bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Hyperbranched Phthalocyanine as a Hole Injection Nanolayer in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Tae‐Woo , Kwon Young , Park Jong‐Jin , Pu Lyoungsun , Hayakawa Teruaki , Kakimoto Masa‐aki
Published: July 2007

A novel organic hyperbranched copper phthalocyanine was synthesized for use as a hole injection nanolayer on ITO in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This material is soluble in organic solvents which allows for processing under anhydrous conditions, unlike water based conventional polymer hole injection layer materials such as poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)/polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). The hyperbranched layer increased the luminous efficiency and brightness of single layer OLED devices, in addition to reducing current leakage which causes crosstalk in panel devices, compared to devices prepared from PEDOT/PSS. Therefore, this material is more suitable for OLED applications due to its processing and performance advantages over conventional commercial conducting polymer compositions.

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Solutions through nonclassical potential symmetries for a generalized inhomogeneous nonlinear diffusion equation
Authors: Gandarias M. L. , Bruzón M. S.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we consider a class of generalized diffusion equations which are of great interest in mathematical physics. For some of these equations that model fast diffusion, nonclassical and nonclassical potential symmetries are derived. These symmetries allow us to increase the number of solutions. These solutions are unobtainable neither from classical nor from classical potential symmetries. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous velocity fields for the T‐bar problem
Authors: Klar Assaf , Osman Ashraf S.
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with the problem of T‐bar penetration. New kinematically admissible velocity fields are derived from elastic solutions of incompressible material using Airy stress function. These velocity fields are used to obtain upper bounds to collapse loads. Two particular solutions are presented, one for a rough contact surface between the T‐bar and soil and the other for a smooth contact surface. The merit of the solutions is that within the boundaries of the velocity field, the soil is required to shear compatibly and continuously. Therefore,
these solutions can easily be combined with the strain path method to estimate rate and softening effects. Analysis including consideration of strain rate effect showed that the new mechanisms predict, under certain conditions, lower values than previously published upper bound solutions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the tension‐free vaginal tape procedure (TVT) affect the voiding function over time? Pressure‐flow studies 1 year and 3½ years after TVT
Authors: Sander Pia , Sørensen Flemming , Lose Gunnar
Published: July 2007

Aim

The aim was to evaluate the voiding function over time after the TVT procedure for stress incontinence.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐eight women with urodynamic stress urinary incontinence were included in the study. For voiding function assessment the patients were asked if voiding had changed postoperatively, and objectively uroflowmetry, residual urine measurement and pressure‐flow were performed preoperatively, 1 year and 3½ years postoperatively.

Results

At 1/3½ years follow‐up 87%/69% were subjectively cured and 13%/26% improved, respectively. The objective cure rate was 89%/74%. Subjectively 77%/63% of the patients felt an altered voiding function towards more difficult voiding one and 3½ years after surgery, respectively. Objectively all the uroflowmetry variables deteriorated and residual urine volume increased over time although the changes were not statistically significant between the 1 and 3½ years follow‐up. Pressure‐flow variables were essentially unchanged.

Conclusion

The changes in voiding function after a TVT do not reverse over time. This may imply a potential risk of development of clinically important impaired emptying function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:995–997, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fracture and fragmentation of simplicial finite element meshes using graphs
Authors: Mota Alejandro , Knap Jaroslaw , Ortiz Michael
Published: July 2007

An approach for the topological representation of simplicial finite element meshes as graphs is presented. It is shown that by using a graph, the topological changes induced by fracture reduce to a few, local kernel operations. The performance of the graph representation is demonstrated and analyzed, using as reference the three‐dimensional fracture algorithm by Pandolfi and Ortiz (Eng. Comput. 1998; 14(4):287–308). It is shown that the graph representation initializes in O(N) time and fractures in O(N) time, while the reference implementation requires O(N) time to initialize and O(N) time to fracture, where NE is the number of elements in the mesh and NI is the number of interfaces to fracture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How should we estimate driving pressure to measure interrupter resistance in children?
Authors: Seddon P. , Wertheim D. , Bridge P. , Bastian‐Lee Y.
Published: July 2007

Interrupter resistance (Rint) is a widely used measure of airway caliber, but concerns remain about repeatability and sensitivity. Some Rint variability may derive from the linear back‐extrapolation algorithm (LBE 30/70) usually used to estimate driving pressure. To investigate whether other methods of estimating driving pressure could improve repeatability and sensitivity, we studied 39 children with asthma. Two measurements of Rint—each the median of 10 interruptions—were made 5 min apart, and 14 children had a third measurement after bronchodilator (RintBD). Mouth pressure transients were analyzed using several algorithms, to compare the magnitude, repeatability, and sensitivity to bronchodilator change of Rint values yielded. Algorithms taking driving pressure from later in the transient, predictably, yielded higher values of Rint than those which back‐extrapolated to time of valve closure. Algorithms which did not rely on back‐extrapolation, including mean oscillation pressure (MOP) and mean plateau pressure (MP 30/70) had better repeatability. Sensitivity to detect change, calculated as ratio of bronchodilator response to repeatability coefficient (ΔRint/CR), was also better for non‐extrapolating algorithms: MP 30/70 1.67, LBE 30/70 1.28 (P = 0.0004). Measuring Rint using techniques other than conventional back‐extrapolation may give more consistent and clinically useful results, and these approaches merit further exploration. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:757–763. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicity of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides to avocado thrips in nursery avocado trees
Authors: Byrne Frank J , Toscano Nick C , Urena Anthony A , Morse Joseph G
Published: July 2007

The efficacies of four systemic neonicotinoid insecticides applied to potted avocado trees at manufacturer‐recommended rates were assessed against the avocado thrips, Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara. At the time of treatment, fully expanded first‐flush young leaves were tagged for identification, and a proportion of these leaves was used in bioassays with second‐instar thrips. At 7 weeks post‐treatment, a second flush of leaves had fully expanded on the trees, and these leaves were included in additional bioassays comparing avocado thrips mortality on both first‐ and second‐flush leaves. In bioassays with first‐flush leaves, imidacloprid (273 mg AI pot−1) was the most effective insecticide, providing at least 70% mortality of thrips for 14 weeks. Thiamethoxam (137 mg AI pot−1), clothianidin (109 mg AI pot−1) and dinotefuran (241 mg AI pot−1) provided good control in bioassays that were conducted within 4 weeks of treatment, but thereafter their efficacies were inconsistent. In bioassays with second‐flush leaves, imidacloprid provided at least 70% mortality up to 9 weeks after the insecticide application. Thereafter, mortality declined to 30% or lower. Bioassays with second‐flush leaves collected from trees treated with thiamethoxam, clothianidin and dinotefuran resulted in unacceptably low thrips mortality. Monitoring of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam residues by ELISA showed that the greater persistence of imidacloprid in both first and second leaf flushes was due to a steadier uptake of this material. Although thiamethoxam residues rose quickly within the first leaf flush, levels had already begun to dissipate by the time the second leaf flush had started to develop. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Partition testing in dose–response studies with multiple endpoints
Authors: Liu Yi , Hsu Jason , Ruberg Stephen
Published: July 2007

Dose–response studies with multiple endpoints can be formulated as closed testing or partition testing problems. When the endpoints are primary and secondary, whether the order in which the doses are to be tested is pre‐determined or sample determined lead to different partitioning of the parameter space corresponding to the null hypotheses to be tested. We use the case of two doses and two endpoints to illustrate how to apply the partitioning principle to construct multiple tests that control the appropriate error rate. Graphical representation can be useful in visualizing the decision process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron cross relaxation as a function of single relaxation contributions in double‐core ionization energies and spin–orbit splitting of atoms from Ar to Ba. I. 1s−2p− double‐core holes
Authors: Maruani Jean , Bonnelle Christiane
Published: July 2007

On the basis of numerical ab initio, delta and multiconfiguration Breit–Dirac–Fock (ΔBDF and MCBDF) computations, we have investigated the dependence of electron “cross relaxation” on the single relaxation contributions in double‐core ionization energies and spin–orbit splitting of atoms from Ar to Ba, excluding transition elements. The cross‐relaxation variation with Z was fitted to a quadratic function of the geometric average of the single relaxation contributions. For the family of atoms AlCl, it was found that the splitting of the levels is not a straight measure of 2p spin–orbit coupling. The families of “light” atoms ArCa and CuSr yielded together a set of best‐fit coefficients, while the family of heavier atoms AgBa yielded another set. The best‐fit functions were used to predict double‐core ionization energies from single ionization data and from Koopmans' values for atoms from Ar to Ba. For molecules a semiempirical expression is proposed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
An improved 6‐31G basis set for atoms Ga through Kr
Authors: Mitin Alexander V. , Merz Kenneth M.
Published: July 2007

A modification of the popular 6‐31G* basis set, recently introduced for the first‐row transition metals (Mitin et al., J Chem Phys 2003, 118, 7775), has been extended to cover the third‐row atoms from Ga through Kr. A reason for such a modification connects mainly with the atomic 3d orbitals, whose description in the 6‐31G basis for the third‐row atoms is not consistent with the description of other atomic s and p orbitals, when a simultaneous full optimization of all primitive functions and contraction coefficients is used. The use of a two‐step optimization procedure corrects this problem giving new 6‐31G* basis set that performs uniformly better across the all atoms from Ga through Kr. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Can metal ions be used as gas‐phase disulfide bond cleavage reagents? A survey of coinage metal complexes of model peptides containing an intermolecular disulfide bond
Authors: Lioe Hadi , Duan Mubing , O'Hair Richard A. J.
Published: July 2007

The role that a metal ion can have in promoting disulfide bond cleavage has been assessed by surveying the tandem mass spectra of the following metal complexes of model peptides containing an intermolecular disulfide bond: [MH+CuII]+; [MH+CuII(bipy)]+; [M+AgI]+; and [M+AuI(PMe3)]+. In comparison to previously studied protonated peptides, these binary and ternary metal complexes generally yield more abundant SS and/or CS bond cleavage. In general, [MH+CuII]+ ions cleave the adjacent CS bond more readily, while the [M+AuI(PMe3)]+ ion cleaves the SS bond more readily. The ternary metal complex [MH+CuII(bipy)]+, on the other hand, fragments by exclusive loss of the bipyridyl ligand for the larger model peptides studied. Of all coinage metal systems studied, Me3PAu+ is superior in promoting disulfide bond cleavage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Traditional to Streamline Development — opportunities and challenges
Authors: Tomaszewski Piotr , Berander Patrik , Damm Lars‐Ola
Published: July 2007

Traditional software development processes have shown to be inappropriate for markets where it is necessary to quickly respond to changing customer needs. To address this issue, a number of modern development processes have been developed that attempt to improve customer responsiveness. One such modern process is Streamline Development (SD), a process developed by and for Ericsson AB. This article presents an early evaluation of the suitability of SD for Ericsson. The evaluation was performed by finding positive and negative aspects of introducing SD, as well as identifying issues to address if implementing the new process. The data regarding the impact of introducing SD was collected in a series of interviews and then structured using a modification of Force Field Analysis (FFA). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why and how socioeconomic factors should be used in selective college admissions
Authors: Ballinger Philip
Published: July 2007

This chapter describes and discusses the socioeconomic factors pressing for consideration in selective college admission policies and processes. It also presents an institutional example of using socioeconomic factors in a selective college admission process.
Identifying a diverse student body: Selective college admissions and alternative approaches
Authors: Bial Deborah , Rodriguez Alba
Published: July 2007

This chapter explores alternative solutions for selective institutions of higher education to reach beyond their traditional admission measures and identify diverse students who might otherwise not be selected by traditional admission criteria.
The future of financial aid leveraging
Authors: Day James
Published: July 2007

This chapter identifies challenges facing colleges engaged in leveraging financial aid and presents four strategies they might employ in the future.
Consequences of the widening gap between reality and policy in opportunity for higher education
Authors: Mortenson Thomas
Published: July 2007

This chapter introduces the concepts of the human capital economy and the changing demography of the United States; it explores federal, state, and institutional policy choices relative to them. It points out consistent failures to address the imperatives of these concepts.
The role of standardized tests in college admissions: Test‐Optional admissions
Authors: Syverson Steven
Published: July 2007

This chapter examines developments in using standardized tests in the college admission process. The author discusses the controversy that has surrounded these tests over the past several years.
Confronting the commercialization of college admissions leadership opportunities
Authors: Thacker Lloyd
Published: July 2007

This chapter speaks to higher education's potential responses to challenges faced in the admission process, specifically the commercialization of college admission and the impact on higher education.
Modeling of lightly reinforced concrete walls subjected to near‐fault and far‐field earthquake ground motions
Authors: Galal K.
Published: July 2007

Reinforced concrete bearing walls with low vertical reinforcement ratios of less than 0·2% are referred to as lightly reinforced walls. Recently, Eurocode 8 and the French code PS 92 adopted a special design concept for lightly reinforced concrete walls based on the multifuse principle favouring rupture occurrence at several storeys. This design leads to lower reinforcement ratios with their optimized distribution allowing wide cracks to take place with large energy dissipation potential. In addition, the vertical displacement of the mass results in energy transformation from kinematic to potential. The objective of the investigation is to analytically predict the response of such lightly reinforced walls when subjected to near‐fault and far‐field ground motion records up to failure to establish the load‐carrying capacity and ductility of the walls. A wall was modeled using six‐node two‐dimensional panel elements. The panel elements have lumped flexural/axial plasticity at their top and bottom fibre sections. The response of the wall was evaluated in terms of pushover, spectral, displacement‐based, and time history analyses. The model and the response data were verified against available measurements from a test program conducted using a shake table. The comparison indicated that the model closely represented the behaviour observed in the test. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximate modal analysis of multistory symmetrical buildings with restricted inelasticity
Authors: Georgoussis George K.
Published: July 2007

Simplified capacity curves are presented for modal decomposition of multistory inelastic cantilever bents. These structural systems are uniform over the height and plasticity is assumed to be restricted into the beams, since significant rotation ductility factors may be attained in these members without loss of strength. The approximate method of modal decomposition of multistory inelastic bents is based on the concept that the total response may be obtained from the contributions of equivalent nonlinear single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) modal systems, in combination with the technique of modal superposition. In particular, the contribution of the first mode equivalent inelastic SDOF system is examined, since its modal contribution is of higher importance. The response of such SDOF systems basically depends on their capacity curve, which may be formulated by using the dynamic properties (frequency, effective modal mass and mode shape) of the initially elastic bent, as well as the corresponding properties of the bent when the entire set of coupling beams is assumed to be yielded. The procedure is presented for plane cantilever bents, but it can be easily extended to symmetrical structural systems composed of different types of inelastic bents. Its application is illustrated by means of a 10‐story inelastic coupled‐wall bent subject to a strong earthquake motion, equal to 1·5× El Centro N–S ground excitation, and the results compare well with those obtained from a step‐by‐step nonlinear time history analysis of the discrete member model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Echogenic atria in a fetus
Authors: Kaur A. , Lai W. W.
Published: July 2007

We report a case of transmural echogenic atria diagnosed in a fetus at 22 weeks' gestation. Fetal echocardiography showed echogenicity of the right and left atrial free walls, septum secundum, and atrial appendages. Postnatal echocardiography at birth showed borderline echogenicity with absence of echogenicity on follow‐up echocardiography. The differential diagnosis, possible causes, and outcome associated with transmural atrial echogenicity are discussed. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploitation of the complex chemistry of hindered amine stabilizers in effective plastics stabilization
Authors: Pospíšil J. , Pilař J. , Nešpůrek S.
Published: July 2007

Hindered amine stabilizers (HAS) remain a prominent class of stabilizers having a fortunate development with continuous interest in shaping the future properties of plastics: increase in polymer durability, application extension, reaching new effects. Commercial tests provided much information. Insufficient mechanistic interpretations of the complex effects of environmental factors (harshness of testing, penetration of radiation and oxygen, superposition of temperature, atmospheric impurities) and those of the microenvironment (morphology of the polymer matrix, physical relations of HAS–polymer, interference between HAS and other additives) are a drawback. Model experiments complement commercial studies and explain some phenomena. A careful transfer of information from model experiments must be done to avoid misinterpretation of mechanisms, particularly of the HAS regenerative cycle. A critical analysis of primary steps of the HAS activity mechanism in the polymer matrix based on HAS‐related primary nitroxides, formation of their stationary concentration and concentration gradients influenced by polymer morphology, spatial competition between autoreactions, and oxidation of polymer‐developed alkyl radicals and their scavenging by nitroxides (the key process of HAS efficiency) is outlined. Cyclic regeneration of nitroxides affected by the structure of the amino moiety in the HAS molecule, influence of acid environment, atmospheric ozone or singlet oxygen, cooperative mixtures of HAS with UV absorbers, combinations with additives increasing the thermal stabilization effect and improving color retention, assessment of the heat stabilization performance of HAS by proper testing, and influence of the molecular weight of HAS are mentioned together with examples of the chemical consumption of HAS in the final phases of their lifetime. lifetime. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:119–132, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Considerations affecting landfill biodegradability of PVC
Authors: Grossman Richard F. , Schleicher John E. , D'Alessio Lorna
Published: July 2007

The combination of tin carboxylate heat stabilizer and a dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide‐titanate adduct enables anaerobic landfill decomposition of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Through a mechanism as yet not understood, the above combination directs decomposition under anaerobic conditions to chain scission, thus lowering molecular weight to the point of vulnerability to microorganisms. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:133–135, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Development of resistance to biocides used in vinyl
Authors: Grossman Richard F.
Published: July 2007

The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and the predatory fungus Trichoderma viride can develop heritable resistance to the common broad spectrum biocide Captan. Another biocide commonly used in vinyl compositions to replace organic arsenic compounds, zinc pyrithione, appears more difficult to mutate against. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:136–137, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Vinyl meeting today's and tomorrow's indoor air quality requirements
Authors: Borrelli Frank E.
Published: July 2007

The growth of the “green” building market has raised new questions about the indoor air performance of building products. Indoor air pollution can consist of chemical, biological, and particulate irritants. Vinyl products have been shown to be well suited with respect to indoor air criteria as defined in current standards and “green” building guidelines. People spend more that 80% of their time indoors. Measurements have shown that levels of some indoor air contaminants can be many times higher than those outdoors. Known sources and factors for poor indoor air quality include tobacco smoke, radon, microbial contamination, dust, pet dander, fibers, and particulates. But they seem to be secondary to public concern for chemical emissions from products. Concerns of health effects from certain chemical air pollutants at even very low concentrations (parts per billion) in the workplace and the home have driven suppliers to test their products for emissions in order to assess the impact of those products on indoor air quality. Technology and methods to evaluate the indoor air performance of products have advanced over the past decade. State, federal, and green building rating guidelines with health‐based exposure limits have evolved both domestically and globally. At the same time, the use of vinyl as a replacement for traditional materials and products in the building and construction sector continues to grow. New uses such as vinyl decking and rail, vinyl moldings and trims, along with new flooring and wall covering designs, have increased the use of vinyl in both exteriors and interiors of buildings. Product manufacturers' attention to impacts of products on indoor air quality has resulted in the development of new innovative vinyl compounds and new installation methods. Taken together, these improvements allow vinyl products to meet and exceed even the evolving target for product performance from an indoor air quality perspective. Many of these products require less maintenance and cleaning, thus resulting in lowering of indoor pollutants. Although technical successes have evolved, commercial success will depend on a conscientious consumer. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:138–142, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polypropylene/polysulfone compatibilized blends
Authors: Lawal S. , Flaris V.
Published: July 2007

Polypropylene and polysulfone have not been previously blended because of viscosity and processing temperature differences. These blends, which showed structure‐property improvements with the addition of functional polyolefins, were made into environmentally friendly membranes. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:143–146, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of filler partitioning on the mechanical properties of TPO/nanosilica composites
Authors: Liu Yiqun , Kontopoulou Marianna
Published: July 2007

Nanosilica (SiO2) is used as a reinforcing filler in PP/elastomer thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) blends containing ethylene‐octene polyolefin elastomer (POE), ethylene‐propylene rubber (EPR), and maleated EPR. The localization and dispersion of the filler are controlled by adding maleated derivatives to the matrix or the dispersed phase. A separated morphology, consisting of SiO2 residing in the PP matrix, is necessary to achieve improvements in modulus. Filled TPOs containing POE have the best performance and exhibit improved moduli while retaining high values of elongation. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:147–150, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
The chemistry of polymerized oils. II. Dehydro‐polymers of methyl linoleate and methyl stearate
Authors: Clingman A. L. , Sutton Donald A.
Published: July 2007

Reaction of methyl linoleate with di‐tert.‐butyl peroxide yields tert.‐butyl alcohol and dehydro‐polymers of methyl linoleate as the main products.

The dehydro‐dimers and higher dehydro‐polymers of methyl linoleate contain conjugated diene unsaturation, thus indicating the involvement of the pentadiene system −CH=CH−CH2−CH=CH− in the reaction.

Methyl stearate yields dehydro‐polymers on reaction with di‐tert.‐butyl peroxide, thus indicating that reaction can occur at points in the fatty acid chains not activated by the proximity of olefinic double bonds.
The solvent extraction of cottonseed
Authors: Hutchins R. P.
Published: July 2007

There are three commercially proven methods of solvent‐extracting cottonseed. They are: pre‐press and extract, extract raw cottonseed flakes, and extract cooked cottonseed meats. Each of these methods of processing has advantages and disadvantages compared to the others. A comparison of installation costs, operating costs, extraction efficiency, and product quality has been made. The conclusion is drawn that the best method of extraction for an individual mill depends upon what equipment is available.

Plants which have existing mechanical screw presses or expellers available should probably stick to the pre‐pressing and extraction method. Mills with cookers and hydraulic presses should consider the direct extraction of cooked or raw cottonseed. If a mill wishes to process soybeans as a secondary crop, the extraction of raw cottonseed flakes is relatively more advantageous than for mills who have no intention of processing soybean. If peanuts are a secondary crop, the pre‐press‐extraction combination is best.
Displacement of the double bonds during hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Gerckens J. , Lie Ong Tian , Waterman H. I.
Published: July 2007

The displacement of the double bond of several unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters during hydrogenation with a nickel‐kieselguhr catalyst at 180°C. was investigated. The analysis of the dicarboxylic acids (obtained by oxidation of the reaction products with KMnO4 in acetic acid solution) by means of partition chromatography enabled a reliable semiquantitative determination of the position isomers formed.

During hydrogenation of methyl esters of oleic, elaidic, petroselinic, and linoleic acid formation of large amounts of position isomers was proved to occur. Migration of the double bonds in both directions took place but was in all cases strongly pronounced in a direction opposite the ester group. The place and configuration (cis or trans) of the double bonds in the starting material apparently were of little importance in this respect. It follows that hydrogenation of fatty acid esters leads to products which are far more complicated, as is generally known. This is especially of importance with respect to the application of hydrogenated fatty oils in the food industries.
Low‐temperature solvent fractionation of animal fats. Part I. Evaluation of anhydrous solvents for crystallization of white grease
Authors: Cording James , Willard Miles J. , Edwards Paul W. , Eskew Roderick K.
Published: July 2007

Summary and Conclusions

The work thus far completed establishes some of the conditions required for fractionation of white grease by crystallization from five selected solvents. It has been shown that satisfactory fractionation is possible with any of these solvents by controlled crystallization from solutions containing one part of white grease to five parts of solvent by weight. For each solvent the effect of crystallization temperature on the yield and quality of the liquid fraction (as indicated by titer, pour point, and iodine value) has been determined. Preliminary information has been obtained regarding the effects of wash solvent volume, wash solvent temperature, and holding‐time at crystallization temperature. These data apply only to water‐free solvents. The presence of relatively small amounts of water in acetone, of the order of 2%, reduces its solubility for white grease to such an extent that the grease is separated from the solution as a liquid phase at temperatures above the point where fractionation occurs. The other solvents, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, isopropyl acetate, and ethyl acetate, offer the advantage of separating water in excess of about 2 to 10% while retaining the grease in solution.

Before a choice of solvent can be made for pilot‐plant investigation, it is evident that additional research will be required. It is planned to extend the present work in the prepilot‐size crystallizer to evaluate the fractionating efficiency, in the white grease process, of these solvents saturated with water. Operations on a larger continuous pilot‐plant scale will be required subsequently to determine the final choice of solvent, to obtain data for cost estimates and design, and to prepare quantities of various liquid fractions for commercial evaluation.
Preliminary studies on the application of certain chlorinated solvents to soybean oil extraction
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Carvey Robert M.
Published: July 2007

Data for specific‐gravity concentration curves were determined for soybean oil miscellas, using methyl chloroform, ethylene dichloride, and propylene dichloride as solvents. Extraction rates of five solvents extracting soybean oil were found to increase in the following order: 1,2,3‐trichloropropane, methyl chloroform, ethylene dichloride, propylene dichloride, and trichloroethylene. As the result of pilot plant runs on ethylene and propylene dichlorides and consideration of other data the preliminary conclusion was reached that propylene dichloride could be used at a higher temperature where it would be more satisfactory than ethylene dichloride but less so than trichloroethylene.
Loss of oil in hulling tung fruit in the field and at the mill
Authors: McKinney R. S. , Holmes R. L. , Minor J. C. , Potter G. F.
Published: July 2007

Methods for analyzing commercial tung hulls for oil have been developed. Samples of tung hulls from mill and field hulling operations have been collected and analyzed. The loss of oil when the fruit are hulled was found to vary from 0.6% to 7.3% with an average loss of 2.7% based on the total amount of oil in the fruit. The difference in the loss of oil between grove and mill hulling was not significant. With a loss of 2.7% of the oil in hulling, a recovery of 87.9% oil on the hulled nuts would be equivalent to a recovery of 85.5% oil on the whole fruit.
Note on the use of calcium hydroxide in the preparation of peanut protein
Authors: Pominski Joseph , Gordon W. O.
Published: July 2007

It was shown in laboratory peptizations that between the pH range of 7.2 and 9.5, nitrogen solubility obtained with calcium hydroxide solution was a constant and was practically equal to the value obtained with use of sodium hydroxide solution at pH 7.5. Pilot‐plant yields of protein and settling rates of protein curds from calcium hydroxide‐peptized solution with the use of sulfur dioxide to lower the pH were equal to those obtained previously from sodium hydroxide‐peptized solution. This information may be of interest in any instance in which it is advantageous to use the lower‐priced peptizing material.
Minimally Invasive Video‐Assisted Thyroidectomy for Small Follicular Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Hegazy Mohamed A. F. , Khater Ashraf A. , Setit Ahmed E. , Amin Mahmoud A. , Kotb Sherif Z. , Shafei Mohamed A. El , Yousef Tamer F. , Hussein Osama , Shabana Yousef K. , Dayem Ola T. Abdel
Published: July 2007

Minimal access surgery in the thyroid compartment has evolved considerably over the past 10 years and now takes many forms. This study examined the feasibility and reliability of minimally invasive thyroid surgery for the management of small benign thyroid lesions. A total of 68 patients with small thyroid nodules admitted to the Oncology Center of Mansoura University, Egypt, were enrolled in this prospective randomized trial. Patients were allotted to one of two procedures: minimally invasive video‐assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) or minimally invasive open thyroidectomy using the Sofferman technique of strap muscle transection. Exclusion criteria were nodules > 4 cm, presence of thyroiditis, and thyroid gland volume > 20 ml. Preoperative diagnosis, operating time, blood loss, postoperative pain, complications, and cosmetic outcome were all evaluated. The MIVAT group included 35 patients, and the Sofferman group included 33 patients. The main preoperative pathology was a benign follicular lesion (70.5%), and the main postoperative final pathology was follicular adenoma (54.4%). The two groups were comparable regarding age, sex, and extent of thyroid surgery. Operating time was significantly longer in the MIVAT group (115.4 ± 33.5 minutes) compared to the Sofferman group (65.6 ± 23.7 minutes). The postoperative course was significantly less painful in the MIVAT group (p < 0.05). Although patients in the MIVAT group had smaller incisions (p < 0.05), the cosmetic outcome in the two groups was comparable. No long‐term complication was encountered in either group. Two distinct approaches of minimally invasive thyroidectomy are now available and can be performed safely in selected patients. Despite some MIVAT advantages of less postoperative pain and slightly better cosmesis, minimally invasive open thyroidectomy offers an advantage of less operating time with comparable cosmetic results.
Variation in juvenile growth rates among and within latitudinal populations of the medaka
Authors: Yamahira Kazunori , Takeshi Kenichi
Published: July 2007

In ectotherms, lower temperatures at high latitudes would theoretically reduce annual growth rates of individuals. If slower growth and resulting smaller body size reduce fitness, individuals at high latitudes may evolve compensatory growth. This study compares individual growth rates among and within 12 latitudinal populations of the medaka (Oryzias latipes). Growth rates during juvenile stage were measured in a common, temperature‐controlled (28°C) environment. The results revealed that juvenile growth rates differed significantly among the populations. Growth rates were, moreover, significantly correlated with latitudes of source populations, such that higher‐latitude individuals grew faster. Significant variation in growth rates among full‐sib families within populations was also demonstrated. The results strongly suggest that higher‐latitude O. latipes have acquired a greater capacity for growth as an adaptation to shorter growing seasons (which would reduce annual growth rates), thus refuting probability processes, i.e., genetic drift, founder, or bottleneck effects, as a cause of the among‐population variation.
Irreducible Fracture Dislocation of a Finger Metacarpophalangeal Joint: A Case Report
Authors: Hamada Yoshitaka , Kasai Tokio , Sairyo Koichi , Tonogai Ichiro
Published: July 2007

A case of unusual displacement in a finger, with an avulsion fragment from the dorsal metacarpal head of the finger displaced in the palmar direction under the volar plate is described. An 18-year-old woman presented with complaint of difficulty flexing the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint of the right little finger after a fall onto the outstretched hand. Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) was useful for diagnosing this condition. Use of both palmar and dorsal approaches was needed to reduce the displacement and to fix the bones with a single screw. Bone union was achieved, and the patient has been asymptomatic for more than 10 months.
Treating Trigger Finger in Diabetics Using Excision of the Ulnar Slip of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis with or without A1 Pulley Release
Authors: Marcus Alexander M. , Culver James E. , Hunt Thomas R.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of excision of the ulnar slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, with or without A1 pulley release, for the treatment of trigger finger in diabetic patients. We performed a retrospective review with long-term follow-up examinations. Short-term data was obtained on 18 consecutive patients (37 fingers). Long-term information was collected on 14 of these patients (24 fingers) at an average of 48 months after surgery. Short-term follow-up revealed average proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) flexion of 81°. One patient had slight residual triggering. At long-term follow-up, 93% of patients were completely or very satisfied with the procedure. Total active finger motion averaged 218°, and PIP extension deficit averaged less than 5°. Pinch strength was equal to the contralateral corresponding finger. There were no significant complications. One finger had minimal residual triggering. In conclusion, this procedure is a safe and effective treatment for the often-difficult problem of stenosing flexor tenosynovitis in the diabetic patient.
«Vivre de sa plume» réflexions sur un topos de l' auctorialité moderne
Authors: Turnovsky Geoffrey
Published: July 2007

Que veut dire « vivre de sa plume»? L'expression a souvent été invoquée par des historiens avançant le récit d'un progrès dans les pratiques littéraires marqué par le passage des écrivains du patronage au marché, afin de définir la « modernité » auctoriale par rapport à un modèle ancien de l'homme de lettres protégé par la noblesse. Or un examen plus attentif montrera que ce progrès vers une autonomie gagnée par la vente des écrits n'est guère aussi évident qu'on a eu tendance à le croire. Cet article étudie donc les ambiguïtés du récit historique implicite dans la notion de « vivre de sa plume ». Il propose ensuite une approche différente qui considère cette représentation non pas comme le reflet d'une nouvelle réalité professionnelle, mais comme un élément dans une nouvelle rhétorique de la présentation de soi en tant qu 'intellectuel. Comme topos, l'image va désigner - et en fait, constituer - à la fois la libération sociale de l'auteur à l'égard de la noblesse et son autorité morale lorsque ses tentatives de vivre de ses écrits échouent et qu'il persiste tout de même à sacrifier son bonheur personnel à son art.
Sociabilités intellectuelles et librairie révolutionnaire
Authors: Chappey Jean-Luc
Published: July 2007

Des « libertés» proclamées en 1789 à la loi sur la librairie de 1810, les dynamiques qui traversent le monde de l'imprimé constituent encore un des objets les plus originaux pour renouveler l'histoire des savoirs d'une période révolutionnaire riche en bouleversements institutionnels et en mutations épistémologiques. Dans la perspective d'une histoire sociale des savoirs, l'analyse des actions construites par et dans l'imprimé permet de préciser la compréhension des transformations sociales, institutionnelles et théoriques qui caractérisent cette période. Alors que le chantier reste encore largement ouvert, il s'agit de présenter ici quelques jalons d'une analyse visant à replacer l'imprimé au coeur des interrogations sur les mutations des sociabilités, des identités et des productions intellectuelles en Révolution.
Histoires de lectrices en italie au début de l'époque moderne
Authors: Von Tippelskirch Xenia
Published: July 2007

Croiser l'histoire de la lecture et l'histoire du genre implique des enjeux méthodologiques qui sont discutés dans cet article à partir de cas concrets situés dans le contexte de l'Italie de l'époque moderne. La signification de la circulation et de la consommation de textes ainsi que les tentatives pour contrôler le savoir et le comportement à travers, d'une part, des interdictions explicites et, d'autre part, des offres de lectures adéquates sont ici considérées en tenant compte du genre des auteurs et des lecteurs. Il semble, en effet, que l'écrit joue à partir du XVIe siècle un rôle de plus en plus important dans la structuration de la relation entre hommes et femmes. Les sources montrent que la lectrice, destinataire consciemment construite comme influençable, pouvait néanmoins se libérer des formes de contrôle visant ses lectures. La double approche retenue permet de lire autrement des textes normatifs et tient compte des possibilités d'appropriation créative: la question de l'interdépendance entre production et réception des textes peut ainsi être revisitée.
Qu'est-ce que la «littérature générale» ?
Authors: Ouvera Philippe
Published: July 2007

Le propos de cet article est de mettre en lumière l'importance, pour l'histoire culturelle, d'une notion professionnelle du monde éditorial comme la« littérature générale» qui contredit la plupart des modalités usuelles de classement et de division de la production intellectuelle. C'est en s'appuyant sur une source« indigène» des métiers du livre comme les annonces publicitaires de la Bibliographie de la France que l'on peut mettre à jour la cohérence d'un vaste domaine qui comprend mais dépasse aussi largement les frontières de la littérature telle qu'on l'entend généralement. Catégorie de l'offre éditoriale, la littérature générale peut se définir dans la première moitié du xxe siècle par le recours à une même forme matérielle, l'in-douze, dont la signification profonde est la volonté de toucher le «grand public cultivé». C'est par la prise en compte de la structure de l'offre que le marché du livre permet ainsi, à travers un domaine comme la littérature générale, de poser la question de l'existence concrète et des contours de la culture lettrée.
Livres, pouvoir et théorie
Authors: Ribard Dinah
Published: July 2007

Cet article s'interroge sur le type de théories qui sont produites dans des livres et uniquement dans des livres, sans garantie disciplinaire ni institutionnelle. À partir de deux cas, une méthode comptable et un traité sur la noblesse, il vise à montrer que l'identification des conditions matérielles et sociales d'évolutions de la pensée (contexte de rédaction d'un ouvrage, circulation ou marché de l'imprimé, commande) revient finalement à une analyse par l'esprit du temps, dès lors que le livre est traité comme un résultat ou un produit, et que le travail qu'il effectue n'est pas pris en compte. Les cas choisis révèlent que l'ajustement d'un livre à une demande ou à une action politique n'est pas une explication, utilisable telle quelle par l'historien, mais le fait d'une interprétation des besoins de théorie suscités par cette action. Cette interprétation, comme fait, est à expliquer: on la comprend ici comme proposition de manières de savoir que seule la reconnaissance du pouvoir, c'està- dire l'activation de réseaux et de relais sociaux, peut valider.
Entre littérature et religion les pratiques d'auteur de jean goulu
Authors: Bombart Mathilde
Published: July 2007

Inscrite dans une période décisive pour le développement de la culture imprimée en France, l'activité de publication de Jean Goulu, supérieur d'un ordre religieux en pleine expansion et auteur de traductions philosophiques et religieuses, d'ouvrages de controverse et de piété et de pamphlets, est exemplaire des luttes autour du monde du livre qui marquent le premier XVIIe siècle. Au croisement des sphères politique, religieuse et littéraire, cet auteur met le livre au service d'une carrière, mais aussi d'une entreprise morale et politique de contrôle de la production imprimée à destination du public non savant qui se développe alors, et par là même, d'une volonté de contrôle des manières de lire de ce public. L'étude des livres de Goulu et de ses choix scripturaires et éditoriaux permet ainsi de comprendre comment l'écrit imprimé représente un moyen de construire son identité et d'agir dans le monde.
A variational treatment for general elliptic equations of the flame propagation type: regularity of the free boundary
Authors: Teixeira Eduardo V.
Published: July 2007

We develop a variational theory to study the free boundary regularity problem for elliptic operators:

Lu = D_{j}(a_{ij}(x)D_{i}u) + b_{i}u_{i} + c(x)u = 0

in

\{u > 0\}

,

〈a_{ij}(x)\mathrm{∇}u,\mathrm{∇}u〉 = 2

on

\partial \{u > 0\}

. We use a singular perturbation framework to approximate this free boundary problem by regularizing ones of the form:

Lu_{ɛ} = \beta _{ɛ}(u_{ɛ})

, where

\beta _{ɛ}

is a suitable approximation of Dirac delta function

\delta _{0}

. A useful variational characterization to solutions of the above approximating problem is established and used to obtain important geometric properties that enable regularity of the free boundary. This theory has been developed in connection to a very recent line of research as an effort to study existence and regularity theory for free boundary problems with gradient dependence upon the penalization.

Nous développons une théorie variationnelle pour l'étude du problème de la régularité de la frontière libre pour des opérateurs elliptiques :

Lu = D_{j}(a_{ij}(x)D_{i}u) + b_{i}u_{i} + c(x)u = 0

en

\{u > 0\}

,

〈a_{ij}(x)\mathrm{∇}u,\mathrm{∇}u〉 = 2

en

\partial \{u > 0\}

. Nous régularisons et approximons la frontière libre par une méthode de perturbation singulière de la forme :

Lu_{ɛ} = \beta _{ɛ}(u_{ɛ})

, où

\beta _{ɛ}

est une approximation adaptée de la fonction delta de Dirac

\delta _{0}

. Une caractérisation variationnelle des solutions du problème d'approximation ci-dessus est établie et employée pour obtenir les propriétés géométriques importantes qui impliquent la régularité de la frontière libre. Cette théorie a été développée en connection avec une ligne très récente de recherche comme effort pour étudier la théorie d'existence et de régularité pour des problèmes de la frontière libre avec la dépendance de gradient sur la pénalisation.