bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonintrusive characterization of fluidized bed hydrodynamics using vibration signature analysis
Authors: Abbasi M. , Sotudeh‐Gharebagh R. , Mostoufi N. , Zarghami R. , Mahjoob M. J.
Published: August 2009

There are many techniques to characterize the hydrodynamics of fluidized beds, but new techniques are still needed for more reliable measurement. Bed vibrations were measured by an accelerometer in a gas–solid fluidized bed to characterize the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed in a nonintrusive manner. Measurements were carried out at different superficial gas velocities and particle sizes. Pressure fluctuations were measured simultaneously. Vibration signals were processed using statistical analysis. For the sake of the evaluation, the vibration technique was used to calculate minimum fluidization velocity. It was shown that minimum fluidization velocity can be determined from the variation of standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of vibration signals against superficial gas velocity of the bed. Kurtosis was proved to be a new method of analyzing vibration signals. Results indicate that analyzing the vibration signals can be an effective nonintrusive technique to characterize the hydrodynamics of fluidized beds. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Enhancing the properties of urea formaldehyde wood adhesive system using different generations of core‐shell modifiers based on hydroxyl‐terminated dendritic poly(amidoamine)s
Authors: Essawy Hisham A. , Moustafa Abd‐Allah B. , Elsayed Nadia H.
Published: August 2009

Different generations of hydroxy‐terminated dendritic poly(amidoamine) (GnOH) with ethylenediamine as a core were prepared by successive alternative addition of methylacrylate and the core up to the third generation while employing ethanolamine only in the last step of every full generation. The different generations prepared were used as modifiers for urea‐formaldehyde (UF) resins. The enhanced durability and stabilizing effect of the (GnOH)s along with the reduced levels of free formaldehyde and improved mechanical performance of wood joints glued with the modified resins are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Embryonic Development and Skeletogenesis of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in the Cichlid Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: le Pabic Pierre , Stellwag Edmund J. , Scemama Jean‐Luc
Published: August 2009

The evolution of a specialized pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) has been argued to be the key evolutionary innovation that allowed the explosive adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in East African lakes. Subsequent studies together with recent molecular phylogenies have shown that similar innovations evolved independently several times within the teleosts, which poses the questions: (1) how similar are the developmental mechanisms responsible for these changes in divergent taxa and (2) how did such complex features arise independently in evolution? A detailed knowledge of PJA development in cichlids and other teleosts is needed to address these questions. Here, we provide a detailed account of the development of the PJA in one species of cichlid, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), from the early segmentation and patterning of its embryonic precursors – pharyngeal arches 3 to 7 – to its ossification. We find that pharyngeal segmentation occurs sequentially from anterior to posterior during early segmentation stages through the mid‐pharyngula period. We show a clear combinatorial code of Hox gene expression such that each posterior arch is defined by a distinctive Hox signature. Posterior arch chondrogenesis in tilapia is essentially complete by the end of the hatching period, and most elements become ossified over the next two days. Our results reveal that both the fusion of lower jaw bones and articulation between the neurocranium and upper jaws occur during post‐embryonic development. Abstract end data should be: Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Autonomic, Sensory, and Somatic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Bulbospongiosus Muscle
Authors: Botti Maddalena , Ragionieri Luisa , Gazza Ferdinando , Acone Franca , Bo Minelli Luisa , Panu Rino
Published: August 2009

The location, number, and size of the neurons innervating the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM) were studied in male pigs, by means of Fast Blue (FB) retrograde transport. After injection of FB into the left BSM, labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the L2‐S4 sympathetic trunk ganglia (STGs), in the caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMGs), in the microganglia of the pelvic plexus (PGs), in a dorsolateral area with respect to the central canal of S1‐S3 segments of the spinal cord (SC) and in the S1‐S4 ipsilateral and S2‐S3 contralateral spinal ganglia (SGs). The mean number of labeled FB cells was 3,122 ± 1,968 in STGs, 979 ± 667 in CMGs, 108 ± 104 in PGs, 89 ± 39 in SC and 77 ± 23 in SGs. The area of the multipolar neurons was 852 ± 22 μm2in the STGs, 878 ± 23 μm2in the CMGs and 922 ± 31 μm2in the PGs. The multipolar SC neurons had an area of 1,057 ± 38 μm2, while pseudounipolar SG cells had dimensions of 2,281 ± 129 μm2. Our research enables us to highlight two peculiarities regarding the innervation of the boar BSM: the very high number of labeled autonomic neurons and the particular localization of the motor somatic nucleus. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caveolin‐1 is an Important Factor for the Metastasis and Proliferation of Human Small Cell Lung Cancer NCI‐H446 Cell
Authors: Yeh Dongmei , Chen Chen , Sun Ming‐Zhong , Shao Shujuan , Hao Lihong , Song Yang , Gong Linlin , Hu Jun , Wang Qi
Published: August 2009

Caveolin‐1 (CAV‐1) has been reported to play an important role in the development of a variety of human cancers. CAV‐1 expression is revealed to be reduced or absent in the malignant tumor cells of small cell lung cancers (SCLC). This study was performed to investigate the influences of the stable expression of CAV‐1 on the metastasis and proliferation of SCLC in vitro. The wild‐type CAV‐1 gene was successfully transfected into the NCI‐H446 cells and was stably expressed in the NCI‐H446 cells. The effects of CAV‐1 on the morphology, proliferation, and metastasis potential for NCI‐H446 cell were evaluated by crystal violet staining, MTT analysis, transwell assay, and scratch wound assay, respectively. Western blot and gelatin zymography were used to examine the expression changes of the metastasis‐related MMP‐3 and E‐cadherin. Stable expression of CVA‐1 was observed in the H446‐CAV‐1 cells, which enlarged the cell shape with filopodia. The proliferation of H446‐CAV‐1 was inhibited, while its migration and invasion abilities were promoted in vitro. The re‐expression of CAV‐1 reduced the expression of E‐cadherin, while it increased the protein expression and enzyme activity of MMP‐3. Taken together, the cellular proliferation of the NCI‐H446 could be inhibited by the re‐expression of CAV‐1. CAV‐1 might increase the cell metastasis potential through the interaction with E‐cadherin and MMP‐3 genes. These in vitro findings confirm the involvement of CAV‐1 in the proliferation and metastasis of SCLC. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new extant respirometric assay to estimate intrinsic growth parameters applied to study plasmid metabolic burden
Authors: Seoane Jose , Sin Gürkan , Lardon Laurent , Gernaey Krist V. , Smets Barth F.
Published: August 2009

Start‐up phenomena in microbial biokinetic assays are not captured by the most commonly used growth‐related equations. In this study we propose a new respirometric experimental design to estimate intrinsic growth parameters that allow us to avoid these limitations without data omission, separate mathematical treatment, or wake‐up pulses prior to the analysis. Identifiability and sensitivity analysis were performed to confirm the robustness of the new approach for obtaining unique and accurate estimates of growth kinetic parameters. The new experimental design was applied to establish the metabolic burden caused by the carriage of a pWW0 TOL plasmid in the model organism Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The metabolic burden associated was manifested as a reduction in the yield and the specific growth rate of the host, with both plasmid maintenance and the over‐expression of recombinant proteins from the plasmid contributing equally to the overall effect. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 141–149. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ growth of gold nanoparticles by enzymatic glucose oxidation within alginate gel matrix
Authors: Lim Seong Yoon , Lee Joon Seok , Park Chan Beum
Published: August 2009

In situ growth of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) was performed in an alginate gel matrix co‐encapsulating Au NP seeds and glucose oxidase (GOx) for the development of a glucose‐sensing platform. We observed a simultaneous growth of Au NPs in the alginate matrix through the reduction of AuCl by H2O2 on Au NP seeds. The detection of the glucose level was carried out successfully via the coupling of Au NP enlargement with the oxidation of glucose catalyzed by the immobilized GOx. The enlargement of Au NPs in the alginate matrix exhibited only a red‐shift in absorbance maxima, while the generation of small Au NPs in a free solution caused a blue‐shift in higher glucose concentrations. This study shows that the co‐encapsulation of metal NPs and bioreceptor in a gel matrix may provide a simple route for the fabrication of an optical biosensor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 210–214. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An unusual anatomical explanation for contralateral upper extremity weakness after frontal craniotomy
Authors: Hébert‐blouin Marie‐noëlle , Chowdhry Shakeel A. , Abrahams Peter H. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: August 2009

Contralateral upper extremity weakness following resection of a frontal tumor is not unusual to neurosurgeons. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes postoperative brachial plexopathy, which is usually secondary to malpositioning. We report the first known case of postoperative brachial plexopathy secondary to sialadenitis. A 53‐year‐old woman who had undergone an uncomplicated right frontal craniotomy for resection of a right frontal metastatic lesion developed left upper extremity weakness as well as extensive left neck edema immediately postoperatively. The edema, tracking along the fascial plane of the neck, caused compression of the upper (more superficial) elements of the brachial plexus and ensuing plexopathy. The cause of the neck edema was found to be sialadenitis of the submandibular gland. With medical treatment, the edema slowly resolved and the patient regained full function of her left upper extremity within weeks. This unusual case represents a new etiology of postoperative brachial plexopathy, illustrates the clinical relevance of the anatomy of the neck fasciae, and broadens the differential diagnosis of contralateral weakness following craniotomy for resection of a brain tumor. Clin. Anat. 22:840–845, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Six‐Membered Oxa‐Nickelacycles: A Ring‐Opening Reaction of Cyclopropyl Ketones
Authors: Tamaki Takashi , Nagata Midue , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: August 2009

Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde (1 a), cyclopropyl methyl ketone (1 b), and cyclopropyl phenyl ketone (1 c) were reacted with [Ni(cod)2] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) and PBu3 at 100 °C to give η2‐enonenickel complexes (2 a–c). In the presence of PCy3 (Cy=cyclohexyl), 1 a and 1 b reacted with [Ni(cod)2] to give the corresponding μ‐η2:η1‐enonenickel complexes (3 a, 3 b). However, the reaction of 1 c under the same reaction conditions gave a mixture of 3 c and cyclopentane derivatives (4 c, 4 c′), that is, a [3+2] cycloaddition product of 1 c with (E)‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐one, an isomer of 1 c. In the presence of a catalytic amount of [Ni(cod)2] and PCy3, [3+2] homo‐cycloaddition proceeded to give a mixture of 4 c (76 %) and 4 c′ (17 %). At room temperature, a possible intermediate, 6 c, was observed and isolated by reprecipitation at −20 °C. In the presence of 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IPr), both 1 a and 1 c rapidly underwent oxidative addition to nickel(0) to give the corresponding six‐membered oxa‐nickelacycles (6 ai, 6 ci). On the other hand, 1 b reacted with nickel(0) to give the corresponding μ‐η2:η1‐enonenickel complex (3 bi). The molecular structures of 6 ai and 6 ci were confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The molecular structure of 6 ai shows a dimeric η1‐nickelenolate structure. However, the molecular structure of 6 ci shows a monomeric η1‐nickelenolate structure, and the nickel(II) 14‐electron center is regarded as having “an unusual T‐shaped planar” coordination geometry. The insertion of enones into monomeric η1‐nickelenolate complexes 6 c and 6 ci occurred at room temperature to generate η3‐oxa‐allylnickel complexes (8, 9), whereas insertion into dimeric η1‐nickelenolate complex 6 ai did not take place. The diastereoselectivity of the insertion of an enone into 6 c having PCy3 as a ligand differs from that into 6 ci having IPr as a ligand. In addition, the stereochemistry of η3‐oxa‐allylnickel complexes having IPr as a ligand is retained during reductive elimination to yield the corresponding [3+2] cycloaddition product, which is consistent with the diastereoselectivity observed in Ni0/IPr‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of cyclopropyl ketones with enones. In contrast, reductive elimination from the η3‐oxa‐allylnickel having PCy3 as a ligand proceeds with inversion of stereochemistry. This is probably due to rapid isomerization between syn and anti isomers prior to reductive elimination.
Tetraaryl Tetradecahydroporphyrazins: Novel Porphyrin Derivatives Featuring a Cyclic Benzene‐Ring Tetramer
Authors: Janich Simon , Fröhlich Roland , Wakamiya Atsushi , Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: August 2009

Treatment of tetramethylsuccinonitrile 1 with aryl lithium compounds and subsequent quenching with chlorotrimethylsilane yields 5‐aryl‐3,3,4,4‐tetramethyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)‐3,4‐dihydropyrrol‐2‐imines 2 a–c in 49–71 % yield. Attempts to crystallise 2 a–c in the presence of wet air yielded the tetraaryl tetradecahydroporphyrazins 3 a–c in yields of 4–84 % as single diastereomers. X‐ray diffraction studies of 3 b and c showed that only the isomer with four aryl substituents pointing in the same direction was formed. The resulting four‐bladed pinwheel‐like structures were characterised by four intramolecular aromatic interactions, in which each phenyl ring points with its edge towards the centre of a neighbouring phenyl moiety, resembling the arrangement of benzene molecules in T‐shaped dimers. Temperature‐dependent NMR spectra give insight into the dynamic properties of the aryl substituents. Quantum chemical calculations that included dispersion corrections indicated the importance of aryl–aryl interactions for the diastereoselectivity of the reaction and for the structural properties of the single isomers observed.
The Stereospecific Ligand Exchange at a Pseudo‐Benzylic T‐4 Iridium Centre in Planar‐Chiral Cycloiridium (η6‐Arene)tricarbonylchromium Complexes
Authors: Djukic Jean‐Pierre , Boulho Cédric , Sredojevic Dusan , Scheeren Carla , Zaric Snezana , Ricard Louis , Pfeffer Michel
Published: August 2009

The stereospecificity of ligand exchange at the IrIII centre of a cycloiridium arenetricarbonylchromium complex has been established experimentally by various analytical methods as well as by X‐ray diffraction structural analysis and computational investigations. Two new cases of phenyl and methyl iridium(III) complexes have been prepared by reaction of (${S{{{\ast}\hfill \atop {\rm p}\hfill}}}$,${R{{{\ast}\hfill \atop {\rm Ir}\hfill}}}$)‐chlorido{2‐[(tricarbonyl)(η6‐phenylene‐κC1′)chromium(0)]pyridine‐κN}(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iridium(III) with PhMgBr and MeMgBr. The determining influence of electrostatic repulsion has been established by means of density functional theory at the Becke–Perdew/TZP(ZORA) level by using, among other means, energy partitioning analysis. It is also shown that the Cr(CO)3 fragment is likely to ease the ionic cleavage of the IrCl bond in chlorido cycloiridium tricarbonylchromium complexes in a way similar to that already established for the solvolysis of benzyl halide complexes, that is, through a direct interaction of the Cr0 centre with the cationic IrIII centre.
Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition with Chiral SimplePhos Ligands
Authors: Palais Laëtitia , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: August 2009

SimplePhos ligands represent a novel class of monodentate chiral ligands based on a chiral amine moiety and flexible diaryl groups on the phosphorous atom. They can be easily prepared by two different pathways and they can be highly functionalised. Herein we report the copper‐catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition of diethyl zinc and trialkylaluminium reagents with SimplePhos ligands, which gives high enantioselectivity with cyclic enones, acyclic enones and nitro‐olefins, with up to 98.6 % ee. Of particular interest is the reaction of trialkylaluminium reagents with a wide range of 3‐substituted enones, thus allowing the formation of stereogenic quaternary carbon centres.
Myosin‐X is required for cranial neural crest cell migration in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Hwang Yoo‐Seok , Luo Ting , Xu Yanhua , Sargent Thomas D.
Published: August 2009

Myosin‐X (MyoX) belongs to a large family of unconventional, nonmuscle, actin‐dependent motor proteins. We show that MyoX is predominantly expressed in cranial neural crest (CNC) cells in embryos of Xenopus laevis and is required for head and jaw cartilage development. Knockdown of MyoX expression using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in retarded migration of CNC cells into the pharyngeal arches, leading to subsequent hypoplasia of cartilage and inhibited outgrowth of the CNC‐derived trigeminal nerve. In vitro migration assays on fibronectin using explanted CNC cells showed significant inhibition of filopodia formation, cell attachment, spreading and migration, accompanied by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. These data support the conclusion that MyoX has an essential function in CNC migration in the vertebrate embryo. Developmental Dynamics 238:2522–2529, 2009. © Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.†
The relationships between body mass index and television viewing, internet use and cellular phone use: The moderating effects of socio‐demographic characteristics and exercise
Authors: Yen Cheng‐Fang , Hsiao Ray C. , Ko Chih‐Hung , Yen Ju‐Yu , Huang Chi‐Fen , Liu Shu‐Chun , Wang Shing‐Yaw
Published: August 2009

Objective

This study aimed to examine the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and television viewing, Internet use and cellular phone use and the moderators for these relationships in adolescents.

Method

The relationship between BMI and the time spent on three kinds of sedentary activities and the moderators for these relationships were analyzed among 9,278 Taiwanese adolescents. The different relationships between BMI and various Internet and cellular phone‐related activities were analyzed.

Results

High television viewing and high Internet use were associated with increased BMI in adolescents. Exercising had a moderating effect on the relationship between BMI and television viewing. Several Internet and cellular phone‐related activities were associated with increased BMI.

Discussion

The results support the relationships between adolescent BMI and television viewing and Internet use. The moderating effect of exercise and various Internet and cellular phone‐related activities should be considered when developing intervention strategies for overweight adolescents. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:565–571
Factors associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in women in midlife
Authors: McLean Siân A. , Paxton Susan J. , Wertheim Eleanor H.
Published: August 2009

Objective

In this study, we examined developmentally appropriate factors that may be associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in women in midlife.

Method

Participants were a community sample of 200 women aged 35–65. Outcome measures were the weight concern, shape concern, eating concern, and restraint subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire (EDE‐Q). Independent variables were importance of appearance, importance of function, cognitive reappraisal (of aging changes to appearance), and body‐related self‐care.

Results

Importance of appearance, self‐care, and body mass index (BMI) accounted for variance in regression modeling for all EDE‐Q variables. In addition, cognitive reappraisal was related to shape concern and restraint, and importance of function and age were also associated with restraint. Participants identified as probable eating disorder cases had significantly higher BMI, importance of appearance and function, and significantly lower cognitive reappraisal and self‐care scores than participants identified as noncases.

Discussion

This study provides support for the role of developmentally relevant factors in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in midlife women. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:527–536
Twenty‐year follow‐up of bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders not otherwise specified
Authors: Keel Pamela K. , Gravener Julie A. , Joiner Thomas E. , Haedt Alissa A.
Published: August 2009

Objective

This study reports 20‐year outcome of bulimia nervosa (BN) and related eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and point prevalence of BN and EDNOS for a cohort of women and men in late adolescence (mean age = 20 ± 2 years), adulthood (30 ± 2 years), and mid‐life (40 ± 2 years).

Method

N = 654 women and men, 73% of those assessed in 1982, completed 20‐year follow‐up in a two‐stage design including questionnaires and structured clinical interviews.

Results

Approximately 75% of women with BN were in remission at 20‐year follow‐up, and outcome did not differ significantly between BN and EDNOS. Eating disorder point prevalence declined in women but not men from late adolescence to mid‐life.

Discussion

Despite patterns of improvement in women, 4.5% reported a clinically significant eating disorder at mid‐life, suggesting the need for more research on potential risk factors in this age group, such as pressures for women to maintain a youthful appearance. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:492–497
Interpersonal problems in eating disorders
Authors: Hartmann Armin , Zeeck Almut , Barrett Marna S.
Published: August 2009

Objective:

Eating disorders are often chronic in nature and lead to a number of problems among which interpersonal issues are suggested to be central. Although research has shown that individuals with disturbed patterns of eating consistently report problems in social interactions, this study is unique in assessing a range of interpersonal problems among patients with all types of eating disorders before and after intensive hospital‐based treatment.

Method:

A total of 208 patients receiving a primary diagnosis of restrictive anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or anorexia nervosa of the binge/purging‐subtype were included in the study. Eating pathology, symptom severity, and interpersonal patterns were examined before and after treatment.

Results:

Patients with eating disorders exhibited a generally nonassertive, submissive interpersonal style, with anorexic patients of the binge/purging‐subtype reporting more difficulties with social inhibition and nonaffiliation. These patterns were found to change over the course of treatment with interpersonal problems at intake predictive of greater binge severity at discharge. Furthermore, issues of dominance and social avoidance predicted outcome for specific subgroups of patients.

Discussion:

Results underscore the importance of interpersonal problems in eating disorders and suggest that interpersonal patterns remain a focus of treatment and future research. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010;)
Advances in the Universal NMR Database: Toward the Determination of the Relative Configurations of Large Polypropionates
Authors: Fleury Etienne , Lannou Marie‐Isabelle , Bistri Olivia , Sautel François , Massiot Georges , Pancrazi Ange , Ardisson Janick
Published: August 2009

The relative stereochemical determination of naturally occurring large polyketides has proved to be critical, especially when the polyketides are available only in small quantities. Difficulties are often circumvented by the tedious synthesis either of adapted compound libraries (databases) or of all the presumed structures, because both methods allow efficient NMR comparison. To predict the stereochemistries of these frameworks, we have developed a straightforward method requiring neither the derivatisation of the natural product nor the synthesis of a new database of model stereoisomers. With the aid of 13C NMR spectroscopy, the relative configurations of the considered polypropionate segments are determined through a statistical UDB analysis of each included tetrad subunit followed by superposition of all predicted relative configurations of these tetrads. Examination of the different tetrads by statistical analysis consists of alternatively ruling out the Δδ values at positions where γ and δ effects could interfere. In most cases this statistical 13C NMR UDB approach leads to the stereochemical assignment of large polypropionate structures in a reliable way. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Forecasting using targeted diffusion indexes
Authors: Dias Francisco , Pinheiro Maximiano , Rua António
Published: August 2009

The simplicity of the standard diffusion index model of Stock and Watson has certainly contributed to its success among practitioners, resulting in a growing body of literature on factor‐augmented forecasts. However, as pointed out by Bai and Ng, the ranked factors considered in the forecasting equation depend neither on the variable to be forecast nor on the forecasting horizon. We propose a refinement of the standard approach that retains the computational simplicity while coping with this limitation. Our approach consists of generating a weighted average of all the principal components, the weights depending both on the eigenvalues of the sample correlation matrix and on the covariance between the estimated factor and the targeted variable at the relevant horizon. This ‘targeted diffusion index’ approach is applied to US data and the results show that it outperforms considerably the standard approach in forecasting several major macroeconomic series. Moreover, the improvement is more significant in the final part of the forecasting evaluation period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive function and error detection: The effect of motivation on cingulate and ventral striatum activity
Authors: Simões‐Franklin Cristina , Hester Robert , Shpaner Marina , Foxe John J. , Garavan Hugh
Published: August 2009

Reacting appropriately to errors during task performance is fundamental to successful negotiation of our environment. This is especially true when errors will result in a significant penalty for the person performing a given task, be they financial or otherwise. Error responses and monitoring states were manipulated in a GO/NOGO task by introducing a financial punishment for errors. This study employed a mixed block design alternating between punishment and no punishment (neutral) conditions, enabling an assessment of tonic changes associated with cognitive control as well as trial‐specific effects. Behavioural results revealed slower responses and fewer commission errors in the punishment condition. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) had equal trial‐specific activity for errors in the neutral and punishment conditions but had greater tonic activity throughout the punishment condition. A region of interest analysis revealed different activation patterns between the dorsal and the rostral parts of the ACC with the rostral ACC having only trial‐specific activity for errors in the punishment condition, an activity profile similar to one observed in the nucleus accumbens. This study suggests that there is a motivational influence on cognitive processes in the ACC and nucleus accumbens and hints at a dissociation between tonic proactive activity and phasic reactive error‐related activity. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spreading of mesothelioma cells is rapamycin‐sensitive and requires continuing translation
Authors: Ranzato Elia , Grosso Stefano , Patrone Mauro , Betta Pier Giacomo , Viarengo Aldo , Biffo Stefano
Published: August 2009

The interaction of cancer cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in metastasization. Here we identified the molecules of the ECM expressed by sarcomatous malignant mesothelioma, and their effect on adhesion and spreading. In addition, by analyzing the relationship between translation and attachment to matrix, we found that mesothelioma cells rely on continuing translation to efficiently attach to matrix, and rapamycin inhibition affects spreading and migration of cancer cells. Specifically, we found that sarcomatous cells produce high amounts of fibronectin, able to support the spreading of mesothelioma cells. Spreading of cancer cells on fibronectin does not require de novo transcription but is sensitive to cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Next, we analyzed the involvement of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, a major pathway controlling translation. Cancer cells have a constitutively active mTOR pathway; surprisingly, inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) by rapamycin barely affects the global rate of translation and of initiation of translation, but deeply inhibits mesothelioma spreading on ECM. The effects of rapamycin and cycloheximide on spreading were observed in several mesothelioma cell lines, although with different magnitude. Overall, data suggest that adhesion and spreading of mesothelioma cells on ECM require the translation of pre‐synthesized mRNAs, and mTORC1 activity. We speculate that mTORC1 activity is required either for the translation of specific mRNAs or for the direct modulation of cytoskeletal remodeling. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 867–876, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upregulation of MUC5AC gene expression by IL‐4 through CREB in Human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Kim Cheol Hong , Kim Kyu‐Earn , Yoon Joo‐Heon , Song Kyoung Seob
Published: August 2009

Mucus hypersecretion is an important characteristic feature of the pathogenesis of allergy. Although interleukin (IL)‐4 is known to be an inflammatory mediator in respiratory diseases, the mechanism by which IL‐4 induces MUC5AC gene expression has not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which IL‐4 induces MUC5AC gene expression in the airway. We examined the role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling on MUC5AC gene expression in airway epithelium. We showed that phosphorylation of ERK1/2 increased after treatment of cells with IL‐4, whereas phosphorylation of p38 and JNK was not detected. In addition, pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ERK1/2 abolished IL‐4‐induced MUC5AC gene expression. Moreover, we investigated the activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) as a downstream signaling target of ERK1/2 in IL‐4 signaling. The activation of RSK1 was prevented by pretreatment with PD98059 or plasmid expressing a MEK1 dominant‐negative mutant. We also found that RSK1 mediated the IL‐4‐induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) and the transcription of MUC5AC. Furthermore, the cAMP‐response element (CRE) in the MUC5AC promoter appears to be important for IL‐4‐induced MUC5AC gene expression in NCI‐H292 cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 974–981, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High affinity binding between Hsp70 and the C‐terminal domain of the measles virus nucleoprotein requires an Hsp40 co‐chaperone
Authors: Couturier Marie , Buccellato Matt , Costanzo Stéphanie , Bourhis Jean‐Marie , Shu Yaoling , Nicaise Magali , Desmadril Michel , Flaudrops Christophe , Longhi Sonia , Oglesbee Michael
Published: August 2009

The major inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) binds the measles virus (MeV) nucleocapsid with high affinity in an ATP‐dependent manner, stimulating viral transcription and genome replication, and profoundly influencing virulence in mouse models of brain infection. Binding is mediated by two hydrophobic motifs (Box‐2 and Box‐3) located within the C‐terminal domain (NTAIL) of the nucleocapsid protein, with NTAIL being an intrinsically disordered domain. The current work showed that high affinity hsp70 binding to NTAIL requires an hsp40 co‐chaperone that interacts primarily with the hsp70 nucleotide binding domain (NBD) and displays no significant affinity for NTAIL. Hsp40 directly enhanced hsp70 ATPase activity in an NTAIL‐dependent manner, and formation of hsp40–hsp70–NTAIL intracellular complexes required the presence of NTAIL Box‐2 and 3. Results are consistent with the functional interplay between hsp70 nucleotide and substrate binding domains (SBD), where ATP hydrolysis is rate limiting to high affinity binding to client proteins and is enhanced by hsp40. As such, hsp40 is an essential variable in understanding the outcome of MeV–hsp70 interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging of single GaN nanowires by tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Marquestaut N. , Talaga D. , Servant L. , Yang P. , Pauzauskie P. , Lagugné‐Labarthet F.
Published: August 2009

Raman imaging of a single [110] GaN nanowire using a combination of an atomic force microscope (AFM) and an inverted confocal microscope was investigated. The Raman spectra and associated maps of this single object, the diameter of which was of 200 nm, were collected in both confocal mode and with the interaction of an AFM tip to benefit from local tip enhancement effect. Beyond the pure tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) effect, the setup was developed to integrate a commercial AFM and spectrometer to permit simultaneous topography and vibrational imaging with spatial and spectral resolutions determined by the respective instruments. Data exchange and communication of the Raman spectrometer and the AFM were optimized to display both height and Raman intensity for a set of Z positions at the AFM tip for each (x,y) position on the sample. The experiments were conducted with both a straight tip coated with gold at an excitation of λ = 647 nm and with a tilted tip coated with silver at an excitation wavelength of λ = 514 nm. The TERS signal was observed for a given phonon mode of the [110] nanowire, providing an optical resolution that corresponds to the size of the object. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecularly imprinted polymers for solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Turiel Esther , Martín‐Esteban Antonio
Published: August 2009

Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) is widely used in analytical laboratories for the analysis of organic compounds, thanks to its simplicity and versatility. However, the current commercially available fibers are based on nonselective sorbents. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are stable polymers with selective molecular recognition abilities, provided by the template used during their synthesis. In the present review, the different strategies followed during the last years for the obtainment of MIP fibers to be used in SPME are described. The advantages and drawbacks of each methodology as well as the future expected trends are discussed.
Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories in children living in families reported for family violence
Authors: Nugent Nicole R. , Saunders Benjamin E. , Williams Linda M. , Hanson Rochelle , Smith Daniel W. , Fitzgerald Monica M.
Published: August 2009

The present study examined latent class trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associations between demographics, prior trauma, and reason for referral on class membership. Children ages 7–18 (n=201) were recruited for participation in the Navy Family Study following reports to the U.S. Navy's Family Advocacy Program (FAP). Initial interviews were conducted 2–6 weeks following FAP referral, with follow‐ups conducted at 9–12, 18–24, and 36–40 months. Growth mixture modeling revealed two latent class trajectories: a resilient class and a persistent symptom class. Relative to youth in the resilient class, participants in the persistent symptom class were more likely to be older and to report exposure to a greater number of trauma experiences at Time 1.
Electromyographic facial nerve monitoring during parotidectomy for benign lesions does not improve the outcome of postoperative facial nerve function: A prospective two‐center trial
Authors: Grosheva Maria , Klussmann Jens Peter , Grimminger Carolin , Wittekindt Claus , Beutner Dirk , Pantel Mira , Volk Gerd Fabian , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando
Published: August 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To analyze the benefit of electromyographic (EMG) neuromonitoring during primary surgery on benign parotid lesions for postoperative facial function compared to visual observation only.

Study Design:

Prospective controlled clinical two‐center trial.

Methods:

Using an operation microscope, 100 parotidectomies in 96 patients were performed: 50 procedures with a continuous EMG monitoring plus visual facial observation (EMG group), and 50 procedures with only visual facial control (control group). The rate of postoperative facial weakness was detected. Patients with postoperative facial paralysis were followed up until total recovery or defective healing by repeated EMG examinations.

Results:

Seventy‐nine superficial and 21 total parotidectomies were performed. Histological analysis found pleomorphic adenoma in 38 patients, cystadenolymphoma in 39, and chronic parotitis in 18. Immediate postoperative facial paralysis was evident in 41 patients. Six patients had permanent paralysis; in this group definitive defective healing was detected by EMG in five cases. EMG was not classifiable in one case. Intraoperative EMG monitoring had no significant effect on immediate postoperative or definitive facial outcome (P =.23 and P = .45, respectively). The duration of superficial, but not of a total parotidectomy, was diminished in the EMG group (P = .02 and P = .61, respectively). This result was independent of the specimen's histology.

Conclusions:

EMG monitoring in parotid surgery in addition to visual facial observation did not diminish either the incidence of postoperative facial paralysis or the final facial outcome. Nevertheless, the duration of surgery for superficial parotidectomy could be reduced by using EMG monitoring. Laryngoscope, 2009
Diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site
Authors: Cianchetti Marco , Mancuso Anthony A. , Amdur Robert J. , Werning John W. , Kirwan Jessica , Morris Christopher G. , Mendenhall William M.
Published: August 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To discuss our experience with the diagnostic evaluation in patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCCAs) of the head and neck metastatic to the cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary site.

Methods:

Between June 1983 and December 2008, 236 patients were evaluated with lymph node biopsy, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck, and panendoscopy with directed biopsies. Additional studies included fluorodeoxyglucose–single photon emission computed tomography (FDG‐SPECT) in 26 patients and FDG‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) or FDG‐PET/CT in 21 patients. Seventy‐nine patients underwent an ipsilateral (72) or bilateral (seven) tonsillectomy.

Results:

An occult primary site was detected in 126 patients (53.4%); six patients had two synchronous primary cancers. The most common primary sites were in the tonsillar fossa (59 patients; 44.7%) and the base of tongue (58 patients; 43.9%). The primary site was found in 21 (29.2%) of the 72 patients with no suspicious findings on physical exam and/or radiographic evaluation compared with 105 (64.0%) of 164 remaining patients. Tonsillectomy revealed the primary cancer in 35 (44.3%) of 79 patients. FDG‐SPECT and FDG‐PET or FDG‐PET/CT was the sole method of primary site detection in only one patient (2.1%) of 47 patients.

Conclusions:

Diagnostic evaluation should include a thorough physical examination, CT and/or MRI of the head and neck, and panendoscopy with directed biopsies. Unilateral or bilateral tonsillectomy should be performed on patients with adequate lymphoid tonsillar tissue. FDG‐PET or FDG‐PET/CT should be considered for those with indeterminate findings on physical examination and/or head and neck CT and/or MRI if those sites are located outside of the oropharynx. Laryngoscope, 2009
First experience with a new titanium clip stapes prosthesis and a comparison with the earlier model used in stapes surgery
Authors: Hornung Joachim A. , Brase Christoph , Bozzato Alessandro , Zenk Johannes , Iro Heinrich
Published: August 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The aim of the study was to gain the first clinical experience with a new titanium clip prosthesis in stapes surgery, and to compare this model with its predecessor. We placed particular emphasis on the practicability of fixing the prosthesis to the long process of the incus and on the postoperative improvement in hearing.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Methods:

The study included 23 patients who had a CliP® Piston àWengen fitted and 21 patients with a Soft CliP® Piston (both from Kurz Medizintechnik, Dusslingen, Germany). Air and bone conduction were tested preoperatively and 5 to 6 weeks after surgery in all patients, as well as after about 1 year in a subgroup.

Results:

We found a mean air‐bone gap of 8.5 ± 5.2 dB in the frequencies 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 kHz for the patients with a CliP® Piston àWengen at follow‐up audiometry after an average of 31 days, and of 6.4 ± 3.7 dB for 11 patients after 412 days. The corresponding figures for patients with Soft CliP® Pistons were 8.9 ± 4.1 dB after 44 days, and 6.3 ± 5.6 dB for 10 patients after 419 days. There were no statistically significant differences. All the prostheses were implanted without difficulty.

Conclusions:

The two stapes prostheses studied gave good early audiometric results that showed no difference. After a short learning period, both could be pushed onto the long process of the incus with similar ease, although subjectively the new design of the Soft CliP® seemed to adapt better to the different diameters of the process and took up less space in the middle ear. Laryngoscope, 2009
Toll-like receptor 4 is a key mediator of murine steatotic liver warm ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Ellett Justin D. , Evans Zachary P. , Atkinson Carl , Schmidt Michael G. , Schnellmann Rick G. , Chavin Kenneth D.
Published: August 2009

Steatotic donors are routinely rejected for transplantation because of their increased rate of primary nonfunction. These grafts are more sensitive to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) during transplantation. Removal of endotoxin before reperfusion improves liver performance post-I/R. We hypothesize that the main modality of injury in steatotic livers is toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. We fed 4-week-old control and TLR4-deficient (TLR4KO) mice a normal diet (ND) or a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to induce steatosis. Mice were subjected to total hepatic ischemia (35 minutes) and reperfusion (1 or 24 hours). Survival improved and liver pathology decreased at 24 hours in TLR4KO HFD animals compared to control HFD animals. An investigation of infiltrates showed that neutrophils and CD4+ cells were increased at 24 hours in control HFD animals, whereas TLR4KO HFD animals were similar to ND controls. Messenger RNA levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12, and interferon gamma were elevated at 1 hour in control HFD animals, whereas TLR4KO HFD animals were similar to ND controls. IL-10 levels at 1 hour of reperfusion in control HFD and TLR4KO animals were decreased versus control ND animals. In conclusion, these improvements in liver function in TLR4KO HFD animals implicate TLR4 as a mediator of steatotic graft failure after I/R.
The natural history of hepatitis C cirrhosis after liver transplantation
Authors: Firpi Roberto J. , Clark Virginia , Soldevila-Pico Consuelo , Morelli Giuseppe , Cabrera Roniel , Levy Cynthia , Machicao Victor I. , Chaoru Chen , Nelson David R.
Published: August 2009

Hepatitis C after liver transplantation leads to graft cirrhosis in up to 30% of patients within 5 years, but limited data exist regarding the clinical course of cirrhosis after transplantation. The aims of this study were to report the natural history of hepatitis C cirrhosis after liver transplantation and to identify risk factors for decompensation and survival. Hepatitis C patients underwent protocol liver biopsies yearly after liver transplantation. After cirrhosis was identified by biopsy, the outcomes of interest were the development of decompensation, death, or retransplantation for hepatitis C. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis was used to determine survival and risk factors for decompensation and mortality. Out of 502 liver transplants performed for hepatitis C, 88 patients (18%) had cirrhosis within 3.7 years. Seventy-one patients were compensated at diagnosis. The cumulative probability of decompensation 1 year after cirrhosis was 30%. A Model for End-Stage Liver disease score ≥ 16 was predictive of decompensation and poor survival, whereas successful interferon treatment was found to reduce this risk (relative risk = 0.05). Once decompensation occurred, 1-year survival was 46%. In conclusion, the results confirm an accelerated natural history of hepatitis C cirrhosis after liver transplantation and demonstrate poor survival after decompensation. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease can stratify risk for decompensation and survival, whereas successful antiviral therapy may be protective.
The clinical relevance of the anhepatic phase during liver transplantation
Authors: IJtsma Alexander J. C. , van der Hilst Christian S. , de Boer Marieke T. , de Jong Koert P. , Peeters Paul M. J. G. , Porte Robert J. , Slooff Maarten J. H.
Published: August 2009

This study assesses the relation between the anhepatic phase duration and the outcome after liver transplantation. Of 645 patients who underwent transplantation between 1994 and 2006, 194 were recipients of consecutive adult primary piggyback liver transplants using heart-beating donors. The anhepatic phase was defined as the time from the physical removal of the liver from the recipient to recirculation of the graft. Other noted study variables were the cold and warm ischemia times, donor and recipient age, donor and recipient body mass index, perioperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, indication for transplantation, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. The primary outcome parameter was graft dysfunction, which was defined as either primary nonfunction or initial poor function according to the Ploeg-Maring criteria. The median anhepatic phase was 71 minutes (37–321 minutes). Graft dysfunction occurred in 27 patients (14%). Logistic regression analysis showed an anhepatic phase over 100 minutes [odds ratio (OR), 4.28], a recipient body mass index over 25 kg/m2 (OR, 3.21), and perioperative RBC transfusion (OR, 3.04) to be independently significant predictive factors for graft dysfunction. One-year patient survival in patients with graft dysfunction was 67% versus 92% in patients without graft dysfunction (P < 0.001). A direct relation between the anhepatic phase duration and patient survival could, however, not be established. In conclusion, this study shows that liver transplant patients with an anhepatic phase over 100 minutes have a higher incidence of graft dysfunction. Patients with graft dysfunction have significantly worse 1-year patient survival.