bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbonized Tree‐Like Furry Magnolia Fruit‐Based Evaporator Replicating the Feat of Plant Transpiration
Authors: Bian Yue , Shen Yang , Tang Kun , Du Qianqian , Hao Licai , Liu Dongyang , Hao Jinggang , Zhou Dong , Wang Xiaokun , Zhang Huiling , Li Peiye , Sang Yimeng , Yuan Xiu , Zhao Lijuan , Ye Jiandong , Liu Bin , Lu Hai , Yang Yi , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou , Xiong Xiang , Gu Shulin
Published: September 2019

It has long been an aspirational goal to create artificial evaporators that allow omnidirectional energy absorptance, adequate water supply, and fast vapor transportation, replicating the feat of plant transpiration, to solve the global water crisis. This work reveals that magnolia fruits, as a kind of tree‐like living organism, can be outstanding 3D tree‐like evaporators through a simple carbonization process. The arterial pumping, branched diffusion, and confined evaporation are achieved by the “trunk,” “branches,” and “leaves,” respectively, of the mini tree. The mini tree possesses omnidirectional high light absorptance with minimized heat loss and gains energy from the environment. Water confined in the fruit possesses reduced vaporization enthalpy and transports quickly following the Murray's law. A record‐high vapor generation rate of 1.22 kg m−2 h−1 in dark and 3.15 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun illumination is achieved under the assistance of the gully‐like furry surface. The “absorption of nutrients” enables the fruit to recover valuable heavy metals as well as to produce clean water from wastewater efficiently. These findings not only reveal the hidden talent of magnolia fruits as cheap materials for vapor generation but also inspire future development of high‐performance, full‐time, and all‐weather vapor generation and water treatment devices.
Inequity in utilizing health services in the Brazilian Amazon: A population‐based survey, 2015
Authors: Galvao Tais Freire , Tiguman Gustavo Magno Baldin , Caicedo Roa Mónica , Silva Marcus Tolentino
Published: September 2019

Background

Although Brazil has a public and universal healthcare system, utilization of health services is marked by social and regional discrepancies.

Objective

To assess the prevalence and factors associated with underutilization of healthcare services in the Brazilian Amazon.

Method

Cross‐sectional, population‐based study. Adults aged over 18 years old were selected through probabilistic sampling. Underutilization of healthcare services was defined as never seeing a physician or a dentist. Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A complex sample design was considered.

Results

A total of 4001 individuals were included, of which 419 (10.4%; 95% CI, 9.5‐11.4%) never visited a physician or a dentist. In the adjusted analysis, underutilization was higher among poorer people (PR = 3.32; 95% CI, 2.16‐5.11), men (PR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10‐1.65), people with brown skin color (Brazilian mixed race; PR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.76), and people who are separated (PR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.94) and widowed (PR = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.02‐2.37), when compared with the reference categories. Individuals with informal jobs, those who are retired, students/housewives, and unemployed people were more vulnerable to underutilization than formal workers (P < .04).

Conclusion

Underutilization of healthcare services occurs in one‐tenth of adults in Manaus Metropolitan Region and is associated with social and economic inequities.
Blockchain adoption is inevitable—Barriers and risks remain
Authors: Prewett Kyleen W. , Prescott Gregory L. , Phillips Kirk
Published: September 2019

Blockchain technology possesses a vast potential to transform traditional business models. Savvy business executives are already exploring how blockchain might impact their industries and their competitive positions within those industries. Yet, there are significant barriers and risks associated with blockchain technology. In this article, we highlight some of the major obstacles and risks associated with this transformative technology. The topics discussed here are neither definitive nor comprehensive; however, they provide accounting and finance professionals with a timely introduction to the barriers and perils related to blockchain technology. Although blockchain adoption is inevitable for business enterprises, careful consideration of the risks and challenges before, during, and after blockchain implementation will help ensure long‐term success.
Improved Modeling of Cation‐π and Anion‐Ring Interactions Using the Drude Polarizable Empirical Force Field for Proteins
Authors: Lin Fang‐Yu , MacKerell Alexander D.
Published: September 2019

Cation‐π interactions are noncovalent interactions between a π‐electron system and a positively charged ion that are regarded as a strong noncovalent interaction and are ubiquitous in biological systems. Similarly, though less studied, anion‐ring interactions are present in proteins along with in‐plane interactions of anions with aromatic rings. As these interactions are between a polarizing ion and a polarizable π system, the accuracy of the treatment of these interactions in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using additive force fields (FFs) may be limited. In the present work, to allow for a better description of ion‐π interactions in proteins in the Drude‐2013 protein polarizable FF, we systematically optimized the parameters for these interactions targeting model compound quantum mechanical (QM) interaction energies with atom pair‐specific Lennard‐Jones parameters along with virtual particles as selected ring centroids introduced to target the QM interaction energies and geometries. Subsequently, MD simulations were performed on a series of protein structures where ion‐π pairs occur to evaluate the optimized parameters in the context of the Drude‐2013 FF. The resulting FF leads to a significant improvement in reproducing the ion‐π pair distances observed in experimental protein structures, as well as a smaller root‐mean‐square differences and fluctuations of the overall protein structures from experimental structures. Accordingly, the optimized Drude‐2013 protein polarizable FF is suggested for use in MD simulations of proteins where cation‐π and anion‐ring interactions are critical. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic value of periostin in multiple solid cancers: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Tao , Deng Zhengdong , Pan Zhongya , Qian Yawei , Yao Wei , Wang Jianming
Published: September 2019

Previous studies have shown that the expression of periostin (POSTN) is significantly correlated with prognosis in multiple solid cancers. However, the function of POSTN in tumorigenesis and its relationship with clinical outcomes have not been systematically summarized and analyzed. Thus, a meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic pertinence of POSTN in solid cancer. We conducted a systematic search in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases, and a total of 10 studies were used to assess the association of POSTN expression and patients’ overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). The hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% conﬁdence intervals (95% CIs) were further calculated to estimate the association between POSTN and relevant clinical parameters of solid cancer patients. The pooled results indicated that POSTN overexpression was associated with poor OS (HR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.88–2.93, p < .00001) and DFS (HR = 2.70, 95% CI = 2.00–3.65, p < .00001) in a cohort of 993 patients with cancer. Subsequent analyses showed that the positive expression ratio of POSTN was evidently higher in cancer tissues than in normal tissues (OR = 7.44, 95% CI = 3.66–13.95, p < .00001). In addition, subgroup analysis showed that POSTN was related to microvascular invasion (OR = 5.09, 95% CI = 3.07–8.44, p < .00001), tumor differentiation (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.41–2.91, p = .0001), and lymph node metastasis (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 2.01–4.64, p < .00001). These data showed that POSTN could be a credible prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in human solid cancer.
Transition‐metal‐free N‐arylation: A general approach to aza‐fused poly‐heteroaromatics
Authors: Annareddygari Srikanth , Kasireddy Venkateshwer Reddy , Reddy Jayachandra
Published: September 2019

A new and efficient method for the synthesis of various aza‐fused poly‐hetero aromatics has been described. This protocol includes an intermolecular condensation followed by metal‐free base‐promoted intramolecular C―N coupling reaction. The advantage of this one‐pot transformation lies in the use of simple cyclic amidines‐like compounds without prefunctionalization of the starting heterocycles.
MRI findings in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Kunimatsu Akira , Yasaka Koichiro , Akai Hiroyuki , Kunimatsu Natsuko , Abe Osamu
Published: September 2019

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that develops after a person experiences one or more traumatic events, characterized by intrusive recollection, avoidance of trauma‐related events, hyperarousal, and negative cognitions and mood. Neurophysiological evidence suggests that the development of PTSD is ascribed to functional abnormalities in fear learning, threat detection, executive function and emotional regulation, and contextual processing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a primary role in both structural and functional neuroimaging for PTSD, demonstrating focal atrophy of the gray matter, altered fractional anisotropy, and altered focal neural activity and functional connectivity. MRI findings have implicated that brain regions associated with PTSD pathophysiology include the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, lentiform nucleus, amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampus, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, cuneus, fusiform and lingual gyri, and the white matter tracts connecting these brain regions. Of these, alterations in the anterior cingulate, amygdala, hippocampus, and insula are highly reproducible across structural and functional MRI, supporting the hypothesis that abnormalities in fear learning and reactions to threat play an important role in the development of PTSD. In addition, most of these structures have been known to belong to one or more intrinsic brain networks regulating autobiographical memory retrieval and self‐thought, salience detection and autonomic responses, or attention and emotional control. Altered functional brain networks have been shown in PTSD. Therefore, in PTSD MRI is expected to reflect disequilibrium among functional brain networks, malfunction within an individual network, and impaired brain structures closely interacting with the networks.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy Stage: 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:380–396.
Cover Image, Volume 99, Issue 13
Authors: Cubillos Bojacá Andrés F , García Muñoz María C , Calvo Salamanca Ana M , Carvajal Rojas Guillermo H , Tarazona‐Díaz Martha P
Published: September 2019

The cover image is based on the Research Article Study of the physical and chemical changes during the maturation of three cocoa clones, EET8, CCN51, and ICS60 by Andrés F Cubillos Bojacá et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9882.

Cover image ©AGROSAVIA Images.

image
Interface‐Initiated Polymerization Enables One‐Pot Synthesis of Hydrophilic and Oleophobic Foams through Emulsion Templating
Authors: Zhang Tao , Li Xiaomin , Wang Wenjian , Xu Zhiguang , Zhao Yan
Published: September 2019

Unlike oil‐absorbing hydrophobic and oleophilic materials, porous materials that simultaneously display hydrophilicity and oleophobicity in air are rare, but they are unique in selectively removing water from bulk oil. Preparation of such porous materials is limited to the surface coating of raw porous materials, which faces problems such as pore clogging and uneven coating on inner surfaces. Herein, a one‐pot approach to fabricating hydrophilic and oleophobic foams from oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsions through a facile interface‐initiated polymerization strategy is reported. The foams have interconnected macroporous structure. They can absorb water drops quickly while repelling oils in air. Such foams may find applications not only in oil–water separation (e.g., fuel purification), but also for efficient removal of contaminants (e.g., dyes) from oil‐containing wastewater, where the oleophobicity helps foams to eliminate the oil fouling issue.
Brain Iron and Metabolic Abnormalities in C19orf12 Mutation Carriers: A 7.0 Tesla MRI Study in Mitochondrial Membrane Protein–Associated Neurodegeneration
Authors: Dusek Petr , Mekle Ralf , Skowronska Marta , Acosta‐Cabronero Julio , Huelnhagen Till , Robinson Simon Daniel , Schubert Florian , Deschauer Marcus , Els Antje , Ittermann Bernd , Schottmann Gudrun , Madai Vince I. , Paul Friedemann , Klopstock Thomas , Kmiec Tomasz , Niendorf Thoralf , Wuerfel Jens , Schneider Susanne A.
Published: September 2019

Background

Mitochondrial membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration is an autosomal‐recessive disorder caused by C19orf12 mutations and characterized by iron deposits in the basal ganglia.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to quantify iron concentrations in deep gray matter structures using quantitative susceptibility mapping MRI and to characterize metabolic abnormalities in the pyramidal pathway using 1H MR spectroscopy in clinically manifesting membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration patients and asymptomatic C19orf12 gene mutation heterozygous carriers.

Methods

We present data of 4 clinically affected membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration patients (mean age: 21.0 ± 2.9 years) and 9 heterozygous gene mutation carriers (mean age: 50.4 ± 9.8 years), compared to age‐matched healthy controls. MRI assessments were performed on a 7.0 Tesla whole‐body system, consisting of whole‐brain gradient‐echo scans and short echo time, single‐volume MR spectroscopy in the white matter of the precentral/postcentral gyrus. Quantitative susceptibility mapping, a surrogate marker for iron concentration, was performed using a state‐of‐the‐art multiscale dipole inversion approach with focus on the globus pallidus, thalamus, putamen, caudate nucleus, and SN.

Results and Conclusion

In membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration patients, magnetic susceptibilities were 2 to 3 times higher in the globus pallidus (P = 0.02) and SN (P = 0.02) compared to controls. In addition, significantly higher magnetic susceptibility was observed in the caudate nucleus (P = 0.02). Non‐manifesting heterozygous mutation carriers exhibited significantly increased magnetic susceptibility (relative to controls) in the putamen (P = 0.003) and caudate nucleus (P = 0.001), which may be an endophenotypic marker of genetic heterozygosity. MR spectroscopy revealed significantly increased levels of glutamate, taurine, and the combined concentration of glutamate and glutamine in membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration, which may be a correlate of corticospinal pathway dysfunction frequently observed in membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration patients. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Effect of intravenously injected gadolinium‐based contrast agents on functional lung parameters derived by PREFUL MRI
Authors: Glandorf Julian , Klimeš Filip , Voskrebenzev Andreas , Gutberlet Marcel , Wacker Frank , Vogel‐Claussen Jens
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of intravenously administered gadolinium‐based contrast agents on functional ventilation and perfusion parameters derived by phase‐resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI.

Methods

Fourteen participants underwent functional MRI at 1.5T using a 2D spoiled gradient echo sequence during free breathing. Three data sets of PREFUL images were obtained—the 1st data set was acquired in mean 33:46 min (SD = 6:20 min) prior, the 2nd and 3rd data sets 43 and 91 s (both SD = 1.9 s), respectively, after i.v. application of gadobutrol. Full respiratory and cardiac cycles were reconstructed and functional parameters of regional ventilation (RV), perfusion (Q), and quantified perfusion (QQuant) together with perfusion‐defected percentages (QDP), ventilation‐defected percentages (VDP), and ventilation–perfusion match (VQM) were calculated and compared for systematic differences between the acquired data sets.

Results

RV‐ and Q‐values presented no significant alteration after gadobutrol administration. Consequently, QDP, VDP, and VQ maps were not significantly different. Sørensen–Dice coefficients of QDP and VDP maps between the different series varied up to ±9%. QQuant was significantly increased after the application of gadobutrol (1st vs. 2nd series, P = 0.0021; 1st vs. 3rd, P = 0.0188), which can be explained by the velocity‐dependent signal in the completely blood‐filled voxel (ROI of the aorta) after shortening of T1 relaxation time (1st vs. 2nd series, P = 0.0003; 1st vs. 3rd series, P = 0.0008).

Conclusion

Except for quantified perfusion, all evaluated functional parameters including ventilation‐ and perfusion‐weighted maps derived by PREFUL MRI were independent of gadolinium‐based contrast agents, which is important for the design of MRI protocols in future studies.
Consolidation around a point heat source (correction and verification)
Authors: Chaudhry Aqeel Afzal , Buchwald Jörg , Kolditz Olaf , Nagel Thomas
Published: September 2019

We provide a brief review of the results obtained by Booker and Savvidou in their original 1985 paper describing the consolidation around a point heat source embedded in a fluid‐saturated porous medium. Although it gained a lot of attention in recent years, mainly as a benchmark problem for numerical codes, the analytical expressions for normal and shear stresses could not be confirmed to be correct. In this manuscript, we verify the expressions for temperature, pressure, and displacement and derive new expressions for the stress tensor withstanding numerical verification using the scientific open‐source thermo‐hydro‐mechanical‐chemical (THMC) simulator OpenGeoSys.
3D 31P MR spectroscopic imaging of the human brain at 3 T with a 31P receive array: An assessment of 1H decoupling, T1 relaxation times, 1H‐31P nuclear Overhauser effects and NAD+
Authors: Peeters Tom H. , van Uden Mark J. , Rijpma Anne , Scheenen Tom W.J. , Heerschap Arend
Published: September 2019

31P MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is a versatile technique to study phospholipid precursors and energy metabolism in the healthy and diseased human brain. However, mainly due to its low sensitivity, 31P MRSI is currently limited to research purposes. To obtain 3D 31P MRSI spectra with improved signal‐to‐noise ratio on clinical 3 T MR systems, we used a coil combination consisting of a dual‐tuned birdcage transmit coil and a 31P eight‐channel phased‐array receive insert. To further increase resolution and sensitivity we applied WALTZ4 1H decoupling and continuous wave nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) enhancement and acquired high‐quality MRSI spectra with nominal voxel volumes of ~ 17.6 cm3 (effective voxel volume ~ 51 cm3) in a clinically relevant measurement time of ~ 13 minutes, without exceeding SAR limits. Steady‐state NOE enhancements ranged from 15 ± 9% (γ‐ATP) and 33 ± 3% (phosphocreatine) to 48 ± 11% (phosphoethanolamine). Because of these improvements, we resolved and detected all 31P signals of metabolites that have also been reported for ultrahigh field strengths, including resonances for NAD+, NADH and extracellular inorganic phosphate. T1 times of extracellular inorganic phosphate were longer than for intracellular inorganic phosphate (3.8 ± 1.4s vs 1.8 ± 0.65 seconds). A comparison of measured T1 relaxation times and NOE enhancements at 3 T with published values between 1.5 and 9.4 T indicates that T1 relaxation of 31P metabolite spins in the human brain is dominated by dipolar relaxation for this field strength range. Even although intrinsic sensitivity is higher at ultrahigh fields, we demonstrate that at a clinical field strength of 3 T, similar 31P MRSI information content can be obtained using a sophisticated coil design combined with 1H decoupling and NOE enhancement.
Interest groups on social media: Four forms of networked advocacy
Authors: Figenschou Tine Ustad , Fredheim Nanna Alida
Published: September 2019

The affordances of social media both constrain and enable new forms of political advocacy. The present study identifies four forms of networked advocacy and analyses these with emphasis on constituencies, platforms, activities, and aims. Based on over 40 semistructured elite interviews with interest group leaders and heads of communication, it first finds that interviewees distinguish between social media platforms, tailoring content and genre, to target intended audiences. Second, it finds that social media affordances make awareness‐raising and community‐building more efficient and purposeful for all groups. At the same time, only large organizations with bigger budgets, credibility, technical knowhow, and political relations, systematically engage in networked mobilization and lobbying. Third, interviewees representing these resourceful organizations underline that Twitter represents a new efficient form of middle‐stage lobbying. The study contributes empirical insights into the aims and strategies behind networked advocacy among different groups within one policy field in a local, non‐American context. Theoretically, it combines insights from networked media logics, social affordances, and interest group advocacy to conceptualize how networked media can afford a new form of lobbying conducted as real‐time, semi‐private direct communication with decision makers.
Administrative leaders as institutional entrepreneurs in developing countries: A study of the development and institutionalization of performance management in Ghana's public service
Authors: Ohemeng Frank L.K. , Kamga Osee
Published: September 2019

Performance management (PM) has become one of the most important reforms in the public sector in both developed and developing countries. Unfortunately, institutionalizing PM in the sector continues to be a major problem. Although a number of scholars continue to study the PM in the public sector from different theoretical perspectives, there has been paucity of research concerning the process of institutionalization. The few studies that have attempted to look at the process have done so from a “coercive isomorphism” perspective, especially through legislation. The lack of studies to examine the process of institutionalization has therefore created a gap, which needs to be filled. We therefore attempt to contribute to this discussion by exploring the role of institutional entrepreneurs and their impact on the development and institutionalization of PM in developing countries, with a particular focus on Ghana, a country obsessed with PM but was only able to institutionalize one in 2013 under the leadership of its Public Services Commission. How was the leadership of the PSC able to succeed where previous leaders could not? What characteristics did they display, and what strategies did they use to get things done? The research is a qualitative one.
Synergistic effect of organically modified zinc aluminum layered double hydroxide in intumescent flame‐retarding polypropylene composites containing melamine phytate and dipentaerythritol
Authors: Zheng Zaihang , Liu Yuhang , Dai Boya , Meng Chunyu , Guo Zhenxue
Published: September 2019

In this article, an organically modified zinc aluminum layered double hydroxide (OLDH) was prepared by a facile and effective method. The aim for preparing and decorating LDH is to improve the dispersion of OLDH particles in polypropylene (PP). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra have verified the feasibility for preparing OLDH. In contrast with LDH, the hydrophobicity of OLDH was obviously changed after introduction of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. Together with melamine phytate/dipentaerythritol (MPA/DPER), OLDH was introduced into PP by melt blending. Surprisingly, the synergistic effect of OLDH and MPA/DPER was obviously found in flame‐retarding PP. When the content of MPA/DPER and OLDH are 27 phr and 3 phr, the limiting oxygen index value of PP composites is 30.5% and samples can pass UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates that the participation of OLDH can further enhance the thermal stability of PP/MPA/DPER. Moreover, the surface morphology and chemical structure of PP composites after combustion were systematically analyzed by optical photos, SEM, FTIR spectra, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra, respectively. The results reveal that the reinforcing effect of OLDH for char layers structure becomes the main reason for improving the flame retardancy of PP composites. Based on abovementioned analysis, a potential synergistic flame retardant mechanism was primarily proposed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2301–2312, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Field test and electrode optimization of electrodynamic cleaning systems for solar panels
Authors: Faes Antonin , Petri Delphine , Champliaud Jonathan , Geissbühler Jonas , Badel Nicolas , Levrat Jacques , Roustom Bahaa , Hessler‐Wyser Aïcha , Wyrsch Nicolas , Ballif Christophe , Getaz Guy‐Olivier , McKarris George , Despeisse Matthieu
Published: September 2019

Soiling is the major cause of power loss of photovoltaics (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) in desert areas. Electrodynamic cleaning system (EDS) is an automatic and water‐free integrated cleaning system for mirrors or solar panels, which uses pulsed electric fields to remove dust off their surface. The first EDS field test over a long period on PV modules is reported here and shows a clear effect on soiling reduction in real conditions in Saudi Arabia. A total of 458 days of measurements is analyzed, and depending on the considered periods, performance losses due to soiling (soiling rate) can vary from −0.06%/day to −0.41%/day for a reference module, while the relative soiling rate reduction using an EDS can be up to 95.7% with an average of 32.1%. Cost calculations demonstrate an added value of the modules equipped with the EDS between 2.6 and 5.2 ¢/Wp compared with usual cleaning system, which is nearly between 10% and 20% of the module price.

In addition, extended indoor tests of various electrode designs of EDS for heliostat dedicated to CSP or PV applications show a high cleaning efficiency of up to 98% with front glass thickness of more than 1 mm. A good specular reflectivity, only 4% lower than the bare reference mirror, is obtained with patterned sputtered silver in a spiral electrode design. High reliability of two types of electrode deposition is demonstrated after 200 cycles between −40°C and +85°C.
Demographic, occupational, and societal features associated with burnout among medical oncology staff members: Cross‐sectional results of a Cancer Center in Beijing, China
Authors: Chen Zhishui , Leng Jiahua , Pang Ying , He Yi , Heng Fanxiu , Tang Lili
Published: September 2019

Background

There is a growing recognition that medical staff members are exposed to job and life stressors that increase the risk of burnout. This study aimed to investigate the potential stressors among medical staff members working at a Cancer Center in Beijing and to explore the demographic, occupational, and societal features associated with burnout.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) survey was distributed to all medical staff members, along with an anonymous questionnaire to collect general information about demographic, occupational, and societal characteristics. The data were analyzed using T test, ANOVA, and multivariable linear regression.

Results

A total of 1096 of 1208 (91%) medical staff members completed the questionnaires, including 285 (26%) doctors and 572 (52%) nurses. The scores for emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA) were 14.51 ± 9.78, 5.78 ± 5.59, and 35.07 ± 10.43, respectively. Domicile, being a nurse, working overtime, and low self‐rated QoL were predictors of EE; Domicile, being a researcher, low self‐rated health, low self‐rated QoL, and bad colleague relationships were predictors of DP; Age, being a doctor or a nurse, low self‐rated health, and low self‐rated interpersonal relationships were predictors of low PA.

Conclusion

Compared with the other occupations, doctors and nurses are more likely to experience burnout. Additionally, cultivating a better work environment, promoting the health and quality of life of staff, and improving rapport with colleagues may help to prevent burnout.
Functional characterization of a novel λ‐cyhalothrin metabolizing glutathione S‐transferase, CpGSTe3, from the codling moth Cydia pomonella
Authors: Hu Chao , Wang Wei , Ju Di , Chen Gao‐Man , Tan Xiao‐Ling , Mota‐Sanchez David , Yang Xue‐Qing
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

Recent work has shown that two codling moth (Cydia pomonella) glutathione S‐transferase genes (GSTs), CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd3, can metabolize λ‐cyhalothrin, one of the recommended insecticides for C. pomonella control worldwide. However, systematical characterization of delta and epsilon GSTs, especially their potential contributions in the metabolism of λ‐cyhalothrin, is currently still lacking in C. pomonella.

RESULTS

In this study, a total of nine cDNA sequences were identified in C. pomonella, including four in the delta and five in the epsilon subclasses. RT‐qPCR showed that seven GSTs were ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages, and CpGSTe2, CpGSTe3, and CpGSTe4 were mainly expressed in larvae. The mRNA levels of CpGSTd2, CpGSTd4, and CpGSTe5 were significantly higher in male than in female adults. Tissue‐specific expression analysis revealed that the CpGSTe2, CpGSTe3, and CpGSTe4 were highly expressed in the midgut while CpGSTd2 and CpGSTd4 were predominantly expressed in the Malpighian tubules. The transcripts of these GSTs (except CpGSTe1) were co‐expressed following exposure to LD10 of λ‐cyhalothrin for 3 h. Recombinant CpGSTd4, CpGSTe2, and CpGSTe3 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli displayed glutathione‐conjugating activity toward 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene. In addition, λ‐cyhalothrin could inhibit the activity of recombinant CpGSTd4, CpGSTe2, and CpGSTe3 enzymes, but only recombinant CpGSTe3 showed λ‐cyhalothrin metabolic capacity, with 21.88 ± 1.09% of parental compound being depleted within 1 h.

CONCLUSION

These data show that CpGSTe3 is a third GST gene, encoding an enzyme that metabolizes λ‐cyhalothrin in C. pomonella. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Sustainability priorities across the strategic and operational level in packaging development
Authors: de Koeijer Bjorn , Gelhard Carsten , ten Klooster Roland
Published: September 2019

Sustainability is well‐established in many companies' strategic postures. However, executing sustainability‐related goals often lags at the operational level. This study analyses how decision‐making processes in packaging development at different hierarchical levels are characterized in achieving a sustainability consensus.

This research focuses on the alignment of the strategic and operational levels of packaging development in relation to the integration of sustainability considerations. This materializes in a stakeholder perspective on packaging development and an analysis of targets aiming for the integration of sustainability considerations in such development processes. The involvement and decision making by internal stakeholders, the involvement of external stakeholders and sustainability target setting are considered as conditions causing the outcome of interest: levels of sustainability implementation on both the strategic and the operational levels of packaging development.

By using a set‐theoretic method, we address that different compositions of stakeholder involvement and target setting might cause the same level of sustainability priority at the strategic and operational levels. For data analysis, we use a fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with empirical data derived from survey responses by packaging experts. This approach is motivated by its ability to address the complexity of the interplay of case characteristics within development processes.

The research findings provide several indications of a limited alignment of a company's strategic sustainability ambition with the operational activities of multidisciplinary packaging development teams. The insights on the sustainability‐related configurations of stakeholders and target setting provide guidance for managing projects across the strategic and operational levels in improving sustainable packaging development.
Evaluation of the turbulence parametrization in the MOLOCH meteorological model
Authors: Trini Castelli Silvia , Bisignano Andrea , Donateo Antonio , Landi Tony C. , Martano Paolo , Malguzzi Piero
Published: September 2019

An appropriate parametrization of turbulence is fundamental both in meteorological and atmospheric dispersion models, in order to properly simulate the dynamics of the flow and of the pollutants transported by it. The turbulence closure adopted in the meteorological model MOLOCH is presented, and its reliability and effectiveness are evaluated based on turbulent kinetic energy data measured at two suburban sites in north and south Italy. Very different topographical situations characterise the two sites, an Alpine and a coastal region, respectively. Particular attention is paid in assessing the low‐wind speed regime, a critical condition for air pollution, associated with turbulent features not yet fully understood. The analysis has proved that the turbulence closure in the MOLOCH model is able to capture and effectively reproduce the observed low‐level atmospheric turbulence processes, in all stability conditions.
Time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers based on a wedge‐shaped electrostatic mirror with a two‐dimensional field
Authors: Spivak‐Lavrov Igor , Baisanov Orda , Yakushev Evgeniy , Nazarenko Leonid
Published: September 2019

Rationale

For most of the last two decades, a considerable effort has been made towards improving time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS), which has become an irreplaceable instrumental platform for the purposes of performing analytical measurements in life sciences, such as molecular biology, proteomics, medicine, etc. This can primarily be attributed to the ability of TOF MS to rapidly detect and identify nearly any targeted chemical trace with both high precision and accuracy. However, multi‐span TOF MS experiments are limited due to aberrations arising from multiple reflection; our proposed scheme will minimize these aberrations.

Methods

The inhomogeneous accelerating field is generated without using meshes by changing the potentials on the electrodes of the mirror. The ions are extracted from the ion source by short impulse activation of the accelerating electric field. Since the ions are extracted from various points of the source, even ions with identical masses acquire different velocities during acceleration.

Results

We have shown that the “rear” ions of the packet catch up with the “front” ions, and packets of ions with identical masses are compressed in the direction of their movement. It is concluded that, by placing the detector in a plane with the greatest compression of ion packets, an enhanced performance of a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer is achieved.

Conclusions

We have shown that effective spatial–temporal focusing allows a small mass spectrometer to achieve high resolution and sensitivity. We also propose and numerically evaluate a new platform for designing multi‐stage and multi‐reflective time‐of‐flight analyzers with wedge‐shaped mirrors. We applied the simulation results to the modernization of old equipment and showed that by simply replacing the electrostatic mirror with an optimized one, a significant increase in the analyzing power can be achieved.
Does Money Matter for Intergenerational Income Transmission?
Authors: Miller Michelle M. , McIntyre Frank
Published: September 2019

The intergenerational income elasticity (IIE) is a crucial measure of income mobility. In this article, we develop a structural model to examine the channels through which this elasticity operates. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we separately identify the human capital and the financial components. The human capital component examines the transmission of human capital, independent of financial investments, whereas the financial component examines the impact of income that is uncorrelated with human capital, that is, exogenous income. Using a two‐stage framework, we show that the IIE operates through both channels. Moreover, our estimates show that the financial component may have a larger effect than previously estimated, plausibly attributing to 36% of intergenerational income transmission. Indeed, this result holds even when the financial component is defined in an incredibly narrow manner. This suggests that cash payments could promote intergenerational mobility.
Zum Schubtragverhalten von Verbunddübelleisten bei erhöhten Temperaturen
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Meyer Patrick , Mensinger Martin , Koh Suet Kwan
Published: September 2019

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Mario Fontana zur Vollendung des 65. Lebensjahres gewidmet.

Verbunddübelleisten werden häufig bei Verbundträgern zur Übertragung der Schubkräfte verwendet. Die Schubtragfähigkeit von Verbunddübelleisten bei Raumtemperatur wurde bereits umfangreich untersucht. Der Einfluss erhöhter Temperaturen, wie sie im Brandfall auftreten, auf die Schubtragfähigkeit von Verbunddübelleisten wurde bisher noch nicht quantifiziert. Zur Bewertung des Temperatureinflusses auf die Schubtragfähigkeit von Verbunddübelleisten wurden in einem nationalen AiF‐Forschungsprojekt Push‐out‐Versuche durchgeführt.

In diesem Beitrag werden die experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Schubtragfähigkeit von Verbunddübelleisten in Klothoidenform bei Raumtemperatur und erhöhten Temperaturen dargestellt. Ziel der experimentellen Untersuchungen ist es, den Temperatureinfluss auf die Schubtragfähigkeit von Verbunddübelleisten zu bewerten. Mithilfe der experimentellen Untersuchungen und der Analyse der lokalen Tragmechanismen kann die Dübelkennlinie der Verbunddübelleisten analysiert werden.
Ergänzende Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten einfachsymmetrischer I‐Querschnitte unter Biegung, Druck und Torsion
Authors: Bours Anna‐Lena , Winkler Rebekka , Knobloch Markus
Published: September 2019

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Mario Fontana zur Vollendung des 65. Lebensjahres gewidmet.

Im Rahmen der Weiterentwicklung der EN 1993‐1‐1 für die zweite Generation der europäischen Tragwerksnormen (Eurocodes) wurde ein Bemessungsverfahren für stabilitätsgefährdete Bauteile mit einfach‐ und doppeltsymmetrischen I‐förmigen Querschnitten unter Druck, zweiachsiger Biegung und Torsion entwickelt. Aufgrund ausstehender Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Zeitpunkt des finalen Entwurfs sind die normativen Regelungen bisher konservativ limitiert. Die vorliegende Publikation überprüft daher auf Basis einer umfassenden Parameterstudie, ob die Regelungen für semi‐kompakte Querschnitte der Querschnittsklasse 3 gemäß Anhang B der prEN 1993‐1‐1:2018 [1] und für einfachsymmetrische Querschnitte gemäß Anhang C.1 der prEN 1993‐1‐1:2018 für Querschnitte mit planmäßiger Torsion angewendet werden können, um den Anwendern ein konsistentes Nachweisverfahren für stabilitätsgefährdete Bauteile unter unterschiedlichen Schnittgrößenkombinationen bereitstellen zu können. Die Analyse des strukturmechanischen Verhaltens von stabilitätsgefährdeten Bauteilen liefert die Grundlage für die Erweiterung des Nachweisverfahrens. Eine Vergleichsstudie belegt, dass der Anwendungsbereich oben genannter Nachweisverfahren auf einfachsymmetrische Querschnitte unter Torsionsbeanspruchung erweitert werden kann.
Stahlbrücken als Antwort im komplexen Umfeld
Authors: Somaini Diego , Raveglia Elio
Published: September 2019

Im Ingenieuralltag bietet sich eine Vielzahl von Aufgaben an, die eine möglichst ausgewogene und präzise Antwort benötigen. Brücken sind räumliche Strukturen, welche die äußerst einfache Funktion der Überwindung von Hindernissen übernehmen müssen. Um diese Funktion zu erfüllen, bieten sich vielfältige Möglichkeiten an, die vom zu überwindenden Hindernis, von der Nutzung der Verbindung und vom bereits vorhandenen bebauten oder unbebauten Umfeld abhängig sind. Folglich stellt die Wahl des eingesetzten Materials, der Typologie des Tragsystems und der Gestaltung der Brücke eine konkrete Lösung dar, die den Anspruch hat, die gestellten Anforderungen und Randbedingungen möglichst schlicht und effizient zu erfüllen. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Projekte präsentiert, die das Resultat der Arbeit eines Projektierungsteams sind und dank der Akzeptanz der Bauherrschaft realisiert werden konnten. Es ist nicht Absicht der Autoren, die Projekte als einzige oder bessere Antwort auf die geforderte Aufgabenstellung zu präsentieren, sondern eine kleine Übersicht über die Möglichkeit, Stahlbrücken als Antwort im komplexen Umfeld anzubieten.
Neuer Brückenschlag in der HafenCity
Authors: Helbig Thorsten , Müller Thomas , Oppe Matthias
Published: September 2019

Der Neubau einer zentralen Fußgänger‐ und Radverkehrsverbindung über den Baakenhafen gehört zu einer Reihe umfangreicher Infrastrukturprojekte, die derzeit im Rahmen der Revitalisierung des Quartiers in der HafenCity Hamburg umgesetzt werden. Die schlanke Stahlkonstruktion mit einer Spannweite von 65 m ist das Ergebnis eines von der HafenCity Hamburg GmbH ausgelobten Realisierungswettbewerbs, den die Hamburger Architekten von Gerkan, Marg und Partner (gmp Architekten) in Zusammenarbeit mit den Tragwerksplanern von Knippers Helbig aus Stuttgart für sich entschieden hatten. Das Bauwerk dient neben seiner Funktion als Wegeverbindung auch als logistisches Infrastrukturbauwerk zur alleinigen Versorgung des Quartiers mit den notwendigen Energieträgern und Medien. Die Fertigstellung im Mai 2018 war daher fester Bestandteil der Stadtentwicklung in der HafenCity.
Getwingbrücke Zermatt
Authors: Keil Andreas , Steigerwald Tobias
Published: September 2019

In prominenter Nachbarschaft zum Matterhorn liegt die neue Getwingbrücke auf der Schmalspurbahnstrecke zwischen Zermatt und dem Gornergrat, dem höchstgelegenen Bahnhof Europas. Sie wurde als Ersatz für die 114 Jahre alte Fachwerkbrücke vom Planungsteam aus schlaich bergermann partner, Schneller Ritz und Partner sowie Mooser Lauber Stucky Architekten unter schwierigen Randbedingungen entworfen, ausführungsreif geplant und auf der Baustelle außerdem im Amt der Bauoberleitung vor Ort koordiniert.

Die Bestandsbrücke wies mit einem unterhalb der Gleise angeordneten Fachwerkträger ein effizientes Tragwerk auf. Um jedoch die Einhaltung des neuen Lichtraumprofils der kreuzenden Straßenbrücke sicherzustellen, musste die Bauhöhe deutlich reduziert werden. Da das Bauwerk ein städtebaulich prägendes Element ist, wurde ein Wettbewerb mit fünf Teams ausgelobt. Schlussendlich überzeugte die Jury der Entwurf des o. g. Planungsteams, da er mit einem starken gestalterischen Eindruck zusammen mit der sehr guten Integration ins bauliche Umfeld und dem freien Blick aufs Matterhorn den entscheidenden Unterschied zu den anderen Wettbewerbsbeiträgen bot.
Lehre, Forschung und Praxis als Einheit
Authors: Knobloch Markus , Stroetmann Richard
Published: September 2019

Es gratulieren Kollegen, Mitarbeiter, Freunde und Wegbegleiter Herrn Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Mario Fontana zum Fünfundsechzigsten
Toxicity of ZnO/TiO2‐conjugated carbon‐based nanohybrids on the coastal marine alga Thalassiosira pseudonana
Authors: Baek Soyoung , Joo Sung Hee , Su Chunming , Toborek Michal
Published: September 2019

Increasing consumption of metal‐oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and carbon‐based nanomaterials has caused significant concern about their potential hazards in aquatic environments. The release of NPs into aquatic environments could result in adsorption of NPs on microorganisms. While metal‐oxide NP‐conjugated carbon‐based nanohybrids (NHs) may exhibit enhanced toxicity toward microorganisms due to their large surface area and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), there is a lack of information regarding the ecotoxicological effects of NHs on marine diatom algae, which are an indicator of marine pollution. Moreover, there is scant information on toxicity mechanisms of NHs on aquatic organisms. In this study, four NHs (ie, ZnO‐conjugated graphene oxide [GO], ZnO‐conjugated carbon nanotubes [CNTs], TiO2‐conjugated GO, and TiO2‐conjugated CNT) that were synthesized by a hydrothermal method were investigated for their toxicity effects on a Thalassiosira pseudonana marine diatom. The in vitro cellular viability and ROS formation employed at the concentration ranges of 50 and 100 mg/L of NHs over 72 hours revealed that ZnO‐GO had the most negative effect on T. pseudonana. The primary mechanism identified was the generation of ROS and GO‐induced dispersion that caused electrostatic repulsion, preventing aggregation, and an increase in surface areas of NHs. In contrast to GO‐induced dispersion, large aggregates were observed in ZnO/TiO2‐conjugated CNT‐based NHs. The scanning electron microscopy images suggest that NHs covered algae cells and interacted with them (shading effects); this reduced light availability for photosynthesis. Detailed in vitro toxicity effects and mechanisms that cause high adverse acute toxicity on T. pseudonana were unveiled; this implied concerns about potential hazards of these mechanisms in aquatic ecosystems.
Solvo‐thermal Preparation of One Novel Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymer with 1‐(4‐Aminobenzyl)‐1,2,4‐Triazole and Bi‐functional Photo‐Luminescent Sensing for Acetone and Dichromate
Authors: Li Xin‐Shu , An Jun‐Dan , Huo Jian‐Zhong , Wang Tian‐Tian , Li Yong , Liu Yuan‐Yuan , Ding Bin
Published: September 2019

In this work a 1,2,4‐triazole derivative 1‐(4‐aminobenzyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole (abtz) was utilized, one new cadmium(II) coordination polymer, namely [Cd(abtz)I2]n (1) was prepared through the powerful solvo‐thermal synthetic strategy. In compound 1, the abtz building blocks are interlinked through the central CdII ions forming the two‐dimensional (2D) layer coordination framework. Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) characterization also reveals that we have prepared the pure phases of coordination polymer 1. Optical properties have been determined, which can behave the excellent photo‐luminescent emission of coordination polymer 1. Photo‐luminescent experiment also reveals that coordination polymer 1 can behave the highly sensitive detection for acetone molecules with high Ksv value (Ksv = 4.12 ×104 L·mol–1) in the recyclable detection fashion. Additionally, coordination polymer 1 also can behave the highly sensitive detection for pollutant dichromate with excellent quenching efficiency Ksv (Ksv = 2.12 × 104 L·mol–1) and low detection limit [38 × 10–3 mM (S/N = 3)]. UV/Vis, photo‐luminescent lifetime, and PXRD patterns also have been determined to analyze the detection mechanism.
Fascism and Architecture
Authors: Billiani Francesca , Pennacchietti Laura
Published: September 2019

This chapter illustrates how the debates in the field of architecture similarly assumed special significance within the discourse on State art. Unlike the debates on the novel, those on architecture saw different movements attempting to show their suitability to represent the regime’s new political order as well as its idea of modernity, and so become the official arte di Stato. In order to demonstrate the complementary nature of the novel and architecture as cultural projects, we analyse the relationship between architecture and the regime in historical terms, by looking at its key developments from the 1920s till the early 1940s, in political terms, by examining the ‘battles’ for hegemony over the other arts, and in aesthetic terms by giving examples of how architectural language was developed and implemented in selected landmark buildings.