bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Studies on the Histological Distribution of H‐2 Antigens
Authors: GERVAIS A. G.
Published: July 2010

Using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique with H—2 alloantisera, histocompatibility antigens have been localized in unfixed frozen sections of normal mouse tissues of three inbred strains‐C3H, CBA and C57B1.

In lymph node sections, all the lymphocytes appeared to contain antigenic material, while in thymus sections considerable variation in their intensity of specific staining was observed. In the sub‐maxillary gland, these antigens were found in cells of the alveoli, the terminal tubules and the central interlobular ducts. In the kidney, specific fluorescence was detected in the tubular cells and the capsule of Bowman. In controls as well as in sections treated with positive antisera, the glomerular tuft displayed variably‐sized fluorescent clumps extending into the capsular space. This is believed to result from a specific but unwanted reaction between normal gamma globulins and the anti‐IgG conjugate.
Studies on Recombination within the Mouse H‐2 Complex I.: Three Recombinants Which Position the Ss Locus within the Complex
Authors: SHREFFLER D. C. , DAVID C. S.
Published: July 2010

A series of genetic crosses conducted to map theSsserum variant with respect to theH—2complex is described in detail. Three intra‐H—2recombinants were detected. These crossovers, designatedH—2al,H—2olandH—2tl, position theSsgene in the middle of theH—2complex between the regionsH—2KandH—2D.The production of eight new congenic resistant inbred strains is also described.
HL‐A Matings in Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Authors: KLOUDA P. T. , LAWLER SYLVIA D. , BAGSHAWE K. D.
Published: July 2010

Seventy‐five patients with trophoblastic neoplasia and their husbands were typed for the antigens of the HL‐A system. The phenotypic mating frequencies were analysed separately for both subloci. The expected number of matings for each antigenic combination was calculated using the reaction frequencies of antigens actually observed in the patients and their husbands. The analysis showed that, as far as these antigens were concerned, mating was at random. The risk of a woman getting a trophoblastic neoplasm is apparently not influenced by her choice of mate as far as the HL‐A system is concerned.
A New Case of Crossing‐Over in the HL‐A System
Authors: SOULIER J. P. , PROU‐WARTELLE O.
Published: July 2010

One case of recombinant child was found in a family of 8 members comprising 3 generations. This was due to a maternal crossing‐over. The child received HL‐A (2,8) instead of (1,8) inherited by the other sibs. This case is discussed and compared to the other reported cases.
Genetic Structure of the HL‐A System in a Nahua Indian Population in Mexico
Authors: Cann Howard M. , Kidd Kenneth K. , Lisker Ruben , Radvany Ruta , Payne Rose
Published: July 2010

HL–A phenotype and gene frequencies are presented for a population sample of Nahua Indians from Mexico. These Indians showed restricted variability in the first and second segregant HL–A series as compared to Caucasian, Black and Mongoloid populations, thus resembling other American Indian populations. Determinants for HL–A2, HL–A9, W28 and W31 accounted for 95% of first series alleles. For the second series W16, W5 and W10 comprised 75% of all genetic determinants. This population sample is the only American Indian group so far studied with W16 as the most frequently occuring second series antigen. Disturbances in the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium for the second series may reflect racial admisture and an antigen which cross reacts with W5 and W15. When adjustments were made for sample size and selection of the extreme deviate delta value, no evidence of linkage disequilibrium was noted in this population. Thus far, all American Indian groups studied show restricted variability of the HL–A system; this may reflect the effects of natural selection.
Studies Non on HL‐A Cytotoxic and Blocking Factor in a Patient with Immunological Deficiency Successfully Reconstituted by Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Jeannet M. , Rubinstein A. , Pelet B.
Published: July 2010

The serum of a 12‐year‐old boy with CID, reconstituted by a bone marrow graft from an HL–A identical sibling, was studied for the presence of blocking and cytotoxic antibodies. After grafting, the patient's serum inhibited the response of autologous and of normal lymphocytes in the MLC. A non‐HL–A lymphocytotoxic antibody was detected at the time severe GVHR. It reacted with lymphocytes from the patient's father, mother, sisters, and with 70 % of unrelated allogeneic lymphocytes. It was not reactive with the donor lymphocytes, suggesting that it was formed against a non‐HL–A antigen present on the recipient tissues but absent on the donor cells. Prolonged bone‐marrow allograft tolerance may depend upon active inhibition mediated by a humoral factor.
Serology and Genetics of the DL‐A System. I. Establishment of Specificities
Authors: Albert E. D. , Erickson V. M. , Graham T. C. , Parr M. , Templeton J. W. , Mickey M. R. , Thomas E. D. , Storb R.
Published: July 2010

A population of 224 unrelated dogs was tested with 54 selected canine lymphocytotoxic sera in order to define histocompatibility antigens of the dog. Mickey's factor analysis program, which is able to determine different specificities contained in one serum, was used since most of the sera were multispecific. Groups of sera containing the same specificities were formed and used for the determination of transplantation antigens. Twenty‐three preliminary groups could be defined by statistical methods. Thirty‐five families and 33 litters were tested with the same sera to validate the established groups. Segregation analysis yielded information about the allelism of two sets of specificities, thus confirming earlier suggestions of a two‐locus histocompatibility system in the dog.
Further Evidence of a Third HL‐A Locus
Authors: Solheim B. G. , Bratlie A. , Sandberg L. , Staub‐Nielsen L. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

Lymphocytes were incubated with specific HL–A antisera to induce aggregation and capping in the cell membrane of antigens belonging to the first or second segregant series. Typing by the cytotoxicity test immediately afterwards revealed negative, or markedly reduced, reactions with the same antiserum as used for pretreatment, or sera recognizing other determinants on the same HL–A molecules. The expression of other HL–A antigens, not included in the reactivity of the serum used for pretreatment, was not inhibited. Thus it was confirmed that the products of the two HL–A loci are not firmly attached to each other, and reside on different molecules.

Similar studies were performed with antisera recognizing HL–A antigens possibly belonging to a third‐segregant series, the ‘AJ’ series. By induction of aggregation/capping followed either by typing or by immunofluorescence microscopy, it could be shown that the expression of ‘AJ’ antigens could be eliminated without appreciably affecting the expression of first and second series HL–A antigens, and vice versa. The antigens of the ‘AJ’ series therefore must be parts of separate molecular structures, and probably belong to a third segregant series of HL–A antigens.
The Reactivtiy of Leukaemic Cells to HL‐A Typing Sera
Authors: Evans Carol A. , Pegrum G. D.
Published: July 2010

Despite the atypical reactions of leukaemic cells in the microcytotoxicity test, it is possible to discern three broad catagories of behaviour. Acute lymphatic leukaemias usually give clear cut results, whereas the antigenic profile in chronic lymphatic leukaemia is obscured by many seemingly ‘extra’antigens. Individuals showing apparent changes of antigens are usually those with acute myeloid leukaemia. The chronic lymphatic leukaemia group was further characterised by always giving positive results with antiserum Reid. The cases of lymphosarcoma studied were divided evenly into those in which the cells behaved in a manner similar to acute lymphatic leukaemia giving unequivocal results, and those similar to chronic lymphatic leukaemia having ‘extra’antigens.
Synthesis and Expression of Surface Antigens During the Cell Cycle
Authors: Sumner M. C. B. , Collin R. C. L. S. , Pasternak C. A.
Published: July 2010

The expression of H–2 histocompatibility antigens, assayed by immune cytolysis, is minimal during the S period of the cell cycle. In order to investigate this phenomenon, we have measured the amount of H–2 antigens on P815Y cells at different stages of the cell cycle by two different techniques. The first involves the binding of [125I] labelled antibody, the second the inhibition of immune cytolysis of indicator cells by bound and salt‐extractable antigens.

Each method shows that the amount of H–2 antigens increases during the G1 period and then remains constant. On the other hand, the fragility of cells assayed by cytolysis caused by detergents, hypotonicity or freeze thawing shows the same minimum in S as does the expression of H–2 measured by immune cytolysis.

It is concluded that cell surface antigens are inserted into the plasma membrane during G1 and remain accessible to combination with antibody thereafter. Because of a decrease in cellular fragility during interphase, cytolytic techniques should be used with caution.
Xenoantisera against Lymphoid Cells: Specificity and Use in Monitoring Purification of Mouse and Human Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Staines N. A. , O'Neill G. J. , Guy K. , Davies D. A. L.
Published: July 2010

Rabbit xenoantisera against membranes of mouse spleen cells and cultured human lymphocytes were used to monitor the purification of solubilized mouse H–2 and human HL–A antigens in parallel with routine serological methods employing alloantisera. Antigenic material was subjected to gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, and in all cases the only material which inhibited the lymphocytotoxic action of the xenoantisera was that which inhibited defined alloantisera. Conversely, all alloantigenic material inhibited xenoantisera. Highly purified H–2 and HL–A preparations completely inhibited the lymphocytotoxic action of xenoantisera to crude membrane antigen. The specificity of the anti‐mouse xenoantisera was examined. Antibodies specific for the immunizing mouse strains were revealed only after so‐called species‐specific antibodies were removed by judicious absorption of the serum with cells of a mouse of another H–2 type. The residual strain‐discriminating antibodies reacted with target cells from a large panel of different mouse strains with an intensity directly proportional to the number of reacting H–2 specificities. It was not possible, however, to detect monospecific H–2 antibodies in any absorbed sera It is concluded that the lymphocytotoxic antibodies in xenoantisera predominantly are directed against determinants intimately associated with H–2 and HL–A alloantigens.
Cross‐Reactive HL‐A Antibodies. Separation of Multiple HL‐A Antibody Specificities by Platelet Adsorption and Acid Elution
Authors: Rodey G. E. , Sturm B. , Aster R. H.
Published: July 2010

A method of isolating and concentrating monospecific antibody from multispecific HL–A antiserum by adsorption with and elution from platelets is described. One unit of platelets containing approximately 1 × 1011 platelets is sufficient to absorb one unit (300 ml) of serum of low titer. Antibodies directed against antigens determined at separate loci are readily separated by adsorption with appropriately selected platelets, whereas antibody specificities directed against antigens determined by the same locus are usually not separable. Successful adsorption and elution of an antibody present in duospecific antisera depends not only upon the presence of a particular HL–A antigen on the platelets used for adsorption but also upon the absence of any antigen group which cross‐reacts with the second antibody specificity.
Application of the Autoanalyser to H‐2 Typing in the Mouse
Authors: Douglas R. , Nieman H. G.
Published: July 2010

Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (Contract PH‐43‐65‐992), the Dutch Organization for Applied Research (TNO), the J. A. Cohen Institute for Radiology and Radiation Protection, the Whitehall Foundation, and the Dutch Organization for Pure Research (FUNGO).

The results of testing erythrocytes from eight mouse strains with 20 haemagglutinating antisera and five lymphocytotoxic antisera, using a Technicon Haemagglutinating Autoanalyser, are presented. The suitability of the autoanalyser to regular H–2 typing is proved and the adaptability of this methodology to an investigation of the haemagglutinating capacity of lymphocytotoxic antisera is demonstrated. The implications of specific haemagglutination in the autoanalyser by antisera defining the H–2 ‘cytotoxic’ antigens are discussed.
A Study of HL‐A Antigen Phenotype in Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease Patients
Authors: Falk J. A. , Fleischman J. L. , Zabriskie J. B. , Falk R. E.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of the HL–A antigens was studied in 76 patients who have had rheumatic fever or have rheumatic heart disease and in 177 disease‐free Caucasian individuals. There was a decreased incidence of A–3 in the disease group as compared to the control. No significant increase in the frequency of any HL–A antigen was detectable in the disease group as compared to normal controls. The results were not affected by the exclusion of non Caucasians from the disease group. The parents of patients with rheumatic fever and heart disease showed a significant increase in shared antigens as compared with the parents of disease‐free individuals. The total number of HL–A antigens detected on lymphocytes from rheumatic patients was significantly less than on those from normal individuals.
Comparison of Various Extraction Procedures for the Solubilization of Murine Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Sagi Susana , Young J. Mavis , Gyenes L.
Published: July 2010

Transplantation antigens were extracted from various tissues of A and CBA mice with hypotonic solutions or with distilled water and were solubilized either by autolysis or by digestion with papain. The origin of the tissue (lymph node, spleen, liver, SaI cells) and the nature of the starting material (fresh or frozen, whole cells or homogenates) were also varied. The extraction procedures were evaluated in terms of the yield and specific activity of the antigen preparations and the various procedures were compared also with respect to their efficiency in solubilizing transplantation antigens. The antigenic activity of the preparations was established by their capacity to inhibit the cytotoxic reaction using different combinations of alloantisera and target cells. The best antigen preparations were obtained with an aqueous‐autolytic procedure employing extraction with distilled water, followed by limited autolysis. With all antigen preparations the bulk of the antigenic activity was eluted from Sephadex G‐100 after the void volume, indicating a molecular weight of less than 100,000 for the active components. The results also indicated that all H–2 specificities were not solubilized with the same efficiency and that the concentration and the immunogenicity of certain of the specificities are different for A lymphocytes and SaI cells.
Further Evidence for HL‐A Antigens Present on Adult Peripheral Red Blood Cells
Authors: Doughty R. W. , Goodier S. R. , Gelsthorpe K.
Published: July 2010

Two antigens of the HL–A system, W17 and W28, are demonstrated on adult peripheral red blood cells. Their implications for blood group serology are discussed.
Cross Reactions of HL‐A Antibodies. VI. Dissection of a Complex Serum
Authors: Eguro Setsuko Y. , Dorf Martin E. , Amos D. B.
Published: July 2010

A series of 23 platelet absorptions and elutions were performed with a broadly reactive HL–A antiserum, Tuckerman. This multispecific reagent could be separated into three components: anti‐HL–A1 (10,11); anti‐W23 (W24) and anti‐HL–A12.2 (12.1,13). Each component was examined in detail, revealing some of the intricacies of the specific and cross‐reacting antibodies.

A possible subdivision of HL–A12 followed the observation that platelets from certain HL–A12 donors failed to absorb anti‐HL–A12 cytotoxins, even against their own lymphocytes. These absorptive deficiencies were inherited with the HL–A12 genotype.

Subdivision of HL–A9 was primarily along racial lines. Antigen W23 predominated among subjects of Negro or Mediterranean ancestry, while specificity W24 was found among donors of the Caucasian and Oriental races.
Some Genetic Characteristics of the HL‐A System in the Russian Population
Authors: Zaretskaya Yu. , Fedrunova V.
Published: July 2010

In a study of 100–124 individuals of Russian nationality by microtyping in lymphocytotoxicity and leucoagglutination, the frequencies of the genes of the HL–A system were found to be as follows:

Despite intensive studies of human histocompatibility antigens during the last decade, the Russian population remained unexamined in this respect. This article reports the preliminary findings on gene frequencies of the HL–A system in Russians.
Anomalous Reactivity of Certain HL‐A Typing Sera with Leukemic Lymphocytes
Authors: Walford Roy L. , Waters Harold , Smith George S. , Sturgeon Phillip
Published: July 2010

Certain anti‐HL–A sera react more frequently with lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukmia than with normal lymphocytes. Selected antisera for most but not necessarily all HL–A specificities may show this hyperreactivity. Antisera to the W19 and possibly the HL–A27 complexes seem to be involved more often than are others. CLL lymphocytes can be typed accurately only if a sufficiently large number of antisera of each specificity are employed. Cross‐absorption analysis of sera EV, Thorsby‐FJH, and THA, using normal and CLL lymphocytes, yields evidence for six or more additional antigenic factors on CLL cells which are not obviously related to the HL–A system. Possible interpretations of these findings involve cross reactions within the HL–A system, reactivity with postulated non‐HL–A receptors on cell surfaces, with antigens specific for different varieties or subdivisions of chronic lymphatic leukemia (leukemia type‐specific antigens), or with T‐cell or B‐cell antigen systems that might be more abundantly expressed on leukemic than on normal cells. While a few anti‐HL–A sera are shown to have anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies, such antibodies do not suffice to explain the anomalous reactions.
A New HL‐A Antigen: TY
Authors: Gelsthorpe K. , Doughty R. W.
Published: July 2010

A new antigen, TY, of the human histocompatibility HL–A system is described. The frequency of TY in a Caucasian population is 0.0363. Studies indicate that the gene TY (frequency 0.0183) behaves as an allele of the FOUR (2nd) HL–A locus.
Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures with Inbred Individuals: An Approach to MLC Typing
Authors: Jørgensen F. , Lamm L. U. , Kissmeyer‐nielsen F.
Published: July 2010

A Danish family with twelve members and with two first cousin marriages was studied. Two inbred siblings (designated J) were found to be homozygous for HL–A2,27 (AJ) and therefore also presumably homozygous for all or most of the major histocompatibility complex. When used as stimulators in one‐way MLC, these two individuals elicited a very low response in five members of the family possessing this same HL–A haplotype, which was clearly disjunct from the response by family members not possessing the HL–A2,27(AJ). When J cells were used as stimulators against cells from 27 unrelated individuals, the responses against J – expressed relative to the median response of a given responder against several unrelated persons – fell into two clearly disjunct groups. One group of seven gave low responses, from 13% to 41%. The individuals of this group are designated J‐like. The rest gave responses from 83 % to 132 %. In one family with three children where the father was J‐like and the mother was not J‐like, the trait J‐like segregated in coupling with the HL–A determinants. It is postulated that these specifically low responding, or J‐like, individuals possess the MLC allele j, for which the individuals J are homozygous. Among the 27 unrelated individuals tested, there was no obvious association between the MLC allele j and any particular HL–A antigen. Another inbred HL–A homozygous individual did not stimulate the family members at a low level in compatible combinations and is thus presumably not homozygous at the MLC locus.
The Distribution of HL‐A Antigens and Genes in the Yugoslav Population
Authors: Kaştelan A. , Kerhin‐brkljaçkić VESNA , Hors J. , Brkljaçkić LJERKA , Maćaśković P.
Published: July 2010

The frequency of HL‐A antigens and genes was established in a population of 178 unrelated Yugoslav people. The results showed that in spite of a rather limited number of subjects tested, the phenotype distribution and haplotype frequencies were similar to those observed in other Caucasian populations.
Studies on Canine Secretory Alloantigens (CSA)
Authors: Zweibaum A. , Oriol R. , Feingold N. , Dussaulx E. , Rousset M. , Chevalier G.
Published: July 2010

In order to select monospecific naturally occurring anti‐CSA alloantisera for CSA typing, sera from 241 dogs of known CSA types (A, X, Y, AX, AY, XY and O) were tested with the indirect immunofluorescent (IF) technique on colon sections from dogs carrying CSA A, × and Y only. Anti‐A antibodies were detected in 89% of expected anti‐A sera, anti‐X in 61% of expected anti‐X, and anti‐Y in 88% of expected anti‐Y. Only a few monospecific anti‐CSA sera, of titers ≦ 1/16, could be selected for IF CSA typing: 12 anti‐A (5%), four anti‐X (1.6%) and six anti‐Y sera (2.5%). Monospecific anti‐CSA antisera of much higher titers were obtained by allogeneic and xenogeneic immunization with CSA extracts. Anti‐CSA alloimmune sera, when obtained in adequately CSA typed dogs, are monospecific and need no further treatment. The monospecificity of the xenoimmune sera raised in rabbits and rats could only be achieved through absorption with digestive mucosa dry acetone powder obtained from dogs of adequate CSA types. The ability to produce anti‐CSA xenoimmune sera appeared to depend on the CSA type of the immunizing extract and on the species selected for immunization. No significant discrepancies were observed between monospecific naturally occurring anti‐CSA alloantisera, alloimmune and xenoimmune antisera when tested concurrently in 752 dogs. The distribution of the CSA alloantigens was investigated in various organs from 41 dogs. They were found in gastrointestinal mucosa, in salivary glands, in gall bladder mucosa, in pancreatic acini and in tracheobronchial epithelium. They were absent from kidneys, liver, spleen, lymphnodes, heart, lungs, thyroid and adrenals. The data obtained in two populations of 157 and 93 unrelated dogs are compatible with a four allelic system, with three genes controlling A, × and Y, and an additional silent gene. This was confirmed by segregation studies conducted in 213 offspring of 40 families from a closely bred colony of beagles, and in 79 offspring of 14 random families.
Effect of Cross Reactions on HL‐A Antigen Immunogenicity
Authors: Colombani J. , Colombani MONIQUE , Degos L. , Terrier ELISABETH , Gaudy YVETTE , Dastot HÉLÈNE
Published: July 2010

The sera of 172 HL‐A typed subjects immunized mostly by multiple transfusions were studied and the specificities of the produced HL‐A antibodies were determined. The probability of non‐response against an antigen cross reacting with an antigen of the immunized subject was calculated by the use of Bayes’ method. A lower immunogenicity within the main cross reacting groups (CREG) was confirmed: [HL‐A2, W28], [HL‐A3,1,11], connected to [HL‐A10, W19 (= W29,30,31,32)], [W5, HL‐A5, W15,W21], [HI‐A7,W10,W22]. Some antigens were not connected to any CREG: HL‐A9,12,13, W27. Others were insufficiently studied in the material to allow definite conclusions: W18,W14,HL‐A8. An asymmetry of the phenomenon i.e. non reciprocal inhibition of antibody production for two antigens was observed often.

The comparison of one part of the material studied with the platelet complement fixation test, to another part studied with the lymphocytotoxicity technique suggested that the specific inhibition of antibody production was not complete but that such a situation only decreased the frequency and intensity of the response against the antigen.

A study of the co‐occurrence of various HL‐A specificities in the immune sera lead to a similar but somewhat broader description of the CREG.
Cell Mediated Lympholysis in Man. A Case of “Non Relevant” Killing of Third Party Persons
Authors: Willumsen J. , Heron I.
Published: July 2010

GML between non related HL‐A different persons was studied. In only one particular combination did a responder fail to kill the specific stimulator target, but lysis of target cells from two “non‐relevant” third party persons was consistently found. This responder had no history of allo‐immunization. Killer cells against the “third party” persons could also be produced upon PHA stimulation of lymphocytes from this individual.
Membrane Antigens Characteristic of Human Lymphoid Cells in Established Cultures
Authors: Thieme THOMAS R. , Colombe BETH WINOCUR
Published: July 2010

Antisera specific for human lymphoid cells in tissue culture were prepared. Rabbits were immunized with a lymphoid cell membrane fraction solubilized by papain and purified by physicochemical means. After appropriate absorption (with peripheral blood leukocytes of the same HL—A type) the antisera reacted with all established lymphoid cell cultures tested, but not with peripheral blood leukocytes.

The antigen(s) reacting with these antisera seem to be unique for cells in culture and appear at the time the cell becomes an established cell line. The antigens were not detectable in normal PBL, non‐lymphoid human cell lines in tissue culture or in normal human serum or fetal calf serum, but were present in several leukemic cell samples.
The Definition of a Lymphocyte‐Specific Alloantigen System in the Rat (Ly‐1)
Authors: Fabre JOHN W. , Morris PETER J.
Published: July 2010

AS and Lewis strain rats (both Ag‐B1) were immunised with each others’ thymus cells in an attempt to produce antisera analogous to the anti‐theta sera of the mouse. An AS anti Lewis thymus serum gave strong and equal reactions against thymus lymphocytes of Lewis, DA and AS2 strains, but was only weakly reactive with peripheral blood lymphocytes of those strains. The Lewis anti‐AS thymus serum was non‐reactive against both thymus and blood lymphocytes of all strains. The AS anti Lewis thymus serum appeared to be monospecific as determined by absorption studies and Fl hybrid to parental backross studies. The alloantigen system defined by this serum had the following characteristics: (1) the antigen was present on both thymus and lymph node lymphocytes, but not on brain, red cells, kidney, liver or heart, (2) the antigen segregates independently of Ag‐B, (3) the antigen was present in equal quantities on thymus and lymph node lymphocytes, (4) the antigen could not be modulated, (5) the antibody could not be produced in response to skin grafting. This alloantigen system defined by the AS anti Lewis thymus serum had all the characteristics of the mouse Ly alloantigens. It has been designated Ly‐1.
The Complexity of the HL‐A Gene Product I: Study of a Serum Produced Against HL‐A5 in an HL‐A Semi‐Identical Situation
Authors: Legrand L. , Dausset J.
Published: July 2010

A complex antibody developed in a W18 father immunized by his HL–A5 daughter was analysed. Four different antibodies appeared successively and were isolated by absorption and elution. These antibodies react directly or indirectly (CYNAP) with HL‐A5, W21, W5, W17 and W15 cells. Some W21 cells are not reactive (ET*); some W5 cells are directly reactive, others only in CYNAP, which enables these two categories of cells to be subdivided.

By absorption‐inhibition, it was possible to demonstrate the existence of several determinants on the gene product, since the saturation of the absorbing cells by one antibody does not prevent the absorption of a second antibody (anti‐HL‐A5 and anti‐[5, W21, W5]). These distinct determinants or antigenic factors (Dausset et al. 1965) are shared by several allelic products. Their structures are probably similar since they are cross‐reactive. Capping experiments indicate that all these determinants are borne by the same second locus molecule and are independent of the third locus molecule.

The hypothesis that these shared and cross‐reactive antigenic factors derived from each other by successive duplication and mutation of the corresponding gene is again emphasized.
Antibody Induced Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxicity. Studies of Human Alloantibodies in a Micro‐Plate‐Test
Authors: Kaakinen A. , Bondevik H. , Kiss E. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

Human alloantisera were investigated for their ability to induce antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (AICC) in a micro‐plate‐system. Ten to 20 × 103 fresh (non‐stimulated) lymphocytes were used as targets, and an effector: target cell ratio of 33:1 was usually satisfactory. Harvesting was performed after 8–16 h of incubation. This system proved as reliable as tests in tubes with larger volumes and cell numbers. The HL‐A specificity of the sera determined by complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was found to be completely included in the specificity determined by the AICC test. The latter specificity, however, was broader and the AICC test also revealed much higher titers of alloantibody activity.

When antibodies reacted with HL‐A antigens of the effector cells, as revealed by CDC tests, the AICC test was inhibited.

By running the test system in medium not containing serum with alloantibody activity, the presence of cytotoxic (T) lymphocytes in the effector cell population could also be detected. Thus, the micro‐test system is a sensitive test for both pre‐existing cellular and humoral immunity against human alloantigens.
HL‐A Antigen Frequencies in Normal Blood Donors, Kidney Donors and Prospective Kidney Recipients
Authors: Nelson S. D. , Darke C. , Tovey G. H.
Published: July 2010

The HL‐A antigen frequencies in kidney donors and prospective recipients have been compared. W28 occurred more frequently in the prospective kidney recipients than in the donors. It is possible that this may be due to the presence in the kidney recipient population of a number of patients suffering from glomerulonephritis; but we postulate that changes in antigen frequency may be an effect of disease, rather than a cause.
The Use of Microtiter Plates in Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: DU Bois RIA , Meinesz ANNEKE , Bierhorst‐eijlander ANJA , Groenewoud MARJORIE , Schellekens P. TH. A. , Eijsvoogel V. P.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were performed to develop a lymphocyte culture system in which microtiter plates could be used as a practical and time‐saving technique. The suitability of different types of microtiter plates was tested, analyzing lymphocyte reactivity by means of thymidine incorporation after stimulation by PHA and in the MLG.

Furthermore, it became clear that in this system the number of lymphocytes required per culture could be diminished. According to a Workshop program (this issue), some experiments were carried out to further clarify the reproducibility and reliability of this culture system.
MLC — A Micro‐Modification of the Mixed Leucocyte Culture Technique
Authors: Jørgensen F. , Lamm L. U.
Published: July 2010

A micro‐modification of the MLC technique is described, using 5 × 104responding cells per single culture in round bottomed microtiter plates. Over a wide range, there is a linear relation between the number of cells grown per well and the obtained response; and with the number of responding cells chosen, there is a linearity between log dose stimulating cells and response in linear scale. The system normally allows log phase growth (or near to this) for 120 h.

The system has primarily been designed for large scale population genetic investigations using X‐rayed stimulator cells stored frozen in the irradiated state. It suits this purpose well, and is comparable with other systems in discrimination between zero, one and two haplotype differences in families. The more refined discriminative power between low and no stimulation remains to be evaluated.
Sensitivity of Various HL‐A Typing Techniques
Authors: Cannady W. G. , Reckel R. P. , Tripodi D. , Shaw SALLY M. , Baldassari DINA , Metz LANETTE A.
Published: July 2010

It has become apparent that the crossmatch procedures for the HL‐A typing of organs, tissues and leukocytes for transplant and transfusion recipients are assuming a more prognostic role than conventional HL‐A typing. Recent data has shown that regardless of the grade of the HL‐A match, a positive crossmatch invariably indicates a troublesome clinical course for the patient. The antiglobulin lymphocytotoxicity technique is a relatively new HL‐A crossmatch procedure. This technique was evaluated against the NIH standard lymphocytotoxicity test, with standardized HL‐A typing sera. Pre‐ and post‐transplant sera from several patients were compared using the two test systems in an attempt to show correlations with clinical courses. In addition, sera from patients who exhibited febrile reactions, which were not attributable to red cell incompatibilities were evaluated for crossmatch and conventional HL‐A incompatibilities.
Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Typing Cells from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Stastny PETER
Published: July 2010

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were investigated as a possible source of MLC typing cells. Lymphocytes from four patients that were non‐stimulatory for unrelated subjects suffering from the same disease were chosen for a preliminary analysis. Patterns of reactions obtained were interpreted as being due to LS specificities Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd and r. Ra was found to be included in all R types, but r and R appeared to be mutually exclusive. Ra was found also in the normal family JM, where it was inherited in association with a maternal haplotype HL‐A2, W10. In unrelated individuals these antigens did not show association with any particular HL‐A antigens. The methods described may offer a practical approach for further identification and study of MLC determinants.
Antibody Specificity for HL‐A in Human Myeloma Sera and Immune Rabbit Sera
Authors: Smith G. , Walford R. L. , Fishkin B.
Published: July 2010

Antibodies specific for HL‐A antigens were found in sera of two out of four patients with multiple myeloma or gammopathy in the absence of known histoincompatible stimulation. By column chromatography fractionation of the sera the antibody activity was found in the abnormal immunoglobulin peak, and technical difficulties of cytotoxic testing of gammopathy sera were eliminated. Rabbit immune anti‐human sera were shown to exhibit cytotoxic reaction patterns similar to one of the myeloma sera with a normal cell donor panel, which suggests the presence of an HL‐A core substance or closely associated antigenic material.
The Association between HL–A Antigens, Ankylosing Spondylitis and Sacro‐Iliitis
Authors: DICK H. M. , STURROCK R. D. , GOEL G. K. , HENDERSON N. , CANESI B. , ROONEY P. J. , DICK W. C. , BUCHANAN W. W.
Published: July 2010

The second series antigen W27 has been found to have an increased frequency in ankylosing spondylitis (82 % of 17 patients) and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease) (29 % of 24 patients). Three family studies are presented, including one in which the antigen W27 occurs both in the absence and the presence of ankylosing spondylitis. It is suggested that this family illustrates that the relationship between W27 and sacro‐iliitis is affected by non‐HL–A genes. The development of clinical disease depends upon the coincidence of several factors in one individual, some of which are genetically controlled by two or more loci which are not necessarily linked.
Antibody‐Dependent and Direct Lymphocyte‐Mediated Cytotoxicity in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: DICKMEISS E. , NIELSEN L. S.
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐two patients on chronic hemodialysis were tested for direct lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (DCML) and antibody‐dependent lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (LALI) against selected panels of normal donor lymphocytes. The DCML reaction was only positive in patients who had received blood transfusions within the two or three months prior to testing. Thus this reaction has limited value in practice as a parameter for presensitization. The use of third‐party effector cells and of target cells precoated with antibody in the LALI reaction was evaluated, and it is advocated that effector cells from the patient investigated and direct application of patient serum to reaction mixtures should be preferred in order to avoid false negative reactions. In patients who had once manifested lymphocytotoxins, LALI disclosed a much broader reactivity than seen with a conventional complementdependent cytotoxicity technique (CDC), whereas in this study patients who had never developed cytotoxins were also negative with the LALI technique. It is concluded that a positive LALI cross‐match, in spite of a negative CDC cross‐match, will be a common finding in donor‐recipient combinations where the recipient has preformed cytotoxins. The effect of this on subsequent graft prognosis needs further clarification.
Adaptation to Tissue Culture of the Murine Leukemia ASL1, a High Producer of TL (Thymus Leukemia) Antigen1
Authors: Williams Jackie L. , Stanton Thomas H. , Wolcott R. Michael
Published: July 2010

ASL1, a. murine thymus derived leukemia, was adapted to tissue culture and its suitability as a source of TL antigens was examined. Tissue culture medium was developed in which the cell grew with a mean doubling time of 12.5 h and 95% viability. The quantity of antigen expressed by the cells was determined by inhibition of lysis of 51Cr labelled leukemic cells mediated by anti‐TL 1,2,3 serum. Significant quantities of the antigens were retained by the cells during exponential growth in vitro.
Ankylosing Spondylitis in a Large Kindred: Clinical and Genetic Studies
Authors: Strosberg James M. , Allen Fred H. , Calabro John J. , Harris Edward D.
Published: July 2010

In a kindred of 66 members spanning four generations, seven cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have been found. Four of these were in a single sibship of 13. AS was associated with HL‐A27 in three of the four involved siblings, but close linkage was shown to be unlikely. Knowledge of HL‐A genotype has made possible informed counseling for younger members of the sibship of 13, some of whom, as teenagers, already have back pain.
HLA and Juvenile Chronic Polyarthritis
Authors: Veys E.M. , Coigne E. , Mielants H. , Verbruggen A.
Published: July 2010

HLA antigens have been identified in patients with juvenile chronic polyarthritis (J.C.P.) (n = 35). In J.C.P. the incidence of antigen B27 (57%) was found to be higher than in a normal population (n = 1,000). On recent evaluation of the clinical status, serology and x‐rays, the patients with juvenile chronic polyarthritis who have been followed up for many years, could be subdivided into four groups: Group 1: J.C.P. evolving to ankylosing spondylitis (n = 3); Group 2: J.C.P. with sacroiliitis (n = 17); Group 3: J.C.P. without sacroiliitis (n = 9); Group 4: juvenile rheumatoid arthritis characterised by a positive serology (n = 6).

Groups 1 and 2 were characterised by a high incidence of antigen B27 (19/20). Only one subject of groups 3 and 4 had antigen B27. Sex distribution in groups 1 and 2 was found to be similar to that found in ankylosing spondylitis in adults and sex distribution in groups 3 and 4 was found to be similar to that found in rheumatoid arthritis in adults.

It is concluded that if B27 positives develop juvenile chronic polyarthritis they have a high risk of developing sacroiliitis and acute uveitis.

The authors propose to give the name Still's disease to the total group of children presenting initial symptoms corresponding to the criteria of Ansell & By waters (1959). Follow‐up of the cases permitted their further classification as juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, as juvenile chronic polyarthritis with or without sacroiliitis or as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
A Rapid HLA‐D Matching Method using PHA Blasts as Responding Cells (Preliminary Data on PHA Blasts HLA‐D Typing)
Authors: Mawas C. , Charmot D. , Comoy A. , Sasportes M.
Published: July 2010

Day 3–4 PHA stimulated lymphocytes were found to respond against HLA‐D without any period of latency, thus allowing a discriminative MLR reading as early as 24–48 h. The test is therefore characterized by the minute number of responding cells necessary (5 × 103), a one‐way reaction without additional treatment of the stimulating normal lymphocytes (5 × 104), and the rapid obtaining of data. We found the preliminary data testing its concordance with classical HLA‐D typing encouraging and worthy of being tested on a larger scale. Using mitogen stimulated recipient cells stored frozen, HLA‐D matching with potential donors was found to be feasible within 24–48 h. The mechanism of such a prompt response by mitogen stimulated lymphocytes is unknown but appears to be independent of the nature and dose of a given mitogen.
HLA Haplotypes in a Genetic Isolate in Newfoundland. A Population Showing 8% Homozygosity and a Familial Aggregate of Lymphoma and Immunodeficiency Cases
Authors: Larsen B. , Barnard J.M. , Buehler S.K. , Marshall W.H.
Published: July 2010

HLA typing was performed on 384 individuals of an isolated population of 1,500 people with a.familial aggregate of lymphoma and immunodeficiency cases. Eighty‐five % of the total population were descendants of the founding couple. First cousin marriages were common. There was a three‐fold or higher increase of the following haplotypes as compared to the frequencies in Sheffield: HLA‐A28, Bw35, HLA‐A28, B18, HLA‐A10, B18, HLA‐A2, B18, HLA‐A11, Bw40 and HLA‐A11, B7. The frequency of HLA‐A1, B8 was low (5.4%). The most common genotype was HLA‐A2, B12/A2, B12 followed by HLA‐A2, B12/A28, Bw35. We found 30 HLA homozygous individuals, of these 15 were HLA‐A2, B12/A2, B12. There were two possible HLA cross‐overs which may be confirmed and three postulated cross‐overs which can never be confirmed as one or both parents of the individuals in question are deceased. Some of the haplotypes could be traced back to the first, second and third generations, i.e. to the first half of the nineteenth century. No single haplotype or antigen was shared by the patients.
Rga (Rodgers) and the HLA Region: Linkage and Associations
Authors: Giles CM. , Jr. T. Gedde‐Dahl , Robson E.B. , Thorsby E. , Olaisen B. , Arnason A. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F. , Schreuder I.
Published: July 2010

In 19 families with 97 children the segregation of Rga (Rodgers) was found to be compatible with Mendelian inheritance and five backcross and 14 intercross families were found among HLA and Bf typed families. Close linkage (lods + 17.82) without recombination was found between Rg and the HLA region, with a direct count of 96 nonrecombinant meioses for Rg‐HLA‐B. Kg‐ was strongly associated with HLA‐B8 (29 of 30 haplotypes) and probably associated with Bw40, but did occur on other HLA‐B haplotypes. By inference .Rg‐ is negatively associated with Ch‐ (Chido). The Rg‐Ch‐ haplotype has not been observed. Rg3 and Cha may or may not be coded for by different sites of the same cistron closely linked to HLA‐B:C and cannot as yet be excluded from being parts of B or C.
Quantitative Isolation of Mouse Thymus Leukemia Antigen, TL
Authors: Stanton T. H. , Bennett J. C. , Wolcott M.
Published: July 2010

This report describes the purification of TL from papain digests of a tumor line (ASL1) and of an established cell line (L251A). Through the use of gel filtration and ion‐exchange chromato‐graphy, the TL was purified approximately 100‐fold with respect to the original digest. It was noted that the TL isolated from ASL1 had a specific activity 1.4 times higher than that isolated from L251A. The reason for this anomaly is unexplained. However, this work indicates that classical methods of protein chemistry can be used in the purification of these membrane components which are present in only small amounts on the cell surface.
Recognitive Specificity of Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. II. The Non‐Recognition of Antigens Controlled Outside the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Sondel Paul M. , Bach Fritz H.
Published: July 2010

In vitro sensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) primarily detect antigens controlled within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that are associated with the serologically detected (SD) loci LA and FOUR. Frequently CTLs sentitized to cells from one individual kill target cells of a third party that shares no SD cross‐reactivities by serological criteria with the initial stimulating cells. We have studied the possibility that this cross‐killing is due to the recognition of non‐MHC controlled antigens. Allogeneic tissue from MHC identical siblings is rejected in the absence of immunosuppression, demonstrating the importance of non‐MHC antigens. Nevertheless, CTLs sensitized simultaneously with mitomycin‐C treated cells from an MHC identical sibling and from an unrelated individual were only able to mediate cytotoxicity on the unrelated's target cells. No significant cytotoxicity was observed in any combination on target cells differing only for non‐MHC antigens.
Lymphocyte Stimulation by Soluble Subcellular Fractions
Authors: Pegrum G. D. , Thompson E. A. , Lewis C. M. , Grant V. A.
Published: July 2010

Nuclear material can produce inhibition or stimulation of healthy leucocytes under different experimental conditions. Reactivity could not be produced in cultures using intact nuclei and allogeneic lymphocytes. The effect of nuclear and cytoplasm fractions was compared with that of whole cells on intact healthy lymphocytes. The HLA activity in the individual fractions was assessed. Stimulation was produced by certain nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions and these were closely related to the peaks of HLA activity. The response to these fractions showed less activity than that achieved in conventional one way MLC tests.
Alloantigens Defined by Cytotoxic Isoantisera Prepared against Peripheral Rabbit Lymphocytes
Authors: Luster Michael I. , Vice John L.
Published: July 2010

Seven lymphocytotoxic antisera were produced in rabbits by means of isoimmunization with purified peripheral lymphocytes. The phenotypic profile of the defined lymphocyte antigens was determined in a panel of 97 rabbits. The results indicated the existence of at least two major antigenic determinants. Further typing and cross‐absorptions were performed with several of the lymphocytotoxic antisera in order to demonstrate monospecificity.

The anti‐3 antiserum was used to determine the distribution of the respective antigens in various rabbit organs. The highest concentration of the alloantigen was contained in the spleen, followed in descending order by the lymph nodes, lung, skin, kidney, heart and liver. Fat and red blood cells (rbc) contained no detectable antigen.

A two‐stage physical adherence column method was used to separate T‐derived from B‐derived lymphocytes and each fraction was tested for the alloantigen. Alloantigen was detected on both cell types. The fact that the anti‐3 antiserum never killed more than 30% of the cells suggests that it could define a subpopulation of lymphocytes.
Linkage of GLO with HLA and Bf. Effect of Population and Sex on Recombination Frequency*
Authors: Weitkamp L. R.
Published: July 2010

Further data on the linkage relationships of red cell glyoxalase I (GLO) with HLA and Bf are reported. The most likely order of loci is GLO:Bf:HLA‐B:HLA‐A. No sex difference in the frequency of recombination between GLO and HLA was noted, but recombination was more frequent for both males and females in the American black population than in the white population.