bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Cost of Growing Up Poor: Estimating the GDP Loss Associated with Child Poverty*
Authors: Blanden Jo , Hansen Kirstine , Machin Stephen
Published: October 2010

One of the motivations for the UK government's target to reduce (and eventually eliminate) child poverty is the perception of a significant long‐term economic cost of growing up in poverty. This perception arises from the observation that individuals who experience poverty in their childhood earn less as adults, are less likely to be in employment, are more likely to engage in criminal or anti‐social activities and are more likely to experience poor health and lower life satisfaction. This paper quantifies these effects, and expresses them in terms of GDP losses to the nation. We begin by focusing on lost earnings that arise from poorer skills and reduced employment opportunities, and then move on to the wider costs associated with the higher crime rates, poorer health and reduced well‐being that are linked with growing up poor. We find a sizeable economic cost, with the cost of growing up in poverty amounting to at least 1 per cent of GDP.
Floral Markers in Honey of Various Botanical and Geographic Origins: A Review
Authors: Kaškonienė Vilma , Venskutonis Petras R.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  In view of the expanding global market, authentication and characterization of botanical and geographic origins of honey has become a more important task than ever. Many studies have been performed with the aim of evaluating the possibilities to characterize honey samples of various origins by using specific chemical marker compounds. These have been identified and quantified for numerous honey samples. This article is aimed at summarizing the studies carried out during the last 2 decades. An attempt is made to find useful chemical markers for unifloral honey, based on the analysis of the compositional data of honey volatile compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and some other constituents. This review demonstrates that currently it is rather difficult to find reliable chemical markers for the discrimination of honey collected from different floral sources because the chemical composition of honey also depends on several other factors, such as geographic origin, collection season, mode of storage, bee species, and even interactions between chemical compounds and enzymes in the honey. Therefore, some publications from the reviewed period have reported different floral markers for honey of the same floral origin. In addition, the results of chemical analyses of honey constituents may also depend on sample preparation and analysis techniques. Consequently, a more reliable characterization of honey requires the determination of more than a single class of compounds, preferably in combination with modern data management of the results, for example, principal component analysis or cluster analysis.
Pomegranate and its Many Functional Components as Related to Human Health: A Review
Authors: Viuda‐Martos M. , Fernández‐López J. , Pérez‐Álvarez J.A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit that is widely consumed as fresh fruit and juice. The use of pomegranate fruit dates from ancient times and reports of its therapeutic qualities have echoed throughout the ages. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated how this fruit acts as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic and shows antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic activities. The fruit also improves cardiovascular and oral health. These beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive applications in a variety of pathologies. The health benefits of pomegranate have been attributed to its wide range of phytochemicals, which are predominantly polyphenols, including primarily hydrolyzable ellagitannins, anthocyanins, and other polyphenols. The aim of this review was to present an overview of the functional, medical, and physiological properties of this fruit.
Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Polyfunctional Amines and Related Compounds Used as Monomers and Additives in Food Packaging Materials: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review
Authors: Paseiro‐Cerrato Rafael , De Quirós Ana Rodríguez‐Bernaldo , Sendón Raquel , Bustos Juana , Santillana María Isabel , Cruz José Manuel , Paseiro‐Losada Perfecto
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Polyfunctional amines are a group of substances commonly used as additives or monomers in food‐contact materials. These substances can migrate into foodstuffs and, consequently, may be potentially dangerous for human health. Due to their different chemical structures and physicochemical properties there does not exist a standard method to analyze polyfunctional amines. This review aims to provide an update on the chromatographic methods used for the determination of polyfunctional amines that are commonly used in the manufacture of food packaging materials. Detailed information regarding chromatographic conditions (mobile phases, chromatographic columns, detection systems, and so on) is provided. Moreover, chemical structures and physicochemical properties of the substances studied are also presented.
Suspension Stability and Fractal Patterns: A Comparison using Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Gao Feng , Yang Shoufeng , Hao Pengwei , Evans Julian R. G.
Published: October 2010

Hydroxyapatite suspensions were prepared in water, isopropyl alcohol, and hexadecane representing polar, semipolar, and nonpolar media, respectively. A range of dispersants were added and pH was adjusted where appropriate in an attempt to modify stability against sedimentation and hence provide suspensions suitable for ink‐jet printing and other colloidal processing methods. Stability was assessed by sedimentation tests and by optical microscopy of the fractal patterns that form in drainage films on glassware surfaces. This novel method was made quantitative by simple but effective image processing methods and the two approaches correlated well. The interpretation of drainage films needs to be tested for generality on other powders but could provide a rapid method (within seconds) of screening flocculation behavior which, when assisted by elementary image processing methods of the type described here, could be used for high‐throughput screening. It allows a nanoscopic process to be viewed by eye. This is possible because the fractal hierarchy of agglomeration allows the results of processes occurring at the ultimate particle scale to be observed at the millimeter scale.
Controlled Synthesis of BaTiO3‐Coated Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Bedekar Vishwas , Murayama Mitsu , Mahajan Roop L. , Priya Shashank
Published: October 2010

We report the success in synthesis of BaTiO3 (BTO) coating on acid‐treated functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Functionalization treatment, coating temperature, and coating time were optimized in order to obtain the dense coating of BTO. Contact angle measurements were conducted on MWCNT surface to quantify the effectiveness of functionalization and were correlated with percentage coating. Coating thickness in the range of 5–15 nm was confirmed by using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of BTO perovskite phase. Microstructural characterization and elemental analysis were performed using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy to confirm the homogeneous coating with high yield. Possible application of these fully coated MWCNTs can be in flexible pressure sensors.
High‐Temperature Corrosion of EB‐PVD Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings with an Artificial Volcanic Ash Overlay
Authors: Mechnich Peter , Braue Wolfgang , Schulz Uwe
Published: October 2010

High‐temperature interaction of sol–gel‐derived artificial volcanic ash (AVA) matching the bulk composition of the April 15, 2010 Eyjafjallajokull (Iceland) volcanic eruption with a standard 4 mol% (7 wt%) Y2O3‐stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) electron‐beam physical vapor deposition (EB‐PVD) thermal barrier coating and a corresponding YSZ powder is investigated in order to access possible implications of similar volcanic ashes on the performance of coated turbine engine airfoils. Up to 900°C, AVA deposits and EB‐PVD YSZ do not show significant interaction. Viscous flow above the glass transition of AVA (Tg∼930°C) yields proceeding wetting of EB‐PVD YSZ coatings. At 1100°C, the YSZ surface is covered by a dense glaze‐like AVA overlay. At 1200°C, AVA is mostly infiltrating the coating, leaving a crystalline plagioclase‐ and hematite‐type residue at the interface. Moreover, some ZrSiO4 is formed at the expense of YSZ. The overall thermochemical effects on short‐term exposure of the EB‐PVD YSZ coating to a small AVA load were moderate, in particular before complete infiltration. On the other hand, AVA acts as a solvent for the stabilizing Y2O3 beyond 1000°C and a progressive depletion of Y2O3 in the YSZ is observed at the AVA/YSZ interface. Detrimental effects on YSZ phase stability and hence coating lifetime cannot be ruled out for long‐term exposure and higher AVA loads.
Identifying and Classifying Juvenile Stalking Behavior
Authors: Evans Thomas M. , Reid Meloy J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Despite the growing research in the area of stalking, the focus has been on adults who engage in this behavior. Unfortunately, almost no studies investigate the prevalence of this behavior in adolescents. Two cases are presented demonstrating not only that stalking occurs during the period of adolescence, but also that there is a significant difference in the motivation underlying this behavior that can be classified similarly to that of adult stalkers. Further, a suggested classification based on these two cases as well as our experience with other juveniles who have exhibited stalking behaviors is proposed. The first case involves a narcissistic youth who also possesses psychopathic traits, while the second involves a lonely, severely socially awkward teen. Juvenile stalking is a societal problem that has not yet garnered the attention it deserves, and all systems that deal with juvenile delinquency (juvenile court, law enforcement, and mental health personnel) as well as the school system must be educated to the prevalence and severity of this yet‐to‐be‐recognized problem.
The influence of hydrology on the recruitment of brown trout in an Alpine river, the Ybbs River, Austria
Authors: Unfer Günther , Hauer Christoph , Lautsch Erwin
Published: October 2010

Abstract – We monitored yearly recruitment (1997–2008) of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a fourth‐order Austrian Alpine river. The relative proportion of recruits to adult fish varied strongly among years (5.6–66.4%). These proportions were strongly correlated with specific flow patterns. High flows before and during the spawning period were positively correlated with recruitment, whereas high flows during incubation and emergence were negatively correlated with recruitment success. Unsteady flow modelling supported a causal hypothesis for these relationships in demonstrating that discharges > 30 m3·s−1resulted in substantial sediment motion (erosion and deposition) in suitable spawning areas within the study stretch.
Determining the strength of exploitative competition from an introduced fish: roles of density, biomass and body size
Authors: Britton J. R. , Cucherousset J. , Grey J. , Gozlan R. E.
Published: October 2010

Britton JR, Cucherousset J, Grey J, Gozlan RE. Determining the strength of exploitative competition from an introduced fish: roles of density, biomass and body size. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 74–79. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  As species introductions can result in increased resource competition for coexisting species in the receiving ecosystems, the effects of increased exploitative competition for limited food resources from an introduced fish (Pseudorasbora parva) on a coexisting fish (Cyprinus carpio) were tested experimentally using a substitutive–additive design. Additive treatments revealed that the growth of C. carpio was significantly suppressed following the introduction of P. parva with the magnitude of growth suppression directly proportional to P. parva density and biomass. A substitutive treatment that tested for the effect of intraspecific competition revealed that when C. carpio were introduced at a similar biomass to P. parva, there was no significant difference in the extent of the suppressed growth. At the same density, however, the effect of C. carpio (higher biomass) on growth was significantly above that of P. parva (lower biomass). This was independent of the initial body sizes of the introduced fishes. Thus, the interspecific competition imposed by P. parva was only as strong as the intraspecific competition of C. carpio when present at a similar biomass.
Matrix metalloproteinases in health and disease: regulation by melatonin
Authors: Swarnakar Snehasikta , Paul Sumit , Singh Laishram Pradeeepkumar , Reiter Russel J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are part of a superfamily of metal‐requiring proteases that play important roles in tissue remodeling by breaking down proteins in the extracellular matrix that provides structural support for cells. The intricate balance in protease/anti‐protease stoichiometry is a contributing factor in a number of diseases. Melatonin possesses multifunctional bioactivities including antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, endocrinologic and behavioral effects. As melatonin affects the redox status of tissues, the association of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with tissue injury under different circumstances may be mitigated by melatonin. Redox signaling is expanding into all areas of basic and clinical sciences, and this timely review focuses on the topic of regulation of MMP activities by melatonin. This is a rapidly growing field. Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays an important role in regulating the activities of MMPs that are involved in various cellular processes such as cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. This review offers sections on MMPs, melatonin, major physiological and pathophysiological conditions in the context to MMPs, followed by redox signaling mechanisms that are known to influence the cellular processes. Finally, we discuss the emerging molecular mechanisms relevant to regulatory actions of melatonin on the activities of MMPs. The possibility that melatonin might have therapeutic significance via regulation of MMPs may be a novel approach in the treatment of some diseases.
Melatonin or silymarin reduces maneb‐ and paraquat‐induced Parkinson’s disease phenotype in the mouse
Authors: Singhal Naveen Kumar , Srivastava Garima , Patel Devendra Kumar , Jain Swatantra Kumar , Singh Mahendra Pratap
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Oxidative stress is reported as one of the most widely accepted mechanisms of maneb (MB)‐ and paraquat (PQ)‐induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration leading to the Parkinson’s disease (PD) phenotype. The study investigated the effects of silymarin, an antioxidant of plant origin, and melatonin, an indoleamine produced in all species, in MB‐ and PQ‐induced mouse model of PD. The mice were treated intraperitoneally daily with silymarin (40 mg/kg) or melatonin (30 mg/kg) along with respective controls for 9 wk. Subsets of these animals were also treated with MB (30 mg/kg) and PQ (10 mg/kg), twice a week, for 9 wk, 2 hr after silymarin/melatonin treatment. Locomotor activities along with striatal dopamine content, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, number of degenerating neurons, lipid peroxidation and nitrite content were estimated. Additionally, mRNA expression of vesicular monoamine transporter, cytochrome P‐450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and glutathione‐S‐transferase A4‐4 (GSTA4‐4), catalytic activities of CYP2E1 and GSTA4‐4 and protein expressions of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated p53 (p53 and P‐p53), Bax and caspase 9 were measured in control and MB‐ and PQ‐treated mice with either silymarin or melatonin treatments. Silymarin/melatonin significantly offset MB‐ and PQ‐mediated reductions in locomotor activities, dopamine content, TH immunoreactivity, VMAT 2 mRNA expression and the expression of p53 protein. Silymarin/melatonin attenuated the increases in lipid peroxidation, number of degenerating neurons, nitrite content, mRNA expressions of cytochrome P‐450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and GSTA4‐4, catalytic activities of CYP2E1 and GST and P‐p53, Bax and caspase 9 protein expressions. The results demonstrate that silymarin and melatonin offer nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuroprotection against MB‐ and PQ‐induced PD by the modulation of oxidative stress and apoptotic machinery.
High endogenous melatonin concentrations enhance sperm quality and short‐term in vitro exposure to melatonin improves aspects of sperm motility
Authors: Ortiz A. , Espino J. , Bejarano I. , Lozano G. M. , Monllor F. , García J. F. , Pariente J. A. , Rodríguez A. B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Although human seminal fluid contains melatonin and spermatozoa reportedly possess membrane melatonin receptors, there are no experimental studies that have ascertained the relationship between melatonin and male infertility. This study evaluated whether urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin and urinary total antioxidant capacity correlate with different seminal parameters including sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Also, the in vitro effects of melatonin on human sperm motility were investigated. Semen samples from 52 men who were counselled for infertility were obtained. Sperm concentration was determined using the haemocytometer method, motility kinematic parameters were assessed using a computer‐aided semen analysis system, while morphology and vitality were evaluated after Diff‐Quick and Eosin–Nigrosin vital staining, respectively. For the quantification of urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin, a commercial ELISA kit was used, and urinary total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by means of a colorimetric assay kit. For the in vitro effects of melatonin, samples were incubated for 30 min in the presence or absence of 1 mm melatonin. Both urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity levels positively correlated with sperm concentration, motility and morphology, as well as negatively correlated with the number of round cells. Additionally, 30‐min exposure of sperm to 1 mm melatonin improved the percentage of motile and progressively motile cells and decreased the number of static cells, thereby promoting the proportion of rapid cells. Therefore, melatonin improves semen quality, which is important because melatonin supplementation may be potentially used to obtain a successful assisted reproductive technique outcome.
Diabetes induced immunological and biochemical changes in human colostrum
Authors: Morceli G , França EL , Magalhães VB , Damasceno DC , Calderon IMP , Honorio‐França AC
Published: October 2010

Aim:  This article describes the changes and relationships between biochemical and immunological parameters in the colostrum and serum of diabetic women.

Methods:  Colostrum and blood samples were collected from 30 diabetic and 15 normoglycaemic women. Glucose, total protein, antibody, complement proteins (C3 and C4), fat and calorie content, amylase, lipase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined.

Results:  Glucose was higher in both the colostrum and serum of diabetic mothers compared to that of their normoglycaemic counterparts. In both groups, total protein was higher in colostrum than in serum. IgA and IgG were lower in the colostrum of hyperglycaemic mothers, whereas IgM did not vary between the groups. Colostral C3 protein was significantly lower in diabetic mothers, but colostral C4 protein was similar between normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mothers. Fat content was lower in the colostrum of the diabetic mothers, although calorie content did not vary between the groups. Amylase was lower in colostrum than in serum in both groups. Lipase was higher in the colostrum and serum of diabetic mothers. Colostral SOD was similar between the groups.

Conclusions:  Our results support the hypothesis that the colostrum of diabetic mothers suffers biochemical and immunological alterations that affect the levels of its components.
Hereditary kidney diseases: highlighting the importance of classical Mendelian phenotypes
Authors: Benoit Geneviève , Machuca Eduardo , Heidet Laurence , Antignac Corinne
Published: October 2010

A Mendelian inheritance underlies a nonnegligible proportion of hereditary kidney diseases, suggesting that the encoded proteins are essential for maintenance of the renal function. The identification of genes involved in congenital anomalies of the kidney and in familial forms of nephrotic syndrome significantly increased our understanding of the renal development and kidney filtration barrier physiology. This review will focus on the classical phenotype and clinical heterogeneity observed in the monogenic forms of these disorders. In addition, the role of susceptibility genes in kidney diseases with a complex inheritance will also be discussed.
Clues to immune tolerance: the monogenic autoimmune syndromes
Authors: Waterfield Michael , Anderson Mark S.
Published: October 2010

Autoimmune disease affects a significant proportion of the population. The etiology of most autoimmune diseases is largely unknown, but it is thought to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic influences. Rare monogenic autoimmune diseases, however, offer an invaluable window into potential disease mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS1), the immunedysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X‐linked syndrome (IPEX), and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Significantly, the information gained from the study of these diseases has provided new insights into more common autoimmune disease and have yielded new diagnostics and therapeutic opportunities.
COMPARISON OF SEXUAL FUNCTION IN FEMALES RECEIVING HAEMODIALYSIS AND AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Noohi Sima , Azar Mahyar , Behzadi Ashkan Heshmatzade , Barbati Mohammad E. , Haghshenas Arezoo , Amoozgar Behzad , Karami Mehdi
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study is to compare the sexual function of kidney transplant recipients and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving haemodialysis (HD) in female patients. In the sample population of this study, there were 72 women in the transplant group and 40 women in the HD group. To test the differences in the quantitative variables between these two groups, an independent sample Student's t‐test was performed. Sexual relationship, sexual function, sexual frequency and sexual fear in the renal transplant patients are significantly better than HD patients. Sexual intercourse satisfaction was apparently higher in the kidney recipients than in the HD patients. Twenty‐one patients in transplanted group described number was 6 (15%) (p = 0.03). This study indicated that female kidney transplant recipients experienced a significantly better sexual relationship compared with the ESRD patients receiving HD.
CE: Continuing Education Article  PREVENTION OF INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PART 1: APPLICATION OF INFECTION CONTROL PRINCIPLES TO THE RENAL CARE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Pugh‐Clarke Karen , Donlon Sheila , McCann Margaret
Published: October 2010

This first paper, in a three‐part CE series on the prevention of infection in patients with chronic kidney disease, focuses on infection susceptibility in this patient population and the application of infection control principles to the renal care environment. The second and third papers in this series will focus on specific aspects of infection control including the prevention and management of blood‐borne virus and other healthcare‐associated infections.
CE: Continuing Education Article  INTEGRATION OF PALLIATIVE CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH STAGE 5 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE*
Authors: Sedgewick John , Noble Helen , Ho Tai Mooi , Kafkia Theodora , Van Waeleghem Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2010

Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (Stage 5 CKD) have palliative care needs similar to patients with cancer. The decision not to commence dialysis or to withdraw from active treatment can have a profound impact upon all those closely involved in the patient's care. It is essential that every effort is made to minimise the physical and psycho‐social symptoms experienced by patients who require palliative care. Effective teamwork across professional boundaries and specialities will ensure that patients and their families are provided with maximum comfort during their final days. All members of the healthcare team must strive to ensure patient and family are actively encouraged in the decision‐making process surrounding palliative care needs.
Monoclonal gammopathy without hyperglobulinemia in 2 dogs with IgA secretory neoplasms
Authors: Seelig Davis M. , Perry James A. , Avery Anne C. , Avery Paul R.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Two dogs, an 8.5‐year‐old intact male Golden Retriever and a 10‐year‐old spayed female English Springer Spaniel, each with varied clinical histories, were referred to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of hypercalcemia and severe anemia, respectively. In each dog, serum total protein and globulin concentrations were within reference intervals. Cytologic examination of bone marrow aspirates from both dogs revealed moderate to marked numbers of atypical lymphoid cells with plasma cell features. Using serum immunofixation and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification, a monoclonal Ig protein was identified. In conjunction with other clinicopathologic and molecular findings, IgA secretory neoplasms, B‐cell lymphoma with plasmacytoid features and multiple myeloma (MM), were diagnosed. To our knowledge, these cases represent the first descriptions of IgA‐secreting neoplasms in dogs that lacked hyperglobulinemia. In cases of suspected B‐cell lymphoma or MM in dogs, serum proteins should be fully evaluated for the presence of a monoclonal Ig even in dogs that lack characteristic hyperproteinemia or hyperglobulinemia. This evaluation will aid in the diagnosis of secretory B‐cell lymphoma or MM leading to appropriate clinical and therapeutic case management.
Application of thrombelastography/thromboelastometry to veterinary medicine
Authors: Kol Amir , Borjesson Dori L.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Thrombelastograph analyzers are point‐of‐care hemostatic analyzers that provide global assessment of the hemostatic process. Thrombelastography (TEG) detects and provides a continuous recording of the changes in the viscoelastic properties of whole blood from initial clot formation through fibinolysis. TEG has been validated for use in dogs, horses, and cats. Hemostasis research using TEG has focused on test validation, alterations of TEG tracings in animals with naturally occurring diseases, and the use of TEG for monitoring various therapeutic modalities. This article reviews TEG methodology and terminology, including potential sources of preanalytical and analytical errors, the correlation between TEG and other routine hemostatic assays, and current clinical applications of TEG, with emphasis on veterinary medical practice. Data suggest that TEG may be a sensitive and useful adjunctive tool for evaluating an animal with an underlying coagulopathy, including hypercoagulability and hypocoagulability. Additional prospective studies are needed to (1) correlate TEG tracing patterns with a clinical predisposition for bleeding or thrombosis in various disease states and (2) determine whether monitoring and treating hemostatic disorders based on TEG tracings improve clinical outcome.
The Arab Peace Initiative: Now or Never
Authors: Ben‐Meir Alon
Published: October 2010

It has been almost a year now since President Obama set out for Cairo to deliver what has been seen as one of the largest overtures by the United States to publicly engage the Middle East. Unfortunately, despite the high hopes that this new administration garnered and the continuous efforts of high‐level American officials to put an end to the Arab–Israeli conflict, there is little fruit to bear on the ground. More often than not, the diplomatic breaches and hurdles to even get to the negotiating table have consumed the headlines, and 1 year later the multilateral relations in the region seem tepid at best. The repeated failures of the bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians and Israel and Syria may be attributed to a number of factors, including a deep‐seated mistrust that has not been addressed, concerns over the long‐term security, and domestic political constraints to make the required concessions to reach an agreement. Yet while all of these elements contributed to the despondent current state of affairs, the one critical missing ingredient has been the absence of a comprehensive framework for peace representing the collective will of the Arab states.

Now more than ever, the Arab Peace Initiative (API) offers the best possible chance of achieving an inclusive peace, provided that all parties to the conflict understand its significance and historic implications that have eluded all parties for more than six decades. The likelihood that the current lull in violence will continue if no progress is made on the political front is slim. If the Arab states want to show a united front, especially as the Iranian nuclear advances threaten the regional balance of power, they must finally and publically resolve to promote the API in earnest.
An Exploratory and Reflective Process of Urban Spatial Morphology within Social Sustainability: Lessons from Middle Eastern Islamic Tradition
Authors: Mohammed Gamal Taha , Thwaites Kevin
Published: October 2010

This article outlines the significant role of ideologies and values that lie beneath the physicality of the city, in reforming urban spatial morphology within a framework of social sustainability. We focus on the urban morphology of Middle Eastern cities, which have evolved within the framework of Islamic tradition, to illuminate the relationship between the ideological and physical dimensions of spatial morphology in all urban contexts. We examine the process by which a collective of religious, political, and cultural values underlying the physicality of the city have evolved into aesthetic conventions. This process played a crucial role in the maintenance of social and urban sustainability. We propose a form of “pattern language,” here termed the anatomical approach, that brings together the ideological dimension of a city's inhabitants and the physical characteristics of urban morphology. Such a model may help urban designers and architects to understand and create more responsive and friendly cities. It furthermore contributes to the planning education process by providing the essential knowledge and analytical foundation for site analysis and conservation of valuable contexts.
Tribalism, Sectarianism, and Democracy in Kuwaiti Culture
Authors: Al‐Kandari Yagoub Yousif , Al‐Hadben Ibrahim Naji
Published: October 2010

The absence of legal equality and social justice among different ethnic groups plays a major role in making societies heterogeneous. However, during the process of nation building and the making of a new state, these differences among the population should usually give way to the buildup of a national identity that usually overcomes ethnic and religious differences. However, adhering to a single national identity does not necessarily mean neglecting ethnicity and religion, and the challenge becomes in keeping the balance between both identities, the national one that is related to being a citizen and the original one that deals with the citizen's background. Keeping this balance in a way that does not allow any identity to neglect the other is usually the answer to a stable society that lives in harmony among its components. Kuwait is an example of such a heterogeneous society that has divisions across tribal, as well as sectarian, lines. Therefore, it has been a stable political entity because the ruling elite usually take into consideration the need of all social components in this country. The ruling elite try to guarantee that all groups are satisfied and happy, a practice that has led to stability in this country ever since it was established.
Review of the epidemiology and infection control aspects of nosocomialSalmonellainfections in hospitalised horses
Authors: Ekiri A. B. , Morton A. J. , Long M. T. , MacKay R. J. , Hernandez J. A.
Published: October 2010

Outbreaks of nosocomialSalmonellainfections in hospitalised horses can occur when surveillance and infection control protocols are not in place, or not well structured and enforced. The aim of this article is to present a review of published studies that have contributed to the literature of the epidemiology and infection control aspects of nosocomialSalmonellainfections in hospitalised horses. The review highlights important elements that must be taken into consideration during the formulation, implementation and evaluation of a hospital surveillance and infection control programme designed to reduce the risk of an outbreak of nosocomialSalmonellainfection in hospitalised horses.
Management of fractures in endurance horses
Authors: Misheff M. M. , Alexander G. R. , Hirst G. R.
Published: October 2010

This paper provides relevant information for veterinarians responsible for treatment of endurance horses, including a retrospective study of fractures in endurance horses presenting to one referral hospital and to treatment clinics at 3 different race venues. Treatment and case outcome were also noted. The information presented provides clinicians working with high level endurance horses increased awareness of common sites of fractures, of prefracture stress related bone injury within this population of athletes and guidelines in order to manage them more effectively. The most common fractures involve the metacarpo‐(tarso‐)phalangeal joint. Most distal limb fractures can be diagnosed radiographically, but magnetic resonance imaging or scintigraphy may be required in some cases.
Silicon nitride hardmask fabrication using a cyclic CHF3-based reactive ion etching process for vertical profile nanostructures
Authors: Kaspar Peter , Jeyaram Yogesh , Jäckel Heinz , Foelske Annette , Kötz Rüdiger , Bellini Sandro
Published: October 2010

A cyclic approach to silicon nitride dry-etching is presented, which differs in concept from most established high aspect ratio etching processes. Alternating steps of CHF3 etching and oxygen plasma treatment are applied to form vertical sidewalls. During the CHF3 etching step, an etch-inhibiting fluorocarbon film gradually forms on silicon nitride surfaces, whereas the oxygen plasma step removes the fluorocarbon layer and restores the bare nitride surface. By adjusting the timing between the two steps, the etch-inhibition by the fluorocarbon film can be controlled to yield vertical sidewalls. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the formation and removal of the fluorocarbon film are confirmed, and its chemical composition is analyzed. The authors show the influence of cycle step duration on etched sidewall angles and present the results of an optimized set of etching parameters for smooth and vertical sidewalls. By feeding only one gas at a time to the plasma reactor, they avoid having to control the delicate balance between the fluxes of species that deposit and etch the fluorocarbon film. This makes their process very robust and removes the highly variable effects of reactor wall conditions. Finally, the authors comment on the feasibility of implementing a process for etching silicon dioxide in a similar fashion.
Aluminum recycling from reactor walls: A source of contamination in a-Si:H thin films
Authors: Longeaud C. , Ray P. P. , Bhaduri A. , Daineka D. , Johnson E. V. , Roca i Cabarrocas P.
Published: October 2010

In this article, the authors investigate the contamination of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films with aluminum recycled from the walls and electrodes of the deposition reactor. Thin films of hydrogenated amorphous silicon were prepared under various conditions by a standard radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process in two reactors, the chambers of which were constructed of either aluminum or stainless steel. The authors have studied the electronic properties of these thin films and have found that when using an aluminum reactor chamber, the layers are contaminated with aluminum recycled from the chamber walls and electrode. This phenomenon is observed almost independently of the deposition conditions. The authors show that this contamination results in slightly p-doped films and could be detrimental to the deposition of device grade films. The authors also propose a simple way to control and eventually suppress this contamination.
Efficient Atmospheric Cleansing of Oxidized Organic Trace Gases by Vegetation
Authors: Karl T. , Harley P. , Emmons L. , Thornton B. , Guenther A. , Basu C. , Turnipseed A. , Jardine K.
Published: October 2010

Volatiles Versus Vegetation

Plants act as both global sources and sinks of highly reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Models typically treat the uptake and degradation of these compounds as if they are mostly unreactive, like other more commonly studied biogenic gases such as ozone. A study by

Karl
et al.

(p.
816
, published online 21 October) suggests that VOCs may be more reactive than expected. By monitoring six field sites representing a range of deciduous ecosystems, several oxidized VOCs were found to have high deposition fluxes. Fumigation experiments in the laboratory confirmed that leaves are capable of oxidizing these compounds, and do so through an enzymatic detoxification or stress-response mechanism. Budgets for VOC flux in the atmosphere suggests that, on a global scale, plants may take up significant levels of VOCs in polluted regions, especially in the tropics.
Peripherally Applied Aβ-Containing Inoculates Induce Cerebral β-Amyloidosis
Authors: Eisele Yvonne S. , Obermüller Ulrike , Heilbronner Götz , Baumann Frank , Kaeser Stephan A. , Wolburg Hartwig , Walker Lary C. , Staufenbiel Matthias , Heikenwalder Mathias , Jucker Mathias
Published: October 2010

Infectious Amyloid?

Patients with Alzheimer's disease have characteristic lesions in the brains associated with masses of polymerized protein called β-amyloid. Recently, evidence from mouse models of Alzheimer's disease shows that brain extracts containing β-amyloid can “infect” otherwise healthy animals when injected directly into their brains.

Eisele
et al.

(p.
980
, published online 21 October; see the Perspective by

Kim and Holtzman

) extend these findings to show that when mice are injected in other parts of their bodies with similar brain extracts after several months, they also develop amyloidosis within their brains.
Addict to win? A different approach to doping
Authors: D'Angelo Carlos , Tamburrini Claudio
Published: October 2010

Traditionally the doping debate has been dominated by those who want to see doping forbidden (the prohibitionist view) and those who want to see it permitted (the ban abolitionist view).

In this article, the authors analyse a third position starting from the assertion that doping use is a symptom of the paradigm of highly competitive elite sports, in the same way as addictions reflect current social paradigms in wider society. Based upon a conceptual distinction between occasional use, habitual use and addiction, and focusing on the physical and/or mental dependency caused by the addictive use of a certain drug, we argue that marihuana, stimulants and anabolic steroid abuse—the most frequently detected substances in doping tests—satisfies at least one, often both, of these conditions.

A conclusion to be drawn from the authors' arguments is that the prohibitionist view is inappropriate for dealing with doping, as the severe sanctions attached to it will cut the doper off her/his social and professional environment, thereby risking reinforcing her/his addictive conduct. But the ban abolitionist view seems inappropriate as well. At first sight, it seems neither rational nor humane not to intervene when confronted with conduct which is highly harmful for the individual and upon which she has reduced or no control whatsoever.

Instead the authors' proposal will be to contextualise dopers' conduct within sport healthcare and see it strictly in relation to each athlete's personal background. Developing preventive programmes—implemented through person-tailored counselling and eventually treatment, rather than severe sanctions or the mere lifting of the ban—seems to be a more reasonable, and probably more efficient, way of conducting ‘the war against doping’.
Antenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18, harm and parental choice
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic J C
Published: October 2010

In this commentary I assess the possible harms to a fetus with trisomy 18 of continued life. I argue that, although there is good reason to avoid subjecting infants to major surgery and prolonged intensive care where there is little chance of benefit, doctors should support and engage honestly with parents who decide to continue their pregnancies. We should ensure that infants with trisomy 18 have access to high quality palliative care.
Masses of the pineal region: clinical presentation and radiographic features
Authors: Gaillard Frank , Jones Jeremy
Published: October 2010

The pineal gland is important in structure, function and in the pathology that can affect it. The significance of the pathology of the gland and its adjacent structures is twofold: anatomical location, and biological behaviour of many of the lesions. The gland is in a critical anatomic location, and as the dorsal portions of the midbrain are compressed, patients may present with obstructive hydrocephalus, and/or with focal neurology. Masses and tumours of the pineal region range widely in behaviour, from the completely benign (eg, pineal cyst) to highly malignant (eg, pineoblastoma). Masses in the pineal region may be benign cysts (most common mass), tumours of various sources as well as rare vascular malformations that result in mass effect. Tumours of the pineal region represent a variety of histologies. Germ cell tumours are the most common: germinomas (50%), teratoma (15%), and choricocarcinoma (5%). Primary tumours of the pineal region make up 15% of all pineal tumours and represent a spectrum of aggressiveness. Other less common tumours also occur in the pineal region including metastatic spread and direct invasion from tumours arising in adjacent structures. Accurate diagnosis is essential to plan appropriate management, and early referral for medical imaging is a necessary first step. Although there is significant overlap in the imaging characteristics of some pineal masses, a distinction between aggressive and benign lesions is usually possible, and invaluable preoperative information is obtained in patients who require histological diagnosis.
Obesity in pregnancy: a major healthcare issue
Authors: Tsoi Elly , Shaikh Humera , Robinson Stephen , Teoh Tiong Ghee
Published: October 2010

The prevalence of maternal obesity is rising, up to 20% in some antenatal clinics, in line with the prevalence of obesity in the general population. Maternal obesity poses significant risks for all aspects of pregnancy. There are risks to the mother with increased maternal mortality, pre-eclampsia, diabetes and thromboembolic disorders. There is increased perinatal mortality, macrosomia and congenital malformation. The obstetric management, with increased operative delivery rate, and increased difficulty of anaesthesia, carry risk for the obese mother. Long term complications associated with maternal obesity include increased likelihood of maternal weight retention and exacerbation of obesity. This review aims to discuss these risks with a view to suggesting management to ensure the best outcome for both the mother and the offspring.
Onchocerciasis in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria: clinical and psychological aspects and sustainability of community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI)
Authors: Mbanefo Evaristus C , Eneanya Christine I , Nwaorgu Obioma C , Oguoma Victor M , Otiji Moses O , Ogolo Bernice A
Published: October 2010

Background

A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the psychological impact of onchocerciasis, and assess sustainability of the decade-old community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in Ayamelum Local Council, Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria.

Methods

Skin manifestations assessed using the rapid assessment method (RAM) in 894 subjects from 13 communities selected by multi-stage sampling were classified based on the anatomical sites affected. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were used to obtain information on the psychological impacts and sustainability of the CDTI programme. Qualitative data were summarised while quantitative data generated were analysed using charts and tables.

Results

Anatomical distribution showed a preponderance of onchodermatitis on the limbs (the most exposed parts of the body) and buttocks (an area considered ‘private’), thus revealing some reasons for the psychological impacts of the skin disease and the psychosocial inclination of the victims. Itching (40%) and onchocercal skin manifestations (OSDs) (34.3%) were identified as the most troublesome signs and symptoms, while the most worrisome consequence of onchocerciasis was social seclusion (or stigmatisation) (34.3%). Focus group responses revealed the persistence of psychological impacts on the victims, affecting almost all facets of their lives. The CDTI programme has performed creditably well when assessed using the sustainability indicators, yet there are still challenges in the areas of coverage, monitoring, resources, and participation. A ‘quick-win’ was identified whereby the CDTI chain could be utilised to deliver other health interventions.

Conclusion

It is recommended that onchocerciasis control programmes should include aspects that would address its psychosocial impacts and threats to the sustainability of the CDTI programme.
Type 2 diabetes in younger adults: the emerging UK epidemic
Authors: Wilmot Emma G , Davies Melanie J , Yates Tom , Benhalima Katrien , Lawrence Ian G , Khunti Kamlesh
Published: October 2010

There is an emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in younger adults. They represent an extreme phenotype: likely to be obese, lead a sedentary lifestyle, have a strong family history of T2DM, be of black or minority ethnic origin, and come from less affluent socioeconomic groups. An accurate diagnosis of T2DM in younger adults, while essential to guide management, can be challenging even for the experienced diabetologist. Comorbidities such as hypertension, nephropathy and hyperlipidaemia are prevalent in this group, and, despite the lack of longitudinal data, they represent a very high risk group, with a need for aggressive management. This focused review of the epidemiology, aetiology, clinical outcomes, comorbidities and management of younger adults with T2DM will provide the non-specialist with up-to-date insight into the UK’s emerging epidemic.