On flora semantics in house names found in Vidzeme: materials contained in the 1826 counting of souls in Vidzeme province
Authors: Jansone Ilga 
Published: January 2015

On flora semantics in house names found in Vidzeme: materials contained in the 1826 counting of souls in Vidzeme provinceThe information of the counting of souls containing both house names and names of individuals is an essential aspect of historical onomastics.The first counting of souls in Vidzeme took place in 1782 and coincided with the 4th analogous census of the provinces of Russia. Subsequently these took place at irregular intervals, the 5th in 1795, the 6th in 1811, the 7th in 1816, the 8th in 1834, the 9th in 1850, and the final, 10th in 1858.The number of house names entered in the 1826 counting of souls in Vidzeme province (guberna) is 14,500, including those of peasant homes that had been separated from another property whilst retaining the same name. House names based on flora (incl. names of mushrooms) semantics are listed for 574 dwellings, which represent just about 4% of all house names listed for Vidzeme, providing that repeated house names are counted separately. In case of several manors data is missing (lost) for the 1826 census, information for these manors is taken from previous and subsequent censuses.In many instances (279 cases registered) house names were based on the names of deciduous trees found in their immediate vicinity: such names comprise 48.6% of all house names of flora semantic origin, i. e., ozols ‘oak-tree’, bērzs ‘birch-tree’, kārkls ‘osier’, liepa ‘linden tree’, kļava ‘maple tree’, apses ‘aspen’, osis ‘ash tree’, alksnis ‘alder’, lazda ‘hazel-tree’, vītols ‘willow’, ieva ‘bird cherry’.Names based on names of conifers are found (35 instances were recorded, or 6.1% of all house names based on flora semantics), i. e., egle ‘spruce tree’, paeglis, kadiķis ‘juniper’, priede ‘pine-tree’.House names based on names of fruit trees and bushes are only occasionally found in Vidzeme, with 8 recorded instances, or 1.4% of all house names based on flora semantics, i. e., ābele ‘apple tree’, and upene ‘black-currant’.The next sub-group of house names based on flora semantics comprises those based on names of cereals. This is one of the most widely occurring flora semantics sub-groups and contains 58 entries, or 10,1% of all house names based on flora semantics, i. e., auzas ‘oats’, rudzi ‘rye’, mieži ‘barley’, kvieši ‘wheat’, griķi ‘buckwheat’.House names have been found based on terms of 6 legumes, which represents 1% of all house names based on flora semantics, i. e., zirnis ‘pea’, pupa, ‘bean’.Names of common vegetables are the basis for a considerable number of house names. i. e. 53 instances are recorded, representing 9.2% of all house names derived from flora semantics, i. e., rutks, ruduks ‘radish’, kāposts ‘cabbage’, rācenis ‘turnip’, sīpols ‘onion’, ķiploks ‘garlic’, kālis ‘swede’, gurķis ‘cucumber’.House names also derive from terms of widely-cultivated plants such as kaņepes ‘hemp’, apiņi ‘hops’ and lini ‘flax’. These have been the basis for 40 house names, which represent 7% of all hose names based on flora semantics.House names are also based on the names of cultivated and wild herbal plants, and of garden weeds. 47 such cases have been recorded, corresponding to 8.2% of all house names based on flora semantics, i. e., dadzis ‘thistle’, āboliņš ‘clover’, and amoliņš ‘sweet clover’, dille ‘dill’, grīslis ‘sedge’, smilga ‘bent grass’, usne ‘creeping thistle’, pienene ‘dandelion’, pērkones ‘charlocks’, niedre ‘reed’, skosta ‘horse-tail’, vībotne ‘mugwart’.A total of 32 house names based on three flower terms, roze ‘rose’, magone ‘poppy’ and astere ‘aster’ have been recorded; this represents 5.6% of all house names based on flora semantics. The majority (26) of these house names are based on terms of roses.A number of house names in Vidzeme appear to be based on names of mushrooms. 6 such names have been recorded, which represent 1% of all house names based on flora semantics, i. e., bekas ‘boletus’, krimilde, and rudmiese ‘Loctarius’.House names listed in the 1826 counting of souls are based on a wide range of flora semantics, with a clear preference for lexemes associated with names of trees. It is possible that this reflects landscape elements close to these homes, as well as the place that these features have in the relationship of home owners with nature, and their work. In order to draw any deeper conclusions about the presence of flora semantics in house names it would be necessary to examine all relevant historical records up to the present time. O semantyce roślinnej nazw domostw w Widzeme: materiały zawarte w spisie dusz z roku 1826 w krainie WidzemeInformacje o liczeniu dusz, obejmujące zarówno nazwy domostw, jak i nazwiska osób stanowią istotny aspekt onomastyki historycznej.Pierwsze liczenie dusz w krainie historycznej Widzeme odbyło się w 1782 r. i zbiegło się w czasie z podobnym, czwartym spisem, przeprowadzonym w guberniach rosyjskich. Kolejne spisy odbywały się nieregularnie: piąty w 1795 r., szósty w 1811, siódmy w 1816, ósmy w 1834, dziewiąty w 1850, i ostatni, dziesiąty, w roku 1858.Liczba nazw domostw uwzględnionych w spisie dusz z 1826 r. w Widzeme wynosi 14 500, łącznie z domami chłopskimi, będącymi odrębnymi częściami innych posiadłości, choć noszącymi tę samą co one nazwę. Nazwy domów pochodzące od nazw roślin (łącznie z nazwami grzybów) podano w przypadku 574 miejsc zamieszkania, co stanowi tylko ok. 4% ogółu nazw, zakładając, że powtarzające się nazwy liczono osobno. Ponieważ w przypadku niektórych siedzib brak danych (zaginęły) w spisie z roku 1826, informacje o nich zaczerpnięto ze spisów poprzednich i następnych.Nazwy siedzib zamieszczone w spisie dusz z 1826 r. opierają się w szerokim zakresie na semantyce roślinnej, przy czym wyraźnie uprzywilejowane są jednostki leksykalne kojarzone z nazwami drzew. Najprawdopodobniej jest to związane z elementami krajobrazu, znajdującymi się w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie poszczególnych domostw, ale może też być świadectwem stosunku ich mieszkańców do otaczającej przyrody oraz do swojej pracy. Aby móc wyciągnąć dalsze wnioski na temat obecności semantyki roślinnej w nazewnictwie domostw, konieczne jest przebadanie wszystkich zapisów historycznych aż po czasy nam współczesne.