bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cyclic N‐Sulfimines and Acyclic Enones or Ynones: A Concise Route to Sulfamidate‐Fused 2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Liu Yong , Kang Tai‐Ran , Liu Quan‐Zhong , Chen Lian‐Mei , Wang Ya‐Chuan , Liu Jie , Xie Yong‐Mei , Yang Jin‐Liang , He Long
Published: April 2014

A binary catalyst system of a cinchona type alkaloid and o‐fluorobenzoic acid catalyzes the cycloaddition of N‐sulfimines with enones and ynones to form the title products in high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,1‐Benzothiazine 2,2‐Dioxides. Part 1. Synthesis, Structure, and Analgesic Activity of 1‐R‐4‐Hydroxy‐2,2‐dioxo‐1H‐2λ 6,1‐benzothiazine‐3‐carboxylic Acid Esters.
Authors: Ukrainets I. V. , Petrushova L. A. , Dzyubenko S. P.
Published: April 2014

A new and simple approach for the synthesis of the title benzothiazine derivatives (III) (6 examples) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile and 1,2,4‐Triazine‐5(4H)‐one Derivatives from Furan‐2,3‐diones.
Authors: Uengoeren Sevket Hakan , Dilekoglu Emine , Koca Irfan
Published: April 2014

A simple synthesis of pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitriles and 1,2,4‐triazines is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Overman Rearrangement and Pomeranz—Fritsch Reaction for the Synthesis of Benzoazepinoisoquinolones to Discover Novel Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Li Bo , Wang Gaihong , Yang Mu , Xu Zhijian , Zeng Bubing , Wang Heyao , Shen Jingshan , Chen Kaixian , Zhu Weiliang
Published: April 2014

Two routes are described for the synthesis of (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide (BDMS)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepines Using a Multi‐Component Reaction Strategy.
Authors: Sarkar Satavisha , Deka Jugal Kishore Rai , Hazra Jagadish P. , Khan Abu T.
Published: April 2014

The facile one‐pot procedure allows the synthesis of 1,5‐benzodiazepines from o‐phenylenediamines, aldehydes, and β‐keto esters under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Biologically Active Seven‐Membered‐Ring Heterocycles.
Authors: Reekie Tristan A. , Kavanagh Madeline E. , Longworth Mitchell , Kassiou Michael
Published: April 2014

A brief account on established procedures for preparation of the title compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,6‐Addition of Diarylphosphines to α,β,γ,δ‐Unsaturated Sulfonic Esters: Controlling Regioselectivity by Rational Selection of Electron‐Withdrawing Groups.
Authors: Lu Junzhu , Ye Jinxing , Duan Wei‐Liang
Published: April 2014

The 1,6‐adduct (III*a) can be used in the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐addition of 2‐cyclohex‐1‐one yielding the product with poor enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Alkylation of N‐Methylmorpholinium 4‐Aryl‐3‐cyano‐5‐oxo‐1,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydroquinoline‐2‐selenolates.
Authors: Frolov K. A. , Dotsenko V. V. , Krivokolysko S. G.
Published: April 2014

The title compounds (V) are obtained by a mediated Hantzsch‐type multicomponent reaction of cyanoselenoacetamide (I) with aromatic aldehydes and 1,3‐cyclohexanedione in the presence of an excess N‐methylmorpholine.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Compounds from Invasive Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Against Human Tumor Cells.
Authors: Li Shiyou , Wang Ping , Deng Guangrui , Yuan Wei , Su Zushang
Published: April 2014

Fifty compounds including six new compounds, salviniol (I), salviniside I (II), salciniside II (III), salvinin A (IV), salvinin B (V), and glycoside (VI), are isolated and evaluated for their antitumor activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Kelsoenethiol and Dikelsoenyl Ether, Two Unique Kelsoane‐Type Sesquiterpenes, from the Formosan Soft Coral Nephthea erecta.
Authors: Cheng Shi‐Yie , Shih Neng‐Lang , Hou Kuang‐Yu , Ger Mang‐Jye , Yang Chia‐Ning , Wang Shang‐Kewi , Duh Chang‐Yih
Published: April 2014

Kelsoenethiol (I) and dikelsoenyl ether (II) are screened in vitro for their cytotoxicity against A‐459, P‐388, and HT‐29 cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Directed Regioselective Acetalization of Carbohydrate‐Derived 1,2‐Diols.
Authors: Mensah Enoch , Camasso Nicole , Kaplan Will , Nagorny Pavel
Published: April 2014

The first example of a chiral‐catalyst‐controlled regioselective acetalization of C2/C3‐OH carbohydrates such as (I) and (VIII) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiopure cis‐2,5‐Disubstituted 2,5‐Dihydropyrroles from D‐Glycal‐Derived Vinyl Aziridines.
Authors: Di Bussolo Valeria , Frau Ileana , Crotti Stefano , Uccello‐Barretta Gloria , Balzano Federica , Pineschi Mauro , Crotti Paolo
Published: April 2014

The Li‐enolates of the methylene active compounds [(II) and (V)] react stereoselectively with the d‐glycal‐derived vinyl aziridines [(I) and (V)] to the title highly functionalized pyrrole derivatives in a unique manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Schoepfiajasmins A—H: C‐Glycosyl Dihydrochalcones, Dihydrochalcone Glycoside, C‐Glucosyl Flavanones, Flavanone Glycoside and Flavone Glycoside from the Branches of Schoepfia jasminodora
Authors: Ukida Kouki , Doi Takashi , Sugimoto Sachiko , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki , Takeda Yoshio
Published: April 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of Schoepfiajasmin A (Ia), B (Ib), C (Ic), D (II), E (IIIa), F (IIIb); G and H are not shown
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Fluorinated 10‐Hydroxycamptothecin and SN38.
Authors: Wu Yuelin , Zhu Lingjian , Sheng Chunquan , Yao Jianzhong , Miao Zhenyuan , Zhang Wannian , Wei Yunyang , Shi Ruofu
Published: April 2014

A successful method for fluorine substitution on position 21 of camptothecin clinical drugs is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Structure Revision of NSC‐134754.
Authors: Hickin Jennie A. , Ahmed Afshan , Fucke Katharina , Ashcroft Margaret , Jones Keith
Published: April 2014

For the first time the X‐ray structure of the target compound is determined and reassigned to (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convergent Approach for the Total Synthesis of the α‐Glucosidase Inhibitor (‐)‐Panaxjapyne‐C.
Authors: Reddy A. Sathish , Gangadhar P. , Srihari P.
Published: April 2014

The asymmetric total synthesis of (‐)‐panaxjapyne‐C (I) unequivocally demonstrates that the natural product is the enantiomer of the synthesized product.
ChemInform Abstract: Amide, Cyclohexenone, and Cyclohexenone—Sordaricin Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Xylaria plebeja PSU‐G30.
Authors: Rukachaisirikul Vatcharin , Buadam Sathit , Phongpaichit Souwalak , Sakayaroj Jariya
Published: April 2014

Two new cyclohexenones, named xylariacyclones A (Ia) and B (Ib), three cyclohexenone—sordaricin derivatives, named xylarinonericins A (IIa), B (IIb), and C (IIc), as well as xylariamide (III) are isolated along with 11 known compounds from the broth extract of the endophytic fungus Xylaria plebeja PSU‐G30.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Total Synthesis of a Novel Regiomer of Herbarumin I and Its Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities.
Authors: Jangili Paramesh , Kashanna Jajula , Kumar C. Ganesh , Poornachandra Y. , Das Biswanath
Published: April 2014

Novel regiomer of herbarumin I (I) exhibits significant cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines, especially against human colon carcinoma and human breast adenocarcinoma.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One Pot Strategy for the Synthesis of Well‐Defined Polyacrylates from Acrylic Acid via RAFT Polymerization.
Authors: Li Qianbiao , Wang Taisheng , Dai Jingwen , Ma Chao , Jin Bangkun , Bai Ruke
Published: April 2014

A new one‐pot procedure to synthesize linear and hyperbranched polyacrylates is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Structurally Well‐Defined and Liquid‐Phase‐Processable Graphene Nanoribbons.
Authors: Feng Xinliang , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

Long (<200 nm) liquid‐phase‐processable graphene nanoribbons with a well‐defined structure and a large optical band gap of 1.88 eV are prepared by a bottom‐up solution synthesis through cyclodehydrogenation reactions of polyphenylene precursors with extremely high molecular weight obtained by Diels—Alder polymerization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Complex Nanomaterials via Ostwald Ripening
Authors: Yec Christopher C. , Zeng Hua Chun
Published: April 2014

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Stranded Dimetallic Helicates: Assembling—Disassembling Driven by the CuI/CuII Redox Change and the Principle of Homochiral Recognition
Authors: Boiocchi Massimo , Fabbrizzi Luigi
Published: April 2014

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ethyl Dibromofluoroacetate: A Versatile Reagent for the Synthesis of Fluorinated Molecules
Authors: David Emilie , Couve‐Bonnaire Samuel , Jubault Philippe , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: April 2014

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring Opening of Allylic Epoxides
Authors: Pineschi Mauro , Bertolini Ferruccio , Di Bussolo Valeria , Crotti Paolo
Published: April 2014

Review: 185 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peroxy Acids: Role in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kaur Navjeet , Kishore Dharma
Published: April 2014

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ordered Hybrids from Template‐Free Organosilane Self‐Assembly
Authors: Chemtob Abraham , Ni Lingli , Croutxe‐Barghorn Celine , Boury Bruno
Published: April 2014

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free and Catalysts‐Free Chemistry: A Benign Pathway to Sustainability
Authors: Gawande Manoj B. , Bonifacio Vasco D. B. , Luque Rafael , Branco Paula S. , Varma Rajender S.
Published: April 2014

Review: [121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of CuAAC for the Covalent Immobilization of Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Fernandes Antony E. , Jonas Alain M. , Riant Olivier
Published: April 2014

Review: [101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Coupling of Heteroarenes by C—H Functionalization: Recent Progress Towards Direct Arylation and Heteroarylation Reactions Involving Heteroarenes Containing One Heteroatom
Authors: Rossi Renzo , Bellina Fabio , Lessi Marco , Manzini Chiara
Published: April 2014

Review: results obtained from January 2009 to February 2013 in the area of transition metal‐catalyzed title arylation reactions; 430 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diaminocyclopropenylidene Organocatalysts: Beyond N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Connon Stephen J.
Published: April 2014

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress Towards Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of γ‐Lactams
Authors: Ye Long‐Wu , Shu Chao , Gagosz Fabien
Published: April 2014

Review: [46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Reactivity in the Gas Phase: Investigating the Intrinsic Properties of Non‐Covalent Complexes
Authors: Cera Luca , Schalley Christoph A.
Published: April 2014

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetically Controlled Phenomena in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: Ji Qing , Lirag Rio Carlo , Miljanic Ognjen S.
Published: April 2014

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Porphyrin Tweezer Receptors: Binding Studies, Conformational Properties and Applications
Authors: Valderrey Virginia , Aragay Gemma , Ballester Pablo
Published: April 2014

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Small Organic Molecules as DNA Intercalating Agents: Synthesis, Activity, and Modeling
Authors: Rescifina Antonio , Zagni Chiara , Varrica Maria Giulia , Pistara Venerando , Corsaro Antonino
Published: April 2014

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metallomics Insights for in vivo Studies of Metal Based Nanomaterials
Authors: Wang Bing , Feng Weiyue , Zhao Yuliang , Chai Zhifang
Published: April 2014

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyols and Polyurethanes from the Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Authors: Hu Shengjun , Luo Xiaolan , Li Yebo
Published: April 2014

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Production of Hydrogen by Electrocatalysis: Making the H—H Bond by Combining Protons and Hydrides
Authors: Bullock R. Morris , Appel Aaron M. , Helm Monte L.
Published: April 2014

Review: [100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green and Sustainable Manufacture of Chemicals from Biomass: State of the Art
Authors: Sheldon Roger A.
Published: April 2014

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intrinsic Kinetics in Carbon Gasification: Understanding Linearity, “Nanoworms” and Alloy Catalysts
Authors: Lobo Luis Sousa
Published: April 2014

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metalloaromaticity
Authors: Feixas Ferrari , Matito Eduard , Poater Jordi , Sola Miquel
Published: April 2014

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magic Angle Spinning NMR of Macromolecular and Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Spiess Hans Wolfgang
Published: April 2014

Review: [68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Slowly Relaxing Local Structure Perspective of Protein Dynamics by NMR Relaxation
Authors: Meirovitch Eva
Published: April 2014

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Solid State NMR of Small Molecules in Confinement
Authors: Werner Mayke , Rothermel Niels , Breitzke Hergen , Gutmann Torsten , Buntkowsky Gerd
Published: April 2014

Review: 121 refs.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA): An overview and update for the cytopathologist
Authors: VanderLaan Paul A. , Wang Helen H. , Majid Adnan , Folch Erik
Published: April 2014

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) has emerged as a minimally invasive technique for evaluating the mediastinum and staging patients with lung cancer. In the hands of an experienced operator, the procedure is safe and provides excellent sensitivity, specificity, and predictive diagnostic values. In conjunction with endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA), a nearly complete mediastinal evaluation can be performed in a minimally invasive fashion. This strategy results in improved lymph node staging, markedly reduced need for mediastinoscopy, and fewer futile thoracotomies compared with a traditional surgical staging procedure. The procedure is cost effective and provides excellent cytologic specimens that have proven well suited for ancillary testing, such as immunohistochemistry and tumor genotyping. EBUS‐TBNA, initially used as a tool to sample the lymph nodes adjacent to the airway walls, has now become instrumental in sampling lesions in the mediastinum, hilum, and lung parenchyma, where previously more than 1 procedure would have been necessary. Looking forward, expanded use of this procedure is likely to revolutionize the access to cytology‐proven staging and restaging of lung cancer and other thoracic malignancies in a minimally invasive fashion. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:561–576. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Recyclable Heterogeneous and Low‐Loading Homogeneous Chiral Imidazolidinone Catalysts for α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Salvo Anna Maria Pia , Giacalone Francesco , Noto Renato , Gruttadauria Michelangelo
Published: April 2014

Two polystyrene‐supported and six homogeneous MacMillan imidazolidinone catalysts were prepared and tested for the asymmetric α‐alkylation of propanal with benzodithiolylium tetrafluoroborate. The chiral imidazolidinone was linked to polystyrene through the N‐3 atom or through the phenyl ring and their catalytic activity was compared with that of their unsupported precursors. This comparison has allowed us to find an unsupported catalyst that displays high catalytic activity down to 5 or 2 mol % at room temperature with a high level of enantioselectivity also when used with hexanal and 3‐phenylpropanal. In addition, one of the heterogeneous materials was revealed to be highly recyclable for at least eight cycles with no loss in efficiency working at the same levels of activity and enantioselectivity as the unsupported counterpart.
Generation of Basic Centers in High‐Silica Zeolites and their Application in Gas‐Phase Upgrading of Bio‐Oil
Authors: Keller Tobias C. , Rodrigues Elodie G. , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: April 2014

High‐silica zeolites have been reported recently as efficient catalysts for liquid‐ and gas‐phase condensation reactions because of the presence of a complementary source of basicity compared to Al‐rich basic zeolites. Herein, we describe the controlled generation of these active sites on silica‐rich FAU, BEA, and MFI zeolites. Through the application of a mild base treatment in aqueous Na2CO3, alkali‐metal‐coordinating defects are generated within the zeolite whereas the porous properties are fully preserved. The resulting catalysts were applied in the gas‐phase condensation of propanal at 673 K as a model reaction for the catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis oil, for which an up to 20‐fold increased activity compared to the unmodified zeolites was attained. The moderate basicity of these new sites leads to a coke resistance superior to traditional base catalysts such as CsX and MgO, and comparable activity and excellent selectivity is achieved for the condensation pathways. Through strategic acid and base treatments and the use of magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, the nature of the active sites was investigated, which supports the theory of siloxy sites as basic centers. This contribution represents a key step in the understanding and design of high‐silica base catalysts for the intermediate deoxygenation of crude bio‐oil prior to the hydrotreating step for the production of second‐generation biofuels.
α‐Acryloylamidoalkyl Sulfones in a Synthetic Approach for the Preparation of 6‐Alkyltetrahydropyridin‐2‐ones
Authors: Lucchetti Nicola , Lancianesi Stefano , Petrini Marino
Published: April 2014

The reaction of allylzinc bromides with α‐acryloylamidoalkyl sulfones represents a mild and straightforward entry to the corresponding homoallylamines. These dienyl compounds successfully proceeded in a ring‐closing metathesis reaction by treatment with Grubbs II catalyst to lead to 6‐alkyltetrahydropyridin‐2‐ones. Homoallylamino derivatives that contain a branched terminal alkene moiety preferentially proceeded in cross‐metathesis reaction to give the selective formation of N‐substituted fumaramides.
The normalized topographic method: an automated procedure for gully mapping using GIS
Authors: Castillo Carlos , Taguas Encarnación V. , Zarco‐Tejada Pablo , James Mike R. , Gómez Jose A.
Published: April 2014

Gully delineation is a critical aspect of accurately determining soil losses but associated methodologies are rarely detailed. Here, we describe a new gully mapping method, the normalized topographic method (NorToM), based on processing digital elevation model (DEM) data, and we assess associated errors when it is applied over a range of geomorphological scales. The NorToM is underpinned by two gully detection variables (normalized slope and elevation) calculated over local windows of prescribed size, and a group of filtering variables. For four study sites, DEMs of gullies were obtained using field and airborne photo‐reconstruction and evaluated using total station and differential global positioning system (dGPS) survey. NorToM provided accurate areal and volume estimates at the individual gully scale but differences increased at the larger gully system and gully network scales. We were able to identify optimal parameters for using the NorToM approach and so confirm that is represents a useful scale‐independent means of gully mapping that is likely to be valid in other environments. Its main limitations are that the normalization process might be time‐consuming at regional scales and the need for a fixed window size when applied to landforms with extreme variations in dimensions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ambiguity and the Value of Hedging
Authors: Wong Kit Pong
Published: April 2014

This paper examines the optimal production and hedging decisions of the competitive firm under price uncertainty when the firm's preferences exhibit smooth ambiguity aversion and an unbiased forward hedging opportunity is available. Ambiguity is modeled by a second‐order probability distribution that captures the firm's uncertainty about which of the subjective beliefs govern the price risk. Ambiguity preferences are modeled by the (second‐order) expectation of a concave transformation of the (first‐order) expected utility of profit conditional on each plausible subjective distribution of the price risk. Within this framework, the separation and full‐hedging theorems remain intact. Banning the firm from trading its output forward at the unbiased forward price has adverse effect on the firm's production decision. The firm finds the unbiased forward hedging opportunity more valuable in the presence than in the absence of ambiguity. Furthermore, the value of hedging increases when the firm's beliefs are more ambiguous, or when the firm becomes more ambiguity averse. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:839–848, 2015
Can genome array screening replace FISH as a front‐line test in multiple myeloma?
Authors: Boneva Temenushka , Brazma Diana , Gancheva Katya , Howard‐Reeves Julie , Raynov Julian , Grace Colin , Nacheva Elisabeth P
Published: April 2014

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disorder characterized by neoplastic transformation of mature B cells in the bone marrow (BM), accompanied by complex genetic changes. The disease is heterogeneous at both the clinical and genomic levels. Molecular genetics and genomic investigations have demonstrated that disease evolution is associated with an accumulation of specific aberrations, mostly genome imbalances, which not only shed light on the disease pathogenesis but also allow risk assessment and treatment monitoring. We used a catalogue version of the Agilent 8x60K oligo‐array with immuno‐magnetically isolated CD138(+) cells from BM samples of 50 patients with myeloma to evaluate the merit of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) as a diagnostic tool. We demonstrate the ability of aCGH to detect clonal imbalances to a level well below established clinically significant thresholds. aCGH, combined with target enrichment and complemented with tests for IGH rearrangements offers a cost neutral alternative to multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization screening. While we recognize the limitations of the standard version of the 8x60k array we demonstrate the value of aCGH as a first tier test in the diagnostic workup of MM. The array technology enables high‐risk disease stratification with the added benefit of providing whole genome data to assist in establishing clinically relevant predicative markers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glial scar and immune cell involvement in tissue remodeling and repair following acute CNS injuries
Authors: Raposo Catarina , Schwartz Michal
Published: April 2014

Inadequate axonal regeneration is a common phenomenon occurring following acute injury to the central nervous system (CNS), and is often associated with permanent neurological deficits. The injured axons attempting to regenerate face the inhospitable environment of the CNS scar, which can hinder axonal growth and sprouting. In addition, in response to the insult, intense activation and infiltration of immune cells take place. Both the scar tissue and immune response, which have received a bad reputation in the context of CNS repair are essential for the overall recovery from CNS injuries, but are not optimally controlled. The glial scar contributes to protection of the spared neural tissues by establishing a boundary between damaged and salvageable tissue, and by educating the immune cells to promote the healing of the CNS tissue. In turn, the immune cells, and in particular the infiltrating macrophages, exert several functions at the lesion site, including resolution of the microglial response, control of scar tissue degradation, and production of growth factors; thereby, promoting neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and tissue remodeling. As axonal regeneration and tissue remodeling are viewed as critical steps for the overall functional recovery following CNS injury, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the timely formation and degradation of the CNS scar, and its crosstalk with the inflammatory response, are of great importance, both biologically and clinically. GLIA 2014;62:1895–1904
Biodegradation of Toilet Wastewaters Generated in Aircrafts
Authors: Moreno‐Andrade Iván , Moreno Gloria , Kumar Gopalakrishnan , Buitrón Germán
Published: April 2014

Wastewater generated in buses and aircrafts are known as blue water due to the addition of blue chemical products to deodorize, sanitize and break down solid waste in tank holdings. The blue water at high concentration presents inhibitory effects on microorganisms making difficult their treatment. This research evaluates the acclimation and degradation of aircraft blue water using discontinuous and continuous bioreactors. Acclimation was conducted in batch mode. In a discontinuous biological process with an initial COD concentration of 1150 mg COD/L, the removal efficiency was higher than 80% as COD, TOC and BOD5. Total Suspended Solids in the effluent were lower than 60 mg/L. In the continuous activated sludge system an initial concentration of 850 mg COD/L of blue wastewater was applied. Here, removal efficiencies up to 72 and 88% as COD and BOD5 were obtained, respectively. For both processes, the application of punctual high concentration of blue water resulted in decrease of removal efficiency (< 40%).
The effect of extraneous elements on spectral line intensity in the cathode‐layer arc
Authors: Scott R. O.
Published: April 2014

Data are given for the spectral line intensities of various trace elements in the cathode‐layer are when they are incorporated into different bases. The bases considered are alumina, silica, calcium carbonate and phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, chloride, and carbonate. The effects on the actual line intensities and on the ratios of the line intensities to those of iron as internal standard are considered. Most trace constituents gave their highest line intensities in the alumina base, whilst the more volatile trace constituents like copper, silver, zinc, bismuth, and cadmium tended to be greatly depressed by sodium chloride. Chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum were enhanced by calcium salts and depressed by silica. Constant intensity ratios for cobalt and nickel to iron were obtained in all bases except silica.
Electrometric estimation of chloride in meat products
Authors: Ingram M. , Hawthorne J. R.
Published: April 2014

Electrometric titration with silver nitrate in presence of nitric acid using a silver/silver chloride reference electrode has proved a simple and rapid method for the estimation of chloride in meat products. Diluted curing brines may be titrated directly; the chloride in meats cannot be titrated directly but can be almost completely extracted by two extractions merely with water.
Vitamin‐C content of vegetables. Part III. Average figures for raw vegetables
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L.
Published: April 2014

A table summarising 850 results for the concentration of vitamin‐C in raw vegetables is given: an indication of the reliance to be placed on the average figure for any vegetable is obtained by consideration of the number of samples analysed while the degree to which an individual plant may differ from the average is shown by the range of results.
Derivatives of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and its methyl and n‐butyl esters. Part I. Derivatives containing substituents in the 3 and 3:5 positions
Authors: Cavill G. W. K.
Published: April 2014

The preparation of 3‐bromo‐, 3:5‐dibromo‐, 3‐nitro‐, 3:5‐dinitro‐, 3‐bromo‐5‐nitro‐, 3‐amino‐, 3‐bromo‐5‐amino‐, and 5‐nitro‐3‐amino‐ substitution products of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and of its methyl and n‐butyl esters is described. General methods for the preparation of these compounds are discussed.
The action on certain insects of fabrics impregnated with D.D.T.
Authors: Hayhurst H.
Published: April 2014

The reaction of certain insects to fabrics treated with D.D.T. is the basis of this paper. The results of the investigation show that infestation by insects can be controlled by the use of sacks impregnated with D.D.T. The tests were carried out on Calandra oryzae, Tribolium confusum and Ptinus tectus.
Dried egg. X. The nature of the reactions leading to loss of solubility of dried egg products
Authors: Bate‐Smith E. C. , Hawthorne J. R.
Published: April 2014

The changes which occur during storage in the solubility, concentration of reducing sugar, and free amino nitrogen content of dried egg products have been followed. Data are presented which indicate that the process resulting in loss of solubility takes place in at least two stages, the first involving condensation of the reducing sugar with protein amino groups. This reaction occurs without change in solubility and further reactions must therefore occur. The nature of these reactions and the effect of disaccharides and amino acids in retarding loss of solubility are discussed.
Cholesterol from wool alcohols
Authors: Picard C. W. , Seymour D. E.
Published: April 2014

Methods for the isolation of cholesterol from wool alcohols are discussed and a process is described which is based on the formation of a cholesterol‐oxalic acid complex by reaction of the wool alcohols with anhydrous oxalic acid in ethyl acetate or benzene. The sparingly soluble complex is isolated and converted to pure cholesterol or cholesteryl acetate as desired.
Rubber photogelling agents. Part II
Authors: Stevens Henry P.
Published: April 2014

A previous paper detailed the evaluation of oxygen and other photogelling agents under insolation. This paper deals similarly with various pro‐ and anti‐oxygens and it is shown that in small proportions all these, act as mild photogelling agents, the effect being rather abruptly reversed when the proportion exceeds the optimum. The relevant factors are discussed.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. III. Laboratory‐scale isolation of laminarin from brown marine algae
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Cornhill W. J. , Dewar E. T. , Woodward F. N.
Published: April 2014

Methods for the isolation of laminarin from the common brown algae indigenous to Great Britain have been worked out on the laboratory scale with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. These methods comprise treating the fresh or dried milled weed with hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid at pH 2·4 and isolating the laminarin from the acid extract.
NDVI and vegetation phenology dynamics under the influence of sunshine duration on the Tibetan plateau
Authors: Wang Hongshuo , Liu Desheng , Lin Hui , Montenegro Alvaro , Zhu Xiaolin
Published: April 2014

Climate change has significantly influenced vegetation dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Past research mainly focused on vegetation responses to temperature variation and water stress, but the influence of sunshine duration on NDVI and vegetation phenology on the TP is not well understood. In this study, NDVI time series from 1982–2008 were used to retrieve spatiotemporal vegetation dynamics on the TP. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was conducted to understand the spatiotemporal variations of NDVI. The Start of Season (SOS) was estimated from NDVI time series with a local threshold method. The first EOF, accounting for 35.1% of NDVI variations on the TP, indicates that NDVI variations are larger in areas with shorter sunshine duration. The needle‐leaved forest and shrub in the southeastern TP are more sensitive to sunshine duration anomalies (p < 0.01) than broad‐leaved forest, steppe, and meadow due to spatial and altitudinal distribution of sunshine duration and vegetation types. The decrease in sunshine duration for the growing season on the TP has resulted in a decreased NDVI trend in some areas of southeastern TP (p ranging from 0.32‐0.05 with threshold ranging from 0.05 to 0.25) in spite of the overall NDVI increase. SOS dynamics in most parts of the TP were mainly related to temperature variability, with precipitation and sunshine duration playing a role in a few regions. This study enhances our understanding of vegetation responses to climatic change on the TP.
Evaluating diatom‐derived Holocene pH reconstructions for Arctic lakes using an expanded 171‐lake training set
Authors: FINKELSTEIN SARAH A. , BUNBURY JOAN , GAJEWSKI KONRAD , WOLFE ALEXANDER P. , ADAMS JENNIFER K. , DEVLIN JANE E.
Published: April 2014

Inference models from diatoms preserved in lake sediments can be used to reconstruct long‐term pH changes to better understand the process of lake ontogeny. An expanded diatom training set was developed using taxonomically harmonized modern assemblages in surface sediments of 171 lakes spanning a variety of geological and climatic settings across the Canadian Arctic. Lake‐water pH emerged as a significant variable and the most influential in structuring diatom assemblages. The resulting two‐component weighted‐averaging partial least squares pH inference model performs strongly, even after identifying effects of spatial autocorrelation at distances <20 km. The model was then applied to three dated Holocene diatom stratigraphies from Arctic regions of contrasting bedrock geology and buffering capacity, and the significance of the pH reconstructions was assessed. At Lake CF3 in a poorly buffered catchment, a gradual but significant pH decline begins 5000 years after lake inception, coincident with regional Late Holocene cooling. Reconstructions for two well‐buffered, more alkaline sites were not significant, probably due to poor analogues and other factors driving changes in diatom assemblages. Due to sparse soil and vegetation in these and other Arctic basins, bedrock composition is the most important regulator of Holocene pH, and only in poorly buffered lakes does pH primarily represent a climate signal.
A novel method for travelling wave solutions of fractional Whitham–Broer–Kaup, fractional modified Boussinesq and fractional approximate long wave equations in shallow water
Authors: Saha Ray S.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, the analytical approximate traveling wave solutions of Whitham–Broer–Kaup (WBK) equations, which contain blow‐up solutions and periodic solutions, have been obtained by using the coupled fractional reduced differential transform method. By using this method, the solutions were calculated in the form of a generalized Taylor series with easily computable components. The convergence of the method as applied to the WBK equations is illustrated numerically as well as analytically. By using the present method, we can solve many linear and nonlinear coupled fractional differential equations. The results justify that the proposed method is also very efficient, effective and simple for obtaining approximate solutions of fractional coupled modified Boussinesq and fractional approximate long wave equations. Numerical solutions are presented graphically to show the reliability and efficiency of the method. Moreover, the results are compared with those obtained by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and variational iteration method (VIM), revealing that the present method is superior to others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oscillation criteria and asymptotic properties of solutions of third‐order nonlinear neutral differential equations
Authors: Candan T.
Published: April 2014

The main goal of this article is to study the asymptotic properties and oscillation of the third‐order neutral differential equations with discrete and distributed delay. We give several theorems and related examples to illustrate the applicability of these theorems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable microwave generation based on a brillouin fiber laser with saturable absorber
Authors: Peng Zhang , Keyan Dong , Wanzhe Zheng , Qinsong Jia , Xin Liu , Tianshu Wang , Huilin Jiang
Published: April 2014

A simple approach to generate stable microwave signals by heterodyning pump light and Stokes lasing light from a dual‐wavelength Brillouin fiber laser is proposed and demonstrated. A 10‐km‐long single mode fiber is used as the Brillouin gain medium, and an ultranarrow linewidth distributed feedback laser is used as Brillouin pump, while a 4‐m‐long unpumped polarization maintaining erbium‐doped fiber and subring cavity suppress unwanted side modes. A 10.7 GHz microwave signal is detected by photodetector and the signal linewidth is about 300 kHz. Signal to noise ratio of the microwave signal is about 50 dB. The power and frequency of microwave signal is highly stable, with almost no fluctuations over the test period. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1513–1516, 2014
Miniaturized designs of circularly polarized slot antenna
Authors: Row Jeen‐Sheen , Lin Yu‐De
Published: April 2014

Designs of reducing the overall antenna size for a circularly polarized slot antenna are studied. The miniaturized design is based on a square‐ring slot antenna fed with an L‐shaped coupling strip, and it is performed by varying the slot shape and simultaneously cutting the ground plane. Two compact prototypes are implemented and measured. For the first one prototype, both the ring slot and ground plane have a narrow rectangular shape, and experimental results demonstrate that it can provide monopole‐like radiation as well as broadband circular polarization operation. As for the second one, its overall antenna dimensions are further reduced to be less than 0.1
, and it has a 3‐dB‐axial‐ratio bandwidth of about 4%. For the two prototypes, processes of the miniaturized designs are shown, and details of the experimental results are given along with the simulated results carried out by HFSS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1522–1526, 2014
Aperture coupled dual ground back FED s‐slot rectangular microstrip antenna for wide band operation
Authors: Kulkarni N. K. , Mulgi S. N.
Published: April 2014

This article presents an aperture coupled dual ground back fed rectangular microstrip antenna for wideband operation. The bandwidth is enhanced by varying the width of S‐shaped slot placed on the patch and the gap between the feed line on the ground plane of the antenna. The proposed antenna operates between 4 and 16 GHz of frequency range and gives a peak gain of 4.32 dB. The enhancement of bandwidth does not alter the nature of broadside radiation characteristics. The experimental and simulated results are in good agreement with each other. Design concepts of the antenna are given. The experimental results are presented and discussed. The proposed antennas may find applications in WiMax of IEEE802.16d, HIPERLAN/2 and radar communication systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1563–1566, 2014
Substrate integrated waveguide dual‐stopband filter
Authors: Esmaeili Mahbubeh , Bornemann Jens
Published: April 2014

A dual‐stopband filter in substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is presented. The filter uses a uniform SIW transmission line loaded by three quarter‐wavelength H‐plane stubs spaced by quarter‐wavelength sections. The two stopbands contain three transmission zeros (TZs) each and are located at center frequencies of 10 and 12.2 GHz with corresponding bandwidths of 360 and 500 MHz, respectively. The center frequency and bandwidth of the passband, separating the two stopbands, are 11.03 and 1.26 GHz. A capacitive post is used to improve the return loss of this passband and the location of its reflection zeros (RZs). The filter is prototyped and measured, and good agreement between measured and simulated results is obtained. The measured results confirm the predictions in terms of locations of TZs and RZs as well as passband return loss and stopband attenuation levels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1561–1563, 2014
Composite right/left‐handed dual‐band metamaterial antenna with improved gain and efficiency
Authors: Bala B. D. , Rahim M. K. A. , Murad N. A.
Published: April 2014

In this article, a duals‐band metamaterial antenna with a new composite right/left‐handed (CRLH) unit cell configuration is proposed. The antenna is a coplanar waveguide (CPW) base which uses quarter wave resonators without via. Both sides of the CPW ground plane are short circuited to the CRLH‐transmission line. The dimension is 31 mm × 22 mm × 1.52 mm, with electrical size of 0.23 λo × 0.17 λo × 0.011 λo at 2.26 GHz, and which is compact in size. Resonance frequency of the negative mode can be altered by controlling the loop currents. Peak gains of 1.74 and 2.69 dBi are obtained at 2.26 and 2.89 GHz. Radiation efficiencies of 64% and 92% are obtained at 2.26 and 2.89 GHz, respectively. The simulated and measured return losses, as well as the radiation patterns, are presented and compared. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1575–1579, 2014
Multilayer phase shifter using aperture and broadside‐coupled microstrip lines
Authors: Ausordin Siti Fatimah , Abdul Rahim Sharul Kamal , Seman Norhudah , Dewan Raimi
Published: April 2014

A design of 45° multilayer phase shifter that operates at 2.45 GHz operating frequency is presented in this article. To reduce the size, a technique of introducing multilayer substrate is introduced to the proposed phase shifter. This miniaturization is achieved through the use of suitable radius of aperture and broadside‐coupled ground slot transitions. The result obtained shows that the proposed phase shifter is capable to operate in miniaturized microwave and integrated circuit such as Butler Matrix beam forming network in WLAN application. This multilayer phase shifter was designed with CST Microwave Studio offering a consideration size reduction of 53% compared to conventional ones. Parametric analysis on the radius of aperture and broadside‐coupled microstrip lines of ground slot and patch will be carried out to observe the performance of the multilayer phase shifter. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1590–1593, 2014
Antenna using feed structure for wide impedance bandwidth
Authors: Park Kyoungnam , Lee Jaesuk , Liu Yang , Kim Hyeongdong
Published: April 2014

In this article, an antenna composed of radiator and feed structure for enhancement of impedance bandwidth is proposed. By controlling the coupling between the radiator and feed structure with the length of coupled line, it is possible to achieve a wide impedance bandwidth. Measured result shows that the proposed antenna possesses an impedance bandwidth from 735 to 1100 MHz, which is sufficiently wide to fully cover the long‐term evolution 13, and global system for mobile communication 850 and 900 bands under VSWR 3:1 with a good realized efficiency. Omnidirectional radiation patterns useful for practical application are measured. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1645–1647, 2014
High‐resolution modeling of antibody structures by a combination of bioinformatics, expert knowledge, and molecular simulations
Authors: Shirai Hiroki , Ikeda Kazuyoshi , Yamashita Kazuo , Tsuchiya Yuko , Sarmiento Jamica , Liang Shide , Morokata Tatsuaki , Mizuguchi Kenji , Higo Junichi , Standley Daron M. , Nakamura Haruki
Published: April 2014

In the second antibody modeling assessment, we used a semiautomated template‐based structure modeling approach for 11 blinded antibody variable region (Fv) targets. The structural modeling method involved several steps, including template selection for framework and canonical structures of complementary determining regions (CDRs), homology modeling, energy minimization, and expert inspection. The submitted models for Fv modeling in Stage 1 had the lowest average backbone root mean square deviation (RMSD) (1.06 Å). Comparison to crystal structures showed the most accurate Fv models were generated for 4 out of 11 targets. We found that the successful modeling in Stage 1 mainly was due to expert‐guided template selection for CDRs, especially for CDR‐H3, based on our previously proposed empirical method (H3‐rules) and the use of position specific scoring matrix‐based scoring. Loop refinement using fragment assembly and multicanonical molecular dynamics (McMD) was applied to CDR‐H3 loop modeling in Stage 2. Fragment assembly and McMD produced putative structural ensembles with low free energy values that were scored based on the OSCAR all‐atom force field and conformation density in principal component analysis space, respectively, as well as the degree of consensus between the two sampling methods. The quality of 8 out of 10 targets improved as compared with Stage 1. For 4 out of 10 Stage‐2 targets, our method generated top‐scoring models with RMSD values of less than 1 Å. In this article, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our approach as well as possible directions for improvement to generate better predictions in the future. Proteins 2014; 82:1624–1635. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic transition dipole moment: A semi‐biorthogonal approach within valence universal coupled cluster framework
Authors: Bhattacharya Debarati , Vaval Nayana , Pal Sourav
Published: April 2014

Electronic dipole strengths (square of transition moments) and oscillator strengths are evaluated for various transitions, arising from the ground state to a few valence excited states. Parallel to two other methods of calculating the dipole strength within the Fock‐space multireference coupled cluster framework, a new semi‐biorthogonal approach is formulated and implemented in this article. This semi‐biorthogonal approach can evaluate dipole strengths at a lower computational effort than the biorthogonal approach without compromising on the accuracy. This new method is compared and tested against the previously developed expectation value and biorthogonal approach for various molecular transitions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting organizational identification at the CEO level
Authors: Lange Donald , Boivie Steven , Westphal James D.
Published: April 2014

To develop further insight into antecedents of the CEO's psychological orientation toward the firm, we investigate what might lead CEOs to identify with their firms. Although research suggests that CEO organizational identification can be quite consequential for the firm, little research attention has been paid to its determinants. To predict how the special context of the CEO position might lead to identification, we consider a set of motives that members have for identifying with their organizations and consider how unique features of the CEO position might be relevant to those motives. Our theory and supportive findings help explain how the context of the CEO position, including variables often conceptualized as control mechanisms in agency theory research, can have important effects on subsequent CEO organizational identification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling market valuation of offshore drilling contractors
Authors: Kaiser Mark J.
Published: April 2014

Offshore drilling is big business, and on a worldwide basis, contractor revenues have ranged between $25 and 50 billion a year over the past decade. The industry is organized through public, private, and state-owned companies, and in 2012 public companies Seadrill, Transocean, Ensco, Noble, and Diamond dominated the market, followed by mid-market players Rowan, Hercules, and Aban. The industry is competitive and dynamic, and contractor business strategies evolve in response to changing market demands and competitor activity. Contractors derive their cash flow and earnings by leasing rigs for exploration and development and attempt to maximize their revenue through scale economies, specialization, geographic diversity, and safe and efficient operations. The market value of contractors depends upon their rig fleet, contract backlog, and operational and financial characteristics. Market valuations change as supply and demand conditions change and companies upgrade their fleet portfolio and relocate rigs to satisfy demand. The purpose of this paper is to describe the factors that impact contractor value and to develop quantitative models of market valuation for a cross-section of public firms. A high-level overview of the offshore contract market and business strategies of firms is described. Fleet value, contract backlog, revenue, and earnings are significant predictors of market capitalization and enterprise value, and fleet value is the best predictor of firm value.