bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CORROSION PROTECTION WITH NICKEL‐BASE HARDSURFACING ALLOYS
Authors: Bell G.R.
Published: February 2008

Hardsurfacing with Ni/Cr‐base alloys gives additional advantages in protection against corrosion and atmospheric and high‐temperature oxidation. The latter effects frequently contribute greatly to the rate of wear. The self‐fluxing characteristics of such boron‐containing alloys, coupled with a wide melting range, enables the coating of contoured surfaces and application by spraying and fusing. Using a bonding agent very thin protective coatings may be applied by furnace fusion.
DETECTING AND MEASURING CORROSION: Using Electrical Resistance Techniques
Authors: Roller D. , Scott W.R.
Published: February 2008

The potential applications of the electrical resistance method for in situ detection and measurement of corrosion in industry are considerable. Instrumentation and sensors for this work are herein described in some detail and briefly described is the development of thin metal film corrosion indicators which can detect as little as one millionth of an inch metal loss. Other special probes for marine environments are discussed.
Preserving Water‐sealed Gasholders
Authors: Nichols R.
Published: February 2008

The problems associated with preserving the steel sheeting of water‐sealed gasholders have been known for some time. Various techniques have been adopted, e.g. protective painting, oil filming and sacrificial anodes. This paper deals with painting, and the two groups of paints used in the experiments were chosen for (1) their blister‐suppressing qualities and (2) their good adhesion and water resistance.
Anti‐corrosive Elastomeric Linings for Industrial Use — Part I
Authors: Special Correspondent A
Published: February 2008

The plant engineer anxious to protect equipment from corrosion can today choose from a variety of methods, one of which is to use elastomeric lining and coating materials designed to meet a given set of corrosive conditions. What must be known, however, in selecting the right materials and methods are not only the properties of the coatings but also their limitations. In the following, some properties and uses of linings based on elastomers are considered.
CORROSION and SITE INVESTIGATION
Authors: Skipp B.O.
Published: February 2008

The economic significance of corrosion is now being increasingly appreciated throughout a wide range of industry. In some industries corrosion must be controlled if the industry is to function. This is so particularly of the chemical process industries, but is not wholly true of civil engineering. Exposed steel structures such as bridges must be protected, but generally the possibility of structural weakness arising from corrosion has been allowed for in design by generous safety factors. This attitude has generally prevailed in that part of civil engineering known as foundation engineering.
Anti‐corrosive Elastomeric Linings for Industrial Use — Part 2
Authors: Special Correspondent A
Published: February 2008

Last month, in Part 1 of this article, various elastomeric materials were described for use as anti‐corrosive linings for plant and equipment. Methods of application vary, of course, according to circumstances. In this second part, consideration is given to application methods and design problems
Corrosion and Erosion in Turbines
Authors: Evans G.J.
Published: February 2008

Erosion of turbine blades is a major cause of plant outage within the C.E.G.B., and the mechanism and methods of protection which have been adopted are described in some detail in this paper. The turbine outage time arising from corrosion causes is far less than that due to erosion but, nevertheless, a few persistent corrosion problems remain. These problems—the corrosion of white metal bearings, the seizing of 3% Cr‐Mo shafts and ‘blue blush’ of valves—are described. The first two of these are currently under investigation, whilst the latter has now been overcome by the use of alternative resistant materials
External Corrosion in Modern Large Boiler Plant—Part I
Authors: Jarvis W.D.
Published: February 2008

The corrosive attack of boiler surfaces exposed to flue gases has occurred from time to time in plant operated by the Central Electricity Generating Board. The availability lost in this way is little more than 1% of the total boiler capacity installed, but when the load demand is met mainly by unit generators with a steaming capacity over 100 MW, the enforced shut‐down of one of these units would be a more serious loss. This article describes the ways in which various parts of boilers are attacked, the factors affecting corrosion in these cases and the chemical basis of the processes. Investigations are being carried out, and several preventive methods are mentioned.
PLATINUM in ANODES: Cathodic Protection Applications—Part 2
Authors: Walkiden G.W.
Published: February 2008

Last month the author discussed platinum anodes using inert supports such as plastic and ceramic, common metal supports such as copper, and supports with passivating metal such as titanium or platinum. This concluding section discusses applications and operation. It is concluded that only two types of supported platinum electrode can be recommended at present—a platinum‐palladium foil anode with a plastic mount and platinised titanium.
The Building Industry: SOME PROBLEMS with CORROSION of NON‐FERROUS METALS Part 1
Authors: Everett L.H.
Published: February 2008

A review of corrosion problems in domestic building is presented with emphasis on the behaviour of non‐ferrous metals in various environments. The durability of metals in contact with building mortars and with soils is discussed with particular reference to aluminium and zinc. The author is optimistic for the wider deployment of non‐ferrous metals in building in the future and points out that the quoted examples of failure, although alarming in prospect, represent a truly minor proportion of building applications.
CATHODIC PROTECTION: Something Old — Something New
Authors: Page G.G.
Published: February 2008

The design engineer no longer relies on the cathodic protection engineer as half‐back to provide a cure for his corrosion problems. He must ensure their prevention from the outset. However, since he is now brought in at the design stage, the cathodic protection engineer must be capable of assessing the final prevailing conditions and requirements and assessing the economic advantages of protection. This brief historical summary, as well as stating the position of the cathodic protection engineer, outlines the inherent problems of the subject.
CORROSION CASE HISTORY: Corrosion of Mild‐steel Chimney Stacks by Waste Combustion Gases — Prevention
Authors: Cowley W.E.
Published: February 2008

Heavy corrosion resulted from the sulphur dioxide content, temperature and variation in relative humidity of the combustion gases in mild‐steel stacks, and replacement had been necessary after about two years' service. However, as this case history shows, such stacks can be free from corrosion and in excellent condition after many years' service.
Vessels through Corrosion
Authors: Hoult E. , Alexander Mills W.
Published: February 2008

Explosions Some five years ago a serious explosion took place from a vertical boiler in Middlesbrough with fatal injury to personnel. A month later, a similar explosion occurred in Aberdeen, again with fatal consequences. The circumstances in connection with these explosions were investigated by the Ministry of Transport and several facts came to light:
CORROSION OF METALS IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATERS — PART 1
Authors: Butler G. , Ison H.C.K.
Published: February 2008

In this three‐part paper the various types of attack encountered with natural and treated waters are examined in relation to the composition of the water. The examples given are taken from a large number encountered in dealing with enquiries from industrial and private organisations, mainly in the U.K. (The Corrosion Group of the National Chemical Laboratory provides an advisory service to assist organisations in the solutions of their problems.) In this first part the composition and chemical equilibrium of waters and their variation with source of supply are discussed.
Failure of Stainless Steel Pipe in Fertiliser Plant — Examination
Authors: Bricknell R.R.
Published: February 2008

THE sample submitted consisted of a short length of 2‐in.‐bore stainless steel pipe which had been sawn in half longitudinally. There was a fracture at one end of the sample, whilst at the other it had been threaded externally to take a heavy stainless steel nozzle. Fig. 1 shows diagrammatically the position of the sample relative to the adjacent components. This assembly was part of a fertiliser plant handling a mixture of chemicals consisting chiefly of ammonium nitrate but also including potassium chloride.
Boiler Feed‐water Treatment for Corrosion Control—Part 2
Authors: Fortune H.J.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this paper, the author considered boiler design, insoluble boiler deposits, chemical conditions of boiler water and feed‐water, low‐load and off‐load conditions and hide‐out as factors concerned in boiler corrosion. In this final part he discusses how best to produce the desired water conditions. For the future, not all the answers may lie in water chemistry.
Cooling Water Corrosion in Urban Environments
Authors: Sussman S.
Published: February 2008

The rapid growth in the use of air conditioning in the U.S.A. in recent years and the concurrent rapid increase in water conservation measures have led to the installation of thousands of smaller‐capacity cooling towers on and within urban buildings such as offices, multiple dwelling apartments, department stores, hospitals and supermarkets. Non‐chemical considerations frequently make it necessary to modify the usual approach to a solution of the corrosion problem arising.
WATCH OUT FOR Bacterial Corrosion in the Refinery
Authors: Sherwood P.W.
Published: February 2008

Bacterial action often constitutes a major cause of corrosion in petroleum refineries and similar plant. The problem occurs in three major areas: in underground structures, in cooling water systems and in storage facilities for both crude and refined petroleum products. What are the factors upon which bacterial corrosion depends and what are the remedies?
LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS: Corrosion Resistance — Part 1
Authors: Holmes J.F.
Published: February 2008

Excellent resistance to a wide variety of corrosive media is one of the most valuable of lead's unique properties which include softness, malleability, high density and low melting point. Consumption of lead in Europe is rising despite the attractions of other alternative materials which have made considerable progress, though not on so wide a front since they lack the versatility of lead. This three‐part review covers the many facets of lead as it is employed in preventing corrosion.
Coating with Plastics by the ELECTROSTATIC POWDER TECHNIQUE
Authors: Coffee R.A.
Published: February 2008

For more than a decade electrostatic paint spraying techniques have been making an increasing impact upon the product finishing and corrosion protection industries. These processes have now reached a very advanced stage of development and, in fact, some of the most up‐to‐date techniques and equipment were described last month in CORROSION TECHNOLOGY. However, young as the science of electrostatic spraying is, it has now reached its second major stage of development. This new and very recent phase is one which is already making itself considerably felt in the product finishing industry, but it is quite possible that its most profound effect will be felt by those who are more particularly concerned with corrosion protection. The new phase referred to is that of electrostatically spraying dry powder materials.
Corrosion Prevention —: HOT‐DIP GALVANIZING
Authors: Hall W.L.
Published: February 2008

The hot‐dip galvanizing process had its inception in the work carried out by a French chemist, P. J. Melouin, about the year 1742. The industrial application of a zinc coating to iron and steel articles by hot dipping dates back to the late 1830s, and galvanizing works are known to have existed in London and the Midlands at about that time. Though the industry is therefore one which has been established for a long time, it is by no means old‐fashioned in its outlook.
The critical pigment volume of IRON OXIDE RED PRIMERS—1
Authors: Kresse Peter
Published: February 2008

In a number of publications Wirth and Machu have described the measurement of the ion permeability of paint films. In principle, the experimental arrangement used for their first tests consisted of a cell with a weak electrolyte solution containing an iron sheet covered with the paint to be investigated and a sheet of a noble metal ‘silver’ in conductive connection.
50 YEARS in the Bagshot Sands
Authors: Woods D.E.
Published: February 2008

Apparent mean corrosion rates of 0.16 and 0.10 mil/year of grey cast iron have been found in soil of pH 7.8 containing carbonate and traces only of soluble chloride, sulphate and nitrate. These were the findings resulting from investigations made after the removal of two grey cast iron lamp standards (Fig. 1) from a position about 170 ft above sea‐level in Surrey.
Plastics for corrosion‐resistance applications
Authors: Pacitti J.
Published: February 2008

If corrosion resistance were the sole consideration in specifying materials for components in chemical engineering, then plastics and polymeric substances in general would have even greater application than they have at present. But it is very seldom that corrosion resistance can be considered in isolation from factors such as physical strength and cost, with the result that the widest use of plastics in chemical engineering hitherto has been in the form of coatings or linings for metal units rather than in self‐supporting structures.
British corrosion laboratories (3): SIR JOHN CASS COLLEGE
Authors: Shreir LL
Published: February 2008

Corrosion studies in the department of metallurgy COURSES in various aspects of metallurgy have been provided by the Sir John Cass College since its foundation as a technical institute in 1902, and in 1928 the Department of Metallurgy commenced systematic courses leading to the B.Sc.(Eng.) degree in metallurgy of the University of London. It is true to say that the syllabus for this degree has largely determined the pattern of metallurgical interests in the department and as little emphasis was placed on corrosion, the subject was naturally neglected.
Corrosion in POWER STATION CONDENSERS
Authors: Matthewman W. , Evans G.J.
Published: February 2008

At the end of the second world war the electricity generating capacity of this country lagged seriously behind the consumer demand. In order to rectify this deficit two standard sizes of generating set were adopted. These were the 30 and 60 megawatts (MW) generators. Since then, to improve the Rankine cycle efficiency, set sizes have steadily increased and today 200‐MW sets are accepted practice and 550‐MW machines are being designed. The increase in turbo‐alternator size has had repercussions on condenser design, some aspects of which may increase the corrosion hazard. This has stimulated interest in the development of effective countermeasures, especially the application of cathodic protection.
Corrosion in Gasworks Plant
Authors: Chilver J.W.
Published: February 2008

Although the wind of change is blowing strongly through the gas industry a substantial proportion of the gas, for some time to come, will be made by coal carbonisation and by carburetting water gas. Even these more conventional methods will be subject to change such as the choice of lower‐rank coals to produce reactive smokeless solid fuels and the use of light Hydrocarbon oils, such as primary flash distillate, in place of gas oil. This article deals with some of the corrosion problems that arise in these more established types of plant.
CORROSION IN NUCLEAR REACTORSanti‐corrosion illustratedAND HOW IT IS COMBATED
Authors: Asher R.C.
Published: February 2008

MANY of the corrosion problems in the nuclear energy field are similar to those found in more conventional industries, for instance the corrosion of structural steelwork, cooling towers and services. Such problems will not be dealt with here. Instead it is intended to outline some aspects of corrosion where nuclear engineering presents rather special problems. Some of the reasons for these special problems are outlined below.
PRIMING PAINTS FOR GALVANIZED STEEL
Authors: Newnham H.A.
Published: February 2008

The problems involved in the choice of priming paint for galvanized steel are discussed in this article and explained on a chemical basis. Case histories are given of the successful use of metallic lead primer together with photographs which show the result of cross hatch tests on a variety of primers.
Evaluating corrosion resulting from repeated chemical cleaning
Authors: Perrigo Lyle D.
Published: February 2008

The coolant systems of pressurised, water‐cooled, nuclear reactors become radioactively contaminated. Since reactors, like other process equipment, require personnel for operation and maintenance, this coolant system contamination and associated radiation may pose difficult operating problems. Inefficiencies in personnel utilisation result as the radiation levels increase. Generally the radiation levels tend to increase with time. Decontamination is then required to lower radiation levels and to improve personnel utilisation. During a reactor's lifetime, the coolant systems may be decontaminated a number of times to keep radiation levels within acceptable limits. Since this decontamination operation involves chemical cleaning of the reactors' coolant system it has a certain corrosive effect upon the components of the system. To determine these corrosive characteristics, a procedure simulating the cyclic filming and defilming in the pressurised water system is employed in the USA. Special equipment is needed to simulate reactor conditions and to allow evaluation of decontamination methods. Although this article is focused on nuclear reactor systems, the technique of cyclic filming and defilming could be used readily to determine long‐term corrosion effects in other industrial systems where chemical cleaning is frequently employed, such as in boilers, heat exchangers, evaporators, reactors, condensers, and process vessels. Equipment designs and operating procedures would be formulated so as to simulate process and chemical cleaning conditions for the particular system of interest.
THE ECONOMICS OF CORROSION CONTROL BY PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Authors: Charlton F.R.
Published: February 2008

The author, an American chemical consultant, sets out in this paper the full costing tor a number of protective coating systems. Since the many figures for this costing are given in US currency, it will be advantageous to have quick conversion figures to hand:
STANDARDS FOR NON‐ORGANIC SURFACE COATINGS
Authors: Clarke J.M.
Published: February 2008

There are many different types of standard but in general they cover such aspects as terminology, dimensions, methods of test, quality, performance, procedure or suitable combinations of these items; they may be written as specifications or in a mandatory form, or as recommendations or codes of practice. In the case of surface coating standards, they are usually ‘specifications’ which are designed to ensure good quality products. Some specify the materials to be used in the coating process but most standards specify what the end result shall be like, usually by the required performance when subjected to a certain test or tests. Quality could also be achieved by detailing closely the various stages of the coating process and requiring that it be carried out that way, but this approach is not favoured since, naturally enough, manufacturers do not wish to disclose their own practical ‘know‐how’. The ideal approach to preparing specifications is to ensure first that terminology and units are defined, then that methods of testing are agreed and after that, standards of performance are established. Without a proper understanding of the terms used much confusion and wasted effort may occur, and unless methods to be applied in measuring and assessing properties and performance are agreed, no basis exists for specifying test criteria.
2 SELECTING MATERIALS FOR ANTI‐CORROSION: THERMOPLASTIC COATINGS
Authors: Deakin J.C.H.
Published: February 2008

This article surveys for the non‐expert reader the advantages and limitations of those thermoplastic materials which are now used widely as corrosion‐resistant coatings both for large‐scale industrial structures and for domestic ware. In our next issue a related article will appear on the technical problems to be faced when applying these coatings.
Some factors effecting the selection of zinc coatings for building components
Authors: Simm D.W.
Published: February 2008

Zinc coatings to combat corrosion in a wide range of structural steelwork and general metalwork are specified in the Greater London Council's (G.L.C.) Preambles to Bills of Quantities. Typical applications are on dustbins, children's playground equipment, structural sections and building components. Hot dip galvanising is generally preferred for protecting structural steel and ferrous metalwork in aggressive conditions or inaccessible places. The galvanised metal must comply with BS 729: 1971; after fabrication it is coated in one operation by complete immersion in the zinc bath and all excess is removed. The finished surface should be clean and uniform. Zinc coatings to BS 2989: 1982 are used for interior applications where it is normally dry. Zinc spray to BS 2569: Part 1: 1964 is specified where the size of members prohibits hot dip galvanising. Zinc coatings may be covered with paint or plastic coatings to provide additional protection and improve appearance. Designers are advised to consult BS 5493: 1977 or DD 24: 1973 for guidance on how to specify protective systems.
Temporary corrosion protectives, Part 3: soft solids
Authors: Brookman John
Published: February 2008

Temporary corrosion protectives of the soft solid type are generally divided into two categories, (1) based on petrolatum and (2) greases.
Cathodic protection monitoring and survey requirements for offshore platforms and pipelines: Part 3
Authors: Wyatt B.S.
Published: February 2008

Equipment and typical results from cathodic protection surveying systems. In the simplest form, cathodic protection surveying of fixed offshore platforms is achieved by the so called ‘dipping’ technique, dipping a reference electrode into the sea and measuring a steel/sea potential with respect to it via an indicating voltmeter and a metallic connection to the topside steelwork. This procedure is allowed in NACE RP‐01–76 REF 36 but the standard does address the importance of placing the electrode close to platform members, distant from anodes and into areas of greatest shielding. The conventionally undertaken dip survey, particularly in geographic regions with substantial sea currents which cany the electrode away from structure members, is nothing better than a general indication of the overall level of protection. The probability is of errors indicating better levels than actually exist, due to the IR related voltage drops in the sea between the electrode location and the platform member.
Corrosion control by internal cement mortar lining
Authors: Walker N.
Published: February 2008

Underground cast iron and steel pipelines are used for the conveyance of potable water for domestic supply and steel pipelines are used to transport fresh water in fire water mains in both installations onshore and on offshore oil and gas platforms. Seawater is conveyed by pipeline for industrial cooling applications.
High temperature degradation of structural materials in environments encountered in the petroleum and petrochemical industries: Some mechanistic observations
Authors: Foroulis Z.A.
Published: February 2008

This paper reviews some of the important processes underlying high temperature degradation of structural materials used in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. Particular emphasis is palced in degradation processes involving the interaction of structural metals and alloys with environments containing sulfidizing, carburizing, and halogenizing species. In addition the effect of gaseous hydrogen environments at elevated temperatures and pressures on the mechanical properties of steels will be discussed. The mechanism of attack and the effect of alloying elements in these phenomena will be described and discussed.
Corrosion is lost profit
Authors: Sharpe P.K. , Eames K.R.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion is lost profit. A statement constantly made and always relevant. To the layman the food industry presents the most innocent and trouble free of all major industries, regrettably this is not the case. Corrosion is as serious and costly as in the chemical industry attack on steel and concrete are commonplace and many solutions have been tried. One approach which has been found to give excellent cost effective results is the lining of steel and concrete with resin based materials. Development over many years has produced an extensive range of filled and reinforced corrosion and heat resistant resin materials which can be applied to give protection to steel and concrete substrates.
Development of new materials for desalination
Authors: Ahmad Zaki
Published: February 2008

One of the most pressing problems of our times is the supply of adequate quantities of drinking water in areas not bestowed with abundant natural resources. Studies have shown the desalting of seawater to be economically sound for certain localities. Of all the available methods, the multi‐stage flash distillation is a proven method. The MSF type desalination plants may be operated independently (single purpose) or linked to power stations (dual purpose). In the MSF type desalination plants, the largest single item of cost is heat exchanger tubes. Design studies have shown that about one‐tenth of a square foot of condensing surface is required to produce one gallon of fresh water per day. For a combined capacity of one billion gallons per day at ¼ sq. ft. of tube, a tube length of 80,000 miles would be required. In MSF type desalination plants, the initial capital cost swallows up to 33% of the money, operating costs about 21% and the remaining 26% goes on power. The colossal amount of heat exchanger surface required in MSF type plants makes it mandatory to investigate new condenser tube materials which may provide ease of fabrication, maximise economy and be abundantly available.
Advances in underwater corrosion and flaw detection
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Continuing developments in electronics are the backbone of different equipment advances enabling increased technical subsea information to be obtained.
Blast cleaning — the Cinderella of machine tools
Authors: Green Robert
Published: February 2008

The process of metal abrasive shot or grit blasting is a familiar technology that has been in evidence since the middle of the 19th century. Herein lies the problem. It is said that: “Familiarity breeds contempt”, and it is particularly true of this process which has become the ‘Cinderella’ of the engineering industry.
The C‐Scan pipeline survey system — a new approach to coating surveys on buried pipelines
Authors: Edwards John I.
Published: February 2008

There are an estimated two million kilometres of buried steel gas transmission pipelines around the world — all potentially liable to corrosive attack from the surrounding soil. External corrosion is recognised as the greatest single cause of catastrophic pipeline failure.
A review of expendable abrasives
Authors: Briggs Mike
Published: February 2008

Since the first sand‐blasting machine was patented by Tilghman in 1870 abrasive blasting has grown from a means of decorating glass through a method of removing sand from castings, into the standard method of preparation of steel work prior to painting. Abrasive blast cleaning now forms a major part of the painting contracting and building restoration industries as well as retaining its older applications in dressing castings.
A review of cathodic protection systems currently available to combat rebar corrosion caused by chloride ingress in concrete
Authors: Pithouse Ken
Published: February 2008

Throughout the UK and Europe, concrete durability is a subject of considerable concern and study. Many statements have been made with respect to the magnitude of the problem and the probable cost to society. The root cause of the problem has been put down in the majority of cases to steel reinforcement corrosion. Within this context two basic agents can be seen as the initiator of the problem, that of carbonation and chloride contamination of the concrete. Rust stains on the surface of the structure are early signs of a corrosion problem. As the corrosion process continues, iron oxide deposits build up on the affected reinforcement. This increase in volume results in large stresses being developed in the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking and spalling.
Quality Management at Cormon
Authors: Schwabe P.H.
Published: February 2008

Modern corrosion monitoring is characterised by advancing technology and corresponding increasing complexity and is subject to many regulatory requirements, all of which can combine to impact on costs. In this environment it is essential that the material and services are designed, manufactured and provided so as to conform to the requirements of the purchasers and that the activities involved are carried out as economically as practicable. New concepts and disciplines continue to emerge to help the achievement of these objectives. Significant among these is one that is collectively identified in most countries as Quality Management.
Galvanizing — economical corrosion protection
Authors: Lansley Brian
Published: February 2008

Substantial savings in protection costs can be achieved with greater use of hot dip galvanizing. Brian Lansley, marketing manager at the Galvanizers Association discusses the economic benefits offered by galvanizing over other corrosion protection systems.
Techniques for the examination of corrosion products
Authors: Ramanathan Lalgudi V.
Published: February 2008

The examination of products of aqueous and non aqueous corrosion is carried out to obtain information about one of a combination of aspects such as composition, hardness, stress level, adhesion to basis metal and other mechanical properties (figure 1). A number of techniques are avialable to investigate corrosion products and some of these techniques have found greater application with products of aqueous corrosion and some with products of gaseous corrosion. This paper presents the technqiues available for obtaining information about the various aspects mentioned above and discusses the main characteristics, nature of data obtainable, advantages and limitations of some of the less know techniques.
Denso Protal anti‐corrosion coatings
Authors: Phillips Alan
Published: February 2008

Denso Protal modified wax‐based products were developed to meet the requirement for anti‐corrosion coatings suitable for application to a wide range of substrate conditions.
The ion‐guard principle
Authors: Potter A.J.
Published: February 2008

Tradition dies hard we say; and perhaps in our conservative corrosion industry this is especially so in terms of die hard paint systems. By tradition we are moulded into thinking in terms of primer, undercoat and finish, each with their customary role to play. The primer or primers take care of the spread of corrosion, the undercoats or intermediate coats provide the required build, and lastly the finish which gives it the final cosmetic and protective properties. There is no doubt that this approach can give very good results but is it the most effective? Has technology produced anything which might allow us to be more efficient?
Building offshore platform topsides utilizing chromium‐nickel stainless
Authors: Billington Colin J.
Published: February 2008

Much ado is made about reducing the weight of the topside structures of oil and gas offshore platforms — by improved layout, equipment miniaturization, reduced equipment redundancy, use of alternative materials and distributed control systems.
Inhibition of the acid corrosion of zinc by some thiourea derivatives
Authors: Ahmed Awad I. , Abdel‐Hakam S.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion inhibition by some thiourea derivatives of zinc in hydrochloric acid was measured using hydrogen evolution and weight loss techniques. The tested compounds affect the dissolution rate in one of two manners: (a) inhibition throughout all concentrations added and (b) inhibition at lower concentration and acceleration at higher ones. The effect of structural changes in these compounds on their inhibition efficiency has been discussed.
Self Latching Indicators for Fail‐Safe Fault Display
Authors: Simson Bert
Published: February 2008

Electromechanical indicators are the ideal display device for aircraft status display. They give continuous indication without applied power even during circuit failures, have low power consumption, small dimensions and can be supplied to meet MIL specifications for environmental and electrical conditions.
Accurate High Speed Contouring the Dream to Reality — Part 2
Authors: Gough Jeremy
Published: February 2008

Summary Part 1 IN Part 1 the problems of achieving the many potential benefits of high speed machining of aluminium alloy were discussed. The greatly increased cutting feedrates, for example, can still be limited by the machine tool design and the limitation of the control and drives capability. The processing speed of the control and its ability to control slideway movement accurately along a contoured path also can create a severe limitation.
Deburring With 3‐Dimensional Abrasives
Authors: Cole Peter
Published: February 2008

THE burr and its elimination are a major problem throughout the Aerospace industry. Removing burrs costs the industry millions of pounds each year. Burrs afflict a variety of processes. Punching, shearing, drilling and routing operations on metal all result in some degree of burr formation. Most manufacturers will need to eliminate burrs to ensure safer handling of parts and to improve the appearance and the quality of the finished product. Moreover, allowing burrs to remain will impair the functionality of the part. This is particularly true where metal parts are being manufactured to close tolerances such as the Aerospace industry.
Water Jet Cutting in the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Etchells Paul
Published: February 2008

ENHANCEMENTS in the cutting of materials such as composites and metals can provide manufacturers in the aerospace and aircraft industries with the improvements they require in productivity and quality.
Composite Developments in Aircraft Structures — Part 4
Authors: Middleton D.H.
Published: February 2008

What of the future of composites? Dr. L. J. Hart‐Smith of the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, in a Paper entitled “Designing with Fibrous Composites”, delivered in Brisbane in 1988, commented on the widespread belief that destiny required composites to replace all metal structures because the material is newer, so, ipso facto, aluminium lithium must replace both aluminium and composites because it is even newer.
Computers and Aerospace Technology
Authors: Massey Chris
Published: February 2008

Publishing Beyond the Desktop THERE is a traditional image of technicians and managers in aerospace companies working in selfcontained units, more often than not, passing volumes of documentation from section to section. Route maps, charts, System manuals, specification data etc., all of which have to conform to a myriad of standards. The paradox is that despite the extensive computerisation being applied to other areas of the industry very little has been done to this document intensive arena. Yet most of the aerospace industry's important information is still document dependent.
Abrasive Water Jet Systems for Protection Line Cutting
Authors: Etchells Paul
Published: February 2008

SINCE 1985, the use of abrasive‐entrained water jets to cut a wide variety of metallic and non‐metallic materials has rapidly expanded, creating a whole new industry and an ever‐expanding series of new applications. In fact, for certain materials, abrasive water jet cutting offers distinct advantages over alternative processes for cutting in two dimensions.
Fasteners, Adhesives & Sealants — Feature
Authors: Absalom Philip
Published: February 2008

Fasteners, adhesives and sealants are as important to aerospace production as the most sophisticated advances in engine design. Without the correct nuts and bolts, no aircraft can function, or certainly not for long, efficiently and safely. Even the man in the street — as well as his wife and children — was made dramatically aware of this after the Amsterdam air crash last year when numerous daily newspapers clearly explained the function of sheer pins and showed, in large, simplified drawings, how they are used to attach the engines to the wings of the Boeing 747. But even though the proverbial “Man on the Clapham Omnibus” and his schoolboy son know the importance of fasteners in aircraft manufacture and maintenance, the industry itself does not appear to hold them in the same high esteem. Fasteners, it seems, are like discreet waiters in a decent restaurant: you don't notice them until they're missing. In order to compile this feature, we wrote to all known manufacturers and suppliers of fasteners, adhesives and sealants seeking information on products and their applications. Despite the opportunity for publicity, the response was negligible. The subsequent telephoning of non‐respondents (which was most of them) was only marginally more productive. The interesting thing was the air of indifference shown. Many of the companies bluntly said they were not interested — not even in free publicity. One firm even said that it did not need publicity, it never had and it never would. Such self‐sufficiency, though admirable, is hardly indicative of a dynamic, developing company and typified an attitude of many companies in this sector which seemed to spring from a general lack of interest — or pride, perhaps — in what they are doing. At the suggestion of our editor, I contacted the Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC) to obtain figures on the quantities and the value of fasteners produced and sold by their member companies. Here, at least, I thought, would be the basis of an article. But here I was wrong. The SBAC does not compile such figures. It is clear from all this that suppliers to the aerospace industry do not take fasteners as seriously as “The Man on the Clapham Omnibus” does. It is equally clear that the companies mentioned on this and the following pages consider fasteners, adhesives and sealants to be very important.
Progress and Applications
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

AMONG the recent developments that have occurred among US companies is the agreement between Honeywell, a leader in integrated avionics systems, and Apple Computer. A electronic library system (ELS) will be manufactured by Honeywell that will incorporate a ruggedized avionics entry introduced Macintosh Quadra 800 high‐performance personal computer. The ELS is designed to provide airline personnel with timely access to all the information necessary to operate and maintain an aircraft (excluding aircraft control).
Integrated Avionics
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

The gradual evolution of the current proposition of integrated modular avionics (IMA) envisages devices catering for the computing power, memory, and interface needs of most, if not all, of an aircraft's data processing functions. They are supplied as standard modules strategically located around the aircraft in racks or cabinets with subdivisions between functions being more in the nature of boundaries between software modules than the separation between boxes in a rack.
Satellites for European ATC
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

It has been suggested that future developments in European air traffic services to enable them to handle the rapidly growing volume of movements may be accomplished by means of satellite systems. Adoption of satellite communications and navigation together with an Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) service, which could be supported by then, would serve as a basic level throughout the European area. Additional features could be added to this, such as those concerned with high traffic density.
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Organized by the Institute of Materials, this latest MMC conference was subtitled “Design and Innovation” and attracted delegates from research bodies, universities and industry. It enabled exchanges of information on these materials to be made and provided a view of the latest work being undertaken, as well as prospects for the future. The problems associated with the production of MMCs, as well as their potential, were explored, with a range of applications envisaged. As far as their possible use in aerospace is concerned, this is currently limited in scope, but developments and extensive testing will enable the necessary qualification criteria to be established and lead to a variety of uses.
Airframe fuel systems
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

A conference at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers detailed many features concerned with fuel systems in airframes and the aspects of refuelling today's large‐capacity aircraft. The influence of the aircraft requirements on both civil and military aircraft fuel‐system specifications were dealt with, the former by British Aerospace Airbus.
Surface coatings in the fight against corrosion
Authors: Norton Brian
Published: February 2008

The enormous cost of corrosion in aircraft is of major concern to manufacturers, airlines and the armed forces. Affecting structures, components and engines, it manifests itself in a variety of different ways.
Copper alloys for critical aircraft and aerospace components
Authors: Bendall Keith C.
Published: February 2008

Copper‐based alloys are widely used in aircraft engineering where critical components require materials of construction with high strength, good ductility and resistance to corrosion. These components are often safety‐critical and long‐term reliable operation is a paramount consideration. A number of copper alloys produced by Langley Alloys — Hidurax nickel aluminium bronze. Hidurel copper‐nickel‐silicon and Hiduron 130 and Marinel high‐strength cupronickels — are employed in the form of bar, forgings and stampings.
The use of water soluble film for pipe purging
Authors: Sewell Ron A.
Published: February 2008

When stainless steel pipes and tubes, hereafter referred to only as pipes, (and some made of other materials such as chrome moly carbon steel, copper nickel, titanium, etc.) are welded together or to fittings, it is desirable to purge the oxygen out of the inside of the material near the weld zone to prevent it from reacting with the hot metal and causing coking, porosity, uneven penetration and so on.
Turbine engineers reap fast payback from shopfloor data capture system
Authors: Maine Colin
Published: February 2008

Direct savings from a shopfloor data capture system installed across three sites at gas turbine engineers CUK Ltd will result in a financial payback of under nine months. In addition, indirect benefits include improved product costings, quality management and customer service, and greater visibility and control of the manufacturing processes.
Fleet maintenance — improving the bottom line
Authors: Humphreys Mike
Published: February 2008

Looks at the airline business from the point of view of independent aircraft engineers, FLS Aerospace Ltd. Examines service elements of airline operations, the costs of maintenance and engineering and the savings that can be made by outsourcing maintenance functions and component services. Suggests that independent aircraft engineers can offer airlines, which are seeking to subcontract, the expertise, flexibility and cost‐effectiveness they require.
Corrosion — a problem not only for metals
Authors: Jankowska Barbara
Published: February 2008

Discusses the definition of corrosion and the meaning it has assumed. Examines the use of polymers and discusses their various problems, such as stretching, deforming and dissolving.
Saab Dynamics upgrades to CATIA Version 4
Authors: Dagersten Inge
Published: February 2008

Provides a brief outline of Saab Dynamics&apos activities and the use of CATIA in the design process. Claims that this eliminates the need to make a physical mock‐up of war missiles before the first flight of prototypes. Discusses the transition from CATIA Version 3 to Version 4 as this was believed to be stronger on changes. Provides details of use and covers the importance of safety.
The unit train and its application to Logistics problems in North America
Authors: MARINO JOHN H.
Published: February 2008

Possibilities for significant reductions in line‐haul rates and improved service are occuring through the development of the unit train principle. In this article the author describes the North American experience with unit trains.
Out of Town regional shopping centres
Authors: HILLIER TERRY J.
Published: February 2008

The fears of many consumers a few years ago concerning the apparent impersonality and size of many shopping developments, have now been largely overcome. These have been superseded with concern for the distance and competitiveness factors associated with the latest trend in retailing — the movement ‘out‐of‐town’ — a development which at present receives hostility from many people in the United Kingdom, and cautious enthusiasm from others.
The distribution audit—an application of output budgeting
Authors: WALTERS DAVID
Published: February 2008

Management's function is cyclical, consisting of seven elements:
Vehicle routing from central facilities
Authors: O'NEIL BRIAN F. , CLAY WHYBARK D.
Published: February 2008

The problem considered in this paper is that of determining the order in which customers will be visited by delivery/pick‐up vehicles. Typical examples of this problem are the routing questions faced by the Post Office in making local deliveries, industrial laundry service companies and garbage collection agencies. Generally, in these situations, the vehicle leaves a central facility, visits a known set of customers and must return to the central facility before a specified amount of time has elapsed (e.g., a shift). In addition to these characteristics, it will be assumed that there is sufficient capacity on each vehicle for its delivery or pick‐up requirements during the available time and the customers are indifferent as to when the vehicle arrives during this time. The problem is to assign customers to routes for individual vehicles so as to minimize the total travel time for all vehicles, without having any vehicle exceed the amount of time available.
Physical distribution at A. Wander Ltd. — a case history of a decision
Authors: HUSSEY D.E.
Published: February 2008

Every company reaches stages in its affairs when it has to organise itself differently. We at Wander have reached this point in many areas, particularly over the last three years, but none of these is more important than physical distribution. We re‐organised this function under the total physical distribution concept only a few months ago. We cannot claim to have made great cost savings, or to have improved efficiency because of this change, nor do we think we were particularly inefficient before the re‐organisation, what I have to present is, therefore, not so much a story of success as a case history of a decision and the things that lead up to it.