bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of environmental, biological and anthropogenic causes of wildlife–vehicle collisions among three large herbivore species
Authors: Saint‐Andrieux Christine , Calenge Clément , Bonenfant Christophe
Published: January 2020

Wildlife–vehicle collisions are of increasing concern with regards to the continuous and accelerating anthropogenic development. Preventing and mitigating collisions with wildlife will require a better understanding of the environmental and biological drivers of collision risks. Because species of large mammals differ in terms of food requirements, habitat selection and movement behaviors we tested, at the management unit level, if the density of collisions with red deer, roe deer and wild boar differed in terms of spatial distribution and explanatory factors. From 20,275 documented collisions in France between years 1990 and 2006, we found marked differences in the most influential environmental factors accounting for the density of collisions among the three large herbivore species. The effect of road density was higher for the red deer than for the two other species and did not level off at our spatial‐scale of observation. As expected, the annual hunting harvest—interpreted as a proxy of population abundance—was positively associated with the density of collisions for all species, being the strongest for red deer. While the collision density decreased with the proportion of forest in a management unit for wild boar, it increased with the fragmentation of forest for red deer that commute among forest patches between day and night. To reduce the number of wildlife–vehicle collisions, our results suggest to generalize road fencing and/or a control of abundance of large herbivore populations. Mitigation measures should target units where the collision risk is the highest for the most problematic species.
Photo‐Mediated Decarboxylative Ketonization of Atropic Acids with Sulfonyl Hydrazides: Direct Access to β‐Ketosulfones
Authors: Chen Jie , Allyson Zoe G. , Xin Jing‐Rui , Guan Zhi , He Yan‐Hong
Published: January 2020

An efficient formation of synthetically and biologically relevant β‐ketosulfones via a photo‐mediated decarboxylative ketonization of atropic acids was disclosed. The approach features metal‐free conditions, good functional group compatibility, readily available starting materials and the use of ubiquitous dioxygen as both oxygen source and oxidant. Furthermore, mechanistic studies reveal that the decarboxylative ketonization reaction proceeds via a radical mechanism and may involve a radical chain reaction.

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Influence of oat and spring pea mixtures on forage characteristics in different environments
Authors: Pflueger Nathan P. , Redfearn Daren D. , Volesky Jerry D. , Bolze Ron , Stephenson Mitchell B.
Published: January 2020

Forage mixtures including oat (Avena sativa L.) and spring pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum) provide opportunities to optimize forage production with increasing forage quality, relative to single species stands. Under different climate scenarios, adjusting seeding rates of these mixtures may produce variable results in forage quantity and quality. We conducted a 2‐yr study at three study sites to evaluate forage characteristics within mixtures of oat and spring pea stands across a semi‐arid to subhumid precipitation gradient. At the western‐most and driest location (219 mm March–June precipitation), the oat monoculture produced 16−19% more total biomass than seeding treatments with mixtures of oat and spring pea. In contrast, at the moderate‐precipitation site (255 mm precipitation), no differences in total biomass were detected for the oat monoculture and seed mixtures of oat and spring pea. Large variation at the wettest site (339 mm precipitation) limited our ability to detect differences for total biomass production across treatments, but weed pressure in Year 2 of the study reduced forage production. Typically, crude protein (CP) concentration decreased linearly (P < .01) as spring pea decreased in the seeding rate, but CP concentration and total CP yield varied for the seeding rate treatments at the different study sites. Environmental condition may influence the benefit of substituting spring pea into a properly managed oat forage crop to increase forage quality. The contribution of spring pea forage in the total forage biomass of mixtures may be limited, especially in drier conditions.
Development and application of a noise‐hazard scheme for road maintainers
Authors: Cavallari Jennifer M. , Garza Jennifer L. , DiFrancesco Jackie , Dugan Alicia G. , Walker Erica D.
Published: January 2020

Background

Transportation road maintenance and repair workers, or “maintainers,” are exposed to hazardous and variable noise levels and often rely on hearing protection devices (HPD) to reduce noise‐exposure levels. We aimed to improve upon HPD use as part of the HearWell program that used a Total Worker Health, participatory approach to hearing conservation.

Methods

Full‐shift, personal noise sampling was performed during the routine task of brush cutting. Work activities and equipment were recorded and combined with 1‐min noise measures to summarize personal noise‐exposure levels by equipment. Using noise‐monitoring results, HPD noise reduction ratings, and input from worker‐based design teams, a noise‐hazard scheme was developed and applied to the task and equipment used during brush cutting.

Results

Average (standard deviation) and maximum Leq 1‐minute, personal noise‐exposure levels recorded during brush cutting included chainsaws at 92.1 (7.6) and max of 111 dBA, leaf blowers at 91.2 (7.5) and max 107 dBA, and wood chipper at 90.3 (7.3) and max of 104 dBA. The worker‐designed noise‐hazard scheme breaks down noise exposures into one of three color bands and exposure ranges: red (over 105 dBA), orange (90‐105 dBA), or yellow (85‐90 dBA). The scheme simplifies the identification of noise levels, assessment of noise‐hazard, and choice of appropriate hearing protection for workers.

Conclusion

Combining noise‐exposure assessment with intervention development using participatory methods, we characterized noise exposure and developed an intervention to educate and assist in protecting workers as they perform noisy tasks.
NovelKIAA1033/WASHC4mutations in three patients with syndromic intellectual disability and a review of the literature
Authors: Assoum Mirna , Bruel Ange‐Line , Crenshaw Melissa L. , Delanne Julian , Wentzensen Ingrid M. , McWalter Kirsty , Dent Karin M. , Vitobello Antonio , Kuentz Paul , Thevenon Julien , Duffourd Yannis , Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Faivre Laurence
Published: January 2020

In 2011,KIAA1033/WASHC4was associated with autosomal recessive intellectual disability (ARID) in a large consanguineous family comprising seven affected individuals with moderate ID and short stature. Since then, no other cases ofKIAA1033variants have been reported. Here we describe three additional patients (from two unrelated families) with syndromic ID due to compound heterozygousKIAA1033variants ascertained by exome sequencing (ES). Two sisters, aged 4 and 5.5 years, had a stop‐gain and a missense variants, each inherited from one parent (p.(Gln442*) and p.(Asp1048Gly)). Both had learning disabilities, macrocephaly, dysmorphic features, skeletal anomalies, and subependymal heterotopic nodules. In addition, the younger sibling had a congenital absence of the right internal carotid and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The third patient was aged 34 years and had two missense variants, one inherited from each parent (p.(Lys1079Arg) and p.(His503Arg)). This patient presented with mild ID, short stature, and microcephaly.KIAA1033encodes a large protein (WASHC4), which is part of the WASH complex. The WASH complex is involved in the regulation of the fission of tubules that serve as transport intermediates during endosome sorting. Another member of the WASH complex, KIAA0196/WASHC5, has already been implicated in ARID with brain and cardiac malformations, under the designation of 3C or Ritscher‐Schinzel syndrome (MIM#20210). ES has proved efficient for finding replications of genes with insufficient data in the literature to be defined as new OMIM genes. We conclude thatKIAA1033is responsible for a heterogeneous ARID phenotype, and additional description will be needed to refine the clinical phenotype.
Nickel‐Catalyzed 1,1‐Difluoroethylation of (Hetero)aryl Halides with 1,1‐Difluoroethyl Chloride (CH3CF2Cl)
Authors: Liu Jianchang , Zhang Jida , Li Xiangye , Wu Chaolin , Liu Hefu , Liu Hui , Sun Fenggang , Li Yueyun , Liu Yuying , Li Xinjin
Published: January 2020

1,1‐Difluoroethylated aromatic compounds are of increasing importance in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The direct introduction of difluoroethyl (CF2CH3) group(s) onto aromatic rings using CH3CF2Cl, an inexpensive and available raw material, still remains a great challenge because of the relatively inert C−Cl bond of CH3CF2Cl. Herein, we disclose a nickel‐catalyzed 1,1‐difluoroethylation of (hetero)aryl halides with CH3CF2Cl. The reaction exhibits good functional‐group tolerance and is regarded as a practical method for synthesis of (1,1‐difluoroethyl)arenes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Thioacetates and Chloro(hetero)arenes
Authors: Zhao Tan , Liang Feng , Cai Mingjun , Chen Junling , Kang Chuanqing , Wang Hongda , Wu Qiang
Published: January 2020

A simple and effective method for palladium‐catalyzed carbon‐sulfur bond formation was established with aryl thioacetates and chloro(hetero)arenes as starting materials. A wide range of thioacetates and chloro(hetero)arenes can be employed for the preparation of aryl sulfides in good to excellent yield.
Daridorexant, a New Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist to Treat Insomnia Disorder
Authors: Dauvilliers Yves , Zammit Gary , Fietze Ingo , Mayleben David , Seboek Kinter Dalma , Pain Scott , Hedner Jan
Published: January 2020

Objective

To evaluate the dose–response relationship of daridorexant, a new dual orexin receptor antagonist, on sleep variables in subjects with insomnia disorder.

Methods

Adults (≤64 years) with insomnia disorder were randomized (1:1:1:1:1:1) to receive daily oral placebo, daridorexant (5, 10, 25, or 50mg), or 10mg zolpidem for 30 days. The primary efficacy outcome was the change in wake time after sleep onset from baseline to days 1 and 2. Secondary outcome measures were change in latency to persistent sleep from baseline to days 1 and 2, change in subjective wake time after sleep onset, and subjective latency to sleep onset from baseline to week 4. Safety was also assessed.

Results

Of 1,005 subjects screened, 359 (64% female) were randomized and received ≥1 dose. A significant dose–response relationship (multiple comparison procedure‐modeling, 2‐sided p < 0.001) was found in the reduction of wake after sleep onset and latency to persistent sleep from baseline to days 1 and 2 with daridorexant. These reductions were sustained through to days 28 and 29 (p = 0.050 and p = 0.042, respectively). Similar dose‐dependent relationships were observed for subjective wake after sleep onset and subjective latency to sleep onset. The incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events was 35%, 38%, 38%, and 34% in subjects treated with 5, 10, 25, and 50mg daridorexant, respectively, compared with 30% for placebo, and 40% for 10mg zolpidem. There were no clinically relevant treatment‐related serious adverse events. Four subjects withdrew due to adverse events.

Interpretation

Daridorexant induced a dose‐dependent reduction in wake time after sleep onset in subjects with insomnia disorder (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02839200). Ann Neurol 2020;87:347–356
Synaptic Changes in Parkinson Disease Assessed with in vivo Imaging
Authors: Matuskey David , Tinaz Sule , Wilcox Kyle C. , Naganawa Mika , Toyonaga Takuya , Dias Mark , Henry Shannan , Pittman Brian , Ropchan Jim , Nabulsi Nabeel , Suridjan Ivonne , Comley Robert A. , Huang Yiyun , Finnema Sjoerd J. , Carson Richard E.
Published: January 2020

Objective

Parkinson disease is characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms, reduced striatal dopamine signaling, and loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. It is now known that the pathological process in Parkinson disease may begin decades before the clinical diagnosis and include a variety of neuronal alterations in addition to the dopamine system.

Methods

This study examined the density of all synapses with synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) in Parkinson disease subjects with mild bilateral disease (n = 12) and matched normal controls (n = 12) using in vivo high‐resolution positron emission tomographic imaging as well as postmortem autoradiography in an independent sample with Parkinson disease (n = 15) and normal controls (n = 13) in the substantia nigra and putamen.

Results

A group‐by‐brain region interaction effect (F10, 22 = 3.52, p = 0.007) was observed in the primary brain areas with in vivo SV2A binding. Post hoc analyses revealed that the Parkinson disease group exhibited lower SV2A in the substantia nigra (−45%; p < 0.001), red nucleus (−31%; p = 0.03), and locus coeruleus (−17%; p = 0.03). Exploratory analyses also revealed lower SV2A binding in clinically relevant cortical areas. Using autoradiography, we confirmed lower SV2A in the substantia nigra (−17%; p < 0.005) and nonsignificant findings in the putamen (−4%; p = 0.06).

Interpretation

This work provides the first evidence of synaptic loss in brainstem nuclei involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease in living patients. SV2A imaging holds promise for understanding synaptic changes central to the disease. Ann Neurol 2020;87:329–338
Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of a Pentasaccharide Bearing Multiple Rare Sugars as a Potential Anti‐pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Wang Peng , Huo Chang‐xin , Lang Shuyao , Caution Kyle , Nick Setare Tahmasebi , Dubey Purnima , Deora Rajendar , Huang Xuefei
Published: January 2020

With the infection rate of Bordetella pertussis at a 60‐year high, there is an urgent need for new anti‐pertussis vaccines. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of B. pertussis is an attractive antigen for vaccine development. With the presence of multiple rare sugars and unusual glycosyl linkages, the B. pertussis LPS is a highly challenging synthetic target. In this work, aided by molecular dynamics simulation and modeling, a pertussis‐LPS‐like pentasaccharide was chemically synthesized for the first time. The pentasaccharide was conjugated with a powerful carrier, bacteriophage Qβ, as a vaccine candidate. Immunization of mice with the conjugate induced robust anti‐glycan IgG responses with IgG titers reaching several million enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units. The antibodies generated were long lasting and boostable and could recognize multiple clinical strains of B. pertussis, highlighting the potential of Qβ‐glycan as a new anti‐pertussis vaccine.
Visible‐Light‐Assisted Gold‐Catalyzed Fluoroarylation of Allenoates
Authors: Tang Hai‐Jun , Zhang Xinggui , Zhang Yu‐Feng , Feng Chao
Published: January 2020

A strategically novel synthetic method for the fluoroarylation of allenic ester was developed that enables the expedient construction of a host of β‐fluoroalkyl‐containing cinnamate derivatives. The reaction proceeds through visible‐light‐promoted gold redox catalysis, occurs smoothly under very mild reaction conditions, accommodates a large variety of functional groups, and more importantly allows the incorporation of fluorine and aryl groups with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The concomitant activation mode for both the allene motif and the hydrogen fluoride is key for the success of the reaction.
Synthesis, structure, and characterization of picolyl‐ and benzyl‐linked biphenyl palladium N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes and their catalytic activity in acylative cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Muniyappan Nalluchamy , Sabiah Shahulhameed
Published: January 2020

N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands with picolyl (L1H2Br2, L3H2Br2) and benzyl (L2H2Br2, L4H2Br2) linked biphenyl backbone were synthesized and characterized. Their palladium(II) complexes [PdL1]Br2 (1), [PdL2Br2] (2), [PdL3]Br2 (3), and [PdL4Br2] (4) were synthesized by direct method using Pd(OAc)2. All complexes (1–4) were characterized by CHN analysis, electrospray ionization‐MS, nuclear magnetic resonance, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Molecular structures confirm the distorted square planar geometry around the Pd(II) center. All of them showed good catalytic activity in acylative Suzuki cross coupling of phenyl boronic acid with benzoyl chloride to afford benzophenone in good yields.
Ruthenium (II) complexes bearing thioether‐appended α‐iminopyridine ligands: Arene precursors permit access to κ2‐N,N and κ3‐N,N,S complexes
Authors: Ternes Victoria A. , Morgan Hannah A. , Lanquist Austin P. , Murray Michael J. , Wile Bradley M.
Published: January 2020

Herein we report the preparation of a series of Ru(II) complexes featuring α‐iminopyridine ligands bearing thioether functionality (NNSR, where R = Me, CH2Ph, Ph). Metallation using [(p‐cymene)RuCl]2 permits access to Ru complexes with a κ2‐N,N donor set in which the thioether moiety remains uncoordinated. In the presence of a strong field ligand such as acetonitrile or triphenylphosphine, the p‐cymene moiety is displaced, and the ligand adopts a κ3‐N,N,S binding mode. These complexes are characterized using a combination of solution and solid state methods, including the crystal structure of [(NNSMe)Ru (NCMe)2Cl]Cl. The κ2‐N,N‐Ru(II) complexes are shown to serve as efficient precatalysts for the oxidation of sec‐phenethyl alcohol at modest loadings (alcohol: Ru = 20:1), using a variety of external oxidants and solvents. The complex bearing an S‐Ph donor was found to be the most active oxidation catalyst of those surveyed, suggesting that the thioether donor plays an active role in the catalytic cycle.
Efficient Sonogashira and A3 coupling reactions catalyzed by biosynthesized magnetic Fe3O4@Ni nanoparticles from Euphorbia maculata extract
Authors: Alinezhad Heshmatollah , Pakzad Khatereh , Nasrollahzadeh Mahmoud
Published: January 2020

In this work, biosynthesized Fe3O4@Ni nanoparticles using Euphorbia maculata aqueous have been used as effective catalysts in the synthesis of 2,3‐disubstituted benzo[b]furan derivatives using three component coupling of aldehydes, secondary amines and alkynes (A3 coupling reaction). Using novel nanoscale materials, the current green, practical and economical method leads to short reaction times and high yields. The biosynthesized catalyst was also successfully employed in the Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions of various aryl halides with phenylacetylene. The best performance was observed using just 20 mg of the catalyst and ethanol as a green solvent. The developed protocol provides easy workup, short reaction times and good to excellent product yields. Furthermore, since the composite is highly stable, an external permanent magnet can be easily used for separating the catalyst. Thus, the catalyst can be recycled several times without considerable loss of catalytic activity.
Application of natural compounds–based gold nanoparticles for the treatment of hemolytic anemia in an anemic mouse model: Formulation of a novel drug from relationship between the nanotechnology and hematology sciences
Authors: Goorani Samaneh , Koohi Mohammad Kazem , Morovvati Hassan , Hassan Jalal , Ahmeda Ahmad , Zangeneh Mohammad Mahdi
Published: January 2020

From time immemorial, people have tried to treat several diseases using natural compounds, including plants. Recently, researchers proposed that plants and herbal nanoparticles possess many remedial potentials. The results of this study confirmed the ability of an aqueous extract of Allium eriophyllum Boiss leaf grown under in vitro conditions for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and also revealed the anti‐hemolytic anemia activity of AuNPs in an anemic rodent model. These nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM and FE‐SEM images showed the biosynthesized nanoparticles as having a uniform spherical morphology and diameters in the range of 5–30 nm. In vivo design, the induction of hemolytic anemia, was done using phenylhydrazine in 40 mice. Then, the mice were randomly divided into five groups: HAuCl4, A. eriophyllum, AuNPs, untreated, and control. AuNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors in the serum, liver, and spleen, and also alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, total and conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, ferrous, ferritin, and erythropoietin in the serum increased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the serum, liver, and spleen and also total protein, high‐density lipoprotein, and albumin in serum in the control mice as compared to the anemic mice. Also, AuNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the body weight; anti‐inflammatory cytokine (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) concentration; and the total platelet, white blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and red blood cell parameters but decreased the weight and volume of the liver and spleen and their subcompartments and decreased the concentration of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα) compared to the untreated mice. In vitro design, using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl test, revealed similar antioxidant potentials for A. eriophyllum, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. In addition, AuNPs were similar to A. eriophyllum and had a high cell viability dose dependently against the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. In conclusion, the results of the chemical characterization confirm that the leaves of A. eriophyllum can be used to produce AuNPs with a remarkable amount of anti‐hemolytic anemia property.
Silica Gel‐Immobilized 5‐aminoisophthalohydrazide: A novel sorbent for solid phase extraction of Cu, Zn and Pb from natural water samples
Authors: Aydin Funda , Çakmak Reşit , Levent Abdulkadir , Soylak Mustafa
Published: January 2020

A novel silica sorbent, silica gel‐immobilized 5‐aminoisophthalohydrazide (SiO2‐APH), was prepared by the condensation of 3‐chloropropyl‐functionalized silica gel with 5‐aminoisophthalohydrazide (APH) derived from dimethyl 5‐aminoisophthalate as a starting material and used for separation and preconcentration of Cu, Zn, and Pb metals in water samples using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The characterization of the new sorbent was carried out by Elemental Analysis, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Important analytical parameters including as pH, amount of sorbent, type and amount of eluting solvent, sample volume, vortex and ultrasonic bath time, matrix ions that effect the developed SiO2‐APH‐solid phase extraction (SPE) method were investigated and optimum parameters were detected. Recoveries of examined metals were obtained as 98% for Cu and Pb and 101% for Zn. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 8) of Cu, Zn and Pb metals were 3.2, 2.8 and 1.6%, respectively. Limit of detections (LODs) (n = 10) were found as 2.7 μg L−1 for Cu, 7.4 μg L−1 for Zn and 3.5 μg L−1 for Pb μg L−1. The accuracy of the new method was assessed by analyzing of TMDA‐51.4 and TMDA‐70.2 certified reference materials. The results obtained for metals were in a good agreement with certified values. Addition/recovery test was applied to the real well, river, dam and stream water samples to check the accuracy of the method. The results showed that the developed SiO2‐APH‐SPE method can be effectively used as an alternative method for determination of Cu, Zn, and Pb metals in water samples.
Novel fluorescent supramolecular polymer metallogel based on Al3+ coordinated cross‐linking of quinoline functionalized‐ pillar[5]arene act as multi‐stimuli‐responsive materials
Authors: He Jun‐Xia , Zhang You‐Ming , Hu Jian‐Peng , Li Ying‐Jie , Zhang Qi , Qu Wen‐Juan , Yao Hong , Wei Tai‐Bao , Lin Qi
Published: January 2020

A novel supramolecular polymer metallogel (QP5‐AlG) has been constructed by cross‐linking of bis‐8‐hydroxyquinoline functionalized pillar[5]arene with Al3+. The metallogel QP5‐AlG shows light blue aggregation induced emission (AIE) in DMSO/H2O binary solution. Interestingly, the QP5‐AlG shown multiple external stimuli‐responsive behaviors such as temperature, guest compounds, acid, base and so on. The QP5‐AlG can be used as a fluorescent material for detection of Fe3+, F‐, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and triethylamine (TEA) by different fluorescence states (“on” or “off”). The (limits of lowest detection) LOQs of the QP5‐AlG for Fe3+, F‐, TFA and TEA are in the range of 4.39 × 10‐9‐1.82 × 10‐7 M. More interestingly, a QP5‐AlG‐based rewritable and erasable fluorescent platform was demonstrated, which offers a potential testbed for performing “write‐erase‐write” cycles multiple times. This study provides insight into the development of novel multifunctional supramolecular materials.
A comprehensive review on microbial l‐asparaginase: Bioprocessing, characterization, and industrial applications
Authors: Chand Subhash , Mahajan Richi V. , Prasad Jai Prakash , Sahoo Debendra K. , Mihooliya Kanti Nandan , Dhar Mahesh S. , Sharma Girish
Published: January 2020

l‐Asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1.) is a vital enzyme that hydrolyzes l‐asparagine to l‐aspartic acid and ammonia. This property of l‐asparaginase inhibits the protein synthesis in cancer cells, making l‐asparaginase a mainstay of pediatric chemotherapy practices to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. l‐Asparaginase is also recognized as one of the important food processing agent. The removal of asparagine by l‐asparaginase leads to the reduction of acrylamide formation in fried food items. l‐Asparaginase is produced by various organisms including animals, plants, and microorganisms, however, only microorganisms that produce a substantial amount of this enzyme are of commercial significance. The commercial l‐asparaginase for healthcare applications is chiefly derived from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. A high rate of hypersensitivity and adverse reactions limits the long‐term clinical use of l‐asparaginase. Present review provides thorough information on microbial l‐asparaginase bioprocess optimization including submerged fermentation and solid‐state fermentation for l‐asparaginase production, downstream purification, its characterization, and issues related to the clinical application including toxicity and hypersensitivity. Here, we have highlighted the bioprocess techniques that can produce improved and economically viable yields of l‐asparaginase from promising microbial sources in the current scenario where there is an urgent need for alternate l‐asparaginase with less adverse effects.
Shape‐dependent Optical Properties of Ag Nanowires Synthesized Using Pt and Cu Seed Materials
Authors: Ryu Sung‐Myung , Nam Chunghee
Published: January 2020

Optical properties of silver nanowires (AgNWs), whose morphologies were controlled by varying seed materials and synthesis conditions, have been studied extensively. In this study, a microwave polyol method was used for the synthesis of AgNWs. It was found that the aspect ratio of AgNWs varied depending on the seed material and synthesis time. The aspect ratio when Pt was used as the seed material was relatively higher than that when Cu was used, as demonstrated by the observation of surface plasmon resonances (SPRs). In addition, centrifugation was used to filter out zero‐dimensional (0‐D) silver nanoparticles, in order to separate AgNWs that are ideal for transparent conducting films. The number of 0‐D type particles decreased after repeated centrifugation, resulting in the blue shift of the main peak in the SPR absorbance and a decrease in the SPR peak height at 410 nm.
Colorimetric Probe Coupled to Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Determination of Dopamine in Serum
Authors: Tai Zhi‐gang , Zhu Yi‐ren , Yuan Yi‐bo , Liu Jin , Li Zhen‐jie , Liu Zhi‐hua , Wang Kun‐miao
Published: January 2020

In this work, a highly sensitive method using a colorimetric probe coupled to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for the quantitative determination of dopamine (DA) in serum. The DA in serum was concentrated by DLLME to increase the detection sensitivity and reduce the matrix effects. After the DLLME process, a colorimetric probe of silver triangular nanoparticles (AgTNPs) was used to detect DA, which was based on the plasma transformation of AgTNPs caused by strong interactions with melamine (MA). The results showed that DA could inhibit the aggregation of AgTNPs induced by MA, resulting in the recovery of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of AgTNPs. Thus, the DLLME method followed by colorimetric probe detection of DA can be achieved. The parameters affecting the proposed method were optimized, under the optimal conditions, a linear calibration curve was obtained over a concentration range of 5 to 250 nM with a recovery from 94.4 to 101.3%. The detection limit was 1.6 nM (at an S/N ratio of 3). The present method was successfully applied to determine DA in human serum.
Teaching wireless channel modeling with software‐defined radio
Authors: Bykhovsky Dima
Published: January 2020

One of the important aspects in the study of wireless communication is channel modeling that is based on wave propagation theory and empirical measurements models. Most of the common undergraduate curricula address only theoretical aspects of wireless channels, while the related laboratory experiments concentrate on advanced digital modulation techniques and deal with topics such as pilot‐based channel estimation and equalization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation. In this paper, it is shown that some fundamental channel properties may be reproduced with laboratory experiments that require only a basic knowledge of communication principles, such as baseband and bandpass notation. These experiments can be carried out with affordable software‐defined radios, which have recently become extremely popular in the teaching of communication. Such experiments may enhance the teaching with hands‐on measurements of practical channels, while reinforcing the understanding of probability and random processes theory.
Effects of propofol on colon cancer metastasis through STAT3/HOTAIR axis by activating WIF‐1 and suppressing Wnt pathway
Authors: Zhang Yun‐Fei , Li Chang‐Sheng , Zhou Yi , Lu Xi‐Hua
Published: January 2020

Background

In the present study, we aim to investigate the potential role of propofol in the tumor progression of colon cancer.

Methods

Human colon cancer cell lines were cultured and exposed with 8 μg/mL propofol. RNA interference was performed to silence the expression of HOTAIR or STAT3 to explore their biological functions in colon cancer. Cell apoptosis and invasion were assessed using flow cytometry and transwell assays, respectively. Quantitative real‐time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were subjected to measure the expression patterns of HOTAIR, STAT3, Wnt signaling factors, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition‐related markers, respectively. Besides, nude mice were transplanted with colon cancer cells for further exploration. Tumor formation, volume, and weight were evaluated to validate the in vitro findings.

Results

Propofol treatment promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited cell invasion in colon cancer cells, while the effects were reversed by HOTAIR overexpression. Additionally, STAT3 positively regulated HOTAIR expression, which was also negatively modulated by propofol. Moreover, STAT3 and HOTAIR were shown to independently regulate colon cancer cell apoptosis and invasion. Furthermore, HOTAIR could stimulate Wnt signaling pathway via inhibiting WIF‐1 expression and upregulating β‐catenin expression, which was also demonstrated by in vivo study.

Conclusion

Taken together, the current study demonstrated that propofol exerts the inhibition on cell invasion and promotion on cell apoptosis through regulating STAT3/HOTAIR by activating WIF‐1 and suppressing Wnt pathway, indicating that propofol might serve as a therapeutic role for colon cancer patients in the future.
Long‐term results of elective mucosal irradiation for head and neck cancer of unknown primary in Chinese population: The EMICUP study
Authors: Dou Shengjin , Li Rongrong , Zhang Lin , Wang Zhuoying , Xie Li , Zhang Chenping , Zhu Guopei
Published: January 2020

Objective

Controversy still exists regarding the volume of radiation for head and neck cancer of unknown primary (HNCUP). Theoretically, elective mucosal irradiation (EMI) should achieve a balance between survival and toxicity. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the long‐term benefit of EMI in Chinese HNCUP patients.

Methods

A phase II, single‐arm trial was performed at two centers in China. HNCUP patients with pathologically confirmed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma or poorly differentiated carcinoma were enrolled. Patients with metastatic lymph nodes limited to level IV and/or the supraclavicular fossa were excluded. The EMI approach was specifically customized to Chinese patients by differentiating HNCUP as putative nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) or non‐putative NPC. The primary endpoint was 3‐year mucosal recurrence‐free survival (MRFS).

Results

A total of 48 patients were enrolled between 02/02/2010 and 08/01/2018; 46 patients were analyzed, including 24 putative NPC and 22 non‐putative NPC patients. No primary recurrence was observed during a median follow‐up period of 70 months, and only 1 patient experienced out of field recurrence in the contralateral neck. The 3‐year MRFS was 90.6% (95%CI: 76.4%‐96.4%). The 5‐year MRFS, regional‐recurrence free survival (RRFS) and overall survival (OS) were 90.6% (95%CI: 76.4%‐96.4%), 86.0% (95%CI: 71.1%‐93.7%), and 90.6% (95%CI: 76.4%‐96.4%), respectively. No grade 4 acute or late toxicities occurred, and the most frequent grade 3 acute toxicity was oral mucositis (45.7%).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective study to evaluate the long‐term outcomes of EMI in Chinese HNCUP patients. Excellent MRFS and OS rates were observed. Further randomized studies are warranted.
Surgical Procedures Reducing Excessive Gingival Display in Gummy Smile Patients With Various Etiologic Backgrounds
Authors: Zardawi Faraedon M. , Gul Sarhang S. , Fatih Mohammed T. , Hama Balen J.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Gummy smile (GS) is an esthetic issue which causes a person to show a larger than average amount of gum tissue when smiling. Lip repositioning procedure is a surgical treatment option performed by removing a partial thickness strip from the maxillary buccal vestibular mucosa and suturing back the lip mucosa to the mucogingival line. High rate of relapse has been recorded with this procedure. In this study, different treatment options were applied according to the etiology and clinical background of each individual case in an attempt to overcome relapse. Furthermore, modification of the conventional lip repositioning procedure and the clinical outcome of this technique will be demonstrated in this report.

Case Series

Among the four selected patients who requested correction of their GS, the amounts of gingival display (GD) measured using digital Vernier were from 5 to 7 mm. Clinical examination revealed variation in the length of the clinical crowns, and vestibular depth and width of keratinized gingiva. Since the causes of their GS were different, different surgical modalities were applied to address GS in this case series. The procedures were gingivectomy, osteoplasty, and modification of lip repositioning procedure performed by removing a partial thickness ribbon of the keratinized attached gingiva and then suturing the labial alveolar mucosa to the attached gingiva at a level more coronal to its previous position.

Conclusion

One‐year follow‐up showed that all these surgical procedures reduced excessive GD by 2 mm without relapse and the patients were satisfied with the esthetic outcome.
Embedding Sulfur Atoms in Decahedron Bismuth Vanadate Crystals with a Soft Chemical Approach for Expanding the Light Absorption Range
Authors: Zhao Yue , Liu Taifeng , Chen Ruotian , Zeng Bin , Tao Xiaoping , Li Jianming , Jin Xu , Li Rengui , Li Can
Published: January 2020

Bandgap engineering of semiconductors attracts great attention in the field of photocatalysis to enhance the conversion efficiency of semiconductors. Introducing impurity atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur and metal atoms, into the crystal lattice of semiconductors is one of the commonly used methods to broaden the light absorption range. However, traditional methods to embed impurity atoms require harsh conditions like high temperatures, which will destroy the morphology‐tailored structure of semiconductors in many cases. Herein, we demonstrated a soft chemical approach, hydrothermal method, to expand the light absorption range by introducing sulfur atoms in the typical semiconductor bismuth vanadate (BiVO4). After embedding sulfur atoms, the light absorption edge of BiVO4 crystals can be expanded from 530 nm to more than 650 nm, while, the decahedron morphology with exposed {010} and {110} facets of BiVO4 crystals was still well‐maintained. The sulfur‐embedded BiVO4 crystals show photocurrent response even under longer wavelengths than 550 nm and also exhibit an evident enhancement than pristine BiVO4 in photoelectrochemical performances under visible light. Our work offers a strategy for manipulating the band structures of semiconductors for applications in solar energy conversion.
Flexible Quasi‐Solid‐State Composite Electrolyte Membrane Derived from a Metal‐Organic Framework for Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Liu Li , Sun Chunwen
Published: January 2020

In this work, we developed a new kind of flexible Li‐ion conductor membrane consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) matrix and ionic liquid absorbed in metal‐organic framework (MOF) particles. This composite membrane facilitates a homogeneous Li‐ion flux and exhibits an excellent ionic conductivity of about 4.3×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, a wide electrochemical window of 4.8 V (vs. Li+/Li), as well as good thermal stability and flexibility. The quasi‐solid‐state lithium metal battery assembled with the composite electrolyte membrane, a Li metal anode, and a composite cathode shows low interface impedance and a reversible discharge capacity of 149 mAh g−1 within 300 cycles at 0.1 C. This new kind of quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte membrane is a promising candidate for solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries with a high energy density.
Spinel Li4Mn5O12 as 2.0 V Insertion Materials for Mg‐Based Hybrid Ion Batteries
Authors: Cen Yuan , Liu Yuping , Zhou Yan , Tang Licheng , Jiang Pengfei , Hu Jiahong , Xiang Qin , Hu Bingbing , Xu Chuanlan , Yu Danmei , Chen Changguo
Published: January 2020

With the increasing demand for electrical energy storage, a new Mg−Li hybrid battery with Mg anode is regarded as a promising candidate because of low cost, high volumetric capacity, and dendrite‐free nature of the Mg anode. Nevertheless, the characteristics of low operation voltage and low energy density for Mg−Li hybrid batteries hinders their widespread application, owing to limited reversible cathodes. To overcome these issues, a highly reversible fast Li+ insertion cathode with high voltage is an effective strategy to realize high‐energy‐density Mg−Li hybrid batteries. Herein, we develop the 2 V high‐voltage spinel Li4Mn5O12 cathode material with unique nano‐/microspheres, using a novel low‐temperature method, offering a short Li‐diffusion path and sufficient transport channels for electrolyte penetration into the electrode. For the first time, we demonstrate the feasibility of the spinel Li4Mn5O12 nano‐/microspheres with hierarchical architecture as a cathode for 2 V hybrid Mg−Li batteries. It exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 155 mAh g−1 and a long discharge voltage platform exceeding 2.0 V (vs. Mg/Mg2+) coupled with high energy density of 326 Wh kg−1 at a current density of 0.1 C (1 C=163 mA g−1). Our results pave the way of constructing new hybrid Mg−Li batteries with high voltage and high energy density.
A Water‐Stable Lanthanide Coordination Polymer as Multicenter Platform for Ratiometric Luminescent Sensing Antibiotics
Authors: Wu Shuangyan , Zhu Mingchang , Zhang Ying , Kosinova Marina , Fedin Vladimir P. , Gao Enjun
Published: January 2020

As a hot topic of global concern, the distinguishing and detecting of antibiotic pollution is crucial owing to its adverse effect on ecosystems and human health stemming from excessive use and poor management. Herein, a water‐stable lanthanide coordination polymer sensor (Dy‐TCPB) with multiple emitting centers is prepared. The versatile Dy‐TCPB can conveniently differentiate various antibiotics, and displays a self‐calibration luminescent response to nitrofurazone (NFZ) and furazolidone (FZD). Each antibiotic exhibits notable correlation to a unique combination of the two ligand‐to‐Dy ion emission intensity ratios, enabling two‐dimensional fingerprint recognition. Furthermore, the novel self‐calibration sensor demonstrates effective recognition of NFZ and FZD with excellent sensitivity and selectivity, and detection limits as low as 0.0476 and 0.0482 μm for NFZ and FZD, respectively. The synthetic approach for the fabrication of a singular coordination polymer exhibiting multiple emissions provides a promising strategy for the development of facile and effective ratiometric sensors.
Identification of the Active Catalyst for Nickel‐Catalyzed Stereospecific Kumada Coupling Reactions of Ethers
Authors: Dawson David D. , Oswald Victoria F. , Borovik Andy S. , Jarvo Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2020

A series of nickel complexes in varying oxidation states were evaluated as precatalysts for the stereospecific cross‐coupling of benzylic ethers. These results demonstrate rapid redox reactions of precatalysts, such that the oxidative state of the precatalyst does not dictate the oxidation state of the active catalyst in solution. These data provide the first experimental evidence for a Ni0–NiII catalytic cycle for a stereospecific alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling reaction, including spectroscopic analysis of the catalyst resting state.
Region‐dependent analysis on particle behaviours in a spout‐fluidized bed using the discrete hard sphere particle method
Authors: Wang Tianyu , He Yurong , Ren Anxing , Gao Qinghua
Published: January 2020

Discrete hard sphere particle models and improved large eddy simulations are utilized to investigate the relationship between gas channels and particle behaviour, and the spatial characteristics of particles are explored through region‐dependent analysis. A spout‐fluidized bed can be divided into upper and lower parts according to clear differences in particle behaviour. Particle motion in the lower section is driven by the gas channel generation process, which leads to a strong gas‐solid interaction. In the upper section, strong gas‐solid interactions occur only in the vicinity of the gas‐channel. We find that the complex generation, evolution, and dissolution of the gas channel is anisotropic, which leads to spatial variations in particle behaviour. The influence of various models and operation parameters are investigated, and our results can be used to optimize the design of reactors and enhance gas‐solid interactions.
Actin filaments modulate electrical activity of brain microtubule protein two‐dimensional sheets
Authors: del Rocío Cantero María , Gutierrez Brenda C. , Cantiello Horacio F.
Published: January 2020

The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells contains networks of actin filaments and microtubules (MTs) that are jointly implicated in various cell functions, including cell division, morphogenesis, and migration. In neurons, this synergistic activity drives both the formation of axons during development and synaptic activity in mature neurons. Both actin filaments and MTs also are highly charged polyelectrolytes that generate and conduct electrical signals. However, no information is presently available on a potential electrical crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal networks. Herein we tested the effect of actin polymerization on the electrical oscillations generated by two‐dimensional sheets of bovine brain microtubule protein (2D‐MT). The voltage‐clamped 2D‐MT sheets displayed spontaneous electrical oscillations representing a synchronous 224% change in conductance, and a fundamental frequency of 38 Hz. At 60 mV, a 4.15 nC of integrated charge transferred per second increased by 72.3% (7.15 nC) after addition of monomeric (G)‐actin. This phenomenon had a 2‐min lag time, and was prevented by the presence of the G‐actin‐binding protein DNAse I. Addition of prepolymerized F‐actin, however, had a rapid onset (<10 s) and a higher effect on the tubulin sheets (~100% increase, 8.25 nC). The data are consistent with an interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and tubulin structures, in what seems to be an electrostatic effect. Because actin filaments and MTs interact with each other in neurons, it is possible for this phenomenon to be present, and of relevance in the processing of intracellular signaling, including the gating and activation of actin cytoskeleton‐regulated excitable ion channels in neurons.
Genomewide predictions as a substitute for a portion of phenotyping in maize
Authors: Ames Nicholas C. , Bernardo Rex
Published: January 2020

When genomewide predictions are available, maize (Zea mays L.) breeders may consider foregoing first‐year phenotyping of testcrosses or, at the very least, reducing the number of locations used in phenotyping. Our objectives were to determine the equivalency between genomewide predictions and the number of locations used in phenotyping, and the extent to which genomewide predictions can reduce subsequent phenotyping in maize. For each of 21 test populations, we constructed half‐sib training populations from prior biparental populations evaluated in multiple environments. Marker data were available for 2911 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. We estimated the number of locations (LEq) for which the response to phenotypic selection was equal to the response to genomewide selection. The median analytical estimate of LEq (cross‐validation estimate of LEq in parentheses) was 1.1 (1) for yield, 1.8 (2) for moisture, and 3.0 (3) for test weight. The estimates of LEq varied widely among the test populations. We estimated the response to selection for an index that combined genomewide predictions and phenotypic data from different numbers of predictor locations (LP). The improvement in the response when LP increased from 0 (genomewide selection) to 1 was greater than the improvement in the response when LP increased from 1 to 2. This result suggested that phenotyping even at a single location captured signals that genomewide prediction did not capture. The analysis herein is helpful in designing breeding schemes that achieve a balance between the amount of genetic gain and the time and cost required to achieve such gain.