bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsurgical reconstruction of the isolated columellar defect with a prelaminated radial forearm free flap. A case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Maruccia Michele , Elia Rossella , Nacchiero Eleonora , Giudice Giuseppe
Published: May 2019

The columella is one of the smallest subunits of the nose, but the loss of this structure has important aesthetic and structural implications. Few papers in literature present microsurgical techniques for the reconstruction of an isolated columellar defect. This report describes the use of a prelaminated radial forearm free flap (RFFF) for the reconstruction of an isolated columellar defect and reviews the current literature. A 45‐year‐old woman presented to our Unit with a history of palate squamous cell carcinoma and severe nasal deformity with an almost complete loss of the columella. A prelaminated RFFF with the fifth rib was used for a two‐staged reconstruction of the isolated columellar defect. The radial pedicle was anastomosed to the facial vessels and the postoperative course was uneventful. Complete survival of the flap was achieved and, 10 months postoperatively, the patient had bilateral nasal patency, with an increased tip projection and a good aesthetic result. A prelaminated RFFF can be considered a valuable reconstructive option in cases of a large composite defect of the columella and limited availability of adjacent tissues.
A dual‐band high‐gain quasi‐Yagi antenna with split‐ring resonators for radio frequency energy harvesting
Authors: Chen Zhicong , Zeng Miaowang , Andrenko Andrey S. , Xu Yongzhao , Tan Hong‐Zhou
Published: May 2019

This article presents a quasi‐Yagi antenna operating with high gain at two frequency bands. Compared with a conventional Yagi antenna, the proposed antenna is designed by integrating a pair of printed split‐ring resonators (SRRs) into the antenna layout. The SRRs introduce a new resonant frequency band and the antenna gain remains high at both the bands. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna is well matched while the antenna gain is 6 and 5.80 dBi at the GSM1800 and ISM2450 bands, respectively. The proposed antenna is compact and efficient and achieves high gain so that it could be successfully used in various wireless communication and radio frequency energy harvesting applications.
Assessment of PET and SPECT phantom image quality through automated binary classification of cold rod arrays
Authors: DiFilippo Frank P.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Evaluation of positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performance often involves qualitative assessment of phantom images, namely the visibility of hot or cold structures in a warm background. Structure‐to‐background contrast is a quantitative measure of scanner performance; however, contrast measurements do not account for image noise and its effect on task performance. Although task‐based performance could be evaluated over an ensemble of phantom scans, a more practical approach is desired.

Methods

Repeated structures, such as the cold rod arrays of the American College of Radiography (ACR) PET and SPECT phantoms, offer an opportunity to evaluate image quality based on statistical decision theory. Images are co‐registered to a digital template for placement of numerous regions of interest (ROIs) in multiple thick slices centered on each cold rod and on each midpoint between rods. The assumption is made that each ROI corresponds to a statistically independent measurement, known to be of either a cold rod or the background. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve then is generated for each cold rod sector of the phantom. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) provides a quantitative measure of cold rod visibility. In addition, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is calculated, under the assumption that the rod and background ROI measurements are distributed normally.

Results

Using this approach, data from PET and SPECT phantom studies from prior annual physics surveys were analyzed retrospectively. Rod and background ROI measurements had nearly normal (PET) or approximately normal (SPECT) distributions. Resultant ROC curves illustrated the varying degrees of overlap between rod and background histograms vs cold rod diameter. Both AUC and SNR correlated well with visual image assessment and had high consistency between phantom studies, demonstrating the quantitative accuracy of the automated analysis. AUC reliably quantified cases where cold rods were partially or mostly resolved, while SNR provided further characterization when cold rods were completely resolved. In comparison, contrast measurements often mirrored AUC and SNR but were inconsistent in cases of varying noise.

Conclusions

Automated analysis of phantom cold rod arrays using binary classification provides informative quantitative measures of image quality and is practical for routine use. This approach avoids observer dependencies associated with visual assessment and potentially can benefit quality assurance, physics surveys, laboratory accreditation, and harmonization of multicenter image quality.
Thermomechanical characterization of basalt fiber reinforced biodegradable polymers
Authors: Chatiras Nikolaos , Georgiopoulos Panayiotis , Christopoulos Aggelos , Kontou Evagelia
Published: May 2019

In the present study the effectiveness of two different biodegradable polymers, namely Polylactic acid (PLA) and ECOVIO (EC), a blend of a copolyester and PLA, as matrix materials for basalt fiber composites, prepared with the “film stacking method” has been investigated. Comparison with composites based on glass fiber mat has also been performed. The addition of basalt fibers, leads to a significant improvement in tensile and flexural strength and stiffness. The ECOVIO/basalt fiber composites exhibited the highest percentage enhancement, while the failure strain decreased dramatically. Therefore, the basalt fabrics appear to have a competitive mechanical performance with the glass fiber mats employed.
Photoiniferter surface grafting of poly(methyl acrylate) using xanthates
Authors: Ramakers Gijs , Rubens Maarten , Krivcov Alexander , Möbius Hildegard , Trouillet Vanessa , Welle Alexander , Junkers Tanja
Published: May 2019

The UV‐induced and catalyst‐free photoiniferter surface grafting using xanthate RAFT agents is studied. First, a novel silane containing a xanthate RAFT agent moiety is synthesized and successfully grafted onto a silicon wafer as confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Next, using only methyl acrylate, solvent and UV light (365 nm) polymer brushes are grafted rapidly from the surface with film thicknesses up to 25 nm reached within half an hour. The obtained polymer films are thoroughly analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ToF‐SIMS, and AFM. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2002–2007
Aromatic amine‐terminated polysulfide oligomer: Synthesis and application in self‐healable polyurea
Authors: Gao Wentong , Xu Jianwei , Zuo Pengfei , Dong Hao , Quan Yiwu , Chang Pengshan
Published: May 2019

The dynamic chemistry of disulfide bonds has emerged as one of the most powerful tools used for the fabrication of organic compounds and self‐healing materials. In this article, a novel aromatic amine‐terminated polysulfide oligomer is first synthesized from thiol‐terminated polysulfide oligomer and bis(4‐aminophenyl) disulfide via disulfide metathesis mechanism. The resulting oligomer is confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectra and then successfully applied in constructing self‐healable polyurea material (A‐LP23‐I), which combines the advantages of higher strength of polyureas and excellent self‐healing ability of polysulfide‐based materials. After subjecting to a temperature of 75 °C for 48 h, both the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of A‐LP23‐I restore to more than 90% of the original values (3.32 MPa and 396%). This study demonstrates a novel strategy for synthesizing aromatic amine‐terminated oligomer. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1460–1466
Highly Selective Hydrogenation of Tetralin to cis‐Decalin Using Ru Catalyst
Authors: Wang Qian , Hou Yunchan , Zhao Haiyang , Li Yuqing , Jia Aijing
Published: May 2019

High activity Ru catalyst was prepared for the first time to produce cis‐decalin from tetralin hydrogenation. Supercritical CO2‐methanol method was used to prepare Ru supported catalyst. Using this catalyst, the yield of cis‐decalin could reach as high as 92.52%. Furthermore, the catalyst remained a high activity after five cycles.
Substituent Effect on the Properties of pH Fluorescence Probes Containing Pyridine Group
Authors: Zhang Caihong , Li Miao , Liang Wenting , Zhang Guomei , Fan Li , Yao Qingjia , Shuang Shaomin , Dong Chuan
Published: May 2019

A series of 4–styrylpyridine (SYP) pH fluorescence probes with different substituents (–NH2, –OH, –H, –Br, –NO2) on para–benzene ring were developed. These compounds exhibited good pH–dependent performance that their spectra red–shifted upon protonation of pyridine N–atom and blue–shifted upon deprotonation. These sensors utilized the substituent on the para–benzene ring as electron donor and worked by intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) under acidic pH conditions. The pH detection range and pKa value of them were tuned by the electron–donor ability of substituents. The pKa had a significant linear correlation with the Hammett constant (σp) of substituent, the pKa was larger when the Hammett constant of substituent was larger.
A Flexible Film toward High‐Performance Lithium Storage: Designing Nanosheet‐Assembled Hollow Single‐Hole Ni–Co–Mn–O Spheres with Oxygen Vacancy Embedded in 3D Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Network
Authors: Li Sesi , Zhao Xuebing , Feng Yuzhang , Yang Liting , Shi Xiaofeng , Xu Pingdi , Zhang Jie , Wang Peng , Wang Min , Che Renchao
Published: May 2019

Ternary transition metal oxides (TMOs) are highly potential electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to abundant defects and synergistic effects with various metal elements in a single structure. However, low electronic/ionic conductivity and severe volume change hamper their practical application for lithium storage. Herein, nanosheet‐assembled hollow single‐hole Ni–Co–Mn oxide (NHSNCM) spheres with oxygen vacancies can be obtained through a facile hydrothermal reaction, which makes both ends of each nanosheet exposed to sufficient free space for volume variation, electrolyte for extra active surface area, and dual ion diffusion paths compared with airtight hollow structures. Furthermore, oxygen vacancies could improve ion/electronic transport and ion insertion/extraction process of NHSNCM spheres. Thus, oxygen‐vacancy‐rich NHSNCM spheres embedded into a 3D porous carbon nanotube/graphene network as the anode film ensure efficient electrolyte infiltration into both the exterior and interior of porous and open spheres for a high utilization of the active material, showing an excellent electrochemical performance for LIBs (1595 mAh g−1 over 300 cycles at 2 A g−1, 441.6 mAh g−1 over 4000 cycles at 10 A g−1). Besides, this straightforward synthetic method opens an efficacious avenue for the construction of various nanosheet‐assembled hollow single‐hole TMO spheres for potential applications.
Green, infrared‐assisted extraction based on statistical modeling for ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography determination of bioactive isoflavones from Puerariae Lobatae
Authors: Li Hua , He Jingxia , Yin Rongli , Mou Qianqian , Bai Yuqi , Yang Bin
Published: May 2019

We developed a green infrared‐assisted extraction method for the determination of 3′‐hydroxy puerarin, puerarin, daidzin, genistin, and daidzein in Pueraria lobata. After a simultaneous optimization of Box–Behnken design and desirability function, the developed method provided better isoflavone extraction efficiencies with a lower solvent consumption and shorter extraction time than other methods. The optimized extraction used an extraction time of 8 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:100, and ethanol volume fraction of 60%. Additionally, ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography was used for identification and quantification of the five isoflavones. Our method showed good linearity (r >0.999) over wide concentration ranges. The ranges for the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.03–0.09 μg/mL and 0.14–0.44 μg/mL, respectively, the recovery range was 98.38–103.37%, and the run time was 5.5 min. This approach is efficient, economical, and eco‐friendly, and shows promise for rapid extraction and quantitative analysis of bioactive isoflavones from Pueraria lobata.
Effect of coupling agent content on properties of composites made from polylactic acid and chrysanthemum waste
Authors: Chun Koay Seong , Yeng Chan Ming , May Chou Pui , Yeow Tshai Kim , Kiat Ong Thai , How Cheah Kean
Published: May 2019

Chrysanthemum flower is among one of the highly sought after and widely planted flower crops, in particular for cultural and religious ceremonies. However, the chrysanthemum stem and stalk have little value and usually discard as by‐product waste from floristry. The objective of this research is to investigate the potential value of utilizing chrysanthemum stem and stalk as reinforcing fillers for thermoplastic composites. In this study, 2‐mm thick composite sheet containing predefined formulations of polylactic acid (PLA), chrysanthemum waste filler (CWF) ranging from 15 to 60 phr, and maleated polyethylene (MAPE) coupling agent up to 5 phr were prepared with the aid of Haake internal mixer and compression molding. The effect of MAPE loading on tensile, thermal, and morphological properties of PLA/CWF composites was investigated. The findings revealed that PLA/CWF composite attained improved tensile modulus compared to the neat PLA, and the tensile modulus increases with higher concentration of CWF. However, both tensile strength and elongation at break reduces with increase loading of CWF. Overall, PLA/CWF composites with MAPE shows better performance compared to those without MAPE, where an optimum strength of 21.8 MPa can be achieved with 60 phr CW and 3 phr MAPE. The measured tensile strength is comparable to alternatives natural fiber thermoplastic composites demonstrating its potential to be used in non‐structurally demanding application. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 26:10–16, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
State‐selective single‐electron capture in 30‐keV N3+–He collisions
Authors: Xu Jiawei , Zhu Xiaolong , Feng Wentian , Zhao Dongmei , Huang Weizhe , Guo Dalong , Gao Yong , Zhang Shaofeng , Shan Xu , Chen Xiangjun , Ma Xinwen
Published: May 2019

The cold‐target recoil‐ion momentum spectroscopy has been employed to study the single‐electron‐capture processes in collisions of N3+ ions with He atoms at an impact energy of 30 keV. From the longitudinal momentum spectrum of recoil ions, the different electronic configuration was identified, and the metastable projectile ions were distinguished. For the ground‐state N3+(2s2 1S) projectile, the single‐electron capture into the N2+(2s22p 2P) state is the dominant reaction channel, whereas for the metastable‐state N3+(2s2p 3P) projectile, the single‐electron capture into the N2+(2s2p2 2D) state is the main reaction channel. The fraction of the metastable‐state N3+(2s2p 3P) of the incident projectile beam is about 46%. The relative differential cross sections for the capture to different orbitals of N3+ ions are obtained and are compared with other experiments at low energy and the predictions of the classical over‐the‐barrier model.
A New Approach for Synthesis of Low‐moisture Glycidyl Azide Polymer
Authors: Abdelhafiz Mahmoud , Elbeih Ahmed
Published: May 2019

In this work, low‐moisture glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) was successfully prepared using a modified two‐step method. The modified method resembles the structure of the classical two‐step method, which is widely used to prepare the GAP. Firstly, epichlorohydrin (ECH) is polymerized into polyepicholorohydrin (PECH), which is subjected afterward to azidation step using sodium azide (NaN3). Interestingly, minimizing the water content in the final GAP product, which is a challenging when dealing with GAP as a rocket propellant binder, was effectively achieved by utilizing low boiling point solvents instead of the relatively high boiling point Dimethyl formamide (DMF), monitoring the volatility of ECH and controlling the exothermicity of the reaction. Prepared GAP samples were investigated using Fourier transformer infra‐red (FT‐IR), gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) and elemental analysis apparatus (CHNS) were used to characterize the product. The moisture % in the final product was examined using the Karl‐Fisher Technique. Results showed the successful preparation of GAP with low water content (<0.01 %), high average molecular weight (> 2000 g·mol–1), 42.82 % nitrogen, a viscosity of 3484 cP at 20 °C, yield ranges between 95–98 % and a polydispersity index of 1.2. The prepared GAP is promising for replacement of the classical GAPs in the energetic materials applications.
Density of Liquid Niobium and Tungsten and the Estimation of Critical Point Data
Authors: Leitner M. , Pottlacher G.
Published: May 2019

Density as a function of temperature was measured for the liquid transition metals niobium and tungsten by means of ohmic pulse-heating. The generated data are extensively compared to the existing literature data, and the uncertainty is critically assessed according to the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). Starting from the obtained liquid-phase density regression, the phase diagram, and the critical point, i.e., critical temperature

$$T_{\mathrm {c}}$$

T
c

and critical density

$$\rho _{\mathrm {c}}$$

ρ
c

of niobium and tungsten are estimated. The so-obtained critical point for these two high-melting metals is compared to the data available in the existing literature.
Outreach in Archaeology with Agent-Based Modeling: Part 3 of 3
Authors: Crabtree Stefani A. , Harris Kathryn , Davies Benjamin , Romanowska Iza
Published: May 2019

A major challenge facing archaeologists is communicating our research to the
public. Thankfully, new computational tools have enabled the testing and
visualization of complex ideas in an easily packageable format. In this article
we illustrate not only how agent-based modeling provides a platform for
communicating complex ideas, but also how these game-like computer models can be
explored and manipulated by members of the public therefore increasing their
engagement in archaeological explanations. We suggest that these new digital
tools serve as an excellent aid for education on the importance of
archaeological sites and artifacts. To illustrate the above we walk the reader
through a step-by-step pipeline of how to run an ABM model as an experiment and
how to export it into a form ready to be sent to SHPO and THPO offices in tandem
with reports. Ultimately, we hope that this work will help demystify the
computational archaeology process and lead to more fluency in using agent-based
modeling in research and outreach.
Faculty development in the age of competency-based medical education: A needs assessment of Canadian emergency medicine faculty and senior trainees
Authors: Stefan Alexandra , Hall Justin N. , Sherbino Jonathan , Chan Teresa M.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) emergency medicine (EM) programs transitioned to the Competence by Design training framework in July 2018. Prior to this transition, a nation-wide survey was conducted to gain a better understanding of EM faculty and senior resident attitudes towards the implementation of this new program of assessment.

Methods

A multi-site, cross-sectional needs assessment survey was conducted. We aimed to document perceptions about competency-based medical education, attitudes towards implementation, perceived/prompted/unperceived faculty development needs. EM faculty and senior residents were nominated by program directors across RCPSC EM programs. Simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data.

Results

Between February and April 2018, 47 participants completed the survey (58.8% response rate). Most respondents (89.4%) thought learners should receive feedback during every shift; 55.3% felt that they provided adequate feedback. Many respondents (78.7%) felt that the ED would allow for direct observation, and most (91.5%) participants were confident that they could incorporate workplace-based assessments (WBAs). Although a fair number of respondents (44.7%) felt that Competence by Design would not impact patient care, some (17.0%) were worried that it may negatively impact it. Perceived faculty development priorities included feedback delivery, completing WBAs, and resident promotion decisions.

Conclusions

RCPSC EM faculty have positive attitudes towards competency-based medical education-relevant concepts such as feedback and opportunities for direct observation via WBAs. Perceived threats to Competence by Design implementation included concerns that patient care and trainee education might be negatively impacted. Faculty development should concentrate on further developing supervisors’ teaching skills, focusing on feedback using WBAs.
Parochialism and Implications for Chinese Firms’ Globalization
Authors: Feng Jing Betty , Liu Leigh Anne , Jiang Chunyan
Published: May 2019

We explore the meaning of parochialism (xiao nong yi shi, 小农意识) to explain certain paradoxical Chinese managerial behaviors. We discuss how cultural, political, and economic traditions in China formed a salient context to cultivate parochialism. Qualitative data from Chinese and American managers reveal that the conceptual framework of parochialism includes a cognitive dimension of closed-mindedness, a behavioral dimension of self-protection, and a relational dimension of in-group focused social relationship. Parochialism hampers effective globalization of Chinese firms because it negatively impacts key facets of organizational culture: employee development, communication, customer orientation, social responsibility, strategic planning, and innovation. The study offers theoretical and practical implications for Chinese management research and the development of global competence.
Marjorie M. Whiteman (1898-1986)
Authors: Leich Marian Nash
Published: May 2019

Dr. Marjorie Millace Whiteman died at the age of 87, at her home in Liberty Center, Ohio, on July 6, 1986. A graduate of Ohio Wesleyan University and the recipient of LL.B. (1927) and J.S.D. (1928) degrees from Yale Law School (where she served as an editor of the Yale Law Journal), she was also a Carnegie fellow in international law. Later, Miss Whiteman served as a research associate with the Research Commission on Latin America at Columbia University, and then, in 1929, began her distinguished career with the Department of State, winning recognition throughout the world as an authority on international law.
Correspondence
Authors: Cardozo Michael H. , D’Amato Anthony , Bettwy Samuel W.
Published: May 2019

In the January 1961 issue of this Journal, there appeared, over my name, a Comment entitled When Extradition Fails, Is Abduction the Solution? The Comment dealt with the frustration of efforts to effect the extradition to Yugoslavia of Andrija Artukovic, a leader of the Croation “state” established in Yugoslavia under Nazi sponsorship during World War II. Artukovic had been charged with the kilting of hundreds of thousands of victims guilty only of ethnic diversity. He had fled to the United States in 1948. The Comment remarked that, in view of the atrocities attributed to Artukovic, “[i]t would hardly be incredible if a group of Serbs, inspired by hatred, revenge and patriotism, should try to emulate the ‘volunteers’ who successfully contrived to move Adolph Eichmann from his refuge in Argentina to a prison in Israel.” The Comment concluded that “it must be our position that the only acceptable way to deal with fugitive war criminals is through orderly processes of international law and extradition.”
Mysticism Demystified
Authors: Horne James R.
Published: May 2019

Angel's declared purpose is to “demystify” mysticism by approaching it as we do ordinary phenomena, and his eventual conclusion is that mystical experiences are very similar to some of our everyday experiences. To demonstrate that, he provides us with three closely-argued chapters on, successively, the typology of mysticism, the reasons for mystical silence, and the relationship of mysticism to other experiences. Ultimately, he claims that mysticism need not be mysterious because all of us have quasi-mystical experiences (81).
Civil Code Revision in Germany: The Experience in the Field of Contract Law
Authors: Kötz Hein
Published: May 2019

In November 1964 the then Minister of Justice stated in the Knesset:

The Members of Knesset surely know that shortly after assuming office I outlined a broad plan to liberate the Israeli law from the shackles of foreign laws and foreign languages. The plan relates first to the Ottoman legislation which is still in force, in particular the civil law compilation known as the Mejelle, and also to Mandatory legislation. The intention is to replace the various chapters of the Mejelle with original Israeli statutes and perhaps later, at a second stage, to unify these statutes with other special statutes in one complete and homogeneous tractate that will serve as an exhaustive civil code.
Self-Defence, International Law, and the Six Day War
Authors: Miller Edward
Published: May 2019

“As long as war is regarded as wicked,it will always have its fascination.”Oscar Wilde

According to the textbooks, the unfettered right of a state to go to war was, until modern times, regarded as one of the essential trappings of statehood, an indispensable aspect of sovereignty. Such a broad assertion does however require qualification, as ever since the time of Saint Augustine, scholars have attempted to set limits to the extent of the state's discretion to go to war. The task has not been an easy one, and it may indeed aptly be remarked that “Warfare has been as difficult to justify satisfactorily in theory as it has been endemic in practice”.
Measuring Noise: Reaching an Optimal Judicial Policy
Authors: Rosenthal Alon
Published: May 2019

Because of the diminutive size and relatively intense urbanization of the country, noise has always constituted one of the more serious environmental problems with which the Israeli legislature and courts must contend. Indeed, in a recent survey conducted by the Israeli Environmental Protection Service, (E.P.S.) 52.5% of Israelis questioned indicated that the major deficiency of their environment was the prevalence of noise, as opposed to only 3.7% who complained of unpleasant air or odours. Regulations have been enacted specifying the manner in which noise is to be measured and providing standards for the existence of nuisances. Recently, the court has been faced on several occasions with the question of whether violation of such regulations is necessary for an action seeking to establish a given noise as a nuisance. Although no definitive rule has been established, the Supreme Court, in confirming a lower court decision in Israel Electric Co. Ltd. v. Farsht, began what we hope will be a continuing process in determining a clear and optimal judicial policy regarding the measuring of noise and the use of these calculations in nuisance cases.
Voidable Title
Authors: Lerner Shalom
Published: May 2019

The sale of property by a non-owner is an important question in many legal systems. The problem is more acute in the case of movables, since with immovable property the existence of a register of title allows the buyer to check with relative ease whether the seller is in fact the owner. There is usually no register of title to movable property, and the buyer will usually identify the holder of goods who is offering them for sale as their owner.

There are three parties involved in the problem: A — the real or original owner, B — the seller, and C — the buyer. B may be a thief, a finder or A's bailee, or he may have obtained the property from A by misrepresentation, and so forth. In many cases it is impossible to obtain satisfaction from B, either because he cannot be traced or because he is insolvent, and the question of who owns the property, A or C, then assumes vital importance.
The Computerization of Society
Authors: Freese Jan
Published: May 2019

From the first, when human beings started to communicate with each other, information carried a message. The Information Society was born as soon as the first human creatures exchanged information.

Over history, information, like everything else, has developed and changed character. Information still carried a message, but rather quickly it must have also become power. When Francis Bacon coined the expression “Knowledge is power”, at the end of the 16th century, it had already been a truth for millions of years. Knowledge postulates information.
Compelling Medical Examinations of Litigants: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Goldstein Stephen
Published: May 2019

Compelling litigants to undergo medical examinations or tests raises a very clear problem of conflicting values. On the one hand, compelling any person to undergo a physical examination or test against his will is a clear impingement on his rights of liberty, privacy and bodily integrity. On the other hand, there are situations in which without such examinations or tests of a civil litigant the right of his adversary to fair and properly conducted litigation would be frustrated.

In this article, we will discuss how four different legal systems have attempted to balance these conflicting rights in their development of rules concerning such medical examinations. We will discuss rather fully three systems that are viewed as following common law procedure – namely, those of England, the United States and Israel – and compare them with that of Italy, as an example of the Romanist civil law countries.
State Recognition of Religious Marriage: Symbols and Content
Authors: Shifman Pinhas
Published: May 2019

It is generally thought that the rule of religious law regarding marriage and divorce is a concession on the part of the State of Israel to religious interests. It is assumed that the religious population derives great satisfaction from the fact that the State ostensibly bows down to religious law, declining to exercise its jurisdiction on this matter. The non-observant citizen is widely considered the victim of this arrangement. He is forced to take part in a religious ceremony which is foreign to him and, in such an intimate realm of his life, must render himself of the services of a religious authority that represents concepts and symbols which he adamantly rejects. It is true that this sensitivity to “religious coercion” and freedom of conscience is apparent as regards the Jewish population, whereas there is less of a tendency to increase government intervention in the religious and legal autonomy of non-Jewish religious communities.
Some Fundamental Concepts of Property Law: A Critical Survey
Authors: Weisman Joshua
Published: May 2019

Historical developments have left a greater impression on the law of property than on many other branches of law. Land law, which constitutes a substantial portion of the law of property, is of particular import in this regard. The characteristic feature of land is its permanence, which is manifested in place, time and quantity: place – land being immovable; time – land having a continuous existence; and quantity – the amount of land basically not changing. This threefold permanence exposes land law to the continuous influence of historical forces, the effects of which are lasting. The phenomenon can be observed in the legal systems of many countries, including Israel.
Some Aspects of Prisoner-of-war Status According to the Geneva Protocol I of 1977
Authors: Bar-Yaacov Nissim
Published: May 2019

The Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, convened by the Swiss Federal Council, held four sessions in Geneva during the years 1974–1977. On 8 June 1977, the Conference adopted by consensus two Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, the first relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I), and the second relating to the protection of victims of noninternational armed conflicts (Protocol II).

The states invited to the Conference were all the states Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, and such states non-Parties as were members of the United Nations. 126 states were represented at the first session, 121— at the second, 106—at the third and 109—at the fourth.
The International Legal Personality of the EEC and its Treaty-Making Power
Authors: Shachor-Landau Chava
Published: May 2019

The second half of the twentieth century is witnessing a tremendous development of the concept of international organizations as “subjects” of international law. These “subjects” are endowed with international legal personality and with powers—express or implied—to achieve their declared objectives.

The corner-stone to this new edifice was erected as long ago as 1949 by the International Court of Justice in its Advisory Opinion on Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations. The Court examined the purposes and principles set out in the Charter of the U.N. and concluded

that the Organization is an international person.… [I]t is a subject of international law and capable of possessing international rights and duties, and… it has capacity to maintain its rights by bringing international claims.

… . Under international law, the Organization must be deemed to have those powers which, though not expressly provided in the Charter, are conferred upon it by necessary implication as being essential to the performance of its duties.
Germination Promotion in Dormant Shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) Seeds by Strigol Analogs and Other Stimulants
Authors: Bradow Judith M.
Published: May 2019

Four synthetic multiring analogs of strigol (0.1 mM) were effective as germination stimulants of dormant, unchilled seeds of shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) Medik. # CAPBP). The effect was concentration dependent and exceeded that produced by 0.1 mM gibberellic acid (GA). The analog treatments resulted in normal, unpigmented seedlings after 7 days, whereas GA treatment led to distorted, nongeotropic, yellow seedlings. The strigol analogs were also more effective in inducing shepherdspurse germination than 10 mM nitrate or 5.0 mM thiourea (ineffective in the dark) and 5.0 mM thiourea plus 4.5 mM ascorbate (germination stimulated, but seedling growth, inhibited). Chilling at 4 C for 11 days reduced the effectiveness of the strigol analogs, but not that of gibberellic acid and thiourea plus ascorbate. Ascorbate acts synergistically with thiourea in promoting shepherdspurse germination. Strigol and epistrigol had no effect on either chilled or unchilled shepherdspurse seeds. The stimulation of dormant shepherdspurse seeds by the synthetic strigol analogs is the first demonstration that these compounds have bioregulatory activity in dormant seeds of genera other thanStriga.
Influence of Glyphosate on Resprouting of Parent Tubers ofCyperus esculentus
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Carter Charles H. , Thullen Robert J.
Published: May 2019

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) was treated with unlabeled and14C-labeled glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] to study the toxicity and translocation of glyphosate into parent tubers of this weed. When plants of 2 and 4 weeks of age were treated with 0.6 kg ai/ha of glyphosate, fewer parent tubers from treated plants resprouted (14 and 32%) than tubers from control plants (73 and 59%, respectively) of equal age. Also, fewer tubers resprouted from 2-week than from 4-week-old treated plants. The radioactivity of parent tubers from plants treated at 2 weeks of age, which exceeded that of tubers from plants of 4 and 6 weeks of age, indicated that translocation of14C into parent tubers decreased as the treated plants increased in age. The differential amounts of14C translocated appear to explain why applications of glyphosate were more effective in suppressing resprouting of parent tubers from 2-week than 4-week-old plants.
Herbicide Effects on Water Use by Grass Sod and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Establishment
Authors: Trimmer Mark C. , Linscott Dean L.
Published: May 2019

Red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) was direct seeded into a grass sod after spraying with dalapon (2,2-dichloropropanoic acid), glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], or paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) at rates of 5.6, 2.2, and 0.6 kg ai/ha respectively. Dalapon applied a few days prior to planting did not improve red clover stands in comparison to seeding in unsprayed sod. Applying glyphosate a few days prior to seeding in spring and summer invariably increased red clover stands, but paraquat was effective in only one of four spring or summer applications. Glyphosate applied the fall preceding a spring or summer seeding produced red clover stands superior to those after all spring treatments. Where glyphosate or paraquat was applied, water content of the upper 20 cm of the soil profile was greater during the first 10 days after treatment, relative to unsprayed plots or those treated with dalapon. By 30 days after application, the glyphosate-treated sods used less soil water than those treated with paraquat. Applications of glyphosate and paraquat greatly suppressed water utilization by oats (Avena sativaL.) in the greenhouse, based on water potential of the potting soil. Dalapon had little effect on water use by oat seedlings in the greenhouse.
Coffee Senna (Cassia occidentalis) Competition with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Higgins Jeffery M. , Walker Robert H. , Whitwell Ted
Published: May 2019

Field research was conducted at two locations in 1982 and 1983 to evaluate the competitiveness of coffee senna (Cassia occidentalisL. # CASOC) with cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.). With season-long competition, each increase of 1 coffee senna plant/7.5 m of row reduced seed cotton by 9 to 117 kg/ha. Each additional week of competition from a dense stand (40 plants/m of row) of coffee senna reduced seed cotton yield by 118 kg/ha and cotton main stem height by 1.25 cm. Neither cotton stand density nor fiber properties were affected by coffee senna density or duration of competition. Seed cotton yields and main stem heights obtained when cotton was kept weed free for 6 weeks after cotton emergence were not significantly different from those kept weed free for 8, 10, or 14 weeks. Coffee senna dry-matter production was essentially zero when cotton was maintained weed free for 8 or more weeks.
The Effect of Adjuvants and Oil Carriers on Photodecomposition of 2,4-D, Bentazon, and Haloxyfop
Authors: Harrison S. Kent , Wax Loyd M.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory photolysis rates of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} in dilute aqueous solution were enhanced by the presence of adjuvants. Addition of 1.0% (v/v) petroleum oil concentrate (POC), 1.0% (v/v) soybean oil concentrate (SBOC), and 0.15% (v/v) emulsifier package (EP) enhanced herbicide photolysis rates more than addition of 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic (20 POE) (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate). Bioassays showed that phytotoxicity of photolyzed herbicide solutions was negatively correlated with time of exposure to ultraviolet light. Addition of 0.85% (v/v) acetophenone to aqueous herbicide solutions containing 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic strongly sensitized photodegradation of 2,4-D, and to a lesser extent, haloxyfop. Acetophenone had no effect on bentazon photolysis in the presence of oxysorbic. In another study, herbicides were dissolved in white mineral oil or once-refined soybean oil and exposed to ultraviolet light. After a 6-h exposure, there was 92% loss of haloxyfop in mineral oil and 36% loss in soybean oil. There was no difference between oils in affecting the photolysis rate of 2,4-D or bentazon.
Environment and Bromoxynil Phytotoxicity
Authors: Nalewaja John D. , Skrzypczak Grzegorz
Published: May 2019

Experiments in controlled-environment chambers indicated that high temperature, 30 C, increased the phytotoxicity of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) to wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL. # SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE) compared to low temperature, 10 C, during and after treatment. Bromoxynil phytotoxicity generally was higher at relative humidities of 90 to 95% compared to 40 to 60%, but relative humidity had less influence on bromoxynil phytotoxicity than did temperature. A simulated rain immediately after bromoxynil treatment reduced control of both species, but the reduction was of no practical importance for wild mustard. The data indicate that wild mustard and redroot pigweed control would be reduced by bromoxynil application during a period of low temperatures or to plants in advanced growth stages.
Evaluation ofFusarium lateritiumas a Biological Herbicide for Controlling Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa)
Authors: Boyette C. Douglas , Walker H. Lynn
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse studies,Fusarium lateritiumNees ex Fr. was effective in suppressing the growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL. # SIDSP). Sprays containing conidia of the fungus and fungus-infested sodium alginate-kaolin clay granules controlled both weeds in corn (Zea maysL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] without causing a reduction in dry weight of the crops. In field tests, postemergence foliar applications of the fungus controlled velvetleaf and prickly sida 40 and 80%, respectively, in 1982, but controlled only 27 and 34% of velvetleaf and prickly sida, respectively, in 1983. Preemergence applications of the fungus in the granule formulation controlled velvetleaf and prickly sida 46 and 59%, respectively, in 1982. In 1983, this treatment controlled the weeds 35 and 38%, respectively.
Forage Quality of Selected Cool-Season Weed Species
Authors: Bosworth S. C. , Hoveland C. S. , Buchanan G. A.
Published: May 2019

Forage quality was determined at vegetative, flowering, and fruiting stages for nine cool-season weed species and four cultivated forages. When compared at the vegetative stage of maturity, Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianumL. # GERCA), Virginia pepperweed (Lepidium virginicumL. # LEPVI), Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicusL. # ELYVI), wild oats (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA), cheat (Bromus secalinusL. # BROSE), and little barley (Hordeum pusillumNutt. # HORPU) had high nutritive quality as indicated by in vitro dry-matter digestibility (IVDMD) values equal or superior to rye (Secale cerealeL.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.), and ladino clover (Trifolium repensL.). Cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniataHill # OEOLA) and curly dock (Rumex crispusL. # RUMCR) had lower IVDMD values than the cultivated forages and all weed species except wild oats. However, the rate of decline in IVDMD as plants matured was generally greater for the weed species compared to cultivated forage plants. All weed and cultivated forage species had adequate levels of Ca and K for livestock. Nearly all weed and cultivated forage species had suboptimum levels of P for high-producing ruminant animals; Carolina geranium and cutleaf evening primrose had high Ca:P ratios, which can cause metabolic disorders. Carolina geranium, Virginia wildrye, wild oats, cheat, little barley, and all the cultivated forage species had inadequate levels of Mg and could be considered “tetany prone”. Most of the forbs had high Mg concentrations.
Effect of Water Stress on Photosynthetic Parameters of Soybean (Glycine max) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Munger Philip H. , Chandler James M. , Cothren J. Tom
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of water stress on photosynthetic parameters of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hutton′] and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik. # ABUTH). Stomatal conductance of both species responded curvilinearly to reductions in leaf water potential. At leaf water potentials less negative than −2.5 MPa, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate were greater in velvetleaf than in soybean. Soybean photosynthetic rate was linearly related to stomatal conductance. Velvetleaf photosynthetic rate increased linearly with stomatal conductances up to 1.5 cm s–1; however, no increase in photosynthetic rate was observed at stomatal conductances greater than 1.5 cm s–1, indicating nonstomatal limitations to photosynthesis. As water stress intensified, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration of velvetleaf declined more rapidly than in soybean.
Applying Eptc and Seeding Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Simultaneously
Authors: Dawson Jean H.
Published: May 2019

Alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Vernal′) was seeded broadcast or in drill rows spaced 18 cm apart in the same operation that EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate) was applied. For broadcast seeding, EPTC was applied as herbicide-treated crop seed, as granules mixed with crop seed, or as granules applied with the crop seed, but with the seed and granules carried in separate boxes on the seeder. For drill-row seeding, EPTC was applied between the rows in subsurface lines as a liquid or granular formulation; and within the rows as herbicide-treated seed, as granules mixed with the seed, or as granules carried in a box separate from the seed. Weed control and crop tolerance with the more effective simultaneous applications of EPTC were similar to those with conventional preplant-incorporated applications. To seed alfalfa (either broadcast or in drill rows) and apply EPTC in one operation, the methods wherein untreated seed and a granular formulation of EPTC were applied together but from separate boxes on the seeder were the most practical, because the mechanical components, the seed, and the formulated herbicide are all commercially available.
Postemergence Control of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) in Corn (Zea mays) with Tridiphane and Triazine Combinations
Authors: Boydston Rick A. , Slife Fred W.
Published: May 2019

Postemergence applications of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) oxirane] and atrazine, and tridiphane and cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} resulted in 90% or better control of giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) less than 2.5 cm in height. Delaying the application of tridiphane plus atrazine or atrazine alone reduced the control of giant foxtail in 1984, control of giant foxtail over 2.5 cm in height was significantly greater with a mixture of tridiphane and atrazine (0.4 and 1.7 kg ai/ha) than with atrazine alone (2.2 kg/ha) or tridiphane plus cyanazine (0.6 and 1.8 kg/ha). Two successive applications of tridiphane and atrazine combinations controlled giant foxtail 8 to 16 cm tall (four to five leaves). Cultivation following applications of tridiphane plus atrazine improved giant foxtail control but was less effective than a second application of atrazine or tridiphane plus atrazine. Giant foxtail control in greenhouse experiments was similar to control obtained in the field. Tridiphane plus atrazine controlled 70% of giant foxtail in the four- to five-leaf stage, while atrazine applied alone resulted in only 23% control, indicating a synergistic effect.