bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambient noise tomography of the Aegean region of Türkiye from Rayleigh wave group velocity
Authors: Mulumulu Emre , Polat Orhan , Chávez-García Francisco J.
Published: November 2023

We have studied Rayleigh wave group velocities beneath the Aegean region of Türkiye using ambient noise tomography. Noise data were gathered from 43 broadband seismic stations belonging to three permanent broad-band arrays. The cross-correlation method was used to estimate empirical Green’s functions. Group velocities of the fundamental mode Rayleigh waves were determined using multiple filter technique. We measured dispersion for each station pair in a period range of 2–12 s and computed maps of group velocity distribution using the fast marching surface tomography method. The group velocity maps correlate well with the geological and tectonic features of the region, displaying low velocities for the Quaternary alluvial basins, moderate velocities for Cretaceous rocks, and high velocities for the regions where gneiss and granitoid rocks outcrop. Low velocity anomalies may be associated with the grabens and horsts formed by faulting and to deep mantle flow. We detect potential offshore geothermal zones in Izmir and Candarli Bay. The information from broad-band networks improves the resolution of crustal surface wave velocity structures, particularly for shallow depths. This improvement will support the assessment of seismic hazard, as the shallow layers of the crust contribute significantly to seismic activity.
Language teachers’ identity development post COVID-19: a transformative learning perspective
Authors: Alosaimi Muna
Published: November 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the educational sector, leading to profound changes in teachers’ roles and identities. While these disruptions have been challenging, they also offer a unique opportunity for teachers to redefine and evolve their traditional roles and practices. This study, grounded in the poststructuralist perspective of teacher identity, investigates the impact of COVID-19 on the professional identities of seven EFL teachers at a Saudi university post-school reopening. Mezirow’s Transformative Learning framework was utilized to trace the transformations of teachers’ identities, with the pandemic serving as the catalyst for reflection and change. Teachers’ experiences were captured using narrative inquiry and Life Story Interviews, and analyzed via reflexive thematic analysis with an emphasis on professional agency as a conceptual lens. The analysis revealed three key dynamics that characterized the transformation in professional identity during these times: delegitimization, reconstruction, and empowerment. These insights contribute to the teacher education literature by offering a nuanced understanding of identity transformation and by proposing strategies to support teacher identity development in challenging contexts.
Bag-mask ventilation by low- or untrained rescuers during adult and pediatric resuscitation: a randomized cross-over manikin study
Authors: Borremans Gautier , Geerts Anke , Coppens Marc , Christiaens-Leysen Erik , Herbelet Sandrine , Van de Voorde Patrick
Published: November 2023

Aim

Bag-mask ventilation (BMV) is often applied during advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Lay rescuers usually apply mouth-to-mouth ventilation, which is contraindicated in case of potential disease transmission (e.g., during the COVID-19 pandemic). This study evaluates the influence of rescuers' before BMV training in following the correct BMV procedures during adult and infant CPR.

Methods

Medical students (n = 112) were enrolled in a randomized cross-over manikin study: 60 first-year students (53.6%) (untrained, without any prior knowledge of CPR) and 52 fourth-year students (46.4%) (BLS-trained, with three consecutive years of basic CPR training), excluding Basic Life Support (BLS) certificate holders or lifeguards. Student-formed duos (i.e., two students from the same year working together) received a 15-min just-in-time onsite training in full CPR cycle using BMV and were tested during five cycles of 2-person CPR following the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines with the inclusion of BMV. Tidal volumes of 300–600 ml (adults) and 20–60 ml (infants) were considered as correct ventilations.

Results

From the initial 56 duos, 17 (30.4%) were excluded after applying incorrect numbers of ventilation or uninterpretable values. In adult CPR, comparing BLS-trained rescuers to untrained ones in correctly administrating ventilations using BMV after a 15-min just-in-time onsite training revealed no statistically significant difference [first years: 63.0% (n = 136 out of 216 ventilations); fourth years: 59.5% (n = 119 out of 200 ventilations); with a proportional difference of −3.5% (−12.8; 5.9)]. In infant CPR, a significant difference was observed in effective ventilations [first years: 55.5% (n = 120 out of 216 ventilations); fourth years: 72.3% (n = 133 out of 184 ventilations); with a proportional difference of 16.8 (7.25; 26.21)].

Conclusion

Two-person BMV is a complex skill to perform both in adults and children, requiring sufficient and regular training. Lay rescuers receiving a 15-min just-in-time onsite BMV training could perform decent BMV in an adult CPR setting. BMV during infant CPR requires more extensive prior training and should not be entrusted to lay rescuers, even after a 15-min just-in-time onsite training.
Risk prediction for <1 cm lateral lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Chengxin , Fu Siqi , Liu He , Xue Shuai
Published: November 2023

Background

Because the diameter of the suspicious lymph nodes is less than 1 cm and adjacent to important structures in the neck, the diagnosis of small LLNM is important but difficult without the help of fine needle aspiration (FNA). There are no relevant reports of risk factors that predict the risk of suspicious <1 cm LLNM.

Methods

A total of 159 PTMC patients with suspicious <1 cm LLNM were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify ultrasound independent predictors of LLNM. A predictive model was developed according to multivariate logistic regression and evaluated by Hosmer-Lemeshow fit test.

Results

Age ≤ 38 years old, the largest PTMC was located in the upper part, and the presence of liquefaction or microcalcification in suspicious lymph nodes were independent risk factors for LLNM (univariate analysis P = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00; multivariate analysis P = 0.00, 0.02, 0.00. OR = 4.66 [CI: 1.78-12.21], 3.04 [CI: 1.24-7.46], 6.39 [CI: 1.85-22.00]). The predictive model for the diagnosis of suspicious <1 cm lymph nodes was established as: P = ex/(1 + ex). X = -1.29 + (1.11 × whether the largest tumor is located in the upper part) + (1.54 × whether the age is ≤ 38 years) + (1.85 × whether the suspicious lymph nodes have liquefaction/microcalcification). The Hosmer-Lemeshow fit test was used to test the predicted ability, and it found that the predictive model had a good fit and prediction accuracy (X2 = 6.214, P = 0.623 > 0.05). Chi squared trend analysis showed that the increase in the number of risk factors gradually increased the malignancy possibility of suspicious <1 cm lymph nodes (chi squared trend test, P = 0.00).

Conclusions

Age ≤ 38 years old, the largest PTMC located in the upper part, and the presence of liquefaction or microcalcification in suspicious lymph nodes were independent risk factors for suspicious <1 cm LLNM in PTMC patients. Our result show that it is feasible to evaluate the malignant possibility of these lymph nodes using the number of risk factors.
Power system data-driven dispatch using improved scenario generation considering time-series correlations
Authors: Li Peng , Huang Wenqi , Liang Lingyu , Dai Zhen , Cao Shang , Zhang Huanming , Zhao Xiangyu , Hou Jiaxuan , Ma Wenhao , Che Liang
Published: November 2023

Reinforcement learning (RL) is recently studied for realizing fast and adaptive power system dispatch under the increasing penetration of renewable energy. RL has the limitation of relying on samples for agent training, and the application in power systems often faces the difficulty of insufficient scenario samples. So, scenario generation is of great importance for the application of RL. However, most of the existing scenario generation methods cannot handle time-series correlation, especially the correlation over long time scales, when generating the scenario. To address this issue, this paper proposes an RL-based dispatch method which can generate power system operational scenarios with time-series correlation for the agent’s training. First, a time-generative adversarial network (GAN)-based scenario generation model is constructed, which generates system operational scenarios with long- and short-time scale time-series correlations. Next, the “N-1” security is ensured by simulating “N-1” branch contingencies in the agent’s training. Finally, the model is trained in parallel in an actual power system environment, and its effectiveness is verified by comparisons against benchmark methods.
Optimization of SIS solar cells with ultra-thin silicon oxide layer
Authors: Song X. M. , Ye C. Y. , Huang Z. G.
Published: November 2023

Due to the simple process, low energy consumption and stable performance, semiconductor/insulating layer/semiconductor (SIS) solar cells have attracted lots of research interests. However, the device physics of SIS solar cells needs further clarification and improvement. In this paper, the effects of TCO work function on the performance of TCO/SiO2/n-Si heterojunction solar cells were simulated by AFORS-HET and the physics mechanisms for these effects were clarified. It is found that for a work function of 5.2 eV or higher of TCO, the SIS devices possess high ƞ of 22.9% or higher, while the devices show the S-shape J-V curve with low FF when the work function work function of TCO is under 5.1 eV. Further analysis indicates that the work function difference between TCO and n-Si substrate is so small that there is an insufficient band bending at the interface leading to a lower built-in electric field that degrades the photogenerated carriers’ separation, which results in the deformation of J-V curve. Moreover, the simulation results show that the performances of TCO/SiOx/n-Si devices are significantly affected by the band offsets at the SiOx/n-Si interface. When the conduction band offset is higher than 0.4 eV, it can effectively prevent electrons from passing through the SiOx layer to reduce the recombination at the interface, resulting in the excellent output performances of the SIS device. But for a low conduction band order of 0.4 eV or less, the blocking effect of electrons weakens, leading to the large recombination at the interface. Finally, we propose two mechanisms of S-shape J-V curve of SIS solar cells: one is the built-in electric field is too small to separate photogenerated carriers, and the other one is that the carrier transmission is blocked by the thick tunneling layer or insulating layer. This work deepens the understanding of the device physics of SIS solar cells and paves the way for enhancing the output performance of industrial Si-based solar cells.
Generator condition monitoring method based on SAE and multi-source data fusion
Authors: Xing Chao , Xi Xinze , He Xin , Liu Mingqun
Published: November 2023

With the increasing number of units involved in power system regulation and the increasing proportion of industrial load, a single data source has been unable to meet the accuracy requirements of online monitoring of unit conditions in the new power system. Based on the stacked autoencoder (SAE) network, combined with multi-source data fusion technology and adaptive threshold, a generator condition monitoring method is proposed. First, a SCADA–PMU data fusion method based on the weighted D–S evidence theory is proposed. Second, the auto-coding technology is introduced to build a stacked self-coding deep learning network model, extract the deep features of the training dataset, and build a generator fault detection model. Finally, by smoothing the reconstruction error and combining it with the trend change in the state monitoring quantity detected by the adaptive threshold, the fault judgment is realized. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional method based on a single data source, the proposed method has higher robustness and accuracy, thus effectively improving the refinement level of generator condition monitoring.
Collaborative integration or policy diversification: the influence of policy synergy on regional green development
Authors: Chang Yanjun , Wang Shuai
Published: November 2023

Enhancing the green and high-quality development of urban in China and exploring the synergistic effects of multiple policy implementations is the key to effectively playing the leading role of policies. To explore the synergistic effects and driving mechanisms of dual policies on regional green development, this study selected panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2020. Employing Multi-period difference-in-differences and Mediation effects models, the research systematically explores the synergistic effects of these dual-pilot policies on urban green and high-quality development. The findings of this study reveal a significant improvement in the level of urban green development under the influence of the dual-pilot policy. After conducting a series of rigorous tests for robustness, this conclusion remains valid. This improvement is primarily attributed to the stimulation of technological innovation capabilities and the optimization of industrial structures within the cities. Compared to the carbon emissions trading city single pilot and free trade zone city single pilot, the dual pilot effect of carbon emissions trading and free trade zone city is stronger. The carbon emissions trading city pilot and free trade zone city pilot have a synergistic effect on regional green and high-quality development. This research provides valuable theoretical insights to guide the planning of pilot cities, facilitating the realization of both high-quality economic development and sustainability objectives.
The impact and spatial effect of rural revitalization on agricultural carbon dioxide emissions: a case study of Henan Province
Authors: Zhao Jincai , Du Yongmeng
Published: November 2023

Clarifying the influencing mechanism of rural revitalization on agricultural carbon emissions is crucial for attaining carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study utilized spatial econometric model, mediating effect model and dual fixed effect model to explore the influence and spatial impact of rural revitalization on carbon emissions from agricultural land by using the panel data of prefectural cities in Henan Province. Results indicate that rural revitalization exerts a notable beneficial influence on carbon emissions, as its improvement results in a rise in such emissions. Furthermore, rural revitalization demonstrates a favorable spatial spillover effect on agricultural carbon emissions in neighboring cities. Agricultural GDP and mechanical technological progress act as intermediate factors, as rural revitalization promotes carbon emissions from agriculture by fostering economic development and technological advancements. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the correlation between rural revitalization and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture is nonlinear, as moderate and low levels of rural revitalization promote agricultural carbon emissions, while higher levels exhibit a negative effect. Thus, rural revitalization exhibits an inflection point effect on agricultural carbon emissions.
End-to-end system for monitoring the state of rivers using a drone
Authors: Prokop Katarzyna , Połap Karolina , Włodarczyk-Sielicka Marta , Jaszcz Antoni
Published: November 2023

Automatic data analysis systems in the Internet of Things are a key element. One such case is the use of drones to monitor rivers, which are quite often located around built-up areas. This is an important element for the analysis of urban areas that are exposed to various environmental challenges such as pollution and animal habitats. Data analysis allows the detection of anomalies in the state of rivers, reducing the risk of ecological disasters or even floods. Additionally, constant control of areas enables analysis of the impact of urbanization on a given area as well as environmental protection. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end system, where the user performs measurements with a drone and the result is a segmentation mask from the U-Net network, but improved by image processing algorithms. The system is based on performing segmentation with a neural network, imposing the obtained mask on the image that was previously subjected to edge detection. All pixels under the mask are analyzed by the clustering method in terms of belonging to a river or bank. In addition, when there are other measurements from the same area, they are used to compare and analyze changes. The proposed system architecture is based on the automation of activities due to the combination of various graphics processing methods. Moreover, the method allows for obtaining more accurate segmentation results than classic methods. The proposition was tested on data gathered near river areas in southern Poland to show the possibilities and effectiveness of the system. Proposed methodology reached 0.8524 of Dice coefficient using VGG16 as encoder.
A model for the dynamics of expanded CAG repeat alleles: ATXN2 and ATXN3 as prototypes
Authors: Sena Lucas Schenatto , Lemes Renan Barbosa , Furtado Gabriel Vasata , Saraiva-Pereira Maria Luiza , Jardim Laura Bannach
Published: November 2023

Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia types 2 (SCA2) and 3 (SCA3/MJD) are diseases due to dominant unstable expansions of CAG repeats (CAGexp). Age of onset of symptoms (AO) correlates with the CAGexp length. Repeat instability leads to increases in the expanded repeats, to important AO anticipations and to the eventual extinction of lineages. Because of that, compensatory forces are expected to act on the maintenance of expanded alleles, but they are poorly understood.

Objectives: we described the CAGexp dynamics, adapting a classical equation and aiming to estimate for how many generations will the descendants of a de novo expansion last.

Methods: A mathematical model was adapted to encompass anticipation, fitness, and allelic segregation; and empirical data fed the model. The arbitrated ancestral mutations included in the model had the lowest CAGexp and the highest AO described in the literature. One thousand generations were simulated until the alleles were eliminated, fixed, or 650 generations had passed.

Results: All SCA2 lineages were eliminated in a median of 10 generations. In SCA3/MJD lineages, 593 were eliminated in a median of 29 generations. The other ones were eliminated due to anticipation after the 650th generation or remained indefinitely with CAG repeats transitioning between expanded and unexpanded ranges.

Discussion: the model predicted outcomes compatible with empirical data - the very old ancestral SCA3/MJD haplotype, and the de novo SCA2 expansions -, which previously seemed to be contradictory. This model accommodates these data into understandable dynamics and might be useful for other CAGexp disorders.
EBF1, MYO6 and CALR expression levels predict therapeutic response in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Turdo Alice , Gaggianesi Miriam , D’Accardo Caterina , Porcelli Gaetana , Bella Sebastiano Di , Cricchio Dario , Pillitteri Irene , Porcasi Rossana , Lo Iacono Melania , Verona Francesco , Modica Chiara , Roozafzay Narges , Florena Ada Maria , Stassi Giorgio , Mancuso Salvatrice , Todaro Matilde
Published: November 2023

Background

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a hematological malignancy representing one-third of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cases. Notwithstanding immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy (R-CHOP) is an effective therapeutic approach for DLBCL, a subset of patients encounters treatment resistance, leading to low survival rates. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify predictive biomarkers for DLBCL including the elderly population, which represents the fastest-growing segment of the population in Western countries.

Methods

Gene expression profiles of n=414 DLBCL biopsies were retrieved from the public dataset GSE10846. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (fold change >1.4, p-value <0.05, n=387) have been clustered in responder and non-responder patient cohorts. An enrichment analysis has been performed on the top 30 up-regulated genes of responder and non-responder patients to identify the signatures involved in gene ontology (MSigDB). The more significantly up-regulated DEGs have been validated in our independent collection of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy samples of elderly DLBCL patients, treated with R-CHOP as first-line therapy.

Results

From the analysis of two independent cohorts of DLBCL patients emerged a gene signature able to predict the response to R-CHOP therapy. In detail, expression levels of EBF1, MYO6, CALR are associated with a significant worse overall survival.

Conclusions

These results pave the way for a novel characterization of DLBCL biomarkers, aiding the stratification of responder versus non-responder patients.
Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells may be a useful biomarker in the follow-up of unvaccinated COVID-19 patients after hospitalization
Authors: Jiménez-Cortegana Carlos , Salamanca Elena , Palazón-Carrión Natalia , Sánchez-Jiménez Flora , Pérez-Pérez Antonio , Vilariño-García Teresa , Fuentes Sandra , Martín Salomón , Jiménez Marta , Galván Raquel , Rodríguez-Chacón Carmen , Sánchez-Mora Catalina , Moreno-Mellado Elisa , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Belén , Álvarez Nerissa , Sosa Alberto , Garnacho-Montero José , de la Cruz-Merino Luis , Rodríguez-Baño Jesús , Sánchez-Margalet Víctor
Published: November 2023

SARS-CoV-2 infection is the cause of the disease named COVID-19, a major public health challenge worldwide. Differences in the severity, complications and outcomes of the COVID-19 are intriguing and, patients with similar baseline clinical conditions may have very different evolution. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been previously found to be recruited by the SARS-CoV-2 infection and may be a marker of clinical evolution in these patients. We have studied 90 consecutive patients admitted in the hospital before the vaccination program started in the general population, to measure MDSCs and lymphocyte subpopulations at admission and one week after to assess the possible association with unfavorable outcomes (dead or Intensive Care Unit admission). We analyzed MDSCs and lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry. In the 72 patients discharged from the hospital, there were significant decreases in the monocytic and total MDSC populations measured in peripheral blood after one week but, most importantly, the number of MDSCs (total and both monocytic and granulocytic subsets) were much higher in the 18 patients with unfavorable outcome. In conclusion, the number of circulating MDSCs may be a good marker of evolution in the follow-up of unvaccinated patients admitted in the hospital with the diagnosis of COVID-19.
A comprehensive cuproptosis score and associated gene signatures reveal prognostic and immunological features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Jing Chuanqing , Fu Rong , Liu Xue , Zang Guodong , Zhu Xue , Wang Can , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2023

Background

Cuproptosis, the most recently identified and regulated cell death, depends on copper ions in vivo. Copper regulates the pathogenesis of Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but the mechanism of action underlying cuproptosis in IPF remains unclear.

Methods

We identified three cuproptosis patterns based on ten cuproptosis-related genes using unsupervised consensus clustering. We quantified these patterns using a PCA algorithm to construct a cuproptosis score. ssGSEA and the Cibersort algorithm assessed the immune profile of IPF patients. GSEA and GSVA were used to analyze the functional differences in different molecular patterns. Drug susceptibility prediction based on cuproptosis scores and meaningful gene markers was eventually screened in combination with external public data sets,in vitro experiments and our cases.

Results

Of the three types of cuproptosis-related clusters identified in the study, patients in the clusterA, geneclusterB, and score-high groups showed improved prognoses. Moreover, each cluster exhibited differential immune characteristics, with the subtype showing a poorer prognosis associated with an immune overreaction. Cuproptosis score can be an independent risk factor for predicting the prognosis of IPF patients. GSEA showed a significant functional correlation between the score and cuproptosis. The genes AKAP9, ANK3, C6orf106, LYRM7, and MBNL1, were identified as prognostic-related signatures in IPF patients. The functional role of immune regulation in IPF was further explored by correlating essential genes with immune factors. Also, the nomogram constructed by cumulative information from gene markers and cuproptosis score showed reliable clinical application.

Conclusions

Cuproptosis patterns differ significantly in the prognosis and immune characteristics of IPF patients. The cuproptosis score and five gene signatures can provide a reliable reference in the prognosis and diagnosis of IPF.
Neurological risks of COVID-19 in women: the complex immunology underpinning sex differences
Authors: Gu Jienan , Zhang Jiale , Liu Qianhui , Xu Shijie
Published: November 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered many mysteries about SARS-CoV-2, including its potential to trigger abnormal autoimmune responses. Emerging evidence suggests women may face higher risks from COVID-induced autoimmunity manifesting as persistent neurological symptoms. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying this female susceptibility is now imperative. We synthesize key insights from existing studies on how COVID-19 infection can lead to immune tolerance loss, enabling autoreactive antibodies and lymphocyte production. These antibodies and lymphocytes infiltrate the central nervous system. Female sex hormones like estrogen and X-chromosome mediated effects likely contribute to dysregulated humoral immunity and cytokine profiles among women, increasing their predisposition. COVID-19 may also disrupt the delicate immunological balance of the female microbiome. These perturbations precipitate damage to neural damage through mechanisms like demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration – consistent with the observed neurological sequelae in women. An intentional focus on elucidating sex differences in COVID-19 pathogenesis is now needed to inform prognosis assessments and tailored interventions for female patients. From clinical monitoring to evaluating emerging immunomodulatory therapies, a nuanced women-centered approach considering the hormonal status and immunobiology will be vital to ensure equitable outcomes. Overall, deeper insights into the apparent female specificity of COVID-induced autoimmunity will accelerate the development of solutions mitigating associated neurological harm.
Neoadjuvant tislelizumab combined with chemotherapy in locally advanced oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a real−world retrospective study
Authors: Wu Wen-Jie , Liu Qian , An Pu-Gen , Wang Lin , Zhang Jian-Yun , Chen Yan , Zhang Tong , Zhang Jie
Published: November 2023

Objectives

The treatment of locally advanced oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LAOOPSCC) is surgery and radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy but with unsatisfactory survival rate. Neoadjuvant programmed death-1 (PD-1) therapy are being used in several clinical trials. Therefore, in this retrospective study we aimed to determine the feasibility of neoadjuvant tislelizumab plus chemotherapy followed by surgery for LAOOPSCC.

Materials and methods

The clinical data of 33 patients with LAOOPSCC who received neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitors and chemotherapy between April 2021 and October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with stage III-IV LAOOPSCC received tislelizumab, albumin-bound paclitaxel, and cisplatin every 3 weeks (Q3W) for two cycles, followed by surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. A median follow-up period was 20 months.

Results

The objective response rate (ORR) was 66.7%, with the major pathological response (MPR) rate at 54.5%, and the pathological complete response (pCR) rate was 33.3%. Sixteen patients underwent limited surgeries, and 15 patients were remitted from undergoing mandibulectomy and 9 patients were remitted from undergoing near total glossectomy or total glossectomy. A significant difference in the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was observed in patients who achieved major pathological response (MPR) than who did not. The most common adverse events in neoadjuvant therapy were alopecia, decreased appetite or anorexia, leukopenia, and fatigue.

Conclusion

Neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy are feasible and safe, with a high pathological response and possible organ preservation in oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, further studies with a larger cohort of patients and longer follow-up period is required to strengthen our findings and evaluate the survival benefits of the treatment.
Unraveling the enigma of tumor-associated macrophages: challenges, innovations, and the path to therapeutic breakthroughs
Authors: Shao Shengwen , Miao Huilai , Ma Wenxue
Published: November 2023

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are integral to the tumor microenvironment (TME), influencing cancer progression significantly. Attracted by cancer cell signals, TAMs exhibit unparalleled adaptability, aligning with the dynamic tumor milieu. Their roles span from promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis to modulating metastasis. While substantial research has explored the fundamentals of TAMs, comprehending their adaptive behavior, and leveraging it for novel treatments remains challenging. This review delves into TAM polarization, metabolic shifts, and the complex orchestration of cytokines and chemokines determining their functions. We highlight the complexities of TAM-targeted research focusing on their adaptability and potential variability in therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, we discuss the synergy of integrating TAM-focused strategies with established cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Emphasis is laid on pioneering methods like TAM reprogramming for cancer immunotherapy and the adoption of single-cell technologies for precision intervention. This synthesis seeks to shed light on TAMs’ multifaceted roles in cancer, pinpointing prospective pathways for transformative research and enhancing therapeutic modalities in oncology.
An inequity assessment framework for planning coastal and marine conservation and development interventions
Authors: Singh Gerald G. , Keefer Justine , Ota Yoshitaka
Published: November 2023

Sustainable development should promote equity with benefits for coastal communities. Many conservation and development initiatives promise to contribute to an equitable future without being designed to do so. Here, we promote an assessment tool to help interventions plan to promote equity through forecasting and evaluating the risks of contributing to inequities, in order to plan against them. Building from rich literatures of impact assessment, procedural justice, postcolonial studies, critical race theory, and fields in sociology studying the accrual of advantage and disadvantage among different groups, we propose the assessment framework follow key principles that center on understanding how interventions affect marginalized people, and assess how planning, implementation, and outcome decisions build on each other and reflect (or work against) broader systemic contextual pressures that perpetuate inequities. In forecasting and monitoring potential inequities, coastal communities and proponents of interventions should be able to plan against the realization of these adverse impacts. We show how the framework can be used in three case studies: 1) a climate adaptation project; 2) marine protected areas; 3) a debt relief program. Sustainable development is about promoting equity, but only with methods employed to confront and understand inequitable consequences can interventions do so.
Possible germline progenitor cells in extra-gonadal tissues of the sea anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana
Authors: Shao Pei-Jung , Chiu Yi-Ling , Tsai Pin-Hsuan , Shikina Shinya
Published: November 2023

Many anthozoans, e.g., sea anemones and corals, have remarkable capacities for asexual reproduction and regeneration, creating complete individual polyps from pieces of parental polyp tissue. Notably, polyps produced asexually (or regenerated) from somatic tissues that originally contain no gonads are capable of sexual reproduction. However, how somatically derived polyps can reproduce remains largely unexplored. Here, using a sea anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana, we show that potential germline progenitor cells are present in the extra-gonadal tissues, and that they are allocated to newly produced individuals during asexual reproduction/regeneration. Histological analysis of E. diaphana demonstrated that polyps asexually produced from pedal lacerates can create mature gametes. Amputation experiments showed that polyps regenerated from the head, which originally lacked gonadal tissue, formed gonads and initiated gametogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis with a germline marker, vasa, demonstrated the presence of vasa-positive cells in various polyp tissues. These findings suggest that vasa-positive cells in extra-gonadal tissues may be a reservoir of germline progenitor cells to ensure sexual reproductive capacity in individuals produced asexually or regenerated from somatic tissues.
Carbon stocks in the mud areas of the Chinese marginal seas
Authors: Ma Haili , Xiao Xiaotong , Ding Yang , Feng Xuwen , Chen Weifang , Sun Liguang , Bao Xiaohan , Duan Shanshan , Zhao Meixun
Published: November 2023

Continental marginal seas are key systems in the global carbon cycle. Carbon stocks represent the ability to store carbon, thus quantifying the carbon stocks in marine sediments would help to better understand their importance in the carbon cycle. In this study, 17 sediment cores in the mud areas of the South Yellow Sea and the East China Sea were measured for total organic carbon (TOC) and its stable isotope (δ13C), and dry bulk density; and from which the carbon stocks and carbon stock accumulation rate as well as marine/terrestrial carbon stocks/carbon stock accumulation rate were calculated. The carbon stocks in the mud area of the South Yellow Sea showed a decreasing trend during 1855 to 1950 caused by the relocation of the Yellow River Estuary in 1855, but increased after 1950s due to increased sediment input via the enhancement of South Shandong Coastal Current. In the Min-Zhe belt of the East China Sea, carbon stocks showed an overall high marine proportion due to the phytoplankton bloom induced by high nutrient level, but the decreased carbon stocks in recent decades were mainly caused by the construction of reservoirs in the Yangtze River that reduced sediment transports. The average carbon stocks in 1 m sediments from the South Yellow Sea (45.2 t ha-1) and Min-Zhe belt (52.8 t ha-1) were low compared to that of global marine sediments (66.6 t ha-1), while the carbon stock accumulation rate showed much higher values (0.1 t ha-1 yr-1 in South Yellow Sea and 0.31 t ha-1 yr-1 in the Min-Zhe belt) because of higher sedimentation rates. Although carbon stocks of Chinese marginal seas were also lower than that of the tidal flats (70.7 t ha-1) and wetland (123.6 t ha-1) in China, their much larger area could store 0.75 Pg C in marine sediments. Our temporal records suggest that anthropogenic activities have reduced carbon stocks in the marginal seas since 1950, causing carbon to re-enter the atmosphere to impact climate changes.
Fishery culture, sustainable resources usage and transformations needed for local community development: the case of Aral Sea
Authors: Alieva Deniza , Usmonova Gulnoza , Shadmanov Shukhrat , Aktamov Sherzod
Published: November 2023

The Aral Sea, once one of the largest lakes in the world, has been rapidly disappearing due to human activities such as irrigation and dam construction. This has had a significant impact on the fishery culture of the region, which has relied on the sea for centuries. This scientific article uses primary and secondary data to explore the history and current status of fishery culture in the Aral Sea region, the connection between the fishery culture and community. The interviews with local residents, eco-activists and students help to understand different perspectives on the matter and evaluate the challenges faced by the fishery industry due to the shrinking of the sea, including declining fish populations and changes in fishing practices. Potential solutions for sustaining fishery culture in the Aral Sea region or for transforming it in another source of income for the local community, such as promoting sustainable fishing practices, community-based tourism activities, festivals and developing alternative economic opportunities for local communities, are discussed in connection with network-based interventions. Overall, this article provides insights into how to support sustainable resource use in the region, and how the local communities are affected by disappearance of Aral Sea.
Seasonal temperature variation in Zostera marina seedlings under ocean acidification
Authors: Wang Zhaohua , Pei Yanzhao , Yan Wenjie , Lu Lv , Zhou Bin
Published: November 2023

Objective

To investigate the responses of Zostera marina seedlings to the individual and combined stresses of seasonal temperature increase and ocean acidification (OA) caused by global climate change and anthropogenic factors. This data will help in efforts to protect and restore seagrass beds in temperate coastal zones of China.

Methods

A mesoscale experimental system was utilized to analyze stress response mechanisms at multiple levels - phenotype, transcriptome, and metabolome - during the seedling stage of Z. marina, a dominant temperate seagrass species in China. The study monitored the seedlings under varying conditions: increased seasonal temperature, OA, and a combination of both.

Results

Findings revealed that under high-temperature conditions, carotenoid biosynthesis was stimulated through the upregulation of specific metabolites and enzymes. Similarly, the biosynthesis of certain alkaloids was promoted alongside modifications in starch, sucrose, and nitrogen metabolism, which improved the plant’s adaptation to OA. Unique metabolic pathways were activated under OA, including the degradation of certain amino acids and modifications in the citric acid cycle and pyruvate metabolism. When subjected to both temperature and OA stresses, seedlings actively mobilized various biosynthetic pathways to enhance adaptability and resilience, with distinct metabolic pathways enhancing the plant’s response under diversified stress conditions. In terms of growth, all treatment groups exhibited significant leaf length increase (p < 0.05), but the weakest growth index was observed under combined stress, followed by the thermal treatment group. Conversely, growth under OA treatment was better, showing a significant increase in wet weight, leaf length, and leaf width (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Seasonal temperature increase was found to inhibit the growth of Z. marina seedlings to some extent, while OA facilitated their growth. However, the positive effects of OA did not mitigate the damage caused by increased seasonal temperature under combined stress due to seedlings’ sensitivity at this stage. Our findings elucidate differing plant coping strategies under varied stress conditions, contingent on the initial environment. This research anticipates providing significant data support for the adaptation of Z. marina seedlings to seasonal temperature fluctuations and global oceanic events like OA, propelling the effective conservation of seagrass beds.
Assessment of chlorine resistance in concrete in the tidal range and splash zone of a torrid marine region
Authors: Yu Yongyan , Chen Nan , Li Lihui , Wang Jian
Published: November 2023

Based on China’s long-term goals for 2035, numerous projects are expected to be constructed in torrid marine regions, with increased chloride ion erosion, particularly in tidal and splash zones. To improve chlorine resistance performance, in this work, we proposed a method to assess the chlorine resistance of concrete in the tidal range and splash zones of a torrid marine region. To ensure consistency in assessment, an enhanced Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) method was applied. 1) The factors that affected the chloride resistance of concrete in the tidal range and splash zones in torrid marine regions were theoretically analyzed. 2) The factors were classified into concrete material properties, concrete structure location, and marine organism impact, which have been insufficiently mentioned in previous chlorine resistance assessments and other protective measures. The weight of factors was calculated in an enhanced F-AHP method to ensure the consistency of judgment matrices from expert investigations. Membership functions were obtained based on engineering requirements, standards, and specifications to enhance their applicability to engineering. 3) The assessment was then applied to the marine concrete engineering of the Xiapu Bridge in Hainan Province, China, with apparent characteristics of a torrid marine environment. The methods for improving the chlorine resistance of concrete were subsequently proposed.
Macular changes following cataract surgery in eyes with early diabetic retinopathy: an OCT and OCT angiography study
Authors: Yao Huiping , Yang Zijian , Cheng Yu , Shen Xi
Published: November 2023

Background

To evaluate changes in macular status and choroidal thickness (CT) following phacoemulsification in patients with mild to moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using optical coherence tomography.

Methods

In this prospective study, all of the patients underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification. Retinal superficial capillary plexus vascular density (SCP-VD), macular thickness (MT), and CT were measured pre- and postoperatively.

Results

Twenty-two eyes of 22 cataract patients with mild to moderate NPDR without diabetic macular edema (DME) and 22 controls were enrolled. BCVA increased in two groups at 3 months postoperatively. At 1 and 3 months postoperatively, SCP-VD in the diabetic retinopathy (DR) group significantly increased; changes in SCP-VD in parafovea were significantly greater in the DR group than in the control group. MT and CT in the DR group significantly increased at all visits postoperatively in the fovea and perifovea. Changes in parafoveal MT were significantly greater in the DR group than in the control group at all visits postoperatively. Changes in CT and MT in the fovea were significantly greater in patients with DR than in the controls 1 and 3 months postoperatively.

Conclusion

Uncomplicated phacoemulsification resulted in greater increases in SCP-VD, MT and CT in patients with early DR without preoperative DME than in controls.
Large–scale genetic analysis and biological traits of two SigB factors in Listeria monocytogenes: lineage correlations and differential functions
Authors: Mao Pan , Wang Yan , Gan Lin , Liu Lingyun , Chen Jinni , Li Lingling , Sun Hui , Luo Xia , Ye Changyun
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Listeria monocytogenes is a globally distributed bacterium that exhibits genetic diversity and trait heterogeneity. The alternative sigma factor SigB serves as a crucial transcriptional regulator essential for responding to environmental stress conditions and facilitating host infection.

Method

We employed a comprehensive genetic analysis of sigB in a dataset comprising 46,921 L. monocytogenes genomes. The functional attributes of SigB were evaluated by phenotypic experiments.

Results

Our study revealed the presence of two predominant SigB factors (SigBT1 and SigBT2) in L. monocytogenes, with a robust correlation between SigBT1 and lineages I and III, as well as SigBT2 and lineage II. Furthermore, SigBT1 exhibits superior performance in promoting cellular invasion, cytotoxicity and enhancing biofilm formation and cold tolerance abilities under minimally defined media conditions compared to SigBT2.

Discussion

The functional characteristics of SigBT1 suggest a potential association with the epidemiology of lineages I and III strains in both human hosts and the natural environment. Our findings highlight the important role of distinct SigB factors in influencing the biological traits of L. monocytogenes of different lineages, thus highlighting its distinct pathogenic and adaptive attributes.
The role and mechanism of TCM in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases
Authors: Zou Qifei , Chen Yitong , Qin Huanxin , Tang Rui , Han Taojian , Guo Ziyi , Zhao Juanjuan , Xu Delin
Published: November 2023

The constant presence of infectious diseases poses an everlasting threat to the entire world. In recent years, there has been an increased attention toward the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of emerging infectious diseases, as it has played a significant role. The aim of this article is to provide a concise overview of the roles and mechanisms of TCM in treating infectious diseases. TCM possesses the ability to modulate relevant factors, impede signaling pathways, and inhibit microbial growth, thereby exhibiting potent antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects that demonstrate remarkable efficacy against viral and bacterial infections. This article concludes that the comprehensive regulatory features of Chinese herbal medicines, with their various components, targets, and pathways, result in synergistic effects. The significance of Chinese herbal medicines in the context of infectious diseases should not be underestimated; however, it is crucial to also acknowledge their underutilization. This paper presents constructive suggestions regarding the challenges and opportunities faced by Chinese medicines. Particularly, it emphasizes the effectiveness and characteristics of Chinese medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases, specifying how these medicines’ active substances can be utilized to target infectious diseases. This perspective is advantageous in facilitating researchers’ pharmacological studies on Chinese medicines, focusing on the specific points of action. The mechanism of action of Chinese herbal medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases is comprehensively elucidated in this paper, providing compelling evidence for the superior treatment of infectious diseases through Chinese medicine. This information is favorable for advancing the development of TCM and its potential applications in the field of infectious diseases.