bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Growth and Yield Parameters of Different Okra Varieties in Lamjung, Nepal
Authors: Magar Anita Pulami , Paudel Laxmi Kanta , Ojha Ankit , Thapa Swastika , Joshi Samjhana
Published: August 2024

Aims: This research aimed to evaluate the performance of different okra varieties in Lamjung district, Nepal, to identify high-yielding cultivars suitable for local cultivation.
Study Design: The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven okra varieties (treatments) and three replications per treatment, totaling 21 plots.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in Beshishar, Lamjung District, Nepal. Data collection and experimentation were carried out over the growing season of okra.
Methodology: Growth and yield parameters including plant height, number of leaves and primary branches per plant, days to first flowering, number of nodes at first flowering, number of pods per plant, pod length, pod weight, yield per plant, and yield per hectare were measured and recorded from selected plants within each plot. Statistical analysis was done to compare the performance of different varieties.
Results: Significant variations were observed across the varieties, with F1 Glory and Arka Anamika outperforming others. F1 Glory showed the highest plant height at 106.4 cm and the maximum yield at 9.02 t/ha, followed closely by Arka Anamika with a plant height of 88 cm and a yield of 8.45 t/ha. In contrast, Parvati recorded the lowest plant height at 63.33 cm and yield at 6.08 t/ha. Additionally, F1 Glory had the highest number of leaves (26.60 per plant), primary branches (3.15 per plant), and the longest pod length (14.94 cm), further contributing to its superior yield. The variety also achieved the highest pod weight, averaging 15.85 g per pod, which was significantly higher than S-51's 11.19 g per pod. Arka Anamika, while slightly behind F1 Glory, still showed robust performance with a pod length of 13.94 cm, an average pod weight of 14.49 g, and a similar number of leaves (22.80 per plant). Parvati, on the other hand, consistently underperformed in all agronomic traits, with a pod length of 10.45 cm, a lower number of primary branches (1.74 per plant), and the smallest number of leaves (13.60 per plant).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that varieties viz., F1 Glory and Arka Anamika excelled in yield and growth parameters in Lamjung district. These varieties could enhance local productivity by addressing current challenges in okra cultivation. This study gives valuable insights for selecting suitable okra varieties and enhancing agricultural sustainability and economic outcomes.
Teachers' and Students' Perceptions on Learning the English Language and Its Significance in a School in Samtse Dzongkhag, Bhutan
Authors: Norbu Lazang
Published: August 2024

This study investigates teachers’ and students’ perceptions on Learning English, specifically its opportunities and challenges. A qualitative approach guided by Constructivist paradigm was employed for the study. The data were gathered using one-on-one interviews, focus group interviews and classroom observations.  A purposive sampling was used to collect data from students and teachers from a higher secondary school in Samtse Dzongkhag (district).  The data were thematically analyzed using Braun and Clarke's (2018) thematic analysis procedures. Findings revealed that learning English enhances cognitive flexibility, networking skills, career perspective, educational opportunities, and unfamiliarity with the English language and its rules. Further, the findings highlighted that there are intrapersonal and institutional barriers to learning English. It is recommended that the stakeholders concerned and school administration to make available of teaching aids and other facilities like printing and ICT laboratory. Additionally, the study also recommends the Ministry of Education (MoE) and teachers to provide adequate time for reading and writing literature.
Inhibitory Effects of Datura innoxia Mill Extracts on Two Enzymes Involved in the Control of Diabetes and Inflammation
Authors: Konaré Mamadou A. , Cissé Cheickna , Togola Issiaka , Fomba Moussa
Published: August 2024

Aims: This work aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Datura innoxia Mill leaf and root extracts on two enzymes involved in the control of diabetes and inflammation.
Study Design:  The α-amylase and trypsin are two key enzymes involved in the regulation of diabetes and inflammation. Inhibiting the activity of these two enzymes is one of the keys to managing the diabetes and inflammation.
Place and Duration of Study: The leaves and roots of D. innoxia were harvested at Safo, village located in the commune of Kati, Region of Koulikoro, Mali in January 2022. Experimental studies were conducted at the Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Natural Substances (LBASNa), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (FST), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (Mali) from February to September 2022. 
Methodology: The phytochemical composition of the extracts was performed based on classical qualitative methods. The colorimetric method was used to determine the anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts using the amylase and trypsin inhibition test, respectively. The statistical tests employed Minitab software.
Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds. The inhibitory potential against α-amylase and trypsin varied according to the extract concentrations and plant parts (p-value < .05). The hydroethanolic extracts exhibited more significantly α-amylase inhibitory activities than the ethyl acetate and aqueous ones. The leaves were more active than roots. With the extract concentrations tested (20 to 640 µg/mL), the inhibition rates ranged from 12.98±0.56 to 89.65±4.18% against amylase and from 2.70±0.43 to 75.19±3.54% against trypsin. The concentrations inhibiting 50% (IC50) of enzyme activity were 182.22±20.12 to 323.27±7.01 µg/mL for α-amylase and 333.86±10.38 to 461.25±27.41 µg/mL for trypsin. These registered potential inhibitors of amylase and trypsin conferred on these extracts the ability to modulate the diabetes and inflammation, respectively.
Conclusion: These data show that D. innoxia extracts would possess hypoglycemic and anti-proteolytic potential. Therefore, the species are hopeful for the conception of phytomedicines using its hydroethanolic leaf extracts to contribute to the traditional management of diabetes and inflammation in Mali.
Sympathetic Hyperactivity and Its Relationship with Obesity in Diabetic Hypertensive Patients: A Study of 122 Cases
Authors: Bourzeg Khaoula , Zerhoudi Rim , Massrioui Joumana El , Aityahya Abdelkarim , Jamili Mohamed El , Karimi Saloua El , Hattaoui Mustapha El
Published: August 2024

Introduction: The circadian rhythm of heart rate reflects the balance of activity in the autonomic nervous system. The relationship between sympathetic activity and the presence of hypertension (HTN) or diabetes has been a subject of significant study for many years.
Methods and Results: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study including 122 diabetic and hypertensive patients who underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a period of 4 years. The mean age was 60.9 ± 13.3 years, ranging from 19 to 95 years. Women comprised 62.3% of the sample. Among the patients, 31.97% were obese and 44.26% were overweight. The average heart rate was 69.50 ± 8.6 beats per minute. A similar profile to the reverse dipper blood pressure pattern, defining sympathetic hyperactivity, was observed in our series. In bivariate analysis, obesity was present in 43.75% of patients with sympathetic hyperactivity compared to 41.56% in those with normal circadian rhythm (p >= 0.999). This finding was reinforced in multivariate analysis, which showed a significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and sympathetic hyperactivity (OR=0.582 [0.232; 1.46], p=0.7297).
Discussion: Insulin resistance is associated with obesity, particularly central obesity. Recent studies have shown the involvement of insulin resistance in the development of hypertension (HTN), which explains the high rate of obese individuals in our series, although this may not be directly related to sympathetic hyperactivity. Currently, the role of sympathetic dysfunction in the genesis or exacerbation of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders is well-established. Research has demonstrated the influence of circadian rhythm on gene and protein expression in cardiac cells, affecting cardiac contraction and electrophysiology. These findings underscore the importance of always exploring the autonomic nervous system in the etiological assessment of metabolic syndrome broadly, and specifically in hypertension and diabetes.
Eco-friendly Management of Purple Blotch (Alternaria porri) of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: Devi Takhelmayum Jaishila , Lal Abhilasha A.
Published: August 2024

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the important commercial vegetable crops grown in India. Onion is attacked by many diseases, one of which is Purple blotch. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic manures and fungicides on Purple blotch disease of onion caused by Alternaria porri. The research work was undertaken at Central Research Farm (CRF) Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj during Rabi in 2023-24. A randomized block design with seven treatments was employed including Untreated check T0 (Control), T1 (Vermicompost @100g/m2 + Lantana camara @100g/m2), T2 (Biomix @100g/m2 + Lantana camara @100g/m2), T3 (Cocopeat @100g/m2 + Lantana camara @100g/m2), T4 (Vermicompost @50g/m2 + Biomix @50g/m2 + Lantana camara @100g/m2), T5 (Vermicompost @50g/m2 + Cocopeat @50g/m2 + Lantana camara @100g/m2) and Treated check T6 ( Carbendazim @0.2%). The results revealed that among the organic manure T4- Vermicompost @50g/m2 + Biomix @50g/m2 + Lantana camara @100g/m2 minimum disease intensity (8.21%, 17.82% and 26.48%) at 30,60 and 90 DAT, respectively while maximum disease intensity was recorded in untreated T0- Contro (12.07%, 26.54% and 39.17%) at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, respectively. Maximum plant height (17.34 cm, 29.56 cm and 38.18 cm) at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, number of leaves (4.53 per plant, 4.76 per plant and 6.66 per plant) at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, fresh weight of bulb (44.96 gm/m2), bulb diameter (5.90 cm), yield (148.30 q/ha) and benefit- cost ratio(1:4.2) were found in T4- Vermicompost @50g/m2 + Biomix @50g/m2 Lantana camara @ 100g/m2 when compared to treated T6- Carbendazim and untreated check T0- Control.
Growth Characteristics, Yield Attributes and Quality of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Affected by Integrated Nutrient Management and Moisture Conservation Practice
Authors: Warsi Athar Husain , Kumar Sarvesh , Kumar Munish , Kumar Kaushal , Khan Naushad , Singh Vikas , Kausar Saba
Published: August 2024

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil Conservation and Water Management at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh during the Zaid season of 2022 and 2023. In the experiment, five integrated nutrient management practices were tested- F1: 100% RDF, F2: 75% RDF + 2.5 ton/ha Press mud, F3: 75% RDF + 2.5 ton FYM/ha, F4: 50% RDF + 5 ton/ha Press mud + 5 kg Borax/ha, and F5: 50% RDF + 5 ton FYM/ha + 5 kg Borax/ha. Three moisture conservation options were also tested- M1: Farmer practices, M2: Dust mulching, and M3: Imazathapyr @ 1l/ha + Dust mulching to evaluate the Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management and moisture Conservation practice on Groundnut production (Arachis hypogaea L.). The result showed that INM protocol F4 - 50% RDF + 5 t press mud/ha + 5 kg Borex/ha, Pooled data reveals that plant height (43.07 cm), fresh weight (96.95 g), dry weight (26.06 g), no. of pod/plant (36.45), 100 test weight (46.20 g), protein content (29.89 %) and oil content (43.89%) of groundnut were recorded as significantly higher to comparing other Integrated Nutrient Management practices. However, Moisture practices M3 - M3-Imazathapyr @ 1L ha + Dust mulching, Pooled data reveals that plant height (42.28 cm), fresh weight (90.78 g), dry weight (25.07 g), no. of pod/plant (33.96), 100 test weight (43.16 g), protein content (28.59 %) and oil content (42.53%) of groundnut was recorded significantly higher values compared to other moisture practices.
Understanding Farmers’ Perceptions and Constraints in Biogas Slurry use in Anand District of Gujarat, India
Authors: M. Baflipara Dharmik , Prajapati Mahesh
Published: August 2024

Biogas slurry (BGS), a byproduct of anaerobic fermentation of bio-materials, is an eco-friendly and efficient organic fertilizer. While chemical fertilizers enhance crop yields, their excessive use causes soil compaction, reduced fertility, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. BGS, rich in essential nutrients, offers a sustainable alternative, but its bulky nature, high water content, and management challenges hinder widespread adoption. This study, "Understanding Farmers’ Perceptions and Constraints in Biogas Slurry Use in Anand District of Gujarat," investigated awareness, perception, and constraints faced by farmers. Using purposive sampling, primary data were collected from 120 farmers in Anand district. Analytical methods included Frequencies, Percentages, Tabular analysis, Weighted Average Mean, and Henry Garrett ranking used. Findings showed that 68% of farmers were middle-aged, 72% belonged to nuclear families, 37% had primary education, 69% earned 5-10 lakhs annually, and 37% owned 1-2 hectares of land. Bananas were the primary crop for 72% of farmers, with 63% relying solely on agriculture. A significant gender disparity was noted, with 99% male farmers. All respondents were aware of BGS, primarily due to initiatives like the Deenbandhu scheme and the National Dairy Development Board's Mrida company. BGS was favored for its nutrient content and lower weed issues compared to farmyard manure. However, challenges included transportation, storage, availability, labour, and application difficulties. Recommendations include improving transportation and storage infrastructure, adopting innovative technologies, implementing quality control, and conducting awareness campaigns for wider adaptation
Vaping Trends among Adoloscents: Understanding the Rise of E Cigarettes in Youth Culture
Authors: Tahniyath Uzma , Begum Sumaiya Simran , Unnisa Madiha
Published: August 2024

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as a contentious topic due to their rising popularity among adolescents and young adults, alongside growing concerns regarding their health implications. This review synthesizes current literature on various dimensions of e-cigarette use, encompassing initiation and progression among youth, respiratory complications, mental health implications, effects on fertility, and their role in smoking cessation. Research indicates a significant rate of e-cigarette initiation among adolescents, influenced by demographic factors such as age, cohabitation with tobacco users, and predisposing psychosocial traits including sensation-seeking behavior and externalizing mental health issues. Respiratory health concerns associated with e-cigarettes include notable cases of EVALI, characterized by severe lung injuries linked to certain e-liquid additives. Aerosols from e-cigarettes are implicated in impairing lung function, disrupting mucociliary clearance, and compromising immune responses, thereby heightening susceptibility to respiratory infections. Furthermore, e-cigarette use is associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety among adolescents, though longitudinal studies indicate complex bidirectional relationships necessitating further investigation. In terms of fertility, studies highlight potential adverse effects on male reproductive health, including disruptions in testicular morphology, decreased sperm counts, and altered hormone levels. While e-cigarettes offer a potential harm reduction strategy for adult smokers, their increasing prevalence among youth and potential health risks underscore the imperative for continued research and regulatory oversight to mitigate adverse respiratory, mental health, and reproductive outcomes, as well as to clarify their role in smoking cessation efforts. With the increase in smoking-related excise rates (CHT) in early 2020, an increasing percentage of traditional smokers switched to e-cigarettes. Since the e-cigarettes are comprised of up of a mixture of water, propylene glycol, flavor enhancers, tobacco aroma, and other substances that are not found in conventional cigarettes, like tar or other substances that are toxic, the initial goal of e-cigarettes was to aid tobacco smokers in gradually stopping [1].
Assessment of Bottlenecks in Paddy Residues Management and Utilization in Punjab, India
Authors: Khandai Suryakanta , Narang Mahesh Kumar , Parihar Dilwar Singh , Kumar Virendar , Bhowmick Malay Kumar , Singh Sudhanshu
Published: August 2024

The sustainable management of rice straw and the efficient cultivation of wheat crops are integral components of agricultural practices in the Punjab region, where rice and wheat are staple crops. However, the management of rice straw remains a persistent challenge, it is estimated that about 20 million tonnes of rice straw left in the field after the combine harvesting. As wheat straw is preferred for dry fodder or Bhusa for feeding the animals. The farmers of Punjab do not find a ready economic use of rice straw. The traditional practice of open-field burning of rice straw due to time constraints, adversely affects air quality, soil health, and ecosystem sustainability. Various methods have been employed to address the straw management issue, including rice straw incorporation, mulching, baling and partial burning. Different machines are available for timely management of rice straw includes Super SMS, Happy seeder, Paddy straw Chopper/mulcher, Hydraulic Reversible MB plough, Rotary slasher, Zero Tillage drill and Rotavator, Rotary till-drill, Strip till seeder, Straw baler. However, their adoption remains inconsistent across the region. Understanding the bottlenecks and constraints associated with these methods is essential for devising effective solutions. Therefore, a farmers survey was conducted in this study to find out the major constrains to adopt these technologies. It was found that the soil type, rice variety, weather condition, limited financial resources and awareness are the major driven reason for the low adoptability of the technology. Assessing the economic viability of these technologies is vital for informed decision-making by farmers and policymakers. The economics of wheat crop sowing using happy seeder was found to be the cheapest (costing 1300 Rs/acre) among all the tested methods. This research aims to provide valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices in Punjab, fostering a transition toward more environmentally friendly and economically viable straw management and rice wheat cultivation strategies.
Advanced Methods for Constructing UE(\(S^2 )\) Optimal Supersaturated Designs in Factor Screening Experiments
Authors: Manjunatha B. , S. Manju Prem , H. Gunashekhar , R. Karthik , Mahendra K. R. , Kiran N. R. , G. N. Damodhara , V.C. Karthik
Published: August 2024

Supersaturated designs (SSDs) are crucial in factor screening experiments, especially when factor sparsity is assumed, meaning only a few factors are expected to be significant. Building on the foundational work of Jones and Majumdar [1], who introduced the UE(\(S^2 )\)  criterion as an improvement over the E(\(S^2 )\)  criterion by Booth and Cox [2], this study simplifies the construction of UE(\(S^2 )\) -optimal designs. The UE(\(S^2 )\) criterion is similar to the E(\(S^2 )\)  criterion but removes the requirement for factor level balance. Our contribution lies in further simplifying these methods, explaining them with practical examples, and providing proofs for lower bounds for UE(\(S^2 )\) designs. Through this study, we aim to make the concepts and applications of supersaturated designs more accessible and easier to understand for practitioners. These methods can significantly optimize resource use and reduce costs in industrial, biological, and agricultural experiments. The study's implications extend to any field requiring efficient factor screening, offering a robust framework for future research.
Leveraging Social Media Marketing Strategies for Millet-Based Ready-to-Eat Products: A Competitive Analysis
Authors: Meghana Gopanaboina , Raghavan R. Vijaya , Srilatha Ch. , Meena A.
Published: August 2024

By 2019-20, the amount of millet consumed directly decreased to 10.72 MMT. It declined with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.45 per cent during 2010-11 to 2019-20. This can be attributed to changes in eating choices, especially in rural areas. In India, e-commerce is the primary distribution channel for value-based millet products, accounting for over 50 per cent of consumption in urban areas. Millets are a staple grain in many Asian and African countries, where they are used to produce chakli, dosa, papad, idly, porridges, breads and snacks for young children. 97 per cent of millets are grown in underdeveloped countries, primarily by marginal and low-resource farmers. India is the world's largest producer of millet, followed by Nigeria, Niger, and China. The major import marketers are Indonesia, Germany, Belgium, South Korea and the United Arab Emirates. RTE food’s global market size reached USD 181.5 billion in 2023. The research expects this market to reach USD 262.4 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 4.18 per cent. Marketing should be focused 80 per cent on the consumer’s information and education, and only 20 per cent on the sales growth. The firm to expand its market, is planning to increase its presence in gated communities and is also keen on exploring the different opportunities through food on-wheels concept. Hence, market analysis was helpful for the firm in deciding the marketing strategies it needs to employ and the kind of market segments it can serve.
Linking Three Gorges Dam and downstream hydrological regimes along the Yangtze River, China
Authors: Mei Xuefei , Dai Zhijun , van Gelder P. H. A. J. M. , Gao Jinjuan
Published: March 2015

The magnitude of anthropogenic influence, especially dam regulation, on hydrological system is of scientific and practical value for large river management. As the largest dam in the world by far, Three Gorges Dam (TGD) is expected to be a strong evidence on dam impacts on downstream hydrological regime. In this study, statistical methods are performed on the pre‐ and post‐TGD daily hydrological data at Yichang, Hankou, and Datong stations to detect the daily, monthly, yearly, and spatial fluctuations in river hydrology along the Yangtze River during the period of 2000–2013. It is found that TGD makes a significant hydrological variation along the Yangtze River following the dam operation since 2003. Specifically, the daily discharge and water level are gathered to normal event ranges with less extreme events than before 2003. Both maximum and minimum daily water levels at the study stations have decreased due to TGD‐induced riverbed incision. The operation of TGD shifts the maximum monthly discharge and water level from August to July at Yichang station. The significance of TGD effect on discharge and water level relationship presents spatial variation. The rating curves at upstream reach experience the most significant effects with a substantial upward shift, while those at lower reach only suggest slight modification. Of the potential drivers considered in this study, dam regulation is responsible for the changes in downstream river hydrology. Moreover, the tributary and adjoining riparian lakes of the Yangtze River contribute to weaken the effect of TGD on downstream hydrological behavior.
Spatial and temporal variations in crustal production at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 25°N–27°30′N and 0–27 Ma
Authors: Wang Tingting , Tucholke Brian E. , Lin Jian
Published: March 2015

We use high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry, shipboard gravity, side‐scan sonar images, and magnetic anomaly data collected on conjugate flanks of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at 25°N–27°30′N and out to ~27 Ma crust to investigate the crustal evolution of the ridge. Substantial variations in crustal structure and thickness are observed both along and across isochrons. Along isochrons within spreading segments, there are distinct differences in seafloor morphology and gravity‐derived crustal thickness between inside and outside corners. Inside corners are associated with shallow depths, thin crust, and enhanced normal faulting while outside corners have greater depths, thicker crust, and more limited faulting. Across‐isochrons, systematic variations in crustal thickness are observed at two different timescales, one at ~2–3 Myr and another at >10 Myr, and these are attributed to temporal changes in melt supply at the ridge axis. The shorter‐term variations mostly are in‐phase between conjugate ridge flanks, although the actual crustal thickness can be significantly different on the two flanks at any given time. We observe no correlation between crustal thickness and spreading rate. Thus, during periods of low melt supply, tectonic extension must increase to accommodate the full plate separation rate. This extension commonly is concentrated in long‐lived faults on only one side of the axial valley, resulting in strong across‐axis asymmetries in crustal thickness and seafloor morphology. The thin‐crust flank has few volcanic features and exhibits elevated, blocky topography with large‐offset, often irregular faults, while the conjugate thicker‐crust flank shows shorter‐offset, regular faulting, and common volcanic features. The variations in melt supply at the ridge axis most likely are caused either by episodic convection in the subaxial mantle or by variable melting of chemically heterogeneous mantle.
High‐resolution acoustic mapping to understand the ore deposit in the Bayonnaise knoll caldera, Izu‐Ogasawara arc
Authors: Honsho Chie , Ura Tamaki , Asada Akira , Kim Kangsoo , Nagahashi Kenji
Published: March 2015

We collected deep‐sea multibeam, side scan, and subbottom profiler data using an autonomous underwater vehicle at the Bayonnaise knoll, a submarine caldera located in the rift zone of the Izu‐Ogasawara arc. We aimed to reveal topographic and geological features and the origin of a hydrothermal field called the Hakurei site in the caldera. We performed seafloor classification by textural analysis using calibrated side‐scan sonar data, which provided an effective means to understand the geology and to highlight potential areas of hydrothermal constructions. The high‐resolution bathymetric map illustrates that the Hakurei hydrothermal field is distributed over a landslide landform in the caldera wall. The distribution of hydrothermal vents indicates that the slip surface has served as a major route of hydrothermal fluids. The radial alignment of chimneys and mounds indicates radial routes of hydrothermal fluid and/or belching along fragile lines in the landslide landform. Various postcaldera activities are inferred including the formation of a lava dome, a pyroclastic cone, and subsequent phreatic explosions. A general volcano‐tectonic structure extending across the caldera in a NW‐SE direction is interpreted as an inferred boundary fault of the North Myojin Rift. Analogous to the Hokuroku basin and land kuroko deposits, it is suggested that the main contributing factor in the formation of kuroko deposits was volcano‐tectonic activity that dominated the margin of the back‐arc rift basin. The intersections between the margin of a rift basin and the surrounding knolls have a high potential for ore‐forming areas.
Classification of atmospheric river events on the U.S. West Coast using a trajectory model
Authors: Ryoo Ju‐Mee , Waliser Duane E. , Waugh Darryn W. , Wong Sun , Fetzer Eric J. , Fung Inez
Published: March 2015

We investigate transport pathways of water vapor associated with landfalling atmospheric river (AR) events that result in precipitation along the West Coast of the U.S. for winters of 1997–2010. The water vapor transport pathways are determined by computing back trajectories with a trajectory model using the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications reanalysis data set. The majority of AR events (86%) over the West Coast of the U.S. are grouped into three trajectory types, and two of them are closely associated with the AR events. We designate the first type as Ascending near landfall and of Tropical Origin (AT), the second type as Ascending near landfall and of Extratropical Origin (AE), and the third type as Descending or parallel near landfall and of Extratropical Origin (DE), which is accompanied but not directly associated with the AR events. The magnitude and spatial distribution of precipitation of a given AR event are found to be strongly determined by the type of trajectories. In general, AR events composed of both AT and AE trajectories have more frequent precipitation over a broad region of the western U.S. and AR events composed of both AT and DE trajectories have intense precipitation over the southwestern U.S. due to AT trajectories. AR events of AT‐only trajectories have intense precipitation, especially over the northwestern U.S., but are less frequent compared to those of AT + AE trajectories. In addition, different patterns of trajectory types among AR events are closely linked to upper level potential vorticity (PV) anomalies; 66% of AR events are associated with anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking events.
Iron: Models of Proteins with Dinuclear Active Sites
Authors: Chavez Ferman A. , Li Jia
Published: March 2015

This article focuses on recent developments in the area of synthetic model compounds for diiron enzymes. The archetypical enzyme in this class is soluble methane monooxygenase, a protein capable of hydroxylating methane as well as many other substrates. The article includes new diiron enzymes for which the X‐ray structures have been determined. These developments allow for synthetic chemists to focus on new coordination modes for model compounds. The versatility of the diiron site provides new challenges for modeling. The synthetic approaches are organized based on ligand types and assembly modes. These categories include the use of chelating ligands to generate mononuclear iron sites that are then coupled together by bridging ligands to generate the dinuclear site. Employment of trispyridyl ligands, used extensively by Que's group, is next addressed and separated from chelating ligands owing to their popularity and versatility. New developments in binucleating ligands first seen several decades ago are treated next and this is followed by the employment of bulky carboxylate ligands, mainly pioneered by Lippard's group, to control nuclearity and structure. The final topic is a new approach introduced by Lippard's group in which metal‐spanning ligands referred to as “platform ligands” are used to create
syn
nitrogen coordination. Overall, new developments have been in the area of reactivity where functional models have been developed. Although the goal of catalytically oxidizing external alkane and aromatic substrates under ambient conditions with dioxygen is coming closer to reality, this is yet to be achieved. The modeling approach will continue to provide valuable insights into catalytic mechanisms of dinuclear enzymes and will help in the development of green catalysts.
Membrane‐Bound Pyrophosphatases
Authors: Kellosalo Juho , Goldman Adrian
Published: March 2015

Membrane‐bound pyrophosphatases (M‐PPases) are homodimeric enzymes that couple the vectorial transport of protons and/or sodium ions to pyrophosphate (PPi) hydrolysis or synthesis. They are found in prokaryotes, plants, and protists and are thus present in all three domains of life. M‐PPases have an important role in conferring tolerance against abiotic stress conditions and are also vital for plant maturation. Like many proteins that catalyze the formation or cleavage of phosphoanhydride bonds (e.g., P‐ and F‐type ATPases, soluble PPases), M‐PPases require magnesium for activity, both because they bind 2–3 free Mg2+ions and because the catalytically relevant substrate at physiological pH and Mg ion concentration is Mg2PPi. Besides this alkaline earth metal, M‐PPases also bind alkali metals: Na+‐pumping M‐PPases bind and transport Na+and certain M‐PPases bind and are activated by K+. In this article, we give a concise summary of the current structural and functional understanding of M‐PPases, with an emphasis on describing the role of the metal ions in the enzymatic function of these proteins.
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase
Authors: Aachmann Finn L , Vaaje‐Kolstad Gustav , Forsberg Zarah , Røhr Åsmund , Eijsink Vincent G H , Sørlie Morten
Published: March 2015

For decades, the enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin was thought to rely on the synergistic action of hydrolytic enzymes, but recent work has shown that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are important contributors to this process. LPMOs that are divided into three auxiliary activities (AA) families share a structural fold, but there is no detectable sequence identity between members of different families. The general core structure of LPMOs is an immunoglobulin‐like distorted β‐sandwich fold, consisting of antiparallel β‐strands connected by loops with a varying number of α‐helix insertions. LPMOs have a flat binding surface that harbors a type‐2 copper center that is coordinated by three nitrogens with a T‐shaped geometry that has been referred to as the histidine brace. Two of the nitrogens come from the imidazole side chain and the main chain amino group of the N‐terminal histidine, whereas the third nitrogen is from a second conserved histidine. The role of the copper ion is to reduce dioxygen, which requires electrons from an external electron donor. The reduced dioxygen likely abstracts a hydrogen from the substrate, which eventually leads to cleavage of the β‐1,4 glycosidic linkage. While copper‐dependent enzymes usually use more than one metal to activate O2by multielectron reduction, LPMOs use only a single Cu center for catalysis. Central for LPMO activity is a flat protein surface with a few conserved residues suggesting a role in substrate binding and the T‐shape of the copper site that permits strong O2binding with very little reorganization energy allowing the thermodynamically difficult one‐electron reduction activating the oxygen.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Direct C7 Alkynylation of Indolines
Authors: Jin Ning , Pan Changduo , Zhang Honglin , Xu Pan , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian
Published: March 2015

An efficient rhodium(III)‐catalyzed direct C7 alkynylation of indoline CH bonds with the alkynylated hypervalent iodine reagents has been developed. This reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions over a wide structural scope with high site‐selectivity and excellent functional‐group tolerance. N‐Acetyl as well as other N‐acyls served as effective directing groups (DG). This procedure allows for the synthesis of a variety of 7‐alkynyl‐substituted indolines in good to excellent yield. More significantly, C7‐alkynylated indoles through further transformations have been successfully accessed.

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Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on alkoxylation of camphene over cation exchange resin catalysts
Authors: Nie Huiqin , Xu Ruyin , Zhang Feng , Zhou Zheng , Zhang Zhibing , Yang Gaodong
Published: March 2015

The alkoxylation of camphene with 2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol was studied using anhydrous macroporous and strong acid cation exchange resins as catalysts. The effects of various parameters, such as catalyst type, solvent, molar ratio of reactants, reaction temperature, and reusability of catalysts, were investigated in a 250 mL stirred tank reactor to optimize the reaction conditions. The UNIFAC group contribution method was used to correct liquid nonideality, giving the thermodynamic equilibrium constant at 333–370 K. The enthalpy changes calculated by three different methods (Gaussian 03, constant, and a function of temperature) were compared. The value (−74.6 ± 3.3 kJ/mol) calculated by the last method was closer to the theoretical value (−75.73 kJ/mol) than that given by the second method (−30.2 ±1.2 kJ/mol). A Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson model based on activity was used to fit experimental data and the activation energy was 29.14 kJ/mol. The optimized reaction conditions were also verified in a 5 L reaction kettle. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1925–1932, 2015
Biofuel purification in GME zeolitic–imidazolate frameworks: From ab initio calculations to molecular simulations
Authors: Zhang Kang , Gupta Krishna M. , Chen Yifei , Jiang Jianwen
Published: March 2015

A multiscale modeling study is reported on the adsorption of ethanol/water in five zeolitic–imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) for biofuel purification. The ZIFs (ZIF‐68, −69, −78, −79, and −81) have isoreticular Gmelinite topology but differ in organic linkers. The simulated adsorption isotherms of ethanol and water in ZIF‐68 agree fairly well with experimental data. At a low pressure, ZIF‐78 exhibits the highest uptake due to strong hydrogen‐bonding between NO2 groups and adsorbates. The heats of adsorption at infinite dilution largely follow the trend of binding energies estimated from ab initio calculations. At a high pressure, the uptake is governed primarily by free volume but also affected by hydrogen‐bonding. Among the five ZIFs, ZIF‐79 with hydrophobic CH3 groups shows the highest adsorptive selectivity for ethanol/water mixtures. This study provides microscopic insights into the adsorption and separation of ethanol/water in ZIFs, and would facilitate the development of new ZIFs for biofuel purification. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2763–2775, 2015
Complex karyotype, older age, and reduced first‐line dose intensity determine poor survival in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Mosna Federico , Papayannidis Cristina , Martinelli Giovanni , Di Bona Eros , Bonalumi Angela , Tecchio Cristina , Candoni Anna , Capelli Debora , Piccin Andrea , Forghieri Fabio , Bigazzi Catia , Visani Giuseppe , Zambello Renato , Zanatta Lucia , Volpato Francesca , Paolini Stefania , Testoni Nicoletta , Gherlinzoni Filippo , Gottardi Michele
Published: March 2015

Approximately 40% of patients affected by core binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ultimately die from the disease. Few prognostic markers have been identified. We reviewed 192 patients with CBF AML, treated with curative intent (age, 15–79 years) in 11 Italian institutions. Overall, 10‐year overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS), and event‐free survival were 63.9%, 54.8%, and 49.9%, respectively; patients with the t(8;21) and inv(16) chromosomal rearrangements exhibited significant differences at diagnosis. Despite similar high complete remission (CR) rate, patients with inv(16) experienced superior DFS and a high chance of achieving a second CR, often leading to prolonged OS also after relapse. We found that a complex karyotype (i.e., ≥4 cytogenetic anomalies) affected survival, even if only in univariate analysis; the KIT D816 mutation predicted worse prognosis, but only in patients with the t(8;21) rearrangement, whereas FLT3 mutations had no prognostic impact. We then observed increasingly better survival with more intense first‐line therapy, in some high‐risk patients including autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In multivariate analysis, age, severe thrombocytopenia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, and failure to achieve CR after induction independently predicted longer OS, whereas complex karyotype predicted shorter OS only in univariate analysis. The achievement of minimal residual disease negativity predicted better OS and DFS. Long‐term survival was observed also in a minority of elderly patients who received intensive consolidation. All considered, we identified among CBF AML patients a subgroup with poorer prognosis who might benefit from more intense first‐line treatment. Am. J. Hematol. 90:515–523, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test symptom patterns in primary headache disorder patients presenting to otolaryngologists with “sinus” headaches, pain or pressure
Authors: Lal Devyani , Rounds Alexis B. , Rank Matthew A. , Divekar Rohit
Published: March 2015

Background

The objective of this work was to study patient and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) characteristics in primary headache disorders (PHDs).

Methods

Retrospective chart review of “sinus” headache/pressure/pain patients was conducted. Patients that had rhinosinusitis excluded (negative endoscopy/computed tomography [CT]), and neurologist‐confirmed PHD were studied. Patterns in symptom and SNOT‐22 items were analyzed by network visualization and cluster analysis.

Results

Forty‐six patients met study criteria. Forty‐three (93.5%) reported “need to blow nose” and 40 (86.9%) reported postnasal drainage. Sneezing was reported by 37 (80.4%) patients, “blockage/congestion of nose” by 33 (71.8%), and “runny nose by 32 (69.6%) patients. The median SNOT‐22 score was 54 (interquartile range [IQR], 40 to 63). Past history included neurological diagnoses (60%), rhinologic disease (39%; chronic rhinosinusitis [CRS], rhinitis, recurrent acute sinusitis), asthma (28%), and allergen‐sensitivity (26%). Previous sinonasal surgery had been performed in 41%. Network layout and cluster analysis identified 2 patient clusters and 2 symptom clusters. Two‐thirds (31) of patients formed a tight cluster (cluster 1) linking to a symptom cluster of psychosocial items wrapped tightly with “facial pain/pressure.” The remaining one‐third of patients (cluster 2) linked to rhinologic symptoms loosely grouped away from “facial pressure/pain.” In contrast to patients in cluster 2, patients in cluster 1 were predominantly female (p < 0.04), had significantly higher (p < 0.0001) median SNOT‐22 scores (60 vs 34; IQR, 53 to 67 vs 17 to 42), were more likely to have migraine history (p = 0.058), and reported being “sad” (p < 0.0001) or “embarrassed” (p < 0.006).

Conclusion

Prominent rhinologic symptoms can be present in PHD patients in the absence of rhinosinusitis. In particular, high symptom‐burden/SNOT‐22 scores and high psychosocial symptoms should raise suspicion of PHD when endoscopy and/or CT results do not correlate with symptoms.
Back to Basics: An ADR Intervention that Converts a Legal Problem to a Human Solution
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: March 2015

Editor's note: Longtime Alternatives columnist Bob Creo, a veteran Pittsburgh neutral, is revisiting his classic CPR Institute website columns of a decade ago in a Back to Basics Series that he has subtitled “Human Problems, Human Solutions.” In his recent Master Mediators columns, Creo has focused on neuroscience, psychological factors and cognitive biases that affect dispute resolution. These updated Back to Basics columns, in print for the first time, began in November, revisiting mediation‐room techniques and practice issues. This month, the focus is on getting to closure.
Identifying a suite of surrogate freshwaterscape fish species: a case study of conservation prioritization in Ontario's Far North, Canada
Authors: McDermid Jenni , Browne David , Chetkiewicz Cheryl‐Lesley , Chu Cindy
Published: March 2015

Freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened ecosystems on the planet, yet freshwater fish species are frequently overlooked in conservation planning initiatives.

Ontario's Far North (OFN) in Canada is at present one of the largest relatively intact landscapes in North America with 11% of the total area covered by freshwater ecosystems, not including wetlands.

Resource development is being planned for OFN but due to the paucity of data on fish species and the freshwater ecosystems they inhabit, the freshwaterscape is largely being overlooked.

Given the importance of freshwater resources in OFN, existing information on fish species in OFN was compiled and assessed using the Landscape Species Approach (LSA) on this freshwaterscape. The LSA is a species‐based conservation planning tool developed for terrestrial conservation that is constructed around the identification of focal species for a given landscape.

An analysis of 14 large‐bodied candidate freshwater species, including their area requirements, habitat use, ecological function, socio‐economic function and vulnerability to threats was used to identify three freshwaterscape species: lake sturgeon, lake trout, and walleye.

The identification of these species and their ecological requirements suggests a starting place for research, management, and conservation of freshwater resources in OFN before large‐scale landscape changes.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
My Recency, Our Primacy: How Social Connection Influences Evaluations of Sequences
Authors: Bhargave Rajesh P. , Montgomery Nicole Votolato
Published: March 2015

Individuals have many life experiences (e.g., work and vacations) that consist of a series of interconnected episodes (i.e., temporal sequences). Assessments of such experiences are integral to daily life in that they facilitate future planning and behaviors for individuals. Therefore, these experiences often culminate in evaluations of their global affect. Past work has shown that retrospective, affective evaluations of these sequences generally exhibit an “end effect,” whereby a sequence's end intensity—but not its start intensity—is disproportionately weighted. Yet, researchers have largely investigated experiences that occur alone. In contrast, many real‐world experiences vary in their extent of social connection to others (e.g., working in an office with others versus alone in a cubicle). The present work fills this gap by showing the moderating role of social connection on how episodes are weighted in global affective ratings. Five studies involving two autobiographical experiences spanning several days each (workweek and spring break) and two brief simulated experiences show that high social connection leads to greater (lesser) weighting of the first (last) episode. To our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that these effects persist across different forms of social connection (i.e., interpersonal interaction versus semantic priming tasks) and are supported regardless of whether social connection occurs at encoding or retrieval of an experience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.