bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Degeneration of the Cerebellum in Huntington's Disease (HD): Possible Relevance for the Clinical Picture and Potential Gateway to Pathological Mechanisms of the Disease Process
Authors: Rüb Udo , Hoche Franziska , Brunt Ewout R. , Heinsen Helmut , Seidel Kay , Del Turco Domenico , Paulson Henry L. , Bohl Jürgen , von Gall Charlotte , Vonsattel Jean‐Paul , Korf Horst‐Werner , den Dunnen Wilfred F.
Published: August 2012

Huntington's disease (HD) is a polyglutamine disease and characterized neuropathologically by degeneration of the striatum and select layers of the neo‐ and allocortex. In the present study, we performed a systematic investigation of the cerebellum in eight clinically diagnosed and genetically confirmed HD patients. The cerebellum of all HD patients showed a considerable atrophy, as well as a consistent loss of Purkinje cells and nerve cells of the fastigial, globose, emboliform and dentate nuclei. This pathology was obvious already in HD brains assigned Vonsattel grade 2 striatal atrophy and did not correlate with the extent and distribution of striatal atrophy. Therefore, our findings suggest (i) that the cerebellum degenerates early during HD and independently from the striatal atrophy and (ii) that the onset of the pathological process of HD is multifocal. Degeneration of the cerebellum might contribute significantly to poorly understood symptoms occurring in HD such as impaired rapid alternating movements and fine motor skills, dysarthria, ataxia and postural instability, gait and stance imbalance, broad‐based gait and stance, while the morphological alterations (ie ballooned neurons, torpedo‐like axonal inclusions) observed in the majority of surviving nerve cells may represent a gateway to the unknown mechanisms of the pathological process of HD.
Behavioural responses of lambs to plastic clips as an alternative procedure to mulesing
Authors: Hemsworth PH , Cronin GM , Barnett JL , Butler KL , Jongman EC , Karlen GA , Coffey A , Arnold NA
Published: August 2012

Objective

Compare the effects on the behaviour of lambs of applying occlusive plastic clips, as an alternative procedure to surgical mulesing, with tail docking, surgical mulesing and a control treatment.

Procedure

We allocated 48 6–7‐week‐old Merino lambs to four treatment groups: plastic clips (Clip); surgical mulesing (Mules); tail docking with a rubber ring (Tail ring); no treatment (Control). For each posture and behaviour observed on each of the 4 days post‐treatment, a Dunnett's multiple comparison test was used to simultaneously compare the Clip treatment with each of the comparator treatments (Control, Tail ring and Mules treatments).

Results

Most of the significant differences (P < 0.05) detected between the comparator treatments occurred on day 1. For four of these measurements, the Clip treatment differed (P < 0.01) from the Mules treatment, but from not the Control and Tail ring treatments: the Clip lambs spent less time standing immobile not interacting with ground, hay or feeder, less time standing immobile head down not interacting with ground, hay or feeder, more time walking and more time interacting with ground, hay or feeder.

Conclusion

These behavioural results, together with previous behavioural and physiological research, indicate that the effect on lamb welfare of applying occlusive clips is less than that of surgical mulesing.
Pyogranulomatous lesion causing neurological signs localised to the sacral region in a horse
Authors: Cudmore LA , Groenendyk JC , Hodge P , Church S
Published: August 2012

This case report describes neurological signs associated with a pyogranulomatous lesion within the sacral vertebral canal of a horse. The clinical findings included urinary overflow incontinence and reduced anal, perianal and tail tone. The horse failed to respond to medical management and a guarded prognosis for return to athletic performance initiated the decision for euthanasia.
Protein Phosphatase Activity and Acidic/Alkaline Balance as Factors Regulating the State of Phytochrome A and its Two Native Pools in the Plant Cell
Authors: Sineshchekov Vitaly , Koppel Larissa , Shor Ekaterina , Kochetova Galina , Galland Paul , Zeidler Mathias
Published: August 2012

Phytochrome A (phyA), the most versatile plant phytochrome, exists in the two isoforms, phyA′ and phyA′′, differing by the character of its posttranslational modification, possibly, by phosphorylation at the N‐terminal extension [Sineshchekov, V. (2010) J. Botany 2010, Article ID 358372]. This heterogeneity may explain the diverse modes of phyA action. We investigated possible roles of protein phosphatases activity and pH in regulation of the phyA pools' content in etiolated seedlings of maize and their extracts using fluorescence spectroscopy and photochemistry of the pigment. The phyA′/phyA′′ ratio varied depending on the state of development of seedlings and the plant tissue/organ used. This ratio qualitatively correlated with the pH in maize root tips. In extracts, it reached a maximum at pH ≈ 7.5 characteristic for the cell cytoplasm. Inhibition of phosphatases of the PP1 and PP2A types with okadaic and cantharidic acids brought about phyA′ decline and/or concomitant increase of phyA′′ in coleoptiles and mesocotyls, but had no effect in roots, revealing a tissue/organ specificity. Thus, pH and phosphorylation status regulate the phyA′/phyA′′ equilibrium and content in the etiolated (maize) cells and this regulation is connected with alteration of the processes of phyA′ destruction and/or its transformation into the more stable phyA′′.
Evaluation of Mindray BC‐3600 hematology analyzer in a university hospital
Authors: Shu G. , Lu H. , Du H. , Shi J. , Wu G.
Published: August 2012

Introduction

The BC‐3600 Auto Hematology Analyzer (hereinafter call BC‐3600) is a quantitative, automated hematology analyzer and leukocyte differential counter for In Vitro Diagnostic Use in clinical laboratories.

Methods

The analyzer was evaluated and compared with the Mindray BC‐3200 3‐part differential (BC‐3200) and Sysmex XE‐2100 5‐part differential (XE‐2100) Hematology Analyzer in the hematology laboratory of a university hospital. The BC‐3600 was evaluated according to guidelines published by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH), and Department of Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Results

There were no background, minimal carryover (<0.5%), and excellent linearity for white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb) level, red blood cell (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts (r > 0.999). Precision was good at all levels for the routine cell blood count (CBC) parameters: CV% being ≤2.0, except for platelet count (PLT) at the low level with CV% of ≤5.0% and WBC at the low level with CV% of <3.0%. Correlation between the BC‐3600 and BC‐3200, XE‐2100 were excellent (r > 0.99) for all major CBC parameters.

Conclusion

It is concluded that the overall performance of the BC‐3600 is excellent and compares well with that of BC‐3200 and XE‐2100.
Role for CTSAs in Leveraging a Distributed Research Infrastructure to Engage Diverse Stakeholders in Emergent Research Policy Development
Authors: Melvin Ann J. , Edwards Kelly , Malone Jason , Hassell Laurie , Wilfond Benjamin S.
Published: August 2012

This paper is a case study of our regional Clinical Translational Science Award's (CTSA) development of a coordinated response to the advanced notice of proposed rulemaking on Human Subjects Research Protections during the fall of 2011. Our CTSA was well positioned to quickly activate and coordinate a response to this important and time sensitive issue because we had established infrastructure and resources both within our CTSA and through our partnering institutions, existing relationships with key individuals in the institutions, and credibility as a trusted source of information. Three town hall meetings were organized and a Website was created to collect online comments. Ultimately, comments were collected, prioritized, and organized into a single, coordinated response. This case study demonstrates the value of a distributed research infrastructure and the role CTSAs like our Institute of Translational Health Sciences can play to engage the regional research community about important developments in the research landscape and to respond to requests for feedback to policy makers. Clin Trans Sci 2013; Volume 6: 57–59
High Density GWAS for LDL Cholesterol in African Americans Using Electronic Medical Records Reveals a Strong Protective Variant in APOE
Authors: Rasmussen‐Torvik Laura J. , Pacheco Jennifer A. , Wilke Russell A. , Thompson William K. , Ritchie Marylyn D. , Kho Abel N. , Muthalagu Arun , Hayes M. Geoff , Armstrong Loren L. , Scheftner Douglas A. , Wilkins John T. , Zuvich Rebecca L. , Crosslin David , Roden Dan M. , Denny Joshua C. , Jarvik Gail P. , Carlson Christopher S. , Kullo Iftikhar J. , Bielinski Suzette J. , McCarty Catherine A. , Li Rongling , Manolio Teri A. , Crawford Dana C. , Chisholm Rex L.
Published: August 2012

Only one low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) genome‐wide association study (GWAS) has been previously reported in ‐African Americans. We performed a GWAS of LDL‐C in African Americans using data extracted from electronic medical records (EMR) in the eMERGE network. African Americans were genotyped on the Illumina 1M chip. All LDL‐C measurements, prescriptions, and diagnoses of concomitant disease were extracted from EMR. We created two analytic datasets; one dataset having median LDL‐C calculated after the exclusion of some lab values based on comorbidities and medication (n= 618) and another dataset having median LDL‐C calculated without any exclusions (n= 1,249). SNP rs7412 in APOE was strongly associated with LDL‐C in both datasets (p < 5 × 10−8). In the dataset with exclusions, a decrease of 20.0 mg/dL per minor allele was observed. The effect size was attenuated (12.3 mg/dL) in the dataset without any lab values excluded. Although other signals in APOE have been detected in previous GWAS, this large and important SNP association has not been well detected in large GWAS because rs7412 was not included on many genotyping arrays. Use of median LDL‐C extracted from EMR after exclusions for medications and comorbidities increased the percentage of trait variance explained by genetic variation. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 394–399
Shoulder Resurfacing for Acute Locked Posterior Dislocation Allows Early Rehabilitation
Authors: Roche Simon J. , Cichy Benedykt , Lui Darren , Mullett Hannan
Published: August 2012

We report two cases of shoulder resurfacing arthroplasty being used as a definitive treatment for acute locked posterior shoulder dislocation. Both patients presented after seizures secondary to brain neoplasms. Both patients were functionally stable postoperatively and remained pain-free, with no subsequent episodes of dislocation. Given the terminal diagnosis, prompt mobilization and discharge was of paramount importance. This case series documents our experience of treating this complex surgical problem and demonstrates the versatility of humeral head resurfacing in this unusual clinical situation.
No Luck With Knowledge? On a Dogma of Epistemology
Authors: Baumann Peter
Published: August 2012

Current epistemological orthodoxy has it that knowledge is incompatible with luck. More precisely: Knowledge is incompatible with epistemic luck (of a certain, interesting kind). This is often treated as a truism which is not even in need of argumentative support. In this paper, I argue that there is lucky knowledge. In the first part, I use an intuitive and not very developed notion of luck to show that there are cases of knowledge which are “lucky” in that sense. In the second part, I look at philosophical conceptions of luck (modal and probabilistic ones) and come to the conclusion that knowledge can be lucky in those senses, too. I also turns out that a probabilistic notion of luck can help us see in what ways a particular piece of knowledge or belief can be lucky or not lucky.
The study of weathering products of meteorites by means of evolved gas analysis
Authors: Stelzner Th. , Heide K.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Evolved gas analysis has been used to study the weathering of ordinary chondrites from Roosevelt County (western United States) and from the Sahara (Daraj, western Libya). An interpretation of the evolved gas analysis curves was possible by comparing the data measured on meteorites with the results of analysis on selected Fe minerals as well as chemically synthesised Fe compounds.

The amount of H2O released over the temperature range from 25 °C to 400 °C, and the terrestrial age of the meteorites show a weak correlation. With a higher weathering grade (C,D) that is usually not any longer, H2 is evolved >1300 °C, and O2 is the dominant species in this temperature region. The amount of evolved CO2 and SO2 in different temperature ranges shows significant varieties between specimens from the two desert localities.
Shock features in iron‐nickel metal and troilite of L‐group ordinary chondrites
Authors: Bennett Marvin E. , McSween Harry Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Shock metamorphic features in opaque minerals (FeNi metal and troilite) of 22 L chondrites have been studied petrographically and geochemically in an attempt to establish a connection between the present silicate‐based shock classification scheme (Stöffler et al., 1991) and the peak‐shock and postshock thermal history recorded in these minerals. Unshocked to weakly shocked (S1–S3) L chondrites contain FeNi metal and troilite that display textures related to normal, slow cooling. They may also contain rare disequilibrium shock features, which suggest localized departures from equilibrium shock conditions. Above shock stage S3, selected melting of FeNi metal and troilite produces melt droplets whose composition and abundance correspond to the maximum equilibrium shock state achieved by the sample. At these higher shock levels, the abundance of other shock‐induced features, such as polycrystalline kamacite, sheared and fizzed troilite, coarse‐grained pearlitic plessite, polycrystalline troilite, and polymineralic melt veins serve as textural criteria that can be used to establish peak‐shock conditions. Minimum postshock temperatures obtained from analyses of plessite components show a systematic increase in temperature with an increase in shock stage, thereby providing additional information about the postshock thermal histories of L chondrites. At the highest shock levels recorded in L chondrites (S6 and above), melting and chemical homogenization of FeNi metal produces flattened Ni profiles that may partially to completely obscure any evidence for an earlier, slow‐cooling history. All of these features serve as aids for shock classifying L chondrites as well as for quantifying minimum peak temperatures that resulted during shock metamorphism.
Geophysical research on the Kärdla impact structure, Hiiumaa Island, Estonia
Authors: Plado Jüri , Pesonen Lauri J. , Elo Seppo , Puura Väino , Suuroja Kalle
Published: August 2012

Abstract— The 4 km wide and 500 m deep circular Kärdla impact structure in Hiiumaa Island, Estonia, of middle Ordovician age (∼455 Ma), is buried under Upper Ordovician and Quaternary sediments. To constrain the geophysical models of the structure, petrophysical properties such as magnetic susceptibility, natural remanent magnetization (NRM), density, electrical conductivity, porosity and P‐wave velocity were measured on samples of crystalline and sedimentary rocks collected from drill cores in different parts of the structure and the surrounding area. The results were used to interpret the central gravity anomaly of −3 mGal and the magnetic anomaly of −100 nT and also the surrounding weak positive anomalies revealed by high precision survey data.

The unshocked granitic rocks outside the structure have a mean density of ∼2630 kgm−3. Their shocked counterparts have densities of ∼2400 kgm−3 at a depth of ∼500 m, increasing up to 2550 kgm−3 at a depth of 850 m. Porosity and electrical conductivity decrease, but P‐wave velocity increases as density increases away from the impact point. Thus, the gradual changes in the physical properties of the rocks as a function of radial distance from the crater centre are consistent with an impact origin for Kärdla. As in many other impact structures, the magnetization of the shocked rocks are also clearly lower than those of unshocked target rocks.

A new geophysical and geological model of the Kärdla structure is presented based on geophysical field measurements and data on gradual changes in petrophysical parameters of the shocked target and overlying rocks, together with structural data from numerous boreholes. An important feature of this model is the lack of an observable geophysical signature of the central uplift observed in drillcores.
The thermometry of enstatite chondrites: A brief review and update
Authors: ZHANG Yanhong , SEARS Derek W. G.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Due to the discoveries in Antarctica, the number of known enstatite chondrites has doubled in the last few years, and many rare or previously unknown types have been collected, most notably many EL3 and EH3 chondrites. We have applied the five major enstatite chondrite thermometers to the new and previously known enstatite chondrites, the thermometers being: (1) kamacite‐quartz‐enstatite‐oldhamite‐troilite (KQEOT), (2) oldhamite, (3) alabandite‐niningerite, (4) sphalerite, and (5) phosphide‐metal. Measured temperatures based on the KQEOT and oldhamite systems are 800 °C‐1000 °C with the type 3 enstatite chondrites having values similar to those of type 4–6. It seems likely that these temperatures relate to events prior to parent body metamorphism, such as nebula condensation or chondrule formation, and were not significantly reset by later events. Measured temperatures for alabandite‐niningerite, metal‐phosphide and sphalerite in EH chondrites increase from 300 °C‐400 °C to 600 °C‐800 °C with petrographic indications of increasing metamorphism. In contrast, measured temperatures for all EL chondrites, including the most heavily metamorphosed, are generally <400 °C. Apparently EL chondrites cooled more slowly than the EH chondrites regardless of metamorphism experienced. Measured temperatures for the alabandite‐niningerite, metal‐phosphide and sphalerite are actually closure temperatures for the last thermal event suffered by the meteorite, and the fast cooling rates indicated are most consistent with processes occurring in thick regoliths.
Source of Australasian tektites: Investigating possible impact sites in Laos
Authors: Schnetzler C. C. , McHone J. F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— The site of an impact event that spread ejecta in the form of tektites and microtektites over ∼5 × 107 km2 of the southern Pacific and Indian Ocean area has not yet been discovered. A number of lines of evidence point toward a source in eastern Indochina. From an examination of a digital topographic data set and Landsat imagery, we identified four candidate structures in southern Laos, and we visited these sites in 1995 February. No evidence of impact origin of these structures could be found; flat‐lying, undisturbed Mesozoic sedimentary rocks similar to those on Thailand's Khorat Plateau were found over the region. Small layered tektite fragments are relatively common in a lateritic horizon that is characterized by the presence of quartz pebbles. This scene is identical to the situation found several hundred kilometers to the southeast in Thailand. New tektite sites identified on this trip support a previous suggestion that there is a large region in southern NE Thailand and Laos that is rich in Muong Nong‐type (layered) tektites but seemingly devoid of the splash‐form type tektites.
Pyroxene structures, cathodoluminescence and the thermal history of the enstatite chondrites
Authors: Zhang Yanhong , Huang Shaoxiong , Schneider Diann , Benoit Paul H. , DeHart John M. , Lofgren Gary E. , Sears Derek W. G.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— In order to explore the thermal history of enstatite chondrites, we examined the cathodoluminescence (CL) and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of 15 EH chondrites and 21 EL chondrites, including all available petrographic types, both textural types 3–6 and mineralogical types α–δ. The CL properties of EL3α and EH3α chondrites are similar. Enstatite grains high in Mn and other transition metals display red CL, while enstatite with low concentrations of these elements show blue CL. A few enstatite grains with >5 wt% FeO display no CL. In contrast, the luminescent properties of the metamorphosed EH chondrites are very different from those of metamorphosed EL chondrites. While the enstatites in metamorphosed EH chondrites display predominantly blue CL, the enstatites in metamorphosed EL chondrites display a distinctive magenta CL with blue and red peaks of approximately equal intensity in their spectra. The TL sensitivities of the enstatite chondrites correlate with the intensity of the blue CL and, unlike other meteorite classes, are not simply related to metamorphism. The different luminescent properties of metamorphosed EH and EL chondrites cannot readily be attributed to compositional differences. But x‐ray diffraction data suggests that the enstatite in EH5γ,δ chondrites is predominantly disordered orthopyroxene, while enstatite in EL6β chondrites is predominantly ordered orthopyroxene. The difference in thermal history of metamorphosed EL and EH chondrites is so marked that the use of single “petrographic” types is misleading, and separate textural and mineralogical types are preferable. Our data confirm earlier suggestions that metamorphosed EH chondrites underwent relatively rapid cooling, and the metamorphosed EL chondrites cooled more slowly and experienced prolonged heating in the orthopyroxene field.
Siderophile trace elements in ALH84001, other SNC meteorites and eucrites: Evidence of heterogeneity, possibly time‐linked, in the mantle of Mars
Authors: Warren Paul H. , Kallemeyn Gregory W.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— We report neutron activation analyses, including radiochemical determination of trace siderophile elements (Au, Ge, Ir, Ni, Os and Re), for three SNC/martian meteorites, and Os and Re results for numerous eucrites. Ratios such as Ga/Al in the SNC orthopyroxenite ALH84001 confirm its martian affinity—its many distinctive characteristics, most notably its near‐primordial age, notwithstanding. To the list of ALH84001's idiosyncrasies can now be added extraordinarily low concentrations of Au, Ni and, especially, Re (17 pg/g), for a martian meteorite. We consider several possible origins for the anomalously low Re content in ALH84001, including metasomatism or alteration. The pyroxene‐cumulate nature of this rock probably does not account for its low Re content. Other SNC meteorites are also cumulates. An examination of Re‐Nd variations among terrestrial basalts and komatiites suggests that Re is compatible with mantle minerals in general and only incompatible with olivine (however, olivine dominates the mantle residuum, especially during komatiite genesis). Our preferred model is that the ALH84001 parent melt formed in a mantle source region that was far more Re‐depleted, and/or at a substantially lower oxygen fugacity, than the sources of the young SNC meteorites. Such a contrast is consistent with models that replenish siderophile elements in planetary mantles by gradual admixture of late‐accreting matter and similarly derive most planetary water (which serves as an oxidant) very late in accretion. According to this model, ALH84001 formed before the siderophile‐rich matter and water had been mixed well into the martian interior. Possibly the martian mantle never became generally as Re‐rich and/or oxidized as the source region(s) of the younger SNCs.
A carbon and nitrogen isotope study of diamond from primitive chondrites
Authors: Russell Sara S. , Arden John W. , Pillinger C. T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract Diamonds isolated from primitive chondrites of the carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite groups have been analysed by high‐resolution stepped combustion, followed by measurement of their C and N isotopes using a newly adapted technique that allows quantitative measurements of C/N ratios. The δ13C of the diamond is shown to vary between meteorite groups from −32 to −38%0, and the measured C/N ratios suggest that the N concentration of diamond ranges over a factor of 7 from 1800 ppm (Tieschitz) to 13,000 ppm (Adrar 003). The δ15N of N released from diamond is constrained to −348 ± 7%. The complexity of the C release pattern and C/N ratio during combustion implies the presence of more than one component, which suggests that either more than one type of diamond is present in the samples, or unidentified additional phases are located in the acid‐resistant residue. The components are present in varying proportions between meteorite groups. The data are compatible with a model of a mix of different diamond populations (some probably presolar and some possibly solar) existing in the early solar nebula, where each population originally contributed a roughly equal amount to chondrites of every class. Subsequent metamorphism has resulted in overall variations in δ13C and C/N ratios in diamond isolated from meteorites of differing petrologic grade without significantly altering the N isotopic composition. Possible ways for this to be achieved are explored.
Ablated tektite from the central Indian Ocean
Authors: Glass B. P. , Chapman Dean R. , Prasad M. Shyam
Published: August 2012

Abstract A well‐preserved ablated (button‐shaped) tektite recovered from the surface sediments of the central Indian Ocean lacks flow ridges and has apparently undergone ablation of 6.9 to 7.9 mm. The lack of flow ridges and amount of ablation indicate that, if it originated in Southeast Asia, it must have had a very shallow trajectory (only a few degrees) and a velocity on the order of 7 km/s as it re‐entered the atmosphere. The central Indian Ocean tektite is compositionally similar to high‐magnesium (HMg) australites found at Serpentine Lakes and Lake Wilson, Australia, and to some HMg microtektites found in deep‐sea sediments from the central Indian Ocean. This discovery supports a previous conclusion that the Australasian tektite strewn field covers most of the Indian Ocean.
Uranium‐lead ages for lunar zircons: Evidence for a prolonged period of granophyre formation from 4.32 to 3.88 Ga
Authors: Meyer Charles , Williams Ian S. , Compston William
Published: August 2012

Abstract The ages of a number of small fragments of lunar granophyre have been determined by the in situ U‐Th‐Pb isotopic analysis of zircon using a sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP I). The zircon from lunar granophyre is characterized by consistently high U and Th contents (most 200–500 ppm and 100–300 ppm, respectively) compared to zircon from mafic lunar rocks. Some fragments of lunar granophyre are found to be as old as 4.32 Ga, supporting other evidence that the original lunar magma ocean crystallized completely within ∼200 Ma of the formation of the Moon itself. Other fragments are as young as 3.88 Ga, which is much later than the time of formation of most of the lunar crust. The older lunar granophyres have rare‐earth‐element (REE) patterns that are similar to lunar KREEP, whilst the younger granophyres have bow‐shaped REE patterns that feature a greater relative enrichment in the heavy REE. The wide range of ages of numerous lunar zircons, lunar granophyres and other rocks indicates that zircon‐forming magmatism in the lunar highlands was most active prior to 4.3 Ga but continuous until at least 3.88 Ga.

The U‐Pb isotopic composition of much lunar zircon is near concordant, but the effects of isotopic disturbance as late as ∼1.0 Ga are observed in some zircon, both within granophyre fragments recrystallized by reheating and within fragments in which the original delicate silica‐K‐feldspar granophyric intergrowth is well preserved. It is therefore essential to make multiple analyses of individual zircon grains, and preferably analyses of suites of zircons from lunar igneous rocks if they are to be dated reliably by the U‐Pb method.

It is possible that some of the younger lunar granophyres are the product of large‐scale silicate‐liquid immiscibility within late‐stage differentiates, but this remains unproven until remnants of demonstrably cogenetic, Fe‐rich, immiscible liquid are positively identified.
Unshocked equilibrated H‐chondrites: A common low‐temperature record from orthopyroxene iron‐magnesium ordering
Authors: Folco L. , Mellini M. , Pillinger C. T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract A suite of eight unshocked equilibrated H‐chondrites ranging from petrographic type 4 to 6 (La Villa, Raguli, FRO 90076, Miami, FRO 90049, Estacado, FRO 90156 and Acfer 314) was selected for a systematic study of orthopyroxene cation ordering temperatures. The closure temperatures of the Fe‐Mg exchange lie within the 384 ± 48 °C to 480 ± 28 °C range, regardless of the petrographic type. Data suggests that metamorphosed H‐chondrites share a similar thermal evolution close to 380–480 °C. Indeed, this indicates that H4, H5 and H6 chondrites were located in petrogenetic environments characterized by similar temperature‐time conditions when cooling through the above temperature interval.
An experimental and theoretical study of rare‐earth‐element partitioning between sulfides (FeS, CaS) and silicate and applications to enstatite achondrites
Authors: LODDERS K.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Partition coefficients of the rare‐earth‐elements (REE) between sulfides (FeS or CaS) and silicate melt were determined experimentally at 1200–1300 °C. The REE sulfide/silicate partition coefficients (D) are ≤1 under the experimental O and S fugacities, which demonstrates that the REE are mainly located in the silicate phase. Rare‐earth‐element partition coefficients in the FeS/silicate system decrease from light to heavy REE, while the opposite behavior is found for the CaS/silicate system, where partition coefficients increase from light to heavy REE. In both sulfide systems, Eu is preferentially incorporated into the sulfide phases, as also expected from thermodynamic calculations. The Eu sulfide/silicate partition coefficient is about a factor of ten higher than that of neighboring Sm and Gd, in accordance with thermodynamic predictions of REE sulfide/silicate partition coefficients. The low sulfide/silicate partition coefficients indicate that CaS (oldhamite) in enstatite achondrites (aubrites) cannot have gained its high REE concentrations during igneous differentiation processes. The high REE concentrations and the REE patterns in aubritic oldhamite are more plausibly explained by REE condensation into refractory CaS. The refractory nature of CaS prevented major exchange reactions of the oldhamite with other aubritic minerals during the short differentiation and metamorphism period on the aubrite parent body. Thus, oldhamite in aubrites may be relict condensates altered to different degrees during short heating events, as originally suggested by Lodders and Palme (1990).
Revised model calculations for the thermal histories of ordinary chondrite parent bodies
Authors: BENNETT Marvin E. , McSWEEN Harry Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Recent measurements of ordinary chondrite physical and thermal properties along with new geothermometry studies have provided the necessary parameters for updating a previously proposed model (Miyamoto et al., 1981) for the thermal evolution and internal structure of ordinary chondrite parent bodies. Model calculations assumed a heat source term derived from the decay of 26Al (justification is provided). Differences from the previous model include: varying the thermal diffusivity parameter with increasing temperature (and decreasing porosity), using variable physical and thermal parameters to provide end member models, and incorporating a shortened thermal history of 60 Ma (obtained from new Pb‐Pb chronology of phosphates) rather than 100 Ma. Times of isotopic closure in chondrite phosphates overlap the thermal model estimates, and postmetamorphic cooling rates from the model approximately coincide, in both trend and magnitude, with metallographic and fission track cooling rate data. Model calculations attempt to match peak metamorphic conditions in the central portions of these bodies and yield accretion ages between 1.4 to 3.1 Ma after calcium‐aluminum inclusion (CAI) formation. Model calculations also predict that both the H and the L chondrite parent asteroids consisted of ∼80% equilibrated and 20% unequilibrated chondritic material and that their original radii ranged from 80 to 95 km.
Models for the fractionation of moderately volatile elements in the solar nebula
Authors: CASSEN Patrick
Published: August 2012

Abstract— We test the validity of the idea that the abundances of moderately volatile elements in chondritic meteorites reflect global condensation and coagulation in an evolving solar nebula and explore what constraints these abundances might place on nebular parameters. The abundances of moderately volatile elements were identified as particularly suitable for modeling the nebula because the data represent a simple pattern explicable in terms of a straightforward hypothesis which has implications for global evolution. The models incorporate a correspondingly simple prescription, derived from theory, for the rate at which condensible material is decoupled from the evolving nebular gas to become part of the surviving planetary system. It is concluded from model results that cooling, diminishing nebular mass and coagulation of solids, through their mutual dependences on accretion rate and opacity, lead naturally to the chondritic depletion patterns of moderately volatile elements. In particular, the trends found in CO and CV meteorites are readily and accurately produced; those of the CM meteorites are less so. The CM meteorites and ordinary chondrite patterns may require a more complicated model, but the full range of possible results from even the simplest model has yet to be completely determined.
The Paradox of Design Entrepreneurship: Are You a Risk Voyeur?
Authors: Hirsch Evan
Published: August 2012

Be brave! Take risks! Seize the opportunity! Do you practice what you preach?
On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK
Authors: Galano Annia , Tan Dun Xian , Reiter Russel J.
Published: August 2012

The reactions of N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AMK) with •OH, •OOH, and •OOCCl3 radicals have been studied using the density functional theory. Three mechanisms of reaction have been considered: radical adduct formation (RAF), hydrogen transfer (HT), and single electron transfer (SET). Their relative importance for the free radical scavenging activity of AFMK and AMK has been assessed. It was found that AFMK and AMK react with •OH at diffusion‐limited rates, regardless of the polarity of the environment, which supports their excellent •OH radical scavenging activity. Both compounds were found to be also very efficient for scavenging •OOCCl3, but rather ineffective for scavenging •OOH. Regarding their relative activity, it was found that AFMK systematically is a poorer scavenger than AMK and melatonin. In aqueous solution, AMK was found to react faster than melatonin with all the studied free radicals, while in nonpolar environments, the relative efficiency of AMK and melatonin as free radical scavengers depends on the radical with which they are reacting. Under such conditions, melatonin is predicted to be a better •OOH and •OOCCl3 scavenger than AMK, while AMK is predicted to be slightly better than melatonin for scavenging •OH. Accordingly it seems that melatonin and its metabolite AMK constitute an efficient team of scavengers able of deactivating a wide variety of reactive oxygen species, under different conditions. Thus, the presented results support the continuous protection exerted by melatonin, through the free radical scavenging cascade.
Unrecognized bronchial intubation associated with the uncuffed pediatric tracheal tube with bilateral Murphy eyes
Authors: Sugiyama Kazuna , Manabe Yozo , Kohjitani Atsushi
Published: August 2012

Background

Unreliability of breath sounds auscultation after intubation is reportedly mainly related to the presence of the Murphy eye. This study was performed to ascertain whether an uncuffed pediatric tracheal tube with bilateral Murphy eyes increases the risk of unrecognized bronchial intubation, compared to an uncuffed tube without eyes.

Methods

Following induction of anesthesia in 50 toddlers, either an uncuffed tube without eyes or an uncuffed tube with bilateral eyes was inserted into the trachea. The tube was then slowly advanced while breath sounds were auscultated using a stethoscope. In study 1, when breath sounds changed and disappeared, the distance from the carina to the tube tip was measured using a fiberoptic bronchoscope. In study 2, when breath sounds changed, the tracheal tube was withdrawn 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm while using a fiberoptic bronchoscope to ascertain whether bronchial intubation had occurred.

Results

When breath sounds changed and disappeared, the tip of the tube with bilateral eyes was positioned more deeply below the carina than that of the tube without eyes. When the tube was withdrawn 10 mm from the point at which breath sounds changed, frequencies of bronchial intubation were 13% and 80% in the no eyes and double eyes groups, respectively.

Conclusion

An uncuffed pediatric tracheal tube with bilateral Murphy eyes reduces the ability of breath sounds auscultation to detect bronchial intubation and may increase the risk of unrecognized bronchial intubation compared to an uncuffed tube without eyes.
Formyl group modification of chlorophyll a: a major evolutionary mechanism in oxygenic photosynthesis
Authors: SCHLIEP MARTIN , CAVIGLIASSO GERMÁN , QUINNELL ROSANNE G. , STRANGER ROBERT , LARKUM ANTHONY W. D.
Published: August 2012

We discuss recent advances in chlorophyll research in the context of chlorophyll evolution and conclude that some derivations of the formyl side chain arrangement of the porphyrin ring from that of the Chl a macrocycle can extend the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) of these molecules, for example, Chl d and Chl f absorb light in the near‐infrared region, up to ∼750 nm. Derivations such as this confer a selective advantage in particular niches and may, therefore, be beneficial for photosynthetic organisms thriving in light environments with particular light signatures, such as red‐ and near‐far‐red light‐enriched niches. Modelling of formyl side chain substitutions of Chl a revealed yet unidentified but theoretically possible Chls with a distinct shift of light absorption properties when compared to Chl a.
OsARF16, a transcription factor, is required for auxin and phosphate starvation response in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: SHEN CHENJIA , WANG SUIKANG , ZHANG SAINA , XU YANXIA , QIAN QIAN , QI YANHUA , JIANG DE AN
Published: August 2012

Plant responses to auxin and phosphate (Pi) starvation are closely linked. However, the underlying mechanisms connecting auxin to phosphate starvation (−Pi) responses are largely unclear. Here, we show that OsARF16, an auxin response factor, functions in both auxin and −Pi responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The knockout of OsARF16 led to primary roots (PR), lateral roots (LR) and root hair losing sensitivity to auxin and −Pi response. OsARF16 expression and OsARF16::GUS staining in PR and LR of rice Nipponbare (NIP) were induced by indole acetic acid and −Pi treatments. In −Pi conditions, the shoot biomass of osarf16 was slightly reduced, and neither root growth nor iron content was induced, indicating that the knockout of OsARF16 led to loss of response to Pi deficiency in rice. Six phosphate starvation‐induced genes (PSIs) were less induced by −Pi in osarf16 and these trends were similar to a knockdown mutant of OsPHR2 or AtPHR1, which was a key regulator under −Pi. These data first reveal the biological function of OsARF16, provide novel evidence of a linkage between auxin and −Pi responses and facilitate the development of new strategies for the efficient utilization of Pi in rice.
Metabolomics reveals herbivore‐induced metabolites of resistance and susceptibility in maize leaves and roots
Authors: MARTI GUILLAUME , ERB MATTHIAS , BOCCARD JULIEN , GLAUSER GAÉTAN , DOYEN GWLADYS R. , VILLARD NEIL , ROBERT CHRISTELLE A M. , TURLINGS TED C. J. , RUDAZ SERGE , WOLFENDER JEAN‐LUC
Published: August 2012

Plants respond to herbivory by reprogramming their metabolism. Most research in this context has focused on locally induced compounds that function as toxins or feeding deterrents. We developed an ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐TOF‐MS)‐based metabolomics approach to evaluate local and systemic herbivore‐induced changes in maize leaves, sap, roots and root exudates without any prior assumptions about their function. Thirty‐two differentially regulated compounds were identified from Spodoptera littoralis‐infested maize seedlings and isolated for structure assignment by microflow nuclear magnetic resonance (CapNMR). Nine compounds were quantified by a high throughput direct nano‐infusion tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method. Leaf infestation led to a marked local increase of 1,3‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones, phospholipids, N‐hydroxycinnamoyltyramines, azealic acid and tryptophan. Only few changes were found in the root metabolome, but 1,3‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones increased in the vascular sap and root exudates. The role of N‐hydroxycinnamoyltyramines in plant–herbivore interactions is unknown, and we therefore tested the effect of the dominating p‐coumaroyltyramine on S. littoralis. Unexpectedly, p‐coumaroyltyramine was metabolized by the larvae and increased larval growth, possibly by providing additional nitrogen to the insect. Taken together, this study illustrates that herbivore attack leads to the induction of metabolites that can have contrasting effects on herbivore resistance in the leaves and roots.
Integrating Social Identity and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting Withdrawal from an Organizational Recruitment Process
Authors: Griepentrog Brian K. , Harold Crystal M. , Holtz Brian C. , Klimoski Richard J. , Marsh Sean M.
Published: August 2012

This study develops and tests a model of applicant withdrawal. Drawing on tenets from social identity theory and the theory of planned behavior, this study proposes that applicants who highly identify with an organization will experience higher pursuit intentions and subsequently be less inclined to withdraw from recruitment. Data were collected from a sample of 669 applicants to the U.S. military at 2 intervals, separated by 3 months. Strong support was found for the proposed theoretical model. Implications for research and practice will be discussed.
Borrowing from Sleep to Pay Work and Family: Expanding Time‐Based Conflict to the Broader Nonwork Domain
Authors: Barnes Christopher M. , Wagner David T. , Ghumman Sonia
Published: August 2012

We extend cross‐domain research by examining sleep, a domain within the larger nonwork domain that competes for time with work and family domains. We draw from scarcity theory and research on slack resources to contend that, because people cannot increase the amount of time they have, they borrow time from sleep in order to spend more time working and with family. Utilizing a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of 10,741 participants, we find nonlinear and interactive effects of time spent working and time spent with family on sleep time, suggesting that the negative effects of work and family on sleep time are especially strong when demands for work and family are high. In an experience sampling field study of 122 working adults, we similarly find a nonlinear effect of work time on sleep time as well as an interaction between work time and family time in predicting time spent sleeping. Both studies indicate that as slack time resources become increasingly scarce, time spent working and time spent with family have increasingly powerful negative effects on time spent sleeping. Contrary to our expectations, we found no support for gender as a moderator of these effects.
More Than Happy to Help? Customer‐Focused Emotion Management Strategies
Authors: Little Laura M. , Kluemper Don , Nelson Debra L. , Ward Andrew
Published: August 2012

This paper investigates the impact of customer service representative (CSR) customer‐focused emotion management strategies on expressed customer emotions, beyond the influences of emotional contagion. We propose that problem‐focused strategies (situation modification and cognitive change) are likely to reduce the intensity of negative customer emotions and increase the intensity of positive customer emotions, whereas emotion‐focused strategies (attentional deployment and modulating the emotional response) will have the opposite impact. Further, we propose that customer negative emotions will affect the choice of strategies CSRs employ. Based on evaluator ratings of recorded customer service calls (N= 228), our findings confirmed the positive effects of problem‐focused strategies and the negative effects of emotion‐focused strategies on customer‐expressed emotions. In addition, we found that initial customer emotions affected the strategy used by the CSR, whereby negative emotions expressed by the customer reduced the use of the most effective strategy and increased the use of the least effective strategy.
Characterization of Zinc Powder Compactions: Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties and Analytical Powder Metallurgy Models
Authors: Rael Ben J. , Dyck Casey L. , Khraishi Tariq A. , Tehrani Mehran , Al Haik Marwan S.
Published: August 2012

In this study, the effectiveness of analytical models which attempt to predict the density of unsintered powder metallurgy (PM) compacts as a function of consolidation pressure is investigated. These models do not incorporate the nonuniform densification of powder compacts and may insufficiently describe the pressure/densification process. Fabrication of uniform and nonuniform Zinc (Zn) tablets is conducted to assess the validity of the pressure/density model developed by Quadrini et al. (Quadrini and Squeo, 2008, “Density Measurement of Powder Metallurgy Compacts by Means of Small Indentation,” J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 130(3), pp. 0345031–0345034). Different tablet properties were obtained by varying the compaction pressure and fabrication protocol. Density gradients within Zn tablets result in a spatial dependence of Vickers microhardness (HV) throughout the fabricated specimen. As a result, micro-indentation testing is used extensively in this study as a characterization tool to evaluate the degree of nonuniformity in fabricated Zn tablets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is also employed to verify tablet density by visual examination of surface porosity as compaction pressure is varied and sintering is applied.
Effect of KIII on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior
Authors: Kikuchi Masanori , Wada Yoshitaka , Ohdama Chikako
Published: August 2012

In this study, mixed-mode fatigue tests are conducted using surface-cracked specimens. Slant surface-cracked specimens are prepared with crack angles of 15 deg, 30 deg, 45 deg, and 60 deg. It is shown that a “factory roof” fracture is formed at the deepest point of the surface crack due to ΔKIII and causes the crack growth rate to decrease. Additionally, fatigue crack growth is simulated using the superposition finite element method (FEM) with crack growth criteria. It is shown that conventional crack growth criteria are not applicable to factory roof fractures. Finally, a modified criterion for the prediction of crack growth rate is proposed, fatigue crack growth simulation is conducted using this criterion, and the results are compared with experimental results.