bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global and local contributions to surface curva- ture of healthy corneas
Authors: Rubin Alan , Mathebula Solani David
Published: October 2016

This paper demonstrates for several healthy eyes the application of a simple model to understanding local and global contributions to short-term variation in anterior and posterior corneal curvature. Multiple axial anterior and posterior corneal radii and central corneal thicknesses for the right eyes of 10 young subjects were determined over time using a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Oculus Pentacam). The axial radii were transformed to corneal powers, and also to curvatures that were referred to a mid-corneal surface such that local and global contributions to short-term variation could be analyzed quantitatively.When variation of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces of several healthy eyes are studied in terms of curvatures (rather than powers) it is the posterior surfaces that are more variable withthe global or macroscopic rather than local effects dominating. (Harris and Gillan found the same for an eye with mild keratoconus.) This finding is opposite to that when variation is considered in terms of dioptric power where the anterior corneal surface usually appears more variable. Possible reasons for this finding includes firstly that the posterior corneal surface has to be measured through the air-tear interface and anterior corneal surface,and thus some uncertainty in measurements of the posterior surface may relate to this limitation. Secondly, no attempt was made here to mathematically align the multiple surfaces as determined per eye and thus we cannot be certain that precisely the same central corneal region was measured each time.Investigators need to carefully consider whether they are more interested in the optical or physical nature of variation in surfaces such as the cornea since studies of the optical effects require theanalysis to be performed in terms of dioptric powers and  symmetric dioptric power space whereas studies of physical variation in the topography of the cornea and the possible reasons for such variability require the application of surface curvaturesin  surface curvature space. This paper describes the application and significance of both methods to facilitate understanding of short-term variation of the human cornea. It does not, however, attempt to make any definite claims as to what factors (seeabove) may be major contributors to such variability, and this complicated but interesting research issue requires further clarification. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(4) 146-158)
A retrospective analysis of eye injuries in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Sukati V. N. , Hansraj R.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:  To provide epidemiological data on ocular injuries among patients utilising two provincial hospital eye care clinics in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Methods: Record cards of 440 ocular injured patients seen at two selected rural provincial hospitals over a period of four years were reviewed.Results: More males (68.9%) had eye injuries than females (31.1%). The Black population (97.7%) had a higher prevalence of ocular injuries than other race groups. Young patients between 21 and 30 years old incurred more ocular injuries (31.4%) than other age groups.  Open globe injuries were more frequent (56.1%) than closed globe injuries (43.9%). Blunt trauma/contusion (36.4%) was the most frequent type of injury (36.4%). Solid objects (53.4%) were responsible for more than half of the injuries followed by assaults (28.2%).  The majority of the eye injuries (54.5%) occurred at home. There was a reduction in visual acuity of 37.7% of the subjects following treatment.Conclusion: Ocular trauma is a relatively common health problem in rural KwaZulu-Natal and is significantly more common among the male and Black population.  (S Afr Optom 2012 71(4) 159-165)
Lipid composition of human meibum
Authors: Schnetler R. , Gillan W. D. H. , Koorsen G.
Published: October 2016

The structure and function of meibomian gland lipids in the tear film are highly complex. Evidence shows that the precorneal tear film consists of discrete layers: the inner mucin layer, the middle aqueous layer and the outer lipid layer. In this review we focus on the outer, biphasic lipid layer of the tear film which consists of a ‘thick’ outer, non-polar layer  and a ‘thin’ inner, polar layer. We discuss the main composition of the polar and non-polar lipids within meibum (wax esters, cholesteryl esters, mono-, di- and tri-acylglycerols, ceramides, phospholipids  et cetera). We address the composition of meibomian lipids in subjects suffering from various ocular diseases in comparison with the composition in healthy individuals. Further analysis is needed to determine whether a correlation exists between the etiology of various ocular diseases and the fluctuation on the lipids as well as to establish whether or not tear lipid analysis can be used as a diagnostic tool.
The effect of tinted spectacle lenses on contrast sensitivity and colour vision
Authors: Shaik M. , Majola P. D. , Nkgare L. M. , Nene N. B. , Singh C. , Hansraj R. , Rampersad N
Published: October 2016

Aim: Spectacle wearers often prefer tintedlenses to clear or non-tinted lenses for their protection against harmful radiation, improved cos-mesis, enhancement of visual performance and effects on colour vision. Among the available tinted lenses on the market blue, brown and grey tinted spectacle lenses are popular with varying gradesranging from A to D. Due to reduced transmission of light through such lenses, the optical system of the eyes and the environmental vision may be temporarily altered. Colour vision (CV) and con-trast sensitivity (CS) are important aspects of this altered visual world. This study investigated the effect of spectacle lenses of varying grades of tint on CS and CV.Method: The study adopted a pre- and postest research design and a sample of 90 participants were selected from the University of KwaZulu-Natal student population using convenience sam-ling. Each participant was screened for patholgy, dyschromatopsia, severe dry eyes (TBUT<5 seconds), and the presence of any more than low metropia. Thereafter each successful participant was tested for CS and CV with their habitual precription and then tested randomly with a white clear) lens (placebo) and tinted (blue, brown, and grey) spectacle lenses made of CR39 material each having grades A, B and C over their habitual state. Light transmission was 85%, 75%, and 50% for grades A, B, and C respectively. The Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT) chart and American Optical Hardy, Rand, and Rittler (AO HRR) were used for the assessment of CS and CV respectively.Results: The data was analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version18. Compared to the habitual state, contrast sensitivity was enhanced with all the tinted lensesThe greater enhancement was for low spatial frequencies (LSF) and least for high spatial frequencies (HSF). With all tints Grade C had the least enhancement for very HSF. Many subjects showed no change in CV with any of the lensesused. The grey tint showed greater enhancement of CV as the density increases. Blue and brown tints showed a similar trend with grade B enhancing CV the most while grade C resulted in theleast reduction of CV.Conclusion: Grade A, B, and C of blue, brown and grey tinted spectacle lenses do not alter colour vision significantly but for the selected levels of transmission of the tints used, contrast sensitivity can be improved to some extent.
Psychophysical aspects of contrast sensitivity
Authors: Sukha Anusha Y. , Rubin Alan
Published: October 2016

This paper reviews the psychophysical aspects of contrast sensitivity which concerns components of visual stimuli and the behavioural responses and methods used in contrast sensitivity testing. Some discussion is included of the different types of contrast sensitivity charts available as well as a brief background on the different types of graphical representations of contrast sensitivity and contrast visual acuities. Two illustrations alsodemonstrate stereo-pair representation of contrast visual acuities in the context of diabetic eyes. The doctoral research of the first author (AYS) that applies similar idea to understanding both inter- and intra-ocular variation of contrast visual acuities.
The validity and reliability of iridology in the diagnosis of previous acute appendicitis as evi-denced by appendectomy
Authors: Frank L. , Ferreira J.T. , Pellow J.
Published: October 2016

Iridology is defined as a photographic science that identifies pathological and functional changes within organs via biomicroscopic iris assessment for aberrant lines, spots, and discolourations. According to iridology, the iris does not reflect changes  during  anaesthesia,  due  to  the  drugs inhibitory  effects  on  nerves  impulses,  and  in cases of organ removal, it reflects the pre-surgical condition.The profession of Homoeopathy is frequently associated with iridology and in a recent survey (2009)  investigating  the  perceptions  of  Masters of  Technology  graduates  in  Homoeopathy  of University of Johannesburg, iridology was highly regarded as a potential additional skill requirement for assessing the health status of the patient.This  study  investigated  the  reliability  of iridology  in  the  diagnosis  of  previous  acute appendicitis, as evidenced by appendectomy. A total of 60 participants took part in the study. Thirty of the 60 participants had an appendectomy due to acute appendicitis, and 30 had had no prior history  of  appendicitis.  Each  participant’s  right iris  was  documented  by  photography  with  the use  of  a  non-mydriatic  retinal  camera  that  was reset for photographing the iris. The photographs were then randomized by an external person and no identifying data made available to the three raters.  The  raters  included  the  researcher,  who had little experience in iridology and two highly experienced  practising  iridologists.  Data  was obtained  from  the  analyses  of  the  photographs wherein  the  presence  or  absence  of  lesions (implying acute appendicitis) was indicated by the raters. None of the three raters was able to show a significant  success  rate  in  identifying  correctly the  people  with  a  previous  history  of  acute appendicitis and resultant appendectomies from those  who  had  no  previous  history  of  acute appendicitis.  Therefore the outcome of this study indicated an outcome that was subject to chance.The  null  hypothesis  that  states  that appendectomy due to acute appendicitis does not manifest in corresponding lesions in the iris, is supported. It is in the opinion of the researchers that the  association  of  iridology  with  homoeopathic practice may harm the credibility of the profession and that further research on iridology is needed to disprove this conviction. (S Afr Optom 2013 72(3) 127-132)
A review of corneal diameter, curvature and thickness values and influencing factors*
Authors: Mashige K. P.
Published: October 2016

The cornea is an important ocular structure involved in the mediation of visual perception. It is the principal refractive surface of the eye and vision can be significantly affected by relatively small changes in its structure and parameters. Measurement of corneal parameters is important in the diagnosis and management of ocular diseasessuch as keratoconus and glaucoma, and also in the fitting of contact lenses or with refractive surgery such as Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis(LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The human corneal diameter, anterior curvature and centre thickness as well as factors influencing them are reviewed in this article. This review will be useful to eye care professionals who routinely measure these parameters when fitting contact lenses and assessing, diagnosing as well as managing corneal and other ocular conditions. (S Afr Optom 2013 72(4) 185-194)
Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among adults with diabetes mellitus aged 40 years and older receiving treatment at government health facilities in the Mopani District, South Africa
Authors: Mabaso R.G. , Oduntan O.A.
Published: October 2016

This article presents part of the findings of a study conducted to assess the prevalence and causes of visual impairment (VI) and blindness among adults with diabetes mellitus (DM) receiving treatment at the government health facilities in the Mopani District, South Africa.  This health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 225 Black South African diabetics (161 females and 64 males) aged 40-90 years (mean= 61.50 ± 10.49) years at seven different health care facilities. All the participants were examined for VI using an auto-refractor, pinhole disc, an ophthalmoscope, and a logMAR chart. Visual impairment was defined as visual acuity (VA) of worse than 6/9.5 but better and equal to 3/60, and blindness as VA of worse than 3/60 to no light perception. The prevalence of uncompensated VI and blindness in the right eyes was 70.6 and 3.6%, respectively. In the left eyes, the prevalence was 72 and 3.1% for VI and blindness respectively. The prevalence of blindness remained the same after optical compensation. The leading causes of uncompensated VI and blindness in both eyes were uncorrected refractive error (RE) (49.5%), cataract (24.7%), diabetic retinopathy (3.8%) and glaucoma (2.2%). Following optical compensation, the prevalence of compensated VI and blindness in the right eyes was 41.3 and 3.6%, respectively and in the left eyes, the prevalence was 42.2 and 3.1%, respectively. Uncompensated RE and cataract were the common causes of VI and blindness in this sample. The socio-economic status of this population might have contributed to these findings. These results indicate the need for affordable vision examination and spectacles provision as well as cataract surgery services in this population.
Near vision anomalies in Black high school children in Empangeni, South Africa: A pilot study
Authors: Wajuihian Sam O. , Hansraj Rekha
Published: October 2016

Background: The ability to read efficiently and comfortably is important in the intellectual development and academic performance of a child. Some children experience difficulties when reading due to symptoms related to near vision anomalies. Aim: To explore the feasibility of conducting a large study to determine the prevalence, distribution and characteristics of near vision anomalies in high school children in Empangeni, South Africa. Methods: The study was a cross sectional descriptive pilot study designed to provide preliminary data on prevalence, distribution and characteristics of near vision anomalies in a sample of high school-children in South Africa. Study participants comprised 65 Black children (30 males and 35 females), ages ranged between 13 and 19 years with a mean age and standard deviation of 17 ± 1.43 years. The visual functions evaluated and the techniques used included visual acuity (LogMAR acuity chart), refractive error (autorefractor and subjective refraction), heterophoria (von Graefe), near point of convergence (push-in-to-double), amplitude of accommodation (push-in-to-blur) accommodation facility (± 2 D flipper lenses), relative accommodation, accommodation response (monocular estimation method) and fusional vergences (step vergence with prism bars). Possible associations between symptoms and near vision anomalies were explored using a 20-point symptoms questionnaire. Results: Prevalence estimates were: Myopia 4.8%, hyperopia 1.6% and astigmatism 1.6%.  For accommodative anomalies, 1.6% had accommodative insufficiency while 1.6% had accommodative infacility. For convergence anomalies, 3.2% had receded near point of convergence, 16% had low suspect convergence insufficiency, no participant had high suspect convergence insufficiency, 1.6% had definite convergence insufficiency and 3.2% had convergence excess. Female participants reported more symptoms than the males and the association between clinical measures and symptoms were not remarkable. Conclusion: Although the overall prevalence of near vision anomalies was low,  convergence anomalies were found to be more prevalent than refractive and accommodative anomalies. Symptoms were not significantly associated with near vision anomalies.  Overall, the pilot project reveals that it is feasible to conduct the study on a large scale with minor modifications. Identification and referrals for near vision anomalies are important steps towards diagnosis and treatment which will minimize discomfort with reading and subsequent poor performance which may be associated with such anomalies.
Mirror symmetry of higher order aberrations between right and left eyes
Authors: Oberholzer M. , Gillan W.D.H. , Rubin A.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: There is evidence that certain measures of visual function show some type of relationship between right and left eyes in the same individual.  Similarly, particular ocular maladies may be related, or be symmetric, in the right and left eyes of the same person. There is also evidence to suggest that certain relationships do not exist between eyes in an individual. For example, diseases such as glaucoma are often asymmetric in their progression in the two eyes of an afflicted individual. Inter-ocular mirror symmetry between right and left eyes, when considering ocular wave-front aberrations (WAs), has been shown to exist by some authors. This study investigates whether mirror symmetry of high order aberrations (HOAs) exists between the right and left eyes in a cohort of South African subjects. Method: Third to 5th order Zernike coefficients (HOAs) were measured on both eyes of 66 subjects (132 eyes) using a Zywave aberrometer. A total of 15 Zernike coefficients for each eye were obtained. Mirror symmetry was investigated using correlation coefficients between the various measurements obtained from each eye. Results: Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients provide evidence that the majority of the 15 Zernike coefficients suggest the presence of mirror symmetry between right and left eyes of the 66 subjects. Examples of individual scatter plots comparing right and left eyes are presented.  Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that mirror symmetry exists in the HOAs obtained from the 132 eyes measured and thus care should be exercised when combining eyes of individuals for analysis. (S Afr Optom 2013 73(1) 39-44)
Self 2-distance Graphs
Authors: Azimi Ali , Farrokhi Derakhshandeh Ghouchan Mohammad
Published: October 2016

All finite simple self 2-distance graphs with no square, diamond, or triangles with a common vertex as subgraph are determined. Utilizing these results, it is shown that there is no cubic self 2-distance graph.
Rezensionen
Authors: Schneebeli H. R.
Published: October 2016

Rezensionen zu:
I. Stewart:
Symmetry, A Very Short Introduction
. 144 Seiten, £8.00. Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-965198-6;
und zu:
H. Walser:
Symmetrie in Raum und Zeit
. 179 Seiten, e 19.50. Edition am Gutenbergplatz Leipzig EAGLE, 2014. ISBN 978-3-937219-46-2.
A dissolved cobalt plume in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical South Pacific
Authors: Hawco Nicholas J. , Ohnemus Daniel C. , Resing Joseph A. , Twining Benjamin S. , Saito Mak A.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Cobalt is a nutrient to phytoplankton, but knowledge about its biogeochemical cycling is limited, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Here, we report sections of dissolved cobalt and labile dissolved cobalt from the US GEOTRACES GP16 transect in the South Pacific. The cobalt distribution is closely tied to the extent and intensity of the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern South Pacific with highest concentrations measured at the oxycline near the Peru margin. Below 200 m, remineralization and circulation produce an inverse relationship between cobalt and dissolved oxygen that extends throughout the basin. Within the oxygen minimum zone, elevated concentrations of labile cobalt are generated by input from coastal sources and reduced scavenging at low O2. As these high cobalt waters are upwelled and advected offshore, phytoplankton export returns cobalt to low-oxygen water masses underneath. West of the Peru upwelling region, dissolved cobalt is less than 10 pM in the euphotic zone and strongly bound by organic ligands. Because the cobalt nutricline within the South Pacific gyre is deeper than in oligotrophic regions in the North and South Atlantic, cobalt involved in sustaining phytoplankton productivity in the gyre is heavily recycled and ultimately arrives from lateral transport of upwelled waters from the eastern margin. In contrast to large coastal inputs, atmospheric deposition and hydrothermal vents along the East Pacific Rise appear to be minor sources of cobalt. Overall, these results demonstrate that oxygen biogeochemistry exerts a strong influence on cobalt cycling.
Land als Ressource, Boden und Landschaft: Materialität, Relationalität und neue Agrarfragen in der Politischen Ökologie
Authors: Münster Daniel , Poerting Julia
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The Anthropocene reorients the agrarian question as an ecological question of planetary scale. Rather than resolving the inherent tension between political economy and the biophysical environment by moving political ecology closer to the natural sciences, we propose an active engagement with impulses from the environmental humanities and anthropological engagements with alternative ontologies. The relational political ecology of agriculture that we outline in this article draws on feminist science studies, multispecies ethnography, new materialism and critical geography. We show the relevance of a relational approach to agriculture as a natureculture entanglement by reviewing three conceptualisations of land in political ecology in relation to our anthropological research in South India (Münster) and geographical research in Northern Pakistan (Poerting). Notions of land as resource, land as soil and land as landscape respectively exemplify shifts in theoretical and political engagements with agriculture in the Anthropocene. A relational political ecology of agriculture incorporates these theoretical sensibilities and brings them in conversation with ontological politics of agro-ecological movements who respond to the variegated crises of the anthropocene. We suggest a perspective on agrarian landscape assemblages as coproduced by histories of capitalist transformations and the (affective) relations between humans, other species and materials.
Heavy snow loads in Finnish forests respond regionally asymmetrically to projected climate change
Authors: Lehtonen Ilari , Kämäräinen Matti , Gregow Hilppa , Venäläinen Ari , Peltola Heli
Published: October 2016

Abstract. This study examined the impacts of projected climate change on heavy snow loads on Finnish forests, where snow-induced forest damage occurs frequently. For snow-load calculations, we used daily data from five global climate models under representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, statistically downscaled onto a high-resolution grid using a quantile-mapping method. Our results suggest that projected climate warming results in regionally asymmetric response on heavy snow loads in Finnish forests. In eastern and northern Finland, the annual maximum snow loads on tree crowns were projected to increase during the present century, as opposed to southern and western parts of the country. The change was rather similar both for heavy rime loads and wet snow loads, as well as for frozen snow loads. Only the heaviest dry snow loads were projected to decrease over almost the whole of Finland. Our results are aligned with previous snowfall projections, typically indicating increasing heavy snowfalls over the areas with mean temperature below −8 °C. In spite of some uncertainties related to our results, we conclude that the risk for snow-induced forest damage is likely to increase in the future in the eastern and northern parts of Finland, i.e. in the areas experiencing the coldest winters in the country. The increase is partly due to the increase in wet snow hazards but also due to more favourable conditions for rime accumulation in a future climate that is more humid but still cold enough.
Post conflict water management: learning from the past for recovery planning in the Orontes River basin
Authors: Saadé-Sbeih Myriam , Zwahlen François , Haj Asaad Ahmed , Gonzalez Raoul , Jaubert Ronald
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Water management is a fundamental issue in post-conflict planning in Syria. Based on historical water balance assessment, this study identifies the drivers of the profound changes that took place in the Lebanese and Syrian parts of the Orontes River basin since the 1930s. Both drastic effects of the conflict on the hydro-system and the strong uncontrolled anthropization of the river basin prior to the crisis have to be considered in the design of recovery interventions.
River water quality modelling under drought situations – the Turia River case
Authors: Paredes-Arquiola Javier , Macián Javier , Pedro-Monzonís María , Belda Edgar , Momblanch Andrea , Andreu Joaquín
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Drought and water shortage effects are normally exacerbated due to collateral impacts on water quality, since low streamflow affects water quality in rivers and water uses depend on it. One of the most common problems during drought conditions is maintaining a good water quality while securing the water supply to demands. This research analyses the case of the Turia River Water Resource System located in Eastern Spain. Its main water demand comes as urban demand from Valencia City, which intake is located in the final stretch of the river, where streamflow may become very low during droughts. As a result, during drought conditions concentrations of pathogens and other contaminants increase, compromising the water supply to Valencia City. In order to define possible solutions for the above-mentioned problem, we have developed an integrated model for simulating water management and water quality in the Turia River Basin to propose solutions for water quality problems under water scarcity. For this purpose, the Decision Support System Shell AQUATOOL has been used. The results demonstrate the importance of applying environmental flows as a measure of reducing pollutant's concentration depending on the evolution of a drought event and the state of the water resources system.
To what extent do they sway Australian water management decision making?
Authors: Papas Maureen
Published: October 2016

Abstract. At a time when the reliability of freshwater resources has become highly unpredictable, as a result of climate change and increased droughts frequency, the role of scientific evidence in forecasting the availability of seasonal water has become more critical. Australia is one of the driest inhabited continents. Its freshwater availability is highly variable, which poses unique problems for the management of the nation's water resources. Under Australia's federal system, water management challenges have been progressively dealt with through political institutions that rely on best available science to inform policy development. However, it could be argued that evidenced-based policy making is an impossible aim in a highly complex and uncertain political environment: that such a rational approach would be defeated by competing values and vested interests across stakeholders. This article demonstrates that, while science has a fundamental role to play in effective water resource management, the reality on the ground often diverges from the intended aim and does not always reflect efforts at reform. This article briefly reviews the Water Act 2007 (Cth) and comments on why policy makers need to manage rather than try to eliminate uncertainty to promote change.
The new portfolio of global precipitation data products of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre suitable to assess and quantify the global water cycle and resources
Authors: Schneider Udo , Ziese Markus , Meyer-Christoffer Anja , Finger Peter , Rustemeier Elke , Becker Andreas
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Precipitation plays an important role in the global energy and water cycle. Accurate knowledge of precipitation amounts reaching the land surface is of special importance for fresh water assessment and management related to land use, agriculture and hydrology, incl. risk reduction of flood and drought. High interest in long-term precipitation analyses arises from the needs to assess climate change and its impacts on all spatial scales. In this framework, the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) has been established in 1989 on request of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is operated by Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, National Meteorological Service of Germany) as a German contribution to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). This paper provides information on the most recent update of GPCC's gridded data product portfolio including example use cases.
A regional approach to climate adaptation in the Nile Basin
Authors: Butts Michael B. , Buontempo Carlo , Lørup Jens K. , Williams Karina , Mathison Camilla , Jessen Oluf Z. , Riegels Niels D. , Glennie Paul , McSweeney Carol , Wilson Mark , Jones Richard , Seid Abdulkarim H.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The Nile Basin is one of the most important shared basins in Africa. Managing and developing the water resources within the basin must not only address different water uses but also the trade-off between developments upstream and water use downstream, often between different countries. Furthermore, decision-makers in the region need to evaluate and implement climate adaptation measures. Previous work has shown that the Nile flows can be highly sensitive to climate change and that there is considerable uncertainty in climate projections in the region with no clear consensus as to the direction of change. Modelling current and future changes in river runoff must address a number of challenges; including the large size of the basin, the relative scarcity of data, and the corresponding dramatic variety of climatic conditions and diversity in hydrological characteristics. In this paper, we present a methodology, to support climate adaptation on a regional scale, for assessing climate change impacts and adaptation potential for floods, droughts and water scarcity within the basin.
Developing new scenarios for water allocation negotiations: a case study of
the Euphrates River Basin
Authors: Jarkeh Mohammad Reza , Mianabadi Ameneh , Mianabadi Hojjat
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Mismanagement and uneven distribution of water may lead to or increase conflict among countries. Allocation of water among trans-boundary river neighbours is a key issue in utilization of shared water resources. The bankruptcy theory is a cooperative Game Theory method which is used when the amount of demand of riparian states is larger than total available water. In this study, we survey the application of seven methods of Classical Bankruptcy Rules (CBRs) including Proportional (CBR-PRO), Adjusted Proportional (CBR-AP), Constrained Equal Awards (CBR-CEA), Constrained Equal Losses (CBR-CEL), Piniles (CBR-Piniles), Minimal Overlap (CBR-MO), Talmud (CBR-Talmud) and four Sequential Sharing Rules (SSRs) including Proportional (SSR-PRO), Constrained Equal Awards (SSR-CEA), Constrained Equal Losses (SSR-CEL) and Talmud (SSR-Talmud) methods in allocation of the Euphrates River among three riparian countries: Turkey, Syria and Iraq. However, there is not a certain documented method to find more equitable allocation rule. Therefore, in this paper, a new method is established for choosing the most appropriate allocating rule which seems to be more equitable than other allocation rules to satisfy the stakeholders. The results reveal that, based on the new propose model, the CBR-AP seems to be more equitable to allocate the Euphrates River water among Turkey, Syria and Iraq.
Magic Carpet. Re-envisioning Community Space in Hong Kong
Authors: Tieben Hendrik
Published: October 2016

Magic Carpet was launched in 2013 by Hendrik Tieben of the School of Architecture and Anthony Fung of the School of Journalism and Communication at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, as an outreach program combining documentation of daily life, community engagement and urban design. The project was first held in Sai Ying Pun in 2013 and was subsequently brought to Tin Shui Wai (2014) and To Kwa Wan (2016).
 Magic Carpet transforms a public space into an outdoor cinema in which movies about the neighbourhood are shown. The movies are produced by local secondary school students, following a series of workshops that prepare them to conduct video-interviews with the community.
At Magic Carpet, community members and the general public interact with each other, building a stronger bond between themselves while empowering them to re-envision the possibilities of public space together.
Measuring the Magic of Public Space. Le Piazze di Roma
Authors: Garau Pietro
Published: October 2016

The concept of public space, and particularly of civic public space, is certainly a constitutive element of Italy’s urban culture. The design and spatial configuration of public spaces have always been a synthesis between deeply rooted models and political functions (the piazza, the palazzo, the church, the civic buildings), and of local circumstances and design inspiration. Hence the fascination of the piazza: while all piazze perform similar functions, they take very different spatial and architectural characteristics, thus adding to the variety and the “magic”, as it were, of public space experience.
The main purpose of this article is to celebrate the piazza as the core symbol of public space magic. In doing so, I set a modest linguistic goal: to discourage non-Italian speaking piazza fans from using the plural “piazzas” and to impose the Italian “piazze”.  As to the success of this endeavour, only future will tell.
Linear Hybrid Deterministic Dynamic Modeling for Time-to-Event Processes: State and Parameter Estimations
Authors: Appiah E. A. , Ladde G. S.
Published: October 2016

In this work, we initiate an innovative alternative modeling approach for time-to-event dynamic processes. The proposed approach is composed of the following basic components: (1) development of continuous-time state of dynamic process, (2) introduction of discrete-time dynamic intervention process, (3) formulation of continuous and discrete-time interconnected dynamic system, (4) utilizing Euler-type discretized schemes, and (5) introduction of conceptual and computational state and parameter estimation procedures. The presented approach is motivated by state and parameter estimation of time-to-event processes in biological, chemical, engineering, epidemiological, medical, military, multiple-markets and social dynamic processes under the influence of discrete-time intervention processes. The role and scope of our approach is exhibited by presenting several well-known hazard/risk rate and survival function estimates as special cases. Moreover, conceptual algorithms are illustrated by time-series data sets under the influence of intervention processes.
Postharvest Practices of Maize Farmers in Kaiti District, Kenya and the Impact of Hermetic Storage on Populations of Aspergillus Spp. and Aflatoxin Contamination
Authors: Maina Angeline W , Wagacha John M , Mwaura Francis B , Muthomi James W , Woloshuk Charles P
Published: October 2016

Aflatoxin contamination in maize by Aspergillus spp. is a major problem causing food, income and health concerns. A study was carried out in Kaiti District in Lower Eastern Kenya to evaluate the effect of three months storage of maize in triple-layer hermetic (PICS™) bags on the population of Aspergillus spp. and levels of aflatoxin. Postharvest practices by maize farmers including time of harvesting, drying and storage methods were obtained with a questionnaire. Aspergillus spp. in soil and maize were isolated by serial dilution-plating and aflatoxin content was measured using Vicam method. Maize was mostly stored in woven polypropylene (PP) and sisal bags within granaries and living houses. Aspergillus flavus L-strain was the most predominant isolate from soil (Mean = 8.4 x102 CFU/g),on the harvested grain (4.1 x 102 CFU/g) and grain sampled after three months of storage (1.1 x 103 CFU/g). The type of storage bag significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced the population of members of Aspergillus section Flavi, with A. flavus (S and L strains) and A. parasiticus being 71% higher in PP bags than in PICS bags. Total aflatoxin in maize sampled at harvest and after three months storage ranged from <5 to 42.7 ppb with 55% lower aflatoxin content in PICS bags than in PP bags. After storage, the population of Aspergillus section Flavi was positively correlated with aflatoxin levels. The results of this study demonstrate that PICS bags are an effective management option for reducing population of toxigenic Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin in stored maize.
Are they still among us? Discussion with the book Rosyjski sztylet. Działalność wywiadu nielegalnego (The Russian Dagger. Activities of illegal intelligence) by Andrzej Kowalski
Authors: Smyrgała Dominik
Published: October 2016

The article discusses some of the theses presented in Rosyjski sztylet. Działalność wywiadu nielegalnego by Col. Andrzej Kowalski. The former director of the Polish Military Counterintelligence Service presents the most important aspects of the illegal intelligence of the former USSR. On that foundation, he analyzes media and news about the contemporary intelligence activities of the Russian Federation. He concludes that the use of illegal intelligence is still an important element of the Russian strategy and poses an underappreciated threat to the West. The book is not free of mistakes, namely that some statements cannot be confirmed by the sources. Nevertheless, it is a valuable research perspective; it’s greatest value being the practical knowledge and experience of the author.
LC-MS/MS Validation of a Residue Analysis Method for Penicillin G and Its Metabolites in Commercial Orange Juice
Authors: Aldeek Fadi , Canzani Daniele , Standland Matthew , Hammack Walter , Cook Jo-Marie , Crosswhite Mark R , Gerard Ghislain
Published: October 2016

Florida citrus depends on a breakthrough in the fight against citrus greening disease. Of the antibiotics used to treatthis disease, penicillin G has been one of the most effective. Because orange fruit grown in the state of Florida are mainly used to produce orange juice, we have validated an ultra-HPLC tandem MS method to screen for penicillin G and its metabolites (penillic and penilloic acids) at the chemical residue level after treatment. In this method, three spike levels (0.25, 1, and 20 ng/g) were tested in triplicate. Absolute recoveries for penillic and penilloic acids were 60–75% depending on the matrix used, whereas corrected recoveries of penicillin G using an isotopically labeled internal standard were ~100%. Two product ion transitions per analyte were required for identification, which contributes to a high degree of selectivity.
Regeneration of Activated Carbon Sutured Hexavalent Chrome
Authors: Elmerzouki K. , Bimaghra I. , Khalidi A.
Published: October 2016

In order to prevent a simple pollution transfer and for the purpose of valorization of the process of activated carbon treatment, this one, saturated with pollutants should not increase the pollution mass of household waste. Indeed, an adsorbent offers a real interest only if it can be easily regenerated. This work addresses to the becoming the activated carbon after being saturation with hexavalent chromium. The activated carbon should not be stored directly, since the acid rain waters might leach some heavy metals. This would contaminate the soil and water resources. For this, it should be treated after use and returned to its original structure and chemical composition for an eventual future use with a good yield of re-adsorption. Within this work, the use of a base (KOH) has recovered an amount of hexavalent chromium retained by the activated carbon CAB. This one, regenerated was again used to secure the hexavalent chromium ions during several cycles. Regeneration test results have shown that the efficacy of CAB remains almost constant during the first four cycles of reuse and then decreases during the fifth cycle.
Extreme integral polynomials on a complex Banach space
Authors: Dineen Seán
Published: October 2016

We obtain upper and lower set-theoretic inclusion estimates for the set of extreme points of the unit balls of $\mathcal{P}_{I}({}^{n}\!E)$ and $\mathcal{P}_{N}({}^{n}\!E)$, the spaces of $n$-homogeneous integral and nuclear polynomials, respectively, on a complex Banach space $E$. For certain collections of Banach spaces we fully characterise these extreme points. Our results show a difference between the real and complex space cases.
List of editors of Mathematica Scandinavica 1953-2003
Authors: Branner Bodil
Published: October 2016

List of editors of Mathematica Scandinavica 1953-2003
The discrepancy of some real sequences
Authors: Haili H. Kamarul , Nair R.
Published: October 2016

Let $(\lambda_n)_{n\geq 0}$ be a sequence of real numbers such that there exists $\delta > 0$ such that $|\lambda_{n+1} - \lambda_n| \geq \delta , n = 0,1,...$. For a real number $y$ let $\{ y \}$ denote its fractional part. Also, for the real number $x$ let $D(N,x)$ denote the discrepancy of the numbers $\{ \lambda _0 x \}, \cdots , \{ \lambda _{N-1} x \}$. We show that given $\varepsilon > 0$, 9774 D(N,x) = o ( N^{-\frac{1}{2}}(\log N)^{\frac{3}{2} + \varepsilon})9774 almost everywhere with respect to Lebesgue measure.
Det performative turn
Authors: Heitmann Rolf Gerd
Published: October 2016

Rolf Gerd Heitmann: Det performative turn
... med egne øjne
Authors: Thomsen Hans Jørgen
Published: October 2016

Hans Jørgen Thomsen: ... med egne øjne
Byens arabesk
Authors: Nielsen Peter
Published: October 2016

Peter Nielsen: Byens arabesk
Forsøgsstation for urbanisering
Authors: Huang Marianne Ping
Published: October 2016

Marianne Ping Huang: Forsøgsstation for urbanisering
Stilhedens musik
Authors: Madsen Carsten
Published: October 2016

Carsten Madsen: Stilhedens musik
Europæeren i Europas spejl
Authors: Arndal Lars S.
Published: October 2016

Lars S. Arndal: Europæeren i Europas spejl
Forfald og fremskridt
Authors: Nielsen Henrik Borup
Published: October 2016

Henrik Borup Nielsen: Forfald og fremskridt
Natpåfugleøje
Authors: Cohen Marcel
Published: October 2016

Marcel Cohen: Natpåfugleøje
Åndedræt tegnsætning forsvinding
Authors: Jensen Erik Granly
Published: October 2016

Erik Granly Jensen: Åndedræt tegnsætning forsvinding
Lort og penge
Authors: Adolphsen Peter
Published: October 2016

Peter Adolphsen: Lort og penge
Robert Walser
Authors: Benjamin Walter
Published: October 2016

Walter Benjamin: Robert Walser
Whooping down Memory Lane
Authors: Rasmussen Thomas Schødt
Published: October 2016

Thomas Schødt Rasmussen: Whooping down Memory Lane
Konstruktioner
Authors: Nägele Rainer
Published: October 2016

Rainer Nägele: Konstruktioner
Hvad er det episke teater?
Authors: Benjamin Walter
Published: October 2016

Walter Benjamin: Hvad er det episke teater?
Essayet som genre
Authors: Dahl Per
Published: October 2016

Per Dahl: Essayet som genre
Essay og system
Authors: Thomsen Mads Rosendahl
Published: October 2016

Mads Rosendahl Thomsen: Essay og system
Essayet og ulykken
Authors: Markussen Bjarne
Published: October 2016

Bjarne Markussen: Essayet og ulykken
Uden titel
Authors: Skovgård Jan
Published: October 2016

Jan Skovgård: Uden titel
De yderste ting
Authors: Fløgstad Kjartan
Published: October 2016

Kjartan Fløgstad: De yderste ting
Vidnesbyrd
Authors: Lothe Jakob
Published: October 2016

Jakob Lothe: Anmeldelse af Witness: Memory, Representation, and theMedia in Question redigeret af Ulrik Ekman og Frederik Tygstrup
Genreopbrud i 00’ernes danske poesi. Det selvbiografiske digt
Authors: Kjerkegaard Stefan
Published: October 2016

Stefan Kjerkegaard: “Genre-Flux in Danish Poetry of the 00s: The Autobiographical Poem”This article deals with what it defines as the autobiographical poem and tries to show how this specific genre is an emergent and shared feature of a genre-flux in the Danish poetry of the 00s. Much poetry of the 00s seems to be in a divergent relationship to what has been called “the lyric poem” and in contrast with the ways poetry as such has been perceived and confused with “lyric poetry”. Today poetry seems to be more in accordance with poetry as a spacious and intermedial genre, ranging from oral performances to the written poem.
Sprog, objekt, lyd og genre. Lidt om flytninger i 00’ernes digtning
Authors: Andersen Jørn Erslev
Published: October 2016

Jørn Erslev Andersen: “Language, Object, Sound, and Genre: Notes on Moving in the 00s”The article analyses the relations of contemporary poetry to independent and avant-garde publishing, to indie music, and jazz & poetry. Of particular interest is the use of ‘uncreative writing’ by Bjoljanh’s, the ambitious book objects created by Martin Larsen, the music and lyrics of Doris, and the renewal of the jazz & poetry tradition by musicians Christian Vuust and Jacob Bro.
En hardback-revolution?
Authors: Pristed Birgitte Beck
Published: October 2016

Birgitte Beck Pristed: "En hardback-revolution? - Om sovjetisk bogdesign 1935-1960"AbstractBirgitte Pristed: “A Hardback Revolution?: Soviet Book Design 1935-1960”In Western book history the period 1935-60 has often been referred to as a “paperback revolution”. However, in the USSR the relation between fiction titles in hard covers and paper covers developed opposite to the Western trend, towards a consolidationof the hardback in the post-war period. The rise of the cheap, but solid, standardised, mass produced Soviet hardback was closely connected to the shifts in Soviet publishing politics and emphasized the role and status of literature in Soviet book culture.
Flugten ud af tiden
Authors: Beaujour Michel
Published: October 2016

Michel Beaujour: "Flugten ud af tiden - Det poetiske sprog og revolutionen"AbstractMichel Beaujour: “Flight Out of Time: Poetic Language and the Revolution”The article – originally published in Yale French Studies in 1967 – investigates the possible relations between poetry and revolution, not least a number of contradictions and confusions inherent in many conceptions of such relationships.
Anmeldelser
Authors: Simonsen Karen-Margrethe
Published: October 2016

Karen-Margrethe Simonsen: "Det politiske menneske - Anmeldelse af Christian Dahl: Tragedie og bystat. Om fællesskab og konflikt i Athens dramatiske kultur"Martin Zerlang: "Lys over Afrika - Anmeldelse af  Frits Andersen: Det mørke kontinent? Afrikabilleder i europæiske fortællinger om Congo" Reviews
Stedsbetragtninger. Anmeldelse af Dan Ringgaard: "Stedssans" (2010)
Authors: Frank Søren
Published: October 2016

Review of Dan Ringgaard: Stedssans. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2010, 301 pages. 298 kr.Written by Søren Frank
Pligt og tilbøjelighed. Anmeldelse af Lise Busk-Jensen: "Romantikkens forfatterinder" (2009)
Authors: Povlsen Steen Klitgård
Published: October 2016

Review of Lise Busk-Jensen: Romantikkens forfatterinder. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2009, volume I-II (text) 1476 pages, volume III (author catalogue, bibliography and indexes) 362 pages.Written by Steen Klitgård Povlsen