bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRIVATE PUBLISHING IN THENAHḌA
Authors: Ayalon Ami
Published: October 2008

Khalil Sarkis (1842–1915) was an eminent figure in late Ottoman Beirut and an important contributor to thenahḍa, the Arab literary-cultural “awakening” that began in the latter part of the 19th century. Less known to Western scholarship than Butrus al-Bustani, Faris al-Shidyaq, or Jurji Zaydan, he is not usually regarded as a pillar of that awakening. He may not have been, but he certainly was an indispensable brick in its edifice. Born in 1842, when the most exciting changes were still in the future, Sarkis spent all his life in the service of his country's cultural betterment. He is mostly remembered for his newspaper,Lisan al-Hal, which was launched in 1877 and for many decades was one of the most credible Arabic organs. More than a journalist, however, Sarkis was a pioneering printer, a prolific publisher, and the author of nine books. In the last quarter of the 19th century he built one of Beirut's largest printing businesses, which turned out several journals, hundreds of books, and numerous publications. In the 19th-century Middle East, being a printer often meant being a publisher; Khalil Sarkis was both on a grand scale.
HONOR, THE GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR, AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN RURAL TUNISIA—A SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL READING
Authors: Latreille Martin
Published: October 2008

Some anthropologists can argue that it is impossible to separate thesocial organizational(the realm of groups or aggregates—e.g., households, lineages, and farms) from thecultural(e.g., norms, rules, values, ideologies, and the like—hereafter, normative mental representations) and that the distinction between social and cultural anthropology is therefore an artificial one. To the contrary, others can argue that the social organizational (or “groupal”) and cultural perspectives refer to two analytically separate albeit intertwined levels of reality, sometimes shed a different light on a single phenomenon, and have different analytical value. This distinction I show through the study of the notion of “honor” and its relation to the gender division of labor and to the status of women in Tunisia.
SOUVENIRS OF CONQUEST: ISRAELI OCCUPATIONS AS TOURIST EVENTS
Authors: Stein Rebecca L.
Published: October 2008

It is perhaps self-evident to suggest that military conquest shares something with tourism because both involve encounters with “strange” landscapes and people. Thus it may not surprise that the former sometimes borrows rhetorical strategies from the latter—strategies for rendering the strange familiar or for translating threatening images into benign ones. There have been numerous studies of this history of borrowing. Scholars have considered how scenes of battle draw tourist crowds, how soldiers' ways of seeing can resemble those of leisure travelers, how televised wars have been visually structured as tourist events (e.g., the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq), and how the spoils of war can function as a body of souvenirs. These lines of inquiry expand our understanding of tourism as a field of cultural practices and help us to rethink the parameters of militarism and warfare by suggesting ways they are entangled with everyday leisure practices.
DETERMINANTS OF EXPOSURE TO MASS MEDIA FAMILY PLANNING MESSAGES AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN BANGLADESH: A STUDY ON THE GARO
Authors: ISLAM M. RAKIBUL , ISLAM M. AMIRUL , BANOWARY BANYA
Published: October 2008

This paper evaluates exposure to mass media family planning (FP) messages among the Garo, an indigenous community in Bangladesh. A sample of 223 currently married Garo women were selected purposively from two districts where most of the Garo population live. The analysis demonstrated that television was the most significant form of mass media to disseminate FP messages among the recipients – more so than radio and newspapers. About 80·6% of the respondents had heard of FP messages through television, while for the radio and newspapers the percentages were 55·3% and 22·7% respectively. The contraceptive prevalence rate is much higher (79·5%) in the study area than the national level (55·8%). A linear logistic regression model was employed to identify the confluence of different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on mass media FP messages. Regarding exposure to FP messages, four independent variables out of six had significant effects on the exposure to FP messages through any one of the types of media, i.e. radio, television and newspapers. These independent variables were age, level of education, occupation and number of children.
Tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica – an unusual cause of stridor
Authors: Natt R S , Helliwell T , McCormick M
Published: October 2008

Objectives:

A case of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica causing sub-glottic stenosis is described.

Study design:

Case report and literature review.

Materials and methods:

A 37-year-old man presented with a 15-year history of gradually worsening dyspnoea and stridor due to sub-glottic stenosis. His medical and radiographic records were reviewed. This patient's presentation, histopathological findings and radiology images are presented and discussed.

Results:

Histopathological evaluation of microlaryngoscopy biopsy specimens, taken during laser debulking of the stenosis, confirmed the presence of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica.

Conclusions:

This is the first reported case of sub-glottic stenosis caused by tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica which required an urgent tracheostomy.
Sublingual hydatid cyst: case report and literature review
Authors: Jumani K T , Ananthamurthy A , Joy B , Nayar R C
Published: October 2008

Objectives:

To demonstrate the importance of detailed clinical analysis in the differential diagnosis of a cyst in the floor of the mouth, and to provide an update on current knowledge and treatment of sublingual hydatid cyst.

Case report:

A 23-year-old man presented complaining of a swelling in the midline of the sublingual region, present for four months and progressively increasing in size. Ultrasonography of the neck revealed a well defined, hypoechoic lesion in the sublingual region, containing a calcific focus. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed numerous round to oval structures resembling brood capsules, with scolices and occasional hooklets. T1- and T2-weighted, multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging scans showed a well defined, multiloculated lesion in the sublingual region.

Conclusion:

Hydatid disease may present as a slow-growing cyst in the sublingual region. Aspiration cytology should preferably be avoided until radiological imaging studies are complete. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose hydatid disease in an unusual location.
Measuring distortions to agricultural incentives, revisited*
Authors: ANDERSON KYM , KURZWEIL MARIANNE , MARTIN WILL , SANDRI DAMIANO , VALENZUELA ERNESTO
Published: October 2008

Notwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. As well, in developing countries especially, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact on agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies, and quantitative restrictions plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981–2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide CGE model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004.
Law in other contexts: stand bravely brothers! A report from the law wars
Authors: Guardiola-Rivera Oscar
Published: October 2008

This essay argues against the two pillars of current research on law and globalisation, from the perspective of legal theory and political philosophy: first, the distinction between ‘well-ordered’ and ‘not so well-ordered’ societies; second, the sociological model of the subject as pacified, fearful and isolated (to sum up, in harmony). It is argued that mainstream legal theory and political philosophy merely reflects the actual rules of the game of competition, dispute and conflict. In contrast, this essay takes sides with the anthropological and philosophical tradition that conceives the subject as antagonistic and in state of lack, profoundly concerned with the other, whom she imitates and whose standpoint she must be able to share if she is to make sense of the world. Furthermore, it is argued that transitivity or imitation lies at the very origin of conflict and dispute; lack and antagonism remain thus at the core of society, in spite of the surface appearance of harmony that characterises post-modern societies. Because of this, any general theory of law and society that wishes to be relevant at the time of globalisation must make the experience of antagonism and violence, motivated by imitation and envy, and its containment, its object of study. To do this, it must abandon the dualist conception of subjects and societies expressed in the distinction between ‘well-ordered’ (more violent) and ‘not-so-well-ordered’ (less violent) societies that has informed its investigation to this day, in order to declare in the most general terms a critique of violence from the standpoint of the victim, as of a piece with its demand for global social and political justice.
Giving birth but refusing motherhood: inauthentic choice or self-determining identity?
Authors: Marshall Jill
Published: October 2008

Issues of what personal autonomy and identity means are investigated in the context of the European Court of Human Rights’ development of Article 8’s right to respect one’s private life into a right to personal autonomy, identity and integrity with particular reference to French anonymous birthing as explored by that court in Odièvre v France and feminist literature on mothering and autonomy. Although much critiqued by feminists, personal autonomy has been reconceptualised to mean something of worth to women. Yet, this version of autonomy can diverge into two directions in terms of individual identity as evidenced in Odièvre and in feminist literature: self-determination or self-realisation/authenticity. Conclusions are reached that making autonomy dependent on claims to ‘authenticity’ restricts personal freedom and thus ultimately identity.
Some considerations on command responsibility and criminal liability
Authors: Allan Williamson Jamie
Published: October 2008

Under international humanitarian law commanders have been entrusted with the task of ensuring respect for that body of law by their subordinates. This responsibility includes not only the training in IHL of those under their command, but also the taking of necessary measures to prevent or punish subordinates committing violations of IHL. Failure by a commander to do so will give rise to criminal liability, often termed superior responsibility. The following article reviews some of the issues arising from the application and development of this form of responsibility, from both a practical and a legal perspective.
Aspects of victim participation in the proceedings of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Baumgartner Elisabeth
Published: October 2008

The participation of victims in criminal proceedings is generally a rather new phenomenon. While there is a certain tradition of victim participation as “partie civile” in the criminal proceedings of some national jurisdictions, it is a novelty in international criminal trials. The drafters of the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute chose to design a rather broad victim participation scheme. Although it is hailed as an important and effective instrument for giving victims of gross violations of human rights and international humanitarian law a voice, the procedural and substantive details are far from being settled. Some of the most significant issues are discussed in this article, including the question whether and how victim participation may influence sentencing and punishment.
Spatial and temporal variability of the sea surface temperature in the Gulf of Trieste between January 2000 and December 2006
Authors: Mauri Elena , Poulain Pierre‐Marie , Notarstefano Giulio
Published: October 2008

The variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) of the Gulf of Trieste (northeastern Adriatic Sea) is studied using satellite observations spanning 2000–2006. After interpolation and validation of the SST data with in situ observations near Trieste, the satellite data are used to compute various statistical estimates (7‐year, yearly and monthly means and empirical orthogonal functions modes). The main results obtained are: 1. The SST in the Gulf of Trieste is mostly variable at the seasonal scale, with temperature differences between summer and winter of ∼14 and ∼16°C in the northern and southern areas, respectively. The larger seasonal variations in the northern section are related to the Isonzo and Tagliamento river runoffs and to its shallower bathymetry. In the mean, the meridional SST difference between north and south is only ∼2°C. 2. Significant interannual variations are observed, with winter 2001 and summer 2003 showing the largest monthly anomalies (2–3°C). Most of the seasonal and interannual variations are related to variability in the local heat flux with a time lag of about 2 months. No robust long‐term cooling/warming trend is apparent in the observations. 3. The spatial structure of the SST in the Gulf is affected by the Isonzo and Tagliamento rivers (to the north), the warmer Adriatic water (to the south), the nonuniform warming in spring and wind induced mixing and cooling (to the east). The latter effect is mostly in the form of rapid temperature changes triggered by strong Bora events.
Estimating sea ice area flux across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago using enhanced AMSR‐E
Authors: Agnew T. , Lambe A. , Long D.
Published: October 2008

Enhanced resolution Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR‐E) imagery is used to estimate daily sea ice area fluxes between the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay for the period September 2002 to June 2007. Over the period, Amundsen Gulf and M'Clure Strait exported 54 × 103 km2 of sea ice area or roughly 77 km3 of sea ice volume each year into the Arctic Ocean. Export/import into the Arctic Ocean through the Queen Elizabeth Islands is small and uncertain since no estimates for July and August could be made due to atmospheric attenuation of the microwave signal. Lancaster Sound exported 68 × 103 km2 of sea ice area or roughly 102 km3 of ice volume into Baffin Bay. This produced a net loss of sea ice area of about 122 × 103 km2 or roughly 174 km3 a−1 which is presumed to be generated from within the Archipelago itself mainly through the stationary and transient polynyas and leads that form each winter. Daily ice area fluxes for Amundsen Gulf (AG) and Lancaster Sound (LS) were as high as ±2500 km2 d−1 and were event driven depending on synoptic scale atmospheric circulation and the mobility of the sea ice. Mean sea level pressure difference across each gate is moderately correlated with daily sea ice area fluxes despite the fact that free ice drift conditions are not always met in the region. Cross‐gradient and daily sea ice area flux for Lancaster Sound show a large number of counter gradient ice flux occurrences suggesting that local mesoscale winds (nongeostrophic) and perhaps ocean currents play a role in transporting sea ice through this gate. Monthly ice fluxes for the AG and MS gate were positively correlated with the AO index indicating that a strong Beaufort Sea high pressure and gyre correspond to more export into the Beaufort Sea. Monthly fluxes for the LS gate were positively correlated with the NAO index indicating that strong southerly atmospheric circulation over Baffin Bay increases ice export into Baffin Bay from Lancaster Sound.
Seismogram “Picking Error” Experiment
Authors: Zeiler Cleat P. , Velasco Aaron , Pingitore Nicholas E. , Anderson Dale
Published: October 2008

The Seismogram Picking Error From Analyst Review (SPEAR) project is looking for input from analysts with experience in picking earthquake or other seismic data. The project, begun in February 2008 as a grassroots effort among the authors' institutions, will aid the seismological community in producing more reliable results for hypocenter locations and in establishing Earth models that are more accurate. The project could develop into a continuous forum for the seismological community to better understand the errors, biases, and mental processes or steps involved in picking seismic data, and to establish standards for how to pick and assess seismic data.
Extreme Snowmelt in Northern Greenland During Summer 2008
Authors: Tedesco Marco , Fettweis Xavier , van den Broeke Michiel , van de Wal Roderik , Smeets Paul
Published: October 2008

Extreme snowmelt occurred during summer 2008 over the northern part of the Greenland ice sheet, according to the analysis of microwave data recorded by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on board the F13 satellite of the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). New records of the number of melting days were also observed over large portions of the same areas (letters A and B in Figure 1).

Anomalies of the 2008 number of melting days (i.e., the difference between the 2008 number of melting days and the 1979–2007 average) are reported in Figure 1. In 2008, melting in northern Greenland lasted up to 18 days longer than previous maximum values, and the melting index (i.e., the number of melting days × the area subject to melting) was 3 times greater than the 1979–2007 average, with 1.545×106 square kilometers x days. Also of noticeable value are 2008 anomalies observed along Greenland's west coast, with melting over this area lasting up to 5–10 days longer than the average (letter C in Figure 1).
Time Is on Our Side (Yes, It Is)
Authors: Gaffney E. S.
Published: October 2008

Russell Seitz (aka Chicken Little) concludes that geologic time is running out (Eos, 89(20), 187, 2008). He envisions a bleak future for the science that soon will be saturated with geologists, each restricted to but a single millennium for his or her studies. But the true future of geoscience is not the dark briefness that he has portrayed.

The alarming crisis envisioned by Seitz—that there will not be enough rocks for geologists to study—is based on the onedimensional view of time used by such nineteenth‐ century foundational geologists as James Hutton and Charles Lyell. When the problem is looked at from the twentiethcentury perspective of Albert Einstein, the crisis is found to be deferred beyond the projected time of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series.
The Heliosphere Through the Solar Activity Cycle
Authors: Li Bo
Published: October 2008

Ulysses, the joint European Space Agency/NASA mission, has been providing unique contributions to our understanding of the heliosphere since its launch in 1990. The in situ measurements made by the magnetic field and particle instruments on Ulysses have led to a fully three‐dimensional view of the heliosphere between 1.3 and 5.4 astronomical units from Earth, owing to the spacecraft's particular orbit that extends to 80° latitude. Also, these instruments have been operational for more than a complete 11‐year solar cycle (cycle 23), making it possible to examine variations in the field and particle data with varying solar activity. In this sense, Ulysses adds a fourth dimension—time—to the heliospheric picture.
Middle Miocene tectonic boundary conditions for use in climate models
Authors: Herold N. , Seton M. , Müller R. D. , You Y. , Huber M.
Published: October 2008

Utilizing general circulation models (GCMs) for paleoclimate study requires the construction of appropriate model boundary conditions. We present a middle Miocene paleotopographic and paleobathymetric reconstruction geographically constrained at 15 Ma for use in GCMs. Paleotopography and paleogeography are reconstructed using a published global plate rotation model and published geological data. Paleobathymetry is reconstructed through application of an age‐depth relationship to a middle Miocene global digital isochron map, followed by the overlay of reconstructed sediment thickness and large igneous provinces. Adjustments are subsequently made to ensure our reconstruction may be utilized in GCMs.
A three‐dimensional dynamic kinetic model of the plasmasphere
Authors: Pierrard V. , Stegen K.
Published: October 2008

The scientific goal of the present paper is to develop a three‐dimensional physical dynamic model of the plasmasphere that is constrained by realistic data. The core of the plasmasphere is obtained from the kinetic exospheric approach assuming a kappa velocity distribution function for the particles. The relative abundance of trapped particles is constrained in such way that the density profiles correspond to Carpenter and Anderson's (1992) observations. The position of the plasmapause is determined by the interchange instability mechanism for the formation of the plasmapause, which is a function of the level of geomagnetic activity. The deformation of the plasmasphere during quiet and disturbed geomagnetic periods is illustrated and compared with the results of other plasmaspheric models and observations of IMAGE and Cluster.
Rotational spectroscopic study of carbonyl sulfide solvated with hydrogen molecules
Authors: Michaud Julie M. , Jäger Wolfgang
Published: October 2008

Rotational spectra of small-sized (H2)N-OCS clusters with N=2–7 were measured using a pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. These include spectra of pure (para-H2)N-OCS clusters, pure (ortho-H2)N-OCS clusters, and mixed ortho-H2 and para-H2 containing clusters. The rotational lines of ortho-H2 molecules containing clusters show proton spin-proton spin hyperfine structure, and the pattern evolves as the number of ortho-H2 molecules in the cluster increases. Various isotopologues of the clusters were investigated, including those with OC13S, OCS33, OCS34, and OC13S34. Nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structures of rotational transitions were observed for S33 (nuclear spin quantum number I=3/2) containing isotopologues. The S33 nuclear quadrupole coupling constants are compared to the corresponding constant of the OCS monomer and those of the HeN-OCS clusters. The assignment of the number of solvating hydrogen molecules N is supported by the analyses of the proton spin-proton spin hyperfine structures of the mixed clusters, the dependence of line intensities on sample conditions (pressure and concentrations), and the agreement of the (para-H2)N-OCS and (ortho-H2)N-OCS rotational constants with those from a previous infrared study [J. Tang and A. R. W. McKellar, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 3087 (2004)].
Enhanced polarization and dielectric properties of Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 thin films
Authors: Ortega N. , Kumar Ashok , Katiyar R. S.
Published: October 2008

We report the fabrication of PbZr0.57Ti0.43O3 (PZT) thin films with preferential growth along (111) and random crystalline orientation on the platinized silicon substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction patterns and surface morphology indicate increase in grain size and nucleation, which support better perovskite matrix with increase in annealing temperature. We observed large dielectric constant (∼4000) and enhanced remanent polarization 70 μC/cm2 at room temperature attributed to grain growth and intermetallic Pt–Pb transient phase. Frequency dependent polarization showed minor reduction in polarization above 10 kHz frequencies. Normalized fatigue characteristic of PZT thin films showed minimal 25% degradation in remanent polarization after 109 cycles, which may be useful for memory devices. ac conductivity spectra illustrated that anomaly near the phase transition temperature with activation energy (Ea∼0.60–0.75 eV) supports the intrinsic nature of ferroelectric phase transition.
Localized electroporation and molecular delivery into single living cells by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Nawarathna D. , Unal K. , Wickramasinghe H. Kumar
Published: October 2008

We present an efficient and fast method for selective and localized electroporation of a single living cell from a population of millions to tens of cells using the modified tip of an atomic force microscope. Electroporation was observed in real time using an inverted microscope. This technique is proposed as a tool for efficient and controlled delivery of biomolecules, proteins, drugs, and genes.
Effect of phosphorous implantation on threading dislocation motions in SiGe/Si heterostructures
Authors: Hara Akito
Published: October 2008

The velocity and activation energy of dislocation motions in phosphorous (P)-implanted silicon-germanium (SiGe)/silicon (Si) heterostructures with a Ge content of 3% were determined by using an etching method and the x-ray Lang topography technique. The obtained results were compared with those of the original samples. P was implanted with an energy of 100 keV and dose of 5×1012 cm–2. This implantation energy produced a peak concentration of P in the SiGe layer; at the same time, the low dose did not produce any observable defects in the SiGe layer. The temperature dependencies of dislocation velocities in the P-implanted samples were represented on an Arrhenius plot; the plot revealed that there was a decrease in the velocities and an increase in the activation energies of the dislocation motions in the P-implanted samples as compared to those of the original samples. The recovery of the dislocation velocity relative to that of the original samples was studied using various implantation species (P, nitrogen, and oxygen); it was found that the recovery began at temperatures of around 700 °C, irrespective of the nature of the implanted impurities. This indicates that certain types of defects, but not impurities, generated during the implantation influenced the dislocation motion. It is proposed that the reduction in the velocities and the increase in the activation energies of the dislocation motions are attributable to the generation of microdefects, which offer resistance to the gliding motion of a threading dislocation.
Two complementary molecular energy decomposition schemes: The Mayer and Ziegler–Rauk methods in comparison
Authors: Vyboishchikov Sergei F. , Krapp Andreas , Frenking Gernot
Published: October 2008

In the present paper we discuss and compare two different energy decomposition schemes: Mayer’s Hartree–Fock energy decomposition into diatomic and monoatomic contributions [Chem. Phys. Lett. 382, 265 (2003)], and the Ziegler–Rauk dissociation energy decomposition [Inorg. Chem. 18, 1558 (1979)]. The Ziegler–Rauk scheme is based on a separation of a molecule into fragments, while Mayer’s scheme can be used in the cases where a fragmentation of the system in clearly separable parts is not possible. In the Mayer scheme, the density of a free atom is deformed to give the one-atom Mulliken density that subsequently interacts to give rise to the diatomic interaction energy. We give a detailed analysis of the diatomic energy contributions in the Mayer scheme and a close look onto the one-atom Mulliken densities. The Mulliken density ρA has a single large maximum around the nuclear position of the atom A, but exhibits slightly negative values in the vicinity of neighboring atoms. The main connecting point between both analysis schemes is the electrostatic energy. Both decomposition schemes utilize the same electrostatic energy expression, but differ in how fragment densities are defined. In the Mayer scheme, the electrostatic component originates from the interaction of the Mulliken densities, while in the Ziegler–Rauk scheme, the undisturbed fragment densities interact. The values of the electrostatic energy resulting from the two schemes differ significantly but typically have the same order of magnitude. Both methods are useful and complementary since Mayer’s decomposition focuses on the energy of the finally formed molecule, whereas the Ziegler–Rauk scheme describes the bond formation starting from undeformed fragment densities.
Correlation functions in quantized Hamilton dynamics and quantal cumulant dynamics
Authors: Pereverzev Yuriy V. , Pereverzev Andrey , Shigeta Yasuteru , Prezhdo Oleg V.
Published: October 2008

Quantized Hamilton dynamics (QHD) [O. V. Prezhdo and Y. V. Pereverzev, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 6557 (2000)] and quantal cumulant dynamics (QCD) [Shigeta et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 244102 (2006)] are used to obtain a semiclassical description of two-time correlation functions (CFs). Generally, lower-order CFs couple to higher-order CFs. The infinite hierarchy is terminated by a closure, which neglects higher-order irreducible correlators and provides an efficient approximation to quantum mechanics. The approach is illustrated with a simple nonlinear system, for which the real part of the classical CF continues a perfect oscillation and the imaginary part is identically zero. At little computational expense, the second-order QHD/QCD approximation reproduces the real and imaginary parts of the quantum-mechanical CF.
Characterization of the spatiotemporal evolution of laser-generated plasmas
Authors: Kanter E. P. , Santra R. , Höhr C. , Peterson E. R. , Rudati J. , Arms D. A. , Dufresne E. M. , Dunford R. W. , Ederer D. L. , Krässig B. , Landahl E. C. , Southworth S. H. , Young L.
Published: October 2008

We characterize the time evolution of ion spatial distributions in a laser-produced plasma. Krypton ions are produced in strong, linearly and circularly polarized optical laser fields (1014–1015 W/cm2). The Kr+ ions are preferentially detected by resonant x-ray absorption. Using microfocused, tunable x rays from Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source, we measure ion densities as a function of time with 10 μm spatial resolution for times ≤50 ns. For plasma densities of the order of 1014 cm−3, we observe a systematic expansion of the ions outward from the laser focus. We find the expansion timescale to be independent of the plasma density though strongly dependent on the plasma shape and electron temperature. The former is defined by the laser focus, while the latter is controlled by the laser polarization state. We have developed a fluid description assuming a collisionless quasineutral plasma, which is modeled using a particle-in-cell approach. This simulation provides a quantitative description of the observed behavior and demonstrates the role of the very different electron temperatures produced by circularly and linearly polarized light. These results demonstrate the utility of this method as an in situ probe of the time and spatial evolution of laser-produced plasmas.
Radial current density effects on rotating magnetic field current drive in field-reversed configurations
Authors: Clemente R. A. , Gilli M. , Farengo R.
Published: October 2008

Steady state solutions, suitable for field-reversed configurations (FRCs) sustained by rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) are obtained by properly including three-dimensional effects, in the limit of large FRC elongation, and the radial component of Ohm’s law. The steady electrostatic potential, necessary to satisfy Ohm’s law, is considered to be a surface function. The problem is analyzed at the midplane of the configuration and it is reduced to the solution of two coupled nonlinear differential equations for the real and imaginary parts of the phasor associated to the longitudinal component of the vector potential. Additional constraints are obtained by requesting that the steady radial current density and poloidal magnetic flux vanish at the plasma boundary which is set at the time-averaged separatrix. The results are presented in terms of the degree of synchronism of the electrons with the RMF and compared with those obtained when radial current effects are neglected. Three important differences are observed when compared with the case without radial current density. First, at low penetration of the RMF into the plasma there is a significant increase in the driven azimuthal current. Second, the RMF amplitude necessary to access the high synchronism regime, starting from low synchronism, is larger and the difference appears to increase as the separatrix to classical skin depth ratio increases. Third, the minimum RMF amplitude necessary to sustain almost full synchronism is reduced.
Linear wave propagation in relativistic magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Keppens R. , Meliani Z.
Published: October 2008

The properties of linear Alfvén, slow, and fast magnetoacoustic waves for uniform plasmas in relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are discussed, augmenting the well-known expressions for their phase speeds with knowledge on the group speed. A 3+1 formalism is purposely adopted to make direct comparison with the Newtonian MHD limits easier and to stress the graphical representation of their anisotropic linear wave properties using the phase and group speed diagrams. By drawing these for both the fluid rest frame and for a laboratory Lorentzian frame which sees the plasma move with a three-velocity having an arbitrary orientation with respect to the magnetic field, a graphical view of the relativistic aberration effects is obtained for all three MHD wave families. Moreover, it is confirmed that the classical Huygens construction relates the phase and group speed diagram in the usual way, even for the lab frame viewpoint. Since the group speed diagrams correspond to exact solutions for initial conditions corresponding to a localized point perturbation, their formulae and geometrical construction can serve to benchmark current high-resolution algorithms for numerical relativistic MHD.
Temperature dependent electromodulation characterization of Zn1−x−yBexMgySe mixed crystals
Authors: Dumcenco D. O. , Huang Y. S. , Firszt F. , Łęgowski S. , Męczyńska H. , Marasek A. , Strzałkowski K. , Paszkowicz W. , Tiong K. K. , Hsieh C. H.
Published: October 2008

We report a detailed investigation of the temperature dependence of the band-edge excitonic transitions of three Zn1−x−yBexMgySe mixed crystals using contactless electroreflectance (CER) and photoreflectance (PR) in the temperature range of 15–400 K. The samples were grown by the modified high pressure Bridgman methods. The fundamental transition energy E0 and broadening parameters are determined via a lineshape function fit to the CER and PR spectra. The parameters that describe the temperature dependence of the band-edge excitonic transition energy and broadening parameters are evaluated and discussed.
On the relationship between two popular lattice models for polymer melts
Authors: Subramanian Gopinath , Shanbhag Sachin
Published: October 2008

A mapping between two well known lattice bond-fluctuation models for polymers [I. Carmesin and K. Kremer, Macromolecules 21, 2819 (1988); J. S. Shaffer, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 4205 (1994)] is investigated by performing primitive path analysis to identify the average number of monomers per entanglement. Simulations conducted using both models, and previously published data are compared in an attempt to establish relationships between molecular weight, lengthscale, and timescale. Using these relationships, an examination of the self-diffusion coefficient yields excellent agreement not only between the two models, but also with experimental data on polystyrene, polybutadiene, and polydimethylsiloxane. However, it is shown that even with the limited set of criteria examined in this paper, a true mapping between these two models is elusive. Nevertheless, a practical guide to convert between models is provided.
On the classification of Darboux integrable chains
Authors: Habibullin Ismagil , Zheltukhina Natalya , Pekcan Aslı
Published: October 2008

We study a differential-difference equation of the form tx(n+1)=f(t(n),t(n+1),tx(n)) with unknown t=t(n,x) depending on x and n. The equation is called a Darboux integrable if there exist functions F (called an x-integral) and I (called an n-integral), both of a finite number of variables x,t(n),t(n±1),t(n±2),…,tx(n),txx(n),…, such that DxF=0 and DI=I, where Dx is the operator of total differentiation with respect to x and D is the shift operator: Dp(n)=p(n+1). The Darboux integrability property is reformulated in terms of characteristic Lie algebras that give an effective tool for classification of integrable equations. The complete list of equations of the form above admitting nontrivial x-integrals is given in the case when the function f is of the special form f(x,y,z)=z+d(x,y).
Crack in thin metallic glassy sheet: Shear direction periodically changed fracture path
Authors: Wang G. , Xu X. H. , Ke F. J. , Wang W. H.
Published: October 2008

We report the observation of a shear direction alternatively changed crack path in a thin Fe78Si9B13 metallic glassy sheet with high strength and elasticity. This configuration of the crack path in the thin sheet under tension is discussed in the framework of the thin elastic sheet with high strength. The reason for this configuration is attributed to the interaction between the shrinkage of the thin elastic sheet with small wavelength of wrinkle and the propagating crack with high bending energy while low stretching energy.
A new magneto-optical trap-target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy apparatus for ion-atom collisions and trapped atom studies
Authors: Blieck J. , Fléchard X. , Cassimi A. , Gilles H. , Girard S. , Hennecart D.
Published: October 2008

A new magneto-optical trap-target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy apparatus has been built and tested at the LPC-CAEN. Dedicated to ion-atom collisions studies and excited fraction measurements, the setup combines a projectile ion beam line, a target of cold rubidium atoms provided by a magneto-optical trap (MOT), and a recoil ion momentum spectrometer. In a test experiment using a beam of Na+ projectiles, we demonstrate its capability to measure, with a very high signal over background ratio, fully differential cross sections in scattering angle, initial state, and final state of the system. We detail, in this work, features that had not been described previously in the literature: an extraction of the recoil ions transverse to the ion beam axis, and a fast switch for the MOT magnetic field. Advantages of transverse versus longitudinal extraction are discussed, and future possibilities for the setup are presented.
Observation of plasmon line broadening in single gold nanorods
Authors: Qiu Le , Larson Timothy A. , Smith Danielle , Vitkin Edward , Modell Mark D. , Korgel Brian A. , Sokolov Konstantin V. , Hanlon Eugene B. , Itzkan Irving , Perelman Lev T.
Published: October 2008

Attempts to realize the important potential of gold nanorods as extremely bright molecular markers have been limited by the broad spectroscopic linewidths usually observed. We identify the origin of this broadening as inhomogeneous broadening due to the extreme sensitivity of the surface plasmon resonance to the nanorod aspect ratio. Using confocal light scattering spectroscopic microscopy, we observed the narrow homogeneously broadened plasmon lines of single gold nanorods and obtained the first quantitative measurements of this homogeneous broadening. We show that homogeneous broadening can be predicted from first principals.
Plasma-controlled metal catalyst saturation and the initial stage of carbon nanostructure array growth
Authors: Levchenko I. , Ostrikov K. , Mariotti D. , Murphy A. B.
Published: October 2008

The kinetics of the nucleation and growth of carbon nanotube and nanocone arrays on Ni catalyst nanoparticles on a silicon surface exposed to a low-temperature plasma are investigated numerically, using a complex model that includes surface diffusion and ion motion equations. It is found that the degree of ionization of the carbon flux strongly affects the kinetics of nanotube and nanocone nucleation on partially saturated catalyst patterns. The use of highly ionized carbon flux allows formation of a nanotube array with a very narrow height distribution of half-width 7 nm. Similar results are obtained for carbon nanocone arrays, with an even narrower height distribution, using a highly ionized carbon flux. As the deposition time increases, nanostructure arrays develop without widening the height distribution when the flux ionization degree is high, in contrast to the fairly broad nanostructure height distributions obtained when the degree of ionization is low.
Stochastic quantization for complex actions
Authors: Menezes G. , Svaiter N. F.
Published: October 2008

We use the stochastic quantization method to study systems with complex valued path integral weights. We assume a Langevin equation with a memory kernel and Einstein’s relations with colored noise. The equilibrium solution of this non-Markovian Langevin equation is analyzed. We show that for a large class of elliptic non-Hermitian operators acting on scalar functions on Euclidean space, which define different models in quantum field theory, converge to an equilibrium state in the asymptotic limit of the Markov parameter τ→∞. Moreover, as we expected, we obtain the Schwinger functions of the theory.
Effective diffusion of scalar fields in a chaotic flow
Authors: Turner M. R. , Gilbert A. D. , Thuburn J.
Published: October 2008

The advection of a tracer field in a fluid flow can create complex scalar structures and increase the effect of weak diffusion by orders of magnitude. One tool to quantify this is to measure the flux of scalar across contour lines of constant scalar. This gives a diffusion equation in area coordinates with an effective diffusion that depends on the structure of the scalar field and, in particular, takes large values when scalar contours become very extended. The present paper studies the properties of this effective diffusion using a mixture of analytical and numerical tools. First the presence of hyperbolic stationary points, that is, saddles, in the scalar concentration field is investigated analytically, and it is shown that these give rise to singular spikes in the effective diffusion. This is confirmed in numerical simulations in which complex scalar fields are generated using a time-periodic flow. Issues of numerical resolution are discussed and results are given on the dependence of the effective diffusion on grid resolution and discretization in area or scalar values. These simulations show complex dependence of the effective diffusion on time as saddle points appear and disappear in the scalar field. It is found that time averaging (in the presence of an additional scalar source term) removes this dependence to leave robust results for the effective diffusion.
Field-induced semiconductor-metal transition in individual NiO–Ni Schottky nanojunction
Authors: Zhao Xingchen , Sun Jia-Lin , Zhu Jia-Lin
Published: October 2008

Ni nanowire arrays were obtained by electrochemical deposition in a template. After oxidation, one-dimensional NiO–Ni Schottky junctions with nanoscale-thickness NiO layer were achieved, and the structure was characterized in terms of different scales. By application of an electric field through atomic force microscopy, the semiconductor-metal transition was observed and an enhanced nonlinearity was found in the individual Schottky nanojunction at room temperature. This kind of Schottky nanojunction requires no doping and may provide a wide variety of applications in the future.
Improved characteristics and issues of m-plane InGaN films grown on low defect density m-plane freestanding GaN substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Chichibu S. F. , Yamaguchi H. , Zhao L. , Kubota M. , Onuma T. , Okamoto K. , Ohta H.
Published: October 2008

Improved quantum efficiency and short radiative lifetime were demonstrated for the near-band-edge emission of nearly stacking-fault-free, 200–250-nm-thick, m-plane pseudomorphic InxGa1−xN (0<x≤0.14) films grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on the low threading dislocation density (<5×106 cm−2) freestanding (FS) GaN substrates. Values of full width at half maximum of x-ray ω-rocking curves of the InxGa1−xN films remain unchanged as the substrate values being 80 and 60 arcsec for the (101¯0) diffraction with ⟨0001⟩ and ⟨112¯0⟩ azimuths, respectively, and 80 arcsec for the (101¯2) diffraction. As the surface flatness was improved, the incorporation efficiency of In was lower than the cases for c-plane growth and m-plane growth on a defective GaN substrate, according to nonidentical surface kinetics and absence of inclined/tilted planes, respectively.
Interface structure and defects of silicon nanocrystals embedded into a-SiO2
Authors: Ippolito Mariella , Meloni Simone , Colombo Luciano
Published: October 2008

By means of large-scale atomistic simulations, we identity and characterize several kinds of bonding and coordination defects at the interface between a silicon nanoparticle and an embedding amorphous silicon dioxide matrix. In particular, we prove that interface bond defects are easily formed, while no Si–O double bond is observed. We conclude that optical properties, e.g., photoluminescence, are more likely due to such interface bond structures. Temperature effects on defect population and nature are discussed as well.
Tuning depth profiles of organosilicate films with ultraviolet curing
Authors: Kim Taek-Soo , Tsuji Naoto , Matsushita Kiyohiro , Kobayashi Nobuyoshi , Chumakov Dmytro , Geisler Holm , Zschech Ehrenfried , Dauskardt Reinhold H.
Published: October 2008

This study demonstrates that ultraviolet (UV) radiation curing can control depth profiles of organosilicate films. Striking differences between the effects of monochromatic and broadband UV irradiation were observed. For the same as-deposited organosilicate film and cure duration, monochromatic radiation has a greater impact on film structure, elastic modulus, and fracture resistance, but also results in a greater degree of depth dependent properties. Oscillating elastic modulus through the film thickness was observed with force modulation atomic force microscopy. We present a new standing wave model that accurately predicts the resulting depth dependent stiffness variations considering changes in film shrinkage and refractive index in terms of curing time, and can further be used to account for initial film thickness dependence of UV curing and film absorption. Promising applications of the depth dependent UV curing to produce multifunctional ultralow-k layers with a single postdeposition curing process are discussed.
Nanomaterial enabled laser transfer for organic light emitting material direct writing
Authors: Ko Seung H. , Pan Heng , Ryu Sang G. , Misra Nipun , Grigoropoulos Costas. P. , Park Hee K.
Published: October 2008

Organic light emitting material direct writing is demonstrated based on nanomaterial enabled laser transfer. Through utilization of proper nanoparticle size and type and the laser wavelength choice, a single laser pulse could transfer well-defined and arbitrarily shaped tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)Al patterns ranging from several microns to millimeter size. The unique properties of nanomaterials allow laser induced forward transfer at low laser energy (0.05 J/cm2) while maintaining good fluorescence. The technique may be well suited for the mass production of temperature sensitive organic light emitting devices.