bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Abberton Scheme – an enhanced water resource
Authors: Jenkins Jim , Troke Jonathan
Published: March 2016

The Abberton Scheme is a £150 million water resource scheme in the southeast of England undertaken by Essex and Suffolk Water (part of Northumbrian Water Group) to provide additional water for Essex and Greater London. The scheme comprised the raising of Abberton Reservoir and the uprating of the existing Ely-Ouse to Essex Transfer Scheme that transfers water from Norfolk to Essex, thus increasing the availability of pumped inflows to the reservoir. With a project lifespan of 20 years, this paper describes how the scheme has been delivered, including the promotion and stakeholder engagement process and the engineering design and procurement. The paper places a particular focus on the works at the reservoir to increase storage and improve the habitat for wildfowl. The construction of the Abberton Scheme started in December 2009 and was completed in December 2013.
Shannon’s expansion theorem-based multiplexer synthesis using QCA
Authors: Das Jadav Chandra , De Debashis
Published: March 2016

Quantum dot-cellular automata (QCA) achieved their fame in designing low-power nanodevices for logic computation. Shannon’s expansion theorem helps to achieve a design for digital logic circuits that has three or more levels of logic with minimum implementation cost – that is, a smaller number of logic gates. Moreover, Shannon’s expansion theorem reduces the number of fan-in of the given circuits and the required inputs to a gate input. Thus, the QCA-based realization of a logic circuit will have fewer majority gates due to the use of Shannon’s theorem, which will reduce the circuit complexity, the latency and the energy dissipation. In this paper, the QCA-based realization of a three-input exclusive OR (XOR) gate using a 2:1 multiplexer is performed. Shannon’s expansion theorem is used to achieve the minimum implementation cost for the proposed XOR gate. With respect to the individual input variable to this XOR gate, the implementation cost in terms of the required logic gates is estimated. The estimation reflects that the cost is the same no matter which input variable is used to expand. The design of such a circuit promises to yield considerable results within the QCA research community.
Percepção de docentes e discentes de enfermagem sobre cuidado integral: estudo descritivo-exploratório
Authors: Rangel Rosiane Filipin , Ilha Silomar , Backes Dirce Stein
Published: March 2016

Objetivos: Conhecer a percepção de cuidado integral para os docentes e discentes do curso de Enfermagem; Identificar se o cuidado integral está sendo abordado na formação acadêmica e, em caso afirmativo, como este vem sendo trabalhado. Método: Pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa realizada com seis discentes e sete docentes de Enfermagem de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior, localizada na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, entre os meses de dezembro/2010 e janeiro/2011. Resultados: Emergiram três grandes temas: A construção de Integralidade; Compreensão de cuidado integral; A formação do enfermeiro para o cuidado integral. Conclusão: o cuidado integral é uma construção gradual que acontece a partir das relações e da desconstrução de práticas lineares focadas em ações tecnicistas. A Integralidade e o cuidado integral precisam permear as ações do saber e fazer do enfermeiro e, para isso, devem ser abordadas desde a formação acadêmica.
Monitoramento molecular de Staphylococcus aureus em lesões crônicas: estudo descritivo
Authors: Barreto Bruna Maiara Ferreira , Pessanha Fernanda Soares , De Oliveira Beatriz Guitton Renaud Baptista , Teixeira Lenise Arneiro , De Paula Geraldo Renato , Marques Ana Clara Silveira
Published: March 2016

A presença de infecção em feridas retarda o processo de cicatrização. Os principais microrganismos isolados são Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objetivo: analisar o perfil fenotípico e genotípico de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus em lesões crônicas de pacientes ambulatoriais tratadas com hidrogel a 2% ou poliuretano. Tal análise dará subsídios para a decisão do tratamento adequado e maior rapidez no processo de reparo tecidual. Método: Pesquisa descritiva com abordagem quantitativa, por meio da coleta de espécime clínico das lesões por swab com cultura bacteriana, identificação e caracterização molecular.
Validação de conteúdo de instrumentos sobre conhecimento e habilidade em sondagem nasogástrica
Authors: Medeiros Rosana Kelly da Silva , Ferreira Júnior Marcos Antonio
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Construir e validar conteúdo de instrumentos avaliativos sobre conhecimento e habilidade de enfermagem no procedimento de sondagem nasogástrica. Método: Estudo metodológico desenvolvido com 23 enfermeiros docentes de instituições públicas de ensino superior do Rio Grande do Norte, no período de junho a setembro de 2012, por meio da aplicação do Índice de Validação de Conteúdo (IVC) e do índice Kappa. Resultados: No questionário sobre o conhecimento, três questões apresentaram índice de concordância perfeito e nove foram consideradas adequadas com alterações. O roteiro estruturado para avaliar habilidade mostrou 13 itens com índice de concordância perfeito e 15 adequados com alterações. O questionário obteve IVC de 0,97 e Kappa de 0,94; já o roteiro, IVC de 0,95 e Kappa de 0,91. Conclusão: Os dois instrumentos mostraram-se válidos quanto ao seu conteúdo, e constituem ferramentas para fomentar a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem.
Qualidade de vida de idosas com incontinência urinária: estudo transversal
Authors: Santos Kamyla Félix Oliveira dos , Fernandes Maria das Graças Melo
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de idosas com incontinência urinária. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 194 idosas incontinentes do Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Idoso de João Pessoa na Paraíba. Resultado: Considerando o impacto da incontinência urinária na qualidade de vida das idosas mensurado a partir do International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form, obteve-se um escore médio de 10,22, classificado como muito grave. Com base nos resultados obtidos por meio do King’s Health Questionnaire, observou-se que a incontinência urinária exerceu influência negativa na qualidade de vida das entrevistadas nos domínios saúde geral, impacto da incontinência, medidas de gravidade e emoções. Conclusão: conclui-se que os resultados empíricos obtidos por meio deste estudo representam subsídios valiosos para o planejamento de intervenções específicas para melhorar a qualidade de vida dessas idosas.Descritores: Incontinência urinária; Idosos; Qualidade de vida; Enfermagem.
Qualidade dos registros de enfermagem em uma Maternidade Escola: um estudo descritivo
Authors: Querido Danielle Lemos , Esteves Ana Paula Vieira dos Santos , De Almeida Viviane Saraiva , Bornia Rita Bernardete Ribeiro Gueiros , Amim Júnior Joffre , Da Silva Roberta Wagner Pereira
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: identificar as não conformidades relacionadas aos registros de enfermagem; apresentar propostas para o treinamento da equipe em relação a temática da qualidade dos registros de enfermagem. Método: pesquisa documental retrospectiva, descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa utilizando-se de dados dos prontuários. Foi desenvolvido um instrumento para a coleta de dados e as anotações descritas serão comparadas com padrões esperados de anotação.  As variáveis coletadas serão analisadas através da estatística descritiva. Resultados esperados: promoção do reconhecimento da importância  dos registros de enfermagem e de suas implicações junto a equipe de enfermagem.
Risco cardiovascular na equipe de enfermagem: estudo descritivo
Authors: Silva Marcela Paulino Moreira da , Souza Claudinalle Farias Queiroz de , Dantas Dândara Nayara Azevêdo , Paiva Iza Cristiane Costa , Enders Bertha Cruz
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores de risco cardiovascular na equipe de enfermagem. Método: estudo com abordagem quantitativa e delineamento transversal. A população do estudo será composta pela equipe de enfermagem, composta por 110 profissionais. Os dados serão coletados por meio de um formulário para levantamento de dados clínico-demográficos e laboratoriais da população e o Escore de Framingham. Posteriormente, os pesquisados serão submetidos à aferição da pressão arterial, do índice de massa corpórea e da circunferência abdominal, coleta de material para avaliação laboratorial dos níveis de glicemia, colesterol total e HDL. Para análise dos dados será construído um banco de dados com o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0, no qual será realizada uma avaliação descritiva com média e desvio padrão para variáveis contínuas e frequência e percentagem para variáveis categóricas. Projeto aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital
Concepções e Práticas dos Visitantes do Parque do Ingá, Maringá-PR Acerca da Alimentação dos Saguis (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Gonzales Isabella Assis Alavarse , Magalhães Júnior Carlos Alberto de Oliveira
Published: March 2016

A alimentação errônea dos animais nos parques urbanos tem acarretado graves problemas ao meio ambiente e também à saúde pública. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visou investigar as concepções dos visitantes do Parque do Ingá, Maringá-PR acerca da alimentação dos saguis, bem como conscientizá-los quanto às medidas para minimizar essa problemática. Foram entrevistados 115 visitantes do Parque do Ingá e coletadas informações por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Os resultados revelaram que a maioria dos visitantes não costuma alimentar os animais. Percebe-se na pesquisa que a população estudada conhece a alimentação dos saguis e procura respeitá-los, não oferecendo-lhes alimentos. Acredita-se que em Maringá a população esteja informada por meio de placas de orientação existentes praticamente desde a fundação do Parque e também das diversas mídias que sempre contribuem com seus artigos informativos.
El dominio solariego y territorial en el marco de los señoríos nobiliarios leoneses: rentas, derechos y conflicto judicial en los estados del Conde de Miranda a finales del Antiguo Régimen
Authors: Rubio Pérez Laureano M.
Published: March 2016

El presente trabajo trata de analizar la situación creada en el marco de los señoríos por los diferentes decretos que, partiendo de la cortes de cádiz de 1811, pusieron fin al régimen señorial, aunque, tal como se comprueba en el presente caso, la cuestión no quedaba cerrada ya que desde su complejidad se mantenían, al margen del jurisdiccional abolido, otros dominios como el solariego y territorial. Partiendo de esa situación se estudia el dominio señorial que la casa Miranda mantuvo al sur de la provincia leonesa y en tierras bañezanas, y de forma especial al pleito que dicha casa mantuvo con el Estado durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX por el reconocimiento de sus dominios solariego y territorial. La propia documentación aportada por la parte demandante nos permitió conocer por dentro la dimensión e implantación social y económica del señorio a lo largo de la Edad Moderna, así como el desenlace de sus relaciones vasalláticas durante esos años clave de principios del siglo XIX
La empresa esclavista de Don Pedro de La Barrera (1611): una aportación al estudio de la trata legal de indios en Chile
Authors: Díaz Blanco José Manuel
Published: March 2016

Este trabajo analiza un pleito judicial conservado en el Archivo de Indias que aporta datos desconocidos y de gran interés para la compresión del comercio esclavista de población indígena en el Chile del siglo XVII. Aquel proceso enfrentó a Hernando Machado, fiscal de la Audiencia de Chile, con don Pedro de la Barrera y su familia y la documentación que generó aporta numerosas noticias sobre la mercancía humana, los vendedores, los compradores, los mercados, el impacto de la esclavitud sobre los pueblos indígenas, etc.
Las repercusiones de la guerra sobre los privilegiados y la asitencia al monarca: el escuadrón de la nobleza (1641-1643)
Authors: Jiménez Moreno Agustín
Published: March 2016

La relación entre la Corona y el estamento privilegiado durante el reinado de Felipe IV, y en concreto durante el ministerio del Conde Duque de Olivares, constituye una de las materias que más controversia ha despertado entre los historiadores. La tesis que ha prevalecido hasta los últimos años era la de una nobleza abúlica y perezosa, cada vez más alejada de la actividad que proporcionaba validez legal a sus privilegios: la profesión de las armas. En este artículo nos proponemos demostrar el poco rigor de tales planteamientos, y como el segundo estamento no dio la espalda al monarca en la difícil coyuntura de principios de la década de los 40 del siglo XVII
Relaciones entre la historia de la filosofía y la filología con base en el libro Plauto y Descartes
Authors: Lafuente María Isabel
Published: March 2016

En este artículo se analizan las relaciones entre Historia de la Filosofía y Filología a partir de la consideración de la obra de Descartes como reproductora de los esquemas del teatro de Plauto. Se muestra la imposibilidad de reducir esta filosofía a sus fuentes filológicas, así como las formas de considerar las fuentes, los problemas que ello involucra y cómo entender el humanismo en la obra cartesiana
Forms of political and para-military youth enrollment in Romania. Case survey: the country's sentinel (Straja Tarii) 1934-1940
Authors: Radu Sorin
Published: March 2016

El presente estudio tiene la intención de ofrecer una presentación panorámica de la organización juvenil El Centinela del País, insistiendo en las causas de su constitución, su organización y las modalidades de formación y adoctrinamiento de los Centinelas. Esta organización tenía por un lado el objetivo político e ideológico de atraer a los jóvenes de Rumania, debido a la necesidad del Estado de ofrecer una alternativa a la propaganda de extrema derecha; principalmente del Movimiento de los Legionarios de Cristo, que era muy atractivo para los jóvenes. Por otro lado, buscaba mantener el régimen personal del rey Carlos II, jugando un papel importante dentro de la propaganda y la formación del culto a su personalidad
El castillo de Villanueva de Valdemajuz: una construcción defensiva en el marco de la conflictividad social leonesa durante la Baja Edad Media
Authors: Martínez Peñín Raquel
Published: March 2016

Este artículo se centra en el estudio de la evolución experimentada por las construcciones defensivas de la fortaleza de Villanueva de Jamuz (León) en los momentos finales de la Baja Edad Media e inicios de la Edad Moderna. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo contamos, por un lado, con la información emanada de las recientes intervenciones arqueológicas desarrolladas en la principal puerta de acceso al castillo y, por otro, con los materiales localizados en las mismas
Humanistas de Castilla y León ante la realidad de la América Hispánica
Authors: Cuesta Domingo Mariano
Published: March 2016

Tres segovianos singulares presentan su visión de la América hispánica. Sus diferentes épocas, formaciones, dedicaciones, personalidades, religiosidad y sesgo influyen en su trabajo y enriquecen el conocimiento sobre la materia
Mujeres y cultura en América: una sociedad hecha de relaciones. Apuntes para un enfoque metodológico
Authors: Bravo María Antonia del
Published: March 2016

En este artículo analizo algunos factores histórico-antropológicos que hicieron posible el mestizaje cultural, de marcado carácter femenino: el empeño de la mujer por relacionarse y crear vínculos a través del lenguaje, la educación, el ámbito asistencial y, sobre todo, la familia como eje vertebrador de la nueva sociedad. Es una aproximación al hecho indiscutible de cómo se impuso la autoridad femenina en el cambio social que se operó en aquellas tierras. Pero todo esto conlleva una “nueva manera de mirar” la Historia de las Indias, un nuevo enfoque historiográfico
Los tabarquinos
Authors: Fernández Álvarez Óscar
Published: March 2016

Este trabajo presenta tres partes: la geografía, la historia del pueblo tabarquino, desde los orígenes hasta el siglo XX, y después se estudia el universo de la cultura tradicional de esta comunidad isleña
Apuntes sobre una familia de la oligarquía leonesa entre los siglos XV y XVII: los Fernández de León-Vaca
Authors: Osorio Alonso Elena
Published: March 2016

En este artículo se hace un recorrido por la historia de la familia leonesa Fernández de León-Vaca a lo largo de los siglos XV a XVII tomando como base un diploma pontificio dirigido a los fundadores de la familia y unas extensas notas marginales que ocupan los márgenes de este pergamino
Ilustración y religiosidad popular: el expediante de cofradías en la provincia de León (1770-1772).
Authors: Martín García Alfredo
Published: March 2016

En este trabajo se estudia el "Expediente General de Cofradias", mandado realizar por el conde de Aranda en 1770, donde se muestra el dinamismo del mundo asociacionista seglar en la Provincia de León durante el siglo XVIII
El Concejo de Laciana en el siglo XVIII: estructura familiar y asistencia social
Authors: Pérez Álvarez María José
Published: March 2016

La familia es el centro en torno al cual gravitan toda una serie de comportamientos sociales tendentes al amparo y protección de sus miembros. Este trabajo analiza el tipo de familia; el sistema de herencia, como factor para la expulsión de miembros útiles o como socorro a los más desamparados
La custodia del archivo de San Isidoro de León como fuente de conflictos en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Osorio Alonso Elena
Published: March 2016

El control del archivo del monasterio de San Isidoro de León se convierte a mediados del siglo XVIII en símbolo de poder y centro de las luchas jurisdiccionales antre el abad y el prior del propio monasterio
Cuanto más grande, mejor. [La Diputación Leonesa y las Mancomunidades (1914)]
Authors: Álvarez Domínguez Juan Miguel
Published: March 2016

El Real Decreto de Mancomunidades de 1913 abrió un debate en las instancias políticas leonesas sobre la posibilidad de mancomunarse. Los particularismos que se han suscitado en León se ponen de manifiesto ya en 1914 en un acuerdo de la Diputación en el que se apuesta por una mancomunidad Castellano Leonesa
Los "Mirabilia" medievales y los conquistadores y exploradores de América
Authors: Paniagua Pérez Jesús
Published: March 2016

El mundo medieval se proyectó junto a las tendencias humanísticas en América. Las crónicas reflejarán como la tradición europea de monstruos, sirenas, milenarismos y otros fenómenos, incluso de carácter bíblico, lograron pervivir en la mentalidad de los españoles que pasaron al nuevo mundo
Marginación y educación en el León de la Edad Moderna
Authors: Martín García Alfredo
Published: March 2016

Partiendo de los cambios experimentados en el concepto de infancia durante el Antiguo Régimen se analizan para el caso leonés los principales mecanismos de respuesta al fenómeno de la infancia desamparada. Sobre la base de la documentación referida a las tres instituciones de la ciudad más importantes -el Arca de Misericordia, el Hospicio y el Colegio de Niños Doctrinos- se hace especial incidencia en el papel desempeñado por la educación en los planes asistenciales durante la época, así corno en sus logros y fracasos.
Los Tovar y su torre de Boca de Huérgano
Authors: Rodríguez García Raúl
Published: March 2016

La Torre de los Tovar, localizada en la villa de Boca de Huérgano (León), ha sido y es testigo mudo de un glorioso pasado que aún permanece ignorado. Esta investigación se centrará en dar a conocer la torre y el noble linaje al que perteneció: Los Tovar-Enríquez. Todo ello en el marco de la Historia como ciencia, cuyo objetivo es difundir y poder dar a entender cl pasado
Negro-Afromexicanos: Formaciones de alteridad y reconocimiento étnico
Authors: Millán Gloria Lara
Published: March 2016

En el trabajo que se presenta reflexiono en torno al proceso de movilización de colectivos afrodescendientes que actualmente se organizan para lograr su reconocimiento étnico en el país. Se describen algunas particularidades en torno a las formaciones de alteridad en espacios donde actualmente se identifica la existencia de estos colectivos; la forma en que se sedimentan los procesos globales relacionados con las políticas multiculturales, tanto en prácticas locales como en algunas acciones que el Estado mexicano implementa para incluir a estas poblaciones como parte de la diversidad étnica.Palabras claves: movilización negra, afrodescendientes, políticas multiculturales.---Negro afro-mexicanos: Formações de alteridade e reconhecimento étnicoProponho, nesse trabalho, uma reflexão sobre o processo de mobilização de grupos afrodescendentes que, atualmente, estão se organizando em busca de seu reconhecimento étnico no país. No texto, são descritas algumas particularidades das formações de alteridade nos espaços onde atualmente se identifica a existência desses grupos e a forma em que se sedimentam os processos globais relacionados com as políticas multiculturais, tanto nas práticas locais como em algumas ações que o Estado mexicano implementa para incluir a essas populações como parte da diversidade étnica.Palavras chaves: mobilização negra, afrodescendentes, políticas multiculturais.---Black-Afro-Mexicans: Formations of alterity and ethnic recognitionIn this study I propose a look into the mobilization process of African descent groups that are currently organizing themselves in search of the ethnic recognition in the country. Within the text, we describe some peculiarities of the formations of alterity in settings where, currently, such groups exist, and the way in which they settle global processes related to multicultural policies; be them in local practices or in policies that the Mexican state implements to include these populations, as part of ethnic diversity.Key words: black mobilization, African descent, multicultural policies.
Políticas Territoriales Y Exclusiones Étnicas En Belice: Un Siglo De Transformaciones En Tierras Maya
Authors: Hoffmann Odile
Published: March 2016

Resumen:El artículo analiza las formas en que las políticas territoriales coloniales ignoraron o tomaron en cuenta la presencia de los grupos maya de Belice, territorio disputado entre los imperios españoles y británicos durante varios siglos, colonia británcia desde 1862 y país independiente desde 1981. Buscamos entender cómo se forjan territorialidades diferenciadas en la articulación entre la construcción de un territorio-nación (primero colonia británica, luego nación independiente) y las formas de apropiación del espacio por parte de los grupos étnicos que lo habitan. Para esto, proponemos un análisis diacrónico, con base en una reconstrucción de los relatos territoriales en el caso de los maya de Belice.Palabras claves: Políticas agrarias, erritorio étnico, territorialidad, multiculturalsimo ***Abstract:Territorial policies and ethnic exclusion in Belize : a century of tranformations in maya land The article analyzes the ways in which colonial land policies ignored or took into account the presence of Mayan groups in Belize, a territory disputed between the Spanish and British empires for centuries, british colony since 1862 and independent country since 1981. We seek to understand how different territorialities are being forged in the articulation between the construction of a territory-nation (former British colony, then an independent nation), and the forms of spatial appropriation by the ethnic groups who inhabit it. For this, we propose a diachronic analysis, with the reconstruction of the territorial narratives in the case of the Maya of Belize.Keywords: Land policy, ethnic territories, territoriality, multiculturalism. ***Resumo:O artigo analisa as formas que as políticas territoriais coloniais ignoraram ou tomaram em conta a presença dos grupos maia de Belize, território disputado entre os impérios espanhóis e britânicos durante vários séculos, colônia britânica desde 1862 e país independente desde 1981. Buscamos entender como se forjam territorialidades diferenciadas na articulação entre a construção de un território-nação (primeiro colônia britânica, depois  nação  independente) e as formas de apropriação  do espaço por parte dos  grupos étnicos que o habita. Para isto, propomos uma análise diacrónica, com base em uma reconstrução dos relatos territoriais no caso dos maias de Belize.Palavras chaves: Políticas agrárias, território étnico, territorialidade, multiculturalismo
Code-Switching as Strategically Employed in Political Discourse
Authors: Kementchedjhieva Yova
Published: March 2016

There is extensive scholarship in the field of sociolinguistics on mediated political discourse as strategically employed to gain support in the run-up to and during elections. Among other things, this work reveals that the rhetorical success of politicians greatly depends on their ability to get the right balance between the expression of authority and solidarity in their speech performances. The use of code-switching in achieving such balance has been touched upon in some case studies but never studied in depth. I analyse the speech of Boyko Borisov, now Prime Minister of Bulgaria (and at the time of recording, a candidate for the position), in the framework of Bell’s (1984) audience and referee design theory, with reference to Myers Scotton and Ury’s (1977) views on code-switching. Borisov is found to employ two codes, a standard and a nonstandard one, characteristic of two different personae of his: the authoritative politician and the folksy, regular person. Depending on the situation, he chooses to act out either just one of these personae or both of them by switching between the two codes, thus maintaining the aforementioned vital balance between the expression of power and solidarity. The analysis reveals that the switches occur at specific points in the conversation, in line with existing theory on metaphorical code-switching, confirming that they are strategic in nature rather than random or accidental.
Sixty Years of Speech: A Study of Language Change in Adulthood
Authors: Cham Bei Qing
Published: March 2016

Research on language change has been complicated and hindered by the problem of obtaining quality data. In many cases, the large volume of time required to collect recorded speech at different intervals, as necessary in lifespan studies, is prohibitive. Researchers further risk having participants drop out, leading to a limited pool of data. One way to avoid this is to use recordings available in the public domain that have been recorded for other purposes. The BBC broadcaster Sir David Attenborough is one of the few people who have had occasion to be recorded regularly over a great span of their lives. In this study, a selection of clips from wildlife documentaries that he has narrated furnishes the data for a glimpse into the possibilities of language change in adulthood. Received Pronunciation, the accent that Attenborough commands, is in the spotlight in this study. Two features of speech, namely, the presence and degree of t-glottalisation and the TRAP/STRUT vowel distinction, are examined in Attenborough’s speech against a background of known changes in the general usage of Received Pronunciation. The aim of the study is thus to see if language change occurs within the speech of an adult individual, particularly one whose speech is almost iconic. His narration from the 1960s is compared with narrations from the 1980s and 2000s in a dataset spanning nearly 60 years with the aim of discerning any trajectories of change. Some patterns in his formant values for several vowels across the three year groups are also discussed to provide an idea of what sort of changes can occur in the course of nearly 60 years. The study ultimately finds limited change in level of t-glottaling and only a slight movement of his TRAP/STRUT vowels towards each other between the narrations of the 1960s and the 1980s, with no perceptible change thereafter. The changes in community use of Received Pronunciation seem to affect him little. In terms of the overall vowel space, the trend seems to be towards a centering of most of the vowels, particularly the front vowels. Some plausible explanations for the limited amount of change are discussed in the article, which include Attenborough being seen as a steward of the accent as well as its utility to him in his position as a renowned broadcaster. The article also brings up the need for more research into the interface of gerontology and sociolinguistics, as the quite pronounced centering of the vowels may suggest natural age-related pronunciation effects.
Realization of universal periodic sequence generator on FPGA
Authors: Petrovic Miljan , Jovanovic Milica
Published: March 2016

This paper presents mathematical modeling and performance evaluation of
different realizations of universal periodic digital signal generator based
on infinite impulse response filter. The development kit used was Spartan
3E-Starter Board. Using Xilinx software environment and VHDL, the generator
has been described and then synthesized and implemented on FPGA chip on the
board. Included realizations are direct form II (canonical form) of the
filter, as well as hardware optimized single register structure with
different control mechanism. Comparative analysis of these two digital
systems points to their differences, advantages and weaknesses.
FPGA realization of Farrow structure for sampling rate change
Authors: Markovic Bogdan , Certic Jelena
Published: March 2016

In numerous implementations of modern telecommunications and digital audio
systems there is a need for sampling rate change of the system input signal.
When the relation between signal input and output sampling frequencies is a
fraction of two large integer numbers, Lagrange interpolation based on Farrow
structure can be used for the efficient realization of the resample block.
This paper highlights efficient realization and estimation of necessary
resources for polynomial cubic Lagrange interpolation in the case of the
demand for the signal sampling rate change with the factor 160/147 on
Field-Programmable Gate Array architecture (FPGA).
3D evaluation of mandibular skeletal changes in juvenile arthritis patients treated with a distraction splint: A retrospective follow-up
Authors: González Maria Florinda Otero , Pedersen Thomas Klit , Dalstra Michel , Herlin Troels , Verna Carlalberta
Published: March 2016

Objective: 

To evaluate three-dimensional (3D) condylar and mandibular growth in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with unilateral temporomandibular joint involvement treated with a distraction splint.

Materials and Methods: 

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken for 16 patients with JIA with unilateral TMJ involvement before treatment (T0) and 2 years after treatment (T1). All patients received orthopedic treatment with a distraction splint. Eleven patients without JIA who were undergoing orthodontic treatment without a functional appliance or Class II mechanics and who had taken CBCT scans before and after treatment, served as controls. Reconstructed 3D models of the mandibles at T0 and T1 were superimposed on stable structures. Intra- and intergroup growth differences in condylar and mandibular ramus modifications and growth vector direction of the mandibular ramus were evaluated.

Results: 

In all patients with JIA there were asymmetric condylar volume, distal and vertical condylar displacement, and ramus length differences that were smaller on the affected side. Condylar displacement was more distal and less vertical in the JIA group than in the control group. A larger distal growth of the condylar head and a more medial rotation of the ramus on the affected side were found in the JIA group.

Conclusion: 

The orthopedic functional treatment for patients with JIA allows for condylar adaptation and modeling, thereby hindering, although with a widely variable response, a further worsening of the asymmetry. Unilateral affection has a possible influence on the growth of the nonaffected side.
Modern hybrid welding process for structural steelwork engineering—Laser submerged arc hybrid welding
Authors: Reisgen Uwe , Olschok Simon , Jakobs Stefan , Engels Oliver
Published: March 2016

In the past few years, the welding of steel with large plate thicknesses has been gaining importance for the structural steelwork engineering. However, it is nowadays performed by a time-consuming conventional submerged arc welding process. A currently developing technique, the laser beam submerged arc hybrid welding process (LB-SAW), combines the high penetration depth of the laser with the high thermal efficiency of the submerged arc process. This paper presents the latest welding results which were performed using the LB-SAW. It was possible to increase the weldable plate thickness up to 50 mm, while simultaneously increasing the process stability. Furthermore, the influence of different process distances on synergy effects was shown.
Understory dynamics in cut and uncut western juniper woodlands
Authors: Bates J. D. , Miller R. F. , Svejcar T. J. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis Hook.) woodlands in the sagebrush steppe has the potential to change composition, structure, and productivity of understory vegetation. Cutting of western juniper woodland can potentially restore understory productivity and diversity. Understory responses were assessed after cutting a juniper woodland in southeastern Oregon in 1991. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight, 0.8 ha sized blocks and 2 treatments, cut and uncut woodland. Understory cover, density, diversity, biomass, and nitrogen (N) status were compared between treatments after cutting Plants were separated into S functional groups: bluegrass (Poa spp.), perennial bunchgrass, perennial forte, annual forte, and annual grass. Cutting of juniper reduced below ground interference for soil water and N. Leaf water potentials were less negative (p < 0.01) and understory N concentration and biomass N were greater (p < 0.05) in the cut versus woodland treatment. Cutting of juniper trees was effective in increasing total understory biomass, cover, and diversity. In the second year post-cutting total understory biomass and N uptake were nearly 9 times greater in cut versus woodland treatments. Perennial plant basal cover was 3 times greater and plant diversity was 1.6 times greater in the cut versus woodland treatments. In the cut, perennial bunchgrass density increased by 1 plant m-2 in both duff and interspace zones and bluegrass increased by 3 plants m-2 in interspaces. Plant succession was dominated by pants present on the site prior to juniper cutting suggesting that pre-treatment floristics may be useful in predicting early successional understory response. Early plant dynamics on this site supports the multiple entrance point model of succession as perennial grasses and bluegrass made up the majority of total herbaceous biomass and cover.
Predictive models for grazing distribution: A GIS approach
Authors: Brock B. L. , Owensby C. E. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Grazing distribution and forage use patterns are important influences on rangeland ecosystems. Spatial patterns of grazing by domestic cattle (Bos taurus) were observed over 2 consecutive years under 2 grazing systems, intensive-early stocking and season-long stocking. The purposes were to determine factors influencing observed patterns and develop predictive models for grazing distribution and forage removal. Field-collected data on grazing distribution were linked with associated geophysical properties of pastures utilizing a GIS. Separate models were developed to predict grazing distribution and forage utilization using a backward stepwise regression procedure. The forage utilization model was linked with grazing distribution by utilizing Tobit analysis. Nineteen independent variables were used to interpret the observed variation in grazing distribution. Comparison of predicted probability of grazing values from the model with the observed grazing distribution in a hold-out data set yielded a close fit (R=.99). Eighteen independent variables were included in the forage removal model. Comparison of predicted forage removal with observed values in a hold-out data set yielded a poor fit (R=.28). Lack of forage quality variables probably accounts for the poor performance of the forage removal model. Differences in the success of the 2 models support the hypothesis that grazing distribution and forage utilization operate at different spatial scales and parameters. The use of GIS holds promise as a technique for developing useful predictive models for range management.
Livestock grazing effects on forage quality of elk winter range
Authors: Clark P. E. , Krueger W. C. , Bryant L. D. ,   Society for Range
                        Management
Published: March 2016

Carefully-managed livestock grazing has been offered as a tool to
improve the forage quality of graminoids on big game winter range. Formal
testing of this theory has thus far been done using hand clippers rather
than livestock grazing. We report winter standing reproductive culm, crude
protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and standing crop responses of
bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum [Pursh] Scribn. Smith), Idaho
fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer), and elk sedge (Carex geyeri Boott) to
late-spring domestic sheep grazing. The study was conducted in 1993 and 1994
on a big game winter range in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon.
Sheep grazing and exclusion treatments were applied to 20-ha plots at 3
sites on the study area Targeted utilization for grazed plots was 50%
graminoid standing crop removal during the boot stage of bluebunch
wheatgrass. Grazing did not influence the number of standing reproductive
culms per plant in bluebunch wheatgrass. Crude protein and in vitro dry
matter digestibility of bluebunch wheatgrass in grazed plots increased by
1.0 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively over ungrazed plots. Grazing
reduced the standing crop of bluebunch wheatgrass by 116.9 kg ha-1 DM.
Standing Idaho fescue reproductive culms decreased by 0.7 culms plant-1
under grazing. Crude protein of Idaho fescue in grazed plots was 1.3
percentage points greater than in unglazed plots. Crude protein and in vitro
dry matter digestibility responses of elk sedge were inconsistent between
years and may be related to utilization or growth differences between years.
The levels of forage quality improvement in bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho
fescue obtained in this study could benefit the nutritional status of
wintering Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni Bailey). More research
is needed regarding the effects of grazing on the winter forage quality of
elk sedge.
Achievements in management and utilization of privately-owned rangelands
Authors: Owensby C. E. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Historically, there have been several seminal achievements in management and utilization of privately-owned rangelands. The most important of the early achievements were domestication of livestock, fencing, haying, and the transfer of federal lands to private ownership. Later, federal programs to stimulate range research and extension were the springboard for the modern range research complex. The Morrill Acts established the land-grant institutions with agricultural research as one of the founding principles. The Hatch Act later provided funding for agricultural research, and the Smith-Lever Act funding for the extension of that research to the agricultural industry. Recent trends have been away from funding applied research and towards funding for basic research defined by the political scientific bureaucracy. Those achievements that I consider of major influence in management and utilization of rangelands include: defining stocking rate-animal performance relationships, refining prescribed burning techniques, formulation of selective-translocated herbicides, developing plant varieties and seeding methods for reseeding, matching forage quality with nutritional requirements of livestock, basic research on morphologic and physiologic characteristics of range plants, and information dispersal through extension and federal agencies for better management of rangelands. The future is uncertain, and unless we can reverse the trend away from applied to wholly basic research funding, we will have fewer achievements in managements of privately-owned rangeland.
Adaptation of tall-grass prairie cultivars to West Louisiana
Authors: Pitman W. D. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) indiangrass Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) are widely recognized as valuable forage and conservation species in the Great Plains and the upper South. These species occurred in natural fire-maintained longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodland ecosystems from southeast Texas eastward. Recent interest and even recommendations of cultivars of these species have been developed in the Louisiana longleaf pine area. Genotype origin of these species is known to affect adaptation. Adaptation of the cultivars Kaw big bluestem, Lometa indiangrass, Osage indiangrass, Blackwell switchgrass, and Alamo switchgrass to the Louisiana Coastal Plain was assessed under a natural stand of longleaf pines and in full sun at Rosepine, La. Plots were seeded in 1995, and stands were monitored through the spring of 1998. Only Alamo switchgrass and Lometa indiangrass under the pines produced sufficient stands for harvest. Production potential was greatest for Alamo switchgrass with the highest annual yield of 5,580 kg ha-1 from 2 harvests in 1996. Herbage production of 1,500 kg ha-1 did not differ between Alamo switchgrass and Lometa indiangrass in the second year of harvest when harvested in June and September for 2 consecutive years. The longleaf pine overstory apparently provided a competitive advantage during establishment, since weeds dominated plots in full sun. The 2 cultivars from southern latitudes, Alamo switchgrass and Lometa indiangrass, were superior in establishment, productivity, and stand survival. Aggressive competition from dense-growing subtropical grasses was detrimental during establishment and following defoliations.
Seedbank diversity in grazing lands of the Northeast United States
Authors: Tracy B. F. , Sanderson M. A. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

We evaluated the species composition of soil seed banks from 9 farms (36 pastures total) located in the northeast United States. Our objective was to quantify the soil seed bank composition of pastures managed for intensive grazing and hay production. Seeds from pasture soils were allowed to germinate in a greenhouse under natural light conditions. Seedlings were identified as they germinated, and the experiment was concluded after 4 months. Germinable seed was dominated by annual (40%) and perennial (23%) forbes most of which contributed little useful forage for cattle. Perennial grasses (11%), except for bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), were largely absent from the terminable seed bank, while legumes (19%) were more abundant. Seed bank species composition showed little similarity (44%) to the existing vegetation. Exceptions were bluegrass, white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers). These species were abundant in both the germinable seed bank and existing vegetation on most pastures. Overall, our study suggests that seed banks in these northeast pastures support abundant white clover and bluegrass seed, both of which are important forages for cattle. Soil seed banks, however, will not supply a diverse assemblage of useful forages. If a manager seeks to establish diverse, mixed-species pasture, then re-seeding pastures with desired mixes may be the best option.
Disk chain effects on seeded grass establishment
Authors: Wiedemann H. T. , Cross B. T. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Preparing a seedbed and seeding rangeland littered with brush debris normally requires extensive land cleanup before conventional equipment can be used. Our 3-year study compared grass densities on seedbeds prepared with an anchor chain, a disk-chain implement, and the disk chain followed by an anchor chain on land rootplowed for mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa) control. Seedbeds were aerially seeded with 1 or 2 kg/ha pure live seed of kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.). Treatments were applied to a clay loam and sandy loam site each year. Evaluations were based on established grass densities at the end of the first growing season. A heavy-duty, offset disk was included in the seedbed preparation methods during the third year. The chain, disk-chain, and disk-chain+chain implements traversed the log-littered sites without difficulty. Seedbeds prepared by disk-chaining+chaining significantly (p < 0.05) increased plant densities by 100% in clay loam soil and 42% in sandy loam soil compared with seedbeds prepared by chaining. However, in the year when rainfall was 43% below normal at the clay loam site, disk-chaining+chaining increased plant densities by 218% compared with chaining. Plant densities on disk-chained seedbeds were lower than those on disk-chained+chained seedbeds in clay loam soil while densities on disk-chained seedbeds were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than densities on disk-chained+chained seedbeds in the sandy loam soil, but densities following disk chaining were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than densities following chaining in both soil types. There was no difference in plant densities between disked and disk-chained+chained seedbeds; consequently, there would be little need to rake up the brush so a disk could be used. The 2 kg/ha seeding rate compared with the 1 kg/ha seeding rate significantly (p < 0.05) increased plant densities by 75% in the clay loam and 98% in the sandy loam soil. The results from this study indicate the value of using the disk-chain+chain implement, and the higher seeding rate to enhance the establishment of a seeded grass, especially when rainfall is in short supply or not timely.
Rangeland management impacts on soil biological indicators in southern Alberta
Authors: Dormaar J. F. , Willms W. D. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Quantitative techniques are needed to determine the effects of cultivation and livestock grazing on biological indicators of soils of the Northern Great Plains. Our objective was to determine how various management practices, which were representative of those used since European settlement in the 1880's, affected 3 biological indicators of soil quality. The study was conducted at 3 sites that are representative of the major grassland ecosystems in Canada: a Mixed Prairie site with Stipa comota Trin. Rupr. dominant in the Brown (Aridic Haploboroll) Soil Zone, a Mixed Prairie site with S. comata Trin. Rupr. and S. viridula Trin. dominant in the Dark Brown (Typic Haploboroll) Soil Zone, and a Fescue Prairie site with Festuca campestris Rydb. dominant in the Black (Udic Haploboroll) Soil Zone. At each site, 6 treatments representing common production practices were imposed and compared with the native community in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates and a plot size of 3 x 10 m. The treatments included: 1) monoculture seeding of 2 grass species; 2) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. 'Beaver'); 3) continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Katepwa'): 4) spring wheat and fallow rotation; and 5) abandoned cultivated land. Our hypothesis that mineralizable-N, and phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities would be influenced by cultivation was confirmed by significant changes in these indicators that were detected after only 180 days after treatment establishment. The pool of readily decomposable organic matter was reduced with cultivation and not replenished over the period of the study. The 3 biological indicators were sensitive to not only time following external management changes, but also to seasonal fluctuations. We conclude that soil biological indicators can be used to quantify temporal and botanical changes in diverse ecotypes within the Northern Great Plains.