bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endometrial Profile of Tamoxifen and Low-Dose Estradiol Combination Therapy
Authors: Wood Charles E. , Kaplan Jay R. , Fontenot M. Babette , Williams J. Koudy , Cline J. Mark
Published: January 2010

Purpose: Combination estrogen + progestin therapy has been associated with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) are potential alternatives to progestins, although the endometrial safety of estrogen + SERM co-therapies is not known. The goal of this study was to evaluate the endometrial profile of low-dose estradiol and the SERM tamoxifen alone and in combination.

Experimental Design: Twenty-four postmenopausal female cynomolgus macaques were randomized by social group to receive placebo, low-dose micronized estradiol (E2; 0.25 mg/1,800 kcal), the SERM tamoxifen (Tam; 20 mg/1,800 kcal), or E2 + Tam for 4 months in a parallel-arm design.

Results: Tamoxifen alone resulted in overlapping but distinct effects compared with E2. Both E2 and Tam increased uterine weight and endometrial thickness, whereas only E2 increased endometrial proliferation. Morphologic effects were similar for Tam and E2 + Tam, which both induced stromal fibrosis and cystic change. Tamoxifen inhibited E2-induced proliferation and expression of genes related to cell cycle progression while exhibiting mixed agonist and antagonist effects on gene markers of estrogen receptor activity. The gene expression profile for E2 + Tam was distinct from either E2 or Tam alone but dominated by the Tam effect for estrogen-regulated genes. Tam also attenuated E2 effects on both vaginal maturation and cervical epithelial height.

Conclusions: These findings characterize a novel phenotype resulting from estrogen + SERM co-therapy. The predominance of Tam effects on endometrial proliferation, morphology, and transcriptional profiles suggests that endometrial risks for E2 + Tam may be similar to Tam alone. Clin Cancer Res; 16(3); 946–56
Spatial Analyses Identify the Geographic Source of Patients at a National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center
Authors: Su Shu-Chih , Kanarek Norma , Fox Michael G. , Guseynova Alla , Crow Shirley , Piantadosi Steven
Published: January 2010

Purpose: We examined the geographic distribution of patients to better understand the service area of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, a designated National Cancer Institute (NCI) comprehensive cancer center located in an urban center. Like most NCI cancer centers, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center serves a population beyond city limits. Urban cancer centers are expected to serve their immediate neighborhoods and to address disparities in access to specialty care. Our purpose was to learn the extent and nature of the cancer center service area.

Experimental Design: Statistical clustering of patient residence in the continental United States was assessed for all patients and by gender, cancer site, and race using SaTScan.

Results: Primary clusters detected for all cases and demographically and tumor-defined subpopulations were centered at Baltimore City and consisted of adjacent counties in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, New Jersey and New York, and the District of Columbia. Primary clusters varied in size by race, gender, and cancer site. Spatial analysis can provide insights into the populations served by urban cancer centers, assess centers' performance relative to their communities, and aid in developing a cancer center business plan that recognizes strengths, regional utility, and referral patterns.

Conclusions: Today, 62 NCI cancer centers serve a quarter of the U.S. population in their immediate communities. From the Baltimore experience, we might project that the population served by these centers is actually more extensive and varies by patient characteristics, cancer site, and probably cancer center services offered. Clin Cancer Res; 16(3); 1065–72
Application of a Time-Varying Covariate Model to the Analysis of CA 19-9 as Serum Biomarker in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Boeck Stefan , Haas Michael , Laubender Rüdiger P. , Kullmann Frank , Klose Christina , Bruns Christiane J. , Wilkowski Ralf , Stieber Petra , Holdenrieder Stefan , Buchner Hannes , Mansmann Ulrich , Heinemann Volker
Published: January 2010

Purpose: The clinical relevance of CA 19-9 as surrogate biomarker in advanced pancreatic cancer is a matter of debate.

Experimental Design: This retrospective multicenter study included patients with histologically confirmed advanced pancreatic cancer treated with first-line therapy. Analysis of CA 19-9 was done using the Elecsys assay (Roche Diagnostics). For an analysis of CA 19-9 kinetics, at least three measurements during first-line chemotherapy had to be available. The effect of pretreatment CA 19-9 levels on time-to-progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) was modeled by Cox proportional hazards regression. The effect of CA 19-9 kinetics was also modeled by Cox proportional hazards regression where CA 19-9 was treated as a time-varying covariate.

Results: One hundred and fifteen patients from five German centers were included; 73% of them were treated within prospective clinical trials. Median TTP was 4.4 months and median OS was 9.4 months; univariate analysis indicated that pretreatment CA 19-9 [as continuous variable, log (CA 19-9)] was significantly associated with TTP [hazard ratio (HR), 1.24; P < 0.001] and OS (HR, 1.16; P = 0.002). These associations remained significant within multivariate analysis. For CA 19-9 kinetics during chemotherapy, data from 69 patients (TTP) and 84 patients (OS) were available, respectively; log (CA 19-9) kinetics after start of treatment were found to be a significant predictor for TTP in univariate (HR, 1.48; P < 0.001) and multivariate (HR, 1.45; P < 0.001) analyses, and also for OS (univariate: HR, 1.34; P < 0.001; multivariate: HR, 1.38; P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Pretreatment CA 19-9 and CA 19-9 kinetics may serve as a useful serum biomarker in advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(3); 986–94
Immunobiological Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells Isolated from Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Di Tomaso Tiziano , Mazzoleni Stefania , Wang Ena , Sovena Gloria , Clavenna Daniela , Franzin Alberto , Mortini Pietro , Ferrone Soldano , Doglioni Claudio , Marincola Francesco M. , Galli Rossella , Parmiani Giorgio , Maccalli Cristina
Published: January 2010

Purpose: Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been isolated from human tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The aims of this study were the immunobiological characterization of GBM CSCs and the assessment of whether these cells represent suitable targets for immunotherapy.

Experimental Design: GBM CSC lines and their fetal bovine serum (FBS)–cultured non-CSC pair lines were generated and examined by flow cytometry for expression of known tumor antigens, MHC-I and MHC-II molecules, antigen-processing machinery components, and NKG2D ligands. In addition, immunogenicity and immunosuppression of such cell lines for autologous or allogeneic T lymphocytes were tested by cytokine secretion (ELISPOT) or proliferation (carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester) assays, respectively.

Results: Both GBM CSC and FBS lines were weakly positive and negative for MHC-I, MHC-II, and NKG2D ligand molecules, respectively. Antigen-processing machinery molecules were also defective in both cell types. Upregulation of most molecules was induced by IFNs or 5-Aza deoxycytidine, although more efficiently in FBS than in CSCs. Patient T-cell responses, mediated by both TH1 and the TH2 subsets, against autologous CSC could be induced in vitro. In addition, CSC but not their paired FBS tumor lines inhibited T-cell proliferation of healthy donors. Notably, a differential gene signature that was confirmed at the protein levels for some immunologic-related molecules was also found between CSC and FBS lines.

Conclusions: These results indicate lower immunogenicity and higher suppressive activity of GBM CSC compared with FBS lines. The immunogenicity, however, could be rescued by immune modulation leading to anti-GBM T cell–mediated immune response. Clin Cancer Res; 16(3); 800–13
A Fine-Needle Aspirate–Based Vulnerability Assay Identifies Polo-Like Kinase 1 as a Mediator of Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Jimeno Antonio , Rubio-Viqueira Belen , Rajeshkumar N.V. , Chan Audrey , Solomon Anna , Hidalgo Manuel
Published: January 2010

This work aimed to discover targets for combination treatment with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. We selected 11 tumors from our live collection of freshly generated pancreatic cancer xenografts with known degrees of varying gemcitabine sensitivity. We briefly (6 h) exposed fine-needle aspiration material to control vehicle or gemcitabine (1 μmol/L) and compared the gene expression of the treated and untreated samples using a reverse transcription-PCR–based, customized low-density array with 45 target genes of therapeutic interest. The gene expression of the untreated sample (which can be considered a baseline/static readout) was not predictive of gemcitabine efficacy in these tumors. Altogether, the only gene that differentiated sensitive versus resistant cases was polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), showing >50% downregulation in sensitive cases and no change in the resistant cases. Inhibition of Plk1 by either small interfering RNA gene knockdown or with the Plk1 pathway modulator (ON 01910.Na) synergized with gemcitabine in gemcitabine-refractory in vitro models providing mechanistic proof of concept. In vivo experiments in gemcitabine-resistant xenografts showed synergistic activity decreasing cell proliferation and tumor regressions. A quantitative gene expression–based vulnerability assay identified Plk1 as a relevant target dictating the susceptibility of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine. Dynamic interrogation of cancer has the potential to provide key information about mechanisms of resistance and to enhance individualization of treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(2); 311–8
Chemoprevention of B-Cell Lymphomas by Inhibition of the Myc Target Spermidine Synthase
Authors: Forshell TachaZi Plym , Rimpi Sara , Nilsson Jonas A.
Published: January 2010

The oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc (Myc) is frequently overexpressed in human cancers. Myc is known to induce or repress a large set of genes involved in cell growth and proliferation, explaining the selection for mutations in cancer that deregulate Myc expression. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and a Myc target, has been shown to be chemopreventive. In the present study, we have dissected the role of another enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, spermidine synthase (Srm), in Myc-induced cancer. We find that Srm is encoded by a Myc target gene containing perfect E-boxes and that it is induced by Myc in a direct manner. RNA interference against Srm shows that it is important for Myc-induced proliferation of mouse fibroblasts but to a lesser extent for transformation. Using the compound trans-4-methylcyclohexylamine, we show that Srm inhibition can delay the onset of B-cell lymphoma development in λ-Myc transgenic mice. We therefore suggest that inhibition of Srm is an additional chemopreventive strategy that warrants further consideration. Cancer Prev Res; 3(2); 140–7
Cancer Chemoprevention Locks onto a New Polyamine Metabolic Target
Authors: Gerner Eugene W.
Published: January 2010

Ornithine decarboxylase has a relatively long history as a target for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Plym Forshell et al. report new evidence (beginning on p. 140 in this issue of the journal) indicating that spermidine synthase, a fellow enzyme of ornithine decarboxylase in polyamine metabolism, is transactivated in part by the MYC gene and is a potential target for chemoprevention of B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Prev Res; (3)2; 125–7
Assessing Efficacy in Early-Phase Cancer Prevention Clinical Trials: The Case of Ki-67 in the Lung
Authors: Szabo Eva
Published: January 2010

This perspective on Kim et al. (beginning on p. 148 in this issue of the journal) examines the value of the Ki-67 proliferation index as a surrogate end point in early-phase clinical lung cancer prevention trials. The clinical trial of Kim et al. shows an effect of the cyclooxygenase-2–selective inhibitor celecoxib at a high dose on Ki-67 expression in the normal bronchial epithelia of current and former smokers. The critical issue of how these data can be used to further drug development is discussed. Cancer Prev Res; 3(2); 128–31
Kinetics of Monofluorophosphate Hydrolysis in a Bacterial Test Plaque in situ
Authors: Tenuta L.M.A. , Del Bel Cury A.A. , Tabchoury C.P.M. , Moi G.P. , Silva W.J. , Cury J.A.
Published: January 2010

Models to evaluate the anticaries potential of fluoride (F) formulations containing monofluorophosphate (MFP) should consider the release of F ion to the oral environment by its enzymatic hydrolysis. This was tested in situ, using a test plaque of a strain of Streptococcus mutans which presents high MFPase activity at pH 5.0. The test plaque was exposed to non-F or MFP (1,450 µg F/g) dentifrices and the fluid phase of the plaque was analyzed after 15, 30, 45 and 75 min. MFP concentration in the plaque fluid decreased over time after exposure to MFP dentifrice, but F ion reached 134.9 ± 32.0 µM at 15 min and decreased significantly only at 75 min, suggesting continuous MFP hydrolysis by the test plaque.
Food Allergy: Only a Pediatric Disease?
Authors: Diesner Susanne C. , Untersmayr Eva , Pietschmann Peter , Jensen-Jarolim Erika
Published: January 2010

Epidemiologic studies report an increase in food allergies in industrialized countries, but mainly focus on children and young adults. This leads to the impression that food allergies do not occur in the older population. However, age-related changes dramatically affect both the innate as well as the adaptive immune system – a phenomenon known as immunosenescence. Deficiencies in micronutrients, especially zinc and iron, as well as vitamin D, in the elderly may also contribute to the development of allergies. A further risk factor of the elderly in developing food allergies could also be the decreased digestive ability of the stomach due to atrophic gastritis or anti-ulcer medication. In these settings, undigested proteins may persist and become allergenic. In fact, mouse models indicate that these pharmaceuticals support the induction of Th2 responses not only in young adult, but also in aged animals. Previous reports have already suggested that allergies are underdiagnosed among the elderly. Based on our own recent study conducted in a geriatric nursing home, we also suggest that food allergies may be underestimated.
Human Exercise-Induced Circulating Progenitor Cell Mobilization Is Nitric Oxide-Dependent and Is Blunted in South Asian Men
Authors: Cubbon Richard M. , Murgatroyd Scott R. , Ferguson Carrie , Bowen T. Scott , Rakobowchuk Mark , Baliga Vivek , Cannon Daniel , Rajwani Adil , Abbas Afroze , Kahn Matthew , Birch Karen M. , Porter Karen E. , Wheatcroft Stephen B. , Rossiter Harry B. , Kearney Mark T.
Published: January 2010

Objective—

Circulating progenitor cells (CPC) have emerged as potential mediators of vascular repair. In experimental models, CPC mobilization is critically dependent on nitric oxide (NO). South Asian ethnicity is associated with reduced CPC. We assessed CPC mobilization in response to exercise in Asian men and examined the role of NO in CPC mobilization per se.

Methods and Results—

In 15 healthy, white European men and 15 matched South Asian men, CPC mobilization was assessed during moderate-intensity exercise. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation was used to assess NO bioavailability. To determine the role of NO in CPC mobilization, identical exercise studies were performed during intravenous separate infusions of saline, the NO synthase inhibitor
l
-NMMA, and norepinephrine.  Flow-mediated vasodilatation (5.8%±0.4% vs 7.9%±0.5%;
P
=0.002) and CPC mobilization (CD34
+
/KDR
+
53.2% vs 85.4%;
P
=0.001; CD133
+
/CD34
+
/KDR
+
48.4% vs 73.9%;
P
=0.05; and CD34
+
/CD45
−
49.3% vs 78.4;
P
=0.006) was blunted in the South Asian group. CPC mobilization correlated with flow-mediated vasodilatation and
l
-NMMA significantly reduced exercise-induced CPC mobilization (CD34
+
/KDR
+
−3.3% vs 68.4%; CD133
+
/CD34
+
/KDR
+
0.7% vs 71.4%; and CD34
+
/CD45
−
−30.5% vs 77.8%; all
P
<0.001).

Conclusion—

In humans, NO is critical for CPC mobilization in response to exercise. Reduced NO bioavailability may contribute to imbalance between vascular damage and repair mechanisms in South Asian men.
Impact of Femoral Vascular Closure Devices and Antithrombotic Therapy on Access Site Bleeding in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Sanborn Timothy A. , Ebrahimi Ramin , Manoukian Steven V. , McLaurin Brent T. , Cox David A. , Feit Frederick , Hamon Martial , Mehran Roxana , Stone Gregg W.
Published: January 2010

Background—

The Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY) trial demonstrated that bivalirudin monotherapy significantly reduces major bleeding compared with heparin (unfractionated or enoxaparin) or bivalirudin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor in acute coronary syndromes. Whether vascular closure devices (VCD) impact these results is unknown. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether VCD impact major access site bleeding (ASB) in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management by the femoral approach.

Methods and Results—

Major ASB in ACUITY was defined as ASB requiring interventional or surgical correction, hematoma ≥5 cm at the access site, retroperitoneal bleeding, or hemoglobin drop ≥3 g/dL with ecchymosis or hematoma <5 cm, oozing blood, or prolonged bleeding (>30 minutes) at the access site. Stepwise logistical regression was performed to identify the independent determinants of ASB. Of 11 621 patients undergoing angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention by the femoral approach, 4307 (37.1%) received a VCD and 7314 (62.9%) did not. Rates of major ASB were lower with VCD compared with no VCD (2.5% versus 3.3%, relative risk, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.94;
P
=0.01) and were lowest in patients treated with bivalirudin monotherapy and a VCD (0.7%). Stepwise logistic regression revealed that a VCD (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99;
P
=0.04) and bivalirudin monotherapy (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.49;
P
<0.0001) were both independent determinates of freedom from major ASB.

Conclusion—

In patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing an early invasive management strategy by the femoral approach, the use of a VCD, bivalirudin monotherapy, or both minimizes rates of major ASB.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifier: NCT00093158.
Generating Tailored, Comparative Descriptions with Contextually Appropriate Intonation
Authors: White Michael , Clark Robert A. J. , Moore Johanna D.
Published: January 2010

Generating responses that take user preferences into account requires adaptation at all levels of the generation process. This article describes a multi-level approach to presenting user-tailored information in spoken dialogues which brings together for the first time multi-attribute decision models, strategic content planning, surface realization that incorporates prosody prediction, and unit selection synthesis that takes the resulting prosodic structure into account. The system selects the most important options to mention and the attributes that are most relevant to choosing between them, based on the user model. Multiple options are selected when each offers a compelling trade-off. To convey these trade-offs, the system employs a novel presentation strategy which straightforwardly lends itself to the determination of information structure, as well as the contents of referring expressions. During surface realization, the prosodic structure is derived from the information structure using Combinatory Categorial Grammar in a way that allows phrase boundaries to be determined in a flexible, data-driven fashion. This approach to choosing pitch accents and edge tones is shown to yield prosodic structures with significantly higher acceptability than baseline prosody prediction models in an expert evaluation. These prosodic structures are then shown to enable perceptibly more natural synthesis using a unit selection voice that aims to produce the target tunes, in comparison to two baseline synthetic voices. An expert evaluation and f0 analysis confirm the superiority of the generator-driven intonation and its contribution to listeners' ratings.
The Global Theology Network
Authors: Foster Paul
Published: January 2010

A description of the history and aims of the recently-established Global Theology network.
A Culturally Focused Exercise Program in Hispanic Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Martyn-Nemeth Pamela A. , Vitale Gail A. , Cowger Debra R.
Published: January 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of a community-based, culturally focused, exercise program for adults in the Hispanic community with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A pretest/posttest design using a culturally designed exercise program through dance was used. A total of 19 Mexican American men and women (39 to 64 years of age) with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Mean preprogram and postprogram differences were examined in hemoglobin A1C, lipid panel, body mass index (BMI), and psychological well-being.

Results

Feasibility was demonstrated by exceeding our recruitment goal and achieving an 84% completion rate and 75% attendance rate for the exercise sessions. Mean hemoglobin A1C, lipids, and psychological well-being demonstrated trends toward improvement from the beginning of the program to the end. BMI remained unchanged. Physical activity increased and all participants met the physical activity goals from the national physical activity guidelines for Americans by the end of the program.

Conclusions

The culturally focused exercise program detailed here is effective in promoting regular physical activity among Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes.
The Case for Democracy
Authors: Werlin Herbert H.
Published: January 2010

Michael Mandelbaum’s Democracy’s Good Name: The Rise and Risks of the World’s Most Popular Form of Government (2007) provides a valuable analysis of the success of democracy in the modern world but fails to adequately deal with remaining questions having to do with: (i) the definition of democracy; (ii) the linkage between democracy and economic development and (iii) the importance of public administration. Political Elasticity (PE) theory is used to explain the im- portance of public administration, particularly the linkage between effective decentralization and centralization. To illustrate the usefulness of PE theory, several comparative case studies (China and India; Bangladesh and Vietnam) are introduced in regard to the question of why is it that authoritarian states (for example, China and Vietnam) are sometimes more successful in economic development, particularly in raising standards of living, than their more democratic counterparts. Finally, at the conclusion, the question is raised about the relationship of democracy to corruption. In so doing, Lord Acton’s provocative assertion, ‘power tends to corrupt and absolute power, to corrupt absolutely’, is addressed, including a comparison of authoritarian Singapore and democratic Jamaica, suggesting: (i) that political power, if persuasive, is not necessarily corruptive; (ii) liberal or partisan democracy tends to corrupt and lawless democracy, to corrupt absolutely and (iii) authoritarian regimes may recognize that controlling corruption is essential for their legitimacy and economic prosperity.
Collective Indigenous Rights and Global Social Movements in the Face of Global Development
Authors: Lauderdale Pat
Published: January 2010

Most traditional indigenous peoples continue to value collective rights and mutual obligations in contrast to the growing efforts of various global and national organizations to promote individual human rights and ostensible economic development projects. Under the guise of ‘progress’ and ‘development’, global corporations impose economic profit over sacred places, precious time and human dignity. Evidence from traditional indigenous people suggests that acceptance of human rights and global diversity is indeed limited when it is built within the constraints of current law and narrow meanings of diversity, which often view development as deviance if it does not conform to modern ideas and definitions via neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is examined as extending far beyond the West, as a major force in the world system, which contains an ongoing, extensive, relatively complex social division of labor with an integrated set of production processes that are intimately related to the resources and lives of indigenous peoples throughout the world.
Attachment, social information processing, and friendship quality of early adolescent girls and boys
Authors: Dwyer Kathleen M. , Fredstrom Bridget K. , Rubin Kenneth H. , Booth-LaForce Cathryn , Rose-Krasnor Linda , Burgess Kim B.
Published: January 2010

Sixth graders (N = 223; 109 girls) completed questionnaires assessing their attachment security with their mothers and fathers, their social information processing (SIP) when faced with ambiguously caused hypothetical negative events involving a close friend, and the quality of the relationship with that friend. Aspects of more maladaptive SIP were significantly related to lower levels of security. The overall pattern of results did not provide strong evidence for mediation, although boys’ anger did tend to mediate the relation between attachment to the mother and friendship quality. The results are consistent with attachment theory and suggest that the mechanisms connecting attachment and friendship are specific with regard to the relationships boys and girls have with their fathers and mothers.
Social support, social constraint, and affect in spouses of women with breast cancer: The role of cognitive processing
Authors: Sheridan Mary A. , Sherman Marne L. , Pierce Tamarha , Compas Bruce E.
Published: January 2010

Social support and constraint may impact cognitive processing of traumatic or stressful events, thereby influencing adjustment. This study tested a path model accounting for positive and negative affect in male spouses of women with breast cancer (N = 105). The model examined support and constraint from the patient and others, as well as mediators of cancer-related intrusive thoughts and avoidance. Constraint from the patient was associated with affect in the healthy spouse. The relationship with positive affect was mediated by avoidance, while the relationship with negative affect was mediated by intrusive thoughts. Support from others was directly linked to positive affect. Spouses who perceive social constraint from the patient may experience poorer psychological adjustment due to impeded cognitive processing of the cancer experience.
The role of relational uncertainty in depressive symptoms and relationship quality
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. , Knobloch-Fedders Lynne M.
Published: January 2010

Individuals suffering from depressive symptoms tend to be dissatisfied with their romantic relationships, but information is lacking about the mechanisms that link depressive symptoms to relationship quality. This paper evaluates the role of relational uncertainty via an actor—partner interdependence model. Self-report data from 170 romantic partners (N = 85 dyads) revealed that depressive symptoms exerted actor effects, but not partner effects, on relationship quality and relational uncertainty. Moreover, relational uncertainty exerted actor and partner effects on relationship quality. The association between depressive symptoms and relationship quality was mediated by actor effects of self, partner, and relationship uncertainty for women and self uncertainty for men. The paper concludes by discussing how these findings advance scholarship on both relational uncertainty and depression.
The effects of self-assessment among young learners of English
Authors: Goto Butler Yuko , Lee Jiyoon
Published: January 2010

This study examined the effectiveness of self-assessment among 254 young learners of English as a foreign language. This study looked at 6th grade students in South Korea, who were asked to perform self-assessments on a regular basis for a semester during their English classes. The students improved their ability to self-assess their performance over time. A series of quantitative analyses found some positive effects of self-assessment on the students’ English performance as well as their confidence in learning English, though the effect sizes were rather small. The study also found that teachers and students perceived the effectiveness of self-assessment differently depending on their teaching/learning contexts. Individual teachers’ views towards assessment also influenced their perceived effectiveness in implementing the new self-assessment practice. A number of interesting insights were discovered through interviews with teachers regarding how best to implement self-assessment as part of foreign language instruction in contexts where teacher-centered teaching and measurement-driven assessment have been traditionally valued.
Washback of an oral assessment system in the EFL classroom
Authors: Muñoz Ana P. , Álvarez Marta E.
Published: January 2010

This article reports the results of a research study to determine the washback effect of an oral assessment system on some areas of the teaching and learning of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The research combined quantitative and qualitative research methods within a comparative study between an experimental group and a comparison group. Fourteen EFL teachers and 110 college students participated in the study. Data were collected by means of teacher and student surveys, class observations, and external evaluations of students’ oral performance. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for qualitative information and inferential statistics to compare the mean scores of the two groups by One Way Anova. Results showed positive washback in some of the areas examined. The implications for the classroom are that constant guidance and support over time are essential in order to help teachers use the system appropriately and therefore create positive washback.
Efforts to Modernize Chapbooks during the Initial Years of the Turkish Republic
Authors: Öztürk Serdar
Published: January 2010

Chapbook reform was part and parcel of larger projects of folk culture reform in Europe between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Political powers excised content perceived as dangerous and substituted material reflecting their own principles and aims. This article examines the reflections of this process in Turkey. The modernization of chapbooks was carried out by the Turkish political authorities as a state project only in 1937. That project included the transformation of traditional heroes and events in these chapbooks to place them in line with the Republican revolution and the state ideology of modernity.
Socialism in Microcosm: The Municipal Administration of Dr Ernest Ferroul in Narbonne, 1896—1921
Authors: Guthrie Christopher
Published: January 2010

The municipal administration of Dr Ernest Ferroul in the southern French city of Narbonne during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reflected the contradictions within the French socialist movement regarding the purpose of socialist municipalities. While frequently proclaiming violent revolutionary intentions, Ferroul primarily concentrated on issues of local improvements and symbolic gestures of worker solidarity. This concentration was influenced by the local ideological tradition of the république démocratique et sociale, the desire, born during the political struggles of the Second Republic, to create a local government controlled by ‘the people’ that would govern with their interests foremost in mind. The centralized state had smashed earlier attempts to assert local popular political autonomy and did its best to frustrate Ferroul’s similar efforts. But the limited successes that he did achieve illustrated his commitment to creating a local government that put the well-being of ‘the people’ first. Moreover, the negative response by national authorities highlighted the continued validity and value of his efforts to achieve popular political control at the local level.
Catholicism and Judaism in the Catholic Defence against Alfred Rosenberg, 1934—1938: Anti-Jewish Images in an Age of Race Science
Authors: Ehret Ulrike
Published: January 2010

This article examines the images of Jews and Judaism in the popular Catholic defence against Alfred Rosenberg’s anticlericalism and ‘neo-paganism’ between 1934 and 1938. It contributes to the debate on Catholic attitudes to Jews, and National Socialist anti-Semitism and racism during the Third Reich. Looking at the grassroots level of this defence, the article demonstrates how the hierarchy communicated traditional religious views on Jews and Judaism to a Catholic public, taking into account the restrictions imposed by a dictatorial regime as well as long-held anti-Jewish attitudes in German Catholicism. The article suggests that the popular literature clung to traditional creeds and values of the Catholic Church and defended biblical Jewry. Yet, at the same time, the defence was clad in the language of the time and consequently used images of Jews closer to National Socialist racial rhetoric. Taking the restrictions of the dictatorship into account, the article argues that this is to a considerable extent the result of the authors of the popular Church literature and the German bishops who failed to acknowledge that it was no longer possible to distinguish between a ‘good’ Jew and a ‘degenerate’ Jew in the face of the Third Reich’s sweeping anti-Semitism and its core ideology that made no distinction between racial and religious Jewishness.
Fatal Strongyloidiasis in Gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: DePaoli A. , Johnsen D. O.
Published: January 2010

A 6-year retrospective study of necropsy material from a colony of 200 gibbons showed strongyloidiasis to be the most frequent cause of death (24 cases). Clinical signs included diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, paralytic ileus and dyspnea. Lesions were most frequent in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. In the gut there were erosive and ulcerative enteritis associated with adult female parasites and rhabditiform larvae and acute and granulomatous enterocolitis associated with invading filariform larvae. There was severe multifocal or diffuse hemorrhage associated with migrating larvae in the lungs of 23 gibbons. Filariform larvae and the lesions they caused also occurred in various tissues; this was commensurate with the wide distribution of these larvae when hyperinfection occurred.
Intimai Changes in the Coronary Arteries of Indian Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Gupta P. P. , Singh B. , Gill B. S.
Published: January 2010

Of 75 Indian water buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) examined, 14 6-year-old or older buffaloes had early atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries. These lesions resembled fatty streaks seen in man. Ageing changes and gross and microscopic features of the fatty streaks in the vessels resembled those described in the corresponding arteries of man.
Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Spangler W. L. , Gribble D. , Abildgaard C. , Harrison J.
Published: January 2010

Twelve Rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with about 500 000 malaria parasites, Plasmodium knowlesi. Acute hemolysis occurred 5 days later, and all animals died on the 6th or 7th day after inoculation. All organs were gray-green to gray-brown because of deposition of hemoglobin and malaria pigments. This deposition was particularly striking in the lung, brain, abdominal fat and serous surfaces. Microscopic changes indicative of acute hypoxia were found in the liver (centrilobular necrosis) and kidneys (acute tubular necrosis). Terminal intravascular coagulopathy was evidenced by widely distributed, recently formed, fibrin thrombi.
The Pathology of Bovine Mannosidosis
Authors: Jolly R. D. , Thompson K. G.
Published: January 2010

Mannosidosis of Angus calves is an inherited lethal disease associated with a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-mannosidase. It is characterised by vacuolation of neurons, macrophages, fixed reticuloendothelial cells, exocrine epithelial cells and to a lesser extent a wide variety of other cells. Vacuoles are shown to be membrane-bound vesicles and are considered to be secondary lysosomes in which are stored mannose-containing oligosaccharides that result from incomplete degradation of glycoproteins. Such glycoproteins may enter the lysosomal system by heterophagy, autophagy or crinophagy. The presence in the pancreas of zymogen granules in storage vesicles indicates that incomplete degradation of secretory granules might help explain the widespread vacuolation of other exocrine cells. It is suggested that such granules may enter the lysosomal system by crinophagy.
High Prevalence of Thymoma in the Dairy Goat Report of Seventeen Cases
Authors: Hadlow W. J.
Published: January 2010

Among 92 dairy goats, mainly of Saanen breeding, necropsied during studies on slow viral diseases, 17 (25.3%) of 67 over 2 years old had thymoma. Ten were females and seven were castrated males. In none was the thymoma accompanied by clinical signs attributable to it. Except for one at the thoracic inlet, all tumors were in the cranial mediastinal cavity. Encapsulated and sometimes cystic, they varied from a 2-centimeter nodule to a smoothly bosselated 10x8x8-centimeter mass weighing 300 grams. Although they were composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells, small lymphocytes predominated in 16. One was predominantly epithelial. Hassall's corpuscles and myoid cells were seen in all tumors. In 12 tumors, small veins were encircled by spaces that varied from empty clefts to wide, fluid-filled cavities. The high prevalence of thymoma in these goats supports previous reports that this tumor occurs more often in Capra hircus than in other domestic animals. It may be one of the more common neoplasms in older goats.
Pulmonary Pathology of the Motheaten Mouse
Authors: Ward J. M.
Published: January 2010

Mice, homozygous for the motheaten gene, developed an unusual pneumonia that was the cause of natural death of mice by 7 weeks of age. Initial lesions consisted of focal accumulations of alveolar macrophages in alveoli, especially adjacent to bronchioles. Needle-like crystals formed in lysosomes of macrophages and numerous macrophages with crystals filled most alveoli in 5- to 7-weck-old mice. Although motheaten mice had lesions in other tissues and were shown by other investigators to have immunological defects, the unusual pneumonia was the only lesion severe enough to cause death.
Pathological Evaluation of Paratuberculosis in Naturally Infected Cattle
Authors: Buergelt C. D. , Hall C. , McEntee K. , Duncan J. R.
Published: January 2010

Thirty-two of 51 cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis had chronic enteritis, chronic lymphangitis or mesenteric lymphadenopathy, or all three, at slaughter. Granulomatous inflammatory lesions were mild to advanced and predominantly involved the distal small intestine. Rectal involvement was seen only in five cattle. Fourteen had microgranulomas in the liver. There were three cytological forms of macrophages: histiocytic, polygonal and epithelioid. The latter two types had engulfed moderate numbers of acid-fast bacilli. The histiocytic macrophages usually were packed with acid-fast bacilli. Except in the liver and occasionally its nodes, remote lesions of paratuberculosis were not found in other organs. One animal had endocardial and aortic calcifications. Most cattle with signs of diarrhea had globule leukocytes in or around myenteric ganglion cells. The thymus of 3- to 8-year-old cattle with clinical signs frequently had mild to advanced involution. The thymus of similarly aged infected animals without clinical signs, and of paratuberculosis-negative animals, had not involuted.
Medulloepithelioma of the Ciliary Body in the Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Lahav M. , Albert D. M.
Published: January 2010

A medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body in the right eye of a 1-year-old goldfish (Carassius auratus) had spindle and epithelial cells arranged either in columns or around a central lumen. Vitreous-like material was found within the tumor. A medulloepithelioma is a most unusual tumor in fish in which ocular tumors are rare.
Heterotopic Calcification in Swine
Authors: Gilka F. , Corner A. H. , Sugden E. A. , Friend D. W.
Published: January 2010

Pigs on nutritional studies developed heterotopic calcifications in the left atrial endocardium, submucosa of the gastric fundus and to a lesser extent in other sites. Light and electron microscopy of mineralized tissue showed early edema and connective tissue change, deposition of calcium, granulomatous reaction and repair. There was no alkaline phosphatase activity at the sites of calcification and the distribution of this enzyme activity was normal in other tissues. Increased acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated only in the lysosomes of macrophages in areas of granulomatous inflammation. Calcium and magnesium were within normal range in serum and femoral bone. The character and distribution of the lesions suggested the possibility of protracted low grade hypervitaminosis D3.
Transmissible Murine Colonic Hyperplasia
Authors: Barthold S. W. , Coleman G. L. , Jacoby R. O. , Livstone E. M. , Jonas A. M.
Published: January 2010

After exposure to a variant of Citrobacter freundii, suckling and adult mice developed transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia of the same degree of severity. Mucosal hyperplasia was most severe 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation and then regressed. Suckling mice had a high mortality because of secondary inflammatory and erosive changes. Severe hyperplasia was characterized by mitotic activity along the entire crypt column and surface mucosa.
Escherichia coli and Diarrhoea in the Rabbit
Authors: Prescott J. F.
Published: January 2010

An outbreak of severe diarrhoea and death in young rabbits was associated with many nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the caecum. The severe clinical, pathological and bacteriological features of the diesase, acute diarrhoea associated with typhlitis and many E. coli in the caecum, could be reproduced either by the intraintestinal inoculation of many bacteria recovered aerobically or anaerobically from the caecum of these rabbits or by the intestinal inoculation of large numbers of a serogroup of E. coli, 0153, recovered from the caecum. Further experiments showed that this serogroup of E. coli, as well as a nonenteropathogenic serotype recovered from human faeces, would cause typhlitis and diarrhoea if inoculated in large numbers into the jejunum; pathological changes also were seen in the liver and kidney. Similar changes also could be induced by intravenous inoculation of a freeze-thaw (endotoxic) extract prepared from these strains. Any factor that allows rapid multiplication of E. coli in the rabbit caecum may be followed by absorption of endotoxin and subsequent typhlitis and sometimes by severe diarrhoea; this effect is seen in some field cases of diarrhoea in the rabbit.
Comparative Study of Experimental Inclusion Body Hepatitis of Chickens Caused by Two Serotypes of Avian Adenovirus
Authors: Grimes T. M. , Fletcher O. J. , Munnell J. F.
Published: January 2010

Twenty 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens each were given an intraabdominal inoculation of either a type-8 avian adenovirus, [AMG 5 (2a)], or a type-5 avian adenovirus, inclusion body hepatitis virus (IBHV). The diseases produced were similar. High (60–100%) mortality and statistically significant depression of body weights occurred in both infections. There were necrotizing hepatitis and pancreatitis, lymphoid depletion in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus, hydropericardium, nephritis and enteritis. Intranuclear inclusions occurred in affected organs. Fluorescent-antibody staining, the Feulgen reaction for deoxyribonucleic acid and electron microscopic studies, as well as studies from the literature, indicated that basophilic inclusions consisted of assembled adenovirions.
A Light Microscopic Study of Bovine Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours
Authors: Canfield P.
Published: January 2010

Peripheral nerve sheath tumours from 66 cattle were classified as schwannomas and neurofibromas. Bovine neurofibromatous tissue probably represents a dysplasia whilst bovine schwannomas are true neoplastic growths. Bovine schwannomas probably develop from neurofibromatous nerve and the two entities may represent parts of a single pathological condition.
Esophagogastric Ulcers Associated with Ascaris suum Infestation in Swine
Authors: Qureshi S. R. , Olander H. J. , Gaafar S. M.
Published: January 2010

When a group of 3-month-old pigs was moved to another location, several died from internal bleeding. Two pigs that were necropsied had large esophagogastric ulcers, hepatic fibrosis with “milk spots” and swollen edematous lungs. The ulcers involved the full thickness of the gastric mucosa with pronounced eosinophilic infiltration and perivascular cuffing of the submucosal vessels. There was an acute interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia with an inflammatory exudate composed mainly of eosinophils. Ascarid larvae were recovered from the lungs. Gastric ulceration could have resulted from a second exposure to Ascaris suum infestation because pigs not removed from their original location did not develop ulcers.
An Ontogenic Study of the Acute Inflammatory Response in the Fetal Rhesus Monkey: II. The Mediation of Increased Vascular Permeability by Histamine, Compound 48/80 and Bradykinin
Authors: Schwartz L. W. , Osburn B. I.
Published: January 2010

Vascular permeability as a function of age was evaluated quantitatively and morphologically in skin of fetal Rhesus monkeys given vasoactive mediators. The response was examined at 90, 120 or 150 days of gestation or at birth and compared to the response of yearling Rhesus monkeys. Skin sites were challenged with histamine, compound 48/80 or bradykinin. Evans' blue and horseradish peroxidase were used as markers of vascular integrity. Evans' blue was quantitated spectrophotometrically. Vascular permeability during fetal life was depressed. Fetal venules and capillaries had poorly formed basement membranes, an abundance of microfilaments within endothelial cells, occasional electron dense endothelial cells and infrequent deposits of extravascular peroxidase.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Small Intestine of a Normal Unsuckled Calf and a Calf with Enteric Colibacillosis
Authors: Pearson G. R. , Logan E. F. , Brennan G. P.
Published: January 2010

Sections of the small intestine were taken under general anaesthesia from a normal calf and from a calf with enteric colibacillosis and examined by scanning electron and light microscopy. In the normal calf villi were long and oval throughout the intestine and in the challenged calf there was villous stunting and fusion in the distal small intestine.