bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Regulated Learning in Web-Based Environments: Instructional Tools Designed to Facilitate Cognitive Strategy Use, Metacognitive Processing, and Motivational Beliefs
Authors: Kauffman Douglas F.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated strategies teachers can use to improve students' use of self-regulated learning strategies in a Web-based setting. SRL is defined as a learner's intentional efforts to manage and direct complex learning activities and is composed of three primary components including cognitive strategy use, metacognitive processing, and motivational beliefs. These three components are defined relative to note-taking methods (cognitive component), self-monitoring prompts (metacognitive component), and self-efficacy buildng feedback (motivation component). One hundred nineteen students were assigned randomly to one cell in a 2 × 2 × 2 design. Students took notes in a matrix or a free form method from a Web site about educational measurement and either received or did not receive self-monitoring prompts and self-efficacy building feedback. Results indicated note-taking method had the strongest influence on both the amount of information gathered and achievement. Additionally, both academic self-efficacy building feedback and self-monitoring prompts demonstrated modest effects on achievement. Results are discussed relative to SRL theory, classroom application, and Web-based instructional design.
Predicting Age in the Adult Years from Psychological Assessments of Abilities and Personality
Authors: Fozard James L.
Published: May 2005

Predictions of chronological age at the time of examination were made from scores on the 12 subtests of the General Aptitude Test Battery and the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire for 970 men ranging in age from 28 to 83 years. Performance on the three ability tests, Disassemble, Tool Matching, and Turn accounted for about 25 percent of the variability in chronological age. Three scales from the Cattell Questionnaire, Factor F (surgency-desurgency), Factor Q3 (high vs. low self-sentiment), and Factor I (sensitive-insensitive) accounted for 8 percent of the variance in age. The combined contribution of both sets of measures to the prediction of age was about 30 percent; the amount of common variance was about 5 percent when these measures were used together to predict age. Scores on the ability tests and the measure of surgency decline with age, while scores on the measures of self-sentiment and sensitivity increased with age.
Work Related Attitudes of Naval Officers before and after Retirement
Authors: Shultz Kenneth S. , Taylor Mary Anne , Morrison Robert F.
Published: May 2005

Prospective expectations for retirement and retrospective accounts of past work experiences are typically used in cross-sectional empirical studies of retirement. Unfortunately, little is known about the accuracy of such accounts. Therefore, in the present longitudinal study, we built on the work of Beehr and Nielson (1995) by examining the consistency of these accounts over time using data from 672 military retirees over a four- to five-year period. Mixed evidence for the consistency of these attitudes across time was found. Specifically, our results are much weaker than Beehr and Nielson's results, thus suggesting that longer time intervals between measurements may erode the accuracy of prospective estimates and retrospective accounts. Results are discussed in terms of the uniqueness of the military retirement and how civilian retirement and military retirement are becoming similar.
Macro-Validation of Training Programs
Authors: Shettel Harris H. , Carella Stephen D.
Published: May 2005

A model for the development, validation and evaluation of drug abuse training packages in the area of psychological helping skills is presented and discussed. The model is viewed in terms of stages beginning with the preliminary stage of needs analysis and progressing on to course development, delivery and evaluation. Evaluation is looked at in terms of three levels of impact assessment; each level of impact offering different kinds of data regarding program feedback and decisions.
Toward the Resolution of the Controversy Surrounding the Effects and Social Health Implications of Marijuana Use
Authors: Gordon Paula D.
Published: May 2005

The controversy over marijuana continues unabated because of two primary factors: 1) the widespread lack of knowledge and understanding among the general public concerning many of the lesser known effects of marijuana, and 2) the failure to deal with basic issues concerned with the value of individual and social health and society's role in safeguarding the health of the individual and the nation. Problems in communication which have impeded resolution of the controversy and social policy implications of the effects of marijuana use are discussed.
The Life Satisfaction Chart: Perceptions of the Course of Subjective Experience
Authors: Runyan William McKinley
Published: May 2005

The Life Satisfaction Chart is presented as a method for studying perceptions of the course and determinants of life satisfaction. Analyses of reports from forty-five men and forty-six women in the Oakland Growth Study indicated the following: (1) Early-maturing boys, particularly in the working class, recollected their early adolescence as more satisfying than did the late-maturing boys, while early-maturing girls remembered early adolescence as less satisfying. (2) Upward social mobility was associated with an increase in reported life satisfaction for both sexes, but at a statistically significant level for men only. Unexpectedly, both men and women who were upwardly mobile recollected their childhoods as less satisfying than did the downwardly mobile. (3) Women rated above the mean in physical attractiveness during high school did not recall their teen-age years as more satisfying than those below the mean. The top quartile, however, did recollect these years as more satisfying than the bottom quartile. (4) Both men and women rated high on use of the defense mechanism of denial reported higher levels of retrospective life satisfaction.
A Study of Stairs in the Housing of Independently-Living Elderly People
Authors: Smith David W. E. , Brett Alison W. , Straker Jane K. , Snell Jennifer , Jackson F. Wilson , Ulmer Mary E.
Published: May 2005

This survey study focuses on stairs in the homes of a substantial number of independently living elderly (60+) residents of a community in which there are mostly multistory houses and apartment buildings with stairs. While the majority could climb their stairs without problems, a substantial minority lived with stairs despite difficulty and even inability in climbing them. Most people were satisfied with their homes, and many were unwilling to admit that stairs were a present or potential problem. Most people, including most with stair problems, had no plans to move from their homes, however a majority was willing to concede under questioning that stair-free living in a presently unplanned next home would be desirable. There is a plea that stairs be of increased concern in the housing of elderly people, and that there be increased planning for stair-free homes.
Using a Stratified Approach in Substance Intervention and Prevention Programs among Adolescents: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Selnow Gary W.
Published: May 2005

Using a series of multiple regression procedures this study explores the contribution toward explained variance of a substance usage index for several operational variables that have been considered in recent substance intervention and prevention program strategies. Essentially, the study seeks to determine whether or not there is a basis for treatment program stratification according to various adolescent subpopulation categories (age, sex and socioeconomic status). Findings from this study of 3759 adolescents reveal that while demographic features are generally important in predicting substance involvement among these youngsters, there is little to argue for development of separate programs designed to affect them. Except for younger adolescents who display a pattern different from all others, subgroup categories appear to discriminate little among the relative contributions of the operational variables (self image, parental relations, group membership and religiosity) toward explaining substance usage.
Attitudes and Perceptions about the Elderly: Current and Future Perspectives
Authors: Green Susan K.
Published: May 2005

Research on attitudes and perceptions of the aged is critically reviewed. Problems with early survey research methods such as lack of generalizability, susceptibility to demand characteristics, and inattention to psychometric quality are discussed. Recent studies are examined in terms of characteristics of the stimuli and contexts, and characteristics of the perceivers employed in them. Methodological and conceptual issues in these three categories are used to organize the body of research that exists. Suggestions are made for future research in which the use of multiple measures in specific contexts is emphasized.
Idiographic Assessment of the Self in the Aged: A Case for the Use of the Q-Sort
Authors: Hayslip Bert
Published: May 2005

Literature bearing on the use of the Q-sort in gerontological research is discussed. It is argued that the measurement of self-concept and the design of outcome measures with elderly clients should be rooted in a perspective emphasizing 1) multiple, interactive determinants of life-span development; 2) increases in intraindividual variability/interindividual differences with age; 3) ecological validity; and 4) a growing concern for the practical utility and acceptability of nontraditional counseling and psychotherapy and the aged. Suggestions for the development and use of the Q-sort in evaluating intervention-oriented efforts from within such a perspective on the self in old age and on outcome research with elderly clients are offered.
Tracking Ecstasy Trends in the United States with Data from Three National Drug Surveillance Systems
Authors: Yacoubian George S.
Published: May 2005

Anecdotal reports have suggested that the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “ecstasy”) is a prodigious problem across the United States. Unfortunately, no longitudinal evidence exists to support this contention. In the current study, data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), Monitoring the Future (MTF), and National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) are used to explore ecstasy use trends in the United States during the 1990s. While the use of ecstasy has increased over time, its prevalence is significantly less than other drugs of abuse. These findings suggest that anecdotal reports of an ecstasy epidemic is premature and that a less frenzied approach to ecstasy control and education may be warranted.
North Carolina Drug Education School Evaluation Instrument
Authors: Kim Sewhan , Newman Stephen H. , Mayo Maceo
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to introduce an evaluation instrument used to determine the effectiveness of the North Carolina Drug Education School (DES). The institutional objective of the DES is to provide a conditional discharge and an expunction of records for first offenders of the North Carolina Controlled Substance Act and Regulations.
Let's Ask Them: A National Survey of Definitions of Quality of Life and Its Enhancement among People Aged 65 and Over
Authors: Bowling Ann , Gabriel Zahava , Dykes Joanna , Dowding Lee Marriott , Evans Olga , Fleissig Anne , Banister David , Sutton Stephen
Published: May 2005

This study aimed to explore older peoples' definitions of, and priorities for, a good quality of life for themselves and their peers. Nine hundred and ninety-nine people aged 65 and over, living at home in Britain, were interviewed for the study. Good social relationships were the most commonly mentioned constituent that gave respondents' lives quality (mentioned by 81 percent). Other important factors were social roles and activities, health, psychological outlook and well-being, home and neighborhood, finances, and independence. Poor health was most often mentioned as taking quality away from life (by 50 percent). Social relationships and health were judged to be the most important areas. Having health and enough money were the two most frequently mentioned things that would improve the quality of their own lives and those of their peers (though in different order of magnitude). The need for dynamic, multidimensional, and integrated models of quality of life in older age is suggested by these results.
Adolescent Drug Use and the Alienation Syndrome
Authors: Rollins Joan H. , Holden Raymond H.
Published: May 2005

A drug survey of junior and senior high school students in a large New England city found higher drug usage among males, blacks, eighth graders, children from broken homes, and children who do not plan to complete high school. It is suggested that these adolescents are enmeshed in an “alienation syndrome” and need a variety of services for prevention and rehabilitation.
The Relationship between Performance in a Computer Literacy Course and Students' Prior Achievement and Knowledge
Authors: Lee Denis M. S. , Pliskin Nava , Kahn Beverly
Published: May 2005

The proliferation of microcomputers since the early 1980s brought with it a high demand for computer literacy education in all academic disciplines as well as in the work place. Instructors of computer literacy are sometimes ineffective because they face a diversity of background among students. Based on data collected from 140 business students, we examined the relationship between performance in a computer literacy course and the students' prior achievement and knowledge. The results suggest that the students' SAT scores, high school rank, computer usage at work, and prior knowledge of programming may be used for grouping students so as to better tailor the content and pace of the computer literacy course to the students' needs.
The Relationship of Aging to Self-Esteem: The Relative Effects of Maturation and Role Accumulation
Authors: Dietz Bernadette E.
Published: May 2005

This research examines the relationship of age and two dimensions of self-esteem using a national sample of adults in the United States. The direct effects of age on self-worth and on self-efficacy are compared to the indirect effects of age on these through role accumulation. Findings indicate those over age sixty-five experience heightened levels of self-esteem, especially on self-efficacy, compared to their younger counterparts. However, through the intervening variable of role accumulation, older age is associated with decreases in self-esteem. The implications of these findings are discussed for maturational and role perspectives on the aging self, and a more general theory of self-esteem dimensions.
An Outcome Evaluation Instrument for Alcohol Education, Prevention, and Intervention Programs
Authors: Kim Sehwan , Hoffman Irma R. , Pike Mary Ann , Gibson Jessie
Published: May 2005

This study introduces an evaluation instrument entitled, Alcohol Education Evaluation Instrument (AEEI). It is used for outcome evaluation in assessing the effectiveness of various alcohol education, prevention, and intervention programs aimed at deterring teenage alcohol abuse. The instrument is theoretically based. It measures the common objectives of various primary prevention and intervention programs designed to bring about behavioral, intentional, attitudinal, and informational changes. A composite alcohol attitude scale incorporated in the AEEI has shown R = .823 in explaining alcohol involvement among students in grades four through six. Additional properties of the attitudinal scale are obtained through a varimax-rotated factor analytic solution. The mean Cronbach Alpha coefficient of reliability pertaining to the attitudinal scales employed in the AEEI is .923. Criterion-related validity of the scales is established through a known-group method. The groups identified are the current and noncurrent users of alcohol.
Alternatives to Drugs—A New Approach to Drug Education
Authors: Dohner V. Alton
Published: May 2005

Drawing upon the principles of human behavior, this article suggests the positive use of alternatives to drug abuse as a basis for education and prevention of drug abuse. This will result in proper use of drugs for their intended purpose. The various tactics used for drug education are discussed. They include scare tactics, scientific approach, exploration of motives for drug abuse, and providing non-chemical alternatives for students.

The author describes ten “realities” related to drug abuse which must be recognized. These become the basis for relevant and essential aspects of drug education which is focused on alternatives. The program description is soundly founded upon a mental health approach centered on such factors as 1) personal awareness, 2) interpersonal relations, 3) vocational skills, 4) a variety of personal experiences, and 5) social and political involvement. The author concludes that these “alternatives” require sincere, interested individuals who are willing to extend themselves in showing students “… something better.”
The Effects of Psychosocial Factors on Indian Children's Attitudes toward Computers
Authors: Miller Fayneese , Varma Narendra
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of such psychosocial factors as computer experience, computer usage, future plans regarding computers, and various types of anxiety on children's attitudes toward computers. Subjects consisted of 120 males and 159 females in grades six ( N = 120) and seven ( N = 159), who were enrolled in two single-sex, private, residential schools in Dehru Dun, India. The Bath County Computer Attitudes Survey was used to measure attitudes toward computers. The Spielberger Trait-Anxiety Scale and the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Anxiety Scale were used to measure subjects' trait anxiety and mathematics anxiety levels, respectively. Results indicated that computer experience, usage, future plans, trait anxiety, and mathematics anxiety were significant factors in predicting computer attitudes. The results were consistent with similar research on North American children. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effects of Physical Changes on Clothing Preferences of Elderly Women
Authors: Smathers Diane G. , Horridge Patricia E.
Published: May 2005

Various physiological and biological changes occurring during senescence have an affect upon the clothing needs and preferences of elderly women. Data were collected by personal interview from thirty-eight women age sixty-five or older in Lexington, Kentucky. The results indicate that ready-to-wear garments do not accommodate the clothing needs of elderly women; garments did not allow for increased trunk girth, decreased height, or for physical impairments.
A Critique of Traditional Drug Education Programs
Authors: Mathews Walter M.
Published: May 2005

The traditional approaches to drug education are characterized and classified into seven styles and grouped into two modes: Converting and Supporting. Directing, Preaching, Convincing and Scaring constitute the Converting Mode, while the Progressive, Counseling and Peer-Counseling styles make up the Supporting Mode.

The author is critical of each style, to different degrees, but presents his model to allow administrators and drug educators to categorize their drug education programs into the modes and styles of the model, and to make a determination of where in the model they would like their efforts to be.

The article reviews some studies which are critical to the factual approach to drug education and ends with a few suggestions.
Toward Understanding Student Differences in a Computer Skills Course
Authors: Houle Philip A.
Published: May 2005

Effective teaching in an introductory computer skills course requires detailed knowledge about the students in the class. Differing characteristics in students may provide opportunities for or create impediments to significant learning. This study examines various characteristics of students enrolled in a computer skills course. Demographic characteristics include demographic variables gender, college major, high school computer courses, and other prior computer experiences. Other characteristics of the students examined are computer self-efficacy, computer attitude, computer anxiety, and cognitive style. Each of these is defined in terms of four established measures and is compared with the demographic characteristics and with each other. This study shows that gender and high school programming classes seem not to differentiate student scores on the four measures. On the other hand, high school spreadsheet courses, high school database courses, ownership of a computer, and having worked with a computer in a job do differentiate student scores in computer self-efficacy, computer anxiety, and computer attitude. Student cognitive style appears to be independent of most characteristics.
The Effects of Presentation Modality, Task Demand, and Content Structure on Age-Related Memory Differences for Prose
Authors: Corgiat Mark D. , Templer Donald I. , Newell Terry C.
Published: May 2005

Young and old adults were tested for recall of ideas presented in a 641 word prose passage. Recall protocols were scored for the total number of idea units recalled and the proportions of idea units recalled from three levels of the content structure. Encoding conditions were varied by using auditory and written presentation. Retrieval conditions were varied by using free and cued recall. Recall for total number of idea units was significantly lower for the older participants and for auditory presentation across both age groups. Analysis of the Age × Presentation Modality × Task Demand effects at each level of the content structure yielded differential age-related sensitivity to presentation modalities and task demands at different levels of the text structure. The results were discussed within the context of divided attention and depth of processing effects on age differences in memory for prose.
Self-Assessed and Functional Health of Older Women
Authors: Engle Veronica F. , Graney Marshall J.
Published: May 2005

This study examines the contributions made by functional health, age self-concept, and attitudes, and demographic variables toward explaining health self-assessments in a sample of older women. The participants in the study were a simple random sample of white females (114) over age sixty years and who were residents in five apartment complexes for the aged in a large Midwestern city. Significant correlations to self-assessment of health were found among measures of functional health, self-concept and attitudes, and demographic variables. Multiple regression analysis using five variables (self-assessment of speed, emotional behavior, age self-concept, body care and movement, and occupation) explained almost 40 percent of variance in self-assessment of health data.
How Children Appropriate Themes they Find in Media Products
Authors: Charlton Michael
Published: May 2005

Norman Holland theorizes that people seek themes in media which affect them personally and are congruent with topics in their own life's situation. Yet while doing so, individuals try to make sure that they are not confronted with issues that they do not wish to deal with or are emotionally draining. Michail Bakhtin makes similar assertions in his Theory of Appropriation through his research on the influence that language has on the ideas of being to be true to oneself (“ownness”) and to becoming a stranger to oneself (“otherness”). An empirical study of these hypotheses is supported through a collection of 80 observation protocols of pre-schoolers made during their everyday interaction with different forms of media (picture books, cassette tapes, made for TV-movies). Both claim that the connection between personal life topics and media themes as well as the self-preserving reception process, were confirmed in this study.
Usage Patterns of Educational Pamphlets and Options to Improve Effectiveness
Authors: Newman Ian M. , Martin Gary L. , Farrell Katherine A. , Duryea Elias J.
Published: May 2005

A telephone survey of all requestors of free and inexpensive educational materials in a one year period revealed that 30 percent of the requestors had distributed all the materials, 33 percent distributed approximately half or more, 25 percent less than half, and 12 percent of the requestors had lost their materials. A detailed analysis of utilization records showed that of 62,450 educational pieces requested, 19,641 had been wasted. This analysis led to a review of agency policy concerning the distribution of educational materials. Policy revisions were based on a review of learning theory, the role of specific objectives in program development, the diffusion and adoption of innovation, social change, and the mechanics of material distribution. This policy reformulation is described in detail.
The Disappearing Student: Students Who Leave before the Census Date
Authors: Bers Trudy H. , Nyden Gwen
Published: May 2005

Community colleges are open enrollment institutions that frequently take pride in being convenient to students, reducing impediments for application and registration, and understanding the multiple demands and obligations that impinge on students' lives. One fallout of this stance is that many students may enroll in the college but leave before the official census date. Literature about retention and persistence does not address this population of students. This exploratory study examines the demographic and educational characteristics of “disappearing students,” explores their reasons for dropping courses, looks at return in subsequent terms, and suggests a complex array of factors—many outside the institution's ability to affect—shape students' enrollment and retention decisions. Using quantitative data from the institution's student information system, supplemented with qualitative data from a modest number of telephone interviews to hear students' reasons for disappearing in their own words, researchers gained important insights about this population of students and ideas about what the college could or could not do to affect retention.
Being Labeled as Gifted, Self-Appraisal, and Psychological Well-Being: A Life Span Developmental Perspective
Authors: Holahan Carole K. , Holahan Charles J.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the relation of being labeled as intellectually gifted to a midlife appraisal of having lived up to one's abilities and to psychological well-being at age eighty. Participants in the study were 399 individuals in the Terman Study of the Gifted who were between the ages of seventy-five and eighty-four in 1992. A proxy index of Terman Study membership was derived from participants' self-report during their mid-twenties of the age at which they first learned that they were members of the Terman Study. Learning at a younger age of membership in a study of intellectual giftedness was related to less likelihood of believing that one had lived up to one's intellectual abilities at midlife and to less favorable psychological well-being at age eighty. Results are discussed in terms of the possible implications of being labeled as gifted for the formation of unrealistic expectations about achievement.
Public Interest Report No. 27: The Need for Teaching Geriatric Medicine
Authors: Butler Robert N.
Published: May 2005

Geriatric medicine, the body of knowledge relating to human aging and associated pathological conditions, must be incorporated systematically and comprehensively into American medical education. Students must be exposed to aging in the context of normal human development and be aware that some diseases present differently in the old.
The Perception of the Common Cold, and other Ailments and Discomforts, as Related to Age
Authors: Thumin Fred , Wims Earl
Published: May 2005

Perception of the common cold and other discomforts was studied as a function of age among 456 normals ranging in age from 18 to 82. Respondents completed a questionnaire which dealt with the frequency and duration of their colds, their symptoms and treatments-and, finally, with the perceived severity of various discomforts. Though older Rs were found to suffer more than younger with body aches, the former had less difficulty with a variety of other physical and psychological symptoms-and also contracted relatively few colds. Older Rs treated their colds less often with Contac and Dristan, but more often by staying home and/or calling their doctor. As compared with younger Rs, older respondents perceived intestinal flu to be relatively less serious-but earache, sprained toe, indigestion, having a tooth filled, stiff neck, and hangover to be relatively more serious.
“A Blessing to Our Declining Years:” Feminine Response to Filial Duty in the New Republic
Authors: Premo Terri
Published: May 2005

This article examines the ties that bound adult daughters to their aged parents in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Despite the increasingly domestic nature of woman's sphere during this period, women frequently acknowledged ambivalence towards some aspects of filial responsibility. Adult daughters considered such duty as both appropriate and deserved, yet sometimes found the burdens of parental care overwhelming. Aged mothers, while believing that daughters were well-suited to the task, often regretted the demands placed upon younger women. Resulting anxiety could manifest itself in both generations. Clearly, the contemporary dilemma involving the peculiarly feminine nature of filial duty has long roots. Now, as then, the growing bonds between different generations of women offer both explanation and hope for future resolution to the problems accompanying filial duty.
Occupational Safety and Health
Authors: Dunn Mary Lee
Published: May 2005

The 2002 elections put worker health and safety in a deep hole. The administration's core strategy on safety and health wraps vague, moderate rhetoric around hard-right policies which cater to the most anti-worker factions of the business community. The first significant act of the Bush administration in the labor arena, in March 2001, was signing business-sponsored legislation to wipe out the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's) ergonomic standard. The administration also proposed to cut OSHA-funded worker training and standard-setting, appointed the organizer of the business anti-ergonomics campaign as solicitor of labor, and proposed deep budget cuts for worker training and standard-setting, while maintaining industry friendly assistance programs. Specific to the United Auto Workers (UAW), OSHA withdrew its announced effort to set a new standard for metalworking fluids, as well as many other new standards. Soon after these actions, the Senate changed hands and we were able to stop the bleeding. But as a result of the 2002 elections, conservatives control the entire Congress and will try these attacks all over again.
Generations and Aging: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Meddin Jay
Published: May 2005

This study is a longitudinal investigation of the relationship between age and subjective outlook. Over the years, a number of theoretical positions have been introduced to either account for or to minimize age differences in attitudes, values and beliefs. The author has organized these theories of aging into three basic sociological frameworks or models: the “generations” model, the “age status” model and the “illusion of differences” model. Using a relatively simple methodological design, hypotheses derived from these models were tested through secondary analysis of survey data. Strong support was found for the “generations” hypothesis, weak support for the “age status” hypothesis, and no support at all for the “illusion of differences” hypothesis.
Drug Education and the Law
Authors: Pertz Richard
Published: May 2005

Drug education programs must account for the values of the students at whom such education is directed. Students' commitments to fairness, consistency, compassion, and reasonableness must be honored.

The marijuana laws run counter to these commitments. Arguments about its harm are unsound, and rights to presumptive innocence, equal protection, and security from excessive punishment are compromised.

Laws regarding heroin are still more destructive and unsupportable. Virtually all harms resulting from heroin use are a direct result of the existence and enforcement of the law.

Society's laws run counter to students' values, making the role of the drug educator difficult if not impossible.
Attitudes toward Alcoholism and Drug Abuse among a Group of High School Students
Authors: Hart Larry
Published: May 2005

Eighty-one high school students were surveyed regarding their attitudes on nine factors regarding the alcoholic and his alcoholism, and the drug abuser and his drug abuse. Analysis of the data indicated that on eight of the nine factors the students tended to view the two pathologies in essentially the same way. On the remaining factor a significant difference was obtained on these students belief's regarding the alcoholics or drug abusers periodic-continuous abuse of these substances.
Effects of Pet and/or People Visits on Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Hendy Helen M.
Published: May 2005

A previous study by the author supported the recently popular idea that live pet-visits increase desirable behaviors in nursing home residents such as smiling and alertness, but it also suggested that people-visits may be even more effective. The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare the effects of different visiting programs (people-alone, people-plus-pets, pets-alone and no visit) on the behaviors of nursing home residents (proximity, talking, smiling, ambulation, alertness).

All three visiting programs of people-alone, people-plus-pets, and pets-alone increased the behaviors of smiling and alertness in comparison to control conditions in the nursing home lounge. Close proximity to the person-alone visitor was, however, associated with the greatest number of positive resident behaviors. Future research is suggested to examine the characteristics that make effective pet and person visitors for nursing home residents.
Assessment of the Impact of Monetary Incentives upon Smoking Behavior
Authors: Kassaye W. Wossen
Published: May 2005

Following the recent innovative use of monetary incentives by some business firms to discourage cigarette smoking among their employees, this study attempts to evaluate the merits of such programs in a carefully controlled environment. Results indicated that a monetary incentive was generally effective in discouraging people from smoking cigarettes. Interestingly, a monetary incentive offered to groups appeared to be more effective in bringing about behavioral changes among females than among males. Conversely, incentives offered directly to individuals appeared to result in more positive behavioral changes among males than among females. Time of the offer, that is, whether the incentive was offered immediately following the change in behavior or six months after the behavior had been established did not seem to make any difference in the effectiveness of the incentive.
Clearing the Air and Breathing Freely: The Health Politics of Air Pollution and Asthma
Authors: Brown Phil , Mayer Brian , Zavestoski Stephen , Luebke Theo , Mandelbaum Joshua , McCormick Sabrina
Published: May 2005

This study examines the growing debate around environmental causes of asthma in the context of federal regulatory disputes, scientific controversy, and environmental justice activism. A multifaceted form of social discovery of the effect of air pollution on asthma has resulted from multipartner and multiorganizational approaches and from intersectoral policy that deals with social inequality and environmental justice. Scientists, activists, health voluntary organizations, and some government agencies and officials have identified various elements of the asthma and air pollution connection. To tackle these issues, they have worked through a variety of collaborations and across different sectors of environmental regulation, public health, health services, housing, transportation, and community development. The authors examine the role of activist groups in discovering the increased rates of asthma and framing it as a social and environmental issue; give an overview of the current knowledge base on air pollution and asthma, and the controversies within science; and situate that science in the regulatory debate, discussing the many challenges to the air quality researchers. They then examine the implications of the scientific and regulatory controversies over linking air pollution to increases in asthma. The article concludes with a discussion of how alliances between activists and scientists lead to new research strategies and innovations.
Grandparents in Taiwan: A Three-Generational Study
Authors: Strom Robert , Strom Shirley , Shen Yuh-Ling , Li Shing-Jing , Sun Hwey-Lin
Published: May 2005

Grandparents in the Republic of China want to remain influential, but social policy has not provided them with education to fulfill their changing role. The performance of grandparents was examined to determine suitable content for an intervention program. A sample of 751 non-consanguineous participants from urban and rural Taiwan included 234 grandparents, 241 parents, and 276 grandchildren. Each generation was administered a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory that was translated into Mandarin. Respondents identified favorable qualities of grandparents as well as aspects of their relationships in which growth was necessary. Multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, Scheffé and t-tests were used to analyze scores, confirm results, and facilitate interpretation. All three generations described aspects of grandparent success and specific realms of learning they should acquire to become more effective. Significant main effects that influenced responses about grandparent performance were generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, frequency of grandchild care by grandparent, generations living together, and amount of time grandparent and grandchild spent together. Considerations were recommended to improve behavior of grandparents and guide the development of educational programs for them.
Follow-up Drug Survey: Trends in Knowledge and Attitudes of Youth in a Typical High School in Georgia
Authors: Arthur Gary L. , Sisson P. Joe , Fallis Charles L.
Published: May 2005

This follow-up survey was undertaken to assess the changes in knowledge and existing attitudes or opinions about drugs by freshmen through seniors from the same high school previously reported in a 1971 study. The student body consisted of 1188 students. The results revealed that 60 percent of the student body possessed knowledge of the drug culture with very little difference from one grade to the next yet did display a reduction in awareness from one study to the next. In comparison to the 1971 study, there was a decrease in interest in all phases of drug usage. Noticeable changes between the two groups revealed a lessening in knowledge by the 1974 group concerning the effects of drugs, legal implications, and terminology. The largest change in inventoried behaviors was revealed in the attitude portion of the survey. The 1974 study data indicated a softening of youth attitudes toward authority and a disinterest in drugs. The results tend to support the present downward trend in the use of hard drugs and at the same time the continued use of marijuana.
Attitudinal Orientations of Wives toward their Husbands' Retirement
Authors: Fengler Alfred P.
Published: May 2005

Most research tends to focus on the husband's attitudes toward retirement while overlooking the wife's evaluation of this event. In this study interviews with wives whose husbands were retired or approaching retirement suggested that a variety of orientations toward their husbands' retirement was present. Some women expressed grave reservations; others looked forward to it; still others had no opinion. It is felt that an understanding of the wife's reaction to her husband's retirement can be useful in understanding the adjustments that both husband and wife may have to make in their relationship to each other.
The Effect of Pretesting on Evaluation of a Drug Education Program
Authors: Casswell Sally
Published: May 2005

An evaluation of a school-based drug education program employed Solomans 4 group design in order to examine the effect of administration of a pre-teaching questionnaire on responses. Significant effects of the pretesting were found on self-reports of drug use and intentions to use drugs among both experimental and control students. The pretesting increased the amounts of alcohol reported consumed and reports of drunkenness and marijuana use. Significant interactions between pretesting and the experience of the drug education program were also present on the latter responses. The results indicate the difficulty of using self-reported drug use or intentions as outcome data in evaluations of drug education programs.
Person-Perception in Adulthood: A Categories Analysis
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph M. , Martin-Louer Pamela
Published: May 2005

Adult age differences in person-perception were examined using a coding scheme developed by Peevers and Secord [1]. Forty individuals from three age groups, mean ages 35.3, 48.8, and 63.1 years, described three people that they knew, one from each of three age groups, thirties, late forties or early fifties, and sixties. Each statement was scored using a four-category system: undifferentiated, simple differentiating, differentiating, and dispositional. A pattern of stability in the degree of differentiation of descriptions emerged, although the older adults did provide more differentiating information than the other two age groups. For females, there were age differences in the proportions of the four categories. The older women used a lower proportion of dispositional statements, and a higher proportion of statements concerning appearance and social roles, than the younger women. The results are discussed in terms of the differences in socialization that might account for the observed pattern of results.
The Relationship between Institutional Enrollment Performance and Enrollment Management Effectiveness Factors
Authors: Smith Clayton A.
Published: May 2005

In July 1996, a mail survey was sent to enrollment managers at 500 two- and four-year undergraduate institutions. The purpose of this study was to determine which enrollment management effectiveness factors are most related to institutional enrollment performance. Findings suggest that participation and integration is most related to enrollment performance. Other key factors related to enrollment performance include assessment, definitions and classifications, evaluation, key performance indicators, and strategies. Recommendations are offered at the institutional level for enrollment managers and other higher education leaders.
The Family Drug Awareness Group: A Citizen-Initiated Example of Effective Community Concern
Authors: Reinhart Richard A.
Published: May 2005

Although many recommendations have been made that parents become more involved in drug education, little to date has been published about how this can be done. This article explores one model that has been adopted in a high drug-incidence area in southern California and could have relevance for applicability elsewhere.
Feedback from Participants and Leaders in an Intervention Program: The 1997–1998 Opening Doors Process Evaluation
Authors: Rye B. J. , Humpartzoomian Richard , Steep Barbara
Published: May 2005

Parents, students, and program leaders involved in an in-school drug prevention program called Opening Doors were assessed for their perceptions of the efficacy of the program. In general, the feedback indicated a very high program satisfaction level from respondents with parents indicating the highest level satisfaction (92%). Areas for improvement ranged from: parent attendance, invitation process, increased support from schools, and increasing awareness of scheduling and time involvement by leaders and school administration based on program leader feedback as well as invitation process and program duration from the parents (e.g., 37% thought the program was too short). Student satisfaction may be predicted from the perceived impact of the program on significant relationships (e.g., with peers and family) as well as affective reactions to the program (e.g., enjoyment of the program). Finally, a school-level analysis indicated that the application of the Opening Doors Program in different schools was provided uniformly.
Streit Family Workshops: Creating Change in a Family Environment
Authors: Campbell Patricia G.
Published: May 2005

To test the hypothesis that Streit Family Communication Workshops improve perception, this study utilized a pretest-posttest design to evaluate several families who participated in the Streit Workshop. Changes in perception, as well as other variables, were measured by the Moos Family Environment Scale. Significant results were found on two scales: Conflict and Moral-Religious Emphasis, thus indicating the viability of the Streit Workshop in changing perception. In brief, changes occurred in the experimental population which should lead toward decreased use of drugs. These findings suggest further evaluation of duration of change as well as correlation of change with future drug usage.
A Health Education Programme in a Country Technical College
Authors: Hornibrook Julie
Published: May 2005

On the invitation of the Principal, health workers conducted a four session programme on “Health Education” in a Country Technical College. This article summarizes the outline of the programme and the development of it through each session, using particularly the technique of small group discussion. As well, based on the experience of this programme, a number of points which may improve future programmes are highlighted.
Elderly Housing Needs: An Examination of the American Housing Survey
Authors: Gilderbloom John I. , Mullins R. L.
Published: May 2005

The graying of the population will have a profound impact on the nation's ability to provide safe, quality, affordable housing to its elderly citizens. Meeting the housing challenge in the twenty-first century requires determining the nature and condition of the housing stock as well as the needs and concerns of the elderly. For example, one economic challenge is based on tenure. There is a tremendous disparity in housing costs between renters and homeowners. Almost 70 percent of renters pay 25 percent or more of their income for shelter while only 30 percent of homeowners are in the same category. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's American Housing Survey is a valuable tool which can help gerontologists and planners address a broad range of housing and related issues.
Aging, the Use of Time, and Social Change
Authors: Ward Russell A.
Published: May 2005

Modern age stratification has contributed to greater differentiation of old age from the rest of the life cycle and lowered status for the aged. Discontinuity in the transition to old age makes the use of time a central issue, but psychological constriction displayed by many older people results from failure to facilitate creative personal expression through the life cycle and constraints on the options available and considered appropriate for the aged. Pressures for change in these options may come from cohort change in the characteristics of future older people and emerging postindustrial values.