bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of Tectona grandis Seed Extract-loaded Silver Nanoparticle Hydrogel for Treatment of Allergic Dermatitis
Authors: Sharmila Shashikant Naykar  , Ramdas Dolas
Published: February 2025

The present study focuses on developing and characterizing a novel hydrogel formulation incorporating silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tectona grandis seed extract for treating allergic dermatitis. The green synthesis approach utilized silver nitrate as a precursor with T. grandis seed extract serving as both reducing and capping agent. The synthesized T. grandis silver nanoparticles (TGAgNPs) were extensively characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The nanoparticles exhibited a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 440 nm, spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 10-70 nm, and good stability with a zeta potential of -12.8 mV. Nine hydrogel formulations were prepared by incorporating 1% w/w TGAgNPs using Carbopol 934 as the gelling agent. The formulations were evaluated for physical parameters including pH, spreadability, washability, viscosity, and therapeutic efficacy. Formulation F1 demonstrated optimal characteristics with appropriate pH (7.63-8.03), good spreadability (9.6-10.9 g·cm/s), and viscosity (3340 cP). The hydrogel exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and effectively alleviated picryl chloride-induced allergic dermatitis in Albino Wistar mice within 7 days of treatment. This study establishes the potential of TGAgNPs-loaded hydrogel as a promising therapeutic option for managing allergic dermatitis while highlighting the benefits of green nanotechnology in pharmaceutical development
A Review on Controlled Porosity Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Voleti Vijaya Kumar  , Ismail Y
Published: February 2025

Controlled porosity osmotic drug delivery systems (CPODS) represent a significant advancement in pharmaceutical technology, offering precise control over drug release rates through osmotic mechanisms. These systems utilize semipermeable membranes with controlled porosity to achieve sustained drug delivery, addressing limitations of conventional dosage forms. The fundamental principle involves water penetration through the semipermeable membrane, creating an osmotic gradient that facilitates drug release through formed micropores. CPODS demonstrate numerous advantages, including zero-order drug release kinetics, reduced dosing frequency, improved patient compliance, and minimized first-pass metabolism. The drug release is governed by various parameters such as osmotic pressure, membrane permeability, and pore characteristics, which can be optimized to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. Recent developments have eliminated the need for mechanical drilling of delivery orifices, instead utilizing pore-forming agents that create micropores in situ. The system's effectiveness depends on critical components including osmotic agents, semipermeable membranes, pore-forming agents, and plasticizers. This innovative technology has shown particular promise in delivering both water-soluble and poorly soluble drugs, maintaining consistent plasma concentrations over extended periods. The robust in vitro-in vivo correlation and independence from physiological factors make CPODS an attractive platform for controlled drug delivery applications. As research continues, these systems show potential for expanding into novel applications such as pulsatile delivery and multi-drug therapy.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach for Adult Morgagni Hernia Repair Using Mesh Reinforcement
Authors: Sai Srinidhi Viswanadhapalli  , Lakshmi Padmini Peddinti  , Kranthi Swaroopa Velisetti  , Annie Christine Nadipalli  , Grace Hadassah Busi
Published: February 2025

Morgagni hernia represents a rare anterior diaphragmatic defect, accounting for approximately 2-3% of all congenital diaphragmatic hernias, presenting unique surgical challenges in adult patients. A 63-year-old female presented with right hypochondrial pain and respiratory symptoms. Computed tomography revealed herniation of the omentum and transverse colon through a right-sided anteriomedial diaphragmatic defect measuring 4×4 cm. The surgical repair was performed laparoscopically using a three-port technique under general anesthesia. The hernia contents were reduced, and the defect was primarily closed using V-lock sutures, reinforced with a 15×15 cm composite mesh. The postoperative course remained uneventful, with complete resolution of symptoms and no recurrence at six-month follow-up. The laparoscopic approach demonstrated significant advantages, including excellent visualization of the surgical field, reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and rapid recovery. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial to prevent potential complications such as incarceration or strangulation of herniated contents. The successful outcome highlights the efficacy of minimally invasive techniques in managing adult Morgagni hernias.
A Review of Synthesis, Structure Activity Relationship and Therapeutic Applications of Imidazole and Its Derivatives
Authors: Rasajna G  , Hema Latha N  , Sunitha P  , Krishna Veni V  , Shanmitha Jahnavi  , Likitha G  , Anantha E  , Lakshmi Aswini K  , Bhargavi V  , Vijaya V
Published: February 2025

Imidazole and its derivatives represent a crucial class of heterocyclic compounds with extensive applications in medicinal chemistry and drug development. The imidazole scaffold, a five-membered aromatic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms, exhibits unique physicochemical properties and versatile reactivity patterns that make it valuable in drug design. Modern synthetic approaches, including microwave-assisted synthesis and metal-catalyzed reactions, have enabled the efficient preparation of structurally diverse imidazole derivatives. These compounds demonstrate remarkable biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties. Understanding the mechanistic aspects of imidazole-based drugs, particularly their role in enzyme inhibition and receptor interactions, has led to significant therapeutic breakthroughs. Structure-activity relationship studies have revealed crucial molecular features that influence biological activity, providing valuable insights for rational drug design. The therapeutic potential of imidazole derivatives extends to treating various diseases, with promising results in clinical applications. Additionally, imidazoles have found industrial applications as corrosion inhibitors and components in advanced materials.
IT Best Practices for Implementing E-learning: The Case of Rift Valley Technical Training Institute
Authors: Rotich Anither J , Kimutai Shadrack Kipchirchir , Kosgey James
Published: February 2025

Implementation of technology has proved to be the way to go in most of the disciplines across the world. This is because of the massive benefits that come with it. Education and Training sector has also not been left behind in the quest of embracing technology in learning. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions play a big role in the provision of well-trained individuals needed by the industry. Most of the learning institutions, including TVET institutions, are currently advocating for e-learning as a mode of teaching and learning. Nevertheless as TVET institutions implement e-learning platforms, there are Information Technology best practices, other than human factors that need to be considered. This paper discusses the best practices for implementing E-learning in TVET institutions as far as information technology is concerned. The paper adopts a case study research design. Data was qualitatively collected from key informants from Rift Valley Technical Training Institute (RVTTI) which is the only TVET institution that has implemented e-learning in North Rift Region, Kenya. An e-learning model was used as the theoretical basis of the study where four themes that guided data collection were drawn. With this guidance, data was collected from key informants who included; the lecturers who had been trained on the use of e-learning and MIS manager and students who had been enrolled in the e-learning application. Data was then analyzed based on the four themes which are availability, usability connectivity and security to identify the best practices of effective implementation of e- learning in TVET. After analysis, the study gave recommendations that ensures successful implementation of e-learning in TVET institutions and also identified further areas of research in this field.
Inclusion of Youths Living with Disabilities in Socio-Economic Activities in Nyamira County
Authors: Maengwe James , Omboto Peter Isaboke , Arongo Phylis Arongo , Rono Agnes J
Published: February 2025

Youth with disabilities often face marginalization and severe social, economic, and civic disparities as compared with those without disabilities. This paper outlines the effects of inclusion of youths living with disabilities in socio-economic activities in Nyamira County. Being a descriptive case study, it targeted the county governor’s office, which is directly responsible for policies concerning youths with disabilities and employment. The population was 26 respondents, and census sampling technique was used. The following objectives guided the study: To document best practices for inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities; to establish the state of preparedness regarding structure, content, and processes for socio-economic inclusion and employment of youths with disabilities; and to identify the challenges facing Nyamira County government in inclusion of youths living with disabilities in socio-economic activities. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages. Tables and graphs were the most appropriate techniques used in presenting the findings. Findings indicated that people with disabilities are commonly identified as a group with a higher risk of social exclusion. It concludes that Nyamira County has not fully integrated youth with disabilities in social and economic activities.
Role of Industry in Employee Training and Education for Performance Improvement in Kenya – Prospects and Priorities
Authors: Sagwa Evans Vidija
Published: February 2025

This paper highlights the origins, developments, prospects and priorities of industrial training in Kenya with emphasis on the role of industry in employee training and education for performance improvement in Kenya. Kenya has a National Industrial Training Authority (NITA), formerly known as Directorate of Industrial Training (DIT) whose mandate is to promote the highest standards in the quality and efficiency of industrial training in Kenya and ensure adequate supply of properly trained manpower at all levels in industry. The introduction of the industrial training levy fund was expected to enhance the realization of the NITA mandate of assisting Kenya to improve its performance and become more productive and competitive in the global market. Though Kenya intends to create a globally competitive and adaptive human resource base to meet the requirements of an expanding industrial economy, this has been hampered by inadequate management and planning infrastructure in industrial training. Action research design and document analysis techniques were used for the purpose of the study. The current industrial training institutional set up and work ethic needs to change for Kenya to achieve quality results. This can be done through life-long training and education. Though Kenya’s productivity level ranks low by international standards Vision 2030 provides an opportunity for significant productivity growth. Industrial training within employment learning has not been well institutionalized. Measures need to be taken to ensure that industrial training is deepened. Labour productivity has to be raised to international levels and opportunities for life-long learning enhanced. Collaboration between government, industry and training institutions has to be enhanced to address the human resource constraints that are being experienced in the rapidly expanding Kenyan economy. For Kenya to compete in the global economy, new policy directions on the development of highly qualified yet flexible human resources have to be adopted.
The Relationship between Behavior and College Students’ Academic Performance: The Case of the National Institute of Transport in Tanzania
Authors: Katopola Daudi A , Otmar Benignus
Published: February 2025

This paper attempts to shed light on the extent of the influence of students’ behaviors to their learning initiatives. The study aimed at exploring strategies that may assist college students to invest full concentration in their studies in an effort to improve their academic performance. The target population included students at the National Institute of Transport in Dar es Salaam. Qualitative data was analyzed by using content analysis and quantitative data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The first phase involved a distribution of structured questionnaires to the selected respondents. In this phase, the researchers explored responses with the aim of identifying the level of students’ perceptions on the influence of their behavior on their academic performance at the college. In the second phase the researchers conducted three Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with selected respondents. This aimed at developing deeper understanding of behavioral and environmental factors influencing students’ academic performance both within the college and beyond. The findings revealed that, majority of the students spent much of their time thinking and engaging themselves in activities that would sustain their daily needs, thus distorting the level of concentration in their studies. Moreover, stress levels in most of the respondents were significant and required immediate rescue plan by the college. The findings for this study also identified the need for mitigating strategies to curb the identified challenges and propose new areas for future behavioral research. It is concluded that any strategy or policy established to assist students to have excellent academic performance requires attention on the behavioral patterns affecting students’ performance.
The Relationship between Family Income Levels on Sexual Violence against Children and the Implication on Education Attainment
Authors: Oando S O , Ogola O W , Parsitau D S
Published: February 2025

Sexual violence against children occurs in the home, school, and workplace. Urban areas are reported to provide a more fertile ground for various types of violence. The vice is highly prevalent for the youth both male and female. Guided by resource theory of violence which suggests a relationship between wealth and violence at household level, this paper examines the relationship between family income levels on sexual violence against children and the implication on education attainment. It used descriptive survey design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide in-depth data and to determine how relationships exist between economic variables and variables of sexual violence. The study population comprised of high school students, who were selected through random sampling at cluster level. The high school students bear strong implication for TVET access as prospective students. Findings exhibit sharp gender based variations in recognizing different forms of violence. Assessment of the prevalence levels of sexual violence show that more girls than boys are affected. Linear relationship between family income levels and violence prevalence rate further shows a strong correlation between the two variables. Holding income as the independent variable, while acts of violence as dependent variable, the association exhibits an inverse relation. The trend of this association sheds light on the impact the two variables have on educational outcomes at tertiary levels. Sexual abuse bears a negative impact on children’s educational attainment, at different levels from primary through tertiary institutions. It is therefore necessary to enhance equity in education at TVET level ensuring proportionate financing to realize equal returns and address the challenge of sexual violence in learning institutions.
The Dwindling of Physics as an Examination Subject in Secondary Schools in Garissa District
Authors: Muharo Barrack
Published: February 2025

The purpose of the paper was to establish the prevalence of internalized stigma among students living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The study assessed the current prevalence of levels of internalized stigma among students living with HIV in institutions of higher learning, the association of social demographic characteristics, health status, social supports, status disclosure and ARV adherence with internalizing stigma among HIV positive students. The study is informed by the PEN3 Model. Mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was adopted. The study target population was 33 HIV positive students drawn from higher learning institutions in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. A census survey was used. Data of HIV positive students was obtained from counselor officers. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and frequencies. In addition, Pearson Correlation was used to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that there is high level of internalized stigma among HIV students in these institutions. Correlation results showed that parents’ occupation, age, parents level of education, health status, social supports and ARV adherence were significantly correlated with internalizing stigma in HIV positive students. However, adherences to ARV and social support were negatively correlated with internalized stigma. Based on the study findings, collaborative efforts and policies are necessary to enhance effective interventions aimed at reducing internalized stigma in learning institutions, and for directing government and school-based policies and practices towards improving students with HIV right to education, empowerment and support.
The Challenges Facing Implementation of Distance Education in Kenya
Authors: Garbutt Grace , Wanami Simon
Published: February 2025

In the world we are living in today, teaching and learning in the class room setting is being complemented by virtual and distance modes. This has been precipitated by the ease of access to information through the use of the internet and web technology. The development of distance education in Kenya has evolved over a period with some institutions of higher learning having programmes in distance education mode. Each institution has done this on its own volition without any guidelines from the governing authority. However, the rate of literacy and access to higher education in Kenya remains a challenge. Efforts to use distance education successfully in Kenya are still hindered by numerous problems despite efforts that have been taken to solve them. There seems to be some inertia by institutions to change this mode of education. This paper reviews issues and challenges on provision of distance education in Kenya through use of secondary data from previously published works. An analysis of the major issues facing distance education in Kenya is made. It is noted that several challenges influence implementation of distance education in Kenya. Factors responsible for this situation are identified as limitations of network infrastructure, ineffective policy framework and social and financial among others. The use of information and communications technology for education in the form of distance education holds promise and this paper recommends that teacher education embrace lifelong learning and follow the UNESCO-NIR guide for upgrade and preparation for distance facilitation. It also recognizes that there is need for consideration of socio-economic factors and improvement of network connectivity to enhance in improved literacy rate and access to higher education through distance learning in Kenya.
The Technical Challenges that Hinder the Integration of ICT into Secondary School Financial Accounting Systems in in Kenya (CEPAK)
Authors: Kapkiai Moses Kogei , Kindiki Jonah N. , Kiprop David
Published: February 2025

The dawn of the 21st century brought with it changes and new challenges. This study singled out the challenges faced by secondary schools in Kenya in their effort to integrate information and communication technology in their financial accounting systems using five selected counties in North Rift Region as a case. The theoretical framework adopted for this study was derived from the systems theory of organizations which reflected Kast and Rozenweig (1985) view of organizations. The objective of the study was to establish the technical challenges that hinder integration of information and communication technology into the accounting systems of secondary schools. This was one of the objectives of a study titled "Integration of ICT into Secondary School Financial Accounting systems in North Rift region of Rift Valley, Challenges and Prospects." The study targeted 1200 schools in the north rift. Out of this 60 schools were purposively selected together with principals of the same schools. Data from respondents were collected from surveys using designed questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentation analysis. Interpretive (qualitative) research methodology and generic qualitative research design were adopted. The data obtained was subjected to descriptive analysis and presented in tables and percentages and bar graphs. The study found significant technical challenges which included; lack of technical support and low internet connectivity among others. The study made recommendations including intervention by; government through MOEST to provide financial assistance to schools to embrace technology in financial management.
Alleviating Food Insecurity and Landlessness through Plantation Establishment and Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS) in Kenya
Authors: Odwori Paul Okelo Odwori
Published: February 2025

Plantation Establishment and Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS) is a modified form of non-residential cultivation that was practiced in earlier years in Kenya as a method of plantation establishment. PELIS was initiated with the objectives of fully rehabilitating and protecting the forest and improving the livelihood of the forest adjacent communities. PELIS is a Kenyan government scheme recognized under the Forest Act (2005) and managed by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS). The introduction of PELIS started in 2008 in some forest zones and is to be continued in other forest stations. The expected benefits from PELIS were numerous. First, there would be increased forest cover; increased volume of water from the catchment areas; increased food production, and there would be improvement in living standards of the communities living adjacent to forests due to increase in household incomes. More arable land would also be available on short term rotational basis. However, few studies have been conducted to show the status of PELIS in Kenya. Therefore, there is need to take stock of the contributions of PELIS on its expected benefits. This study investigated the contribution of PELIS towards alleviating food insecurity and landlessness. Purposive sampling was used to select the forest zones where PELIS is practiced and Community Forest Associations (CFAs) that participate in PELIS. Questionnaires were administered on the CFAs members to document arable lands given and food crops produced. IMB SPSS Statistics was used in the analytical process. Results showed that the arable land provided by PELIS to the Landless CFAs members over the years increased from 852.6 Ha in 2008 to 2,049.6 Ha in 2016. This represents an increase of about 0.04% of the national Arable land available in Kenya. The CFAs members grew 7 types of crops namely Potatoes, Maize, Cabbage, Peas, Beans, Carrots and Sukuma Wiki. Results also showed that PELIS in some forest stations produced up to 3 million bags of potatoes per year which contributed an annual total average of up to 3 million bags of potatoes from the forest zones investigated. This study has shown that PELIS is improving the livelihood of the forest adjacent communities by providing more arable land and food and consequently recommends that KFS should establish PELIS in the other remaining forest zones in order to provide more arable land especially to the Landless CFAs members and increase food production.
The Existing Systems of Customer Relations Activities in Bungoma County Referral Hospital
Authors: Simiyu Judith , Sakataka William , Wanyonyi Wasike Edward
Published: February 2025

Customer Relations as a process, is taking a Centre stage as a management function in many corporate and government institutions. The purpose of this study was to describe the existing systems of Customer Relations Activities at Bungoma County Referral Hospital. The study adopted a descriptive survey design that was used to investigate existing Customer Relations Activities in the performance of Bungoma County Referral Hospital. Main data collection instruments were structured and self-administered questionnaires and structured interviews. This technique was used because questioning gave the respondents the required opportunity to answer the questions willingly and with an open mind. Data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively in response to study questions. The analyzed data is presented in a report through use of tables, charts and narrative. The study found out that cases of employee relations, community relations and the use of media were commonly employed by the hospital as the major forms of Customer Relations Activities. The study recommends that the government should avail Customer Relations Officers to the hospital so as to aid in effective implementation of the available forms of Customer Relations Activities. This study faced two major constraints: first, the respondents were not quick in responding to the administered questionnaires given to the nature of the questioning which somehow touched on personal life and secondly, some of the records containing relevant information for the study were not accessible hence, the researcher gave respondents more time and worked with the available information.
Organization Strategies on Efficacy in the Administration of Finances in Public Early Childhood Development Education Centers in Kenya
Authors: Chumba Sammy Kipkemboi
Published: February 2025

Early Childhood Development Education (ECDE) refers to the education that children receive during the early stage of their childhood. It aims at the holistic development of a child's social, emotional, cognitive, and physical needs in order to build a solid and broad foundation for lifelong learning and wellbeing. This study was designed to examine the effects of organizational strategies on efficacy in the administration of finances in public ECDE centers in Kenya. The study target population was 1728 ECDE teachers, 422 head teachers and 422 School Management Committee (SMC) chairpersons in Uasin-Gishu in Kenya. The sample size for this study was based on a sample size determination formula by Krejcie and Morgan. Schools were stratified to their quotas. A sample size of 224 ECDE teachers, 55 head teachers and 55 SMC chairpersons responded to the questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The study findings indicate that there was no budget preparation in pre- schools based on schools' vision. The study found a significant correlation between planning strategies and financial management efficacies. It also emerged that signatories to the pre-school accounts had questionable integrity. It is recommended that ministry of education should establish that communication mechanisms be put in place to lobby for financial support of ECDE programs from different stakeholders. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be of great importance to policy makers on understanding the best strategies that if implemented would promote efficacies in the administration of ECDE funds
Empowering Youth with Technical and Vocational Education and Training Skills through Master Craft Practicum
Authors: Alwodo Bennedy , Oteng Aldo
Published: February 2025

This paper focuses on youth empowerment in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) skills through Master Craft practicum training of the increasing number of trainees joining sustainable vocational skills development centers. The study was conducted in Karamoja region, North-Eastern Uganda. Seven Vocational Training Institutes (VTIs) and eighteen work-based private training workshops were randomly sampled to establish the nature of vocational skills training provided by public and private master craft person work-based training; methods of training and trainees exposure to training materials, and how Master Craft practicum empowers youths with sustainable long-life TVET skills. A cross-sectional survey study design was used for the 7 VTIs. Tracer study was conducted on 75 VTI graduates and 19 instructors. Also, 18 private workshops with 28 trainees were involved in the study. The study was mainly descriptive with simple quantitative method to analyze statistical data collected using questionnaire and interview guide responses. In correlating the study objectives, the study revealed that, 94% of graduates from VTIs were insufficiently trained in practical works but they had scientific accuracy of the content knowledge. Also, methods of training and utilization of instructional materials varied with VTIs practicing on dummies while the private sector provided Work-Based Learning (WBL) with practice on clientsâ€™ items which motivates trainees to apply concepts learnt. The inadequate practical exposure and inappropriate methods coupled with dynamic technology, attracted few trainees to VTIs. Skilling Uganda Strategy is aimed at improving quality of skills competence with WBL and addressing the diversity in trainings as demonstrated by low morale and stagnation of TVET professionals. It was recommended that; TVET trainings should improve on training modes that address sustainability and create opportunities for private sector to award trainees with workers' Practically Assessed Skills (PAS) certificate for professional development. Work-Based Learning with private sector should be strengthened in order to guarantee application of modern instruction techniques and development of skills training in the dynamic changing technology. All TVET instructors should be skilled to a master craft level to empower youths to attain sustainable skills by frequently scanning the labour market, utilizing tracer system and creating platforms for sharing TVET innovations and publications
The Influence of Industrial Attachment on Trainees' Completion in Vocational training centres: A Case of Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
Authors: Kiplagat Hoseah , Ferej Ahmed , Kitainge Kisilu
Published: February 2025

Industrial attachment (IA) is a very important component in most programmes at different levels of training. This study investigated the influence of industrial attachment (IA) on trainees completion in selected vocational training centres (VTCs) in Elgeyo Marakwet County. Vocational training centres were previously referred to Youth Polytechnics in Kenya up to 2013 when the country adopted the new name through an Act of Parliament. This was a further study to a research conducted in 2015 by Kiplagat, Ferej and Kafu which established that industrial attachment was one of the institution-based factors that negatively influenced completion levels of trainees in vocational training centres. Hence, this study was conducted to ascertain the nature of the influence. This study adopted descriptive research design. The present study was conducted in two well-established vocational training centres in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The data was purposively collected from VTC Managers, Deputy Managers and industrial attachment coordinators using semi-structured questionnaires. This target group was purposively selected because of their respective positions that were assumed to give valuable information for this study. Both quantitative and qualitative data presented for analysis. The findings of this study revealed that industrial attachment influenced trainee low completion in vocational training centres because some trainees never went back to VTCs after the end of industrial attachment. During the industrial attachment exercise, some of the trainees got pregnant, married early, employed, or felt that they had acquired adequate skills hence saw no need to go back. These made trainees not to go back to vocational training centres immediately after the end the attachment exercise or even not at all later to complete their studies. This study recommended that vocational training centres and parents should enhance guiding and counseling of trainees, vocational training centres should register trainees for examination before going for the attachment, parents should enhance financial support for their children on attachment, industrial attachment firms should release trainees back to the vocational training centres at the end of the attachment, among others.
The Effect of Conscientiousness Trait on Customer Loyalty in Selected Hotels within Nairobi City, Kenya
Authors: Makomere Julie , Ng'ang'a Wambui E.
Published: February 2025

For most developing nations, the quest to alleviate poverty and its attendant effects is a never-ending journey. As such, there is a need to ensure sustainable development is a reality. In this light, the hotel industry has garnered unprecedented attention as it is seen as capable of providing employment for the populace and also as an avenue through which sustainable development can be achieved. This attention has led to stiff competition due to a rapidly evolving business environment and only those organizations that retain their customers are able to survive and achieve profitability. This paper anchors its discussions on the findings of a study that sought to investigate the place of conscientiousness â€“ a personality trait - on customer attitudinal loyalty among hotels in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study adopted an explanatory research design and a sample of 384 respondents. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Conscientiousness, exhibited through industriousness, achieving nature and high self-control, had a positive and significant effect on customer attitudinal loyalty (Î²=0.549, p<0.05). The paper concludes that with conscientiousness, customers tend to be pulled to hotels where employees show high level of responsibility at work, display good product knowledge, and show orderliness and discipline. This makes customers to feel wanted and appreciated thus becoming loyal to an establishment. Consequently, the paper recommends that stakeholders in the hotel industry should implore upon employees to be more cooperative, reliable at all times, understanding and show empathy when interacting with customers. This will, in turn, lead to sustained customer loyalty and profitability. This is premised on the fact that the hotel industry is a key player in the race towards sustainable development.
The Efficacy of Rapid Diagnostic Test over Blood Slide Microscopy Method used in Diagnosis of Malaria at AIC Kapsowar Mission Hospital
Authors: Rono Salinah J , Yego Esther M.
Published: February 2025

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.2 billion people are at risk of malaria worldwide with Sub-Saharan Africa having 88 percent of malaria cases and 90 percent of malaria deaths. In Kenya, malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality with more than 70 percent of the population at risk of the disease. Malaria is caused by protozoa parasites of the genus Plasmodium. It is diagnosed microscopically by staining thick and thin blood films. It requires a lot of experience and expertise to diagnose malaria when at low levels. In addition, it is difficult to microscopically diagnose malaria in areas with no electricity. With the introduction of rapid diagnostic tests, malaria diagnosis in rural and remote areas is possible. It is thus important to test efficacy of rapid diagnosis tests in Kapsowar Mission Hospital with the aim of rolling out the usage of the kits. The objectives of the study were to test the efficacy of rapid diagnostic test kits and determine the prevalence of malaria in patients attending AIC Kapsowar Mission Hospital. Informed consent was sought from patients to be included in the study. The patient's history was taken and a blood sample drawn to test for malaria. Two tests were performed on each sample which included a thick smear stained with giemsa and examined via microscope to determine presence of malarial parasites and a parallel test using the rapid diagnostic test kits. Data collected was entered and analyzed using SPSS V.16.0 for windows. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and subjected to t-test and statistical significance level determined at p< 0.05. The sensitivity of rapid diagnostic test kit was found to be 81% while the specificity was 87%. The prevalence of malaria was found to be 38% with more children and pregnant women having the highest confirmed cases of malaria. The study recommended that rapid diagnostic test kits be availed in remote areas for more efficient and rapid diagnosis of malaria.
The Adoption of Grid Computing Application in Referral Hospitals in Kenya: The Case of Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital
Authors: Rotich Anither J , Gichoya David , Rotich Daniel C
Published: February 2025

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a major sector in the realization of Kenya's vision 2030. Most organizations have embraced the use of ICTs and are looking forward to adopting the upcoming technologies not only to be at per with the changing world, but also to enhance the achievement of their goals. This paper discusses the benefits of grid computing as one of the emerging technologies which allows sharing of ICT resources in a networked environment. The specific objectives for this research were to identify the ICT tools and equipment used in hospitals, establish the challenges faced by referral hospitals in optimizing the use of ICTs and to establish the suitability of implementing grid computing in hospitals. Since most referral hospitals in Kenya are public institution and are non-profit making organizations, they depend on government grants to carry out their operations. Thus adoption of grid computing will help them optimize the use of their available ICT resources. This research adopted a case study research design where data was collected from key employees at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital - six heads of departments and twelve ICT specialists. Purposive sampling technique was used to determine the respondents who were interviewed. The data was qualitatively analyzed to identify the challenges faced by the hospital and to examine the need of implementing grid computing in referral hospitals. A proposal of implementing grid computing in referral hospitals in Kenya to optimize the utilization of ICT resources is made.
The Effects of Information System Managerial and Technical skills on Strategic Information System Implementation at Africa International University
Authors: Munyekenye Lilian , Koskei Loice
Published: February 2025

Strategic information systems (SIS) are information systems developed in response to corporate business initiative. They give competitive advantage to the organization. The strategic information systems assist business organizations in strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing for effective and efficient service delivery. An organization that has fully automated its operations and services is able to efficiently meet its clienteleâ€™s needs as compared to the institution, whose operations are manual or partially automated. Currently at Africa International University (AIU) some of the departmental functions are partially automated while others are still manual. The system is characterized by repetitive processes, minimal collaboration among isolated departmental functions, reduced productivity because of redundant processes, and little standardization as each department operates separately. The objective of the study was to find out effects of the implementation to the information system, managerial and technical skills on strategic information system at AIU. The study adopted descriptive research design using a target population of 1034 staff, students and faculty members who were computer users. Sampling design was stratified random sampling using coefficient of variation formulae, which gave a sample size of 136. A pilot study was conducted on three members of AIU to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, and data was collected using online survey software, which was send to the respondents through their emails. Correlation analysis, analysis of variance, coefficient of determination and regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship of the variables with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings indicated that information system managerial and technical skills were positive with a P- value of (0.000) which indicated a statistical significant relationship with strategic information system implementation. The study recommended improvement on the information system managerial and technical skills for successful implementation of strategic information system, especially both enterprise resource planning and knowledge management system in order for AIU to achieve a competitive advantage over its competitors
The Effects of Reward Policy on the Performance of Employees of Humanitarian organization
Authors: Hailekiros Yeshimebet , Koskei Loice
Published: February 2025

The human resource of any given organization is a determinant of its success or failure. The success of an organization comes in with the performance of its workforce and with sustained financial status. Humanitarian organizations play a significant role in society. A proper human resource (HR) policy in the humanitarian organizations helps it in achieving organizational goals in terms of recruiting the right people, training and developing them, rewarding employees based on performance and making sure there is equal opportunity in the organization. The policy also facilitates a fair reward system that motivates employees to help the organizations meet its goal thereby addressing the societal needs. Most Humanitarian organizations have the policy to guide them achieve their goal but there has been a challenge in terms of following through and implementing HR Policies. The study, sought to determine the effects of reward policy on the performance of employees of Hope International Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The scope of the study was the head-quarter of Hope Ethiopia, which is located in the capital city Addis Ababa. The study adopted a descriptive research design using a target population of 50 employees. Data was collected by use of a questionnaire and analyzed through regression analysis and ANOVA. The results showed significant relationship between reward policy and employee performance at 0.01 percent level of significance. The employees affirmed that the reward policy is fair and transparent. The study recommended a broader review of reward policy for it to be more effective in motivating employees at Hope International for the purpose of attaining a positive employee performance. The study further recommended clear communication of salary scales and grades so that employees in each job grade knew what is expected of them to move to the higher level.
Green Skills and Sustainable Economy in Kenya: The Influence of TVET Trainer Competencies
Authors: Kutto Naomi Jebungei
Published: February 2025

Greening Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) is an initiative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) together with, the International Centre for the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (UNEVOC) that requires Technical and Vocational Educational Training Institutions to provide knowledge and develop skills that ease transition to green economies and societies. In an effort to attain the Sustainable Development Goals, the Kenyan government has revamped TVET institutions with both human and non-human resources. There is no doubt that green skills hold the future for sustainable economies, however, the role of trainers cannot be gainsaid. The study analyzed the influence of trainers' competencies on the relationship between green skills and sustainable economy. The study adopts the â€˜ex-post factoâ€™ design based on the post-positivist paradigm to sample 200 pre-existing technician graduates drawn from Uasin Gishu County. Data was collected using questionnaires and structured interview schedule which yielded both quantitative and qualitative data for analysis. Descriptive and inferential analyses revealed that the four green skills namely attitudes, values, knowledge and technical skills positively and significantly predicted sustainable economy. There is therefore need to focus on building the capacity of TVET trainers in order to inculcate the required green skills among trainees. This will largely contribute to enhancing sustainable development competences and thus implementing the Sustainable Development Goals for green economies and societies.
The Strategies for Optimizing Business Education as an Instrument of Economic Empowerment and Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Authors: Ademiluyi Abosede B , Ganiyu Bello A , Akande Risikat A
Published: February 2025

Africa's need for accelerated development demands that all implements and instruments which can encourage economic empowerment and sustainable development be carefully assessed with a view to invigorating them for greater effectiveness. To this end, this study examined strategies for optimizing business education as an instrument of economic empowerment and sustainable development in Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design and four research questions guided the study: The population comprised 28 members of academic staff in the two tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria offering Business Education programme. No sample was drawn as the entire population was studied because of the manageable size of the population. A structured questionnaire with 40 items tagged Strategies for Optimizing Business Education for Economic Empowerment and Sustainable Development Index Questionnaire (SOBEEESDIQ) was used to collect data from the respondents. The instrument was validated by two experts in the Business Education Department. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data collected in order to answer the research questions. The study identified various strategies that could be developed to optimize business education as an instrument of economic empowerment and sustainable development. These include curriculum enrichment, improved funding, better public relations strategies, and industrial collaboration. The study concluded that these strategies were important to business education to achieve economic empowerment and sustainable development. It was recommended that business education curriculum should be enriched with relevant courses required in today's global world and should be provided with adequate funds, while students and teachers should be encouraged to participate fully in industrial training so that the objectives of business education programmes in achieving economic empowerment and sustainable development may be actualized.