bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture-led regeneration in a Persian historical city centre: A case study of the Karim Khan-e Zand Complex
Authors: Najva Sareh , Mohammadi Hamid
Published: July 2024

In recent decades, the dramatic growth of urbanisation and modernism has had significant effects on historic city centres, the most negative of which is the phenomenon of ‘placelessness’ in the historical fabric. Therefore, urban design that maintains the historical fabric concentrates on the priority of ‘placemaking’ and aims to provide a ‘unique place’ in the city centre.1 Culture-led regeneration can enhance the symbolic centre of cities and improve the character of the area and the power to attract citizens, tourists and investors. The old and valuable centre of Shiraz, the cultural capital of Iran, is considered at the national and international level an appropriate example of how to use culture as the catalyst for regeneration because of its cultural and historical past as well as its iconic buildings and places. This research paper attempts to model the relationship between culture and regeneration in historical city centres. Questions addressed in this study include: what models can be used in the regeneration/culture relationship in historic city centres and how do they work? Which characteristics make Karim Khan-e Zand unique? What culture-led regeneration policies were used in the Karim Khan-e Zand Complex?
Potential implication of Eko Atlantic city project, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Amakihe Emeka
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses the results of a study to understand the implications of the Eko Atlantic (EA) project in Lagos city. The objective of this study is to identify the benefits of the EA project in terms of infrastructure development. The findings show that the EA project can play a significant role in regenerating and reshaping Lagos urban development. EA can serve as a potential model for developing new urban areas that would reconstruct the city.
Risk governance at large banks: Have any lessons been learned?
Authors: Mongiardino Alessandra , Plath Christian
Published: July 2024

The role of the board of directors (or supervisory board) in overseeing risk at financial firms has come under scrutiny during the recent financial crisis. Similarly, questions have been asked about the authority of banks’ chief risk officers and the independence of the risk management function. Despite market and regulatory pressures, however, risk governance at large banks seems to have improved only to a limited extent since the beginning of the recent financial crisis and there is still significant room for improvement.
Case study: Adelaide Airport 2010–11 runways and taxiways overlay project
Authors: Low James , Scanlon Vince
Published: July 2024

The 2010–11 runways and taxiways overlay project conducted at Adelaide Airport is considered to be the largest airport maintenance overlay and largest airfield light-emitting diode (LED) installation undertaken in Australia. In a first for Australian aviation, an early contractor involvement procurement model was implemented together with a measure and value contract. Innovation was required in order to conduct the project in the extreme risk averse and regulated airport environment. The project was successfully completed within the approved budget and programme. No aircraft operations were disrupted during construction and proactive consultation minimised the impact on other stakeholders. At the 2011 Project Management Achievement Awards, the project won the Australian and Asia-Pacific awards for construction/engineering under AUS$100m. In November 2011, Adelaide Airport Limited was awarded Australian Capital City Airport of the Year at the Australian Airport Association Convention in recognition of its highly successful management of the project.
Banks create money (but only to a point): The ‘payments perspective’
Authors: Bossone Biagio
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses the power of commercialbanks to create money. After reviewing the relevantliterature, including the latest contributionson the topic, the paper takes a new ‘payments perspective’to the issue and investigates how the rolethat banks play in payment systems affects theway they create money. Through this new perspective,the paper analyses how banks’ payment obligationsand the rules governing their settlementdetermine (and constrain) the extent to whicheach bank can exercise its power to create money.The paper also analyses how electronic moniesand central bank digital currencies may impact thecreation of money by banks. Aside from contributingto the understanding of the critical topic ofmoney creation, the paper’s ‘payments perspective’explains the uniqueness of banks, even in today’sfast-evolving FinTech world, and provides a keyto understand the impact of FinTech on moneyand credit supply in contemporary economies.More broadly, the paper underscores the relevanceof payment system analysis for macroeconomictheory and practice, pointing to the need to betterintegrate the two disciplines.
Fiscal consequences of scrapping cash
Authors: Levi Maurice D.
Published: July 2024

The emergence of a range of digital media of exchange such as debit cards, credit cards, pre-loaded transport tickets, cafeteria passes and telephone coupons means for the first time that money in the form of paper currency and coins is no longer essential. The scrapping of traditional cash would mean the removal of the means of anonymous exchange with implications for the fiscal deficit. On the one hand, it would mean a loss of seigniorage for national governments, with the size of this loss depending on how the cash is removed from circulation. On the other hand, it would reduce tax evasion, which would increase fiscal revenue of national, state and municipal governments. The absence of an anonymous means of exchange also has favourable fiscal implications from reduced spending on law enforcement, legal proceedings, incarceration, and public health from impeding the drug trade: digital media of exchange provide a trail to follow for illicit transactions, hindering activities of buyers and sellers. This paper calculates the size of the fiscal implications of scrapping cash and finds substantial gains for all levels of a nation’s government, even the national government that loses seigniorage. It takes the view of Canada where virtually every adult has an account at a financial institution.
Building communities: Lessons in co-working for the enterprise world
Authors: Hood Chris
Published: July 2024

As enterprises continue to wrestle with the relative balance of efficiency and effectiveness initiatives in their workplaces, the emerging co-working movement is providing useful experience to guide these decisions. Fundamentally a co-working centre needs to provide a workplace experience that individuals and organisations believe is worth the price of entry. It is a market drive exercise that only succeeds if they achieve the right balance. The founders and managers of co-working centres make tradeoffs each and every day along these lines in deference to a growing percentage of the workforce who have the ability to self-determine where, how and with whom they work. This article is not a promotion of co-working centres, although I do believe they offer some of the most inspiring and effective places to work, but an exhortation to understand them and the way they operate in the hope that we might bring valuable insight back into the enterprise workplace. Within cost-effective environments they have managed to create meaningful communities and a trail of business and personal success stories from which we can learn. Properly interpreted and understood, many of their operational principles are applicable to the corporate world and will likely add great value to our musings on the effectiveness versus efficiency dilemma.
The coming democratisation of emotions analytics
Authors: Somers Dan
Published: July 2024

The ability to understand emotion from human communication is essential for marketers and data analysts, particularly in a world of growing non-verbal communication, such as reviews, complaints, surveys social media and chatbots. Thanks to advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) text analytics, a lot of information typically missed in sentiment analysis can now be analysed and early warning of issues flagged much earlier. This paper looks at how AI text analytics will succeed sentiment analysis and how it can identify additional customer emotion and intent by using concepts rather than simple keywords in its analysis. The paper also looks at how the most successful AI text analytics feature human-in-the-loop technology that optimises the combination of automation and human involvement. This makes the need for data scientists to run day-to-day models obsolete as the human input can come from the business user instead. The paper presents examples of how AI text analytics and emotions analytics can be applied, and argues that AI text analytics can reduce reliance on data scientists, provide early warnings of issues and analyse a much deeper level of sentiment and customer intent with higher levels of accuracy.
A new government for New Zealand: Scope to densify, diversify and deliver?
Authors: Manns Jonathan
Published: July 2024

New Zealand confirmed a new government on 24th November, 2023, marking a shift to the right in terms of the political principles which underpin the nation’s governance. The new government is the country’s first three-party coalition since it switched to a mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) system in 1996, following a referendum in 1993.1 It comprises a union between the centre-right National Party, which secured 38 per cent of the votes, alongside the libertarian ACT and populist NZ First parties, which secured 8 per cent and 6 per cent respectively.2 Coalition agreements have been signed but contain little specific detail on housing policy and the new government’s position remains to be clarified. Each constituent party went into the election claiming that more needed to be done, and the National Party, which secured pole position, campaigned on the basis that ‘[e]nding New Zealand’s housing shortage is critical for New Zealand’s future’.3 This paper sets out the circumstances which have contributed to the country’s housing affordability challenges and some of their wider impacts, alongside context on the coalition partners’ statements to date and a series of propositions that might help to address the shortfall in provision – being that the country must focus on how to densify its cities and diversify its housing stock as well as deliver new homes, with three suggested policy areas that may align with the thinking of the new government.
Semantic data: The challenge of live sport data
Authors: Evain Jean-Pierre , Piva Francesco , Rachez Guillaume , Klein Cédric
Published: July 2024

In the world of sport, the role of data is absolutely central. During any competition event, continuous data feeds provide information on athletes, teams, start lists, schedules and live results — information that must be handled seamlessly and in real time. During the 2018 European Championships, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) applied semantic modelling to sport data, using a platform with a back-end capable of handling thousands of live data messages in real time. Official data from the event organisers was provided in the Olympic Data Feed format and transformed live to the EBUSport semantic format, before being fed to Perfect Memory’s smart media asset management system, connecting results, athlete bios and events to content edited from feeds and logging. The use of semantic technologies makes it possible to navigate linked data in innovative front-end applications. This paper provides a detailed review of the technical challenges faced when managing a semantic data driven ecosystem, and discusses the lessons learned.
Accessibility research study: Humanising the need for inclusive design
Authors: Reha Monica , Sloan David , Horton Sarah
Published: July 2024

This paper describes how Wells Fargo and the Paciello Group planned, executed and achieved relevant results from an in-depth research study conducted using participants with disabilities, who use assistive technology to access digital tools and content. Study logistics, findings, and utilisation of the results and participants' stories are explained in detail.
Developing practical mitigations for reputational risks: A case study from the UK insurance sector
Authors: Connell Matthew
Published: July 2024

This paper examines a new method for measuring reputational risk developed by the Customer Services Institute in 2018 for UK insurance markets. It sets out the way in which the model was constructed through in-depth qualitative work followed by detailed opinion surveys, and uses two case studies to compare the results from the research with perceptions about how the sector has performed through the lens of different stakeholders, including regulators. It finds that the index correctly identifies two areas where public trust in insurers has been reduced. These areas are renewal charging practices in retail insurance and payment of business interruption insurance claims for SMEs. The paper also concludes that the index gives strong practical guidance about how these reputational issues can be addressed. Two limitations of the model are as follows: first, because it is set up to express issues in consumer terms, it can be difficult to then draw lessons for different organisations within the value chain, and secondly, the survey approach can obscure the experiences of very small minorities, unless the survey is carefully focused on those groups. For very small groups, a more qualitative approach may be more effective.
E-invoicing: The catalyst for financial supply chain efficiencies
Authors: Keifer Steve
Published: July 2024

The benefits of e-invoicing have been documented extensively by various organisations, ranging from the European Commission ‘Expert Group on E-Invoicing’ to independent research organisations. The focus of much of the research, however, is limited to the replacement of paper invoices with electronic documents. While paperless invoicing does drive near-term cost savings, there are often further benefits to be gained through more ambitious accounts payable (AP) automation projects. The introduction of electronic invoices into a financial supply chain can be a key enabler to other projects, such as evaluated receipts settlement, supply chain finance and category spend management, each of which can have even greater impacts on a company’s income statement or balance sheet. These broader AP automation projects, however, often require new approaches to financial supply chain management, such as reversing the flow of invoices from buyer to seller or eliminating invoices altogether. Corporations considering e-invoicing initiatives should think holistically about the financial supply chain benefits that can be achieved from related projects. Much can be learned from the experiences of large organisations in North America, Europe and Asia which are already implementing many of these approaches. This paper explores the potential benefits to corporations from the adoption of an e-invoicing programme as well as broader AP automation initiatives. The focus will be on business-to-business e-invoicing as opposed to business-to-consumer billing.
Does decentralised finance equal deregulated finance?
Authors: Davis Daniel J. , Band Sheehan H.
Published: July 2024

DeFi is a fast-growing sector of the blockchain ecosystem. In this paper, readers are introduced to key concepts in DeFi, including use cases for the technology, differences between permissionless and permissioned DeFi, and the respective advantages of participating in DeFi vs. CeFi platforms. Unlike CeFi, in which a central platform or party acts as an intermediary to facilitate crypto asset transactions, DeFi protocols and platforms rely on self-executing smart contracts to perform their functions and do not custody their users' assets. Accordingly, there are open questions as to how DeFi can be regulated. Indeed, some declare that DeFi should not be regulated. This paper analyses the key arguments in favour of and against regulation of DeFi in the context of the recent crypto asset market instability, including a breakdown of various theories of liability under which regulators seek to identify bad actors and penalise harmful activity. It then synthesises recent statements and enforcement activity by US regulators, including the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission, Department of Justice, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and legislative activity, including President Biden's recent executive order, and the Lummis–Gillibrand Responsive Financial Innovation Act. To date, US lawmakers and regulators have viewed the label ‘decentralised’ with scepticism, applying a functional analysis to identify participants exerting various degrees of control over DeFi protocols in order to enforce regulations.
Business implications of the Payment Services Directive
Authors: Turing Dermot
Published: July 2024

The Payment Services Directive is a piece of legislation of huge importance for the payments industry in Europe. It will regulate how payment services are provided to customers, and it will bring into being a new species of regulated financial service provider, the `payment institution'. The challenges for market participants are not confined to implementing the changes required by the directive. Important strategic choices also need to be made. In part, these will be dictated by whether the directive requires the business to obtain a regulatory licence — a question which is fraught with difficulties of interpretation caused by vagueness in the drafting of the directive. Implementation is not easy, as many aspects of the business need to be examined. These go beyond the operational changes, and involve documentation and relationships with infrastructures, correspondents and suppliers. The strategic choices will be affected by the organisation's view of the competitive landscape once the directive has bedded in. It is certain that the directive will change the marketplace, but who the winners and losers will be is a matter for debate. Some players will be unwilling to make the sacrifices inherent in a tightly regulated environment. The incumbents are likely to change position, and telecoms providers stand to gain if they are willing to embrace the opportunities which the directive offers.
Collateral management: Factors affecting the supply and demand for collateral and emerging trends and developments in the market
Authors: Leveroni Ted
Published: July 2024

Financial market participants are adjusting to a raft of new requirements that form part of the G20’s agreement to initiate substantial reform of the derivatives market following the global financial crisis. As we approach the fifth anniversary of the Pittsburg summit, the industry is transitioning from a period of rule writing and lobbying to one of implementation. The scope of the derivatives reform programme is unprecedented in the financial markets, both in scale and detail. Its effect will be far reaching and its requirements will force all market participants — on the buy and sell side — to review their overall use of derivatives, margin requirements and use of collateral, and consider the potential impact of new regulations to their trading and operations. Improving oversight, rather than banning the use of derivatives, is the most sensible way of addressing the failings of the market and the build-up of systemic risk. However, firms now attempting to comply with this changed regulatory environment are concerned about their ability to meet new demands. The key to doing so is to understand the holistic impact of the reform — which is no mean feat — and to prepare by leveraging sophisticated technology offerings as well as community based and infrastructure solutions.
Cybersecurity: Risks and management of risks for global banks and financial institutions
Authors: Camillo Mark
Published: July 2024

The frequency, severity and sophistication of cyberattacks against global financial institutions continues to increase, even though the vast majority of such breaches remain unreported. Financial institutions need to embark on a holistic risk management strategy if they are to combat effectively the renewed threat, ensuring that a tripartite approach that embraces rigorous internal procedures, the adoption of external professional support and the utilisation of appropriate insurance cover is in place. In particular, working in tandem with the insurance market here can play a key role in not just offsetting costs when an event happens at a financial institution, but in preventing an attack in the first place and responding correctly to mitigate when cybersecurity does fail.
High-density living in the Asian context
Authors: Pomeroy Jason
Published: July 2024

Population increase, land shortage and rising land prices have made high-density living in parts of Asia an accepted way of life. The embracing of Corbusien city planning principles saw many an Asian city redefine its skyline and embrace the tall building as the panacea to high-density development in a rapid transformation given largely to planning guidelines that were attuned to rapid economic development. Despite the typologies association with certain socio-physiological ills, the tall building nevertheless continues to be adopted. But attempts to readdress such ills through the creation of more hybrid forms that balance space with object in the interests of providing natural light, ventilation and places for social interaction have started to redefine the Asian tall building which historically adopted the hermetically sealed air-conditioned box approach. Skycourts, skygardens and interlinking skybridges are architectural devices increasingly being incorporated, which seek to reduce perceived tall-building densities and provide residents with more habitable living environments in provision of a greater ratio of social space to built-up area. Newton Suites, The Pinnacle and the Linked Hybrid are just a few examples of an increasing body of case studies which explore the interface between solid and void within a high-density environment.
A case study in sparking donor engagement at all levels
Authors: Karol Kimberly Bernard , Lauersdorf Liz , Stepankiw Mika
Published: July 2024

This paper shows how UTHealth developed a non-endowed reporting programme across giving tiers, strategically engaging donors based on their interests through a segmented process. With the concerns and interests of its donors foremost on their minds, UTHealth’s stewardship and development communications team sparked excitement across the university to grow donor communications and engagement opportunities, ultimately advancing philanthropic giving at all levels.
Trends in marketing organisational structures and budgets
Authors: Zinkan Rob
Published: July 2024

Few other functions within higher education have evolved in recent years as much as marketing and branding. A convergence of factors has brought marketing to the forefront in academia, resulting in the emergence of executive-level chief marketing officer positions aimed at bringing enhanced sophistication to the sector’s marketing and brand strategy work. This paper explores the organisational structure and budgetary implications related to the rise of marketing in higher education by first outlining trends in each area and then specifically looking at the marketing organisational structures of Big Ten Conference institutions, where there is significant decentralisation and no one organisational model.
The US prepaid card market: A review
Authors: Chakravorti Sujit , Lubasi Victor
Published: July 2024

General-purpose prepaid cards were heralded as an electronic cash substitute in different parts of the world during the last decade. Many such applications no longer exist, however, and transaction volume remains relatively low on those systems that still operate. Alternative applications geared towards certain payment market niches are beginning to gain market traction in the USA. This paper discusses four prepaid applications — gift cards, payroll cards, pre-tax spending cards, and government benefit transfer programmes. Prepaid cards offer an alternative for disbursers to transfer funds to those individuals that do not have transactions accounts, do not provide disbursers access to their transactions accounts, or are restricted to using the funds for certain types of purchases. Prepaid cards may offer recipients a more convenient and cost-effective means to make purchases. Successful applications tend to leverage existing payment infrastructure to overcome the chicken-and-egg problem that new payment instruments face. Aligning market incentives among payment system participants, however, is a key driver for widespread market adoption. Furthermore, these incentives may vary across different payment market segments.
How are banking supervision measures influencing banks’ overall risk management?
Authors: Kardorf Sonja
Published: July 2024

This paper sets out how banking supervisory measures are influencing banks’ overall risk management and some unintended consequences, based on the experiences of a national German bank. From the perspective of the regulator, large and complex, system-relevant institutions are prone to crises. There is a risk of market failure, which must, of course, be compensated for by rules. This in turn increases control and monitoring obligations so that financial stability can be ensured while at the same time protecting the often-quoted ‘man on the street’ who is generally seen as a taxpayer. From the perspective of banks, however, this argument can be turned around by claiming that we have too much regulation. The resultant costs of regulation certainly pose a threat. For smaller and medium-sized banks, this may even lead to overburdening and a loss of individualism. Even though each and every regulation measure may be justified, together they lead to a level of complexity and an impact that banks or supervisory authorities are unable to precisely and fully identify. This paper describes the challenges facing banks and how these challenges can be counteracted. It is mainly based on the experience of Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB), the business development bank of the Federal State of Berlin.
Metadata as a value multiplier in sports production: Case study of Production House Werne
Authors: Schleifer David
Published: July 2024

Sports broadcasting is often focused on the moment, on quick turnaround and on live events. As the number and type of distribution channels continue to expand, and audience viewing habits change, sports production has needed to change as well. When faced with upgrading to high definition (HD) and adding two 24/7 sports channels, Werne took the time to re-examine its workflow and tackle these new challenges with an eye on efficiency and future-proofing.
Community power for liveable cities
Authors: Marinova Dora , Hossain Amzad
Published: July 2024

With the majority of the world’s population now living in urban environments, the city has started to be representative of a lifestyle that is detached from nature and geared towards a high level of consumption. This paper argues that putting community development first is a key to the move towards a liveable city. A city represents the knowledge, ethics, values and spirituality of its people, and making better communities is a way to make better cities. The focus of the paper is on how to sustain community in the city. It explores the concepts of: (1) self-reliant living; (2) sustainability self-education; (3) self-governance; and (4) community self-organisation as principles underpinning successful communities in urban environments. They not only help to create a sense of place, but also influence the choice of technologies adopted in the city, including transport and infrastructure.
Airports and the rise of eVTOL
Authors: Bernitt Beth , Burden Crawford , Moeller Jan , Sulsona John
Published: July 2024

A new form of aircraft — electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) — holds the potential to upend the transportation industry. Some eVTOLs are crosses between a helicopter and a traditional aeroplane, combining the vertical take-off of helicopters with the horizontal flight of aeroplanes. Others take on a more drone-like appearance. They are the next wave in aviation innovation and are expected to be flying as soon as 2025. As with any new and evolving industry, there are a myriad of questions to be answered. Here we discuss the advent of the eVTOL industry, why airports should be paying attention, and the impacts this new form of transportation may have on airports and their functions, including eVTOL-specific energy, aviation, regulation, emergency and infrastructure needs.
Digital asset custody deciphered : A primer to navigating the challenges of safeguarding digital assets
Authors: Parry Colin
Published: July 2024

The International Securities Services Association (ISSA), Global Digital Finance and Deloitte have co-authored a report on Digital Asset Custody. This paper gives a synopsis of one element of the report and provides a brief explanation of digital asset custody (DAC) and the key facets that should be considered when looking at a DAC solution. DAC is different from traditional asset custody but it is not totally different. There are complexities that occur uniquely within DAC, and it is imperative that managers understand those aspects and the implications, such as permissioned versus permissionless ledgers, key management, etc. There are also a number of familiar terms used in DAC in a different way from traditional markets and is necessary for managers to challenge the existing wisdom for both DAC and traditional custody. To progress the opportunities that DAC — through distributed ledger technology (DLT) and tokenised assets — offer financial markets, however, the industry should not throw away all the learnings from traditional custody offerings. Custodians (in the widest sense) should merge their knowledge of safekeeping principles with the new abilities offered by DAC to ensure that they can manage the risks of operating in this new environment. An example of a new risk is that DLT evangelists will say ‘Blockchain is instant and immutable and therefore guarantees finality’, but is it true in all or any circumstance? Risk management starts with risk awareness and the purpose of this paper is to explain the risks that occur in the scenarios of providing or purchasing DAC.
An integrated system for disaster preparedness and response
Authors: Thompson Dale L.
Published: July 2024

Kaiser Permanente, the USA’s largest not-for-profit integrated healthcare provider, has developed a hybrid emergency preparedness and response system. It consists of a tiered structure of national ‘workgroups’ and traditional physical command centre operations. The workgroups provide integration and coordination across a large organisation while allowing for necessary regional operational flexibility. Workgroup membership taps the best available expertise in a functional area, drawn from all levels and all regions, so as to best represent all interests of a divergent, widespread organisation. Workgroups exist in ‘standby’ until a threat emerges, then are activated as needed, excepting the core clinical workgroup which meets at least monthly to track potential risks to the organisation. These workgroups promote internal consistency, represent the organisation to outside entities, and develop tools, templates and protocols that regions can adapt, adopt and implement through a traditional, operational system of regional and medical centre and clinical emergency command centres. Developed in response to the anthrax terrorism in the early 1990s, this hybrid system allowed for a rapidly escalated, yet measured response to the recent H1N1 outbreak and could be a template for application in other organisations with similar needs.
The changing nature of damp investigations and the implications of retrofit cavity and external wall insulation on standard forms of building
Authors: Hodgson Stephen
Published: July 2024

The challenges associated with surveying and reporting on buildings have always been subject to the construction trends, fashion and the needs of the people who occupy them. The desire to improve the thermal efficiency of our existing housing stock and the push to promote energy saving measures by the government is fundamentally changing the nature and performance of our housing stock in a way we perhaps have not seen before. We are starting to discover that the implications of some of these interventions have not been fully appreciated and can be far from desirable. This paper discusses the reasons why some properties are becoming more susceptible to problems associated with atmospheric moisture, and considers how ill-advised or poorly executed retrofit insulation is leading to problems commonly associated with water penetration and condensation. The paper will also consider the longer-term implications for maintenance and inspection of buildings that have been retrofitted with External Wall and Cavity Wall insulation but, as yet, appear defect free.
Developing a conceptual framework for identifying the ethical repercussions of artificial intelligence: A mixed method analysis
Authors: Saheb Tahereh , Jamthe Sudha , Saheb Tayebeh
Published: July 2024

Given that the topic of artificial intelligence (AI) ethics is novel, and many studies are emerging to uncover AI’s ethical challenges, the current study aims to analyse and visualise the research patterns and influential elements in this field. This paper analyses 1,646 Scopus-indexed publications using bibliometric analysis and cluster content analysis. To classify the most prominent elements and delineate the intellectual framework as well as the emerging patterns and gaps, we utilised keyword co-occurrence analysis and bibliographic coupling analysis and network visualisation of authors, countries, sources, documents and institutions. In particular, we detected nine major applications of AI in which ethics of AI is highly discussed, 24 ethical categories and 66 ethical concerns. Using the VOSviewer software, we also identified the general ethical concerns with the greatest total link strength regardless of their cluster associations. Then, focusing on the most recent articles (2020–21), we performed a cluster content analysis of the identified topic clusters and ethical concerns. This analysis guided us in detecting literature gaps and prospective topics and in developing a conceptual framework to illustrate a comprehensive image of ethical AI research trends. This study will assist policymakers, regulators, developers, engineers and researchers in better understanding AI’s ethical challenges and identifying the most pressing concerns that need to be tackled.
Central bank capital management
Authors: Wessels Paul , Broeders Dirk
Published: July 2024

This paper offers general guidelines for central bank capital management. Capital adequacy is important to be a credible, independent monetary authority over a medium-term horizon. Central banks, however, face several challenges in determining their capital adequacy. Firstly, the amount of capital only plays an auxiliary role in central banks' effectiveness given that they cannot default as long as they have the right to issue legal tender. Secondly, central banks face two types of financial risks: calculable risks from current exposures and latent risks from future exposures. These latent risks, in particular, are difficult to quantify because they stem from contingent policy measures such as quantitative easing and lending of last resort. It is argued that a central bank's target level of capital (1) can be calibrated with a confidence level that is lower than that used for commercial banks and (2) takes latent risks into account that are related to GDP or the size of the financial sector in the economy.
The dynamic planning approach and the death of the traditional master plan
Authors: Nixon Chad
Published: July 2024

The sluggish economy, business globalisation and changes within the aviation industry around the world have made it nearly impossible to accurately predict long- or even short-term changes in air and passenger traffic and determine the timing for needed improvements. This pace of rapid change has significantly reduced the effectiveness of the traditional Airport Master Plan. In response to these changes, a new approach to aviation planning was incorporated into recent planning projects at Elmira Corning Regional Airport and Niagara Falls International Airport in New York State. The basis for this approach is a robust and flexible computer model that analyses future airport scenarios using basic user inputs, allowing an airport sponsor the ability to consider how changes in air traffic, cost structure or even change in airport mission would impact future development and financial outcomes. This approach considers both likely and unforeseen scenarios and adjusts airport plans for terminal development, cost structure and space allocation to incorporate these inputs and scenarios. This paper details the genesis of this dynamic planning approach and the development of the Dynamic Analysis Tool (DAT) computer model, which moves the airport master plan from simply a plan to a true management tool.
Knowledge transfer in regeneration: Is it feasible and can the community benefit?
Authors: Engelsman Udi , Southern Alan
Published: July 2024

This paper looks critically at the operation of a Knowledge Transfer Partnership involving the University of Liverpool, UK, and a Merseyside-based housing association. The initial objective of the Partnership was to develop new knowledge to be ‘transferred’ from academia to the organisation involved in local regeneration, and thus from the organisation to the community. The initiative took place in Anfield and Breckfield, North Liverpool, and, as it evolved, a number of aspects became apparent. First, the ideals of knowledge transfer, held in the sense of action research being initiated, helped to scope the project. Second, rather than a transfer of knowledge taking place, what happened was the co-construction of regeneration knowledge with no particular constituency taking the lead role, but all enabled through the project. Third, it was evident that the users of this new knowledge would exercise their respective authority in different ways, and this became key to understanding how knowledge transfer in regeneration is feasible and how the community might benefit.
Involving communities in the effective and efficient reuse of contaminated and derelict land in England
Authors: Syms Paul
Published: July 2024

England has a legacy of disused and underused 'brownfield' or 'previously developed' land, especially in areas affected by the decline and closure of traditional industries. The discontinuation and changing requirements of military bases, schools, hospitals and even former housing areas from which the population has moved away are also contributory factors. This paper describes the development of a National Brownfield Strategy for England and the early stages of its implementation. The objectives of the strategy were to tackle the problems of urban dereliction, ensure a supply of land for redevelopment, leisure and recreational use, and promote best practice in the reuse of brownfield land. The six 'overarching' principles upon which the strategy is based are described, together with the four strands for policy implementation. The strategy is aimed at tackling the problems of deprivation in some of the poorer areas of England and addresses important environmental issues, recognising that disused and underused land can provide valuable habitats for both flora and fauna. Although the strategy was developed for use in England, seeking to return brownfield land to beneficial use, similar approaches could be applied elsewhere, especially in areas affected by de-industrialisation, where large tracts of land exist as derelict 'eyesores'.
Preparing for pandemic influenza: Adapting a model of healthcare facility preparedness to the business sector
Authors: Hanfling Dan , Price Connie , Wyrick Major General Mike
Published: July 2024

With concerns that another influenza pandemic is drawing near, viral strains of which might be circulating across wild bird populations in Asia, North Africa and Europe at the present time, the business sector has begun to focus attention on the steps required to prepare for such an eventuality. This paper elucidates the translation of an ‘all-hazards’ healthcare sector model established in the wake of response to the significant terrorist events in the autumn of 2001 for use in the business setting. The model is based upon the identification and promotion of strong leadership, implementation of sound infection control and occupational health and safety measures, development of a comprehensive training and education programme, and the proactive institution of business recovery practices.
Opening the gates: A framework for an open banking strategy
Authors: Standaert Willem , Muylle Steve , Cumps Bjorn
Published: July 2024

This paper provides decision makers in digital banking with a framework for developing their open banking strategies. Based on interviews with experts from leading banks and insurers, FinTech and big tech, a large consultancy and the regulator, we have identified five strategic dimensions of open banking — product innovation, customer experience integration, ecosystem competition, datascape and geographical scope — and mapped the relationships between them. Decision makers in financial services can assess their position on these important dimensions of open banking and set their strategic direction. Using the framework, we also illustrate how hitherto relatively closed banks with a dominant market position are starting to transform into open ecosystem players that embrace digital innovation. Likewise, we show how open banking initiatives of big tech and FinTech can be mapped on the framework. In addition, the paper reviews how regulation, market and digital technology impact open banking strategy.
Putting claims data to work: Using analytics in an evolving healthcare ecosystem
Authors: Gelburd Robin
Published: July 2024

As the US healthcare ecosystem undergoes rapid evolution, hospitals and health systems need up-to-date analytics to manoeuvre and thrive. National claims data that is both robust and reliable can provide the basis for such analytics. Data reflecting billed charges and negotiated (or allowed) amounts can inform fee schedule development, payer negotiations and dispute resolution. Claims data, which includes procedure and diagnostic codes and relevant demographic factors, also reveals important trends and patterns in four alternative venues of care: retail clinics, telehealth, urgent care centres and ambulatory surgery centres. Factors considered include rural versus urban growth in utilisation, patient age groups, gender utilisation and common diagnoses. The paper also presents clinical trends illuminated by claims data analysis for the following conditions or procedures: obesity and type 2 diabetes in paediatric patients, psoriatic arthritis, Lyme disease, breast cancer, knee and hip surgeries and opioid abuse and dependence. Issues in the analyses include comorbidities, costs and gender and age disparities. Finally, the paper suggest how claims data can be a basis for bundled payments and associated analytics to aid in the transition from a fee-for-service model to value-based reimbursement or otherwise shed light on provider performance.
Remixing excess capacity
Authors: Chase Robin
Published: July 2024

Excess capacity is a free resource, already paid for and in place. Thinking creatively about what constitutes excess capacity and tapping into it can result in fast, powerful, significant, and low-cost innovation and value. Governments, organisations and individuals should think creatively about their assets (physical assets, online data, networks, experiences and expertise) and find ways they can tap into, open up and repurpose it. Examples cites include Wikipedia, Flickr, Cyclovia, Couchsurfing, AirBnB, Shiply, AppsForDemcracy, Open SF, MassDotDev, Braddock Pennsylvania, Antoine Dodson and Auto-Tune the News.
Book reviews
Authors: Brownill Sue
Published: July 2024

Devolution, Regionalism and Regional Development: The UK Experience; Edited by: Jonathan Bradbury; Reviewer: John McCarthy
Rethinking bomb threat response
Authors: Hesterman Jennifer
Published: July 2024

Understanding the explosive threat landscape is paramount to having a sound evacuation protocol. Security procedures and response to threats can no longer be static and uniformly applied; rather, they must be tailored to ever-evolving terrorist and criminal tactics. This paper introduces recent statistics regarding the decreasing number of domestic bombings in the USA. Data related to the increasing number of bomb threats is also brought into the discussion, along with data showing how threats are almost exclusively hoaxes. A case study of the disparate responses of two major cities to the same bomb threat reveals how and why the threat was handled differently, along with ramifications. Terrorist and criminal bombings often target evacuees and first responders, and devices, if they exist, are generally small and ineffective; therefore, sheltering in place, in the protection of the building, may be a better course of action than evacuation. The concept of treating a bomb threat as a possible dry run is discussed, along with information regarding detection of surveillance. The paper also ventures beyond data-gathering and explores the use of intuition in decision-making. These perspectives should be factored into bomb threat preparation, mitigation and response policy and procedures.
Humanising healthcare through COVID-19 and beyond
Authors: Holt Christine , Rose Cindy , Wartell Justin
Published: July 2024

COVID-19 has transformed the world of healthcare, while acting as a catalyst for change on an unprecedented scale. Healthcare and hospital leaders have had to reinvent processes and develop new solutions to combat the virus and adapt to the new reality. In this paper, healthcare brand strategists and management consultants explore how the pandemic has driven innovation that is humanising healthcare on a structural, organisational and experiential level. Drawing from a series of in-depth qualitative interviews (IDIs) conducted with healthcare experience executives across the United States during Fall 2020, this contribution outlines how the industry’s leaders are implementing strategic changes in their organisations to embrace a more empathetic, human model. Supported by the 2020 Humanizing Brand Experience report quantitative survey data from more than 25,500 healthcare consumers, readers will consider the spectrum of shifts that have occurred and will learn about why these changes are likely to stay relevant in the post-pandemic era. This paper concludes with a set of strategies and considerations, including defining strategic brand experience objectives, creating cross-functional experience coalitions, focusing leadership on important experiential areas, hiring for ‘soft skills’, including empathy and communication, aligning incentives with targeted changes, and so on. These recommendations are designed to continue building on pandemicdriven management and leadership innovations in order to foster improved healthcare experiences for consumers, physicians and employees.