bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE MICROBALLOONS OF ACEBROPHYLLINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: Manivannan Subramanian , M Akshay , S Bhuvaneswari , F Nify
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Gastroretentive dosage forms are an approach for prolonged and predictable drug delivery in the upper gastrointestinal tract to controlthe gastric residence time. Microballoons are considered as one of the most promising buoyant drug delivery systems as they possess the advantagesof both multiple-unit systems and good floating properties. Acebrophylline is a xanthine derivative with potent bronchodilator, mucosecretolytic, andanti-inflammatory property. It is used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.Methods: Microballoons of acebrophylline were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) andethyl cellulose (EC) as polymer. The microballoons were evaluated with their micromeritic properties, particle size, tapped density, compressibilityindex, angle of repose, percentage yield, in vitro buoyancy, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer compatibility, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and drug release kinetics.Results: The mean particle size of the microballoons formulation MB1 to MB6 containing HPMC and EC was in the range between 226±16 and 577±10,respectively. The mean particle size of microballoons was found to increase with increasing polymer concentration. The micromeritic properties werefound be good, and SEM confirmed their hollow structure with smooth and dense which helped to prolong floating to increase residence time instomach. The in vitro drug release studies showed controlled release of acebrophylline microballoons in the simulated gastric fluid more than 12 hrs.Conclusions: The results showed that the prepared floating microballoons of acebrophylline prove to be potential multiple-unit delivery devicesadaptable for safe and effective sustained drug delivery.Keywords: Microballoons, Acebrophylline, Bronchial asthma, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Ethyl cellulose.
INTEND, DEPICTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO APPRAISAL OF GLIPIZIDE FLOATING MICROSPHERES USING ETHYL CELLLULOSE AND HYDROXYL PROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE AS POLYMER BY SUBSTANTIALLY MODIFIED METHOD
Authors: Gupta Rishikesh , Prajapati Sk , Pattnaik Snigdha , Bhardwaj Peeyush
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this research was to formulate and evaluate floating microsphere of glipizide.Methods: Glipizide microsphere containing ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were prepared by solvent evaporationmethod. Polymer to drug ratio affected characteristics of microspheres. Microspheres were discrete, spherical, and perforated form. The microspheresexhibited good floating property and achieved good gastric retention.Result: In vitro performance was evaluated by the usual pharmacopoeial and other tests such as drug polymer compatibility (Fourier transforminfrared scan), yield (%), micrometric properties such as tapped density (%). Compressibility particle size analysis (by optical microscopy), drugentrapment efficiency, surface topography (scanning electron microscope), and in vitro release study. On the basis of results, increasing the polymerratio increased the particle size (195.6±20.24 to 200.89±16.61), increased tapped density (maximum 0.29.60±0.00037 HGF4, batch), and decreased% compressibility (2.13±0.188). Drug loaded floating microspheres were found to be float more than 12 hrs on simulated gastric fluid (pH-1.2).Maximum drug entrapment was found in batch HGF3 (Drug:HPMC:EC) (1:1:3). Electron microscopy showed its perforated surface with hollowness.After 10 hrs, maximum release was found to be 78.0% (batch-GF1).Conclusion: The release study was performed in simulated gastric fluid with 0.02% tween80. The best release result was obtained at the ratio ofdrug: polymer (1:1).Keywords: Floating microspheres, Glipizide, Gastrorentensive system, In vitro release.
ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF OCIMUM SANCTUM: AN IN-VITRO AND IN-SILICO STUDY
Authors: Malairaman Udayabanu , Mehta Vineet , Sharma Arun , Kailkhura Pallavi
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Ocimum sanctum is known to be beneficial in the management of diabetes, however, its mechanism remains unexplored. This study wasaimed to gain insite into the mechanisms through which it may counter diabetes and its complications.Methods: Hydroalcoholic whole plant extract of O. sanctum was screened for its antidiabetic potential and ability to counter oxidative andinflammatory stress through various in-vitro assays. Further, bioactive compounds that may be responsible for its antidiabetic activity were predictedthrough molecular-docking studies.Results: Crude extractive yield of 35.43% was obtained from Soxhlet extraction which mainly showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides,and saponins. Plant extract showed good potential to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (40.95-68.71%) which may be attributedto its high phenolic (0.366 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoid (0.113 mg quercetin equivalent/g) contents. Plant showed exceptional antiinflammatoryactivitywhichwasevaluatedthroughinhibition of proteindenaturation(47.61-82.37%) andredbloodcell membranestabilizationassay(43.66-78.28%).Further,extracttreatmentgreatlyinhibitedα-glucosidaseenzyme(34.17-71.45%)butfailedtoproducenoticeableinhibitionofα-amylaseactivity(1.94-14.88%).Dockingstudiespredictedthatrosmarinicacid,stigmasterol,linalool,bieugenol,andaesculinmayberesponsibleforantidiabetic activitypossessed bythe plant throughtheir interactionwith the insulin receptor.Conclusion: These findings conclude that O. sanctum may be beneficial in managing diabetes and its associated complications through inhibitingα-glucosidase activity, reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Ocimum sanctum, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Docking, Diabetic complications.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON ABNORMAL LFT PATTERNS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING ANTITUBERCULOSIS THERAPY
Authors: A Vijayalakshmi , G Thanmayi , S Jayakumari
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Identification of risk factors associated with anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (anti-TB-DIH) is important, especially in anendemic area for TB and liver disease. This study assessed the incidence and risk factors of anti-TB-DIH. Hence, the present study was designed toevaluate the abnormal liver function test (LFT) in antitubercular therapy.Methods: A total of 100 consecutive TB patients were prospectively followed up both clinically and biochemically before and during their course ofanti-TB therapy with daily doses of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, or streptomycin.Results: In the study, 18-30 years 17 (17%), 31-50 years 28 (28%), 51-70 years 37 (37%), and 71-80 years 18 (18%) aged patients were found where63 (63%) are males and 37 (37%) are females. Comparison between before treatment and 2 months treatment showed a significant increase in the levelof aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), viz., 51.6±3.92, 42.7±3.21, and 129±3.2 (U/L),respectively, as compared to pre-treatment levels. Comparison between before treatment and 2 months treatment showed a significant increase inthe level of AST, ALT, and ALP, viz., 51.6±3.92, 42.7±3.21, and 129±3.2 (U/L), respectively, as compared to pre-treatment levels. Comparison betweenbefore treatment and after treatment (6 months) revealed a significant increase in the level of AST, ALT, ALP and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT) viz., 59.9±3.12, 51.6±3.66, 131.6±3.2, and 61±3.2 (U/L) respectively. The total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were found between 2.1±0.9 and0.6±0.3 mg/dL respectively, when compared with before treatment.Conclusion: Anti-TB-DIH is not uncommon, needs early recognition and treatment and is more in patients with pre-existing liver disease and lowerbody mass index.Keywords: Anti-tuberculosis, Liver function test, Hepatotoxicity.
FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL MATRIX PATCHES OF DOXOPHYLLINE.
Authors: Jalhan Sunny , Kaur Khushpal , Kaur Preetinder , K Jain Upendra
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study was to fabricate matrix type transdermal patch with varied proportion of hydrophilic (HPMC E-50) and (PVP) combination incorporating the drug Doxophylline and to execute the physicochemical and in vitro assessment. The motive was to provide the delivery of Doxophylline at a controlled rate across the intact skin to attain a therapeutically effective drug level for a longer time span from transdermal matrix patch.Method: Prefomulation studies and evaluation was done by using different parameter such as Partition coefficient, Physicochemical Compatibility of Drug and Polymer, Physical appearance, Thickness Measurement, Folding Endurance, Weight variation, Percentage moisture lost, Percentage moisture uptake, Drug content Determination.Result: The results shows that patches of Doxophylline obtained by the solvent evaporation method had acceptable physicochemical characteristics and satisfactory percentage drug release. Conclusion: The main conclusion of my work was formulating the Doxophylline transdermal system was to prolong the drug release time, reduce the frequency of administration and to improve patient compliance. Six formulations were prepared using two polymers in different ratios along with plasticizers and penetration enhancer.
DELETERIOUS FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ANEMIA ON ADOLESCENTS: A SURVEY STUDY
Authors: Devi Karthiga , Priya Jothi
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: To access the physical work capacity and cognition of underprivileged anemic adolescent, hemoglobin (Hb) of subjects was assessed forthe adolescence under 17-20 years of age by undergoing survey.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in students of 1st year of Saveetha Dental College. The general information about age, Hb level(Sahli’s method), knowledge about anemia, status of menstruation, and regarding the consumption of various diet factors were recorded on astructured questionnaire. Due to feasibility and cost effectiveness, Hb estimation was done by Sahli’s hemoglobinometer.Results: Our study proved that now a days adolescence is not much more prone to anemia. And mostly 40% of adolescence were having mild anemia.This mild anemia can be improved by dietary intake and bioavailability of iron, nutritional supplementation of iron and folic acid (IFA) tablets, andfortification of edible dietary items with iron. This difference was statistically significant (Chi-square value 4.848, p<0.001).Conclusion: The study was mainly done for adolescence awareness on anemia. Iron deficiency anemia occurs most frequently in adolescence becauseaccelerated physical growth both in boys and girls and menstruation and dieting for fear of obesity in female teenagers. The prevalence of anemianecessitates pragmatic intervention to improve the dietary intake, nutritional supplement of IFA tablets.Keywords: Adolescence, Dietary factors, Knowledge about anemia.
THE EFFECTS OF KEFIR ON THE INFLAMATORY STATUS AND THYROID FUNCTION (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WISTAR RATS AFTER EXPOSED TO CHLORPYRIFOS)
Authors: Rasipin Rasipin , Dharmana Edi , Hadisaputro Suharyo , . Suhartono
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland remained a health problem in the agricultural areas. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a pesticide widely used byfarmers. Previous studies proved that CPF exposure caused thyroid dysfunction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of kefir on theinflammatory status and thyroid function in male Wistar rats after exposed to CPF using biochemical and histopathological assays.Methods: Male rats were divided into 4 groups, i.e., CPF 5+kefir (5 mg/kg+3.6 ml/200 g, respectively), CPF 5 (5 mg/kg), corn oil (CO 1 ml/200 g), andnegative control (NC: Without CPF, CO, and kefir).Results: Kefir supplementation dose 3.6 ml/200 g once a day for 28 days in the rats after exposed to CPF dose 5 mg/kg once a day for 14 days, inCPF 5+kefir as compared to CPF 5: Significantly (p<0.05) decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level; significantly (p<0.01) maintainedserum levels of tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) not to decrease; not significant (p>0.05) decreased the level ofinterleukin-1β, cluster of differentiation-26 expression and level of T serum; not significant (p>0.05) maintained the level of anti-thyroid peroxidasenot to decrease; and not significant (p>0.05) increased the apoptosis index. This study suggests that CPF exposure causes the inflammatory processwhich leads to thyroid dysfunction.4Conclusion: Kefir supplementation significantly decreased the level of TNF-α and maintained the levels of TGF-β and TSH not to decrease, possible toreduce the inflammatory and thyroid dysfunction processes caused by exposure to CPF in experimental animals.Keywords: Kefir, Chlorpyrifos, Inflammation, Thyroid function.
EFFECT OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT ON REMINERALIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL CARIES: AN IN-VITRO STUDY
Authors: M Rubel , Gm Prashant , Kumar Pg Naveen , Vh Sushanth , Imranulla Mohamed , Potlia Ipshita , Mallick Swati
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Grape seeds are gaining more importance because the “Proanthocyanidins” present in them have excellent anticaries, remineralizing, andantibacterial properties. Although many preventive measures have been tried, dental caries remains one of the most prevalent diseases in humans.The ultimate goal of any intervention is the preservation of tooth structure, prevention of lesion progression and inducing remineralization. Thepresent in-vitro study was done to investigate the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on artificial enamel caries in human teeth.Methods: A total of 50 sound premolars extracted from patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were used in the study. The teeth were cleanedand were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 96 hrs at 37°C and 50% relative humidity to create artificial lesions. The samples were randomlydivided into two groups of 25 each. Half of the samples were immersed in the GSE solution (test) and the other half in saline (control), respectively, for8 days. The samples were measured by microhardness tester to obtain values in Vickers hardness scale. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel andwere analyzed using independent t-test for inter-group comparison and paired t-test for intra-group comparison using SPSS version 21.Results: The mean±SD microhardness values after remineralization for the test and control groups were 357.56±5.53 and 337.60±6.38. GSE groupsignificantly increased the microhardness of the lesions (p≤0.001).Conclusion: GSE is a potential remineralizing agent and can be used to prevent progression of dental caries.Keywords: Grape seed extract, Remineralization, Dental caries.
PERIOPERATIVE EFFECTS OF INTRATHECAL CLONIDINE AND FENTANYL WITH HYPERBARIC BUPIVACAINE IN SPINAL ANESTHESIA FOR VAGINAL HYSTERECTOMY
Authors: Chattopadhyay Suman , Datta Mallika , Biswas Biswanath
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives: Intrathecal fentanyl and clonidine are effective analgesics with different mechanisms of action. This study compares 25 µg of both thesedrugs given intrathecally regarding onset, quality, and duration of hyperbaric bupivacaine-induced spinal block and side effects.Methods: A total of 90 patients of ASA I and II were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Group A received 0.5 ml of 0.9% normal saline(placebo), Group B and Group C received 25 µg fentanyl and clonidine intrathecally added to 2.5 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, respectively. Theonset and regression time of sensory and motor blocks were recorded along with hemodynamic change, side effects, pain intensity (in terms of visualanalog score (VAS), and time to first rescue analgesic.Results: Intrathecal clonidine (25 μg) significantly prolongs sensory and motor blocks, with prolonged duration of analgesia in comparison withintrathecal fentanyl (25 µg) (325±15 minutes vs. 240±7.6 minutes). VAS score was similar, but sedation was more in clonidine group.Conclusion: We conclude that low-dose intrathecal clonidine is an effective adjuvant to bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia and provides betterpostoperative analgesia in comparison with intrathecal fentanyl.Keywords: Clonidine, Fentanyl, Bupivacaine, Regional, Spinal, Postoperative pain.
AN IN VITRO STUDY OF CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM AS NATURAL INHIBITOR OF ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) ON SHEEP (OVIS ARIES) TISSUES
Authors: Hs Ranjini , Eg Padmanabha Udupa , Kamath Shobha U , Setty Manjunath , Hadapad Basavaraj , Kamath Asha
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The present study was aimed to find the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity using the methanolic extract ofCinnamomum zeylanicum (as a natural inhibitor) on sheep tissues as the enzyme source.Methods: Hippuryl-histidyl-leucine (HHL) as a substrate, tissue ACE activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 228 nm. For an incubationperiod of 30 minutes at 37°C, the linearity of ACE activity of kidney, lung, and testis enzyme was established. A known medicinal plant C. zeylanicumwas used as natural inhibitor of ACE. In this enzyme assay, inhibitory effect of methanolic extract of C. zeylanicum on kidney, lung and testicular ACEwas determined. ACE activity was confirmed by captopril, a standard inhibitor of ACE.Results: In the presence of a methanolic extract of C. zeylanicum (10:1), ACE activity was determined and this has inhibited ACE activity verysignificantly. C. zeylanicum leaves extract has reduced sheep kidney, lung, and testis ACE activity by 70.06%, 12.63%, and 20.23%, respectively.Conclusion: Significant inhibition was observed in the kidney ACE than in lung and testis ACE activity. This can propose that there may be a possiblerole in controlling blood pressure or reduction in cardiovascular diseases. Some plants with the great medicinal property may be considered aspromising sources of natural inhibitors of ACE for medicine and commercial uses. This comprehensive study may show numerous beneficial effects asa potential therapeutic agent for lowering blood pressure.Keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Natural angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, Kinetic assay, Hippuryl-histidyl-leucine, Cinnamomumzeylanicum, Cardiovascular diseases.
COMPARISON IN BENEFITS OF HERBAL MOUTHWASHES WITH CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH: A REVIEW
Authors: Selvakumar Renuka , Np Muralidharan
Published: April 2017

Objective: To discuss the benefits of herbal mouthwashes with the standard chlorhexidine mouthwash. This review is conducted to explore the benefits of herbal mouthwashes.Methods: Many herbal extracts are now available as mouthwash for maintaining the good oral hygiene. Plaque accumulation and increase in oral micro- organisms are the main factors for poor oral hygiene. Herbal extracts such as German chamomile, Terminalia chebula, Aloe vera, Green tea, peppermint satva, turmeric, neem, triphala, pomegranate extracts, guava extract, propolis, alum, darim leaves, mulethi, etc., are similar to chlorhexidine in plaque control and gingivitis reduction. Many herbal mouthwashes contain herbs with anti-microbial property such as neem, yavani satva, nagavalli, Gandhapura taila, pilu, Bibhitaka, Ocimum, Echinacea, Chameli leaves, etc. Many herbs are with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant property such as neem, clove, triphala (combination of amalaki, haritaki, and vibhitaki), tulsi, grapefruit, celery, licorice, katha, spearmint, and chamomile essential oil. Some herbal mouthwash with chamomile extract kills some skin pathogens such as staphylococcus and Candida species. Mixture of Staphysagria, Chamomilla, Echinacea, Plantago, Ocimum, and Cistus extracts used as mouth wash which was is better than chlorhexidine in reducing salivary mutans streptococcicount. Hence usage of herbal mouthwash will enhance the oral hygiene comparatively with chlorhexidine mouthwash without any adverse effects. Result: Though herbal mouthwashes has the ability to maintain good oral hygiene on daily basis, but still it is less effective than chlorhexidine mouthwash during treatments like gingivitis, periodontitis, trauma, etc. Conclusion: Besides the disadvantages, chlorhexidine mouthwash plays effective role during dental treatments on short term usage. Herbal mouthwashes are suitable for maintaining good oral prophylaxis. Many programs have to be conducted to make them aware about mouthwashes in their oral hygiene.Keywords: Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Mouthwash, Oral hygiene, Prophylaxis.
ADVANCEMENTS IN DRY POWDER INHALER
Authors: Srinivasan Ganga , Shetty Advait
Published: April 2017

The dry powder inhaler (DPI) has become widely known as a very attractive platform for drug delivery. DPIs are being used for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by many patients. There are over 20 devices presently in the DPI market. DPIs are preferred over nebulizers and pressurized metered dose inhalers. However, some of the challenges of DPI are dependence on inspiratory flow (unsuitable for young children, elderly people), systemic absorption due to deposition of drug in deep lung (unsuitable for local diseases treatment), and increase in upper airway deposition of a large fraction of coarse particles. Hence, there is a need to address these unmet issues. The interpatient variation can be minimized by developing devices independent of patient’s inspiratory flow rate or active based powder mechanism. This article reviews DPI devices currently available, advantages of newly developed devices, and formulation technologies. The platform technologies are developed to improve aerosolization and dispersion from the device and decrease the patient related factors. The DPI delivery system has been expanded to treatment of non-respiratory diseases such as migraine and diabetes. The development of innovative DPI device and formulation technologies for delivering therapeutic proteins such as insulin has been accelerated to overcome the problems associated with conventional insulin therapy.Keywords: Dry powder inhaler, Inspiratory flow rate, Insulin, Platform technologies.
ANTICONVULSANT PROPERTIES OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS- A REVIEW
Authors: Srinivasan Nivedha , Roy Anitha
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Epilepsy is the tendency to have seizures that start in the brain. The brain uses electrical signals to pass messages between brain cells and when these signals are disrupted, it leads to a seizure. A number of synthetic antiepileptic drugs are available in practice, but various medicinal plants act as an important source of treatment for epilepsy; plants such as Aeollanthus suaveolens, Passiflora caerulea, Persea americana, Annona diversifolia, and Boerhavia diffusa have good anticonvulsant activity.Objective: Anticonvulsant drugs are used to control the convulsions by inhibiting the discharge and then producing hypnosis. The objective is to understand various medicinal plants and plant components, which are being used as an anticonvulsant.Results: A. suaveolens essential oils are the main constituents were deemed to display anticonvulsant activity. P. caerulea is reputed to have herbal activity as a sedative and anticonvulsant and it is often used as a relatively disease resistant root stock. Whereas P. americana, extract produces its anticonvulsant effect by enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid ergic neurotransmission and or action in the brain. B. diffusa consists of a calcium channel antagonist compound, liriodendrin that is responsible for its anticonvulsant activity.Conclusion: Since epilepsy has become a common brain disorder, having knowledge of the medicinal plants with an anticonvulsant activity will be beneficial to the society.Keywords: Antiepileptic, Aeollanthus suaveolens, Passiflora caerulea, Persea americana, Annona diversifolia, Boerhavia diffusa.
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RELEASE RATE OF MELOXICAM FROM NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS (NLC) SYSTEM USING SOME CONCENTRATION RATIOS OF MONOSTEARIN AND ALPHA TOCOPHEROL ACETATE LIPID MATRIX
Authors: Anggraeni Yulia , Isnaeni Isnaeni , Hendradi Esti
Published: April 2017

Objective: The objective of this research is to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) of meloxicam (MLX) for topical application using monostearin and alpha-tocopherol as lipid matrix.Methods: MLX-NLC was prepared by high-shear homogenization, and it was characterized for organoleptic, pH, viscosity, particle size and size distribution, zeta potential, crystallinity, morphology, and entrapment efficiency. The six different ratios of solid and liquid lipid matrix were70:30, 75:25, 80:20, 85:15, 90:10, and 95:5, respectively.Results: The pH value of all formulas met the pH range of topical dosage at 4.5-6.5. Viscosity test showed that a trend toward the decrease in viscosity with the increase in alpha-tocopherol content was observed. The results of particle size test proved that all six NLC system formulas have <1000 nm particle size with a quite narrow particle size distribution. Scanning electron microscope revealed nearly spherical shape NLC with negligible effect ratios of solid and liquid lipid on the particle morphology. The X-ray diffraction result showed the decreasing of peaks intensity of MLX-NLC system. It showed that MLX in NLC system is amorphous. The result showed that the increasing concentration of liquid lipid in NLC system caused the rising entrapment efficiency of MLX.Conclusion: The result of this research indicates that the concentration ratio of monostearin and alpha-tocopherol acetate affects the physical and chemical characteristics of NLC system.Keywords: Nanostructured lipid carriers, Meloxicam, Monostearin, Physical and chemical characteristics, Entrapment efficiency.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PERINDOPRIL MICROENCAPSULES BY USING DIFFERENT POLYMER
Authors: Jacob Leena , Tv Abhilash , Abraham Shajan
Published: April 2017

Objective: The study was carried out with an objective to achieve a potential sustained release oral drug delivery system of an antihypertensive drug, Perindopril which is a ACE inhibitor having half life of 2 hours. Perindopril is water soluble drug, so we can control or delay the release rate of drug by using release retarding polymers. This may also decrease the toxic side effects by preventing the high initial concentration in the blood.Method: Microcapsules were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using Eudragit L100 and Ethyl cellulose as a retarding agent to control the release rate and magnesium stearate as an inert dispersing carrier to decrease the interfacial tension between lipophilic and hydrophilic phase. Results: Prepared microcapsules were evaluated for the particle size, percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, flow property and in vitro drug release for 12 h. Results indicated that the percentage yield, mean particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and the micrometric properties of the microcapsules was influenced by various drug: polymer ratio. The release rate of microcapsules could be controlled as desired by adjusting the combination ratio of dispersing agents to retarding agents.Conclusion:Perindopril microcapsules can be successfully designed to develop sustained drug delivery, that reduces the dosing frequency and their by one can increase the patient compliance.
STUDY OF PRESCRIBING PATTERN AND USE OF ANTIBIOTIC IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WOUND INFECTION
Authors: Peter Nikhil
Published: April 2017

Objective: The main objective of the study is to estimate the demographic details of patients with various wound infection and to observe the variousorganism causing infections and also to analyze the prescribing pattern of antibiotic used in wound infection.Methods: This is a prospective observational study to evaluate the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in the Department of Surgery. The study wasconducted for 4 months (April 2016-July 2016), the information was collected from the case sheets, and the data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel.Results: In this study, males were higher than females consisting of 64.5% of the total sample size. In wound infection, diabetic foot ulcer wasfound to be a major problem. It can be observed that antibiotics were prescribed for all of the patients with cefotaxime being prescribed the most asmonotherapy. Cefotaxime+metronidazole were commonly prescribed as dual therapy. Multivitamins, antiulcerants were other major drugs providedin the supportive care. With reference to the culture sensitivity test, the major organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion: An important consideration is needed in prescribing antibiotic therapy. The utilization of culture sensitivity studies are limited andmost antibiotic selection is empirical, so proper evaluation and monitoring is needed by the health-care professionals to select the appropriate one topromote the rational use of antibiotics.Keywords: Diabetic foot ulcer, Wound sepsis, Burns, Surgical site infection, Antibiotics.
STUDY TO COMPARE THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE AND COMBINATION OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE AND TAURINE IN PROTEINURIA IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
Authors: Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Agarwal Prabhat , Kaushik Saurabh
Published: April 2017

Objective: Proteinuria is an established risk factor for progressive damage of kidney. This proteinuria can be effectively controlled by drugs that interrupt the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. However, the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and taurine in prevention of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. The role of NAC and taurine in reducing of proteinuria in patients with DN was studied.Methods: The present study was undertaken in the Postgraduate Department of Medicine of S.N. Medical College, Agra. A total of 60 patients of diabetes mellitus with evidence of nephropathy were included in the study. Twenty patients were given placebo medication (Group P), 20 patients received NAC (Group A), and remaining 20 received a combination of NAC and taurine (Group B). Each group was further subdivided according to the urinary albumin excretion in 24 hrs. Subgroup 1 - Urinary albumin excretion between 30 and 300 mg/24 hrs. Subgroup 2 - Urinary albumin excretion >300 mg/24 hrs. The stastical analysis used Student’s t-test.Results: On comparison, in both microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria patients divided into three groups; the difference in magnitude of increase in proteinuria (after NAC, NAC with taurine, and placebo administration) over 24 weeks of the study period was statistically insignificant.Conclusions: In this study, there was no significant difference of proteinuria before and after NAC administration, and also in our study, there was no significant difference of proteinuria before and after taurine administration.Keywords: Albuminuria, Diabetic nephropathy, N-acetyl cysteine, Taurine.
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ASSAY OF SUGAMMADEX SODIUM, APREMILAST, RIOCIGUAT AND VORAPAXAR SULFATE DRUGS IN API FORM.
Authors: Chakravarthy V Ashok , Bb V Sailaja , A Praveen Kumar
Published: April 2017

Objective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Sugammadex Sodium, Apremilast, Riociguat and Vorapaxar sulfate drugs in its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) form.Methods: The developed UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of drugs – Sugammadex Sodium, Apremilast, Riociguat and Vorapaxar sulfate is based on measurement of absorption at a wavelength maximum (λmax) of 210nm, 230nm, 323nm and 271nm using water and methanol as diluents.Results: The method was validated in terms of specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness as per the ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear in the range of 33% to 167% for Sugammadex Sodium and Apremilast drug substances; 50% to 150% for Riociguat and Vorapaxar sulfate drug substances. The percentage recovery values were in the range of 99.7 to 100.9% for Sugammadex Sodium, 99.3 to 100.3% for Apremilast, 99.7 to 100.3% for Riociguat and in the range of 99.5 to 100.3% for Vorapaxar sulfate at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation for precision and intermediate precision results were found to be less than 2%. The correlation co-efficient value observed for Sugammadex Sodium, Apremilast, Riociguat and Vorapaxar sulfate drug substances was not less than 0.99 for their respective drugs. Results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developed method is quantified for the estimation of assay of Sugammadex Sodium, Apremilast, Riociguat and Vorapaxar sulfate drug substances.Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis and also suitable for stability analysis of assay of Sugammadex Sodium, Apremilast, Riociguat and Vorapaxar sulfate in API form as per the regulatory requirements.Keywords: Sugammadex Sodium, Apremilast, Riociguat, Vorapaxar sulfate, Method Development, Validation, UV-Visible spectrophotometry.
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS/ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AMONG HEALTH-CARE STUDENTS OF SELECTED COLLEGES IN CHENNAI
Authors: Chinnathambi Kanniammal , Mangeswari Latha , Mahendra Jaideep
Published: April 2017

Objective:  The  aim  of  the  study  was  to  assess  the  level  of  knowledge  among  health-care  students  (HCS)  toward  human  immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and people living with HIV (PLHIV) in dental and nursing colleges at Chennai.Methods: A quantitative approach and descriptive research design were adopted for the present study. HIV knowledge questionnaire-45 was used to assess the level of knowledge regarding HIV and PLHIV. Nonprobability convenient sampling technique was used for the selection of samples.Results: The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. Among 600 HCS, 274 (46%) had inadequate knowledge, 191 (32%) had moderately adequate knowledge, and about 135 (23%) students had adequate knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 10.94.Conclusion: HCS are in need of intense teaching program with various teaching methods which help to enhance their knowledge level and to eliminate the fear and stigma about handling of PLHIV.Keywords: The health-care students, Level of knowledge, Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, People living with human immunodeficiency virus.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF PIPER UMBELLATUM
Authors: Geetha Sethupandian , Irulandi Kokkaiah , Mehalingam Palanichamy
Published: April 2017

Objective: This study was designed to determine the Total phenol, flavonoid content, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of different solvent extracts of Piper umbellatum.  Methods: Different solvent extracts evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging activity and Reducing power activity.Results: The presence of phenol and flavonoid showed highly in the methanol extracts than ethyl acetate and acetone extracts. All the extracts have various level of antioxidant activity. Methanol solvent extract have good extraction and show significant antioxidant activity. The effect of reducing power of methanol extract revealed good antioxidant activity compare with other tested extracts.Conclusion: On the basis of the above results we concluded that methanol extract of Piper umbellatum whole plant extracts shows significant antioxidant activity than ethyl acetate and acetone extracts.Keywords: Piper umbellatum, Antioxidant, DPPH, FRAP assay, Polar, Non polar solvents
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED INDIAN FOLK MEDICINAL PLANTS: MYRISTICA FATUA, ALSTONIA BOONEI, HELICTERES ISORA, VITEX ALTISSIMA AND ATALANTIA RACEMOSA
Authors: Irulandi Kokkaiah , Geetha Sethupandian , Mehalingam Palanichamy
Published: April 2017

Objective: To determine antimicrobial activity of methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of Myristica fatua, Alstonia boonei, Helicteres isora, Vitex altissima and Atalantia racemosa  against different species of pathogens, Streptococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphyllococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.Methods: Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was measured by agar well diffusion method.Results: Acetone extracts of Alstonia boonei showed the highest inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli (21.00 ± 1.00 mm) and Streptococcus faecalis (19.00 ± 1.00 mm). All the extracts of Heliteres isora leaves showed different zone of inhibition observed in all the tested pathogens ranges between (8.13 ± 1.53 – 15.25 ± 1.23 mm). Ethyl acetate extract of Vitex altissima showed highest activity against Bacillus sublilis (19.67 ± 1.53 mm). Methanol and acetone leaves extracts of Atalantia racemosa have good fungal activity against the Candida albicans (19.33 ± 1.26 mm - 16.00 ± 1.00 mm). Methanol extract of Myristica fatua showed high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.10 ± 0.17 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (14.23 ± 0.21 mm).Conclusion: The results from the study suggest that the leaves Myristica fatua, Alstonia boonei, Helicteres isora, Vitex altissima and Atalantia racemosa showed good antimicrobial activity against the different pathogens. They are used as the alternative source for the control and treatment of microbial infections.Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Leaves extracts,  Well diffusion method, Pathogenic strains.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND IN- VITRO EVALUATION OF FLOATING MATRIX DOSAGE FORM OF TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE USING VARIOUS POLYMERS
Authors: Anepu Sarada , Duppala Lohithasu , M Soma Sundari
Published: April 2017

Objective: The purpose of present study was to formulate the gastro retentive floating tablets of tramadol hydrochloride for enhancement of the gastric residence time.Methods: The floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for hardness, thickness, and friability of the tablets. The in vitro drug release studies were performed for different formulations and to optimize the best formulae based on the dissolution profiles.Results: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed that there was no interaction between tramodol hydrocholride and excipients. The formulated tablets were evaluated for properties like weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, density and floating properties, matrix integrity and complied with USP requirements. The tablets of optimized formula had floating lag time of 120, 72 and 96 seconds and the tablets remained in the floating condition for more than 12 h. The results of drug excipients compatibility studies suggest that there was no significant change in the physical appearance of these blends, when stored at 40 °C/75% RH for a period of 4 weeks.  Among various trial formulations developed with different concentration of polymer F3 (HPMC K4 M with 120mg of polymer), F5 (HPMC K15 M with 100 mg polymer), F11 (PEO WSR 303 with 100mg polymer), were chosen as the optimized formulations based on the release profile.Conclusion: Tramodol HCl floating tablets were successfully made using various polymers for the enhancement of the gastric residence time. From the present study it was concluded that hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K 4 M can be used as effective polymer for the formulation of floating effervescent tablets of highly soluble drug indicating successful development of sustained release floating drug delivery system.Key words: Tramodol HCl, floating tablets, PEO 303 WSR, PEO N60, HPMC K 4 M, HPMC K15 M and HPMC K 100 M.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT MEDIA FOR AVULSED TEETH: AN UPDATE
Authors: M Roma , Hegde Shreya
Published: April 2017

Dental avulsion is one of the common types of trauma that results in the complete displacement of tooth from the alveolar socket. Although the ideal treatment would be the immediate reimplantation of the tooth at the site where the trauma took place, this may not be practically possible in every case. Hence, the avulsed tooth may have to be placed in an appropriate storage or transport medium until it is reimplanted. The biological properties of the storage medium have a significant impact on the success of reimplantation, as it must be capable of preserving the vitality, clonogenic, and mitogenic ability of the periodontal ligament cells for successful reimplantation.Keywords: Dental trauma, Avulsed teeth, Storage media, Periodontal ligament cell viability, Transport media.
THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL EXTRACT, FRACTIONS OF WATER, ETHYL ACETATE AND n-HEXANE FROM MISTLETOE TEA (SCURRULA ATROPURPUREABL. DANS)
Authors: Mustarichie Resmi
Published: April 2017

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract, fractions of water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane from mistletoe tea (Scurrula atropurpurea Bl. Dans).Methods: Simplicia extracted using soxhlet equipment with 96% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Screening of phytochemical and antioxidant activity was performed against these fractions. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Phytochemical screening was conducted based on the method of Farnsworth.Results: The IC50 values of ethanol extract, water fraction, fraction of ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fraction were 21.92 ppm, 89.57 ppm, 14.08 ppm, and 162.09 ppm, respectively, whereas for ascorbic acid was 4.41 ppm. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction contained compounds were the same group, polyphenolic, tannins, flavonoids, monoterpenoid, steroids, triterpenoids, and quinones. Fraction of water contained compounds such as polyphenolic group, flavonoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. n-hexane fraction compounds contained steroids and triterpenoids.Conclusion: The ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction showed antioxidant activities. The ethanol extract, fractions of water, and ethyl acetate fraction contained flavonoids and polyphenolic potential as antioxidants.Keywords: Mistletoe tea, Scurrula atropurpurea, Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ascorbic acid.
RAPID SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF RIZATRIPTAN N-OXIDE IMPURITY IN RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE IN A BULK DRUG SUBSTANCE BY REVERSE PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Lawande Appasaheb Bajirao
Published: April 2017

Objective: The objective is described to develop and validate a simple, reliable, precise, and specific analytical method for rapid separation and determination of N-oxide impurity in rizatriptan Benzoate active pharmaceutical ingredient bulk drug substances by reverse phase liquid chromatography as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.Methods: The methodology utilized as reverse phase liquid chromatography with gradient composition. The mobile phase proportion was compromised mobile A containing 0.25 mm potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 2.0 and methanol (95:5 v/v) and mobile B containing Acetonitrile. ODS 3V, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm. column. The flow rate is 1.0 ml/minute using an LC system detector at wavelength 280 nm, and the column oven temperature is 40°C. The chromatographic separation performed in reverse phase by the gradient composer over run time was 35 minute. The resolution between N-oxide and rizatriptan was recorded on the chromatogram was more than six. The developed analytical method was validated according to the ICH guidelines.Results: Linearity was found in rizatriptan N-oxide over the concentration range of 450-11000 ng/ml, with the linear regression (Correlation coefficient R = 0.999) and proved to be robust. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of the rizatriptan N-oxide was found 150 and 450 ng/ml. The retention time of rizatriptan and rizatriptan N-oxide was recorded 22.6 and 24.7 minutes, respectively. The percentage recovery of N-oxide has been ranged from 96.0 to 102.0 in the bulk drug material sample. The proposed analytical method has been found suitable, precise, reliable, and accurate for the separation and quantitative determination.Conclusion: A specific, simple, accurate, reliable, and rapid reproducible analytical method has been developed and validated for reverse phase high- performance liquid chromatography to determine N-Oxide impurity in rizatriptan benzoate from bulk drugs material as per ICH guideline.Keywords: Rizatriptan benzoate, N-oxide impurity, High performance liquid chromatography, Reverse phase, ODS column and validation.
DIFFERENCES VALUE OF BLOOD UREA NITROGEN AND CREATININE SERUM IN CERVICAL CANCER SQUAMOUS CELL STADIUM IIB-IIIB BEFORE AND AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY PACLITAXEL CISPLATIN FOR SIX CYCLE IN SANGLAH GENERAL HOSPITAL DENPASAR BALI
Authors: R Noviyani
Published: April 2017

Objective: The combination of paclitaxel-cisplatin regimen is one of the chemotherapy regimens used at Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar. Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic agent, but the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin reported that research is needed to see the toxic effect on the kidneys before and after 6 series of paclitaxel-cisplatin chemotherapy. Toxicity assessment of the chemotherapy can be observed by evaluating kidney function from monitoring both blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine serum value.Methods: The research was conducted as an observational study using a prospective cohort method. The research was conducted from January 2016 to June 2016. Patients’ follow-up was conducted from the first until the last series of chemotherapy. The data were statistically analyzed with STATA version 14 with paired t-test when the data were normally distributed or the data were analyzed with Wilcoxon test when they were not normally distributed.Results: A total of seven patients were evaluated with both their BUN and creatinine serum values during six series of chemotherapy. Statistically, the BUNand creatinine serum values before the first and after the last paclitaxel-cisplatin chemotherapy series are not statistically significantly different (p>0.05).Conclusion: There are no significant changes of both BUN and creatinine serum values before the first and after the last paclitaxel-cisplatin chemotherapy series in patients with stadium IIB-IIIB squamous cell cervical cancer. Research with larger sample size is essential to provide optimal information for other health-care professionals.Keywords: Cervical cancer, Paclitaxel-cisplatin, Creatinine serum, Blood urea nitrogen.