bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Venous aneurysm of the jugular vein in horses
Authors: Rijkenhuizen A. B. M.
Published: June 2020

Venous anomalies of the jugular vein are uncommon in the horse. Jugular venous aneurysms (congenital or pseudoaneurysm) in horses usually present as a compressible asymptomatic cervical mass enlarging on manual congestion of the jugular vein. They can be classified into primary (congenital) and acquired lesions. Primary venous aneurysms are true venous aneurysms because in these lesions the venous wall is intact, whereas false or pseudoaneurysm has a disruption of the inner layers of the venous wall. Two types of jugular vein aneurysm can be identified, fusiform or saccular, the former being the most common in people. Doppler ultrasound imaging confirms the diagnosis. Surgical treatment, aneurysmectomy with venorraphy or venoplasty is indicated in case of progressive aneurysmal expansion. This clinical commentary describes a 4‐month‐old foal presented with a primary aneurysm of the right jugular vein in the midcervial region. Treatment consisted of partial aneurysmectomy and venorraphy. Four years later, the horse had a patent jugular vein with a normal diameter and was trained without clinical signs of venous distension.
Caudal epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine in horses: An evaluation of analgesic properties and effects on locomotor function, mentation and physical examination parameters
Authors: Rønnow Kjærulff L. N. , Dorch Lauritsen N. J. , Thorn Ekstrøm C. , Østergaard S. , Olsen E. , Hyldahl Laursen S. , Lindegaard C.
Published: June 2020

Caudal epidural analgesia is a well‐established therapeutic modality for pain alleviation in horses. Additionally, epidural analgesia could potentially be a complementary diagnostic tool for confirmation of pain‐related conditions in horses presenting with nonspecific signs of poor performance or rideability issues. To use the epidural as a diagnostic tool, the administered medications should provide efficient analgesia without accompanying adverse effects. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to evaluate the analgesic properties and effects on locomotor function, mentation and physical examination parameters of caudal epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine in horses. Five mares received a caudal epidural injection of 0.1 mg/kg bwt methadone and 0.1 mg/kg bwt morphine diluted to a total volume of 4.4 mL/100 kg. Before and several times thereafter, horses were subjected to mechanical nociceptive threshold evaluation, physical examination, assessment of mentation and locomotor function examination. Horses were assigned ataxia scores (0–4) by a group of inexperienced raters (three senior‐year veterinary students) and a group of experienced raters (two board‐certified internal medicine specialists) that assessed the locomotor examinations either live or video‐based. The epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine resulted in clinically relevant and statistically significant increases of horses’ tolerance to mechanical noxious stimuli at the coccygeal, perineal, sacral, lumbar and thoracic regions. Analgesia was evident after 4.4 h and lasted at least 5 h. Regional differences in the onset of analgesia reflected a cranial spread of the analgesic solution. No horses showed signs of gait disturbances; the overall median ataxia score was 0 at all times; and the average difference in scores between two randomly selected raters for a random horse at a random time point was 0.377 indicating high inter‐rater agreement. There were no adverse changes of mentation and physical examination parameters. Observed side effects included signs of decreased frequency of defaecation, generalised sweating, and pruritus.
Creating and sustaining virtual language communities
Authors: Lomicka Lara
Published: June 2020

During Covid‐19, educators have been forced to quickly and creatively rethink teaching practices and the education of future generations. Community is a key consideration in reconceptualizing how the traditional classroom might function successfully in an online space. How does the virtual community of language learners interact with each other and with the instructor? What practices might enable the online community to bond, develop a sense of trust, feel comfortable sharing information, and set goals together? The development of a social presence in communities of language learners is crucial to maintaining a sense of connectedness in the virtual classroom. This article discusses why it is critical to establish a virtual language community and provides practical implications for creating virtual presence and engaging students in these virtual communities.
Zooming out of the crisis: Language and human collaboration
Authors: Guillén Gabriel , Sawin Thor , Avineri Netta
Published: June 2020

Language teachers are often masters of using the physical space in their language classrooms, rearranging furniture, groups, and artifacts to facilitate meaningful encounters with and among learners. Indeed, during the COVID‐19 crisis, many language teachers are sharing that these human encounters—reading learners' needs through body language, moving in and out of conversations, or engaging each other face‐to‐face—are the biggest felt loss in their emergent digital language classrooms. Yet, the new digital realities do not necessarily mean that teachers must sacrifice real collaboration among their learners. Digital tools were often designed to explicitly facilitate multimodal collaboration, and, with a wider variety of humans and human stories than may be found within the four walls of the typical classroom. This article aims to help language teachers facilitate more diverse interactions in the target language through the use of tools, spaces, and strategies that can be easily incorporated into our digital classrooms. We describe three categories of such activities (mobile‐assisted learning, tandem learning, and service‐learning) and explain how these can be most effectively incorporated into an online language class.
Concerns and uncertainties relating to methane emissions synthesis for vegetated coastal ecosystems
Authors: Rosentreter Judith A. , Williamson Phillip
Published: June 2020

This is a Letter to the Editor on Al‐Haj and Fulweiler, 26, 2988–3005. See also the Response to this Letter by Al‐Haj and Fulweiler, 26, e10–e11.
Partitioning net carbon dioxide fluxes into photosynthesis and respiration using neural networks
Authors: Tramontana Gianluca , Migliavacca Mirco , Jung Martin , Reichstein Markus , Keenan Trevor F. , Camps‐Valls Gustau , Ogee Jerome , Verrelst Jochem , Papale Dario
Published: June 2020

The eddy covariance (EC) technique is used to measure the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between ecosystems and the atmosphere, offering a unique opportunity to study ecosystem responses to climate change. NEE is the difference between the total CO2 release due to all respiration processes (RECO), and the gross carbon uptake by photosynthesis (GPP). These two gross CO2 fluxes are derived from EC measurements by applying partitioning methods that rely on physiologically based functional relationships with a limited number of environmental drivers. However, the partitioning methods applied in the global FLUXNET network of EC observations do not account for the multiple co‐acting factors that modulate GPP and RECO flux dynamics. To overcome this limitation, we developed a hybrid data‐driven approach based on combined neural networks (NNC‐part). NNC‐part incorporates process knowledge by introducing a photosynthetic response based on the light‐use efficiency (LUE) concept, and uses a comprehensive dataset of soil and micrometeorological variables as fluxes drivers. We applied the method to 36 sites from the FLUXNET2015 dataset and found a high consistency in the results with those derived from other standard partitioning methods for both GPP (R2 > .94) and RECO (R2 > .8). High consistency was also found for (a) the diurnal and seasonal patterns of fluxes and (b) the ecosystem functional responses. NNC‐part performed more realistic than the traditional methods for predicting additional patterns of gross CO2 fluxes, such as: (a) the GPP response to VPD, (b) direct effects of air temperature on GPP dynamics, (c) hysteresis in the diel cycle of gross CO2 fluxes, (d) the sensitivity of LUE to the diffuse to direct radiation ratio, and (e) the post rain respiration pulse after a long dry period. In conclusion, NNC‐part is a valid data‐driven approach to provide GPP and RECO estimates and complementary to the existing partitioning methods.
Logistical geographies
Authors: Coe Neil M.
Published: June 2020

Although logistics are fundamentally geographical and of critical importance to contemporary society, it is only relatively recently that human geographers and cognate social scientists have started to meaningfully engage with the topic. This paper explores this recent growth of interest, which encompasses the work of transport geographers, economic geographers, labour geographers, mobilities scholars and critical logistics scholars. It synthesises, reviews and evaluates this research around four themes: logistics, cities and regional development; logistics and global production networks; logistics labour; and infrastructure, power and violence. These themes are presented in the loose order in which they have emerged in the literature; while these topics have originated in particular sub‐disciplines, important conversations are now starting to emerge between different kinds of scholars both within and across these themes. These conversations have also increasingly connected geographers into vibrant interdisciplinary debates involving researchers from political science, sociology, anthropology, labour studies, and architecture and planning, among others.
Critical appraisal of the International Prophylaxis Study Group magnetic resonance image scale for evaluating haemophilic arthropathy
Authors: Tolend Mirkamal , Majeed Haris , Soliman Magdy , Daruge Paulo , Bordalo‐Rodrigues Marcelo , Dertkigil Sergio San Juan , Gibikote Sridhar , Keshava Shyamkumar N. , Stimec Jennifer , Dunn Amy , Li Ying‐Jia , Blanchette Victor , Lundin Björn , Doria Andrea S.
Published: June 2020

A goal of the International Prophylaxis Study Group (IPSG) is to provide an accurate instrument to measure MRI‐based disease severity of haemophilic arthropathy at various time points, so that longitudinal changes in disease severity can be identified to support decisions on treatment management. We review and discuss in this paper the evaluative purpose of the IPSG MRI scale in relation to its development and validation processes so far. We also critically appraise the validity, reliability and responsiveness of using the IPSG MRI scale in different clinical and research settings, and whenever applicable, compare these clinimetric properties of the IPSG MRI scale with those of its precursors, the compatible additive and progressive MRI scales.
Long‐term safety and sustained efficacy for up to 5 years of treatment with recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein in subjects with haemophilia B: Results from the B‐YOND extension study
Authors: Pasi K. John , Fischer Kathelijn , Ragni Margaret , Kulkarni Roshni , Ozelo Margareth C. , Mahlangu Johnny , Shapiro Amy , P’Ng Stephanie , Chambost Hervé , Nolan Beatrice , Bennett Carolyn , Matsushita Tadashi , Winding Bent , Fruebis Joachim , Yuan Huixing , Rudin Dan , Oldenburg Johannes
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) has demonstrated efficacy for treatment of haemophilia B in the Phase 3 B‐LONG and Kids B‐LONG studies. However, long‐term rFIXFc safety and efficacy data have not yet been reported.

Aim

To report long‐term rFIXFc safety and efficacy in subjects with haemophilia B.

Methods

B‐YOND (NCT01425723) was an open‐label extension for eligibl previously treated subjects who completed B‐LONG or Kids B‐LONG. Subjects received ≥1 treatment regimen: weekly prophylaxis (WP), individualized interval prophylaxis (IP), modified prophylaxis or episodic treatment. Subjects could switch regimens at any time. The primary endpoint was inhibitor development.

Results

Ninety‐three subjects from B‐LONG and 27 from Kids B‐LONG (aged 3‐63 years) were enrolled. Most subjects received WP (B‐LONG: n = 51; Kids B‐LONG: n = 23). For subjects from B‐LONG, median (range) treatment duration was 4.0 (0.3‐5.4) years and median (range) number of exposure days (EDs) was 146 (8‐462) EDs. Corresponding values for paediatric subjects were 2.6 (0.2‐3.9) years and 132 (50‐256) EDs. No inhibitors were observed (0 per 1000 subject‐years; 95% confidence interval, 0‐8.9) and the overall rFIXFc safety profile was consistent with prior studies. Annualized bleed rates remained low and extended‐dosing intervals were maintained for most subjects. Median dosing interval for the IP group was approximately 14 days for adults and adolescents (n = 31) and 10 days for paediatric subjects (n = 5).

Conclusions

B‐YOND results confirm the long‐term (up to 5 years, with cumulative duration up to 6.5 years) well‐characterized safety and efficacy of rFIXFc treatment for haemophilia B.
Clinical outcomes after first‐line HIV treatment failure in South Africa: the next cascade of care
Authors: Iwuji CC , Shahmanesh M , Koole O , Herbst K , Pillay D , Siedner MJ , Baisley K ,   the H‐DREAM Network
Published: June 2020

Introduction

There is limited literature on the appropriateness of viral load (VL) monitoring and management of detectable VL in public health settings in rural South Africa.

Methods

We analysed data captured in the electronic patient register from HIV‐positive patients ≥ 15 years old initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 17 public sector clinics in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, during 2010–2016. We estimated the completion rate for VL monitoring at 6, 12, and 24 months. We described the cascade of care for those with any VL measurement ≥ 1000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL after ≥ 20 weeks on ART, including the following proportions: (1) repeat VL within 6 months; (2) re‐suppressed; (3) switched to second‐line regimen.

Results

There were 29 384 individuals who initiated ART during the period [69% female, median age 31 years (interquartile range 25–39)]. Of those in care at 6, 12, and 24 months, 40.7% (9861/24 199), 34% (7765/22 807), and 25.5% (4334/16 965) had a VL test at each recommended time‐point, respectively. The VL results were documented at all recommended time‐points for 12% (2730/22 807) and 6.2% (1054/16 965) of ART‐treated patients for 12 and 24 months, respectively. Only 391 (18.3%) of 2135 individuals with VL ≥ 1000 copies/mL on first‐line ART had a repeat VL documenting re‐suppression or were appropriately changed to second‐line with persistent failure. Completion of the treatment failure cascade occurred a median of 338 days after failure was detected.

Conclusion

We found suboptimal VL monitoring and poor responses to virologic failure in public‐sector ART clinics in rural South Arica. Implications include increased likelihood of morbidity and transmission of drug‐resistant HIV.
Features of dermatofibroma in reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Pogorzelska‐Antkowiak Anna , Wcisło‐Dziadecka Dominika , Brzezińska‐Wcisło Ligia , Pawlicki Krzysztof , Antkowiak Ryszard , Corneli Paola
Published: June 2020

Background

Dermatofibroma (DF) is a common benign skin lesion in a majority of cases located on the legs or upper limbs. The etiology of DF is still unclear.

Objectives

Reflectance confocal microscopy features of DF were described.

Methods

Forty patients with DF diagnosis confirmed by dermoscopy were examined using reflectance confocal microscopy VivaScope 1500 from March 2018 to April 2019.

Results

DF was more common in females (80%) than males (20%). Thirty‐six lesions (90%) were located on the limbs while four (10%) were on the trunk. Dermoscopically, 18 lesions (45%) revealed typical features: central white area with a brown network in the periphery. Twenty‐two DFs (55%) were found with a central white patch and globular‐like structures, surrounded by a thin brown network. In reflectance confocal microscopy, all revealed a typical honeycombed pattern, although in some cases (30%), streaming was observed. In two lesions (5%) in epidermis, few dendritic cells were observed, and one DF revealed roundish pagetoid cells (2.5%). The dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) in all lesions was abounded in dilated vessels. The most common observable feature of DF was bright “rings” composed of monomorphic, regular cells surrounding dark dermal papillae. In five lesions (12.5%), rings were “double” because of exceptionally pigmented DF.

Conclusion

Reflectance confocal microscopy enables us to describe microscopic features of DF. There are four confocal microscopic features observable in each DF: in the epidermis, normal honeycombed pattern, sometimes with local streaming, in DEJ, edged papillae, bright rings, and dilated vessels.
A systematic and psychometric review of tests measuring nurses' wound care knowledge
Authors: Kielo Emilia , Suhonen Riitta , Ylönen Minna , Viljamaa Jaakko , Wahlroos Niina , Stolt Minna
Published: June 2020

Wound care is an important realm of nurses' clinical responsibilities, and a broad knowledge and range of skills are needed to perform efficient and safe patient care. Nurses' knowledge on this matter can be measured using knowledge tests. This study aims to identify, define, and analyse the knowledge tests developed for the measurement of nurses' wound care knowledge, and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the tests. This study was a systematic literature review. A total of 52 studies and 18 instruments were found. Of the 18 instruments, only 5 had been used more than once and were successful in a psychometric evaluation. These five instruments were analysed on the basis of their psychometric properties by using Zwakhalen et al.'s (2006) psychometric testing framework. According to the analysis, the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test (PUKT) and the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool (PUKAT) were the most valid and reliable instruments for measuring nurses' wound care knowledge. Most of the instruments identified and analysed focused on pressure ulcers, indicating that future instruments could focus more on other types of wounds or on wound care in general in order to receive a broader understanding of nurses' wound care knowledge.
Long‐term effectiveness of the Diabetes Conversation Map™ Program on health outcomes: A case–control retrospective cohort study
Authors: Srulovici Einav , Leventer‐Roberts Maya , Curtis Bradley , He Xuanyao , Hoshen Moshe , Rotem Mina , Reges Orna , Key Calanit , Levin‐Iaina Nomy , Strizek Alena , Feldman Becca
Published: June 2020

Aim

To evaluate the clinical and health behavioural outcomes of a large sample of participants from the Diabetes Conversation Map™ Program.

Design

A matched‐case–control study that was performed on a retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Participants were 11,053 Clalit Health Services members with type 2 diabetes who enrolled in the Diabetes Conversation Map™ Program between January 2010 ‐ April 2016. The matched‐control group was formulated using sequential matching, by matching cases to controls at a ratio of 1:3, based on age, sex, and HbA1c level. The associations between the programme group and annual clinical and health behaviours were assessed between cases and controls at five time points using linear and Poisson regression analyses.

Results

The intervention group had significantly lower HbA1c, glucose, and low‐density lipoprotein levels and more frequent glucose blood testing each year up to 36 month post‐enrolment compared with the matched controls. Other outcomes were significantly different for shorter time periods, including higher high‐density lipoprotein and lower triglyceride levels at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up and lower diastolic blood pressure and greater medication adherence at 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Enrolment in the programme was associated with improved clinical and health behaviour outcomes for at least 6 months and most outcomes persisted for up to 36 months.

Impact

This is the first study to evaluate the Diabetes Conversation Map™ Program with a large sample over long period of time. This nurse‐led group intervention evaluation adds to the literature on health outcomes on the lives of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Study registration

This study was registered retrospectively to the Open Science Framework, the registration form can be found at: https://osf.io/63cse
The GDF‐5 mutant M1673 exerts robust anabolic and anti‐catabolic effects in chondrocytes
Authors: Mang Tanja , Kleinschmidt‐Dörr Kerstin , Ploeger Frank , Lindemann Sven , Gigout Anne
Published: June 2020

The growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF‐5) is known to play a key role in cartilage morphogenesis and homeostasis, and a single‐nucleotide polymorphism in its promoter sequence was found to be associated with osteoarthritis (OA). In addition, GDF‐5 was shown to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) production in healthy chondrocytes, to stimulate chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and to protect against OA progression in vivo. Therefore, GDF‐5 appears to be a promising treatment for osteoarthritis. However, GDF‐5 also promotes osteogenesis and hypertrophy, limiting its therapeutic utility. To circumvent this, a GDF‐5 mutant with lower hypertrophic and osteogenic properties was engineered: M1673. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of GDF‐5 and M1673 on primary porcine and human OA chondrocytes. We found that both GDF‐5 and M1673 can robustly stimulate ECM accumulation, type II collagen and aggrecan expression in porcine and human OA chondrocytes in 3D culture. In addition, both molecules also down‐regulated MMP13 and ADAMTS5 expression. These results suggest that M1673 retained the anabolic and anti‐catabolic effects of GDF‐5 on chondrocytes and is an alternative to GDF‐5 for osteoarthritis.
Editorial Perspective: Adolescents’ fragile sleep—shining light on a time of risk to mental health
Authors: Carskadon Mary A. , Barker David H.
Published: June 2020

As many other facets of life—biological, behavioral, psychological, cognitive, and social—undergo change during adolescence, so too does sleep. The context of sleep behavior is modified by alterations to underlying bioregulatory processes that challenge sleep’s timing, regularity, and quantity. The buildup of sleep pressure during the day gets slower, opening the door for youth to stay awake later; however, the amount of sleep required does not diminish. Further, the circadian timing system delays, again providing the biological impetus for later sleep. When these changes meet societal demands for early wake, most teens cannot find a way to get enough sleep at a consistent time from night to night. Insufficient and irregular sleep provides a fragile foundation to support mental health.
The Ability of Tetrahymena utriculariae (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) to Colonize Traps of Different Species of Aquatic Carnivorous Utricularia
Authors: Sirová Dagmara , Kreidlová Veronika , Adamec Lubomír , Vrba Jaroslav
Published: June 2020

The host specificity of the recently described ciliate species Tetrahymena utriculariae was tested in a greenhouse growth experiment, which included 14 different species of aquatic Utricularia as potential host plants. We confirmed the high specificity of the interaction between U. reflexa and T. utriculariae, the former being the only tested host species able to maintain colonization for prolonged time periods. We conclude that this plant–microbe relationship is a unique and specialized form of digestive mutualism and the plant–microbe unit a suitable experimental system for future ecophysiological studies.
Microbial inspection of a Vietnamese hospital kitchen with reference to a Japanese hospital kitchen
Authors: Chi Nguyen Thi Quynh , Lan Nguyen Thi Huong , Toyama Kenji , Mukai Yuuka
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to assess food safety in a Vietnamese hospital kitchen with reference to a Japanese hospital, where hygiene management is well implemented. Microbial inspections, including general viable bacteria count, coliform, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts were conducted on 10 cookware items, facility equipment, and 14 cooked foods at the two hospital kitchens in Vietnam and Japan. The mean general viable bacteria counts found on cookware and equipment in the Vietnamese hospital kitchen were significantly higher than those in the Japanese kitchen. Furthermore, the frequencies of both general viable bacteria at more than 100 CFU/10 cm2 and coliform/E. coli‐positive were significantly higher in the Vietnamese kitchen than in the Japanese kitchen. Coliform bacteria and E. coli were detected in cooked foods in the Vietnamese, but not in the Japanese, hospital kitchen. In light of these results, some key points are suggested to improve the microbial safety status of hospital kitchens in Vietnam.
Recovery from Severe Disability that Develops Progressively Versus Catastrophically: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Intervening Events
Authors: Gill Thomas M. , Gahbauer Evelyne A. , Leo‐Summers Linda , Murphy Terrence E.
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Few prior studies have evaluated recovery after the onset of severe disability or have distinguished between the two subtypes of severe disability.

OBJECTIVES

To identify the risk factors and intervening illnesses and injuries (i.e., events) that are associated with reduced recovery after episodes of progressive and catastrophic severe disability.

DESIGN

Prospective longitudinal study of 754 nondisabled community‐living persons, aged 70 years or older.

SETTING

Greater New Haven, CT, March 1998 to December 2016.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 431 episodes of severe disability were evaluated from 385 participants: 116 progressive (115 participants) and 315 catastrophic (270 participants).

MEASUREMENTS

Candidate risk factors were assessed every 18 months. Functional status and exposure to intervening events leading to hospitalization, emergency department visit, or restricted activity were assessed each month. Severe disability was defined as the need for personal assistance with three or more of four essential activities of daily living. Recovery was defined as return to independent function (no disability) within 6 months of developing severe disability.

RESULTS

Recovery occurred among 35.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 26.0%–48.0%) and 61.6% (95% CI = 53.5%–70.9%) of the 116 progressive and 315 catastrophic severe disability episodes, respectively. In the multivariable analyses, lives alone, frailty, and intervening hospitalization were each independently associated with reduced recovery from progressive disability, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.31 (0.15–0.64), 0.23 (0.12–0.45), and 0.27 (0.08–0.95), respectively, whereas low functional self‐efficacy, intervening restricted activity, and intervening hospitalization were each independently associated with reduced recovery from catastrophic disability, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.56 (0.40–0.81), 0.55 (0.35–0.85), and 0.45 (0.31–0.66), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Recovery of independent function is considerably more likely after the onset of catastrophic than progressive severe disability, the risk factors for reduced recovery differ between progressive and catastrophic severe disability, and subsequent exposure to intervening illnesses and injuries considerably diminishes the likelihood of recovery from both subtypes of severe disability.
X‐ray tomography for the advancement of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing
Authors: DU PLESSIS A.
Published: June 2020

X‐ray computed tomography is a powerful tool to nondestructively inspect additively manufactured parts. Additive manufacturing of metals, especially laser powder bed fusion, is increasingly being adopted for serial production of critical components in aerospace, automotive and various other industries. The technology holds huge potential for more efficient material usage and light weighting of components, among the many advantages. As this new production method is being ramped up and refined in various industry sectors, X‐ray tomography is critical to the advancement of the quality of the produced components. X‐ray tomography allows the nondestructive evaluation of the structural integrity of the parts produced, which in turn provides confidence in the expected performance of the parts. Besides final inspection of parts for porosity/defects and dimensional tolerances for a pass/fail decision, X‐ray tomography also has a critical role to play in advancing and improving the additive manufacturing processes. This process improvement refers to the inspection of small representative coupon samples on a microscopic scale, in order to optimize the process parameters such as laser power, speed, scan strategy and various others. In this work, we describe the evaluation of small solid cube coupon samples and lattice structure coupon samples. These examples are meant to improve the understanding of the potential of X‐ray tomography in advancing additive manufacturing processes (in contrast to its usual use for nondestructive testing of final parts), thereby providing support towards qualification of these processes and the parts produced in these processes. X‐ray tomography, therefore, plays a key role in the adoption and qualification of high‐quality metal additive manufacturing.
Segmentation, retardation and mass approximation of birefringent particles on a standard light microscope
Authors: JOHNSEN S.A. LINGE , BOLLMANN J.
Published: June 2020

This study presents a simple technique for the approximation of retardation, thickness and mass of birefringent particles with a retardation from 8 to 231 nm retardation. Tuning of the imaging system (standard light microscope equipped with a left and a right circular polarizer) to match grey values of polymer retarder films of known retardation with rendered grey values allows for a robust calibration and accurate approximation of retardation. In addition, a technique for accurate particle segmentation using a Canny–Deriche algorithm was used to minimize the bias on mass estimated from different thresholding techniques. The technique was tested using microscopic calcitic plates called coccoliths produced by the marine algal group coccolithophores, and the results compare well with published coccolith mass estimates obtained from volumetric analysis.

Lay Description

Material with certain optical properties display interference colours when observed in a light microscope under circular polarized light. This study presents a simple technique for measuring the thickness and retardation of small particles within the 8 to 231 nm retardation range based on the grey values of their interference colours. Retardation is a measure of the distance between waves of two mutually perpendicular polarized light waves after passing through material. The technique involves the tuning of a standard light microscope system equipped with a left and a right circular polarizer and a digital camera to match grey values of polymer retarder films with a known retardation with grey values of a digitially rendered Michel‐Lévy chart. A technique for accurate isolation of particles from the image background using a Canny‐Deriche algorithm is also described, which avoids possible biased results from thresholding. The techniques were tested using microscopic calcitic plates called coccoliths produced by the marine algal group coccolithophores, and the results compare well with published estimates obtained from volumetric analysis.
Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to pressure injury prevention: A large‐scale cross‐sectional survey in mainland China
Authors: Jiang Ling , Li Li , Lommel Lisa
Published: June 2020

Aims and objectives

To determine the level of and factors in nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards pressure injury (PI) prevention.

Background

Although there has been a declining trend in global PI prevalence and hospital‐acquired rates in recent years, this has not been the case in China. Evidence in the literature indicates the importance of nurses' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours for promoting PI prevention.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A total of 1,806 nurses from 10 tertiary general hospitals in Hunan Province, China, participated in this study. Nurses' knowledge and attitudes were assessed using Pieper's Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test and Attitude towards Pressure Ulcer Prevention Instrument, respectively, and behaviours were measured using a researcher self‐designed questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined factors affecting the nurses' PI‐prevention knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. A STROBE checklist was used to report findings.

Results

Among all nurses involved in this study, 41.7% had insufficient PI‐prevention knowledge, 46.6% had negative PI‐prevention attitudes, and 21.8% had poor PI‐prevention behaviour. Nurses with a bachelor's degree or above were more likely to have adequate PI‐prevention knowledge. Increased PI‐prevention training frequency increased the nurses’ positive attitude scores for PI prevention; longer years of service and a higher number of PI‐prevention trainings attended predicted better PI‐prevention behaviours.

Conclusion

Chinese nurses’ PI‐prevention knowledge and attitudes in this study were unsatisfactory, while their PI‐prevention behaviour was acceptable. Increasing PI‐prevention training frequency can help improve Chinese nurses’ PI‐prevention attitudes and further behaviour. Having a minimum of a bachelor degree may be beneficial to Chinese nurses’ PI‐prevention knowledge, but more evidence is needed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Chinese nurses have insufficient knowledge about PI‐repositioning, inadequate practices in PI nutrition assessment, and low confidence in their personal competence regarding PI‐prevention. The key solution for the above issues is to promote ongoing education and training based on strong clinical leadership.
Fascists at the Fair: Political Resistance at the 1933–1934 Chicago World's Fair
Authors: Herman Andrew C.
Published: June 2020

At the 1933–1934 World's Fair in Chicago the local German American population was able to organize some resistance to minimize the Nazi presence on the fairgrounds, while Italian Americans, for their part, were held in check by the close oversight of Fascist Italy's representatives at the Fair. Neither the Fairs organizing committee nor the U.S. State Department offered any objection to either governments presence. The history of the event shows that these differences were fundamentally due to international regulations surrounding international expositions, suggesting that our existing approaches toward meaning‐making and political action at mega‐events need to take better account of larger regulatory structures.
Reliability of the mixing ability test testing masticatory performance in patients with head and neck cancer and healthy controls
Authors: Vermaire Jorine A. , Weinberg Florine M. , Raaijmakers Cornelis P. J. , Verdonck‐de Leeuw Irma M. , Terhaard Chris H. J. , Speksnijder Caroline M.
Published: June 2020

Background

Treatment of patients with head and neck cancer can result in disrupted mastication. To measure masticatory performance in people with compromised mastication, the mixing ability test (MAT) was developed.

Objective

In this study, the reliability of the MAT was evaluated in patients with head and neck cancer and healthy controls.

Methods

Thirty‐four patients with head and neck cancer and 42 healthy controls performed the MAT twice on the same day. To assess reliability, the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable change (SDC) and limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated.

Results

A good (ICC = 0.886) and moderate correlation (ICC = 0.525) were found for patients and healthy controls, respectively. Patients had a worse mixing ability (mean = 19.12, SD = 4.56) in comparison with healthy controls (mean = 16.42, SD = 2.04). The SEM was 0.76 in patients and 1.45 in healthy controls, with a SDC of 2.12 and 4.02, respectively. The LoA was −4.46 to 4.42 in patients and −3.65 to 4.59 in healthy controls.

Conclusion

The MAT has a good reliability in patients with head and neck cancer and a moderate reliability in healthy controls.
Phylogeny and classification of the Sematophyllaceae s.l. (Hypnales, Bryophyta)
Authors: Han Wei , Jia Yu
Published: June 2020

The Sematophyllaceae s.l. (Sematophyllaceae s.str. + Pylaisiadelphaceae) is one of the most diversified families of pleurocarpous mosses, distributed worldwide. The familial definition and subfamilial delimitation of the family have been controversial since their inception. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis using five molecular markers (nad5, rbcL, rps4, trnL‐F, and 26S) from mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes revealed the paraphyly of the Pylaisiadelphaceae and the monophyly of Sematophyllaceae s.l. Based on the molecular and morphological evidence, the Sematophyllaceae s.l. were further divided into six subfamilies, Taxithelioideae, Isopterygoideae, Pylaisiadelphoideae, Aptychelloideae, Platygyrioideae, and Sematophylloideae. The Taxithelioideae is established to accommodate Taxithelium, Taxitheliella, and Vernieri, the Isopterygoideae is established to accommodate Isopterygium and Yakushimabryum, the Pylaisiadelphoideae is newly circumscribed to accommodate Brotherella, Pylaisiadelpha, and Orientobryum, the Aptychelloideae is established to accommodate Aptychella, the Platygyrioideae is temporarily established to accommodate Clastobryella, Clastobryum, Gammiella, Platygyrium, and Trachyphyllum, the Sematophylloideae is resurrected to accommodate the Sematophyllaceae s.str., and Isocladiella, Isocladiellopsis, Mastopoma, Heterophyllium, Pseudotrismegistia, Trismegistia, and Wijkia are transferred to the subfamily. A new classification for the Sematophyllaceae s.l. is then proposed.
The Efficacy of Gesture on Second Language Pronunciation: An Exploratory Study of Handclapping as a Classroom Instructional Tool
Authors: Iizuka Takehiro , Nakatsukasa Kimi , Braver Aaron
Published: June 2020

In this study, we examined the efficacy of gestures for the acquisition of L2 segmental phonology. Despite teachers’ frequent use of gestures in the classroom to teach pronunciation, the field lacks empirical support for this practice. We attempted to fill this gap by investigating the effects of handclapping on the development of L2 Japanese segmentals (long vowels, geminates, and moraic nasals). We assigned L1 English university students in beginning Japanese courses to one of two groups where they practiced pronouncing the targets with or without handclapping in the classroom. They also completed picture elicitation (production) and dictation (perception) tasks as pretests, immediate posttests, and delayed posttests. The results show that, on the delayed perception posttest, only those who saw and performed handclapping maintained the instructional effect, indicating that the memory‐enhancing effect of gestures, at least in the form of handclapping, might reach the level of segmental phonology in L2 acquisition.
Abnormal liver tests in patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019: Should we worry?
Authors: Meszaros Magdalena , Meunier Lucy , Morquin David , Klouche Kada , Fesler Pierre , Malezieux Emilie , Makinson Alain , Le Moing Vincent , Reynes Jacques , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe
Published: June 2020

While several studies from China have reported COVID‐19‐related liver injury, there are currently no data on liver dysfunction in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in Europe. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and predictive value of abnormal liver function in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. This was a retrospective cohort study of confirmed COVID‐19 patients hospitalized in two referral hospitals in France. Clinical, biological and radiological data were collected and analysed. In all, 234 patients confirmed to have COVID‐19 by RT‐PCR were included. Liver function was abnormal in 66.6% of patients on admission. In multivariate logistic regression, abnormal liver test on admission were associated with in‐hospital aggravation (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.5‐10.8; P = .004) and mortality (OR 3.3; 95% CI = 1.04‐10.5; P = .04). This study of liver tests in a European COVID‐19 population confirms a high prevalence of abnormal liver tests on admission that are predictive of severe disease course and higher in‐hospital mortality.
Increased diversity and concordant shifts in community structure of coral‐associated Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria subjected to chronic human disturbance
Authors: Claar Danielle C. , McDevitt‐Irwin Jamie M. , Garren Melissa , Vega Thurber Rebecca , Gates Ruth D. , Baum Julia K.
Published: June 2020

Both coral‐associated bacteria and endosymbiotic algae (Symbiodiniaceae spp.) are vitally important for the biological function of corals. Yet little is known about their co‐occurrence within corals, how their diversity varies across coral species, or how they are impacted by anthropogenic disturbances. Here, we sampled coral colonies (n = 472) from seven species, encompassing a range of life history traits, across a gradient of chronic human disturbance (n = 11 sites on Kiritimati [Christmas] atoll) in the central equatorial Pacific, and quantified the sequence assemblages and community structure of their associated Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities. Although Symbiodiniaceae alpha diversity did not vary with chronic human disturbance, disturbance was consistently associated with higher bacterial Shannon diversity and richness, with bacterial richness by sample almost doubling from sites with low to very high disturbance. Chronic disturbance was also associated with altered microbial beta diversity for Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria, including changes in community structure for both and increased variation (dispersion) of the Symbiodiniaceae communities. We also found concordance between Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial community structure, when all corals were considered together, and individually for two massive species, Hydnophora microconos and Porites lobata, implying that symbionts and bacteria respond similarly to human disturbance in these species. Finally, we found that the dominant Symbiodiniaceae ancestral lineage in a coral colony was associated with differential abundances of several distinct bacterial taxa. These results suggest that increased beta diversity of Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities may be a reliable indicator of stress in the coral microbiome, and that there may be concordant responses to chronic disturbance between these communities at the whole‐ecosystem scale.
Making the most of population genomic data to understand the importance of chromosomal inversions for adaptation and speciation
Authors: Mérot Claire
Published: June 2020

Chromosomal inversions are increasingly found to differentiate locally adapted populations. This adaptive role is predictable because reduced recombination protects allelic combinations from gene flow. However, we are far from understanding how frequently inversions contribute to local adaptation and how widespread this phenomenon is across species. In a “From the Cover” article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Huang, Andrew, Owens, Ostevik, and Rieseberg (2020) provide an important step towards this goal not only by finding adaptive inversions in a sunflower ecotype, but also by reversing the approach used to investigate the link between adaptation and inversions. Most studies compare two phenotypes and uncover divergence at a few regions, of which some can subsequently be identified as inversions. In contrast, Huang et al first catalogue putative inversions and then test genotype–environment associations, which allows them to ask systematically whether inversions may be adaptive and in which ecological contexts. They achieve that by revisiting a previous reduced‐representation sequencing (RAD‐sequencing) data set, demonstrating the suitability of this method to detect inversions in species with limited genomic resources. As such, Huang et al pave the way for a better understanding of the evolutionary role of structural genomic variation and highlight that accounting for inversions in population genomics is now possible, and much needed, in a wider range of organisms.
Neighbourhood‐mediated shifts in tree biomass allocation drive overyielding in tropical species mixtures
Authors: Guillemot Joannès , Kunz Matthias , Schnabel Florian , Fichtner Andreas , Madsen Christopher P. , Gebauer Tobias , Härdtle Werner , von Oheimb Goddert , Potvin Catherine
Published: June 2020

Variations in crown forms promote canopy space‐use and productivity in mixed‐species forests. However, we have a limited understanding on how this response is mediated by changes in within‐tree biomass allocation. Here, we explored the role of changes in tree allometry, biomass allocation and architecture in shaping diversity–productivity relationships (DPRs) in the oldest tropical tree diversity experiment.

We conducted whole‐tree destructive biomass measurements and terrestrial laser scanning. Spatially explicit models were built at the tree level to investigate the effects of tree size and local neighbourhood conditions. Results were then upscaled to the stand level, and mixture effects were explored using a bootstrapping procedure.

Biomass allocation and architecture substantially changed in mixtures, which resulted from both tree‐size effects and neighbourhood‐mediated plasticity. Shifts in biomass allocation among branch orders explained substantial shares of the observed overyielding. By contrast, root‐to‐shoot ratios, as well as the allometric relationships between tree basal area and aboveground biomass, were little affected by the local neighbourhood.

Our results suggest that generic allometric equations can be used to estimate forest aboveground biomass overyielding from diameter inventory data. Overall, we demonstrate that shifts in tree biomass allocation are mediated by the local neighbourhood and promote DPRs in tropical forests.
Oral‐maxillofacial adverse events related to antimalarials
Authors: Shuai Yi , Wang Junlan , Jiang Huijuan , Yu Yang , Jin Lei
Published: June 2020

Malaria is a worldwide parasitic disease, which affects millions of lives every year. Various medications are recommended by WHO for prevention and treatment of malaria. However, adverse events caused by antimalarials were frequently reported, some of which were severe and fatal. Disorders of many organs related to antimalarials have been well recognized, whereas few studies concentrated on the relationship between antimalarials and oral‐maxillofacial system health. Current review generalized the relevance of antimalarials to the health of oral‐maxillofacial part and raised an urgent need to form a standard management for antimalarial‐related oral‐maxillofacial adverse events.