bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction and Standardization of the Syrian Version of the Word Recognition Test for Children with Hearing Impairment
Authors: Mohsen Samer Mohammad , Jabri Farah , Maidani Shaza Al , Ammar Abeer , Alkhatib Rahaf
Published: September 2022

Background and Aim: This study aimed to construct and validate the test material of speech recognition test for children. Such a material helps in conducting the speech tests for native Arab children with Syrian accent. This work is a part of a complete project on preparing and validating the necessary materials for speech and central auditory processing tests for the Arabic Syrian community.
Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study, two sets of phonetically balanced monosyllabic word lists were constructed. The two selected 25-monosyllabic word lists were presented to 50 normal hearing participants with the age range of 5 to 10 years. Tests of validity and reliability were conducted to assure the suitability of this material for the word recognition test. The test was repeated for the same children after three weeks.
Results: The two word lists have shown high face and content validity, Cronbach`s alpha coefficient was 0.79, 0.85 for the two lists respectively. Factor validity has shown that the test materials are one-dimensional, the first factor achieved 57.25 and 53.13 of the variance. Test- retest reliability (p<0.001) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients reliability (p<0.001) were also significant.
Conclusion: The data analysis shows that the Syrian version of the word recognition test has high degree of validity and reliability. Therefore, developing the Syrian version of the scale has good psychometric properties, which makes it appropriate for the local use.
Keywords: Speech discrimination test; monosyllabic; arabic; syrian accent
Comparison of Hearing Abnormalities in Non-Diabetic and Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Kohansal Behieh , Saeedi Nasser , Moslemi Azam , Poorsaadat Leila , Beigi Moeinoddin Hossein
Published: September 2022

Background and Aim: Hearing loss is a highly prevalent symptom in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Comorbidities such as Diabetes Mellitus is known as the most common cause of CKD and a significant risk factor for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The aim of this study was to compare SNHL among diabetic with non-diabetic hemodialysis patients.
Methods: In this study, 33 diabetic patients on hemodialysis were selected from Hami center, Arak, Iran. Non-diabetic subjects were 31 hemodialysis patients without diabetes were matched for age, duration of CKD and hemodialysis. Data were obtained via questionnaire, patients’ files, physical examination, otoscopy and tympanometry. Hearing was analyzed using pure-tone audiometry for both groups.
Results: In the study, 66.2% of diabetic patients and 52.1% of non-diabetic subjects had SNHL. Results showed that diabetic patient has 1.3 times more likely to have hearing impairment. This difference was not statistically significant. Bilateral mild SNHL was the most prevalent in both groups. No significant difference was reported in SNHL prevalence, mean thresholds of hearing and ear laterality between the groups. Gender and age had a significant effect on hearing loss after adjusting covariables. No significant association was found between diabetes and hearing loss.
Conclusion: SNHL was more common in hemodialysis patients with diabetes. Patients with diabetes had poorer hearing thresholds compared to non-diabetic group, with no significant difference between groups. The periodical assessment of hearing and extending audiological care in this high-risk population is recommended due to long-term irreversible symptoms of the disease.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; hearing loss; end-stage renal disease
Can Video Head Impulse Test Determine the Early Effect of Cochlear Implantation on the Semicircular Canals Function?
Authors: Kardooni Maryam , Ahmadi Roghayeh , Saki Malehi Amal , Kiani Ayeh , Saki Sara
Published: September 2022

Background and Aim: Although cochlear implantation (CI)  is a safe  surgical  procedure for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) but, due to the embryological and anatomical connection between the vestibular and cochlear structures, vestibular dysfunction may occur after CI. Video head impulse test (vHIT) is a reliable test for assessing the function of semicircular canals (SCCs). This study aimed to determine the early effect of CI on SCCs function, by comparing pre- and post-operative vHIT results.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 22 adults with SNHL scheduled for unilateral CI in the right ear and 22 age-matched healthy subjects as a control group. The vHIT was conducted before and two weeks after CI.
Results: The mean vHIT gains in the SNHL group were significantly lower than in controls, with a large effect size. Furthermore, the mean vHIT gains in the right lateral SCCs (p<0.001) and right anterior SCCs (p=0.003) were significantly reduced  after  CI,  compared  to the gain values before CI, with a large pooled effect size. However, these differences were not statistically significant for the right posterior SCCs. The comparison of vHIT gains in the non- implanted ear showed no statistically significant difference between pre- and post-operative phases.
Conclusion: The vHIT is a useful clinical method to detect the early effects of CI on the function of SCCs. These effects are more obvious in the lateral and superior SCCs in the implanted ear.
Keywords: Cochlear implantation; semicircular canals; video head impulse test
Acceptable Noise Level in Children with Unilateral Cochlear Implant and Bimodal Hearing
Authors: Ashjaei Samin , Jalilvand Hamid , Hadipour Hadi , Sadeghi Reza
Published: September 2022

Background and Aim: Difficulty in perception of speech in noise is one of the main complaints of hearing-impaired people. Due to profound hearing loss in cochlear implant (CI) users, they need higher signal-to-noise ratio for a better perception. Bimodal fitting is a preferred way  for CI users because it prevents auditory nerve degeneration, is a complement of frequency range at the opposite ear, an is less invasive to provide binaural hearing. Acceptable noise level (ANL), as a reliable test to assess noise tolerance, has not yet been used in comparing children with bimodal hearing and CI. This study aimed to determine whether bimodal fitting can help CI children tolerate more noise.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 13 children with unilateral CI and bimodal hearing. Audiometry test was performed at aided and non-aided conditions. Then, their noise tolerance was assessed by the Persian version of ANL test.
Results: Bimodal hearing resulted in  statistically significant increase in ANL. The  mean of ANL at unilateral CI and bimodal hearing conditions were 6.15±2.90 and 4.77±1.70, respectively.
Conclusion: Bimodal fitting lead to more noise tolerance in unilateral CI children due to the combination of binaural summation and binaural release from masking.
Keywords: Acceptable noise level; cochlear implant; hearing aid; bimodal hearing; profound hearing loss; binaural hearing
JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION (JCPOA): PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE GLOBAL SECURITY
Authors: Babar Summar Iqbal , Mirza Muhammad Nadeem , Qaisrani Irfan Hasnain
Published: September 2022

Purpose of the study: The Iranian Nuclear ambition is an issue that tends to disturb the strategic balance and therefore the peace in the world’s most important geopolitical and geostrategic region; the Middle East.This study intends to explore the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the agreement signed to reign the Iranian nuclear ambitions.

Methodology: This is exploratory qualitative research. It utilises the embedded case study method in which the said phenomenon is explored at different levels of analysis.

Main Findings: Though there existed different types of perceptions vis-à-vis JCPOA, commonly known as the Iranian nuclear deal, yet the withdrawal of the US from it under the Trump administration gave Iran a rationale to further pursue its nuclear ambitions. So, the US withdrawal from the deal has enhanced the threat perceptions for global and regional security.

Applications of this study: The study targets the students, scholars, and policy practitioners of Middle Eastern studies.

Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty is the use ofan embedded case study method to explore the impact of the JCPOA and US withdrawal from it, at different levels of analysis.
Sustainable development of clothing brands based on LPP S.A. Analysis
Authors: Gradowska Julia , Wołosowicz Natalia
Published: September 2022

Purpose of the study: The subject of consideration is the actual actions of clothing brands in pro-environmental areas. The main purpose of the article is to describe the sustainability and pro-environmental behavior of companies selling private label clothing.

Methodology: This article was prepared with the use of analyses of LPP S.A. reports, rankings of environmentally conscious brands and other articles.

Findings of the study: Sustainable development is influencing the increased use of organic products. By adopting pro-environmental solutions, brands are gaining the support of an increasingly environmentally conscious society, which is pushing companies to use eco-friendly solutions in production, transport and low-impact cultivation. Unfortunately, companies often use the growing trend of sustainability to maximize profits, which leads to creating a phenomenon such as greenwashing.

Application of the study: This article presents the behavior of LPP S.A. in the areas of ecological, sustainable development. Using an analysis of the company’s reports and rankings, it can be seen that companies are paying more and more attention to pro-ecological behavior.

Originality/Novelty of the study: The concept of sustainability is overlooked in terms of clothing brands that have high environmental impact.
Candidatus Phytoplasma Australasia Associated with Alfalfa Witches’ Broom: Symptomatology, Quantitative Loss, Qualitative Loss and Molecular Characterization
Authors: Mahesha H.S. , Keerthi M.C. , Saini Ravi Prakash , Manjunatha N. , Manjunatha L. , Shivakumar K.V. , Reddy M. Gurivi , Sridhar K. , Yadav V.K.
Published: September 2022

Background: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. is the most important and widely grown leguminous fodder crop in temperate and tropical regions of the world. The production of alfalfa crop is limited by several biotic stresses, among which witches’ broom disease (AWB) was reported to cause significant economic losses. Methods: The phytoplasma infected alfalfa plants were collected from a central research farm, ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi, U.P. Qualitative parameters such as crude protein content, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre were estimated in diseased and healthy plants. Phytoplasma universal primer (P1/P7) and nested primer (R16mF2/R16mR1) were used for the molecular characterization of AWB infected plants and phytoplasma infected, Parthenium hysterophorus. Result: The incidence of AWB disease ranged from 8-10%. The quantitative analysis of disease plants showed reduced plant height (-35%), fresh weight (-46.89%) and dry weight (-50.08%) compared to healthy plants. The diseased plant recorded low crude protein content (-21.38%) and higher dry matter content (+0.68%), acid detergent fibre (+33.72%) and neutral detergent fibre (+13.06%). The association of phytoplasma in diseased alfalfa and parthenium samples was confirmed by using P1/P7 and R16mF2/R16mR1 primer pair and Blastn analysis shared 99.6-100% similarity with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia’ belongs to the 16Sr group II-D.
“We Alone Can Save Japan”: Soka Gakkai’s Wartime Antecedents and Its Postwar Conversion Campaign
Authors: Stone Jacqueline I.
Published: September 2022

Between 1945 and 1951, the Nichiren Buddhist lay organization Soka Gakkai, which had disbanded during the Pacific War, regrouped and burgeoned in a massive proselytizing campaign led by its second president, Toda Jōsei. This effort intertwined three aims: to spread faith in the Lotus Sūtra as the basis for Japan’s postwar reconstruction; to establish an ideal government based on Buddhist principles; and to build a national ordination platform as Japan’s sacred center. Driving it was Toda’s conviction, inherited from his teacher, Makiguchi Tsunesaburō, that Japan was suffering a profound malaise and could only be saved by embracing Nichiren’s teaching. That message formed a powerful link between wartime and postwar Soka Gakkai organizations. It drew Makiguchi into conflict with wartime ideology, leading to his arrest; amid postwar hardships, it found eager reception and shaped what would become Japan’s largest religious movement.
Religious Change in Modern Japanese Society: Established Religions and Spirituality
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroshi
Published: September 2022

This article examines the state of religion in contemporary Japan from the perspective of consumerism and marketization, focusing on the influence spirituality movements have had on the established religious traditions of Buddhism and Shinto as well as traditional practices such as visiting family graves. By introducing statistical data, the article analyzes the popular notion of shifts “away from temples” and “away from shrines” in Japanese society. As a case study, the article discusses Ehara Hiroyuki and his use of media such as television and magazines, which situates his notion of spirituality within a religious marketplace dominated by the fluidity of individual choice. These trends are not alternatives to the religious practices and worldviews of traditional religions, but rather are in continuity with dominant social values such as reverence of ancestors.
Epilogue: Japanese Religions and their Contributions to One Woman’s Identity
Authors: Hamaguchi Makiko
Published: September 2022

I was born in northern Kyushu in 1995 and grew up there with three siblings. I have been living in Vancouver, Canada, since 2014. This autobiographical article is my attempt to examine how my worldview has been shaped, and how I have come to be who I am today, through an emerging sense of Japanese identity. My current learning environment has enabled me to be aware of what have often been styled as the distinct virtues of the Japanese people, which have been passed on to me by way of the embodied memories of their past lives. Yet those are quickly disappearing in contemporary Japanese society, and I have found my role through investigating histories that resurrect those virtues for collective rebirth.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Citizens of the Moldova Working Abroad
Authors: Rusu S.
Published: September 2022

The COVID 19 pandemic and its consequences have changed the lives of migrants around the world. It affected all spheres of people’s life, from the health and education systems to the economy and politics. Migrants who were carrying out work abroad during the outbreak of the pandemic literally became hostages of the situation, many lost their jobs and were forced to return home. However, at home many of them became unexpected guests, so that they hope to be able to return back to where they came from as soon as the borders are opened, and resume their working days in order to continue to provide for their families. In the article, the author examines labour migration from the Republic of Moldova during the COVID 19 pandemic and analyses its impact on citizens who work abroad. It is noted that Moldova is a country where a third of the employable age population is working abroad. In 2019–2020, many migrants had to return to their homeland and adapt to new living conditions, including finding a job at home, with a relatively high unemployment rate in the country. It is emphasized that since the end of 2019, when the pandemic began, despite the “crisis” that has arisen, money transfers have not decreased, but, on the contrary, have broken the maximum record since 2008. In order to identify the impact of the pandemic on migrants, a survey was conducted among Moldovan citizens who work abroad, and they were asked to answer the following questions: where they work; what their education level is; on what grounds they live in the country where they work; how their employment has changed since the start of the pandemic; if they have tried to return to their homeland with the outbreak of the pandemic; if they received financial assistance, and from whom, during the pandemic; how their income has changed during the pandemic; if they made money transfers home during the pandemic, and in what quantity. To sun up, it can be said that, not only the COVID 19 pandemic, but also the poor economic situation in the country led to mass migration from the country and instability among its citizens abroad.
The Evolution of the Phenomenon of Terrorism in Italy
Authors: Arbatova N.
Published: September 2022

European security today faces new challenges that are not directly related to military force. Among them, first of all, is the threat of terrorism, which has both internal and external dimensions. The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of terrorism in the European Union on the example of Italy. The author analyses four types of this threat posed by terrorists according to their political motivation: separatism, left- and right-wing domestic political terrorism, and Islamist terrorism. Italian law distinguishes between the concepts of terrorism, radicalism and subversion. According to the 2015 law, terrorism is defined as conduct that, by its nature or context, may cause serious harm to a country or an international organization. It is aimed at intimidating the population or forcing the State or international organizations to commit or refuse to commit any action. The evolution of the phenomenon of terrorism in Italy is of particular interest because it reflects both general and specific features of the terrorist threat in Europe. From the late 1960s to the 1970s and until the beginning of the 1980s, Italian society had been facing the most brutal manifestations of terrorism. During this period, terrorism evolved from ideological far-right extremism to ultra-left revolutionary extremism, which turns to violence against the State and its servants, calling for a communist transformation of society. By the end of the 1980s, the terrorist threat in Italy had been significantly reduced. The decline in terrorist activity in the 1980s is explained, in addition to the increased effectiveness of the intelligence services and the police, by the decline in political activity in Italy after the upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s. The author draws attention to one of the paradoxes of Islamist terrorism in Italy. Despite the fact that Italy bears the main flow of migration waves that can carry the threat of terrorism to Europe, the country has so far been spared from the large-scale threat of such kind. The example of Italy is also important because today the country’s leadership is the most effective in counterterrorism in comparison with other EU states.
Muslim Organizations in the South of Russia: Competition and External Influence
Authors: Cherevkov O.
Published: September 2022

The article examines the issues of interaction and competition between Muslim religious associations in the South of Russia, including the North Caucasus and Crimea. The author emphasizes the specific features of the region as the most multiethnic in the country. The wide representation of different trends and traditions within Islam in this territory has influenced the process of shaping of the modern religious landscape. In addition, six historical stages of the evolution and competition of Muslim organizations in this region are outlined. The study reveals the factors of the competitive relations that have developed today among the subjects of the Muslim community at the two levels: regional and all-Russian. This study focuses not only on the actual rivalry among religious organizations, but also on the clash of different concepts and approaches, i.e. “purification” of Islam or preservation of its local features, reform or conservation of the cultural and religious complex, cooperation or competition with the state, etc. Apart from that, the study explores the role of foreign organizations in this rivalry processes in the South of Russia.
Protection System for Investment Interests of Chinese Enterprises Abroad
Authors: Qiuyu G.
Published: September 2022

China’s direct overseas investment policy shows a significant shift from the “going global” strategy to the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. The active promotion of the government and the breakthrough initiative of state-owned enterprises became the hallmark of China’s direct investments abroad. The main advantage of direct investments of Chinese companies is the government guidance and service. The Chinese government provides political guidance and certain services to companies that implement their needs for investments abroad, helping them to go out into the outside world and securing their interests abroad. This is where the special advantages of the country come out. This article analyses legal documents, policies and regulations adopted by the Chinese government since 2000 in order to provide the protection for overseas investment of the national state and private enterprises. Only through the combination of the four components of the system, such as the adoption of laws and regulations, the implementation of regulatory policies, the adoption of preventive measures, and the use of crisis response mechanisms, it is possible to ensure the situation when the overseas investment of Chinese companies will continue to grow, and it will be possible to prevent or even avoid the adverse effects of perceived political risks in the country of investment and achieve the goal of ensuring “safe and sustainable” foreign investment. The author formulates political recommendations for the nowadays implementation of the specific advantages of the state in order to fulfill a better protection for the overseas investment interests of Chinese enterprises.
Occupational Stress: A Comparative Study between Rural and Urban Bhatra Tribe in Bastar District
Authors:   Associate Professor & Head, School of Anthropology & Tribal Studies, Bastar University, Jagdalpur: 494001, Dist: Bastar, Chhattisgarh., Kumar Kolay Swapan
Published: September 2022

Maslow (1968) have stated that work does not only fulfill basic needs for security, food or shelter, but also provides a means by which higher level needs, such as need for competence, meaning and social engagement are met while stress is a term that is widely used in everyday life and most people have some idea of its meaning. Thus, work related stress is recognised globally as a major challenge to workers’ health, and the health of an organisation. By above background a hypothesis is developed for the study that work related stress is more prevalent in urban area as compare to rural area in same ethnic group. The main objectives of the study are to determine the scale of perceived stress and its effects at work and to determine difference between urban habitant and rural habitant of Bhatra tribe and also to identify stress management resorts regarding health care and performance efficiency which were related to study of stress at work. A comparative, qualitative in depth interview investigation was carried out in early 2015. The sample was selected in two criteria from urban and rural areas and comparisons were also made between same ethnic groups in different habitat. To justify the data, 4 and 5 point scales are developed to measures and account the prevalent occupational status, stress related symptoms, habit, choice of individual level stress management and expected measures, their implementation rate in working place. For objective, rural village Niyanar and urban impact area Asana, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh were selected.The findings of the study supports that there are significantly differences between the mental and physical health of rural and urban Bhatra tribe by occupational stress. Apart from that majority of the respondents of Bhatra workers from rural and urban areas, manage their stress by traditional folk dance and music because cultural or ethnic identity describes a process and outcome for a person’s sense of ‘who they are’ and ‘how they might be perceived’ by others in their living and working environment.It can be concluded that transition from traditional occupation to trend modern occupation, job insecurity, lack of satisfaction from work creating bad health and mental stress among simple Bhatra tribe.
Opportunity for Natural Selection in Relation to Socioeconomic Factors among the Kom Tribe of Manipur
Authors:   PhD scholar, Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Mawlai, East Khasi Hills,Shillong, Meghalaya, India Pin- 793022., Khamnu Kom Leivon
Published: September 2022

This paper describes the opportunity of natural selection in relation to age at marriage and household income among the Kom tribe of Churachandpur District in Manipur. A total number of 235 of mothers aged 40 years and above were included in the sample for computing the indices of the opportunity for natural selection according to Crow’s formula and its modified version by Johnston and Kensinger. It is found that the total index of opportunity for natural selection is low when compared with other populations. The index of opportunity for natural selection due to differential fertility was greater than that due to differential mortality. It was also found that the total index of opportunity for natural selection was negatively associated with age at marriage and income level of the households. It is suggested that the operation of natural selection in contemporary populations is declining due to cultural development such as changes in socioeconomic conditions and technology, particularly in the fields of medical sciences.
Indigenous Knowledge of Animals, Minerals and Beverages Used as Medicines among the Tangkhul Nagas of Manipur
Authors:   *Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022., Angkang Shimray* Robert , Lungleng* Aaron ,   *Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022.
Published: September 2022

Animal and its products have been an important means to successful adaptation of human throughout its evolutionary journey. Since prehistoric periods, their parts, and their products have been the source of human survival along with plant and its products. It also forms a basis for indigenous medical system and later for bio or modern medical system. Hence, before it vanishes completely from the memory of the people, the urgency to document this vast knowledge arises, as it is fast disappearing. Method: Field survey was conducted on 5 rural villages of this community, and data were obtained from 55 selected informants with the help of interview schedule. The informants include local herbalists, traditional and divine healers, cultivators, midwives, and they were all 50 years and above who were believed to be the only surviving age-group of people who still have the local medical knowledge. Result: 23 animal species and its products were reportedly used in the treatment of several diseases and ailments in the surveyed villages. These animal species belong to the classes of mammals (09), insect (03), avian (03), reptiles, amphibians, oligochaeta, malacostraca, gastropoda and chilopoda. Some of the most commonly treated diseases or ailments are burnt body, fever, mumps, measles, stone case etc. Conclusion: It was found that the use of animal and its products for medicines are no longer prevalent among the majority of the studied population, or for that matter even the knowledge itself is disappearing at a very fast pace from the general population. One may argue that it was the result of the introduction of ‘modern biomedicine’ which in fact has also been responsible on one side, on the other hand, majority of these animals have disappeared while others are continuously endangered due to unregulated and excessive hunting and clearing of their habitats. It is high time for the people including the government to realize the need to conserve animals and their habitats before it became something of the past.
Dimensions of Child Care Practice: the Case of the Deoris of Assam
Authors:   Assistant Professor Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India., Zaman Arifur , Dey Nabanita ,   Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India.
Published: September 2022

Child care is one of the most significant social events that have been in human society since time immemorial. It is the process by which a child gets extreme protection in to the culture of human being. The process starts at the family itself and it is through the mother and other family members that the child gets the protection accordance with the customs and norms of the society. In the tender years the child need extreme care and affection and gradually when it grows up certain measures has to be adopted by the fellow members to make the child adjust with the social environment. Feeding practices, weaning, toilet training, bathing practices, sleeping, etc., are some of the criteria which are of utmost importance in upbringing of the child. In this present endeavour an attempt has been made to delineate about the early measures in relation with child care and upbringing among the Deoris of two homogenous villages of Upper Assam. The empirical data for the present study has been collected at regular interval during the month of January to April, 2017.
Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge of Manure Management in Tree Farming Practice: an Anthropological Investigation of Northeast Upland Khasi of Bangladesh
Authors:   Affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh., Majumder Nur Mohammad
Published: September 2022

Recent scholars and development workers have emphasized on Developing World farmers’ farming materials and ethno-ecological knowledge and its potential for practical use in the fields. The northeast upland Khasi of Bangladesh what kind and extent of knowledge and farming materials are being used to augment of soil-nutrient to grow the tree crop in uphill is not uncovered. The aim of the present study was to explore their manure concept, source of manure and management system with practice in tree crop farming how their farming knowledge was integrated with indigenous knowledge and modern scientific knowledge. In this study the data was obtained using qualitative approach through participant observation and in-depth interviews from the local participants of the study area. Later elicited data were analyzed and categorized to find out their system. The findings illustrated that the global changing trend and social, political, economic factors as well as individual initiative bounded Khasi to be influenced and perceived the modern farming phenomenon and assimilated diverse origin farming inputs and knowledge systems. To explore these issues and the impact of prevalent farming concepts, the study investigated these factors, which revealed the inherent consequence of Khasi farmers’ soil fertilizing knowledge with tree growth. The result of investigation signified that the Khasi soil-fertilizing procedures are integrated, and closer to the modern agroforestry system, which might be used locally, regionally and nationally as farming packages to other areas.
Traditional Knowledge: Watering and Irrigation Practices of Khasi TreeCrop Gardening System in the Northeast Bangladesh
Authors:   Department of Anthropology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh, Mohammad Majumder Nur
Published: September 2022

Indigenous Knowledge base tree crop farming system is prevalent from time immemorial to Khasi community in Bangladesh. This is their main subsistence and earning economy. However, environmental degradation with global warming and the shortage of natural resources has threatened the overall cultivation system. The topsoil of landscape with water bodies and ground water are not adequate for watering in the field. Therefore, it is burning question how Khasi mange and organize tree-crop farming in the field and what types of initiates are taken by them to grow tree crops. To explore these issues a qualitative approach and participant observation method with in-depth interviewing techniques, group discussion and key informant methods were employed to elicit data from the field. The collected data have been analyzed in inductive approach and categorized it from various chunks of information as objectives. The findings showed that traditional knowledge as local knowledge of the Khasi has been modified to the context different topographical structure and texture of soil with hill surrounding natural setting considering the local ecology, environment and biodiversities. The obtained findings uphold some empirical issues of indigenous practices with scientific practice of tree crop cultivation for getting soil moisture, fluid and water, which derives from rotted tree-twigs. While organic wastes and the foliage are not adequate, they use harvested rainwater, shallow-well water and ground water by using diverse ways and techniques. The watering and irrigation practice in the tree-fields are administered by the influence of modern irrigation inputs, including traditional Knowledge.
Devlopment and Social Inequality among the Birhor: A Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of Chhattisgarh, India
Authors:   Associate Professor School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India., Kumar Premi Jitendra , Kumar Arun ,   Professor (Superannuated), School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.
Published: September 2022

The relationship between anthropology and development has been vigorously debated, ever since Malinowski advocates a role for anthropologist as policy advisers to African colonial administrators and Evans-Pritchard urging them instead to do precisely the opposite and distance themselves from the tainted worlds of policy and 'applied' involvement. Objectives of the present article are to investigate various aspects of development and social inequality among the Birhor tribe of the Chhattisgarh and to visualize the prospects of development through the Birhor's perceptions. The information and facts have been collected by using group discussion and non-participant and quasi-participant observation methods. The data, thus collected, was verified through focused group discussion, involving hamlet head, Panch and the randomly selected Birhor natives. Targeted Birhor tribe is miles away from the ‘light’ of ‘Development’. They are devoid of basic amenities, such as food, cloth, house, educaiton, health, engery, communication services, transport facilities and so on. Employment opportunities are almost negligible. They face social exclusion from non-Birhor society (Tribal and Non-tribal) in matters related to food distribution especially during community feasts. Women are further subjected to social exclusion during their menstruation period and delivery episodes. Cultural practices of these types are not congenial for their proper mental development.
Status and Empowerment ofCentral Indian Tribal Women
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Tribal Studies, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887, India., Soni Amit
Published: September 2022

Empowerment is an active and multidimensional process. Empowerment involves awareness; enhancement of ability and involvement in decision making; possession of assets and power and a state of proper execution of rights and responsibilities. Thus, empowerment may be in various fields, such as, social, economic, political, religious, etc. State of empowerment reflects the stage of developmental process in a particular field or overall development. In tribal communities, the role of women is substantial and crucial. Tribal women in India amply contribute in livelihood activities along with performing household chores and family responsibilities. Despite several economic, political and social changes, tribal women are still far behind. This paper assess and reviews the status of empowerment of tribal women in central India through her role and status in social, economic, religious and political spheres along with status of her education, liberty, authority and possess rights.
Cephalic and Facial Indices among Adult Females of Kurseong
Authors:   M.Sc Student, Department of Anthropology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India., Bhattacharjee Debashis , Ratan Ghosh Jyoti ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India.
Published: September 2022

The present cross-sectional study in Kurseong of Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India was conducted among adult Nepali speaking Hindu females, aged 18 to 46 years. The aim of the study was to find out the cephalic and facial index of adult Nepali females. All measurements were taken by using standard techniques. The mean age was 35.56 (SD 8.56) years. It was observed that Mesocephal form was the dominant head type and Mesoprosop was the dominant face type among the studied population.
Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Buying Behavior and Consumers Rights of Rural and Tribal Consumers in India: An Appraisal
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India., Kumar Premi Jitendra
Published: September 2022

Business anthropology has emerged recently as a professional sub-field that joins together several streams of literature related to multiple dimensions of the business enterprise. A consumer is the one who pays something to consume goods and services produced. As such, consumers play a vital role in the economic system of a nation. The aims and objectives to be considered are as follows; to identifying cultural and socio-economic determinants which affect the buying behavior of rural and tribal consumers in the backward and tribal villages of India, to explore the awareness regarding legal provisions of the consumer rights among the rural and tribal consumers in backward and tribal villages of India and to investigate the incidents of violation and exploitation of the consumer rights of the rural and tribal consumers in backward and tribal villages of India. The paramount fact is that, we have the huge scarcity of the research work related to the consumer behavior, in the terms of business anthropological perspectives, especially on the tribal consumer behavior. One of the prime objectives of these kinds of studies is to investigate the impact of demonetization on the rural and tribal production, trade and markets. Apart from these there are no studies on the impact of demonetization on the tribes of India. Above mentioned facts have proved that that there is a big gap in the field of rural and tribal consumer behavior study, especially in the terms of business anthropology. Therefore, there is urgent need to conduct such type of study. The comprehensive analysis of the primary data which will collect from tribal and rural areas; will form a basis for recommendation and policy measures with consideration of the cultural, socio-economical and local particularities. The finding of the study would highlight various dimensions of problems encountered by rural and tribal consumers in terms of violation of their rights and exploitation through chain of disbursement of goods and services.
Cosmology: Through the Prism of Science and Jainism
Authors:   Professor & Head, Department of Nonviolence and Peace, Jain Vishva Bharati Institute (Deemed University) Ladnun, Rajasthan 341306, India., Dhar Anil
Published: September 2022

Matter in Jain philosophy is called Pudgala. Etymologically it means that which is liable to integration and disintegration’. It possesses colour, smell, taste and form, and is perceptible to touch. It can be consumed or destroyed and it may decay or alter its form. It is characterised by five colours (black, green or blue, red, white, yellow), two smells (pleasing and unpleasing), five flavours (pungent, bitter, astringent, sour, sweet), five shapes (circular, globular, triangular, square, oblong) and eight touches (light, heavy, hot, cold, rough, smooth, wet, dry). It is divided into four classes-skandha deśa, pradeśa, and paramāņu, The smallest parts of matter which cannot be further divided are called paramānus or atoms. Two or more such atoms may combine together to form compounds (saμghāta). Our bodies and the objects of nature are such compounds of material atoms. Mind, speech and breath are also products of matter. The masses of matter constituting the world necessarily have to interpenetrate each other, and the units of the one must be touched by those of others. In this process the units of time are included, placed on the same level with the others and considered constant. Contraction and expansion of matter stand for different densities with the same number of its units. We propose to discuss these points more elaborately in the section on atomism.
Glimpses of Re-subjugation of Coolie-Women
Authors:   Jail Superintendent, Baxar Central Jail, Baxar, Bihar, India. Council for Social Development, Hanuman Nagar, Rajendranagar mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500030, India., Bhardwaj Bidhu
Published: September 2022

The aim of this paper is to present the socio-economic reasons that instigated a large section of Indian women to go colonial plantation countries as plantation workers in the 19th century. The paper also discusses the incidences and treatment what they bear with during their journey and after arrival in plantation industries by their male associates and colonial bureaucracy.
An Introduction to Anthropology: Meaning and Scope
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Yoga and Science of Living, Jain Vishav Bharti Institute, Ladnun, Rajasthan 341306, India., Siyag Vinod
Published: September 2022

Anthropology may be considered as a recipe of arts and science in equal proportion. It is an adolescent branch of science that’s why bulk of science community is not properly familiar with this. At present anthropology is the only branch of science, which deals with the man and his work including his physical, cultural and social activities as whole. It is concerned with human species and behavior in all adolescent from emergence to present study with evolutionary phases. Anthropology never concerned with particular person as such but it focus on men in “group”, with races and peoples and their work and emotions. So anthropology may be defined briefly as the “science of group of men”. Anthropology has two main branches Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology. The physical anthropologists study only Homo sapiens out of the wide range of living organisms. By making comparative study on different group of human and his near relatives known as primates, the physical anthropologist classify the man’s position in animal kingdom. Cultural Anthropology deals with learned behavioral characteristics of the past, present and future of human societies. Now, the main fields of studies under Cultural Anthropology are: Prehistoric archaeology, ethnology and ethno-linguistics. The human beings are the ruler of this planet at present due to his wisdom, intellectual ability and communication skills. With the help of anthropological studies that is actually the past and present experience we can able to make proper adaptation and acclimatization with the community, nature and environment that leads to our bright and better future otherwise we will also extinct from the earth as like many other species. To save our long lasting existence development of anthropology at its full swing is mandatory for us.
Maoist Violence in Panchayat Extension Scheduled Areas
Authors:   Associate Professor & Head, Department of School of Anthropology & Tribal Studies, Bastar University, Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh 494001, India., Kumar Kolay Swapan
Published: September 2022

Development concept is linked with the “Psycho-sociological” determinants and moreover, it is intertwined with the peaceful conditions in any country, then only the citizens can enjoy the fruits which out of it. Maoist violence, which has emerged as the biggest internal security challenge since independence, in India subcontinent, the people of the county and Governments experienced many odds and ills due to this structural problem. Many instances reveled in the history that hatred conditions yields poverty and its related problems at the bottom. Maoist violence to develop and grow; evaluate efficacies of different Governmental approaches to handle Maoist violence; and understand the factors influencing public perception of Maoist violence. The Government of India enacted PESA Act for the local governance in Tribal areas, the Panchayats Extension to the Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996 came into force on the 24th December, 1996. Though the PESA is enforced, tribal regions are still in a state of underdevelopment due to various systemic and structural reasons. The reasons are complex, and multi-pronged. It also needs to be pointed out that tribal areas where the Maoism is existed the locations are militarized and under the grip of security forces. The local administration is unable to discharge their duties for the empowerment of the tribal communities. The villages in Maoist dominated areas lost confidence in successive Governments because of the land grabbing and facing livelihood problems, the tribes are struggling between the Maoist and the Government especially by militarization of PESA areas, because of this reason the local governance is blocked and the desirable development is not seen.
Changing Living Pattern Among Baigas of Central India
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Tribal Studies, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887, India., Soni Amit
Published: September 2022

Baigas are followers of one of the very ancient cultural tradition and clam themselves as first human on earth. A significant part of their culture is lost or changed due to impact of migration, acculturation, development and change with time and space. The people who are living near the urban centers and have frequent interactions with the other communities, or their children attending to schools and they have made links with the outsiders, look a bit different from their Baiga brethren living on the hill tops and in remote forest tracts. This paper deals with the culture, life style and cultural change among the Baigs of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh in my area of study.