bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Pharming" a l'ancienne: les fermes vaccinales canadiennes
Authors: Malissard Pierrick
Published: May 2005

L'utilisation du b�tail pour produire des substances th�rapeutiques s'est d�velopp�e bien avant que le � pharming � ne vienne r�cemment transformer l'industrie pharmaceutique, gr�ce au g�nie g�n�tique. D�s les ann�es 1870, ont commenc� � appara�tre, en Am�rique du Nord, des � fermes vaccinales � qui devinrent assez vite la principale source du vaccin antivariolique. Au Canada, ces �tablissements perdur�rent longtemps - la derni�re ferme vaccinale fut vendue dans les ann�es 1950 - et ils constituent, en quelque sorte, un exemple de � bio-pharming � de premi�re g�n�ration. Ces fermes repr�sentent un aspect important et peu connu de l'histoire canadienne : le pr�sent article retrace donc les circonstances de leur �mergence, de leur d�veloppement et de leur assimilation au XXe si�cle par des nouveaux laboratoires rattach�s � des universit�s. On constate ainsi que ces fermes apparaissent � la faveur d'une controverse oubli�e jusqu'ici, qu'elles marquent un tournant dont les cons�quences sociales furent majeures - la centralisation et le d�but d'un contr�le plus efficace de la production du vaccin qui permettront d'apaiser les craintes de la population face � la vaccination au Canada - et qu'elles contribuent � ouvrir la voie � l'industrie pharmaceutique canadienne contemporaine. Livestock was used to produce medically useful products long before pharming, a recent offshoot of genetic engineering, transformed the pharmaceutical industry. As early as the 1870s in North America, vaccine farms began to appear that quickly became the primary source of the smallpox vaccine. In Canada, these establishments existed for a long time - the last vaccine farm was sold in the 1950s - and are, to a certain extent, an early example of bio-pharming. Vaccine farms represent a little-known but important aspect of Canadian history. This article traces the circumstances in which vaccine farms emerged, their evolution, and their adoption in the twentieth century by new university laboratories. This article also reminds us of the forgotten controversy amid which these farms existed and argues that they marked a turning point whose social effects were significant - the centralization and the beginning of a more efficient monitoring of vaccine production, one that quelled the fears of a Canadian population faced with the prospect of vaccination. Finally, this article proposes that vaccine farms have paved the way for the current Canadian pharmaceutical industry.
Governing Unwed Mothers in Toronto at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Murray Karen Bridget
Published: May 2005

This paper shows that the emergence of a field of social welfare for unwed mothers in Toronto at the turn of the twentieth century marked a broad shift within liberal governance. For most of the nineteenth century, an out-of-wedlock birth was considered a private dilemma, and there were few public or private resources for women in this situation. As Toronto urbanized and industrialized, this classical liberal approach proved insufficient, and new institutions and practices emerged that were based on liberal welfare sensibilities, as witnessed in the development of religious-run maternity homes and the subsequent expansion of social work with unwed mothers. Although provincial legislation contributed to these developments, for the most part female charity workers took the lead in forming this social field, which was shaped by white, middle-class, patriarchal sensibilities.

Cet article r�v�le que l'�mergence d'un domaine d'aide sociale pour m�res c�libataires au d�but du XXe si�cle � Toronto a signal� un virage d'envergure dans la gouvernance lib�rale. Pendant pratiquement tout le XIXe si�cle, les naissances hors mariage �taient consid�r�es comme une impasse d'ordre personnel et il existait peu de ressources publiques ou priv�es pour les femmes se trouvant dans cette situation. � mesure que Toronto s'urbanisait et s'industrialisait, cette approche lib�rale classique se r�v�lait insuffisante pour faire face aux menaces confrontant les vieilles traditions de la vie familiale, menaces qu'incarnaient les images de m�res c�libataires. De nouveaux mod�les institutionnels virent le jour, n�s d'une sensibilisation � l'aide sociale. Ces mod�les s'articulaient sur la notion que les gens pouvaient �tre amen�s � se comporter normalement, mesure recherch�e qui valorisait des id�aux de famille blanche, patriarcale et de classe moyenne. Si la l�gislation provinciale contribua au d�veloppement de ce nouveau domaine, les autorit�s politiques rest�rent pour la plupart satisfaites de laisser les femmes �uvrant au sein d'organismes de bienfaisance fa�onner ce nouveau domaine des services sociaux.
The 'Cat's Paw': Canada and the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea
Authors: Price John
Published: May 2005

Canada played an important role in the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea that was established in 1947. The long-forgotten commission supervised elections in the southern half of the divided peninsula in 1948 and found them 'fair and free.' This legitimized the emerging state of South Korea and provided the basis for United Nations intervention in the Korean War of 1950. This essay probes the formation of the commission, the role that Canada played within it, and the commission's impact on Korea at the time. In contrast to more conventional interpretations of the Canadian role in the commission, this article suggests that the Canadian role displayed fierce fluctuations but eventually became closely linked to the US position. In its quest to prove itself a faithful ally of the United States, the Liberal government subordinated the interests of reunification of the Korean peninsula to confrontation with the Soviet Union, helped polarize the politics of the peninsula, and facilitated the creation of a brutal regime in the South in a flawed election. The author suggests the problems associated with Canadian foreign policy toward Korea at the time are rooted in Eurocentrism and in misguided notions of US 'isolationism' among makers of foreign policy of that era. Le Canada a jou� un r�le important dans la Commission temporaire des Nations Unies sur la Cor�e, qui fut cr��e en 1947. Tomb�e dans l'oubli depuis longtemps, cette commission supervisa les �lections dans la moiti� sud de la p�ninsule divis�e en deux en 1948 et les d�clara � justes et libres �. Cette proclamation ent�rina la cr�ation du nouvel �tat de la Cor�e du Sud et fournit une justification pour l'intervention des Nations Unies dans la guerre de Cor�e de 1950. Cet essai se penche sur la formation de la commission, le r�le que joua le Canada au sein de celle-ci et l'impact qu'elle eut sur la Cor�e � l'�poque. Contrairement � des interpr�tations plus conventionnelles du r�le jou� par le Canada dans la commission, l'essai sugg�re qu'il connut nombre de fluctuations, mais finit par �tre �troitement align� sur la position am�ricaine. Dans ses efforts visant � prouver la fiabilit� de son alliance avec les �tats-Unis, le gouvernement lib�ral fit passer au second plan les int�r�ts de la r�unification de la p�ninsule cor�enne pour privil�gier l'affrontement avec l'Union sovi�tique, il contribua � polariser la politique dans la p�ninsule et favorisa la cr�ation d'un r�gime brutal dans le Sud � la suite d'une �lection douteuse. L'auteur sugg�re que les probl�mes associ�s � la politique �trang�re canadienne envers la Cor�e �taient, � l'�poque, ancr�s dans l'eurocentrisme et les fausses notions au sujet de l'isolationnisme am�ricain qui pr�valaient parmi les responsables de la politique �trang�re de l'�poque.
Contextualising the Rhetoric of Sexual Violence in Hong Kong
Authors: Chiu Man-chung
Published: May 2005

This article adopts a postmodern/postcolonial feminist perspective in
analysing the effect of the cancellation of marital rape exemption in
Hong Kong in 2002. Besides exploring the patriarchal ideology which
underlies Hong Kong's legal system, the author argues that neither white
western feminist strategies nor Foucauldian de-sexualisation can easily
substantiate (gender) justice in Hong Kong. The author further argues
that any legal reforms in Hong Kong should be examined in the light of
Han Chinese culture.
From Expansion to Repositioning: Recent Changes in Higher Education in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Timothy Man-kong
Published: May 2005

There are now eight University Grants Committee-funded institutions in Hong Kong
following a period of dramatic expansion in higher education in the 1990s. Recently, the
emphasis has switched to repositioning and role differentiation among these institutions.
What Do Workers Want in China's Industrial Workplace?
Authors: He Gaochao
Published: May 2005

Do Chinese workers, after three decades of central planning typically seek the same job
security, egalitarian compensation, participation in decision-making, rule enforcement,
factory welfare, etc., that their counterparts around the world demand
The Party Elite and China's Trajectory of Change
Authors: Walder Andrew G. (Andrew George)
Published: May 2005

China's path of political and economic change has diverged sharply from
the experience of virtually all other state socialist regimes. Distinguishing
it are its rapidly growing economy and expansion of higher education,
deep engagement with the world economy and radical shift towards
educational attainment in Party recruitment. These signs of
political revitalisation portend a quiet transformation of China's elite,
and may reinforce a stable evolution towards effective and
less authoritarian forms of government. The greatest threat to
this scenario would be state sector reform via privatisation that leaves
large percentages of state assets in the hands of elite families.
The Fourth Rise of China: Cultural Implications
Authors: Wang Gungwu
Published: May 2005

The Chinese have a deep-rooted ancient culture of values, but are now tending to opt for
secular alternatives coming directly or indirectly from the West. Whilst China is itself
struggling to come to terms with these, its influence in the region is more likely to be felt in
terms of its political and economic cultures than its culture of values.
Mid-Life Patterns and the Residential Mobility of Older Men
Authors: Hayward Lynda M.
Published: May 2005

There are numerous ways to better integrate the elderly into communities, many of which are contingent upon whether they will remain in their pre-retirement homes or make a move. Using a life course perspective, this paper establishes that residential history, social and family relations, socio-economic status, and health trajectories measured at mid-life can be associated with moves in later life, either directly, or indirectly through their effect on the mid-life residential trajectory. These relationships are examined with multivariate Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regression models, using data from the Ontario Longitudinal Study of Aging. These findings suggest directions for future research, to aid the development of public policy for the large baby-boom cohorts that are just entering mid-life.
J.D. Webster and B.K. Haight (Eds.). Critical Advances in Reminiscence Work: From Theory to Application. New York: Springer 2002.
Authors: Chaudhury Habib
Published: May 2005

Cet ouvrage collectif résume les progrès réalisés depuis quinze ans dans l'étude et la compréhension de la réminiscence, un domaine qui se situe au carrefour de nombreuses disciplines. Le livre comporte cinq sections et vingt chapitres allant de questions conceptuelles à des problèmes d'application. Dans la première section, Hendrix et Haight font le point sur les connaissances actuelles en matière de réminiscence et sur la documentation connexe. La seconde section aborde les questions conceptuelles, tandis que la troisième section étudie le développement et l'aspect socio-culturel de la réminiscence. La section suivante concern la recherche sur la réminiscence appliquée à certaines populations. Les chapitres formant la dernière section traitent de l'application clinique des travaux sur la réminiscence. Cet ouvrage enrichira le champ de la recherche sur la réminiscence et la grande variété d'essais qu'il contient sera très utile aux chercheurs, universitaires, cliniciens et historiens, qui s'intéressent à la réminiscence, à l'autobiographie guidée, à l'histoire orale et aux techniques narratives.
Gender and Marital-History Differences in Emotional and Social Loneliness among Dutch Older Adults
Authors: Dykstra Pearl A. , de Jong Gierveld Jenny
Published: May 2005

In this study, Weiss's (1973) theorizing about the sources ofemotionalandsocial lonelinessis elaborated – with notions about the asymmetric gratifications derived from marriage, about the conflicting loyalties that result from remarriage, and about selection into marriage – in order to reach an understanding of gender differences in loneliness, both in and outside of marriage. First and subsequent marriages are considered, as well as marital disruptions and never marrying. The data (N= 3737) are from the 1992 Dutch survey on older adults' living arrangements and social networks (NESTOR-LSN). Marital-history differences emerge, not only for emotional loneliness, but also (and contrary to Weiss's theoretical conceptualizations) for social loneliness. The marital-history differences in emotional and social loneliness are greater among men than women. For men, the marriage bond appears not only to be more central to emotional well-being than is the case for women but also to play a pivotal role in their involvement with others. Marital history offers the best explanation for differences in emotional loneliness among men, but social embeddedness characteristics also account for differences in emotional loneliness among women. Apparently, whereas men are more likely to find an intimate attachment in marriage, women also find protection from emotional loneliness in other close ties. The marital-history differences in social loneliness are largely mediated by social embeddedness characteristics, partly in different ways for men and women. Involvement in activities outside the home serves as the context for sociability for men, whereas parenthood plays a more important role in women's social engagements.
Cross-national Comparisons of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Introduction and Overview
Authors: de Jong Gierveld Jenny , Havens Betty
Published: May 2005

This article provides an introduction to the special volume on research related to issues of social isolation and loneliness for older people. It discusses some key concepts and provides a brief overview of the articles included in the volume.
James M. Humber and Robert F. Almeder (Eds.). Biomedical Ethics Reviews: Care of the Aged. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003.
Authors: Malloy David C.
Published: May 2005

L'ouvrage collectifCare of the Agedfait partie de l'excellente sérieBiomedical Ethics Reviewspubliée par Humana Press. Cet ouvrage contient huit articles analysant, sous divers angles, le rôle de l'éthique dans la prise en charge des personnes âgées. La toile de fond de l'ouvrage est que, d'ici 2050, les personnes âgées représenteront 20 % de la population mondiale et que la plupart résideront en Occident, ce phénomène s'expliquant par la baisse des taux de natalité et le remarquable allongement de la durée de vie. Il est donc impératif que le système de santé en général, et les soignants qui s'occupent de personnes âgées en particulier, comprennent bien comment prendre en charge cette cohorte. Ces huit articles explorent un large éventail de questions allant des obligations naturelles de la société à la participation de personnes âgées dans la recherche non-thérapeutique. L'ouvrage permettra au lecteur de mieux mesurer la complexité des questions liées à l'augmentation constante du nombre des personnes âgées. Les auteurs de Care of the Aged examinent la perception et la prise en charge des aînés à partir de disciplines très diverses, telles que la philosophie, la médecine, le travail social et le droit. Ils opposent à l'âgisme des arguments percutants et inspirants, et proposent au lecteur des moyens théoriques et pratiques d'améliorer la qualité de vie des personnes âgées.
Tauhi va: Nurturing Tongan Sociospatial Ties in Maui and Beyond
Authors: Ka'ili Tevita O
Published: May 2005

Although studies have shown that Tongan migrants maintain strong linkages with Tongans in Tonga as well as with their kin in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States, the Tongan concept of vā, social space, has not been used to understand Tongan transnational relations. For Tongans, vā is organized through one's genealogy and kinship ties. The concept of space is central to our understanding of transnationality because global practices involve the movement and flows of people and things within space and across spatial boundaries while people maintain sociospatial connections with one another. Tongans generally view reciprocal exchanges, whether within Tonga or transnational, as tauhi vā: taking care of sociospatial ties with kin and kin-like members. In this article, I explore the concept of vā and the practice of tauhi vā primarily through my research among Tongans in Maui, Hawai'i, as well as my experience with Tongans in Seattle, Washington. I argue that vā and tauhi vā provide us with new spatial concepts for framing our understanding of Tongan transnationality.
The Radical Muse: Women and Anarchism in Early-Twentieth-Century Cuba
Authors: Shaffer Kirwin R
Published: May 2005

Following independence from Spain in 1898, Cuba's anarchists focused attention on what they regarded as elite hypocrisy regarding the larger social problems besetting Cuba. In the hope of drawing Cuba's popular classes into the global anarchist movement, their critique addressed the manner in which industrial, bourgeois society victimized women, especially those of the working class. Cuban radicals used the image of women and women's issues as foils to analyze and criticize health, workplace, and family issues. They also used women as symbols of obstruction to anarchist-defined notions of progress. finally, they showed how women could aspire to be female heroines, by promoting an ideal type of "noble woman" and the concept of "revolutionary motherhood" to which women should strive. Anarchists directed their messages to women and men through the movement's popular cultural forms. Newspapers, novels, short stories, plays, and social gatherings in which plays were performed or revolutionary songs were sung all played a part in anarchist appeals to female followers and functioned as a form of education.
"Toward the Gates of Eternity": Celia Sanchez Manduley and the Creation of Cuba's New Woman
Authors: Thomas-Woodard Tiffany A
Published: May 2005

This article traces the contours of the complex set of public and private acts of memory
that have emerged in the twenty years since the death of Cuban revolutionary Celia
Sanchez Manduley (1920Ð1980). National leaders, government institutions, and individual
men and women have articulated a complex, and at times contradictory, array of
memories of Celia's life and contributions to the revolutionary cause. In turn, these
memories have shaped a much larger national discourse concerning the relationship of
the individual to the body politic, the definition of an ideal revolutionary cubanidad
(Cuban nation identity), and the proper role for women within Cuban society.
"Senoras en sus clases no ordinarias": Enemy Collaborators or Courageous Defenders of the Family?
Authors: Johnson Sherry
Published: May 2005

This article examines female behavior in the late eighteenth century in light of the myth of disloyalty that arose in the following century. Set within a recent historiographical trend that examines the significance of female honor in Spanish society, this study argues that Cuban women, regardless of status and/or ethnicity, faced challenges unique to the island. It begins by establishing the reality of the pervasive inßuence of militarization, a consequence of the defensive function of the island. Even from the earliest years of settlement, questions of honor and loyalty in Cuba were, quite literally, matters of life and death. During and after the most traumatic event in the island's history, the fall of Havana to the British in 1762, Cuban women not only behaved in an honorable manner, they also supported their men and maintained the family in the face of foreign occupation and constant danger. This was due in no small measure to their ability to acquire and maintain family property during their husbands' absences. Significantly, the Cuban women's honorable behavior was not limited to free, white women. Equally loyal and competent, Cuba's free women of color and female slaves faced danger and deprivation in much the same way as their white counterparts. Slave women were doubly affected by militarization, as uniquely Cuban circumstances provided a vehicle through which they and their families could gain their freedom. Their legacy provided a tangible example for their female descendants, the mambisas of the nineteenth century.
The impact of welfare reform on marriage and divorce
Authors: Bitler Marianne P. , Gelbach Jonah B. , Hoynes Hilary W. , Zavodny Madeline
Published: May 2005

The goal of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was to end needy parents’ dependence on governmental benefits, in part by promoting marriage. The prereform welfare system was widely believed to discourage marriage because it provided benefits primarily to single mothers. However, welfare reform may have actually decreased the incentives to be married by giving women greater financial independence via the program’s new emphasis on work. This article uses vital statistics data on marriages and divorces during 1989–2000 to examine the role of welfare reform (state waivers and implementation of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) and other state-level variables on flows into and out of marriage. The results indicate that welfare reform has led to fewer new divorces and fewer new marriages, although the latter result is sensitive to specification and the choice of data.
Welfare reform and female headship
Authors: Fitzgerald John M. , Ribar David C.
Published: May 2005

While much of the focus of recent welfare reforms has been on moving recipients from welfare to work, many reforms were also directed at decisions regarding living arrangements, pregnancy, marriage, and cohabitation. This article assesses the impact of welfare reform waivers and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs on women’s decisions to become unmarried heads of families, controlling for confounding influences from local economic and social conditions. We pooled data from the 1990, 1992, 1993, and 1996 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, which span the period when many states began to adopt welfare waivers and to implement TANF, and estimated logit models of the incidence of female headship and state-stratified, Cox proportional hazard models of the rates of entry into and exit from headship. We found little consistent evidence that waivers affected female headship of families.
Gender differences in the marriage and cohabitation income premium*
Authors: Light Audrey
Published: May 2005

Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I identify causal effects of marriage and cohabitation on total family income. My goals are to compare men’s and women’s changes in financial status upon entering unions and to assess the relative contributions of adjustments in own income, income pooling, and changes in family size. Changes in own income that are due to intrahousehold specialization prove to be minor for both men and women relative to the effects of adding another adult’s income to the family total. Women gain roughly 55% in needs-adjusted, total family income, regardless of whether they cohabit or marry, whereas men’s needs-adjusted income levels remain unchanged when men make these same transitions.
A new method for correcting under-estimation of disabled life expectancy and an application to the chinese oldest-old
Authors: Yi Zeng , Danan Gu , Land Kenneth C.
Published: May 2005

This article demonstrates that disabled life expectancies that are based on conventional multistate life-table methods are significantly underestimated because of the assumption of no changes in functional status between age x and death. We present a new method to correct the bias and apply it to data from a longitudinal survey of about 9,000 oldest-old Chinese aged 80–105 collected in 1998 and 2000. In our application, the age trajectories of disability (activities of daily living—ADL), status-specific death rates, and the probabilities of transitions between ADL states of the oldest-old were investigated for the first time in a developing country. In this article, we report estimates of bias-corrected disabled and active life expectancies of the Chinese oldest-old and demonstrate patterns of large differences associated with initial status, gender, and advances in ages. Using combined information on ADL disabilities and length of having been bedridden before dying, we analyze gender and age patterns of the extent of morbidity before dying among the oldest-old and their implications for debates on the hypothesis of compression of morbidity.
Family structure and children’s educational outcomes: Blended families, stylized facts, and descriptive regressions
Authors: Ginther Donna K. , Pollak Robert A.
Published: May 2005

This article adds to the growing literature describing correlations between children’s educational outcomes and family structure. Popular discussions have focused on the distinction between two-parent families and single-parent families. This article shows that educational outcomes for both types of children in blended families—stepchildren and their half-siblings who are the joint children of both parents—are similar to each other and substantially worse than outcomes for children reared in traditional nuclear families. We conclude that as a description of the data, the crucial distinction is between children reared in traditional nuclear families (i.e., families in which all children are the joint children of both parents) and children reared in other family structures (e.g., single-parent families or blended families). We then turn from “stylized facts” (i.e., simple correlations) that control only for family structure to “descriptive regressions” that control for other variables such as family income. When controls for other variables are introduced, the relationship between family structure and children’s educational outcomes weakens substantially and is often statistically insignificant.
Timing effects and the interpretation of period fertility
Authors: Schoen Robert
Published: May 2005

Low fertility levels and later childbearing in many developed countries have reinvigorated the debate between period and cohort perspectives on fertility and on the meaningfulness of the period total fertility rate (TFR). Here, fertility-timing effects are defined as level changes in period fertility that do not reflect level changes in the completed fertility of cohorts. That definition leads to the average cohort fertility (ACF) as a measure of period fertility adjusted for timing effects. In an influential paper, Bongaarts and Feeney (1998) presented an alternative approach and a different measure, TFR*, to adjust for timing effects. Here, the two measures are compared. In the context of model populations, the ACF performs well, reflecting an average of the fertility of the active cohorts. The Bongaarts-Feeney TFR*, however, is frequently unreliable and can be erratic when there are cycles in period timing. When applied to twentieth-century U.S. experience, the TFR* behaves like a period measure and yields adjustments that are often wide of the mark. The ACF shows the stability associated with cohort measures and quantifies the substantial impact that timing effects had during the “birth dearth” of the 1970s. The period TFR reached a low of 1.74 in 1976, but the ACF never went below 2.06 during the 1970s.
907 Whitehead Street
Authors: Hemingway Carol
Published: May 2005

Touring the Hemingway House in Key West with the author's son Patrick, and drawing on his memories as well as on letters, photos, and the Historic American Buildings Survey, this essay reconstructs life at 907 Whitehead Street during the years of Hemingway's residence there with his wife Pauline and their two young children. Topics covered include the house itself, along with its now-vanished furnishings and works of art; the grounds, including the swimming pool, original plantings, and backyard wildlife; famous guests and the family style of entertainment; staff members who cared for the home; and even the Hemingways' pets (peacocks, not six-toed cats). Along the way, the essay explodes various myths still being told about the house in Key West, and gathers information vital to a more accurate presentation.
"H&I": PEN/Hemingway Prize Speech Presented at the John F. Kennedy Library 4 April 2004
Authors: Banks Russell
Published: May 2005

Each year the Ernest Hemingway Foundation and PEN/New England award the PEN/Hemingway prize for the year's best first work of fiction. The award is presented at a gala reception at the John F. Kennedy Library, home of the Hemingway Collection, and a distinguished author is chosen to give the keynote address. This year's speaker, Russell Banks, is a prolific and prize-winning writer of fiction. His many novels include Continental Drift and Cloudsplitter, finalists for the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 and 1998 respectively. He has also contributed poems, stories and essays to Vanity Fair, The New York Times Book Review, Esquire, and Harper's. Here Banks discusses how his view of himself as a writer has been shaped by the life and the work of Ernest Hemingway.
Tradition and the Individual Bullfighter: The Lost Legacy of the Matador in Hemingway's "The Capital of the World"
Authors: Hoffman Emily C
Published: May 2005

The few critical articles discussing "The Capital of the World" all theorize that the protagonist, Paco, deserves blame for his untimely death. Seen from a modernist perspective that values tradition and legacy, another possibility emerges. Paco dies because he lacks a mentor willing to teach him the craft of bullfighting. The story represents a fictional rendering of a dominant theme advanced in Death in the Afternoon: the ability and mystique of Spain's matadors is being compromised by a new generation too impatient and convinced of its own greatness to learn from its predecessors.
Historia y valor de la ironia en luces de bohemia
Authors: Karageorgou-Bastea Christina
Published: May 2005

In this article the function of irony, the key trope of Valle-Incl�n's first esperpento, Luces de bohemia, is compared to the ways in which money operates in Spanish society at the beginning of twentieth century. Through irony the esperpento turns historical values into literary episodes, thus translating history into literature, socio-economical conditions into aesthetics. The author shows the process of moral alienation conveyed by the commodification of life and art. Through continuous economical transactions on which plot and action are based in this play, Valle-Incl�n criticizes the insertion of Spain into the modern capitalist world.
Nestor Perlongher and the Avant-Garde: Privileged Interlocuters and Inherited Techniques
Authors: Bollig Ben
Published: May 2005

This essay examines the relationship between the Argentine poet and anthropologist N�stor Perlongher (1949-92) and the historical avant-garde. Throughout his career Perlongher sought to create and investigate spaces for desire and communities based on desire. The paper examines some of the key interlocutors that he chose for this project, and the nature of the poetic relationship between his work and theirs. Perlongher identified himself in essays and interviews throughout his career as responding to an avant-garde tradition, in particular the work of Oliverio Girondo, Enrique Molina, and Juan Gelman, writers either directly involved in avant-garde groups in Argentina, or who offer links from the vanguard to later works. I aim then to identify and question this relationship with the avant-garde and its immediate followers in Argentina, attempting to identify the elements that Perlongher takes from their work in terms of poetics, aesthetics and thematics. I also investigate the ways in which Perlongher's work diverges from or goes beyond that of his stated interlocutors. In conclusion, I attempt to assess the possible aims for Perlongher's relationship with and appropriation of the avant-garde given critical reservations about the possibilities for neo-avant-garde art.
Ca fallescio el libro: Ascetic Reading and Restorative Hermeneutics in La vida de Santo Domingo de Silos
Authors: Bower Robin M
Published: May 2005

Critical approaches to medieval Spanish letters have always been attentive to questions of reading. Recent criticism has produced more nuanced discussions of reading and interpretation in medieval texts, yet the many challenges that Gonzalo de Berceo's narratives offer to contemporary readers have largely escaped critical notice and discussions of reading in Berceo remain confined to the attempt to locate the poetic performance with respect to setting, audience, and event. Berceo's poems are rife with figures of readers and reading, but these have been taken as emblems of the purposefully didactic cuaderna v�a verse. His representations of himself as translator of authoritative Latin sources have been read in the same vein; but these self-representations often have him tethered to a manuscript that withholds more than it discloses and thwarts his transfer of knowledge from Latin to his own vernacular. Against these renderings of an always insufficient experience Berceo erects a model of reading, embodied in the saint whose life is narrated, that conjoins reader and text and collapses the limits of self and object to thrust experience beyond both the confines of the bounded world and the arbitrary, artificial boundaries of the text.
Towards Promoting Biliteracy and Academic Achievement: Educational Programs for High School Latino English Language Learners
Authors: Monroy Ochoa Alberto , Cadiero-Kaplan Karen
Published: May 2005

The Latino student presently faces many obstacles to achieve
educational equity and excellence at the high school level. This article
examines academic programming for Latino middle and high school English
language learners (ELLs) and provides recommendations for addressing
programming that promotes biliteracy policy and programming as a valued
outcome for academic and life success.
One of the largest high school districts in California was selected to
evaluate middle and high school programs for Latino ELLs. Eight quality
indicators were used to assess the services to Latino ELLs. The study was
guided by two research questions focusing on services to Latino ELLs to
support and develop biliteracy development and competence. The findings
revealed that while the school district has the capacity and personnel
to provide pedagogically sound programs to Latino ELLs, the district
is lacking the consistency and academic rigor needed to provide equal
educational access. The results suggest the need for a language policy
that is supportive of additive language programs that have multiliteracy
as an educational standard.
Making Changes that Stay Made: School Reform and Community Involvement
Authors: Arriaza Gilberto
Published: May 2005

This article argues that school reform initiatives - particularly those
aiming at high schools — have greater chances of staying made when
the community actively participates as an empowered change agent. This
historical analysis of the Mexican American parent community involvement
in the Salinas high school district, in California, provides the context
for answering some of the questions around the roles a community plays
as an external force for school renewal, and the lasting effects of such
protagonism. This agency, the paper argues, is important because of the
centrality given to public education as sustenance of local control and
of democratic political discourses, particularly when a community has
traditionally been defined in deficit terms by those in power.
Creating Successful Academic Programs for Chicana/o High School Migrant Students: The Role of Advocate Educators
Authors: Salinas Cinthia , Reyes Reynaldo
Published: May 2005

This qualitative case study examines the educational struggles of Texas
based Chicana/o high school migrant students and the noteworthy array of
actions, responses, and relationship dynamics that result from the work
of advocate educators. As migrant students move across our nation and
enroll in high schools, they demand unique approaches that are rooted
in educators' abilities to understand the migrant community and the
curricular, instructional and support system needs of migrancy. Findings
suggest that the participants included in this study had inherent and
explicit understandings of the interplay between themselves and the
Chicana/o high school migrant students they served. Likewise we also
contend that they knew how to alter or circumvent detrimental schooling
practices by acting as agents of change, developing alternative schooling
experiences, and valuing the human resources found within the migrant
educational community. The archetype of an advocate educator yields an
approach and understanding that promotes an indispensable duality in
serving Chicana/o high school migrant students.
Student Future Outlook and Counseling Quality in a Rural Minority High School
Authors: Dellana Scott A , Snyder David
Published: May 2005

This study sought to determine whether differences in future outlook among students in a predominantly minority, rural North Carolina High School were impacted by 5 variables: quality of counseling, race, gender, grade level, and academic performance. We found that quality of counseling and self-reported grades were positively associated with future outlook. Furthermore, we sought also to determine if and how race, gender, grade level or academic performance influence a student's perception of counseling quality. We found the perception of counseling quality to be positively associated with gender, grades and grade level. Finally, we studied student-reported problems associated with less than excellent counseling quality and found some differences in the perception of problems based on gender, grades and grade level.
Gender Differences in the Urban to Rural Wage Gap and the Prevalence of the Male Migrant
Authors: Agesa Richard
Published: May 2005

Using data from Kenya this paper estimates the rural to urban earnings gap separately for male and female migrants and then explores the influence of the gaps on the migration decision of each gender from rural to urban areas. A non-trivial finding suggests that despite relatively higher positive returns to urban earnings the urban to rural earnings gap appears to have no significant influence on female migration. The gap, however, seems to have a positive and significant influence on male migration, suggesting cultural values may frown upon females taking full advantage of relatively higher paying job opportunities in urban areas.
Children's School Enrollment and Time at Work in the Philippines
Authors: DeGraff Deborah S , Bilsborrow Richard E
Published: May 2005

This analysis focuses on the determinants of school enrollment and work activities of children aged 7 to 17 in the Philippines. We move beyond dichotomous measures of work to consider the amount of time children devote to work, both market work and home production. The questions of whether trade-offs exist between children's work and schooling and, if so, under what circumstances, can be more fully answered by considering the amount of time that children work. Only a few empirical studies of children's schooling and work have incorporated a time dimension, at least in part because of the demanding data requirements. The results provide considerable evidence of behavioral influences on children's time allocation that go beyond those captured when only examining participation in alternative activities.
Economic Growth and the Environment: The European Union Case
Authors: Giannias Dimitrios A , Liargovas Panagiotis G. , Alexandrovich Chepurko Yuri
Published: May 2005

One of the most debatable issues in Economics is the relationship between economic growth and the environment. From the policy point of view, what is important is the formulation of the best-suited policies for both growth and the environment. But the implementation of regional and environmental policies requires the existence of methods for evaluating the economic and environmental situation in each country. This paper offers such a method and applies it in the case of European Union (EU) countries member-states by positioning them in an Environmental Quality-Income map.
Political Regimes and the Effects of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth
Authors: Islam Mohammad Nazrul
Published: May 2005

This paper investigates whether the effect of foreign aid on economic growth differs under different political regimes. On average aid is found to have a negative significant impact on growth in developing countries, although the effect seems to be quite fragile and varies substantially across regime type. In tinpot countries aid has very little impact on growth and the returns to aid as aid/GDP increases appear to be constant. But in totalitarian countries aid has a robust positive significant influence on growth, with a tendency for diminishing returns for an aid/GDP ratio in excess of 21.5%. The better effectiveness of aid under totalitarian system than under tinpot seems to persist even when the model specification or sample are changed. Aid has no significant impact on the improvement of human rights and human development indicators, but it does have some influence in reducing infant mortality. An implication is to combine aid programs with a long-term human rights constraint. (JEL F350, O230, O400) I am indebted to two anonymous referees and A.N.Wahid, the editor of the journal for many helpful and incisive comments and suggestions. Previous version of the paper was given at 2001 meeting of the Canadian Economics Association at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. I am grateful to the participants at the seminar.
A Model of Urban-Rural Migration and Fertility
Authors: Manner Christopher K
Published: May 2005

A simple human capital model of migration and fertility is designed in an attempt to analyze the interrelations between rural-urban migration and fertility. The model utilizes a "reproduction function" in which realized births depend on both the preferences of parents and the supply of births (i.e., fecundity). The model implies that migrants will not be randomly self-selected with respect to fecundity. Further, rural-urban differences in prices and incomes are shown to influence the fertility behavior of migrants.
Impacts of Macroeconomic Policies and Financial Market Performance on Output in Singapore: A VAR Approach
Authors: Hsing Yu , Chen Yvonne
Published: May 2005

Applying the VAR model and using the Treasury bill rate as a monetary policy tool, we find that in the long run, output for Singapore responds positively to a shock to lagged own output and negatively to an innovation to the Treasury bill rate, government debt as a percent of GDP, appreciation of the Singapore dollar, stock prices, inflation rates, or world oil prices. The government debt ratio is the most important variable in explaining output variance. When real M2 is considered as a monetary variable, similar patterns are found except that output responds negatively to a shock to world oil prices. Because the magnitude of output response to a shock to some of these variables varies widely, the Singapore government needs to be cautious in pursuing monetary, fiscal, and exchange rate policies. The relatively stable exchange rate that has been maintained in recent times is appropriate because a depreciation of the Singapore dollar would be contractionary in the first two quarters and its long-term impacts may not be predicted as accurately as some would expect.
Impact of the Asian Crisis on Singapore's Export Competitiveness
Authors: Toulahoe Dosse , Ahmed Zafar U
Published: May 2005

Despite its robust economic fundamentals relative to other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Singapore did not escape from the Asian Crisis that spread through Asia-Pacific and engulfed the global economy. First, this study uses two approaches to calculate real exchange rates and its misalignment to examine the Singapore dollar misalignment and its export competitiveness. Second, the relationship between Singapore's real exchange rate and its export growth is investigated using an error-correction model. The results do not support a substantial Singapore dollar overvaluation on the eve of the crisis. Based on purchasing power parity measures of misalignment, we detected only a modest overvaluation prior to the crisis. However, the real depreciation of the Singapore dollar as a result of the crisis, led to an external competitiveness gain and higher export growth.
Maquiladora Employment Dynamics in Chihuahua City, Mexico
Authors: Fullerton Thomas M , Torres Ruiz Luis Bernardo
Published: May 2005

As exports from regions of developing economies to higher income economies grow, business cycle linkages between these areas also increase. This study applies a transfer function ARIMA methodology to the analysis of maquiladora sector employment in a non-border region of Mexico as a means for measuring its international business cycles linkages to the export market in the United States. Statistically significant payroll responses are found in response to variations in the exchange rate, domestic wage levels, foreign investment, and United States industrial production. Simulation testing is also completed as an additional means of model reliability verification. Because data requirements are not excessive, replication for other developing country markets is feasible.
Seeking Sakyamuni: Travel and the Reconstruction of Japanese Buddhism
Authors: Jaffe Richard M.
Published: May 2005

The reconstruction of Japanese Buddhism in Meiji, Taisho, and Showa Japan involved not only interchanges with Europe and the United States. A central but overlooked catalyst for change was increased travel to and exchange with other Buddhists in Asia. An examination of travel accounts and other writings of three Meiji-era Japanese Buddhist travelers to South and Southeast Asia—Kitabatake Doryu, Shaku Kozen, and Shaku Soen—reveals how contact with Buddhists in those regions stimulated Japanese Buddhists to rethink the role of the historical Buddha in their tradition and demonstrates the importance of these contacts for Buddhism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Mad Scientists and Their Prey: Bioethics, Murder, and Fiction in Interwar Japan
Authors: Kawana Sari
Published: May 2005

This essay focuses on "mad scientist murders," a subgenre within the larger stream of Japanese detective fiction during the 1920s and 1930s. Through an overview of the popular sentiment toward science during this period and a discussion of works by Kozakai Fuboku, Yumeno Kyūsaku, Oguri Mushitarō, and Unno Jūza, I explore the ways these authors used the motif of the "mad scientist" and his uncompromising attitude toward his work to criticize the widespread overconfidence in the possibilities of science and to highlight the potential incompatibility between science and ethics.