bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
'Like Pulling Teeth': Oral Discourse Practices in a Culturally Diverse Language Arts Classroom
Authors: Wiltse Lynne V. (Lynne Valerie)
Published: January 2007

This article examines community practices, in particular oral discourse practices, in a junior high school classroom in an urban area of Western Canada. The purpose of the research was to determine what contribution a 'community of practice' (COP) framework could make to the study of social interaction in a classroom setting. Qualitative research methods were used to explore studentâstudent and studentâteacher interaction in a culturally and linguistically diverse Grade 9 classroom. Of particular interest was why a language arts teacher who claimed to love teaching through dialogue rarely initiated classroom discussion. Study findings demonstrated that the teacher's practices were shaped by the social structure of the classroom community. The article explores the teacher's role in disrupting cultural practices that limit students' participation. In conclusion, the article makes an argument for scaffolding to be added to the COP framework if it is to be utilized to advantage in classroom settings and suggests incorporating hybrid literacy practices in multilingual contexts. Résumé Cet article examine les habitudes communautaires, en particulier le discours oral, d'une classe d'école secondaire située dans une région urbaine de l'Ouest du Canada. Le but de la recherche était de déterminer quelle contribution une structure renfermant une Â« habitude communautaire Â» (community of practice - COP) pourrait avoir sur l'étude de l'interaction sociale d'une classe d'enseignement. Des méthodes de recherche qualitative ont été utilisées pour étudier les interactions d'élève-Ã -élève et de professeur-Ã -élève dans une classe de 9e année caractérisée comme culturellement et linguistiquement diverse. Ce qui était d'intérêt particulier était d'observer pourquoi un professeur d'arts langagiers, qui disait aimer enseigner en utilisant des dialogues, initiait rarement des discussions de groupe. Les résultats de la recherche ont démontré que les pratiques et habitudes du professeur étaient influencées par la structure sociale de la classe. L'article explore le rôle du professeur en tant que perturbateur des habitudes culturelles qui limitent la participation des élèves. En conclusion, l'article soutient que [End Page 199] Â« l' échafaudage d'apprentissage Â» devrait être ajouté Ã  la structure d'habitude communautaire, si celui-ci pourrait améliorer la situation dans les classes et il suggère aussi d'incorporer des habitudes hybrides d'alphabétisation dans des contextes multilinguistiques.
Religious Beliefs and Practices of College Women as Compared to College Men
Authors: Buchko Kathleen J
Published: January 2007

From its inception the student affairs profession has had a rich
tradition of fostering students' holistic development, and of assisting
faculty colleagues do the same (Evans & Reason, 2001). Of late, the
roles of religion and faith have come to be considered as legitimate
areas of inquiry for student affairs researchers (Love, 2001, 2002;
Love & Talbot, 1999).
Effects of Family Conflict, Divorce, and Attachment Patterns on the Psychological Distress and Social Adjustment of College Freshmen
Authors: Hannum James W , Dvorak Dawn M
Published: January 2007

Ninety-five freshmen completed measures of attachment, family
conflict, family structure, psychological distress, and social
adjustment. Attachment to mother predicted less psychological distress
and attachment to father and structure predicted better social
adjustment. Conflict reduced attachment and predicted psychological
distress. Attachment to mother mediated the relationship between conflict
and psychological distress.
Universal-Diverse Orientation and Precollege Academic Achievement
Authors: Singley Daniel B , Sedlacek William E
Published: January 2007

Studies have shown that college enrollment among students of color
is increasing (McTighe Musil, Garc�a, Hudgins, Nettles, Sedlacek,
& Smith, 1999). In the last decade, enrollment of students of color
in higher education has increased by over 48%, including a gain of
approximately 15% since 1995 (Harvey, 2002). Although these statistics
indicate that more students of color are entering higher education,
monitoring enrollment of marginalized groups is only the beginning. To
more accurately gauge a campus climate for diversity, attention must be
focused on how students experience this increasing diversity.
Enduring Influences of Service-Learning on College Students' Identity Development
Authors: Jones Susan R , Abes Elisa S
Published: January 2007

This constructivist study explored service-learning as a contextual influence on identity development and self-authorship. Analysis of data from interviews with 8 participants, each of whom completed an undergraduate service-learning course 2 to 4 years prior to the study, suggested that an enduring influence of service-learning was construction of a more integrated identity evidenced by complexity in thinking about self and relationships with others, an openness to new ideas and experiences, and shifts in future commitments.
Q Sort and Student Affairs: A Viable Partnership?
Authors: Woosley Sherry A , Hyman Randy E. , Graunke Steven S
Published: January 2007

Although Q methodology has been especially well used by researchers in a variety of social and behavioral sciences, student affairs researchers have not been inclined to deploy this methodology. This article examines Q methodology and uses a case study to explore the potential for student affairs assessment and research. Overall, the authors conclude that Q methodology is a viable research tool for student affairs practitioners to optimize their responsiveness to a multitude of practical challenges faced in their daily work.
Binge Drinking and College Students: An Investigation of Social Problem-Solving Abilities
Authors: Dreer Laura E , Ronan George F , Ronan Donna W , Dush David M , Elliott Timothy R
Published: January 2007

We examined social problem-solving skills and binge drinking among 286 undergraduate men (N = 90) and women (N = 196).The sample consisted of primarily first-year students (39%), sophomores (27%), juniors (21%), and seniors (13%), with an average age of 20. The makeup of the sample was predominantly Caucasian. Men were more likely than women to be classified as binge drinkers, but women had less effective social problem-solving skills, generally. Women who were binge drinkers had less effective social problem-solving abilitiesthan women who were not binge drinkers. Implications for interventions and prevention programs are discussed.
Gender Differences in Student Engagement Among African American Undergraduates at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Harper Shaun R , Carini Robert M , Bridges Brian K , Hayek John C
Published: January 2007

Differences in student engagement between women and men at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are examined in this study. Data were collected from 1,167 African American undergraduate students at 12 four-year HBCUs that participated in the National Survey of Student Engagement. Controlling for several factors that might obscure gender differences, the results counter previous research regarding gender gaps on HBCU campuses by illustrating that African American women enjoy an equally engaging experience as their same-race male counterparts.
A Leadership Development Instrument for Students: Updated
Authors: Posner Barry Z
Published: January 2007

This paper updates the research literature on the Student Leadership Practices Inventory, which is one of the few leadership development instruments targeted for college students. The psychometric properties of a revised version of the instrument are also provided, along with a discussion of developmental issues pertinent to developing and enhancing leadership capabilities in college students.
Racism in Peer-Group Interactions: South Asian Students' Experiences in Canadian Academe
Authors: Samuel Edith
Published: January 2007

For this qualitative inquiry, 40 South Asian students in a predominantly White Canadian university participated in interviews to investigate how racism is prevalent among peers in the university environment. Differential treatment is evident in the everyday interactions between minority and mainstream students, negatively affecting the overall academic performance of minority students. Interviewed male and female minority students were undergraduates and graduates across disciplines, between 18-24 years of age. Recommendations include more visibility of minority students and cross-cultural activities to challenge the persistence of racism in the university setting.
Quality and Frequency of Faculty-Student Interaction as Predictors of Learning: An Analysis by Student Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Lundberg Carol A , Schreiner Laurie A
Published: January 2007

Student engagement with faculty members and its relationship to learning was investigated for students of seven different racial/ethnic groups (N = 4,501), yielding small differences by student race/ethnicity. Relationships with faculty were stronger predictors of learning than student background characteristics for all groups, but strongest for students of color.
Self-Authorship and Women's Career Decision Making
Authors: Creamer Elizabeth G , Laughlin Anne
Published: January 2007

Current career literature provides little insight into how women interpret career-relevant experiences, advice, or information, particularly when it is contradictory. This paper uses findings from interviews with 40 college women to provide empirical confirmation for the link between self-authorship and career decision making. Findings underscore the role of inter-connectivity in women's decision making, particularly involving parents, and distinguish ways that this can reflect self-authorship. Self-authorship provides the theoretical framework to understand how students respond to career advice and suggests that students may reject career advice when it requires the cognitive complexity to engage diverse viewpoints. Findings endorse educational activities that require students to juggle competing knowledge claims to make complex decisions.
Gambling by Greek-Affiliated College Students: An Association Between Affiliation and Gambling
Authors: Rockey Donald L , Beason Kim R , Howington Eric B , Rockey Christine M , Gilbert James D
Published: January 2007

This investigation compared the prevalence rates of pathological and problem gambling between Greek-affiliated and non-Greek-affiliated college students. The 954 participants volunteered to take the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS; Lesieur & Blume, 1987), which measures gambling disorders. A statistically significant association was found between problem gambling and male Greek-affiliated students.
Contributors to Student Satisfaction With Special Program (Fresh Start) Residence Halls
Authors: Li Yan , McCoy Erin , Shelley Mack C. , Whalen Donald F
Published: January 2007

Perceptions of student satisfaction living in special Fresh Start residence halls were collected (N = 1,160, 40% female, 11% minority, 72% freshmen). Satisfaction was influenced by out-of-state residency, satisfaction with two residence staff positions, and Fresh Start policies, as well as house comfort interaction factors and living in a suite or a renovated residence hall.
Multivariate Analyses of Predictors of Heavy Episodic Drinking and Drinking-Related Problems among College Students
Authors: Fenzel L. Mickey
Published: January 2007

The present study examines predictors of heavy drinking frequency and drinking-related problems among more than 600 college students. Controlling for high school drinking frequency, results of multiple regression analyses showed that more frequent heavy drinking was predicted by being male and risk factors of more frequent marijuana and tobacco use. Participating more in prosocial activities served as a protective factor. Drinking-related problems, controlling for drinking frequency, were predicted positively by risk factors of anxiety symptoms and marijuana use and negatively by social justice commitment. Findings suggest the need to address the risk factor of multiple drug use in alcohol abuse prevention and intervention programs.
Changing Racial Prejudice Through Diversity Education
Authors: Hogan David E , Mallott Michael
Published: January 2007

The Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, 1986) was used to assess the impact of education and personality variables on college students' prejudicial attitudes toward African Americans. Prejudice was lower in students who completed a diversity course specifically addressing race and gender issues and in students who measured high in need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982). A weak correlation between the prejudice scale and a social desirability scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) suggested that students were not grossly underreporting their prejudicial beliefs. Diversity courses in higher education were effective in improving students' intergroup tolerance.
Identity Interaction: Exploring the Spiritual Experiences of Lesbian and Gay College Students
Authors: Love Patrick , Bock Marianne , Jannarone Annie , Richardson Paul
Published: January 2007

Researchers explored the experiences of 7 lesbian and 5 gay male college students in the area of spirituality. Participants shared the challenges they faced, how they dealt with those experiences and challenges, and how their spiritual identity development related to their sexual orientation. Findings include the categories of reconciliation, nonreconciliation, and undeveloped spirituality, as well as issues of awareness, acceptance, and patterns and relationships related to sexual orientation and spirituality. Five of the participants had reconciled their spiritual and sexual identity, a few were actively struggling with these two aspects of their identity, and others had not yet dealt with this issue and kept the two aspects of their identity separate.
The Wisdom Development Scale: Translating the Conceptual to the Concrete
Authors: Brown Scott C. , Greene Jeffrey A
Published: January 2007

In a previous study, a conceptual model of wisdom was created (Brown, 2004a) to better understand integrated learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to measure this wisdom construct. This article discusses salient aspects of the extant professional literature regarding the measurement of wisdom and details the efforts to develop a valid and reliable Wisdom Development Scale (WDS) through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Six of the seven factors were validated and the scale had acceptable confirmatory factor analysis fit. The article concludes with limitations of the study, implications for future research, and potential applications in higher education.
Campus Safety: Perceptions and Experiences of Women Students
Authors: Kelly Bridget Turner , Torres Alina
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this research was to examine the campus experiences of undergraduate and graduate women students at a research university. Although it has been more than 20 years since the term "chilly campus climate" was described in Hall and Sandler's (1984) seminal work, this study found such a climate, in terms of campus safety, still exists for women students. Across race, university classification, and level of involvement, the women students in this study reported a chilly campus climate that served to further perpetuate a culture of fear women students felt for their campus safety.
Study Skills Profiles of Normal-Achieving and Academically-Struggling College Students
Authors: Proctor Briley E , Prevatt Frances F. , Adams Katharine S. (Katharine Susan) , Reaser Abigail , Petscher Yaacov
Published: January 2007

Profile analysis was used to compare the study skills of academically struggling college students to their normal-achieving counterparts using the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI; Weinstein & Palmer, 2002). Comparisons were made between: (a) students with high versus low GPAs; (b) students with a documented learning disability (LD) versus a non-LD control group; (c) students referred for a psycho-educational evaluation due to academic difficulties versus a control group; and (d) clinic-referred students with LDs versus clinic-referred students without LDs. Overall, the academically struggling groups displayed weaknesses in study skills relative to their comparison groups in five areas. When compared to the normative population of the LASSI, the groups also displayed weaknesses in seven of ten areas assessed.
The Role of National Culture in the Spaced-Based Technology Transfer Process
Authors: Ryan Mike H
Published: January 2007

It is difficult to imagine applications of space-based
technologies that do not emphasize in especially clear fashion both the
promise and the inherent difficulties of technology transfer. A confluence
of events, situations, and circumstances has created an environment where
space technology provides a bridge across the cultures of virtually every
space-faring nation. The complexities of technology transfer are often
magnified by the culture of the nation developing the technology. This
situation was clear in the efforts of both the Soviet Union (now Russia)
and the United States to develop the first space programs. As additional
nations or nation groups have developed their own space-based technology
programs, each has continued to encounter a variety of culturally based
technology transfer challenges. With varying degrees of seriousness,
each issue has the ability to dramatically affect the overall effort to
use space-based technology beyond its point of origin. With national
space programs beginning to integrate into an international effort,
the future of space-based technologies is just beginning to realize
its potential. This paper explores some of the applied implications of
culture, specifically by looking at the United States, Russian, Japanese,
Chinese, and European space programs. The important linkage for this paper
is between the major national space programs and how their respective
national culture or cultures influence, direct, or perhaps just flavor
their programs' approach toward technology issues.
A Just and Reasonable Grief: The Death and Function of a Holy Woman in Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Macrina
Authors: Smith J. Warren
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the key theological views that governed fourth-century
interpretations of "the holy woman" in ascetic communities. Specifically,
it looks at Gregory of Nyssa's portrayal of Macrina in De Vita
Macrinae as one whose asceticism and virginity allow her to experience
proleptically the eschatological communion with Christ. It is Macrina's
self-mastery and transcendence of worldly concerns in anticipation of
her union with Christ that mediate Christian hope to her community of
virgins and so train them in the proper way to live and to face death.
Dalla Capua di Ausonio (Roma altera quondam) alla Nola di Paolino (post urbem titulos sortita secundos)
Authors: Guttilla Joseph A
Published: January 2007

Nella sua operetta Ordo urbium nobilium, il cui terminus post quem si pone dopo il 388, Ausonio dedica ben diciotto versi a Capua, ch'egli colloca all'ottavo posto tra le venti "illustri" citt� da lui ricordate. Bisogna tuttavia osservare che la loro nobilitas non poggia per il poeta su criteri di valutazione uniformi, bens� su considerazioni di volta in volta molto differenti tra loro per natura ed am-piezza. Nel caso di Capua siffatti criteri sono di natura essenzialmente politica.
The Interior Courtyard: The Heart of Cimitile/Nola
Authors: Kiely Maria M
Published: January 2007

Paulinus of Nola's account of the liturgical center at Cimitile/Nola represents his vision of Cimitile. His description of the interior courtyard, in particular, manifests his commitment to the ascetical life and his goals as a missionary bishop in rural Campania. The courtyard functions as an atrium to the new basilica and as a central passageway. It is modeled after the villa peristyle, both in its form and function and in the profound significance it has for Paulinus. The Old Testament paintings installed there reflect his spiritual itinerary. Combined with sumptuous ornamentation, they provide an ideal, if experimental, setting in which he may present his life to guests and pilgrims as a model of Christian asceticism. Paulinus gives a precise and nuanced explanation of his program of catechesis based on the use of pictures as a complement to the text of Holy Scripture.
The Persuasiveness of a Woman: The Mistranslation and Misinterpretation of Eusebius' Historia Ecclesiastica 5.1.41
Authors: Goodine Elizabeth A , Mitchell Matthew W
Published: January 2007

The text of Eusebius' Historia Ecclesiastica 5.1.41, in which the slave woman Blandina is presented as a manifestation of Christ, has not traditionally been a controversial affair. This article, however, suggests a critical oversight among most English translations. Based on grammatical, syntactical, and interpretive evidence, the authors argue that Blandina should be made the subject of the phrase ινα πειση, a translation that leads to a fundamentally different reading of the text. The standard translation reflects an understanding of the story that not only diminishes the importance of Blandina but also obscures both Eusebius' probable purpose for the story's inclusion in his Historia Ecclesiastica and the manner in which the Christians of Lyon understood their relationship to their god.
Corporate Managers' International Orientation and the Export Performance of Firms in Uganda
Authors: Bankunda Geoffrey
Published: January 2007

Exporting has been one of the fastest growing economic activities
consistently exceeding the rate of growth in world economic output
since the 1970s. Yet, in Uganda, the majority of firms seem to be either
ambivalent or negative towards exporting. The study attempts to
measure corporate managers' international orientation and assess its
influence on firm export performance. The study mainly uses
discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression, which are suitable
for predicting group membership and for determining influence between
interval level variables, respectively. The international orientation of
corporate managers shows to be high and significantly discriminates
between exporting and non-exporting firms. However, firm-level export
performance is very low. Also, the corporate managers' international
orientation shows positive and significant influence on firm export
performance but mediated by supply reliability in export markets and
reduced delay to export. Enhancing product adaptation and use of
foreign strategic partnerships by firms are pointed out as the most
potentially useful areas of intervention.
The Impact of Different Policy Choices on Income Distribution after Food Production Shocks in Zimbabwe: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Chitiga Margaret
Published: January 2007

Government controls on the price of food through stock adjustment and
through imports of food are explicitly modelled in a computable general
equilibrium for Zimbabwe. The results of policy simulations show that
allowing the price of food to increase during a drought period increases
incomes of food producers only and allowing the price to fall hurts food
producers and most groups in the economy via reduced incomes. When we
compare a policy of food imports to one of domestic stock adjustment, we
find that the latter yields better results for income distribution and output
performance.
Enduring Contestations: Stakeholder Strategic Action in Water Resource Management in the Save Catchment Area, Eastern Zimbabwe
Authors: Kujinga Krasposy , Manzungu Emmanuel
Published: January 2007

A number of Southern African countries, including Malawi,
Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe,
embarked on water reform processes in the 1990s and identified
stakeholder participation as a critical component towards achieving
sustainable water resource management. This article examines attempts
at institutionalising stakeholder participation in Zimbabwe, which has
made significant strides in this regard. The enactment of the Water Act
by the Government of Zimbabwe in 1998 broadened stakeholder
participation in water resource management. For the first time,
indigenous smallholder farmers were also made stakeholders, a right
that had been enjoyed by a few white large-scale commercial farmers.
This article examines the strategic actions employed by different
stakeholder groups in water resource management under the new
dispensation. Strategic analyses, using Long's (1992) actor-oriented
approach, illustrate that the strategies of the stakeholders form part of a
wider contestation over productive resources in Zimbabwe between
different groups of people. The contestations in the water sector have
shifted from the legal domain and assumed more subtle forms of
contestations in the mould of "consultation" and "participation", the
new buzz words of liberal democracy, which have been readily used as
legitimising symbols by some powerful stakeholders. However, the
less powerful stakeholders have also weapons to fight back. Such an
analysis can shed light on the ramifications of contestations deployed
in the quest for control of resources better than social learning and
communicative rationality theoretical perspectives. The data presented
in this article was collected in the Save Catchment Council area in the
eastern part of Zimbabwe between August 2001 and April 2002.
Socio-Economic Determinants of Wetland Cultivation in Kemise, Illubabor Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Mulugeta Solomon
Published: January 2007

A study of wetland use in Kemise, central Illubabor, southwestern
Ethiopia, shows food shortage as the main factor behind wetland
cultivation in the locality. However, discriminant analysis results
indicate that it is the wealthier farmers who tend to cultivate wetlands
rather than the economically less fortunate ones. Household size, total
holding size and ownership of wetland holdings are the leading factors
discriminating between wetland cultivators and non-cultivators. The
results of the study also suggest that the pent-up demand for wetland
cultivation in Kemise is so large that it is an imminent threat to the
sustainable use of these resources.
The Real Exchange Rate as a Measure of Competitiveness in Botswana: 1976-1999
Authors: Motlaleng Gaotlhobogwe R
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this paper is to compute and to compare real exchange
rate (RER) indexes for Botswana based on different measures in order
to assess BotswanaÕs competitiveness relative to its major trading
partners. This is the second research to calculate and analyse various
measures of competitiveness for Botswana through the RER, and it is
more comprehensive than the first. Two measures of competitiveness,
being the bilateral RERs and multilateral RERs based on the Consumer
Price Indexes (CPI) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator
show that Botswana has been gaining competitiveness relative to its
major trading partners over the study period, while the one based on
EXPVs indicated a loss of competitiveness. These findings coincides
with the argument of Fleissing and Grennes (1994) that for a given base
year, some contradictions concerning the direction of currency
misalignment can be due to the behaviour of alternative price indexes
used in the construction of the RER indexes.
Institutional Constraints as "Rules of the Game": Reflections on Coffee Production and Marketing in Moshi Rural District
Authors: Itika Josephat Stephen
Published: January 2007

The paper contributes to the ongoing discourse in Tanzania about
constraints in the agricultural sector performance by using the concept
of "institutions as rules of the game" from the New Institutional
Economics paradigm. Focusing on coffee, the paper analyses the
surrounding regulatory framework (laws, rules, regulations, norms,
practices, procedures) and their impact on coffee production and
marketing as perceived by key stakeholders. Lessons from two villages
where the study was conducted suggest a number of institutional
constraints in production and marketing of coffee. These are traditional
norms and customs on land rights, regulatory voucher system, quality
culture, registration of coffee companies, tax structure and the structure
of the apex union. The paper concludes that institutional framework is a
major setback in realising the fruits of agricultural sector liberalisation.
Rainfall Probability and Agricultural Yield in Ethiopia
Authors: Lemi. Adugna
Published: January 2007

Yield variability in Ethiopian agriculture can be partly explained by
rainfall. The degree of yield variability over time is changed not only by
the amount of rainfall, but also by the pattern and frequency of the
rainfall cycle. Mean annual rainfall is often the only index of rainfall
quoted for a place for the purpose of rainfall-yield relationship analysis.
For agriculture, however, the critical question is how often a place
receives too little, enough or too much rain for a particular form of crop
production to be carried out successfully. Using station level rainfall
data from 1954-1994 and agricultural production data of major cereal
crops from 1980-1994 for four provinces of Ethiopia, this study
attempts to show patterns of rainfall and provide insight into the
preparation of an early warning system in the country. Time series
analysis techniques, Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) and
Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) models are used to see the pattern of
rainfall and response of yield to rainfall as well as to previous yield
shocks. The results of this study show that rainfall cycle can be
determined only for BELG rain in Gojjam (thirty-five years) and total
rain in Harar (eleven years) and Jima (seventeen years). All other series
have no cyclical component; however, drought-prone provinces show
some deterministic component in the rainfall process. Results from
estimation of VAR show that current levels of yield respond to previous
levels of yield even more than responses to rainfall in most provinces.
Reading the Walls: Pictorial Dialogue at the Eighteenth-Century Royal Academy
Authors: Hallett Mark
Published: January 2007

This essay offers a new reading of the Royal Academy exhibitions of late-eighteenth-century London, through a close focus on two images: Sir Joshua Reynolds's equestrian portrait of the Prince of Wales, shown at the 1784 exhibition, and Edward Burney's study of the crowded wall of paintings on which Reynolds's portrait hung during that year's display. "Reading the Walls" suggests that, to better understand the role and meanings of the paintings on show at the Academy in this period, we need to think more productively about the ways in which they interacted with each other across the exhibition space, and in so doing participated in a range of pictorial narratives operating beyond the boundaries of individual canvases. The essay also suggests the ways in which pictures such as Reynolds's Prince of Wales would have stimulated visitors and critics to conjure up the memory of previous Academy exhibitions, and to interpret the pictures they encountered on the Academy's walls in relation to earlier paintings that had been displayed in the same environment.
Talking About Art: the French Royal Academy Salons and the Formation of the Discursive Citizen
Authors: Ray William
Published: January 2007

The early Salons of the French Royal Academy spawned broader participation in critical discourse by the general public not only by providing an egalitarian site for the expression of personal opinions, but by theorizing the legitimacy of amateur response in a field previously limited to experts. Theorists of the period encouraged those with little or no technical experience in art to speak their minds about paintings, in pursuit of taste and individual distinction. Paradoxically, pursuing critical autonomy and individuality in this way entailed the assimilation of consensus values and protocols. Thus, the Salons prefigured the modern ethic of aesthetic self-expression that channels the pursuit of individuality and personal distinction into social order and hierarchy.
Chardin's Fur: Painting, Materialism, and the Question of Animal Soul
Authors: Cohen Sarah R.
Published: January 2007

Jean-Sim�on Chardin's paintings of dead rabbits and hares are distinctive in the history of the game piece for their use of paint to create a tactile, material surrogate for fur. Emphasizing the haptic presence of the animal body, Chardin's vividly brushed pigments also enliven the furry surface as if to counteract the fact of the animal's death. Such attention to the body's materiality, including the subtle, emotional appeal of the vibrant fur, are compared with the radical materialist theories of Julien Offray de La Mettrie, who posited for animals and people alike a material soul inseparable from the body. While European paintings of dead animals had from their origins invoked concerns about the status of the soul in a mechanistic body, Chardin's fur suggests, as did the theories of La Mettrie, a sensitive, material "soul" for the animal--and perhaps, by extension, for the human as well.
Illicit Wigmaking in Eighteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Gayne Mary K
Published: January 2007

Guild statutes awarded master wigmakers in eighteenth-century France exclusive control over the hair industry. The wigmaker guild was uniquely organized on the basis of a royal charge that wigmakers purchased prior to becoming guild masters. Non-masters who ran independent wigmaking enterprises committed a crime against the social order that was taken seriously by the state. The essay describes the social network that spanned from the monarchy to the Parisian neighborhoods and that supported guild officers' routine confrontations of illicit wigmakers. Despite guild regulations to the contrary, illicit wigmakers, through their continuous presence, expanded their identities and, benefiting from bourgeois consumerism, contributed to historical changes in the hair industry. Confrontations with illicit wigmakers are examined as a form of conversation concerning the social organization of work. Conclusions are based on 635 confrontations with illicit wigmakers by guild officers in the presence of the Police du Ch�telet between 1723 and 1764.
Staging Gender and "Hairy Signs": Representing Dorothy Jordan's Curls
Authors: Perry Gillian
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the complex signifying power of hair in visual and written representations of the eighteenth-century actress, concentrating on painted, graphic, sculpted, and literary portraits of Dorothy Jordan (1761�1861). It is argued that representations of Jordan's coiffured, flowing, or disheveled curls carried important symbolic, cultural and gendered meanings for her contemporary audience. The essay examines the different ways in which images of the actress and her famous curls, on and off stage, contributed to the idea of Jordan as a "natural" actress who could somehow deny the mediating effects of performance and theatrical masquerade. Her curls became a recognizable sign--or metonym--for her status as a theatrical performer, her class, and her femininity. Such meanings were rooted not only in questions of fashion and taste, but also in more serious debates on aesthetic judgment and desirable feminine sexuality.
Big Hair
Authors: Powell Margaret K. (Margaret Ketchum) , Roach Joseph R.
Published: January 2007

With regard to hair in the fashionable performance of everyday life during much of the eighteenth century, size mattered. Looking particularly at the Augustan theatrical periwig and the rage for "making a head" in the 1760s and 70s, as documented by Horace Walpole and his contemporaries in words and images, we examine the dialectic of conformity and novelty that produced some of the most extravagant uses of human hair and its falsifying substitutes in history, quoted but not surpassed by the bouffant craze of the 1950s and 60s. What anthropologists call "social hair," as the part of the body that can be most readily and flexibly shaped, vividly signifies performance in publicly defined roles, at no time more informatively than when it is at its biggest.
Tatling Women in the Public Sphere: Rhetorical Femininity and the English Essay Periodical
Authors: Osell Tedra Suzanne
Published: January 2007

This essay identifies two new devices in the early eighteenth-century essay periodical,
rhetorical femininity and the family metaphor. The argument traces the relationship between
and utility of these devices in constructing the essay periodical genre, exploring
their roles in shaping eighteenth-century ideas about femininity, family, and the public
sphere. The analysis focuses on three early imitators of SteeleÕs Tatler: the Tatling Harlot,
the Whisperer, and the Female Tatler.
"Poetical Cash": Joseph Addison, Antiquarianism, and Aesthetic Value
Authors: Alvarez David
Published: January 2007

Joseph Addison's Dialogues upon the Usefulness of Ancient Medals (1721) is difficult to square with his critique of the uselessness of the antiquarian scholar/pedant. This essay examines how he separates his numismatic project from antiquarianism by discovering in the art of ancient money a tool for the production of social stability. As such, numismatic representation has important political uses: it provides Addison with a forceful mode of communication without hermeneutic risks and solves the problems of civic virtue and monetary value associated with England's financial revolution. This usefulness, however, demonstrates that Addison is not committed to a public sphere model of rational/critical debate but instead seeks to produce and manage community through aesthetic force.
Deceit and Sincerity in Early Modern Venice
Authors: Johnson James H.
Published: January 2007

This essay is the story of the crimes, pursuit, and eventual arrest in Venice of an eighteenth- century imposter named Tomaso Gerachi. His principal charge was having "falsified his essence" by wearing the noble toga and assuming noble titles in order to gamble with patricians. Among the court documents is a 54-page self-defense dictated by Gerachi that provides a rare glimpse into the mind of the imposter. The extraordinary efforts to arrest, convict, and punish him suggest that the case involved more than a commoner dressing out of station. Its many layers, revealed over the course of his pursuit and interrogation, expose a range of sensitive issues for eighteenth-century Venice, including noble identity, the mingling of classes under the cover of masks, and an emergent view of identity that rejected social roles for a more malleable, "sincere" self.
Idolatry and Sculpture in Ancien Regime France
Authors: Weinshenker Anne Betty
Published: January 2007

Many texts and visual images produced in France from the later seventeenth century through the mid-eighteenth displayed a concern with idolatry. Literary figures from La Fontaine to Voltaire, ecclesiastics including Bossuet and Jurieu, and antiquarians and theorists of art such as Charles Perrault, La Font de Saint-Yenne and Antoine Le Mierre also associated the worship of false gods with sculpture. Bound up with interest in ancient and non- European mores and forms of worship, the idolatry-sculpture linkage also fed into contemporary political and religious debates. Huguenots, Jansenists, and philosophes utilized the connection to assist in promoting their views. Several public political and religious monuments appear to have been created partly in reaction to their charges.
Sounding the Sublime: The "Full Music" of Dickinson's Inspiration
Authors: Luxford Dominic
Published: January 2007

Emily Dickinson's Poem "He fumbles at your Soul" (J315) engages its reader primarily through the strategic use of the sonic qualities of language. The engagement involves inducing in the reader an experience similar to what the poem describes: poetic/divine inspiration, within the context of the sublime. Because Dickinson is able to induce in her reader an approximation of what she experiences as inspiration, and because that experience is marked by sublimity, "He fumbles" can act as a sublime object for the reader.
"Eastern Exiles": Dickinson, Whiggery and War
Authors: Hutchison Coleman
Published: January 2007

This essay argues for the centrality of the rise and fall of the American Whig party to Emily Dickinson's poetic projects. Though careful not to conflate their individual political investments, the essay charts relationships between Edward Dickinson's "public" life and Emily Dickinson's "private" life, arguing that we cannot understand either Edward or Emily Dickinson outside of the context of latter day Whig party politics. In so doing, the essay urges Dickinson studies to reconsider and reconceptualize the poet's complex relationship to her immediate political milieu, and, in turn, the relationship of that immediate political milieu to the American Civil War.
Dickinson, Telegraphy, and the Aurora Borealis
Authors: Quinn Carol
Published: January 2007

Between 1835 and 1860, New England was subject to unusually frequent and intense displays of the northern lights, which both excited religious fervor and interfered with the new technology of telegraphy. This essay examines Dickinson's treatment of the aurora borealis in her poetry, with particular attention paid to the astronomical and meteorological conditions of her youth, the poet's scientific reading, telegraphy, and the development of the Dickinsonian metonymy of "Aurora" as a response to the temporal and spatial limitations of human contact.
The Imperial Laboratory: Discovering Forms in The New Atlantis
Authors: Kendrick Christopher
Published: January 2007

The essay argues that The New Atlantis attempts more than it advertises. On its face a description of a society in which natural philosophy has been institutionalized as a college or court household, it amounts in fact to an attempt to discover new social forms or relations. From a domestic point of view, the college of Salomon's House appears as an attempt to imagine a new kind of guild, a state joint-stock company, thus indicating that Bacon's conception of science as coordinating activity is premissed on struggles within the livery companies over control of labor processes. From an international point of view, the society of Bensalem appears as an attempt to imagine a new kind of empire, neither military nor commercial; in this dimension, Bacon's scientific goal of discovering the alphabet of forms whose combination constitutes the object-world is shown to be conditioned by a fantasy of social regression, of returning social institutions to their roots.
"What a World we Make the Oppressor and the Oppressed": George Cruikshank, Percy Shelley, and the Gendering of Revolution in 1819
Authors: Cross Ashley J
Published: January 2007

This article examines the figure of the victimized woman in selected works of George Cruikshank and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who employed a similar iconography to grapple with the increasing violence of the Reform conflict. Juxtaposing Cruikshank's cartoons with Shelley's poems illustrates the gendered ground upon which the conflicts of 1819 were worked out: whereas Cruikshank's cartoons use the victimized woman as stable ground, Shelley's poems complicate this image. The juxtaposition reveals how Shelley challenges the status quo, including the representation of women, by calling into question the binary structures of oppressor and oppressed and, ultimately, his own act of representation.
The United Nations, France, and African Independence: A Case Study of Togo
Authors: Digre Brian Kenneth
Published: January 2007

Pour la France, le destin de son territoire Togo sous la tutelle des Nations Unies a cr�� un dilemme en 1956 qui semblait prendre une signification bien plus grande que sa petite taille sugg�rerait. Si le Togo britannique gagnait l'ind�pendance en joignant la C�te d'Or pour cr�er le Ghana, comment la France pourrait-elle justifier son administration continue? La solution qui s'impose est la terminaison de la tutelle de la France d'une mode qui a int�gr� son territoire dans l'union fran�aise par un r�f�rendum. La r�action internationale au r�f�rendum de 1956 et au r�le suivant des Nations Unies dans les �lections l�gislatives au Togo est le centre de cet article.
Slaves in Ile Royale, 1713-1758
Authors: Donovan Kenneth Joseph
Published: January 2007

De r�centes oeuvres �rudites aux sujets de l'esclavage et le commerce des esclaves mettent au premier plan la nature h�t�rog�ne de l'exp�rience des esclaves, et les relations entre les esclaves et les personnes libres. Cet article s'occupe de l'humanit� et le comportement individuel parmi les esclaves de l'�le Royale en consid�ration de leurs histoires individuelles. Il d�montre l'augmentation graduelle des esclaves et leur r�le dans la croissance les familles de l'�le Royale, en discutant comment des individus se sont c�toy�s, esclaves et personnes libres, dans le contexte de la Nouvelle France et des colonies voisines britanniques.
Les Lendits du Sud-ouest. . . en Algerie: Les Contenus de l'Education Physique Algerienne entre Formation Physique et "Republicanisation" des Masses
Authors: Rage Johann , Delaplace Jean Michel
Published: January 2007

Long forbidden to the "native" school population, and a private practice for European pupils, Physical Education (PE) was gradually integrated into the Algerian scholastic curriculum between the two world wars. The lendits scolaires, a group exercise competition, constituted one of its privileged forms. This form of PE, developed by Doctor P. Tissi� in the Bordeaux area and then in the Basses-Pyr�n�es at the end of the nineteenth century, thus found a new vitality overseas. Though the Second World War seemed to put an end to their Algerian development, the lendits nevertheless started up again with renewed vigor in the 1950s, even as metropolitan PE was moving more and more toward the practice of recognized sports. This paper suggests that the persistence of the lendits in Algeria may be linked to the "republicanizing" of the French masses through school practices, already established at the end of the nineteenth century. As a fundamental part of republican schooling, the lendits would therefore be a means of integrating Muslim-French populations into the republican space.
A Colonial Echo: France and the Colonial Dimension of the European Economic Community
Authors: Sicking Louis
Published: January 2007

Au moment de la fondation de la Communauté économique européenne par le Traité de Rome, la France avait encore un vaste empire colonial. Peu avant la fin des négociations en 1957, la France a lancé la demande d'une association de ses colonies au marché commun comme condition sine qua non pour sa participation à la CEE. Cette demande ne peut qu'être comprise dans le cadre de la politique coloniale française. Le processus de la décolonisation a peu après changé la nature des relations entre la CEE et les colonies devenues indépendantes, mais on ne peut pas nier l'origine coloniale de ces relations. Tandis que l'attitude de la France vis-à-vis les relations entre la CEE et les territoires d'outre-mer était déterminée par sa politique coloniale, les autres pays membres fondateurs de la CEE ne considéraient pas assez importants les territoires d'outre-mer pour risquer un échec des négociations qui devaient aboutir au Traité de Rome. Ainsi la France a réussi non seulement à associer ses colonies à la CEE, mais également à faire payer les autres pays membres des projets de développement dans les territoires d'outre-mer. Basé en partie sur des entretiens récemment tenus avec des anciens hauts fonctionnaires néerlandais engagés dans ces négociations et dans l'exécution de la politique d'association de la CEE pendant les premières années, l'article compare et explique finalement les différences d'attitude de la France et des Pays-Bas, un autre pays européen avec des territoires d'outre-mer.