bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROTECTION AGAINST ACUTE TRAUMA AND TRAUMATIC SHOCK BY VASODILATORS
Authors: Nickerson Mark , Carter Stefan A.
Published: October 2017

The effects of hydralazine and Dibenzyline, agents which induce vasodilatation by different mechanisms, on the development of shock were studied in rats subjected to two levels of trauma in a Noble–Collip drum. Hydralazine effectively reduced the incidence of acute traumatic deaths (those occurring during or within 15 minutes after completion of the period of trauma), but it protected against late, shock deaths and improved over-all survival only among animals subjected to relatively mild trauma. Dibenzyline completely eliminated all late, shock deaths and increased over-all survival at both levels of trauma. The total incidence of early deaths was unaltered, but among Dibenzyline-treated animals a higher percentage of these occurred during the period of trauma, indicating some increased susceptibility to the immediate effects of acute trauma. The drug also caused some increase in the incidence of intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to rupture of the liver or spleen. Vascular engorgement of these organs, which increased during the drumming period in both control and Dibenzyline-treated animals, was not altered by the drug. The results of combined administration of hydralazine or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Dibenzyline were qualitatively and quantitatively the same as those obtained with Dibenzyline alone. These data indicate that vasodilatation induced by inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction provides effective protection against death from shock, but may increase susceptibility to the immediate deleterious effects of acute trauma. A drug such as hydralazine, which can increase cardiac output, and acute expansion of plasma volume by PVP may sustain the circulation, particularly the cerebral circulation, during acute trauma, but do not effectively increase ultimate survival.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: III. A STUDY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS
Authors: Rogers C. G. , McLaughlan J. M. , Chapman D. G.
Published: October 2017

Bacteriological methods for the determination of protein quality were evaluated by comparison with protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values determined by a standardized rat growth assay. Enzyme or acid hydrolyzates of foods were used as the source of amino acids with hydrolyzed whole egg powder as the reference standard. With Streptococcus faecalis A.T.C.C. 9790 autolysis occurred in media containing hydrolyzates of proteins deficient in lysine, and was largely responsible for results which did not agree with P.E.R. values. In methods employing Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-60 A.T.C.C. 8042, growth was influenced only by the most limiting amino acid relative to the requirements of the test organism.Results with enzyme hydrolyzates correlated poorly with P.E.R. values, whereas, with acid hydrolyzates, a good correlation was obtained for cereal proteins. A difference in amino acid requirements was largely responsible for the lack of agreement between the P.E.R. assay and methods employing L. mesenteroides, particularly for legumes and foods of animal origin. It was concluded that bacteriological assay methods which have been proposed for protein evaluation are unsatisfactory as screening procedures for the evaluation of protein in foods.
THE EFFECT OF SULPHONYLUREA DRUGS ON PANTOTHENIC ACID METABOLISM IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS
Authors: Shenoy K. G. , McLaughlan M.
Published: October 2017

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A MODIFIED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHYMOTRYPSIN, TRYPSIN, AND THROMBIN
Authors: Hummel Brian C. W.
Published: October 2017

The spectrophotometric procedure proposed by Schwert and Takenaka for the assay of chymotrypsin and trypsin has been modified and extended to include the application to N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and α-p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester. The greater degree of sensitivity and specificity thus achieved permits the determination of traces of chymotrypsin in the presence of relatively large amounts of trypsin and vice versa. A similar spectrophotometric procedure for the assay of thrombin is described.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INCREASED TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE ENZYME ACTIVITY BY CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Wainwright S. D.
Published: October 2017

A cell-free extract from conidia of Neurospora crassa developed increased tryptophan synthetase activity when incubated with a mixture of amino acids, a source of energy, and inorganic salts. Fifteen individual acids were required for development of maximal increases of enzymic activity. Either hexose diphosphate or adenosine triphosphate could serve as energy source. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, polyvinyl acetate, and magnesium and calcium ions were required. The addition of ribonuclease enzyme, ethionine, fluorophenylalanine, thienylalanine, or various antibiotics prevented development of increased tryptophan synthetase activity. The increase of activity was accompanied by a net synthesis of protein.
ISOMERIZATION OF VITAMIN A IN VIVO
Authors: Murray T. K. , Stainer D. W. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

Pure all-trans and neovitamin A alcohol were administered orally to young, vitamin-A-deficient rats and the vitamin A and proportion of neovitamin A in the intestinal tract, liver and kidney were measured. In both cases considerable isomerization occurred in the stomach and the resulting mixture of isomers appeared to be absorbed by the intestine. The dose of all-trans vitamin A was taken up by the intestine more quickly than was the neovitamin A dose. An oral or subcutaneous dose of neovitamin A resulted in a relatively high proportion of neovitamin A in the liver but this proportion decreased during depletion to that found after a dose of all-trans vitamin A. The proportion of neovitamin A varied inversely with the size of dose of all-trans vitamin A and directly with the size of dose of neovitamin A. The significance of these results is discussed.
A GENERAL CHROMATOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS OBTAINED FROM URINE
Authors: Smith D. M. , Paul R. M. , McGeer E. G. , McGeer P. L.
Published: October 2017

Aromatic compounds contained in both normal and schizophrenic urines have been extracted by several methods and the resultant extracts examined by two-dimensional paper chromatography with a variety of spray reagents. A comprehensive map plus tables summarize the data obtained on over 200 "aromatic" spots found in various urine extracts. Data are given on fractionation of the extracts. To allow comparison of one extract with another, an attempt was made to maintain quantitative control of the extraction, fractionation, and chromatographic procedures.
THE INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE AND PHOSPHORYLATIVE ENZYMES IN RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA BY AMINOAZOBENZENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: McMurray W. C.
Published: October 2017

The liver carcinogen, dimethylaminoazobenzene, inhibited in vitro the oxidation of a variety of pyridine nucleotide linked substrates of rat liver mitochondria without affecting the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was not inhibited by the carcinogen, nor was the succinoxidase activity, but the phosphorylation accompanying succinate oxidation was uncoupled. Similar effects were noted with other aminoazobenzene derivatives, but did not appear to be correlated with the ability of the compounds to evoke tumors.The site of the respiratory inhibition by dimethylaminoazobenzene appears to be at the level between reduced pyridine nucleotide and cytochrome c in the respiratory chain. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was not inhibited, while the oxidation of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide was markedly decreased. The reduction of the electron acceptor, ferricyanide, by pyridine nucleotide linked substrates was also strongly inhibited but the reduction of tetrazolium compounds was not affected. The latter observations suggest that dimethylaminoazobenzene produces a metabolic block between reduced flavin and cytochrome c in the mitochondrial electron transport system.
CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION BY CHICK EMBRYONIC HEART CULTURES
Authors: Morgan Joseph F. , Morton Helen J.
Published: October 2017

Freshly explanted chick embryonic heart fragments were cultivated in completely synthetic media. Survival of such cultures in the complete medium, containing glucose, was established at approximately 35 to 40 days, while in the absence of carbohydrate the cultures died within 3 to 5 days. Survival was considered to be a more physiological measurement than rapid cell multiplication for normal tissues and was adopted as the criterion for all experiments reported. Fifty-two compounds were tested for their ability to replace glucose, as the sole carbohydrate, in this system. Of these, seven (mannose, fructose, galactose, β-glucose, maltose, glucose-1-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate) replaced glucose completely. Five others (sorbitol, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, turanose, dextrin, and fructose-6-phosphate) were partially active. The remainder were negative. Comparison is made of the present results with those obtained by other workers using malignant cells in the presence of serum–enzymes. The present results suggest that the ability to replace glucose decreases progressively as compounds down the Embden–Meyerhof pathway are tested.
RESPIRATORY CARRIERS AND THE NATURE OF THE REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE OXIDASE SYSTEM IN XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Nozzolillo C. G.
Published: October 2017

Intact cells and cell-free extracts of the phytopathogenic organism Xanthomonas phaseoli have been shown to contain flavoprotein and the respiratory carriers: cytochrome b1, cytochrome a1, and cytochrome a2. The reduced forms of these respiratory pigments are produced upon addition to a clear extract of substrate amounts of DPNH.The highly active DPNH oxidase system in extracts of this organism has been studied as to requirements for inorganic ions, optimum pH, product formation, distribution, and solubilization. Carbon monoxide inhibits the terminal oxidation system; this effect is reversed by bright light.An inhibitor study has shown members of the phenothiazine family of compounds to be most effective, followed by amytal, cyanide, BAL, atabrine, and pCMB. The most notable of the substances which did not inhibit were antimycin A, one of the quinoline-N-oxides, and azide.The possibility exists that H2O2may also be formed during the oxidation of DPNH although clear-cut evidence for its presence was difficult to obtain. X. phaseoli extracts do not contain a DPNH peroxidase. They exhibit, however, some DPNH – cytochrome c reductase activity which is believed to be quite independent of the DPNH oxidase system. The extracts are devoid of cytochrome c oxidase activity although they contain a respiratory system which readily oxidizes p-phenylenediamine.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ERYTHRITOL AND GLYCEROL BY TORULOPSIS MAGNOLIAE. STUDIES WITH C14-LABELLED GLUCOSE
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Gorin P. A. J.
Published: October 2017

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-glucose-3, 4-C14, and D-glucose-6-C14were dissimilated aerobically by washed cells of Torulopsis magnoliae. The major products formed were erythritol and glycerol.A method for the stepwise degradation of erythritol, after oxidation with Acetobacter suboxydans to L-erythrulose, is described. The distribution of radioactive carbon in the erythritol suggests that it is formed by a complex series of reactions in which enzymes of the transaldolase and transketolase type play a major part to give a four-carbon fragment which is then reduced to the tetritol. Enzymes of the Embden–Meyerhof pathway are probably concerned to a lesser extent.
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO COLD AND OF DIET ON COENZYME A LEVELS IN TISSUES
Authors: Campbell James , Green Gordon R. , Schönbaum Eduard , Socol Harvey
Published: October 2017

Exposure of adult rats to a cold environment increased the coenzyme A (CoA) extractable from their livers. The increases, in rats fed a complete diet, were found within 3 days, and were larger the longer the duration of exposure, amounting to 6, 27, and 60% above the control values after 3, 17, and 24 days respectively. The relations were similar when the CoA from the liver was expressed per unit weight of fresh tissue, or of liver total solids, or of whole body. When rats were fed a diet deficient in pantothenic acid, exposure to cold also resulted in elevation of CoA in the liver, but the differences did not progress with the duration of exposure. The liver CoA was further increased by the addition of large amounts of ascorbic acid to both the complete and the pantothenate-deficient diets. This effect of ascorbic acid occurred in rats under both ordinary and cold environmental conditions. Exposure to cold did not alter the concentration of CoA in the adrenal glands, but caused enlargement of the glands so that the amount of CoA in the adrenal per unit weight of the whole body increased. Other alterations in these animals exposed to cold included enlargement of the kidneys and heart, and decrease in depot fat. Deficiency of pantothenate in the diet slowed the rate of growth of young rats and significantly reduced the levels of CoA in the liver and the adrenal glands.
AN ANOMALOUS TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE IN ACETOBACTER MELANOGENUM
Authors: Bone D. H. , Hochster R. M.
Published: October 2017

Extracts of gluconate-grown Acetobacter melanogenum contain condensing enzyme and DPN-isocitric dehydrogenase of low specific activity. No evidence could be found for the presence of phosphotransacetylase, aconitase, or TPN-isocitric dehydrogenase. Since the organism or its extracts cannot synthesize the necessary four carbon compounds from pyruvate and from acetate, it is concluded that the tricarboxylic acid cycle does not function in extracts of this organism in the usually accepted manner.The pyruvic oxidase system was found to be highly active, acetaldehyde being the chief intermediate and acetate the end product. The mechanism for the slow incorporation of acetate into other cell constituents is, at present, unknown.
RECORDING SPECTROFLUOROMETERS: TWO NEW DESIGNS AND THEIR EVALUATION
Authors: Goldzieher Joseph W. , Bauld William S. , Engel Lewis L. , Givner Morris L.
Published: October 2017

The expanding importance of fluorometry as an analytical tool necessitated an investigation of instrumental design and theory as applied to high-speed recording instruments. The construction and performance of two new spectrofluorometers are described and compared with a commercially available instrument.
INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS BY A MITOCHONDRIAL EXTRACT
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

Cholesterol biosynthesis was effectively inhibited by an extract of mitochondria disrupted with sonic oscillations. The inhibitory effect occurred both in vivo and in vitro. The inhibitor substance was heat-labile, and could be prepared from mitochondria from livers of normal or starved rats. The inhibition appeared to be of the competitive type. The locus of the inhibition in the chain of reactions from acetate to cholesterol appeared to be between acetoacetate and mevalonate. It is suggested that the inhibitor substance present in the mitochondrion represents, in part, the homeostatic mechanism that controls cholesterol synthesis by the liver.
AMINO ACID PATTERN IN THE BLOOD OF RATS WITH DIETARY HEPATIC NECROSIS
Authors: Valberg L. S. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: October 2017

A paper chromatographic study of the amino acids and peptides in the blood of rats with dietary liver necrosis has been made.The relative levels of alanine, methionine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, threonine, citrulline, glutamine, oxidized glutathione, and gamma aminoisobutyric acid were increased. The level of reduced glutathione was slightly reduced and levels of valine, taurine, and proline remained unchanged. Beta-alanine, which could not be detected in the blood of normal rats, was found in the case of those with acute liver damage.Although arginine was present in the blood of normal animals and in those on a necrogenic diet prior to the development of the liver lesion, it was not detectable in those animals with acute hepatic necrosis. The possible implications of this finding have been discussed.
BLOCKADE OF SOME CARDIAC ACTIONS OF ADRENALINE BY DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL
Authors: Dresel Peter E.
Published: October 2017

Dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) has been found to produce a competitive blockade of the positive inotropic action of adrenaline on cat papillary muscles. The effect of adrenaline on electrical excitability of this preparation also is blocked. DCI itself has been shown to have considerable adrenaline-like activity, increasing the strength of contraction and decreasing the threshold of electrical excitability. The positive chronotropic and arrhythmia-inducing effects of adrenaline have been shown to be blocked in the whole animal.
EFFECT OF A DIETARY LYSINE DEFICIENCY ON THE CONCENTRATION OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE DEPROTEINIZED BLOOD PLASMA OF CHICKS
Authors: Gray Jean A. , Olsen Ellen M. , Hill D. C. , Branion H. D.
Published: October 2017

A lysine-deficient basal diet, both with and without supplemental lysine added, was fed to groups of Barred Plymouth Rock cockerels from hatching to 4 weeks of age. At this time blood samples were taken from the carotid artery and pooled for each group. Twelve amino acids were determined in the deproteinized plasma by microbiological assay. Deproteinized plasma from birds receiving the lysine-deficient diet was lower in lysine content and higher in threonine and tyrosine than that from birds fed the lysine-supplemented diet. Other amino acids showed much smaller differences. A similar amino acid pattern was observed when the birds were fed the lysine-supplemented diet for 25 days from hatching and then the lysine-deficient diet for 3 days before blood samples were taken. Withholding feed for 24 hours before the samples were taken resulted in a marked increase in lysine and threonine concentration, an effect which has been reported by other workers. Acid hydrolysis of the deproteinized plasma increased somewhat the concentration of lysine, as measured microbiologically, but had no effect on, or somewhat reduced, the concentrations of other amino acids.
THE IN VITRO INCORPORATION OF PHOSPHORUS-P32INTO TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Townsley P. M.
Published: October 2017

Tobacco mosaic virus can be labelled with P32during homogenization of the diseased tissue with a soluble, stable, unknown phosphate compound. The label remains associated with the virus during purification and can be isolated from the virus by incubation in potassium hydroxide. The labelled phosphate compounds released are mainly adenylic, cytidylic, uridylic, and guanylic acids. The addition of p-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine and 2-thiouracil reduces the amount of P32found in the virus. Chloramphenicol does not inhibit P32incorporation into TMV.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: XII. LIVER GLYCOGEN
Authors: Chang Violet M. , Idler D. R.
Published: October 2017

Liver glycogen levels were determined for a pure stock of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) taken at three locations during spawning migration. The liver glycogen content of the male was found to be consistently greater than that of the female throughout the entire river migration. In both sexes liver glycogen decreased during the earlier phase of migration, but increased during the later stage so that the levels at the spawning grounds were approximately twice those at the mouth of the river. The changes which occur are discussed in relation to sex differences, energy expenditures, and plasma steroid hormone levels.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY ON THE REGENERATION OF MAST CELLS AFTER TREATMENT WITH 48/80 IN RATS
Authors: Bois Pierre , Byrne Ernest H. , Bélanger Leonard F.
Published: October 2017

The decrease in subcutaneous mast cell population observed in rats on a magnesium-deficient diet has been confirmed. Pretreatment with histamine liberator compound 48/80 accentuates the decrease in mast cell counts. This condition was apparently the result of defective regeneration. The decrease in the number of subcutaneous mast cells was accompanied by a parallel reduction of histamine as appreciated by the guinea pig ileum assay. The peripheral vasodilation, which is an early sign of magnesium deficiency, did not appear in rats pretreated with 48/80.
ELECTROPHORETIC PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE GLOBULIN FROM CUCURBIT SEEDS
Authors: Anderson David Gene , McCalla A. G. , McCalla D. R.
Published: October 2017

Crystalline globulins from squash and pumpkin seed yielded two distinct electrophoretic components at pH 4.8 but those from cucumber and watermelon seed yielded only one. Each yielded a single component at pH 4.6 but at pH values below 3.5 there was a tendency for a second component to appear. At pH 2.3 all showed two components although separation was not complete nor was it uniform among species. There was a tendency for two components to appear at pH values above the isoelectric range.The results support the conclusion that the globulins from closely related species differ less than those from more distantly related species. They suggest that the crystalline globulins are not each a single homogeneous protein.
THE INDUCTION OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA AS AN ADJUNCT TO THERAPY FOR TABUN POISONING
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Grant G. A.
Published: October 2017

The protective and therapeutic effectiveness of p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) against tabun poisoning in the rat has been examined. The relationship between dosage of PAPP and percentage of methaemoglobin in the blood of the rat has been determined.Treatment of rats with PAPP both alone and in conjunction with atropine gave no evidence of protection against tabun poisoning. In combination with oxime treatment, PAPP improved protection against the use of monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) by a factor of 4, but was less effective with diacetylmonoxime (DAM) and N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S). The highest net protection from oxime and PAPP therapy was obtained with two members of the bisquaternary pyridinium-4-aldoxime alkanes, one member of which in the presence of PAPP protected rats from 23 LD50's of tabun.
THE ENZYME 5-PHOSPHORYLRIBOSE PYROPHOSPHOKINASE IN FISH MUSCLE
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: October 2017

The enzyme 5-phosphorylribose pyrophosphokinase was found in the muscles, and in certain of the organs, of marine teleost fish. It was considerably purified at between 0 and −1 °C by a simple, rapid procedure which involved extraction of the muscle with water, precipitation of the active fraction at pH 5.5, re-solution of the precipitate in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0, and removal of about half the inactive protein from the solution by treatment with alumina Cγ gel. The enzyme was found to be very unstable, purified preparations losing activity quite rapidly even when stored at less than −50 °C. The requirement of the enzyme for ATP, R5P, Mg++, and glutathione, and its pH–activity relationship, were investigated. The lithium salt of PRPP was prepared in good yield and in a comparatively high state of purity using the purified muscle enzyme from lingcod.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: IX. ION REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING AND STABILIZING ISOCITRIC DEHYDROGENASE FROM A MARINE BACTERIUM
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Hori Aiko , Fox Sylvia M.
Published: October 2017

When cells of a marine bacterium were washed and suspended in 0.05 M MgCl2, no isocitric dehydrogenase could be demonstrated in the extract prepared, although all other tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes had been shown to be present. Failure to detect the enzyme was traced to the presence of halide as the sole anion in the solution used to suspend the cells. Sulphate or phosphate salts gave rise to an active enzyme. These relations applied to extracts prepared by sonic treatment, alumina grinding, and lysis by versene and lysozyme. Evidence was obtained suggesting that halides fail to prevent the denaturation of the enzyme after its release from the cells. Tested under optimum conditions, the specific activity of isocitric dehydrogenase in the extract was found to be proportional to the ionic strength of the solution used to suspend the cells (maximum activity at 0.4 to 0.5 μ). In the presence of low concentrations of an anion giving rise to an active enzyme, halide salts were found capable of contributing to these ionic strength requirements. The addition of Mg++to the extract in the presence of a suitable anion at least doubled the storage life of the enzyme at 4 °C.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF UREA ADMINISTRATION ON ACUTE HYPOTHERMIA IN RATS
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: October 2017

Acute hypothermia (15 °C rectal temperature) has been induced in fasted rats with and without prior intraperitoneal administration of urea. In the hypothermic animal, not given urea, blood glucose and pH were significantly decreased; blood lactic acid, inorganic phosphorus, and packed cell volume were significantly increased; no alterations occurred in blood levels of pyruvic acid, total acid-soluble phosphorus, urea, nor amino nitrogen. Prior administration of urea prevented significant alterations of blood glucose and lactic acid in the cooled animal. In the non-cooled animal, urea treatment resulted in elevated blood glucose levels. These effects are discussed in relation to the beneficial action of urea in permitting successful resuscitation and survival in a normal condition of rats cooled to rectal temperatures of 0–3 °C.
THE METABOLISM OF ALDOSTERONE BY SURVIVING DOG AND HUMAN LIVER SLICES
Authors: Sandor Thomas , Nowaczynski Wojciech J. , Genest Jacques
Published: October 2017

Surviving dog liver slices were incubated with d,l-aldosterone-21-monoacetate, d,l-aldosterone, d-aldosterone, and d-aldosterone-21-C14. Human liver slices were incubated with d,l-aldosterone-21-monoacetate and d-aldosterone. The incubations were performed in a Krebs–Ringer–phosphate medium (pH 7.4), with 200 mg glucose added per 100 ml of medium, at a temperature of 37 °C. After incubation, the medium was extracted with chloroform and the crude extract extensively fractionated on column and paper chromatographic systems. In addition to free aldosterone, four metabolic products were isolated, two ring A reduced α-ketolic and two ultraviolet absorbing, non-reducing substances. The partial chemical characterization of these metabolites was attempted. The search for aldosterone metabolites in human urine resulted in the isolation of a substance in acetate form from the urine of a patient suffering from primary aldosteronism which may be identical with one of the ring A reduced metabolites obtained in the in vitro experiments.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND CORTISONE ON ZINC METABOLISM IN THE SEX GLANDS AND ADRENAL OF THE MALE RAT
Authors: Rudzik Allan D. , Riedel Bernard E.
Published: October 2017

The effects of adrenalectomy and of cortisone treatment on the uptake of Zn65and the concentration of zinc were observed in whole blood, adrenals, testis, and dorsolateral and ventral prostates of the rat. Cortisone was administered to both normal and adrenalectomized animals either as a single dose or as a daily dose over a period of 14 days. Zinc concentration was decreased in adrenalectomized animals in the blood and dorsolateral prostate. The incorporation of Zn65was decreased after adrenalectomy in the testis and dorsolateral prostate. Daily treatment with cortisone resulted in recovery to normal of the zinc concentrations and uptake of Zn65.The adrenal gland was found to contain a relatively large amount of zinc and this concentration was doubled with the chronic administration of cortisone. A single dose of cortisone had no effect on the concentration of zinc but caused an increase in the uptake of Zn65in the adrenal.
THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF HOMOLOGOUS PHOSPHATIDES
Authors: Baer Erich , Buchnea Dmytro , Grôf Tibor
Published: October 2017

The feasibility of separating homologous phosphatides by paper chromatography has been established. Evidence is presented for the chromatographic separation of members of homologous series of glycerolphosphatides differing by eight, four or two carbon atoms per fatty acid substituent.
DIETARY MARINE FISH OILS AND CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM: 2. THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN A AND LINGCOD LIVER OIL COMPONENTS ON THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN CHICKS
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: October 2017

Lingcod liver oil unsaponifiable material was separated into three main fractions by means of an aluminum oxide column. Major components of the three fractions were vitamin A, cholesterol, and glyceryl ethers, respectively. These fractions were given as dietary supplements to cholesterol-fed chicks and the effect of the supplements on the hypercholesterolemia induced by the cholesterol feeding was investigated. The fraction containing vitamin A prevented the hypercholesterolemia. Crystalline vitamin A acetate produced a similar effect when it was added as a dietary supplement. It was concluded that vitamin A was probably the hypocholesterolemic agent in lingcod liver oil although other compounds in the oil may also exert some influence on the control of the serum cholesterol concentrations in the chicks.
PENETRATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE (SARIN) VAPOR THROUGH SKIN
Authors: McPhail M. K. , Adie P. A.
Published: October 2017

Studies have been made of the penetration of sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) tagged with P32 through the skin of rabbits. Sarin vapor at a constant concentration was passed through a plastic cup attached to the clipped bellies of rabbits. Using different sizes of cups it has been found that the L(ct)50 (concentration × exposure time required to kill 50% of the animals exposed) decreased as the exposure area was increased. From these experiments it was possible to determine how absorption through skin varies with area exposed, vapor concentration, and exposure time and to find the approximate 'ct' necessary to kill a rabbit for any area of skin exposed.
EFFECT OF AN ANTICHOLINESTERASE ON THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM IN INSECT EGGS
Authors: Mehrotra K. N.
Published: October 2017

Eggs of the housefly and milkweed bug treated at an early stage of development with a lethal dose of parathion continue to develop normally, but the embryo fails to emerge. Histological examination of the treated eggs showed that the development of the embryo, particularly the nervous system, was not affected. However, the activity of cholinesterase (ChE) was inhibited. Concomitant with inhibition of ChE, increased amounts of acetylcholine were found. These findings are similar to those found in adult insects treated with other organophosphorus insecticides.
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF IRRADIATION ON LIVER REGENERATION
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: October 2017

Little change in the total weight, number of cell nuclei, and amounts of protein, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid occurs in rat livers after local irradiation of the liver region. However, irradiation of the normal liver before partial hepatectomy does retard subsequent DNA accumulation and increase in number of cell nuclei. These effects appear to be due to a localized action of the radiation on the liver cells. The lag in DNA accumulation is not accompanied by a marked accumulation of acid-soluble purine–deoxyribose derivatives.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO 6-MERCAPTOPURINE IN A SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA
Authors: Paterson A. R. P.
Published: October 2017

A subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma has been developed which grows under 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) therapy at approximately five times the rate of the parent line. Cells of the resistant subline were almost completely incapable of converting 6-MP to 6-MP nucleotide in contrast to those of the parent tumor line. A relationship between resistance to 6-MP and the capacity of the tumor cells to synthesize 6-MP nucleotide was indicated by a long-term study of these properties in branches of the resistant tumor subline which were maintained with and without exposure to 6-MP.
THIOPURINE NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS IN A 6-MP-RESISTANT SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA AND GROWTH INHIBITION BY CERTAIN ANTIMETABOLITES
Authors: Paterson A. R. P.
Published: October 2017

A 6-MP-resistant subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma has been characterized as cross-resistant to thioguanine and is more sensitive to azaserine than the parent tumor line. The resistant subline has retained the sensitivity to amethopterin shown by the parent tumor line. 6-MP riboside was no more effective than 6-MP in inhibiting the growth of the resistant cells.It was shown previously that cells of this resistant subline, in contrast to cells of the parent line, were unable to synthesize 6-MP nucleotide from a test dose of 6-MP injected into the ascitic fluid. In the present study it was shown that resistant cells were also unable to convert 6-MP riboside or thioguanine to their nucleotide derivatives, both of which were synthesized by the 6-MP-sensitive parent line of tumor cells. Similarities observed in the metabolism of 6-MP and 6-MP riboside and in their chemotherapeutic effects were probably due to the extensive hydrolysis of 6-MP riboside which took place in both ascites tumors.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN ANTIMETABOLITES ON THE GROWTH OF A 6-MERCAPTOPURINE-RESISTANT SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA
Authors: LePage G. A.
Published: October 2017

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STIMULATION OF THE FASCICULUS SUBCALLOSUS IN THE CAT WITH IMPLANTED ELECTRODES
Authors: Lamarche Guy , Giguère R. , Langlois J. M.
Published: October 2017

Stimulation of the fasciculus subcallosus in cats with implanted electrodes produced turning of the eyes and head to the opposite side with a tendency to circling. The relation between frontal lobe, fasciculus subcallosus, and caudate nucleus are briefly discussed.
THE METABOLISM OF INOSITOL IN SALMON: I. THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN ACID-SOLUBLE EXTRACTS OF COHO SALMON FOLLOWING INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRA-ARTERIAL INJECTIONS OF 2-C14-MYOINOSITOL
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Idler D. R.
Published: October 2017

Male coho salmon held in captivity for only a few days were injected intra-peritoneally and intra-arterially with 2-C14-myoinositol. Several hours later the cohoes were anesthetized and frozen in dry ice. After overnight storage, perchloric extracts were made of the major organs and tissues and the relative C14content of the extracts was determined. Most of the radioactivity of the extracts was not adsorbed by charcoal. Only the liver and to a lesser extent the flesh and kidney contained radioactivity in the nucleotide fraction. Of the material not adsorbed to charcoal, most of the radioactivity of the kidney, milt, and gut extracts were not held by Dowex-1-formate while that of the head and liver extracts was about equally divided between the water and formic acid eluants of the column. The two methods of injection resulted in no major differences in the relative amounts of C14labelling in the various tissue components.
THE USE OF POLYSTYRENE–ALLERGEN CONJUGATES FOR THE REMOVAL OF ANTIBODIES FROM SERA OF ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Gyenes L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: October 2017

Polystyrene–ragweed conjugates were shown to remove specifically antibodies from sera of individuals allergic to ragweed. This observation is considered evidence that firm combination occurs in vitro between allergic antibodies and the homologous allergens. Comparative analyses of allergic sera before and after exposure to immunosorbents indicated that complete removal of skin-sensitizing, blocking, and hemagglutinating antibodies did not result in a measurable decrease in protein concentration, thus demonstrating that these factors are present only in minute amounts.Attempts to eîute allergic antibodies from the homologous immunosorbents under various experimental conditions did not lead to their recovery in significant yields; these antibodies could be recovered in small amounts by dissociation with hydrochloric acid at pH 3.
THE PULSE RATE AS A MEANS OF MEASURING METABOLIC RATE IN MAN
Authors: Booyens J. , Hervey G. R.
Published: October 2017

The possibility of using the pulse rate as a means of measuring metabolic rate in man has been investigated. The relation between pulse rate and metabolic rate was initially established for six subjects by a standard technique over the range of activity from lying still to moderate exertion. The reliability of the relation was tested by repetition of the measurements, and, in the range of muscular exercise, by comparing values for metabolic rate computed from the pulse rate with measured values. While a subject is lying, sitting, and standing still the pulse rate is too variable to be useful for measuring metabolic rate. During muscular work, however, there is a consistent relation and, with certain qualifications, this can provide a practical method of measuring metabolic rate.
GROWTH OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Jackson Peter W. , Giuffre Nancy , Perlman D.
Published: October 2017

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THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY AND INDIVIDUAL STEROID HORMONES UPON THE METABOLISM OF ACETATE-1-C14BY RAT LIVER SLICES: II. INCORPORATION INTO CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Foster T. S.
Published: October 2017

A study has been made of the effect of adrenalectomy upon cholesterol synthesis by rat liver slices. An increased incorporation of acetate-1-C14was observed in adrenalectomized control animals, and in all groups of adrenalectomized rats treated with the steroid hormones under investigation. Deoxycorticosterone was the only hormone used which raised cholesterogenesis from acetate above the level of the adrenalectomized control group: this effect was not observed using mevalonate-2-C14as substrate. In groups of sham-operated animals, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, and Reichstein's substance S increased acetate incorporation above the level attained by the control group. In a comparison of the effects of certain steroid acetates, Reichstein's substance S acetate and deoxycorticosterone acetate stimulated cholesterogenesis above the levels of the corresponding controls in both sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals, though the effect of the latter hormone was not as pronounced as when the alcohol form was used.
LACTIC ACID METABOLISM OF THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND OF THE CAT
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: October 2017

The decrease in oxygen uptake earlier found in the submaxillary gland of the cat after previous section of the chorda tympani is not associated with an increased lactic acid output. The differences in oxygen uptake found with different secretory rates from the normal gland are, at least partly, compensated for by an increase in lactic acid formation. At high concentrations of lactic acid in the blood the gland can metabolize lactic acid.
ISOMERIZATION OF VITAMIN A BY TISSUE HOMOGENATES
Authors: Stainer D. W. , Murray T. K.
Published: October 2017

Homogenates of liver, intestinal mucosa, and kidney were shown to catalyze the conversion of 11-cis to all-trans vitamin A. The liver contained the most active system and converted approximately 42% of the 11-cis in a 3-hour incubation. Intestinal mucosa and kidney preparations promoted conversions of 20% and 9% respectively. Only liver homogenates had an appreciable effect on the 13-cis isomer and caused a 15% conversion to all-trans vitamin A. The activity of all preparations was destroyed by boiling and renewed by the addition of unboiled homogenate. The extent of isomerization was dependent on the concentration of both homogenate and vitamin A. These results are compared to those found in vivo.
EXCRETION OF 4-AMINO-5-IMIDAZOLECARBOXAMIDE AND CREATINE:CREATININE RATIOS IN HUMAN AND MOUSE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: McGeer E. G. , McGeer P. L. , Miller J. R. , Derry D. , Nichol C.
Published: October 2017

Excretion of creatine, creatinine, and 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide (AIC) was studied in genetically determined muscular dystrophy in the human and mouse. The AIC excretion was normal in both affected humans and mice as compared with groups of comparably aged controls. The creatine-to-creatinine ratio for human muscular dystrophics was more than four times as great as for their unaffected siblings. Both normal and dystrophic mice showed a "creatinuria" as compared to humans. The creatine-to-creatinine ratio for dystrophic mice was significantly higher than the controls, but the difference was apparent only in the first 2 months of life.
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN PLASMIN
Authors: Ronwin Edward
Published: October 2017

Several aspects of the properties and preparation of human plasmin are considered. It appears that glycerol activation of the proenzyme is a peculiar property dependent in part on the structure of the glycerol molecule since closely related compounds are without effect. Observations on the influence of ionic strength, on ion activation and inhibition of the enzyme, on substrate specificities, and on preparative procedures are recorded and comparisons with similar data on related bovine enzymes are made.
LIPIDS OF HALOBACTERIUM CUTIRUBRUM
Authors: Sehgal S. N. , Kates M. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: October 2017

Cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum contain about 2% of total lipids (including pigments) on a salt-free, dry weight basis. Almost all of the lipids (93%) are phosphatides, the remainder being carotenoid pigments. The phosphatide components are unusual in that they contain almost no fatty acid ester groups, but instead appear to have long-chain alkyl groups joined by ether linkages to glycerol. Most of the phosphatide fraction (73%) consists of a single component which is believed to be a long-chain ether analogue of diphosphatidyl glycerol. Small amounts of lecithin, lysolecithin, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl glycerol also appear to be present.
PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN ERYTHROCYTES OF NORMAL HUMANS AND OF PATIENTS WITH HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
Authors: Zipursky A. , Mayman D. , Israels L. G. , Chambers Rosalind , Rowland Marlene
Published: October 2017

Erythrocytes of normal adults and of patients with hereditary spherocytosis were studied after in vitro incubation with P32orthophosphate. After 2 minutes' incubation much radioactivity was present in adenosine triphosphate and inorganic phosphate in contrast to a smaller amount in 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Subsequent incubation with non-radioactive phosphate permitted observation of the fate of this radioactivity which was found to decrease in adenosine triphosphate and inorganic phosphate and rise in the 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid pool. These observations suggest that the phosphate of adenosine triphosphate and inorganic phosphate may bear a precursor relationship to the phosphate of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. No difference was observed between the erythrocytes of normal adults and of patients with hereditary spherocytosis.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON PRECIPITATING AND NON-PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES AFTER PRIMARY IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Richter M. , Blumer H. , Cua-Lim F. , Rose B.
Published: October 2017

Antisera were obtained from rabbits within 30 days (early antisera) and 90–120 days (late antisera) after the last of a series of intravenous injections of serum protein antigens (primary response). The antibodies present in early antisera were found capable of precipitating with the antigen and of agglutinating sensitized red blood cells, whereas those present in late antisera exhibited only the latter property. These two types of antibodies could not be differentiated on the basis of their electrophoretic, sedimentation, and salting out properties. Both behaved essentially as gamma globulins.
RESISTANCE TO 6-MERCAPTOPURINE: I. BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA AND A 6-MERCAPTOPURINE-RESISTANT SUBLINE
Authors: Paterson A. R. P. , Hori A.
Published: October 2017

A 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)-resistant subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma developed in this laboratory has been reported previously to lack the ability to synthesize thioinosinate, a characteristic believed to be related to mercaptopurine resistance. A comparison was made of various aspects of purine nucleotide metabolism in cells of the parent tumor line and the resistant subline in order to detect differences which, if they existed, might account for resistance to 6-MP.The synthesis of adenylate or of inosinate from adenine-8-C14was found to take place at similar rates in the two cell types under conditions in which adenylate renewal was independent of adenine-8-C14concentration. Both cell types synthesized adenylate and inosinate at comparable rates from hypoxanthine-8-C14and had equivalent adenylate deaminase activities. The size of the pool of inosinate in the tumor cells was measured by the isotope dilution method and that of the Ehrlich cells was found to be 1.6 times the pool size of the resistant cells. The conversion of guanine-8-C14to guanylate took place at similar rates in both tumors.In general, no differences in purine nucleotide metabolism were revealed which were obviously related to resistance or to the characteristic inability of the resistant subline to synthesize thioinosinate. This inability did not appear to be due to an inadequacy of the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate resources of the resistant cell, since the rates of purine nucleotide synthesis were similar in the two cell types. In Part II it is shown that extracts of the 6-MP-resistant cells catalyzed the synthesis of thioinosinate. It was concluded that the failure of intact resistant cells to synthesize thioinosinate was due to failure of 6-MP to enter the cell.
RESISTANCE TO 6-MERCAPTOPURINE: II THE SYNTHESIS OF THIOINOSINATE IN A 6-MERCAPTOPURINE-RESISTANT SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA
Authors: Paterson A. R. P.
Published: October 2017

An assay for the synthesis of thioinosinate by the nucleotide pyrophosphorylase reaction in tissue extracts has been developed and has been applied in a comparison of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and a 6-mercaptopurine-resistant subline. Previously, it was shown that intact Ehrlich cells accumulated substantial amounts of thioinosinate in the presence of 6-mercaptopurine, whereas cells of this resistant subline contained only minor amounts of the analogue nucleotide under the same circumstances. In the present study, it was found that extracts of the two cell types had a similar capacity for the pyrophosphorolytic synthesis of thioinosinate. These results have been interpreted to mean that the transport of 6-mercaptopurine across the cell membrane was defective in the resistant subline.
INTERACTION BETWEEN AROMATIC ESTERASE OF HUMAN SERUM AND BIVALENT METAL IONS
Authors: Marton A. V. , Kalow W.
Published: October 2017

Calcium, magnesium, and manganese ions were tested for influences on aromatic esterase activity of Harvard fraction IV-1 of human serum. The metals altered the Michaelis constant of the enzyme substrate complex as well as the maximum rate of hydrolysis. The metal ions and the active centers in the enzyme seemed to combine in a ratio of 1:1, and similarly one molecule of substrate was bound to one active center. Activating and inhibiting metals seemed to compete with each other for the same center of the esterase.
THE EFFECTS OF ADENINE AND GLUCOSE ON SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES BY EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Ellis D. B. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: October 2017

Incubation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells with glucose and adenine in a phosphate-containing medium leads to an increase in the total nucleotide content of the cells. The use of adenine-8-C14, glucose-U-C14, glucose-1-C14, and P32has shown that there is true synthesis of nucleotides, and the relative rates of incorporation suggest that a purine riboside triphosphate such as ATP is the predominant nucleotide synthesized.The relative rates of incorporation of radioactivity from glucose-1-C14and glucose-U-C14into the acid-soluble nucleotides cannot be explained in terms of the hexose monophosphate shunt or of the transketolase–transaldolase pathway for pentose phosphate formation.