bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis on Single Leg Squat Performance in Youth
Authors: Kuntze Gregor , Nettel‐Aguirre Alberto , Brooks Julia , Esau Shane , Nesbitt Colleen , Mosher Dianne , Twilt Marinka , Benseler Susanne , Ronsky Janet L. , Emery Carolyn A.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) affects body structure and function outcomes that may increase the risk of acute joint injury. The purpose of this study was to examine single leg squat (SLS) biomechanics for youth with JIA and their healthy peers. The study design was a matched pair cohort study.

Methods

Sixty‐five youth (JIA n = 30; control n = 35) participated in this ethics‐approved study. Participants performed 3 sets of 5 consecutive SLS tasks. Disease activity and functional status were assessed using the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score and Child Health Assessment Questionnaire. Indexed (most‐affected leg [JIA]; dominant leg [control]) and contralateral extremity biomechanics were obtained using a 12‐camera system. Outcomes included hip flexion/extension (FE), adduction/abduction (AA), and internal/external (IE) rotation range of motion (ROM). Data were analyzed using a multivariate random coefficient model in R (α⍺ = 0.05).

Results

A total of 29 matched pairs were analyzed. Youth with JIA had low disease activity and performed the SLS with a more internally rotated hip (indexed leg P = 0.023, β = –1.9°). Female participants displayed greater hip FE (indexed leg P = 0.015, β = –4.3°; contralateral leg P = 0.005, β = –4.8°) and IE ROM (indexed leg P = 0.021, β = –2.1°) than male participants. Associations were observed for body mass index and hip IE ROM (contralateral leg P = 0.001, β = –0.4°), knee flexion angle, and hip FE ROM (indexed leg P = 0.001, β = 0.4°; contralateral leg P = 0.001, β = 0.5°) and AA (indexed leg P = 0.010, β = 0.1°; contralateral leg P = 0.002, β = 0.2°).

Conclusion

This study identified functional alterations for an SLS in youth with JIA. These findings support the use of physical therapy as part of a multidisciplinary management approach, to restore normal hip posture and movement.
Hydroxychloroquine and Mortality Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the General Population
Authors: Jorge April , McCormick Natalie , Lu Na , Zheng Yufei , Esdaile John , De Vera Mary , Choi Hyon , Aviña‐Zubieta J. Antonio
Published: May 2020

Objective

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been associated with improved survival among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from tertiary referral centers. We aimed to determine the potential impact of HCQ use on the risk of mortality among SLE patients in the general population.

Methods

We conducted a nested case–control study within an incident SLE cohort from the entire population of British Columbia, Canada. Deceased patients were matched with up to 3 living controls by age, sex, and SLE disease duration. HCQ exposure was categorized by the time between the last HCQ prescription date covered (i.e., end of supply) and the index date (i.e., death date) as current (<30 days), recent (30–365 days), remote (>365 days), or never used. We used conditional logistic regression to assess the risk of all‐cause mortality associated with current or recent HCQ exposure compared with remote HCQ users.

Results

Among 6,241 patients with incident SLE, we identified 290 deceased patients and 502 matched SLE controls. Adjusted odd ratios for all‐cause mortality were 0.50 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.30–0.82) for current users and 2.47 (95% CI 1.21–5.05) for recent users compared with remote users. Associations were similar in subgroups according to SLE duration (≤5 years versus >5 years).

Conclusion

Our general population data support a substantial survival benefit associated with current HCQ use. Increased mortality among patients who had discontinued HCQ recently could be due to a sick stopper effect or the loss of actual HCQ benefits.
Illness Experiences of Chilean Women With Sjögren’s Syndrome: The Patient Perspective
Authors: Herrera Andrea , Sánchez Gonzalo , Espinoza Iris , Wurmann Pamela , Bustos Claudia , Leiva Loreto , Geenen Rinie , Rojas‐Alcayaga Gonzalo
Published: May 2020

Objective

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) challenges everyday functioning and well‐being. The aim of this study was to structure and summarize the life experiences of Chilean women with SS in an integrated model.

Methods

Interviews from a previous study yielded 75 experiences of living with SS. A sample of 30 women with SS sorted these experiences by content and rated their level of agreement with each experience. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to structure the experiences of the participants with SS in a comprehensive overview. A team‐based consensus analysis was used to define the number of clusters. The level of agreement was examined with Wilcoxon’s signed rank test.

Results

Ten clusters were identified and grouped into 6 main categories: symptoms (clusters: mucosal dryness and related symptoms), social environment, emotion management (clusters: fears and sadness), information (clusters: uncertainty and lack of knowledge), coping strategy (clusters: resilience and self‐care), and health staff relationship. The clusters that describe the more common experiences among patients were resilience, self‐care, uncertainty, lack of knowledge, health staff relationship, and mucosal dryness.

Conclusion

This study provided an integrated and structured overview of disease experiences comprising both biomedical and psychosocial aspects as being of vital importance for the health of patients with SS. The overview can be used to get a quick impression of disease experiences that are important for an individual patient, in a therapeutic goal setting, and in the construction and evaluation of medical and nonmedical interventions or education.
The Role of Electron Localization in Covalency and Electrochemical Properties of Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials
Authors: Wang Xuelong , Fan Xiulin , Yu Xiqian , Bak Seongmin , Shadike Zulipiya , Waluyo Iradwikanari , Hunt Adrian , Senanayake Sanjaya D. , Li Hong , Chen Liquan , Wang Chunsheng , Xiao Ruijuan , Hu Enyuan , Yang Xiao‐Qing
Published: May 2020

Following the fundamental research conducted by J. B. Goodenough, the important role of electron localization induced by elemental substitution is studied. The size and electron negativity of host and substituting ions are two important factors in tuning material properties such as local structure and transition metal (TM) oxygen covalency. However, another factor, electron localization, which is widely studied in catalyst research but largely overlooked for battery materials, deserves systematic studies. A combined investigation using synchrotronbased X‐ray spectroscopy and theoretical calculations is carried out on the Li‐Co‐Mn‐O model system in which the substituting cation Mn4+, with its 3d3 electronic structure, is used as a promoter for electron localization. Results indicate that electron localization greatly influences the CoO bond by making it less covalent, which increases the delithiation voltage. It is also found that during charge/discharge, electron localization tends to make TM K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) spectra show a more “rigid shift” behavior while electron delocalization makes the XANES exhibit a “shape change.” It clearly explains why the K‐edge XANES data of some TM oxides show no “rigid shift” while the nominal valence states changed. This work highlights the importance of electron localization with guidance for XANES interpretation.
Controllable Cellular Micromotors Based on Optical Tweezers
Authors: Zou Xiaobin , Zheng Qing , Wu Dong , Lei Hongxiang
Published: May 2020

Micromotors hold exciting prospects in biomedical applications but still face a great challenge. To date, there have been few reports of micromotors with high safety, flexible controllability, and full biocompatibility. Here, a multifunctional method based on an optical tweezer system is presented to realize controllable cellular micromotors. The method not only satisfies all of the above criteria but is also independent of the cell types and materials. Optical tweezers are used to generate a dynamic scanning optical trap along a given circular trajectory, which can trap and drive a microparticle or a single cell to move along the trajectory and thus generate a microvortex. Cells within the microvortex will be controllably rotated under an action of shear stress or torque and their rotation rate and direction can be controlled by changing the scanning frequency and direction of the dynamic optical trap. The proposed method is effective for both immotile target cells and swimming target cells. Additionally, it is further applied to realize synchronous translation and rotation of cellular micromotors and to assemble controllable and fully biocompatible cellular micromotor assays. The proposed method is believed to have potential applications in targeted drug delivery, biological microenvironment monitoring and sensing, and biomedical treatment.
Ambient‐Temperature All‐Solid‐State Sodium Batteries with a Laminated Composite Electrolyte
Authors: Yu Xingwen , Xue Leigang , Goodenough John B. , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: May 2020

This study presents a sodium‐ion conductive laminated polymer/ceramic‐polymer solid‐state electrolyte for the development of room‐temperature all‐solid‐state sodium batteries. At the negative electrode side, a negative‐electrode‐benign poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is used as a polymer matrix into which succinonitrile (SN) is integrated to improve the room‐temperature Na+‐ion conductivity. At the positive electrode side, a cathode‐friendly poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) serves as a polymer matrix into which a NASICON‐type ceramic solid‐electrolyte (Na3Zr2Si2PO12) powder is incorporated toward both the enhancement of Na+‐ion conductivity and the prevention of Na dendrite from penetrating through the electrolyte membrane. Through a strategical management of composition, the PAN‐Na3Zr2Si2PO12‐NaClO4 composite and the PEO‐SN‐NaClO4 polymer deliver a balanced Na+‐ion conductivity. Combining the two electrolyte layers, the laminated PEO‐SN‐NaClO4/PAN‐Na3Zr2Si2PO12‐NaClO4 solid electrolyte provides a Na+‐ion conductivity of 1.36 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature. With respect to the anodic friendly feature of the PEO‐SN‐NaClO4 layer and the cathodic friendly feature of the PAN‐Na3Zr2Si2PO12‐NaClO4 layer, the laminated solid electrolyte presents a stable electrochemical window of 0–4.8 V. Room‐temperature all‐solid‐state sodium batteries fabricated with the laminated solid electrolyte, a Na‐metal negative electrode, and a Na2MnFe(CN)6 positive electrode exhibit remarkably stable cyclability.
The Art of Integrated Functionalization: Super Stable Black Phosphorus Achieved through Metal‐Organic Framework Coating
Authors: Han Bin , Duan Zaihua , Xu Jun , Zhu Yuxiang , Xu Qingchi , Wang Hao , Tai Huiling , Weng Jian , Zhao Yanli
Published: May 2020

Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising 2D nanomaterial with a great potential in various areas, while its intrinsic instability greatly suppresses practical applications, particularly under harsh conditions (e.g., high temperature). Herein, BP functionalization with Al ion is achieved in an integrated manner through MIL‐53 metal‐organic framework (MOF) coating, which greatly improves both ambient and thermal stability of BP. For the obtained MIL‐53 coated BP (BP@MIL‐53), abundant Al ion within MIL‐53 interacts with the lone pair electrons of BP, and subsequently decreases the BP surface electron density, reducing the reactivity of BP toward O2 and H2O. The MOF growth crosslinks the Al ion on the BP surface, and achieves integrated functionalization to withstand the detachment of individual Al ion from the BP surface. The noncovalent bond of BPAl and highly porous structure of MIL‐53 preserve the physical/chemical properties of BP to the maximum, and render BP@MIL‐53 with super‐stability. This functionalization strategy extends the applications of BP based devices under high temperature conditions. As a proof of concept, BP@MIL‐53 is further utilized as a NO2 gas sensor under relatively high operating temperatures. The BP@MIL‐53 sensor exhibits fast response, outstanding selectivity, and high recovery dynamic process in contrast to bare BP sensor.
Direct Patterning of Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductor Materials
Authors: Wang Wei , Pfeiffer Patrick , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas
Published: May 2020

Lithography is one of the most widely used methods for cutting‐edge research and industrial applications, mainly owing to its ability to draw patterns in the micro and even nanoscale. However, the fabrication of semiconductor micro/nanostructures via conventional electron or optical lithography technologies often requires a time‐consuming multistep process and the use of expensive facilities. Herein, a low‐cost, high‐resolution, facile, and versatile direct patterning method based on metal–organic molecular precursors is reported. The ink‐based metal–organic precursors are found to operate as negative resists, with the material exposed by different methods (electron‐beam/laser/heat/ultraviolet (UV)) to render them insoluble in the development process. This technical process can deliver metal chalcogenide semiconductors with arbitrary 2D/3D patterns with sub‐50 nm resolution. Electron beam lithography, two‐photon absorption lithography, thermal scanning probe lithography, and UV photolithography are demonstrated for the direct patterning process. Different metal chalcogenide semiconductor nanodevices, such as photoconductive selenium‐doped Sb2S3nanoribbons, p‐type PbS single‐nanowire field‐effect transistors, and p‐n junction CdS/Cu2S nanowire solar cells, are fabricated by this method. This direct patterning technique is a versatile and simple micro/nanolithography technology with considerable potential for “lab‐on‐a‐chip” preparation of semiconductor devices.
In Situ Formation of Oxygen Vacancies Achieving Near‐Complete Charge Separation in Planar BiVO4 Photoanodes
Authors: Wang Songcan , He Tianwei , Chen Peng , Du Aijun , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , Huang Wei , Wang Lianzhou
Published: May 2020

Despite a suitable bandgap of bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) for visible light absorption, most of the photogenerated holes in BiVO4 photoanodes are vanished before reaching the surfaces for oxygen evolution reaction due to the poor charge separation efficiency in the bulk. Herein, a new sulfur oxidation strategy is developed to prepare planar BiVO4 photoanodes with in situ formed oxygen vacancies, which increases the majority charge carrier density and photovoltage, leading to a record charge separation efficiency of 98.2% among the reported BiVO4 photoanodes. Upon loading NiFeOx as an oxygen evolution cocatalyst, a stable photocurrent density of 5.54 mA cm−2 is achieved at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under AM 1.5 G illumination. Remarkably, a dual‐photoanode configuration further enhances the photocurrent density up to 6.24 mA cm−2, achieving an excellent applied bias photon‐to‐current efficiency of 2.76%. This work demonstrates a simple thermal treatment approach to generate oxygen vacancies for the design of efficient planar photoanodes for solar hydrogen production.
Hybrid Magnetic Micropillar Arrays for Programmable Actuation
Authors: Wang Zhengzhi , Wang Kun , Liang Deshan , Yan Linhai , Ni Ke , Huang Houbing , Li Bei , Guo Zhiwei , Wang Junsheng , Ma Xingqiao , Tang Xuhai , Chen Long‐Qing
Published: May 2020

Stimuli‐responsive micro/nanostructures that can dynamically and reversibly adapt their configurations according to external stimuli have stimulated a wide scope of engineering applications, ranging from material surface engineering to micromanipulations. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a precise local control of the actuation to realize applications that require heterogeneous and on‐demand responses. Here, a new experimental technique is developed for large arrays of hybrid magnetic micropillars and achieve precise local control of actuation using a simple magnetic field. By manipulating the spatial distribution of magnetic nanoparticles within individual elastomer micropillars, a wide range of the magnetomechanical responses from less than 5% to ≈50% for the ratio of the bending deflection to the original length of the pillars is realized. It is demonstrated that the micropillars with different degrees of bending deformation can be configured in any spatial pattern using a photomask‐assisted template‐casting technique to achieve heterogeneous, site‐specific, and programmed bending actuations. This unprecedented local control of the micropillars offers exciting novel applications, as demonstrated here in encryptable surface printing and stamping, direction‐ and track‐programmable microparticle/droplet transport, and smart magnetic micro‐tweezers. The hybrid magnetic micropillars reported here provide a versatile prototype for heterogeneous and on‐demand actuation using programmable stimuli‐responsive micro/nanostructures.
Synthesis Techniques, Optoelectronic Properties, and Broadband Photodetection of Thin‐Film Black Phosphorus
Authors: Zhang Le , Wang Bing , Zhou Yongheng , Wang Cong , Chen Xiaolong , Zhang Han
Published: May 2020

Black phosphorus (BP), a van der Waals (vdW) layered material, has been intensively studied in recent years since the rediscovery of its thin‐film form in 2014. It is considered as a promising material for mid‐infrared (MIR) photodetection, due to its intrinsic narrow bandgap, tunable band properties, decent optical absorption, high room‐temperature mobility, and high compatibility with silicon‐based technology. Here, the recent advances in the synthesis techniques, the novel optoelectronic properties, and applications of thin‐film BP flake in MIR photodetection are reviewed. Over 17 synthesis techniques of BP films, as well as their merits and drawbacks, are summarized and discussed. The recently discovered strain‐, electric‐field‐, and chemical‐doping‐induced bandgap tuning effects in BP effectively extend its optical absorption cutoff wavelength into regime with longer wavelength (>4 µm). In addition, the establishment of BP‐based vdW heterostructures paves a new way to design novel high‐performance MIR photodetectors. BP MIR photodetectors enabled by various photocurrent generation mechanisms (photoconductive, photogating, and photovoltaic effect) and device configurations (transistor‐type, waveguide‐coupled, Schottky‐junction‐type, and heterojunction‐type devices) are summarized and compared.
A Self‐Powered High‐Performance UV Photodetector Based on Core–Shell GaN/MoO3–x Nanorod Array Heterojunction
Authors: Zheng Yulin , Li Yuan , Tang Xin , Wang Wenliang , Li Guoqiang
Published: May 2020

Self‐powered UV photodetectors are highly desirable for applications in space communications and environmental monitoring. However, most self‐powered UV photodetectors exhibit unimpressive performance in weak signal detection. Herein, a self‐powered UV photodetector based on the core–shell GaN/MoO3–x nanorod array (NRA) heterojunction system is demonstrated. Homogeneous MoO3–x layers are deposited on GaN NRAs by a simple one‐step physical vapor deposition method. The photodetector device shows an ultrahigh specific detectivity of 2.7 × 1015 Jones at 355 nm without any power supply. Further analyses reveal a responsivity of 160 A W−1 and a high UV–vis rejection ratio (R355 nm/R400 nm) of 2.0 × 104 under zero bias. The self‐powered device also has a fast response speed with a rise/fall time of 73/90 µs. As a result, the self‐powered photodetector, featuring ultrahigh detectivity and responsivity along with fast response, exhibits great potential for applications in next‐generation UV detection. The core–shell NRA structure heterojunction design provides a valuable direction for realizing nanoscale self‐powered UV photodetectors.
Versatile Induction of Efficient Organic‐Based Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence via Al‐DMSO Matrices Encapsulation
Authors: Fang Wang‐Jian , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Zhao He , Ni Jun , Liu Shu‐Qin , Liu Zhen , Ni Ai‐Yun , Zhang Pei‐Pei , Wei Hong‐Hong
Published: May 2020

It is still difficult to design efficient organic‐based room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Here a facile strategy is reported to tailor efficient RTP by encapsulating trace amount of aromatic‐acid‐based phosphors within crystalline solvento matrices [Al(DMSO)6]X3 (X− = Cl− or Br−, DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide, (CH3)2SO) in situ. The resultant single crystal complexes feature bright long‐lasting afterglows with maximum RTP peaks ranging from 430 to 580 nm and the best lifetime up to 1.9 s, as well as the highest yellow RTP quantum yield of 58.3%. The enhanced intersystem crossing and the suppression of nonradiation decay derived from the tight matrices are responsible for the appreciable RTP. White‐light emission is further realized in both prompt state and delayed state. In this case, data encryption and decryption applications are successfully performed by using these complexes. The design and construction strategy embodied here render this approach promising for the exploitation of versatile RTP species for specific applications.
A Review of Interprofessional Variation in Education: Challenges and Considerations in the Growth of Advanced Practice Providers in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Chekijian Sharon A. , Elia Tala R. , Horton Jamie L. , Baccari Brian M. , Temin Elizabeth S.
Published: May 2020

The employment and utilization of advanced practice providers (APPs) in the emergency department has been steadily increasing. Physicians, physician assistants (PAs), and nurse practitioners (NPs) have vastly different requirements for admission to graduate programs, clinical exposure, and postgraduate training. It is important that as supervisory physicians, patients, hospital administrators, and lawmakers, we understand the differences to best create a collaborative, supportive, and educational framework within which PAs/NPs can work effectively as part of a care team. This paper reviews the trends, considerations, and challenges of an evolving clinician workforce in the specialty of emergency medicine (EM). Subsequently, the following parameters of APP training are examined and discussed: the divergence in physician, PA, and NP education and training; requirements of PA and NP degree programs; variation in clinical contact hours; degree‐specific licensing and postgraduate EM certification; opportunities for specialty training; and the evolution and availability of residency programs for APPs. The descriptive review is followed by a discussion of contemporary and timely issues that impact EM and considerations brought forth by the expansion of APPs in EM such as the current drive to independent practice and the push for reimbursement parity. We review current position statements from pertinent professional organizations regarding PA and NP capabilities, responsibilities, and physician oversight as well as billing implications, care outcomes and medicolegal implications.
Seed source regions drive fitness differences in invasive macrophytes
Authors: Gillard Morgane B. , Drenovsky Rebecca E. , Thiébaut Gabrielle , Tarayre Michèle , Futrell Caryn J. , Grewell Brenda J.
Published: May 2020

Premise

Worldwide, ecosystems are threatened by global changes, including biological invasions. Invasive species arriving in novel environments experience new climatic conditions that can affect their successful establishment. Determining the response of functional traits and fitness components of invasive populations from contrasting environments can provide a useful framework to assess species responses to climate change and the variability of these responses among source populations. Much research on macrophytes has focused on establishment from clonal fragments; however, colonization from sexual propagules has rarely been studied. Our objective was to compare trait responses of plants generated from sexual propagules sourced from three climatic regions but grown under common environmental conditions, usingL. peploidessubsp.montevidensisas a model taxon.

Methods

We grew seedlings to reproductive stage in experimental mesocosms under a mediterranean California (MCA) climate from seeds collected in oceanic France (OFR), mediterranean France (MFR), and MCA.

Results

Seed source region was a major factor influencing differences among invasive plants recruiting from sexual propagules ofL. peploidessubsp.montevidensis. Trait responses of young individual recruits from MCA and OFR, sourced from geographically distant and climatically distinct source regions, were the most different. The MCA individuals accumulated more biomass, flowered earlier, and had higher leaf N concentrations than the OFR plants. Those from MFR had intermediate profiles.

Conclusions

By showing that the closer a seedling is from its parental climate, the better it performs, this study provides new insights to the understanding of colonization of invasive plant species and informs its management under novel and changing environmental conditions.
Phenotype and growth in Sotos syndrome patient from DR Congo (Central Africa)
Authors: Mubungu Gerrye , Lukute Guy , Makay Prince , Songo Cathy , Lukusa Prosper , Devriendt Koenraad , Lumaka Aimé
Published: May 2020

Sotos syndrome is a widely studied overgrowth syndrome. Clinical presentation includes excessive growth during childhood, macrocephaly, learning difficulties of various degrees, variable minor features, and distinctive facial gestalt. We provide in this report the first phenotypic and growth description of Sotos syndrome in a patient from Central Africa. At 6 month the patient exhibited axial hypotonia, delayed speech development and dysmorphism including long face, sparse eyebrows, hypertelorism, malar hypoplasia and dark flushing, short philtrum, depressed nasal root, anteverted nares, thick upper and lower lip vermilions, macroglossia, prominent forehead, large and peculiar ears, wide intermammillary distance, deep palmar creases, dysplastic finger nails, partial syndactyly of toes, broad, and overlapping hallux. At 19 months, malar flushing became reddish and a retraction of the middle of the lower lip was observed, resembling a bifid lip. He retained the same clinical features at 31 months. Head circumference, weight, and height where within normal ranges at birth but became all above 97th centiles at 4 months. The height velocity evolved in three phases starting with a very fast growth from birth to 6 months (54 cm/year), then a fast phase from 6 to 16 months (18 cm/year) and a slow phase from 16 to 31 months (4.8 cm/year). Conversely, the patient exhibited an acceleration of weight after the first year of life. Our patient exhibited very prominent lips and deep philtrum, which are common facial traits in African individuals. The current report shows an admixture of ethnic‐specific features with syndrome‐specific features in an African patient.
Lung ultrasound in a COVID pandemic – Choosing wisely
Authors: Baker Kylie , Rippey James
Published: May 2020

This is an opinion piece on the role of POCUS in COVID‐19, with a focus on lung ultrasound. It is not an instructional essay. Crisis management in medicine has often been likened to crisis management in the aviation industry. The important difference between pilots and clinicians is that the clinician's life was not in imminent danger, should one fail. The clinician did not have the same emotional urgency as the pilot. The COVID‐19 pandemic has changed this, and clinicians are now faced with the need to make urgent decisions whilst exposed to some personal risk. Whether to embrace POCUS and lung ultrasound during this pandemic is an important decision. Whilst there are clear advantages, poorly considered overzealous uptake is not without hazard, opportunity cost and potential risk to patient and clinician.
Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Computational Studies of beta‐Substituted Porphyrin Dyads
Authors: Kesavan Praseetha E. , Pandey Vijayalakshmi , Ishida Masatoshi , Furuta Hiroyuki , Mori Shigeki , Gupta Iti
Published: May 2020

Beta‐pyrrole‐substituted porphyrin dyads connected by ethynyl linkage to N‐butylcarbazole or triphenylamine donors are reported. Donor‐π‐acceptor type beta‐substituted porphyrin dyads and their Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes were characterized by MALDI‐MS, NMR, UV‐vis absorption, fluorescence and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The S1 emission dynamics were analyzed by time‐resolved spectroscopy (TCSPC); dyads exhibited efficient energy transfer up to 93% from beta‐donors (N‐butylcarbazole or triphenylamine group) to the porphyrin core. The efficiency of energy transfer for the beta‐substituted porphyrin dyads were much higher than those of the corresponding meso‐substituted porphyrin dyads, reflecting enhanced communications between the beta‐donors and the porphyrin core. The Pd(II) dyads, showed characteristic phosphorescence in the near IR region and very efficient singlet oxygen quantum yields (53–60%); these dyads are promising candidates for photocatalytic oxidations of organic compounds. The donor‐acceptor interaction between the porphyrin core and the beta‐donors was supported by the DFT studies in the porphyrin dyads.
Thinking with Excerpts: John Locke (1632–1704) and his Notebooks
Authors: Yeo Richard
Published: May 2020

In his “Méthode nouvelle,” an anonymous article in theBibliothèque universelleof 1686, John Locke described his way of collecting excerpts in notebooks and retrieving relevant entries. The well‐known practice of entering textual passages in commonplace books sits uneasily with Locke's criticism of received opinion and authority. Is it possible that he used any of these notes to think with? I suggest that the conditions for this were provided by Locke's interactions with some of his notes, including those which recorded observations, testimonies and experiments. As well as labelling excerpts and other notes with topical Titles, Locke sometimes added precise bibliographical citations, transferred material across notebooks, interpolated his own signed reflections and queries, and (eventually) dated entries.
Von der Philosophie‐ zur Sozial‐ & Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Zwei Varianten des Exzerpierens beim jungen Marx
Authors: Rüdiger Axel , Bluhm Harald
Published: May 2020

This article investigates forms of excerpting and their variations as used by Marx. It compares two convolutes of excerpts from the early period of Marx’ work. The first form of excerpting is represented by the “Hefte zur epikureischen Philosophie” (1839/40), which Marx originally created for his dissertation. These booklets aim to reconstruct the history of post‐Aristotelian classical philosophy, with Epicurus at its centre, from fragments and testimonies of third authors, which themselves are often excerpts from excerpts. A second variant is represented by the so‐called Gülich‐excerpts (1846/47), an extensive source collection of economic history. These excerpts later served as a comprehensive and easily accessible basis for the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy that Marx was already planning at that time. Both variants of excerpts are analysed with regard to the source‐critical method and the acquisition of knowledge in the situation of the new formation of philosophical, social and economic history. This allows for the in‐depth examination of the self‐reflexive practice of excerpting and to shed light on the constitutive tension between copying, critical selection, commentary and autonomous text production.
Synthesis and application of benzoxazole derivative‐based fluorescent probes for naked eye recognition
Authors: Song Yan , Zhou Linyuan , Wang Jinjin , Wang Fangfei , Yang Qingbiao
Published: May 2020

A fluorescent probe to detect biothiols (GSH/Hcy/Cys) was synthesized with benzothiazole as the fluorophore and nitromethane as the recognition group. The recognition mechanism of the fluorescent probe was deduced. It was found that a nitroalkene in the molecule was used as the recognition site for this probe and reacted with the mercapto group of the biothiols by electrophilic addition, significantly enhancing the fluorescent signal. Experimental results showed that the fluorescent probe had a low detection limit, good selectivity, strong anti‐interference ability, and good naked eye recognition. The probe could detect biothiols (GSH/Hcy/Cys) in 20% organic solvent, with detection limits of 0.33 μM, 0.70 μM, and 0.87 μM, respectively. The probe will be applied further in biosensors and other fields.
Synthesis and Antiepileptic Activity Evaluation of Valproic Acid Derivatives by Niche Chemistry
Authors: Song Ju Hyun , Bae Song Mi , Bae Whae Ran , Huh Jin Sun , Chen Yu , Jeong Il Soo , Jung Dai Il
Published: May 2020

In order to prepare new antiepileptic drugs with a broader clinical application and lower toxic side effects, we have employed esterification and condensation reactions (we call it Niche Chemistry) to reduce the use of valproic acid as the target molecule. In combination with the study of a broad‐spectrum of novel anticonvulsants, we have synthesized two valeric acid derivative compounds [(4‐acetamidophenyl 2‐propylvalerate (1), and (E)‐5‐(4‐((2‐propylpentanoyl)oxy)styryl)‐1,3‐phenylene bis(2‐propylvalerate) (2) by an esterification reaction. The maximum shock seizure test for products 1 and 2 has been successfully carried out, and their cytotoxic activity and survival effects have also been carefully investigated.
Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in patients with “less treatment‐resistant” depression by the Maudsley Staging Model
Authors: Ma Yarong , Rosenheck Robert , Ye Biyu , Fan Ni , He Hongbo
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for patients with mood disorders and is most often used for treatment‐resistant cases. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of ECT in a real‐world treatment sample in a Chinese psychiatric hospital which included both treatment‐resistant and nontreatment‐resistant patients.

Methods

An observational study of symptom outcomes from admission to the time of discharge was conducted with 37 inpatients diagnosed with unipolar or bipolar depression treated with ECT. Symptom severity was assessed with the 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HRSD‐17) and treatment‐resistance with the Maudsley Staging Model (MSM). Stratifying at the MSM median admission characteristics and symptom change was compared between patients who were treatment‐resistant (n = 18) and who were not (n = 19). The outcome difference between groups was compared using analyses of covariance adjusted for baseline characteristics including symptom severity, followed by linear regression to identify factors associated symptom improvement in the entire sample.

Results

The sample (n = 37) showed moderate treatment‐resistance (MSM = 7.30 ± 1.13) at admission and both groups received 8.3 ± 2 ECT sessions. The treatment‐resistant group had a smaller proportion of bipolar patients and more severe symptoms, but showed no significant difference from the nontreatment‐resistant group in HDRS‐17 scores at the time of discharge (adjusted means = 6.23 ± 1.00 vs. 5.94 ± 0.97, Partial η2 = 0.001, p = .845). Baseline symptom severity was the strongest correlate of reduction in HDRS‐17 scores (β = 0.891, p < .001).

Conclusions

Symptom change with ECT in depression did not differ by level of treatment‐resistance but was greatest among those with more severe baseline symptoms. Correlates of ECT effectiveness should be further evaluated in stratified randomized trials.
Profiling the Lipophilic Fractions of Pithecellobium dulce Bark and Leaves Using GC/MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Saeed Kotb Sara , Ayoub Iriny M. , El‐Moghazy Safaa A. , Singab Abdel Nasser B.
Published: May 2020

Pithecellobium dulce has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments owing to its restorative properties. The biological activities and chemical profiles of the lipophilic fraction of P. dulce bark and leaves were assessed herein. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and unsaponifiable matter (USM) were prepared and analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 40 compounds were identified in the bark saponifiable fraction, whereas 9 compounds were annotated in the leaves. Palmitic acid methyl ester was the major compound identified accounting for 41.48 % of the bark and 19.03 % of the leaves composition. Besides, linolenic acid methyl ester (22.40 %) and linoleic acid (12.69 %) were annotated in the leaves saponifiable fraction. A total of 63 compounds were detected in the bark USM and 4 compounds were identified in the leaves. Phytol represented the major component in the leaves (52.57 %) followed by lupeol (20.68 %) and lupenone (8.60 %). Meanwhile, n‐dodecane dominated in the bark USM accounting for 24.69 % of the total composition. The leaves and bark lipophilic fractions revealed moderate antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Both extracts showed no antifungal activity. No cytotoxicity was observed for both lipophilic fractions. P. dulce offers a good source of antioxidant compounds that can be introduced to food and pharmaceutical industry.
Substrate‐Controlled Cyclopropanation Reactions of Glycals with Aryl Diazoacetates
Authors: Guo Yujing , Pei Chao , Koenigs Rene M.
Published: May 2020

Cyclopropanation reactions of d‐glucal and d‐galactal derivatives with aryldiazoacetates can be conducted in a substrate‐controlled, stereoselective fashion using simple Rh(II) catalysts, which is further supported by DFT studies. Following this methodology, sugar‐derived, donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes can be accessed that allow stereoselective O‐glycosylation reactions.
Recent Developments in Heterogeneous Catalytic Routes for the Sustainable Production of Succinic Acid from Biomass Resources
Authors: Verma Minal , Mandyal Parteek , Singh Dilbag , Gupta Neeraj
Published: May 2020

Succinic acid is a “hot molecule” identified by United States Department of Energy as a substitute for petrochemicals with great scope for its production from biomass. It is used as an intermediate for the production of a huge variety of everyday consumer products with an addressable market share of billions of dollars. Succinic acid and its derivatives are mainly used as pharmaceuticals, adhesives, solvents, intermediates for polymer synthesis, and food additives. Succinic acid is commercially produced from petrochemicals and there is a deficiency of economically viable catalytic processes for its large‐scale production from biomass. Recently, a lot of biochemical routes have been devised to enhance its production from biomass resources, but such processes are time‐consuming and involve tedious separation procedures. Therefore, this Review focuses on metal‐based and metal‐free heterogeneous catalytic routes for the synthesis of succinic acid from biomass derived products. The presence of uniform channels, cavities, active sites of various strengths, and the unique surface structure of the heterogeneous catalysts are a few of the interesting features that promote their use in industrial processes.
Shootin‐1 is required for nervous system development in zebrafish
Authors: Emerson Sarah E. , Stergas Helaina R. , Bupp‐Chickering Simon O. , Ebert Alicia M.
Published: May 2020

Background

Semaphorin6A (Sema6A) and its PlexinA2 (PlxnA2) receptor canonically function as repulsive axon guidance cues. To understand downstream signaling mechanisms, we performed a microarray screen and identified the “clutch molecule” shootin‐1 (shtn‐1) as a transcriptionally repressed target. Shtn‐1 is a key proponent of cell migration and neuronal polarization and must be regulated during nervous system development. The mechanisms of Shtn‐1 regulation and the phenotypic consequences of loss of repression are poorly understood.

Results

We demonstrate shtn‐1 overexpression results in impaired migration of the optic vesicles, lack of retinal pigmented epithelium, and pathfinding errors of retinotectal projections. We also observed patterning defects in the peripheral nervous system. Importantly, these phenotypes were rescued by overexpressing PlxnA2.

Conclusions

We demonstrate a functional role for repression of shtn‐1 by PlxnA2 in development of the eyes and peripheral nervous system in zebrafish. These results demonstrate that careful regulation of shtn‐1 is critical for development of the nervous system.
Longitudinal relations of self‐criticism with disordered eating behaviors and nonsuicidal self‐injury
Authors: Zelkowitz Rachel L. , Cole David A.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Self‐criticism has been proposed as a transdiagnostic predictor of disordered eating and nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). First, this study explored cross‐sectional associations of multiple disordered eating behaviors, NSSI, and self‐criticism. Second, it tested longitudinal relations of self‐criticism with disordered eating and NSSI, adjusting for baseline levels of both behaviors.

Methods

In Sub‐study 1, undergraduates (N = 251, 79.5% female, Mage = 19.1 years) completed self‐report measures of disordered eating, NSSI, and self‐criticism at baseline and after 8 weeks. In Sub‐study 2, community‐based young adults with histories of disordered eating, NSSI, or both (N = 517, 88.8% female, Mage = 24.7 years) completed measures of disordered eating, NSSI, and self‐criticism at baseline and after 4 weeks. All measures were completed online.

Results

In Sub‐study 1, both disordered eating and NSSI showed significant cross‐sectional associations with self‐criticism, and self‐criticism was significantly related to binge eating, fasting, and NSSI at follow‐up. In Sub‐study 2, both behaviors again showed significant cross‐sectional associations with self‐criticism. Self‐criticism showed significant longitudinal relations with fasting, purging, and excessive exercise. Longitudinal relations of self‐criticism with NSSI varied across disordered eating behaviors.

Discussion

NSSI showed cross‐sectional associations with a range of disordered eating behaviors. Self‐criticism reflects a common correlate of both disordered eating and NSSI. Evidence supported transdiagnostic longitudinal impact of self‐criticism across multiple forms of disordered eating but provided more limited support for impacts on NSSI.
Support for a two‐dimensional model of food craving using self‐report questionnaire and cue‐reactivity methodologies
Authors: Ahlich Erica , Verzijl Christina L. , Simon Julia A. , Schlauch Robert C. , Rancourt Diana
Published: May 2020

Objective

Evidence supports the transdiagnostic importance of food cravings across the spectrum of disordered eating behaviors. The ambivalence model of craving (AMC), originally applied to substance use craving, highlights the need to consider not just the motivational state of “approach,” but also that of “avoidance.” The aims of this project were to (a) extend the existing literature by providing additional psychometric support for the food approach and avoidance questionnaire (FAAQ), (b) extend research supporting the validity of applying the AMC to disordered eating by incorporating a cue‐reactivity paradigm, and (c) examine the unique contributions of the FAAQ and in‐the‐moment cue‐elicited craving to the prediction of disordered eating.

Method

Participants (N = 223; 52.0% female, age M = 20.51 years) were recruited from a large southeastern university. Participants completed a food cue‐reactivity paradigm and measures of food craving and disordered eating in a lab setting.

Results

The factor structure and construct validity of the FAAQ was supported and both general states of food craving (i.e., FAAQ) and cue‐elicited food craving were incrementally associated with the spectrum of disordered eating behaviors. As anticipated, both FAAQ and in‐the‐moment cue‐elicited approach were primarily associated with overeating behaviors, whereas FAAQ and cue‐elicited avoidance were primarily associated with restrictive eating behaviors.

Discussion

Findings highlight the importance of including an avoidance dimension of food craving and have important implications for disordered eating prevention and intervention work.
The mitogenome of freshwater loach Homatula laxiclathra (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) with phylogenetic analysis of Nemacheilidae
Authors: Cao Mengfei , Tang Ling , Chen Juan , Zhang Xiaoyu , Easy Russell H. , You Ping
Published: May 2020

The complete mitogenome can provide valuable genetic information to reconstruct relationships between species. In this study, we sequenced a stone loach, Homatula laxiclathra (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae), which is found in the northern region of the Qinling Mountains in China. The size of the H. laxiclathra mitogenome is 16,570 bp, which contains 37 typical mitochondrial genes including 13 protein‐coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and a control region (D‐loop) with a total AT content of 55.8%. This is similar to other Nemacheilidae sequences published in GenBank. Furthermore, a mito‐phylogenomic analysis of 46 Nemacheilidae species places H. laxiclathra in a robust monophyletic Homatula cluster with other Homatula species. Our results contribute toward a better understanding of a true phylogeny of these species based on large‐scale taxonomic samplings as well as to help grasp the evolution of fish mitogenomes.
Effects of genetic origin on phenotypic divergence in Brook Trout populations stocked with domestic fish
Authors: Gossieaux Philippine , Lavoie Émilie , Sirois Pascal , Thibault Isabel , Bernatchez Louis , Garant Dany
Published: May 2020

Phenotypic changes due to human activities are occurring at a far greater speed than those originating from natural causes in animal populations. For instance, phenotypic divergence among individuals may arise in populations supplemented with farm‐reared fish that are known to display different phenotypes from those of wild individuals because of domestication. Little is known about how these phenotypic differences are maintained when domestic and wild individuals face the same environment and hybridize, as it is the case after supplementation. In this study, we assessed the effect of genetic origin of individuals on phenotypic trait divergence (morphology, growth, and size‐at‐age) in stocked populations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). We also evaluated whether genetic origin influences habitat use by documenting trophic niche and/or level using stable isotope analyses. We found significant effects of genetic origin on phenotypic variables with domestic fish generally being more fusiform and larger than wild and hybrid individuals. Lake identity also explained most of the variation in phenotypic variables, meaning that population‐specific attributes were important drivers of morphology and size. Our results also showed that domestic fish were feeding in more littoral niches and at a higher trophic level than wild and hybrid individuals, suggesting that differences in feeding habits could partially explain phenotypic differences. These results highlight the importance of accounting for the genetic composition of populations when assessing the causes of phenotypic divergence in the wild.