bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Environmental Stringency on End-Use Energy Prices: Evidence From High-Income Country Panels
Authors: Liddle Brantley
Published: November 2020

We estimate environmental stringency’s influence on end-use energy prices for high-income countries by examining the impact of four measures of environmental stringency on residential and industrial electricity prices and road gasoline and diesel prices. While we uncover some such influence on electricity prices, the most substantial and robust evidence for environmental stringency impacting end-use prices is for the effect of total environmental tax/GDP and energy tax/GDP on diesel and gasoline prices.
Do alternative inventories converge on the spatiotemporal representation of spring ammonia emissions in France?
Authors: Fortems-Cheiney Audrey , Dufour Gaëlle , Dufossé Karine , Couvidat Florian , Gilliot Jean-Marc , Siour Guillaume , Beekmann Matthias , Foret Gilles , Meleux Frederik , Clarisse Lieven , Coheur Pierre-François , Van Damme Martin , Clerbaux Cathy , Génermont Sophie
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Agriculture is the main source of ammonia (NH3) in France, an important gaseous precursor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). National
and global emission inventories are known to have difficulty representing the large spatial and temporal variability inherent to
atmospheric NH3. In this study, we compare NH3 emissions in France during spring 2011 from one reference inventory, the TNO
inventory, and two alternative inventories that account in different manners for both the spatial and temporal variabilities of the emissions:
(i) the NH3SAT satellite-derived inventory based on IASI NH3 columns and (ii) the CADASTRE-CIT inventory that combines
NH3 emissions due to nitrogen fertilization calculated with the mechanistic model VOLT'AIR on the database of the CADASTRE_NH3
framework and other source emissions from the CITEPA. The total spring budgets, from March to May 2011, at the national level are higher when
calculated with both alternative inventories than with the reference, the difference being more marked with CADASTRE-CIT. NH3SAT and
CADASTRE-CIT inventories both yield to large NH3 spring emissions due to fertilization on soils with high pH in the northeastern part of
France (65 and 135 kt NH3, respectively, vs. 48 kt NH3 for TNO-GEN), while soil properties are not accounted for by the
TNO-GEN methodology. For the other parts of France, the differences are smaller. The timing of fertilization and associated ammonia emissions is
closely related to the nitrogen requirements and hence the phenological stage of the crops, and therefore to the crop year's specific weather
conditions. Maximum emissions are observed in March for 2011 for some regions for both alternative inventories, while April is the period with
maximum emissions for the reference inventory regardless of the region or the year. Comparing the inventories at finer temporal resolutions, typically at
daily scale, large differences are found. The convergence of alternative, independent and complementary methods on the spatiotemporal representation
of the spring NH3 emissions, particularly over areas where the contribution of mineral fertilizer spreading to the spring budget is strong,
encourages further developments in both prospective complementary directions, as this will help improve national NH3 emission inventories.
Sensitivity of precipitation and temperature over Mount Kenya area
to physics parameterization options in a high-resolution model
simulation performed with WRFV3.8.1
Authors: Messmer Martina , González-Rojí Santos J. , Raible Christoph C. , Stocker Thomas F.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Several sensitivity experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.8.1 have been performed to find the optimal parameterization setup for precipitation amounts and patterns around Mount Kenya at a convection-permitting scale of 1 km. Hereby, the focus is on the cumulus scheme, with tests of the Kain-Fritsch, the Grell-Freitas and no cumulus parameterization for the parent and all nested domains. Besides, two long wave radiation schemes and two planetary boundary layer parameterizations are evaluated. Additionally, different nesting ratios and numbers of nests are tested. The precipitation amounts and patterns are compared against a large number of weather station data and three gridded observational data sets. The temporal correlation of monthly precipitation sums show that fewer nests lead to a more constrained simulation and hence, the correlation is higher. The pattern correlation with weather station data confirms this result, but when comparing it to the most recent gridded observational data set the difference between the number of nests and nesting ratios are marginal. The precipitation patterns further reveal that the Grell-Freitas cumulus parameterization provides the best results, when it comes to precipitation patterns and amounts. If no cumulus parameterization is used, the temporal correlation between gridded and in-situ observations and simulated precipitation is especially poor with more nests. Moreover, even if the patterns are captured quite well, a clear overestimation in the precipitation amounts is observed around Mount Kenya when using no cumulus scheme at all. The Grell-Freitas cumulus parameterization also provides reasonable results for 2-metre temperature with respect to gridded observational and weather station data.
Quantifying input uncertainty in the calibration of water quality
models: reshuffling errors via the secant method
Authors: Wu Xia , Marshall Lucy , Sharma Ashish
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Uncertainty in inputs can significantly impair parameter estimation in water quality modeling, necessitating accurate quantification of input errors. However, decomposing input error from model residual error is still challenging. This study develops a new algorithm, referred to as Bayesian error analysis with reshuffling (BEAR), to address this problem. The basic approach requires sampling errors from a pre-estimated error distribution and then reshuffling them with their inferred ranks via the secant method. This approach is demonstrated in the case of total suspended solids (TSS) simulation via a conceptual water quality model. Based on case studies using synthetic data, the BEAR method successfully isolates the input error and parameter error. The results of a real case study demonstrate that even with the presence of model structural error and output data error, the BEAR method can approximate the true input and bring a better model fit through an effective input modification. However, its effectiveness is limited by the assumption that the input uncertainty should be dominant and that the prior information of the input error model can be estimated. The application of the BEAR method in TSS simulation is effective for understanding a range of water quality conditions and the further developed algorithm can be extended to other water quality predictions.
A Retrospective Evaluation of the GDF/Suez Merger: Effects on the Belgian Gas Hub
Authors: Argentesi Elena , Banal-Estanol Albert , Seldeslachts Jo
Published: November 2020

We present an ex-post analysis of the effects of GDF’s acquisition of Suez in 2006, which created one of the world’s largest energy companies. We perform a series of econometric analyses on the market for trading at the Zeebrugge gas hub in Belgium. Removing barriers to entry and facilitating access to the hub through ownership unbundling were an important part of the objectives of the remedies imposed by the European Commission. Our analyses show a robust price decline after the merger. Additional evidence on traded volumes and number of hub participants is in line with an increased liquidity at the hub after the merger. This suggests the remedies were effective in limiting the potential anti-competitive effects of the merger. Moreover, it suggests that ownership unbundling has generated improved access to the hub. Therefore, remedies may have done more than simply mitigate the potential anti-competitive effects of the merger; they may have effectively created competition.
Wat leert corona ons over efficiëntie?
Authors: Mevissen Jos
Published: November 2020

Wat leert corona ons over efficiëntie?

De focus op effectiviteit en vooral ook efficiëntie in beleid leidt wellicht tot beleidsuitvoering die efficiënt is voor de overheid, maar of dat ook zo is voor andere stakeholders, wordt misschien uit het oog verloren. Dat laat de huidige coronacrisis zien, maar blijkt ook uit andere voorbeelden. Voor beleidsonderzoek is het relevant om beleid te evalueren binnen de bredere maatschappelijke context en met de vraag voor wie beleid efficiënt is.
Macht(eloos)
Authors: van Wijk Anton , Olfers Marjan
Published: November 2020

Power(less) Normalization of sexually transgressive behavior in (top) sport

Sexually transgressive behavior occurs in all sections of society, including sports. That includes behavior from making sexual comments to rape. A risk factor is the culture that can prevail in sports, also known as a disruptive culture. There is normalization of deviant behavior. The top sport culture is particularly vulnerable to unacceptable behavior. In this article we will consider the phenomenon of grooming by the coach – the conscious and movement that induce the minor to engage in sexual contact. Within top sport, the opportunity for (sexually) transgressive behavior will be the determining factor. While grooming in recreational or recreational sport is often by isolating (vulnerable) children from the group, grooming can occur in top sport because of the intensity of the relationship, which is in any case of a more closed nature and can be strengthened by the strong performance-oriented top sport culture. In both cases, an alert, open environment is necessary to create a safe sports climate.
A FORMAÇÃO INICIAL DE PROFESSORES QUE ENSINAM MATEMÁTICA NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL E AS DIRETRIZES CURRICULARES NACIONAIS PÓS-LDB 9394/96
Authors: Oliveira Kelvin Rafael Rodrigues de , Teixeira Leny Rodrigues Martins
Published: November 2020

This study is part of the field of training of teachers who teach Mathematics in Elementary School and aims to analyze the constitution of the courses of formation of these teachers - Degree in Pedagogy and Mathematics. Published researches on this subject indicate some gaps in the practice of these teachers, largely due to factors related to initial training. In this sense it is necessary to understand the structure of these courses based on the National Curricular Guidelines for Teacher Training since LDB 9394/96. The text presents an analysis of these documents - a prerequisite to understand the initial training process - involving the structure and organization of the training curriculum, the workload of Mathematics and/or Mathematics Education, curricular internships and course completion work. The analysis indicates that the initial training of teachers who teach Mathematics presents different approaches for pedagogues and graduates in Mathematics, which makes it difficult to continue working with Mathematics in Elementary School.
EFEITO DE UM PROGRAMA DE RESSIGNIFICAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO CLIMA ESCOLAR EM DUAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE EDUCAÇÃO FUNDAMENTAL - SÉRIES INICIAIS
Authors: Bidóia Juliana Freire , Morais Alessandra de , Alves Cristiane Paiva , Bataglia Patrícia Unger Raphael
Published: November 2020

This work has as its theme a process of education reframing taking the school climate as one of its parameters of analysis. The reframing of the education is understood as a process of reflection of the school community regarding the aims and means of the teaching-learning process. An instrument that makes possible to identify the actors' perception of the school environment is the School Climate Questionnaire. This research aimed to analyze the effects on school climate quality of an education reframing program under the perspective of the students, in two municipal public schools of Early Childhood Education and Elementary Education. The School Climate Assessment Questionnaire was used as an instrument. It is a quasi-experimental research, in which to verify the effects of the reframing process on the school climate quality, a pre-test and a post-test were carried out, both with the application of the referred questionnaire to approximately 500 students from the 3rd to 5th grades. Three municipal public schools with similar characteristics were part of the research, two of them in the experimental group, with the intervention of the independent variable (reframing program) and the other one as the control group. The results allowed to identify the significant transformations in the experimental schools in comparison with the school of the control group. The conclusion of the work served to retro-analyze the actions of the program at the time of the initial diagnosis (pre-test) feedback, in which the educators actively participated the process of reflection on the results of the climate.
AVANÇOS E DESAFIOS DA EXPANSÃO DOS CURSOS DE LICENCIATURAS NO INSTITUTO FEDERAL DO AMAPÁ NO PERÍODO DE 2011 - 2019
Authors: Araujo Adriana Valeria Barreto de , Sanchez Liliane Barreira
Published: November 2020

This study analyzes the participation of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amapá (IFAP) in the expansion of undergraduate courses in the context of Amapá in the period from 2011 to 2019. It is a quantitative and qualitative research, anchored in the analysis theoretical references and documents, with statistical data in the Unified Public Administration System (SUAP / IFAP) and interviews with students, teachers and managers of the Institution. The objective is to point out the advances and challenges of this process, related to the context in which they operate. The results showed that IFAP plays an important role in expanding the offer of teacher training courses in the State of Amapá, since, in eight years, there has been an expressive growth in the number / enrollment places, contributing to the access to Higher Education and consequent schooling, in addition to contributing to overcoming the shortage of teachers in the northern region and in the country.
Strategies for Delivering Nanoparticles across Tumor Blood Vessels
Authors: Sheth Vinit , Wang Lin , Bhattacharya Resham , Mukherjee Priyabrata , Wilhelm Stefan
Published: November 2020

Nanoparticle transport across tumor blood vessels is a key step in nanoparticle delivery to solid tumors. However, the specific pathways and mechanisms of this nanoparticle delivery process are not fully understood. Here, the biological and physical characteristics of the tumor vasculature and the tumor microenvironment are explored and how these features affect nanoparticle transport across tumor blood vessels is discussed. The biological and physical methods to deliver nanoparticles into tumors are reviewed and paracellular and transcellular nanoparticle transport pathways are explored. Understanding the underlying pathways and mechanisms of nanoparticle tumor delivery will inform the engineering of safer and more effective nanomedicines for clinical translation.
Reversible Crystal‐to‐Crystal Phase Transitions with High‐Contrast Luminescent Alterations for a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter
Authors: Yu Hanbo , Song Xiaoxian , Xie Ning , Wang Jiaxuan , Li Chenglong , Wang Yue
Published: November 2020

Merging thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) into one single molecule is a promising strategy for developing multifunctional organic materials. Herein, a unique multifunctional molecule TPA‐DQP, comprising a large π‐conjugated diquinoxalino[2,3‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (DQP) as the acceptor and triphenylamine (TPA) as the donor, is designed and synthesized. TPA‐DQP possesses polymorphism, efficient TADF emission as well as MCL property with high‐contrast in emission colors from 576 to 706 nm. Reversible crystal‐to‐crystal phase transitions in response to external stimuli such as vapor fuming and heating are realized on the basis of the two polymorphs of TPA‐DQP. The distinct crystal‐to‐crystal phase transition is attributed ultimately to the change of packing arrangements and intermolecular interactions of the two polymorphs under stimuli. Furthermore, TPA‐DQP‐based organic light emitting diode (OLED) device achieves external quantum efficiency as high as 18.3% at 676 nm, which represents the best performance for deep‐red OLEDs based on MCL‐active TADF emitters. This study reports a novel MCL‐active TADF material that exhibits crystal‐to‐crystal phase transition and brings insight into the underlying relationship between molecular packing modes and the photoluminescent behavior.
A General Solution to Mitigate Water Poisoning of Oxide Chemiresistors: Bilayer Sensors with Tb4O7 Overlayer
Authors: Jeong Seong‐Yong , Moon Young Kook , Kim Jin Koo , Park Sei‐Woong , Jo Yong Kun , Kang Yun Chan , Lee Jong‐Heun
Published: November 2020

Water poisoning, the dependence of gas‐sensing characteristics on moisture, in oxide chemiresistors remains a long‐standing challenge. Various approaches are explored to mitigate water poisoning but they are often accompanied by significant deterioration of sensing capabilities such as gas response deterioration, gas selectivity alteration, and sensor resistance increase up to unmeasurable levels. Herein, a novel sensor design with a moisture‐blocking Tb4O7 overlayer is suggested as a facile and universal strategy to remove moisture poisoning without sacrificing intrinsic sensing properties. A submicrometer‐thick coating of Tb4O7 overlayer on In2O3 sensors effectively eliminates the humidity dependence of the gas‐sensing characteristics without significantly altering the gas response, selectivity, and sensor resistance. Furthermore, the general validity of the water‐blocking effect using the Tb4O7 overlayer is confirmed in diverse gas sensors using SnO2, ZnO, and Pd/SnO2. The negligible moisture interference of the bilayer sensor is explained in terms of the hydrophobic nature of the Tb4O7 overlayer and the prevention of formation of the OH radical by the interaction between Tb4O7 and In2O3. A universal solution to design diverse humidity‐independent gas sensors with different gas selectivities can open up new pathways toward building accurate and robust gas sensors with new functionalities and high‐performance artificial olfaction.
3D Printing of a V8C7–VO2 Bifunctional Scaffold as an Effective Polysulfide Immobilizer and Lithium Stabilizer for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Cai Jingsheng , Jin Jia , Fan Zhaodi , Li Chao , Shi Zixiong , Sun Jingyu , Liu Zhongfan
Published: November 2020

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have heretofore attracted tremendous interest due to low cost and high energy density. In this realm, both the severe shuttling of polysulfide and the uncontrollable growth of dendritic lithium have greatly hindered their commercial viability. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of rational approaches to simultaneously regulate polysulfide behaviors and restrain lithium dendritic growth. Nevertheless, the major obstacles for high‐performance Li–S batteries still lie in little knowledge of bifunctional material candidates and inadequate explorations of advanced technologies for customizable devices. Herein, a “two‐in‐one” strategy is put forward to elaborate V8C7–VO2 heterostructure scaffolds via the 3D printing (3DP) technique as dual‐effective polysulfide immobilizer and lithium dendrite inhibitor for Li–S batteries. A thus‐derived 3DP‐V8C7–VO2/S electrode demostrates excellent rate capability (643.5 mAh g−1 at 6.0 C) and favorable cycling stability (a capacity decay of 0.061% per cycle at 4.0 C after 900 cycles). Importantly, the integrated Li–S battery harnessing both 3DP hosts realizes high areal capacity under high sulfur loadings (7.36 mAh cm−2 at a sulfur loading of 9.2 mg cm−2). This work offers insight into solving the concurrent challenges for both S cathode and Li anode throughout 3DP.
Hydroxylamino‐Anchored Poly(Ionic Liquid)s for CO2 Fixation into Cyclic Carbonates at Mild Conditions
Authors: Zhang Jinwei , Li Xiaopeng , Zhu Zheng , Chang Tao , Fu Xiying , Hao Yongjing , Meng Xiaocai , Panchal Balaji , Qin Shenjun
Published: November 2020

Catalytic utilization of CO2 addition into chemicals has potential as a strategy for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. In this context the additive‐free catalytic conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates in the absence of metal and solvents under mild conditions is a major challenge. Herein, a series of hydroxylamino‐tethered polymeric ionic liquids bearing adjustable alkyl length substitutes are constructed from copolymerization of divinyl benzene and vicinal hydroxyl and amino base monomeric ionic liquids synthesized from 1‐glycidyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium bromide with alkyl amine. The polymeric ionic liquids are used in CO2‐epoxide cycloaddition reactions to prepare cyclic carbonates and demonstrate high efficiency and stable reusability without a co‐catalyst under atmospheric pressure and under solvent‐free conditions. The introduction of alkyl groups on an ionic polymer host backbone can accelerate the reaction process. A preliminary kinetic study is performed using [PDVB‐HAVIM‐C18]Br and the activation energy is calculated as 53.2 kJ mol−1. A hydrogen bonding and Br– ion synergistic catalytic mechanism is proposed to account for the excellent catalytic activity of the synthesized ionic polymer.
The LEukemia Artificial Intelligence Program (LEAP) in chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: A model to improve patient outcomes
Authors: Sasaki Koji , Jabbour Elias J. , Ravandi Farhad , Konopleva Marina , Borthakur Gautam , Wierda William G. , Daver Naval , Takahashi Koichi , Naqvi Kiran , DiNardo Courtney , Montalban‐Bravo Guillermo , Kanagal‐Shamanna Rashmi , Issa Ghayas , Jain Preetesh , Skinner Jeffrey , Rios Mary B. , Pierce Sherry , Soltysiak Kelly A. , Sato Junya , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge E.
Published: November 2020

Extreme gradient boosting methods outperform conventional machine‐learning models. Here, we have developed the LEukemia Artificial intelligence Program (LEAP) with the extreme gradient boosting decision tree method for the optimal treatment recommendation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML‐CP). A cohort of CML‐CP patients was randomly divided into training/validation (N = 504) and test cohorts (N = 126). The training/validation cohort was used for 3‐fold cross validation to develop the LEAP CML‐CP model using 101 variables at diagnosis. The test cohort was then applied to the LEAP CML‐CP model and an optimum TKI treatment was suggested for each patient. The area under the curve in the test cohort was 0.81899.Backward multivariate analysis identified age at diagnosis, the degree of comorbidities, and TKI recommended therapy by the LEAP CML‐CP model as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. The bootstrapping method internally validated the association of the LEAP CML‐CP recommendation with overall survival as an independent prognostic for overall survival. Selecting treatment according to the LEAP CML‐CP personalized recommendations, in this model, is associated with better survival probability compared to treatment with a LEAP CML‐CP non‐recommended therapy. This approach may pave a way of new era of personalized treatment recommendations for patients with cancer.
Validation of Psoas Muscle Index as a predictor of successful extubation in elderly intensive care patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kobori Fumimasa , Azuma Kazunari , Mishima Shiro , Oda Jun
Published: November 2020

Aim

Extubation failure–associated factors have not been investigated in elderly patients. We hypothesized that psoas cross‐sectional area, an emerging indicator of frailty, can be a predictor of extubation outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed data from patients admitted between January and April 2016 at the mixed medical intensive care unit (ICU) of the Tokyo Medical University Hospital. Patients were considered eligible if aged 65 years or older, required intubation at the emergency room, and were admitted to ICU for over 24 h. Overall, 39 ICU patients were eligible and categorized into two groups: extubation success (n = 24) and extubation failure (n = 15) groups. The psoas cross‐sectional area was measured at the third lumbar level on computer tomography images. Psoas Muscle Index (PMI) was defined as the psoas cross‐sectional area/height2. Primary outcome was to evaluate differences between the psoas cross‐sectional area and f(PMI) between the groups, if any.

Results

Both groups were comparable in terms of demographic characteristics. Psoas cross‐sectional area (extubation success group, 1,776.5 ± 498.2 mm2, extubation failure group, 1,391.2 ± 589.4 mm2; P = 0.022) and PMI (extubation success group, 1,089 ± 270.7 mm2/m2, extubation failure group, 889 ± 338.5 mm2/m2; P = 0.032) were significantly greater in the extubation success group than in the extubation failure group.

Conclusions

The psoas cross‐sectional area and PMI can predict extubation outcomes in elderly intensive care patients.
Design of Janus particles based on silica@polystyrene and their compatibilization on poly(p‐dioxanone)/poly(lactic acid) composites
Authors: Xu Zhiyan , Liu Jinling , Chen Jiawen , Lin Jianrong , Chen Qinhui
Published: November 2020

The compatibility of poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is very important when they are blended. Herein, three kinds of snowman‐like Janus particles (JPs) with different hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) were prepared by one‐pot method by adjusting the surficial functional groups of polystyrene (PS) side and used as the compatibilizer of PPDO/PLA composites. JPs self‐assemble at the cell‐structure PPDO/PLA interface, which provides channels for the migration of PPDO. The silica (SiO2) side forms hydrogen bond with PLA, and the PS side forms hydrophobic action with PPDO. Therefore, JPs improve interfacial adhesion and suppress phase separation. Among the three JPs, silica@polystyrene‐graft‐polymethylmethacrylate (SiO2@PS‐PMMA) possesses the most excellent interfacial behavior because its HLB value is similar to that of PPDO/PLA composites. Tensile strength was increased from the original 14.59 MPa to the maximum 24.18 MPa at 1.5 phr of SiO2@PS‐PMMA JPs, and the elongation at break increased from 39% to 203%.
From individual vital rates to population dynamics: An integral projection model for European native oysters in a marine protected area
Authors: Lown Alice E. , Hepburn Leanne J. , Dyer Rob , Cameron Tom C.
Published: November 2020

Following an 85% decline in global oyster populations, there has been a recent resurgence in interest in the restoration of the European native oyster Ostrea edulis. Motivations for restoration from environmental stakeholders most often include recovering lost habitats and associated biodiversity and supporting ecosystem function. In coastal communities, another important justification is recovery of traditional and low‐impact fisheries but this has received less attention.

Many restoration projects across Europe focus on the translocation of adult stocks, under the assumption that the limit to population growth and recovery is adult growth and survival. This may not necessarily be the case, especially where knowledge of large extant adult populations exists as in the Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Marine Conservation Zone in Essex, UK. Identifying what limits population growth for restoration and recovery is an important conservation tool.

Here, the first size‐dependent survival, growth and fecundity data for free‐living O. edulis from a novel field experiment are used to parameterize an Integral Projection Model that examines the sensitivity of a flat oyster population to variation in individual vital rates and to potential harvesting – an original objective of a coastal community‐led restoration project.

Given the high adult fecundity in this species, population recovery is most sensitive to changes in recruitment success; however, elasticity (proportional sensitivity of the population) is more evenly spread across other parameters when recruitment is already high. Based on locally agreed management objectives, recovery to double the current stock biomass should take 16–66 years (mean = 30 years) without active intervention. At that point, harvest rates could be sustained below 5% of the harvestable adult size whilst ensuring λs remains above 1.
NORA moving forward: Developing an oyster restoration network in Europe to support the Berlin Oyster Recommendation
Authors: Pogoda Bernadette , Boudry Pierre , Bromley Cass , Cameron Tom C. , Colsoul Bérenger , Donnan David , Hancock Boze , Hugh‐Jones Tristan , Preston Joanne , Sanderson William G. , Sas Hein , Brown Janet , Bonacic Kruno , von Nordheim Henning , zu Ermgassen Philine S.E.
Published: November 2020

The Native Oyster Restoration Alliance (NORA) supports the protection and ecological restoration of the native European oyster, Ostrea edulis, and its habitat across its current and historical biogeographical range. NORA works to overcome barriers to the conservation, restoration, and recovery of the European oyster by providing a platform for the NORA community to collaborate and participate in knowledge exchange. NORA seeks to support responsible restoration practice, in compliance with biosecurity and sustainability.

Against this background, the NORA community formulated a series of specific recommendations, the Berlin Oyster Recommendation, to support native oyster restoration by developing and applying best practice with the aim to recover healthy and resilient marine ecosystems. In combination with the Standards for Ecological Restoration (SER) and the Restoration Guidelines for Shellfish Reefs, the Berlin Oyster Recommendation is a relevant tool for successful and sustainable oyster restoration in Europe.

The establishment of NORA working groups will support the implementation and further development of the six corresponding recommendations. Current NORA working groups cover site selection, biosecurity, production, and monitoring. The site selection working group will address the identification of suitable sites for oyster restoration to support policy relevant decision making and the conservation, reinforcement, or reintroduction of native oysters. The biosecurity working group will develop biosecurity guidelines for native oyster restoration in Europe. The production working group will assess the potential of standards for seed oyster production and supply in order to enhance production appropriate for restoration purposes. In close collaboration with the Native Oyster Network – UK & Ireland (NON), the monitoring working group will produce a monitoring guidelines handbook to provide metrics and methods that will be suitable across the range of O. edulis projects in Europe for the documentation of restoration success and ecosystem recovery.

The Berlin Oyster Recommendation was examined and interpreted by NORA experts in the context of the further development of joint guidelines for the practice of successful and sustainable native oyster restoration.
Addressing critical limitations of oyster (Ostrea edulis) restoration: Identification of nature‐based substrates for hatchery production and recruitment in the field
Authors: Colsoul Bérenger , Pouvreau Stéphane , Di Poi Carole , Pouil Simon , Merk Verena , Peter Corina , Boersma Maarten , Pogoda Bernadette
Published: November 2020

The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) is an ecosystem engineer that provides important biogenic reef habitat with associated ecosystem functions and services. Most stocks have been commercially exploited and degraded; some are functionally extinct. Ecological restoration now aims to recover these degraded, damaged or destroyed ecosystems.

Availability of seed oysters and substrate for successful larval recruitment has been identified as a major limiting factor for restoration projects in Europe. In substrate‐limited areas, restoration approaches have to involve the restoration of suitable substrates.

The present study provides an evaluation of such potential substrate types. Various categories were investigated through hatchery and/or field experiments: (1) marine bivalve shells; (2) inorganic materials; (3) sandy sediment; (4) 3D sandstone reefs; (5) wood materials; and (6) limed materials. The respective settlement rates (settled larvae per cm2) indicate settlement preferences.

Hatchery experiments showed significant preferences for bivalve shells and inorganic materials. Best settlement rates were observed onMytilus edulisshells, followed byO.edulisshells as well as on slaked lime and on baked clay. Settlement was significantly higher on bottom‐oriented areas of bivalve shells and 3D reefs in laboratory experiments; however, this was not substantiated in the field experiments.

Field experiments showed significant settlement preferences between substrate categories (bivalve shells, inorganic materials and wood materials). Best settlement rates were observed on baked clay, followed by slaked lime and bivalve shells. Wooden materials did not perform.

Settlement rates and substrate preferences of larvae in controlled environments (laboratory, hatchery) differed from rates in the natural environment (field). This study provides a list of substrate types considering these specific environments. The relevance of these results for ecological restoration in the field and potential applications in seed oyster production are discussed.
A review of COVID‐19 vaccines and major considerations for diabetic patients
Authors: Soltani Saber , Zandi Milad , Shiri Aghbash Parisa , Rezaei Masoud , Mohammadzadeh Nader , Afsharifar Alireza , Poortahmasebi Vahdat
Published: November 2020

The necessity and impact of SARS‐CoV2 on the world's health have led to developing and producing practical and useful vaccines for this deadly respiratory virus. Since April 2020, a vaccine for the virus has been developed. Given that comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are more prone to viruses and the risk of infection, vaccines should be designed to protect against high‐risk respiratory illnesses. Including SARS, MERS, influenza, and the SARS‐CoV‐2 provide a safe immune response. Here, we review the information and studies that have been done to help develop strategies and perspectives for producing a safe and ideal vaccine to prevent COVID‐19 in normal people, especially at high‐risk groups such as diabetes patients.
Longevity effects of hispidol in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Lim Hyun Joo , Han Young Taek , Ahn Ji‐Hye , Jeon Yong‐Deok , Jeon Hoon , Cha Dong Seok
Published: November 2020

In this study, we investigated the longevity effects of hispidol, a 6,4′‐dihydroxyaurone, using the Caenorhabditis elegans model system. Our lifespan assay data revealed that hispidol could prolong the lifespan of wild‐type worms under normal culture condition. Moreover, hispidol increased the survival rate of the worms against a heat stress condition through up‐regulated expressions of HSP‐16.2. Similarly, hispidol protected worms from paraquat‐induced oxidative stress. We also found that the hispidol elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby attenuating the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that the enhancement of lifespan and stress resistance by the hispidol treatment might be attributed to its strong in vivo antioxidant capacity and regulation of stress proteins. Further tests on the aging‐related factors revealed that hispidol could regulate the speed of pharyngeal pumping, indicating the association of dietary restriction with the hispidol‐mediated longevity. However, there were no significant alterations in the body length of the worms between the groups. We then investigated the effects of hispidol on body movement and lipofuscin accumulation in aged worms. Interestingly, these healthspan parameters were strongly improved by the hispidol treatment. Our genetic studies showed no significant change in the lifespan of the daf‐16 null mutants by hispidol supplementation. In addition, enhanced nuclear translocation of DAF‐16 was observed in the hispidol‐fed DAF‐16::GFP fused transgenic mutants, suggesting the requirement of DAF‐16/FOXO activation for the longevity effect of hispidol.
Acid Catalysis via Acid‐Promoted Electron Transfer
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Lee Yong‐Min , Nam Wonwoo
Published: November 2020

This feature article focuses on acid catalysis in various redox reactions of not only organic compounds but also metal complexes, in particular metal‐oxygen complexes via acid‐promoted electron transfer (APET). On the other hand, proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) has been extensively studied in relation with important biological PCET reactions such as O2 reduction in respiration and water oxidation in photosynthesis. Because PCET is normally defined as simultaneous electron and proton transfer from the same substrate, acid‐promoted electron transfer using external acids is called APET in this article. Various types of chemical transformations exhibiting acid catalysis via APET discussed in this article include CC bond formation, CH bond oxidation, aromatic hydroxylation, and oxygen atom transfer reactions such as sulfoxidation and epoxidation reactions.
Bifunctional N‐Heterocylic Carbene‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Trans‐Cyclopentannulation of Enals and Enones via Homoenolate
Authors: Jiang Zhiwei , Toffano Martial , Vo‐Thanh Giang , Bournaud Chloée
Published: November 2020

An efficient and flexible synthesis of a new class of chiral bifunctional NHC catalyst has been reported. These new imidazolylidene NHCs, bearing a (thio)urea function as a hydrogen bond donor promoted efficiently highly diastereoselective trans‐cyclopentannulation of enals and enones in moderate to good yields (up to 69 % yield) along with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 96 % ee). This methodology could be applied to a large variety of substrates (30 examples).
Differences between familial and sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy: ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy & Myocarditis registry
Authors: Asselbergs Folkert W. , Sammani Arjan , Elliott Perry , Gimeno Juan R. , Tavazzi Luigi , Tendera Michael , Kaski Juan Pablo , Maggioni Aldo P. , Rubis Pawel P. , Jurcut Ruxandra , Heliö Tiina , Calò Leonardo , Sinagra Gianfranco , Zdravkovic Marija , Olivotto Iacopo , Kavoliūnienė Aušra , Laroche Cécile , Caforio Alida L.P. , Charron Philippe ,   Cardiomyopathy & Myocarditis Registry Investigators Group
Published: November 2020

Aims

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complex disease where genetics interplay with extrinsic factors. This study aims to compare the phenotype, management, and outcome of familial DCM (FDCM) and non‐familial (sporadic) DCM (SDCM) across Europe.

Methods and results

Patients with DCM that were enrolled in the prospective ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy & Myocarditis Registry were included. Baseline characteristics, genetic testing, genetic yield, and outcome were analysed comparing FDCM and SDCM; 1260 adult patients were studied (238 FDCM, 707 SDCM, and 315 not disclosed). Patients with FDCM were younger (P < 0.01), had less severe disease phenotype at presentation (P < 0.02), more favourable baseline cardiovascular risk profiles (P ≤ 0.007), and less medication use (P ≤ 0.042). Outcome at 1 year was similar and predicted by NYHA class (HR 0.45; 95% CI [0.25–0.81]) and LVEF per % decrease (HR 1.05; 95% CI [1.02–1.08]. Throughout Europe, patients with FDCM received more genetic testing (47% vs. 8%, P < 0.01) and had higher genetic yield (55% vs. 22%, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

We observed that FDCM and SDCM have significant differences at baseline but similar short‐term prognosis. Whether modification of associated cardiovascular risk factors provide opportunities for treatment remains to be investigated. Our results also show a prevalent role of genetics in FDCM and a non‐marginal yield in SDCM although genetic testing is largely neglected in SDCM. Limited genetic testing and heterogeneity in panels provides a scaffold for improvement of guideline adherence.
Testing and analysis of automotive gearshift performance based on gear shift analysis
Authors: Shen Wenquan , Zhang Qiugui , Chen Zhenwen , Mao Wei , Li Yongxiang
Published: November 2020

With the increasing demand for vehicle handling comfort in the market, the development of gear shifting performance test systems for automobile transmission has become one of the keys to improving the competitiveness of automobile products. In order to continuously improve the shifting quality of the automobile gearshift control, this research focuses on the study of shifting quality, uses GSA (gear shift analysis) test technology to test and verify the shifting performance of a domestic automobile gearbox, establishes the subjective and objective evaluation criteria for the shifting performance of automobile gearbox, provides a reliable theoretical basis for product optimization design and shifting performance evaluation, and formulates shifting control pertinently. Strategies and optimization measures to ensure that the power, ride, and transmission of the whole vehicle system meet the technical requirements and can shift quickly and smoothly. Not only does this allows to reduce the driver's fatigue strength, but also increases the comfort of the whole shifting process, so as to provide direction to improve the quality of the vehicle's shifting performance and effectively reduce the impact on the driver's health.
The efficacy of virtual reality in the treatment of binge‐purging eating disorders: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Low Tian Ling , Ho Roger , Ho Cyrus , Tam Wilson
Published: November 2020

Objective

This paper aims to examine the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)‐enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in the treatment of binge‐purging type eating disorders compared to CBT.

Method

Four electronic literature databases were searched to retrieve eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses was used to select eligible studies. Meta‐analyses of extracted data were then conducted by RevMan 5.3 software.

Results

Six RCTs totalling 297 participants were included. Results showed significantly larger decreases in the frequency of binges in participants who underwent VR‐enhanced CBT compared to CBT. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the change in body mass index or frequency of purges. Additionally, there were significantly larger decreases in situation‐induced body dissatisfaction in participants who underwent VR‐enhanced CBT compared to CBT, but no significant difference in improvement of overall body satisfaction.

Conclusion

VR‐enhanced CBT shows greater efficacy than CBT in reducing situation‐induced body dissatisfaction and frequency of binges. Our results highlight the potential of VR in helping patients develop coping strategies to food/situational triggers. Future RCTs may benefit from recruiting more participants to reduce the impact of drop‐outs on outcome data and blinding post‐intervention assessors to reduce risk of bias.
Carcinogen-Induced Model of Proangiogenesis in Zebrafish Embryo-Larvae
Authors: Pawar Nilambari V. , Singh Pritee D. , Prabhu Padmaja S. , Rana Jigarkumar R.
Published: November 2020

Tumor angiogenesis is the main target in cancer drug development. Discovery of antiangiogenic agents targeting different mechanisms of action is the major area of research to control tumor growth and metastasis. Zebrafish (in the embryo-larvae stage) acts as an essential preclinical efficacy–toxicity model for antiangiogenic drug discovery. We aimed to develop a carcinogen-induced model of proangiogenesis in zebrafish embryo-larvae using the carcinogens lindane and benzo[a]pyrene. Zebrafish were randomly selected for mating. Postspawning, healthy embryos were staged, dispensed in reverse-osmosis water in a 12-well plate, and incubated at 28.5 °C, wherein 24 h postfertilization they were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the carcinogens. Three days postexposure, embryos were stained with alkaline phosphatase, and the angiogenic basket was imaged using a bright-field microscope. The number of subintestinal vessels, their length from somite to the basket, and other proangiogenic parameters were measured and analyzed. The effective concentrations causing a 30% increase in subintestinal vessels for benzo[a]pyrene and lindane were 2.69 and 2.24 µM, respectively, thus proving their proangiogenic potency. The carcinogen-induced model of proangiogenesis in zebrafish embryo-larvae can be used as an effective high-throughput screening tool to assess the proangiogenic potential of carcinogenic compounds and to screen antiangiogenic drugs for better therapeutic intervention. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:447–453.© 2020 SETAC
Accuracy aspects of conventional discretization methods for scalar transport with nonzero divergence velocity field arising from the energy balance equation
Authors: Zijlema Marcel
Published: November 2020

We are concerned with the numerical solution of a linear transport problem with nonzero divergence velocity field that originates from the spectral energy balance equation describing the evolution of wind waves and swells in coastal seas. The discretization error of the commonly used first‐order upwind finite difference and first‐order vertex‐centered upwind finite volume schemes in one space dimension is analyzed. Smoothness of nondivergent velocity field plays a crucial role in this. No such analysis has been attempted to date for such problems. The two schemes studied differ in the manner in which they treat the scalar flux numerically. The finite difference variant is shock captured, whereas the vertex‐centered finite volume approximation employs an arithmetic mean of the velocity and appears not to be flux conservative. The methods are subsequently extended to two dimensions on triangular meshes. Numerical experiments are provided to verify the convergence analysis. The main finding is that the finite difference scheme displays optimal rates of convergence and offers higher accuracy over the finite volume scheme, regardless the regularity of the velocity field. The latter scheme notably yields convergence rates of 0.5 and 0 in L2‐norm and L∞‐norm, respectively, when the velocity field is not smooth. A test case illustrating wave shoaling and refraction over submerged shoals is also presented and demonstrates the practical importance of flux conservation.
An appropriate ratio of unsaturated fatty acids is the constituent of hickory nut extract for neurite outgrowth in human SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Gao Fei , Wu Jianfeng , Zhou Yu , Huang Jianqin , Lu Jidong , Qian Yongchang
Published: November 2020

Hickory nuts (Carya cathayensis Sarg, CCS), a well‐known Chinese medicinal nut, is thought to improve memory in Chinese folks. However, functional constituents have not been scientifically identified. In this study, human SH‐SY5Y cells, combined with Q‐TOF mass spectrometry (Q‐TOF‐MS) and standard substances, were used to evaluate the function in neuronal development and to identify constituents of CCS hydrophobic extracts (CCS‐HE). Data showed that CCS‐HE but not the control induced neurite outgrowth of SH‐SY5Y cells in a dose‐dependent manner, supported by which CCS‐HE induced the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurofilament 160 (NF160), and neuronal peptide Y (NPY) mRNA. Q‐TOF‐MS analysis with standard substances indicated that linolenic acid (LNA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA) were the main constituents in CCS‐HE. Furthermore, mixtures of these unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) at the natural ratio (1:8:16) significantly induced neurite outgrowth and gene expression of NGF, NF160, and NPY in a dose‐dependent manner. However, the individual and alternative ratios were not effective to induce the neurite outgrowth and gene expression of NGF, NF160, and NPY. These data implicate that an appropriate ratio of UFAs is the main constituent for the neurite outgrowth.