bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alpha-band Activity Tracks the Zoom Lens of Attention
Authors: Feldmann-Wüstefeld Tobias , Awh Edward
Published: October 2019

Voluntary control over spatial attention has been likened to the operation of a zoom lens, such that processing quality declines as the size of the attended region increases, with a gradient of performance that peaks at the center of the selected area. Although concurrent changes in activity in visual regions suggest that zoom lens adjustments influence perceptual stages of processing, extant work has not distinguished between changes in the spatial selectivity of attention-driven neural activity and baseline shift of activity that can increase mean levels of activity without changes in selectivity. Here, we distinguished between these alternatives by measuring EEG activity in humans to track preparatory changes in alpha activity that indexed the precise topography of attention across the possible target positions. We observed increased spatial selectivity in alpha activity when observers voluntarily directed attention toward a narrower region of space, a pattern that was mirrored in target discrimination accuracy. Thus, alpha activity tracks both the centroid and spatial extent of covert spatial attention before the onset of the target display, lending support to the hypothesis that narrowing the zoom lens of attention shapes the initial encoding of sensory information.
Phylogenetic relationships of Echeveria (Crassulaceae) and related genera from Mexico, based on three DNA barcoding loci

Authors: DE LA CRUZ-LÓPEZ LUIS E. , VERGARA-SILVA FRANCISCO , REYES SANTIAGO JERÓNIMO , ESPINO ORTEGA GABRIELA , CARRILLO-REYES PABLO , KUZMINA MARIA
Published: October 2019

Mexico is considered as diversification and endemism center of the genus Echeveria. Previous tree inference studies have shown the genus to be non-monophyletic in relation to other genera, but sampling for Echeveria has been poor, and has not allowed to understand the relationships within the genus. In this work, Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis were performed, using a combined standard DNA barcoding loci matrix (rbcL, matK and ITS2) and GenBank ITS2 accessions for Graptopetalum, some Sedum and few Echeveria taxa. The selection of taxa encompasses all current infrageneric categories of the genus Echeveria, as well as species from genera previously associated with it. The inferred consensus trees suggested that Echeveria is paraphyletic. Instead, four main clades were retrieved within the “Echeveria group”: Clade I includes exclusively Pachyphytum species. Clade II is formed by the majority of series Urbiniae; Clade III encompasses series Chloranthae, Ciliatae, Echeveria, Mucronatae, Nudae, Racemosae, Thyrsiflorae, Pachyphytum cuicatecananum and Thompsonella; Clade IV contains series Angulatae, Gibbiflorae, Occidentales, Pruinosae, Secundae, some Urbiniae species, Valvatae. genera Cremnophila, Graptopetalum and Reidmorania. Pachyphytum and Thompsonella were retrieved as monophyletic groups, but the first outside Echeveria while the latter inside. Results of our study suggest that Echeveria and the Echeveria Group require a redefinition.
Rock star flowers: Conchocarpus hendrixii (Galipeinae, Rutaceae), a new species from Eastern Brazil with notes on its phylogenetic position in the genus

Authors: GROPPO MILTON , COSTA IDIMÁ GONÇALVES , BRUNIERA CARLA POLESELLI , FERREIRA CAROLINA , AFONSO LAURA , MAEOKA HELOÍSA MIDORI , DUTRA FERNANDA VITORETE , GASPARINO EDUARDO CUSTÓDIO , FERREIRA PAOLA DE LIMA
Published: October 2019

A new species, Conchocarpus hendrixii (tribe Galipeinae, Rutaceae), is described and illustrated. To date, this new species is known from populations observed in the municipalities of Cardoso Moreira and São Fidélis in Serra da Bandeira/Serra da Vista mountain ranges in northern Rio de Janeiro state in the Atlantic Rainforest biome and was brought to light as an undescribed species thanks to photographs shared on the social media site Facebook. The epithet “hendrixii” is in honor of Jimi Hendrix, guitarist and singer-songwriter, who wrote the song “Purple Haze,” in reference to the purple color of the flowers of the new species. Analyzes showed that flowers of the new species bear a staminal tube, a characteristic present only in C. odoratissimus among the Conchocarpus. However, this species bears flowers with much shorter staminal tubes (c. 2–2.5 mm in length v. 1–1.2 cm in the new species) and smaller flowers, among other morphologically dissimilar characteristics. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using nuclear (ITS-1 and IT-2) and plastidial markers (trnL-trnF and rps16 intron) were conducted and demonstrated that the new species belongs to an internal clade in Conchocarpus, together with species formerly assigned to Almeidea (currently included in Conchocarpus). The presence of pantoporate pollen grains, a synapomorphic trait to this clade supports the molecular results. Conservation status as well as data from foliar and floral (with an emphasis on the staminal tube) anatomy are presented.
Prosopanche demogorgoni: a new species of Prosopanche (Aristolochiaceae: Hydnoroideae) from southern Brazil

Authors: FUNEZ LUÍS ADRIANO , RIBEIRO-NARDES WESLLEY , KOSSMANN THIAGO , PERONI NIVALDO , DRECHSLER-SANTOS ELISANDRO RICARDO
Published: October 2019

Here we describe a new species of Prosopanche from southern Brazil. This is the first report of Prosopanche in Santa Catarina state and for the Atlantic Forest region. We present field photographs, illustrations, ecologic and conservation comments on the new species. We contrast the morphology of the new species with the other Prosopanche species that occur in Brazil, P. bonacinai and P. caatinguicola. The new species is morphologically similar to P. bonacinai, which has anthers composed by 20–30 thecae, synandrium 15–25 × 6–8 mm and tepals 35–55 × 9–20 mm vs. anthers composed by 3–4 thecae, synandrium 5–6 × 3–4 mm and tepals 15–20 × 5–8 mm in P. demogorgoni.
Ophioderma redactophylla (Ophioglossaceae), a new fern from the Malay Peninsula

Authors: CHANTANAORRAPINT SAHUT , PETCHSRI SAHANAT , ZHANG LIANG , ZHANG LI-BING
Published: October 2019

Ophioderma redactophylla is described and illustrated as a new species from the Malay Peninsula. It is characterized by vermiform underground parts without tuberous rhizomes, the flat stalks, the linear trophophore, and the sporophore surpassing the trophophore. A taxonomic description and illustrations of the new species are presented. A key to species of Ophioderma is provided.
Cololejeunea manilaliana a new synonym of Cololejeunea nilgiriensis (Lejeuneaceae: Marchantiophyta)

Authors: DEY MONALISA , MAJUMDAR SHUVADEEP
Published: October 2019

Lejeuneaceae, the largest family of liverworts with over 1800 species in 74 genera, is considered taxonomically very difficult (Ye & Zhu 2018; Zhu & Shu 2018; Zhu et al. 2017; 2018a, b; Zhu et al. 2019; Asthana & Srivastava 2019; Asthana et al. 2019). Cololejeunea (Spruce 1884: 291) Stephani (1891: 208) is the largest genus in the family (He et al. 2012; Zhu et al. 2018b), and represented in India by 63 taxa (Asthana & Srivastava 2003; Asthana & Srivastava 2015; Dey & Singh 2016a,b; Singh & Singh 2016; Manju et al. 2017; Singh 2018; Asthana & Srivastava 2019; Asthana et al. 2019). Among these, one of the recently described species, Cololejeunea manilalia Manju, Chandini & Rajesh (2017: 262) appears to be conspecific with Cololejeunea nilgiriensis Asthana & Srivastava (2003: 27).
Taxonomy of Moenkhausia australis Eigenmann, 1908 (Characiformes, Characidae) with a discussion on its phylogenetic relationships
Authors: REIA LAIS , VICENSOTTO ANA MARIA P. F. , OLIVEIRA CLAUDIO , BENINE RICARDO C.
Published: October 2019

The species Moenkhausia australis was described based on two specimens from arroyos Trementina and Chagalalina, Rio Paraguai basin, Paraguay. Its taxonomic history is complex and for many years the species was considered a synonym of Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae. Moenkhausia australis shares a reticulated color pattern with the Moenkhausia oligolepis/M. sanctaefilomenae complex, being more similar within the species included in the complex to M. oligolepis, M. sanctaefilomenae, and M. forestii, with which it shares a prepelvic region laterally compressed, a feature also observed in Bario steindachneri. The laterally compressed prepelvic region is inferred to be putatively synapomorphic for the subgroup herein denominated as Moenkhausia oligolepis group. Our results, based on both molecular and morphological data, support the validity of Moenkhausia australis, which can be readily distinguished from the other members of the group by possessing the following combination of characters: complete lateral line, 23–27 scales in the lateral line, and five scales series above and below the lateral line. Our analysis also indicates three genetic structured populations of M. australis, from Rio Paraguai, upper Rio Paraná, and Rio Madeira basins. Since they are not diagnosable by morphological characters, we conservatively maintain these three genetic lineages as a single species.
Fireworks on Weather Radar and Camera
Authors: Zrnić D. S. , Zhang P. , Melnikov V. , Kabela E.
Published: October 2019

High-sensitivity weather radars easily detect nonmeteorological phenomena characterized by weak radar returns. Fireworks are the example presented here. To understand radar observations, an experiment was conducted in which the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)’s research (3-cm wavelength) dual-polarization radar and a video camera were located at 1 km from fireworks in Norman, Oklahoma. The fireworks from the 4 July 2017 celebration were recorded by both instruments. The experiment is described. Few bursts recorded by the camera are analyzed to obtain the height of the explosion, its maximum diameter, number of stars, and the duration of the visible image. Radar volume scans are examined to characterize the height of the observation, the maximum reflectivity, and its distribution with height. The fireworks location is close to the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) that operates in single polarization at a 5-cm wavelength and monitors hazardous weather over the Oklahoma City airport. A third radar with data from the event is the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) located in Norman. It has a wavelength of 10 cm and supports technical developments at the Radar Operation Center. Reflectivity factors measured by the three radars are compared to infer the size of dominant scatterers. The polarimetric characteristics of fireworks returns are analyzed. Although these differ from those of precipitation, they are indistinguishable from insect returns. Radar observation of larger fireworks in Fort Worth, Texas, with a WSR-88D is included and compared with the observations of the smaller fireworks in Norman. We expect the detectability of explosions would be similar as of fireworks. Pinpointing locations would be useful to first responders, or air quality forecasters. A benefit of fireworks recognition in weather radar data is that it can prevent contamination of precipitation accumulations.
Vertical Discretization for a Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Based on High-Order Spectral Elements
Authors: Yi Tae-Hyeong , Giraldo Francis X.
Published: October 2019

This study addresses the treatment of vertical discretization for a high-order, spectral element model of a nonhydrostatic atmosphere in which the governing equations of the model are separated into horizontal and vertical components by introducing a coordinate transformation, so that one can use different orders and types of approximations in both directions. The vertical terms of the decoupled governing equations are discretized using finite elements based on either Lagrange or basis-spline polynomial functions in the sigma coordinate, while maintaining the high-order spectral elements for the discretization of the horizontal terms. This leads to the fact that the high-order model of spectral elements with a nonuniform grid, interpolated within an element, can be easily accommodated with existing physical parameterizations. Idealized tests are performed to compare the accuracy and efficiency of the vertical discretization methods, in addition to the central finite differences, with those of the standard high-order spectral element approach. Our results show, through all the test cases, that the finite element with the cubic basis-spline function is more accurate than the other vertical discretization methods at moderate computational cost. Furthermore, grid dependency studies in the tests with and without orography indicate that the convergence rate of the vertical discretization methods is lower than the expected level of discretization accuracy, especially in the Schär mountain test, which yields approximately first-order convergence.
Lagrangian Data Assimilation of Surface Drifters in a Double-Gyre Ocean Model Using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter
Authors: Sun Luyu , Penny Stephen G.
Published: October 2019

The assimilation of position data from Lagrangian observing platforms is underdeveloped in operational applications because of two main challenges: 1) nonlinear growth of model and observation error in the Lagrangian trajectories, and 2) the high dimensionality of realistic models. In this study, we propose a localized Lagrangian data assimilation (LaDA) method that is based on the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF). The algorithm is tested with an “identical twin” approach in observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) using a simple double-gyre configuration of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Modular Ocean Model. Results from the OSSEs show that with a proper choice of localization radius, the LaDA can outperform conventional assimilation of surface in situ temperature and salinity measurements. The improvements are seen not only in the surface state estimate, but also throughout the ocean column to 1000 m depth. The impacts of localization radius and model error in estimating accuracy of both fluid and drifter states are further investigated.
Mixed Judicial Selection and Constitutional Review
Authors: Tiede Lydia Brashear
Published: October 2019

Almost half the constitutional court judges worldwide are selected by a mixed selection system, whereby a specific number of judges are selected by different government institutions. What are the implications of this selection method and its variations for judges’ individual choices on constitutional review cases? An examination of vote choice on the Chilean and Colombian constitutional courts indicates that judges’ decisions to strike down laws are explained more by their and other colleagues’ institutional selector than their political party associations. The results call into question traditional judicial behavior models by suggesting that judges with different selectors have distinct voices when adjudicating constitutional questions which in turn enhances the deliberative process. However, the results also raise concern that certain selecting institutions may have a more significant voice in vetoing legislation than afforded them in the regular legislative process.
Examining the Parole Officer as a Mechanism of Social Support During Reentry From Prison
Authors: Bares Kyle J. , Mowen Thomas J.
Published: October 2019

Emerging research has shown that the parole officer, much like friends and family, can be an important source of social support for returning persons. While this body of literature is growing, existing research provides little insight into understanding how specific types (e.g., interpersonal and/or professional) of parole officer support matter. Using panel data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative, results of mixed-effects models demonstrate that greater levels of parole officer support are associated with decreased odds of reincarceration. Furthermore, parole officer professional support (e.g., providing correct information) exerts a more robust effect than interpersonal support (e.g., listening and caring). Findings suggest policy makers should consider programming to strengthen the professional relationship between the parole officer and returning person.
Periodontal Antibodies and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Authors: Qi J. , Zihang Z. , Zhang J. , Park Y.M. , Shrestha D. , Jianling B. , Merchant A.T.
Published: October 2019

Periodontitis is positively linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, cancer, and increased mortality. Empirically derived clusters of IgG antibodies against 19 selected periodontal microorganisms have been associated with hyperglycemia. We further investigated associations between these serum IgG antibody clusters and all-cause and CVD mortality in a representative US population. Participants free of CVD and cancer and aged ≥40 y at baseline ( N = 6,491) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994) were followed up until December 31, 2011. Antibodies were categorized into 4 clusters: red-green, orange-red, yellow-orange, and orange-blue. Over a 23-y follow-up, 2,702 deaths occurred, including 810 CVD-related deaths. In fully adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, the red-green cluster was positively associated with all-cause mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.90, P = 0.015). The yellow-orange cluster was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.97, P = 0.028) and CVD mortality (tertile 2 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.77, P = 0.005). The orange-blue cluster (composed of antibodies against Eubacterium nodatum and Actinomyces naeslundii) was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.78, P < 0.0001) and CVD mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.88, P = 0.007). These antibodies could predict prognosis or be potential intervention targets to prevent systemic effects of periodontal disease if further studies establish a causal relationship.
A Synthesis of Elementary Mathematics Interventions: Comparisons of Students With Mathematics Difficulty With and Without Comorbid Reading Difficulty
Authors: Powell Sarah R. , Doabler Christian T. , Akinola Olayemi A. , Therrien William J. , Maddox Steven A. , Hess Katherine E.
Published: October 2019

In this synthesis, we reviewed 65 studies involving elementary students (i.e., grades 1–5) identified with mathematics difficulty (MD) in which authors implemented a mathematics intervention. Of these studies, we identified 33 group designs, 9 quasi-experimental designs, and 23 single-case designs. We aimed to synthesize performance differences between students with MD with and without reading difficulty (RD). We identified three categories of students for analysis: Students with MD+RD, MD-alone, or MD-nonspecified (i.e., no reading information provided). Overall, 80% of studies included students with MD-nonspecified, and the interventions for these students demonstrated strong effects. For the limited number of studies with students with MD+RD or MD-alone, intervention effects were strong for students with MD+RD and variable for students with MD-alone. In the three studies directly comparing the performance of students with MD+RD versus MD-alone, we noted differential patterns of performance. To tailor interventions to student need, more research must be conducted to understand whether students with MD with variable reading profiles respond differentially to mathematics intervention.
The Processing of Linguistic Prominence
Authors: Kember Heather , Choi Jiyoun , Yu Jenny , Cutler Anne
Published: October 2019

Prominence, the expression of informational weight within utterances, can be signaled by prosodic highlighting ( head-prominence, as in English) or by position (as in Korean edge-prominence). Prominence confers processing advantages, even if conveyed only by discourse manipulations. Here we compared processing of prominence in English and Korean, using a task that indexes processing success, namely recognition memory. In each language, participants’ memory was tested for target words heard in sentences in which they were prominent due to prosody, position, both or neither. Prominence produced recall advantage, but the relative effects differed across language. For Korean listeners the positional advantage was greater, but for English listeners prosodic and syntactic prominence had equivalent and additive effects. In a further experiment semantic and phonological foils tested depth of processing of the recall targets. Both foil types were correctly rejected, suggesting that semantic processing had not reached the level at which word form was no longer available. Together the results suggest that prominence processing is primarily driven by universal effects of information structure; but language-specific differences in frequency of experience prompt different relative advantages of prominence signal types. Processing efficiency increases in each case, however, creating more accurate and more rapidly contactable memory representations.
Glass Cliffs or Partisan Pressure? Examining Gender and Party Leader Tenures and Exits
Authors: O’Neill Brenda , Pruysers Scott , Stewart David K
Published: October 2019

This article adds to our understanding of the gendered impact of informal rules and norms for party leaders. Specifically, it examines the gendered nature of party leader tenures and exits. Using original data collected on party leader experiences in Canada, we test for the existence of gender differences in leader tenures and exits, and examine two potential explanations for any differences. We find that leader tenures and exits are indeed gendered but only within parties with the potential to form government, ones where the political stakes are highest. Within these major parties, women’s tenures as party leaders are significantly shorter than men’s and they are significantly more likely to be forced to resign from the position. We find clear evidence of the existence of the glass cliff phenomenon in major parties but unclear evidence of its role in women’s shorter tenures. Instead, women’s shorter tenures are explained by the harsher set of standards being applied to women party leaders.
Profit Making Disguised as Rehabilitation: The Biopolitics of Homo Sacer in China’s Custody Education Program for Sex Workers
Authors: Tsang Eileen Yuk-ha
Published: October 2019

In China, low- and medium-income sex workers are routinely detained in custody education centers and subjected to institutional violence and exploitation. There are disparities between the official intentions of custody education and its implementation, rendering custody education more as a moneymaking enterprise than a mechanism for rehabilitation. Interviews with sex workers who have experienced custody education confirm this disconnect. The result is that sex workers become homo sacer, a figure stripped of political status and societal recognition. The findings suggest needed changes regarding human rights and the criminal justice system in China.
How does a sense of belonging develop in postsecondary? A conceptual Belonging in Academia Model (BAM) from sighted perspectives
Authors: Y. Teng Minnie , Brown Mary-Lou , Jarus Tal , Yvonne Bulk Laura
Published: October 2019

Belonging is associated with increased engagement in academic pursuits and well-being. However, there is a lack of research on how a sense of belonging develops in academia. The academic environment comprises largely of sighted individuals. Exploring sighted students, staff, and educators’ perceptions of belonging contributes to our understanding of environments that foster belonging for sighted individuals and their perceptions of the same for people who are blind. We conducted focus groups and in-depth interviews with 25 sighted people in academia to investigate how sense of belonging develops for them, and what facilitators and barriers would impact belonging in academia. Grounded theory was used to construct the Belonging in Academia Model (BAM), which explores how people perceive, create, and develop belonging in academia.
Controlling Blue Berets: The Consequences of Political Neglect in the Case of Uruguay’s Participation in Peacekeeping
Authors: González Guyer Julián , Jenne Nicole
Published: October 2019

Peacekeeping has widely been seen as conducive to submit the military to democratic rule. We put the assumption to an empirical test based on the case of Uruguay, today a fully democratic state that has consistently ranked among the world’s top peacekeeping contributors per capita. Specifically, we ask whether participation in peacekeeping has increased civilian control over the military. To answer this question, we focus on three aspects of democratic civil–military relations: civilian oversight, civilian policy management, and armed forces–society relations. We conclude that peacekeeping has done little to trigger greater involvement of civilians in the area of military and defense policy but that it contributed to reduce the gap between the armed forces and society. Nevertheless, due to political neglect by civilian authorities, the state of civil–military relations is one of subordinate military autonomy short of ideal, even if it does not represent a threat to democratic rule.
Three Faces of Eve
Authors: Zucker David J.
Published: October 2019

Biblical Eve eats of the Tree in the midst of the garden (Genesis 3:6), the tree which God described earlier as “the tree of the knowledge of good and evil” (Genesis 2:9, 16–17). How those acts are understood by three very different sources—in literature of the Late Second Temple period and beyond, in rabbinic thought, and in the view of contemporary/feminist thought—is the basis of this article.
Betrayal or Blasphemy? “Handing over” God's Agent in the Portrayals of Judas in the Gospels
Authors: King Fergus J.
Published: October 2019

The exact identification of Judas Iscariot has long vexed scholars. The gospel accounts themselves say little, offering a variety of possible motivations for his action, including money and Satanic impulse. The key word used of Judas' actions, paradidonai, found in all four canonical Gospels, offers two translations, “hand over” and “betray,” which remain highly contested. However, the fact that both God and people may “hand over” offers a possible solution, which emerges from an examination of the genre and environment of the four Gospels.
Back to the future: Considerations in use and reporting of the retrospective pretest
Authors: Hill Laura G.
Published: October 2019

Retrospective pretests ask respondents to report after an intervention on their aptitudes, knowledge, or beliefs before the intervention. A primary reason to administer a retrospective pretest is that in some situations, program participants may over the course of an intervention revise or recalibrate their prior understanding of program content, with the result that their posttest scores are lower than their traditional pretest scores, even though their understanding or abilities have increased. This phenomenon is called response-shift bias. The existence of response-shift bias is undisputed, but it does not always occur, and use of the retrospective pretest in place of a traditional pretest often introduces new problems. In this commentary, I provide a brief overview of the literature on response-shift bias and discuss common pitfalls in the use and reporting of retrospective pretest results, including a failure to consider multiple factors that may affect all test scores, as well as claims that retrospective pretests are less biased than traditional pretests, provide more accurate estimates of effects, and are necessarily superior to traditional pretests in program evaluation. I comment on the article by Little et al. (2019) in this issue in light of the literature on retrospective pretests and discuss the need for a theoretical framework to guide research on response-shift bias. The goal of the commentary is to provide readers with an informed and critical lens through which to evaluate and use retrospective pretest methods.
Exploring K-12 Competency-Based Education Implementation in the Northeast States
Authors: Evans Carla M. , Graham Suzanne E. , Lefebvre Melissa L.
Published: October 2019

This exploratory study uses data from 413 principals to examine whether and how competency-based education has been implemented in the Northeast states and the extent to which there is variation in implementation between states with different policies. Results suggest that competency-based practices that are most similar to current practices are reported more and practices that diverge from current practices are reported less. There were statistically significant differences between states with “advanced” and nonexistent competency-based education policies on three measures. Secondary principals could use this study to understand key features of the reform and the likely barriers and challenges to implementation regardless of their state policy context.
Safeguarding children during the arrest of their primary carer mothers: The role of the police
Authors: He Miaomiao , Flynn Catherine
Published: October 2019

In Australia, the female prisoner population is expanding, with the majority also being mothers of dependent children. Research has demonstrated that witnessing the arrest of a family member, particularly a parent, can have both an immediate and long-term impact on children’s well-being. Yet, little is known about what causes these outcomes and how children are responded to by police during the arrest process. The aim of this study is to investigate incarcerated primary carer mothers’ perspectives on their arrest circumstances, its impact on their children, and police responses to their children during the arrest process. This study draws on secondary data from 36 primary carer mothers arrested in Victoria, which were originally gathered for an Australian Research Council-funded project. Results show that in around one-half of cases children are present at their mothers’ arrest. The location and time of the arrest can mediate children’s involvement in the arrest scene. Overall, police do not respond well to these children, with discussion between police officers and the mothers about suitable care for children occurring in less than two-thirds of cases. It can be concluded that children’s needs are not fully addressed at the arrest process. More child-sensitive arrest practices are recommended.
Platforms as service ecosystems: Lessons from social media
Authors: Alaimo Cristina , Kallinikos Jannis , Valderrama Erika
Published: October 2019

The growing business expansion of social media platforms is changing their identity and transforming the practices of networking, data and content sharing with which social media have been commonly associated. We empirically investigate these shifts in the context of TripAdvisor and its evolution since its very establishment. We trace the mutations of the platform along three stages we identify as search engine, social media platform and end-to-end service ecosystem. Our findings reveal the underlying patterns of data types, technological functionalities and actor configurations that punctuate the business expansion of TripAdvisor and lead to the formation of its service ecosystem. We contribute to the understanding of the current trajectory in which social media find themselves as well as to the literature on platforms and ecosystems. We point out the importance of services that develop as commercially viable and constantly updatable data bundles out of diverse and dynamic data types. Such services are essential to the making of the complementarities that are claimed to underlie ecosystem formation.
An Evaluation of Survival Curve Extrapolation Techniques Using Long-Term Observational Cancer Data
Authors: Vickers Adrian
Published: October 2019

Objectives. Uncertainty in survival prediction beyond trial follow-up is highly influential in cost-effectiveness analyses of oncology products. This research provides an empirical evaluation of the accuracy of alternative methods and recommendations for their implementation. Methods. Mature (15-year) survival data were reconstructed from a published database study for “no treatment,” radiotherapy, surgery plus radiotherapy, and surgery in early stage non–small cell lung cancer in an elderly patient population. Censored data sets were created from these data to simulate immature trial data (for 1- to 10-year follow-up). A second data set with mature (9-year) survival data for no treatment was used to extrapolate the predictions from models fitted to the first data set. Six methodological approaches were used to fit models to the simulated data and extrapolate beyond trial follow-up. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the relative difference in mean survival estimates and the absolute error in the difference in mean survival v. the control with those from the original mature survival data set. Results. Model performance depended on the treatment comparison scenario. All models performed reasonably well when there was a small short-term treatment effect, with the Bayesian model coping better with shorter follow-up times. However, in other scenarios, the most flexible Bayesian model that could be estimated in practice appeared to fit the data less well than the models that used the external data separately. Where there was a large treatment effect (hazard ratio = 0.4), models that used external data separately performed best. Conclusions. Models that directly use mature external data can improve the accuracy of survival predictions. Recommendations on modeling strategies are made for different treatment benefit scenarios.
Social-ecological reproduction and the substance of life in commodity frontiers: Newfoundland fisheries in world market shifts
Authors: Foley Paul
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this article is to deepen analyses of life production relations that are of central concern to the feminist global political economy frameworks around which this special issue is organized. While the original approach recognized ecological relations in its methodological synthesis of power, production, and social reproduction, most subsequent research engaging the approach focuses on areas such as household labor, health care, education, migration, and macroeconomic governance. Much less work, however, analyzes relations between capital accumulation and ecological life-producing relations that ultimately sustain human and non-human life. The article draws on elements of a ‘world-ecology’, commodity frontier perspective, to argue for the integration of primary – ecological – production of the substance of life into the power, production, and social reproduction global political economy framework. The article draws on this synthesis to conduct a long-term analysis of one of the earliest commodity frontiers in capitalist history, Newfoundland fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Through an analysis of changing patterns of ecological production, household and community reproduction, state enclosure of ocean life production, and world market shifts, the article suggests that we need to move beyond narrow consequentialist analyses of the role of capital accumulation in ecological exhaustion toward broader, integrated analyses of change that reveal dynamic and perhaps more hopeful struggles and potential for sustainable and progressive conditions of intergenerational social-ecological reproduction.
Cheek Dimpleplasty: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Opoku-Agyeman Jude L. , Simone Jamee E. , Matera David V. , Behnam Amir B.
Published: October 2019

Dimpleplasty is the surgical creation of dimples on the face for aesthetic purposes. Dimples have been associated with a sign of beauty and even good fortune in some cultures and have also found themselves in Western cultures. Since the first described procedure of cheek dimple creation in 1962, there have been multiple studies on the topic. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the anatomy, creation, postoperative care, and complications associated with cheek dimpleplasty. The authors performed a literature review that focused on cheek dimpleplasty. EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Ovid Medicine, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases were searched from its inception to July 2019. Peer-reviewed articles published in the English language were included. Our search in the various databases yielded multiple publications. There were different described techniques published on the determination of the ideal site for a cheek dimple. There were also multiple procedures described for the creation of cheek dimples. The basic tenet of cheek dimple creation is to create an adhesion between the dermis and buccinator muscle to create a dynamic dimple which is present on facial animation. Multiple procedures have been reported with few reported complications. Patient satisfaction is dependent on appropriate determination of the site and morphology of the dimple. Most of the complications associated with cheek dimple creation are minor, easily managed, and avoided by understanding the regional anatomy and attention to meticulous surgical technique.
Design, synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of PCL/PLGA scaffolds through plasma treatment in the presence of pyrrole for possible use in urethral tissue engineering
Authors: Sánchez-Pech Julio C. , Rosales-Ibáñes Raúl , Cauich-Rodriguez Juan V. , Carrillo-Escalante Hugo J. , Rodríguez-Navarrete Amairany , Avila-Ortega Alejandro , Hernández-Sánchez Fernando
Published: October 2019

Electrospinning has proven to be a suitable technique for the production of small diameter tubes, with diverse applications, in the field of tissue engineering. In this work, tubular scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning a polycaprolactone/polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) blend and then treated with polypyrrole plasma for a possible application with urethral tissue. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that for 10% and 20% of the PLGA in the blend, the microfibers, of varying diameters, were free of defects. The elastic modulus of the tubular scaffolds was highest (19 MPa) at 30% of PLGA, while the strain to break was maximum at 10–20% PLGA. However, at 30% of PLGA, within the polycaprolactone, the mechanical synergy (strain at break) was lost. Epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells’ viability on 80/20 blends was high. When this scaffold was treated for 15 min with polypyrrol plasma, an improvement in cell viability was observed, with few polypyrrol particles being deposited and little scaffold degradation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of NH, C–N, and C≡N groups as the chemical groups responsible of this behavior. Therefore, these scaffolds with the polypyrrole surface treatment can be used in the urethra tissue engineering.
Dynamic optimization of the rail-crown geometry in the rigid frog area by controlling the position of the wheel-load transition
Authors: Cao Yang , Zhao Weihua , Lin Yurui , Yao Kaijie , Lin Xiangrong
Published: October 2019

To improve the stability of a train and reduce its influence on the nose rail when passing a rigid frog, the optimization of the rail-crown geometry in the rigid frog area is proposed in this study by controlling the transition range of the wheel load on the nose-rail head and evaluating it by a wheel–rail dynamic coupling model. The method was verified by studying a Chinese CN60-350-1:12 turnout. Results show that if the wing-rail heightening and nose-rail reduction are small, then the transition section of the wheel load on the nose rail may be close to or smaller than the minimum load-bearing cross section, which will cause damage to the weaker section of the front of the nose rail due to excessive load. If the wing-rail heightening and nose-rail reduction are large, the wheel-load transition section of the nose rail may exceed the extreme transition cross section, which will cause the wheel to hit the nose-rail head or make it difficult to climb the wing rail when the wheel passes through the rigid frog. During the optimization process of the rail-crown geometry in the rigid frog, the reasonable transition range of the nose-rail head can be determined by adjusting the wing-rail heightening and nose-rail reduction, and combined with the wheel–rail dynamics evaluation method, the optimal scheme can be selected to protect the nose rail and improve the running stability of the train.
Simplification of ART in a patient living with multidrug resistant HIV-1: A case report using twice daily cobicistat and darunavir
Authors: Brizzi Marisa B , Novak Richard M , Chiampas Thomas D
Published: October 2019

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV can be complicated to manage. Patients are often on a high pill burden regimen, taking antiretrovirals twice daily, and often have other comorbidities. This study is a case report of a patient living with MDR HIV, and considerations are taken into account when simplifying the patient from a ten-pill regimen to a unique and unconventional six-pill regimen. The patient was living with HIV/AIDS with an MDR virus on a five-tablet, twice-daily (ten total pill burden) regimen who was simplified to a unique and novel regimen of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide + darunavir 600 mg twice daily + cobicistat + maraviroc twice daily. This unique regimen, which decreased the patient’s HIV pill burden from ten to six, has maintained virologic suppression 1 year after his antiretroviral therapy transition. When consolidating therapy in patients with MDR HIV, one regimen will not fit each individual patient. Our case demonstrates unique and unconventional dosing of darunavir 600 mg along with cobicistat as twice-daily pharmacokinetic enhancing which assisted in consolidating our patient’s regimen by a 40% decrease in pill burden. This change most importantly maintained virologic suppression and provides evidence for a potential option for similar patients with MDR HIV.
A novel adaptive second-order sliding mode controller for autonomous underwater vehicles
Authors: Roy Rupam Gupta , Ghoshal Dibyendu
Published: October 2019

Navigating, directing, and controlling autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are demanding and considered complicated compared to the autonomous surface-level performance. In such vehicles, the motion can be controlled depending on the estimation of indefinite hydrodynamic forces and the disturbances that occurs in this vehicle in the underwater background. In this article, Gray Wolf optimization (GWO) is performed along with the second-order sliding mode control (GW-SoSMC) approach for controlling the yaw angle in AUV. The main purpose of the article is to reduce the error that occurs in the system between the controlled signal and desired signal corresponding to yaw angle. Using this proposed model, both the occurrence of chattering and the controlling performance of AUV system can be diminished. Moreover, the proposed model is compared with the existing approaches like, FireFly-SoSMC (FF-SoSMC), Genetic Algorithm-SoSMC (GA-SoSMC), Gray Wolf-SMC (GW-SMC), Group search optimization-SoSMC (GSO-SoSMC) and Artificial Bee Colony-SoSMC (ABC-SoSMC). From the simulation results, it shows that the performance of the implemented technique in terms of steady-state response, error analysis, yaw angle analysis, and controller response is enhanced while comparing with the existing approaches.
Cyber Sexual Harassment: A Summary of Current Measures and Implications for Future Research
Authors: Reed Elizabeth , Wong Alice , Raj Anita
Published: October 2019

Researchers have described cyber sexual harassment (CSH) as a range of sexually aggressive or harassing images or texts delivered through the use of digital mediums. CSH occurs in high proportions particularly among young populations, but the prevalence varies substantially across studies, largely due to variation in measures used and types of behaviors assessed. We describe the prevalence of CSH by types of CSH assessed, identify the measures used in previous research, and provide recommendations for future assessment. Future research is needed to ensure consistent and comprehensive measures that accurately capture CSH to assess prevalence and consequences.
Pertuzumab-associated diarrhea in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer patients: A comparison of trials to actual practice
Authors: Yankulina Olga , Zullo Andrew R , Cabral Sarah E , Huynh Justin P , Hutchinson Jennifer A , Lopresti Mary L , Fenton Mary A , Berard-Collins Christine M
Published: October 2019

Background

Although landmark trials in the metastatic (CLEOPATRA) and neo-adjuvant (NeoSphere; TRYPHAENA) settings identified all-grade diarrhea as a pertuzumab-associated adverse event, it was not classified as dose-limiting. In actual practice, diarrhea is often a reason for treatment modifications.

Objectives

To compare the risk of pertuzumab-associated diarrhea in actual practice to the risks in randomized controlled trials.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer patients who received a pertuzumab-containing regimen between January 2012 and August 2015. We calculated the risk of diarrhea with 95% confidence limits (CLs), and then used two-sample t-tests to compare the risk between trials and actual practice.

Results

A total of 27 patients in the study cohort received a pertuzumab-containing treatment regimen for HER2/neu-positive breast cancer. The overall risk of all-grade and severe diarrhea in actual practice was 70% (95% CLs 55–90%) and 37% (95% CLs 20–66%), respectively. No severe diarrhea was observed in the metastatic setting, and the risk of all-grade diarrhea (44%, 95% CLs 21–92%) was similar to the CLEOPATRA study (67%). The risk of all-grade diarrhea in the neo-adjuvant setting was 83% (95% CLs 68–100%), compared to 46% in the NeoSphere trial (p = 0.03). The risk of severe diarrhea (Grade 3–4) in the neo-adjuvant setting was 47% (95% CLs 27–80%) versus 6% in the NeoSphere (p < 0.0001) and 12% in the TRYPHAENA (p < 0.01) trials.

Conclusions

The risk of all-grade and severe diarrhea associated with neoadjuvant pertuzumab use for HER2/neu-positive breast cancer was greater in actual practice than in trials.
Healthcare resource utilization and costs in patients with multiple myeloma with and without skeletal-related events
Authors: Ailawadhi Sikander , Medhekar Rohan , Princic Nicole , Fowler Robert , Tran Oth , Bhowmik Debajyoti , Panjabi Sumeet
Published: October 2019

Aim

To compare healthcare resource use and costs between newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients with and without skeletal-related events (SREs).

Methods

Adults newly diagnosed with MM (1 January 2006 and 30 June 2017) with at least 12 months continuous health coverage prior to diagnosis were identified using the IBM MarketScan administrative claims. To control for baseline differences, NDMM patients with SREs were propensity score matched to NDMM patients without SREs. Outcomes included annual HRU and costs during follow-up along with number and type of SREs (SRE cohort only). Patients with SREs were stratified by number of SREs, and annual SRE-related costs were reported. Student's t test and Chi-squared test were used to compare outcomes.

Results

Before matching, the 6648 patients in the SRE cohort had more comorbidities, were more likely to have MM treatment, and had higher pre-index healthcare costs than the 7458 patients in the non-SRE cohort. After matching, cohorts of 3432 patients were well balanced on baseline characteristics. Patients with SREs (vs. without SREs) had significantly higher inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy HRU. Patients with SREs had significantly higher mean annual all-cause healthcare costs ($213,361 vs. $94,896, p < 0.001) with hospitalization being the leading driver of increased costs (38.7% of total). Among 6648 patients with SREs, the mean annual SRE-related healthcare costs were $39,603, $45,463, and $50,111 for patients with one, two, and three or more events, respectively.

Conclusions

NDMM patients with SREs have more than twice the all-cause healthcare costs than matched patients without SREs. Costs increase with the number of SRE events.