bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Karl Lamprecht and the “Material Turn” c. 1885
Authors: Miller Peter N.
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks back to an eminent predecessor of these twentieth-century antiquarians and artists, Karl Lamprecht (1856–1915). Arguably the most important historian for the twentieth century and yet one of the least known to non-specialists, Lamprecht fills the role of grandfather to the formulators of “material culture studies”—and father to the pioneers who wrote history from material sources without giving their vision a name. Today, Lamprecht is mostly recognized for the debate about his cultural history, the Lamprecht-Streit, which was as much a debate about what history should constitute as it was a debate about whether Lamprecht was a good historian. Yet Lamprecht's career goes further than that, as this chapter shows, and his academic work has left a strong influence on the twentieth-century proponents of material culture discussed in the previous chapter.
Things as Historical Evidence in the Late Renaissance and Early Enlightenment
Authors: Miller Peter N.
Published: December 2017

This chapter surveys the antiquarians of the Late Renaissance to Early Enlightenment periods. It shows how Italy in the sixteenth century saw an even deeper and broader engagement with the antiquities, and the identification of a group of people devoted to the study of its material remains. Through objects, Renaissance scholars gained access to parts of the past that were not discussed in texts or were discussed in texts that no longer survived. By the end of the sixteenth century, antiquarianism had spread across Europe, and the chapter pinpoints these waves of progress in the history of antiquarianism through a number of key individuals: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1580–1637), Jacob Spon (1647–1685), and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716).
Structural Analysis of the Oxymoron in the Sonnets of William Shakespeare
Authors: Sakaeva Liliya R. , Kornilova Liya A.
Published: December 2017

This paper considers the structural groups of oxymoron in the Russian and English languages. It is also relevant to study oppositional lexical units represented in heterogeneous system languages from the standpoint of linguistic and extra linguistic meanings, since the figures of contrast are inconceivable without the associative-emotional and evaluative qualifications of the objects of opposition. They give the analysis of the oxymoron’s nature and its functions in two different-structured languages. The article has carried out lexical and semantic characteristics of oxymoron. In the linguistic literature there is no generalized, concrete and universal structural and semantic classification of this stylistic device. This study attempts to create a structural and semantic classification, combining all the existing varieties of this figure of contrast. The analysis is applied in the linguistic examination of the Sonnets written by William Shakespeare. When studying, systemizing and analyzing the opposite units, it is extremely important to study their structural features. The main objective of this study is to identify and describe the types of oxymoron in the language of Shakespeare’s sonnets. 
Social Life of Knowledge: Epistemological Analysis
Authors: Khairullin Askar G. , Khairullin Bulat A.
Published: December 2017

Epistemological theory which is considered to be the fundamental philosophy of cognition process, reveals itself as a possibility justification in a supra-individual, supra-personal, impersonal, transsubjective form, taking into consideration the content of objective knowledge. Epistemology also builds a cognitive drama as a stage action to achieve it. The purpose of the article is outlined in stage-by-stage consideration of the procedure for constituting the knowledge truth by social symbolic forms and exploring the contexts for the implantation of the cognition products into the cultural frame. The leading method in constituting truth is clarified through epistemological modeling of the ontogenetic and phylogenetic context of the of symbolic categorical forms formation and is comprehended through the operational and interactive aspect. The results of epistemological analysis are as follows: 1) at the micro level, the truth is positioned in the conceptual grid as "pragmatic coherence"; 2) at the macro level, truth is positioned in the conceptual grid as "practical correspondence"; 3) at the mega level, truth is positioned not as a process, but as an accomplished present state: the subject is absorbed not in searching, but staying in the truth. The significance of the research results seems to be that the driving force of mental activity is a constructive combination. Cognitive morphogenesis is carried out as a free combination of symbolic forms, governed by the rules of experimenting on own resources, the result of which is the development of the individual spiritual world. The lever is the logic of "the generation of meanings through the discrimination of meanings," which triggers autonomous autocatalytic processes.
Spanish Renaissance High Culture in Soviet Historiography: Interdisciplinary Aspect
Authors: Zaitsev Alexander A. , Antonova Natalia V.
Published: December 2017

The tradition of studying Spanish Renaissance in Russia is quite a complicated phenomenon, which requires a detailed analysis. The main questions which arise when referring to the issue are those of developmental patterns and interdisciplinary aspect of the letter. Spanish Renaissance culture is traditionally the subject to scrutiny for historians, philologists and art historians. The present article aims to outline a preliminary picture of interdisciplinary interaction, which gained momentum in the Soviet period of Russian Hispanism. Special attention is paid to the imminent figures of Spanish Renaissance historiography, as well as their ideas and concepts. The evolution of Spanish Renaissance studies is described against the background of the principal research areas. The present paper will be of interest to both intellectual historians and scholars investigating Renaissance and medieval history.
Corruption Criminal Study in the Sphere of Russian Federation Local Government
Authors: Aglyamova Gulnaz M. , Musabirova Dinara A. , Talan Mariya V. , Khamitov Radik N.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of the study is the criminological analysis of a criminal identity who commits corruption crimes in the sphere of local self-government. Based on dialectical materialistic methodology use and the survey method, it is revealed the main signs, classifications and typologies of a criminal's personality, who commits corruption crimes in this sphere. Effective preventive measures are proposed to reduce the number of persons committing corruption crimes. The results suggest that there is desire to illegally enrich through the abuse of authority and the underestimation of municipal employee work by state bodies. Therefore, ti is necessary to pay attention to the mechanisms of disposition and sanction implementation concerning the norms of criminal legislation in law enforcement practice.
Students’ Worldview Attitude and Education Content Orientation
Authors: Bidjiev Djasharbek U. , Borlakova Svetlana A. , Klushinа Nadezhda P. , Petrova Nina P. , Pivnenko Petr P. , Uzdenova Alina A. , Kharchenko Leonid N.
Published: December 2017

The idea of students’ worldview attitude application when forming educational content is proved in the article on the basis of scientific literature. In particular, it is claimed that any natural phenomenon can be comprehended, apparently, two-fold: either through its comparison to other beings or the phenomena, or through disclosure of its own unique nature. For example, studying the person "from the outside", assumes interpretation of the relations good fortune, the nature (space), society (culture), the law and other people. Approach to the secret of the person is accompanied by comprehension of his corporal, emotional, moral, spiritual and social life "from within". In many respects it depends on what methodology will be chosen by the researcher, and, the choice of methodology is connected with worldview attitude of the personality. In the publication definition of worldview attitude is given; briefly the essence of such worldviews as teocentrism, logocentrism, cosmocentrism, sociocentrism, anthropocentrism are revealed, as well as results of pilot study from students’ worldview attitude of higher education institution are presented. The obtained data demonstrate that in student's audience there are young people, with various worldview attitudes that can be used by the teacher in selecting subject content. The variety of approaches and views of natural and social processes and the phenomena allow forming an overall picture of the world in students of higher education institutions.
Rites of Treatment in Eastern Africa and Rite Vocabulary According to Literary Sources
Authors: Fattakhova Aida R. , Melnikova Maria D. , Gromova Nelli V.
Published: December 2017

Rites as the reflection of religious ideas and everyday traditions are of great importance to understand the national picture of the world among the representatives of different peoples. The article examines the rites of the East African society aimed at healing; the ritual vocabulary, saturated with national and cultural information is analyzed and the translation decisions in the transfer of cultural-labeled units reflecting the realities of the Swahili culture carriers are demonstrated. Taking into account the nature of the presented material, the methods widely used in historical and ethnographic and philological research were used during the present study: descriptive, systemic, and semantic one. Nowadays, traditional medicine and conventional medicine go hand in hand in Eastern Africa countries, particularly in Tanzania, complementing each other in the treatment and the prevention of diseases, the preservation and the strengthening of human health. In the case when modern medicine is powerless, doctors recommend that patients turn to herbalists. At the same time, it is impossible to confuse healers who use grasses and other natural resources in their work, passing their experience from generation to generation, with sorcerers and the sorcerers not engaged in treatment. The conclusions formulated in the process of research are of practical importance and can be used by the experts of ethnography, ethnology, translation studies, linguistics, cultural studies and historical science, as well as during the lectures on the study of lexicology in Swahili. 
Historical Novel in Turkish Literature: The Novel “Shah and Sultan” by Iskender Pala
Authors: Safina Elmira S. , Shafigullina Lilia S.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of the article is to reveal the formation and the development of historical novel genre in Turkish literature and to reveal some of its characteristic features using the example of the novel "Shah and Sultan" by the Turkish writer Iskender Pala. In this study we relied on comparative and descriptive methods of the study. We also used the method of historical analysis. Iskender Pala's novel "The Shah and the Sultan" is defined by the author of this study as a true historical novel based on genuine historical figures and events. The practical significance of the work is related to the fact that the materials and the results of this study can be used in the course of lectures on contemporary Turkish literature, as an example during literature seminars, and also to continue the study of the writer's work as a whole. Thus, we see that the genre of the novel, in particular historical one, is a relatively new phenomenon in Turkish literature. The novel by Iskandar Pala "Shah and the Sultan" is a prime example of the modern Turkish historical novel, which was based on genuine historical figures and events.
Cosmopolitanism as a Concept and a Social Phenomenon
Authors: Gizatova Gulnaz K. , Ivanova Olga G. , Gedz Kirill N.
Published: December 2017

The article is devoted to cosmopolitanism as a concept and a social phenomenon. The authors believe that cosmopolitan ideas and mentality are a necessary manifestation of modern globalization processes. Cosmopolitanism as a pattern of public consciousness reflects the essential features of modern social processes. At the same time, the very idea of cosmopolitanism is contradictory, multifaceted, and therefore it cannot be considered only within the framework of categorical opposition "local - global". That is why this research is carried out dialectically: from the point of view of the contradictory unity of the cosmopolitanism's objective manifestations and the diverse interpretations of this phenomenon. Considering a wide range of approaches in studies of the cosmopolitanism phenomenon prevailing in modern social theory, the authors emphasize the need for its comprehensive philosophical interpretation. In addition, referring to the historical overview of cosmopolitan ideas, the authors come to the conclusion that further studies of cosmopolitanism should be based on an interdisciplinary approach. Particular attention in this article is paid to a couple of "cosmopolitanism" and "patriotism" categories. The main conclusion of the article is that it is cultural cosmopolitanism as a concept and social phenomenon that can clarify the essential contradictions in modern social processes.
Incorporation of Mg, Sr, Ba, U, and B in High‐Mg Calcite Benthic Foraminifers Cultured Under Controlled pCO2
Authors: Not C. , Thibodeau B. , Yokoyama Y.
Published: December 2017

Measurement of elemental ratios (E/Ca) has been performed in two symbiont‐bearing species of high‐Mg calcite benthic foraminifers (hyaline, Baculogypsina sphaerulata and porcelaneous, Amphisorus hemprichii), cultured under five pCO2 levels, representing preindustrial, modern, and three predicted future values. E/Ca ratios were analyzed by Laser Ablation coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA‐ICP‐MS). We measured several E/Ca, such as Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, U/Ca, and B/Ca simultaneously. We observed that high‐Mg calcite benthic foraminifers possess higher E/Ca than low‐Mg calcite foraminifers, irrespective of their calcification mode (hyaline or porcelaneous). In both modes of calcification, Mg, Sr, Ba, U, and B incorporation could be controlled by Rayleigh fractionation. However, more data are needed to validate and quantify the relative importance of this process and closely investigate the presence/absence of other mechanism. Therefore, it highlights the need for a multielemental approach when looking at trace element incorporation. Finally, no significant relationship was observed between the different ratios and the pCO2 of the water, suggesting that none of the Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, U/Ca, and B/Ca is sensitive to bottom water pCO2 or pH for these species.
Impact of Multiple Scattering on Longwave Radiative Transfer Involving Clouds
Authors: Kuo Chia‐Pang , Yang Ping , Huang Xianglei , Feldman Daniel , Flanner Mark , Kuo Chaincy , Mlawer Eli J.
Published: December 2017

General circulation models (GCMs) are extensively used to estimate the influence of clouds on the global energy budget and other aspects of climate. Because radiative transfer computations involved in GCMs are costly, it is typical to consider only absorption but not scattering by clouds in longwave (LW) spectral bands. In this study, the flux and heating rate biases due to neglecting the scattering of LW radiation by clouds are quantified by using advanced cloud optical property models, and satellite data from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), CloudSat, Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) merged products (CCCM). From the products, information about the atmosphere and clouds (microphysical and buck optical properties, and top and base heights) is used to simulate fluxes and heating rates. One‐year global simulations for 2010 show that the LW scattering decreases top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) upward flux and increases surface downward flux by 2.6 and 1.2 W/m2, respectively, or approximately 10% and 5% of the TOA and surface LW cloud radiative effect, respectively. Regional TOA upward flux biases are as much as 5% of global averaged outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). LW scattering causes approximately 0.018 K/d cooling at the tropopause and about 0.028 K/d heating at the surface. Furthermore, over 40% of the total OLR bias for ice clouds is observed in 350–500 cm−1. Overall, the radiative effects associated with neglecting LW scattering are comparable to the counterpart due to doubling atmospheric CO2 under clear‐sky conditions.
Cross‐Cultural Competence
Authors: Deardorff Darla K.
Published: December 2017

Cross‐cultural competence is a complex concept generally defined by a set of attitudes, knowledge, and skills one needs to be successful in engaging with difference. Though terminology varies based on discipline and context (e.g., intercultural competence, cultural intelligence, intercultural sensitivity, global competence), cross‐cultural competence results in communication and behavior that are both effective and appropriate. This concept consists of core dimensions that include respect, cultural self‐awareness, perspective‐taking, empathy, and relationship‐building, along with emerging perspectives involving interconnectedness, cultural humility, and courage. Research themes include the development and assessment of cross‐cultural competence, as well as non‐Western perspectives on the concept.
Effective Intercultural Workgroup Communication Theory
Authors: Oetzel John G.
Published: December 2017

The effective intercultural workgroup communication theory describes how culture and cultural diversity influence workgroup communication and subsequently how communication impacts group outcomes. The theory suggests that situational features, the group's composition as homogeneous or heterogeneous, and cultural and individual‐level characteristics affect the likelihood of a group having effective communication. The relationship of situation, composition, and individual factors can be complex in determining whether a group will have effective communication. In brief, groups that tend to have positive situational features and interdependent members tend to have effective communication even if they are culturally heterogeneous. Further, the theory suggests that whether a group is heterogeneous or homogeneous, if it has effective communication, it will increase the likelihood of having effective outcomes. Effective outcomes include doing strong work and developing positive relationships.
Identity, Bilingual and Multilingual
Authors: Jackson Jane
Published: December 2017

After defining what is meant by identity, this entry explores the complex connection between language, identity, and culture, and the development and maintenance of language identities. The majority of the world's population speaks more than one language, and this has implications for selfhood and intercultural relations. Definitions and dimensions of bilingualism and multilingualism are described, and the ability to speak one or more language is discussed in relation to self‐presentation and identity contestation or negotiation in intercultural interactions. Suggestions are offered for future studies of the relationship between bilingualism/multilingualism, identity, and intercultural communication/competence.
Ideology and Interethnic Communication in the United States
Authors: Kim Young Yun
Published: December 2017

Ideology underpins and shapes the way people communicate with respect to issues of ethnicity and interethnic relations within a society. Such has been particularly the case in the USA, a nation uniquely founded on the ideals of classical liberalism championing the individual unbounded by ethnic categories. An analysis of the public discourse in the USA reveals four different, but interconnected, ideological perspectives: (1)
assimilationism
, reflecting the traditional classical liberal themes of individualism, universalism, and procedural equality; (2)
pluralism
, emphasizing the counter‐themes of group identity, relativism, and status equality; (3)
reconciliation
, seeking to balance both classical liberal themes and counter‐themes; and (4)
extremism
, in which claims of group identity are taken beyond realms that most Americans deem reasonable. Together, these differing perspectives form an “ideological circle,” a conceptual template for understanding the political undercurrents of interethnic communication in the USA.
Metacognition in Intercultural Communication
Authors: Sieck Winston R.
Published: December 2017

Metacognition, or “thinking about thinking,” is a set of cognitive processes that regulate the thought involved in communicating with people from different cultures. Metacognition is closely related to the concept of mindfulness, and its function is to enhance the effectiveness of intercultural interactions. Major components in the theory of metacognition include executive control processes, metacognitive knowledge, and metacognitive experiences. The executive processes of planning, monitoring, adjustment, and reflection are supported by specialized metacognitive knowledge related to people, tasks, and strategies. Metacognitive experiences, such as feelings of confidence or confusion, provide feedback signals for quality control. Although metacognition is generally assumed to play a role in cultural intelligence, it is also productively studied independently of that construct. Supporting the development of metacognition in communication with people from different cultures is an important goal for cultural training and education.
Intercultural Communication Study in Italy
Authors: Castiglioni Ida
Published: December 2017

The condition of intercultural communication (ICC) in Italy can be summed up as “desperately needed and sporadically available.” Increasing pressures of diversification in a society that is already notable for its diverse history make intercultural communication a crucial competence. However, scholarship in the area is impeded by a lack of recognition of the discipline and by its expropriation into other academic areas in varying and even idiosyncratic ways. The strongest supporters of intercultural communication in more or less its original form are language programs, which often treat ICC as a parallel competence with linguistic competence. There are also several strong foundations and institutes that make intercultural competence central to their work, and one of the country's few large companies has incorporated intercultural training into its educational program. The current and likely future growth area for intercultural communication is through social services tooling up to deal with new immigrants and refugees.
Phenomenology of Cultural Communication
Authors: Alvarez Wilfredo
Published: December 2017

Phenomenology is a philosophical and methodological approach to understanding lived experience that has a long tradition in the study of human communication. Phenomenology has become a central research method in cultural and intercultural communication research due to its usefulness in studying the lived experiences of diverse cultural group members from their standpoints. As a philosophical movement, phenomenology has focused on understanding human conscious experience. As a method of research, phenomenology rejects the notion of “objectivity” and privileges co‐researchers' oral narratives as the main type of evidence necessary to understand the social world. In cultural communication research, phenomenology emphasizes researchers' self‐reflexivity, shifting traditional research roles, and reformulating research and knowledge production in the modern academy by moving away from dominant Eurocentric perspectives.
Communication Modes,African
Authors: Mano Winston , Meribe nnaEmeka
Published: December 2017

This entry introduces African modes of communication, covering their history, context, and uses. An attempt is made to analytically distinguish communication modes that are indigenous to Africa from exogenous mass media, introduced to the continent by religious, business, and colonial forces. While the endogenous modes of communication in Africa are more resilient and widespread in rural areas, the exogenous modes pervade the urban settings that usually have better social and economic infrastructure.
Stereotypes
Authors: Hummert Mary Lee
Published: December 2017

This entry discusses the role of stereotypes and stereotyping in intercultural communication. It begins with a brief overview of stereotypes as psychological phenomena and describes how stereotypes enter into communication through the stereotyping process. The major theories that address the role of stereotypes in communication are outlined, followed by an examination of stereotyping in intercultural interactions in interpersonal and organizational contexts. The special challenges created by the intersection of multiple stereotypes (e.g., national and gender) in the same intercultural interaction are also considered. The entry concludes with a consideration of approaches to reducing stereotypes.
Co‐Cultural Theory
Authors: Orbe Mark P.
Published: December 2017

This entry provides a detailed description of co‐cultural theory, which represents an insightful lens to understand the communicative experiences of underrepresented group members within societies where they have been traditionally marginalized. More specifically, it features an explanation of the development of the theory, descriptions of key theoretical concepts (i.e., co‐cultural practices, factors, and communication orientations), and a summary of existing co‐cultural theoretical research.
Cosmopolitanism, Critical‐Postcolonial Perspective
Authors: Sobre Miriam Shoshana
Published: December 2017

This entry defines cosmopolitanism and traces its history from Ancient Greece through Enlightenment Europe, to its reemergence in the late 20th century and its reclamation and transformation from a top‐down, universalistic philosophy to a critical and postcolonial perspective that engages bottom‐up, emancipatory, and hopeful projects. The entry concludes with future directions of cosmopolitanism's scholarship and applications.
Critical Race Theory
Authors: Flores Lisa A.
Published: December 2017

This entry offers an overview of the scholarly project of critical race theory (CRT), an interdisciplinary antiracist body of literature that centers on the study of race in law, culture, politics, and discourse. CRT brings focused attention to the historic and contemporary invisible yet ordinary racial and racist ideologies and practices. The key concepts discussed here include counter‐storytelling, particularity, intersectionality, and microaggressions.
Critical Theory
Authors: Murdock Graham
Published: December 2017

The term “critical theory” first appeared in a 1937 essay by the German philosopher Max Horkheimer to describe the work that he and colleagues were developing at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, grounded in a reworking of Marxist theory and based on a multidisciplinary and multimethod program of research into the links between economic transformation, political change, cultural production, and personality formation. This entry traces the history of the Institute from its origins in Weimer Germany, through its years of exile in the United States, to its return and later development in Germany after World War II.
Indigenous Studies
Authors: Tarquini Claudia Salomón , Abbona Anabela
Published: December 2017

Indigenous studies is an interdisciplinary field, related to American Indian studies (AIS) and later Native American studies (NAS) in the USA, First Nations studies in Canada, and Aboriginal studies in Australia, among other names. They involve approaches and techniques from anthropology, sociology, history, literature, political science, and gender studies. Researchers have stressed the importance of their commitment to native organizations as one of its key features, and the issues to be addressed have been those of most interest for indigenous peoples, such as historical works (concerning educational policies, oral tradition, religion, diasporas, removals, relocations, and treaties), language revitalization, teaching methods, participation of indigenous peoples in educational institutions, political issues such as autonomy, sovereignty, governance, racial issues, and indigenous knowledge systems.
Orientalism
Authors: Gunaratne Shelton A.
Published: December 2017

Although the term “orientalism” has multiple meanings, this entry focuses on its postcolonial connotation as elucidated by several scholars of Middle Eastern origin, particularly Edward Said and his precursors Abdel‐Malek and Latif Tibawi. Notwithstanding Said's explicit assertion that he intended his work as a humanistic critique, his critics, such as Irwin and Lewis, have accused him of unfairly disparaging the West. Said's view of the world as an interconnected, interdependent, and interactive systems complex resembles the systems thinking in Buddhist phenomenology.
Composition Dependence on the Evolution of Nanoeutectic in CoCrFeNiNbx (0.45 ≤ x ≤ 0.65) High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Chanda Barnasree , Das Jayanta
Published: December 2017

The effect of Nb addition in arc‐melted CoCrFeNiNbx (0.45 ≤ x ≤ 0.65) high entropy alloys (HEAs) on the phase evolution, stability, refinement of the microstructure, and mechanical properties are investigated. Minor fluctuation of Nb modifies the microstructure from hypoeutectic (x = 0.45) to eutectic (x = 0.5) and hypereutectic (x = 0.55) containing 134–200 nm thin nano‐lamellar FCC γ‐Ni and HCP Fe2Nb‐type Laves phases. The nano‐eutectic CoCrFeNiNb0.5 HEA shows high yield strength (2060 ± 5 MPa) and strain hardening up to 2200 ± 10 MPa with 17.0 ± 0.5% compressive plasticity. Transmission electron microscopic studies of partially deformed specimen has been revealed that the activity of dislocations is present in the eutectic FCC/Laves lamellae and at their interface. The stability of the phases in CoCrFeNiNbx and other eutectic HEAs as reported in the literature, has been assessed by estimating mixing entropy (ΔSmix), mixing enthalpy (ΔHmix), atomic size differences (δ), valence electron concentration, Pauling electronegativity (ΔχP), and Allen electronegativity (ΔχA) to predict the evolution and coexistence of eutectic phases.
One‐Photon and Two‐Photon Mitochondrial Fluorescent Probes Based on a Rhodol Chromophore
Authors: Poronik Yevgen M. , Bernaś Tytus , Wrzosek Antoni , Banasiewicz Marzena , Szewczyk Adam , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: December 2017

A synthesized water‐soluble rhodol derivative bearing a triphenylphosphonium moiety possesses an intense fluorescent light emission spectrum in the yellow range upon using one‐ or two‐photon excitation techniques. The presence of the positively charged triphenylphosphonium functional group gives rise to selective accumulation and labeling active and coupled mitochondria according to mitochondrial membrane potential Δψ. These chemical and spectroscopic properties of the rhodol derivative allow efficient labeling and imaging eukaryotic cell mitochondria with one‐photon excitation at 488 nm and two‐photon excitation at 800 nm. Selective staining of the coupled mitochondria has been confirmed by a decrease of emission intensity after treatment with protonophore, which acts as an inner mitochondrial membrane‐depolarizing agent. A rhodol‐based fluorescent probe possessing an uncharged structure also accumulates in the eukaryotic cells but with much lower selectivity in relation to the mitochondria. The uncharged rhodol molecule is spread more evenly in the cell without specific organelle labeling. In our experimental conditions, rhodol probes exhibit very low phototoxicity as evaluated based on the morphology of endothelial EA.hy 926 cells.
Surface Molding of Microscale Hydrogels with Microactuation Functionality
Authors: Bowen John J. , Rose Mark A. , Konda Abhiteja , Morin Stephen A.
Published: December 2017

This work describes the fabrication of numerous hydrogel microstructures (μ‐gels) via a process called “surface molding.” Chemically patterned elastomeric‐assembly substrates were used to organize and manipulate the geometry of liquid prepolymer microdroplets, which, following photo‐initiated crosslinking, maintained the desired morphology. By adjusting the state of strain during the crosslinking process, a continua of structures could be created using one pattern. These arrays of μ‐gels have stimuli‐responsive properties that are directly applicable to actuation where the basis shape and array geometry of the μ‐gels can be used to rationally generate microactuators with programmed motions. As a method, “surface molding,” represents a powerful addition to the soft‐lithographic toolset that can be readily applied to the simultaneous synthesis of large numbers of geometrically and functionally distinct polymeric microstructures.
Simultaneous determination of isochamaejasmin, neochamaejasmin A and aphnoretinin rat plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of Stellera chamaejasme L. extract
Authors: Wang Ludi , Yang Wei , Wu Siyang , Wang Shuyao , Kang Chen , Ma Xiaoli , Li Yingfei , Li Chuan
Published: December 2017

Isochamaejasmin, neochamaejasmin A and daphnoretin derived from Stellera chamaejasme L. are important because of their reported anticancer properties. In this study, a sensitive UPLC‐MS/MS method for the determination of isochamaejasmin, neochamaejasmin A and daphnoretin in rat plasma was developed. The analyte and IS were separated on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) using gradient elution with the mobile phase of aqueous solution (methanol–water, 1:99, v/v, containing 1 mm formic acid) and organic solution (methanol–water, 99:1, v/v, containing 1 mm formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring mode with negative electrospray ionization interface was carried out to detect the components. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, etc. Excellent linear behavior was observed over the certain concentration ranges with the correlation coefficient values >0.99. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) were <6.7% and accuracy (RE) ranged from −7.0 to 12.0%. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of three chemical ingredients after oral administration of S. chamaejasme L. extract to rats.
Development of HPLC with fluorescent detection using NBD‐F for the quantification of colistin sulfate in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic applications
Authors: Ouchi Sui , Matsumoto Kazuaki , Okubo Maki , Yokoyama Yuta , Kizu Junko
Published: December 2017

Colistin sulfate, composed of a mixture of colistin A sulfate (CLA) and colistin B sulfate (CLB), is available for treating life‐threatening infections caused by multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria. In this study, the CLA and CLB were quantified separately. Colistin sulfate was extracted from rat plasma with a solid‐phase extraction C18 cartridge and reacted with 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐F), and the fluorescent derivatives were subjected to reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis and used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CLA and CLB in rat plasma. The recovery rates of CLA and CLB were 41.2 ± 4.4 and 45.5 ± 3.1%, respectively. The recovery rate calculated from the total area of CLA and CLB was 43.9 ± 3.6%. When 2 mm NBD‐F and 10 mm boric acid buffer (pH 9.5) were added to colistin sulfate, the highest recovery rate was obtained. The best heating time was 5 min at 60°C. The lower limits of quantification for CLA, CLB and the total area of CLA and CLB were 0.05, 0.05 and 0.1 μg/mL; the coefficients of variations were 13.5, 14.5 and 14.1%, respectively. This method was found to have acceptable linearity, precision and accuracy, and has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rat plasma.
Flow Alignment of Extracellular Vesicles: Structure and Orientation of Membrane‐Associated Bio‐macromolecules Studied with Polarized Light
Authors: Szigyártó Imola Cs. , Deák Róbert , Mihály Judith , Rocha Sandra , Zsila Ferenc , Varga Zoltán , Beke‐Somfai Tamás
Published: December 2017

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently in scientific focus, as they have great potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and therapy of various diseases. However, numerous aspects of these species are still poorly understood, and thus, additional insight into their molecular‐level properties, membrane–protein interactions, and membrane rigidity is still needed. We here demonstrate the use of red‐blood‐cell‐derived EVs (REVs) that polarized light spectroscopy techniques, linear and circular dichroism, can provide molecular‐level structural information on these systems. Flow‐linear dichroism (flow‐LD) measurements show that EVs can be oriented by shear force and indicate that hemoglobin molecules are associated to the lipid bilayer in freshly released REVs. During storage, this interaction ceases; this is coupled to major protein conformational changes relative to the initial state. Further on, the degree of orientation gives insight into vesicle rigidity, which decreases in time parallel to changes in protein conformation. Overall, we propose that both linear dichroism and circular dichroism spectroscopy can provide simple, rapid, yet efficient ways to track changes in the membrane–protein interactions of EV components at the molecular level, which may also give insight into processes occurring during vesiculation.
Improving the Thermodynamic Profiles of Prospective Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Catalysts by Altering the Electrophilic Coupling Component
Authors: Busch Michael , Wodrich Matthew D. , Corminboeuf Clémence
Published: December 2017

As a heavily used technique for forming new C−C bonds, developing new catalysts and reaction conditions for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐couplings is highly desirable. By using molecular volcano plots, the influence of the electrophilic coupling component in catalytic cycle thermodynamics is revealed. Less reactive electrophiles, such as iodine, broaden the volcano plateau, which leads to a larger number of catalysts having appealing thermodynamic profiles. Whereas, fluorine and other more reactive electrophiles compress the volcano plateau, which shrinks the pool of catalysts having good thermodynamic profiles. As a result, judicious selection of the electrophile employed in a reaction may represent an appealing strategy for further tuning the thermodynamics of cross‐coupling reactions.
Highly Selective Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to HCOOH on Dendritic Indium Foams
Authors: Xia Zheng , Freeman Matthew , Zhang Dongxiao , Yang Bin , Lei Lecheng , Li Zhongjian , Hou Yang
Published: December 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by Mr. Zheng Xia, Prof. Zhongjian Li, and Prof. Yang Hou (pictured above) from Zhejiang University (Zhejiang, China). The image shows the electrochemical conversion of CO2 into formate by using dendritic indium foams with high selectivity. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201700935.
Facile Synthesis of Ultrahigh‐Surface‐Area Hollow Carbon Nanospheres and their Application in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zeng Shao‐Zhong , Yao Yuechao , Huang Lin , Wu Hongliang , Peng Biaolin , Zhang Qi , Li Xiaohua , Yu Liang , Liu Shiyu , Tu Wenxuan , Lan Tongbin , Zeng Xierong , Zou Jizhao
Published: December 2017

Hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) with specific surface areas up to 2949 m2 g−1 and pore volume up to 2.9 cm3 g−1 were successfully synthesized from polyaniline‐co‐polypyrrole hollow nanospheres by carbonization and CO2 activation. The cavity diameter and wall thickness of HCNs can be easily controlled by activation time. Owing to their large inner cavity and enclosed structure, HCNs are desirable carriers for encapsulating sulfur. To better understand the effects of pore characteristics and sulfur contents on the performances of lithium‐sulfur batteries, three composites of HCNs and sulfur are prepared and studied in detail. The composites of HCNs with moderate specific surface areas and suitable sulfur content present a better performance. The first discharge capacity of this composite reaches 1401 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C. Even after 200 cycles, the discharge capacity remains at 626 mAh g−1.
MECHANISM ANALYSIS FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN SIMULATED TRACK OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MEGI (2010) WITH TWO PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER SCHEMES
Authors: Yu‐Xing WANG , Zhong ZHONG , Yuan SUN , Yi‐Jia HU
Published: December 2017

The WRF model was employed to simulate super typhoon Megi (2010) with the YSU and MYJ planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes respectively. The sensitivity of the simulated tropical cyclone (TC) track to the PBL scheme was investigated, and the mechanism for the impact of the PBL scheme on TC track simulation was analyzed from the perspective of TC size. The results show that the description of the vertical mixing process with different schemes is the primary reason for the difference in the simulated lower‐level vertical transport of water vapor. Compared to the MYJ scheme, which could well reproduce Megi's track, the simulation with the YSU scheme produced more active outer spiral rainbands and larger TC size. Accordingly, the increased pressure gradient and radial wind led to more air mass transport from the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) to TC, resulting in a weakened WPSH and the large scale steering flow was changed subsequently. As a result, the simulated TC with the YSU scheme turned northward earlier than observation.
Ionic Liquids as “Masking” Solvents of the Relative Strength of Bases in Proton Transfer Reactions
Authors: Zappacosta Romina , Di Crescenzo Antonello , Ettorre Valeria , Fontana Antonella , Pierini Marco , Siani Gabriella
Published: December 2017

Equilibrium constants for the proton transfer reaction between pyridines and trifluoroacetic acid were measured in room‐temperature ionic liquids (ILs) of different cation–anion compositions. The experimental equilibrium constants for ion‐pair formation were corrected according to the Fuoss equation. The calculated equilibrium constants for the formation of free ions were taken as a quantitative measure of the base strength in IL solutions and compared with the relative constants in water. The effect of IL composition is discussed for a series of fixed IL anions and fixed IL cations. Finally, the sensitivity of the proton transfer reaction to the electronic effects of the substituent groups on the pyridine ring was quantified by applying the Hammett equation. A more marked levelling effect on the base strength was observed in ILs than in water. The Hammett reaction constants ρ were then correlated with solvent parameters according to a multi‐parametric analysis, which showed that both specific hydrogen‐bond donor/acceptor and non‐specific interactions play an important role, with α and permittivity being the main parameters affecting the ability of the IL to differentiate the strength of the base.
An H2S‐Sensing/CO‐Releasing Flavonol That Operates via Logic Gates
Authors: Soboleva Tatiana , Benninghoff Abby D. , Berreau Lisa M.
Published: December 2017

Signaling molecules, including H2S and CO, are involved in a complex interplay within cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. In order to investigate the intracellular interplay of different gasotransmitters, new molecular tools are needed that combine the sensing and release capabilities of different small molecules in a single, multifunctional, and highly regulated molecular platform. This report gives the first example of a combined H2S‐sensor/CO‐releasing molecule. This flavonol‐based molecular tool operates intracellularly via a highly regulated AND logic gated input–output sequence and provides fluorescent feedback for the H2S detection and CO release steps. This linear sequence can be combined with a fluorescent molecular sensor for CO detection via a third distinct emission. Overall, this is the first molecular framework that can combine the sensing of H2S with the controlled release of CO, two gaseous molecules that are known to exhibit reciprocal regulation and have overlapping targets in cellular environments.
ICCS/ESCCA Consensus Guidelines to detect GPI‐deficient cells in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) and related Disorders Part 2 – Reagent Selection and Assay Optimization for High‐Sensitivity Testing
Authors: Sutherland D. Robert , Illingworth Andrea , Marinov Iuri , Ortiz Fernando , Andreasen John , Payne Dan , Wallace Paul K. , Keeney Michael
Published: December 2017

Since publication in 2010 of the International Clinical Cytometry Society (ICCS) Consensus Guidelines for detection of Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by flow cytometery, a great deal of work has been performed to develop, optimize, and validate a number of high‐sensitivity assays to detect PNH phenotypes in both red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs, neutrophils, and monocytes). This section (Part 2) of the updated ICCS PNH Consensus Guidelines will focus on specific instrument setup for these PNH assays, the identification and proper testing of appropriate antibody conjugates and combinations therof, and basic assay design. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Evaluation of the psychometric properties of “the Norwegian screening test for dyslexia”
Authors: Nergård‐Nilssen Trude , Eklund Kenneth
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of a screening protocol for Norwegian students in upper secondary school. The protocol was designed to assess skills that are at stake in dyslexia. It was administered to 232 students. In the absence of a “gold standard,” comparisons were made between students who reported normal literacy skills (n = 184) and literacy problems (n = 48). Significant group differences were found across all areas. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated good discriminatory power. The screening protocol met the standards for reliability and validity. It has the potential to be a useful tool for teachers to identify students at risk for dyslexia and who thus need to be referred to a full diagnostic investigation.
Does wing reduction influence the relationship between altitude and insect body size? A case study using New Zealand's diverse stonefly fauna
Authors: McCulloch Graham A. , Waters Jonathan M.
Published: December 2017

Researchers have long been intrigued by evolutionary processes that explain biological diversity. Numerous studies have reported strong associations between animal body size and altitude, but insect analyses have often yielded equivocal results. Here, we analyze a collection database of New Zealand's diverse endemic stonefly fauna (106 species across 21 genera) to test for relationships between altitude and plecopteran body size. This insect assemblage includes a variety of wing‐reduced (26 spp) and fully winged (80 spp) taxa and covers a broad range of altitudes (0–2,000 m). We detected significant relationships between altitude and body size for wing‐reduced, but not fully winged, stonefly taxa. These results suggest that, while the maintenance of flight apparatus might place a constraint on body size in some fully winged species, the loss of flight may free insects from this evolutionary constraint. We suggest that rapid switches in insect dispersal ability may facilitate rapid evolutionary shifts across a number of biological attributes and may explain the inconsistent results from previous macroecological analyses of insect assemblages.