bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speaking up, support, control and work engagement of medical residents. A structural equation modelling analysis
Authors: Voogt Judith J , Taris Toon W , van Rensen Elizabeth L J , Schneider Margriet M E , Noordegraaf Mirko , van der Schaaf Marieke F
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Medical residents can play key roles in improving health care quality by speaking up and giving suggestions for improvements. However, previous research on speaking up by medical residents has shown that speaking up is difficult for residents. This study explored: (i) whether two main aspects of medical residents’ work context (job control and supervisor support) are associated with speaking up by medical residents, and (ii) whether these associations differ between in‐hospital and out‐of‐hospital settings.

Methods

Speaking up was operationalised and measured as voice behaviour. Structural equation modelling using a cross‐sectional survey design was used to identify and test factors pertaining to speaking up and to compare hospital settings.

Results

A total of 499 medical residents in the Netherlands participated in the study. Correlational analysis showed significant positive associations between each of support and control, and voice behaviour. The authors assumed that the associations between support and control, and voice behaviour would be partially mediated by engagement. This partial mediation model fitted the data best, but showed no association between support and voice. However, multi‐group analysis showed that for residents in hospital settings, support is associated with voice behaviour. For residents outside hospital settings, control is more important. Engagement mediated the effects of control and support outside hospital settings, but not within the hospital.

Conclusions

This study shows that in order to enable medical residents to share their suggestions for improvement, it is beneficial to invest in supportive supervision and to increase their sense of control. Boosting medical residents’ support would be most effective in hospital settings, whereas in other health care organisations it would be more effective to focus on job control.
Molecular detection of Megatrypanum trypanosomes in tabanid flies
Authors: Werszko J. , Szewczyk T. , Steiner‐Bogdaszewska Ż. , Wróblewski P. , Karbowiak G. , Laskowski Z.
Published: October 2019

Trypanosomes of the subgenus Megatrypanum have been isolated from many mammalian hosts around the world. They are usually non‐pathogenic, although they may confuse the parasitological diagnosis of trypanosomosis. Additionally, Trypanosoma theileri has been associated with disease in cattle. Megatrypanum trypanosomes are considered to be transmitted by different arthropods, including tabanids. However, little is known about the potential vectors of Megatrypanum trypanosomes in different parts of the world. The present study reports on the detection of Megatrypanum trypanosomes in Heamatopota pluvialis, Tabanus bromius, Tabanus maculicornis and Tabanus distinguendus in Poland. It also discusses the possible role of these tabanids in the transmission of Megatrypanum trypanosomes.
Implementation of the low FODMAP diet in functional gastrointestinal symptoms: A real‐world experience
Authors: Tuck Caroline J. , Reed David E. , Muir Jane G. , Vanner Stephen J.
Published: October 2019

Background

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligo‐, di‐, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet reduces functional gastrointestinal symptoms (FGID) when implemented by dietitian‐delivered education in clinical trials, but it is unknown how well the diet is followed in routine clinical care and if differences exist when implemented by physician or dietitian. This study aimed to evaluate the real‐world experience of patients recommended the diet.

Methods

This case‐series interviewed FGID patients attending a gastroenterology clinic with previous recommendation to trial the low FODMAP diet, examining who recommended the diet and what their percentage improvement was. To evaluate implementation of the diet's 3 phases, questions were constructed based on current literature and clinical guidelines regarding length of initial restriction and food knowledge (Phase‐1), number of foods re‐challenged (Phase‐2) and food re‐introduction as tolerated (Phase‐3). The comprehensive nutrition assessment questionnaire provided daily FODMAP intake. Data were analyzed using chi‐squared tests.

Key Results

In 80 patients (21 male), the diet was recommended by the gastroenterologist in 53%, general practitioner 22%, dietitian 9% and other 15%. 30% saw a dietitian for guidance. 55% reported a ≥50% symptom improvement. The diet was followed appropriately during Phase‐1 by 78% (with vs without a dietitian, 96% vs 71%; P = .02), Phase‐2 by 48% (70% vs 39%; P = .02) and Phase‐3 by 40% (65% vs 29%; P < .01). A FODMAP intake of <12 g/d (considered therapeutic) was achieved by 44% (72% vs 31%; P < .01).

Conclusions & inferences

Symptom improvement was reported in half of patients, but many did not reach the therapeutic FODMAP intake target, especially without dietitian education. Compliance was poor in Phase‐2 and Phase‐3 but improved with dietitian guidance.
Flower phenology as a disruptor of the fruiting dynamics in temperate oak species
Authors: Schermer Éliane , Bel‐Venner Marie‐Claude , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Dray Stéphane , Boulanger Vincent , Le Roncé Iris , Oliver Gilles , Chuine Isabelle , Delzon Sylvain , Venner Samuel
Published: October 2019

Many perennial plants display masting, that is, fruiting with strong interannual variations, irregular and synchronized between trees within the population. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the early flower phenology in temperate oak species promotes stochasticity into their fruiting dynamics, which could play a major role in tree reproductive success.

From a large field monitoring network, we compared the pollen phenology between temperate and Mediterranean oak species. Then, focusing on temperate oak species, we explored the influence of the weather around the time of budburst and flowering on seed production, and simulated with a mechanistic model the consequences that an evolutionary shifting of flower phenology would have on fruiting dynamics.

Temperate oak species release pollen earlier in the season than do Mediterranean oak species. Such early flowering in temperate oak species results in pollen often being released during unfavorable weather conditions and frequently results in reproductive failure. If pollen release were delayed as a result of natural selection, fruiting dynamics would exhibit much reduced stochastic variation.

We propose that early flower phenology might be adaptive by making mast‐seeding years rare and unpredictable, which would greatly help in controlling the dynamics of seed consumers.
Nutrient‐demanding species face less negative competition and plant–soil feedback effects in a nutrient‐rich environment
Authors: Klinerová Tereza , Dostál Petr
Published: October 2019

Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) and plant–plant competition influence performance and abundance of plants. To what extent the two biotic interactions are interrelated and thus affect plant performance in combination rather than in isolation remains poorly explored. It is also unclear how the abiotic context, such as resource availability, modifies individual and joint effects of PSFs and of plant–plant competition.

Using a garden experiment, we assessed the strengths of PSFs, competition, and their combined effects explored under low and high nutrient levels, and related them to abundance of 46 plant species and their ecological optima with respect to soil nutrients.

We found that PSFs reduced but did not eliminate differences in competitive ability of plant species. Isolated and combined effects of the biotic interactions poorly predicted local or regional abundance of species. They were rather related to species’ ecological optima, as nutrient‐demanding plants experienced less negative biotic effects but only in a nutrient‐rich environment.

Our study demonstrates that soil biota can mitigate differences in competitive ability among species. It remains to be tested whether such an equalizing effect can maintain coexistence under high nutrient availability, in which nutrient‐demanding species may disproportionately benefit from less negative competition and PSF effects.
When facilitation meets clonal integration in forest canopies
Authors: Lu Hua‐Zheng , Brooker Rob , Song Liang , Liu Wen‐Yao , Sack Lawren , Zhang Jiao‐Lin , Yu Fei‐Hai
Published: October 2019

Few studies have explored how – within the same system – clonality and positive plant–plant interactions might interact to regulate plant community composition. Canopy‐dwelling epiphytes in species‐rich forests provide an ideal system for studying this because many epiphytic vascular plants undertake clonal growth and because vascular epiphytes colonize canopy habitats after the formation of nonvascular epiphyte (i.e. bryophyte and lichen) mats.

We investigated how clonal integration of seven dominant vascular epiphytes influenced inter‐specific interactions between vascular epiphytes and nonvascular epiphytes in a subtropical montane moist forest in southwest China.

Both clonal integration and environmental buffering from nonvascular epiphytes increased survival and growth of vascular epiphytes. The benefits of clonal integration for vascular epiphytes were higher when nonvascular epiphytes were removed. Similarly, facilitation from nonvascular epiphytes played a more important role when clonal integration of vascular epiphytes was eliminated. Overall, clonal integration had greater benefits than inter‐specific facilitation.

This study provides novel evidence for interactive effects of clonality and facilitation between vascular and nonvascular species, and has implications for our understanding of a wide range of ecosystems where both high levels of clonality and facilitation are expected to occur.
Two tonoplast proton pumps function in Arabidopsis embryo development
Authors: Jiang Yu‐Tong , Tang Ren‐Jie , Zhang Yan‐Jie , Xue Hong‐Wei , Ferjani Ali , Luan Sheng , Lin Wen‐Hui
Published: October 2019

Two types of tonoplast proton pumps, H+‐pyrophosphatase (V‐PPase) and the H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase), establish the proton gradient that powers molecular traffic across the tonoplast thereby facilitating turgor regulation and nutrient homeostasis. However, how proton pumps regulate development remains unclear.

In this study, we investigated the function of two types of proton pumps in Arabidopsis embryo development and pattern formation. While disruption of either V‐PPase or V‐ATPase had no obvious effect on plant embryo development, knocking out both resulted in severe defects in embryo pattern formation from the early stage.

While the first division in wild‐type zygote was asymmetrical, a nearly symmetrical division occurred in the mutant, followed by abnormal pattern formation at all stages of embryo development. The embryonic defects were accompanied by dramatic differences in vacuole morphology and distribution, as well as disturbed localisation of PIN1. The development of mutant cotyledons and root, and the auxin response of mutant seedlings supported the hypothesis that mutants lacking tonoplast proton pumps were defective in auxin transport and distribution.

Taking together, we proposed that two tonoplast proton pumps are required for vacuole morphology and PIN1 localisation, thereby controlling vacuole and auxin‐related developmental processes in Arabidopsis embryos and seedlings.
Male sterility in soybean: Occurrence, molecular basis and utilization
Authors: Li Jiajia , Nadeem Muhammad , Sun Genlou , Wang Xiaobo , Qiu Lijuan
Published: October 2019

In plants, male sterility (MS) is a specific breeding target trait. With the advancements in agriculture, utilization of heterosis breeding in hybrid production through MS lines has become the main breeding tool of various cross‐pollinated and even self‐pollinated crops. Soybean is an essential source of oil and protein; however, the low yield is a major factor limiting its development. Soybean MS mainly comprises cytoplasmic‐nuclear MS and nuclear/genic MS (NMS/GMS), which can effectively utilize heterosis to improve soybean yield. This review outlines the recent research progress on the development of new genetically MS lines, exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of MS, identification and cloning of MS and fertility restoration genes, and the application of MS lines. We further discussed and prospected the future developmental scenario direction of the soybean MS, based on the previous studies of other crops sterility system. Moreover, this review also provides comprehensive information for better application of MS to soybean breeding programme.
Characterization of the Q.Ymym region on wheat chromosome 2D associated with wheat yellow mosaic virus resistance
Authors: Kobayashi Fuminori , Kojima Hisayo , Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Saito Mika , Kiribuchi‐Otobe Chikako , Nakamura Toshiki
Published: October 2019

Yellow mosaic disease, caused by wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), is one of the most serious diseases of winter wheat in Japan and China. A single major QTL for WYMV resistance in the Japanese wheat variety 'Yumechikara', designated Q.Ymym, has been mapped on a 43.6 cM linkage block between the two markers Xcfd233 and Xgwm349 on chromosome 2D. We were able to obtain two recombinants within the block, which facilitated reducing the size of the linkage block. The pseudomolecule sequence of 'Chinese Spring' (CS) indicated that the original Q.Ymym region of 43.6 cM corresponded to 68.5 Mb and the narrowed Q.Ymym region represents a size of 27.3 Mb. The sequence features of the Q.Ymym region were unique in comparison with CS sequences, which may have led to the low recombination rate within the block. The Q.Ymym haplotype block was detected in other WYMV‐resistant varieties but not in the susceptible varieties used in this study. The unique sequence structure of the Q.Ymym region allowed the development of co‐dominant markers for use in marker‐assisted selection.
Monitoring trough levels in cyclosporine for atopic dermatitis: A systematic review
Authors: Blake Stephanie C. , Murrell Dedee F.
Published: October 2019

Background

Cyclosporine is a useful immunosuppressive agent for achieving disease control in moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children and adults. However, it carries the potential for nephrotoxicity. Monitoring of drug levels is performed in other patient groups, such as transplant recipients, but is not commonplace in the management of atopic dermatitis.

Objectives

To investigate levels of nephrotoxicity associated with cyclosporine use in atopic dermatitis and assess potential correlation with trough levels of cyclosporine.

Methods

An electronic search was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies assessing the safety profile of cyclosporine compared to placebo or other atopic dermatitis treatments, in adult and pediatric atopic dermatitis patients from 1966 to May 2019. Studies that did not assess renal toxicity were excluded from analysis.

Results

Thirty‐eight trials were included for analysis, excluding 11 that did not assess renal toxicity. Descriptive statistical analysis only was performed, due to the high heterogeneity between study methodologies. Significant renal toxicity was seen in 0%‐9% of pediatric participants. Monitoring of trough cyclosporine levels was performed in only 10 of the studies, and their correlation to toxicity or disease activity was not explored.

Conclusion

There is limited evidence in atopic dermatitis regarding trough level monitoring of cyclosporine. Currently, the practice is not commonplace, particularly in pediatrics, and this is reflected in trial methodology. Monitoring may be useful in specific pediatric groups, such as those on multiple concurrent medications, patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction and non‐responders to therapy.
Trends in the off‐label use of β‐blockers in pediatric patients
Authors: Kaley Vishal R , Aregullin E Oliver , Samuel Bennett P , Vettukattil Joseph J
Published: October 2019

The use of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved drugs for the treatment of an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, or at doses or route of administration not indicated on the label is known as off‐label use. Off‐label use may be beneficial in circumstances when the standard‐of‐care treatment has failed, and/or no other FDA‐approved medications are available for a particular condition. In pediatric patients, off‐label use may increase the risk of adverse events as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are limited in children. Approximately 73% of off‐label drugs currently prescribed for various conditions do not have sufficient scientific evidence for safety and efficacy. For example, β‐blockers are a class of drugs with FDA‐approval for very few indications in pediatrics but are commonly used for various off‐label indications. Interestingly, the proportion of off‐label use of β‐blockers in adults is at about 52% (66.2 million) of the total number of β‐blockers prescribed. The frequency of off‐label use of β‐blockers in children is also high with limited data on the indications as well as safety and efficacy. We present trends in off‐label use of β‐blockers in children to discuss drug safety and efficacy and include recommendations for pediatric providers.
Living donor liver transplantation in Alagille syndrome—Single center experience from south Asia
Authors: Valamparampil Joseph J. , Reddy Mettu Srinivas , Shanmugam Naresh , Vij Mukul , Kanagavelu Rathnavel Govindaraju , Rela Mohamed
Published: October 2019

To analyze the clinical characteristics and the outcomes of living donor liver transplantation in children with Alagille syndrome (AGS). Clinical data of children with AGS who underwent liver transplantation between July 2009 and May 2019 in our unit were retrospectively analyzed. Primary end‐points were patient and graft survival. Ten children with AGS underwent living donor liver transplantation at a median age of 28 months (range, 12‐84 months). Jaundice was the most common initial symptom and was noted after a median duration of 20 days after birth (range, 7‐60 days). Two patients had undergone Kasai porto‐enterostomy for misdiagnosis of biliary atresia. The most common indication for transplantation was severe pruritus with poor quality of life. Explant livers in three children showed cirrhosis with early well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. We have 100% patient and graft survival at a mean follow‐up of 32 months (range 3‐72 months). The median z‐score for weight and height at liver transplantation was −2.66 (range: −6.44 to −0.9) and −3.6 (range: −7.96 to −0.93) while at follow‐up was −1.7 (range: −3.4 to −0.35) and −2.1 (range: −3.9 to −1.4), respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was normal pretransplant and follow‐up. This is the first series of LDLT for Alagille syndrome in the Indian sub‐continent. We report excellent post‐transplant outcomes in contrast to outcomes reported from Western literature.
Development of a culturally informed protocol for hair cortisol sampling in Black women
Authors: Manns‐James Laura , Neal‐Barnett Angela
Published: October 2019

This article describes the development of a culturally informed hair collection protocol for cortisol research with Black women. We first conducted a formative research study investigating the acceptability of hair cortisol sampling for African‐American college women, where acceptance reached 54%. Findings, including the reasons reported for participation, were then used to develop a culturally informed hair sampling protocol for two studies in a community setting where acceptance improved to 75%. Specific barriers to hair sampling for research in this population were supported. Recommendations to increase participation in hair sampling are provided.
Extenders modify the seminal plasma ability to minimize freeze‐thaw damage on ram sperm
Authors: Ramírez‐Vasquez Rafael , Cesari Andreina , Greco Micaela B. , Cano Adriana , Hozbor Federico
Published: October 2019

Seminal plasma (SP) proteins interact with sperm plasma membrane (PM) modulating its functionality. It has been shown that SP proteins can reverse the damage caused by freeze‐thaw; however in these studies, SP has been added to washed sperm (i.e., cells depleted from homologous SP and extender). The aim of the current study was to assess whether the egg yolk‐based extender (EY) modifies SP ability to ameliorate sperm parameters in frozen‐thawed ram spermatozoa. Ejaculates were diluted in EY or soybean lecithin‐based extender (SL) and evaluated before and after freezing to measure the cell damage according to the extender. Even when all classical parameters decreased after freezing, as expected (p < .05), there was no effect of the extender. SP treatment was applied after freeze‐thaw. Sperm were incubated with SP (20% v/v) in the presence of either EY or SL, and sperm parameters were assessed after thawing compared with the same treatments after Percoll sperm selection (washed). Treatments with 20% SP improved sperm total and progressive motility compared with controls regardless of washing and extender (p < .05); however, washed sperm showed higher percentage of total sperm motility compared with those unwashed (p < .05). Moreover, treatment with 20% SP showed significantly higher percentages of PM integrity, sperm with intact acrosomes, integrity of chromatin and non‐capacitated sperm in samples diluted with EY when washed before treatment compared with the other conditions (p < .05). It was concluded that the presence of the extenders and particularly egg yolk alters the SP capacity to reduce the cryodamage.
How can ecologists thrive during the global environmental crisis? Lessons from the ancient world
Authors: Ryba Ren , Preston Tamas K.
Published: October 2019

When striving to meet an immense challenge, how can we, as restoration ecologists, flourish? Given the ongoing environmental crisis, it is normal to experience ecological grief and discouragement. This article discusses how insights from the ancient philosophy of Stoicism can help environmental practitioners navigate these troubling times. To overcome ecological grief, ecologists can draw on three tenets from Stoic thought: distinguishing between what we can and cannot control; recognizing our contribution as part of a broader community of environmental managers; and focusing on the intent of our actions. We believe that these ideas can help ecologists shoulder the emotional burden of modern environmental practice and focus on working toward a diverse and resilient biosphere.
Review of seed pelletizing strategies for arid land restoration
Authors: Gornish Elise , Arnold Hannah , Fehmi Jeffrey
Published: October 2019

Arid lands face numerous restoration challenges due to infrequent and irregular precipitation which impacts plant germination, growth, and survival. Abundant seed predators, harsh surface conditions, and native seeds often poorly suited to mechanical distribution compound restoration challenges. Seed pellets (a.k.a. pods, seed balls, and seed bombs), an aggregation of clay, soil, water, and multiple seeds, have the potential to reduce some of the challenges. However, no formal guidelines based on an aggregated research review exist. Available publications, both peer‐reviewed and any public domain, were reviewed. Of the 24 publications found (some describing multiple tests), seed pellets tested on rangelands had 9 negative effects, 10 neutral effects, and 8 positive effects. Greenhouse testing showed five negative effects, two neutral effects, and four positive effects. Forest systems had three neutral effects and two positive effects. Advantages in mechanical distribution were not well quantified and other effects were lumped together in germination and seedling establishment totals. The use of pelleted seed would benefit from a more mechanistic understanding of the interaction between the pellets and the systemic constraints. As long as the pellets themselves do not greatly reduce germination or establishment, they appear a potentially viable method for improving seed distribution and seeding efficiency, protecting seeds, and adding amendments. While the evidence is far from conclusive, seed pellets may also hold some advantages in increasing germination and establishment.
A Dryland Cropping Revolution? Linking an Emerging Soil Health Paradigm with Shifting Social Fields among Wheat Growers of the High Plains
Authors: Rosenzweig Steven T. , Carolan Michael S. , Schipanski Meagan E.
Published: October 2019

Once reliant on year‐long periods of unvegetated fallow, dryland farmers are reaping environmental and economic benefits by replacing fallow with a crop, a practice called cropping system intensification. However, in the U.S. High Plains, transitions to intensified cropping systems have been slow relative to other regions, and cropping systems have stratified into varying degrees of intensity. Prior attempts to explain the wave of cropping system intensification have largely focused on simple economic rationales, and thus we lack a critical understanding of the social dynamics underlying the revolution in semi‐arid cropping systems. We examined the motivations, perceptions, and social interactions of dryland farmers that practice different levels of cropping system intensity in Colorado and Nebraska. Building on Carolan's application of Bourdieusian social fields to agriculture, we identify overlapping fields expressed among interviewees. While these fields are reflected in farms' different degrees of intensification, they can be used to help identify and locate farmers associated with the emerging soil health (or regenerative agriculture) movement. The paper concludes by identifying strategies for change, some which would serve to reshape social fields, and others which leverage existing social positions and relationships to enable farmers to overcome the barriers constraining cropping system intensification.
Collaboration for Sustainable Intensification: The Underpinning Role of Social Sustainability
Authors: Wynne‐Jones Sophie , Hyland John , Williams Prysor , Chadwick Dave
Published: October 2019

Sustainable Intensification (SI) has been popularised in recent years as an approach seeking to balance the potentially conflicting demands of enhancing agricultural outputs with reducing the negative impacts arising from the current food system. Proponents have argued that SI can benefit from collaboration between farmers, but understanding is limited by a lack of data on current collaborative practices. Questions have also been raised as to whether the SI agenda pays sufficient attention to social sustainability as part of a fully integrated conception of SI. Tackling these issues, this paper reports on mixed methods data collection from seven case areas across the UK, with a particular focus on the experience of upland livestock farmers in north Wales. We evidence: (1) The extent, forms and preferences associated with farmers’ collaboration; with findings demonstrating higher levels of collaboration than anticipated and a preference for informal forms of co‐working. (2) The underpinning and mutually reinforcing role of social interconnectedness in the delivery of diverse outcomes from collaboration. (3) How SI is perceived to threaten social sustainability, and thus work against a more integrated model of delivery. The paper concludes by arguing for a genuinely integrative model of SI to secure collaborations going forwards.
Soil fertility assessment and management from the perspective of farmers in four villages of eastern South Africa
Authors: Buthelezi‐Dube Nkosinomusa Nomfundo , Hughes Jeffrey Charles , Muchaonyerwa Pardon , Caister Karen Fern , Modi Albert Thembinkosi
Published: October 2019

Understanding farmer perceptions of soil fertility is necessary for the development of appropriate assessment methods for sustainable agro‐ecosystems. This study investigated farmer perceptions of soil fertility and management in four villages of eastern South Africa. A questionnaire was administered to 50 farmers from each village to obtain a general overview of local soil knowledge as well as soil fertility perceptions and assessment. Ten farmers were then chosen from each village for in‐field walks and to gather in‐depth knowledge of local soil fertility concepts, soil‐crop associations and soil management. During in‐field walks, farmers were asked to identify fertile, moderately fertile and low soil fertility plots in their fields from which topsoil samples were taken for laboratory fertility analysis. Local soil fertility descriptors included crop performance and yield, soil texture, stoniness and consistence. Using these descriptors, farmers have developed specific soil use and management practices. There was generally poor agreement between farmer qualitative assessment and measured chemical fertility parameters. However, the study revealed that the generally ignored local qualitative soil knowledge of farmers could be linked to crop performance and potentially supports laboratory soil analysis in terms of its implication for smallholder agriculture in remote areas. The descriptors identified and overall assessment used by farmers in this study reflected considerable soil knowledge employed in daily decision‐making. Action learning and research that links local soil fertility descriptors to soil acidity and specific soil nutrient levels is thus recommended for effective identification of yield‐limiting factors for sustainable crop production in low‐input agriculture.
Gene duplication and transposition of mobile elements drive evolution of the Rpv3 resistance locus in grapevine
Authors: Foria Serena , Copetti Dario , Eisenmann Birgit , Magris Gabriele , Vidotto Michele , Scalabrin Simone , Testolin Raffaele , Cipriani Guido , Wiedemann‐Merdinoglu Sabine , Bogs Jochen , Di Gaspero Gabriele , Morgante Michele
Published: October 2019

A wild grape haplotype (Rpv3‐1) confers resistance to Plasmopara viticola. We mapped the causal factor for resistance to an interval containing a TIR‐NB‐LRR (TNL) gene pair that originated 1.6–2.6 million years ago by a tandem segmental duplication. Transient coexpression of the TNL pair in Vitis vinifera leaves activated pathogen‐induced necrosis and reduced sporulation compared with control leaves. Even though transcripts of the TNL pair from the wild haplotype appear to be partially subject to nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay, mature mRNA levels in a homozygous resistant genotype were individually higher than the mRNA trace levels observed for the orthologous single‐copy TNL in sensitive genotypes. Allelic expression imbalance in a resistant heterozygote confirmed that cis‐acting regulatory variation promotes expression in the wild haplotype. The movement of transposable elements had a major impact on the generation of haplotype diversity, altering the DNA context around similar TNL coding sequences and the GC‐content in their proximal 5′‐intergenic regions. The wild and domesticated haplotypes also diverged in conserved single‐copy intergenic DNA, but the highest divergence was observed in intraspecific and not in interspecific comparisons. In this case, introgression breeding did not transgress the genetic boundaries of the domesticated species, because haplotypes present in modern varieties sometimes predate speciation events between wild and cultivated species.
Maximizing leaf carbon gain in varying saline conditions: An optimization model with dynamic mesophyll conductance
Authors: Qiu Rangjian , Katul Gabriel G.
Published: October 2019

SUMMARY

While the adverse effects of elevated salinity levels on leaf gas exchange in many crops are not in dispute, representing such effects on leaf photosynthetic rates (A) continues to draw research attention. Here, an optimization model for stomatal conductance (gc) that maximizes A while accounting for mesophyll conductance (gm) was used to interpret new leaf gas exchange measurements collected for five irrigation water salinity levels. A function between chloroplastic CO2 concentration (cc) and intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) modified by salinity stress to estimate gm was proposed. Results showed that with increased salinity, the estimated gm and maximum photosynthetic capacity were both reduced, whereas the marginal water use efficiency λ increased linearly. Adjustments of gm, λ and photosynthetic capacity were shown to be consistent with a large corpus of drought‐stress experiments. The inferred model parameters were then used to evaluate the combined effects of elevated salinity and atmospheric CO2 concentration (ca) on leaf gas exchange. For a given salinity level, increasing ca increased A linearly, but these increases were accompanied by mild reductions in gc and transpiration. The ca level needed to ameliorate A reductions due to increased salinity is also discussed using the aforementioned model calculations.
Clinical impact of amotosalen‐ultraviolet A pathogen‐inactivated platelets stored for up to 7 days
Authors: Infanti Laura , Holbro Andreas , Passweg Jakob , Bolliger Daniel , Tsakiris Dimitrios A. , Merki Ramona , Plattner Alexandra , Tappe David , Irsch Johannes , Lin Jin‐Sying , Corash Laurence , Benjamin Richard J. , Buser Andreas
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Universal pathogen inactivation of platelet concentrates (PCs) using amotosalen/ultraviolet A with 7‐day storage was implemented in Switzerland in 2011. Routine‐use data were analyzed at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective two‐cohort study of patient and PC characteristics, component usage, patient outcomes, count increments (CIs), and adverse events were analyzed for two consecutive 5‐year periods with either 0‐ to 5‐day‐old conventional PC (C‐PC) (n = 14,181) or 0‐ to 7‐day‐old pathogen‐inactivated PC (PI‐PC) (n = 22,579).

RESULTS

In both periods, PCs were issued for transfusion on a “first in, first out” basis. With 7‐day PI‐PC, wastage was reduced from 8.7% to 1.5%; 16.6% of transfused PI‐PCs were more than 5 days old. Transfusion of PI‐PC more than 5 days old compared with 5 days old or less did not increase platelet and RBC use on the same or next day as an indirect measure of hemostasis and did not increase transfusion reactions. Mean corrected count increments (CCIs) for PI‐PC stored for 5 days or less were 22.6% lower than for C‐PC (p < 0.001), and declined with increasing storage duration for both, although the correlation was weak (r2 = 0.005‐0.014). Mean number of PCs used per patient and duration of PC support were not different for hematology/oncology, allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), and general medical/surgical patients, who used the majority (~92.0%) of PI‐PCs. Five‐year treatment‐related mortality in allogeneic HSCT was unchanged in the PI‐PC period.

CONCLUSIONS

PI‐PCs with 7‐day storage reduced wastage and did not increase PC or red blood cell utilization or adverse reactions compared with fresh PI‐PC or a historical control group, demonstrating preserved efficacy and safety.
Freeze‐dried plasma stability under prehospital field conditions
Authors: Zur Meital , Glassberg Elon , Gorenbein Pavel , Epstein Elad , Eisenkraft Arik , Misgav Mudi , Avramovich Eva
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the effect of routine, uncontrolled, Israeli field storage conditions on the stability and efficacy of Lyo‐Plas N freeze‐dried plasma (FDP). We evaluated clotting factors V, VIII, and XI; proteins S and C; fibrinogen; partial thromboplastin time (PTT); antithrombin III (ATIII); von Willebrand factor (VWF); and international normalized ratio (INR) in FDP stored at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C for 6 and 12 months, as well as FDP returned from field units after uncontrolled storage for 15 months (manufacturer's shelf life).

METHODS AND MATERIALS

After reconstitution, clotting factor levels were compared to those of freshly supplied FDP doses.

RESULTS

At 4°C for 12 months, factor V decreased slightly. At 25°C, average fibrinogen and factor V content were significantly lower at both periods, and INR was higher after 12 months. At 40°C, all samples were out of normal range in at least one clotting factor after 6 or 12 months. After field storage for 15 months, fibrinogen, factors V and XI, PTT, and protein S were significantly decreased, and INR increased. However, these levels were still within laboratory norms. Statistically significant difference in clotting factors compared to laboratory normal range was found in INR (higher) and factor V (lower).

CONCLUSIONS

Our data show minimal decreases in clotting factors in FDP after storage under field conditions, when compared to laboratory normal ranges. Along with the many advantages of FDP, this supports its use at the point of injury under battlefield conditions, despite uncontrolled storage environments. Under controlled storage conditions at 4°C, shelf life could possibly be extended, although further study is required.
Prognostic indicators and outcome in dogs undergoing temporary tarsorrhaphy following traumatic proptosis
Authors: Pe'er Oren , Oron Liron , Ofri Ron
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Retrospectively evaluate prognostic indicators and outcome in dogs undergoing temporary tarsorrhaphy following traumatic proptosis.

Methods

Medical records (2004‐2017) were reviewed for signalment, cause and duration of proptosis, and clinical findings on admission. The operating faculty member, post‐operative medications, and ophthalmic findings at last recheck were recorded. Owners of dogs with blinded eyes were surveyed regarding final outcome and satisfaction. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact, Likelihood ratio, and Mann‐Whitney tests.

Results

At last recheck, 17.5 ± 7.3 (mean ± SD) days post‐operatively, vision was present in 12/43 eyes (28%). Vision at last recheck was not correlated with breed, cause or duration of proptosis, or post‐operative medications (P > .05), but was correlated with presence of direct and indirect pupillary light reflexes (PLRs) on admission (P = .001 and .02, respectively), and with assessment and surgery performed by veterinary ophthalmologists rather than surgery or emergency personnel (P = .015). Mean satisfaction scores (graded 0‐10) of 22 owners contacted 59.6 ± 48.2 months after last recheck were 7.8 ± 2.6 (n = 6), 5.7 ± 4.9 (n = 3), and 8.8 ± 1.3 (n = 13) for dogs with phthisical eyes, eyes requiring long‐term medications, and blind but otherwise normal eyes, respectively (P = .284).

Conclusions

Contrary to previous studies, breed, and cause and duration of proptosis, did not significantly affect outcome. Testing of direct and indirect PLR is a simple and significant prognostic indicator. Patients assessed and operated by a veterinary ophthalmologist have better prognosis.
Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images
Authors: Reeve Elizabeth J. , Mapletoft Emma K. , Schiborra Frederike , Maddox Thomas W. , Lamb Christopher R. , Warren‐Smith Chris M.R.
Published: October 2019

In order to identify CT signs that could be used to distinguish cranial mediastinal lymphoma and thymic epithelial neoplasia, a retrospective case‐control study was done. Associations between CT signs and diagnosis were tested using binary logistic regression and results expressed as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Sixty‐two dogs that had thoracic CT and confirmed diagnosis of lymphoma (n = 33) or thymic neoplasia (n = 29) were sampled. Thymic neoplasms included 24 thymomas and five thymic carcinomas. Dogs with thymic epithelial neoplasia were significantly older than dogs with lymphoma (median age 8.6 years versus 6.0 years, P = .007), but there were no significant differences in prevalence of clinical signs. Diagnosis of thymic epithelial neoplasia was associated with heterogeneous attenuation in pre‐ (odds ratio 23.3, 95% confidence interval, 4.5‐121.1) and post‐contrast (odds ratio 30.7, 95% confidence interval, 3.6‐265.0) images. Conversely, envelopment of the cranial vena cava by the mass was less likely with thymic epithelial neoplasia than lymphoma (odds ratio 0.07, 95% confidence interval, 0.007‐0.66). Greater standard deviation of Hounsfield unit values in post‐contrast images was associated with thymic epithelial neoplasia (P = .005). Based on ROC analysis, SD > 17HU of the mass in post‐contrast images had a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 79% for thymic epithelial neoplasia. There were no significant differences in morphology, prevalence of calcification, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, cranial vena cava invasion, collateral vessels, or pleural fluid associated with these tumors. Thymic epithelial neoplasms tended to occur in older dogs and were heterogeneous in CT images, whereas mediastinal lymphoma was more homogeneous and more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava.
Norwich terriers possess a greater vertebral heart scale than the canine reference value
Authors: Taylor Colin J. , Simon Bradley T. , Stanley Bryden J. , Lai Grace P. , Thieman Mankin Kelley M.
Published: October 2019

Previous studies have demonstrated evidence that normal reference ranges for radiographic vertebral heart scale values can vary among dog breeds. The purpose of this retrospective, observational study was to determine whether the normal vertebral heart scale values published by Buchanan and Bücheler for lateral radiographs are applicable to the Norwich terrier. Secondary objectives were to determine if clinical signs of respiratory disease, age, sex, weight, body condition score, recumbency, or thoracic depth‐to‐width ratio had any influence on vertebral heart scale measurements in this breed. The electronic medical record systems of two universities were reviewed and Norwich terriers were included in the study if they had orthogonal thoracic radiographs performed and no historical or radiographic evidence of cardiopulmonary disease. A vertebral heart scale was calculated for each patient. Sixty‐one client‐owned, Norwich terrier dogs with no clinical signs of cardiovascular disease were evaluated. The vertebral heart scale for Norwich terriers without evidence of cardiac disease (10.6 ± 0.6) was found to be significantly greater than the canine reference value of 9.7 ± 0.5 initially established by Buchanan and Bücheler. No significant correlation was found between clinical signs of respiratory disease, sex, age, thoracic depth‐to‐width ratio or lateral recumbency, and vertebral heart scale. Norwich terriers with a body condition score ≥6 had a significantly higher vertebral heart scale than those with a body condition score ≤5. Breed‐specific ranges and body condition scores need to be considered when interpreting vertebral heart scale values for Norwich terriers.
Long‐term survival of full‐thickness corneal xenografts from α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout miniature pigs in non‐human primates
Authors: Yoon Chang Ho , Choi Se Hyun , Choi Hyuk Jin , Lee Hyun Ju , Kang Hee Jung , Kim Jong Min , Park Chung‐Gyu , Choi Kimyung , Kim Hyunil , Ahn Curie , Kim Mee Kum
Published: October 2019

Background

We aimed to investigate (a) the long‐term survival of corneal grafts from α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout miniature (GTKOm) pigs in non‐human primates as a primary outcome and (b) the effect of anti‐CD20 antibody on the survival of corneal grafts from GTKOm pigs as a secondary outcome.

Methods

Nine rhesus macaques undergoing full‐thickness corneal xenotransplantation using GTKOm pigs were systemically administered steroid, basiliximab, intravenous immunoglobulin, and tacrolimus with (CD20 group) or without (control group) anti‐CD20 antibody.

Results

Graft survival was significantly longer (P = .008) in the CD20 group (>375, >187, >187, >83 days) than control group (165, 91, 72, 55, 37 days). When we compared the graft survival time between older (>7‐ month‐old) and younger (≤7‐month‐old) aged donor recipients, there was no significant difference. Activated B cells were lower in the CD20 group than control group (P = .026). Aqueous humor complement C3a was increased in the control group at last examination (P = .043) and was higher than that in the CD20 group (P = .014). Anti‐αGal IgG/M levels were unchanged in both groups. At last examination, anti‐non‐Gal IgG was increased in the control group alone (P = .013).

Conclusions

The GTKOm pig corneal graft achieved long‐term survival when combined with anti‐CD20 antibody treatment. Inhibition of activated B cells and complement is imperative even when using GTKO pig corneas.
Signos semiológicos de la insuficiencia aórtica: apuntes para su historia
Authors: Valencia Mejía Margarita Rosa , Garcia Peña Angel Alberto
Published: October 2019

La insuficiencia aórtica, referida como la incompetencia de la válvula para generar un adecuado cierre, constituye una de las valvulopatías con mayor riqueza semiológica. A lo largo de la historia, se ha descrito una gran variedad de signos periféricos, la mayoría de ellos epónimos de sus autores. El objetivo del presente artículo es hacer una revisión de la historia de los signos semiológicos más comunes y las contribuciones más relevantes de quienes los describieron.
La doble escena: usos filosóficos del teatro y distinciones teatrales en la filosofía francesa contemporánea
Authors: Alvarado Castillo Nicolás
Published: October 2019

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar cómo ciertos usos de términos del teatro para describir procedimientos o conceptos filosóficos revelan dos tipos diferentes de relaciones entre el discurso filosófico y las prácticas artísticas: por un lado, el uso consciente, y por lo general metafórico, que hacen algunos filósofos del vocabulario de las prácticas escénicas para describir sus propias operaciones; por el otro, la manera en que las determinaciones técnicas e históricas de esas prácticas, incluso sin ser movilizadas por los autores con ese propósito explícito, permiten interpretar de forma distinta una construcción conceptual. Para cumplir ese objetivo se analizarán algunos momentos significativos de la filosofía francesa contemporánea –en donde abundan expresiones como escena o dramaturgia– y de la genealogía de ese interés filosófico, así como ciertas descripciones de las prácticas y de la teoría del teatro clásico francés.
Elasto-Plastic Indentation of Auxetic and Metal Foams
Authors: Kumar N. , Khaderi S. N. , Tirumala Rao K.
Published: October 2019

The elasto-plastic indentation of auxetic and metal foams is investigated using the finite element method. The contributions of yield strain, elastic, and plastic Poisson’s ratio on the indentation hardness are identified. For a given yield strain, when the plastic Poisson’s ratio is reduced from 0.5, the indentation hardness decreases first and then increases. This trend was found to be valid for a wide of yield strains. For yield strains less than 0.08, the hardness of auxetic materials is much larger when compared with materials having positive plastic Poisson’s ratio. As the plastic Poisson’s ratio approaches −1, the elastic deformations dominate over the plastic deformations. The plastic dissipation, when compared with the elastic work, is lower for materials with negative Poisson’s ratio. There is no effect of elastic Poisson’s ratio on the indentation hardness when the plastic Poisson’s ratio is more than −0.8. When the plastic Poisson’s ratio is less than −0.8, the hardness increases with a decrease of elastic Poisson’s ratio. The plastic dissipation per unit strain energy is maximum for materials with vanishing plastic Poisson’s ratio.