bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Extraction of Vanadium in Different Soil Samples Using Conventional and Ultrasonic Devices
Authors: Khan Sumaira , Kazi Tasneem Gul , Kolachi Nida Fatima , Afridi Imran , Ullah Naeem
Published: June 2013

A rapid ultrasound accelerated sequential extraction (USE) procedure was used to develop chemical partitioning of vanadium (V), proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference/European Union Measurement and Testing Programme (BCR). The effects of ultrasonic treatment on the extraction of V in different soil samples collected from the vicinity of a thermal power plant and agricultural areas of Sindh, Pakistan, were evaluated. In the conventional BCR-sequential extraction method, each extraction step takes 16 h. With the use of ultrasound energy, Steps 1–3 of the USE procedure (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in Step 3, which was performed conventionally) could be completed in 45, 40, and 45 min, respectively. Analysis of the extracts was performed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The total contents of V were obtained by digestion with two acid mixtures: H2O2–HF–HNO3–H2SO4 and HClO4–HF–HNO3–H2SO4. Validation was performed by the standard addition technique. Results obtained for each fraction by both methods were statistically compared; no significant differences were found (P < 0.05). The accuracy of the USE procedure was checked by comparing the sum of the V contents in the three fractions and residue with the total content of V. The results of this work provide information on the chemical composition, distribution, and potential mobility of the V in different soils.
Determination of Sucralose by Controlled UV Photodegradation Followed by UV Spectrophotometry
Authors: Idris Mohd , Rao V Jayathirtha , Middha Deepak , Shukla Sudhir Kumar , Baggi Tulsidas Ramachandra Rao
Published: June 2013

A simple and time-efficient UV spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of sucralose in artificial sweeteners. The procedure is based on the UV spectrophotometric determination of the photodegraded product at 270 nm in alkaline medium (pH 12). LOD for this method was 0.02 g/L, and the calibration curve was found to obey Beer's law in the concentration range of 0.1 to 1.2 g/L, with a correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.9977. The proposed method was studied for accuracy and precision.
Analysis of Fumagillin in Honey by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Dmitrovic Jasna , Durden David A
Published: June 2013

An LC/MS/MS method has been optimized and validated for the quantification and confirmation of fumagillin in honey. Fumagillin is isolated and concentrated by RP polymeric SPE. Final extracts are analyzed using electrospray ionization LC/MS/MS in positive mode with a formic acid and ammonium formate–acetonitrile mobile phase. Method uncertainty was determined using two analytical systems from different manufacturers. The validation of this LC/MS/MS method for the detection of fumagillin demonstrated overall recovery of 99.3%, precision of 5.9%, expanded uncertainty of 13.2%, and LOD of 0.368 μg/kg using an Agilent 6410 triple quadrupole system. Robustness testing showed that the method is robust against small changes in the method parameters. The method has been successfully applied to test 30 honey samples received as part of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency inspection program for the presence of fumagillin. It also was externally evaluated through proficiency testing and found to be fit-for-purpose.
Validation of an HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of trans-Lutein, (3R,3′R)-trans-Zeaxanthin, and (3R,3′S)-trans-Zeaxanthin
Authors: Warfield John R , Lewis Brandon J
Published: June 2013

trans-Lutein, (3R,3′R)-trans-zeaxanthin, and (3R,3′S, meso)-trans-zeaxanthin are carotenoid isomers found in the human eye. Trans-lutein and trans-zeaxanthin can be separated under NP chromatographic conditions; however, (3R,3′R)-trans-zeaxanthin and (3R,3′S)-trans- zeaxanthin coelute and require chiral separation techniques. The validation of an HPLC analytical method for the simultaneous determination of trans-lutein, (3R,3′R)-trans-zeaxanthin, and (3R,3′S)-trans- zeaxanthin is described. The method uses a hexanes and 2-propanol gradient on a Daicel AD-H chiral column to separate the carotenoids for detection at 446 and 450 nm. The method was found suitable for use in quantifying the three analytes over a wide range of concentrations with the limiting factor being the upper solubility limit of 14 μg of (3R,3′S)-trans-zeaxanthin/mL of the injection solution of hexane–2-propanol (95 + 5, v/v). The precision of the method, expressed by the coefficient of variation, was <5% for the analytes when triplicate injections were used. The average recoveries ranged between 95 and 103% for standards that were 50 to 200% of the target analyte level. The LOQ in the injection solution was determined to be between 1 and 6 ng/mL for the analytes. The method is valid for the separation and quantification of trans-lutein, (3R,3′R)-trans-zeaxanthin, and (3R,3′S)-trans-zeaxanthin.
Electrochemical Detection of Amaranth in Food Based on the Expanded Graphite Paste Electrode
Authors: Wang Mei L , Zhang Jing , Ding Ni N , Zhu Xiao L , Chen Zhi D
Published: June 2013

A sensitive and simple electrochemical method was developed for successful determination of amaranth in food samples by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry based on an expanded graphite paste electrode (EGPE). The EGPE has strong and sensitive voltammetric responses to amaranth, owing to the multiporous structure and large surface area of EG. The electroanalytical determination of this azo dye was found to be optimal in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions (pH 7.0) under the following experimental conditions: accumulation time, 400 s; accumulation potential, 0.4 V; pulse amplitude, 25 mV; and frequency, 10 Hz. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the oxidation peak current was proportional to the concentration of amaranth over two ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 and 0.1 to 4.0 μM. These linear ranges of the EGPE toward amaranth were wider than other electrodes reported before. The LOD was estimated to be 0.005 μM (S/N = 3:1). The developed method was applied to the determination of amaranth in retsina samples, and the results were confirmed by HPLC. Statistical analysis of these data showed that the results of the two methods compared favorably. This work provides a simple and easy approach to the determination of amaranth in foods with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity.
18O Internal Referencing Method to Detect Water Addition in Wines and Fruit Juices: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Thomas Freddy , Jamin Eric , Hammond David
Published: June 2013

An interlaboratory study of the oxygen 18-isotope ratio MS (18O-IRMS) method using water and ethanol for detecting water addition in wines and fruit juices is reported. The measurement of these two parameters constitutes an internal referencing approach contributing to a better detection of a certain kind of adulteration of wines and fruit juices. In this approach, the same initial steps as in the AOAC Official Methods 995.17 and 2004.01 are used to recover pure ethanol: Fruit juices are completely fermented using yeast, and the alcohol is distilled from the fermented juice or from the wine with a quantitative yield (>96%). Then the 18O deviation (δ18O) of ethanol is determined by IRMS. This parameter is compared with the δ18O of water determined by the so-called equilibration procedure using CO2 gas. An interlaboratory study was organized by our laboratory in 2011 to establish performance data for determinations in wines and fruit juices. The study was organized and interpreted according to the guidelines of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry International Harmonized protocol. Thirteen laboratories analyzed five juice materials (two orange, one pineapple, one grape, and one apple) and five wine materials (three red, one white, and one rosé) as blind duplicates. The pooled among-laboratories reproducibility of the method for measuring δ18O in water was found to be 0.8‰ for both wines and fruit juices. The pooled among-laboratories reproducibility of the method for measuring δ18O in ethanol was found to be in the order of 1.0‰ for wine and orange juice, and around 2.2‰ for the other fruit juice types tested.
Calculation of Whey Protein Fraction in Milk-Based Infant Formula: First Action 2012.07
Authors: Jacobs Wesley , Johns Paul , Haselberger Phillip , Thompson Joseph J , Sullivan Darryl , Baugh Steve
Published: June 2013

A method for the calculation of whey protein fraction was developed for milk-based infant formula products, based upon an amino acid ratio calculated from amino acid profile data. Total amino acid data from 21 commercially available (five casein and 16 whey) commodities were used as the reference data from which the calculation model used in the validation study was built. This method has been evaluated for precision (repeatability, intermediate precision) and accuracy on nonfat dry milk and products manufactured with targeted whey levels of 32–63%, including National Institute of Standards and Technology infant formula Standard Reference Material (1849a). Estimates of repeatability were between 0.3 and 2.5% while those for intermediate precision were between 2.6 and 3.4%. Average recovery ranged from 97 to 100%. Additional reference material data are being gathered for better estimation of casein and whey amino acid reference values.
Determining Lectin Specificity from Glycan Array Data Using Motif Segregation and GlycoSearch Software
Authors: Kletter Doron , Cao Zheng , Bern Marshall , Haab Brian
Published: June 2013

The glycan array is a powerful tool for investigating the specificities of glycan‐binding proteins. By incubating a glycan‐binding protein on a glycan array, the relative binding to hundreds of different oligosaccharides can be quantified in parallel. Based on these data, much information can be obtained about the preference of a glycan‐binding protein for specific subcomponents of oligosaccharides, or motifs. In many cases, the analysis and interpretation of glycan array data can be time consuming and imprecise if done manually. Recently, GlycoSearch software was developed to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of glycan array data based on two previously developed methods, Motif Segregation and Outlier Motif Analysis. Here, the principles behind this method and the use of this new tool for mining glycan array data are described. The automated, objective, and precise analysis of glycan array data should enhance the value of these data for a broad range of research applications. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 5:157‐169 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A New Material for High‐Temperature Lead‐Free Actuators
Authors: Kursumovic Ahmed , Defay Emmanuel , Lee Oon Jew , Tsai Chen‐Fong , Bi Zhenxing , Wang Haiyan , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L.
Published: June 2013

Unimorph cantilevers are made from 0.5BaTiO3‐0.5Sm2O3 (BTO‐SmO) self‐assembled vertical heteroepitaxial nanocomposite thin films, grown by PLD on (001) SrTiO3 single crystal substrates. The films remain piezoelectric up to at least 250 °C without losing any actuation. The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient, d33, is ≈45 to 50 pm V−1 measured from room temperature to 250 °C. The transverse piezoelectric coefficient, d31, a key parameter of actuator performance, exceeds PZT (Pb1–xZrxTiO3) films at >200 pm V−1. Since the d31 coefficient was found to be positive, this opens up exciting new applications opportunities. The possible reasons for d31 > 0 are discussed in the light of 3D strain control in the nanocomposites.
Injection‐Molding Performance and Mechanical Properties of Blood Meal–Based Thermoplastics
Authors: Adamy Maximilian , Verbeek Casparus J. R.
Published: June 2013

Protein‐based thermoplastics offer an attractive alternative to petroleum‐based plastics if their properties allow for large volume production using processes such as injection molding. A fractional factorial design was used to analyze the influence of injection‐molding parameters (melt temperature, tool temperature, injection rate, holding pressure, and cooling time) on the injection‐molding process (maximum injection pressure, injection pressure curve) and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, secant modulus) of blood meal–based thermoplastics. Optimal mechanical properties were obtained at higher tool and melt temperatures while the injection rate was unimportant. The most important injection parameter was the holding pressure, which has to be lowered when using a higher melt temperature, which was preferred for better elongation at break. A lower holding pressure also produced moldings with a higher modulus, which could be good for demolding. Blood meal–based thermoplastics behaved mostly like standard thermoplastics, without any significant deviations. Within a workable processing window, its mechanical properties were largely unaffected by processing conditions, but as with any thermoplastic, care must be taken to select the best injection‐molding parameter settings to achieve optimal part quality and high processability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21361; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21361
An allelic series of Trp63 mutations defines TAp63 as a modifier of EEC syndrome
Authors: Vernersson Lindahl Emma , Garcia Elvin L. , Mills Alea A.
Published: June 2013

Human Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal dysplasia, Clefting (EEC) syndrome is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder defined by limb deformities, skin defects, and craniofacial clefting. Although associated with heterozygous missense mutations in TP63, the genetic basis underlying the variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance of EEC is unknown. Here, we show that mice heterozygous for an allele encoding the Trp63 p.Arg318His mutation, which corresponds to the human TP63 p.Arg279His mutation found in patients with EEC, have features of human EEC. Using an allelic series, we discovered that whereas clefting and skin defects are caused by loss of Trp63 function, limb anomalies are due to gain‐ and/or dominant‐negative effects of Trp63. Furthermore, we identify TAp63 as a strong modifier of EEC‐associated phenotypes with regard to both penetrance and expressivity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of high‐energy ball milling on the structure and mechanical properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene
Authors: Maksimkin A. V. , Kaloshkin S. D. , Tcherdyntsev V. V. , Chukov D. I. , Shchetinin I. V.
Published: June 2013

The structure and properties of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powder after severe deformation processing in a planetary ball mill were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray analysis. We found that the severe deformation processing of UHMWPE changed the morphology of the powder and caused amorphization and partial changes in the structure of the crystalline phase. Monolithic samples were obtained from the pretreated polymer with a hot‐pressing method in a wide range of temperatures. The effect of preliminary deformation processing on the mechanical properties of UHMWPE was studied. It was revealed that during monolitization in its melting temperature range, the mechanical properties of the powder increased, whereas the percentage elongation decreased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2971–2977, 2013
Epoxy/poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) nanocomposites: Effect of transformations of structure on crystallization
Authors: Kratochvíl Jaroslav , Rotrekl Jakub , Kaprálková Ludmila , Hromádková Jiřina , Kelnar Ivan
Published: June 2013

The influence of morphology of the epoxy/poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) system and corresponding nanocomposites with organophilized layered silicate on PCL crystallization was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained indicate a significant affecting of nonisothermal PCL crystallization by phase morphology brought about by the reaction‐induced phase separation (RIPS) influenced either by various nanoclay contents or the epoxy/PCL ratio. Dispersed morphology of PCL matrix with epoxy globules induces crystallization at higher temperatures. The inverse dispersed morphology of epoxy matrix with PCL inclusions causes crystallization at lower temperature. The co‐continuous morphology induces crystallization in both steps. Rate of the second crystallization step is substantially higher than that in the first step. No nucleation effect has been found in the nanocomposites with the added nanofiller. Multicomponent samples show retarded crystallization, i.e., lower crystallinities and lower overall crystallization rate compared with neat PCL. The results obtained suggest that it is primarily morphological/interfacial effects that play a decisive role in the crystallization behavior of PCL in the epoxy/PCL/clay system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3197–3204, 2013
Pyrene‐doped electrospun PMMA‐PVC fibers for ferric ion detection
Authors: Martwiset Surangkhana , Nijpanich Supinya , Banturngsaksiri Apidech , Sriring Manus , Pandhumas Thidarat , Youngme Sujittra
Published: June 2013

Electrospun fibers for ferric ion (Fe3+) detection were prepared from solutions of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinyl chloride‐co‐vinyl acetate‐co‐vinyl alcohol) ((90 : 4 : 6), PVC terpolymer), and pyrene. The effects of PVC terpolymer content (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% by weight of PMMA) and electrospinning conditions on fiber size and morphology were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Uniform fibers were obtained from all compositions, and fiber sizes slightly increased with PVC terpolymer content. At 40% PVC, fiber breakage and pyrene clusters were observed. The suitable pyrene content in electrospun fibers was found to be 20%. The ratio of fluorescence intensities of fibers with 30% PVC and 20% pyrene before and after (F0/F) immersion in 1.0 mM Fe3+ solution was 1.36. The effect of Fe3+ concentrations (0–5.0 mM) on quenching ability was investigated. An excellent Stern–Volmer quenching relationship was found with KSV of 2.26 × 102M. Fibrous sensor exhibited a highly sensitive response toward Fe3+ over Cu2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Ag+. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3205–3211, 2013
Biodegradable polyester‐based heat management materials of interest in refrigeration and smart packaging coatings
Authors: Perez‐Masia Rocio , Lopez‐Rubio Amparo , Fabra Maria Jose , Lagaron Jose Maria
Published: June 2013

In this study, two biodegradable matrices, polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactide (PLA) were used to encapsulate for the first time a phase changing material (PCM), specifically dodecane (a paraffin which has a transition temperature at −10°C), through the use of the electrospinning technique with the aim of developing coating materials with energy storage capacity for thermal insulation applications. The encapsulation efficiency obtained using both matrices has been studied and the different morphology, thermal properties, and molecular structure of the materials developed were characterized. Results showed that dodecane can be properly encapsulated inside both biopolymers with a submicron drop size, albeit PCL provides better encapsulation performance. A temperature mismatch between melting and crystallization phenomena (the so‐called supercooling effect) was observed in the encapsulated paraffin, mainly ascribed to the reduced PCM drop size inside the fibers. Addition of dodecanol was seen to best act as a nucleating agent for the PCL/PCM and PLA/PCM structures, allowing a significant amount of heat storage capacity for these systems without supercooling. These innovative ultrathin structured biomaterials are of interest as energy storage systems to advantageously coat or wrap temperature sensitive products in refrigeration equipment and constitute smart food or medical/pharmaceutical packaging. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3251–3262, 2013
Bioplastics and their thermoplastic blends from Spirulina and Chlorella microalgae
Authors: Zeller Mark Ashton , Hunt Ryan , Jones Alexander , Sharma Suraj
Published: June 2013

This research study focuses on the thermomechanical polymerization of microalgae protein biomass such as Chlorella and Spirulina to develop algal‐based bioplastics and thermoplastic blends. The algal protein biomass can grow on nutrient‐rich wastewater from livestock farms, municipal or industrial effluent sources, remediating the excess nitrogen and phosphorus. The algal bioplastics provide biodegradability that can be tailored to have a wide range of material properties suitable for various applications—consumable and disposable plastic products, agricultural plastic products, and horticultural planting containers. According to experimental results, pressure, temperature, content of plasticizer, and processing time are major variables in polymerization and structure stabilization during the compression molding process of both algal protein biomass and thermoplastic blends containing polyethylene polymer. Chlorella showed better bioplastic behavior than Spirulina microalgae, whereas Spirulina showed better blend performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3263–3275, 2013
A qualitative assessment of long chain branching content in LLDPE, LDPE and their blends via thermorheological analysis
Authors: Dordinejad Abdol Kamal , Jafari Seyed Hassan
Published: June 2013

Various blend systems having controlled level of long‐chain branching were prepared by melt mixing of different amounts (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 90 wt %) of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Analysis of the branching structure in the blends as well as in the neat components was carried out via thermorheological method. For this purpose six methods including time–temperature superposition (TTS), Cole–Cole plot, van Gurp–Palmen curve, phase angle (δ) versus reduced frequency curve, and activation energy as a function of the δ were employed. The results of all these methods (except TTS) indicated a complex thermorheological behavior for the neat LLDPE and LLDPE/LDPE blends. The extent of complexity was intensified by increasing LDPE content of the blends. However, using TTS method, Ea(δ) and δ(ω) curves resulted in simple thermorheological behavior for neat LDPE. The simple thermorheological behavior of LDPE having high content of long‐chain branches (LCB) was attributed to small differences in its branch structures. The zero‐shear rate viscosities of all samples deviated from the power‐law equation of linear PEs which confirmed the presence of LCB in all the systems. This study shows that thermorheological assessment can be used as an alternative powerful rheological tool for analysis of the branching structures in PE blends. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3240–3250, 2013
Structures and properties of closed‐cell polyimide rigid foams
Authors: Wang Leilei , Hu Aijun , Fan Lin , Yang Shiyong
Published: June 2013

Closed‐cell polyimide rigid foams with different Calculated Molecular Weight (Calc'd Mn) and foam density (ρ) have been prepared by thermal foaming of nadimide‐endcapped imideoligomers (NAIO) powder. The NAIO powder was obtained by thermally treating of a PMR poly(amide ester) solution derived from the reaction of diethyl ester of 2,3,3′,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (α‐BPDE) and p‐phenylenediamine (p‐PDA) using monoethyl ester of cis‐5‐norbornene‐ endo‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (NE) as reactive endcapping agent in ethyl alcohol. Effect of Calc'd Mn and foam density (ρ) on mechanical and thermal properties of the polyimide rigid foams have been systematically investigated. It was found that the thermal foaming properties of NAIO powders were affected by the Calc'd Mn. The appreciate Calc'd Mn could yield polyimide foams with both high closed‐cell content (Cc) (>80%) and outstanding mechanical properties. Moreover, the thermal properties were reduced by increasing of Calc'd Mn and the mechanical properties improved gradually by increasing foam densities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3282–3291, 2013
Energy filtered low voltage “in lens detector” SEM and XPS of natural fiber surfaces
Authors: Rasch Ron , Stricher Arthur , Truss Rowan W.
Published: June 2013

Most analyses of natural fibers give the average composition of the fiber and not the nature and distribution of surface species present. The nature of the fiber surface is important since it governs interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix and the transfer of stress to the fiber in composite materials. The surface of caustic treated flax fibers is analyzed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and a low voltage scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique that uses a filtered in‐lens electron detector. XPS shows that the fiber surface is not composed of a single polymer but is a mixture of materials, probably degraded lignin and hemicellulose and extractives. The SEM technique shows patches of material on the surface with different contrast and this contrast is shown to result from different average atomic number (Z). The variation in surface composition has obvious implication in variable interfacial properties in composites made using natural fibers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39572.
Evaluation of disposable diaper construction hot melt pressure‐sensitive adhesives using blends of olefinic block copolymer and amorphous polyolefin polymers—Adhesive performance, sprayability, and viscoelastic characteristics
Authors: Raja P. Rajesh , Jones Christopher M. , Seo Kab Sik , Peters Mark A. , Croll Stuart G.
Published: June 2013

Pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) used in disposable diaper construction have been formulated using blends of olefinic block copolymer (OBC) and an ethylene–propylene (PE‐PP) amorphous polyolefin (APO) polymer, with three different unsaturated hydrocarbon resins (with varying aromatic content), and also with two different saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon resin (with varying cycloaliphaticity). The viscoelastic properties of theses PSA formulations were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Viscosity profiles at five different temperatures were generated to better understand the application window for the resulting adhesive formulation. Rheology master curves were generated using time–temperature–superposition analysis and correlated with the processability characteristics. Adhesives used in disposable diaper construction were applied between a polyethylene backing and a nonwoven substrate with an air‐assisted spiral spray application technique on an Acumeter Spray Coater. After the adhesive was applied, peel adhesion testing on the samples was performed. It has been observed that the OBC/PE–PP‐based disposable diaper construction PSA has a lower application temperature along with wider tolerance for hydrocarbon resin chemistries, especially for the saturated aliphatic resin‐based PSA formulations. Based on the coating parameters used, it has been learned that the adhesive formulations seem to show a higher shear rate at the nozzle, but Reynolds number calculated indicated no major turbulence occurring at the nozzle during spraying. Very good spray patterns were obtained for the olefinic polymer‐based PSA formulations. Disposable diaper construction article showed good adhesive peel properties, especially for the adhesive formulations containing saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, which were comparable to the SBS‐based control. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3311–3318, 2013
Stay on the Wikipedia task: When task‐related disagreements slip into personal and procedural conflicts
Authors: Arazy Ofer , Yeo Lisa , Nov Oded
Published: June 2013

In Wikipedia, volunteers collaboratively author encyclopedic entries, and therefore managing conflict is a key factor in group success. Behavioral research describes 3 conflict types: task‐related, affective, and process. Affective and process conflicts have been consistently found to impede group performance; however, the effect of task conflict is inconsistent. We propose that these inconclusive results are due to underspecification of the task conflict construct, and focus on the transition phase where task‐related disagreements escalate into affective and process conflict. We define these transitional phases as distinct constructs—task‐affective and task‐process conflict—and develop a theoretical model that explains how the various task‐related conflict constructs, together with the composition of the wiki editor group, determine the quality of the collaboratively authored wiki article. Our empirical study of 96 Wikipedia articles involved multiple data‐collection methods, including analysis of Wikipedia system logs, manual content analysis of articles' discussion pages, and a comprehensive assessment of articles' quality using theDelphi method. Our results show that when group members' disagreements—originally task related—escalate into personal attacks or hinge on procedure, these disagreements impede group performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Stacking‐Induced Diamagnetic/Paramagnetic Conversion of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐2(3 H)‐one Derivatives: Near‐Infrared Absorption and Magnetic Properties in the Solid State
Authors: Yong Guoping , Zhang Xuerui , Zhao Yumei , She Wenlong
Published: June 2013

Herein, we present three imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐2(3 H)‐one derivatives that are diamagnetic in solution, but paramagnetic in the solid state, possibly owing to a stacking‐induced formation of phenoxide‐type radicals. Notably, a larger bathochromic shift of the absorption (even up to the near‐ infrared region) of these three compounds was observed in the solid state than in solution, which was attributable to the ordered columnar stacking arrangements or their single‐electron character as radicals in the solid state. Interestingly, compared to that in solution, (E)‐3‐(pyridin‐4′‐ylmethylene)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine 2(3 H)‐one displayed a largely red‐shifted emission (centered at 660 nm, with tailing above 800 nm) in the solid state. A larger bathochromic shift (260 nm) of the emission is an indication of better order and tight stacking in the solid state, which is brought about by the rigid and polar acceptor. These three compounds also reveal different magnetic susceptibilities at 300 K, thus implying that they possess various columnar stacking structures. Most interestingly, these three radicals exhibit unusual ferromagnetic‐to‐antiferromagnetic phase transitions, which can be attributed to anisotropic contraction and non‐uniform slippage of the columnar stacking chains.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Charge Delocalization in Biruthenium–Alkynyl Complexes Bridged by Thiophenes
Authors: Ou Ya‐Ping , Xia Jianlong , Zhang Jing , Xu Meng , Yin Jun , Yu Guang‐Ao , Liu Sheng Hua
Published: June 2013

A series of binuclear ruthenium–alkynyl complexes that are bridged by thiophene groups (thiophene, bithiophene, and terthiophene) have been synthesized. All of these complexes have been well‐characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The electronic properties of these complexes have been examined by using cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis/NIR and IR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electrochemical results showed that the potential difference (ΔE) and comproportionation constant (Kc) decreased with increasing size of the thiophene bridging unit. The UV/Vis/NIR spectra and TDDFT calculations of the monocations indicated that the NIR transitions displayed aromatic bridging character. EPR studies of the mono‐oxidized radical species further demonstrated that the unpaired electron/hole was delocalized over both metals and the bridging ligand and established significant participation in the ligand oxidation.
A Pareto‐improving hybrid policy for transportation networks
Authors: Song Ziqi , Yin Yafeng , Lawphongpanich Siriphong , Yang Hai
Published: June 2013

This paper investigates an innovative Pareto‐improving hybrid policy that combines two policy instruments, that is, congestion pricing and road space rationing, and takes advantage of the synergistic effects between these instruments. Mathematical formulations for developing Pareto‐improving pure road space rationing schemes and hybrid policies are presented. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed hybrid policy offers greater flexibility and is more prominent in leading to Pareto improvement than both pure congestion pricing and road space rationing schemes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, characterization and luminescent properties of dense nano‐silica hybrids loaded with 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride
Authors: Wang Jinpeng , Sun Jihong , Li Yuzhen , Wang Feng
Published: June 2013

Novel luminescent dense nano‐silica hybrid materials (DNSS) modified with different amounts of (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride (NA) were successfully synthesized via two steps combined with post‐grafting methods. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2‐sorption analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and elemental analysis, as well as time‐resolved decays were employed to characterize the resultant hybrid materials. The results revealed that luminescent organic molecules had been successfully loaded onto the amine‐modified surface of nano‐silica spheres. In addition, their fluorescence intensity and characteristic peak of emission spectra changed with increasing amount of APTES and NA additive. In particular, the characteristic peak showed a red shift from 390 to 450 nm, however, this was inconsistent with results calculated on the basis of the elemental analysis data, most probably because of the dispersion behaviors of NA molecules from the aggregating to the monolayer state. These observations demonstrated the existence of a quantum confinement effectiveness of NA–DNSS samples, and therefore a possible mechanism was put forward. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous utilization of glucose and gluconate in Penicillium chrysogenum during overflow metabolism
Authors: Schmitz Katja , Peter Vivien , Meinert Sabine , Kornfeld Georg , Hardiman Timo , Wiechert Wolfgang , Noack Stephan
Published: June 2013

The filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum is one of the most important production organism for β‐lactam antibiotics, especially penicillin. A specific feature of P. chrysogenum is the formation of gluconate as the primary overflow metabolite under non‐limiting growth on glucose. Gluconate can be formed extracellularly by the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) that shows high activities under glucose excess conditions. Currently, it is assumed that under these conditions glucose is the preferred carbon substrate for P. chrysogenum and gluconate consumption first starts after glucose becomes limiting. Here, we specifically address this hypothesis by combining batch cultivation experiments on defined glucose media, time‐dependent GOD activity measurements, and 13C‐tracer studies. Our data prove that both substrates are metabolized simultaneously independent from the actual glucose concentration and therefore suggest that no distinct mechanism of carbon catabolite repression exists for gluconate in P. chrysogenum. Moreover, gluconate consumption does not interfere with penicillin V production by repression of the penicillin genes. Finally, by following a model‐driven approach the specific uptake rates for glucose and gluconate were quantified and found to be significantly higher for gluconate. In summary, our results show that P. chrysogenum metabolizes gluconate directly and at high rates making it an interesting alternative carbon source for production purposes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 3235–3243. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coronary plaque composition assessed by intravascular ultrasound virtual histology: Association with long‐term clinical outcomes after heart transplantation in young adult recipients
Authors: Tomai Fabrizio , Adorisio Rachele , De Luca Leonardo , Pilati Mara , Petrolini Alessandro , Ghini Anna S. , Parisi Francesco , Pongiglione Giacomo , Gagliardi Maria Giulia
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To assess coronary plaque composition by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH‐IVUS) analysis in young adult recipients and to correlate these findings with time from heart transplant (HTx) and long‐term outcomes.

Background

Rapid progression of coronary allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation is a powerful predictor of mortality and clinical events at long‐term.

Methods

Forty consecutive young adult recipients transplanted during childhood undergoing VH‐IVUS during coronary surveillance have been prospectively included in this study. According to the time interval from HTx to VH‐IVUS assessment, our cohort was divided into two groups (group A: ≤5 years, n = 13; group B: >5 years, n = 27).

Results

Group B showed an higher percentage of necrotic core and dense calcium (12 ± 2 vs. 5 ± 1%, P = 0.04; 8.2 vs. 2.1%, P = 0.03; respectively). An “inflammatory plaque” (necrotic core and dense calcium ≥30%) was detected in 34.8% of patients in group B and in none among group A patients (P = 0.03). Patients in group B had a number of adverse clinical events significantly higher than group A patients (53.8 vs. 14.3%; HR 4.45; 95% CI 1.62–12.16; P = 0.029) at long‐term follow‐up (4.2 years). The multivariate regression analysis showed that age (HR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1–2.0; P = 0.007), time from HTx (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.6–4.8; P = 0.02), and inflammatory plaque (HR 2.4; 95% CI 1.1–5.3; P = 0.03) were independent predictors of adverse clinical events.

Conclusions

This study supports the hypothesis that time‐dependent differences in plaque composition, as assessed by VH‐IVUS, occur after HTx in young adult recipients, probably determining an increased risk of long‐term clinical events. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paclitaxel‐eluting balloon versus everolimus‐eluting stent for treatment of drug‐eluting stent restenosis
Authors: Almalla Mohammad , Schröder Jörg , Pross Verena , Marx Nikolaus , Hoffmann Rainer
Published: June 2013

Objective

Drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation is a very effective treatment of bare‐metal stent–in‐stent restenosis (BMS–ISR). Therapeutic options for drug‐eluting stent–in‐stent restenosis (DES–ISR) are less well defined, as there are only few data on safety and effectiveness of interventional modalities. This study compared the 1‐year clinical outcome after the use of drug‐eluting balloon (DEB) to second‐generation everolimus‐eluting stent (EES) for treatment of DES–ISR.

Methods

This observational study included 86 patients with 86 DES–ISR. Forty patients were treated by repeat percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using an EES. Forty‐six patients were treated by repeat PCI using a DEB. Follow‐up periods were 22 ± 11 and 25 ± 19 months, respectively. The primary endpoint of the study was survival free of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) at 1 year. Secondary endpoints were needed for target lesion revascularization (TLR), definite stent thrombosis (ST) at 1 year, and MACE rate during total follow‐up period.

Results

Baseline clinical and angiographic parameters were comparable between the two groups. EES were associated with a higher MACE rate at 1 year compared to DEB (27.5 vs. 8.6%, respectively; P = 0.046). TLR rates for EES and DEB were 22.5% versus 4.3%, respectively, P = 0.029, while rates of definite ST at 1 year follow‐up were comparable (2.5% vs. 0%, respectively; P = 0.945). There were no differences in myocardial infarction rates between the two groups (5% vs. 2%, respectively; P = 0.595) and in mortality. Considering the complete follow‐up periods, DEB were associated with significantly less MACE compared to EES (log‐rank test, P = 0.045). Furthermore, comparison of TLR rates showed a strong trend in favor of DEB compared to EES (P = 0.074).

Conclusions

Treatment of DES‐ISR using a DEB is associated with favorable rates of MACE and TLR at 1‐year follow‐up compared to the implantation of an EES. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Water‐Soluble, 1,3,5‐Triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane‐Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles and their Application in Biphasic Catalytic Hydrogenations at Room Temperature
Authors: Caporali Maria , Guerriero Antonella , Ienco Andrea , Caporali Stefano , Peruzzini Maurizio , Gonsalvi Luca
Published: June 2013

Water‐dispersible Pd nanoparticles stabilized by the hydrophilic cage‐like aminophosphine ligand 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane and its N‐methyl derivative were synthesized and fully characterized in the colloidal state by TEM, and NMR and UV spectroscopy and in the solid state by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and powder XRD. The three different nanoparticles obtained showed a narrow distribution range with average core sizes of 2.8, 3.2, and 3.5 nm. The activity of some of these Pd nanoparticles as catalysts in the biphasic hydrogenation of organic substrates under mild conditions has been tested, and good results and excellent reusability (up to nine catalytic runs) were obtained.
Ionically Tagged Ru–Alkylidenes for Metathesis Reactions under Biphasic Liquid–Liquid Conditions
Authors: Autenrieth Benjamin , Willig Felix , Pursley Dominik , Naumann Stefan , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: June 2013

The synthesis of the novel ionic Ru–alkylidenes [Ru[(4‐CO2)(1‐CH3)Py+)]2(IMesH2)(CH‐2‐(2‐PrO)‐C6H4)][OTf−]2 (1, IMesH2=1,3‐dimesitylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene, Py=pyridine, OTf−=triflate) and [RuCl[(4‐CO2)(1‐CH3)Py+)](IMesH2)(CH‐2‐(2‐PrO)‐C6H4)][OTf−] (2) is reported. Catalysts 1 and 2 were successfully used in various metathesis reactions under biphasic liquid–liquid conditions using 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and heptane as liquid phases. Ruthenium leaching into the heptane phase was very low (<0.4 %), translating into Ru contamination of the products between 0.3 and 2.5 ppm. Both 1 and 2 exhibited comparable reactivity in organic solvents and under biphasic conditions. Catalyst 1 and 2 were also successfully used in the continuous metathesis of methyl oleate and 1,7‐octadiene under supported liquid–liquid conditions. Finally, the disproportionation of the monocarboxylato monochloro substituted Ru–alkylidene 2 was traced by 1H NMR analysis at 40 °C, thereby demonstrating the formation of complex 1 and the neutral complex [RuCl2(IMesH2)(CH‐2‐(2‐PrO)‐C6H4)].
Novel Functionalized Microporous Organic Networks Based on Triphenylphosphine
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Yang Yanqin , Zhang Suobo
Published: June 2013

This article describes the synthesis and functions of phosphine or phosphine oxide functionalized networks (PPP or PPPO; PP=porous polymer). These materials were predominantly microporous and exhibited high surface areas (SBET: 1284 and 1353 m2 g−1 for PPP and PPPO, respectively), with high CO2 (2.46 and 3.83 mmol g−1 for PPP and PPPO, respectively) uptake capacities. Pd nanoparticles can be simply incorporated into the functionalized networks (PPPPd or PPPOPd) through a facile one‐step impregnation. A yield of 98 % was obtained in the Suzuki reaction between 1‐chlorobenzene and p‐tolylboronic acid with the PPPPd system, which was higher than that obtained when PPPOPd (53.2 %) or [Pd(PPh3)4] (38.2 %) was used as the catalyst. The superior catalytic ability of PPPPd can be attributed to the structural features that incorporate triarylphosphine within a microporous structure.
Use of a spectroscopic sensor to monitor droplet size distribution in emulsions using neural networks
Authors: Assenhaimer Cristhiane , Machado Leandro J. , Glasse Benjamin , Fritsching Udo , Guardani Roberto
Published: June 2013

Monitoring of emulsion properties is important in many applications, like in foods and pharmaceutical products, or in emulsion polymerisation processes, since aged and ‘broken’ emulsions perform worse and may affect product quality. This study reports the use of an ‘in‐line’ turbidity sensor coupled with a neural network model to monitor droplet size distributions of metal working fluid emulsions (MWF), a case where emulsion aging affects product quality. The data from the sensor were used to fit the model for droplet size distribution estimation. The technique was applied to monitor the destabilisation of commercially available MWF with good accuracy.
Response to Dissociation Between Severity of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Presentation With Shock or Hypotension
Authors: Madias John E.
Published: June 2013

Chong CR et al. Clin Cardiol. 2013. doi: 10.1002/clc.22129.
Removal of Cd and Pb in Calcareous Soils by Using Na2EDTA Recycling Washing
Authors: Zhang Shujuan , Yang Zhihui , Wu Baolin , Wang Yangyang , Wu Ruiping , Liao Yingping
Published: June 2013

Soil‐column experiments were conducted for removing of Cd and Pb from calcareous soils by using EDTA disodium (Na2EDTA). Up to 84.4 and 73.5% of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable Cd and Pb were removed by using 0.04 mol L−1 Na2EDTA at 1:8 of soil‐to‐solution ratio (w/v). More than 99% of Cd and 97% of Pb in leachate collected from washing procedure were precipitated at pH 10 by using Na2S + Ca(OH)2, while only 56.9% of Cd and 97.5% of Pb were removed with FeCl3 + NaOH. The recovered Na2EDTA from leachate treatment did not lose much of its chelating capacity in the first washing process. However, in the second and third batch washing process, the removal of DTPA‐extractable Cd decreased by 26.2 and 20.2%, while the removal of DTPA‐extractable Pb decreased by 33.0 and 41.1%, respectively. Due to the high content of Na+ in the treated soil, several chemical amendments were employed to remove Na+. (NH4)2SO4 was the most suitable amendment reagent and the optimal concentration of (NH4)2SO4 was 0.08 mol L−1 at a soil‐to‐solution ratio of 1:3. The total cost for recycled Na2EDTA washing decreased by 68.9% as compared with fresh Na2EDTA washing.
Modification of Triclosan Scaffold in Search of Improved Inhibitors for Enoyl‐Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Reductase in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Stec Jozef , Fomovska Alina , Afanador Gustavo A. , Muench Stephen P. , Zhou Ying , Lai Bo‐Shiun , El Bissati Kamal , Hickman Mark R. , Lee Patty J. , Leed Susan E. , Auschwitz Jennifer M. , Sommervile Caroline , Woods Stuart , Roberts Craig W. , Rice David , Prigge Sean T. , McLeod Rima , Kozikowski Alan P.
Published: June 2013

Through our focused effort to discover new and effective agents against toxoplasmosis, a structure‐based drug design approach was used to develop a series of potent inhibitors of the enoyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (ENR) enzyme in Toxoplasma gondii (TgENR). Modifications to positions 5 and 4′ of the well‐known ENR inhibitor triclosan afforded a series of 29 new analogues. Among the resulting compounds, many showed high potency and improved physicochemical properties in comparison with the lead. The most potent compounds 16 a and 16 c have IC50 values of 250 nM against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites without apparent toxicity to the host cells. Their IC50 values against recombinant TgENR were found to be 43 and 26 nM, respectively. Additionally, 11 other analogues in this series had IC50 values ranging from 17 to 130 nM in the enzyme‐based assay. With respect to their excellent in vitro activity as well as improved drug‐like properties, the lead compounds 16 a and 16 c are deemed to be excellent starting points for the development of new medicines to effectively treat Toxoplasma gondii infections.