bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Product Design for Marketability and Manufacturing
Authors: Srinivasan V. , Lovejoy William S. , Beach David
Published: December 2018

Using as a point of departure previous work in marketing on optimal concept selection that utilizes product attribute-based customer preference and product cost models, the authors consider the concept selection stage of a new product development process. They offer empirical support for the need to push beyond these models to more complete “customer-ready” prototypes before choosing a concept to commercialize. Although the correlations between attribute-based predictions, on the one hand, and customer acceptance and product costs, on the other hand, are significant and substantial, too much variance is left unexplained to rely on these models in isolation. This implies that more detailed design work should be performed on several concepts in parallel. The authors also provide an integrated approach for concept generation and selection that leverages the unique strengths of marketing, design, and manufacturing in developing successful products.
Attribute–Task Compatibility as a Determinant of Consumer Preference Reversals
Authors: Nowlis Stephen M. , Simonson Itamar
Published: December 2018

The authors propose that consumers’ preferences are systematically affected by whether they make direct comparisons between brands (e.g., a choice task) or evaluate brands individually (e.g., purchase likelihood ratings). In particular, “comparable” attributes, which produce precise and easy-to-compute comparisons (e.g., price), tend to be relatively more important in comparison-based tasks. Conversely, “enriched” attributes (e.g., brand name), which are more difficult to compare but are often more meaningful and informative when evaluated on their own, tend to receive relatively greater weight when preferences are formed on the basis of separate evaluations of individual options. Consistent with this analysis, systematic preference reversals were observed in a series of studies, which tested the proposed explanation on the basis of attribute-task compatibility, demonstrated that the findings generalize across preference elicitation tasks and attributes that have the characteristics prescribed by their theory, and examined rival accounts. The authors discuss the theoretical implications of this research and explore its consequences for the measurement of buyers’ preferences and for marketers’ pricing, merchandising, distribution, and communications strategies.
Statistical Data Fusion for Cross-Tabulation
Authors: Kamakura Wagner A. , Wedel Michel
Published: December 2018

The authors address the situation in which a researcher wants to cross-tabulate two sets of discrete variables collected in independent samples, but a subset of the variables is common to both samples. The authors propose a statistical data-fusion model that allows for statistical tests of association using multiple imputations. The authors illustrate this approach with an application in which they compare the cross-tabulation results from fused data with those obtained from complete data. Their approach is also compared to the traditional hot-deck procedure.
Simulation Experiments in Choice Simplification: The Effects of Task and Context on Forecasting Performance
Authors: Andrews Rick L. , Manrai Ajay K.
Published: December 2018

Experimental and protocol-based research has demonstrated convincingly that consumers frequently use simplification heuristics prior to making choices. Consequently, quantitative choice models incorporating simplification strategies recently have received much research attention. Given the additional computational cost and complexity involved in estimating these models, the authors investigate how robustly the standard logit model accommodates choice simplification processes. The results show that when consumers screen brands using an elimination-by-aspects strategy, logit forecasts choices reasonably well, but the parameter estimates are severely biased. However, when consumers screen through brands previously purchased, augmented by brands promoted, logit both forecasts poorly and produces biased parameter estimates, even when dedicated screening variables are included in the logit utility function. The predictive validity of logit improves somewhat when the universal set size is small and when purchase event feedback is less important.
The Long-Term Impact of Promotions on Consumer Stockpiling Behavior
Authors: Mela Carl F. , Jedidi Kamel , Bowman Douglas
Published: December 2018

Although brands have increased their promotional spending substantially in many categories over the past decade, panel-based research into consumer stockpiling behavior typically has assumed that consumers’ decisions regarding whether and how much to purchase have remained invariant to this increase. The authors develop a varying parameter model of purchase incidence and purchase quantity to ascertain whether this increase in promotions has affected households’ stockpiling decisions in the long term. The authors estimate the model on the basis of more than eight years of panel data for a frequently purchased, nonfood, consumer packaged-goods product. The results suggest that consumers’ stockpiling behavior has changed over the years. The increased long-term exposure of households to promotions has reduced their likelihood of making category purchases on subsequent shopping trips. However, when households do decide to buy, they tend to buy more of a good. Such behavior is indicative of an increasing tendency to “lie in wait” for especially good promotions. This change appears to have some deleterious ramifications for category profitability.
Learning and Performance Orientation of Salespeople: The Role of Supervisors
Authors: Kohli Ajay K. , Shervani Tasadduq A. , Challagalla Goutam N.
Published: December 2018

The recent work of Sujan, Weitz, and Kumar (1994) brings into sharp focus two distinct goal orientations of salespeople: learning and performance. In this article, the authors make two primary contributions to this emerging topic in salesforce literature: (1) They develop and examine novel propositions that shed light on how supervisors influence the goal orientations of salespeople, and (2) They examine whether supervisors’ influence on their salespeople's orientations is moderated by salesperson experience. The article's hypotheses are tested using data from salespeople in two Fortune 500 companies. The results support several of the a priori hypotheses and suggest that supervisory behaviors (as perceived by salespeople) have a significant influence on salespeople's learning and performance orientations. Furthermore, the authors obtain some support for the hypothesized moderating effect of salesperson experience.
Consumer Processing of Product Trial and the Influence of Prior Advertising: A Structural Modeling Approach
Authors: Kempf Deanna S. , Smith Robert E.
Published: December 2018

A major goal of this study is to develop and test a structural model of trial processing to help marketers and researchers better understand the dynamics of this important stage in the purchase process. No such model exists, even though prior research has demonstrated that product trial can be an important determinant of brand beliefs and attitudes. Accordingly, the authors develop a general model of how consumers process and respond to trial experiences. This trial model then is integrated with a well-known advertising model to trace how (1) consumers react when both types of information are available and (2) advertising achieves its influence on trial perceptions. The authors estimate these models for two products that vary significantly in the diagnosticity of the trial experience and discuss implications for marketing research and practice.
Advertising Frequency Decisions in a Discrete Markov Process under a Budget Constraint
Authors: Bronnenberg Bart J.
Published: December 2018

The author studies the optimality of advertising pulsing under the assumption that demand follows a discrete and interpretable Markov process and that the advertising budget is constrained. The author develops two main results. First, when pulsing is optimal, the prevalence of advertising effects on switching or repurchasing affects the length of the pulse (shorter versus longer, respectively), as well as the optimal level of advertising. Second, the author identifies the functional forms of the short- and long-term effects of advertising in the discrete Markov process and shows that pulsing can be optimal if the transition probabilities are concave in advertising. As an alternative to a pure Markov carryover (if any), the author considers that carryover effects of advertising also might be caused by accumulation of memory for the advertisement. Although general results are difficult to obtain, the author analyzes one case of the compound dynamics of the Markov process and memory effects for advertising with results similar to the pure Markov process. Similarities and differences with continuous-time models, as well as managerial implications, are discussed.
Predecisional Distortion of Product Information
Authors: Russo J. Edward , Meloy Margaret G. , Medvec Victoria Husted
Published: December 2018

Two consumer choice experiments reveal distortion of product information. When relatively equivocal information about two hypothetical brands is acquired one attribute at a time, the evaluation of a subsequent attribute is distorted to support the brand that emerges as the leader. This distortion in favor of the leading brand occurs in the absence of any prior brand preference and even when no choice is required. In the latter case, brand preference is formed spontaneously and privately. The magnitude of this predecisional information distortion is roughly double the well-known postdecisional distortion due to cognitive dissonance. A second study shows that, even when the product information is diagnostic, substantial distortion remains. Furthermore, when the diagnostic information leads to a reversal of the currently preferred brand, distortion reappears in support of the new leading brand. The implications of predecisional distortion of product information are discussed for the presentation order of brands, the presentation format of product attributes, and the potential bias in preference assessment techniques, such as conjoint measurement, that rely on pairwise choices.
Designing the Next Study for Maximum Impact
Authors: Farley John U. , Lehmann Donald R. , Mann Lane H.
Published: December 2018

Generalized knowledge comes from cumulating results across studies, a process known as meta-analysis. Efficiently increasing generalized knowledge in a defined area—estimates of price or advertising, for example—is one important goal for research. Because (1) most meta-analyses are based on highly inefficient and unbalanced natural experiments or designs and (2) additional studies are costly, carefully selecting the next study is important. The authors demonstrate that, rather than simply selecting a study that uses currently underrepresented design variables, a procedure that reduces collinearity among design variables will produce far superior improvements in knowledge.
An Empirical Investigation of Ex Post Transaction Costs in Franchised Distribution Channels
Authors: Dahlstrom Robert , Nygaard Arne
Published: December 2018

This study focuses on organizational efforts to constrain ex post transaction costs in interorganizational exchange. The theoretical model frames opportunism as a determinant of transaction costs and implicates cooperation and formalization as control structures that alleviate opportunism. The model also examines whether the proposed theoretical relationships are enduring. Franchisee–franchisor relationships in the Norwegian distribution system of a multinational oil refiner provide the context for analysis. A test of the model using multisample data across two time periods indicates that opportunistic behavior consistently increases transaction costs. Furthermore, cooperative interaction curbs bargaining costs, and formalization reduces opportunism. The authors discuss implications for interorganizational theory and franchising management.
The Advantages of Entry in the Growth Stage of the Product Life Cycle: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Shankar Venkatesh , Carpenter Gregory S. , Krishnamurthi Lakshman
Published: December 2018

In this article, the authors examine how the stage of product life cycle in which a brand enters affects its sales through brand growth and market response, after controlling for the order-of-entry effect and time in market. The authors develop a dynamic brand sales model in which brand growth and market response parameters vary by stage of life cycle entry, namely, by pioneers, growth-stage entrants, and mature-stage entrants. The authors estimate the model using data on 29 brands from six pharmaceutical markets.

The results reveal advantages associated with entering during the growth stage. Growth-stage entrants reach their asymptotic sales level faster than pioneers or mature-stage entrants, are not hurt by competitor diffusion, and enjoy a higher response to perceived product quality than pioneers and mature-stage entrants. Pioneers reach their asymptotic sales levels more slowly than later entrants, and pioneer's sales, unlike later entrants’ sales, are hurt by competitor diffusion over time. On the positive side for pioneers, buyers are most responsive to marketing spending by pioneers. Mature-stage entrants are most disadvantaged; they grow more slowly than growth-stage entrants, have lower response to product quality than growth-stage entrants, and have the lowest response to marketing spending.
A Comparison of Multidimensional Scaling Methods for Perceptual Mapping
Authors: Bijmolt Tammo H.A. , Wedel Michel
Published: December 2018

Multidimensional scaling has been applied to a wide range of marketing problems, in particular to perceptual mapping based on dissimilarity judgments. The introduction of methods based on the maximum likelihood principle is one of the most important developments. In this article, the authors compare the three available Maximum Likelihood Multidimensional Scaling (MLMDS) methods, namely, MULTISCALE, MAXSCAL, and PROSCAL, and the traditional multidimensional scaling (MDS) method KYST in a Monte Carlo study with 243 synthetic data sets. The MLMDS methods outperform KYST with respect to recovering the perceptual maps. MAXSCAL recovers the true distances between brands somewhat better than MULTISCALE, which is somewhat better than PROSCAL. With regard to distance recovery, the MLMDS methods are quite robust to violations of distributional assumptions. The decision criteria for selecting the number of dimensions are less robust to distributional violations. The results support the use of Consistent Akaike Information Criterion for the selection of the number of dimensions. The authors recommend that dissimilarity judgments be collected on interval scales or on ordinal scales with a substantial number of scale values. The authors discuss implications of the results for the design and analysis of perceptual mapping studies.
Relatedness, Prominence, and Constructive Sponsor Identification
Authors: Johar Gita Venkataramani , Pham Michel Tuan
Published: December 2018

Proper identification of event sponsors is a key concern in sponsorship communication. Although practitioners have assumed that event sponsors are identified primarily through pure recollection, the authors show that sponsor identification involves a substantial degree of construction. Results from three experiments indicate that sponsor identification is biased toward brands that are prominent in the marketplace and semantically related to the event. These biases appear to emanate from constructive processes whereby, during identification, respondents use the prominence and relatedness of available brands as heuristics to verify their recollection of event-sponsor associations. The effects of relatedness on sponsor identification seem stronger and more robust than those of prominence, which appears to be invoked only for large events. Both effects are robust across methods of identification assessment though less pronounced when the accuracy threshold is high.
Consumer Choice Process for Experience Goods: An Econometric Model and Analysis
Authors: Neelamegham Ramya , Jain Dipak
Published: December 2018

In this research, the authors develop and execute an econometric framework to model and analyze the consumer choice process for experience products formally. The authors develop a multistage model that examines choice and postchoice behavior in the context of new movie choices. The modeling framework incorporates psychological variables, such as consumer expectations of choice set elements and latent product interest, and the influence of information sources, such as critic reviews and word of mouth, within a discrete choice formulation. Model estimation allows for the relationship between consumer choice and postchoice behavior. The authors develop an estimation procedure that explicitly accounts for measurement errors in the latent psychological variables. In particular, they propose a probit measurement error model that provides consistent parameter estimates. Data for the model estimation are obtained from a laboratory experiment and a field study. The empirical results provide insights into the role of psychological variables (such as consumer expectations and latent product interest) in consumers’ choice decisions for new movies. The results also identify variables that influence consumers’ postconsumption evaluations and word of mouth. The model estimation and findings provide both methodological and substantive insights.
An Information Search Cost Perspective for Designing Interfaces for Electronic Commerce
Authors: Hoque Abeer Y. , Lohse Gerald L.
Published: December 2018

This research helps Web developers apply knowledge on information search costs to the design of Web sites that sell consumer products or services. The goal of the research is to predict how subtle changes in the user interface design influence information search costs. With an empirical study, the authors compare 1411 choices subjects made regarding a business to patronize using paper and electronic telephone directories. The choices were contingent on information search costs imposed by the different media. By providing a theoretical basis for predicting differences in information search costs, the authors help designers create more effective Web sites for achieving their marketing objectives.
Contests over value: From the informal to the popular
Authors: Simone AbdouMaliq
Published: December 2018

Looking across this collection, I reflect first, that informality is only one way of paying attention to a stabilisation of processes that may not be the result of what it is understood to be. And second, paying attention in this way is to point to its partiality in its incompleteness and to constrain its availability to specific functions and agendas. As the papers show, informality is intensely situated in the specifics of all kinds of articulations and imbrications in many other processes. One of the most useful is to constantly reopen the questioning of value and to see these as an organising contestation of the social production and distribution of wealth. It provides an insight into the agency of subject creation that people retain in order to engage in accumulation of wealth, even if the expectations and calculations of what this is worth must constantly be recalibrated. In the sense that it is useful, it may be in pointing to a role of subject creation that entails the vast networks of incalculability that underlie all contemporary computation.
A Case Study on the Utility of Sustained Evaluation Practice in Public Health Partnership
Authors: Perkins Ayana N.
Published: December 2018

This article explores a case study of the potential influence of a capacity building investment toward public health partnerships (PHPs) targeting asthma. This case study explores what factors were salient among PHPs who were indirect recipients of a funder’s capacity building. Our case study suggests that a funder’s capacity building efforts may be linked to evaluation practice guidelines and decisions toward individual and organizational level use of evaluation use within partnerships. Moreover, examining the contextual factors that were associated with the evaluation of these PHPs explicates where adjustments may be needed in applying capacity building to the PHP setting. This case study has implications for future health planning policies.
An Exploration of the Effects of Photograph Content, Photograph Source, and Price on Consumers’ Online Travel Booking Intentions
Authors: Shin Yoojin , Noone Breffni M. , Robson Stephani K. A.
Published: December 2018

This research employed two experimental studies to examine the relationship of photograph content with consumers’ online travel booking intentions, the role of photograph source in this relationship, and the impact of photograph content on consumer reaction to price. Study 1’s findings suggest that perceived information value mediates the effect of photograph content on consumers’ booking intentions, with product-focused photographs perceived as being higher in information value than experience-focused photographs. Further, perceived photograph credibility was found to influence consumer reaction to photograph content, with photograph source moderating the photograph content-perceived photograph credibility relationship. Study 2’s findings suggest that photograph content moderates the price–booking intentions relationship. When the price is higher than the average in the market, consumers are likely to rely more heavily on product-focused photographs than on experience-focused photographs to inform the booking decision. Together, the findings of these studies can guide travel marketers in developing cost-effective, photograph-based online content.
Stability control of in-wheel motor electric vehicles under extreme conditions
Authors: Zhang Zijun , Zhao Wanzhong , Wang Chunyan , Li Liang
Published: December 2018

To investigate the stability of in-wheel motor electric vehicles (IWMEVs) under extreme conditions, a novel control strategy including active rear steering (ARS) mode and direct yaw moment control (DYC) mode is proposed in this paper, utilizing the adaptive dynamic neural network (ADNN) algorithm to make the most of the two control modes. Firstly, a three-degree of freedom nonlinear vehicle model as well as some subsystems is established. Then, a two-layer stability control strategy is put forward, where the upper-layer calculates the desired rear steering angle as well as the differential torque of the rear wheels and the lower-layer executes commands and returns relevant signals. Besides, a stability controller based on ADNN algorithm is designed in the upper-layer so as to take advantage of the two modes under extreme conditions. Next, the impacts of initial values of the connection weights on the ability of ADNN algorithm to train and learn are revealed. Consequently, the optimal initial values can be ascertained before the following simulations. Finally, the closed loop simulations of ARS and DYC are carried out under some extreme conditions such as high velocity and low adhesion coefficient roads, and the results indicate that compared with DYC’s difficulty in playing its role, ARS mode can significantly improve the stability of IWMEVs even under extreme conditions.
Is public service broadcasting a threat to commercial media?
Authors: Sjøvaag Helle , Pedersen Truls André , Owren Thomas
Published: December 2018

This article asks to what extent public service broadcasting’s online news service resembles that of commercial media. The context of this inquiry is claims of ‘out-crowding’ facing public service broadcasters across Europe. In Norway, commercial players in this debate accuse the public service broadcaster, NRK, of being too similar to competitors in the private sector for commercial operators to attain sustainable revenues in the online realm. To ascertain the extent to what these claims are warranted, this article compares NRK’s online content with that of nine commercial competitors in national and local markets, using a hybrid methodological approach combining quantitative content analysis with Latent Dirichlet allocation, analysing in excess of 115,000 documents. Findings show that commercial operators resemble each other more than they do NRK, indicating closer competition in the commercial segment than between the public service broadcaster and market players.
Digital media infrastructures: pipes, platforms, and politics
Authors: Plantin Jean-Christophe , Punathambekar Aswin
Published: December 2018

Over the past decade, a growing body of scholarship in media studies and other cognate disciplines has focused our attention on the social, material, cultural, and political dimensions of the infrastructures that undergird and sustain media and communication networks and cultures across the world. This infrastructural turn assumes greater significance in relation to digital media and in particular, the influence that digital platforms have come to wield. Having ‘disrupted’ many sectors of social, political, and economic life, many of the most widely used digital platforms now seem to operate as infrastructures themselves. This special issue explores how an infrastructural perspective reframes the study of digital platforms and allows us to pose questions of scale, labor, industry logics, policy and regulation, state power, cultural practices, and citizenship in relation to the routine, everyday uses of digital platforms. In this opening article, we offer a critical overview of media infrastructure studies and situate the study of digital infrastructures and platforms within broader scholarly and public debates on the history and political economy of media infrastructures. We also draw on the study of media industries and production cultures to make the case for an inter-medial and inter-sectoral approach to understanding the entanglements of digital platforms and infrastructures.
Parametric methods for [18F]flortaucipir PET
Authors: Golla Sandeep SV , Wolters Emma E , Timmers Tessa , Ossenkoppele Rik , van der Weijden Chris WJ , Scheltens Philip , Schwarte Lothar , Mintun Mark A , Devous Sr Michael D , Schuit Robert C , Windhorst Albert D , Lammertsma Adriaan A , Yaqub Maqsood , van Berckel Bart NM , Boellaard Ronald
Published: December 2018

[18F]Flortaucipir is a PET tau tracer used to visualize tau binding in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in vivo. The present study evaluated the performance of several methods to obtain parametric images of [18F]flortaucipir. One hundred and thirty minutes dynamic PET scans were performed in 10 AD patients and 10 controls. Parametric images were generated using different linearization and basis function approaches. Regional binding potential (BPND) and volume of distribution (VT) values obtained from the parametric images were compared with corresponding values derived using the reversible two-tissue compartment model (2T4k_VB). Performance of SUVr parametric images was assessed by comparing values with distribution volume ratio (DVR) and SRTM-derived BPND estimates obtained using non-linear regression (NLR). Spectral analysis (SA) ( r2 = 0.92; slope = 0.99) derived VT correlated well with NLR-derived VT. RPM ( r2 = 0.95; slope = 0.98) derived BPND correlated well with NLR-derived DVR. Although SUVr80–100 min correlated well with NLR-derived DVR ( r2 = 0.91; slope = 1.09), bias in SUVr appeared to depend on uptake time and underlying level of specific binding. In conclusion, RPM and SA provide parametric images comparable to the NLR estimates. Individual SUVr values are biased compared with DVR and this bias requires further study in a larger dataset in order to understand its consequences.
The role of Peripheral Vision in the Flashed Face Distortion Effect
Authors: Bowden Jamie , Whitaker David , Dunn Matt J.
Published: December 2018

The flashed face distortion effect is a phenomenon whereby images of faces, presented at 4–5 Hz in the visual periphery, appear distorted. It has been hypothesized that the effect is driven by cortical, rather than retinal, components. Here, we investigated the role of peripheral viewing on the effect. Normally sighted participants viewed the stimulus peripherally, centrally, and centrally with a blurring lens (to match visual acuity in the peripheral location). Participants rated the level of distortion using a Visual Analogue Scale. Although optical defocus did have a significant effect on distortion ratings, peripheral viewing had a much greater effect, despite matched visual acuity. We suggest three potential mechanisms for this finding: increased positional uncertainty in the periphery, reduced deployment of attention to the visual periphery, or the visual crowding effect.
Relationships between practice, motivation, and examination outcomes
Authors: Hallam Susan , Papageorgi Ioulia , Varvarigou Maria , Creech Andrea
Published: December 2018

While there has been a great deal of research on instrumental practice and the nature of motivation to engage with music making, there has been relatively little that has considered the relationship of these with instrumental examination outcomes. This research aimed to address this issue. A total of 2,131 young musicians, aged 6–19, across a wide range of expertise, with a range of examination outcomes responded to a series of statements on a 7-point Likert scale relating to practice and motivation. Those merely awarded a pass grade in their examinations tended to undertake the least practice. Factor analysis revealed seven factors relating to practice and six to motivation. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences between those with different examination outcomes in relation to the organization of practice, the use of recordings and the metronome, the adoption of analytic strategies, social life, and self-belief in musical ability. Students who received merely a pass grade in their examination responded least positively to these statements. Those who had failed were most likely to adopt ineffective practice strategies and were less likely to enjoy performing, playing, lessons, and practice. The findings are discussed in relation to earlier research.
Coleman’s Boat Revisited: Causal Sequences and the Micro-macro Link
Authors: Ramström Gustav
Published: December 2018

This article argues that empirical social scientists can be freed from having to account for “micro-to-macro transitions.” The article shows, in opposition to the (still) dominant perspective based on Coleman’s macro-micro-macro model, that no micro-macro transitions or mechanisms connect the individual level to the macro level in empirical social science. Rather, when considering that social macro entities and properties are micro manifest rather than macro manifest, it becomes clear that the micro-macro move in empirical social science is purely conceptual or analytical.
Firearms, Violence-Related Injuries, and Victimization Profiles: An Approach Using Cluster Analysis
Authors: Ferreira Alysson Vinicius Porto , de Macedo Bernardino Ítalo , Santos Luzia Michelle , da Nóbrega Lorena Marques , Barbosa Kevan Guilherme Nóbrega , d’Avila Sérgio
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study was to characterize the profile of nonlethal victims of urban violence by firearms and to describe traumas suffered by victims, according to a medical–legal and forensic perspective. A cross-sectional and exploratory study was conducted at the Center of Forensic Medicine and Dentistry in northeastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 233 victims of urban violence by firearm who presented some type of trauma. Descriptive and multivariate statistics using cluster analysis (CA) were performed. The TwoStep Cluster method was chosen to characterize the profile of victims. The night shift (56.8%) and the period corresponding to Saturdays (20.0%) and Sundays (20.4%) concentrated the largest number of occurrences. Cases of trauma in more than one region of the body simultaneously prevailed (31.8%). Based on the CA results, the formation of two clusters with distinct victimization profiles was verified. Cluster 1 was mostly characterized by younger single victims who suffered violence by firearm in the urban area perpetrated by an unknown perpetrator, resulting in greater occurrence of isolated upper and lower limb traumas. In contrast, Cluster 2 consisted essentially of older, married, or stable-union victims who experienced firearm violence in the suburban area, perpetrated by a known aggressor, resulting in greater occurrence of multiple traumas, that is, affecting several regions of the body at the same time. These findings reveal different risk groups for urban violence by firearms and traumas, contributing to the planning of strategies with emphasis on health care, prevention, and promotion.
“Teaching Them That Pain Exists”: Dilemmas Regarding Memory Transmission and Entrepreneurship in Adult Children of Former Political Prisoners 40 Years After the Coup D’Etat in Chile
Authors: Palma Evelyn , Abarca Ximena Faúndez , Bravo Diego
Published: December 2018

The present study sought to identify and understand the memory transmission and entrepreneurship processes conducted by children of victims of politically motivated imprisonment and torture during Chile’s civilian-military dictatorship. A qualitative methodology was adopted, with an exploratory and analytic-relational design being used. Twelve children of former political prisoners, seven men and five women, participated in the study. Focus groups were selected as a data production technique. A content analysis was conducted following Grounded Theory guidelines. Results suggest that the adult sons and daughters of survivors have taken up memory transmission and entrepreneurship based on their parents’ memories of political imprisonment and torture. They engage in memory transmission and entrepreneurship by constructing exemplary memories about their parents’ experiences. They transmit these memories to peers and to their own children once they reach adulthood, given the increased openness of Chilean society regarding these discussions.
Therapeutic Target and Cell-signal Communication of Chlorpromazine and Promethazine in Attenuating Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption after Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Li Fengwu , Geng Xiaokun , Yip James , Ding Yuchuan
Published: December 2018

Ischemic stroke destroys blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. There are currently no effective treatments available in the clinical setting. Post-ischemia treatment with phenothiazine drugs [combined chlorpromazine and promethazine (C+P)] has been shown to be neuroprotective in stroke. The present study determined the effect of C+P in BBB integrity. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups ( n=8 each): (1) stroke, (2) stroke treated by C+P with temperature control, and (3) stroke treated by C+P without temperature control. Infarct volume and neurological deficits were measured to assess the neuroprotective effect of C+P. BBB permeability was determined by brain edema and Evans blue leakage. Expression of BBB integral molecules, including proteins of aquaporin-4 and -9 (AQP-4, AQP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1/5, occludin, and laminin were determined by Western blot. Stroke caused brain infarction and neurological deficits, as well as BBB damage, which were all attenuated by C+P through drug-induced hypothermia. When the reduced temperature was controlled to physiological levels, C+P still conferred neuroprotection, suggesting a therapeutic effect independent of hypothermia. Furthermore, C+P significantly attenuated the increase in AQP-4, AQP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels after stroke, and reversed the decrease in tight junction protein (ZO-1, claudin-1/5, occludin) and basal laminar protein (laminin) levels. This study clearly indicates a beneficial effect of C+P on BBB integrity after stroke, which may be independent of drug-induced hypothermia. These findings further prove the clinical target and cell-signal communication of C+P treatment, which may direct us closer toward the development of an efficacious neuroprotective therapy.
Religion and Female–Male Ratios in India
Authors: Narayan Swati
Published: December 2018

The 2011 Indian census affirms that child sex ratios of Muslims and Christians (as Abrahamic religions) are “normal”, but those of Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists (as Dharmic religions of Indian origin) are below par, due to increasing sex-selective abortion. One probable explanation could be that the scriptures of Abrahamic religions—especially the Quran—explicitly forbid female infanticide, a practice common in Pagan Arabia in the Middle Ages. Therefore, most of India’s neighbours, including Muslim-dominated Pakistan and Bangladesh, have normal child sex ratios and the epicentre of the problem of low child sex ratios in South Asia is now largely concentrated in India. Historical census data also suggests that this acute gender bias is perhaps a recent phenomenon as before the widespread usage of ultrasound technology for sex determination; sex ratios of Hindus were in fact better than Muslims in India.
An international approach to establishing a Competent Authority to manage and protect traditional knowledge
Authors: Martin Fiona , Cahill Ann , Wright Evana , Stoianoff Natalie
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the establishment of a Competent Authority in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol to ensure that traditional knowledge of Indigenous communities is accessed subject to free, prior and informed consent and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of such use. It builds on research expressing the view that the design and development of a Competent Authority should take a grass roots approach. It analyses the authorities established in the Cook Islands and Vanuatu that include significant Indigenous voice and concludes with comments on the attributes of each system and its limitations.
Junior clinical academic psychiatrists in Australia: The University of New South Wales initiative
Authors: Mohan Adith , Bayes Adam , Sachdev Perminder S , Parker Gordon , Mitchell Philip B
Published: December 2018

Objective:

We examined current pathways of training for junior clinical academic psychiatrists in Australia. An initiative of the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, is described from the perspective of two junior clinical academics.

Conclusions:

Australia has limited defined clinical academic pathways for psychiatrists when compared internationally. Numerous challenges for junior psychiatrists entering academia include tensions between clinical and academic roles, reduced remuneration, difficulty building a competitive track record and a scarcity of funding. Potential solutions lie with universities and local health districts partnering to fund clinical academic roles and offering flexible entry points across specialty training. Fostering research engagement in junior psychiatrists will develop the next generation of clinical academics with benefit for clinical and academic domains.
Radiographic Results of Unicortical Medial Malleolar Fracture Fixation
Authors: Bäcker Henrik C. , Konigsberg Matthew , Freibott Christina E. , Rosenwasser Melvin P. , Greisberg Justin K. , Vosseller J. Turner
Published: December 2018

Background:

Medial malleolar fractures commonly occur as part of rotational ankle fractures, which often require surgery. Different fixation techniques exist, including unicortical or bicortical lag-screw fixation. Bicortical screws that engage the lateral distal tibia have been noted to be biomechanically superior to unicortical ones with a lower failure rate. The authors of this study have used unicortical screws routinely. This study was initiated to investigate the clinical results of a large series of patients with unicortical medial malleolar fixation.

Methods:

Patients who underwent unicortical medial malleolar fracture fixation between 2011 and 2017 were reviewed. In total, 461 ankle fractures were identified with a mean follow-up of 11.4 months (range, 3-57), of which 211 had a medial malleolar fracture. Eight patients were excluded as they did not follow up with the treating surgeons after surgery, leaving 203 patients for evaluation. The primary outcome was radiographic union. Any loss of reduction, complication, or subsequent surgery was recorded. Malunion was defined as greater than 2 mm displacement.

Results:

There were 2 asymptomatic nonunions (1.0%), 1 delayed union that healed using an external bone growth stimulator (0.5%), and 2 malunions of the medial malleolus (1.0%) with 1 asymptomatic. The other patient developed posttraumatic osteoarthritis but has not yet required further surgery. None of these 5 patients required revision medial malleolar surgery. Ultimately, the union rate using unicortical medial malleolar fixation was 99.0% (201/203).

Conclusion:

Unicortical fixation of medial malleolar fractures resulted in consistently good healing. Even though biomechanical studies have shown that bicortical screws provide stronger fixation, our clinical results indicate that the need for this stronger fixation may be questionable.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Burden Associated With Selecting and Using Health Insurance to Manage Care Costs: Results of a Qualitative Study of Nonelderly Cancer Survivors
Authors: George Nerissa , Grant Rachel , James Aimee , Mir Nageen , Politi Mary C.
Published: December 2018

This qualitative study explored cancer survivors’ experiences selecting and using health insurance and anticipating out-of-pocket care costs. Thirty individuals participated in semistructured interviews. On average, participants were 54 years ( SD ± 8.85, range 34-80) and diagnosed with cancer about 5 years prior (range 0.5-10 years). About 57% were female, 77% were non-Hispanic White, and 53% had less than a college education. Participants struggled to access information about health insurance and costs. Lack of cost transparency made it difficult to anticipate expenses and increased anxiety. Many participants were surprised that after cancer, care that was once preventive with no out-of-pocket costs became diagnostic with associated fees. They discussed the cognitive burden of managing finances on top of treatment and overseeing communication between doctors and insurance. Interventions are needed to clearly communicate information about insurance coverage and care costs to improve cancer survivors’ confidence in selecting health insurance and anticipating out-of-pocket expenses.
Everyday Discrimination Experience and Depressive Symptoms in Urban Black, Guyanese, Hispanic, and White Adults
Authors: Hosler Akiko S. , Kammer Jamie R. , Cong Xiao
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND: Discrimination experience is a stressor that may disproportionately affect the mental health of minority populations. AIMS: We examined the association between discrimination experience and depressive symptoms among four urban racial/ethnic groups. METHOD: Cross-sectional community-based health survey data for Black ( n = 434), Guyanese ( n = 180), Hispanic ( n = 173), and White ( n = 809) adults aged ⩾18 years were collected in Schenectady, New York, in 2013. Discrimination experience was measured with the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), and depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale. Logistic regression models for the association between EDS and major depressive symptoms (CES-D ⩾ 16) were fitted for each racial/ethnic group. The final model adjusted for age, sex, education, income, smoking, alcohol binge drinking, emotional/social support, and perceived stress. RESULTS: The mean EDS scores varied significantly across groups ( p < .001), with 2.6 in Hispanics, 2.2 in Whites, 2.0 in Blacks, and 1.1 in the Guyanese. There was a consistent and significant independent association between EDS and major depressive symptoms in the crude model and at each step of covariate adjustment in each group. Fully adjusted odds ratios were 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI; 1.16, 1.41]) in Blacks, 1.83 in the Guyanese [1.36, 2.47], 1.23 in Hispanics [1.07, 1.41], and 1.24 [1.16, 1.33] in Whites. The presence of covariates did not significantly modify the main effect in each group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that discrimination experience can be one of the fundamental social causes of depression. It may be feasible to assess discrimination experience as a risk factor of depression in individuals of all racial/ethnic backgrounds.
Decreasing Physical Restraint in Acute Inpatient Psychiatric Hospitals: A Systematic Review
Authors: Allen Diane E. , Fetzer Susan , Siefken Carolyn , Nadler-Moodie Marlene , Goodman Karen
Published: December 2018

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review was conducted to identify methods used to decrease the application of physical restraints in acute inpatient psychiatric hospitals. METHOD: A literature search followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines using key words related to physical restraint. RESULTS: Three data-based studies met eligibility criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that multimodal intervention strategies may reduce the number of hours of physical restraint used in inpatient psychiatric settings, but quality evidence to support specific strategies is lacking. The search highlights the need for more quality research using standardized restraint reporting measures.
Adult ADHD: Prevalence and Clinical Correlates in a Sample of Italian Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Valsecchi Paolo , Nibbio Gabriele , Rosa Jennifer , Tamussi Elena , Turrina Cesare , Sacchetti Emilio , Vita Antonio
Published: December 2018

Objective: ADHD remains a largely underdiagnosed disorder in Europe and especially in Italy. Aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of ADHD and its clinical and demographic correlates in a large sample of Italian outpatients. Method: 634 outpatients accessing psychiatric services were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Plus V. 5.0.0 interview and the Adult ADHD self-report Scale Symptoms Checklist (ASRS)-V 1.1 Short Form. Patients positive to the ASRS-V 1.1 were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA) 2.0. Results: Of the total patients’ sample, 81 (12.8%) were positive on the ASRS-V 1.1. After performing the DIVA 2.0, 44 patients (6.9%) met the criteria for Adult ADHD. Significant clinical and demographic differences between ADHD positive and negative groups were found. Conclusion: The prevalence and correlates of ADHD comorbidity in our outpatient psychiatric population were comparable to those found in other high-income countries. Considering the prevalence of ADHD and its impact on functioning, implementing specific knowledge on this subject is needed.
The Impact of Investigation Strategies and Tactics on Homicide Clearance
Authors: Pizarro Jesenia M. , Terrill William , LoFaso Charles A.
Published: December 2018

This study examines whether changes made to the investigation procedures within the Rochester Police Department’s homicide unit have an effect on homicide clearance net of theoretically significant variables related to victim and police devaluation, event characteristic, and victim lifestyle. It examines 132 homicides investigated by the homicide unit over 4 years consisting of the pre-intervention period and post-intervention period. It is hypothesized that investigation tactics will affect the odds of clearance, even after controlling for other theoretically relevant variables. The findings support this hypothesis, suggesting that the approaches and tactics police departments implement within their investigative units are important.