Bioengineering methods employed in the study of wound healing of sulphur mustard burns
Authors: Graham John S. , Schomacker Kevin T. , Glatter Robert D. , Briscoe Crystal M. , Braue Ernest H. , Squibb Katherine S. 
Published: November 2010

Background/purpose:  Sulphur mustard (SM) is a potent incapacitating chemical warfare agent that remains a threat to war fighters and civilians worldwide. SM lesions may require weeks or months to heal, depending upon their severity. This study was undertaken to find a treatment regimen that promotes speedier healing of deep cutaneous SM burns in a weanling pig model. The principal objective of the study was to compare four treatment regimens and establish which achieved the shortest healing time.

Methods:  Twelve Yorkshire Cross weanling pigs were exposed to SM liquid for 2 h, generating six large deep dermal/full thickness burns on the ventrum of each animal. Three additional animals served as sham‐exposed controls. Surgical intervention occurred at 48 h postexposure. Treatments included: (i) full‐thickness debridement of the burns with a computer controlled, raster scanned continuous wave CO2 laser followed by autologous split‐thickness skin grafting; (ii) full‐thickness sharp surgical tangential excision followed by skin grafting, the ‘Gold Standard’ used in human deep dermal/full‐thickness thermal burns management; (iii) partial‐thickness laser ablation with no grafting; and (iv) partial‐thickness sharp surgical excision with no grafting. Several non‐invasive bioengineering methods were used to monitor the progress of wound healing throughout a 36‐day healing period: reflectance colourimetry, evaporimetry, laser Doppler perfusion imaging and ballistometry.

Results:  Bioengineering methods indicated that laser debridement followed by autologous split‐thickness skin grafting was as efficacious in improving the wound healing of deep SM burns in weanling swine as the ‘Gold Standard.’ Regardless of the method of debridement, barrier function, skin colour and mechanical properties returned to near‐normal levels within 15 days of treatment in the grafted sites. Regardless of surgical approach, blood flux levels remained approximately 50–60% of normal tissue throughout the 36‐day postsurgical observation period. Mid‐dermal debridement by sharp surgical tangential excision or laser ablation without the use of skin grafts did not produce as good a result as those attained through the use of grafts, but was better than no surgical treatment of the wounds.

Conclusion:  Bioengineering methods were useful in evaluating multiple characteristics during wound healing: (i) reflectance colourimetry for skin colour, (ii) evaporimetry to measure transepidermal water loss as an indicator of barrier function, (iii) laser Doppler perfusion imaging to assess cutaneous blood flow, and (iv) ballistometry to measure the mechanical properties of skin hardness and elasticity. Perhaps the most useful method was evaporimetry, as a restored barrier function was the best indicator of healed wounds. The use of reflectance colourimetry and ballistometry will continue in future wound healing studies for their contributions in judging cosmetic and functional outcomes. While useful, laser Doppler perfusion imaging was found to be rather time consuming. This methodology will be limited in the future to burn depth estimation prior to treatment, and for evaluation of pharmaceuticals specifically designed to improve or sustain blood flow into damaged areas.