bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Main Mineralization Mechanism of Magmatic Sulphide Deposits in China
Authors: Zhongli Tang
Published: September 2010

Before intruding, primary magmas have undergone liquation and partial crystallization at depth; as a result the magmas are partitioned into barren magma, ore–bearing magma, ore–rich magma and ore magma, which then ascend and are injected into the present locations once or multiple times, thus forming ore deposits. The above–mentioned mineralizing process is known as deep–seated magmatic liquation–injection mineralization. The volume of the barren magma is generally much larger than those of the ore—bearing magma, ore—rich magma and ore magma. In the ascending process, most of the barren magma intrudes into different locations or outpours onto the ground surface, forming intrusions or lava flows. The rest barren magma, ore–bearing magma, ore–rich magma and ore magma may either multiple times inject into the same space in which rocks and ores are formed or separately inject into different spaces in which rocks and ores are formed. The intrusions containing such deep–seated magmatic liquation–injection deposits have a much smaller volume, greater ore potential and higher ore grade than that of in–situ magmatic liquation deposits. Consequently this mineralizing process results in the formation of large deposits in small intrusions.
Isotopic Geochronological Evidence for the Caledonian Xiongdian Eclogite in the Northwestern Dabie Mountains, China
Authors: Ping Jian , Weiran Yang , Zhichang Li , Huifang Zhou
Published: September 2010

A typical HP/MT (high pressure/medium temperature) eclogite from Xiongdian, northwestern Dabie Mountains, has been geochronologically studied using the single–zircon U–Pb, 40Ar–39Ar and Sm–Nd methods. Prismatic zircons occurring as inclusions within garnets define a minimum crystallization age of 399.5 ± 1.6 Ma. 40Ar–39Ar dating on amphibole gives a plateau age of 399.2 ± 4 Ma, which is interpreted as a retrogression age of amphibolite facies. This integrated study enables us to conclude that the age of high–pressure metamorphism is older than 399.5 ± 1.6 Ma, suggesting Caledonian collision between the North China and Yangtze plates. Round zircon within the aggregate of quartz and muscovite gives a concordant age of 301 ± 2 Ma, reflecting a later retrogression event. An age profile of post–eclogite metamorphism is documented, including amphibolite facies metamorphism at 399.2 Ma shortly after eclogitization and later retrogressive metamorphism at 301 Ma. Sm–Nd mineral isochron of garnet+omphacite gives an unreasonable age of 544 ± 23 Ma, which is quite older than that of prismatic zircon and may be attributed to isotopic disturbance by retrogression.
Magmatic Network Structure of Volcanic Rocks in the Shengli Oilfield, Eastern China
Authors: Ying HE , Xingguo ZHU , Peicang XU
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Types of polymerized molecular network structure and degree of bond breakdown for glass phases of magmatic inclusions and glassy matrix in volcanic rocks from the Shengli oilfield have been defined by the laser Raman spectroscopic investigation. There are significant differences in types of polymerized molecular network structure and degree of bond breakdown of the magmatic glass phases between the non‐CO2 and CO2 gas pools: magmatic glass phases of fluid inclusions and matrix in volcanic rocks from the CO2 gas pool contain more sheet network molecules and have a greater degree of bond beakdown than those from the non‐CO2 gas pool; and when gas bubbles occur in evolving magma, magma saturated with volatile components has more sheet network molecules. The results suggest the magmadegassing mechanism of the formation of CO2 gas pools in the Shengli oilfield.
Zinccopperite—A New Variety of Zinc‐Copper Intermetallic Compounds Discovered in a Porphyry‐Copper Deposit
Authors: Yuanfu XIAO , Yan SUN , Yan LU , Chunqi WEN , Jiangzhen WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Zinccopperite (tentatively named) is a rare native alloy mineral discovered in quartz monzonite—porphyry in the Xifanping area, Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province. It is a new variety of zinc—copper alloy mineral found for the first time in the porphyry‐copper deposit in China. Its intergrown minerals are K—feldspar (mainly perthite), albite—oligoclase, quartz and biotite; and the associated minerals include pyrite and chalcopyrite. It is characterized by a golden reflection colour, being isotropic (isometric), with the grain size ranging from 10 to 50 μm, microhardness VHN10 = 190 kg/mm2, and reflectance RVM = 67.97%. Electron microprobe (Model JXA—733) analysis shows Cu = 59.15%–62.55% and Zn = 36.32%–39.85%. The crystallochemical formula is Cu6.27‐7.0Zn4.0, simplified as Cu7Zn4.
Average Annual Temperature Changes in the Holocene in China
Authors: Fuzhi BI , Youshen YUAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract:In 1876 Blytt proposed a post‐glacial climatic classification, maintaining that the then temperature fluctuated 1–2°C higher or lower than that today. Lamb (1969) held that in Europe “the axis of the subtropical high pressure belt was generally displaced north by about 10° latitudes” during the Hypsithermal and that the temperature was three to six times higher than that in the postglacial period.

In China, there appear relict beachrocks (living fossils) in tropical tidal zones from the Bohai Bay (40° N) to coastal areas in South China. Many relict tropical marine fossils were discovered, such asOstrea gigasin Tianjin (which is larger than that found today in Hainan),Placuna placentain Zhejiang andSpondylussp. in Fujian. In Hebei, Henan and Zhejiang provinces and Guilin of Guangxi, such tropical fossil animals asElephas maximusandRhinocerossp, were discovered, and in Hebei and Jiangsu provinces such fresh water fossils asUnio douglasiaewere found. Their living species are still seen in South China today. Skeletons of Banpo Man discovered at Xi‘ an are more similar to those of the “South Chinese race, and human skulls found at Guilin possess characteristics of the” Australoid—Negroid race“.

Abstract:All phenological evidence shows that the average annual temperature of every warm phase in the Holocene in China was 10–15°C higher than the present temperature in North China and 10°C, 7°C and 2°C higher than the present values in Zhejiang, Fujian and Hainan, respectively.
Biota and Organic Matter in the Late Sinian and Early Cambrian Black Rock Series of West Hunan and Its Significance for Metallization
Authors: Xiaohong CHEN , Xiaofeng WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: A great amount of black rock series has been found in the Upper Sinian Members 2 and 4 of the Jinjiadong Formation, middle‐upper Liuchapo Formation and the Lower Cambrian Xiaoyanxi Formation in West Hunan, which is associated with periodic sea‐level changes. By the studies of relationships between the distribution and development of the biota and the abundance of Au, Ag, U, V, Ni, Mo and Cu in the Upper Sinian and Early Cambrian black rock series in Cili, Dayong, Yuanling, Xupu and Qianyang of West Hunan, central China, it has been revealed that the enrichment of Ag, V, and Mo is related with the development of multi‐cell plants and vendotaenides, and that of Cu and Ni is related to flourishing of bacteria and shelly fossils. The black rock series in the study area contains abundant organic matter, among which the siliceous shale contains the highest TOC, amounting to 4.51–13.4%. All the values of the equivalent vitrinite reflectance (medium values) determinated with the IR‐spectroscopic method in the area are over 2.65%, indicating that the organic evolution was at an overmature stage. Due to the effect of enhancement of organic maturation by hydrothermal fluids, the Upper Sinian and Lower Cambrian had a reverse organic maturity profile in most areas of West Hunan. The enrichment of Ag, V, Ni, Mo and U is a result of organic absorption, and that of Au might be attributed to the migration by hydrothermal fluids.
Qinling Orogenic Belt: Its Palaeozoic‐Mesozoic Evolution and Metallogenesis
Authors: Shicai SHAO
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The formation, development and evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt can be divided into three stages: (1) formation and development of Precambrian basement in the Late Archaean‐Palaeoproterozoic (3.0–1.6 Ga), (2) plate evolution (0.8–0.2 Ga), and (3) intracontinental orogeny and tectonic evolution in the Mesozoic.

The Devonian (D) and Triassic (T) were the key transition period of the tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt. That is to say, in the Devonian, the Qinling micro‐plate was separated from the northern margin of the Yangtze plate (passive continental margin). This period witnessed transition of the micro‐plate from the compressional to extensional state, and consequently three types of sedimentary basins were formed, namely, the rift hydrothermal basin in the micro‐plate, restricted ocean basin in the south, and residual ocean basin resulting from collision on the northern margin. In the Triassic the Qinling area was turned into the intracontinental orogen.

The Devonian and Triassic were the main periods of enrichment of large amounts of metals. In the Devonian, many sedex‐type massive Pb‐Zn‐(Cu)‐Ag deposits were formed in the hydrothermal basins. In the Triassic (Indosinian‐Yanshanian movements), many sediment‐hosted disseminated gold deposits and reworked sedimentary type Pb‐Zn‐Hg‐Sb (Au) deposits were formed in the rift hydrothermal basins. Many ductile shear zone‐related gold deposits were formed in the restricted ocean basins and residual ocean basins on the two sides of the Qinling micro‐plate. The above‐mentioned discussion indicates that metallogenesis is not only consistent with geological events, but also controlled by them.
New Progress in High‐Precision and High‐Resolution Seismic Exploration Technique in Coal Industry of China
Authors: Bin Ni
Published: September 2010

In the past twenty years, the proportion of coal in primary‐energy consumption in China is generally between 71.3% and 76.5%. The output of coal was 1.374 billion tons in 1996, and 1.21 tons in 1998, which ranked first in the world. Now coal is mined mainly with mechanization in China, which is planned to reach 80% in major State‐owned coal mines in 2000 according to the planning of the government (Li et al., 1998; Tang Dejin, 1998).

Compared with the USA and Australia, China has more complex coal geological structures. Based on high‐resolution seismic technique in coal exploration, a new seismic technique with high‐precision and high‐resolution (2‐D and 3‐D) has been developed for the purpose of detecting small geological structures in coal mine construction and production to meet the needs of large‐scale popularization of mechanized coal mining in China. The technique is low in cost and requires a relatively short period of exploration, with high precision and wide‐range applications. In the middle of the 1980s, it began to be used in pre‐mining coal exploration on a trial basis, and entered the peak of exploration in the 1990s, which has made significant progress in providing high‐precision geological results for the construction and production of coal industry in China, and is still in the ascendant.

This paper discusses some new progress and the exploration capability and application range of the technique.
Maturity Control on the Patterns of Hydrocarbon Regeneration from Coal
Authors: Yanrong ZOU , Qi YANG , Dameng LIU , Xidong KANG , Dazhen TANG
Published: September 2010

Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and Py‐GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%‐0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the “oil window”, the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.
A Study of the Kunlun‐Qilian‐Qinling Suture System
Authors: Qiantao BIAN , Shanlin GAO , Dihui LI , Zhengren YE , Chengfa CHANG , Xiaoquan LUO
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Late Neoproterozoic‐Early Palaeozoic suture zones within the Central Orogenic Belt of China can be considered a system—the Kunlun‐Qilian‐Qinling suture system (KQQ suture system). It is basically divided into the western, central and eastern sectors. The western sector consists of the Küda‐Subashi suture zone, the Mazar‐Kangxiwar suture and the central West Kunlun microblock. The central sector covers the following five suture zones: the Altun, North Qilian, Qaidam northern marginal, Qimantag‐Wutuo and East Kunlun southern marginal sutures, in addition to some microblocks such as the mid‐south Qilian, Qaidam, Ayakkum and Maqen microblocks. The eastern sector is composed of the Shangdan suture zone, Mianlüe suture zone and central Qinling‐Dabie microblock. The KQQ suture system experienced (1) extending‐rifting of the Rodinia super‐continent in the early‐middle Sinian (∼780–600 Ma); (2) the formation and evolution of the KQQ archipelagic ocean during the Late Sinian‐Ordovician (∼600–440 Ma), and (3) closing of the KQQ ocean and forming of the KQQ suture system during the Late Ordovician—early Silurian (∼440–400 Ma). As a system comprising many suture zones and microblocks, the KQQ suture system constitutes the foundation of the Central Orogenic Belt of China.
A Study of Sr, Nd and O Isotopes of the K‐rich Melanocratic Dykes in the Late Mesozoic Gold Field in the Jiaodong Peninsula
Authors: Jinggui SUN , Shouxi HU , Jianmin LIU , Kun SHEN , Hongfei LING
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Geologic, petrographic and petrochemical studies of the late Mesozoic K‐rich melanocratic dykes, including lamprophyres, andesite porphyrites and dacite‐porphyry in the gold field system in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China, have shown that these dykes are characterized by rich potassium and alkali but poor titanium. They belong to an ultra‐high potassic, shoshonitic and high potassic calc‐alkaline rock series. The parental magma has relatively high initial strontium ratios ((87Sr/86Sr),=0.70895‐0.71140) and low (143Nd/144Nd)1 ratios (varying from 0.51135 to 0.51231); and its δ18Osmow, whole rock values vary from +5.8%c to +10.6%c with a mean of +7.1%c. These features suggest that the source region of the magma is an enriched mantle wedge transformed from a continental lithosphere mantle which has experienced metasomatism by mantle‐derived fluids with H2O‐dominated fluids that were provided during the underthrusting of an ocean crust. The initial magma was generated by low‐degree partial melting of the enriched mantle in its mature stage in the back‐arc spreading environment. The evolution of magmas is associated with two trends, i.e., fractional crystallization and mixing with or intensive contamination by palaeo‐crust materials or metamorphic rocks. The former process is evident in the gold field system of quartz‐vein type, whereas the latter is dominated in the gold field system of the altered‐rock type. This conclusion is very important for more detailed study of petrogenesis and mineralization through the crust‐mantle interaction (exchange) in the Mesozoic in this region.
Role of Carbonic Anhydrase as an Activator in Carbonate Rock Dissolution and Its Implication for Atmospheric CO2 Sink
Authors: Zaihua LIU
Published: September 2010

The conversion of CO2 into H+ and is a relatively slow reaction. Hence, its kinetics may be rate determining in carbonate rock dissolution. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), which is widespread in nature, was used to catalyze the CO2 conversion process in dissolution experiments of limestone and dolomite. It was found that the rate of dissolution increases by a factor of about 10 after the addition of CA at a high CO2 partial pressure (Pco2) for limestone and about 3 at low Pco2 for dolomite. This shows that reappraisal is necessary for the importance of chemical weathering (including carbonate rock dissolution and silicate weathering) in the atmospheric CO2 sink and the mysterious missing sink in carbon cycling. It is doubtless that previous studies of weathering underestimated weathering rates due to the ignorance of CA as an activator in weathering, thus the contribution of weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink is also underestimated. This finding also shows the need to examine the situ distribution and activity of CA in different waters and to investigate the role of CA in weathering.
Distribution of CO2 in Soil Air Affected by Vegetation in the Shilin National Park
Authors: Linhua SONG , Fuyuan LIANG
Published: September 2010

This paper studies the CO2 distribution of soil atmosphere in the Shilin National Park. The measurement sites were chosen according to different topographic features and different vegetations. Seven measurement sites on 3 cross sections were chosen to pass through 3 karstic depressions or on the slopes of depressions. All measurement results show soils with pH values lower than 7.0 (from 5.4 to 6.6). There are 2 cases for the pH values of soil in different topographic features: the pH values of 2 profiles on the ridges or upper slopes of depressions are lower than those in the depressions; and the pH values of 2 soil profiles on the slopes of depressions are higher than those in the depressions. Most samples show relatively low humidity and CO2 contents on the ridges or slopes of depressions compared with soil profiles in the depressions. High CO2 contents occur at depths from −40 to −80 cm and high and dense grassland shows high CO2 contents in the soil atmosphere. Grass roots may grow and are distributed mainly at depths from −20 to −40 cm; while tree roots predominantly as deep as −60 cm even −80 cm. The influences of pine, cypress and eucalyptus on soil CO2 have been studied. Soil CO2 influenced by pine and cypress are generally concentrated in an area surrounding the tree with a diameter of 1 m and the strongly influenced distance is 50 cm. Eucalyptus will strongly affect the CO2 contents in an area with a diameter of 2 m, especially 1 m distant from the tree. The highest concentration of soil CO2 at a depth of −30 and 100 cm from the tree reaches 92000 ppm.
A New Symmetrodont Mammal with Fur Impressions from the Mesozoic of China
Authors: ROUGIER Guillermo W. , Qiang JI , NOVACEK Michael J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Western Liaoning of northeastern China is world‐renowned for the Mesozoic Jehol biota, especially for yielding many feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, mammals and fossil angiosperm. This paper describes a complete specimen of a symmetrodont mammal with well‐preserved hairs and soft tissue from the basal part of the Yixian Formation in the Sihetun area, Beipiao, western Liaoning. It is significant for understanding the morphology, osteology, phylogeny and life habits of Mesozoic symmetrodont mammals.
The Production and Release of CFCs from Coal Combustion
Authors: Jiaxi LI , Junzhi WANG , Hong LI , Zhu RAO , Qi LI , Songguang LUO
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The destruction of the ozone layer in the atmosphere caused by industrially synthesized CFCs has aroused greatest concerns from the international society, but the CFCs formed from burning of coal containing fluorine have not been recognized by the world yet. In the present study, we condensed the gas through cold traps and used the GC‐MS to measure the gas composition, and found that the content of CFC‐12 in the smog from coal combustion was significantly higher than the background value of the local atmosphere. This proves that CFC‐12 is formed in the process of coal combustion. This paper discusses a new source of non‐synthesized CFCs.
Petrology of the Non‐mafic UHP Metamorphic Rocks from a Drillhole in the Southern Sulu Orogenic Belt, Eastern‐Central China
Authors: Zeming ZHANG , Zhiqin XU , Huifen XU
Published: September 2010

Abstract The Drillhole ZK703 with a depth of 558 m is located in the Donghai area of the southern Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, eastern China, and penetrates typical UHP eclogites and various non‐mafic rocks, including peridotite, gneiss, schist and quartzite. Their protoliths include ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, intermediate‐acidic, acidic igneous rocks and sediments. These rocks are intimately interlayered, which are meters to millimeters thick with sharp and nontectonic contacts, suggesting in‐situ metamorphism under UHP eclogite facies conditions. The following petrologic features indicate that the non‐mafic rocks have experienced early‐stage UHP metamorphism together with the eclogites: (1) phengite relics in gneisses and schists contain a high content of Si, up to 3.52 p.f.u. (per formula unit), while amphibolite‐facies phengites have considerably low Si content (<3.26 p.f.u.); (2) jadeite relics are found in quartzite and jadeitite; (3) various types of symplectitic coronas and pseudomorphs after omphacite, jadeite, kyanite and phengite occur extensively in gneisses, schists and quartzites; (4) polycrystalline quartz pseudomorphs after coesite occur as inclusions within garnet of gneisses and schists; (5) coesite, jadeite and omphacite inclusions are found in zircons of gneiss and amphibolite from an adjacent drillhole. Geological, petrological and geochemical data indicate that large volumes of crustal material was buried to depths possibly exceeding 100 km and then exhumed to the Earth's surface.
Application Results of 3‐D Seismic Exploration Technology in Coal Mines
Authors: Shenglin SUN , Xizun WU
Published: September 2010

Abstract  This paper briefly introduces the development and present situation of China's coal seismic exploration. It focuses on analyzing the important functions of 3‐D seismic exploration technology in the designing and production of coal mines, and also the results of its application.
Early Cretaceous Archaefructus eoflora sp. nov. with Bisexual Flowers from Beipiao, Western Liaoning, China
Authors: Qiang JI , Hongqi LI , BOWE L. Michelle , Yusheng LIU , TAYLOR David Winship
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Recently, whether Archaefructus has bisexual multi‐parted flowers or just inflorescences of unisexual flowers, and whether it is ancestral to all angiosperms or a derived eudicot have been debated. Here, from the same Yixian Formation, NE China, we report a new Archaefructus species, A. eoflora sp. nov., with the generic characteristics of dissected leaves and bisexual reproductive axes. It is entirely preserved with roots, rhizome, shoots and protogynous reproductive organs at different developmental stages. Its lateral and main fertile shoots form a pseudo‐indeterminate pattern, while the reproductive branches on the main shoot form a cymose inflorescence. Subtended by 1–2 bract‐like leaves, the section of stamen clusters changes into a much shorter section of carpels that have one row of orthotropous ovules. Significantly, one cluster bearing two carpels and one stamen between the two sections demonstrates a true bisexual flower, an important step of the origin of floral bisexuality, and the homology between the stamen and carpel. The complex reproductive axes represent a mix between flowers and inflorescences, and suggest that A. eoflora sp. nov. possesses the potential to evolve into a variety of diverse flower types as found in modern basal and early fossil angiosperms. A comparison with other two species also leads to a revision of the generic diagnosis.
Evolution of an Ancient Large Lake in the Southeast of the Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Dagang ZHU , Xiangang MENG , Xitao ZHAO , Zhaogang SHAO , Zufeng XU , Chaobin YANG , Zhibang MA , Zhonghai WU , Zhenhan WU , Jianping WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Nam Co is the largest (1920 km2 in area) and highest (4718 m above sea level) lake in Tibet. According to the discovery of lake terraces and highstand lacustrine deposits at several places in Nam Co and its adjacent areas, the authors confirm the existence of an ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau. On the basis of the U‐series, 14C and ESR dating, coupled with the levelling survey of lake deposits and geomorphology, the evolutionary process of the ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau may fall into three stages: (1) the ancient large lake stage at 115–40 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was 140–26 m above the level of present Nam Co; (2) the outflow lake stage at 40–30 ka BP, when the ancient level was 26–19 m above the present lake level; and (3) the Nam Co stage since 30 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was < 19 m above the present lake level. During the ancient large lake stage, a large number of modern large, medium‐sized and small lakes, including Nam Co, Siling Co and Zhari Namco, in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau, were connected into a single large ancient lake, rather than several separate lakes connected by river channels. Its areal extent may have gone beyond the watersheds of the modern endorheic and exorheic drainage systems; so it may be called the “ancient east lake”, “ancient south lake” and “ancient west lake”. It might also be connected with other ancient lakes in the southern and western parts of the northern Tibetan Plateau to form a unified “ancient large lake” on the northern Tibetan Plateau.
A New Troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China
Authors: Xing XU , Xiaolin WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract A specimen collected from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, represents a new genus and species of troodontid theropod. The new taxon is named and described on the basis of the holotype and the only known specimen, which comprises an articulated skeleton with the presacral vertebral, shoulder girdle and forelimbs missing as preserved. Diagnostic features of the new species include nasals that are sinusoid in lateral view, absence of a passage connecting the antorbital and maxillary fenestrae, relatively large teeth, plate‐like chevrons forming a band along most of the length of the tail, and a long neck between the femoral head and shaft. The temporal constraints of the three paravian groups (Troodontidae, Dromaeosauridae and Aves) combined with the character distributions among the earliest known troodontids indicate a rapid evolution at the base of the Troodontidae.
Chemostratigraphy of Flood Basalts in the Garzê‐Litang Region and Zongza Block: Implications for Western Extension of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province, SW China
Authors: Long XIAO , Yigang XU , Jifeng XU , Bin HE , FRANCO Pirajno
Published: September 2010

Abstract The Late Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) is commonly regarded as being located in the western part of the Yangtze craton, SW China, with an asymmetrical shape and a small area. This area, however, is just a maximum estimation because some parts of the ELIP were not recognized or dismembered and destroyed during the Triassic to Cenozoic tectonism. In this paper, the chemostratigraphical data of the Zongza block, the Garzê‐Litang belt and the Songpan‐Garzê block suggest that the Late Permian basalts in these areas have remarkable similarities to the ELIP basalts in petrography and geochemistry. Flood basalts in the Sanjiangkou area are composed of the lower part of the low‐Ti (LT) tholeiite and the upper part of the high‐Ti (HT) tholeiite, which is the same as the flood basalts on the western margin of the Yangtze craton. Flood basalts in the Zongza and Songpan‐Garzê areas, which are far from the Yangtze craton, consist of HT tholeiite only. This is the same as the flood basalts within the Yangtze craton. Therefore we argue that these contemporary basalts all originated from the Emeishan mantle plume, and the ELIP could have a significant westward extension with an outcropped area of over 500,000 km2. This new scenario shows that the LT tholeiite occurs on the western margin of the Yangtze craton, while the HT tholeiite overlying the LT basalts occupies the whole area of the ELIP.
Chronology and Sources of Mesozoic Intrusive Complexes in the Xuzhou‐Huainan Region, Central China: Constraints from SHRIMP Zircon U‐Pb Dating
Authors: Wenliang XU , Qinghai WANG , Xiaochun LIU , Dongyan WANG , Jinghui GUO
Published: September 2010

Abstract SHRIMP zircon U‐Pb dating in the Liguo and Jiagou intrusives indicates that they were formed at ˜130 Ma in the Early Cretaceous. Most inherited zircons in the Liguo intrusive were formed at 2509±43 Ma. Most inherited and detrital zircons in the Jiagou intrusive were formed at ˜2500 Ma, ˜2000 Ma and ˜1800 Ma. The SHRIMP zircon U‐Pb dating in two gneiss xenoliths from the Jiagou intrusive yields the ages of 2461±22 Ma and 2508±15 Ma, respectively. The dating results from inherited and detrital zircons in the intrusives and the gneiss xenoliths imply that the magmas could be derived from the partial melting of the basement of the North China Block (NCB). The magmatism is strong and extensive in the periods from 115 to 132 Ma, which is of typical bimodal characteristics. It is suggested that the lithospheric thinning in the eastern North China Block reached its peak in 115–132 Ma.
Discovery and Genetic Mechanism of Basic Granulite in the Altay Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, NW China
Authors: Zilong LI , Hanlin CHEN , Shufeng YANG , Chuanwan DONG , Wenjiao XIAO , Jiliang LI , Ying YE , Jian WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract Altay granulite (AG), which represents the product of high‐grade metamorphism in the lower crust, was newly found in the Wuqiagou area, Fuyun County in the Altay orogenic belt, Northwest China. It is composed mainly of hypersthene, augite, basic plagioclase, amphibole and brown biotite. Its mineral compositions of amphibole and biotite are rich in Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) and Ti. Geochemically, the AG is enriched in Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) and Al2O3, and poor in CaO, with depletion of U, Th, K and Rb contents. Furthermore, geochemical data reflect that the protolith of the AG is igneous‐genetic calc‐alkaline basalt formed under an island arc environment. The AG has ΣREE of 92.38–96.58 ppm and enriched LREE model with weak positive Eu anomaly of 1.09–1.15. In the MORB normalized spider diagram, the AG shows tri‐doming pattern with a strong negative Nb anomaly and medium negative P and Ti anomalies, reflecting that the AG has tectonic relation with subduction or subduction‐related materials. The P‐T conditions of peak metamorphism of the AG are 750–780°C and >0.6–0.7 GPa. Retrograde metamorphism implies that the protolith of the Altay granulite might undergo a metamorphic process along a clockwise P‐T trajectory. Therefore, the formation and evolution of the AG may have a genetic association with continental collision/orogeny and the AG was taken into the Late Paleozoic meta‐strata by way of tectonic emplacement.
Environmental Properties of Minerals and Contaminants Purified by the Mineralogical Method
Authors: Anhuai LU
Published: September 2010

Abstract The investigation of the environmental properties of minerals, i.e., environmental mineralogy, is a branch of science dealing with interactions between natural minerals and spheres of the Earth surface as well as a reflection of global change, prevention of ecological destruction, participation in biomineralogy, and remediation of environmental pollution. Pollutant treatment by natural minerals is based on the natural law and reflects natural self‐purification functions in the inorganic world, similar to that of the organic world — a biological treatment. A series of case studies related to natural self‐purification, which were mostly completed by our group, are discussed in this paper. In natural cryptomelane there is a larger pseudotetragonal tunnel than that formed by [MnO6] octahedral double chains, with an aperture of 0.462–0.466 nm2, filled with K cations. Cryptomelane might be a real naturally‐occurring mineral of the active octahedral molecular sieve (OMS‐2). CrVI‐bearing wastewater can be treated by natural pyrrhotite, which is used as a reductant to reduce CrVI and as a precipitant to precipitate CrIII simultaneously. Batch experiments were conducted using the CTMAB‐Montmorillonite as an adsorbent for aromatic contaminants (phenol, aniline, benzene, toluene and xylenes), which are detected frequently in the leaching water from municipal waste deposits around China. The CTMAB modification has proved very effective to enhance the adsorption capacity of the sorbent. Expansion of vermiculite develops loose interior structures, such as pores or cracks, inside briquettes, and thus brings enough oxygen for combustion and the sulfation reaction. Effective combustion of the original carbon reduces the amount of dust in the fly ash.
Thrusting of the North Lhasa Block in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhenhan Wu , Daogong Hu , Peisheng Ye , Xun Zhao , Qisheng Liu
Published: September 2010

Abstract A huge thrust system, the North Lhasa Thrust (NLT), was discovered in the northern Lhasa block of the Tibetan Plateau based on geological mapping of the Damxung region and its vicinity, the Dêqên‐Lunpola traverse and the Amdo‐Bam Co profile. The NLT consists of the Dongqiao‐Lunpola thrust (DLT), the west Namco thrust (WNT) and the south Damxung thrust (SDT) and ductile shear zones, ophiolite slices and folds extending in a WNW direction. Major thrust faults of the NLT seem to merge into a single deep‐seated detachment of the upper‐crust and totally displaced southward as far as 100–120 km. Chronological analyses with 39Ar‐40Ar of plagioclase and hornblende, Rb‐Sr isochron of minerals and fission‐tracks of apatite from mylonite within the WNT yield ages of 174–173 Ma, 109 Ma and 44 Ma, showing 3 periods of thrusting in the north Lhasa block caused by subduction of the Tethys oceanic plate and the India‐Eurasia continental collision respectively.
Earthquake‐controlling Processes of Detachment Zones in Eastern North China
Authors: Aiqun SUN , Shuyin NIU , Ji'an SHAO , Quanlin HOU , Jianzhen ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract The basin‐and‐range area in eastern North China is known for frequent occurrence of earthquakes, their great magnitudes and heavy losses thereby incurred. Seismic studies in the past usually emphasized the intersections, inflexions and branches of the faults. However, the intensities of many great earthquakes in this area do not show linear distribution, and the epicenters are horizontally dispersed at certain depths instead of along the strike of faults. Based on the sub‐mantle plume studies made by authors in the past decade, it is thought that there exists an uplifted sub‐mantle plume under the fault depression area in North China. The uplifting and intrusion of mantle materials caused the upper crust to be faulted, while low‐velocity and high‐velocity layers are alternatively distributed in the middle crust under the influence of the mantle and the lower crust. The middle and lower crust materials were detached from the top of the sub‐mantle plume to the surroundings while the sub‐mantle plume materials were detached outward. When the detached middle and lower crust come to the boundary of fault basins in the upper crust, they will be obstructed by the orogenic zone and the detachment will go slower. The shearing between them will cause the stress to accumulate and release alternatively, so that earthquakes occurred frequently in the areas of sub‐mantle plume and its surroundings.
U‐Pb Age and Hf Isotope Study of Detrital Zircons from the Wanzi Supracrustals: Constraints on the Tectonic Setting and Evolution of the Fuping Complex, Trans‐North China Orogen
Authors: XIA Xiaoping , SUN Min , ZHAO Guochun , Fuyuan WU , Ping XU , ZHANG Jian , HE Yanhong , Jiheng ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Located in the middle segment of the Trans‐North China Orogen, the Fuping Complex is considered as a critical area in understanding the evolution history of the North China Craton (NCC). The complex is composed of various high‐grade and multiply deformed rocks, including gray gneiss, basic granulite, amphibolite, fine‐grained gneiss and marble, metamorphosed to upper amphibolite or granulite facies. It can be divided into four rock units: the Fuping TTG gneisses, Longquanguan augen gneisses, Wanzi supracrustals, and Nanying granitic gneisses. U‐Pb age and Hf isotope compositions of about 200 detrital zircons from the Wanzi supracrustals of the Fuping Complex have been analyzed. The data on metamorphic zircon rims give ages of 1.82‐1.84 Ga, corresponding to the final amalgamation event of the NCC, whereas the data for igneous zircon cores yield two age populations at ∼2.10 and ∼2.51 Ga, with some inherited ages scattering between 2.5 and 2.9 Ga. These results suggest that the Wanzi supracrustals were derived from the Fuping TTG gneisses (∼2.5 Ga) and the Nanying granitic gneisses (2.0–2.1 Ga) and deposited between 2.10 and 1.84 Ga. All zircons with ∼2.51 Ga age have positive initial ∍Hf values from +1.4 to +10.9, suggesting an important crustal growth event at ∼2.5 Ga through the addition of juvenile materials from the mantle. The Hf isotope data for the detrital zircons further imply that the 2.8 Ga rocks are important components in the lower crust, which is consistent with a suggestion from Nd isotope data for the Eastern Block. The zircons of 2.10 Ga population have initial ∍Hf values of −4.9 to +6.1, interpreted as mixing of crustal re‐melt with minor juvenile material contribution at 2.1 Ga. These results are distinct from that for the Western Block, supporting that the Fuping Complex was emplaced in a tectonic active environment at the western margin of the Eastern Block.
Chitinozoans from the Fenxiang Formation (Early Ordovician) of Yichang, Hubei Province, China
Authors: Xiaohong CHEN , PARIS Florentin , Miao ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Chitinozoans collected from upper Tremadocian to lower Floian strata of Chenjiahe section, Yichang, western Hubei, China comprise six species belonging respectively to the genera Euconochitina including a new species, Euconochitina fenxiangensis, Lagenochitina and Bursachitina, together with Desmochitina sp. and Eremochitina sp. The chitinozoan succession across the interval is correlated with relevant conodont and chitinozoan biozones and two new regional chitinozoan biozones, the Lagenochitina destombesi Biozone and the Euconochitina symmetrica Biozone are proposed based on their stratigraphic ranges in the Fenxiang to Honghuayuan formations in the Chenjiahe section.
Research Advances and Exploration Significance of Large‐area Accumulation of Low and Medium Abundance Lithologic Reservoirs
Authors: Wenzhi ZHAO , Zecheng WANG , Hongjun WANG , Mengjin CHEN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In recent years, a series of large low and medium abundance oil and gas fields are discovered through exploration activities onshore China, which are commonly characterized by low porosity‐permeability reservoirs, low oil/gas column height, multiple thin hydrocarbon layers, and distribution in overlapping and connection, and so on. The advantageous conditions for large‐area accumulation of low‐medium abundance hydrocarbon reservoirs include: (1) large (fan) delta sandbodies are developed in the hinterland of large flow‐uncontrolled lake basins and they are alternated with source rocks extensively in a structure like “sandwiches”; (2) effective hydrocarbon source kitchens are extensively distributed, offering maximum contact chances with various sandbodies and hydrocarbon source rocks; (3) oil and gas columns are low in height, hydrocarbon layers are mainly of normal‐low pressure, and requirements for seal rock are low; (4) reservoirs have strong inheterogeneity and gas reservoirs are badly connected; (5) the hydrocarbon desorption and expulsion under uplifting and unloading environments cause widely distributed hydrocarbon source rocks of coal measures to form large‐area reservoirs; (6) deep basin areas and synclinal areas possess reservoir‐forming dynamics. The areas with great exploration potential include the Paleozoic and Mesozoic in the Ordos Basin, the Xujiahe Formation in Dachuanzhong in the Sichuan basin, deep basin areas in the Songliao basin etc. The core techniques of improving exploration efficiency consist of the sweetspot prediction technique that focuses on fine characterization of reservoirs, the hydrocarbon layer protecting and high‐speed drilling technique, and the rework technique for enhancing productivity.
The Formation and Distribution of the Marine Hydrocarbon Source Rock in the Tarim Basin, NW China
Authors: Xiyuan CAI , Yi WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: There are significant differences in type and distribution between marine source rock and continental source rock. According to the lithology, the Cambrian‐Ordovician source rock in the Tarim basin is divided into two types: the carbonate source rock and the mud source rock. The two sets of source rocks are developed mainly in three sets of formations, Lower‐Middle Cambrian carbonate source rock and mud source rock, Lower‐Middle Ordovician mud source rock and Upper Ordovician lime mud source rock. The stratigraphic and areal distributions of the source rocks are controlled by the altitude and the sedimentary facies respectively. The mud source rock is developed in slope‐semi deep sea environment. The source rock developed in the slope sedimentary environment is related with the anoxic environment and the one developed in semi deep sea has a close relationship with the up‐flowing sea water. The carbonate source rock is developed mainly in platform slope of highstand systems tract and it is usually intimately associated with the salt rock. The Lower‐Middle Cambrian carbonate source rock is developed mainly in the Bachu, Tazhong, Tangguzibasi and Yingmaili areas. The Lower‐Middle Cambrian mud source rock is mainly developed in the areas east of the line of Kunan 1‐Tadong 1. The Lower‐Middle Ordovician mud source rock is developed mainly in the east slope of the Manjiaer depression. The carbonate source rock of Early Ordovician is developed mainly in the platform slope of highstand systems tract, such as the south margin of Tabei, the north slope of Tazhong, the Bachu area and Keping area.
Lead Isotopic Composition and Lead Source in the Bainiuchang Ag‐polymetallic Deposit, Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Chaohui ZHU , Qian ZHANG , Shuxun SHAO , Xiaoqing ZHU , Dapeng WANG
Published: September 2010

The Bainiuchang deposit in Yunnan Province, China, is located geographically between the Gejiu ore field and the Dulong ore field. In addition to the >7000 t Ag reserves, the deposit also boasts of large‐scale Pb, Zn and Sn reserves with a lot of dispersed elements (In, Cd, Ge, Ga, etc.). We have determined systematically the Pb isotope composition of the deposit. The Pb isotope ratios of the ores that are of sea‐floor exhalative sedimentary origin in the northwest of the mining district, are 206Pb/204Pb = 17.758‐18.537, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.175‐15.862 and 208Pb/204Pb = 37.289‐39.424, while those of ores that are of magmatic hydrothermal superimposition origin in the southeast of the mining district, are 206Pb/204Pb = 17.264‐18.359, 207Pb/204Pb = 14.843‐15.683 and 208Pb/204Pb = 36.481‐38.838, respectively. In terms of the Pb isotope composition of feldspar in magmatic rocks or magmatic whole‐rock samples from the mining district, we have determined the Pb isotope composition and acquired the Pb isotope ratios as: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.224‐18.700, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.595‐15.797 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.193‐39.608. Then, in the light of the Pb isotope composition of metamorphic rock samples from the Proterozoic basement exposed in the Dulong ore field, we have determined the Pb isotope composition and obtained the isotope ratios as: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.434‐19.119, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.644‐15.693, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.514‐38.832. And the Pb isotope ratios of Cambrian sedimentary rocks, which are exposed in the Bainiuchang mining district, are 206Pb/204Pb = 18.307‐19.206, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.622‐15.809, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.436‐39.932. By comparing the two types of ores with respect to their Pb isotope compositions, it is indicated that lead in the Bainiuchang deposit was derived largely from the lower‐crust granulite which is earlier than Neoproterozoic in age, but the Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal fluids probably provided a part of ore‐forming elements such as Sn for the ore blocks in the south of the mining district.
Rapid desensitization of the rat α7 nAChR is facilitated by the presence of a proline residue in the outer β‐sheet
Authors: McCormack Thomas J. , Melis Claudio , Colón José , Gay Elaine A. , Mike Arpad , Karoly Robert , Lamb Patricia W. , Molteni Carla , Yakel Jerrel L.
Published: September 2010

The rat α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has a proline residue near the middle of the β9 strand. The replacement of this proline residue at position 180 (P180) by either threonine (α7‐P180T) or serine (α7‐P180S) slowed the onset of desensitization dramatically, with half‐times of ∼930 and 700 ms, respectively, compared to 90 ms for the wild‐type receptor. To investigate the importance of the hydroxyl group on the position 180 side‐chains, the mutant receptors α7‐P180Y and α7‐P180F were studied and showed half‐times of desensitization of 650 and 160 ms, respectively. While a position 180 side‐chain OH group may contribute to the slow desensitization rates, α7‐P180S and α7‐P180V resulted in receptors with similar desensitization rates, suggesting that increased backbone to backbone H bonding expected in the absence of proline at position 180 would likely exert a great effect on desensitization. Single channel recordings indicated that for the α7‐P180T receptor there was a significantly reduced closed time without any change in single channel conductance (as compared to wild‐type). Kinetic simulations indicated that all changes observed for the mutant channel behaviour were reproduced by decreasing the rate of desensitization, and increasing the microscopic affinity to resting receptors. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on a homology model were used to provide insight into likely H bond interactions within the outer β‐sheet that occur when the P180 residue is mutated. All mutations analysed increased about twofold the predicted number of H bonds between the residue at position 180 and the backbone of the β10 strand. Moreover, the α7‐P180T and α7‐P180S mutations also formed some intrastrand H bonds along the β9 strand, although H bonding of the OH groups of the threonine or serine side‐chains was predicted to be infrequent. Our results indicate that rapid desensitization of the wild‐type rat α7 nAChR is facilitated by the presence of the proline residue within the β9 strand.
Ontology-Based Multiplatform Identification Method
Authors: Li Yanfeng , Chang Xiaomeng , Terpenny Janis P. , Gilbert Tracee
Published: September 2010

This paper puts forward a multiplatform identification method to overcome the limitations of a single platform strategy when mass customization is required. The method is applied to redesign or consolidate an existing product family. The method consists of four steps: (1) the determination of component values, (2) the estimation of component redesign efforts, (3) the platform component identification, and (4) the formation of multiple platform instances. An ontology-based framework is also provided to facilitate the information representation and the data integration in the identification of multiplatform structure. Once the platforms are identified, an ontology reasoning mechanism verifies the platform sharing among products and determines the possible multiplatform coalition. A water cooler product family is used to illustrate the ontology-based multiplatform identification method.