bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Spirituality in Counseling
Authors: Stanard Rebecca Powell , Sandhu Daya Singh , Painter Linda C.
Published: December 2011

A growing body of evidence points to the important role of spirituality in treating medical and psychological conditions. The authors suggest that spirituality is a 5th force in counseling and psychology. Consequently, the assessment of spirituality is a new and growing area of interest for counselors. Assessment can assist both the counselor and client in obtaining a better understanding of the role of spirituality in the issues that bring the client to counseling and in designing treatment interventions appropriate for resolution of those issues. Selected instruments currently in use are described and their psychometric properties and potential uses are examined.
Collaborative Consultation and Program Evaluation
Authors: Lusky Melissa B. , Hayes Richard L.
Published: December 2011

The article describes how consultants, working with school personnel, can use an action research approach to implement a program of value‐driven needs assessment. The presentation is focused on a collaborative consultation model of program evaluation. A case example illustrates the collaborative development of instruments for assessing the effectiveness of a school guidance and counseling program.
Ethnic Diversity and the Use of Humor in Counseling: Appropriate or Inappropriate?
Authors: Maples Mary Finn , Dupey Peggy , Torres‐Rivera Edil , Phan Loan T. , Vereen Linwood , Garrett Michael Tlanusta
Published: December 2011

Humor can reflect the healthy release of feelings during the counseling process, the type of emotional release that leads to significant therapeutic gains. It can also be a disturbing distraction, possibly causing early termination, if used inappropriately. Counselors need to exert particular caution before attempting to apply humor in working with a client from a culture different from the counselor's. This article explores the available literature and offers contributions on the subject from 4 “ethnically diverse” perspectives. Finally, a general approach based on existential theory is presented along with 5 general conditions to ascertain the appropriate use of humor.
White Racial Identity Statuses and NEO Personality Constructs: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Silvestri Timothy J. , Richardson Tina Q.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the relationship between White racial identity development as proposed by J. E. Helms (1995) and the personality constructs Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Participants were 105 White college students (55 women and 50 men) who were administered the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (J. E. Helms & R. T. Carter, 1993), the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory (P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) and the New Racism Scale (C. K Jacobson, 1985). Results indicated that White racial identity was differentially related to several personality constructs and aversive racism. Implications for future White racial identity research are discussed.
Managed Care, Ethics, and Counseling
Authors: Daniels Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the author addresses issues of managed care and ethics and how they relate to counseling. Specifically, a recent article published in The Counseling Psychologist (C. C. Cooper & M. C. Gottlieb, 2000) is reviewed. Implications for counselors and counselor educators are then explored.
The Juvenile Counseling and Assessment Model and Program: A Conceptualization and Intervention for Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Calhoun Georgia B. , Glaser Brian A. , Bartolomucci Christi L.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a model of conceptualization and intervention for juvenile delinquency. The model includes the characteristics of the adolescent, the ecological context in which the adolescent lives, and the interaction among these variables. Intervention addressing these variables is presented. A specific integrated service, training, and research project that is based on the model is described. The Juvenile Counseling and Assessment Program is a collaborative approach, joining university counseling faculty, educators, graduate students, and juvenile court system personnel in the mutual goals of reducing delinquency and increasing adaptive skills.
The Physical Environment and Counseling: A Review of Theory and Research
Authors: Pressly Page K. , Heesacker Martin
Published: December 2011

This article provides a review of published, counseling‐relevant literature on the physical environment, with a focus on physical elements that may enhance or detract from the counseling process. Specifically, it describes environmental variables that are relevant to counseling, providing examples of their practical importance, and in several cases describes possible application to counseling settings. Finally, this article identifies research implications and proposes a 3‐part future research agenda.
Documenting Success and Achievement: Presentation and Working Portfolios for Counselors
Authors: James Susan Hackbarth , Greenwalt Bill C.
Published: December 2011

Throughout their careers, counselors face demands for information from various sources including licensure boards, employers, managed care companies, courts of law, graduate schools, and professional associations. Compiling the necessary documentation through portfolios saves counselors time and preserves artifacts that could be lost over time. This article suggests items for collection and organization in a working portfolio and gives examples of how counselors may use these materials for specific presentation portfolios.
In the Final Analysis: More Wisdom From People Who Have Faced Death
Authors: Kinnier Richard T. , Tribbensee Nancy E. , Rose Cynthia A. , Vaughan Susan M.
Published: December 2011

Seventeen adults who experienced a life‐threatening situation were interviewed to ascertain what they had learned about life from their confrontation with death. Interview questions focused on participants' philosophies of life, their personal regrets and priorities, and their advice to others. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative grounded theory and discovery‐oriented techniques. Among the most common themes, the participants advocated less materialism, more spirituality, and more caring for and serving of others. After their confrontation with death they worried less about mundane issues and became more optimistic about the future of humankind. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Community Mental Health Service Providers' Codes of Ethics and the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A. , Juhnke Gerald A. , Nilsen Keith A.
Published: December 2011

This study compared the codes of ethics of 13 professional organizations for community mental health service providers that have been represented at the meetings of the Fair Access Coalition for Testing with the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (American Educational Research Association [AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], & National Council on Measurement in Education [NCME], 1985) and all those standards cited in the revised Standards (AERA, APA, & NCME, 1999) that the investigators identified as pertaining to clinical assessment, as these standards apply to test users. The results suggest that only 2 of the codes of ethics address many of the Standards. Implications and recommendations for professional organizations are provided.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Successes and Failures: Eight Personal Perspectives
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. , Ellis Albert , MacLaren Catharine , Di Giuseppe Raymond , Vernon Ann , Wolfe Janet , Malkinson Ruth , Backx Wouter
Published: December 2011

Eight experts in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) provided personal examples of their own successes and failures in applying REBT to themselves. The experts actively talked to themselves both rationally and irrationally. Understandably, there were far more shoulds, oughts, musts, and have to's in the narratives in which the experts described when they failed to use REBT than when they succeeded in using REBT. Rational self‐talk was more prevalent in the examples of how REBT was successfully used by the experts.
Helping Seventh Graders Be Safe and Successful: A Statewide Study of the Impact of Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Programs
Authors: Lapan Richard T. , Gysbers Norman C. , Petroski Gregory F.
Published: December 2011

The researchers examined the relationships between statewide implementation of comprehensive guidance and counseling programs and indicators of safety and success for seventh graders. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze data from 22,601 seventh graders attending 184 Missouri schools and 4,868 middle school teachers. After researchers controlled for differences between schools due to socioeconomic status and enrollment size, students attending middle schools with more fully implemented comprehensive programs reported (a) feeling safer attending their schools, (b) having better relationships with their teachers, (c) believing that their education was more relevant and important to their futures, (d) being more satisfied with the quality of education available to them in their schools, (e) having fewer problems related to the physical and interpersonal milieu in their schools, and (f) earning higher grades.
Assessing the Impact of a Prejudice Prevention Project
Authors: Salzman Michael , D'Andrea Michael
Published: December 2011

This article reports on the effectiveness of a prejudice prevention intervention that was used among a culturally diverse group of students in Hawaii. Implications of the results of this primary prevention effort for counseling practice and interculturally adaptive social development are discussed.
Adolescent Strategies for Coping With Cultural Diversity
Authors: Coleman Hardin L. K. , Casali Sherry B. , Wampold Bruce E.
Published: December 2011

This investigation tested H. L. K. Coleman's (1995b) hypotheses that the strategies adolescents use to cope with cultural diversity will be organized in a sequential manner and that adolescents will use different strategies depending on the situation. To test these hypotheses, the authors had 398 adolescents rate the likelihood of using 6 strategies for coping with cultural diversity: Separation, Assimilation, Acculturation, Alternation, Integration, and Fusion. The authors make suggestions for future research, and implications for counseling are suggested.
Rational Suicide: An Empirical Investigation of Counselor Attitudes
Authors: Rogers James R. , Gueulette Christine M. , Abbey‐Hines Jodi , Carney Jolynn V. , Werth James L.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated attitudes of mental health counselors toward rational suicide. Over 80% of respondents were moderately supportive of the idea that people can make well‐reasoned decisions that death is their best option, and further, they identified a consistent set of criteria to evaluate such decisions. Additionally, analyses revealed that as the scenario moved from client, to friend, to self, rational suicide seemed to gain in acceptability for these professionals. Implications for training and practice in light of the apparent responsibilities with suicidal clients defined in the 1995 American Counseling Association's Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice are discussed.
Bringing Advocacy Counseling to Life: The History, Issues, and Human Dramas of Social Justice Work in Counseling
Authors: Kiselica Mark S. , Robinson Michelle
Published: December 2011

This article accentuates the human experiences at the heart of social justice work in counseling. The history, counselor attributes, skills, costs, pitfalls, rewards, and ethical issues associated with advocacy counseling are highlighted. This article concludes with a discussion of the personal moral imperatives that inspire social activism and the challenge of discovering a personal advocacy style.
Counseling and the Law: A Cross‐Cultural Perspective
Authors: Rowley William J. , MacDonald Don
Published: December 2011

Counselors must demonstrate ethical standards of the profession and abide by the law. This task is made challenging by the fact that the mental health and legal systems represent 2 different, sometimes conflicting cultures. Using a cross‐cultural perspective, overlapping or common elements of each culture are noted, differing elements of each culture are identified, and recommendations are provided for the 2 cultures to work together as effectively as possible.
Adult Attachment Orientations and College Student Distress: The Mediating Role of Problem Coping Styles
Authors: Lopez Frederick G. , Mauricio Anne M. , Gormley Barbara , Simko Tracy , Berger Ellen
Published: December 2011

In this study, the authors examined relations among adult attachment orientations, maladaptive problem coping styles, and a composite measure of current distress within a sample of 55 undergraduates (17 men, 38 women). Results indicated that each adult attachment orientation and each problem coping style measure was related in expected directions to students' distress. In addition, problem coping styles largely mediated the impact of insecure adult attachment orientations on distress. Implications of our findings to advancing an attachment theory‐informed perspective on college student coping, distress, and intervention are discussed.
An Examination of the Adlerian Construct of Social Interest With Criminal Offenders
Authors: Daugherty Douglas A. , Murphy Michael J. , Paugh Justin
Published: December 2011

The present study addressed the utility of the construct of social interest as related to the behaviors of criminal offenders. Social interest involves concern for others and optimism regarding one's view of the world. Offender scores on the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest (J. R. Sulliman, 1973) were examined along with demographic and criminal history predictors of parolee outcomes following release from a medium security correctional institution. The results indicated significant relationships between social interest scores and offender outcome as demonstrated by employment status, new felony arrests, and reincarceration status. The results have implications for those involved in predictive and rehabilitative efforts with criminal offenders.
Reliability and Validity of Three Measures of Multicultural Competency
Authors: Kocarek Catherine E. , Talbot Donna M. , Batka John C. , Anderson Mary Z.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of 3 measures of multicultural competency, the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale: Form B (MCAS), the Multicultural Awareness‐Knowledge‐and‐Skills Survey (MAKSS), and the Survey of Graduate Students' Experiences with Diversity (GSEDS). Data were collected from 120 master's‐level students from counseling programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs or the equivalent. The findings generally support the psychometric soundness of these surveys, with some important exceptions. Guidelines for their use and directions for additional research are provided.
Best Practices: A Critical Yet Inclusive Vision for the Counseling Profession
Authors: Marquis Andre , Douthit Kathryn Z. , Elliot Ari J.
Published: December 2011

Substantial controversy has surrounded the concept of best practices (BPs) in counseling; in particular, the consequences of deriving practice guidelines from empirically supported treatments (ESTs). Criticisms of EST methodology, assumptions, and findings are summarized, and implications for core counseling values, including multiculturalism, are discussed. The authors further elaborate an inclusive view of BP that can facilitate the use of research to inform and enhance counseling services while rectifying problems associated with methodological and theoretical bias.
Use of Ifá as a Means of Addressing Mental Health Concerns Among African American Clients
Authors: Ojelade Ifetayo I. , McCray Kenja , Ashby Jeffrey S. , Meyers Joel
Published: December 2011

African Americans underuse counseling services because of factors such as cultural mistrust, stigma, and culturally incongruent treatment interventions. As a result, this population relies on informal healing networks. The foundations of these networks have been outlined within the professional literature. However, limited attention has been given to the indigenous healing methods used by African Americans in lieu of counseling. This article explores the conceptual, diagnostic, and treatment strategies of the indigenous healing system, Yorùbá‐based Ifá.
Strategies for Counselors Working With High School Students With Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Schwiebert Valerie L. , Sealander Karen A. , Dennison Jean L.
Published: December 2011

Researchers agree early intervention is crucial to prevent academic underachievement and negative effects on the lives of children, adolescents, and adults affected by attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). If counselors, particularly high school counselors, address the needs of students with ADHD, these students may attain their potential and enter into the workplace or postsecondary education. The authors provide counselors with strategies to identify interpersonal, academic, vocational, and life issues that may affect students with ADHD and to help teachers and parents prepare students with ADHD for the transition from high school to postsecondary education or the work environment.
Using Case Documentation to Strengthen Counselor Trainees' Case Conceptualization Skills
Authors: Prieto Loreto R. , Scheel Karen R.
Published: December 2011

A format for organizing case notes is presented that could increase counselor trainees' case conceptualization skills. The STIPS format of case note writing consists of 5 major sections, including documenting clients' current Signs and symptoms, Topics discussed in counseling, counseling Interventions used, clients' Progress and counselors' continuing plan for treatment, and finally, any Special issues of importance regarding clients (e.g., suicidality). The structure and design of this STIPS format is intended to enhance trainees' ability to acquire relevant facts about clients, better understand clients' presenting problems, better monitor counseling processes, and better evaluate and adjust treatment interventions.
The Role of Work and Cultural Values in Occupational Choice, Satisfaction, and Success: A Theoretical Statement
Authors: Brown Duane
Published: December 2011

Theorists have all but ignored the career development of ethnic and cultural minorities. The purpose of this article is to rectify this oversight by presenting a values‐based theory of occupational choice, satisfaction, and success. Values were chosen as the cornerstone of the theory because work values have been identified as critical variables in the career development process (e.g., N. A. Fouad, 1995; D. E. Super & B. Sverko, 1995). Cultural values also play an important role in the occupational choice‐making process (e.g., F. A. Ibrahim, H. Ohnishi, & R. P. Wilson, 1994). Although they are the primary factors in choosing and advancing in an occupation, a number of other variables interact with values.
Apples and Oranges Make a Nice Start for a Fruit Salad: A Response to Culbreth and Borders (1999)
Authors: West Paul L. , Mustaine Beverly L. , Wyrick Barry
Published: December 2011

These comments represent a response to J. R. Culbreth and L. D. Borders (1999) and suggest consideration of other factors when addressing the impact of clinical supervision in the addictions field. This article supports formal graduate academic preparation for substance abuse counselors and clinical supervisors and challenges the use of satisfaction surveys in measuring appropriateness of clinical supervision.
Exploring Young Women's Perceptions of the Effectiveness and Safety of Maladaptive Weight Control Techniques
Authors: Tylka Tracy L. , Subich Linda Mezydlo
Published: December 2011

Despite the emerging awareness among professionals that eating disorders occur along a continuum of degree for women and that maladaptive perceptions regarding weight control techniques may be important in the development and maintenance of women's disturbed eating behaviors, no research has examined perceptions of weight control techniques as a function of women's placement on the eating disorder continuum. Thus, perceptions of the effectiveness and safety of weight control techniques of 166 high school and college women were examined. Women who use maladaptive weight control techniques were found to rate the effectiveness and safety of these techniques higher than did women who do not use these techniques. Results also indicate that perceptions of effectiveness and safety vary in a linear fashion with respect to eating disorder continuum placement.
Counseling Transgendered, Transsexual, and Gender‐Variant Clients
Authors: Carroll Lynne , Gilroy Paula J. , Ryan Jo
Published: December 2011

The emergent consciousness and political activism within the transgender community has important implications for the field of counseling. In the current paradigm, the focus has shifted from using surgical and hormonal interventions and thereby enabling transgendered persons to “pass” within the traditional gender binary of society to affirming the unique identities of transgendered persons. To prepare counselors, counselor educators, and counseling supervisors for this important challenge, the authors describe the evolving nature of the transgender community, discuss mental health issues and counseling interventions for use with transgendered clients, and present a case study detailing the progression of counseling with 1 transgendered client.
Women and Alcoholism: A Biopsychosocial Perspective and Treatment Approaches
Authors: van der Walde Heidi , Urgenson Francine T. , Weltz Sharon H. , Hanna Fred J.
Published: December 2011

Viewing alcoholism in women from a biopsychosocial perspective reveals a unique set of circumstances and challenges that women alcoholics face when compared with men. Biologically, women react differently to alcohol ingestion than do men. Women reach higher blood alcohol levels and sustain more somatic and cognitive damage than men when consuming equivalent amounts of alcohol. Psychosocially, women alcoholics face societal rebuke and chastisement of a greater magnitude than do men. Finally, barriers to treatment faced by women, such as the need for child care, cost of treatment, familial opposition, denial of alcoholism, and inadequate diagnostic training of physicians, must be overcome to create successful treatment approaches for the female alcoholic. Obstacles to and implications for treatment are also discussed.
Toward Accountability in the Use of the Self‐Esteem Construct
Authors: Guindon Mary H.
Published: December 2011

Self‐esteem is a common target of intervention, and the proliferation of research on self‐esteem attests to the widely held belief of its significance as a personality variable. Despite its popularity, there is limited consistency in the use of its definition, and little evidence suggests that counselors routinely assess levels of self‐esteem. This indicates a lack of attention to accountability in the quality of counselor services. This article provides a step toward accountability by presenting a review of the evolution of self‐esteem as a construct, offering definitions grounded in the professional literature, and discussing a compendium of self‐esteem assessments. Working toward consistency and responsibility in defining and assessing self‐esteem can positively influence effective self‐esteem interventions.
Assessing Threats of School Violence: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Daniels Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2011

The author describes important considerations when assessing students' threats made at schools. In a recent article, M. Reddy et al. (2001) presented 4 approaches to assessing the risk of school violence. They submitted important issues and problems with 3 commonly used approaches and suggested a 4th approach as an alternative. Implications for school counselors are explored.
Adventure Based Counseling: An Innovation in Counseling
Authors: Fletcher Teresa B. , Hinkle J. Scott
Published: December 2011

Increasingly, Adventure Based Counseling (ABC) is recognized as providing a significant means to help clients. This article describes the outdoor and indoor adventure experience and its relationship to counseling. A conceptual framework of ABC has been developed to provide a better understanding of the process and potential benefits of this approach and to serve as a model for researchers. Counseling theories, educational theories, setting, programming, processing, and transferring client gains to real life are explained as well as the potential psychological, educational, sociological, physical, and spiritual benefits of ABC.
The SAFI Model as a Critical Link Between Marginalized Families and Schools: A Literature Review and Strategies for School Counselors
Authors: Bemak Fred , Cornely Laura
Published: December 2011

Schools have a vital role in more effectively working with students at risk by linking with families that are disengaged from their children's education. Family participation in students' education has been shown to positively affect academic, behavioral, and social development. School counselors can be leaders in facilitating family‐school partnerships to foster academic and career success for all students. This article presents an overview of the current research about family and school linkages and offers a new model, The School and Family Intervention Model (SAFI), for school counselors. The model provides strategies for better cooperation with marginalized families aimed at ensuring an interactive and dynamic collaboration and explores this work within the context of systems change to improve academic success, reduce at‐risk behaviors, and increase family involvement.
Social Connectedness, Social Appraisal, and Perceived Stress in College Women and Men
Authors: Lee Richard M. , Keough Kelli A. , Sexton Janel D.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effects of social connectedness, social appraisal of the campus climate, and perceived stress of college women and men. Drawing from self‐verification theory, social appraisal was hypothesized to mediate the effects of connectedness on perceived stress. Two hundred and fourteen college students were surveyed. Results support a partial mediation effect for women. Men, however, were more likely to negatively appraise the campus climate, and social connectedness was more negatively related to perceived stress for men than for women. Results are interpreted according to gender differences in independent and interdependent self‐construal. The need to clearly define and measure social connectedness and social appraisal is also discussed. Counseling implications focus on the promotion and assessment of connectedness on campus.
Improving Parent‐Child Relationships Through Filial Therapy: An Interview With Garry Landreth
Authors: Watts Richard E. , Broaddus Jenny L.
Published: December 2011

Internationally known counselor educator and author Garry Landreth has a passion for filial therapy. In this interview article, Landreth discusses the basic principles and procedures of filial therapy, the 10‐week Filial Therapy Training Model he has developed, and the research that he and his colleagues and students are doing on filial therapy.
A Primer on Suicidology: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Laux John M.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the author addresses the state of the art issues relating to suicide theory; assessment; risk factors; intervention, prevention, and postvention; and training. Specifically, a recent article published in The Counseling Psychologist (J. S. Westefeld et al., 2000) is reviewed. Implications for counselors, counselor educators, and counselor trainees are presented.
American Counseling Association: The 50th Year Celebration of Excellence
Authors: Sheeley Vernon Lee
Published: December 2011

The author selected information from personal archival files to remind and encourage readers to celebrate the American Counseling Association's (ACA) 50 years of service to the counseling profession. In a survey of ACA's history, the author notes that its presidents were a key to the organizational growth of ACA and acknowledges that during the first half century, each incoming president was dependent on the combined commitment, dedication, foresight, wisdom, and professionalization efforts of numerous members who volunteered or were chosen to share responsibility for the association's progress.
Social Isolation of Youth at Risk: Conceptualizations and Practical Implications
Authors: Hazler Richard J. , Denham Sharon A.
Published: December 2011

A literature review led to a conceptualization of social isolation as a major factor in determining how youth are increasingly put at risk for both immediate and lifelong difficulties. Three common and particularly troubling at‐risk situations that counselors face are specifically examined to better understand the origins and implications affecting assessment and interventions: abuse by peers in the form of bullying and harassment, abuse and neglect of youth by adults, and suicide as a form of self‐abuse. The authors present practical implications for how school and mental health counselors can apply this information in practice.
An Assessment‐Based Model for Counseling Strategy Selection
Authors: Nelson Mary Lee
Published: December 2011

This article presents a counseling strategy selection model grounded in technical eclecticism (A. A. Lazarus & L. E. Beutler, 1993) and based on thorough assessment of the client's problems. Assessment should consider client mental health, counseling goals, problem complexity, and capacity and desire for insight. Distinguishing between simple and complex problems can aid assessment and provide direction for counseling modality selection (L. E. Beutler & J. F. Clarkin, 1990). Behavioral interventions are more appropriate for less complex problems or when capacity or desire for insight is low. Insight‐based interventions are more appropriate for more complex problems or when capacity or desire for insight is high.
Quality of Life of Persons With Medical Illnesses: Counseling's Holistic Contribution
Authors: Roberts Shirley A. , Kiselica Mark S. , Fredrickson Susan A.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a rationale for the addition of psychological counseling in the treatment of persons with medical illnesses. Empirical data on the mind‐body connection are presented, and I. Pollin's (1995) Medical Crisis Counseling model is outlined as an example of an effective intervention. The authors discuss the issues and counseling techniques related to the model within the frameworks of individual, group, and family counseling; use case studies to illustrate intervention strategies; and suggest implications for future research and training.
The Transracial Adoption Debate: Counseling and Legal Implications
Authors: Bradley Carla , Hawkins‐León Cynthia G.
Published: December 2011

Over the last 30 years, the practice of White American parents adopting African American children has been the focus of much deliberation and commentary. In this article, the authors illuminate relevant literature and research regarding transracial adoption. Counseling and legal implications are also discussed.
Effects of High School Course‐Taking and Other Variables on Choice of Science and Mathematics College Majors
Authors: Trusty Jerry
Published: December 2011

Using a nationally representative sample, the effects of high school course‐taking on subsequent choice of science and math majors in college were examined in the context of background variables, early academic performance, and educational attitudes and behavior in high school. Effects of course‐taking on choice of science and math majors were stronger for women than for men. For women, 8th‐grade math test scores positively influenced math course‐taking in high school, which in turn positively influenced later choice of science and math majors. For men, completing high school physics had a significant positive effect on choice of science and math majors. These and other findings are discussed in terms of career theory and counseling and education practice.
White Racial Identity Attitudes and the Ego Defense Mechanisms Used by White Counselor Trainees in Racially Provocative Counseling Situations
Authors: Utsey Shawn O. , Gernat Carol A.
Published: December 2011

This exploratory study examined the relationship between racial identity attitudes and the use of ego defense mechanisms by White counselor trainees during cross‐racial counseling and supervision dyads. The sample consisted of 145 White counselor trainees enrolled in both master's and doctoral programs at 2 small private universities located in the northeastern United States. Results indicated that White counselor trainees at less mature statuses of racial identity attitudes relied on more primitive ego defenses to manage the anxiety experienced during racially provocative counseling and supervision dyads. Implications for counseling and counselor training are discussed in the context of the study's findings.
Maintaining Hope in the Face of Evil
Authors: Miller Geri
Published: December 2011

P. G. Zimbardo (2001) and M. E. P. Seligman (in an interview with S. Carpenter, 2001) discuss evil and hope in response to the September 11, 2001, disaster. The implications for counseling are presented with an emphasis on how counselors can maintain hope for themselves and their clients in the face of evil.
Professionalism's Challenges to Professional Counselors' Collective Identity
Authors: Gale Arden Unbrit , Austin B. Diane
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss how attaining various standards of professionalism has inadvertently resulted in challenges to professional counselors' collective identity. The authors reviewed interviews with senior contributors to the profession published in the Journal of Counseling & Development, identifying themes in their comments to suggest potential solutions to helping professional counselors find unity in diversity.
The Scope of WebCounseling: A Survey of Services and Compliance With NBCC Standards for the Ethical Practice of WebCounseling
Authors: Heinlen Kathleen T. , Welfel Elizabeth Reynolds , Richmond Elizabeth N. , Rak Carl F.
Published: December 2011

A survey of 136 Web sites offering counseling through computer chat rooms and e‐mail revealed a wide range of credentials of providers, fees for service, and low levels of compliance with the ethical standards for WebCounseling published by the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC). Eight months after the first data collection point, more than a third of the WebCounseling sites were no longer in operation. Credentialed professionals provided significantly higher levels of compliance with NBCC standards than did noncredentialed providers. Implications of Web services for professional practice and public confidence in the profession in this medium are discussed.
Multicultural Training and Interdependent and Independent Self‐Construal as Predictors of Universal‐Diverse Orientation Among School Counselors
Authors: Yeh Christine J. , Arora Agnes K.
Published: December 2011

The study investigated 159 school counselors' previous multicultural workshop experiences and interdependent and independent self‐construal (T. M. Singelis, 1994) as predictors of universal‐diverse orientation (M. L. Miville et al., 1999). Prior workshops in multicultural counseling and interdependent self‐construal were significantly related to universal‐diverse orientation (acceptance and awareness of similarities and differences). Implications for counseling, research, and training are discussed.
Noncompetition Agreements: How Informed Are Counselors?
Authors: Daniels M. Harry , White Lyle J. , Wyatt Tracey
Published: December 2011

A noncompetition agreement is a contract between employer and employee prohibiting the practice of a trade or profession for a specified time or within a specified region upon an employee's leaving an employer's hire (A. Valiulis, 1985). The authors assessed American Mental Health Counselor Association members' knowledge of the legal bases for these contracts and their agreement with the legal opinions and also assessed the degree of similarity and dissimilarity between members' knowledge of and agreement with the legal opinions. Results showed that counselors are better prepared to look after the welfare of their clients than their own employment interests. Implications for counselor training are discussed.
Unflinching Empathy: Counselors and Tortured Refugees
Authors: Marotta Sylvia A.
Published: December 2011

In the article “Refugee Survivors of Torture: Trauma and Treatment,” W. Gorman (2001) consolidates liberation theory, multiculturalism, and traumatology into a treatment framework that draws from P. Freire (1973); A. J. Marsella, M. J. Friedman, E. T. Gerrity, and R. Scurfield (1996); and J. L. Herman (1992). This article focuses on several questions addressed by Gorman: What is the impact of torture on refugees; what multicultural principles are relevant to treatment; and what can sequenced models of trauma treatment offer to the torture survivor? It concludes with suggestions for counselors to consider regarding acculturation, resilience, and the role of mind and body in the treatment of tortured refugees.
Turn the Wheel: Integral School Counseling for Male Adolescents
Authors: Forbes David
Published: December 2011

In the wake of violent episodes committed by male youths in schools, many male adolescents grapple with the traditional norm of masculinity and the role it might play in contributing to such violence. School counselors need to address the developmental needs of all male youth, because schools play a significant role in the construction of male identities. This article formulates an overarching, inclusive model of integral counseling that enables school counselors to help male adolescents challenge the norm of conventional masculinity. The model draws from 3 areas: transpersonal counseling, holistic education, and mindful social action. The aim is to move the students' level of self‐development and identity toward higher and more integrative realms.
Counseling Considerations Among Arab Americans
Authors: Nassar‐McMillan Sylvia C. , Hakim‐Larson Julie
Published: December 2011

In keeping with our pluralistic society, counselors have begun the task of attempting to understand issues of multicultural diversity. The purpose of this article is to describe a focus group interview conducted with a group of therapists in a large‐scale, comprehensive family service agency in an Arab American community. Participants represented various countries of origin, helping disciplines, and years of U.S. residence. The interview format was semistructured, and the results confirmed what little was already known about the population and supplemented that body of knowledge with updated information. Implications for counseling and further research are discussed.
High School Graduation Rates in the United States: Implications for the Counseling Profession
Authors: Stanard Rebecca Powell
Published: December 2011

This article reviews a troubling report of a nationwide study of U.S. public high school graduation rates conducted by J. P. Greene (2001) of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. The statistics revealed that fewer students were graduating from high school in the United States than is being reported by school districts, states, and the National Center for Education Statistics. They also revealed that graduation rates were much lower for African American and Latino students than for White students. The author summarizes the research on the consequences of dropping out of school and discusses the implications of these findings for counselors and the counseling profession.
Breaking the Silence in the Counselor Education Classroom: A Training Seminar on Counseling Sexual Minority Clients
Authors: Pearson Quinn M.
Published: December 2011

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals encounter internal and external barriers that affect their mental health, and they continue to be underserved by the counseling profession. A counselor training seminar on sexual orientation is presented in this article. The seminar incorporated popular songs, readings, and class discussion to increase awareness of sexual identity development, stereotypes, and counseling interventions for LGB clients. Results of evaluations from the graduate counseling students suggest that the seminar had a positive impact on knowledge, interest, and attitudes.
A Relational Approach to Career Counseling: Theoretical Integration and Practical Application
Authors: Schultheiss Donna E. Palladino
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the current status of career theory in practice and presents a theoretical overview of relational theory and its logical extension to the career domain. Despite the emergence of literature regarding the interconnectedness of career progress and the quality of relationships in one's life (e.g., D. L. Blustein, 2001; D. L. Blustein, M. S. Prezioso, & D. E. P. Schultheiss, 1995; D. E. P. Schultheiss, H. M. Kress, A. J. Manzi, & J. M. Glasscock, 2001), counseling practice is limited by the absence of a meaningful approach to intervene in clients' relational and career worlds. The relational career counseling approach moves counseling toward a contextually based relational perspective to facilitating career progress. This approach is illustrated with a case example.
Psychological Reactance in College Students: Family‐of‐Origin Predictors
Authors: Buboltz Walter C. , Johnson Patrick , Woller Kevin M. P.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between psychological reactance and dimensions of functioning in the family of origin. Psychological reactance is the tendency to exhibit resistance in relation to one's freedoms being restricted. Three hundred par ticipants completed the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (E. T. Dowd, C. R. Milne, & S. L. Wise, 1991), the Family Environment Scale (R. H. Moos & B. S. Moos, 1986), and demographic questions. Results showed that 5 family dimensions (i.e., cohesion, conflict, moral‐religious emphasis, independence, and achievement orientation) significantly predicted psychological reactance. Results also showed that college students from divorced families were more psychologically reactant than students from intact families. Implications of these results for counselors and for future researchers are provided.
Understanding Attachment: Beliefs About Conflict
Authors: Pistole M. Carole , Arricale Frank
Published: December 2011

This study examined attachment prototype, attachment‐related feelings about conflict, style of expressing conflict, and conflict tactics using self‐report questionnaires from 188 volunteer college students. Analysis indicated that (a) persons who endorsed secure attachment reported feeling less threat from arguing than those endorsing preoccupied or fearful attachment and less concern with closeness during conflict than those endorsing preoccupied attachment, (b) persons endorsing dismissing attachment reported significantly more conflict avoidance than the securely attached, and (c) those endorsing secure attachment reported significantly less fighting and more effective arguing than those endorsing fearful attachment. Implications for preventive and remedial counseling are discussed.
The Worldview Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Williams Bryant
Published: December 2011

A recent article, “Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta‐Analyses” (D. Oyserman, H. M. Coon, & M. Kemmelmeier, 2002), revealed that 170 studies have been conducted on the worldview dimensions of individualism and collectivism. The authors' analyses of the studies provided empirical support for the theoretical notion posited by numerous multicultural counseling scholars, which outlines the importance of understanding worldview for competent practice. This article reviews the results of the authors' analyses and discusses the implications for counseling.
Themes of Hope and Healing: Infertile Couples' Experiences of Adoption
Authors: Daniluk Judith C. , Hurtig‐Mitchell Joss
Published: December 2011

Using a qualitative approach, the authors explored the experiences of becoming parents through adoption after unsuccessful infertility treatments. During in‐depth narrative interviews, 39 infertile couples shared their stories of how they determined that adoption was an acceptable parenting option, the vicissitudes of the adoption process, and their experiences of becoming adoptive parents. Phenomenological analysis of these data revealed 3 overarching themes. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for counselors who work with infertile couples considering adoption, clients engaged in the adoption process, and those who have recently made the transition to parenthood through adoption.
Experiential Activities and Multicultural Counseling Competence Training
Authors: Kim Bryan S. K. , Lyons Heather Z.
Published: December 2011

Counselor's multicultural counseling competence (attitudes/beliefs, knowledge, and skills) has been highlighted as an important ingredient in creating positive counseling outcomes when the clients are ethnic and racial minorities. The use of experiential activities in general, and games in particular, is presented as a potentially useful strategy to instill and enhance multicultural competence in counselor trainees. Illustrative games and guidelines for implementation are described.
Borderline Personality Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Time for Integration?
Authors: Hodges Shannon
Published: December 2011

The increasing prevalence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses among women illustrates problems and limitations of the medical model system (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In particular, diagnoses of BPD continue the trend of overpathologizing women's issues and reinforcing a patriarchal system of diagnosis and treatment. A PTSD diagnosis, with similar criteria, is preferred for traumatized women because it portrays them in a more positive context. This article explores the overlapping relationship between BPD and PTSD and critiques how both are viewed within the mental health community. Previous research on BPD and PTSD is explored, as well as concerns and limitations regarding both diagnostic categories.
I Am My Brother's (and Sister's) Keeper: Jewish Values and the Counseling Process
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G.
Published: December 2011

The author writes a rejoinder to M. S. Kiselica's (2003) article “Anti‐Semitism and Insensitivity Toward Jews by the Counseling Profession: A Gentile's View on the Problem and His Hope for Reconciliation—A Response to Weinrach (2002),” which is part of a dialogue in the fall 2003 Journal of Counseling & Development on anti‐Semitism in the counseling profession. M. S. Kiselica supports the notion that Jewish concerns are inextricable from multicultural counseling. The author has asserted that there has been a critical mass of anti‐Semitic behavior within the counseling profession, including the American Counseling Association, for more than 3 decades. The author's perspective may be viewed as an application of the Torah's dictum “I am my brother's [and sister's] keeper.” The author also argues that while culture may influence behavior, it does not determine it exclusively.