bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On-chip multi spectral frequency standard replication by stabilizing a microring resonator to a molecular line
Authors: Zektzer Roy , Stern Liron , Mazurski Noa , Levy Uriel
Published: July 2016

Stabilized laser lines are highly desired for myriad of applications ranging from precise measurements to optical communications. While stabilization can be obtained by using molecular or atomic absorption references, these are limited to specific frequencies. On the other hand, resonators can be used as wide band frequency references. Unfortunately, such resonators are unstable and inaccurate. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a chip-scale multispectral frequency standard replication operating in the spectral range of the near IR. This is obtained by frequency locking a microring resonator (MRR) to an acetylene absorption line. The MRR consists of a Si3N4 waveguides with microheater on top of it. The thermo-optic effect is utilized to lock one of the MRR resonances to an acetylene line. This locked MRR is then used to stabilize other laser sources at 980 nm and 1550 nm wavelength. By beating the stabilized laser to another stabilized laser, we obtained frequency instability floor of 4×10−9 at around 100 s in terms of Allan deviation. Such stable and accurate chip scale sources are expected to serve as important building block in diverse fields such as communication and metrology.
Thermal power and heat energy of cloud-to-ground lightning process
Authors: Wang Xuejuan , Yuan Ping , Cen Jianyong , Xue Simin
Published: July 2016

A cloud-to-ground lightning flash with nine return strokes has been recorded using a high speed slitless spectrograph and a system composed of a fast antenna and a slow antenna. Based on the spectral data and the synchronous electric field changes that were caused by the lightning, the electrical conductivity, the channel radii, the resistance per unit length, the peak current, the thermal power at the instant of peak current, and the heat energy per unit length during the first 5 μs in the discharge channel have all been calculated. The results indicate that the channel radii have linear relationships with the peak current. The thermal power at the peak current time increases with increasing resistance, but exponential decays with the square of the peak current.
Communication: Simple and accurate uniform electron gas correlation energy for the full range of densities
Authors: Chachiyo Teepanis
Published: July 2016

A simple correlation energy functional for the uniform electron gas is derived based on the second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. It can reproduce the known correlation functional in the high-density limit, while in the mid-density range maintaining a good agreement with the near-exact correlation energy of the uniform electron gas to within 2 × 10−3 hartree. The correlation energy is a function of a density parameter rs and is of the form a*ln(1+brs+brs2). The constants “a” and “b” are derived from the known correlation functional in the high-density limit. Comparisons to the Ceperley-Alder’s near-exact Quantum Monte Carlo results and the Vosko-Wilk-Nusair correlation functional are also reported.
Allosteric proteins as logarithmic sensors
Authors: Olsman Noah , Goentoro Lea
Published: July 2016

Significance

Biological sensory systems have the capacity to respond to signals over a broad range of intensities, be it vision in animals or signal transduction in cells. Such a broad response range is thought to be mediated by the system’s ability to sense signal logarithmically. We seek to understand the implementation of logarithmic sensors in cells. We find that a pervasive class of proteins, those that are allosterically regulated, have dynamics that facilitate response on a logarithmic (as opposed to absolute) scale, allowing sensitive response across a broad range of signal.
Soluto-inertial phenomena: Designing long-range, long-lasting, surface-specific interactions in suspensions
Authors: Banerjee Anirudha , Williams Ian , Azevedo Rodrigo Nery , Helgeson Matthew E. , Squires Todd M.
Published: July 2016

Significance

Liquid suspensions of micron-scale particles and drops play a ubiquitous role in a broad spectrum of materials of central importance to modern life. A suite of interactions has long been known and exploited to formulate such suspensions; however, all such interactions act over less than a micron in water—and often much less. Here we present a concept to design and engineer nonequilibrium interactions in suspensions, which are particle surface-dependent, may last for hundreds of seconds, and extend hundreds of times farther than is currently possible. The conceptual versatility of the results presented here suggests new capabilities for manipulating suspensions, sorting particles, and synthesizing novel materials and particles.
Formation and emission of large furans and oxygenated hydrocarbons from flames
Authors: Johansson K. Olof , Dillstrom Tyler , Monti Matteo , El Gabaly Farid , Campbell Matthew F. , Schrader Paul E. , Popolan-Vaida Denisia M. , Richards-Henderson Nicole K. , Wilson Kevin R. , Violi Angela , Michelsen Hope A.
Published: July 2016

Significance

Furans and related large oxygenated organic carbon species (OC) are highly toxic pollutants. Their integration into soot particles may greatly enhance soot’s hygroscopicity, leading to regional and global climate change. We show that furans are the primary oxygenated functional group on soot formed in hydrocarbon combustion and report a reaction scheme that elucidates the interplay between nonoxygenated and oxygenated hydrocarbons. We expect this reaction pathway to be important in many hydrocarbon oxidation systems spanning geosciences, astrophysics, and energy research. We discovered ∼100 oxygenated species previously unaccounted for in hydrocarbon models. This study advances the understanding of the oxidation chemistry of OC, which is critical to many processes, from controlling emissions of toxic combustion by-products to reducing anthropogenic climate change.
Nonoverlapping roles of PD-1 and FoxP3 in maintaining immune tolerance in a novel autoimmune pancreatitis mouse model
Authors: Zhang Baihao , Chikuma Shunsuke , Hori Shohei , Fagarasan Sidonia , Honjo Tasuku
Published: July 2016

Significance

We investigated the effect of PD-1 (programmed-death 1), a negative immunoreceptor, on the function of transcription factor FoxP3
+
Treg cells. When a moderately down-modulated transcription factor FoxP3 knock-in mouse, which did not show any autoimmunity, was made PD-1–deficient, the mouse developed severe pancreatitis and died soon after birth. PD-1 deficiency also induced instability of Treg cell status and increased so-called ex-Treg cells, which showed the helper effector activity with self-antigen recognition. PD-1–deficient T reg cells, however, did not compromise their function but rather increased their suppressive activity. Thus, PD-1 and Treg cells mutually influence and both are required for protection from autoimmunity.
Inside phrasal verb constructions
Authors: Deshors Sandra C.
Published: July 2016

This study investigates 2,909 phrasal verbs [PVs] in (in)transitive constructions across native English and French- and German-English interlanguages (ILs). Recent work by Gilquin (2014) shows that, as verb-particle combinations, PVs associate more or less strongly with particular syntactic constructions. Further, those association patterns vary across native and learner Englishes. Building on Gilquin (2014), the present study digs deeper into PV constructions by assessing degrees of mutual attraction between verbs and particles as well as between PVs and their semantic uses. Degrees of association are measured using a co-varying collexeme analysis approach (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2005). Generally, it emerges that within given syntactic constructions (e.g. verb-particle-object constructions), different verbs and particles (i.e. bring and up in the case of build up or bring and about for bring about) combine in different degrees, suggesting that, as cognitive routines, those combinations are not equally entrenched. In addition, French and German English learners seem to operate at different levels of semantic complexity when using PVs in their L2. Ultimately, the study bears important pedagogical implications, namely the need (i) to focus on phrasal verbs’ aspectual uses to help learners develop a more confident use of PVs in completive, inceptive and continuative semantic contexts and (ii) to develop resources that help learners improve their uses of PVs in verb-object-particle constructions.
L2 English article use by L1 speakers of article-less languages
Authors: Crosthwaite Peter
Published: July 2016

This paper adopts the Integrated Contrastive Model (Granger 1996) to an examination of the use of articles in the L2 English written production of L1 speakers of three article-less languages (Mandarin Chinese, Korean and Thai) across four L2 proficiency levels. Data is sourced from theInternational Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English(ICNALE; Ishikawa 2011, 2013), comprising 575 written essays totalling 125,588 words across two writing prompts. Accuracy of zero, indefinite and definite articles is measured using Pica’s (1983) Target Language Use across Bickerton’s (1981) semantic/pragmatic article contexts (generic, specific definite, specific indefinite and non-specific indefinite). The results show two different orders of article accuracy depending on L1 background, as well as effects of writing prompt on the accuracy of certain article forms, and evidence of pseudo-longitudinal development for particular article usages as L2 proficiency increases, although not in all cases. Massive overproduction of indefinite/definite articles in generic contexts is problematic for all three L2 groups regardless of L1 background and L2 proficiency. However, Mandarin L2 English users appear to enjoy a significant advantage in L2 article accuracy over Korean or Thai L2 English users in almost all contexts of use and L2 proficiency levels, providing further potential evidence that the often reported grammaticalisation of definiteness/specificity markers in L1 Mandarin is aiding Mandarin L2 English users’ acquisition of the English article system.
A 100 years of biological control of sugarcane pests in India: review and perspective.
Authors: Srikanth J. , Easwaramoorthy S. , Jalali S. K.
Published: July 2016

Insect pests constitute a major biotic stress in sugarcane in India as they attack the crop from the time of planting until almost harvest, inflicting yield and sugar losses. Biological control has always received a prominent position among the pest management tools, facilitated by the unique semi-perennial crop habitat and low pesticide usage. Biocontrol research of the early 1930s and 40s was characterized by surveys focusing on identification and studies on the basic biology of natural enemies. Conservation and re-distribution, and introduction and colonization of predominant parasitoids was practiced very early, and even in the recent past, with remarkable success. Mass multiplication and field evaluation that began in the early decades continue today, as is demonstrated by the use of the most exploited parasitoid
Trichogramma chilonis
. Several parasitoids and predators of borers and sucking pests were investigated systematically when the need arose. Among entomopathogens, granulosis viruses and fungi received considerable attention; a simple formulation of
Beauveria brongniartii
reached commercial production for the control of the white grub
Holotrichia serrata
. In recent years, isolates of
Bacillus thuringiensis
from sugarcane soil have been examined and a scarabaeid-specific
cry
gene has been identified. Preliminary studies of kairomonal principles from borers as attractants to the larval parasitoid
Cotesia flavipes
have been carried out. Organizational support to the cause of biological control includes coordinated research efforts from government agencies, production of biocontrol agents by commercial insectaries and promotion of technologies by the sugar industry. In this review, we chronicle the major research findings over the past eight decades, portray an overview of their significance and project the prospects and priorities for biological control research and promotion in the country.
Entrainment of Rainbow Smelt through Oahe Dam during the 2011 Missouri River Flood
Authors: Fincel Mark J. , Radigan William J. , Longhenry Christopher M.
Published: July 2016

Entrainment of fishes through impoundments is common, and Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax, which is the dominant forage fish species in the Missouri River reservoir, Lake Oahe, is frequently entrained through Oahe Dam at low rates. In 2011, the Missouri River endured a flood of a magnitude never before experienced in recorded history. Concerns regarding Rainbow Smelt entrainment were numerous; thus we sought to determine Rainbow Smelt entrainment rates. To evaluate entrainment, we used stationary trawls downstream from each Oahe Dam outlet structure and repeated hydroacoustic sampling above Oahe Dam on Lake Oahe. Trawl sampling estimated that 231 million adult and 433 million age-0 Rainbow Smelt were entrained during the summer of 2011. Hydroacoustic sampling estimated a loss of 213 million adult and 520 million age-0 Rainbow Smelt from Lake Oahe. Thus, both gears provided an estimate of Rainbow Smelt loss that was surprisingly similar. Additionally, Rainbow Smelt entrainment rates were substantially higher from 1500 to 2100 hours. This corresponds to the time of day when Rainbow Smelt exhibit a diel migration into the water column likely making them more susceptible to entrainment as they pass by Oahe Dam intake structures. By reducing discharge during this critical time period, entrainment of Rainbow Smelt could be dramatically reduced.

Received October 7, 2015; accepted March 14, 2016 Published online July 8, 2016
Kernel and Starch Properties of U.S. and Imported Medium‐ and Short‐Grain Rice Cultivars
Authors: Patindol James , Jinn Jia‐Rong , Wang Ya‐Jane , Siebenmorgen Terry
Published: July 2016

The production of medium‐ and short‐grain rice in the mid‐Southern U.S. rice‐growing region is increasing. This work aimed to identify the quality traits of importance to the markets for these grain types. Twenty‐five medium‐ and short‐grain milled rice samples were collected and analyzed for physical, gelatinization, pasting, and starch structural properties. Six samples were from Arkansas (AR), five from California (CA), and 14 imported (IM). Cluster and principal component analyses showed that the AR samples had greater gelatinization temperature, enthalpy, and percentages of amylopectin long chains (B2 and B3 chains) but lesser kernel whiteness, total setback viscosity, and percentage of amylopectin short chains (A chains) than the CA samples. With the exception of one sample from Taiwan, chemometrics indicated that the IM samples differed from the AR samples (cluster A) in some properties and were grouped into three clusters (clusters B, C, and D). Cluster B samples had properties that were similar to the CA samples; cluster C samples had lower gelatinization temperature and peak viscosity but greater percentages of amylose and A chains than the AR samples; and cluster D samples had lesser paste breakdown but greater final viscosity and percentage of B1 chains than the AR samples. Kernel width, color, and chalk were the primary sources of variation in milled rice appearance. In relation to structure and functionality, the percentages of amylopectin A and B3 chains and amylose content were the major sources of variation.
Potential Hosts for Lambertella corni-maris and Phacidium lacerum within the Family Rosaceae
Authors: Wiseman M. , Dugan F. M. , Xiao C. L.
Published: July 2016

Two fungi were recently described as pathogens of pome fruit in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: Lambertella corni-maris on apple, and Phacidium lacerum Fr. (syn. Ceuthospora pinastri (Fr.) Höhn.) on apple and d'Anjou pear. Here we document pathogenicity of L. corni-maris to d'Anjou pear, Malus ‘Profusion’ crabapple, and sweetbriar rose, and pathogenicity of P. lacerum to ‘Profusion’ crabapple and sweetbriar rose.

Accepted for publication 22 May 2016. Published 7 June 2016.
Understanding Soybean Cyst Nematode HG Types and Races
Authors: Tylka Gregory L.
Published: July 2016

Confusion still exists about the concept of soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, race and HG type. Questions from researchers and agribusiness and extension professionals who advise farmers include: When will there be a molecular test for HG type (or SCN race)? How many HG types (or races) are there in a field? Do seed treatments work against all HG types (or races)? These seemingly logical questions of practical significance are unanswerable if one understands the concept of HG type and SCN race. This article draws a comparison between the current SCN HG type test and a hypothetical test for human food sensitivities that may provide a new perspective and make HG types more easily understood and used.

Accepted for publication 25 May 2016. Published 20 June 2016.
Management Strategies for Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas
Authors: Bockus William W. , De Wolf Erick D. , Todd Timothy C.
Published: July 2016

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Several methods of disease management have been recommended to mitigate losses from BYD including the use of seed-treatment insecticides, delayed planting of winter wheat, and deploying cultivars with resistance to BYD. The goal of this research was to quantify the impact of these three management strategies, alone and in combination, on BYD disease progress and grain yields in Kansas. When field experiments were averaged over four years, treating seed with the insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho) reduced the daily increase in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 35.0% and corresponding yield losses from BYD by 16.4%. Compared with early planting, late planting reduced AUDPC by 47.9% and corresponding yield losses by 57.5%. Planting a moderately resistant cultivar reduced AUDPC by 80.9% and corresponding yield losses by 72.6% compared with a susceptible cultivar. When all three BYD management methods were combined, BYD was reduced by 95.2% and yield losses reduced by 97.1% when compared with not using any of the management methods. Therefore, integrating management practices can result in high levels of control of BYD in Kansas.

Accepted for publication 4 May 2016. Published 7 June 2016.
A Ralstonia solanacearum Strain from Guatemala Infects Diverse Flower Crops, Including New Asymptomatic Hosts Vinca and Sutera, and Causes Symptoms in Geranium, Mandevilla Vine, and New Host African Daisy (Osteospermum ecklonis)
Authors: Weibel Jordan , Tran Tuan Minh , Bocsanczy Ana Maria , Daughtrey Margery , Norman David J. , Mejia Luis , Allen Caitilyn
Published: July 2016

A strain of Ralstonia solanacearum was associated with wilting and blight of flowering ornamentals grown from cuttings that originated in Guatemala. This isolate, UW757, could wilt geranium, Osteospermum spp., and mandevilla, but was more aggressively virulent on tomato. Although it rarely caused symptoms, after inoculation UW757 colonized the stems of 11 widely grown ornamental species, reaching mean populations as high as 109 CFU/g stem at the common tropical highland production temperature of 24°C. UW757 belongs to phylotype I, sequevar 14 of the R. solanacearum species complex, not to the Race 3 biovar 2 Select Agent group that also infects geraniums. Whole genome sequencing revealed that UW757 is closely related to several Asian R. solanacearum strains and also to P781, a mandevilla-infecting strain established in Florida. Strains similar to UW757 were isolated from tomato in Guatemala in 2006 and 2015, indicating that this group is common and persistent. This finding enlarges the known host range of R. solanacearum, which was not previously known to infect Osteospermum, Vinca, or Sutera spp. Growers should be aware that a broad range of ornamental plants, including previously unknown hosts, can be latently infected by non-Race 3 biovar 2 strains of R. solanacearum that are also highly virulent on tomato.

Accepted for publication 28 April 2016. Published 26 May 2016.
Effect of Foliar Fungicide and Insecticide on Hail-Damaged Soybean
Authors: Sisson Adam J. , Kandel Yuba R. , Hart Chad E. , Asmus Amy , Wiggs Stith N. , Mueller Daren S.
Published: July 2016

A fungicide (pyraclostrobin) and an insecticide (alpha-cypermethrin) were applied alone or in combination to hail-injured soybean to determine if yield could be preserved or foliar disease prevented. Pesticides were applied at approximately R3 growth stage and hail injury was simulated with an ice-propelling machine at approximately R1 and R4 growth stages over three years at three Iowa locations. Disease severity was low throughout the study, and included Septoria brown spot, downy mildew, and Cercospora leaf blight. Differences in disease severity among treatments receiving hail and those that did not receive hail were not consistently detected. More importantly, foliar disease severity did not differ among pesticide treatments and untreated controls. Simulated hail caused significant (P = 0.1) yield loss. No difference in yield was observed between untreated and pesticide-treated plots within hail events, except for two site years when hail damage occurred at R1. Seed moisture was generally higher in plots with R1 hail damage. Fungicide and insecticide applied in combination to hail-damaged soybean was more likely to result in a positive economic return than either applied alone. Based on results, R3 fungicide application to soybean injured by hail at R1 or R4 will likely provide little yield-preserving or disease-limiting benefits when foliar disease severity is low.

Accepted for publication 21 April 2016. Published 20 June 2016.
Occurrence of Stenocarpella macrospora Causing Ear Rot in Corn in the United States
Authors: Luna Martha P. Romero , Bradley Carl A. , Kelly Heather M. , Wise Kiersten A.
Published: July 2016

Diplodia ear rot of corn is primarily caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydis in the United States. Stenocarpella macrospora is a closely related fungus present in the U.S. but primarily associated with Diplodia leaf streak. S. macrospora is recognized as a major ear rot pathogen in South America and South Africa, but has infrequently been associated with ear rot in the U.S. This brief presents the first reports of Diplodia ear rot in Illinois and Tennessee. This is also the first confirmation of S. macrospora causing ear rot in the U.S. in over 60 years.

Accepted for publication 19 May 2016. Published 15 June 2016.
Detection and Quantification of Bremia lactucae by Spore Trapping and Quantitative PCR
Authors: Kunjeti Sridhara G. , Anchieta Amy , Martin Frank N. , Choi Young-Joon , Thines Marco , Michelmore Richard W. , Koike Steven T. , Tsuchida Cayla , Mahaffee Walt , Subbarao Krishna V. , Klosterman Steven J.
Published: July 2016

Bremia lactucae is an obligate, oomycete pathogen of lettuce that causes leaf chlorosis and necrosis and adversely affects marketability. The disease has been managed with a combination of host resistance and fungicide applications with success over the years. Fungicide applications are routinely made under the assumption that inoculum is always present during favorable environmental conditions. This approach often leads to fungicide resistance in B. lactucae populations. Detection and quantification of airborne B. lactucae near lettuce crops provides an estimation of the inoculum load, enabling more judicious timing of fungicide applications. We developed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assay using a target sequence in mitochondrial DNA for specific detection of B. lactucae. Validation using amplicon sequencing of DNA from 83 geographically diverse isolates, representing 14 Bremia spp., confirmed that the primers developed for the TaqMan assays are species specific and only amplify templates from B. lactucae. DNA from a single sporangium could be detected at a quantification cycle (Cq) value of 32, and Cq values >35 were considered to be nonspecific. The coefficient of determination (R2) for regression between sporangial density derived from flow cytometry and Cq values derived from the qPCR was 0.86. The assay was deployed using spore traps in the Salinas Valley, where nearly half of U.S. lettuce is produced. The deployment of this sensitive B. lactucae-specific assay resulted in the detection of the pathogen during the 2-week lettuce-free period as well as during the cropping season. These results demonstrate that this assay will be useful for quantifying inoculum load in and around the lettuce fields for the purpose of timing fungicide applications based on inoculum load.
Novel Functional Genomics Approaches: A Promising Future in the Combat Against Plant Viruses
Authors: Fondong Vincent N. , Nagalakshmi Ugrappa , Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
Published: July 2016

Advances in functional genomics and genome editing approaches have provided new opportunities and potential to accelerate plant virus control efforts through modification of host and viral genomes in a precise and predictable manner. Here, we discuss application of RNA-based technologies, including artificial micro RNA, transacting small interfering RNA, and Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–associated protein 9), which are currently being successfully deployed in generating virus-resistant plants. We further discuss the reverse genetics approach, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and its variant, known as EcoTILLING, that are used in the identification of plant virus recessive resistance gene alleles. In addition to describing specific applications of these technologies in plant virus control, this review discusses their advantages and limitations.
Soybean Resistance to the Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines: An Update
Authors: Mitchum Melissa G.
Published: July 2016

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, remains a serious threat to soybean production throughout the world. A lack of genetic diversity in resistant soybean cultivars has led to a widespread shift toward virulence in SCN populations, leaving farmers with few proven options other than nonhost rotation to manage this nematode. Recent advances in our understanding of the genes controlling resistance to the nematode have led to improved molecular markers, which are, in turn, increasing the efficiency and precision of the breeding pipeline. A better understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of SCN resistance and nematode virulence will provide information useful for the development of a long-term strategic plan for diversification and the deployment of cultivars that protect current sources of natural resistance while identifying new targets for engineering novel resistance.
Lack of Population Structure and Mixed Reproduction Modes inExserohilum turcicumfrom South Africa
Authors: Human Maria Petronella , Barnes Irene , Craven Maryke , Crampton Bridget Genevieve
Published: July 2016

Exserohilum turcicum is the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, a destructive foliar disease of maize that results in yield losses worldwide. In South Africa, typical yield losses range from 15 to 30%. Previous studies found high haplotypic diversity with evidence for sexual recombination in E. turcicum populations from tropical climates such as Kenya. However, the population genetic structure and method of reproduction of E. turcicum in South Africa is unknown and, therefore, was investigated. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite markers were screened on 258 E. turcicum isolates from maize collected during 2012 and 2013 from three maize fields in South Africa. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay amplifying both mating type idiomorphs was applied to investigate the distribution of mating types. No distinct genetic clusters were observed. Shared haplotypes were identified between isolates separated by distances of up to 762 km, which provided evidence of migration. High haplotypic diversity indicated that sexual reproduction is occurring among E. turcicum isolates, although mating type ratios and linkage disequilibrium analyses did not support the hypothesis of random mating. The population genetic structure of E. turcicum in South Africa is likely due to the direct movement and spread of isolates undergoing a mixed reproductive lifecycle.
Decreased Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid via Lipoxygenase Pathway Compromised Caffeine-Induced Resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Under Elevated CO2 in Tea Seedlings
Authors: Li Xin , Ahammed Golam Jalal , Li Zhixin , Tang Meijun , Yan Peng , Han Wenyan
Published: July 2016

Caffeine, the major purine alkaloid in tea has long been known for its role in plant defense. However, its effect on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that causes brown blight disease in tea is largely unknown especially under elevated CO2. Here we show that elevated CO2 reduced endogenous caffeine content in tea leaves, but sharply increased susceptibility of tea to C. gloeosporioides. The expression of C. gloeosporioides actin gene was gradually increased during the postinoculation period. In contrast, foliar application of caffeine decreased the C. gloeosporioides-induced necrotic lesions and the expression of C. gloeosporioides actin. Analysis of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) content revealed that exogenous caffeine could induce JA content under both CO2 conditions in absence of fungal infection; however, in presence of fungal infection, caffeine increased JA content only under elevated CO2. Furthermore, exogenous caffeine enhanced lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and its biosynthetic gene expression under both CO2 conditions, indicating that increased JA biosynthesis via LOX pathway by caffeine might strengthen plant defense only under elevated CO2, while caffeine-induced defense under ambient CO2 might be associated with JA-independent LOX pathway in tea. These results provide novel insights into caffeine-induced plant defense mechanisms that might help to develop an eco-friendly approach for disease control.
Health Literacy and Preferences for Sources of Child Health Information of Mothers With Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Skeens Kristen , Logsdon M. Cynthia , Stikes Reetta , Ryan Lesa , Sparks Kathryn , Hayes Pauline , Myers John , Davis Deborah Winders
Published: July 2016

Background:

Parents of infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) frequently need guidance to prepare them for the care and health promotion of their child after hospital discharge. The health literacy of the parents should be considered so that education can be tailored to meet their needs. It is also important to understand the parents' preferences for how, and from whom, they receive education.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to identify health literacy levels of parents of infants in an NICU and preferences for who they want to provide them with education.

Methods:

An exploratory, descriptive design was used to assess participant health literacy and preferences for obtaining child health information. Only mothers (no fathers) with babies in the NICU were available to complete the survey. Mean participant age was 26.4 years (SD = 6.7).

Results:

Participants had a mean Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, Revised, score of 5.64 (SD = 2.4), indicating a low level of health literacy. Questions regarding when to administer medication were correctly answered by 69% of participants. Proper medication dosage was understood by 92% of participants; however, only 30% were able to correctly convert measurements. One-on-one discussions with a physician were the preferred source of health information for 80% of participants.

Implications for Practice/Research:

The current exploratory study provides new information that will help inform the development of future studies and increase awareness of nurses regarding health literacy and the specific types of skills for which parents need the most help.
Health Literacy Among Parents of Newborn Infants
Authors: Mackley Amy , Winter Michael , Guillen Ursula , Paul David A. , Locke Robert
Published: July 2016

Background:

Health Literacy is the ability to obtain, process, and understand health information to make knowledgeable health decisions.

Purpose:

To determine baseline health literacy of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) parents at a tertiary care hospital during periods of crucial information exchange.

Methods:

Health literacy of English-speaking NICU parents was assessed using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) on admission (n = 121) and discharge (n = 59). A quasi-control group of well-baby nursery (WBN) parents (n = 24) and prenatal obstetric clinic (PRE) parents (n = 18) were included. A single, Likert-style question measured nurses' assessment of parental comprehension with discharge teaching. Suspected limited health literacy (SLHL) was defined as the NVS score of 3 or less.

Findings/Results:

Forty-three percent of parents on NICU admission and 32% at NICU discharge had SLHL (P < .01). SLHL for WBN and PRE parents was 25% and 58%, respectively. Parental age, gender, location, and history of healthcare-related employment were not associated with health literacy status at any time point. Thirty-nine percent of NICU parents and 25% of WBN parents with SLHL at time of admission/infant birth had a college education. Nurse subjective measurement of parental comprehension of discharge instructions was not correlated to the objective measurement of health literacy (P = .26).

Implications for Practice:

SLHL is common during peak time periods of complex health discussion in the NICU, WBN, and PRE settings. NICU providers may not accurately gauge parents' literacy status.

Implications for Research:

Methods for improving health communication are needed. Studies should evaluate SLHL in a larger NICU population and across different languages and cultures.
First Golden Hour of Life
Authors: Lambeth Tinisha M. , Rojas Mario A. , Holmes Amy P. , Dail Robin B.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Very low birth-weight (<1500 g) infants are vulnerable to their environment during the first hour after birth. We designed an evidence-based golden hour protocol (GHP) with a goal to stabilize and perform admission procedures within 1 hour of birth at a level IIIB neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Purpose:

The aim of this quality improvement project was to ascertain whether an evidence-based GHP would improve care efficiency and short-term outcomes.

Methods:

Rapid cycles of change using Plan Do Study Act were utilized to document progress and gain knowledge during the quality improvement project. Measures were plotted with statistical process control methods (SPC), which analyzed improvement over time.

Results:

Both admission temperature and glucose-level means were within reference range throughout the project and predicted a stable process. We observed significantly decreased time to initiation of intravenous fluids and antibiotics. An upward trend of surfactant administration within the first 2 hours of life was also observed.

Implications for Practice:

The use of a GHP provided an organized approach to admission procedures and care. By using a checklist and recording intervention times, NICU caregivers were more aware of time management for each intervention and were able to decrease time to initiation of intravenous fluids and antibiotics.

Implications for Research:

Future research should focus on establishing normal blood pressure ranges and safe pain management during the “golden hour” and beyond. Future quality improvement should focus on improving subsequent temperature and blood glucose levels after admission umbilical artery and venous catheter placement.
Surgical Management of the Constricted or Obliterated Vagina
Authors: Gebhart John B. , Schmitt Jennifer J.
Published: July 2016

Management of the constricted or obliterated vagina demands an understanding and recognition of the potential etiologies leading to this presentation. A thorough and comprehensive medical and surgical review is required to arrive at an accurate diagnosis, which then will guide medical or surgical intervention. It is paramount to recognize when underlying medical conditions are contributing to these conditions and to begin medical therapy; failure to do so will often yield suboptimal results. When these conditions arise after surgical interventions, compensatory surgical techniques that correct upper and lower vaginal strictures or obliteration include incision through the stricture, vaginal advancement, Z-plasty, skin grafts, perineal flaps, and abdominal flaps and grafts. Postoperative surveillance and dilation are critical to optimize long-term success.
Recurrence of Preterm Birth and Early Term Birth
Authors: Yang Juan , Baer Rebecca J. , Berghella Vincenzo , Chambers Christina , Chung Paul , Coker Tumaini , Currier Robert J. , Druzin Maurice L. , Kuppermann Miriam , Muglia Louis J. , Norton Mary E. , Rand Larry , Ryckman Kelli , Shaw Gary M. , Stevenson David , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura L.
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To examine recurrent preterm birth and early term birth in women's initial and immediately subsequent pregnancies.

METHODS:

This retrospective cohort study included 163,889 women who delivered their first and second liveborn singleton neonates between 20 and 44 weeks of gestation in California from 2005 through 2011. Data from hospital discharge records and birth certificates were used for analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression models adjusted for risk factors.

RESULTS:

Shorter gestational duration in the first pregnancy increased the risk of subsequent preterm birth (both early, before 32 weeks of gestation, and later, from 32 to 36 weeks of gestation) as well as early term birth (37–38 weeks of gestation). Compared with women with a prior term birth, women with a prior early preterm birth (before 32 weeks of gestation) were at the highest risk for a subsequent early preterm birth (58/935 [6.2%] compared with 367/118,505 [0.3%], adjusted OR 23.3, 95% CI 17.2–31.7). Women with a prior early term birth had more than a twofold increased risk for subsequent preterm birth (before 32 weeks of gestation: 171/36,017 [0.5%], adjusted OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6–2.3; from 32 to 36 weeks of gestation: 2,086/36,017 [6.8%], adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.9–3.2) or early term birth (13,582/36,017 [37.7%], adjusted OR 2.2, 95% CI 2.2–2.3).

CONCLUSION:

Both preterm birth and early term birth are associated with these outcomes in a subsequent pregnancy. Increased clinical attention and research efforts may benefit from a focus on women with a prior early term birth as well as those with prior preterm birth.
Salpingo-Oophorectomy by Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery
Authors: Jallad Karl , Siff Lauren , Thomas Tonya , Paraiso Marie Fidela R.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND:

Vaginal hysterectomy is the preferred route of hysterectomy in benign gynecologic disease; however, a vaginal salpingo-oophorectomy can sometimes be technically challenging. Even the most skilled vaginal surgeon will occasionally have to convert to an abdominal approach to complete the procedure.

TECHNIQUE:

After a vaginal hysterectomy, if the surgeon is struggling to safely complete a salpingo-oophorectomy, a natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) approach could be considered. A single port is placed in the vagina and after achieving pneumoperitoneum, an endoscope is introduced to perform a survey of the pelvis and lower abdomen. The salpingo-oophorectomy can then be completed under direct visualization by using conventional laparoscopic instruments through the vaginal port.

EXPERIENCE:

Salpingo-oophorectomy was successfully completed in six unembalmed cadavers and in two live patients.

CONCLUSION:

At the time of difficult vaginal salpingo-oophorectomy, the use of a NOTES approach could circumvent the need to convert to an abdominal route. It provides clear visualization of the entire pelvic and abdominal area and is technically feasible.
Perinatal and Hemodynamic Evaluation of Sildenafil Citrate for Preeclampsia Treatment
Authors: Trapani Alberto , Gonçalves Luis Flavio , Trapani Thamyris Finger , Vieira Simone , Pires Marilen , Pires Maria Marlene de Souza
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate whether therapy with sildenafil citrate prolongs gestation in women with preeclampsia.

METHODS:

In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 100 singleton pregnancies with preeclampsia between 24 and 33 weeks of gestation were randomized to 50 mg oral sildenafil citrate every 8 hours or placebo. The primary outcome was prolongation of pregnancy from randomization to delivery. Secondary outcomes were changes in resistance indices of uterine, umbilical, and middle cerebral arteries by Doppler, fetal and maternal complications, and adverse neonatal outcomes. Power analysis estimated that to detect a difference of 5 days in pregnancy duration, 43 patients would have to be randomized to each group.

RESULTS:

From June 2013 to October 2015, 50 patients were randomized to each group. Pregnancy duration was on average 4 days longer (14.4 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.5–16.6 days compared with 10.4 days, 95% CI 8.4–12.3 days, P=.008) and percent reduction in pulsatility indices of uterine and umbilical arteries higher (22.5% and 18.5%, compared with placebo 2.1% and 2.5%, P<.001) for patients treated with sildenafil compared with placebo. Maternal blood pressure before and 24 hours after randomization was lower with sildenafil (sildenafil: 100.3±5.6 mm Hg compared with 116.4±5.1 mm Hg, P<.05; placebo: 110.6±6.2 mm Hg compared with 114.7±6.5 mm Hg, P=.21). There was no difference in perinatal morbidity, mortality, or adverse effects between groups.

CONCLUSION:

Therapy with sildenafil citrate was associated with pregnancy prolongation of approximately 4 days compared with placebo in women with preeclampsia.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br, RBR-8qj4p5.
Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1-to-Placental Growth Factor Ratio and Time to Delivery in Women With Suspected Preeclampsia
Authors: Zeisler Harald , Llurba Elisa , Chantraine Frédéric , Vatish Manu , Staff Anne Cathrine , Sennström Maria , Olovsson Matts , Brennecke Shaun P. , Stepan Holger , Allegranza Deirdre , Dinkel Carina , Schoedl Maria , Dilba Peter , Hund Martin , Verlohren Stefan
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the association of a serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1-to-placental growth factor (sFlt-1-to-PlGF) ratio of greater than 38 with time to delivery and preterm birth.

METHODS:

Secondary analysis of an observational cohort study that included women 18 years of age or older from 24 to 36 6/7 weeks of gestation at their first study visit with suspected (not confirmed) preeclampsia. Participants were recruited from December 2010 to January 2014 at 30 sites in 14 countries. A total of 1,041 women were included in time-to-delivery analysis and 848 in preterm birth analysis.

RESULTS:

Women with an sFlt-1-to-PlGF ratio greater than 38 (n=250) had a 2.9-fold greater likelihood of imminent delivery (ie, delivery on the day of the test) (Cox regression hazard ratio 2.9; P<.001) and shorter remaining time to delivery (median 17 [interquartile range 10–26] compared with 51 [interquartile range 30–75] days, respectively; Weibull regression factor 0.62; P<.001) than women with an sFlt-1-to-PlGF ratio of 38 or less, whether or not they developed preeclampsia. For women who did not (n=842) and did develop preeclampsia (n=199), significant correlations were seen between an sFlt-1-to-PlGF ratio greater than 38 and preterm birth (r=0.44 and r=0.46; both P<.001). Among women who did not develop preeclampsia, those who underwent iatrogenic preterm delivery had higher median sFlt-1-to-PlGF ratios at their first visit (35.3, interquartile range 6.8–104.0) than those who did not (8.4, interquartile range 3.4–30.6) or who delivered at term (4.3, interquartile range 2.4–10.9).

CONCLUSIONS:

In women undergoing evaluation for suspected preeclampsia, a serum sFlt-1-to-PlGF ratio greater than 38 is associated with a shorter remaining pregnancy duration and a higher risk of preterm delivery.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding as the Presenting Symptom of Hematologic Cancer
Authors: Nebgen Denise R. , Rhodes Helen E. , Hartman Cynthia , Munsell Mark F. , Lu Karen H.
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To estimate the percentage of women with a hematologic cancer who present with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective analysis of the records of women with hematologic malignancies treated at our institution from January 2002 through January 2016. Women with AUB as the chief presenting symptom were identified.

RESULTS:

Of the 10,682 women with hematologic malignancies, 38 had AUB as their chief presenting symptom. These women were young (median age 34 years), premenopausal, and otherwise healthy. The top four additional presenting symptoms were fatigue, dyspnea or shortness of breath, bruising or petechiae, and fever, with means (95% confidence interval) of 58% (41–74%), 42% (26–59%), 42% (26–59%), and 24% (11–40%), respectively. The complete blood count on initial presentation with AUB revealed that 33 (87%) women had anemia (mean hemoglobin level 8.6 g/dL) and 34 (89%) had thrombocytopenia (mean platelet count 81,000/microliter). Twelve (32%) women had neutropenia, eight (21%) women had normal white blood cell counts, and 18 (47%) women had leukocytosis. Thirty-three women (87%) were diagnosed with acute leukemia, one with myelodysplastic syndrome (3%) and four (11%) with chronic leukemia.

CONCLUSION:

We estimate the incidence of AUB as the chief presenting symptom is 3.6 cases per 1,000 women with hematologic cancer. These young, otherwise healthy women who present with acute, new-onset heavy menstrual bleeding in conjunction with thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia should be referred to hematology for evaluation of possible hematologic malignancy.
Self-Administered Lidocaine Gel for Pain Control With First-Trimester Surgical Abortion
Authors: Conti Jennifer A. , Lerma Klaira , Shaw Kate A. , Blumenthal Paul D.
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To compare pain control at various time points during first-trimester surgical abortion using a patient-administered lidocaine gel compared with a traditional lidocaine paracervical block.

METHODS:

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of women undergoing surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks of gestation in an outpatient setting. The primary outcome was pain at cervical dilation as measured on a 100-mm visual analog scale. A sample size of 142 participants was planned to detect a 15-mm or greater difference on the 100-mm visual analog scale with 90% power and a significance level of .025, adding 10% for participant dropout and protocol violations. Participants received either 12 mL of a 1% lidocaine paracervical block or 20 mL of a self-administered, 2% lidocaine gel 20–30 minutes before procedure initiation. Secondary outcomes included anticipated pain, baseline pain, pain with speculum and tenaculum placement, pain after suction aspiration, and pain 30–45 minutes postoperatively.

RESULTS:

From April to October 2015, a total of 142 women were enrolled (68 in the paracervical block group, 69 in the gel group, and five not analyzed as a result of participant withdrawal). Sociodemographic characteristics were similar between groups. The mean pain score with cervical dilation was 60 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 54–66) in the paracervical block group and 64 mm (95% CI 59–69) in the gel group (P=.3). There was no significant difference between mean pain scores at any time points measured.

CONCLUSION:

Self-administration of lidocaine gel before first-trimester surgical abortion is noninferior to a traditional paracervical lidocaine block and should be considered as an alternative, noninvasive approach to pain control for first-trimester surgical abortion.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02447029.