bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequence Constraints and Concept Identification
Authors: Anderson Richard C.
Published: September 2011

128 Ss performed on two concept learning problems within which the sequence of relevant cues was essentially random. For one problem a constant proportion ( k) of irrelevant cues changed whenever the relevant cue remained the same on adjacent trials (S-transition) whereas the values of the irrelevant stimulus dimensions varied at random whenever different relevant cues appeared on adjacent trials (D-transition). Within the second problem, k irrelevant stimulus dimensions changed at D-transitions, while the values of the irrelevant dimensions varied at random at S-transitions. For independent groups, k ranged from .00 to 1.00. Trial of last error proved to be an increasing linear function of proportion of irrelevant dimensions changed at D-transitions whereas the proportion changed at S-transitions made no difference. These results are difficult to understand in terms of an all-or-none model of concept identification in which it is assumed that cues are sampled at random.
Tolerance of Ambiguity and Semantic Differential Ratings
Authors: Rydell Susan T.
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made of low (LTA) and high (HTA) tolerance of ambiguity Ss on mean semantic differential ratings of contradictory and noncontradictory adjective-noun concept-combinations. It was hypothesized that a group of Ss scoring lowest on a 16-item tolerance of ambiguity scale would make more extreme ratings of all concept-combinations than a group scoring highest on tolerance of ambiguity. It was also hypothesized that the HTA group would shift its ratings of contradictory concept-combinations closer to the mean of its original ratings of the single concepts comprising the combinations. It was found that the LTA group made more extreme ratings of all concept-combinations and that the HTA group shifted its ratings of contradictory combinations more toward the mean of its original ratings than did the LTA group. In addition, the HTA group made a greater number of compromises of original single concept ratings in its ratings of contradictory concept-combinations than did the LTA group.
The Remote Associates Test: Divergent or Convergent Thinking?
Authors: Taft Ronald , Rossiter John R.
Published: September 2011

The Remote Associates Test was administered in a battery of tests of convergent and divergent thinking abilities to 107 high school students. Contrary to previously reported results, it related largely to the convergent thinking measures.
The Affective Differential: Emotion Profiles Implied by Diagnostic Concepts
Authors: Plutchik Robert
Published: September 2011

12 clinicians were presented with a list of diagnostic terms, such as, manic, paranoid, neurotic, etc. and were asked to indicate what emotions were implied in patients by each term. The emotion scales were selected to sample systematically the various dimensions of emotion. The clinicians' ratings provided emotion profiles typically associated with each of the diagnostic constructs. In addition, the ratings were intercorrelated and factor-analyzed, using a configurational approach, to show the interrelations and degrees of affective similarity between the diagnostic concepts.
Effect of LSD-25 in the Rat on Operant Approach to a Visual or Auditory Conditioned Stimulus
Authors: Caldwell Donald F. , Domino Edward F.
Published: September 2011

Albino rats ( N = 200) required progressively more time per trial to perform a previously learned response to obtain food reward than saline and untreated controls following administration of increasing doses of LSD-25 (100, 200, 400 μg/kg). Ss conditioned to respond to a light stimulus showed more response decrement than animals cued by an auditory stimulus for increasing LSD-25 levels. Within each stimulus modality, a greater response decrement was observed following administration of LSD-25 for the higher intensity stimulus value for all but one treatment group. Results were discussed in relation to reports of sensitization and sensory blockage actions for LSD-25.
Contingent Delay versus Noncontingent Delay during Acquisition and Extinction
Authors: Clifford Thomas , Birch David
Published: September 2011

Three groups of rats were first trained with food and then extinguished in a runway. Running terminated either in no delay, bar pressing at FR16, or a delay equal to the time required for bar pressing. Terminal acquisition running speeds were ordered, from fastest to slowest, as the ordering of groups above. Extinction proceeded at about the same rate from each of the three terminal acquisition levels.
Recognition Memory for Visually Presented Homophones
Authors: Davis Gary A.
Published: September 2011

Underwood's (1965) finding that undergraduate Ss would mistakenly recognize words (e.g., HARD) which had not actually occurred earlier in a 200-word list but which were strong verbal associates of words (e.g., SOFT) which had, in fact, occurred earlier in the list, was replicated. Also, using the same recognition memory task, when members of a homophone pair had different meanings (e.g., STEAK vs STAKE), false recognition frequencies were low. When members of the homophone pair elicited the same meaning (e.g., 12 vs TWELVE), false recognition rates were high.
Extinction Performance as a Function of Reinforcement Magnitude and Number of Training Trials
Authors: Wilton R. N. , Strongman K. T.
Published: September 2011

A number of studies have related performance during spacedtrial extinction to the number of trials and/or the magnitude of reward previously experienced during training. A comparison of these studies supports a suggestion made by Ison (1962) that performance during extinction is an inverted U-shaped function of the number of training trials, with the peak of the function determined by the magnitude of reward experienced during training.
Parental Attitudes and the Closed Belief-Disbelief System
Authors: Rebhun Martin T.
Published: September 2011

Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale and eight scales of the father's form of the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) were administered to 108 male undergraduates in a most highly selective college during the Fall semester, another group of 78 male undergraduates in the same college during the Spring semester, and a third group of 125 male undergraduates in a much less selective college. The scales used were “Fostering Dependency,” “Seclusiveness,” “Breaking the Will,” “Harsh Punishment,” “Demanding Activity,” “Deification of Parent,” “Ascendancy of Husband,” and “Suppression of Affection.” 23 of the 24 comparisons between the Dogmatism Scale and the eight PARI scales show positive correlations beyond the .01 level. The remaining correlation was positive but not significant. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that closed-minded people tend to hold parental attitudes which encourage their offspring not to intrude upon their belief-disbelief system and thus to promote a similar dogmatic approach in these children.
Memory Loss with Age: An Unsolved Problem
Authors: Mcnulty J. A. , Caird W. K.
Published: September 2011

The problem of whether memory impairment with age is due primarily to storage defects or to retrieval difficulties was considered further. It was argued that, if one accepts a “partial information” interpretation of the recognition process, then the observation, that under certain conditions recognition scores deteriorate less rapidly with age than recall scores, cannot be taken as evidence for a loss in retrieval ability with increasing age. Such results are completely consistent with the notion of an age-related storage defect. Nevertheless, no unequivocal evidence has yet been presented for either position.
Learning Principles in Paired-Associate Lists
Authors: Scandura Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

Learning rate and transfer to new stimuli requiring new responses, were found to vary directly with the number of instances (1, 2, 3, 6) of principles in a 12-pair list of paired associates. Also, a positive relationship was found between learning rate and transfer within the 6-instance condition.
Validity of Wais Short Forms
Authors: Silversteln A. B.
Published: September 2011

A short-form intelligence test is commonly validated by determining irs correlation with the full scale from which it is taken, but it has been argued that this measure is less meaningful than the extent to which the short form agrees with the full scale in classifying individuals. A table is presented showing the theoretical agreement between the best duad, triad, tetrad, and pentad short forms of the WAIS and the Full Scale. Data on agreement may be more helpful than correlational data to the clinician who must decide whether to use a short form in place of the Full Scale.
Response of Prisoners to Social Pressure
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Karpan Michael M.
Published: September 2011

Each of 24 prisoners as one of a group of 8 persons gave 40% conforming judgments on Asch's line-length task. Significant positive rs obtained between educational levels claimed and tested and between IQ and tested educational level. r was negative but significant for educational level and number of conforming responses.
Stimulus Intensity Effects on Verbal Learning
Authors: Fischer Gloria J.
Published: September 2011

Nonsense syllables were aurally presented once at constant or variable intensities in SPL (55, 70, and/or 85 db). Free recall after instruction to learn (INT), to judge intelligibility (IRR), or to listen (INC) was unaffected. Rather, Grice and Hunter's (2) hypothesis that intensity effects in human conditioning are substantially greater in repeated measurements designs (i.e., with variable presentation), was supported only by an insubstantial trend. Serial position curves from the three learning conditions indicated a greater recency than primacy effect in recall, only for IRR. Thus, a recency effect in INC seems contingent rather upon attention being directed away from to-be-relevant aspects on the stimuli than a characteristic of INC, per se.
Operant Discrimination, Neutralization, and Reversal with Variations in SΔ Exposure
Authors: Clark Fogle C.
Published: September 2011

Pigeons were trained on a series of red-green discrimination reversals. Each discrimination was preceded by a neutralization treatment in which the pecking response was reinforced equally often in both stimuli. During discrimination, pecking in Sd was reinforced with food according to a 90-sec. variable interval (VI) schedule. Ten 15-min. exposures of Sd occurred in each discrimination session. Each discrimination was continued to a criterion. Three groups of 2 birds differed in the number and duration of SΔ exposures in each discrimination session. A fourth group had a history of repeated extinction and VI reinforcement in the presence of both discriminative stimuli. Under both neutralization and discrimination stimulus exposures were isolated by timeouts. Both the session duration and the temporal distribution of periods of reinforcement availability were held constant over all conditions. An increase in the rate of formation of successive reversals was obtained only with the shortest SΔ exposure times (equal to the Sd exposure). This increase, over 8 successive discriminations, was of small magnitude. Longer SΔ exposures led to more rapid discrimination throughout a series without increases in the later discriminations. A previous history of extinction and reconditioning in the presence of both stimuli was without effect. These data raise the question of the boundary conditions for the commonly observed phenomenon of increased speed of discrimination in a series of reversals. Procedural variables implicated in the control of this phenomenon are discussed.
The Construction of Consciousness
Authors: Roberts Hugh
Published: September 2011

Consciousness is analyzed after a brief review of some aspects of the present stage of understanding of consciousness. Discerned as its elements are brain configurations, in principle as described by Wolfgang Koehler or D. O. Hebb, and which are functionally termed “schemata.” Basic schemata represent, that is, are activated by and associated with, environmental, somatic, and psychic conditions. Self, being, and relation schemata are defined. Primal and self consciousness (collectively basic consciousness), relational consciousness, and metaconciousness (conciousness of consciousness) are formulated as organizations of schemata.
Word Associations to Homonymic and Neutral Stimuli as a Function of Aggressiveness
Authors: Simpson Herb M. , Craig Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the personality characteristic of aggression and word associations was investigated. Extreme groups of 20 aggressive (A) and 20 non-aggressive (NA) Ss were selected from a pool of 180 on the basis of their scores on four subscales of the Buss-Durkee Hostility-Guilt Inventory and were subsequently administered a word association test. The test contained neutral stimulus items as well as 12 homonyms, which had both an A and NA meaning. Results showed that A Ss exceeded the NA Ss in the aggressive content of their associations to the homonyms. There was no difference, however, in the aggressive content of the A and NA Ss' responses to the neutral stimuli. The results were interpreted as support for the theoretical position that aggression is a response to specific situational cues.
Stimulus Similarity in Learning Serial Verbal Responses to Complex Nonverbal Stimuli
Authors: Healey Albert F.
Published: September 2011

Serial verbal learning was investigated as a function of stimulus similarity and the number of responses required to each stimulus. The predicted outcome of an inverse relationship between acquisition rate and similarity was obtained and attributed to interference arising from the requirement of relatively distinct responses and interstimulus generalization of those responses. Both rate and, over the number of trials administered, terminal level of performance were lower with two responses than with one response to each stimulus. Implications of obtained data for the theoretical viewpoint were discussed, along with possible extensions of the analysis to other human learning.
Predicting Verbal Behavioral Change in Group Therapy Using a Screening Scale
Authors: Heckel Robert V. , Salzberg Herman C.
Published: September 2011

A factored 10-item scale composed of demographic and behavioral data derived from a group screening session was used in an attempt to predict verbal response level and verbal change in group psychotherapy. 23 male neuropsychiatric patients were seen for periods ranging from 8 to 18 sessions and their verbal responsivity measured using a modification of group process rating scales. Rank-order correlations between screening scale scores and the verbal response categories ranged from .64 to −.64. Scores on the scale were useful in predicting certain response classes but less so in predicting change in response categories over time.
Word Association: Variables Affecting Popular-Response Frequency
Authors: Wynne Ronald D. , Gerjuoy Herbert , Schiffman Harold , Wexler Norman
Published: September 2011

Normal Ss were given 54 Kent-Rosanoff word-association-test items in one of two different orders; antonym-eliciting items were concentrated either (a) near the beginning or (b) near the end of the list. For each order, testing was administered under three different test conditions: (a) standard free-association instructions, (b) instructions to give the response “most people” would give, and (c) “most people” instructions with a multiple-choice test format. The order starting with antonym-eliciting items elicited more popular antonym responses than did the other order. Popularity-set instructions, particularly with the multiple-choice format, elicited more non-antonym popular responses than did free-association test conditions. With repeated testing, popular antonyms became more frequent. For some sequences of test conditions, there was also an increase in non-antonym popular responses with repeated testing.
A Modified Version of Flanagan Critical Incident Technique Applied to Interaction of Counterinsurgent Forces with An Indigenous Population
Authors: Blakelock Edwin H. , Houk John L.
Published: September 2011

The interaction between indigenous populations and counterinsurgent forces from another country is a topic of both practical and theoretical importance. Although there is a considerable body of material published on such related activity as civic action, there are few empirical data. The Flanagan critical incidents technique was applied to an accidental sample of 25 special forces men, 15 enlisted men and 10 officers. The results were 83 positive and 47 negative incidents (130 incidents in all). The incidents revealed both clustering and diversity. Over half the incidents involved the giving of intelligence by the indigenous population. Commonly, the cause of a given action was unknown. An unexpected finding was the extent to which trades were worked out between the military and local populations. The technique as modified here would be useful in studying other forms of collective behavior.
Dissociation of Learning and Meprobamate
Authors: Barnhart Sharon S. , Abbott David W.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to determine whether rats trained in an avoidance conditioning situation while drugged (meprobamate) would demonstrate a decrement in performance when tested without the drug. Also, would Ss trained without the drug exhibit a decrement when tested on the drug. The results indicated a decrement in latency and frequency of avoidance response only for Ss trained on the drug and tested without it.
Subjective Correlates of Clinically Manifested Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Tuthill Edward W. , Overall John E. , Hollister Leo E.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between clinical ratings of psychiatric symptomatology and subjective patient responses to 166 selected MMPI items are examined. The 20 MMPI items found to correlate most highly with clinical ratings of anxiety, depressive mood and other depression-related variables are considered in detail. Subjective correlates of clinical ratings of anxiety concern effects of the anxiety on the individual and not the subjective experience of anxiety per se. Subjective correlates of depressive mood concern perceptions of that mood. Clinical motor retardation is subjectively associated with emotional withdrawal and denial of personal awareness more than with the physical and motor manifestations of retardation.
The Quick Test as An Index of Intellectual Ability on a Negro Admission Ward
Authors: Cole Spurgeon , Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

Quick Test IQs of 102, 96, and 76 for 30 Negro attendants (high school), 11 Negro attendants (non-high school), and 53 Negro patients (range of 0 yr. to Master's, Mdn = Grade 10) of a Southern state hospital were positively related to the educational (socio-economic) levels of the groups and were lower than the mean IQ of the normative Caucasian adults. Development of local norms is definitely advised.
Running and Bar Pressing as Avoidance Responses
Authors: Keehn J. D.
Published: September 2011

Running and bar-pressing avoidance behavior by white rats were compared in order to elucidate problems associated with the latter. The running response was acquired rapidly bur the press response was not. This result was attributed to a difference in training procedures; shocks were postponed for the duration of a run but not for the duration of a press. When shocks were postponed for press durations the press response was rapidly acquired. The inference that bar-pressing avoidance may develop out of bar-holding avoidance was supported by experimental data.
Differentiation of Criminals and Non-Criminals with a Self-Concept Measure
Authors: Clarice Walter V. , Hasler Kermit R.
Published: September 2011

The 81 items on the adjective check list of the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) were analyzed for discrimination between a sample of 100 male prisoners and 5000 applicants and employees representative of the sex and occupation distributions in business and industry. T-score norms were established for the resulting scoring stencil of 41 items, using a sample of 400 male and 100 female non-prisoner AVAs. Additional samples of AVA forms were drawn randomly from data files for testing sex difference and discriminant cross validation. A significant ( p = .001) sex difference on the experimental measure was found among non-prisoners (102 males vs 99 females) and 113 male and 76 female prisoners. Separate discriminant cross-validities among these subsamples were obtained for males and females. Correlations between the new measure and the Vectors of AVA and the factor scores of the 16 PF Test ( n = 104 male junior college students) provided some evidence of construct validity and meaning. Predictive validation research has been initiated.
Altruistic Behavior in the Laboratory Rat?
Authors: Mihalick Ronald E. , Bruning James L.
Published: September 2011

Altruistic behavior in 60 laboratory rats was not observed in the feeding situation.
Spread of Effect as a Function of Intelligence
Authors: Martino Rocco
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to explore whether the spread of effect was influenced by intelligence. The experimental records of 2 matched groups of Ss with 10 high and low IQs were compared. IQ did not seem to be associated with the extent of spread of effect.
A Failure to Obtain Defensive Projection
Authors: Mondy Lewis W.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that Ss who have received incompatible information about themselves will tend to project the undesirable attribute onto other persons, particularly those within their own social category, was tested by attempting to induce cognitions of incompetence in college student Ss, then obtaining ratings of hypothetical characters, ratings of photos of unknown persons, or TAT stories. Although experimental Ss rated self-competence lower than controls, no significant projective effects were obtained at the .05 level on any of the measures employed.
Substitute for Apology: Manipulation of Cognitions to Reduce Negative Attitude toward Self
Authors: Mehrabian Albert
Published: September 2011

This study dealt with a class of events which contribute to the development of negative attitudes. These events involve one person who takes advantage of or usurps the rights of another person with varying degrees of deliberation. A frequently employed tactic of offenders in such situations is the apology. The present study investigated an alternate tactic involving a cognitive restructuring of the offensive experience for the target of the offense. This tactic minimizes the admission-of-guilt associated with apology and emphasizes the target's voluntary participation in the offensive interaction (e.g., “Thank you for waiting for me,” versus, “I am sorry I was late.”). It was found that apology was superior to cognitive restructuring if the offensive event was unambiguous; however, the two tactics were equally effective if the offensive event was a relatively ambiguous one.
Quick Test Validation Study and Examination of Form Equivalency
Authors: Abidin Richard R. , Byrne Alfred V.
Published: September 2011

Two groups (organic and functional) of 32 patients each, seen at the Wilford Hall USAF Hospital, Psychology Service, were given both the Quick Test and the full WAIS. Correlations between each form of the Quick Test and both scaled scores and IQs on the WAIS were obtained. The correlations suggest that the QT and the Verbal section of the WAIS tap similar abilities. Further, the QT possesses sufficient relationship to the WAIS Full Scale IQ to justify its use as a brief screening device as a measurement of general intelligence. Regression analyses indicated that no significant gain in predictive validity is obtained by the administration of all forms of the QT and that for functional and mixed groups Form 2 of the QT is the best predictor of WAIS Full Scale IQs. Some data which question the form equivalence of the QT are presented.
Relationship between Social Hierarchy and Coloration in Green Sunfish
Authors: McDonald A. L. , Kessel L. A.
Published: September 2011

58 green sunfish were paired for size and placed in observation tanks. Records of attack behavior were made on each pair to determine social hierarchy position. 15 raters made two judgments of the darker fish of each pair. In 96.5% of the cases, the submissive fish of a pair was the darker. Several lines of research relating to social hierarchy position and coloration were suggested.
Comparability and Sensitivity of Set 2 (Lists E, F, and G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Dupre Vladimir A. , Lubin Alice W.
Published: September 2011

To test the comparability of Set 2 (Lists E, F, and G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (DACL), 74 Ss who participated in a 1-wk. sensitivity group conference were given all three lists on three occasions: just prior to the onset of the conference, at the end of the second small-group meeting, and at the end of the conference. Analyses of variance revealed no significant differences among the three lists on any occasion and a 3-way analysis of variance showed no significant list by testing interaction. Further analyses indicated significant differences over occasions. These findings support the view that the lists can be considered to be parallel forms for use in studies in which repeated measurement designs are employed to investigate mood, emotion, or depression and that they are sufficiently sensitive to measure depressive mood changes.
Individual Differences among Inexperienced Psychological Examiners
Authors: Smith Herbert W. , May W. Theodore
Published: September 2011

The Stanford-Binet (Form L-M) and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) scores of 96 6-yr.-old Caucasian children were evaluated for examiner differences. Two Negro and four Caucasian inexperienced examiners tested this sample. Significant examiner differences were present in both tests. The notion of “testing style” was discussed.
Adrenal Hypertrophy in the Rat as a Function of Probability and Frequency of Punishment
Authors: Ferraro Douglas P. , Schoenfeld William N. , Snapper Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

After training on a regular reinforcement procedure in which a lever-pressing response produced milk reward, each of 16 groups of water-deprived rats was exposed to a different concurrent contingency of regular reinforcement and random interval punishment for 20 experimental sessions. Under the intermittent punishment schedules used, the programmed probability and frequency of response-contingent electric shock were independently manipulated. Autopsies revealed (a) that changes in adrenal weights were about the same (independent of the amount of shock) over a wide range of punishment frequencies and (b) that the amount of adrenal hypertrophy was a decreasing function of shock probability over a range of probabilities from 0.0625 to 1.00.
Prediction of WAIS IQ for Psychiatric Patients Using the Ammons' FRPV and Raven's Progressive Matrices
Authors: Sydiaha Daniel
Published: September 2011

40 patients at a psychiatric hospital were tested with the following tests of intelligence: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Raven's Progressive Matrices (PM) and Forms A and B of the Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test (FRPV). Regression analysis using the WAIS as the criterion and the other two tests as predictors indicated that either Form A or Form B of the FRPV predicted WAIS IQ but the PM did not.
Sex Chromatin, Body Masculinity, Achievement Motivation and Smoking Behavior
Authors: Carney Richard E.
Published: September 2011

The per cent of sex chromatin in a buccal smear correlated non-linearly with measures of achievement motivation and masculinity of body structure. Smokers had more sex chromatin than non-smokers. Achievement motivation and smoking were positively correlated. Masculinity of body structure showed complex relationships with smoking which depended on Ss' sex and religion, and possibly, the cultural pressure against smoking.
Discovery Learning, Creativity, and the Inductive Teaching Program
Authors: Karlins Marvin , Schroder Harold M.
Published: September 2011

A pedagogical innovation, the Inductive Teaching Program (ITP), is presented. The ITP contains a set of facts about a specific problem, situation or academic subject, stored on individual cards, analogous to the memory storage banks utilized by computers. The student is charged with the responsibility of getting these facts by the “inquiry” method: asking questions that will solicit these pieces of information. The applications of the ITP in education and educational research are examined, and its linking role between discovery learning and creativity investigations reviewed.
The Initial Teaching Alphabet Experiment: Note of Correction
Authors: Cartwright Daphne , Downing John , Latham William
Published: September 2011

Some minor statistical errors occurring in research papers on the Initial Teaching Alphabet need correction. Comments on alternative modes of computation and on the light that these shed on the validity of already published results are added.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: VI. Dr. William Healy—1869 to 1963—The Man in His Time
Authors: Meltzer H.
Published: September 2011

Contributions of William Healy to the growth of professional mental health activities, and in particular to psychology, are discussed.
Paired-Associate Transfer for the A-B, C-A and the A-B, B-C Paradigms
Authors: Schulman Richard M.
Published: September 2011

Results of two experiments on transfer between paired-associate verbal lists, the first comparing the A-B, C-A paradigm with the A-B, C-D control and the second comparing the A-B, B-C paradigm with the A-B, C-D control are reported here. Each paradigm was represented by a separate group of 20 Ss, making a total of 80 Ss participating in both experiments. Army enlisted men averaging around the civilian mean were the nonvolunteer Ss. A low degree of List I learning was used but List II was learned to one perfect trial. Trials to successive criteria showed non-significant negative transfer in Exp. II and nonsignificant positive transfer in Exp. I. When the upper halves of Ss of known general aptitude in the two groups in Exp. I were compared, positive transfer was barely significant ( p = .05).
Bibliography of Empirical Studies of Wit and Humor
Authors: Treadwell Yvonne
Published: September 2011

References to empirical studies of wit and humor conducted during the period of 1897 through 1966 are listed alphabetically.
Test-Retest Reliability and Practice Effect with the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale
Authors: Ruiz R. A. , Krauss H. H.
Published: September 2011

Upon re-testing with Shipley S-ILS (3 mo., 56 Ss), reliability coefficients are: Verbal, .77; Abstract, .63; Conceptual Quotient, .57; and Intelligence Quotient, .74 (all ps < .01). These coefficients and the pattern of mean-score increases suggest that the S-ILS is a “weak” measure of intellectual deterioration but a “better” measure of intellectual functioning.
A Descriptive-Relational Study of 364 Children Referred to a University Clinic for Learning Disorders
Authors: Coleman James C. , Sandhu Malathi
Published: September 2011

The present study provides descriptive and relational data on a large sample of children and adolescents referred to the Psychology Clinic School at UCLA for assessment and treatment of learning disorders. 364 Ss ranged in age from 7 to 15.9 yr. and had IQs between 61 and 133. A wide range of reading achievement and emotional adjustment was represented. Descriptive data, including psychological assessment data, family background, developmental history, and the referral problem, are presented for the group as a whole. The relational treatment of data utilized five subgroupings of Ss: intelligence, reading achievement, emotional adjustment, age, and sex. The range of subject characteristics as well as certain commonalities is pointed up.
Control Variables in the Identification of Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Devries A. G.
Published: September 2011

MMPI responses of a group of suicidal and nonsuicidal Ss were investigated for differences holding diagnosis, education, occupation, marital status, age, and number of VA hospital admissions constant in both groups. A significant number of items differentiated suicidal from nonsuicidal Ss. This number was three times the number of items which differentiated the two groups when no controls were used. The implications of these findings were discussed.
Relationship of Father Absence to Masculinity and Popularity of Delinquent Boys
Authors: Mitchell Doris , Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

Absence of the true father from the home showed a significant relationship to peer rejection in a group of 34 delinquent boys. Neither the total group nor the father-absent subsample showed the excessive masculinity sometimes reported to accompany both delinquency and father absence.
Attitudes toward Attitudes toward Death
Authors: Crown Barry , O'Donovan Denis , Thompson T. Gale
Published: September 2011

45 male Ss were asked to rate 17 statements concerning attitudes toward death using the Edwards social desirability technique. These statements differed on 2 dimensions: healthy vs unhealthy and hysterical vs obsessive. Healthy sensitivity was found to be most socially desirable followed by healthy insensitivity, unhealthy insensitivity, unhealthy sensitivity.
Mixed- versus Unmixed-List Designs in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Izawa Chizuko
Published: September 2011

Investigations of a new experimental variable from the arrangements of reinforcements (R) and tests (T) in paired-associate learning were furthered by a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design: 64 college students learned two lists of 12 pairs, one with unmixed list (Exp. I) and the other with mixed list (Exp. II). Four repetitive experimental sequences in each experiment were RTRT …, RRTRRT. … RTTRTT …, and RRTTRRTT. … No significant differences were found between mixed- and unmixed-list designs for any given statistic examined. The findings indicate that individual pairs in a given condition were learned relatively independently of those in the other conditions within a list. The present results were close replications of the previous study by Izawa (1966a) and support the stimulus fluctuation model.
Further Studies of Sex Differences in Taste Preferences with Sweet Solutions
Authors: Valenstein Elliott S. , Cox Verne C. , Kakolewski Jan W.
Published: September 2011

Two additional studies are described which add to the original report that female rats consume greater quantities of sweet solutions of glucose and saccharin during successive 24-hr. periods than do males. The results justify the following conclusions: (1) the original results obtained with Holtzman rats can be extended to the Charles River strain and (2) females consume greater quantities of a saccharin solution during relatively brief 1-hr. taste preference tests.
Rational Training: A New Method of Facilitating Management and Labor Relations
Authors: Ellis Albert , Blum Milton L.
Published: September 2011

Rational training is a method of teaching basic principles of interpersonal relations to groups of individuals and is particularly applicable to all levels of management in business and industry, to labor officials, to military personnel, and to others who work in the area of “people contact.” It differs significantly from sensitivity training, group psychoanalysis, and conventional management training courses. It specifically shows members of the training session how to eliminate fears of failure, how to be more tolerant and less hostile, how to gain their own unqualified self-acceptance, and how to achieve high frustration tolerance. Rational training differs from most group training in that directiveness, activity, structuring, authoritativeness, and homework assignments are employed. An illustrative protocol demonstrates some of the details of how rational training actually works.
A Micro-Miniature Connector for Intracranial Electrodes
Authors: Anschel Steven
Published: September 2011

A small receptacle for intracranial electrode leads requiring no direct soldering during implantation is described. The numerous advantages include simplicity of lead attachment; multidirectional, easy plug insertion, and secure fit regardless of number of leads attached. This connector has been used with both restrained and free-moving squirrel monkeys.
Some Observations on Extinction of a Complex Discriminated Operant
Authors: Cumming William W. , Berryman Robert , Cohen Leila R. , Lanson Robert N.
Published: September 2011

Extinction of well established matching-to-sample behavior in 2 pigeons was found to produce large decrements in the strength of the key peck response but had little or no effect upon the accuracy of matching.
Relationships among Personality and Cognitive Referrents of Creativity
Authors: Ohnmacht Fred W.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), Barron Complexity Scale (BCS), and selected measures of divergent thinking from Guilford's Structure of the Intellect (SI) were examined utilizing correlational techniques. Previous work with the 16 PF indicating discrimination among creative and relatively less creative groups suggested that test performance should be significantly related to BCS and the SI measures. Results suggest that 16 PF and BCS demonstrate limited congruency whereas the SI measures are not congruent.
The “Memory Cliff” beyond Span in Immediate Recall
Authors: Drachman David A. , Zaks Misha S.
Published: September 2011

Immediate recall of sub-span, span length, and supra-span memoranda was tested in 27 normal nursing students. Random series of digits and consonant letters ranging from 5 to 20 items were presented at the rate of 1 per second. Maximum recall occurred with memoranda of approximately span length, with a sharp drop of recall as span was exceeded. Absolute recall of supra-span memoranda remained at a plateau after the initial drop. The use of a special scoring method and analysis of data by relating the results to each individual's span permitted an accurate representation of the drop in recall as span was exceeded and the constancy in recall with supra-span memoranda. It is concluded that for immediate ordered recall maximum information gain occurs for each individual at his span rather than at an arbitrary memorandum length This study indirectly supports the separation of immediate memory and storage mechanisms.
Effects of Illumination and White Noise on the Rate of Electrical Self-Stimulation of the Brain in Rats
Authors: Venator Edmond R. , Uehling Barbara S. , Isaac Walter
Published: September 2011

A consistency in the effects of food deprivation and amphetamine administration on both gross locomotor activity and electrical self-stimulation of the brain (ESSB) is noted. The effects of sensory conditions on ESSB were investigated. Rats were trained to press a bar for rewarding brain stimulation. When Ss had stabilized, they were tested in a complete factorial design composed of four levels of illumination and two levels of noise. It was found that Ss pressed more under the medium illumination condition than under any other level of illumination, while white noise had no significant effects. Since rats are more active in the dark than in the light, it is concluded that illumination has unlike effects on activity and rate of ESSB.
Effects of ECS on Relearning
Authors: Morosko Thomas E. , Bloom J. M.
Published: September 2011

As a test of the habit-reversal hypothesis of the effects of ECS on relearning recent and remote tasks, rats were given acquisition training in a multi-unit linear maze with either black-white or dark grey-light grey discriminanda. For each group, there followed reversal training, a series of electroconvulsive shocks, and then retraining either on the acquisition or the reversal problem. Control groups received no shocks. The results offered only limited support for the habit-reversal hypothesis.
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Differential Levels of Drive and Effortfulness of Response
Authors: Singh Devendra
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained on a crf schedule for bar-pressing requiring different amounts of force to activate the food delivery mechanism. Ss were given 480 reinforced trials under either low, medium, or high food deprivation. Extinction data showed a significant effect of food deprivation; however, neither effortfulness of responses nor its interaction with deprivation was significant.
Nonreinforced Response Vigor as a Function of Number of Training Rewards
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported in which variation was made of number of magazine training trials perceding barpress training in a discrete-trial situation. Some support was observed for the prediction that less rather than more response vigor would occur early in extinction for the group with the most extended magazine training (12 days), but the failure of an overtraining extinction effect (OEE) to occur limits the generalizability of these results. The hypothesis upon which the prediction is based, that an affective factor declines with extended training, is contrasted with the more familiar frustration-disruption account of the OEE, from which the obtained results are not readily predictable. The data also provide evidence for a frustration-vigor effect (FVE) but only with regard to the referent (barpress) response itself, and the implications of this result are discussed.
Choice Behavior as a Function of Stimulus Exposure
Authors: Pate James L.
Published: September 2011

Two studies which showed significant extra-maze pre-exposure effects are reported. In Exp. 1 hooded rats were exposed to one stimulus and then given a choice between that stimulus and a non-exposed stimulus. Exposure brightness and exposure time were varied and number of changes between the two stimulus areas and time spent in each area were measured. In Exp. 2 rats were exposed to a stimulus and then given a choice between the same area, an area with a similar stimulus and an area with a dissimilar stimulus. Both exposure brightness and exposure time affected choice latency and time in the dissimilar area.
Cognitive Functioning in Acute and Remitted Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Goldstein Robert H. , Salzman Leonard F.
Published: September 2011

Tests of vocabulary and abstraction administered to groups of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients at time of hospital admission and at time of clinical remission and discharge home revealed some evidence of general cognitive impairment in both groups, with significant improvement by time of discharge, as well as evidence of continuing specific conceptual impairment among schizophrenics.
Prestimulus Language Cueing and Speed of Identifying Arabic and English Words
Authors: Dalrymple-Alford E. C.
Published: September 2011

The speed with which bilinguals identified Arabic and English words was not affected by their being cued for the appropriate language. This is taken to support the view that a single processing system is involved for both languages.
Non-Linearity of Self-Concept Discrepancy—The Value Dimension
Authors: Cole Charles W. , Oetting E. R. , Hinkle John E.
Published: September 2011

25 adolescent behavior-problem females were compared in terms of perceived self-ideal discrepancy with 12 female Ss who had no history of behavior problems. The mean discrepancy scores of the two groups were not different; however, greater variability was found for Ss with behavior problems. Some Ss with behavior problems rated the self higher than the ideal self. Thus, the relationship of self-ideal discrepancies to disturbance may be curvilinear; extremely high or low discrepancies may be indicative of maladjustment.
Need for Individual Assessment of SS in Psychosomatic Research
Authors: Bardwick Judith M.
Published: September 2011

Ss who differ significantly on relevant psychological variables may be responding to the experimental stimuli with distinctly different emotions. When Ss are presented with stimuli related to their anxieties, defensive reactions may preclude Es' awareness of Ss emotional responses. If endocrines are secreted as a response to emotions and if endocrines are emotion-specific, the internal secretions of different Ss may be markedly different. We suggest that an evaluation of relevant psychological characteristics may clarify Ss' behavioral and endocrinological responses.
A Scale for “Problems-in-Living” Research
Authors: Blumberg Richard W.
Published: September 2011

The author has developed a brief scale called the Problem Pathological Potential Scale (PPPS). This has been designed primarily as a research instrument to assess outcome research done within the framework of Thomas Szasz' “problems-in-living” approach to maladjustment. It may also prove useful to educators and guidance counselors, and others who wish to assess a person's particular problem areas. The scale's face validity is discussed, and the results of a pilot reliability study are presented.
Some Aspects of a Theory of Interpersonal Contracts
Authors: Shapiro Stewart B.
Published: September 2011

In this introductory paper are examined some of the aspects or parameters of interpersonal contract formation. The Interpersonal Contract Exercise, a technique for making contracts explicit in a group setting, is introduced. Underlying the discussion of the various aspects of interpersonal contracts is the theme of the desirability of open communication of these contracts—both in their interpersonal and intrapersonal aspects. Another principle contains the idea of an implicit hierarchy of contracts in which the most powerful contract may be the least conscious or overt, as in real versus presumed contracts, primary versus secondary subself involvements or hidden simultaneous contracts with self. Conditions which favor or inhibit contract formation include mutual trust and identification, degree of social dissonance, third parties, and egalitarian versus authoritarian social systems. The Interpersonal Contract Exercise is outlined and some of its applications mentioned.
Note on the Terminological Confusion Surrounding Systematic Desensitization
Authors: Evans Ian , Wilson Terence
Published: September 2011

Discussions of systematic desensitization have used learning terms loosely. This limits the usefulness of the learning concepts being applied in behavior therapy. It also impedes development of learning theory because of the lack of distinction in these discussions among possible explanations of the extinction effect of systematic desensitization and the arrangement of conditions likely to produce or facilitate such an effect.
Intervening Variables in Unaware Subjects in a Verbal Conditioning Task
Authors: Clum George A.
Published: September 2011

33 Ss, judged in a lengthy post-conditioning interview to be unaware of the correct response-reinforcement contingency as employed in a Taffel verbal conditioning task, were compared on the interrelationships of their scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the E and N scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory, an auditory measure of vigilance, the spiral aftereffect test, and a verbal conditioning measure. Verbal conditioning was found to be related to manifest anxiety and neuroticism in a psychiatric subgroup but not in a normal subgroup. Variables affecting verbal conditioning were discussed.
“Freeloading” in a Runway as a Function of Amount of Training and Type of Reinforcement Schedule
Authors: Leung Calvin M. , Jensen Glen D. , Tapley Richard P.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 60 rats received either 75 or 285 runs in a runway before being given a choice between freeloading from a dish of pellets in the start box or running the maze for a single pellet. The 285-trial Ss showed less willingness to perform the operant than the 75-trial Ss. This is opposite to what Jensen (1963) had found in the Skinner box. Schedule of reinforcement (100 vs 50%) during training did not significantly affect freeloading scores.