bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Turn to Violence: The Escalation of Nonviolent Movements
Authors: Ryckman Kirssa Cline
Published: July 2019

Nonviolent resistance can be a powerful tool for ordinary civilians to transform their governments; however, not all nonviolent movements end in success and many ultimately escalate into violent conflicts. To understand this escalatory process, I begin with the premise that social movements are not unitary actors but a collection of groups with varied preferences on goals and tactics. I argue that escalation is likely when movements have violence-wielding groups among their varied factions, as these groups deal in violence, believe in its utility, and can make the strategic decision to engage in violence as needed. I argue this is particularly likely when the campaign fails to make progress using nonviolent channels, suggesting that nonviolent tactics will not be successful to achieve the group’s goals. Expectations are tested using the Nonviolent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes data and the case of Algeria’s escalation from a nonviolent movement to brutal civil war, and results are generally supportive.
Churches and violence in north-eastern Guatemala: Between safe space and lions’ pit
Authors: Simon Saskia
Published: July 2019

Based on an ethnographic research led in north-eastern Guatemala between 2011 and 2013, this article problematizes the idea usually advanced in sociology of religions that churches represent safe spaces allowing the reconstruction of social fabric in violent contexts. Analyzing collective mechanisms of ‘living together’ in this region, the author shows the specific role of the Catholic and Evangelical Churches as spaces where struggles have taken place, but where they nevertheless represent safe spaces for expression.
Cementing Africa: Cement flows and city-making along the West African corridor (Accra, Lomé, Cotonou, Lagos)
Authors: Choplin Armelle
Published: July 2019

This article analyses the production, circulation and consumption of cement along the West African coastal corridor, a 500-kilometre conurbation that stretches between Accra, Lomé, Cotonou and Lagos – the largest urban metropolis still in progress in Africa. By focusing on the ‘cement chain’, this research contributes to ongoing explorations of how urban phenomena are produced in Africa. As a binding material, cement is at the nexus of a range of issues at stake in contemporary African cities, such as urban policies, economic trends, dweller practices, environmental issues and capitalist accumulation. Based on empirical long-term fieldwork, the article adopts a ‘follow-the-thing’, multi-scale approach, retracing the itinerary of cement bags from the plant to the plot and observing all the actors involved in the cement chain, from major companies to bricklayers. Cement, the article concludes, epitomises the emerging ‘Made in Africa’ metropolitan condition, therefore including issues regarding the environment and sustainability in current debates on the growth of the cement city.
On classification of abstracts obtained from medical journals
Authors: Parlak Bekir , Uysal Alper Kürşat
Published: July 2019

Classification of medical documents was mostly carried out on English data sets and these studies were performed on hospital records rather than academic texts. The main reasons behind this situation are the lack of publicly available data sets and the tasks being costly and time-consuming. As the first contribution of this study, two data sets including Turkish and English counterparts of the same abstracts published in Turkish medical journals were constructed. Turkish is one of the widely used agglutinative languages worldwide and English is a good example of non-agglutinative languages. While English abstracts were obtained automatically from MEDLINE database with a computer program, Turkish counterparts of these documents were collected manually from the Internet. As the second contribution of this study, an extensive comparison on classification of abstracts obtained from Turkish medical journals was made by using these two equivalent data sets. Features were extracted from text documents with three different approaches: unigram, bigram and hybrid. Hybrid approach includes a combination of unigram and bigram features. In the experiments, three different feature selection methods and seven different classifiers were utilised. According to the results on both data sets, classification performance of the English abstracts outperformed the Turkish counterparts. Maximum accuracies were obtained from the combination of unigram features, distinguishing feature selector (DFS) and multinomial naïve Bayes (MNB) classifier for both data sets. Unigram features were generally more efficient than bigram and hybrid features. However, analysis of top-10 features indicated that nearly half of the features were translations of each other for Turkish and English data sets.
Impulse Control Moderates the Link Between Parent–Child Cultural Orientation Gaps and Externalizing Problems in Chinese Immigrant Early Adolescents
Authors: Miconi Diana , Moscardino Ughetta , Altoè Gianmarco
Published: July 2019

The current study aimed to investigate whether the expected association between parent–child cultural orientation gaps and externalizing problems was moderated by impulse control (IC) among Chinese early adolescents in immigrant families. Ninety-one first- and second-generation Chinese immigrant youths (58% girls) aged between 11 and 13 years and their parents completed independent measures of mainstream and heritage cultural orientations. IC was evaluated via a computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task, while externalizing problems were assessed via parental report. Regression analyses indicated that low levels of IC represented a risk factor for externalizing adjustment among early adolescents who were less oriented toward the mainstream culture than their parents. In addition, high levels of IC were protective for early adolescents who were less oriented toward their heritage culture than their parents. The findings suggest that IC plays an important role in Chinese early adolescents’ behavioral adjustment. Implications of the results are discussed.
“Everybody Takes Care of Everybody”: Care Circulation and Care Relations in Three-Generation Cohabitation
Authors: Souralová Adéla , Žáková Michaela
Published: July 2019

Demographic changes in Western societies have enabled long-term relationships between more generations and have significantly affected the structure and dynamic of family lives and contemporary families. This article presents a case study of three-generation cohabitation, the situation in which three generations live together in the same place at the same time. Drawing on in-depth interviews with three generations—grandparents, parents, and adult grandchildren—the article illuminates the characteristics of intergenerational caregiving and care-receiving. It uses the concept of care circulation to explore the everyday repeated exchanges of care among all family members and the caregiving constellations, arrangements, and distributions across the generations. We argue that the care is not unidimensional and unidirectional; rather, the care circulates among the family members cohabiting in three-generation households who are at the same time both caregivers and care-receivers.
Use of 3D‐Printed and 2D‐Illustrated International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification Anatomic Models for Resident Education
Authors: Low Christopher M. , Morris Jonathan M. , Matsumoto Jane S. , Stokken Janalee K. , O’Brien Erin K. , Choby Garret
Published: July 2019

Objective

To examine the impact of 2‐dimensional (2D) illustrations and 3‐dimensonal (3D)–printed anatomic models of the frontal sinuses according to the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification in the education of otolaryngology and radiology residents.

Study Design

A crossover study design with half of the study participants randomized to the 2D illustration intervention first and the other half randomized to the 3D‐printed model first.

Setting

Regularly scheduled resident didactic lectures at a tertiary care center.

Subjects and Methods

Forty‐one otolaryngology and radiology residents were assessed with pre‐ and postintervention questionnaires that included subjective and objective methods of assessment.

Results

Overall, there was a statistically significant improvement in total number of answers correct and in confidence score between the pre‐ and postintervention assessments (P <. 0001). The primary outcome of order of intervention (ie, 2D → 3D vs 3D → 2D) did not result in statistically significant differences in postevaluation scores. In regard to the secondary outcome of learner preference for educational modality, radiology residents favored the 2D illustrations to understand anatomic relationships, while otolaryngology residents preferred the 3D model to be more helpful in surgical planning (P =. 0075).

Conclusion

There is no difference between 2D‐illustrated and 3D‐printed International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification anatomic models in overall educational outcome, despite the preference of learners. Together, these models can be used as helpful tools in frontal sinus education for otolaryngology and radiology trainees.
Unsung convergence of analogue to analogue: Add-ons, supplements and the evolving roles of the print newspaper
Authors: Fortunati Leopoldina , O’Sullivan John
Published: July 2019

While the by-now familiar debate on media convergence has focused on the blending of the analogue and the digital, and has primarily considered technical features, other forms of convergence have been neglected. In this article, we focus on the unsung convergence between analogue and analogue. This convergence has been realized by newspapers with analogue media, while also to a lesser extent with digital media, through the introduction of supplements and of media add-ons. Although these extensions of newspapers are not new, their historically recent revival has specific meanings. After analysing these two strategies within the general theoretical framework of convergence, we discuss their characteristics and implications for newspapers. We conclude with a call for the mapping of the variety of unsung forms of convergence, in order to build a less limited and more solidly anchored conception of the processes at work.
Degree of Preoperative Subchondral Bone Marrow Lesion Is Associated With Postoperative Outcome After Medial Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: Kim Man Soo , Koh In Jun , Sohn Sueen , Sung Hoon Seok , In Yong
Published: July 2019

Background:

In osteoarthritis of the knee, subchondral bone marrow lesion (BML) is known to be significantly associated with the severity of pain. However, little is known about the influence of preoperative BML on postoperative outcomes after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO).

Purpose:

To compare patient-reported outcomes for those who underwent MOWHTO according to the severity of BML based on magnetic resonance imaging.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 136 patients who underwent MOWHTO between June 2011 and May 2016 with clinical and radiologic assessments before and after surgery were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of BMLs. They were then subdivided into 4 or 3 groups based on the sum of BML scores of the medial femoral condyle and tibial plateau according to MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Osteoarthritis Knee Score or Filardo classification, respectively. Associations between the severity of BML and postoperative 1- and 2-year Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) subscores were evaluated through linear regression analysis. At postoperative 2 years, the rate of patients having a WOMAC score improvement of 15 points based on minimum clinically important difference and patient satisfaction were compared between groups.

Results:

BMLs were present in 96 (70.6%) of 136 cases. There were no significant differences in demographics or radiographic variables between groups according to the presence/absence or severity of BMLs (all P > .05). There was a significant association between preoperative or 1-year postoperative WOMAC pain/function score and the extent or intensity of BMLs (all P < .05). After adjusting for age, body mass index, osteoarthritis grade, and hip-knee-ankle angle, the significance persisted in the association between the extent or intensity of BMLs and WOMAC pain/function score at 1 year after surgery (all P < .05). However, a significant association was not found at postoperative 2 years (all P > .05). All groups showed similar rates of WOMAC score showing 15 points of improvement and satisfaction after MOWHTO (all P > .05). At 2 years after surgery, 82.5% of patients with BMLs were satisfied with their operation, as compared with 84.4% of those without BMLs ( P = .801).

Conclusion:

Although worse clinical outcomes were associated with severe BML during the recovery period, MOWHTO provided a high degree of clinical improvement on patient-reported outcomes regardless of the severity of BML at 2 years postoperatively.
New models for estimating compressive strength of concrete confined with FRP sheets in circular sections
Authors: Moodi Yaser , Mousavi Seyed Roohollah , Sohrabi Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2019

Models for determining the compressive strength of concrete columns confined by FRP have been presented in previous studies. In this study, a large set of experimental data regarding circular columns confined with different types of FRP has been collected. In order to increase the accuracy in the existing models, three modified models for predicting the compressive strength of circular columns confined with FRP has been proposed by using the collected data. The FRP strain efficiency factor in the proposed models is considered as: (i) a function of the strain ratio, (ii) a function of the confinement stiffness ratio, and (iii) a function of the combination of these ratios. Studying the analytical results using the proposed factors revealed that models wherein the FRP strain efficiency factor is a function of the strain ratio or the combination of the confinement stiffness ratio and strain ratio give results closer to the experimental results.
Psychometric Validation and Reorganization of the Desired Results Developmental Profile
Authors: Nguyen Tutrang , Reich Stephanie M. , Jenkins Jade Marcus , Abedi Jamal
Published: July 2019

This study reports an independent investigation of the psychometric properties of Desired Results Developmental Profile (DRDP), a teacher-rated measure of school readiness for preschool-aged children. In a sample of 2,031 low-income, 3- to 5-year-old children attending Head Start, we tested three measurement models: a higher order one-factor model, a seven-factor model, and a five-factor model. To explore the appropriateness of the DRDP for use with diverse populations of young children, we used multiple group and differential item functioning (DIF) analyses to determine whether the DRDP works differently for dual language learners (DLL) and non-DLLs. The proposed five-factor structure fits the data best, with greater face and statistical validity. Using this conceptually driven factor structure, the multiple group analyses were robust for DLL and non-DLL preschool students. More than half of the items on the DRDP displayed little DIF. Items measuring emergent language and literacy exhibited DIF favoring non-DLL children.
Associations Between Elementary Students’ Victimization, Peer Belonging, Affect, Physical Activity, and Enjoyment by Gender During Recess
Authors: Lodewyk Ken R. , McNamara Lauren , Sullivan Philip
Published: July 2019

School recess scholars have called for more research into collective relations between social, personal, and physical factors on students’ engagement and enjoyment of recess. Overall and by gender, this study serves to investigate a proposed model among 355 elementary school students from victimization to enjoyment through peer belonging, positive affect, and physical activity. Consenting students completed an online survey, and structural equation modeling (overall and in boys and girls) revealed an excellent fit of the data to the model (comparative fit index [CFI] and goodness of fit index [GFI] > .95, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] < .08, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] < .10). Each of the path regression coefficients was significant ( p < .001) except for between victimization and positive affect. Results by gender revealed that all factor loadings were significant for both males and females, and all pathways between factors were significant for males, whereas for females, all pathways were significant except from victimization to affect and from physical activity to enjoyment. Boys were also significantly higher in victimization and physical activity during recess. For enhanced recess enjoyment among elementary school students, some schools may need to better consider how to support students’ reciprocal needs for peer belonging, affect, physical activity, and reduced victimization.
Tuneable cellulose nanocrystal and tropoelastin-laden hyaluronic acid hydrogels
Authors: Silva Cristiana R , Babo Pedro S , Mithieux Suzanne , Domingues Rui MA , Reis Rui , Gomes Manuela E , Weiss Anthony
Published: July 2019

Hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels have been widely used as cell culture substrates, adhesives and fillers for clinical therapeutics, and drug delivery vehicles, with promising results. Due to the limited mechanical properties, degradation rates, and biological activity of HA, it is important that HA be chemically modified, cross-linked or reinforced with specific components to confer a versatile range of viscoelastic and biophysical cues. Herein, we present a toolbox comprising of a class of in situ cross-linkable hydrogels encompassing a blend of three components: HA, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and tropoelastin (TROPO). The resulting hydrogels confer tenable mechanical and biological properties which benefit from the merits of the individual components. Incorporation of CNCs enhanced the hydrogel’s stability against hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation, due to the chemical integration of the nanoparticles within the HA mesh. Additionally, the incorporation of TROPO enhanced elasticity and resilience. Finally, the developed hydrogels demonstrated a positive in vitro biological response as they were able to support and promote the adhesion, viability and growth of the seeded fibroblasts. These results demonstrate a feasible approach for the production of hydrogels exhibiting key structural stability, biological response and improved elastic resilience that can be advantageously explored in acellular and cellular tissue engineering strategies for the regeneration of various tissues, such as the vocal fold.
Social accountability under authoritarianism: Public supervision of local governments in China
Authors: Meixi Zhuang
Published: July 2019

The uneven implementation of innovations in social accountability across China remains an empirical puzzle. Most existing research focuses on the procedural design of participatory mechanisms but does not discuss how they came about in the first place. Drawing on fieldwork data from several sites that experiment with the public supervision of local governments, this article examines the contextual factors that affect the emergence of social accountability innovations in China. This article argues that for an innovation in social accountability to emerge successfully, initiatives between the local state and citizens must be aligned. Three factors are found to be crucial: (1) social momentum for accountability; (2) the presence of backers at the elite level; and (3) an authentic opening for mobilization. The empirical findings reported here have important implications for the study of social accountability innovation in China and for participatory reforms more generally.
Nonlinear thermo-mechanical buckling of higher-order shear deformable porous functionally graded material plates reinforced by orthogonal and/or oblique stiffeners
Authors: Nam Vu Hoai , Phuong Nguyen Thi , Dong Dang Thuy , Trung Nguyen Thoi , Tue Nguyen Van
Published: July 2019

In this paper, an analytical approach for nonlinear buckling and post-buckling behavior of stiffened porous functionally graded plate rested on Pasternak's elastic foundation under mechanical load in thermal environment is presented. The orthogonal and/or oblique stiffeners are attached to the surface of plate and are included in the calculation by improving the Lekhnitskii's smeared stiffener technique in the framework of higher-order shear deformation plate theory. The complex equilibrium and stability equations are established based on the Reddy's higher-order shear deformation plate theory and taken into account the geometrical nonlinearity of von Kármán. The solution forms of displacements satisfying the different boundary conditions are chosen, the stress function method and the Galerkin procedure are used to solve the problem. The good agreements of the present analytical solution are validated by making the comparisons of the present results with other results. In addition, the effects of porosity distribution, stiffener, volume fraction index, thermal environment, elastic foundation… on the critical buckling load and post-buckling response of porous functionally graded material plates are numerically investigated.
Genital association of human papillomavirus with Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. in Mexican women with precancerous lesions
Authors: Lopez-Arias Maria , Vazquez-Jimenez Silvia , Martinez-Abundis Eduardo , Gomez-Crisostomo Nancy P , Chavez-Blanco Alma , Contreras-Paredes Adriana , De la Cruz-Hernandez Erick
Published: July 2019

The genital colonization of certain Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. has been associated with an increased the risk of acquisition and persistence of human papillomavirus. However, its association with high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes is not entirely clear, and the prevalence of such coinfections in cervical precancerous lesions has been poorly explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of high-risk human papillomavirus with Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. in 258 women recruited during their routine gynecological inspection at an outpatient clinic in Tabasco, Mexico. Among the Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. evaluated in the present study, the highest peak of prevalence was attributed to Ureaplasma parvum (32.9%), followed by Mycoplasma hominis (14%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (6.6%), and Mycoplasma genitalium (0.8%). The overall prevalence rates of papillomavirus DNA and high-risk human papillomavirus were 25.6% and 17.1%, respectively. The overall association showed that M. hominis and U. urealyticum correlated significantly with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. According to the cytological results, the distribution of coinfection with high-risk human papillomavirus and U. urealyticum did not show significant differences with respect to severity of cervical lesions. Conversely, the association of high-risk human papillomavirus with M. hominis was more frequent in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions ( P = 0.037).
Defining compassionate nursing care
Authors: Su Jing Jing , Masika Golden Mwakibo , Paguio Jenniffer Torralba , Redding Sharon R
Published: July 2019

Background:

Compassion has long been advocated as a fundamental element in nursing practice and education. However, defining and translating compassion into caring practice by nursing students who are new to the clinical practice environment as part of their educational journey remain unclear.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to explore how Chinese baccalaureate nursing students define and characterize compassionate care as they participate in their clinical practice.

Methods:

A descriptive qualitative study design was used involving a semi-structured in-depth interview method and qualitative content analysis. Twenty senior year baccalaureate nursing students were interviewed during their clinical practicum experience at four teaching hospitals.

Ethical considerations:

Permission to conduct the study was received from the Institutional Review Boards and the participating hospitals.

Results:

Baccalaureate nursing students defined and characterized compassionate care as a union of “empathy” related to a nurse’s desire to “alleviate patients’ suffering,” “address individualized care needs,” “use therapeutic communication,” and “promote mutual benefits with patients.” Students recognized that the “practice environment” was characterized by nurse leaders’ interpersonal relations, role modeling by nurses and workloads which influenced the practice of compassionate care by nursing personnel.

Conclusion:

Compassionate care is crucial for patients, nurses, and students in their professional development as well as the development of the nursing profession. In order to provide compassionate care, a positive practice environment promoted by hospital administrators is needed. This also includes having an adequate workforce of nurses who can role model compassionate care to students in their preceptor role while meeting the needs of their patients.
“We See the World Different Now”: Remapping Assumptions About International Student Adaptation
Authors: Bittencourt Tiago , Johnstone Christopher , Adjei Millicent , Seithers Laura
Published: July 2019

Student mobility has become a key feature in the drive toward internationalization of higher education in the United States. International students contribute to the academic culture of universities, yet, often face isolation, discrimination, and experience difficulties transitioning to new environments. As a result, conational networks have formed to provide support to international students in foreign institutions. This article examines the different ways membership in a conational support group mediated international students’ experiences in a university campus. Contrary to theories that suggest insularity such as fortressing and cultural enclaves, our findings suggest that conational groups are sites of creative potential where group members are consistently forging complex assemblages between norms that are familiar and experiences that are new. Although significant personal transformations ensue as a result of these assemblages, they are occurring in a setting and a pace that is determined by group members and perceived to be safe. We argue that conational groups should not be conceived as static spaces that reproduce cultural norms, but rather as sites of contestation and cultural negotiation. Based on these findings, we question whether “integration” should be a guiding institutional logic for international student engagement, suggesting instead an approach based on the concept of “inclusion.”
Context Not Candidate Sex: A Case Study of Female Vote Choice for Mayor
Authors: Cargile Ivy A. M. , Pringle Lisa
Published: July 2019

It is expected that women who run for office will receive significantly more support from women relative to male voters. However, evidence for this gender affinity has been mixed. In fact, recent experimental studies, and elections, have not found it to exist for female candidates. To test the presence of gender affinity, we examine the case where voters have the opportunity to elect the first female mayor in a major US city. Using exit poll data, we find that women (and men) who cited gender as an important quality in choosing a candidate were significantly more likely to support the female candidate, but only a small portion of voters felt gender was the most important candidate quality. For the majority of women, we find that there were confounding factors, such as uncertainty of the female candidate’s leadership skills and issue positions, which prevented her from gaining the majority she needed to win.
The Effect on MRI of Gammaglobulin Treatment in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Sørensen Per Soelberg
Published: July 2019

A number of uncontrolled studies and randomised, placebo-controlled trials have shown that treatment with intravenous gammaglobulin (NIG) reduces the exacerbation rate in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Two randomised studies from Denmark and Israel, respectively have used MRI as efficacy endpoint In a Danish crossover trial, the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions in serial cranial MRI was significantly reduced by approximately 60% during NIG treatment compared to placebo. Neither the Danish study nor an Israeli study were able to show significant reductions in the total lesion load on T2-weighted cranial MRI. However, the studies were either too short or comprised too few patients for showing significant differences in T2-weighted MRI. In conclusion, NIG is of benefit to patients with relapsing MS, but larger studies are required before the place of NIG in the treatment of MS can be established.
High Dose IVIG in the Post Partum Period for Prevention of Exacerbations in MS
Authors: Haas J
Published: July 2019

The influence of pregnancy on the course of autoimmune diseases is well documented. In multiple sclerosis the European PRIMS study confirmed an ameliorating effect during pregnancy but an increase of exacerbations after delivery. The efficacy of IVIG in autoimmune mediated diseases has been frequently reported. Based on the experiences of Achiron we recommend IVIG to prevent exacerbations after delivery. Since 1995 we recommend 60 g IVIG within 3 days after delivery and 10 g monthly in patients estimated to be on high risk for exacerbation. The data were compared to the PRIMS study. The baseline data were comparable, but the exacerbation rate after delivery in our observation was 33% lower man expected. The lowest risk for an exacerbation within the first 3 months after delivery we observed in women treated with long-term IVIG monthly. Until now the overall tolerance was excellent The results with IVIG after delivery suggest that immunoglobulins may be a promising therapeutical approach not only in MS but also in other autoimmune mediated diseases with a risk of exacerbation after delivery. A European wide study with IVIG after delivery in MS is in preparation to confirm our preliminary data.
Treatment of Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis with Intravenous Immunoglobulins - interim Results on Drug Safety of an Ongoing Study
Authors: Poehlau D ,   the IVIG study group
Published: July 2019

In a blinded administrative look we analyzed the safety profile of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment in an ongoing randomized, placebo controlled double blind study on the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with primary or secondary chronic progressive MS. Up to October 1999 131 patients were included in the study. Collectively, these patients received approximately 1200 infusions either with IVIG (400 mg/kg bodyweight every 4 weeks) or with placebo; approximately 600 IVIG infusions were administered. All reported serious adverse events (SAE), including reports on adverse events submitted directly to the drug safety department of the sponsor, were closely analyzed. A total of 25 SAE's (in 25 patients) have been reported up until 15th October 1999, whereby the main criterion for ‘serious’ in all of these cases was hospitalization. None of these 25 SAE were regarded as drug related. No side effects relating to liver functions, kidney functions or rheological problems have been reported. Since the mean score on the EDSS-scale of the patients at the point of inclusion in the study was 5.6 (median EDSS: 6.0) we conclude that IVIG treatment, at a dose of 400 mg/kg bodyweight every 4 weeks, is a relatively safe therapy even for severely disabled multiple sclerosis patients.
ESIMS - An Ongoing Clinical Trial in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hommes OR , Maas-Enriquez M
Published: July 2019

The design of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, European-Canadian Study on IVIG treatment in multiple sclerosis-ESIMS- is described. Three hundred and eighteen multiple sclerosis patients with a secondary progressive course, are treated with monthly infusions of immunoglobulin 10% I g/kg bodyweight or with 0.1 g albumin/vial for 27 months. The primary efficacy parameter is the percentage of patients with a confirmed treatment failure in the EDSS scale and/or the Nine Hole Peg Test Secondary outcome measures are MRI T2 lesion load, Magnetization Transfer Imaging, and MRI brainatrophy measures. Documentation of health resource utilisation and ability to work will cover socio-economic aspects. Recruitment of patients was completed in October 1998. The clinical part of the trial will be completed in April 2001.
The influence of health systems on breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening: an overview of systematic reviews using health systems and implementation research frameworks
Authors: Priaulx Jennifer , Turnbull Eleanor , Heijnsdijk Eveline , Csanádi Marcell , Senore Carlo , de Koning Harry J , McKee Martin
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Screening for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer in an average-risk population is widely recommended in national and international guidelines although their implementation varies. Using a conceptual framework that draws on implementation and health systems research, we provide an overview of systematic literature reviews that address health system and service barriers or facilitators to effective cancer screening.

Methods

Using a systematic approach, we searched Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, PsychInfo and other internet sources. We included systematic reviews of screening interventions (i.e. targeting people at average risk) for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer. The analysis included 90 systematic reviews.

Results

This review identified a multitude of barriers and facilitators affecting the health system, the capabilities of individuals in the system and their intentions. A large proportion of the available evidence focused on uptake. The reviews demonstrated that health system factors influenced participation, as well as quality and effectiveness of the service provided. The barriers with the biggest impact were knowledge/education, mainly of clients but also providers (capability barriers) and beliefs and values (intention barriers) of the eligible population. These findings complement the usual focus on psychological and social barriers to informed participation by individuals that dominate the screening literature. The facilitators with the most supporting evidence were educational interventions (overcoming capability and intention barriers), invitation letters, reminders and appointments. These were mainly directed at eligible individuals and, to a lesser extent, to providers and healthcare professionals. Only a small number of reviews, mainly from Europe, specified organized, rather than opportunistic, screening programmes. In those, low participation was the most frequently cited barrier and invitation letters (including physician endorsement, phone calls and reminders to non-responders and healthcare professionals) were the most prevalent facilitators.

Conclusion

Despite evidence of barriers and facilitators to screening participation and opportunistic screening, further health systems research covering the entire screening system for organized programmes is required.
Mental health social work in multidisciplinary community teams: An analysis of a national service user survey
Authors: Boland Jennifer , Abendstern Michele , Wilberforce Mark , Pitts Rosa , Hughes Jane , Challis David
Published: July 2019

The article addresses the continued lack of clarity about the role of the mental health social worker within community mental health teams for working age adults and particularly the limited evidence regarding this from the perspective of service users. It compares findings from the literature, found to originate from a predominantly professional viewpoint, with secondary analysis of a national survey of service users to assess their views.

Findings

Three particular aspects of mental health social workers’ role identified in the literature were, to some extent, also located within the national survey and can be summarised as: approaches to practice, nature of involvement, and scope of support. The presence of these features was largely not substantiated by the survey results, with few differences evident between service users’ experiences of mental health social workers compared with other mental health staff. When nurses and social workers were compared, results were either the same for both professions or favoured nurses. The findings point both to the difficulty of articulating the social work contribution and to the limitations of the secondary data.

Application

The findings are a useful benchmark, highlighting the limited evidence base and the need for further research to improve both the understanding of the mental health social work role and how it is experienced by service users. The profession is keen to emphasise its specific contribution. Research evidence is required to underscore this and to ensure that the role is not subsumed within generic practice.
Teaching Good Research Practices: Protocol of a Research Master Course
Authors: Sarafoglou Alexandra , Hoogeveen Suzanne , Matzke Dora , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: July 2019

The current crisis of confidence in psychological science has spurred on field-wide reforms to enhance transparency, reproducibility, and replicability. To solidify these reforms within the scientific community, student courses on open science practices are essential. Here we describe the content of our Research Master course “Good Research Practices” which we have designed and taught at the University of Amsterdam. Supported by Chambers’ recent book The 7 Deadly Sins of Psychology, the course covered topics such as QRPs, the importance of direct and conceptual replication studies, preregistration, and the public sharing of data, code, and analysis plans. We adopted a pedagogical approach that: (a) reduced teacher-centered lectures to a minimum; (b) emphasized practical training on open science practices; and (c) encouraged students to engage in the ongoing discussions in the open science community on social media platforms.
Temperature effect on electromechanical admittance–based concrete structural health monitoring
Authors: Ai Demi , Lin Chengxing , Luo Hui , Zhu Hongping
Published: July 2019

Concrete structures in service are often subjected to environmental/operational temperature effects, which change their inherent properties and also inflict a challenge to their extrinsic monitoring systems. Recently, piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based electromechanical admittance technique has been increasingly growing into an effective tool for concrete structural health monitoring; however, uncertainty in the changes of monitoring signals induced by temperature impact on concrete/PZT sensor would inevitably cause interference to structural damage detection, which adversely hinder its application from laboratory to engineering practice. This article, aiming at exploring the temperature effect on the electromechanical admittance–based concrete damage evaluation, primarily covered a series of theoretical/numerical analysis with rigorously experimental verifications. Three aspects of comparative studies were performed in theoretical/numerical analysis: (1) thermal-dependent parameters were inclusively evaluated in contribution to the electromechanical admittance characteristics via PZT-structure interaction models; (2) three-dimensional finite element analysis in multi-physics coupled field was employed to qualitatively assess the singular temperature effect on the electromechanical admittance behaviors of free-vibrated PZT, surface-bonded PZT/inside-embedded PZT coupled healthy concrete cubes; and (3) depending on the modeling of surface-bonded PZT-/inside-embedded PZT-cracked concrete cube, thermal effect on damage evaluation was addressed via quantification on the electromechanical admittance variations. In the experimental study, rigorous validation tests were carried out on a group of lab-scale concrete cubes, where surface-bonded PZT/inside-embedded PZT transducers were simultaneously employed for electromechanical admittance monitoring in view of thermal difference between concrete surface and its inner part. Correlation coefficient deviation value-based effective frequency shifts algorithm was also employed to compensate the temperature effect. Moreover, temperature effect was further testified on the monitoring of a full-scale shield-tunnel segment structure. Experimental results indicated that temperature triggered different behaviors of electromechanical admittance signatures for surface-bonded PZT/inside-embedded PZT transducers and contaminated the electromechanical admittance responses for damage detection. Structural damage severity level can be disadvantageously amplified by temperature increment even if under the same damage scenarios.
Vibration isolation using a bar and an Euler beam as negative stiffness for vehicle seat comfort
Authors: Oyelade Akintoye Olumide
Published: July 2019

In this article, the behavior and the efficiency of a nonlinear passive vibration isolator based on a bar and an Euler beam are investigated analytically. The proposed isolator is specifically for isolating vehicle seat from unwanted disturbances in the low frequency range, thereby making the seat comfortable for the driver. The static characteristics of the negative stiffness as well as the nonlinear mathematical model are presented, and its dynamic characteristics are investigated using the harmonic balance method. In addition, the effect of the initial geometric imperfection of the Euler beam is included in the study. The study shows that the performance of the negative isolator has a large isolation frequency range than that of the linear isolator. The configuration parameter choice for the seat base will be vital for the suitable application of this isolator.
Abnormal reward system network in primary dysmenorrhea
Authors: Zhang Qi , Yu Siyi , Wang Yanan , Wang Minyu , Yang Ya , Wei Wei , Guo Xiaoli , Zeng Fang , Liang Fanrong , Yang Jie
Published: July 2019

Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that reward system is associated with chronic pain diseases. In addition, previous studies have also demonstrated abnormal functional and structural brain regions in primary dysmenorrhea. However, the relation of reward system and primary dysmenorrhea is still unknown. Using the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to investigate the functional connectivity changes of reward system during periovulatory phase in primary dysmenorrhea. Forty-one primary dysmenorrhea patients and 39 matched female healthy controls participated in this study. Compared to healthy controls, primary dysmenorrhea patients showed decreased connectivity of left nucleus accumbens with the bilateral anterior insula and the left amygdala and decreased connectivity of right nucleus accumbens with ventral tegmental area, the left hippocampus, the right orbital frontal cortex, and the right anterior insula. In addition, the decreased functional connectivity between the right nucleus accumbens-ventral tegmental area negatively correlated with the level of prostaglandin F2 alpha. Our findings provide neuroimaging evidence in support of the abnormal reward system connectivity in primary dysmenorrhea patients, which might contribute to a better understanding of the cerebral pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea.
Preparation of spirooxindoles catalyzed by nano-Co3S4 under microwave irradiations
Authors: Khojasteh-Khosro Sheida , Shahbazi-Alavi Hossein
Published: July 2019

An efficient and rapid method is used for the synthesis of 10-methyl-8 H-spiro[benzo[5,6]chromeno[2,3- c]pyrazole-11,3′-indol]-2′(1′ H)-one and 8-methyl-10-phenyl-10,11-dihydrospiro[pyrazolo[3,4- b]benzo[ h]quinolin-7,3′-indol]-2′(1′ H)-one by a four-component reactions of phenylhydrazine or hydrazine hydrate, isatins, ketoesters, and naphthylamine or 2-naphthol using nano-Co3S4 under microwave irradiation.
Synthesis, crystal structure and biological activity of 6-(3-chloropropoxy)-4-(2-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazoline
Authors: Cai Zhi-Qiang , Zhao Chen-kang , Li Meng-Yao , Shuai Xiao-Min , Ding Hai-Guan , Wang Qing-Lin , Fu Jia , Jin Zheng-Sheng , Li Shuai , Zhao Le-Jing
Published: July 2019

The title compound, 6-(3-chloropropoxy)-4-(2-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazoline, was synthesized by selective nucleophilic attack at C-1 of 1-bromo-3-chloropropane by the potassium salt of 4-(2-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-ol, which was prepared from 7-methoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-6-yl acetate in three steps. The compound crystallized as an ethyl acetate complex (C20H21ClFN3O3, Mr = 405.85), and X-ray crystallography showed that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca with a = 12.7407(4) Å, b = 14.0058(5) Å, c = 21.7726(7) Å, α = 90°, β = 90° and γ = 90°. The whole molecule is stacked into a three-dimensional structure via weak N–H…N hydrogen bonding between molecules. The compound acts as an effective inhibitor on the proliferation of a lung cancer cell line.
An expeditious one-pot synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines using Fe3O4–ZnO–NH2–PW12O40 nanocatalyst
Authors: Farokhian Pegah , Mamaghani Manouchehr , Mahmoodi Nosrat Ollah , Tabatabaeian Khalil , Shojaie Abdollah Fallah
Published: July 2019

An efficient protocol for the facile synthesis of a series of pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidine derivatives has been developed applying Fe3O4–ZnO–NH2–PW12O40 nanocatalyst in water. This novel method has the benefits of operational simplicity, green aspects by avoiding toxic solvents and high to excellent yields of products. Fe3O4–ZnO–NH2–PW12O40 was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. The nanocatalyst is readily isolated and recovered from the reaction mixture by an external magnet.
Pyridine-bridged bifunctional organocatalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide
Authors: Liu Quan-Yao , Shi Lei , Liu Ning
Published: July 2019

Hydroxyl- and carboxyl-functionalized imidazolium halides are used as efficient bifunctional organocatalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides under mild reaction conditions. Control experiments suggest that the cycloaddition reaction is realized by the combination of the nucleophilic halide anions with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups as hydrogen bond donors. Moreover, the bifunctional organocatalysts can be easily recycled five times by simple filtration; however, a loss of activity was observed.
Atom-efficient chlorination of benzoic acids with PCl3 generating acyl chlorides
Authors: Xiao Jing , Han Li-Biao
Published: July 2019

By using PCl3 as the chlorinating reagent, various carboxylic acids are converted into the corresponding acid chlorides in good yields. This method features high atom efficiency in which nearly all three chlorine atoms of PCl3 are used in the chlorination. Moreover, the work-up procedure is simple since the major side product is phosphonic acid [HP(O)(OH)2] which is non-toxic and easily removed by filtration. A possible mechanism is proposed in this paper.