bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A critique of "religion" as a cross-cultural category1
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: April 2008

This article has three related purposes. One is to argue the inadequacy of the concept of religion as an analytical concept. I point to vagueness and imprecision in the use of the notion of religion in religious studies texts and I also refer to my own research in India and Japan to substantiate my claim that religion is virtually useless as a cross-cultural analytical concept. The second purpose is to suggest ways of representing and re-representing the extensive and important work which is being produced by scholars who work in religion departments. I also try to place my argument in a wider context of western ideology. I conclude that the confusion generated by the concept of religion cannot be explained only as a category mistake. Instead, it is better understood as a form of mystification generated by its disguised ideological function.
Somewhere Over the Rainbow? Cosmogony and Mystical Decreation
Authors: Pyysiainen Ilkka
Published: April 2008

Religious answers to the question of how the world has come into being fall roughly into two categories: mythical narratives and doctrinal formulations based on cosmogonical mythology. In explaining how the world has come into being, such myths and doctrines also tell us something about the conditions before the world was created. David Herbst's "co-genetic" logic is used to explain why we are prone to think that if the world is a spatio-temporal entity, there has to be a "not-world" before and beyond it. Within Christianity and Buddhism, for example, the so-called introvertive mystical experience is believed to liberate mystics from what is created or what has come into being and thus to lead them to some kind of "not-world". Various representations of "not-world", like 'God' and 'nirv' na', are here interpreted as conceptual postulates necessitated by "co-genetic logic". It is argued that certain aspects of cosmogony and mysticism can be best explained as following directly from the nature of human cognition.
A Cognitive Approach To Ritual: New Method or No Method At All?
Authors: Levine Michael P.
Published: April 2008

Lawson and McCauley (1993: 201) claim that "historians of religion and many anthropologists have adopted strategies in addressing their crisis of identity that lead to truncated views of religious phenomena... [and] that a less restricted view of religious phenomena will suggest an approach in the study of religion which neither ... have adequately explored". An examination of their theory shows that despite an insightful diagnosis of methodological disarray, their recommended palliative fails. Their approach is not even useful.
Investigation, Detention and Release of Foreign Vessels under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 and Other International Agreements
Authors: Anderson David H.
Published: April 2008

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea contains (or makes reference to) many provisions about the investigation, detention and release of vessels. The detention and failure to release a vessel may lead to a dispute which could come before an international court or tribunal, in which case the release of the vessel on bail could be sought as an interim measure of protection (Art. 290). The special procedure for release contained in Article 292 is available only when it can be shown that the detaining state has not complied with the specific provisions of the Convention for the prompt release of the vessel and its crew on bail or upon the posting of a reasonable bond or similar financial security. These provisions are contained, directly or indirectly, in: Article 73, concerning the release on bail of fishing vessels; Article 220(7), concerning the release on bail in cases of suspected violations of MARPOL; Article 226(1)(b), concerning the release on bail of vessels suspected of having violated prohibitions of dumping or discharges or regulations of coastal states; Article 226(1)(c), concerning vessels which may present a threat to the environment. In cases other than the above, the special procedure in Article 292 is not available. Instead, a legal dispute may exist which could be referred to a court or tribunal in accordance with the terms of the Convention.
The Right of Self-Determination and Protection of Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe in light of the case-law of the Human Rights Committee
Authors: Nowak Manfred
Published: April 2008

The right of self-determination and protection of minorities in Central and Eastern Europe is discussed in the light of the case law of the Human Rights Committee, which shows that many traditional minorities in Central and Eastern Europe are to be qualified as minorities within the meaning of article 27 of the UN Covenant. The author concludes that the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights still remains the only international treaty guaranteeing protection to minorities and providing measures of international supervision. He argues for a common and internationally binding European agreement providing adequate protection against minority rights violations, be it in the framework of the CSCE, Council of Europe or an enlarged European Communities.
Language and territoriality. A summary of developments in Belgium
Authors: Witte Els
Published: April 2008

Belgium is a state that is confronted within its border with different groups that have their own language profile. The country appears to have been run as a veritable laboratory for testing several of the possible models and a very complicated pacificatory system has arisen. This summary deals with the origins and the development of three relevant "models": the homogeneous territorial areas, the bilingual capital area and the protected minorities in the boroughs along the language borders.
Protecting minorities in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) process
Authors: Helgesen Jan E.
Published: April 2008

This article gives an analysis of the protection of minorities in the CSCE documents. It explains the historical evolution of the set of norms pertaining to the minority question in the CSCE Process. The author shows how this kind of questions, form the beginning, played a modest role in the crusade for the protection of human rights. Emphasis was on the protection of the individual, not on the group as such. Gradually, however, more importance has been given to the protection of minorities. The author is convinced that the CSCE is an interesting option for those wanting to enhance the international protection of the rights of minorities. He puts particular emphasis on the establishment of the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities.
Peace, Human Rights, and Minorities: Multilateral Responses and the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
Authors: Zaagman Rob , Huber Konrad
Published: April 2008

This article attempts to understand concurrent efforts by inter-governmental agencies in the areas of minority protection and ethnic conflict prevention. The analysis specifially aims (1) to assist in differentiating between the numerous inter-governmental organs, bodies, and mechanisms, including the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, with a role in addressing minority issues, and (2) to begin the process of identifying interrelationships, overlaps, and gaps in existing capacities. In addition to the High Commissioner, the minority-related activities of the UN, the Council of Europe, and the Council of Baltic Sea States are all reviewed. The essential view is that 'the effectiveness of international response to minority questions lies not in the efficacy of single institutions but in synergetic cooperaton among them'.
Toward a global culture: Human rights, group rights and cultural relativism
Authors: Meyer William H.
Published: April 2008

This study seeks to define universal standards of human rights within a cross-cultural context. It begins with a review of three positions in the prior literatures regarding the relationship between culture and definitions of human rights. These three positions are: Western normative hegemony; weak cultural relativism; and strong cultural relativism. The paper then considers various feminist critiques that call into question the basic assumptions of all three prior views. The paper concludes by arguing that there are universal standards of human rights that apply to all cultures. My own position argues that these universal standards are part of an emerging "global culture."
Recent Developments in the English Law of Involuntary Manslaughter
Authors: Elliott Catherine
Published: April 2008

This article discusses the recent changes in the law of involuntary manslaughter in England. Involuntary manslaughter is a type of homicide offence in English criminal law. To appreciate the significance of the changes in the field of involuntary manslaughter a brief explanation will first be given of homicide offences in general in England.
Casus Legum Sive Suffragia Monachorum
Authors: Duynstee Marguerite , Bertram Martin
Published: April 2008

Inhalt: Vorbemerkung - Einleitung - I. Casus legum zu den Dekretalen Gregors IX. (CL I) - II. Casus legum zu den Dekretalen Gregors IX. und den Novellen Innozenz' IV. (CL II) - III. Herkunft von CL I und CL II - IV. Zum rechtsgeschichtlichen Hintergrund der Gattung - V. Casus legum zum Dekret und zu den Clementinen - VI. Casus legum zu Tancreds Ordo ludiciarius - Anhang: Handschriften und Texte
Het Achttiende-Eeuwse Onderwijs in De Statistiek Aan De Juridische Faculteiten Van De Republiek Der Verenigde Nederlanden
Authors: Jansen C.J.H.
Published: April 2008

Die frühe Entwicklung der Statistik in den Niederlanden ist mit der Rechtswissenschaft eng verbunden. Seit der Mitte des 18. Jhs. wird das Fach an fast allen juristischen Fakultäten gelehrt. Der aus Deutschland stammende Utrechter Professor E. Otto (1686-1756) kann als Initiator betrachtet werden. Statistik wird meistens als notitia rerum publicarum, als Wissenschaft der staatsrechtlichen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Einrichtung des Gemeinwesens aufgefaßt. So wird sie Grundlage der Staatswissenschaften, aber auch der Politik. Themen sind u.a. Regierungsform, Verfassung, Souveränität und ratio status oder arcana imperii (Geheimwissen, wie man Staatsmacht erobert, behält und erweitert). Der Unterricht zielt auf künftige Beamte und Politiker. Zwar gibt es noch keinen Beamtenstaat, doch macht sich eine allmähliche 'Juridisierung' der Verwaltungselite bemerkbar. Die Methode ist die der holländischen 'eleganten' Schule: historisch orientiert und auf einer kritischen Auswertung von Handfesten und anderen Quellen beruhend. In den Vorlesungsverzeichnissen finden sich zwei weitere Fächer mit 'statistischen' Zügen: die Historia foederum Belgii (Geschichte der Staatsverträge) und die Diplomatik. Gegen Ende des 18. Jhs. wendet sich die Statistik wirtschaftlichen Themen zu (Nationalökonomie).
Veertig Jaar Geschiedenis Van Het Recht Van De Zuidelijke Nederlanden in De 18e eEuw (1950-1990)
Authors: Van Dievoet Guido
Published: April 2008

L'enseignement de l'histoire du droit a pris un nouvel essor en Belgique depuis la loi du 21 mai 1929 et l'arrêté royal du 18 mai 1967. Des séminaires d'histoire du droit ont été créés dans plusieures universités. La publication de la Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'histoire du droit a été reprise en 1950 et celle-ci a étendu son comité de rédaction à des historiens belges. L'association des "Anciens pays et assemblées d'états" a fait paraître plus de 90 volumes de 1950 à 1990, dont un certain nombre est consacré au 18e siècle. Plusieurs livres et un grand nombre d'articles traitent du droit des Pays-Bas méridionaux au 18e siècle, sous les aspects les plus divers: le droit privé (la puissance paternelle, la tutelle, le statut des enfants mineurs, celui des étrangers et de la femme, les régimes matrimoniaux, les sûretés, la preuve, etc.), l'organisation judiciaire et la procédure civile (les conseils de justice, les procureurs généraux, la réforme judiciaire, le notariat), le droit public et les institutions centrales, régionales et locales (les états provinciaux, la Joyeuse Entrée de Brabant, etc.), les rapports entre l'Eglise et l'Etat, le droit des gens, le droit pénal et la procédure pénale (la criminalité, le vagabondage et la mendicité, les maisons de correction, la réforme pénale, etc.), le droit fiscal et les finances publiques, ainsi que l'historiographie et l'archéologie juridiques. Il reste beaucoup à faire. Des sources très riches, comme la jurisprudence, les actes scabinaux et les actes notariés, offrent un champ d'action très vaste aux historiens du droit. Une étude plus approfondie des réformes et des essais de réforme du 18e siècle s'imposerait. La compétence réelle du Conseil privé reste à préciser, ainsi que celle des échevins, tant dans le domaine de la juridiction contentieuse, que de la juridiction gracieuse. Le droit fiscal offre de larges perspectives aux chercheurs. Beaucoup d'aspects de l'enseignement du droit au 18e siècle sont encore à découvrir.
The Position of Shari'a Within the Uae Constitution and the Federal Supreme Court's Application of the Constitutional Clause Concerning Shari'a
Authors: Butti Ali Al-Muhairi Butti Sultan
Published: April 2008

The preceding Supreme Court decisions led to the following conclusions: firstly, although the Supreme Court in these decisions repeatedly insists that recourse to Islamic Shari'a is a matter of policy to be left entirely to the federal legislature, the Court repeatedly announced that all federal legislation should be derived from Islamic Shari'a. The Court thus adopted the Islamists position according to which any legislation violating the Shari'a dictates should be considered unconstitutional.66 Secondly, although, as mentioned, there was strong evidence of an apparent conflict between the Constitution and the laws dealt with by the Supreme Court in the aforementioned judgments, the Court was reluctant to declare the laws unconstitutional. This is accounted for by the Court's insistence on creating uniformity among these judgments. Greater conflict occurred between the Constitution and Articles 61 and 62 of Abu Dhabi Law than occurred between the Constitution and the Alcoholic Drinks Laws of Abu Dhabi and Sharjah. The fact that there was seen to be no conflict between the Constitution and Articles 61 and 62 naturally led the Supreme Court (for the purpose of creating uniformity among its judgments) to deny the existence of conflict between the Alcoholic Drinks Laws and the Constitution. Thirdly, the Supreme Court in interpreting and applying Article 7 of the Constitution in the judgments mentioned above, distinguished between civil and criminal matters. In answering the question of the legality of bank interest, the Court considered the application of the Shari'a as a matter of policy to be left to the legislature, and not for the judiciary to decide. Concerning the application of the Shari'a in criminal matters, the Court declared that the lower federal courts should apply the punishments prescribed by the Shari'a in Hudud offences. Indeed, practice in the UAE shows the application of Shari'a in the sphere of criminal matters only; it does not apply to commercial matters, especially in the case of applying interest in commercial law as proven by the Supreme Court in the Junatta Bank case. The roots of such a distinction can be found in the answer to the question, why was the application of Shari'a rules regarding Hudud offences made obligatory by the Supreme Court, while the application of the Shari'a rules affecting bank interest was not? The probable answer is that the Supreme Court has shied away from applying the Shari'a where it would threaten orderly economic development and the modernisation of its institutions.67 The application of Hudud punishments, by comparison, threatens no such disruption.
"De Seekarte Ost Vnd West To Segelen ...": On Northern European Nautical "Fachliteratur" in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Rosler Irmtraud
Published: April 2008

The requirements of navigation in Western and Northern Europe led to the production of handbooks that did not have any obvious precursors in the learned traditions. The paper describes the characteristic features of such navigational handbooks and discusses their production, distribution, and reception. The peculiarities of transmission of nautical knowledge are also reflected linguistically: from the beginning, practical navigational texts were written in vernacular languages, that is, in Dutch, French, English, or Low German, but not in Latin. They were not conceived as texts for learned men. Instead, as is shown by the example of the Low German Seebuch, one of the oldest such manuscripts, they were planned as practical manuals for navigators who needed information about matters such as depths, currents, distances, and routes.
Vernacularization as an Intellectual and Social Bridge. the Catalan Translations of Teodorico's Chirurgia and of Arnau De Vilanova's Regimen Sanitatis1
Authors: Cifuentes Lluis
Published: April 2008

This study analyzes the dissemination and readership of two medieval medical works in Catalan. Combining the use of diverse sources such as the manuscripts themselves, post-mortem inventories, and the prologues written by the translators, the study shows how the diffusion of these works exemplifies the two main audiences to which vernacular texts were addressed. These were, on the one hand, literate but not Latinate surgeons and other practitioners interested in the new medicine emanating from the emerging universities; and on the other, nobles and burghers interested in issues of health and disease and in natural philosophy in general. The framework for the study is the general process of consolidation of the new medical system which developed in late medieval Latin Europe.
The first century: a time to rejoice and a time to weep
Authors: Nickelsburg George W. E.
Published: April 2008

The tragic two-thousand-year story of Jewish-Christian relations has its roots in the first century, when the two sides, governed by exclusive beliefs and experiences, found it impossible to sympathise and difficult to communicate with one another. The forces contributing to the growing rift were the different attitudes towards (or interpretations of) the death and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth and the destruction of the Temple in the year 70. The historical analysis of these tensions is a reminder that understanding, empathy, and communication are crucial if communities in conflict with one another are to make any progress in the direction of peaceful solutions.
The baptism of anticipation: once more the infant baptism debate
Authors: Williams D.T.
Published: April 2008

Although the popular understanding of baptism is to connect it with the forgiveness of sins, this is inadequate. Building on a previous article which sees its meaning as of 'repentance', a change in life, baptism is viewed as a symbol signifying a developing relationship with Christ by faith, through the Spirit. In particular it anticipates a ministry of prophet, priest and king. As such there is an essential equality of meaning with the baptism practised by John, particularly of Jesus. This means that in the context of faith, baptism as an infant and as an adult are both valid, and that sprinkling and immersion are both appropriate.
Contextualising environmental theology at Unisa and in African society
Authors: Daneel M.L.
Published: April 2008

This article* sets out the main objectives of a new chair and related centre or institute at the University of South Africa for Religious Research and Environmental Reform which Professor Daneel has envisaged for several years. The objectives of: teaching environmental theology at various levels (including contextualised courses for African Initiated Churches at the grassroots of African society); initiating empirical research projects (as feasibility studies for new environmental projects, studies for monitoring project implementation, the gauging of societal response to environmental initiatives, etc; and introducing a wide range of field operations through the motivation and empowerment of religious or other communities, are closely related to the religio-ecological models already developed by the Zimbabwean Institute of Religious Research and Ecological Conservation (ZIRRCON) in Zimbabwe. These objectives also correspond with the threefold mission of Unisa. It is worthy of note that a substantial grant of R2,3 million was made by Goldfields, South Africa, early in December 1994 towards the realisation of the goals set out in this paper. These goals were later modified, in consultation with Professor Daneel, by Reverend David Olivier, environmental theologian in the Department of Systematic Theology at Unisa. Reverend Olivier will be the first executive director, with Professor Daneel acting as senior consultant, of what initially will be called the Goldfields Project of Faith and Earthkeeping at Unisa.
Religion in a new key Global perspectives and encounters challenging the study of religions
Authors: King Ursula
Published: April 2008

This article highlights aspects of the new situation in which thinking and theorising about religion is being done. This new situation is characterised by an increasing global awareness, increasing awareness of religious pluralism in the interfaith encounter, the importation of critical gender categories into the study of religion on a theoretical and metatheoretical level and an awareness of the increasing complexity of our world and of the phenomenon religion. The challenges brought to bear on the study of religion by these aspects of the new situation, as well as the effects they have on the way we study the phenomenon religion, are discussed.
Bybelwetenskaplike navorsing en die geloof van die gemeente
Authors: Pieterse H.J.C.
Published: April 2008

The results of research by Old and New Testament scholars in the realistic-critical tradition points to the historical Jesus being nothing more than a Jewish prophet. Research by practical theologians and sociologists of religion about the faith of the people regarding Jesus produced a variety of perspectives. When biblical scientists communicate their results on who Jesus was to members of the church this will be only one perspective among a variety that believers have.
In memory of her: the life and times of Winsome Munro
Authors: Engelbrecht J.
Published: April 2008

This article gives a brief life history of Winsome Munro, who was born in South Africa in 1925 and who was ahead of her time in many respects. She was a feminist long before it became the order of the day, she studied theology and was ordained as a minister when it was still a male dominated domain, and fought for a new dispensation in South Africa long before anyone had ever heard of the new South Africa. She spent 26 years in exile in the United States of America because of her political convictions. There she retired in 1991 as a professor of New Testament. She died in 1994 shortly after she participated in the first general election in South Africa.
Waar is al die vroue heen? Die lot van vroue in die middeleeue ná die verbod op priesterhuwelike
Authors: Landman C.
Published: April 2008

During the eleventh and twelfth centuries married priests were forced by the reforming popes and synods to abandon their wives. It is difficult to establish the extent of the social consequences of this enforcement. Contemporary sources in northern France, the focus of this article, dealt with the matter mainly in terms of canon law. In this article the content of the non-sources is analysed, that is, the sources which criticised the prohibition of priestly and clerical marriages butwithoutgiving any information on the lives of thewomen involved. Then the article turns to Sigebertus of Gembloux and Anselm of Canterbury, neighbours to northern France, for information on the plight of these men and women.
The Kairos Behind the Kairos Document a Contextual Exegesis of Luke 19:41-44
Authors: Speckman Mcglory
Published: April 2008

In this article I argue that behind the Kairos Document (KD) there is Luke's kairos or at least his view of it, which the kairos theologians did not take cognisance of Had they attempted an exegesis of Luke 19:41-44, whose spirit is partly reflected in the KD, it would have become clear that Luke's view of a kairos points back to the liberating moment of Jesus, yet forward to the consequences of missing that moment. Thus the kairos is intended for both supporters and opponents of Jesus. The new South Africa needs the positive dimension of the kairos which might provide a socio-political vision in the present context, hence the use of a contextual exegesis approach in this article.
The Rhetoric of Religion Within 'the Ruins of the University'
Authors: Vorster Johannes N.
Published: April 2008

The objective of the article is to legitimise studies concerned with religion within a radically changed perspective on the university. It is argued that if studies concerning religion are located in an interactional philosophy of meaning instead of continuing in an objectivistic philosophy of meaning, they participate naturally in disciplinary conversations conducted in a university set upon social engagement. Both the field ofreligion and the university have been approached from the theoretical perspective of rhetoric. The first part of the article explores the 'symbolic construction of social reality', and functions as a theoretical point of departure on which the argumentation of the following two sections, entitled 'From a "Uni"-versity to a "Multi"-versity' and 'The study of Religion in the university of dissensus', elaborates. It is indicated that the demise ofa unifying principle emanating from the modern university requires a shift from constative structures of meaning to performative structures of meaning, enabling the university to be yet another locus in a heterogeneous society where discourses of knowledge can be produced and exchanged. The final section argues that if the rhetoricity of religious discourses is recognised and acknowledged, the field of study not only expands, but the university of dissensus becomes the appropriate site for this exchange of knowledge.
Words, Worlds, Works Making Our Way With New Testament Scholarship1
Authors: Botha Pieter J.J.
Published: April 2008

New Testament scholarship attempts rational, sensible understanding of the early Christian literature and its world. It engages in a conversation with the past in order to discover, learn about, and criticise ways of being human. Such understanding implies an extensive knowledge of the many parts of our complex social context and conceptual heritage and then integrates these into the enquiring and religious discourses of today. It has the potential to make a useful contribution to the educational process by creating a historical consciousness, by installing a respect for the 'other' through cross-cultural communication and exposure to a multi-cultural experience and by inculcating a critical attitude towards the social institutions of our day.
The Bible, Its Status and African Christian Theologies: Foundational Document or Stumbling Block?
Authors: Punt Jeremy
Published: April 2008

The relationship between the Bible and Christianity, including Christian theology, is traditionally strong and undisputed; however, in Christian theology in Africa, as elsewhere, the status of the biblical texts is contested. A brief consideration of the Bible as 'canon' leads to a broader discussion of how the Bible has to a certain extent become a 'problem' in African theology also, both because of theological claims made about its status, and - and in conjunction with - its perceived complicity in justifying human suffering and hardship. The legacy of the Bible as legitimating agent is dealt with from the vantage point of the history of interpretation; but the latter also provides for a 'rehumanising' of Scripture. In the end, this article is also an attempt to explain some of the different views of the Bible's status in Africa, and to address and mediate the resulting conflict by attending to proposals to view the biblical canon as 'historical prototype', foundational document' - as scripture. A number of important aspects regarding the continuing role of the Bible in African theologies in particular, conclude the essay.
The Effects of Mesoscale Surface Heterogeneity on the Fair-Weather Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Kang Song-Lak , Davis Kenneth J.
Published: April 2008

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to examine the impact of heterogeneity in the surface energy balance on the mesoscale and microscale structure of the convective atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). A long (16 or 32 km) and narrow (5 km) domain of the convective ABL is forced with an imposed surface heat flux consisting of a constant background flux of 0.20 K m s−1 (250 W m−2) added to a sinusoidal perturbation of 16 or 32 km and whose amplitude varies from 0.02 to 0.20 K m s−1 (25–250 W m−2). The output is analyzed using a spatial filter, spectral analyses, and a wave-cutoff filter to show how the mesoscale and microscale components of the ABL respond to surface heterogeneity.

The ABL response is divided by amplitude of heterogeneity into oscillatory and nonoscillatory mesoscale flows, with amplitudes of 0.08 K m s−1 (100 W m−2) and greater being oscillatory. Although mean ABL structure is disturbed relative to the homogeneous case for all heterogeneous cases, the microscale structure of the ABL in the quasi-steady flows retains characteristics of mixed-layer similarity. The vertical sensible heat flux is dominated in all cases by the microscale flux, with an interscale term becoming significant for high-amplitude cases and the mesoscale flux remaining small in all cases. Prior observations of ABLs over heterogeneous surfaces are consistent with the lower-amplitude cases. These results contradict past studies that suggest that heterogeneous surfaces lead to large mesoscale fluxes. The interscale flux and oscillatory microscale structures raise questions about the ability of mesoscale models to properly simulate the ABL in high-amplitude heterogeneity.
Relative Humidity as an Indicator for Cloud Formation over Heterogeneous Land Surfaces
Authors: van Heerwaarden Chiel C. , Guerau de Arellano Jordi Vilà
Published: April 2008

The influence of land surface heterogeneity on potential cloud formation is investigated using relative humidity as an indicator. This is done by performing numerical experiments using a large-eddy simulation model (LES). The land surface in the model was divided into two patches that had the same sum of latent and sensible heat flux but different Bowen ratios to simulate heterogeneous land surfaces. For heterogeneity in the meso-γ scale (2–20 km), sensitivity analyses were carried out on the heterogeneity amplitude (Bowen ratio difference between contrasting areas) and the inversion strength of potential temperature and specific humidity. The competition between absolute temperature decrease by ABL growth and dry air entrainment in heterogeneous conditions is analyzed using the LES results. First, it is shown that entrainment is located and enhanced over patches with higher Bowen ratios (warm patches) than their surroundings (cold patches). The heterogeneity-induced strong thermals can further penetrate the inversion at the ABL top, thereby reaching lower absolute temperatures than in homogeneous conditions. Second, because of the heterogeneity-induced circulations the moisture is located over the warm patch, and higher time-averaged RH values at the ABL top (RHzi) than over the cold patches are found here, even for dry atmospheres. These RHzi exceed values found over homogeneous land surfaces and are an indication that surface heterogeneity may facilitate cloud formation. In vertical profiles of RH, few differences are found between the homogeneous and heterogeneous cases, but the essential heterogeneity-induced modifications are within the domain variability.
Spaced-Antenna Interferometry to Detect and Locate Subvolume Inhomogeneities of Reflectivity: An Analogy with Monopulse Radar
Authors: Zhang Guifu , Doviak Richard J.
Published: April 2008

The theory of spaced-antenna interferometry (SAI) is formulated to detect and locate deterministic objects and reflectivity inhomogeneities embedded within the phased-array weather radar’s resolution volume V6 and to improve weather radar performance. An analogy is made between monopulse tracking and SAI. The cross-correlation function and its power spectrum are derived based on wave scattering by a large deterministic object and clusters of randomly distributed precipitation particles. It is shown that nonuniform beam filling leads to an effective narrower beam and an increase in cross-correlation coefficient at zero lag. Hence, an individual object or a subvolume inhomogeneity can be detected and located by SAI. This capability further enhances the potential applications of phased-array weather radar used as a multimission system.
Women Showing Off: Notes on Female Exhibitionism
Authors: Balsam Rosemary H.
Published: April 2008

The limitations of the phallocentric cast of earlier psychoanalytic formulations of “female exhibitionism” linger into the present. In part this connects to certain historical expectations for women's social behavior, and to the vicissitudes of Freud's insufficient knowledge of women in his libidinal psychosexual phasing used as a basis for analytic understanding. The contemporary fade of libido theory contributes to the neglect of such topics as they relate to the biological body. Yet ease and conflict regarding conscious and unconscious female body image representations related to that stepchild of theory—pregnancy and childbirth in particular—play a major role in female body display. Recognition of such body fantasies and female body meanings from early childhood into maturity tends to be marginalized within all of the psychoanalytic theories current today. The focus here on female exhibitionism suggests a normative spectrum for pleasurably active sex seeking and pleasurable procreative desire and fantasy that is present in a female's use of her body and which (of course, but secondarily) can become caught up in conflict. Two cases accenting analyses of female “showing off” behavior are included.
Toward a General Theory of Unconscious Processes in Psychoanalysis and Anesthesiology
Authors: Mashour George A.
Published: April 2008

Psychoanalysis and anesthesiology appear radically different in their clinical practice, yet they share a focus of inquiry: unconscious processes. Despite this common domain, there has been no exploration of the relationship between “the unconscious” as conceived by psychoanalysts and “surgical unconsciousness” as conceived by anesthesiologists. This is likely due to the fact that general anesthesia has been assumed to be a state in which the brain is simply “turned off.” More recent neuroscientific data invalidate this assumption by demonstrating that the anesthetized brain is both cognitively dynamic and capable of implicit learning. Current perspectives on anesthetic mechanisms suggest that general anesthesia is characterized not simply by the absence of cognitive activity, but by the disintegration of cognitive activity. The cognitive unbinding paradigm of general anesthesia is discussed and its application to Wilfred Bion's theory of thinking, as well as his concept of attacks on linking, is elucidated. Based on the common structure and function of unconscious processes in psychoanalysis and anesthesiology, the foundation of a general theory is established.
Challenging conventions: Roles and processes during non-isomorphic institutional change
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Edwards Tim
Published: April 2008

In this article we theorize the early moments of non-isomorphic institutional change. In avoiding the `hero imagery' of the individual institutional entrepreneur we emphasize the role of different actors and broader historical processes in explaining the substantive changes and developments in the superyacht industry between the late 1960s and early 1980s. Particular attention is given to explaining the significance of entrepreneurialism, opposition, opportunity creation and change consumption during the early moments of de- and pre-institutionalization. Broader processes of consumption, authentication, regulation and technological development are also key. In summary, the article demonstrates the value of a relational approach for understanding institutionalization.
Humor and group effectiveness
Authors: Romero Eric , Pescosolido Anthony
Published: April 2008

Despite the importance of groups in the workplace and the demand from workers for a fun work environment, there is no model that explains how successful organizational humor can impact work groups. The purpose of this article is to present a model, based on Hackman's framework of group effectiveness, that can be used to understand the relationship between successful organizational humor and group effectiveness. We explore the ability of successful organizational humor to influence groups through its positive impact on group productivity, viability and learning. Based on the literature from several disciplines, we propose that successful organizational humor can have a positive impact on a variety of group processes (e.g. effective communication, development of group goals, management of emotion, etc.) and outcomes (e.g. group productivity, group viability, and development of group members), which contribute to overall group effectiveness. The model has the potential to both advance theory on organizational humor and to offer value to practicing managers by providing an understanding of how two seemingly unrelated factors (humor and group effectiveness) are in fact related in a meaningful fashion.
Extending Deterrence Theory
Authors: Matthews Shelley Keith , Agnew Robert
Published: April 2008

Studies suggest that the perceived certainty of punishment has little or no effect on subsequent offending. Some researchers, however, argue that perceived certainty deters offending among some types of people but not among others. This article contributes to this line of argument by examining whether the effect of perceived certainty on offending is conditioned by the individual's social environment, specifically the individual's level of association with delinquent peers. Using longitudinal data from a sample of high school students, the authors find that perceived certainty only predicts offending among youth with no or some delinquent peers.
The Influence of Being under the Influence
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Teasdale Brent , Burchfield Keri B.
Published: April 2008

The authors examine the relationship between intoxication, chronic alcohol use, and violent behavior using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The authors introduce a method for disentangling spuriousness from the causal effects of situational variables. Their results suggest that drinkers are much more likely to commit violence while sober than non-drinkers, suggesting that a considerable portion of the relationship between prevalence of drinking and violence is spurious. The authors find evidence of a causal effect of intoxication, however, when they examine the relationship between frequency of drinking and violence while sober or drinking. Intoxication has stronger effects on adolescents who are older, White, and who already have violent tendencies.
Improving Treatment Adherence in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Gaudiano Brandon A. , Weinstock Lauren M. , Miller Ivan W.
Published: April 2008

Treatment adherence is a frequent problem in bipolar disorder, with research showing that more than 60% of bipolar patients are at least partially nonadherent to medications. Treatment nonadherence is consistently predictive of a number of negative outcomes in bipolar samples, and the discontinuation of mood stabilizers places these patients at high risk for relapse. Several types of adjunctive treatment (family, psychoeducational, cognitive-behavioral) have been investigated for improving symptoms and functioning in bipolar patients with some success. To date, less attention has been paid to developing treatments specifically to promote treatment adherence to and engagement with pharmacological as well as behavioral treatments in patients with bipolar disorder. First, we review the effects of adjunctive interventions specifically on treatment adherence outcomes in 14 published clinical trials. Based on this empirical knowledge base, we present a preliminary description of the treatment strategies that appear most promising for improving adherence. The article also provides research recommendations for developing more effective interventions for the purpose of improving bipolar treatment adherence. Finally, special treatment considerations, including the potential impact of comorbid substance abuse and bipolar depression, are discussed.
Single-Participant Assessment of Treatment Mediators
Authors: Gaynor Scott T. , Harris Amanda
Published: April 2008

Determining the means by which effective psychotherapy works is critical. A generally recommended strategy for identifying the potential causal variables is to conduct group-level statistical tests of treatment mediators. Herein the case is made for also assessing mediators of treatment outcome at the level of the individual participant. Single-participant assessment of mediators requires documenting, for each participant, that treatment was received, that change occurred on the mediator and relevant clinical outcome measures, and that the change on the mediator happened at an expected time in the treatment protocol and prior to substantive change on the dependent variable. Data from four depressed adolescents who demonstrated remission following a behavioral activation intervention illustrate the use of the approach in assessing whether changes in activation level or negative thinking mediated the changes in depression. For two participants, increased activation appeared to be a mediator, whereas decreased dysfunctional thinking never emerged as a plausible mediator. It is concluded that single-participant assessment of mediators of treatment outcome offers a useful additional tool for determining possible mechanisms of action in effective psychotherapy.
The effect of pre-injury physical fitness on the initial severity and recovery from whiplash injury, at six-month follow-up
Authors: Geldman Mark , Moore Ann , Cheek Liz
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pre-injury physical fitness on the initial severity and recovery of motor vehicle-induced neck injury (whiplash injury).

Design: A quantitative experimental design using both retrospective and prospective data.

Setting: Metropolitan Police physiotherapy and rehabilitation department in the UK.

Subjects: One-hundred and two patients with neck pain following whiplash injury.

Interventions: Patients were divided into three groups based on pre-injury physical fitness (low, medium and high). Recovery was compared between the three groups initially then again at three and six months.

Main measures: Three measurement scales were used: the Neck Disability Index, the Problem Percentage, and the Physical Activity Scale.

Results: Pre-injury physical fitness had a marked effect on recovery at three and six months, with the medium and high fitness groups having significantly better recovery than the low fitness group. At three months the Neck Disability Index score for the low fitness group was 12 compared with 7 and 7.5 for the medium and high fitness groups respectively (P = 0.009). At six months the Neck Disability Index score was 9 for the low fitness group compared with 0 and 3 for the medium and high fitness groups (P = 0.002). In addition, the return to work rate was almost twice as high for individuals with medium/high fitness.

Conclusion: Early recovery from whiplash injury was significantly more likely for individuals with medium to high levels of pre-injury physical fitness than for individuals with low levels of pre-injury physical fitness.
Gender, Power and Resistance to Change among Two Communities in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Shefer Tamara , Crawford Mary , Strebel Anna , Simbayi Leickness C. , Dwadwa-Henda Nomvo , Cloete Allanise , Kaufman Michelle R. , Kalichman Seth C.
Published: April 2008

This study investigates how women and men in the Western Cape, South Africa, construct their gender identities and roles. As part of the development of an HIV prevention intervention for men, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted. Several themes regarding the construction of gender were identified. First, participants reported that traditional gender relations of male dominance and female subservience were still in evidence, along with traditional gender roles that mandated a division of labour between the household and paid workforce. Second, participants reported a shift in gender roles and relations in the direction of increased power for women. Last, hostile resistance to changes in gender power relations was evident in the discussions. Redefining masculinity and femininity and shifting gender relations in the direction of `power with' instead of `power over' is perhaps a necessary prelude to lasting social change and curbing the HIV epidemic in South Africa.
Young Women's Experiences of Social Physique Anxiety
Authors: McHugh Tara-Leigh F. , Kowalski Kent C. , Mack Diane E. , Crocker Peter R.E. , Junkin Sarah E. , Lejbak Lisa K. , Martin Stephanie
Published: April 2008

It is well documented that young women's social physique anxiety is associated with a number of health-compromising behaviors. The bulk of this research has used the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS); however, the use of questionnaires in the body domain has been critiqued because of the assumption that women's experiences are singular and static. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to try to better understand young women's experiences of social physique anxiety. Feminist theory was used as a guiding perspective for this case study. Four young women participated (all 15 years old) and multiple methods (i.e. focus group, interviews, abstract photography task) were employed. The four themes developed were: (1) web of emotion; (2) uncertainty; (3) beyond physique; and (4) resignation. The stories of the young women suggest that their experiences are not easily reduced to this singular construct, and that, as a construct, social physique anxiety is limited in helping us to understand women's diverse experiences.
Interleukin-10 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through reduced MyD88 expression
Authors: Dagvadorj Jargalsaikhan , Naiki Yoshikazu , Tumurkhuu Gantsetseg , Hassan Ferdaus , Islam Shamima , Koide Naoki , Mori Isamu , Yoshida Tomoaki , Yokochi Takashi
Published: April 2008

The mechanism of interleukin (IL)-10-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production was studied by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. IL-10 inhibited TNF-α production transiently at an early stage after LPS stimulation. IL-10 inhibited the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, p38 and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Although the level of MyD88 protein increased in response to LPS, IL-10 prevented the LPS-induced MyD88 augmentation. There was no significant difference in the MyD88 mRNA expression between the cells pretreated with or without IL-10 in response to LPS. Therefore, IL-10 was suggested to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α production via reduced MyD88 expression.