bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Needs assessment and impact of COVID-19 on pharmacy professionals in 31 commonwealth countries
Authors: Ashiru-Oredope Diane , Chan Amy Hai Yan , Olaoye Omotayo , Rutter Victoria , Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din ,   The C. P. A. COVID-19 Action Team, Anderson Claire , Anderson Raymond , Halai Manjula , Matuluko Ayodeji , Nambatya Winnie , Tuck Chloe , Vadlamudi Rao , Wickens Hayley
Published: October 2020

Background

The declaration of COVID-19 a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020 marked the beginning of a global health crisis of an unprecedented nature and scale. The approach taken by countries across the world varied widely, however, the delivery of frontline healthcare was consistently recognised as being central to the pandemic response. This study aimed to identify and explore the issues currently facing pharmacy teams across Commonwealth countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also evaluates pharmacy professionals’ understanding of key knowledge areas from the COVID-19 webinar hosted by the Commonwealth Pharmacists’ Association (CPA).

Method

A quantitative survey-based approach was adopted, using a 32-item questionnaire developed from the literature on pharmacy and pandemic response. The survey was hosted on Survey Monkey and pilot tested. The final survey was disseminated by CPA member organisations. A 6-item online questionnaire was sent via email to all attendees of CPA's COVID-19 webinar. Descriptive statistics on frequency distributions and percentages were used to analyse the responses. Data were analysed using Microsoft® Excel (2010).

Results

There were 545 responses from pharmacy professionals across 31/54 Commonwealth countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific. Majority of the respondents reported being at least somewhat worried (90%) and more than 65% were very worried or extremely about the impact of COVID-19 on them personally and professionally. Nearly two-thirds of respondents stated finding it somewhat difficult or very difficult to work effectively during the pandemic. Challenges mostly faced by pharmacy professionals working remotely included; general anxiety about the impact of COVID-19 on their lives (12%), and difficulties in communicating with their co-workers (12%). Most pharmacy professionals had not previously been actively involved in a global health emergency (82%) nor obtained training on global/public health emergency preparedness (62%). Between 45 and 97% of the COVID-19 webinar attendees provided the correct answers to post-webinar questions, suggesting some improvement in knowledge.

Conclusion

Our study confirms pharmacy professionals’ concerns about practice during a pandemic and provides preliminary data on the challenges and learning needs of the profession. The CPA has since acted on these findings, providing ongoing opportunities to develop and refine resources for the profession as the pandemic evolves. Pharmacy professionals have also demonstrated improved knowledge on the management of COVID-19 and resources available for professionals.
Bootstrapping Swarm and observatory data to generate candidates for the DGRF and IGRF-13
Authors: Pavón-Carrasco F. Javier , Marsal Santiago , Torta J. Miquel , Catalán Manuel , Martín-Hernández Fátima , Tordesillas J. Manuel
Published: October 2020

As posted by the Working Group V of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA), the 13th generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) has been released at the end of 2019. Following IAGA recommendations, in this work we present a candidate model for the IGRF-13, for which we have used the available Swarm satellite and geomagnetic observatory ground data for the last year. In order to provide the IGRF-13 candidate, we have extrapolated the Gauss coefficients of the main field and its secular variation to January 1st, 2020. In addition, we have generated a Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field model for 2015.0 using the same modelling approach, but focussed on a 1-year time window of data centred on 2015.0. To jointly model both satellite and ground data, we have followed the classical protocols and data filters applied in geomagnetic field modelling. Novelty arrives from the application of bootstrap analysis to solve issues related to the inhomogeneity of the spatial and temporal data distributions. This new approach allows the estimation of not only the Gauss coefficients, but also their uncertainties.
Sequential modelling of the Earth’s core magnetic field
Authors: Ropp Guillaume , Lesur Vincent , Baerenzung Julien , Holschneider Matthias
Published: October 2020

We describe a new, original approach to the modelling of the Earth’s magnetic field. The overall objective of this study is to reliably render fast variations of the core field and its secular variation. This method combines a sequential modelling approach, a Kalman filter, and a correlation-based modelling step. Sources that most significantly contribute to the field measured at the surface of the Earth are modelled. Their separation is based on strong prior information on their spatial and temporal behaviours. We obtain a time series of model distributions which display behaviours similar to those of recent models based on more classic approaches, particularly at large temporal and spatial scales. Interesting new features and periodicities are visible in our models at smaller time and spatial scales. An important aspect of our method is to yield reliable error bars for all model parameters. These errors, however, are only as reliable as the description of the different sources and the prior information used are realistic. Finally, we used a slightly different version of our method to produce candidate models for the thirteenth edition of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field.
The CHAOS-7 geomagnetic field model and observed changes in the South Atlantic Anomaly
Authors: Finlay Christopher C. , Kloss Clemens , Olsen Nils , Hammer Magnus D. , Tøffner-Clausen Lars , Grayver Alexander , Kuvshinov Alexey
Published: October 2020

We present the CHAOS-7 model of the time-dependent near-Earth geomagnetic field between 1999 and 2020 based on magnetic field observations collected by the low-Earth orbit satellites Swarm, CryoSat-2, CHAMP, SAC-C and Ørsted, and on annual differences of monthly means of ground observatory measurements. The CHAOS-7 model consists of a time-dependent internal field up to spherical harmonic degree 20, a static internal field which merges to the LCS-1 lithospheric field model above degree 25, a model of the magnetospheric field and its induced counterpart, estimates of Euler angles describing the alignment of satellite vector magnetometers, and magnetometer calibration parameters for CryoSat-2. Only data from dark regions satisfying strict geomagnetic quiet-time criteria (including conditions on IMF $$B_z$$

B
z

and $$B_y$$

B
y

at all latitudes) were used in the field estimation. Model parameters were estimated using an iteratively reweighted regularized least-squares procedure; regularization of the time-dependent internal field was relaxed at high spherical harmonic degree compared with previous versions of the CHAOS model. We use CHAOS-7 to investigate recent changes in the geomagnetic field, studying the evolution of the South Atlantic weak field anomaly and rapid field changes in the Pacific region since 2014. At Earth’s surface a secondary minimum of the South Atlantic Anomaly is now evident to the south west of Africa. Green’s functions relating the core–mantle boundary radial field to the surface intensity show this feature is connected with the movement and evolution of a reversed flux feature under South Africa. The continuing growth in size and weakening of the main anomaly is linked to the westward motion and gathering of reversed flux under South America. In the Pacific region at Earth’s surface between 2015 and 2018 a sign change has occurred in the second time derivative (acceleration) of the radial component of the field. This acceleration change took the form of a localized, east–west oriented, dipole. It was clearly recorded on ground, for example at the magnetic observatory at Honolulu, and was seen in Swarm observations over an extended region in the central and western Pacific. Downward continuing to the core–mantle boundary, we find this event originated in field acceleration changes at low latitudes beneath the central and western Pacific in 2017.
Correction to: The potential impact of a “curative intervention” for HIV: a modelling study
Authors: Beacroft Leo , Hallett Timothy B.
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
The impact of human capital efficiency on Latin American mutual funds during Covid-19 outbreak
Authors: Mirza Nawazish , Hasnaoui Jamila Abaidi , Naqvi Bushra , Rizvi Syed Kumail Abbas
Published: October 2020

The mutual funds’ returns, inter alia, are dependent on fund managers’ performance. This makes human capital efficiency very central for consistent risk-adjusted performance. The persistence in performance becomes more critical during periods of high turbulence, like the one we are experiencing amidst the outbreak of Covid-19. In this research, we attempt to evaluate the performance of equity funds in massively impacted Latin American countries. These equity funds, with 95% of their investment in the infected region, are ranked as per their human capital efficiency using 2019 as the base year. Our findings demonstrate that funds with higher human capital efficiency significantly outperform their counterparts that rank lower on human capital efficiency. These findings remained consistent for the sub-periods that we specify to map the evolution of Covid-19. We conclude that equity funds should enhance their human capital efficiency to endure resilience amid macroeconomic shocks.
Current epidemiological and etiological characteristics and treatment of seizures or epilepsy in patients with HIV infection
Authors: Yu Changhao , Zhou Dong , Jiang Weijia , Mu Jie
Published: October 2020

Seizures or epilepsy is one of the common serious complications in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or diagnosed with immune deficiency syndrome, with higher incidence and prevalence than in the general population. Generalized seizures are the most common type in the patients. Opportunistic infections are a stereotypical predisposing factor for seizures in HIV patients, but a variety of pathogenic factors can also be found in these patients, such as metabolic perturbation and drug-drug interactions. The diagnostic criteria for seizures in these patients are the same as those in the general population. As HIV patients with seizures need to take both antivirals and antiepileptic drugs, the risk of drug-drug interactions is greatly increased, and the side effects of drugs may also become more prominent. At present, most experience in antiepileptic drug usage has come from the general population, and there is still a lack of guidance of antiepileptic drug use in special groups such as the HIV-infected people. Unlike the old-generation drugs that involve metabolisms through CYP450, the first-line antiepileptic drugs usually bypass CYP450, thus having less drug-drug interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on the above-mentioned widely discussed topics and make a prospect on future research direction.
Exploration of in vitro thrombolytic, anthelminthic, cytotoxic and in vivo anxiolytic potentials with phytochemical screening of flowers of Brassica nigra
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Sarowar , Millat Md. Shalahuddin , Islam Mohammad Safiqul , Hussain Md. Saddam , Uddin Md. Giash , Siddiqui Shafayet Ahmed , Ferdous Mahmuda
Published: October 2020

Background

Brassica nigra is a plant of Brassicaceae family, which possesses numerous medicinal values. Our present study is intended to assess the potential in vitro thrombolytic, anthelminthic, cytotoxic and in vivo anxiolytic properties of MCE of B. nigra flowers. MCE was fractioned for separating the compound on the basis of polarity by using chloroform, n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvent. Thrombolytic and anthelminthic activities were explained by collecting human erythrocytes and earthworms as test models, respectively. Anxiolytic activity was evaluated by elevated plus maze and hole board models while cytotoxic test was conducted through brine shrimp lethality bioassay.

Results

MCE revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, diterpenes, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, fixed oils and fat. In case of thrombolytic test, the MCE, CSF, ASF and n-HSF had produced maximum clot lysis activity at 5 and 10 mg/ml dose conditions. Two different concentrations (10 and 20 mg/ml) of MCE and its fractions showed significant (p < 0.05) anthelminthic activities in a dose-dependent manner. Significant anxiolytic activity was observed for all fractions which was comparable to the standard drug diazepam (p < 0.05). Again, the cytotoxic screening also presented good potentials for all fractions.

Conclusion

From the findings of present study, we can conclude that MCE of B. nigra flowers and its fraction possess significant anxiolytic, anthelmintic, anticancer and thrombolytic properties which may be a good candidate for treating these diseases through the determination of bio-active lead compounds.
Possible neuropharmacological effects of Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) in the Swiss albino mice model
Authors: Aziz Md. Arfin Ibn , Barua Niloy , Tareq Abu Montakim , Alam Najmul , Prova Ranak Jahan , Mamun Miskatun Nur , Sayeed Mohammed Aktar , Chowdhury Md. Ashraf Uddin , Emran Talha Bin
Published: October 2020

Background

Known colloquially as akandaphal in Bangladesh, Adenia trilobata has some traditional uses. Its leaves and stems are extracted with pure methanol (MEATL, MEATS) and fractioned by n-hexane (NFATL, NFATS). The in vivo anxiolytic activity was evaluated by elevated plus maze (EPM) testing and hole-board test (HBT), whilst the locomotor activity was examined using the open-field test (OFT) and hole-cross test (HCT) and the antidepressant activity was assessed with the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST).

Results

Regarding the anxiolytic activity, the 400-mg/kg doses of MEATL, NFATL, MEATS and NFATS exhibited maximum percentages of entry into the open arm of 33.85%, 32.23%, 30.06% and 41.84%, respectively, compare with the diazepam (69.33%). During HBT, MEATL (400 mg/kg) and NFATL (400 mg/kg) demonstrated 51.67 ± 0.88 and 57.67 ± 3.18 instances of head-dipping relative to diazepam (64.33 ± 3.16), whilst the locomotor activity showed a dose-dependent reduction in square movements and number of hole crossings. During FST and TST, the NFATL (400 mg/kg) exhibited rates of 43.32% and 57.71% time spent immobile, whilst fluoxetine experienced rates of 54.79% and 55.74%.

Conclusion

Adenia trilobata could be a potential component for the treatment of neuropharmacological defects. Further study is required.
Effect of head and neck radiotherapy on the Eustachian tube functions
Authors: Hamd Ahmed Abdullah , Behiry Essam Abd El-Wanes , Atallah Adel Tharwat , Elaini Sherif Maher , Alshafai Ahmed Hamdy
Published: October 2020

Background

Nowadays, radiotherapy is widely used in management of many types of tumors including head and neck tumors; in this study, we concerned with its reverse effects on the Eustachian tube functions and if this effect is temporary or permanent.

Results

The whole (30) patients have tympanogram at both ears before starting radiotherapy; all patients (100%) were normal. In the immediate post radiotherapy tympanogram at the contralateral side, 6.7% of patients had effusion, and 20% had Eustachian tube dysfunction, while at the ipsilateral side, 20% of patients had effusion, and 33.3% had ET dysfunction. In the follow-up tympanogram 12 weeks post radiotherapy, we found that 6.7% of patients had effusion, and (10%) had Eustachian tube dysfunction at the contralateral side, while 6.7% of patients had effusion, and only 20% had Eustachian tube dysfunction at the ipsilateral side.

Conclusion

From this study, we concluded that patients with head and neck tumors treated by radiotherapy (apart from the nasopharynx) have a high incidence of affection of Eustachian tube function namely middle ear effusion and Eustachian tube dysfunction. The possibility for development of middle ear effusion and Eustachian tube dysfunction increases with increased tumor stage. Eustachian tube functions immediately post radiotherapy and after 12 weeks of the end of radiotherapy was affected by different effects according to the tumor site. The Eustachian tube functions significantly improved within 12 weeks after the last dose of radiotherapy, and we recommend audiological follow-up for patients with head and neck tumors treated with radiotherapy.
Understanding the Management and Treatment of Well-Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Clinician’s Guide to a Complex Illness
Authors: Li Daneng , Rock Adam , Kessler Jonathan , Ballena Richard , Hyder Shadman , Mo Christiana , Chang Sue , Singh Gagandeep
Published: October 2020

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are rare neoplasms that arise in the neuroendocrine cells of the pancreas. Although their clinical presentations differ depending on cell type, most are indolent, whereas others cause noteworthy hormone-related symptoms. The increasing incidence of PanNETs, attributed to improved diagnostic modalities, demonstrates advances in current standard of care. However, given the heterogeneity of these tumors, treatment decisions can become complex and an individualized approach is often required. Surgical intervention has remained the mainstay for localized tumors, whereas systemic therapies remain viable options for patients with unresectable or metastatic disease. Liver-directed therapies such as radiofrequency ablation and hepatic arterial embolization have also become available adjunct therapies for patients with liver-predominant metastases. Despite the increase in the armamentarium of treatment options for patients with PanNETs, data regarding the ideal sequence of treatment, especially systemic treatments, are currently lacking. Ongoing clinical trials are aimed at addressing this knowledge gap in addition to developing the next generation of novel therapeutics.
A Forensic Disassembly of the BIS Monitor
Authors: Connor Christopher W.
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:

The bispectral index (BIS) monitor has been available for clinical use for >20 years and has had an immense impact on academic activity in Anesthesiology, with >3000 articles referencing the bispectral index. Despite attempts to infer its algorithms by external observation, its operation has nevertheless remained undescribed, in contrast to the algorithms of other less commercially successful monitors of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity under anesthesia. With the expiration of certain key patents, the time is therefore ripe to examine the operation of the monitor on its own terms through careful dismantling, followed by extraction and examination of its internal software.

METHODS:

An A-2000 BIS Monitor (gunmetal blue case, amber monochrome display) was purchased on the secondary market. After identifying the major data processing and storage components, a set of free or inexpensive tools was used to retrieve and disassemble the monitor’s onboard software. The software executes primarily on an ARMv7 microprocessor (Sharp/NXP LH77790B) and a digital signal processor (Texas Instruments TMS320C32). The device software can be retrieved directly from the monitor’s hardware by using debugging interfaces that have remained in place from its original development.

RESULTS:

Critical numerical parameters such as the spectral edge frequency (SEF), total power, and BIS values were retraced from external delivery at the device’s serial port back to the point of their calculation in the extracted software. In doing so, the locations of the critical algorithms were determined. To demonstrate the validity of the technique, the algorithms for SEF and total power were disassembled, comprehensively annotated and compared to their theoretically ideal behaviors. A bug was identified in the device’s implementation of the SEF algorithm, which can be provoked by a perfectly isoelectric EEG.

CONCLUSIONS:

This article demonstrates that the electronic design of the A-2000 BIS Monitor does not pose any insuperable obstacles to retrieving its device software in hexadecimal machine code form directly from the motherboard. This software can be reverse engineered through disassembly and decompilation to reveal the methods by which the BIS monitor implements its algorithms, which ultimately must form the definitive statement of its function. Without further revealing any algorithms that might be considered trade secrets, the manufacturer of the BIS monitor should be encouraged to release the device software in its original format to place BIS-related academic literature on a firm theoretical foundation and to promote further academic development of EEG monitoring algorithms.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone Position in the Operating Room or in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review
Authors: Anez Cristobal , Becerra-Bolaños Ángel , Vives-Lopez Ariadna , Rodríguez-Pérez Aurelio
Published: October 2020

The prone position is commonly used in certain surgical procedures and to improve oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) in this position may be more challenging to treat because care providers trained in conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may not be familiar with CPR in the prone position. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of current evidence regarding the methodology, efficacy, and experience of CPR in the prone position, in patients with the airway already secured. The search strategy included PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. All studies published up to April 2020 including CRA or CPR in the prone position were included. Of the 268 articles located, 52 articles were included: 5 review articles, 8 clinical guidelines in which prone CPR was mentioned, 4 originals, 27 case reports, and 8 editorials or correspondences. Data from reviewed clinical studies confirm that CPR in the prone position is a reasonable alternative to supine CPR when the latter cannot be immediately implemented, and the airway is already secured. Defibrillation in the prone position is also possible. Familiarizing clinicians with CPR and defibrillation in the prone position may improve CPR performance in the prone position.
Networked Health Care Governance in the European Union
Authors: Martinsen Dorte Sindbjerg , Schrama Reini
Published: October 2020

The European Union (EU) increasingly resorts to new forms of governance to establish unified health and welfare policies without member states having to transfer their sovereignty to a supranational level. European Administrative Networks are important instruments in the toolbox of new forms of governance, dealing with rulemaking, rule monitoring, and rule enforcement. Operating beyond, but not above, the state, European networks of national administrative units allow for interaction and exchange to coordinate national responses to increased interaction across their borders. The authors use social network analysis to uncover the pattern of interaction among national representatives in two central EU health care networks. Their analysis finds not only that the network in the area of pharmacovigilance has more competences, resources, and capacity to improve the enforcement of EU rules than the network regarding cross-border health care but also that the driving forces behind network interaction appear to differ quite a bit as well. While the supranational character becomes apparent in the former network, network interactions in the latter seem aimed at mitigating the impact of patient mobility rather than improving cross-border health care take up.
The developing heart: from The Wizard of Oz to congenital heart disease
Authors: Bruneau Benoit G.
Published: October 2020

The heart is an essential organ with a fascinating developmental biology. It is also one of the organs that is most often affected in human disease, either during development or in postnatal life. Over the last few decades, insights into the development of the heart have led to fundamental new concepts in gene regulation, but also to genetic and mechanistic insights into congenital heart defects. In more recent years, the lessons learned from studying heart development have been applied to interrogating regeneration of the diseased heart, exemplifying the importance of understanding the mechanistic underpinnings that lead to the development of an organ.
Innovative technique for analysis of wastewater contaminants using hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Abdlaty Ramy , Gobara Mohamed , Naiem Ibrahim , Mokhtar Mohamed
Published: October 2020

Accurate, fast, quantitative on-site analysis of wastewater is an environmental necessity. Therefore, we report a quantitative spectroscopic study in order to analyse organic contaminants in wastewater. For this purpose, two spectroscopy-based techniques were utilised and their results are compared. The first technique is ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrophotometry. This technique is a standard laboratory technique, however, it is inappropriate for working in the field. Besides, the analysis results of the standard laboratory technique display low accuracy in detecting small concentrations of wastewater contaminants such as methylene blue (< 20 ppm). Accordingly, there is a need for another technique to overcome the shortcomings of UV/vis spectrophotometry. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combines imaging and spectrometry. HSI works on-site since it is portable and easy to operate. The analysis of the data acquired by HSI showed a higher efficacy in accurately detecting both low (< 20 ppm) and high concentrations (> 50 ppm) of water contaminants such as methylene blue and methyl orange. For verification, Pearson correlation coefficients were computed between the concentration of contaminants and their absorbance for all the operating spectral bands. The results of the two techniques were statistically compared using Bland and Altman’s limit of agreement. This study showed that HSI is potentially a promising technique for the analysis of wastewater contaminants on-site.
Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Sea of Marmara: potentially toxic species and mucilage event
Authors: TAS SEYFETTIN , KUS DUYSEN , YILMAZ I. NOYAN
Published: October 2020

Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Sea of Marmara was investigated associated with physico-chemical variables from January 2004 to December 2007. The occurrence of potentially toxic species and a mucilage event was also evaluated during this study period. The confined upper layer of the Sea of Marmara is mesotrophic to eutrophic and has higher productivity when compared to the neighbouring Black Sea and Aegean Sea. 132 taxa in the micro-phytoplankton community were identified, 11 of which are known to be potentially toxic. The most abundant species were Pseudo-nitzschia species from diatoms and Prorocentrum micans from dinoflagellates. Potentially toxic species were more common at the coastal stations. The onset of a mucilage formation was observed in October 2007, and well-known mucilage producers such as Gonyaulax hyalina (reported as G. fragilis) and Thalassiosira gravida (reported as T. rotula) dominated the phytoplankton community during this event. A marked decrease in the number of species and diversity index following June 2007 and reported shifts in the zooplankton community during the same period points to probable cascading effects in the pelagic ecosystem of the Sea of Marmara.
Communication Strategies for Integrating the National Economy into the Global Economy
Authors: Polyakov V. , Fomicheva Irina , Yudina O.
Published: October 2020

The organizational mechanism of formation of the world communication space is considered. Features of application of such communication strategies in the development of the global economy as multinational, global, and transnational are revealed. The features of the impact of targeted communications on the consumer are highlighted, which contributes to the transition to a personal communication strategy - customization. An overview of the main trends in the formation and development prospects of advertising communications in Russia is given. The article presents the material of empirical research using questionnaires of various groups of consumers from the regions of Central Russia. As a result of the analysis of questionnaires, the peculiarities of advertising perception by regional consumers were revealed, depending on the level of their demographic factors.
Validity of Continuous Pulse Oximetry Orders for Identification of Actual Monitoring Status in Bronchiolitis
Authors: Brady Patrick W , Schondelmeyer Amanda C , Landrigan Christopher P , Xiao Rui , Brent Canita , Bonafide Christopher P , Network for the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings (PRIS)
Published: October 2020

The accuracy of pulse oximetry monitor orders for identifying infants with bronchiolitis who are being continuously monitored is unknown. In this 56‐hospital repeated cross‐sectional study, investigators used direct bedside observation to determine continuous pulse oximetry monitor use and then assessed if an active continuous monitoring order was present in the electronic health record. Investigators completed 3,612 observations of infants aged 8 weeks to 23 months hospitalized with bronchiolitis and on room air. Most monitored infants did not have an active monitoring order (sensitivity 49% [95% CI, 41‐57]). The positive predictive value of a monitoring order was 77% (95% CI, 72‐82), and the negative predictive value was 69% (95% CI, 61‐77). Teams intending to measure continuous pulse oximetry use should understand the limitations of using electronic health record orders as a stand‐alone measure.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Non-ICU Hospitalization for COVID-19 in a Nonepicenter, Centrally Monitored Healthcare System
Authors: Nemer David M , Wilner Bryan R , Burkle Alicia , Aguilera Jose , Adewumi Joseph , Gillombardo Carl , Wazni Oussama , Menon Venu , Pengel Shannon , Foxx Meredith , Petre Marc , Hamilton Aaron C , Cantillon Daniel J
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: The clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with non–intensive care unit (non-ICU) hospitalizations for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outside disease epicenters remain poorly characterized.
METHODS: Systematic analysis of all non-ICU patient hospitalizations for COVID-19 completing discharge between March 13 and May 1, 2020, in a large US health care system utilizing off-site central monitoring. Variables of interest were examined in relation to a composite event rate of death, ICU transfer, or increased oxygen requirement to high-flow nasal cannula, noninvasive ventilation, or mechanical ventilation.
RESULTS: Among 350 patients (age, 64 ± 16 years; 55% male), most (73%) required 3 L/min or less of supplemental oxygen during admission. Telemetry was widely utilized (79%) yet arrhythmias were uncommon (14%) and were predominantly (90%) among patients with abnormal troponin levels or known cardiovascular disease. Ventricular tachycardia was rare (5%), nonsustained, and not associated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin treatment. Adverse events occurred in 62 patients (18%), including 22 deaths (6%), 48 ICU transfers (14%), and 49 patients with increased oxygen requirement (14%) and were independently associated with elevated C-reactive protein (odds ratio, 1.09 per 1 mg/dL; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; P = .04) and lactate dehydrogenase (OR, 1.006 per 1U/L; 95% CI, 1.001-1.012; P = .03) in multivariable analysis.
CONCLUSION: Among non–critically ill patients hospitalized within a nonepicenter health care system, overall survival was 94% with the development of more severe illness or death independently associated with higher levels of C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase on admission. Clinical decompensation was largely respiratory-related, while serious cardiac arrhythmias were rare, which suggests that telemetry can be prioritized for high-risk patients.
Ciberstalking: prevalência e estratégias de coping em estudantes portugueses do ensino secundário
Authors: Sani Ana Isabel , Valquaresma Juliana
Published: October 2020

O cyberstalking é uma forma de perseguição que consiste na utilização da internet ou outro instrumento computadorizado, com intuito de assediar ou perseguir alguém, através de ações metódicas, persistentes e indesejáveis geradoras de incômodo na vida das vítimas. Este estudo pretendeu avaliar a prevalência do cyberstalking e analisar as estratégias de coping utilizadas pelas vítimas. Os dados foram recolhidos junto de 259 estudantes do ensino secundário através de um inquérito online composto por um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Avaliação do Cyberstalking e Escala de Coping no Stalking. As análises estatísticas revelaram uma taxa de prevalência real (experiência de pelo menos um comportamento de cyberstalking) de 68.0 % e uma taxa de vitimação autorrelatada (autoidentificação como vítima) de 25.5%. Os comportamentos de cyberstalking mais frequentes foram os de hiperintimidade e as estratégias de coping mais usadas pelas vítimas envolviam evitar o contato ou negar/minimizar os comportamentos do stalker. Os resultados apontam para uma desvalorização pelas vítimas dos comportamentos de perseguição online. Concluímos pela necessidade de realizar ações informativas sobre o tema direcionadas a toda a comunidade, para consciencializar sobre esse problema social, informar sobre as especificidades do fenômeno, bem como disseminar estratégias de prevenção.
Meet the yoga people
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: October 2020

Sports and exercise around the world makes a great theme to explore as it encompasses culture, inclusion, thinking about your likes as an individual and how these may differ from others after. Try these activities to get children talking!
The rate of patient deferral and barriers to going forward with elective orthopaedic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Clement Nicholas D. , Oussedik Sam , Raza Kamran I. , Patton Robyn F. L. , Smith Karen , Deehan David J.
Published: October 2020

Aims

The primary aim was to assess the rate of patient deferral of elective orthopaedic surgery and whether this changed with time during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The secondary aim was to explore the reasons why patients wanted to defer surgery and what measures/circumstances would enable them to go forward with surgery.

Methods

Patients were randomly selected from elective orthopaedic waiting lists at three centres in the UK in April, June, August, and September 2020 and were contacted by telephone. Patients were asked whether they wanted to proceed or defer surgery. Patients who wished to defer were asked seven questions relating to potential barriers to proceeding with surgery and were asked whether there were measures/circumstances that would allow them to go forward with surgery.

Results

There was a significant decline in the rate of deferral for surgery from April (n = 38/50, 76%), June (n = 68/233, 29%), to August (n = 6/50, 12%) and September (n = 5/100, 5%) (p < 0.001). Patients wishing to defer were older (68 years (SD 10.1) vs 65 (SD 11.9)), more likely to be female (65% (44/68) vs 53% (88/165)) and waiting for a knee arthroplasty (65% (44/68) vs 41% (67/165); p < 0.001). By September 2020, all patients that deferred in June at one centre had proceeded or wanted to proceed with surgery due to a perceived lower risk of acquiring COVID-19 perioperatively (68%, n = 15) or because their symptoms had progressed (32%, n = 7). The most common reason (n = 14/17, 82%) for patients deferring surgery in September was the perceived risk of acquiring COVID-19 while as an inpatient. When asked what measures or circumstances would enable them to proceed with surgery, the most common (n = 7, 41%) response was reassurance of a COVID-19 free hospital.

Conclusion

The rate of deferral fell to 5% by September, which was due to a lower perceived risk of contracting COVID-19 perioperatively or worsening of symptoms while waiting. The potential of a COVID-19-free hospital and communication of mortality risk may improve a patient’s willingness to go forward with surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-10:663–668.
Educación inclusiva y TIC: un análisis de las percepciones y prácticas docentes
Authors: Sanahuja Ribés Aida , Moliner Miravet Lidón , Alegre Ansuategui Francisco José
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN. Este trabajo analiza las percepciones y prácticas docentes hacia la educación inclusiva y las TIC. MÉTODO. En este estudio participaron un total de 161 personas en formación o ya tituladas en Educación Infantil, Educación Primaria, Educación Secundaria, Pedagogía y Psicología. Se utilizó el método de encuesta y como instrumento se empleó un cuestionario previamente validado en otra investigación que consta de cuatro factores: implicaciones didácticas, desarrollo profesional, actitud y práctica docente. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes análisis de los datos por factores, sexo, situación de empleo y años de experiencia en el campo utilizando análisis de regresión simple, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y pruebas t de Student. RESULTADOS. Los principales resultados de este estudio evidencian que existe una percepción global hacia las TICaltamente positiva. Se detectaron diferencias importantes entre los factores que conforman el cuestionario. Las puntuaciones más elevadas se detectaron en los factores de implicaciones didácticas y desarrollo profesional, siendo estos factores los que ejercían como predictores de las percepciones y prácticas a nivel global. Los resultados indican que las personas con experiencia en el uso de las TIC en este campo están mucho más de acuerdo que las personas sin experiencia en que las TIC posibilitan la creatividad e innovación docente. DISCUSIÓN. Se constató que la inversión en TIC por parte de la Administración educativa constituye una elevada fuente de debate y que variables como los años de experiencia laboral justifican el diferente pensar de las personas encuestadas.
Capitalismo académico: distinciones conceptuales y procesos contradictorios a propósito del caso chileno
Authors: Brunner José Joaquín , Pedraja-Rejas Liliana , Labraña Vargas Julio
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN. La ausencia de reflexión conceptual caracteriza los estudios sobre educación superior, a pesar de la reciente formulación de teorías de alcance medio sobre el desarrollo del sector. MÉTODO. Este artículo busca contribuir a ese esfuerzo proponiendo, sobre la base de una revisión reflexiva de la literatura pertinente, un marco conceptual para identificar los principales procesos del capitalismo académico y su potencial impacto en los sistemas nacionales y en las universidades contemporáneas. En seguida, pone a prueba el potencial de este marco conceptual examinando los procesos identificados del capitalismo académico—mercadización, privatización, mercantilización, comercialización y financiarización—a la luz del caso de la educación superior chilena. En particular, estudia el conjunto de políticas que a contar del año 2014 intentan revertir dichos procesos e interroga sus efectos potenciales tanto a nivel de economía política como de la organización de las universidades de ese país. RESULTADOS. La conclusión, expresada a la manera de una hipótesis, es que los resultados buscados por aquellas políticas podrían traer consigo, como una consecuencia no intencionada ni prevista por sus diseñadores, una intensificación del privatismo en la educación superior chilena. DISCUSIÓN. Los resultados del presente análisis contribuyen a la elaboración teórica y verificación empírica de los procesos actuales del capitalismo académico. Especialmente importantes en este contexto son el rol jugado por la administración, los intercambios competitivos y las instituciones; esto es, por el Estado, los mercados y las organizaciones en la gobernanza y coordinación de la educación superior. Esto demuestra, a su vez, la relevancia de considerar una perspectiva comparada en el análisis de estos fenómenos organizacionales. Para este fin, la educación superior chilena ofrece un verdadero laboratorio de una variedad de capitalismo académico de alto privatismo.
Business Games and Stock Market: An analysis of students’ learning in a Business Administration course
Authors: Oliveira Murilo Alvarenga , Melo Nilce Helena da Silva
Published: October 2020

This paper addresses the use of experiential learning to improve knowledge about the capital market, by applying a program with business games, using an electronic simulator of the Brazilian stock market. The objective was analyzing the cognitive domain of the participants after application of an educational program about the capital market, using a business game tailored for stock market trading. The descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, used the quasi-experiment technique to collect data on the learning of undergraduate business administration students at a federal university located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data were submitted nonparametric statistical analysis with the inferential Mann-Whitney U-test as well as tests of comparison of medians. The results revealed statistically significant differences in assimilating knowledge between the groups of participants. The G1 group, whose theoretical content was exposed before the game application, showed an assimilation of superior knowledge. In this sense, it was possible to conclude that the way the educational program with the business game was applied affected the students’ assimilation of knowledge.
The “public field” after the establishment of the national curriculum guidelines for the undergraduate teaching in public administration: trajectory and current challenges (2015-2020)
Authors: Coelho Fernando de Souza , Almeida Lindijane de Souza Bento , Midlej Suylan , Schommer Paula Chies , Teixeira Marco Antonio Carvalho
Published: October 2020

The year 2020 marks ten years since the term “Public Field” was introduced in Brazil. Professors and students of undergraduate programs in public administration, public management, and public policy were the first to adopt the term, which emerged at a public hearing of the National Education Council on April 5, 2010, held to discuss the preparation of the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG) for public administration undergraduate programs. There are many books and articles about the history of public administration education in Brazil, discussing its various cycles since 1952 and the movement to redefine the identity of higher education in this field of knowledge, which resulted in the establishment of the NCG in 2014. During the period 2015-2020, the Public Field in Brazil witnessed the establishment of representative entities, the process of implementing the NCG, the creation of specific scientific events, the preparation of the National Student Performance Exam (Enade) for public administration students, the elaboration of publications with titles related to the Public Field, and the formation of a multidisciplinary academic community. However, there is no systematization of this period of institutionalization. This article addresses this gap, describing this recent history and analyzing the current challenges of the Public Field. First, we carried out a comparative analysis of literature and documents to reveal the milestones of the public field and its challenges after the implementation of the NCG. Then, we conducted a survey with 365 valid responses, where professors, researchers, students, and alumni related to the Public Field prioritized the challenges presented. The outcome of this research is an overview of the construction of the Public Field in Brazil.
Self-cleaning structural colors by TiO2/Ti nanostructures
Authors: Shukla Gaurav , Subramanian Angappane
Published: October 2020

Structural colors are fascinating due to their stability in comparison with dyes and pigments; nevertheless, environmental pollutants contaminate surfaces and redefine structural colors. To overcome this problem, cleaning of the surface is necessary at regular intervals, which is cumbersome and costly. We have circumvented this issue in this article and fabricated scalable self-cleaning structural colors. The structural colors are generated by

TiO

2

nanorods and thin films on Ti sputtered glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates employing a glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique. Theoretical calculations based on thin film interference validate the experimental results and suggest Al, Ni, Co, and Cu as an alternative of Ti for generating structural colors. Structural colors are transformed to a superhydrophilic state, i.e., a self-cleaning state, via UV exposure and annealing at elevated temperatures. In addition to a self-cleaning state, annealing could control the opaqueness and color tunability of the structural colors. A permanent wettability state in between the superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic states of the structural colors is controlled by the GLAD technique. Moreover, the structural colors are demonstrated for information encryption and optical ethanol sensing applications.
Determination of nonlinear refractive index by an iterative phase retrieval method
Authors: Yazdani Roghayeh , Fallah Hamidreza
Published: October 2020

We present a simple and robust technique for measuring the nonlinear refractive index. The principle is based on an iterative phase retrieval algorithm with a pump–probe system. Different strong phase modulations are intentionally introduced into the probe beam, and corresponding diffraction intensity patterns are recorded. The recordings are used in the phase retrieval algorithm to reconstruct the pump-induced phase on the probe beam. The nonlinear refractive index is then extracted from the reconstructed phase. The reconstruction method offers a straightforward procedure and a simple lensless setup. Simulations validate the proposed method. The effects of different characteristics of the pump and probe beams on the quality of reconstructions are investigated. The obtained results demonstrate that the reconstructions are accurate even for the probe beams with complex-valued fields and non-Gaussian pump beams; it removes the requirement for smooth fields of the pump and probe beams. The validity of the method in noisy conditions is also shown.
Real-time quantum edge enhanced imaging
Authors: Liu Shi-Kai , Li Yin-Hai , Liu Shi-Long , Zhou Zhi-Yuan , Li Yan , Yang Chen , Guo Guang-Can , Shi Bao-Sen
Published: October 2020

With the development of optical information processing technology, image edge enhancement technology has rapidly received extensive attention, especially in the field of quantum imaging. However, quantum edge enhanced imaging faces challenges in terms of time-consuming acquisition processes and the complexity of the devices used, which limits practical applications in real-time usage scenarios. Here we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a real-time (0.5 Hz) quantum edge enhanced imaging method that combines the spiral phase contrast technique with heralded single-photon imaging. The edge enhancement results show high quality and background free from raw data. Compared with direct imaging, our configuration can improve the signal-to-noise ratio significantly using the tight time correlations between photon pairs. The method also offers competitive advantages over ghost imaging, including higher brightness and a compact optical fiber delay rather than a free space delay. Additionally, we explore curved edge enhancement for specific feature recognition and the oriented shadow effect. Overall, this efficient and versatile platform paves an alternative path toward real-time quantum edge detection in applications including nondestructive bio-imaging, night vision and covert monitoring.