bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drivers of urban entrepreneurship: an integrative model
Authors: Sriram Ven , Mersha Tigineh , Herron Lanny
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Successful new venture creation may be one solution to many of the economic problems that affect the mostly minority populations that live in US inner cities. This paper sets out to develop a model and a set of research questions that may help increase understanding of African‐American entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides an integrated review of the literature from the USA and Europe pertaining to minority entrepreneurial behavior and achievement. It identifies challenges faced by African‐American urban entrepreneurs and suggests a set of interventions that can enhance entrepreneurial success in the inner cities. The paper then poses a set of research questions with a particular focus on African‐Americans and presents an integrative model that can serve as a framework to examine these questions.

Findings

The model posits that motivation and skills drive entrepreneurial behavior and that availability of resources has a moderating effect on both entrepreneurial behavior and achievement. In addition to explaining entrepreneurship in general, the proposed model also suggests that specific variables may work differently for different subcultures.

Practical implications

If this model is supported by empirical evidence, it will have significant implications for formulating appropriate interventions that would enable the successful start‐up and management of new business ventures in different subcultures. It will be of value to cities in the USA, Europe and elsewhere that have large minority populations, and can better inform programs that impart entrepreneurial skills and training.

Originality/value

This paper adds to the growing literature that recognizes that the drivers of entrepreneurial pursuit are frequently embedded in culture. While this has been studied cross‐nationally, few studies examine this aspectwithina heterogeneous society.
Chinese business principles (770‐221 B.C.): relevance for real estate marketing and management
Authors: Sui Pheng Low
Published: June 2007

Examines the recent research on advertising in mainland China over the 1979‐1998 period. Suggests that findings show a sustained effort in academic research/publications on advertising in China is in the early stage of its development and whilst many areas have been researched, there are many more yet to be touched. Concludes that the research is seldom based on established theoretical or conceptual framework and the research methods and types of analysis used have not been very advanced when compared to general advertising research.
Research on advertising in mainland China: a review and assessment
Authors: Sin Leo Y.M. , Ho Suk‐ching , So Stella L.M.
Published: June 2007

Examines the recent research on advertising in mainland China over the 1979‐1998 period. Suggests that findings show a sustained effort in academic research/publications on advertising in China is in the early stage of its development and whilst many areas have been researched, there are many more yet to be touched. Concludes that the research is seldom based on established theoretical or conceptual framework and the research methods and types of analysis used have not been very advanced when compared to general advertising research.
Effects of “physical attractiveness” in the evaluation of print advertisements
Authors: Phau Ian , Lum Linda
Published: June 2007

Investigates the influence of physical attractiveness of endorsers in print advertisements to consumer purchase intention. Studies two products and suggests that an openly stated desire by an attractive endorser to influence the views of the audience is more effective for high involvement products than low involvement, especially if the endorser is from a credible source. States that an endorser’s effect is stronger with less established products with less observable benefits.
Synergizing invention and innovation for missions and markets
Authors: Chako George K.
Published: June 2007

Briefly reviews previous literature by the author before presenting an original 12 step system integration protocol designed to ensure the success of companies or countries in their efforts to develop and market new products. Looks at the issues from different strategic levels such as corporate, international, military and economic. Presents 31 case studies, including the success of Japan in microchips to the failure of Xerox to sell its invention of the Alto personal computer 3 years before Apple: from the success in DNA and Superconductor research to the success of Sunbeam in inventing and marketing food processors: and from the daring invention and production of atomic energy for survival to the successes of sewing machine inventor Howe in co‐operating on patents to compete in markets. Includes 306 questions and answers in order to qualify concepts introduced.
An assessment of theoretical and methodological development in consumer research on Greater China: 1979‐1997
Authors: Yat Ming Sin Leo , Ho Suk‐ching
Published: June 2007

Looks at consumer research in Greater China including Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Maps out the contributions within this area and guides future research. Examines the state of the art over the 1979‐97 period, with particular emphasis on the topics that have been researched, the extent of the theory development in the field and the methodologies used in conducting research. Uses content analysis to review 75 relevant articles. Suggests that, while a considerable breadth of topics have been researched, there remains much to be done, there is further room for theoretical development in Chinese consumer behaviour studies; and the methodologies used need improvement and further refinement.
An experimental study on the relationship between consumer involvement and advertising effectiveness
Authors: Wu Shwu‐Ing
Published: June 2007

States that the level of consumer involvement in a product category is a major variable relevant to advertising strategy. Suggests product category is often segmented by the level of consumer involvement; however, consumers are rarely segmented. Points out that different involvement clusters have different responses to advertising effectiveness for the same product. Presents a case study segmenting a market using the consumer involvement degree, exploring the characteristics in order to determine the relationship between advertising effectiveness and the level of consumer involvement. Shows results suggesting that a high degree of consumer involvement directed a high advertising effect and is therefore an important indication for advertising strategy.
An assessment of banking operation strategies of private banking institutions in the Philippines
Authors: Liu Chu‐Mei
Published: June 2007

Attempts to assess the performance of five selected private banking institutions in the Philippines in order to determine how these perform at their vital functions, and to what extent they implement their savings consciousness programme, marketing campaign programme, technological innovation and outreach programmes. Findings reveal that all the banking functions perform well except for insurance. Suggests the banks are implementing the programmes as a gesture of sensitivity to the needs of their customers. Discusses how they use a variety of marketing tools such as posters, brochures, leaflets, product kits and media exposure through broadcast and print media, which are considered by the research as the most effective means of promoting the bank’s products and services.
Overconfidence in memory of brand information: a cross‐national study
Authors: Cowley Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

Considers the issue that Chinese people are more confident than Americans when answering general knowledge questions. Suggests that this over‐confidence may be indicative of other biases, such as over‐confidence in the ability to retrieve information accurately from memory. Presents empirical results demonstrating that the Chinese subjects were not over‐confident in their estimate of retrieval accuracy. Suggests the accuracy‐confidence correlation for Chinese subjects was significantly higher than the correlation for Western subjects. Discusses implications for current theories of judgement research and consequences for marketing.
How far is a long way? contrasting two cultures’ perspectives of travel distance
Authors: Harrison‐Hill Tracey
Published: June 2007

Compares and contrasts the perceptions of travel distance held by tourists from Australia and the USA, two cultures often regarded as similar by marketers and researchers. Investigates the relationship of cognitive distance, actual distance and prior travel experience. Collects data from 224 US respondents and 230 Australian respondents. Reports that the US tourist has a significantly more unrealistic perception of long haul travel than Australians. Suggests that this should lead to localized strategies for such groups, especially when the results are combined with a high importance placed on travel time by the US tourists.
How to negotiate with Thai executives
Authors: Hendon Donald W.
Published: June 2007

Considers how non‐Thais can negotiate successfully withe business and government executives in Thailand. Gives an overview of Thailand’s geography, climate, population, religion and business practice. Discusses important aspects of the social‐cultural environment that have a significant effect on the way Thai’s negotiate. Includes further tips regarding body language, entertainment protocol, how to dress, and favourite negotiating tactics by buyers and sellers. Provides conclusions and directions for further research.
Benefit segmentation: an empirical study for on‐line marketing
Authors: Wu Shwu‐Ing
Published: June 2007

Uses benefit needs to segment the online marketing market. Employs focus groups and a random sampling survey to search for consumer benefit needs and then segments the market by these benefits sought by customers. Shows that the various segments display significant differences in the benefits sought, lifestyles and demographics etc. Suggests that this work can assist marketing managers to focus on one or more segments that show salient consumer preferences for the benefits provided by their products or services.
Retailing in MRT malls in Singapore: implications for entrepreneurs
Authors: Poon Teng Fatt James
Published: June 2007

Suggests that there are great opportunities for retailers in the mass rail transit (MRT) malls in Singapore due to their strategic location by bus and train station. States that maximum competitive advantage will be gained only if retailers understand consumer’s perception of the malls and how this affects their behaviour. Outlines the results of a survey of 250 shoppers across 5 malls showing that consumers value convenience, variety, cleanliness, and air‐conditioning. Argues that retailers need to advertise and display their merchandise while mall owners need to attract a good mix of tenants, maintain a good environment and provide good facilities. Suggests that communal activities held in the mall would make them more commercially viable.
Dilemmas and dictates: managers tell their stories about international business ethics
Authors: McNeil Margaret , Pedigo Kerry
Published: June 2007

Explores the nature and type of ethical dilemmas experienced by western Australian managers engaged in import/export operations. Highlights the strategies used by these managers in terms of what can be done to resolve ethical conflicts in subsequent cross‐cultural business activities. Employs a qualitative research method, the critical Incident Technique, to provide a rich and powerful picture of the challenges and strategies found. Generates a matrix which brings together the manager’s recommendations on essential ethical actions and practices with particular ethical problems.
An examination of audio and visual cue framing within Australian in‐cinema advertisements
Authors: Polonsky Michael Jay , Hanson Bronwyn , Hartsuyker Suzanne , Novacevski Vesna
Published: June 2007

Uses Resnik and Stern’s content analysis criteria to examine audio and visual information of in‐cinema slide advertisements within one regional market in Australia to determine whether two types of cues are compatible or reinforce one another. Suggests that there was extensive information framing for a narrow set of information cues. States that there were also significant differences in the types of audio and visual cues, which might result in conflicting information being communicated or information overload.
The effect of firm and marketplace characteristics on international joint venture (IJV) marketing performance
Authors: Julian Craig , O’Cass Aron
Published: June 2007

Examines the determinants of International Joint Venture marketing performance in Thailand. Uses the results from a survey of 1047 Thai‐foreign IJVs in Thailand from firms that were mainly engaged in agriculture, metal working, electrical and chemical industries. Applies exploratory factor analysis and discriminant analysis to identify these critical determinants as market characteristics, conflict, commitment, marketing orientation and organisational control.
Modes of foreign market entry by Korean SI firms
Authors: Kim Bowon , Kim Hyunchan , Lee Yoonseok
Published: June 2007

As an exploratory study, our research aims to investigate what factors would influence choices of foreign market entry mode by system integration (SI) companies. There are two distinct points. First, we specifically focus on a service industry, i.e., SI (System Integration) industry, which has unique features compared with other industries, yet not been studied extensively. Second, we indirectly examine whether forces influencing firms in an advancing country like Korea are different from those in more advanced countries: in this paper we investigate the Korean cases only, since most of the previous studies viewed this issue from the perspective of advanced countries.
Internet marketing involvement and consumer behavior
Authors: Wu Shwu‐Ing
Published: June 2007

This paper proposes a framework for connecting the involvement construct’s antecedents of Internet marketing, measured involvement degree, related constructs and consequences of consumer behavior. The research first determined the factors that influence the degree of Internet marketing involvement then established the different involvement degree clusters by measured involvement. Finally, the relationship among influence factors, Internet marketing involvement degree, and consequences of consumer behavior was analyzed. Based on the research findings, this paper discusses the possible Internet marketing strategies for a variety involvement degree clusters.
Understanding the younger Singaporean consumers’ views of western and eastern brands
Authors: O’Cass Aron , Lim Kenny
Published: June 2007

This study examines consumer brand associations, focusing on the differences between association held for western brands and eastern brands by young Singaporeans under the country‐of‐origin umbrella. The study also examines consumer ethnocentric tendencies (CET), finding very low levels of ethnocentrism among respondents, and results indicate CET had no effect on brand preference or purchase intention.
Inner‐age satisfaction in Africa and Asia: a cross‐cultural exploration
Authors: Barak Benny , Mathur Anil , Zhang Yong , Lee Keun , Erondu Emmanuel
Published: June 2007

Field survey studies undertaken in Nigeria, Korea, China and India explored the way inner‐age satisfaction is experienced in those culturally diverse societies. Chronologically 20 to 59 year old respondents’ inner‐age satisfaction was gauged as the average difference between feel, look, do, and interest cognitive (self‐perceived) and desired (ideal) inner‐age dimensions. Analyses of covariance (with chronological age factored out) across the four nations showed Nigeria to differ significantly in terms of inner‐age satisfaction from each Asian population, contrary to the Asian societies where no differences were found across samples (except between Korea and India where inner‐age satisfaction differed at a p .05). High levels of satisfaction with inner‐age (coming about when cognitive and desired ages are equal) commonly transpired: 31.4 per cent of Indian, 36.9 per cent of Nigerian, 44.3 per cent of Chinese, and 44.9 per cent of Korean respondents. Age dissatisfaction in an elder direction (ideal age older than self‐perceived age) was atypical and happened most often among Nigerian (23.4 per cent) and least among Korean subjects (10.7 per cent). In contrast, wishing for a younger innerage was a commonplace phenomenon in India (50.6 per cent of the sample), as well as in China where it occurred the least (36.6 per cent). The study’s findings imply the universal nature of the way human beings (irrespective of culture) perceive and feel about inner‐age, as well as the potential of an inner‐age satisfaction psychographic as a relevant consumer behavior segmentation trait for marketing planners of age‐sensitive products and services who seek to standardize their global branding and distribution.
An inference of gift‐giving within Asian business culture
Authors: D’Souza Clare
Published: June 2007

This paper attempts to provide an understanding of gift‐giving for a more systematic assessment of relationship building to succeed in an Asian realm. This study proposes to examine the underlying linkage between the intensity of gift‐giving and constructing relationships. The goal is to provide both researchers and businesses an insight into how to successfully manage profitable relationships in a culture‐rich environment that is growing ever more demanding and complicated. Gift‐giving is seen as an act of reciprocity, and often misconstrued as bribery by Westerners, yet it appears to be an important constituent of the Asian culture and can be seen as a form of relationship investment, that if cultivated well, can uplift interactions between businesses.
Cross‐cultural influences on brand identity impressions: KFC in China and the United States
Authors: Witkowski Terrence H. , Ma Yulong , Zheng Dan
Published: June 2007

This research measured and compared the brand identity of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in China and the United States. Brand identity was defined as the customer impressions of four different KFC identity elements – properties, products, presentations, and publications. A survey of young consumers in the two countries (n = 795), showed that the Chinese respondents were more apt to eat within KFC restaurants, and spend more time doing so, than the Americans. The Chinese also had much more positive impressions of KFC than their US counterparts. Brand identity impressions were correlated with overall customer satisfaction and with future patronage intentions for both groups, but much more so for the Americans. These findings support a model where differences in cultural frames of reference lead consumers to actively localize the brand identity of this nominally globalized product.
A Pacific Rim debut: shoppers in China and Chile
Authors: Li Fuan , Nicholls J.A.F. , Zhou Nan , Mandokovic Tomislav , Zhuang Guijun
Published: June 2007

This paper compares the shopping behavior of Chilean consumers with those in China. Both Chinese and Chilean mall visits are driven, first and foremost, by purchase; however, consumers in Chile tend to be less single minded than their Chinese counterparts. Differences also exist between the two populations in their way of selecting the mall, shopping characteristics, and purchase patterns. Most importantly, Chinese shoppers relied more on their mall visits than Chileans in searching for information and finalizing their purchase decisions; at the same time, they were much more cautious in committing themselves to a purchase.
Perspectives on the use of information technology at third party logistics service providers in Singapore
Authors: Piplani Rajesh , Pokharel Shaligram , Tan Albert
Published: June 2007

The use of information technology (IT) in the logistics area is growing all over the world and so is the number of third party logistics providers. In this article a specific case of interrelation between the uses of IT at the third party logistics service providers (3PLs) in Singapore is highlighted. Information collected through a randomly selected sample of 3PLs indicates that more and more service providers are either planning to incorporate IT in their operations or are benefiting from their use. Towards this end, the providers are acquiring new knowledge, skills and technologies. The survey results showed that respondents are also concerned about their investments in IT as they feel that with rapidly changing technology, their equipment, skill and processes could become obsolete before any tangible benefits could be derived from them. The providers indicate that financial justification is another key barrier to full‐scale IT implementation. These constraints hinder the implementation of strategic IT projects, which require significant investments. Therefore, a package program for skill development and equipment incentive could be initiated for 3PLs in Singapore.
The China Syndrome: the impact of the SARS epidemic in Southeast Asia
Authors: Overby John , Rayburn Mike , Hammond Kevin , Wyld David C.
Published: June 2007

The war in Iraq, the threat of terrorism and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic have made international business activities increasingly difficult and risky. The worldwide economic downturn and slow growth in domestic markets are forcing companies to depend more than ever on overseas trade. SARS emerged in China in November 2002 and has spread to 26 countries. The SARS epidemic has caused the most severe economic crisis in Southeast Asia since the wave of bank failures and currency devaluations that swept the region five years ago. The SARS epidemic has prompted health officials to implement travel advisories and restrictions, in order to defer nonessential travel to regions of Asia with large numbers of SARS cases. They are enforcing quarantine and isolation measures in major cities to try and limit the spread of SARS. The President of the United States has signed an executive order adding SARS to the list of communicable diseases that can be quarantined. A major disruption in China could paralyze just‐in‐time supply chains and cause an economic crisis for retailers and other businesses worldwide. The SARS epidemic has caused many economists to drastically reduce their economic‐growth forecasts for Asia. New infectious diseases, such as SARS, can emerge and easily travel around the globe, infecting less‐resilient hosts and mutating because of the influence of viruses and bacteria in their new environment. Health officials are even more concerned about the pandemic disaster that hasn’t happened, but may still. However, the SARS epidemic has created positive economic benefits for some companies.
E‐procurement: is the ugly duckling actually a swan down under?
Authors: Hawking Paul , Stein Andrew , Wyld David C. , Foster Susan
Published: June 2007

Much of the hype associated with the impact of electronic business is associated with the business to business (B2B) model. Analysts believe that enormous cost savings and efficiencies can be achieved through the utilisation of e‐procurement, a component of the B2B model. The role of procurement and the emerging use of large information systems to conduct e‐procurement is analysed and presented with the results of a survey of 38 major Australian organisations. The current direct and indirect procurement practices of the sample organisations will be analysed together with an analysis of the eprocurement drivers and barriers. The main results show that direct procurement is heavily dependant upon traditional practices whilst indirect procurement is more likely to use “e” practices. Small‐medium organisations are more nimble at adopting e‐procurement practices. Technical issues dominate e‐procurement barriers, with cost factors dominating e‐procurement drivers.
The relationships among manufacturer product strategy, supply chain structure and supply chain inventory
Authors: Moon
Published: June 2007

Aims to discuss the basic strategy taken by a specific manufacturer. States supply chain structures influence, directly, the supply chain inventory as a measure of performance. Examines the difference in the supply chain in relation to the manufacturer’s strategy to the product.
Firm‐specific characteristics and logistics outsourcing by Chinese manufacturers
Authors: Hong Junjie , Chin Anthony T.H. , Liu Binglian
Published: June 2007

This paper aims at understanding the firm‐specific determinants of logistics outsourcing in a transitional economy. Some hypotheses are made and tested based on a survey conducted in 2002. The results show that factors such as financial strength, production and industrial type, management level at which the logistics decision is made can significantly affect outsourcing decisions. Other factors such as number of employees and ownership type are considered as well. Some of our findings are different from previous studies that target at developed countries. Implications for practitioners and areas for future research are considered at the end.
Modelling distributor performance index using system dynamics approach
Authors: Sharma Dinesh , Sahay B.S. , Sachan Amit
Published: June 2007

Previous research in the area of distributor performance proposed different scales, mostly in western, developed country context. These studies also lacked the consideration of dynamic interaction between variables, which determine the distributor’s performance. This paper proposes a composite Distributor Performance Index (DPI) to evaluate distributors’ performance based on at the “Enables” and “Results”, taking a system dynamics approach. The model results have been discussed and validated, in business marketing channel. The context of this study is India, an emerging market.
Marketing meta‐narrative and its tenets: at odds with marketing’s realities?
Authors: Enright Michael
Published: June 2007

Examines key general marketing texts to produce a consistent set of claims termed the nine tenets of marketing. States that these are core to conventional marketing teaching and thought. Argues that they have little epistomological basis. Shows that marketing professionals do not enjoy the same status as those in law and accountancy, concluding that to convince others of the profession’s worth, the whole basis may need renovation.
Strategy selection to enhance exports of the Malaysian electrical and electronic industry
Authors: Abdul Rashid Zabid , Chacko George K.
Published: June 2007

Presents the findings of 700 CEO/senior managers regarding general strategy and competitiveness in the Malaysian electrical and electronic industry. Outlines four major strategies, cost, differentiation, cost‐price and marketing/focus. Addresses the question, “is the battle to the low‐cost, low‐price vendor?” Uses two case studies, IBM and Samsung as examples to emulate for long term survival.
Non‐hermetic Encapsulation and Assembly Techniques for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Hall I.P.
Published: June 2007

The drive towards low unit cost in optoelectronic packaging is assisted by avoiding the need for hermeticity and by the use of simple assembly techniques. Silicone gels can solve this problem, provided the reliability meets the application requirements. Extensive lifetest data for semiconductor lasers and PIN photodiodes coated
in silicone gels are reported in this paper. Results to date show great promise and promote confidence
in the use of these materials for the environmental protection of optoelectronic devices. Apart from
silicone gels, light cured resin materials can also offer benefits towards lower cost assembly processes.
Tests are reported of the degradation in optical transmission of these resins and also bulk degradation
under differing environmental conditions. The use of these polymer materials can play an integral part in
low‐cost optoelectronic packaging developments, two specific designs of which — a silicon
laser optical bench and a ceramic ferrule co‐axial structure — will be described. Both of these
packages take advantage of a passive fibre/device alignment allowed by the use of an expanded beam
laser design.
Novel Uses of Flexible Circuit Technology in High Performance Electronic Applications
Authors: DiStefano T. , Fjelstad J.
Published: June 2007

Flexible circuits are ideally suited to solving the design demands of next generation electronics. The
flexible circuit offers a number of advantages that are unavailable to those using more traditional, rigid
type interconnection structures. A number of new applications for flexible circuits have been developed
that may well provide a glimpse of what is yet to come in electronic packaging technology. These new
applications embrace the whole spectrum of the electronics interconnection world from chip packaging
to high density multilayer structures. Reviewed here are some of the more novel uses of the flex circuit
for high performance electronic interconnection.
Improving the Heat Dissipation of Multilayer Ceramic Modules by the
Use of CBGA Connections on HTCC and LTCC
Authors: Lyszio W.
Published: June 2007

By the use of ceramic ball grid array connections, the number of I/Os can be increased
substantially in comparison with PGA (pin grid array) while maintaining an unchanged
module size. In most cases, this also signifies a higher packing density and thus a higher power density,
which must be dissipated as occurring heat. The fact that the dissipation of heat can also be improved
considerably by the use of modules with CBGA (ceramic ball grid array) connections
instead of PGA connections is demonstrated on a simulation model. Moreover, the use of chip carriers
made of different ceramics (LTCC or Al2O3) has a substantial
influence on the possible heat dissipation (LTCC= low temperature cofired
ceramic).
Electroless Bumped Bare Dice on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Björklöf A.
Published: June 2007

Modern semiconductor technologies have advanced to the level of sophistication where the benefits of the high functional and power density, high speed, low defect rate and low wafer processing cost can seldom be fully utilised at the final equipment or even at the single packaged semiconductor component level due to the limitations of wire bonds and lead frame fan‐outs. This paper suggests a new assembly method where low‐cost contact bumps are deposited on semiconductor wafers and then the dice are reflow soldered or gang bonded to the substrate. The bumps are electroless nickel deposited and coated with a protective layer of gold. As the nickel bumps are non‐collapsible, they are better suited to Extra High Density Interconnections (EHDI) than the more usual solder bumps. The amount of solder must be accurately dispensed either on the die bumps or on the substrate bonding pads using various methods. Essential to the high volume assembly is fast pick‐and‐place operation and simultaneous soldering of all components in a reflow furnace. In certain applications bonding of the bumped device (one die at a time) can be done using reflow or thermocompression gang bonding by applying a heated thermode to the backside of the die. In this case, the bonding energy will be transferred through the die to the bumps. Tentative solder joint strength and reliability aspects are discussed. Further process and design improvements are suggested.
A Principle of a Hybrid Microwave Power Sensor Based on Thermometric
Measurements
Authors: Xavier P. , Rauly D. , Daullé A.
Published: June 2007

A new principle of sensor is proposed for determination of microwave power in planar structures, through the direct measurement
of a temperature gradient in the substrate induced by the dissipation of the power in a resistive matched
load. The nodal thermal simulation tool of the ESACAP™ program was used which helped to
determine that this gradient is proportional to the dissipated power. It can be measured by two
resistive microthermometers under the ground plane which also plays the role of shield. In a first step, a
hybrid sensor was designed of intrinsic sensitivity S=45°C/W, for a power range of
10 mW‐375 mW, and for an ambient temperature which can vary between 10°C and
100°C ( the sensitivity variation is around 10 ppm/°C). A prohibitive
0‐95% response time of 650 ms was found.. Consequently, a simulation of a smaller
size sensor (volume divided by 1000) was performed, which revealed a strongly reduced
time constant (8.5 ms).
The Analysis of Manufacturing Processes for Plastic Ball Grid
Arrays (PBGAs)
Authors: Hill G.
Published: June 2007

Plastic ball grid arrays (PBGAs) have begun to gain popularity in the electronic packaging market
because of their advantages over peripheral leaded devices. In addition to good electrical
performance, the PBGAs offer advantages to the assembler. The development of a successful
assembly process for PBGAs requires an understanding of the PBGA itself and the assembly process.
The key attributes required for high yield manufacturing of PBGAs are discussed. The emphasis is
placed on the PBGA assembly parameters including proper PBGA handling, printing , stencil design,
placement, reflow and inspection. This paper is intended to increase the understanding of the plastic ball grid array manufacturing process.
Advanced Thick‐film Technology — The New Generation
Authors: Barnwell P. , Wood J.
Published: June 2007

Thick film technology has been widely used in the past for medium performance packaging
solutions, but has been unable to compete with thin‐film technology for high
performance requirements. The problems of poor geometrical resolution, together with high
dielectric constant and loss, have all contributed to the very limited adopting of
thick‐film for advanced applications such as MCMs and microwave. This paper describes a new advanced ceramic based technology using
thick‐film conductors and dielectric. Results showing the excellent geometrical
properties which result from a combination of novel materials and processing, giving line
widths down to 10 microns and via dimensions of 25 micron are presented. The novel
dielectric material also provides a dielectric constant of 4, with a loss factor of 1 ×
10−4. This technology allows the fabrication of high density circuits and
packages, offering many packaging solutions, including MCM, microwave, sensors and
displays, all on one substrate.
The bank selection process and market definition in Australia
Authors: Jones Ross , Nielsen Jim , Trayler Rowan
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission’s (ACCC) approach to market definition in light of bank mergers within the country of Australia. It considers whether or not the ACCC’s approach is consistent with the actual bank selection criteria of a nationwide sample of 2,500 business firms. Empirical evidence reveals that a regulatory approach of defining bank markets based on distinct products may only be serving the interest of large business firms. The interest of small business firms may be better served under the more traditional approach of defining bank markets based on product clusters.
Customer service, complaints management and regulatory compliance
Authors: Terentis Joy , Sander Fabian , Madden Maureen , Stone Merlin , Cox David
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the regulatory requirements for the management of customer complaints in financial services. It describes the outcomes of new research, which show that most financial services companies are some way from being able to meet these new regulatory requirements. It identifies the processes that must be followed to fulfil these requirements and outlines the type of system that is likely to be able to support meeting these requirements. Finally, it identifies that the probable reason for the neglect of this area is the heavy involvement of most financial services companies’ customer service functions in meeting the needs of the sales process (before, during and after the sale) rather than the more traditional role of customer service ‐ listening to customers and solving their problems.
New mindsets and new skills: The strategic importance of continuous competence in emerging financial services business models
Authors: Storer Gary , Rajan Amin
Published: June 2007

Professional development will become a crucial investment rather than an irritating cost in the 21st century. Financial services professionals often see continued professional development (CPD) as a chore which requires the routine collection of points or hours through attendance at conferences and courses to maintain their professional status. The new FSA Training &Competence regulation has extended the requirements for CPD to a very wide group of financial experts in all specialisms. The authors draw on their research to argue here that the pace of change in the sector makes CPD a strategic necessity for survival. They outline the changes apparent in the core skills required of senior professionals and managers, espacially in the areas of risk management and control. Finally, they suggest that the new regime is also bringing about major change in the working practices of compliance professionals and propose a model of skills and knowledge which mean that CPD is as important for them as for their colleagues.
The business cycle in a globalising new economy: Implications for bank regulation and monetary policy
Authors: Mullineux Andy
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the implications for bank regulatory and monetary policy of the business cycle; the nature of which is being transformed by the forces of globalisation and the communication and information technology revolution. Asset price fluctuations and overinvestment appear to have become more common, and ‘cheap money’ has been a causal factor. More risk‐related ‘Basel’ bank capital adequacy requirements, combined with more rigorous bad loan provisioning policies and ‘marking to market’ will result in bank regulation amplifying cycles. Hence, monetary policy must be closely coordinated with bank regulation policy to attenuate the cycle and the impact of asset price fluctuations.
Cruickshank’s recommendations as to the future of the UK payment system
Authors: Ashton John K. , Boyes Gary
Published: June 2007

Retail payments systems are a key element in the financial infrastructure of any capitalist economy ‐ through them governments can enact economic policy and individuals and companies can conduct their transactions. A recent development for UK retail payments systems has been the recommendations of the ‘Review of Banking Services in the UK’ (the Cruickshank Report). In this report, recommendations are made as to the operation of the primary UK retail payments system (APACS); a new regulatory framework and the removal of ‘barriers to entry’ are proposed to encourage greater competition in the industry. This paper considers these two proposals, which have both received government support for early implementation, in terms of wider policy issues surrounding payments systems, including economic efficiency and safety and security, and the economic incentives which underpin the present retail payments system in the UK. It is concluded that the proposals for regulation of business activities to promote competition may underestimate the importance of payment system safety and security regulation. Equally, the proposed removal or substantial reduction in barriers to entry to individual payments systems may have a range of unforeseen consequences.
The 1998‐99 banking crisis in Uganda: What was the role of the new capital requirements?
Authors: Mpuga Paul
Published: June 2007

Up to the early 1990s, Uganda’s financial structure was characterised by government controls and instability, leading to financial repression and lack of development in the sector. The sector was, as a consequence, dominated by
commercial banks, which are mainly concentrated in urban areas. Financial intermediation was restricted to the mobilisation of short‐term savings and advancing credit to low‐risk businesses with quick returns. In 1993, The Bank of Uganda Statute and The Financial Institutions Statute were passed by Parliament, requiring, among other things, commercial banks operating in Uganda to have a minimum paid up capital of Uganda shillings (Ushs) 500,000 (for the locally‐owned banks) and Ushs 1bn (for the foreign‐owned banks). The new capital requirements were made effective from the end of December, 1996. Between 1998 and 1999, however, four commercial banks (three of them locally owned), were closed because of insolvency originating from a number of causes. It is not clear whether the new capital requirements played a part in setting off or precipitating the crisis. The results of this study show that whereas there was impressive improvement for the banking system as a whole, it seems that these new guidelines had a different impact on foreignowned and locally‐owned commercial banks. Performance of the foreign banks remained quite steady or even rapidly improved while the local banks suffered massive declines in their profitability and accumulated more non‐performing loans.
Legal and regulatory protections for hedge fund investors
Authors: Firth Simon , Prentice Alix
Published: June 2007

A common perception is that, as investors in hedge funds are afforded a lesser level of legal and regulatory protections than investors in regulated products, there is a deficiency in the degree of transparency and disclosure afforded to them. This paper examines from a largely UK perspective whether that is, in practice, the case.
Better than best execution? The Financial Services Authority’s new proposals to reform UK best execution requirements
Authors: Capps David
Published: June 2007

The Financial Services Authority’s (FSA) proposals to revise best execution obligations will involve an extensive departure from existing practices. In particular, achieving the ‘best price’ will no longer be paramount. Firms will have to factor into the best execution equation other direct and indirect costs of trading which are relevant to achieving ‘the best outcome’ or ‘quality of execution’ for the consumer. This will make the assessment far more complex. The existing timely execution rule, making immediacy of execution the benchmark, is likely to be scrapped, to be replaced by an obligation to deal at a time best calculated to deliver the desired result for the customer. The existing SETS ‘safe harbour’ may also be removed and there will be extensive new customer disclosure obligations in relation to firms’ execution policies and procedures, including information as to deal flow through potential individual execution venues, and execution specific disclosures of conflicts of interest. Firms will also be obliged to review at least annually their execution arrangements and make changes if in the interests of their customers, and the FSA proposes rigorous transaction monitoring obligations to ensure that the revised best execution requirements are being met in practice.
Crisis and fraud
Authors: Blanque Pascal
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the relationship between fraud and financial crises. Fraud is envisioned historically as a violation of trust, and the classic triangle of smuggling, contraband and enforcement sheds light on developments in the financial sphere. Schematically, fraud emerges with economic prosperity, grows in a financial crisis when prices fall, and culminates in crash and panic when the scandal is revealed. Kindleberger points out that the propensity to defraud increases with the speculation that accompanies a boom. Fraud is recognised as a coincident indicator of prosperity. The paper considers the implicit consensus view that fraud and the cycle are linked, with long cycles including alternating phases of liberalisation/globalisation and contraction. If fraud is part of the cost of learning to deal with new fields and new frontiers in the appetite for risk, then fraud and crisis will inevitably find a fertile breeding ground in globalisation. Topics discussed include the distortion of decision‐making, the structure of incentives, information and regulatory implications.
The impact of regulatory change on retail financial product distribution in the UK
Authors: Littler Kevin , Hudson Robert
Published: June 2007

The staggered emergence of the new regulatory regime affecting the distribution of retail financial products in the UK is leading to industry players taking strategic decisions under increased uncertainty. While the debate over the final form of the regulation continues, this paper identifies five emergent themes to the proposed regulatory changes and discusses their potential impact on product distribution. The paper concludes that the proposals constitute the catalyst for a wholesale restructuring of the processes and interactions between the manufacturing and distribution tiers of the UK financial services industry, wherein e‐business developments may take on increasing significance. Whether this restructuring would deliver the consumer benefits desired by the regulator remains an open question.
Individual and corporate compliance competence: An ethical approach
Authors: Edwards Jonathan
Published: June 2007

This paper considers the meaning of the term ‘compliant competent life assurance companies’, within the current regulatory regime. It defines the terms of competence and compliance in the context of the change of emphasis from individual to corporate compliance competence. It recognises the importance of the introduction of competence within the financial sector and especially the role of the training and competence scheme for individuals, introduced after the Financial Services Act 1986. It considers the Financial Services Authority’s (FSA’s) more expansive interpretation of compliance competence in the context of life assurance companies, following the creation of the single regulator that aims to achieve the stated objectives of the Financial Services and Markets Act (FSMA) 2000. It reviews and critically analyses key issues associated with the FSA’s move towards an ethical framework for financial services.
The Financial Services Authority and credit unions ‐ A new era in regulation?
Authors: Ryder Nicholas
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the regulatory regime of the Financial Services Authority towards the credit union movement in Great Britain as contained in the Credit Union Sourcebook. The author discusses the merits of a strong regulatory regime towards credit unions within Great Britain and concludes that such an approach could improve the traditional perception of credit unions, increase the protection of members and increase awareness of the benefits of joining a credit union.