bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New toxicology: Carcinogenesis II
Authors: Fisher Peter
Published: September 2006

This is the second article of a series of three. After reviewing the history and main groups of chemical carcinogens described in the first article, we will go on to look at directly acting carcinogens and their mutagenic properties. The most important group of direct carcinogens are the mustard compounds and it is from these that the modern cytotoxic drugs evolved. We will consider the cytotoxic drugs in the light of homœopathy and conclude with a look at the phenomenon of cocarcinogenesis.
The action of “low potency” homœopathic remedies on the movement of guinea-pig macrophages and human leucocytes
Authors: Moss Victor A. , Alan Roberts J. , Simpson Keith
Published: September 2006

The action of five “low potency” homœopathic remedies, as supplied to the public and used clinically, on the distance of movement in a given time of guinea-pig macrophages and human leucocytes was measured. The remedies, Belladonna, Hepar sulphur, Pyrogenium, Silicea and Staphylococcin, were tested in the range 2×10−10 to 10−16 g/ml dilution of the source material, though the actual concentration of any active agent was probably considerably less than these values.

In four series of experiments with guinea-pig macrophages the remedies were tested as aqueous or alcoholic tinctures, or absorbed on sugar granules. The results of 533 tests showed statistically significant modification of cell movement in 47 tests (i.e. 95% significant in about 8% of tests). Ten of these differences were significant at the 99% level and three also at the 99.9% level.

Fifty tests of the aqueous tinctures on leucocytes from four human subjects showed modification of cell movement in five tests, one test being significant at the 99% level. Significant effects were obtained with two subjects only.

The remedies facilitated movement in some experiments and inhibited it in others. The largest effects were obtained with a few sensitive guinea-pigs and one human subject. The magnitude and direction of the effects depended on the batch of animals being tested rather than on the set of remedies used.

It is concluded that low potency homœopathic remedies prepared by A. Nelson & Company Ltd. are capable of modifying the movement of human leucocytes and guinea-pig macrophages in vitro.
Bacteriology and homœopathy
Authors: Hehr G.S.
Published: September 2006

Hobbes clearly proves that every creature, Lives in a state of war by nature; So nat'lists observe, a Flea, Has smaller flea that on him prey; And those have smaller still to bite ‘em, And so proceed ad infinitem: Jonathan Swift (1667-1745).
Antiviral efficacy of homœopathic drugs against animal viruses
Authors: Singh L.M. , Gupta Girish
Published: September 2006

The antiviral effect of homœopathic drugs against two animal viruses, Chicken Embryo Virus (CEV) of fowls and Simliki Forest Virus (SFV), causing encephalitis and death in mice were investigated. In all 10 drugs in 33 potencies were tested against CEV and 8 drugs in 26 potencies showed varying degree of virus inhibition. The drugs that caused 100% inhibition of CEV were Typhoidinum 200, Hydrophobinum 1000, Tuberculinum 1000, Nux vomica 200, and Malandrinum 1000. Of the drugs tested in 11 potencies against SFV, none were found effective in either preventing disease or death of mice infected with this virus.
Neoplasm and pleural effusion—a case report
Authors: Ghosh Amitav
Published: September 2006

A 74-year-old man who was diagnosed to have malignant pleural effusion in February 1984, is three and a half years later leading an active life. This is made possible by treatment with Arnica montana.
Report on the status of research on homœopathy with recommendations for future research
Authors: Rubik Beverley
Published: September 2006

Medicine has its roots in the art of practice, but scientific validation is of increasing importance in the incorporation of new therapeutics. There have been a number of well-designed research studies on homœopathy, but much remains to be done toward understanding its modus operandi and its relationship to the healing process. An examination and understanding of homœopathy by contemporary science would undoubtedly lead to its wider acceptance and use. For a critical and comprehensive review of research on homœopathy, the reader is referred to Scofield's two-part reviews, 1,2 This report addresses results from the most experimentally promising and rigorous studies in the modern literature and addresses some areas of proposed investigation. It highlights important research areas that are cost-effective at three distinct levels from the fundamental to the applied: (1) the physics and chemistry of homœopathy preparations, (2) laboratory studies using homœpathic preparations on cells and organisms, and (3) clinical trials using homœopathic medicines.
Elevation of serum globulin levels in Chelidonium majus 6c provers
Authors: Vakil A.E. , Vakil Y.e. , Nanabhai A.S.
Published: September 2006

Ten healthy volunteers were administered orally 0.04 ml. of Chelidonium majus 6c t.d.s. for 21 days. Seven healthy volunteers were kept as controls and administered orally 0.04 ml. of 90% ethanol t.d.s. The trial was single blind. Fasting venous samples were collected before and after the trial. Serum samples were analysed for total bilirubin, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, prothrombin time and GPT. Serum globulins registered an increase of 58%, while the other parameters showed no changes.
Malapportionment and Income Inequality: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: HORIUCHI YUSAKU
Published: September 2006

Samuels and Snyder in their recent article in this Journal presented an index of malapportionment (i.e., the discrepancy between seat shares and population shares by electoral districts) in national legislatures for seventy-eight countries. This short Research Note merges their index with the Gini index, a commonly used measure of income inequality, and explores cross-nationally the relationship between inequality in political representation and inequality in economic conditions.
Design and kinematic analysis of a rotary positioner
Authors: Shchokin Borys , Janabi-Sharifi Farrokh
Published: September 2006

A rotary positioner (RP) is a type of parallel manipulator that is similar to a Stewart Platform. Instead of having variable-length bars, however, an RP has constant-length limbs located between a mobile platform as well as six circular motors distributed on a circular base. This paper offers a detailed investigation of an RP, focusing on its mechanism and analyzing its forward and inverse kinematics. It also computes an RP's constant orientation and orientation workspaces, taking into account the constraints imposed by passive joints and links interference. The optimal combination of the main parameters for an RP's maximum possible translation and orientation is also provided.
Deep convective clouds as aerosol production engines: Role of insoluble organics
Authors: Kulmala Markku , Reissell Anni , Sipilä Mikko , Bonn Boris , Ruuskanen Taina M. , Lehtinen Kari E. J. , Kerminen Veli‐Matti , Ström Johan
Published: September 2006

Deep convection associated with thunderstorms and sometimes with frontal systems is an effective way to transport material from the planetary boundary layer to the upper troposphere and even to the lower stratosphere. Aerosol particles observed in clouds and in cloud outflows suggest that deep convection is an important source of particles in the upper troposphere. However, the detailed pathways by which the observed small particles could have been formed inside the clouds are unknown. In this paper we propose a hypothesis, where water insoluble trace gases that can survive the deep convective updraft are producing new particles at low temperatures near the tropopause. In order to be able to verify this new mechanism, laboratory experiments were designed to simulate this process. It was found that ambient water insoluble trace gases were indeed able to produce new aerosol particles by homogeneous nucleation under cloud like conditions. Therefore it seems that our hypothesis gives a plausible explanation for new particle production inside cloud anvils and cloud outflows.
Radioxenon background at high northern latitudes
Authors: Saey Paul R. J. , Wotawa Gerhard , De Geer Lars‐Erik , Axelsson Anders , Bean Marc , d'Amours Real , Elmgren Klas , Peterson Jenny , Ringbom Anders , Stocki Trevor J. , Ungar R. K.
Published: September 2006

As part of the International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE) two stations were deployed in remote regions at high northern latitudes: Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, Norway (78.2°N), and Yellowknife, Canada (62.5°N). With one exception, both stations are 2000 km or more from any single known stationary nuclear facility. Nevertheless, the short‐lived anthropogenic radionuclide = 5.24 days) has been detected on a regular basis at both stations, and also = 11.84 days) was found at the Yellowknife station. Measuring these very low concentrations (∼0.1 mBq/m3) has been possible because of the introduction of new and sensitive equipment developed specifically for the verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test Ban Treaty. By means of atmospheric transport modeling, it was determined that the measurements at both sites are broadly consistent with reported releases from reactors in North America and Europe and that the Spitsbergen station is much more susceptible to this influence than the Yellowknife station. Especially at Spitsbergen, the simplified assumption of a continuous bulk release across Europe could well explain the month‐to‐month variation of the time series. A future radioxenon event classification scheme for treaty verification purposes thus needs to consider the actual meteorological situation and large‐scale transport processes.
Mineralogy of the light‐toned outcrop at Meridiani Planum as seen by the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer and implications for its formation
Authors: Glotch Timothy D. , Bandfield Joshua L. , Christensen Philip R. , Calvin Wendy M. , McLennan Scott M. , Clark Benton C. , Rogers A. Deanne , Squyres Steven W.
Published: September 2006

Analysis of Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini‐TES) data has led to the recovery of a pure end‐member spectral shape related to the light‐toned outcrop observed at Meridiani Planum. Data from the MER Mössbauer spectrometer, APXS, and previous Mini‐TES measurements were used to constrain a spectral library used to determine the mineralogy of the outcrop from this spectral shape. Linear deconvolution of the outcrop spectral shape suggests that it is composed primarily of Al‐rich opaline silica, Mg‐, Ca‐, and Fe‐bearing sulfates, plagioclase feldspar, nontronite, and hematite. Conversion of modeled mineralogy to chemistry shows good agreement with the chemical composition of the outcrops determined by APXS. Details of the analysis procedure and implications for the formation of the outcrop are discussed along with terrestrial analogs of the ancient environment at Meridiani.
Hydrogeological insights at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from geoelectrical, temperature, and CO2 soil degassing investigations
Authors: Finizola A. , Revil A. , Rizzo E. , Piscitelli S. , Ricci T. , Morin J. , Angeletti B. , Mocochain L. , Sortino F.
Published: September 2006

Finding the geometry of aquifers in an active volcano is important for evaluating the hazards associated with phreato‐magmatic phenomena and incidentally to address the problem of water supply. A combination of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), self‐potential, CO2, and temperature measurements provides insights about the location and pattern of ground water flow at Stromboli volcano. The measurements were conducted along a NE‐SW profile across the island from Scari to Ginostra, crossing the summit (Pizzo) area. ERT data (electrode spacing 20 m, depth of penetration of ∼200 m) shows the shallow architecture through the distribution of the resistivities. The hydrothermal system is characterized by low values of the resistivity (<50 Ω m) while the surrounding rocks are resistive (>2000 Ω m) except on the North‐East flank of the volcano where a cold aquifer is detected at a depth of ∼80 m (resistivity in the range 70–300 Ω m). CO2 and temperature measurements corroborate the delineation of the hydrothermal body in the summit part of the volcano while a negative self‐potential anomaly underlines the position of the cold aquifer.
Solar X‐ray flares and ionospheric sudden phase anomalies relationship: A solar cycle phase dependence
Authors: Pacini Alessandra Abe , Raulin Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2006

We investigate the relation between sudden phase anomaly (SPA) amplitudes (Δφ) and solar X‐ray flares importance and study if it has a solar activity cycle dependence. We find a very significant correlation between Δφ and the X‐ray fluences, FX (time‐integrated photon fluxes) in the range 0.5–2 Å. Compared with earlier works, the improvements of the Δφ versus FX relation allow us to study separately solar events as a function of their occurrence in the solar activity cycle, and we find that the Δφ versus FX relation is different depending on the epoch within the solar cycle. In particular, a minimum X‐ray fluence of 2.5 × 10−6 J m−2 is needed during solar activity minimum to trigger a SPA, while during solar maximum, 7.0 × 10−6 J m−2 is required. Similarly, a solar flare will produce a SPA during solar minimum that is greater by ∼2.6° M m−1 than would a flare of the same size during solar maximum. These results confirm recent findings about the dependence with the solar activity of the ionospheric undisturbed D region sensitivity. A possible consequence would be the monitoring of the long‐term solar irradiance, which maintains the D region, through measurements of VLF wave propagation properties.
Calculation of interatomic decay widths of vacancy states delocalized due to inversion symmetry
Authors: Averbukh Vitali , Cederbaum Lorenz S.
Published: September 2006

In a recent publication [J. Chem. Phys. 123, 204107 (2005)], we have introduced a new ab initio approach for the calculation of the widths of interatomic electronic decay of inner-shell vacancies in clusters. The new technique is based on the configuration interaction formalism first introduced for the description of resonance states by Fano [Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961)] and on a Green function method for the description of the many-electron states involved in the electronic decay. Central to the new method is the selection of the physical excitation operators for the construction of the initial and final states of the interatomic decay. The previously described selection procedure has been formulated for localized vacancy states and runs into difficulties when applied to the decay of vacancy states delocalized due to inversion symmetry, e.g., (2s−1) Σg,u+2 states of Ne2+. Here we present a modified computational scheme suitable for interatomic decay of the energy-split gerade and ungerade states and apply it to the interatomic Coulombic decay in two homonuclear diatomic clusters: Ne2 and Ca2.
Mode selectivity in multiple-beam klystrons
Authors: Nusinovich Gregory S. , Abe David K.
Published: September 2006

A general method is developed for calculating the coupling coefficients of multiple beamlets of an arbitrary geometry to resonator fields having an arbitrary transverse distribution. A number of examples illustrate the effectiveness of this method for calculating coupling coefficients and show the effect of device parameters on the coupling of a given multiple electron beam to competing modes of multiple-beam klystrons (MBKs) operating in high-order modes. The method can be used for evaluating the mode selectivity and the “monotron instability” in MBKs. It can also be used for determining the Pierce gain parameter in multiple-beam traveling-wave tubes.
Low frequency instabilities during dust particle growth in a radio-frequency plasma
Authors: Mikikian Maxime , Cavarroc Marjorie , Couëdel Lénaïc , Boufendi Laïfa
Published: September 2006

In this paper, instabilities appearing in a dusty plasma are experimentally investigated. These low frequency self-excited instabilities appear during dust particle growth and are characterized by a frequency spectrum evolving during this process. The onset, the time evolution and the main characteristics of these instabilities are investigated thanks to electrical and optical measurements. Both signals show a clear evolution scheme with a well-defined succession of phases. From the beginning to the end of this scheme, regular oscillations and/or chaotic regimes are observed. Finally, instabilities stop when the dust particle size reaches a few hundreds of nanometers and a stable three-dimensional dust cloud is obtained. A dust-free region called void is then usually observed in the plasma center.
Effects of plasma treatment on the Ohmic characteristics of Ti∕Al∕Ti∕Au contacts to n-AlGaN
Authors: Cao X. A. , Piao H. , LeBoeuf S. F. , Li J. , Lin J. Y. , Jiang H. X.
Published: September 2006

The effects of surface treatment using Cl2∕BCl3 and Ar inductive coupled plasmas on the Ohmic characteristics of Ti∕Al∕Ti∕Au contacts to n-type AlxGa1−xN (x=0–0.5) were investigated. Plasma treatment significantly increased the surface conductivity of GaN and Al0.1Ga0.9N, leading to improved Ohmic behaviors of the contacts. However, it reduced the surface doping level in AlxGa1−xN (x⩾0.3) and degraded the contact properties. Following a 900–1000°C anneal, the Ti∕Al∕Ti∕Au contacts to AlxGa1−xN (x=0–0.3) became truly Ohmic, with specific contact resistances of (3–7)×10−5Ωcm2, whereas the contact to Al0.5Ga0.5N remained rectifying even without the plasma treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the Fermi level moved toward the conduction band in GaN after the plasma treatment, but it was pinned by plasma-induced deep-level states in Al0.5Ga0.5N. This study emphasizes the need to mitigate plasma damage introduced during the mesa etch step for AlGaN-based deep-UV emitters and detectors.
Optoelectrical characteristics of individual zinc oxide nanorods grown by DNA directed assembly on vertically aligned carbon nanotube tips
Authors: Lazareck Adam D. , Kuo Teng-Fang , Xu Jimmy M. , Taft Bradford J. , Kelley Shana O. , Cloutier Sylvain G.
Published: September 2006

The authors describe the properties of electronically active nanowires that can be assembled via DNA directed growth on a nanostructured array. DNA-modified nanoparticles are used to site-specifically address the tips of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that serve as catalysts for the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods. Using conductive probe atomic force microscopy, they measured the conductance characteristics of single ZnO-CNT structures under various force and illumination conditions and at different sites in a large array, thereby establishing that DNA directed formation of multimaterial, optically active nanostructures can yield devices that are electronically functional at the nanometer scale. The inherent ability of DNA to carry and convey encoded information provides the basis for targeted synthesis of nanostructured devices.
Structural properties of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films by metal organic chemical vapor deposition for phase change memory applications
Authors: Kim Ran-Young , Kim Ho-Gi , Yoon Soon-Gil
Published: September 2006

Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) films were deposited on TiN(50nm)∕SiO2∕Si substrates and trench structures of TiAlN(100nm)∕Si with various deposition parameters by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Hexagonal GST films were deposited at temperatures of 330–370°C, deposition pressure of 40Torr, bubbling temperatures of Ge(50°C), Sb(10°C), and Te(30°C) precursors. Germanium incorporation into GST films by MOCVD is sensitively influenced by deposition parameters such as deposition pressure, deposition temperature, and bubbling temperatures of precursors. Trench structures with a diameter of 120nm and a height of 200nm are completely filled by GST MOCVD.
Plasma stability control using dielectric barriers in radio-frequency atmospheric pressure glow discharges
Authors: Shi J. J. , Liu D. W. , Kong M. G.
Published: September 2006

It is widely accepted that electrode insulation is unnecessary for generating radio-frequency (rf) atmospheric pressure glow discharges (APGDs). It is also known that rf APGDs with large discharge current are susceptible to the glow-to-arc transition. In this letter, a computational study is presented to demonstrate that dielectric barriers provide an effective control over unlimited current growth and allow rf APGDs to be operated at very high current densities with little danger of the glow-to-arc transition. Characteristics of electrode sheaths are used to show that the stability control is achieved by forcing the plasma-containing electrode unit to acquire positive differential conductivity.
Enhanced output of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with stripe-contact electrodes
Authors: Zhu Yanxu , Xu Chen , Liang Ting , Da Xiaoli , Zhang Jianming , Chen Libing , Shen Guangdi
Published: September 2006

High brightness GaN-based light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with stripe-contact electrodes have been developed. The p-type Ohmic contact layer is composed of oxidized Ni∕Au stripes and NiO stripes. A Ag (3000Å) omnidirectional reflector covers the p-type contact. The n-type contact is a Ti∕Al planar film with a Ti∕Al stripe. All Ni∕Au, NiO, and Ti∕Al stripes surround the center of the LED mesa. At 20mA current operation, the light output power of GaN-based LEDs with the stripe-contact electrodes is 16.26%–35.37% higher than that of the conventional LEDs.
High gain, broadband InGaAs∕InGaAsP quantum well infrared photodetector
Authors: Li J. , Choi K. K. , Klem J. F. , Reno J. L. , Tsui D. C.
Published: September 2006

The authors design and demonstrate an InGaAs∕InGaAsP quantum well infrared photodetector for high-speed infrared detection. The InGaAsP is selected as the barrier material to provide a large photoconductive gain, and the well is made of InGaAs∕InP superlattice to achieve a broadband absorption. These features are expected to increase the photocurrent of the detector under a broadband source. For quantitative comparison, we also fabricate a quantum well GaAs∕AlGaAs superlattice detector with a similar spectrum. Dark current noise measurement indicates that the gain of the InGaAs∕InGaAsP detector is 4.6 times larger than that of the reference detector, thus confirming the present design concept.
Anomalous enhancement of terahertz radiation from semi-insulating GaAs surfaces induced by optical pump
Authors: Shi Yulei , Xu Xinlong , Yang Yuping , Yan Wei , Ma Shihua , Wang Li
Published: September 2006

Femtosecond pump-generation studies of terahertz emission from semi-insulating GaAs surfaces have been investigated in detail. By changing the time delay between the pump and the generation pulses, we can follow the time evolution of the carrier transport with picosecond resolution. Abnormal increase in the amplitude of terahertz radiation subsequent to the excitation of pump pulse is observed, and it arises primarily from carrier capture in the trapping states with a time constant of about 20ps. Furthermore, the corresponding amplitude spectrum, pump power-dependent measurements, and temperature-dependent measurements are also discussed.
Dielectric properties of Cu-phthalocyanine systems from first principles
Authors: Shi N. , Ramprasad R.
Published: September 2006

The authors present a first principles approach for investigating the dielectric properties of Cu-phthalocyanine (CuPc). The local position-dependent dielectric constant of CuPc oligomers is determined from the charge density induced by an external finite electric field. The dielectric constants of a CuPc monomer along and perpendicular to its plane are extracted from appropriately chosen periodic arrangements of CuPc oligomers. The authors obtain dielectric constant values of about 15 along the CuPc plane and about 3.4 perpendicular to the plane.
Very high quality AlN grown on (0001) sapphire by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Xi Y. A. , Chen K. X. , Mont F. , Kim J. K. , Wetzel C. , Schubert E. F. , Liu W. , Li X. , Smart J. A.
Published: September 2006

Very high quality AlN epitaxially grown on (0001) sapphire by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy is investigated by atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and photospectrometry. A clear and continuously linear step-flow pattern with sawtooth shaped terrace edges is observed in atomic force microscopic images. Triple-axis x-ray rocking curves show a full width at half maximum of 11.5 and 14.5arcsec for the (002) and (004) reflections, respectively. KOH etching reveals an etch-pit density of 2×107cm−2, as deduced from atomic force microscopy measurements. The optical transmission spectrum shows a sharp absorption edge with a band gap energy of 6.10eV.
Atomic composition profile change of SiGe islands during Si capping
Authors: Li F. H. , Fan Y. L. , Yang X. J. , Jiang Z. M. , Wu Y. Q. , Zou J.
Published: September 2006

The 6% Ge isocomposition profile change of individual SiGe islands during Si capping at 640°C is investigated by atomic force microscopy combined with a selective etching procedure. The island shape transforms from a dome to a {103}-faceted pyramid at a Si capping thickness of 0.32nm, followed by the decreasing of pyramid facet inclination with increasing Si capping layer thickness. The 6% Ge isocomposition profiles show that the island with more highly Si enriched at its one base corner before Si capping becomes to be more highly Si intermixed along pyramid base diagonals during Si capping. This Si enrichment evolution inside an island during Si capping can be attributed to the exchange of capped Si atoms that aggregated to the island by surface diffusion with Ge atoms from inside the island by both atomic surface segregation and interdiffusion rather than to the atomic interdiffusion at the interface between the island and the Si substrate. In addition, the observed Si enrichment along the island base diagonals is attempted to be explained on the basis of the elastic constant anisotropy of the Si and Ge materials in (001) plane.
Correlation between phase formation and magnetic properties of heavy ion irradiated Co∕Pt bilayers
Authors: Ghosh Sanjukta , Mäder M. , Grötzschel R. , Gupta A. , Som T.
Published: September 2006

In this letter, the authors report the correlation between the magnetic and the structural properties of 200keV Kr and 50keV Ar ion irradiated Co∕Pt bilayer samples at different temperatures and fluences. They observe irradiation induced formation of stable Co–Pt phases, which appears to be more prominent at higher irradiation temperatures. A large shape anisotropy in the hysteresis loop is also observed when irradiated at higher temperatures, which could be indicative of a magnetization reversal. A CoPt ordered/disordered phase formation leads to the enhancement in the coercivity. The sequence of phase formations is predicted by the heat of formation rule.
Effective local potentials for orbital-dependent density functionals
Authors: Staroverov Viktor N. , Scuseria Gustavo E. , Davidson Ernest R.
Published: September 2006

Practicality of the Kohn-Sham density functional scheme for orbital-dependent functionals hinges on the availability of an efficient procedure for constructing local exchange-correlation potentials in finite basis sets. We have shown recently that the optimized effective potential (OEP) method, commonly used for this purpose, is not free from difficulties. Here we propose a robust alternative to OEPs, termed effective local potentials (ELPs), based on minimizing the variance of the difference between a given nonlocal potential and its desired local counterpart. The ELP method is applied to the exact-exchange-only problem and shown to be promising for overcoming troubles with OEPs.
Revelation of non-statistical behavior in HO2 vibration by a new ab initio potential energy surface
Authors: Lin Shi Ying , Xie Daiqian , Guo Hua
Published: September 2006

The hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) has long been considered as a prototype for statistical vibrational dynamics. In this work, however, it is shown that the bound state energy levels (up to the dissociation threshold) and low-lying resonances of the HO2 system (J=0) obtained on a new ab initio potential energy surface exhibit surprisingly large regularity. The implications of the non-statistical behavior of the HO2 system in unimolecular and bimolecular reactions are discussed.
The Elimination Reaction of Vicinal Disulphonyloxy Compounds with Sodium Iodide
Authors: Angyal SJ , Young RJ
Published: September 2006

The elimination of two tosyloxy groups
from vicinal ditosyloxy compounds by reaction with sodium iodide has been
investigated. The reaction involves nucleophilic displacement of one tosyloxy
group ; this is followed by the simultaneous elimination of the second tosyloxy
group and iodine, if the steric arrangement is favourable; if it is
unfavourable, a second displacement by an iodide ion probably occurs to give
substituents having a trans-arrangement suitable for elimination.�In
one case, that of the ditosyl derivative of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol, the
intermediate cis-2-iodocyclohexyl toluene-p-sulphonate was isolated.
Some Studies in Inorganic Complexes. IX. The Pyrolysis of Hexammineosmium(III) Salts
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2006

A study has been made of the action of
heat on the salts Os(NH3)6ISO4 and Os(NH3)6X3,
in which X is bromide or iodide. The initial products are [OsI(NH3)5]SO4
and [OsX(NH3)5]X2 respectively. At higher
temperatures the latter decompose into black double-halogen bridged complexes
[(NH3)3XOsX20sX(NH3)3]X2,
while the sulphate forms a black residue of composition corresponding to Os(NH3)3ISO4
but of unknown structure. Further heating results in oxidation to OsO4
and halogen in all cases. The structures of the black halogen complexes as well
as the monohalogenopentammineosmium(III) salts have been verified by magnetic
and conductance measurements. However, since osmium(IV) shows a remarkable
tendency towards maximum electron pairing, having a moment of 1.2-1.5 Bohr magnetons
in most of its complexes, the black compounds could have the less symmetrical
structure [Os(III)X(NH3)5][Os(IV)X5NH2].
Simplified Analogues of Lysergic Acid. IV. Synthesis of 1-Methyl-1,2,3,7,8,9,-hexahydro-5,6-benzquinoline
Authors: Craig JC , Temple DM , Moore B
Published: September 2006

The lysergic acid analogue
1-methyl-1,2,3,7,8,9-hexahydro-5,6-benzquinoline (III ; R=H) was prepared from
2-bromo-α-tetralone by two parallel routes. The first, a seven-stage
sequence, involved conversion of the starting material into 2-[N-methyl-N- (2'-oxo-n-propyl)]-amino-α-tetralone
(IX) via its ethylene ketal, followed by ring closure to the tricyclic
1-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,7,8,9-hexahydro-5,6-benzquinoline (V). This was
transformed into its ethylene dithioketal (XXIX) and thence by desulphurization
into (III: R=H).

The second pathway, a five-step synthesis,
utilized dimethylaminoacetone to obtain directly the quaternary diketone (XXI),
which was cyclized to 1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,7,8,9-hexahydro-5,6-benzquinolinium
bromide (XXV), identical with that obtained by the alternative route.
The Chemical Constituents of Himantandra (Galbulimima) Species. IV. The Structures of Himbacine, Himbeline, Himandravine, and Himgravine
Authors: Pinhey JT , Ritchie E , Taylor WC
Published: September 2006

By an extensive series of degradations
involving dehydrogenation, exhaustive methylation, and oxidation, the structure
of himbacine is established. It is the first member of a new group of
alkaloids. By simple transformations, himbeline, himandravine, and himgravine
are shown to be closely related to himbacine and their structures also
established.
Chemical Constituents of Evodia micrococca
Authors: Cameron DW , Sutherland MD
Published: September 2006

Leaf constituents of two varieties of Evodia
micrococca have been investigated. Both varieties contained palmitic acid and
n-hentriacontane but while E. micrococca F. Muell. var. micrococca yielded
pinoresinol dimethyl ether and a trace of essential oil, E. micrococca var.
pubescens Fraser & Vickery yielded (+)-sesamin and a larger quantity of a
very different essential oil.

By the nitration of pinoresinol dimethyl
ether, a 5,5',6,6'-tetranitro derivative has been prepared and the structure of
Freudenberg and Dietrich's (1953) lactone has been clarified. The ultraviolet
absorption spectra of the four dinitroveratroles are included.
Rate constants for a system, A ↔ B → C, and an application to the Dimroth rearrangement
Authors: Perrin DD , Pitman IH
Published: September 2006

If the spectra of the initial and final
species are known, rate constants for the system, A ↔ B → C, can be
evaluated from spectrophotometric measurements. This can be done most easily by
using wavelengths at which the initial and final substances have the same
extinction coefficients. The method is illustrated by application to a kinetic
study of the Dimroth rearrangement.
Electronic conduction in polymers. IV. Polymers from imidazole and pyridine
Authors: McNeill R , Weiss DE , Willis D
Published: September 2006

The pyrolysis of 2,4,5-triiodoimidazole
and 1,2,4,5-tetraiodoimidazole yields polymers whose poor conductivity is
attributed to the presence of two types of nitrogenous centres with
electron-donating and electron-accepting properties respectively. Nitrogenous polymers produced by passing
mixtures of chlorine and pyridine through a silica tube heated to 800� have low
resistivities (0.03 to 15 ohm cm), indicating that the polymers have a highly
conjugated structure. The increase of resistivity with chlorine content,
together with the decrease in resistivity observed on adsorption of the
electron donor ethylene, suggest that the nitrogen centres are donor rather
than acceptor type. The properties of the polymers suggest that the latter are
probably substituted polypyridines.

The results support the following guide to
synthesis: organic polymers of good conductivity can be prepared by directly
crosslinking small aromatic or heterocyclic units into three-dimensional
non-planar structures in which the number of crosslinks should be as large as
possible. Either electron-donating or electron-accepting structures, but not
both, may be present in the one polymer.
Electronic conduction in polymers. VI. The chemical consequences of space charge effects in conducting polymers
Authors: MacPherson AS , Siudak R , Weiss DE , Willis D
Published: September 2006

Electronically conducting polymers have
been prepared by the pyrolysis of tetraiodophthalic anhydride and
tetraiodo-o-sulphobenzoic anhydride. The polymers contain anhydride groups
whose reaction with alkali shows that the anhydride groups are difficult to
hydrolyse and that the carboxyl groups thus produced are probably extremely
weak acids. The products obtained by treating basic carbons with phosgene
behave as if they contain acid chloride groups which hydrolyse with difficulty
to produce very weakly acidic carboxyl groups. The effects are attributed to a
space charge arising from charge delocalization from the functional groups.
Infrared studies of hydrogen bonding between pyridine and alcohols
Authors: Findlay TJV , Kidman AD
Published: September 2006

Infrared spectroscopic measurements, over
a 30� temperature range, of the fundamental stretching frequency of the
hydroxyl group, have enabled the enthalpy of hydrogen bonding association (ΔH, kcal mole-1) to be
calculated for pyridine with propan-1-ol (-4.3), propan-2-ol (-6.l), butan-1-ol
(-5.0), and butan-2-ol (-4.1). Corrections for self-association of the alcohols
were applied, and the effect of traces of water was studied.
Specific heat of sodium nitrate and silver nitrate by medium high temperature adiabatic calorimetry
Authors: Reinsborough VC , Wetmore FEW
Published: September 2006

��� A relatively simple adiabatic calorimeter
for use in the temperature range 50-350� was constructed and used to measure
the specific heat of sodium nitrate from 150 to 300� and silver nitrate from 70
to 250�. Each salt undergoes a solid-solid and a solid-liquid transformation in
these temperature ranges. The Cp values for sodium nitrate agreed
within the calculated experimental error of �0.2% with those of Sokolov and Shmidt1
but the silver nitrate showed a large discrepancy with those of Janz and Kelly2
obtained by drop calorimetry for the 160-210� region, where thermal hysteresis
may have occurred in the drop calorimetric technique. The heat of
transformation for the solid-solid transition in silver nitrate at 159.4� was
found to be 561�4 cal mole-1.
Carbonyl halides of the Group VI transition metals. III. Tungsten halocarbonyls and some of their derivatives
Authors: Anker MW , Colton R , Tomkins IB
Published: September 2006

The unstable compounds dichlorotetracarbonyltungsten(II) and dibromo- tetracarbonyltungsten(II) have been prepared but not
isolated in a pure state. The π-bonding ligands triphenylphosphine,
triphenylarsine, and triphenylstibine have been used to prepare a series of
moderately stable derivatives.
Carbonyl halides of the Group VI transition metals. IV. Nitrogen ligand complexes of molybdenum halocarbonyls
Authors: Colton R , Tomkins IB
Published: September 2006

Unstable seven-coordinate
complexes of molybdenum(II) have been obtained by the interaction, under mild
conditions, of the molybdenum halocarbonyls with pyridine (py),
2,2?-dipyridyl (dipy), and 1,10- phenanthroline (phen).
The solvolytic aquation and base hydrolysis of halogenopentaammine-rhodium(III) complexes
Authors: Chan SC
Published: September 2006

The rates and Arrhenius parameters for the
replacement of halogens in halogenopentaamminerhodium(III)
complexes both by solvent water and by hydroxide ion have been determined and
their relative mobilities of halogens compared with the corresponding observations
in organic compounds. These reactions are expected to follow the pattern of SNAr reactions, viz., F > Cl
≈ Br > I, and, except for the fluoro complex, this is now confirmed
experimentally. The kinetic results are discussed and an attempt is made to
interpret them in terms of the electronegativity of the halogens, which
facilitates bond formation with the incoming nucleophile. Solvation factors are
also important in the control of reactivities. For these reactions, the rate
order depends on opposing effects of activation energy and entropy, with the
former predominating, and in this way they are in complete contrast to SN2
reactions of octahedral cobalt(III) complexes where the entropy factor alone
controls the rate.
Mass-spectrometric studies. I. Benzo[b]thiophen, some alkyl and aryl derivatives, and the 1,1-dioxide and 2,3-dihydro-1,1-dioxide
Authors: Porter QN
Published: September 2006

The high-resolution mass
spectra of benzo[b]thiophen, some alkyl and aryl derivatives, and the sulphone
and 2,3-dihydrosulphone have been obtained; compositions of all significant
ions in the spectra have been determined. Fragmentations of the unoxidized compounds
are dominated by losses of C2H2 and CS units, while the
sulphones undergo initial isomerization to cyclic sulphinates followed by
expulsion of SO and fragments containing a C-O bond. Structures have been
suggested for most of the ions observed.
The base catalysed reaction of acetylacetone and acrylate esters
Authors: Chong R , Clezy PS
Published: September 2006

In addition to
4-acetyl-5-oxohexanoate esters (I), the expected product of the Michael
addition of acetylacetone to acrylates, three other products (III, IV, V) have
been isolated from this reaction. The amount of sodium alkoxide used as
catalyst in the reaction largely determines the proportions of the products
obtained. Some aspects of the chemistry of these compounds are discussed.
Diterpenoids. X. cis- and trans-Biformene
Authors: Carman RM , Dennis N
Published: September 2006

cis- and trans-Biformene
have been synthesized by the dehydration of abienol, manool, and sclareol. Both
cis- and trans-biformene are naturally occurring hydrocarbons.
The polarography of beryllium halides in acetonitrile
Authors: Shirvington PJ , Florence TM , Harle AJ
Published: September 2006

Polarographic reduction
steps for various beryllium salts in acetonitrile have been recorded in tetrapropylammonium perchlorate, chloride, bromide, and
iodide supporting electrolytes. The experimental results indicate that free
halogen acid (which is strongly associated in acetonitrile) is produced as a
result of solvolysis of beryllium. The
concentration of water affects the degree of solvolysis by altering the halogen
acid dissociation constants. A water to beryllium ratio of 4 : 1 brings about almost
complete (99%) solvolysis of 3mM beryllium chloride.
However, insufficient evidence was obtained to prove conclusively that water
was the solvolytic agent.
Organic compounds of uranium. Reactions of uranium pentaethoxide with β-diketones
Authors: Bhandari AM , Kapoor RN
Published: September 2006

The reactions of uranium
pentaethoxide with β-diketones (acetylacetone and benzoylacetone) have
been studied and derivatives of the type U(OEt)5-xLx
(where L = acetylacetone or benzoylacetone; x = 1, 2, or 3) have been isolated.
These derivatives interchange their ethoxy groups with tertiary butoxy groups on
refluxing with t-butyl alcohol. The molecular weights and boiling points of
some of the typical derivatives have been determined and recorded.
The polymeric nature of Bis(acetylacetonato)-, Bis(trifluoroacetylacetonato)-, Bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)-, and Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)-iron(II)
Authors: Buckingham DA , Gorges RC , Henry JT
Published: September 2006

The preparations of
bis(acetylacetonato)iron(II), Fe aca2;
bis(trifluoroacetylacetonato)iron(II), Fe tfa2; bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)iron(II),
Fe hfa2; and bis(2,2,6,6- tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)iron(II), Fe dpm2,
are described. Cryoscopic and ebullioscopic molecular weight measurements show
that these complexes are monomeric in dilute benzene solutions. Fe aca2 approaches a hexamer at 5� in concentrated
benzene solutions, with Fe tfa2 and Fe hfa2 having maximum polymerization numbers of 1.63
and 1.5 respectively. Visible absorption spectra support the molecular weight
data. Powder photographs show that Fe dpm2 is a tetrahedral monomer
and that Fe tfa2 and Fe hfa2 are isomorphous.
Factors influencing the mode of thermal decomposition of zirconium sulphate tetrahydrate
Authors: Bear IJ
Published: September 2006

The thermal decomposition
process of zirconium sulphate tetrahydrate has been studied. Dehydration, which
takes place via a crystalline monohydrate phase, is accompanied by the loss of
small amounts of sulphuric acid apparently resulting from internal hydrolysis
of the compound. This process gives a non-stoicheiometric zirconium sulphate
which may exist in several modifications depending on the vapour pressure of
the sulphuric acid around the sample during dehydration. The vapour pressure of
the sulphuric acid is in turn controlled by such factors as the particle size
of the tetrahydrate preparation, the size of sample, and the temperature and
technique used during heating. Equilibration experiments have shown that a-Zr(SO4)2 is the stable anhydrous
form. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of a- and γ- Zr(SO4)2 have been indexed.

Above 650� all forms of Zr(SO4)2 decompose to cubic ZrO2 which transforms to monoclinic ZrO2 at 800�.
Studies on the structures of cobalt pyridinaldoximates. I. The preparation and structural investigation of those complexes containing chlorine
Authors: Blackmore MW , Magee RJ
Published: September 2006

The preparation of some new
complexes of cobalt and 2-pyridinaldoxime are described. Magnetic and
conductometric measurements are reported along with their infrared, ultraviolet
and visible, and diffuse reflectance spectra. The possible structure of one of
the complexes is postulated.
Organothallium compounds. IV. Carboxylatobis(pentafluorophenyl)thallium(III) compounds and their complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,3'-bipyridyl
Authors: Deacon GB
Published: September 2006

Carboxylatobis(pentafluorophenyl)thallium(III)
compounds, Tl(OCOR)(C6F5)2
(R = Ph, Me, or C6F5), have been prepared by a metathesis
reaction between bromobis(pentafluorophenyl)thallium(III) and the appropriate
sodium or ammonium carboxylate in aqueous ethanol. They are considered to have
dimeric structures with bridging carboxylate groups. With 1,10- phenanthroline
(phen), the complexes Tl(OCOR)(C6F5)2
phen, which are monomeric in benzene and acetone, are
obtained. The complexes, Tl(OCOR)(C6F6)2 bipy (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridyl; R = Ph or
Me) can be prepared only by using excess ligand. They decompose to Tl(OCOR)(C6F5)2 compounds
on attempted recrystallization, partly dissociate into Tl(OCOR)(C6F5)2
and bipyridyl in benzene and acetone, and undergo ligand exchange with 1,10-phenanthroline
to give Tl(OCOR)(C6F5)2
phen complexes. By contrast, Tl(OCOC6F5)-(C6F5)2
bipy has been prepared without using excess ligand and can be recrystallized
unchanged. It is monomeric in benzene, but dissociates slightly in acetone. The
complexes, Tl(OCOR)(C6F5)2(phen or bipy), are considered to contain five-coordinate
thallium.
Sulphur-nitrogen chelating agents. IV. Metal complexes of o-methylthioaniline
Authors: Lindoy LF , Livingstone SE , Lockyer TN
Published: September 2006

Complexes of o-methylthioaniline (NH2-SMe)
have been obtained with nickel(II), palladium(II), platinum(II), and copper(II).
They are of the following types: NiX2(NH2-SMe)2 (X = Cl, Br, I);
PdX2(SH2-SMe)
(X = Cl, Br, I, SCN); PdCl2(NH2-SMe)2; [Pd(NH2-SMe)2](PF6)2;
PtX2(NH2-SMe)
(X = Br, I, SCN); [Pt(NH2-SMe)2][PtCl4]; and CuX2(NH2-SMe) (X = Cl, Br). A
conductimetric titration of [Pd(NH2-SNe)2]2+
with iodide ion in nitrobenzene solution shows that one molecule of ligand is
displaced to give PtI2(NH2-SMe). If
the complexes PdCl2(NH2-SMe) and [Pt(NH2-SMe)2][PtCl4] are heated in dimethylformamide,
S-demethylation of the ligand occurs to yield the thiolo-bridged
complexes M2Cl2(NH2-S)2(M
= Pd, Pt). The nickel complex NiI2(NH2-SMe)2 is not demethylated under the same
conditions.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of some organodiphosphorus compounds
Authors: Brophy JJ , Gallagher MJ
Published: September 2006

The principal
characteristics of the p.m.r, spectra of 21 previously unreported diphosphorus
compounds and related substances are described, discussed, and compared with
results already in the literature. A simple synthesis of unsymmetrical
ethane-1,2-diphosphorus compounds is reported.
Reactions of NN-Diphenylcarbamoyl chloride III. As an acylating agent in the Friedel-crafts reaction
Authors: Wilshire JFK
Published: September 2006

The reaction of
NN-diphenylcarbamoyl chloride with aromatic compounds under Friedel-Crafts
conditions to give aromatic acid NN-diphenylamides has been studied.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, especially ethylene dichloride, were the most
useful reaction media. Acylation of naphthalene occurred predominantly at the
1-position. Mesitylene, durene, and pentamethylbenzene were readily acylated
but not fluoro- or chloro-benzene. With the exception of the sterically
hindered amides obtained from mesitylene, durene, and pentamethyl-benzene, the
resultant diphenylamides were readily hydrolysed by alkali to the parent
aromatic acids.
Solid-phase polymerization of maleic anhydride at high pressures
Authors: Hamann SD
Published: September 2006

Solid maleic anhydride
undergoes spontaneous polymerization when it is heated to 100-170�0 at
pressures above 20000 atm. On a pressure- temperature diagram, the regions of
monomer stability and of polymerization are separated by a rather well-defined
line, which possibly marks the occurrence of a physical polymorphic transition.
The structure of the polymer is discussed.

Efforts to polymerize some other
1,2-disubstituted ethylenes have been unsuccessful. The following substances
were recovered unchanged after being heated to 160-180�0 at 30000-45000 atm:
maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, sorbic acid, coumarin, and trans-stilbene.�The
melting temperature of maleic anhydride has been measured to 3770 atm and the
parameters in the Simon melting equation are reported.