bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral arterial spasm
Authors: Allen George S. , Gold Lawrence H. A. , Chou Shelley N. , French Lyle A.
Published: May 2009

✓ In vivo experiments in dogs demonstrated that physiological concentrations of serotonin, when injected intracisternally, caused cerebral arterial spasm that lasted for at least 3 hours. Comparable spasm was produced by the injection of blood containing approximately the same amount of serotonin. Phenoxybenzamine reversed both the spasm produced by pure serotonin and that produced by blood. A hypothesis of the etiology of cerebral arterial spasm is proposed based on the experimental results of the entire study.
The production of intracranial vascular spasm by hypothalamic extract
Authors: Wilson Jack L. , Feild James R.
Published: May 2009

✓ This study reports a new method for producing acute intracranial vascular spasm and compares it with the commonly used technique of injecting blood into the subarachnoid space. The data from this investigation provide angiographic evidence that extracts of hypothalamic tissue when injected into the cisterna magna of mongrel dogs will produce a high incidence (86%) of diffuse spasm in most intracranial vessels. Extracts of cerebral cortical tissue produced no constriction. The onset of spasm initiated by hypothalamic extract was later (1½ hours postinjection) and the duration of spasm longer (up to 5 or 6 hours) than that produced by the presence of blood. This indicates, then, that there are substances in certain brain tissues that could also be released into the cerebrospinal fluid and add to spasm produced by blood in the subarachnoid space.
Side of facial pain in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Wepsic James G.
Published: May 2009

✓ The side of facial pain was studied in 508 patients with unilateral trigeminal neuralgia. The pain was left-sided in 38%. There was no association between the side of facial pain and handedness, or in a smaller group between the side of facial pain and an elevated ipsilateral petrous apex. The apparent right-sided predominance of trigeminal neuralgia remains unexplained.
True traumatic aneurysm of anterior cerebral artery
Authors: Menezes Arnold H. , Graf Carl J.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of “true” traumatic intracranial aneurysm is reported.
Intrasellar gangliocytomas
Authors: Jakumeit Heinz-Dieter , Zimmermann Volker , Guiot Gerard
Published: May 2009

✓ Four cases of intrasellar gangliocytoma are reported because of their close clinical resemblance to tumors of the pituitary gland. Similar cases from the literature are discussed.
Spinal neuroblastomas
Authors: Balakrishnan Venkataraman , Rice Michael S. , Simpson Donald A.
Published: May 2009

✓ Nine cases of neuroblastoma and one of ganglioneuroma are discussed, and the value of gas myelography emphasized. The authors point out that neuroblastomas may make themselves known by cord compression, and are especially likely to do so in infancy. In patients under 1 year old, recognition of cord compression may be extremely difficult, but appropriate treatment is often curative, and early diagnosis is therefore imperative. In older children the prognosis is much worse.
Chronic subdural hematoma
Authors: Gjerris Flemming , Schmidt Kaare
Published: May 2009

✓ A controlled clinical trial was planned to compare the effect of mannitol treatment with surgical intervention in chronic subdural hematoma. It was discontinued after the first seven patients showed no response to mannitol therapy. We recommend that operative intervention be considered the treatment of choice.
Posterior epidural hematoma following subfrontal tumor removal
Authors: Lourie Herbert , Young Ronald F.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a patient who became comatose from an unsuspected epidural hematoma over the occipital and suboccipital areas 3 hours after removal of a huge subfrontal meningioma. The correct diagnosis was eventually made by angiography 27 days postoperatively. This most unusual complication should be considered when unexplained deterioration occurs immediately after frontal tumor removal.
Spinal subdural empyema complicating pregnancy
Authors: Heindel C. Craig , Ferguson J. Paul , Kumarasamy Thampu
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report the successful treatment of a patient with empyema of the spinal subdural space during the eighth month of pregnancy. The characteristics that distinguish this uncommon lesion from spinal epidural empyema are discussed.
A method for lengthening the distal catheter of a Pudenz ventriculoatrial shunt
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi , Tajima Masataka
Published: May 2009

✓ A simple method of lengthening the venous catheter in a ventriculoatrial shunt is described.
Computerized x-ray scanning of the brain
Authors: Ambrose James
Published: May 2009

✓ Computerized scanning of the brain is a new diagnostic x-ray method that utilizes modern electronic and computer technology for the measurement of the transmission of x-ray photons through tissue. The cranium is scanned in successive layers by a narrow beam of x-rays in such a way that the transmission of x-ray photons across a particular slice can be measured, and by means of a computer and a suitable algorithm used to construct a detailed differential picture of the internal structure and tissues of the brain.
Fenestrated vessels in human hemangioblastoma
Authors: Tani Eiichi , Ikeda Kimiyuki , Kudo Susumu , Yamagata Shogo , Higashi Noboru , Fujihara Eiichi
Published: May 2009

✓ The capillaries in two cerebellar hemangioblastomas were studied by thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques. Fenestrae were found in the attenuated portions of the endothelium, and plasmalemmal vesicles in the nonfenestrated portions. In freeze-fracture preparations the fenestrae of the endothelial plasma membrane were about 450 to 550 A in diameter. They appeared as holes and “necks” in clusters of about 40 to 60 per µm2. When the fracture plane passed in a stepwise fashion from the luminal plasma membrane into the contraluminal plasma membrane, the fenestrae at the fracture edge involved both plasma membranes.
Uptake of tritiated methotrexate by mouse brain tumors after intravenous or intrathecal administration
Authors: Ushio Yukitaka , Hayakawa Toru , Mogami Heitaro
Published: May 2009

✓ Malignant gliomas were induced in strain ddN mice by intracerebral implantation of a 20-methylcholanthrene pellet. The uptake and distribution of tritiated methotrexate (MTX-3H) in the tumor were investigated by radioactive assay and radioautography after single intravenous or intrathecal injections. By either route, a large amount of MTX-3H was taken up by gliomas, and a significantly higher concentration was observed in tumor than in the brain tissue. At 24 hours after intrathecal administration, the uptake of MTX-3H by gliomas exceeded that achieved after intravenous injection, although the drug dosage in the latter was 10 times that in the former.
Neurolysis and transposition of the ulnar nerve in leprosy
Authors: Enna Carl D.
Published: May 2009

✓ Neurolysis of the ulnar nerve is an accepted surgical procedure for the treatment of leprous neuritis. The indications for this procedure in leprosy differ from those in other conditions; the basis for performing the specific steps are explained, and the general results discussed.
Intracranial pressure in conscious rabbits after intraventricular reserpine
Authors: Edvinsson Lars , Nielsen Kai C. , Owman Christer , West Kurt A.
Published: May 2009

✓ Ventricular fluid pressure was measured continuously for 50 hours in conscious rabbits via a cannula implanted into the left lateral ventricle. Intraventricular injection of 25 µg reserpine (in a volume of 10 µl) resulted in increased pressure compared to that in non-injected controls during the first 7 to 10 hours. This was interpreted as depletion of noradrenaline in intracranial sympathetic nerves leading to increased cerebral blood volume and increased cerebrospinal fluid production. During the remainder of the experiment, the ventricular fluid pressure was reduced, probably due to a predominance of the central depressant effects of reserpine.
Meningeal-neural relations in the intervertebral foramen
Authors: Sunderland Sydney
Published: May 2009

✓ The relationship of the meninges internally to the nerve roots, posterior root ganglion, and spinal nerve, and externally to the wall of the intervertebral foramen, has been investigated. The neural structures and their coverings are not attached to the foramen. Only the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical spinal nerves have a strong attachment to the vertebral column, and this is to the gutter of the vertebral transverse process. The observations have relevance to any local lesion that may fix, deform, or otherwise affect the nerve and nerve roots to the point of interfering with their function. They may also be important to traction injuries of nerve roots.
Osteomyelitis of the skull in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood
Authors: McCallum Jack E. , Brand Edward , Selker Robert G.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of osteomyelitis of the skull in a child with chronic granulomatous disease is presented and the diagnosis and treatment discussed.
Sacral neurofibrosarcoma: an angiographic evaluation
Authors: Grnja Vladimir , Allen William E. , Osborn Dana J. , Kier E. Leon
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of an intrasacral neurofibrosarcoma with presacral extension is presented and its angiographic features described. Arteriography demonstrated a large vascular pre-sacral mass with multiple tumor vessels. Identification of the feeding vessels and the pre-sacral extent of the tumor as outlined by angiography played an important part in the management of this tumor.
Extrusion of abdominal catheter of ventriculoperitoneal shunt into the scrotum
Authors: Ramani P. S.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case is reported in which the peritoneal portion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt spontaneously slipped into the scrotum through an unobliterated processus vaginalis.
Kenneth George McKenzie, Canada's first neurosurgeon
Authors: Alexander Eben
Published: May 2009

✓ In his presidential address to the Society of Neurological Surgeons, the author commemorates a previous president of the society, Dr. Kenneth G. McKenzie, by relating reminiscences of his own and anecdotes told by colleagues and former residents of Dr. McKenzie.
Subtemporal craniectomy for recurrent shunt obstruction secondary to small ventricles
Authors: Epstein Fred J. , Fleischer Alan S. , Hochwald Gerald M. , Ransohoff Joseph
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report the cases of two shunt-dependent children with recurring ventricular catheter obstruction treated by subtemporal craniectomy with excellent results. It is suggested that the procedure permits some dilatation of the ipsilateral ventricle which in turn makes future catheter obstruction less likely.
An experimental model for chronic communicating hydrocephalus
Authors: James A. Everette , Flor William J. , Bush Mitchell , Merz Timothy , Rish Berkley L.
Published: May 2009

✓ A reliable technique is described for producing chronic communicating hydrocephalus in experimental animals. This involves the injection of Silastic into the basilar cisterns by way of a cisterna magna puncture. This model proves to be very useful in studying the physiology of chronic communicating hydrocephalus and allows the evaluation of the condition by isotope cisternography.
Serial plasma growth hormone concentration during selective removal of pituitary tumors in acromegaly
Authors: Allen John P. , Cook David M. , Greer Monte A. , Paxton Harold , Castro Albert
Published: May 2009

✓ The pituitary function of two patients with acromegaly was monitored before, during, and after selective transnasal pituitary adenomectomy. The purpose of the study was to verify the efficacy of this technique, and to see if there was normal function in the residual pituitary tissue. Following surgery, both patients showed clinical improvement with no evidence of significant anterior or posterior pituitary dysfunction. Concentrations of plasma growth hormone obtained serially during surgery were elevated prior to tumor removal but fell precipitously after adenomectomy. The half-life for immunoreactive growth hormone in these patients was less than 35 minutes. We conclude that selective transnasal pituitary adenomectomy is an effective treatment for pituitary tumors. Furthermore, our data suggest that the pituitary tumor in these patients did not arise because of excessive stimulation by hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor.
Sequential changes of vascular ultrastructure in experimental cerebral vasospasm
Authors: Fein Jack M. , Flor William J. , Cohan Stanler L. , Parkhurst John
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors describe the striking ultrastructural evolution of vacuolar degeneration of the media in subarachnoid arteries that have been in spasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Experimental inhibition of serotonin by antibiotic: prevention of cerebral vasospasm
Authors: Zervas Nicholas T. , Hori Hiroshi , Rosoff Chester B.
Published: May 2009

✓ Cerebral arterial spasm was induced in four groups of monkeys by transorbital puncture of the middle cerebral artery. Oral administration of kanamycin was found to inhibit the spasm, and reserpine also interfered with its development. Desoxypyridoxine, a pyridoxine antagonist, did not. Protection from vasospasm occurred only when blood serotonin levels were reduced more than 75%.
Arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms, and pregnancy
Authors: Robinson Julian L. , Hall Christopher S. , Sedzimir Carol B.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a retrospective study of 146 patients to assess the extent to which aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and pregnancy interact. The natural history of the lesions was modified if the women became pregnant. Clinical syndromes, diagnosis, neurosurgical and obstetrical management, and treatment are discussed.
Transient midbrain syndromes as a complication of vertebral angiography
Authors: Brillman Jon , Howieson John
Published: May 2009

✓ Two cases of “Weber's syndrome” and one of “Benedikt's syndrome” resulting from complications of vertebral angiography are presented. The neurological deficits were transient. Comparable reports are reviewed. The possible role of previously existing vascular anomalies or disease is discussed.
Fine structure of an intracerebral epithelial cyst
Authors: Ghatak Nitya R. , Hirano Asao , Kasoff Samuel S. , Zimmerman H. M.
Published: May 2009

✓ The wall of an intracerebral extraventricular cyst was studied with the electron microscope. The lining of the cyst consisted of a single layer of nonciliated, flattened or cuboidal epithelium similar to that in an ependyma. Unlike the ventricular ependyma, the lining cells of the cyst were bordered by a continuous basement membrane abutting on the leptomeninges or on the compressed brain tissue and thus shared some morphological similarities with the choroid plexus epithelium. Although pathogenesis of the cyst remains obscure, the fine structure of the lining cells is suggestive of their neuroepithelial origin. The occurrence of abundant pinocytotic vesicles in these cells further suggests the possibility of cellular transport of fluid to account for the continued expansion of the cyst.
Epidural lipoma producing spinal cord compression
Authors: Bender John L. , Van Landingham John H. , Manno Nicholas J.
Published: May 2009

✓ Two cases of epidural lipoma producing spinal cord compression are reported and discussed.
Extradural ossification following an extradural hematoma
Authors: Iwakuma Tsutomu , Brunngraber Carl V.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a case in which the surgical removal of an extradural hematoma was followed by extradural ossification.
Balloon catheterization and occlusion of major cerebral vessels
Authors: Serbinenko F. A.
Published: May 2009

✓ A balloon catheter technique for catheterization of human cerebral blood vessels is described. Temporary occlusion of different cerebral vessels was successfully accomplished in more than 300 cases, including investigations of collateral blood flow, intraarterial pressure, brain temperature, the vital staining of tumors, and the introduction of chemical agents. Temporary occlusion of the internal carotid artery makes possible angiography of the external carotid, while occlusion of separate branches of the external carotid permits selective angiography of its functioning branches. The balloon catheter is valuable in investigating arteriovenous and carotid-cavernous fistulas. With the help of a detachable balloon it is possible to occlude the cavity of arterial aneurysms or the afferent vessels of arteriovenous aneurysms; it is also useful as a means to shut off the blood flow to arterial aneurysms and carotid-cavernous fistulas when access is difficult. A method for reconstruction of the cavernous part of the carotid artery in cases of carotid-cavernous fistulas is described.
Melanotic nerve sheath tumors
Authors: Mandybur Thaddeus I.
Published: May 2009

✓ A solitary intraspinal, extradural melanotic tumor was subtotally resected in a 59-year-old man who had a 17-year history of radicular pain and later evidence of progressive spinal cord compression. The neoplasm revealed the histological features of a benign nerve sheath tumor with massive but uneven melanin production. In electron micrographs the tumor cells contained masses of melanosomes of the type seen in normal skin melanocytes and in B type melanocarcinomas. In the 16-month postoperative period there has been only minimal radiological indication of local recurrence and no metastases.
Epilepsy after nonmissile depressed skull fracture
Authors: Jennett Bryan , Miller J. Douglas , Braakman Reinder
Published: May 2009

✓ Of 1000 patients with nonmissile depressed skull fractures, 10% had early epilepsy (first week) and 15% developed late epilepsy. The risk of late epilepsy varied widely but could be predicted from clinical data 1 week after injury. In more than one-third of the patients with depressed fractures the risk of late epilepsy is less than 4%, but in some patients it is over 60%. The risk is increased if posttraumatic amnesia exceeds 24 hours, if the dura is torn, if there are focal signs, or if there has been early epilepsy.
Primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain in a renal transplantation recipient
Authors: Cho Eun-Sook , Connolly Eugene , Porro Robert S.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain (microgliomatosis) is reported in a kidney transplant recipient treated with immunosuppressants, the second such case seen at this institution. Hypotheses for the mechanism of lymphoma development in this situation are reviewed, and the remarkable predilection for the brain is pointed out.
Arteriovenous malformation in the basal ganglia
Authors: Ribaric Ivan I.
Published: May 2009

✓ The author reports the successful surgical treatment of an arteriovenous malformation of the basal ganglia. Follow-up angiography verified that the single supplying artery had been clipped. The operative approach to the malformation is discussed.
Subarachnoid hematoma following lumbar puncture causing compression of the cauda equina
Authors: Rengachary Setti S. , Murphy Daniel
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of conus and cauda equina compression caused by a subarachnoid hematoma is reported which was probably due to needle trauma during an attempted lumbar puncture.
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome
Authors: Lake Peter A.
Published: May 2009

✓The author reports three cases of anterior interosseous syndrome, two spontaneous and one traumatic, all confirmed by electromyography. The characteristics of 26 comparable cases previously reported are reviewed and discussed. The author recommends surgical exploration for patients who do not show clinical or electromyographic improvement after 6 weeks.
Transplantation of nervous system tumors in diffusion chambers
Authors: Conley Frances K.
Published: May 2009

✓ Preliminary experience with heterologous transplantation of human glial tumors to rats using an easily assembled diffusion chamber is detailed. The method allows for short-term (1 to 2 weeks) survival of human neoplasms in isolation from the host tissues, with maintenance of the original tumor architecture.
Response of cultured human glioblastomas to radiation and BCNU chemotherapy
Authors: Mealey John , Chen Tsu T. , Shupe Robert
Published: May 2009

✓Individual and combined effects of ionizing radiation and chemotherapy with 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on glial tumor cells were assessed in cultures derived from human glioblastomas. Drug and radiation exposures were performed on cell monolayers in 0.02 ml wells of microtest plates. Response to treatment was determined from serial observations on surviving populations in the original wells and comparisons with matched control cultures. Chemosensitivity was more variable than radiosensitivity in cell lines derived from five different glioblastomas: BCNU caused growth inhibition of 4% to 85% in doses of 8 µg/ml for 3 days compared to a 40% to 73% reduction after 400 rads of radiation. These findings were all significant statistically. Single doses above 600 to 800 rads appeared lethal, causing widespread loss of cells or transformation into giant forms that did not multiply. The doseresponse curves after BCNU and radiation treatment of cultured glial tumor cells were exponential, demonstrating that both modalities affected a constant fraction of the exposed cell populations according to dose. The observations on radiosensitivity of human glial tumor cells conformed to the generally known responses of cultured normal and neoplastic mammalian cells to ionizing radiation. BCNU in the higher doses tested acted as a possible radiosensitizing agent to potentiate the lethal effects of radiation since an increased rate of cell loss was demonstrated in glioma cultures exposed to this drug and radiation compared to those treated only by irradiation. These results in a controlled experimental environment support the concept that a combination of BCNU and radiation therapy should increase the time of survival of patients with malignant gliomas.
Enlarged anterior spinal artery as collateral circulation
Authors: Karasawa Jun , Kikuchi Haruhiko , Furuse Seiji , Sakaki Toshisuke , Makita Yasumasa
Published: May 2009

✓The authors report and discuss two cases in which collateral circulation could be angiographically demonstrated passing through the anterior spinal artery. Case 1 proved to have occlusions of the left internal carotid artery and both vertebral arteries. The basilar artery was visualized via the anterior spinal, the primitive trigeminal, and primitive otic arteries. The presence of multiple vascular malformations and an abnormal anterior spinal artery suggested that the latter had been functioning as collateral circulation since an embryonic stage. In Case 2, both internal carotids and both vertebral arteries were occluded by arteriosclerotic changes. It was assumed that the deleted anterior spinal artery visualized angiographically had developed into a collateral circulation with increasing age.
Importance of veins in partial cerebral lobectomy
Authors: Kaplan Harry A. , Browder Jefferson
Published: May 2009

✓The patterns of cerebral cortical veins of the frontal, temporal, and occipital poles were studied and recorded in a series of 286 specimens of fresh cadaver brains. Attention is called to potential zones of infarction and regional edema that may follow indiscriminate surgical occlusion of these veins. Resultant increase in total cerebral volume may defeat the objective of the partial lobectomy, namely, an effective internal decompression. A basic technique for partial cerebral lobectomy is suggested.
Synovial cyst of spinal facet
Authors: Kao Chun C. , Winkler Stefan S. , Turner J. H.
Published: May 2009

✓The authors report a case in which a true synovial cyst was found attached to a cervical facet joint. The differential diagnosis involving herniated cervical disc as well as other types of extradural cyst is discussed. The anatomically oriented term “juxta-facet cyst” is proposed to include both ganglion and synovial cysts seen in this area.
Surgical treatment of an aneurysm on the funnel-shaped bulge of the posterior communicating artery
Authors: Yoshimoto Takashi , Suzuki Jiro
Published: May 2009

✓The authors document angiographically the development of a large aneurysm from the funnel-shaped bulge at the origin of the left posterior communicating artery.
Histiocytosis-x of the spinal cord
Authors: Salcman Michael , Quest Donald O. , Mount Lester A.
Published: May 2009

✓The authors present a case in which there was direct invasion of the spinal canal and its contents by a granuloma of histiocytosis-x, and emphasize the importance of considering this condition as a cause of spinal cord and cauda equina syndromes.
Acoustic neurinoma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: McCoyd Kevin , Barron Kevin D. , Cassidy Robert J.
Published: May 2009

✓An acute subarachnoid hemorrhage arising from a neurinoma of the eighth cranial nerve is reported.
Precautions in conducting biopsies and autopsies on patients with presenile dementia
Authors: Traub Roger D. , Gadjusek D. Carleton , Gibbs Clarence J.
Published: May 2009

✓Precautions are recommended for operating room and autopsy room procedures involving patients with presenile dementia. These patients may have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a transmissible disease caused by a virus likely to be extremely resistant to inactivation.
Presurgical transfemoral catheter embolization to reduce operative blood loss
Authors: Hekster Ruben E. M. , Matricali Bartolomeo , Luyendijk Willem
Published: May 2009

✓The authors report the technical details of a case in which, to reduce operative hemorrhage, branches of the external carotid artery feeding a large convexity meningioma were preoperatively embolized with Gelfoam plugs. The total blood loss during the successful resection of the tumor was 500 ml.
A disposable ventriculostomy apparatus
Authors: Ark Gary D. Vander , Stecher Karl
Published: May 2009

✓Instructions for constructing a “homemade” ventriculostomy apparatus are given.
Experimental augmentation of regional cerebral blood flow by microvascular anastomosis
Authors: Fein Jack M. , Molinari Guy
Published: May 2009

✓ Intracranial surgical procedures for cerebrovascular occlusive disease have become feasible with the development of microvascular surgical techniques. This study assesses the ability of microanastomoses of the superficial temporal and cortical arteries to augment cerebral blood flow after clip occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the dog. The ischemic insult was marked by a variable degree of regional flow depression but consistent disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Significant augmentation of cerebral blood flow was noted after anastomosis to cortical arteries in proximity to the occlusion and was associated with a characteristic widening of the pressure flow hysteresis loop obtained on autoregulatory testing. Survival was noted only in those animals demonstrating a measurable flow increase, although the latter could not be correlated with specific degrees of neurological improvement.
Site and mechanism for compression of the venous system during experimental intracranial hypertension
Authors: Nakagawa Yoku , Tsuru Mitsuo , Yada Kenzoh
Published: May 2009

✓ The pressure gradient of the venous pathway between the cortical vein and superior sagittal sinus was measured in adult mongrel dogs by recording the pressures of the bridging vein, lateral lacuna (proximal portion), and superior sagittal sinus, together with the systemic blood pressure while gradually increasing the intracranial pressure up to the level of mean systemic blood pressure. The pressure gradient between the lateral lacuna and the superior sagittal sinus was also measured under increased intracranial pressure. Pressures of the bridging vein and lateral lacuna were constantly 50 to 250 mm H2O higher than the intracranial pressure, regardless of the level of intracranial pressure. An abrupt drop in the intraluminal pressure was observed at a point 1 to 2 mm proximal to the junction of the lateral lacuna and the superior sagittal sinus, regardless of the level of intracranial pressure. It is concluded that gradual stenosis of the parasagittal venous pathways took place 1 to 2 mm proximal to the junction between the lacuna and the superior sagittal sinus, and thus cortical venous pressure was maintained 50 to 250 mm H2O higher than intracranial pressure. The authors believe that an “intracranial venous pressure regulation mechanism” exists at the junction of the lateral lacuna and the superior sagittal sinus.
Experimental catecholamine-induced chronic cerebral vasospasm
Authors: Alksne John F. , Greenhoot Jerry H.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a new experimental model for the study of delayed intracranial arterial spasm in monkeys. The injection of norepinephrine into the prepontine cistern produces an intense immediate vasospasm that disappears in minutes and is followed by a second stage of vasospasm that persists for 8 to 10 days. Electronmicroscopic examinations of the basilar artery removed during the second stage of this spasm reveal myonecrosis of the media, with fragmentation of myofibrils, dissolution of the sarcolemma, and interstitial edema.
External carotid-cavernous sinus fistula diagnosed by common carotid arteriography
Authors: Wener Louis , Chiro Giovanni Di , Mendelsohn Robert A.
Published: May 2009

✓ An external carotid-cavernous fistula diagnosed by serial common carotid arteriography is reported. The diagnosis was reached on the basis of the difference in time between filling of the distal internal and external carotid arteries and the visualization of the fistula.
Arteriovenous malformation in the posterior fossa supplied by the external carotid circulation
Authors: Graf Carl J. , Menezes Arnold H.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a case in which the blood supply of a posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation was derived entirely from the external carotid artery.
Percutaneous management of ventricular catheter obstruction
Authors: Hummel Errett E. , Ono Hirohisa , Gallo Anthony E.
Published: May 2009

check; A technique is described for placement of ventricular shunt catheters which allows later nonoperative relief of obstruction within the proximal catheter. Operative revision of occluded ventricular catheters may often be avoided by percutaneous aspiration and irrigation of foreign material, thus decreasing the morbidity associated with shunt revision.
Instrumentation for cervical wire fusion
Authors: Batzdorf Ulrich , Gregorius F. Karl
Published: May 2009

✓ Difficulties encountered in passing the wires for cervical fusions have been significantly diminished by new wire-passing and wire-twisting instruments and the use of very slight flexion at the atlantooccipital interspace, maintained by a threepoint headrest.
Cerebral circulation after head injury
Authors: Overgaard Jørn , Tweed William A.
Published: May 2009

✓ Measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean intraventricular pressure (MIVP), CSF acid-base status, and tests of autoregulation and CO2 reactivity of 43 patients were made at varying times after severe closed head injury. There was a distinct hyperemia or “luxury perfusion” in the acute phase of 1 to 14 days, followed by recovery to normal or below normal values. Metabolic CSF acidosis was found with hyperemia and probably reflected severe, diffuse cortical injury. Distinct regional CBF abnormalities, either ischemic or hyperemic, were only observed in regions of focal pathology. Severe ischemia, hyperemia, persistent elevation of MIVP, or generalized “vasoparalysis” indicated an unfavorable prognosis. Autoregulation was impaired and CO2 reactivity was reduced after injury, but both had usually returned to normal by 14 days.
Follow-up study of 103 American soldiers who sustained a brain wound in Vietnam
Authors: Carey Michael E. , Young Harold F. , Rish Berkley L. , Mathis Jacob L.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a follow-up study of 103 American soldiers who were treated for brain wounds at one neurosurgical facility in Vietnam. The estimated mortality after evacuation from the war zone was 6% to 8%. Severe brain wounds, meningitis, and pulmonary emboli accounted for the majority of the late deaths. Thirty-four per cent had post-debridement complications such as retained bone fragments (16%), infection (15%), cerebrospinal fluid leaks or wound dehiscence (2%). Removal of retained intracerebral bone was associated with occasional complications but unquestionably prevented several late brain abscesses; only two patients in this series developed a late brain abscess. About half of those who were evacuated from Vietnam with retained intracerebral bone harbored fragments that were contaminated with bacteria.
The effect of dexamethasone on the rate of formation of cerebrospinal fluid in the monkey
Authors: Martins Albert N. , Ramirez Archimedes , Solomon Lewis S. , Wiese G. Michael
Published: May 2009

✓ The standard ventriculocisternal perfusion technique was used to determine what effect a single large intravenous dose of dexamethasone would have on CSF formation rate in the rhesus monkey over a 4-hour period. Three monkeys received 0.15 mg/kg, four received 0.4 mg/kg and five served as the untreated controls. With time, CSF formation rates decreased in both treated and control groups. The magnitude of the decrease in the treated and untreated controls did not differ significantly. We conclude that the therapeutic benefit of dexamethasone for intracranial spatial decompensation derives from a mechanism of action that leaves the rate of CSF formation unchanged.
Experimental cerebral hemodynamics
Authors: Dewey Richard C. , Pieper Heinz P. , Hunt William E.
Published: May 2009

✓ Application of Burton's concept of the critical closing pressure to experimental data on brain-blood flow in the monkey suggests that perfusion pressure, not vascular bed resistance, is the primary variable affecting cerebral blood flow. Perfusion pressure for the cerebral circulation is the mean arterial pressure minus the critical closing pressure (MAP — CCP). Vasomotor tone and intracranial pressure are the major determinants of the critical closing pressure. Changes in either of these variables, therefore, affect perfusion pressure and flow. Data on brain-blood flow at fixed vasomotor tone obtained over wide pressure ranges show little change in vascular bed resistance despite significant changes in flow. The diameter of resistance vessels probably does not change significantly throughout the normal physiological range of cerebral blood flow. The limits of the critical closing pressure in the anesthetized monkey are from 10 to 95 mm Hg. Using these limits, and beginning with the average values for MAP and CCP in 11 awake monkeys breathing room air, the authors present theoretical flow curves in response to changes in intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure that closely approximate the data reported in man.
Spinal pachymeningitis secondary to mucopolysaccharidosis
Authors: Paulson George W. , Meagher John N. , Burkhart John
Published: May 2009

✓ A rare case of cervical pachymeningitis secondary to mucopolysaccharidosis is reported.
Microsurgical cordotomy by the anterior approach
Authors: Hardy Jules , LeClercq Toussaint A. , Mercky François
Published: May 2009

✓ A technique of selective anterior cordotomy with the operative microscope is described. The anterior approach is preferred on anatomical grounds since the anterior quadrant is in full view without manipulation of the cord and because the anterior spinal artery is readily identified, allowing the cut to be close to the midline and in an avascular space. The benign postoperative course of the technique in poor risk patients is emphasized.
Experiences with surgical thrombosis of intracranial berry aneurysms and carotid cavernous fistulas
Authors: Mullan Sean
Published: May 2009

✓ The results of 61 cases of stereotaxic thrombosis of intracranial berry aneurysms indicate that the technique in selected cases is comparable to, but not necessarily superior to standard surgical methods. The results of wire-induced thrombosis in 15 cases of giant intracranial aneurysm suggest that this method is effective in situations where clipping and encapsulation are inapplicable. The results of thrombosis in six cases of carotid cavernous fistula suggest that intracavernous wire thrombosis may prove to be the treatment of choice in that it seals the fistula without impairing carotid blood flow.
High cervical intradural lipoma
Authors: Drapkin Allan J.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of intradural spinal cord lipoma in the high cervical region is presented and eight similar cases reviewed. Analysis of these nine cases discloses a well-delineated clinical picture. Evaluation of cases of scapulohumeral muscular “dystrophy” may lead to the detection of other such cases.
Mechanisms of cervical nerve root avulsion in injuries of the neck and shoulder
Authors: Sunderland Sydney
Published: May 2009

✓ The author reviews the mechanisms of traumatic spinal nerve root avulsion and proposes a new interpretation.
Recurrent and multiple suture closures after craniectomy for craniosynostosis
Authors: Norwood Christopher W. , Alexander Eben , Davis Courtland H. , Kelly David L.
Published: May 2009

✓ Six cases of craniosynostosis are reported in which recurrent and multiple closure of cranial sutures occurred after craniectomy and insertion of polyethylene film. In all patients there was closure of a second and sometimes a third suture as well as reclosure of the treated suture. In four children the second operations were done before the age of 18 months; none had increased intracranial pressure preoperatively and three who are living have normal intelligence. In two children, the second operations were not done until after the age of 3 years; both had increased intracranial pressure preoperatively, and both are now mentally retarded.
A neuroanatomical basis for the bobble-head doll syndrome
Authors: Russo R. Harris , Kindt Glenn W.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of the bobble-head doll syndrome in association with aqueductal stenosis is presented. The relationship between the dilated third ventricle and adjacent thalamic nuclei as well as the somatotopic motor pattern of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus is discussed.
The straight sinus
Authors: Saxena R. C. , Beg M. A. Q. , Das A. C.
Published: May 2009

✓ The dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa of 86 adult human cadavers has been examined grossly after the injection of India ink through the confluence of sinuses in order to visualize the extent, communications, and tributaries of the straight sinus. Variations from the textbook description of formation by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein are described and discussed.
Spinal arachnoid cysts
Authors: Palmer Jacques J.
Published: May 2009

✓ Six cases of symptomatic spinal arachnoid cysts are presented. All lesions but one were intradural. Although these cysts are frequently indistinguishable clinically from spinal cord tumors, their correct early diagnosis by myelography and treatment by excision or marsupialization gives gratifying results. The authors emphasize that precise diagnosis and definitive treatment are sometimes delayed because of intermittent symptoms.
Recurrent fulminating meningitis 20 years after head injury
Authors: Sengupta R. P. , Garvan N.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of recurrent fulminating meningitis 20 years after head injury is reported. Herniation of brain tissue into the frontal sinus through a growing fracture at the base of the skull was responsible for the infection.
Cholesterol granuloma of the petrous apex
Authors: Wyler Allen R. , Leech Richard W. , Reynolds Arden F. , Ojemann George A. , Mead Carl
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a cholesterol granuloma that originated from the sphenoid sinus, eroded through the petrous apex, and presented as a tumor of the cerebellopontine angle. The differences between these rare tumors and cholesteatomas are discussed.
Bipolar coagulator with automatic thermocontrol
Authors: Sugita Kenichiro , Tsugane Ryuichi
Published: May 2009

✓ An all-transistorized bipolar coagulator has been designed featuring a thermocontrolling mechanism which consists of a thermocouple concealed in the tip of the forceps. This avoids the complication of the adherence of tissue to the coagulating instrument.
Progression of partial experimental injury to peripheral nerve
Authors: Hudson Alan R. , Kline David G.
Published: May 2009

✓ Biopsies from partially lacerated nerves were taken at the sites of proximal stimulus, laceration, and distal recording, and from stimuli and recording sites of control nerves. Electron microscopic examination of the partially lacerated major fasciculus revealed three zones of injury. The laceration zone showed neurotemetic changes, the adjacent or intermediate zone, partial degeneration, and the zone most peripheral to the laceration, changes in ground substance. Progression of the original injury is apparently due to ongoing changes in the intermediate and peripheral zones while much of the relative early recovery is due to reversal of changes in these zones. Regeneration through the laceration or neurotemetic zone is limited but does account for a small amount of late recovery of function.
Acute subdural hematomas
Authors: Fell David A. , Fitzgerald Sean , Moiel Richard H. , Caram Pedro
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report 144 cases in which acute subdural hematomas resulting from closed head injury were surgically treated. The mortality rate was 48% for those treated within 24 hours of injury and 45% for those treated within 72 hours. Patients under 10 years of age had a 33% mortality, while 69% of those over 60 years died. In the first 6 years of the series, 75% of the patients were treated by multiple burr holes and a subtemporal craniectomy, with a mortality of 41%; in the last 6 years, 92% of the patients had large craniotomies with a 45% mortality. Of the 32 survivors among the last 60 patients treated, nine require full nursing home care, eight have returned to their own homes, 12 are able to care for themselves but not work, and three have returned to work.
Exposure of two interspaces for lumbar disc surgery
Authors: Hudgins W. Robert
Published: May 2009

✓ In a study of matched pairs of patients with a single ruptured disc, exploration of an additional lumbar interspace did not increase the morbidity of surgery. The author believes that the desire to avoid additional surgery does not, by itself, justify routine myelography.
Loss and recovery of vision with suprasellar meningiomas
Authors: Gregorius F. Karl , Hepler Robert S. , Stern W. Eugene
Published: May 2009

✓ Central visual acuity losses were documented in a group of 23 patients with surgically and histologically verified suprasellar meningiomas. The pattern demonstrated was that of acute, gradual or fluctuating loss in one eye, followed by later loss of central acuity in the other eye. Both optic nerves and chiasm were invariably involved either by stretching or compression. Neither preoperative field abnormalities nor central acuity deficits could be correlated with the anatomical location of the tumor, nor could postoperative changes in vision be correlated with tumor size. Lengthy duration of acuity loss and severe visual deficit did not preclude postoperative recovery of vision. Improvement in sight most frequently occurred within the first several weeks after operation, and further return of vision was not noted after 1 year.
Electrothrombosis of carotid-cavernous fistula
Authors: Hosobuchi Yoshio
Published: May 2009

✓ The author describes a technique for directly closing a carotid cavernous fistula with electrothrombosis while preserving the intracranial arterial circulation. Copper wires are introduced through the superior ophthalmic vein or a frontotemporal craniotomy, and thus directly into the portion of the sinus into which the fistula drains; if posterior, into the posterior segment of Parkinson's triangle, if inferior, into the pterygoid plexus, and if anterior, through the sphenoparietal sinus and/or middle cerebral vein to the anterior-inferior portion of the sinus. A direct current is applied until a thrombus is confirmed angiographically and the wires are left in place. Four patients treated by this method are presented.
Retrieval of detached shunt catheter from the heart
Authors: McCulloch Glenn A. J. , Cartledge James Mcp.
Published: May 2009

✓ A method of removing a detached ventriculoatrial shunt catheter from the heart is described.
Experience with a shunt system using the third ventricle
Authors: Gutierrez-Lara Fernando , Hakim D. Salomon
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors present a technique involving placement of a catheter in the third ventricle in shunt systems for hydrocephalus, in order to avoid obstruction of the proximal catheter by particles of chorioid plexus. They emphasize the simplicity of the technique, lack of morbidity, and the good results they have obtained in 30 cases with a follow-up from six to 40 months.
Long-term results of Gasserian ganglion electrocoagulation
Authors: Menzel Jürgen , Piotrowski Wolfgang , Penzholz Helmut
Published: May 2009

✓ This report is a follow-up study of 315 patients under 46 years old who suffered from trigeminal neuralgia and were treated by electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. The average follow-up period was 12.7 years, the maximum 33 years. Eighty percent had a return of pain, but 96.7% ultimately attained freedom from pain after repeat electrocoagulation.
Local spinal cord blood flow in experimental traumatic myelopathy
Authors: Kobrine Arthur I. , Doyle Thomas F. , Martins Albert N.
Published: May 2009

✓ Focal blood flow was measured in the lateral funiculus and center of the spinal cord in the rhesus monkey both before and after a 600 gm-cm injury at T-10. Measurements made by the hydrogen clearance technique showed that blood flow in the lateral funiculus more than doubled within 4 hours after injury, returned to normal by 8 hours, and remained in the normal range for 24 hours. At no time was a hypoperfusion in the lateral funiculus present. Blood flow in the center of the spinal cord, at the level of the lesion, began to fall within 1 hour following injury and continued to fall for 4 hours. These data challenge the notion that spreading ischemia of the white matter is an important factor in the pathophysiology of experimental spinal cord injury.
Malignant metastasizing angioblastic meningiomas
Authors: Palacios Enrique , Azar-Kia Behrooz
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report and discuss the unusual clinical and roentgenographical features of three cases of angioblastic meningioma with extracranial metastases. The primary lesions occurred in the cervical canal, the parasagittal region, and the posterior fossa. Metastases were to lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys.
Experience with videotape monitoring of microscopic neurosurgical procedures
Authors: Housepian Edgar M. , Unger William H. , Scharff Timothy B. , Thompson William , Dukore Linda
Published: May 2009

✓ This report describes technical details of a low-cost color videotape system for monitoring microneurosurgical procedures. The participation of audiovisual specialists was proven essential in insuring maximum effectiveness of these projects.
Fracture dislocation of the cervical spine with gross displacement
Authors: Bailey Ian C.
Published: May 2009

✓ A case of cervical spine injury is presented in which complete displacement of one vertebral body was accompanied by only mild quadriparesis.
Posttraumatic bilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Jacques Skip , Shelden C. Hunter , Rogers D. Thomas , Trippi Anthony C.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report a case of bilateral posttraumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion. Previously reported unilateral cases are reviewed and possible pathophysiological mechanisms disscussed.