bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple paternity in superfetatious live‐bearing fishes
Authors: Dekker Myrthe L. , van Son Lisa M. , Leon‐Kloosterziel Karen M. , Hagmayer Andres , Furness Andrew I. , van Leeuwen Johan L. , Pollux Bart J. A.
Published: May 2022

Superfetation, the ability to carry several overlapping broods at different developmental stages, has evolved independently multiple times within the live‐bearing fish family Poeciliidae. Even though superfetation is widespread among poeciliids, its evolutionary advantages remain unclear. Theory predicts that superfetation should increase polyandry by increasing the probability that temporally overlapping broods are fertilized by different fathers. Here, we test this key prediction in two poeciliid species that each carry two temporally overlapping broods: Poeciliopsis retropinna and P. turrubarensis. We collected 25 females per species from freshwater streams in South‐Eastern Costa Rica and assessed multiple paternity by genotyping all their embryos (420 embryos for P. retropinna; 788 embryos for P. turrubarensis) using existing and newly developed microsatellite markers. We observed a high frequency of unique sires in the simultaneous, temporally overlapping broods in P. retropinna (in 56% of the pregnant females) and P. turrubarensis (79%). We found that the mean number of sires within females was higher than the number of sires within the separate broods (2.92 sires within mothers vs. 2.36 within separate broods in P. retropinna; and 3.40 vs 2.56 in P. turrubarensis). We further observed that there were significant differences in the proportion of offspring sired by each male in 42% of pregnant female P. retropinna and 65% of female P. turrubarensis; however, this significance applied to only 9% and 46% of the individual broods in P. retropinna and P. turrubarensis, respectively, suggesting that the unequal reproductive success of sires (i.e. reproductive skew) mostly originated from differences in paternal contribution between, rather than within broods. Together, these findings tentatively suggest that superfetation may promote polyandry and reproductive skew in live‐bearing fishes.
Concurrent infection of a novel genotype of hepatopancreatic parvovirus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in Penaeus vannamei in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Chi‐Fen , Chang Yen‐Chen , Chiou Hue‐Ying , Chang Hui‐Wen
Published: May 2022

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) are emerging and reemerging pathogens in shrimps. In the present study, a novel genotype of HPV concurrently infected with EHP in Penaeus vannamei in Taiwan leading to severe atrophy and damage of hepatopancreas were confirmed by histopathology, in situ hybridization, and PCR. The novel genotype of HPV exhibited 66%–69.5% sequence identities with all known HPVs and carried unique amino acid deletions and insertions in the VP gene. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Taiwan HPV isolates were classified as the genotype IV. The present study not only provided the histopathological and molecular proof of HPV and EHP co‐infection in Taiwan, but also revealed the importance of investigating the geographical expansion of novel HPV genotypes.
Identifying methodological challenges in the social risk assessment of cellulosic ethanol value chains
Authors: Marting Vidaurre Nirvana A. , Lewandowski Iris , Lask Jan
Published: May 2022

Social risk assessment using databases allows sustainability practitioners’ rapid identification of social hotspots in value chains. The Soca database for sustainability assessment allows practitioners to perform a social risk assessment in addition to environmental assessment. As it is based on Ecoinvent, a database for environmental appraisal, the Soca database provides limited regionalization of data. This study aims to perform a regionalized assessment at country‐level by following the Soca approach in combination with EXIOBASE 3 as a source of regional information on the origin of inputs and for the estimation of worker hours. This analysis uses a case study based on the production of advanced biofuels in Croatia to assess the shortcomings of the methodology. We show that the assumptions made during the study can lead to unspecific results and that results need to be validated by external sources of information. Data availability plays a crucial role in achieving usable results. Social hotspots result from the combination of worker hours, raw material requirements, and social conditions in the country where production takes place. These three factors and the assumptions made need to be presented in a clear and transparent way to facilitate the interpretation of results.
Bank Market Power and Monetary Policy Transmission: Evidence from a Structural Estimation
Authors: WANG YIFEI , WHITED TONI M. , WU YUFENG , XIAO KAIRONG
Published: May 2022

We quantify the impact of bank market power on monetary policy transmission through banks to borrowers. We estimate a dynamic banking model in which monetary policy affects imperfectly competitive banks' funding costs. Banks optimize the pass‐through of these costs to borrowers and depositors, while facing capital and reserve regulation. We find that bank market power explains much of the transmission of monetary policy to borrowers, with an effect comparable to that of bank capital regulation. When the federal funds rate falls below 0.9%, market power interacts with bank capital regulation to produce a reversal of the effect of monetary policy.
Sesamol protects the function and structure of rat ovaries against side effects of cyclophosphamide by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis
Authors: Talebi Athar , Hayat Parisa , Ghanbari Ali , Ardekanian Maryam , Zarbakhsh Sam
Published: May 2022

Aim

Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide can damage ovaries and cause infertility in girls and women. Sesamol is a phenolic antioxidant that can protect various organs from damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sesamol on protecting the function and structure of rat ovaries against the side effects of a chemotherapy model with cyclophosphamide.

Methods

Twenty‐four adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) normal group, without any treatment, (2) control group, immediately after receiving cyclophosphamide, 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent of sesamol was intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days, (3) sesamol group, immediately after receiving cyclophosphamide, 50 mg/kg sesamol was intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days. Four weeks after the last injection, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the ovary, anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in the serum, number of ovarian follicles in different stages, and expression of proteins growth differentiation factor‐9 (GDF‐9), Bcl‐2, and Bax in the ovary were evaluated.

Results

The results of SOD activity and MDA levels in the ovary, AMH levels in the serum, number of ovarian follicles in different stages, and expression of proteins GDF9, Bcl‐2, and Bax in the ovary were significantly more favorable in the sesamol group than the control group.

Conclusions

The results suggest that sesamol may protect function and structure in the rat ovaries against side effects of the chemotherapy model with cyclophosphamide by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary.
“It changed the atmosphere surrounding the baby I did have”: Making sense of reproduction during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Wright Kelsey Q.
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study examines the schemas that women employed during the COVID‐19 pandemic to make sense of their reproductive desires.

Background

Existing research on reproduction during epidemics suggests that there are variable population responses to periods of long‐term social uncertainty. However, less is known about how individuals make sense of maintaining or adapting their reproductive desires during periods of social upheaval.

Method

Twenty‐nine women aged 25–35 from a mid‐sized Midwestern county in the United States were recruited and interviewed about their experiences during the first 8 months of the COVID‐19 pandemic. They were asked about their daily lived experiences and their reproductive desires during in‐depth interviews. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic coding.

Results

Participants used three normative schemas to describe their reproductive desires during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Heteronormative schemas were used by many participants to articulate their commitment to a heteronormative aged‐staged timeline of life events. Schemas of social support around being pregnant and giving birth were used by participants, primarily those who were currently or recently pregnant, to express grief and loss over the relational experience of having a new baby. Medicalized schemas were expressed by most participants to describe feelings of fear and risk at real or imagined encounters with medical institutions.

Conclusion

The schemas that participants used to make sense of their reproductive desires demonstrate how sense‐making during a profound event that affects everyday realities allows participants to (re)articulate commitments to existing narratives that reinforce heterosexual, social, and medicalized hierarchies in reproduction.
What's in a Name? How Senior Managers use Name‐Based Heuristics to Allocate Financial Resources in Multinational Corporations
Authors: Cerar Jelena , Decreton Benoit , Nell Phillip C.
Published: May 2022

The allocation of financial resources to entrepreneurial initiatives in subsidiaries of multinational corporations is crucial to their realization. When allocating resources to these initiatives, senior headquarters managers face uncertainty that they attempt to address using various heuristics, which may bias allocation. Name‐based heuristics – cognitive shortcuts based on names associated with a decision‐making situation – have been shown to influence financial decisions ranging from food purchase to stock investment. Yet little is known about name‐based heuristics in the allocation of financial resources to entrepreneurial initiatives. We analyse 1308 resource allocation decisions made by 109 senior managers in an experiment in which we vary subsidiary country and subsidiary manager names. We find that psychic distance to the subsidiary country is negatively related to resource allocation when subsidiary managers' names express a potential expatriate status. In contrast, this relationship is positive when subsidiary managers' names express a potential local status. We contextualize our results by interviewing senior managers and discuss how reliance on name‐based heuristics to infer the context of an initiative or the interests and competences of subsidiary managers can lead to biased decisions.
Rural and urban differences in the implementation of Virtual Integrated Patient‐Aligned Care Teams
Authors: Oh Anna , Scott Jennifer Y. , Chow Adam , Jiang Hao , Dismuke‐Greer Clara E. , Gujral Kritee , Yoon Jean
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Workforce shortages contribute to geographic disparities in accessing primary care services. An innovative, clinic‐to‐clinic videoconferencing telehealth program in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) called the Virtual Integrated Patient‐Aligned Care Teams (V‐IMPACT) was designed to increase veterans’ access to primary care and relieve workforce shortages in VA primary care clinics, including in many rural areas. This paper describes trends in clinic sites and veteran uptake of the V‐IMPACT program, a model that delivered remote, team‐based primary care services, from fiscal years (FY)2013‐2018.

Methods

This observational study used VHA administrative data to compare program uptake, measured by the program penetration rate (percent of patients using V‐IMPACT services in each site) across sites; and characteristics for V‐IMPACT users versus nonusers for 2,155,203 veteran‐years in 69 sites across 7 regional networks for FY2013‐2018. Regression models assessed the association between V‐IMPACT use and veteran characteristics within sites.

Findings

Across sites, V‐IMPACT had higher penetration in rural sites (8%) and primary care community‐based outpatient clinics (7%, P<.001). After adjusting for veteran characteristics, rural veterans (aOR = 1.05; P = .02) and veterans with higher comorbidity risk scores (aOR = 1.08; P<.001) were independently associated with V‐IMPACT use. Highly rural veterans (OR = 0.60; P<.001) and veterans who lived ≥40 miles from the closest VHA primary care site (OR = 0.86; P<.001) were less likely to be a V‐IMPACT user.

Conclusions

A clinic‐to‐clinic telehealth program, such as V‐IMPACT, was able to reach many rural sites, rural veterans, and veterans in primary care health professional shortage areas. V‐IMPACT has the potential to increase access to team‐based primary care.
Pairing Project ECHO and patient navigation as an innovative approach to improving the health and wellness of cancer survivors in rural settings
Authors: Rohan Elizabeth , Kuiper Nora , Bowen Shelly‐Ann , Mast Dana Keener , House Marnie , French Cynthia , Tharpe Felicia Solomon , Henley S. Jane , Wanliss Ena , Puckett Mary
Published: May 2022

Purpose

We conducted a 12‐month pilot study of 2 complementary strategies for improving rural cancer survivorship outcomes: (1) Project ECHO, a telementoring model to increase knowledge and skills about cancer survivorship among multidisciplinary health care provider teams in rural areas and (2) patient navigation (PN) services to connect rural cancer survivors with resources for enhancing health and wellness.

Methods

We recruited 4 CDC‐funded National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program sites to implement Project ECHO and PN interventions for a defined rural population in each of their jurisdictions. Sites received ongoing technical assistance and a stipend to support implementation. We conducted a mixed‐methods evaluation consisting of quantitative performance monitoring data and qualitative interviews with site staff to assess implementation.

Findings

Site teams delivered 21 cancer survivorship ECHO sessions to rural providers resulting in 329 participant encounters. Almost all (93%) ECHO participants reported enhanced knowledge of cancer survivorship issues, and 80% reported intent to apply learnings to their practices. Site teams engaged 16 patient navigators who navigated 164 cancer survivors during the study period. Successful implementation required strong partnerships, clear avenues for recruitment of rural providers and cancer survivors, and activities tailored to local needs. Fostering ongoing relationships among sites through community of practice calls also enhanced implementation.

Conclusions

Sites successfully implemented a novel approach for enhancing care for cancer survivors in rural communities. Pairing Project ECHO to address structural barriers and PN to address individual factors affecting survivorship may help bridge the health equity gap experienced by cancer survivors in rural communities.
Obstructive sleep apnea: transition from pathophysiology to an integrative disease model
Authors: McNicholas Walter T. , Pevernagie Dirk
Published: May 2022

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterised by recurring episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep and the fundamental abnormality reflects the inability of the upper airway dilating muscles to withstand the negative forces generated within the upper airway during inspiration. Factors that result in narrowing of the oropharynx such as abnormal craniofacial anatomy, soft tissue accumulation in the neck, and rostral fluid shift in the recumbent position increase the collapsing forces within the airway. The counteracting forces of upper airway dilating muscles, especially the genioglossus, are negatively influenced by sleep onset, inadequacy of the genioglossus responsiveness, ventilatory instability, especially post arousal, and loop gain. OSA is frequently associated with comorbidities that include metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, and neuropsychiatric, and there is growing evidence of bidirectional relationships between OSA and comorbidity, especially for heart failure, metabolic syndrome, and stroke. A detailed understanding of the complex pathophysiology of OSA encourages the development of therapies targeted at pathophysiological endotypes and facilitates a move towards precision medicine as a potential alternative to continuous positive airway pressure therapy in selected patients.
Worse than a double whammy: The intersectional causes of wage inequality between women of colour and White men over time
Authors: George Erin E. , Milli Jessica , Tripp Sophie
Published: May 2022

We evaluate the causes of the wage gap at the intersection of race, ethnicity and gender over time in the United States. We analyse the wage gaps for women of colour along three dimensions: relative to White women, relative to men of their respective race/ethnicity, and relative to White men. Using the American Community Survey, we replicate earlier findings based on the Current Population Survey data which show that, on average, Black women face an unexplained wage gap relative to White men that goes beyond the simple addition of the separate unexplained gender and racial wage gaps. This can be seen persistently between 1980 and 2019, and we find it is true across the entire wage distribution but especially notable at higher centiles. From 1990 through 2019, Black and Hispanic women saw stalled progress, while White women continued to make steady progress closing the wage gap relative to White men.
Bioleaching of rare-earth elements from phosphate rock using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Tian Y. , Hu X. , Song X. , Yang A.J.
Published: May 2022

Phosphate rock containing rare-earth elements (REEs) is considered one of the most promising potential secondary sources of REEs, as evidenced by large tonnages of phosphate rock mined annually. The bioleaching of REEs from phosphate rock using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was done for the first time in this study, and it was found to be greater than abiotic leaching and was more environmentally friendly. The result showed that the total leaching rate of REEs in phosphate rock was 28·46% under the condition of 1% pulp concentration and pH = 2, and the leaching rates of four key rare earths, Y, La, Ce and Nd, were 35·7, 37·03, 27·92 and 32·53% respectively. The bioleaching process was found to be accomplished by bacterial contact and Fe2+ oxidation. The blank control group which contained Fe2+ was able to leach some of the rare earths, indicating that the oxidation of Fe2+ may affect the leaching of rare earths. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the minerals were significantly altered and the intensity of the diffraction peaks of dolomite and apatite decreased significantly after microbial action compared to the blank control, and it was observed that bacteria adhere to the mineral surface and the minerals become smooth and angular after bioleaching by scanning electron microscope, indicating that bacteria have a further effect on the rock based on Fe2+ oxidation. Finally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra analysis showed that extracellular polymeric substances participate in the bioleaching process.
Prescribing decision making by medical residents on night shifts: A qualitative study
Authors: Lauffenburger Julie C. , Coll Maxwell D. , Kim Erin , Robertson Ted , Oran Rebecca , Haff Nancy , Hanken Kaitlin , Avorn Jerry , Choudhry Niteesh K.
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Prescribing of medications with well‐known adverse effects, like antipsychotics or benzodiazepines, during hospitalisation is extremely common despite guideline recommendations against their use. Barriers to optimal prescribing, including perceived pressure from allied health professionals and fatigue, may be particularly pronounced for less experienced medical residents, especially during night shifts when these medications are often prescribed. Under these circumstances, physicians may be more likely to use ‘quick’, often referred to as System 1 choices, rather than ‘considered’ System 2 strategies for decisions. Understanding how medical residents use, these different cognitive approaches could help develop interventions to improve prescribing.

Methods

To understand decision‐making and contextual contributors that influence suboptimal prescribing during night coverage by medical residents, we conducted semi‐structured qualitative interviews with residents in general medicine inpatient settings. The interviews elicited perspectives on shift routines, stressful situations, factors influencing prescribing decision making and hypothetical measures that could improve prescribing. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed using codes developed by the team to generate themes using immersion/crystallisation approaches.

Results

We conducted interviews with 21 medical residents; 47% were female, 43% were White, and 43% were Asian. We identified five key themes: (i) time pressures affecting prescribing decisions, (ii) fears of judgement by senior physicians and peers and being responsible for patient outcomes, (iii) perceived pressure from nursing staff, amplified by nurses' greater experience, (iv) clinical acuity as a key factor influencing prescribing, and (v) strategies to improve communication between members of the care team, like ensuring adequate hand‐off by day teams.

Conclusion

Medical residents highlighted numerous contextual factors that promote quick thinking rather than slower thinking when prescribing on night shifts, particularly time constraints, perceived pressure and patient clinical acuity. Interventions aimed at reducing prescribing should address how to manage stress and perceived pressure in decision making.
Ultrasound monitoring of microcirculation: An original study from the laboratory bench to the clinic
Authors: Aghabaglou Fariba , Ainechi Ana , Abramson Haley , Curry Eli , Kaovasia Tarana Parvez , Kamal Serene , Acord Molly , Mahapatra Smruti , Pustavoitau Aliaksei , Smith Beth , Azadi Javad , Son Jennifer K. , Suk Ian , Theodore Nicholas , Tyler Betty M. , Manbachi Amir
Published: May 2022

Objective

Monitoring microcirculation and visualizing microvasculature are critical for providing diagnosis to medical professionals and guiding clinical interventions. Ultrasound provides a medium for monitoring and visualization; however, there are challenges due to the complex microscale geometry of the vasculature and difficulties associated with quantifying perfusion. Here, we studied established and state‐of‐the‐art ultrasonic modalities (using six probes) to compare their detection of slow flow in small microvasculature.

Methods

Five ultrasonic modalities were studied: grayscale, color Doppler, power Doppler, superb microvascular imaging (SMI), and microflow imaging (MFI), using six linear probes across two ultrasound scanners. Image readability was blindly scored by radiologists and quantified for evaluation. Vasculature visualization was investigated both in vitro (resolution and flow characterization) and in vivo (fingertip microvasculature detection).

Results

Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI) and Micro Flow Imaging (MFI) modalities provided superior images when compared with conventional ultrasound imaging modalities both in vitro and in vivo. The choice of probe played a significant difference in detectability. The slowest flow detected (in the lab) was 0.1885 ml/s and small microvasculature of the fingertip were visualized.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrated that SMI and MFI used with vascular probes operating at higher frequencies provided resolutions acceptable for microvasculature visualization, paving the path for future development of ultrasound devices for microcirculation monitoring.
How fungal multidrug transporters mediate hyper resistance through DNA amplification and mutation
Authors: Banerjee Atanu , Rahman Hadiar , Prasad Rajendra , Golin John
Published: May 2022

A significant portion of clinically observed antifungal resistance is mediated by ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transport pumps that reside in the plasma membrane. We review the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. Hyper resistance is often brought about by several kinds of DNA amplification or by gain‐of‐function mutations in a variety of transcription factors. Both of these result in overexpression of ABC and MFS transporters. Recently, however, several additional modes of resistance have been observed. These include mutations in non‐conserved nucleotides leading to altered mRNA stability and a mutation in yeast transporter Pdr5, which improves cooperativity between drug‐binding sites.
Global analysis of floral longevity reveals latitudinal gradients and biotic and abiotic correlates
Authors: Song Bo , Sun Lu , Barrett Spencer C. H. , Moles Angela T. , Luo Ya‐Huang , Armbruster W. Scott , Gao Yong‐Qian , Zhang Shuang , Zhang Zhi‐Qiang , Sun Hang
Published: May 2022

The length of time a flower remains open and functional – floral longevity – governs important reproductive processes influencing pollination and mating and varies considerably among angiosperm species. However, little is known about large‐scale biogeographic patterns and the correlates of floral longevity.

Using published data on floral longevity from 818 angiosperm species in 134 families and 472 locations world‐wide, we present the first global quantification of the latitudinal pattern of floral longevity and the relationships between floral longevity and a range of biotic and abiotic factors.

Floral longevity exhibited a significant phylogenetic signal and was longer at higher latitudes in both northern and southern hemispheres, even after accounting for elevation. This latitudinal variation was associated with several biotic and abiotic variables. The mean temperature of the flowering season had the highest predictive power for floral longevity, followed by pollen number per flower. Surprisingly, compatibility status, flower size, pollination mode, and growth form had no significant effects on flower longevity.

Our results suggest that physiological processes associated with floral maintenance play a key role in explaining latitudinal variation in floral longevity across global ecosystems, with potential implications for floral longevity under global climate change and species distributions.
Gaze patterns reveal aesthetic distance while viewing art
Authors: Marin Manuela M. , Leder Helmut
Published: May 2022

For centuries, Western philosophers have argued that aesthetic experiences differ from common, everyday pleasing sensations, and further, that mental states, such as disinterested contemplation and aesthetic distance, underlie these complex experiences. We empirically tested whether basic perceptual processes of information intake reveal evidence for aesthetic distance, specifically toward visual art. We conducted two eye tracking experiments using appropriately matched visual stimuli (environmental scenes and representational paintings) with 59 participants using two different presentation durations (25 and 6 s). Linear mixed‐effects models considering individual differences showed that affective content (pleasantness and arousal), but not stimulus composition (complexity), leads to differential effects when viewing representational paintings in comparison to environmental scenes. We demonstrate that an increase in aesthetic pleasantness induced by representational paintings during a free‐viewing task leads to a slower and deeper processing mode than when viewing environmental scenes of motivational relevance, for which we observed the opposite effect. In addition, long presentation durations led to an increase in scanning behavior during visual art perception. These empirical findings inform the debate about how aesthetic experiences differ from everyday perceptual processes by showing that the notion of aesthetic distance may be better understood by examining different modes of viewing.
Clinical Outcomes of Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty after High Tibial Osteotomy and Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Shen Gaobo , Shen Danhong , Fang Yuan , Li Xuefei , Cui Longkang , Wei Bing , Wu Lianguo
Published: May 2022

As more high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) are performed, orthopaedic surgeons realize that more HTO and UKA failures will require revision to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the future. To systematically evaluate the clinical outcomes of TKA after HTO and TKA after UKA, the Embase, PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies investigating revision TKA after HTO and UKA published up to June 2021. RevMan version 5.3 was used to perform the meta‐analysis. The revision TKA after HTO and revision TKA after UKA groups were compared in terms of operative time, range of motion (ROM), knee score, postoperative complications, postoperative infection, revision, and revision implants used. Nine studies were ultimately included in the meta‐analysis. Results revealed that the knee score for the revision TKA after HTO group was better than that of the revision TKA after UKA group (MD 4.50 [95% CI 0.80–8.20]; p = 0.02). The revision TKA after HTO group had a lower revision rate (OR 0.65 [95% CI 0.55–0.78]; p < 0.00001) and fewer revision implants used (OR 0.11 [95% CI 0.05–0.23]; p < 0.00001). There were no statistical differences in operation time (MD ‐2.00 [95% CI −11.22 to 7.21]; p = 0.67), ROM (MD ‐0.04 [95% CI ‐3.69–3.61]; p = 0.98), postoperative complications (OR 1.41 [95% CI 0.77–2.60]; p = 0.27), or postoperative infections (OR 0.89 [95% CI 0.61–1.29]; p = 0.53). To conclude, the revision rate of revision TKA after UKA was greater, and more revision implants were required. It is important for orthopaedic surgeons to preserve bone during primary UKA.
Neuromuscular function of the shoulder girdle and upper extremity musculature in individuals with a history of glenohumeral labral repair
Authors: Takeno Katsumi , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Glaviano Neal R. , Khuder Sadik , Norte Grant E.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare neuromuscular function in the upper extremity musculature between individuals with glenohumeral labrum repair and uninjured controls. This cross‐sectional study examined 16 individuals with a primary, unilateral glenohumeral labral repair (male/female: 13/3, age: 24.1 ± 5.0 years, time from surgery: 36.7 ± 33.3 months) and 14 uninjured individuals (male/female: 11/3, age: 23.8 ± 2.7 years) matched by age, sex, activity level, and limb dominance participated. Mass‐normalized shoulder abduction and wrist flexion maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, motoneuron pool excitability of the flexor carpi radialis (Hoffmann reflex), and corticospinal excitability of the upper trapezius, middle deltoid, and flexor carpi radialis (active motor threshold [AMT]) were evaluated. Dependent and independent t‐tests were used to assess between‐limb and between‐group comparisons. Cohen's d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were used to quantify the magnitude of differences observed. Within the injured group, the involved limb had lesser shoulder abduction MVIC torque (p < 0.001, d = 1.16) and higher AMT for the upper trapezius (p = 0.01, d = 0.81) compared with the contralateral limb. The labral repair group had lesser shoulder abduction MVIC torque (p < 0.001, d = 1.17) and Hoffmann reflex (p = 0.01, d = 0.99), as well as higher AMT for the upper trapezius (p < 0.001, d = 1.23) in their involved limb compared with the control group. Large magnitude neuromuscular impairments are present beyond 6 months from glenohumeral labral repair, suggesting potential origins of impairments to be addressed during post‐operative rehabilitation.
Combined association of walking pace and grip strength with incident type 2 diabetes
Authors: Boonpor Jirapitcha , Parra‐Soto Solange , Petermann‐Rocha Fanny , Ho Frederick K , Celis‐Morales Carlos , Gray Stuart R.
Published: May 2022

The current study aims to investigate the combined association of walking pace and grip strength with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 205 738 participants (mean age 56.6 ± 8.1 years, 115 139 [56.0%] women) without diagnosed or unknown diabetes at baseline from the UK Biobank study were included in this prospective study. Walking pace was self‐reported as slow, average, or brisk. Grip strength was measured using a dynamometer and classified as weak, average, and strong. The combined association of walking pace and grip strength with incident T2D was investigated using Cox‐proportional hazards models with a 2‐year landmark analysis. The additive interaction was conducted by estimating relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). After the median follow‐up period of 5.4 years (interquartile range: 4.8–6.5), 5082 (2.5%) participants were diagnosed with T2D. Compared to brisk‐strong individuals (reference group), people who were slow‐weak had a higher risk of T2D (hazard ratio: 1.64 [95% CI, 1.42–1.89]) after adjusting for all covariates. There were dose–response gradients across both walking pace and grip strength variables. There was a modest amount of negative additive interaction (RERI; −0.06 [95% CI, −0.16; −0.01]. To conclude, slower pace and weaker grip strength were associated with a higher risk of developing T2D, independent of sociodemographics, lifestyle, and adiposity. Combining walking pace and grip strength might be a practical approach to screening people who are at increased risk of developing T2D.
Farming women, distress and drought: Intra‐actions and entanglements with matter
Authors: Bryant Lia
Published: May 2022

Farming women have rarely been the focus of scholarly work on drought and/or distress. This article focuses on farming women's lived experience of drought and distress, drawing on a participatory filmmaking project created by a small group of farming women from Southern Australia. Feminist materialism and Barad's (2003) concept of ‘intra‐action’ provides a useful lens to examine both the film as an artefact as well as the discussions among the women during its creation. Intra‐action enables an exploration of how farming women's bodies come into being as distressed in moments of time through and with drought as a complex constellation of multiple ‘matter’. The film and narratives show distressed bodies emerging with dust, wind, objects and the suffering of non‐human animals. For these women, distress emerges from hearing, sensing, seeing and feeling the irritation of dirt splattered against window panes, the emotional pain and economic consequences of topsoil blowing across paddocks and as feed becomes hard to source, the recognition of the suffering of sheep. The power of these animate and inanimate ‘things’—windmills, windows, troughs, work boots, animals and soil—were sensorily entangled with women's bodies. For farming women, distress materialises within their bodies through processes of intra‐action in their more‐than‐human worlds.
Respiratory viruses in rural Zambia before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Loevinsohn Gideon , Hamahuwa Mutinta , Hardick Justin , Sinywimaanzi Pamela , Fenstermacher Katherine Z. J. , Munachoonga Passwell , Weynand Austin , Monze Mwaka , Manabe Yukari C. , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Rothman Richard E. , Pekosz Andrew , Thuma Philip E. , Simulundu Edgar , Sutcliffe Catherine G.
Published: May 2022

Objectives

With the emergence of the COVID‐19 pandemic, restrictions were implemented globally to control the virus. Data on respiratory pathogens in sub‐Saharan Africa during the COVID‐19 pandemic are scarce. This analysis was conducted to evaluate patterns of respiratory pathogens in rural Zambia before and during the first year of the pandemic.

Methods

Surveillance was established in December 2018 at Macha Hospital in southern Zambia. Patients with respiratory symptoms in the outpatient and inpatient clinics were recruited. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected and tested for respiratory pathogens. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and pathogens was evaluated and compared in the first (December 10, 2018–December 9, 2019) and second (December 10, 2019–November 30, 2020) years of surveillance.

Results

Outpatient visits and admissions for respiratory illness significantly decreased from the first to second year, especially among children. SARS‐CoV‐2 was not detected from any participants in Year 2. Among outpatients and inpatients with respiratory symptoms, the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses decreased from the first to second year. In contrast, the prevalence of rhinovirus/enterovirus, metapneumovirus and parainfluenza virus increased.

Conclusions

The epidemiology of respiratory viruses in rural Zambia changed during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic, suggesting that public health interventions may have had an impact on the introduction and circulation of respiratory pathogens in this area.
Influenza A virus circulation in backyard animals in the Pacific coast of Guatemala, 2013–2014
Authors: Müller‐Theissen Maria L. , Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo , Ortiz Lucia , Szablewski Christine M. , Alvarez Danilo , Gonzalez‐Reiche Ana S. , Jara Jorge , Davis C. Todd , Cordon‐Rosales Celia
Published: May 2022

Due to their documented epidemiological relevance as hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV), humans, poultry and pigs in backyard production systems (BPS) within wetlands could be key to the emergence of novel IAV variants able to transmit between humans or animals. To better understand the circulation of IAV at the human–animal interface of BPS within wetlands, we studied IAV in backyard duck flocks and pig herds in the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. From April 2013 to October 2014, we estimated the monthly IAV per cent seropositive and viral positive flocks and herds in two resource‐limited communities. We detected antibodies in sera against the IAV nucleoprotein through ELISA. We also detected IAV viral RNA in respiratory (ducks and pigs) and cloacal (ducks) swabs through rRT‐PCR directed at the matrix gene. We attempted viral isolation in eggs or MDCK cells followed by sequencing from swabs positive for IAV. During our study period, IAV seropositivity in duck flocks was 38%, and viral positivity was 23% (n = 86 BPS sampled). IAV seropositivity in pig herds was 42%, and viral positivity was 20% (n = 90 BPS sampled). Both flocks and herds had detectable antibodies against IAV mostly year‐round, and IAV was detected in several months. We isolated an H3N2 virus from one pig sampled at the end of 2013. Standard nucleotide BLAST searches indicate that the isolated virus was similar to seasonal viruses circulating in humans, suggesting human‐to‐pig transmission. Our data show concurrent circulation of IAV in multiple species of poultry and pigs that were commingled in rudimentary conditions in proximity to humans, but no significant risk factors could be identified.
Siphon Break Phenomena Associated With Pipe Leakage Location
Authors: Zanje Sumit R. , Bian Linlong , Verma Vivek , Yin Zeda , Leon Arturo S.
Published: May 2022

This work investigates the siphon break phenomenon associated with pipe leakage location. The present study is divided into two parts: (1) an unsteady three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate the pressure head (water level) and discharge in the simulated siphon using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique under no-leakage condition and (2) using the model developed in the first part we investigated the siphon break phenomenon associated with pipe leakage location. The calculated results of transient water level and discharge rate at the simulated siphon for the no-leakage condition were in good agreement with the experimental measurements. In addition, the velocity, pressure fields, and phase fractions in the siphon pipe were analyzed in depth. The methodology and findings presented show that leakage above the hydraulic grade line and close to the top inverted U section of the siphon pipe ultimately leads to the siphon breakage, which is not the case for a leakage below the hydraulic grade line. It is also concluded that if leakage is above the hydraulic grade line and the leakage position is far away from the upper horizontal section of the siphon pipe, it may not lead to the immediate siphon breakage as ingested air gets removed with siphoning water, allowing it further time to cause complete siphon breakage.
Clinical and imaging findings of invasive papillary carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Xing Yong Jun , Zhang Jing , Wang Chen Deng
Published: May 2022

.
Clinical and imaging findings of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Xiong Bing , Zhang Xiaowei , Huang Bifei
Published: May 2022

.
Musculoskeletal ultrasonography: ninety-nine reasons for physiatrists
Authors: Özçakar Levent , Ricci Vincenzo , Chang Ke-Vin , Mezian Kamal , Kara Murat
Published: May 2022

.
Resonant Auger decay induced by the symmetry-forbidden 1a1g → 6a1g transition of the SF6 molecule
Authors: Santos A. C. F. , Travnikova O. , Boudjemia N. , Marchenko T. , Guillemin R. , Ismail I. , Koulentianos D. , Céolin D. , Gel’mukhanov F. , Simon M. , Piancastelli M. N. , Püttner R.
Published: May 2022

Resonant Auger electron spectroscopic study at the symmetry-forbidden 1a1g→6a1g excitation below the S K-shell threshold of SF6 is reported. Partial electron yield and resonant KLL Auger spectra have been measured by using monochromatized undulator synchrotron radiation. By changing the photon energy in small steps, a so-called 2D map is produced. In this map, the dipole-forbidden transition exhibits spectral features (e.g., an S-shaped dispersion relation), which are well known and understood for dipole-allowed transitions. We validate by a theory that for the case of dipole-forbidden transitions, these spectral features can be analyzed in the same way as previously established for the dipole-allowed ones. This approach grants information on the nuclear dynamics in the K-shell core-excited states of SF6 on the femtosecond (fs) timescale. In particular, for the potential-energy curves of the states S 1s−16a1g and S 2p−26a1g, the slopes at the equilibrium distance of the ground state are derived. Symmetry breaking as a result of ultrafast vibronic coupling is revealed by the population of the electronically forbidden excited state.
Acoustic voice variation in spontaneous speech
Authors: Lee Yoonjeong , Kreiman Jody
Published: May 2022

This study replicates and extends the recent findings of Lee, Keating, and Kreiman [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 146(3), 1568–1579 (2019)] on acoustic voice variation in read speech, which showed remarkably similar acoustic voice spaces for groups of female and male talkers and the individual talkers within these groups. Principal component analysis was applied to acoustic indices of voice quality measured from phone conversations for 99/100 of the same talkers studied previously. The acoustic voice spaces derived from spontaneous speech are highly similar to those based on read speech, except that unlike read speech, variability in fundamental frequency accounted for significant acoustic variability. Implications of these findings for prototype models of speaker recognition and discrimination are considered.
Efficacy of Pain Scales in the Athletic Population and Pairing With Algometric Measurements
Authors: Ohrnberger Elisabeth , Sabin Matthew , Lane Michael , Adams-Blair Heather , Sciascia Aaron
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine if subjective pain scales commonly used (a) are correlated to each other and with algometric measurements and (b) differ between collegiate athletes and noncollegiate athletes. There were consistent significant positive correlations between all pain scales, regardless of groupings (collegiate athletes: r = .234–.730, p ≤ .007; noncollegiate athletes: r = .518–.820, p ≤ .002; female: r = .437–.690, p ≤ .010; male: r = .492–.784, p ≤ .005). These findings suggest that the pain scales studied could be used with both athletic and nonathletic populations. Algometric assessments may be better suited for patients with altered pain processing compared with those without.
“It’s About Going From Good to Great”: Expert Approaches to Conducting a First Sport Psychology Session
Authors: Chow Graig M. , Garinger Lindsay M. , Freeman Jaison , Ward Savanna K. , Bird Matthew D.
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate expert practitioners’ approaches to conducting a first sport psychology session with individual clients as there is sparse empirical literature on this topic. Nine expert Certified Mental Performance Consultants completed a semistructured interview where they discussed experiences conducting a first meeting with an athlete. Primary objectives included establishing the relationship, setting guidelines and expectations, understanding the client’s background, identifying presenting concerns, and formulating the treatment plan and building skills. Building rapport was an aspect used to establish the relationship while discussing confidentiality was utilized to set guidelines. Important strategies employed to increase the perceived benefits to services included conveying the consulting approach and philosophy. Lessons learned centered around doing too much and not appreciating individual differences of clients. Findings show expert consultants aim to achieve similar broad objectives in the first session and provide a basis for best practices in this area.
The Hippo pathway mediates Semaphorin signaling
Authors: Meng Zhipeng , Li Fu-Long , Fang Cao , Yeoman Benjamin , Qiu Yunjiang , Wang Ying , Cai Xiaomin , Lin Kimberly C. , Yang Di , Luo Min , Fu Vivian , Ma Xiaoxiao , Diao Yarui , Giancotti Filippo G. , Ren Bing , Engler Adam J. , Guan Kun-Liang
Published: May 2022

Semaphorins were originally identified as axonal guidance molecules, but they also control processes such as vascular development and tumorigenesis. The downstream signaling cascades of Semaphorins in these biological processes remain unclear. Here, we show that the class 3 Semaphorins (SEMA3s) activate the Hippo pathway to attenuate tissue growth, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis.
SEMA3B
restoration in lung cancer cells with
SEMA3B
loss of heterozygosity suppresses cancer cell growth via activating the core Hippo kinases LATS1/2 (large tumor suppressor kinase 1/2). Furthermore, SEMA3 also acts through LATS1/2 to inhibit angiogenesis. We identified p190RhoGAPs as essential partners of the SEMA3A receptor PlexinA in Hippo regulation. Upon SEMA3 treatment, PlexinA interacts with the pseudo–guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain of p190RhoGAP and simultaneously recruits RND GTPases to activate p190RhoGAP, which then stimulates LATS1/2. Disease-associated etiological factors, such as genetic lesions and oscillatory shear, diminish Hippo pathway regulation by SEMA3. Our study thus discovers a critical role of Hippo signaling in mediating SEMA3 physiological function.
Rural land abandonment is too ephemeral to provide major benefits for biodiversity and climate
Authors: Crawford Christopher L. , Yin He , Radeloff Volker C. , Wilcove David S.
Published: May 2022

Hundreds of millions of hectares of cropland have been abandoned globally since 1950 due to demographic, economic, and environmental changes. This abandonment has been seen as an important opportunity for carbon sequestration and habitat restoration; yet those benefits depend on the persistence of abandonment, which is poorly known. Here, we track abandonment and recultivation at 11 sites across four continents using annual land-cover maps for 1987–2017. We find that abandonment is largely fleeting, lasting on average only 14.22 years (SD = 1.44). At most sites, we project that >50% of abandoned croplands will be recultivated within 30 years, precluding the accumulation of substantial amounts of carbon and biodiversity. Recultivation resulted in 30.84% less abandonment and 35.39% less carbon accumulated by 2017 than expected without recultivation. Unless policymakers take steps to reduce recultivation or provide incentives for regeneration, abandonment will remain a missed opportunity to reduce biodiversity loss and climate change.