bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How T follicular helper cells and the germinal centre response change with age
Authors: Linterman Michelle A
Published: November 2013

Normal ageing is accompanied by a decline in the function of the immune system that causes an increased susceptibility to infections and an impaired response to vaccination in older individuals. This results in an increased disease burden in the aged population, even with good immunisation programmes in place. The decreased response to vaccination is partly due to the diminution of the germinal centre response with age, caused by impaired T‐cell help to B cells. Within the germinal centre, T‐cell help is provided by a specialised subset of CD4+ T cells; T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells provide survival and selection signals to germinal centre B cells, allowing them to egress from the germinal centre and become long‐live plasma cells or memory B cells, and provide life‐long protection against subsequent infection. This review will discuss the cellular and molecular changes in both Tfh cells and germinal centre B cells that occur with advancing age, which result in a smaller germinal centre response and a less effective response to immunisation.
Synthesis and properties of B,N-bridged p-terphenyls
Authors: Chen Dong-Mei , Qin Qian , Sun Zuo-Bang , Peng Qian , Zhao Cui-Hua
Published: November 2013

We describe the efficient synthesis and intriguing photophysical properties of a new class of ladder π-conjugated molecules, B,N-bridged p-terphenyls.
Raptor codes‐aided relaying for vehicular infotainment applications
Authors: Abdullah Nor Fadzilah , Doufexi Angela , Piechocki Robert J.
Published: November 2013

Even though the main motivation behind wireless access for vehicular environments was to support time‐sensitive safety applications, typical Internet applications are also required to attract private investment that would help expand the network and reduce the cost of implementing the systems. It is well known that the Automatic Repeat reQuest scheme used in the current IEEE 802.11p standard is highly inefficient for vehicular applications. Therefore a raptor‐coded decode‐and‐forward relaying scheme with an efficient feedback channel, named the ‘r‐DF scheme’ for infrastructure‐to‐vehicle infotainment applications is proposed in this study. The scheme is evaluated using a multi‐layered simulator combining a realistic IEEE 802.11p physical and MAC layer design considering the presence of interference in a highway and an urban scenario. The simulation shows that the scheme achieved up to double the average aggregate throughput and tens of decoding time improvements over the state‐of‐the‐art.
Magnetocaloric and magnetic properties of Ni2Mn1−xCuxGa Heusler alloys: An insight from the direct measurements and ab initio and Monte Carlo calculations
Authors: Sokolovskiy V. , Buchelnikov V. , Skokov K. , Gutfleisch O. , Karpenkov D. , Koshkid'ko Yu. , Miki H. , Dubenko I. , Ali N. , Stadler S. , Khovaylo V.
Published: November 2013

We calculated magnetic exchange constants and magnetocaloric properties of Ni2Mn1−xCuxGa Heusler alloys by ab initio and Monte Carlo methods. The ab initio study of the influence of the Cu excess x on the strength of magnetic interactions revealed that Cu weakens Mn-Ni interaction and has a complex impact on the Mn-Mn interactions. Theoretically calculated magnetic phase diagram of Ni2Mn1−xCuxGa is in a good agreement with available experimental data. Calculated by the Monte Carlo method the isothermal magnetic entropy change ΔSmag in a Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga alloy is significantly smaller around the coupled magnetostructural phase transition temperature than the reported earlier experimental ΔSmag. This discrepancy is ascribed to an overestimation of the experimental ΔSmag at the magnetostructural phase transition. Theoretically determined adiabatic temperature change ΔTad in Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga agrees well with ΔTad measured experimentally by a direct method.
Statistical mechanics of Roskilde liquids: Configurational adiabats, specific heat contours, and density dependence of the scaling exponent
Authors: Bailey Nicholas P. , Bøhling Lasse , Veldhorst Arno A. , Schrøder Thomas B. , Dyre Jeppe C.
Published: November 2013

We derive exact results for the rate of change of thermodynamic quantities, in particular, the configurational specific heat at constant volume, CV, along configurational adiabats (curves of constant excess entropy $S_{\textrm {ex}}$S ex ). Such curves are designated isomorphs for so-called Roskilde liquids, in view of the invariance of various structural and dynamical quantities along them. The slope of the isomorphs in a double logarithmic representation of the density-temperature phase diagram, γ, can be interpreted as one third of an effective inverse power-law potential exponent. We show that in liquids where γ increases (decreases) with density, the contours of CV have smaller (larger) slope than configurational adiabats. We clarify also the connection between γ and the pair potential. A fluctuation formula for the slope of the CV-contours is derived. The theoretical results are supported with data from computer simulations of two systems, the Lennard-Jones fluid, and the Girifalco fluid. The sign of dγ/dρ is thus a third key parameter in characterizing Roskilde liquids, after γ and the virial-potential energy correlation coefficient R. To go beyond isomorph theory we compare invariance of a dynamical quantity, the self-diffusion coefficient, along adiabats and CV-contours, finding it more invariant along adiabats.
Instability limits for spontaneous double layer formation
Authors: Carr J. , Galante M. E. , Magee R. M. , McCarren D. , Reynolds E. , Scime E. E. , Sears S. , VanDervort R. W.
Published: November 2013

We present time-resolved measurements that demonstrate that large amplitude electrostatic instabilities appear in pulsed, expanding helicon plasmas at the same time as particularly strong double layers appear in the expansion region. A significant cross-correlation between the electrostatic fluctuations and fluctuations in the number of ions accelerated by the double layer electric field is observed. No correlation is observed between the electrostatic fluctuations and ions that have not passed through the double layer. These measurements confirm that the simultaneous appearance of the electrostatic fluctuations and the double layer is not simple coincidence. In fact, the accelerated ion population is responsible for the growth of the instability. The double layer strength, and therefore, the velocity of the accelerated ions, is limited by the appearance of the electrostatic instability.
Microstructure factor and mechanical and electronic properties of hydrogenated amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon thin-films for microelectromechanical systems applications
Authors: Mouro J. , Gualdino A. , Chu V. , Conde J. P.
Published: November 2013

Thin-film silicon allows the fabrication of MEMS devices at low processing temperatures, compatible with monolithic integration in advanced electronic circuits, on large-area, low-cost, and flexible substrates. The most relevant thin-film properties for applications as MEMS structural layers are the deposition rate, electrical conductivity, and mechanical stress. In this work, n+-type doped hydrogenated amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon thin-films were deposited by RF-PECVD, and the influence of the hydrogen dilution in the reactive mixture, the RF-power coupled to the plasma, the substrate temperature, and the deposition pressure on the structural, electrical, and mechanical properties of the films was studied. Three different types of silicon films were identified, corresponding to three internal structures: (i) porous amorphous silicon, deposited at high rates and presenting tensile mechanical stress and low electrical conductivity, (ii) dense amorphous silicon, deposited at intermediate rates and presenting compressive mechanical stress and higher values of electrical conductivity, and (iii) nanocrystalline silicon, deposited at very low rates and presenting the highest compressive mechanical stress and electrical conductivity. These results show the combinations of electromechanical material properties available in silicon thin-films and thus allow the optimized selection of a thin silicon film for a given MEMS application. Four representative silicon thin-films were chosen to be used as structural material of electrostatically actuated MEMS microresonators fabricated by surface micromachining. The effect of the mechanical stress of the structural layer was observed to have a great impact on the device resonance frequency, quality factor, and actuation force.
Combined study of the ground and unoccupied electronic states of graphite by electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Authors: Feng Zhenbao , Löffler Stefan , Eder Franz , Su Dangsheng , Meyer Jannik C. , Schattschneider Peter
Published: November 2013

Both the unoccupied and ground electronic states of graphite have been studied by electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. Electron energy-loss near-edge structures of the K-edge of carbon have been investigated in detail for scattering angles from 0 to 2.8 mrad. The π* and σ* components were separated. The angular and energy dependences of the π* and σ* structures were in fair agreement with theory. Electron energy loss Compton spectra of graphite were recorded at scattering angles from 45 to 68 mrad. One Compton scattering spectrum was obtained in 1 min compared with several hours or days using photons. The contributions of core electrons were calculated by the exact Hartree-Slater method in the Compton scattering region. The electron Compton profile for graphite is in good agreement with other conventional Compton profile measurements, as well as with theory, thus establishing the validity of the technique.
Silver nanowires enhance absorption of poly(3-hexylthiophene)
Authors: Smolarek Karolina , Ebenhoch Bernd , Czechowski Nikodem , Prymaczek Aneta , Twardowska Magdalena , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Mackowski Sebastian
Published: November 2013

Results of optical spectroscopy reveal strong influence of plasmon excitations in silver nanowires on the fluorescence properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), which is one of the building blocks of organic solar cells. For the structure where a conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) was used as a spacer in order to minimize effects associated with non-radiative energy transfer from P3HT to metallic nanoparticles, we demonstrate over two-fold increase of the fluorescence intensity. Results of time-resolved fluorescence indicate that the enhancement of emission intensity can be attributed to increased absorption of P3HT. Our findings are a step towards improving the efficiency of organic solar cells through incorporation of plasmonic nanostructures.
Supercontinuum spatial modulation spectroscopy: Detection and noise limitations
Authors: McDonald M. P. , Vietmeyer F. , Aleksiuk D. , Kuno M.
Published: November 2013

Supercontinuum spatial modulation spectroscopy is a facile tool for conducting single molecule/particle extinction spectroscopy throughout the visible and near infrared (420–1100 nm). The technique's capabilities are benchmarked using individual Au nanoparticles (NPs) as a standard since they are well studied and display a prominent plasmon resonance in the visible. Extinction spectra of individual Au NPs with diameters (d) ranging from d ∼ 8 to 40 nm are resolved with extinction cross sections (σext) of σext ∼1 × 10−13–1 ×10−11 cm2. Corresponding signal-to-noise ratios range from ∼30 to ∼1400. The technique's limit of detection is determined to be 4.3 × 10−14 cm2 (4.3 nm2). To showcase supercontinuum spatial modulation spectroscopy's broader applicability, extinction spectra are acquired for other model systems, such as individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and CdSe nanowires. We show for the first time extinction spectra of individual (8,3) and (6,5) SWCNTs. For both chiralities, their E11 [(8,3) 1.30 eV (952 nm); (6,5) 1.26 eV (986 nm)] and E22 [(8,3) 1.86 eV (667 nm); (6,5) 2.19 eV (567 nm)] excitonic resonances are seen with corresponding cross sections of σext ∼ 10−13 cm2 μm−1.
Topological Anderson insulator induced by inter-cell hopping disorder
Authors: Lv Shu-Hui , Song Juntao , Li Yu-Xian
Published: November 2013

We have studied in detail the influence of same-orbit and different-orbit hopping disorders in HgTe/CdTe quantum wells. Intriguingly, similar to the behavior of the on-site Anderson disorder, a phase transition from a topologically trivial phase to a topological phase is induced at a proper strength of the same-orbit hopping disorder. For different-orbit hopping disorder, however, the phase transition does not occur. The results have been analytically verified by using effective medium theory. A consistent conclusion can be obtained by comparing phase diagrams, conductance, and conductance fluctuations. In addition, the influence of Rashba spin-orbit interaction (RSOI) on the system has been studied for different types of disorder, and the RSOI shows different influence on topological phase at different disorders. The topological phase induced by same-orbit hopping disorder is more robust against the RSOI than that induced by on-site Anderson disorder. For different-orbit hopping disorder, no matter whether the RSOI is included or not, the phase transition does not occur. The results indicate, whether or not the topological Anderson insulator can be observed depends on a competition between the different types of the disorder as well as the strength of the RSOI in a system.
Weak interaction between germanene and GaAs(0001) by H intercalation: A route to exfoliation
Authors: Kaloni T. P. , Schwingenschlögl U.
Published: November 2013

Epitaxial germanene on a semiconducting GaAs(0001) substrate is studied by ab initio calculations. The germanene-substrate interaction is found to be strong for direct contact but can be substantially reduced by H intercalation at the interface. Our results indicate that it is energetically possible to take the germanene off the GaAs(0001) substrate. While mounted on the substrate, the electronic structure shows a distinct Dirac cone shift above the Fermi energy with a splitting of 175 meV. On the other hand, we find for a free standing sheet a band gap of 24 meV, which is due to the intrinsic spin orbit coupling.
Interlayer magnetoconductance of misoriented bilayer graphene ribbons
Authors: Ahsan Sonia , Masum Habib K. M. , Neupane Mahesh R. , Lake Roger K.
Published: November 2013

The coherent, interlayer conductance of misoriented bilayer graphene ribbons is a strong function of the Fermi energy and magnetic field. Edge states can result in a large peak in the interlayer transmission at the charge neutrality point that is several orders of magnitude larger than the surrounding low-energy transmission. The coherent interlayer conductance is consistently asymmetric around the charge neutrality point for all structures with the value differing by up to 3 orders of magnitude at Ef = ±0.05 eV. The low-energy states exhibit a high magnetoconductance ratio, and the magnetoconductance ratio tends to increase as the width of the ribbons decrease. The maximum value for the 35 nm wide bilayer ribbons at 10 T is 15 000%. Non-equilibrium Green's function calculations of the interlayer transport properties are also supported by semi-analytical calculations based on Fermi's Golden Rule.
Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in silicene
Authors: Wang Yu , Lou Yiyi
Published: November 2013

We have theoretically studied ballistic electron transport in silicene under the manipulation of a pair of ferromagnetic gate. Transport properties like transmission and conductance have been calculated by the standard transfer matrix method for parallel and antiparallel magnetization configurations. It is demonstrated here that, due to the stray field-induced wave-vector filtering effect, remarkable difference in configuration-dependent transport gives rise to a giant tunneling magnetoresistance. In combination with the peculiar buckled structure of silicene and its electric tunable energy gap, the receiving magnetoresistance can be efficiently modulated by the externally-tunable stray field, electrostatic potential, and staggered sublattice potential, providing some flexible strategies to construct silicene-based nanoelectronic device.
Calculation of metamorphic two-dimensional quantum energy system: Application to wetting layer states in InAs/InGaAs metamorphic quantum dot nanostructures
Authors: Seravalli L. , Trevisi G. , Frigeri P.
Published: November 2013

In this work, we calculate the two-dimensional quantum energy system of the In(Ga)As wetting layer that arises in InAs/InGaAs/GaAs metamorphic quantum dot structures. Model calculations were carried on the basis of realistic material parameters taking in consideration their dependence on the strain relaxation of the metamorphic buffer; results of the calculations were validated against available literature data. Model results confirmed previous hypothesis on the extrinsic nature of the disappearance of wetting layer emission in metamorphic structures with high In composition. We also show how, by adjusting InGaAs metamorphic buffer parameters, it could be possible: (i) to spatially separate carriers confined in quantum dots from wetting layer carriers, (ii) to create an hybrid 0D-2D system, by tuning quantum dot and wetting layer levels. These results are interesting not only for the engineering of quantum dot structures but also for other applications of metamorphic structures, as the two design parameters of the metamorphic InGaAs buffer (thickness and composition) provide additional degrees of freedom to control properties of interest.
Structural and optical properties of size controlled Si nanocrystals in Si3N4 matrix: The nature of photoluminescence peak shift
Authors: Zelenina A. , Dyakov S. A. , Hiller D. , Gutsch S. , Trouillet V. , Bruns M. , Mirabella S. , Löper P. , López-Conesa L. , López-Vidrier J. , Estradé S. , Peiró F. , Garrido B. , Bläsing J. , Krost A. , Zhigunov D. M. , Zacharias M.
Published: November 2013

Superlattices of Si3N4 and Si-rich silicon nitride thin layers with varying thickness were prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. After high temperature annealing, Si nanocrystals were formed in the former Si-rich nitride layers. The control of the Si quantum dots size via the SiNx layer thickness was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The size of the nanocrystals was well in agreement with the former thickness of the respective Si-rich silicon nitride layers. In addition X-ray diffraction evidenced that the Si quantum dots are crystalline whereas the Si3N4 matrix remains amorphous even after annealing at 1200 °C. Despite the proven Si nanocrystals formation with controlled sizes, the photoluminescence was 2 orders of magnitude weaker than for Si nanocrystals in SiO2 matrix. Also, a systematic peak shift was not found. The SiNx/Si3N4 superlattices showed photoluminescence peak positions in the range of 540–660 nm (2.3–1.9 eV), thus quite similar to the bulk Si3N4 film having peak position at 577 nm (2.15 eV). These rather weak shifts and scattering around the position observed for stoichiometric Si3N4 are not in agreement with quantum confinement theory. Therefore theoretical calculations coupled with the experimental results of different barrier thicknesses were performed. As a result the commonly observed photoluminescence red shift, which was previously often attributed to quantum-confinement effect for silicon nanocrystals, was well described by the interference effect of Si3N4 surrounding matrix luminescence.
Modeling a Galfenol based stress sensor capable of sensing up to three axial stresses
Authors: Weetman Philip , Akhras George
Published: November 2013

A three dimensional rate equation model can be used to calculate the magnetization response in a Galfenol sample under the application of any or all components of stress (axial and shear) [P. Weetman and G. Akhras, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 043902 (2011)]. For a Galfenol based stress sensor, one is essentially interested in the inverse of that calculation: from magnetization measurements, determine which stresses are acting on the system. A conceptual design of a Galfenol based three dimensional dynamical sensor is presented. One assumes the time-varying magnetization and its time derivative in all three directions can be measured for different external magnetic bias fields at different points in time. It is shown that the rate equation model can be used to calculate all the stresses acting on the system from knowledge of the magnetization and the time derivative of magnetization. The necessary calculations are presented and then applied to a sample set of magnetization values, which were generated from a benchmarked sensing model that used up to three axial stresses.
Hot deformation induced defects and performance enhancement in FeSb2 thermoelectric materials
Authors: Wang Yongzheng , Fu Chenguang , Zhu Tiejun , Hu Lipeng , Jiang Guangyu , Zhao Guanghui , Huo Dexuan , Zhao Xinbing
Published: November 2013

The effect of hot deformation induced defects and texture on thermoelectric properties of FeSb2 bulk crystals has been investigated. The transport properties of the samples along both parallel and perpendicular direction of pressing were measured from 3 K to 300 K. The results showed that thermal conductivity of the deformed samples was significantly reduced. After twice deformation, the thermal conductivity of the sample along the perpendicular direction of pressing was decreased to 4 W/mK, which was only one third of that before deformation. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed the presence of high density of lattice defects in the deformed samples. The lattice thermal conductivity was analyzed using the Debye-Callaway approximation, and the results showed that the deformation induced lattice imperfections play an important role in enhancing phonon scattering. In addition, both the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient exhibited a weak anisotropy in the deformed samples. The figure of merit ZT of the bulk FeSb2 was significantly improved from 0.010 to 0.021 after deformation.
Multilayer-oxide-based bidirectional cell selector device for cross-point resistive memory applications
Authors: Woo Jiyong , Lee Daeseok , Cha Euijun , Lee Sangheon , Park Sangsu , Hwang Hyunsang
Published: November 2013

In this study, we propose a multilayer structure as an insulating oxide/conducting oxide/insulating oxide for a high-performance cell selector device. To achieve a desirable selector device for cross-point memory applications, the electrical characteristics of the selector device with a multilayer oxide have been systemically investigated by using various approaches such as interface engineering and by considering factors such as material dependence. Through the introduction of a multilayer oxide, a field-sensitive device structure that exhibits a highly nonlinear I-V curve is formed. Therefore, both high current density (JMAX > 107 A/cm2) and better off-current (IOFF < 100 nA) can be achieved.
Magnetoresistance and electron-hole exchange interaction in (Co1-xInx)2O3-v concentrated ferromagnetic semiconductors
Authors: Xu T. S. , Qiao R. M. , Tian Y. F. , Yan S. S. , Zhang K. , Cao Y. L. , Kang S. S. , Chen Y. X. , Liu G. L. , Mei L. M.
Published: November 2013

Systematic studies of electrical transport properties of (Co1-xInx)2O3-v concentrated ferromagnetic semiconductors were performed. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that spin dependent variable range hopping dominated the low temperature transport behavior. Moreover, it was found that ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic coupling of electron-hole pair generated during the variable range hopping process is responsible for the negative or positive magnetoresistance, respectively. Our results not only illustrate the connection between magnetoresistance and electron-hole exchange interaction but also provide a unique method to detect the exchange interaction of electron-hole pair.
Tensile-strain and doping enhanced direct bandgap optical transition of n+ doped Ge/GeSi quantum wells
Authors: Fan W. J.
Published: November 2013

Band structures of tensile strained and n+ doped Ge/GeSi quantum wells (QWs) are calculated by multiple-band k·p method. The energy dispersion curves of the Γ and L conduction subbands are obtained. The effects of tensile strain and n+ doping in Ge on direct bandgap optical gain and spontaneous radiative recombination rate spectra are investigated including the electron leakage from Γ to L conduction subbands. Our results show that the optical gain and spontaneous radiative recombination rate can be significantly increased with the tensile strain, n-type doping concentration, and injection carrier density in the Ge QW. The free carrier absorption is calculated and cannot be ignored because of the heavily doped Ge. The pure TM mode polarized net optical gain up to 1153 cm−1 can be achieved for the Ge/Ge0.986Si0.014 QW with tensile strain of 1.61% and n-type doping concentration of 30 × 1018 cm−3.
Resonator-quantum well infrared photodetectors
Authors: Choi K. K. , Jhabvala M. D. , Sun J. , Jhabvala C. A. , Waczynski A. , Olver K.
Published: November 2013

We applied a recent electromagnetic model to design the resonator-quantum well infrared photodetector (R-QWIP). In this design, we used an array of rings as diffractive elements to diffract normal incident light into parallel propagation and used the pixel volume as a resonator to intensify the diffracted light. With a proper pixel size, the detector resonates at certain optical wavelengths and thus yields a high quantum efficiency (QE). To test this detector concept, we fabricated a number of R-QWIPs with different quantum well materials and detector geometries. The experimental result agrees satisfactorily with the prediction, and the highest QE achieved is 71%.
Topography, complex refractive index, and conductivity of graphene layers measured by correlation of optical interference contrast, atomic force, and back scattered electron microscopy
Authors: Vaupel Matthias , Dutschke Anke , Wurstbauer Ulrich , Hitzel Frank , Pasupathy Abhay
Published: November 2013

The optical phase shift by reflection on graphene is measured by interference contrast microscopy. The height profile across graphene layers on 300 nm thick SiO2 on silicon is derived from the phase profile. The complex refractive index and conductivity of graphene layers on silicon with 2 nm thin SiO2 are evaluated from a phase profile, while the height profile of the layers is measured by atomic force microscopy. It is observed that the conductivity measured on thin SiO2 is significantly greater than on thick SiO2. Back scattered electron contrast of graphene layers is correlated to the height of graphene layers.
Phosphorylation sites required for regulation of cardiac calcium channels in the fight-or-flight response
Authors: Fu Ying , Westenbroek Ruth E. , Scheuer Todd , Catterall William A.
Published: November 2013

Significance

This work defines the in vivo role of phosphorylation of Ser1700 and Thr1704 in Ca
V
1.2 channels in the fight-or-flight response. Mutation of both residues to Ala in STAA mice reduced basal L-type Ca
2+
currents and markedly decreased β-adrenergic stimulation of Ca
2+
currents and cell contraction. STAA ventricular myocytes exhibited arrhythmic contractions and often failed to sustain contractions when stimulated at 1 Hz. STAA mice have reduced exercise capacity, and cardiac hypertrophy is evident at 3 mo. Our results define the molecular mechanism for Ca
2+
channel regulation in the fight-or-flight response and give insight into mechanisms that underlie cardiac homeostasis and hypertrophy.
Shedding more light on language classification using basic vocabularies and phylogenetic methods
Authors: Syrjänen Kaj , Honkola Terhi , Korhonen Kalle , Lehtinen Jyri , Vesakoski Outi , Wahlberg Niklas
Published: November 2013

Encouraged by ongoing discussion of the classification of the Uralic languages, we investigate the family quantitatively using Bayesian phylogenetics and basic vocabulary from seventeen languages. To estimate the heterogeneity within this family and the robustness of its subgroupings, we analyse ten divergent sets of basic vocabulary, including basic vocabulary lists from the literature, lists that exclude borrowing-susceptible meanings, lists with varying degrees of borrowing-susceptible meanings and a list combining all of the examined items. The results show that the Uralic phylogeny has a fairly robust shape from the perspective of basic vocabulary, and is not dramatically altered by borrowing-susceptible meanings. The results differ to some extent from the ‘standard paradigm’ classification of these languages, such as the lack of firm evidence for Finno-Permian.
Synchronic variation and loss of case
Authors: Weerman Fred , Olson Mike , Cloutier Robert
Published: November 2013

A bias towards formal texts obscures our view of language change and gives a misleading impression of actual developments if ‘changes from below’ are in conflict with ‘changes from above,’ resulting from norms that are visible in particular in formal language. A corpus of 17th-century Amsterdam texts with varying levels of formality is assembled to study the loss of genitive and dative case-marking in Dutch. These results are compared with the use of present participle constructions, which serve as an extra variable to gauge how formal a text is. We argue that nominal case-marking no longer existed in informal language in 17th-century Amsterdam and that the genitive became a feature of formal norms and was hence subject to pressures from above.
Simple 𝐺-graded algebras and their polynomial identities
Authors: Aljadeff Eli , Haile Darrell
Published: November 2013

Let

G
G

be any group and

F
F

an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. We show that any

G
G

-graded finite dimensional associative

G
G

-simple algebra over

F
F

is determined up to a

G
G

-graded isomorphism by its

G
G

-graded polynomial identities. This result was proved by Koshlukov and Zaicev in case

G
G

is abelian.
Stable blow up dynamics for energy supercritical wave equations
Authors: Donninger Roland , Schörkhuber Birgit
Published: November 2013

We study the semilinear wave equation
\[

∂
t
2

ψ
−
Δ
ψ
=

|

ψ

|

p
−
1

ψ

\partial _t^2 \psi -\Delta \psi =|\psi |^{p-1}\psi

\]
for

p
>
3

p > 3

with radial data in three spatial dimensions. There exists an explicit solution which blows up at

t
=
T
>
0

t=T>0

given by
\[

ψ
T

(
t
,
x
)
=

c
p

(
T
−
t

)

−

2

p
−
1

,

\psi ^T(t,x)=c_p (T-t)^{-\frac {2}{p-1}},

\]
where

c
p

c_p

is a suitable constant. We prove that the blow up described by

ψ
T

\psi ^T

is stable in the sense that there exists an open set (in a topology strictly stronger than the energy) of radial initial data that leads to a solution which converges to

ψ
T

\psi ^T

as

t
→
T
−

t\to T-

in the backward lightcone of the blow up point

(
t
,
r
)
=
(
T
,
0
)

(t,r)=(T,0)

.
Isoform-specific tethering links the Golgi ribbon to maintain compartmentalization
Authors: Jarvela Timothy , Linstedt Adam D.
Published: November 2013

Homotypic membrane tethering by the Golgi reassembly and stacking proteins (GRASPs) is required for the lateral linkage of mammalian Golgi ministacks into a ribbon-like membrane network. Although GRASP65 and GRASP55 are specifically localized to cis and medial/trans cisternae, respectively, it is unknown whether each GRASP mediates cisternae-specific tethering and whether such specificity is necessary for Golgi compartmentalization. Here each GRASP was tagged with KillerRed (KR), expressed in HeLa cells, and inhibited by 1-min exposure to light. Significantly, inactivation of either GRASP unlinked the Golgi ribbon, and the immediate effect of GRASP65-KR inactivation was a loss of cis- rather than trans-Golgi integrity, whereas inactivation of GRASP55-KR first affected the trans- and not the cis-Golgi. Thus each GRASP appears to play a direct and cisternae-specific role in linking ministacks into a continuous membrane network. To test the consequence of loss of cisternae-specific tethering, we generated Golgi membranes with a single GRASP on all cisternae. Remarkably, the membranes exhibited the full connectivity of wild-type Golgi ribbons but were decompartmentalized and defective in glycan processing. Thus the GRASP isoforms specifically link analogous cisternae to ensure Golgi compartmentalization and proper processing.
A full life cycle and spatially explicit individual-based model for the giant mud crab (Scylla serrata): a case study from a marine protected area
Authors: Meynecke J.-O. , Richards R. G.
Published: November 2013

The giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) is an important fisheries species throughout southeast Asia and the South Pacific. In Australia, marine protected areas (MPAs) and fish habitats have been declared specifically to protect the local populations of S. serrata. The cannibalistic behaviour of S. serrata coupled with the potential attraction of increased predators may counteract the effect of excluding fishing from these areas as a means of increasing the local crab population. The population dynamics of S. serrata could also be confounded by the spatio-temporal variability in environmental conditions (e.g. run-off and temperature). Here, we used a spatially explicit individual-based model (IBM) to explore the population dynamics of S. serrata in an MPA located in southern Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. This IBM simulated the life cycle dynamics of individual S. serrata and integrated the key processes affecting its population dynamics. These processes include physical transport of the planktonic life stages, movement, growth, metamorphosis, setting, reproduction, spawning, harvesting, and predation. Individual variability was built into the model to account for demographic variation. The modelled scenarios indicated that the effect of the different harvest strategies trialled on the population dynamics after 30 months and the MPA influenced the number of individuals in the creek system resulting in a partial 35% population increase. Further development and application of this model has implications for MPAs and catch limits under multiple stressors including climate change.
Dickeya solani sp. nov., a pectinolytic plant-pathogenic bacterium isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: van der Wolf Jan M. , Nijhuis Els H. , Kowalewska Malgorzata J. , Saddler Gerry S. , Parkinson Neil , Elphinstone John G. , Pritchard Leighton , Toth Ian K. , Lojkowska Ewa , Potrykus Marta , Waleron Malgorzata , de Vos Paul , Cleenwerck Ilse , Pirhonen Minna , Garlant Linda , Hélias Valérie , Pothier Joël F. , Pflüger Valentin , Duffy Brion , Tsror Leah , Manulis Shula
Published: November 2013

Pectinolytic bacteria have been recently isolated from diseased potato plants exhibiting blackleg and slow wilt symptoms found in a number of European countries and Israel. These Gram-reaction-negative, motile, rods were identified as belonging to the genus

Dickeya

, previously the

Pectobacterium chrysanthemi

complex (

Erwinia chrysanthemi

), on the basis of production of a PCR product with the pelADE primers, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, fatty acid methyl esterase analysis, the production of phosphatases and the ability to produce indole and acids from α-methylglucoside. Differential physiological assays used previously to differentiate between strains of

E. chrysanthemi

, showed that these isolates belonged to biovar 3. Eight of the isolates, seven from potato and one from hyacinth, were analysed together with 21 reference strains representing all currently recognized taxa within the genus

Dickeya

. The novel isolates formed a distinct genetic clade in multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using concatenated sequences of the intergenic spacer (IGS), as well as dnaX, recA, dnaN, fusA, gapA, purA, rplB, rpoS and gyrA. Characterization by whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, pulsed field gel electrophoresis after digestion of whole-genome DNA with rare-cutting restriction enzymes, average nucleotide identity analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization studies, showed that although related to

Dickeya dadantii

, these isolates represent a novel species within the genus

Dickeya

, for which the name Dickeya solani sp. nov. (type strain IPO 2222T = LMG25993T = NCPPB4479T) is proposed.
Prospective evaluation of the VITEK MS for the routine identification of bacteria and yeast in the clinical microbiology laboratory: assessment of accuracy of identification and turnaround time
Authors: Charnot-Katsikas Angella , Tesic Vera , Boonlayangoor Sue , Bethel Cindy , Frank Karen M.
Published: November 2013

This study assessed the accuracy of bacterial and yeast identification using the VITEK MS, and the time to reporting of isolates before and after its implementation in routine clinical practice. Three hundred and sixty-two isolates of bacteria and yeast, consisting of a variety of clinical isolates and American Type Culture Collection strains, were tested. Results were compared with reference identifications from the VITEK 2 system and with 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The VITEK MS provided an acceptable identification to species level for 283 (78 %) isolates. Considering organisms for which genus-level identification is acceptable for routine clinical care, 315 isolates (87 %) had an acceptable identification. Six isolates (2 %) were identified incorrectly, five of which were Shigella species. Finally, the time for reporting the identifications was decreased significantly after implementation of the VITEK MS for a total mean reduction in time of 10.52 h (P<0.0001). Overall, accuracy of the VITEK MS was comparable or superior to that from the VITEK 2. The findings were also comparable to other studies examining the accuracy of the VITEK MS, although differences exist, depending on the diversity of species represented as well as on the versions of the databases used. The VITEK MS can be incorporated effectively into routine use in a clinical microbiology laboratory and future expansion of the database should provide improved accuracy for the identification of micro-organisms.
A low-background-intensity focusing small-angle X-ray scattering undulator beamline
Authors: Kirby Nigel M. , Mudie Stephen T. , Hawley Adrian M. , Cookson David J. , Mertens Haydyn D. T. , Cowieson Nathan , Samardzic-Boban Vesna
Published: November 2013

The SAXS/WAXS beamline at the Australian Synchrotron is an advanced and flexible undulator X-ray scattering beamline used for small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis on a wide variety of solids, fluids and surfaces across a diverse range of research and development fields. The beamline has numerous features that minimize the intensity of the instrument background, provide automated stable optics, and allow accurate analysis of very weakly scattering samples. The geometric and intensity requirements of a three-slit collimation system are described in detail for conventional metal and single-crystal germanium slits. Straightforward ray tracing and simple linear projections describe the observed direct beam as well as parasitic background scattering geometry of the beamline at its longest camera length, providing a methodology for the design and operation of similar beamlines. As an aid to instrument design, the limit of background intensity determined by the intensity incident on single-crystal germanium guard slit edges and itsqdependence was quantified at 11 keV. Details of the beamline's implementation, underlying optical concept and measured performance are given.
Analytical description of the scattering of cellulose nanocrystals in tracheid wood cells. Corrigendum
Authors: Ogurreck Malte , Lichtenegger Helga C. , Müller Martin
Published: November 2013

In the paper by Ogurreck & Müller [J. Appl. Cryst.(2010),43, 256–263], Helga Lichtenegger is missing from the list of authors. The complete list of authors should be M. Ogurreck, H. C. Lichtenegger and M. Müller.
Imidazolidin-2-one: pseudosymmetry and twinning
Authors: Taouss Christina , Jones Peter G. , Tindall Daniel J.
Published: November 2013

The title compound, C3H6N2O, crystallizes with imposed twofold symmetry in the space groupI41/a. The five-membered ring displays a half-chair conformation. N—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules to formR22(8) rings and thence ribbons parallel to theaandbaxes. These intersectviaO2H2rings involving longer H...O contacts. The crystal was merohedrally twinned. Preliminary indications of the higher symmetry space groupI41/amd, which would require the ring to be planar, proved to be incorrect. A previous brief report of the structure inFdd2 is also probably incorrect.
Two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded supramolecular networks in the compounds of benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (pyromellitic acid) with 2,2′-biimidazole and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine
Authors: Zhong Kai-Long
Published: November 2013

Two products from the proton-transfer reactions of benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (pyromellitic acid, PMA) with 2,2′-biimidazole and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, namely 2,2′-biimidazole-3,3′-diium 2,5-dicarboxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, C6H8N42+,C10H4O82−, (I), and 4-methyl-2-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridinium 2,4,5-tricarboxybenzoate monohydrate, C12H13N2+·C10H5O8−·H2O, (II), have been prepared and their structures determined. Both compounds crystallize in the space groupP\overline{1}. The asymmetric unit of (I) is composed of two independent ion pairs. Both the 2,2′-biimidazole-3,3′-diium dication and the PMA2−anion are located on special positions (inversion centres). The protonated 2,2′-biimidazole-3,3′-diium ring H atoms are involved in hydrogen bonding with carboxylate O atoms to form one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chain structures. Adjacent chains are further linkedviacarboxyl–carboxyl O—H...O hydrogen bonding, resulting in a two-dimensional supramolecular sheet with theR65(34) motif extending in the (1\overline{2}1) plane. In (II), classical O—H...O hydrogen-bond-linked anion–anion units are extended into a one-dimensional chain running parallel to the [100] direction, giving anR22(8)R44(30) motif. The chains are connected by water–carboxyl O—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a two-dimensional network parallel to the (01\overline{1}) plane. The 4-methyl-2-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridinium cations lie between the two-dimensional supramolecular layers linkedviaN—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions.
Vulnerability of moorland plant communities to environmental change: consequences of realistic species loss on functional diversity
Authors: Sasaki Takehiro , Katabuchi Masatoshi , Kamiyama Chiho , Shimazaki Masaya , Nakashizuka Tohru , Hikosaka Kouki
Published: November 2013

Understanding the consequences of realistic species loss on the functioning and persistence of vulnerable ecosystems is key to devising conservation strategies when environmental changes are immediate threats. Yet, few studies have provided direct evidence for conservation prioritization and decision‐making.

We incorporated the quantification of functional diversity based on the Rao index of diversity (FDrao) into this applied context and examined the consequences of realistic species loss on functional diversity in moorland plant communities widely interspersed within a subalpine zone in northern Japan. The realistic order of species loss was derived from the nested subset pattern in the moorland communities, which was corroborated by selective species tolerance and selective extinction. We analysed the relationships between the FDrao half‐life, as an index of each moorland's vulnerability to species loss, and a range of environmental variables describing the moorlands. We then mapped this index across the entire landscape.

At most sites, ordered species loss caused a relatively small decline in FDrao until a certain number of species was lost and an accelerating decline thereafter, suggesting relatively low initial vulnerability to species loss. At the other sites, however, ordered species loss caused an approximately proportional decrease in FDrao, suggesting relatively high vulnerability to species loss. The model indicated that sites with higher elevation, higher carrying capacities, or increasing isolation have a shorter FDrao half‐life. The mapping of this index allowed us to identify the geographical distribution of sites of high conservation priority.

Synthesis and applications. We performed fine‐scale assessments of the vulnerability of moorland plant communities to species loss, which is likely to occur under future environmental conditions, by simulating the consequences of realistic species loss for functional diversity. The methods used here can provide urgently needed information to support the prioritization and decision‐making involved in conserving ecosystems in the face of global biodiversity loss.
Are waves of relational assumptions eroding traditional analysis?
Authors: Meredith‐Owen William
Published: November 2013

The author designates as ‘traditional’ those elements of psychoanalytic presumption and practice that have, in the wake of Fordham's legacy, helped to inform analytical psychology and expand our capacity to integrate the shadow. It is argued that this element of the broad spectrum of Jungian practice is in danger of erosion by the underlying assumptions of the relational approach, which is fast becoming the new establishment. If the maps of the traditional landscape of symbolic reference (primal scene, Oedipus et al.) are disregarded, analysts are left with only their own self‐appointed authority with which to orientate themselves. This self‐centric epistemological basis of the relationalists leads to a revision of ‘analytic attitude’ that may be therapeutic but is not essentially analytic. This theme is linked to the perennial challenge of balancing differentiation and merger and traced back, through Chasseguet‐Smirgel, to its roots in Genesis.

An endeavour is made to illustrate this within the Journal convention of clinically based discussion through a commentary on Colman's (2013) avowedly relational treatment of the case material presented in his recent Journal paper ‘Reflections on knowledge and experience’ and through an assessment of Jessica Benjamin's (2004) relational critique of Ron Britton's (1989) transference embodied approach.