bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVE SOIL VOLUME AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO ROOT AND TOP GROWTH OF PLANTS
Authors: Stevenson D. S.
Published: March 2010

Root and top growth of clover, wheat, and sunflowers varied consistently and quantitatively with changing soil volumes.A definition for effective soil volume is given and discussed in terms of root growth and root densities. The postulate is made that in root systems above a certain density each individual root can interfere with the daily water supply of nearby roots and hence restrict the growth of the whole root system and plant. The theoretical geometric proportions of this interference are discussed. The importance of soil volume in experimental work is indicated.
THE RELATION OF SOIL TEST VALUES TO FERTILIZER RESPONSE BY THE POTATO: IV. AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Bishop R. F. , MacEachern C. R. , MacKay D. C.
Published: March 2010

In field experiments, conducted at 18 locations during a 3-year period, tuber yields on zero-P plots ranged from 49.7–95.5% of those obtained with optimum P fertilization. Each of three chemical methods used to estimate available soil P showed a wide range of values for the different locations.When Bray's modification of the Mitscherlich equation was used to express the relationship between soil test values and yield response to applied P, there were appreciable differences in c1 values which varied with soil series and soil test methods.Polynomial response curves showed that, irrespective of the chemical method used, if soils were grouped on the basis of available P into "high", "medium" and "low" classes, response to applied P was much less in the high than in the medium and low classes. Response curves also showed that both P requirements and maximum yields varied with different soil series.
SOME EFFECTS OF DEEP PLOWING A SOLONETZ SOIL
Authors: Bowser W. Earl , Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

Plowing a Solonetz soil to a depth of 56 cm, as compared with ordinary plowing (10 cm), greatly reduced the soluble salts, particularly sodium sulfate, throughout the 150-cm sample depth. It also reduced the percentage of exchangeable sodium. The apparent slight increase in cereal crop yields, caused by deep plowing, was not statistically significant, but the yield of an alfalfa-bromegrass crop was about doubled. There was a much denser stand of alfalfa where the soil had been deep plowed than where it had not. The depth of penetration of the main root mass was more than doubled by deep plowing. Percentages of calcium and potassium were higher and magnesium and sodium lower in the alfalfa grown on the deep-plowed than on the shallow-plowed soils.
SOILS OF THE PORCUPINE HILLS REGION OF ALBERTA
Authors: Pawluk S. , Peters T. W. , Carson J.
Published: March 2010

Morphological and analytical characteristics are reported for soils in the montane phytogeographic region of the Porcupine Hills area in Alberta. The soils were developed from strongly calcareous parent material. The intensity of development and vegetative association closely reflected aspect and slope. The soil sola were generally high in chroma, contained dithionite-extractable Fe2O3 but generally lacked oxalate-extractable Fe+++ and were highly base-saturated.Two of the soil profiles sampled met criteria for categories defined in the Canadian Soil Classification; however, the remaining two profiles could not be readily accommodated.
DENITRIFYING CAPACITY OF SOME ALBERTA SOILS
Authors: Khan M. F. A. , Moore A. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF INSTALLATION OF FIBERGLAS SOIL MOISTURE UNITS ON DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN FIELD AND LABORATORY CALIBRATIONS
Authors: Groenewoud H. van , Weegar H. H.
Published: March 2010

Fiberglas soil moisture units, installed in three different ways, were calibrated both in the field and the laboratory. Laboratory calibration curves of units installed with a hydraulic inserter were most similar to field calibration curves, especially in the dry range. Replication of laboratory calibration of units installed in undisturbed soil resulted in a perfect fit of all data for each unit to its curve. A good fit of all points was obtained in the replication of field calibrations when protection tents were used to minimize hysteresis effects.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ONEIDA SOIL PROFILE
Authors: Gillespie J. E. , Elrick D. E.
Published: March 2010

The macro- and micromorphological characteristics of an Oneida soil profile are reported, together with the results of chemical and hydrological determinations. The data indicate that porosity decreased with depth m this profile, that clay migration was a dominant process, and that dithionite- and oxalate-extractable iron distribution was similar to that reported for Gray-Brown Podzolic soils. An electron microprobe analysis of a dark, thin-section feature in the Bt1 horizon showed it to contain 5–10% Fe, varying amounts of aluminum, low levels of manganese, and traces of phosphorus.
SOLONETZIC SOILS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT CATIONS
Authors: Cairns R. R. , Schaik J. C. van
Published: March 2010

Laboratory study of water movement in a Solonetz soil showed that the Ap horizon had an extremely low transmission rate that was almost as low as that of the Bn horizon. The low rate of water transmission was found to make it very difficult, if not impossible, to establish the 15-atm percent reliably with the pressure membrane apparatus. The addition of Ca++, Mg++ and NH4+ increased the rate of water movement and improved the structure of the Bn horizon of various Solonetzic soils. The addition of Na+ had opposite effects.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE AVAILABILITY OF IRON TO AN OAT CROP
Authors: Evans E. J. , Mack A. R. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

The availability of Fe-59 added as FeCl3∙6H2O to sandy-textured soils decreased in relation to the total amount of Fe taken up by oats when the temperature of the soil-root system was raised from 10 to 27 °C. When the soil temperature was raised to 27 °C, the ratio of Fe-59/total-Fe in the forage material of the oats decreased over the entire temperature range, even though maximum yield and total-Fe uptake occurred near 20 °C. Changing the aerial environment by lowering the dark-period air temperature from 25 to 10 °C markedly reduced the yield of dry matter and raised the concentration of total-Fe in the plant but did not consistently affect the ratio Fe-59/total-Fe. Incubating the soil for 30 days prior to adding the Fe-59 and seeding also reduced the proportion of Fe-59 in the plant material.
AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS IN SODIUM BICARBONATE EXTRACTS
Authors: Zandstra H. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON YIELDS AND NUTRIENT LEVELS IN THE LEAVES OF PROCESSING PEAS
Authors: Bishop R. F. , MacEachern C. R. , Leefe J. S. , Cannon H. B.
Published: March 2010

Fertilizer trials with processing peas were conducted at 15 locations during a 4-year period. Although the soils varied in their chemical properties, there was no general or consistent yield response with increasing rates of N, P or K. There was, however, a consistent increase in leaf N with the higher rates of N and in leaf K with all rates of K. Increasing rates of K were accompanied by decreasing leaf levels of Ca and Mg. The results indicate that N, P and K applied at approximately 25, 50 and 25 kg/ha respectively should be generally adequate.
CROP RESPONSES TO APPLIED MOLYBDENUM AND COPPER ON PODZOL SOILS
Authors: Gupta Umesh C. , MacKay D. C.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the response to applied Mo and Cu of several crops grown on selected Podzol soils under greenhouse conditions. An application of Mo resulted in percent yield increases of 2000–5000 for cauliflower, 400–900 for spinach, 20–400 for barley, 90–400 for timothy, and 150–400 for alfalfa, depending on the soil series. The average Mo contents of these crops ranged from 0.05 to 0.85 from the untreated soils, and from 0.64 to 6.62 ppm from the Mo-treated soils, respectively. After the harvest of the last crop, 81 to 86% of the applied Mo was accounted for in the crop tissues and as exchangeable Mo in the soil. The original exchangeable Mo content of soils and the Mo content of crops from Mo-treated soils showed highly significant positive correlation coefficients with the yields of crops grown on untreated soils, and were negatively correlated with the yield response to Mo treatment.None of the four crops tested responded significantly in yield to applied Cu, although there was an increase in kernel yield of Hudson barley on three of the investigated soils. The Cu content of plant tissues, however, increased by about 50% in spinach and Herta barley straw, and 400% in Hudson barley kernels, as a result of Cu application. The average Cu contents of spinach, Herta and Hudson barley kernels, and alfalfa ranged from 2.5 to 8.5 and from 6.6 to 13.2 ppm from the untreated and Cu-treated soils, respectively. These Cu contents appeared to be in the optimum range. After the harvest of the last crop, 85 to 94% of the applied Cu was recovered from the plants and as exchangeable Cu in soils. There was no apparent relationship between the exchangeable Cu content of soils and the Cu content of the crops.
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL ON SUMMERFALLOW
Authors: Molberg E. S. , Hay J. R.
Published: March 2010

Use of residual and contact herbicides was compared with cultivation for weed control on summerfallow on Regina heavy clay from 1964 to 1967, inclusive. A single spring application of desmetryne (2-isopropylamino-4-methylamino-6-methylthio-s-triazine) at 3 kg/ha gave 77 to 90% weed control without reducing wheat yields the following year. Disadvantages were incomplete weed control, and herbicide persistence in the soil with thinning of the following wheat crop in some years.Three or four applications of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium (salt)) at 1 kg/ha gave weed control equal to cultivation of summerfallow. Chemical summerfallow was equal to cultivated summerfallow in its effects on soil moisture conservation, NO3-N accumulation and crop yields. Chemical summerfallow conserved 91% of the original crop residues compared with 24% for cultivated summerfallow. This extra crop residue was sufficient to prevent serious soil erosion from wind. Paraquat is currently too expensive to compete with cultivation.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY MEASUREMENT OF SOIL COLOR AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO MOISTURE AND ORGANIC MATTER
Authors: Shields J. A. , Paul E. A. , St. Arnaud R. J. , Head W. K.
Published: March 2010

The color of soil samples taken from the Ap horizons of Chernozemic and Gray Wooded (Podzolic) soils was measured spectrophotometrically at moisture levels ranging from air-dryness to field capacity. The Munsell re-notations "hue", "value" and "chroma" were related to the moisture content and the amount and nature of the soil organic matter. The addition of moisture to the Ap horizons from Chernozemic and Gray Wooded soils caused a significant decrease in value but had little effect on the hue and chroma. In Chernozemic soils the average decrease in value was 1.0 unit. This darkening in color occurred primarily in the moisture range between air-dryness and 18%. The decrease in Gray Wooded soils averaged 1.7 units and it occurred throughout the moisture range from air-dryness to 30%. The Gray Wooded soils were significantly higher in color value per unit of organic matter than were the Chernozemic soils. Differences were found in the ultraviolet reflectance spectra of these two kinds of soils and in the E4:E6 ratios of alkali extracts. The ratio of humic to fulvic acid and the amounts of 0.5 N NaOH-extractable humic acid also differed for the Gray Wooded and the Chernozemic soils.
VARIOUS FORMS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER FOR BROMEGRASS ON A SOLONETZ SOIL
Authors: Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and urea, applied to provide nitrogen at a rate of 112 kg/ha annually, were compared as fertilizers for bromegrass on a Solonetz soil. All were equally effective in increasing yield except in the drought year, 1966, when urea was less effective than the others. About 45% of the nitrogen applied as urea was recovered in the crop, compared with over 55% from the other forms. This difference was most pronounced in the driest year. The reduction in soil pH from 5.3 to 4.0 with the use of ammonium sulfate indicated that this was an undesirable source of nitrogen for these soils that are already high in sulfur. Nitrate levels in the crops were highest in the years of adequate rainfall and were generally increased about equally by each fertilizer. However, all crops contained well below recognized toxic levels.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT AMENDMENTS ON YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF OATS GROWN ON A SOIL DERIVED FROM SERPENTINE MATERIAL
Authors: Halstead R. L.
Published: March 2010

Additions of Ca(OH)2 and/or organic matter to an unproductive soil with a high content of extractable Ni and a low Ca:Mg ratio (< 0.5) increased the yield of oat tops about four-fold, doubled the Ca:Mg ratio (0.4 to 0.8) and markedly reduced the concentration of Ni in the plants. These changes in the plant were associated with marked reductions in extractable Ni and a two-to five-fold increase in the Ca:Mg ratio in the soil after cropping. Additions of CaSO4 improved Ca:Mg ratios in both plants and soil but had little effect on yield. Apparently, the higher soil pH following addition of Ca(OH)2 and the complexing effect of organic matter were each effective in reducing Ni toxicity.
FIXATION OF POTASSIUM ADDED TO SOILS AND ITS RECOVERY BY PLANTS
Authors: MacLean A. J.
Published: March 2010

Soil samples which fixed most of the added K against extraction with 1 N NH4OAc were found to release appreciable amounts of the fixed fertilizer K to plants in pot tests. In one experiment, even after growing four crops of oats, five additional crops in four soils removed 48% more K from the K-treated samples than from the controls. In another experiment, fixed fertilizer K in surface and subsurface samples of three soils accounted for about 48% of the K-uptake by oats and alfalfa. In a field experiment, most of the K applied was fixed against extraction with 1 N NH4OAc. Although nonexchangeable or fixed K was an important source of K for the plants, three years of cropping were not sufficient to demonstrate that it was derived from the fertilizer K applied.Repeated extraction of the soils with 0.5 N NaCl or continued leaching with 0.01 N HCl gave additional evidence of the release of fixed K.It was concluded that appreciable amounts of fixed fertilizer K may be recovered by successive crops, and this should be considered in soil management practices.
FACTORS AFFECTING UREASE ACTIVITY IN A BLACK SPRUCE HUMUS STERILIZED BY GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: Roberge M. R. , Knowles R.
Published: March 2010

Factors affecting the activity of urease were studied in a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B S P.) humus sampled at Baie-Comeau, Quebec, and sterilized with a Co-60 source. The enzyme was almost completely inactivated by 4–5,000 kr (about four times the sterilization dose). For a given dose, the measured activity was somewhat lower when a lower radiation flux was used with a longer exposure time. A substrate concentration of 50–100 mg/g urea-N was required for maximum rate of hydrolysis. Even at a much lower concentration (3.5 mg/g), hydrolysis was linear during the first 12 hr of reaction at 20 °C. Urease activity was approximately proportional to temperature in the range 10–40 °C. Activity showed a slight decrease as water content was increased from 60 to 140% of maximum holding capacity. In humus buffered at different pH's, the activity was at a maximum at about pH 7.0. In the absence of buffer, however, activity was higher than when buffered at either the initial or the final pH value of the unbuffered system. Activity did not change as buffer concentration in the samples was increased from 0.25 to 1.00 M.
TENEURS ELEVEES DE FER LIBRE ET IDENTIFICATION TAXONOMIQUE DE CERTAINS SOLS DU QUEBEC CONTENANT DE LA MAGNETITE
Authors: Baril Roger , Bitton Gabriel
Published: March 2010

Free iron determined after extraction by acid ammonium oxalate was found to be abnormally high in various horizons of two Quebec soils containing magnetite, namely: an Orthic Humic Podzol (Pikauba series) and an Orthic Regosol (Malbaie series). When magnetite was removed, prior to the analysis, truer values for free amorphous sesquioxides of iron and aluminum were obtained and could serve to distinguish Podzolic from other classes of soils. The calculated pH-dependent cation exchange capacities were not affected by the presence of magnetite in soils. This last criterion, together with pH in CaCl2, exchangeable aluminum and degree of base saturation, can well serve as a substitute for differentiating Spodic B horizons from other horizons as used in the Canadian taxonomic classification of soils.
INFRARED SPECTRA OF HUMIC ACIDS AND OPAL PHYTOLITHS AS INDICATORS OF PALAEOSOLS
Authors: Dormaar J. F. , Lutwick L. E.
Published: March 2010

Palaeosols may: be found in almost every stream valley in southern Alberta. Humic acids from Ah horizons of palaeosols from five locations were examined by infrared spectroscopy, and the percentage of opal phytoliths in the coarse silt (20 to 50 μ) fraction was determined.The combination of the character of the infrared spectra of humic acids and opal phytolith counts was helpful in explaining the genesis of the palaeosols of the five locations. Sometimes the presence or absence of evidence of human occupation will add to the interpretation. In the locations examined, grasslands apparently have been dominant during post-glacial times with invasions of trees, such as Populus spp. and Salix spp., in the moister and more sheltered riparian habitats in this area. Any of these invasions naturally led to a transformation of these grassland soils.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT PLACEMENTS OF FERTILIZERS FOR BARLEY, FLAX AND RAPESEED
Authors: Nyborg Marvin , Hennig A. M. F.
Published: March 2010

Fields tests were conducted with commercial fertilizers applied to barley, flax and rapeseed by placement in the row and by placement in different positions away from the row. Emergence of barley was delayed but not substantially reduced by row placement of 33.5–0–0 at a rate of 34 kg N per ha, or by 0–45–0 and 11–48–0 at rates up to 39 kg P per ha. Yields were no greater when the fertilizers were, instead, placed away from the row.Emergence of flax and rapeseed was often reduced to less than half by row placement of 33.5–0–0 at a rate of 17 kg N per ha, or by 11–48–0 at rates of 15 to 20 kg P per ha, and yields were usually greater when damage to emergence was avoided by placing the fertilizers away from the row. When higher rates of fertilizers were used, placement away from the row produced much greater yields than placement in the row.The efficiency of the phosphorus fertilizers varied considerably with the position in which they were placed. When phosphorus fertilizers were placed away from the row, a position 2.5 cm directly below the row was the best for both barley and flax.
DETERMINATION OF Na-DITHIONITE AND NH4-OXALATE EXTRACTABLE Fe, Al AND Mn IN SOILS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Raad A. T. , Protz R. , Thomas R. L.
Published: March 2010

Fe, Al and Mn in distilled warer, NH4-oxaIate, and Na-dithionite solutions were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Concentration ranges for sensitive absorption by Fe, Al, and Mn were 2.5 to 20, 25 to 125 and 2 to 10 ppm, respectively. Concentration ranges of extracting solutions for the determination of Fe, Al and Mn were 0.01 M, 0.20 M and 0.04 M, respectively. Accurate and rapid determinations of Fe, Al, and Mn in NH4-oxalate and Na-dithionite solutions are obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy without the destruction of the organic extractants.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON CERTAIN EQUILIBRIUM ION RATIOS FOR A SOLONETZIC AND A CHERNOZEMIC SOIL
Authors: Khan S. U. , Webster R.
Published: March 2010

not available
IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF GRASS-CLOVER PASTURE ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Maas E. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
A TECHNIQUE FOR CALIBRATING HEAT FLUX SENSORS
Authors: Brach E. J. , Mack A. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
INTERPRETATION OF SOIL DATA BY COMPUTER
Authors: John M. K. , Lavkulich L. M. , Jungen J. R. , Leigh J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF SOIL PROFILE TYPE AND FERTILIZER ON MOISTURE USE BY WHEAT GROWN ON FALLOW OR STUBBLE LAND
Authors: Jong E. de , Rennie D. A.
Published: March 2010

Equations describing yield as a function of moisture use arc reported for fallow-seeded wheat for the years 1960 to 1965, inclusive, and for wheat seeded on stubble land from 1964 to 1967. In general, yields increased linearly with water use; second-degree functions did not greatly increase the correlation, but represent more realistic yield functions. The increase in yield per cm water used was larger on fallow than on stubble land, and increased with fertilization. Growing season precipitation ranged from 5 to 26 cm during the study period; the long-term average is 19 cm. Mean yields for unfertilized and fertilized fallow and stubble wheat were 1,500 and 1,860 kg/ha, and 1,340 and 1,720 kg/ha, respectively.Yield, water used, and water use efficiency varied somewhat, depending on whether the crop was grown on a knoll, upper slope, lower slope, or in depressional areas.
CUMULIC SOILS OF THE ROUGH FESCUE PRAIRIE-POPLAR TRANSITION REGION
Authors: Lutwick L. E. , Johnston A.
Published: March 2010

Soils with very thick Ah horizons occur in downslope positions in the foothills of Alberta. The distribution and type of grass opal phytoliths in these soils and in the surface horizons of associated soils in upslope positions were studied. Opal phytoliths from Calamagrostis species, which grow in moist sites, occur throughout the depth of the cumulic soils. Also, the numbers of opals in the soil increase toward the surface. Since Festuca-type opals occur in only the upslope soil, we conclude that the cumulic soils accrete by soil creep as a result of their downslope position on a valley side.
SALT AND WATER MOVEMENT INTO SOLONETZIC SOILS
Authors: Schaik J. C. van , Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

Water containing 0.1 N ammonium or divalent cations penetrated a sodic soil upwards of 50 times as fast as water alone. Infiltration of water applied to a Duagh soil treated with these solutions varied from 41 to 51 mm/hr, but decreased with time. A field application of these cations could thus cause the sodium to move farther down the profile with periodic rainfall. Calculations showed that diffusion of Ca++ into a sodic soil in the absence of viscous flow will not contribute significantly to reclamation of sodic soils.
CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND
Authors: Heywood R. T. , Stevens Trevor , Webber L. R.
Published: March 2010

Field and laboratory trials were used in attempts to relate soil moisture tension and the efficiency of a silt loam soil to oxidize the organic material in cannery corn waste. The organic loading in the waste was expressed as chemical oxygen demand (COD). Evidence was obtained to indicate that the back fill over the field tiles had not settled adequately and the waste was not retained long enough by the soil to facilitate oxidation. With laboratory trials using the miscible displacement technique, 97% of the COD was removed at soil moisture tensions of 45 and 100 cm of water.
IMPROVED OUTFLOW BARRIERS FOR PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Schaik J. C. van , Graham D. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIP OF YIELD AND TOTAL NITROGEN UPTAKE OF BRUSSELS SPROUTS PLANTS GROWN IN THE GREENHOUSE TO AVAILABLE SOIL NITROGEN
Authors: Munro D. C.
Published: March 2010

Initial nitrate-nitrogen content of the soil gave a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.93 with yields and with total nitrogen uptake of Brussels sprouts plants (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC., Jade Cross). Soil nitrogen extracted with 0.01 M NaHCO3 gave r values of 0.76 with yields and 0.75 with nitrogen uptake. Nitrate incubation results from leached, moist soil samples gave r values of 0.59 with yields and 0.56 with nitrogen uptake. However, air-drying of soil samples prior to leaching and incubation resulted in r values of only 0.15 and 0.11 with yields and nitrogen uptake, respectively. Available nitrogen determined by incubation without previous leaching of the soil samples gave high r values because of the influence of the initial nitrate nitrogen in the soil.
EFFECT OF MODE OF APPLICATION AND SOURCE OF FERTILIZER ON PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION BY BUCKWHEAT, RAPE, OATS AND FLAX
Authors: Soper R. J. , Kalra Y. P.
Published: March 2010

In greenhouse experiments, the utilization of fertilizer phosphorus by crops grown on calcareous soils decreased in the order of buckwheat > rape >> oats > flax. Mixing monopotassium phosphate with a portion of the soil compared with adding this source as a single pellet increased the availability of fertilizer phosphorus to oats and flax. In contrast, mixing the phosphorus source with the soil either had no effect or lessened the availability of fertilizer phosphorus to rape and buckwheat. Availability of phosphorus from carriers, when added as pellets, decreased in the order dipotassium phosphate > monopotassium phosphate > dicalcium phosphate dihydrate for oats and flax and dipotassium phosphate = monopotassium phosphate > dicalcium phosphate dihydrate for buckwheat and rape.It is suggested that both the quantity of roots in the fertilizer reaction zone and the efficiency of roots in absorbing phosphorus are important factors in the ability of plants to absorb fertilizer phosphorus.
EXTRACTABILITY OF ADDED LEAD IN SOILS AND ITS CONCENTRATION IN PLANTS
Authors: MacLean A. J. , Halstead R. L. , Finn B. J.
Published: March 2010

The concentrations of Pb in five species of plants were found to increase with proximity of the sampling sites to a well-travelled highway.The Pb content of oats and alfalfa grown in four soils pretreated with PbCl2 in pot tests varied inversely with the organic matter content and pH of the soils. The amounts of Pb taken up by the plants were reduced upon addition of phosphate or of lime to the acid soils. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of organic matter, phosphate and lime in reducing Pb in the plants were usually in accord with corresponding reductions in extractable Pb in the soils as measured in 1 N neutral ammonium acetate and 0.1 M CaCl2.
EXTRACTABILITY OF NICKEL ADDED TO SOILS AND ITS CONCENTRATION IN PLANTS
Authors: Halstead R. L. , Finn B. J. , MacLean A. J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of Ni pretreatments on the yield and concentration of Ni in oats and alfalfa grown in four soils in pot tests varied with the rate of added Ni, with lime and phosphate treatments, and with soil properties, notably pH and organic matter content. The concentrations of Ni in the crops showing repressive effects of added Ni were at least 60 ppm in the oat grain, 28 ppm in the oat straw, and 44 ppm in the alfalfa. The amounts of soil-extractable Ni and the concentrations of Ni in the plants were reduced by liming of the acid soils and they tended to be increased by addition of phosphate. The effects of the Ni pretreatments on growth were less severe in a neutral soil and in one containing considerable organic matter than in the others.
EFFECT OF NONERODIBLE AGGREGATES AND WHEAT STUBBLE ON INITIATION OF SOIL DRIFTING
Authors: BISAL FREDERICK , FERGUSON W. S.
Published: March 2010

The wind velocity required to initiate movement of soil with varying amounts of standing wheat stubble and varying proportions of erodible and nonerodible soil aggregates was determined in a wind tunnel. The relationship between these variables was calculated as logeI = 6.0438 + 0.0001774 S + 0.02332 C where I is the initiating velocity in cm/sec as measured at a height of 30.5 cm above the soil surface, S is the amount of standing wheat stubble (approximately 15 cm tall) in kg/ha, and C is the percentage of soil aggregates greater than 1 mm in diameter in a soil sample.The wind velocity required to initiate erosion is proposed as an index of erodibility of farm fields.
DISTRIBUTION CONSTANT FOR EXCHANGE OF CALCIUM AND MANGANESE IN WYOMING BENTONITE
Authors: Clark J. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHATES FROM ALKALI, ACID, AND AQUEOUS ACETYLACETONE EXTRACTS OF SOILS
Authors: HALSTEAD R. L. , ANDERSON G.
Published: March 2010

Extraction with hot 3 N NaOH removed more total organic P, and inositol P fractions, from Scottish and Canadian soils than did extraction with hot 6 N HCl, hot concentrated HCl, or 0.2 M aqueous acetylacetone at pH 8. Only a relatively small amount of the organic P in the acetylacetone extracts could be adsorbed by anion exchange resins unless the extracts were first subjected to hydrolysis with NaOH. This in one case led to a fivefold increase in the phosphate adsorbed and subsequently eluted with NH4 formate. The proportion of higher inositol phosphates (penta- and hexa-) to the lower esters was greater in the Scottish than the Canadian soils. Paper chromatography revealed that compounds with Rf values similar to glycerophosphate and glucose-1-P were present in some fractions. Gas and paper chromatography of the fractions after acid hydrolysis revealed compounds with retention times and Rf values corresponding to glycerol and ribitol, but their identity was not confirmed. The neo-, DL-, scyllo- and myo-isomers of the inositol were identified in fractions containing lower inositol phosphates (iP2, iP3, iP4) and in those containing the higher esters.
TRANSFER TO AND DISTRIBUTION OF CESIUM-134 IN THE SOIL OF TWO GRASSLAND HABITATS
Authors: DODD J. D. , AMBURG G. L. VAN
Published: March 2010

Cesium-134 was transferred from the treated little bluestem clones to the soil compartments of the ecosystems via dew drip, throughfall, root exudation and litter deposition. Distributions in the Tabor fine sandy loam and Heiden-Hunt clay soil types during the 18 months following introduction of 134Cs into tillers of little bluestem were similar in both horizontal and vertical movement and in zones of concentration. However, a greater percentage of 134Cs occurred in the plant rooting zone on the sandy loam than on the clay. The soil volume contaminated in 18 months following introduction of 0.1 ml of solution containing 200 μci into a little bluestem tiller was 360 cm in diameter and to a maximum depth of 125 cm.
WINTER CHANGES IN SOIL NITRATE AND EXCHANGEABLE AMMONIUM
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , FERGUSON W. S. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

Cylinders of a loam soil were placed in the field in late fall and sampled in midwinter and early spring. In soil wetted to near field capacity, nitrate and moisture moved upwards in winter and downwards again in early spring. The amount of movement was negligible in a soil wet to near the wilting percentage. To inhibit nitrification, N-serve was applied in 10 cm of water to field plots (120 × 120 cm) in late fall. Other plots received water but no N-serve. Regular monitoring of soil nitrate, exchangeable ammonium, and soil moisture and temperature in the top 90 cm of these plots showed evidence of upward moisture and nitrate movement as the soil froze. Large and sudden unexplainable decreases in exchangeable ammonium occurred following steady fall build-up.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF ALBERTA MUSKEG
Authors: CHRISTENSEN PENELOPE J. , COOK F. D.
Published: March 2010

The microbiology of a Fibrisol (little decomposed), a Mesisol, and a Humisol (highly fermented) were compared to a depth of 1.25 m. Counts of up to 2 million psychrophilic bacteria per gram oven-dry weight were common for the shallow fibric horizons, whilst the deeper and more humified layers generally had much higher counts of 3–10 million. Mesophilic bacteria were about one-fifth more abundant, but thermophiles averaged less than 1 million. The influence of aeration in the top 15 cm increased counts noticeably. From 1 to 6 million fungi were present in the top 25 cm but numbers dropped sharply around this depth. The abundance of Cytophaga and Chromobacterium species in the Humisol, and in the humic horizons of Mesisol, is interesting and its significance is discussed. Physiological studies concentrated on the nitrogen cycle, with determinations of nitrification, denitrification, ammonification and nitrogen fixation being made. The only significant conversion was that of proteins to ammonia, and "most probable number" studies showed maximum activity in August, with 30–70 million ammonifying bacteria to a depth of 1 m.
AMINO-ACID COMPOSITION OF RHIZOSPHERE AS AFFECTED BY SOIL TEMPERATURE, FERTILITY AND GROWTH STAGE
Authors: IVARSON K. C. , SOWDEN F. J. , MACK A. R.
Published: March 2010

Analyses were made of the amino acid composition of rhizosphere soil of plants, grown in the greenhouse at two fertility levels and two soil temperatures of 30 and 10 C. An increase in soil fertility led to a large increase in the amounts of amino acids found in the rhizosphere soil. An increase in soil temperature produced irregular results. The quantity of amino acids in the rhizosphere was greatly influenced by the stage of growth. Concentrations of amino acids were highest at third-leaf and heading stage and lowest at the fifth-leaf stage. A parallel between an increase in amino acid from the fifth-leaf to the heading stage and certain plant characteristics during the same growth interval suggests that plant growth, physiology or metabolism may play a prominent role in the amino acid concentration of the rhizosphere.
EFFECT OF CLAY CONTENT AND AGGREGATE SIZE ON AVAILABILITY OF SOIL WATER TO TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: SHAYKEWICH C. F. , WARKENTIN B. P.
Published: March 2010

Water availability in St. Bernard sandy clay loam, Chateauguay silty clay loam and Ste. Rosalie clay soils was determined. The criterion of water availability was growth rate, measured as an increase in leaf area as a fraction of existing leaf area, of tomato plants grown in a controlled environment room. At a given soil suction, growth rate was higher in the two soils high in clay content than in the medium textured St. Bernard, and was dependent upon aggregate size. Differences in hydraulic conductivity and water retention properties accounted for most but not all the differences in growth rate–soil suction relationships. In the two soils of higher clay content, growth–soil suction relationships of undisturbed soils were not materially different from those in sieved aggregates.Oxygen diffusion rates at least as low as 10 × 10−8 g cm−2 min−1 over short periods were adequate for maximum growth and did not appear to influence availability of water.
ACTIVITY OF ALUMINUM HYDROXY SULFATE AND THE STABILITY OF HYDROXY ALUMINUM INTERLAYERS IN MONTMORILLONITE
Authors: SINGH S. SHAH , BRYDON J. E.
Published: March 2010

With SO4 and Cl as the anionic species mixed in a 1:1 equivalent ratio, Al precipitated in the presence of montmorillonite gave a complex having a basal spacing of 25 A after glycerol solvation with several higher orders. The precipitated Al had an aluminum hydroxy sulfate composition and was at least partially in the interlayer of the montmorillonite. After a period of time, basaluminite, crystalline Al4(OH)10SO4, was formed and increased linearly with time as the SO4 in solution and the interlayer hydroxy aluminum decreased. The ion product (Al)(OH)2.5(SO4)0.25 decreased gradually with time and reached 10−29.37, the solubility product of basaluminite. The reactions were similar at several levels of precipitated Al, but the rates decreased with increasing amounts of added Al.
ACTION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Authors: SOWDEN F. J.
Published: March 2010

The amino acids set free by proteolytic enzymes were determined with an amino acid analyzer. Soil and enzyme blanks were subtracted. Pronase released 2 to 10% of the aspartic acid + asparagine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid + glutamine, glycine, lysine and histidine in some fractions of soil organic matter along with 15–35% of the alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine. There was no release of proline, ornithine or ammonia. When the pronase hydrolysate was treated with leucine amino-peptidase, 15% of the proline was released, the yield of glycine was raised from 2 to 14% and the amount of the acidic amino acids was also higher. Acid hydrolysis of the pronase hydrolysate also released more amino acid material but the blanks were much higher than with leucine aminopeptidase. The results suggested that more than half of the aspartic and glutamic acids found on acid hydrolysis were present in the soil organic matter fractions as asparagine and glutamine. The action of pronase on the organic matter of the intact soil was slight, even in the presence of a complexing agent. Papain released very little amino acid material from organic matter fractions, but leucine aminopeptidase or HCl hydrolysis of the papain hydrolysate released about 10% of the amino acid of the fraction, indicating that significant amounts of peptides were formed on papain treatment.
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF PURE CHEMICAL FERTILIZER VS MIXED FERTILIZER ON YIELD AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF POTATOES
Authors: Emmond G. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE FORMS OF NITROGEN AND RESTRICTED WATER SUPPLY ON GROWTH AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF WHEAT
Authors: SPRATT E. D. , GASSER J. K. R.
Published: March 2010

Wheat was grown with fertilizer-N, either as ammonium sulfate (treated with a nitrification inhibitor) or as calcium nitrate, and without fertilizer-N and with various water treatments, both in the field and in pots in the glasshouse. With adequate water, wheat produced the most dry matter (and grain) containing the most N when supplied with nitrate; when shortage of water limited growth, ammonium-N was as good as or better than nitrate-N for increasing dry matter production and N uptake. From stem extension to flowering, the leaves and stems contained twice as much NO3-N when given nitrate-N as when given ammonium-N.
A CLIMATIC MOISTURE INDEX FOR LAND AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN CANADA
Authors: SLY W. K.
Published: March 2010

Recent advances in the application of computer techniques for determining irrigation requirements from climatic data have made possible the development of a climatic moisture index to supplement conventional methods used in land and soil classification. The index approximates the ability of precipitation to provide the water required by annual crops if their production is not limited by water stress. Standardization of the non-climatic variables involved in its determination does not unduly restrict the range of soil textures and spring soil water conditions to which it applies. The values of the index in the various climatic regimes across the country are shown and their use in providing supplemental information for land and soil classification is indicated.
EFFECT OF SEEDBED PREPARATION ON SOIL AGGREGATION, SURFACE MOISTURE AND CROP PRODUCTION
Authors: KEYS C. H. , ANDERSON C. H. , BOWREN K. E. , DEW D. A.
Published: March 2010

In a three-year study at four soil sites in western Canada, data indicated that erodible aggregates increased in the surface 2.5 cm of undisturbed soil as initial tillage was delayed for periods of one to three weeks after the soil could first be worked. Changes in erodible material due to initial tillage were minimal, and in fact showed a decrease at site 2. After secondary tillage and seeding, all locations showed an increase in erodible material. Only one site showed a difference in erodible material due to the type of machine used. Moisture losses were slightly less when the oneway disc harrow was used at two locations, and no difference at the other two. Tillage treatment did not result in yield differences on an individual site basis; however, a combined analysis of yield data showed a small difference due to tillage machine used. Although there were differences in soil aggregates, moisture loss and crop yield, they were relatively small, inconsistent between years and location, and, therefore, should only be used as supplementary data when considering agronomic practices.
SOIL VOLUME AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF SUNFLOWER PLANTS
Authors: STEVENSON D. S.
Published: March 2010

Growth of sunflowers in clay loam soil was increased approximately six times with an eightfold increase in soil volume. Added nitrogen and phosphorus increased growth only 30 to 60%. The interaction between soil volumes and fertilizers indicated a greater effect from fertilizers in larger soil volumes than in smaller ones, a result which is opposite to expectation. In sandy loam soil the volume effect was smaller than in the clay, and increases from fertilizers were not evident. The larger the soil volume the lower the root densities, and the higher the fertilizer rate the higher the root densities. Nutrient contents of the plants were increased as much by increased soil volume as by added fertilizers. Higher nutrient contents were generally associated with lower root densities. Additions of N and P fertilizers to these two soils compensated slightly or not at all for small soil volumes that reduced the growth of sunflowers.
EFFECT OF SOLONETZ SOIL HORIZON MIXING ON ALFALFA GROWTH
Authors: CAIRNS R. R.
Published: March 2010

Samples of the Ap, Bn and Csk horizons of four Solonetz soil types were mixed to simulate the effect of deep plowing. Half of the mixed horizon samples were leached with water while the other half were not. Alfalfa was grown in the greenhouse on samples of Ap, Bn and mixed horizon soils. The alfalfa was harvested and chemically analyzed. The soil was subjected to certain chemical and physical determinations. Under conditions of adequate moisture the mixed horizons produced more alfalfa than the Ap horizon in two of the four soils. Leaching the mixtures resulted in lower alfalfa yields. Mixed horizon samples had higher infiltration rates, and lower breaking strengths than Bn horizon samples.
PROPERTIES AND GEOMORPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON A QUARTZITE RIDGE NEAR KINGSTON, ONTARIO
Authors: RUTHERFORD G. K. , SULLIVAN D. K.
Published: March 2010

The work of Ruhe, Butler, Churchward and others in temperate and tropical environments has shown that soil profiles are intimately associated in age with their soil surfaces. A sequence of soils forming a soil surface across a Precambrian ridge near Kingston, Ontario was investigated to consider soil characteristics, soil genesis and stratigraphic relationships. Lateral variations in the parent materials along the cross-section indicate the presence of depositional layers of different relative ages and constitution. The stratigraphic as well as the pedological relationships of these deposits were investigated to determine a depositional stratigraphic history of the ridge.
OVERWINTER PRECIPITATION STORAGE IN IRRIGATED AND NONIRRIGATED CHIN LOAM SOIL
Authors: HOBBS E. H. , KROGMAN K. K.
Published: March 2010

Overwinter changes in root zone soil moisture were recorded for four crops under four moisture regimes during eight seasons. Storage in the soil of overwinter precipitation was inversely related to the soil moisture content at harvest. Gains of soil moisture were directly related to spring precipitation but not to fall or winter precipitation. In the irrigated areas of the Canadian prairies, fall irrigation is advisable when soil moisture at harvest is in the lower half of the available moisture range.
VARIATIONS OF SULFUR-34: SULFUR-32 RATIOS IN SOIL FRACTIONS IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Lowe L. E. , Sasaki A. , Krouse H. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
SOME PROPERTIES OF SOLONETZIC (SODIC) SOILS IN WESTERN NORTH DAKOTA
Authors: SANDOVAL F. M. , REICHMAN G. A.
Published: March 2010

The Rhoades and Wade series of two Solonetzic (Sodic) soil associations in the Chestnut great soil group (Mollisols) in western North Dakota were characterized with respect to chemical and physical properties. Infiltration and vegetative growth were directly proportional to thickness of A horizons and inversely related to exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of the claypan. The impervious claypan in Rhoades frequently had < 15 ESP but lower horizons had higher ESP values. The claypan and lower horizons of Wade usually had ESP's > 15. Concentration of adsorbed cations in claypan layers of both associations were Mg > Ca > Na > H. The H was present only in the upper few centimeters. The principal soluble salts of the Rhoades association were sulfates of Na, Mg, and Ca listed in decreasing order of occurrence, with total concentration usually < 120 meq/liter of saturation extract. Soluble salts of the Wade association greatly exceeded those found in Rhoades; the Wade series contained nearly equal concentrations of Na and Mg sulfates. The results suggest that remedial treatment on Rhoades soil should consist of deep plowing to destroy the claypan and to include calcareous subsoil. Gypsum or sulfur might also be beneficial. The reclamation of Wade soil will require additional and more intensive treatments.
DRY GRINDING OF SOIL THIN SECTIONS
Authors: GUERTIN R. K. , BOURBEAU G. A.
Published: March 2010

A method is proposed for making soil thin sections using dry grinding after mounting with an epoxide. Excellent thin sections were completed using all soil materials tested in this laboratory, including dense, clayey and impermeable samples which are difficult to impregnate and polish.
SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING THE VEGETATIVE COMPOSITION OF AGROPYRON COMMUNITIES AT KAMLOOPS, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: PARSONS D. C. , LAVKULICH L. M. , RYSWYK A. L. VAN
Published: March 2010

The dominant range grass species of climax stands in the Kamloops area of British Columbia is Agropyron spicatum, but throughout this area there are localized regions where Stipa comata is dominant. It was believed that certain edaphic factors influenced the composition of the two grassland stand types. Stipa comata was observed to be growing on gravelly and coarse textured soils with low available water storage capacity, while Agropyron spicatum grew on finer soils with higher water storage capacities. At the beginning of the growing season, soils supporting Agropyron had a higher field moisture content than did nearby soils supporting Stipa. However, Stipa was observed to develop faster and is believed to be more highly adapted to droughty soil conditions.
CARROT RESPONSE TO SOIL TEMPERATURE AND COPPER, MANGANESE, ZINC AND MAGNESIUM
Authors: MacMILLAN K. A. , HAMILTON H. A.
Published: March 2010

Carrots grown under greenhouse conditions in a medium-decomposed, acid organic soil showed a significant yield and carrot length response to soil temperature and copper fertilization. Root lengths at 16 C were significantly greater than lengths at 12 and 20 C, which in turn were significantly greater than lengths at 8 C. Root and leaf yields at 8 C were significantly inferior to yields at 12, 16 and 20 C. The total native copper content of 10 ppm in soil, and leaf concentrations of 12 ppm in the tissue, were insufficient for normal carrot development under these experimental conditions. Application of copper at the rate of 25 ppm in soil significantly increased yields. Leaf concentrations of 145, 125 and 4440 ppm of Mn, Zn and Mg, respectively, in tissue, and soil concentrations of 60, 80 and 1300 ppm for Mn, Zn and Mg, respectively, were sufficient for normal carrot plant development. Increasing soil temperature significantly increased Cu and Mn concentrations in the leaves, and this occurred irrespective of whether the source of the respective nutrient was native or applied. In the case of Zn, leaf concentrations increased with increasing temperatures only when zinc was applied to the soil. With soil temperature above 12 C, magnesium concentrations in the leaves were significantly decreased and this was so for native or applied magnesium in the soil.
A ROTARY SPINDLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF SMALL UNIFORM SOIL COLUMNS
Authors: Townshend J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available