bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating functional disability in clinical trials of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in binge eating disorder using the Sheehan Disability Scale
Authors: Yee Karen S. , Pokrzywinski Robin , Hareendran Asha , Shaffer Shannon , Sheehan David V.
Published: August 2020

Objectives

This study examined Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) performance in binge eating disorder (BED) and explored relationships between SDS and BED outcomes using data from three placebo‐controlled lisdexamfetamine (LDX) studies (two short‐term, dose‐optimized studies and one double‐blind, randomized‐withdrawal study) in adults with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR)–defined BED.

Methods

Analyses evaluated the psychometric properties of the SDS.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional total score in the short‐term studies, with internal consistency (Cronbach's α) being 0.878. Total score exhibited good construct validity, with moderate and statistically significant correlations observed with Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for binge eating, Binge Eating Scale (BES), and EuroQol Group 5‐Dimension 5‐Level health status index scores. Known‐groups validity analysis for the short‐term studies demonstrated a significantly lower total score at end of study in participants considered “not ill” versus “ill” based on Clinical Global Impressions–Severity scores. SDS total score changes in the short‐term studies were greater in responders than nonresponders based on binge eating abstinence or BES score. In the randomized‐withdrawal study, SDS scores increased relative to baseline to a greater extent in participants randomized to placebo than LDX.

Conclusions

These analyses support the reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change of the SDS in individuals with BED.
Cover Image
Authors: Kaminen‐Ahola Nina
Published: August 2020

The cover image is based on the Review Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms by Nina Kaminen‐Ahola https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.5731.

image
Advance application of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of noncrystalline components in thin films of poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) blends
Authors: Mamun Al
Published: August 2020

A quantitative analysis method for the distribution of noncrystalline poly(butadiene) component in poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) (PCL/PB) binary blends have been analyzed by advance application of Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Thin films of different compositions of PCL/PB binary blends were prepared from solution and isothermally crystallized at a certain temperature. After calibration with real data, quantitative analyses by Raman spectroscopy revealed the amorphous PB are trapped inside the PCL crystals. Polarized optical microscopy and real time atomic force microscopy were used to collect data for the crystal morphology and crystal growth rate. For pure PCL crystals, a morphology of truncated lozenge shape was observed, independent of crystallization temperature and regardless of the blends compositions. For the pure PCL and their blends, almost unique crystal growth rate was found. The miscibility behaviors using DSC were drawn through melting point depression method. The Hoffman‐Weeks extrapolations of the blends were found to be linear and identical with those of the neat PCL. The interaction parameter for the blends indicating that the PCL and PB blends have no intermolecular interaction, confirming the blends are immiscible. Despite the immiscibility of the blend, the PCL crystals do not bend during the growth process and do not reduce the growth rate as they do for miscible blend systems.
Comparative analysis of four medicinal floras: Phylogenetic methods to identify cross‐cultural patterns
Authors: Lei Di , Al Jabri Thuraiya , Teixidor‐Toneu Irene , Saslis‐Lagoudakis C. Haris , Ghazanfar Shahina A. , Hawkins Julie A.
Published: August 2020

Societal Impact Statement

Plants are living repositories of pharmacologically active chemicals and help to meet society's health care needs directly, or by providing natural products for drug development. We describe phylogenetic approaches to compare medicinal floras from different cultures in distinct regions of the world, and consider how these findings can improve knowledge of how plants have been selected for medical purposes. Greater insight into how people have selected plants for medicinal use will benefit healthcare and drug discovery strategies, and ultimately contribute to the future health and well‐being of society.

Four medicinal floras were compared using phylogenetic methods, to test whether there are shared patterns in medical plant use at the level of the whole medicinal floras, or for specific therapeutic applications.

Checklists of the native plants and medicinal plants of Oman were compiled, and analyzed alongside existing checklists for Nepal, the Cape of South Africa and New Zealand. We reconstructed a plant phylogeny at generic level for Oman, and a new, more inclusive phylogeny to represent the genera found in all four local floras. Methods from community phylogenetics were used to identify clustering and overdispersion of the plants used. The impacts of using local or more inclusive phylogenies and different null model selections were explored.

We found that Omani medicinal plant use emphasizes the same deep lineages of flowering plants as the other three medicinal floras, most strongly when comparing Omani and Nepalese medicinal plants. Drivers of this similarity might be floristic composition, opportunity for exchange of knowledge and shared beliefs in the causation of illness. Phylogenetic patterns among therapeutic applications are cross‐predictive within and between cultures, and must be interpreted with care since inappropriate use of null models can result in spurious similarity. High levels of cross‐predictivity suggest that targeting plants used for specific therapeutic applications to identify specific bioactives may have limited value.

We outline the questions that might be addressed using a global phylogeny and medicinal plant checklists, suggest the best methods for future studies and propose how findings might be interpreted.
Electroweak phase transition with spontaneous Z2-breaking
Authors: Carena Marcela , Liu Zhen , Wang Yikun
Published: August 2020

Abstract

This work investigates a simple, representative extension of the Standard Model with a real scalar singlet and spontaneous Z2 breaking, which allows for a strongly first-order phase transition, as required by electroweak baryogenesis. We perform analytical and numerical calculations that systematically include one-loop thermal effects, Coleman-Weinberg corrections, and daisy resummation, as well as evaluation of bubble nucleation. We study the rich thermal history and identify the conditions for a strongly first-order electroweak phase transition with nearly degenerate extrema at zero temperature. This requires a light scalar with mass below 50 GeV. Exotic Higgs decays, as well as Higgs coupling precision measurements at the LHC and future collider facilities, will test this model. Additional information may be obtained from future collider constraints on the Higgs self-coupling. Gravitational-wave signals are typically too low to be probed by future gravitational wave experiments.
Bulk reconstruction of metrics with a compact space asymptotically
Authors: Hernández-Cuenca Sergio , Horowitz Gary T.
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Holographic duality implies that the geometric properties of the gravitational bulk theory should be encoded in the dual field theory. These naturally include the metric on dimensions that become compact near the conformal boundary, as is the case for any asymptotically locally AdSn × $$ \mathbbm{S} $$
S
k spacetime. Almost all previous work on metric reconstruction ignores these dimensions and would thus at most apply to dimensionally-reduced metrics. In this work, we generalize the approach to bulk reconstruction using light-cone cuts and propose a prescription to obtain the full higher-dimensional metric of generic spacetimes up to an overall conformal factor. We first extend the definition of light-cone cuts to include information about the asymptotic compact dimensions, and show that the full conformal metric can be recovered from these extended cuts. We then give a prescription for obtaining these extended cuts from the dual field theory. The location of the usual cuts can still be obtained from bulk-point singularities of correlators, and the new information in the extended cut can be extracted by using appropriate combinations of operators dual to Kaluza-Klein modes of the higher-dimensional bulk fields.
Hadronic vacuum polarization using gradient flow
Authors: Harlander Robert V. , Lange Fabian , Neumann Tobias
Published: August 2020

Abstract

The gradient-flow operator product expansion for QCD current correlators including operators up to mass dimension four is calculated through NNLO. This paves an alternative way for efficient lattice evaluations of hadronic vacuum polarization functions. In addition, flow-time evolution equations for flowed composite operators are derived. Their explicit form for the non-trivial dimension-four operators of QCD is given through order $$ {\alpha}_s^3. $$

α
s
3

.
More stringy effects in target space from Double Field Theory
Authors: Ma Chen-Te , Pezzella Franco
Published: August 2020

Abstract

In Double Field Theory, the mass-squared of doubled fields associated with bosonic closed string states is proportional to NL + NR− 2. Massless states are therefore not only the graviton, anti-symmetric, and dilaton fields with (NL = 1, NR = 1) such theory is focused on, but also the symmetric traceless tensor and the vector field relative to the states (NL = 2, NR = 0) and (NL = 0, NR = 2) which are massive in the lower-dimensional non-compactified space. While they are not even physical in the absence of compact dimensions, they provide a sample of states for which both momenta and winding numbers are non-vanishing, differently from the states (NL = 1, NR = 1). A quadratic action is therefore here built for the corresponding doubled fields. It results that its gauge invariance under the linearized double diffeomorphisms is based on a generalization of the usual weak constraint, giving rise to an extra mass term for the symmetric traceless tensor field, not otherwise detectable: this can be interpreted as a mere stringy effect in target space due to the simultaneous presence of momenta and windings. Furthermore, in the context of the generalized metric formulation, a non-linear extension of the gauge transformations is defined involving the constraint extended from the weak constraint that can be uniquely defined in triple products of fields. Finally, we show that the above mentioned stringy effect does not appear in the case of only one compact doubled space dimension.
The gravitational waves from the collapsing domain walls in the complex singlet model
Authors: Chen Ning , Li Tong , Wu Yongcheng
Published: August 2020

Abstract

We study the CP domain walls and the consequent gravitational waves induced by the spontaneous breaking of the CP symmetry in the complex singlet extension to the Standard Model. We impose the constraints from the unitarity, stability and the global minimal of the vacuum solutions on the model parameter space. The CP domain wall profiles and tensions are obtained by numerically solving the relevant field equations. The explicit CP violation terms are then introduced to the potential as biased terms to make the domain walls unstable and collapse, The BBN bound on the magnitude of the energy bias is taken into account. To achieve sufficiently strong gravitational wave signals, the domain wall tension σ is required to be at least σ/TeV3∼$$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(103). We find that the gravitational wave spectrum can be probed in the future SKA and/or DECIGO programs, when the typical mass scale is at least ∼$$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(10) TeV and the explicit CP violation terms are as small as $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(10−24)−$$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(10−23). The gravitational waves from collapsing domain walls thus provide a complementarity to the probe of extremely small CP violation at high-energy scale.
M -strings and AdS3 solutions to M-theory with small $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = (0, 4) supersymmetry
Authors: Lozano Yolanda , Nunez Carlos , Ramirez Anayeli , Speziali Stefano
Published: August 2020

Abstract

We construct a general class of (small) $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (0, 4) superconformal solutions in M-theory of the form AdS3× S3/ℤk× CY2, foliated over an interval. These solutions describe M-strings in M5-brane intersections. The M -strings support (0, 4) quiver CFTs that are in correspondence with our backgrounds. We compute the central charge and show that it scales linearly with the total number of M -strings. We introduce momentum charge, thus allowing for a description in terms of M(atrix) theory. Upon reduction to Type IIA, we find a new class of solutions with four Poincaré supercharges of the form AdS2× S3× CY2× ℐ , that we extend to the massive IIA case. We generalise our constructions to provide a complete class of AdS3 solutions to M-theory with (0,4) supersymmetry and SU(2) structure. We also construct new AdS2× S3× M4× ℐ solutions to massive IIA, with M4 a 4d Kähler manifold and four Poincaré supercharges.
Anomalous decay rate of quasinormal modes in Schwarzschild-dS and Schwarzschild-AdS black holes
Authors: Aragón Almendra , González P.A. , Papantonopoulos Eleftherios , Vásquez Yerko
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Recently an anomalous decay rate of the quasinormal modes of a massive scalar field in Schwarzschild black holes backgrounds was reported in which the longest-lived modes are the ones with higher angular number, for a scalar field mass smaller than a critical value, while that beyond this value the behaviour is inverted. In this work, we extend the study to other asymptotic geometries, such as, Schwarzschild-de Sitter and Schwarzschild-AdS black holes. Mainly, we found that such behaviour and the critical mass are present in the Schwarzschild-de Sitter background. Also, we found that the value of the critical mass increases when the cosmological constant increases and also when the overtone number is increasing. On the other hand, despite the critical mass is not present in Schwarzschild-AdS black holes backgrounds, the decay rate of the quasinormal modes always exhibits an anomalous behaviour.
Correlations in geometric states
Authors: Guo Wu-zhong
Published: August 2020

Abstract

In this paper we explore the correlations in the geometric states. Here the geometric state means the state in CFTs that can be effectively described by classical geometry in the bulk in the semi-classical limit G → 0. By using the upper bound of Holevo information we show the convex combination of geometric states cannot be a geometric state. To understand the duality between thermofield double state and eternal black hle, we construct several correlated states of two CFTs. In all the examples we show their correlations are too weak to produce the a connected spacetime. Then we review the measure named quantum discord and use it to characterize the classical and quantum correlations in quantum field theories. Finally, we discuss the correlations between two intervals A and B with distance d in the vacuum state of 2D CFTs with large central charge c. The feature is the phase transition of the mutual information I (ρAB). We analyse the quasi-product state of ρAB for large d. By using the Koashi-Winter relation of tripartite states the quantum and classical correlations between A and B can expressed as Holevo information, which provides a new understanding of the correlations as accessible information.
Strengthening the de Sitter swampland conjecture in warm inflation
Authors: Brandenberger Robert , Kamali Vahid , Ramos Rudnei O.
Published: August 2020

Abstract

The de Sitter constraint on the space of effective scalar field theories consistent with superstring theory provides a lower bound on the slope of the potential of a scalar field which dominates the evolution of the Universe, e.g., a hypothetical inflaton field. Whereas models of single scalar field inflation with a canonically normalized field do not obey this constraint, it has been claimed recently in the literature that models of warm inflation can be made compatible with it in the case of large dissipation. The de Sitter constraint is known to be derived from entropy considerations. Since warm inflation necessary involves entropy production, it becomes necessary to determine how this entropy production will affect the constraints imposed by the swampland conditions. Here, we generalize these entropy considerations to the case of warm inflation and show that the condition on the slope of the potential remains essentially unchanged and is, hence, robust even in the warm inflation dynamics. We are then able to conclude that models of warm inflation indeed can be made consistent with the swampland criteria.
Superior properties of the PRESB preconditioner for operators on two-by-two block form with square blocks
Authors: Axelsson Owe , Karátson János
Published: August 2020

Matrices or operators in two-by-two block form with square blocks arise in numerous important applications, such as in optimal control problems for PDEs. The problems are normally of very large scale so iterative solution methods must be used. Thereby the choice of an efficient and robust preconditioner is of crucial importance. Since some time a very efficient preconditioner, the preconditioned square block, PRESB method has been used by the authors and coauthors in various applications, in particular for optimal control problems for PDEs. It has been shown to have excellent properties, such as a very fast and robust rate of convergence that outperforms other methods. In this paper the fundamental and most important properties of the method are stressed and presented with new and extended proofs. Under certain conditions, the condition number of the preconditioned matrix is bounded by 2 or even smaller. Furthermore, under certain assumptions the rate of convergence is superlinear.
Quantitative Flow Visualization of Slightly Underexpanded Microjets by Mach–Zehnder Interferometers
Authors: Sugawara Sotaro , Nakao Shinichiro , Miyazato Yoshiaki , Ishino Yojiro , Miki Kenji
Published: August 2020

The Mach–Zehnder interferometer with the finite fringe setting is applied for a shock-containing microjet issued from an axisymmetric convergent nozzle with an inner diameter of 1.0 mm at the exit. Experiments are performed at a nozzle pressure ratio of 3.0 to produce a slightly underexpanded sonic jet where the Reynolds number, based upon the diameter and flow properties at the nozzle exit, is $$4.45 \times 10^4$$

4.45
×

10
4

. The reconstruction of the jet density field is performed using the Abel inversion method under the assumption of an axisymmetric flow as well as the Fourier transform method for the phase shift analyses of interferograms. The three-dimensional density field of a shock-containing microjet can be captured with a spatial resolution of 4 $$\upmu$$
μ
m, and the near-field shock structure inside the jet plume is shown in the density contour plot at the cross-section including the jet centerline. In addition, the density field of the microjet is illustrated with various techniques, including representation such as the vertical-knife-edge schlieren, the horizontal-knife-edge schlieren, the bright-field schlieren, and the shadowgraphy. In addition to experiments, the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulation with the SST k–$$\omega$$
ω
turbulence model is carried out to model the microjets, and a quantitative comparison with the experiments is performed. The jet centerline density profile obtained by the present experiment is quantitatively compared with those from the previous Mach–Zehnder interferometer, the background oriented schlieren, as well as the RANS simulation.
Rethinking the interplay between affluence and vulnerability to aid climate change adaptive capacity
Authors: Eriksen Christine , Simon Gregory L. , Roth Florian , Lakhina Shefali Juneja , Wisner Ben , Adler Carolina , Thomalla Frank , Scolobig Anna , Brady Kate , Bründl Michael , Neisser Florian , Grenfell Maree , Maduz Linda , Prior Timothy
Published: August 2020

Affluence and vulnerability are often seen as opposite sides of a coin—with affluence generally understood as reducing forms of vulnerability through increased resilience and adaptive capacity. However, in the context of climate change and an increase in associated hazards and disasters, we suggest the need to re-examine this dynamic relationship—a complex association we define here as the Affluence–Vulnerability Interface (AVI). We review research in different national contexts to show how a more nuanced understanding of the AVI can (a) problematize the notion that increasing material affluence necessarily has a mitigating influence on social vulnerability, (b) extend our analysis of social vulnerability beyond low-income regions to include affluent contexts and (c) improve our understanding of how psychosocial characteristics influence people’s vulnerability. Finally, we briefly outline three methodological approaches that we believe will assist future engagement with the AVI.
Food security under high bioenergy demand toward long-term climate goals
Authors: Hasegawa Tomoko , Sands Ronald D. , Brunelle Thierry , Cui Yiyun , Frank Stefan , Fujimori Shinichiro , Popp Alexander
Published: August 2020

Bioenergy is expected to play an important role in the achievement of stringent climate-change mitigation targets requiring the application of negative emissions technology. Using a multi-model framework, we assess the effects of high bioenergy demand on global food production, food security, and competition for agricultural land. Various scenarios simulate global bioenergy demands of 100, 200, 300, and 400 exajoules (EJ) by 2100, with and without a carbon price. Six global energy-economy-agriculture models contribute to this study, with different methodologies and technologies used for bioenergy supply and greenhouse-gas mitigation options for agriculture. We find that the large-scale use of bioenergy, if not implemented properly, would raise food prices and increase the number of people at risk of hunger in many areas of the world. For example, an increase in global bioenergy demand from 200 to 300 EJ causes a − 11% to + 40% change in food crop prices and decreases food consumption from − 45 to − 2 kcal person−1 day−1, leading to an additional 0 to 25 million people at risk of hunger compared with the case of no bioenergy demand (90th percentile range across models). This risk does not rule out the intensive use of bioenergy but shows the importance of its careful implementation, potentially including regulations that protect cropland for food production or for the use of bioenergy feedstock on land that is not competitive with food production.
Effect of Green Oxidizing Agent on Inhibition of Escherichia coli Present in Livestock Wastes
Authors: Więckol-Ryk Angelika , Białecka Barbara , Thomas Maciej
Published: August 2020

The optimisation tests of sodium percarbonate (biocide) with the formula 2Na2CO3·3H2O2, as a green oxidizing agent for biological deactivation of chicken manure, were carried out. The microbiological analysis of fresh manure which consisted of the enumeration of bacteria, fungi and eggs of intestinal parasites showed that the number of bacteria Enterobacteriaceae, i.e. 8.3 log10CFU/g, and the bacteria E. coli, i.e. 6.96 log10CFU/g, exceeded the required level in organic fertilizers. The Response Surface Methodology for three input parameters (biocide concentration, temperature and time) on the value of E. coli bacteria was applied. The obtained values of the coefficient of the multiple correlation R2 and the adjusted coefficient Radj2 were 0.90 and 0.75, respectively, which indicate a good fit of the data obtained with the model and the experimental data. It was concluded that a decrease in the count of the analysed microorganisms followed an increase in the sodium percarbonate concentration, an increase in the temperature and a longer time of contact of the manure sample with the biocide. The content of bioavailable macronutrients (P, N, Ca, Mg, K) in water extracts of fresh chicken manure before and after its biological deactivation was determined with the ICP-OES method. The concentration of phosphorous in fresh manure extract was 310 mg/l and decreased after addition of one of the following agents: 7.5 wt.% of sodium percarbonate to 66.9 mg/l or 3.0 wt.% of traditional hygienizing agent, i.e. calcium hydroxide to 5.7 mg/l.. The results of the concentration of N in chicken manure with sodium percarbonate was also higher than in sample with calcium hydroxide, i.e. 1040.0 mg/l and 860.0 mg/l, respectively. While the addition of 2Na2CO3·3H2O2 decreased the content of Ca, Mg and K in fresh chicken manure.
Long-lasting effects of unplanned logging on the seed rain of mixed conifer-hardwood forests in southern South America
Authors: Souza Alexandre F. , de Ávila Angela Luciana , Araújo Maristela M. , Longhi Solon Jonas
Published: August 2020

Understanding the effects of disturbance on seed rain is critical to predict changes in forest species composition and diversity. Logging effects on seed rain in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest complex in southern Brazil were evaluated. One year of seed rain data were collected from a large-scale observational experiment in logged and protected forests and quantity and average seed size weighted by species abundance (CWM) were compared between old-growth and logged stands 55 years after logging activities. Using these data, variations in frequency of functional groups of species in the seed rain were examined to see if they could be attributed to logging. Results show that the number of seeds per trap was highly right-skewed, ranging from 13 to 12,788 seeds per trap in one year. Seed rain was affected by logging history, with seed traps in old-growth plots receiving significantly less seeds than traps in logged plots. All species included mean seed size weighted by species abundance were significantly smaller in logged than in old-growth forests. This difference persisted after the exclusion ofAraucaria angustifolia, a large-seeded pioneer which was intensively logged,although the difference of seed size between the two forest classes was greatly reduced. Species abundance in the seed rain differed significantly from the established tree community, between logged and old-growth stands. The composition of the seed rain was much more variable than the composition of the established tree community and its points more scattered over the ordination space than the points corresponding to the protected forests. The number of collected seeds across different functional groups of species significantly differed between logged and old-growth plots. The seed rain of logged forests reflects their arrested succession as indicated by reduced abundance of functional groups such as pioneers, large seeded pioneers andAraucaria, as well as reduced functional diversity. Seed rain differences between logged and old- growth stands reflect the intensive logging ofA. angustifolia.
Stability and stable production limit of an oil production well
Authors: Yadua Asekhame U. , Lawal Kazeem A. , Okoh Oluchukwu M. , Ovuru Mathilda I. , Eyitayo Stella I. , Matemilola Saka , Obi Chinyere C.
Published: August 2020

Unstable well flow is detrimental to the technical and economic performances of an integrated production system. To mitigate this problem, it is imperative to understand the stability limits and predict the onset of unstable production of an oil well. Taking advantage of the phenomenon of slug flow and the onset of unstable equilibrium from inflow performance and vertical lift curves of a producing well, this paper presents a new method for evaluating the stability of an oil production well on the one hand and estimating its stable production limits in terms of wellhead flowing pressure and flow rate on the other hand. A novelty of this work is the introduction and quantitative characterization of three distinct stability phases in the performance of a production well. These phases are uniquely identified as stable, transition and unstable flows. Practical examples and field cases demonstrate the robustness of the new method. When compared against results from a commercial wellbore simulator for the same set of problems, the new method yields an average absolute deviation of 5.3%. Additional validation tests against a common, but more computationally demanding method of stability analysis yield satisfactory results. Several parametric tests conducted with the proposed model and method provide additional insights into some of the major factors that control well stability, highlighting scope for production optimization in practice. Overall, this work should find applications in the design and management of production wells.
Prostaatspecifiek membraanantigeengestuurde chirurgie voor prostaatkanker
Authors: van Leeuwen Pim J. , van Oosterom Matthias N. , de Barros Hilda , Donswijk Maarten L. , van der Poel Henk G. , van Leeuwen Fijs W. B.
Published: August 2020

Samenvatting

Real-time intraoperatieve begeleiding tijdens prostaatkankerchirurgie kan helpen bij de realisatie van een volledige en veilige resectie van de primaire tumor en/of de lymfekliermetastasen. Radio- en fluorescentiegeleide chirurgie zijn veelbelovend voor chirurgen die complexe chirurgische interventies uitvoeren. Dit soort begeleiding kan gerealiseerd worden met behulp van receptorgebonden tracers. De introductie van positronemissietomografie (PET) radiofarmaca die zijn gericht op het prostaatspecifieke membraanantigeen (PSMA) heeft geleid tot verbeterde stadiëring, vooral bij mannen met een recidief prostaatkanker en relatief lage PSA-waarden. Deze PSMA-receptor kan ook als target dienen voor het betrouwbaar peroperatief identificeren van kleine en/of atypisch gelokaliseerde laesies en/of tumorresiduen na primaire resectie. In dit overzicht bespreken we de huidige inzichten van op PSMA gebaseerde radio- en fluorescentiegeleide chirurgie.
Metabolic diversification of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea in a deep-sea cold seep
Authors: Li Wen-Li , Wu Yu-Zhi , Zhou Guo-wei , Huang Hui , Wang Yong
Published: August 2020

Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) can assimilate methane and govern the greenhouse effect of deep-sea cold seeps. In this study, a total of 13 ANME draft genomes representing five ANME types (ANME-1a, ANME-1b, ANME-2a, ANME-2b and ANME-2c), in size between 0.8 and 1.8 Mbp, were obtained from the Jiaolong cold seep in the South China Sea. The small metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) contained all the essential pathways for methane oxidization and carbon dioxide fixation. All genes related to nitrate and sulfate reduction were absent from the MAGs, indicating their syntrophic dependence on partner organisms. Aside from acetate secretion and sugar storage, propanoate synthesis pathway, as an alternative novel carbon flow, was identified in all the MAGs and transcriptionally active. Regarding type-specific features of the MAGs, the genes encoding archaellum and bacteria-derived chemotaxis were specific to ANME-2, perhaps for fitness under fluctuation of methane and sulfate concentration flux. Our genomic and transcriptomic results strongly suggested that ANME could carry out simple carbon metabolism from C1 assimilation to C3 biosynthesis in the SCS cold seep, which casts light on a novel approach for synthetic biology.
Internet (Un)Immunity: Where Does China Stand?
Authors: HUANG Jie (Jeanne)
Published: August 2020

This paper focuses on Internet intermediaries’ civil liabilities for contents produced by third parties. By comparing Chinese law with the laws of the US and EU, it argues that the US law grants broad civil immunity to Internet intermediaries, and the EU and China restrict civil immunity to intermediaries but in different ways. This is on account of how, in the US, Internet intermediaries enjoy civil immunity as long as they do not become content providers. In the EU, aside from mere conduit intermediaries, all other intermediaries are subject to the notice-and-take-down mechanism before enjoying civil immunity. In contrast, in China, even after an intermediary properly follows the notice-and-take-down mechanism, it may still be subject to civil liability under the Chinese Consumer Law. Further, this paper argues that the policy priority for the law for Internet intermediaries varies fundamentally in the three jurisdictions. The US law for intermediaries’ liability focuses on protecting freedom of speech. The EU emphasizes the protection of personal information as a fundamental human right. Contrastingly, Chinese policy priority is unclear. Consumer protection has boomed in public popularity and increasingly attracted the attentions of the legislature and judiciary in China. However, it is doubtable that the protection of consumers can provide a prevailing policy support for Chinese law in the same way as freedom of speech and the protection of personal information do under the laws of the US and the EU, respectively.
Chain of Survival in Industrial Emergencies and Industrial Disasters
Authors: Kaliaperumal Punidha , Kole Tamorish
Published: August 2020

The Chain of Survival in Industrial Emergencies and Disasters is similar to the cardiac arrest chain of survival of the American Heart Association (AHA) and the trauma chain of survival. It is a sequence of five inter-linked rings, which when practiced, decreases the mortality and morbidity in the concerned population. The first ring is Early Prevention, which should be a combined effort of healthcare professionals and industrial authorities. The second ring is Early Recognition. Industrial workers and surrounding communities should be equally trained in hazard and risk analysis along with vulnerability assessment. The third ring is Access to Care by the Early Response System, involving a universal emergency response number and early intervention by on-site trained medical professionals. This ring emphasizes the importance of a link with the surrounding communities, as they are the first responders and the front-line victims. The fourth ring is Early Advanced Care by EMS for transportation to hospitals or by Emergency Department personnel in referral hospitals. The fifth and the last ring is Early Rehabilitation, which includes integrated post emergency care, overall rehabilitation and early return to work. The key to successful implementation of Chain of Survival is to have identified components of care, training and quality monitoring. When practiced diligently, this could help prevent industrial disasters, and mitigate their harmful effects on occurrence.
Application of records theory on the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon: prediction and prevention
Authors: Khraibani Zaher , Khraibani Jinane , Kobeissi Marwan , Atoui Alya
Published: August 2020

Given the fast spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) worldwide and its classification by the World Health Organization (WHO) as being one of the worst pandemics in history, several scientific studies are carried out using various statistical and mathematical models to predict and study the likely evolution of this pandemic in the world. In the present research paper, we present a brief study aiming to predict the probability of reaching a new record number of COVID-19 cases in Lebanon, based on the record theory, giving more insights about the rate of its quick spread in Lebanon. The main advantage of the records theory resides in avoiding several statistical constraints concerning the choice of the underlying distribution and the quality of the residuals. In addition, this theory could be used, in cases where the number of available observations is somehow small. Moreover, this theory offers an alternative solution in case where machine learning techniques and long-term memory models are inapplicable because they need a considerable amount of data to be performant. The originality of this paper lies in presenting a new statistical approach allowing the early detection of unexpected phenomena such as the new pandemic COVID-19. For this purpose, we used epidemiological data from Johns Hopkins University to predict the trend of COVID-2019 in Lebanon. Our method is useful in calculating the probability of reaching a new record as well as studying the propagation of the disease. It also computes the probabilities of the waiting time to observe the future COVID-19 record. Our results obviously confirm the quick spread of the disease in Lebanon over a short time.
Patient experiences with group behavioural activation in a partial hospital program
Authors: Stein Aliza T. , Tian Lulu , Cuthbert Kristy , Gorman Kaitlyn R. , Best Stephanie G. , Björgvinsson Thröstur , Beard Courtney
Published: August 2020

Background:

Behavioural activation (BA) is an evidence-based treatment for depression that has been primarily delivered in individual out-patient treatment. Prior research supports a positive participant experience in individual therapy; however, less is known about the patient experience in group therapy, which is common in acute psychiatric settings.

Aims:

The present study examined the patient experience of Brief Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression (BATD) delivered in group acute psychiatric treatment.

Method:

We used thematic analysis to extract themes from feedback surveys administered as part of quality improvement practice at a partial hospital program. Survey questions explored what patients learned, liked, disliked and thought could be improved in the BATD groups. Three individuals independently coded survey responses and collaboratively developed categories and themes.

Results:

Themes included several helpful content areas (e.g. value-driven activities, increasing motivation, goal setting, activity scheduling, cognitive behavioural model, self-monitoring) and learning methods (e.g. group format, experiential exercises, worksheets). Patients also identified unhelpful content (e.g. specific focus on depression and listing activities by mood). There was mixed feedback regarding the repetition of material and balance of lecture versus group participation.

Conclusion:

Overall, these findings suggest a mostly positive patient experience of group-delivered BATD and support the acceptability of group-delivered BATD as a component of short-term intensive treatment.
There was once an empty site
Authors: Moreno Catalina Mejía
Published: August 2020

This article unveils and discusses a series of unknown photographs of the empty site in which Mies and Lilly Reich's 1929 German Pavilion in Barcelona had been built and dismantled, and shot by Ludwig Glaeser, curator of the Mies van der Rohe Archive at MoMA in 1979. It suggests that more than the manifestation of a desire to rematerialise the building through the agency of photography, Glaeser's photographs are, photographs of dust, but more importantly, a manifestation of the possibility of re-enacting the widely known 1929 Berliner Bild-Bericht photographs.
How Forest Degradation Affects Carbon and Water Cycles
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: August 2020

Forest degradation may be as widespread as deforestation in the Amazon, but its impact on energy, carbon, and water fluxes is less well understood.
One Thousand Three Hundred Years of Variability in the Position of the South Pacific Convergence Zone
Authors: Higgins P. A. , Palmer J. G. , Turney C. S. M. , Andersen M. S. , Cook E. R.
Published: August 2020

The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is the largest rain belt in the Southern Hemisphere and a key driver of precipitation variability, impacting South Pacific island communities. Our millennial‐long reconstruction is based on a trans‐Pacific tree‐ring network, containing chronologies sensitive to changes in the SPCZ because of its pervasive nature, spatial extent, and link to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. The reconstruction explains 58% of variance in the instrumental SPCZ index from 1911–1998. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation cycles are identified throughout the reconstruction period. Multidecadal periodicities wax and wane, coinciding with a sustained eastward shift during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (~1,000–1,200 CE). We find large volcanic eruptions increased the tendency for the SPCZ to be displaced eastward. The reconstruction helps improve our understanding of past hydroclimatic behavior in the southwest Pacific and can be used to validate general circulation model projections for Pacific Island communities and the wider region in the 21st century.
A 4‐Month Lead Predictor of Open‐Water Onset in Bering Strait
Authors: Luo Xiaofan , Wang Yali , Lu Youyu , Wei Hao , Zhao Wei , Nie Hongtao , Hu Xianmin
Published: August 2020

This study reveals that the yearday of open‐water onset (topen) in Bering Strait can be predicted with a lead time of about 4 months using a regression equation topen = 37.45CCN + 125.2 (in Julian days), with an averaged absolute error of 5 days and the maximum error of 12 days, where CCN is the ice concentration averaged from 16th January to 15th February near Cape Navarin. This “predictor” is revealed through analyzing the solution of a regional ocean and sea‐ice model. A key factor contribution to the prediction is that the prior winter ice concentration is controlled by the sea surface temperature, and persists into the start of the melting phase near the marginal ice zone in the Cape Navarin area. As ice melts near Cape Navarin, successive melting due to solar heat absorption and lateral heat transport occurs rapidly downstream along Anadyr Current.
Near‐Coastal Winter Waves From Microseisms
Authors: Bromirski Peter D. , Flick Reinhard E.
Published: August 2020

Long‐term coastal wave climate variability cannot be reliably assessed from relatively short duration buoy observations that began about 1980. Microseisms at double the wave frequency (DFM) provide a proxy record of coastal wave activity. Here, we show that winter (November to March) wave activity can be well characterized from near‐coastal seismometer DFM observations, although extreme wave events are not consistently well reproduced. Reconstructed mean winter seismic significant wave height, sHs, determined using simultaneous seismic and buoy observations, closely track nearby buoy Hs over 1992–2017 winters. Buoy‐measured mean winter short‐period wave variability in the [0.1, 0.15] Hz band is also well reproduced. Generally lower sHs for high amplitude events, compared with offshore buoy Hs, suggests that DFM generation is closer to the coast where shore‐reflected long‐period opposing wave components are likely higher. These results indicate that digitized pre‐1980 archived analog seismograms at near‐coastal seismic stations can reliably characterize long‐term wave climate changes and decadal variability.
Can Solar Wind Decompressive Discontinuities Suppress Magnetospheric Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves Associated With Fresh Proton Injections?
Authors: Liu Nigang , Su Zhenpeng , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui
Published: August 2020

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves play an important role in the energy transfer among particles of different energies and species in the magnetosphere, whose drivers have been commonly recognized as solar wind compressions and storm/substorm proton injections. However, how the solar wind decompressions related to frequently occurring discontinuities compete with the proton injections in the evolution of EMIC waves has been rarely investigated. Here we present a complete end‐to‐end observation by Wind, THEMIS, and Van Allen Probes missions during the main phase of the 23 February 2014 storm of a succession of solar wind rotational discontinuities decompressing the magnetosphere within 200 s, adiabatically decelerating the freshly injected >10 keV protons, and thus suppressing the EMIC waves in the inner magnetosphere. Our results highlight the importance of solar wind conditions for the evolution of inner magnetospheric EMIC waves from a new perspective.
Height‐Integrated Ionospheric Conductances Parameterized By Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Substorm Phase
Authors: Carter J. A. , Milan S. E. , Paxton L. J. , Anderson B. J. , Gjerloev J.
Published: August 2020

An understanding of ionospheric conductances is important for models of large‐scale dynamics in the Earth's magnetosphere. We parameterize height‐integrated Pedersen and Hall conductances in the ionosphere, derived from images of auroral emissions obtained by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Programme low‐altitude orbiting spacecraft, under different interplanetary and solar wind conditions. For the dayside, conductances are parameterized by interplanetary magnetic field clock angle and magnitude, and by season. These dayside conductances are compared to distributions of field‐aligned currents determined from measurements of the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamic Response Experiment. We use these currents to spatially determine a return flow region. We find that the return flow regions exhibit marginally larger conductances than those observed in the polar cap. Conductances in summer exceed those in winter for both the return flow and polar cap regions, on average by a factor of 1.2. On the nightside, we track changes in height‐integrated conductance across the Southern Hemisphere polar regions during an average substorm, following a substorm onset list derived from the SuperMAG database. Mean conductances peak approximately 0.75 hr after substorm onset, with maximum conductances seen in the 23 hr magnetic local time sector.
Tidally Driven Interannual Variation in Extreme Sea Level Frequencies in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Baranes H. E. , Woodruff J. D. , Talke S. A. , Kopp R. E. , Ray R. D. , DeConto R. M.
Published: August 2020

Astronomical variations in tidal magnitude can strongly modulate the severity of coastal flooding on daily, monthly, and interannual timescales. Here we present a new quasi‐nonstationary skew surge joint probability method (qn‐SSJPM) that estimates interannual fluctuations in flood hazard caused by the 18.6‐ and quasi 4.4‐year modulations of tides. We demonstrate that qn‐SSJPM‐derived storm tide frequency estimates are more precise and stable compared with the standard practice of fitting an extreme value distribution to measured storm tides, which is often biased by the largest few events within the observational period. Applying the qn‐SSJPM in the Gulf of Maine, we find significant tidal forcing of winter storm season flood hazard by the 18.6‐year nodal cycle, whereas 4.4‐year modulations and a secular trend in tides are small compared to interannual variation and long‐term trends in sea‐level. The nodal cycle forces decadal oscillations in the 1% annual chance storm tide at an average rate of ±13.5 mm/year in Eastport, ME; ±4.0 mm/year in Portland, ME; and ±5.9 mm/year in Boston, MA. Currently (in 2020), nodal forcing is counteracting the sea‐level rise‐induced increase in flood hazard; however, in 2025, the nodal cycle will reach a minimum and then begin to accelerate flood hazard increase as it moves toward its maximum phase over the subsequent decade. Along the world's meso‐to‐macrotidal coastlines, it is therefore critical to consider both sea‐level rise and tidal nonstationarity in planning for the transition to chronic flooding that will be driven by sea‐level rise in many regions over the next century.