bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective growth of tungsten oxide nanowires via a vapor-solid process
Authors: Zhang Haitao , Xu Terry T. , Tang Mingzheng , Her Tsing-hua , Li Shu-you
Published: March 2010

Selective growth of tungsten oxide nanowires has been achieved using a vapor-solid (VS) process without the assistance of any catalysts. To achieve selective growth, low vapor supersaturation was employed to suppress the spontaneous nucleation of tungsten oxide during the VS process, and patterned tungsten coating was introduced to provide seed nuclei, which promotes the growth of tungsten oxide nanowires and control their growth sites. Patterned tungsten oxide nanowire arrays have been fabricated using simple patterning methods, such as shadow mask and laser-induced nanograting growth. The effects of the source heating temperature and the growth temperature on the nanowire growth have been investigated, showing the morphology of tungsten oxide deposition was sensitive to the vapor supersaturation controlled by both temperatures.
Effect of carbon contamination on the printing performance of extreme ultraviolet masks
Authors: Fan Yu-Jen , Yankulin Leonid , Antohe Alin , Thomas Petros , Mbanaso Chimaobi , Garg Rashi , Wang Yunfei , Wüest Andrea , Goodwin Frank , Huh Sungmin , Naulleau Patrick , Goldberg Kenneth , Mochi Iacopo , Denbeaux Gregory
Published: March 2010

Carbon contamination is a significant issue with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks because it lowers throughput and has potential effects on imaging performance. Current carbon contamination research is primarily focused on the lifetime of the multilayer surfaces, determined by reflectivity loss and reduced throughput in EUV exposure tools. However, contamination on patterned EUV masks can cause additional effects on absorbing features and can affect the printed images. In this work, various carbon contamination experiments were performed to study the impact between contamination topography and observed imaging performance. Lithographic simulation using calculated aerial images and experimentally determined resist parameters was performed and compared to the printing results to estimate the allowed carbon thickness with critical dimension compensation applied to the mask.
Primitive models of patchy colloidal particles. A review
Authors: Sciortino Francesco
Published: March 2010

In this article I will review some recent studies of the phase behavior and of the self-assembly of patchy colloidal particles. These studies have been based on simple primitive models for colloid–colloid interactions, effectively extending to soft matter the seminal work of I. Nezbeda on associated fluids. I will discuss the possibilities offered by the study of the self-assembly of particles with limited valence in deepening our understanding of the onset of the liquid state, of the differences between gels and glasses and of the possible connection between physical and chemical gels. A review with 55 references.
Brain microbleeds
Authors: Cordonnier Charlotte
Published: March 2010

Brain microbleeds are small dot-like lesions appearing as hyposignal on gradient echo T2* MR sequences. They represent microscopic areas of old haemosiderin deposits. They are frequent in the setting of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease and also in older healthy people, suggesting a link with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Their use as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers remains uncertain. More recently, they have been highlighted as a potential key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, connecting the main pathological contributors of amyloid accumulation and cerebrovascular damage. The increasing use of MRI in clinical practice and research has brought brain microbleeds very much to our attention, raising many clinical dilemmas, such as—what do they mean? Should I treat a patient with antithrombotic drugs or thrombolysis? And many others.
The neurofibromatoses
Authors: Ferner Rosalie E
Published: March 2010

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) are inherited autosomal dominant disorders that have a significant impact on the nervous system and predispose to tumour formation. The current nomenclature makes NF1 and NF2 awkward bedfellows because they are clinically and genetically separate disorders. Neurofibromas are characteristic of NF1, a common condition with major skin involvement and many clinical complications. By contrast, schwannomas are the distinctive lesions in NF2, cutaneous signs are less prominent in this rarer disorder and clinical manifestations are largely restricted to the nervous system and eye. The current aim of neurofibromatosis specialists is to provide cohesive standards of care for everyone with neurofibromatosis and to devise standardised protocols for assessment and management within a multidisciplinary setting.
Use of Hatchery Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Presmolts to Rebuild Wild Populations in Oregon Coastal Streams
Authors: Nickelson Thomas E. , Solazzi Mario F. , Johnson Steven L.
Published: March 2010

We evaluated the effectiveness of using hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) presmolts to rebuild wild populations in Oregon coastal streams. Juvenile and adult populations were monitored in 15 stocked and 15 unstocked streams from summer 1980 until summer 1985. During the summers following the planting of presmolts, the number of juveniles per square metre of pool surface area was higher in the stocked streams than in the unstocked streams. However, wild juveniles were significantly less abundant in the stocked streams during the 2 yr when density of wild juveniles was estimated separately from hatchery juveniles. Adult returns to the stocked streams were not significantly different from adult returns to the unstocked streams, but returns tended to be earlier in the stocked streams than in the unstocked streams. Despite similar numbers of adults per kilometre in the stocked streams and unstocked streams in the years the presmolts returned to spawn, the resulting densities of juveniles in the stocked streams were significantly lower than the densities of juveniles in the unstocked streams. We concluded that the early time of spawning of the hatchery coho salmon was largely responsible for their failure to rebuild the populations in the streams stocked with presmolts.
Conductivity–Temperature Standardization and Dissolved Solids Estimation in a Meromictic Saline Lake
Authors: Hall Kenneth J. , Northcote Thomas G.
Published: March 2010

Studies on seasonal changes in micro-stratification in meromictic Mahoney Lake required investigation of appropriate temperature–conductivity (T–C) adjustments and conductivity – dissolved solids relationships. In situ conductivity measurements were adjusted to 25 °C using a series of T–C relationships determined in the laboratory for Mahoney Lake water collected from different depths and at different times. Comparisons were made between conductivity determined from in situ measurements, conductivity in diluted water, and chemical analysis. Conductivity measurements were evaluated as estimates of the dissolved solids content of the water. T–C relationships were found to change considerably with depth and season in salt-stratified lakes, and errors as high as 15% could occur in Mahoney Lake unless several T–C plots were used to adjust field conductivity measurements to a constant temperature. Corrected in situ measurements underestimated conductivity as determined from the chemical composition. Diluted conductivity provided a more consistent estimate of dissolved solids content by eliminating most effects of ion–ion interactions upon ion mobility.
Adaptive Divergence of Trophic Phenotype among Freshwater Populations of the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Lavin P. A. , McPhail J. D.
Published: March 2010

We investigated differences in the morphological and behavioural contributions to foraging success among three morphotypes (open-water, littoral, and intermediate) of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from a single drainage system on Vancouver Island. Stomach contents from wild samples showed diet to be dependent on morphotype. Interpopulation differences in trophic morphology were associated with differences in foraging success on given prey types. The longer jaw of the bottom-browsing littoral morphotype allowed it to ingest significantly larger prey then either the intermediate or open-water populations. In addition, the littoral type spent less time manipulating benthic prey then either the open-water or intermediate morphotype. The latter observation is independent of interpopulation differences in jaw length. Both the planktivorous open-water morphotype and intermediate morphotypes were superior foragers in experiments on water column prey. The differences in water column foraging success are associated with interpopulation differences in gill raker morphology. Our results support the conclusion that inter population divergence in trophic phenotype is an adaptive response to differences in the primary trophic resources available in lakes of different morphometry.
Seasonal Dynamics of Phosphorus Partitioning and Export in Two Streams in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Munn Nancy , Prepas Ellie
Published: March 2010

In 1983, phosphorus (P) export was quantified for two streams in Alberta, Canada. The influence of changes in discharge on P concentration and partitioning was examined on an annual and seasonal basis and these data were used to develop empirical models to predict P concentrations. Phosphorus export peaked during summer storms; 68% of annual total P loading was transported during 12 d in early summer. Phosphorus increases were larger during storms in early summer than during storms in late summer. Annual total P exports were 7.5 and 13.0 mg/m2 (watershed area) for the two streams, primarily in the fine particulate fraction. The empirical models presented are the first based on detailed data from watersheds with the following characteristics: (1) trees predominantly coniferous, (2) deep glacial till overlying sedimentary bedrock, and (3) climatic regime where most P is exported during summer storms. These results underscore the need for intensive sampling regimes in streams in a variety of regions (especially at high discharge) so factors controlling P levels can be better understood.
Algal Picoplankton from Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Stockner John G. , Antia Naval J.
Published: March 2010

The discovery of minute (0.2–2.0 μm) algal picoplankton in the late 1970's in both marine and freshwater ecosystems has led to a resurgence of research activity throughout the world, addressing questions related to taxonomy, distribution and abundance, physiology and biochemistry, and ecological considerations of their role in aquatic food webs. To many, their discovery provided the "missing link" in the controversial carbon supply–demand question in the world's oceans and gave further credibility to the emerging new paradigm on the importance of microbial food webs in energy transfer and nutrient recycling in aquatic systems. In this essay we provide the first comprehensive multidisciplinary review of phototrophic picoplankton in lake and ocean ecosystems, discussing what is currently known about their occurrence, taxonomy, physiology, and biochemistry and their role in primary production and aquatic food webs.
Existence de populations uricotéliques chez Abra alba et Dreissena polymorpha (Bivalves Eulamellibranches)
Authors: Secchi François , Martoja Micheline
Published: March 2010

The kidney cells of eulamellibranchiate bivalves, Abra alba and Dreissena polymorpha, may contain uric acid concretions, identifiable through cytochemical methods and ultraviolet absorption spectrometry. The precipitation of uric acid and the large number of concretions indicate a uricolytic excretion method, which is independent of the environment and characteristic of certain populations, A genetic dimorphism may exist.
Diel Vertical Migrations and Horizontal Distributions of Limnocalanus macrurus and Senecella calanoides (Copepoda, Calanoida) in Lakes of Southern Ontario in Relation to Planktivorous Fish
Authors: Carter J. C. H. , Goudie K. A.
Published: March 2010

Patterns of diel vertical migration of two copepods, Limnocalanus macrurus and Senecella calanoides, showed marked differences among four lakes in southern Ontario. We hypothesize that diurnal and nocturnal vertical distributions of these two species reflect their vulnerability to planktivorous fish, which may include alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), lake herring (Coregonus artedii), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Horizontal distributions of the two copepods also differed among four lakes: during early summer both species occurred in much shallower waters in lakes with low transparency than in clearer lakes.
Prediction of Angler Success in an Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Fishery Two Fishing Seasons in Advance
Authors: Ryan Patrick M.
Published: March 2010

The number of young Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the spring in two lakes at the headwaters of the Gander River, Newfoundland, was positively correlated (r = 0.99) with the number of smolts in the subsequent seaward migration over a 5-yr period. Angler success (catch per unit effort) in the grilse fishery on the Gander River over a 7-yr period was positively correlated (r = 0.81) with the number of young in the lakes prior to the opening of the angling season of the previous year. Measures of the abundance of young salmon in freshwaters prior to the smolt run can be used to predict the size of the smolt run and allow for compensatory modifications to the adult fishery a year in advance of acticipated low adult returns.
Acoustic Observations of Patterns of Aggregation in Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Their Significance to Production and Catch
Authors: Boudreau Paul R.
Published: March 2010

A dual-beam acoustic system was used to collect detailed information on density and body size over a 24-h period in an area of the Scotian Shelf occupied by a population of large spawning haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). The acoustic sampling showed a persistent gradient of decreasing density with distance from bottom with 50% of the fish < 2.5 m off bottom. Horizontally (scale of hundreds of metres), there was a high degree of local aggregation which changed dramatically over 24 h. Highest aggregation was in daytime, with fish more dispersed throughout the water column at night. The differences in the degree of aggregation with time of day appear to be sufficient to explain diel changes in net catch rates. On larger geographic scales (tens of kilometres), fish density was relatively uniform. Acoustics provide a method for studying the relative importance of aggregation on these various spatial scales to estimates of abundance. Haddock biomass density was also related to organism body size, as has been observed for other species in both aquatic and terrestrial situations, suggesting that haddock population density is determined by trophic interactions similar to those that underlie production of other populations of organisms.
Mapping, Estimating Biomass, and Optimizing Sampling Programs for Spatially Autocorrelated Data: Case Study of the Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis)
Authors: Simard Yvan , Legendre Pierre , Lavoie Gilles , Marcotte Denis
Published: March 2010

The methodology for mapping and for global and cutoff estimation of autocorrelated exploitable resources is presented, based on stationary geostatistical methods. Use and performance of these methods in marine ecology are illustrated with an application to northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) abundance data, collected in 1989 at 137 stations in the western Gulf of St. Lawrence. Nonstationarity of the biomass data, a proportional increase of the local variance with the local mean, and the presence of outliers all violated the stationarity assumption and strongly hindered the modeling of the spatial structure. Cross-validation tests showed that kriging estimates were better when interpolating within very local neighborhoods using a small number of points. Kriging always performed better than polygonal tessellation. A stratification scheme produced better estimations than the whole-region approach using traditional or relative variograms. The spatial organization of the shrimp biomass was composed of a trend superimposed onto mesoscale patches of 30–50 km in diameter. The area under study contained about 22 000 tonnes of northern shrimp; 70% of this biomass was concentrated in less than 30% of its surface. The spatial information is used to derive guidelines for optimizing future sampling programs.
A Paleolimnological Assessment of Acidification and Liming Effects on Diatom Assemblages in a Swedish Lake
Authors: Renberg Ingemar , Hultberg Hans
Published: March 2010

In Sweden, about 6000 lakes have been limed to mitigate acidification. Lysevatten (southwestern Sweden) was limed in 1974 and 1986 and has better historical pH and fish records than most other, similar forest lakes. Historical data were compared with diatom analyses of a sediment core to assess to what extent diatom-inferred pH reflects the known pH history. The diatom-inferred pH history agrees well with the development known from documentary sources, although the sediment record is slightly smoothed. Both the historical and sediment records show that the acidification, with acid episodes that caused severe damage to lake biota, began during the 1940s and became acute in the 1960s, with pH values of 4.5–4.9. Prior to acidification, lake water pH was between 6 and 7, and the lake had a planktonic Cyclotella flora. The liming increased pH to 7.5 and resulted in the expansion of Achnanthes minutissima agg., Cymbella microcephala, and Synedra acus. The reacidification is reflected by a decrease of the abundance of these species. Neither the liming in 1974 nor that in 1986 restored the preacidification diatom flora; there was no recovery of Cyclotella.
Production of Domoic Acid, a Neurotoxic Amino Acid, by an Axenic Culture of the Marine Diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries Hasle
Authors: Douglas Donald J. , Bates Stephen S.
Published: March 2010

A microbially contaminated culture of Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries (clone TKA-2) was treated with gentamicin followed by a combination of penicillin and streptomycin. An axenic culture was successfully isolated as evidenced by sterility tests using four different nutrient enrichment media and examination by epifluorescence microscopy. The isolate had a specific division rate (0.65∙d−1) comparable with that reported for nonaxenic cultures. The axenic culture produced domoic acid (DA) during the lag and stationary phases, when cell division rates were low or zero, but not during exponential growth. Production of DA resumed within 1 d after cell division ceased and reached 0.5 pg DA∙cell−1∙d−1 2–3 d after the onset of the stationary phase. A maximum concentration of 2.0 pg DA∙cell−1 was reached after 6 d in stationary phase. Our results provide the first evidence that N. pungens f. multiseries produces DA in the absence of other microorganisms.
Circannual Cycle of Seawater Adaptability in Oncorhynchus nerka: Genetic Differences between Sympatric Sockeye Salmon and Kokanee
Authors: Foote Chris J. , Wood Chris C. , Clarke W. Craig , Blackburn John
Published: March 2010

Anadromous sockeye salmon and nonanadromous kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawn sympatrically in locations across British Columbia, yet remain genetically distinct. To investigate the possibility that these differences are maintained by selection against hybrids of the two forms owing to differences in seawater adaptability, we raised pure and reciprocal crosses of Shuswap River sockeye and kokanee in controlled hatchery conditions and tested their seawater adaptabilities nine times over 2 yr. Sockeye, kokanee, and reciprocal hybrids all showed a seasonal cycle in their seawater adaptability, which was lowest in midwinter and highest in the spring. However, clear differences were evident among cross-types in the spring of their second year. Sockeye were the first to show increased seawater adaptabilities, hybrid groups next, and kokanee last. The observed differences could not be attributed to tank effects, or to differences in size, sex, or state of maturity.
Systemic and Enzymatic Responses to Endurance Training in Two Cyprinid Species with Different Life Styles (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Hinterleitner S. , Huber M. , Lackner R. , Wieser W.
Published: March 2010

Juveniles of the zooplanktivorous Danube bleak (Chalcalburnus chalcoides mento) and of the benthivorous nase (Chondrostoma nasus) were subjected to an endurance training regime for 81–90 d. Growth performance was better in trained than in untrained Danube bleak but not in nase. Mass specific heart size was significantly greater in trained than in untrained C. nasus, but no difference was found in C. chalcoides. The size of muscle fibres increased with training in both species; in nase the red and pink fibres and in Danube bleak the red and white fibres exhibited the most conspicuous response. Mass specific activities of the enzymes of energy metabolism were generally not affected by training, but in the white fibres of C. chalcoides, three glycolytic enzymes displayed a parallel trend indicating an increase of the glycolytic potential with training of about 25%. Since the Danube bleak maintains an irregular, burst-like mode of swimming even under the endurance training regime, we assume the lactate produced intermittently in the white muscles to be oxidized in the heart and the red muscles. The activities of three glycolytic heart enzymes were up to 25-fold higher in C. chalcoides than in C. nasus.
A Skeletal Deformity of Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Related to Pulp Mill Effluents
Authors: Lindesjöö Eric , Thulin Jan
Published: March 2010

Increased prevalences of a skeletal deformity affecting the skull of northern pike (Esox lucius) were related to three pulp mills in the Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden. At one mill the later disappearance of the disease, from an original prevalence of 35%, coincided with a marked improvement of effluent treatment. A typical deformed pike showed distinct upward bending of the jaws. The disease always affected the anterior part of the parasphenoid and the frontal bones. In the most severe cases the nasal, vomer, and medial rostral were also deformed. The degree of deformation was expressed as the ratio between two measurements made on the skull.
HYBRID-BASED MAINTAINABILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR EVOLVING SYSTEMS
Authors: MOHAMED SAMER I. , ELMADDAH ISLAM A. M. , WAHBA AYMAN M.
Published: March 2010

Software maintenance becomes an integral part of software life cycle and constitutes the most important fraction of the total cost of the software lifecycle. Around 50–80 percent of the total lifecycle cost is consumed by maintenance for evolving system [35]. Thus systems with poor maintainability are difficult to modify and require more cost to maintain. This difficulty arises from the impact on the system components where the new requirements/goals will be implemented [9]. These new goals will result in modification of existing components and creation of new components. In this paper, we present the foundations for a new Hybrid-Based Maintainability Impact Analysis (HBMIA) methodology for assessing the impact of the new goals to be selected for implementation on new and existing system components. HBMIA uses not only the system history but it also gets benefit from the experts' experience. HBMIA balances between the system historical data and experts' data based on the system maturity and expert's experience for system components. A case study is performed to demonstrate the added value of the proposed HBMIA.
ENTAILMENT-BASED LINEAR SEGMENTATION IN SUMMARIZATION
Authors: TATAR DOINA , MIHIS ANDREEA , LUPSA DANA , TAMAIANU-MORITA EMMA
Published: March 2010

This paper presents some original methods for text summarization of a single source document by extraction. The methods are based on some of our own text segmentation algorithms. We denote them as logical segmentation because for all these methods (LTT, ArcInt and ArcReal) the score of a sentence is calculated starting from the number of sentences which are entailed by it. For a text (which is a sequence of sentences) the scores form a structure which indicates how the most important sentences alternate with less important ones and organizes the text according to its logical content. The second logical method, Pure Entailment also uses definition of the relation of entailment between two texts. At least to our knowledge, it is for the first time that the relation of Text Entailment between the sentences of a text is used for segmentation and summarization.

The third original method applies Dynamic Programming and centering theory to the sentences logically scored as above. The obtained ranked logical segments are used in the summarization. Our methods of segmentation and summarization are applied and evaluated against a manually realized segmentation and summarization of the same text by Donald Richie, "The Koan".
ONTOLOGY-BASED DOMAIN ENGINEERING FOR TRAJECTORY SIMULATION REUSE
Authors: DURAK UMUT , OǦUZTÜZÜN HALİT , İDER S. KEMAL
Published: March 2010

We apply an ontology based knowledge and software reuse methodology adhering to domain engineering principles. Our domain is trajectory simulation. A trajectory simulation is a piece of software to calculate the flight path and other parameters of a munition, such as its orientation and angular rates, from launch to impact. Trajectory Simulation ONTology (TSONT) has been constructed as part of the domain analysis. Object oriented and function oriented reuse infrastructures have been built based upon TSONT following a model-driven development approach. Use of these infrastructures in simulation development has been demonstrated.
ONTOLOGY-BASED DISTRIBUTED CASE-BASED REASONING IN VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES
Authors: CHEN YUH-JEN , CHEN YUH-MIN , SU YUNG-SHENG , WEN CHIUN-CHENG
Published: March 2010

Given the advent of knowledge-based economies and virtual-enterprise business models, enterprises get the knowledge not only from themselves but also from others. Distributed case-based reasoning systems (DCBRS) play important roles in knowledge-driven virtual enterprises by supporting knowledge sharing.

This study develops a novel mechanism for ontology-based distributed case-based reasoning using ontology and a proposed multistage algorithm to effectively support knowledge sharing within a virtual enterprise environment. Tasks involved in this study are as follows: (i) design an ontology-based distributed case-based reasoning architecture and procedure, (ii) develop techniques related to the ontology-based distributed case-based reasoning, and (iii) implement an ontology-based distributed case-based reasoning mechanism. Developing methods associated with ontology-based distributed case-based reasoning involves the definition and representation of a user query model, definition and representation of a knowledge case model, definition and establishment of knowledge case index structure, and development of a distributed knowledge case retrieval and knowledge case adaptation methods. Study results will facilitate heterogeneous knowledge sharing among enterprises participating in a virtual enterprise.
INNOVATION AS CLUSTERS IN KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE BUSINESS SERVICES: TAKING ICT SERVICES IN SHANGHAI AND BAVARIA AS AN EXAMPLE
Authors: ZHAO YAN , ZHOU WEN , HUESIG STEFAN
Published: March 2010

Due to the quick advancement of science and technology, the services sector which has a high content of knowledge and technology has experienced globally expeditious development in the past decade. Development in general and the growth of Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) such as Information and Communication Technology services (ICT services) in particular are at the core of the major trends that are restructuring the economic landscape of not only German but also Chinese economies.

In Germany, in the new era of service economy, more emphases are put on KIBS instead of the traditional giant clusters of steel manufacturing and auto manufacturing. Especially in Bavaria, high technology clusters are prospering. The ICT services in Bavaria accounts for 40% of all software companies in Germany. A lot of ICT services clusters can be found, including IT Speicher, FIWM, BICC-NET, etc. Similar cases can be found in Shanghai, where a number of government driving as well as market pulling ICT services cluster are also coming into being.

Previous empirical evidence shows an asymmetric bipolarity in the location behavior of KIBS. There is a general predominance of low concentration due to equal diffusion of these services in many regions, and a high concentration in some regions located at the top of the spatial hierarchy, particularly capital cities.

The current exploratory research, drawing upon cluster theory and network theory, aims at discovering the cluster features both from the perspective of the company executives in the cluster. Using the data collected through interviews and questionnaire surveys from company managers, incorporated with current theoretical framework and, through integration and analysis, important features of the cluster such as network mechanism are calculated both in Bavaria and Shanghai. We check the supply side as well as the demand side of the reasons why clusters are formulated in the first place, and they both have a positive effect on the network mechanism of the cluster. The network mechanism has a positive effect on innovation performance of the ICT service companies. The reasons are also discussed. Suggestions are provided for policy making about the KIBS cluster forming for both regions and the cooperation in these fields, especially in terms of service outsourcing relationship. Valuable implications for deciding the location for a KIBS company on the firm level are also provided.
THE NATURE OF R&D-MARKETING INTEGRATION IN CHINESE HIGH-TECH COMPANIES
Authors: PERKS HELEN , KAHN KENNETH B. , ZHANG CONG
Published: March 2010

This study offers continued insight into R&D-marketing integration with particular attention to the Chinese context. Examining the responses of 200 Chinese R&D and marketing managers, an exploratory investigation of marketing and R&D integration in Chinese high technology firms was undertaken. Study results find that Chinese high technology firms with higher levels of achieved integration perform better. It was also found that R&D involvement in screening new product ideas, designing communication strategies for the customers of new products, training users of new products and analysing customer needs appear to be top priorities for R&D integration in Chinese companies. These and other results are compared to prior findings in US and Japanese samples to support general propositions for R&D-marketing integration. We offer explanations for the results and discuss theoretical development of the R&D-marketing integration construct. Future research considerations are presented to spur continued focus in this area.
GATEKEEPERS, KNOWLEDGE BROKERS AND INTER-FIRM KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN BEIJING'S ZHONGGUANCUN SCIENCE PARK
Authors: RAMIREZ MATIAS , DICKENSON PETER
Published: March 2010

An important part of industrial policy in China has been directed towards improving the degree and effectiveness of knowledge transfer between key firms in China's innovation system. Amongst these policies, the creation of regional science parks that encourage labour mobility and inter-firm collaboration on innovation projects have been central. Learning through inter-firm knowledge transfer focuses the attention on at least two key factors, improving absorptive capability (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990), which relies on the development of specialised skills in the firm and the establishment of inter-organisational networks through which knowledge is transferred.

This paper contributes to this analysis through a detailed study of the relationship between learning and knowledge transfer of knowledge workers working on innovation projects in Chinese ICT companies located in Beijing's Zhongguancun (ZGC) high-technology park. A major advantage of analysing knowledge transfer through the activities of R'D employees is that it highlights the process by which specific competencies and network relations are built. A skills profile of R&D employees is developed that, amongst other features, includes three different networks Chinese knowledge workers use to access and share knowledge: formal organisational networks, personal networks and scanning networks. Empirical data based on two unique surveys in China of senior R&D managers and R&D employees was collected and analysed. This suggests that a skills profile combining knowledge within and outside of the company and scanning activity positively impact both the innovation projects and the labour market position of the knowledge workers. Policy recommendations in terms of training and development in R&D follow.
Slow Down and Survive: Enigmatic Immunoregulation by BTLA and HVEM
Authors: Murphy Theresa L. , Murphy Kenneth M.
Published: March 2010

B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA) is an Ig domain superfamily protein with cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. Its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), is a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member. The unique interaction between BTLA and HVEM allows for a system of bidirectional signaling that must be appropriately regulated to balance the outcome of the immune response. HVEM engagement of BTLA produces inhibitory signals through SH2 domain–containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (Shp-1) and Shp-2 association, whereas BTLA engagement of HVEM produces proinflammatory signals via activation of NF-κB. The BTLA-HVEM interaction is intriguing and quite complex given that HVEM has four other ligands that also influence immune responses, the conventional TNF ligand LIGHT and lymphotoxin α, as well as herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked Ig domain protein CD160. BTLA-HVEM interactions have been shown to regulate responses in several pathogen and autoimmune settings, but our understanding of this complex system of interactions is certainly incomplete. Recent findings of spontaneous inflammation in BTLA-deficient mice may provide an important clue.
Early Events in B Cell Activation
Authors: Harwood Naomi E. , Batista Facundo D.
Published: March 2010

B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor (BCR) with antigen and ultimately results in the production of protective antibodies against potentially pathogenic invaders. Here we review recent literature concerned with the spatiotemporal dynamic characterization of the early molecular events of B cell activation, including the initiation of BCR triggering, the formation of BCR microclusters, and the dynamic regulation of BCR signaling. Because these events involve the considerable reorganization of molecules within the membrane, an important role for the cytoskeleton is emerging in the regulation of B cell activation. At each stage we highlight the role of the cytoskeleton, establishing its pivotal position during the initiation and regulation of B cell activation.
From Allergen Genes to Allergy Vaccines
Authors: Valenta Rudolf , Ferreira Fatima , Focke-Tejkl Margarete , Linhart Birgit , Niederberger Verena , Swoboda Ines , Vrtala Susanne
Published: March 2010

IgE-mediated allergy is a hypersensitivity disease affecting more than 25% of the population. The structures of the most common allergens have been revealed through molecular cloning technology in the past two decades. On the basis of this knowledge of the sequences and three-dimensional structures of culprit allergens, investigators can now analyze the immune recognition of allergens and the mechanisms of allergic inflammation in allergic patients. Allergy vaccines have been constructed that are able to selectively target the aberrant immune responses in allergic patients via different pathways of the immune system. Here we review various types of allergy vaccines that have been developed based on allergen structures, results from their clinical application in allergic patients, and future strategies for allergen-specific immunotherapy and allergy prophylaxis.
Functions of Notch Signaling in the Immune System: Consensus and Controversies
Authors: Yuan Julie S. , Kousis Philaretos C. , Suliman Sara , Visan Ioana , Guidos Cynthia J.
Published: March 2010

Mammalian genomes encode up to four Notch receptors (Notch1–4) and five Notch ligands of the DSL (Delta/Serrate/Lag-2) family, and Notch signaling controls a wide spectrum of developmental processes. Intrathymic Notch1 signaling is essential for several distinct aspects of early T cell development. Notch signaling has also been implicated as a key regulator of peripheral T cell activation and effector cell differentiation, but its functions in these processes remain poorly understood. Notch signaling is dispensable for B cell development in the bone marrow, but it is required to generate the innate-like marginal zone B cell subset in the spleen and may also regulate plasma cell functions. Modification of Notch receptors by fringe glycosyltransferases influences many Notch-dependent aspects of hematopoiesis by altering Notch responsiveness to Delta-like versus Jagged DSL ligands. Here we review recent advances in general aspects of Notch signaling, as well as studies probing Notch functions in these immunological processes.
On a Hybrid Method for Generalized Mixed Equilibrium Problem and Fixed Point Problem of a Family of Quasi-"Equation missing" -Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Liu Min , Chang Shih-sen , Zuo Ping
Published: March 2010

We prove a strong convergence theorem by using a hybrid method for finding a common element of the set of solutions for generalized mixed equilibrium problems, the set of fixed points of a family of quasi-"Equation missing"-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in strictly convex reflexive Banach space with the Kadec-Klee property and, a Fréchet differentiable norm under weaker conditions. The method of the proof is different from, S. Takahashi and W. Takahashi that by (2008) and that by Takahashi and Zembayashi (2008) and see references. It also shows that the type of projection used in the iterative method is independent of the properties of the mappings. The results presented in the paper improve and extend some recent results.
Symmetric Positive Solutions for Nonlinear Singular Fourth‐Order Eigenvalue Problems with Nonlocal Boundary Condition
Authors: Xu Fuyi , Liu Jian
Published: March 2010

We investigate nonlinear singular fourth‐order eigenvalue problems with nonlocal boundary condition u(4)(t) − λh(t)f(t, u, u′′) = 0, 0 < t < 1, , , where a, b ∈ L1[0,1], λ > 0, h may be singular at t = 0 and/or 1. Moreover f(t, x, y) may also have singularity at x = 0 and/or y = 0. By using fixed point theory in cones, an explicit interval for λ is derived such that for any λ in this interval, the existence of at least one symmetric positive solution to the boundary value problem is guaranteed. Our results extend and improve many known results including singular and nonsingular cases. The associated Green′s function for the above problem is also given.
Gait Analysis before and after Gastrocnemius Fascia Lengthening for Spastic Equinus Foot Deformity in a 10-Year-Old Diplegic Child
Authors: Galli Manuela , Cimolin Veronica , Santambrogio Giorgio Cesare , Crivellini Marcello , Albertini Giorgio
Published: March 2010

Purpose. This case study quantified kinematic and kinetic effects of gastrocnemius lengthening on gait in a Cerebral Palsy child with equinus foot.Methods. A 10-year-old diplegic child with Cerebral Palsy was evaluated with Gait Analysis (GA) before and after gastrocnemius fascia lengthening, investigating the lower limb joints kinematics and kinetics.Results. Kinematics improved at the level of distal joints, which are directly associated to gastrocnemius, and also at the proximal joint (like hip); improvements were found in ankle kinetics, too.Conclusions. This case study highlighted that GA was effective not only to quantify the results of the treatment but also to help preoperative decision making in dealing with CP child.
Autonomous Observations in Antarctica with AMICA
Authors: Di Rico Gianluca , Ragni Maurizio , Dolci Mauro , Straniero Oscar , Valentini Angelo , Valentini Gaetano , Di Cianno Amico , Giuliani Croce , Magrin Demetrio , Bonoli Carlotta , Bortoletto Favio , D′Alessandro Maurizio , Corcione Leonardo , Riva Alberto
Published: March 2010

The Antarctic Multiband Infrared Camera (AMICA) is a double channel camera operating in the 2–28 μm infrared domain (KLMNQ bands) that will allow to characterize and exploit the exceptional advantages for Astronomy, expected from Dome C in Antarctica. The development of the camera control system is at its final stage. After the investigation of appropriate solutions against the critical environment, a reliable instrumentation has been developed. It is currently being integrated and tested to ensure the correct execution of automatic operations. Once it will be mounted on the International Robotic Antarctic Infrared Telescope (IRAIT), AMICA and its equipment will contribute to the accomplishment of a fully autonomous observatory.
Inflammatory Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Human and Murine Adipose Tissue
Authors: Poulain-Godefroy Odile , Le Bacquer Olivier , Plancq Pauline , Lecœur Cécile , Pattou François , Frühbeck Gema , Froguel Philippe
Published: March 2010

It was recently demonstrated that TLR4 activation via dietary lipids triggers inflammatory pathway and alters insulin responsiveness in the fat tissue during obesity. Here, we question whether other TLR family members could participate in the TLR-mediated inflammatory processes occurring in the obese adipose tissue. We thus studied the expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 in adipose tissue. These receptors are expressed in omental and subcutaneous human fat tissue, the expression being higher in the omental tissue, independently of the metabolic status of the subject. We demonstrated a correlation of TLRs expression within and between each depot suggesting a coregulation. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells stimulated with Pam3CSK4 induced the expression of some proinflammatory markers. Therefore, beside TLR4, other toll-like receptors are differentially expressed in human fat tissue, and functional in an adipocyte cell line, suggesting that they might participate omental adipose tissue-related inflammation that occurs in obesity.
Resident Education in Principles and Technique of Bowel Surgery Using an Ex‐Vivo Porcine Model
Authors: Thomas M. Bijoy , Dandolu V. , Caputo P. , Milner R. , Hernandez E.
Published: March 2010

Objective. improve competency of residents with lysis of adhesion (LOA) and bowel surgery using a porcine model. Study Design. Pig bowel was removed at time of an anatomy laboratory, cleansed, and used to demonstrate surgical techniques and principles of LOA, repair of enterotomy, bowel resection, and anastomosis. Participants were surveyed pre‐ and posttraining session using 10 point Likert scale. Results. Thirty one residents at varying levels of training participated. After the training session, there was a significant improvement noted in mean scores for comfort level with LOA (6.3 versus 7.7, P = .007), comfort level with enterotomy repair (2.8 versus 6.4, P < .0001), understanding principles of LOA (5.0 versus 7.7, P < .0001), understanding principles of enterotomy repair (3.5 versus 7.0, P < .0001), and familiarity with instruments used (5.8 versus 7.3, P = .01). Conclusion. Training sessions using ex‐vivo porcine model improve resident perception of knowledge and comfort with LOA and enterotomy repair.
Material and Doping Dependence of the Nodal and Antinodal Dispersion Renormalizations in Single- and Multilayer Cuprates
Authors: Johnston S. , Lee W. S. , Chen Y. , Nowadnick E. A. , Moritz B. , Shen Z.-X. , Devereaux T. P.
Published: March 2010

We present a review of bosonic renormalization effects on electronic carriers observed from angle-resolved photoemission spectra in the cuprates. Specifically, we discuss the viewpoint that these renormalizations represent coupling of the electrons to the lattice and review how materials dependence, such as the number of CuO2layers, and doping dependence can be understood straightforwardly in terms of several aspects of electron-phonon coupling in layered correlated materials.
Expression Profiles and Clinical Correlations of Degradome Components in the Tumor Microenvironment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Stokes Angela , Joutsa Juho , Ala-aho Risto , Pitchers Mark , Pennington Caroline J. , Martin Craig , Premachandra Don J. , Okada Yasunori , Peltonen Juha , Grénman Reidar , James Helen A. , Edwards Dylan R. , Kähäri Veli-Matti
Published: March 2010

Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are characterized by high morbidity and mortality, largely due to the high invasive and metastatic potential of these tumors, high recurrence rates, and low treatment responses. Proteinases have been implicated in several aspects of tumor growth and metastasis in a broad range of tumors including HNSCC.

Experimental Design: Comprehensive expression profiling of proteinases [matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAMs), and ADAMs with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTSs)] and their inhibitors [tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)] was done using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of a large cohort of tissue samples representing the tumor (n = 83), the invasive margin (n = 41), and the adjacent tissue (n = 41) from 83 HNSCC patients, along with normal tissue controls (n = 13), as well as cell lines established from tumors of 34 HNSCC patients.

Results: The results show specifically elevated gene expression of several proteinases, including MMP1, MMP3, MMP10, and MMP13 within tumor tissue and peritumoral adjacent tissue. In addition, the results identify several novel HNSCC-associated proteinases, including ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAM17, ADAM28, ADAMTS1, ADAMTS8, and ADAMTS15. There were also significant differences in proteinase expression based on clinical parameters, i.e., tumor location, grade, and local invasion. MMP13 expression was significantly higher in large (>4 cm) locally invasive tumors (P < 0.05). MMP9 expression was significantly decreased in tumors with regional metastasis, whereas increased expression of ADAM8 was noted in the metastatic tumors (P < 0.001 for both).

Conclusions: These findings suggest the HNSCC degradome as a valuable source of diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic molecular markers for these malignant tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 16(7); 2022–35. ©2010 AACR.