bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Program Kemitraan dalam Sistem Pertanian Terpadu
Authors: Pasaribu Sahat M.
Published: July 2017

English

Collaboration pattern for productive activities in the form of public - private partnerships in the agricultural sector is very important and could be an alternative program to improve farmer’s income. Public - Private Partnership (PPP) is a policy instrument to gear up rural resources toward competitive produces. This paper describes the concept of partne rships program for integrated farm i ng systems and discusses its development orientation. Nucleus - plasma and sub - contract partnership patterns are mostly suitable for agricultural sector. PPP has its potential to strengthen institutional relationships betwe en the farmers and private sectors through government facilities. PPP should be able to help the farmers to deal with agribusiness financial problems, improve product quality, and increase access to market. Energy and other high economic value products ob tained from this partnerships business activities are expected to support food self - reliance and improve farmer’s welfare. 

 

Indonesia

Pola kerja sama untuk kegiatan produktif dalam bentuk kemitraan (public-private partnership atau PPP) di sektor pertanian sangat penting sebagai alternatif program dalam rangka peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat. PPP adalah salah satu instrumen kebijakan yang mampu menggerakkan sumber daya perdesaan untuk menghasilkan produk yang berdaya saing. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan konsep program kemitraan untuk sistem pertanian terpadu dan membahas orientasi pengembangannya. Pola kemitraan inti-plasma dan subkontrak dinilai relevan diaplikasikan untuk sektor pertanian. PPP berpotensi memperkuat hubungan kelembagaan antara petani dengan swasta yang difasilitasi pemerintah. PPP dapat membantu petani mengatasi masalah pembiayaan usaha pertanian, memperbaiki kualitas produk, dan meningkatkan akses pasar bagi produk yang dihasilkannya. Energi dan produk bernilai ekonomi tinggi lain yang dihasilkan dengan pola kerja sama ini diharapkan dapat mendukung kemandirian pangan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani.
Potensi Dampak Kebijakan Harga dalam Mendorong Penerapan Teknologi Anjuran dan Peningkatan Produksi Kedelai
Authors: Kariyasa I Ketut
Published: July 2017

English

Soybean is one of the major food commodities in Indonesia and its demand increases both as direct consumption and for food industries. However, up to now domestic soybean production is only able to meet domestic demand of about 30 − 40%. To increase domestic production and reduce imported soybean, Indonesian government has issued soybean price policy. Research results in Banten, West Nusa Tenggara, and Central Java Provinces showed that soybean price policy of Rp7,600/kg − Rp7,700/kg was not able to encourage farmers to manage their soybean farming intensively and to grow soybean instead of other food crops (corn, green beans, peanuts). Thus, additional potential soybean production is estimated only 4.23%. Therefore, the government needs to review and readjust the level of current soybean price policy to encourage farmers to grow and manage their soybean farming intensively. Efforts to incr ease soybean production should not only be done through single price policy alone, but it should also be coupled with other policy instruments, such as the provision of good seed and site specific technology, infrastructure, and market acessibility improvement. 

 

Indonesia

Kedelai merupakan salah satu komoditas pangan utama di Indonesia dan permintaan terhadap komoditas initerus meningkat baik untuk dikonsumsi langsung maupun untuk industri pangan. Produksi kedelai dalam negeri baru mampu memenuhi permintaan tersebut antara 30−40%. Dalam upaya meningkatkan produksi kedelai dalam negeri dan mengurangi jumlah impor, pemerintah telah mengeluarkan kebijakan Harga Beli Petani (HBP). Hasil kajian di Provinsi Banten, NTB, dan Jateng dengan menggunakan analisis keuntungan kompetitif dan melibatkan 180 petani contoh menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan HBP sebesar Rp7.600/kg–Rp7.700/kg belum mampu mendorong petani untuk mengelola usaha tani kedelainya secara intensif dan menggantikan lahan komoditas pangan lainnya dengan tanaman kedelai, sehingga potensi tambahan produksi kedelai diperkirakan hanya sebesar 4,23%. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah perlu meninjau dan menyesuaikan kembali besaran HBP kedelai yang berlaku sekarang untuk mendorong petani mau menanam kedelai. Upaya peningkatan produksi kedelai sebaiknya tidak hanya dilakukan melalui kebijakan tunggal HBP saja, tapi dibarengi juga dengan beberapa instrumen kebijakan lainnya, seperti penyediaan benih bermutu dan teknologi spesifik lokasi, perbaikan infrastruktur, dan akses pasar.
Dari Konferensi Cancun, Mexico (2003) - ke Pertemuan Stocktaking WTO (2010): Perjuangan Panjang Negosiasi Pertanian Negara Berkembang
Authors: Lokollo Erna Maria
Published: July 2017

Salah satu perundingan WTO yang paling bergejolak, penuh muatan politis dan sangat alot dalam mencapai kesepakatan adalah perundingan pertanian.  Persetujuan ini mencakup perundingan di 3 pilar utama, yaitu: akses pasar, subsidi domestik, dan persaingan ekspor. Setelah terjadi kegagalan mencapai kesepakatan pada KTM V di Cancun, Mexico, pada tahun 2003; maka pada sidang Dewan Umum WTO tahun 2004 berhasil disepakati apa yang disebut sebagai Paket Juli. Pada KTM VI di Hongkong, tahun 2005, tidak terjadi titik temu, bahkan perundingan Putaran Doha terhenti sama sekali karena tidak tercapai kesepakatan antara negara-negara anggota WTO. Pada tahun 2009, KTM ke VII diadakan di Jenewa, Swiss. Pada pertemuan ini anggota sepakat tidak merundingkan isu Putaran Doha, tetapi membahas upaya memperkuat sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO dalam menghadapi tantangan lingkungan global saat ini. Namun demikian sinyal yang ditangkap dari pertemuan-pertemuan sampingan beberapa kelompok adalah bahwa Putaran Doha harus segera diselesaikan pada akhir tahun 2010. Oleh karenanya diperlukan upaya dan kemauan politik semua negara anggota untuk mewujudkannya.  Pertemuan terkini yaitu pertemuan stocktaking tingkat pejabat tinggi diadakan pada 22-26 Maret 2010.  Beberapa pending issues pada draft teks modalitas pertanian (draft text ke- 4) dibahas kembali dan diupayakan konvergensi, namun belum tercapai kesepakatan diantara negara-negara anggota. Indonesia sebagai koordinator kelompok G-33 memiliki posisi yang strategis dalam pemperjuangkan kepentingan pertaniannya.  Dukungan domestik dari masyarakat Indonesia termasuk dari Kementerian teknis lainnya selain Kementerian Perdagangan dan Kementerian Pertanian, juga dari LSM/NGO, DPR/MPR, dan Institusi lainnya sangat diperlukan, agar dapat memperjuangkan kepentingan petani dan masyarakat pedesaan menghadapi era globalisasi.
Kinerja, Prospek, dan Kebijakan Investasi di Indonesia
Authors: Hadi Prajogo U.
Published: July 2017

Investasi mempunyai peranan sangat penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional, termasuk sektor pertanian. Dalam perspektif jangka panjang ekonomi makro, investasi akan meningkatkan stok kapital, dimana penambahan stok kapital akan meningkatkan kapasitas produksi masyarakat yang kemudian mempercepat laju pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi permasalahan investasi, melihat prospek investasi pertanian, dan merumuskan kebijakan untuk mendorong investasi di bidang pertanian di Indonesia. Beberapa saran kebijakan untuk mendorong pertumbuhan investasi adalah: (1) Menciptakan stabilitas kondisi politik, sosial dan ekonomi; (2) Membangun pemerintahan yang bebas dari korupsi, adanya konsistensi, kejelasan dan kepastian kebijakan pemerintah jangka panjang, serta birokrasi yang efisien; (3) Menciptakan fungsi sektor pembiayaan yang efektif dan sistem ketenagakerjaan yang kondusif; (4) Menciptakan sistem perpajakan dan prosedur perdagangan ekspor-impor dan domestik yang mudah dan sederhana; (5) Mempermudah kepemilikan atau kontrak tanah perusahaan swasta, tetapi mayoritas lahan pertanian jangan sampai dikuasai perusahaan asing; (6) Membatalkan semua Peratuan Daerah (Perda) yang menghambat kegiatan investasi dan bisnis; dan (7) Meningkatkan investasi pemerintah yang sangat diperlukan sebagai komplemen bagi investasi swasta dan rakyat di bidang pertanian.
Rekonstruksi Kelembagaan dan Uji Teknologi Pemupukan: Kebijakan Strategis mengatasi Kelangkaan Pupuk
Authors: Darwis Valeriana , Saptana Saptana
Published: July 2017

Padi merupakan bahan pangan pokok bagi penduduk Indonesiadan produktivitasnya ditentukan antara lain oleh tingkat pemakaian pupuk. Meskipun kebijakan pupuk sudah banyak dilaksanakan terutama dalam aspek pengadaan, penyaluran dan harga eceran tertinggi (HET); tetapi kelangkaan pupuk masih sering terjadi. Kajian tentang penyebab kelangkaan pupuk dari sisi pengadaan dan distribusi telah banyak dilakukan, namun penyebab kelangkaan dari sisi pengguna belum mendapat perhatian. Salah satu penyebab kelangkaan ini adalah pemakaian pupuk di tingkat petani yang melebihi dosis anjuran. Sementara itu pemerintah telah mengeluarkan beberapa teknologi penentuan dosis pupuk tepat guna spesifik lokasi yaitu dengan cara mempergunakan Bagan Warna Daun (BWD), Perangkat Uji Tanah Sawah (PUTS) dan Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (PTT). Agar bisa mengubah perilaku petani dalam pemakaian pupuk menjadi efisien dan efektif sekaligus mencegah terjadinya kelangkaan pupuk, maka dibutuhkan suatu kebijakan holistik dan terpadu antar berbagai stakeholders yang tercakup. Rekontruksi kebijakan tersebut diharapkan dapat mendorong rasionalisasi dan efektivitas penggunaan pupuk oleh petani, sehingga diharapkan dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk dan meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian.  
Impacts and Future Perspectives of Fertilizer Policy in Indonesia
Authors: Rachman Benny , Sudaryanto Tahlim
Published: July 2017

The implementation of fertilizer subsidy policies have been applied comprehensively starting from the planning stage to fertilizer distribution system, including setting the highest retail price and the amount of subsidy. However, the policy has not been able to ensure adequate availability of fertilizers at the farm level. Planning on the amount of fertilizer demand is not fully accurate and supervision has not optimally implemented causing the distribution of subsidized fertilizer below the target. It is reported that farmers who manage less than 0.5 hectares of land received only 40 percent of the total subsidy and most farmers (90%) purchase subsidized fertilizer at prices higher than the highest retail prices. To overcome this problem, the government plan to change the distribution mechanism of subsidy from indirect subsidy to direct subsidy to farmers/ farmer groups. The expected impacts of that policy are: (1) farmers obtain direct benefits from fertilizer subsidies, (2) avoid disparity between the prices of subsidized  and non-subsidized fertilizers at the market, (3) reduce the possibility of scarcity of subsidized fertilizer supply, (4) improve cultural practices, especially in crops fertilizing, (5) increase the efficiency of using government subsidies, and (6) increase farmers income and welfare.
Kebijakan Penelitian untuk Kemauan Daerah: Daya Tarik dan Fasilitasi Birokras
Authors: Pranadji Tri
Published: July 2017

Sebelum abad 20 kegiatan penelitian diIndonesiasudah berlangsung cukup intensif, terutama dilakukan oleh orang-orang Eropa pada masa penjajahan. Kegiatan penelitian sangatlah tidak netral, tergantung pada siapa yang melakukan atau yang mendanai. Penelitian sangat erat kaitannya dengan penggalian suatu pengetahuan dan inovasi, yang dengan keduanya suatu masyarakat (yang melakukan penelitian) mempunyai daya saing lebih untuk maju. Siapa yang menguasai dan mengendalikan kegiatan penelitian maka merekalah yang akan memegang kendali kemajuan peradaban dan sekaligus “mengatur” kehidupan masyarakat lain. Kebijakan fasilitasi penelitian oleh pemerintah (daerah) sangatlah penting, khususnya yang diarahkan untuk memacu kemajuan suatu masyarakat dan daerah, serta untuk melindunginya dari segala bentuk distorsi atau yang akan merusaknya. Fasilitasi terhadap penelitian yang ”baik” antara lain dapat berupa pemberian ijin (tak terbatas), dukungan sumberdaya, pendampingan, dan pendanaan; sedangkan terhadap yang “tidak baik” dapat berupa pembatasan kegiatan, pembatalan perijinan, dan pelarangan. Sebaiknya antara kegiatan penelitian dan perencanaan pembangunan daerah berada dalam satu koordinasi.
Kaji Ulang Konsep Neraca Gula Nasional: Konsep Badan Ketahanan Pangan vs Dewan Gula Indonesia
Authors: Supriyati NFN
Published: July 2017

Gula merupakan salah satu komoditas pangan strategis dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Kebijakan pergulaan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh pertimbangan aspek-aspek ekonomi tetapi juga aspek-aspek politik. Selain dikonsumsi secara langsung oleh masyarakat, gula juga digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri pengolahan makanan dan minuman. Salah satu alat untuk mengetahui keseimbangan pasokan/pengadaan dan penggunaan/ permintaan gula adalah neraca bahan makanan (NBM). Tercatat ada dua Neraca Gula Nasional yang disusun dua instansi, yaitu Badan Ketahanan Pangan (BKP)/Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) dan Dewan Gula Indonesia (DGI), namun unsur-unsur penyusun dan besaran angkanya berbeda. Berdasarkan latar belakang dan permasalahan ini, maka tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah mengkaji ulang konsep kedua neraca gula nasional tersebut. Hasil kaji ulang menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kedua neraca menggunakan definisi, dan sumber data berbeda; (2) konsep Neraca Gula dari BKP/BPS mengacu pada konsep NBM dari FAO, dengan beberapa saran perbaikan yaitu: (a) produksi adalah produksi gula ex tebu, yang berarti benar-benar mencerminkan kemampuan produksi gula dalam negeri; (b) impor sebaiknya dibedakan atas raw sugar (PG Putih dan PG Rafinasi), GKP (konsumsi langsung) dan GKR (untuk industri mamin); (3) neraca Gula DGI, dengan saran perbaikan sebagai berikut: (a) produksi yang dimasukkan adalah produksi ex tebu; (b) impor harus dibedakan atas impor raw sugar (PG Putih dan PG Rafinasi), GKP (konsumsi langsung) dan GKR (untuk industri mamin); (c) dalam penyusunan neraca harus mempertimbangkan pemakaian untuk industri non pangan dan tercecer; (4) neraca Gula nasional harus mengacu pada satu konsep yang sama yaitu konsep FAO, agar tidak membingungkan pengguna. Konsekuensinya, BKP dan DGI perlu menggunakan definisi unsur- unsur neraca yang sama.
Analisis Kelembagaan Rantai Pasok Telur Ayam Ras Peternakan Rakyat di Jawa Barat
Authors: Sejati Wahyuning K.
Published: July 2017

Dalam konteks pengembangan pasar komoditas dan peningkatan kesejahteraan peternak rakyat perlu dipahami secara baik karakteristik dan kelembagaan petani, pemasok, dan pasar. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelembagaan rantai pasok peternak-pemasok-pasar komoditas telur ayam ras yang meliputi: (1) identifikasi kelembagaan peternakan rakyat ayam ras petelur; (2) analisis kelembagaan rantai pasok komoditas telur; dan (3) antisipasi kelembagaan introduksi rantai pasok telur ayam ras peternakan rakyat. Cakupan kajian mempertimbangkan pola pengusahaan di tingkat peternakan rakyat, ragam agen rantai pasok, ragam pasar konvensional, ragam pasar modern, dan ragam konsumen lembaga. Analisis kelembagaan rantai pasok terhadap kedua jenis pasar yang dikaji dan dampak terhadap usaha peternakan difokuskan pada usahaternak rakyat yang dinilai strategis untuk dibina, dikembangkan, dan ditingkatkan kesejahteraannya. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pemasaran telur cenderung mengikuti mekanisme pasar. Faktor-faktor yang dinilai berpengaruh dan berdampak negatif pada kelembagaan peternakan rakyat berkaitan dengan pemasaran telur yaitu kurangnya akses ke pasar modern maupun konsumen lembaga, dan harga telur yang cenderung sangat fluktuatif akibat kurangnya informasi pasar. Pengembangan kelembagaan rantai pasok telur ayam ras membutuhkan fasilitasi kebijakan yang konsisten, bisa diperkirakan, transparan, jaminan keamanan usaha, kelancaran distribusi dan mobilitas barang antar daerah.
Dampak Kebijakan Pemerintahan DKI di Bidang Perunggasan terhadap Ketersediaan Ayam di DKI Jakarta
Authors: Daryanto Arief , Saptana NFN
Published: July 2017

Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah DKI Jakarta yang dituangkan melalui Peraturan Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta Nomor 4 Tahun 2007, tanggal 24 April 2007 tentang Pengendalian Pemeliharaan dan Peredaran Unggas diperkirakan akan memiliki dampak yang bersifat positif maupun negatif bagi pelaku bisnis ayam ras pedaging (broiler). Tulisan ini ditujukan untuk melihat dampak kebijakan Pemda DKI Jakarta terhadap ketersediaan ayam di wilayah DKI Jakarta. Dampak Perda No. 4 Tahun 2007 yang diimplementasikan pada Januari 2010 antara lain adalah menurunnya jumlah pasokan ayam dari daerah pemasok ke pusat-pusat pasar di Wilayah DKI Jakarta, dari 804,44 ribu ekor menjadi hanya sekitar 604,44 ribu ekor atau turun sebesar 200 ribu ekor per hari. Fenomena kelangkaan daging ayam dan lonjak harga di pasar-pasar wilayah DKI Jakarta tersebut baik pada periode sebelum maupun sesudah Perda DKI bersifat temporal terutama pada hari-hari besar keagamaan, terutama menjelang puasa dan Hari Raya Idul Fitri. Peraturan daerah ini telah menjadi pemicu kelangkaan dan lonjak harga yang lebih tinggi. Beberapa strategi dalam menjamin ketersediaan daging ayam di wilayah DKI Jakarta dapat dilakukan dengan menjaga keseimbangan antara pasokan dan permintaan di wilayah DKI Jakarta, meningkatkan kelancaran arus distribusi dari daerah pemasok utama ke pusat-pusat pasar di wilayah DKI-Jakarta, dan upaya stabilisasi harga daging ayam ras pedaging (broiler).
Sistem Distribusi Berbasis Relationship: Kajian Penyempurnaan Penyaluran Pupuk Bersubsidi Kepada Petani
Authors: Sudjono Spudnik
Published: July 2017

Kebijakan subsidi pupuk masih merupakan kebutuhan pada tingkat petani untuk menopang produktivitas dan perbaikan kesejahteraan petani, sekaligus mempertahankan stabilitas ketahanan pangan nasional. Sistem penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi telah beberapa kali mengalami perbaikan, antara lain dengan uji coba sistem Kartu Kendali dan uji coba Sistem Subsidi Pupuk Langsung ke Petani. Untuk mengembangkan penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi di masa mendatang, salah satu pendekatan yang dapat digunakan adalah sistem distribusi pupuk bersubsidi berbasis relationship marketing. Pendekatan ini menyarankan pembinaan hubungan jangka-panjang antara produsen dan distributor, dengan mengedepankan mata rantai distribusi dan hubungan interpersonal pada setiap titik distribusi pupuk bersubsidi.
Pengaruh Sitokinin, Jenis Eksplan, dan Genotipe terhadap Embriogenesis Somatik Kakao
Authors: Ajijah Nur , Hartati RR. Sri
Published: July 2017

Information on the effect of cytokinins on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) primary somatic embryogenesis and its interaction with explant types and genotypes is not yet known. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cytokinins and its interaction with explant types and genotypes on cacao somatic embryogenesis. The study was conducted at tissue culture laboratory of IAARD, Bogor from April until December 2012 and October 2014 until February 2016. Three types of cytokinins i.e. kinetin (0.58, 1.16, and 2.32 μM), thidiazuron (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 μM) and benzylaminopurine (0.55, 1.11, and 2.22 μM) in combination with 9 μM 2,4-D were tested for their effectiveness in inducing somatic embryogenesis from petals and staminoid explants of Cimanggu 1 genotype. Furthermore, three levels of kinetin (0.58, 1.16, and 2.32 μM) also in combination with 9 μM 2,4-D were evaluated for their influences on the somatic embryogenesis from petals and staminoid explants of three cacao genotypes i.e. Sulawesi 02, ICCRI 04 and Cimanggu 3. The result demonstrated that 2.32 μM kinetin and staminoids explant were more effective to induce cacao somatic embryogenesis of Cimanggu 1 genotype (7%, 0.23 embryos/explant). Additionally, there were interaction effects between the level of kinetin with explant types and genotype on the percentage of explants forming embryo at 12 weeks after culture. The highest percentage of somatic embryo formation was shown by ICCRI 04 genotype with the use of petals explant and a kinetin level of 1.16 μM (31.85%), but not significantly different from the level of kinetin 2.23 μM (25.55%). The formation of primary somatic embryos of cacao is largely determined by the type and level of cytokinins, type of explant, and genotype.
Hemodiálisis intermitente
Authors: Cantú-Quintanilla Guillermo , Gómez-Guerrero Irma , Silva-García Carlos Giovanni , Valdez-Ortiz Rafael
Published: July 2017

Señor editor: Enviamos los resultados de una encuesta aplicada a pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis intermitente en el Hospital General de México (HGM), con el objetivo de indagar las posibles razones de su permanencia en esa situación.
Acceso y morbilidad hospitalaria en personas con trastornos del desarrollo intelectual
Authors: Bernal-Celestino Rubén José , León-Hurtado Daniel , Martínez-Leal Rafael
Published: July 2017

Objetivo. Las personas con trastornos del desarrollo intelectual (TDI) suelen presentar peor estado de salud que la población general. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el acceso y la morbimortalidad hospitalaria en los pacientes con TDI y compararla con la población general. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo y se compararon los datos de los ingresos y altas hospitalarias entre pacientes con TDI y sin dichos transtornos, en Ciudad Real, España. Resultados. De un total de 51 325 altas, 441 (0.9%) correspondían a personas con TDI. Estas personas presentaban significativamente menos ingresos programados que la población general y menos intervenciones quirúrgicas y, a su vez, más ingresos debidos a enfermedades mentales y del sistema respiratorio. Conclusiones. Las personas con TDI tienen patrones de morbilidad diferentes a los del resto de la población. Además este estudio revela posibles dificultades en el acceso a la atención sanitaria en estas personas.
Metabolic screening and metabolomics analysis in the Intellectual Developmental Disorders Mexico Study
Authors: Ibarra-González Isabel , Rodríguez-Valentín Rocío , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo , Vela-Amieva Marcela
Published: July 2017

Objective. Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are genetic conditions that are sometimes associated with intellectual  developmental disorders (IDD). The aim of this study is to contribute to the metabolic characterization of IDD of unknown etiology in Mexico. Materials and methods. Metabolic screening using tandem mass spectrometry and fluorometry will be performed to rule out IEM. In addition,target metabolomic analysis will be done to characterize the metabolomic profile of patients with IDD. Conclusion. Identification of new metabolomic profiles associated withIDD of unknown etiology and comorbidities will contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic schemes for the prevention and treatment of IDD in Mexico.
Measuring child functioning:the Unicef/ Washington Group Module
Authors: Loeb Mitchell , Cappa Claudia , Crialesi Roberta , De Palma Elena
Published: July 2017

The Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989 included the first explicit provision relating to the rights of children with disabilities. It included a prohibition against discrimination on the grounds of disability (art. 2), and obligations to provide services for children with disabilities, in order to enable them to achieve the fullest possible social integration (art.23)…
Optionality Approach to Dynamic Capability in Upstream Petroleum Business Model
Authors: Nwankwo Chinonso
Published: July 2017

The dynamic format of the upstream oil and gas organizations, their resources, petroleum assets and market has created a huge gap and uncertainty in the entire upstream business ecosystem; resulting in challenges, opportunities and threats. These opportunities and threats exist both in the internal and external upstream business environment. Much focus by the upstream firms on strategic resource management and internal performance have made them to neglect uncertainty in the external environment causing them to build undiversified capabilities that cannot match strategic investment options in this modern era of crude oil price volatility, gas/energy options and heavy oil demand. The concept of dynamic capabilities has been utilized in various degrees by upstream and high tech firms to respond to a dynamic business environment by sensing, seizing and capturing opportunities and transforming resources. This article extends the dimension of this concept to include shorten time between sensing opportunities and transforming resources which entails optionality. In as much as many scholars have elaborated on the functions of dynamic capabilities, they have channeled little or no focus on strategic options and time to gain entrant to this options as a form of dynamic capabilities. This article therefore describes how upstream firms through optionality and strategic fit can capture valuable investment options with ease and in time, diversify and transform resources with agile flexibility and align both together; thereby enabling time value, evolutional fitness, organizational balance and environmental stability.
Water Diagnostic Analysis: The Gains of Integration
Authors: Sukubo Ibianga , Iyowu Olakunle , Balogun Olalekan , Jude-Ofia Ifeyinwa , Onunekwu Clarence
Published: July 2017

Only recently, an integrated approach to water diagnostic analysis was shared based on a mature field application; the insight from which has been very useful in the Monro field (one of SPDC fields in the Niger Delta region) and handy for a successful low-cost oil generation and wells, reservoir & facilities management (WRFM) opportunity identification.

The Monro field performance was reviewed and initial assessment showed 9 out of 13 conduits were closed-in (representing ca. 65%) due to high basic sediment & water (HBSW) in most cases. Hence, wells & reservoir review (WRR) for the four producing reservoirs in the field was carried out using the integrated approach to water diagnostic analysis in order to ascertain the mechanism of water production in the wells and propose fit-for-purpose solutions to unlock their potentials.

The scope begins with the reservoir stratigraphic cross-section showing flow zones and/or facies distribution based on log motifs or cores (if available). The initial petrophysical properties (e.g. Swi, k, etc.) are then mapped on the stratigraphic section against each flow zone and their respective relative permeability functions generated accordingly to determine the propensity for water production in the delineated flow units. Water oil ratio (WOR) and its first order derivative (WOR') plots are generated from over 20 years of wells historical production data (including bean sequencing & well re-entry) and interpreted based on the subsurface understanding of the reservoir. The interpretation was then spot-checked using available reservoir production monitoring (RPM) log result.

Following the subsurface understanding from the integrated interpretation of the water diagnostic plots, a total of ca. 2200 bopd was realised as low-cost oil generation from 2 wells and a total potential of ca. 4200 bopd (risked at 50% watercut) from water shut-off opportunities from 3 wells; reducing the closed-in well count to 4 – representing over 30% improvement.

This paper presents the practical gains of integrated water diagnostic analysis using Chan type plot. The outcome shows among others that (a) multidisciplinary integration and alignment delivers significant value in opportunity identification and (b) Excellent cross-functional collaboration results in a quick delivery of the identified opportunities.
Coupled Use of Saturation Logging and Water-Flow Log in a Stratified Deltaic Reservoir Leading to Successful Additional Perforation
Authors: Fabbri C. , Imeokparia O. , Odeniyi A. , Ibekwe K. , Udoh D. , Lanisa A. , Fashanu M.
Published: July 2017

In the Amenam-Kpono field, the main reservoir (R4) is characterized by vertically stacked deltaic sand bodies that are laterally extensive but with intercalated shale layers. Pressure maintenance is by both water and gas injection. Gas injectors are located on the crest of the anticlinal structure in order to re-inject the gas in the gas cap, while water injectors are located at the edge, injecting treated sea water into the aquifer. The R4 reservoir is divided into four disconnected hydrocarbon bearing flow units. The field has 35 development wells and more than 13 years of production (1st oil in July 2003).

Due to the layered nature of this reservoir, saturation logging is carried out regularly in order to check the contacts evolution at the well, even within the same flow-unit. Indeed, one of the main concerns since the start of water injection in R4 is understanding the communication between injectors and producers, which might lead to water cut increase and loss in productivity. This paper describes the measurements performed on an Amenam-Kpono well to evaluate a 20m additional perforation in flow-unit#1 (FU1). Two different measurements were carried out: saturation logging (oil saturation in the formation) and water flow log (measuring the water velocity around the tool). Integration of both results enabled the selective design of 20m additional perforation, leading to an oil incremental gain of 5800 bopd.
Fast Calibration of Agbami Intelligent Oil Production Network using Structured Computer Assisted Workflow
Authors: Okpani Olu , Momoh Victor
Published: July 2017

Agbami field is a deep-water field located offshore Nigeria. The oil production system is a complex intelligent production network that consists of 22 subsea production wells (19 wells are dual zone completion while 3 wells are single zone completion), 8 subsea manifolds, 8 infield subsea flowlines and 8 subsea flowlines/risers. A production network model for Agbami production network was built in GAP production modeling tool. The model consists of 41 inflow elements, 177 pipe elements, 68 chokes and 200 nodes with real-time pressure/temperature (P/T) measurements. Due to the large number of elements and P/T nodes in the model, it was very daunting to calibrate the model by unstructured manual tuning of the model calibration parameters. In fact, it takes several days to manually calibrate the whole production network. A structured computer assisted calibration workflow was developed to aid in fast calibration of the Agbami production model.

The structured approach to the Agbami production network model calibration used in this work is to first break down the model into 8 independent riser subsystems. Each riser subsystem is then further broken down into segments. The segments are zones, wells, infield flowlines, and flowlines/risers; with each segment having several elements and P/T nodes. Each segment of the model is independently calibrated using the latest production test data corresponding to that segment. A computer guided wizard was developed to sequentially match the P/T at different nodes of the segment using the Secant root-finding algorithm1. The calibrated segments are then coupled together into riser subsystems and each riser subsystem is then calibrated to the latest riser tests by manual adjustment of few parameters. The riser subsystems are further calibrated to the current conditions. The use of the structured computer assisted workflow has resulted in the faster model calibration time of within a day.
Managing Operational Well Integrity – Stock Level Determination of Well Components
Authors: Ihe Chimdike , Taylor Ian , Nwankwo Cosmas , Olanrewaju Oladipo , Akporuno Mamoke
Published: July 2017

A well provides the conduit through which hydrocarbons flow from the reservoir to the production facility. It is also a containment barrier once hydrocarbons are released from the reservoir. NORSOK D-010 and OGUK standards stress that ‘installation, removal, testing and monitoring of barriers during all operations’ is key for managing well integrity.

Operators are often challenged with both minimising costs and upholding the highest standards of integrity management as they extract value from the wells. They are required to have a documented basis justifying a lower test frequency or accept test frequencies recommended by regulators. They are also challenged with keeping the right stock level of wellhead items for timely repairs or replacement. Addressing both is vital towards minimising deferments, maintenance and inventory costs.

This study presents a data-driven philosophy for well integrity management and repair strategy based on the well integrity measures of a major UK operator. It examines failure and repair data of 500+ wells in the North Sea. The data was sourced from a Well Integrity Management System (WIMS) database, processed, analysed and used to develop a statistical stocking model.

The Severity Frequency (SF) concept was developed and introduced as a basis for failure trend comparison among well types and well components. Well integrity test intervals, expected annual failures and limiting levels of valve spares were evaluated using this parameter. The analysis showed a link between failure drivers and frequencies to well type and flow conditions. This should be the basis upon which well integrity is managed and appropriate stock levels determined.

A comparison of the Stocking levels derived from this exercise shows a realism when compared with the frequency of actual changes/replacements done on the wellhead. It is believed that this approach can improve the management of well integrity quantitatively, minimise costs and deferments associated with overstocking wellhead items and high mean time to repair.
Effectiveness of High-Performance Water-Based Spacer Systems for Curing Lost Circulation in Permeable Reservoirs During Cementing Operations
Authors: Adesanya Olukayode , Mofunlewi Samuel S. , Ighodaro Osaze
Published: July 2017

Geological components of reservoirs vary across geographic regions. A typical reservoir environment comprises various characteristics: the kind of hydrocarbons it contains, the level of consolidation and unconsolidation, formation porosity, permeability, pore and fracture pressure characteristics, depleted reservoirs and many more. It is common to observe lost circulation during the drilling and cementing phases of a well spudded in permeable or unconsolidated reservoir environments. Various lost circulation prevention techniques can be deployed to minimize losses. These techniques include incorporating the best drilling practices to equipping the mud or cement system with effective lost circulation control materials.

Losses experienced during the drilling or cementing phases of oil or gas wells can result in an underbalanced reservoir environment that can ultimately have devastating consequences on drilling activities. Losses can either be minor or partial to complete losses, depending on the unaccounted volume lost into the formation at any specified period of time. This situation is usually monitored by accounting for the volumes of drilling mud/ fluid pumped in hole with respect to the volume out at the mud pits. In the cementing phase, uncontrolled losses often lead to the reduction of the annular height of cement behind the casing, resulting in poor zonal isolation.

Cementing applications have been improved to control losses by integrating a lost circulation control system in either or both the cement slurry or/and spacer system. This paper showcases the efficiency of a high-performance water-based spacer system deployed on a well section where lost circulation was a major challenge. The paper presents how this spacer system effectively controlled losses and enhanced zonal isolation while achieving the desired annular height of cement and an excellent cement bond evaluation log.
Fit-For-Purpose Development Plan for FLO Reservoir Sand with Focus on Resolving Reservoir Connectivity and Fluid Contact Uncertainties
Authors: Nwabia Francis , Osagie Ehiosu , Eghobamien Liberty , Nwonodi Chike , Sonde Adenike , Awa Chukwunweike
Published: July 2017

FLO reservoir in the depth range of 8225-8780 ftss has an unknown nature of compartmentalization, unknown fluid property and also five well penetrations with none encountering OOWC (original oil water contact). Resolution of these uncertainties in this study created platform for the reservoir development in terms of growing production and increasing the reservoir ultimate recovery. This paper therefore focuses on an integrated approach of resolving uncertainties associated with key reservoir evaluation parameters to deliver a fit-for-purpose development plan of the reservoir.

A multidisciplinary approach, involving integration of: PVT (Pressure Volume Temperature) Property estimation, Fault Seal Analysis (FSA), Petrophysical analysis and Dynamic simulation were employed to pin down these uncertainties in fluid contact and connectivity across blocks K, L and M within FLO reservoir.

PVT property estimation was used to capture the phase behaviour of FLO reservoir fluids. While FSA, which relied on the degree of throw thickness and lithologic juxtaposition, was used to validate connectivity across fault blocks in FLO reservoir. Possible base case contact for the two producing blocks in the reservoir was established through dynamic reservoir model calibration by history matching for 41 years of production history.

Results obtained from FSA, pressure profiles, sand-to-sand juxtaposition and dynamic history matching all combined showed an established hydraulic communication between reservoirs block K & M and also blocks K & L. The dynamic history matching with adjustments within physical meaning of basic history matching parameters realized 8525 ftss and 8810 ftss for POWC (present oil water contact) of the reservoir blocks K and M respectively. With these uncertainties resolved, different tests of development concepts were conducted and checked for economic viability and this showed that a "Do Nothing" approach with recovery of 3.6 MMstb should be adopted for FLO K and a "New Well" with recovery of 1.92 MMstb be drilled to develop FLO M.
Effective Real-Time Pore Pressure Monitoring Using Well Events: Case Study of Deepwater West Africa - Nigeria
Authors: Onyeji J. A. , Adebayo A. A. , Stafford T. W. , Ekun O. A. , Onu H. , Nwozor K. K.
Published: July 2017

Geomechanical related drilling problems have always been the major cause of geologic non-productive time (GNPT) in drilling operations (complex and conventional wells) especially in deepwater basins, where billions of dollars are being spent while searching for solutions to drilling problems and developing remediation plans. Thus, real-time pore pressure monitoring is critical to ensuring safe and successful drilling operations. Typically, the only information available to the drilling engineer prior to well spudding are offset wells and predrill models (1D or 3D) built from offset wells data and other sources (regional, sub-regional, seismic etc.) and no two (2) wells are ever the same in terms of behavior, then the need for real time pore pressure (PP), Fracture Gradient (FG) and Wellbore Stability (WBS) monitoring in ground-truthing and calibrating the predrill model cannot be overemphasized. This paper describes how modern technology, innovative approaches, monitoring well behavior and effective communication helped in meeting the challenges of real time pore pressure and fracture gradient surveillance while drilling in environments with very narrow drilling mud weight windows, and where there is limited information on the formation pore pressure, subsurface rock properties, in-situ stresses and basins with little to no offset well information. Integration of multiple data sets [appropriate logging while drilling data (LWD), drill cuttings, drilling parameters, gas in mud, equivalent circulating density (ECD) and equivalent static density (ESD)] and well behavior/events to support and calibrate predrill petrophysical log-based pore pressure prediction models significantly aided in drilling two complex wells safely and successfully to the target reservoirs in cost effective manner in the study area. Mechanical cavings and reamer affected cuttings were easily differentiated from normal drill cuttings, and potential kick predicted even in the absence of pipe connection gas; where there is no sign of underbalanced drilling using predrill pore pressure/ fracture gradient/wellbore stability (PPFG/WBS) petrophysical logs-based model. The model formed the basis for the critical drilling operations decisions taken in these case studies; mud weight increase, setting intermediate casing shallower than planned, and well deepening. Factors such as abnormal high rate of penetration (ROP), drilling mud properties, high temperature, salinity and calcite cementation affect petrophysical data, thus relying only on the logging while drilling (LWD) data such as gamma ray, resistivity, and sonic logs for real-time pore pressure and fracture gradient analysis, especially when drilling deep wells is not recommended. The innovative approaches presented in this paper via its workflow compensate for potential limitations of LWD data.
Integrating Modular Refining and Marginal Field Operations Under Proposed Fiscal Terms – Is Value Possible?
Authors: Gbakon Kaase
Published: July 2017

This paper aims to address the question of how much economic value can be derived by the integration of modular refining in the development plan of a field qualified as marginal within the Nigerian petroleum industry context. Furthermore, the economic value sought by the integration will be weighed against the backdrop of current fiscal provisions and then compared with provisions for refineries that have historically been offered in successive versions of the PIB (Petroleum Industry Bill) – that of making the incentives for gas utilization projects found in Section 39 of the CITA (Corporate Income Tax Act) available for refinery projects.

For this evaluation, an onshore marginal field with reserve size 150MMBOE, and crude oil API of 38°API is assumed to be developed with an estimated CapEx of $900Million under a concession lease arrangement by a new entrant. The production from the field is to be monetized by the deployment of an optimally sized modular refinery configured to produce Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel and Gasoil. A spreadsheet economic model is built which considers the upstream and refinery developments as fiscally separated and test the viability of the integrated project at the current terms and the historically proposed PIB2009 and PIB2012 terms. Sensitivities are performed around oil and product price, fraction of production refined, CapEx, OpEx.

Under the current terms, at $45/bbl and $2.70/mscf and assuming 100% production is refined on the asset, the integrated project yields an IRR of 12% compared with 15% under the proposed PIB2009. Furthermore, between the 2009 and 2012 proposals, the integrated project returns a lower IRR of 14% under the PIB2012 than the 15% observed for PIB2009. Sensitivity analysis further reveals that at any given oil price, the integrated project value improves with increased fraction of production utilized for refining. For example under current fiscal regime, at $45/bbl, NPV10 improves from ($94Mln) at 40% crude utilization to $235Mln at 100% crude utilization, with a breakeven utilization rate of 60%.
Artificial Neural Network Modelling of Viscosity at Bubblepoint Pressure and Dead Oil Viscosity of Nigerian Crude Oil
Authors: Adeeyo Yisa A. , Saaid Ismail M.
Published: July 2017

Reservoir engineering calculations required reservoir fluid viscosity data. In the absence of reliable experimental data, empirically derived correlations are used to predict the PVT property. However, several viscosity correlations in the literature were developed using regional data with limited accuracy and applicability.

Artificial neural network (ANN) is a computer model that attempts to mimic a simple biological learning process and simulate specific functions of human nervous system, a new computation algorithm that could be used to develop more robust and reliable model for generating PVT data. It is an interconnection of nodes, called neurons.

The authors have evaluated the industry widely used viscosity correlations using Nigeria crude oil data and explored the use of neural network in estimating viscosity at bubblepoint pressure and dead oil viscosity with the aim of getting a more accurate oil viscosity predictive model compared to widely used correlations in the literature. This study used the ANN backward propagation procedure with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for the optimization procedure for both the viscosity at the bubblepoint pressure and dead oil viscosity models.

The number of data set used for viscosity at the bubblepoint pressure is 1809 and dead oil viscosity is 1750. A number of neural network hidden layer designs were considered and tested. Each successful trained model was tested to ensure that overfitting does not occur and can predict output from the inputs that were not seen by the model during training. Sixty percent of the data was used to train the network, twenty percent to cross-validate the relationships established during the training process and the remaining twenty percent to test the model.

The results of artificial neural network model for viscosity at bubblepoint show that the model gives higher accuracy compared to the published correlations with average absolute relative error of 11.05 and coefficient of correlation of 0.98. Besides, the dead oil viscosity neural network model shows a substantial improvement over correlations with average absolute relative error of 12.6 and coefficient of correlation of 0.91.
Integrated Data Analysis: Key to Understanding the Reservoir
Authors: Obi Chinyere C. , Hassan Yusuf M. , Akenobo Charles
Published: July 2017

Technology advancements over the years have improved our understanding of the subsurface. This paper focuses on how integration of available geological and engineering datasets was used to de-risk the geological and petrophysical uncertainty of Reservoir B-1.1 in Oredo field in Niger Delta.

The oil reservoirs in this field experienced late fair aquifer support. However, the producing gas reservoirs exhibit volumetric drive behavior so far. Analysis of logs, production, pressure and PVT data were carried out. Fluid and material balance (analytical) models were built and fluid model was tested for validity. There was 80% difference between the material balance volume and the static model volume. The material balance volume is supported by historical Bottom Hole Pressure surveys and recent wireline formation test acquired from a sidetracked well in the field. This wireline formation test shows substantive pressure depletion across the reservoir of interest, which can be attributed to production activities from the existing conduit. Based on the geological analysis, there is no evidence of compartmentalization to account for the pressure and production behavior of the well producing from this reservoir. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on selected parameters were carried out on the base case geological/static model to validate the Hydrocarbon in Place volume for history matching and performance prediction.

The dynamic simulation run under uncertainty validated the material balance volume. This led to the revision of the petrophysical evaluation and update of the static model.