bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quorum sensing-regulated type VI secretion system containing multiple nonredundant VgrG proteins is required for interbacterial competition in Chromobacterium violaceum
Authors: Alves Júlia A. , Leal Fernanda C. , Previato-Mello Maristela , da Silva Neto José F.
Published: May 2022

The environmental pathogenic bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum kills Gram-positive bacteria delivering violacein packed into outer membrane vesicles, but nothing is known about its contact-dependent competition mechanisms. In this work, we demonstrate that C. violaceum utilizes a type VI secretion system (T6SS) containing multiple VgrG proteins primarily for interbacterial competition. The single T6SS of C. violaceum contains six vgrG genes, which are located in the main T6SS cluster and four vgrG islands. Using T6SS-core component null mutant strains, western blot, fluorescence microscopy, and competition assays, we show that the C. violaceum T6SS is active and required for competition against Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa but dispensable for C. violaceum infection in mice. Characterization of single and multiple vgrG mutants revealed that, despite having high sequence similarity, the six VgrGs show little functional redundancy, with VgrG3 showing a major role in T6SS function. Our coimmunoprecipitation data support a model of VgrG3 assembling heterotrimers with the other VgrGs. Moreover, we determined that the promoter activities of T6SS genes increased at high cell density, but the produced Hcp protein was not secreted under such condition. This T6SS growth-phase-dependent regulation was dependent on CviR but not on CviI, the components of a C. violaceum quorum sensing (QS) system. Indeed, a ΔcviR but not a ΔcviI mutant was completely defective in Hcp secretion, T6SS activity, and interbacterial competition. Overall, our data reveal that C. violaceum relies on a QS-regulated T6SS to outcompete other bacteria and expand our knowledge about the redundancy of multiple VgrGs.

IMPORTANCE

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a contractile nanomachine used by many Gram-negative bacteria to inject toxic effectors into adjacent cells. The delivered effectors are bound to the components of a puncturing apparatus containing the protein VgrG. The T6SS has been implicated in pathogenesis and, more commonly, in competition among bacteria. Chromobacterium violaceum is an environmental bacterium that causes deadly infections in humans. In this work, we characterized the single T6SS of C. violaceum ATCC 12472, including its six VgrG proteins, regarding its function and regulation. This previously undescribed C. violaceum T6SS is active, regulated by QS, and required for interbacterial competition instead of acute infection in mice. Among the VgrGs, VgrG3, encoded outside of the main T6SS cluster, showed a major contribution to T6SS function. These results shed light on a key contact-dependent killing mechanism used by C. violaceum to antagonize other bacteria.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions for generalized Sturm–Liouville and Langevin equations via Caputo–Hadamard fractional-order operator
Authors: Batiha Iqbal M. , Ouannas Adel , Albadarneh Ramzi , Al-Nana Abeer A. , Momani Shaher
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the existence and uniqueness of solution for generalized Sturm–Liouville and Langevin equations formulated using Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative operator in accordance with three nonlocal Hadamard fractional integral boundary conditions. With regard to this nonlinear boundary value problem, three popular fixed point theorems, namely, Krasnoselskii’s theorem, Leray–Schauder’s theorem and Banach contraction principle, are employed to theoretically prove and guarantee three novel theorems. The main outcomes of this work are verified and confirmed via several numerical examples.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to accomplish our purpose, three fixed point theorems are applied to the problem under consideration according to some conditions that have been established to this end. These theorems are Krasnoselskii's theorem, Leray Schauder's theorem and Banach contraction principle.

Findings

In accordance to the applied fixed point theorems on our main problem, three corresponding theoretical results are stated, proved, and then verified via several numerical examples.

Originality/value

The existence and uniqueness of solution for generalized Sturm–Liouville and Langevin equations formulated using Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative operator in accordance with three nonlocal Hadamard fractional integral boundary conditions are studied. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is original and has not been published elsewhere.
Budgetary control and risk management institutionalization: a field study of three state-owned enterprises in China
Authors: Jermias Johnny , Fu Yuanlue , Fu Chenxi , Chen Yasheng
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the design and implementation of enterprise risk management (ERM) in three large Chinese state-owned enterprises and to develop propositions on integrating ERM, budgetary control system and cash flow stability approach.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts a field study approach to analyze the risk assessment and risk-return matching of ERM. A field study was carried out over three years from 2008 to 2011 in three Chinese state-owned enterprises. These companies were chosen because less attention has been given to the implementation of ERM in such firms.

Findings

First, the authors find that all three companies use budgetary control to identify risks, analyze each risk to determine the potential consequences, determine the acceptable levels of risk, develop a risk mitigation plan and monitor the activities in all business processes that may change the levels of risks continuously. Second, the companies focus on cash flow risks through budgetary control to ensure the stability of cash flows. Finally, the degree of intensity of using budgetary control institutionalization to design and implement ERM has a positive impact on the level of risk acceptance and risk assessment culture.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of this study, however, should be interpreted with caution because this study was conducted in three Chinese state-owned enterprises. To increase the generalizability of the findings, future research is encouraged to replicate this study in different industries, as well as in different countries. Furthermore, future research might also examine the authors’ propositions using a large-scale survey across other regions of the world.

Practical implications

Companies can minimize resistance to change by using budgetary control institutionalization when implementing the ERM. State-owned enterprises can initiate and implement a new risk management system by identifying the potential risks and by developing a risk mitigation plan.

Social implications

The results of this study will help companies, particularly state-owned enterprises, to improve their performance and become more competitive, which in turn will benefit the society as a whole by performing their risk driver identification, risk driver impact assessment, risk management actions and risk management optimization more effectively.

Originality/value

The authors investigate how the firms use a legitimate system, namely, budgetary control, that is widely accepted and used in China to foster the acceptance and use of ERM. The authors also develop testable propositions of ERM implementation and cash flow stability that will provide useful guidelines for future research.
Insights into neo-institutional theory in accounting and auditing regulation research
Authors: Haapamäki Elina
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Neo-institutional theory (NIT) has strengthened its position as one of the theories and frameworks used to investigate accounting as organizational, legislative, social and policymaking phenomena. This study aims to review how aspects of NIT are used and understood by accounting researchers. As a growing body of accounting and auditing articles in recent years has used NIT as a theoretical framework, this paper reviews and analyzes articles using NIT.

Design/methodology/approach

This study develops a comprehensive synthesis of current academic knowledge about NIT in accounting and auditing regulation literature. Further, it reveals areas requiring further examination.

Findings

The findings of this study indicate that prior studies have found evidence that accounting and auditing regulation is associated with all forms of isomorphism (coercive, mimetic and normative). For instance, institutional pressures influence the accounting and auditing standards adoption in different environments. Therefore, the synthesis of the literature suggests that coercive, mimetic and normative pressures have played a significant role in the harmonization of accounting and auditing practices worldwide. To conclude, NIT has become one of the relevant alternative approaches used to explore accounting and auditing regulation as a complex phenomenon.

Research limitations/implications

Accounting has often been referred to as a “narrow” and “technical” topic. In a way, NIT broadens the research field by extending, for instance, the approach of which external and internal pressures are associated with accounting standards adoption and why different accounting practices are adopted.

Originality/value

This study informs accounting scholars as to how NIT has been applied, and can be applied, in the accounting and auditing regulation literature. This benefits accounting researchers if they are considering whether to use NIT in their research. This study evaluates the contribution of NIT within this research field. It can be suggested that accounting researchers need to become more aware of the debates within the NIT literature, particularly as the theory is seen as conceptually ambiguous. To conclude, the synthesis highlights that NIT has offered a range of important contributions and has drawn attention to the link between accounting and auditing regulation research and the institutional environment.
Britain in the European Union: A Very Short History
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: April 2022

From the start, Britain's feelings towards European integration were complex; and when Britain finally joined the ‘common market’ in 1973, its reasons were predominantly of an economic nature. Its profound doubts of any ‘federal’ or ‘political’ union would become a recurring theme throughout its membership; and, in later years, Britain's critical attitude towards transfers of legislative powers to the European Union found numerous expressions in a wide range of ‘opt‐outs’. They gave the United Kingdom, in the words of the British government, a unique place within the Union. However, even this halfway house ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ the European Union could not prevent a British referendum in which the majority of British citizens decided to opt out of Union membership altogether. This article offers a very short historical overview of British membership in the Union. Six key moments in the story of British membership will illustrate the complex relationship between Britain and the European Union.
Ciliated muconodular papillary tumor of the lung with cavitary change: A case report with 11‐year preoperative follow‐up
Authors: Moon Jayoung , You Seulgi , Sun Joo Sung , Park Kyung Joo , Koh Young Wha
Published: May 2022

Ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (CMPT) is a rare benign lung tumor characterized by ciliated columnar cells, mucous cells, and basal cells. Herein, we report a case of CMPT with 11 years of preoperative follow‐up, depicting the natural course of the tumor and changes in computed tomography (CT) findings. A 39‐year‐old man had a 5‐mm solid pulmonary nodule in the right lower lobe that had slowly grown and transformed into a thin‐walled cavitary lesion. Right lower lobe lobectomy was performed and the tumor was confirmed to be a CMPT. Although it is difficult to diagnose CMPT with CT findings alone, CMPT should be considered as a possible diagnosis when a slowly growing nodule undergoes cavitary changes.
Reviewing perianal abscess management and recurrence: lessons from a trainee perspective
Authors: Sarofim Mina , Ooi Kevin
Published: April 2022

Background

Perianal abscesses are a common surgical emergency. Due to their perceived ease, drainage is often delegated to junior trainees with varying levels of experience. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current trend in perianal abscesses management at our institution, and identify factors that predict subsequent fistula formation or abscess recurrence.

Methods

All acute patients admitted to a major teaching hospital who required surgical drainage of a perianal abscess were analysed over a two‐year period from January 2019 to December 2020. Patient demographics, clinical and laboratory findings were retrospectively reviewed. Proceduralist experience, operative management strategy and recurrence rates (fistula or abscess) were analysed.

Results

The mean age of patients was 43 years old, and 73% were male. Trainees performed 96% of the procedures. Re‐presentation with a fistula or abscess recurrence requiring further surgery was 31%. Comorbidities of IBD, diabetes, or malignancy were present in one‐third of patients and significantly increased the risk of recurrence (P = 0.01). Searching for a fistula tract was performed in 41% of cases but did not reduce recurrence (P = 0.9). Seton insertion occurred in 10%, and fistulotomy in 2%.

Conclusion

Perianal abscess drainage at our institution is almost exclusively performed by trainees, the majority of which occurs after‐hours. Patients who present with a fever, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus or malignancy are at an increased risk of recurrent abscess or a subsequent fistula after drainage, and input from an experienced surgeon may be of value when considering seton insertion or fistulotomy.
Veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for septic shock patients with pulmonary infection: A propensity score matching‐based retrospective study
Authors: Zha Yutao , Yuan Jun , Bao Junjie , Fang Ming , Liu Nian , Huang Rui , Wang Cui , Chen Shi , Shao Min
Published: May 2022

Objective

To evaluate whether septic shock patients with pulmonary infection and life‐threatening hypoxemia can benefit from V‐V ECMO.

Methods

Retrospective clinical data analysis on patients who suffered septic shock with pulmonary infection, categorized into V‐V ECMO and control groups. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to screen patients matched for age, gender, and disease severity. The primary outcome was 30‐ and 90‐day mortality after diagnosis of septic shock.

Results

After PSM, 31 pairs of patients were enrolled in this study, and there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, age, chronic disease, acute physiological and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. Within 28 days after the diagnosis of septic shock, the median time of renal replacement therapy‐free days was longer in the V‐V ECMO group than in the control group (27 days vs. 9 days; p = 0.044). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that 30‐day mortality was lower in the V‐V ECMO group than in the control group (38.7% vs. 61.3%; HR 0.488; 95% CI 0.240–0.992; p = 0.043, by log‐rank test); 90‐day mortality was not significantly different between the two groups (51.6% vs. 67.7%, p = 0.097).

Conclusion

Patients receiving V‐V ECMO support had lower 30‐day mortality and faster recovery of renal function within 28 days compared with those receiving conventional therapy. However, V‐V ECMO did not improve 90‐day survival in septic shock patients with pulmonary infection.
Trough plasma nevirapine levels, immunologic and virologic responses in composite CYP2B6*6/*18 HIV‐infected adult Nigerian patients
Authors: Abdullahi Sa'ad T. , Soyinka Julius O. , Bolarinwa Rahman A. , Olarewaju Olusola J. , Salami Alakija K. , Bakare‐Odunola Moji T.
Published: April 2022

The influence of composite CYP2B6*6/*18 genotype on trough plasma nevirapine levels, HIV RNA levels (virologic response) and CD4+ T lymphocyte and absolute lymphocyte counts (immunologic response) of HIV‐infected patients were evaluated. Patients with records of trough plasma nevirapine levels, CD4+ T lymphocyte, absolute lymphocyte and viral load counts at baseline and months 6 and 12 after initiation of nevirapine‐based antiretroviral therapy combinations were retrospectively analysed. Participants were from a cohort of 150 patients previously genotyped and with measured plasma nevirapine levels. Relationship between genotype and nevirapine levels, absolute lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and viral load were explored. Composite CYP2B6*6/*18 genotype was significantly associated with trough plasma nevirapine levels (geometric mean [standard deviation]: 4482 ng/ml [1349] of normal metabolizers vs. 4632 ng/ml [1793] of intermediate metabolizers vs. 6229 ng/ml [2549] of poor metabolizers; P < 0.001), but not the plasma HIV RNA levels, absolute lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. Overall, immunologic response showed improvement with approximately 61.3% and 70.4% of patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte count >350 cells/mm3 at months 6 and 12 therapy duration respectively compared to 23.1% at baseline. Composite CYP2B6*6/*18 genotype correlated with plasma nevirapine levels but not immunologic and virologic responses.
Structural diagenesis of deep carbonate rocks controlled by intra‐cratonic strike‐slip faulting: An example in the Shunbei area of the Tarim Basin, NW China
Authors: Yu Jinxin , Shi Kaibo , Wang Qiqi , Liu Bo , Han Jun , Song Yanchen , Kong Yue , Jiang Weimin
Published: April 2022

The Ordovician fracture‐cavity reservoirs in the Shunbei area of the Tarim Basin, China, afford an exceptional opportunity to use petrological and geochemical data to investigate structural diagenesis in deep low‐porosity (‘tight’) carbonate rocks. We obtained the relative timings for the development of fracture veins using petrological and cathodoluminescence analyses of minerals from representative samples. Textural observations combined with geochemical data determined the source and timing of the mineral‐forming fluid. The conceptual model of the overall temporal evolutions of structure and fluid flow developed herein indicates that fluid flow is a consequence of strike‐slip fault activity and the local stress state. Strike‐slip faults control the development of fractured–vuggy reservoir space and provide driving force for fluid flow along and across layers. Simultaneously, the direction of fluid migration can be influenced by local stress conditions, while compressive stress may restrict fluid flow. Results of this study suggest that open fractures develop as a result of structural diagenesis, rather than resulting from a single structural factor. The findings of this study can be used to inform the exploration and exploitation of deeply buried faulted carbonate reservoirs worldwide.
Lower bone density and microarchitecture alterations in HIV‐infected Brazilian men aged 50 years and older are associated with estradiol levels
Authors: Oliveira Felipe P. , Lima Luis F. C. , de Paula Paranhos Neto Francisco , de Mendonça Laura M. C. , Schtscherbyna Annie , de Lima Luiz A. A. , Fonseca Branca A. , Madeira Miguel , Luiz Ronir R. , Neto Leonardo V. , Farias Maria L. F. , Machado Elizabeth S.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) allows for longer survival for people living with HIV and hence long‐term complications of both disease and treatment are common. Our purpose was to evaluate bone alterations in men living with HIV (MLWH) and receiving cART and to identify associated factors that can be corrected or mitigated.

Patients and Design

Thirty MLWH and 36 healthy controls (≥50 years) were studied for areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone microstructure (high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography [HR‐pQCT]), serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, 25(OH)D, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), glucose, creatinine, and albumin levels.

Results

The proportion of patients classified as osteoporosis (according to the lowest aBMD T‐score) was higher among MLWH as compared to controls (17.9% vs. 5.9%, p = .011). The MLWH showed significant alterations in cortical and trabecular bone on HR‐pQCT, which were not associated with the duration of HIV infection or cART. These differences in vBMD and bone microstructure seen in HR‐pQCT persisted in the nonosteoporotic MLWH as compared to nonosteoporotic control subjects. Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass were lower in MLWH and positively associated with total vBMD, cortical bone area, and thickness. E2 and E2/T ratios were lower in MLWH than in controls and significantly correlated with several cortical and trabecular bone parameters. Multivariate regression analysis entering simultaneously age, BMI, and E2 defined that E2 is an independent influence on bone parameters evaluated by HR‐pQCT.

Conclusion

MLWH have alterations in bone volumetric density and microstructure when compared with controls, irrespective of aBMD, which are associated with lower E2 and BMI.
Floral resource continuity boosts bumble bee colony performance relative to variable floral resources
Authors: Hemberger Jeremy , Witynski Grant , Gratton Claudio
Published: April 2022

Centuries of landscape changes associated with agriculture have dramatically reduced the amount and increased the temporal variability of the floral resources that support key pollinating insects such as bumble bees. Adapting to these novel resource conditions is important to ensure the persistence of bumble bee species. While several species appear to be in decline in modern agricultural landscapes, others have thrived, suggesting adaptation to exploit highly variable floral resources.Bombus impatiens, the common eastern bumble bee, is a prime example of such a species.

We designed an experiment to compare how free‐foraging colonies ofB. impatiensperformed adjacent to areas with either temporally continuous or variable (pulsed) patches of purple tansy (Phacelia tanacetifolia) plantings.

We found that colonies inPhacelialandscapes grew faster, had gained more mass, and produced more gynes than did colonies in reference landscapes with noPhacelia.

Comparing colony responses between pulsed and continuous flowering resources showed that total mass gain at the end of the experiment was greater with continuous flowering resources. In contrast, colony growth rate and total gyne production were comparable for colonies adjacent toPhaceliaplantings that were continuous versus pulsed.

While low in statistical replication, given the scale of the experimental manipulation, our experiment shows that althoughB. impatienscolonies can exploit periods of resource discontinuity and gain mass, these continuously available floral resources appear important for colony growth and benefit gyne production.
Disentangling the relative roles of geographical and ecological factors in driving genomic variations of a widely distributed bird across a longitudinal gradient
Authors: Wang Pengcheng , Liu Simin , Hu Junhua , Zhang Jing , Wang Zhen , Xu Jiliang , Yao Hongyan , Wang Biao , Chen De , Zhang Zhengwang , Liu Yang
Published: April 2022

Unraveling geographical modes of speciation processes has been a longstanding topic in biogeography. Divergence can be driven by factors operating on multiple spatial scales, such as geographical distance (isolation by distance, IBD), landscape resistance (isolation by resistance, IBR) and environmental heterogeneity (isolation by environment, IBE). However, it is challenging to assess the relative contributions of such factors, which are usually autocorrelated with each other. On the basis of ~294 K nuclear single‐nucleotide polymorphisms from 53 samples, we integrated population genomics, geographical information and environmental variables to delineate genetic differentiation in the common pheasant Phasianus colchicus across a longitudinal gradient in northern China. Generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM) was used to analyze the relative importance of IBD, IBR and IBE. We found that the common pheasant in northern China was grouped into six genetic clusters, which was consistent with the taxonomic affinities. Genetic diversity changed along the longitudinal gradient, reaching its lowest level at the eastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The spatial pattern of gene flow suggested that the mountains surrounding the QTP and the mountains in central China have acted as geographical barriers impeding common pheasant dispersal. GDM analysis indicated that environmental heterogeneity is the most important driver explaining the lineage divergence, which supports the IBE model. These results suggest that multiple isolation mechanisms shaped genetic diversity and genomic divergence in this wide‐ranging bird species. Together, our results underscore the importance of leveraging genome‐wide variations and ecological modeling to facilitate a deeper understanding of population divergence processes.
Breeding for improved protein fractions and free amino acids concentration in bovine milk
Authors: Visentin Giulio , Berry Donagh P. , Costa Angela , McDermott Audrey , De Marchi Massimo , McParland Sinead
Published: April 2022

Considerable resources are required to routinely measure detailed milk compositional traits. Hence, an insufficient volume of phenotypic data can hinder genetic progress in these traits within dairy cow breeding programmes. The objective of the present study was to quantify the opportunities for breeding for improved milk protein and free amino acid (FAA) composition by exploiting mid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) predictions routinely recorded from milk samples. Genetic parameters for protein fractions and FAA composition were estimated using 134,546 test‐day records from 16,166 lactations on 9,572 cows using linear mixed models. Heritability of MIRS‐predicted protein fractions ranged from 0.19 (α‐lactalbumin) to 0.55 (β‐lactoglobulin A), while heritability of MIRS‐predicted FAA ranged from 0.08 for glycine to 0.29 for glutamic acid. Genetic correlations among the MIRS‐predicted FAA were moderate to strong ranging from −0.44 (aspartic acid and lysine) to 0.97 (glutamic acid and total FAA). Adjustment of the genetic correlations for the genetic merit of 24‐h milk yield did not greatly affect the correlations. Results from the current study highlight the presence of exploitable genetic variation for both protein fractions and FAA in dairy cow milk. Besides, the direction of genetic correlations reveals that breeding programmes directly selecting for greater milk protein concentration carry with them favourable improvement in casein and whey fractions.
Genetic diversity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876) infecting farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) in Turkey
Authors: Pekmezci Gokmen Zafer , Yildirim Alparslan , Duzlu Onder , Simsek Emrah , Balta Fikri , Yardimci Banu , Onuk Ertan Emek , Onder Zuhal , Ciloglu Arif , Yetismis Gamze , Yilmaz Erdal , Inci Abdullah
Published: April 2022

We assessed genetic diversities among Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) field isolates collected from farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey. The overall prevalence of Ich was 35.3% (634/1798). Five novel Ich genotypes (ImulTR1 and ImulTR3‒ImulTR6) were described based on mitochondrial cox‐1 and nad1_b genes. The remaining genotype ImulTR2 was identical to the previously reported NY3 (or Ark9 and TW7) genotype from the United States and South Asia. Phylogenetic analysis indicated Turkish Ich isolates separated genetically into at least four distinct groups. Our study presents the first data on the genotypes of Ich in Turkey. We also provide evidence for the wide distribution of the NY3 genotype (or Ark9 and TW7) from the United States and South Asia to Turkey. Genetic diversities within the mitochondrial genes provided adequate resolution for describing novel genotypes and identifying the known genotype within Turkish Ich isolates. Description of the Ich genotypes allows for tracking of pathogen genotypes worldwide. Thus, we can better understand the connections between Ich outbreaks in the fisheries aquaculture.
Validity and reliability of a questionnaire measuring EBDPs among registered dietitian nutritionist
Authors: Van Horn Leslie Thompson , Wright Lauri , Arikawa Andrea Y. , Sealey‐Potts Claudia
Published: April 2022

Background

There is a lack of a valid and reliable instrument that measures objective and subjective knowledge of evidence‐based dietetic practices (EBDP) among registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs). The present study aimed to develop and assess the validity and reliability of an EBDP Questionnaire (EBDPQ) with objective knowledge items (i.e., quiz items) among RDNs in the USA.

Methods

Subscales from four existing evidence‐based practice (EBP) instruments were combined and modified for dietetics. Content and face validity and internal consistency were used to assess the full survey. Survey responsiveness and test–retest reliability were evaluated within the objective knowledge subscale. Content experts (n = 11) and nutrition professionals (n = 16) completed validation reviews. Doctoral students enrolled in a research course (n = 12) were used to analyse survey responsiveness. Internal and test–retest relability analyses utilised RDN participants (time point 1, n = 482; time point 2, n = 335).

Results

Content validation resulted in a 38‐item questionnaire. Average percent agreement among face validity reviewers was 95.1%. Only the pre‐validation version of the objective knowledge subscale resulted in significantly higher post‐course scores (Mdn = 11.50) compared to the pre‐course (Mdn = 9.75, p = 0.05). The validated instrument had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.91); however, the objective knowledge subscale was low (Cronbach's α = 0.41). A good degree of reliability was found between the two time points (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71).

Conclusions

The EBDPQ demonstrated adequate validity and reliability among RDNs. Future research should assess construct validity, with the responsiveness and objective knowledge subscale requiring additional evaluation through an EBDP course.
Designing topical hyaluronic acid technology—Size does matter…
Authors: Widgerow Alan D. , Ziegler Mary E. , Garruto John A. , Mraz Robinson Deanne , Palm Melanie D. , Vega Janelle H. , Bell Michaela
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays an important role in cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrate that low molecular weight (MW) HA has pro‐inflammatory characteristics while high MW HA is considered anti‐inflammatory and regenerative. In formulating a topical HA product, the possibility of creating a focused high MW HA technology was posed, combining external surface high MW HA constituents with active agents promoting fibroblast production of high MW in the depths of the dermis.

Methods

Human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes were treated with various agents, and RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was conducted to identify genes involved in HA synthesis. HA production by fibroblasts was assessed by collecting the culture supernatant, concentrating the protein, and conducting polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The gel was stained with Stains‐All to identify bands relative to known HA products of different MWs. Subsequently, the supernatants were treated with hyaluronidase to confirm the bands corresponded to HA.

Results

The RNA‐seq results revealed a variety of agents upregulated HA‐related genes. However, a potent upregulation of HA synthesis gene was observed by hexapeptide‐11 in the keratinocytes and a newly identified proprietary octapeptide in the fibroblasts. PAGE demonstrated not only robust production of HA by octapeptide, but significantly, the HA produced was ~2 Mega Daltons in size. Octapeptide was the most potent stimulator among the tested agents.

Conclusion

Comprehensive in vitro testing identified a group of active agents that stimulated high MW HA production. This novel approach to HA topical application with exclusively high MW HA production should maximize hydration capacity while encouraging regenerative activity within the ECM. Multi‐center trials are underway.
Fecal luminal factors from patients with irritable bowel syndrome induce distinct gene expression of colonoids
Authors: Iribarren Cristina , Nordlander Sofia , Sundin Johanna , Isaksson Stefan , Savolainen Otto , Törnblom Hans , Magnusson Maria K. , Simrén Magnus , Öhman Lena
Published: April 2022

Background

Alteration of the host‐microbiota cross talk at the intestinal barrier may participate in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, we aimed to determine effects of fecal luminal factors from IBS patients on the colonic epithelium using colonoids.

Methods

Colon‐derived organoid monolayers, colonoids, generated from a healthy subject, underwent stimulation with fecal supernatants from healthy subjects and IBS patients with predominant diarrhea, phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokines in cell cultures and fecal LPS were measured by ELISA and mRNA gene expression of monolayers was analyzed using Qiagen RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays. The fecal microbiota profile was determined by the GA‐map™ dysbiosis test and the fecal metabolite profile was analyzed by untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Key results

Colonoid monolayers stimulated with fecal supernatants from healthy subjects (n = 7), PBS (n = 4) or LPS (n = 3) presented distinct gene expression profiles, with some overlap (R2Y = 0.70, Q2 = 0.43). Addition of fecal supernatants from healthy subjects and IBS patients (n = 9) gave rise to different gene expression profiles of the colonoid monolayers (R2Y = 0.79, Q2 = 0.64). Genes (n = 22) related to immune response (CD1D, TLR5) and barrier integrity (CLDN15, DSC2) contributed to the separation. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines in colonoid monolayer cultures were comparable when stimulated with fecal supernatants from either donor types. Fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles, but not LPS content, differed between the study groups.

Conclusions

Fecal luminal factors from IBS patients induce a distinct colonic epithelial gene expression, potentially reflecting the disease pathophysiology. The culture of colonoids from healthy subjects with fecal supernatants from IBS patients may facilitate the exploration of IBS related intestinal micro‐environmental and barrier interactions.
How to Make and Destroy a “Blood Alliance”? The Ups and Downs of China‐DPRK Relations
Authors: Wang Xingxing , Wang Jiajia
Published: April 2022

The relationship between China and the Korean Peninsula is frequently in flux, and peace and continuity on the peninsula have been critical factors for dynastic stability. After 1949, China moved quickly to restore influence between the PRC and the DPRK. The PRC‐DPRK relationship was propelled forward by personal bonds between leaders and citizens, the disputes with Taiwan and South Korea, the attraction of a relationship founded on equal and mutual assistance, and so forth. However, over time, the relationship was deeply undermined by an excessive reliance on the personal actions of leaders, clear ideological differences, gaps in the cognition of the global situation between the two countries, and the perception by the Chinese that North Korea's demands for economic assistance were excessive. The consequence was a loosening and weakening of this relationship. The two countries perceived the international situation in profoundly different ways. Over time, the two nations expressed deep differences on political issues, and rifts emerged concerning the fundamental developmental model. North Korea's “equality” and “equal” distance diplomacy created much frustration in China‐DPRK relations. The political and diplomatic relationship between China and North Korea followed a complex pattern of differentiation, separation, and bridging that made cooperation problematic.
Phylogeny, biogeography and classification of Teletisoptera (Blattaria: Isoptera)
Authors: Wang Menglin , Hellemans Simon , Šobotník Jan , Arora Jigyasa , Buček Aleš , Sillam‐Dussès David , Clitheroe Crystal , Lu Tomer , Lo Nathan , Engel Michael S. , Roisin Yves , Evans Theodore A. , Bourguignon Thomas
Published: April 2022

Termites are social cockroaches distributed throughout warm temperate and tropical ecosystems. The ancestor of modern termites roamed the earth during the early Cretaceous, suggesting that both vicariance and overseas dispersal may have shaped the distribution of early diverging termites. We investigate the historical biogeography of three early diverging termite families –Stolotermitidae, Hodotermitidae and Archotermopsidae (clade Teletisoptera) – using the nuclear rRNA genes and mitochondrial genomes of 27 samples. Our analyses confirm the monophyly of Teletisoptera, with Stolotermitidae diverging from Hodotermitidae + Archotermopsidae approximately 100 Ma. Although Hodotermitidae are monophyletic, our results demonstrate the paraphyly of Archotermopsidae. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the timing of divergence among the main lineages of Hodotermitidae + Archotermopsidae are compatible with vicariance. In the Stolotermitidae, however, the common ancestors of modern Porotermes Hagen and Stolotermes Hagen are roughly as old as 20 and 35 Ma, respectively, indicating that the presence of these genera in South America, Africa and Australia involved over‐water dispersals. Overall, our results suggest that early diverging termite lineages acquired their current distribution through a combination of over‐water dispersals and dispersal via land bridges. We clarify the classification by resolving the paraphyly of Archotermopsidae, restricting the family to Archotermopsis Desneux and Zootermopsis Emerson and elevating Hodotermopsinae (Hodotermopsis Holmgren) as Hodotermopsidae (status novum).
Trade liberalisation and the extensive margin of differentiated goods: Evidence from China*
Authors: Van Biesebroeck Johannes , Yi Yingting , Zaurino Elena
Published: May 2022

We exploit tariff reductions associated with China's entry into the WTO to evaluate whether the response of trade flows at the extensive margin depends on the degree of product differentiation. We adopt a 4‐way difference‐in‐differences approach to identify the effects as cleanly as possible by comparing market entry of products from each WTO member into China with entry into India and Indonesia. The absolute tariff elasticities are estimated to be relatively large, compared to existing estimates. This is especially true for differentiated goods, for goods with low Chinese demand elasticity and for exports from OECD countries. We provide both new evidence and a theoretical justification for the heterogeneity of these effects across products and countries.
The desire for Jerusalem: Historical Considerations of Ignatius of Loyola’s Desire to go to the Holy Land
Authors: Staab Christopher Michael
Published: April 2022

La convalecencia de Ignacio de Loyola es conocida por iniciar el proceso de su conversión espiritual. Inspirado por dos grandes textos religiosos, decidió emprender una peregrinación a Jerusalén. De ese modo, la interpretación de su decisión de ir a la Tierra Santa, prácticamente basada en la Autobiografía, tiende a enfatizar en sus movimientos espirituales y su apropiación personal de dichos textos. Tal interpretación, sin estar equivocada, deja de lado algunas consideraciones importantes de su contexto. Para empezar, su conversión ocurre en un periodo en el que Jerusalén ocupaba un lugar de importancia considerable en la imaginación religiosa española. Dicha importancia se pondrá de relieve en este artículo, con dos líneas de análisis.Por un lado se indagarán las aspiraciones mesiánicas vinculadas al Rey Fernando; por otro, se investigará la conquista de Orán realizada por el cardenal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros. La literatura generada tanto por el Rey como por el Cardenal revela la fascinante imbricación entre el pensamiento religioso y la Tierra Santa. Es decir, un análisis histórico-crítico de sermones, canciones, poesía y crónicas relacionados con ambas figuras enmarcan a Jerusalén como un objeto de deseo.Ese deseo, ciertamente, no es uniforme sino más bien diversificado; aparece como signo de los tiempos, y como tal, constituye el trasfondo de la convalecencia y la conversión de Ignacio. Ahora bien, estos deseos de tenor religioso y social no llegan a explicar su decisión de hacer una peregrinación, sino que hacen eminentemente plausible su elección de ir a la Tierra Santa y seguir a Cristo. Si bien es cierto que sus deseos fueron espirituales y de gran calado, Ignacio no vivió al margen de su historia. Tampoco la historiografía ignaciana puede estar al margen de algunas consideraciones históricas para poder entender que el soldado que pasó a ser el peregrino estuvo realizando un proyecto eminentemente español: realizar un viaje a Jerusalén por Cristo.
Migración y desplazamiento desde el corazón de las sagradas escrituras
Authors: García Arenas Paula Andrea
Published: April 2022

Hablar de movilidad humana es hablar de un hecho que puede ser abordado desde dos ámbitos: las causas o las situaciones que motivan la salida del propio territorio; y las consecuencias, esto es, las situaciones que los migrantes encuentran en los lugares de destino. Mientras que unos comprenden dicha movilidad como un recurso para solucionar problemas en los lugares de origen, para otros es percibida como una amenaza y una carga social que estremece las relaciones culturales y sociales.Dichas situaciones aparecen descritas en los libros de la Biblia entrelazadas con la historia de salvación donde Dios se hace presente, unas veces para narrar cuáles fueron las circunstancias que motivaron a poblaciones enteras a salir en busca de mejores tierras, y otras veces para describir cómo fue la recepción en los lugares a los que iban llegando y cuáles los desafíos que enfrentaron al construir una nueva historia en esos lugares.La Biblia da un lugar importante al migrante, ya sea para orientar la forma como acoger al que llega, ya sea para indicarle qué hacer al arribar a un lugar extranjero, porque el pueblo de Israel se entiende a sí mismo como extranjero hasta que pueda ocupar la tierra prometida por Dios. Así comienza el llamado credo histórico que recoge el libro del Deuteronomio: “Mi padre era un arameo errante” (Dt 26,5). El Antiguo Testamento está lleno de historias de personajes que han dejado su patria por buscar un mejor destino, y Dios les garantiza protección como migrantes. Ya, en el Nuevo Testamento, Jesús mismo se presenta como migrante, entra en contacto con extranjeros en suelo foráneo y propone un movimiento itinerante de desarraigo para quienes quieran seguirle. Este es el panorama que abordaremos para entender la migración desde el corazón mismo de las escrituras.
HAXPES on SiO2 with Ga Kα photons
Authors: Vanleenhove Anja , Mascarenhas Fiona Crystal , Hoflijk Ilse , Vaesen Inge , Zborowski Charlotte , Conard Thierry
Published: April 2022

Silicon oxide (SiO2) grown by rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) was analyzed using high-resolution high-energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The HAXPES spectra of SiO2 obtained using monochromatic Ga Kα radiation at 9252.13 eV include a survey scan and high-resolution spectra of Si 1s, Si 2p, O 1s, and C 1s.
Structure evolution and mechanical properties of co-sputtered Zr-Al-B2 thin films
Authors: Fiantok Tomáš , Šroba Viktor , Koutná Nikola , Izai Vitalii , Roch Tomáš , Truchlý Martin , Vidiš Marek , Satrapinskyy Leonid , Nagy Štefan , Grančič Branislav , Kúš Peter , Mikula Marián
Published: April 2022

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) represents a promising hard coating material for demanding high-temperature applications and could provide an excellent basis for fine-tuning mechanical properties via the concept of alloying. Here, combining density functional theory and experiments, we investigate the effect of aluminum alloying on thermally induced structure evolution and mechanical properties of α-structured Zr1 − xAlxB2 + Δ. Ab initio calculations predict a strong tendency for spinodal phase separation of hexagonal Zr1 − xAlxB2 solid solution into isostructural binaries. Experimental results confirm predictions of the insolubility of aluminum in the ZrB2 phase when the structure of magnetron co-sputtered Zr0.72Al0.28B2.64 films with an aluminum content of 8 at. % has a nanocomposite character consisting of hexagonal α-ZrB2 nanocolumns surrounded by an amorphous Al-rich tissue phase. The films are structurally stable up to 1100 °C but out-diffusion of Al atoms from boundary regions during annealing was observed. Al alloying causes a significant decrease in hardness when the hardness of the reference as-deposited ZrB2.2 and Zr0.72Al0.28B2.64 is 39 and 23 GPa, respectively. Low hardening effect in ternaries was observed after annealing at 1000 °C when the hardness increased from 23.5 to 26.5 GPa due to the locally increased concentration of point defects at the boundaries of the nanocolumns and Al-rich tissue phases. Young's modulus decrease from 445 (ZrB2.2) to 345 GPa (Zr0.72Al0.28B2.64) indicates a change in the mechanical response of the ternary film toward more ductile behavior.
On the interplay between a novel iron and iron-carbide atomic layer deposition process, the carbon nanotube growth, and the metal–carbon nanotube coating properties on silica substrates
Authors: da Cunha Tairan , Adjeroud Noureddine , Guillot Jérôme , Duez Benoit , Lenoble Damien , Arl Didier
Published: April 2022

The fabrication of iron and iron carbide nanoparticles (NPs) for catalytic reactions such as the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) compete with the challenge of covering a wide range of substrates with perfect control of the NP reactivity. We present in this work a novel atomic layer deposition (ALD) process to grow Fe/Fe3C thin films over silica flat substrates. The depositions were carried out exposing the surface through various number of ALD cycles, resulting in Fe-based films with thicknesses ranging from 4 nm to almost 40 nm. After a thermal treatment, the film dewetts into nanoparticles, where the efficiency to grow CNTs will depend on the average size distribution of the nanocatalyst. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to track the elemental, phase, and shape (film to particles) transformation in order to identify the key features of the nanocatalyst, thereby controlling the CNT nucleation and growth. Thin film thickness of around 5 nm promotes the growth of a dense CNT forest. Furthermore, the metal–CNT films reveal optical properties that are totally tailored by the initial number of ALD cycles.