bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Open‐plan attributes and effective facilities management
Authors: Ilozor B.D. , Ilozor D.B.
Published: June 2007

Presented is a path analysis of causal connections between several open‐plan attributes and discrete effective facilities space management aspects of commercial offices in Sydney. The aim is to use quantitative estimates to demonstrate in structural equations the effect coefficients of the complex connections between selected open‐plan and effective facilities space management variables. Over one hundred open‐plan offices in the Sydney CBD were examined. Some open‐plan attributes were found to have direct impacts on several effective facilities space management variables, while others exhibited indirect effects through management control aspects. In most cases, management control reduced the effect coefficients. This paper concludes that, with dedicated management control, the impact of open‐plan on facilities space management may be less extensive. The implication of this result is for re‐engineering of work environments to consider aspects of management that invariably moderates and/or intervenes in the relationship of space, people and work process.
Concurrent engineering: a comparison between teh aerospace and construction industries
Authors: Tookey J.E. , Bowen P.A. , Hardcastle C. , Murray
Published: June 2007

The construction industry in the UK has been subject to frequent reports over recent years, all focusing on perceived inefficiencies within the industry and how processes can be improved to deliver construction projects on time, and within cost and quality targets. Most notable of these reports have been Latham (1994) and Egan (1998), which contend that construction should come closer to manufacturing in design, development and supply chain practices to achieve ambitious improvement targets. The most frequently mentioned industries for such “benchmarking” are the aerospace and automotive industries. Concurrent Engineering (CE) appears to offer significant potential to the construction industry as a means to achieve these targets. This paper identifies key aspects of CE practice in aerospace manufacturers and, in the spirit of the Egan report, possibilities for their adoption in UK construction projects.
An overview of the Chinese construction market and construction management practice
Authors: Zou Patrick X.W. , Fang Dongping , Qing Wang Shou , Loosemore Martin
Published: June 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to provide useful information and suggestions for future improvement in relation to China's construction industry and market. With China's rapid economical development and its entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO), much attention has been paid to the China construction business opportunities. However, not much information is available on the history, practices and business cultures of the Chinese construction industry.

Design/methodology/approach

Through literature review and interviews with industry professionals, this paper discusses the Chinese construction industry in terms of its market and management practice with a focus on tendering processes, contract management, project on‐site supervision and occupational health and safety (OHS) issues. It also discusses the challenges that face the Chinese construction industry.

Findings

China has gone over a long way in construction tendering, contract management and OHS. Its current practice is in the right direction. However, further development and improvements are necessary.

Originality/value

This paper provides useful information to Chinese construction personnel for future improvement. This paper also provides useful information to overseas companies who are planning to enter China's construction market in the near future.
Marketing toys by developmental stages
Authors: Szymanski Marianne
Published: June 2007

Describes the types of toys needed by children of different developmental stages, their appeal for the parent, and the marketing implications. Outlines the developmental stages from infants to pre‐teens. Discusses toys for children with special needs, family games, toy collecting, and safety and care issues. Focuses on a research approach to discovering what toys meet these requirements; this is based on observational research and a pen‐and‐paper survey, and establishes a composite “Toy Tips” rating based on fun rating (always the most important toy factor), plus other development scores for thinking skills, character development, social skills and motor skills.
Wireless marketing: the linking value of text messaging
Authors: Jones Andrew
Published: June 2007

Explains why mobile phone text messaging is so popular with children; linking with peer groups is the main reason, as it satisfies the basic human need for community in a world of freedom and potential isolation. Shows how media brands are creating interactive channels which give marketers new ways to communicate with their target markets; the personal space of the mobile phone allows marketers to extend on‐air sponsorship or advertising. Presents case studies to illustrate this, both of which involve mobile phone databases to promote records: the wireless marketing campaign for Oxide & Neutrino by East West Records; and the “Top of the Pops” magazine text club, which is operated by BBC Worldwide to link children with their media.
Changing attitudes of European youth
Authors: Christensen Ole
Published: June 2007

Reports a survey by GfK Ad Hoc Worldwide on new trends in youth culture and language; this shows a new generation of youngsters, dubbed Generation Search, which is searching for more meaning in life, and has different expectations of brands and advertising. Outlines these attitude changes in relation to femininity and masculinity (notably a general preference in both sexes for the “planet of femininity“); the world of the media and interconnection; multiculturalism; the importance of brands; what makes good advertising (humour, naturalness, openness, harmony, aesthetics, provocativeness, and vision marketing); and the social role of companies.
Attitudes of school directors towards in‐school marketing: an exploratory study
Authors: Geuens Maggie , De Pelsmacker Patrick , Mast Gitt
Published: June 2007

Defines in‐school or marketing as the development of marketing activities towards schoolchildren, and reports research on the attitudes to it of some Belgian school directors. Reviews previous literature on the effectiveness of marketing to children, and the advantages and disadvantages of in‐school marketing; activities included sponsoring, lectures, vending machines, saving actions, advertising, and non‐commercial activities. Outlines the research methodology used, which involved a questionnaire to 2,600 school directors and interviews with five to elicit their views, ranging from pragmatic tolerance of commercial activities, companies’ societal and educational role, restriction of products sold to healthy and environmentally friendly ones, to a view of company activities as necessarily exploitative.
Kids and media
Authors: Cooke Rachel
Published: June 2007

Uses historical data to examine emergent trends in media aimed at children; the intention is to detail the globalised “Bedroom Culture” phenomenon which has been identified in the UK and USA as signifying a move from outdoors to indoors and from active to passive pursuits. Shows how the growth of the Internet and mobile phone has not led to a reduction in television viewing, but instead to fragmentation and diversification of the children’s media market, aided by the dramatic explosion in satellite and cable TV; children interact with the different media forms in very different ways, each of them contributing to their entertainment requirements, and they can now communicate outside their traditional peer networks. Concludes that new communication channels are merely a way to reach consumers more efficiently; websites and mobile phones require high investment to induce children to use them, and must avoid appearing to be intrusive.
Using semiotics to build powerful brands for children
Authors: Valentine Virginia
Published: June 2007

Shows how semiotics can be used to see the relationship between children and their development, on the one hand, and the culture that structures how they think and feel, on the other. Develops a “brand mirror” for today’s children to express the self image they see encoded in various semiotic “languages”. Illustrates this by the example of Nike sportswear, whose messages encode an image of empowerment through sports, and especially the success of Black sportspeople despite adversity; as children are relatively powerless they can identify with this, and the brand has helped in the promotion of Black culture. Moves on to the second example of Peperami, whose successful marketing was semiotically built on two meaning systems of “meatness” and “snackness”.
Kellogg’s Real Fruit Winders: unwinding the effects of an integrated campaign
Authors: Bullivant Janey , Puri Gurdeep
Published: June 2007

Shows how Kellogg’s used an integrated marketing campaign to launch a new fruit snack into the UK market; it included PR, ambient media, web and TV. Argues that this innovative approach was a major factor in the product’s success: the creative idea was that Real Fruit Winders were an anarchic from of fruit that children could eat, play with and use to communicate with each other, and a world of fruits was created with its own Chewchat language as well as characters. Identifies the key marketing insight as children’s need for interactivity, which connects their interests like gaming and the Internet but was previously absent from the snack market. Illustrates this with a look at the Chewchats website and how children could interact with the brand, plus the campaign which distributed Chewchat stickers in magazines, and at cinemas and concerts.
Advertising to children in Brazil
Authors: Delgado Rosângela , Foschia Paula
Published: June 2007

Outlines the legislative structure surrounding advertising to children in Brazil, which is aimed at protecting children because of their lack of experience and vulnerability; it is based on the Brazilian Federal Constitution (BFC). Moves on to CONAR, the National Counsel [sic] of Advertising Self‐Regulation, which was set up by media associations in the 1980s and has a set of rules for ensuring that advertisers obey national regulations; and to the Brazilian Consumer Defence Code (CDC) enacted in 1990, which represents an increase in control by legislators and the judiciary. Indicates types of advertising prohibited: simulated, misleading and abusive, plus product placement. Concludes with provisions for participation of children in advertisements, and over the advertising of tobacco, alcoholic beverages, pesticides, medicine and guns.
Generation XO ‐ from “slacker” to vigilant family gatekeeeper
Authors: Coughlin Ron , Wong Tom
Published: June 2007

Discusses how the teenagers of Generation X have now grown into responsible tax‐paying home‐owners, in contrast to their “whatever” attitude to life when they were adolescents. Investigates the sort of parents they have become, calling these erstwhile “slackers” Generation XO (hugs and kisses) parents. Conducts research into mothers’ grocery shopping trips in three USA locations, drawing on a panel of Gatekeeper mothers. Finds that Generation XO parents are increasingly aware of, and active about, issues of child nutrition and health, and that they are conservative, ethically and spiritually aware, and family‐driven.
Kid law: advertising to children in Canada
Authors: Reed Wendy S. , Bate Catherine , Simsovic Douglas
Published: June 2007

Outlines the patchwork of federal law and self‐regulatory codes and guidelines which makes up the legislative system relating to advertising to Canadian children. Lists the former as the Broadcast Code of Advertising to Children, the Telecaster Services of the Television Bureau of Canada, and the CBC Advertising Standards, while self‐regulatory codes include the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards and the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice of the Canadian Marketing Association. Focuses next on Quebec’s provincial laws for advertising to children; Quebec is the only province, and in fact the only jurisdiction in North America, in which commercial advertising to persons under 13 is generally prohibited. Discusses lastly the sensitive issue of collecting personal information from children.
Insight through ethnography: researching children in a different way
Authors: Peile Lucy
Published: June 2007

Shows how ethnographic research improves our knowledge of children by observing how they live their daily lives, contrasting this approach with qualitative research; the latter, though useful, tends to be driven by the client’s own marketing agenda and is less appropriate for new product development. Outlines the observational techniques used, both in person and remote, including brainstorming sessions and workshops following the research. Concludes that children tend to operate in groups when outside the home; that children who have grown up with reality TV tend to be less inhibited than adults when being filmed or filming themselves; and that participant observation and ethnographic offer wide research applications and point to new opportunities for clients in different areas of a child’s life.
The challenge of advertising to children
Authors: Fletcher Winston
Published: June 2007

Outlines some of the ways in which advertising to children differs from advertising to other groups: no other market is so fragmented and rapidly changing, involves advertising to users who rarely purchase and purchasers who rarely use, or is as beset with regulatory controls and by constant political attacks. Considers each of these factors and their significance to advertisers: fragmentation of the children’s market reflects the precise age bands for toys and games; since children do not usually buy the goods themselves, advertisers must simultaneously excite and appeal to children yet reassure the adults who make the purchasing decisions; regulatory controls on advertising in the UK are far more restrictive than many people realise; and the political antagonism to advertising concerning children focuses on the issues of obesity and the pressure that children exert on their parents to buy advertised goods.
Understanding children’s responses to TV
Authors: Caret Nicki
Published: June 2007

Reports research by Sherbert Research on how children view the TV and how it fits into their lives, especially the differences between multichannel and terrestrial‐only homes, and the impact of scheduling and of the electronic viewing guide (EVG) on viewing. Describes the research methodology, which was mainly qualitative, was based in four UK cities, and asked the older children in the study to keep a journal, plus photographs, to show their viewing tastes and habits, and their other activities. Finds that TV is an integral part of family life and is likely to develop still further, and that multichannel TV such as Sky has changed the face of children’s TV, with greatly increased choice, control and expectations on the part of children.
The making of tomorrow’s consumer
Authors: McDougall Jean , Chantrey David
Published: June 2007

Presents the findings of Millward Brown’s international study of the relationship of the youth generation with brands, using these findings to give marketers advice on how to connect with young people. Emphasises how much more grown up are today’s tweens (8 to 14 year olds) than previous generations, and the opportunities this gives to marketers. Discovers that tweens not only influence the brands they buy for themselves but also expensive family purchases. Examines how brand loyal they are, finding that brand loyalty increases sharply at the age of ten and peaks at around 30. Outlines the brand pyramid, with the strongest bonding of consumer to brand at the top, and assesses the importance of peer pressure in determining brand loyalty, including the “fish‐streaming” phenomenon (in which younger children wish to use the brands that teens do). Discusses whether brand loyalty is a lifetime relationship, and how some brands like McDonald’s successfully segment their markets to appeal to all ages.
Mother knows best
Authors: Clement Ruth
Published: June 2007

Explains recent attitude research by toy manufacturer Mattel into the need states and drivers of mothers with young children, and the impact of this on toy ownership. Outlines the changes in family life and how this affects attitudes to, and purchase of, toys: mothers often return to work relatively soon after having children, they welcome advice on parenting from their own mothers, family and friends, and they are concerned with the balance between protecting their children and fear of spoiling them. Looks at mothers’ attitudes to child rearing and development, and the role of toys in aiding this; working mums with less time to spend with their children tended to have and consider essential a wider range of toy types than did non‐working mothers, and books were seen as the most essential toy.
Florence Nightingale: nineteenth century apostle of quality
Authors: Meyer Brad C. , Bishop Debra S.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Florence Nightingale has long been known for her contributions to the nursing field, but her pioneering work in quality management has gone virtually undiscussed. This paper addresses the significant contributions of Nightingale to the field of quality management.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper begins with a brief biographical background and then discusses her work during the Crimean War. Florence's approach to addressing service quality issues and her use of statistical methods are detailed. The paper then extends to her work following the Crimean War and concludes with an interesting comparative commentary relating Florence Nightingale to Dr W. Edwards Deming. Quotes from Florence's writings are interjected liberally throughout.

Findings

This paper brings a new historical perspective to the field of quality management and reveals a nineteenth century apostle of quality. The current alarm regarding quality in health care practice bears more than a fleeting resemblance to Florence Nightingale's world, 150 years ago.

Practical implications

While many hospitals have already experimented with some kind of quality program based on Deming's ideas, the call is out afresh to analyze processes and eliminate mistakes and other quality problems.

Originality/value

This historical paper provides the reader with a unique perspective on Florence Nightingale's well deserved place in quality history and the relevance of her philosophies for today.
Leaders in hospital‐based social work
Authors: Guo Kristina L. , Company Jennifer D.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of the management skills and competencies required by a director of social work as they perform their multiple roles and functions in order to effectively manage a medical social work team to better serve the needs of patients through the new hospital‐based case management model.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper that reviews the literature on managerial roles, management functions, and skills and competencies of directors of social work. Management frameworks that are applicable under the case management model are discussed. Interviews with five directors of social work and their perceptions are described.

Findings

Managing a department that is going through continuous changes is often difficult.

Practical implications

This paper has practical implications for general health care managers and specifically, directors of social work, to develop skills and gain competencies to be successful in today's evolving health care environment. This research also has practical implications for social workers to gain insight into productive and effective ways to collaborate with members of an interdisciplinary team.

Originality/value

This paper is original and of value to those working in social work and in the health care field to develop their skills and competencies as they perform new roles and functions in the complex health care environment.
Leadership boards of directors
Authors: Beaver Graham , Davies Adrian , Joyce Paul
Published: June 2007

Purpose

This paper critically reviews the role and function of the corporate board and finds that boards of directors that have a leadership role in corporate strategic planning go beyond merely caring for shareholder interests and take a proactive role in the success of the business. They do this by setting the strategic direction and evaluating company performance.Findings

However, the cultural and organisational conditions for the development of leadership boards are not well understood. The roles of executive and non‐executive directors need to be clearly defined in order that such boards can be effective and assert control over strategy and performance. Executive directors can only be effective when they clearly differentiate their role of providing direction from their daily role of working with managers in the company.Research limitations/implications

Recent research has begun to push back the ignorance surrounding the development of leadership boards. This is examined in order to define the barriers standing in the way of more empowered directors. It is then used to identify the actions and approaches that can be used by directors to develop their involvement in and influence over, corporate strategic planning.Originality/valueThe paper contains a critical discussion of boards that places the issue in their contemporary policy context. This leads to the conclusion that the organisation of partnership between board and management is important and that business success increasingly rests on openness and trust supported by creative and challenging dialogue. Practical suggestions for the revision of company law are provided.
Accounting, contracts and trust in supply relationships
Authors: Cuganesan Suresh
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The paper investigates the operation of the trust‐formal control dynamic in collaborative supply relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study of an Australian metal manufacturer (IronBiz) and its collaborative supply relationships is conducted.

Findings

Relationships between formal controls (comprising accounting controls and contracts) and trust are developed based on the empirical observations from the case study conducted and prior literature.

Research limitations/implications

The main limitations of the paper include: an empirical examination of the buyer organisation only in dyadic supply relationships; the limited generalisability associated with the methodology and field site chosen.

Originality/value

In contrast to the continued popularity of collaborative arrangements as a form of organisation, gaps in the literature still exist as to the dynamics of trust creation and the relationship between trust and formal controls. This paper focuses on the trust‐formal control dynamic, with an emphasis on how trust is generated and sustained in supply relationships and the role of formal controls in this process.
An experimental study of GFP‐based FRET, with application to intrinsically unstructured proteins
Authors: Ohashi Tomoo , Galiacy Stephane D. , Briscoe Gina , Erickson Harold P.
Published: June 2007

We have experimentally studied the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between green fluorescent protein (GFP) molecules by inserting folded or intrinsically unstructured proteins between CyPet and Ypet. We discovered that most of the enhanced FRET signal previously reported for this pair was due to enhanced dimerization, so we engineered a monomerizing mutation into each. An insert containing a single fibronectin type III domain (3.7 nm end‐to‐end) gave a moderate FRET signal while a two‐domain insert (7.0 nm) gave no FRET. We then tested unstructured proteins of various lengths, including the charged‐plus‐PQ domain of ZipA, the tail domain of α‐adducin, and the C‐terminal tail domain of FtsZ. The structures of these FRET constructs were also studied by electron microscopy and sedimentation. A 12 amino acid linker and the N‐terminal 33 amino acids of the charged domain of the ZipA gave strong FRET signals. The C‐terminal 33 amino acids of the PQ domain of the ZipA and several unstructured proteins with 66–68 amino acids gave moderate FRET signals. The 150 amino acid charged‐plus‐PQ construct gave a barely detectable FRET signal. FRET efficiency was calculated from the decreased donor emission to estimate the distance between donor and acceptor. The donor–acceptor distance varied for unstructured inserts of the same length, suggesting that they had variable stiffness (persistence length). We conclude that GFP‐based FRET can be useful for studying intrinsically unstructured proteins, and we present a range of calibrated protein inserts to experimentally determine the distances that can be studied.
Rust of flax and linseed caused byMelampsora lini
Authors: LAWRENCE GREGORY J. , DODDS PETER N. , ELLIS JEFFREY G.
Published: June 2007

Melampsora lini, while of economic importance as the causal agent of rust disease of flax and linseed, has for several decades been the ‘model’ rust species with respect to genetic studies of avirulence/virulence. Studies by Harold Flor demonstrated that single pairs of allelic genes determine the avirulence/virulence phenotype on host lines with particular resistance genes and led him to propose his famous ‘gene‐for‐gene’ hypothesis. Flor's inheritance studies, together with those subsequently carried out by others, also revealed that, in some cases, an inhibitor gene pair and an avirulence/virulence gene pair interact to determine the infection outcome on host lines with particular resistance genes. Recently, avirulence/virulence genes at four loci,AvrL567,AvrM,AvrP4andAvrP/AvrP123, have been cloned. All encode novel, small, secreted proteins that are recognized inside plant cells. Yeast two‐hybrid studies have shown that the AvrL567 proteins interact directly with the resistance gene protein. The molecular basis of Flor's gene‐for‐gene relationship has now been elucidated for six interacting gene pairs: those involving resistance genesL5,L6,L7,M,PandP2, where both the resistance gene and the corresponding avirulence gene have been cloned. In other inheritance studies it has been shown thatM. linidoes not possess a (+) and (–) mating system, but may possess a two factor system. Double‐stranded (ds) RNA molecules occur in many strains ofM. lini: examination of the progeny of one strain that possesses 11 dsRNA molecules revealed that they fall into three transmission units, designated L, A and B. The L unit consists of a single large dsRNA of 5.2 kbp while the A and B units each consist of five dsRNAs in the size range 1.1–2.8 kbp. The three units have different sexual and asexual transmission characteristics. The L unit is encapsidated in a virus‐like particle, whereas the other units are not encapsidated. The population and coevolutionary aspects ofM. linion a wild, native Australian host species,Linum marginale, have been extensively investigated. A recent molecular analysis revealed that theM. liniisolates fromL. marginalefall into two distinct lineages, one of which is apparently hybrid between two diverse genomes. Isolates in this lineage are largely fixed for heterozygosity, which suggests that sexual recombination does not occur in this lineage.
Observations and modelling of the reactions of 10 metals with goethite: adsorption and diffusion processes
Authors: Fischer L. , Brümmer G. W. , Barrow N. J.
Published: June 2007

A sample of goethite was mixed for periods which ranged from 2 hours to 8 weeks with solutions of dilute nitrate salts of Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr and Al. The amount of sorption after each period was measured for an appropriate pH range for each metal. The sorption behaviour was characterized both by using characteristics of the sorption curves such as the pH at which half of the added metal was sorbed (pH50) and by fitting a model in which sorption was mainly characterized by an affinity constant and by a diffusion constant. Initial sorption, whether characterized by the pH50 or by the affinity constant, was closely correlated with the appropriate dissociation constants of the metals. The greater the affinity of the metals for hydroxide ions, the greater their affinity for the goethite surface. The metals differed in the rate at which they continued to react with the goethite. Lead had the slowest continuing reaction, cobalt the fastest. The continuing reaction was due to diffusion into the particles. It was characterized by the fitted diffusion constant and by the change with time in the pH50. For seven of the eight divalent metals, these were correlated with the ionic radius of the metals: the larger the radius, the slower the reaction. For Al and Cr, rates were slower than would be expected from the ionic radii and we suggest this shows that these ions react as the larger M(OH)2+ ions. The behaviour of Ni was consistent with oxidation of the surface species and diffusion of Ni(OH)2+ ions. The continuing reaction was similar to that observed when metal ions react with soils and suggests that their reaction with iron oxides is important in soils. The results also show that studies in which sorption is measured at only one period of reaction are incomplete and the application of equilibrium models to such results is misleading.
Interaction of the 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide with soil organic matter moieties: a theoretical study
Authors: Aquino A. J. A. , Tunega D. , Haberhauer G. , Gerzabek M. H. , Lischka H.
Published: June 2007

The determination of the structure of humic substances from soils and natural waters is an intriguing problem in soil science. Humic substances consist of molecules covering a broad distribution of molecular size and involving different functional groups. Taking this into account, we have chosen smaller model systems with functional groups typically present in humic substances. We investigated theoretically, by quantum chemical calculations, the environmental effects on the complexes formed from the interaction of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its anion with acetaldehyde, methanol, methylamine, protonated methylamine, acetic acid and water. The important case of a cation bridge mechanism, with Ca2+as the bridging cation, is also included into the set of model reactions. It is found that this cation bridge belongs to one of the most stable mechanisms of fixation of organic compounds in soils. According to our calculations the hydroxyl group forms the most stable complexes with 2,4‐D in a polar solvent environment.
The Ki67+ proliferation index correlates with increased cellular retinol‐binding protein‐1 and the coordinated loss of plakophilin‐1 and desmoplakin during progression of cervical squamous lesions
Authors: Schmitt‐Graeff A , Koeninger A , Olschewski M , Haxelmans S , Nitschke R , Bochaton‐Piallat M‐L , Lifschitz‐Mercer B , Gabbiani G , Langbein L , Czernobilsky B
Published: June 2007

Aims:  To investigate the modulation of cellular retinol‐binding protein (CRBP)‐1 and the desmosomal plaque proteins plakophilin (PKP)‐1 and desmoplakin (DP) in correlation with the Ki67+ proliferation index (PI) during the progression of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods:  Using in situ imaging by brightfield and confocal laser scanning microscopy, the expression of CRBP‐1 protein and transcripts, PKP‐1, DP and the Ki67 PI were analysed in 38 low‐grade (L) SIL, 56 high‐grade (H) SIL, 49 SCC, 30 control cervices and 10 human papillomavirus‐positive condylomatous lesions.

Results:  CRBP‐1+ cells increased from 11.4% in the normal cervix to 80.3% in LSILs, 92.3% in HSILs and slightly decreased to 78.3% in invasive SCCs (P = 0.0001) in close association with the Ki67 PI (r =0.41; P < 0.0001). PKP‐1+ and DP+ cells were correlated (0.32; P < 0.0001) and decreased from normal (81% versus 92.3%) to LSIL (53.1% versus 85.3%), to HSIL (46.4% versus 67.5%) and SCC (35.1% versus 35.9%). The Ki67+ PI was inversely correlated with DP (−0.20, P = 0.0014) and PKP‐1 (−0.19, P = 0.015). Condylomata retained low CRBP‐1 and high expression of PKP‐1 and DP.

Conclusions:  The gain of CRBP‐1 and the loss of desmosomal proteins occur early in cervical carcinogenesis.
The impact of intermediate care services on job satisfaction, skills and career development opportunities
Authors: Nancarrow Susan
Published: June 2007

Aim.  The purpose of this study was to examine, in depth, the impact of intermediate care services on staff job satisfaction, skills development and career development opportunities.

Background.  Recruitment and retention difficulties present a major barrier to the effective delivery of intermediate care services in the UK. The limited existing literature is contradictory, but points to the possibility of staff deskilling and suggests that intermediate care is poorly understood and may be seen by other practitioners as being of lower status than hospital work. These factors have the potential to reduce staff morale and limit the possibilities of recruiting staff.

Design.  The research is based on interviews with 26 staff from case studies of two intermediate care services in South Yorkshire.

Results.  Participants reported high levels of job satisfaction, which was because of the enabling philosophy of care, increased autonomy, the setting of care and the actual teams within which the workers were employed. For most disciplines, intermediate care facilitated the application of existing skills in a different way; enhancing some skills, while restricting the use of others. Barriers to career development opportunities were attributed to the relative recency of intermediate care services, small size of the services and lack of clear career structures.

Conclusions.  Career development opportunities in intermediate care could be improved through staff rotations through acute, community and intermediate care to increase their awareness of the roles of intermediate care staff. The non‐hierarchical management structures limits management career development opportunities, instead, there is a need to enhance professional growth opportunities through the use of consultant posts and specialization within intermediate care.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This study provides insight into the impact of an increasingly popular model of care on the roles and job satisfaction of workers and highlights the importance of this learning for recruitment and retention of staff.
Long Slender Cytoplasmic Extensions: A Common Feature of Neuroendocrine Cells?
Authors: Hauso Ø. , Gustafsson B. I. , Waldum H. L.
Published: June 2007

We have recently developed a new method for visualisation of gut mucosal cells and demonstrated that enterochromaffin (EC) and enterochromaffin‐like (ECL) cells possess cytoplasmic extensions. The aim of the present study was to characterise the morphology of D‐ and G‐cells. The D‐cells in the stomach differed morphologically from intestinal D‐cells, suggesting two distinct subpopulations of D‐cells. Some D‐cells appeared to be interconnected. No cell‐to‐cell contact between parietal and D‐cells was found. Both D‐ and G‐cells possessed long cytoplasmic extensions corresponding with our previous descriptions of EC and ECL cells. We propose that all neuroendocrine cells have the ability to develop cytoplasmic extensions, enabling them to signal to their target cells in a neurocrine manner.
Sequence diversity and haplotype associations with phenotypic responses to crowding: GIGANTEA affects fruit set in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: BROCK MARCUS T. , TIFFIN PETER , WEINIG CYNTHIA
Published: June 2007

Identifying the molecular genetic basis of intraspecific variation in quantitative traits promises to provide novel insight into their evolutionary history as well as genetic mechanisms of adaptation. In an attempt to identify genes responsible for natural variation in competitive responses in Arabidopsis thaliana, we examined DNA sequence diversity at seven loci previously identified as members of the phytochrome B signalling network. For one gene, GIGANTEA (GI), we detected significant haplotype structure. To test for GI haplogroup–phenotype associations, we genotyped 161 A. thaliana accessions at GI and censused the same accessions for total fruit set and the expression of three phenotypic traits (days to flowering, petiole length, and inflorescence height) in a greenhouse experiment where plants were grown in crowded and uncrowded environments. We detected a significant association between GI and total fruit set that resulted in a 14% difference in average fruit set among GI haplogroups. Given that fruit set is an important component of fitness in this species and given the magnitude of the effect, the question arises as to how variation at this locus is maintained. Our observation of frequent and significant epistasis between GI and background single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), where the fitness ranking of the GI allele either reverses or does not differ depending on the allele at the interacting SNP, suggests that epistatic selection may actively maintain or at least slow the loss of variation at GI. This result is particularly noteworthy in the light of the ongoing debate regarding the genetic underpinnings of phenotypic evolution and recent observations that epistasis for phenotypic traits and components of fitness is common in A. thaliana.
Two localization motifs mediate polar residence of FrzS during cell movement and reversals of Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Mignot Tâm , Merlie John P. , Zusman David R.
Published: June 2007

Myxococcus xanthus utilizes two motility systems for surface locomotion: A‐motility and S‐motility. S‐motility is mediated by extension and retraction of type IV pili. Cells exhibiting S‐motility periodically reverse by switching the assembly of type IV pili from the old leading pole to the new leading pole. These cellular reversals involve regulated pole‐to‐pole oscillations of the FrzS protein. We constructed and characterized in‐frame deletion mutations in several FrzS domains to determine their roles in protein localization. We found that FrzS has distinct domains required for residence at the leading cell pole, pole‐to‐pole transport and lagging cell pole. Our results are consistent with a model whereby S‐motility reversals are mediated by a protein translocation system that delivers motility proteins such as FrzS from the leading cell pole to the lagging cell pole.
Expression of Chemokine Receptors CCR7 and CCR8 in the CNS During ChREAE
Authors: Bielecki B. , Mazurek A. , Wolinski P. , Glabinski A.
Published: June 2007

Chemokines and their receptors are important players in organism homeostasis, development and immune response to inflammatory stimuli. It has been recently confirmed that they are also involved in the development of several autoimmune diseases. In this study, we analysed the expression of two recently identified CC chemokine receptors, CCR7 and CCR8, in the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral tissues during chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (ChREAE) – an animal model of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). We observed upregulation of both chemokine receptors in the CNS during the first and second attacks of ChREAE, whereas disease remission was characterized by a lower expression of those receptors. An analysis of the kinetics of CCR7 and CCR8 expression in the CNS during the first attack of the disease showed a constant increase in the first few days after the onset of clinical signs. This expression correlated with the clinical severity of ChREAE. CCR7‐positive mononuclear cells were detected mostly in perivascular inflammatory cuffs in the CNS. In peripheral tissues (the spleen and kidneys) expression of both receptors was not upregulated during active ChREAE. These findings suggest that CCR7 and CCR8 may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of EAE and probably MS.
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) of augmentation cystoplasties
Authors: Appanna Timson C , Doak Shareen H , Jenkins Spencer A , Kynaston Howard G , Stephenson Timothy P , Parry James M
Published: June 2007

Objective:  Tumors arising within augmentation cystoplasties are aggressive, have poor prognosis and the majority are not detected at follow‐up cystoscopy. Genetic changes in tumors precede morphological abnormalities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic abnormalities detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) could be used to identify those patients with augmentation cystoplasties at increased risk of tumorigenesis.

Methods:  Bladder biopsy samples were obtained from 16 augmentation cystoplasty patients both distant from and near to the enterovesical anastomosis. CGH was used to detect genetic abnormalities in DNA extracted from the biopsies, archival specimens of two augmentation cystoplasties and two de novo bladder adenocarcinomas.

Results:  A greater number of amplifications on 2p, 3q, 8q, 9p, 17p, 18pq and 20pq, were observed in bladder biopsies obtained near to the enterovesical anastomosis compared to those taken distant to the suture line. CGH of archival augmentation cystoplasty tumor DNA indicated abnormalities at several loci with amplifications at 2q, 5q, 10p and 21pq, while deletions occurred at 5p and 16p.

Conclusions:  The results of this study suggest that the urothelium adjacent to the bladder and/or bowel anastomosis in augmentation cystoplasties is genetically unstable. Furthermore, longitudinal studies are required to establish whether or not patients exhibiting genetic instability following augmentation cystoplasty are at greater risk of developing tumors than those with genetically stable epithelia.
“The Enchanter's Wand”: Charles Darwin, Foreign Missions, and the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle*
Authors: GRAHAM MARK W.
Published: June 2007

It often goes unmentioned that one of the primary purposes of the famous circumnavigation of H.M.S. Beagle was foreign missions. Charles Darwin, the voyage's most famous participant, was at best noncommittal about the missionary activity surrounding him for most of the trip. He emerged from the voyage, however, as an enthusiastic and outspoken proponent of missions. The British missions at Tahiti prompted him to change his view. Sailing to Tahiti, he read several accounts about the South Sea missions, and had already begun making arrangements to publish his “Diary” as a travel journal. Darwin became convinced that missionaries helped “advance” the natives toward “civilization” and thereafter enthusiastically defended missionaries in an ongoing public debate.
“Upon Past Ebenezers We Built Our Jehovah‐Jireh”: The Vision of the Australian Aborigines’ Mission and Its Heritage in the China Inland Mission1
Authors: LONGWORTH ALISON
Published: June 2007

In 1902, the New South Wales Aborigines’ Mission found that financial constraints hindered them from achieving their vision and they adopted the faith mission principles of the China Inland Mission. A period of growth followed. By 1907, the name was changed to the Australian Aborigines’ Mission. The article will investigate the vision of the mission from its foundation within the Christian Endeavour movement and its later heritage within the China Inland Mission. It will demonstrate that when it became a faith mission the defining principle was that of trusting God for physical needs. The article will establish that in the first half of the twentieth century the mission did not address the issue of the interface of gospel and culture. The process of conversion included western influence, but it has not erased cultural identity and the ministry of Indigenous converts is a witness to some fulfilment of the vision.
The Present and future role of ILO standards in realizing the right to social security
Authors: Kulke Ursula
Published: June 2007

The right to social security is accepted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Nonetheless, international human rights instruments and supervisory mechanisms have remained mostly silent about its definition. Within the UN family, it has been left to the ILO to give substance to this right through international labour Convention No. 102. Despite international recognition of the Convention's positive influence as a mechanism to help steer the progressive development of social security, it falls short of obliging minimum requirements for a basic social floor. In examining whether existing ILO standards can help States realize the universal right to at least a basic social security package, the article suggests the need for the ILO to develop new complementary mechanisms, which would also contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and global poverty reduction.
Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a valid diagnosis in the presence of high IQ? Results from the MGH Longitudinal Family Studies of ADHD
Authors: Antshel Kevin M. , Faraone Stephen V. , Stallone Kimberly , Nave Andrea , Kaufmann Felice A. , Doyle Alysa , Fried Ronna , Seidman Larry , Biederman Joseph
Published: June 2007

Background:  The aim of this study was to assess the validity of diagnosing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in high IQ children and to further characterize the clinical features associated with their ADHD.

Methods:  We operationalized giftedness/high IQ as having a full scale IQ ≥120. We identified 92 children with a high IQ who did not have ADHD and 49 children with a high IQ that met diagnostic criteria for ADHD who had participated in the Massachusetts General Hospital Longitudinal Family Studies of ADHD.

Results:  Of our participants with ADHD and a high IQ, the majority (n = 35) met criteria for the Combined subtype. Relative to control participants, children with ADHD and high IQ had a higher prevalence rate of familial ADHD in first‐degree relatives, repeated grades more often, had a poorer performance on the WISC‐III Block Design, had more comorbid psychopathology, and had more functional impairments across a number of domains.

Conclusions:  Children with a high IQ and ADHD showed a pattern of familiality as well as cognitive, psychiatric and behavioral features consistent with the diagnosis of ADHD in children with average IQ. These data suggest that the diagnosis of ADHD is valid among high IQ children.
DO DEALERS INFER INFORMATION FROM ORDER FLOW?
Authors: Chakrabarty Bidisha
Published: June 2007

I examine strategic behavior among dealers in the NASDAQ market and document that there is a lead quote‐setting dealer in each security and that the quotes posted by this leader are informative. Other dealers free‐ride this information by following the lead quote‐setting dealer. The lead dealer can be identified by two information signals: (1) percentage of time spent on the inside market (i.e., posting inside quotes), and (2) trade volume transacted. Dealers that free‐ride the leader's quotes quickly update their posted quotes in the same direction as the leader's quote change. My findings suggest that directing trade to the lead dealer may be more advantageous than randomly routing trade.
Common Threat and Common Response? The European Union's Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its Problems
Authors: Monar Jörg
Published: June 2007

On the basis of an analysis of the European Union's common definition of the post-9/11 terrorist threat, this article provides a critical assessment of the EU's response. The EU has arrived at a reasonably specific definition of the common threat that avoids simplistic reductions and is a response that is sufficiently multidimensional to address the different aspects – internal and external, legislative and operational, repressive and preventive – of this threat. Yet the definition is undermined by differences between national threat perceptions. The preference for instruments of cooperation and coordination rather than integration, and poor implementation are having a negative impact on the effectiveness of the common response, the legitimacy of which is also weakened by limited parliamentary and judicial control.