bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Non-monotonic Variation of the Entrainment Buoyancy Flux with Wind Shear
Authors: Fodor Katherine , Mellado Juan Pedro , Haghshenas Armin
Published: June 2022

The magnitude of the entrainment buoyancy flux, and hence the growth rate of the convective boundary layer, does not increase monotonically with wind shear. Explanations for this have previously been based on wind-shear effects on the turbulence kinetic energy. By distinguishing between turbulent and non-turbulent regions, we provide an alternative explanation based on two competing wind-shear effects: the initial decrease in the correlation between buoyancy and vertical velocity fluctuations, and the increase in the turbulent area fraction. The former is determined by the change in the dominant forcing; without wind shear, buoyancy fluctuations drive vertical velocity fluctuations and the two are thus highly correlated; with wind shear, vertical velocity fluctuations are partly determined by horizontal velocity fluctuations via the transfer of kinetic energy through the pressure–strain correlation, thus reducing their correlation with the buoyancy field. The increasing turbulent area fraction, on the other hand, is determined by the increasing shear production of turbulence kinetic energy inside the entrainment zone. We also show that the dependence of these conditional statistics on the boundary-layer depth and on the magnitude of the wind shear can be captured by a single non-dimensional variable, which can be interpreted as an entrainment-zone Froude number.
A Bayesian View on the Dr. Evil Scenario
Authors: Azhar Feraz , Guth Alan H. , Namjoo Mohammad Hossein
Published: June 2022

In Defeating Dr. Evil with Self-Locating Belief, Adam Elga proposes and defends a principle of indifference for self-locating beliefs: if an individual is confident that his world contains more than one individual who is in a state subjectively indistinguishable from his own, then he should assign equal credences to the hypotheses that he is any one of these individuals. Through a sequence of thought experiments, Elga in effect claims that he can derive the credence function that should apply in such situations, thus justifying his principle of indifference. Here we argue, using a Bayesian approach, that Elga’s reasoning is circular: in analyzing the third of his thought experiments, he uses an assertion that is justifiable only if one assumes, from the start, the principle of indifference that he is attempting to justify. We agree with Elga that the assumption of equal credences is a very reasonable principle, in the absence of any reason to assign unequal credences, but we do not agree that the equality of credences can be so derived.
Punctures and p-Spin Curves from Matrix Models III. $$D_l$$ Type and Logarithmic Potential
Authors: Hikami Shinobu
Published: June 2022

The intersection numbers forpspin curves of the moduli space$$\overline{\mathcal {M}}_{g,n}$$M¯g,nare considered for$$D_l$$Dltype by a matrix model. The asymptotic behavior of the large genusglimit and largeplimit are derived. The remarkable features of the cases of$$p= \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{1}{2}, -2, -3$$p=12,-12,-2,-3are examined in the Laurent expansion for multiple correlation functions. The strong coupling expansions for the negativepcases are considered.
Can nitrogen input mapping from aerial imagery improve nitrous oxide emissions estimates from grazed grassland?
Authors: Maire Juliette , Gibson-Poole Simon , Cowan Nicholas , Krol Dominika , Somers Cathal , Reay Dave S. , Skiba Ute , Rees Robert M. , Lanigan Gary J. , Richards Karl G.
Published: June 2022

Most nitrogen (N) lost to the environment from grazed grassland is produced as a result of N excreted by livestock, released in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilisation. In addition to the N fertiliser applied, excreta deposited by grazing livestock constitute a heterogeneous excess of N, creating spatial hotspots of N losses. This study presents a yearlong N2O emissions map from a typical intensively managed temperate grassland, grazed periodically by a dairy herd. The excreta deposition mapping was undertaken using high-resolution RGB images captured with a remotely piloted aircraft system combined with N2O emissions measurements using closed statics chambers. The annual N2O emissions were estimated to be 3.36 ± 0.30 kg N2O–N ha−1 after a total N applied from fertiliser and excreta of 608 ± 40 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Emissions of N2O were 1.9, 3.6 and 4.4 times lower than that estimated using the default IPCC 2019, 2006 or country-specific emission factors, respectively. The spatial distribution and size of excreta deposits was non-uniform, and in each grazing period, an average of 15.1% of the field was covered by urine patches and 1.0% by dung deposits. Some areas of the field repeatedly received urine deposits, accounting for an estimated total of 2410 kg N ha−1. The method reported in this study can provide better estimates of how management practices can mitigate N2O emissions, to develop more efficient selective approaches to fertiliser application, targeted nitrification inhibitor application and improvements in the current N2O inventory estimation.
Modelling geographical variations in fertility and population density of Italian and foreign populations at the local scale: a spatial Durbin approach for Italy (2002–2018)
Authors: Benassi Federico , Carella Maria
Published: June 2022

Studies on fertility determinants have frequently pointed to the role that socio-economic, cultural and institutional factors play in shaping reproductive behaviours. Yet, little is known about these determinants at an ecological level, although it is widely recognised that demographic dynamics strongly interact with ecosystems. This research responds to the need to enhance the knowledge on variations in fertility across space with an analysis of the relationship between fertility and population density of Italians and foreigners in Italy at the municipal level for the period 2002–2018. Using global and local autocorrelation measures and a spatial Durbin model, we show that there is a negative association between the fertility and population density of the Italian population, while the density of foreigners is correlated with higher fertility. This second result poses new insights on the relationship between space and fertility. Moreover, we find that the features of neighbouring areas, measured by population density, contribute significantly to explaining spatial fertility variation, confirming the importance of the study of spatial diffusion in demographic processes.
ATP, an attractive target for the treatment of refractory chronic cough
Authors: Zhang Mengru , Sykes Dominic L. , Sadofsky Laura R. , Morice Alyn H.
Published: June 2022

Chronic cough is the most common complaint in respiratory clinics. Most of them have identifiable causes and some may respond to common disease-modifying therapies. However, there are many patients whose cough lacks effective aetiologically targeted treatments or remains unexplained after thorough assessments, which have been described as refractory chronic cough. Current treatments for refractory chronic cough are limited and often accompanied by intolerable side effects such as sedation. In recent years, various in-depth researches into the pathogenesis of chronic cough have led to an explosion in the development of drugs for the treatment of refractory chronic cough. There has been considerable progress in the underlying mechanisms of chronic cough targeting ATP, and ongoing or completed clinical studies have confirmed the promising antitussive efficacy of P2X3 antagonists for refractory cough. Herein, we review the foundation on which ATP target was developed as potential antitussive medications and provide an update on current clinical progresses.
Orchard Networks are Trees with Additional Horizontal Arcs
Authors: van Iersel Leo , Janssen Remie , Jones Mark , Murakami Yukihiro
Published: June 2022

Phylogenetic networks are used in biology to represent evolutionary histories. The class of orchard phylogenetic networks was recently introduced for their computational benefits, without any biological justification. Here, we show that orchard networks can be interpreted as trees with additionalhorizontalarcs. Therefore, they are closely related to tree-based networks, where the difference is that in tree-based networks the additional arcs do not need to be horizontal. Then, we use this new characterization to show that the space of orchard networks on nleaves with kreticulations is connected under the rNNI rearrangement move with diameter$$O(kn+n\log (n))$$O(kn+nlog(n)).
Voice bots on the frontline: Voice-based interfaces enhance flow-like consumer experiences & boost service outcomes
Authors: Zierau Naim , Hildebrand Christian , Bergner Anouk , Busquet Francesc , Schmitt Anuschka , Marco Leimeister Jan
Published: June 2022

Voice-based interfaces provide new opportunities for firms to interact with consumers along the customer journey. The current work demonstrates across four studies that voice-based (as opposed to text-based) interfaces promote more flow-like user experiences, resulting in more positively-valenced service experiences, and ultimately more favorable behavioral firm outcomes (i.e., contract renewal, conversion rates, and consumer sentiment). Moreover, we also provide evidence for two important boundary conditions that reduce such flow-like user experiences in voice-based interfaces (i.e., semantic disfluency and the amount of conversational turns). The findings of this research highlight how fundamental theories of human communication can be harnessed to create more experiential service experiences with positive downstream consequences for consumers and firms. These findings have important practical implications for firms that aim at leveraging the potential of voice-based interfaces to improve consumers’ service experiences and the theory-driven “conversational design” of voice-based interfaces.
Glycan Epitope and Integrin Expression Dynamics Characterize Neural Crest Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation
Authors: Thomas Ria , Menon Vishal , Mani Rakesh , Pruszak Jan
Published: June 2022

The neural crest gives rise to progeny as diverse as peripheral neurons, myelinating cells, cranial muscle, bone and cartilage tissues, and melanocytes. Neural crest derivation encompasses complex morphological change, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration to the eventual target locations throughout the body. Neural crest cultures derived from stem cells provide an attractive source for developmental studies in human model systems, of immediate biomedical relevance for neurocristopathies, neural cancer biology and regenerative medicine, if only appropriate markers for lineage and cell type definition and quality control criteria were available. Implementing a defined, scalable protocol to generate neural crest cells from embryonic stem cells, we identify stage-defining cluster-of-differentiation (CD) surface markers during human neural crest development in vitro. Acquisition of increasingly mesenchymal phenotype was characterized by absence of neuroepithelial stemness markers (CD15, CD133, CD49f) and by decrease of CD57 and CD24. Increased per-cell-expression of CD29, CD44 and CD73 correlated with established EMT markers as determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis. The further development towards migratory neural crest was associated with decreased CD24, CD49f (ITGA6) and CD57 (HNK1) versus an enhanced CD49d (ITGA4), CD49e (ITGA5) and CD51/CD61 (ITGAV/ITGB3) expression. Notably, a shift from CD57 to CD51/CD61 was identified as a sensitive surrogate surface indicator of EMT in neural crest in vitro development. The reported changes in glycan epitope and integrin surface expression may prove useful for elucidating neural crest stemness, EMT progression and malignancies.

Graphical Abstract
Modified and alternative Baveno VI criteria based on age for ruling out high-risk varices in patients with compensated cirrhosis
Authors: Zhao Lili , Wang Ting , Guo Chunxia , Zhou Li , Han Ping , Wang Chunyan , Ma Ying , Wang Jing , Gao Min , Li Jia
Published: June 2022

Background

The Baveno VI criteria (B6C) have been recommended to screen high-risk varices (HRV) in patients with liver cirrhosis to avoid the use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Due to conservative nature of B6C and the general unavailability of transient elastography in the medical institutions, clinical application of B6C is restricted. We aimed to optimize B6C and attempted to replace the liver stiffness (LS) score with other parameters that could help patients avoid EGD.

Methods

A total of 1,188 patients with compensated cirrhosis were analyzed and divided into the training cohort (TC) and validating cohort (VC) by the split-sample method. Variables were selected to develop new criteria in the TC before verification in the VC.

Results

The parameters of age ≥ 50 years, LS, platelet count (PLT), and spleen area (SA) were independently associated with HRV. The risk of HRV was 2.39 times greater in patients over 50 years, hence alternative B6C (AB6C) and modified B6C (MB6C) criteria were built based on age. MB6C was built by adjusting the cut-off value of LS and PLT (patients aged < 50 years with PLT > 100 × 109/L and LS < 30 kPa; patients aged ≥ 50 years with a combined PLT > 125 × 109/L and LS < 20 kPa). MB6C helped avoid EGD in 310 (51.2%) patients, whereas 7 (2.3%) cases of HRV were missed. The predicting performance HRV showed no statistical difference between PLT, SA, or LS. SA was selected to replace LS and in the built AB6C (patients aged < 50 years with PLT > 100 × 109/L and SA < 55 cm2; patients aged ≥ 50 years with a combined PLT > 125 × 109/L and SA < 44 cm2). Using AB6C avoided 297 (49.1%) EGDs with a total of 8 (2.7%) cases of HRV that were missed.

Conclusions

Our novel MB6C and AB6C were stratified by age and provided excellent performance for ruling out HRV, which performed better than B6C and EB6C (expanded B6C) in helping to avoid EGD screening.

Clinical trial registration number

ChiCTR-DDD-17013845.
Structural and geochemical processes controlling the formation of Egyptian Alabaster at Wadi Mawathil area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: Amin Alaa Taha Ahmed , Elkholy Darweesh Mohamed , Khamis Hossam Anwar , El-Moghny Mohamed Wageeh Abd , Zalaky Mohamed Ali El , Elmezayen Ahmed Mohamed
Published: June 2022

Wadi Mawathil area is characterized by the existence of carbonates, represented by “Egyptian Alabaster” (calcite alabaster) and “Bucchino” (recrystallized limestone). One of the most important geological heritage in Egypt is the Egyptian Alabaster quarries. The “Egyptian Alabaster” is considered the main economic resource in the study area and the recrystallized limestone occasionally can be quarried. Field study revealed that the study area is covered by Middle Eocene rocks represented by the “Sannur Formation” surrounded by quaternary sediments; it exhibits karst features. Detailed field and structure studies on the study area show the existence of NW–SE and NE–SW structural trends. The NW–SE fault trends are mainly striking from N25° to 55° W and dip toward NE, SW, and SSW. These fault intersections form channels for groundwater that dissolves limestone. Petrographically, these limestones show three microfacies types, namely foraminiferal biomicrite, sandy biosparite, and alabaster facies. Foraminiferal biomicrite and sandy biosparite microfacies reflect quite an open marine and shallow subtidal depositional environment, while the alabaster facies was precipitated from hydrothermal groundwaters within open fractures, cavities, or karst system. The X–ray fluorescence analysis of alabaster shows an increase in the content of some trace elements such as I, Cr, Th, W, Ag, U, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Ga, and they also show high concentrations of some REE such as Sc, Ce, and La. The major oxides show CaO with an average of 55.47% indicating calcite as a major mineral component in these karstified rocks. The geological, structural, and geochemical studies carried out on the rocks in the study area, indicated that the alabaster rocks were formed in two stages: the first one is the dissolving of limestone by thermal waters in the existence of heavy meteoric water during the rainy periods of the Pleistocene age. The second stage is the re-precipitation of the limestone in the form of “alabaster” and/or “recrystallized limestone” by calcium carbonate saturated meteoric water that percolated through the fractures and fissures of the Eocene limestone.
Copper(II) ion removal by chemically and physically modified sawdust biochar
Authors: Eleryan Ahmed , Aigbe Uyiosa O. , Ukhurebor Kingsley E. , Onyancha Robert B. , Eldeeb Tarek M. , El-Nemr Mohamed A. , Hassaan Mohamed A. , Ragab Safaa , Osibote Otolorin A. , Kusuma Heri S. , Darmokoesoemo Handoko , El Nemr Ahmed
Published: June 2022

The difference between physical activations (by sonications) and chemical activations (by ammonia) on sawdust biochar has been investigated in this study by comparing the removal of Cu(II) ions from an aqueous medium by adsorption on sawdust biochar (SD), sonicated sawdust biochar (SSD), and ammonia-modified sawdust biochar (SDA) with stirring at room temperature, pH value of 5.5–6.0, and 200 rpm. The biochar was prepared by the dehydrations of wood sawdust by reflux with sulfuric acid, and the biochar formed has been activated physically by sonications and chemically by ammonia solutions and then characterized by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR); Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET); scanning electron microscope (SEM); thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA); and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The removal of Cu(II) ions involves 100 mL of sample volume and initial Cu(II) ion concentrations (conc) 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 mg L−1 and the biochar doses of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg. The maximum removal percentage of Cu(II) ions was 95.56, 96.67, and 98.33% for SD, SSD, and SDA biochars, respectively, for 50 mg L−1 Cu(II) ion initial conc and 1.0 g L−1 adsorbent dose. The correlation coefficient (R2) was used to confirm the data obtained from the isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model was best fitted to the experimental data of SD, SSD, and SDA. The maximum adsorption capacities (Qm) of SD, SSD, and SDA are 91.74, 112.36, and 133.33 mg g−1, respectively. The degree of fitting using the non-linear isotherm models was in the sequence of Langmuir (LNR) (ideal fit) > Freundlich (FRH) > Temkin (SD and SSD) and FRH (ideal fit) > LNR > Temkin (SDA). LNR and FRH ideally described the biosorption of Cu(II) ions to SD and SSD and SDA owing to the low values of χ2 and R2 obtained using the non-linear isotherm models. The adsorption rate was well-ordered by the pseudo-second-order (PSO) rate models. Finally, chemically modified biochar with ammonia solutions (SDA) enhances the Cu(II) ions’ adsorption efficiency more than physical activations by sonications (SSD). Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization analysis was studied for the removal of Cu(II) ions using SD, SSD, and SDA biochars.
Pollen columns and a wax canopy in a first nest description of Bombus (Cullumanobombus) morrisoni (Apidae)
Authors: Koch Jonathan Berenguer Uhuad , Cane James H.
Published: June 2022

In this study, we describe the first reported nest of Bombus morrisoni, a species with an extensive range in the arid Intermountain Region of the Nearctic. The mature, naturally terminated nest consisted of 424 nest cells (cocoons), with 328 non-gyne cells and 94 gyne cells. The nest also had two kinds of understudied structures associated with bumble bee nests: pollen columns and a wax canopy. We found five pollen columns rising amid the cocoons. A 0.3-mm-thick wax canopy spanned over the entire nest. An estimated 40 million pollen grains were incorporated into the 19 g wax canopy, demonstrating that B. morrisoni devotes a significant amount of pollen to this non-dietary purpose. Bombus morrisoni is a species of conservation concern due to an observed reduction in their historic distribution. The data generated in our study contributes to the much-needed comparative accounts of bumble bee nesting biology and has consequential implications in supporting management and conservation decisions.
Copper nanoparticles suitable for bifunctional cholesterol oxidation reaction: harvesting energy and sensor
Authors: Espinosa-Lagunes F. I. , Cruz J. C. , Vega-Azamar R. E. , Murillo-Borbonio I. , Torres-González Julieta , Escalona-Villalpando Ricardo A. , Gurrola M. P. , Ledesma-García J. , Arriaga L. G.
Published: June 2022

This study reports the performance of simple low-cost synthesized bifunctional Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) used as a catalyst for energy-harvesting applications through of a microfluidic fuel cell (µFC), and further, as cholesterol (Chol) sensor. TEM characterization of the NPs showed spheres between 4 and 10 nm, while XRD and XPS analysis confirmed the composition and preferential crystallographic plane of Cu/Cu2O. In addition, 25.26 m2 g−1 surface area was obtained, which is greater than those commercial materials. NPs showed high activity toward the cholesterol oxidation reaction when were used as a sensor, obtaining a linear interval between 0.5 and 1 mM and 850 µA mM−1 mg−1 of sensitivity and 8.9 µM limit of quantification LOQ. These values are comparable to results previously reported. Moreover, Cu/Cu2O NPs were used as anode in a µFC with 0.96 V of cell voltage and 6.5 mA cm−2 and 1.03 mW cm−2 of current and power density, respectively. This performance is the highest currently reported for cholesterol application as an alternative fuel, and the first one reported for a microfluidic fuel cell system as far as is known. Results showed that the obtained Cu-based NPs presented an excellent performance for the dual application both µFC and sensor, which has potential applications in biomedicine and as an alternative energy source.
Disordered eating and the meat-avoidance spectrum: a systematic review and clinical implications
Authors: McLean Courtney P. , Kulkarni Jayashri , Sharp Gemma
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Meat avoidance has long been thought to be related to eating psychopathology; however, research does not necessarily support this notion. Furthermore, commonly used eating disorder scales may be picking up on normal meat-avoiding behaviours in vegetarians and vegans. As such, we systematically reviewed the association between vegetarianism, veganism, and disordered eating, and reviewed the psychometric properties of eating disorder scales for use in these populations.

Methods

We searched electronic databases MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL for literature published until June 2021.

Results

Forty-eight studies met eligibility criteria, with no consensus as to whether meat avoidance was associated with higher rates of disordered eating. Most studies reported a significant positive association with both vegetarianism and veganism, and orthorexia nervosa. Six studies provided evidence for the use of eating disorder measures in vegetarians and vegans, reporting poor psychometric fit among all scales.

Conclusion

This systematic review highlights the extent to which vegetarians and vegans have been highly understudied, with limited research suggesting higher levels of orthorexia nervosa behaviours in vegetarians and vegans. Furthermore, our results provide tentative evidence that the factorial validity of commonly used eating disorder scales, such as the EDE-Q, may be poor in vegans.

Level of evidence

Level I, systematic review.
Pressure and heat treatment of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication
Authors: Handwerker Michael , Wellnitz Jörg , Marzbani Hormoz , Tetzlaff Ulrich
Published: June 2022

Fused filament fabrication allows for the additive manufacturing of complex geometries without requiring moulds. However, due to large air voids and poor layer adhesion, the mechanical properties of parts manufactured using fused filament fabrication lag behind those of parts manufactured using conventional techniques. A previous study found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of such parts could be increased by a heat-treatment process. However, large air voids were still present after annealing. This study, therefore, investigates the influence of a post-pressure-treatment process on the mechanical performance and the air void ratio of continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 in the directions perpendicular to the fibres. Without the treatment, Young’s modulus on the plane parallel to the printing bed is eight times higher than Young’s modulus perpendicular to it. Annealing at 1 MPa homogenises the material and leads to a significant increase of both the tensile strength (55 MPa) and Young’s modulus (5 GPa). Increasing the pressure to 3 MPa only slightly increases the mechanical performance, whereas a further increase to 6 MPa causes no significant changes.
From Legal Contracts to Formal Specifications: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Soavi Michele , Zeni Nicola , Mylopoulos John , Mich Luisa
Published: June 2022

The opportunity to automate and monitor the execution of legal contracts is gaining increasing interest in Business and Academia, thanks to the advent of smart contracts, blockchain technologies, and the Internet of Things. A critical issue in developing smart contract systems is the formalization of legal contracts, which are traditionally expressed in natural language with all the pitfalls that this entails. This paper presents a systematic literature review of papers for the main steps related to the transformation of a legal contract expressed in natural language into a formal specification. Key research studies have been identified, classified, and analyzed according to a four-step transformation process: (a) structural and semantic annotation to identify legal concepts in text, (b) identification of relationships among concepts, (c) contract domain modeling, and (d) generation of a formal specification. Each one of these steps poses serious research challenges that have been the subject of research for decades. The systematic review offers an overview of the most relevant research efforts undertaken to address each step and identifies promising approaches, best practices, and existing gaps in the literature.
Précis of Justification as Ignorance
Authors: Rosenkranz Sven
Published: June 2022

In this précis, I give an overview of the theses advanced and defended in my book Justification as Ignorance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).
Effect of intravenous versus intratracheal lidocaine on airway and hemodynamic responses during extubation after thyroid surgery. A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ayele Tamiru Tilahun , Gemechu Ashebir Debalike , Asres Abiyot Wolie , Zewdu Dereje , Negash Tadese Tamire
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Coughing during extubation after thyroid surgery can increase venous pressure and release the vessel ligation which leads to active bleeding, and form hematoma which can be a life threatening due to airway obstruction. Lidocaine before extubation may reduce cough and hemodynamic instability. The aim of this study was to compare effect of intra-tracheal and intravenous lidocaine on airway and hemodynamic responses during extubation.

Method:

A hospital based prospective cohort study was conducted on 74 patients who underwent thyroid surgery. A Systematic random sampling technique was employed. Data recording was made after Anesthetists gave 1.5 mg/kg 2% lidocaine either intravenous (control group) or intra-tracheal (exposed group) before extubation. The episode and grade of coughs were recorded. Heart rate and blood pressure were also recorded at the time of lidocaine administration, and at 1,2,3,4 and 5 minutes post extubation. Independent two sample t-test and chi-square were computed. P-value < 0.05 considered as statistically significant.

Result:

The two groups were comparable with respect to socio -demographic and clinical characteristics. The incidence of coughing after intravenous and intratracheal lidocaine was 11% and 15%, p-value, 0.425, respectively. The sedation score after extubation also was comparable between the two groups. Even though the difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant, the mean heart rates and blood pressure after lidocaine in intravenous and intratracheal lidocaine groups were higher at 1 min post extubation and then decline to baseline mean heart rate at 5 munities post extubation.

Conclusion:

Intravenous and intratracheal lidocaine have comparable effects on airway and hemodynamic response during extubation after thyroid surgery. The sedation score after lidocaine was also similar among the two groups. Therefore lidocaine can be used either intra tracheal or intravenously before extubation.

Highlights
Intellectual Property Licensing and Transactions
Authors: Contreras Jorge L.
Published: June 2022

Intellectual property transactions underlie large segments of the global economy, from pharmaceuticals to computing, entertainment to digital content. This first-of-its-kind resource combines practical contract drafting and negotiation skills with substantive legal doctrine in the rapidly growing area of intellectual property transactions and licensing. Though primarily designed for classroom use, it is also a must-have legal reference work for every lawyer involved in the technology, biopharma, entertainment, media or financial services industries. It includes practical drafting models and explanations of key contractual provisions such as field of use, exclusivity, milestones, royalties, termination, indemnification and liability, and combines these with discussion of the latest cases interpreting these provisions. Numerous legal doctrines that affect the enforcement of IP agreements are also covered. An instructor's manual for this book is currently being developed. If you are interested in receiving updates about the availability of this resource, please contact the author directly. This book is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
When Prisoners’ “Right to Die” Goes Online: A Case-Study of Legal and Penal Sensibilities
Authors: Shaw Joshua D. M. , Konikoff Daniel
Published: June 2022

Prisoners in Canadian federal penitentiaries can obtain medical assistance in dying (MAiD). This raises questions about the nature and legitimacy of pain and death in incarceration. The authors analyze responses to a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation online news article discussing the provision of MAiD to prisoners. The comments exemplify different sensibilities about the state’s lethality with respect to prisoners. These sensibilities—both legal and penal—draw on an array of cultural referents to orient to prisoners’ deaths generally, but also MAiD specifically. The authors explore how certain referents factor in these legal and penal sensibilities and appear to mediate commenters’ judgements. For example, capital punishment factors significantly in conversations about MAiD for prisoners, as well as imaginations of prisoners’ bodies in pain. As a result, there is a spectacularization of prisoners’ carceral death, despite the humane, “civilized” death MAiD provides, which circumscribes how some commenters imagine the procedure and prisoners’ deaths.
Increased vegetable intake improves glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clustered randomised clinical trial among Indonesian white-collar workers
Authors: Yen Tan Shot , Htet Min Kyaw , Lukito Widjaja , Bardosono Saptawati , Setiabudy Rianto , Basuki Endang S. , Wibudi Aris , Martianto Drajat , Subekti Imam , Fahmida Umi
Published: June 2022

Dietary patterns high in fibre and green leafy vegetables have shown an inverse association with lower risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and improved glycaemic control. The study aimed to investigate the effects of increased vegetable intake and conventional diabetes diet on glycaemic control among type 2 diabetic patients. White-collar workers from one telecommunication company with type 2 diabetes were assigned to two treatment groups by cluster randomisation. Individuals with known type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥8 g%) were eligible and a total of 84 subjects were recruited. Subjects in the intervention group (n 41) were offered to attend seminars and intensive coaching weekly to encourage them to increase raw vegetable intake. The control group (n 40) followed the conventional diet according to the guidelines of the Indonesian Society of Endocrinology. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma lipids, blood pressure, vegetable intake and anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline and end line of 12 weeks intervention. A regression analysis was conducted using differences in HbA1C between baseline and 12 weeks as the dependent variable. Student's t test was conducted for the changes of biochemical indicators from baseline to end line during the period of 12 weeks intervention. Glycaemic control improved in the intervention group and mean HbA1C, fasting blood glucose and post-prandial blood glucose in the intervention group decreased significantly along with body weight, waist circumference and total cholesterol. The finding suggested that the intervention which emphasised raw vegetable intake contributed to improved glycaemic control among Indonesian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Lecithaster (Lecithasteridae, Digenea) in the White Sea: an unnoticed guest from the Pacific?
Authors: Krupenko D. , Kremnev G. , Skobkina O. , Gonchar A. , Uryadova A. , Miroliubov A.
Published: June 2022

Morphological discrimination of species is problematic in many digenean taxa. Parasites of marine fish from the genus Lecithaster Lühe, 1901 are a good example of this. Our goal was to understand which species of Lecithaster infect fish in the White Sea, and reveal their life cycles. We collected specimens of maritae from nine fish species, analysed their morphology and sequenced 28S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Contrary to previous accounts, all of them belong to a single species, Lecithaster salmonis Yamaguti, 1934, which was previously only recorded from the Pacific. Morphologically, our maritae specimens were highly variable, sharing characters of L. salmonis, Lecithaster confusus Odhner, 1905 and Lecithaster gibbosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1901. This variability did not correlate with the moderate differences in ITS2 among the specimens, and neither did the fish host species. Members of the subfamily Salmoninae appear to be the best suited definitive hosts, judging from the intensity rates. The intermediate hosts were also discovered: the first is Cryptonatica affinis (Gmelin, 1791) and the second are planktonic copepods. These lifecycle data from the White Sea are consistent with L. salmonis species identification and with the distribution of this species in the North Pacific. The geographical range of L. salmonis seems to be interrupted, and we discuss possible ways of L. salmonis expansion.
Pathways towards break even for low convergence ratio direct-drive inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Paddock R.W. , Martin H. , Ruskov R.T. , Scott R.H.H. , Garbett W. , Haines B.M. , Zylstra A.B. , Campbell E.M. , Collins T.J.B. , Craxton R.S. , Thomas C.A. , Goncharov V.N. , Aboushelbaya R. , Feng Q.S. , von der Leyen M.W. , Ouatu I. , Spiers B.T. , Timmis R. , Wang R.H.W. , Norreys P.A.
Published: June 2022

Following indirect-drive experiments which demonstrated promising performance for low convergence ratios (below 17), previous direct-drive simulations identified a fusion-relevant regime which is expected to be robust to hydrodynamic instability growth. This paper expands these results with simulated implosions at lower energies of 100 and 270 kJ, and ‘hydrodynamic equivalent’ capsules which demonstrate comparable convergence ratio, implosion velocity and in-flight aspect ratio without the need for cryogenic cooling, which would allow the assumptions of one-dimensional-like performance to be tested on current facilities. A range of techniques to improve performance within this regime are then investigated, including the use of two-colour and deep ultraviolet laser pulses. Finally, further simulations demonstrate that the deposition of electron energy into the hotspot of a low convergence ratio implosion through auxiliary heating also leads to significant increases in yield. Results include break even for 1.1 MJ of total energy input (including an estimated 370 kJ of short-pulse laser energy to produce electron beams for the auxiliary heating), but are found to be highly dependent upon the efficiency with which electron beams can be created and transported to the hotspot to drive the heating mechanism.
Design optimization of an underactuated tendon-driven anthropomorphic hand based on grasp quality measures
Authors: Basumatary Hirakjyoti , Hazarika Shyamanta M.
Published: June 2022

For an underactuated anthropomorphic hand, apart from replicating the geometry, biomimicry of human counterpart requires design based on functional biomimesis. Optimization based on grasping capabilities to generate a stable grasp for underactuated anthropomorphic hands has been a recent focus. In this article, we optimize the actuation parameters of the underactuated mechanism based on grasp quality measures. Optimization of the hand design parameters like pulley radii, spring stiffnesses, and pre-load angles was undertaken based upon the grasp robustness metric. A quasi-static model based on a soft synergistic compliant grasp of the underactuated hand is formalized. Numerical simulations based on evolutionary strategies are applied to the grasp model to optimize the underactuated parameters. Finally, validation of the results based on the grasp wrench space is presented. The results show that an anthropomorphic hand with an optimized underactuated mechanism performs better grasps.
Predictive role of blood eosinophils in adult varicella patients
Authors: Yang Luxuan , Zhang Wenyong , Shen Xiujuan , Chang Jianguo , Liu Meiqin
Published: June 2022

The study aimed to explore the relationship between eosinophils and the prognosis of varicella in adults. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were hospitalised in The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou with a diagnosis of adult varicella during the period between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2020. Of the 359 patients, 228 (63.51%) had eosinopenia. The proportion of patients with mild type disease was significantly lower in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (50.44% vs. 65.65%, P = 0.006). The proportion of the patients with common type disease was significantly higher in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (39.47% vs. 28.24%, P = 0.039). The proportion of the patients with severe type disease was higher in the eosinopenia group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (10.09% vs. 6.11%, P = 0.243). The rates of high fever (47.81% vs. 32.82%, P = 0.008; relative risk (RR) 1.296, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.091–1.540), headache (43.42% vs. 22.14%, P < 0.001; RR 1.415, 95% CI 1.233–1.623), anorexia (53.51% vs. 35.88%, P = 0.001; RR 1.367, 95% CI 1.129–1.655) and complications (82.89% vs. 64.12%, P < 0.001; RR 2.106, 95% CI 1.460–3.038) were also significantly higher in the eosinopenia group. Among the complications, the liver injury and skin infection were more serious in the eosinopenia group. The disease course was significantly longer in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (9.43 ± 1.89 days vs. 8.73 ± 1.25 days, P < 0.001). The improvement rate of liver injury in the recovery period was lower in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (35.38% vs. 50%, P = 0.012). The study found that adult varicella patients with eosinopenia had a more serious condition, a higher morbidity of complications and a slower recovery. Blood eosinophils can be used as a new predictor of the severity of adult varicella.
Formal recognition of extinct Antarctic polar forests as a distinct biome
Authors: Macphail Michael , Carpenter Raymond , Hill Robert
Published: June 2022

We conclude that the extinct polar forests of Antarctica deserve recognition as a distinct biome - the ‘Austral Polar Forest Biome’ - rather than being regarded as analogous to modern rainforest.
Homogenisation of a two-phase problem with nonlinear dynamic Wentzell-interface condition for connected–disconnected porous media
Authors: GAHN M.
Published: June 2022

We investigate a reaction–diffusion problem in a two-component porous medium with a nonlinear interface condition between the different components. One component is connected and the other one is disconnected. The ratio between the microscopic pore scale and the size of the whole domain is described by the small parameter
$\epsilon$
. On the interface between the components, we consider a dynamic Wentzell-boundary condition, where the normal fluxes from the bulk domains are given by a reaction–diffusion equation for the traces of the bulk solutions, including nonlinear reaction kinetics depending on the solutions on both sides of the interface. Using two-scale techniques, we pass to the limit
$\epsilon \to 0$
and derive macroscopic models, where we need homogenisation results for surface diffusion. To cope with the nonlinear terms, we derive strong two-scale convergence results.
Strategies for Picking the Right Adviser
Authors: Hatemi Peter K. , McDermott Rose
Published: June 2022

In an increasingly tight job market, the selection of an adviser has never been more important to help guide young scholars in their career development. Advisers play a critical role in students’ careers and beyond, from providing substantive help with the dissertation to sharing the norms of the discipline, helping them navigate the job market, and introducing them to potential collaborators. Yet, many graduate students do not know how to go about identifying the best adviser for them. Here, we provide some suggestions to graduate students for how best to pick a dissertation adviser and other mentors, noting some of the most important aspects of the relationship and highlighting some of the most critical elements to look for in finding an appropriate and helpful adviser.
Historical Sankofa: On Understanding Antiblack Violence in the Present through the African Diasporic Past
Authors: Morgan Alaina M.
Published: June 2022

This essay makes a theoretical and methodological intervention into the historical discipline by arguing that there is a serious and necessary role for historians to engage with the realities of our contemporary world. Using the Black Lives Matter movement and the global uprisings of 2020 as a case study, the author rejects long-standing critiques of presentism in the historical discipline. Instead, she argues that the history of transnational black activism and protest engaged by activists in the African diaspora throughout 2020 were indicative of the ways in which the realities of the past continue to materially inform the lives of real people in the present. The author calls the process of excavating these connections between the past and the present “historical sankofa”—a concept borrowed from the Akan tradition of Ghana.
Amicus Curiae Briefs and the Competing Legal Agendas of White Protestants in the United States, 1969–2020
Authors: Hensley Jonathan B. , McCartney Paul T.
Published: June 2022

We use Supreme Court amicus curiae briefs filed by seven religious groups—four liberal and three conservative—to understand the changing nature of political conflict between American religious groups in the predominantly White Protestant tradition from 1969 to 2020. Religious groups on both sides of the ideological divide have increased the frequency of their amicus filings, and increasingly become involved in issue areas which were once primarily the concern of groups on the other side. These findings suggest that the culture war that redefined party politics in America has also shaped religious activism, including legal activism. We argue that these groups have increased their involvement in a wider range of issues for two reasons: their rivalry for influence over the nation's moral center has become more encompassing and overtly political, and their appreciation for and consciously developed ability to tap into the courts' influence on American politics has grown.
Genesis of Loess Particles on the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyu , Gray Jessica , Gu Ying , He Tong
Published: June 2022

The sources of the sediments in distinct areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are still disputed, starting with the particle formation in the original desert areas, as well as the neighboring river systems. The formation of loess particles in the southern CLP was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and combined material modal composite analysis. Here, we determined the mineralogy in the Duanjiapo (DJP) section on the southernmost CLP and the last glacial‐interglacial samples on the central and north CLP. The results reveal that the samples plot along the N‐S transect, which is very likely the result of differential weathering. The SEM observations of the internal textures of soil aggregates from DJP suggest that precipitation mediated dissolution led to the formation of the fine particle fraction (5–10 μm). The most dissolution was observed for the hornblende particles. The further evolution of these smaller particles followed a decrease (2.6–0 Ma) in the grain size up section. Our record of the changes in and trend of the hornblende concentrations suggests an imbalance in the budget of the hornblende influx via sub‐aerosol wind transport versus the mineral dissolution, which provides robust evidence for a sediment provenance in the deserts north and west of CLP. Understanding the sediment source is critical to trace Asian monsoon evolution. The hornblende record suggests a coeval change in the trends of the summer monsoon and winter monsoon, and this contemporaneous change may not support the recently proposed Pacific Walker Circulation mechanism in the interpretation of Asian monsoon.
Climatic Controls on the Interannual Variability of Shelf Circulation in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Deng Yongfei , Liu Zhiqiang , Zu Tingting , Hu Jianyu , Gan Jianping , Lin Yuxin , Li Zhibing , Quan Qi , Cai Zhongya
Published: June 2022

We comprehensively investigate the interannual variability of multi‐scale motions in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) and associated influences from the terrestrial, atmospheric, and oceanic processes over the period 1994–2018 based on observations and a numerical simulation. We find that the interannual variabilities of the NSCS circulation and hydrographic properties, in the form of a cross‐scale interactive dynamic system, are sensitive to the tropical climate variability represented by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In coastal areas with less than 30 m depth, the anomalous warm (cold) and less (more) saline waters are regulated by the rate of Pearl River discharge due to the predominant precipitation (evaporation) and positive (negative) heat‐flux anomaly in the Pearl River catchment in El Niño (La Niña) years. Controlled by the interannual variabilities of slope current and atmospheric forcings, the shelf current at 30–200 m depth responds asymmetrically to the ENSO, which establishes a stronger northeastward flow anomaly in El Niño years than the southwestward flow anomaly in La Niña years. We further show that the interannual variability of the slope current is jointly governed by the atmospheric and oceanic processes that tend to offset each other in interannual timescales. In particular, the weakened (strengthened) cyclonic wind stress curl over the ocean basin tends to moderate (intensify) the slope current in the NSCS, while this process is mitigated by the stronger (weaker) Kuroshio intrusion in El Niño (La Niña) years.