantly better adjustment outcomes than children who reported low levels of warmth in relationships with both friends and mothers. The importance of the network of children's relationships for their mental health is discussed.