bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regioselective Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation of 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl Substituted Tertiary Amines Initiated by Electron Transfer to Photochemically Excited Enone
Authors: Konno Akinori , Fuchigami Toshio
Published: May 2006

Photoadditions of N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amines to 3-phenylcyclohex-2-en-1-one occurred at the α-position to the trifluoromethyl group predominantly. The regioselectivity of this photoaddition reaction was comparable to that of anodic methoxylation of N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)anilines; this reaction is the first example of direct carbon substitution at α to the trifluoromethyl group and this promotion effect was general for other electron-withdrawing groups.
Efficient Solvent for Supported Liquid Membrane Transport with Lipophilic Monoaza-18-crown-6
Authors: Nakatsuji Yohji , Shimizu Hiroaki , Morita Hirokazu , Masuyama Araki , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: May 2006

When 2-(perfluorohexyl)ethanol was used as the solvent in a supported liquid membrane system using N-[2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl]-monoaza-18-crown-6 as the carrier, the lipophilicity of counter anions such as chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, hydroxide, and picrate was found to have little effect on the transport velocity for K+.
Generation of Superoxide Anion in Fe(III)-nta (nta = nitrilotriacetate) and H2O2 System. An ESR Study
Authors: Kawabata Teruyuki , Okada Shigeru , Akiyama Takashi , Asaumi Akira
Published: May 2006

The reaction of Fe(III)-nta and H2O2 in H2O/DMSO (v/v = 3/2) solution (pH 10) was studied by analyzing ESR spectra. The initial solution of Fe(III)-nta turned dark-brown just after the addition of H2O2. After the production of oxygen gas, the solution turned back to brownish-yellow. The initial and final Fe(III)-nta complexes showed high-spin ferric states with maximum rhombicity. In the dark-brown solution before the oxygen production, the majority of the Fe(III)-nta complex was ESR-silent; this appeared to be a binuclear complex. When the binuclear Fe(III)-nta complex was dominant, superoxide anion was detected.
Effects of Substitution with Positionally Isomeric Anthryl Groups on the One-Way Isomerization
Authors: Karatsu Takashi , Kitamura Akihide , Zeng Hauling , Arai Tatsuo , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: May 2006

1- and 9-Anthrylethylenes, AnthCH=CHBut (Anth = anthryl) undergo photochemical cis → trans one-way isomerization in a similar way to that of 2-AnthCH=CHBut on both direct and sensitized irradiation. The adiabatic cis → trans conversion of their triplets proceeds with an activation energy decreasing in the order of 2-, 1-, and 9-AnthCH=CHBut, as determined by transient absorption spectroscopy.
Formation and Reaction of Acyl Substituted Nitrile Ylide through the Rh2(OAc)4-Catalyzed Reaction of α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds with Benzonitrile
Authors: Ibata Toshikazu , Fukushima Kazuaki
Published: May 2006

The rhodium(II) acetate-catalyzed reaction of α-diazocarbonyl compounds with benzonitrile and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave oxazoles and pyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylates through the 1,5-cyclization and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the acyl substituted nitrile ylide intermediates generated by the reaction of ketocarbenoids with benzonitrile.
Room Temperature Preparation and Optical Properties of Titania and Silica Thin Films Embodying Polymer-Protected Ultrafine Metal Particles at High Concentrations
Authors: Ohtaki Michitaka , Ohshima Yoshihide , Eguchi Koichi , Arai Hiromichi
Published: May 2006

Titania and silica glass thin films embodying Au and Pt ultrafine particles at the particle concentrations on the order of 1016 cm−3 are prepared thoroughly under ambient temperature and pressure by adding the liquid dispersion of the particles in the course of the sol-gel process. Changes in the reduction conditions vary the size of the Au particles giving the smallest mean diameter of 2.8 nm, and lead to the films showing the plasma absorption ranging from 530 to 620 nm and the absorption coefficients up to 1.0 × 103 cm−1.
Coordination of NH3 and C2H4 onto W(CO)5 in the Gas Phase
Authors: Jyo-o Motohiro , Omiya Kenji , Ishikawa Yo-ichi , Arai Shigeyoshi
Published: May 2006

The coordination process of NH3 and C2H4 onto “naked” W(CO)5, having one coordinatively unsaturated site, was investigated using a laser-based time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy in the gas phase. W(CO)5, selectively prepared by a pulsed 355-nm laser photolysis of W(CO)6, was observed to react with either reactant gas L to make a simple coordination complex, W(CO)5(L), where L is NH3 or C2H4.
Temperature Dependent Duplex Formation of 3′-Phosphate Bearing α-2′-Deoxyoctathymidylate Phosphorothioate and Polyriboadenylic Acid Complex
Authors: Shinozuka Kazuo , Morita Tsutomu , Sawai Hiroaki
Published: May 2006

The temperature dependent duplex formation of α-2′-deoxyoctathymidilate phosphorothioate(α-dTps7Tpo) with polyriboadenylate{poly(rA)} was studied and compared with the duplex formation of the corresponding α-dTpo7Tpo, β-dTpo7Tpo and β-dTps7Tpo with poly(rA). The DNA analog α-dTps7Tpo forms stable duplex with poly(rA) and the duplex exhibited greater stability compared to β-dTps7Tpo and poly(rA) duplex. The obtained results also indicate that the configuration of glycoside bond has greater effect of the stability of duplexes than the modification of internucleotide linkages.
Preparation and Reactivities of S,S-Diaryl-S-aminothiazynes, Ar2S(NR2)(N)
Authors: Yoshimura Toshiaki , Takata Eiichi , Miyake Takahiro , Shimasaki Choichiro , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Tsukurimichi Eiichi
Published: May 2006

Reaction of S,S-diaryl-S-fluorothiazynes6) with cyclic secondary amines gave novel thiazynes, the corresponding S-aminothiazynes in good yields. Spectroscopic studies, measurement of pKa values, pyrolysis and alkylation reactions of the aminothiazynes were carried out.
Identification of Elucamide as an Organic Compound which Affects Mechanical Properties of Poly (vinyl chloride)–Inorganic Filler Binary Composite System
Authors: Shimomura Osamu , Takai Yoshio , Sawada Masami , Takahashi Shigetoshi , Goto Kunio
Published: May 2006

The mechanical properties (yield strength) were measured for poly (vinyl chloride)–inorganic compound binary composite systems. Among them, only the PVC-talc system did not show the decreasing yield strength with increasing talc content. Elucamide was isolated from talc and identified as an organic compound which can provide inhibitory action of such a decreasing yield strength.
BuSnCl3-Mediated Reaction of 3-(Tributylstannyl)cycloalkenes with Aldehydes. Highly erythro-Selective 2-Cyclopentenylation and 2-Cyclohexenylation of Aromatic Aldehydes
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Yamamura Kimiaki
Published: May 2006

3-(Butyldichlorostannyl)cyclopentene and 3-(butyldichlorostannyl)cyclohexene, which are prepared by the transmetalation of corresponding 3-(tributylstannyl)cycloalkene with BuSnCl3, react with aromatic aldehydes to give 2-cycloalkenylated products with excellent erythro-selectivity. However, the corresponding reaction with aliphatic aldehydes proceeded in only moderate erythro-selectivity.
Scanning Surface Potential Microscopy for Local Surface Analysis
Authors: Fujihira Masamichi , Kawate Hirosuke , Yasutake Masatoshi
Published: May 2006

A Scanning Surface Potential Microscopic (SSPM) instrument was built by modifying a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM), Seiko SFA 300 with a SPI 3600 probe station. Distribution of surface potentials on test samples microlithographically prepared and on mixed Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films coated on a vapor-deposited gold film could be imaged in a x-y spatial resolution less than 1 μm and compared with AFM images observed on the same samples.
Simultaneous Flow Injection Determination of Vanadium(IV) and (V) Based on Redox Reactions of Vanadium(IV) with Iron(III) and Vanadium(V) with Iron(II) in the Presence of 1,10-Phenanthroline and Diphosphate
Authors: Teshima Norio , Itabashi Hideyuki , Kawashima Takuji
Published: May 2006

A new flow injection analysis (FIA) method is presented for simultaneous determinations of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) with photometric detection. It is based on redox reactions of vanadium(IV) with iron(III) and vanadium(V) with iron(II) in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and diphosphate (pyrophosphate), respectively. The proposed method makes it possible to appear both positive and negative FIA peaks corresponding to the concentrations of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) alternatively.
Enantioselective Epoxidation of Unfunctionalized Olefins with Molecular Oxygen and Aldehyde Catalyzed by Optically Active Manganese(III) Complexes
Authors: Yamada Tohru , Imagawa Kiyomi , Nagata Takushi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

Enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins with combined use of molecular oxygen, an oxidant, and pivalaldehyde, a reductant, was demonstrated in the presence of a catalytic amount of optically active Mn(III)-salen complexes. Dihydronaphthalene derivatives were converted into the corresponding optically active epoxides in good yields with 60–77% enantiomeric excesses.
High Catalytic Activity of Platinum-ZSM-5 Zeolite below 500 K in Water Vapor for Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide
Authors: Hirabayashi Hiroshi , Yahiro Hidenori , Mizuno Noritaka , Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: May 2006

Platinum ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite efficiently reduced nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen by ethene in an oxidizing atmosphere below 500 K and the catalytic activity was not affected by the presence of 8.6 vol% water vapor.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Cyclic Acetals with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. A Facile Synthesis of Glycol Monoesters
Authors: Murahashi Shun-Ichi , Oda Yoshiaki , Naota Takeshi
Published: May 2006

The ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of cyclic acetals with tert-butyl hydroperoxide under mild conditions gives the corresponding glycol monoesters efficiently. The present oxidation reaction provides a useful method for the synthesis of glycol monoesters from 1-alkenes by combination with palladium-catalyzed acetalization of 1-alkenes.
Novel Alkynyl-substituted (p-Phenylene)bisiodonium Ditriflates. Preparation and Reaction with Thiocyanate Ion
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Furuki Ryuji , Zheng Lei , Fujimoto Takeshi , Taniguchi Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Novel alkynyl(p-phenylene)bisiodonium ditriflates were prepared in good to high yields by reaction of trimethylsilylalkynes with PhIO activated with 2 equivalents of triflic acid. Reaction of the alkynylbisiodonium salts with potassium thiocyanate gave alkynyl thiocyanates in high yields and suggested that the alkynylbisiodonium salts serve as an agent for alkynylation of a nucleophilic substrate.
Photolysis of Alkynyl(phenyl)iodonium Salts. Remarkable Solvent Effect and Generation of Acids
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Tanaka Toshimasa , Taniguchi Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Photolysis of alkynyl(phenyl)iodonium salts in CH2Cl2 resulted in major formation of iodobenzene, while the photolysis in EtOH, Et2O, or THF gave iodoalkynes as the main product. In addition to the organic products, acids were generated almost quantitatively by the photolysis and initiated polymerization of styrene.
Mutual Separation of Amino Acids in Aqueous Solutions with Silica-Containing Mixed-Oxide Gels
Authors: Kaneko Shoji , Ohmori Satoshi , Mikawa Masatsugu , Yamazaki Tatsuya , Nakamura Motoshi , Yamagiwa Sei-ichi
Published: May 2006

Mixed amino acids in aqueous solutions have successfully been separated mutually using silica-containing mixed-oxide gels as adsorbents: L-glutamic acid, glycine, and L-lysine have solely separated by a batch operation with silica-magnesia; L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid by a column operation with silica-alumina; L-histidine and L-lysine also by a batch operation with silica-titania.
Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Using Allylidenetriphenylphosphorane as a Three-carbon Unit
Authors: Hatanaka Minoru , Imashiro Ritsuo , Ueda Ikuo
Published: May 2006

3-Alkoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-2-propenylidenetriphenylphosphorane reacts in turn with alkyl halides and aldehydes in the presence of base via a one-pot procedure to give moderate to good yields of conjugated enol ethers. Hydrolysis of the conjugated enol ethers and subsequent decarboxylation provide a novel route to α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Photochromic Chromene Derivatives with a Thiophen Moiety
Authors: Uchida Manabu , Irie Masahiro
Published: May 2006

A Chromene derivative with a thiophene ring underwent a photochromic reaction at room temperature. The bond structure of the thiophene moiety influenced the photochromic reaction.
Desilylation Reactions of Poly[(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenylacetylene]s
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahiko , Omata Kenji , Hirama Masahiro
Published: May 2006

Poly[4-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-trimethylsilylphenylacetylene] and poly[5-ethynyl-3-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenyl (R)-2-phenylpropionate] were desilylated with Bu4NF in THF. The solution changed its color depending on the structure of the aromatic pendants.
First STM Observation of Silica and Platinum-on-Silica Model Catalyst Systems
Authors: Komiyama Masaharu , Kirino Manabu
Published: May 2006

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of silicon oxide surface and of Pt ultrafine particles deposited on it were obtained for the first time. The silicon oxide sample employed consists of a thin (ca. 0.7 nm thick) native silica film present on a Si(100) surface. The STM observation of these sample systems was critically dependent on the choice of the electron tunneling conditions.
Controlled Monooxygenation of n- and Isoalkanes with Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed in Nonheme Iron Complex/Hydroquinone Systems
Authors: Funabiki Takuzo , Kashiba Koji , Toyoda Takehiro , Yoshida Satohiro
Published: May 2006

Linear and branched alkanes are monooxygenated with O2 in nonheme iron complex/hydroquinone systems. Selectivity to form either alcohols or carbonyl compounds was controlled by the pyridine concentration. Reactivity of different types of C-H bonds was affected by the substituents of hydroquinones, suggesting that hydroquinones are located in the vicinity of an active center in the product formation step.
Lanthanide Complex with Armed Crown Ether as Heterotopic Carrier of Hydrophilic Amino Acid Ester Salts
Authors: Tsukube Hiroshi , Uenishi Jun’ichi , Higaki Hiromi , Kikkawa Ken’ichi
Published: May 2006

Lanthanide complex with bipyridine-armed crown ether was first demonstrated to mediate effective transport of hydrophilic HisOMe and LysOEt salts via two-point binding.
Measurement of Ice Fraction in NaCl Solution with FTIR
Authors: Mizoguchi Masaru , Low Philip F
Published: May 2006

Infrared spectra of 0.12 mm thick frozen NaCl solution from 1600 to 4000 cm−1 were obtained at sub-zero temperature with a FTIR spectrometer. The transmittance of the sample decreased sensitively with decreasing temperature around the frequency of 2700 cm−1. The volume fraction of ice in the NaCl solution, calculated from the absorbance at 2700 cm−1, agreed well with the values predicted from a phase diagram of the system H2O-NaCl.
The Effect of the Particle Size on the Anomalous Peaks observed with the DSC Measurements on Henpentacontane and Dopentacontane
Authors: Urabe Yoshiko , Takamizawa Kanichiro
Published: May 2006

DSC curves for henpentacontane and dopentacontane, when crystallized from the melt, showed anomalous sharp endothermic peaks on the region of the high-temperature phases. Grounding the samples made the peaks disappear. The appearance of the peak may be ascribed to the kinetic factors, not to the first order phase transition.
The Esterification Reaction between Silyl Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols by the Promotion of a Catalytic Amount of Lewis Acid
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

Various carboxylic esters are prepared in good to excellent yields by the reaction of equimolar amounts of silyl derivatives of carboxylic acids and alcohols by using a catalytic amount of active Lewis acid in hexamethyldisiloxane, a solvent.
Methylthio Substituted 2,5-Bis(1′,3′-dithiol-2′-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene. A Bis-Fused Tetrathiafulvalene
Authors: Misaki Yohji , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Kawakami Kazuya , Koyanagi Shiro , Yamabe Tokio , Shiro Motoo
Published: May 2006

Synthesis of the title compound (1), and its molecular structure determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and electrochemical property investigated by cyclic voltammetry are described. Several cation radical salts of 1 have been prepared by electrochemical oxidation method, and their electrical properties are also presented.
ESR Spectral Evidence for Existence of Electron-localized Species in Binuclear Manganese(III/IV) Compounds with Di-μ-oxo Bridge
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Nasu Miyuki , Akamatsu Tetsuya , Tanno Miyuki
Published: May 2006

We have observed that the binuclear manganese(III/IV) compounds with di-μ-oxo bridge exhibit solvent-dependent solution ESR spectra at room temperature, and have concluded that there are two ESR-detectable species, electron-localized and electron-delocalized ones, in the solution.
Transition Metal-catalyzed Asymmetric Vinylcyclopropane-Cyclopentene Rearrangements with Chiral Phosphine Ligands. Dramatic Solvent Effects on Asymmetric Induction
Authors: Hiroi Kunio , Arinaga Yoshihisa , Ogino Takashi
Published: May 2006

A dramatic solvent effect was observed on the nickel-catalyzed asymmetric rearrangement of a cyclopropane system into an optically active cyclopentane derivative with chiral phosphine ligands. The stereochemistry of the product was readily controlled by selecting the catalyst, nickel or palladium, with extremely high enantioselectivity.
Addition Reaction of Benzyne to C60
Authors: Tsuda Minoru , Ishida Takayuki , Nogami Takashi , Kurono Sadamu , Ohashi Mamoru
Published: May 2006

Benzyne generated by the reaction of 2-aminobenzoic acid and pentyl nitrite in a refluxing benzene was found to add to C60 in good yield. The reaction products were separated by HPLC to give C60(C6H4), C60(C6H4)2, C60(C6H4)3, and C60(C6H4)4, which were confirmed by mass spectra. 1H NMR spectrum of C60(C6H4) is consistent with the structure of mono-addition product, whereas those of C60(C6H4)2, C60(C6H4)3, and C60(C6H4)4 indicate that they consist of the corresponding mixtures of isomers.
Fracture Toughness of Porous Sintered Bodies of Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Matsuno Takashi , Koishi Masumi
Published: May 2006

Hydroxyapatite powders having various average particle diameters were prepared by a wet process and by the calcination under various conditions. Porous sintered bodies of hydroxyapatite having relative densities of 49.4–85.8% were obtained by heating green compact bodies. The fracture toughness of these sintered bodies was measured by a Single-Edge V-Notched Beam(SEVNB) method. The fracture toughness increased linearly with an increase in relative density.
Simultaneous Control of Regio- and Stereoselectivity in the Reaction of Pentadienyltin by the Lewis Acid-Coordination to Its Ethereal Functionality
Authors: Nishigaichi Yutaka , Fujimoto Manabu , Nakayama Kihei , Takuwa Akio , Hamada Kensaku , Fujiwara Takaji
Published: May 2006

By the TiCl4-coordination to the ethereal functionality on the pentadienyltin, its addition to aldehydes was controlled to proceed at its γ-position with high regioselectivity, in contrast to the usual ε-selectivity of dienyltins and -silanes. High syn,syn-stereoselectivity was simultaneously realized as an asymmetric induction from the tin reagent.
Synthesis of Curcumanolide A, a Unique Spirolactone Sesquiterpene
Authors: Hirukawa Toshifumi , Oguchi Minoru , Yoshikawa Norinobu , Kato Tadahiro
Published: May 2006

A spirocyclic lactone, curcumanolide A, was synthesized from homogeranyl cyanide in 11 steps in racemic form by using Br+-induced cyclization and subsequent ring contraction method.
Growth of Highly Oriented SnO2 Thin Films from Di-n-Butyltin Diacetate by Spray Pyrolysis Technique
Authors: Yagi Isao , Kaneko Shoji
Published: May 2006

SnO2 thin films have successfully been grown from di-n-butyltin diacetate on a heated glass substrate by a pneumatic spraying system. The effects of film growth parameters, i.e., film thickness, film growth rate, and substrate temperature on the microstructures of the films were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The SnO2 films of preferably oriented (200) plane were grown under the optimum growth conditions.
Preparation and Properties of Captodative 1-Amino-2-aryldiphosphenes Carrying Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or Tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl Group
Authors: Abe Masatoshi , Toyota Kozo , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: May 2006

Novel 1-amino-2-aryldiphosphenes carrying 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group as an aryl substituent were prepared and the push-pull substituent effect on –P=P– was demonstrated by 31P NMR.
Homologation Reaction of γ-Silicon Substituted Allylic Alcohols Using Organoaluminium Reagents and Diiodomethane
Authors: Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: May 2006

One carbon homologation reaction of γ-silicon substituted allylic alcohols was found to proceed by the treatment with triethylaluminium followed by diethylaluminium chloride and diiodomethane to afford homoallylic iodides instead of the corresponding cyclopropanes. Silicon function introduced to γ-position was crucial for the homologation reaction.
Heterocyclic Betaines. Novel Ethyleneimidazolium Benzimidazolate Inner Salts. Synthesis, Characterization, and Transformation into 2-Vinyl-1H-benzimidazoles
Authors: Alcalde Ermitas , Gisbert Maria , Pérez-Garcia Lluïsa
Published: May 2006

The first synthesis of the hitherto unknown ethyleneimidazolium benzimidazolate inner salts is described. Their dipolar structure is well reflected on the basis of the 1H and 13C NMR parameters. Under neutral and mild conditions the title compounds underwent a type of β-elimination, affording their corresponding 2-vinyl-1H-benzimidazoles in high yields.
A Novel Intramolecular Cyclization Product of (+)-Catechin under Radical Reaction
Authors: Hirose Yuko , Yamaoka Hiroshi , Akashi Haruo , Nozaki Hiroshi , Fujita Tomoyuki , Nakayama Mitsuru
Published: May 2006

From (+)-catechin under radical reaction with 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile), a novel intramolecular cyclization product was isolated and its structure has been characterized to be 2,4′,5′,12-tetrahydroxy-9,10-benzo-7-oxatricyclo[6.2.2.01,6]dodeca-2,5,9-trien-4-one by the spectroscopic analyses and the chemical transformation.
Optical Second Harmonic Generation from Ultrathin Polymer Films Impregnated with Ruthenium Polypyridine Complexes
Authors: Matsuo Taku , Nakamura Hiroshi , Nakao Takuya , Kawazu Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2006

Second-harmonic-generation (SHG) was clearly observed with ultrathin poly(vinyl chloride) films (ca. 25 nm), impregnated with amphiphilic ruthenium tris(2,2′-bipyridine) complexes. On the basis of SHG intensity from multi-layered assembly of the thin film, the laser-induced polarization of the second harmonic wave was concluded to have a big component in perpendicular direction with respect to the film surface.
Factors Affecting the Unusual Reactivity Order in the β-Hydrogen Abstraction of Dialkylzirconocenes
Authors: Negishi Ei-ichi , Nguyen Thinh , Maye John P , Choueiri Daniele , Suzuki Noriyuki , Takahashi Tamotsu
Published: May 2006

Competitive β-hydrogen abstraction of “mixed” dialkylzirconocenes and kinetic measurements of decomposition of methyl(alkyl)zirconocenes reveal unexpected relative reactivity of alkyl groups as β-hydrogen donors, such as s-Bu > t-Bu ≥ Et > n-Bu > i-Bu, which correlate well in most cases with the reactivity order of: β-methyl > β-methylene > β-methine. Some mechanistically crucial features of the reaction are also discussed.
Cross Polarization Characteristics in Solid State High Resolution 13C NMR of Chlorophyll a and Pheophorbide a
Authors: Nozawa Tsunenori , Nishimura Mitsushi , Hatano Masahiro
Published: May 2006

High resolution 13C NMR spectra in solid states were observed for chlorophyll a and pheophorbide a with a high magnetic field spectrometer. The rate constants of cross polarization (TCH) and 1H spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1ρH) were determined. The rate constants and relaxation times reflected structural differences among them.
Cyclamenoside, a Potent Inhibitor of Hydrogen Peroxide Release
Authors: Sakai Naomi , Fukui Chieko , Shizuri Yoshikazu
Published: May 2006

Cyclamenoside, a glucoside ester of gallic acid was isolated from Cyclamen persicum Miller as a potent inhibitor of hydrogen peroxide release from peritoneal neutrophils of rat. The structure of the active compound was determined by some chemical reactions and mainly by using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
35Cl NQR due to the N-Cl Bonds and 1,2-Addition Reaction to Cyclohexene of N-Chloro Amide Compounds
Authors: Nagao Yoshitaka , Katagiri Shigeyoshi
Published: May 2006

35Cl NQR spectra of N-Cl bonds were measured for CCl3CONHCl, CHCl2CONHCl, CH2BrCONHCl and Cl(CH2)2CONHCl. The ionic character of N-Cl bonds was estimated for these compounds according to Townes and Dailey. The ionic character was compared with the yield of the 1,2-addition to cyclohexene under the photochemical reaction. The yield increased as the value of the ionic character neared zero.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of N2O at Room Temperature
Authors: Kudo Akihiko , Sakata Tadayoshi
Published: May 2006

Decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2 at room temperature was demonstrated on a Pt/TiO2 photocatalyst in the presence of water vapor. The photocatalytic activity was enhanced by the participation of photocatalytic decomposition of water.
Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of 9(R)-N-BOC-Ahda Methyl Ester
Authors: Chakraborty Tushar K , Hussain Azhar K , Joshi Subodh P
Published: May 2006

An efficient convergent route to the first total synthesis of 9(R)-N-BOC-Ahda methyl ester, in optically pure form, is described.
Syntheses and Characterizations of Mono- and Binuclear Ruthenium(II) Compounds with Mercapto Ligands
Authors: Kawano Masaki , Watanabe Takehide , Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: May 2006

Mono- and binuclear ruthenium compounds with mercapto ligands were stepwise synthesized from hydrogen sulfide and [Ru(II)H(S2CNMe2) (CO) (PPh3)2]. The molecular structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. These compounds are unstable to air.
A Novel Rearrangement in the Sterically Congested (2,4,6-Cycloheptatrienyl)(phenylsulfinyl)methyl Group
Authors: Sugihara Yoshikazu , Kanemaru Jun-ichi , Saito Junji , Murata Ichiro
Published: May 2006

An oxidation product of 3-bromo-1-formyl-4-[(2,4,6-cycloheptatrienyl)(phenylthio)methyl]azulene with m-chloroperbenzoic acid was transformed into 3-bromo-1-formyl-4-(E)-styrylazulene upon standing at 0 °C in a solid state. A similar rearrangement was also observed in the oxidation of 3-chloro-1-methyl-[(2,4,6-cycloheptatrienyl)(phenylthio)methyl]azulene.
Boron, Phosphorus, and Alkaline Earth-Metal Mixed Oxides as Active Catalysts in Partial Oxidation of Methane into Formaldehyde
Authors: Otsuka Kiyoshi , Hatano Masaharu
Published: May 2006

Alkaline earth element-added boron and phosphorus mixed oxides supported on Cab-O-Sil showed high catalytic activity in partial oxidation of methane to HCHO at < 773 K. The results of the experiment using 18O2 suggested that the lattice oxygen atoms of the catalyst are responsible for the oxidation.
Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene with Amphiphilic Poly(2-oxazoline) Macromonomer
Authors: Uyama Hiroshi , Matsumoto Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: May 2006

Emulsion copolymerization of styrene with a block-type amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline) macromonomer having a polymerizable styryl group was performed. The macromonomer possessing the polymerizable group attached to the hydrophobic segment gave monodisperse polymer particles. On the other hand, the macromonomer having polymerizable group linked to the hydrophilic segment produced particles with broad size distribution.
Anodic Preparation of N-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethylidene)sulfenamides and Their Application to the Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Amines, Aminoketone, and Aminoalkanoates
Authors: Fuchigami Toshio , Ichikawa Shinji , Konno Akinori
Published: May 2006

N-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethylidene)sulfenamides (trifluoromethylated sulfenimines) were easily prepared in one step by anodic oxidation of 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine and diaryl disulfides in MeCN/Et4NClO4 using MgBr2 as a redox mediator. The sulfenimines were highly useful building blocks for the preparation of trifluoromethylated amines, aminoketone, and aminoalkanoates.
The Palladium-catalyzed Asymmetric Allylations of Chiral Hydrazones Bearing Phosphine Groups. Stereoelectronic Effects of Allylating Reagents on Asymmetric Induction
Authors: Hiroi Kunio , Haraguchi Mitsuhiro , Masuda Yoko , Abe Jun
Published: May 2006

The palladium-catalyzed allylations of chiral hydrazones bearing phosphine groups were executed successfully under neutral reaction conditions with various allylating reagents, affording optically active α-allyl carbonyl compounds. The systematic and stereochemical investigation of these reactions shows that the intramolecularly-substituted phosphine groups served as chiral ligands and the anionic counterparts in the allylating reagents were markedly stereoelectronically effective on asymmetric induction.
Separation of Ethanol/Water Mixture by Silicalite Membrane
Authors: Sano Tsuneji , Yanagishita Hiroshi , Kiyozumi Yoshimichi , Kitamoto Dai , Mizukami Fujio
Published: May 2006

Separation of ethanol/water mixture was carried out by pervaporation through a silicalite membrane on a porous stainless steel support. It was found that the membrane has the high ethanol permselectivity with a separation factor α(EtOH/H2O) of approximately 60.
Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, and Spectroelectrochemistry of Tetra-tert-Butylated and Octaphenylated Tetraazaporphyrins
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao , Nakajima Shin-ichiro , Osa Tetsuo
Published: May 2006

Several tetraazaporphyrins (TAPs) have been characterized by electronic absorption, fluorescence, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy, together with electrochemical methods. The absorption coefficients (ε) and band positions change markedly with changing TAP structure and solvent. The potential differences of the redox couples of tetra-tert-butylated TAP skeleton are closer to those in general porphyrins than phthalocyanines (Pcs).
An Efficient Synthesis of 6-Deoxy-D-allose from Simple Achiral Starting Materials
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Onozawa Shun-ya , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

6-Deoxy-D-allose is prepared from simple achiral starting materials, butynal and chloroacetic acid, via two key steps of the chiral tin(II) triflate mediated asymmetric aldol reaction and the dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide.
Fixation of One of Imidazole Ligands in Low Spin Bis-imidazole Ferric Porphyrin Complexes
Authors: Nakamura Mikio
Published: May 2006

Low spin ferric porphyrin complexes carrying rapidly rotating 1-methylimidazole and rotationally fixed 2-isopropylimidazole have been prepared. Chemical shift range of the pyrrole protons at −56 °C was nearly twice as much as that of the bis(hindered imidazole) complex. Orientation of the fixed ligand relative to the porphyrin plane was determined based on the splitting pattern of the meso-13C signals.
Electronic Characteristics of Sandwich-Type Lanthanide Octaethylporphyrinates
Authors: Jiang Jianzhuang , Machida Ken-ichi , Yamamoto Eiji , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: May 2006

The electronic behaviors of sandwich-type rare earth octaethylporphyrinates Ln(oep)2 and Ln2(oep)3 (Ln = Ce, Pr, and Eu) were characterized by measurements of the near infrared or UV-vis spectra and D.C. conductivity. However, no remarkable change induced by oxidation of the ligand from (oep)2− to (oep·)− was observed on the conductivity.
Generation and Reaction of Samarium(II) Iodide Equivalent from Samarium and Chlorotrimethylsilane/Sodium Iodide System in Acetonitrile
Authors: Akane Noriyuki , Kanagawa Yoshinori , Nishiyama Yutaka , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: May 2006

Samarium(II) iodide equivalent was generated from metallic samarium and Me3SiCl/Nal reagent in acetonitrile under ambient conditions. Dehalogenation of α-halocarbonyl compounds and reductive coupling of ketones were successfully carried out by the use of the samarium(II) species, thus generated, in acetonitrile.
Substituent Effect on the Gas Phase Basicity of α-t-Butylstyrene. Coplanarity and Resonance Demand of a Benzylic Carbocation
Authors: Mishima Masaaki , Nakata Kazuhide , Nomura Hideyuki , Fujio Mizue , Tsuno Yuho
Published: May 2006

Gas phase basicities of α-t-butylstyrenes were determined based on the proton transfer equilibria. The substituent effect on the basicity has been analyzed by means of the LArSR Eq. 1, providing a ρ of −12.5 and an r of 0.86. The reduced r value relative to that for α-methylstyrene may be attributed to sterically twisting out of the coplanarity of benzene π-system in the conjugate acid ion, α-t-butyl-α-methylbenzyl cation.
Gas Phase Basicities of Styrenes toward Trimethylsilyl Cation. Structure and Stability of Me3Si-Styrene+ Complexes
Authors: Mishima Masaaki , Kang Chul Hyun , Fujio Mizue , Tsuno Yuho
Published: May 2006

Gas phase basicities of styrenes toward Me3Si+ have been determined based on Me3Si+ transfer equilibria. The substituent effect on the stability of Me3Si-styrene+ complex has been analyzed by means of the LArSR Eq., giving a ρ value of −5.76 and an r value of 0.41. These results imply that Me3Si-styrene+ complex as a long-lived ion in an ICR cell has not a classical open structure different from the protonated styrene.
A Facile Synthesis of Optically Active γ-Cyanoallylic Alcohols Using Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of α,β-Alkenyl Aldehydes Followed by Stereospecific [3.3]Sigmatropic Chirality Transfer of the Cyanohydrin Acetates
Authors: Abe Hiroshi , Nitta Hideaki , Mori Atsunori , Inoue Shohei
Published: May 2006

Optically active γ-cyanoallylic alcohols were synthesized by using asymmetric hydrocyanation of α,β-alkenyl aldehydes catalyzed by peptide-titanium complex to give α-cyanoallylic alcohols (cyanohydrins) with high optical yields followed by palladium complex catalyzed [3.3]sigmatropic chirality transfer of the corresponding acetates.
Stereoselective Alkylation of Terminal Sulphide in trans-Mo(S)2(syn-Me8[16]aneS4) by Alkyl Halides. Preparation and Crystal Structure of trans-{Mo(SR)(S)(syn-Me8[16]aneS4)}+ (R = Me, PhCH2) Containing Three Distinctive Types of Sulfur Donors
Authors: Yoshida Toshikatsu , Adachi Tomohiro , Matsumura Kazuhiko , Baba Katsumi
Published: May 2006

Facile monoalkylation of trans-Mo(S)2(syn-Me8[16]aneS4) with MeI and PhCH2Br proceeds stereoselectively at the terminal sulphide located on the uncongested axial site to give trans-{Mo(SR)(S)(syn-Me8[16]aneS4)}+ (R = Me, CH2Ph) containing three different types of sulfur donors; thiolato, terminal sulphido, and thioether ligands; the structure of the methyl thiolate complex was elucidated by an X-ray diffraction study.
Rate Enhancement in Ethanolic Aqueous Buffer. The Diels-Alder Reaction
Authors: Smith Michael B , Fay Joseph N , Son Young Chan
Published: May 2006

We have observed a 2.5-3-fold increase in the rate of Diels-Alder reactions when done in aqueous ethanol, where the aqueous solution was prepared with a pH 7 buffer. This is a simple, inexpensive and convenient method for modest acceleration of the Diels-Alder reaction, in addition to the rate increase normally observed in aqueous media.
Transfer of Dye Monolayers onto Silver Metal Films Formed by Photolysis of Silver Salt of Carboxymethylcellulose
Authors: Yonezawa Yoshiro , Miyama Toshihito , Sato Tomoo
Published: May 2006

A bright silver mirror was formed by photolysis of silver salt of carboxymethylcellulose with 253.7 nm light. The silver metal film was proved to be useful for the substrate to deposit dye monolayers. Fluorescence quenching of rhodamine B on the silver metal film was interpreted in terms of excitation energy transfer.
Determination of ClO2 Using ClO2 Selective Electrode
Authors: Oikawa Kikuo , Hoshi Shigeki , Imaizumi Noriko , Furuya Etsuo
Published: May 2006

A voltammetric membrane electrode is applied to the measurement of ClO2. The electrode can detect ClO2 below 10 ppb in aqueous solution, and linearly responds to ClO2 ranging in concentration from 20 ppb to 100 ppm.
Dehydrogenation of Cycloalkanes by Suspended Platinum Catalysts
Authors: Hama Shunichi , Li Xiaomei , Yukawa Kiyoshi , Saito Yasukazu
Published: May 2006

Heterogenized cluster complex [Pt3(CO)6]52− and reduced platinum metal have catalyzed cyclooctane dehydrogenation at comparable rates, whereas dehydrogeno-aromatization of ethylcyclohexane proceeded predominantly with the latter. Active-site ensembles for the formation of cyclooctene, bicyclooctane and aromatics were discussed on reference to the appropriate stretch of platinum metal atoms.
CO2 Sensing Mechanism of La2O3-loaded SnO2
Authors: Mizuno Noritaka , Yoshioka Tetsunori , Kato Kazuyoshi , Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: May 2006

The title mechanism was investigated by temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The TPD profile from La2O3-loaded SnO2 consisted of two CO2 peaks (450 K (α) and 650 K (β)) and one O2 ascent. From the correlations among the amounts of β-CO2 and O2 desorbed, the amount of La2O3 loaded, and the sensitivity to CO2, it was suggested that the decrease in the resistance of the sensor results from the adsorption of β-CO2 and the desorption of O− or O2− to generate oxygen molecules and free electrons.
First Crucial Evidence for Apical-Apical Exchange via a Hypervalent Tellurium Ate Complex in the Reactions of Diaryl Tellurides with Aryllithium Reagents
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Masutomi Yutaka , Erata Tomoki , Furukawa Naomichi
Published: May 2006

Pentafluorophenyl phenyl telluride and 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trifluorophenyl phenyl telluride reacted with pentafluorophenyllithium or 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trifluorophenyllithium at low temperature to form the corresponding tellurium ate complexes as sole intermediates of the ligand exchange on the hypervalent tellurium centers. In these tellurium ate complexes electron-withdrawing aryl ligands were arranged at apical positions and the ligand exchanges took place between the apical-directing groups.
Erinapyrones A and B from the Cultured Mycelia of Hericium erinaceum
Authors: Kawagishi Hirokazu , Shirai Ryoko , Sakamoto Hideki , Yoshida Satoshi , Ojima Fumihiro , Ishiguro Yukio
Published: May 2006

Novel γ-pyrones, erinapyrones A and B, were isolated from the culture-broth of Hericium erinaceum mycelia. These compounds had cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells.
Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Radical Induced Bicyclization of 1,6-Dienes and 1,6-Enynes Providing 3,3-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-silabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes and 3-Silabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1-enes
Authors: Miura Katsukiyo , Oshima Koichiro , Utimoto Kiitiro
Published: May 2006

Treatment of 1,6-dienes with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane in the presence of triethylborane or AIBN afforded 3,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-silabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes in addition to monocyclized cyclopentanes. Bicyclization of 1,6-enynes provided the corresponding 3-silabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1-enes.
Direct Formation of Reactive Alkynyltrichlorotins from 1-Alkynes, SnCl4, and Bu3N. A Mild Alkynylation Reagent of Aldehydes, Acetals, and Enones
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahiko , Hayashi Akio , Hirama Masahiro
Published: May 2006

A reagent system of 1-alkyne, SnCl4, and Bu3N alkynylates aldehydes, acetals, and enones under mild reaction conditions giving acetylenic alcohols, acetylenic ethers, and acetylenic ketones, respectively, in high yields. Alkynyltrichlorotins are shown to be the reactive species for these reactions.
Copper(II)-catalyzed O-Phenylation of Tertiary Alcohols with Organobismuth(V) Reagents
Authors: Ikegai Kazuhiro , Fukumoto Kentarou , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

A new method for the Cu(OAc)2-catalyzed phenylation of tertiary alcohols under mild basic conditions is described. Triphenylbismuth(V) diacetate and tetraphenylbismuth reagents undergo cross-coupling reactions with α-hydroxycarbonyl compouds efficiently. For non-chelating tertiary alcohols, tetraphenylbismuth fluoride is found suitable as a phenyl donor.
4-(4-Pyridyl)benzoic Acid (PybenH) Dimer: An Efficient and Reasonable Design for a Long Linear Bidentate Building Block Employed in Metal–Organic Coordination Framework
Authors: Sekiya Ryo , Nishikiori Shin-ichi , Ogura Katsuyuki
Published: May 2006

Self-assembly of 4-(4-pyridyl)benzoic acid (pybenH), Ni2+, SCN− and an aromatic guest (naphthalene or dibenz[a,h]anthracene) gave two isostructural inclusion compounds, in which pybenH ligands form the corresponding dimers acting as bidentate building blocks with a length of ca. 20.86 Å.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde and Toluene Mixtures in Air with a Nitrogen-doped TiO2 Photocatalyst
Authors: Aoki Koyu , Morikawa Takeshi , Ohwaki Takeshi , Taga Yasunori
Published: May 2006

Photocatalytic degradation in multiple contaminant system with a nitrogen-doped TiO2 visible-light photocatalyst was investigated. Formaldehyde and toluene were chosen as components of the contaminant. The degradation rate of toluene was depressed by coexisting formaldehyde, while that of formaldehyde was scarcely affected by coexisting toluene. This phenomenon is attributed to preferential adsorption of formaldehyde on the photocatalyst powder.
Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanocomposites Based on Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Zhou Zhengyang , Zhu Shenmin , Zhang Di
Published: May 2006

A synthetic method for the preparation of multifunctional nanocomposites with well-defined mesoporosity based on highly ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 was presented. Thermoresponsive PNIPA and magnetic nanoparticles Fe2O3 were inserted into the pore channels of SBA-15 combining nanocasting method with ultrasonic chemistry.
Photophysical Properties of 3-[2-Cyano-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]alanine: A Highly Fluorescent and Environment-sensitive Amino Acid with Small Molecular Size
Authors: Oshima Juro , Tsujimoto Hitomi , Yoshihara Toshitada , Yamada Keiichi , Katakai Ryoichi , Tobita Seiji
Published: May 2006

A new nonnatural amino acid 3-[2-cyano-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]alanine (CDAPA) is virtually nonfluorescent in water but shows significant enhancement of fluorescence intensity and lifetime when the molecule partitions to nonaqueous environments, suggesting that this molecule is a good candidate as small fluorescent probe for proteins.
Überblick über die Entwicklung der Soziolinguistik in Albanien
Authors: Shkurtaj Gjovalin
Published: May 2006

Vor wenigen Jahren, genauer gesagt im Studienjahr 1994–1995, wurde für die Studenten der Fachrichtung Sprache und Literaturwissenschaft der Fakultät für Geschichte und Philologie der Universität Tirana neben dem traditionell unterrichteten Fach ‘Dialektologie’ das Fach ‘Soziolinguistik’ eingeführt. Einige Jahre davor wurde eine Einführung in die Soziolinguistik in Form von Spezialkursen an der Universität Tirana angeboten. Die Soziolinguistik ist in Albanien ein neues Studienfeld. 1996 wurde zum ersten Mal das Buch
Variations sociolinguistiques en albanais du Nord — sur la base des données du parler de la ville du Shkodra
Authors: Beci Bahri
Published: May 2006

Although Shkodra, the biggest city of the Northern part of Albania, is regarded as a stronghold of Catholicism, the two other religions of Albania (Islam and the Orthodox Church) are represented there as well. In Venetian sources, Shkodra was described as a Catholic town until 1479, when it was conquered by the Turks. During this period a number of the native Catholics emigrated to Venice, while another, smaller part of them was forcefully converted to Islam. Since then, the population of the city of Shkodra has always been dominated by a higher percentage of Muslims. Currently, 65–70% of the population are Muslims, 25–30% are Catholic, and a smaller percentage consists of Orthodox Christians. These historical events and the corresponding demographic changes have favored the formation of some distinctions in customs, clothing, and speech between the Catholic and Muslim population groups. The aim of this article is to present the linguistic distinctions in the speech of these two population groups, on the phonetic level.
The anatomy of survival in Arbëresh numeral forms
Authors: Hamp Eric P.
Published: May 2006

The numeral primes and combinations form a useful morphophonemic and semanto-syntactic closed corpus drawn from micro-enclaves of Italy, Italo- Albanian (Arbëresh) and neighboring western Romance, with known genetic reconstructed linguistic histories. These subcorpora show instructive feature configurations as correlated with intensity, direction, and linguistic typology within social contact diffusion.
Features of dysfunctional attrition in the Arbresh of Piana degli Albanesi
Authors: Derhemi Eda
Published: May 2006

This article discusses the nature of the attrition of the Arbresh dialect of Piana degli Albanesi. It investigates the state of language use, the state of structural decay, and the linguistic attitude of Arbresh speakers. It concludes that this Arbresh dialect is undergoing a process of “dysfunctional attrition,” which consists of a progressive shrinkage of linguistic domains and functions, a decrease in the number of speakers, and a decline in linguistic competence as the speakers’ age diminishes. Unlike previous views, it maintains that dysfunctional attrition is not necessarily characterized by stigmatization and rejection of the language. The study emphasizes that a positive attitude towards the language is not a guarantee of linguistic survival, and that other aspects of language deterioration and loss must not be neglected in the process of linguistic revitalization.
Some differences between varieties of Albanian with special reference to Kosovo
Authors: Pani Pandeli
Published: May 2006

The differences between the varieties of the Albanian language as spoken both within the Albanian state and outside have usually been investigated under dialectological aspects. From this point of view there are two main dialects of Albanian: Gheg and Tosk. The aim of this article is to investigate certain socio-historical differences between the Albanian spoken in Albania and Kosovo. The topics we are concerned with are differences in the vocabulary of the public sphere and politics, technology, and terminology. Notable differences can however be ascertained in the use of words (also such words that belong to the basic vocabulary of Albanian) and idiomatic expressions which are used in Kosovo with a meaning different from that which they have in Albania. There exists also a series of words which are totally unknown in the speech of the other community. Certain calques from Serbo-Croatian will also be discussed. The reader’s attention will also be drawn to some of the peculiarities of Kosovo Albanian syntax, which may have arisen from interferences through contact with Serbo-Croatian.
Who’s “mixing” the languages? Statistical-sociolinguistic analyses of differently developed bilingual practice of Albanian-speaking school pupils in German-speaking Switzerland
Authors: Schader Basil
Published: May 2006

The extent to which the many Albanian-speaking children and adolescents in Switzerland apply a bilingual mode differs considerably. As part of a larger project, a quantitative exploratory study seeks to understand whether the frequency of code-switching is determined by demographic, individual, and peer-group-related factors. The fact that no striking relationships between these factors can be observed will be discussed with a view to the specificity of Albanian migration. Furthermore, these results raise questions with regard to the determinants of bilingual practice and the characteristics of “prototypical code-switch-speakers.”