bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper Artifacts from Prehistoric Archeological Sites in the Dakotas
Authors: Hill Walter E. , Neuman Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Thirteen archeological specimens were analyzed spectrographically, and within defined limits they were determined to be native copper. Twelve of the specimens show close elemental homogeneity and are believed to be of Lake Superior ore; the origin of the other specimen is devious.
Magnesium-28 in Rain: Produced by Cosmic Rays
Authors: Husain L. , Kuroda P. K.
Published: October 2006

Existence of magnesium-28 (half-life, 21.3 hours) produced by cosmic rays in rain at concentrations of 1.7 and 6.1 × 10
-1
atoms per milliliter was established radiochemically by isolating this nuclide from several hundred liters of rain samples collected at Fayetteville, Arkansas.
Surface Recrystallization of Polyethylene Extended-Chain Crystals
Authors: Wunderlich Bernhard , Melillo Louis
Published: October 2006

Rough fracture surfaces of extended-chain polyethylene crystals become unstable at temperatures below the bulk melting point. There is no way for the extended chains, which are up to 20,000 methylene units long, to change position without collapse. As a result, the rough surfaces smooth out on heating by covering themselves with oriented folded-chain lamellae.
Terpenoid Precursors of Hydrocarbons from the Gasoline Range of Petroleum
Authors: Mair Beveridge J. , Ronen Zalman , Eisenbraun Edmund J. , Horodysky Andrew G.
Published: October 2006

2,6-Dimethyloctane and 2-methyl-3-ethylheptane were isolated from petroleum. These hydrocarbons which are present in relatively large amounts appear to be derived from the monoterpenoids.
Inverse Compton Effect: Some Consequences for Quasars
Authors: Pfleiderer J. , Grewing M.
Published: October 2006

The inverse Compton effect can transform enough energy of relativistic electrons into radiation so that an upper limit to the mean energy of the electrons is set. In quasars, the limit is too small to allow the production of any appreciable amount of synchrotron or inverse Compton radiation, unless either the distances are not cosmological or the lifetimes of the relativistic electrons are extremely short, of the order of hours.
Fluorine Content of Microsaur Teeth from the Carboniferous Rocks of Joggins, Nova Scotia
Authors: Stevenson John S. , Stevenson Louise S.
Published: October 2006

Because the Carboniferous deposits at Joggins, Nova Scotia, contain the earliest fauna of terrestrial vertebrates, the extremely well-preserved teeth of these ancient animals are of special interest. The "mineral" composition of teeth from the Joggins microsaur
Hylerpeton dawsoni
is crystallochemically identical with francolite, a carbonate fluorapatite. The fluorine content of the fossilized dentin is 3.1 percent, which is much higher than any previously recorded for fossil teeth.
Quantitative Growth of the Mathematical Literature
Authors: May Kenneth O.
Published: October 2006

Since 1868 the number of mathematical publications per year (measured by counts of titles abstracted) has grown from about 800 to 13,000 at an average continuous compound rate of about 2.5 percent per year, doubling about four times a century. Deviations from the exponential curve are clearly related to war, depression, and recovery. If the total number of publications prior to 1868 is estimated by extrapolating from the curve of annual output, the cumulative grand total of mathematical titles grows from 41,000 in 1867 to 419,000 by the end of 1965. Deviations from an exponential growth of 2.5 percent per year are negligible except for two "pauses" during world wars, after which the observations continue parallel to the theoretical curve. The well-known hypothesis of exponential growth of the scientific literature is strongly confirmed but at a rate less than half that found by Price and other investigators. The discrepancy appears to be due to the failure of previous studies to take into account the titles published before the beginnings of the time series used..
Participation of the Intron in the Reaction Catalyzed by the
Xenopus
tRNA Splicing Endonuclease
Authors: Baldi M. Irene , Mattoccia Emilio , Bufardeci Emanuela , Fabbri Stefania , Tocchini-Valentini Glauco P.
Published: October 2006

Introns have generally been assumed to be passive in the transfer RNA splicing reaction. Experiments have now been done showing that the endonuclease is able to cut a precursor provided that a base in the single-stranded loop of the intron can pair with the base of the 5′ exon situated at the position that immediately follows the anticodon stem (position 33 in the yeast tRNA isoacceptor pre-tRNA
3
Leu
, position 32 in yeast pre-tRNA
Phe
). The elucidation of the role of the intron reveals that in addition to the conserved bases, there are positions in the mature domain which, although not necessarily occupied by the same base in all pre-tRNA's, nevertheless have a fundamental role in the splicing reaction. These positions are termed cardinal positions.
Comparison of the Effects of Striate Cortex and Retinal Lesions on Visual Acuity in the Monkey
Authors: Weiskrantz L. , Cowey A.
Published: October 2006

Acuity falls sharply and predictably in man as fixation is shifted away from the test stimulus. If the same "eccentricity" function applies to the monkey, then it can be shown that striate cortex lesions produce a smaller acuity impairment than is predicted by electrophysiological maps of the projection of retina onto the cortex. It is seen in this study that retinal lesions of the fovea and adjacent parafovea produce a more severe drop in acuity than corresponding cortical lesions, and therefore the surprisingly slight effects of the latter cannot be explained in terms of a relatively higher parafoveal acuity in the monkey. The discrepancy between retinal and cortical effects is unlikely to be due to the development of "supersensitivity" at the edge of the cortical lesions. An explanation is proposed in terms of lateral spread of information at retinal and/or geniculate stages of the visual system.
Interpopulation Variations in Calcium Metabolism in the Stream Limpet,
Ferrissia rivularis
(Say)
Authors: Hunter W. Russell , Apley Martyn L. , Burky Albert J. , Meadows Robert T.
Published: October 2006

Significant differences between populations occur in calcium uptake during growth within one species of freshwater limpet. These are not related to environmental differences and may involve genetically determined physiological races. Such variation is significant in relation to aspects of evolution in freshwater animals and is important in assessing radionuclide contamination.
Fungal Morphogenesis: Ring Formation and Closure by
Arthrobotrys dactyloides
Authors: Higgins M. L. , Pramer David
Published: October 2006

The formation and the closure of constricting rings by a nematode-trapping fungus were recorded by means of time-lapse cinephotomicrography. Analysis of the film revealed that hyphal rings resulted from a sequence of morphological events not previously described. Cell inflation and ring constriction were induced by touch, increased temperature, and electrical stimulation. The inflation process was not particularly sensitive to metabolic inhibitors and appears to operate without an expenditure of energy on the part of the cell.
Mechanism of Delayed Reactions
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney
Published: October 2006

Arsanilic acid conjugates of polymers of L-typrosine, glutamic acid, and alanine are immunogenic and can elicit hapten-specific, delayed-hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized guinea pigs. Conjugates of the D-amino acid polymers are neither immunogenic nor capable of eliciting delayed reactions. Mixtures of small amounts of conjugates capable of eliciting a delayed reaction with larger amounts of D-amino acid polymer conjugates produce only small delayed reactions. I suggest that the delayed reaction is an active response requiring the continued participation of immunogenic material in sensitized animals; it is not the reaction of preformed antibody-like material with the antigenic determinant.
Monocular and Binocular Aftereffects of Chromatic Adaptation
Authors: De Valois Russell L. , Walraven Jan
Published: October 2006

Supersaturated greens seen after long-wavelength adaptation depend upon contrast from the continuing afterdischarge of bleached "red" receptors in the surround, rather than merely upon inactivation from bleaching of "red" receptors in the test spot area. When test spot and bleach field coincide spatially, supersaturated greens are not seen. Since color mixing but not contrast was found binocularly, color contrast must be a retinal phenomenon.
Acetylcholinesterase: Method for Demonstration in Amacrine Cells of Rabbit Retina
Authors: Nichols Charles W. , Koelle George B.
Published: October 2006

The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the inner plexiform layer of the rabbit retina was not affected detectably by prior section of the optic nerve. After the animals were treated with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, acetylcholinesterase reappeared in the somata of the amacrine cells and in certain cells of the ganglion cell layer before it reappeared in the inner plexiform fibers. This confirms the normal presence of acetylcholinesterase at the former site. The possible role of acetylcholine in intraretinal transmission is considered.
Neoplastic Transformation of Rat Thymic Cells Induced in vitro by Gross Leukemia Virus
Authors: Ioachim Harry L.
Published: October 2006

Cultures of embryonal rat thymus infected initially with Gross leukemia virus have, at the present time, abundantly replicated infectious virus particles for 20 months. Cells from these cultures, after 3 months in vitro, displayed morphological changes and induced formation of tumors upon isotransplantation. The tumors were serially transplantable, and subsequent transplants continue to carry the initial Gross leukemia virus.
Antiandrogen Implanted in Brain Stimulates Male Reproductive System
Authors: Bloch George J. , Davidson Julian M.
Published: October 2006

Chronic intrahypothalamic implantation of cyproterone, an antiandrogen, in male rats resulted in specific stimulation of testes, seminal vesicles, and prostates. Implantation of cholesterol-filled or empty tubes in the median eminence in controls was ineffective. We conclude that decreases in the amount of testosterone reaching specific receptors in the median eminence or in nearby regions activate a mechanism that produces increased gonadotropin secretion.
Primordial Rare Gases in Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrites
Authors: Heymann Dieter , Mazor Emanuel
Published: October 2006

The primordial gases of eight unequilibrated ordinary chondrites are strongly fractionated with respect to "cosmic" proportions. The absolute amounts are roughly proportional to the degree of disequilibration. Apparently, ordinary chondrites originally contained considerably larger amounts of primordial rare gases.
Coordinated Planning for Science in Communist Europe
Authors: Jordan Lloyd F.
Published: October 2006

The Council is not engaged in the supranational formulation of policy and planning on scientific research and technology, but has made considerable progress in coordinating research policies and plans on a limited number of scientific and technical problems of priority interest and of common concern to all members. The establishment of national science-planning institutions in CEMA countries and the adoption of a uniform approach to the formulation of national science policies and plans must be considered basic procedures for achieving international coordination of their efforts.

The creation of organizational units within CEMA to deal specifically with the coordination of science policies and plans represents a strengthening of the institutional framework that is necessary for coordination of an internationally cooperative effort in research and technology. Moreover, CEMA's 1-year plan for science and technology has probably been of considerable value as a pilot project for the formulation of the research plan for 1966-70. The delineation of a limited number of important scientific and technical problems of common interest to the members, and the allocation of research projects to a country having the highest capability to conduct them, hold considerable promise for financial savings and for improved utilization of the limited scientific manpower and research facilities of the CEMA countries. While all these measures are significant in CEMA's attempt to improve coordination of science policy and planning, only time will enable true assessment of their effectiveness. The Council's scheme for the specialization of labor in research and technology has met and will undoubtedly continue to meet, considerable opposition by various segments of the scientific communities because of deep-rooted and long-standing national prejudices, and reluctance of vested interests to give up research activities in which they are interested and to which their professional futures are tied. Moreover, opposition to CEMA-sponsored programs for specialization in research will continue to stem from the desire of some member countries further to reduce Russian influence in their domestic affairs.

While recognizing the financial savings that can accrue to them from division of labor in research within CEMA, the smaller countries cannot be unaware that there is probably a limit to which the Soviet Union, with its vast scientific and technological base, is willing to participate in the division-of-labor scheme. As a world power, the Soviet Union can hardly become dependent upon other members of CEMA in any field. Nevertheless, by promoting the coordination of research plans and a division of labor among CEMA members, the Soviet Union stands to gain by having its scientific-research effort augmented in several fields by the efforts of other members.
Potassium: Argon Dating of Iron Meteorites
Authors: Rancitelli L. , Fisher D. E. , Funkhouser J. , Schaeffer O. A.
Published: October 2006

The potassium:argon age of the metal phase of Weekeroo Station iron meteorite, determined by neutronactivation analysis, is about 10
10
years; it is similar to ages previously measured for other iron meteorites, but distinctly disagrees with a strontium: rubidium age of 4.7 × 10
9
years measured by other workers on silicate inclusions in this meteorite.
Induced Rapid Release and Uptake of Phosphate by Microorganism
Authors: Shapiro Joseph
Published: October 2006

Cultures of bacteria and of mixed microorganisms are able to release actively a large proportion of their phosphorus to the medium in a matter of hours when kept under anoxic conditions. Only phosphorus is lost, probably as orthophosphate and apparently mostly from the acid-soluble fraction of the cells. The process, which is completely reversible upon aeration, has a change in rate (for a change of 10°C) of 2 to 2.5.
Olmec Civilization, Veracruz, Mexico: Dating of the San Lorenzo Phase
Authors: Coe Michael D. , Diehl Richard A. , Stuiver Minze
Published: October 2006

Archeological excavations at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Veracruz, show that the Olmec sculptures of this zone are associated with the San Lorenzo phase, which can be placed in the Early Formative period (1500-800 B.C.) on the basis of ceramic comparisons. Five of six radiocarbon dates for the San Lorenzo phase fall within the 1200-900 B.C. span. The San Lorenzo phase therefore marks the beginning of Olmec civilization, and the sites forming the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan group represent the oldest civilized communities known in Mexico or Central America.
Ultraviolet Stellar Spectroscopy on Gemini 11
Authors: Henize Karl G. , Wackerling Lloyd R. , O'Callaghan Fredrick G.
Published: October 2006

Objective-prism and objective-grating spectrograms were obtained in six star fields during the Gemini 11 mission. The grating spectra show absorption lines in the 2000 to 3000 angstrom wavelength region of Canopus and Sirius and provide ultraviolet-energy distribution data for approximately 50 stars. Many prism spectra show the Balmer discontinuity due to hydrogen and two absorption features probably due to ultraviolet iron multiplets.
Giant-Ceil Centrioles
Authors: Matthews James L. , Martin James H. , Race George J. , Collins Elliott J.
Published: October 2006

The giant cell of osteoclastic origin and the giant cell produced in response to foreign bodies are characterized by multiple nuclei. Electron microscopy of these multinucleated cells reveals a special centrosphere in the osteoclast, which is not typical of other types of giant cells.
Radio Tracking of Homing Bats
Authors: Williams Timothy C. , Williams Janet M.
Published: October 2006

Neotropical bats,
Phyllostomas hastatus
, were released 10 kilometers from their home roost, and their homeward flights were tracked by radio. Flights of bats with unimpeded vision were strongly oriented in the homeward direction, while the flights of blindfolded bats did not show this marked orientation.
Pollen Diagrams from Sub-Arctic Central Canada
Authors: Nichols Harvey
Published: October 2006

Peat from Keewatin and Manitoba contained macrofossil and palynological evidence of former latitudinal movements of the forest-tundra boundary in response to the changing location of the mean summer position of the Arctic front. Radiocarbon dating demonstrates the synchroneity of these climatic changes with those registered in northwest Europe during the past 6000 years.
Glutaraldehyde Activation of Nuclear Acid Phosphatase in Cultured Plant Cells
Authors: De Jong D. W. , Olson A. C. , Jansen E. F.
Published: October 2006

Cultured tobacco cells exhibited a nuclear reaction in the cytochemical test for acid phosphatase after exposure to 2 percent glutaraldehyde. A slight preference for adenosine monophosphate over beta glycerophosphate as substrate was noted, but the enzymatic activity was not typically 5′-nucleotidase. Other aldehydes tested did not elicit the same enzyme response. Nucleolar localization was distinct from that in the rest of the nucleus. Assay for spectrophotometric measurements of enzymatic activity in vitro was developed as a modification of the Burstone procedure with naphthol AS-B1 phosphate and diazo blue B.
Enzymatic Solubilization of Insoluble Proteins at Neutral
p
H
Authors: Rothberg Simon , Axilrod Gertrude D.
Published: October 2006

Insoluble epidermal proteins (possibly keratin), previously considered inert to enzyme action, were solubilized by either trypsin or chymotrypsin. Cleavage of the disulfide bonds prior to enzymatic action is not necessary. In addition, the enzymatic action on intact epidermis is not influenced by the presence or absence of endogenous lipids, soluble proteins, peptides, or amino acids. Solubilization of epidermal protein by chymotrypsin is inhibited by the supernatant solution of the homogenized epidermis.
p
-Chlorophenylalanine-Induced Chemical Manifestations of Phenylketonuria in Rats
Authors: Lipton Morris A. , Gordon Robert , Guroff Gordon , Udenfriend Sidney
Published: October 2006

p
-Chlorophenylalanine, a potent inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase in vivo, has been used to simulate phenylketonuria in rats. This inhibitor, when administered with phenylalanine, produces marked elevation of blood and tissue phenylalanine without an increase in tyrosine. Disproportionate ratios of phenylalanine to tyrosine are characteristic of phenylketonuria in humans. The use of
p
-chlorophenylalanine permits the production of this characteristic amino acid imbalance in experimental animals.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation: A Central-Neural Change during Wakefulness
Authors: Dewson James H. , Dement William C. , Wagener Terry E. , Nobel Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Three adult cats were deprived of rapid eye movement sleep for six separate periods of up to 32 days. Animals were allowed normal amounts of sleeping time during which rapid eye movement sleep was interrupted, whenever it occurred, by human observers who continually monitored the animals and their electrocortical activity. Cortical responses evoked by pairs of acoustic clicks were recorded during wakefulness. Recovery functions derived from these data were facilitated during periods of deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep and returned to base-line values when animals were allowed normal amounts of this sleep phase. This change was noted repeatedly within, as well as between, subjects. It did not occur during control periods when non-rapid eye movement sleep was interrupted on identical schedules, nor did it occur when the cats were deprived of all sleep for 22 hours a day for 5 days.
Bacteriophage S13: A Seventh Gene
Authors: Tessman Irwin , Ishiwa Hiromi , Kumar Santosh , Baker Ron
Published: October 2006

Genetic complementation tests of ochre-type suppressible mutants of bacteriophage S13 have revealed a seventh gene. A mutation of this gene has no significant effect on synthesis of the phage replicative form DNA, but like five other phage genes it prevents the appearance of single-stranded DNA. With the new gene, it seems likely that approximately 70 to 100 percent of the phage genes are accounted for.
Hemoglobin Polymorphism in Chimpanzees and Gibbons
Authors: Hoffman Harold A. , Gottlieb Arlan J. , Wisecup William G.
Published: October 2006

Hemoglobin polymorphism has been observed in the chimpanzee and two subspecies of gibbons. In chimpanzees, hemoglobins J and B were found in addition to hemoglobin A; J and B differed from A in their alpha and beta chains, respectively. Hemoglobins A and B were observed in different subspecies of gibbons; B differed from A in its beta chain.
Autoradiographic Plaques for the Detection of Antibody Formation to Soluble Proteins by Single Cells
Authors: Pick Edger , Feldman Joseph D.
Published: October 2006

Single cells that synthesize antibody to soluble proteins can be detected and counted by an autoradiographic procedure. The method is based on the specific binding of I
131
-labeled antigen to the antibody which has been produced by and has diffused around cells in an agarose medium and which has been precipitated by an antibody to gamma globulin. The antigen-binding zones appear as dark spots on high-speed x-ray film exposed to the dried agarose preparations.
Penetration of an Organophosphorous Compound into Squid Axon and Its Effects on Metabolism and Function
Authors: Hoskin F. C. G. , Rosenberg Philip
Published: October 2006

The tertiary analogue of phospholine, namely, (C
2
H
5
O)
2
P(O)SCH
2
CH
2
N(CH
3
)
2
, is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of cholinesterase which, when externally applied to the squid giant axon, readily penetrates in its inhibitory form into the axoplasm. However, even a 10
-2
molar solution of this compound does not block axonal conduction unless the axon is first treated with a low concentration of venom from the cottonmouth moccasin. The question of the activity of acetylcholinesterase in these axons is considered, and the possibility of subcellular permeability barriers for individual components of the excitable membrane is discussed.
Visual and Auditory Information Processing in Children and Adults
Authors: Carterette Edward C. , Jones Margaret Hubbard
Published: October 2006

Children of three ages were compared with adults in a recognition experiment requiring continuous processing of information. The growth in precision for visually presented words is steeper than for auditorially presented words, largely because the former are harder for the first graders and, to a lesser extent, for the third graders. In adults, visual processing of information is at least as good as auditory. The use of receiver operating characteristic curves in describing the data permit greater precision in estimating the capacity of the individual subjects and are particularly useful since the errors of failure to recognize were different from ordinary errors of false recognition, and they occurred in large numbers.
Mutagenesis in
Escherichia coli
by Visible Light
Authors: Webb Robert B. , Malina Mylan M.
Published: October 2006

Mutation to resistance to bacteriophage T5 in continuous cultures of
Escherichia coli
was induced by visible light (wavelength longer than 408 nanometers) and by black light (300 to 400 nanometers). Mutation rates more than 18 times greater than the spontaneous rate (no light) were obtained with moderate, nonlethal intensities of visible light. Mutation rates for both visible and black light were proportional to irradiance.
Urinary Metabolites in Congenital Hyperuricosuria
Authors: Balis M. Earl , Krakoff Irwin H. , Berman Peter H. , Dancis Joseph
Published: October 2006

The excretion of oxypurine metabolites in urine of patients with congenital hyperuricosuria exceeds, on a creatinine basis, that observed in any previously recognized metabolic anomaly. The ratio of hypoxanthine to xanthine is from 2:1 to 3:1 and results from increased hypoxanthine excretion, in contrast to other hyperuricosuric conditions where ratios of less than one have been reported. Administration of allopurinol (a xanthine-oxidase inhibitor) reduces the excretion of uric acid but results in an equivalent increase in xanthine and hypoxanthine. These features appear to be unique to congenital hyperuricosuria.
Synaptic Loci on Parietal Cortical Neurons: Terminations of Corpus Callosum Fibers
Authors: Globus Albert , Scheibel Arnold B.
Published: October 2006

Dendritic spines disappear when the synaptic terminals impinging on them are destroyed. Terminal synaptic sites of axonal projections can be mapped by interrupting the afferent system and then comparing the density of dendrite spines in the suspected recipient area with controls. The corpus callosum was sectioned in five rabbits at birth. When the rabbits were 30 days old, the loss of dendrite spines was limited to the oblique branches of apical dendrites in the parietal cortex.
Azure Mutants: A Type of Host-Dependent Mutant of the Bacteriophage f2
Authors: Horiuchi Kensuke , Zinder Norton D.
Published: October 2006

A new type of host-dependent mutant,
azure
mutant, of bacteriophage f2 has been isolated. Growth of these mutants was restricted specifically by
amber
suppressor genes in the host bacteria. Restriction of the formation of infective centers by different bacterial suppressor genes was 98 percent, 90 percent, and 70 percent with Su-3, Su-1, and Su-2 genes, respectively. Restriction, like suppression, was the dominant phenotype. The block in growth of the mutants occurred in an early stage of the infection cycle. Once infection was established, however, an infected cell produced approximately the same number of progeny phage as a cell without the suppressor genes did. It is proposed that the
azure
codon is the same as the
amber
codon (uracil, adenine, guanine) and that restriction results from improper termination of protein chains of the phage RNA polymerase. Similar mutants may exist in other systems.
Transepithelial Potentials in
Hydra
Authors: Josephson Robert K. , Macklin Martin
Published: October 2006

There is a maintained electrical potential of 15 to 40 millivolts across the two epithelial layers forming the body wall of
Hydra
, the inside of the animal being positive. Negative-going (depolarizing) spikes are recorded spontaneously and sometimes in response to depolarizing current pulses. These spikes usually overshoot the zero potential level. The large size of the spikes and the orientation of the potential difference across the body wall indicate that this electrical activity is epithelial rather than nervous in origin.
Hematuria Following Administration of Ethanol
Authors: Orten James M. , Shrivastava Keshava C. , Smith Mary
Published: October 2006

Hematuria, with some erythrocytes also appearing in the urine, was observed in male albino rats given 20 percent and 40 percent ethanol in lieu of drinking water for several weeks. However, the amounts of hemoglobin in the blood of the treated group did not change relative to those of the control group; this finding indicates that the degree of hematuria was not sufficient to produce an anemia.
Cocoon Surrounding Desert-Dwelling Frogs
Authors: Lee A. K. , Mercer E. H.
Published: October 2006

A cocoon formed from a single cell layer of shed
stratum corneum
may reduce water loss from the skin of desert-dwelling frogs while these aestivate in soil-filled burrows. In several Australian examples, the cocoon is a single layer of cells, and thus differs from the multilayered structure obtained from an American species,
Scaphiopus couchi
.
Enterogastrone Inhibits Eating by Fasted Mice
Authors: Schally Andrew V. , Redding Tommie W. , Lucien Harold W. , Meyer Joe
Published: October 2006

In mice fasted for 17 hours, administration of enterogastrone purified from hog duodenum reduced the food intake. This effect was greatest during the first 30 minutes, but the cumulative reduction continued for at least 4 hours. Other peptides prepared from hog duodenum or colon, as well as glucagon, secretin, glucose, and bovine serum albumin, were ineffective.
Resistance Shifts Accompanying the Evoked Cortical Response in the Cat
Authors: Klivington Kenneth A. , Galambos Robert
Published: October 2006

Clicks and flashes that evoke an electrical response from the auditory or visual cortex also evoke a resistance shift in the tissue. The resistance shift, a drop followed by a rise in resistance, closely follows the temporal pattern of the electrical response recorded simultaneously through the same electrodes. While several experimental manipulations produce corresponding changes in the amplitudes of both electrical response and resistance shift, the resistance shift is more sensitive to alterations in cortical temperature and anesthetic level. The two responses behave distinctly differently as a function of the depth of the electrode in the cortex.
Amnesic Effects of Small Bilateral Brain Puncture in the Mouse
Authors: Bohdanecka Milada , Bohdanecky Zdenek , Jarvik Murray E.
Published: October 2006

A small acute brain puncture produced retrograde amnesia in a passive avoidance learning situation in mice. If injury to the hippocampus was inflicted either immediately, 1 hour after the learning, or 1 hour before the learning, the animals showed a retention deficit; the degree of this deficit was related to the time interval. No effect of this injury was observed on retest performance when the animals were treated as long as 6 hours before or after the learning trial.
Europium-155 in Debris from Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Aarkrog A. , Lippert J.
Published: October 2006

The lithium-drifted germanium detector enables determination of europium-155 on a routine basis in environmental samples contaminated with debris from nuclear weapons. From measurements of europium-155, cesium-144, and strontium-90 in air filters collected between 1961 and 1966, the yield of europium-155 from weapons was estimated at 1400 atoms per 10
6
fissions, which is close to the yield of europium-155 from fast fission of uranium-238.
Langerhans Cells: Uptake of Tritiated Thymidine
Authors: Giacometti L. , Montagna W.
Published: October 2006

After irradiation of the skin of the rhesus monkey with ultraviolet light, there is temporary suppression of the proliferating activity of the epidermal cells, followed by some hyperplasia and a striking increase in synthesis of DNA by Langerhans cells. Since Langerhans cells can proliferate, they can no longer be considered to be worn-out melanocytes.
Chromosome Studies on Marshall Islanders Exposed to Fallout Radiation
Authors: Lisco Hermann , Conard Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Cytogenetic studies of blood lymphocytes of Marshall Islanders, 10 years after their exposure to radiation from fallout in 1954, show chromosome-type aberrations in 23 of 43 exposed persons. Half the aberrations are of the exchange type. An unexpectedly large number of acentric fragments, but no exchange-type aberrations, appear in a few unexposed people on the same island.
Holocene Changes in Sea Level: Evidence in Micronesia
Authors: Shepard F. P. , Curray J. R. , Newman W. A. , Bloom A. L. , Newell N. D. , Tracey J. I. , Veeh H. H.
Published: October 2006

Investigation of 33 islands, scattered widely across the Caroline and Marshall Island groups in the Central Pacific revealed no emerged reefs in which corals had unquestionably formed
in situ
, or other direct evidence of postglacial high stands of sea level. Low unconsolidated rock terraces and ridges of reefflat islands, mostly lying between tide levels, were composed of rubble conglomerates; carbon-14 dating of 11 samples from the conglomerates so far may suggest a former slightly higher sea level (nine samples range between 1890 and 3450 and one approaches 4500 years ago). However, recent hurricanes have produced ridges of comparable height and material, and in the same areas relics from World War II have been found cemented in place. Thus these datings do not in themselves necessarily indicate formerly higher sea levels. Rubble tracts are produced by storms under present conditions without any change in datum, and there seems to be no compelling evidence that they were not so developed during various periods in the past.
Ranger VIII and Gravity Scaling of Lunar Craters
Authors: Baldwin Ralph B.
Published: October 2006

The impact of Ranger VIII gives us the first chance to test the crater-forming process on the moon and to ascertain the existence of gravity scaling.
Agricultural Production in the Developing Countries
Authors: Sprague G. F.
Published: October 2006

The following general conclusions appear valid. The developed countries cannot feed the world. On a short-term basis, food must be supplied to developing countries as needs exist. A long-continuing policy of supplying food grains, through donation or by sale, may be self-defeating if this practice tends to limit expansion of local food-production capabilities.
Transforming Activity in Both Complementary Strands of
Bacillus subtilis
DNA
Authors: Chilton Mary-Dell
Published: October 2006

Under conditions favoring single-strand transformation, the two complementary strands of
Bacillus subtilis
DNA, separated by differential complexing with polyriboguanylic acid, have identical transforming activity. Moreover separated single strands, upon renaturation with unmarked (recipient) DNA, form heteroduplex molecules with similar double-strand transforming activity. These findings bear upon the mechanism of DNA integration.
Southeast Asia and the West
Authors: Solheim Wilhelm G.
Published: October 2006

Traditional reconstructions of the prehistory and early history of Southeast Asia contain two periods of contact between Southeast Asia and the West, these being the beginnings of the so-called Dongson Culture and the first historic state of Funan. There has been controversy as to whether the Western contacts which gave rise to the "Dongson Culture" came directly to north Vietnam around 800 B.C. or whether they were filtered through Chou China and reached north Vietnam about 300 B.C. In either case, primarily decorative patterns, ultimately from the European Bronze and Early Iron Age, and bronze-working came in together. The "Dongson" patterns spread over much of Southeast Asia and are still being used today in some areas. Research by historians and geographers indicated that the Kingdom of Funan existed somewhere in coastal Mainland Southeast Asia. From this work it was apparent that Funan was in some way connected with the trade between China and the West during the first millennium A.D. up until the end of Funan around 600 A.D. In both of these models of contact Southeast Asians were the passive recipients of whatever came from the West.
Vitamins D
2
and D
3
in New World Primates: Influence on Calcium Absorption
Authors: Hunt Ronald D. , Garcia F. G. , Hegsted D. Mark , Kaplinsky Noemi
Published: October 2006

In
Cebus albifrons
monkeys it was demonstrated that vitamin D
3
promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium-47 and that vitamin D
2
does not increase absorption above that seen in monkeys deficient in vitamin D. These data support previous observations that vitamin D
2
is not effective in preventing metabolic bone disease in this species.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Effect on Embryos
Authors: Auerbach Robert , Rugowski James A.
Published: October 2006

Injection of lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate into mice in early pregnancy caused a 57 percent incidence of grossly abnormal embryos.
Protein Components in the 40
S
Ribonucleoprotein Particles in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Otaka Eiko , Itoh Takuzi , Osawa Syozo
Published: October 2006

The 40
S
ribonucleoprotein particle in
Escherichia coli
cells, accumulated in the presence of a low concentration of chloramphenicol, lacks at least four ribosomal structural protein components which are present in the mature 50
S
ribosomal subunit. The 40
S
ribonucleoprotein prepared by exposing the 50
S
ribosomal subunit to a concentrated lithium chloride solution may also be deficient in the same protein components.
Graduate Student Stipends
Authors: Gruner Wayne R.
Published: October 2006

The situation of graduate students in physics is profoundly influenced by federal support, which has been applied with mixed, and occasionally contradictory, purpose.

There are five important goals in the provision of graduate student stipends: (i) maintenance of "distinction for excellence"; (ii) rational distribution over scientific fields and subfields; (iii) constructive involvement of graduate students in undergraduate teaching; (iv) rational geographic and institutional distribution; and (v) administrative simplicity.

These goals may be approached by making several adjustments of the present system.

1) The preeminence of individual predoctoral fellowships should be restored. They should be awarded sparingly to at most five percent of the graduate student population.

2) The great majority of stipends should take the form of traineeships. They should be assigned to departments according to rational criteria.

3) Research assistantships should be continued at a reduced level. Their maintenance will protect research activities of specific public interest when necessary.

4) Teaching should be incorporated into the normal responsibilities of fellows, trainees, and research assistants. Teaching
assistance
should be regarded as a budgeting category and not as an identifying characteristic of a particular group of students.
Mercury: Observations of the 3.4-Millimeter Radio Emission
Authors: Epstein E. E. , Soter S. L. , Oliver J. P. , Schorn R. A. , Wilson W. J.
Published: October 2006

Observations of the 3.4-millimeter radio emission from Mercury during 1965 and 1966 yielded the following relationship between average brightness temperature

T
B

of the disk and the planetocentric phase angle
i
:

T
B

= 277 (± 12) + 97 (± 17) cos [
i
+ 29 deg (± 10 deg)] °K The errors are statistical standard; the phase shift corresponds to a phase lag—that is, the maximum and minimum of insolation lag the maximum and minimum of planetary radiation.
Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase: A New Genetic Polymorphism in Man
Authors: Davidson Ronald G. , Cortner Jean A.
Published: October 2006

Starch-gel electrophoresis patterns of malate dehydrogenase from human tissue indicate a new genetic polymorphism for the mitochondrial form of the enzyme. Studies of families showed simple Mendelian segregation rather than maternal inheritance, suggesting that not all mitochondrial proteins are coded by mitochondrial DNA.
Diurnal Rhythm of Sensitivity of Cotton Seedlings to Herbicides
Authors: Gosselink James G. , Standifer Leon C.
Published: October 2006

The inhibition of growth of cotton seedlings (
Gossypium hirsutum
, var. Stardel) varied diurnally to applications of three herbicides [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-
m
-tolyl) urea, 3′,4′-dichloro-2-methacrylamide, and ethyl-
N
,
N
-dipropylthiocarbamate], but not to a fourth [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea]. Inhibition was strongest when the plants were treated at about daybreak. The rhythmic response was apparently not endogenously controlled, since most of the diurnal effect was lost under conditions of constant light and temperature.
International Basis for Uniform Measurement
Authors: Howlett L. E.
Published: October 2006

The influence and importance of the International Bureau have never been greater than they are today and there seems little doubt that its position will be enhanced in the future. The rapid development of science and technological industry during recent decades has placed heavy demands on fundamental metrology to keep ahead of immediate needs. This trend is likely to increase. Other organizations also have an important role to play in measurement and its ultimate application. However, if the International Bureau conserves its competence, the fact that it has always envisaged its role as that of providing leadership in the development of an international scientific consensus rather than developing and imposing its own ideas, combined with the authority that is conferred only by international treaty, will assure its position as the international focus for world measurement. Inevitably this will call for expansion of the Bureau's activities. Not all demands made on it will be legitimate or wise. It will be the responsibility of the International Committee to keep the situation under continuous study and bring imaginative yet prudent recommendations to the Conference.
Indium Variations in a Petrologic Suite of L-Group Chondrites
Authors: Tandon S. N. , Wasson John T.
Published: October 2006

Indium concentrations have been determined by neutron activation in four members of each of the L3, L4, L5, and L6 chondritic meteorite classes. The range of concentrations is found to be from 0.14 to 22 parts per billion, with the highest values in L3 chondrites and the lowest values in the L5 and L6 classes. Plots of indium concentration versus relative mean deviation of pyroxene iron content, total carbon concentration, and primordial argon-36 concentration show positive correlations to varying degrees. Indium concentration appears to be a valuable parameter relating to variable formation conditions of the chondritic meteorites during the early history of the solar system.
Congenital Malformations Induced by Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Bromolysergic Acid in the Hamster
Authors: Geber William F.
Published: October 2006

Malformations of the brain, spinal cord, liver, and other viscera; body edema; and localized hemorrhages were found in fetal hamsters from mothers injected subcutaneously with a single dose of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, or 2-bromo-D lysergic acid diethylamide on the 8th day of pregnancy. In addition, all three drugs produced an increase in the percentages of small fetuses per litter, of resorptions, and of fetal mortality.
Localization of the Adrenergic Feeding System in the Rat Diencephalon
Authors: Booth David A.
Published: October 2006

Injection of 6 micrograms of aqueous norepinephrine elicits eating only when it takes place at sites within a limited region of the rat brain. The distribution of effective sites coincides with that of systems connected to an extrahypothalamic pathway between the limbic forebrain and tegmental motor systems. It does not correspond to those parts of the lateral hypothalamus thought to control normal feeding.
Surveyor V: Magnet Experiment
Authors: de Wys Jane Negus
Published: October 2006

During the Surveyor V landing, a footpad with an attached permanent magnet assembly slid for about a meter through lunar surface material at a depth of about 10 centimeters. Subsequent pictures showed material adhering to the magnetic pole edges, where the magnetic field strength is greatest. Comparison of these pictures with those made under simulated laboratory conditions permits three conclusions. (i) Iron is present on the lunar surface in one of the forms attracted to a 500-gauss magnet. (ii) A 1-percent addition by volume of powdered free iron to a powdered terrestrial rock represents an upper limit for the lunar results. (iii) The lunar results are most similar to a terrestrial plateau basalt with no addition of free iron.
Chemical Modification of Yeast Alanine-tRNA with a Radioactive Carbodiimide
Authors: Brostoff Steven W. , Ingram Vernon M.
Published: October 2006

Yeast alanine-tRNA was reacted with 1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-morpholinyl-(4)-ethyl] carbodiimide
14
C-methoiodide in the presence of magnesium ion. The carbodiimide formed addition products with bases in the sequences ψpGp, UpCp and UpUpIpGpCp. The expected bases in the sequence TpψpCpGpApUp did not react, although this region is postulated to be in a loop that is not hydrogen-bonded. The capacity of the alanine-tRNA to accept amino acids decreased after reaction with the carbodiimide.
Alarm Reaction of the Top Smelt,
Atherinops affinis
: Reexamination
Authors: Rosenblatt Richard H. , Losey George S.
Published: October 2006

We did not observe the reported alarm reaction of the top smelt
Atherinops affinis
(Ayres) when presented with a methanol extract of whole top smelt; we interpret the reaction as an experimental artifact. Rather, a methanol extract of top smelt is an attractant, as is methanol extract of shrimp.
Sea-Floor Spreading near the Galapagos
Authors: Herron Ellen M. , Heirtzler James R.
Published: October 2006

Seismicity, volcanism, and a linear pattern of very large magnetic anomalies that show symmetry about a broad negative anomaly suggest that a type of sea-floor spreading occurs near the Galapagos Islands in the east-equatorial Pacific. This spreading results from the tensile stresses generated by different spreading directions of two adjacent segments of the East Pacific Rise, and it is suggested that the area be called the Galapagos Rift Zone.
"Twin Meiosis" and Other Ambivalences in the Life Cycle of
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Gutz Herbert
Published: October 2006

Diploid cells of the yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
carrying the mating-type allele
h
90
are capable of sporulation and copulation. After copulation karyogamy does not always occur. In this case both nuclei will undergo meioses separately (twin meiosis). Asci with eight haploid spores derive from this event. Diploid cells homozygous for the mating-type alleles
h
+
or
h
-
do not sporulate. However, their nuclei can perform meiosis when they are in a common cytoplasm with a diploid nucleus of compatible mating type.
Optical Environment about the OGO-III Satellite
Authors: Wolff Charles
Published: October 2006

An upper limit to the brightness of the daytime sky near a large unmanned satellite has been obtained; it is some 30 times less than the darkest daytime sky yet reported by an astronaut. However, there still remains the danger that this background light (less than 5 × 10
-13
as bright as the sun) will interfere with observations of the solar corona and zodiacal light.
Utah Jet: A Vitrinite with Aberrant Properties
Authors: Traverse Alfred , Kolvoord Roger W.
Published: October 2006

The gem-grade jet found in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Jet Basin, Wayne County, Utah, has been shown to be a vitrinitic, high-volatile B bituminous coal with aberrant chemical constitution. The residual structure is entirely that of taxodiaceous conifer wood. The abnormally high volatile content (62 percent) and low reflectance (0.25 percent) of Utah jet compared with other vitrinites of similar rank is produced by the unusual derivatives of cellulose and lignin of which the woody structure is composed.
Venus: Uniformity of Clouds, and Photography
Authors: Keene George T.
Published: October 2006

Photographs of Earth at a resolution of about 600 kilometers were compared to pictures of Venus taken from Earth at about the same resolution. Under these conditions Earth appears very heavily covered by clouds. Since details on the surface of Earth can be recorded from Earth orbit, it may be possible to photograph portions of the surface of Venus, through openings in the clouds, from an orbiting satellite.
Mercury Has Two Permanent Thermal Bulges
Authors: Liu Han-Shou
Published: October 2006

If Mercury has been rotating with a period exactly two-thirds of the period of orbital revolution for at least 60,000 years, there exist two permanent thermal bulges on opposite sides of Mercury's surface that alternately face Sun at every perihelion. The bulges increase the strength of the resonance lock and tend to prevent drifting out.