bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appraisability and Induced Pro-Attitudes
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

In Psychogen, Jenny (in the absence of her consent or knowledge) is molded, via transformation psychosurgery, into a psychological twin of Jim the adept financial investor. When, just after awakening from her surgery, Jenny makes a brilliant investment decision and acts on it, we don’t think she is morally praiseworthy for her action. In a sense, we can say that her action is not “truly her own” as it issues from an evaluative scheme that is not “truly her own”; her engineered-in scheme is unauthentic.
Knowledge and Appraisability
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

Suppose, in an area not frequented by turtles, unbeknownst to Sid, a little turtle has curled up under one of the tires of her truck. As she backs out from the driveway, she crushes the poor little creature to pulp. It appears that in this case, Sid is not morally blameworthy for running over the turtle (or for its death). Reconsider Sweet Deception introduced in chapter . Sam is unaware that Ralph has replaced the sugar in the bowl with a sugar look-alike that is deadly. Indeed, Sam has no reason whatsoever to suspect Ralph of this wicked deed.
Blameworthiness, Character, and Cultural Norms
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

When exploring the epistemic dimension of moral appraisability, I argued against any conceptualization of this dimension which entails that a person is morally blameworthy for performing an action only if that action is in fact wrong. I have suggested that blameworthiness is closely affiliated with an agent’s own perceptions about what is right or wrong. As I see it, an agent is blameworthy for performing an action only if she believes (at least dispositionally) that her action is wrong (or morally amiss), and her belief that the action is wrong (or amiss) plays an appropriate role in the etiology of that action.
Family Obligations and the Implications of Membership
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

In liberal theory, special positive duties are said to be based on natural or contractual relations, and natural relations have always been taken to refer to the socalled biological connections of the traditional family. Of course, liberals didn’t invent family obligation, nor have they accounted for it particularly well. Nevertheless, liberal social organization relies on the family. There is nothing unique about that. One of the main sources of affirmative obligation recognized the world over is family membership. It is probably the oldest and possibly the least-questioned form of obligation that human beings have (or think they have). It is much older than the idea of contractual obligation, and it is not particularly individualistic or apparently consensual. It is, well —just natural. Liberals have hardly disputed this, although one might think it contradictory to basic liberal principles of freedom and autonomy. Indeed, that is precisely the problem. The family, with its natural duties relatively intact, is without question the basic building block of liberal society.
Family Membership and Reciprocity
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

Liberal theory is fiercely individualistic; yet liberal societies seem to acknowledge, and even rely on, obligations to the family. We need an explanation for this. How does family obligation fit within the individualistic framework of traditional liberal theory? In chapter 4 I developed the theoretical notion of communal membership to provide the beginning of a liberal explanation of family obligation based on a review of three important and basic family relations and widely accepted obligations that appear to be based on or associated with them. These, of course, do not exhaust family relations or obligations, but they do provide a reasonable representation of them as broadly acknowledged and central to liberal social practice.
Articulating the Scope of Political Obligation
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

The power of cooperation and the destruction of division have been part of the universal common wisdom for thousands of years. Yet our cooperation in the common interest is limited. That is primarily, I will suggest, because we refuse collectively to take responsibility for common problems; and this in turn is because we have as yet been unable to identify adequately with each other as groups to agree that our social problems are in fact common problems. Our collective refusal leaves social problems on the backs of charitable individuals, but large-scale social problems cannot be solved without collective efforts. In this chapter I will argue that this refusal to cooperate collectively in the common good is a form of irresponsibility, indeed a form of denial. So long as we deny our common responsibilities, we will cause ourselves individually irresolvable problems.
New Wave Moral Realism
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2023

I will be defending a version of moral irrealism that I claim represents an overall plausible metaethical position. Since judging the overall adequacy of any philosophical position is a comparative matter, part of my defense of moral irrealism must involve the claim that other views are not (overall) as plausible as the one I will defend. However, I will not undertake to present and raise objections to every currently defended metaethical view opposed to my own; I must be selective. As explained in the last chapter, I am, for the purposes of this book, committed to philosophical naturalism (broadly understood), which imposes constraints on what is going to count as a plausible metaethical view.
The Wanton Song
Authors: Fast Susan
Published: November 2023

The lights go up in Madison Square Garden, July 27, 1973, and Jimmy Page is in motion. This concert, from which most of the video for The Song Remains the Same was taken, begins with “Rock and Roll,” and Page, as usual, enacts the song using his full body, pressing into service most of the catalog of stylized physical gestures he normally uses in performance.
Times Gone By
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

These memoirs trace the wild and adventurous life of Pérez Rosales from his childhood up to the 1860s. During that approximately half-century he saw and did more than a dozen ordinary men. At age eleven in Argentina he witnessed the executions of Luis and Juan Jose Carrera. From there, his activities and adventures took him on several journeys on sailing vessels around Cape Horn; to Paris, where he witnessed the July revolution of 1830; to various commercial endeavors including a distillery, the practice of medicine, and cattle smuggling; into service as an advisor to an Argentine warlord; as a miner for precious metals in the north of Chile; as participant in the California Gold Rush in 1849; as director of the government's project for German immigration and settlement in the wild south of Chile; and also as Chilean consul and immigration agent in Hamburg. Around the world, Rosales lived through many of his era's watershed moments. His exciting memoirs offer a chance to relive the rush and chaos of these times--from a much safer vantage.
Symbiosis
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

The first edition of this book, published by University Press of New England in 1986, sold over 2500 copies, and was received as the best introductory overview of this broad field. Quite a lot has happened in the field of symbiosis in the past 10 years, especially concerning molecular mechanisms. Ahmadjian and Paracer have thoroughly updated their book, addressing advances in the field and the emergence of fields such as cellular microbiology, immunoparasitology, and endocytobiology, which have revealed new aspects of symbiosis. It is the only book to cover all aspects of symbiosis at an introductory level.
Introduction
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Symbiosis is an association between two or more different species of organisms. The association may be permanent, the organisms never being separated, or it may be long lasting. This definition excludes populations, which are associations between individuals of the same species. Organisms that are involved in a symbiosis may benefit from, be harmed by, or not be affected by the association. Symbiotic associations are common in nature, from bacteria and fungi that form close alliances with the roots of terrestrial plants to those between giant tube worms and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that live together in the deepest depths of the oceans. No organism is an island-each one has a relationship to other organisms, directly or indirectly. Even humans bear a reminder of an ancient symbiosis-their cells contain mitochondria, organelles which once were symbiotic bacteria. In addition, each of us harbors several types of viruses and bacteria in our skin and intestinal tract. Similarly, chloroplasts in plant cells are organelles which have evolved from ancient symbiotic photosynthetic bacteria. Bactmia which form symbioses with higher forms of life are themselves hosts to symbiotic viruses. Satellite viruses depend on other viruses for their expression. It is difficult to imagine life and its evolutionary history without symbioses (Khakhina, 1992; Sapp, 1994a,b).
Viral Symbiotic Associations
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Viruses fascinate us not only because they cause disease, but also because they challenge the way we define life (Radetsky, 1994; Dimmock and Primrose, 1994). Viruses are intracellular, obligate parasites which have evolved numerous methods to survive and reproduce. Ability to reproduce is a central feature of life, and in the living world the only systems that can reproduce are the ones that contain nucleic acids (Lederberg, 1993). Viruses consist of nucleic acids that replicate inside living cells and cause the synthesis of virions that can transfer the genome to other cells (Luria et al., 1978).
Bacterial Associations Of Bacteria, Protozoa, And Animals
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Prokaryotes are simple, primitive organisms that dominate life on earth in terms of numbers of individuals. They also support life by recycling carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in the biosphere. Prokaryotes, in particular the bacteda, have adapted to almost every ecological niche, ranging from plant surfaces to the skin and digestive system of animals. Bacteria are key players in the Gaia hypothesis (“life regulates life”), and their controversial presence in a. Martian meteorite has spurred interest in the possibility of life on other planets (Gibson et aL, 1997). Bacteria are important in human affairs. Some cause disease, but others are used to make vaccines and antibiotics which cure disease. Bacteria are an integral part of the current biotechnology revolution.
Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

De Bary’s (1879) broad definition of symbiosis includes parasitism and disease, areas in which significant discoveries are being made. This has been most evident in bacterial pathogenesis. In this chapter we introduce some of the recent findings of molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. During the past decade, scientists have introduced innovative approaches and concepts from disciplines such as bacteriology, cell biology, and immunology in an attempt to understand the molecular basis of infectious diseases. Stanley Falkow calls such attempts the “Zen” of bacterial pathogenesis, believing, in the Zen Buddhist tradition, that true enlightenment is achieved through meditation and insight (Falkow, 1988, 1990).
Symbiosis And The Origin Of The Eukaryotic Cell
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

ThE1 cell theory, long a basic tenet of biology, states that all organisms are made up of cells and that cells are the basic units of living organisms. This traditional view of an indivisible cell has been challenged by the serial endosymbiosis theory (SET), which claims that the eukaryotic cell is not a single entity but rather a multiple of the prokaryotic cell (Margulis, 1992a). This controversial theory has slowly gained acceptance by biologists until now, according to Doolittle and Brown (1994), “the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts is as firmly established as any fact in biology” (p. 6721). Given the widespread acceptance of the SET, a revision or rejection of the cell theory is inevitable. Even the boundaries of an organism can be clouded over by symbiotic associations (Dyer and Obar, 1985).
When Screen Violence Is Not Attractive
Authors: Mccauley Clark
Published: November 2023

Screen violence is not always attractive. In a volume focusing on the attractions of symbolic violence, it is useful to consider some of the limits of such attraction. In this chapter, I begin with research on disgust that found three documentary films of blood and violence that undergraduate students, at least, do not want to watch. After trying out some simple explanations of the unattractiveness of these films, I turn to theory and research aimed at understanding the genre of commercial film violence that should be most disgusting-horror films. This literature does not provide much help in understanding the unattractiveness of the disgusting films, but it leads to two new studies with results that suggest that viewers can enjoy the experience of negative emotions such as disgust and fear. I conclude by examining two possible theories of how negative emotions can be experienced as positive; both theories point to the importance of dramatic distance-framing violence as fiction-if screen violence is to be attractive.
Chromosomal Syndromes: Unusual Variants
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

It is impossible to provide a totally comprehensive review of the unusual variants of chromosomal syndromes, as some variations are extremely complicated, involving complex translocations; others represent single reports. Our goal here is to summarize what is known about these variants, especially where generalizations can be made on the basis upon several cases of the apparently same deletions or duplications. If sufficient numbers of examples have been reported, we have attempted to present the approximate frequency of a finding
Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

As in the last edition of this book, coverage of the mucopolysaccharidoses is essentially limited to those metabolic disorders that cause alteration in the facies of patients.
Syndromes with Unusual Facies: Other Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Coffin-Siris syndrome (absent fifth fingerand toenails, unusual facies, and mental deficiency)

In 1970, Coffin and Siris (8) reported three children with coarse facial features, low birthweight, retarded somatic and mental growth, and hypoplastic to absent fifth fingerand toenails. Over 40 cases (1–3,7,10, 12,14–20,22–25,27,33–35,37) have been documented, although included are many cases which are doubtful or more consistent with a milder form described by Senior (30), Mace and Gotlin (21), Verloes et al (36), Ounap et al (26) and Bonioli et al (4). Rabe et al (28) also described sisters who have a similar phenotype but had hyperphosphatasia. Although most have been isolated examples, affected sibs (1,7,14,17,23) have been described; however, Levy and Baraitser (19) are doubtful about some of these cases, and suggest a 10% recurrence risk be given. About 85% are females, possibly implying lethality in males. Mild expression in a parent has also been noted (8,17,33,37). Perhaps some examples really have fetal hydantoin syndrome, dup(9p) syndrome, or some other condition. Burlina et al (6) described partial biotinidase deficiency in a child they had diagnosed as having Coffin-Siris syndrome: Bonneau et al (5) were unable to confirm this finding in a patient of theirs with Coffin-Siris syndrome. Therefore this is unlikely to be a helpful diagnostic aid. McPherson et al (24) described a child with an apparently balanced translocation with breakpoints 1q21.3 and 7q34, thus providing clues to possible gene location. McGhee et al (23a) also found a candidate region at 7q32 q34. Half have low birthweight (19). Feeding problems and recurrent respiratory infections are common during infancy. Redundant gastric mucosa at the antrum has been reported (3). Craniofacial findings include microcephaly (65%), coarse facial features (100%), transient facial hypertrichosis, sparse scalp hair (80%), bushy eyebrows, flat nasal root, bulbous upturned nose, thick lips, and wide mouth. Those with Senior syndrome (brachymorphism-onychodysplasia-dysphalangism) (4,21,26,30,36) have a less coarse facial appearance, particularly because the lips are not as thick or full.
Classifying Scientific Controversies
Authors: Baltas Aristides
Published: November 2023

Despite its importance, the study of scientific controversies has not developed as much as the study of other aspects of science. This is, I believe, is one more of the aftereffects of Thomas Kuhn’s work. In one sense, Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) did, of course, place some notion of scientific controversy at the center of attention. But, in another sense, most of the relevant issues were rarely pinpointed and discussed in their own right. Instead, they tended to remain unclear and indistinct, covered under the all-embracing—or so it appeared at the time—paradigm change. Moreover, much of post-Kuhnian philosophy of science forced itself to respond to what it considered Kuhn’s overall challenge to rationality, rather than occupy itself with the finer details of what it is for scientists to disagree with one another and to fight out such disagreements. This, then, implies that to study scientific controversies we have to start from the beginning. Traditionally, to attempt classification forms precisely such a beginning.
on the Cognitive Analysis of Scientific Controversies
Authors: Grandy Richard E
Published: November 2023

I want to begin by emphasizing that the definite article in my title should not be taken to imply that cognitive analyses are unique—there is no single view that could be called the view of cognitive science on scientific controversies or, I suspect, of anything else of interest (Giere 1992). In fact, one should be suspicious even of the claim that there are cognitive scientists, despite a number of reported sightings and self-reports. Very few people have been trained in a cognitive science program—most were trained as philosophers, psychologists, linguists, computer scientists, or some other field and then developed an interest and competence at cognitive science. There is even a serious and often heated debate about whether cognitive science(s) is singular or plural.
Writing With Power Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

A classic handbook for anyone who needs to write, Writing With Power speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to gain power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all. Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes: for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and still other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. In a new introduction, he offers his reflections on the original edition, discusses the responses from people who have followed his techniques, how his methods may differ from other processes, and how his original topics are still pertinent to today’s writer. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to heighten two mentalities--the production of writing and the revision of it. From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, non planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, conscious control, explicitness, and care in whatever it is we set down on paper.
An Approach to Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

I direct this book to a very broad audience. I’m not trying to tailor my words to beginning or advanced writers in particular, or to students, novelists, professional people, pleasure writers, or poets. Perhaps I shouldn’t try to talk to so many different kinds of people, yet in truth I feel my audience is very specific. I am talking to that person inside everyone who has ever written or tried to write: that someone who has wrestled with words, who seeks power in words, who has often gotten discouraged, but who also senses the possibility of achieving real writing power.
Options For Getting Feedback
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

There is no single or right way to get feedback. In this chapter I will describe the advantages and disadvantages of various options. At the end I will suggest one process I believe is particularly valuable: getting feedback regularly in a writing support group. You can get feedback from one person or several. If you really want to know how your words affect readers, you can’t trust feedback from just one person, no matter how expert or experienced she is. Besides it is somehow empowering to realize how diverse and even contradictory the reactions are of different readers to your one set of words. It’s confusing at first but it releases you from the tyranny of any single reader’s or teacher’s judgment. It drives home the fact that there’s never a single or correct assessment of a piece of writing. When you get conflicting reactions, block your impulse to figure out which reactions are right. Eat like an owl: take in everything and trust your innards to digest what’s useful and discard what’s not. Try for readers with different tastes and temperaments-especially if you don’t have many readers.
Grain Boundary Chemistry and Creep Resistance of Alumina
Authors: Harmer M P , Chan H M , Rickman J M , Cho J , Li Y -Z
Published: November 2023

Oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMC’s) are receiving serious consideration for use in high temperature structural applications, such as for combustor liners in gas turbine engines [1, 2]. The attraction of oxides is their inherent oxidation resistance and thermodynamic stability. The limiting factor for oxides is creep resistance. However, a recent discovery has led to a promising new approach for dramatically improving creep resistance through doping.
Energy Minimization and Nonlinear Problems In Polycrystalline Solids
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik
Published: November 2023

Common engineering structural materials - metallic alloys and ceramics - are polycrystalline. They are made up of a very large number of grains which have identical crystal structure, but which are oriented differently. The properties of the material depend critically on the texture, by which one means the size, the shape and the orientation distributions of the different grains. If we can systematically understand this dependence, we can identify textures which provide the best possible properties and then try to design a processing technique which gives rise to this texture.
Influence of the Interface on The Thermal Conductivity of Composites Containing Perfectly Conducting or Perfectly Insulating Particles
Authors: Lipton Robert
Published: November 2023

The effect of the interface on the overall properties of particle reinforced composite materials is examined. This study focuses on extreme cases for which the particle and particle-matrix interface have very different thermal conducting properties. The first case treated is that of a suspension of perfectly conducting particles with an interfacial thermal barrier separating the particle and the matrix phase. The second case addresses the complementary problem of thermally insulating particles surrounded by a “highly conducting “ interface.
The Weak Interface Between Monazites and Refractory Ceramic Oxides
Authors: Morgan Peter E D , Marshall David B , Davis Janet B , Housley Robert M
Published: November 2023

High-temperature, oxidation-resistant, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), with (La)-monazite (LaPO4) serving as a weakly bonded interphase, have been invented. Monazite is stable and phase compatible with several other ceramic oxides at temperatures to at least as high as I750°C in air. The chemical and morphological stability and debonding characteristics of monazite-alumina interfaces are examined at temperatures of 1400°C and 1600°C. CMCs are considered for many uses in engines, filters, etc. in attempts to wrest a few percent more useful energy from, oil, coal and gas. Previous ceramic composites have relied on carbon or boron nitride fiber coatings to prevent brittle failure and are thus severely limited by degradation in high temperature oxidizing environments.
Analytic Bond-Order Potentials: Bridging The ElectronicAtomistic Length-Scale Gap
Authors: Oleinik I , Aoki* M , Butler+ J E , Sutton A P , Pettifor D G
Published: November 2023

At the electronic level the Schrodinger equation is solved to predict electronic states and energies. However, even with the biggest supercomputer only about 1000 atoms can be treated from first principles, so that the maximum size of the unit cell is of the order of nanometers. In order to simulate larger systems, the electronic degrees of freedom must be removed by imagining the atoms are held together by some electronic glue or interatomic potential. This allows the modelling of up to about one thousand million atoms on the largest supercomputers, so that the atomistic hierarchy extends to the order of tenths of microns in Fig. 1. In order to simulate the evolution of microstructure at the micron length scale, it is necessary to coarse-grain the problem still further by grouping the atoms together into units or cells whose behaviour is described through some set of effective interactions or set of rules.
Modified Gauss Point Method and its Application in Htms
Authors: Wang Ming L , Chen Zhen Lei
Published: November 2023

In order to have a realistic simulation of 3-D microstructure, and to demonstrate the nonlinear behavior of numerous grains and their interfaces, hundreds and thousands of elements are supposed to be included in the simulated model. This is extremely important because mechanical behaviors are determined by extremes in the local stresses, which have a close relationship with the distribution of grains and grain boundaries as well as grain size [2-4]. Hence in order to simulate the ceramics realistically, both in a geometrical and mechanical sense, enough simulated elements or lattices are essential. Generally, some 100,000 to 200,000 elements are necessary in a 3-D microstructure simulation.
“The Strong Men Gittin’ Stronger”Sterling Brown and the Representation and Re-creation of the Southern Folk Voice
Authors: Smethurst James Edward
Published: November 2023

In the December 25, 1945, New Masses, an ad appeared for an awards dinner sponsored by the magazine and chaired by Howard Fast “Honoring Negro and White Americans for Their Contributions Toward a Democratic America Sterling Brown was to begiven an award for his poetry at the dinner despite the fact that he had published virtually no poetry in the 194os.
Exchangeable Ions, pH, and Cation Exchange Capacity
Authors: Robertson G Philip , Sollins Phillip , Ellis Boyd G , Lajtha Kate
Published: November 2023

A lmost all nutrients taken up by plants and microbes are taken up in their ionic form from the soil solution, and knowledge of the size and composition of the soil solution, together with knowledge of nutrient turnover rates, can provide valuable insight into soil nutrient availability and into other biogeochemical processes such as rates of weathering and leaching losses. While nutrient pool size per se can be a poor indicator of availability, changes in pool sizes can indicate changes in ecosystem processes that bear closer examination. Moreover, in all soils the potential for significant hydrologic loss of mobile nutrients is directly related to the size of the exchangeable nutrient pool and the proportion in solution at any given time.
Fine Root Production and Demography
Authors: Fahey Timothy J , Bledsoe Caroline S , Day Frank P , Ruess Roger W , Smucker Alvin J M
Published: November 2023

Attributes of root systems appear to have resulted from pressures on plants to maximize the efficiency of soil resource acquisition and to cminimize the risk of injury or death at environmental or competitive extremes (Yanai et al. 1994). These attributes include the morphology, physiology, demographics, distribution, timing, and the pattern of growth and longevity of both fine and coarse roots. In turn, these attributes of root systems strongly influence emergent properties of terrestrial ecosystems, including energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Standard techniques to study the dynamics of fine roots should facilitate comparisons across sites and through time that could provide valuable insights into controls on the composition, structure, and function of terrestrial ecosystems.
The Lutheran “Metaphysical” Tradition in Music and Music Theory
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

NOT ONLY DO WE ENCOUNTER THE principles described in the preceding chapter in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Lutheran theological writings, such as the aforementioned Neumeister treatise, but they also figure prominently in the writings of certain Lutheran music theorists. In fact, many such writers articulated a vision of the meaning of music that might reasonably be called the Lutheran “metaphysical” tradition in music theory, in that they perceived an alliance between music and theology that was rooted in Luther’s own views on music, especially his placing music “next to theology:’1 From there it was no great leap to found an extensive “allegorical” conception of music on the idea that the major triad constituted a mirroring of the Trinity in nature (three notes, one chord). The involvement of such writings with the idea of musical “allegory” as both a mirror of God’s design and purpose in the creation-that is, an embedded feature of music reflecting eternal (Lutheran) truths-as well as with a more pragmatic and arbitrary process, involved in musical composition, provided composers of church music with a theological basis and sense of purpose for the coordination of heterogenous musical styles.
On the Structure of Scientific Theories
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

The questions to be examined in this essay concern, broadly speaking, the logical structure and the epistemic status of scientific theories. To a large extent, my discussion will deal with the well-known conception of a theory as consisting of, or being decomposable into, two principal components: An uninterpreted deductive system, usually thought of as an axiomatized calculus C, whose postulates correspond to the basic principles of the theory and provide implicit definitions for its constitutive terms; A set R of statements that assign empirical meaning to the terms and the sentences of C by linking them to potential observational or experimental findings and thus interpreting them, ultimately, in terms of some observational vocabulary. Such statements, conceived as subject to more or less stringent syntactic and semantic requirements, have been variously referred to as the entries of a “dictionary” for translating theoretical into experimental language, as “rules of correspondence” or “rules of interpretation,” as “coordinating definitions” and, of course, as “operational definitions.”
Scientific Rationality : Normative versus Descriptive Construals
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

In the course of the past few centuries, scientific inquiry has vastly broadened man’s knowledge and deepened his understanding of the world he lives in; and the striking successes of the technologies based on the insights thus gained are eloquent testimony to the basic soundness of scientific modes of research. In view of these achievements, scientific inquiry has come to be widely acknowledged as the exemplar of rationality in the pursuit of reliable knowledge. But there is no unanimity among students of the methodology and the history of science when it comes to the question whether, or to what extent, it is possible to specify precisely a set of procedural rules or standards which are characteristic of scientific inquiry, and adherence to which qualifies science as the exemplar of rationality in the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge.
Analytic versus Synthetic Understanding
Authors: Humphreys Paul W
Published: November 2023

Perhaps because nontheoretical modes of understanding seemed to Hempel to be incapable of precise treatment, perhaps because he was sceptical of’ empathic understanding’ and the continental tradition of Verstehen, Hempel, and almost all of those who wrote after him, approached the concept of scientific understanding indirectly through an analysis of the concept of scientific explanation.2
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, from “Explanatory Preface,” Record of a School (1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

ELIZABETH PALMER PEABODY (1804–1894) published the first edition of the Record, her edited account of Bronson Alcott’s Temple School, in 1835. In it, she recorded her descriptions of how Alcott caught such typical subjects as geography, writing, math, art, religion, and languages, and such atypical topics as “Conversations on the Human Body and Its Culture.” Alcott’s Socratic method of questioning (rather than instructing by rote drills, as was the general practice) presupposed the innate goodness of his students, and he felt his role was to bring out their abilities, rather than his following tradition and seeing them as empty vessels to be filled with knowledge. His unusual methods (and his—for the time—frank discussions of sexuality and religion) would eventually bring down the wrath of the Boston public when he published his two-volume Conversations with Children on the Gospels (1836–1837). Here, Peabody has a sense of what is going to be the public reaction to Alcott, and her preface (which was also published as a pamphlet) is as much an attempt to clarify his methods to the general public as it is an attempt to distance herself from him and the gathering storm.
George Ripley, from “Letter to the Editor” (9 November 1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

GEORGE RIPLEY (1802–1880) would later serve briefly as business manager of the Dial and become known as the founder, along with his wife Sophia, of the Brook Farm community. When Brook Farm collapsed, he paid the debts himself and moved to New York co work on the Tribune. As one of the Transcendentalists interested in continental philosophy, he began publishing in 1838 Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature, which would eventually run to fourteen volumes of edited and translated works before it ceased in 1842. By calling the foreign literature “standard,” he was, like Hedge in his review of Coleridge, making the point that the latest British and continental writers and philosophers had been accepted by European audiences; now was the time for American audiences to treat them seriously and not as foreign fads or unAmerican (and therefore unacceptable) ideas. His reply to Norton sets the stage for the miracles controversy of 1838, as Ripley asks how we interpret texts and who has the ultimate authority to do so.
A. Bronson Alcott, The Doctrine and Discipline of Human Culture (1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

AMOS BRONSON ALCOTT (1799-1888) was an educator, philosopher, lecturer, reformer, conversationalist, poet, essayist, and—this would secure his fame—the father of Louisa May Alcott. He was also a member of the Transcendental Club, contributor to the Dial, founder of the Concord School of Philosophy, and chronicler of the movement from his home in Concord, just up the street from Emerson’s house. A self-taught Connecticut farmer’s son, Alcott was the only male Transcendentalist not formally educated or with a Harvard connection.
A. Bronson Alcott, from Conversations with Children on the Gospels (1836-1837)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

ALCOTT WAS HOPEFUL THAT Conversations would go beyond the Record in helping set forth his educational goals and practices but, instead, its publication resulted in abuse being heaped upon him and parents withdrew their students from the Temple School (and even more did so after he admitted an African-American student). Elizabeth Peabody tried to warn him that much of what he was discussing with the students could be controversial—indeed there are footnotes to the book that she asked to be added so that her role in recording the conversations could be clarified—but Alcott’s response was to shift the potentially damaging material from the main text to a single series of notes at the end where they could be found and studied-and upset people—with ease. An even more selective use of the offending sentences was made when newspapers cited them in their reviews; Andrews Norton was quoted (without his name being mentioned) as saying of the book that onethird was absurd, one-third blasphemous, and one-third obscene. Emerson was so disturbed by the tarring of Alcott by selective quotation that he wrote to the Boston Daily Courier to argue “Let it be read,” noting that any “reasonable man will perceive that fragments out of a new theory of Christian instruction, are not quite in the best place for examination, betwixt the price current and the shipping list.”
Lidian Jackson Emerson, “Transcendental Bible” (1841?)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

LIDIAN JACKSON EMERSON (1802–1892), Waldo’s second wife, married him in 1835. Waldo changed her name from “Lydia” to “Lidian” upon their marriage, probably because the New England pronunciation of “Lydia Emerson” was awkward. Although she was quoted by a friend as saying Unitarianism was “cold and hard, with scarcely a firmament above it,” she was more religiously orthodox than her husband, and often expressed her concern that he had strayed too far from traditional Christianity in his personal religious quest. Her humorous comments show her wariness about how the “higher” faculties of the Transcendentalists may be leaving the heart behind as their heads seek the clouds.
A. Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane, “Fruitlands” (July 1843)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

AFTER THE FAILURE of the Temple School, Alcott moved to Concord. In 1842, with the financial help of Emerson and other friends, he visited Ham Common in Surrey, England, where a group of reformers had started a school based in large part on Alcott’s principles. When he returned in October 1842, some of the English reformers returned with him. Charles Lane (1800 —3 1870) joined Alcott in lecturing and in other reform activities, culminating in their decision to start a communal experiment. Land was found in Harvard, Massachusetts, eighteen miles from Concord, and in June 1843, the Alcotts, Lane and his son, and a few others moved in to what was called Fruitlands. The project was a failure: Alcott and Lane knew little about farming and were out lecturing most of the time, leaving the women to do the work; they were impractical in such matters as not wanting to use animals to do the plowing (forcing them into involuntary servitude) or eating eggs (robbing the chicken of her young); and Lane had an ascetic view of life that did not mesh with Mrs. Alcott’s. The community broke up in January 1844, in part because of Lane’s attempts to convert Bronson to celibacy and his wife’s refusal to go along. Lane left to join the nearby Shaker community, while Alcott suffered a nervous collapse. In 1846, Lane returned to England. Louisa May Alcott’s fictional account of Fruitlands is in her story “Transcendental Wild Oats” (1873).
Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education: Constitution of the Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education, West Roxbury, Mass. With an Introductory Statement (1844)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

RIPLEY AND HIS WIFE, Sophia, had established Brook Farm at West Roxbury, near Boston, in April 1841 to, in his words, “establish a mode of life which shall combine the enchantments of poetry with the facts of daily experience.” To him, a literate idealism would be combined with practical, daily life in a shared, lived experience. In a letter resigning his ministry to take up Brook Farm, he articulates his difference from Transcendentalists such as Emerson who believe that the individual must be reformed before a successful attempt can be made at changing society: “The attention of some good men is directed chiefly to individual evils; they wish to improve private character without attacking social principles which obstruct all improvement; while the attention of other good men is directed to the evils of society; they think that private character suffers from public sins, and that, as we are placed in society by Providence, the advancement of society is our principal duty.”
Jones Very, “Nature,” “The Columbine,” “The New Birth,” “The Son,” “The Song,” “The Soldier of the Cross,” “The Dead,” “The Rail Road,” “The Graveyard,” “Flee to the Mountains,” “The Eagles,” “The Prisoner,” and “On Finding the Truth”
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

Nature, my love for thee is deeper far Than strength of words though spirit-born can tell; For while I gaze they seem my soul to bar, That in thy widening streams would onward swell Bearing thy mirrored beauty on my breast; Now through thy lonely haunts unseen to glide, A motion that scarce knows itself from rest, With pictured flowers and branches on its tide; Then by the noisy city’s frowning wall, Whose armed heights within its waters gleam, To rush with answering voice to ocean’s call And mingle with the deep its swoln stream; Whose boundless bosom’s calm alone can hold That heaven of glory in thy skies unrolled.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Address at the Woman’s Rights Convention, 20 September 1855”
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON DELIVERED THIS address before the Woman’s Rights Convention in Boston. If writers such as Fuller and Parker left no doubt about where they stood on the issue of woman’s emancipation and freedom, then Emerson seems more circumspect. Caroline Healey Dall, a former attendee at Fuller’s Conversations who was in the audience, praised Emerson for his “beautiful address,” though she also noted that “some of the papers thought it doubtful whether you were for us or against us”; and she was correct, for while the Liberator noted that Emerson’s address “gave the most intense satisfaction to the large audience,” the Boston Traveller concluded that, on the whole, “it told far more ‘against the cause’ than for it.”
Caroline Dall, from Transcendentalism in New England (1895)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

CAROLINE WELLS HEALEY BALL (1822-1912) first came into the Transcendentalist circle in 1841, when she attended Margaret Fuller’s Conversations (which she later described in Margaret and Her Friends [1895]). An author, lecturer, and reformer, she early came under Parker’s influence and throughout her life maintained friendships (often rocky ones) with most of the first-and second-generation Transcendentalists, describing their activities in articles, books, and her voluminous unpublished journals. Her memoir, a unique feminist perspective on the movement, is intended “to give a strong, impressive picture of a wonderful era in New England life,” and she frames Transcendentalism by arguing for its origins in Anne Hutchinson and its conclusion, sadly, as this: “I do not think I am mistaken in saying that what is meant by New England Transcendentalism perished with Margaret Fuller.”
Imagining Oneself Otherwise!
Authors: Mackenzie Catriona
Published: November 2023

In the literature on autonomy, a few theorists have suggested in passing that imagination might play a role in autonomous reflection, deliberation, and action. In her account of autonomy competency, for example, Diana Meyers mentions imagination as one of the capacities involved in its exercise and suggests that one way in which autonomous agents can test and refine their self-portraits is through imaginative enactment. It has also been suggested that one way in which oppressive social relationships and institutions may impair autonomy is by restricting agents’ imaginative repertoires. Thus, Paul Benson writes that oppressive socialization “can erode competence at rational consideration by restricting persons’ capacities for imagining with sufficient sensitivity and seriousness major alterations in the prevalent gender system.”3 Aside from these few remarks, however, the possible relationship between the various activities of the imagination and the capacity for autonomy has not been the subject of serious investigation in the literature. When one reflects on the extent to which our waking mental life is taken up with different kinds of imaginative thought, this neglect is striking and rather puzzling. My conjecture is that this neglect is due to a tendency to think of critical reflection in overly rationalistic terms, at the expense of a recognition of the extent to which critical reflection can be prompted by the imagination and by emotion, desire, and bodily feelings.
1969–1970
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Theatregoers in 1969 seemed to be polarized into two extremes: those desperately trying to hold on to the old ways and those bored with the traditional and applauding anything different, irreverent, and outspoken. Of course, the same fragmentation could be seen in America in general as the war in Vietnam divided generations, neighbors, intellectuals, and, alas, theatre audiences. Established Broadway playgoers could support a traditional evening on Broadway if they could be assured of its entertainment value. And the avant-garde had Off Off Broadway, where they were guaranteed an experience that would not be conformist. This left Off Broadway as the only reasonable middle ground.
1987–1988
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The Public concluded its season with a hit, Eric Bogosian’s Talk Radio (5-28-87, Martinson), which ran 210 performances and was called “a compelling work that draws you straight into the heart of its fringe world,” filled with “whiplash intensity and black, hard-edged cynicism.”
1990–1991
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Looking at the numbers, it seemed to be a dismal season for New York theatre. Only twelve new plays opened on Broadway (nine of them American) and forty-four off Broadway (all but four native works). Astonishingly, only one nonmusical revival was seen on the Street and a mere fifteen off. Attendance dropped an alarming 9 per cent on Broadway, much of the blame being put on the war in the Persian Gulf, which kept patrons home that winter watching coverage on CNN-TV.
1992–1993
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

It was certainly an American season in New York, with all but one of the new entries on Broadway and all but five off Broadway written by native playwrights. (All the Best Plays selections were American—the first time since the 1958–1959 season.) To add to all the Americana blossoming in New York, the Democratic National Convention in July seemed to overflow Madison Square Garden and affect the theatre district as well. The Clinton ticket made a point of more acceptance of gays (at least in terms of the military) and sought to restore the integrity of the National Endowment for the Arts.