bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenylethanolamine: A New Putative Neurotransmitter in
Aplysia
Authors: Saavedra Juan M. , Ribas Jorge , Swann John , Carpenter David O.
Published: October 2006

Phenylethanolamine is present in the
Aplysia
nervous system in concentrations similar to that of octopamine. There are receptors that are very specific for phenylethanolamine, which on different neurons mediate sodium, chlorine, or potassium conductance increase responses. These observations indicate that phenylethanolamine may act as a neurotransmitter in
Aplysia
.
Group Learning of Speech Sequences without Awareness
Authors: Shapiro David
Published: October 2006

Speech sequences in groups of three persons each were registered by throat microphones and voice relays. These and other automatic devices were used to program differential reinforcement of given speech sequences with a modified conditioning technique. The results show that the order of speakers in a discussion can be brought under partial experimental control with accompanying changes in the role behavior of individuals.
Cytological Evidence for Crossing-Over in vitro in Human Lymphoid Cells
Authors: German James
Published: October 2006

In human blood cells dividing in vitro two chromosomes are occasionally found intimately associated in a quadriradial configuration (Qr). A Qr by traditional interpretation is the result of chromatid interchange. Since the configurations in blood cells often are equal and symmetrical and are composed of homologous chromosomes, they are considered cytological evidence that somatic crossing-over may occur in mammalian cells.
Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy: Concentrations of RNA in the Ventricles
Authors: Gluck Louis , Talner Norman S. , Stern Harold , Gardner Thomas H. , Kulovich Marie V.
Published: October 2006

Banding of the aorta or pulmonary artery in puppies produces a selectively increased concentration of RNA in the ventricle with the increased hemodynamic load as compared to the opposite side or to normal hearts. The increase in concentration of RNA following distortion of the myocardial cell may represent a fundamental response of growth and the system described may serve as a useful model for its study.
Pyruvate Metabolism and Control: Factors Affecting Pyruvic Carboxylase Activity
Authors: Freedman Aaron D. , Kohn Leonard
Published: October 2006

Pyruvic carboxylase activated by acetyl coenzyme A is highly active in the mitochondria of rodent liver, and its activity is increased in fasting and alloxan diabetes. In conjunction with acyl carboxylase activated by di- and tricarboxylic acid, it forms a reciprocating control network. Analog models of similar networks tend to correct for perturbations, stabilizing the overall system.
Mass Expulsion of Zooxanthellae from Jamaican Reef Communities after Hurricane Flora
Authors: Goreau Thomas F.
Published: October 2006

Very extensive bleaching of coral reef communities occurred after severe flood rains over eastern Jamaica. The loss of color was due to the mass expulsion of zooxanthellae from the tissues of Millepora, Scleractinia, Zoanthidea, and Actiniaria living in the shallow reef zones. The polyps of the bleached individuals continued to expand and feed in their normal fashion. It is believed that expulsion of the zooxanthellae was induced by contact with water of lowered osmotic pressure on the surface of the sea, rather than by sedimentation or fouling. Regeneration of the depleted zooxanthellar populations was very slow; many of the bleached colonies survived well despite the near total absence of zooxanthellae from their tissues for over 2 months.
Daily Sensitivity Rhythm of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite,
Tetranychus urticae
, to DDVP
Authors: Polcik Bronislaw , Nowosielski Jozef W. , Naegele John A.
Published: October 2006

Adult females of the two-spotted spider mite (
Tetranychus urticae
Koch), showed a daily rhythm of sensitivity to DDVP (dimethyl 2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate). When the mites were maintained in alternating light-dark conditions, maximum susceptibility to the chemical occurred 2 hours after dawn and the mites were least sensitive 2 hours after nightfall.
Chromosome Puffs in
Drosophila
Induced by Ribonuclease
Authors: Ritossa F. M. , von Borstel R. C.
Published: October 2006

Ribonuclease induces many puffs in salivary gland chromosomes of
Drosophila busckii
. The left arm of chromosome 2 was analyzed in detail; in this arm seven puffs were induced in a definite sequence.
Therapeutic Antiviral Action of 5-Trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine in Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Authors: Kaufman Herbert E. , Heidelberger Charles
Published: October 2006

5-Trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (F
3
TDR) has potent therapeutic antiviral activity in herpes simplex infection of the rabbit cornea with strains of herpes virus both sensitive and resistant to 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, and in corneal infection with vaccinia. 5-Trifluoromethyl uracil is not therapeutically active in herpetic keratitis.
Pentaborate Polyanion in the Crystal Structure of Ulexite, NaCaB
5
O
6
(OH)
6
⋅5H
2
O
Authors: Clark Joan R. , Appleman Daniel E.
Published: October 2006

Triclinic ulexite crystals contain isolated borate polyanions [B
5
O
6
(OH)
6
]
3-
related to the well known pentaborate polyanion [B
5
O
6
(OH)
4
]
-
by addition of two hydroxyl groups to two opposite B-O triangles. The isolated ulexite polyanions form the [B
5
O
7
(OH)
4
]

n

3
n
-

chains previously found in crystals of the related mineral probertite, NaCaB
5
O
7
(OH)
4
⋅3H
2
O.
Rubella Virus: Inhibition in vitro by Amantadine Hydrochloride
Authors: Maassab Hunein F. , Cochran Kenneth W.
Published: October 2006

Amantadine (or 1-adamantanamine) hydrochloride, a compound reported to be active against influenza viruses and Sendai virus, inhibited the growth of rubella virus in tissue culture. The antiviral activity appears at an early phase of the infection and is not due to direct inactivation of the virus.
Gene-Enzyme Relations in Histidine Biosynthesis in Yeast
Authors: Fink G. R.
Published: October 2006

Each of the histidine mutants of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
has been correlated with a particular step in histidine biosynthesis. The relations of the genes controlling histidine biosynthesis in yeast appear to be identical with those found in
Neurospora
and clearly distinct from those found in
Salmonella
.
Dendrites
Authors: Tiller W. A.
Published: October 2006

I have touched upon the great variety of crystal forms and dendritic forms in nature, have discussed the essential physics involved in the generation of these forms during either constrained or unconstrained crystal growth, and have shown how this knowledge helps in the classification of this seemingly infinite variety of forms. Man has built upon this understanding to control the form and dimensions of certain materials to his technological advantage. We may hope that, in the future, we will have greater understanding of these phenomena of natural crystal growth and the ability to use this knowledge for technological ends.
Contaminated Meteorite
Authors: Anders Edward , DuFresne Eugene R. , Hayatsu Ryoichi , Cavaillé Albert , DuFresne Ann , Fitch Frank W.
Published: October 2006

One stone of the Orgueil meteorite shower contains an assortment of biogenic materials: coal fragments, seed capsules of the reed
Juncus conglomeratus
, other plant fragments, and an optically active, water-soluble protein material resembling collagen-derived glues. This sample seems to have been accidentally or deliberately contaminated shortly after the fall of the meteorite in 1864.
Thalidomide Syndrome in Monkeys
Authors: Delahunt C. S. , Lassen L. J.
Published: October 2006

Pregnant monkeys were treated with thalidomide after implantation but before formation of the fetal limbs. Two fetuses that were recovered from the treated females had congenital abnormalities. The thalidomide syndrome in the monkeys was manifested by amelia, phocomelia, internal hydrocephaly, facial capillary hemangioma, hypogenesis of the metatarsal bones, and anotia.
Muscular Contraction as Regulated by the Action Potential
Authors: Sandow Alexander , Preiser Hanna
Published: October 2006

Lowering the mechanical threshold and, independently, prolonging the duration of the action potential cause an increased rate of tension development, as well as potentiation of the twitch, of frog skeletal muscle. The alterations of the two different features of function of the action potential modify excitation-contraction coupling in essentially identical fashion (probably by increasing the liberation of free Ca
2+
into the myoplasm), and this results in early intensification as well as later prolongation of the active state.
Nervous Control of Ciliary Activity
Authors: Aiello Edward , Guideri Giancarlo
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of the visceral ganglion of the mussel
Mytilus edulis
caused cilia on the lateral epithelium of the gill to beat faster. This effect was blocked by cocaine, physostigmine, hyoscyamine, and acetylcholine but not by tubocurarine. These agents did not block the cilioexcitatory effect of serotonin.
Photochemical Action Spectrum of the Terminal Oxidase of Mixed Function Oxidase Systems
Authors: Cooper David Y. , Levin Sidney , Narasimhulu Shakunthala , Rosenthal Otto , Estabrook Ronald W.
Published: October 2006

The reversal of the carbon monoxide inhibition by bands of monochromatic light was determined for the oxidative demethylation of codeine and monomethyl-4-aminopyrine and the hydroxylation of acetanilide by rat liver microsomes and for the hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone at carbon-21 by bovine adrenocortical microsomes. Maximum reversal occurred at 450 millimicrons, the light absorption maximum of the CO compound of the CO-binding pigment of microsomes. The agreement between photochemical action spectrum and spectrophotometric difference spectrum supports the conclusion that the CO-binding pigment is the terminal oxidase of mixed function oxidase systems of mammals.
Potassium Content of Illite
Authors: Weaver Charles E.
Published: October 2006

The average potassium oxide content of 18 Paleozoic two-layer monoclinic illites is 8.75 percent. There is an excellent linear relation between the ratio of the intensities of the reflections at 10 angstroms and 5 angstroms (10 Å/5 Å) and the potassium oxide content. The frequency distribution curve of the 10 Å/5 Å intensity ratio of 249 Paleozoic illite-rich shales is approximately normal. The modal value is 2.0, equivalent to 9.3 percent potassium oxide, and the average ratio is 2.47, equivalent to approximately 8.5 percent potassium oxide. The illite layers of many of the mixed layer illites-montmorillonites have from 8 to 10 percent potassium oxide. With a minimum number of assumptions realistic structural formulas for the two members of a mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite can be calculated.
Trained Porpoise Released in the Open Sea
Authors: Norris Kenneth S.
Published: October 2006

A Pacific bottlenose porpoise,
Tursiops gilli
, was trained for a period of 10 weeks to swim at high speed on command and return to an underwater speaker when a specific sound cue was played. This animal was released in the open sea off Oahu, Hawaii, and worked each day for 7 days. At night it was held in an anchored floating pen. The trainer's control over the animal was probably associated with the controlled feeding of the porpoise, the development of social ties between the porpoise and trainer, and the animal's fear of unknown situations.
Numerical Weather Prediction in Daily Use
Authors: Cressman George P.
Published: October 2006

The last 10 years have seen a revolutionary change in the way weather forecasts are made. The basis for today's forecasts is a numerical calculation of the evolution of the energy distribution and motions in a physical model of the atmosphere. The benefits of this change have affected all types of weather forecasting. The substantial benefits to aviation are well established. The benefits to forecasts for the general public can't be conclusively documented but are strongly suggested. Our present limitations are mainly due to insufficient completeness of our atmospheric models. The removal of some of these deficiencies appears to be a relatively straightforward task. Other problems, particularly those of phase change of water, are more difficult. The eventual limitation to the prediction of atmospheric motions appears to be the supply of data describing the initial conditions, but I can safely say that solution of the other problems will require more than just a few years.
Chromosomal Breakage in a Rare and Probably Genetically Determined Syndrome of Man
Authors: German James , Archibald Reginald , Bloom David
Published: October 2006

A high frequency of chromosomal breakage and rearrangement has been found in cultured blood cells from six of seven individuals with a rare syndrome characterized by congenital telangiectatic erythema and stunted growth. Only 19 instances of this apparently genetically determined disorder are known, and malignant neoplasia has developed in three.
Sex-Linkage of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in the Horse and Donkey
Authors: Trujillo Jose M. , Walden Betty , O'Neil Peggy , Anstall Harold B.
Published: October 2006

Distinctly different electrophoretic patterns of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were resolved from the hemolyzates of horse and donkey erythrocytes. Examination of their reciprocal hybrids, mules and hinnies, showed that the red cells of female mules and female hinnies contain both horse and donkey G-6-PD; the male mule with an X chromosome from its horse mother contained pure horse G-6-PD, whereas the male hinny with the donkey X chromosome contained pure donkey G-6-PD. These findings on the male reciprocal hybrids suggest X-linkage.
Microseisms from Hurricane "Hilda"
Authors: De Bremaecker J. Cl.
Published: October 2006

As hurricane "Hilda" crossed the Gulf of Mexico the dominant period of the microseisms shifted from about 8 to 5 seconds as the eye reached water about 150 to 200 meters deep. The conversion of wind energy to microseismic energy is most efficient in water depths from 20 to 200 meters. There is no evidence that two periods, one twice the other, are present.
Mineralogy of Particulate Matter Suspended in Sea Water
Authors: Jacobs Marian B. , Ewing Maurice
Published: October 2006

X-ray diffraction analysis of the particulate matter of water samples from the Caribbean Sea, one from the surface and one from a depth of 768 meters, shows that the material has a mineral composition comparable to that found in deep-sea sediments of the area. The minerals found in the water samples include illite, the most abundant clay; kaolinite; chlorite; talc; mixed-layer clay; quartz; feldspar; and amphibole. Kaolinite and chlorite are more abundant relative to illite in the sediments than in the suspended material.
Growth Rate of Giant Clam
Tridacna gigas
at Bikini Atoll as Revealed by Radioautography
Authors: Bonham Kelshaw
Published: October 2006

At Bikini Atoll, radioactivity from strontium-90 deposited in the growing shell of a giant clam, presumably during the testing of nuclear weapons in 1956 and 1958, produced unmistakable lines on radioautographs made from transverse sections of the shell. The regular banding seen in the sections is interpreted as annular in nature. One annulus precedes the 1956 layer of radioactivity, two intervene in 1958, and six follow to the time of collection, so that this clam (length, 52 centimeters) was in its 9th year of life.
Stability of Lakes near the Temperature of Maximum Density
Authors: Eklund Henning
Published: October 2006

In deep lakes that are near the temperature of maximum density, stability is greatest when the decrease of temperature with depth is about one-half of the decrease in temperature of maximum density with depth. Observed temperature decreases in lakes under such conditions tend to follow the curve that produces greatest stability.
Unique Sterol in the Ecology and Nutrition of
Drosophila pachea
Authors: Heed William B. , Kircher Henry W.
Published: October 2006

Drosophila pachea
, which breeds only in the stems of senita cactus (
Lophocereus schottii
) throughout the Sonoran Desert, requires the cactus as a dietary supplement when reared on laboratory media. Δ
7
-Stigmasten-3β-ol, isolated from the cactus or synthesized, can replace the cactus in the diet of flies reared nonaseptically or axenically. Δ
7
-Cholesten-3β-ol and Δ
5, 7
-cholestadien-3β-ol could be substituted for the cactus sterol; Δ
5, 7
-stigmastadien-3β-ol produced infertile females. Cholesterol, 4α -methyl-Δ
7
-cholesten-3β-ol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, and Δ
7
-ergosten-3β-ol did not support larval growth.
Strontium in Fossil Bones and the Reconstruction of Food Chains
Authors: Toots Heinrich , Voorhies M. R.
Published: October 2006

The strontium content of bone is a function of the strontium content of the ingested food. Under favorable conditions of fossilization it can be used for the determination of feeding habits of extinct terrestrial vertebrates. Homogeneous samples of fossil biotic communities are a prerequisite for significant results.
Wyeomyia Subgroup of Arbovirus: Isolation from Man
Authors: Srihongse Sunthorn , Johnson Carl M.
Published: October 2006

An agent, serologically identical to a Wyeomyia virus obtained from mosquitoes, was isolated from a worker on the inter-American highway project in Darien Province in eastern Panama. He experienced a mild febrile illness with recovery. A significant rise in antibody titer to this virus was demonstrated in his serum during convalescence. Neutralizing antibodies to this newly isolated strain were found in 10 of 59 blood samples from inhabitants of Darien Province. The virus is designated the Darien strain.
Focal Antibody Production by Transferred Spleen Cells in Irradiated Mice
Authors: Playfair John H. L. , Papermaster Ben W. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: October 2006

Lethally irradiated mice were injected with small numbers of normal spleen cells and then immunized with sheep erythrocytes. Antibody activity was found in their spleens in localized areas whose number corresponded to the number of spleen cells injected. When sheep and pig erythrocytes were injected together, antibody against each was found in separate areas. Each area may consist of the progeny of a single precursor cell, restricted to forming a single antibody.
Solar Distillation of Water from Soil and Plant Materials: A Simple Desert Survival Technique
Authors: Jackson Ray D. , van Bavel C. H. M.
Published: October 2006

Water obtained from soil and plant materials by a simple distillation technique can provide a means for survival under desert conditions. A hemispherical hole in soil (in some cases containing cut plant material) is covered with plastic film formed and held in a conical shape by a rock placed in the center. Water collects on the under side of the plastic, runs to the point of the cone, and drops into the container. A yield of 1.5 liters per day of potable water was obtained from a single "survival still."
Hydra: Induction of Supernumerary Heads by Isolated Neurosecretory Granules
Authors: Lentz Thomas L.
Published: October 2006

Neurosecretory granules of
Hydra littoralis
were isolated by differential centrifugation. Excised midsegments of hydra that were exposed to the fraction containing neurosecretory granules developed additional heads at any site, as they regenerated. Hence neurosecretory granules may contain a factor that regulates or stimulates growth in normal and regenerating hydra.
Hageman Factor: Alterations in Physical Properties during Activation
Authors: Donaldson Virginia H. , Ratnoff Oscar D.
Published: October 2006

Highly purified preparations of Hageman factor, a potent clot-promoting agent in normal mammalian plasma, had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 5
S
before activation. After activation, the Hageman factor behaved as a much less soluble or larger molecule during ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. No significant change in sedimentation behavior was noted when the Hageman factor in plasma deficient in plasma thromboplastin antecedent was activated. The altered sedimentation behavior of purified activated Hageman factor probably reflects its decreased solubility in aqueous media.
Marmosets (Hapalidae): Breeding Seasons, Twinning, and Sex of Offspring
Authors: Hampton John K. , Hampton Suzanne H.
Published: October 2006

Our records on marmosets, primarily
Oedipomidas oedipus
, plus data from the literature, confirm that these animals customarily have twins. Demonstrated chimerism for several tissues is significant, for virtually all twins are of biovular origin. Furthermore, a single birth may often be a survivor of twins. Births occur during any month, but springtime appears to be the most common period. An average interval of 240 days between births predicts the production level of a captive colony. A gestation period of about 140 days appears to be a valid estimate.
Acidosis: Effect on Lipolytic Activity of Norepinephrine in Isolated Fat Cells
Authors: Triner L. , Nahas G. G.
Published: October 2006

Lowering of
p
H from 7.40 to 6.60 significantly decreased the rate of glycerol formation in fat cells incubated with either
l
-norepinephrine or theophylline. When these cells were incubated with both
l
-norepinephrine and theophylline, the glycerol formation proceeded at maximal rate and was quite similar at
p
H 7.40 and 6.60. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of acidosis on the lipolytic action of
l
-norepinephrine is exerted on the process which activates lipase.
Sponge: Effect on the Form of Reef Corals
Authors: Goreau Thomas F. , Hartman Willard D.
Published: October 2006

The sponge,
Mycale laevis
, when encrusting the lower surfaces of flattened reef corals, induces marked peripheral folding of the host colonies. This relationship, though facultative, has advantages for both associates. The sponge has a continually enlarging substrate that is free from competitive sessile forms. The coral may benefit from an increased feeding efficiency as a result of water currents produced by the sponge and it is protected from invasion by boring forms, notably clionid sponges.
Rh Factor: Prevention of Isoimmunization and Clinical Trial on Mothers
Authors: Freda Vincent J. , Gorman John G. , Pollack William
Published: October 2006

The results on the use of γG-immunoglobulin to Rh factor for the prevention of active immunization of Rh-negative mothers at risk appear most promising. One hundred and seven mothers in the clinical trial have been followed for periods of about 6 months to 1½ years after delivery. Of these, 48 were treated mothers who received 5 ml γG-immunoglobulin to Rh, and 59 were untreated mothers. Of the 48 treated mothers none are actively immunized; seven of the 59 control mothers have become actively immunized to Rh.
Antigenic Correspondence of Serum Albumins among the Primates
Authors: Hafleigh Ann S. , Williams Curtis A.
Published: October 2006

The relative cross-reactivities as judged by tile quantitative precipitation reaction of 22 primate serum albumins were determined with pooled antiserums against human serum albumin. The antigenic correspondences to human serum albumin of all but three serum albumins fell into narrow ranges, and the groups defined by these ranges are distinct taxonomic categories. The values of the cross-reactivity ranges are consistent with the presumed phylogenetic relationships to man on the assumption that the evolutionary modification of protein structure has been progressive and divergent.
Sympathetic Outflows from Cervical Spinal Cord in the Dog
Authors: Wiesman Gary G. , Jones David S. , Randall Walter C.
Published: October 2006

In some dogs there are preganglionic fibers leaving the cervical spinal cord through the ventral roots of the lower cervical nerves. When these fibers are stimulated electrically in the anesthetized dog with skeletal muscle paralysis (induced by decamethonium), the effects are vasoconstriction in the front footpad, cardiac acceleration and augmentation, and a rise in arterial blood pressure.
Chemisorption of Water at High Temperatures on Kaolinite: Effect on Dehydroxylation
Authors: Brindley G. W. , Millhollen G. L.
Published: October 2006

The dehydroxylation reaction of kaolinite in a vacuum at 425°C is halted by introducing a water vapor pressure of 47 mm-Hg, and is resumed when the vacuum is reestablished. The sample gains weight corresponding to an approximately monomotecular layer of water on the kaolinite surface. At the temperatures and vapor pressures involved, the sorption is considered to be a chemisorption process.
Transmigration of Lymph Nodes by Tumor Cells
Authors: Fisher Bernard , Fisher Edwin R.
Published: October 2006

When either V2, Brown-Pearce, or Walker tumor cells were perfused at low pressure into the afferent lymphatic of popliteal lymph nodes or were injected into the foot pads of rabbits, they rapidly appeared in lymph draining from the node. This finding indicates that lymph nodes are not the effective barrier to dissemination of tumor cells they had previously been assumed to be.
Sweating Exercise Stimulation during Circulatory Arrest
Authors: van Beaumont W. , Bullard Robert W.
Published: October 2006

We have direct evidence of neurogenic stimulation of human exocrine sweating by muscular exercise. Sweating was markedly increased when warmed venous blood was prevented from reaching the heat-loss center in the hypothalamus.
Eye and Head Movements in Peripheral Vision: Nature of Compensatory Eye Movements
Authors: Bartz Albert E.
Published: October 2006

Simultaneous recordings of both eye and head movements in response to a peripheral signal indicated that the backward compensatory eye movement was initiated during the constant velocity of the head rotation. This compensatory movement began before the eyes had actually reached the peripheral signal.
Cerebral Concussion in the Monkey: An Experimental Model
Authors: Ommaya Ayub K. , Hirsch A. E. , Flamm E. S. , Mahone R. H.
Published: October 2006

A statistically significant experimental model has been developed for reproducing head injury by impact in the monkey. Results with 80 monkeys subjected to occipital impact under specified conditions (duration of phenomena, 1 to 10 milliseconds) enable the construction of curves relating the production of experimental cerebral concussion in 10, 50, and 90 percent of the monkeys to the average impulse of the blow in pounds-seconds, as well as to the average linear acceleration of the head. These curves are proposed as a baseline from which blows to various parts of the head, as well as nonimpacting impulsive loads, can be studied under various conditions of protection and according to various time regimes.
Rare Earths in Hawaiian Basalts
Authors: Schilling Jean-Guy , Winchester John W.
Published: October 2006

Rare-earth elements have been determined by neutron activation analysis in 20 basalts from the Hawaiian Islands. The abundance patterns of these elements form groups coinciding closely with groupings based on other evidence, and a fractional crystallization mechanism for change in rare earth abundance is implied.
Blood Gases: Continuous in vivo Recording of Partial Pressures by Mass Spectrography
Authors: Woldring Sabbo , Owens Guy , Woolford Donald C.
Published: October 2006

Gases were sampled directly from circulating blood through a membrane at the tip of an intravascular cannula that was connected to the analyzing section of a mass spectrometer. Partial gas pressures and membrane permeability determine gas flow into the spectrometer. Arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen pressures were simultaneously recorded in an anesthetized animal subjected to various respiratory maneuvers.
Immunization of Normal Mouse Spleen Cell Suspensions in vitro
Authors: Mishell Robert I. , Dutton Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Dissociated cells from the spleens of unimmunized mice were cultured with and without various mammalian erythrocytes. Spleen cell suspensions cultured with heterologous red cells developed levels of hemolytic plaque-forming cells only one log
2
less than those seen in vivo. The reaction is specific for the in vitro immunizing erythrocytes. Antibody was demonstrated in the culture fluids.
Marangoni Flow: An Additional Mechanism in Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: McGrew Jay L. , Bamford Frank L. , Rehm Thomas R.
Published: October 2006

Experimental results indicate that extensive liquid circulation can be established by surface tension gradients near bubbles attached to heated surfaces. This circulation can contribute significantly to the high rate of heat transfer observed under boiling conditions.
Generation and Detection of Coherent Elastic Waves at 114,000 Mc/sec
Authors: Ilukor John , Jacobsen E. H.
Published: October 2006

Coherent elastic waves were generated and detected at 114,000 megacycles per second in quartz at liquid-helium temperatures. Effective input power was approximately 3 milliwatts. The results suggest that the piezoelectric method may be applicable to similar experiments at much higher frequencies.
Use of Oral Contraception in the United States, 1965
Authors: Ryder Norman B. , Westoff Charles F.
Published: October 2006

This is the first report from the National Fertility Study, 1965, a survey of the reproductive behavior of a national sample of married women, under the age of 55, living with their husbands. The report presents basic data on the use of oral contraception by women under the age of 45, in relation to age, parity, education, race, and religion. The study leads to certain conclusions, as follows. Present, past, and prospective use vary inversely with the age of the woman and directly with the number of years of schooling; the majority of young women with college training have already used the oral contraceptive. Use by Negroes is somewhat less extensive than use by whites, particularly for ages below 25; some of this difference is explainable by concomitant racial differences in educational level. Negroes seem less likely than whites to use oral contraception for timing early births, and more likely, when they do use it, to be attempting to terminate their fertility. The same observation holds for white Catholics in relation to white non-Catholics. Although the extent of use may be lower among Catholics than non-Catholics, the proportion of Catholics who report use is substantial indeed in view of the persisting theological controversy.

The prospects for increased use of oral contraception seem very good at present, but they may be limited by further developments in the technology of fertility regulation. Meanwhile the birth rate has declined substantially. Although much sophisticated analysis of other data from the survey will be required to determine the extent of the contribution of oral contraception to this decline, the findings presented here suggest that the contribution is substantial for young married couples. The major effect on the couple's eventual number of children may be less than the effect on the time pattern of childbearing; in any event, both lower eventual parity and delayed fertility contribute to a decline in the numbers of births from year to year. Whatever the intent may be, it is apparent that young American couples have adopted a new means for achieving their reproductive goals.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes of Chick Embryo: Response to Variations of Ambient Oxygen Tension
Authors: Lindy Seppo , Rajasalmi Matti
Published: October 2006

Incubation of chick embryos in an hypoxic environment causes an increase in the proportion of tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) made up of subunit M, whereas incubation in aerobic conditions decreases the proportional amount of subunit M. The variation of ambient oxygen tension does not change the total LDH activity. These results support the hypothesis that oxygen or oxidative metabolites have an effect on the synthesis of the subunit peptides.
Coherent Coatings of Refractory Metal
Authors: Senderoff S. , Mellors G. W.
Published: October 2006

A general process has been developed for the electrodeposition of eight of the nine refractory metals of groups IVB, VB, and VIB as dense coherent deposits. It consists essentially of the electrolysis of a solution of the refractory metal fluoride in a molten alkali-fluoride eutectic mixture, and has been shown to deposit a coating, unalloyed with the substrate, by a process that obeys Faraday's law. Some evidence exists that the electrode-reaction mechanism by which coherent coatings are deposited from molten salts incorporates an irreversible metal-producing step.
Albumin Naskapi: A New Variant of Serum Albumin
Authors: Melartin Liisa , Blumberg B. S.
Published: October 2006

An apparently new variant of human serum albumin, albumin Naskapi, has been found in high frequency in the Naskapi Indians of Quebec and, in lower frequency, in other North American Indians. The family and population data of the albumin are consistent with its inheritance as a simple autosomal trait controlled by a gene designated
Al Naskapi
. This gene is allelic with the gene
Al
A
which controls the common albumin. Both homozygotes and heterozygotes have been distinguished. This is the first report of a homozygote for an albumin variant.
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis and Processing in a Particulate Site in the HeLa Cell Nucleus
Authors: Penman Sheldon , Smith Issar , Holtzman Eric
Published: October 2006

A particulate fraction has been isolated from detergent-prepared HeLa cell nuclei. The fraction consists largely of organelles that resemble the nucleoli of intact cells. The 45
S
RNA that is precursor to 28
S
and 18
S
ribosomal RNA is associated with the fraction. The 32
S
RNA that is labeled after the 45
S
RNA and is the apparent precursor to 28
S
RNA is also associated with the fraction. The nucleoplasm contains 28
S
RNA that behaves as an intermediate between the 32
S
nucleolar RNA and the 28
S
cytoplasmic RNA.
Seed Lipids
Authors: Wolff Ivan A.
Published: October 2006

Many of the newly discovered seed-oil acids have reactive or unusual functional groups or other facets of molecular structure that permit their ready differentiation from oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and the other most prevalent saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. The recognition and availability of the new acids, coupled with methods that make detection and determination easy, will help studies of lipid biosynthesis in the plant and of lipid metabolism and utilization in animals, and will stimulate more studies in depth on the fine points of seed-lipid structure. Correlations of structural patterns in seed lipids of particular groups of plants with classical taxonomic categories will permit clarifications, raise needed questions concerning classifications, and accelerate research in chemotaxonomy and phylogenetics. Seed lipids are particularly well suited for establishing relationships among plants because of their great variety in structure compared to the more limited structural types of amino acids, sugars, purines, and many other plant substances. The newly characterized seed oils are potentially important industrial raw materials whenever they come from agronomically promising plant species.

The molecular structures of seed triglycerides have major influence on their physical properties and therefore advances in knowledge in that sphere have practical implications. For example, the unusual characteristics of cocoa butter that make it so valuable for food and confectionery use are attributed to the specific
arrangement
of fatty acids it its triglycerides. The glycerides are almost all 2-oleic-1,3-disaturated acid triglycerides. The physical characteristics of lard are advantageously changed by catalytically rearranging fatty acyl groups among the glycerides initially in the fat to achieve a more nearly random distribution, followed sometimes by further fractionation to remove more saturated glycerides. Through this change of glyceride structures a preferred, less grainy texture is achieved. Future studies to understand, unravel, and control seed-oil triglyceride structures will be significant in developing margarines of improved texture and "feel," cocoa-butter substitutes, and many other products. I expect rapid, fruitful progress in seed-lipid research and utilization to continue. Such progress will be aided by investigation of seed lipids from a large number and variety of different plants to find new types of fatty acids, to find new sources of familiar oils, and to obtain more data regarding their glyceride structures.
Synthesis of Amino Acid Residues with Reactive Side Chains Under Simple Conditions
Authors: Steinman Gary
Published: October 2006

The side chains of amino acid residues can be converted from nonreactive to reactive species. Under the influence of electrical discharge, alanine is converted to aspartic acid in the presence of CO
2
, for example. The possible implications of these findings to events taking place on primitive Earth are discussed.
Puromycin and Cycloheximide: Different Effects on Hippocampal Electrical Activity
Authors: Cohen Harry D. , Ervin Frank , Barondes Samuel H.
Published: October 2006

Mice were injected in the temporal region of the brain with cycloheximide or puromycin; both agents markedly inhibit protein synthesis in the brain. Recordings of electrical activity were made in the hippocampal region 5 hours after injection of these drugs. The amplitude and frequency observed in records from mice injected with cycloheximide were indistinguishable from those injected with saline alone. Records from puromycin-injected mice were strikingly abnormal. This finding may contribute to the differences in behavioral effects of intracerebral injections of the two inhibitors of protein synthesis studied.
The IL-6 Signal Transducer, gp130: an Pncostatin M Receptor and Affinity Converter for the LIF Receptor
Authors: Gearing David P. , Comeau Michael R. , Friend Della J. , Gimpel Steven D. , Thut Catherine J. , McGourty Jackie , Brasher Kelle K. , King Julie A. , Gillis Steven , Mosley Bruce , Ziegler Steven F. , Cosman David
Published: October 2006

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are multifunctional cytokines with many similar activities. LIF is structurally and functionally related to another cytokine, Oncostatin M (OSM), that binds to the high-affinity LIF receptor but not to the low-affinity LIF receptor. A complementary DNA was isolated that encodes the high-affinity converting subunit of the LIF receptor. The converter conferred high-affinity binding of both LIF and OSM when expressed with the low-affinity LIF receptor and is identical to the signal transducing subunit of the IL-6 receptor, gp130. The gp130 subunit alone confers low-affinity binding of OSM when expressed in COS-7 cells. This receptor system resembles the high-affinity receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-3, and IL-5, which share a common subunit.
The Site of Visual Adaptation
Authors: Dowling John E.
Published: October 2006

In response to background illumination, the adaptation properties of the b-wave are similar to those observed in the human eye with psychophysical methods. With increasing background luminance the b-wave sensitivity is diminished; except at the lowest background intensity the elevation of the log threshold is linearly related to the increase of background intensity, the relation having a slope of almost 1. The a-wave, however, behaves quite differently. At low background luminances it shows little adaptation. With higher background luminances the a-wave saturates, and no a-wave potential can be elicited with any stimulus intensity. The L-type S-potentials respond to background light in much the same way as the a-wave does. Thus, the b-wave is the first of the known responses in the visual system to show typical adaptation properties. This suggests that the site of visual adaptation may be in the bi-polar-cell layer, the presumed locus of b-wave generation. Recent electron microscopic studies have demonstrated reciprocal synapses between the bipolar terminals and amacrine processes, and it is suggested that such a synaptic arrangement could account for visual adaptation by a mechanism of inhibitory feedback on the bipolar cells.
Fractionation of Potassium/Rubidium by Amphiboles: Implications Regarding Mantle Composition
Authors: Hart Stanley R. , Aldrich L. T.
Published: October 2006

We show that the rubidium in amphiboles is generally depleted with respect to potassium. The K:Rb ratios of 50 analyzed amphiboles range from 100 to 5000, averaging 1120. This fractionation effect holds for potassium concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 percent. The K:Rb ratios of abyssal tholeiites do not place unambiguous limits on the K:Rb ratio of the upper mantle, since partial melting of a mantle material such as amphibole peridotite would produce a liquid with a K:Rb ratio higher than that in the initial material. Large-scale mineralogic control of distributions of trace elements in the mantle could produce trends with depth that are the reverse of trends normally attributed to differentiation processes.
State as a Determinant of Infants' Heart Rate Response to Stimulation
Authors: Lewis Michael , Bartels Betty , Goldberg Susan
Published: October 2006

With each infant serving as his own control, the data indicate that waking or sleeping states, independent of the prestimulation heart rate, can significantly affect the heart rate response to tactile stimulation.
Phase Polymorphism in the Grasshopper
Melanoplus differentialis
Authors: Dingle Hugh , Haskell Jean B.
Published: October 2006

Individuals of
Melanoplus differentialis
raised in isolation or in a crowded environment show conspicuous morphological differences indicating phase polymorphism. Isolated nymphs are pale brown at low humidities and green at high; crowded ones show extensive black pigmentation. Isolated adults are larger than crowded, while crowded adults show maturational color changes that are not present in the isolated. No behavioral differences have been noted in the one generation.
Superconductivity of Metallic Aluminum Antimonide
Authors: Wittig Jorg
Published: October 2006

The high-pressure metallic phase of aluminum antimonide is superconducting [critical temperature T
c
(P ∼125 kilobars) = 2.8° ± 0.2°K]. This transition temperature is significantly lower than the transition temperature of metallic germanium under an equivalent high pressure. A similar result had been previously found for superconducting indium antimonide in comparison to tin.
Effects of Magnesium Pemoline and Dextroamphetamine on Human Learning
Authors: Burns John T. , House Robert F. , Fensch Frederick C. , Miller James G.
Published: October 2006

Two central nervous system stimulants, magnesium pemoline and dextroamphetamine, were tested to see if they facilitate learning in human subjects. Subjects under placebo learned faster than the subjects under any of the several doses of magnesium pemoline; however, none of these differences reached statistical significance. Subjects who received dextroamphetamine learned significantly more slowly than those who received placebo.
X-Ray Diffraction Study of Some Fossil and Modern Resins
Authors: Frondel Judith W.
Published: October 2006

Samples of both fossil and modern resins have been investigated by x-ray diffraction techniques. Most fossil resins (ambers) yield only diffuse x-ray diffraction patterns, though some (settlingite, Highgate copalite, and guayaquillite) have relatively sharp patterns. Many modern resins, including those from species of
Pinus
and other conifers such as
Picea
and
Abies
, and many of those from
Protium
and
Bursera
, and
Styrax benzoin
, give sharp and distinctive patterns. Some crystalline constituents of the resins which yield the x-ray diffraction patterns have been identified. The similarity between the
Protium
and
Bursera
patterns and those of Highgate copalite and guayaquillite may indicate a possible genetic relationship between these modern and fossil resins.
Temperature Measurements from Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Fish Otoliths
Authors: Devereux Ian
Published: October 2006

Measurements have shown that the temperature of a fish's habitat can be deduced from the Oxygen isotope ratio of its otoliths (ear bones). Isotope ratios obtained from fossil otoliths indicate a water temperature which agrees with that found by isotope measurements on associated benthonic foraminifera.
Calcium Transport Across the Plasma Membrane: Stimulation by Calmodulin
Authors: Larsen Fred L. , Vincenzi Frank F.
Published: October 2006

Active transport of calcium into inside-out vesicles of red blood cell membranes was stimulated equally by (i) the purified protein activator of calcium-activated, magnesium-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase isolated from red cell hemolyzates and (ii) calmodulin, a protein activator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isolated from bovine brain. The results provide further evidence for the identity of red blood cell activator and calmodulin and show that this cytoplasmic protein may participate in the regulation of plasma membrane calcium transport.
Laser-Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Warren W. S. , Mayr S. , Goswami D. , West A. P.
Published: October 2006

Experimental studies show that optical irradiation far from any absorption bands can shift the resonances in a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum without significant heating. This effect may lead to increased dispersion in NMR studies of complex molecules.
Maternal and Environmental Influences on the Adrenocortical Response to Stress in Weanling Rats
Authors: Levine Seymour
Published: October 2006

Handling rat pups either for 10 or 20 days after birth resulted in a reduction of adrenocortical steroids in the plasma at weaning after the pups were exposed to novel stimuli as compared with controls that were not handled. Nonhandled offspring of mothers which had been handled in infancy also show a reduction in plasma steroids in response to novel stimuli when compared to nonhandled weanling rats of nonhandled mothers. Handling of the offspring when they are infants appears to counteract the influence of the experience of the mother during her infancy.
Adjuvant Activity of Erythrocyte Isoantigens
Authors: Schierman L. W. , McBride R. A.
Published: October 2006

Erythrocyte isoantigens determined by the
B
blood-group locus of chickens enhance the immune response to weak isoantigens. This adjuvant action occurs if the antigens are present on the same erythrocyte, and the recipients are capable of responding immunologically to the
B
antigens.
Ethylene and Carbon Dioxide: Mediation of Hypocotyl Hook-Opening Response
Authors: Kang Bin G. , Yocum Conrad S. , Burg Stanley P. , Ray Peter M.
Published: October 2006

Ethylene at low concentrations inhibits the light-induced opening of the bean hypocotyl hook; auxin inhibits the opening by inducing production of ethylene. Light causes a decrease in ethylene production and an increase in the production of carbon dioxide. Hook opening appears to be a response in which ethylene serves as a natural growth regulator and in which carbon dioxide may be involved also as a growth regulator through its antagonism of the action of ethylene.
Brain Catecholamines: Relation to Defense Reaction Evoked by Acute Brainstem Transection in Cat
Authors: Reis Donald J. , Miura Mitsuhiko , Weinbren Marlene , Gunne Lars-M.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of noradrenaline, but not serotonin, in the brainstem of cats is reduced 3 hours after the production of a defense reaction by supracollicular decerebration, even when movements and changes in blood pressure are abolished by transection of the spinal cord. After midcollicular decerebration, which does not elicit a defense reaction, noradrenaline concentrations do not change. The decrease in its concentration accompanying the defense reaction produced by brain lesions probably reflects activity, in this behavior, of neurons containing noradrenaline.
Origin of Synaptic Noise
Authors: Hubbard J. I. , Stenhouse D. , Eccles Rosamond M.
Published: October 2006

The poison from puffer fish, tetrodotoxin, was applied to the kitten spinal cord. This application greatly reduced the synaptic noise recorded from lumbar motoneurons. The noise is largely evoked by nerve impulses.