bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oh yes - Blair was there as well
Authors: Williams John
Published: March 2007

Nicholas Jones, BBC political correspondent, has written the first reporter's account of what it was like to cover the 1997 General Election. Campaign 1997 is published by Gollancz (£8.99). Because of its importance, and immediacy, we decided to break with convention and have two reviews of Jones's book - one by a newspaperman and another by a television political editor. Here are two aspects on one book...
Harlots and prerogatives
Authors: Jones Mervyn
Published: March 2007

We do not know all - or even a few - of the answers about the links between Rupert Murdoch and Prime Minister Tony Blair, but we do know the questions that are being asked. The BJR begins to unravel the enigma with the two pieces which follow:
Dysmorphophobia and taphephobia: two hitherto undescribed forms of Insanity with fixed ideas
Authors: Morselli Enrico , Jerome Laurence
Published: March 2007

This article provides the first readily available English translation of Morselli's classic article in which he coins the term 'dysmorphophobia'. Biographical details of Morselli's professional career and his clinical work provide further insight into Morselli's conceptual models. Reference is made to Magnan and the 'Degeneration Theory of Mental Illness' and as a counterpoint to the evolution of Morselli's thinking regarding pathogenesis of mental illness. Morselli's views of the symptom of dysmorphophobia are compared to the current nosological view of a Body Dysmorphic Disorder and are shown to still be very much in keeping with current views of this symptom of pathological attitudes towards the self.
Study of cases of anterograde amnesia in a disease of mental disintegration
Authors: Janet Pierre , Nicolas Serge , Penel Amandine
Published: March 2007

Pierre Janet, in his famous paper (1892) on anterograde amnesia, is concerned with the theme of the disintegration of the human personality. He shows that the weakened personality may lose the power to assimilate memories of current events. After a severe shock, there may supervene not only a retrograde amnesia (a blotting out from memory of some period before the accident), but also a continued or anterograde amnesia, that is to say, an inability to remember events occurring after the accident. Janet details the circumstances of a very interesting case of amnesia resulting from an attack of hysteria, brought on by the shock of bad news. The patient, 'Mrs. D.', had wholly lost all memory of events that occurred during the month and a half before her attack, and since that time she had only been able to remember for a few moments what was going on around her. Janet shows that memories which appear not to be formed are in fact formed; that they exist somewhere in the patient's mind with the full vividness of ordinary recollections, and that they may spontaneously crop up in dreams, or may be called out by hypnotic suggestion, or by other methods.
Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler, 1900-1909
Authors: Möller A. , Scharfetter C. , Hell D.
Published: March 2007

From 1900 to 1909, C. G. Jung was on the staff of the University Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich ('Burghölzli'), headed by Eugen Bleuler, where he became a senior physician (Sekundararzt) in 1905. Jung received his doctorate (1902) and postdoctoral qualification as a university lecturer (Habilitation) based on Bleuler's reports to the department of medicine, and he continued to give lectures on certain recurring topics, such as the theory of hysteria, until summer semester 1914, well after his resignation. Minutes of department meetings that have not previously been evaluated appear to indicate that a major factor leading to Jung's resignation on 7 March 1909 was the department's rejection of the founding of the 'psychopathologic research laboratory' that he had expected. The importance of other events for Bleuler's relationship with Jung - the unsuccessful attempt at an analytical treatment of Otto Gross, and Jung's relationship with Sabina Spielrein - cannot be determined from current sources.
Notice-board
Authors: Looseley David
Published: March 2007

French Cultural Studies will be pleased to announce forthcoming events, and a small number of recent books, involving all aspects of modern French culture. Please contact Dr D. L. Looseley, Department of French, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK. e-mail: flldl@leeds.ac.uk
Non-Take-Up of Social Security Benefits in Europe
Authors: van Oorschot Wim
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of non-take-up of social security benefits has social policy implications and is therefore a relevant subject for study for social policy analysts. This article starts with a discussion of the arguments in support of this general statement, followed by an overview of available data on non-take-up in various western European countries. Britain, and to a lesser extent the former West Germany and the Netherlands, are exceptions to the general rule that in European countries very little is known about the incidence of non-take-up.

Not only from an academic point of view, but also from the viewpoint of any policy- maker trying to take measures which could solve the problem, the reasons for non-take- up are of great relevance. Research into the factors affecting (non)take-up is reviewed and the actual 'state of the art' in the theoretical modelling of the phenomenon of (non)take-up is presented and discussed. At the end of this article an alternative 'three-t-model' is presented, on factors affecting the decision whether or not to put in a claim for.a social security benefit.
Professional Mobility in the New Europe: the Case of Social Work
Authors: Harris Robert , Lavan Ann
Published: March 2007

Freedom of movement for professionals within the European Community is to be attained by means of an EC directive which visits upon member states the obligation to recognise Higher Education Diplomas awarded by other member states as equivalent to their own. The introduction and implementation of the relevant directive (89/ 48/EEC) are described, and a number of issues identified which seem likely to affect its success. In particular certain complexities, both conceptual and operational, are discussed, and it is argued that formidable obstacles must be overcome if the system is to be introduced effectively and economically. A brief history and account of the directive system follows, demonstrating why the particular approach used in directive 89/48/ EEC came into being. The implementation procedures are outlined and some further questions posed.
The '1992 Reform' of Public Pensions in Germany: Main Elements and Some Effects
Authors: Schmähl Winifried
Published: March 2007

This article gives an overview of central aspects (aims and measures) of the German Pension Reform Act decided upon in 1989 and implemented m 1992. One main element is the redefinition of the pension adjustment procedure (introducing net pension adjustment) aiming at a constant net pension level. It is integrated in a self-regulating mechanism making financing (for contribution payments as well as from federal grant) a dependent variable. Other important measures are aimed at increasing the (average) retirement age and introducing a partial pension (phased retirement) into social insurance. The article discusses possible economic effects of these measures as well as consequences of their introduction in East Germany after the German unification, taking into account the quite different situations m East and West Germany.
After Unification: Problems Facing the German Welfare State
Authors: Ganssmann Heiner
Published: March 2007

The transition of East Germany from a socialist socioeconomic system to the western combination of capitalism, liberal democracy and the welfare state is examined in the perspective of potential lessons for other such transition processes in eastern Europe. The focus is on the way in which welfare state institutions as they have evolved in West Germany can be used to cope with the labour market problems which have emerged in East Germany. It is argued that the general nature of West German welfare state programmes is patterned by the insurance principle and that their corresponding normative foundation is not suitable to achieve the integration of East Germans into a German society formed by the institutions of former West Germany, even if enormous economic resources are used to cushion the transition process.
Why Measured Unemployment in Russia Is So Low: the Net With Many Holes
Authors: Standing Guy
Published: March 2007

National output has fallen drastically in Russia in the past three years, and there is evidence that employment has also fallen substantially. Yet officially unemployment has only risen to a little over 1 per cent. This paper argues that in reality unemployment is very substantially higher. It draws in part on a survey of job- seekers registering at employment exchanges in eighteen districts, and in part on an advisory report prepared for the Russian Federal Employment Service. Essentially, it considers the various institutional and behavioural fac tors that explain the unemployed's low pro pensity to register at employment exchanges.
From Ecstasy To Ecstasis: a Reflection On Prophetic and Pentecostal Ecstasy in the Light of John the Baptizer
Authors: Dube Christopher
Published: March 2007

For much of the twentieth century and from its earliest roots, Pentecostal ism has been understood and interpreted as grounded upon the ecstatic founding of the Church (Pentecost). While this grounding of faith in an event of God encounter engenders an openness to the Holy Spirit, it also places emphasis on spiritual experience rather than on the form of life that facilitates such experience. This misplacement of emphasis easily leads to unbalanced forms of the Christian life. This paper, using primarily the exam ple of John the Baptizer as prophet, is an attempt to recover a more fluid and open Pentecostal dynamic that remains grounded in a life centered in God (ecstasis), while at the same time remaining open to moments of God encounter (ecstasy).
The Re-Institution of Local Self-Government in Eastern Germany
Authors: Osterland Martin
Published: March 2007

After unification the centralized political order of the former East Germany was replaced by a system which gave back the right of self-government to democrati cally elected local institutions. The re-establishment of local government and municipal administration has proved to be difficult, however. On the structural level, the new administrative order only partly fits the actual problems eastern German municipalities are faced with. In terms of personnel, new departmental heads and administrators do not have sufficient ex perience in administration or appropriate qualifi cations in legal matters.

Dependent on the help of western German advisers, unfamiliar with democratic procedures and under pressure from citizens and politicians alike, the new local governments have to solve a wide range of political and economic problems. Inappropriate de cisions seem to be inevitable under these circum stances, leading to widespread reproach at being unable to cope with the new situation. Based on an empirical study in several municipalities in eastern Germany, this complicated process of re-establishing a functioning local government and public adminis tration is described and analysed.
Theories of Developmental Psychology for a Cultural Perspective: A Viewpoint from Africa
Authors: Nsamenang A. Bame
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the emergence of scientific psychology as a Euro-American product, which was later imported into Africa. It is argued that the current theorising in and the orientation of developmental psychology are essentially "Euro-centric" in nature and hence have limited applicability in the context of Africa. The role of culture in development is emphasised. An Afro-centric concept of child is examined and an attempt is made to demonstrate how the representation of the life course in Africa reflects African social systems and cultural realities. The author presents a new paradigm—an eco-cultural model as a conceptual framework—that takes culture and local views of human nature and development. Issues are raised pertaining to research in African cultures within the eco-cultural framework.
International Stock Market Linkages: Evidence from the Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: In Francis , Kim Sangbae , Yoon Jai Hyung
Published: March 2007

This article investigates dynamic linkages and interactions of Asian stock markets using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model. Our findings show that during the financial crisis the markets became more closely linked, with the exception of Malaysia. The article finds that Singapore and Aus tralia exerted increased linkages on the other Asian stock markets during the crisis. The results also show that while the US market maintained its ties with the Asian markets, the US market remained independent during the crisis.
Dynamics of Outsourcing in Industrial Clusters: a Study of the Gujrat Fan Industry in Pakistan
Authors: Arif Iqbal Rana  , Jawaid Abdul Ghani
Published: March 2007

Firms in industrial clusters outsource extensively. Factors influencing outsourcing de cisions are reviewed in the context of industrial clusters, characterized by high levels of specialization, low transaction costs, and technology diffusion. A framework for mak ing outsourcing decisions is developed and illustrated using a case study of outsourcing practices in the Gujrat fan cluster. Core competencies, together with outsourcing prac tices, were found to vary according to the size of the manufacturing firm. Given the extremely low cost of conducting transactions and the presence of highly specialized and efficient vendors, the decision that core activities should be retained and devel oped in-house is the key to survival in clusters.
The Portman Ritz-Carlton Shanghai: Asia's Best Employer
Authors: Weldon Ellie , Chang Matthew
Published: March 2007

In September 2001, the Portman Ritz-Carlton in Shanghai China took top honors in the region-wide survey of the Best Employers in Asia. This case covers the actions taken by the general manager to build a satisfied and effective workforce at the five-star hotel. The case can be used to discuss the impact of employee satisfaction on customer satis faction and the challenge of retaining well-trained, service-oriented and English-speak ing employees in Shanghai's tight labor market.
An Analysis of the Cause-Effect Characteristics of Cohesiveness and Participation Motivation in Intercollegiate Hockey
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Ball James R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine the direction of causality of both cohesion and participation motivation with performance in intercollegiate hockey. The results supported the conclusion that successful performance results in in creased team cohesiveness; team cohesiveness does not produce more successful performance. The findings for participation motivation were equivocal. There was no indication that high self, task and/or affiliation motivation led to more successful performance or that successful performance increased the level of self, task and/or affiliation motivation.
Sport As Life Content of Successful Finnish Amateur Athletes
Authors: Vuolle Pauli
Published: March 2007

The report presents research findings on Finnish male top athletes' education, occupation and family life in the span of life, time expenditure during active sport career, and their relations with sport career. The frame of reference is Festinger's theory of dissonance. The population was the most successful athletes in the Olym pic years from 1956 to 1972. The results are based on surveys from 1972 and 1975. Top athletes' educational level and occupational status have on the average been higher than in Finnish male population of respective age groups in general. Com pared to the average, athletes come more often from urban settings, where edu cational, occupational and other social participation is easier than in the coun tryside. Athletes consider that sport has restricted educational advancement more than occupational career. Sport has been regarded as demanding sacrifices in per sonal life (personal freedom, vacation). In the fields under scrutiny, there were differences between the beginning years, top period and retiring phase to some extent, but no marked differences could be shown between the different years studied. Changes were shown between individual and team athletes as well as the active and retired. The report summarizes the author's dissertation "Urheilu elämäns isältönä. Menestyneiden urheilijoiden elämänura kilpailuvuosina" (Top Sport as Content of Life. Life Career of Successful Athletes during Active Competitive Period) — (Jyväskylä 1977). The dissertation and its supplementary report "Suoma laisen huippu-urheilijan elämänura" (Life Career of Finnish Top Athletes) — (Jyväskylä 1976) focus on sport career of Finnish top athletes. The reports belong to the international research project initiated by the International Committee for Sport Sociology in 1969.
Mass Media and Sports Practice
Authors: Famaey-Lamon A. , Van Loon F.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the present article was to verify if — controlled by the factors education and degree of urbanization — there exists a relation between the use of the mass media newspaper and television on the one hand and active sports practice on the other hand. The basic assumption was that persons using the mass media in a motivated way, as source of information, practice more sports during their leisure hours, and that persons interested essentially in the recreative part of the paper or of the television programmes will practice active sports in a lesser measure (congru ency hypothesis). The data on which the article is based proceeded from the investi gation "Performance and Talent''.

As technique of analysis the multiple linear regression analysis was used. The results proved that the interest shown for the more informative part of the paper or the television programmes had a positive relation to sports practice, and that interest for the rather recreative part of the mass-media had a negative relation. The signifi cance of the mass-media variables as predictor of sports practice was however small, compared to the significance of the education level.

Of course these results are only valid for the variables used in this study, and with the applied technique of analysis.
Fundamental Problems in Studies on Amateur Sport — Introduction to Theories on "Sports Labour"
Authors: Morikawa Sadao
Published: March 2007

In order to make clear the characteristic features of Amateur Sport and its self-contradiction, I would like to define amateur sport as "the sports view which does not permit athletes to obtain an economical foundation as a result of their sport activity." Thus, I intend to support the process of the sublation of amateur sport and the necessity of the establishment of "sport labour".

Problems to be raised: 1. Amateur sport and Society, a. Basic characteristics of amateur sport, b. Social and economical foundations for sport, c. Formation of ''sports labour", d. Characteristic outlines of "sports labour". 2. Capitalism and ama teur sport, its sublation, a. Estrangement of amateur sport in capitalism, b. Sub lation of amateur sport and creation of "sports labour''.
Getting Involved in Sport: Sex Differences
Authors: Smith Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Despite the social change of the last decade or so, everyday observation reveals that the sexes still tend to live in different social worlds: one for boys (sports, business) and another for girls (babies, typing). In the latter, serious ac tive involvement in sport — ''masculine" sports in particular — seems generally not encouraged. An extensive literature on sex-role socialization illuminates the mechanisms that explain why this is so. The other side of the coin, however, is less apparent. What social forces account for those girls and women who do become seriously involved in sport? Do they undergo socialization similar to, or significantly different than, their male counterparts?

In recent years, a few researchers have begun to pay attention to this pro cess (see Kenyon and WcPherson, 1972), and some of the more important determi nants of sport involvement have emerged-for males. Not surprisingly, there is a paucity of research on wemen, a commentary probably both on their devalued status relative to men and on the tension between the roles, "female" and ''athlete". The present paper adds to the small amount of empirical data that have begun to fill this void. It focuses on sex differences in socialization into sport; specifical ly, on the influence of socializing agents.
Ethnic Soccer Clubs in London, Canada. A Study in Assimilation
Authors: Day Robert D.
Published: March 2007

In his 1968 study, John C. Pooley hypothesized that as a result of club policy, ethnic soccer clubs in Milwaukee inhibited the structural assimilation of members into the core society. The Milwaukee study was replicated in London, Canada with an emphasis on the characteristics of membership and membership policies within the eight ethnic soccer clubs surveyed. By utilizing Gordon's model of assimilation, the investigator attempted to measure the degree of assimilation currently existing within the various ethnic groups. By interpreting club policies and analyzing membership characteristics, some indication of the role of ethnic soccer clubs in the assimilation of its members into the core society seemed evi dent. Whereas ethnic soccer clubs in the City of Milwaukee were found to inhibit the assimilation of team members into the core society, London clubs encouraged assimilation owing to the intensely competitive nature of the league and the re sultant practice of recruiting. Despite the fact that the London soccer clubs were originally formed in order to retain a sense of their cultural identity, these clubs now promote assimilation.
Physical Culture and Sport in the System of Cultural Values of the Rural Population
Authors: Borisov J.V.
Published: March 2007

Research conducted by us on the structure and time budget of free time of the rural population in one of the regions of the Soviet Union revealed that physical culture and sport occupy relatively little place in the system of cultural values and social activity in rural areas. Men devote twice as much time to table games than to physical activities and sport, three times as much to reading books and pe riodicals, five times as much to listening to the radio, viewing television programs and to films. In the case of women the differences are bigger. Women devote four times as much to reading books, periodicals and papers, twice as much time to table games, they spend seven times as much listening to the radio, watching TV and going to the cinema.

Time destined by women and men for social activity, participation in amateur interest circles is almost the same as that devoted to physical culture and sport.

Simultaneously the rural population possesses considerable time reserves, used in a way that is not planned for receiving friends and paying visits to friends and other occupations. It is assumed that gradually together with the improvement of the organizational, technical and material basis of sport, time lost in an irrational manner will be reduced, while the number of hours destined for social and cultural activity will increase.

The further development of the activity of the rural population in a desirable direction can take place, provided there will be an effective manner of shaping social needs and the proper conditions for their implementation will be created.
Aspects of the Hidden Curriculum: Teachers' and Pupils' Perceptions in Physical Education
Authors: Hendry L.B. , Welsh Jennifer
Published: March 2007

By utilising ideas about the differential effects of the "hidden curriculum", this investigation studied physical education teachers' views of pupils' physical ability and personal qualities, and pupils' perceptions of their teachers, and of themselves. The 2,619 fifteen to sixteen year old pupils selected from twelve Scottish comprehensive schools were categorized as competitive (i.e. they repre sented the school in some form of physical activity or sport); recreative (i.e. they took part in extracurricular school sport but did not participate competitively), or non-participant (i.e. they did not participate in extracurricular school sport). Results indicated that physical education teachers held most favourable attitudes towards competitive pupils, then recreatives and then non-participants. Pupils' groups in turn evaluated physical education teachers differentially with active pupils viewing their teachers more positively than non-participants. Further, ac tive pupils (especially competitors) possessed a more favourable self-esteem in relation to sports than non-participants. Finally, the combination of personal qualities and characteristics, in terms of both pupils' self perceptions and teachers' evaluations, which best distinguished competitors from the other groups of pupils was presented.
Race, Home Town and Experience as Factors in Deep South Major College Football
Authors: Bowen R.T.
Published: March 2007

Participation in college football in the deep South was analysed using race as the primary factor. Integration of college athletics had first occurred in the Southeastern Conference a decade prior to the season from which the data were taken. Comparisons of the participation of blacks and whites by position were made to explore theories of stacking, centrality and other issues suggested by previous studies. This study showed some of the same positional characteristics found in previous studies but also indicated changes may be taking place. Ana lysis of the size of the home towns from which the players were recruited was made to investigate demographic factors related to the source of talent. Expe rience was examined in relation to the team success in terms of the season won- lost record. Almost half the players were from home towns of less than 30,000. Experience seemed to influence success but could not be considered a major factor.
Boosterism, Scarce Resources and Institutional Control: The Future of American Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Frey James H.
Published: March 2007

American intercollegiate athletics are experiencing a resource crisis unlike any confronted in their history. Program costs have risen dramatically while re venue has leveled, or declined. In addition, the supply of skillful labor is also not as great as in past years. The programs which will survive these crises are those which have the support of a booster/alumni coalition of political and eco nomic elite who can generate needed funds and political influence for these athle tic operations. The cost of athletic success, however, will be an erosion of the institutional control of athletics by academic administrations and faculty.
Popular Sport and Sociocultural Change in the Spain of the 80's
Authors: Manuel Garcia Ferrando D.
Published: March 2007

The structure and organization of the social life in Spain has experienced very remarkable changes all through the decade of the 70's. At the beginning of the 80's it is possible to observe the emergence of some sociocultural trends, above all among the younger strata of the population, which are making to appear a new conscience, built up on more freedom, reinforcement of the indi vidual ego, come back to the Nature, more hedonistic approach to life, etc.

In this context of sociocultural changes I try to analyse new traits of popu lar sports which made its first appearence in Spain in the second half of the 70's. Practically without official support in all the biggest cities have been organized important sport events within the new outlook, with the participation of several thousand athletes of both sexes and different ages and levels of physical condition. Nowadays, it is possible to see in many public places of the Spanish cities bigger scores of people pacticing their favourite sport. For the very first time, jogging and other popular sports are becoming the main use of leisure time for many Spanish people.

The relevance of popular sport in our society must be considered in the above-mentioned context of sociocultural change. In order to get a closer look on these phenomena a survey has been conducted among a representative sample of Spanish population, aged 15 years onwards.

I will submit to the Congress the most salient results of the survey research upon which my hypothesis is based.
Sport as the Subject of Sociological Studies
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew
Published: March 2007

Having recognized the existing syntheses of the world sociology of sport and the appropriate background for the evaluation of Polish achievements in this science, the author points to its rapid and multivariant development and its unquestionable achievements and weaknesses.

Actually, the achievements of this science in Poland can be reduced to six aspects of description, elucidation and practical functions: sociotechnique, so ciology of education, sociology of organization, sociology of occupation, socio logy of political relations and mass movements and sociology of culture. Attention is drawn to the fact that the best effects have been achieved in sociolugy of cul ture, and the worst in sociology of organization.

This attempt to systematize the achievements of the sociology of sport in Poland is, of course, one of many possible ways, and as such remains the subject of discussion. We also think that the fact that in our reasonings we based our selves on Polish achievements is not of any special significance for our theoretical proposals, which, we think, are of a more universal nature. They can just as well be based on the experiences of other countries and perhaps on the sociology of sport in general.
Improvement of Human Motor Activity through Sport and the Needs of the Production Process
Authors: Wohl Andrzej
Published: March 2007

Among the many identified, carefully studied and described functions perform ed by sport, special attention should be paid to the function of improvement of motoricity. This function is still insufficiently studied and even frequently un derstood in a controversial way.

Still not enough attention is paid to the circumstances connected with this which reach the very foundations of human existence, the very essence of man as the fundamental productive force.

Thus broadening the range of productive forces, improving working tools and constructing new, better tools, people are as a result compelled to adjust their skill to these improved working tools, or means of communication. This signifies a constant need for an intensification of motoric activity, greater precision and speed of movements, i.e. a broadening of the limits of motor ability. It is precisely sport which objectively performs the function of such a school of motoric activity, irrespective of the fact whether the competitors and organizers of sport are aware of that or not. Setting for the competitors the task of a maximum of precision of movements, sport makes it possible to shape and afterwards to introduce into everyday practical life new and improved forms of movements.

Many of the movements and motoric techniques, used for the first time in sport and which then seemed to be not functional and even deprived of any sense at all, later turned out useful in the production process, in communication and technology. Movements used in sport thus are of an anticipating nature in regard to movements at work. They make it possible better than so far to master the entire body, learn about its motoric possibilities in the sphere outside of production, from where, after having already been tested and verified, they may be transferred to the production sphere.

That is why that function of sport should be approached as an exceptionally important function, perhaps even the most essential function performed by sport.

Therefore the definition of "Sport" without taking into account its civilizatio nal role and its ties with production processes — and such attempts were and are being made - should be considered not only as being superficial, but as pointless and disorientating.

Therefore "Sport" should be defined as an objectivized, basic, mass form of present-day cultural activity, which uses exercises as well as games involving motion as means to depict in a specific way the needs and character of the con temporary technology of production, transportation and military technology, of the contemporary level of the organization of social life, its rate and its complexity, in order to help our body and our motor system to adapt to present-day civili zational conditions.
Goals and Achievement Orientations of Anglo and Mexican-American Adolescents in Sport and the Classroom
Authors: Duda Joan L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the situational perspectives on achie vement motivation held by two distinct social groups in a multicultural setting. It was assumed, in contrast to previous perspectives (Atkinson, 1964; McClelland, 1961; Weiner, 1974), that the motivation to achieve is a complex and multidimen sional construct. In this investigation, it was deemed important to consider that achievement motivation evolves around the demonstration of a desirable and valued characteristic, behavior, and/or outcome. This demonstration is based on some standard of excellence which entails social comparison (ego-involvement) or is dependent on personal goals on the requirements of a task (task-involvement). Further, in an achievement situation, it was assumed that individuals attempt to secure success and/or avoid failure which reflect on the individual and/or group.

The present study found cultural, sex-linked and situational variations in achievement goals (or definitions of success and failure) and the preferred means to attain these goals (achievement orientations). An awareness of such differences between distinct cultures in diverse achievement situations may help us better understand the achievement behaviors of individuals.
Alienation and Non-Participation in Physical Activities Programmes in Nigeria
Authors: Owie Ikponmwosa
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship, if any, between alienation and the decision to participate in physical activities programmes among Nigerian students. The null hypothesis tested was that there will be no relation ship between the two variables. Alienation was defined as a feeling of hopeless- ness, normlessness and social isolation. The null hypothesis was rejected at the 0.05 alpha level (critical value 0.25, df=161, P 0.05) Active involvement of the local communities' human resources in physical activities programmes' design, for mulation and implementation was recommended as a way of reducing the problems of alienation and hence nonparticipation in organized physical activities pro grammes in the country.
Power and Authority: Moral Consensus and Conformity in Sport
Authors: Duquin Mary E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the moral rationales of 109 male and female coaches, athletes and non- athletes. Subjects read a series of sport scenarios in which a conflict arose between an athlete and a member of the athletic establishment. Five categories of moral rationales emerged from the data, two of which, the ethic of care and of self-interest, predominated. Females employed the ethic of care significantly more often than males, while males used the self-interest rationale significantly more often than females. Results are discussed in terms of the asymmetrical power relationship which characterizes athletics and the different moral orientations men and women bring to sport.
Forum Sport and Economy: The Commercialization of Olympic Sport by the Media
Authors: Seifart Horst
Published: March 2007

The Los Angeles Olympics 1984 showed a culmination in the interrelationship of sport and economy. The "commodity" sport was marketed and exploited. American enterprises spent almost US $900 million on sponsoring and television advertising. The private organizers made a surplus of $162 million. The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) received about $650 million from advertising. The economic instrumentalization of sport leads to a new identity and interdependence of athletes, reporters, promoters, sponsors and the media. Major sporting events can no longer be staged without financial support from television and inevitably become part of the advertising for the "McDonald's mass culture"
The Pursuit of Peace Has no Place for Petty Dissension
Authors: Hansen Hans
Published: March 2007

Here, the resolution on 'Sport and Peace' as passed by the German Sport Federation (DSB) and the paper introducing this motion are reproduced. Every normal human being, especially after the bitter experience of the last war, wants peace. The political debate concerning the best way to guarantee peace should be carried on in political parties and parliaments, but not in sport clubs and associations. In sporting organisations, only interests of sport policy should be attended to. Sport needs peace. Sport makes its own contribution to peace by fairness and tolerance and promotion of the values of sport worldwide.
Physical Culture in Social Consciousness
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew , Földesi Tamasne
Published: March 2007

A Polish (N = 1000) - Hungarian (N = 259) comparative investigation using empirical data analyzes the popular concepts and estimation of physical culture. In the population examined, consisting of secondary school students and their parents, the popular and theoretical definitions are rather different. Four main concepts of physical culture were differentiated. For the theoretical framework of this research, the Marxist concept of F. Takacs was used, as well as those of Polish experts. There are national and generational differences in attitude regarding certain aspects of physical culture, with the Hungarians and older people tending to greater skepticism, and Poles and younger people to more positive viewpoints. However, in both the Polish and Hungarian samples, the majority considers physical education and sport to be a means of developing physical abilities, but not of forming personality traits, revealing a rather contradictory attitude toward it.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Newspaper Sports Sections
Authors: Valgeirsson Gunnar , Snyder Eldon E.
Published: March 2007

This study is a content analysis of sports news in three major newspapers, one in Iceland, England, and the United States. The cross-cultural comparisons focused on aspects of quantification in sport, coverage of female sports, amateur, semi-professional, and professional sports, and the problematic aspects of sports. The research shows differentiations in the structure of sport in Iceland when compared to England and the United States. The findings confirm the ideological and commercial interrelationship between sport and the media.
The Future of Sports: Challenge for the Science of Sport
Authors: Heinemann Klaus
Published: March 2007

The conditions for a further positive development of the science of sport are very favorable as both the interest in sports and the demand for scientific knowledge will increase. However, if the science of sport is to achieve a prominent standing, new problems must be faced. Sport is developing into an open system in that its boundaries to other fields (economy, media, etc.) and to other forms of spare-time activity (e.g. tourism, entertainment) have become blurred. The consequence must be the development of an open science of sport. New groups of people are becoming interested in sports, and new innovative models of sport activity must be developed for them. With new strategies of planning, new forms of sport activity must be organized and realized. Emerging from these elements is the concept of the science of sport as an open, innovative, planning science.
The Economic Impact and Importance of Sport in the UK
Authors: Rigg John , Lewney Richard
Published: March 2007

A coherent methodology is proposed for assessing the economic impact of sport. This impact is estimated for the United Kingdom in 1985. The method of national income accounting is adopted, with an expansion of the conventional sectors to permit the commercial sport and voluntary sectors to be identified explicitly. Estimates are given for sport-related final expenditure, value-added and employment and these are compared with other areas of economic activity in the UK. Certain financial flows between sectors are also identified, including government income and expenditure, and the balance of payments.
Parents' and Teachers' Attitudes and Reactions toward Participation in Sports by Young Athletes of a University in an Indian State
Authors: Gupta S.K.
Published: March 2007

Research interest in the study of sociology of sport in India is very recent. Data for the study were collected through a pretested questionnaire distributed to 200 sports participants (100 male and 100 female) coming from the student population of the University of the Punjab State in India in 1984. The hypothesis that parents encourage their sons more than their daughters to participate in sports was not verified. The study revealed that it was the sportswomen who were given more encouragement.

The hypothesis that teachers and coaches encourage their male students more than their female students was also not substantiated; quite to the contrary, the female students were given more encouragement. In our study the parents of sportswomen were better educated than those of the sportsmen; a large percentage of the parents of sportsmen was illiterate.
Physical Culture from the Perspective of Values - A General and Selective Approach to Physical Culture
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew
Published: March 2007

In the introductory section of this article the author draws up a typology of definitions of physical culture prevalent in social sciences, above all in sociology. This is followed by an attempt to explain this category from an axiological point of view. Three basic spheres are differentiated: values of existence, social values and symbolic values. However, this approach to physical culture only refers to its objective dimension, whereas an interpretation from the point of view of mdividual attitudes, preferences and behavioral patterns is expressed in the three categories of recognized, perceived and implemented values. The final section of the article is devoted to reflections on the sociological and anthropological approach to physical culture.
Professional Orientation of Junior Tennis Players
Authors: Knoppers Annelies , Schuiteman Jayne , Love Bob
Published: March 2007

The highly visible successes of teenagers in professional tennis seem to have increased the emphasis on winning in junior tennis. The purpose of this field study was to determine the extent to which a professional orientation, that is, an emphasis on winning, existed in junior tennis players and the degree to which it was related to levels of involvement and success as well as the aspiration to become a professional tennis player. Subjects were sampled from two populations. The competitive group consisted of participants in sectional tournaments while the noncompetitive group consisted of participants in tennis camps. Webb's (1969) professionalization of attitudes scale was used to assess orientation towards winning. Orientation scores were compared across level of competitive involvement, gender, tennis career aspiration and degree of match success. Results revealed that the competitive group endorsed winning significantly more often than did the noncompetitive group. This endorsement showed a strong relationship with tournament finish but a low correlation with career aspiration. Between and within group gender comparisons revealed that significantly fewer of the noncompetitive girls prioritized winning than did their same-sex competitive and other-sex noncompetitive counter parts. Overall, the degree to which winning was endorsed increased with degree of competitive involvement and tournament success. The discussion includes possible explanations for the high degree of professional orientation and for the presence of gender similarities and differences among junior tennis players.
Sociology of Sports Organizations in France
Authors: Malenfant Chantal
Published: March 2007

In France a few sociologists are working on the topic of Sociology of Sports Organizations. There are different reasons for this. Sports organizations are very much codified as are all organizations in France and as a matter of fact they have always been considered as any other institutional organization.

On the other hand researchers do not consider sports organizations as an independent structure. We have tried to find out whether a sports association can be defined as an organization and how sociological theories of sports organizations can be worked out.

We did try to point out the main orientations concerning the conceptualization of Sports organizations both at the local (Sport association) and at the federal (Sports Federation) level. The most interesting direction for research seems to be a further investigation along the line of three parameters: strategy, structures and process of decision in sports organizations.
Women's Struggle for Governance in U.S. Amateur Athletics
Authors: Hult Joan S.
Published: March 2007

There has been a long struggle for governance in U.S. amateur women's athletics. During 1920-1940 two women's sport organizations attempted to control female athletics in conflict with the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). Women did achieve authority over educational athletics, but not public sports. Through 1960-1980 a women's governance association (AIAW) controlled women's collegiate athletics. However, after a decade, the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) took control of AIAW. Individual governing bodies also govern men's and women's Olympic sports. The NAGWS lost authority in educational athletics. Women lost decision-making roles, and now have only limited access to governance in U.S. amateur athletics.
Complex Analysis of the Motivation of Going in for Sports during Leisure time among Young Working People and Apprentices
Authors: Roski Günter , Förster Peter
Published: March 2007

In connection with the justified demand to analyse the motivation of going in for sports in its full extent and integrity, the authors here present a strategy of analysis (ensemble analysis) that comprises nearly all aspects underlying the object adequate approach to the determination of complex personality traits. The essential task of this strategy is to identify the developmental level of complex personality traits and their relations to other traits under simultaneous consideration of all essential elements that belong to a trait ensemble (here: motivation of going in for sports) as theoretically defined representative of the complex trait (indicatum) by means of an adequate ensemble of indicators. The total relation among single motives served to define frequent motive profiles, further the complex relation to physical activity is discussed. On this basis first conclusions are drawn as to how to integrate young people even more into regular sporting activity.
Power and Control in An Amateur Sport Organization
Authors: Pitter Robert
Published: March 2007

A case study was undertaken to discover the types of experiences encountered by sport organization members. Analysis focused on the ability of members to reach outcomes which motivated them to join the organization. Relationships that occurred between individuals in day-to-day interaction were examined in conjunction with relationships between groups outside of day-to-day interaction. Attention was given to how access to rules and resources, as structures simultaneously constrained and enabled individuals to reach certain objectives. Findings indicated that relationships were largely reciprocal but unbalanced. Explanations for these findings are taken from literature in organization theory and sociology.