bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitations and Investigation of Effective Factors in Changing Vaccine Decision Positively
Authors: AYDEMİR Yusuf , KOÇ Ferhat , AYDEMİR Özlem , ÖZÖZEN ŞAHİN Elif
Published: January 2024

Aim: In recent years, the increasing anti-vaccination with the effect of social media has a negative effect on the mass vaccination campaign, which is the most important step of the pandemic struggle. In our study, it was aimed to determine the rate of those who declared that they would not have COVID-19 vaccine, to determine the reasons for not being vaccinated, to reveal the factors affecting this in individuals who changed their decision positively, and thus to contribute to the efforts to reduce vaccine opposition in the future.

Material and Methods: The study was conducted in two stages with a digital questionnaire method on healthcare workers who were included in the first vaccination program. The first stage was carried out 3 days before vaccination and the second stage 1 month after vaccination.

Results: 223 healthcare workers were included in the study. The rate of those who said 'I will be vaccinated' in the first survey was 57%. In the second survey, 34 participants who declared that they would not be vaccinated were vaccinated by changing their decision. The most influential factors in the decision not to vaccinate were "I do not think there is sufficient evidence about the vaccine" and "I fear the side effects of the vaccine". The most effective factors for those who positively changed their decision were determined as the influence of the environment and the perception that it was safe. The fear of COVID-19 and the belief that the vaccine will work were found effective in the positive decision to be vaccinated.

Conclusion: As a result, it has been concluded that informing activities about the reliability, effectiveness and low side effect rates of vaccines are important in eliminating vaccine hesitancy and increasing vaccination rates.
Vulvovajinal Kandidiyazis: Risk Faktörleri ve İnfeksiyon Etkenlerinin Dağılımı
Authors: MALAK Arzu , AYDIN KURÇ Mine , GULEN Dumrul , KAYA Ayşe Demet , TAŞDEMİR Nicel , VAROL Gamze
Published: January 2024

Amaç: Dünyada yaygın görülen, milyonlarca kadının hayatını etkileyen ve anormal vajinal akıntının sık nedenlerinden olan vulvovajinal kandidiyazis (VVC)’in en önemli etkeni günümüze kadar Candida albicans iken, son yıllarda Non-albicans Candida (NAC) türlerinin sıklığı artmıştır. VVC’ da, birçok risk faktörünün de infeksiyon gelişimi ve tekrarlamasını etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada; anormal vajinal akıntı yakınması olan hastalarda VVC sıklığı ve etkenlerinin belirlenerek, infeksiyon ile ilişkili risk faktörlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Anormal vajinal akıntı şikayeti olan 87 hastaya, sosyo-demografik özellikleri ve risk faktörleri olarak tanımlanan bağımsız değişkenleri içeren 26 soruluk anket uygulanmıştır. Toplanan vajinal sürüntü örneklerinin kültür ve mikroskopik incelemesi yapılarak, izolatlar klasik ve biyokimyasal testle identifiye edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Hastaların %18,4’ünde Candida cinsi mantar üremesi saptanırken, gebelerde bu oran %60 olarak bulunmuştur. İnfeksiyon etkeni olarak izole edilen Candida’lardan %43,7 C. albicans, %37,5 C. glabrata, %12,5 C. krusei ve %6,3 C. parapsilosis olarak tanımlanmıştır. Hastaların %68,7’i tekrarlayan infeksiyon geçirdiğini bildirmiştir. Çalışmada VVC üremesini etkileyen tek faktör gebelik olarak saptanmış (p=0,041); VVC’i etkilemesi beklenen diğer bağımsız faktörler arasında anlamlı fark saptanmamıştır (p>0,05).

Sonuç: Çalışmamız; VVC etiyolojisinde NAC türlerinin öneminin arttığını ve saptanan yüksek rekürrens oranları ile ilişkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu bulgu VVC hastalarında ve özellikle de çalışmamızda risk faktörü olarak saptanmış gebelik döneminde, etkenlerin tür düzeyinde tanımlanmasının ve olası risk faktörlerinin bilinerek, kontrol altında tutulmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
Salivadiagnostics of the oral cavity in periodontitis and peri-implantitis using immunological methods. Review article
Authors: Dzhandarova T. I. , Dolgalev A. A. , Edisherashvili U. B. , Taimazova D. T. , Choniashvili M. Z. , Dzhafarov E. M. , Tlyabicheva B. K. , Sahakyan K. S.
Published: January 2024

This article discusses current research methods of periodontitis and periimplantitis with the use of immunological diagnostic methods in relation to the hormonal balance of the body, the level of defensins and metalloproteinases. The main conclusions of studies of the composition of saliva in inflammatory periodontal diseases are presented. Salivadiagnostics is used not only as definitions of pathology of the oral cavity, but also of the whole organism as a whole.
Influence of using a domestic adhesive cream for fixation of removable dentures with plantain extract on mucosal microbiome and secretory immunity of the mouth
Authors: Malyshev M. E. , Kerimkhanov K. A. , Bedelov N. N. , Iordanishvili A. K.
Published: January 2024

Relevance. Denture stomatitis, including fungal infection, which affects many wearers of removable dental prostheses, has a multifactorial etiology with poor oral hygiene as the main predisposing factor. Therefore, the search for means that contribute to the prevention of occurrence and elimination of denture stomatitis in persons using removable dental prostheses remains relevant.

Objective. The effect of the adhesive cream for fixation of dentures Asepta Рarodontal with plantain extract on the mucosal microbiome and secretory immunity of the mouth of patients using removable dentures was evaluated.

Materials and Methods. The content of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and microbiological examination for periodontopathogens (Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Treponema denticola, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porhyromonas gingivalis), as well as Streptococccus spp, Staphylococcus spp and Candida spp in 3 groups of patients who did not use any dental prostheses (1 control group, 30 people). ), as well as those who were made partial removable acrylic dentures from the first day of application were offered to use domestic adhesive cream for fixation of dentures Asepta Рarodonta (2 main group, 30 people) and who were made partial removable acrylic dentures, but their adaptation period and subsequent use of dentures passed without the use of any adhesive means for fixation of dentures (3 comparison group, 30 people).

Results. It was found that after 6 months of application of adhesive cream for fixation of dentures with plantain extract there was a significant decrease in detection of Bacteroides forsythus and Porphyromonas gingivalis in comparison with the control group, as well as a significant increase in the level of sIgA, which was noted 1 month after the beginning of application of Asepta Carodontal denture fixation agent and continued after 6 months. This indicates the strengthening of secretory immunity, which leads to increased binding of microbes in saliva with their further excretion, inhibition of adhesion of C. albicans to the walls of the denture and epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, which ultimately contributes to a decrease in colonization of the oral mucosa epithelium by fungi and a decrease in the incidence of stomatitis.

Conclusion. Prevention of denture stomatitis by optimizing the microbiome of the oral mucosa and mucosal immunity is possible due to the use of adhesive cream for fixation of dentures Asepta Carodontal, as it creates the possibility of preserving and optimizing the microbiocenosis and immune balance in the oral cavity after dental prosthetics, which allow us to recommend the use of adhesive agents for fixation of removable dental prostheses, including cream Asepta Carodontal.
Application of complex preparation based on extracellular matrix as a structure-modifying matrix in dental surgery
Authors: Eremin D. A. , Krasnov N. M. , Helminskaya N. M. , Faustova E. E. , Shen P. A. , Nikolskaya I. A.
Published: January 2024

The article is devoted to the method of improving bone tissue regeneration after tooth extraction and filling the hole with tissue of an engineering design – scaffold. Biomimetic SFERO (R) in the form of a gel was used as a scaffold. SFERO (R) was used to improve bone regeneration and subsequent implantation and prosthetics. The preparation of Russian production, developed and introduced into practical health care and allowed for transplantation to humans in the Russian Federation (date of state registration June 5, 2004, IN 269774, valid until March 24, 2033). The paper presents clinical examples of application of SFERO(R)gel in patients after extraction of one or more teeth of the chewing group of teeth.
New Criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis
Authors: Vega Frank
Published: January 2024

The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part $\frac{1}{2}$. It is considered by many to be the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics. Let $\Psi(n) = n \cdot \prod_{q \mid n} \left(1 + \frac{1}{q} \right)$ denote the Dedekind $\Psi$ function where $q \mid n$ means the prime $q$ divides $n$. Define, for $n \geq 3$; the ratio $R(n) = \frac{\Psi(n)}{n \cdot \log \log n}$ where $\log$ is the natural logarithm. Let $N_{n} = 2 \cdot \ldots \cdot q_{n}$ be the primorial of order $n$. There are several statements equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. We state that if for each large enough prime number $q_{n}$, there exists another prime $q_{n'} > q_{n}$ such that $R(N_{n'}) \leq R(N_{n})$, then the Riemann hypothesis is true. In this note, using our criterion, we prove that the Riemann hypothesis is true.
DATA-TO-DEAL (D2D): AN EMERGING AND EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO FINANCING THE CLIMATE TRANSITION
Authors: Luscombe Hannah , Richardson Emma , Foster Vivien , Howells Mark , Quirós-Tortós Jairo , Jaramillo Gil Marcela , Money Alex , Taliotis Constantinos , Quejada Marietta , Chiang Pamela , Orozco Dileimy , Alfstad Thomas , Bock Franziska , Dominguez Christina , Partasides Georgios , Pye Steve , Mulugetta Yacob , Rogner Holger , Kinyanjui Boniface , Gullberg Monica , Cem Gundogan Arif , Isik Mine , Hawkes Adam , Millot Ariane , Beltramo Agnese , Woods Jeremy , van Dam Koen , Sridharan Vignesh , Tan Naomi , Zagato Ligia , Ryan-Collins Lily , Blythe Will , Achaichia Sarah , Fuchs Janina , Somavilla Lucas , Tesfamichael Meron , Sewe Raymond , Osei-Owusu Simone , Lubello Pietro , Zilliacus Johanna , Dali Slim , Abrahams Leslie , Montgomery Mikenna , Almada Rolando , Pearson Lucy , Cannone Carla , Dalkmann Holger , Yeganyan Rudolf , Edeme Darlain , Grafakos Stylianos , Vrochidis Ioannis , van der Lugt Iris , Pereira Ramos Eunice , Saavedra Gomez Valentina , Lee Sanji , Gankhuyag Uyanga , Pappis Ioannis , Lindblad Nicolina , Liza Michael , Zepeda Miramontes Eduardo , Emtairah Tareq , Mukuri Felister , Mutembei Martin , Tembo Bernard , Sharpe Simon , Shivakumar Abhishek , Walsh Gareth , Gentle Christopher , Ali Izhaar , Gritsevskyi Andrii , Guragain Dipesh , De León Denegri Felipe , Ahmed Imad , Mofor Linus , Stringer Martin , Mwabonje Onesmus , Sukpanit Paisan , Sherina Alvarez Paola , Zhang Riqi
Published: January 2024

Developing nations encounter significant challenges in accessing the necessary finance to meet climate goals. The emerging ‘Data-to-Deal’ approach is a collaborative effort by 60 specialists, which aims to addresses this by providing a flexible framework of options, tailored to individual country circumstances, aiming to enhance core functions and capabilities; it serves as a basis for concrete action, informing capacity building, technical assistance, and research. This paper argues for the mainstreaming of a holistic approach to accessing climate finance by outlining the components of the Data-to- Deal pipeline and showing the effectiveness of Data-to-Deal through the demonstration of its successful implementation in Costa Rica.
A DICTIONARYOFPHONETICS: ARTICULATORY,ACOUSTIC, AUDITORY(ENGLISH-ARABIC), BY SOLOMON, 1. SARA.S.J., MUCHEN, GERMANY: LINCOM EUROPA, 1999, pp.XIII+378.
Authors: SOLOMON SOLOMON
Published: January 2024

A DICTIONARYOFPHONETICS: ARTICULATORY,ACOUSTIC, AUDITORY(ENGLISH-ARABIC), BY SOLOMON, 1. SARA.S.J., MUCHEN, GERMANY: LINCOM EUROPA, 1999, pp.XIII+378..
TEXT LINGUISTIC CRITICISM OF LITERARY TRANSLATIONS: AN INTUITIVE HEURISTIC CHECKLIST
Authors: Akram A.M. Sa'Adeddin Mohammed
Published: January 2024

Text linguistics is a designation of any work oflanguage science devoted to the text as the primary object of enquiry (Dijk 1979). Following Beaugrande (1995), 'text' is viewed here as "an empirical communicative event given through human communication rather than specified by a formal theory". This communicative event rests on a "dynamic dialectic" between the "virtual system" oflanguage and its realisation in the form of an "actual system" emanating from selections made by the text producer (Sa'Adeddin 1995, 1998). These selections are effectuated in terms ofthe expectations and presuppositions (Bloor
and Bloor 1991) of the target world audience (see Sa'Adeddin 1987a,
1990, r991) and/or schemes that the producer has on them. A priori, the field of Comparative Literature is as legitimate an area of investigation for the text linguist as it is for the lettrist. This is particularly tnte given the fact that literature is a form of linguistic performance with special status and value, par excellence. As translation is, in the final analysis, a tex:t lir1guistic a_ctivity across langU:a..ge com.munities and a prin1e tool for the comparatist, it is feasible to see it as a bridge between the two disciplines. Being essentially Translation-based, Comparative Literature
;;;n a. l: the bilingual comoaratist in a oaiiicular form of ·.innate'
translation, structured on a complex process of interpretation and re- interpretation (see Sa'Adeddin 1990). Translation Criticism involves all the constituents which contribute to text-production and text experiencing (Sa'Adeddin 1995), and which need to be observed in quality assessment, if the comparatist is to proceed with maximum confidence. The intuitive heuristic checklist suggested here may provide

the initial grounding for a systematic text analysis procedure, which would be of special relevance to the comparative lettrist.
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CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC AND LANGUAGE AS A
SOCIAL SEMIOTIC
Authors: HatilTI Basil
Published: January 2024

Jn the field of pragmatics, it is now generally accepted that the reception or production of optimally felicitous use of language necessarily requires that "some small but powerful set of general principles of inference to interlocutors' communicative intentions in specific contexts" is systematically invoked (Levinson 1981:481-2). In this respect, Paul Grice has made a valuable contribution, raising a number of exciting questions which have remarkably influenced our whole attitude to language use. According to Grice, . meaning is not determined beforehand but is negotiated only while utterances are made. Indeed, meaning may well become fixed in the process, but all the way, this is informed by a variety of contextual factors, including hearers' cognitive processing abilities to infer 'meaning from context. Background knowledge and related assumptions feature prominently in these activities and, along with situationality and a range of co-textual clues, essentially form the context of an utterance.

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TAYEB SALIH AND JOSEPH CONRAD REVISITED:SEASON OFMIGRATION TO THE NORTH AND HEART-OF DARKNESS
Authors: Maalouf May
Published: January 2024

The topic of influence has always been a controversial one. The proximity of meaning between "influence" and "imitation" tends to put the reader, the author, and even the text on the alert since it could be understood as dirpinutive of the author's originality, and yet it could be the only means of ·.discovering and appreciating that originality. A major obstacle in the assessment of one author's influence over another is the presumption that Text A (the influencer) is supposedly a great work against which Text B (the influenced) must prove itself. Hence, while this battle between texts
may take the form of sibling or Oedipal rivalry 1 in works of the same
culture (even if of different nationalities) or language, it becomes a very complex one when Texts A and Bare not only of different cultures, but also of opposite ones such as East and West. The task gets even more problematic when Text A belongs to one of the most powerful literatures in the West (British) and Text B belongs to a relatively nascent literature in the East (Sudanese) and which has been colonized by the political svstem of the former. From this oersoective the studv of Joseph Conrad's influence on Al-Tayeb Salih becomes fraught' with many pitfalls: political, cultural, and even literary.
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THE. EMPIRE READS BACK:M.G. VASSANJI'S THE BOOK OFSECRETS
Authors: Malak Amin
Published: January 2024

The driving impetus behind postcolonial literatures leads not only to technical ingenuity, liminal insights, or polyphonic perspectives, but also, in part, to a retaliatory discursive thrust that attempts setting the record straight. In almost every postcolonial/third worldist narrative, one can discern a political subtext that strives towards articulating a contradistinctive zeitgeist. There seems to be an urgency here to compensate for lost times, for denied opportunities, and for blank spaces in the narrative of empire that has erstwhile been occupied by what Michel Foucault calls le discours dominant produced by apologists of the colonial enterprise. M.G. Vassanji's novel The Book of Secrets (1994) makes its intervention by cleverly creating a colonial text, taking the form of a diary, the titular book of secrets, and then situating it within a context that foregrounds the limitations of the colonial perspective without necessarily condemning it outright.

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Willa Cather's Use of Planetary Light Imagery to Depict Character in Selected Novels
Authors: Al-Ghalith Asad
Published: January 2024

In 1987 it was revealed that Paul de Man, one of the apostles of the death of the author, had published a great number of anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi articles in the collaborationist Belgian newspaper Le Soir. The revelation "set in motion a process of reevaluation ... of the ethics of detaching the text from its writer (and) brought the author back to the center stage" (Burke 1). In spite 9f Barthes' vociferous declaration of the death of the author that came as a culmination of a long and feverish campaign led by a number of staunch advocates of variations on the "death of the author" doctrine which span the whole twentieth century, "The authorial subject returns, the (auto)biographical disrupts, enhances and displaces aspects of their work, a return which ... takes place almost instantaneously with the declaration of authorial departure"(Burke 7). In brief, a deconstruct ve reading of the texts of these writers reveals that what is said is contradicted by what is unsaid; their texts mean what they do not say and say what they do not mean. Some thinkers have chosen a more dramatic way of response; for Bradbury, for example, "The comedy has its basis in

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language: language (that impersonal, endless play of signifiers) controls us. It (rather than _writers) writes books" (qtd. in Burke 22). Willian1 Gass
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death of the author is not so much a fact as a wish. It is, in my opinion, an expediency, or an ideology. It is somehow a murder, more a "performative than constative" (Burke 29) act. At best, it is a mere method of reading which in no way invalidates the other methods. By the very logic of Postmodernism there is no transcendental signified, and by the logic of intentionalists, to use Juhl's image, the author is not a monkey (Interpretation: An Essay in the Philosophy of Literary Criticism), though

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Idiomphobia: The EFL Learner's Syndrome
Authors: Bahumaid Showqi
Published: January 2024

Though separated by no less than the Atlantic Ocean, Emily Bronte and Nathaniel Hawthorne are indeed close intellectual neighbors . None of them is likely to have heard of, or even read the other. Their expressions of the fierce impact of nature, of the unaccessible depths of human naturalness , specially the domain of heathen love, however, prove, among other things, that they could have been nurtured in one social milieu. The issue of heathen love, however , introduces a major cross-cultural element for comparison. What looks probably paradoxical in this similitude is that an authoress has portrayed a male heathen in love, while an author has done the opposite. The condition and evolution of love in two heathen characters : Heathcliff in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, and Hester Prynne in Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter, are respectively expre sions of the masculine and feminine variants of two heathen "subordinates" determined, as this study would show, by "cultural constructions" or "cultural conceptions" (terms used by Morris) of gender differences, as well as differences between two cultures: the British and the American..
Critical Discourse Analysis: An Overview1
Authors: Abdul Galil Shalaby Nadia
Published: January 2024

This paper provides an overview of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), a relatively recent approach to analyzing discourse. The paper begins with the various definitions of the term "discourse," then provides a brief overview of the basic tenets of CDA as outlined by its practitioners. This is followed by a summary of two representative works in CDA. The merits of CDA are pointed out, as are the criticisms leveled at the approach and the responses to them. The paper concludes with a general evaluation of the contributions of CDA to the field of discourse analysis..
Innovative Strategies for Teaching Writing through Cooperative Learning and Team Work Projects
Authors: Hamdan Mohammad
Published: January 2024

The main thrust of this paper is to propose an innovative model of teaching writing to Jordanian middle school students by using technology and computer. More specifically, the paper aims at modeling new teaching strategies that will aid the Jordanian English language teachers to develop effective approaches for teaching composition and writing in the electronic and technology age. The writing procedures and computer programs the paper proposes function as an innovative aid that helps language teachers in Jordan to apply technology in the way that it makes their middle school students become good writers..
Cultural Coding and Decoding Practices in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon and Tar Baby
Authors: Karim Mohammad Abdel
Published: January 2024

This paper falls into history and memory studies in the post-colonial tradition, particularly the controversy over the pastness of the past and its relevance, irrelevance or partial relevance in the present. The paper marks out moments of reallocation of the resources of history and memory in two Morrison texts: Song of Solomon (1977) and Tar Baby (1981). In addition to the concepts of racial injustice, economic exploitation of the subaltern, commitment to black history and cultural heritage, all common themes in the critical canon on Toni Morrison, the novels also represent a conflict between several discourses of value coding within the black community itself. The divergence between these discourses opens a space in which members of the black community can look beyond a cruel past and a stagnant present to rethink the way the black society organizes itself, a move which, to a significant extent, determines its social, economic, and political condition in the present. By introducing alternative social meanings, Morrison engages in a multi-layered cultural coding which questions hegemonic practices beyond which it becomes hard for members of the black community to move freely. It is these deconstructive moments that the paper brings into focus through an examination of the emergent cultural formations in the two texts..
Bombingham: Anthony Grooms's Contribution to Constructing Control over Black Representations in Contemporary American Literature
Authors: J. M. Samarrai Ghanim
Published: January 2024

Some Critics complain that American literature has done a poor job of accurately depicting blacks and that an authentic portrait presenting the black man as a free American citizen has not yet been painted. In the main, these complaints draw upon the notion that early and modern American fiction confined the images of African Americans to stereotypically limited depictions, exemplified as primitive characters that needed the protection of the 'benevolent' whites they served. Black authors had found that obtaining access to correct narrativerepresentation was not simple: to turn the field into a viable space for black representation would require genuine social hanges that many whites were unwilling to make.A dramatic change took place, nevertheless. On the 15th of September, 1963, racially motivated bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham killed four black girls, and this incident generated an unprecedented literary response from black writers, who started to gain more of a sense in black pride and cultural identity as well. This paper aims at examining how Anthony Grooms's novel Bombingham has contributed to representing black characters and constructing a black identity that challenges the stereotypical depictions dominating the pre-Birmingham era. Almost as soon as blacks could write, it seems, they set out to redefine – against already received racist stereotypes – who and what a black person was. (Henry Louis Gates: 1984, 131)..
The Academic-Industrial Duality in David Lodge's Nice Work
Authors: S. Sultan Sabbar
Published: January 2024

The following paper is an attempt to read David Lodge's Nice Work with a particular reference to the position of the academic critic in the present world and its challenges. It comprises two sections: the first is preliminary, covering the various misconceptions held about critics and their field. The second gives a detailed analysis of how Robyn Penrose shows a firm faith in her cultural and critical enterprise and at the same time reaches a reconciliation with the real working life..
Some Evidence from Arabic for the Implicature of Quantity
Authors: A. Daym Adnan
Published: January 2024

The Gricean theory of Maxims and Implicature (Grice, 1975) is a pragmatic theory of communication in which pragmatics as the study of language in use is manifestly reflected. It originates in the inferential mode of communication already proposed by Grice as the concept of "non-natural meaning" (speaker meaning), and represented by the intention-recognition pattern of linguistic (and non-linguistic) communication. To supplement Grice's whole programme, and building on the premises of this pattern, the more interesting theory of maxims and implicature is set forth as a distinct theory which is mainly concerned with utterance interpretation. As it is primarily introduced, and applied to English, the theory is claimed to be grounded in logic of conversation. Its central core, i.e. the cooperative principle as embodied in the conversational maxims, is seen as emerging from rational considerations applicable to all types of cooperative verbal and non-verbal behaviour. Interaction is considered here as a species of rational purposive behaviour..
Expressions of Gratitude In Cairene Arabic: Pragma linguistic Study
Authors: EI-Zeini Nagwa
Published: January 2024

Research on intra-cultural and inter-cultural variation in the use and realization of particular speech acts has focused on language functions by studying language use in different communities (Blum-Kulka 1982; Fraser 1985; Brown and Levinson 1987; and Rizk 1997). There has been considerable evidence that speech acts differ across cultures (Blum-kulka 1982; Scarcella 1979).

Some research on politeness and speech acts in Egyptian Arabic has been conducted. El-Sayed (1989) and El-Shafey (1990) deal with contrastive politeness; Morsey (1992) studies Arabic compliments and compares them with American· compliments; Mazid (1995) investigates complimenting behavior in upper Egypt; and, finally, Hussein (1995) provides a descriptive analysis of speech acts in Arabic, including apologies, requests and expressions of gratitude (hereafter EOGs), among many others. However, research on speech acts such
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Transcending Cultural Barriers: An Approach to Paradise Lost
Authors: A. Khattab Ezzat
Published: January 2024

This is a paper of exploration: after presenting my experience of teaching Paradise Lost to graduate majors in English I hope I get some interesting and illuminating feedbacks. Paradise Lost is the kind of work that does not fail to generate a wide variety of responses.

However, let me begin by relating three anecdotes, two of which are directly relevant to my topic and the third is not far off the track. Some years ago at the beginning of term, one of my female students ( I delibertely refer to gender for reasons that will be clear later) had great scruples about reading this religiously charged epic. How could she bring herself to read and interpret a work in which God, Christ and angels

the Omniscient and Omnipresent be brought before us upon the stage to spea ' to argue and, of all matters, defend his \Visdom? To_ her this is totally sacreligious, in fact tanta..'llount to blasphemy. She was about to leave the course, perhaps even drop out. With great difficulty I was able to convince her to continue.
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Contrastive Study of Aspect in English and Arabic
Authors: Atawneh Ahmad
Published: January 2024

The idea of this paper is to compare (albeit briefly) "aspect" as a grammatical category commonly associated with the verb phrase in both English and Arabic. In view of the fact that much has been written on this category in English (cf. Allen, 1966; Comrie, 1976; Joos, 1964; Leech, 1971; Palmer, 1974; Quirk, et. al., 1985; Zandvoort, 1962) no attempt will be made to describe its status or uses in English. However, a brief review of the contrast between perfective and imperfective verbs in Arabic is necessary for the contrastive analysis (between English and Arabic perfective verbs) which is the main objective of this paper..
Impact of EFL on the Mother Tongue of Arab Children
Authors: AL-Mutawa Najat
Published: January 2024

Impact of EFL on the Mother Tongue of Arab Children.
The Oriental Sources of Courtly Love
Authors: Al-Dabbagh Abdulla
Published: January 2024

This paper singles out three key theoretical, oriental perspectives on love that have been, to a greater or lesser degree, recognized by scholars as sources for western courtly love notions: Ibn Hazm's Tawq al-Hamama
(The Dove's Neck Ring), Ibn Sina's Risala fi 'I- 'lshq (Treatise on Love), and the general Sufi outlook, particularly in the works of Ibn Al-Arabi
and Rumi. While chivalry, the forms and features of Arabic music and
Arabic poetry, Arabic poetic themes and specifically the expressions and concepts of love in poetry have long been studied as the. main Arab/Islamic contributions to courtly love, no detailed study of this relationship at the theoretical level has so far been done. Such a study, particularly of the ideas of thinkers like Ibn Sina , Ibn Al-Arabi, and Rumi will serve to illuminate not only western works explicitly devoted to the topic, but also a key trend in the western conception of love generally, as well as the whole genre of tragic romance in modern western literature.
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Deconstructive Reading
Authors: Asfour Mohammad
Published: January 2024

This paper examines four poems by four different poets dealing with more or less the same subject. The subject is an invitation by a young man addressed to a young woman to come and live in his world. The situation is familiar enough, and it is fraught with possibilities, both poetic and moral. The poetic possibilities have to do with whether or not it is possible to write a good poem about an immoral theme, whether a good theme elevates the poem to its own level of goodness regardless of the artistry of the poet, and whether it is possible, to begin with, to separate the artistry from the morality of the poem. The moral possibilities have to do with whether the invitation is innocent or wicked, whether both the inviter and the invited are aware of the moral complexities of the situation or not, and whether the reader has to take sides in order to appreciate the poems..
Problems in Translating English Journalistic Texts into Arabic: Examples from the Arabic Version of Newsweek
Authors: Abdel-Hafiz Ahmed-Sokarno
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates the problems encountered in the translation of English journalistic texts into Standard Arabic (henceforth SA). The analysis presented in this study clearly shows that the most common problems in journalistic translation are attributed to: (a) the inappropriate selection of the equivalent TL word or expression, (b) the inability to observe the syntactic and stylistic differences between the SL and the TL and (c) the translated text may contain violations of some TL rules.

By drawing the attention of translators to the translational problems that await them, we can immensely enhance the quality of the output text. There is another reason for our interest in the translation of journalistic texts: translation is regarded by purists " as a bigger menace to the purity of Arabic language than that of the Colloquial dialects." (Abdelfattah 1996:134); for instance, journalistic translation may pave the way for foreign-language influence on SA in "the domain of syntax, style, and lexicon" (Abdelfattah 1996:134). Thus most of the changes that occur in the style and structure of Arabic occur through the Arab journalists who are familiar with European languages, especially English and through the Arab translators who render English journalistic texts into Arabic. As Holes (1995:255) puts it,
Today, more than ever, it is in the language of the press, Television and radio that external influences on Arabic are most obvious, and constant exposure to this 'media MSA' seems to be having reaching effects on the vocabulary, grammar and phraseology of the Arabic used by educated Arabs in many other contexts written or spoken .
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Ideological Conceptual Metaphors in Arabic-English Translation of Political Discourse
Authors: AI-Harrasi Abdulla
Published: January 2024

This study explores a translation topic that is neglected in the literature on handling metaphor in translation, namely how translators deal with ideological metaphors. Based on the framework of the conceptual theory of metaphor, the study shows how official governmental translators of National Day speeches of Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman systematically avoided any expression in the target text of the ideological conceptual metaphor OMANIS ARE SONS OF OMAN. Translators follow translation techniques that filter out the ideological load of this metaphor. Findings of the study show that translators are not only transmitters of information from a source language to a target language, but are ideology experts, i.e. they are aware of the ideologies functioning in the source text and are deeply involved in creating a positive image about the source culture in the target culture..
Arabic Conservatism versus English Openness
Authors: Farghal Mohammed
Published: January 2024

The paper shows that Arabic conservatism contrasts sharply with English openness. While English opens up freely to colloquial varieties as well as other languages of the world, Arabic retreats to itself in search of purity of expression. It is argued that the roots of this contrast have more to do with different linguistic traditions than the real state-of-affairs. In particular, the tendency of English, as opposed to Arabic, for description rather than prescription of linguistic data had far-reaching consequences in this regard Further, it is shown that socio-political realities in the cultures of English and Arabic play a key role in the choice between throughargumentation and counter-argumentation..
A Text-Oriented Procedure for Corrective Feedback in an Arab EFL/EAL Writing Class*
Authors: Atari Omar
Published: January 2024

This paper proposes an EFL corrective feedback procedure at the intermediate level that is based on both (1) findings of empirical research on Arab EFL writers' compositions (Atari, 1985; Atari and Triki, 2000; Kharma, 1986; Kaplan, 1966; Mukattash , 1986; etc.) and (2) a unified theory of EFL writing pedagogy integrating both product and process at all language levels: cf Connor (1987). The proposed procedure consists of four recursive cycles of revising processes as p art of the "overarching " composing process (Witte, 1985). These are: 1. Awareness-raising; 2. Peer evaluation of students' individual drafts; 3. Students ' reformulations of their own first drafts ; and 4. A contrastive analysis exercise whereby students compare and contrast their modified drafts with a model offered by their instructor..
Breaking Free and Yearning Back: The Timelessness of Scottish Literature
Authors: Malzahn Manfred
Published: January 2024

In recent decades, it has been much more widely acknowledged than before that Scottish literature has to date retained a distinctive character which permits or even demands its study as a tradition in its own right, distinct if not entirely separate from the literary tradition of England. This paper presents evidence for the paradoxical argument that the particular distinctiveness of Scottish literature after 1707 may be said to exist both in spite and because of Scotland's loss of political independence in the Union of Crowns, being an event after which representations of time and temporality in Scottish imaginative writing assumed a special character. It is argued that this literary development was one of the consequences of Scotland's extinction as a separate political entity, and of the ideological transformation of a country whose physical and geographical shape remained, into an ostensibly history-free zone.
In pursuit of the argument, a brief diachronic sketch is followed by the analysis of selected literary works expressing that specifically Scottish time perception which has contributed to the particular features of post-l 707 Scottish
literature to the present. Ultimately, it is suggested that the persistence of certain time-related motifs, topoi, or modes beyond the present day could be seen as an important parameter for the success or failure of recent and contemporary political efforts to bring Scotland back as an equal agent on that historical stage where the past of nations interacts with their future..
Taking License: The Translator-cum-Censor
Authors: J. Bakir Murtadha
Published: January 2024

Translation and censorship seem to enjoy a unique, yet subliminal bond. Many a time they play converse roles working for opposite ends. In fact they may be represented as two sides of the same coin, namely cultural interaction. One stands for the introduction of new things into a culture. The other stands for the protective mechanisms that safeguard the established norms of that culture by the suppression of those foreign unacceptable elements, norms, institutions, ideologies, etc ..Judged to be unacceptable in that culture..
The Increasing Role of Translation in Libyan Politics and Business Activities
Authors: Giaber Jamal
Published: January 2024

The Increasing Role of Translation in Libyan Politics and Business Activities.
APETAU First Regional Forum (August 7th, 2004)
Authors: TEAM APETAU
Published: January 2024

APETAU First Regional Forum (August 7th, 2004).
APETAU 2004 Board of Management Annual Meeting
Authors: TEAM APETAU
Published: January 2024

APETAU 2004 Board of Management Annual Meeting.
Arabic Euphemism in English Translation
Authors: Farghal Mohammed
Published: January 2024

The present study aims to address the translatibilty of Arabic euphemisms into English by investigating Arabic euphemizing strategies and their potential English counterparts. It establishes the construct that euphemism is a pragmatic feature with translational relevance that concerns the degree of politeness between SL and TL. Arabic and English are shown to largely operate comparable strategies including meataphorical expressions, circumlocutions, remodeling, ellipsis, and under-/overstatements, despite the fact that there are some register complications that must be taken into consideration when translating between the two languages. The paper also shows that some euphemistic Arabic expressions are doomed in English translation for lack of correspondence, leaving the translator with only the option to utilize some compensatory strategies..
A Multiple-Trace-Based Proposal for Linguistically Unconditioned Variability
Authors: Al-Tamimi Yaser
Published: January 2024

In his study of the casual speech of some East London English (ELE) speakers, Tamimi (2002) finds unconditioned variability in the phonetic behavior of‘ h’under a number of linguistic conditions, including a) different lexical functions (content vs. functional words), b) different stress conditions (stressed vs. unstressed), c) different positions in the utterance/word, and d) different phonetic environments (among other conditions). He also observes the same type of variability in unstressed non-initial function words appearing in the casual speech of some speakers of Southern British Standard (SBS). This paper introduces a Multiple-Trace-Based-Proposal to account for such variability, after revealing some explanatory inadequacies in a number of available phonological theories, including a) Coexistent Phonemic systems, b) Standard Generative Phonology, c) Variable Rules, d) Bailey’s Polylectal Grammar, e) Lexical Diffusion, f) Articulatory phonology and g) Optimality Theory. Unlike these, the proposal, based on the multiple-trace theory and some views already available in the literature, appears to be bale to explain the unconditioned variability of the glottal fricative in ELE..
Activation and Suppression of Context-Relevant and Context-Irrelevant
Senses in the Processing of Nonliteral Language by L2 Learners
Authors: Cieslicka Anna
Published: January 2024

Recent psycholinguistic literature has witnessed an astounding boom of
research into the processing of figurative language. Whereas the majority of the
figurative language research has been carried out with monolingual language users, a
substantially smaller number of studies have addressed the question of how second
language learners cope with figurative expressions. The aim of the present paper is,
therefore, to fill the research gap concerning figurative language processing by second
language learners. More specifically, the paper focuses on the degree to which literal
and metaphorical meanings of L2 idiomatic phrases become activated, and consequently
either retained or suppressed in the course of their processing by L2 learners. To
measure the amount of activation and suppression of literal and figurative meanings of
idioms, a word fragment completion test was carried out with a group of advanced
Polish learners of English. Results of the test are interpreted against the existing idiom
comprehension models postulated in the psycholinguistic literature and implications for
the L2 processing model are discussed..
The Poetics of Resistance:
A reading of native American and Palestinian Intifada poetry
Authors: Gohar Saddik
Published: January 2024

This paper critically examines social, historical and human zones of contact between contemporary native American poets and the Arab/Palestinian Intifada poets in order to illuminate issues of common interest that characterize the poetic discourse of both sides. Exploring political and textual spaces in these two poetic traditions, the paper illustrates the attitude toward native land, identity, struggle and other motifs that penetrate the poetic narrative of Palestinian and Native American poets..
Translation versus Direct Composition: The impact of LI on L2 Writing
Authors: H. Noor Hashim
Published: January 2024

This study aims at investigating the effect of EFL learners' LI system or knowledge on the quality of their L2 essays or compositions in terms of content, organization, and style. This study is based on the analysis of 46 English compositions written by EFL Arab university students. It particularly examines differences be/ween resulting from two writing processes (i) essays written first in Arabic and then translated into English by the same student, and (ii) essays written direct into English. Composing directly in English. It also examines the relationship between these two writing processes and students' proficiency levI. The results reveal that although the two major factors of composing process and proficiency level did not significantly affect the quality of written texts, yet translations were rated slightly higher than direct compositions..
Teaching Grammar Pedagogically and Communicatively
Authors: Imssalem Nuwara
Published: January 2024

Pedagogical grammars have always been a mirror reflection of descriptive grammars. This situation has led to different degrees of emphasis placed on grammar in language teaching. The position of grammar in language teaching has swung from grammar driven audio-lingual methods to communicative approaches which consider grammar as something peripheral. The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the historical development which has led to this situation and suggest 'a framework for teaching new grammatical items pedagogically and communicatively..
The Effect of Globalization on Literature
Authors: Al-Khader Mutasem
Published: January 2024

The Effect of Globalization on Literature.
Spenserian Images of Catholicism In Book I of The Faerie Queene
Authors: Mumayiz Ibrahim
Published: January 2024

Due to the continuously hostile Elizabethan-Papal relations which persisted throughout Elizabeth's  reign (/558-1603) and covered Spenser's entire lifetime, Spenser nurtured pejorative images of Catholicism of a monstrously graphic nature. In Book I of The Faerie Queene, Papal-led Catholicism was regarded as being satanic evil. This evil Catholicism was used by Protestantism to define and defend itself. Spenser's vilifying views of Catholicism are expressed through the character of Archimago, who represents all what Protestants like Spenser saw in Catholicism such as pilgrimages, falsity, magical practices, hypocrisy, deception, and disguise. These accusations were based on what Protestants saw in the behavior of "Church Papists". The paper also puts forward the view that Archimago was a Jesuit, probably Robert Persons, the arch Jesuit that the black insects, flies, and sprites in Book I refer to Catholic missionary priests sent by the Pope and the Jesuits secretly into England..
Missing n Compilation: How much English is there in an Arabic-English Dictionary
Authors: Abu-Ssaydeh Abdul-Fattah
Published: January 2024

When searching for the unfamiliar English equivalent of an Arabic word or expression, the Arab translator usually resorts to an Arabic-English dictionary. This tool, however, is inadequate for many reasons: 1) The overall coverage of English lexical items is neither thorough nor systematic 2) Little use is made of vital lexical relations such as collocations and multi-word units 3) Senses are not always accurate: some are incomplete, wrong or obsolete 4) The metaphorical potential and spoken expressions are rarely represented or explicitly expressed 5) A fairly large number of English words with affixes are overlooked. For all these reasons, a modified methodology of dictionary compilation should be considered and sources other than the Arabic-English dictionary should be consulted..