bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barrel Composting of Domestic Solid Waste in Bangladesh: A Case	Study
Authors: Muyeed A.A.
Published: November 2024

The solid waste in most of the urban centres in Bangladesh contains a very high proportion of biodegradable organic fraction. Thus the management of this organic fraction of solid waste is becoming a very important strategic option to minimize severe environmental pollution resulting from mismanagement of solid waste in many urban areas. The organic fraction of solid waste can be composted to reduce the volume of the waste and the compost can be used as soil conditioner. This paper summarizes one year long applied research on barrel composting plants undertaken to design an efficient small-scale plant for composting biodegradable portion of solid waste in Bangladesh. Selected environmental parameters were measured to assess the environmental conditions of digestion processes during composting of solid waste in these barrel-composting plants. The study included determination of chemical and microbial quality of compost produced of these composting plants for the effective use of compost as soil conditioner.
Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides in River Waters of Southern	Part of Okinawa Island, Japan
Authors: Imo S.T. , Hirosawa E. , Sheikh  , Tamaki F. , Oomori T.
Published: November 2024

We investigated eight organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the rivers of southern part of Okinawa Island, Japan, from July to September 2005. The mean concentration for ΣBHC (α, β, γ, δ-BHC) in four rivers was 25.67 ± 58 ngL $^{-1}$ (mean ± SD). The highest concentration of BHC detected in water samples was 49.10 ngL $^{-1}$ . Other OCPs such as Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor epoxide (Isomer B) and Methoxychlor were also detected in most water samples with their mean concentrations of 6.96 ± 80, 4.33 ± 59.9, 3.16 ± 55 and 2.01 ± 57.6 ngL $^{-1}$ . Within the monitoring period, the concentration of OCPs increases in July and August (Aldrin, α-BHC and β-BHC). The possible sources of these OCPs might be the effluents and dusts from residential areas and agricultural activities. The levels of OCPs in rivers in southern part of Okinawa were generally below the guideline values in Japan. This preliminary documentation of OCPs in river waters from southern part of Okinawa Island revealed that the rivers are lightly contaminated and suggesting more monitoring studies in order to protect the health of aquatic systems and accompanied life.
A Coupled Mathematical Water and Salt Balance Model of Flat	Bay
Authors: Yadav Brijesh K. , Keshari Ashok K.
Published: November 2024

In coastal environment, the availability of good quality surface water draws significance because of salinity problems that mainly arise because of salt-water intrusion and tidal flow. The temporal extent of salinity and dynamics of surface water through a lake are basic information needed for water resources management. In this study, a coupled mathematical model for water and salt balance has been presented to simulate the bank storage, outflow and outflow salt concentration. The model has been applied to the lake Flat bay, situated on the northern side of Port Blair in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Water and salt budgets are used to predict the behaviour of this natural lake in terms of both quality and quantity. Convolution relation is used to simplify the mathematics of bay-bank interaction for estimating bank storage flow. Flow in and out of the aquifer at the bay bank is determined for the semi-infinite aquifer for different aquifer parameters to investigate the sensitivity of the bank storage flow. The model developed herein will be an efficient tool for appropriate development of coastal bays and reservoir regulation strategies to meet the fresh water demand in coastal areas and also to ensure appropriate management of water resources in terms of both quality and quantity.
Development of the Traffic Noise Prediction Model
Authors: Gorai A.K. , Maity S. , Pal A.K.
Published: November 2024

The high traffic density in urban areas is one of the main sources of noise that degrade the general environment. As the traffic noise is more fluctuating than the industry noise, it inflicts more serious damage to the health of human beings and lowers their labour productivity. Therefore, the control of traffic noise has become a matter of major concern for communities trying to maintain a satisfactory environment in which to live and work. To ensure a high quality environment, methods for prediction of the noise emission of motor vehicles are necessary tools. In order to model traffic noise and select corresponding noise control measures, it is necessary to know functional relationships between noise emission and traffic volume of the various categories of vehicles. This paper attempts to establish the traffic noise predictions with the traffic volume of different categories of vehicles based on their established weights.
Study of Plant Growth and Yield of Underground Stem Crops in Fly	Ash Amended Soil
Authors: Khan A.A. , Kausar S. , Diva I.
Published: November 2024

In the present study, the effect of different fly ash levels in soil were observed on plant growth and yield of underground stem crops viz. potato, onion and garlic. Plant growth and yield were increased significantly in 10 and 20% fly ash amended soils. However, in higher levels of fly ash (40, 60, 80 and 100%), plant growth and yield were reduced significantly. The suppressions in plant growth and yield were maximum in 80% and 100% fly ash levels. In general, when fly ash levels increased gradually, all the growth and yield parameters declined gradually. In the present study, the ideal level of 20% fly ash was found to be for the better plant growth and yield of potato, onion and garlic crops.
Phytoplankton Composition, Community Structure and Regional	Climatic Variations in Two Tropical Model Ponds in India
Authors: Kumari Sunita , Ghosh Chirashree , Jayaraman Girija
Published: November 2024

Simulated freshwater model ponds have been used as ideal natural laboratories for the comparative assessment of physicochemical and biological parameters. The study was conducted simultaneously at two places, one in Northern India (Delhi) and the other in Eastern India (West Bengal) carrying similar trophic structure and eutrophication dose during non-monsoon season (October 2003 to March 2004). The study emphasizes the local and regional climatic influence on plankton's species composition, diversity and density variation in freshwater pond ecosystem along with dispersal and grazing pressure.
Electrical Resistivity Survey to Delineate Groundwater Potential	Zones in Granitic Terrain, Nalgonda District, India
Authors: Dhakate Ratnakar , Negi B.C. , Singh V.S.
Published: November 2024

Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) with Schlumberger configuration were conducted in order to delineate groundwater potential aquifer zones in Wailpally watershed area, Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The entire area is underlain by granite and gneissic complex. Locating favourable groundwater zones in granitic terrain is a very difficult task, as the secondary features developed in hard rocks like faults, fractures, lineaments and dykes control the groundwater flow and movement. Therefore, there is always a need for locating and pinpointing the favourable location in hard rock areas. In order to assess groundwater potential zones, 59 vertical electrical soundings (VES) with 100 to 200 m current electrode separation were conducted in the watershed area. Interpreted VES data were correlated with the drilled borehole logs and used to generate iso-resistivity maps like top layer resistivity, depth to the bed rock and longitudinal unit conductance maps. Based on VES interpreted data groundwater potential maps have been prepared showing good, moderate and poor zones.
Standardization of Sampling Method for Physical Characterization	of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Paul J.A. John , Daniel Thilagavathy
Published: November 2024

The physical characterization of the municipal solid waste (MSW) was carried out by hand sorting and the individual components were identified as food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, metals, rags, rubber, leather, plant residues, wood wastes, miscellaneous organics, construction wastes, ash and dirt. The procedure for standardization of the minimum sampling size of the MSW was carried out by the reducing square method. Only the 6 $^{th}$ level of gradation, i.e., approximately 40.625 kg of MSW, contained all the representative components. Based on the mean deviation percentage of all the physical components between two squares, minimum acceptable sample size was standardized as 81.25 kg of well mixed municipal solid waste for physical characterization.
Sustainable Agricultural Intensification for Livelihood and Food	Security in Nepal
Authors: Dahal Bed Mani , Sitaula Bishal Kumar , Bajracharya Roshan Man
Published: November 2024

With increased market access and road links to urban centres, settled agriculture in Nepal is becoming transformed into intensified cropping, especially in peri- and semi-urban areas. On a global scale, major driving factors for intensification are: population growth, lack of alternate employment, profit motive, market access, road links, availability of agricultural inputs and organizational cooperation. However, in Nepal the main driving factor is necessity due to lack of other income opportunities. The outcomes of agricultural intensification, namely, improved economic condition of farmers with higher production and good market price are intended to address the developmental challenges of high population growth, food deficit, agricultural trade modalities, fragile ecology, and national policies. In spite of soil fertility loss, erosion, workload and pollution, agricultural intensification is found to be a viable option for better livelihood in developing countries. This review paper discusses the global driving factors of intensification in the local context highlighting their positive and negative impacts.
Humic Substances: Structure, Function, Effects and Applications
Authors: Rupiasih Ni Nyoman , Vidyasagar Pandit B.
Published: November 2024

Humic substances (HS) are organic matters formed during the physical, chemical and microbiological transformation process of dead tissue of animal and plant. It is present ubiquitously in soil, sediments and aquatic environment. HS contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen with small amount of sulfur. These elements are always present regardless of their origin and country. The macromolecular structures of HS are highly sensitive to different chemical conditions of solution. Their reactivity in an environment depends on the functional groups, macromolecular structure and concentration. HS exhibit dual aspects. The presence of Humic Acid (HA) in a water supply is undesirable as they raise total organic pollution level, colour intensity, distinct absorbing capacity and chemical activities. They have capability to induce cytotoxicity for many mammalian cells and are cause factor of many diseases. On the other hand specific properties of HA products enable their application in agriculture, industry, environment and biomedicine.
Trace Metal Pollution in Estuaries of South India
Authors: Ashraf P. Muhamed , Edwin Leela , Meenakumari B.
Published: November 2024

Studies were conducted to determine the dynamics of heavy metals in selected stations of three major economically important estuaries of south India, viz, Vembanad, Ashtamudi and Veli. Heavy metals in the surface water of selected stations were analysed on monthly basis during April 2003 to March 2004. Significantly higher levels of copper and zinc were detected in most of the samples throughout the year. Trace levels of Cr, Cd, As, Sb, Se, Mn, Ni, V and Pb were detected and their occurrence was seasonal. The paper discusses in detail about the seasonal variations of different trace metals and the results revealed that these estuaries are less polluted.
Ecosystem Aspects of Arsenic Poisoning: Human Exposure to Arsenic	from Food Chain
Authors: Rahman M. Mahfuzur , Rahman M. Azizur , Hasegawa H. , Miah M.A. Mazid
Published: November 2024

Although the main source of arsenic to human body is ground water, the use of arsenic contaminated ground water for irrigation gives rise to the question whether arsenic uptake in crop plants could also be another potential pathway of human exposure to arsenic. Arsenic content in straw, grain and husk of rice is especially important as rice is the staple food for man and straw and husk have been used as cattle feed. It was estimated that the daily intake of arsenic in human body from rice (containing 0.40 mg As/kg, the highest concentration of arsenic found in the present experiment in treatment containing 40 mg As/kg soil) is 0.20 to 0.32 mg/day (as the average consumption of rice by the people above five years old is between 400 and 650 gm/day) whereas it is 0.20 mg/day from drinking water (as the recommended safe level arsenic in drinking water is 0.05 mg As/l for Bangladesh and the average intake of water by an adult is about four litres). This finding suggests that arsenic intake in human body through rice could be a potential pathway in addition to drinking water. Therefore, a hypothesis have been put forward that the human beings have not been suffering from arsenicosis only from drinking water but also from "Plant-Animal-Man" and some other food chain pathways.
Combined Treatment of Landfill Leachate and Domestic Wastewater in	Submerged Aerobic Fixed Film (SAFF) Reactor
Authors: Chaudhari Rahat Jahan , Basheer Farrukh , Farooqi I.H.
Published: November 2024

A number of methods have been employed for the treatment of landfill leachate. In the present study attempts have been made to treat landfill leachate in a sewage treatment plant so that existing sewage treatment plants can be utilized for leachate treatment. A submerged aerobic fixed film reactor was employed for the study. The reactor consists of two compartments: the top one containing PVC media for the growth of biomass while the lower portion contains microorganisms under suspension. Diffused aeration was provided in the lower portion. The reactor was seeded with the digested sewage sludge obtained from Okhla sewage treatment plant, Delhi. A constant HRT of 24 hours was maintained throughout the reactor. Initially the reactor was fed with sewage and was operated for 30 days till steady state conditions were achieved, the COD removal efficiency being 90%. Thereafter leachate was introduced with the sewage at dilutions of 3%, 5% and 8%. With the addition of 3% leachate the COD removal efficiency decreased to 75%. Further leachate addition at 5% dilution shows a decrease in COD removal efficiency to an average of 67% and finally a higher dilution of 8% shows a COD removal efficiency of 49%. During the entire study the suspended solids removal was 100%. The BOD removal efficiency was almost similar to that of COD removal efficiency.
Application of DEM to Identify the Infiltration Zones Using	GIS
Authors: Pathak Dhundi Raj , Hiratsuka Akira , Awata Isao
Published: November 2024

Drainage networks are usually digitized from the existing topographic maps using GIS. Unfortunately, this method is expensive and time consuming. But, nowadays, automatic extraction of drainage network from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with the help of GIS has become possible and used for hydrological studies. DEM consists of a sampled array of elevations for a number of ground positions at regularly spaced intervals. It is a storehouse of a variety of hydrological information along with terrain characteristics and valuable in groundwater system analysis. In this paper, the contour maps with 20 m vertical intervals were digitized to create DEM data and drainage networks were extracted from DEM. Further, a comparative study of simulated drainage networks extracted from DEM using GIS-based Arc Hydro model is carried out and the drainage digitized from surveyed topographic maps for identifying infiltration zones in an urban watershed, upper Bagmati which covers the whole Kathmandu valley. It has been verified that the automatic drainage extracted technique from DEM is an efficient and cost-effective method in comparison to manual digitization. Hence, thus obtained drainage networks may be very useful for environmental studies, watershed management, and storm water and groundwater system analysis.
Integrated Aquaculture-Hydroponics System with Paddy Nursery on	Aquaculture Pond
Authors: Sharma Prabhakar , Mitra Arunabha
Published: November 2024

Large areas of land remain uncultivated after the rainy season due to lack of irrigation facilities in many countries. There are also low lying areas, which remain waterlogged for the major part of the year. The returns from these areas in terms of agricultural crops and revenues are very poor. Adoption of integrated farming technology by incorporating aquacultural ponds in these areas has been found to increase the total yield and fetch higher financial return. Through aquacultural-hydroponic system, by using floating nurseries on aquacultural ponds, many benefits can be obtained, e.g., double use of pond water, control of erosion of the dykes due to wind action, fishes get shade during hot summer days, reduces labour cost, minimizes the loss of pond water due to evaporation, control poaching of fishes, etc. In this study, floating structures of different sizes for the aquacultural tanks were designed and fabricated and used for paddy nursery. The designed outer diameter of PVC hollow pipes (material used for making the floating structures) was found to be 3.0 cm and 4.5 cm for 0.15 m $^2$ and 0.3 m $^2$ of floating structures respectively. The optimum area of the floating structures and the number of fish in the tank were 40% and 42 fish/m $^2$ respectively after maintaining 5.38 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fish and rice plant were found to grow well in the same tank and the total profit in integrated farming was $15,000 per ha of surface area of the pond per year.
Empirical Validation of Field Estimated Dispersion Coefficient for	a Tropical River
Authors: Babbar Richa , Joshi Himanshu
Published: November 2024

A dye dispersion study conducted for the study reach during low flows has been resolved to provide information on the dispersion coefficient (DL) of the Hindon river. Logistic reasons often constrain the field study for this parameter, considered crucial for any water quality modelling study. It, therefore, becomes imperative to identify, amongst several empirical formulas, the most appropriate formulation for the site specific area. In the present study, the classical methods have been used to identify the McQuivey & Keefer (1974) and Liu (1977) as the most suitable empirical relationship for estimation of DL for Hindon river reaches, for which field study was not practically possible.
Identification of Hydrogeochemically Active Regimes in	Groundwaters of Erode District, Tamilnadu – A Statistical	Approach
Authors: Chidambaram S. , Ramanathan AL. , Prasanna M.V. , Anandhan P. , Srinivasamoorthy K. , Vasudevan S.
Published: November 2024

Water chemistry plays a notable role in determining the quality and utility. There are several factors influencing the water chemistry in the hard rock terrain of Erode district. Samples were collected in four different seasons and analysed for the major and minor ions. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis like correlation, factor and factor score analysis. In order to get the interrelationship of these ions and the dominant sources representing the water chemistry, correlation and factor analysis were carried out. The correlation analysis helps in the determination of the spinal and the seasonal species/ions. Na, Mg, Cl, Ca and SO $_4$ were determined as the spinal species and F, NO $_3$ , K and PO $_4$ as the seasonal species. The factor analysis reveals that the anthropogenic sources play a significant role in the water chemistry. As it is a complex geochemical system, and represented by several factors, the first three dominant factors were spatially distributed by their factor scores, in order to get the dominant hydrogeochemical regimes.
Research on the Restructure and Its Practical Proposal of Water	(Natural Monopoly) Industry
Authors: Xia Chengxiang
Published: November 2024

To restructure water industry, a new model is proposed according to its characters, that is, the transportation web systems of water should be constructed and maintained by public finance governmentally and made it public goods. Private enterprises invest to produce the identical water-good and use the web systems to transport it to consumers competitively, which might form a completely competitive market. Under this model, to avoid "the tragedy of commons" and the overuse of water resources, two considerable proposals are suggested analytically. One is the fiscal subsidy plus market pricing, and the other, the cap-and-trade system of water property right.
Evaluation Scenarios for Water Supply Accessibility to the Urban	Poor in Developing Countries: The Case of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Akbar Delwar , Smith Phil , Minnery John
Published: November 2024

This paper develops a robust methodology to aggregate indicators of water supply accessibility by the urban poor in developing countries. The methodology includes both linear and non-linear mathematical modelling. The results obtained are examined in terms of the variation of values from different scenarios and the factors responsible for good or poor performance of urban water supply. The methodology could be used by planners and managers for any type of urban service planning and management.
Retention of Anionic Pollutants by Overburden Material at Chromite	Mines: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Equeenuddin Sk. Md. , Raymahashay B.C.
Published: November 2024

The goethite-rich overburden material at chromite mines is an efficient sink for the chromate anion. Leaching experiments using a saline solution showed that the material at the Sukinda mine of Orissa had retained a higher amount of chromate compared with the material at the nearby Boula mine. This difference can be attributed to the mineralogy at the two sites. For example, the proportion of poorly crystalline goethite is higher in the Sukinda material compared with Boula. Experiments on further adsorption of arsenate and phosphate indicated that the Boula sample had higher uptake capacity for both anions. This is obviously because the Sukinda sample had initially adsorbed more chromate. These results can be useful in evaluating natural attenuation of fertilizer-derived pollutants in the agricultural land near chromite mines.
Study of the Morphological Change of the River Old Brahmaputra and	Its Impacts
Authors: Alam J.B. , Uddin M. , Ahmed J. Uddin , Rahman M. Habibur , Banik B.K. , Yesmin N. , Islam Md. Sirajul
Published: November 2024

Old Brahmaputra River is one of the main rivers in Bangladesh. In this study, the part of the old Brahmaputra River, offtaking from Jamuna is located under the district of Mymensingh and partially under the district of Tangail, Jamalpur, Sherpur and Netrokona. Analyzing the image of part of the old Brahmaputra River for the years 1997 and 2004, it is found that significant changes have occurred in north eastern part of Mymensingh sadar upazila and less change is found in the lower part which is close to the Mymensingh town where China Bangladesh Friendship Bridge (Shambhuganj Bridge) is situated. Transport of sediment is the major contributing factor of such morphological changes, which causes significant socio-economic impact along the region.
Modelling Efficacy of Soil Vapour Extraction (SVE) in Waste Sites	Polluted by Hydrocarbons: A Case Study
Authors: Cherubini Claudia , Masciopinto Costantino
Published: November 2024

The effectiveness of soil vapour extraction (SVE) in the remediation of a site polluted by hydrocarbons located in Southern Italy (Brindisi), has been tested by means of experimental data and a computational code. SVE is one of the most frequent techniques used for the remediation of vadose zones contaminated by hydrocarbons. In the case studied, actual BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes) and TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) contamination have been considered. The application aimed to examine some technical and economic features of the SVE technique, as well as to point out the very important role of mathematical models in management of contaminated sites. The code simulation predicted both contaminant depletion trends and remediation times at polluted site. The simulation results pointed out different remediation performance for BTEX (more than 150 days) and TPH (more than 600 days) removal. The treatment costs of the simulated SVE "on site" technique resulted competitive with respect to the other "ex site" methods which can be carried out at the same contaminated area and should be encouraged by the local authorities.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Metal	Phosphonate–Zirconium (IV) Hydroxy Ethylidene	Diphosphonate–and its Application in Separation of Metal Ions
Authors: Jayswal Amit S. , Chudasama Uma V.
Published: November 2024

A novel hybrid ion exchange material, zirconium hydroxy ethylidene diphosphonate [ZrHEDP] of the class of tetravalent metal acid (tma) salt has been synthesized by sol-gel method. The material has been characterized for elemental analysis (ICP-AES), thermal analysis (TGA, DSC), FT-IR and X-ray diffraction studies. Chemical resistivity of the material in various media (acids, bases and organic solvents) have been assessed. ZrHEDP has been further probed for its utility as an ion exchanger. The Na+ ion exchange capacity (i.e.c.) has been determined and effect of heating on i.e.c. studied. The distribution behaviour of ZrHEDP towards several metal ions has been studied in different electrolyte media/concentrations. Based on the distribution studies a few binary metal ion separations have been achieved.
Emission of Carbon Monoxide in Atmosphere due to Mine	Fire–A Case Study
Authors: Prakash Amar , Singh Gurdeep
Published: November 2024

The emission of carbon monoxide (CO), the silent killer, from coal fire is inevitable. The developed coal pillars are being extracted by opencast mining at Chirimiri due to fire. Though coal faces are quenched by spraying water under high pressure and high walls are blanketed by overburden but even then there is release of carbon monoxide at higher concentration. The paper deals with the estimation of CO concentration at various areas of the mine and its surroundings.
Biomarkers from Latex Drying Plants in Siak River Sediments
Authors: Liebezeit Gerd , Wöstmann Ralf , Jose Christine
Published: November 2024

In Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Sumatra, two latex processing plants discharge wastewater rich in particulate and dissolved organic matter to the Siak river. The immediate effect is a marked enrichment of total organic carbon in the sediment adjacent to the discharge point. Biomarkers specific for Hevea brasiliensis were also found in the discharged process water. These compounds could be detected up to 25 km downstream.
Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability to Groundwater Pollution by	Multi-criteria Analysis in and around East Calcutta Wetlands, West Bengal,	India
Authors: Sahu Paulami , Sikdar P.K.
Published: November 2024

The area lies between Hugli river in the northwest and Bidyadhari river in the east and includes the East Calcutta Wetlands, a Ramsar site. The area is flat in nature and a part of the lower deltaic plain of the Bhagirathi- Ganga river system. The sub-surface geology of the area is completely blanketed by the Quaternary fluviatile sediments comprising a succession of clay, silty clay, sand and sand mixed with occasional gravel. The Quaternary confined aquifer is made up of moderately well sorted sand and reflects fluviatile environment of deposition. Overlay analysis in GIS platform using multiple criteria such as height of piezometric surface above the base of top confining layer, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, groundwater velocity, thickness of top confining layer and water quality index have been utilized to understand vulnerability of the aquifer to groundwater pollution. The analysis indicates that 71% of the aquifer of the study area shows high to very high vulnerability to groundwater pollution. The aquifer below the sewage fed ponds and agricultural land shows high vulnerability to pollution. In these areas groundwater abstraction should be controlled to minimize surface water and groundwater interaction. Sensitivity analysis of the aquifer vulnerability assessment with the water quality indicates that in 70% of the total area vulnerability classes have matched with the present water quality distribution of the area. Artificial recharge to aquifer through roof top rainwater harvesting should be made mandatory for high-rise buildings and industries present in and around the wetlands.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Animals Collected from	Coastal Waters of Gresik, Indonesia
Authors: Soegianto Agoes , Irawan Bambang , Hamami
Published: November 2024

A survey of the presence of metals in aquatic animals caught from Gresik coastal waters, Indonesia, has been conducted. The results show that all animals contained Zn levels higher than the level of other metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Se and Pb) in the same species. The copper level recorded in tissue of banana shrimp showed higher copper concentration than that in other fishes. The concentration of Zn in whole body of animals (ponyfish and anchovy) was relatively higher than those recorded in muscle tissues (banana shrimp, drum, mullet and sea catfish). It was also found that the level of metals in all samples collected from this area contained metals in their tissue within acceptable range for consumption. These data provide useful information for future reference.
Fisheries of Golden Horn following the Improvements in Water	Quality
Authors: Ogleni Nurtac , Gokdas Ramazan , Ogleni Omer
Published: November 2024

The aim of the study was to determine the returning of current and former species in their native lands, the Galata Bridge and the Ataturk (Unkapani) Bridge, at Golden Horn during the periods from October 2005 to May 2006 – stations on which established fisheries were determined and inland distances where these fisheries were viewed and observed. At the end of the observations, thirty-four species were determined at Golden Horn. Fifteen species, Hippocampus hippocampus, Solea vulgaris, Atherina boyeri, Thrachurus trachurus, Maena smaris, Psetta maxima, Diplodus vulgaris, Gobius batrachocephalus, Boops boops, Boops salpa, Merlangius euxinus, Lithognathus mormyrus, Alosa fallax nilotica, Trachinus draco, and Belone belone gracilis were observed for the first time differently from the previous studies (Yuksek et al., 2006). Economically important species like Mullus surmuletus, Mugil cephalus, Sarda sarda, Pomatomus saltator, Psetta maxima, Engraulis encrasicolus, Trigla lucerna, Belone belone, Trachurus trachurus, Solea vulgaris, Diplodus vulgaris, Lithognathus mormyrus, and Merlangius euxinus were frequently determined. Furthermore the length sizes of the same species that were observed at the selected stations were compared statistically (P>0.05). Consequently, positive influence of rehabilitation studies started in 1995 on the increasing of the species and the amounts was researched.
Good Evidences, Bad Linkages: A Review of Water and Health in South Asia
Authors: Chourey Jayati , Prakash Anjal
Published: November 2024

This review paper investigates the status of water and health in South Asia. Millions of people in South Asia lack access to safe water and sanitation. Increasing population, rapid urbanization, unsustainable agricultural and industrial developments have degraded freshwater resources. Although countries seem to have worked on the Millennium Development Goals to create infrastructure concerning water supply and sanitation, it is still questionable whether these measures have led to increased access to adequate safe water and proper sanitation at all. The preventable water-associated diseases contribute to the top ten causes of death in the region. Mortality due to these diseases has decreased in the past 10 years, but morbidity is on rise. Diarrhoea remains a primary cause for majority of deaths. Besides infectious diseases, chemical contamination of surface and ground water also create a great threat. The arsenic and fluoride contamination are emerging public health challenges. Although, countries have progressed in controlling water-associated diseases but achievements have been limited. The relationship between water and health is not linear, and is governed by various interlinked socioeconomic, political and cultural factors. This paper also discusses major complexities and challenges faced in the sector. The literature provides 'good' enough 'evidences' of lack of safe water leading to heavy burden of water associated diseases in South Asia. The existing governance system aims to provide good health, but fails to appreciate and address its link with safe water and sanitation. The paper recommends a more integrated and demand driven approach to conquer water-related health hazards.
Impacts of Industrial Pollution on Human Health: Empirical	Evidences from an Industrial Hotspot (Kaliakoir) in Bangladesh
Authors: Rabbani Md. Golam , Chowdhury Mehrab , Khan Naima A.
Published: November 2024

Water pollution impact on human health is a rising global concern. This pollution is largely caused by agriculture runoff, disposal of solid waste, sewage especially in the urban areas and discharge of untreated industrial waste. These have both direct and indirect adverse impacts on human health. There are about 1176 industrial units in the country of different types that pollute the river and wetlands especially around the urban areas. This study was conducted to explore health hazards from industrial pollution in Kaliakoir, Bangladesh. Based on the authors' analysis of primary and secondary data, the study reveals that the industrial pollution has caused several health problems for the local community in the vicinity of this industrial zone. Empirical evidence indicates that the incidence of skin diseases, ARI, anemia, peptic ulcer in the region, have been found to have increased between 1998 and 2003. This implies that there are clear linkages between the negative impacts of water pollution due to rising industrial waste and effluents on human health.
Assessing Vulnerability of the Arsenic Exposed Population in India
Authors: Sarkar Atanu
Published: November 2024

Arsenic contamination of groundwater is one of the most serious environmental health disasters occurred in India. Out of an estimated 9.7 million arsenic exposed population, nearly one million are showing various forms of clinical manifestations, including cancers. The current study aims to assess the social and health vulnerability of the affected population to cope with arsenic pollution at the household and community levels. In arsenic affected villages, an extensive study has been conducted, which included household surveys, focus groups, informal discussions and interviews of concerned authorities, civil society organizations, political leaders and technical experts. Secondary data was collected by reviewing literature and policy documents. The World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicap (ICIDH) was used to measure the consequences of arsenicosis. Poverty was one of the major determinants of arsenic exposure level, severity of manifestations and consequences, which has a link with a subject's occupation, nutritional status, access to health care and good governance. The existing knowledge gap between the scientific community and local government has been the major obstacle in implementing a sustainable mitigation strategy. Social disparity (including gender) and lack of a political will have resulted in poor community participation during decision making and grass root planning respectively. Hence, several strategies cannot benefit in terms of improvement of symptoms. Rather, physical disability and disfigurement due to symptoms have made the poor more vulnerable to economic and social exclusion. The study has revealed that there is a need to incorporate the social determinants of arsenicosis in mitigation policy in order to reach out to the vulnerable section of the community.
Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Sediments, Freshwater Mussels	and Fishes of the River Shitalakhya, Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Md. Kawser , Bhowmik Anupam Chandra , Rahman Safiur , Haque Md. Rezaul
Published: November 2024

This study was undertaken to study the concentration of some heavy metals in the water and sediment samples and their bioaccumulations in freshwater fish and mussels of the Shitalakhya River. In water samples, concentration of Ni ranged from 4.31 to 7.83 μg/L, Pb 41.24 to 63.15 μg/L, Cd 7.12 to 10.11 μg/L, Cr 192.18 to 234.32 μg/L, and Cu 156.38 to 254.07 μg/L at different sampling stations during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon. In sediment samples, Ni ranged from 120.96 to 131.94 mg/kg, Pb 54.52 to 65.90 mg/kg, Cd 1.71 to 2.17 mg/kg, Cr 60.09 to 91.02 mg/kg, and Cu 56.07 to 91.51 mg/kg in dry weight basis at different stations during different seasons. In Puntius sophore, Ni ranged from 9.07 to 13.01 mg/kg, Pb 8.01 to 10.09 mg/kg, Cd 0.85 to 1.13 mg/kg, Cr 2.94 to 4.01 mg/kg, and Cu 4.92 to 5.27 mg/kg in dry weight basis during different seasons. In Glossogobius giuris, Ni ranged from 10.53 to 11.32 mg/kg, Pb 7.17 to 9.17 mg/kg, Cd 0.81 to 1.07 mg/kg, Cr 3.13 to 3.37 mg/kg, and Cu 5.19 to 6.03 mg/kg in dry weight basis during different seasons. In the muscles of the freshwater mussels (Lamellidens marginalis), Ni ranged from 8.19 to 9.07 mg/kg, Pb 9.16 to 13.09 mg/kg, Cd 1.09 to 1.21 mg/kg, Cr 8.12 to 9.07 mg/kg, and Cu 5.47 to 8.19 mg/kg in dry weight basis during different seasons. These variations of metal concentrations in fish and freshwater mussels in our study are likely to be due to the different sampling locations, seasons, weight and age of the organisms. The present study found much higher concentration of heavy metals in water, sediment and aquatic animals than standard value of WHO and EQS.
Seasonal Variation in Physico-Chemical Parameters and Planktons	Population of Fish Pond in Jalandhar, Punjab
Authors: Pathania D. , Sabesan M. , Kumari S.
Published: November 2024

The present study has been carried out to determine the water quality in terms of physico-chemical and biological factors in fish pond in Jalandhar city of Punjab, India. The surface temperature varied from 26.3 to 37.1°C. Dissolved oxygen and pH fluctuated from 8.5 to 11.5 mgL $^{-1}$ and 7.6 to 8.4 respectively. The conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved solids varied from 445 to 650 μΩW/cm, 6.00 to 11.00 NTU and 210 to 376 mgL $^{-1}$ respectively. The total hardness and alkalinity range from 113 to 312.5 mgL $^{-1}$ and 145.1 to 216.2 mgL $^{-1}$ . COD and BOD varied from 41.03 to 84.12 mgL $^{-1}$ and 16.05 to 35.10 mgL $^{-1}$ . The concentrations of nitrate (0.92 to 2.00 mgL $^{-1}$ ), phosphate (0.08 to 0.301 mgL $^{-1}$ ) and sulphate (13.6 to 27.2 mgL $^{-1}$ ) varied independently. Total organism found in study pond was 801 out of which 697 were phytoplankton and other 104 were zooplanktons. The numbers of species were different in every month. The diversity of phytoplankton ranged from 1.98 to 2.37 and maximum in July and minimum in March. The diversity index of zooplankton ranged from 0.64 to 0.83 and maximum in July and minimum in June.
Impact of Industrial Effluents of Gadoon Amazi Industries over	Quality of Ground Water: A Case Study
Authors: Baloch Musa Kaleem , Ali Arshad , Durani Gulrez Fatima , Rahim Abdur
Published: November 2024

Installation of industries is a sign of development for a nation; however, due to poor management of waste material/effluents they are contributing otherwise and pollute the water we drink, air we inhale and the texture of soil we live at. In this article we have tried to correlate the deterioration of ground water by the industries installed in Gadoon Amazai, Swabi, Pakistan quantitatively. The groundwater samples from industrial area and outside it have been collected and analyzed for different parameters. The depth of sampling sources varied from 10 to 30 metres. Samples of effluents were also collected from different places from the effluents drainage over the period of one year and analyzed. The analysis of ground water and industrial effluents concluded that the ground water of the industrial area and the soil is very much polluted due to industrial effluents and the ground water is not fit for drinking purpose. Further, the effluents are highly polluted and not fit for irrigation purpose.
Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) and	Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) in Sediments in Boeng Cheung Ek, Phnom	Penh, Cambodia
Authors: Chak Sengheat , Kluskens Bart , Ford David
Published: November 2024

In Cambodia, as in many other countries, PCBs and DDTs were used widely in many types of electrical equipment and in agriculture before being banned. They are, however, still being sold and used in Cambodia, and have been found at high levels in dead Irrawaddy dolphins from the Mekong river.

Boeng Cheung Ek is a wetland area south of Phnom Penh that receives all wastewater from the south central part of the city before it flows into the Bassac river. A rapid method was performed to measure PCBs and DDTs in sediments from Boeng Cheung Ek by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results showed that p,p'- DDT and p,p'-DDE (up to 100 ppb) and possibly some PCBs, were present in the sediment from sites near where the wastewater entered the wetland, but were below detection limits at the site just before the water leaves the wetland and enters the Bassac river. The results show that the wetland is effectively trapping these toxic compounds and protecting local river systems but should cause concern for people who eat fish and shellfish caught in Boeng Cheung Ek.
Levels of Cr, Cu and Zn in Food Stuffs from a Wastewater Treatment	Wetland, Phnom Penh: A Preliminary Assessment of Health Risks
Authors: Eliyan Chea , Dany Va , Irvine Kim
Published: November 2024

The naturally occurring wastewater treatment wetlands of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, also are home to a peri-urban community that actively harvests various food stuffs (vegetables, snails, fish) from the wetlands. Concern has been expressed about the potential health implications of eating food stuffs taken from the wetlands. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify the uses (e.g. fishing, shellfish cultivation, and aquatic plant harvesting) of wetlands through direct survey of users; analyze food stuffs to assess metals (Zn, Cu and Cr) levels; and develop simple contaminant exposure estimates for the survey participants. Sample collection and social surveys were conducted to fulfill the objectives of this research. It was found that the metals concentrations in vegatables were low compared to fishes and snails. The contaminant exposure estimates (risk assessment) of Morning glory (Ipomoea aquatica), the predominant vegetable in the study area, and fish, showed that Zn, Cu and Cr originating from consumption of these food stuffs still do not pose any serious health risk to the community (with the exception of Cr for children eating fish at one sample site). A higher risk was identified for children consuming snails, specifically with respect to Cr.
Efficiency of Phnom Penh's Natural Wetlands in Treating Wastewater Discharges
Authors: Visoth Tiev , Yim Mongtoeun , Vathna Saneth , Irvine Kim , Koottatep Thammarat
Published: November 2024

Water quality samples were collected in three sewer channels discharging into the Boeng Cheung Ek treatment wetland and at two longitudinal sites within the wetland (mid-point and outlet), principally during the dry season, but also during storm events. YSI datasondes were installed to collect data at 15-minute intervals for dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, temperature and pH, at two sites in the wetland. Levels of Cu, Cr, Zn, total phosphorus, nitrate, detergents, E. coli and total suspended solids entering Boeng Cheung Ek from the three main tributary sewer channels and levels in the outflow from the wetland were compared for the dry season. The difference in mean concentration between inlet and outlet reflected reductions in the range of 44% (nitrate) to 99.97% (E. coli), with other parameters fitting within this range. Load reductions also were calculated on a monthly basis. Several contaminants within the sewer channels were significantly diluted by stormwater during individual rain events, although this trend was not observed within the wetland. The YSI data exhibited both interesting daily trends for dissolved oxygen and dry season to rainy season trends in weekly mean values for dissolved oxygen and conductivity.
Mineralogical, Chemical and Morphological Studies of Fly Ashes	from Thermal Power Stations of India
Authors: Kumar Ritesh
Published: November 2024

Mineralogical, chemical and morphological characteristics of fly ash collected from three thermal power stations viz. Bokaro Thermal Power Station (BTPS), Chandrapura Thermal Power Station (CTPS) and Durgapur Thermal Power Station (DTPS) of Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), India have been well addressed in the present paper through analytical studies. The study reflects that all three samples are F type of fly ashes. According to mineralogical study quartz is the major component in all the three fly ash samples while the minor components are magnetite and hematite. Morphological study using scanning electron microscopy technique has revealed that the fly ash samples consist of spherical (solid or hollow spheres), oval or irregularly shaped particles of varying size. The study has also shown that the fly ashes from these thermal power stations can be used for various purposes such as backfilling in open cast mines, stowing in underground mines, cement manufacture, in paints as an extender, reclamation of subsided land etc.
Water Conservation in Hot Climate Buildings by Temperature Control
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Abdullah S.
Published: November 2024

This article presents measurements of water temperature in underground and overhead tanks commonly used in intermittent water supply system in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during summer months. The measurements indicate that diurnal water temperature variation and stratification in concrete underground tank is very limited with an average temperature of water of about 34.64°C. In contrast, the overhead galvanized steel, and to lesser extent, the fiberglass tanks exhibit high diurnal temperature variation and stratification.

The investigations indicate that the maximum water temperature in overhead tank exceeds the safe and comfortable temperature range for regular use. A considerable amount of valuable water will be wasted as the residents draining out the hot water from the plumbing system in addition to the possibility of scalding and burns in sensitive skins of some consumers. Recommendations to eliminate the hot temperature problem and conserving water are presented in the paper.
Removal of Organics from the Wastewater of Dyebath by	Electrooxidation
Authors: Raju G. Bhaskar , Priya D. Latha , Latha S.S. , Parvathy S. , Prabhakar S.
Published: November 2024

Residual dye in hydrolyzed form is the major organic constituent present in dyebath effluent resulting in the scarcity of water resources. The objective of this study is to remove organic pollutants by electrooxidation using graphite and RuO $_2$ /IrO/ $_2$ TaO $_2$ coated titanium (MMO) as electrodes. Among the two electrode materials used, graphite was found to be better in terms of COD removal, current efficiency and energy consumption. Nearly 85% of COD was removed using graphite whereas only 40% COD removal was achieved using MMO material as electrode. The influence of chloride ion and current density on the degradation of organics was studied. The results indicate that the electrooxidation is an effective technique for the treatment of dyebath effluent.