bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Effects of Low Doses of Red Wine on Cardiac Conduction and Repolarization in Young Healthy Subjects
Authors: Cameli Matteo , Ballo Piercarlo , Garzia Antonio , Lisi Matteo , Palmerini Elisabetta , Spinelli Tommaso , Bocelli Arianna , Mondillo Sergio
Published: September 2009

Background:  Moderate to high blood concentrations of ethanol have been shown to yield acute changes in cardiac electrophysiological properties, but the effect of low concentrations have never been assessed. The role of concomitant changes in clinical variables or cardiac dimensions is also still unknown. This study aimed at exploring the acute effects of low doses of ethanol, administered as Italian red wine, on conduction, depolarization, and repolarization electrocardiographic (ECG) intervals in a population of healthy subjects.

Methods:  Forty healthy young volunteers drank a low quantity of red wine (5 ml/kg), and an equal volume of fruit juice in separate experiments. Heart rate, P‐wave duration, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, corrected QT interval, QT dispersion, and corrected QT dispersion were assessed at baseline and after 60 minutes from challenge.

Results:  Mean blood ethanol concentration after drinking was 0.48 ± 0.06 g/l. Compared to the control challenge, significant changes after red wine intake were observed in P‐wave duration (from 101 ± 11 to 108 ± 14 milliseconds, p = 0.0006), PR interval (from 153 ± 15 to 167 ± 17 milliseconds, p < 0.0001), QT interval (from 346 ± 28 to 361 ± 24 milliseconds, p < 0.0001), and corrected QT interval (from 388 ± 24 to 402 ± 30 milliseconds, p = 0.0006). None of these changes showed correlations with modifications in clinical or echocardiographic variables. In multivariate analyses aimed at exploring predictors of ECG changes, none of the variables entered the final models.

Conclusions:  Low doses of red wine acutely slow cardiac conduction and prolong repolarization in normal individuals. These changes are poorly predictable. The potential arrhythmogenic impact of these effects is worthy of exploration.
Effects of Ethanol on Persistent Activity and Up‐States in Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Woodward John J. , Pava Matthew J.
Published: September 2009

Background:  Elucidating mechanisms that underlie the neural actions of ethanol is critical for understanding how this drug affects behavior. Increasing evidence suggests that, in addition to mid‐brain dopaminergic regions, higher cortical structures play an important role in the pathophysiology associated with alcohol abuse. Previous studies from this laboratory used a novel slice co‐culture system to demonstrate that ethanol reduces network‐dependent patterns of activity in excitatory pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In the present study, we examine the effect of ethanol on the activity of fast‐spiking (FS) interneurons, a sub‐population of neurons critically involved in shaping cortical activity.

Methods:  Slices containing the dorsolateral PFC were prepared from neonatal C57 mice and maintained in culture. After 2 to 3 weeks in vitro, whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology was used to monitor spontaneous episodes of persistent activity in prelimbic PFC neurons. In some experiments, the use‐dependent NMDA receptor blocker, MK801, was included in the pipette recording solution to assess the contribution of NMDA receptors to up‐states.

Results:  MK801 reduced up‐state amplitude and revealed underlying fast EPSPs in excitatory pyramidal neurons while having little effect on these parameters in FS interneurons. Despite this difference, ethanol (44 mM), significantly reduced up‐state duration and up‐state area in both pyramidal and FS interneurons.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that ethanol reduces the activity of FS interneurons due to disruption of network‐dependent activity. This would be expected to further impair the ability of PFC networks to carry out their normal function and may contribute to the adverse effects of ethanol on PFC‐dependent behaviors.
The Effect of Bleaching Agents on the Surface Topography of Ceramometal Dental Alloys
Authors: Mohsen Cherif A.
Published: September 2009

Purpose: To study the effect of bleaching agents on the surface topography of ceramometal alloys.

Materials and Methods: Three types of ceramometal alloys were used (gold, Ni‐Cr, Co‐Cr‐Ti), and two types of bleaching agents (an agent intended for home use, one intended for use in the dental office) were studied. Forty‐five specimens were constructed and divided according to the alloy type into three main groups, 15 specimens per group. Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to the type of bleaching agent used. The first subgroup (five specimens) was not subjected to any bleaching agent. The second and third subgroups were subjected to home and in‐office bleaching agents, respectively.

Results: Au alloy showed the least surface roughness when subjected to either of the two bleaching agents. Ni‐Cr alloys showed the highest surface roughness for both the control and home bleached subgroups, and Co‐Cr‐Ti alloy showed the highest surface roughness in the in‐office bleached subgroup. No statistically significant difference was found between the control subgroup and the home‐bleached subgroup for either the Au alloy or the Co‐Cr‐Ti alloy. For the two alloys, both the control and home‐bleached subgroups were statistically different from the in‐office bleached subgroups. There was a statistically significant difference between the Ni‐Cr control subgroup and the other two bleached subgroups, while there was no difference between the two bleached subgroups. Results also showed that increasing the concentration of bleaching agents increased the surface roughness of all the tested alloys. There was a statistical difference between the Ni‐Cr alloy and the other two alloys in all tested subgroups except the in‐office bleached subgroup, for which no difference between the surface roughness of the Ni‐Cr alloy and the Co‐Cr‐Ti alloy was found. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed surface deteriorations in the two bleached subgroups for all tested ceramometallic alloys.

Conclusion: Surface topographic alterations occurred as a result of the application of bleaching agents. These alterations increased with the increase of the carbamide peroxide concentration.
Analysis of Masticatory Cycle Efficiency in Complete Denture Wearers
Authors: Goiato Marcelo Coelho , Garcia Alício Rosalino , Dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Zuim Paulo Renato Junqueira
Published: September 2009

Purpose: This study assessed masticatory efficiency and duration of the masticatory cycle in 14 asymptomatic patients with severe bone resorption. All patients had worn complete dentures for over 10 years. Recall visits were scheduled at 5 months and 1 year after receiving new dentures.

Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients were evaluated in this study. The Research Diagnostic Criteria questionnaire and tests of the efficiency and duration of the masticatory cycle were performed with artificial food before, 5 months after, and 1 year after new dentures were delivered. Masticatory efficiency was assessed using a sieve system; artificial food was ground for 35 masticatory cycles and monitored by the operator.

Results: Masticatory efficiency at 5 months was significantly improved for the 0.42‐mm mesh. An improvement in masticatory efficiency and a reduction in mastication time were observed with the new dentures after 1 year.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that 5 months did not allow enough time to demonstrate improved muscular capacity and ability after receiving new dentures. After 1 year, the duration of the masticatory cycle was reduced, and masticatory efficiency was significantly improved.
Variability of Mechanical Torque‐Limiting Devices in Clinical Service at a US Dental School
Authors: McCracken Michael S. , Mitchell Lillian , Hegde Rashmi , Mavalli Mahendra D.
Published: September 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the variability of torque produced by a population of mechanical torque‐limiting devices in clinical service in a US dental school. The torque‐limiting devices were divided into two categories according to their mode of action: toggle‐type and beam wrenches. Proper action of these devices is essential for calibrated delivery of preload to implant prosthetic screws.

Materials and Methods: Seventeen torque‐limiting devices (35 Ncm) were obtained from graduate prosthodontic, predoctoral, and faculty practice clinics. Nine of these were toggle‐type devices, and eight were beam‐type wrenches. Torque from each wrench was measured using an MGT electronic torque meter. Wrenches were tested in two modes, slow (over 4 seconds) and fast (over 1 second).

Results: Toggle‐type torque wrenches produced a mean (± SD) torque of 38.1 ± 16.0 Ncm; beam‐type wrenches produced 32.8 ± 1.1 Ncm. These results were not significantly different. When tested in fast mode (1 second), toggle‐type wrenches produced 28.0 ± 9.6 Ncm; in the slow mode (4 seconds) they produced significantly more force, 36.6 ± 14.0 Ncm (p < 0.001). Beam‐type wrenches produced 33.2 ± 1.1 Ncm and 32.8 ± 1.1 Ncm in fast and slow modes, respectively.

Conclusions: Both types of wrenches tested were capable of producing accurate torque values; however, variability was higher in the toggle‐type group. Some toggle‐type torque wrenches in clinical service delivered unacceptably high torque values. It is recommended that clinicians calibrate toggle‐type wrenches frequently. Torque wrenches should be activated slowly, over 4 seconds, when using a correctly calibrated toggle‐type wrench.
Provision of a Wildfire Risk Map: Informing Residents in the Wildland Urban Interface
Authors: Mozumder Pallab , Helton Ryan , Berrens Robert P.
Published: September 2009

Wildfires in the wildland urban interface (WUI) are an increasing concern throughout the western United States and elsewhere. WUI communities continue to grow and thus increase the wildfire risk to human lives and property. Information such as a wildfire risk map can inform WUI residents of potential risks and may help to efficiently sort mitigation efforts. This study uses the survey‐based contingent valuation (CV) method to examine annual household willingness to pay (WTP) for the provision of a wildfire risk map. Data were collected through a mail survey of the East Mountain WUI area in the State of New Mexico (USA). The integrated empirical approach includes a system of equations that involves joint estimation of WTP values, along with measures of a respondent's risk perception and risk mitigation behavior. The median estimated WTP is around U.S. $12 for the annual wildfire risk map, which covers at least the costs of producing and distributing available risk information. Further, providing a wildfire risk map can help address policy goals emphasizing information gathering and sharing among stakeholders to mitigate the effects of wildfires.
Risk and Causality in Newspaper Reporting
Authors: Boholm Max
Published: September 2009

The study addresses the textual representation of risk and causality in news media reporting. The analytical framework combines two theoretical perspectives: media frame analysis and the philosophy of causality. Empirical data derive from selected newspaper articles on risks in the Göta älv river valley in southwest Sweden from 1994 to 2007. News media content was coded and analyzed with respect to causal explanations of risk issues. At the level of individual articles, this study finds that the media provide simple causal explanations of risks such as water pollution, landslides, and flooding. Furthermore, these explanations are constructed, or framed, in various ways, the same risk being attributed to different causes in different articles. However, the study demonstrates that a fairly complex picture of risks in the media emerges when extensive material is analyzed systematically.
Assessment of Resynchronization Therapy on Functional Status and Quality of Life in Patients Requiring an Implantable Defibrillator
Authors: PINTER ARNOLD , MANGAT IQWAL , KORLEY VICTORIA , CONNOLLY STUART , CONNORS SEAN , GARDNER MARTIN , PHILIPPON FRANCOIS , STERNS LARRY , THIBAULT BERNARD , DORIAN PAUL
Published: September 2009

Background:

The effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on physical function and Quality of Life (QoL) in patients who require an implantable defibrillator but do not meet guideline criteria for CRT has not been studied in detail.

Methods and Results:

This was a randomized study of 72 patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death, ejection fraction (EF) ≤35%, mild‐to‐moderate heart failure symptoms, and QRS > 120 ms. Patients received a CRT defibrillator and were randomized to CRT turned ON or OFF. Objective and subjective measures were performed at baseline and after 6 months.

There was no difference in change in left ventricular end‐systolic volume (ESV) by radionuclid angiogram scan, the primary endpoint, between the CRT ON group (ΔESV =−7 ± 52 mL), and CRT OFF group (ΔESV =−30 ± 47 mL). Similarly, echocardiogram measures of ESV and EF showed no difference between the two groups. In the CRT ON group, selected measures of QoL and subjective exercise tolerance but not heart failure symptoms improved significantly. Six‐minute walk distance prolonged in the CRT ON group (baseline 313.6 ± 114.4 m, 6‐month 365.0 ± 122.5 m, P = 0.01), but the difference in change in walk distance between the two groups was not significant.

Conclusion:

Further studies with larger sample size and longer follow‐up will be required to allow definite conclusions regarding the potential benefit of CRT in this patient population.
Estimating Haplotype Effects for Survival Data
Authors: Scheike Thomas H. , Martinussen Torben , Silver Jeremy D.
Published: September 2009

SummaryGenetic association studies often investigate the effect of haplotypes on an outcome of interest. Haplotypes are not observed directly, and this complicates the inclusion of such effects in survival models. We describe a new estimating equations approach for Cox's regression model to assess haplotype effects for survival data. These estimating equations are simple to implement and avoid the use of the EM algorithm, which may be slow in the context of the semiparametric Cox model with incomplete covariate information. These estimating equations also lead to easily computable, direct estimators of standard errors, and thus overcome some of the difficulty in obtaining variance estimators based on the EM algorithm in this setting. We also develop an easily implemented goodness‐of‐fit procedure for Cox's regression model including haplotype effects. Finally, we apply the procedures presented in this article to investigate possible haplotype effects of the PAF‐receptor on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease, and compare our results to those based on the EM algorithm.
Identifiability of Models for Multiple Diagnostic Testing in the Absence of a Gold Standard
Authors: Jones Geoffrey , Johnson Wesley O. , Hanson Timothy E. , Christensen Ronald
Published: September 2009

Summary We discuss the issue of identifiability of models for multiple dichotomous diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard (GS) test. Data arise as multinomial or product‐multinomial counts depending upon the number of populations sampled. Models are generally posited in terms of population prevalences, test sensitivities and specificities, and test dependence terms. It is commonly believed that if the degrees of freedom in the data meet or exceed the number of parameters in a fitted model then the model is identifiable. Goodman (1974, Biometrika 61, 215–231) established that this was not the case a long time ago. We discuss currently available models for multiple tests and argue in favor of an extension of a model that was developed by Dendukuri and Joseph (2001, Biometrics 57, 158–167). Subsequently, we further develop Goodman's technique, and make geometric arguments to give further insight into the nature of models that lack identifiability. We present illustrations using simulated and real data.
Intravascular histiocytosis presenting with extensive vulvar necrosis
Authors: Pouryazdanparast Pedram , Yu Limin , Dalton Vanessa K. , Haefner Hope K , Brincat Cynthia , Mandell Steven H , Cho Kathleen R , Fullen Douglas R
Published: September 2009

Intravascular histiocytosis (IVH) is a rare reactive cutaneous lesion of unknown pathogenesis. Most cases are reported in association with rheumatoid arthritis, and cutaneous eruptions typically occur near swollen joints. The skin changes have included erythematous and violaceous macules, papules, plaques and indurated patches with a livedo‐like pattern of erythema. We report the first case of IVH presenting with florid vulvar necrosis in an 87‐year‐old patient without a history of rheumatoid arthritis. Physical examination revealed an edematous, exudative and diffusely necrotic vulva with erythema surrounding the areas of necrosis, extending out to the thighs. The debrided skin revealed an extensively necrotic epidermis and multiple clusters of markedly dilated blood vessels within the dermis. These vessels contained fibrin thrombi admixed with numerous CD68+ and CD163+ histiocytes. Her skin changes improved significantly after surgical debridement and treatment with antibiotics. Interestingly, our patient was also found to have a lupus anticoagulant with elevated anticardiolipin antibodies. This is the first report of IVH possibly related to a thrombogenic diathesis associated with a hypercoagulable state. A diagnosis of IVH is important and may necessitate further clinical evaluation to exclude the possibility of co‐existent systemic disease.
Ulcerated dermatofibroma with osteoclast‐like giant cells
Authors: González‐Vilas Daniel , García‐Gavín Juan , Ginarte Manuel , Rodríguez‐Blanco Isabel , Toribio Jaime
Published: September 2009

Background: Ulceration and osteoclast‐like giant cells are two pathological features uncommonly seen in dermatofibromas. To our knowledge, the presence of these features has not been previously described within the same lesion.

Methods: We report the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings of a 38‐year‐old man with an ulcerated dermatofibroma (DF) on the sole containing OLGC.

Comments: DF, or cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma, is a frequent dermatological lesion with many clinicopathological variants. Therefore, a correct diagnosis is not always straightforward, especially when two rare features co‐exist in the same lesion. Differential diagnosis was performed with cutaneous and even non‐cutaneous lesions. An explanation for the clinicopathological findings is also described.
The histopathologic spectrum of regression in atypical fibroxanthoma
Authors: Stefanato Catherine M. , Robson Alistair , Calonje J. Eduardo
Published: September 2009

Background: Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) with prominent fibrosis, sclerosis and hyalinization, and near‐total tumor regression is rare.

Methods: Eight cases of AFX presenting with fibrosis were reviewed as to their tumor architecture, the degree and pattern of fibrosis and the associated inflammatory cell infiltrate.

Results: Seven of eight cases had an exophytic architecture, with ulceration in one case. The degree of fibrosis ranged from 10% to 90%. Early fibrosis (2/8 cases) occurred as thickened sclerotic collagen bundles, either dispersed between the neoplastic cells or as septa imparting a multilobular appearance. Advanced fibrosis (6/8 cases) was associated with lamellar sclerosis, keloidal features, hyalinization and with near‐total tumor replacement. Prominent fibrosis rimming the periphery was present in all tumors. An associated lymphoid cell infiltrate with plasma cells and occasionally eosinophils was observed.

Conclusions: Fibrosis with prominent sclerosis and hyalinization replacing the tumor is rare in AFX. Advanced fibrosis, in the absence of a history of prior trauma or surgery, may indicate spontaneous regression. These cases emphasize the importance of recognizing this subset of AFX in order to avoid misinterpretation, particularly in cases with few residual atypical cells.

Stefanato CM, Robson A and Calonje JE. The histopathologic spectrum of regression in atypical fibroxanthoma.
De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia: a review of 263 cases
Authors: Jessup Chad J. , Cohen Lisa M.
Published: September 2009

Background: De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia (DNIEMD) is a newly characterized lesion that is associated with a personal and/or family history of malignant melanoma (MM) and/or dysplastic nevi (DN). However, the biological significance is still uncertain and the persons predisposed to this lesion have not been adequately described.

Methods: Clinicopathologic data of 258 patients, from 263 biopsies diagnosed with DNIEMD, was obtained. A brief voluntary questionnaire was used to obtain demographic, risk factor and disease history.

Results: There is an 82% (n=263) predominance of women with DNIEMDs. For men and women, the distributions of these lesions occur on the lower extremities (71%), the upper extremities (24%) and trunk (5%). Thirty‐one percent of the 258 patients responded to the questionnaires. 48% of the 60 respondents had green or blue eyes. 26% of 62 respondents had a history of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Combined data revealed that 68% of 134 patients had a history of DN. As well, 24% of 89 patients had personal histories of melanoma, while 24% of 72 patients had a family history of melanoma.

Conclusion: Most of these DNIEMD lesions are found on the lower extremities of women and men, and they have an increased association with MM, DN and NMSC.

Jessup CJ, Cohen LM. De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia: a review of 263 cases.
Hirseins inhibit melanogenesis by regulating the gene expressions of Mitf and melanogenesis enzymes
Authors: Villareal Myra O. , Han Junkyu , Yamada Parida , Shigemori Hideyuki , Isoda Hiroko
Published: September 2009

Please cite this paper as:Hirseins inhibit melanogenesis by regulating the gene expressions of Mitf and melanogenesis enzymes. Experimental Dermatology 2009; 19: 450–457.

Abstract: Previously, we reported thatThymelaea hirsutaextract has antimelanogenesis effect on B16 murine melanoma cells. The extract was subjected to fractionation, and hirsein A (HA) and hirsein B (HB) were discovered and tested for their ability to regulate melanogenesis in B16 cells. Western blot (WB) analysis was carried out to determine the expression of tyrosinase. Moreover, to elucidate the possible mechanism behind melanogenesis regulation, real‐time PCR using primers forMitf,Tyr,Trp1andDctgenes, and protein kinase C (PKC) activity assay were carried out. Results clearly show that 0.1 μmHA and HB significantly reduced the melanin content. This reduction in melanin content was accompanied by reduced tyrosinase expression as detected by WB analysis. There was also a significant decrease in the expression level ofMitfgene in HA‐ and HB‐treated cells. HA down‐regulated the expressions ofTyr,Trp1andDct, whereas HB down‐regulated only those ofTrp1andDct. Interestingly, HB‐treated cells had lower kinase activity than HA‐treated cells indicating a possible difference in the activities of the compounds but with the same mechanism of melanogenesis regulation. We report for the first time that HA and HB can down‐regulate melanogenesis by down‐regulatingMitfgene expression, leading to reduced expressions ofTyr,Trp1andDct.The hirseins were also able to reduce the kinase activity, suggesting the possible involvement of PKC in the overall ability of the hirseins to down‐regulate melanogenesis.
Invasive gobies in the Danube: invasion success facilitated by availability and selection of superior food resources
Authors: Polačik M. , Janáč M. , Jurajda P. , Adámek Z. , Ondračková M. , Trichkova T. , Vassilev M.
Published: September 2009

Abstract – We investigated somatic condition, growth rate, diet and food resources of the native (lower Danube) and non‐native (upper Danube) populations of invasive bighead gobyNeogobius kessleriand round gobyN. melanostomuswithin the Danube River to answer the question whether prey availability and type may have facilitated successful goby invasion to the upper Danube. The non‐native populations of both species were in better somatic condition and grew faster. The biomass of nonmollusc macrozoobenthos, dominated by Amphipoda, was markedly higher in the non‐native range while molluscs were recorded frequently in both the native and non‐native ranges. Amphipods were far the most consumed prey by non‐native fish, whereas native fish combined two main prey types – amphipods and fish (bighead goby) and amphipods and bivalves (round goby). A laboratory experiment was conducted to reveal whether the low consumption of bivalves by the round goby in the non‐native range reflects prey encounter rates or alternatively prey selectivity. When bivalves and amphipods were offered simultaneously in excess to the experimental fish, round goby showed strong preference towards amphipods. Molluscs are hypothesised to be an alternative rather than the most preferred prey for the round goby. Rich food resources utilised by the non‐native bighead and round goby contribute to their invasive success in the upper Danube.
Subcellular Distribution of Tail‐Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kriechbaumer Verena , Shaw Rowena , Mukherjee Joy , Bowsher Caroline G. , Harrison Anne‐Marie , Abell Ben M.
Published: September 2009

Tail‐anchored (TA) proteins function in key cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, such as vesicle trafficking, protein translocation and regulation of transcription. They anchor to internal cell membranes by a C‐terminal transmembrane domain, which also serves as a targeting sequence. Targeting occurs post‐translationally, via pathways that are specific to the precursor, which makes TA proteins a model system for investigating post‐translational protein targeting. Bioinformatics approaches have previously been used to identify potential TA proteins in yeast and humans, yet little is known about TA proteins in plants. The identification of plant TA proteins is important for extending the post‐translational model system to plastids, in addition to general proteome characterization, and the identification of functional homologues characterized in other organisms. We identified 454 loci that potentially encode TA proteins in Arabidopsis, and combined published data with new localization experiments to assign localizations to 130 proteins, including 29 associated with plastids. By analysing the tail anchor sequences of characterized proteins, we have developed a tool for predicting localization and estimate that 138 TA proteins are localized to plastids.
Impact of skin tone on the performance of a transcutaneous jaundice meter
Authors: Wainer Stephen , Rabi Yacov , Parmar Seema M. , Allegro Donna , Lyon Martha
Published: September 2009

Aim:  To evaluate the performance of the Konica Minolta/Air‐Shields® JM‐103 jaundice meter on the basis of infant skin tone during the early neonatal period.

Methods:  Infants were prospectively categorized into light, medium and dark skin tone groups relative to two reference colours. Transcutaneous bilirubin readings were taken at predetermined intervals through the early neonatal period on a convenience sample of 938 healthy infants ≥37 weeks gestation. Serum bilirubin measurements were drawn routinely with metabolic studies and repeated in the presence of an elevated transcutaneous reading or clinically significant jaundice.

Results:  Multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant impact on serum and transcutaneous bilirubin agreement by skin tone. Highest precision and lowest bias were observed for medium skin toned infants. Greater disagreement between serum and transcutaneous measurements was noted at serum bilirubin concentrations >200 μmol/L. Insufficient numbers of dark skin toned infants were enroled to evaluate fully the performance of the jaundice meter for this group.

Conclusion:  The JM‐103 jaundice meter displayed good correlation with serum bilirubin concentrations in light and medium skin tone infants, although it showed a tendency to under‐read in the lighter skin tone group and to over‐read in the darker skin tone group. The device shows excellent performance characteristics for use as a screening device.
Routine developmental screening at 5.5 and 7 years of age is not an efficient predictor of attention‐deficit / hyperactivity disorder at age 10
Authors: Holmberg Kirsten , Sundelin Claes , Hjern Anders
Published: September 2009

Aim:  The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of developmental screening for deficits in attention, motor control and perception or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (DAMP/ADHD) at 5.5 and 7 years of age for diagnosing ADHD in grade 4.

Method:  The study population consisted of 442 children from a cohort study of ADHD in 10‐year olds in one municipality in Stockholm County. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of a developmental screening at 5.5 and at 7 years of age for being diagnosed with ADHD at 10 years of age was calculated.

Results:  The sensitivity was 44%, the specificity 85% and the positive predictive value for having a diagnosis of pervasive ADHD in 4th grade was 15%, when at least two deviations in nine items was used as the cut‐off point in 5.5‐year screening at Child Health Centres (CHCs). With a cut‐off score of at least two deviations in four items rated by parents or and teachers in 1st grade, these estimates were 58%, 81% and 15% respectively.

Conclusion:  This study demonstrates that developmental screening for DAMP/ADHD at 5.5 and 7 years of age does not identify children who are diagnosed with ADHD in grade 4 with a high degree of selectivity.
The transient value of classifying preschool wheeze into episodic viral wheeze and multiple trigger wheeze
Authors: Schultz A , Devadason SG , Savenije OEM , Sly PD , Le Souëf PN , Brand PLP
Published: September 2009

Background:  A recently proposed method for classifying preschool wheeze is to describe it as either episodic (viral) wheeze or multiple trigger wheeze. In research studies, phenotype is generally determined by retrospective questionnaire.

Aim:  To determine whether recently proposed phenotypes of preschool wheeze are stable over time.

Methods:  In all, 132 two to six‐year‐old children with doctor diagnosed asthma on maintenance inhaled corticosteroids were classified as having episodic (viral) wheeze or multiple trigger wheeze at a screening visit and then followed up at three‐monthly intervals for a year. At each follow‐up visit, standardized questionnaires were used to determine whether the subjects wheezed only with, or also in the absence of colds. Stability of the phenotypes was assessed at the end of the study.

Results:  Phenotype as determined by retrospective parental report at the start of the study was not predictive of phenotype during the study year. Phenotypic classification remained the same in 45.9% of children and altered in 54.1% of children.

Conclusion:  When children with preschool wheeze are classified into episodic (viral) wheeze or multiple trigger wheeze based on retrospective questionnaire, the classification is likely to change significantly within a 1‐year period.
Shakespeare and Elizabeth I: Icons and their Afterlives1
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: September 2009

Shakespeare and Queen Elizabeth I are each potent cultural icons in their own right, but from the 18th century to the present day their afterlives have been intertwined and mutually dependent. Despite the absence of evidence of any encounter between them, and the scant and ambivalent references to Elizabeth in Shakespeare’s works, many different kinds of writers and artists have imagined a meeting, or patronage relationship, or even intimacy between them. This article surveys this joint iconography as it has appeared not only in historical fictions, historical paintings, and costume‐dramas on film, but also in Shakespeare biography, Shakespeare criticism and the Shakespeare authorship controversy. It considers the role of this mythology in the formation of national identity in both Britain and America. It also briefly surveys recent critical work on the individual afterlives of Shakespeare and Elizabeth.
An orphan dermaseptin from frog skin reversibly assembles to amyloid‐like aggregates in a pH‐dependent fashion
Authors: Gößler‐Schöfberger Ruth , Hesser Günter , Muik Martin , Wechselberger Christian , Jilek Alexander
Published: September 2009

Dermaseptin PD‐3‐7 (aDrs) from frog skin contains three aspartic acid residues resulting in a negative net charge at neutral pH, as opposed to numerous other dermaseptins which are cationic helical antimicrobial peptides. Still, this peptide can be fitted into an amphipathic α helix by an Edmundson wheel projection. However, folding to the proposed helix was induced to only a low extent by zwitterionic vesicles or even detergents. Furthermore, no evidence of antibacterial or cytotoxic activity from soluble aDrs could be obtained. The peptide has an inherent propensity to an extended conformation in aqueous solution and self‐assembles into amyloid fibrils in a reversible pH‐controlled fashion, which was studied in some detail; above pH 5, the amyloid fibrils disassemble in a cooperative manner. This is probably caused by deprotonation of both side chain and terminal carboxyl groups, which results in intermolecular electrostatic repulsion. At neutral pH, this process proceeds instantaneously to the soluble form. Within the transition interval (pH 5–6.5), however, ‘backward’ granular aggregates, 10–500 nm in size, are formed. Such metastable amorphous aggregates, which are quickly released from an amyloid depot by a shift in pH, can mediate a strong cytotoxic effect. This activity does not involve lysis or interference with the cellular redox status, but apparently acts via an as yet unidentified mechanism. In this study, we present a new member of an emerging class of self‐assembling frog skin peptides with extraordinary self‐aggregation properties, which may potentially be relevant for biological processes.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7256467: Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) and Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) bind (MI:0407) by circular dichroism (MI:0016)

MINT‐7255686: Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) and Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) bind (MI:0407) by biophysical (MI:0013)

MINT‐7256439: Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) and Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) bind (MI:0407) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)

MINT‐7256449: Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) and Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) bind (MI:0407) by electron microscopy (MI:0040)

MINT‐7256430: Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) and Dermaseptin (uniprotkb:O93455) bind (MI:0407) by fluorescence technologies (MI:0051)
Relationship between functional activity and protein stability in the presence of all classes of stabilizing osmolytes
Authors: Jamal Shazia , Poddar Nitesh K. , Singh Laishram R. , Dar Tanveer A. , Rishi Vikas , Ahmad Faizan
Published: September 2009

We report the effects of stabilizing osmolytes (low molecular mass organic compounds that raise the midpoint of thermal denaturation) on the stability and function of RNase‐A under physiological conditions (pH 6.0 and 25 °C). Measurements of Gibbs free energy change at 25 °C (ΔGD°) and kinetic parameters, Michaelis constant (Km) and catalytic constant (kcat) of the enzyme mediated hydrolysis of cytidine monophosphate, enabled us to classify stabilizing osmolytes into three different classes based on their effects on kinetic parameters and protein stability. (a) Polyhydric alcohols and amino acids and their derivatives do not have significant effects on ΔGD° and functional activity (Km and kcat). (b) Methylamines increase ΔGD° and kcat, but decrease Km. (c) Sugars increase ΔGD°, but decrease both Km and kcat. These findings suggest that, among the stabilizing osmolytes, (a) polyols, amino acids and amino acid derivatives are compatible solutes in terms of both stability and function, (b) methylamines are the best refolders (stabilizers), and (c) sugar osmolytes stabilize the protein, but they apparently do not yield functionally active folded molecules.
Identification of the amniotic fluid insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 phosphorylation sites and propensity to proteolysis of the isoforms
Authors: Dolcini Lorenzo , Sala Alberto , Campagnoli Monica , Labò Sara , Valli Maurizia , Visai Livia , Minchiotti Lorenzo , Monaco Hugo L. , Galliano Monica
Published: September 2009

Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 (IGFBP‐1) is the major secreted protein of human decidual cells during gestation and, as a modulator of insulin‐like growth factors or by independent mechanisms, regulates embryonic implantation and growth. The protein is phosphorylated and this post‐translational modification is regulated in pregnancy and represents an important determinant of its biological activity. We have isolated, from human normal amniotic fluid collected in the weeks 16–18, the intact nonphosphorylated IGFBP‐1 and five electrophoretically distinct phosphoisoforms and have determined their in vivo phosphorylation state. The unmodified protein was the most abundant component and mono‐, bi‐, tri‐ and tetraphosphorylated forms were present in decreasing amounts. The phosphorylation sites of IGFBP‐1 were identified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides generated with trypsin, chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Five serines were found to be phosphorylated and, of these, four are localized in the central, weakly conserved, region, at positions 95, 98, 101 and 119, whereas one, Ser169, is in the C‐terminal domain. The post‐translational modification predominantly involves the hydrophilic stretch of amino acids representing a potential PEST sequence (proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine) and our results show that the phosphorylation state influences the propensity of IGFBP‐1 to proteolysis.
Identification of the structural determinant responsible for the phosphorylation of G‐protein activated potassium channel 1 by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase
Authors: Müllner Carmen , Steinecker Bibiane , Gorischek Astrid , Schreibmayer Wolfgang
Published: September 2009

Besides being activated by G‐protein β/γ subunits, G‐protein activated potassium channels (GIRKs) are regulated by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase. Back‐phosphorylation experiments have revealed that the GIRK1 subunit is phosphorylated in vivo upon protein kinase A activation in Xenopus oocytes, whereas phosphorylation was eliminated when protein kinase A was blocked. In vitro phosphorylation experiments using truncated versions of GIRK1 revealed that the structural determinant is located within the distant, unique cytosolic C‐terminus of GIRK1. Serine 385, serine 401 and threonine 407 were identified to be responsible for the incorporation of radioactive 32P into the protein. Furthermore, the functional effects of cAMP injections into oocytes on currents produced by GIRK1 homooligomers were significantly reduced when these three amino acids were mutated. The data obtained in the present study provide information about the structural determinants that are responsible for protein kinase A phosphorylation and the regulation of GIRK channels.

Structured digital abstract

 MINT‐7260296, MINT‐7260317, MINT‐7260333, MINT‐7260347, MINT‐7260361, MINT‐7260270: PKA‐cs (uniprotkb:P00517) phosphorylates (MI:0217) Girk1 (uniprotkb:P63251) by protein kinase assay (MI:0424)
A unique display of toll‐like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms in non‐Han Chinese Hani population
Authors: Zheng B. , Wei C. , Shou T. , Li Q. , Yang M. , Yi L. , Zhou R. , Shao J. , Xiao C.
Published: September 2009

The toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) polymorphisms, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, were investigated with PCR‐RFLP and DNA sequencing methods in 938 and 980 individuals from the Yunnan Hani ethnic minority and the majority Han population, respectively. Six heterozygotes for both Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile were detected in the Hani, a polymorphism frequency of 0.6397%, whereas no variants were found amongst the Han.
Detection of a rare Caucasoid HLA‐DRB1*0337 in a Taiwanese bone marrow donor using sequence‐based typing method
Authors: Chen M. J. , Chu C. C. , Shyr M. H. , Lin C. L. , Lin P. Y. , Yang K. L.
Published: September 2009

We here describe the identification of HLA‐DRB1*0337, using sequence‐based typing (SBT) method, in a Taiwanese bone marrow donor intrigued by a casual curiosity on the donor’s racial background. On high‐resolution sequence‐specific primer (SSP) typing we observed misleading reaction patterns due to similarity of DNA sequences in the exon 2 of DRB1*0301, *0317, *0337 and *1139. When encountering rare alleles in HLA typing, it is important to pay extra attentions to avoid pitfalls and shortcomings of SSP typing kits routinely used and bear in mind that constant up‐dating of high‐resolution SSP typing kits to be able to distinguish newly reported alleles. SBT may be considered as a back‐up HLA typing method to confirm rare alleles.
Agraphydrus narusei(Satô) andCrenitis apicalis(Reitter) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) new to Korea
Authors: LEE Dae‐Hyun , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: September 2009

Two hydrophilid species,Agraphydrus narusei(Satô) andCrenitis apicalis(Reitter), are identified for the first time in Korea. Habitus photo, description, and diagnostic characters with illustration of the species are provided.
Baseline toxicity of emamectin and spinosad to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for resistance monitoring
Authors: STANLEY Johnson , CHANDRASEKARAN Subramanian , REGUPATHY Ayyappan
Published: September 2009

Acute toxicity studies of emamectin and spinosad against Helicoverpa armigera revealed that the pest is highly susceptible to both the insecticides. The median lethal dose (LD50) of emamectin is 3.86 × 10−3 µg per larva. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of emamectin and spinosad were found to be 0.09 and 2.94 ppm, respectively. The discriminating doses were fixed based on the LC95 of the susceptible population of H. armigera as 0.80 ppm for emamectin and 10 ppm for spinosad. Resistance was not observed when the discriminating doses of emamectin and spinosad were applied on field‐collected populations of H. armigera from two intensive cotton growing areas, Coimbatore and Madurai, India.
Korean species of the Genus Scaphobaeocera Csiki (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) in Korea
Authors: HOSHINA Hideto , PARK Sun‐Jae , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: September 2009

The genus Scaphobaeocera Csiki including three species (S. dorsalis Löbl, S. inexpectata Löbl, S. pecki Löbl) is identified for the first time in Korea. A key to the species is given with diagnosis and illustrations of important morphological features.
Research and utilization of medicinal insects in China
Authors: FENG Ying , ZHAO Min , HE Zhao , CHEN Zhiyong , SUN Long
Published: September 2009

The research and utilization of medicinal insects in China is introduced briefly in this paper. Medicinal insects have been used to treat human diseases from ancient times. There are approximately 300 medicinal insects species distributed in 70 genera, 63 families and 14 orders at present. An estimated 1700 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions include medicinal insects or insect‐derived crude drugs. Many insect‐derived compounds have been studied and show efficient therapeutic functions. Techniques for mass rearing and cultivation of medicinal insects have been developed in order to have sufficient quantities of medicinal insects. Suggestions are made towards the uses of medicinal insects and it is proposed that insects will be a main resource for the future discovery of new drugs.
Common edible insects and their utilization in China
Authors: CHEN Xiaoming , FENG Ying , CHEN Zhiyong
Published: September 2009

This paper reviews the common edible insects and their use in China. One‐hundred and seventy‐eight insect species from 96 genera, 53 families and 11 orders are commonly eaten in China. Preparation of edible insects includes frying, braising, stewing, stewing after frying, boiling and roasting. The insect forms eaten range from eggs to adults; however, in restaurants most are larvae and pupae. More than 50 species have been analyzed for their nutritive elements and nutritional value and these data are reviewed here. Insect health foods sold in the Chinese market are also briefly discussed.
Edible insects: Traditional knowledge or western phobia?
Authors: YEN Alan L.
Published: September 2009

With an increasing human population and environmental degradation, the world faces a major problem in providing adequate animal based proteins. Many traditional societies have used or still use insects as a protein source, while westernized societies are reluctant to use insects, despite being the major consumers of animal proteins. We now need to consider insects as a source of food for humans in a manner that acknowledges both the role of entomophagy in indigenous societies and the need for westernized societies to reduce the size of their environmental footprint with regard to food production. The situation on continents such as Africa, Asia, and Central and South America has some parallels to Australia in that there are two forces in operation: the sustainable traditional use of edible insects and the “westernization” of these societies leading to a movement away from entomophagy. However, the potential to reach a compromise is greater in these continents because entomophagy is already accepted. The major challenges will be establishing sustainable production systems that include food safety and security as well as environmental protection. Whether this will happen or not will depend upon: (i) a major change in attitude in westernized societies towards entomophagy; (ii) pressure to conserve remaining habitats in a sustainable manner; (iii) economic impetus to develop food production systems that include insects; and (iv) an acknowledgement that achieving adequate nutrition on a global basis will involve different diets in much of the developed world.
Feasting on insects
Authors: NONAKA Kenichi
Published: September 2009

Insects are an important natural resource, both for self‐sufficiency and as commercial food products in many parts of the world. The use of edible insects reflects regional preferences and socio‐cultural significance, which can be described in terms of regional differences. This study describes some edible insects in three regions: Japan, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa, and focuses on systems of traditional practices as the socio‐cultural implications of people's preferences regarding edible insects. The case studies presented here describe such insect‐related customs as the continuation of the traditional practice of insect eating in Japan, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. These case studies describe the uniqueness or special characteristics of the custom, and the significance of its existence in the social sphere. Edible insects are regarded as cultural resources reflecting a rich biodiversity. They represent an alternative source of natural food resources in remote or mountainous areas. People who eat insects have established a broad variety of methods for collecting and cooking the rich diversity of edible insect species that are available. However, increases in demand could lead to competition and overexploitation, resulting in the future decline of these resources. In areas affected by overdevelopment, insect habitats are also likely to decline. It is necessary to raise people's awareness of the importance of the use of insects for food in order to ensure that insects are used in a sustainable manner, and to promote their proper use and conservation.