bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Victims to Perpetrators of Bullying: The Role of Irrational Cognitions, Externalizing Problems, and Parental Attachment
Authors: Balan Raluca , Dobrean Anca , Balazsi Robert
Published: September 2021

The transition from bullying victimization to bullying perpetration is well documented in the literature. However, the mechanisms linking bullying victimization to perpetration are not fully understood. The main aim of the current study was to conduct a preliminary research investigating the indirect effects of youths bullying victimization on bullying perpetration through irrational cognitions and externalizing problems. The second aim of the study was to explore the moderating role of the type of parental attachment (secure vs. insecure) in the proposed model in explaining the association of bullying victimization and bullying perpetration. Data were collected from 269 adolescents (11-15 years; M = 11.98, SD = .68), enrolled in middle public schools from Romania. Path analysis and moderated path analysis were conducted to explore the direct and indirect effects and moderating effects, respectively. Study findings indicate that bullying victimization was indirectly related to bullying perpetration separately through youths’ irrational cognition as well as through externalizing problems. The serial indirect pathway from victimization to perpetration through irrational cognitions leading further to externalizing problems was also significant. However, the type of attachment that adolescents reported having toward their parents failed to moderate the indirect pathways, since all the interaction terms were nonsignificant. These findings advance the field prevention and intervention by identifying irrational cognitions and externalizing problems as important targets that anti-bullying programs should address to stop the transition from victims of bullying to perpetrators.
Sex as Boys’ Fame, But Girls’ Shame: Adversarial Adolescent Gender Roles and Gender-based Violence in Guyana
Authors: Rodney Ruth , Gastaldo Denise , Trotz D. Alissa , Crooks Claire V.
Published: September 2021

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a significant issue for youth in Guyana, particularly among young women. Yet, discussions about sex, dating, and violence rarely occur at the community level. To understand the heightened risk for GBV with youth in Guyana, we utilized a critical qualitative design to explore adolescent dating violence with adolescents (14–16 years old), parents, and school officials in a public secondary school in Guyana. In total, 36 racially and religiously diverse participants from low to middle-income households participated in focus groups ( n = 30) and interviews ( n = 6). Discussions centered on dating in adolescence; community awareness of dating violence; gender, racialization, and class in relation to dating violence; and dating violence prevention in schools and family settings. Our results revealed that heteronormative, adversarial gender roles in Guyana are enacted in adolescent relationships in ways that contribute to violence. Two important factors emerged in relation to femininity: female respectability related to sexuality; and the relationship between clothing, sexuality, and social class. Masculinity for adolescent boys was centered on reproducing normative assumptions about femininity and explaining the use of violence through pathologizing race. Participants were also asked to identify gender roles that adolescent boys and girls should embody in relationships, which revealed possibilities for overcoming adversarial roles in relationships. We propose that adolescent GBV prevention initiatives consider long-standing and deeply embedded ideas within gender norms that are connected to sexuality, class, and race. Without accounting for these systemic factors, GBV prevention initiatives and programs may inadvertently perpetuate traditional definitions of masculinity and femininity that contribute to violence.
Predicting Serial Stranger Rapists: Developing a Statistical Model From Crime Scene Behaviors
Authors: Ramirez Meritxell Perez , Framis Andrea Gimenez-Salinas , Gonzalez-Alvarez Jose Luis , Castro Juan Enrique Soto
Published: September 2021

Stranger rapes are the most difficult cases to solve for the police, especially when a serial rapist is involved. Recent research in offender profiling has focused on generating inferences between crime scene variables and offender characteristics to aid the police investigation. This study aims to develop an empirical model to predict a new case of a serial stranger rapist by analyzing a Spanish sample of 231 one-off and 38 serial sexual offenders. A multivariate logistic regression model that included eight significant crime-related variables was able to predict whether an unknown offender is a one-off or serial rapist based only on the victim’s account. The predictive validity of the model was tested using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the result of AUC value indicated a medium predictive capacity. The final model correctly classifies nearly 80% of serial stranger rapist cases. The implications of these findings for criminal investigation are discussed.
Psychological Well-Being and Cognitive Function among Older Adults in China: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study
Authors: Zhang Jiaan , Li Lydia W. , McLaughlin Sara J.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This study aims to examine the relationship between psychological well-being (PWB) and cognitive function in older adults in China. Methods: Data are from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Analyses were restricted to 9,487 older persons (age ≥ 60) without cognitive impairment at baseline. Respondents were followed over a 12-year period. Cognitive function was assessed using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (C-MMSE). PWB was assessed using a composite index capturing optimism, conscientiousness, neuroticism, loneliness, personal control, self-esteem, and happiness. Results: Multilevel mixed effects generalized linear models showed that respondents with greater PWB had a slower rate of cognitive decline over time, adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics. In addition, multilevel multinomial logistic regression models showed that greater PWB was associated with lower odds of developing cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Findings suggest that fostering PWB may prevent or delay adverse cognitive changes.
Automated STI/HIV risk assessments: Testing an online clinical algorithm in Ottawa, Canada
Authors: O’Byrne Patrick , Musten Alexandra , Orser Lauren , Buckingham Scott
Published: September 2021

Despite the ongoing transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV, many people became unable to access testing due to COVID-19. To address this, we created a mail-out HIV self-test kit, which could be delivered without restrictions in our region. The uptake and feedback from this project made us realize that comprehensive STI testing was being sought. To ensure testing occurred correctly—that is, it would be targeted at the persons most affected by STIs/HIV—we automated clinical decision-making. We built this model based on a 2-by-2 matrix that plots the risk of STI/HIV transmission and risk of STI/HIV exposure. The intercept of these two measures classifies a person as low, medium, or high risk. After automating this logic, 16 expert clinicians in STI/HIV care tested this system with over 400 test patient cases and refined the algorithm until it yielded the exact outcomes that these clinicians would offer patients based on guidelines. Findings of interest are that the scale of the y-axis is exponential, in that risk factors for exposure do not climb cumulatively but do so according to a quadratic equation. This helps ensure that testing services are targeted at those who are most inequitably burdened by these infections.
Adolescents’ Marijuana Use Following Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Alaska and Hawaii
Authors: Lee Meen Hye , Kim-Godwin Yeoun Soo , Hur Hyungjo
Published: September 2021

Alaska and Hawaii, the only two noncontiguous states in the United States, have different marijuana policy environments. Alaska enacted recreational marijuana legalization (RML) in 2014, whereas recreational marijuana is still illegal in Hawaii. This study analyzed how RML affects adolescents’ marijuana use (MU) by comparing two states. We used data from 2 states (Alaska and Hawaii) from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2009 to 2019 years (N = 35 467). The trends of lifetime MU and current MU were examined. Using difference-in-differences analysis models, this study investigated whether RML increased lifetime and current MU in Alaska compared with Hawaii after adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics. Both lifetime and current MU prevalence among adolescents in Alaska increased after RML, while both rates in Hawaii gradually decreased. The rate of lifetime MU in Alaska was significantly increased after RML (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29) compared with Hawaii. Similarly, the current MU among adolescents in Alaska was significantly increased compared with that in Hawaii (OR = 1.34). Both lifetime and current MU were increased following RML in Alaska, suggesting that RML may affect the increase of MU among adolescents.
Adenomyomatous uterine polyp in a Miniature Pinscher: histologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical aspects
Authors: Nueangphuet Phawut , Tanabe Mika , Izzati Uda Zahli , Fuke Naoyuki , Hirai Takuya , Yamaguchi Ryoji
Published: September 2021

A 14-y-old Miniature Pinscher bitch was admitted to a veterinary clinic because of inappetence and a distended abdomen; ultrasound examination revealed a fluid-filled uterus with a single 1-cm hyperechoic nodule in its lumen. Ovariohysterectomy was performed. Grossly, the uterine horns were distended irregularly and asymmetrically, and the uterine lumen contained 200–300 mL of brown watery fluid. A single white polypoid 0.9-cm diameter nodule was present at the site of the distended uterine horn and arose from the endometrium with a narrow stalk. Histologically, the polyp consisted of dense, smooth muscle fascicles admixed with glandular components; its surface was covered by simple cuboidal epithelium with areas of squamous metaplasia. The myomatous cells expressed the myogenic markers smooth muscle actin and desmin. We interpreted the mass as an adenomyomatous uterine polyp, which is a rare variant of an endometrial polyp.
A Qualitative Systematic Review of Facilitators of and Barriers to Community Pharmacists–Led Anticoagulation Management Service
Authors: Egunsola Oluwaseun , Li Joyce W. , Mastikhina Liza , Akeju Oluwasefunmi , Dowsett Laura E. , Clement Fiona
Published: September 2021

Objective:

To identify the facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of Community Pharmacists–Led Anticoagulation Management Services (CPAMS).

Data Sources:

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until August 20, 2021.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All abstracts proceeded to full-text review, which was completed by 2 reviewers. Data extraction was completed by a single reviewer and verified. Analysis was completed using best-fit framework synthesis.

Data Synthesis:

A total of 17 articles reporting on CPAMS from 6 jurisdictions were included: 2 Canadian provincial programs (Nova Scotia, Alberta), a national program (New Zealand), and 3 cities in the United Kingdom (Whittington and Brighton and Hove) and Australia (Sydney). Facilitators of CPAMS included convenience for patients, accessibility for patients, professional satisfaction for pharmacists, increased efficiency in anticoagulation management, improved outcomes, enhanced collaboration, and scalability. Barriers included perceived poor quality of care by patients, resistance by general practitioners, organizational limits, capping of the number of eligible patients, and cost.

Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice:

The barriers and facilitators identified in this review will inform health policy makers on the implementation and improvement of CPAMS for patients and health care practitioners.

Conclusion and Relevance:

CPAMS has been implemented in 6 jurisdictions across 4 countries, with reported benefits and challenges. The programs were structurally similar in most jurisdictions, with minor variations in implementation. New anticoagulation management programs should consider adapting existing frameworks to local needs.
Do You See What I See? Researcher–Participant Agreement on Single-Item Measures of Emotion Regulation Behaviors in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Stumpp Nicole E. , Southward Matthew W. , Sauer-Zavala Shannon
Published: September 2021

Researchers use ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to study a range of behaviors related to psychopathology. However, it is unclear whether brief measures of coping behaviors accurately capture the intended responses. In this secondary analysis of a single-case experimental design, eight individuals with borderline personality disorder ( Mage = 21.57, 63% female, 63% Asian American) completed daily diary entries for 12 weeks, along with hourly EMA entries on 2 days. Participants provided qualitative descriptions of their behaviors and classified them into one of five functional categories. Independent researchers also classified each qualitative description into the same categories. Overall, agreement between participants and researchers was low, Krippendorff’s α = .47, 95% confidence interval [0.43, 0.52]. The type of emotion experienced, researcher confidence, and word count of responses affected agreement. Generating items that capture the breadth of possible behaviors, are brief enough for frequent administration, and are consistently understood by participants is an important continued challenge in EMA research.
Firearm Availability, Homicide, and the Context of Structural Disadvantage
Authors: Semenza Daniel C. , Stansfield Richard , Steidley Trent , Mancik Ashley M.
Published: September 2021

This study examines how legal and illegal firearm availability correspond to subsequent rates of firearm and non-firearm homicide in 226 U.S. cities from 2010 through 2017. We also assess how city-level economic disadvantage conditions this relationship. Results show that greater availability of illegal guns corresponds to future rates of firearm homicide while the rate of legal firearms dealers does not significantly influence firearm homicide. The association between firearm availability and homicide is conditional upon level of structural economic disadvantage. Our findings support efforts to decrease access to illegal firearms to reduce gun violence, especially among vulnerable and disadvantaged communities.
Amended Safety Assessment of Acid Violet 43 as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Fiume Monice M , Bergfeld Wilma F , Belsito Donald V , Hill Ronald A , Klaassen Curtis D , Liebler Daniel C , Marks James G , Shank Ronald C , Slaga Thomas J , Snyder Paul W , Gill Lillian J , Heldreth Bart
Published: September 2021

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reopened the safety assessment of Acid Violet 43, a cosmetic ingredient that is an anthraquinone dye reported to function in cosmetics as a colorant. This colorant has the same chemical structure as Ext. D&C Violet No. 2, which is a certified colorant; however, Acid Violet 43 is not a certified color and it could have impurities that are not allowed in the certified color. The Panel reviewed relevant new data related to this ingredient and concluded that Acid Violet 43 is safe in the present practices of use and concentration for use in hair dye formulations. This conclusion supersedes the previous conclusion for Acid Violet 43 that included impurity specifications indicated for the certified color.
Safety Assessment of Inorganic Hydroxides as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Burnett Christina L. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Gill Lillian J. , Heldreth Bart
Published: September 2021

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of inorganic hydroxides, which function in cosmetics primarily as pH adjusters. Representatives from the cosmetic industry have indicated these ingredients are used in depilating and hair waving/straightening formulations to raise pH values. The Panel considered relevant data related to these ingredients. The Panel concluded that these inorganic hydroxides are safe in hair straighteners and depilatories under conditions of recommended use; users should minimize skin contact. These ingredients are safe for all other present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be nonirritating.
Metabolomics as a Truly Translational Tool for Precision Medicine
Authors: Schmidt Julian C. , Dougherty Bonnie V. , Beger Richard D. , Jones Dean P. , Schmidt Michael A. , Mattes William B.
Published: September 2021

Metabolomics is unique among omics technologies in being applicable to metabolism and toxicity studies broadly across organisms (e.g., humans, other mammals, model organisms, and even bacteria) and across biological materials (e.g., blood, urine, saliva, biopsy, and stool), including cultured cells and subcellular fractions. Metabolomics can be used to characterize biologic response patterns in humans as well as to support mechanistic studies in model systems and ex vivo studies. A broad range of resources are available, including publicly accessible data repositories (e.g., Metabolomics Workbench), tools for biostatistics and bioinformatics (e.g., MetaboAnalyst), metabolite identification (e.g., Metlin), and pathway analysis (e.g., Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Thus, metabolomics is more than a promise of the future; metabolomics is already available as a translational approach to facilitate precision medicine. This ACT Symposium review will contain an introduction to metabolomics in toxicity studies followed by sections on translational metabolic networks, translational metabolite biomarkers of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury, translational framework using high-resolution metabolomics for integrated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and precision medicine applications: extracting actionable targets from untargeted metabolomics data following one year in space.
The Adaptation of a Clinic-Adjacent Parking Garage for Drive-In COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Reise Rachel , Huang Yushi , Usmani Silken A , Gruber Laura , Patel Natasha , Green Tracy , Swilley Lindsay , Dewar Marvin A , Gums John
Published: September 2021

Purpose:

The distribution and vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines to billions of people worldwide will likely be one of the biggest public health undertakings in history. There has been a large focus on identifying processes to safely, efficiently, and effectively vaccinate large populations. We aimed to describe the development and operationalization of a drive-in COVID-19 vaccine site in a parking garage adjacent to outpatient clinics at University of Florida (UF) Health Physicians and how it was informed by the roll-out of SARS-CoV-2 testing and administration of respiratory vaccinations.

Design/Methodology/Approach:

A technical description and analysis of a drive-in COVID-19 vaccine site.

Findings:

We incrementally increased the number of vaccines performed per day from 300 in the first 2 weeks to 700 an additional 2 weeks later. By the end of January, we completed nearly 14 000 vaccinations. At this capacity, we estimate the site could performed 5000 vaccinations per week.

Practical Implications:

This manuscript provides step-by-step guidance how to develop, operationalize, and implement a sustainable drive-in COVID-19 vaccination site.

Originality/Value:

To our knowledge, this is the first description of a drive-in approach to COVID-19 vaccination. Our findings can help inform other health entities as they develop or expand vaccination efforts that may serve as a template for other sites to adapt.
Positive and differential diagnosis of autism in verbal women of typical intelligence: A Delphi study
Authors: Cumin Julie , Pelaez Sandra , Mottron Laurent
Published: September 2021

Diagnostic criteria for autism are relatively vague, and may lead to over and underdiagnosis when applied without clinical expertise. Indeed, autism is best reliably identified by experienced clinicians who take into account qualitative aspects of the condition. When assessing for autism in women, little guidance exists to support clinicians deciding whether to attribute adaptive difficulties to autism, a psychiatric condition, or both. The purpose of this study was therefore to propose guidelines for clinicians assessing for autism in women. To do this, we aimed to describe the clinical expertise involved in making positive and differential diagnoses of autism in adult women of typical intelligence. We interviewed 20 experienced clinicians from seven countries. We then elaborated Delphi statements summarizing participant views on the topic, which our participants rated. We obtained a final list of 37 suggested clinical guidelines to improve specificity and sensitivity of autism diagnosis in women. Participants had developed individual assessment strategies, although much overlap existed across participants. Participants provided insight to differentiate autism from post-traumatic stress disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder, and underlined the importance of being able to make differential diagnoses particularly in cases where non-autistic people had strongly self-identified with the spectrum.

Lay abstract

The diagnostic criteria for autism are relatively vague and can lead to both under- and over-diagnosis if applied as a checklist. The highest level of agreement that a person is autistic occurs when experienced clinicians are able to make use of their clinical judgment. However, it is not always clear what this judgment consists of. Given that particular issues exist when assessing for autism in adult women, we wanted to explore how expert clinicians address difficult diagnostic situations in this population. We interviewed 20 experienced psychologists and psychiatrists from seven countries and discussed how they conducted autism assessments in adult women. We then came up with a list of 35 statements that described participant views. Our participants completed an online survey where they rated their agreement with these statements and provided feedback on how the statements were worded and organized. We obtained a final list of 37 suggested clinical guidelines. Participants agreed that diagnostic tools and questionnaires had to be coupled with judgment and expertise. Participants felt that trauma and Borderline Personality Disorder could be difficult to differentiate from autism, and agreed on some ways to address this issue. Participants agreed that self-identification to the autism spectrum was frequent, and that it was important to provide alternative support when they did not ultimately diagnose autism.
Variation in disease in children according to immigrant background
Authors: Kjøllesdal Marte , Labberton Angela S. , Reneflot Anne , Hauge Lars J. , Qureshi Samera , Surén Pål
Published: September 2021

Background:

A growing proportion of children born in Europe are born to immigrant parents. Knowledge about their health is essential for preventive and curative medicine and health services planning.

Objective:

To investigate differences in diagnoses given in secondary and tertiary healthcare between Norwegian-born children to immigrant and non-immigrant parents.

Methods:

Data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, the Norwegian Patient Registry and Statistics Norway were linked by the national personal identification number. The study population included children born in Norway aged 0–10 years between 2008 and 2018 ( N=1,015,267). Diagnostic categories from three main domains of physical health, given in secondary or tertiary care; infections, non-infectious medical conditions and non-infectious neurological conditions were included from 2008 onwards. Hazards of diagnoses by immigrant background were assessed by Cox regressions adjusted for sex and birth year.

Results:

Children of immigrants generally had higher hazards than children with Norwegian background of some types of infections, obesity, nutrition-related disorders, skin diseases, blood disease and genital disease. Children of immigrants from Africa also had higher hazards of cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular diseases and epilepsy. Conversely, most groups of children of immigrants had lower hazards of acute lower respiratory tract infections, infections of the musculoskeletal system, infections of the central nervous system, diseases of the circulatory system, hearing impairment, immune system disorders, chronic lower respiratory disease and headache conditions.

Conclusions:

Children of immigrants did not present with overall worse health than children without immigrant background, but the distribution of health problems varied between groups.
Designing an education intervention for understanding racism in healthcare in Sweden: development and implementation of anti-racist strategies through shared knowledge production and evaluation
Authors: Bradby Hannah , Hamed Sarah , Thapar-Björkert Suruchi , Ahlberg Beth Maina
Published: September 2021

An educational intervention, based on qualitative evidence of racism in healthcare, is described. Using vignettes from a previous project, interviews were conducted to gather qualitative evidence of racism in healthcare settings from a wide range of healthcare staff in Sweden. From this interview material, case studies were devised that were subsequently presented to trainee healthcare professionals, in a seminar discussion. After the seminar, trainees responded to reflective questions. The order of work, as well as the materials used, are described. This intervention was successful in facilitating discussion about racism in an educational context, despite the difficult nature of these conversations for some participants.
Rapidly deploying a COVID-19 decision support system in one of the largest Brazilian hospitals
Authors: Carmo Diedre , Campiotti Israel , Rodrigues Lívia , Fantini Irene , Pinheiro Gustavo , Moraes Daniel , Nogueira Rodrigo , Rittner Leticia , Lotufo Roberto
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic generated research interest in automated models to perform classification and segmentation from medical imaging of COVID-19 patients, However, applications in real-world scenarios are still needed. We describe the development and deployment of COVID-19 decision support and segmentation system. A partnership with a Brazilian radiologist consortium, gave us access to 1000s of labeled computed tomography (CT) and X-ray images from São Paulo Hospitals. The system used EfficientNet and EfficientDet networks, state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks for natural images classification and segmentation, in a real-time scalable scenario in communication with a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Additionally, the system could reject non-related images, using header analysis and classifiers. We achieved CT and X-ray classification accuracies of 0.94 and 0.98, respectively, and Dice coefficient for lung and covid findings segmentations of 0.98 and 0.73, respectively. The median response time was 7 s for X-ray and 4 min for CT.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Goal-Focused Emotion-Regulation Therapy for Young Adult Survivors of Testicular Cancer: Effects on Salivary and Inflammatory Stress Markers
Authors: Hoyt Michael A. , Wang Ashley W. , Breen Elizabeth C. , Nelson Christian J.
Published: September 2021

Despite the substantial adverse psychological impact of testicular cancer, few interventions have sought to improve psychosocial functioning and stress-related biomarkers in young adult survivors. Goal-focused Emotion-regulation Therapy (GET) is designed to improve distress symptoms, emotion regulation, and goal navigation skills, which would be expected to improve regulation of stress-sensitive biomarkers. The aim was to examine the effects of GET versus an active control intervention on salivary stress and circulating inflammatory markers in young adult survivors of testicular cancer. Young adult men with testicular cancer ( N = 44) who had undergone chemotherapy within the last 2 years were randomized to GET or individual supportive therapy (ISP) delivered over 8 weeks. Saliva samples were collected for 2 consecutive days at baseline and post-intervention (awakening, 8 hr later, bedtime) to measure diurnal rhythm. Circulating plasma levels of CRP, IL-6, IL-1ra, TNFαRII, and VEGF were measured at baseline and post-intervention. Regression modeling demonstrated a significant group effect on daily output of salivary cortisol (area under the curve) (β = −57, p < .05), with cortisol output decreasing from baseline to post-intervention for those receiving GET (Cohen’s d = 0.45). There were no significant intervention effects in salivary alpha-amylase. Plasma levels of IL-1ra were significantly lower post-intervention in GET compared to ISP; no other significant plasma effects were observed. GET, an intervention designed to promote goal-related and emotion-focused self-regulation, has potential to mitigate stress-related processes and inflammation in this young adult survivor group. More research is needed to determine efficacy.
Research on associated motion simulation method and platform of control rod driving mechanism
Authors: Sun Hongbiao , Li Wenqiang , Yu Tianda , Liu Yanting , Zhang Zhiqiang
Published: September 2021

The motion simulation analysis of the control rod drive mechanism is a typical multi-disciplinary cross-coupling problem covering electromagnetic field, flow field, and dynamic field. Ensuring effective simulation accuracy is an important advance for accurately predicting the reliability of nuclear reactors. In this paper, a multi-disciplinary co-simulation method is proposed based on time unit differentiation, which solves the coupling problem of parameters by micro-element thought. It can avoid affecting the accuracy of simulation results due to the inequality of multi-disciplinary parameters in the co-simulation process. This paper takes the nuclear reactor control rod drive mechanism as the verification object. The multi-disciplinary co-simulation platform in Isight is built based on the co-simulation method. By differentiating the overall process of multidisciplinary co-simulation according to time unit and using the same simulation time interval for each discipline, the Newmark method is used to determine the minimum simulation time integration step of each discipline. The multi-field co-simulation is carried out including electromagnetic field, flow field, gravitational field, and motion field of the driving mechanism in the working process. Through comparison with the actual measurement results, the simulation results have an error within 5%, which is better than existing motion simulation results of driving mechanism.
Semantic feedback processing mechanism of the enactment effect: Evidence from event-related potentials
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Yu Zhanyu , Ren Zhi , Ma Jialin
Published: September 2021

The enactment effect refers to a phenomenon in which the memory performance for action phrases is enhanced by performing the described action (e.g., sharpen a pencil) compared with simply reading the action phrase. This produced effect can result in improved motor processing. This study investigated the contribution of semantic integration to the enactment effect by contrasting well-integrated phrases, such as “blow up the balloon,” with poorly integrated phrases, such as “sew the toothpick,” and analysing the N400 component of event-related potentials (ERPs). The subjects encoded action phrases with different degrees of semantic integration by either pretending to perform or reading action phrases. They then completed a phrase recognition test, while electroencephalographic signals were simultaneously recorded. The behavioural results showed that semantic integration improved memory performance under the motor encoding condition but not under the verbal encoding condition. The ERP results revealed that, regardless of whether it was an old (memorised) or new (distractor) phrase, a larger N400 component was elicited under the motor encoding condition than under the verbal encoding condition. In the motor encoding condition, poorly integrated phrases elicited a larger N400 component than well-integrated phrases; in the verbal encoding condition, this effect was not observed. The N400 effect associated with semantic processing was enhanced by semantic integration under the motor encoding condition rather than the verbal encoding condition. These results supported a deep semantic processing mechanism under the motor encoding condition, and a semantic feedback processing mechanism for the enactment effect was partially supported.
Individual word activation and word frequency effects during the processing of opaque idiomatic expressions
Authors: Hubers Ferdy , Cucchiarini Catia , Strik Helmer , Dijkstra Ton
Published: September 2021

Idiom processing studies have paid considerable attention to the relationship between idiomatic expressions as a whole and their constituent words. Although most research focused on the semantic properties of the constituent words, their orthographic form could also play a role in processing. To test this, we assessed both form and meaning activation of individual words during the processing of opaque idioms. In two primed word naming experiments, Dutch native speakers silently read sentences word by word and then named the last word of the sentence. This target word was embedded in either an idiomatic or a literal context and was expected and correct in this context (COR), semantically related (REL) to the expected word, or unrelated (UNREL) to the expected word. The correct target word in the idiomatic context was always part of an opaque idiom. Faster naming latencies for the idiom-final noun than for the unrelated target in the idiomatic context indicated that the idiom was activated as a whole during processing. In addition, semantic facilitation was observed in the literal context (COR < REL < UNREL), but not in the idiomatic context (COR < REL = UNREL). This is evidence that the idiom-final noun was not activated at the meaning level of representation. However, an inhibitory effect of orthographic word frequency of the idiom-final noun indicated that the idiom-final noun was activated at the form level. These results provide evidence in favour of a hybrid model of idiom processing in which the individual words and the idiom as a whole interact on form and meaning levels of representation.
Timbral perception is influenced by unconscious presentation of hands playing musical instruments
Authors: Doi Hirokazu , Yamaguchi Kazuki , Sugisaki Shoma
Published: September 2021

Timbre is an integral dimension of musical sound quality, and people accumulate knowledge about timbre of sounds generated by various musical instruments throughout their life. Recent studies have proposed the possibility that musical sound is crossmodally integrated with visual information related to the sound. However, little is known about the influence of visual information on musical timbre perception. The present study investigated the automaticity of crossmodal integration between musical timbre and visual image of hands playing musical instruments. In the experiment, an image of hands playing piano or violin, or a control scrambled image was presented to participants unconsciously. Simultaneously, participants heard intermediate sounds synthesised by morphing piano and violin sounds with the same note. The participants answered whether the musical tone sounded like piano or violin. The results revealed that participants were more likely to perceive violin sound when an image of a violin was presented unconsciously than when playing piano was presented. This finding indicates that timbral perception of musical sound is influenced by visual information of musical performance without conscious awareness, supporting the automaticity of crossmodal integration in musical timbre perception.
Dispositional and situational predictors of coping with violated achievement expectations
Authors: Henss Larissa , Pinquart Martin
Published: September 2021

Most students experience expectation violations during their academic career, such as unexpected failed tests. However, contradictory evidence does not always result in expectation change (accommodation). Expectations often persist through stronger efforts to fulfil the expectation (assimilation) or ignoring the discrepancy (immunisation). Our study addresses possible situational and dispositional predictors that may be decisive influences on the use of the three coping strategies. We conducted an experimental study with n = 439 students who experienced an expectation violation in an achievement test. Dispositional coping tendencies, valence of expectation violation, and the interaction of valence and degree of expectation violation were found to predict situational coping. Furthermore, higher need for cognitive closure predicted stronger accommodation, and a large degree of expectation violation predicted stronger immunisation. Thus, our study provides initial evidence on which situational and dispositional factors predict coping with expectation violations in an educational context. Expectation violation in a performance context mainly resulted in stronger efforts to protect positive achievement expectations.
Emotion perception bias associated with the hijab in Austrian and Turkish participants
Authors: Korb Sebastian , Deniz Tugba Ceren , Ünal Bengi , Clarke Alasdair , Silani Giorgia
Published: September 2021

In a cross-cultural study, we investigated the link between explicit attitudes towards the hijab and implicit measures of cultural and religious bias during the recognition of emotions. Participants tested in Austria ( N = 71) and in Turkey ( N = 70) reported their attitude towards the hijab, and categorised in a mousetracker task happy and sad faces of women, shown with five levels of intensity, and framed either by a hijab or by an oval-shaped mask. The two samples did not differ in their explicit attitudes towards the hijab. However, negative attitude towards the hijab predicted greater sadness attribution to happy faces with the hijab in Austrian participants. Unrelated to their explicit attitudes, Turkish participants attributed more sadness to happy faces with than without the hijab. Results suggest that the sight of the hijab activated, in both Austrian and Turkish participants, implicit biases resulting in associations with sadness and negative emotions.
A health political science for health promotion
Authors: de Leeuw Evelyne , Harris Patrick , Kim Jinhee , Yashadhana Aryati
Published: September 2021

If health promotion as a field of change for human and ecological health is to maintain its urgency, it needs to continue building its policy credentials. This paper charts the development of policy as a concern for IUHE/IUHPE (International Union for Health Education/International Union for Health Promotion and Education) from the mid-1970s when ‘health education policies’ were prominent issues, to the launch of Healthy Public Policy (in the 1980s) and Health in All Policy (in the 2000s). We argue that solid conceptual and theoretical foundations exist to frame and develop the relevance and connectedness of health promotion more prominently. We start off with a brief introduction into (health) political science, and then illustrate the urgency of the argument with three case studies. The first takes a critical realist perspective on ‘closing the gap’ in Australian Indigenous populations. With recent evidence it demonstrates that the core of the policymaking process needs to re-align itself with an Indigenous narrative. The second case study reviews the politics of healthy urban planning and health equity in cities. Taking a critical theory institutionalist view, the case describes how the political and narrative parallels between urban theory and health equity have gone underexplored. With an explicit gaze to connect the two, the field could become a large and influential driver of enhanced health promotion and public health policy. The third case describes the languages, policy frames, and distinctions, in four urban/health paradigms. It shows that unconscious policy and practice bias exists in policy priorities and processes. We conclude with observations and recommendations on the role of health promotion as a conceptual realm and field of activity. We show that all health promoters should be aware of the political nature of their enterprise. Tools and analyses exist to help further action.
Understanding the landscape and propagation of COVID-19 misinformation and its correction on Sina Weibo
Authors: Yang Qinghua , Luo Zhifan , Li Muyang , Liu Jiangmeng
Published: September 2021

The prevalence of health misinformation on social media could significantly influence individuals’ health behaviors. To examine the prevalent topics, propagation, and correction of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) misinformation, automated content analyses were conducted for posts on Sina Weibo, which is China’s largest microblogging site. In total, 177,816 posts related to COVID-19 misinformation during the COVID-19 outbreak in China were analyzed. The structural topic modeling identified 23 valid topics regarding COVID-19 misinformation and its correction, which were further categorized into three general themes. Sentiment analysis was conducted to generate positive and negative sentiment scores for each post. The zero-inflated Poisson model indicated that only the negative sentiment was a significant predictor of the number of comments (β = 0.003, p < 0.001) but not reposts. Furthermore, users are more prone to repost and comment on information regarding prevention/treatment (e.g., traditional Chinese medicine preventing COVID) as well as potential threats of COVID-19 (e.g., COVID-19 was defined as an epidemic by World Health Organization). Health education and promotion implications are discussed.
The efficacy of immunonutrition in improving tolerance to chemoradiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer, receiving nutritional counseling: study protocol of a randomized, open-label, parallel group, bicentric pilot study
Authors: Caccialanza Riccardo , Cereda Emanuele , Klersy Catherine , Nardi Mariateresa , Masi Sara , Crotti Silvia , Cappello Silvia , Caissutti Valentina , Brovia Carlotta , Lobascio Federica , Formisano Elena , Colombo Sara , Filippi Andrea Riccardo , Bonzano Elisabetta , Comoli Patrizia , Catenacci Laura , Alberti Andrea , Musella Valeria , Ferrari Alessandra , Imarisio Ilaria , Tancredi Richard , Monaco Teresa , Ghi Maria Grazia , Bossi Paolo , Pedrazzoli Paolo
Published: September 2021

Background:

Nutritional support, including nutritional counseling and oral nutritional supplements (ONSs), has been recommended at the earliest opportunity in head and neck (H&N) cancer patients. The limited available evidence on the efficacy of immunonutrition during chemoradiotherapy (CT-RT) in H&N cancer patients is positive with regard to some secondary endpoints, but is still scanty, particularly with regard to toxicity and treatment tolerance. We hypothesize that early systematic provision of ONSs with a high-protein–high-calorie mixture containing immunonutrients (Impact) compared to standard high-calorie–high-protein nutritional blends, in addition to nutritional counseling, may be beneficial to patients with H&N cancer during CT-RT. Hence, we designed the present study to evaluate the efficacy, in terms of treatment tolerance, toxicity and response, body weight, body composition, protein-calorie intake, quality of life (QoL), fatigue, muscle strength and immunological profile of the early systematic provision of ONSs enriched in immunonutrients compared to isonitrogenous standard blends, in H&N cancer patients undergoing CT-RT.

Methods:

This is a pragmatic, bicentric, randomized (1:1), parallel-group, open label, controlled, pilot clinical trial.

Discussion:

Many efforts are still to be taken to improve the efficacy of nutritional support in oncology. Immunonutrition represents a promising approach also in H&N cancer patients, but the evidence on its efficacy in improving clinical outcomes during CT-RT is still inconclusive. The present pilot study, which guarantees the early provision of nutritional assessment and support to all the enrolled patients in accordance with the recent guidelines and recommendations, could represent one of the first proofs of the clinical effectiveness of early oral immunonutrition in cancer patients undergoing CT-RT and could stimulate further large randomized trials, potentially resulting in the improvement of supportive care quality.

Trial registration:

This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04611113.
New approaches to first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: George Daniel J. , Lee Chung-Han , Heng Daniel
Published: September 2021

The treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is evolving rapidly, with promising new regimens being developed and approved for patients with advanced disease, particularly the combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Within the last 6 months, favorable first-line setting results for patients with clear cell RCC have been reported for the combination of cabozantinib plus nivolumab in the phase III CheckMate 9ER study, leading to its regulatory approval, and lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in the phase III CLEAR study. Additional systemic first-line treatments for clear cell RCC include axitinib plus pembrolizumab, pazopanib, and sunitinib for favorable-risk patients and ipilimumab plus nivolumab, axitinib plus pembrolizumab, axitinib plus avelumab, and cabozantinib for intermediate- or poor-risk patients. In this review of novel approaches for first-line treatment of advanced RCC, we present an overview of current treatment strategies, the basis behind emerging treatment approaches, a summary of key results from the pivotal studies using tyrosine kinase inhibitor and immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy, novel treatments and strategies under development, and efforts for identifying biomarkers to guide treatment decisions.
Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with complications: implications for management
Authors: Lan Fen , Zhu Chen , Jin Rui , Zhou Lingxiao , Hu Yue , Zhao Jianping , Xu Shuyun , Xia Yang , Li Wen
Published: September 2021

Background:

A novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused outbreaks worldwide, and the number of cases is rapidly increasing through human-to-human transmission. Because of the greater transmission capacity and possible subsequent multi-organ damage caused by the virus, it is crucial to understand precisely and manage COVID-19 patients. However, the underlying differences in the clinical features of COVID-19 with and without comorbidities are not fully understood.

Aim:

The objective of this study was to identify the clinical features of COVID-19 patients with and without complications to guide treatment and predict the prognosis.

Method:

We collected the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with and without different complications, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Next, we performed a baseline comparison of each index and traced the dynamic changes in these factors during hospitalization to explore the potential associations.

Result:

A clinical index of differential expression was used for the regression to select top-ranking factors. The top-ranking clinical characteristics varied in each subgroup, such as indices of liver function, renal function and inflammatory markers. Among them, the indices of renal function were highly ranked in all subgroups and displayed significant differences during hospitalization.

Conclusion:

Organ functions of COVID-19 patients, particularly renal function, should be cautiously taken care of during management and might be a crucial factor for a poor prognosis of these patients with complications.