bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unraveling amyloid formation paths of Parkinson's disease protein α-synuclein triggered by anionic vesicles
Authors: Kiskis Juris , Horvath Istvan , Wittung-Stafshede Pernilla , Rocha Sandra
Published: February 2017

Amyloid formation of the synaptic brain proteinα-synuclein (αS) is related to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease patients.αS is thought to function in vesicle transport and fusion and it binds strongly to negatively charged vesiclesin vitro. Here we combined circular dichroism, fluorescence and imaging methodsin vitroto characterize the interaction ofαS with negatively charged vesicles of DOPS (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine, sodium salt) and DOPG (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol), sodium salt) and the consequences of such interactions onαS amyloid formation. We found that lipid head-group chemistry modulatesαS interactions and also affects amyloid fiber formation. During the course of the experiments, we made the unexpected discovery that pre-formedαS oligomers, typically present in a small amount in theαS starting material, acted as templates for linear growth of anomalous amyloid fibers in the presence of vesicles. At the same time, the remainingαS monomers were restricted from vesicle-mediated nucleation of amyloid fibers. Although not a dominant process in bulk experiments, this hiddenαS aggregation pathway may be of importancein vivo.
Clothes and Identity: The Case of the Greeks in Ionia c. 400 BC
Authors: Miller Margaret
Published: February 2017

The capacity of the individual to maintain several identities concurrently is well established, as is the ability of dress to reflect (passively) or to announce (actively) the social identities of its bearer. Within a multi-national structure such as the Achaemenid Persian Empire the semiosis of dress is especially complex. Since dress functions as a form of non-verbal communication, study of the language of dress of past cultures must appeal to the widest possible range of literary and visual sources.

Analysis of the visual arts within the Persian sphere shows careful attention to vestimental definition of the Iranian ‘dominant ethno-class’ and its separation from the dress of the subject peoples in the western empire. Artistic and literary evidence for the Greek and West Anatolian experience of the Persian Empire testifies to the extent of the Persian presence in the west. It also shows the cultural flexibility of the local populations, who might occasionally emulate the Persian model by adopting Persian dress while retaining the traits of their traditional cultures.
Insulting Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi
Authors: Beness J. Lea , Hillard Tom
Published: February 2017

Plutarch records calumny directed at Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, though he offers no detail as to its content. This article speculates that Cicero's reference to rhetorical misgivings concerning her marriage offers a clue. References by Pliny and Solinus to the ominous nature of Cornelia's postnatal condition prompt the further speculation that enemies of the Gracchi were able to claim that both her marriage and the birth of her children had run counter to divine injunction.
The Euphrates as a Boundary between Rome and Parthia in the Late Republic and Early Empire
Authors: Edwell Peter
Published: February 2017

It is generally agreed that during the first century BC the Euphrates River came to represent a negotiated boundary of Roman and Parthian power in the Near East, and that this remained the case until the overthrow of the Parthians by the Sassanians in the third century AD. It was during the first century BC that the term imperium began to be used in the context of expressions of corporate Roman power; this eventually saw an additional important usage of the term evolve to that of an expression of physical territory, that is, empire, by the end of the reign of Augustus. This paper argues that it is possible to link the development of the Euphrates as a boundary of Roman and Parthian power in the first century BC with developments and changes in the usage of the term imperium. It traces the history of Roman and Parthian agreements and conflicts throughout the first century BC in the context of the development of the Euphrates as a boundary. The paper also argues that only the upper section of the Euphrates came to play this role and that previous analyses of the middle Euphrates have produced a misleading understanding of Roman and Parthian activity on this section of the river. The analysis of archaeological evidence from the first centuries BC and AD from the middle Euphrates site of Dura Europos is employed to illuminate the analysis of the Euphrates as a boundary. We arrive at a better understanding of Dura's history during this period if we considert Dura in the broader context of the Euphrates’ role in dividing Roman and Parthian power.
The InternationalAmicitiabetween Athens and Rome
Authors: Burton Paul J.
Published: February 2017

There is no agreement on when internationalamicitiabetween Rome and Athens was first established. This article proposes that the most likely date for it belongs in the context of the later stages of the First Macedonian War (215-205) – specifically, during the mediation attempts of 209 or 208 – rather than the other commonly canvassed candidates, 228,205 and 201-200.
Sincere Humans and Insincere Beasts: Cicero’s Politics of Humanity
Authors: Maric Lazar
Published: February 2017

This article analyses the ‘politics of humanity’ in Cicero’s philosophical and rhetorical works, the practice of projecting and shifting the moral and political boundary that separates the ‘human’ from the ‘inhuman’, the ‘inept at being human’, and the ‘undeserving of being human’. This practice has many affinities with the relatively modern phenomenon of ‘dehumanisation’. In the first part, the emphasis is on Cicero’s humanism, in particular his ideas on human nature as they appear inDe Officiis. Here I also show the impact of this practice on Roman ideas of self-fashioning, ‘sincerity’ and social performance. In the second part, I observe the way in which Cicero’s political and legal theory fits within this ideological project. I further argue that Cicero’s humanism provided a conceptual background to the rhetorical dehumanisation of his political enemies, that is, to the claims in his invective that these men could no longer be considered as proper human beings. My final suggestion is that the goal of this practice, at least some of the time, was to make a case for excluding these individuals from the state’s legal system and thus depriving them of its protections.
Data Reception Analysis of the AIS on board the TianTuo-3 Satellite
Authors: Li Shiyou , Chen Xiaoqian , Chen Lihu , Zhao Yong , Sheng Tao , Bai Yuzhu
Published: February 2017

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) receiver on board the main satellite of the TianTuo-3 constellation, LvLiang-1, is a new generation of AIS receiver. Having partly solved the signal conflict problems and with larger coverage over the ground, the AIS receiver on board TianTuo-3 greatly improves the signal detection ability. The data received by the AIS receiver during the TianTuo-3 debugging stage is employed for detailed analysis in this paper. Results include: TianTuo-3 implements four-frequency detection at the same time, and a time-flag is inserted into the received AIS data, a small portion of Class A vessels (at least 1480) have been equipped with AIS sending the long range AIS broadcast message with two new frequency channels and the hourly averaged count of the message received by TianTuo-3’s AIS is between 1500 ~ 2500. This AIS receiver is capable of real-time tracking a single vessel. In conclusion, the TianTuo-3 space-based AIS receiver is capable of continuously receiving AIS messages sent by global maritime vessels.
Blind Justice: The United States's Failure to Curb the Illegal Slave Trade
Authors: Sparks Randy J.
Published: February 2017

On March 2, 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed a bill outlawing the African slave trade. Opponents of the traffic rejoiced that the bill was passed at almost the same time as a similar anti-slave-trade bill in Britain. As one Philadelphia newspaper put it, “Thus, will terminate, on the same day, in two countries of the civilized world, a traffic which has hitherto stained the history of all countries who made it a practice to deal in the barter of human flesh.” Efforts to end the African slave trade in the British colonies of North America dated back to the 1760s, proceeded in fits and starts, and resulted from a wide range of motives. In contrast to Great Britain, the United States 1807 bill was not the result of a long, hard-won, popular abolition campaign. However, despite a series of laws intended to curb the trade, eventually making the United States laws the world's toughest, smugglers continued to bring enslaved Africans into the South after 1808, and, more significantly, American vessels played a crucial role in the massive illegal slave trade to Cuba and Brazil during the nineteenth century. The impact on the United States economy was not inconsequential, but even more important was the trade's impact on the Atlantic economy, fueling the rapid economic growth of Cuba and Brazil in the decades that followed.
On Optimal Simulations of Econometric Models
Authors: Rouzier Philippe
Published: February 2017

In a recent note [Rouzier (1973, a)] we indicated a method for correcting certain parameters of an econometric model in order to minimize a weighted sum of mean square errors for the endogenous variables. A crude justification of this method was that, since the equations are generally estimated separately, there is no obvious reason why the complete model should lead to consistent solutions. Indeed, when a model is being constructed, there are implicit interactions whose effects are not revealed until numerical simulations are performed.

The final run of a model differs a lot from the first one because the builder adds subjective informations to the results of the estimation. But when changing a coefficient, or when opting for another specification, he is probably paying a price in terms of the economic meaning of certain trade-offs. This is a rather vague statement, but we think that this study is able to contribute to a more complete understanding of the mechanisms of our models.

In this paper, we intend to show that the above mentioned method can in fact be used not only to improve the performances, but also as a tool to analyze the trade-offs of a model.
Les salaires, les prix et l’index
Authors: Kervyn de Lettenhove Albert , Staes Véronique
Published: February 2017

Le débat en cours sur la liaison des salaires à l’index se déroule dans une certaine confusion de concepts et d’arguments. Aussi le premier but de cet article sera de clarifier les concepts (et les faits indiscutables) : ce sera l’objet de la première partie. On y présentera une hypothèse sur la formation des prix pour pouvoir examiner les relations entre prix, salaires et index. Une seconde partie, empirique, analysera les données belges à la lumière des concepts présentés au début. On y étudiera principalement l’évolution des parts distributives.

Il est peut-être utile de préciser dès l’abord que la partie théorique cherchera à montrer que la liaison des salaires à l’index ne peut être rendue responsable d’une détérioration de la position compétitive. En d’autres mots, dans la mesure où il y a détérioration de celle-ci, elle provient d’augmentations rapides des salaires réels (au-delà de l’index); le problème discuté se limite à ce point précis. Le modèle utilisé tient compte, bien entendu, des influences réciproques des prix et des salaires et conclut que ces interrelations peuvent provoquer une période de stagflation même sans invoquer la liaison des salaires à l’index. Par ailleurs, il n’est pas tenu compte des attentes et, par conséquent, sont négligées les influences, positives ou négatives, de l’indexation sur l’évolution des salaires réels.
Some Aggregation Problems in the Estimation of Partial Adjustment Models of the Demand for Money
Authors: Thomas J.J.
Published: February 2017

Among the different models which have been put forward to explain the demand for money one which has been widely used is the partial (or stock) adjustment model. This model defines the level of desired money holdings, at timet, Mt* as
Professor Schroeder’s Report on Soviet Economic Development Trade with Eastern Europe: A Comment
Authors: Praussello F.
Published: February 2017

In my comment paper on Professor Schroeder’s report (1974) I shall discuss two points. First of all I intend to examine whether the benefits that the Soviet Union gained and is gaining from its trade with the Comecon countries can be meant as due to «exploitation » or a « discrimination » against them. The second topic on which Professor Schroeder’s paper (1974) mainly caught my attention is that of Comecon integration. In the last part of my paper I shall therefore attempt an evaluation of the integration efforts within the Comecon compared with the parallel efforts made in Western Europe in the framework of the EEC.

In the economics relationships between the Soviet Union and the Comecon countries Professor Schroeder (1974) distinguishes two main periods and argues that until 1956 the Soviet Union benefited from a net capital transfert from Eastern Europe, whose size however cannet be specified. This «unequal partnership » was made possible by the political dominance of the Soviet Union and its means were war reparations, unrequited export deliveries to Eastern Europe and discriminatory pricing in trade. Professor Schroeder (1974) seems therefore to support the opinion that during the first main period in the Comecon’s life. the Soviet Union, in a sense, « exploited » and « discriminated » its socialist partners in Eastern Europe.
Quantitative economic history in Europe since the second world war : survey, evaluation and prospects
Authors: van der Wee Herman , Klep Paul M.M.
Published: February 2017

It is not an easy task to present a concise, clear, and complete review of European research in the field of quantitative economic history. Indeed, several dficulties arise when one starts to critically review the long tradition of European historiography and its vast literature. First, it is difficult to precisely define what is meant by the concept of quantitative economic history. Second, the time period which is to be reviewed, must be carefully delineated. Indeed, if a very general interpretation is given to the above mentioned concept and a long period of historical research is studied, then the literature fitting such criteria is vast and can hardly be reviewed within the strict scheme of a meaningful synthesis. If, on the contrary, a rather narrow interpretation is used, then the review will only contain a brief list of the very few cliometric studies which were undertaken in Europe. Consequently, it is vitally important to adequately limit the scope of this paper so that the relevant quantitative and economic aspects of European historical research clearly emerge.
The Equity Market and U.K. Railway Investment 1831-1850
Authors: Anderson B.L. , Wynn R.F.
Published: February 2017

If I may be allowed to appropriate the term speculation for the activity of forecasting the psychology of the market, and the term enterprise for the activity of forecasting the prospective yield of assets over their whole life, it is by no means always the case that speculation predominates over enterprise.

The interaction between investment activity and the capital market that has aroused so much discussion in the theoretical literature has also been the subject of considerable attention in historical studies, though in the case of the latter, often without benefit of firm quantitative evidence. One important exception has been the fruitful results of efforts to compile data for British railway investment expenditures and capitalisation, in the nineteenth century. In particular, the work of Mitchell (1964) and Kenwood (1965) has yielded more or less complete and reliable figures of capital expenditure for the periods 1831–1912 (U.K.) and 1825–1875 (Great Britain) respectively. More recently Hawke and Reed (1969) have provided separate series for share and loan capital raised over the period 1825–1912. Subsequently, Mitchell has also produced separate figures for gross and net investment in both current and constant price terms, though the net investment and constant price series are so far only available in published form for the period 1870–1912. Additional data include Gayer, Rostow and Schwartz’s ( 1953)
On the small discrepancies between the official and the free rate in the BLEU's dual exchange rate system
Authors: Boll F.
Published: February 2017

Up till about 1969 little consideration was given to the BLEU's two-tier system. This situation has meanwhile changed. Since 1971, when disruptive short-term capital movements repeatedly upset the foreign exchange markets, domestic and foreign economists, both official and nonofficial ones, increasingly started investigating two-tier systems in general, and the implications of the BLEU arrangements in particular, as the ones with the longest lifetime.

While lots of good work has already been performed on the latter issue, it could nonetheless be shown that in much of it there has not been sufficiently invested in scrutinizing the official regulations themselves - with main reliance on secondary sources instead - before rationalizing their economic implications and/or building econometric models. This most often resulted in the neglect of some of the system's characteristics, which crucially add to our global understanding of the behaviour of the free exchange rate
Analyse de la sensibilité des estimations de l’indice budgétaire
Authors: de Wulf Luc
Published: February 2017

On a vu se multiplier, ces dernières années les études sur l’incidence de la politique budgétaire dans les pays en voie de développement. Faut-il y voir une expression de plus d’une préoccupation assez nouvelle, celle d’orienter la politique de développement vers une répartition plus équitable du revenu, alors que, jusque tout récemment, cette politique visait avant tout à stimuler la croissance économique. Nous avons examiné ailleurs de facon critique la méthodologie sous-jacente à ces études et la valeur des renseignements fournis par les estimations qu’elles contiennent (3, 4). Nous avons fait remarquer que la théorie de l’incidence budgétaire n’est pas encore suffisamment développée pour imposer aux chercheurs une méthodologie bien établie en matière d’hypothèses de répercussions ; de ce fait, les études dont on dispose s’appuient sur des données de base et des hypothèses de répercussion très hétérogènes. Il convient done d’analyser ces études avec une extrême prudence, car elles sont le fruit de combinaisons particulières d’hypothèses de rapport.
Fusions de communes et redistribution du revenu : quelques aspects du problème
Authors: Jurion B.J.
Published: February 2017

Au terme d’une loi que vient de voter le Parlement, un nombre appréciable de communes seront rayées définitivement de la carte de Belgique le ler janvier 1977, fusionnées qu’elles seront alors avec une ou plusieurs communes voisines. I1 faut remarquer, à ce propos, qu’au recensement de 1970, on comptait dans le pays, sur 2379 communes, 479 communes de moins de 500 habitants et 952 communes de moins de 1.000 habitants. Pour prendre deux exemples particulièrement frappants de la manière dont le territoire est fragmenté en un nombre important de petites communes très peu peuplées, intéressons-nous, un instant, au cas des provinces de Namur et du Luxembourg. Dans la première, sur 345 communes, 259 ont moins de 1.000 habitants, tandis que sur les 229 que compte la seconde, on en relève 174 de moins de 1.000 habitants. Souvent, pour justifier le processus de fusion, on a mis en évidence les économies d’échelle qu’il serait possible de réaliser.
The Rules of Derived Demand when the Firm is a Monopolist
Authors: Latham R.W. , Peel D.A.
Published: February 2017

In a recent paper Andrieu [l] derived the rules of derived demand for a factor in a perfectly competitive industry when the industry’s production function was homogeneous but not necessarily of degree one. In order to achieve compatibility with competitive behaviour economies of scale were assumed to be external to each firm but internal to the industry. Within this framework he showed that Marshall’s third rule concerning relative shares was modified and, further, proposed a ‘ fifth law ’ with respect to the returns to scale parameter :

‘ Other things being equal, an increase in the returns to scale will make the derived demand for a factor more (less) elastic if the demand for output is elastic (inelastic).

The purpose of this note is to examine a model which is the polar opposite to that considered by Andrieu. Here the firm is assumed to be the industry i.e. a monopolist. Non-constant returns to scale are introduced by assuming that the production function is homogeneous of an arbitrary degree. The analysis is not completely general since both the price elasticity of demand and the elasticity of supply of the second factor are assumed to be constant. However within this model it is shown that not only are Marshall’s second and third laws modified but also Andrieu’s fifth law.
Global Warming Responses at the Primary Secondary Interface 1. Students' Beliefs and Willingness to Act
Authors: Skamp Keith , Boyes Eddie , Stannistreet Martin
Published: February 2017

Using survey methodology, students' beliefs, and willingness to act, about 16 specific actions related to global warming are compared across the primary secondary interface. More primary students believed in the effectiveness of most actions to reduce global warming and were willing to take those actions. In general there was a disparity between students' beliefs and their actions and explanations are proffered for these differences. Characteristics that distinguish primary from secondary schooling are proposed for the variations across the interface and these have implications for practice.
Local Communities and Schools Tackling Sustainability and Climate Change
Authors: Flowers Rick , Chodkiewicz Andrew
Published: February 2017

Local communities and their schools remain key sites for actions tackling issues of sustainability and climate change. A government-funded environmental education initiative, the Australian Sustainable Schools Initiative (AuSSI), working together with state based Sustainable Schools Programs (SSP), has the ability to support the development of more effective community and school relationships. We are interested in the possibilities of enabling more authentic and transformative learning experiences in community and school relationships, by developing a more analytical approach to communities and schools working together. Drawing on Uzzell's (1999) framework and a number of recent empirical studies we describe how communities and schools in one Australian State, New South Wales, have been working together for environmental sustainability. We point to how the links between local communities and schools continue to be under-utilised, and suggest ways that these important relationships can be strengthened and extended.
Call for Research – The Consuming Child-in-Context in Unhealthy and Unsustainable Times
Authors: Skouteris Helen , Do Michael , Rutherford Leonie , Cutter-Mackenzie Amy , Edwards Susan
Published: February 2017

Childhood obesity is a highly complex issue with serious health and environmental implications. It has been postulated that young children (preschool-aged in particular) are able to internalise positive environmental beliefs. Applying a socioecological theoretical perspective, in this discussion paper we argue that although children may internalise such beliefs, they commonly behave in ways that contradict these beliefs as demonstrated by their consumer choices. The media directly influences these consumer choices and growing evidence suggests that media exposure (particularly commercial television viewing) may be a significant “player” in the prediction of childhood obesity. However, there is still debate as to whether childhood obesity is caused by digital media use per se or whether other factors mediate this relationship. Growing evidence suggests that researchers should examine whether different types of content have conflicting influences on a child's consumer choices and, by extension, obesity. The extent to which young children connect their consumer choices and the sustainability of the produces they consume with their overall health and wellbeing has not previously been researched. To these ends, we call for further research on this socioecological phenomenon among young children, particularly with respect to the influence of digital media use on a child's consumer behaviours.
Empowering Students to Act: Learning About, Through and From the Nature of Action
Authors: Birdsall Sally
Published: February 2017

Empowering students to act in an environmentally responsible manner is being increasingly touted as a central goal of formal environmental education. Acting in a responsible manner requires the development of environmental knowledge as well as positive attitudes and values towards the environment along with other attributes. While some guidance about how to plan and teach environmental education is available in curriculum and policy documents, teachers are often either unfamiliar with such documents and/or unaware of the theories and pedagogy of environmental education (Cutter-Mackenzie & Smith, 2003; Eames, Cowie, & Bolstad, 2008). This paper offers a definition of environmentally responsible behaviour and identifies the role that knowledge could play when environmentally responsible action is taken by students that could be useful for teachers.

Three different lenses are used to examine the knowledge developed by 11-12 year old students and their subsequent actions during engagement in an environmental education programme (n=22). The lenses consist of a cluster of types of knowledge developed by Jensen (2002), a framework for analysing understandings of sustainability and the type of actions taken (Jensen & Schnack, 1997; Kollmuss & Agyeman, 2002).

The results suggest that these students developed different types of knowledge that informed the actions taken and that their actions can be categorised as action competence. It is also suggested that these types of knowledge need to be taught explicitly. A three part model is then proposed that could assist students to learn about the nature of action, enabling them to work towards potential solutions for complex environmental issues.
Quantifying Desert Prior to the Rightful Condition: Towards a Theoretical Understanding of the Provocation Defence
Authors: Da Silva Michael
Published: February 2017

The provocation defence, which militates against full legal responsibility for unjustified killings in several common law jurisdictions, has been the subject of considerable controversy during recent decades. Much of the criticism focused on substantive legal issues. This article examines the philosophical bases for the defence in hopes of establishing a theoretical groundwork for future debate on the legal defence. The defence originated on desert bases and continues to be understood on those grounds. This article thus examines it in light of two dominant desert-based theories of punishment originating with Aristotle and Immanuel Kant respectively.

Ultimately, the best theory of punishment and the best theory of defence are provided by different approaches. The more plausible and robust Kantian theory of punishment can nonetheless be supplemented by the Aristotelean theory of defence as a continent sociological morality to create a more nuanced account of defence that better explains both excuses in general and the provocation defence in particular. From a substantive legal perspective, this position justifies continued use of the provocation defence in our imperfect legal order, but the partial excuse of provocation will not exist in the ideal legal order. An ideal political order will sufficiently control its citizens’ emotions such that the defence cannot be justified. A partial excuse of provocation is only necessary in the interim.
Rationalizing Risks to Cultural Loss in Resource Development
Authors: Graben Sari
Published: February 2017

I argue in this article for the use of a dialogical approach to cost-benefit analysis, which is identified here as a process that rationalizes cross-cultural judging. Weighing in on the Kahan-Sunstein debate about the effect of culture on risk perception, I use economic valuations of Indigenous sacred sites to demonstrate how cost-benefit analysis can misrepresent loss. I identify the way cost-benefit analysis operationalizes preferences that have little relevance for perceptions of substitutability, property, or harm related to sacred sites held by some Indigenous peoples. In doing so, I problematize the use of cost-benefit analysis as a method for ascertaining loss and contextualize risk in the social context in which it is perceived. In order to further procedural justice, I recommend valuation of loss that allows for epistemological disparities in determining rationality. This dialogical approach expects to maximize the accuracy of cost benefit analysis so as to create greater accountability for loss valuation and destabilize formulations of culturally determined preferences as bounded but corrected by expert knowledge.
The Problem of Disagreement in Legal Ethics Theory
Authors: Woolley Alice
Published: February 2017

Legal ethics theories give competing and exclusive accounts of the ethical foundations of the lawyer’s role. They disagree about the relationship between morality and law, about the content of the lawyer’s central ethical duties and about how specific ethical problems should be resolved. Each theoretical account asserts that the others are mistaken in some fundamental way. Yet all legal ethics theories are theories of action; legal ethics theorists do not seek merely to enlighten, they also seek to influence how lawyers and the legal profession respond to ethical issues. This creates a problem of disagreement: the problem created by the divergent but exclusive claims made by different ethical theories at the point when those theories are to be translated into action. This paper considers how, given the problem of disagreement, legal ethics theories can have any impact on individual ethical decision-making or public policy. Specifically, it considers how theories can have any impact given a) that they fundamentally disagree; and b) what experimental psychology tells us about how people make ethical decisions in fact, and the nature of lawyer regulation.
Defective, But Still Law: A Critique of Mark Murphy’s Weak Natural Law Jurisprudence
Authors: Callaghan Geoffrey
Published: February 2017

In a number of places, Mark Murphy has defended what he calls a ‘weak version’ of the natural law thesis. His claim is that, “law not backed by decisive reasons for action is still law, but defective precisely as law”. In this paper, I attempt to provide an answer on behalf of Murphy to the question: when law is defective, what is it about law that continues to make it ‘law’ despite its being defective? Three separate, but related, strategies are examined; all three – for separate, but related, reasons – are shown to fail. The conclusion drawn is that if Murphy is unable to provide a sufficient answer to the central question of the paper, the viability of his weak natural law theory is thrown into serious question.
The Scattergun and the Owl: Brian Simpson on Herbert Hart
Authors: Mullender Richard
Published: February 2017

While recognizing that H.L.A. Hart’s The Concept of Law has exerted a powerful and continuing influence on general jurisprudence, Brian Simpson finds it wanting. Simpson argues that Hart’s determination to make broad generalizations about the nature of a legal system deflected him from the important task of attending to the particularities of actually-existing law. Moreover, he identifies Hart as a ‘hedgehog’ in Isaiah Berlin’s sense: a thinker whose work gives expression to a ‘single central vision’ (in Hart’s case, law as a system of rules). This critique of Hart leads Simpson to argue for an approach to legal philosophy that is more attentive to the details of existing legal systems. But Simpson fails to present his readers with the theoretical approach for which he argues. This essay seeks to make good this deficiency in his response to The Concept of Law. To this end, it uses the writings of two philosophers on whom Simpson draws (Berlin and Michael Oakeshott) with the aim of enriching Hart’s contribution to general jurisprudence. Moreover, it finds in this Hart-Oakeshott-Berlin-based interdisciplinary theory (HOBBIT) a basis on which to throw much light on Britain as a distinctive form of politico-legal life.
Equality, Assurance and Criminalization
Authors: Chiao Vincent
Published: February 2017

The criminal law has at least two goals: to provide a degree of protection to a variety of individual and collective interests, and to communicate to those to whom it applies that those interests are protected. The question I consider is whether the criminal law should be used to advance the second goal independently of its use in advancing the first. Drawing on what I refer to as non-comparative egalitarianism, I argue that it should not. After developing a general argument for this claim, I turn to considering its implications for the criminalization of hate speech, focusing specifically on a line of argument found both in the Supreme Court of Canada’s s.2 jurisprudence as well as Jeremy Waldron’s recent book,The Harm in Hate Speech. I also briefly consider a structurally similar, but broader argument – recently defended by Alon Harel – which suggests that there is a constitutional duty to criminalize conduct that would, if engaged in, interfere with a person’s dominion over how her life goes, regardless of whether criminalization would or would not drive down the actual incidence of the targeted conduct. I claim that egalitarians should not recognize any such duty.
The Binding Force of Nascent Norms of International Law
Authors: Reeves Anthony R.
Published: February 2017

Demonstrating that a developing norm is not yet well established in international law is frequently thought to show that states are not bound by the norm as law. More precisely, showing that a purported international legal norm has only limited support from well-established international legal sources is normally seen as sufficient to rebut an obligation on the part of subjects to comply with the norm in virtue of its legal status. I contend that this view is mistaken. Nascent norms of international law (e.g., crystallizing norms of customary law) can be binding in much the same way as better-established doctrine. This point becomes perspicuous, I argue, once we get a clear sense of the plausible options for grounding the moral authority of international law generally.

This result is interesting in its own right, but it also reveals two other features of the character of state responsibility under international law. First, the distinction between legislation and compliance is less pronounced compared to domestic law. Consequently, the virtues of good governance will frequently be pertinent to determining the content of states’ obligations under international law. Second, normally more powerful and influential agents will be more strongly bound by international law than other subjects. This is an attractive result, addressing a concern that motivates many international lawyers to view international law as absolutely binding. An absolutist view international legal authority is unnecessary for showing that the most powerful and dangerous states are strongly bound by the terms of much existing law.
Is there a Naturalistic Alternative? Realism, Replacement, and the Theory of Adjudication
Authors: Adams Thomas
Published: February 2017

This essay considers Brian Leiter’s arguments for ‘replacement naturalism’ in the domain of adjudication, his thesis being that we should reject as plausible the ‘normative theory of adjudication’ and replace it witha posterioritheory which best explains the causes of judicial decisions. My central claim is that his ‘naturalizing’ argument is incomplete in the following way: it is against a bad kind of philosophical theory and leaves scope for a better, non-naturalistic, account. Both Leiter’s original arguments for the position and his more recent suggestions in response to critics are considered.
Law, Shared Activities, and Obligation
Authors: Bertea Stefano
Published: February 2017

This paper offers a critical assessment of the way the influential “conception of law as a shared activity” explains the normative component of law in general and legal obligation in particular. I argue that the conception provides a bipartite account of legal obligation: we have full-blooded legal obligation, carrying genuine practical force, and legal obligation in a perspectival sense, the purpose of which is not to engage with us in practical reasoning, but simply to state what we ought to do if we should take the perspective of individuals subject to the jurisdiction of the legal system. This structural feature makes the whole account disjointed, giving it a lack of unity from which stem what I take to be its three main problems, namely, its limited scope, its failure to recognize the moral features of obligation when made to arise out of law as a shared activity, and its failure to illustrate the sense in which law is widely recognized to be a practical institution.
The Structure of the Conflict between Authority and Autonomy
Authors: Iosa Juan
Published: February 2017

I propose a set of distinctions that demarcate the structure that I consider suitable for the study and determination of the true value of the thesis of conceptual incompatibility between authority and autonomy. I begin with an analysis of the standard conception of authority, i.e., correlativism. I distinguish two versions: the epistemic and the voluntarist. Then I offer an analysis of two conceptions of moral autonomy: self-legislation and self-judgment. I conclude by remarking that we should distinguish two different versions of the conceptual incompatibility thesis: a) the conflict is unsolvable because moral autonomy requires that we always be the authors of the norms we have to obey, while the authority claims that its will is a source of such standards; and b) the conflict is unsolvable because moral autonomy requires that we always judge for ourselves what categorical reasons should guide our action and that we act accordingly. Authority, on the contrary intends that we rest on its judgment and give up acting on our own.
Remembering the West End: social science, mental health and the American urban environment, 1939–1968
Authors: RAMSDEN EDMUND , SMITH MATTHEW
Published: February 2017

Analysing the urban renewal of Boston's West End during the 1950s, we examine how psychiatrists, social scientists and urban planners understood the relationship between the urban environment and mental health. For psychiatrist Erich Lindemann, the West End offered a unique opportunity to study how acute stress and loss affected populations, thus contributing to social psychiatry, which sought to prevent mental illness by addressing factors in the social and physical environment. While Lindemann's project provided a sophisticated response to the often simplistic arguments about the cities and mental health, it also highlighted the challenges of applying social psychiatric theory in practice.
Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis activity, spermatogenesis, and sperm function promote infertility in males with lead poisoning
Authors: Gandhi Jason , Hernandez Rafael J. , Chen Andrew , Smith Noel L. , Sheynkin Yefim R. , Joshi Gargi , Khan Sardar Ali
Published: February 2017

Lead poisoning is a stealthy threat to human physiological systems as chronic exposure can remain asymptomatic for long periods of time before symptoms manifest. We presently review the biophysical mechanisms of lead poisoning that contribute to male infertility. Environmental and occupational exposure of lead may adversely affect the hypothalamic−pituitary−testicular axis, impairing the induction of spermatogenesis. Dysfunction at the reproductive axis, namely testosterone suppression, is most susceptible and irreversible during pubertal development. Lead poisoning also appears to directly impair the process of spermatogenesis itself as well as sperm function. Spermatogenesis issues may manifest as low sperm count and stem from reproductive axis dysfunction or testicular degeneration. Generation of excessive reactive oxygen species due to lead-associated oxidative stress can potentially affect sperm viability, motility, DNA fragmentation, membrane lipid peroxidation, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and chemotaxis for sperm-oocyte fusion, all of which can contribute to deter fertilization. Reproductive toxicity has been tested through cross-sectional analysis studies in humans as well asin vivoandin vitrostudies in animals.
Evidence‐Based Practice in the Classroom: Evaluating a Procedure for Reducing Perseverative Requesting in an Adolescent with Autism and Severe Intellectual Disability
Authors: Sigafoos Jeff , Ganz Jennifer , O’Reilly Mark , Lancioni Giulio
Published: February 2017

Management of inappropriate behaviour is a major priority in special education. Evidence‐based practice dictates that interventions to reduce inappropriate behaviour should be evaluated at the individual level to demonstrate their efficacy in the classroom. This study illustrates the evaluation of an evidence‐based procedure (response interruption) for reducing perseverative requesting in an adolescent boy with autism and severe intellectual disability. The boy used a speech‐generating device to request snacks during baseline and response interruption conditions. During both conditions, the boy had to wait 30 seconds while the snack was being prepared. Requests that occurred during this wait interval were defined as perseverative. Intervention involved blocking perseverative requests and prompting the child to wait. An ABAB design was used to evaluate the effects of the response interruption procedure. The results demonstrated that response interruption effectively reduced perseverative requesting, while maintaining appropriate requesting at other times. The study illustrates how special educators might evaluate evidence‐based practice in the classroom.
Social Justice Principles, the Law and Research, as Bases for Inclusion
Authors: Foreman Phil , Arthur‐Kelly Michael
Published: February 2017

Educational policies for students with a disability in Australia, the USA, the UK and in most western countries stipulate that inclusive placement should be an option available to parents. This article examines three principal drivers of inclusion: social justice principles, legislation, and research findings, and considers the extent to which each of these has impacted on inclusive policy and practice. The article considers the research base for inclusion, and examines the extent to which the policy and practice of inclusion is supported by evidence. It concludes with some suggestions for a research agenda that focuses on the particular contextual challenges and complexities faced in Australasian school settings, whilst recognising international directions in the identification of evidence‐based practices.
Roadblocks to Scientific Thinking in Educational Decision Making
Authors: Yates Gregory C. R.
Published: February 2017

Principles of scientific data accumulation and evidence‐based practices are vehicles of professional enhancement. In this article, the author argues that a scientific knowledge base exists descriptive of the relationship between teachers’ activities and student learning. This database appears barely recognised however, for reasons including (a) the scientific tradition may not be seen as an appropriate basis for humanistic decision making; (b) personal observations can override impersonal statistics; (c) alternative frames, such as postmodernism, may contribute towards an anti‐science stance; (d) qualitative research may be viewed as representing a sampled universe; (e) educational theorising thrives upon dichotomisations which cannot be mapped against objectively‐secured data; and (f) individuals are relatively unable to undertake the mental processes demanded of theory change. The author also discusses the distinction between scientific reasoning and everyday cognition, as illustrated by research findings into cognitive biases and heuristics.
Pearson and Pedagogy: Countering Co-Dependency
Authors: Fielder John
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Noel Pearson and Marcia Langton have both used the terms
“co-dependency” and “rescuing” as part of their challenge
to the rights-based focus informing Indigenous policies in
Australia since the 1960s. Their premise is that the
liberal/Left welfare-based agenda, for decades, has largely
overlooked Indigenous responsibility. At the same time,
they recognise that policy frameworks strongly influence
agency and individual responsibility. I examine the
implications of this argument within the tertiary education
environment, using systems theory to foreground the
complexity of individual change within well-established
social patterns. This paper reflects on how my thinking and
pedagogy have generally been based on a “moral vanity”
that, at times, has sanctioned shallow and passive learning
experiences that have failed to challenge student
achievement.
Language Negotiations Indigenous Students Navigate when Learning Science
Authors: Chigeza Philemon
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper reports on implications of a research study
with a group of 44 Indigenous middle school students
learning the science concepts of energy and force. We found
the concepts of energy and force need to be taught in
English as we failed to find common comparable abstract
concepts in the students' diverse Indigenous languages.
Three categories of describing the concepts were
identified: nine students who used scientific genre to
explain and demonstrate the concepts (20%); 15 students who
used limited scientific genre to explain and demonstrate
the concepts in terms of direct action (35%); and 20
students who did not use scientific genre to either
describe or display by direct action their knowledge of the
concepts (45%).
Indigenous students learning school science navigate
language negotiations before negotiating the language
challenges in science learning. School science achievement
is measured using Standard Australian English concept
descriptors. These assessment instruments are designed to
measure the student's negotiations from Standard Australian
English into science. It is possible that these instruments
do not adequately measure the Indigenous student's
negotiations from their vernacular language into science.
Developing a Creole science could empower Indigenous
students learning school science to develop the capacity to
successfully negotiate the language systems.