bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elastic and Plastic Behavior of the QE22 Magnesium Alloy Reinforced with Short Saffil Fibers and SiC Particles
Authors: Zapletal Josef , Trojanová Zuzanka , Doležal Pavel , Fintová Stanislava , Knapek Michal
Published: February 2018

Magnesium alloy QE22 (nominal composition 2 wt % Ag, 2 wt % mixture of rare earth elements, balance Mg) was reinforced with 5 vol % Saffil fibers and 15 vol % SiC particles. The hybrid composite was prepared via the squeeze cast technique. The microstructure of the monolithic alloy and composite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Elastic modulus was measured at room temperature and modeled by the Halpin–Tsai–Kardos mathematical model. The strengthening effect of fibers and particles was calculated and compared with the experimentally obtained values. The main strengthening terms were determined. Fracture surfaces were studied via scanning electron microscope. While the fracture of the matrix alloy had a mainly intercrystalline character, the failure of the hybrid composite was transcrystalline.
Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Pd/SiO2: The Effect of Chemical Reagent
Authors: Bugaev Aram , Polyakov Vladimir , Tereshchenko Andrei , Isaeva Ashura , Skorynina Alina , Kamyshova Elizaveta , Budnyk Andriy , Lastovina Tatiana , Soldatov Alexander
Published: February 2018

The size and shape distribution of metal nanoparticles (NPs) are important parameters that need to be tuned in order to achieve desired properties of materials for practical applications. In the current work, we present the synthesis of palladium NPs supported on silica by three different methods, applying reduction by sodium borohydride, hydrazine vapors, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, surface area and porosity measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis. Similar nanoparticle sizes with narrow size distribution centered at 8 nm were obtained after reduction by sodium borohydride and hydrazine vapors, whereas the smallest particle size of about 4.8 nm was obtained after reduction by PEG. The effect of modification of the initial palladium chloride compound by ammonium hydroxide was found to lead to the formation of larger particles with average size of 15 nm and broader size distribution. In addition, the process of the reduction of palladium by PEG at different reduction stages was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. CO-stripping voltammetry showed that reduction in hydrazine and in PEG allowed the preparation of Pd NPs with high electrochemically-active surface area. Such NPs are promising materials for electrocatalysis.
Finite Element Analysis of Surface Integrity in Deep Ball-Burnishing of a Biodegradable AZ31B Mg Alloy
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Sharif , Hall Colin , Hooper Ryan , Charrault Eric , Murphy Peter , Santos Vincent
Published: February 2018

As an effective and affordable technique, deep ball-burnishing has been applied to induce the plastic deformation of material, thus resulting in an increased surface hardness, compressive residual stress, and finish quality. Recent research shows that the fast degradation of an Mg alloy implant is a prime limiting factor for its success in in vivo human trials. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into deep ball-burnishing of a biodegradable AZ31B Mg alloy, in order to improve the alloy’s surface integrity. A series of experiments using an in-house built burnishing tool with a 10-mm steel ball have been conducted, with a key focus of exploring the influence of the major process parameters—e.g., burnishing force (750–2650 N), feed rate (150–500 mm/min), and step-over (0.05–0.15 mm)—on hardness and finish quality. With the aim of performing a parametric sensitivity study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model is developed to predict the deformation mechanics, plastic flow, hardness, and residual stress. The FE model agrees with the experiment, hence validating the reliability of the model. Results show that while burnishing significantly improves surface integrity compared to the untreated surface, burnishing force and step-over are shown to be dominant. The net material movement dictates generated residual stress (tensile or compressive), often negatively affecting the surface integrity (e.g., surface cracks), which may be responsible for the onset of corrosion. An appropriate burnishing strategy must therefore be planned, in order to achieve the intended process outcome. The resulting surface properties, enhanced by the deep ball-burnishing, are expected to potentially increase the corrosion resistance of AZ31B Mg alloy implants.
The Effect of Interlayer Materials on the Joint Properties of Diffusion-Bonded Aluminium and Magnesium
Authors: Habisch Stefan , Böhme Marcus , Peter Siegfried , Grund Thomas , Mayr Peter
Published: February 2018

Diffusion bonding is a well-known technology for a wide range of advanced joining applications, due to the possibility of bonding different materials within a defined temperature-time-contact pressure regime in solid state. For this study, aluminium alloys AA 6060, AA 6082, AA 7020, AA 7075 and magnesium alloy AZ 31 B are used to produce dissimilar metal joints. Titanium and silver were investigated as interlayer materials. SEM and EDXS-analysis, micro-hardness measurements and tensile testing were carried out to examine the influence of the interlayers on the diffusion zone microstructures and to characterize the joint properties. The results showed that the highest joint strength of 48 N/mm2 was reached using an aluminium alloy of the 6000 series with a titanium interlayer. For both interlayer materials, intermetallic Al-Mg compounds were still formed, but the width and the level of hardness across the diffusion zone was significantly reduced compared to Al-Mg joints without interlayer.
Design and Simulation of A Novel Piezoelectric AlN-Si Cantilever Gyroscope
Authors: Yang Jian , Si Chaowei , Yang Fan , Han Guowei , Ning Jin , Yang Fuhua , Wang Xiaodong
Published: February 2018

A novel design of piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN)-Si composite cantilever gyroscope is proposed in this paper. The cantilever is stimulated to oscillate in plane by two inverse voltages which are applied on the two paralleled drive electrodes, respectively. The whole working principles are deduced, which based on the piezoelectric equation and elastic vibration equation. In this work, a cantilever gyroscope has been simulated and optimized by COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2a. The drive mode frequency is 87.422 kHz, and the sense mode frequency is 87.414 kHz. The theoretical sensitivity of this gyroscope is 0.145 pm/◦/s. This gyroscope has a small size and simple structure. It will be a better choice for the consumer electronics.
On the Bipolar DC Flow Field-Effect-Transistor for Multifunctional Sample Handing in Microfluidics: A Theoretical Analysis under the Debye–Huckel Limit
Authors: Liu Weiyu , Wu Qisheng , Ren Yukun , Cui Peng , Yao Bobin , Li Yanbo , Hui Meng , Jiang Tianyi , Bai Lin
Published: February 2018

We present herein a novel method of bipolar field-effect control on DC electroosmosis (DCEO) from a physical point of view, in the context of an intelligent and robust operation tool for stratified laminar streams in microscale systems. In this unique design of the DC flow field-effect-transistor (DC-FFET), a pair of face-to-face external gate terminals are imposed with opposite gate-voltage polarities. Diffuse-charge dynamics induces heteropolar Debye screening charge within the diffuse double layer adjacent to the face-to-face oppositely-polarized gates, respectively. A background electric field is applied across the source-drain terminal and forces the face-to-face counterionic charge of reversed polarities into induced-charge electroosmotic (ICEO) vortex flow in the lateral direction. The chaotic turbulence of the transverse ICEO whirlpool interacts actively with the conventional plug flow of DCEO, giving rise to twisted streamlines for simultaneous DCEO pumping and ICEO mixing of fluid samples along the channel length direction. A mathematical model in thin-layer approximation and the low-voltage limit is subsequently established to test the feasibility of the bipolar DC-FFET configuration in electrokinetic manipulation of fluids at the micrometer dimension. According to our simulation analysis, an integrated device design with two sets of side-by-side, but upside-down gate electrode pair exhibits outstanding performance in electroconvective pumping and mixing even without any externally-applied pressure difference. Moreover, a paradigm of a microdevice for fully electrokinetics-driven analyte treatment is established with an array of reversed bipolar gate-terminal pairs arranged on top of the dielectric membrane along the channel length direction, from which we can obtain almost a perfect liquid mixture by using a smaller magnitude of gate voltages for causing less detrimental effects at a small Dukhin number. Sustained by theoretical analysis, our physical demonstration on bipolar field-effect flow control for the microfluidic device of dual functionalities in simultaneous electroconvective pumping and mixing holds great potential in the development of fully-automated liquid-phase actuators in modern microfluidic systems.
Investigation of Fluids in Macrocrystalline and Microcrystalline Quartz in Agate Using Thermogravimetry-Mass-Spectrometry
Authors: Richter-Feig Julia , Möckel Robert , Götze Jens , Heide Gerhard
Published: February 2018

Gaseous and liquid fluids in agates (banded chalcedony—SiO2) of different localities were investigated systematically by thermogravimetry-mass-spectrometry within a temperature range from 25 to 1450 °C, for the first time. Chalcedony and macrocrystalline quartz from twelve agate samples were investigated, from Germany (Schlottwitz, St. Egidien, Chemnitz and Zwickau), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Scotland (Ayrshire) and the USA (Montana). They originate from mafic and felsic volcanic rocks as well as hydrothermal and sedimentary environments. The results were evaluated regarding compounds of hydrogen with fluorine, chlorine, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur. Additionally, oxygen compounds were recognized with hydrogen, fluorine, nitrogen, sulphur and carbon. The nature of the compounds was identified based on their mass-charge-ratio and the intensity ratios of the associated fragments. Due to interferences of different compounds with the same mass-charge-ratio, only H2O, HF, NO, S, SO, CO3—as well as several hydrocarbon compounds (for example CO32− or CO)—could be properly identified. The main degassing temperatures were detected at around 500 and 1000 °C. Generally, a difference between quartz and chalcedony regarding the composition of their fluids could not be found. The results indicate a silica source for the agate formation from aqueous solutions but also a possible role of fluorine compounds. Additionally, CO2 and other fluids were involved in the alteration of volcanic rocks and the mobilization and transport of SiO2.
Inhibitory Activity of Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin in BALB/c Mouse through Oral Administration of Fermented Barks of Alnus sibirica
Authors: Yin Jun , Yoon Seong Hye , Ahn Hye Shin , Lee Min Won
Published: February 2018

Phytochemical isolation of fermented Alnus sibirica (FAS) which was produced by using Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis, exhibited multiple and different composition compared with the original plant. Anti-allergic contact dermatitis (anti-ACD)/anti-atopic dermatitis (anti-AD) activities (visual observation and regulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines and IgE in blood) of FAS and the barks of Alnus sibirica extract (AS) and the two diarylheptanoids, hirsutenone (1) and muricarpon B (2), which are major components of FAS, were measured in vitro and in vivo. FAS, AS and the two compounds showed potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-ACD and anti-AD activity. In particular, FAS showed more potent biological activity than AS. Thus, fermentation might be a prominent way to enhance the biological activity compared with the original plant. In addition, compounds (1) and (2) might be developed as functional materials or herbal medicines for ACD and AD.
Structural Insights into σ1 Receptor Interactions with Opioid Ligands by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Kurciński Mateusz , Jarończyk Małgorzata , Lipiński Piotr , Dobrowolski Jan , Sadlej Joanna
Published: February 2018

Despite considerable advances over the past years in understanding the mechanisms of action and the role of the σ1 receptor, several questions regarding this receptor remain unanswered. This receptor has been identified as a useful target for the treatment of a diverse range of diseases, from various central nervous system disorders to cancer. The recently solved issue of the crystal structure of the σ1 receptor has made elucidating the structure–activity relationship feasible. The interaction of seven representative opioid ligands with the crystal structure of the σ1 receptor (PDB ID: 5HK1) was simulated for the first time using molecular dynamics (MD). Analysis of the MD trajectories has provided the receptor–ligand interaction fingerprints, combining information on the crucial receptor residues and frequency of the residue–ligand contacts. The contact frequencies and the contact maps suggest that for all studied ligands, the hydrophilic (hydrogen bonding) interactions with Glu172 are an important factor for the ligands’ affinities toward the σ1 receptor. However, the hydrophobic interactions with Tyr120, Val162, Leu105, and Ile124 also significantly contribute to the ligand–receptor interplay and, in particular, differentiate the action of the agonistic morphine from the antagonistic haloperidol.
Development and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with a Highly Active Doxorubicin Derivative
Authors: Stella Barbara , Peira Elena , Dianzani Chiara , Gallarate Marina , Battaglia Luigi , Gigliotti Casimiro Luca , Boggio Elena , Dianzani Umberto , Dosio Franco
Published: February 2018

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) comprise a versatile drug delivery system that has been developed for the treatment of a variety of diseases. The present study will investigate the feasibility of entrapping an active doxorubicin prodrug (a squalenoyl-derivative) in SLNs. The doxorubicin derivative-loaded SLNs are spherically shaped, have a mean diameter of 300–400 nm and show 85% w/w drug entrapment efficiency. The effects on cell growth of loaded SLNs, free doxorubicin and the prodrug have been examined using cytotoxicity and colony-forming assays in both human ovarian cancer line A2780 wild-type and doxorubicin-resistant cells. Further assessments as to the treatment’s ability to induce cell death by apoptosis have been carried out by analyzing annexin-V staining and the activation of caspase-3. The in vitro data demonstrate that the delivery of the squalenoyl-doxorubicin derivative by SLNs increases its cytotoxic activity, as well as its apoptosis effect. This effect was particularly evident in doxorubicin-resistant cells.
The Role of Nano-TiO2 Lubricating Fluid on the Hot Rolled Surface and Metallographic Structure of SS41 Steel
Authors: Meng Yanan , Sun Jianlin , Wu Ping , Dong Chang , Yan Xudong
Published: February 2018

In this paper, nano-TiO2lubricating fluid was chosen as an advanced rolling lubricant to investigate its effect on the hot rolled surface and metallographic structure of SS41 steel strips. The tribological performances of nano-TiO2 lubricating fluid were measured by a four-ball tribotester. The hot rolling experiments under different lubrication conditions were carried out by a four-high rolling mill. The surface morphology, oxide scales and metallographic structure after hot rolling were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The composition of surface attachments was analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicate that the nano-TiO2 lubricating fluid has a better tribological performance. The surface defects on the hot rolled surface could be decreased. The phase composition of the surface still appears as a mixture of ferrite and pearlite. The surface of steel strips is not micro-alloyed with titanium as predicted. Additionally, the grain size of rolled steel strips which were lubricated with the nano-TiO2lubricating fluid decreased by nearly 50%, compared with traditional lubricating fluid. Furthermore, it was found that the thickness of the oxide layers on the surface reduced, whilst the Rockwell hardness of the oxide layers was enhanced as nano-TiO2 lubricating fluid was applied.
Functionalized Asymmetric Bola-Type Amphiphiles for Efficient Gene and Drug Delivery
Authors: Huang Zheng , Zhao Dong-Mei , Deng Xuan , Zhang Ji , Zhang Yi-Mei , Yu Xiao-Qi
Published: February 2018

The studies of bolaamphiphile-based nanoparticles as delivery vectors are still rudimentary and under development. In this study, several asymmetric bolaamphiphiles containing lysine and another moiety with special functions, such as pH-sensitive or cell-targeting property, were designed and synthesized. The potentials of these bolaamphiphile-based nanoparticles as versatile vectors for both nucleic acids and chemical drugs were studied. With the presence of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), these amphiphiles could be prepared into bolasomes, which showed good DNA binding ability and could condense plasmid DNA into nanoparticles with appropriate size and surface potential. Lys-His, which has a pH-sensitive histidine on one head, exhibited higher transfection efficiency than the symmetric counterpart and comparable efficiency to commercially available transfection reagent. Mechanism studies confirmed that the bolaplexes formed from Lys-His might induce the highest cellular uptake and the best endosomal escape ability. On the other hand, these bolaamphiphiles also exhibited good drug loading ability. The self-assembly vesicles could efficiently encapsulate the hydrophobic anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) in aqueous solution with high drug loading content and encapsulation efficiency. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) experiment and cell viability assay exhibited a controlled release of the drug with the assistance of bolasomes. It was shown that such bolaamphiphiles have great potential as nano-vectors for both drug and gene or their co-delivery.
Promotion of Vascular Morphogenesis of Endothelial Cells Co-Cultured with Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffolds
Authors: Kook Yun-Min , Kim Hyerim , Kim Sujin , Heo Chan Yeong , Park Min Hee , Lee Kangwon , Koh Won-Gun
Published: February 2018

New blood vessel formation is essential for tissue regeneration to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to maintain tissue metabolism. In the field of tissue engineering, in vitro fabrication of new artificial vessels has been a longstanding challenge. Here we developed a technique to reconstruct a microvascular system using a polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin nanofibrous structure and a co-culture system. Using a simple electrospinning process, we fabricated three-dimensional mesh scaffolds to support the sprouting of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) along the electrospun nanofiber. The co-culture with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) supported greater sprouting of endothelial cells (ECs). In a two-dimensional culture system, angiogenic cell assembly produced more effective direct intercellular interactions and paracrine signaling from ADSCs to assist in the vascular formation of ECs, compared to the influence of growth factor. Although vascular endothelial growth factor and sphingosine-1-phosphate were present during the culture period, the presence of ADSCs was the most important factor for the construction of a cell-assembled structure in the two-dimensional culture system. On the contrary, HUVECs co-cultured on PCL/gelatin nanofiber scaffolds produced mature and functional microvessel and luminal structures with a greater expression of vascular markers, including platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and podocalyxin. Furthermore, both angiogenic factors and cellular interactions with ADSCs through direct contact and paracrine molecules contributed to the formation of enhanced engineered blood vessel structures. It is expected that the co-culture system of HUVECs and ADSCs on bioengineered PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds will promote robust and functional microvessel structures and will be valuable for the regeneration of tissue with restored blood vessels.
Extensive Degradation and Low Bioavailability of Orally Consumed Corn miRNAs in Mice
Authors: Huang Haiqiu , Davis Cindy D. , Wang Thomas T. Y.
Published: February 2018

The current study seeks to resolve the discrepancy in the literature regarding the cross-kingdom transfer of plant microRNAs (miRNAs) into mammals using an improved miRNA processing and detection method. Two studies utilizing C57BL/6 mice were performed. In the first study, mice were fed an AIN-93M diet and gavaged with water, random deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) or isolated corn miRNAs for two weeks (n = 10 per group). In the second study, mice were fed an AIN-93M diet, or the diet supplemented with 3% fresh or autoclaved corn powder for two weeks (n = 10 per group). Corn miRNA levels were analyzed in blood and tissue samples by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) following periodate oxidation and β elimination treatments to eliminate artifacts. After removing false positive detections, there were no differences in corn miRNA levels between control and treated groups in cecal, fecal, liver and blood samples. Using an in vitro digestion system, corn miRNAs in AIN-93M diet or in the extracts were found to be extensively degraded. Less than 1% was recovered in the gastrointestinal tract after oral and gastric phases. In conclusion, no evidence of increased levels of corn miRNAs in whole blood or tissues after supplementation of corn miRNAs in the diet was observed in a mouse model.
Healthiness of Food and Beverages for Sale at Two Public Hospitals in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Tsai Carrie , Svensen Erika , Flood Victoria M. , Probst Yasmine , Reilly Kathryn , Corbett Stephen , Wu Jason H. Y.
Published: February 2018

(1) Background: Our aim was to conduct objective, baseline food environment audits of two major western Sydney public hospitals and compare them to recently revised state nutritional guidelines. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional assessment was conducted (June–July2017) across 14 fixed food outlets and 70 vending machines in two hospitals using an audit tool designed to assess the guideline’s key food environment parameters of availability, placement, and promotion of ‘Everyday’ (healthy) and ‘Occasional’ (less healthy) products. (3) Results: Availability: Overall, Everyday products made up 51% and 44% of all products available at the two hospitals. Only 1/14 (7%) fixed outlets and 16/70 (23%) vending machines met the guideline’s availability benchmarks of ≥75% Everyday food and beverages. Proportion of Everyday products differed among different types of food outlets (café, cafeteria, convenience stores). Placement: On average, food outlets did not meet recommendations of limiting Occasional products in prominent positions, with checkout areas and countertops displaying over 60% Occasional items. Promotion: Over two-thirds of meal deals at both hospitals included Occasional products. (4) Conclusion: Baseline audit results show that substantial improvements in availability, placement, and promotion can be made at these public hospitals to meet the nutrition guidelines. Audits of other NSW hospitals using the developed tool are needed to investigate similarities and differences in food environment between sites. These findings highlight the need for ongoing tracking to inform whether the revised guidelines are leading to improved food environments in health facilities.
Out-of-Home Food Consumers in Brazil: What do They Eat?
Authors: Andrade Giovanna , Da Costa Louzada Maria , Azeredo Catarina , Ricardo Camila , Martins Ana , Levy Renata
Published: February 2018

Considering the increased contribution of foods consumed outside home and their potential impact on diet, this study aims to identify eating out patterns and their association with nutritional dietary quality in Brazil. We used the Individual Food Intake Survey 2008–2009, conducted with 34,003 individuals aged 10 and up. We used factor analysis by principal component to identify out-of-home eating patterns and linear regression to explore the association between patterns scores and dietary quality. We identified three food patterns. The “Traditional meal” pattern carried more rice, beans, meat, roots and tubers, pasta, vegetables and eggs. The “typical Brazilian breakfast/tea” pattern carried more fresh bread, margarine, milk, cheese and butter. The “Ultra-processed food” pattern carried more ready-to-eat meals and soft drinks. The “traditional meal” pattern was positively associated with calories from proteins, fiber, iron, potassium and sodium densities, whereas “typical Brazilian breakfast/tea” and “ultra-processed food” patterns were positively associated with energy density, the percentage of calories from lipids or carbohydrates, trans fat and free sugar. Out-of-home eating may have a negative impact on nutritional dietary quality when based on ultra-processed food. However, it is possible to maintain a healthy out-of-home diet with adherence to traditional Brazilian cuisine.
The Role of the Slc39a Family of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis in Skin
Authors: Bin Bum-Ho , Hojyo Shintaro , Seo Juyeon , Hara Takafumi , Takagishi Teruhisa , Mishima Kenji , Fukada Toshiyuki
Published: February 2018

The first manifestations that appear under zinc deficiency are skin defects such as dermatitis, alopecia, acne, eczema, dry, and scaling skin. Several genetic disorders including acrodermatitis enteropathica (also known as Danbolt-Closs syndrome) and Brandt’s syndrome are highly related to zinc deficiency. However, the zinc-related molecular mechanisms underlying normal skin development and homeostasis, as well as the mechanism by which disturbed zinc homeostasis causes such skin disorders, are unknown. Recent genomic approaches have revealed the physiological importance of zinc transporters in skin formation and clarified their functional impairment in cutaneous pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the relationships between zinc deficiency and skin disorders, focusing on the roles of zinc transporters in the skin. We also discuss therapeutic outlooks and advantages of controlling zinc levels via zinc transporters to prevent cutaneous disorganization.
The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on the Temporal Recovery of Muscle Function Following Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Davies Robert , Carson Brian , Jakeman Philip
Published: February 2018

Whey protein (WP) is a widely consumed nutritional supplement, known to enhance strength and muscle mass during resistance training (RT) regimens. Muscle protein anabolism is acutely elevated following RT, which is further enhanced by WP. As a result, there is reason to suggest that WP supplementation may be an effective nutritional strategy for restoring the acute loss of contractile function that occurs following strenuous RT. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a synthesis of the literature to date, investigating the effect of WP supplementation on the recovery of contractile function in young, healthy adults. Eight studies, containing 13 randomised control trials (RCTs) were included in this review and meta-analysis, from which individual standardised effect sizes (ESs) were calculated, and a temporal overall ES was determined using a random-effects model. Whilst only half of the individual studies reported beneficial effects for WP, the high-quality evidence taken from the 13 RCTs was meta-analysed, yielding overall positive small to medium effects for WP from < 24 to 96 h (ES range = 0.4 to 0.7), for the temporal restoration of contractile function compared to the control treatment. Whilst the effects for WP were shown to be consistent over time, these results are limited to 13 RCTs, principally supporting the requirement for further comprehensive research in this area.
Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake in a Low- and Middle-Income Setting: A Population-Based Survey in Semi-Urban Tanzania
Authors: Msambichaka Beverly , Eze Ikenna C. , Abdul Ramadhan , Abdulla Salim , Klatser Paul , Tanner Marcel , Kaushik Ramaiya , Geubbels Eveline , Probst-Hensch Nicole
Published: February 2018

A daily intake of 5 portions of fruit and vegetables (FV) is recommended for protection against non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Inadequate FV intake is a global problem but resource-poor countries like Tanzania are most deprived and constitute settings where little is known for informing public health interventions. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of inadequate FV intake, frequency of FV intake, portions of FV intake and their associations with socio-demographic/lifestyle factors in South-Eastern Tanzania. Data on FV dietary indicators, socio-demographic factors, smoking, alcohol and healthcare use were collected from 7953 participants (≥15 years) of the population-based MZIMA open community cohort (2012–2013). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between FV intake outcomes and their socio-demographic/lifestyle determinants. Most (82%) of the participants did not meet the recommended daily FV intake While only a fraction consumed fruits daily (15.5%), almost half consumed vegetables daily (44.2%). However, the median (IQR) number of vegetable portions consumed was lower (2(1)/person/day) than that for fruits (2(2)/person/day) People with higher education were more likely to consume fruits daily. Independent correlates of inadequate FV intake included young age, being male, low education, low-income occupations, low alcohol, high tobacco and low healthcare use. Public health interventions should target the socio-economically deprived and culturally-rooted preferences while prioritizing promotion of vegetable for most immediate gain in overall FV intake.
Do Current Fortification and Supplementation Programs Assure Adequate Intake of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Belgian Infants, Toddlers, Pregnant Women, and Lactating Women?
Authors: Moyersoen Isabelle , Lachat Carl , Cuypers Koenraad , De Ridder Karin , Devleesschauwer Brecht , Tafforeau Jean , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Vansteenland Margot , De Meulenaer Bruno , Van Camp John , Van Oyen Herman
Published: February 2018

Adequate intakes of fat-soluble vitamins are essential to support the growth and development of the foetus, the neonate, and the young child. By means of an online self-administered frequency questionnaire, this study aimed to evaluate the intake of vitamins A, D, E, and K in Belgian infants (n = 455), toddlers (n = 265), pregnant women (n = 161), and lactating women (n = 165). The contribution of foods, fortified foods, and supplements on the total intake was quantified. 5% of toddlers, 16% of pregnant women, and 35% of lactating women had an inadequate vitamin A intake. Conversely, excessive vitamin A intakes were associated with consumption of liver (products). Furthermore, 22% of infants were at risk for inadequate vitamin D intake due to the lack of prophylaxis, while consumption of highly dosed supplements posed a risk for excessive intakes in 6%–26% of infants. Vitamin D intake in pregnant women and lactating women was inadequate (median of 51%, respectively, 60% of the adequate intake). In all groups, the risk for inadequate intake of vitamin E and K was low. Contribution of fortified foods to vitamin A, D, E, and K intake was minor, except in toddlers. National fortification strategies should be investigated as an alternative or additional strategy to prevent vitamin D and A deficiency. There is a need to revise and set uniform supplement recommendations. Finally, non-users of vitamin D prophylaxis need to be identified for targeted treatment.
Approaches for Reducing the Risk of Early-Life Iron Deficiency-Induced Brain Dysfunction in Children
Authors: Cusick Sarah , Georgieff Michael , Rao Raghavendra
Published: February 2018

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. Women of reproductive age and young children are particularly vulnerable. Iron deficiency in late prenatal and early postnatal periods can lead to long-term neurobehavioral deficits, despite iron treatment. This may occur because screening and treatment of iron deficiency in children is currently focused on detection of anemia and not neurodevelopment. Anemia is the end-stage state of iron deficiency. The brain becomes iron deficient before the onset of anemia due to prioritization of the available iron to the red blood cells (RBCs) over other organs. Brain iron deficiency, independent of anemia, is responsible for the adverse neurological effects. Early diagnosis and treatment of impending brain dysfunction in the pre-anemic stage is necessary to prevent neurological deficits. The currently available hematological indices are not sensitive biomarkers of brain iron deficiency and dysfunction. Studies in non-human primate models suggest that serum proteomic and metabolomic analyses may be superior for this purpose. Maternal iron supplementation, delayed clamping or milking of the umbilical cord, and early iron supplementation improve the iron status of at-risk infants. Whether these strategies prevent iron deficiency-induced brain dysfunction has yet to be determined. The potential for oxidant stress, altered gastrointestinal microbiome and other adverse effects associated with iron supplementation cautions against indiscriminate iron supplementation of children in malaria-endemic regions and iron-sufficient populations.
Milk: An Effective Recovery Drink for Female Athletes
Authors: Rankin Paula , Landy Adrian , Stevenson Emma , Cockburn Emma
Published: February 2018

Milk has become a popular post-exercise recovery drink. Yet the evidence for its use in this regard comes from a limited number of investigations utilising very specific exercise protocols, and mostly with male participants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of post-exercise milk consumption on recovery from a sprinting and jumping protocol in female team-sport athletes. Eighteen females participated in an independent-groups design. Upon completion of the protocol participants consumed 500 mL of milk (MILK) or 500 mL of an energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO) drink. Muscle function (peak torque, rate of force development (RFD), countermovement jump (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI), sprint performance), muscle soreness and tiredness, symptoms of stress, serum creatine kinase (CK) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined pre- and 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-exercise. MILK had a very likely beneficial effect in attenuating losses in peak torque (180○/s) from baseline to 72 h (0.0 ± 10.0% vs. −8.7 ± 3.7%, MILK v CHO), and countermovement jump (−1.1 ± 5.2% vs. −10.4 ± 6.7%) and symptoms of stress (−13.5 ± 7.4% vs. −18.7 ± 11.0%) from baseline to 24 h. MILK had a likely beneficial effect and a possibly beneficial effect on other peak torque measures and 5 m sprint performance at other timepoints but had an unclear effect on 10 and 20 m sprint performance, RSI, muscle soreness and tiredness, CK and hsCRP. In conclusion, consumption of 500 mL milk attenuated losses in muscle function following repeated sprinting and jumping and thus may be a valuable recovery intervention for female team-sport athletes following this type of exercise.
The Nordic Prudent Diet Reduces Risk of Cognitive Decline in the Swedish Older Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Shakersain Behnaz , Rizzuto Debora , Larsson Susanna , Faxén-Irving Gerd , Fratiglioni Laura , Xu Wei-Li
Published: February 2018

Appropriate dietary pattern for preserving cognitive function in northern Europe remains unknown. We aimed to identify a Nordic dietary pattern index associated with slower cognitive decline compared to the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay, Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and Baltic Sea Diet indices. A total of 2223 dementia-free adults aged ≥60 were followed for 6 years. Mini-Mental State Examination was administrated at baseline and follow-ups. Dietary intake was assessed by 98-item food frequency questionnaire, and the Nordic Prudent Dietary Pattern (NPDP) was identified. Data were analysed using mixed-effects and parametric survival models and receiver operating characteristic curves with adjustment for potential confounders. Moderate (β = 0.139, 95% CI 0.077−0.201) and high adherence (β = 0.238, 95% CI 0.175−0.300) to NPDP were associated with less cognitive decline compared to other four indices. High adherence to NPDP was also associated with the lowest risk of MMSE decline to ≤24 (HR = 0.176, 95% CI 0.080−0.386) and had the greatest ability to predict such decline (area under the curve = 0.70). Moderate-to-high adherence to the NPDP may predict a better-preserved cognitive function among older adults in Nordic countries. Regional dietary habits should be considered in developing dietary guidelines for the prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia.
The Nile Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) as a Superior Carbohydrate-Sensitive Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Authors: Subramaniam Avinaash , Landstrom Michelle , Luu Alice , Hayes K. C.
Published: February 2018

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease involving complex genetic and environmental interactions. No single animal model has so far mirrored all the characteristics or complications of diabetes in humans. Since this disease represents a chronic nutritional insult based on a diet bearing a high glycemic load, the ideal model should recapitulate the underlying dietary issues. Most rodent models have three shortcomings: (1) they are genetically or chemically modified to produce diabetes; (2) unlike humans, most require high-fat feeding; (3) and they take too long to develop diabetes. By contrast, Nile rats develop diabetes rapidly (8–10 weeks) with high-carbohydrate (hiCHO) diets, similar to humans, and are protected by high fat (with low glycemic load) intake. This review describes diabetes progression in the Nile rat, including various aspects of breeding, feeding, and handling for best experimental outcomes. The diabetes is characterized by a striking genetic permissiveness influencing hyperphagia and hyperinsulinemia; random blood glucose is the best index of disease progression; and kidney failure with chronic morbidity and death are outcomes, all of which mimic uncontrolled T2DM in humans. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also described in diabetic humans, results from hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation associated with rising blood glucose. Protection is afforded by low glycemic load diets rich in certain fibers or polyphenols. Accordingly, the Nile rat provides a unique opportunity to identify the nutritional factors and underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that characterize human T2DM.
Chronic Ketogenic Low Carbohydrate High Fat Diet Has Minimal Effects on Acid–Base Status in Elite Athletes
Authors: Carr Amelia J. , Sharma Avish P. , Ross Megan L. , Welvaert Marijke , Slater Gary J. , Burke Louise M.
Published: February 2018

Although short (up to 3 days) exposure to major shifts in macronutrient intake appears to alter acid–base status, the effects of sustained (>1 week) interventions in elite athletes has not been determined. Using a non-randomized, parallel design, we examined the effect of adaptations to 21 days of a ketogenic low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) or periodized carbohydrate (PCHO) diet on pre- and post-exercise blood pH, and concentrations of bicarbonate [HCO3−] and lactate [La−] in comparison to a high carbohydrate (HCHO) control. Twenty-four (17 male and 7 female) elite-level race walkers completed 21 days of either LCHF (n = 9), PCHO (n = 7), or HCHO (n = 8) under controlled diet and training conditions. At baseline and post-intervention, blood pH, blood [HCO3−], and blood [La−] were measured before and after a graded exercise test. Net endogenous acid production (NEAP) over the previous 48–72 h was also calculated from monitored dietary intake. LCHF was not associated with significant differences in blood pH, [HCO3−], or [La−], compared with the HCHO diet pre- or post-exercise, despite a significantly higher NEAP (mEq·day−1) (95% CI = (10.44; 36.04)). Our results indicate that chronic dietary interventions are unlikely to influence acid–base status in elite athletes, which may be due to pre-existing training adaptations, such as an enhanced buffering capacity, or the actions of respiratory and renal pathways, which have a greater influence on regulation of acid–base status than nutritional intake.
Donor Human Milk Protects against Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Villamor-Martínez Eduardo , Pierro Maria , Cavallaro Giacomo , Mosca Fabio , Kramer Boris W. , Villamor Eduardo
Published: February 2018

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common complication after preterm birth. Pasteurized donor human milk (DHM) has increasingly become the standard of care for very preterm infants over the use of preterm formula (PF) if the mother’s own milk (MOM) is unavailable. Studies have reported beneficial effects of DHM on BPD. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies on the effects of DHM on BPD and other respiratory outcomes. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of RCTs could not demonstrate that supplementation of MOM with DHM reduced BPD when compared to PF (three studies, risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–1.32). However, meta-analysis of observational studies showed that DHM supplementation reduced BPD (8 studies, RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.67–0.90). An exclusive human milk diet reduced the risk of BPD, compared to a diet with PF and/or bovine milk-based fortifier (three studies, RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68–0.95). Feeding raw MOM, compared to feeding pasteurized MOM, protected against BPD (two studies, RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62–0.96). In conclusion, our data suggest that DHM protects against BPD in very preterm infants.
Pilot Testing a Photo-Based Food Diary in Nine- to Twelve- Year Old- Children from Dunedin, New Zealand
Authors: Davison Brittany , Quigg Robin , Skidmore Paula
Published: February 2018

The purpose of the study was to investigate if an Evernote app-based electronic food diary is an acceptable method to measure nutrient intake in children aged 9–12 years. A convenience sample of 16 nine- to twelve-year-olds from Dunedin, New Zealand, completed a paper-based food dairy on four days, followed by four more days using a photo-based diary on an iPod. This photo-based diary used a combination of photographs and short written descriptions of foods consumed. The photo-based diaries produced similar results to written diaries for all macronutrients and major micronutrients (e.g., calcium, fibre, vitamin C). Spearman correlation coefficients between the two methods for all nutrients, except sugars, were above 0.3. However, burden on researchers and participants was reduced for the photo-based diary, primarily due to the additional information obtained from photographs. Participating children needed less help from parents with completing the electronic diaries and preferred them to the paper version. This electronic diary is likely to be suitable, after additional formal validity testing, for use in measuring nutrient intake in children.
Species C Rotaviruses in Children with Diarrhea in India, 2010–2013: A Potentially Neglected Cause of Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Bhat Sudipta , Kattoor Jobin Jose , Malik Yashpal Singh , Sircar Shubhankar , Deol Pallavi , Rawat Vinita , Rakholia Ritu , Ghosh Souvik , Vlasova Anastasia N. , Nadia Touil , Dhama Kuldeep , Kobayashi Nobumichi
Published: February 2018

All over the world, children and adults are severely affected by acute gastroenteritis, caused by one of the emerging enteric pathogens, rotavirus C (RVC). At present, no extensive surveillance program is running for RVC in India, and its prevalence is largely unknown except cases of local outbreaks. Here, we intended to detect the presence of RVC in diarrheic children visiting or admitted to hospitals in Haldwani (state of Uttarakhand, India), a city located in the foothills of the Himalayas. During 2010–2013, we screened 119 samples for RVC by an RVC VP6 gene-specific RT-PCR. Of these, 38 (31.93%) were found positive, which is higher than the incidence rates reported so far from India. The phylogenetic analysis of the derived nucleotide sequences from one of the human RVC (HuRVC) isolates, designated as HuRVC/H28/2013/India, showed that the study isolate belongs to genotype I2, P2 and E2 for RVC structural genes 6 and 4 (VP6, and VP4) and non-structural gene 4 (NSP4), respectively. Furthermore, the VP6 gene of HuRVC/H28/2013/India shows the highest similarity to a recently-reported human-like porcine RVC (PoRVC/ASM140/2013/India, KT932963) from India suggesting zoonotic transmission. We also report a full-length NSP4 gene sequence of human RVC from India. Under the One-health platforms there is a need to launch combined human and animal RVC surveillance programs for a better understanding of the epidemiology of RVC infections and for implementing control strategies.Reoviridae, possess 11 double-stranded segments of RNA that encode six structural viral proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VP6, VP7) and five/six non-structural proteins (NSP1–NSP5/6) [7]. Based on the antigenic properties of the major inner capsid protein (VP6), RVs are subdivided into eight well-characterized species (A–H) and two putative species viz. I and J [8–10]. Humans and other mammalian species are affected by species A, B, C and H rotaviruses and birds by species D, F and G, and species E has been reported exclusively in pigs [7,8,11–17]. The newly-proposed species I is reported in dogs [18] and cats [19], whereas species J is found in bats [10].
Antimicrobial Peptides for Topical Treatment of Osteomyelitis and Implant-Related Infections: Study in the Spongy Bone
Authors: Melicherčík Pavel , Nešuta Ondřej , Čeřovský Václav
Published: February 2018

We examined the benefits of short linear α-helical antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) invented in our laboratory for treating bone infection and preventing microbial biofilm formation on model implants due to causative microorganisms of osteomyelitis. For this purpose, we introduced a model of induced osteomyelitis that utilizes human femur heads obtained from the hospital after their replacement with artificial prostheses. We found that the focus of the infection set up in the spongy part of this bone treated with AMP-loaded calcium phosphate cement was eradicated much more effectively than was the focus treated with antibiotics such as vancomycin or gentamicin loaded into the same cement. This contradicts the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of AMPs and antibiotics against some bacterial strains obtained in standard in vitro assays. The formation of microbial biofilm on implants made from poly(methylmethacrylate)-based bone cement loaded with AMP was evaluated after the implants’ removal from the infected bone sample. AMPs loaded in such model implants prevented microbial adhesion and subsequent formation of bacterial biofilm on their surface. Biofilms did form, on the other hand, on control implants made from the plain cement when these were implanted into the same infected bone sample. These results of the experiments performed in human bone tissue highlight the clinical potential of antimicrobial peptides for use in treating and preventing osteomyelitis caused by resistant pathogens.