bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological determinants of mixed martial arts performance and method of competition outcome
Authors: James Lachlan P , Haff G Gregory , Kelly Vincent G , Beckman Emma M
Published: June 2018

This investigation sought to determine the relevance of anaerobic and aerobic-based measures to competition level and bout outcome in mixed martial arts competitors. For the primary analysis, seven higher-level and eight lower-level male mixed martial arts competitors were compared across a series of short-term anaerobic (sprints at 10 and 20 m), repeated maximal effort (repeated sprint ability), and intermittent aerobic tests (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2)). For the secondary analysis, data were then pooled so relationships could be explored between test performance and percentage of bouts reaching a decision. Cohen's d effect sizes and qualitative magnitude-based inferences were calculated to describe the differences between groups. These same descriptors were used to interpret the output of the regression analysis used to predict decision percentage. Superior performances by the higher-level group were revealed across most variables to a non-trivial magnitude. Furthermore, it was likely that a decrease in short-term anaerobic performance or an increase in intermittent endurance capacity positively related to an increased likelihood of bouts lasting the full scheduled duration. These findings indicate the importance of anaerobic and aerobic qualities to mixed martial arts performance and combat methods.
Position Effects of Menu Item Displays in Consumer Choices: Comparisons of Horizontal Versus Vertical Displays
Authors: Kim Jungkeun , Hwang Euejung , Park Jooyoung , Lee Jacob C. , Park Jongwon
Published: June 2018

Consumers typically make choices based on a menu that lists a variety of food items. Prior research has shown that the position of food items within a menu (center vs. edge) can impact choices (e.g., edge preference and edge aversion). This research extends the literature by demonstrating that the display format of a menu (horizontal vs. vertical displays) can determine the relative impact of these influences. Two experiments find that the middle options are preferred when food options are displayed horizontally (vs. vertically), whereas the edge items are preferred under a vertical display (vs. a horizontal display). These differences extend to different types of foods (food vs. beverage), and to even and odd numbers of options (e.g., four vs. five). These findings increase the understanding of how food item displays can influence consumer choices, and provide important implications for practitioners and policymakers, including how to effectively position food items.
Examination of Early Functional Recovery After ACL Reconstruction: Functional Milestone Achievement and Self-Reported Function
Authors: Obermeier Michael C. , Sikka Robby S. , Tompkins Marc , Nelson Bradley J. , Hamilton Abigail , Reams Megan , Chmielewski Terese L.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Few studies have documented early functional recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Purpose:

To quantify the time to early functional milestone achievement and change in function over 12 weeks after ACL reconstruction and to identify demographic characteristic predictors of the outcomes.

Study Design:

Prospective, longitudinal, observational study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Methods:

A total of 182 patients (95 females, 87 males; mean ± SD age, 28 ± 12 years; mean ± SD body mass index [BMI], 25 ± 4 kg/m2) who received primary, unilateral, ACL reconstruction were included. Testing occurred before surgery as well as 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postsurgery. Outcomes included demographic characteristics, self-reported functional milestone achievements and responses on the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) questionnaire. Time to functional milestone achievement was calculated, and patients were categorized into “faster” or “prolonged” recovery groups based on the median value. Longitudinal change in SMFA subscale scores (daily activities and mobility) as well as demographic predictors of functional recovery group assignment and postsurgical change in SMFA subscale scores were examined.

Results:

Median time for discontinuing narcotic pain medication was 9 days, while that for discontinuing crutches was 15 days. Time to return to work occurred at a median of 11 days, return to school at 7 days, and return to driving at 11 days. Both SMFA subscale scores significantly decreased (improved) over time, with the greatest change occurring between 1 and 4 weeks postsurgery. The demographic predictor of faster functional recovery for discontinuation of narcotic pain medication was surgery with allograft; those for return to work were higher age, male sex, decreasing BMI, and sedentary/light occupational demand; and those for return to driving were higher age, male sex, and surgery on the left side of the body.

Conclusion:

Functional recovery occurs rapidly over the first month after ACL reconstruction for most patients. Nonmodifiable demographic characteristics may influence recovery time for specific functional milestones.

Clinical Relevance:

Results can be used to counsel patients on early functional recovery after ACL reconstruction.
Systemic Predictors of Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ho Jacqueline , Hamizan Aneeza W. , Alvarado Raquel , Rimmer Janet , Sewell William A. , Harvey Richard J.
Published: June 2018

Background

Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS) is linked with skewed T-helper 2 or immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic responses, with differing diagnosis, prognosis, and management to non-eCRS.

Objective

The association between biomarkers and eCRS was investigated to assess the predictors of eCRS.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. eCRS was defined by histopathological assessment showing >10 eosinophils/high-power field on sinus mucosal biopsy. Blood tests were performed preoperatively and assessed for a full blood count including eosinophils and a white cell count (WCC) as well as biochemical markers of inflammation and atopy including Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and ImmunoCAP testing for serum-specific IgE. Comparisons between eCRS and non-eCRS patients were performed.

Results

345 patients (48.1% female, age 48.72 ± 15.06 years) were recruited, with 206 (59.7%) identified as eCRS, 41% with asthma and 47% CRS with nasal polyps. eCRS patients were more likely to have asthma ( P < .01) and nasal polyps ( P < .01). Blood eosinophils were significantly elevated in eCRS (0.42±0.34 vs 0.17±0.13 × 109/L, P < .01) as were eosinophils as a ratio of WCC (6.21 ± 4.48 vs 2.55 ± 1.84, P < .01). ESR was decreased when compared with non-eCRS (8.1±7.87 vs 10.65±11.91, P = .03). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis predicted high tissue eosinophilia at blood eosinophil levels above 0.24 × 109/L (sensitivity 70.9%, specificity 78.4%, area under the curve [AUC]: 0.792, P < .01). eCRS was predicted at eosinophil above 4.27% of total WCC (sensitivity 64.1%, specificity 88.5%, AUC 0.797; P < .01; positive predictive value 89.2%, negative predictive value 62.4%, positive likelihood ratio 5.57, and diagnostic odds ratio 13.71). There was no significant association among WCC, CRP, IgE, or ImmunoCAP testing.

Conclusion

eCRS is associated with elevated blood eosinophils (>0.24 × 109/L), eosinophil ratio (>4.27% of total WCC), and lower ESR when compared with non-eCRS.
Retinal artery occlusion during carotid artery stenting with distal embolic protection device
Authors: Kohara Kotaro , Ishikawa Tatsuya , Kobayashi Tomonori , Kawamata Takakazu
Published: June 2018

Retinal artery occlusion associated with carotid artery stenosis is well known. Although it can also occur at the time of carotid artery stenting, retinal artery occlusion via the collateral circulation of the external carotid artery is rare. We encountered two cases of retinal artery occlusion that were thought to be caused by an embolus from the external carotid artery during carotid artery stenting with a distal embolic protection device for the internal carotid artery. A 71-year-old man presented with central retinal artery occlusion after carotid artery stenting using the Carotid Guardwire PS and a 77-year-old man presented with branch retinal artery occlusion after carotid artery stenting using the FilterWire EZ. Because additional new cerebral ischaemic lesions were not detected in either case by postoperative diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, it was highly likely that the debris that caused retinal artery occlusion passed through not the internal carotid artery but collaterals to retinal arteries from the external carotid artery, which was not protected by a distal embolic protection device. It is suggested that a distal protection device for the internal carotid artery alone cannot prevent retinal artery embolisation during carotid artery stenting and protection of the external carotid artery is important to avoid retinal artery occlusion.
Tolerability and clinical efficacy of inhaled treprostinil in patients with group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Enderby Cher Y. , Burger Charles
Published: June 2018

Background:

Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analogue that directly vasodilates pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved inhaled treprostinil in July 2009 for the treatment of group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension. Inhaled treprostinil avoids issues with continuous infusion prostanoids. This study describes a single institutional experience with inhaled treprostinil.

Methods:

This was a retrospective review of group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension patients receiving inhaled treprostinil from July 2009 through September 2015. Patient demographics, vital signs, prognostic indicators, pulmonary arterial hypertension assessments, treprostinil dosing, pulmonary arterial hypertension medications, and physician assessment were collected. Prognostic indicators and the physician assessment were used to assess treatment response. A modified Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL) risk score was calculated prior to and after initiation of inhaled treprostinil.

Results:

The mean time on inhaled treprostinil for the 16 patients was 21 ± 17 months. A total of 31% discontinued treatment. The New York Heart Association Functional Class, right ventricular size, and right ventricular function improved after inhaled treprostinil. Directional improvement in B-type natriuretic peptide, 6-minute walk distance, right arterial pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure were also observed. The mean modified REVEAL risk score (RRS) was 7 ± 3 at baseline. The RRS decreased in 7 of the 11 patients that improved and remained stable in 2 patients.

Conclusion:

The majority of patients in this consecutive series receiving inhaled treprostinil tolerated treatment. Most patients remained on therapy for over 12 months. Clinical assessments of disease severity all changed directionally toward improvement and the overall risk assessment was improved or stable in 56% by the RRS.
The clinical significance of hyperglycemia in nondiabetic critically ill multiple trauma patients
Authors: Koyfman Leonid , Brotfain Evgeni , Frank Dmitry , Bichovsky Yoav , Kovalenko Inna , Benjamin Yair , Borer Abraham , Friger Michael , Klein Moti
Published: June 2018

Background:

Information is inconsistent regarding the clinical role of acute elevations of blood glucose level secondary to hospital-acquired infections in nondiabetic critically ill patients during an intensive care unit stay. In this study we investigated the clinical significance of hyperglycemia related to new episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in nondiabetic critically ill multiple trauma intensive care unit patients.

Materials and Methods:

We analyzed the clinical data of 202 critically ill multiple trauma patients with no history of previous diabetes who developed a new ventilator-associated pneumonia episode during their intensive care unit stay. We used a time-from-event analysis method to assess whether acute changes in blood glucose levels that occurred prior to the onset of ventilator-associated pneumonia episodes had a different prognostic significance from those that occurred during such episodes. Glucose levels and other laboratory data were recorded for up to 5 days before ventilator-associated pneumonia events and for 5 days following these events.

Results:

Patients who required insulin therapy for persistent hyperglycemia related to a new ventilator-associated pneumonia event had a longer period of intensive care unit stay and a higher intensive care unit mortality rate than patients who did not require insulin for blood glucose control ( p < 0.008 and <0.001 respectively). In addition, older age, administration of parenteral nutrition, and elevated mean blood glucose level parameters on the day following the day of diagnosis of a new ventilator-associated pneumonia episode were found to be independent risk factors for intensive care unit mortality.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that persistent hyperglycemia in nondiabetic critically ill patients, even treated by early insulin therapy, is an adverse prognostic factor of considerable clinical significance.
Individual and combined impact of lifestyle factors on atrial fibrillation in apparently healthy men and women: The EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study
Authors: Di Benedetto Laura , Michels Guido , Luben Robert , Khaw Kay-Tee , Pfister Roman
Published: June 2018

Background

Lifestyle factors are important targets for prevention. The cumulative impact of healthy lifestyle on atrial fibrillation in the population has not been quantified.

Design

Prospective population-based cohort study.

Methods

Four lifestyle factors (normal weight, currently not smoking, no or moderate alcohol intake, and physically not inactive) were assessed in apparently healthy 21,499 men and women aged 39–79 years participating in the EPIC study in Norfolk, UK. The age and sex-adjusted hazard (95% confidence interval) of hospital admission with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation during an average follow-up of 17.1 years was examined for each factor separately and for a health score comprising factors with significant impact.

Results

Normal weight, currently not smoking and low alcohol intake were associated with a significantly lower risk of atrial fibrillation, whereas not being physically inactive showed no significant association. We used a score of one point each for not smoking, low alcohol intake and body mass index 25 to 27.5 kg/m2, and two points for body mass index < 25 kg/m2. Compared with men and women with four health points, hazard ratios of atrial fibrillation were 1.25 (1.11–1.41), 1.56 (1.39–1.75), 1.83 (1.56–2.16) and 2.82 (1.85–4.29) for participants with three, two, one and no health points, respectively ( p < 0.0001 for trend). Results were consistent by sex, age, education level, social class and after excluding participants with hypertension and diabetes.

Conclusion

Three lifestyle factors combined predict an almost 2.8-fold difference in the risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women.
Efficacy of different faecal microbiota transplantation protocols for Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Maida Marcello , Burisch Johan , Simonelli Claudia , Hold Georgina , Ventimiglia Marco , Gasbarrini Antonio , Cammarota Giovanni
Published: June 2018

Background

Protocols for treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI) through faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are still not standardised. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of different FMT protocols for rCDI according to routes, number of infusions and infused material.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched through 31 May 2017. Studies offering multiple infusions if a single infusion failed to cure rCDI were included. Data were combined through a random effects meta‐analysis.

Results

Fifteen studies (1150 subjects) were analysed. Multiple infusions increased efficacy rates overall (76% versus 93%) and in each route of delivery (duodenal delivery: 73% with single infusion versus 81% with multiple infusions; capsule: 80% versus 92%; colonoscopy: 78% versus 98% and enema: 56% versus 92%). Duodenal delivery and colonoscopy were associated, respectively, with lower efficacy rates (p = 0.039) and higher efficacy rates (p = 0.006) overall. Faecal amount ≤ 50 g (p = 0.006) and enema (p = 0.019) were associated with lower efficacy rates after a single infusion. The use of fresh or frozen faeces did not influence outcomes.

Conclusions

Routes, number of infusions and faecal dosage may influence efficacy rates of FMT for rCDI. These findings could help to optimise FMT protocols in clinical practice.
Reconsidering the settlement of civil conflict
Authors: Kubota Yuichi
Published: June 2018

The settlement of civil conflict is highly relevant to both policy agendas and academic research. It is often difficult to bring to the negotiation table conflict parties who have long harbored hostility towards each other during the conflict. Even if the parties come to negotiation, it is often an arduous task to reach an agreement because the post-conflict embarkation comes with political uncertainty for the future. This special issue is aimed at addressing civil-conflict settlement from two different angles. First, it attempts to understand the requisite conditions for the successful settlement of armed civil conflicts. Second, it has a particular interest in the post-conflict design of political institutions. The academic contribution of the articles lies in theoretical advancement as it applies to the settlement of civil conflict. Each contribution adds a nuanced understanding of civil-conflict settlement to the relevant literature. The articles provide insight into the successful conditions of conflict settlement and post-conflict institutional design, such as power-sharing and the management of resources.
Study Habits of Health Science Students at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Baothman Abdullah , AlJefri Hatim , Agha Sajiga , Khan Muhammad Anwar
Published: June 2018

This study was conducted to determine the preferences of medical and health science students about various study habits and to evaluate the effect of study habits on academic performance. This cross-sectional survey conducted in the college of medicine and the college of health science of King Saud bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences (KSAU-HS) from academic year 2014-2015. A total of 150 undergraduate, medical and health science, male students were selected randomly. Data collected through the validated questionnaire consisted of two parts including demographic questions and 67 items specific to study habits. The total completed questionnaires were 121 (response 80%). Their age ranged from 18 to 23 years with a mean age of 20.2 ± 1.73. Cronbach’s α reliability test of the questionnaire was .90. The average grade point average (GPA) of students was 4.62 ± 0.39. The higher mean scores of students for different components of study habits were metacognition out of five 4 ± 0.7 (median = 3.9) and concentration 4 ± 0.6 (median = 3.75). The least mean scores of students for different components of study habits were information discrimination 3 ± 0.6 (median = 3.0) and time management 3 ± 0.6 (median = 3.2). Only “information discrimination” ( p = < .01, r = .311) and “motivation” ( p = < .05, r = .201) and to lesser extent “metacognition” were associated significantly with GPA. A significant correlation between time management and age was found ( p < .04). Positive study habits have an impact on the academic achievement of medical students. Information discrimination, motivation and metacognition were associated significantly with GPA, while a significant correlation was also found between time management and age.
Positive Youth Development: Developing, Implementing, and Sustaining Music-Based Services for Emerging Adults Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Kelly Brian L.
Published: June 2018

Research suggests that comprehensive services that consider the complex and interconnected needs of emerging adults experiencing homelessness may be more effective than interventions with a singular focus. There is little research that demonstrates how agencies that implement programs for individuals experiencing homelessness develop and sustain meaningful services for emerging adults, especially under conditions of increasing austerity. This study targets this gap in the literature by investigating how one transitional living program for emerging adults experiencing homelessness developed a music studio. Specifically, this study examines the factors and processes that were involved in developing, implementing, and sustaining the music studio. Findings suggest an ongoing organizational commitment to Positive Youth Development plays an important role.
An Exploration of Depression Symptom Trajectories, and Their Predictors, in a Canadian Sample of Emerging Adults
Authors: Edgerton Jason D. , Shaw Souradet , Roberts Lance W.
Published: June 2018

Using a four-wave longitudinal sample of young Canadian adults (18–24), this study identified five latent trajectory classes: low stable, high stable, high decreasing, moderate decreasing, and low increasing. The identification of a class characterized by an increasing trajectory of depression symptoms across the transition to adulthood is a novel finding. Of the risk and protective factors assessed, only initial student status and perceived family support helped prospectively distinguish between trajectory classes—students with higher depression symptomology in late adolescence are at increased risk for depression across the transition to adulthood, while perceived family social support in late adolescence is a protective factor associated with reduced probability of being in more symptomatic depression trajectories. Although limitations related to sample size warrant due caution, the findings still have diagnostic, prevention, and treatment implications related to the prospective differentiation of diverging depression symptom trajectories (i.e., multifinality) in the transition to adulthood.
Perspectives on Markers of Adulthood Among Emerging Adults in Ghana and Nigeria
Authors: Obidoa Chinekwu A. , Dodor Bernice A. , Tackie-Ofosu Vivian , Obidoa Mabel A. , Kalisch Hilary R. , Nelson Larry J.
Published: June 2018

Within the rapidly growing literature on emerging adulthood worldwide, studies examining this concept in African countries are virtually nonexistent. In an effort to continue the inclusion of other countries and cultures in the discussion of this developmental concept, there is a need to conduct research on emerging adulthood in African countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the perspectives on the markers of adulthood among emerging adults at selected universities in Ghana and Nigeria. Results reveal that the markers of adulthood among youth in Ghana and Nigeria are eclectic, with strong ties to sociocultural factors. The findings of this study make several important contributions to the literature for our understanding of the concept of emerging adulthood and serve as anchor for further research in the field of emerging adulthood in West Africa.
Sustainable Finance in Emerging Markets: A Venture Capital Investment Decision Dilemma
Authors: Aggarwal Divya , Elembilassery Varun
Published: June 2018

This case is crafted to highlight the dilemma faced by two senior executives of Softbank Asia Infrastructure Fund (SAIF) Partners. It showcases their approach towards an impact investment and an analysis of the same, keeping in perspective the uncertainty in an impact investment resulting due to Indian government regulatory provisions. Lack of standardized tools in measuring impact investment returns hinders the commercial funds to assess the true implications of an impact investment. Sustainable finance is directed towards benefiting both client and society by integrating environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria, either in a business practice or in an investment decision. Investing in an MSME lending enterprise has elements of impact investment in it and is best catered by sustainable funds and not commercial funds. Impact investment, sustainable funds and microfinance are some of the typical activities falling under sustainable finance. SAIF Partners is evaluating an opportunity to invest in an Indian MSME lending enterprise. The key concern is, can commercial funds like SAIF Partners see matching return opportunities in an impact investment? This case provokes the target audience to examine the nature of social impact investments and the nuances in aligning the same with the objectives of commercial investments.
Imaging techniques in endometriosis
Authors: Espada Mercedes , Alvarez-Moreno Elena , Jimenez de la Pena Mar , Munoz Capio Veronica , Reid Shannon , Condous George
Published: June 2018

Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition affecting up to 15% of the general female population. Here, we present a systematic review of imaging techniques of endometriosis. The aim of this review is to determine the most accurate site-specific preoperative diagnostic tools in order to map, locate, evaluate the extension, and stage the disease. There are important reasons to stage endometriosis: to create a common language, to enable specificity of diagnosis, standardize comparisons, and to facilitate research applications. The requirements of an ideal endometriosis classification system are that it be empirically and scientifically based, be of general consensus, have unambiguous definition of terms, be comprehensive in all cases, have a simple translation from anatomic features to verbal description, reflect disease, predict fertility, predict pain relief, be useful to guide treatment, indicate risk of recurrence, identify clinical situations in which it does not apply, be simple to calculate, and be easy to communicate to women. An extensive search of papers regarding imaging techniques in endometriosis was performed in Pubmed from January 1992 to February 2018, including original peer-reviewed papers, reviews, and international guidelines.
Repair Integrity in Patients Returning for an Unscheduled Visit After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: Retorn or Not?
Authors: Rizvi Syed Mohammed Taif , Lam Patrick , Murrell George A.C.
Published: June 2018

Background:

After rotator cuff repair, some patients have ongoing problems significant enough to warrant presentation to a clinic for reassessment.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether this cohort of patients was more likely to have a healed rotator cuff. We hypothesized that patients who had an unscheduled postoperative visit were more likely to have a healed rotator cuff than those who did not have an unscheduled postoperative visit.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 321 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were evaluated; of these, 50 patients had an unscheduled return to clinic that included an ultrasound assessment of the cuff repair within 4 months postoperatively. Repair integrity was evaluated in all patients at 6 months postoperatively via ultrasonography.

Results:

The failure-to-heal rate was greater in patients who had an unscheduled assessment (8/50; 16%) than in those who did not (14/275; 5%) ( P = .01). The patients most likely to have a repair failure were those who were assessed before 2 weeks and after 12 weeks (7/18; 39%) compared with those who were assessed between 3 and 12 weeks (1/32; 3%) ( P = .001). The failure-to-heal rate was very low in patients who had an unscheduled assessment with a tear size smaller than 4 cm2 (0/34; 0%) compared with those with tear sizes greater than 4 cm2 (8/16; 50%) ( P < .0001, Fisher exact text).

Conclusion:

Patients who had an unscheduled clinic visit after rotator cuff repair had a 16% chance of a failed healing response, whereas those who did not have an unscheduled visit had a 5% rate of failed healing. The risk of a failed healing response was greater if the tear was larger than 4 cm2, if patients presented within 2 weeks following surgery, or if they presented after 12 weeks postsurgery.
Selections From the ABC 2017 Annual Conference, Dublin, Ireland: Teaching With Yeats’s Elegance and Wilde’s Wit
Authors: Whalen D. Joel
Published: June 2018

This article, the second of a two-part series, features 13 My Favorite Assignments that were introduced at the Association for Business Communication’s 82nd annual conference held in Dublin, Ireland, in 2017. The pedagogical innovations include assignments that teach students how to conduct primary research, present their findings, package messages for electronic media, and enhance students’ career and personal development. Additional assignment support materials—instructions to students, stimulus materials, slides, grading rubrics, frequently asked questions, and sample student projects—are posted on the Association for Business Communication and DePaul University Center for Sales Leadership websites: http://www.businesscommunication.org/page/assignments and https://salesleadershipcenter.com/research/business-professional-communication-quarterly-my-favorite-assignment
Parental Incarceration and Child Well-being: Conceptual and Practical Concerns Regarding the Use of Propensity Scores
Authors: Copp Jennifer E. , Giordano Peggy C. , Manning Wendy D. , Longmore Monica A.
Published: June 2018

The aim of the current investigation was to examine the appropriateness of propensity score methods for the study of incarceration effects on children by directing attention to a range of conceptual and practical concerns, including the exclusion of theoretically meaningful covariates, the comparability of treatment and control groups, and potential ambiguities resulting from researcher-driven analytic decisions. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examined the effects of maternal and paternal incarceration on a range of child well-being outcomes, including internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores, and early juvenile delinquency. Our findings suggested that propensity scores and treatment effect estimates are highly sensitive to a number of decisions made by the researcher, including aspects where little consensus exists. In light of the conceptual underpinnings of propensity score analysis and existing data limitations, we suggest the potential utility of different identification methods and specialized data collection efforts.
Cost-effectiveness of Treating Severe Childhood Caries under General Anesthesia versus Conscious Sedation
Authors: Burgette J.M. , Quiñonez R.B.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Two common methods of treating pediatric dental patients with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) are general anesthesia (GA) and conscious sedation (CS). We sought to first evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treating S-ECC with GA versus CS and then compare the cost-effectiveness at 2 time points: 2011 and 2015.

Methods:

We used a decision tree model to produce 2-y estimates of costs and outcomes from the Medicaid perspective. The model cohort consisted of healthy 3-y-olds with S-ECC in need of a theoretical set of dental treatments to be performed under either a single GA visit or 3 CS visits. Outcomes were measured in caries-free months. Costs were evaluated in 2015 US dollars. Costs, probabilities, and outcomes were estimated from published data, expert opinion, and Medicaid billing at an academic health center. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results:

As compared with CS, GA resulted in 4 additional caries-free months per child. The cost of a caries-free month for GA versus CS rose from $596 in 2011 to $881 in 2015. These findings were sensitive to loss to follow-up for subsequent CS visits and total cost of GA.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive S-ECC treatment had better outcomes when performed under GA versus CS. However, GA was not cost saving when compared with CS. While the cost of dental treatment increased for both GA and CS from 2011 to 2015, the cost rose faster for GA. These results have important implications due to the increasing cost to Medicaid insurance and the rising number of young children being treated for S-ECC under GA.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

Medicaid policy makers can use the results of this study to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of dental treatment for young children with S-ECC at 2 time points: 2011 and 2015. Compared with CS, GA resulted in a longer amount of time during which children were free from dental caries but at a higher cost. The cost difference rose from 2011 to 2015.
Study of FDI Trends and Patterns in BRICS Economies during the Period 1990–2015
Authors: Bose Soumali , Kohli Bindya
Published: June 2018

There has been a sea of change in foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns over the last two decades. One of the significant developments has been the developing economies and frontier nations garnering significant attention of foreign investors. Regions like developing Asia have been successfully commanding a huge share of FDI inflows. However, it has been observed that FDI patterns are quite skewed in nature in terms of sector and region-wise economic groups, such as Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC); Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP); Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS); and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Of these, BRICS nations are recognized as the most developed among the emerging economies. This research article is an attempt to examine the trends and patterns of FDI flows in BRICS economies during the period from 1990 to 2015. The study shows that developed markets are still considered to be drawing the lion’s share of FDI, claiming the top slots in global FDI inflows. But high-performing emerging and frontier markets can continue to attract FDI inflows if they have investors’ preferred market characteristics. Also there is a lot of unpredictability in the global FDI flows, indicating challenges and opportunities for both global business executives and countries seeking to promote investment. It is thus imperative that policymakers eliminate hurdles to FDI inflows and increase the absorptive ability to earn optimum positive results.
Sustainability Practices in Indian Retail Industry: A Comparison with Top Global Retailers
Authors: Sivagnanasundaram M.
Published: June 2018

Globally retail industry has significant impact on economy and in the lives of the people. With fast deteriorating environmental conditions and widespread awareness of the consumers about it, retail industry is taking necessary steps to prove its concern for the environment. This article explores the sustainable practices adopted by the retail industry to protect the environment. Since the retail industry is growing at a faster pace in India, it is necessary to understand where the retail industry in growing economies such as India stands in comparison to global retailers in adopting sustainable practices. For the purpose of this study, secondary data was obtained from sustainability reports, annual reports, and policy documents published by the retailers available in the public domain besides their own websites. Indian retailers were compared with global retailers based on the key sustainable practice indicators. The results of the study show that sustainable practices in retail industry in India are still in nascent stage. The results also indicate that Indian retailers have to go a long way in sustainability reporting and leveraging it as a marketing tool.
Fever worsens outcomes in animal models of ischaemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: de Jonge Jeroen C , Wallet Justin , van der Worp H. Bart
Published: June 2018

Background

Subfebrile temperatures and fever in the first days after stroke are associated with a greater risk of a poor outcome. If this relation is causal, prevention of hyperthermia may improve outcome. Causality can be tested in animal models. We therefore assessed the effects of hyperthermia on outcomes in animal models of ischaemic stroke and explored under which conditions prevention of hyperthermia could be most effective.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from animal experiments testing the effect of spontaneous or induced hyperthermia on outcome after focal cerebral ischaemia. Our primary outcome measure was infarct size. Normalised mean differences were combined using the random effects model and stratified meta-analysis was used to explore the impact of study characteristics.

Results

We included 19 publications, reporting on 49 comparisons involving 603 animals. Overall, hyperthermia increased infarct size by 43.4% (95% confidence interval, 29.8–56.9%) and worsened neurobehavioral outcomes by 48.5% (17.2–79.8%). The increase in infarct size was larger with higher temperatures. Hyperthermia was most harmful if present for more than 2 h and when started at the time of artery occlusion rather than later.

Conclusion

Hyperthermia substantially increased infarct size in animal models of ischaemic stroke, suggesting that the relation between fever and poor outcome observed in patients is at least in part causal. These data provide support to trials testing the effect of the prevention of fever with antipyretic drugs in patients with acute stroke.
Extravascular coagulation in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell regulation
Authors: Nguyen T. Son , Lapidot Tsvee , Ruf Wolfram
Published: June 2018

The hemostatic system plays pivotal roles in injury repair, innate immunity, and adaptation to inflammatory challenges. We review the evidence that these vascular-protective mechanisms have nontraditional roles in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance in their physiological bone marrow (BM) niches at steady-state and under stress. Expression of coagulation factors and the extrinsic coagulation initiator tissue factor by osteoblasts, tissue-resident macrophages, and megakaryocytes suggests that endosteal and vascular HSC niches are functionally regulated by extravascular coagulation. The anticoagulant endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR; Procr) is highly expressed by primitive BM HSCs and endothelial cells. EPCR is associated with its major ligand, activated protein C (aPC), in proximity to thrombomodulin-positive blood vessels, enforcing HSC integrin α4 adhesion and chemotherapy resistance in the context of CXCL12-CXCR4 niche retention signals. Protease-activated receptor 1–biased signaling by EPCR-aPC also maintains HSC retention, whereas thrombin signaling activates HSC motility and BM egress. Furthermore, HSC mobilization under stress is enhanced by the fibrinolytic and complement cascades that target HSCs and their BM niches. In addition, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and HSC-derived progeny, including megakaryocytes, synergize to reestablish functional perivascular HSC niches during BM stress. Therapeutic restoration of the anticoagulant pathway has preclinical efficacy in reversing BM failure following radiation injury, but questions remain about how antithrombotic therapy influences extravascular coagulation in HSC maintenance and hematopoiesis.
How I treat myelofibrosis after failure of JAK inhibitors
Authors: Pardanani Animesh , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: June 2018

The introduction of JAK inhibitors, leading to regulatory approval of ruxolitinib, represents a major therapeutic advance in myelofibrosis (MF). Most patients experience reduction in splenomegaly and improved quality of life from symptom improvement. It is a paradox, however, that, despite inhibition of signaling downstream of disease-related driver mutations, JAK inhibitor treatment is not associated with consistent molecular or pathologic responses in MF. Furthermore, there are important limitations to JAK inhibitor therapy including development of dose-limiting cytopenias and/or nonhematological toxicities such as neuropathy or opportunistic infections. Over half of the patients discontinue treatment within 3 years of starting treatment. Although data are sparse, clinical outcome after JAK inhibitor “failure” is likely poor; consequently, it is important to understand patterns of failure to select appropriate salvage treatment(s). An algorithmic approach, particularly one that incorporates cytogenetics/molecular data, is most helpful in selecting stem cell transplant candidates. Treatment of transplant-ineligible patients relies on a problem-based approach that includes use of investigational drugs, or consideration of splenectomy or radiotherapy. Data from early phase ruxolitinib combination studies, despite promising preclinical data, have not shown clear benefit over monotherapy thus far. Development of effective treatment strategies for MF patients failing JAK inhibitors remains a major unmet need.
Correlation between gonial angle and dynamic tongue collapse in children with snoring/sleep disordered breathing – an exploratory pilot study
Authors: Anderson S. , Alsufyani N. , Isaac A. , Gazzaz M. , El-Hakim H.
Published: June 2018

Background

Drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is hoped to identify reasons of failure of adenotonsillectomy (AT) in treating pediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Maxillomandibular disproportion has been studied as another association which may explain alternative pathogenesis of SDB. We aimed to explore the relation between the size of the gonial angle and inclination of the epiglottis measured from cone beam CT (CBCT) and tongue base collapse based on DISE in children with SDB.

Method

A retrospective chart review was conducted at a tertiary pediatric center. Children (6-17 years old) assessed at a multi-disciplinary Upper Airway Clinic, diagnosed with SDB and maxillo-mandibular disproportion (MMD), and who underwent DISE were eligible. Variables obtained from the electronic medical records of the clinic and prospective database included demographics, comorbidities, surgeries performed, investigations, DISE findings and CBCT findings. The gonial angle of subjects with and without tongue base collapse (TBC) on SNP were compared.

Results

In total 29 patients (13 male, 8 female) age 6-17 (median= 9) were eligible for the study from January 2009 – July 2016. We included 11 subjects, and 10 comparators. The mean gonial angle of the TBC group was 139.3°± 7.6°, while that of the comparison group was 129.4°±3.5 (mean difference -9.937, 95% CI of -15.454 to - 4.421, P = 0.001, power of test 0.95). Additionally, the mean inclination of the epiglottis had a mild positive correlation (r=0.32, p<0.05) with the gonial angle, in the whole cohort.

Conclusions

This pilot study suggests that TBC may be mediated by a wider gonial angle in children with SDB patients. The posterior tilt of the epiglottis on CBCT may be a surrogate sign of TBC.
Dillenia indica fruit prevents cisplatin-induced kidney injury in experimental rats through modulation of oxidative stress, marker enzyme, and biochemical changes
Authors: Sen Saikat , Chakraborty Raja , Kalita Pratap
Published: June 2018

Background

Dillenia indica fruit is known for its numerous health benefits in folk medicine including its use to cure kidney diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of D. indica fruit extracts on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Methods

A nephrotoxic dose of cisplatin (3 mg/kg b.w./day, i.p) was administered every fifth day to the animals receiving vehicle or fruit extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) daily for 25 days. Rats were sacrificed on the 25th day, and the effect of extracts was assessed by determining the alterations in various serum and urine parameters, membrane-bound enzyme, and antioxidant defense system in kidney tissue.

Results

Increase in serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, phospholipid, and cholesterol and a decrease in urine urea, uric acid, creatinine, and creatinine clearance rate were reported in the cisplatin control group. Cisplatin alters electrolyte balance, brush border membrane marker enzyme (i.e., alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, leucine aminopeptidase) activity, and redox balance significantly. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of D. indica fruit produced beneficial effect and ameliorated serum and urine parameter to normal. Extract administration increases Na+/K+-ATPase activity and different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants positively, whereas lipid peroxidation reduced significantly. Extracts exhibited a potent in vitro antioxidant activity.

Conclusion

Taking into account these results, it can be assumed that D. indica fruit could be the future key candidate which may maximize the clinical use of cisplatin in the treatment of different cancer without nephrotoxicity.
Intensified Therapy of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults: Report of the Randomized GRAALL-2005 Clinical Trial
Authors: Huguet Françoise , Chevret Sylvie , Leguay Thibaut , Thomas Xavier , Boissel Nicolas , Escoffre-Barbe Martine , Chevallier Patrice , Hunault Mathilde , Vey Norbert , Bonmati Caroline , Lepretre Stéphane , Marolleau Jean-Pierre , Pabst Thomas , Rousselot Philippe , Buzyn Agnès , Cahn Jean-Yves , Lhéritier Véronique , Béné Marie C. , Asnafi Vahid , Delabesse Eric , Macintyre Elizabeth , Chalandon Yves , Ifrah Norbert , Dombret Hervé ,   for the Group of Research on Adult ALL (GRAALL)
Published: June 2018

Purpose

To evaluate randomly the role of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide (hyper-C) dose intensification in adults with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome–negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with a pediatric-inspired protocol and to determine the upper age limit for treatment tolerability in this context.

Patients and Methods

A total of 787 evaluable patients (B/T lineage, 525 and 262, respectively; median age, 36.1 years) were randomly assigned to receive a standard dose of cyclophosphamide or hyper-C during first induction and late intensification. Compliance with chemotherapy was assessed by median doses actually received during each treatment phase by patients potentially exposed to the full planned doses.

Results

Overall complete remission (CR) rate was 91.9%. With a median follow-up of 5.2 years, the 5-year rate of event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) was 52.2% (95% CI, 48.5% to 55.7%) and 58.5% (95% CI, 54.8% to 61.9%), respectively. Randomization to the hyper-C arm did not increase the CR rate or prolong EFS or OS. As a result of worse treatment tolerance, advanced age continuously affected CR rate, EFS, and OS, with 55 years as the best age cutoff. At 5 years, EFS was 55.7% (95% CI, 51.8% to 59.4%) for patients younger than 55 years of age versus 25.8% (95% CI, 19.9% to 35.6%) in older patients (hazard ratio, 2.16; P < .001). Patients ≥ 55 years of age, in whom a lower compliance to the whole planned chemotherapy was observed, benefited significantly from hyper-C, whereas younger patients did not.

Conclusion

No significant benefit was associated with the introduction of a hyper-C sequence into a frontline pediatric-like adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. Overall, tolerability of an intensive pediatric-derived treatment was poor in patients ≥ 55 years of age.