bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of oxygen therapy by head box for acute respiratory failure in infants
Authors:   3rd Pediatrics Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Badiu Tisa Ioana , Butnariu Angela ,   3rd Pediatrics Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Miu Nicolae ,   2nd Pediatrics Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca Romania, Samasca Gabriel ,   Department of Immunology, “Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Bolboaca Sorana D. ,   Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, “Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Published: July 2022

Oxygen therapy is the main treatment method for acute respiratory failure in children. The method consisting in the administration of oxygen therapy by head box to infants is frequently used in pediatric practice. Objectives. To evaluate the efficiency of oxygen therapy administered by head box to infants suffering from pneumonic acute respiratory failure by comparing two methods for measuring hemoglobin oxygen saturation: in arterialized capillary blood and by pulse oximetry. Material and method. 30 infants suffering from pneumonic acute respiratory failure were studied. We used a clinical appraisal score for acute respiratory failure, which appraises respiratory rate, nasal flaring, recession, cyanosis, sensorial, before and after oxygen therapy. In arterialized capillary blood we measured partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and we used an Automatic Blood Gas System analyzer. We also measured hemoglobin oxygen saturation using a pulse oximeter. Determinations were made before the initiation of oxygen therapy, and 30 minutes and 60 minutes after the initiation of oxygen therapy. Results. As compared to the baseline values, determined before the initiation of oxygen therapy, we recorded a statistically significant improvement in the clinical score both after 30 minutes and 60 minutes from the initiation of oxygen therapy (p<0.001). The improvement was greater after 60 minutes. The increase in the partial pressure of oxygen was statistically significant both at the 30 minute and 60 minute determination (p<0.001). Both methods of SaO2 measurement recorded statistically significant increases (p<0.001) in this variable after 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. Conclusions. Oxygen therapy administered by head box improves acute respiratory failure appraised by clinical score. The administration of oxygen therapy by head box to infants significantly increases the values of partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin oxygen saturation measured in capillary blood, as well as the values of hemoglobin oxygen saturation determined by pulse oximeter both after 30 minutes and after 60 minutes. The increases in the three parameters are larger after 60 minutes. There is statistically significant concordance between the values of hemoglobin oxygen saturation determined in capillary blood and by pulse oximetry at all determinations.
Prognostic value of hematological parameters in childhood respiratory tract infections
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine in English, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania, Schäfer Katharina , Sasaran Maria Oana ,   Department of Pediatrics III, Faculty of Medicine in English, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
Published: July 2022

Introduction. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) represent a growing burden among pediatric populations, as their potential progression towards acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI), which requires hospitalization and can be light-threatening without adequate supportive measures. Several recent studies have tried to investigate the role of non-invasive depictable parameters, such as those easily determined through a complete blood count (CBC), in the prediction of potentially complicated RTIs. The aim of the current study is to assess whether changes in hematological parameters can predict the development of respiratory insufficiency in children with RTIs. Material and methods. A retrospective study was conducted on 80 patients hospitalized for RTIs, divided into two groups based on their complication by ARI: children with RTI and ARI (group 1-30 patients) and children with RTI, uncomplicated with ARI (group 2-50 patients). Patients with a previously known chronic or hematological disorder were excluded from the study. A CBC was carried out in each patient and C-reactive protein (CRP) values were also determined. Moreover, RT-PCR testing for SARS-COV2 infection was carried out in each child. Results. There were no significant differences in most of the hematological parameters analyzed between the two groups, with the exception of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which exhibited lower values in study group 1. Insignificant differences in parameters of CBC were also found when performing a separate analysis on the subgroup of patients infected with SARS-COV2. However, significantly higher CRP values were found in subjects with RTIs complicated by ARI. An important decrease in hemoglobin levels, under 10 mg/dl, was not positively associated with a complicated outcome of RTIs. Conclusion. Hematological parameters, with the exception of MCHC, are not predictive of ARI in children diagnosed with RTIs. A separate analysis on cases diagnosed with SARS-COV2 infection revealed similar, insignificant results. Further studies, conducted on larger populations, could provide more data regarding the role of hematological parameters in the prediction of RTIs’ severity.
The importance of SARS-CoV-2 testing in pediatric population
Authors:   Pediatrics Clinic, County Emergency Hospital Targu-Mures, Romania, Demenciuc Rodica , Melit Lorena Elena ,   ”George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania, Fleseriu Tudor ,   Department of Infectious Disease, County Clinical Hospital Targu Mures, Romania, Marginean Cristina Oana ,   ”George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania
Published: July 2022

Pediatric population associates multiple peculiarities in terms of SARS-CoV-2 regarding the differences of symptoms in comparison to adults, but also the higher incidence of asymptomatic cases. The aim of these case reports is to underline the importance of SARS-CoV-2 testing in pediatric patients. The first case describes the case of a 2-year and nine-month-old child admitted to the Pediatrics Clinic I Targu Mures for involuntary ingestion of toxic substance. The clinical exam pointed out a mild hyperemia of pharynx and small lymph nodes under the mandibula, on the side area of the neck and above the clavicula; and the laboratory tests pointed out leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and one of the liver transaminases above the normal limit. In spite of the presentation concerns, the patient was tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, with positive result. The evolution was favorable during the admission. The second case describes a 3-year and 8-month-old male patient brought in the emergency department with the suspicion of foreign body aspiration, but the bronchoscopy revealed only purulent secretion in the trachea and bronchia. The RTPCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection was negative on the admission day, but due to the slowly favorable evolution, the patient was retested on the 5th day of admission, with positive result. The testing of pediatric patients independently of the symptoms and the clinical setting might carry a higher importance in limiting the viral transmission.
SELF CONCEPT, STUDENT ENGAGEMENT DAN SCHOOL WELL-BEING PADA PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH
Authors: Rahman Syahnur , Fauziyyah Diyana Maliha , Utari Nurul Shabilla Nindya , Sihotang Verena Patrin
Published: July 2022

School is one environment that has an influence on individuals. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-concept, student engagement, and school well-being. The method used in this research is a literature study and descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Researchers collect data and information related to self-concept, student engagement, and school well-being through supporting data sourced from research journals both nationally and internationally which are search results from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Elsevier. This research study shows that self-concept and student engagement in school can affect school well-being in students during distance learning.
EFEKTIFITAS REINFORCEMENT POSITIF TERHADAP KEAKTIFAN SISWA KELAS VI PADA MATA PELAJARAN TEMATIK DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH 14 SURABAYA
Authors: Ningrum Galuh Candra , Yusril Ilham , Septiana Yesi , Nen Danieltus , Kusnadi Starry Kireida
Published: July 2022

Education is one of the important things in development a country. To be able to improve the quality of education, the government has made various efforts, including through improving educational facilities and infrastructure, various kinds of training to improve teacher competence, and changing the education curriculum on a regular basis, this is done so that it has a positive impact on improving the quality of education (in Andriyani, Yesi, 2018). Students are those who are specifically submitted by parents to take part in learning at schools with the aim of becoming human beings who have knowledge, skills, experience, personality, character and independence (in Ali, 2010). In this study, there were 296 students at Muhammadiyah 14 Elementary School in Surabaya with details of 165 male students and 131 female students. Class 6 has 49 students who are divided into 2 classes,25 students are in class 6A and 24 students in class 6B. Using research methods in theform of experiments where the effect of manipulation on the dependent variable is then measured after the treatment (in Sukma 2014). This research is One-Group Pretest Posttest Design. Where this research can be useful to provide information about the relationship between reinforcement and student activity.
Hemoglobin Level and Risk of Anemia in Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infections among Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Alnaz Ahmad Razi Maulana , Darlan Dewi Masyithah , Andriyani Yunilda , Lubis Rodiah Rahmawaty
Published: July 2022

Introduction. Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH) is a Neglected Tropical Disease with almost 25% world population infected. Children were vulnerable to infection with morbidities affecting growth. STH infection alters children nutritional status which potentially causing anemia. Meta-analysis relating STH infections to hemoglobin (Hb) level and risk of anemia in children is limited.
Aim. To compare hemoglobin levels and risk of anemia in children infected and uninfected with STH.
Methods. Meta-analysis conducted from journals obtained from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, WileyLibrary, Cochrane, EBSCO, Proquest, DOAJ, and GoogleScholar from 2011-2021. Full text cross sectional studies on children with relevant topic is included, while unclear, inaccessible, or post interventional studies were excluded. Articles were analyzed in Review Manager 5.4 in mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) with Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%.
Result. Out of 25,683 articles in literature search, 29 were eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. STH infection significantly decreases hemoglobin level (MD -0.2g/dL; p=0.02) and increases risk of anemia (OR 1.83; p<0.00001). Species analysis presented parallel result on Trichuris trichiura (MD -0.31g/dL; p=0.001 and OR 1.66; p=0.009), Hookworm (MD -0.56g/dL; p=0.02 and OR 3.3; p<0.00001), and multiple infection (MD -0.25g/dL; p=0.03 and OR 4.49; p=0.005). Ascaris lumbricoides didn’t show significance on hemoglobin level but comparable for risk of anemia (MD -0.16g/dL; p=0.17 and OR 1.57; p=0.001).
Discussion. All STH infections exhibits lower hemoglobin level and higher risk of anemia caused by lower nutrition absorption and occult bleeding in gastrointestinal tract. Hookworm and multiple infections has the highest risk of anemia. Proportion of anemia may vary in studies and influenced by sociodemographic characteristics, but higher proportions occur in STH infected.
Conclusion. Children infected with STH has lower hemoglobin level and in risk of anemia compared to uninfected children, hence further study is still needed to be conducted.
Keywords: Anemia, Children, Hemoglobin, Infection, Soil Transmitted Helminths
Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy in Periprocedural Period of Elective Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: Tsonev Nikolay , Vandeva D. , Toncheva K. , Zvezdov D.
Published: July 2022

Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are widely used drugs for cardiovascular prevention and reducing the risk of thromboembolic events. Gastrointestinal bleeding represents a serious complication of their use. Gastrointestinal endoscopy is related to bleeding risk – there is bleeding risk stratification according to endoscopic procedures (high- and low-risk ones). Treatment with antithrombotic drugs in the periprocedural endoscopic period is based on balancing the bleeding risk against the thromboembolic risk. Antithrombotic agents in endoscopic procedures with lower bleeding risk are not needed to be withheld. It is recommended temporary discontinuation of antithrombotic treatment in high-risk endoscopic procedures and to consider the use of “bridging” therapy with LWMH for patients on Vitamin K antagonists who are at high thrombotic risk. Evaluating cardiovascular risk and management of antithrombotic therapy could be a challenge for gastrointestinal endoscopists, therefore, collaboration with a cardiologist is of great importance, at least for some patients.
Prevalence and Current Scenario of HPV in Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Minhas Sadia , Sajjad Aneequa , Chaudhry Rabia Mushtaq , Rehman Zobaria , Syeda Batool , Kashif Muhammad
Published: July 2022

AIM: The present study was designed to compile and screen data regarding HPV-related reported diseases to evaluate the status of HPV infection in Pakistan.

METHODS: The literature on the prevalence of HPV in Pakistan was searched in Google Scholar and other search engines using various keywords.

RESULTS: A total of 39 studies published from 2007 to 2018 were reviewed. About 7341 participants have been screened for HPV in Pakistan for the past 11 years, and according to this meta-analysis, the reported HPV prevalence was 23.1%. The highest HPV prevalence rate was observed among cervical cancer cases (80.4%) followed by normal cervical region (61.8%) and oral cancer (40.4%), respectively.

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of HPV in Pakistan reflects the raised burden of HPV-associated diseases. The health-care system needs to be more organized in terms of awareness and screening programs, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease to reduce the burden of HPV in Pakistan.
Cellulose Sponge, the Detector of Esophageal Cancer: Innovation for Early Detection of Esophageal Cancer without Biopsy?: A Mini Review
Authors: Hidayah Nurul , Salsabila Yuna Annisa
Published: July 2022

Patients with esophageal cancer each year can reach 400,000 people. Inefficient screening methods and worsening symptoms, patients often come late. Squamous cell carcinoma, which is the cause of esophageal cancer, has percentage of 84% of all cancer incidences. So far, the current screening strategy is endoscopy with biopsy. This screening has the main side effect of bleeding in metaplastic area. Cellulose Sponge, the Detector of Esophageal Cancer (CaSPER), can be used for screening without a biopsy using a cellulose sponge. The method used in this mini review is an evidence-based method that focuses on evaluating pre-existing journals. The result is that CaSPER is able to provide strong cellular results of 98%, specificity of 100%, and sensitivity of 97%. Capsules made of glucose and cytosponge of cellulose will bring the metaplastic cells to the sponge. This screening is feasible, safe, comfortable, and without side effects. Using trefoil factor 3 as biomarker is able to distinguish between goblet and pseudogoblet cells. CaSPER is minimally invasive, cheaper, and easily accepted, so that in the future it is hoped that it can be mass produced, especially for areas with high esophageal cancer.
Patient Education Strategies among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Huriani Emil , Wahid Irza , Machmud Rizanda , Abdullah Khatijah Lim
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: There is a need to summarize the effect of existing research-based education strategy on patients’ physical condition, health behaviour change, as well as psychosocial well-being in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AIM: to review and synthesis relevant studies on patient educational strategy and its effect on patients’ physical condition, health behaviour change, as well as psychosocial well-being in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, Academic Search Ultimate, CINAHL-EBSCO, and PubMed. Articles were selected by predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Assessment of methodological quality of each study was executed using The Downs and Black scale.
RESULTS: Nineteen studies (3588 patients with myocardial infarction) were included. Educational intervention methods ranged from face-to-face method only, face-to-face method in combination with telephone call(s), the combination of both face-to-face method and telephone call(s) with one other method. Outcome measured on each study varied and the effectiveness of the intervention in at least one of their outcome measures demonstrated in 17 studies.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the pivotal role of patient education on the management of myocardial infarction patient.
 
Key-words: coronary heart disease, education, educational strategy, learning needs, systematic review
Comparison between Dura-Splitting Technique with Duraplasty in Symptomatic Patients with Chiari Malformation Type I: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Mahadewa Tjokorda Gde Bagus , Awyono Steven , Maliawan Sri , Golden Nyoman , Niryana I Wayan
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: There are many surgical procedures for CIM patients, posterior fossa decompression with fibrous band excision, with additional duraplasty, or syringosubdural shunt for syringomyelia related CIM. Prospective studies have been carried out but yet no conclusion, on which one is the best option. The objective of this study was to assess qualitatively the outcome of posterior fossa decompression with dura-splitting (PFDDS) technique compared to posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty (PFDDP) for treating CIM patients.

AIM: This study aimed to give us a preference while conducting surgery in a patient with Chiari malformation type I (CIM) between posterior fossa decompression with incision of the fibrous band of the dura (dura-splitting/DS) technique and duraplasty (DP) technique.

METHODS: The analysis conducted using PRISMA flowchart with PICO framework (Patient: Chiari malformation type I patient over preschool age; Intervention: Dura-splitting; Comparison: Duraplasty; and Outcome: Complication rate, length of stay, reoperation rate, syrinx reduction, symptomatic improvement, and operation time) and already registered for meta-analysis study with database searching from PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar that following inclusion criteria: (1) Original study; (2) study that compares DS and DP in CM- I; and (3) patient age over preschool age.

RESULTS: A review of five included studies involving 458 patients met the inclusion criteria, in which 319 patients treated with DS surgery and 139 for DP surgery for this study. Significantly DS technique correlated lower rate of complication (RR = 0.20; p < 0.0001), shorter length of stay (MD = −3.53; p = 0.0002), and shorter operation time (MD = −58.59; p = 0.0004). No significant differences in reoperation rate (RR = 1.90; p = 0.22), symptom improvement (RR = 1.12; p = 0.44), and syrinx reduction (RR = 1.11; p = 0.56) were noted.

CONCLUSIONS: Posterior fossa decompression using the DS technique is associated with a lower rate of complication, shorter length of stay, and shorter operation time. However, no significant differences were found in the reoperation rate, symptom improvement, and syringomyelia reduction between these two techniques.
Changing of Balanced Nutrition Behavior and the Immune System during the New Normal Era of COVID-19 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Nadimin Nadimin , Adam Adriyani , Imrawati Imrawati , Imran Ali
Published: July 2022

LATAR BELAKANG : Kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan selama era New Normal COVID-19. Selain menerapkan protokol kesehatan, gizi seimbang untuk mendukung daya tahan tubuh sangat penting untuk mencegah dampak lanjutan dari kontraksi COVID-19.
TUJUAN: Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi pola perilaku gizi seimbang sebelum dan selama penerapan konsep New Normal di Sulawesi Selatan.
 METODE : Survei potong lintang terhadap penduduk berusia 15 tahun ke atas yang tinggal di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dilakukan pada bulan November hingga Desember 2021 dengan menggunakan kuesioner online. Survei dilakukan melalui WhatsApp dengan menyebarkan tautan kuesioner. Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan dengan software SPSS v.16.0. Perbedaan pola gizi seimbang sebelum dan selama era New Normal dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Signed-Rank dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05.
 
HASIL : Kajian menunjukkan bahwa pola konsumsi masyarakat menurun secara signifikan selama penerapan konsep New Normal, terutama komposisi makanan (p=0,000), makanan hewani (p=0,000), sayuran (p=0,000), buah (p=0,000), dan susu (p=0,000).
 KESIMPULAN : Penerapan perilaku New Normal menurunkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam mengkonsumsi gizi seimbang di Sulawesi Selatan. Dengan demikian mungkin berkontribusi pada penurunan sistem kekebalan tubuh.
The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in Malnutrition Mechanism in CKD-5 HD Patients
Authors: Widiasih Esti , Subagio Hertanto Wahyu , Lestariningsih Lestariningsih
Published: July 2022

Patients with terminal stage chronic kidney disease who have undergone hemodialysis (PGK-5 HD) have a high risk of developing malnutrition, which is characterized by wasting protein-energy and micronutrient deficiencies. Studies show a high prevalence of malnutrition in CKD-5 HD patients. The pathogenic mechanisms of malnutrition in CKD-5 HD are complex and involve the interaction of several pathophysiological changes including decreased appetite and nutrient intake, hormonal disturbances, metabolic imbalances, inflammation, increased catabolism, and abnormalities associated with dialysis action. A clear understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of malnutrition in CKD-5 HD is required to develop strategies and interventions that are appropriate, effective, and reduce negative clinical outcomes. This article is a review of the pathophysiological mechanisms of malnutrition in CKD-5 HD patients caused by chronic inflammation due to intestinal dysbiosis.
Fifteen Years of Sustainable Development in Emergency Medical Services under the Emergency Medicine Act of Thailand
Authors: Apiratwarakul Korakot , Tiamkao Somsak , Bhudhisawasdi Vajarabhongsa , Cheung Lap Woon , Ienghong Kamonwon
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Thailand’s emergency medical services (EMSs) are constantly evolving both in terms of personnel and technology in pre-hospital care. While sustainable development goals (SDGs) are used in part as a catalyst for development in all countries, there are currently no studies regarding the relationship between EMS research and SDGs in Thailand.

AIM: This study aims to analyze how Thailand’s EMS research was affected after the National Institute for Emergency Medicine (NIEM) was established and how SDGs are related.

METHODS: This was an analytical cross-sectional database study. Data were collected in the Scopus database with Thailand’s EMS records between 2008 and 2022. Three experienced emergency physicians were enrolled independently in this study for the purpose of giving opinions and feedback on the research.

RESULTS: The three experts of this study are qualified emergency physicians in Thailand. The greatest number of the expert’s publications from the Scopus database was 117 articles. The greatest number of citations was 3994. The 175 documents were analyzed with three experts reviewing all documents and then narrowing it down to 25 documents. The most common SDG found in documents was Goal 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING.

CONCLUSIONS: The development of Thailand’s EMS after the establishment of NIEM varied in aspects ranging from triage systems and care in ambulances to vehicle selection and technology. Goal 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING occurred most frequently in publications regarding SDGs in EMS studies.
Predictive Estimations for Patients Who Have Suffered From Acute Cerebrovascular Accident and Have Undergone Rehabilitation
Authors: Abilova Guljakhan , Kamkeh Vitaly , Kalmatayeva Zhanna
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Acute cerebral circulation disorder is known to be one of the main causes of morbidity, mortality, long-term disability, and the overall so-called disability in society. Prevention of acute cerebral circulation disorder, mortality after acute cerebral circulation disorder, methods of rehabilitation after acute cerebral circulation disorder are studied all over the world, but there are so few studies in the literature on the relationship between rehabilitation and survival of patients after acute cerebral circulation disorder.

AIM: The aim is to study the features of survival among patients who have suffered from acute cerebral circulation disorder (hereinafter referred to as ACCD) and have undergone rehabilitation.

METHODS: Based on the register statistics on cases of acute cerebral circulation disorder among Almaty residents, the association of the fact of rehabilitation with a fatal outcome was studied and a survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meyer method.

RESULTS: In patients with acute cerebral circulation disorder who have not undergone rehabilitation, the chances of a fatal outcome increase by 3.830 times, in comparison with patients who have received an appropriate course of recovery. With the postponement of rehabilitation, the probability of death in patients with acute cerebral circulation disorder increased by 6−10%. The average survival rates in patients who did not receive a rehabilitation course are significantly lower compared to those who underwent rehabilitation: the average survival was 87 years (CI95% 87.0−87.0) and 82 years (CI95% 80.3 ÷ 83.7), respectively, (Log-rank test: test statistics χ2 = 7.916, for DF = 1, p = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion that can be drawn is that the early rehabilitation care increases the probability of survival among patients who have undergone ACCD. At the same time, the predictive parameters of an unfavorable outcome are the sexual characteristic and the type of acute cerebral circulation disorder.
BRICS: The 2008 financial crisis and economic performance
Authors: Agarwal Manmohan , Azim Rumi , Kumar Sushil
Published: July 2022

The 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) resulted in a deterioration of the economic condition in developing countries with lower growth of per capita GDP, a decline in the share of exports of goods and services in GDP, and a worsening of the external balance. After a limited initial impact, growth rates declined in all the economies and were substantially lower in all the BRICS countries in the period 2015–2019 than before the crisis. Two of them, Brazil and South Africa, experienced a drop in per capita GDP during 2015–1019. Export performance suffered and the external balance worsened for all BRICS countries. The BRICS share of world GDP increased mainly because of the rapid growth in China and to a lesser extent in India. The relative size of per capita GDP in Brazil, Russia and South Africa decreased between 2001–2007 and 2015–2019. Furthermore, the average per capita GDP in Brazil and South Africa decreased compared to that of the world. BRICS, however, fared better in trade. Both their share of world trade and the share of trade in their GDP increased. The BRICS countries have strong trade links with other developing countries and have become more stable after the GFC, thereby contributing to the performance of the global economy. There are strong growth linkages among the member countries. Trade relations are dominated by China. BRICS, however, failed to comply with G20 commitment made at the 2014 Brisbane summit to raise the rate of growth by 2% by 2018. The authors undertook a time series analysis to investigate the relationship between growth of per capita income, the share of gross fixed investment in GDP, the share of exports of goods and services in GDP, and the share of external balance in GDP. We found out that usually, but not for all BRICS countries, capital formation had a positive effect on growth, while the external deficit had a negative effect.
Future urban growth scenarios and ecosystem services valuation in the Tepic-Xalisco Metropolitan area, Mexico
Authors: Avalos Jiménez Armando , Flores Vilchez Fernando , Gómez Delgado Montserrat , Aguilera Benavente Francisco , Nájera González Oyolsi
Published: July 2022

Currently, there is a need to establish new territorial planning instruments focused on sustainable development. The simulation of spatial scenarios is an essential tool to evaluate different alternatives for urban planning. The objective of this work was to explore future urban growth through the analysis of landscape patterns and the economic quantification of ecosystem services of three prospective scenarios, simulated towards the horizon year 2045. Each scenario was formulated, based on the application of different socioeconomic, political and environmental development strategies whose actions have a direct impact on land-use changes. The starting point was an urban growth simulation model, based on Cellular Automata with Markov Chains (CA-Markov), developed from previous work for the study area. Three scenarios were constructed with the intention of showing the spatial characteristics of three different alternatives of the evolution of future urban growth and through them, quantify the economic value and the consequences that would occur in the territory due to the effect of the different decisions taken. Landscape metrics were applied to detect the spatial processes and patterns of urban growth for each of the simulated scenarios and, finally, the costs of ecosystem services associated with the loss or gain of territory (that each of the different land covers and land uses would contribute) were quantified. The three simulated scenarios revealed that the Tepic-Xalisco Metropolitan Zone (MZ) will be in a process of urban coalescence in the next 30 years; and that the path designed to move towards an Industrialisation Scenario (ES2-IN) estimates economic losses of more than $31 million dollars per year for the ecosystem services associated particularly with the reduction of forest cover.
Three new species of Xiphocentron Brauer, 1870 (Trichoptera, Xiphocentronidae) from Mexico
Authors: Bueno-Soria Joaquin , Vilarino Albane , Barba-Alvarez Rafael , Ballesteros-Barrera Claudia
Published: July 2022

Three new species of the genus Xiphocentron (Trichoptera, Xiphocentronidae) are described from Nearctic and Neotropical regions of Mexico. Xiphocentron (Glyphocentron) flinti sp. nov. has a very unique morphology distinguished by the presence of long spines on the preapical and apical margin of tergum X. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) holzenthali sp. nov. is diagnosed by tergum IX, with the apical margin bearing a narrow, rounded, mesal emargination and by a spiny projection near the basal plate. These species are the first records of the family in northwestern Mexico. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) pineroi sp. nov. is recognized, when observed in lateral view, by its less elongate genitalia and the sinuous mesal sclerite of the inferior appendage. Additionally, we provide detailed illustrations of Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) rhamnes Schmid, and an updated list of the distribution of the genus Xiphocentron in Mexico.
Caddisflies (Trichoptera) checklist and a new species of Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856, from the Brejo de Altitude de Triunfo, a relict rainforest within the Caatinga domain, Northeast Brazil
Authors: Cavalcante-Silva Amanda , Pereira Rafael , Calor Adolfo Ricardo
Published: July 2022

Brejos de Altitude are evergreen seasonal forests, associated with plateau regions in the middle of the Caatinga domain in Northeast Brazil, which possibly acted as biological corridors between the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon rainforest during the Pleistocene. The first entomological survey in the highest point in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, the Brejo de Altitude de Triunfo, was implemented and resulted in a checklist of caddisflies with six families, nine genera, and eleven species, including a new species. Helicopsyche ralphisp. nov. is described and illustrated, based on all semaphoronts. A key to Brazilian Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson, 1998 species is also provided. In addition to the caddisfly survey in the Brejos de Altitude, the results include new records for the state, region, and also for the country. Thus, this study updates the number of species in the Brazilian Northeast region and Pernambuco state to 169 species and 43 species, respectively.
Notalina (Neonotalina) ﻿ralphi sp. nov. (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae), a new long-horned caddisfly from the Cerrado biome of Brazil, with new records for ﻿N. (﻿Neonotalina) ﻿brasiliana Holzenthal, 1986 and an identification key
Authors: Silva Pereira Erica , Oliveira Ian , Desidério Gleison Robson , Calor Adolfo , Hamada Neusa
Published: July 2022

The long-horned caddisfly genus Notalina Mosely, 1936 contains 27 species divided into two subgenera. The Neotropical N. (Neonotalina) Holzenthal, 1986 occurs exclusively in South America. Its species are organized into two species groups, brasiliana and roraima. Nine species have been recorded so far in Brazil, mainly distributed in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes of Southeast Region, and only one species has been recorded from the Central-West and Northeast Regions. In this paper a new species of N. (Neonotalina) is described and illustrated based on adult males from two protected and preserved areas in the Cerrado biome of Brazil. Notalina (Neonotalina) ralphisp. nov. belongs to the brasiliana species group and can be recognized mainly by the morphology of the preanal appendages and segment X. New distributional records are provided for N. (Neonotalina) brasiliana Holzenthal, 1986. Additionally, a key to identify males of the ten species in the brasiliana species group is provided.
Review and redescription of species in the brasiliana group of Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, Smicrideinae): exploration of the utility of geometric morphometrics as a method for delimitation and characterization of species in the genus
Authors: Sganga Julieta V. , Sganga Daniela E. , Iglesias Mónica S.
Published: July 2022

TheSmicridea brasilianaspecies group includes five species distributed in northeastern Argentina and Brazil: Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) brasiliana (Ulmer), S. (R.) weidneri Flint, S. (R.) vermiculata Flint, S. (R.) arobasis Flint, and S. (R.) nanda Flint. The original descriptions of these species and their placement in thebrasilianaspecies group were mainly based on the morphology of the male genitalia. However, the fine structure of the internal sclerites of the phallus, which proved to be useful for species delimitation, was not analyzed at the time. In this contribution, we provide a detailed description of the male genitalia and the morphology of the head, and analyze the shape of the wings using geometric morphometrics. The analyzed species can be easily differentiated by the shape of the phallus, especially by the structure of the internal sclerites, the shape of the head in dorsal view, and the shape of the cephalic setose warts. Furthermore, the geometric morphometric approach allowed their separation through the wing shape. The preliminary analysis of these features suggests that thebrasilianaspecies group is not natural but its monophyly should be further tested within the framework of a phylogenetic analysis of all the species of the subgenus Rhyacophylax.
Pouvoir politique et grand patronat au Maroc
Authors: Zeroual Abdellatif
Published: July 2022

Le pouvoir politique au Maroc entend mettre en œuvre un « nouveau modèle de développement » qui ne semble pas remettre en cause le pacte tacite unissant la monarchie et le grand patronat qui a structuré les politiques économiques depuis 60 ans. Cet article vise justement à mettre en évidence les dispositifs et les moyens qui permettent au pouvoir politique de maintenir et de préserver ce pacte. Ces mécanismes agissent sur trois niveaux : les ressources qui permettent d’accéder au groupe patronal, la hiérarchie des positions à l’intérieur de ce dernier et les prises de position individuelles et collectives qui s’expriment en son sein. Classification JEL : O55, P16, Z13
Refraction Shift After Nd:YAG Posterior Capsulotomy in Pseudophakic Eyes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tan Yuan , Zhang Jiaqing , Li Wei , Jin Guangming , Luo Lixia , Liu Zhenzhen
Published: July 2022

PURPOSE:

To explore ocular refraction shift after Neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) posterior capsulotomy in pseudophakic eyes.

METHODS:

A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases until November 10, 2021. Studies on the evaluation of changes in spherical equivalent (SE), cylindrical error (CE), or anterior chamber depth (ACD) after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy were included in the meta-analysis. The review was registered in the international platform of registered systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (INPLASY202120059).

RESULTS:

A total of 805 eyes from 18 studies were included in the final analysis. The pooled mean differences in SE from baseline to postoperative follow-up points were not significant (1 hour: 0.04 diopters [D], 95% CI: −0.13 to 0.21,
P
= .644; 1 week: 0.04 D, 95% CI: −0.12 to 0.20,
P
= .640; 1 month: 0.05 D, 95% CI: −0.06 to 0.16,
P
= .349). There was no significant difference between baseline CE and any subsequent visit (1 week: 0.14 D, 95% CI: −0.06 to 0.33,
P
= .172; 1 month: 0.17 D, 95% CI: −0.04 to 0.38,
P
= .108). No statistical difference in ACD from baseline was observed either (1 hour: 0.01 mm, 95% CI: −0.07 to 0.09,
P
= .846; 1 week: −0.12 mm, 95% CI: −0.24 to 0.01,
P
= .079; 1 month: −0.06, 95% CI: −0.14 to 0.01,
P
= .110).

CONCLUSIONS:

Neither ocular refraction nor ACD changed within 1 month after laser capsulotomy, suggesting laser capsulotomy did not affect ocular refraction in short-term observation.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2022;38(7):465–473.]
Objective and Subjective Quality of Vision After SMILE for High Myopia and Astigmatism
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Archer Timothy J. , Vida Ryan S. , Carp Glenn I. , Reinstein Julia F. R. , McAlinden Colm
Published: July 2022

PURPOSE:

To report subjective and objective quality of vision (QoV) results for high myopic small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) between −9.00 and −13.00 diopters (D).

METHODS:

This was a prospective study recruiting 114 patients undergoing SMILE with attempted spherical equivalent refraction (SEQ) correction from −9.00 to −13.00 D, and cylinder up to 5.00 D. Patients were informed before surgery of the increased risk of QoV symptoms. Patients completed the Rasch validated QoV questionnaire. Objective QoV was assessed by corneal and whole eye aberrations, HD Analyzer Objective Scatter Index (OSI) (Keeler), and contrast sensitivity. Patient satisfaction was assessed on a scale from 0 (very dissatisfied) to 10 (very satisfied). Individual item and total Rasch-scaled scores for the three subscales (frequency, severity, and bothersomeness) of the QoV questionnaire were calculated before and 12 months after surgery.

RESULTS:

The mean patient satisfaction score was 9.27 ± 1.18 (range: 2 to 10), 8 or higher in 93%, and 7 or higher in 98% of patients. One patient with a satisfaction score of 2 had a simple refractive error re-treatment and then reported a satisfaction score of 10. The total mean ± standard deviation Rasch-scaled QoV score for the frequency, severity, and bothersomeness subscales before surgery was 24 ± 19, 20 ± 16, and 19 ± 18, respectively. Scores increased after surgery to 41 ± 18, 32 ± 16, and 30 ± 21, respectively (
P
< .001). Corneal aberrations (6 mm, OSI) increased on average by 0.39 µm for spherical aberration, 0.41 µm for coma, and 0.56 µm for higher order aberrations root mean square. OSI increased on average by 0.58. There was a small but statistically significant improvement in contrast sensitivity at 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles per degree. There were no statistically significant correlations found between subjective scores for starbursts and objective measurements.

CONCLUSIONS:

Satisfaction was high following SMILE for high myopia. As expected, there was an increase in QoV symptoms, mainly glare and starbursts. The acceptance of QoV symptoms for high myopic SMILE was high, indicating that residual refractive error and visual acuity are the major drivers for patient satisfaction with appropriate preoperative informed consent.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2022;38(7):404–413.]
IOL Power Calculation in Eyes Undergoing Combined Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty and Cataract Surgery
Authors: Knutsson Karl Anders , Savini Giacomo , Hoffer Kenneth J. , Lupardi Enrico , Bertuzzi Federico , Taroni Leonardo , Schiano-Lomoriello Domenico , Paganoni Giorgio , Rama Paolo
Published: July 2022

PURPOSE:

To assess the accuracy of different corneal powers for intraocular (IOL) power calculation in combined Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and cataract surgery and investigate whether preoperative parameters correlate to the prediction error (PE).

METHODS:

This prospective case series involved patients with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy receiving combined DMEK and cataract surgery. Preoperatively, patients underwent optical biometry and anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT). AS-OCT measurements were repeated 6 months postoperatively, when final refraction was assessed. The PE was calculated using the preoperative average keratometry (K
ave
) measured by the optical biometer and User Group for Laser Interference Biometry (ULIB) constants. It was also calculated, after constant optimization, using the preoperative K
ave
from both devices and the total corneal power (TCP) measured by AS-OCT, as well as the postoperative K
ave
and TCP measured by AS-OCT.

RESULTS:

ULIB constants resulted in the highest hyperopic PE (
P
< .0001). Constant optimization improved the results, because the PE was zeroed out and the absolute PEs decreased. No significant difference was found among the Barrett Universal II, Emmetropia Verifying Optical 2.0, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Kane, and SRK/T formulas. Further improvement was achieved with the postoperative K
ave
and TCP, although the accuracy remained moderate. The PE based on preoperative corneal measurements was correlated to the amount of corneal flattening; the latter could be predicted by multiple linear regression accounting for anterior and posterior corneal radii (
P
= .0002) and was correlated to the preoperative anterior/posterior ratio.

CONCLUSIONS:

Constant optimization is beneficial for combined DMEK and phacoemulsification. Predicting postoperative corneal flattening may improve the results of IOL power accuracy.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2022;38(7):435–442.]
Intracorneal Ring Segment Implantation Results in Corneal Mechanical Strengthening Visualized With Optical Coherence Elastography
Authors: Torres-Netto Emilio A. , Hafezi Farhad , Kling Sabine
Published: July 2022

PURPOSE:

To quantify the mechanical impact of intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation of different dimensions in an ex vivo eye model.

METHODS:

A total of 30 enucleated porcine eyes were assigned to ICRS implantation (thickness: 300 µm, angle: 120°, 210°, or 325°), tunnel creation only, or virgin control groups. For mechanical evaluation, each globe was mounted on a customized holder and intraocular pressure (IOP) was increased in steps of 0.5 mm Hg from 15 to 17 mm Hg, simulating physiologic diurnal IOP fluctuations. At each step, an optical coherence tomography volume scan was recorded. Deformations between subsequent scans and the locally induced axial strains were analyzed using a vector-based phase difference method. The effective E-modulus was derived from the overall induced strain as a measure of global mechanical impact.

RESULTS:

ICRS implantation increased the effective E-modulus from 146 and 163 kPa in virgin and tunnel-only eyes to 149, 192, and 330 kPa in eyes that received a 5-mm optical zone ICRS with 120°, 210°, and 325° arc length, respectively; and to 209 kPa in a 6-mm optical zone ICRS with 325° arc length. The most consistent effect was a shift toward positive strains in the posterior stroma by 0.1% to 0.46% (factor 1.15 to 2.15) after ICRS surgery.

CONCLUSIONS:

ICRS implantation reduces the overall tissue strain under the load of the IOP and provokes posterior tissue relaxation. This effect is more prominent the longer the arc length and the smaller the optical zone of the ICRS is. ICRS have not only a geometrical, but also a mechanical impact on corneal tissue. This behavior might have clinical implications when ICRS implantation is performed in biomechanically weakened keratoconic corneas.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2022;38(7):459–464.]
Effective Optical Zone Following Small Incision Lenticule Extraction for Myopia Calculated With Two Novel Methods
Authors: Huang Yangyi , Ding Xuan , Han Tian , Fu Dan , Yu Zhiqiang , Zhou Xingtao
Published: July 2022

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the effective optical zone (EOZ) following small incision lenticule extraction in myopic eyes using two novel methods and investigate factors influencing postoperative EOZ.

METHODS:

In this prospective study, 45 patients (45 eyes) with a mean spherical equivalent of −5.82 ± 1.58 diopters underwent SMILE and were observed during a 6-month follow-up. Postoperative EOZ was calculated using custom software that automatically distinguishes EOZ on the tangential curvature difference map (EOZc) and total corneal refractive power map (EOZp) of the Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH). The agreement between the two methods, the difference between postoperative EOZ and programmed optical zone (POZ), and its relationship with parameters including corrected spheres, cylinders, ablation ratio (ablation depth/central cornea thickness), and Q-value change were investigated.

RESULTS:

The EOZc area was 20.76 ± 2.43 mm
2
(diameter: 5.04 ± 0.60 mm) and the EOZp area was 20.22 ± 4.70 mm
2
(diameter: 5.13 ± 0.30 mm). Both were significantly smaller than POZ (
P
< .001). Bland-Altman plots showed 4.44% (2/45) points located outside the 95% limits of agreement. EOZc and EOZp reductions were negatively related to corrected cylinders (
r
= −0.631,
P
< .001 and
r
= −0.594,
P
< .001, respectively). EOZp reduction was positively correlated with corrected spheres (
r
= 0.336,
P
= .024). Subgroup analysis revealed significant differences in EOZc and EOZp reduction between low and high astigmatism groups despite myopia degree.

CONCLUSIONS:

EOZ after incision lenticule extraction, measured using two novel methods, was smaller than POZ. The reduction of EOZ was negatively correlated with the corrected cylinders.

[
J Refract Surg.
2022;38(7):414–421.]