bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The response of small and medium‐size business customers to Time‐of‐Use (TOU) electricity rates in Israel
Authors: Aigner D. J. , Newman J. , Tishler A.
Published: July 2007

This paper reports on the methodology, data, and results of the Israeli Time‐of‐Use (TOU) electricity pricing experiment in the industrial/commercial sector. We concentrate on the estimation of the demand functions for electricity under TOU, and the net welfare gains which result from applying TOU rates to small and medium‐size business customers in Israel. This experiment, which was preceded by a 15‐month load research study to allow an optimal sample design, was concluded in June 1992. The analysis yielded four major conclusions: (1) The estimated gains of small and medium‐size customers in Israel from TOU rates are sufficient to justify investment in TOU metering technology. (2) There have been small, but noticeable, shifts of electricity from the peak to the mid‐peak (if relevant) and to the off‐peak periods during all seasons of the year, and particularly during the winter. (3) The structure and number of labour shifts during the day, and weather, are important factors in determining the response of business customers to the TOU rates. (4) Price elasticities vary substantially over the seasons and across SIC groups; they do not vary with customer size.
Energy crises and change of technology
Authors: Ilmakunnas P. , Törmä H.
Published: July 2007

A production model is formulated for the Finnish metal product and machinery industry for studying energy crises‐related structural changes. Two models are estimated: a partial static equilibrium model, where capital is treated as a fixed input in the short run, and a dynamic model, where adjustment costs of the capital input are taken into account. Alternative hypotheses of structural change are formulated as gradual parameter shifts. The results show that some of the energy‐related parameters have changed over time. Also the contributions of parameter changes and variations in the average values of the variables on the changes in the energy demand elasticities are studied. The most important effect is the strengthening of the energy‐saving bias in technical change.
Rank‐ordered logit models: An empirical analysis of Ontario voter preferences
Authors: Koop G. , Poirier D. J.
Published: July 2007

This study provides a Bayesian investigation of rank‐ordered multinominal logit models employing conjugate priors for standard multinomial logit models as well as other priors. Also considered is a specification test of the independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption. The proposed techniques are demonstrated in an empirical investigation of Ontario voter preferences before the 1988 Canadian Federal Election.
The determinants of Australian trade union membership
Authors: Borland J. , Ouliaris S.
Published: July 2007

This paper investigates the determinants of trade union membership in Australia using the Engle and Granger (1987) theory of co‐integrated economic variables. Applying the theory of co‐integration yields a model of union membership which can be interpreted as distinguishing between long‐run and ‘business cycle’ determinants of union membership. The principal long‐run determinant of union membership is found to be the level of employment disaggregated by industry classification. Business cycle variables—the real wage and the change in unemployment—are also shown to influence movements in union density. These findings are consistent with recent studies which have attributed the decline in union membership in Australia since the early 1980s to the changing composition of employment and movements in the rate of unemployment.
A review of stata 3.1
Authors: Ferrall C.
Published: July 2007

Stata 3.1 is a program for data management, graphics, and statistical analysis. Since Version 2.1 was reviewed by Pederson (1991), Stata has added several platforms, third‐party products, supporting services, and many features of interest to econometricians. The result is that Stata 3.1 integrates fast and reliable manipulation of data with high‐powered statistical analysis. For users who do no more than run regressions, the new features do not detract from the feel of ease and control Stata gives the researcher working with any data set, large or small. A unique system to disseminate user‐written programs lets Stata grow continuously without becoming unwieldy, ensuring that Stata will become a standard package in several branches of applied statistics. This review summarizes the hardware requirements of Stata, demonstrates a short but typical Stata session, and discusses some of the unique elements of Stata.
Cointegration tests of present value models with a time‐varying discount factor
Authors: Timmermann Allan
Published: July 2007

The paper analyses the impact of persistence and volatility in the discount rate in present‐value models on cointegration tests in levels and in logarithms. In simulations we find that the probability of not rejecting the null of no cointegration depends on the persistence of the discount rate process and can be very high when the expected returns process is highly persistent. In contrast, the cointegration tests are very robust with respect to the level of volatility in the discount rate. We discuss the relevance of our findings for the US stock market where standard ADF tests do not reject the null of no cointegration between stock prices and dividends. Based on estimates of persistence in four asset pricing models, we find that a model which links expected returns to the dividend yield is sufficiently persistent to explain the failure of rejecting the null that stock prices and dividends are not cointegrated.
Separability test for the electricity supply industry
Authors: Lee Byung‐Joo
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the vertical integration issue of the electricity industry. This industry is typically vertically integrated and heavily regulated. The paper investigates the potential technological efficiency loss due to the vertical disintegration using the translog production function. Three separability hypotheses using the Allen‐Uzawa elasticity of substitution are tested to examine the feasibility of various degrees of disintegration of the current industry structure. All three separability hypotheses are rejected, and the cost of disintegration is estimated. Further, estimates indicate that the electricity industry appears to have exhausted economies of scale. Unlike other deregulated industries, disintegration of the electricity industry will entail technological efficiency loss.
Efficiency in the provision of university teaching and research: An empirical analysis of UK universities
Authors: Glass J. C. , McKillop D. G. , Hyndman N.
Published: July 2007

A flexible three‐output, two‐input cost function model is used to examine the cost efficiency of UK universities as producers of teaching and research ‘outputs’. Unlike previous studies, a comprehensive peer review of research quality is incorporated. Overall, product‐specific and input‐specific economies of scale, global and product‐specific economies of scope, marginal costs and cost complementarities are estimated. Overall and product‐specific scale results indicate considerable increasing returns, while the scope results generally suggest neither economies nor diseconomies. Sensitivity analysis is used to simulate the impact of current government policy, regarding the expansion of undergraduate teaching output, on these results.
The distribution of personal income: Revisited
Authors: McDonald James B. , Mantrala Anand
Published: July 2007

In a recent paper, Majumder and Chakravarty (1990) propose a four‐parameter model which they find provides a better fit to some income data than the lognormal, gamma, Singh‐Maddala, Dagum, and generalized beta of the second kind (GB2) distributions. This note (1) demonstrates that the model proposed by Majumder and Chakravarty is a reparameterization of the GB2 and (2) reconciles the corresponding contradictory empirical findings reported by Majumder and Chakravarty.
A simple and efficient method for estimating the magnitude and precision of welfare changes
Authors: Breslaw Jon A. , Smith J. Barry
Published: July 2007

In this article we propose a simple and efficient method of estimating welfare measures in an n‐equation system. We also estimate the variance of these measures. The accuracy and convergence properties of our approach are studied: the algorithm converges quadratically. This is a distinct improvement over the Vartia algorithm which converges linearly. We demonstrate the method by evaluating the welfare consequences of price changes in the provision of health care. The GAUSS code, which is very short, is included.
Multiple regimes and cross‐country growth behaviour
Authors: Durlauf Steven N. , Johnson Paul A.
Published: July 2007

This paper provides some new evidence on the behaviour of cross‐country growth rates. We reject the linear model commonly used to study cross‐country growth behaviour in favour of a multiple regime alternative in which different economies obey different linear models when grouped according to initial conditions. Further, the marginal product of capital is shown to vary with the level of economic development. These results are consistent with growth models which exhibit multiple steady states. Our results call into question inferences that have been made in favour of the convergence hypothesis and further suggest that the explanatory power of the Solow growth model may be enhanced with a theory of aggregate production function differences.
Modelling market fundamentals: A model of the aluminium market
Authors: Gilbert Christopher L.
Published: July 2007

The standard approach to modelling primary commodity markets under rational expectations is to relate the commodity price to the production and consumption ‘surprises’ (i.e. the innovations on the equations). Using the world aluminium market, we show how this approach can be modified so that both the price and stock can be written in terms of one or more market ‘fundamentals’ which reflect the supply—demand balance on the market. This approach allows joint estimation of production, consumption, stock demand and price equations subject to cross‐equation restrictions. It may be seen as a formalization of the approach adopted by metals industry analysts.
A class of binary response models for grouped duration data
Authors: Sueyoshi Glenn T.
Published: July 2007

This paper explores the relationship between conventional models for binary response such as the probit and logit, and the proportional hazard (PH) and related specifications for grouped duration data. I outline a general class of hazard models for grouped duration data based upon the choice of period‐specific distribution functions, facilitating a thorough analysis of the implications of various specifications and consideration of various issues of model identification. This class of models nests, among others, the proportional hazard, probit, and logit specifications for interval survival. I consider the implications of various specifications for hazard behaviour, focusing on familiar specifications. While the specifications will generally yield results that are quite similar along a number of dimensions, there are significant differences. The probit model generates non‐proportional effects of variables on the discrete hazard, while the logit and PH tend to show only slight non‐proportionality. Furthermore, while the effects of variables on the derivatives are considerably larger for the probit specification, the time‐pattern of the probit effects is relatively insensitive to changes in explanatory variables. I illustrate these issues by providing an example taken from Katz's (1986) unemployment data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
Japan's financial deregulation and linkage of the Gensaki and Euroyen deposit markets
Authors: Lin Wen‐Ling
Published: July 2007

This paper examines whether Japan's financial deregulation weakened the linkage between the Euroyen and Gensaki markets. It defines and analyses the linkage of the two markets in terms of the persistence and predictability of yield spreads, as well as cross‐market causality. By using Johansen tests and an error correction model, this paper shows first, cross‐market causality before and after deregulation; and second, one common trend in interest rates, substantial Gensaki—Euroyen yield spreads, and a slower response of the one‐month Gensaki—Euroyen yield spread to a shock after deregulation.
South African fish products. Part XX. Mode and degree of fat storage in the Cape John Dory (Zeus capensis C. and V.) in relation to the chemical compositions of the liver and body fats
Authors: Black M. M. , Rapson W. S. , Schwartz H. M. , Van Rensburg N. J.
Published: July 2007

Component acid analyses have been carried out on body And liver oils from the Cape John Dory (Z. capensis C. and V.) in fat or thin condition. In both liver and body, increase in fat content of the fish results in an increase in the content of the highly unsaturated C20, C22 and C,14 acids in the oil, and a decrease in the degree of average unsaturation of the C18 and C26 acids. In the liver the latter effect is dominant and therefore the iodine value of the liver oil tends to decrease with increase in fat content of fish: in the body, however, the former effect prevails and increase in iodine value of the body oil results.

As in other species with a diffuse system of fat storage, the liver oil in distinguished from the body oil by its higher content of C18 unsaturated acids, and by a decreased content of the more highly unsaturated C20 and C23 acids. The distinction between the liver and body oils is not as marked as is usual in such species, however, and this is related to the comparatively high degree of fat storage in the liver of the John Dory.
A flame method of spectrochemical analysis
Authors: Roach W. A.
Published: July 2007

A flame method of spectrochemical analysis suitable for routine use is described and illustrated by detailed drawings. The material (e.g, 25 mg. leaf powder) is folded between filter paper, heated in ammonium chloride vapour and finally fed automatically into an oxy‐acetylene blow pipe flame in front of a spectrograph. It is suitable both for comparative diagnostic work end for quantitative analysis.
Internal standard method of spectrographic analysis as applied to the determination of lead in high purity zinc
Authors: Griffith Laurence , Kirkbride John N.
Published: July 2007

This report an account of an investigation into the fundamental features of the internal standard method of spectrographic analysis, with special reference to the determination of lead in high purity zinc using the direct current art, which requires the closest control. It corner from the lead anodes used in. tire electrolysis and since their condition, with respect to the transfer of lend from anode to cathode, changes continually throughout the cycle from one cleaning period to the next, the grade of line from any particular row of tanks in the tankhouse must be determined daily, if the cathode sheets are to be sent to the correct molting furnace. For zinc of die casting quality, the British Standards Specification No. 1003 allows only 0·003% each of lead, cadmium and iron. The latter two impurities are easily kept less than 0·001% in the electrolytic line process, but lead requires control. Obviously to keep the tonnage of this grade of mental as high as possible, the lead is run as close to the limit as is safe. The margin of safety depends upon the accuracy of the available methods of analysis.
Note on a method of estimating the prandtl number of liquids
Authors: Denbigh K. G.
Published: July 2007

Ono of the dimensioluss numbers which outers into the theory of heat transfer in fluids is the Prandtl number. This is defined by the relation: where p is the specific heat at constant pressure, η is the viscosity and κ is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. In the case of gases a theorem of the kinetic theory shows that the modified Prandtl number, cvη/k, should be the same for all monatomie gases, and should have a numerical value of 0·4 independent of temperature. Actual values of this quantity lie between 0·4 and 0·6 for almost all gases, including those which are not monatomie. The true Prandtl number, cvη/k, is also nearly constant, and for almost all gases the values lie between 0·7 and 1·0. Among liquids, however, the values of the Prandtl number vary over a range from 3 to over 10,000. Unfortunately, reliable experimental data on cp, η and κ is available for only a small number of liquids, and this limits the extent to which equations, such as that of Dittus and Boeltor, can be used for the calculation of the film cooficient of heat transfer in liquids. During some work on industrial heat transfer the writer has examined the possibility of relating the Prandtl number with some other physical property whose value is much more generally known.
The heterogeneous acid and acid ‐ salt hydrolysis of secondary cellulose acetate
Authors: Haward Robert N. , White Theodore
Published: July 2007

The heterogeneous hydrolysis of secondary cellulose acetate has been investigated in aqueons solutions of acids and acid salt mixtures. A marked anionic effect occurs with neutral salts increasing the rate of reaction but the lyotropie series is arranged in the opposite order to that reported elsewhere in the case of homogeneous hydrolysis.
Twenty years experience with the dissolved oxygen absorption test in China
Authors: Abbott W. E.
Published: July 2007

The application of the biochemical oxygen demand or dissolved oxygen absorption test in the routine examination of sewage polluted liquid in China probably dates from 1920 when an organisation wan sat up by the Shanghai Municipal Council to deal with the problems arising Iron the installation of a water‐borne sewage system. The limitation of the test were not well known in 1923 when the author joined this organization. It became necessary to carry out very extensive investigation when apparent anomalies were encountered. The results were qualitatively the nine at those recorded by workers elsewhere but differed considerably in dot ill.
The photometric determination of silicon in steels
Authors: Gentry C. H. R. , Sherrington L. G.
Published: July 2007

A method for the determination of silicon in steels as the molybdenum blue complex is described. By the use of n number of alternative acid solvent mixtures, the method extends the range of steels which can be analysed by existing procedures. A new reducing agent, a mixture of ferrous sulphate and oxalic acid is used to give the molybdenum blue complex. The method is applicable to tungsten containing steels and to weld metal deposits.
A chemical process for the production of lactic acid from sucrose
Authors: Haworth W. N. , Gregory H. , Wiggins L. F.
Published: July 2007

The reaction between calcium hydroxide and cane sugar under different condition of temperature mid time of heating has been studied, with particular reference to the amount of a pure derivative of lactic acid that can ho isolated front the reaction. The zinc salt has been used for this purpose, and zinc lactate corresponding to 71% of the theoretical yield baa been obtained.
The solubility of calcium sulphate as a factor in the extraction of magnesia from sea water
Authors: Gilbert F. C. , Gilpin W. C.
Published: July 2007

The contamination of sea water magnesia by calcium sulphate has been investigated, and is shown to be due to the decreasing solubility of the Bait in the spent sea water as magnesium is progressively replaced by calcium. The saturation point has been determined by dissolving calcium sulphate dihydrate in samples of treated sea water of varying magnesium content, and has been found to occur at a calcium ion concentration of 96·0 mgm. equivalents per 1.000 gm. when 72·5% of the total magnesium has been precipitated as magnesium hydroxide.
The effect of water contents on the strength of calcium sulphate plaster products
Authors: Andrews H.
Published: July 2007

It is well known that calcium sulphate plaster products deteriorate under persistent damp conditions. This paper deals with the quantitative measurement or the effect of water on strength when present in amounts varying from the small amounts picked up from a damp atmosphere to full saturation. The effects are shown to be of importance both in the use‐ and the testing of these materials.
The life of a cobalt catalyst for the synthesis of hydrocarbons at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Hall C. C. , Smith S. L.
Published: July 2007

The economic operation of a catalytic process on the industrial scale is to a large extent dependent on the period of time for which the entalyst can be maintained in an active condition. From the accounts which have been published concerning the pre‐war operation of Fischer‐Tropsch plants in Germany, it would appear that this period is about 4 or 5 months for the cobalt catalyst used in the synthesis of hydrocarbons at normal pressure, and the manufacture and recovery of catalyst forms an important and expensive feature of the whole process.

The work described in this paper shows that a cobalt catalyst supported on kieselguhr and containing thoria and magnesia as activators can be maintained in a high state of activity for periods of the order of 18 months by intermittent treatment with hydrogen under various conditions.
The sorption of methyl bromide by wheat
Authors: Winteringham F. P. W. , Harrison A.
Published: July 2007

The total sorption, and rates of sorption of methyl bromide by whole and milled wheat, by wheat glutenin and by wheat starch, have been studied. An attempt has been made by mathematical treatment of the data to differentiate between the methyl bromide physically adsorbed and that chemically combined in wheat, and in glutenin.

The effects of moisture and temperature on the sorption have also been studied. So evidence was found that hydrolysis accounts for the decomposition of methyl bromide in wheat: methylation seems a more likely reaction. If the sorption of methyl bromide by the glutenin studied is typical of that of other protein constituents, it seems evident that the protein constituents are mainly responsible for the sorption by wheat. The sorption of methyl bromide by whole wheat has been investigated theoretically. The order of time required for the decomposition of residual physically held methyl bromide in fumigated whole wheat has been calculated.
Residues in wheat flour fumigated with methyl bromide
Authors: Lewis S. E. , Eccleston K.
Published: July 2007

Methods have been developed for the investigation of the nature of the residue in ground grain after treatment with methyl bromide. Evidence has been produced that the residual bromide after 2 hours aeration is of a water soluble nature. The protein fraction of the grain has boon shown to be the most active constituent in the reaction with methyl bromide, and some attempt has been made to determine the groups responsible.
Fabric base plastics. Part I. A reconnaissance
Authors: Pepper K. V. , Barwell F. T. , Hale D. K.
Published: July 2007

The applicability of the “voids theory” to laminates made from a phenolic resin and a loomstate cotton cambric has been studied. The effect of systematic variations in the bonding pressure and in the resin content on the density, tensile strength, Young's Modulus, shear strength. compressive strength and water absorption of the products was determined.
The influence of adsorption on the crystallisation of sucrose from impure solutions
Authors: Coalstad S. E.
Published: July 2007

For many years now the purity of raw‐sugar‐mill molasses has been steady within certain limits and analyses of 60 years ago show marked .similarity with those of to‐day. The reason for this has been obscure, but the writer has now shown that the failure of sucrose to crystallise further from the strongly supersaturated solution (molasses) is duo to the presence of surface activo impurities being adsorbed by tho surfaces of the crystals and thus inhibiting their growth. When these impurities arc removed by the use of excess adsorbent carbon, the sucrose will crystallise practically completely. The reducing sugar‐ash ratio is shown to be unfounded ns a criterion for judging molasses exhaustion.
An electrometric method for the estimation of sucrose and reducing sugars
Authors: Coalstad S. E.
Published: July 2007

The writer has adapted the Dead‐Stop End Point method of titration evolved by C. W. Foulk and A. T. Bawden in 1926 to the volumetric estimation of reducing sugars with Fehling's Solution without previous clarification of the sugar solutions. The end point is detected by the polarization effect at two plain copper electrodes dipping into the solution being titrated, to which an E.M.F. of 10 millivolts is applied. With impure sugar solutions, the impurities act as depolarizing agents, but the writer has overcome this effect by adding 0.3 gram of purified animal charcoal to the solution at the start of the titration. A number of examples is given.
An electronic timing device and reflux ratio controller
Authors: Thacker G. O. , Walker B. Y.
Published: July 2007

An electronic timing device is described, which is designed to operate a magnetically‐controlled reflux dividing head for stills using a total condenser. The timing unit is constructed of readily obtainable radio components and can be assembled by anyone with a good knowledge of electricity. The dividing head is constructed of glass, is suitable for operation at atmospheric or reduced pressure and calibration is virtually independent of the properties of the liquid. The whole is suitable for use by plant operatives.
The spectrographs determination of trace elements in the cathode layer ARC by the variable internal standard method
Authors: Scott R. O.
Published: July 2007

The use of iron as the variable internal standard for the determination of trace elements in the cathode layer are, when the iron varies from two to one hundred per cent of ferric oxide, is discussed. Davidson and Mitchell's method, which requires one trace element working curve of fixed iron content and a correction curve for variation of iron content, is examined. Straight line working curves, of slope approximately unity up to at least five hundred parts per million, are obtained for most of the trace element lines when log intensity ratio, corrected for background, is plotted against log concentration, the curves for different iron contents being parallel but vertically displaced. Straight line correction curves are obtained by plotting this separation of the working curve, due to variation in iron content, against log concentration of iron. Two shortened methods for the derivation of the curves are proposed: in the first, the working and correction curves fan be prepared from a standard material by a single determination of the log intensity ratio of the trace element and internal standard lines, corrected for background; the second employs an observed working curve and an arbitrary correction curve. In the concentration ratio method, in which the working curve itself makes allowance for the variation in internal standard content, the log intensity ratio is plotted against the log concentration ratio and this method has similar limitations to the first shortened method.
Leaching rate tests on anti‐fouling compositions. A testing method for inland stations
Authors: Hanson N. W. , Jervis R. F.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the determination of the rate at which compounds of the toxic metals, copper and mercury, leach into sea water from anti‐fouling compositions. The method is suitable for stations where sea water is not directly accessible. Colorimetric procedures for the determination of copper and mercury in sea water arc described, and such aspects as the state in which the toxic metals arc dissolved, and the stability of the leachates, are dealt with. The practical implications of the functioning of anti‐fouling compositions, and the maintenance of a sufficiently high leaching rate arc discussed, special reference being made to the work of U.S. investigators at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratories.
The thermal decomposition of 1:1:1‐trichloro‐2:2‐di‐(4‐chlorophenyl) ethane (D.D.T.) and some of its phase equilibria
Authors: Scholefield P. G. , Bowden S. T. , Jones W. J.
Published: July 2007

The thermal decomposition of pure D.D.T. at various temperatures has been examined by direct measurement of the hydrogen chloride evolved in the reaction. The evolution of gas is only very slight at the melting point of the compound, but it is rapid in the neighbourhood of 200°. Expressions are given for calculating the amount of gas evolved under these conditions. The phase equilibria of D.D.T. with 1: 1‐dichloro‐2:2‐di‐(4‐chlorophenyl) ethylene, naphthalene and 4 :4′‐diehlorobenzo‐phenone respectively, have been examined. The influence of D.D.T. on the miseibility of phenol and water has also been investigated, and it is shown that the substance can be estimated by measuring the rise in the critical solution temperature.
The determination of the pyrethrin content of dilute preparations of pyrethrum flowers in oil
Authors: Bray G. T. , Lord K. A.
Published: July 2007

The Martin‐Brightwell modification of the Wileoxon‐Holaday mercury reduction method, which was drawn up for the evaluation of pyrethrum preparation in mineral oil containing o% of total pyrethrums, have been critically examined and modified to give accurate results for dilute preparations containing less than 0·2% total pyrethrums.
The viscosity and density of sulphuric acid and oleum
Authors: Bright Norman F. H. , Hutchison H. , Smith D.
Published: July 2007

The viscosity and density of aqueous sulphuric neid solutions of 60 to 100% strength und of oleums over the whole of the available ranges of concentration have been determined at 25°, 45°, 60° and 80° with sufficient accuracy to satisfy technical requirements. The viscosity determinations were made in Ostwald viscometers contained in a thermostat, the density determinations being made immediately afterwards with the material from the same stock. When plotted against concentration of total SO2 the viscosity shows maxima corresponding to 69% and 90% total SO2, i.e. to H2SO4.H2O and H2SO4.SO3 and minima at 77% total SO3 (3H2SO4.H2O); there is also an indication of a discontinuity of gradient at 81·3% SO3, i.e. H2SO4. The density plotted against concentration shows maxima at 79·5% and 92% total SO3 and a minimum at 81·3% total SO3 (99·6% H2SO4) with a discontinuity in gradient.
Solubility as a criterion of purity
Authors: Thorp D.
Published: July 2007

A method for the determination of the purity of a compound by means of a series of solubility determinations (described in the case of one impurity by Northrop and Kunitz1) has been shown to give

The number of main impurities present;

the percentage of each impurity;

the solubility of the compound;

the solubilities of the impurities.

The method which may prove very useful, especially in cases where the probable impurities are related com pounds, e.g., other members of a homologous series, has been applied with success to DDT (Dichloro‐diphenyl‐trichloroethane) and to 22′, 44′ 66′ NN′ oetachloro‐diphenyl‐urea.
Danger of explosion in handling ether
Authors: Bailey W. G. , Roy A.
Published: July 2007

Serious explosions,1,2 attributed to the use of ether containing peroxides, have occurred in laboratory practice from time to time. It has been claimed that various substances will inhibit the formation of peroxide and thus make the use of ether safe. The claim has been tested in the case of copper, mercury, copper, mercury, copper‐zinc and sodium amalgam, and the usefulness of storing in amber glass has also been tested. Of the inhibitors tried, sodium amalgam was the best, and storage in omber glass delayed the formation of peroxide. None of the devices was completely successful in preventing peroxide formation and the only safe procedure is to test ether for the presence of peroxides before distilling or evaporating, and destroy the peroxide if present before commencing either of these operations.
The viscosity of dilute solutions
Authors: Gourlay J. S.
Published: July 2007

Dilute solutions of many simple binary mixtures conform to the viscosity relationship:— ηs=η0(1+kθ) Where η5 η0 are the viscosities of solution and solvent respectively, θ is the concentration and k is a constant. The constant k has an approximately linear relationship to the molecular weights of the solutes but varies for different homologous series. Using the I renkel relation for the viscosity of liquids η0=GT0 U/RT it is suggested that a solute may affect (a) G or (b) U or (c) both. When solute and solvent have approximately the same times of relaxation, k is not dependent on temperature but in other cases it is. Under conditions of iso‐viscosity, i.e., for equal values of U/RT dilute solutions of cellulose nitrate in various solvents and solutions of naphthalene in benzol and toluol yield approximately equal values for 1/θ (η6/η0‐1) for a given solute.
South African fish products. Part XXIV.—The occurrence of α‐glyceryl ethers in the un‐saponifiable fractions of natural fats
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S. , Black M.
Published: July 2007

Tho amounts of farmaldehyde generated in the oxidation with periodic acid of the unsaponifiable fractions of a wide variety of fats from marine and other sources have been determined,1 and the results recorded in terms of percentage α‐glyceryl ethers, calculated as selachyl alcohol. It is demonstrated in this way that α‐glyceryl ethers are of wide occurrence in the unsaponifiable fractions from marine fats of many different types. They have been found less frequently, and in smaller amounts in the unsaponifiable fractions of land animal and vegetable fats.
The blending of water with organic solvents by detergents
Authors: Palit Santi R. , McBain James W.
Published: July 2007

The present paper records results of blending water with a variety of organic solvents, using various types of soaps in an attempt to provide a basis for an explanation of the phenomenon of blending. Amine salts of the fatty acids and cation active detergents have been used, since ordinary soaps are not sufficiently soluble at room temperature.
Electro‐tinplate. Part II. The in‐ fluence of coating thickness on the porosity and resistance to corrosion of electro‐tinplate
Authors: Kerw R. , Angles R. M. , Caulfield K. W.
Published: July 2007

A study has been nude of the effect of variation in coating thick‐ ness (from 2 to 13 02. per basis box) on the quality of clectro‐tinplate deposited from t i e stannous sulphate and sodium state baths, respectively. Using from two to ten specimens for each determintion, CUNCS have been obtained showing the influence of coating thickness on the thiocyanate, hot‐water porosity, humidity, and salt spray test VBIUCS, and showing the effect of time of exposure out‐of‐ doors on weight increment for a range of coating thicknesses. All of the tests reveal a deterioration in the quality of the deposits as the thickness diminishes. There is a certain minimum thickness, varying somewhat according to the nature of the test applied, below which this deterioration is npid. As estimated by the thiocyanate, hot‐water porosity, humidity, and salt spny tests this minimum thickness is in the vicinity of 12 02. per basis box.
The diffusion of plasticisers from polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Small P. A.
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the factors controlling the rate of loss of plasticiser from polyvinyl chloride compositions to a surrounding gas phase. These are (a) the rate of diffusion in the solid phase or (b) that in the gas phase; for any set of conditions one or other of these will usually be predominant. The rate of desorption from the solid to the gas phase is not considered likely to be a controlling factor in practical circumstances. When gas phase diffusion is rate‐controlling, the loss rate will depend greatly on the degree of turbulence in the gas phase. Since the diffusion contents of ordinary plasticisers calculated from Gilliland's equation1 do not differ as much as the vapour pressures of the plasticisers, the rate of loss will be roughly proportional to the vapour pressure, at different temperatures or for different plasticisers. When solid phase diffusion is rate‐controlling the loss rate, independent of air velocity, will depend on the dimensions of the sample, particularly on its thickness.
A comprehensive survey of the ascorbic acid content of dehydrated cabbage prepared in the factories operating in the united kingdom in the season 1945
Authors: Price‐Davies W.
Published: July 2007

The ascorbic acid content of dehydrated cabbage prepared in factories operating in the United Kingdom in the 1945 season has been assayed. Statistical analysis of the experimental data shows that the standard Ministry of Food factories and the non‐standard factories produced cabbage of equal antiscorbutic value. The ascorbic acid content of summer cabbage, though less than spring cabbage, shows little variation throughout the season, but there is a tendency for higher values to be obtained at the end of the period considered. Further evidence has been obtained that the retention of ascorbic acid (30%) in dehydrated cabbage when reconstituted and cooked in comparable conditions to fresh cooked cabbage, is the same.
The influence of organic solvents on the bactericidal action of the phenols. Part II
Authors: Cooper E. A.
Published: July 2007

A further study has been made of the influence of organic solvents on the bactericidal power of the phenols, alcohols, and other germicides. The solvents used have been acetone, ethylene glycol and terr.‐butyl alcohol. Although of practical interest, experiments showed that ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and propylene oxide were too strongly germicidal for employment as solvents, being active against B. lactis aerogetics in 10% concentration, and against Staphylococcus in 3% solution. The bactericidal action of phenol and benzyl alcohol was increased by aq. acetone to a greater extent than that of p‐cresol, thymol, and chlorphenols; and aliphatic compounds, e.g., tert.‐buryl alcohol and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether were increased in efficiency to much greater degree than aromatic substances. Aq. tert.‐butyl alcohol similarly increased the germicidal power of aliphatic substances to a greater extent than that of aromatic compounds. The bactericidal action of the phenols was diminished by aq. glycol, but the efficacy of aliphatic substances was again increased even by this solvent. Notwithstanding these selective effects, the order of magnitude of germicidal power in the case of aliphatic and aromatic compounds is independent of the solvent employed.
Equilibrium between gaseous carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide and solutions of alkali carbonates, bicarbonates and hydrosulphides. Part I. Potassium salts
Authors: Dryden I. G. C.
Published: July 2007

Values of the constants have been determined over a range of concentrations (0·2–2N) and of temperatures (0–60°). The results cover a wider field than those of previous investigators, and are more consistent. The heats of reaction computed from the variations with temperature agree well with published heats of formation.
Vapour pressures of ammonia and carbon dioxide in equilibrium with aqueous solutions. Part VI
Authors: Badger E. H. M. , Wilson D. S.
Published: July 2007

In Parts 1–5 of this paper1 charts were given which showed the vapour pressures of ammonia and carbon dioxide over aqueous solutions at 20° and 40°. Measurements of the vapour pressure of ammonia have now been made at 90° in order to provide data for calculating the efficiency of ammonia stills.
Certain fundamental concepts relating to non‐polar mechanisms in oleflnic systems
Authors: Farmer E. H.
Published: July 2007

The application of polar concepts to the interpretation and systematisation of experimental observations in the field of organic chemistry has had such striking success and usefulness during the past 25 years that the concepts have become an integral part of organised chemical knowledge. Recent years, however, have seen the steady accumulation of experimental results which do not fit in the polar scheme and these may be rationally and consistently interpreted as resulting from the occurrence of apolar types of reaction in which the participants are short‐lived neutral entities (molecules or atoms) displaying free‐radical characteristics. On the apolar basis the author outlines a hypothetical correlation of a considerable array of experimental results with which he has been concerned—both as an immediate aid to making sense of what would otherwise seem to be unusually complicated and unintelligible, and with the hope that the views tentatively advanced will furnish suggestive starting points for future kinetic experimentation.
The specific surface of powders. A modification of the theory of the air‐permeability method
Authors: Rigden P. J.
Published: July 2007

The paper describes a modification of the Kozeny theory of the air‐permeability method for determining the specific surface of powders to take into account the effect of “slip” at the walls of the pores in the bed of powder. The dependence of the measured value of specific surface on the mean pressure in the bed has been examined experimentally, and it is shown that, by making the correction for “slip,” values of specific surface are obtained substantially independent of the mean pressure (and hence of the mean free path of the gas molecules) in the region of atmospheric pressure. It is also shown that, if the modified equation is used, good agreement is obtained between values of specific surface determined by the “air” method and by a “liquid” method using water, acetone or n‐hexane. A full account is given of the experimental work which has included measurements on six powders ranging in surface area from 0·4 to 5 sq. metre/g.
The esters of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and related compounds. Part I. Methods for the study of their fungistatic properties
Authors: Vincent J. M.
Published: July 2007

This introductory paper describes the method and criteria that have been developed for a critical evaluation of die fungistatic action of chemically related compounds together with some related aspects arising from the application of these methods. Inhibition is determined as reduction in growth rate and particular attention has been giver, to dosage/response curves as providing a sound basis for comparisons between substances. Three moulds have been used : Aspergillus niger, Byssochlamys fulva and Penicillium roqueforti. In the absence of inhibitor, growth/time curves were linear for all three organisms once the colony had attained a diameter of 10 mm. A. miger and P. roqucforti behaved similarly in the presence of inhibitor but B. fulva showed an accelerating growth that persisted and often resulted in the final diameter exceeding that of the control. In the first two organisms growth rate (mm. per 24 hours) in the linear phase has been used; for B. fulva the rate was determined as soon as possible after the colony had reached 10 mm. and before it exceeded 20 mm.

The dosage/response relationship for A. niger has the form: y = axb, where y = inhibition, x = concentration of inhibitor; a and b are constants, the latter less than I. From this relationship inhibitory substances can be described in terms of b (slope of log. dose/log. response curve) and log I30 (—log. concentration giving 50% inhibition). B. fulva can be interpreted similarly although complicated by acceleration in the growth/time curve. It is better to use log I67 in place of log I50. Experimental values for P. roqueforti can be interpreted as the resultant of an inhibitory action (logarithmic as before) and a stimulation rising to an early limiting value. In this case determination of b is not practicable and inhibition is best expressed as log I50 obtained graphically from experimental points. Log I25 permits comparison at another part of the curve. Constants b and log I50 determined for A. niger can vary significantly between experiments although the cause of this variation is not apparent. Log I50 is related to some factor that affects the control rate. The methyl ester causes striking morphological changes in the hyphal tips although concentrations of higher esters causing comparable inhibition fail to bring about such changes.
The drying of vegetables. VI. Loss of ascorbic acid in drying cabbage and potato in large‐scale factory plants
Authors: Allen R. J. L. , Mapson L. W.
Published: July 2007

Previous papers in this series1,4 have recorded the loss of ascorbic acid incurred in the drying of vegetables in the laboratory. In the present note data arc presented on the loss of ascorbic acid from cabbage and potato when the vegetables were dried in large‐scale factory plants. The experiments were carried out at two factories, which were using a standard Ministry of Food plant.
The semitechnical preparation of thioacetic acid
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Whitt F. R.
Published: July 2007

Methods for the semitechnical preparation of pure thioacetic acid from hydrogen sulphide and acetic anhydride are described. An output of lb./hr. was obtained from a batch process and J lb./hr. from a continuous process using hydrogen sulphide generated from hydrochloric acid and sodium sulphide solution.
The component acids and glycerides of australian lumbang oil
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Hilditch T. P.
Published: July 2007

A sample of nuts of the lumbang (candlenut) tree from North Queensland contained kernels yielding 62% of a very pale‐coloured oil, iodine value 164·3, and with extremely low free fatty acid content (0·3% as oleic acid). The component acids of the oil are palmitic 5·5, stearic 6·7, arachidic 0·3, oleic 10·5, linoleic 48·5, and linolcnic 28·5% (wt.). The component glycerides include about 32% which contain three linoleic or linolenic radicals, and about 53% with two of these groups, the third acyl group being oleic or saturated; one, and to a small extent, two, linolenic groups are probably present in all these mixed glycerides, totalling 85% of the fat. Attempts to prepare a highly‐unsaturated concentrate from the oil by crystallisation from solvents at low temperatures were not very promising, although 66% of the oil was so obtained from acetone at — 35°, with an iodine value of 179. The component acids and constituent glycerides of this fraction differed, however, very widely from those of linseed oil. Although differing in composition from linseed oil, lumbang oil of the high quality represented by the specimens studied should have considerable uses as a “drying” oil.
The liver oils of elasmobranch/fish of south indian waters
Authors: Kini U. S. , Chidambaram K.
Published: July 2007

A study of the chemical characteristics and vitamin A contents of liver oils of important sharks, skates and rays of South Indian waters has been made. No relationship is found to exist between vitamin A potency and the chemical properties or conditions of fish. The individual and industrial significance of each fish is discussed.
Contribution to the study of the rheological properties of pectin jellies
Authors: Cheftel H. , Mocquard J.
Published: July 2007

A description is given of an apparatus designed to allow the continuous recording of the Theological properties of gels. Advantages and disadvantages of the apparatus arc mentioned and the variations in behaviour between gelatin and agar gels and high sugar‐high methoxyl gels observed, from results obtained using the apparatus, are discussed.