bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Telstra's Future Mode of Operation - the transformation of the Telstra's Network - 1992/93
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: April 2019

The Australian & Overseas Telecommunications Corporation (AOTC), later Telstra, was established on 1st January, 1992, as a government owned corporation and as the national telecommunications carrier.At the same time the Australian telecommunications market was deregulated and network competition was expected to begin within several months.Studies had indicated that AOTC's inter-exchange network was perhaps five years behind similar networks in the USA and uncompetitive with the network to be built by the incoming competitor, Optus Communications (Optus).AOTC's first Chief Executive Officer, Frank Blount, was an experienced senior executive of A&T, one of the most respected telecommunications businesses in the world, which had been operating in the highly competitive telecommunications market in the USA over the previous eight years. Blount decided that one of his highest priorities, if not the highest, was a major transformation of the AOTC's inter-exchange network.Within seven months the AOTC board approved Plan D, an interim hybrid strategy which broadly achieved what was required for the network to be competitive. Within fourteen months   the Board approved the Future Mode of Operation (FMO), a strategy to achieve a fully competitive, almost fully digital inter-exchange network which would approach world parity within five years. The FMO strategy would leap a gap close to ten years within five years.This is the story of the rationale and planning to launch Plan D and the FMO, the building of the first competitive telecommunications network strategy in the Postmaster General's Department (PMG), Telecom Australia (Telecom) and AOTC (Telstra) in over 90 years.
An Introduction to Telecommunications Policy in Canada
Authors: Middleton Catherine
Published: April 2019

This paper provides an introduction to telecommunications policy in Canada, outlining the regulatory and legislative environment governing the provision of telecommunications services in the country and describing basic characteristics of its market for retail telecommunications services. It was written in 2017 as one in a series of papers describing international telecommunications policies and markets published in the Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy in 2016 and 2017. The discussion focuses on broad trends and major players and identifies key regulations and policies in place in 2017, with information drawn primarily from regulatory and policy documents. The paper does not offer an exhaustive description of all telecommunications policy issues, markets and providers in Canada.
A Historical Perspective on WRESAT, the First Satellite Launched from Australian Soil
Authors: Forbes Allan
Published: April 2019

Just over fifty years ago, on 29 November 1967 at 2:19 pm (local time), a small scientific satellite named the Weapons Research Establishment SATellite (WRESAT) was launched from Woomera, South Australia. It had been designed and constructed by engineers, scientists and technicians from the Weapons Research Establishment, Salisbury, South Australia; it had a payload of scientific instruments put together by the Physics Department at Adelaide University; and it was sent into orbit at the sharp end of a modified Redstone rocket, a gift from the United States. All of this was achieved in less than 12 months; and it made Australia the third country in the world to launch a satellite into space from its own territory, after the USSR and the USA. This paper is the author's personal account of his part in the project, where he was involved first with the satellite's telemetry system and then with a temporary extension to Oodnadatta of Woomera's flight safety system. The paper goes on to describe events following the successful launch, and the celebration of the 50th anniversary in 2017. Finally, there is a discussion of the politics and technologies behind WRESAT.
Telecommunications Consumer Protections Are Vital
Authors: Gregory Mark A
Published: April 2019

Papers in the March 2018 issue of the Journal cover advances in telecommunications technologies and regulation, historical events, and book reviews. Looking more widely, the Australian Government has responded to the increase in complaints about telecommunications services by ordering yet another review. Telecommunications consumers are rightly concerned that access to reliable and modern telecommunications is a key aspect of life today. Telecommunications consumer protections are vital and there needs to be a timely response to the rapid rise in complaints that was accurately predicted four years ago by industry experts. The Journal would welcome contributions on this and other topics.
Australian Wholesale Telecommunications Reforms
Authors: Gregory Mark A
Published: April 2019

The Australian telecommunications market has been reshaped with the introduction of the National Broadband Network (NBN), arguably a short-term renationalisation of the fixed-access telecommunications infrastructure. The NBN rollout commenced in 2009 and is expected to be completed by 2021. The telecommunications market has evolved rapidly as the NBN has taken shape and it is anticipated that the telecommunications industry will seek a period of certainty following the NBN’s completion. This paper considers what the government of the day should do with the NBN after the NBN is built and fully operational in 2022. It discusses four options for the ownership of NBN Co beyond 2022 and describes arguments for and against each option. Telecommunications provides an essential service, is central to the nation’s participation in the global digital economy, and the management of telecommunications infrastructure is a national priority.
The 4G to 5G Network Architecture Evolution in Australia
Authors: Soldani David , Shore Malcolm , Mitchell Jeremy , Gregory Mark A
Published: April 2019

This paper provides a review of selected design and security aspects of 5G systems and addresses key questions about the deployment scenarios of Next Generation Radio Access Networks in Australia. The paper first presents the most relevant 5G use cases for the Australian market in 2018-19, and beyond; 5G concept and definitions; 3GPP updates, in terms of system architecture and enabling technologies and corresponding timelines; and spectrum availability, linked to possible 5G deployments in Australia. Then, the paper discusses the 5G functional architecture, possible configuration options, enabling technologies and network migration strategies and related 5G security, in Australia and globally. This is followed by a description of the possible 5G deployment scenarios in a multivendor environment and includes, as a case study, the Huawei product portfolio and site solution in Australia. The paper concludes with a discussion on the potential benefits of a telecommunications security assurance centre to improve the whole-of-life security assurance of critical telecommunications infrastructure and why it is important for the Australia telecommunications sector.
Flow-level Load Balancing of HTTP Traffic using OpenFlow
Authors: Al-Najjar Anees , Portmann Marius , Layeghy Siamak , Indulska Jadwiga
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we explore the concept of flow-based load balancing of network traffic on multi-homed hosts. In contrast to existing approaches such as MultipathTCP, our approach is a client-side-only solution, and can there­fore easily be deployed. We specifically explore flow-based load balanc­ing for web and video traffic use cases. Experimental evaluations of our OpenFlow-based load balancer demonstrate the potential of flow-based load balancing.
Tunnelling the Internet
Authors: Akter Habiba , Phillips Chris
Published: April 2019

Despite a considerable increase in Internet capacity, regional congestion is still an issue at certain times of day. Dimensioning the system to provide minimal delay under these transient conditions would be uneconomical. We therefore investigate a scheme that allows end-users to selectively exploit a sequence of mini-tunnels along a path from their origin to a chosen destination. Such tunnels can be advertised centrally through a broker, with the cooperation of the Autonomous System (AS) domain operators, similar to a driver choosing to use a toll road to avoid potential congestion. It is thus a type of loose source routing. The approach avoids the need for inter-operator cooperation, although such cooperation could enable extending tunnels across AS peers. We explore the benefit in delay reduction for a given concentration of tunnels within a portion of the Internet. We show that a relatively small number of tunnels can provide worthwhile improvements in performance. We consider both when tunnels are randomly distributed and when they are provided close to an AS domain of interest, where traffic congestion is more likely. In this latter case, even a relatively small number of tunnels can benefit a reasonable number of users across a large region.
Minimal incision cochlear implantation: is it the future
Authors: Saroch Munish , Saini Amit , Gargi Gaveshna
Published: April 2019

Background: The objective of the study was to compare the incision size, operative time and complications in minimal incision cochlear implantation (MICI) and standard incision cochlear implantation (SICI).

Methods: Patients who underwent cochlear implant surgery from August 2015 to August 2017. Patients in the MICI group underwent surgery with 2 cm post aural incision whereas patients in SICI group underwent surgery with inverted J incision.  

Results: A total of eight patients who underwent cochlear implantation during study period were divided into SICI and MICI group of four patients each. The mean size of incision in SICI group was 7.62cm (SD 0.47) and in MICI group was 2 cm. The mean operative time in SICI group was 211.25 minutes (SD 8.53) and in MICI group was 247.5 minutes (SD 11.9). One patient (25%) in SICI group had flap necrosis where as MICI group had none.

Conclusions: The MICI can be performed with a small incision of 2 cm. It causes less trauma to the flap with very less incidence of flap necrosis. Technique can be mastered by surgeon with less experience in Cochlear Implant surgery. Other complications are comparable to SICI though operating time is more initially. This is a small study which indicates that Minimal Incision cochlear Implantation is less traumatic and has a more favourable cosmetic outcome with benefits comparable to that of standard technique.
THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN THE 2017 GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION OF JAKARTA
Authors: Hermawati Rina , Runiawati Nunung
Published: April 2019

Purpose of Study: The media have an important role in the introducing process of candidates of local leaders. Various opinions on the candidates may be formed and spread to the public through the media. The media are able to organize realities from various events occurred so that they become the discourse that supports or rejects the candidates.

Methodology: The media’s construction of the candidates is determined by three main factors, namely the media’s par- tiality towards capitalism/capital owners; quasi-support for the public and support for the public interests. The relation between the media and capital owners may make the news report of the media unbalance and tend to be on the side of certain candidates. The news narrative, the terms used, and the resource persons invited are adjusted to the interests of the media to make certain candidates win.

Results: The media wars occur in every election for local leaders. One of the elections for local leaders that involved the media war is the Jakarta Election 2017. The media war occurred not only in offline such as printed matter media and online media but also in social media like Facebook and Twitter. Social media were filled with the issue about diversity against obedience to religion which was followed by some hate speech, hoax news, and insults from those who were not of the same opinion. Through this discourse, the political image of the candidate was constructed.
Życie codzienne w garnizonie kaliskim w latach 1921–1939
Authors: Jarno Witold
Published: April 2019

Artykuł opisuje życie codzienne wojska w garnizonie kaliskim w okresie międzywojennym. W garnizonie tym stacjonowały w tym czasie oddziały 25 Dywizji Piechoty, w tym dowództwo dywizji, 29 pułk piechoty i 25 pułk artylerii lekkiej oraz kilka mniejszych instytucji wojskowych. Głównym zadaniem wojska w czasie pokoju było szkolenie bojowe, mające przygotować armię do potencjalnej wojny. W trakcie szkolenia uczono żołnierzy podstawowych wiadomości o kraju i wojsku, regulaminów wojskowych, musztry oraz obsługi broni. Szkolenie garnizonowe i poligonowe zajmowało zasadniczą część dnia żołnierskiego, ale oprócz tego – tzw. życie codzienne obejmowało szereg innych elementów. Ważną rolę pełniła także działalność kulturalna i oświatowa oraz obchody świat wojskowych, państwowych i kościelnych. Dużą rolę w życiu codziennym żołnierzy odgrywał sport, który służył podnoszeniu tężyzny fizycznej i ogólnej sprawności. Nie mniej ważnym elementem były stałe kontakty wojska z lokalnymi władzami Kalisza oraz jego mieszkańcami. Wszystkie te elementy miały ogromne znaczenie dla wychowania obywatelskiego i patriotycznego żołnierzy, gdyż przypominały im doniosłe fakty z historii własnej jednostki oraz historii Polski, uczyły szacunku dla symboli wojskowych oraz pomagały przełamać pewne stereotypy o służbie wojskowej i zbliżyć żołnierzy do własnego społeczeństwa.
Ethical and political dilemmas of local self-government in Poland in the course of systemic transformations (1990–2018)
Authors: Kasiński Michał
Published: April 2019

The study presents critical reflections on the course and results of Polish local self-government reforms from March 1990, when after 40 years of the system of territorial soviets (national councils), self-government was reintroduced into communes, until January 2018, when an attempt to improve the systemic institutions of self-government in communes, poviats and voivodships was once again revisited. The author points out significant discrepancies between the basic ethical and political values of local self-government, i.e. democracy, independence and efficiency, and the changing content of self-government systemic laws as well as the practice of local authorities’ operations, and formulates proposals aimed at repairing Polish local self-government by adjusting its organisation and functioning to the principles resulting from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the European Charter of Local Self-Government. He considers as the most important the elimination of pathological phenomena of simulated local democracy which include: a drastically low turnout in elections and referenda, the disappearance of democratic responsibility of local self-government bodies, and the autonomy of the directly elected executive body of the commune from the influence of the local representation. From this point of view, he positively assesses the new regulations, strengthening the guarantee of transparency of operations carried out by local self-government bodies and control rights of councillors, as well as expanding the catalogue of initiative, consultative and control powers of citizens. He points out, however, that ensuring real democracy in of the local authorities requires a deeper reconstruction of the principles of self-government, the election process, and strengthening the role of representation in creating and enforcing the responsibility of executive bodies.
The protection of customer personal data as an element of entrepreneurs’ ethical conduct
Authors: Kulesza Ewa
Published: April 2019

The right to the protection of personal data, which is part of the right to privacy, is a fundamental human right. Thus, its guarantees were included in the high-level regulations of the European Union as well as the legal norms of the EU Member States. The first Polish law regulating the protection of personal data was adopted in 1997 as the implementation of EU Directive 95/46. The law imposed a number of obligations on public and private entities which process personal data in order to protect the rights of data subjects and, in particular, to guarantee them the ability to control the correctness of processing of their personal data. Therefore, the law obliged data controllers to process data only on the basis of the premises indicated in the legislation, to adequately secure data, and to comply with the disclosure obligation concerning data subjects, including their right to correct false or outdated data or to request removal of data processed in violation of the law. However, as complaints directed by citizens to the supervisory body—the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection—showed, personal data controllers, especially those operating in the private sector, did not comply with the law, acting in a manner that violated their customers’ rights. In the hitherto existing unfair business practices of entrepreneurs, the violations of the data protection provisions that were the most burdensome for customers were related to preventing them from exercising their rights, including the right to control the processing of data, as well as the failure to provide the controller’s business address, which made it impossible for subjects whose data were used in violation of the law or for the inspecting authorities to contact the company, a lack of data security and a failure to follow the procedures required by law, the failure to secure documents containing personal data or their abandonment, a lack of updating customer data, the use of unverified data sets and sending marketing offers to deceased people or incorrect target recipients, and excessive amounts of data requested by controllers. The violations of the rights of data subjects recorded in Poland and other EU Member States—among other arguments—provided inspiration for the preparation of a new legal act in the form of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (which entered into force on 25 May 2018). The extension of the rights of people whose data are processed was combined in the GDPR with the introduction of new legal instruments disciplining data controllers. Instruments in the form of administrative fines and the strongly emphasised possibility to demand compensation for a violation of the right to data protection were directed in particular against economic entities violating the law.
Ethical aspects of the world trading system on the example of Fair Trade
Authors: Zajaczkowski Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

The effect of globalization is not only an improvement of living conditions in developing countries, but also a widening of development disparities and economic inequalities between countries of the rich North and the poor South. The Fair Trade can be considered as a response to emerging problems of development. Therefore, it can be perceived as a form of assistance directed to the marginalized producers in the Global South by enabling them to manufacture, sell and distribute goods to markets in developed countries. This is an alternative to the existing formula of international trade; whose aim is to help producers in the South by integrating them into the current trading system under certain conditions. The idea is to create a new business relationship between producer and consumer, where the production and consumption are bound together in a new supply chain and where the economic benefits are distributed more fairly. It means that the prices of Fair Trade products are set at a level that would ensure a steady income to the producer and would lead to raising their living standards and prosperity. The ethical aspects of the Fair Trade system are clear. The problem is whether the Fair Trade standards can be used on a wider scale in the global economy, whereas there is an evident clash of certain ethical values with market economy rules based on maximizing profits and increasing efficiency.
The practice of CSR implementation in Polish companies according to the CSR advisors
Authors: Rogowski Robert
Published: April 2019

The paper presents the experiences of advisers in implementing the concept of CSR in Polish enterprises. The article presents the results of surveys covering such issues as the implementation of CSR motives and actions taken by operators in the implementation of CSR policies. CSR advisors also identified that companies can use unethical practices. This is also a characteristic of CSR advisors.
Uso de la tierra y crecimiento de la población en el oriente del estado de México
Authors: Aguilar-Sánchez Genaro , Julián-Santiago Miriam
Published: April 2019

El oriente del estado de México en los últimos años ha tenido un gran crecimiento de núcleos urbanos, cambiando el uso de los recursos naturales. El objetivo es caracterizar el uso de la tierra y relacionarlo con el crecimiento de la población, para diagnosticar el impacto de la población en la microcuenca de los ríos Coatepec y El Manzano. Para lo anterior se caracterizaron ocho usos de la tierra. Siendo el uso agrícola el más representativo de la cuenca. A través de ortofotos digitales e imágenes de satélites Landsat 7, se generaron los mapas del uso de la tierra para los años 1999 y 2015. Los resultados obtenidos fueron la reducción de hectáreas destinadas al uso: agrícola, vegetación menos densa y, baldío; mientras que se incrementaron hectáreas para los uso urbano, mina y matorral. Los cambios en el uso de la tierra, se relacionan con el crecimiento de la población de los municipios presentes del oriente del Estado de México: Chicoloapan, Ixtapaluca y Texcoco, con una tasa de crecimiento en porciento de 10.87, 4.4 y 1.2 respectivamente. Se recomienda diversificar los cultivos, implementar un sistema de pastoreo controlado en áreas de matorral, así como un plan de manejo para 800 hectáreas de bosque. Establecer obras de contención para el control de escurrimientos y disminución de arrastres en los ríos Manzano y Coatepec
Influencia de las condiciones climáticas de cultivo en la calidad en cosecha y en el comportamiento poscosecha de frutos de Feijoa
Authors: Parra-Coronado Alfonso , Fischer Gerhard , Camacho- Tamayo Jesús Hernán
Published: April 2019

Las condiciones climáticas de cultivo, que definen las propiedades o atributos de los frutos de feijoa en la recolección, determinan también el comportamiento de los mismos durante la poscosecha. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de las condiciones climáticas de cultivo en algunos atributos de calidad de la fruta en el momento de la cosecha, así como en su comportamiento durante el periodo poscosecha. Se consideraron dos predios situados en localidades diferentes del departamento de Cundinamarca - Colombia, localizadas a altitudes de 1.800 msnm y 2.580 msnm, en cada una de las cuales se marcaron 20 árboles y se realizó el registró de los parámetros climáticos en el periodo de desarrollo de los frutos hasta la cosecha, para dos periodos diferentes de producción. Se evaluaron periódicamente los parámetros de calidad en el periodo de desarrollo de los frutos hasta la cosecha, así como en el periodo poscosecha. En la poscosecha, los frutos diferenciados por localidad fueron almacenados a temperaturas de 5±1oC (87±5% HR) y 18±1oC (76±5% HR), con valoración de los parámetros de calidad cada 2 días. La conclusión del estudio fue que la calidad de los frutos en la cosecha y durante la poscosecha depende de las condiciones climáticas de cultivo. Los frutos producidos a altitud mayor tienen más sólidos solubles totales y mayor tamaño y peso, presentando en poscosecha menor pérdida de peso y menor firmeza y acidez. A mayor temperatura de almacenamiento los frutos presentaron más pérdida de peso y de firmeza, mayor contenido de azucares y menos durabilidad.
Instrumentación de un generador
Authors: Valdovinos-Valdovinos Sergio Alexis , Galicia-Sánchez Ovaldo Galicia , Castro-López Luis Antonio , Gaona-Ponce Bonifacio , Domínguez-Flores Raziel , Olguín-Rojas Juan Carlos
Published: April 2019

En el presente trabajo se diseñó un sistema de instrumentación para medir la potencia producida por un generador de energía eléctrica en W-h. Las variables que se midieron en el sistema fueron: voltaje, corriente eléctrica y velocidad. El sistema está constituido por un sensor divisor de voltaje FZ0430 que mide el voltaje que entra a la batería proveniente del generador, un sensor de corriente ACS712, el cual mide la intensidad de la corriente eléctrica entre el positivo (+) de la batería y el positivo (+) del generador y un sensor V1-SENSORVE para detectar la velocidad dinámica; el cual se activa cuando empieza a funcionar el generador de energía eléctrica. Se realizó un programa bajo la plataforma de Arduino para la adquisición de los datos, análisis y procesamiento de la información de los 3 sensores, mostrando la velocidad y potencia generada en un display LCD de 162.
Distribuição longitudinal de fertilizante granulado em diferentes inclinações e posição da rosca de um dosador de rosca helicoidal dupla
Authors: Peres da Rosa David , Verardi Junior , Zancan Artur , Conte Paulo , Longaretti Marcos , Longaretti Marcos , Spagnolo Roger Toscan
Published: April 2019

A distribuição de fertilizante por dosadores de rosca helicoidal é um fator essencial para o estabelecimento e rendimento das culturas. O objetivo do trabalho foi mensurar a eficiência de um novo dosador de fertilizante de rosca dupla. O experimento foi realizado em bancada de teste com uma esteira (5.4 km h-1), empregando delineamento inteiramente casualisado. Foi usado dose fixa de 220kg ha-1, sendo que foram testadas 3 roscas (22mm, 17mm, e 34mm) trabalhando a 54 rpm. Cada teste era realizada coletas a cada 0.09 m em um total de 5.4m, sendo simulado 3 inclinações longitudinais: 0°; -11° e +11°, e 4 posições de acoplamento da rosca no equipamento, posição A - as duas roscas na mesma posição, B - rosca da direita posicionada para cima, C - roscas totalmente contrarias e D - rosca da direita para baixo, com 3 repetições. Como parâmetro avaliador foram: coeficiente de variação (CV) distribuição do fertilizante em relação a inclinação de trabalho e posição das roscas e amplitude de distribuição. Não houve diferença significativa entre as inclinações testadas, em nível o CV médio foi de 36.29%, em -11° foi de 37,11% e + 11° foi 36.57%. Diferenças ocorreram nas diferentes posições de trabalho e tipo de roscas, sendo CV na posição A de 38.65%, B 37.18%, C 35.63% e D 35.18%. O dosador, apresenta uma variação da distribuição relativamente alta, quanto menor o passo da rosca menor é a variação da distribuição, sendo que a posição de encaixe da rosca não altera significativamente desempenho.
Memoria del Holocausto en Iremos con vosotros hasta el fin de Maria Teresa León: un canto heroico a Polonia = Memory of the Holocaust Iremos con vosotros hasta el fin, of María Teresa León: a heroic song to Poland
Authors: Núñez Molina María Lourdes
Published: April 2019

Resumen: Acompañada por su familia, María Teresa León recorre el campo de exterminio de Auschwitz. La impresión de esa experiencia angustiosa fue evocada en sus memorias y seguramente la indujo a escribir Iremos con vosotros hasta el fin. En esta obra, concebida como un guion de teatro radiofónico, María Teresa ensalza la solidaridad y el sacrificio de un matrimonio polaco, que tiene a su cargo a un grupo de niños judíos polacos. Cuando los niños son seleccionados para entrar en la cámara de gas de Auschwitz, en la primavera de 1943, deciden no abandonarlos y morir junto a ellos. Iremos con vosotros hasta el fin es un homenaje a las víctimas, una exhortación a presentes y futuras generaciones para que recuerden el horror del Holocausto, porque el olvido conlleva el resurgimiento del Mal.Palabras clave: Holocausto, judíos, María Teresa León, Polonia, Auschwitz, ficción.Abstract: Along with by her family, María Teresa León walks through the Auschwitz death camp. The reflection of this anguished experience was evoked in her memories and surely induced her to write Iremos con vosotros hasta el fin. In this work, conceived as a radio theatrical script, María Teresa praises the solidarity and sacrifice of a Polish couple, who shelter of a group of Polish Jewish children. When the children were selected to enter the gas chambers of Auschwitz in the spring of 1943, they decided not to abandon them and die next to them. Iremos con vosotros hasta el fin is a tribute to the victims, an exhortation to present and future generations to remember the horror of the Holocaust, because forgetfulness leads to the resurgence of evil.Keywords: Holocaust, Jews, María Teresa León, Poland, Auschwitz, fiction.
Does Personality Influence Pre-service English Teachers' Performance?: A Gender-Based Study in the Yemeni Context
Authors: Ayash Ezzi Nemah Abdullah
Published: April 2019

This study mainly investigated whether there is any correlation between the Big Five Personality Traits of pre-service teachers and their performance in Practicums I&II, and attempted to identify the extent to which the personality traits affect pre-service teachers' performance. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a sample of 110 fourth-year student-teachers; 86 females & 24 male, of the English Department, in the Faculty of Education at Hodeidah University, was selected‎. ‎They enrolled in the four-year B.Ed. course. The Big Five Inventory (BFI) originally developed by John & Srivastava (1999) with little modification was distributed among the selected subjects. This inventory comprised of forty-four statements about the big five personality traits that are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness. Collected data was analyzed by using simple descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as mean, Pearson correlation, t-test and f-test. It was found that there is a relationship between the pre-service teachers' performance in Practicums I&II and their personality traits so pre-service teachers' personality DO influence their performance of teaching English. Also, pre-service teachers' personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness are nearly same, so no significant difference found among male and females on these three traits. However, significant difference exists among the females and males on the trait of Neuroticism as female student-teacher score higher than males on this trait. Moreover, both male and female pre-service teachers ‎have quite good level of Extraversion and Agreeableness, and similar reasonable level of Conscientiousness ‎and Neuroticism but their level of Openness is a very low. It is recommended that Teacher Personality Development should be a part of teacher education programs and suggest some strategies for development of pre-service teachers’ personality.
Comprehensive Review on Current and Future Regulatory Requirements on Wearable Sensors in Preclinical and Clinical Testing
Authors: Ravizza Alice , Di Pietro Licia , Sternini Federico , De Maria Carmelo , Bignardi Cristina , Audenino Alberto
Published: April 2019

Background: medical devices are designed, tested and placed on the market in a highly regulated environment. Wearable sensors are crucial components of various medical devices: design and validation of wearable sensors, if managed according to international standards, can foster innovation while respecting regulatory requirements. Material and methods: the purpose of this paper is to take into consideration the upcoming EU Medical Device Regulation 2017/245 and the current and future IEC and ISO standards that set methods for design and validation of medical devices, with a focus on wearable sensors. Risk classification according to the regulation is described. The international standards IEC 62304, IEC 60601, ISO 14971 and ISO 13485 are reviewed to define regulatory restrictions during design, pre-clinical validation and clinical validation of devices that include wearable sensors as crucial components. Results: current and future regulatory restrictions are described, and an integrated method for design planning, validation and clinical testing is described Discussion: application of this method to design wearable sensors should be evaluated in the future in order to assess its potentially positive impact to fostering innovation and to the time-to-market of the device.
The Interannual Changes in the Secondary Production and Mortality Rate of Main Copepod Species in the Gulf of Gdańsk (The Southern Baltic Sea)
Authors: Dzierzbicka-Głowacka Lidia , Musialik-Koszarowska Maja , Kalarus Marcin , Lemieszek Anna , Prątnicka Paula , Janecki Maciej , Żmijewska Maria Iwona
Published: April 2019

The main objective of this paper was description of seasonal and interannual trends in secondary production and mortality rates of the three most important Copepoda taxa in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). Samples were collected monthly from 6 stations located in the western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk during three research periods: 1998-2000, 2006-2007 and 2010-2012. Production was computed basing on copepod biomass and mortality rates estimated according to vertical life table approach. Redundancy analysis was used to investigate relationship between secondary production and environmental conditions. Considering the entire research period there was significant interannual and seasonal variability of secondary production, mortality rate as well as abundance and biomass anomalies. Conducted analysis revealed correlation between increasing temperature and production of Acartia spp. and T.longicornis developmental stages, while older copepodites of P.acuspes showed almost negative correlation with temperature. The mortality rate estimations obtained for Acartia spp. Were highest in summer, while for T.longicornis peak was usually noted in spring-summer period. Lowest mortality rate estimations were noted in autumn and winter for almost all stages of investigated taxa.
The Timing of Injections Prior to Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Impacts the Risk of Surgical Site Infection
Authors: Forsythe Brian , Agarwalla Avinesh , Puzzitiello Richard N. , Sumner Shelby , Romeo Anthony A. , Mascarenhas Randy
Published: April 2019

Background:

Corticosteroid injections are a common treatment for rotator cuff tears. Because of concerns of infection, a surgical procedure is often delayed following injections. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there is a temporal relationship between corticosteroid injections and the risk of surgical site infection after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. We hypothesized that the incidence of surgical site infection is higher in patients who received a preoperative injection and this relationship exists in a temporal manner as those patients receiving an injection closer to the operative date have a higher risk of infection.

Methods:

The PearlDiver database was reviewed for patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair from 2007 to 2016. Patients were stratified into 2 cohorts: those undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair within 1 year of injection (n = 12,060), and those undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without prior injection (n = 48,763). Patients with preoperative injections were further stratified by the duration in months that the injection was performed prior to the surgical procedure. Surgical site infection within 6 months of the surgical procedure was recorded. Statistical analysis included chi-square and multivariate binomial logistic regression analyses to identify risk factors for surgical site infection. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the incidence of surgical site infection in patients receiving a shoulder injection at 0.7% compared with the control cohort at 0.8% (odds ratio [OR], 0.9 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7 to 1.1]; p = 0.2). However, patients receiving an injection within 1 month prior to operative management had a significantly higher rate of surgical site infection overall at 1.3% compared with the control group at 0.8% (OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.0 to 2.9]; p = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, male sex (OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.4 to 1.9]; p = 0.001), obesity (OR, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.2 to 1.6]; p < 0.001), diabetes (OR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5]; p < 0.001), smoking status (OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.4 to 1.9], p < 0.001), and preoperative corticosteroid injections within 1 month of the surgical procedure (OR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.5 to 2.7]; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for development of a surgical site infection.

Conclusions:

Injections within 1 month of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair significantly increases the risk of surgical site infection. However, there is no increased risk of infection if the surgical procedure is delayed by 1 month following an injection.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Female Sex and Longer Fusion Constructs Significantly Increase the Risk of Total Hip Arthroplasty Following Spinal Fusion
Authors: Lum Zachary C. , Klineberg Eric O. , Danielsen Beate , Giordani Mauro , Meehan John P.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Previous studies have noted the progression of arthritis due to increased forces in articular structures adjacent to a fused joint. It is unknown whether spinal fusion generates increased forces at the hip joint causing progression to arthritis leading to total hip arthroplasty (THA). We sought to determine (1) is there a relationship between spinal fusion and THA, (2) what are risk factors for subsequent THA, and (3) is there a time interval from spinal fusion to THA?

Methods:

A large patient discharge dataset was utilized to evaluate all patients who underwent spinal fusion and subsequent THA in California from 2004 through 2013. Patients were categorized by age, sex, hospital type, hospital volume, and number of spinal levels fused. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between spinal fusion and THA. Hazard ratios were calculated for risk factors for THA after spinal fusion. Patients were excluded for previous spinal fusion or hip arthroplasty, inflammatory arthropathy, cancer, and an age of ≤40 years, a surrogate for adolescent and neuromuscular scoliosis.

Results:

A total of 101,206 patients underwent spinal fusion; 2,803 (2.77%) subsequently underwent THA. In a bivariate analysis comparing 1 to 2 levels versus >2 levels fused, males had a 17% increased relative risk of undergoing subsequent THA (relative risk [RR] = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16 to 1.17) and female patients had a 35% increased relative risk (RR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.34 to 1.35) when the fusion involved >2 levels. For females, the relative risk increased by 119% when >7 levels were fused compared with 1 to 7 levels (RR = 2.19; 95% CI = 2.16 to 2.21). Using multivariate random-effects analysis, significant risk factors for THA after spinal fusion included female sex (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.31; p < 0.0001) and spinal fusion of >7 levels (HR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.24; p = 0.035).

Conclusions:

Patients with longer spinal fusion constructs, especially female patients, had a significantly increased risk of undergoing subsequent THA. Patients should be educated regarding the potential for the progression to hip arthritis after spinal fusion and the possibility of future THA.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Iklan Rokok di Negeri Passo, Kecamatan Baguala, Kota Ambon
Authors: Talakua Yani
Published: April 2019

Smoking is a bad habit that has been done since the time of the discovery of tobacco. Initially smoking only aims to warm the body but, over time the habit becomes changed goal is as a requirement that can not be abandoned or can be said to be addicted. Without tobacco as if there is no pleasure in itself. This continued until the time of the industrial revolution in England until the emergence of cigarette factories to spread throughout the world. The majority of smokers worldwide are ± 47% male population while 12% are female population with different age categories. Various reasons people smoke a variety, among these people there are several factors that influence a person to smoke for example, prestige factors to be called "champion", and there are also people who say smoking can trigger inspiration and keupayaan thinking, even there is an interesting pantun used as justification for the smoking habit that is "there is a rooster on the roof, not smoking not handsome" there is also a saying that "smoking dead do not smoke is also dead." Smoking is one problem that is difficult to solve. Moreover, it has become a national problem, and even international. This becomes difficult, because it is related to many factors that trigger each other, so as if it has become a vicious circle. Cigarettes are cylinders of paper length between 70 to 120 mm (varies by country) with a diameter of about 10 mm containing tobacco leaves that have been chopped. As for several types of cigarettes in Indonesia, among others: Djarum Super, Gudang Garam Filter, Gudang Garam Merah, Dji Sam Soe, Sampoerna Mild, Sampoerna Mild Menthol, Marlboro, Surya, U Mild and others. In terms of cigarette health can cause negative effects for active smokers and passive smokers, because each suction causing nicotine and carbon monoxide are very dangerous for both especially for active smokers who can cause various chronic diseases, such as lung cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer , breast cancer, esophageal cancer, digestion, kidney cancer, oral cancer, atherosclerosis, impotence and heart attacks, to death.
Gerakan Anti-Kolonialisme Menuju Indonesia Merdeka Dalam Perspektif Smelserian
Authors: Rachman Yudhi
Published: April 2019

This paper aims to provide an overview of Indonesia's social, political and economic conditions at the beginning of the 20th century. Changes in the movement of history are marked by the emergence of political resistance and revolutionary movements, including the establishment of the Islamic nationalist movement represented by the Sarekat Islam, the radical nationalist movement represented by Indische Partij and Insulinde, and the Marxist Communist Party of the Dutch East Indies. This study uses a library study method to explain the constellation of the movement of anti-colonialism in the Smelserian perspective. This research shows that social movements in Indonesia at the beginning of the 20th century arose due to dissatisfaction with existing social structures. Indisce Partij, for example, dared to declare itself a political party for all ethnic groups in Indonesia and collaborated with Sarikat Islam which was a large Islamic organization at that time. Likewise with the emergence of the communist movement which was initially brought in by a handful of Dutch people, it began to dare to voice its demands more radically in opposing Dutch imperialism and capitalism in Indonesia. This is the embryos of political resistance which color the constellation of the history of the Indonesian people towards their ideals of independence.
Two new Species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) include the Gonochoristic Sister Species of P. fissidentatus
Authors: Herrmann Matthias , Kanzaki Natsumi , Weiler Christian , Yoshida Kohta , RÖdelsperger Christian , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: April 2019

The genus Pristionchus (Kreis, 1932) consists of more than 30 soil nematode species that are often found in association with scarab beetles. Three major radiations have resulted in the “maupasi species group” in America, the “pacificus species group” in Asia, and the “lheritieri species group,” which contains species from Europe and Asia. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that a group of three species, including the gonochorists P. elegans and P. bucculentus and the hermaphrodite P. fissidentatus, is basal to the above-mentioned radiations. Two novel species are described here: Pristionchus paulseni sp. n. from Taiwan and P. yamagatae sp. n. from Japan by means of morphology, morphometrics and genome-wide transcriptome sequence analysis. Previous phylotranscriptomic analysis of the complete Pristionchus genus recognized P. paulseni sp. n. as the sister species of P. fissidentatus, and thus its importance for macro-evolutionary studies. Specifically, the gonochorist P. paulseni sp. n. and the hermaphrodite P. fissidentatus form a species pair that is the sister group to all other described Pristionchus species. P. paulseni sp. n. has two distinct mouth forms, supporting the notion that the mouth dimorphism is ancestral in the genus Pristionchus.
Pea Growth, Yield, and Quality in Different Crop Rotations and Cultural Practices
Authors: Sainju Upendra M. , Lenssen Andrew W. , Allen Brett L. , Jabro Jalal D. , Stevens William B.
Published: April 2019

Core Ideas

Management strategies are lacking to enhance dryland pea growth, yield, and quality.

Pea yield and quality were studied in various crop rotations and cultural practices.

Pea yield and N uptake were greater with alternate‐year than stacked crop rotation.

Stand count was greater with the improved than the traditional cultural practice.

Alternate‐year rotation and improved cultural practice enhanced pea yield and quality.

Dryland pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important pulse crop that can replace fallow or be added to existing crop rotations to sustain crop yields in arid and semiarid regions. Yet, we lack management practices to enhance yield and quality of dryland pea. This study evaluated the effect of crop rotation and cultural practices on dryland pea growth, yield, and quality from 2006 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains, USA. Stacked rotations were durum (Triticum turgidum L.)–durum–canola (Brassica napus L.)–pea (DDCP) and durum–durum–flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–pea (DDFP), and alternate‐year rotations were durum–canola–durum–pea (DCDP) and durum–flax–durum–pea (DFDP). Traditional cultural practice included a combination of conventional till, recommended seed rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height, and improved cultural practice a combination of no‐till, increased seed rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height. Pea pod number, plant height, grain yield, and N uptake were 4 to 18% greater with DCDP and DDCP than other rotations. Improved cultural practice increased stand count by 29% over traditional cultural practice. Biomass yield, N uptake, and grain protein concentration varied with crop rotations and cultural practices in various years. Seed number, seed weight, harvest index, and N harvest index were not influenced by treatments. Pea yield and N uptake increased with alternate‐year rotation due to increased pod number and plant height. Stand count increased with improved cultural practice. Alternate‐year crop rotations and improved cultural practice enhanced dryland pea yield and quality.