bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine‐scale resource selection and behavioral tradeoffs of eastern wild turkey broods
Authors: Nelson Stefan D. , Keever Allison C. , Wightman Patrick H. , Bakner Nicholas W. , Argabright Chad M. , Byrne Michael E. , Collier Bret A. , Chamberlain Michael J. , Cohen Bradley S.
Published: April 2022

Resource heterogeneity across the landscape prompts animals to make behavioral tradeoffs to survive and reproduce. Behavioral thermoregulation can buffer organisms from thermal extremes but may conflict with other essential activities such as predator avoidance or foraging, and necessitate tradeoffs among resource requirements. We evaluated patterns of habitat selection relative to thermal conditions, forage availability, and concealment cover for female eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) with broods to assess potential tradeoffs among resource requirements. We quantified air temperature (°C), vegetation characteristics (e.g., visual obstruction), and arthropod biomass (g/m2) at locations used by broods across 5 study sites in the southeastern United States during May–July 2019–2020. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate brooding female resource selection at the second (home range) and third (within home range) orders. Specifically, we identified differences in selection between brooding and non‐brooding females (second order), and factors influencing selection of sites used by brooding females during the day (when loafing and foraging) and night (roosting; third order). Brooding females selected sites with cooler temperatures (β = −0.22; 95% CI = −0.338–−0.102) and greater ground cover vegetation (β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.013–0.033) than non‐brooding females. Additionally, biomass of large prey (Orthoptera) was positively related to ambient temperature, suggesting that use of thermal refuge by brooding females may limit availability of large prey. Brooding females appeared to balance the tradeoff between thermal refuge and forage availability by altering habitat selection patterns within home ranges. Brooding females selected for herbaceous areas that provided greater biomass of large arthropods during the day, and avoided areas dominated by woody vegetation during both the day and night. We did not observe brooding females using locations where woody cover exceeded 27% of understory vegetation. Thermal refuge is an important component of brood habitat, but within thermally suitable areas brooding females can select sites with greater availability of large prey to meet energetic demands of broods. Evaluation of multiple spatial scales is key when assessing tradeoffs among resource needs and determining the potential of behavioral thermoregulation to buffer an organism's thermal environment and allow persistence in a warming climate.
Consequences of an ecosystem state shift for nitrogen cycling in a desert stream
Authors: Ribot Miquel , Grimm Nancy B. , Pollard Lindsey D. , von Schiller Daniel , Handler Amalia M. , Martí Eugènia
Published: April 2022

Cessation of cattle grazing has resulted in the reestablishment of wetlands in some streams of the U.S. Southwest. Decades of cattle grazing prevented vascular plant growth in Sycamore Creek (Arizona, U.S.A.), resulting in stream reaches dominated by diatoms and filamentous green algae. Establishment of vascular plants can profoundly modify ecosystem processes; yet, the effects on nitrogen (N) cycling remain unexplored. We examined the consequences of this ecosystem state shift on N cycling in this N‐limited desert stream. We compared results from whole‐reach ammonium‐N stable isotope (15NH4+) tracer additions conducted before (pre‐wetland state) and 13 yr after (wetland state) free‐range cattle removal from the watershed. Water column estimations showed that in‐stream N uptake and storage were higher in the pre‐wetland than in the wetland state. N turnover was also higher in the pre‐wetland state, indicating that assimilated N was retained for shorter time in stream biomass. In addition, N uptake was mostly driven by assimilatory uptake regardless of the ecosystem state considered. Water column trends were mechanistically explained by the fact that the dominant primary uptake compartments in the pre‐wetland state (i.e., algae and diatoms) had higher assimilatory uptake and turnover rates than those in the wetland state (i.e., vascular plants). Overall, results show that the shift in the composition and dominance of primary producers induced by the cessation of cattle grazing within the stream‐riparian corridor changes in‐stream N processing from a dominance of intense and fast N recycling to a prevalence of N retention in biomass of primary producers.
Sustainable Light‐Stimulated Synthesis of Cross‐Linked Polymer Microparticles
Authors: Boga Karteek , Patti Antonio F. , Warner John C. , Simon George P. , Saito Kei
Published: April 2022

The increasing demand for crosslinked polymer microparticles (PMPs) in advanced applications requires the development of new sustainable methods which can reduce the impact of the polymerization process on the environment. This research reports a new environmentally‐friendly light‐assisted polymerization method for the synthesis of highly cross‐linked polymer microspheres by combining light‐induced [2+2] cycloadditions with dispersion polymerization. Using naturally‐occurring coumarin as reactive moieties, this method allows the synthesis of highly crosslinked PMPs in the presence of UV light at room temperature without initiator. The effect of the reaction parameters such as monomer concentration, stabilizer and reaction time on the particle size and yield are investigated using a number of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid‐state13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show the formation of highly crosslinked porous microspheres which demonstrate good thermal stability.
Using 3.0 eV Large Bandgap Conjugated Polymer as Host Donor to Construct Ternary Semi‐Transparent Polymer Solar Cells: Increased Average Visible Transmittance and Modified Color Temperature
Authors: Liu Xuanchen , Liu Zhitian , Chen Mingqing , Wang Qian , Pan Feilong , Liu Haizhen , Zhang Lianjie , Chen Junwu
Published: April 2022

Although optical engineering strategy has been utilized to optimize average visible transmittance (AVT) of semi‐transparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs), judicious selection of active layer materials should be more direct and basic. Herein, an efficient ternary active layer is constructed with a wide bandgap (3.0 eV) fluorescent polymer FC‐S1 as host donor, a middle bandgap polymer PM6 as guest donor, and a narrow bandgap non‐fullerene Y6‐BO as acceptor. Using FC‐S1 as the host donor can allow more visible photons to penetrate the device. In the absence of optical engineering, the ternary ST‐OSC with FC‐S1:PM6:Y6‐BO = 1:0.3:1.5 active layer of 30 nm thickness displays a much higher AVT of 49.28% than that of 32.34% for a PM6:Y6‐BO = 1.3:1.5 based binary ST‐OSC. The ternary ST‐OSC provides a good power conversion efficiency of 6.01%, only slightly lower than 7.15% for the binary ST‐OSC. The ternary ST‐OSC also demonstrates a color rendering index (CRI) of 87 and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6916 K, all better than CRI of 80 and CCT of 9022 K for the binary ST‐OSC. Moreover, the backbone of FC‐S1 is mainly composed by fluorene and carbazole, two easily‐accessible aromatic rings, which would meet low‐cost concern of ST‐OSCs.
C‐band 180‐nm CMOS transmitter front‐end with a three‐stage power amplifier for phased array applications
Authors: Dou Bingfei , Liu Ming , Wang Yan , Xiao Dongping , Ding Na , Liao Bingbing , Duan Zongming
Published: April 2022

A fully differential transmitter front‐end with multistage power amplifiers and a 7‐bit phase shifter were implemented in a 180‐nm CMOS process. RC feedback and cross‐coupling circuits were adopted to improve the stability of the power amplifiers. For the final power stage, a four‐transistor in‐parallel architecture was used to obtain a large total gate width, while maintaining a compact size with relatively small parasitic effects. The measured saturated output power (Psat) of the fabricated transmitter chip is 21.3−22 dBm, with a system efficiency of 24%−28.2% at 5−7 GHz, and the root‐mean‐square phase and gain error are below 1.40° and 0.28 dB, respectively, with 7‐bit phase resolution.
Deep learning–based velocity antialiasing of 4D‐flow MRI
Authors: Berhane Haben , Scott Michael B. , Barker Alex J. , McCarthy Patrick , Avery Ryan , Allen Brad , Malaisrie Chris , Robinson Joshua D. , Rigsby Cynthia K. , Markl Michael
Published: April 2022

Purpose

To develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) for the robust and fast correction of velocity aliasing in 4D‐flow MRI.

Methods

This study included 667 adult subjects with aortic 4D‐flow MRI data with existing velocity aliasing (n = 362) and no velocity aliasing (n = 305). Additionally, 10 controls received back‐to‐back 4D‐flow scans with systemically varied velocity‐encoding sensitivity (vencs) at 60, 100, and 175 cm/s. The no‐aliasing data sets were used to simulate velocity aliasing by reducing the venc to 40%–70% of the original, alongside a ground truth locating all aliased voxels (153 training, 152 testing). The 152 simulated and 362 existing aliasing data sets were used for testing and compared with a conventional velocity antialiasing algorithm. Dice scores were calculated to quantify CNN performance. For controls, the venc 175‐cm/s scans were used as the ground truth and compared with the CNN‐corrected venc 60 and 100 cm/s data sets

Results

The CNN required 176 ± 30 s to perform compared with 162 ± 14 s for the conventional algorithm. The CNN showed excellent performance for the simulated data compared with the conventional algorithm (median range of Dice scores CNN: [0.89–0.99], conventional algorithm: [0.84–0.94], p < 0.001, across all simulated vencs) and detected more aliased voxels in existing velocity aliasing data sets (median detected CNN: 159 voxels [31–605], conventional algorithm: 65 [7–417], p < 0.001). For controls, the CNN showed Dice scores of 0.98 [0.95–0.99] and 0.96 [0.87–0.99] for venc = 60 cm/s and 100 cm/s, respectively, while flow comparisons showed moderate‐excellent agreement.

Conclusion

Deep learning enabled fast and robust velocity anti‐aliasing in 4D‐flow MRI.
Ultrafast B1 mapping with RF‐prepared 3D FLASH acquisition: Correcting the bias due to T1‐induced k‐space filtering effect
Authors: Zhu Dan , Schär Michael , Qin Qin
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The traditional radiofrequency (RF)‐prepared B1 mapping technique consists of one scan with an RF preparation module for flip angle‐encoding and a second scan without this module for normalizing. To reduce the T1‐induced k‐space filtering effect, this method is limited to 2D FLASH acquisition with a two‐parameter method. A novel 3D RF‐prepared three‐parameter method for ultrafast B1‐mapping is proposed to correct the T1‐induced quantification bias.

Theory

The point spread function analysis of FLASH shows that the prepared longitudinal magnetization before the FLASH acquisition and the image signal obeys a linear (not proportional) relationship. The intercept of the linear function causes the quantification bias and can be captured by a third saturated scan.

Methods

Using the 2D double‐angle method (DAM) as the reference, a 3D RF‐prepared three‐parameter protocol with 9 s duration was compared with the two‐parameter method, as well as the saturated DAM (SDAM) method, the dual refocusing echo acquisition mode (DREAM) method, and the actual flip‐angle imaging (AFI) method, for B1 mapping of brain, breast, and abdomen with different orientations and shim settings at 3T.

Results

The 3D RF‐prepared three‐parameter method with complex‐subtraction delivered consistently lower RMS error, error mean, error standard deviation, and higher concordance correlation coefficients values than the two‐parameter method, the three‐parameter method with magnitude‐subtraction, the multi‐slice DREAM and the 3D AFI, and were close to the results of 2D or multi‐slice SDAM.

Conclusion

The proposed ultrafast 3D RF‐prepared three‐parameter method with complex‐subtraction was demonstrated with high accuracy for B1 mapping of brain, breast, and abdomen.
HFP‐QSMGAN: QSM from homodyne‐filtered phase images
Authors: Beliveau Vincent , Birkl Christoph , Stefani Ambra , Gizewski Elke R. , Scherfler Christoph
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Homodyne filtering is a standard preprocessing step in the estimation of SWI. Unfortunately, SWI is not quantitative, and QSM cannot be accurately estimated from filtered phase images. Compared with gradient‐echo sequences suitable for computing QSM, SWI is more readily available and is often the only susceptibility‐sensitive sequence acquired in the clinical setting. In this project, we aimed to quantify susceptibility from the homodyne‐filtered phase (HFP), acquired for computing susceptibility‐weighted images, using convolutional neural networks to solve the compounded problem of (1) computing the solution to the inverse dipole problem, and (2) compensating for the effects of the homodyne filtering.

Methods

Two convolutional neural networks, the U‐Net and a modified QSMGAN architecture (HFP‐QSMGAN), were trained to predict QSM maps at different TEs from HFP images. The QSM maps were quantified from a gradient‐echo sequence acquired in the same individuals using total generalized variation (TGV)‐QSM. The QSM maps estimated directly from the HFP were also included for comparison. Voxel‐wise predictions and, importantly, regional predictions of susceptibility with adjustment to a reference region, were compared.

Results

Our results indicate that the U‐Net model provides more accurate voxel‐wise predictions of susceptibility compared with HFP‐QSMGAN and HFP‐QSM. However, regional estimates of susceptibility predicted by HFP‐QSMGAN are more strongly correlated with the values from TGV–QSM compared with those of U‐Net and HFP‐QSM.

Conclusion

Accurate prediction of susceptibility can be achieved from filtered SWI phase using convolutional neural networks.
Does cerebrospinal fluid pulsation affect diffusion‐weighted imaging thermometry? A study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Sakai Koji , Kentaro Akazawa , Tazoe Jun , Ikeno Hiroyasu , Nakagawa Toshiaki , Yamada Kei
Published: April 2022

Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI)‐based thermometry offers potential as a noninvasive method for measuring temperatures deep inside the human brain. However, DWI might be influenced by the pulsatile flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study aimed to investigate the influence of such pulsations on DWI thermometry in healthy individuals. A total of 104 participants (50 men, 54 women; mean [± standard deviation] age, 44.2 ± 14.3 years; range 21–69 years) were investigated. DWI‐based brain temperature (TDWI) was acquired at three speeds (maximum and minimum speeds of ascending flow and random timing at the cerebral aqueduct) of CSF pulsation using a 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)‐based temperature (TMRS) at the thalamus was also obtained as a reference standard for brain temperature. The three different CSF pulsatile flows were monitored by heart rate during the scan. The difference between reference temperature and brain temperature (ΔT = TDWI– TMRS) along with the three CSF speeds were statistically compared using Student's matched pair t‐test. No significant difference in ΔT was evident among CSF speeds (p > 0.05). No significant linear correlation between ΔT and CSF flow speed at the cerebral aqueduct was observed. Using DWI thermometry with clinical acquisition settings, which utilizes mean values within thresholds, no effect of CSF pulsation speed was observed in the estimation of ΔT.
Association of paternal rejection with externalizing problems of adolescents: A moderated mediation model
Authors: Huang Linhui , Chen Yuanyuan , Zhu Jianjun , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2022

Despite evidence suggesting the role of the parent–child relationship in externalizing problems, few studies have examined the direct and indirect association of father rejection and externalizing problems. This research examines the mediation effect of peer victimization in the association of paternal rejection with externalizing problems in adolescents. Besides, it explores the moderating effect of impulsivity on this association. In total, 2,116 pupils completed anonymous questionnaires about paternal rejection, peer victimization, externalizing problems, and impulsivity. Sex, age, paternal and maternal education, and per capita income were set as covariates. The results revealed that peer victimization mediated the relationship between paternal rejection and externalizing problems in adolescents. Impulsivity played a moderating role not only in the relationship between paternal rejection and externalizing problems but also in the link between peer victimization and externalizing problems. Specifically, paternal rejection predicted greater externalizing problems only for adolescents with high–level impulsivity, and peer victimization was predictive of greater externalizing problems only for adolescents with high levels of impulsivity. The findings highlight that paternal rejection and peer victimization have a potential, long‐lasting influence on the psychological well‐being of adolescents, particularly for adolescents high in impulsivity.
Addressing mental health and wellbeing in a consultation
Authors: Fox Charles , Kilvert Anne
Published: April 2022

People with diabetes manage their condition 24 hours a day, seven days a week and only about 2% of decisions are made in consultation with a health care professional. Many factors impact on a person's ability to manage their diabetes, and consequently on their mental health and wellbeing. These include everyday life pressures: work, celebrations, holidays and major life events, such as loss of a loved one or a job. Diabetes‐specific stresses include diabetes distress and burnout, fear of hypos and complications, eating disorders and denial, with an increased risk of anxiety and depression. Some people have pre‐existing mental health conditions which lead directly to development of diabetes and add to the challenge of glycaemic management.

The health care professional has an important role in supporting people with diabetes with education and technology, but it is crucial that they also address mental health and wellbeing as this impacts on the person's diabetes.

In this article, based on a presentation at the Diabetes Professional Care Conference, we contrast the medical and biopsychosocial models of care and discuss the importance of the principles of person‐centred care and empowerment in addressing mental health of people with diabetes. Being empathic and giving the person the opportunity to talk about their feelings is central to this approach. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons.
Association of midlife cognition impairment with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus in an Indian population
Authors: Mukherjee Sharmistha , Ghosh Sambuddha , Ghosh Srijit
Published: April 2022

Purpose: Cognitive impairment is associated with worsening of diabetic retinopathy (DR). While cognitive impairment has been observed in the elderly with DR, no report on cognition is available in middle‐aged patients with DR. We explored the association between midlife cognitive impairment and DR in an Indian population cohort.

Methods: We undertook an institutional analytical cross‐sectional study with middle‐aged type 2 diabetes mellitus patients; there were 36 cases with DR and 36 patients without DR (NODR). Cognition was assessed by mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) questionnaires and compared between both groups.

Results: The median age was 55 years in the DR group and 53.5 years in the NODR group. The MMSE score in DR (23.5 ± 3.3, 95% CI 22.3–24.6) was lower (p = 0.015) than in NODR (25.3 ± 3.3, 95% CI 24.2–26.5). The MMSE score in DR was lower in all the domains except for that of language. MMSE score in females (23.1 ± 3.4) was lower (p = 0.001) than in males (25.8 ± 3.0). Education‐adjusted MMSE score was normal among 31 (86.1%) in NODR and 21 (58.3%) in DR (p = 0.009). Dementia was present in 36.1% of cases with DR and 13.9% of cases with NODR. Those with DR had a 4.8 times chance of having education‐adjusted cognitive impairment compared to NODR (p = 0.046, odds ratio 4.8, 95% CI 1.0–22.7). Compared to NODR cases, the chances of having education‐adjusted cognitive impairment increased in mild non‐proliferative DR (p < 0.001, odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 0.3–11.1), moderate non‐proliferative DR (p = 0.002, odds ratio 4.3, 95% CI 1.1–16.8), and advanced DR (p < 0.001, odds ratio 9.30, 95% CI 1.92–45.10).

Conclusions: DR was positively associated with cognitive impairment in middle age in this sample of the Indian population. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons.
Gambogic acid inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells through upregulation of SIRT1 expression in vitro
Authors: Jiang Shi‐ye , Yu Jun , Zhu Ming , Zhang Xiao‐mei , Zhang Yuan‐ying , Zhang Qin , Hu Qing , Lv Min
Published: April 2022

Gambogic acid (GA) is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro with high efficiency and low toxicity. Our previous data have shown inhibitory effects of GA on breast cancer cells. However, the detailed mechanisms for GA remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GA on TGF‐β1‐induced tumor invasion and EMT in MDA‐MB‐231 cells, and contribution of elevated SIRT1 to antitumor effects of GA. Human breast cell MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐231 were incubated with TGF‐β1 (100 ng/ml) and GA. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay, while tumor invasion was determined by Boyden chamber invasion assay. The mRNA levels of SIRT1 and TGF‐β1 were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The protein expressions of SIRT1 and EMT‐associated mesenchymal marker Vimentin were measured by Western blotting. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) protein content was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Our results showed that, GA showed decreased proliferation in MDA‐MB‐231 cells, especially in MDA‐MB‐231 cells with TGF‐β1 incubation. GA inhibited tumor invasion and EMT in TGF‐β1‐treated MDA‐MB‐231 cells. GA increased mRNA and protein expression of SIRT1 in MDA‐MB‐231 cells with and without TGF‐β1 treatment. SIRT1 mRNA level in MDA‐MB‐231 cells was increased by TGF‐β1 incubation and decreased by GA treatment. In addition, the production of IL‐6 was increased by TGF‐β1, and decreased by GA. In conclusion, GA inhibits tumor invasion and EMT in breast cancer, potentially through upregulating SIRT1 expression. This study provides a novel antitumor effect of GA in breast cancer.
Migrate to divorce, to overcome divorce, or to avoid divorce? Divorce and migration nexus among Chinese (wo)men migrants in Paris
Authors: Lévy  Florence
Published: April 2022

Drawing on 10‐year ethnographic fieldwork in France and China with Northern Chinese migrants in Paris, this paper analyses the imbrication of divorce and migration. Most women had divorced before leaving China, a smaller group divorced after arriving in France, many of them try to remarry abroad, while men respondents were almost all married in China. Relying on an intersectional approach and a transnational perspective, this paper unveils how married or divorcee status have influenced their choices to move or to remain in China, to stay abroad or return. More generally, it examines how the gendered social norms on family, marriage and divorce shape migrants' agency and how it may vary according to social class, gender, age, marital and migration status. The paper questions the transnational power of gender norms and observes how the scripts on family and divorce in China traverse state borders and continue to structure migrants' transnational experiences.
Effects of Cu, Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5 on Interfacial Properties between Cu–Sn Alloys and Diamond
Authors: Yu Jianwu , Huang Liang , Wang Jingchao , Hu Zhongxun , Hai Yang
Published: April 2022

The interfacial properties of the Cu‐based intermetallic compounds and diamond abrasives remain a challenging task in fabricating high‐performance Cu‐based diamond‐grinding wheels and, herein, the effects of Cu, Cu3Sn, and Cu6Sn5 on interfacial properties between Cu–Sn alloys and diamond (111) are aimed to be investigated. The stable three‐layer slab models are established based on density‐functional theory (DFT). The interface energy, electronic density, electronic localization function (ELF), and density of state (DOS) are calculated and analyzed. It is shown that Cu6Sn5 is a critical intermetallic compound to affect interfacial properties. The degree of hybridization of the Cu6Sn5 (100)/diamond (111) model is the strongest among all models, which leads to lower interface energy and better wettability. Herein, theoretical guidance for fabricating Cu‐based diamond‐grinding wheels by adjusting the sintering temperature and formula of the Cu‐based binder to achieve the proper interface strength are provided.
Large‐eddy simulation of very stable boundary layers. Part I: Modeling methodology
Authors: Chinita Maria J. , Matheou Georgios , Miranda Pedro M. A.
Published: April 2022

The large‐eddy simulation of very stable boundary layers (SBLs) remains challenging due to the large anisotropy of turbulent motions resulting from buoyancy suppression effects, and to the general reduction of its energetic scales. Here, we develop a novel large‐eddy simulation model setup to enable the modeling of the very SBL, avoiding the use of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory at its lower boundary condition, as it breaks down in these conditions in agreement with previous studies. The new approach requires very fine grids in the vertical direction, in the order of a few centimeters. A series of Ekman‐layer‐type boundary layers under weak‐wind conditions ( and 2 ms), and strong surface cooling rates (1 and 3 Khr) at high latitude is studied using isotropic grids of 0.05 and 0.10 m resolution. The low‐order statistics show some sensitivity to the grid resolution; for example, both the SBL height and the low‐level jet position decrease with increasing grid resolution. In general, some differences are spotted regarding the shape of the wind speed and temperature vertical profiles, compared with weakly to moderately stratified conditions, suggesting that the structure and characteristics of the SBL evolve with increasing stratification. Moreover, the wind turning is significant from the surface, where the surface wind angle relative to the geostrophic wind is about 50. Lastly, two regimes within very stable conditions can be qualitatively identified primarily based on the gradient Richardson number () profiles: In the less stable regime, increases almost linearly with height and a quasi‐steady state is achieved; however, in the most stable regime, sharply increases near the surface and remains constant throughout the SBL while increasing with time up to . Thus, a quasi‐steady state is not achieved; and although turbulence does not collapse, it remains weak.
Relativistic ro‐vibrational feature of electron in Bohr's orbits of hydrogen‐like atoms in Heisenberg picture
Authors: Jahanpanah Jafar , Vahedi A. , Khosrojerdi H.
Published: April 2022

The relativistic effects have been widely reported to affect the chemical and physical properties of the heavy elements such as lanthanides (), actinides (), and transactinides (). This effect is definitely weakened by reducing the atomic number in lighter elements such as hydrogen‐like atoms (HLAs). The aim of present paper is to investigate the relativistic effects of electron motion in Bohr orbits on the chemical and physical properties of HLAs. The theoretical model is based on the Heisenberg (rather than Schrodinger) picture where the relativistic vibrational Hamiltonian (RVH) is expanded as a power series of harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian for the first time. By applying the first‐order RVH (correct to ) to the Heisenberg equation, a pair of coupled equations is obtained for the relativistic position and linear momentum of electron. A simple comparison of the first‐order relativistic and nonrelativistic equations reveals that the relativistic natural frequency of an HLA (like entropy) is slowly raised by increasing beyond . In general, RVH plays a fundamental role because it specifies the temporal relativistic variations of position, velocity, and linear momentum of the oscillating electron. The results are finally verified by demonstrating energy conservation.
Optical properties of para‐oligophenylenes: A case study of electronic absorption spectrum and relaxation dynamics of terphenyl
Authors: Isukapalli Sai Vamsi Krishna , Nag Probal , Vennapusa Sivaranjana Reddy
Published: April 2022

We present a detailed quantitative description of vibronic‐coupling effects on the singlet photophysics of para‐oligophenylenes. Four energetically close‐lying singlet states (S1, S2, S3, and S4) are taken into consideration to interpret the first UV/Vis absorption band of these molecules. As a representative example, the energetics of those four states are evaluated for para‐terphenyl by performing extensive electronic structure calculations within the linear vibronic coupling framework. We obtain absorption spectral profiles by wavepacket propagation technique using the multi‐configuration time‐dependent Hartree method. Computed spectral profiles are in accord with the experiment. A minor electronic population transfer to upper states on a timescale of 10 fs is observed, suggesting the excited‐state nonadiabatic behavior of the molecule. Our findings necessitate the experimental validation of the role of higher states in the spectroscopy and dynamics of photoexcited para‐oligophenylenes.
A robotic puncture system with optical and mechanical feedback under respiratory motion
Authors: Zhang Wenlong , Bao Kaiyang , Zheng Lingxiang , Cai Lijing , Yan Biao , Yang Rongqian
Published: April 2022

Puncture robot can improve the accuracy and efficiency of puncture surgery, such as thoracoabdominal and liver puncture. However, as soft tissue is deformed and shifted under respiratory motion and during the puncture process, the needle is pulled, resulting in the needle's bending and deformation, which increases the risks and sufferings of the patient, a robotic puncture system with optical and mechanical feedback is necessary. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi‐information sensing ‘guide‐clamp’ end effector for puncture surgery to accurately detect the posture and force on the puncture needle in real time. And gravity bias method with trajectory planning and the compensational controlling model are also proposed to offset the interference of self‐weight and achieve zero force following. This system is evaluated by the experiments of robot controlling and human tissue simulation and the results prove the excellent robustness of the system, which meet the clinical requirement.
Decentralized control and state estimation of linear time‐periodic systems
Authors: Andrushka Ivan , Batista Pedro , Oliveira Paulo , Silvestre Carlos
Published: April 2022

The main contributions of this article are the design of a decentralized controller and state estimator for linear time‐periodic systems with fixed network topologies. The proposed method to tackle both problems consists of reformulating the linear periodic dynamics as a linear time‐invariant system by applying a time‐lifting technique and designing a discrete‐time decentralized controller and state estimator for the time‐lifted formulation. The problem of designing the decentralized estimator is formulated as a discrete‐time Kalman filter subject to sparsity constraints on the gains. Two different algorithms for the computation of steady‐state observer gains are tested and compared. The control problem is posed as a state feedback gain optimization problem over an infinite‐horizon quadratic cost, subject to a sparsity constraint on the gains. An equivalent formulation that consists in the optimization of the steady‐state solution of a matrix difference equation is presented and an algorithm for the computation of the decentralized gain is detailed. Simulation results for the practical cases of the quadruple‐tank process and an extended 40‐tank process are presented that illustrate the performance of the proposed solutions, complemented with numerical simulations using the Monte Carlo method.
Effective Surface Passivation via Intermolecular Interactions for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhan Jingbo , Li Ming , Zhou Zhongmin
Published: April 2022

To reduce the surface defects of perovskite film and hole extraction loss, an organic small molecule, 1,3‐dihydroxypropan‐2‐one (DHA), is introduced at the perovskite/hole transport layer interface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is conducted to reveal the interactions (coordination and hydrogen bonding) between DHA and perovskite. A variety of characterizations (including photoluminescence (PL), time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), etc.) are performed to disclose the effect of DHA on device performance. Consequently, a high efficiency of 23.26% is obtained for the DHA‐treated device, while the control device shows only a companion efficiency of 20.21%. Moreover, the DHA‐treated devices exhibit improved storage and thermal stability.
Uncovering the correct publication date, spelling and attribution for the basionym of Hibbertia subg. Hemistemma (Dilleniaceae)
Authors: Kellermann Jürgen , Hammer Timothy A. , Toelken Hellmut R.
Published: April 2022

The complex publication history of Hibbertia subg. Hemistemma (Juss. ex Thouars) J.W.Horn is discussed, in particular the different editions of Du Petit‐Thouars's books on the plants of Madagascar, and it is concluded that the basionym Hemistemma Juss. ex Thouars was published in 1806 with that spelling and authorship. A type is designated for the name as well as for the synonym Pleurandra Labill.
Choline diet improves serum lipid parameters and alters egg composition in breeder ducks
Authors: Song Jianlou , Shi Xuefeng , Li Xingzheng , Zheng Jiangxia
Published: April 2022

Background

Choline is an important nutrient, playing key roles in numerous metabolic pathways relevant to animal health.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary choline on the lipid parameters, cardiovascular health (CVH), and levels of egg trimethylamine (TMA) and cholesterol in breeder ducks during the late laying period.

Methods

A total of 60 Jingjiang ducks were randomly separated into six replicates of 10 ducks each. After peak production until 65 weeks of age, the birds were fed a control basal diet. The same ducks served as the control group until 65 weeks of age, when the same ducks served as the choline‐supplemented group, after 15 days of dietary choline supplementation at 2955 mg/kg choline above and over the basal diet initially provided. The 15 days of choline supplementation included an initial 5‐day acclimatisation period.

Results

Dietary choline supplementation increased serum TMA (p < 0.01), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low‐density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels in older breeder ducks. However, it did not change the levels of trimethylamine N‐oxide but decreased the atherosclerosis index compared with those of the control group (p < 0.01). Moreover, it increased (p < 0.01) the egg yolk TMA levels but did not change the concentrations of cholesterol in egg yolk.

Conclusions

Dietary choline supplementation had a beneficial effect on lipid parameters and CVH in older breeder ducks, although it increased the serum and egg yolk TMA levels.
Peribulbar block in a rabbit presenting for enucleation
Authors: Ryan Aoife Clare , Dutton Thomas Anthony George , Gurney Matthew Alistair
Published: April 2022

This paper discusses the use of a peribulbar local block with bupivacaine in a rabbit presenting for enucleation and represents an alternative locoregional technique to a retrobulbar block, which is challenging to perform in rabbits due to the presence of a venous sinus behind the globe. A peribulbar block is comparatively easy to perform, and it provided excellent perioperative and postoperative analgesia in the case reported. Clinicians should consider a peribulbar block as part of a multimodal anaesthetic plan where indicated.
Posttranscriptional regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase 2 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Komagataella phaffii
Authors: Dey Trishna , Rangarajan Pundi N.
Published: April 2022

The yeast Komagataella phaffii (a.k.a. Pichia pastoris) harbours a unique glutamate utilization pathway in which the cytosolic enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (GDH2), aspartate aminotransferase 2 (AAT2) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyze the sequential conversion of glutamate to α‐ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate and phosphoenolpyruvate respectively. GDH2 and PEPCK are essential for glutamate catabolism. Their synthesis is induced by autophagy during carbon starvation and are essential for cell survival. Here, we demonstrate that GDH2 and PEPCK reciprocally regulate each other's protein levels during glutamate catabolism such that GDH2 is downregulated in Δpepck and PEPCK is downregulated in Δgdh2. We further demonstrate that sequential conversion of glutamate to α‐ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate by GDH2 and AAT2, respectively, is essential for PEPCK synthesis in cells metabolizing glutamate. Our studies indicate that translation of GDH2 mRNA is induced by glutamate while oxaloacetate derived from glutamate is likely to be the inducer of PEPCK mRNA translation during glutamate catabolism. Thus, GDH2‐ and PEPCK‐catalyzed reactions are essential for ATP generation and gluconeogenesis respectively during carbon starvation and glutamate catabolism in K. phaffii. We conclude that K. phaffii harbours a unique translational regulatory circuit in which substrates of GDH2 and PEPCK act as inducers of their synthesis, a phenomenon not reported in any yeast species.
Non‐Linear Optical Properties of the (RE)3CuGeS7 Family of Compounds
Authors: Akopov Georgiy , Hewage Nethmi W. , Viswanathan Gayatri , Yox Philip , Wu Kui , Kovnir Kirill
Published: April 2022

Non‐linear optical materials must possess a balanced combination of laser‐induced damage threshold (LDT) and second‐harmonic generation (SHG) and be phase matchable. In our previous work, chiral and polar La3CuGeS7 was identified as a promising non‐linear optical material. Herein, we report the optimization of non‐linear optical properties through replacement of La with smaller lanthanides. It is determined that Gd3CuGeS7 exhibits the best combination of SHG (1.6× AgGaS2 at 88–105 μm particle size) and LDT (3× AgGaS2, 89 MW/cm2) and is phase matchable. Based on changes in metal‐sulfur bond lengths and angles, we further propose structural optimization through solid‐solution formation and doping.
Visible energy and angular distributions of the charged particle from the τ −decay in $$ b\to c\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$ reactions
Authors: Penalva Neus , Hernández Eliecer , Nieves Juan
Published: April 2022

Abstract

We study the d2Γd/(dωd cos θd), dΓd/d cos θd and dΓd/dEd distributions, which are defined in terms of the visible energy and polar angle of the charged particle from the τ −decay in $$ b\to c\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$
b
→
cτ

μ

ν
¯

μ

ν
τ

πν
τ

ρν
τ

ν
¯

τ

reactions. These differential decay widths could be measured in the near future with certain precision. The first two contain information on the transverse tau-spin, tau-angular and tau-angular-spin asymmetries of the $$ {H}_b\to {H}_c\tau {\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$

H
b

→

H
c

τ

ν
¯

τ

parent decay and, from a dynamical point of view, they are richer than the commonly used one, d2Γd/(dωdEd), since the latter only depends on the tau longitudinal polarization. We pay attention to the deviations with respect to the predictions of the standard model (SM) for these new observables, considering new physics (NP) operators constructed using both right- and left-handed neutrino fields, within an effective field-theory approach. We present results for $$ {\Lambda}_b\to {\Lambda}_c\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$

Λ
b

→

Λ
c

τ

μ

ν
¯

μ

ν
τ

πν
τ

ρν
τ

ν
¯

τ

and $$ \overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)}\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$

B
¯

→

D

∗

τ

μ

ν
¯

μ

ν
τ

πν
τ

ρν
τ

ν
¯

τ

sequential decays and discuss their use to disentangle between different NP models. In this respect, we show that dΓd/d cos θd, which should be measured with sufficiently good statistics, becomes quite useful, especially in the τ → πντ mode. The study carried out in this work could be of special relevance due to the recent LHCb measurement of the lepton flavor universality ratio $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{R}}}_{\Lambda_c} $$

ℛ

Λ
c

in agreement with the SM. The experiment identified the τ using its hadron decay into π−π+π−ντ, and this result for $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{R}}}_{\Lambda_c} $$

ℛ

Λ
c

, which is in conflict with the phenomenology from the b-meson sector, needs confirmation from other tau reconstruction channels.
Impairment of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein maturation and fusion activity by nitazoxanide: an effect independent of spike variants emergence
Authors: Riccio Anna , Santopolo Silvia , Rossi Antonio , Piacentini Sara , Rossignol Jean-Francois , Santoro M. Gabriella
Published: April 2022

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has caused an unprecedented global health crisis. The SARS-CoV-2 spike, a surface-anchored trimeric class-I fusion glycoprotein essential for viral entry, represents a key target for developing vaccines and therapeutics capable of blocking virus invasion. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike variants that facilitate virus spread and may affect vaccine efficacy highlights the need to identify novel antiviral strategies for COVID-19 therapy. Here, we demonstrate that nitazoxanide, an antiprotozoal agent with recognized broad-spectrum antiviral activity, interferes with SARS-CoV-2 spike maturation, hampering its terminal glycosylation at an endoglycosidase H-sensitive stage. Engineering multiple SARS-CoV-2 variant-pseudoviruses and utilizing quantitative cell–cell fusion assays, we show that nitazoxanide-induced spike modifications hinder progeny virion infectivity as well as spike-driven pulmonary cell–cell fusion, a critical feature of COVID-19 pathology. Nitazoxanide, being equally effective against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-spike and different emerging variants, including the Delta variant of concern, may represent a useful tool in the fight against COVID-19 infections.
A cool climate perspective on grapevine breeding: climate change and sustainability are driving forces for changing varieties in a traditional market
Authors: Töpfer Reinhard , Trapp Oliver
Published: April 2022

A multitude of diverse breeding goals need to be combined in a new cultivar, which always forces to compromise. The biggest challenge grapevine breeders face is the extraordinarily complex trait of wine quality, which is the all-pervasive and most debated characteristic. Since the 1920s, Germany runs continuous grapevine breeding programmes. This continuity was the key to success and lead to various new cultivars on the market, so called PIWIs. Initially, introduced pests and diseases such as phylloxera, powdery and downy mildew were the driving forces for breeding. However, preconceptions about the wine quality of new resistant selections impeded the market introduction. These preconceptions are still echoing today and may be the reason in large parts of the viticultural community for: (1) ignoring substantial breeding progress, and (2) sticking to successful markets of well-known varietal wines or blends (e.g. Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling). New is the need to improve viticulture´s sustainability and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Climate change with its extreme weather will impose the need for a change in cultivars in many wine growing regions. Therefore, a paradigm shift is knocking on the door: new varieties (PIWIs) versus traditional varieties for climate adapted and sustainable viticulture. However, it will be slow process and viticulture is politically well advised to pave the way to variety innovation. In contrast to the widely available PIWIs, competitive cultivars created by means of new breeding technologies (NBT, e.g. through CRISPR/Cas) are still decades from introduction to the market.
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels and diabetes mellitus are associated with activation of the neurotoxic polyol pathway
Authors: Tigchelaar Celien , van Zuylen Mark L. , Hulst Abraham H. , Preckel Benedikt , van Beek André P. , Kema Ido P. , Hermanides Jeroen , Absalom Anthony R.
Published: April 2022

Aims/hypothesis

During hyperglycaemia, some glucose bypasses glycolysis and is metabolised via the potentially neurotoxic polyol pathway, in which glucose is metabolised to sorbitol and fructose. Increased polyol concentrations have been demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neurological patients with and without diabetes mellitus. However, polyol levels in patients without evident neurological abnormalities have not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to determine CSF polyol concentrations in patients without major neurological disease with normal or elevated CSF glucose concentrations.

Methods

This observational cohort study used CSF and plasma analyses, as well as clinical data, from 30 participants of the Anaesthetic Biobank of Cerebrospinal Fluid study. Biomaterial was collected from adult patients scheduled for elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia. CSF polyol concentrations were measured by GC/flame ionisation detector in ten patients with normal CSF glucose levels (group 1), ten patients with elevated CSF glucose levels (group 2) and ten patients with elevated CSF glucose levels and type 2 diabetes (group 3). We compared the concentrations of plasma glucose, CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose, and CSF polyol/glucose ratios between the three groups, and determined the correlation between plasma glucose levels and CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose levels.

Results

Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher CSF fructose levels compared with group 1 (p=0.036 and p<0.001, respectively). Group 3 showed significant differences compared with groups 1 and 2 for CSF sorbitol (p<0.001 and 0.036, respectively). Moreover, patients with diabetes had a significantly higher CSF sorbitol/glucose ratio compared with patients without diabetes. There was a strong positive correlation between plasma glucose and CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose. Finally, age, sex, CSF/plasma albumin ratio and preoperative cognitive function scores were significantly correlated with plasma glucose and CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose levels.

Conclusions/interpretation

Hyperglycaemia causes a proportional increase in polyol concentrations in CSF of patients without major neurological disease. Furthermore, this study provides the first indication of upregulation of the cerebral polyol pathway in patients with diabetes without evident neurological abnormalities.

Graphical abstract