bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Kenntnis der Triterpenalkohole Taraxasterol und ψ‐Taraxasterol
Authors: Fruhstorfer Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Aus dem Unverseifbaren der Artischocke (Cynara scolymus) wurden die Triterpenalkohole Taraxasterol und ψ‐Taraxasterol isoliert, letzteres jedoch nur im Gemisch mit Taraxasterol im Verhältnis 1:1. Das in der Literatur beschriebene „Isolactucerol” wurde als identisch mit dem Gemisch Taraxasterol‐ψ‐Taraxasterol 1:1 erkannt; der Name “Isolactucerol”︁ ist daher entbehrlich. Die Untersuchungen zur Klärung der Lage der Doppelbindung in Taraxasterol und ψ‐Taraxasterol führten zu den Formeln I bzw. II für die beiden Triterpenalkohole.
Organische Katalysatoren XXXIII. Mitteil.: Peroxydasewirkung verschiedener Oxyhämoglobine
Authors: Langenbeck Wolfgang , Fittkau Siegfried
Published: May 2007

Die Peroxydasewirkungen der Oxyhämoglobine von sieben verschiedenen Tierarten wurden miteinander verglichen. Die Aktivitäten erwiesen sich als deutlich verschieden.
Über neue glykosidische Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe, II. Mitteil.: Zur Konstitution des Gentiopikrins
Authors: Korte Friedhelm
Published: May 2007

Für das Gentiopikrin, den Bitterstoff aus Gentiana lutea, wird die Konstitutionsformel eines Glucosyloxy‐2‐oxo‐6‐isopropenyl‐2.7a‐dihydro‐6H‐furano‐(2.3‐b)‐pyrans vorgeschlagen. Die Glucosyl‐oxy‐Gruppe ist wahrscheinlich in 3‐Stellung mit dem Grundgerüst verknüpft

Herrn Dr. F. Richter vom Beilstein‐Institut, Höchst, danke ich sehr herzlich für die korrekte Bezeichnung der Verbindung.

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Chromatographische Trennungen acetylierter Mono‐ und Disaccharide
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Dürr Helmut , Ruck Klaus
Published: May 2007

Es wird eine Reihe von Modelltrennungen acetylierter Mono‐ und Disaccharide durch chromatographische Adsorptionsanalyse, ferner eine Acetylabspaltung durch Aluminiumoxyd am Lactolhydroxyl bei Pentaacetylmonosen beschrieben.
Neue Synthesen von Oxazolen und α‐Formamino‐ketonen (Formamid‐Reaktionen, V. Mitteil.)
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Gompper Rudolf
Published: May 2007

Aus α‐Oxy‐ und α‐Formoxy‐ketonen werden nach verschiedenen Verfahren in 2‐Stellung nicht substituierte Oxazole erhalten. Die Darstellung von α‐Formoxy‐ketonen wird beschrieben.

Aus α‐Oxy‐ketonen entstehen mit Formamid unter geeigneten Bedingungen α‐Formamino‐ketone.
Umsetzungen mit Alkylphosphiten. I. Mitteil.: Umlagerungen bei der Reaktion mit Chloral und Bromal
Authors: Perkow Werner
Published: May 2007

Trialkylphosphite weichen bei der Reaktion mit Chloral und Bromal vom erwarteten Typ der “Arbusow'schen Umlagerung” ab. Es entstehen in einem anders gearteten Umlagerungsverlauf Dialkyl‐2.2‐dihalogenvinyl‐orthophosphate.
Die Farbstoffe aus Fructose bzw. Oxymethylfurfurol mit verschiedenen Aminen. III. Mitteil. über die Farbreaktionen der Ketohexosen
Authors: Kallinich Günter , Thies Heinrich
Published: May 2007

Neben Diphenylamin reagieren auch Methyldiphenylamin, Triphenylamin, Indolderivate und Carbazol mit Fructose und Oxymethylfurfurol unter Farbstoffbildung. Die Farbstoffe aus diesen Aminen wurden dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer chemischen und spektralen Eigenschaften untersucht.
Über neue glykosidische Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe V. Mitteil.: Zur Konstitution des Gentiopikrins und des Hexahydrogentiogenin‐methyläthers
Authors: Korte Friedhelm
Published: May 2007

Eine von Y. Sakurai vorgeschlagene Formel für das Gentiopikrin wird diskutiert und eine Konstitutionsformel für den Hexahydro‐gentiogenin‐methyläther aufgestellt.
Über ein stabiles Sauerstoffradikal, das 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyl‐(1), I. Mitteil.
Authors: Müller Eugen , Ley Kurt
Published: May 2007

Dehydriert man unter geeigneten Bedingungen das 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.‐butyl‐phenol, so erhält man eine tiefblaue Lösung, aus der sich das blaue, feste 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.butyl‐phenoxyl‐(1) gewinnen läßt. Die Substanz ist paramagnetisch. Das chemische und physikalische Verhalten steht mit einer Formulierung als freies Radikal in Übereinstimmung.
Zur Kenntnis der Acetylencarbonsäuren, II. Mitteil.): Die Darstellung der Hexinsäure, Pentin‐(4)‐säure und Heptadiin‐(1.6)‐carbonsäure‐(4
Authors: Schulte Karl Ernst , Reiss Kurt Philipp
Published: May 2007

Die Darstellung der Hexin‐(4)‐säure, Pentin‐(4)‐säure und Heptadiin‐(1.6)‐carbonsäure‐(4) wird beschrieben und es werden einige Beobachtungen über die Beeinflussung der Reaktionsfähigkeit von 1‐Brom‐alkinen durch die Dreifachbindung mitgeteilt.
Synthese der homologen Reihen der Alkyl‐phenyl‐ketone und der d,l‐Alkyl‐phenyl‐carbinole (XII. Mitteil.) über isomere und homologe Reihen
Authors: Breusch Freidrich L. , Oǧuzer Mitat
Published: May 2007

Die homologen Reihen der kristallisierten Phenyl‐alkyl‐ketone und der d,l‐Alkyl‐phenyl‐carbinole wurden dargestellt. Die letzte Reihe zeigt die größten bisher bekannten Schmelzpunktsunterschiede zwischen geradem und ungeradem Alkyl.
Über 1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthene, IV. Mitteil.): Die Anlagerung von Chlorjod an 1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthene
Authors: Baganz Horst
Published: May 2007

Durch Anlagerung von Chlorjod an 1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthene werden 1.2‐Dichlor‐1.2‐dialkoxy‐äthane und elementares Jod erhalten. In Gegenwart von Pyridin bilden sich äquimolare Mengen N,N'‐[1.2‐Dialkoxy‐äthylen]‐bis‐pyridiniumchloride und ‐bis‐pyridiniumjodide.
Notiz über den Abbau der d‐Glucose zu 2‐Formyl‐d‐glycerinaldehyd mit Perjodsäure
Authors: Schöpf Clemens , Wild Hans
Published: May 2007

Die oxydative Spaltung der d‐Glucose mit Perjodat in ungepufferter wäßr. Lösung erfaßt primär die Kohlenstoffatome 1–3 der Pyranform und liefert, wie durch Titration und präparative Aufarbeitung gezeigt werden konnte, als erste faßbare Spaltprodukte 2‐Formyl‐d‐glycerinaldehyd und 2 Moll. Ameisensäure.
Über die Autoxydation von Ketonen, I. Mitteil.: Die Oxydation von Cyclohexanon
Authors: Pritzkow Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Kinetik und Mechanismus der Autoxydation von Cyclohexanon wurden untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Hauptreaktion über ein α‐Cyclohexanon‐hydroperoxyd und Adipinaldehydsäure zu Adipinsäure führt. Als Nebenprodukte wurden ε‐Caprolacton und n‐Valeriansäure gefunden.
Über die Konstitution der Cyclopentadien‐carbonsäure aus Cyclopentadien‐kalium
Authors: Alder Kurt , Flock Franz Heinz , Hausweiler Arnold , Reeber Rudolf
Published: May 2007

Es wird gezeigt, daß in der aus Cyclopentadien‐kalium (bzw. Cyclopentadienyl‐magnesiumbromid) und Kohlendioxyd hergestellten Cyclopentadien‐carbonsäure die Carboxygruppe nicht, wie bisher angenommen, in 5‐ sondern in 1‐Stellung haftet.
Über die Synthese des 8.9‐Dihydro‐indens aus Dicyclopentadien
Authors: Alder Kurt , Flock Franz Heinz
Published: May 2007

Dicyclopentadien wird mit Selendioxyd in Gegenwart von Acetanhydrid in eine Acetoxy‐Verbindung übergeführt. Der bei ihrer Verseifung erhaltene Alkohol liefert bei der Oxydation ein Keton, das, der Pyrolyse unterworfen, einen Retro‐Dien‐Zerfall erleidet. Bei der Rekombination der Spaltstücke erfolgt Abspaltung von Kohlenoxyd unter Bildung von 8.9‐Dihydro‐inden (XVIII) als Haupt‐ und von 8.9‐Dihydro‐inden‐on‐(3) (XXII) als Nebenprodukt.
Cardiotoxin III induces c‐jun N‐terminal kinase‐dependent apoptosis in HL‐60 human leukaemia cells
Authors: Chien Ching‐Ming , Yang Sheng‐Huei , Yang Chun‐Chieh , Chang Long‐Sen , Lin Shinne‐Ren
Published: May 2007

Cardiotoxin III (CTX III), a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. The molecular effects of CTX III on HL‐60 cells were dissected in the present study. We found that the antiproliferative action of CTX III on HL‐60 cells was mediated through apoptosis, as characterized by an increase of sub G1 population, DNA fragmentation and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl‐2, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol and the activations of capase‐9 and ‐3 were noted, while CTX III had no appreciable effect on the levels of Bcl‐XL and Bad proteins. Moreover, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was activated shortly after CTX III treatment in HL‐60 cells. Consistently, the SP600125 compound, an anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of JNK, suppressed apoptosis induced by CTX III. As expected, this JNK inhibitor also attenuated the modulation of Bax and Bcl‐2, as well as the cytosolic appearance of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 that induced by CTX III. These findings suggest that CTX III can induce apoptosis in HL‐60 cells via the mitochondrial caspase cascade and the activation of JNK is critical for the initiation of the apoptotic death of HL‐60 cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Aziridination of Alkenes: Mechanistic Insights and Requirements for Catalysis
Authors: Richardson Robert D. , Desaize Magalie , Wirth Thomas
Published: May 2007

By detailed study of the possible side reactions in the previously reported aziridination of alkenes with N‐aminoheterocycles mediated by hypervalent iodine reagents, the requirements to make this reaction catalytic in iodoarene have been determined. The reaction requires an oxidant that will oxidise iodoarenes but that does not oxidise alkenes, but it is possible that no such oxidant actually exists! A method in which the hypervalent iodine reagent can be recycled without the need for reisolation is possible. Further study into the mechanism of this reaction gives tentative evidence that the reaction proceeds through formation of an aminoiodane that reacts directly with the alkene, contrary to previous literature reports in which an acetoxyamine intermediate is suggested. The temperature effect of this reaction is remarkable.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship of Cytotoxic Marine Cyclodepsipeptide IB‐01212 Analogues
Authors: Cruz Luis J. , Francesch Andres , Cuevas Carmen , Albericio Fernando
Published: May 2007

Several recently discovered marine products have remarkable in vitro and in vivo anticancer profiles against a wide range of tumor cell lines. Some of these compounds are currently in clinical trials. These compounds show complex structures and mechanisms of action of interest. Herein, we describe the preparation of a series of totally synthetic molecules that are structurally related to the natural marine product IB‐01212 and evaluated them as antitumor agents. For this, total solid‐phase syntheses of the products were performed in parallel by two distinct routes: linear synthesis and convergent synthesis. Structural modifications were introduced in several residue positions to afford 21 IB‐01212 analogues for structure–relationship studies. An increase in the number of methyl groups in the macrocycle enhanced cytotoxic activity. Also, the replacement of an ester bond by an amide bond favored antitumor activity against several human cell lines. In addition, the L configuration analogues were more active against all the tumor cell lines than those containing the D configuration. A significant increase in the size and asymmetry of the macrocycle diminished biological activity with respect to that of IB‐01212. These results are of great value for the discovery of new and more effective anticancer agents.
Current concepts of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Greenstein Jeffrey I.
Published: May 2007

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease. It poses many challenges both clinically and scientifically. Progress made in understanding the genetics, immunology, and neurobiology of MS to date has positioned the field for further breakthroughs both in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis as well as the development of rationally based therapeutics. This review will cover fundamental aspects of the clinical and pathologic features of MS. Identified genetic markers will be considered as well as the evolving understanding of immunologic and neurobiological aspects of the disease. The development of immune therapy based on this knowledge is already apparent and it is likely that neuroprotective therapies will evolve to complement immune modulation in treating the disease. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Evaluation of GMPLS controlled Multi‐granularity Automatically Switched Optical Network
Authors: Li Jian , Yun Ling , Zhang Jie , Gu Wanyi
Published: May 2007

The Single‐granularity Automatically Switched Optical Network (SASON) has been extensively researched in recent years. Yet little work has been done in the research of integrating multi‐granularity Optical Cross‐Connects (OXCs) with ASON architecture, that is Multi‐granularity ASON (MASON). In this paper, Generalised Multi‐Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) controlled MASON is evaluated through simulations. For the first time MASON is compared with SASON. The results reveal that MASON is more scalable and does better in cost saving. But its advantages are at the expenses of longer connection setup time, worse blocking performance and more sensitivity to the inaccuracy of the routing information. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin*
Authors: Xu Z. X. , Li J. Y. , Liu C. M.
Published: May 2007

Some previous studies have shown that drying‐up of the lower Yellow River resulted from decreasing precipitation and excessive industrial and agricultural consumption of water from the middle and downstream regions of the Yellow River. On the basis of average air temperature, precipitation, and pan evaporation data from nearly 80 gauging stations in the Yellow River basin, the monotonic trends of major climate variables over the past several decades are analysed. The analysis was mainly made for 12 months and the annual means. The isograms for annual and typical months are given in the paper. The result shows that the average temperature in the study area exhibits an increasing trend, mainly because of the increase of temperature in December, January and February. The largest trend is shown in December and the smallest is in August. There are 65 of 77 stations exhibiting a downward trend for annual precipitation. In all seasons except summer, there is a similar trend in the upstream region of the Yellow River, south of latitude 35°N. It is interesting to note that the pan evaporation has decreased in most areas of the Yellow River basin during the past several decades. April and July showed the greatest magnitude of slope, and the area from Sanmenxia to Huayuankou as well as the Yiluo River basin exhibited the strongest declining trend. The conclusion is that the decreasing pan evaporation results from complex changes of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, and both climate change and human activities have affected the flow regime of the Yellow River during the past several decades. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing changes in rainfall erosivity in Sicily during the twentieth century
Authors: D’Asaro F. , D'Agostino L. , Bagarello V.
Published: May 2007

Changes in rainfall erosivity are an expected consequence of climate change. Long‐term series of the single storm erosion index, EI, may be analysed to detect trends in rainfall erosivity. An indirect approach has to be applied for estimating EI, given that long series of rainfall intensities are seldom available. In this paper, a method for estimating EI from the corresponding rainfall amount, he, was developed for Sicily. This method was then applied at 17 Sicilian locations, representative of different climatic zones of the region, to generate a long series (i.e. from 1916 to 1999 in most cases) of EI values. Linear and step (step located at 1970) trends in annual and seasonal erosivity were detected by both classical approaches (Mann–Kendall test, Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney rank‐sum test) and a new empirical approach (quantile approach, QA), based on the determination of the erosivity values corresponding to selected probability levels. A power relationship between EI and he with a space‐ and time‐variable scale factor and a time‐variable process parameter yielded the most accurate predictions of EI. However, a simpler model, using a time‐variable scale factor and a constant process parameter, yielded reasonably accurate EI estimates. Annual erosivity did not increase in Sicily during the twentieth century. At the most, it decreased at a few locations (three of the 17 considered locations). Significant trends were observed more frequently for winter erosivity (six locations) than for summer erosivity (two locations), suggesting that the erosive storms of winter determined the occasional occurrence of a negative trend in annual erosivity. In general, the QA compared reasonably well with more classical approaches. The QA appears promising since step trends for different return periods may be detected but efforts are needed to statistically formalize the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of moving storms on attainment of equilibrium discharge
Authors: Lee Kwan Tun , Huang Jen‐Kuo
Published: May 2007

Although rainfall is assumed spatially uniform in conventional hydrological modelling for rainfall–runoff simulations, moving storms have been shown to have substantial influence on flow hydrographs. In this study, criteria for attainment of the equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms were examined. Non‐linear numerical kinematic‐wave models were developed to simulate runoff from an overland plane and from a V‐shaped catchment. Dimensional analysis was applied to obtain the independent variables to be used as control factors in performing a series of numerical tests. The results indicate that, for storms moving downstream, runoff can attain equilibrium discharge even though the storm length is shorter than the watershed length and the rainfall duration is less than the time to equilibrium of the watershed for stationary uniform storms. The phenomenon of attainment of equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms is contradictory to conventional hydrologic design, which assumes the storm duration must equal the time to equilibrium to attain the maximum discharge. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy assessment of the MODIS snow products
Authors: Hall Dorothy K. , Riggs George A.
Published: May 2007

A suite of Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow products at various spatial and temporal resolutions from the Terra satellite has been available since February 2000. Standard products include daily and 8‐day composite 500 m resolution swath and tile products (which include fractional snow cover (FSC) and snow albedo), and 0·05° resolution products on a climate‐modelling grid (CMG) (which also include FSC). These snow products (from Collection 4 (C4) reprocessing) are mature and most have been validated to varying degrees and are available to order through the National Snow and Ice Data Center. The overall absolute accuracy of the well‐studied 500 m resolution swath (MOD10_L2) and daily tile (MOD10A1) products is ∼93%, but varies by land‐cover type and snow condition. The most frequent errors are due to snow/cloud discrimination problems, however, improvements in the MODIS cloud mask, an input product, have occurred in ‘Collection 5’ reprocessing. Detection of very thin snow (<1 cm thick) can also be problematic. Validation of MOD10_L2 and MOD10A1 applies to all higher‐level products because all the higher‐level products are all created from these products. The composited products may have larger errors due, in part, to errors propagated from daily products. Recently, new products have been developed. A fractional snow cover algorithm for the 500 m resolution products was developed, and is part of the C5 daily swath and tile products; a monthly CMG snow product at 0·05° resolution and a daily 0·25° resolution CMG snow product are also now available. Similar, but not identical products are also produced from the MODIS on the Aqua satellite, launched in May 2002, but the accuracy of those products has not yet been assessed in detail. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural characterization of firn
Authors: Baker I. , Obbard R. , Iliescu D. , Meese D.
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X‐ray spectroscopy and electron back‐scattered diffraction patterns to examine firn in cores retrieved by the United States International Trans‐Antarctic Scientific Expedition. From grain boundary grooves we were able to see where the previously existing snow crystals were joined, and can determine grain sizes. From the SEM images, the porosity and the surface area per unit volume of the pores were measured. Finally, we have shown that we can determine the microchemistry of impurities in firn and demonstrated that we can determine the orientations of the firn crystals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum androgens and prostate cancer among 643 cases and 643 controls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Travis Ruth C. , Key Timothy J. , Allen Naomi E. , Appleby Paul N. , Roddam Andrew W. , Rinaldi Sabina , Egevad Lars , Gann Peter H. , Rohrmann Sabine , Linseisen Jakob , Pischon Tobias , Boeing Heiner , Johnsen Nina Føns , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Kiemeney Lambertus , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Tumino Rosario , Sieri Sabina , Vineis Paolo , Palli Domenico , Quirós José Ramón , Ardanaz Eva , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , Larrañaga Nerea , Gonzalez Carlos , Sanchez Maria‐José , Trichopoulou Antonia , Bikou Chrysa , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Stattin Pär , Jenab Mazda , Ferrari Pietro , Slimani Nadia , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf
Published: May 2007

We examined the hypothesis that serum concentrations of circulating androgens and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are associated with risk for prostate cancer in a case‐control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide and SHBG were measured in serum samples for 643 prostate cancer cases and 643 matched control participants, and concentrations of free testosterone were calculated. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for risk of prostate cancer in relation to the serum concentration of each hormone. After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no significant association with overall risk for prostate cancer for serum total or free testosterone concentrations (highest versus the lowest thirds: OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.73–1.41 and OR, 1.07, 95% CI, 0.74–1.55, respectively) or for other androgens or SHBG. Subgroup analyses showed significant heterogeneity for androstenedione by cancer stage, with a significant inverse association of androstenedione concentration and risk for advanced prostate cancer. There were also weak positive associations between free testosterone concentration and risk for total prostate cancer among younger men and risk for high‐grade disease. In summary, in this large nested case‐control study, concentrations of circulating androgens or SHBG were not strongly associated with risk for total prostate cancer. However, our findings are compatible with a positive association of free testosterone with risk in younger men and possible heterogeneity in the association with androstenedione concentration by stage of disease; these findings warrant further investigation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A consideration of strategic assets and the organizational sources of competitiveness
Authors: Connor Tom
Published: May 2007

This paper considers the role of strategic assets in the generation of company competitiveness. It takes the position that the resource‐based view/dynamic capabilities explanation of competitiveness is tautological and ex post facto in its approach and proposes that competitiveness is derived from permanent infrastructural characteristics of organizational design providing a source of a continuous stream of temporary strategic assets or successful products, services and processes.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid/Base‐Sensitive Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymers Based on Phenanthroimidazole Dyes
Authors: Noormofidi Nadja , Slugovc Christian
Published: May 2007

Poly(norbornenes) with pendant 2‐phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole in different ratios were prepared and their photophysical properties were studied in the presence and absence of acids. The polymers exhibited good film‐forming properties, which paved the way to study their acid/base‐sensitivity in the solid state. Polymer films with a high fluorophore content exhibited self‐absorption in their non‐protonated form and a pronounced fluorescence response in the presence of gaseous HCl. In contrast, thin films of the polymer with a low dye content showed almost no self‐absorption and only a poor response to the acidic analyte.

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Electron‐Deficient Acridone Derivatives as a New Functional Core Towards Low‐Bandgap Metallopolyynes
Authors: Chow Wing‐Cheong , Zhou Gui‐Jiang , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: May 2007

The synthesis, thermal, and photoluminescence properties of novel platinum metallopolyynes of electron‐deficient acridone derivatives with electronically tunable bandgaps and their molecular model complexes are described. Polymer P2 has an optical bandgap (Eg) of 2.10 eV which is much lowered than that of P1 (2.60 eV). The incorporation of electron‐accepting dicyanomethylene units on the acridone ring in the main chain creates a strong π‐conjugated system that features unique donor‐acceptor interactions and intramolecular charge‐transfer states.

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Templated Synthesis of Composite Rings Using Core‐Shell Toroids
Authors: Wei Wei , Xu Huifang , Qu Xiaozhong , Ji Xiangling , Jiang Wei , Yang Zhenzhong
Published: May 2007

In difference to compact objects of a similar size, toroidal structures have some distinguishing properties that originate from their open inner cavity and closed circuit. Here, a general facile methodology is developed to prepare composite rings with varied compositions on a large scale by using core‐shell toroids assembled from tri‐block copolymers of poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PVP)/polystyrene (PS)/PVP. Taking advantage of the complexation ability of the PVP shell, varied components that range from polymers, inorganic materials, metals and their compounds, as well as pre‐formed nanoparticles are introduced to the toroidal structures to form composite nanostructures. Metal ions can be adsorbed by PVP through complexation. After in situ reduction, a large number of metal‐based functional materials can be prepared. PVP is alkaline, and thus capable of catalyzing the sol‐gel process to generate an inorganic shell. Furthermore, pre‐formed nanoparticles can also be absorbed by the shell through specific interactions. The PS core is not infiltrative during synthesis, and hollow rings can be derived after the polymer templates are removed.

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Temperature/pH‐Sensitive Hydrogels Prepared from Pluronic Copolymers End‐Capped with Carboxylic Acid Groups via an Oligolactide Spacer
Authors: Park Sung Young , Lee Yuhan , Bae Ki Hyun , Ahn Cheol‐Hee , Park Tae Gwan
Published: May 2007

The Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer was end‐capped by carboxyl groups using a degradable oligolactide as a spacer to confer pH‐ and thermo‐sensitive properties. With increasing chain length of the oligolactide, the temperature‐dependent sol‐gel transition curve was significantly shifted to higher concentration with concomitant narrowing of the gelation temperature range. Carboxylic acid end‐capped Pluronic also exhibited a peculiar pH‐dependent sol‐gel transition behavior. At 37 °C, sharp gel‐to‐sol and sol‐to‐gel transitions were observed around pH = 4.8 and 8.2, respectively. The pH‐dependent phase transition was caused by introduction of carboxylic acid groups at the ends of Pluronic F127.

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A New Class of Blue‐Emitting Materials for LED Applications: Triarylamine N‐Functionalised 2,7‐Linked Carbazole Polymers
Authors: Yi Hunan , Iraqi Ahmed , Stevenson Mathew , Elliott Claire J. , Lidzey David G.
Published: May 2007

Attachment of triarylamino‐functional groups at the 9‐position of 2,7‐linked carbazole polymers results in blue‐emitting materials with two independent redox processes that were attributed to the triarylamino groups and the polymer backbone, respectively. This new class of blue‐emitting conjugated polymers was prepared via a Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction and showed low turn‐on voltages in electroluminescent devices as a result of their low ionisation potentials. The photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescent properties of these materials are discussed.

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CBOs and the public policy initiative: Funding a collaborative model
Authors: Delgado Louis
Published: May 2007

There is surprisingly little scholarly research available on the experiences of private foundations in funding community‐based organizations (CBOs) and pubic policy efforts. To aid grant makers in targeting their support, successful and effective approaches to community revitalization and policy development must be documented.
New approaches to citizen participation: Building consent
Authors: Potapchuk William R.
Published: May 2007

Even the most broadly based public processes cannot guarantee resolution of a community issue. They can, however, help create a culture for conducting public business in a democratic and effective fashion.
New life for regionalism? Maybe
Authors: Wallis Allan D.
Published: May 2007

The real significance of the Intermodal Surface Transportation and Efficiency Act of 1991 is its provision for the empowerment of regional agencies to reconcile land‐use patterns and infrastructure needs with existing air quality regulations.
Local redistricting: The demographic context of boundary drawing
Authors: Morrison Peter A. , Clark William A. V.
Published: May 2007

The goal of minority representation has been pursued at the expense of policy‐making bodies of wieldy size and electroal districts patterned after the principles of compactness, contiguity, and uniform population size. Can local redistricting plans in cosmopolitan communities respect the interests of diverse populations without succumbing to Byzantine complexity?
After the riots: Multiculturalism in Los Angeles
Authors: Pisano Jane G.
Published: May 2007

Among the roots of the Los Angeles Riots — and the unrest they spawned in other cities — is a suburbanization process that has isolated inner‐city populations and encouraged underinvestment in urban educational and community institutions. Greater unity among metropolitan communities, and their residents, is one key to the urban future.
Youth community service: An overview
Authors: Zeller Laurie Hirschfeld
Published: May 2007

Modern youth community service programs infuse the daily lives of their participants with goals and purpose. They may also provide useful job training, scholarship money, opportunities to mix with other races and social classes, and exposure to the prvileges and responsibilities of citizenship. Enthusiasm for the redeeming power of hard work for the public good may seduce us into judging these programs on the basis of their spirit and intent, however, rather than their results.
What makes democracy work?
Authors: Putnam Robert D.
Published: May 2007

Certain communities do not enjoy a more vital civic life because they are prosperous, they are prosperous because they have a vital civic life. How do you make democracy work better? Start by strengthening the norms of trust, reciprocity and civic engagement that are indispensable to collective existence.
The new civic infrastructure: Intersectoral collaboration and the decision‐making process
Authors: Grell Jan , Gappert Gary
Published: May 2007

Devolution to the state and local levels of responsibility for economic development, funding of essential services, and many planning functions occurred at a time of high integration of the U.S. economy and unrelenting competition from abroad. What we needed was coordination, but the response was increased fragmentation. Now and in the near future, the external and internal challenges facing our economy and society must be addressed through linkages and relationships among sectors and institutions.
Testing legislative term limitations: The San Mateo board of county supervisors as laboratory
Authors: Rausch John David
Published: May 2007

The term limit reform continues to resonate with electroates across the nation, with no sign of abatement in sight. An analysis of the first local election affected by term limits tests the validity of proponents' claims.
A communitarian approach to local governance
Authors: Ostrom Elinor
Published: May 2007

Citizenship has for too long been confined to voting and consumption of public services. A more collaborative and functional model — and indeed, the only one suitable for the critical challenges confronting America's communities — emphasizes horizontal, two‐way relationship among the various participants in the community‐governance process.
Baltimore: Managing the civics of a “turnaround” community
Authors: Henderson Lenneal J.
Published: May 2007

Ironically, the resuscitation of civic spirit and capacity that has spearheaded Baltimore's turnaround was prompted by the abject human conditions that characterized the community's post‐war decline. Effective, sustainable revitalization must focus both on neighborhoods and downtown, have leadership and support from the top as well as the grass‐roots, and draw its energy from collaboration among units of government, neighborhoods, sectors, and organizations.
Citistates and regional governance
Authors: Kirlin John J.
Published: May 2007

When the community‐revitalization debate is shifted from the local to the regional level, advocates confront the fact that — despite recent reforms — regions have little standing in our federal system. Economically competitive regions offering a range of satisfying experiences for their residents will require a less coercive federalism and a re‐casting of our politics to favor balanced public discussion and encourage commitment to neighborhood and region.
Collaboration for youth development: Youth action programming
Authors: Hancock Michael
Published: May 2007

While few individuals experienced in community‐based work would deny the broad applicability of general principles of collaborative process, most would surely reject the mentality of “one best way,” that has informed and shaped the msot maligned failures in social intervention of the last three decades.
Inventing regionalism: The first two waves
Authors: Wallis Allan D.
Published: May 2007

Over the course of a century efforts to achieve regional governance have proceeded in two waves. The first, championed by municipal reformers, stressed structural solutions, such as city‐county consolidation. The second wave focused on procedural reforms designed to improve program coordination and comprehensive planning.
Municipal term limits in orange county, California
Authors: Petracca Mark P. , O'Brien Karen Moore
Published: May 2007

Statewide measures to limit the terms of state legislators, in most cases, will not influence incumbency until the late 1990s. What will the effects be? The long experience of term‐limited cities in Orange County may offer some clues.
The structural reform impulse in local government: Its past and relevance to the future
Authors: Svara James H.
Published: May 2007

Does structure matter? Is there value to advocating one form over another? Individual plans, like individual governments and specific administrations, will be judged on their merits, and a preferred structure constitutes a standard for that evaluation. Emprically accepted standards also supply a frame of reference for improving all governments, regardless of structure.
Inventing regionalism: A two‐phase approach
Authors: Wallis Allan D.
Published: May 2007

Today, we are engaged in a new wave of efforts to achieve regional governance. Drawing lessons from these attempts, a two‐phase approach to regional governance is developed here. The first phase employs consensus‐based processes to develop a vision of the region's future. Phase Two structures institutional capacity for sustained implementation of the vision.
Looking for community on the internet
Authors: Schwartz Evan
Published: May 2007

What are the human needs that electronic social environments — virtual communities set‐up on the Internet — seek to satisfy? What are their potential for encouraging the reinforcement of communit in real space and time?
Public journalism and public life
Authors: Merritt Davis
Published: May 2007

Journalism as it is currently practiced — conveying information, often with questionable objectivity — has contributed to the crisis in our public life. A middle ground exists between disinterest and activism by which the profession can assist in the replenishment of civic capital.
Fourth‐order compact schemes of a heat conduction problem with Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Zhao Jennifer , Dai Weizhong , Niu Tianchan
Published: May 2007

In this article, a set of fourth‐order compact finite difference schemes is developed to solve a heat conduction problem with Neumann boundary conditions. It is derived through the compact difference schemes at all interior points, and the combined compact difference schemes at the boundary points. This set of schemes is proved to be globally solvable and unconditionally stable. Numerical examples are provided to verify the accuracy.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
Assessment of caregivers' willingness to participate in an intervention research study
Authors: Murphy Margaret R. , Escamilla Monica I. , Blackwell Paula H. , Lucke Kathy T. , Miner‐Williams Denise , Shaw Virginia , Lewis Sharon L.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of the study was to identify factors that influenced family caregivers' decisions to participate in an intervention research study. In interviews conducted before and after the intervention, caregivers (n=21) described reasons for participation. A focused content analysis was used to examine responses. Themes that emerged included: (a) caregivers recognized a need for help; (b) expectations and motivations toward change; (c) recognition of self worth as caregivers; (d) timeliness of recruitment strategies; (e) support of research staff affected recruitment; and (f) caregivers recognized the benefits of participation. These findings support the importance of many different strategies for effective recruitment of caregivers in future studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 347–355, 2007
The influence of end‐of‐life cancer care on caregivers
Authors: Doorenbos Ardith Z. , Given Barbara , Given Charles W. , Wyatt Gwen , Gift Audrey , Rahbar Mohammad , Jeon Sangchoon
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this secondary analysis was to glean from prospective data whether those caring for elderly family members recently diagnosed with cancer who ultimately died reported different caregiver depressive symptomatology and burden than caregivers of those who survived. Findings from interviews with 618 caregivers revealed that caregiver depressive symptomatology differed based on family members' survival status, and spousal caregivers experienced greater burden when a family member was near death than did non‐spousal caregivers. Family member symptoms and limitations in daily living, as well as caregiver health status, age, and employment, were associated with caregiver depressive symptomatology and burden; however, these associations had no interaction with family member survival status. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 270–281, 2007
A comparison of research utilization among nurses working in Canadian civilian and United States Army healthcare settings
Authors: Estabrooks Carole A. , Kenny Deborah J. , Adewale Adeniyi J. , Cummings Greta G. , Mallidou Anastasia A.
Published: May 2007

Researchers and theorists working in the field of knowledge translation point to the importance of organizational context in influencing research utilization. The study purpose was to compare research utilization in two different healthcare contexts—Canadian civilian and United States (US) Army settings. Contrary to the investigators' expectations, research utilization scores were lower in US Army settings, after controlling for potential predictors. In‐service attendance, library access, belief suspension, gender, and years of experience interacted significantly with the setting (military or civilian) for research utilization. Predictors of research utilization common to both settings were attitude and belief suspension. Predictors in the US Army setting were trust and years of experience, and in the Canadian civilian setting were in‐service attendance, time (organizational), research champion, and library access. While context is of central importance, individual and organizational predictors interact with context in important although not well‐understood ways, and should not be ignored. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 282–296, 2007
Is postal follow‐up of childhood cancer survivors worthwhile?
Authors: Parkes Sheila E. , Jenkinson H.C. , Griffiths A. , Kinch D. , Mann J.R.
Published: May 2007

Background

Childhood cancer survival has increased over the last 30 years, but long‐term effects necessitate continued monitoring of survivors. Since not all of them attend follow‐up clinics, this study assesses the efficacy of obtaining information from general practitioners (GPs) through a 5‐year rolling postal program.

Procedure

Survivors were included who had been diagnosed with a malignancy in the West Midlands since 1957 and were not attending central long‐term follow‐up clinics.

Results

One thousand twenty‐seven patients were followed up between 1993 and 2004. Replies were received on 903 (88% response). There were 44 subsequent malignancies and 42 deaths. No medical problems were reported in 341/935 patients (36.5%); in the other 594 endocrine effects were the most common, with visual effects the biggest single problem. Brain tumor survivors had the largest proportion of problems.

Conclusions

The response rate and information quality achieved show that this method of follow‐up is feasible, in cases of discharged or defaulting patients. These data will complement those derived from hospital‐based follow‐up studies, to give a broader understanding of the spectrum of late effects experienced by survivors and may inform the development of specific long‐term follow‐up protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:80–84. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concerns about infertility risks among pediatric oncology patients and their parents
Authors: Oosterhuis B. Elizabeth , Goodwin Tress , Kiernan Michaela , Hudson Melissa M. , Dahl Gary V.
Published: May 2007

Background

Given pediatric cancer patients are living into adulthood, parents and patients need to be informed about fertility‐related side effects of their particular treatment.

Procedure

We surveyed 97 parents of pediatric patients of all ages as well as 37 adolescent patients of 14 years or older who were presented for care at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (LPCH) at the Stanford University Medical Center. We estimated the potential infertility risk (low, intermediate, and high) based on the child's treatment regimen.

Results

In contrast to our hypothesis, the majority of parents in all three risk categories were concerned about fertility‐related side effects of cancer treatment. Many parents with children at low risk were concerned (58.3%) whereas not all parents with children at intermediate or high risk were concerned, 61.5% and 73.3% respectively, P = 0.43. Indeed, over 50% of all parents were erroneously concerned that cancer therapies cause DNA damage to their child's eggs (or sperm). Only 29.9% of parents were satisfied with the amount of information received. Similar patterns were seen among the adolescent patient sample.

Conclusions

Parents of pediatric cancer patients and teenage patients have concerns about fertility‐related side effects regardless of treatment received. Targeted education about infertility risk before and after treatment can address these gaps. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:85–89. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteome analysis of proliferative response of bystander cells adjacent to cells exposed to ionizing radiation
Authors: Gerashchenko Bogdan I. , Yamagata Akira , Oofusa Ken , Yoshizato Katsutoshi , de Toledo Sonia M. , Howell Roger W.
Published: May 2007

Recently (Cytometry 2003, 56A, 71–80), we reported that direct cell‐to‐cell contact is required for stimulating proliferation of bystander rat liver cells (WB‐F344) cocultured with irradiated cells, and neither functional gap junction intercellular communication nor long‐range extracellular factors appear to be involved in this proliferative bystander response (PBR). The molecular basis for this response is unknown. Confluent monolayers of WB‐F344 cells were exposed to 5‐Gray (Gy) of γ‐rays. Irradiated cells were mixed with unirradiated cells and co‐cultured for 24 h. Cells were harvested and protein expression was examined using 2‐DE. Protein expression was also determined in cultures of unirradiated and 5‐Gy irradiated cells. Proteins were identified by MS. Nucleophosmin (NPM)‐1, a multifunctional nucleolar protein, was more highly expressed in bystander cells than in either unirradiated or 5‐Gy irradiated cells. Enolase‐α, a glycolytic enzyme, was present in acidic and basic variants in unirradiated cells. In bystander and 5‐Gy irradiated cells, the basic variant was weakly expressed, whereas the acidic variant was overwhelmingly present. These data indicate that the presence of irradiated cells can affect NPM‐1 and enolase‐α in adjacent bystander cells. These proteins appear to participate in molecular events related to the PBR and suggest that this response may involve cellular defense, proliferation, and metabolism.
Comparison of the nuclear proteomes of mammary epithelial cells at different stages of functional differentiation
Authors: Desrivières Sylvane , Kuhn Karsten , Müller Jörg , Gläser Melanie , Laria Nahomi Castro‐Palomino , Korder Jutta , Sonnentag Michael , Neumann Thomas , Schwarz Josef , Schäfer Jürgen , Hamon Christian , Groner Bernd , Prinz Thorsten
Published: May 2007

The progression of stem cells to proliferating progenitor cells and finally to a quiescent differentiated state is a hallmark of organ development. This process proceeds through distinct steps and is regulated through cell–cell interactions and by systemically and locally acting factors. We have established a cell culture system which recapitulates features of mammary gland development in vitro and allows the comparison of three characteristic differentiation stages. Cell fate decisions relating to proliferation and differentiation are dependent on the function of proteins in the nucleus. Therefore, we have applied proteomic approaches, including 1‐ and 2‐DE coupled with MS and a gel‐free system, called protein sequence tag technology (PST), to assess the changes in the nuclear protein composition during differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. We identified about 250 individual proteins which are present in the nucleus of proliferating and functionally differentiated mammary epithelial cells. We functionally categorised the differentially expressed proteins and identified a multitude of proteins that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post‐transcriptional level. This analysis greatly enriches our global view of the dynamic changes of nuclear proteins during the development of mammary epithelial cells and suggests models for the control of differentiation‐specific protein expression.