bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Reaction Time on Surface Nano-Structure of TiN Oxide Nanofilm by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Yang Chao , Wang Fang , Li Shi Bin , Xia Ting Ting , Wang Rui Hua , Xu Ming Han , Song Jie Guang
Published: July 2019

Dye-sensitized solar cells have better development prospects than silicon cells, and the main structural components of nanoporous semiconductor films are particularly important. In this experimental study, we used tin dioxide film and investigated the effect of preparing this film on dye-sensitized solar cells under different conditions. Furthermore, SnO2 powder was prepared through hydrothermal method, and an experiment was conducted through a controlled variable method. The properties of the obtained tin dioxide powder were characterized by SEM, 3D ultradepth microscopy, and XRD. An XRD peak is displayed as tetragonal-phase rutile-type SnO2, and the SEM indicates that the powder grain size is several nanometers. With the increase in reaction time, the film gradually became flat and uniform from only a small amount of powder coating. At the reaction time of 8 days, the integrity and flatness of the film were optimal, and the pore size was uniform. Moreover, the specific surface area was large. In summary, the reaction time of 8 days is suitable for membrane growth.
The Effect of Rooming-in on Maternal Attitude and Self Confidence for Infant Care among Primiparas
Authors: Kim Eun Sook , Park Young Sook
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare maternal attitude and self confidence for infant care of primiparas of rooming-in and not rooming-in. The subjects were 128 primiparas who had delivered at eight general hospital in Seoul. 67 primiparas were in three rooming-in facilities and 61 primiparas were in five not rooming-in facilities. The data were collected from primiparas using Cohler's Maternal Attitude Scale and Pharis' Self Confidence Scale at postpartal 1 or 2 weeks.The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean of maternal attitude was 100.32 and the range was from 82 to 138. The score of primiparas in rooming-in(100.94) was higher than those of not rooming-in(97.43). There was a significant difference in maternal attitudes between rooming-in group and not rooming-in group(P=.001). There were no significant differences in maternal attitude according to age and infant sex. But types of feeding were related to maternal attitude (P=.017).2. The mean of self confidence for infant care was 119.55 and the range was from 58 to 173. The mean of primiparas in rooming-in(123.10) was higher than those of not rooming-in (115.86). There was a significant difference in self confidence for infant care between rooming-in group and not rooming-in group (P=.040). No significant differences existed in self confidence for infant care according to age, infant sex, and types of feeding.3. The rate of breast feeding was 64.2% in rooming-in group and 34.4% in not rooming-in group at postpartal 1 or 2 weeks. There was a significant difference in breast feeding between the two groups(P=.004). In conclusion, rooming-in facilities provided primiparas with more positive maternal attitude and greater self confidence for infant care and increased the rate of breast feeding.
An Analysis of the Concept of Pain
Authors: Choi Euy Soon , Kim Sang Dol
Published: July 2019

This study is an attempt to analyze concept of pain and to do it according to a series of concept development processes described by Walker and Avant. Based on the results of the study, the attributes, scope, precedences and consequences of pain were identified : 1. The attributes of pain were subjectivity, unpleasantness, expression, experience, response, and sensitivity.2. The scope of pain were physical, psychological, and socio-cultural.3. The following were precedences of pain : 1) Internal or external noxious stimuli 2) actual or potential injury or damage to body and/or mind 3) noxious stimulation or aversive sensation is perceived as pain 4. The following were consequences of pain : 1) physical, psychological, socio-cultural response 2) verbal and/or non-verbal communication 3) coping and self-preservation.
Predictors of Health Promoting Lifestyles in College Women
Authors: Kim Myounghee , Chon Miyoung
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health promoting lifestyles in college women thus providing the basic data necessary to establish a health promoting program. The subjects of this study were 274 college women, living in Seoul, Chung-Buk, and Kangwon, during the period from May 10 to July 15, 2000. The instruments for this study were the health promoting lifestyles scale developed by Bak, Insuk(1995), the self efficacy scale by Sherer et al. (1982), the social support scale by Su, Moonja(1988), the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg(1965) and the perceived health status scale by Lawton et al.(1982).The results of this study are as follows; 1. The average score for health promoting lifestyles was 2.45 on a 4 point scale. The health promoting lifestyles categories 'harmony relationships' (3.04) and 'sanitary life'(3.02) revealed higher scores, whereas scores for 'healthy diet' (2.32), 'exercise & activity' (2.14) and 'professional health management' (1.48) were lower.2. The mean score for self-efficacy, social support, self esteem and perceived health status was 3.38 (on a 5 point scale), 2.88 (on a 4 point scale), 2.98(on a 4 point scale) and 3.08(on a 5 point scale) respectively.3. Health promoting lifestyles showed significant positive correlation with self efficacy, social support, self esteem and perceived health status.4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting lifestyle was self efficacy. Self efficacy, social support, and perceived health status have significant effects on health promoting lifestyles. These predictive variables of health promoting lifestyles explained 25% of variance. Finally, the result of this study will provide important factors for the development of a nursing intervention program for the promotion of healthy lifestyles in college women.
Self-Assertiveness and Sexual Experiences of Teenage Girls in Korea
Authors: Chang Soon Bok , Yoo Myung Sook , Lee Sun Kyung
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics related to self assertiveness in teenage girls, and to identify the relationship between the self assertiveness and sexual experiences in teenage girls in Korea. The subjects for this study were 12,733 girls from an accessible population of 19,000 girls who were a multi-stage cluster sample from a population of 1,988,902 girls attending to 4,684 schools in the seven large cities and nine provinces of Korea. The response rate was 68.9%. Data were collected by mail from October 2 to October 28, 2000. A structured questionnaire of 125 items which included measurement of general characteristics, sexual experiences, and self-assertiveness was used. The sexual experiences were defined as dating, holding hands, putting arms on the shoulders, light kissing, French kissing, touching breasts, touching genitalia, and coitus. The self assertiveness measurement was developed by S. B. Chang et al.(2000) and has a Cronbach's alpha of .6031. Data was analyzed with SPSS 10.0 Program using descriptive statistics, reliability, and t-test. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The subjects were from 9th to 11th graders and 42.7% answered that they followed their partner's request. The range for the self assertiveness score was 7-21 out of a possible range of 7-21. The group of girls who were in vocational schools, lived away from family or in rural areas, attended night school, took part in drinking, smoking, and glue inhalation, who had cyber sex or phone sex or were exposed to pornography, and who had run away from home showed significantly lower self assertiveness scores than those without these characteristics (P<.05).2. The group which had experience in dating(t=2.379, P=.017), French kissing (t=5.425, P=.000), touching breasts (t=8.637, P=.000), touching genitalia (t=6.057, P=.000), and coitus(t=6.057, P=.000) showed significantly lower self assertiveness scores than the group which had not had these sexual experiences. But there was no difference in the self assertiveness scores between the group which had experience of holding hands, light kissing, and using contraceptives compared to the group which did not. It can be concluded that the group which had delinquent behavior showed lower self assertiveness, and the lower self assertiveness led to unwanted sexual experiences. It is suggested that self assertiveness training be provided for the group with delinquent behavior as a first priority, and then analyze of the process of self assertiveness in relation to sexual experiences.
Determinants of Health Promoting Lifestyle of Nursing Students
Authors: Sung M H
Published: July 2019

This study was undertaken in order to examine the relationship of control, perceived health status, self efficacy, social support, and demographic characteristics to health promoting lifestyle of nursing students, and to determine factors affecting health promoting lifestyle of nursing students. The subjects were 270 students of a single university in Busan. The instruments used for this study was a survey of general characteristics, health promoting lifestyle (47 items), control(8 items), perceived health status(6 items), self-efficacy(17 items), and social support(18 items). Data analysis was done by use of mean, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation coefficients and stepwise regression with a SPSS PC+ program.The results of this study are as follows : 1) The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was less than 2.43. In the sub-categories, the highest degree of performance was interpersonal relationships (2.94) and the lowest degree was health responsibility(1.93).2) Students who were older and higher scores in health responsibility and interpersonal support subscale. Students who had higher grade had higher scores in health support subscale. Students who had experienced disease had higher scores in health responsibility subscale. Students who had experienced exercise had higher scores in health responsibility, exercise and nutrition subscale.3) Significant correlation between control and self-efficacy, self-efficacy and social support was found.4) Significant correlations was found between most of the subscales and total health promoting lifestyle.5) Social support revealed significant correlations with total health promoting lifestyle and all subscales of health promoting lifestyle. Control revealed significant correlations with total health promoting lifestyle and self actualization and health responsibility. Perceived health status revealed significant correlations only with the exercise and nutrition subscale. Self-efficacy revealed significant correlation with the total health promoting lifestyle and all subscales of health promoting lifestyle except exercise and nutrition, stress management subscale.6) Social support was the highest factor predicting health promoting lifestyles of nursing students(31%). Social support, excercise self-efficacy and control accounted for 35% in health promoting lifestyle of nursing students.
A Study on Premenstrual syndrome and Menstrual Attitude
Authors: Park Kyung Eun , Lee Seoung Eun
Published: July 2019

The study was intended to investigate the bothersome level of premenstrual symptoms, their pattern and to examine the relationships between menstrual attitude and the premenstrual symptoms. Two hundred sixty eight female students were recruited from a college located in Kyungido from March 1, 2001 to July 1, 2001. A general characteristics questionnaires, the premenstrual assessment form(PAF) and the menstrual distress questionnaire(MDQ) were used to measure the bothersome level of the premenstrual symptoms and the menstrual attitude. The data were analyzed by SPSS-PC+ program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. All subject who were participated in the research reported more than one symptom in premenstrual period and the mean score of total categories in PAF was low(1.89). The subject had more symptoms of fatigue, abdominal bloating and discomfort, backache and muscle stiffness and among the 21 categories fatigue feature, hysteroid feature, water retention feature and miscellaneous mood/behavior change feature were prevalent. On the other hand organic mental feature and increased well-being feature were rare that premenstrual symptom has negative aspect than positive.2. Degree of discomfort in premenstrual symptom was related with dysmenorrhea but other general characteristics.3. In Menstruation attitude, the student in college recognized menstruation as natural but bothersome and causes negatives effects on body and emotion.4. There were significant correlation(r=.395, p<0.000) between premenstrual symptom and level of Menstrual attitude.5. Menstrual attitude explained 15.3% variance of PMS and five categories of menstrual attitude, especially factor 1(menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically) was most highly correlated with PMS and explained 21.1% variance of PMS.
Breast-feeding & Breast-feeding Health Behavior among first-time mothers
Authors: Park Eunok , Lee Kunsei , Jang Insoon , June Kyungja
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate breast-feeding and breast-feeding health behavior among korean first-time mothers and to provide basic data for promoting breast-feeding. Data were collected by interview or self report from 444 first-time mothers who visited health clinic center in the area of metropolitan, medium or small city, countryside. and whose infants were under 12 months old from January 2001 to February 2001. The results show that breast-feeding was 31.5% in a week after childbirth, 25.8% in 4 weeks after childbirth, 22.7% in 2 months, 17.8% in 3 months, 14.3% in 6 months, 2.5% in 12 months after childbirth. Breast-feeding rate was very low in Korea and the duration of breast-feeding was very short. Breast-feeding health behavior did not show significant differences by general characteristics of the subjects except area. The subjects in the health clinic center with MCN project did better breast feeding health behavior than the subject in the health clinic center without MCN project. To raise breast-feeding rate, several strategy could be suggested. Systemic education about importance and advantages of breast-feeding and desirable breast-feeding method should be provided to pregnant women and post-partum women. Childbirth leave in the work should be prolonged, and supportive facility such as nursery room should be installed for working mothers. Hospitals should follow the guideline of 'Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative' which was provided by UNISEF and WHO, including rooming-in after delivery.
A Study on Womens Level of Educational Need & Knowledge about Routine Episiotomy and the Degree of Discomforts and Pain after Episiotomy
Authors: Yoo Eunkwang , Kim Jinhee
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to find out women's need and level of knowledge about episiotomy, pain and discomfort related to episiotomy on a cross-sectional survey design. The subjects were 102 postpartal women agreed on oral consent. 34 postpartal women admitted at obstetric ward of H university hospital, 34 postpartal women admitted at 2 Sanhujoriwons, and 34 women within one year afterbirth. They were selected in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from July, 1 to September 30, 2000, by a structured questionnaire. The instrument used for this study was a questionaire consisted of 5 items of general characteristics, 12 items of obstetric characteristics, 10 items of level of knowledge (Chronbach alpha .8176), 8 items of need of education(Chronbach alpha.8836), 3 items of pain (Chronbach alpha.9252), and 3 items of discomfort (Chronbach alpha.8092).The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc and Pearson Correlation Coefficient.The results of the study were as follows; 1. 63.2% of respondents had right answer on 6-8 items among 10 items. Only 4.4% of women got right answer on 10 items all.2. The need of education was high(4.45%) on all items and the range of score was 4.25~4.64.3. The strength of pain was the highest within one week afterbirth(5.93/10) and became lower in 8-14 days afterbirth(2.55). And after 15days of postpartum, the pain level became to the lowest level(1.08). However, pain was delayed until more than one month afterbirth.4. The level of discomfort was the highest one week afterbirth(6.88/10) and became lower in 8-14 days afterbirth(4.20). And after 15days of postpartum, the discomfort level became to the lowest level(2.47). Universally, the degree of discomfort was higher than pain.5. There was a strong positive correlation between discomforts and pain (r=.752**) and weak positive correlation between discomforts and the level of educational need(r=.308*). In conclusion, women have a right to choose whether she will have episiotomy or not according to her decision making based on the comprehensive knowledge of episiotomy before they get episiotomy with consent process and explanation in detail. Women health care providers like nurses have a responsibility to do conscious raising and empowerment for women so that they could lead themselves to choose given medical treatments for women's health and wellbeing and the quality of life in her life cycle.
A Study on Drug Use of Middle Aged Women
Authors: Shin Hye Suk , Kang Kyung In , Kim Kyung Sook , Kim Eun Kyung , Kim Eun Suk , Kim Hee Sun , Lee Young Sun , Shin Sung Hee , Choi Ji Sun , Hwang Sun Ki
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the drug use of middle aged women. The subject consisted of 330 middle aged women who ranged in age from 40 to 60 years. They were selected in Seoul. Kyung-Ki province, Korea. Data were collected by using guestionnaires, from April, 10th to 30th 2001 and analyzed by the SPSS PC+ program using qui-square The results are summarized as follows : 1. The proportion of drinking and smoking experience was 42.4%, 3.7%. The motivation of drug use was advised family and relatives (46.1%), doctor's order(39.4%), magazine and advertisement(14.5%). Most of middle aged women get the information on knowledge of drug from hospital (47.3%), magazines and advertisement(30.3%), advised family and relatives(22.4%). And 57.9% of the middle aged women didn't know side effect of the using drug and 13.9% of the middle aged women have had experienced with side effect. And the level of attitude on drug abuse in middle aged women was 43%. Most of the subjects(93.9%) didn't use alternative drugs, and they used more than 3 kinds of drugs(47%).2. They used digestives(44.2%), applying ointments (41.8%), drinks (39.4%), analgesics (39.1%), laxatives(8.8%), anti hypertension drugs (33%), and anti-anemic drugs(8.8%) in their orders.
Mothers Perception of Fatigue in Postpartum Period
Authors: Kim Shin Jeong , Jeong Geum Hee , Kim Eun Ha
Published: July 2019

A study was done to identify mothers' perception of fatigue in postpartum period. Questionnaires were collected from 267 normal postpartum mothers in Korea from July to December 2000. The questionnaires used to measure mothers fatigue were "Subjective Symptoms of Fatigue Test" designed by Research Committee of Industrial Fatigue in Hygienic Association of Japan Industry. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-Win. The results revealed that The average fatigue score of subjects was 1.70; Physical fatigue had the highest value with a mean of 1.89, followed by psychological fatigue with a mean score of 1.62, neuro-sensory fatigue was rated lowest with a mean of 1.58. Sorting out the subjects fatigue level per a week during Sweeks, 6th week after postpartum had the highest value with a mean of 1.85. Degree of fatigue was also compared with the respect to the general characteristics of mothers: There were statistically significant differences according to mothers' job (t= -2.021, p= .046), sleeping time (t=2.771, p= .006), having a nap (t= -2.132, p= .034), baby character (F= 3.089, p= .047), baby sex (t= -2.054, p= .041), having a person who help domestic affairs (t= 2.292, p= .023). Therefore variable nursing intervention should be provided to alleviate the fatigue according to the postpartum period. Especially the nursing intervention program to alleviate the physical fatigue is needed.
The Menopausal Age and Climacteric Symptoms, and the Related Factors of Korean Women
Authors: Park Young Joo , Gu Byoung Sam , Kang Hyun Choel , Chon Sook Hee , Yoon Ji Won
Published: July 2019

This cross-sectional design was to identify the age at menopause of Korean women and the levels of bothersome menopausal symptoms. In addition, examining relationships between the levels of bothersome menopausal symptoms and sociodemographic factors, body mass index, menopause-related factors, and life-style behavior factors including smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and diet was done. Two thousand eight hundred seven naturally postmenopausal women aged between 41-65 years were recruited by self-selection from 7 metropolitans and 6 provinces in Korea from Dec. 20, 1998 to April 30, 1999. The age at menopause of Korean women was 49.2 years(mean) and 50.0 years (median). The menopausal age of Korean women has slightly increased compared to a previous study. Based on the demographic factors, residential area and socioeconomic status were associated with the bothersome levels of climacteric symptoms. In the case of the life-style behaviors analysis, only alcohol use and a preference for wheat were associated with the bothersome levels of climacteric symptoms, especially physical symptoms.
A Survey of Urban Middle-Aged Womens Transition
Authors: Park Young Sook , Cho In Sook
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify transition conditions, health behavior and indicators of healthy transitions among middle-aged women based on Schumacher & Meleis(1994) transition model for developing intervention program for their health promotion. A convenience sample of 221 women aged 40-60 was obtained in Jung-Gu, Seoul and they were asked to complete the questionnaires, which consisted of modified health-promoting lifestyle profile(HPLP), knowledge of menopause, physical well-being, emotional well-being, modified women's role integration protocol (WRIP), Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI), and indicators of healthy transition with subcategories such as subjective well-being, role mastery and well-being of interrelationship.The results were as follows: 1. Women had a mean age of 47.53 years. More than half(53.39%) of the women had jobs and 88.69% had their spouses, Of 221 women, 51.13% were premenopausal, 19.91% were perimenopausal, and 28.96% were postmenopausal.2. Women scored lower on health responsibility and exercise than on self actualization, nutrition and interpersonal support among subcategories of health behavior measured the modified HPLP. Only 11.98% of respondents had breast-self examination and 42.66% had pap smear for screening cancer.3. In transition conditions, women had poor knowledge about menopause and median level of physical well-being, emotional well-being and stress. 15.45% of the women had clinical depression.4. As for the outcome index of the transition model, the mean of indicators of healthy transition was 3.69(possible range 1-5).5. The levels of education and economic and the menstrual status were significantly related to physical well-being, depression and stress in the categories of transition conditions. The total score of health behavior correlated negatively with depression. The total score of indicators of healthy transition correlated with physical well-being, emotional well-being, stress, and depression in the categories of transition conditions.In conclusion, these findings suggested a profile of fragile middle-aged women and contributed to developing the community-based intervention program for health promotion.
A Contents Analysis of Nursing Needs at Labor Pain
Authors: Yeo Jung Hee , Baek Seol Hyang
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore nursing needs during labor pain that had been suffered by women who have given birth. It is essential to identify the nursing needs in order to solve nursing problems and to provide better care for the parturients. The sample consisted of 20 women of primiparas and 17 women of multiparas. They underwent normal labor and delivered a healthy baby at term. The data had been collected through the unstructured interviews conducted 1-2 days after delivery in the admission room from March 1998 to March 1999. On average, the interviews lasted for about 30 minutes. Interviews were taken with the consent of the subjects. The data are categorized according to the similarities of their contents. Seventeen subordinate categories and six superordinate categories have been identified. Six superordinate categories are 1) physical nursing needs 2) nursing needs of medical behavior 3) emotional nursing needs 4) informational and teaching nursing needs 5) nursing needs of pain control 6) nursing needs of respect(personality).Seventeen subordinate categories include: comfortable posture, touch, professional knowledge and techniques, duty execution, support, company and talk, stable surroundings, reassurance, information on delivery, explanation of medical behavior, information on surroundings, instruction on the case of pain, arbitrary adjustment, artificial adjustment, respect, interest and reflection of opinions.The result of this research is the same as that of foreign research and the items of the questionnaire in Korea are the same as the foreign one. Despite the same result, however, this dissertation is significant in that the research identifies the parturients nursing needs and classified the data and thus the basis has been formed to develop the tools to assess the nursing needs of the Korean parturients. The findings can be used as the guide for nursing intervention of parturients.
High School Students Misconceptions of Sexual Violence
Authors: Yom Young Hee , Lee Kyu Eun , Yoon Yang So
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze high school. students' misconceptions and education of sexual violence. The data were collected from June 19 to July 14, 2000 using the questionnaire. The Subjects of this study consisted of 660 high school students in six provinces(Seoul, Incheon, Daegu, Kyunggi, Kangwon, Kyungbuk). Data were analyzed using percentage, mean standard deviation, ANOVA, and Duncan test.The results were as follows 1. About sixty-three percent of the subjects was educated for sexual violence.2. About thirty-four percent of the subjects experienced sexual harassment, 22.3% of the subjects experienced serious sexual contact and 0.8% of the subjects was raped.3. The mean score of misconception related sexual violence was 2.71+/-0.45.4. The mean score of misconception related sexual violence showed significant differences in delayed time of education(F=8.90, P<.0001), in reading of pornomagazine (F=2.58, P<.01) and in taken lecture from physical education teacher.5. The mean score of misconception related sexual violence showed significant differences in experience of sexual harassment (t=-2.63, P<.01) and in experience of serious sexual contact(t=-2.78, P<.01).6. There was a significant differences in misconception related sexual violence between boy and girl(t=6.69, P<.0001). According to the above results, realistic and future-directed sexual violence education materials should be developed for high school students. This information will provide useful data to promote a more systemic and desirable sexual violence education.
Development of Prevention and Educational Programs for Battered Women
Authors: Lee Kyung Hye , Lee Kwang Ok , Kim Susise , Choi Joeng Sook
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop prevention and educational programs for battered women. The first stage was to assess battered women's health status and health needs. The second stage was to develop prevention and educational programs to improve battered women's health. A survey research design was used to gather data from June-November 1999 by the counselor. Research sample was recruited from shelter and women's counseling centers in Seoul, Inchon, Chooncheon, Taejeon, and Jeoju. Trained counselors contacted 218 women, who agreed verbally to participate in the study. The researcher did a literature review and developed the tool used. We did ten pretests and three counselors checked the tool for content validity. The reliability and validity of the instrument were acceptable. The second stage of the research consisted of lay-professional groups discussing the abuse problems and possible solutions. Each group had five professionals (counsellor, nurse, minister, psychiatrist, social worker) and five women who have experienced battering from her husband in community. Result of the survey and two(lay persons and professionals) group discussions showed that victims need more assessment of physical, mental and spiritual needs. Victims were beaten more often during their pregnancies than at other times. Various kind of strategy were frequently utilized, but still the number of women abused and suicides committed increased. Both studies showed that the women experienced severe beating, that they felt powerless, that they need to understand that society abuser characteristics, that they lack a protection support system and that society lacks would an understanding of battered women. Based on the result of both studies, we developed model for prevention and education of battered women. This educational program will increase women s power to solve the abuse problems. The ultimate goal of the program is to develop a one-stop center to give wholistic approach care to women in abuse situations.
A Study of the Body Mass Index and Body Image among Female College Students
Authors: Chung Eun Soon
Published: July 2019

This study aims at examining relationships between body mass index and perceived body shape and image. Using a purposive sampling method, 404 female college students were recruited from three universities located in Busan from April 2000 to June 2000. To classify the levels of obesity, Broca's method was used. Secord & Jourard's Body Cathexis Scale(1953) modified by Kim mi ok(1997) was also used to measure body image. The collected data were analyzed with the percentages, Mean, Standard deviation, T-test. and Pearson correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were as follows.1. 56.4% of subjects were under weight, and 42.1% were normal for BMI.2. 55.9% of subjects were very satisfied with their body shape and 15.1% were satisfied.3. The mean values of perceived body shape according to the BMI were 3.0 for the overweight group, 2.65 for the normal weight group, and 2.21 for the low weight group, the mean differences among three groups were significantly satisfied (F= 21.42, P= .000).4. The mean scores of body image according to the BMI was 160.21 for low weight group, 155.57 for the normal weight group, and 140.0 for overweight group. The mean differences among the three groups were not significantly satisfied.5. The mean scores of body image according to perceived body shape were 17819 for the satisfaction group, 161.08 for the moderate group and 150.82 for dissatisfied group. The mean differences among the three groups were significantly satisfied (F= 35.72, P=. 000).6. There were high positive correlations between BMI and perceived body shape(r= .317) and between perceived body shape and body image (r= .415).
Pre-Menstruation Discomforts Experienced by Women
Authors: Kim Eun Ha , Kim Shin Jeong
Published: July 2019

This study is to investigate women have pre menstruation discomfort, The period of this research was almost one month (from 25, August 2001 to 25, October 2001). The PAF (Premenstrual assessment form), which was made by Park, Myonng-Wha, used for this study. The confidence rate is Crombach's alpha=.9773. Correcting research papers are analyzed by SPSS 7.5 program and normal feature of the subject is divided by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA.The results of this study are as follows; 1. The average age of the subjects is 26.47 age. 220 subjects(44.6%) have gastroenteric trouble like, enteritis, stomachache, laxity. 278 subjects usually have caffeine drink in routine life. 123 subjects(24.9%) have controlled their diet. The average age of the first plowing is 13.55 ages and distribution is between 10 years and 20 years. The average of the uncomfortable point is 2.84. The way to reduce the uncomfortable feeling on the menstruation is taking relax time.2. All subjects have experienced pre menstruation discomfort, even the degree uncomfortable feeling is different. Through eighteenth categories on the research papers, average point 2.21 were calculated and many subjects have fatigue (2.89+/-1.0614) and normal physical uncomfortable (2.84+/-1.0633) and undercurrent water symptom and unsuitability (2.45+/-0.9857).3. According to the result of this study, that shows statistical difference; age (F=2.56. p=.037). marriage (t=2.60, p=.009) the number of children(t=2.83, p=.005), stress level(F=13.03, p=.000) job(F=3.91, p=.020). monthly income(t=2.14. p=.032) uncomfortable degree on the menstruation (F=19.121, p=.000), use of contraceptive appliance or pill(t=-2.20, p=.043), schooling (F=3.30, p=.038).Further research is need to understand pie menstruation discomforts, the variables associated with them. And nursing intervention has to considered in program to reduces of pre-menstruation discomforts.
The Climacteric Symptoms and Quality of Life in Climacteric Women according to Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kim Ogmi , Lee Young-sook
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study is to find the difference of the climacteric symptoms and quality of life according to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in climacteric women. The research design was a descriptive survey with questionaries. A convenience sample of 181 climacteric women aged 45-65 who had climacteric symptoms were selected in Kwangju city, Korea. Sixty-six climacteric women among those subjects were receiving HRT at K university hospital in Kwangju city. Data were collected by the interview with questionaries from Feb 3. 1999 to March 25, 1999. Climacteric symptoms were measured using scores developed by Neugarten(1965) and modified by Park(1989), and the quality of life scale related to climacteric symptoms developed by Hildtich(1996) and modified Kim(1998). Data were analyzed by z 2-test, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation procedures, using SAS/win PC+. The results were as follows 1. No statistically significant differences were found between the receiving HRT group and not receiving HRT group in demographic, obstetrical and health related characteristics.2. There were no significant difference on the climacteric symptoms between the group of women receiving HRT (score 2.4) and the group of women who were not (score 2.6) except psychological area (t=2.407, p=0.017).3. The quality of life of the group of women receiving HRT was significantly higher than that the group of women who were not (t=2.151, p=.032).4. The quality of life of the group of women receiving HRT were high scores There were significantly high of the quality of life in the vaso-motor change area (t=2.634, p=0.009), psycho-social change area (t=3.239, p=0.001), and physical change area (t=2.031, p=0,043) in the group of receiving HRT compared to not receiving HRT group.5. The variables showed significantly differences on the degree of climacteric symptoms of the group of women not receiving HRT were the subjective health state (t=15.81, p=0.000), age (t=7.50, p=0.007), feeling of menopause (t=30.88, p=0,000) and climacteric periods (t=8.66, p=0.003), and receiving HRT were number of para (t=3.95, p=0.050) and feeling of menopause (t=3.94, p=0.050).6. The variables showed significantly difference on the quality of life of the group of women not receiving HRT were the subjective health state (t=4.14, p=0.044) and feeling of menopause (t=10.86, p=0.001).7. There were significantly positive correlations between the climacteric symptoms and the quality of life in climacteric women (r=0.512, p=0.000).
The ranking of dimensions for project-management efficiency in the public sector
Authors: Van Zyl Hardus
Published: July 2019

The aim of the article is to introduce a project-management efficiency model in order to rank the dimensions of efficient project management in the public sector.There is a need to develop and introduce measurement instruments that would enable decision-makers to prioritise the important dimensions of efficient project management. The results of the model will also demonstrate how project management acts as the primary function to enhance organisational performance, codified through improved logical endstate programmes, work ethics and process contributions.The efficiency model/instrument that was developed can act as a tool to enable project managers to determine the important dimensions of efficient project management in their specific organisations.A greater level of efficiency can be achieved if the organisation can work more efficiently and provide more effective services. The introduction of efficient project-management practices for an organisation is of the utmost importance in helping the organisation to fundamentally adapt to external threats to its existence and focus its endeavours in a coordinated manner.
The historically realised equity risk premium as a guide to future expectations in an emerging market: The case of South Africa
Authors: De Beer Jesse
Published: July 2019

The concept of an equity risk premium (ERP) is fundamental to modern financial theory and central to every decision at the heart of corporate finance. Efforts to quantify ERP are well rewarded by insights into the stability and dynamics of long-term investment performance. Such efforts require the quantification of both historically realised (ex post) and expected future (ex ante) premiums. Finding an appropriate proxy for the expected (ex ante) ERP remains a challenging aspect. One widely used application is the use of long-term averages of observed market premiums as a proxy for expected returns. The aim of this paper is to analyse the appropriateness of the historical methodology of estimating expected ERP in the South African context. The analysis in this paper suggests that analysing past historical figures remains useful in the SA context. This is supported by the results of the statistical analysis, showing stationarity of the ERP time-series, meaning that the true mean does not change over time. This implies that the historical average mean may be used as a proxy for the long-run expected ERP. However, the well-documented problems relating to large standard errors (predictability problem) and relevance due to changing circumstances are also evident in the SA data. Thus, investors would be well advised to analyse the past and apply informed judgments as to future differences, if any, when attempting to arrive at fair forecasts.
The socio-economic impact of the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival (KKNK)
Authors: Van der Merwe Louwrens , Saayman Melville , Saayman Andrea
Published: July 2019

Events and festivals are hosted with the expectation that they hold many benefits for the host communities. These benefits include employment, income generation, and increasing tourist numbers, thereby improving the quality of life of the host community. However, little is known about the socio-economic impact of arts festivals, especially in the South African context. Hence, the purpose of this article was to determine the socio-economic impact of the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival (KKNK) on the community of Oudtshoorn. This festival is the largest arts festival, both in terms of visitor numbers as well as income generation, in South Africa. In order to achieve the goal of the research, three surveys were conducted: firstly, a community survey; secondly, a business survey; and, finally, a visitor survey. The results indicate that the KKNK contributes significantly to the economy and community of Oudtshoorn. From a social point of view, however, the respondents indicated that the festival benefits the community more than the individual. To increase the positive socio-economic outcomes of the KKNK, the festival organisers have to focus on greater participation by, and communication with, all stakeholders, especially the local community.
Unemployment in South Africa 1970 – 2002: The development of a configuration concern for future employment
Authors: Schoeman Christie , Blaauw Phillip
Published: July 2019

Unemployment in South Africa has reached crisis proportions and does not seem to be decreasing in concurrence with the more propitious economic reality. Indeed, the unemployment process seems to be isolated from economic reality and has developed a life of its own. This paper investigates what initiates and underlies the development of this phenomenon. The Phillips model on endogenously determined long-run equilibrium unemployment is applied, using hysteresis models and autoregressive modelling, to determine the nature of the high and sustained levels of South African unemployment. We find evidence of unemployment in South Africa being a historical inheritance preserved by uncertainty and sunken costs in the labour market.
The impact of accounting standards developments and financial reporting complexities on the audit committee
Authors: Marx Ben , Du Toit Erica
Published: July 2019

The developments in accounting standards and the increased complexity of financial reporting present many challenges and difficulties to the preparers of financial statements and the audit committee as overseers of the financial reporting process. Accordingly, the audit committee should consist of independent directors with the right experience and expertise and, given the complexity of today’s financial statements, it is essential that they should also be financially literate, with at least one member being a financial expert. This article discusses the impact of the development and increased technical nature of accounting standards on the constitution and workings of the audit committee. Empirical evidence is also provided that the average audit committee at the largest listed companies in South Africa consists of members who can be considered as financially literate, with at least one member being a financial expert, and that they are compensated for this expertise.
The “trade” requirement for income tax purposes: A reappraisal (CSARS v Smith 65 SATC 6)
Authors: Olivier Lynette
Published: July 2019

No abstract available.
The company as a responsible corporate citizen: An analysis of the board’s commitment to sustainability
Authors: Marx Ben , Van Dyk Vanessa
Published: July 2019

Organisations are increasingly realising that they are members of a wider community and must therefore behave in a responsible manner. The boards of directors of organisations play a critical role in ensuring that companies conduct their business in a responsible and sustainable manner, and in providing accurate, reliable and credible reporting to their stakeholders.The objective of the paper is twofold: to provide a brief overview of the development of corporate citizenship, sustainability and sustainability reporting and the board’s role in this regard; and, secondly, to provide evidence regarding the board’s commitment to sustainability as disclosed in a company’s sustainability reporting. This is achieved through a literature review of current corporate governance and sustainability developments and practices. This review is supported by empirical evidence obtained from assessing the sustainability reporting of companies through a content analysis of the annual reports of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Limited’s Socially Responsible Index. The study found that sustainability and sustainability reporting are widely researched and advocated in the literature, and that companies report a commitment to sustainability, but that these reports lack specific detail concerning the board’s responsibility for and commitment to sustainability.
The effect of fiscal policy on the size of the informal sector in Nigeria
Authors: Solomon Offiong H.
Published: July 2019

This paper adapts a dynamic real business cycle model to examine the effect of fiscal policy on the relative size of the informal sector in Nigeria. The motivation for this paper is to provide an economic intuition on how fiscal policy has contributed to the growth of the informal sector. The results of the model show the presence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between the tax rate and the size of the informal sector. It also predicts that for a given tax rate below a threshold of 30%, public capital stock contributes to an increase in the size of the informal sector and vice versa. The theoretical predictions of the model are supported empirically using data from Nigeria between 1980 and 2000. The model finally shows that there is a proportional relationship between the agent’s welfare and the size of the informal sector.
Corporate governance practices at South African higher education institutions: An annual report disclosure analysis
Authors: Barac Karen , Marx Ben , Moloi Tankiso
Published: July 2019

Higher education institutions are presently facing many challenges, ranging from economic and financial constraints to social and educational issues. Accordingly, sound management and governance are essential, and this brings the governance model of HEIs more in line with business corporations. This article provides an overview of the state of governance practices at higher education institutions in South Africa, and an assessment of the corporate governance disclosures in their annual reports. This was done through a literature review of higher education developments, including a South African perspective, supported by empirical evidence obtained from assessing the annual reports of these institutions. The study found that, although most of these institutions are providing disclosure on their corporate governance structures and practices in line with the recommendations of the Higher Education Act and King II, such disclosure is often lacking in detail and could be improved.
Assessments under the Tax Administration Bill
Authors: Olivier Lynette
Published: July 2019

Abstract not available.
The assessment of joint purchasing: Can too much ‘buying power’ ever be a problem
Authors: Anderson Paul , Fiandeiro Fatima , Choudhary Keshav
Published: July 2019

The creation of ‘buying power’ through joint purchasing agreements is often seen as positive, with direct benefits for consumers in the form of lower prices. Even where joint purchasing agreements lead to the creation of a monopsonist, economic theory suggests that the welfare effects of monopsony power depend greatly on the market context, with some economists proposing that the probability of harm in cases involving monopsony power is considerably lower than in cases of a monopoly. Despite this view, section 4(1)(b) of the South African Competition Act classifies the ‘fixing of a purchase or selling price or any other trading condition’ by competitors as a per se prohibition. This implies that from a legal perspective purchasing agreements may be afforded the same draconian treatment as selling cartels. This paper considers whether this potentially punitive treatment of joint buying arrangements under section 4(1)(b) is warranted and indeed whether the equivalent treatment of joint buying and selling agreements under this section of the Act is appropriate.