bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Top-Heavy Economy: Managerial Greed and Unproductive Labor
Authors: Kloby Jerry
Published: December 2008

For the past fifteen years the United States economy has struggled, but the burden of this struggle has not been borne by all. This article examines the economic trends of three separate groups of Americans within an overall "master" trend: the growth of nonproductive labor — particularly the growth of managerial and supervisory occupations. The three groups are the working class, the managerial sector (especially high ranking corporate executives) and capitalists. The research shows that a class divergence has taken place in recent years. Working class incomes have stagnated but managerial sector income is on the rise. Compensation for corporate executives has risen sharply in recent years, and capitalist profits are also surging upward.
The Popular Upsurge in South Africa, 1984-1986
Authors: Murray Martin J.
Published: December 2008

This paper examines the popular revolt in South Africa between 1984 and 1986. We survey the course of this revolt in different regions of South Africa. Special attention is given to the emergence during this period of a more powerful independent black trade union movement. We also consider the nature of the white minority regime and its response to the popular upsurge. Finally, we note the emergence of new forms of popular resistance that point toward a new stage in the struggle against apartheid.
A Report on the Health of the Nicaraguan Revolution
Authors: Robert Pamela , Fitzgerald Frank
Published: December 2008

This report examines the situation of health care in Nicaragua. When the Sandinistas came to power in 1979 they confronted a number of serious health problems bequeathed by the former Somoza regime. As we document, impressive gains were made in health care during the early years of the Sandinista revolution. The U.S.-sponsored aggression against Nicaragua, however, threatens to erode many of these gains.
Corporate Decision-Making: Some New Zealand Survey Evidence
Authors: Murray Georgina , Crothers Charles
Published: December 2008

Using data from a New Zealand survey of top business leaders, we explore the relevance of interview data for illuminating the structures and processes of the capitalist class. We are able to show from this survey that family groups are still very important units of corporate power analysis; directors, not managers, tend to make the larger decisions; board members are more concerned with the development of policy than its implementation ; directors major concern in decision making is to major shareholders; and directors have frequent contact with major shareholders and other business interests.
"Free the Fortune 500!" The American Enterprise Institute and the Politics of the Capitalist Class in the 1970s
Authors: Peschek Joseph G.
Published: December 2008

During the 1980s conservative U.S. policies were shaped by the prior work of a well-funded network of private policy-planning organizations, notably the American Enterprise Institute. During the 1970s the AEI became a favored recipient of policy-oriented business funding, recruited prominent neo-conservative intellectuals, and reformulated conservative ideology to make critics of capitalism appear undemocratic. It is argued that widespread business support for conservative policy organizations like the AEI were consistent with capitalist drives to attack labor, regulation, and social welfare programs in the specific context of the economic crisis of the 1970s.
Explaining Star Wars
Authors: Goertzel Ted
Published: December 2008

The Star Wars proposal resulted from the conjuncture of several factors: an organizational and technological base in the weapons laboratories and aerospace industry, effective advocacy by powerful individuals and organizations, and the need of the Reagan administration for a public relations response to the nuclear freeze. The bureaucratic politics, decision process, and social movements paradigms are most useful for explaining the initiation of the proposal. Rational analysis, pressure group, organizational process, and garrison state theories help us to explain the policy outcome.
State Socialism and the Industrial Divide in the World-Economy: A Comparative Essay on the Rebellions in Poland and China
Authors: Boswell Terry , Peters Ralph
Published: December 2008

This paper uses a world-economy approach to explain the historical context and background causes of revolts in the socialist states, focusing on Poland and China. During the last 20 years, low-skill mass production has been moving out of the core and into the periphery of the world-economy. Although initially successful as mass producers, the socialist states concentrated entirely on what is now an antiquated system. They must rapidly adopt flexible production or else join the periphery. Economic crisis and failed reforms led workers and intellectuals to revolt against a backward economy and structurally inept political system.
From Activism to Pro Bono: The Redirection of Working Class Altruism at Harvard Law School
Authors: Granfield Robert , Koenig Thomas
Published: December 2008

Although a substantial proportion of incoming working class students at Harvard Law School plan careers in public service law, few actually pursue this course after graduation. Through a survey and in-depth interviews with 23 working class students we illustrate some of the ways they are rechannelled toward careers in high status commercial law firms and the ways they deal with the internal contradictions caused by their resocialization.
Television News Constructs the 1990 Nicaragua Election: A Study of U.S. and Canadian Coverage in Three Languages
Authors: Adam Barry D
Published: December 2008

This paper examines television news coverage of the 1990 Nicaraguan election on six networks in the United States and Canada, representing public and corporate media in English, French, and Spanish. U.S. English-language news shows heavy reliance on U.S. government sources and low coverage of contra activity when compared to other networks. Television interpretation of the economic crisis in Nicaragua indicates where the discursive boundaries in news speech lie. The Canadian networks tend neither to endorse nor contradict the hegemonic reading issued by the U.S. sources, while Univision offers the richest array of interpretive positions.
The State in the Construction of Ethnicity and Ideological Labor: The Case of German Jewry
Authors: Bodemann Y. Michal
Published: December 2008

While there is an abundance of literature on ethnicity and ethnic group formation, the relationship of ethnicity to the state is rarely addressed. This paper discusses some classical and contemporary approaches to this question and proposes the concept of "ideological labor": ethnic groups performing a specific ideological function within society. The case discussed here is that of postwar German Jewry. The presence of Jews in postwar West Germany, it is argued, was vital for domestic and foreign policy reasons and Jews performed the role that was expected of them.
The Shaping of Jewish Identity in the German Democratic Republic, 1949-1989
Authors: Ostow Robin
Published: December 2008

The anti-Jewish measures that decimated the Jewish community of the GDR in 1952-53 and the subsequent rehabilitation of the remnant of that community after Stalin's death serve as examples of anti-semitism in Eastern Europe. Equally important, they reveal the role of the state in shaping its religious and ethnic minorities. The events of 1952-53 reduced the size of the Jewish community in the GDR and destroyed it as a grass-roots organization. Its ties to Western countries and institutions were cut, and it was attached directly to the East German state, on which it remained dependent and which it served. The Jewish community of the GDR was destroyed as a troublesome interest group and recreated as an embodiment of the GDR's claim to be the antifascist Germany.
Feminist Research at German Universities? Nearly Impossible! Taking Stock after Ten Years
Authors: Meyer-Renschhausen Elisabeth
Published: December 2008

After ten years of women's studies in West German universities, the number of women employed at these institutions has not increased. The anti-liberal arts policies of the present government negatively affect the social and cultural sciences, including women's studies. In addition, the policy of promoting an "elite" limits employment opportunities for a broader field of women scholars. Women already working at universities are pressured into functioning as lobbyists for women at universities and for women's issues. As a minority within the academic institution, however, they are not in a position to question traditional paradigms. Women's studies are only deemed "socially acceptable" when cloaked with a masculine identity.
The Capitalist State and the Origins of National Welfare Policy in Nineteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Valocchi Steve
Published: December 2008

Historians and sociologists point to the Bismarckian welfare reforms as the prime example of a strong state acting independently of class interests. Explanations of this sort ignore the class biases and contradictions embedded in the structure and functioning of the nineteenth-century German state. The class compromises between the industrial and agricultural fractions of capital as well as class conflicts between capitalists and workers were institutionalized within the state. The shape of the national welfare reforms can be understood as the outcome of protracted struggles and unstable compromises between a state-organized power bloc and a state-disorganized petty bourgeoisie. The theoretical insights of Nicos Poulantzas serve as a partial guide to this attempt to "being class back into" analyses of the policy making activities of capitalist states.
The State of the States: Fiscal Crisis in the 1990s
Authors: Albelda Randy , MacEwan Arthur
Published: December 2008

Our first purpose is to tell the story of the development of the fiscal crisis of the states and to examine why it has taken on a new economic and political importance. Then, on the basis of that analysis, we argue that progressive forces have an opportunity now to affect both immediate responses to the crisis and the longer run economic role of government. Our examination of the fiscal crisis of the states leads to some particular proposals for a progressive response — a response based on principles of democracy and equality.
Authoritarianism and Transition to Democracy in a Third World State
Authors: Wong Loong
Published: December 2008

The celebrated rapid economic development in Singapore has been accompanied by growing authoritarianism under the leadership of the People's Action Party. This paper suggests that authoritarian rule in Singapore is not of the bureaucratic-authoritarian kind identified with Latin American countries. Singapore's history, integration into the world economy, and the development of its polity have made its form of control unique. Its recent attempt at democratic transition is state-led, although this hegemony is increasingly under challenge. As the state responds to these challenges, new sites of contestation are opened up, which will either continue authoritarian rule or increase opportunities for further democratization.
Gender, Race, and Kinship: Searching for the Matrifocal Family
Authors: Morrissey Marietta
Published: December 2008

The social science study of female-headed households has generally treated their frequency in relation to variables such as poverty and ethnicity. Changing gender and kinship relations, especially in households headed by women, have less often been explored. Carol Stack's All Our Kin and Judith Stacey's Brave New Families consider women's and men's positions in African-American and white working class families respectively. Though reflecting political agendas of different historical periods, they offer similar methodological models for the sociological study of gender in kinship.
The Ambiguous Legacy of C. Wright Mills: A Reply to G. William Domhoff
Authors: Hooks Gregory
Published: December 2008

Domhoff fails to recognize that we agree the World War II mobilization contributed to the economic, political, and ideological rehabilitation of monopoly sector firms. Our dispute centers on the rise of the Pentagon within the state and the state planning of the defense industries during and after the war. Domhoff rejects C. Wright Mills' view that World War II allowed for a simultaneous victory for military and economic elites. And Domhoff is even more hostile to this positive-sum account when stated in terms of military-oriented statebuilding. Parallel to his zero-sum view of politics, Domhoff fights a holy war against his theoretical enemies in which there can only be one winner. Domhoff's approach to theoretical debate cannot be justified logically or methodologically. Moreover, Domhoff diverts attention from our more important responsibilities: analyzing U.S. militarism and contributing to its reduction. To dismantle the Cold War economy, we must learn from one another and expand our collective understanding — even when we disagree as Domhoff and I do.
State Autonomy and Structural Constraints: Software Wars in Brazil
Authors: Schoonmaker Sara
Published: December 2008

In 1987, the Brazilian government's decision to deny licensing of Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system led to the imposition of U.S. trade sanctions. This article examines the implications of the MS-DOS case for understanding the role of the state in newly industrializing countries and its relationship to local and foreign capital. It assesses the relevance of dependency theory, identifying its major contribution as the analysis of the structural conditions that affect the prospects for state action. Brazil's position of trade dependency created a convergence of interests between local exporters and the U.S. government that eventually changed the direction of Brazilian informatics policy.
Class Political Organizing and Welfare Capitalism
Authors: Brents Barbara G.
Published: December 2008

Studies of business' role in the development of the welfare state, while noting the ability of capitalist class coalitions to affect state policy, focus narrowly on battles over specific policies. They tend to emphasize temporary alliances and to overlook capitalists' extensive organizational activities in regulating capital-labor relations even before the New Deal — particularly through the open shop and welfare capitalist movements. This paper examines these organizations, how they forged class coalitions, and how they articulated with the state. It shows that organizational capacity is an important variable in theorizing capital-state relations. Capital's organizational capacity is affected by historical conditions that impact the development of class segments, the organizational capacity of labor, and state structures and agendas.
Media Framing and Myth: The Media's Portrayal of the Gulf War
Authors: Kanjirathinkal Mathew , Hickey Joseph V.
Published: December 2008

This is an analysis of the media's framing of the Persian Gulf War in mythological categories. We contend that through careful framing the media transformed political and military events into mythical dramas to evoke deeply held beliefs in the masses and achieve political aims. Following Joseph Campbell's model of the "hero's journey," the media-created myth of the Persian Gulf War consisted of four main stages: the hero's quest, the encounter with evil, fulfillment, and return.
The Global Economy and the Latino Populations in the United States: A World Systems Approach
Authors: Robinson William I.
Published: December 2008

There are broad, historical-structural linkages among the distinct Latino groups in the United States, on the basis of which a Latino national minority is forming. In analyzing the disproportional effects on Latinos of the global economy, this essay argues that there is a common Latino historic experience vis-à-vis the world system: incorporation into the U.S. political economy, with its characteristic pattern of racialized social relations, from the immediate U.S. periphery, the Greater Caribbean Basin, and through colonial conquest. This constitutes the structural underpinning for a Latino national minority. This analysis also provides new components of a theoretical framework for understanding minority group formation.
Ideological Practices and the Management of Emotions: The Case of "Wife Abusers"
Authors: McKendy John P.
Published: December 2008

Drawing on the work of Dorothy Smith, the author identifies the ideological practices he discovered during participant observation of a treatment program for men who batter their wives. The struggles between the counsellor and the men took place within a discourse that drew heavily on feminism, but which, ironically, often seemed to end up reinforcing rather than challenging sexist attitudes and behavior. To understand how this happened, the author begins an institutional ethnography, exploring the complex processes of social organization through which the particular site was entered into the relations of ruling of patriarchal capitalism.
Decline of the Farm Labor Movement in California: Organizational Crisis and Political Change
Authors: Majka Theo J. , Majka Linda C.
Published: December 2008

This paper interprets the reversal of the farm labor movement in California during the 1980s as part of an overall decline in a general cycle of protest as well as a reversal of opportunities for changes in class relations that this movement stimulated. More specifically, three factors account for the failure of collective bargaining to become fully established in California's agribusiness. The United Farm Workers union (UFW) experienced a serious internal crisis during the late 1970s that resulted in the departure of key officials and staff members. A change in administration in the governor's office led to the appointment of officials antagonistic to farm labor unionization. In this climate, grower tactics to prevent or delay unionization became more effective.
Analytical Marxism: The Race for Respectability
Authors: Nickel Tim
Published: December 2008

In recent years a perspective known as Analytical Marxism has come to the forefront of Marxist thought. This perspective considers Marxism to be a useful tradition, but one that is haunted by a number of theoretical and methodological flaws. This new perspective claims to have corrected these "flaws" through its methodology, particularly the usage of methodological individualism, rational choice models, and game theory, as well as a new analysis of exploitation and class formation. The purpose of this paper is to survey and evaluate the works of Analytical Marxists and their critics in these areas.
The 1934-35 Red Threat and the Passage of the National Labor Relations Act
Authors: Phillips Peter
Published: December 2008

Contending theories of the state have focused on the New Deal as a fertile historical era for demonstrating their respective positions. This paper reexamines the passage of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) in 1935 and the reasons for the strong business opposition to it in the context of three major perspectives: business dominance, state autonomy, and social protest theory. It is shown that labor unrest during the summer of 1934 produced a strong, reactionary, anti-communist panic within elements of the U.S. corporate elite. This intensified business opposition to the New Deal but also put pressure on Congress to pass the NLRA, which was seen at the time as an anti-communist measure aimed at strengthening the more moderate AFL unions.
The Unassimilable Otherness of the "Post" of Postmodern and the Radicality of Radical Sociology
Authors: Liter Tugrul
Published: December 2008

With its universal validity claims. Enlightenment thinking exhibits the imperialist and patriarchal arrogance of an ethnocentrism. At work in the modernist portrayals of postmodernism as the external other of truth, clarity, and political responsibility, is the colonizing appropriation of the other as a fixed reality which is at once an other and yet entirely knowable. The "clarity" of Enlightenment hides the power play behind its assumed transparency. In contrast to modernist portrayals of postmodernity as a period in a unilinear progression, the latter needs to be understood as the other within modernity that cannot be reduced to the same. Postmodernism situates difference and alterity within the modem. To the extent that sociology is defined in terms of a modernist fundamentalism, it is poised to colonize. So is a critical sociology that assumes a marxist identity but limits the definition of that identity to an Enlightenment legacy. Postmodern criticisms are indispensable for a decolonized, ethically and politically responsible critical sociology.
The Power Elite at the Bohemian Grove: Has Anything Changed in the 1990s?
Authors: Wehr Kevin
Published: December 2008

This study examines the social, economic, and political connections of persons attending the elite summer retreat at the Bohemian Grove in 1993. Consistent with past studies, Bohemian Club members who made political contributions were overwhelmingly pro-Republican. The guest list also revealed numerous father-son connections, business affiliations, and government-industry associations, lending support to the idea that the Bohemian Grove is an arena where social interaction serves to develop ruling-class cohesion. Interestingly, Clinton administration appointees were noticeably absent from the Grove.
Freaks, Fairies, and Fat Ladies: A Right to Discriminate?
Authors: Chapkis Wendy
Published: December 2008

A resurgence of biological determinism in explanations of (male) homosexuality has been uncritically embraced by some gay rights activists in the expectation that civil rights are more likely to accrue to minorities whose difference is "natural" not social. The experience of activists fighting for a comprehensive anti-discrimination ordinance in one Northern California city confirms this expectation, while also highlighting some of the dangers of such an approach.
No One Likes a Vacuum: The U.S.-Iraq War and The Search for Middle East Regional Hegemony, 1948-1990
Authors: Toth James
Published: December 2008

This essay examines the reasons behind the 1990 war between Iraq and the United States. It employs world-systems theory and a modified concept of hegemony to present this hostility as an outcome of the historical relationship between dominant core nations and those states in the periphery and semiperiphery of the Middle East. The decline of Egypt and Iran created space for Iraq to further its ambitions as a regional power, but one unconstrained by standard inter-state practices. The U.S. reacted as a global superpower, but in the process, undermined its unique hegemonic status.
The Political Economy of Developmental Disability
Authors: Nibert David A.
Published: December 2008

Using a historical materialist approach, this paper maintains that the treatment of people with developmental disabilities is strongly related to the forces of production. While 19th century capitalism ameliorated some past abuses, early 20th century apologists for inequality advanced the idea that "defective" people were responsible for crime, poverty and urban distress. The adverse attitudes, stereotypes and policies supported by this ideology have shaped a culture that, despite reform efforts, largely defames and harms people with developmental disabilities. In the late 20th century, widespread devaluation of people with disabilities remains and continues to help legitimate social inequality.
The Tuna-Dolphin Controversy
Authors: Constance Douglas H. , Bonanno Alessandro , Heffernan William D.
Published: December 2008

This study uses the case of the tuna-dolphin controversy to inform discussions in the sociology of agriculture regarding global post-Fordism in general and the new mode of regulation in particular. Global post-Fordism is defined as the global economic restructuring in progress and the associated emergence of transnational corporations (TNCs) and transnational-States. Mode of regulation is the historically specific set of social norms that are institutionalized within civil society—primarily by the State—whose regularity underpins continued accumulation.
Cross-National Labor Organizing Strategies
Authors: Armbruster Ralph
Published: December 2008

The globalization of the world economy requires new cross-national labor organizing strategies to overcome the process of downward harmonization. Several organizations in Central and North America are using innovative strategies to confront this "new world order." This article critically evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these organizations' strategic choices by presenting and comparing several case studies. These case studies indicate that a combination of strategies, including worker rights petitions, consciousness-raising, community-based organizing, and cross-border union organizing, are necessary to improving global living standards and working conditions.
Developing Neo-Fordism: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Gottfried Heidi
Published: December 2008

The current social reorganization of production centers around a move toward greater flexibilization in the workplace and the casualization of the labor force. As was true for prior changes in labor law, the degree and nature of legislative initiatives reflect the strength of competing interests between capital and labor in the policy arena. By detailing both how some states have been historically more or less proactive and how labor has been more or less successful in shaping the process, this paper compares the development of neo-Fordist regimes in Sweden, Japan, Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Class, Race, and Symbolic Community
Authors: Brueggemann John
Published: December 2008

In a quantitative analysis of class consciousness, race is shown to be one of the important determinants. Erik Olin Wright's exploitative asset-based theory of class structure is critiqued because it does not take sufficient account of race as it shapes the class content of consciousness. This paper proposes that blacks in the United States constitute a symbolic community with a strong component of working class consciousness rooted in an experience with, and an awareness of oppression and exploitation. In bi- and multivariate analyses race produces cross-class effects on class consciousness. African-Americans in different class locations tend to have more pro-working class consciousness than their white counterparts.
The "Disremembered" of the Antebellum South: A New Look at the Invisible Labor of Poor Women
Authors: Dunaway Wilma A.
Published: December 2008

This study pinpoints fallacies in three conventional explanations of the gender division of labor in rural households of the antebellum South. First, the conceptual focus on independent household producers ignores the large population of poor landless households who owned no means of production. Second, the experiences of poor Southern women contradict the agrarian vision of "separate but equal" labor spheres. Third, adequate explanations are not provided by the view that household labor was divided between males' wage labor and women's subsistence work. Conceptualizations of the "separate household-based sphere" of women's work ignore the extent to which antebellum Southern women's work varied by class and race. Working solely within the household was a luxury enjoyed only by the wives of more economically secure farm owners or proprietors. Nearly half of the wives and female heads of household engaged in income-generating activities outside the home, and the majority of them were employed in occupations culturally ascribed to be "men's work."
Xenophobia and Ethnoviolence in Contemporary Germany
Authors: Adler Marina A.
Published: December 2008

This paper uses 1980s and 1990s data on xenophobia and ethnoviolence in Germany to organize theoretical arguments holding capitalism, social change, group threat or political culture responsible for the observed patterns. The selected indicators of xenophobia and ethnoviolence reflect mixed support for the various theories. In support of the long-term effects of capitalism, the data show that right-wing membership, ethnoviolence and xenophobia had already increased in the 1980s, and that men's re-employment rates are inversely related to violence and membership. The dramatic acceleration of these increases after unification bolsters social change arguments. Immigration statistics suggest that not the actual size of the foreign population (real group threat), but the perceived number of foreigners (threat fostered in the political culture) may be held responsible for increased violence. Possible implications for observed trends are presented.
Divided Against Itself: Local vs. International Union Interests in a Toledo Supermarket Strike
Authors: Morrissey Marietta , Coventry Barbara Thomas
Published: December 2008

The paper reviews a case of local/international union conflict in the settlement of a supermarket strike and suggests that the assertion of local labor interests is central to the revival of U.S. unionism. The strike was led by the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW) against the Meijer supermarket chain in Toledo, Ohio in 1994. The eight and one-half week strike ended when representatives of the UFCW international accepted a contract that differed little from the company's original offer. The strike cost the international a considerable sum in benefits paid to the strikers, but the international also reportedly feared that the strike would endanger organizing campaigns in other supermarkets and in discount department stores. However, local organizers and many workers felt betrayed by what they perceived as the international's intrusive and premature settlement of the strike. Their reactions raise the question of whether, in settling the strike, the international risked the loss of worker support within the union and in new organizing arenas.
Violent Police-Citizen Encounters: An Analysis of Major Newspaper Accounts
Authors: Lersch Kim Michelle , Feagin Joe R.
Published: December 2008

This paper investigates trends in police brutality using data found through the Lexis/Nexis system. Using the keywords "police brutality," 15 newspapers classified as "major papers" by the Lexis/Nexis service were searched for descriptions of incidents of police misconduct against citizens that appeared from January 1, 1990 to May 31, 1992. One hundred and thirty distinct incidents of police brutality were analyzed based on the race and gender of the officers and of the victim, as well as issues of socioeconomic class. The situational characteristics surrounding the alleged assault were categorized and discussed. Minority citizens were involved in the vast majority of the incidents. The data also suggested a definite lack of penalties against the officers involved in abusive actions against citizens. Further, a citizen was equally likely to be assaulted for a disrespectful attitude towards a law enforcement officer than if the citizen had posed a serious bodily threat to the officer or another human being.
Post-Settlement South Africa and the National Question: The Case of the Indian Minority
Authors: Ramsamy Edward
Published: December 2008

The various liberation movements in South Africa historically have criticized ideologies that emphasize political mobilization along ethnic lines. However, the African National Congress (ANC) has had to contend with former KwaZulu Chief Minister Buthelezi's attempts to appeal to Zulu identity in order to mobilize political support, as well as the difficulty of attracting the Indian and coloured votes. These trends have forced the ANC to acknowledge in its political strategy the potential power of ethnic mobilization, in spite of the commitment made by the organization and its allies to a secular democracy based on equality of citizenship.
The "Making" of State Policy: The Case of the National Industrial Recovery Act
Authors: Chien Ju Huang  , Gottfried Heidi
Published: December 2008

This study develops an "historical power struggle" approach to contest leading state theories' interpretations on the making of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The historical power struggle approach stresses the continuity of policy-making and emphasizes two important stages of policy analysis: the historical antecedents that contribute to policy formation, and the legislative process. To go beyond the limits of both class-centered and state-centered approaches, we argue that class struggle occurs not only outside the state, between and within classes and class fractions, it also occurs within the state through state managers who are rational actors with bounded rationality.
Selling Supreme Court Nominees: The Case of Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Authors: Chorbajian Levon , Beeferman Larry
Published: December 2008

A content analysis of the mainstream media's coverage of Ruth Bader Ginsburg at the time of her nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court reveals a highly sympathetic and almost totally uncritical portrayal. Further analysis of the Ginsburg coverage in liberal, conservative, and specialty publications and an analysis of Ginsburg's record as an appellate court judge brings to light a very different Ginsburg whose record is good on feminist concerns yet middling to poor on other progressive issues. Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky's propaganda model of the media and the politics of the Clinton administration are employed to interpret the radical disjuncture created by the mainstream media's disingenuous treatment of Ginsburg's legal career.
The Labor Process Among Temporary Workers in the São Paulo Sugar Industry
Authors: Goza Franklin , Rios-Neto Eduardo , McQuarie Donald
Published: December 2008

The role of circular labor migration in the São Paulo sugar industry's labor process is documented using origin and destination level data. Examination of origin-level data from the Jequitinhonha Valley of Minas Gerais and a review of the historical development of the São Paulo sugar industry demonstrate the special conditions that contribute to this seasonal and highly repetitive flow of manpower. These data also help explain the prevalence of piece-rate wages in the cane-fields and the persistence of a well-developed labor brokerage system. Results show how a combination of structural conditions and employer and worker preferences combine to perpetuate a system of extreme worker exploitation and poverty.
The "Right Stuff" Gone Wrong: Vietnam Veterans and the Social Construction of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Lembcke Jerry
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a social constructionist account of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Its account of PTSD's multi-faceted origins begins with the efforts of the Nixon Administration to discredit of the voice of anti-war veterans following the fall, 1969, Moratorium Days against the war. Subsequently, mental health professionals frame veteran political behavior within a medical discourse, transporting the concepts alienation, survivor guilt, and flashbacks into the PTSD literature from other contexts. The New York Times plays a critical role in legitimating PTSD.
Hegemony, the Media, and New Right Politics: Ontario in the Late 1990S
Authors: Knight Graham
Published: December 2008

This article discusses the issue of hegemony in relation to the 1995 election in Ontario, Canada's most populous and industrialized province, of a conservative government whose New Right policy platform combined a neoliberal emphasis on reducing the size and role of government with a neoconservative focus on taking a harder line toward deviant and socially disadvantaged groups, such as juvenile offenders and welfare recipients. The Conservative election strategy was redolent of the "authoritarian populism" characteristic of the New Right elsewhere, especially Thatcherism in the United Kingdom. Since the election, however, the limitations and contradictions of this strategy have become more evident, particularly vis-à-vis the role of the media. Despite being integrated into the structure of corporate capital, the media have given access to voices of opposition, especially outside the parliamentary process. Hegemony not only is secured by articulating a particular perspective to common sense, but by doing so in a way that fuses knowledge and understanding with lived experience in a way that is emotionally and normatively resonant—what Gramsci called "feeling-passion." In this respect, the division of discursive labor that the news media impose on their sources can have an inversion effect on the flow of power. The objects of real world actions, those adversely affected by New Right policies, become the subjects of discursive representation in their role as victims. The narrative emphasis of news on conflict, disruption, and harm gives moral and emotional power to victims whose voices become the principal expression of feeling-passion. In this way, the struggle over hegemony becomes a struggle over the identity and plight of worthy victims.
Criticism/ Self-Criticism in East Germany: Contradictions Between Theory and Practice
Authors: Andrews Molly
Published: December 2008

East Germany's revolution has been portrayed in the western media as a popular uprising rejecting the old socialist order and wholeheartedly embracing Western capitalism. This article examines the politics of leaders of the East German citizens' movement who spearheaded these changes in 1989, using data collected with prominent dissidents nearly three years after the opening of the Berlin Wall. The critical intelligentsia of East Germany were unique among dissidents of the Soviet bloc countries in their continued belief in "socialism with a human face"—even after the brutal repression of the Prague Spring—juxtaposing socialism as it actually existed with socialism as they thought it could be. With the rallying cry "We Are the People," they contested the party elite's practice of socialism, as they sought to build a more democratic alternative on East German soil. This article relates the East German state's application of the Marxist-Leninist concept of contradiction and criticism/self-criticism to the country's history of critical politics and to the politics of the citizens' uprising in 1989.
Eroding the Core: Flexibility and the Re-Segmentation of the South African Labour Market
Authors: Kenny Bridget , Webster Edward
Published: December 2008

Drawing on two case studies of the growth of casualisation and subcontracting in South Africa, this paper shows how 'flexiwork' is being introduced at the same time as South Africa's first democratically elected government is trying to extend basic core rights and standards to large sectors of the workforce that have in the past been excluded from the core labour regulation regime. This shift by employers towards 'flexiwork', in combination with high unemployment and the legacy of a sharply racially segmented labour market under apartheid, is re-segmenting a dual labour market. An increasingly polarised labour market is emerging, consisting of a growing number of marginalised 'flexiworkers' next to a 'core' workforce of black and white workers who increasingly also feel the threat of insecurity. The use of flexible labour is partly a response to a well-organised labour movement which has won shopfloor rights over the past decade and has succeeded in getting these rights entrenched in law. Although the labour movement has committed itself to organise 'flexiworkers', it is a long way from innovative responses to the challenge of flexibility.
The effect of operating position on the visible emission from a mercury-sodium iodide discharge
Authors: Ottewell D.
Published: December 2008

The paper examines the contribution from metallic sodium to the total visible light output of a mercury-sodium iodide discharge. The existence of a sheath of sodium atoms emitting the characteristic D resonance radiation, and surrounding the core of the mercury discharge, is established and the effect of operating position on the visible contribution from the sheath is analysed theoretically. The results of two series of experimental observations are discussed; these data strongly support the predictions of the analysis. The effect of the addition of more complex metallic atoms, particularly scandium, is briefly considered.
The shock resistance of incandescent lamps
Authors: de Bie J.R.
Published: December 2008

A theory for the deflection of a coiled filament under a transverse mechanical load has been developed. For small values of the load the coil can be considered as a beam and for large values as a chain. In the first case the elongation stiffness can be neglected and in the latter the flexural rigidity. For these limiting cases the internal stresses in the wire can be calculated. It is shown that under shock conditions there is good correlation between the amount of plastic deformation of the coil and the internal stresses in the wire of the coil.
Research in progress
Authors: Weale R.A.
Published: December 2008

These articles summarize research projects in lighting and related subjects which are presently being investigated at research institutions in the UK and overseas. They have been prepared both to inform research workers of studies being undertaken elsewhere in their own or associated fields of interest and to give to those with a general interest in lighting an appreciation of the trends of current research.
Part 2: Theoretical considerations
Authors: Stainsby A.G. , Halstead M.B.
Published: December 2008

The CIE method for measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources is discussed in relation to the meaning which could be attached to colour rendering tolerances. It is shown that in practice the just noticeable colour rendering difference may have an appreciable uncertainty due to the method itself, as well as due to variations between observers. The experimental techniques required for estimating a just noticeable colour rendering difference are discussed, and a theoretical model for interpretation and analysis of results is set up.
Metal halide lamps with rare earth additives
Authors: Dobrusskin A.
Published: December 2008

The construction and characteristics of one particular range of high pressure mercury lamps incorporating halide additives of the rare earths dysprosium and holmium are discussed in the broad context of other halide and high pressure discharge sources. Metal halide lamps with these rare earth additives have high luminous efficacies and excellent colour-rendering properties, making them particularly suitable for applications such as lighting for outdoor colour television where it may be necessary to supplement daylight. After reviewing the principles of operation, the construction and performance of ellipsoidal and linear forms of lamps used for general lighting, high pressure compact source types, and lamps designed for immediate restarting while hot are described, Dimensions and performance data are given.
A comparison of the accuracy of methods of calculating the IES glare index
Authors: Boyce P.R.
Published: December 2008

Calculations of the IES glare index have been made by three methods over three sets of conditions: (a) the full glare index method as described in IES Technical Report No. 10; (b) a simplified method devised by Lowson and later extended, and (c) a circular slide rule technique based on the extended and simplified approach. The three sets of conditions were chosen at random from a limited range of conditions. Comparisons were made between the glare indices calculated by the full method and the simplified method. It was concluded that the probability of obtaining a difference of ±1-0 was very small (<0-01); no evidence was found to suggest that the differences tend to increase at extreme conditions. It is concluded that in conditions where all the methods are available the simplified and less time-consuming method can be used without incurring any penalty in accuracy.
Lighting techniques and associated equipment for outdoor colour television with particular reference to football stadium lighting
Authors: Davies I.F. , Jackson M.G.A. , Rogers B.C.
Published: December 2008

The general requirements of visual performance and comfort in stadium floodlighting are outlined; the essential differences between the problems posed by colour television transmissions and black-and-white television are pointed out. Horizontal and vertical illuminances and uniformity are discussed, together with glare problems. Side-mounted and tower systems are considered with particular reference to colour television requirements. Design aspects of the lighting equipment are discussed in relation to the colour television camera equipment. The need for computer planning is mentioned.
A review of current railway lighting practice in Great Britain
Authors: Holmes A.D.V.
Published: December 2008

Lighting plays a vital part in the operation of British Railways and railway lighting engineers are concerned with a wide range of buildings and exterior installations as well as with the lighting of railway stations. The task of lighting all such areas to suitable standards is handicapped by lack of funds and by the fact that many of the buildings are old. Nevertheless extensive use is made of the latest light sources, equipment, and techniques. One of the most important developments in recent years has been the change from steam to diesel and electrical locomotion which has considerably influenced the type of lighting equipment which can be used for station and operational lighting.
A study of the reflection factor of usual photometric standards in the near infra-red
Authors: Morren L. , Vandermeersch G. , Antoine P.
Published: December 2008

The spectral reflectance of various samples of pressed powders of MgO and BaSO4 were determined in the near infra-red (up to 2. 5 μm). The paper describes two semi-absolute methods used, the results yielded being converted into absolute values by extending the measurements in the visible region where the behaviour of the samples was well known. Above 1.1 μm the results show that different samples which remain substantially comparable in the visible, begin to depart significantly from each other depending on the origin of the powder. The study of MgO also illustrated the strong influence of moisture or even of the duration of rest in a normal laboratory atmosphere, whereas BaSO4 is largely free from such defects. MgO samples were therefore discarded. The paper reports the studies carried out on samples of BaSO4 from the different sources.
The effect of measurement uncertainty on the colour rendering indices of fluorescent lamps
Authors: Moore J.R. , Stott P. , Davees I.F. , Halstead Margaret B. , Large F.E.
Published: December 2008

The CIE has recommended a method for calculating colour rendering index from the spectral power distribution of a light source. Any error in the power distribution assumed will lead to an error in the colour rendering index. The results of a series of measurements on fluorescent lamps made in a number of laboratories are reported and the significance of the differences in the colour rendering indices obtained is discussed.
The use of television equipment in research on incandescent lamps
Authors: Schob O. , de Bie J.R. , Klomp W.G.A.
Published: December 2008

A method is reported in which visual observation of the incandescent filament by means of commercially available television equipment is combined with temperature measurements along the coil. The features of an installation, consisting of a 'Plumbicon' camera tube, monitor and video-tape recorder in conjunction with a quotient pyrometer measuring the radiation intensity at two wavelengths, are described. Some examples of experimental results obtained with various types of tungsten halogen lamps are illustrated by photographs taken from the television monitor screen and by temperature recordings. Though still pictures can give only a faint idea of the information value of video-tape recordings the reported method is a valuable tool for investigating the dynamic processes occurring in the filament under various burning conditions.