bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis of hippocampus in mice following long-term exposure to low levels of copper
Authors: Sun Qian , Ying Ming , Ma Quan , Huang Zhijun , Zou Liangyu , Liu Jianjun , Zhuang Zhixiong , Yang Xifei
Published: April 2016

Recent studies suggest that copper exposure, even at very low levels, can produce significant toxic effects on the brains of mice.
A high-content screening platform with fluorescent chemical probes for the discovery of first-in-class therapeutics
Authors: Jo Ala , Jung Jinjoo , Kim Eunha , Park Seung Bum
Published: April 2016

Phenotypic screening as a promising approach to discover novel first-in-class therapeutic agents.
Quantum dot–NanoLuc bioluminescence resonance energy transfer enables tumor imaging and lymph node mapping in vivo
Authors: Kamkaew Anyanee , Sun Haiyan , England Christopher G. , Cheng Liang , Liu Zhuang , Cai Weibo
Published: April 2016

A small luciferase (Nluc) was conjugated to QDs as a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) pair.
Correction: Regioselectivity in the Au-catalyzed hydration and hydroalkoxylation of alkynes
Authors: Goodwin Justin A. , Aponick Aaron
Published: April 2016

Correction for ‘Regioselectivity in the Au-catalyzed hydration and hydroalkoxylation of alkynes’ by Justin A. Goodwin et al., Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, 8730–8741.
Surface-active ionic liquids in micellar catalysis: impact of anion selection on reaction rates in nucleophilic substitutions
Authors: Cognigni Alice , Gaertner Peter , Zirbs Ronald , Peterlik Herwig , Prochazka Katharina , Schröder Christian , Bica Katharina
Published: April 2016

A series of surface-active ionic liquids based on the 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium cation and different anions was synthesized and applied for micellar catalysis of nucleophilic substitutions.
The efficiency of driving chemical reactions by a physical non-equilibrium is kinetically controlled
Authors: Göppel Tobias , Palyulin Vladimir V. , Gerland Ulrich
Published: April 2016

A model system illustrates how the coupling efficiency of a physical non-equilibrium to a chemical reaction is affected by the relative timescales of the respective kinetics.
Micelle structure in a deep eutectic solvent: a small-angle scattering study
Authors: Sanchez-Fernandez A. , Edler K. J. , Arnold T. , Heenan R. K. , Porcar L. , Terrill N. J. , Terry A. E. , Jackson A. J.
Published: April 2016

Choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent provides a novel media for surfactant self-assembly with micelle morphology tunable by adding water.
Mixed Ge/Pb perovskite light absorbers with an ascendant efficiency explored from theoretical view
Authors: Sun Ping-Ping , Li Quan-Song , Feng Shuai , Li Ze-Sheng
Published: April 2016

MAGe0.75Pb0.25I3with the highest theoretical efficiency of 24.24% is superior to MAPbI3, which can become the best candidate.
Synthesis of Bi4O5Br2from reorganization of BiOBr and its excellent visible light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Li Rui , Xie Fangxia , Liu Jianxin , Wang Yawen , Wang Yunfang , Zhang Xiaochao , Fan Caimei
Published: April 2016

In this study, a novel visible-light-driven Bi4O5Br2photocatalyst was successfully synthesizedviathe structure reorganization of BiOBr at room temperature using NH3·H2O as a structure-controlling agent.
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with ruthenium polypyridine sensitizers: unveiling the key factors to improve efficiencies
Authors: Deponti Elisa , Natali Mirco
Published: April 2016

An alternative benchmark sensitizer for photochemical hydrogen generation is identified within a series of ruthenium complexes, capable of outperforming the standard Ru(bpy)32+.
Microencapsulation of advanced solvents for carbon capture
Authors: Stolaroff Joshuah K. , Ye Congwang , Oakdale James S. , Baker Sarah E. , Smith William L. , Nguyen Du T. , Spadaccini Christopher M. , Aines Roger D.
Published: April 2016

Purpose-designed, water-lean solvents have been developed to improve the energy efficiency of CO2 capture from power plants, including CO2-binding organic liquids (CO2BOLs) and ionic liquids (ILs). Many of these solvents are highly viscous or change phases, posing challenges for conventional process equipment. Such problems can be overcome by encapsulation. Micro-Encapsulated CO2 Sorbents (MECS) consist of a CO2-absorbing solvent or slurry encased in spherical, CO2-permeable polymer shells. The resulting capsules have diameters in the range of 100–600 μm, greatly increasing the surface area and CO2 absorption rate of the encapsulated solvent. Encapsulating these new solvents requires careful selection of shell materials and fabrication techniques. We find several common classes of polymers are not compatible with MECS production, but we develop two custom formulations, a silicone and an acrylate, that show promise for encapsulating water-lean solvents. We make the first demonstration of an encapsulated IL for CO2 capture. The rate of CO2 absorption is enhanced by a factor of 3.5 compared to a liquid film, a value that can be improved by further development of shell materials and fabrication techniques.
A novel methodology for assessing the environmental sustainability of ionic liquids used for CO2 capture
Authors: Cuéllar-Franca Rosa M. , García-Gutiérrez Pelayo , Taylor S. F. Rebecca , Hardacre Christopher , Azapagic Adisa
Published: April 2016

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as suitable sorbents for CO2 capture because of their high CO2 absorption capacity, thermal stability, negligible vapour pressure and physico-chemical tunability. However, the environmental implications of ILs are currently largely unknown because of a lack of data. The issue is further complicated by their complex chemical structures and numerous precursors for which environmental data are scarce or non-existent. In an attempt to address this issue, this paper presents a new methodology for estimating life cycle environmental impacts of novel ILs, with the aim of aiding synthesis and selection of more sustainable CO2 sorbents. The methodology consists of four main steps: (1) selection of an appropriate IL and synthesis route; (2) construction of a life cycle tree; (3) life cycle assessment; and (4) recommendations for improvements. The application of the methodology is illustrated using trihexyltetradecylphosphonium 1,2,4-triazolide ([P66614][124Triz]), a promising IL for CO2 capture currently under development. Following the above steps, the paper demonstrates how the data obtained from laboratory synthesis of the IL can be scaled up to industrial production to estimate life cycle impacts and identify environmental hotspots. In this particular case, the main hotspots are the precursors used in the synthesis of the IL. Comparison of impacts with monoethanolamine (MEA), currently the most widely-used CO2 sorbent, suggests that [P66614][124Triz] has much higher impacts than MEA, including global warming potential. However, human toxicity potential is significantly higher for MEA. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used to optimise the design of ILs and to guide selection of more sustainable CO2 sorbents. Although the focus is on ILs, the methodology is generic and can be applied to other chemicals under development.
Evaluating 3D printing to solve the sample-to-device interface for LRS and POC diagnostics: example of an interlock meter-mix device for metering and lysing clinical urine samples
Authors: Jue Erik , Schoepp Nathan G. , Witters Daan , Ismagilov Rustem F.
Published: April 2016

Rapid prototyping of a meter-mix device to accurately meter, lyse, and transfer urine samples for LRS and POC diagnostics.
A family of uranium–carboxylic acid hybrid materials: synthesis, structure and mixed-dye selective adsorption
Authors: Gao Xue , Song Jian , Sun Li Xian , Xing Yong Heng , Bai Feng Ying , Shi Zhan
Published: April 2016

The synthesis, structure, photoluminescence, surface photovoltage and mixed-dye selective adsorption of four uranyl complexes have been studied.
Slider thickness promotes lubricity: from 2D islands to 3D clusters
Authors: Guerra Roberto , Tosatti Erio , Vanossi Andrea
Published: April 2016

The sliding of three-dimensional clusters and two-dimensional islands adsorbed on crystal surfaces represents an important test case to understand friction.
Hyperbranched polymers via RAFT self-condensing vinyl polymerization
Authors: Alfurhood Jawaher A. , Bachler Patricia R. , Sumerlin Brent S.
Published: April 2016

RAFT-mediated self-condensing vinyl polymerization is a promising synthetic tool to create well-defined hyperbranched polymers.
Influence of the morphology of carbon nanostructures on the stimulated growth of gram plant
Authors: Tripathi Shweta , Kapri Sutanu , Datta Abheek , Bhattacharyya Sayan
Published: April 2016

The growth stimulation of gram plants (Cicer arietinum) by water dispersible carbon nanostructures is found to be dependent on the latter's morphology.
Stifling magnesium corrosion via a novel anodic coating
Authors: Wu Y.-J. , Chen X.-B. , Williams G. , Scully J. R. , Gengenbach T. , Birbilis N.
Published: April 2016

The use of light-weight magnesium (Mg) alloys as engineering materials has been hampered in part due to their poor corrosion performance. An effective novel sacrificial coating is presented herein.
Growth of ideal amorphous carbon films at low temperature by e-beam evaporation
Authors: Zhai Zihao , Shen Honglie , Chen Jieyi , Li Jinze , Zhang Sanyang
Published: April 2016

Ideal amorphous carbon prepared at low temperature by e-beam evaporation has potential as buffer layers for Ge growth on Si.
Selective concentration-dependent manipulation of intrinsic fluorescence of plasma proteins by graphene oxide nanosheets
Authors: Kenry Kenry , Loh Kian Ping , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: April 2016

We investigate the molecular interactions between graphene oxide (GO) and blood plasma proteins, in particular, the influence of GO on the intrinsic fluorescence of these proteins.
Application of titanium sulfate in a coagulation–ultrafiltration process: a comparison with aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate
Authors: Huang Xin , Gao Baoyu , Zhao Shuang , Sun Shenglei , Yue Qinyan , Wang Yan , Li Qian
Published: April 2016

This study focused on the floc characteristics and membrane fouling of Al2(SO4)3 (AS), Fe2(SO4)3 (FS) and Ti(SO4)2 (TS) in a coagulation–ultrafiltration (C–UF) process.
Papain/Zn3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflower: preparation, characterization and its enhanced catalytic activity as an immobilized enzyme
Authors: Zhang Baoliang , Li Peitao , Zhang Hepeng , Fan Lili , Wang Hai , Li Xiangjie , Tian Lei , Ali Nisar , Ali Zafar , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: April 2016

Flower-like papain/Zn3(PO4)2 hybrid materials are synthesized via a facile, rapid and low-cost method in this study.
Photoresistless fabrication of periodic patterns on GaAs by laser interference photochemical lithography
Authors: Zhao Dongfang , Gao Naikun , Jia Ran , Zhang Ling , Yan Weishan , Liu Duo
Published: April 2016

SEM images of (a) two-beam and (b) three-beam interference patterns formed on GaAs wafers by photochemical etching with an incident angle of 17°.
Color-coded imaging of electrochromic process at single nanoparticle level
Authors: Jing Chao , Gu Zhen , Xie Tao , Long Yi-Tao
Published: April 2016

Based on a plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET) method, the electrochromic process was imaged in real-time under potential scanning, which achieved the detection of hundreds of molecules on the surface of a single nanoparticle with high time-spatial resolution.
Temperature dependence of the electromagnetic properties of graphene nanosheet reinforced alumina ceramics in the X-band
Authors: Yuchang Qing , Qinlong Wen , Fa Luo , Wancheng Zhou
Published: April 2016

Graphene nanosheet (GN)/Al2O3 ceramics were prepared by hot press sintering with a significant improvement in both mechanical and electromagnetic properties.
The effects of maternal and post-weaning diet interaction on glucose metabolism and gut microbiota in male mice offspring
Authors: Zheng Jia , Xiao Xinhua , Zhang Qian , Yu Miao , Xu Jianping , Qi Cuijuan , Wang Tong
Published: April 2016

Substantial studies demonstrated that maternal nutrition can significantly determine the susceptibility to developing some metabolic diseases in offspring. However, investigations into the later-life effects of these diets on gut microbiota in the offspring are limited. Our objective was to explore the effects of maternal and post-weaning diet interaction on offspring's gut microbiota and glucose metabolism in later life. The male offspring of dams fed on either a high-fat (HF) diet or control (C) diet and then weaned to either a HF or C diet, generating four groups: C–C, HF–C, C–HF and HF–HF (n=8 in each group). The C–C offspring had lower body weight than C–HF group at 16 weeks of age (P<0.01) and both C–HF and HF–HF offspring had higher body weight than C–C group at 24 and 32 weeks of age (P<0.001 respectively). The blood glucose (BG) levels of the male offspring from the C and HF dams weaned HF diet were significantly higher at 30 min, 60 min and 120 min (P<0.001) after intraperitoneal glucose administration compared with those of the C–C group. The C–HF group had higher BG at 30 min than HF–HF group (P<0.01). Furthermore, area under the curve (AUC) in C–HF and HF–HF groups was also significantly larger than C–C group (P<0.001). Fasting BG and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of the offspring were significantly higher in C–HF and HF–HF groups than C–C group at 32 weeks of age (P<0.05). Operational taxonomic unit (OTU), Chao and Shannon indexes showed a significantly lower diversity in C–HF offspring compared with HF–C and C–C groups (P<0.05). The dominant phyla of all the groups were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, which also showed significantly different percentages in the group (P<0.05). Furthermore, it is indicated that Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were significantly associated with glucose response to a glucose load (P<0.05). In conclusion, maternal and post-weaning diet interaction predisposes the offspring to aberrant glucose metabolism and alterations of gut microbiota in later life. Our study is novel in focusing on the effects of maternal and post-weaning diet interaction on offspring gut microbiota and glucose metabolism in later life.
Continuous Performance Tasks: Not Just About Sustaining Attention
Authors: Roebuck Hettie , Freigang Claudia , Barry Johanna G.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Continuous performance tasks (CPTs) are used to measure individual differences in sustained attention. Many different stimuli have been used as response targets without consideration of their impact on task performance. Here, we compared CPT performance in typically developing adults and children to assess the role of stimulus processing on error rates and reaction times.

Method

Participants completed a CPT that was based on response to infrequent targets, while monitoring and withholding responses to regular nontargets. Performance on 3 stimulus conditions was compared: visual letters (X and O), their auditory analogs, and auditory pure tones.

Results

Adults showed no difference in error propensity across the 3 conditions but had slower reaction times for auditory stimuli. Children had slower overall reaction times. They responded most quickly to the visual target and most slowly to the tone target. They also made more errors in the tone condition than in either the visual or the auditory spoken CPT conditions.

Conclusions

The results suggest error propensity and reaction time variations on CPTs cannot solely be interpreted as evidence of inattention. They also reflect stimulus-specific influences that must be considered when testing hypotheses about modality-specific deficits in sustained attention in populations with different developmental disorders.
Embedded Instruction Improves Vocabulary Learning During Automated Storybook Reading Among High-Risk Preschoolers
Authors: Goldstein Howard , Kelley Elizabeth , Greenwood Charles , McCune Luke , Carta Judith , Atwater Jane , Guerrero Gabriela , McCarthy Tanya , Schneider Naomi , Spencer Trina
Published: April 2016

Purpose

We investigated a small-group intervention designed to teach vocabulary and comprehension skills to preschoolers who were at risk for language and reading disabilities. These language skills are important and reliable predictors of later academic achievement.

Method

Preschoolers heard prerecorded stories 3 times per week over the course of a school year. A cluster randomized design was used to evaluate the effects of hearing storybooks with and without embedded vocabulary and comprehension lessons. A total of 32 classrooms were randomly assigned to experimental and comparison conditions. Approximately 6 children per classroom demonstrating low vocabulary knowledge, totaling 195 children, were enrolled.

Results

Preschoolers in the comparison condition did not learn novel, challenging vocabulary words to which they were exposed in story contexts, whereas preschoolers receiving embedded lessons demonstrated significant learning gains, although vocabulary learning diminished over the course of the school year. Modest gains in comprehension skills did not differ between the two groups.

Conclusion

The Story Friends curriculum appears to be highly feasible for delivery in early childhood educational settings and effective at teaching challenging vocabulary to high-risk preschoolers.
SRAM cell with asymmetric pass‐gate nMOSFETs for embedded memory applications
Authors: He Weiwei , Chen Jing , Luo Jiexin , Chai Zhan , Wang Xi
Published: April 2016

A novel asymmetric static RAM (SRAM) cell is fabricated on planar silicon‐on‐insulator CMOS technology, in which pass‐gate (PG) transistors are asymmetric. Since lightly doped drain structure of PG transistors use only gate‐to‐source, this cell improves read stability by 43% when compared with the conventional SRAM 6T symmetric cell. Additionally, cell‐leakage current reduces by 24% also due to the PG transistor gate‐to‐drain underlap design. Although it needs more current to write data to storage node, but no more voltage is needed based on measurements. The novel cell is still suitable for embedded memory.
Miniaturised dual‐band implantable antenna for wireless biotelemetry
Authors: Cho Y. , Yoo H.
Published: April 2016

A miniaturised implantable antenna with dual‐band operation the Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) (402–405 MHz) and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) (2400.0–2483.5 MHz) bands is presented. The size of the proposed antenna is 31.5 mm3 (8.75 mm × 7.2 mm × 0.5 mm) which is the smallest size compared to previous implantable antennas. A serpentine‐shaped radiating patch and open‐end slot placed on the ground plane are used for miniaturisation. The performance of the antenna was evaluated from measurements and is based on good agreement with simulations.
Self‐biased anti‐parallel diode pair in 130‐nm CMOS
Authors: Shim D. , O K.K.
Published: April 2016

This Letter presents a self‐biased anti‐parallel diode pair (APDP) in a 130‐nm standard digital CMOS process. The proposed device employs complementary polysilicon‐gate‐separated Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). A parallel RC network in series with the n‐well of n‐type SBD connected in shunt is used to build‐up the self‐bias voltage that depends on the input power level. The device exhibits less roll‐off in output harmonic power generation at a high input power level due to the automatic adjustment of the I–V curve. The measured cutoff frequency of the device reaches ∼530 GHz at zero‐bias. Harmonic power measurements indicate that use of the self‐biasing reduces saturation at high input power levels. The self‐biased complementary‐APDP (C‐APDP) generates up to 5.7 dB higher third harmonic power than the cathode‐tied C‐APDP.
Adaptive CWT‐based transmission line differential protection scheme considering cross‐country faults and CT saturation
Authors: AsghariGovar Saeed , Seyedi Heresh
Published: April 2016

In this study a new adaptive continuous wavelet transform (CWT)‐based current differential protection scheme is proposed to cope with problems of conventional current differential protection in transmission lines. Current transformer (CT) saturation is a major problem for protection engineers in current differential protection systems. The mentioned problem is highlighted when an external fault occurs and causes mal‐operation of differential protection. In this study, three phase currents at both ends of transmission line have been sampled and used as input signals to the proposed method using appropriate communication link. In addition, CWT with the aid of Mexican hat as a mother wavelet has been employed to extract high‐frequency information of signals and detect fault occurrence and CT saturation in each phase. As a result, the proposed technique is able to prevent unwanted trip due to CT saturation during external faults. Nevertheless, simulation results confirm sensitivity and security of the proposed protection technique in facing with second internal fault of cross‐country faults after a short delay.
Fault location estimator for series compensated transmission line under power oscillation conditions
Authors: Deng Yujia , He Zhengyou , Mai Ruikun , Lin Sheng , Fu Ling
Published: April 2016

This study proposed a novel fault‐location algorithm for a series capacitor (SC) compensated transmission lines under power oscillation conditions. Synchronous voltage and current phasors from both terminals of the transmission line are employed to estimate the fault location while considering the distributed parameter line model. An iterative method is proposed to obtain the voltage across the SC under power oscillation conditions. The fault‐location algorithm includes three stages. Firstly, the distributed parameters of the transmission line are estimated by the dynamic parameters estimate method. Secondly, the voltage of the SC can be solved by the iterative method based on the phasor measurements and the transmission line parameters. Finally, the fault location can be attained via Newton iteration method. A 300 km/500 kV transmission compensated by SC simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC has been employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm under various power oscillation situations. The simulations have demonstrated that the proposed method independent of fault types, fault resistance and fault distances under power oscillation conditions. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is far higher than that of the conventional fault location algorithms in most cases.
Optimal design of convertible static compensator supplementary damping controller to avoid wide area uncontrolled islanding
Authors: Isazadeh Ghader , Khodabakhshian Amin , Gholipour Eskandar
Published: April 2016

This study presents a new design of a wide area damping controller for the convertible static compensator (CSC) to limit some major blackouts due to asynchronous oscillations. The adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach is adopted in the dual heuristic programming method to have an optimal response at different disturbances. The proposed ANFIS parameters are optimised by using the multi‐swarm particle swarm optimisation method. The CSC dynamic performance in both of unified power flow controller and interline power flow controller configurations is investigated to increase the damping of inter‐area oscillations and to prevent the uncontrolled network islanding. The Iranian power grid and New England power system are selected to install CSC and to apply the designed damping controller. It is shown that the considerable number of wide area blackouts could be avoided by CSC application equipped with the proposed damping controller. In other scenarios, which the controlled islanding is an unavoidable task, the boundaries of islands are determined adaptively considering the changes of generators coherency and the loadings of lines. Simulation results verify that the load shedding amounts are decreased and the stability margins of islands are increased. The uncontrolled islanding condition is also delayed significantly.
Improved digital algorithm for adaptive reclosing for transmission lines with shunt reactors
Authors: Luo Xunhua , Huang Chun , Jiang Yaqun
Published: April 2016

This study presents an improved algorithm of adaptive single‐phase auto‐reclosing (ASPAR) for extra high voltage transmission lines with shunt reactors. It shows that the odd and even harmonic factors of the faulted phase voltage have different characteristic in different stages after breaker open. During second arc period, the odd harmonics are dominant, while the even harmonics distortion factor calculated by discrete Fourier transform is found in relatively high level after arc extinction. Hence, the calculation of ratio of even harmonic factor to odd harmonic factor (REO) is expected to determine the secondary arc extinction. The algorithm is easy to implement with small computation and no more than 20 ms delay. Moreover, the REO threshold is taken constant at unity and need not be skilfully assigned. Analysis is provided by EMTP emulation as well as filed data, and the high reliability of ASPAR has been verified.
Multicriteria transformer asset management with maintenance and planning perspectives
Authors: Campelo Felipe , Batista Lucas S. , Takahashi Ricardo H.C. , Diniz Henrique E.P. , Carrano Eduardo G.
Published: April 2016

Strategic asset management of transformer fleets in electrical power systems is a critical aspect for distribution utilities. In this study, an integrated framework for multicriteria asset management is presented. A multiobjective optimisation model is deployed, simultaneously minimising the maintenance costs and the predicted cost of unexpected failures, based on statistical estimates of failure probability and on the expected economic impact of failures. A multicriteria decision‐support system is used for the selection of the recommended maintenance policy for a given time window. A criticality score for each transformer, which can assist planning engineers in defining replacement investments, is also provided. The application of the proposed framework is illustrated using the database of Brazilian power distribution utility CEMIG.
Fault location method for distribution lines with distributed generators based on a novel hybrid BPSOGA
Authors: Jin Tao , Li Hongnan
Published: April 2016

By researching models of hybrid cable‐overhead multiple branch distribution lines with distributed generators, a novel fault location method is proposed which combines binary particle swarm optimisation (BPSO) and a genetic algorithm. These two methods are mixed using a double population evolution strategy and information sharing technology. The proposed fault location method consists of section line location and distance detection. On the basis of the mutation direction differences of the transient zero sequence current and voltage of each section line when a fault occurs, the authors propose a new coding criterion and method capable of section line location. Distance detection equations are built through double‐end steady‐state positive sequence voltage distribution regulations along the transmission lines and are then solved by the proposed hybrid BPSO genetic algorithm. Through simulation and experiment, the proposed hybrid algorithm is shown to have good performance. The effectiveness of the proposed fault location method is proven to be accurate and reliable and it is insensitive to impact factors such as fault distance, fault angle, and ground resistance.
Synchrophasor‐based backup distance protection of multi‐terminal transmission lines
Authors: Al‐Emadi Nasser A. , Ghorbani Amir , Mehrjerdi Hasan
Published: April 2016

The distance protection of multi‐terminal transmission lines need to be redesigned due to possible changes in the backup protection emanating from probable infeed currents produced from tapped transmission lines. Furthermore, high‐resistance fault is another factor that relay become under‐reach and cannot correctly identify the fault. In this study, an algorithm is presented based on synchrophasors. In this method, voltage and current signals of buses will be sent to system protection centre (SPC) and in SPC an algorithm based on active power calculation in buses is provided that is able to eliminate the effects of both mentioned factors. In this method, measurement or relay in tapped transmission line location are not required. The study includes analytical analysis and modelling and in modelling results a variety of faults with different fault resistances is considered. Two power systems including teed‐feeder system and IEEE 14‐bus power system are considered. The results show that in both power systems, and different types of faults, backup distance protection is improved. Simulations are conducted by Electro‐Magnetic Transient Program works.
Optimal allocation of battery energy storage systems in distribution networks with high wind power penetration
Authors: Zhang Yongxi , Dong Zhao Yang , Luo Fengji , Zheng Yu , Meng Ke , Wong Kit Po
Published: April 2016

In recent years, the battery energy storage system (BESS) has been considered as a promising solution for mitigating renewable power generation intermittencies. This study proposes a stochastic planning framework for the BESS in distribution networks with high wind power penetrations, aiming to maximise wind power utilisation while minimise the investment and operation costs. In the proposed framework, the uncertainties in wind power output and system load are modelled by the Monte–Carlo simulation, and a chance‐constrained stochastic optimisation model is formulated to optimally determine the location and capacity of BESS while ensuring wind power utilisation level. Then, the Monte–Carlo simulation embedded differential evolution algorithm is used to solve the problem. Simulation studies performed on a 15‐bus radial distribution system prove the efficiency of the proposed method.
Improved fault ride through strategy for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines under both symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults
Authors: Mohammadi Jafar , Afsharnia Saeed , Vaez‐Zadeh Sadegh , Farhangi Shahrokh
Published: April 2016

Due to the latest grid codes, wind turbines (WTs) are required to remain connected to grid under grid faults and supply reactive power into the grid. So, this paper proposes an improved fault ride through (FRT) strategy for doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) under both symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults. The proposed strategy is realized through active and passive FRT compensators. The active compensator is performed through control of the rotor‐ and grid‐side converters of DFIGs to limit the stator and rotor over currents and inject reactive power into the grid to support the grid voltage recovery, respectively. The passive compensator is based on a three‐phase rotor current limiter (RCL) resistor located in series with the rotor windings. It considerably reduces the rotor and stator overcurrent at the instants of grid faults occurrence and clearance. The proposed strategy decreases the stator and rotor over currents, electromagnetic torque oscillations and DC‐link over voltage and also support grid voltage by supplying reactive power into the grid. In this way, the DFIG can fulfill the FRT requirements of the latest grid codes. Simulation studies using MATLAB/SIMULINK are conducted on a 1.5 MW DFIG‐based WT to validate the effectiveness of the proposed FRT strategy.
Heat and mass transfer analysis of unsteady MHD nanofluid flow through a channel with moving porous walls and medium
Authors: Zubair Akbar Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad , Farooq Iqbal Muhammad , Ali Kashif
Published: April 2016

The paper presents the numerical study of heat and mass transfer analysis in a viscous unsteady MHD nanofluid flow through a channel with porous walls and medium in the presence of metallic nanoparticles. The two cases for effective thermal conductivity are discussed in the analysis through H-C model. The impacts of the governing parameters on the flow, heat and mass transfer aspects of the issue are talked about. Under the patronage of small values of permeable Reynolds number and relaxation/contraction parameter, we locate that, when wall contraction is together with suction, flow turning is encouraged close to the wall where the boundary layer is shaped. On the other hand, when the wall relaxation is coupled with injection, the flow adjacent to the porous walls decreased. The outcome of the exploration may be beneficial for applications of biotechnology. Numerical solutions for the velocity, heat and mass transfer rate at the boundary are obtained and analyzed.
Using field inversion to quantify functional errors in turbulence closures
Authors: Singh Anand Pratap , Duraisamy Karthik
Published: April 2016

A data–informed approach is presented with the objective of quantifying errors and uncertainties in the functional forms of turbulence closure models. The approach creates modeling information from higher-fidelity simulations and experimental data. Specifically, a Bayesian formalism is adopted to infer discrepancies in the source terms of transport equations. A key enabling idea is the transformation of the functional inversion procedure (which is inherently infinite-dimensional) into a finite-dimensional problem in which the distribution of the unknown function is estimated at discrete mesh locations in the computational domain. This allows for the use of an efficient adjoint-driven inversion procedure. The output of the inversion is a full-field of discrepancy that provides hitherto inaccessible modeling information. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by applying it to a number of problems including channel flow, shock-boundary layer interactions, and flows with curvature and separation. In all these cases, the posterior model correlates well with the data. Furthermore, it is shown that even if limited data (such as surface pressures) are used, the accuracy of the inferred solution is improved over the entire computational domain. The results suggest that, by directly addressing the connection between physical data and model discrepancies, the field inversion approach materially enhances the value of computational and experimental data for model improvement. The resulting information can be used by the modeler as a guiding tool to design more accurate model forms, or serve as input to machine learning algorithms to directly replace deficient modeling terms.
Influence of higher valent ions on flexible polyelectrolyte stiffness and counter-ion distribution
Authors: Chremos Alexandros , Douglas Jack F.
Published: April 2016

We investigate the influence of counter-ion valency on the flexibility of highly charged flexible polymer chains using molecular dynamics simulations that include both salt and an explicit solvent. As observed experimentally, we find that divalent counter-ions greatly reduce the chain persistence length, lp, in comparison with monovalent counter-ions. On the other hand, polyelectrolyte chains having trivalent counter-ions adopt a much more compact conformation than polyelectrolytes having monovalent and divalent counter-ions. We demonstrate that the tendency of polyelectrolyte chains to become deformed by proximal high valence counter-ions is due to chain “coiling” around the counter-ions. In particular, we find that the number of contacts that the proximal counter-ions have with the polyelectrolyte dictates the extent of chain coiling. This ion-binding induced coiling mechanism influences not only the conformational properties of the polyelectrolyte, but also the counter-ion distribution around the chain. Specifically, we find that higher valent counter-ions lead both to a counter-ion enrichment in close proximity to the polyelectrolyte and to a significant reduction in the spatial extent of the diffuse counter-ion cloud around the polyelectrolyte.
Ultrafast exciton relaxation in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Thilagam A.
Published: April 2016

We examine a mechanism by which excitons undergo ultrafast relaxation in common monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. It is shown that at densities ≈1 × 1011 cm−2 and temperatures ≤60 K, excitons in well known monolayers (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2) exist as point-like structureless electron-hole quasi-particles. We evaluate the average rate of exciton energy relaxation due to acoustic phonons via the deformation potential and the piezoelectric coupling mechanisms and examine the effect of spreading of the excitonic wavefunction into the region perpendicular to the monolayer plane. Our results show that the exciton relaxation rate is enhanced with increase in the exciton temperature, while it is decreased with increase in the lattice temperature. Good agreements with available experimental data are obtained when the calculations are extrapolated to room temperatures. A unified approach taking into account the deformation potential and piezoelectric coupling mechanisms shows that exciton relaxation induced by phonons is as significant as defect assisted scattering and trapping of excitons by surface states in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.
Electron-irradiation-induced crystallization at metallic amorphous/silicon oxide interfaces caused by electronic excitation
Authors: Nagase Takeshi , Yamashita Ryo , Lee Jung-Goo
Published: April 2016

Irradiation-induced crystallization of an amorphous phase was stimulated at a Pd-Si amorphous/silicon oxide (a(Pd-Si)/SiOx) interface at 298 K by electron irradiation at acceleration voltages ranging between 25 kV and 200 kV. Under irradiation, a Pd-Si amorphous phase was initially formed at the crystalline face-centered cubic palladium/silicon oxide (Pd/SiOx) interface, followed by the formation of a Pd2Si intermetallic compound through irradiation-induced crystallization. The irradiation-induced crystallization can be considered to be stimulated not by defect introduction through the electron knock-on effects and electron-beam heating, but by the electronic excitation mechanism. The observed irradiation-induced structural change at the a(Pd-Si)/SiOx and Pd/SiOx interfaces indicates multiple structural modifications at the metal/silicon oxide interfaces through electronic excitation induced by the electron-beam processes.
Plasma oscillations in spherical Gaussian shaped ultracold neutral plasma
Authors: Chen Tianxing , Lu Ronghua , Guo Li , Han Shensheng
Published: April 2016

The collective plasma oscillations are investigated in ultracold neutral plasma with a non-uniform density profile. Instead of the plane configuration widely used, we derive the plasma oscillation equations with spherically symmetric distribution and Gaussian density profile. The damping of radial oscillation is found. The Tonks–Dattner resonances of the ultracold neutral plasma with an applied RF field are also calculated.
The importance of the cathode plume and its interactions with the ion beam in numerical simulations of Hall thrusters
Authors: Lopez Ortega Alejandro , Mikellides Ioannis G.
Published: April 2016

Numerical simulations with a 2-D axisymmetric multi-fluid plasma code illustrate the significance of the near-plume interactions in investigations of the anomalous electron transport in Hall thrusters. In our simulations, the transport of electrons is modeled using an anomalous collision frequency, νanom, yielding νanom ≈ ωce (i.e., the electron cyclotron frequency) in the near-plume region. We first show that restricting the anomalous collision frequency in this region to only within the ion beam, where the current density of ions is large, does not alter the plasma discharge in the Hall thruster as long as the interaction between the beam and the cathode plume is captured properly. These simulations suggest that electron transport occurs largely inside the beam. A second finding is on the significance of accounting for the ion acoustic turbulence (IAT), now known to occur in the vicinity of the cathode exit. We have included in our simulations a model of the IAT-driven anomalous collision frequency based on Sagdeev's model for saturation of the ion-acoustic instability. This implementation has allowed us to achieve excellent agreement with experimental measurements in the near plume of the H6 Hall thruster. Low frequency plasma oscillations similar in both magnitude and frequency to those found in the H6 thruster are recovered in our simulations when the model for the anomalous collision frequency in the cathode plume is included.
Broadband ferromagnetic resonance linewidth measurement by a microstripline transmission resonator
Authors: Sokolov Alexander S. , Geiler Michael , Harris Vincent G.
Published: April 2016

The application of microstripline transmission resonators to ferromagnetic resonance linewidth measurements, and the linewidth extraction method based on the resonator resonant frequency dispersion are discussed. A detailed description of the spectrometer and the experimental procedure is presented. The limitations of the method and the origin of various errors that may occur in the measurements are considered. The geometry of the resonator was optimized by numerical methods and the radio-frequency magnetic field structure investigated. A series of magnetic films and bulk samples was measured by the spectrometer under varying circumstances, and results were compared to the ones obtained by conventional methods.
Subgap resonant quasiparticle transport in normal-superconductor quantum dot devices
Authors: Gramich J. , Baumgartner A. , Schönenberger C.
Published: April 2016

We report thermally activated transport resonances for biases below the superconducting energy gap in a carbon nanotube quantum dot (QD) device with a superconducting Pb and a normal metal contact. These resonances are due to the superconductor's finite quasi-particle population at elevated temperatures and can only be observed when the QD life-time broadening is considerably smaller than the gap. This condition is fulfilled in our QD devices with optimized Pd/Pb/In multi-layer contacts, which result in reproducibly large and “clean” superconducting transport gaps with a strong conductance suppression for subgap biases. We show that these gaps close monotonically with increasing magnetic field and temperature. The accurate description of the subgap resonances by a simple resonant tunneling model illustrates the ideal characteristics of the reported Pb contacts and gives an alternative access to the tunnel coupling strengths in a QD.
On-chip, self-detected terahertz dual-comb source
Authors: Rösch Markus , Scalari Giacomo , Villares Gustavo , Bosco Lorenzo , Beck Mattias , Faist Jérôme
Published: April 2016

We present a directly generated on-chip dual-comb source at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The multi-heterodyne beating signal of two free-running THz quantum cascade laser frequency combs is measured electrically using one of the combs as a detector, fully exploiting the unique characteristics of quantum cascade active regions. Up to 30 modes can be detected corresponding to a spectral bandwidth of 630 GHz, being the available bandwidth of the dual comb configuration. The multi-heterodyne signal is used to investigate the equidistance of the comb modes showing an accuracy of 10−12 at the carrier frequency of 2.5 THz.
Evolution of perpendicular magnetized tunnel junctions upon annealing
Authors: Devolder Thibaut , Couet S. , Swerts J. , Furnemont A.
Published: April 2016

We study the evolution of perpendicularly magnetized tunnel junctions under 300 to 400 °C annealing. The hysteresis loops do not evolve much during annealing and they are not informative of the underlying structural evolutions. These evolutions are better revealed by the frequencies of the ferromagnetic resonance eigenmodes of the tunnel junction. Their modeling provides the exchange couplings and the layers' anisotropies within the stack which can serve as a diagnosis of the tunnel junction state after each annealing step. The anisotropies of the two CoFeB-based parts and the two Co/Pt-based parts of the tunnel junction decay at different rates during annealing. The ferromagnet exchange coupling through the texture-breaking Ta layer fails above 375 °C. The Ru spacer meant to promote a synthetic antiferromagnet behavior is also insufficiently robust to annealing. Based on these evolutions we propose optimization routes for the next generation tunnel junctions.
Role of Oxidized Lipids in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Sharma Salil , Ruffenach Grégoire , Umar Soban , Motayagheni Negar , Reddy Srinivasa T. , Eghbali Mansoureh
Published: April 2016

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a multifactorial disease characterized by interplay of many cellular, molecular, and genetic events that lead to excessive proliferation of pulmonary cells, including smooth muscle and endothelial cells; inflammation; and extracellular matrix remodeling. Abnormal vascular changes and structural remodeling associated with PAH culminate in vasoconstriction and obstruction of pulmonary arteries, contributing to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular failure. The complex molecular mechanisms involved in the pathobiology of PAH are the limiting factors in the development of potential therapeutic interventions for PAH. Over the years, our group and others have demonstrated the critical implication of lipids in the pathogenesis of PAH. This review specifically focuses on the current understanding of the role of oxidized lipids, lipid metabolism, peroxidation, and oxidative stress in the progression of PAH. This review also discusses the relevance of apolipoprotein A‐I mimetic peptides and microRNA‐193, which are known to regulate the levels of oxidized lipids, as potential therapeutics in PAH.
Rigidity of entire self-shrinking solutions to Kähler-Ricci flow on the complex plane
Authors: Wang Wenlong
Published: April 2016

We show that every entire self-shrinking solution on

C

1

\mathbb {C}^1

to the Kähler-Ricci flow must be generated from a quadratic potential.
Self-shrinkers to the mean curvature flow asymptotic to isoparametric cones
Authors: Chang Po-Yao , Spruck Joel
Published: April 2016

In this paper we construct an end of a self-similar shrinking solution of the mean curvature flow asymptotic to an isoparametric cone

C
C

and lying outside

C
C

. We call a cone

C
C

in

R

n
+
1

\mathbb {R}^{n+1}

an isoparametric cone if

C
C

is the cone over a compact embedded isoparametric hypersurface

Γ
⊂

S

n

\Gamma \subset \mathbb {S}^n

. The theory of isoparametic hypersurfaces is extremely rich, and there are infinitely many distinct classes of examples, each with infinitely many members.
HIPK family kinases bind and regulate the function of the CCR4-NOT complex
Authors: Rodriguez-Gil Alfonso , Ritter Olesja , Hornung Juliane , Stekman Hilda , Krüger Marcus , Braun Thomas , Kremmer Elisabeth , Kracht Michael , Schmitz M. Lienhard
Published: April 2016

The serine/threonine kinase HIPK2 functions as a regulator of developmental processes and as a signal integrator of a wide variety of stress signals, such as DNA damage, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen intermediates. Because the kinase is generated in a constitutively active form, its expression levels are restricted by a variety of different mechanisms. Here we identify the CCR4-NOT complex as a new regulator of HIPK2 abundance. Down-regulation or knockout of the CCR4-NOT complex member CNOT2 leads to reduced HIPK2 protein levels without affecting the expression level of HIPK1 or HIPK3. A fraction of all HIPK family members associates with the CCR4-NOT components CNOT2 and CNOT3. HIPKs also phosphorylate the CCR4-NOT complex, a feature that is shared with their yeast progenitor kinase, YAK1. Functional assays reveal that HIPK2 and HIPK1 restrict CNOT2-dependent mRNA decay. HIPKs are well known regulators of transcription, but the mutual regulation between CCR4-NOT and HIPKs extends the regulatory potential of these kinases by enabling posttranscriptional gene regulation.