bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the involment of phenoloics in the defence of horticultural plants
Authors: SLATNAR Ana , MIKULIČ-PETKOVŠEK Maja , VEBERIČ Robert , ŠTAMPAR Franci
Published: April 2016

Phenolic compounds are not directly involved in the primary metabolism of plants but possess a number of important roles: (1) serving as attractants for pollinators and various animals, involved in the transfer of seeds, (2) plant protection from herbivores and against pathogen infection, (3) defining plant-plant relationships and the symbiosis between plants and microbes. The present review of our research work stresses the role of phenolic compounds in the defense mechanism against different fungi and bacteria. It has been established, that the content of phenolics is greatly affected by the infection with pathogenic organisms. Studies on several horticultural plants have demonstrated that the response to infection differs among the analyzed plant species. Generally, an increase of phenolic compounds can be expected in tissues near the infection site. The comparison of healthy and infected tissue reflects an increase of phenolics in infected tissues. Higher levels of all analyzed phenolic groups have been measured in the latter, with the exception of the anthocyanins. Based on the findings of many-year research studies, it can be concluded that phenolic compounds are involved in the plant defense mechanisms, but the response varies among species.
The second largest Erdős–Ko–Rado sets of generators of the hyperbolic quadrics Q+(4n + 1, q)
Authors: De Boeck Maarten
Published: April 2016

AnErdős-Ko-Rado set of generators of a hyperbolic quadric is a set of generatorswhich are pairwise not disjoint. In this article we classify the second largest maximal Erdos-Ko-Rado set of generators of the hyperbolic quadrics Q+(4n + 1, q), q ≥ 3.
On the axioms for Sabinin algebras
Authors: Weingart Gregor
Published: April 2016

The tangent space of a Lie loop, a non-associative Lie group, carries the structure of a Sabinin algebra, an algebraic concept generalizing Lie algebras. Alternatively a Sabinin algebra can be interpreted as the universal local covariant of a flat affine connection. Combining this interpretation of Sabinin algebras with a version of the parallel transport equation we prove that every Sabinin algebra structure determines and is determined by the one-sided linear terms in the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula for the multiplication in the underlying loop. Based on this resultwe prove that every abstract Sabinin algebra over ℝ is the tangent algebra of a global Lie loop.
Social Mechanisms and Empirical Research in the Field of Sociology of the Family: The Case of Separation and Divorce
Authors: Kopp Johannes , Richter Nico
Published: April 2016

During the last decades, social mechanisms have been broadly discussed in general sociology, but, in family sociology, they seem to be non-existent. Therefore, the first aim of this paper is to show that., although the term can hardly be found, prominent theoretical ideas use more or less explicitly mechanistic explanations. Focusing on the determinants of separation can show that all arguments connect (structural) input with (social) outcome and search for theoretical explanations in the sense of social mechanisms. We will demonstrate how macro-structural traits are mechanistically connected with individual variables and how they lead to a stable or fragile partnership. As often mentioned, “mechanism-based storytelling” (Hedström/Ylikoski 2010, 64) should be accompanied by empirical research. Therefore, in a simple statistical model in the second part, we will show the results of our testing of some examples of well-known variables for the explanation of separations. It will show how correlations can be mechanistically explained and not simply statistically described.
Novel cellulose pretreatment solvent: phosphonium-based amino acid ionic liquid/cosolvent for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Tao Juan , Kishimoto Takao , Hamada Masahiro , Nakajima Noriyuki
Published: April 2016

The potential of halogen-free and imidazolium-free phosphonium-based amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) has been investigated as new solvents for cellulose pretreatment for the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. AAILs alone did not dissolve cellulose (Avicel), even at 120°C. However, when polar solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were added as cosolvents, AAILs became an acceptable solvent for cellulose at 30°C. The solubility of cellulose in tetrabutylphosphonium glycine ([TBP][Gly])/cosolvent reached 15%. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was dramatically enhanced by pretreatment with AAIL/cosolvent, and the glucose yield reached 100% when the novel AAIL tetrabutylphosphonium N,N-dimethylglycine ([TBP][DMGly]) was used in combination with DMSO as cosolvent. The enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose in 6% and 13% [TBP][DMGly]/DMSO buffer solutions reached 98% and 79%, respectively. The decrease in cellulase activity owing to residual [TBP][DMGly]/DMSO was not significant. Hence, it is possible to conduct the dissolution and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in a one-batch process in a phosphonium-based AAIL/cosolvent system.
A systematic review on critical thinking in medical education
Authors: Chan Zenobia C.Y.
Published: April 2016

Background:

Critical thinking is the ability to raise discriminating questions in an attempt to search for better ideas, a deeper understanding and better solutions relating to a given issue.

Objective:

This systematic review provides a summary of efforts that have been made to enhance and assess critical thinking in medical education.

Design:

Nine databases [Ovid MEDLINE(R), AMED, Academic Search Premier, ERIC, CINAHL, Web of Science, JSTOR, SCOPUS and PsycINFO] were searched to identify journal articles published from the start of each database to October 2012.

Results:

A total of 41 articles published from 1981 to 2012 were categorised into two main themes: (i) evaluation of current education on critical thinking and (ii) development of new strategies about critical thinking. Under each theme, the teaching strategies, assessment tools, uses of multimedia and stakeholders were analysed.

Discussion:

While a majority of studies developed teaching strategies and multimedia tools, a further examination of their quality and variety could yield some insights. The articles on assessment placed a greater focus on learning outcomes than on learning processes. It is expected that more research will be conducted on teacher development and students’ voices.
Japanese university students’ views on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals based on previous encounters
Authors: Ikuta Nasa , Koike Yuji , Aoyagi Naoko , Matsuzaka Akira , Ishihara Kenji , Hirohara Toshie , Saito Fukumi , Takizawa Toshiyuki
Published: April 2016

Objective:

To elucidate the acceptability of sexual minorities according to Japanese youth, we conducted a survey targeting university students.

Methods:

Participants were second- to fourth-year students (n=945) at Ibaraki University, Japan, who were randomly chosen for the survey to measure their attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. We divided the respondents into two groups: one group who had encounters with LGBT people, and one group with no such experience. Chi-square tests were used to compare responses between the groups.

Results:

More than 60% of the students considered LGBT people to be acceptable; the group with prior encounters had greater levels of acceptance compared to the group without such encounters.

Conclusion:

This is the first study to clarify the acceptability of sexual minorities among university students in Japan. Our data suggested that having contact with LGBT people in school life may help build an inclusive educational system.
An exploratory study of fears among adolescent students from an urban cohort in India
Authors: Acharya Aditi , Vankar Ganpat K. , De Sousa Avinash
Published: April 2016

Background:

Normal fear is an adaptive response to a real or imagined threat. Fears occur in children and adolescents at varying levels while they negotiate different developmental phases.

Objective:

The present study aimed at assessing the types of fears in children and adolescents between the ages of 11 and 19 years. Age and gender based differences in these fears were also studied.

Materials and methods:

The study sample consisted of 2010 adolescents from an urban setting between the ages of 11 and 19 who filled in a proforma questionnaire for socio-demographic details and also filled in the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Statistical analysis of the data was done along with the use of descriptive statistics.

Results:

The prevalence of fears among adolescents was found to be 85.17% in the total sample. Girls reported a significantly greater number of fears (p<0.0001) and greater levels of fear (p<0.0001) than boys. Age however, did not affect the number of fears reported. Girls scored significantly higher on all the subscales of the FSSC-R. ‘Failing a test’ emerged as the most common fear expressed by the sample. Girls expressed a greater fear for snakes and earthquakes than boys.

Conclusion:

Girls expressed fears to a greater extent than boys and adolescents demonstrated a high level of fears in general. There is a need for further studies in this direction to elucidate the nature of fears in this population.
Histamine H3 receptor antagonists display antischizophrenic activities in rats treated with MK-801
Authors: Mahmood Danish , Akhtar Mohd , Jahan Kausar , Goswami Dipanjan
Published: April 2016

Background:

Animal models based on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade have been extensively used for schizophrenia. Ketamine and MK-801 produce behaviors related to schizophrenia and exacerbated symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, which led to the use of PCP (phencyclidine)- and MK-801 (dizocilpine)-treated animals as models for schizophrenia.

Methods:

The study investigated the effect of subchronic dosing (once daily, 7 days) of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists, ciproxifan (CPX) (3 mg/kg, i.p.), and clobenpropit (CBP) (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced locomotor activity and also measured dopamine and histamine levels in rat’s brain homogenates. The study also included clozapine (CLZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the atypical and typical antipsychotic, respectively.

Results:

Atypical and typical antipsychotic was used to serve as clinically relevant reference agents to compare the effects of the H3R antagonists. MK-801 significantly increased horizontal locomotor activity, which was reduced with CPX and CBP. MK-801-induced locomotor hyperactivity attenuated by CPX and CBP was comparable to CLZ and CPZ. MK-801 raised striatal dopamine level, which was reduced in rats pretreated with CPX and CBP. CPZ also significantly lowered striatal dopamine levels, although the decrease was less robust compared to CLZ, CPX, and CBP. MK-801 increased histamine content although to a lesser degree. Subchronic treatment with CPX and CBP exhibited further increased histamine levels in the hypothalamus compared to MK-801 treatment alone. Histamine H3 receptor agonist, R-α methylhistamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), counteracted the effect of CPX and CBP.

Conclusions:

The present study shows the positive effects of CPX and CBP on MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in rodents.
Modulation of l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55 MAP kinase signalling by CB2 receptor agonists: identifying novel GPR55 inhibitors
Authors: Anavi-Goffer Sharon , Irving Andrew J. , Ross Ruth A.
Published: April 2016

Background: GPR55 is a lipid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the endogenous lipid l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and can be modulated by certain cannabinoid ligands.

Methods: In this study we investigated the GPR55 activity of four synthetic CB2 receptor agonists using the AlphaScreen® SureFire® assay.

Results: Here we show that the CB2 receptor-selective agonists HU-308, HU-433 and HU-910 do not promote GPR55-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation up to a concentration of 3 μM. However, LPI-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation is inhibited by the (–)-enantiomer of HU-308, designated HU-433, whereas HU-308 has no effect on LPI activity. The carboxylic analogue of HU-910, designated HU-914, potently inhibits LPI-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation; however, HU-914 was less effective, with potential biphasic effects.

Conclusions: This structure-activity-relationship study has identified novel ligands which act both as CB2 receptor agonists and GPR55 modulators and related compounds that lack GPR55 activity.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in tuberculosis
Authors: Kulkarni Rashmi Anant , Deshpande Ajit Ramesh
Published: April 2016

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged to become the world’s leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Inflammatory cytokines play an important role during the course of the disease and may be responsible for tissue damage by lipid peroxidation. The study was aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in pulmonary TB patients.

Methods: A total of 69 pulmonary TB patients participated in a randomized and placebo-controlled study. The intervention group received 3 g of ginger extract daily for 1 month and placebo group was supplemented with starch capsule. Participants of both groups were taking standard antitubercular treatment during the study. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, ferritin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood samples were analyzed before and after the intervention by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TNF alpha and ferritin and spectrophotometry for MDA.

Results: Ginger supplementation significantly reduced the levels of TNF alpha, ferritin and MDA in ginger supplemented group in comparison to baseline. Ginger supplementation with antitubercular treatment significantly lowered TNF alpha, ferritin and MDA concentrations in comparison to control group.

Conclusions: Ginger was found to be effective as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplement along with anti-TB therapy as it possesses strong free radical scavenging property.
Application of gradient elasticity to benchmark problems of beam vibrations
Authors: Kateb K.M. , Almitani K.H. , Alnefaie K.A. , Abu-Hamdeh N.H. , Papadopoulos P. , Askes H. , Aifantis E.C.
Published: April 2016

The gradient approach, specifically gradient elasticity theory, is adopted to revisit certain typical configurations on mechanical vibrations. New results on size effects and scale-dependent behavior not captured by classical elasticity are derived, aiming at illustrating the usefulness of this approach to applications in advanced technologies. In particular, elastic prismatic straight beams in bending are discussed using two different governing equations: the gradient elasticity bending moment equation (fourth order) and the gradient elasticity deflection equation (sixth order). Different boundary/support conditions are examined. One problem considers the free vibrations of a cantilever beam loaded by an end force. A second problem is concerned with a simply supported beam disturbed by a concentrated force in the middle of the beam. Both problems are solved analytically. Exact free vibration frequencies and mode shapes are derived and presented. The difference between the gradient elasticity solution and its classical counterpart is revealed. The size ratio c/L (c denotes internal length and L is the length of the beam) induces significant effects on vibration frequencies. For both beam configurations, it turns out that as the ratio c/L increases, the vibration frequencies decrease, a fact which implies lower beam stiffness. Numerical examples show this behavior explicitly and recover the classical vibration behavior for vanishing size ratio c/L.
Pediatric thyroid nodules: ultrasonographic characteristics and inter-observer variability in prediction of malignancy
Authors: Koltin Dror , O’Gorman Clodagh S. , Murphy Amanda , Ngan Bo , Daneman Alan , Navarro Oscar M. , García Cristián , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Wasserman Jonathan D. , Hamilton Jill , Rachmiel Marianna
Published: April 2016

Pediatric thyroid nodules, while uncommon, have high malignancy risk. The objectives of the study were (1) to identify sonographic features predictive of malignancy; (2) to create a prediction model; and (3) to assess inter-observer agreement among radiologists.

All available cases of thyroid nodules, surgically removed between 2000 and 2009. Three radiologists reviewed the sonographic images; 2 pathologists reviewed the tissue specimens. Adult prediction models were applied. Interobserver variability was assessed.

Twenty-seven subjects, mean age 13.1±3.4 years, were included. Nineteen nodules were differentiated thyroid carcinomas. On multivariate analysis, size was the only significant predictor of malignancy. On recursive partitioning analysis, size >35 mm with microcalcification and ill-defined margins yielded the best prediction model. Radiologist inter-observer agreement regarding malignancy was moderate (κ=0.50).

Larger size, microcalcifications and ill-defined margins on ultrasound demonstrate the best predictive model for malignancy in the pediatric population. Experienced pediatric radiologists demonstrate moderate inter-observer agreement in prediction of malignancy.
Crystal structure of tetraaquabis(μ2-4-chlorobenzoato-κ2
O:O,O′)bis(4-chlorobenzoato-κO)bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)distrontium(II), C52H40Cl4N4O12Sr2
Authors: Hu Ling-Xia , Zhang Bi-Song , Qiu Jing-Ping , Wu Chang-Sheng , Liu Zhen-Xiang
Published: April 2016

C52H40Cl4N4O12Sr2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 8.9531(18) Å, b = 9.0657(18) Å, c = 16.911(3) Å, α = 75.56(3)°, β = 81.96(3)°, γ = 73.84(3)°, V = 1273.0(4) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt
(F) = 0.0347, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0760, T = 293(2) K.
Preparation and mechanical properties of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) nanofiber sheets obtained by CO2 laser supersonic multi-drawing
Authors: Koyama Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yuta , Suzuki Akihiro
Published: April 2016

In this study, poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) nanofiber sheets were fabricated by winding PPS nanofibers onto a spool. Previously, PPS nanofibers have been prepared by irradiating a PPS fiber with a CO2 laser while drawing it at supersonic speeds by single-fiber injection through an orifice. Here, we incorporated the nanofibers obtained into large nanofiber sheets and determined their mechanical properties. Supersonic air was introduced into a vacuum chamber through eight fiber injection orifices to obtain large PPS nanofiber sheets. The nanofibers were collected for 10 min, producing a rectangle sheet with dimensions of 17 cm×18 cm, a thickness of 70 μm, and an average fiber diameter of 700 nm. The dependence of the sheet’s mechanical properties on winding speed was investigated in the machine direction (MD) and traverse direction (TD) at four winding speeds.
The Sharaf Al-Din Mosque in Cairo: A Case Study
Authors: Nazel Tarek
Published: April 2016

The polychrome mosque of Sharaf Al-Din in the historic center of Cairo dates back to (717–738ah) (1317–1337ad). It consists of different layers of red brick and yellow limestone, characteristic of Mamluk architecture; the building is currently below the street level. The study concentrated on the mineralogical and physicochemical composition of these two construction materials, as well as identifying the Mokattam quarry as the source for the limestone. Furthermore, the presence of efflorescence in specific locations of the building was noted, and their composition was analyzed to identify the main soluble salts; these were found to be halite, gypsum and ettringite, the former two on limestone ashlars, and the latter on brick boundaries. Their formation and their possible different origins are discussed.
A study of the effect of chemical treatments on areca fiber reinforced polypropylene composite properties
Authors: Dhanalakshmi Sampathkumar , Ramadevi Punyamoorthy , Basavaraju Bennehalli
Published: April 2016

Areca fibers have a great prospect in the polymer composite field since they possess superior properties like being light weight, strong and having high strength-to-weight ratio. In addition, areca fibers are biodegradable, non-toxic and eco-friendly and have low maintenance cost. In this research work, areca fibers were subjected to chemical treatments such as NaOH, KMnO4, C6H5COCl and H2C=CHCOOH to reduce the hydrophilic nature of areca fibers and to improve interfacial adhesion between areca fibers and thermoplastic polypropylene matrix, so that areca-polypropylene composites with improved properties can be obtained. The untreated and all chemically treated areca-polypropylene composites with 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% fiber loadings were fabricated by the compression molding technique. Investigations of tensile, flexural and impact properties of areca fiber reinforced polypropylene composites were done under given fiber loadings by following American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) standard procedures. Amongst all untreated and chemically treated areca-polypropylene composites, acrylated areca-polypropylene composites with 60% fiber loading showed higher tensile and flexural strength values and with 50% fiber loading showed higher impact strength values. Hence, chemically treated areca-polypropylene composites can be considered as a very promising material for the fabrication of lightweight material industries.
Numerical study of Ti/Al/Mg three-layer plates on the interface behavior in explosive welding
Authors: Liu Ruifeng , Wang Wenxian , Zhang Tingting , Yuan Xiaodan
Published: April 2016

In this study, a finite element model of the explosive welding process of three-layer plates composed of Ti/Al/Mg was established, and the interfacial behaviors of three-layer plates were researched. We investigated the influences that affect the quality of explosive bonding and explored the influence factors of variable physical parameters in the simulation. The finite difference engineering package AUTODYN with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method has been used to model the collision in this work. The von Mises strength model was used to describe the behavior of Ti/Al/Mg composite plates. Wave morphology on the Al/Mg interface and straight morphology on the Ti/Al interface were produced in this study; meanwhile, jet phenomenon occurred obviously in the simulation process. The contours of velocity, pressure, shear stress, and effective plastic strain of Ti/Al/Mg were also discussed. The result of X-direction velocity showed a delay in time and location of collision point between the Ti/Al and the Al/Mg interface. The detonation point was the minimum pressure, and the collision point was the maximum pressure compared with other sections. The value of effective plastic strain must exceed a threshold to obtain a good bonding, and the shear stress was of opposite sign in the simulation.
Wutreden – Konstruktion einer Gattung in den digitalen Medien
Authors: Meier Simon
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a reception-oriented and discursive concept of genre by using the example of „Wutreden“, i. e. public and medially distributed rants and their coverage in (online) media and Web 2.0. On the basis of a corpus of video recordings and transcriptions of Wutreden as well as comments made by journalists and users, it is shown that neither their linguistic features nor their situational functions qualify Wutreden as a distinct genre. Rather, the medial and internet-based recontextualisations of Wutreden build an orienting framework for the reception of discourse. It is these recontextualisations that put disparate speech events in order, so that they can be received as instances of one single genre. The analysis of accompanying discourse like media reports, user comments, and tweets as well as the multimodal surroundings of the respective videos shows, that such documents of reception reflect a genre awareness of Wutreden which will shape their reception as well as the follow-up discourse. The increase of Wutreden in the recent past as appears to be as a result of altered conditions of reception in online environments – conditions, which the linguistic study of genre and genre change within digital media should not neglect.
PERAKENDECİLERİN ETİK DEĞERLENDİRMELERİ: GIDA VE GİYİM PERAKENDECİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA
Authors: Kurtoğlu Ramazan
Published: April 2016

Perakendecilik sektöründe yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler, bazı etik problemleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Perakendecilik, yapısı gereği, tüketiciyle yüz yüze olan bir pazarlama faaliyetidir. Bu yüzden, perakendecilikteki etiksel sorunlar doğrudan tüketicileri etkilemekte ve tüketici tepkileri de, doğrudan perakendecilere yönelmektedir. Bu nedenle, perakendecilikte yaşanan etiksel problemlerin tespit edilmesi ve çözümlenmesi perakendeciler için önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmanın temel amacı, Kayseri’de faaliyet gösteren gıda ve giyim perakendecilerinin satın alma sürecinde etik kavramına nasıl baktıklarını ve bu konudaki değerlendirmelerini tespit etmektir. Bunun yanında, bu değerlendirmelerin perakendecilerin özellikleri açısından farklılık gösterip göstermediğinin tespit edilmesi de araştırmanın bir diğer amacıdır. Araştırma sonucunda, genel olarak perakendecilerin etik dışı eylemleri tasvip etmedikleri, etik eylemleri ise tasvip ettikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca perakendecilerin değerlendirmelerinin çeşitli kişisel özellikler açısından farklılık gösterdiği de tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, perakendecilerin etik dışı eylem ve davranışlar konusunda hassas oldukları ve perakendecilerin eylem ve davranışlarında etik ilkelere uygun hareket etmeleri gerektiğine inandıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.
Conceptos sobre inocuidad en la producción primaria de la leche.
Authors: Zumbado Gutiérrez Leana , Romero Zuñiga Juan José
Published: April 2016

La producción primaria de la leche es uno de los eslabones más importantes a lo largo de la cadena de producción, tratamiento y manejo de la leche y sus subproductos; así,  debe asegurarse que la leche sea producida por animales sanos, bajo óptimas condiciones higiénicas y de manejo, que garanticen un producto inocuo y de calidad. Sin embargo, existen peligros asociados a la producción primaria de la leche que representan riesgos potenciales de causar daño a los consumidores; afortunadamente, pueden ser controlados bajo ciertas regulaciones. Estos peligros pueden ser catalogados como físicos (cuerpos extraños), químicos (pesticidas, antibióticos, micotoxinas, metales pesados o desinfectantes) o microbiológicos (microorganismos patógenos). Al mismo tiempo, de manera complementaria, la industria lechera demanda un producto proveniente de la finca que cumpla estándares deseables de calidad; esto se logra con la aplicación de normas específicas, tanto nacionales como internacionales, que procuren reducir los riesgos a un mínimo aceptable. Entre estas normas se encuentran las emitidas por el Codex Alimentarius y las de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). Por ende, los productores de leche, así como las asociaciones, cooperativas, industria y gobierno, deben impulsar y verificar la aplicación de medidas de manejo que colaboren a controlar los aspectos que influyen durante la extracción y mantenimiento de la leche.
Die zweite Zahlungsdiensterichtlinie – zwischen technischer Innovation und Ausdehnung des Aufsichtsrechts
Authors: Terlau Matthias
Published: April 2016

Die zweite Zahlungsdiensterichtlinie ist am 12. 1. 2016 in Kraft getreten. Sie stellt das Ergebnis einer zweieinhalb Jahre dauernden Debatte einer Reform der europäischen Regulierung für Zahlungsdienste dar. Die bisherige Zahlungsdiensterichtlinie datiert aus dem Jahr 2007. Technische Innovationen und deren Regulierung haben einen großen Raum der politischen Arbeit in der Reform eingenommen. Das Thema Sicherheit des Zahlungsverkehrs und auch der Zahlungsdienstleister war dem Gesetzgeber ein besonderes Anliegen und hat zu umfangreichen Neuregelungen geführt. Der europäische Gesetzgeber hat sich zudem bemüht, Konturen im Anwendungsbereich zu schärfen und hierdurch mehr Rechtssicherheit zu schaffen. Jenseits des Rampenlichts der politischen Diskussionen wurden sodann zahlreiche aufsichtsrechtliche Vorschriften für Zahlungsinstitute und für sämtliche Zahlungsdienstleister stark erweitert.
Using waste energy from the Organic Rankine Cycle cogeneration in the Portland cement industry
Authors: Paredes-Sánchez José Pablo , Restrepo-Baena Oscar Jaime , Alvarez Rodriguez Beatriz , Osorio-Correa Adriana Marcela , Restrepo Gloria
Published: April 2016

Cement production is intensive in terms of energy consumption. An analysis of the resources involved in manufacturing clinker needs a corresponding mass and energy balance. This balance may indicate the existence of residual heat flows that are not used. This paper summarizes the development of a protocol for the evaluation of a cement plant rotary kiln to implement an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system for cogeneration. The results show that 19.2% of the energy preheater exhaust gas can be recovered to be used in producing 5.5 GWh/year of electricity and 23.7 GWh/year of thermal energy in the cement plant. The electricity generated would represent annual savings of 1.18 $/t cement. The thermal energy produced in cogeneration, equivalent to coal in the plant itself, represents cement savings of 0.51 $/t cement and emissions reductions of 8 kt CO2/year.
Competition between anisotropy and dipolar interaction in multicore nanoparticles: Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Londoño Navarro Juanita , Riaño-Rojas Juan Carlos , Restrepo-Parra Elisabeth
Published: April 2016

Monte Carlo simulations combined with the Heisenberg model and Metropolis algorithm were used to study the equilibrium magnetic properties of magnetic multi-core nanoparticles of magnetite. Three effects were considered in this simulation: the Zeeman effect, magneto crystalline anisotropy, and dipolar interaction. Moreover, the influence of the size distribution (mean diameter and standard deviation) on the magnetization was analyzed. As an important result, a reduction of the equilibrium magnetization caused by the dipolar interaction and the magneto crystalline anisotropy was observed. On the other hand, the nanoparticle size increase produces an enhancement in the equilibrium magnetization, because of the lower influence of dipolar interaction. Cooling temperature effect was also observed, presenting a decrease in the equilibrium magnetization as the temperature was increased. The influence of the easy axis direction was studied.
Broad-Range tunable optical wavelength converter for next generation optical superchannels
Authors: Betancur Pérez Andrés Felipe , Cárdenas Soto Ana María , Guerrero González Neil
Published: April 2016

A broad-range tunable all optical wavelength conversion scheme that is based on a dual driven Mach-Zehnder modulator with an integrated microwave generator to tune the channel spacing along the entire C band, is proposed. Successful signal demodulation up to 8 wavelength conversions, in steps of 50-400 GHz of 100 Gbps Nyquist QPSK channels with configurable channel spacing is reported. The proposed wavelength conversion scheme enables flexible wavelength routing on gridless optical networks, as can be seen in the Superchannels with a BER lower than 10-13.
Validating the University of Delaware’s precipitation and temperature database for northern South America
Authors: Santos-Gómez José David , Fontalvo-García Juan Sebastián , Giraldo Osorio Juan Diego
Published: April 2016

Vast sections of the planet face either a dearth of ground-based weather stations or are hampered by the poor quality of those in service. In response, researchers are forced to turn to climate field databases, as they constitute a source of reliable information for local studies. Insofar as the Amazon region, these databases prove to be valuable given their open-access platform and the fact that this expansive region possesses few quality stations (coupled with insufficient temporal coverage). However, before basing research on such archives, this information should be compared against in situ station measurements. Then, the present study assesses the validity of temperature and precipitation information furnished by University of Delaware’s database (UD-ATP) by means of a comparison with the open-access information available from Climate Explorer project (CLIMEXP). Results show that UD-ATP database offers better precipitation data representation, especially on Brazil, which is perhaps the effect of higher-quality and larger-quantity observed data.
Influence of seawater immersion in low energy impact behavior of a novel colombian fique fiber reinforced bio-resin laminate
Authors: Ramón Valencia Fabuer , Lopez-Arraiza Alberto , Múgica Joseba I. , Aurrekoetxea Jon , Suarez Juan Carlos , Ramón-Valencia Bladimir
Published: April 2016

This experimental work is aimed at the influence of seawater immersion in low impact energy behavior of a novel Colombian fique fiber reinforced bio-resin laminate. Such material was manufactured by vacuum infusion. The specimens were immersed in seawater during a bioactivity period of six months. Low energy impact tests were performed in order to obtain the penetration and perforation threshold according to energy profiles. The damage extent was characterized by means of Ultrasonics. Tensile stress tests were also performed and the breaking surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results revealed that the new biocomposite, after seawater immersion, has higher penetration and perforation thresholds than the biocomposite without immersion. Tensile test results show stiffness lost and increase of elongation at break. This behavior of the immersed biocomposite is due to a plasticization process of the material.
Application of a prefeasibility study methodology in the selection of road infrastructure projects: The case of Manizales (Colombia)
Authors: Escobar Garcia Diego Alexander , Younes-Velosa Camilo , Moncada-Aristizábal Carlos Alberto
Published: April 2016

Major cities in Colombia are currently generating urban transformation processes that involve the construction of major infrastructures, which mainly look to mitigate the adverse effects of ever-increasing road traffic. In addition, intermediate cities have made great efforts when it comes to urban planning and promote the application of prefeasibility study methodologies to make the appropriate decisions regarding the infrastructures to be built in specific places in the city. This paper discusses the results after applying a prioritization methodology as a comparative tool between two possible road infrastructures in the area of San Marcel in the city of Manizales, Colombia. The best proposal is selected based on the best coverage indicators and variables such as overall construction costs and life span: determined from information generated in traffic simulations.
Effect of V addition on the hardness, adherence and friction coefficient of VC coatings produced by thermo-reactive diffusion deposition
Authors: Orjuela Fredy Alejandro , Alfonso Jose Edgar , Olaya Jhon Jairo
Published: April 2016

Vanadium carbide (VC) coatings were deposited on AISI H13 and AISI D2 steel substrates via thermo-reactive deposition/diffusion (TRD) in order to evaluate their mechanical properties as a function of the vanadium content. The coatings were produced with different percentages of ferrovanadium in the reactive mixture. The chemical composition of the coatings was determined through X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the crystal structure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the hardness was measured with nanoindention, and the tribological behavior was studied using the ball-on-disc test. The XRF analysis indicated that the coatings grown on D2 steel decreased the atomic percentage of vanadium when the coating was made with 20% ferrovanadium. The XRD analysis established that the coatings were polycrystalline, with a cubic structure. The SEM images revealed that the coatings grown on D2 steel were more compact than those grown on H13 steel. Finally, the wear tests established that the friction coefficient decreased with an increase of vanadium in the coating.
A comparative study of multiobjective computational intelligence algorithms to find the solution to the RWA problem in WDM networks
Authors: Montes Castañeda Bryan , Patiño Garzón Jorge , Puerto Leguizamón Gustavo
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a comparative study of multiobjective algorithms to solve the routing and wavelength assignment problem in optical networks. The study evaluates five computational intelligence algorithms, namely: the Firefly Algorithm, the Differential Evolutionary Algorithm, the Simulated Annealing Algorithm and two versions of the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Each algorithm is assessed based on the performance provided by two different network topologies under different data traffic loads and with a different number of wavelengths available in the network. The impact of implementing wavelength conversion processes is also taken into account in this study. Simulated results show that, in general, the evaluated algorithms appropriately solve the problem in small-sized networks in which a similar performance was found. However, key differences were found when the size of the network is significant. This means that more suitable algorithms optimize the search space and the fall into local minimums is avoided.
Estimate of induced stress during filling and discharge of metallic silos for cement storage
Authors: Bayona-Carvajal Wilmer , Useche Jairo
Published: April 2016

The present article show the structural analysis realized to metallic silo for storage cement through of the parametric model development in the finite element software ASNYS APDL, the fill and discharge pressures applied on the silo wall is determined with the Eurocode normative EN 1991-4.The model is development with type shell elements allowing that the structure silo fits to the cylindrical and conical geometric of the silo. It explains each of the phases having the development of the model and is made a detailed analysis of the results delivered by the software; different models are evaluated changing the sheet thickness for select the most appropriate. Also the results are analyzed when be changing the tilting the hopper and is reviewed the behavior of the silo when is analyzed with its structure.
Factors influencing the occurrence of traffic accidents in urban roads: A combined GIS-Empirical Bayesian approach
Authors: Cantillo Víctor , Garcés Patricia , Márquez Luis
Published: April 2016

The problem of urban road accidents in Colombia is remarkable and has a significant magnitude. For this reason, a technical study of this important public health scourge is important. The quantitative techniques employed are usually highly aggregated and will not correctly identify the determinant variables of the problem. This paper examines the relationship between urban road accidents and variables related to road infrastructure, environment, traffic volumes and traffic control. Some accident-prone sections in the city of Cartagena (Colombia) are specifically identified by the empirical Bayesian method based on GIS. A total of 69 accident-prone sections were identified in the city. It was evident that the marginal effect on the accident rate for motorcycles is well above that for cars and buses. Empirical evidence also showed that the sections located in commercial areas tend to have higher frequency of accidents due to the high presence of pedestrians.
Saraz method adjustment for the quantification of ammonia emissions generated in opened or hybrid animal production facilities
Authors: Campos-de Sousa Fernanda , Ferreira-Tinôco Ilda De Fátima , Osório-Saraz Jairo Alexander , Oliveira-Rocha Keller Sullivan , Arredondo-Ramirez Maximiliano
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Saraz method in order to quantify ammonia emissions generated in opened or hybrid animal production facilities, and to determine an equation for the adjustment method. To do this, we developed beacon equipment, with input and output gas sectors, hoods and absorbent porous material. After the collection, the amount of ammonia captured in the environment was determined in the laboratory. Different ammonia concentrations were evaluated in addition to the different speeds of the exhaust air. Considering the results, it can be concluded that for the situations analyzed the Saraz method is efficient, but as with other methods, with an increase of air velocity and concentration, its efficiency decreases. An equation for the adjustment of the Saraz method was generated to determine the concentration and the rate of ammonia emissions inside animal facilities.
Fine material effect on kaolin suspensions rheology
Authors: Bustamante Rúa Moisés Oswaldo , Rojas Reyes Nestor Ricardo , Quitian Chila Gali Ronel
Published: April 2016

A good rheological characterization can be used as a control parameter within the industrial processing of kaolin. The kaolin used was characterized by SEM, XRD, XRF and particle size. Also it was classified and separated in three sizes of fine material, which was introduced in suspensions with three different size distributions. The analysis was based on a rheological study of the fine particles influence, on the suspension viscosity. The results show that it is possible to modify the viscosity by altering the fines content without changing the solid fraction of the suspension. Suspensions of kaolin with 40% content of fines tend to decrease its viscosity value. Suspensions with quantities of fine greater than 60 %, increase the value of its viscosity. In the research are also presented the proposed mechanisms by which the presence of fine increases or decreases the value of the viscosity of a suspension.
Numerical simulation to assess the elastic-strain energy distribution in a silicon rubber disk subjected to a punch shear test (PST)
Authors: Lopera-Valle Adrian , Suárez-Bustamante Fabio Alexander , Hernández-Ortiz Juan Pablo
Published: April 2016

Finite element method simulations were implemented to understand how the strain energy is distributed in a disk-like sample during a punch shear test. Material’s Young modulus can be estimated from this test; however, there is not enough available information about the distribution of the strain energy inside the sample during the deformation process. The proposed methodology seeks to give insight into the deformation process. Experimental results for a cured silicon rubber sample were used to validate the simulation results. It was found that the estimation of the Young modulus with the punch shear test depends on the ratio between the span-to-punch diameters. This conclusion applies to the simulated results, following Timoshenko’s theory for the deformation of thin plates. Understanding how energy is accumulated during a punch shear test is an important and useful characteristic in terms of the design of armor systems.
Design of an open source-based control platform for an underwater remotely operated vehicle
Authors: Aristizábal Luis M , Rúa Santiago , Gaviria Carlos Esteban , Osorio Sandra Patricia , Zuluaga Carlos A , Posada Norha Ligia , Vásquez Rafael E
Published: April 2016

This paper reports on the design of an open source-based control platform for the underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Visor3. The vehicle’s original closed source-based control platform is first described. Due to the limitations of the previous infrastructure, modularity and flexibility are identified as the main guidelines for the proposed design. This new design includes hardware, firmware, software, and control architectures. Open-source hardware and software platforms are used for the development of the new system’s architecture, with support from the literature and the extensive experience acquired with the development of robotic exploration systems. This modular approach results in several frameworks that facilitate the functional expansion of the whole solution, the simplification of fault diagnosis and repair processes, and the reduction of development time, to mention a few.
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis using a new ground motion intensity measure
Authors: Chávez López Robespiere , Bojórquez-Mora Edén
Published: April 2016

The main objective of this work is to compute the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for a region of Mexico using a new ground motion intensity measure which is based on the spectral acceleration and a parameter proxy of the spectral shape named Np. The motivation of using this new ground motion intensity measure is because recently it has demonstrated its potential in predicting the response of buildings subjected to earthquakes. In fact, it was demonstrated that intensity measures based on Np are more efficient compared with other parameter of the literature. It is important to mention that this is the first time that a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is performed using this new intensity measurement.
Mechanical and thermal performance of a geopolymeric and hybrid material based on fly ash
Authors: Vásquez Molina Diego Alejandro , Mejía Arcila Johanna Mercedes , Mejía de Gutiérrez Ruby
Published: April 2016

This article presents an evaluation of the thermal behavior of a hybrid (FA/OPC) and geopolymer (FA100) material. The FA100 system is based on fly ash (FA), which has an elevated content of unburned material (14.8%). The FA/OPC system is comprised of a mixture of fly ash and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at a proportion of 80/20. The thermal performance was evaluated by several tests, such as exposure to high temperatures (up to1000°C) and direct flame resistance. In addition, the effect of cyclic exposure was studied at 700°C for 10 cycles. FA/OPC hybrid material retains 92% of its initial strength and FA100 retains 113.3% of its initial strength at 700°C. Both materials can withstand 10 exposure cycles with a strength loss of less than 45%. In direct flame exposure, a temperature gradient of about 500°C was observed. These results indicate that these types of materials could possibly be used as fire-resistant materials in civil structures.
Índices de infestación aedica e identificación de conocimientos, actitudes y práctica sobre dengue en llanterías del Departamento del Atlántico, Colombia
Authors: Maestre Serrano Ronald Yesid , Pacheco Lugo Lisandro , Salcedo Mendoza Soraya
Published: April 2016

Identificar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en propietarios y trabajadores de llantería, así como los niveles de infestación del vector en llanterías del departamento del Atlántico.

Métodos Se realizó un estudio tipo descriptivo. Las variables se describieron a partir de porcentajes y medidas de tendencia central y dispersión.

Se calculó el índice de infestación larvario para llanterías y el índice de depósitos en cada uno de los municipios muestreados.

Se visitaron e inspeccionaron 111 llanterías; el 26,1 % (29/111) de estas se encontraron positivas para formas larvarias del vector Ae. aegypti. Los municipios de Piojó, Santo Tomas, Santa Lucia, Sabanagrande y Luruaco presentaron los índices de infestación larvaria en llanterías más altos (IIL: 50-100 %).

Resultados Con respecto al dengue, el 90,9 % de los entrevistados lo consideró un problema para ellos y sus familias. El 94,6 % conoce que es transmitido por mosquitos; el 91,1 % conoce a la larva del vector como “sarapico”, el 3,6 % como “gusarapo”. El 98,2 % consideró que existe una relación entre la larva y el mosquito Ae. aegypti. El 100 % reconoce las llantas como un criadero para el mosquito. El 85,7 % consideró la fiebre como el síntoma más frecuente, el 83% manifestó asistir al puesto de salud para curar la enfermedad. El 90,8 % arroja las llantas no utilizables como basura.

Conclusión En la población estudiada existen buenos conocimientos acerca del dengue y su vector; sin embargo, existen problemas de actitudes y prácticas para su prevención.