bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoration Of Turbulence Degraded Images - A Review
Authors: Nisenson P , Stachnik R. V.
Published: June 2019

The success of speckle interferometry in recovering high resolution information from atmospheric turbulence degraded images has renewed interest in the restoration of images recorded through a turbulent medium. There are a number of different approaches to image restoration which have been proposed. The effectiveness of each of these techniques is strongly dependent on the brightness and the angular extent of the object being observed. This paper will attempt to summarize the areas of application of such techniques, the current state-of-the-art in this field, and the expected performance range of the various techniques.
Fine Structure and Dynamics of the Inner Corona
Authors: Brueckner G.E. , Bartoe J.D.F. , VanHoosier M.E.
Published: June 2019

High spectral (0,05 Å) and spatial (⋍ 1000 km) resolution spectra of the Fe XII line 1349.4 Å reveal the existence of coronal fine structures in the quiet sun against the solar disk. These coronal bright elements have an average size of 2000-3000 km; their column density can be 3 x 1017 cm –2 . In the quiet sun, outward streaming velocities of 10-15 km sec –1 can be measured by means of the Doppler effect. The total kinetic and thermal energy of the outstreaming gas can be estimated to be larger than 1 x 10 5 ergs cm –2 sec –1, enough to account for the heating of the corona and the losses of the solar wind. At the outer limb (cos θ ⋍0.1) line profiles show a strong blue asymmetry, which could be caused by expanding material in a piston-driven shock, whereby the opaque, cool piston causes the asymmetry of the line profile.
Formation of the He I and He II Resonance and Subordinate Lines in the Sun and Late-Type Stars
Authors: Linsky J. L.
Published: June 2019

This paper wil describe recent calculations which attempt to pin down the relative importance of collisional excitation, recombination, diffusion, and departures from a Maxwell-Boltzmann electron velocity distribution on the formation of lines and continua of He I and He II in the Sun. There will be some comments on the relevance of these calculations to other stars.
Studies of the Ultraviolet Spectra of Wolf-Rayet Stars
Authors: Willis A. J. , Wilson R.
Published: June 2019

New ultraviolet observations of nine Wolf-Rayet stars have been obtained with the S2/68 experiment of the ESRO satellite TD-1. These low resolution (Δλ ∼35Å) spectra have been studied yielding line identifications and strengths of the numerous emission lines observed in both WN and WC stars. The ultraviolet data are combined with complementary ground based photoelectric measurements to yield new estimates of the interstellar reddening corrections required. The combined ultraviolet and visible WR energy distributions, corrected for interstellar extinction, yield colour temperatures ∽30000 K for all nine stars. these temperatures are close to those derived from a Zanstra analysis of the He II 1640 Å line observed in emission in single WN and WC stars.

the observed helium, carbon and nitrogen lines in the ultraviolet and visible spectra of four WR stars have been analysed using a non-LTE treatment and Escape Probability methods to determine the abundances of these species in the WR atmospheres. The analysis of low excitation carbon and nitrogen lines in the ultraviolet allows for the first time accurate abundances for these species to be determined. It is found that in the WC star studied the C/He and N/He ratios are close to the normal cosmic values. In the WN stars the N/He ratio is slightly higher than normal but the C/He ratio is much reduced. In both sequences the H/He ratio is very low. Thus it appears that the carbon abundance is the controlling factor in determining the spectral characteristics of both sequences. It is clear that the WR stars are in the helium burning phase, with the WN sequence being less evolved than the WC sequence. These results in many ways support the recent suggestion of Conti (1976) that the of stars are the progenitors of the WR class.
An Emission Line in the Hard X-Ray Spectrum of Hercules X-1: Quantized Cyclotron Emission from the Neutron Star
Authors: Pietsch W. , Reppin C. , Staubert R. , Truemper J. , Voges W. , Kendziorra E.
Published: June 2019

A four hour balloon observation of HERC X-l during the 'On-state' in the 35 day cycle was performed on May 3rd, 1976. The 1.24 second pulsations show a pulsed fraction of 58 ± 8% in the 18-31 KeV interval. A pulsed flux (1.24 sec) was discovered in the 31-88 KeV interval with a pulsed fraction of 51 ± 14%. The spectrum of the pulsed flux can be represented up to 50 KeV by an exponential distribution with KT approximately 8 KeV. At approximately 58 KeV a strong and narrow line feature occurs which we interpret as electron cyclotron emission (ΔN = 1 Landau transition) from the polar cap plasma of the rotating neutron star. The corresponding magnetic field strength is approximately 5 x 1012 Gauss, neglecting gravitational red shift. There is evidence for a second harmonic at approximately 110 KeV (ΔN = 2 ).

The astrophysical application of this discovery will be discussed in some detail.
Simultaneous Multi-Wavelength Observations of Microquasars (The Mine Collaboration)
Authors: Fuchs Y. , Rodriguez J. , Mirabel I. F. , Shaw S. E. , Kretschmar P. , Ribó M. , Chaty S. , Dhawan V. , Brown I. , Spencer R. , Pooley G. G. , Hannikainen D. C.
Published: June 2019

We present the international collaboration MINE (Multi-λ INTEGRAL NEtwork) aimed at conducting multi wavelength observations of microquasars simultaneously with the INTEGRAL satellite. The first results of GRS 1915+105 are encouraging and those to come should help us to understand the physics of the accretion and ejection phenomena around a compact object.
Energy and Angular Momentum Deposition During Common Envelope Evolution
Authors: Soker Noam
Published: June 2019

I consider three processes which enhance mass loss rate from a common envelope of a giant star with a main sequence or a white dwarf companion spiraling-in inside its envelope. I consider deposition of orbital energy and orbital angular momentum to the giant's envelope, and the formation of jets by an accreting companion and their propagation in the envelope. I find that in many cases the deposition of orbital angular momentum to the envelope may be more important to the mass loss process than the deposition of orbital energy. Jets blown by an accreting companion, in particular a white dwarf, orbiting inside the outer regions of the giant's envelope may also dominate over orbital energy deposition at early stage of the common envelope evolution. These imply that, studies which ignore the deposition of angular momentum to the envelope and the effects of the accreting companion may reach wrong conclusions.
Cyclic Period Changes in the Algol WW Cygni
Authors: Zavala R. T. , McNamara B. J. , Harrison T. E. , Bogue H. , Maness H. L.
Published: June 2019

Year to decade-long cyclic period changes have been observed in many classes of close binaries. The Algol binary WW Cygni shows a cyclic change in its orbital period with an amplitude of slightly more than 0.02 days and a period of 56 years. A hypothetical third or fourth body does not satisfactorily explain the observed variation in the orbital period. The change in luminosity and color of the system at primary eclipse minimum are in agreement with the model proposed by Applegate for a magnetic cycle induced period change in WW Cygni. We have commenced monitoring 9 close binaries for evidence of the luminosity and color changes consistent with the magnetic cycle hypothesis. δ Librae is suggested as a case suitable for observation with an optical interferometer to test the third body proposed for this Algol system.
AM CVn Systems as Optical, X-Ray and GWR Sources
Authors: Yungelson L. , Nelemans G. , Portegies Zwart S. F.
Published: June 2019

We discuss the model for the Galactic sample of the AM CVn systems with Porb, ≤ 1500 s that can be detected in the optical and/or X-ray bands and may be resolved by the gravitational waves detector LISA. At 3 ≲ P ≲ 10 min all detectable systems are X-ray sources. At P ≳ 10 min most systems are only detectable in the V-band. About 30% of the X-ray sources is also detectable in the V-band. About 10,000 AM CVn systems might be resolved by LISA: this is comparable to the number of detached double white dwarfs that can be resolved. Several hundreds of AM CVn LISA sources might be also detectable in the V- and/or X-ray bands.
Rapid Keck Spectroscopy of Cataclysmic Variables
Authors: Skidmore Warren , Horne Keith , Pearson Kevin , Gomer Richard , O'Brien Kieran , Okе Bev
Published: June 2019

We present an analysis of Rapid Keck Spectroscopy of the CVs AM Her (polar) and SS Cyg (dwarf nova). We decompose the spectra into constant and variable components and identify different types of variability in AM Her with different characteristic timescales. The variable flickering component of the accretion disc flux md the observational characteristics of a small flare in SS Cyg are isolated.
The Short Orbital Period CV Hα0242-28
Authors: Mason E.
Published: June 2019

I present preliminary results from the: VLT+FORS2 time resolved spectroscopy of the newly discovered cataclysmic variable (CV) Hα0242-28.
X-Ray Observations of Classical and Recurrent Novae in Outburst
Authors: Orio M.
Published: June 2019

I review X-ray observations of classical and recurrent novae in outburst, some of them recently done with Chandra and XMM-Newton for 12 objects. Significant X-ray flux is emitted by the nova shell, with a peak luminosity up to Lx = 1035 erg s–1 in the 0.2-10 keV range. In recurrent nova systems, or in novae hosting a red giant, the source of X-rays may be previous circumstellar matter shocked by the nova wind. However, for most classical novae, X-rays originate inside the nebula ejected in the outburst. The data indicate a very high fraction of shocked material, and a non-smooth, varying wind outflow. A nebular emission line spectrum is also observed at late phases. In about half of the observed novae, the central white dwarf appears as a very luminous supersoft X-ray source for 1 to 9 years after the outburst. It is the best type of object to study the characteristics of shell hydrogen burning on white dwarfs in single degenerate systems. Still incomplete statistics indicate that the duration of the supersoft X-ray phase is peaked around ≃2 years. The correlation of the X-ray light curve with the nova properties is not quite clear. Recently, “template grating spectra” with high S/N have been obtained for V4743 Sgr. The X-ray light curve of this nova reveals a rich and complex power spectrum, with signatures of non-radial g-mode oscillations of the white dwarf. The oscillations and the spectra allow to determine the properties of the shell hydrogen burning white dwarf.
Preliminary Results on Intermittent Behaviour of Millisecond Pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658
Authors: Menna M. T. , Papitto A. , Burderi L. , Di Salvo T. , Stella L. , Robba N. R.
Published: June 2019

We analyzed RXTE data from the burst of the year 2000 of the X-ray millisecond binary pulsar SAX J 1808.4-3658 with the intent of determining the new orbital parameters.

We used the observations of SAX J1808.4-3658 performed by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) when the source was again detected in outburst during the period January-March 2000 (Wijnands et al. 2001). In particular we examined the data from the Proportional Counter Array (РСA) (Jahoda et al. 1996). We first applied barycentric correction to the data using the optical coordinates of the source (Roche et al. 98).
Links between Symbiotic and Planetary Nebulae
Authors: López J. A. , Escalante K. , Riesgo-Tirado H.
Published: June 2019

Planetary nebulae (PNe) represent a well defined stage of stellar evolution, where the characteristics of both, the central star and the gaseous envelope have defined properties. A large fraction of PNe contain binary nuclei, therefore, binary evolution plays an important role in the AGB and proto-planetary stages under certain circumstances. Symbiotic nebulae with extended envelopes (D-type), are identified with binary systems where the primary component is usually a Mira giant and the companion a hot white dwarf. Some of these systems resemble planetary nebulae and as a consequence can lead to misleading interpretations. Here we discuss some relevant links and differences between these two types of nebulae.
Disk Structure and Evolution Around the Neutron Star in Be/X-Ray Binaries
Authors: Hayasaki Kimitake , Okazaki Atsuo T.
Published: June 2019

We investigate the accretion flow around the neutron star in Be/X-ray binaries, using a 3D SPH code and the data imported from simulations by Okazaki et al. (2002) and Okazaki & Hayasaki (2004) for both a coplanar system and a misaligned system in which the Bo-star disk is inclined from the binary orbital plane by 30 degrees, with a short period (Porb = 24.3 days) and moderate eccentricity (e = 0.34). We find that a non-steady accretion disk is formed around the neutron star in the misaligned case as well as in the coplanar case. The disk size in the misaligned system is significantly larger because of its higher angular momentum than that in the coplanar system. We also find that the disk also evolves via a two-stage process, which consists of the initial developing stage and the latar developed stage.
Towards Self-Consistent Spectral Models for Outbursting Discs in AM CVn Binaries
Authors: Nunn N. , Wickramasinghe D. T. , Ferrario L.
Published: June 2019

Models for AM CVn discs are usually constructed under the assumption of a steady state. Nevertheless, many of these systems have unstable discs. We have constructed models for the spectral evolution of such discs using a disc instability code (Cannizzo 1984) and detailed calculations of the vertical disc structure assuming hydrostatic equilibrium following El-Khoury and Wickramasinghe (2000).
Exploring the Nature of Weak Chandra Sources Near the Galactic Centre
Authors: Bandyopadhyay R. M. , Blundell K. M. , Podsiadlowski Ph. , Miller-Jones J. C. A. , Wang Q. D. , Brandt W. N. , Rappaport S. , Pfahl E.
Published: June 2019

We present early results from the first near-IR imaging of the weak X-ray sources discovered in the recent Chandra/ACIS-I survey towards the Galactic Centre (GC) (Wang et al. 2002). These ~800 discrete sources, which contribute significantly to the GC X-ray emission, represent an important and previously unknown population within the Galaxy. From our VLT observations we will identify likely IR counterparts to a sample of the hardest sources, which are most likely X-ray binaries. With these data we can place constraints on the nature of the discrete weak X-ray source population of the GC. Once the data analysis is complete we will discuss our results in the context of binary population synthesis models.
Feeding and milk protein production
Authors: Thomas P. C.
Published: June 2019

This paper reviews the effects of feeding on milk protein production. It deals, first, with the chemical composition of the milk proteins and the extent to which the composition is influenced by diet, the synthesis of proteins in the mammary gland and the effects of variations in the supply of amino acids and of the energy-yielding nutrients that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There is then an examination of the impact of changes in dietary energy and protein supply on the content and yield of protein in milk and specific consideration of particular features of ration formulation, including supplementary energy concentrate foods, supplementary lipids and amount and type of supplementary protein foods. Finally, it is argued that the effects of diet on milk protein production are evaluated best simply in terms of milk protein yield; some of the pitfalls of interpreting information on milk protein content in practice are pointed out.

It is concluded that the yield of milk protein is determined by the dietary supply of energy-yielding constituents and protein but that presently employed systems for ration formulation do not provide a satisfactory means of interrelating milk protein yield and the intake of nutrients in the cow's diet.
Upland sheep production systems
Authors: Maxwell T. J. , Lloyd Mary D. , Dickson I. A.
Published: June 2019

Upland sheep production systems based on the utilisation of enclosed sown pastures are considered in relation to environmental constraints, recent trends in marketing requirements and a continuing need to improve economic efficiency. The need for quantitatively described decision making in relation to both the testing, development and application of new technology is discussed with particular reference to those factors influencing herbage growth, utilisation and management.

Relatively few upland farms are capable of producing marketable fat lambs before the decline in returns per kg lamb in June. Although higher returns for heavier fat or store lambs can be obtained in the autumn, the degree to which this maximizes the returns per ha will be dependent upon the stocking rate and ewe and lamb performance during the summer. It will also be dependent on the extent to which there is competition for pasture in the autumn and its effect on ewe live weight and condition during the pre-mating and post-mating period; weight and condition will affect reproductive performance which has a substantial effect on returns per ha.

The significance of sward height as a means of controlling the performance of sheep grazing sown pastures is reviewed in relation to ongoing and completed systems experiments and development projects. It is concluded that, for practical purposes, a sward height held between 3.5 and 5.5 cm will provide a sound basis for management of the lactating ewe and suckling lamb until weaning. The means of achieving sward height control in varying farming situations and the development of commercially viable management systems is considered.

In the development of systems towards improving production efficiency, a better description of responses to both level and pattern of N used is required. The need for a better understanding of responses of the ewe in terms of ovulation rate and embryo wastage to changing sward characteristics in the autumn and to the use of supplementary feeding is also required. New techniques, such as the endocrine manipulation of reproductive performance, need to be assessed in relation to existing practices and performance.
The future contribution of the hills and uplands to agricultural output
Authors: Eadie J.
Published: June 2019

The brief from the organisers for this paper was to attempt to draw together the scientific and technical information presented at this meeting and to relate it to land use in the hills and uplands. This requires matters to be set in the context of the political and economic framework within which agriculture makes its contribution to food production, to the generation of economic activity and to the maintenance of the social fabric of the hills and uplands.
Animal genetic resources — the perspective for developing countries
Authors: Cunningham E. P.
Published: June 2019

In developed and developing countries livestock are very important contributors to total agricultural output. Many breeds of different species have become either extinct or nearly so. With the spread of more advanced agricultural systems to many parts of the world, specialized strains of livestock, from a greatly reduced number of breeds within a species, have been bred for specific, but widely different, environmental conditions. This has led to a dilemma in the context of the balance to be effected between conservation of the present variety of genetic resources on the one hand and the need to concentrate increasingly on a narrow range of genotypes in the interests of improved efficiency on the other hand. The paper addresses this dilemma and discusses the FAO-instigated global programme—Animal Genetic Resources — which was designed to monitor changes in animal genetic resources on a global scale with the development of legal and regulatory instruments where necessary.
The identification and evaluation of disease constraints for extensive livestock production systems
Authors: Putt S. N. H. , Hanks J. D.
Published: June 2019

The types of constraint caused by disease on extensive livestock production systems are described. Various approaches by which these constraints may be identified, quantified and evaluated are proposed and the advantages and disadvantages inherent in these different approaches are discussed.
Determinants of success in livestock development projects in developing countries: a review of World Bank experience
Authors: de Haan C.
Published: June 2019

This paper reviews the major determinants of success in World-Bank-funded livestock development projects. First, it summarizes past project results. Secondly, it analyses the main determinants of success, i.e. the appropriateness of technologies used, the adequacy of producer incentives provided and the capacity of the responsible institutions for project planning and implementation. It illustrates the importance of these factors with experiences from Bank-funded livestock projects. Finally, the paper concludes with some thoughts on trends and requirements of future livestock development and recommendations for future research.
A British point of view
Authors: Saunders A
Published: June 2019

The whole supply chain ‘matters’ in the changing market and it is important to involve all links in the chain when striving to achieve sustainability by reducing any conflicts between different sectors, by removing prejudices and by improving the ‘sharing’ of knowledge, costs and profits. Accordingly, to provide a comprehensive overview of who matters, consideration must be given to all of the following:

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The producer

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The feed manufacturer

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The genetics supplier

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The processor

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The manufacturer

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The veterinary surgeon

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The retailer

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The consumer
Engineering choices into animal environments
Authors: Wathes C. M.
Published: June 2019

The means by which choice can be engineered into farm animal environments are described, focusing upon intensive systems of husbandry where choices are the most limited. Choice is assumed to be both necessary and desirable.

The principal components of choice are: (i) environmental choice; (ii) nutritional choice; and (iii) social choice. The management of herds rather than individuals and the persistent trend towards increased intensification generally reduces the opportunities for animals to exercise their environmental and social choices. However, extensive systems can also restrict choice and provide an environment that may, in some cases, be equally barren.

Several common problems may make the provision of choice difficult, including variability and precision of individual choices and the conflicts between the interests of individual animals (as distinct from groups) and farmers themselves.

The availability of choice can be improved by modifying existing systems or developing new systems of livestock husbandry. The choice of physical environments may be made by self selection by an individual animal in a heterogeneous environment; active animal control of an environmental modifier, or automatic control with continual monitoring of physiological and behavioural states. The enrichment of barren environments could also embrace artificial stimulation of the senses. Improving the choice of space for its many social and other uses is likely to be difficult given the financial constraints of livestock husbandry. There are few technical difficulties to improving nutritional choices available to livestock, e.g. automated feeding systems which provide multiple rations.
Association learning by sheep for discriminating between ryegrass and white clover
Authors: Edwards G. R. , Newman J. A. , Parsons A. J. , Krebs J. R.
Published: June 2019

Recent grazing preference studies show that sheep offered a choice between large adjacent monocultures of perennial ryegrass and white clover choose a diet that is a mixture of the two species (ca. 0·7 white clover) (Parsons et al., 1994). One possible hypothesis to explain this is that animals need to sample different areas to know what is located there or the different plant species to know what eating each species represents and because of this include apparently less desirable foods (here ryegrass) in the diet (see Parsons et al., 1994). Edwards et al., (1996) showed that sheep can use spatial memory and so may not need to sample on an area basis. In this study, we tested directly whether sheep could distinguish between ryegrass and white clover without grazing them and whether they can form associations between the appearance of the vegetation and the food reward it represents.
Performance of sheep in simple spatial memory tasks
Authors: Edwards G. R. , Newman J. A. , Parsons A. J. , Krebs J. R.
Published: June 2019

Plant species or vegetation characteristics (e.g. sward height) are often distributed in patches within a background of continuous vegetation. Grazing animals exploit this spatial heterogeneity by concentrating their foraging in patches that are of preferred species or in patches that offer high rates of intake (Bazely, 1988). However, little is known of the mechanisms or individual behaviours that animals use to accomplish this preferential patch use. One hypothesis proposed to account for the preferential patch use is that animals remember information about the spatial distribution of the patches they encounter and use this information on subsequent foraging bouts to increase the rate at which they encounter preferred food patches (Bell, 1991). In this study, we tested whether sheep could remember the spatial location of patches in simple and complex environments or whether they needed continually to sample to know what was located in each area.
Effect of different lengths of food deprivation on the feeding motivation of sheep
Authors: Jackson R. E. , Waran N. K. , Cockram M. S.
Published: June 2019

During the process of transportation sheep can experience long periods of food deprivation during the journey, at market and in lairage. New European Union proposals will allow sheep to be transported for up to 14 h without food. However, it is not clear how such periods without food affect the welfare of sheep.
Do 95-kg live weight pigs choose to stand, sit or lie during short journeys?
Authors: Guise H. J. , Hunter E. J. , Baynes P. J. , Wigglesworth P. J. , Riches H. L. , Penny R. H. C.
Published: June 2019

Although the need for pigs to lie down on long journeys is not in question, there is evidence that they may not choose to do so on journeys of less than 3h (Hunter et al., 1994). These observations were undertaken to determine how pigs in the 95 to 100 kg weight range behaved on short journeys. A three-tier floating-deck vehicle with weld-mesh flooring was used because the popularity of three-deck vehicles is increasing (Riches et al., 1996).
The geography of the Estuary and Firth of Clyde
Authors: Tivy Joy
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The relative resource value and use of the Estuary and Firth of Clyde have varied through time. Until the eighteenth century the estuary was difficult to navigate. The firth, with its rich fishing grounds and sheltered harbours, was the focus of early settlement. However, increasing trade with the Americas, larger ships and growing competition between Glasgow and the more accessible ports of Greenock and Dumbarton stimulated plans to improve the navigability of the estuary. This was achieved by deepening and widening the main channel, a process which continued as the size of ships increased and more sophisticated techniques of river improvement developed. Within a century and a half the bed of the estuary was transformed from an obstacle to navigation into a major water-route, from which the largest passenger liners in the world were launched.

Since the Second World War the relative resource values of the estuary and the firth have changed with the increase in air travel, the decline of ship building and heavy industry on the Clyde, and the increase in the size of cargo vessels. The economic focus shifted from the estuary to the natural, deepwater harbours of the firth.

At present redevelopment of derelict docklands and industrial sites along the estuary is taking place, while the firth is suffering from the effects of economic recession. Planning is now being increasingly directed toward the development of the amenity, recreational and tourist potential of both the estuary and the firth.
Effects of air pollutants on buildings and materials
Authors: Butlin R. N.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The main pollutants affecting materials are sulphur dioxide and sulphates, nitrogen oxides and nitrates, chlorides, carbon dioxide and ozone. In marine environments it is important to separate the effects of anthropogenic pollutants from marine sources of the same substances. The effects of paniculate matter, especially from diesel vehicle emissions is of increasing significance.

In buildings containing books, historical artefacts or other works of art indoor pollutants may cause significant degradation. These pollutants may either be lower concentrations of pollutants originating outdoors or other substances generated from synthetic materials, paints, varnishes and display cases as well as from combustion for heating.

The materials most sensitive to pollutants are calcareous building stones and ferrous metals. Manifestations of damage include losses of mass, changes in porosity, discoloration and embrittlement. In the case of stone it is difficult to (1) dissociate the effects of historical concentrations of pollution from current ones and (2) to establish background rates of erosion or decay in the absence of pollutants.

Damage to materials in polluted atmospheres can be attributed to dry or wet deposition of pollutants, or dissolution in rainfall in the case of stone. Estimates of the contributions of the different mechanisms of decay have been made in programmes in the U.S.A. and the U.K.

To obtain estimates of the economic cost of damage from acid deposition it is necessary to know how decay rates are related quantitatively to pollutants and meteorological parameters (damage functions), and the distribution of materials exposed in buildings and in geographical areas. There are few damage functions available and those in existence lack general applicability. There is. therefore, much importance attached to national and international exposure programmes that have been established to assess the responses of a range of materials to different environments. Such work is also of interest in predicting the potential effects of climatic changes on materials.

Methodologies have been developed to enable estimates of economic costs of damage to be made. These are being refined with better data on rates of decay obtained from mathematical models and from exposure programmes. The concept of target loads for damage, originally devised for the natural environment, is being introduced to help assess the action needed to reduce degradation of sensitive materials and buildings.
The coprophilous fungus succession: a model system – abstract
Authors: Webster John
Published: June 2019

Coprophilous fungi form an easily recognised ecological group adapted to severe disturbance. They survive as spores on herbage and are ingested, chewed, subjected to digestion, exposed to competition within the gut, egested and then suffer further competition and environmental variation. Studying the ecology of fungi on rabbit dung has several advantages, both for research and teaching. These include ready availability, ease of replication, simple techniques for varying the environment and levels of competition, and the possibility of adding spores to sterilised food. This is illustrated by studies on three aspects of the ecology of coprophilous fungi.
Effect of straw addition on composition and activity of soil microbial biomass
Authors: Killham K. , Sinclair A. H. , Allison M. F.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The size and activity of the fungal component of the straw-decomposing soil microbial biomass was investigated for three sites in eastern Scotland. The fungi were found (by means of selective substrate-amended respiration, FDA-active hyphal lengths, and cellulolytic plate count) increasingly to dominate the soil microbial biomass with repeated enrichment disturbance from straw incorporation. Development of a biomass with a greater fungal component was also associated with an increased biomass C:N ratio response to straw inputs and more rapid decomposition of 14C-labelled straw, suggesting that continued straw incorporation can cause a “substrate-adapted” microbial biomass to develop which is able to decompose straw increasingly rapidly.
Fungal strategies in ecological perspective
Authors: Grime J. P.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

Evidence now points to the existence of common patterns of functional specialisation in green plants and fungi. It is predicted that further research will reveal the basis for a universal functional classification of organisms which can be used to analyse the assembly rules of communities and ecosystems.
Stromatoporoids: Internal Morphology
Authors: Stock Carl W.
Published: June 2019

There are two levels at which the internal structure of a stromatoporoid is classified. The first level includes structures which can be discerned in a thin section using low magnifications (10X); these are called macrostructures. The second level is composed of structures that are not evident unless a thin section is magnified to a higher degree (50X-100X). These smaller scale aspects are referred to as microstructures.
Stromatoporoids: Classification
Authors: Stearn Colin W.
Published: June 2019

The most influential early classification of the group appeared in H.A. Nicholson's great monograph on the stromatoporoids for the Palaeontographical Society (1886–1892). He believed that the stromatoporoids were similar to the two major groups of living hydrozoans and based his major divisions, the Hydractinoidea and the Milleporoidea, on this similarity. He divided the first of the two groups into the families Actinostromatidae (distinct laminae and pillars) and Idiostromatidae (dendritic forms), and the second group into the Stromatoporidae (amalgamate structures of coenosteles and coenostroms) and the Labechiidae (horizontal elements largely dissepiments). These basic divisions have continued to be recognized in later classifications but additional groups have been split off from Nicholson's original four and his bases of classification have been changed. Lecompte (1956) in the Treatise volume recognized, in addition, the Clathrodictyidae for genera with laminar subvesicular structure and compact tissue; the Stromatoporellidae for genera with dominantly laminar structure and porous tissue, and the Syringostromatidae for genera with well differentiated laminae and pillars and “vertically tabulate chambers”. He also continued a practice started by Dehorne (1920) of including Mesozoic stromatoporoids in Paleozoic families. He recognized the families Milleporellidae and Milleporidiidae for exclusively Mesozoic stromatoporoids. Most later classifications have ignored the Mesozoic stromatoporoids and grouped only Paleozoic genera. Recent works on the classification of Paleozoic stromatoporoids include those of Galloway (1957), Bogoyavlenskaya (1969), Khalfina and Yavorsky (1973), and Stearn (1980).
The effect of severity of grazing on milk production of grazing dairy cows
Authors: Mayne C.S. , Newberry R.D. , Woodcock S.C.F.
Published: June 2019

Hodgson (1975) has shown that herbage intake of the grazing dairy cow is maximised when the daily herbage allowance on offer is equivalent to four times the amount eaten, with a rapid decline in intake when herbage allowance falls below 40g organic matter/kg liveweight/day. This relationship between herbage intake and allowance results from the increasing difficulty of prehending herbage as the sward is grazed closer to the ground. Under a rotational grazing system, the height to which grass is grazed (residual herbage height) is a useful estimate of the amount of herbage available to the grazing animal. The present study was designed to establish the relationship between residual herbage height and milk production.
Evaluation of NOSCOW
Authors: Broadbent P. J. , Topps J. H. , Clark J. J. , Bruce J. M.
Published: June 2019

Two data sets have been used to evaluate NOSCOW, a model of the energy system of cows which allows milk production and live-weight change to be predicted simultaneously from dietary energy intake (Bruce, Broadbent and Topps, 1984).

Black and White Danish Dairy Cows (SDM) were used by Østergaard (1979) to study concentrate feeding strategies. There were nine treatments which differed in the level and pattern of concentrates fed over the first 36 weeks of lactation. These treatments caused substantial differences in the levels and patterns of energy intake.
The effects of lactation length and feed level on subsequent reproductive performance in the sow
Authors: Henry R. W. , Pickard D. W. , Hughes P. E.
Published: June 2019

Previous research suggests that the feeding stratagem employed during a particular stage of the reproductive cycle may evoke an immediate response and/or a more long-term response in reproductive performance. This trial was designed to investigate the effect of feed restriction during lactation on reproductive performance when lactation periods of 10 and 35 days were employed.

Eighty, second to fifth parity Large White x Landrace sows were used in the experiment. The sows were allocated on a parity and liveweight basis to one of the following four lactation treatments:-

1)

35 day lactation; fed 7 kg/day of a standard proprietary diet during lactation

2)

35 day lactation; fed 3 kg/day during lactation

3)

10 day lactation; fed 7 kg/day during lactation

4)

or 10 day lactation; fed 3 kg/day during lactation.

All sows were then fed 3 kg/day during the weaning to remating interval and 2.2 kg/day throughout gestation. Creep feed was offered ad libitum to the litters of sows on treatments 1 and 2 from 10 days post partum. Liveweight and backfat (maximum shoulder, P2 and minimum loin) measurements were taken at regular intervals throughout the experimental period. Piglet weaning weights and subsequent birth weights were recorded.
Methionine, cystine and choline requirements of the growing pig
Authors: Ferrier Lynda J. , Cole D.J.A. , Lewis D.
Published: June 2019

In addition to acting as a source of the amino acid itself, methionine can act as a source of methyl groups. The requirement for sulphur amino acids is therefore influenced by the inclusion level of alternative methyl donors in the diet e.g. choline. An initial experiment was designed to ensure an adequate supply of choline so that in subsequent studies the need for methionine per se could be established. Blood metabolites were used to study the requirements. Three diets with different levels of methionine plus cystine (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 g/kg) were formulated and randomly assigned to 36 pigs. To a basal diet, containing 660 mg/kg choline, choline chloride was added producing diets with choline levels of 660, 860, 1060, 1260, 1460 and 1660 mg/kg. The pigs were randomly allocated three levels of choline, each for a period of three days; this ensured that each treatment was repeated six times. Blood samples were taken by jugular venepuncture 4 hours after feeding at the end of each 3 day period and repeated at 3 liveweights (35, 55 and 75 kg). Blood parameters (urea and plasma amino acids) were used to measure the response.
Aspects of semen production in boars
Authors: Walters J.R. , Green C.G. , Gray J. , Goodman Sally , Hooper P. N.
Published: June 2019

Efficient reproductive performance in the pig breeding herd depends on many different factors including the behaviour and semen production characteristics of the boar. The latter are difficult to measure under on-farm conditions but results are accumulating from experimental and A.I. units (e.g. Du Mesnil du Buisson, Paquignon and Courot,1978; Fent, Wettermann and Johnson, 1983). The preliminary results presented here investigated semen production traits in a large commercial A. I. stud.
“Response of Growing Male Kids to Repeat Zeranol Implantation”
Authors: Silva M. , Berenguer F.
Published: June 2019

The response to repeat Zeranol implantation assessed in terms of LWG was evaluated under grazing conditions in both entire and castrated male kids, in order to determine wether the use of the anabolic was of economical importance under the system most widely used for goat meat production.

Forty five Spanish Granedine male kids aged 2 weeks were randomly divided in 3 groups. Group A remained as control, Groups B and C were implanted on weeks 0, 8 and 16 of the 24 week trial with 12 mg. of Zeranol and Group C was also castrated at the begining of this experiment.

The kids remained with their mothers on a Star grass plot for the first implantation period, afterwards they were weaned and their feeding depended only on grass pluss salt and minerals.

To avoid coccidiosis outbreaks the kids were given Amprolvet Super on a 0.006 concentration in the drinking water all through the trial. The animals were weighted fornightly.after a 18 hour fasting period.
The value of liquid skimmed milk in piglet creep rations
Authors: Davies O D , Howard D W
Published: June 2019

Dried skimmed milk (DSM) is a common constituent of piglet creep rations. Liquid skimmed milk (ISM) is considerably cheaper per unit of feed value and if it could be fed successfully to young pigs as a substitute for DSM without adversely affecting performance, significant savings could be made in weaner rearing costs.

Twenty litters from Large White x Landrace sows, totalling 199 piglets, were offered one of two creep rations.
Replacement of Skim Milk with Whey Products in Milk Substitutes for the Calf
Authors: Stobo I J F , Ganderton P , Perfitt M W
Published: June 2019

Although milk substitutes attract a large subsidy from the EEC provided they contain at least 600 g skim milk solids/kg, several cheaper whey-based products have been Introduced commercially in recent years. Nevertheless, information on the nutritive value of such products is lacking. Since the calf is vulnerable to digestive upsets especially during the first month of life, an experiment was made to assess the effect on health and performance of replacing some or all of the skim milk solids with a mixture of whey powder and whey protein concentrate.

Experimental Thirty-two Friesian bull calves in a randomised block experiment were given one of four milk substitute diets containing 200 g fat and 260 g crude protein/kg DM from 2 to 64 days of age. The reconstituted diets (1 powder:6 water, w/w) were offered to appetite twice daily by bucket at 38°C. The quantities of skim milk solids in each formulation were (g/kg DM): none (diet WP1), 200 (diet WP2). 400 (diet WP3) and 600 (diet WP4), as shown in Table 1. In vitro tests showed that coagulation with rennin did not occur with diets WP1 and WP2 and the clot formed with diet WP3 was much softer than that with diet WP4.
The Effect of Light Supplementation on the Production and Behaviour of Dairy Cows
Authors: Phillips C.J.C. , Schofield S.A.
Published: June 2019

Research on the effect of supplementary light on the production of dairy cows (Tucker, 1985) has shown that it increases the milk production and feed intake of cows receiving less than 12 hours natural daylength, but it is not clear whether this arises from a behavioural stimulation to longer feeding times or a physiological response to light. In addition, although the reproduction of dairy cows has been reported to be seasonal with no effect of photoperiod on LH or FSH production (Rzepkowskl et al 1982), no studies have been made of the effects of supplementary light on oestrous activity and behaviour.
“Management options within a quota regime”
Authors: Craven J A
Published: June 2019

The introduction of milk quotas within the European Economic Community may not have been a popular choice in 1984 but with the benefit of hindsight, few dairy farmers in the UK would now advocate their removal.

Contrary to expectations, profitability on dairy farms since 1984 appears to have improved, admittedly from a very low base. Farmers have been compelled to re-consider their management practices and have concentrated on the priority of lowering production costs. Price factors have also worked in favour of margins and agricultural suppliers have been forced to compete for a reducing market through keen price competition. At the same time quotas have themselves become a substantial asset without any investment on behalf of the original owner.

There can be no guarantee that quotas will continue indefinitely as political policies can change at short notice. It Is, however, self evident that such a mechanism does work at least in terms of controlling milk supply. Most observers therefore take the view that quotas will remain a long term constraint within which dairy farmers must manage their businesses.
Beneftis of Selection for Litter Size in Pig Dam Lines
Authors: Webb A.J. , Bampton P.R.
Published: June 2019

For the past 20 years specialised sire and dam lines have generally exploited existing breed differences, and there has been little within-breed selection for litter size. However, some lines may now be approaching optimum fatness. At the same time, more accurate methods are evolving for estimating genetic merit for litter size. This study therefore re-examines the benefits of selection for litter size in specialised dam lines.
The Effects of Herbage Height and the Provision of first and third cut silage for Dairy Cows grazing a high clover pasture on Sward Composition, Milk Production and Ingestive Behaviour
Authors: Murray-Evans J.P. , Heicheimi K. , Phillips C.J.C.
Published: June 2019

The implementation of milk quotas has caused the dairy industry to reappraise its production strategy. The producers previous goal of maximising milk output has been replaced by minimising the cost of producing each unit of output, as a means of maintaining profitability. Feed costs account for the greatest proportion of expenditure in any dairy farming system, it is important therefore that efficient resource use is made in this aspect of production. Herbage provides the lowest cost feed available, as such it is important that it makes as large a contribution as possible to the production requirements of the dairy cow. The grazed sward tends to be more efficiently utilised at low grass heights by the grazing animal. The corollary of this,is that the dairy cows intake potential may not be reached at these heights. Research indicates that a silage buffer feed would have the ability to prevent this short fall in intake but the importance of silage quality is not known. A grass/ clover mixture has the potential to offer a higher feed value whilst requiring a lower input of fertiliser nitrogen than a pure grass sward. Knowledge regarding the ideal sward height to help maintain the clover component is scarce.
Effect of Type of Silage on Rate of Eating in Lactating Cows
Authors: Gill M , Sargeant A , Neal H D St C , Hughes P M
Published: June 2019

The pattern in which animals consume their daily allocation of feed may affect both total daily intake and the efficiency with which the ingested nutrients are used. The experiment described here compared the patterns of intake of four forages offered to lactating cows either alone or with 9 kg concentrates/head/day.