bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital lung malformation: Evaluation of prenatal and postnatal radiological findings
Authors: ZEIDAN Smart , GORINCOUR Guillaume , POTIER Alain , UGHETTO Fabrice , DUBUS Jean C. , CHRESTIAN Marie‐Anne , GROSSE Camille , GAMERRE Marc , GUYS Jean‐Michel , De LAGAUSIE Pascal
Published: August 2009

Background and objective:  This study evaluated the accuracy of prenatal MRI and postnatal CT imaging in the identification of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and bronchopulmonary sequestration by comparison with histological analysis.

Methods:  Over a 3‐year period, 15 patients with lung malformations diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound were referred for prenatal MRI, and all were investigated postnatally by chest CT. All asymptomatic newborns with unresolved lesions underwent elective surgery by thoracoscopy. All surgical specimens were analysed histologically.

Results:  Among the 15 patients with an abnormality diagnosed by ultrasound, prenatal MRI findings differed from the final histological diagnosis with respect to extent (n = 3), type of lesion (n = 1) and aberrant vessel identification (n = 4). Postnatal chest CT failed to visualize the aberrant vessel in one patient. Complete regression of the lesion was noted in two patients with bronchopulmonary sequestration, and in one patient with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and was confirmed by CT. Elective thoracoscopic lobectomy of the affected lobe was performed for 12 patients. Two conversions to thoracotomy were required. All operated patients had an uneventful hospital course.

Conclusions:  Prenatal MRI is less accurate than postnatal CT scan, which remains the most reliable diagnostic modality to specify the location and extent and kind of lesions.
Connections of the marmoset rostrotemporal auditory area: express pathways for analysis of affective content in hearing
Authors: Reser David H. , Burman Kathleen J. , Richardson Karyn E. , Spitzer Matthew W. , Rosa Marcello G.P.
Published: August 2009

The current hierarchical model of primate auditory cortical processing proposes a core of ‘primary‐like’ areas, which is surrounded by secondary (belt) and tertiary (parabelt) regions. The rostrotemporal auditory cortical area (RT) remains the least well characterized of the three proposed core areas, and its functional organization has only recently come under scrutiny. Here we used injections of anterograde and retrograde tracers in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to examine the connectivity of RT and its adjacent areas. As expected from the current model, RT exhibited dense core‐like reciprocal connectivity with the ventral division of the medial geniculate body, the rostral core area and the auditory belt, but had weaker connections with the parabelt. However, RT also projected to the ipsilateral rostromedial prefrontal cortex (area 10), the dorsal temporal pole and the ventral caudate nucleus, as well as bilaterally to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Thus, RT has connectivity with limbic structures previously believed to connect only with higher‐order auditory association cortices, and is probably functionally distinct from the other core areas. While this view is consistent with a proposed role of RT in temporal integration, our results also indicate that RT could provide an anatomical ‘shortcut’ for processing affective content in auditory information.
English in the Jordanian Context
Authors: HAMDAN JIHAD M. , HATAB WAFA A. ABU
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT:  The paper explores the status of English in Jordan as reflected in newspaper job advertisements (ads) published in 1985, 1995 and 2005, and English language documents in the educational domain. The study shows a steady increase in the percentage of English ads paralleled with a steady decrease in the percentage of Arabic ads. Further, it reports a significant increase in the percentage of ads that make English proficiency a precondition for employment. The study also shows a change in the jobs demanding English proficiency. The change in the size and headline of English ads over the years appears to be a variable reflecting the growing status of English. In educational documents circa 1969, teaching English was perceived as aiming at the production of a cultured, informed, useful and perceptive citizen. In 2005, English was seen as a means of attaining professional growth by all workers. The study also examines the growing status of English at higher education institutions.
The economics of abundance: coal and cotton in Lancashire and the world
Authors: BALDERSTON THEO
Published: August 2009

As a subterranean, highly elastic energy source, coal played a vital role in the cotton industry revolution. Coal was also vital to Lancashire's primacy in this revolution, because it was necessary both to the original accumulation of agglomeration economies before the steam age and to their reinforcement during the steam age. In no other part of the world was the cotton industry situated on a coalfield, and the response of other parts of the world cotton industry to Lancashire's agglomeration advantages was dispersal in search of cheap water and/or labour power. Lancashire coal helped to shape the global pattern of cotton production.
Nature as historical protagonist: environment and society in pre‐industrial England
Authors: CAMPBELL BRUCE M. S.
Published: August 2009

This article compares chronologies reconstructed from historical records of prices, wages, grain harvests, and population with corresponding chronologies of growing conditions and climatic variations derived from dendrochronology and Greenland ice‐cores. It demonstrates that in pre‐industrial, and especially late medieval, England, short‐term environmental shocks and more enduring shifts in environmental conditions (sometimes acting in concert with biological agencies) exercised a powerful influence upon the balance struck between population and available resources via their effects upon the reproduction, health and life expectancy of humans, crops, and livestock. Prevailing socio‐economic conditions and institutions, in turn, shaped society's susceptibility to these environmental shocks and shifts.
Precipitation of low‐temperature dolomite from an anaerobic microbial consortium: the role of methanogenic Archaea
Authors: KENWARD P. A. , GOLDSTEIN R. H. , GONZÁLEZ L. A. , ROBERTS J. A.
Published: August 2009

Here we report precipitation of dolomite at low temperature (30 °C) mediated by a mixed anaerobic microbial consortium composed of dissimilatory iron‐reducing bacteria (DIRB), fermenters, and methanogens. Initial solution geochemistry is controlled by DIRB, but after 90 days shifts to a system dominated by methanogens. In live experiments conditions are initially saturated with respect to dolomite (Ωdol = 19.40) and increase by two orders of magnitude (Ωdol = 2 330.77) only after the onset of methanogenesis, as judged by the increasing [CH4] and the detection of methanogenic micro‐organisms. We identify ordered dolomite in live microcosms after 90 days via powder X‐ray diffraction, while sterile controls precipitate only calcite. Scanning electron microscopy and transmitted electron microscopy demonstrate that the precipitated dolomite is closely associated with cell walls and putative extra‐cellular polysaccharides. Headspace gas measurements and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis confirm the presence of both autotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens and exclude the presence of DIRB and sulfate‐reducing bacteria after dolomite begins forming. Furthermore, the absence of dolomite in the controls and prior to methanogenesis confirm that methanogenic Archaea are necessary for the low‐temperature precipitation of dolomite under the experimental conditions tested.
Hyper‐response of OP3 to systemic hyperoxia in the dark‐adapted retina
Authors: Faucher Caroline , Carcenac Guillaume , Kergoat Hélène
Published: August 2009

Purpose:  We have demonstrated that the third wavelet (OP3) of the scotopic flash oscillatory potential (OP) complex shows a hyper‐response during experimentally‐induced systemic hyperoxia. The objective of the present study was to further evaluate and detail the time course of this enhanced retinal response.

Methods:  Twenty healthy adults volunteered for this study. The OPs were recorded with a DTL‐type electrode following pupillary dilation and retinal dark adaptation. Stimuli consisted of white flashes. The OPs were recorded at 8 points in time before, during and after breathing pure oxygen (O2). The arterial blood O2 saturation (SaO2), end‐tidal CO2 (EtCO2), respiratory rate (RR), pulse rate (PR) and blood pressure (BP) were monitored throughout the experiment.

Results:  The amplitude of the OPs did not vary significantly across test conditions except for OP3, which increased with systemic hyperoxia and was still elevated by the end of the experiment. The SaO2 and RR increased, the EtCO2 and PR decreased, whereas the BP was not altered during O2 breathing.

Conclusions:  This study provides further evidence indicating that the neural generators of OP3 display a unique hyper‐reactivity to increased systemic O2 levels in the young healthy adult. Further studies looking at OP3 are still needed to determine if this unique behavior could serve as an index of altered oxygen level and retinal function in health or disease.
Changes of higher‐order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics
Authors: Kim Jae‐hyung , Lim Taehyung , Kim Myoung Joon , Tchah Hungwon
Published: August 2009

Advances in corneal refractive surgery have allowed ophthalmologists to correct ocular higher‐order aberrations. To obtain more information on the ocular aberrations generated from the optical axis, mydriasis is required. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in higher‐order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics. Higher‐order aberrations were measured in 21 eyes of 21 subjects (age range 24–37 years; 13 males, 8 females). Repeated measurements were conducted before and after the installation of three different mydriatics: 10% phenylephrine, 1% tropicamide, or 1% cyclopentolate. At a pupil size of 6 mm, the average root mean square value of higher‐order aberrations (HO‐RMS) was 0.430 μm in undilated eyes, and 0.413, 0.410, and 0.477 μm after installation of phenylephrine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the HO‐RMS between the four conditions. There was a significant difference in the spherical aberration between the undilated or phenylephrine‐treated eyes, compared to those treated with tropicamide or cyclopentolate. Cycloplegic mydriatics seemed to shift spherical aberration in a positive direction. These results suggest that mydriatics may affect higher‐order aberrations, especially spherical aberration, and this should be considered when performing wavefront analysis and when correcting wavefront errors.
Intra‐examiner repeatability and agreement in accommodative response measurements
Authors: Antona B , Sanchez I , Barrio A , Barra F , Gonzalez E
Published: August 2009

Purpose:  Clinical measurement of the accommodative response (AR) identifies the focusing plane of a subject with respect to the accommodative target. To establish whether a significant change in AR has occurred, it is important to determine the repeatability of this measurement. This study had two aims: First, to determine the intraexaminer repeatability of AR measurements using four clinical methods: Nott retinoscopy, monocular estimate method (MEM) retinoscopy, binocular crossed cylinder test (BCC) and near autorefractometry. Second, to study the level of agreement between AR measurements obtained with the different methods.

Methods:  The AR of the right eye at one accommodative demand of 2.50 D (40 cm) was measured on two separate occasions in 61 visually normal subjects of mean age 19.7 years (range 18–32 years). The intraexaminer repeatability of the tests, and agreement between them, were estimated by the Bland–Altman method. We determined mean differences (MD) and the 95% limits of agreement [coefficient of repeatability (COR) and coefficient of agreement (COA)].

Results:  Nott retinoscopy and BCC offered the best repeatability, showing the lowest MD and narrowest 95% interval of agreement (Nott: −0.10 ± 0.66 D, BCC: −0.05 ± 0.75 D). The 95% limits of agreement for the four techniques were similar (COA = ± 0.92 to ±1.00 D) yet clinically significant, according to the expected values of the AR. The two dynamic retinoscopy techniques (Nott and MEM) had a better agreement (COA = ±0.64 D) although this COA must be interpreted in the context of the low MEM repeatability (COR = ±0.98 D).

Conclusions:  The best method of assessing AR was Nott retinoscopy. The BCC technique was also repeatable, and both are recommended as suitable methods for clinical use. Despite better agreement between MEM and Nott, agreement among the remaining methods was poor such that their interchangeable use in clinical practice is not recommended.
Phase‐equilibrium constraints on titanite and rutile activities in mafic epidote amphibolites and geobarometry using titanite–rutile equilibria
Authors: KAPP P. , MANNING C. E. , TROPPER P.
Published: August 2009

Activities of titanite (Ttn, CaTiSiO5) and/or rutile (Rt, TiO2) phase components were calculated for 45 well‐characterized natural titanite‐ or rutile‐undersaturated epidote–amphibolites by using the equilibria: (i) 3 anorthite + 2 zoisite/clinozoisite + rutile + quartz = 3 anorthite + titanite + water (referred to as TZARS) and (ii) anorthite + 2 titanite = grossular + 2 rutile + quartz (referred to as GRATiS). In titanite‐bearing and rutile‐absent samples aRt is 0.75 ± 0.26. In titanite‐absent, rutile‐bearing samples aTtn is 0.89 ± 0.16. Mean values derived for aRt/aTtn are 0.92 ± 0.12 for rutile + titanite‐bearing samples and 0.42 ± 0.27 for samples lacking both titanite and rutile. Use of these values with TZARS yields pressure estimates for epidote–amphibolites that differ on average by <0.5 kbar from those recorded by established mineral barometers, even where both titanite and rutile are lacking. Despite rather large uncertainties in the average values obtained for aRt, aTtn or aRt/aTtn, application of TZARS yields pressure estimates that agree with independent estimates to within ±0.5 kbar for titanite‐ and/or rutile‐saturated samples, and to within ±0.8 kbar for samples that contain neither Ti‐phase. The accuracy and precision of the TZARS barometer are comparable to that of many well‐calibrated barometers. TZARS offers a much‐needed barometer for mafic rocks metamorphosed at epidote‐bearing amphibolite and blueschist facies conditions. In addition, the results provide a basis for application of other thermobarometers, such as Ti‐in‐zircon, where rutile activity is required as input.
Input and Second Language Acquisition: The Roles of Frequency, Form, and Function Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: ELLIS NICK , COLLINS LAURA
Published: August 2009

The articles in this special issue explore how the acquisition of linguistic constructions as form–function mappings is affected by the distribution and saliency of forms in oral input, by their functional interpretations, and by the reliabilities of their form–function mappings. They consider the psycholinguistics of language learning following general cognitive principles of category learning, with schematic constructions emerging from usage. They analyze how learning is driven by the frequency and frequency distribution of exemplars within construction, the salience of their form, the significance of their functional interpretation, the match of their meaning to the construction prototype, and the reliability of their mappings. These investigations address a range of morphological and syntactic constructions in instructed, uninstructed, and laboratory settings. They include both experimental and corpus‐based approaches (some conducted longitudinally) and consider the relationship between input and acquisition in the short term and over time, with a particular emphasis on spoken input directed to second and foreign language learners.
Syntactic Priming, Type Frequency, and EFL Learners' Production of Wh‐Questions
Authors: MCDONOUGH KIM , KIM YOUJIN
Published: August 2009

Previous interaction studies have reported a positive relationship between syntactic priming and English second language (L2) learners' subsequent production of wh‐questions. Syntactic priming research has shown that a speaker's production of a structure during syntactic priming activities is influenced by the individual lexical items that occur in the immediate discourse context. The current study brings together these 2 lines of research to determine whether variation in the type frequency of the lexical verbs and wh‐question words targeted in syntactic priming activities impacts learners' subsequent production of wh‐questions. Thai English as a foreign language learners (n = 85) met individually with a researcher for 2 20‐minute sessions over a 3‐week period during which they carried out pretest, priming, and posttest activities. The sessions were digitally recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed in terms of the type and number of wh‐questions produced by the learners. The results indicated that syntactic priming materials that prompted learners to produce wh‐questions with a wide variety of lexical verbs facilitated their subsequent production of wh‐questions. The implications are discussed in terms of the role of type frequency during priming activities in L2 learners' acquisition of wh‐questions.
Predictive Factors of Re‐restenosis after Repeated Sirolimus‐Eluting Stent Implantation for SES Restenosis and Clinical Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for SES Restenosis
Authors: CHATANI KENICHI , MURAMATSU TOSHIYA , TSUKAHARA REIKO , ITO YOSHIAKI , ISHIMORI HIROSHI , HIRANO KEISUKE , NAKANO MASATSUGU , YAMAWAKI MASAHIRO , ARAKI MOTOHARU , SAKURAI MASAYUKI , IUCHI KAZUYUKI , NOZAWA TAKASHI , INOUE HIROSHI
Published: August 2009

Sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) is established to be effective in reducing restenosis. Repeat revascularization, however, is still required in up to 5–8% of patients. In this study, we analyzed clinical and angiographic variables that might be related with SES re‐restenosis and variables related with re‐restenosis after repeat SES implantation for SES restenosis. We also assessed clinical outcomes at 2‐year follow‐up after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for SES restenosis. Repeat revascularization for SES restenosis was performed in 113 patients with 140 lesions. Of the 140 lesions, follow‐up coronary angiography (CAG) was performed on 117 lesions (101 patients) and revealed 46 SES re‐restenotic and 71 non‐re‐restenotic lesions. In multivariate analysis, SES‐in‐SES‐strategy and reference diameter before the second PCI were independent predictors of re‐restenosis after PCI for SES restenosis. However, the reference diameter was the only independent predictor of re‐restenosis after SES‐in‐SES. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 2 years were found in 44 patients (43.5%), and target lesion revascularization (TLR) was performed in 33.7% of patients after SES restenosis. In conclusion, the incidence of MACE and TLR was relatively high in patients with SES restenosis, but the placement of another SES on larger‐diameter vessels may be an effective strategy for the second PCI.
Breakpoint: Left Main Stent Fracture—Review of the Literature
Authors: TIZÓN‐MARCOS HELENA , DE LAROCHELLIÈRE ROBERT , LAROSE ERIC
Published: August 2009

The incidence and morbidity associated with stent fracture are unknown. Recommendations and evidence‐based treatment are lacking. We report a case of symptomatic fracture of a sirolimus‐eluting stent advancing from the left main into the circumflex coronary artery, forming an acute angle with calcifications at the hinge point; the literature is reviewed and treatment options are discussed.
The Ultrasonic Picture Show and the Politics of Threatened Life
Authors: Ivry Tsipy
Published: August 2009

This article examines a local version of medical public discourse about fetal images produced through ultrasonography in Israel, where this technology has gained huge popularity. Nevertheless, I argue, ultrasound in Israel has not become engaged in the discursive production of “fetal subjects” central to the Euro‐American life politics. Fetal images in Israel have become entangled in a “politics of threatened life”: where “life” stands typically for the pregnant woman and “threat” for the fetus, while the prospect of a reproductive misfortune is the fabric through which pregnancies, regardless of their medical categorization as “low risk” or “high risk,” are navigated and negotiated by doctors and women. The same processes of separation generated by ultrasonography forge different imagined relations between woman and fetus. This article opts to go beyond analyzing the cultural paradigms of thinking and the sociopolitical circumstances at play, to convey a sense of how notions of threatened life are produced.
La Tecnología y Las Monjitas:
Authors: Fleuriet K. Jill
Published: August 2009

In this article, I contrast conceptualizations of authoritative knowledge in pregnancy and birth between U.S. midwives and their Mexican immigrant clients at a religious birthing center in south Texas. Although the two groups share certain orientations to pregnancy management, essential differences in prenatal care and birth epistemologies underscore distinct social and economic positions. I use narrative data to document and explain these differences, which throw into relief the hierarchies of identity and need that structure immigrant women's reproductive experiences. Unveiling the different epistemologies can also help to explain sometimes radically divergent ideas that have impacted the very survivability of the birthing center. By focusing on Mexican immigrant women's reproductive decision making in an alternative birthing center, this analysis responds to feminists’ call to look to the margins to understand the diversity of women's responses to what Rapp and Ginsburg have called “stratified reproduction.”
Unusual Death of a Transvestite: Identification of Crime Weapon and Survival Time*
Authors: Cornetta Sandra , Addante Annalisa , Zotti Fiorenza , Dell’Erba Alessandro
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  The authors report a case of a transvestite found murdered near his automobile with several lacerated contused wounds to the face and cranial fractures. Autopsy revealed that the cause of death was a serious head trauma with subdural and subarachnoidal hemorrhages. In order to identify the crime weapon, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used which revealed metallic residue on the skin fragments with the same molecular composition of the car paint. As for survival time, antibody anti‐beta‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) was applied to brain fragments and brainstem tissue, allowing for axonal varicosities (which form 2 to 3 h following death) to be observed under the optic microscope. So, by using SEM we understood that the fatal cranial‐encephalic lesions were the result of the victim’s head being repeatedly struck against the car door while anti‐betaAPP led to the understanding that the time elapsed between injury and death was less than 2 to 3 h.
Personal Identification by Morphometric Analyses of Intra‐Oral Radiographs of Unrestored Teeth*
Authors: Santoro Valeria , Lozito Piercarlo , Mastrorocco Nunzio , De Donno Antonio , Introna Francesco
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to work out a biometric method for personal identification by comparing simulated antemortem and postmortem digital radiographs of unrestored teeth. Intra‐oral radiographs of the inferior right first molar, without restorations, were acquired at two different times in 70 subjects using a standardized technique followed by a morphometric analysis. The program automatically supplied values of the absolute distances, relative distances, shape factors, moments, perimeter values, and the areas of the triangles, which were obtained by joining key reference points. The values for the homologous samples were compared with the heterologous samples. Statistical analysis was then carried out, resulting in a section point value of 0.9992. Higher correlation coefficients indicate positive identification, with less than 2% risk of false positives, and approximately 3% of false negatives. We have also tested the method on dental records from 30 patients in order to demonstrate the specificity and sensitivity of the system.
The Influence of Clothing and Wrapping on Carcass Decomposition and Arthropod Succession During the Warmer Seasons in Central South Africa*
Authors: Kelly Janine A. , Van Der Linde Theuns C. , Anderson Gail S.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The influence of clothing and wrapping on carcass decomposition and arthropod succession was investigated to provide data to enable estimated postmortem interval in homicide investigations. Six pig carcasses,Sus scrofa,were divided into three sample groups, each with a clothed carcass wrapped and a carcass wrapped with no clothes. Two more carcasses, one with no clothes or wrapping, the other with clothes and no wrapping were used as controls. The clothed or wrapped carcasses had larger visible maggot masses, which moved more freely and these carcasses took longer to dry out. The blow fly maggot masses were dominated byChrysomya marginalisandChrysomya albiceps.Oviposition occurred simultaneously on all carcasses. High temperatures in one case caused significant maggot mortality. The Coleoptera community was dominated by Silphidae,Thanathopilus micanslarvae, Dermestidae,Dermestes maculatusadults and larvae, and Cleridae,Necrobia rufipes.
Forensic Imaging‐Guided Recovery of Nuclear DNA from the Spinal Cord*,†
Authors: Theodore Harcke H. , Monaghan Timothy , Yee Nicole , Finelli Louis
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  Our objective is to document the recovery of DNA from the spinal cord or surrounding dura mater in 11 cases of severely burned human remains. Radiographs established that portions of charred tissue contained spine segments. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) revealed that each spine specimen contained an intact spinal cord remnant. A full DNA profile was obtained from seven specimens using spinal cord dura mater in six specimens and spinal cord medulla in one specimen. A partial profile was obtained from four specimens (spinal cord dura mater, 2; spinal cord medulla, 2). Bone and muscle surrounding the spinal cord appear to insulate nucleic acid containing tissue from critical thermal degradation. The spinal cord, which is easily identified by MDCT examination of remains and easily recovered at the postmortem examination, can be a source of DNA with extraction yields comparable with other tissue sources. Specimens of dura mater are preferable as processing time is faster than bone.
The Relationship Between Deprivation and Forensic Opportunities with Stolen Vehicles
Authors: Smith Lisa L. , Bond John W.
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  Collection and interpretation of forensic intelligence (primarily through DNA and fingerprint identifications) is an integral part of the investigation of criminal offenses ranging from burglary and vehicle crime to major crime. The forensic contribution depends not only on the successful recovery of material, but also the ability to identify potential offenders and apply this intelligence to solve the crime. This study examines burglary and vehicle crimes investigated by Northamptonshire Police (U.K.) by analyzing relationships between deprivation of a crime location and the recovery and identification of DNA and fingerprint material. The results show that, for stolen vehicles, although significantly more forensic material (both DNA and fingerprints) is recovered and identified in more deprived neighborhoods, this does not lead to a corresponding increase in solved cases. These findings are considered in relation to previous studies, which have advocated the prioritization of resources at crime scenes most likely to yield forensic material.
Social Distance and Affective Orientations1
Authors: Karakayali Nedim
Published: August 2009

Most groups have social distance norms that differentiate “us” from “them.” Contrary to a widespread assumption in the sociological literature, however, these normative distinctions, even when they are collectively recognized, do not always overlap with the affective orientations of group members in a uniform manner. Relations between normatively close members of a group are not always warm and friendly, and normatively distant groups can sometimes be an object of reverence and love. In this study, a typology of five different ways in which normatively distant groups can be perceived is presented: as competitors, allies, symbols of otherness, saviors, and ambivalent figures. Each type tends to emerge under certain circumstances and triggers different affective orientations. This typology is not a substitute for a general theory, but it aims to provide preliminary insights for investigating why affective orientations toward normatively distant groups take different forms and, more generally, to motivate further inquiry into the relationships between different dimensions of social distance.
Ethnic‐Controlled Economy or Segregation? Exploring Inequality in Latina/o Co‐Ethnic Jobsites1
Authors: Morales Maria Cristina
Published: August 2009

Recent research has increasingly focused on how ethnicity operates within labor markets. Due to perceptions of intragroup homogeneity and assumptions that inequality only occurs between majority whites and people of color, most research has neglected intragroup economic inequality. This study examines how skin color, immigration/nativity status, and gender influence wage differentials in Latina/o co‐ethnic jobsites (where workers are the same ethnicity). Using data from the Los Angeles Study of Urban Inequality (LASUI), it is found that there are skin color, immigration/nativity status, and sex wage gaps among Latina/os working in co‐ethnic jobsites. Moreover, illustrating intersectionality, immigrant women and dark‐skinned immigrants suffer from wage gaps in co‐ethnic jobsites. Unexpectedly, some Latinas experience a wage advantage, in comparison with Latinos, which is associated with lighter skin. The author suggests that Latinas are subjected to multiple‐jeopardy situations in which they experience an intersection of inequalities in jobsites saturated by co‐ethnics but that lightness of skin color functions as a form of social capital. Thus, research on the benefits or costs associated with working with co‐ethnics cannot be extended to the entire ethnic group. The conclusion is that for Central Americans and Mexicans, co‐ethnic jobsites are generally forms of segregated employment with limited protection from discrimination.
Adipocyte differentiation is inhibited by melatonin through the regulation of C/EBPβ transcriptional activity
Authors: Alonso‐Vale Maria Isabel Cardoso , Peres Sidney Barnabé , Vernochet Cécile , Farmer Stephen R. , Lima Fabio Bessa
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  Considering that melatonin has been implicated in body weight control, this work investigated whether this effect involves the regulation of adipogenesis. 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate in the absence or presence of melatonin (10−3 m). Swiss‐3T3 cells ectopically and conditionally (Tet‐off system) over‐expressing the 34 kDa C/EBPβ isoform (Swiss‐LAP cells) were employed as a tool to assess the mechanisms of action at the molecular level. Protein markers of the adipogenic phenotype were analyzed by Western blot. At 36 hr of differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes, a reduction of PPARγ expression was detected followed by a further reduction, at day 4, of perilipin, aP2 and adiponectin protein expression in melatonin‐treated cells. Real‐time PCR analysis also showed a decrease of PPARγ (60%), C/EBPα (75%), adiponectin (30%) and aP2 (40%) mRNA expression. Finally, we transfected Swiss LAP cells with a C/EBPα gene promoter/reporter construct in which luciferase expression is enhanced in response to C/EBPβ activity. Culture of such transfected cells in the absence of tetracycline led to a 2.5‐fold activation of the C/EBPα promoter. However, when treated with melatonin, the level of C/EBPα promoter activation by C/EBPβ was reduced by 50% (P = 0.05, n = 6). In addition, this inhibitory effect of melatonin was also reflected in the phenotype of the cells, since their capacity to accumulate lipids droplets was reduced as confirmed by the poor staining with Oil Red O. In conclusion, melatonin at a concentration of 10−3  m works as a negative regulator of adipogenesis acting in part by inhibiting the activity of a critical adipogenic transcription factor, C/EBPβ.
The “Dome Phenomenon” Associated with Maxillary Sinus Augmentation
Authors: Mahler Dan , Levin Liran , Zigdon Hadar , Machtei Eli E.
Published: August 2009

Aim: This case series is aimed to report a new phenomenon, the “dome phenomenon,” which was observed in infected augmented sinuses over several years.

Methods: Five patients are presented in whom sinus lift augmentation resulted in postoperative infection with inflammation and suppuration. The patients received aggressive anti‐inflammatory treatment and surgical debridement of the inflamed tissue, including some grafted material performed through the lateral window of the primary procedure.

Results: The inflammatory condition was reversed, and the site healed clinically. Radiographically, a dome‐shaped, radio‐opaque tissue was observed at the superiormost aspect of the grafted sinus. This “dome phenomenon” was further confirmed during dental implant placement, which indicates healing potential adjacent to the maxillary sinus membrane.

Conclusions: The current report, as well as other studies and case series, suggests that there is great potential for healing and bone formation in the maxillary sinus membrane. The precise mechanism is not known. Further clinical and histologic studies are needed to understand the regenerative potential of the Schneiderian membrane.
Patients' Expectations Before and Evaluation After Dental Implant Therapy
Authors: Baracat Lilian Fernandes , Teixeira Amanda Marques , dos Santos Mateus Bertolini Fernandes , da Cunha Vicente de Paula Prisco , Marchini Leonardo
Published: August 2009

Background: Patients' expectations may influence their satisfaction with implant treatment, but there is a paucity of reports comparing patient expectations and their posttreatment satisfaction.

Purpose: The aim was to compare patients' expectations before with their satisfaction regarding function and esthetics after dental implant therapy.

Materials and Methods: Fifty volunteers (49 years ± 11.45) answered a questionnaire about influencing variables and underwent an initial examination followed by implant therapy. Their expectations regarding esthetics and function were verified on a visual analogue scale (VAS) before treatment. The VAS was also used for posttreatment completion rating.

Results: The average ratings for esthetic and functional expectations were 5.0 ± 2.6 and 5.0 ± 3.0; the posttreatment completion ratings were 9.1 ± 1.1 and 9.0 ± 1.7, respectively. The posttreatment completion ratings significantly exceeded expectations (p < .001, Wilcoxon test). Positive correlations were found between expectations and posttreatment completion ratings for esthetics (Spearman's rho = 0.496, p < .001) and function (Spearman's rho = 0.706, p < .001). An inverse correlation was found between age and functional expectations (Spearman's rho = −0.313, p = .027).

Conclusions: Patients' posttreatment completion ratings significantly exceeded their initial expectations. Expectations and posttreatment completion ratings were irrespective of smoking habits, location in the jaw, sex, or educational level.
Differential Use of Trails by Forest Mammals and the Implications for Camera‐Trap Studies: A Case Study from Belize
Authors: Harmsen Bart J. , Foster Rebecca J. , Silver Scott , Ostro Linde , Doncaster C. Patrick
Published: August 2009

Relative abundance indices are often used to compare species abundance between sites. The indices assume that species have similar detection probabilities, or that differences between detection probabilities are known and can be corrected for. Indices often consist of encounter frequencies of footprints, burrows, markings or photo captures along trails or transect lines, but the assumption of equal detection probabilities is rarely validated. This study analyzes detection probabilities of a range of Neotropical mammals on trails in dense secondary forests, using camera‐trap and track data. Photo captures of the two large cats, jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor), were correlated solely with trail variables, while photo captures of their potential prey species had no correlation or negative correlation with trail variables. The Neotropical mammals varied greatly in their tendency to follow or cross trails based on footprints surveys. This indicates that camera locations on trails will have varying detection probability for these Neotropical mammals. Even the two similar‐sized jaguars and pumas, occupying relatively similar niches, differed subtly in their use of trails. Pumas followed trails more completely while jaguars were more likely to deviate from trails. The ecological significance of these findings is that jaguars seem to be more willing to use the forest matrix away from trails than do pumas. We conclude that trail‐based indices, such as photographic captures or tracks along trails, are not appropriate for comparison between Neotropical species, and not even between relatively similar species like jaguars and pumas.
Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by the Lowland Tapir Tapirus terrestris in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Tobler Mathias W. , Janovec John P. , Cornejo Fernando
Published: August 2009

The lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris is the largest herbivore in the Neotropics and feeds on a large quantity of fruits, often ingesting the seeds and defecating them intact. Seed dispersal by the lowland tapir in the southwestern Amazon was studied by examining seeds from 135 dung samples collected between 2005 and 2007. Seeds of a total of 122 plant species were identified, representing 68 genera and 33 families. The species accumulation curve showed that more species can be expected with further sampling. Many species (45%) were only encountered once, and only 10 percent of all species were found in >10 samples, indicating that the lowland tapir is an opportunistic forager. Seed diversity showed a clear seasonal pattern and was highly correlated with fruit availability. Seed diameter ranged from <1 to 25 mm with 81 percent <10 mm diam. The size distribution of seeds found in lowland tapir dung generally followed that of seeds found in the forest, but had a lower proportion of seeds in the smallest size class (<2.5 mm) and a larger proportion found in the largest size class (20–25 mm). The diversity of seeds encountered in dung of the lowland tapir in this study was much higher than in previous studies. We conclude that the lowland tapir is a potential disperser for a large number of plant species, including many that previously have been thought to be dispersed only by large primates.
Seemingly Competitive Food Retail Regulations: Who Do They Really Help?
Authors: Larue Bruno , Bonroy Olivier
Published: August 2009

The food distribution and retail sectors in Quebec are highly concentrated and integrated as large food distributors are also involved in food retailing. As such, they are competing with small grocery and convenience stores they sell inputs to. A review of the industry suggests that there are important economies of size in distribution, but that smaller stores offering convenience face a more inelastic demand. Concerns over the survival of smaller stores in Quebec have motivated two types of regulations. The first type aims at reducing the cost advantage of dominant retailers by restricting the number of employees that they are allowed to use during specific time periods. The second type restricts retail prices. We develop a simple model capturing the main features of the industry to ascertain the impact of these regulations on retail and wholesale prices. Our results suggest that these regulations reduce welfare and may induce both tighter margins and lower surplus for small retailers.

Au Québec, les secteurs du commerce de détail et de la distribution des aliments sont fortement concentrés et intégrés puisque les grands distributeurs d’aliments sont aussi engagés dans le commerce de détail. À ce titre, ils font concurrence aux petites épiceries et aux dépanneurs qu’ils approvisionnent. Un examen de l’industrie autorise à penser qu’il existe d’importantes économies de taille dans le secteur de la distribution, mais que les petites épiceries de dépannage sont confrontées à une demande plus inélastique. Les inquiétudes entourant la survie des petites épiceries au Québec ont motivé deux types de règlements. Le premier vise à diminuer l’avantage de coût des détaillants dominants en limitant le nombre d’employés pendant certaines périodes spécifiques. Le deuxième vise à limiter les prix de détail. Nous avons élaboré un modèle simple qui renferme les principales caractéristiques de l’industrie pour évaluer les répercussions de ces règlements sur les prix de détail et de gros. Nos résultats portent à croire que ces règlements diminuent le bien‐être et peuvent entraîner un resserrement des marges et une diminution des surplus des petits détaillants.
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Manufactured Gas Plant Tar Mono‐ and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ground Water: A 14‐Year Field Study
Authors: Neuhauser Edward F. , Ripp John A. , Azzolina Nicholas A. , Madsen Eugene L. , Mauro David M. , Taylor Terry
Published: August 2009

Site 24 was the subject of a 14‐year (5110‐day) study of a ground water plume created by the disposal of manufactured gas plant (MGP) tar into a shallow sandy aquifer approximately 25 years prior to the study. The ground water plume in 1988 extended from a well‐defined source area to a distance of approximately 400 m down gradient. A system of monitoring wells was installed along six transects that ran perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the plume centerline. The MGP tar source was removed from the site in 1991 and a 14‐year ground water monitored natural attenuation (MNA) study commenced. The program measured the dissolved mono‐ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs and PAHs) periodically over time, which decreased significantly over the 14‐year period. Naphthalene decreased to less than 99% of the original dissolved mass, with mass degradation rates of 0.30 per year (half‐life 2.3 years). Bulk attenuation rate constants for plume centerline concentrations over time ranged from 0.33 ± 0.09 per year (half‐life 2.3 ± 0.8 years) for toluene and 0.45 ± 0.06 per year (half‐life 1.6 ± 0.2 years) for naphthalene. The hydrogeologic setting at Site 24, having a sandy aquifer, shallow water table, clay confining layer, and aerobic conditions, was ideal for demonstrating MNA. However, these results demonstrate that MNA is a viable remedial strategy for ground water at sites impacted by MAHs and PAHs after the original source is removed, stabilized, or contained.
Mortality due to injuries by place of occurrence in the European region: analysis of data quality in the WHO mortality database: Table 1
Authors: Suárez García I , Sethi D , Hutchings A
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:

The 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) has codes for the place of occurrence of external causes of mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of data available in the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database on the place of occurrence of fatal injuries in the European region.

Methods:

Data on external causes of mortality from countries in the European region according to the ICD-10 with four-character subdivision, between the years 1998 and 2003, were analysed. The quality of ICD-10 place of occurrence data was analysed for each country, based on the completeness, coverage and percentage of unspecified place of injury occurrence.

Results:

Only three countries in the European region (Hungary, Iceland and Lithuania) had high quality of data on place of occurrence of injuries, and six had medium-quality data.

Conclusions:

Few countries in the European region have injury mortality data of adequate quality by place of occurrence.
Identifying predictors of medically-attended injuries to young children: do child or parent behavioural attributes matter?
Authors: Morrongiello B A , Corbett M , Brison R J
Published: August 2009

Objective:

To investigate whether one can differentiate injured and uninjured young children based on child behavioural attributes or indices of caregiver supervision.

Method:

A matched case–control design was used in which case participants were children presenting to an emergency department for treatment for an injury and age/sex matched control participants presented for illness-related reasons. During structured phone interviews about supervision parents reported on general supervisory practices (standardised questionnaire) and specific practices corresponding to time of injury (cases) or the last time their child engaged in the activity that incited their match’s injury (controls). Parents also reported on child behavioural attributes that have been linked to child risk taking in prior research (inhibitory control, sensation seeking).

Results:

Results revealed no group differences in child behavioural attributes; however, the control group received more supervision both in general (OR = 4.82, 95% CI 1.89 to 12.33) and during the specified activity that led to injury in cases (OR = 5.38, 95% CI 2.13 to 13.58).

Conclusion:

These findings confirm past speculation that caregiver supervision influences children’s risk of medically-attended injury and highlight the importance of targeting supervision in child-injury prevention interventions.
Acute and usual drinking among emergency trauma patients: a study on alcohol consumption and injury patterns
Authors: Kuendig H , Hasselberg M , Gmel G , Daeppen J-B , Laflamme L
Published: August 2009

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between usual and acute alcohol consumption among injured patients and, when combined, how they covary with other injury attributes.

Methods:

Data from a randomised sample of 486 injured patients interviewed in an emergency department (Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland) were analysed using the χ2test for independence and cluster analysis.

Results:

Acute alcohol consumption (24.7%) was associated with usual drinking and particularly with high volumes of consumption. Six injury clusters were identified. Over-representations of acute consumption were found in a cluster typical of injuries sustained through interpersonal violence and in another formed by miscellaneous circumstances. A third cluster, typical of sports injuries, was linked to a group of frequent heavy episodic drinkers (without acute consumption).

Conclusions:

Among injured patients, acute alcohol consumption is common and associated with usual drinking. Acute and/or usual consumption form part of some, but not all, injury clusters.