bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CrVI→CrV Transition in Uranyl Chromium Compounds: Synthesis and High‐temperature X‐ray Diffraction Study of Cs2[(UO2)2(CrO4)3]
Authors: Siidra Oleg I. , Nazarchuk Evgeny V. , Kayukov Roman A. , Bubnova Rimma S. , Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: July 2013

Single crystals of Cs2[(UO2)2(CrO4)3] (1) were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The structure of 1 is based upon 2‐dimensional uranyl chromate layers with the composition [(UO2)2(CrO4)3]2–. The cesium atoms are located in the interlayer under “bulbs” centered at the Cr(2)O4 tetrahedra. The thermal behavior of 1 was studied in air. The diffraction maxima of 1 gradually disappear at approximately 450 °C. At this temperature, peaks of Cs2[(UO2)2(Cr2O8)] (2) appear indicating reduction of Cr6+ to Cr5+. Thermal expansion of 1 and 2 is anisotropic. Thermal expansion of the crystal structure of 1 in the [001] direction is greater than that in the other directions, while thermal expansion in the ab plane is uniform. Thermal expansion of 2 is strongly anisotropic as well with the higher expansion along the direction approximately perpendicular to the layers (along the a axis). The high‐temperature study demonstrates that stable uranyl compounds with Cr5+ may form not only from hydrothermal aqueous solutions, but also as a result of high‐temperature solid‐state reactions.
A discrete‐mechanical approach for computation of three‐dimensional flows
Authors: Abali B.E. , Müller W.H. , Georgievskii D.V.
Published: July 2013

Dynamical processes modeled with a suitable set of differential equations can be approximately computed with finite element method. However, especially in fluid dynamics, numerical instabilities may occur. In order to circumvent such problems many techniques have been realized over the last four decades. Often the lack of stability is linked to numerical insufficiency, therefore the solution is sought by tuning functional spaces, cf. [5] or by adding stabilizing terms, cf. [18, 19, 41]. Stabilizing terms are needed and helpful, however, they involve coefficients to be found depending on the underlying problem. The purpose of this work is to propose another approach based on first principles producing similar terms so that the numerical approximation converges without using any other parameter but the material constants, which are measurable. The approach eliminates stability problems, first, by setting the primary variables in a fundamental way and, second, by using the balance equations in their global form in a discrete manner instead of a continuous one. Some applications at the end emphasize the usefulness of the lengthy calculations, which we develop in a straightforward and consistent way.
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Inventory of Gambling Situations: Evaluation of the Factor Structure, Reliability, and External Correlations
Authors: Turner Nigel E. , Littman-Sharp Nina , Toneatto Tony , Liu Eleanor , Ferentzy Peter
Published: July 2013

The development and evaluation of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Inventory of Gambling Situations (CAMH-IGS) is described. The CAMH-IGS is based on a cognitive-behavioural approach to addiction that sees excessive gambling as a pattern of behaviour which is learned, and which can be changed. The CAMH-IGS is designed to determine the patterns of behaviour, thoughts or feelings which may trigger problematic gambling, with the goal of developing tailored treatment and relapse-prevention approaches for clients. The information can be used in treatment planning. A sample of 524 gamblers that included 323 problem and probable pathological gamblers was used to evaluate the factor structure, reliability, and external correlations of the CAMH-IGS. The results show that the CAMH-IGS consists of 10 internally reliable subscales that can identify individual differences between clients.
The Educational Gradient in Marriage: A Comparison of 25 European Countries
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: July 2013

Previous research has suggested that a new marriage gradient has emerged in the United States, with marriage becoming increasingly the privilege of the better-educated. This article examines whether this is true for Europe and explores differences in the marriage gradient among 25 European countries, using multilevel models. The focus is on the chances of living in a marital (or cohabiting) union during midlife (ages 40–49). Multilevel analyses show that the direction and strength of the gradient depend on the societal context. In countries where gender roles are traditional, better-educated women are less likely to be married than less-educated women; in gender-egalitarian countries, better-educated women are more likely to be married. For men, the educational effect on marriage is absent in traditional countries but becomes positive as gender roles become more equal. Inequality in a society also modifies the gradient: if the degree of economic inequality between educational groups in a society is strong, better-educated men are more likely to be married than less-educated men. In general, the results suggest that there may be an accumulation of social and economic disadvantages for the less well educated in more-developed countries.
Repression of NR4A1 by a chromatin modifier promotes docetaxel resistance in PC‐3 human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Yu Liang , Su Yan-sheng , Zhao Jie , Wang He , Li Wei
Published: July 2013

Epigenetic silencing mechanisms play an important role in chemoresistance of human cancer. Here we report the upregulated expression of metastasis‐associated protein 1 (MTA1), a component of the nucleosome remodeling deacetylation (NuRD) complex, in chemoresistant prostate cancer (PCa). MTA1 knockdown in PC‐3 cells inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced docetaxel (DTX)‐induced cell death. Conversely, overexpression of MTA1 promotes DTX chemoresistance in PC‐3 cells. MTA1 acted as a potent corepressor of the nuclear receptor NR4A1 transcription by interacting with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). These findings suggest that MTA1 may serve as a novel DTX‐resistance promoter in PC‐3 cells.
Memorials of Cambridge
Authors: Cooper Charles Henry
Published: July 2013

When Charles Henry Cooper (1808–66) undertook to revise the text of the 1841 Memorials of Cambridge, illustrated by the engraver John Le Keux (1783–1846), he was under the impression that 'only a slight amount of labour' would be imposed on him. However, this three-volume work was altered and modified so extensively that it may be considered as entirely re-written. Containing over 250 photographs, engravings and etchings, Volumes 1 and 2 of the work are a comprehensive guide to the Cambridge colleges, while Volume 3 is almost entirely concerned with the history of other landmarks throughout the city, such as the Fitzwilliam Museum, the Guildhall and the Botanic Garden. It was published in 1860, just six years before Cooper's death, and stands as a detailed and fully illustrated guide to Cambridge at that time. Volume 3 covers Sidney Sussex and Downing, the university offices, churches and other important buildings.
The Present State of Ecclesiastical Architecture in England
Authors: Pugin Augustus Welby
Published: July 2013

Augustus Welby Pugin (1812–52), architect, writer, and designer, learned his draughtsmanship and love of medieval architecture from his father. Initially he was better known as a designer rather than an architect. His conversion to Roman Catholicism was a key moment for him, and shaped his subsequent career. His most famous book, Contrasts, was published in 1836, and expressed his belief in the aesthetic and moral superiority of pre-Reformation architecture. This 1843 book comprises two illustrated articles which had been published in the Dublin Review in 1841 and 1842, and examined recent English church buildings. During the 1840s there was a surge in church building, and bodies such as the Cambridge Camden Society hotly debated the connection between architecture and spirituality. In the first paper, Pugin discusses how to meet the needs of a small Catholic parish. In the second, he commends the influence of the Ecclesiologist on church architecture.
Fragmens de géologie et de climatologie Asiatiques
Authors: Humboldt Alexander von
Published: July 2013

Prussian explorer Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was one of the most respected scientists of his day, influencing the work of Darwin. He is considered the founder of physical geography, climatology, ecology and oceanography. In 1829, the Russian government invited Humboldt to visit the gold and platinum mines in the Urals. As he studied the mountains' mineral wealth, he was the first to predict the presence of diamonds. During six months, his epic 10,000-mile expedition took him as far as the Altai Mountains and the Chinese frontier. Humboldt's observations on the geography, volcanic geology and meteorology of Central Asia, being then a largely unexplored territory, were acknowledged as pioneering contributions. The results of his journey also provided much of the data used in part of his great work Kosmos. The first volume of this book, published in 1831, deals with the mountain chains and volcanoes of Central Asia.
Griechische Geschichte
Authors: Beloch Julius
Published: July 2013

Educated at Palermo, Rome and Heidelberg, the classical and economic historian Karl Julius Beloch (1845–1929) lived most of his life in Italy, becoming a professor extraordinarius of ancient history at the University of Rome in 1879. German scholars, notably Theodor Mommsen, criticised Beloch's work for his scepticism towards traditional material and his more subjective approach. In addition to important work on ancient demography, he produced this controversial yet influential opus, revised and published in four volumes between 1912 and 1927, in which he questions conventional views on Greek history. Each volume in its first part outlines historical events and in the second part goes into greater detail, emphasising Beloch's unique perspective. The first part of Volume 4 covers the origins and the nature of Hellenistic civilisation, looking at topics such as culture, science and general world view at that time.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Authors: Rossetti Dante Gabriel
Published: July 2013

The Rossettis were one of the most remarkable and talented families in Victorian Britain. Of the two parents and three siblings, Dante Gabriel (1828–82) and Christina (1830–94) stood out, but throughout their lives they remained a tightly-knit unit. William Michael (1829–1919), who published this two-volume work in 1895, was the family record keeper and in the memoir of his brother we have an unmatched account of the family dynamic. He was not always candid about his brother's affairs but his biography is unparalleled for its fresh directness. Unlike all subsequent biographers, William wrote from the inside, and even if he was unable to tell the whole story, the intimate details of the day-to-day life of the great painter and poet have about them the ring of truth and authenticity. Volume 1 is given over to William's extensive and sympathetic memoir of his brother's life.
Babbage's two lives
Authors: FISCH MENACHEM
Published: July 2013

Babbage wrote two relatively detailed, yet significantly incongruous, autobiographical accounts of his pre-Cambridge and Cambridge days. He published one in 1864 and in it advertised the existence of the other, which he carefully retained in manuscript form. The aim of this paper is to chart in some detail for the first time the discrepancies between the two accounts, to compare and assess their relative credibility, and to explain their author's possible reasons for knowingly fabricating the less credible of the two.
THE COURTS AND THE ECHR: A PRINCIPLED APPROACH TO THE STRASBOURG JURISPRUDENCE
Authors: BJORGE EIRIK
Published: July 2013

The way in which the courts in the United Kingdom have interpreted and applied the Ullah principle has created problems in the national application of the European Convention on Human Rights. As is evident particularly in Ambrose, this is partly because Lord Bingham's approach in Ullah has been misunderstood. The article analyses these issues in relation to the notion of binding precedent, finding that judicial authority belongs to principles. The national courts ought not, though that is what the Ullah–Ambrose approach enjoins, to expend their energies seeking to align the case before them with the least dissimilar of the reported cases. Rather they should stand back from the case law of the European Court, and apply the broad principles upon which the jurisprudence is founded.
PROBLEMS IN FAMILY PROPERTY
Authors: Gardner Simon
Published: July 2013

This article addresses and challenges recent comments to the effect that the common law rules about unmarried couples' property rights are uncertain, and (or but) that these rules yield an unfair result in a common scenario. It goes on to consider the Law Commission's proposed scheme aimed at reform of this area, raising the concern that this would violate Article 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights.
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EVOLUTION: PARENTAL PREFERENCE FOR QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF OFFSPRING
Authors: Collins Jason , Baer Boris , Weber Ernst Juerg
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the model developed by Galor and Moav [Galor, Oded and Omer Moav (2002) Natural selection and the origin of economic growth.Quarterly Journal of Economics117(4), 1133–1191] in which agents vary genetically in their preference for quality and quantity of children. The simulation produces a pattern of income and population growth that resembles the period of Malthusian stagnation before the Industrial Revolution and the take-off into a modern growth era. We also investigate the stability of the modern growth era as an absorbing state of the model under the introduction of a strongly quantity-preferring genotype. We show that, given the absence of a scale effect of population in the model, the economy can regress to a Malthusian state under this change in the initial distribution of genotypes.
Home fortification with calcium reduces Hb response to iron among anaemic Bangladeshi infants consuming a new multi-micronutrient powder formulation
Authors: Khan Waqas Ullah , Shafique Sohana , Shikder Hasina , Shakur Yaseer Abdul , Sellen Daniel W , Chowdhury Jalal S , Zlotkin Stanley H
Published: July 2013

Objective

To investigate whether the recommended dietary intake of Ca in anaemic infants compromises the expected Hb response, via home fortification with a new Ca- and Fe-containing Sprinkles™ micronutrient powder (MNP).

Design

A double-blind, randomized controlled, 2-month trial was conducted in Bangladesh. Infants were randomized to one of two MNP intervention groups containing Fe and other micronutrients, with or without Ca. Hb, anthropometrics and dietary intake were measured pre- and post-intervention while family demographics were collected at baseline.

Setting

Twenty-six rural villages in the Kaliganj sub-district of Gazipur, Bangladesh.

Subjects

One hundred infants aged 6–11 months.

Results

A significant increase in Hb (MNP, 13·3 (sd 12·6) g/l v. Ca-MNP, 7·6 (sd 11·6) g/l; P < 0·0001) was noted in infants from both groups. However, infants receiving MNP without Ca had a significantly higher end-point Hb concentration (P = 0·024) and rate of anaemia recovery (P = 0·008). Infants receiving MNP with Ca were more likely to remain anaemic (OR 3·2; 95 % CI 1·4, 7·5). Groups did not differ in dietary intake or demographic and anthropometric indicators.

Conclusions

Although both groups showed significant improvement in Hb status, the nutrient–nutrient interaction between Fe and Ca may have diminished the Hb response in infants receiving the Ca-containing MNP.
Immunomodulatory Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharides (GLP) on Long-Term Heavy-Load Exercising Mice
Authors: Shi Yali , Cai Dehua , Wang Xiaojie , Liu Xinshen
Published: July 2013

Long-term heavy-load exercise can lead to a decrease in the organisms immune response. In this study, we used 100 Kunming (KM) mice to investigate the immune-regulatory effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) on long-term heavy-load exercising mice. Peripheral white blood cells (WBC), the absolute value of neutrophils (NEUT), the phagocytic function of macrophages, serum agglutination valence, and the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) were evaluated 4 weeks after gavaging long-term heavy-load exercising mice with GLP. After exercise, the WBC count in peripheral blood, absolute neutrophil count, macrophage phagocytic index, serum agglutination valence, and the number of plaque-forming cells were significantly reduced in the mice not fed GLP. Both medium and high doses of GLP drastically increased peripheral WBC, absolute neutrophil count, macrophage phagocytic index, serum agglutination valence, and the number of plaque-forming cells in long-term heavy-load exercising mice. High doses of GLP increased peritoneal macrophage phagocytic rate considerably. With this study, we demonstrate that 4 weeks of heavy-load exercise can lead to exercise-induced immunosuppression in mice. A supplement of GLP fed to these mice improves both non-specific and specific immune responses among these mice. The effect for the high-dose GLP treatment is especially significant.
Moderne Techniken zur Strahlendosisreduktion in der Computertomographie
Authors: Morsbach Fabian , Frauenfelder Thomas , Alkadhi Hatem
Published: July 2013

Die Computertomographie (CT) gehört zu den am häufigsten durchgeführten Untersuchungen in der Radiologie. Diese liefert rasch wertvolle diagnostische Informationen, ist jedoch mit ionisierender Röntgenstrahlung verbunden. Moderne Techniken in der Radiologie können die Strahlendosis der CT erheblich senken, ohne dabei die diagnostische Information der Untersuchung zu reduzieren. Hierzu gehören die automatische Modulation des Röhrenstroms und die automatische Anpassung der Röhrenspannung an die Konstitution des Patienten. Zusätzlich können iterative Bildrekonstruktionsverfahren verwendet werden, um die Bildqualität bei niedrigerer Strahlendosis konstant zu halten. Verwendet man all diese Techniken zur Dosisreduktion, ist es heutzutage möglich, eine CT der Lunge in diagnostischer Bildqualität mit einer Strahlendosis einer konventionellen Röntgenthorax-Aufnahme durchzuführen.
Wie wirkt sich die Beobachterrolle auf die Beurteilungen frühkindlicher Entwicklung aus?
Authors: Heilig Lena , Pauen Sabina
Published: July 2013

Entwicklungsbeobachtung und -dokumentation werden als zentrale Aufgabe pädagogischer Fachkräfte in der frühen Fremdbetreuung bewertet und gelten als Voraussetzung für eine individualisierte Förderung. Zudem erleichtern Entwicklungsdokumentationen den Austausch sowohl zwischen verschiedenen Fachkräften als auch zwischen Fachkräften und Eltern. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde der Entwicklungsstand von N = 51 1- bis 3-Jährigen anhand des Beobachtungsinstrumentes MONDEY ( Pauen, 2011 ) parallel von zwei Fachkräften sowie einem Elternteil eingeschätzt. Entsprechend den Vorerwartungen zeigte sich zwischen zwei pädagogischen Fachkräften eine bedeutsam höhere Übereinstimmung als zwischen Fachkraft und Elternteil. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Übereinstimmungswerte für die Bereiche Grob- und Feinmotorik sowie Sprache deutlich höher ausfallen als für Denken, Soziale Beziehungen, Selbstregulation und Gefühle. Mögliche Ursachen sowie Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis werden diskutiert.
Evaluating rRNA as an indicator of microbial activity in environmental communities: limitations and uses
Authors: Blazewicz Steven J , Barnard Romain L , Daly Rebecca A , Firestone Mary K
Published: July 2013

Microbes exist in a range of metabolic states (for example, dormant, active and growing) and analysis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is frequently employed to identify the ‘active’ fraction of microbes in environmental samples. While rRNA analyses are no longer commonly used to quantify a population’s growth rate in mixed communities, due to rRNA concentration not scaling linearly with growth rate uniformly across taxa, rRNA analyses are still frequently used toward the more conservative goal of identifying populations that are currently active in a mixed community. Yet, evidence indicates that the general use of rRNA as a reliable indicator of metabolic state in microbial assemblages has serious limitations. This report highlights the complex and often contradictory relationships between rRNA, growth and activity. Potential mechanisms for confounding rRNA patterns are discussed, including differences in life histories, life strategies and non-growth activities. Ways in which rRNA data can be used for useful characterization of microbial assemblages are presented, along with questions to be addressed in future studies.
Stochastic changes over time and not founder effects drive cage effects in microbial community assembly in a mouse model
Authors: McCafferty Jonathan , Mühlbauer Marcus , Gharaibeh Raad Z , Arthur Janelle C , Perez-Chanona Ernesto , Sha Wei , Jobin Christian , Fodor Anthony A
Published: July 2013

Maternal transmission and cage effects are powerful confounding factors in microbiome studies. To assess the consequences of cage microenvironment on the mouse gut microbiome, two groups of germ-free (GF) wild-type (WT) mice, one gavaged with a microbiota harvested from adult WT mice and another allowed to acquire the microbiome from the cage microenvironment, were monitored using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing over a period of 8 weeks. Our results revealed that cage effects in WT mice moved from GF to specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions take several weeks to develop and are not eliminated by the initial gavage treatment. Initial gavage influenced, but did not eliminate a successional pattern in which Proteobacteria became less abundant over time. An analysis in which 16S rRNA sequences are mapped to the closest sequenced whole genome suggests that the functional potential of microbial genomes changes significantly over time shifting from an emphasis on pathogenesis and motility early in community assembly to metabolic processes at later time points. Functionally, mice allowed to naturally acquire a microbial community from their cage, but not mice gavaged with a common biome, exhibit a cage effect in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced inflammation. Our results argue that while there are long-term effects of the founding community, these effects are mitigated by cage microenvironment and successional community assembly over time, which must both be explicitly considered in the interpretation of microbiome mouse experiments.
Conformational stability and activity analysis of two hydroxymethylbilane synthase mutants, K132N and V215E, with different phenotypic association with acute intermittent porphyria
Authors: Bustad Helene J. , Vorland Marta , Rønneseth Eva , Sandberg Sverre , Martinez Aurora , Toska Karen
Published: July 2013

The autosomal dominantly inherited disease AIP (acute intermittent porphyria) is caused by mutations in HMBS [hydroxymethylbilane synthase; also known as PBG (porphobilinogen) deaminase], the third enzyme in the haem biosynthesis pathway. Enzyme-intermediates with increasing number of PBG molecules are formed during the catalysis of HMBS. In this work, we studied the two uncharacterized mutants K132N and V215E comparative with wt (wild-type) HMBS and to the previously reported AIP-associated mutants R116W, R167W and R173W. These mainly present defects in conformational stability (R116W), enzyme kinetics (R167W) or both (R173W). A combination of native PAGE, CD, DSF (differential scanning fluorimetry) and ion-exchange chromatography was used to study conformational stability and activity of the recombinant enzymes. We also investigated the distribution of intermediates corresponding to specific elongation stages. It is well known that the thermostability of HMBS increases when the DPM (dipyrromethane) cofactor binds to the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme is formed. Interestingly, a decrease in thermal stability was measured concomitant to elongation of the pyrrole chain, indicating a loosening of the structure prior to product release. No conformational or kinetic defect was observed for the K132N mutant, whereas V215E presented lower conformational stability and probably a perturbed elongation process. This is in accordance with the high association of V215E with AIP. Our results contribute to interpret the molecular mechanisms for dysfunction of HMBS mutants and to establish genotype–phenotype relations for AIP.
Terahertz plasmonic‐like waveguide for integrated sensing applications
Authors: Amarloo H. , Neshat M. , Safavi‐Naeini S.
Published: July 2013

A new plasmonic‐like waveguide structure is proposed for integrated terahertz refractive index sensing. The surface plasmon‐like wave is an effective means for high sensitivity sensing in the terahertz range, but most of the reported configurations are based on free space excitation using a prism, that is not convenient for integration. In the proposed structure a dielectric waveguide is used to excite the sensor. Dispersion characteristics and the sensitivity of the structure are calculated using COMSOL full‐wave simulations.
Stochastically power‐minimum scheduling of real‐time multicore systems with leakage power awareness
Authors: Lee Wan Y.
Published: July 2013

The proposed scheduling scheme minimises the mean power consumption of real‐time tasks with probabilistic computation amounts on multicore processors. To reduce leakage power consumption of idle cores, the scheme activates a part of available cores while turning off the power of unused cores, and determines the instant speed of activated cores so that the expected power consumption of real‐time tasks would be minimised.
Neutralisation technique applied to two coupling element antennas to cover low LTE and GSM communication standards
Authors: Cihangir A. , Sonnerat F. , Ferrero F. , Pilard R. , Gianesello F. , Gloria D. , Brachat P. , Jacquemod G. , Luxey C.
Published: July 2013

A novel mobile terminal antenna covering the low LTE and GSM850/900 communication standards (i.e 700–960MHz) is proposed. The two‐port antenna is composed of two coupling elements manufactured on a plastic piece using a laser direct structuring technique. To obtain a high port‐to‐port isolation between the two feeds, a neutralisation technique is applied. Simulated reflection coefficients and total efficiencies are compared to the measured data showing good agreement and competitive performance.
Wideband power line isolation using open stub structures
Authors: Kang H.D. , Ha J. , Koh E. , Yook J.G.
Published: July 2013

A wideband isolation topology of a power line is proposed, using open stub structures for high‐speed digital interconnects. To reduce the coupled noise to the power line in the absence of a common‐mode choke (CMC), which could degenerate signal integrity due to its loss and unbalanced properties, ferrite bead and open stub structures are utilised as they are suitable to the small size of commercial systems. In terms of the enhanced isolation characteristics, the induced power noise is reduced from 83 to 12 mV (86% reduction ratio) under a mobile high‐definition link data transfer without data losses. Therefore, the proposed open stub structures are a very effective tool for both power integrity and signal integrity, and most importantly the cost is minimal when the CMC is removed from the high‐speed digital interconnect.
4 × 10 Gbit/s full‐duplex optical link with compact optical sub‐assemblies and thin GI 50/125 plastic optical fibre ribbon
Authors: Schlepple N. , Nishigaki M. , Uemura H. , Furuyama H. , Sugizaki Y. , Shibata H. , Koike Y.
Published: July 2013

A full‐duplex data link at 10 Gbit/s per channel (two upstream and two downstream) between two compact bidirectional optical sub‐assemblies is presented. Each sub‐assembly is based on the authors' optoelectronic ferrule and carries both laser diodes and photodiodes while maintaining a compact form factor of less than 20 mm3. The authors use plastic optical fibres with 50 µm graded‐index cores and thin 125 µm claddings bundled in a four‐channel ribbon but split the ribbon in order to reach both laser diodes and photodiodes within the optoelectronic ferrule, hence directly butt‐coupling each channel with its own optical fibre. This method keeps both assembly form factor and complexity at a minimum and performance high. Eventually error‐free signal transmission at 10 Gbit/s per channel over 5 m with 0.67 unit intervals eye opening is confirmed.
Voltage‐programmed AM‐OLED pixel circuit to compensate threshold voltage and mobility variations
Authors: Kim Y. , Lee H.
Published: July 2013

A novel voltage‐programmed pixel circuit is proposed to achieve an active‐matrix organic light‐emitting display (AM‐OLED) based on a low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistor (TFT) with an enhanced electrical stability and uniformity. The proposed pixel circuit consists of one driving TFT, one setup TFT, four switching TFTs, one capacitor, and four control signal lines. Through an extensive simulation work based on the HSPICE tool, it has been verified that the proposed pixel circuit can compensate for both mobility variations and threshold voltage shifts of the driving TFT.
Improved digital redesign: integral approach
Authors: Kim Do Wan , Lee Ho Jae
Published: July 2013

Proposed is a novel digital redesign under an integral state‐matching performance index, which considers the inter‐sampling state‐matching that the previous works ignore. The example result demonstrates that the developed technique improves the state‐matching performance.
Approximated solution of Van der Pol equation describing transition from forced to free mode of oscillation
Authors: Jany C. , Siligaris A. , Zarudniev M. , Ferrari P.
Published: July 2013

A compact expression describing the transient behaviour of the Van der Pol oscillator is presented. An original simplification on the amplitude variation leads to a new expression of the oscillation phase transient behaviour. This new expression is particularly suitable for describing oscillator relaxation, i.e. when the oscillator switches from a forced to a free oscillation state. It is shown that by choosing the injection stop instant correctly, the free running frequency can be achieved instantaneously.
Sketch filter for feature extraction and rendering applications
Authors: Kim G. , Kim T. , Lim D.‐H. , Yim C.
Published: July 2013

First a novel sketch filter based on the maximum filter is proposed. The proposed sketch filter implicitly calculates the complexity of local area, and results in an image which expresses edges and textures as an artist draws a sketch with a pencil. It is then proposed to apply the sketch filter for edge feature extraction, colour pencil drawing, and the animation filtered image. The proposed algorithms work automatically without any interaction and demonstrate impressive results for rendering applications, while requiring a much smaller amount of computations compared to existing schemes.
Multi‐sensor image fusion based on NSST domain I2CM
Authors: Kong W.W.
Published: July 2013

Presented is a novel technique to fuse multi‐sensor images using non‐subsampled shearlet transform (NSST) domain I2CM. First, multi‐scale and multi‐directional decompositions of source images can be performed by NSST. The classic ICM is improved to be I2CM which is then exploited to capture and extract the characteristics of each of the sub‐band images. Finally, the fused image is reconstructed from the fused sub‐images by adopting the inverse NSST. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed image fusion scheme is very competitive compared with other conventional ones in both visual effect and objective evaluation criteria.
Plane wave scattering induced resonant modes of cubic resonator
Authors: Yoo H. , Gopinath A.
Published: July 2013

Plane wave scattering from a cubic resonator is calculated by solving the combined field integral equation with the Rao‐Wilton‐Glisson basis functions and the moment method. High dielectric cube calculations show that magnetic and electric dipoles are found at the first and the second modes, respectively, whereas the third resonant mode has simultaneously strong electric and magnetic fields at the same resonant frequency. Furthermore, an analysis of a magnetodielectric cube is discussed.
Resistive switching characteristics in printed Cu/CuO/(AgO)/Ag memristors
Authors: Zou S. , Xu P. , Hamilton M.C.
Published: July 2013

A resistive switching behaviour of printed, flexible Cu/CuO/(AgO)/Ag memristor devices is demonstrated for the first time. It is suggested that the high resistance state and low resistance state of bipolar resistive switching behaviour are governed by the migration of oxygen between the copper oxide and silver oxide layers. The devices have characteristics of inexpensive low‐temperature fabrication, low‐power operation and no required electroforming process. Ink‐jet printing was used to fabricate the devices on polymer substrates. Since these devices are fabricated on flexible polyimide, they have compatibility with flexible electronic technologies.
Software tool for efficient FPGA design of direct data domain approach for space‐time adaptive processing
Authors: Jarrah A. , Jamali M.
Published: July 2013

Space‐time adaptive processing algorithms have been proven to be a very effective way to mitigate the effects of multipath and interference. Due to the fast‐changing clutter scenario, the stationary property of the data is destroyed and fails if the interference scenario ever becomes heterogeneous. Direct data domain (D3) methods can accommodate non‐stationary data and can effectively suppress the clutter. However, the computation of D3 is very intensive. It is desirable to implement the D3 algorithm on a FPGA architecture for real‐time applications. FPGAs can accommodate parallel and pipelined architecture. Here, the first FPGA design for the D3 algorithm and a new software package are presented. The software tool is capable of auto‐generating a fully optimised VHDL representation of D3 and provides various performance parameters. The tool can be used by the designer to develop an overall system on chip (SoC) by using various constraints and options to meet certain performance criteria. Experimental results demonstrate that the authors' hardware version of the D3 algorithm can significantly outperform an equivalent software version.
Surface‐activating‐bonding‐based low‐resistance Si/III‐V junctions
Authors: Liang J. , Nishida S. , Morimoto M. , Shigekawa N.
Published: July 2013

The electrical properties of pn junctions, with various semiconductor materials with different doping concentrations fabricated by using surface‐activated‐bonding (SAB), were investigated by measuring their current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristics. The I‐V characteristics of p+‐GaAs/n++‐Si, p+‐GaAs/n+‐Si, p+‐Si/n+‐Si, p++‐Si/n+‐InGaP, and p+‐Si/n+‐InGaP junctions showed ohmic‐like properties. The interface resistance and the resultant electrical loss decreased with increasing impurity concentration at the interface. These results demonstrate the significance of SAB for fabricating tandem solar cells.
28 GHz MMIC resonant tunnelling diode oscillator of around 1mW output power
Authors: Wang J. , Wang L. , Li C. , Romeira B. , Wasige E.
Published: July 2013

Presented is a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) oscillator that employs two In0.53Ga0.47As/AlAs RTDs (5 × 5 µm2) in parallel. The oscillator works at 28.7 GHz with −0.7 dBm output power. The phase noise was −95 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and −114 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. This reported work demonstrates the potential of RTD oscillators in achieving high output power at high frequencies by utilising suitable power maximising and combining techniques.
Modelling driving behaviour using hybrid automata
Authors: Schwarze Anke , Buntins Matthias , Schicke‐Uffmann Jens , Goltz Ursula , Eggert Frank
Published: July 2013

The authors present a new approach to the modelling of human driving behaviour, which describes driving behaviour as the result of an optimisation process within the formal framework of hybrid automata. In contrast to most approaches, the aim is not to construct a (cognitive) model of a human driver, but to directly model driving behaviour. The authors assume human driving to be controlled by the anticipated outcomes of possible behaviours. These positive and negative outcomes are mapped onto a single theoretical variable – the so called reinforcement value. Behaviour is assumed to be chosen in such a way that the reinforcement value is optimised in any given situation. To formalise the authors models they use hybrid automata, which allow for both continuous variables and discrete states. The models are evaluated using simulations of the optimised driving behaviours. A car entering a freeway served as the scenario to demonstrate our approach. First results yield plausible predictions for car trajectories and the chronological sequence of speed, depending on the surrounding traffic, indicating the feasibility of the approach.
Geo‐referencing naturalistic driving data using a novel method based on vehicle speed
Authors: Balsa‐Barreiro José , Valero‐Mora Pedro M. , Pareja Montoro Ignacio , Sánchez García Mar
Published: July 2013

Naturalistic driving is an experimentation model that allows us to recognise the driving modes observing the driver's behaviour at the wheel of a set of people in natural conditions during long periods of observation. This research methodology aims at increasing the representativeness of the data collected in opposition to data stemming from highly controlled laboratory experiments. However, naturalistic driving research designs produce large volumes of data that are difficult to handle. Thus, it is very important to work with suitable methods for representing and interpreting data, allowing us to observe the variability of the results. The aim of this study is to implement a new methodology adapted to the particularities of the naturalistic method that allows us to retrieve the positioning information through a georeferencing process of the available data. This method is the first step (preprocessing) to achieve a more clear and intuitive representation (cartographic representation) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Daily use of an electric vehicle: behavioural changes and potential for ITS support
Authors: Labeye Elodie , Adrian Julien , Hugot Myriam , Regan Michael A. , Brusque Corinne
Published: July 2013

In order to reduce CO2 emissions, the electric vehicle (EV) represents today an alternative to traditionally fuelled vehicles. However, this new eco‐friendly mode of transport involves different kinds of constraints to use that are likely to affect mobility. To assess driver acceptability of EVs and to study the impact of electric technology on the mobility behaviours of drivers, the MINI E France project was undertaken by IFSTTAR and carried out in cooperation with the vehicle manufacturer Bavarian Motor Works Germany. Fifty ‘private users’ from Paris drove for 6 months an electric MINI E. This paper presents and describes the mobility, charging and driving behaviours reported by EV users. In particular, the paper focuses on how users organise themselves to deal with the limited range of the EV, what changes are induced in their mobility and what are their requirements in terms of intelligent transport system functions relevant for e‐mobility.
Evaluation of a sectorised antenna in an indoor localisation system
Authors: Brás Luis , Pinho Pedro , Borges Carvaloh Nuno
Published: July 2013

Sectorised antennas (SA) integrated with low‐power technologies have lead to significant improvement on localisation systems (LS) performance. A SA specially designed for localisation purposes is the Hive5, a platonic pentagonal patch‐excited SA. This study presents the developed firmware and management application of an LS integrated with the Hive5. This LS performance is then compared with a typical wireless sensor network (WSN) LS based on four nodes. Both solutions are analysed within the same localisation environment and compared with the same supporting fingerprinting algorithm, an artificial neural network. Results show that LSs integrated with the Hive5 present clear benefits when compared with the WSN of four nodes in terms of resolution and obvious reduction of required reference units.
Investigation of class J continuous mode for high‐power solid‐state RF amplifier
Authors: Jain Akhilesh , Hannurkar Pundalik Rama , Pathak Surya Kant , Sharma Deepak Kumar , Gupta Alok Kumar
Published: July 2013

The class J design space is investigated with half wave current excitation for a solid‐state RF amplifier capable of delivering hundreds of watts. Unlike conventional class J designs, the present analysis aims to explore a continuous design space in order to operate a commercially available device, within its practical limits of drain voltage. This design analysis together with package effects and the inclusion of non‐linear capacitor is verified experimentally by fabricating a high‐power (550 W CW) high‐efficiency (62.8%) solid‐state amplifier operating at 505.8 MHz. This power was obtained by in‐phase combining two similar continuous class J stages, each one contributing half of the total power. For high‐power lateral diffused metal‐oxide semiconductor devices, the class J design space is found to be more realisable than popular modes of operation in view of the large non‐linear output capacitance of the device. The measured output power, efficiency, spurious response and large signal output reflection coefficients are satisfactory and as anticipated from the design analysis. Since the final application of this amplifier is for a solid‐state transmitter, a study of repeatability in terms of phase and amplitude imbalances was carried out by fabricating and evaluating multiple amplifiers, each one working with the proposed design principle.
Simultaneous location of two partial discharge sources in power transformers based on acoustic emission using the modified binary partial swarm optimisation algorithm
Authors: Hooshmand Rahmat Allah , Parastegari Moein , Yazdanpanah Masoud
Published: July 2013

One of the main methods for partial discharge (PD) source localisation in power transformers is acoustic emission measurements. This study describes a new method for detection and location of two simultaneous partial discharge sources in three‐phase power transformer. In this method, acoustic signals are detected by sensors first and are then denoised using a wavelet transform. Finally, the two PD sources are localised using the modified binary partial swarm optimisation (MBPSO) method. To prove the efficiency of the two simultaneous PD localisations, the proposed algorithm is used to localise PD sources of the arc furnace transformer at Isfahan's Mobarakeh steel company. For this purpose, the PD localisation problem converts to an optimisation problem. To prove the efficiency of the MBPSO algorithm, its performance is compared with a genetic algorithm. The PD localisation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed method for the detection and location of PD sources.
Phase transitions in human IgG solutions
Authors: Wang Ying , Lomakin Aleksey , Latypov Ramil F. , Laubach Jacob P. , Hideshima Teru , Richardson Paul G. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C. , Benedek George B.
Published: July 2013

Protein condensations, such as crystallization, liquid-liquid phase separation, aggregation, and gelation, have been observed in concentrated antibody solutions under various solution conditions. While most IgG antibodies are quite soluble, a few outliers can undergo condensation under physiological conditions. Condensation of IgGs can cause serious consequences in some human diseases and in biopharmaceutical formulations. The phase transitions underlying protein condensations in concentrated IgG solutions is also of fundamental interest for the understanding of the phase behavior of non-spherical protein molecules. Due to the high solubility of generic IgGs, the phase behavior of IgG solutions has not yet been well studied. In this work, we present an experimental approach to study IgG solutions in which the phase transitions are hidden below the freezing point of the solution. Using this method, we have investigated liquid-liquid phase separation of six human myeloma IgGs and two recombinant pharmaceutical human IgGs. We have also studied the relation between crystallization and liquid-liquid phase separation of two human cryoglobulin IgGs. Our experimental results reveal several important features of the generic phase behavior of IgG solutions: (1) the shape of the coexistence curve is similar for all IgGs but quite different from that of quasi-spherical proteins; (2) all IgGs have critical points located at roughly the same protein concentration at ∼100 mg/ml while their critical temperatures vary significantly; and (3) the liquid-liquid phase separation in IgG solutions is metastable with respect to crystallization. These features of phase behavior of IgG solutions reflect the fact that all IgGs have nearly identical molecular geometry but quite diverse net inter-protein interaction energies. This work provides a foundation for further experimental and theoretical studies of the phase behavior of generic IgGs as well as outliers with large propensity to condense. The investigation of the phase diagram of IgG solutions is of great importance for the understanding of immunoglobulin deposition diseases as well as for the understanding of the colloidal stability of IgG pharmaceutical formulations.
KrF- and ArF-excimer-laser-induced absorption in silica glasses produced by melting synthetic silica powder
Authors: Kuzuu Nobu , Sasaki Toshiya , Kojima Tatsuya , Tanaka Jun-ichiro , Nakamura Takayuki , Horikoshi Hideharu
Published: July 2013

KrF- and ArF-excimer-laser-induced absorption of silica glasses produced by electric melting and flame fusion of synthetic silica powder were investigated. The growth of KrF-laser-induced absorption was more gradual than that of ArF-laser-induced absorption. Induced absorption spectra exhibited a peak at about 5.8 eV, of which the position and width differed slightly among samples and laser species. Widths of ArF-laser-induced absorption spectra were wider than those of KrF-laser-induced spectra. KrF-laser-induced absorption is reproducible by two Gaussian absorption bands peaking at 5.80 eV with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.62 eV and at 6.50 eV with FWHM of 0.74 eV. For reproduction of ArF-laser-induced absorption, Gaussian bands at 5.41 eV with FWHM of 0.62 eV was necessary in addition to components used for reproducing KrF-laser-induced absorption. Based on the discussion of the change of defect structures evaluated from change of absorption components, we proposed that the precursor of the 5.8-eV band ascribed to E′ center (≡Si·) is ≡Si−H HO−Si≡ structures formed by the reaction between strained Si−O−Si bonds and interstitial H2 molecules during the irradiation.