bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cruise Ship Labor: Cruise Line Disclosure of Employee Well-being-related Initiatives and Performance
Authors: Grosbois Danuta De
Published: June 2016

Employment on cruise ships has been a subject of many studies pointing out problems with working conditions, health and safety issues, and advancement opportunities. The cruise industry is under growing pressure to address these issues, due to, among other things, the newly implemented
International Labor Organization (ILO) Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, commonly called the Seafarers Bill of Rights. However, the extent of employee well-being-related initiatives in the cruise industry is largely unknown. This study investigates the cruise industry's disclosure of commitment,
initiatives, and performance measures aimed at employee well-being. The study population included member cruise lines of the Cruise Line International Association (CLIA) and its regional offices as of September 2013. Websites for all the cruise lines were identified and searched for relevant
information. A framework of employee well-being-related goals, initiatives, and performance measures has been developed, based on previous literature. Out of the 50 cruise lines included, only 22 reported information related to employee well-being. In the majority of the cases, information
focused on the benefits of working for the cruise line and nature of the job, mostly serving as a recruitment tool, not as an evidence of positive initiatives in accountability and transparency. Very limited information was provided with respect to employment quality, advancement opportunities,
health and safety, and equal opportunities. No cruise line addressed accessibility issues with respect to employees. Overall, the majority of the cruise lines provided very limited and selective information with no third party assurance. As a result, the current level of disclosure of employee
well-being-related information in the cruise industry can be considered very low and in many cases unsubstantiated. These results support the institutional theory perspective stating that in situations of low stakeholder power and pressure, companies report little information.
Conjugate addition–enantioselective protonation reactions
Authors: Phelan James P , Ellman Jonathan A
Published: June 2016

The addition of nucleophiles to electron-deficient alkenes represents one of the more general and commonly used strategies for the convergent assembly of more complex structures from simple precursors. In this review the addition of diverse protic and organometallic nucleophiles to electron-deficient alkenes followed by enantioselective protonation is summarized. Reactions are first categorized by the type of electron-deficient alkene and then are further classified according to whether catalysis is achieved with chiral Lewis acids, organocatalysts, or transition metals.
The Triticeae Toolbox: Combining Phenotype and Genotype Data to Advance Small‐Grains Breeding
Authors: Blake Victoria C. , Birkett Clay , Matthews David E. , Hane David L. , Bradbury Peter , Jannink Jean‐Luc
Published: June 2016

The Triticeae Toolbox (http://triticeaetoolbox.org; T3) is the database schema enabling plant breeders and researchers to combine, visualize, and interrogate the wealth of phenotype and genotype data generated by the Triticeae Coordinated Agricultural Project (TCAP). T3 enables users to define specific data sets for download in formats compatible with the external tools TASSEL, Flapjack, and R; or to use by software residing on the T3 server for operations such as Genome Wide Association and Genomic Prediction. New T3 tools to assist plant breeders include a Selection Index Generator, analytical tools to compare phenotype trials using common or user‐defined indices, and a histogram generator for nursery reports, with applications using the Android OS, and a Field Plot Layout Designer in development. Researchers using T3 will soon enjoy the ability to design training sets, define core germplasm sets, and perform multivariate analysis. An increased collaboration with GrainGenes and integration with the small grains reference sequence resources will place T3 in a pivotal role for on‐the‐fly data analysis, with instant access to the knowledge databases for wheat and barley. T3 software is available under the GNU General Public License and is freely downloadable.
NEW NEUTRON-CAPTURE MEASUREMENTS IN 23 OPEN CLUSTERS. I. THE r-PROCESS
Authors: Overbeek Jamie C. , Friel Eileen D. , Jacobson Heather R.
Published: June 2016

Neutron-capture elements, those with Z > 35, are the least well understood in terms of nucleosynthesis and formation environments. The rapid neutron-capture, or r-process, elements are formed in the environments and/or remnants of massive stars, while the slow neutron-capture, or s-process, elements are primarily formed in low-mass AGB stars. These elements can provide much information about Galactic star formation and enrichment, but observational data are limited. We have assembled a sample of 68 stars in 23 open clusters that we use to probe abundance trends for six neutron-capture elements (Eu, Gd, Dy, Mo, Pr, and Nd) with cluster age and location in the disk of the Galaxy. In order to keep our analysis as homogeneous as possible, we use an automated synthesis fitting program, which also enables us to measure multiple (3–10) lines for each element. We find that the pure r-process elements (Eu, Gd, and Dy) have positive trends with increasing cluster age, while the mixed r- and s-process elements (Mo, Pr, and Nd) have insignificant trends consistent with zero. Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, and Dy have similar, slight (although mostly statistically significant) gradients of ∼0.04 dex kpc−1. The mixed elements also appear to have nonlinear relationships with R
GC.
SUPPRESSION OF PARALLEL TRANSPORT IN TURBULENT MAGNETIZED PLASMAS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE NON-THERMAL AND THERMAL ASPECTS OF SOLAR FLARES
Authors: Bian Nicolas H. , Kontar Eduard P. , Emslie A. Gordon
Published: June 2016

The transport of the energy contained in electrons, both thermal and suprathermal, in solar flares plays a key role in our understanding of many aspects of the flare phenomenon, from the spatial distribution of hard X-ray emission to global energetics. Motivated by recent RHESSI observations that point to the existence of a mechanism that confines electrons to the coronal parts of flare loops more effectively than Coulomb collisions, we here consider the impact of pitch-angle scattering off turbulent magnetic fluctuations on the parallel transport of electrons in flaring coronal loops. It is shown that the presence of such a scattering mechanism in addition to Coulomb collisional scattering can significantly reduce the parallel thermal and electrical conductivities relative to their collisional values. We provide illustrative expressions for the resulting thermoelectric coefficients that relate the thermal flux and electrical current density to the temperature gradient and the applied electric field. We then evaluate the effect of these modified transport coefficients on the flare coronal temperature that can be attained, on the post-impulsive-phase cooling of heated coronal plasma, and on the importance of the beam-neutralizing return current on both ambient heating and the energy loss rate of accelerated electrons. We also discuss the possible ways in which anomalous transport processes have an impact on the required overall energy associated with accelerated electrons in solar flares.
CORRALLING A DISTANT PLANET WITH EXTREME RESONANT KUIPER BELT OBJECTS
Authors: Malhotra Renu , Volk Kathryn , Wang Xianyu
Published: June 2016

The four longest period Kuiper Belt objects have orbital periods close to integer ratios with each other. A hypothetical planet with an orbital period of ∼17,117 years and a semimajor axis ∼665 au would have N/1 and N/2 period ratios with these four objects. The orbital geometries and dynamics of resonant orbits constrain the orbital plane, the orbital eccentricity, and the mass of such a planet as well as its current location in its orbital path.
Dynamique de l’institution comme groupe
Authors: Laurent Véronique , Duchêne Simon , Lathière Claire
Published: June 2016

À partir d’un modèle d’institution référé au groupe, l’article dégage un processus transformationnel qui porte sur les enveloppes psychiques individuelles et collectives. Les aléas de l’intériorisation progressive du cadre rappellent que pour certains adolescents le travail sur les limites différenciatrices et le rétablissement d’une peau pour les pensées précèdent la possibilité d’une centration sur les contenus refoulés. Les capacités auto-réorganisatrices du groupe soutiennent ces changements.
Obésité, un dispositif groupal
Authors: Sanahuja Maria de la Almudena , Manga-Carrola Patricia , Ruet Anouck
Published: June 2016

Cet article propose une réflexion autour de la mise en place d’un dispositif novateur à médiation corporelle, à destination de jeunes filles en situation d’obésité où les enjeux tant individuels que groupaux vont se déployer. Cette approche globale où s’entremêlent le somatique et le psychique insiste sur l’intérêt du groupe comme support de contenance pour des jeunes filles qui présentent une image inconsciente du corps troublée.
L’empire du leurre
Authors: Servant Benoît
Published: June 2016

L’auteur s’intéresse à la polémique sur la dangerosité des NTIC pour la santé mentale des adolescents. Il relève chez les « défenseurs » des NTIC un déni du problème soulevé par leur usage excessif et de l’importance du lien interhumain, une affirmation discutable de leur valeur auto-thérapeutique, et un usage détourné de concepts psychanalytiques. Il rattache cette position à une intolérance à l’altérité interne et externe propre à notre modernité et favorisée par la virtualisation de l’expérience.
La création de la « Facilité de paix pour l’Afrique »
Authors: Loisel Sébastien
Published: June 2016

Les jeux d’acteurs à l’œuvre au sein de l’UE dans la définition d’une approche globale de la gestion des crises sont souvent rapportés à des rapports de force intergouvernementaux ou interinstitutionnels. L’analyse de la création de la Facilité de paix pour l’Afrique entre 2003 et 2004 permet au contraire de faire apparaître des luttes qui traversent les États membres comme les principales institutions européennes et se déploient selon des logiques intra- et intersectorielles. Elles reflètent non seulement des intérêts de position bureaucratiques, mais également les représentations sociales propres aux secteurs de la sécurité et du développement.
L’homme, le divin et la sexualité dans la civilisation ancienne de l’Iraq et de la Syrie
Authors: Abdallah Fayssal
Published: June 2016

Nos renseignements sur le comportement sexuel et les attitudes, dans l’ancien Proche-Orient spécialement la Mésopotamie ou la Syrie et l’Irak, basés sur des textes littéraires, poésie particulièrement érotique, références dans la littérature de présage, médicaux-magiques contre l’impuissance et les statuts juridiques réglementant les questions des concubines, adultère, inceste et, occasionnellement, attentat à la pudeur. Dans ma recherche, vous trouverez une démonstration de la plus importante manifestation de la vie sexuelle dans les villes célèbres en Irak et en Syrie. Nous pouvons conclure qu’il y avait une vie sexuelle naturelle, et nous n’avons pas d’informations concernant la prescription, sans l’adultère, comme les monothéistes.
Du désir au Nirvãna . Le destin bouddhique de la sexualité
Authors: Kaluaratchige Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

Cet article veut prolonger jusqu’au bouddhisme, le dialogue que Freud a commencé autour de l’expérience religieuse du monothéisme. Sans appliquer la psychanalyse au bouddhisme, nous traitons le rapport entre le bouddhisme et la culture, pris par l’idéal « morale sexuelle civilisée des bouddhistes ». Notre réflexion sur le thème « sexualité » dans le bouddhisme, tient compte de l’usage des concepts désignant non seulement les « comportements observables », mais les phénomènes de la vie qui restent à l’arrière plan inconscient.
La sexualité dans la philosophie positiviste d’Auguste Comte, et ses effets dans le discours nationaliste de l’Action française
Authors: Demeure Brigitte
Published: June 2016

La vie et l’œuvre d’Auguste Comte sont caractérisées par le clivage entre le monde pulsionnel, et en particulier la sexualité, qu’il s’agit de réprimer, voire de supprimer, et sa vision idéale de la femme, de la société et de l’Humanité. Derrière cette image lumineuse ainsi projetée se devine l’ombre d’une mère archaïque cruelle et toute-puissante, qui imprègne les discours d’extrême droite du début du XX e siècle, et de l’Action française en particulier.
Puiser à la source, les rituels du corps en islam
Authors: Ayouch Soraya
Published: June 2016

Cet article analyse les prescriptions sexuelles au plus près du vécu subjectif des sujets. À la source de l’islam, on décrypte la réalité du texte sacré, dans la métaphore d’une parole révélée, fluide comme l’eau. C’est l’amour qui est au centre du processus, disent des maîtres qui ont effectué le travail d’érudition nécessaire. Ce qui est prescrit c’est le couple, qui retrouve l’unité originelle dans la célébration de la création divine ; et la figure mariale, réceptacle de la parole du fils.
Contrast Sensitivity in Patients With Emmetropic Presbyopia Before and After Small-Aperture Inlay Implantation
Authors: Lin Ling , van de Pol Corina , Vilupuru Srividhya , Pepose Jay S.
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:

To develop a normative contrast sensitivity function and examine the postoperative contrast sensitivity outcomes for emmetropic patients with presbyopia implanted with a KAMRA intracorneal inlay (AcuFocus Inc., Irvine, CA) in their non-dominant eyes.

METHODS:

A prospective, non-randomized, multicenter clinical trial was conducted on 507 patients between 45 and 60 years of age who were monocularly implanted with the KAMRA inlay. A predetermined subgroup of 335 patients in the contrast sensitivity substudy were measured preoperatively and postoperatively with the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT) chart in the Optec 6500 Vision Tester (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, IL) under monocular and binocular, photopic and mesopic without glare, and binocular mesopic with glare conditions each over four spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles per degree for photopic conditions and 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 cycles per degree for mesopic conditions). Normative ranges were developed using 1.96 standard deviations from the preoperative mean logCS (log
10
unit of contrast sensitivity).

RESULTS:

The preoperative contrast sensitivity measurements were used to develop the normative contrast sensitivity curves. Postoperatively, contrast sensitivity was stable both monocularly and binocularly and average contrast sensitivity remained within the normative ranges. Postoperative contrast sensitivity was mildly reduced monocularly but not binocularly, and the ratio of area under logCS function comparing postoperative to preoperative values was above 90% for all but one condition.

CONCLUSIONS:

Normative contrast sensitivity curves for a presbyopic population are established to provide a referent in the investigation of the impact of other presbyopia-correcting ophthalmic procedures on contrast sensitivity.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(6):386–393.]
Corneal Astigmatism in Patients After Cataract Surgery: A 10-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Whang Woong-Joo , Joo Choun-Ki
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:

To report the long-term outcomes of corneal astigmatism after cataract surgery.

METHODS:

The study included 55 eyes of 46 patients who underwent cataract surgery with temporal 3-mm clear corneal incisions from January 2001 to December 2003. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination including keratometry at the preoperative visit and at 2 months and 10 years after surgery. Only those eyes that underwent a follow-up of 10 years or longer from the time of cataract surgery were enrolled. Arithmetic and vector analyses were performed to obtain the change in corneal astigmatism with advancing age.

RESULTS:

The mean age of the patients was 59.11 ± 12.33 years (range: 18 to 75 years), and 58.7% of the patients were women. The mean follow-up period was 131.28 ± 14.36 months. The average magnitudes of surgically induced astigmatism and long-term astigmatism change were 0.66 ± 0.42 and 0.57 ± 0.47 diopters (D), respectively. The vector difference was 0.56 ± 0.55 D at 90° ± 0° between the preoperative and 2-month visits. However, there was no difference in vector values between postoperative 2 months and 10 years (0.00 ± 0.74 D at 0° ± 0°).

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients with corneal astigmatism who underwent cataract surgery did not show a long-term against-the-rule change in corneal astigmatism during a 10-year follow-up. These results provide useful information when planning toric intraocular lens implantation in patients with corneal astigmatism.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(6):404–409.]
Long-term Results of Combined LASIK and Monocular Small-Aperture Corneal Inlay Implantation
Authors: Igras Estera , O'Caoimh Rónán , O'Brien Paul , Power William
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of combined LASIK and small-aperture intracorneal inlay implantation (KAMRA; AcuFocus, Irvine, CA) for the surgical compensation of presbyopia and refractive errors.

METHODS:

Retrospective chart review of all ametropic, presbyopic patients who underwent combined LASIK and KAMRA inlay implantation at a single clinic. Demographic data and preoperative uncorrected and corrected monocular and binocular near and distance visual acuity (UNVA, UDVA, and CDVA) with manifest refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) were collected and analyzed. All perioperative adverse events were recorded.

RESULTS:

In total, 132 patients were available (median age: 56 years; interquartile range (IQR) ± 5; range: 44 to 68 years). Median preoperative MRSE was +1.37± 1.20 diopters (D). The majority (113; 85%) were hypermetropic. Preoperative median UNVA improved from N24 (J13) ±6 to N6 (J5) ±1 by day 1 postoperatively, remaining stable throughout follow-up. At last follow-up, 97% of patients achieved UNVA of N5 (J3) or better. Median UDVA (implanted eye) improved from 20/40 (0.50 ± 0.41 on the decimal chart) preoperatively to 20/25 (0.80 ± 0.13) at month 12. Binocular UDVA was 20/20 in 88%, with CDVA unchanged for 84% at 12 months. No patient lost more than one line of CDVA. MRSE was also stable, albeit +0.25 D off-target refraction (−0.75 D). Two inlays were explanted due to suboptimal adaptation/corneal haze.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this follow-up study show that combined insertion of a small-aperture corneal inlay with LASIK in presbyopic patients improves near vision with a slight compromise in distance vision in the implanted eye. Overall, it appears to be a safe, effective procedure for the treatment of presbyopia.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(6):379–384.]
Topography-Guided Transepithelial Surface Ablation in the Treatment of Moderate to High Astigmatism
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Stojanovic Aleksandar , Simonsen David , Wang Xiaorui , Liu Yanhua , Utheim Tor Paaske
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:

To analyze the outcomes of treatment of astigmatism of 2.00 diopters (D) or greater with topography-guided transepithelial surface ablation.

METHODS:

Retrospective analysis of a series of 206 eyes divided into two groups: myopic astigmatism (153 eyes) and mixed astigmatism (53 eyes). All cases were treated with topography-guided transepithelial surface ablation. Efficacy, safety, and predictability were evaluated, and vector analysis of cylindrical correction was performed.

RESULTS:

The median preoperative spherical equivalent was −2.63 and −0.63 D for the myopic and mixed astigmatism groups, respectively, with median cylinder of −2.50 D. Postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 92% and 83% of eyes in the myopic and mixed astigmatism groups, respectively; the corresponding efficacy indices were 1.00 and 0.96 and residual astigmatism of 0.50 D or less was present in 82.4% and 56.7% of eyes in the myopic and mixed astigmatism groups, respectively. The arithmetic mean magnitude of the difference vector was 0.38 (myopic) and 0.65 (mixed) D. Difference vector magnitude was positively correlated with the magnitude of target induced astigmatism in both groups. The geometric mean coefficient of adjustment index was 1.04 and 1.19, representing undercorrection of 4% and 19% in the myopic and mixed astigmatism groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Topography-guided transepithelial ablation is a safe, effective, and predictable treatment for moderate to high astigmatism.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(6):418–425.]
Transepithelial Corneal Cross-linking Using an Enhanced Riboflavin Solution
Authors: Gatzioufas Zisis , Raiskup Frederik , O'Brart David , Spoerl Eberhard , Panos Georgios D. , Hafezi Farhad
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:

To assess the efficacy of a modified high concentration riboflavin solution containing benzalkonium chloride 0.01% for transepithelial corneal cross-linking (CXL).

METHODS:

In this prospective, interventional multicenter cohort study, 26 eyes of 26 patients with documented progressive keratoconus who underwent transepithelial CXL were included. Follow-up at 6 and 12 months postoperatively included slit-lamp examination, uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (logMAR), maximum keratometry (Kmax), and corneal pachymetry (corneal thinnest point) as determined by Scheimpflug imaging. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the Friedman test for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively.
P
values less than .05 were considered significant.

RESULTS:

Kmax did not change significantly at postoperative months 6 and 12. Changes in corneal thinnest point did not change postoperatively over 12 months. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity did not change postoperatively. Progression (defined by an increase in Kmax greater than 1.00 diopter occurred in 46% of eyes at 12 months. Corneal epithelial defects were observed in 46% of the patients and marked punctate corneal epitheliopathy/loose epithelium in 23% of the patients in the immediate postoperative period. No corneal infection, sterile infiltrates, or haze were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:

Transepithelial CXL with an enhanced riboflavin solution did not effectively halt progression of keratoconus. Significant epithelium damage was evident in the immediate postoperative period.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(6):372–377.]
Stability of a Novel Intraocular Lens Design: Comparison of Two Trifocal Lenses
Authors: Poyales Francisco , Garzón Nuria , Rozema Jos J. , Romero Concepción , de Zárate Begoña Ortíz
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:

To compare visual outcomes, rotational stability, and centration in a randomized controlled trial in patients undergoing cataract surgery who were bilaterally implanted with two different trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) with a similar optical zone but different haptic shape.

METHODS:

Twenty-one patients (42 eyes) with cataract and less than 1.50 D of corneal astigmatism underwent implantation of one FineVision/MicoF IOL in one eye and one POD FineVision IOL in the contralateral eye (PhysIOL, Liège, Belgium) at IOA Madrid Innova Ocular, Madrid, Spain. IOL allocation was random. Outcome measures, all evaluated 3 months postoperatively, included monocular and binocular uncorrected distance (UDVA), corrected distance (CDVA), distance-corrected intermediate (DCIVA), and near (DCNVA) visual acuity (at 80, 40, and 25 cm) under photopic conditions, refraction, IOL centration, haptic rotation, dysphotopsia, objective quality of vision and aberration quantification, patient satisfaction, and spectacle independence.

RESULTS:

Three months postoperatively, mean monocular UDVA, CDVA, DCIVA, and DCNVA (40 cm) under photopic conditions were 0.04 ± 0.07, 0.01 ± 0.04, 0.15 ± 0.11, and 0.16 ± 0.08 logMAR for the eyes implanted with the POD FineVision IOL and 0.03 ± 0.05, 0.01 ± 0.02, 0.17 ± 0.12, and 0.14 ± 0.08 logMAR for those receiving the FineVision/MicroF IOL. Moreover, the POD FineVision IOL showed similar centration (
P
> .05) and better rotational stability (
P
< .05) than the FineVision/MicroF IOL. Regarding halos, there was a minimal but statistically significant difference, obtaining better results with FineVision/MicroF. Full spectacle independence was reported by all patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study revealed similar visual outcomes for both trifocal IOLs under test (POD FineVision and FineVision/MicroF). However, the POD FineVision IOL showed better rotational stability, as afforded by its design.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2016;32(6):394–402.]
Les effets du jumelage des infrastructures lourdes de transport sur les territoires : quels enseignements?
Authors: Deshaies Michel , Argibay Camilo , Billon Virginie , Carsignol Jean , Chiffre Emmanuel , Chrétien Luc , Gasperin Axelle De , Depigny Bertrand , Godard Angélique , Huré Maxime , Bris Charlotte Le , Mazoyer Harold , Michel Nadia , Noiret Sophie , Rosso-Darmet Agnès
Published: June 2016

L’article rend compte d’une recherche concernant les effets du jumelage des infrastructures lourdes telles que les autoroutes et les lignes ferroviaires à grande vitesse (LGV) sur le fonctionnement et la perception du territoire. L’impact écologique, les effets sur l’évolution et la perception des paysages, ainsi que les questions de gouvernance et d’acceptabilité sociale sur les espaces proches ont été plus particulièrement étudiés sur trois terrains représentatifs des grands types de jumelage observés en France. La comparaison des éléments issus des différentes analyses montre une apparente contradiction selon les échelles d'analyse de l'opportunité du jumelage. S’il offre un avantage global de gestion foncière avec une économie d'espace et la limitation de la fragmentation, il entraine aussi une surconsommation foncière avec la création d’espaces interstitiels, ainsi qu’une polarisation forte de l'espace. Du point de vue sociétal, les avantages et les inconvénients du jumelage sont aussi relatifs selon les échelles de réflexion et la posture des acteurs interrogés vis-à-vis des coupures spatiales ou organisationnelles, ou de la perception des nuisances. Le jumelage est donc plus une démarche qu’une solution technique. Traité en aval, il ne permet pas de synergie avec le territoire, mais répond uniquement à quelques sujets isolés comme la consommation d’espace.
Les dépendances vertes dans les paysages agricoles : prendre en compte les milieux adjacents à la route
Authors: Di Pietro Francesca , Chaudron Clémence , Perronne Rémi
Published: June 2016

Les infrastructures linéaires de transport terrestre (ILTT) sont souvent considérées comme des éléments défavorisant la biodiversité, mais elles peuvent également représenter, par leurs dépendances végétalisées, des supports de biodiversité en tant que corridor préférentiel ou habitat pour de nombreuses espèces. Ces influences contrastées des ILTT sur la biodiversité ont fait l’objet d’études portant principalement sur le réseau routier, un des principaux éléments de fragmentation des paysages, induisant notamment un effet barrière. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la connectivité transversale entre les bords de route et les champs cultivés adjacents dans une région de grande culture caractérisée par un gradient de fragmentation forestière. Cet espace étroit qu’est l’interface route-champ cultivé, est intensément géré, à la fois par les collectivités locales, s’orientant vers une tonte tardive du bord de route, et par les agriculteurs riverains des routes. Ces pratiques de gestion peuvent avoir des effets contrastés sur la diversité végétale du bord de route et de l’habitat adjacent, les champs cultivés, suscitant alors des tensions entre la collectivité locale gestionnaire de ces milieux et les agriculteurs. Ces tensions pourraient concerner d’autres ILTT traversant des paysages agricoles, et dont les dépendances sont soumises à des dispositifs de gestion alternative, si leur mise en place ne tient pas compte de leur influence potentielle sur les milieux adjacents.
Une approche pluridisciplinaire et pluri-scalaire des dynamiques paysagères du bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Authors: Raffin Fabrice , Luginbühl Antoine , Pollet Olivier
Published: June 2016

Ce texte revient sur la démarche de recherche participative et pluridisciplinaire menée durant trois ans dans le cadre du programme ITTECOP sur le territoire de la communauté d’agglomération d’Henin Carvin (CAHC) dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Une caractéristique de cette recherche est d’avoir rassemblé une équipe de paysagistes et une de sociologues. La démarche part d’une conception du paysage comme cadre intégrateur de réflexion et d’action et outil capable de faire émerger une action territoriale concertée et durable. Le propos dépasse néanmoins une définition commune et désormais assez consensuelle du paysage comme « construction sociale », en ajoutant une interrogation sur la diversité des acteurs aménageurs, au-delà de l’image erronée de la toute-puissance des acteurs publics et aménageurs légitimes du territoire (ou à l’inverse de leur perte de pouvoir et de la privatisation des espaces urbains au profit des seuls acteurs économiques devenus tout puissants). La démarche scientifique et les données produites servent alors d’éléments de débat dans la phase participative. L’identification de la diversité des acteurs aménageurs (publics, privés, associatifs) et la mise à jour des catégories qu’ils mobilisent dans leurs actions servent de fondement à une interrogation collective sur les dynamiques paysagères que nous observons.
Uncorrected refractive errors, presbyopia and spectacle coverage in Kamuli District, Uganda
Authors: Nsubuga Naomi , Ramson Prasidh , Govender Pirindha , Chan VingFai , Wepo Mary , Naidoo Kovin S.
Published: June 2016

Background: Successful refractive error programmes arise from evidence that can be collected cost effectively and timely.Aim: To investigate the prevalence of uncorrected refractive error (URE), presbyopia and spectacle coverage in the Kamuli district, Uganda.Setting: The study was conducted in the Kamuli district in Uganda.Methods: The Rapid Assessment of Refractive Error (RARE) study design is a communitybased cross-sectional study using multistage cluster random sampling to gather information on refractive errors and presbyopia. Subjects aged 15 years and older were selected from the population in Kamuli district in Uganda. Vision impairment due to URE at distance and near and barriers to uptake of refractive error services were investigated.Results: Participants, N = 3281 (57.6% male), with an age range of 15–92 years were enumerated and the response rate was 100%. The prevalence of refractive errors was 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7 – 5.5) and the spectacle coverage was 5.96% (95% CI 1.74% – 10.18%). The prevalence of uncorrected presbyopia was 50.3% (95% CI 47.6% – 53.0%) and the spectacle coverage was 0%. Thirty-three (or 1%) respondents were current spectacle users. One-hundred fourteen people (3.5%) had previously used spectacles; however, 50.9% of them discontinued spectacle use a year before the study because the spectacles were broken or scratched. The major barriers to spectacle uptake were accessibility of services and affordability of spectacles.Conclusion: The prevalence of URE and the barriers to uptake of refractive services will inform the implementation of refractive services in the study area. Key words: Uncorrected refractive errors; presbyopia and spectacle coverage
CD10 and CD138 can be expressed in giant cell tumor of bone: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Al-Abbadi Mousa A , Al-Yousef Mohammed J , Yousef Mohammad M , Sheikh Salwa S , Almasri Nidal M , Amr Samir S
Published: June 2016

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a primary bone neoplasm which is characterized by the presence of mononuclear cells (MCs) and osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). Up to our knowledge, CD10 immunoreactivity in GCTB has not yet been studied, and only one study touched on CD138 immunoreactivity in GCTB. The objective of this study is to investigate the immunoreactivity of CD10 and CD138 in GCTB. We offer a discussion of our findings in the context of the differential diagnosis, particularly in small biopsy material. We retrieved and reviewed 15 well-documented cases of GCTB from January 2008 to December 2014. Well-controlled standard immunohistochemical satins were performed on these cases for CD10 and CD138 and few other selected antibodies. Immunoreactivity for CD10 was membranous and was found in 14 (93%) cases. This immunoreactivity was found only in the MCs, whereas the MNGC were all negative. CD138 showed variable positivity in 11 (73%) while 4 (37%) were completely negative. Similar to CD10, staining for CD138 was only seen in the MC; however, the immunoreactivity was predominantly concentrated in the peri-vascular areas. Most of GCTB cases can show variable immunoreactivity for CD10 and CD138. The aforementioned immune-expression raise the possibility of a role in the pathogenesis of GCTB. Paying attention to this immunoreactivity is recommended when considering the clinical and radiological differential diagnosis, especially in small biopsy specimens.
Assessment of the cardiac autonomic neuropathy among the known diabetics and age-matched controls using noninvasive cardiovascular reflex tests in a South-Indian population: A case-control study
Authors: Sukla Pradeep , Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Shrivastava Prateek Saurabh , Rao Nambaru Lakshmana
Published: June 2016

Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in a rural area of South India, among the known diabetics after comparing them with the age-matched healthy controls, utilizing noninvasive cardiac autonomic neuropathy reflex tests. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted for 4 months (October 2014 to January 2015) at an Urban Health and Training Center (UHTC) of a Medical College located in Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. The study was conducted among 126 diagnosed Type 2 diabetes patients and in 152 age- and sex-matched healthy controls to ensure comparability between the cases and controls and, thus, reduce variability due to demographic variables. All the study subjects (cases and controls) were selected from the patients attending UHTC during the study duration, provided they satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study participants were subjected to undergo noninvasive cardiac autonomic neuropathy reflex tests. The associations were tested using paired t-test for the continuous (mean ± standard deviation) variables. Results: The overall prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy among diabetic patients was found to be as 53.2% (67/126). On further classification, positive (abnormal) results were obtained in 56 (sympathetic - 44.4%) and 51 (parasympathetic - 40.5%) diabetic cases. Overall, heart rate variation during deep breathing was found to be the most sensitive test to detect parasympathetic autonomic neuropathy while the diastolic blood pressure response to sustained handgrip exercise was the most sensitive method to detect sympathetic neuropathy dysfunction. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy among diabetic patients was found to be as 53.2%. Even though cardiac autonomic neuropathy can be detected by various invasive tests, noninvasive tests remain a key tool to detect it in the remote settings in a cost-effective and user-friendly manner without making people visit higher centers.
Identification and Treatment of Pathophysiological Comorbidities of Autism Spectrum Disorder to Achieve Optimal Outcomes
Authors: Frye Richard E. , Rossignol Daniel A.
Published: June 2016

Despite the fact that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to rise, no effective medical treatments have become standard of care. In this paper we review some of the pathophysiological abnormalities associated with ASD and their potential associated treatments. Overall, there is evidence for some children with ASD being affected by seizure and epilepsy, neurotransmitter dysfunction, sleep disorders, metabolic abnormalities, including abnormalities in folate, cobalamin, tetrahydrobiopterin, carnitine, redox and mitochondrial metabolism, and immune and gastrointestinal disorders. Although evidence for an association between these pathophysiological abnormalities and ASD exists, the exact relationship to the etiology of ASD and its associated symptoms remains to be further defined in many cases. Despite these limitations, treatments targeting some of these pathophysiological abnormalities have been studied in some cases with high-quality studies, whereas treatments for other pathophysiological abnormalities have not been well studied in many cases. There are some areas of more promising treatments specific for ASD including neurotransmitter abnormalities, particularly imbalances in glutamate and acetylcholine, sleep onset disorder (with behavioral therapy and melatonin), and metabolic abnormalities in folate, cobalamin, tetrahydrobiopterin, carnitine, and redox pathways. There is some evidence for treatments of epilepsy and seizures, mitochondrial and immune disorders, and gastrointestinal abnormalities, particularly imbalances in the enteric microbiome, but further clinical studies are needed in these areas to better define treatments specific to children with ASD. Clearly, there are some promising areas of ASD research that could lead to novel treatments that could become standard of care in the future, but more research is needed to better define subgroups of children with ASD who are affected by specific pathophysiological abnormalities and the optimal treatments for these abnormalities.
Article Commentary: The Pivotal Role of Aldehyde Toxicity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Therapeutic Potential of Micronutrient Supplementation
Authors: Jurnak Frances
Published: June 2016

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social and communication impairments as well as by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Genomic studies have not revealed dominant genetic errors common to all forms of ASD. So ASD is assumed to be a complex disorder due to mutations in hundreds of common variants. Other theories argue that spontaneous DNA mutations and/or environmental factors contribute to as much as 50% of ASD. In reviewing potential genetic linkages between autism and alcoholism, it became apparent that all theories of ASD are consistent with aldehyde toxicity, in which endogenous and exogenous aldehydes accumulate as a consequence of mutations in key enzymes. Aldehyde toxicity is characterized by cell-localized, micronutrient deficiencies in sulfur-containing antioxidants, thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6), folate, Zn2+, possibly Mg2+, and retinoic acid, causing oxidative stress and a cascade of metabolic disturbances. Aldehydes also react with selective cytosolic and membrane proteins in the cell of origin; then some types migrate to damage neighboring cells. Reactive aldehydes also form adducts with DNA, selectively mutating bases and inducing strand breakage. This article reviews the relevant genomic, biochemical, and nutritional literature, which supports the central hypothesis that most ASD symptoms are consistent with symptoms of aldehyde toxicity. The hypothesis represents a paradigm shift in thinking and has profound implications for clinical detection, treatment, and even prevention of ASD. Insight is offered as to which neurologically afflicted children might successfully be treated with micronutrients and which children are unlikely to be helped. The aldehyde toxicity hypothesis likely applies to other neurological disorders.
Usability Testing of Two Ambulatory EHR Navigators
Authors: Hultman Gretchen , Marquard Jenna , Arsoniadis Elliot , Mink Pamela , Rizvi Rubina , Ramer Tim , Khairat Saif , Fickau Keri , Melton Genevieve
Published: June 2016

Despite widespread electronic health record (EHR) adoption, poor EHR system usability continues to be a significant barrier to effective system use for end users. One key to addressing usability problems is to employ user testing and user-centered design.

To understand if redesigning an EHR-based navigation tool with clinician input improved user performance and satisfaction.

A usability evaluation was conducted to compare two versions of a redesigned ambulatory navigator. Participants completed tasks for five patient cases using the navigators, while employing a think-aloud protocol. The tasks were based on Meaningful Use (MU) requirements.

The version of navigator did not affect perceived workload, and time to complete tasks was longer in the redesigned navigator. A relatively small portion of navigator content was used to complete the MU-related tasks, though navigation patterns were highly variable across participants for both navigators. Preferences for EHR navigation structures appeared to be individualized.

This study demonstrates the importance of EHR usability assessments to evaluate group and individual performance of different interfaces and preferences for each design.

Citation: Hultman G, Marquard J, Arsoniadis E, Mink P, Rizvi R, Ramer T, Khairat S, Fickau K, Melton GB. Usability testing of two ambulatory EHR navigators.
Exploring Dental Providers’ Workflow in an Electronic Dental Record Environment
Authors: Schwei Kelsey , Cooper Ryan , Mahnke Andrea , Ye Zhan , Acharya Amit
Published: June 2016

A workflow is defined as a predefined set of work steps and partial ordering of these steps in any environment to achieve the expected outcome. Few studies have investigated the workflow of providers in a dental office. It is important to understand the interaction of dental providers with the existing technologies at point of care to assess breakdown in the workflow which could contribute to better technology designs.

The study objective was to assess electronic dental record (EDR) workflows using time and motion methodology in order to identify breakdowns and opportunities for process improvement.

A time and motion methodology was used to study the human-computer interaction and workflow of dental providers with an EDR in four dental centers at a large healthcare organization. A data collection tool was developed to capture the workflow of dental providers and staff while they interacted with an EDR during initial, planned, and emergency patient visits, and at the front desk. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was conducted on the observational data.

Breakdowns in workflow were identified while posting charges, viewing radiographs, e-prescribing, and interacting with patient scheduler. EDR interaction time was significantly different between dentists and dental assistants (6:20 min vs. 10:57 min, p = 0.013) and between dentists and dental hygienists (6:20 min vs. 9:36 min, p = 0.003).

On average, a dentist spent far less time than dental assistants and dental hygienists in data recording within the EDR.
Detection of one large insertion/deletion (indel) and two novel SNPs within the SPEF2 gene and their associations with male piglet reproduction traits
Authors: Chen Rui , Yu Shuai , Ren Fa , Lv Xiao Yan , Pan Chuan Ying
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The sperm flagella 2 (SPEF2) gene is essential for normal sperm tail development and male fertility. To fully characterize the structure of the mutation and to further study the function of the pig SPEF2 gene, we explored the insertion/deletion (indel) and novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the pig SPEF2 gene, and tested their associations with the testicular sizes in male Large White (LW) and Landrace (LD) pigs from China. Herein, a large insertion located at the SPEF2 gene in chromosome 16 was found, and two alleles of "I" (insertion) and "D" (deletion) were designated. Allele "D" was dominant in all analyzed pigs. Two novel SNPs (namely (NC_010458) g.19642G > A, resulting in AfaI aCRS PCR–PFLP, and g.19886C > G, resulting in EcoRI aCRS PCR–PFLP) were found in LW and LD pigs. Association testing revealed that g.19886C > G was significantly associated with the testis long circumference (TLC) in LW pigs (P < 0.05), suggesting that this SNP would be the DNA marker for the marker-assisted selection (MAS) in reproduction traits. This preliminary result indicates that the pig SPEF2 gene had significant effects on male reproduction traits. These findings could not only extend the spectrum of genetic variations in the pig SPEF2 gene but also contribute to implementing MAS in genetics and breeding in pigs.
The role of dew as a night-time reservoir and morning source for atmospheric ammonia
Authors: Wentworth Gregory R. , Murphy Jennifer G. , Benedict Katherine B. , Bangs Evelyn J. , Collett Jr. Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Several field studies have proposed that the volatilization of NH3 from evaporating dew is responsible for an early morning pulse of ammonia frequently observed in the atmospheric boundary layer. Laboratory studies conducted on synthetic dew showed that the fraction of ammonium (NH4+) released as gas-phase ammonia (NH3) during evaporation is dependent on the relative abundances of anions and cations in the dew. Hence, the fraction of NH3 released during dew evaporation (Frac(NH3)) can be predicted given dew composition and pH. Twelve separate ambient dew samples were collected at a remote high-elevation grassland site in Colorado from 28 May to 11 August 2015. Average [NH4+] and pH were 26 µM and 5.2 respectively and were on the lower end of dew [NH4+] and pH observations reported in the literature. Ambient dew mass (in g m−2) was monitored with a dewmeter, which continuously measured the mass of a tray containing artificial turf representative of the grass canopy to track the accumulation and evaporation of dew. Simultaneous measurements of ambient NH3 indicated that a morning increase in NH3 was coincident in time with dew evaporation and that either a plateau or decrease in NH3 occurred once the dew had completely evaporated. This morning increase in NH3 was never observed on mornings without surface wetness (neither dew nor rain, representing one-quarter of mornings during the study period). Dew composition was used to determine an average Frac(NH3) of 0.94, suggesting that nearly all NH4+ is released back to the boundary layer as NH3 during evaporation at this site. An average NH3 emission of 6.2 ng m−2 s−1 during dew evaporation was calculated using total dew volume (Vdew) and evaporation time (tevap) and represents a significant morning flux in a non-fertilized grassland. Assuming a boundary layer height of 150 m, the average mole ratio of NH4+ in dew to NH3 in the boundary layer at sunrise is roughly 1.6 ± 0.7. Furthermore, the observed loss of NH3 during nights with dew is approximately equal to the observed amount of NH4+ sequestered in dew at the onset of evaporation. Hence, there is strong evidence that dew is both a significant night-time reservoir and strong morning source of NH3. The possibility of rain evaporation as a source of NH3, as well as dew evaporation influencing species of similar water solubility (acetic acid, formic acid, and HONO), is also discussed. If release of NH3 from dew and rain evaporation is pervasive in many environments, then estimates of NH3 dry deposition and NHx ( ≡  NH3 + NH4+) wet deposition may be overestimated by models that assume that all NHx deposited in rain and dew remains at the surface.