bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
W
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Wales. Cymru. Separated from their fellow British Celts by the beginning of the eighth century A.D., the Celts of the western peninsula of Britain were consolidated into several kingdoms. Offa, the Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia, who attempted to annex all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under his rule, ordered the construction of a rampart from the River Dee to River Wye in A.D. 782, marking the western border of the English kingdoms and hemming the British Celts, called weliscor “foreigners” by the Anglo-Saxons, into their peninsula. It was designed on the principle of Hadrian’s Wall. Any British Celts found on the English side were subject to severe penalties.
The Imaginary War
Authors: Oakes Guy
Published: November 2023

Duck and cover are unforgettable words for a generation of Americans, who listened throughout the Cold War to the unescapable propaganda of civil defence. Yet it would have been impossible to protect Americans from a real nuclear attack, and, as Guy Oakes shows in The Imaginary War, national security officials knew it. The real purpose of 1950’s civil defence programs, Oakes contends, was not to protect Americans from the bomb, but to ingrain in them the moral resolve needed to face the hazards of the Cold War. Uncovering the links between national security, civil defence, and civic ethics, Oakes reveals three sides to the civil defence program: a system of emotional management designed to control fear; the fictional construction of a managable world of nuclear attack; and the production of a Cold War ethic rooted in the mythology of the home, the ultimate sanctuary of American values. This fascinating analysis of the culture of civil defence is a strong indictment of the official mythmaking of the Cold War. It will essential reading for all those interested in American history, politics, and culture.
Aubrey Beardsley, Dandy of the Grotesque
Authors: Snodgrass Chris
Published: November 2023

This book analyses Beardsley’s most characteristic works, clarifying why his art is indispensable to understanding fin-de-siècle Victorian culture. Beardsley’s various grotesque figures serve as emblems of monstrous’ metaphysical contortion, even as his elegant designs simultaneously recuperate such dislocations formalistically. Alternating between an urge to outrage and a craving for authority, Beardsley’s elegant designs and dandy’ sensibility effect what might be called a caricature’ of traditional canonical meaning.
Aubrey Beardsley, Emblem of the Victorian Decadence
Authors: Snodgrass Chris
Published: November 2023

AUBREY Beardsley’s work was first published ill the spring of 1893. He died ill March 1898 at the age of twenty-five. Despite the extreme brevity of his career, probably no other artist or writer prior to the electronic age achieved more notoriety or exercised a more pervasive influence on his era in such a short time. Contemporary critic D. S. MacColl wrote that “the wild-fire speed with which his reputation spread” outran every previous example of rapid fame (“AB” 17).1 Less than two years after Beardsley’s work first appeared, Max Beerbohm could proclaim that he belonged to the “Beardsley Period” (Works160), a designation Osbert Burdett would adopt as the title for his famous study of the age. A shaping force of the Art Nouveau movement, a profound influence on countless artists and designers, cited as the “real king” and “dominating artistic personality” of his time, “the one ‘genius’ of the ‘Eighteen-Nineties’” (S. Wilson, Beardsley5; Muddiman 6; Huneker 17), Beardsley was thought by numerous observers to have set the standard for the art of the period.2 Arthur Symons summarized the case: “No artist of our time, none certainly whose work has been in black and white, has reached a more universal ... fame; none has formed for himself, out of such alien elements, a more personal originality of manner; none has had so wide an influence on contemporary art” (“AB” 90-91).3 As Holbrook Jackson put it in his classic book The Eighteen Nineties,“The appearance of Aubrey Beardsley in 1893 was the most extraordinary event in English art since the appearance of William Blake” (91).
Introduction
Authors: Kamensky Jane
Published: November 2023

If you want to understand what the act of speaking meant to the men and women who lived in early New England, start with Cotton Mather’s diary. A would-be minister plagued throughout his childhood with a debilitating stutter, Mather conceded that the whole issue of speech was “a matter of more than ordinary Thoughtfulness unto me.” But if Mather wrote a good deal more about the spoken word than did most of his contemporaries, he was hardly alone in his fascination with the promise and perils of the human tongue, a topic that intrigued most English people in his day and was a matter of particular concern to Mather’s “Puritan” coreligionists.
The Sweetest Meat, the Bitterest Poison
Authors: Kamensky Jane
Published: November 2023

Its author claimed that the story was as old as history, if not as old as speech itself. Once upon a time in an ancient land, the sovereign, King Amasis, directed his young manservant to “goe into the market and to buy the best and profit ablest meat he could get.” When the boy returned to the palace bearing a parcel of “nothing but tongues,” the disappointed king “asked him the reason why he bought no other meat.” The servant, one Lyas, readily replied: “I was commaunded to buy the best meate, and from the tongue come many good and profitable speaches.” Logical enough, to be sure. But Amasis, still craving variety for the royal table, decided to try once more.
A Most Unquiet Hiding Place
Authors: Kamensky Jane
Published: November 2023

What if New England was no different? The question has dogged me since I undertook this project. It is easy enough to demonstrate that early New Englanders came to cherish their rules for right speaking, and that they imposed penalties upon those who breached them. But were theirs different rules, different penalties, different mentalités from those of other early modem peoples? Isn’t anxiety over loose words and concern with reputation endemic to face-to-face societies, a seeming universal of village life? Does the vaunted exceptionalism of England’s northern colonies-which, in any case, is very much in doubt these days-extend to the Puritan understanding of speech? What, in short, is the exclusive New England “angle” to my story?
The Tongue Is a Witch
Authors: Kamensky Jane
Published: November 2023

The setting: Boston and its environs, the first stormy months of 1692. The temper of the times: confused, troubled, anxious in the extreme. And the level of noise: positively deafening. Cacophonous enough, in fact, that no less eminent a preacher than Cotton Mather feels compelled, for the first time (though hardly the last), to inveigh in print against loose words-in particular, against unfettered female speech. Instructing the pious matrons of New England on the “character and happiness of a virtuous woman,” he recalls for them the psalmist’s decree: “I will take heed unto my ways that I sin not with my Tongue; I will keep my Mouth with a Bridle.” Mindful of the “usual” charge that women’s “Tongues are frequently not so Governed by the Fear of God, as they ought to be,” he exhorts the “daughter of Zion” to cultivate a “silver tongue”-speech rare and pure, free of boastful “dross.” Mather urges her, “Be careful that you don’t Speak too soon. . . . And be careful that you don’t Speak too much.” For “‘tis the Whore, that is Clamorous, and the Fool, that is Full of words.”
An Ethic For Enemies
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

Shriver shows that the concept of forgiveness, long relegated to the realm of the personal, is surprisingly relevant and important to political life. He uses three examples from recent American history - our relations with Germany and Japan, and the civil rights struggle - to show the importance of forgiveness in overcoming the traditional hatreds that threaten to cripple our society.
Forgiveness In Politics In Christian Tradition
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

One of the signs of the new twentieth-century dialogue between Jews and Christians is the use, increasingly common, of the term Hebrew Bible as substitute for the traditional Christian term Old Testament. In the first century of the Christian movement, its Bible was the Hebrew Bible, and most Christians today consider that collection of thirty-nine books to have an authority wholly akin to that of the twenty-seven books added to compose the “New Testament.” The latter phrase was almost certainly derived from Jeremiah: God’s promise of a new covenant, which, Christians believed, was effected in Jesus of Nazareth. Into the great range of issues among scholars and contemporary adherents of these two great religions, we need not enter here. But it is proper to record my impression, strengthened by the work of numerous modern Jewish and Christian scholars, that the ethical teachings of Jesus recorded in the New Testament are, on the whole, not only consistent with those of the Hebrew Bible but are dominated by the biblical teachings of the synagogues in which Jesus himself was brought up. In the records they made of the teachings of Jesus, early Christians accentuated the authority of the teacher but not the originality of what he taught. He may have “taught them as one who had authority, and not as their scribes” (Matt. 7:29). But in numerous ways he did teach what the scribes taught; indeed, on many occasions he called scribes, Pharisees, and his own followers back to the ancient authority of Moses and the prophets. Like the Hebrew prophets themselves, Jesus could easily be termed an ethical conservative in that he revered the Mosaic tradition and called upon all his hearers to test contemporary “tradition” against that older one.2 This, in itself, would be enough reason for Christians early and late to take the Hebrew scriptural tradition, by whatever name, as authoritative.
Political Ethics As Moral Memory
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

In his introductory essay to Kant’s Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, John Silber calls attention to Ivan Karamazov, in whom Feodor Dostoevsky personified Kantian abstract moral individualism and subjected it to subtle rejection. In The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan and Alyosha discuss the ancient nagging question: What can any one of us do about the atrocious evils that some of us perpetrate? Or the assorted evils that all of us sometimes condone? We can protest against them, Ivan answers; and in the final analysis that is what, above all and always, we must do, never settling for any form of erasure, atonement, retribution, or future “harmony” that makes evil into something to forget or something to serve some final triumph of good on earth, in heaven, or in hell. For atrocities like the landowner’s torture of an eight-year-old child for causing a minor injury to his dog, I want to forgive. I want to embrace. I don’t want more suffering. And if the sufferings of children go to swell the sum of sufferings which was necessary to pay for truth, then I protest that the truth is not worth such a price. I don’t want the mother to embrace the oppressor who threw her son to the dogs! She dare not forgive him! Let her forgive him for herself, if she will, let her forgive the torturer for the immeasurable suffering of her mother’s heart. But the suffering of her tortured child she has no right to forgive; she dare not forgive the torturer, even if the child were to forgive him! And if that is so, if they dare not forgive, what becomes of harmony? Is there in the whole world a being who would have the right to forgive and could forgive? I don’t want harmony. For love of humanity I don’t want it. I would rather be left with unavenged suffering. I would rather remain with my unavenged suffering and unsatisfied indignation, even if I were wrong. Besides, too high a price is asked for harmony; it’s beyond our means to pay so much to enter on it. And so I hasten to give back my entrance ticket, and if I am an honest man I am bound to give it back as soon as possible. And that I am doing. It’s not God that I don’t accept, Aloysha, only I most respectfully return to Him the ticket.
Vengeance And Forbearance: Germans And Americans
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

The world is not likely to forget Adolf Hitler and his works. Now that he lies almost fifty years in the past, what influence, if any, should twelve years of Nazism exert upon the relation of other nations to Germany and its people? There are answers to the question which the assumptions of this study require. These answers must rest upon the following. If the crimes of Nazism were unique, remembering them accurately is a unique moral responsibility of politicians, educators, and citizens of the world, beginning with Germans themselves. If the crimes of a government cannot be totally divorced from the responsibilities of its citizens, questions of collective shared guilt cannot be excluded from political philosophy and political ethics. If one group of humans has, as its responsibility, the acknowledgment and correction of errors of its predecessors, their contemporary neighbors have the right to ask if, in fact, the acknowledgment and correction are genuine, active, and promising of permanent change. Further: if political history in one nation develops in part from its relations to other nations, then they are mutually implicated in each other’s virtues and vices, and the net of collective responsibility requires acknowledgment and correction on all sides. Finally, if one of the enduring problems of political relations is their repair in the face of evils inflicted by one side or another, other requirements for that repair come up for deliberation: what sort of “justice,” what restorations of damage, what degree of possibility that people once bent on killing each other can enter into some new form of positive political community?
Keepers of The Covenant
Authors: Rohrer James R
Published: November 2023

Rohrer challenges the traditional interpretation of the decline of the Congregationalists. Drawing heavily on unpublished manuscripts, the author shows that, rather than failing to adapt to the democratizing culture of the western migration, they were in fact aggressive frontier evangelists. In the course of proving this, Rohrer overturns many generalizations about the Congretationalists, and challenges conventional wisdom about church growth and religious declension.
The Missionary Impulse
Authors: Rohrer James R
Published: November 2023

Evangelism did not come naturally to most Congregational ministers during the late eighteenth century. Although R. Pierce Beaver has called New England “the well-spring of American missionary concern and action,”1 orthodox pastors in the colonial era displayed remarkably little interest in evangelism beyond their own parishes. In theory, of course, Puritans possessed a strong motivation for missionary endeavor. According to Calvinist doctrine Christian magistrates were obliged to seek the conversion of heathen subjects, and the royal charters of both Massachusetts and Plymouth imposed this responsibility upon the founders of New England. The “principall Ende” of settlement, the Massachusetts charter asserted, was to “Wynn and incite the Natives … [to] the onlie true God and Saviour of Mankinde,” an objective underscored by the colony’s General Court when it adopted a Great Seal depicting an Indian, bow and arrow in hand, pleading with Englishmen to “come over and help us.” But during the next century and a half only a relative handful of Puritan ministers actually undertook missions to New England’s native inhabitants, and no effort was made to preach the gospel to unchurched whites in other colonies. In 1797, surveying the history of recent Christian missions, the Connecticut General Association frankly observed that New England’s contribution was paltry compared to the efforts made by evangelicals in England and on the Continent. Reflecting upon the “myriads” of Americans languishing “in darkness and the shadow of death,” the ministers sadly confessed that “we must see our labors in a very diminutive point of view.”
The CMS and the Republican Frontier
Authors: Rohrer James R
Published: November 2023

As CMS missionaries fanned out across the northern frontier in the 1790s and early nineteenth century, they encountered a society that in many respects differed from the world they knew in Connecticut and Massachusetts. From northern New England to the Ohio territory, the American backcountry was populated primarily by marginal farmers who were land-rich but cash-poor. Many of these settlers had purchased their land on credit, and looked with deep suspicion or even open hostility upon the elite creditors who seemed to control their economic destiny.
Scanning Force Microscopy
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

Since its invention in 1982, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has enabled users to obtain images reflecting surface electronic structure with atomic resolution. This technology has proved indispensable as a characterization tool with applications in surface physics, chemistry, materials science, bio-science, and data storage media. It has also shown great potential in areas such as the semiconductor and optical quality control industries. Scanning Force Microscopy, Revised Edition updates the earlier edition’s survey of the many rapidly developing subjects concerning the mapping of a variety of forces across surfaces, including basic theory, instrumentation, and applications. It also includes important new research in STM and a thoroughly revised bibliography. Academic and industrial researchers using STM, or wishing to know more about its potential, will find this book an excellent introduction to this rapidly developing field.
Introduction
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

From 1938 to 1942 stories of the Axis Fifth Column inundated America. Fears about a hidden enemy boring from within and preparing the way for a hostile invasion extended from the White House to the public at large. In reality, Axis operations in the United States never amounted to much, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation easily countered the “Trojan Horse” activity that did exist. Nevertheless, by the time of United States entry into the Second World War the Fifth Column scare had deeply penetrated the nation’s psyche. This study outlines the origins, evolution, and collapse of the hysteria, and it explains the causes and consequences of the panic. The term “Fifth Column” originated during the Spanish Civil War. It was said to have first been used by the Nationalist general Emilio de Mola. During a radio broadcast in September 1936, Mola allegedly announced that four separate columns were advancing on Madrid, one from the south, another from the southwest, a third from the west, and a fourth from the northwest. He added that a fifth column was making ready to erupt from within the capital city.
Dangerous Demagogues, Men on Horseback, and Native Fascists
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

Fifth Column invasions depended, in part, upon a hostile outside power finding individuals and organizations ready to sell out their own nation. The United States never felt itself immune to home-grown traitors. In fact, as the thirties progressed, concern about domestic disloyalty mounted. Shortly after Hitler’s rise to power, the possibility of fascism in the United States became a matter of considerable public discussion.1 Harper’s, the New Republic, the Nation, Christian Century, and Commonweal ran pieces on the subject.2 A number of monographs also addressed the matter: Shirts, compiled by Travis Hoke for the American Civil Liberties Union (1934); Do We Want Fascism, by Carmen Haider (1934); The Choice Before Us, by Norman Thomas (1934); and The Forerunners of American Fascism, by Raymond Gram Swing (1935).3 Most of these articles and books stopped short of prophesying doom for American democracy. Instead, they tended to point out dangerous trends which suggested that the United States was more vulnerable to fascism than many cared to admit. Liberals and radicals were particularly troubled by the possibility that America might go the way of Germany and Italy. However, such fears also afflicted conservatives who detected signs of incipient fascism as well as Communism in the New Deal.
The Opening Alarm
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

In 1938 the Federal Bureau of Investigation uncovered an extensive Nazi spy ring centered in New York City. A shocked public learned that Germany had planted agents within America’s armed forces and defense industries. The FBI presented conclusive evidence linking German government officials to the espionage network. Though the situation caused grave concern, it did not set off a national panic in and of itself. Experts informed the public that the ring had acquired little intelligence of real value and that the captured Nazi spies had operated in a reassuringly clumsy manner. Nonetheless, the case recalled the years immediately before United States entry into World War I, when agents for the Kaiser had engaged in hostile operations against America. The Chicago Tribune noted that the indictment of eighteen individuals for espionage was the “greatest expose of spy activities since the world war.”1 Newsweek similarly observed that “not since the World War has there been such feverish activity in rooting out alleged German spies.”2 It was clear that the quiet days of the interwar era were over. Now America had become a target for the Nazis. The New York spy case was key to the emergence of a Fifth Column scare. The elaborate web of intrigue which the government unmasked in 1938 seemed to prove Hitler’s commitment to offensive action against the United States.
Other Fifth Columns
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

On the evening of October 30, 1938, Orson Welles’s Mercury Theatre of the Air presented a radio dramatization of The War of the Worlds. The program, aired on the Columbia Broadcasting System, was structured in the form of a series of news reports. Only loosely adapted from H. G. Wells’s original story, it vividly described a Martian invasion of Grovers Mills, New Jersey. At four separate points in the broadcast CBS announced that “the entire story and all its incidents were fictitious.” Local stations also interrupted the show with similar disclaimers. Nonetheless, the day after Welles’s broadcast aired, newspaper accounts described “a tidal wave of terror” which had “swept the nation.” Reports told of terrified citizens who had fled their homes, weeping college students who had made farewell telephone calls to loved ones, and stout he’.lrted individuals who had volunteered to battle the hostile extraterrestrials. A study by social scientist Hadley Cantril concluded that over one million Americans had been frightened by the War of the Worlds broadcast. Welles issued a public apology for the panic sparked by his program, and the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission pronounced the whole affair “regrettable.”
The Fifth Column in Europe
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

In July 1941, the citizens of Anderson, South Carolina (population 20,000) staged a mock invasion of their own town. Over 1300 people played the parts of Fifth Columnists and supporting German troops. They set off fireworks as substitutes for exploding bombs and ignited blazing smoke pots to simulate burning buildings. An airplane dropped handbills urging Anderson residents to surrender. Meanwhile, Fifth Columnists disguised as tourists seized vital points in the city. They arrested employees at the local post office, newspaper, radio station, power plant, and railroad depot. Fifth Columnists also took into custody the town's mayor, police chief, and fire chief, forcing these local dignitaries to raise their hands above their heads while pistols were jabbed into their sides. Two columns of uniformed troops arrived shortly thereafter to cement the gains won by Trojan Horse treachery.
Keeping the Panic Alive
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

On May 10, 1940, Germany began a series of coordinated offensives which brought about the surrender of Holland, Belgium, and France. It was an astonishingly successful military campaign. In a few weeks the Wehrmacht accomplished what it had failed to achieve in four years of trench warfare during the First World War. Germany destroyed the French army and set Britain’s expeditionary force on an ignominious retreat. Newly won air bases and submarine pens left Berlin in a position to increase its attacks on Great Britain. Germany accomplished all of this with remarkably few casualties. Many observers came to see the Wehrmacht’s victories as a partial product of Trojan Horse operations. The Germans opened their campaign in Holland with several coordinated strikes. In the eastern part of the country special Abwehr units were asked to seize control of bridges along the Maas and Waal rivers. These troops included Dutch-speaking Germans and thirty Dutch Nazis; their special mission was code-named “Trojan Horse.” The Abwehr commando units largely failed to accomplish their assignments as Dutch soldiers successfully destroyed several important bridges in eastern Holland. However, the Nazis secured a bridgehead at Gennep and they immediately took advantage of this achievement, pouring infantrymen and tanks through the Dutch defensive lines. The deployment of German airborne forces in the Dutch rear proved even more disastrous.
J. Edgar Hoover versus the Nazis
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

No government agency was more intimately involved in the fight against the Axis Fifth Column than the Federal Bureau of Investigation. After battling with several other bureaucracies, the Bureau garnered primary responsibility for protecting the home front. This new assignment was accompanied by the authority to maintain ongoing surveillance over suspicious extremist organizations even when there was no government intent to prosecute a crime. (In the past FBI surveillance was sanctioned only in instances where the government was preparing a case involving the violation of a specific federal law.)
Greek Comedy and Ideology
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

The happy endings of comedy resolve conflicts that have their sources in the real world. These conflicts, in turn, leave their mark upon the texts in the form of gaps in the plot and inconsistencies of characterization. Greek Comedy and Ideology analyses how the structure of ancient Greek comedy betrays and responds to cultural tensions in the society of the classical city-state. Individual chapters treat Aristophanic and Menandrean comedies, with a final chapter on Molière.
Lysistrata
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

In Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors, one of the twins called Antipholus, who has arrived at Ephesus from Syracuse, is mistaken for his brother by his brother’s wife, and admitted into his house. The wife’s maid, Luce or Nell, is in love with the servant, Dromio. Now, Dromio too has a twin of the same name, who happens to be in the service of the Syracusan Antipholus. Luce, then, makes the same mistake as her mistress and pursues the wrong Dromio.
Grouch
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

Menandrean drama differs from the Old Comedy produced by Aristophanes and his contemporaries in its concentration on the domestic world, and above all on the vicissitudes of youthful passion-the passion, that is, of young men who are blocked by stem fathers, rich rivals, or greedy masters from attaining the women they desire, and must rely on intrigue or luck to gain them. Thus Plutarch observed that eras played a role in all of Menander’s comedies, and the rule holds for the plays of which we have any knowledge, including Duskolos, or Grouch (an alternative title is Misanthrope), which was produced in 316 B.c. when Menander was about twenty-five years old, just over a century after Aristophanes produced Wasps. Grouch was recovered on papyrus in 1959, and is the only original play by Menander, or indeed by any Greek playwright in the New Comic tradition, that survives complete. In it, Sostratus, a young and elegant city lad who is the son of a well-to do father (39--40), has fallen in love with the daughter (unnamed) of the title character, a harsh-tempered, antisocial old fellow named Cnemo. The problem for Sostratus is to break down Cnemo’s resistance to a marriage for his daughter.
Arbitrants
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

As the preceding chapters have indicated, the dramatic tension in Menandrean comedy characteristically takes the form of a conflict between a young man’s erotic passion, which binds him to a woman irrespective of barriers of class or status, and the exclusive codes and institutions of the Greek city-state. The opposition between the transgressive movement of desire and the ideological constructions of difference generates a complex narrative situation, with a double impulse toward utopian inclusiveness and the reassertion of conventional social boundaries. The motivations of the characters in the dramas are correspondingly overdetermined, answering simultaneously to the multiple possibilities projected by the contradictions in social values. These ideological stresses leave their traces in lapses in the logic of the plot and in consistency of characterization.
Idaho State Correctional Institution
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

This disturbance received no great attention and produced no legislative hearings or blue-ribbon commission. Yet for every “noteworthy” riot, defined loosely as something akin to an Atlanta or a Camp Hill, there are dozens more like this brief but deadly disturbance. It is hard to identify “underlying causes” for this riot, but we can identify factors that enabled a small incident to expand and disrupt the entire prison.

Located a few miles south of Boise, the Idaho State Correctional Institution {ISCI) was planned in the early 1960s and completed in 1973. It was designed as the 375-inmate medium-security component of what would become a three-prison complex. According to one senior corrections official, when the ISCI was being planned, the emphasis was on creating a “rehabilitative” environment without, in hindsight, sufficient attention being given to security concerns. Thus, the interior walls were built with cinder blocks without steel bars to reinforce them.
How Is Quantum Field Theory Possible?
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

Quantum field theory (QFT) is the union of quantum mechanics and Einstein’ s special theory of relativity. QFT is the most fundamental physical theory and provides the answers to questions about the basic structure of the physical world. However, the way QFT describes the world is so different from the way our senses present it to us that it requires an overhaul of philosophic categories and arguments. How can we know the microscopic world without a satisfactory measurement theory? What are the general conditions of the world that make possible such knowledge? What are the presuppositions of physical theories? Dr.Auyang argues that the current relational substantial debate on space-time is inadequate and the observer-observed distinction in quantum interpretations illusory because they are hampered by philosophical constructs too narrow to accommodate the complicated structures of modern philosophical theories. Modern physical theories have incorporated many presuppositions of empirical knowledge, and consequently the theories inform us about the general nature of the world and out relation to it, in addition to information about elementary particles. The conceptual structure of QFT is extracted and articulated in commonsense terms, and used to answer many longstanding philosophical questions.
From bureaucracy to enterprise? The Changing Jobs and Careers of Managers in Telecommunications Service
Authors: Batt Rosemary
Published: November 2023

In response to technological change and product market deregulation, longstanding U.S. telecommunications firms are radically restructuring their business strategies and organizations to improve competitiveness. While the popular and business press as well as academic researchers have focused attention on the dramatic changes occurring in the collapse of industry boundaries, megamergers, and the rise of new strategic alliances, they have largely ignored how these structural changes are profoundly altering the employment and careers of employees. In the Bell operating companies, where bureaucracy is seen as the major obstacle to competitiveness, managerial workers have become a significant target of reform because they are equated with bureaucracy and historically comprised approximately a quarter of the workforce.
Automotive White-Collar: The Changing Status and Roles of Salaried Employees in the North American Auto Industry
Authors: Macduffie John Paul
Published: November 2023

These headlines tell the story of unsettling change for the white-collar employees of the U.S. automotive industry. The middle managers, corporate and divisional staff, engineers, clerical employees and firstline supervisors at General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler now find themselves affected by all of the woes commonly associated with blue-collar production workers-layoffs, outsourcing of work, concessions in pay and benefits, and redundancies due to the reorganization of work for greater efficiency. Indeed, in the early 1990s, some of these white-collar employees found themselves worse off than hourly employees represented by the United Automobile Workers (UAW), with pay freezes, required co-payments for medical benefits, and less job security. Besides the erosion of status this implies, white-collar employees also face many new demands in their jobs, including more work, more decision-making responsibility, more cross-functional interaction, and more of a support role vis-a-vis blue-collar workers.
Saturnian Aesthetics
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

Horace knew what he thought of Saturnian verse, and the thought was not kind. When Greece imposed its arts on rustic Latium, an early and welcome casualty among the natives was the Saturnian, whose demise likened The greater appeal of the Greek import proved undeniable and unstoppable. In the course of the second century, a Latinized form of dactylic hexameter became the recognized epic meter at Rome, and elegiac inscriptions began replacing Saturnians on the tombs of the ever-progressive Scipios. Yet the stylistic changes that brought Latin verse from Saturnian thud to hexameter flow did not immediately or entirely eclipse the work of the earliest epic poets. Even while Horace was heaping his faint damns on Andronicus’ Odussia, Romans were still reading Naevius’ Bellum Punicum, and the horridus numerus was still heard as poetry.1 What kind of poetry was it? How did it contribute to the development of an epic aesthetic at Rome?
Envoi
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

Derek Walcott’s Omeros is well worth a Latinist’s attention. It is not just a poem of modem Caribbean life or some extraordinary classical revenant. Nor is it of interest only for its stock of classical allusions, though they are plentiful: its Achille and Hector vie for their Helen. Philoctete suffers a festering wound on his shin. Trees are felled, men struggle in the surf, voyages are undertaken, and passions flare with conspicuously Homeric coloring. Yet the poem’s classical roots are, for all those conscious echoes, not essentially Greek. It has too striking and complex a historical sense. Achille the fisherman also dreams of his African ancestors and their journey in chains across the ocean. The expatriate Major Plunkett studies the Battle of the Saints in compulsive detail while the native Hector salvages a bottle from the wreck of de Grasse’s flagship, the Ville de Paris. There is the blind sage called Seven Seas, who haunts Ma Kilman’s No Pain Cafe, and there is Omeros himself, Walcott’s companion and narrator of changing voices and changing roles, who conducts his own odyssey through modern Europe, Africa, and North America in search of history and his place in it.
Definitions
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J
Published: November 2023

Waging a crusade against conceptual ambiguities is not an essential part of a social science based on Weberian principles. However, such a social science must not forswear formal considerations, because setting one’s conceptual house in order might be inevitable in certain circumstances. The necessitating occasion may be a cur­ rent of conceptual confusions or methodological controversies that threaten to interfere with the process of empirical investigation. For this reason Weber himself decided to write on the methodology of social and historical sciences. The subject of this book can espe­ cially benefit from formal delimitations and redefinitions because its central concepts have been subject to both scientific disputes and ideological feuds. Besides, an overhaul and reconstruction of the basic concepts of sociology of intellectuals is indispensable for one of the main purposes of this book: to further stimulate empirical research in the area of Weberian sociology of intellectuals. Of course, methodological considerations are not meant to supplant or guide empirical research. Ideal types, as we have already empha­ sized in the first chapter of this book, are simply “precision instru­ ments. “ They are modest tools; so modest indeed that they do not even require to be inspected for their truth or falsehood but rather for the degree of their usefulness. The set of interrelated ideal types offered here (Table 4.1-4.3) is meant to be of pragmatic use for the practitioners of a Weberian sociology of intellectuals.
Charging Ahead
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

Charging Ahead is a classic tale of perseverance against daunting odds in the pursuit of a personal dream--and an environmental revolution. You’d have to be a fool to market a consumer electric car, let alone challenge the big three auto makers with a little start up company. But MIT graduate James Worden, with his girlfriend and a handful of audacious engineers, did both and he’s well on his way to success. In this marvelous narrative, business writer Joe Sherman vividly describes how Worden and his team built the world’s most advanced EV (electric vehicle), the Sunrise. Combining insightful biography with the best of science and business writing, Sherman captures not only Worden’s own gripping story, but also the technical challenge of designing an electric car in an age of anxiety over the environment. He depicts Worden’s fascination with EVs from childhood (he built his award winning first electric car in high school), tracing it through his monomaniacal career at MIT, where he organized a student team that built EVs for races worldwide, to the founding of Solectria, a company committed to building a consumer electric car. Sherman shows how, despite all the obstacles, Solectria eventually lined up such strategic partners as the Pentagon on its way to producing the Sunrise a lightweight, all-composite, high tech commuter car. The Sunrise would triumph over rivals from the Big Three in the 7th American Tour de Sol, and later travel from Boston to New York on a single battery charge. Charging Ahead is an engaging story of James Worden’s struggle to succeed with idealism, energy, and technological superiority against seemingly impossible odds.
Then and Now: Rebirth of a Dormant Industry
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

Fast reverse: eighty-nine years ago: the first Glidden Tour: New York City to Bretton Woods and return. It was July 1905. Charles Jasper Glidden, an adventurer, was inaugurating his famous race. Glidden had been born and raised in Low ell, Massachusetts, thirty miles north of James Worden’s hometown of Arlington. Like Worden, Glidden had found his direction in life while young. Working as a telegraph operator in Lowell, Glidden befriended Alexander Graham Bell, an inventor seeking subscribers for his new fangled idea, the telephone.
James’s Second Car: A Goofy-Looking Aluminum Thing
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

James Worden had built his first roadworthy electric car when he was still in high school. He called it Solectria I. The paint was still drying on Solectria I as James and his father rushed it to an exhibition hall, where it won first prize in the 1984 Massachusetts state science fair. The next year, as a high school senior, Worden built Solectria II. Ed Trembly, who later became Solectria Corporation’s first full-time employee, remembered Worden bringing a piece of the car into a machine shop in Arlington.
1989: The Founding of Solectria Corporation
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

That fall, back at MIT, Worden was test-driving Solectria V on Memorial Drive when Catherine Anderson brought a classmate, Anita Rajan, out to watch. Rajan had been born in England to Indian parents. She had gone to school in Algeria and Florida, where she’d been valedictorian of her high school class. At MIT, she was studying electrical engineering. She’d known Catherine Anderson since they had been freshmen, and through her had learned about the solar racing team.
Forces Gathering Behind Cleaner Cars and Air
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

In California, America’s laboratory of atmospheric sickness and health, pressure was once again building to do something about declining air quality. During the rnid-1980s the state’s economy had boomed. Many new jobs were created in clean, light industries and in government services, a highly desirable mix. One negative consequence, though, was an economic growth/ clean air paradox: the creation of clean jobs was offset by the pollution from vehicles getting people to the jobs.
The Sunrise Project and Its Partners
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

In August 1994, Solectria was located in a single-story, nondescript brick building in a small industrial park off 1-93, about fifteen miles north of Boston. There was no sign, but an orange extension cord, a symbol of sorts of what went on inside, usually snaked out the front door, available to charge cars and trucks. Inside were thirty-five employees.
Sunrise Almost Stalls, Then Rolls, Finally Races
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

There was more work to do than even Worden imagined- and a trying period to get through. It began in late January at a meeting Sheila Lynch organized for the partners in Sunrise’s phase two, the design for manufacturing study. James Worden, James Hogarth, and representatives of the smaller companies joining the study, which was still just getting off the ground, all attended. Lynch also invited James Womack, coauthor of The Machine That Changed the World, to come and talk about agile manufacturing, which might fit into the future of Sunrise.
Pedophiles And Priests
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

This is a comprehensive and even-handed examination of the “clergy abuse crisis”. Jenkins dissects the underlying causes of the general perception of an epidemic of abuse. He finds that, although abuse exists, the extent of the problem has been grossly overstated, and the Church wrongly stigmatized for complicity.
Defending Therapy
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Like lawyers, therapists as a group have a vested interest in the promotion of distinctive views of the clergy-abuse problem. For purposes of litigation, there is a natural commonality of interest between therapists and child-abuse experts on the one hand and the lawyers who are seeking to prove the extent and harm of clergy abuse on the other. The earlier recognition of the child sexual abuse phenomenon had greatly enhanced the authority and visibility of therapists and psychologists as experts claiming a peculiar competence in dealing with this problem. Throughout the 1980s this expertise had been established and expanded as a result of a series of court battles and legal encounters, and it was to be expected that the therapeutic community would be closely involved in the new clergy-abuse problem. The common assumptions and interests of that profession helped to determine the ways in which the problem would be formulated.
Introduction: The Talmud as Religious Literature
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

Early in my graduate career I participated in a Talmud seminar with David Weiss Halivni, considered by many to be the premier Talmudist of this generation. Halivni’s method, a higher source­ criticism, was directed at restoring the “original” (the quotation marks speak for my reservations, not his) version of traditions which, in his reading, had been corrupted in the course of transmission from one generation of rabbis to the next. Seminar time was devoted to identifying textual difficulties that were taken to be evidence of such corruptions and, through a combination of comparison with parallel texts and intuitive speculation, suggesting the “urtext” from which the tradition at hand had derived.

Debate often focused on the question of which sorts of considerations could properly be brought to bear on the project of restoration. Reduced to its starkest elements, the debate was this: Was the Talmudic tradition we were studying a legal one, in which questions of the law and its rational limits constrained all possibilities, or were matters of formulation, balance, and the like also at play? Would the rabbis formulate traditions that made less legal sense but were stylistically more elegant or functional ( = easier to memorize)? Or, to put it in the words of one participant in the seminar, was the Talmud we were studying “Law or Literature?”
The Rabbis and Scripture
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we examined the Bavli’s most detailed discussion of the relationship of the Written and Oral Torahs, understanding the sugya as asserting the fundamental equality of these two forms. But for those familiar with the Bavli’s method of exposition, this conclusion may not rest easily, for they will surely know that the Bavli, like other rabbinic documents before it (excluding the Mishnah and the Tosefta), constantly refers to Written Torah for support of rabbinic opinions. Why else, if not the recognized superior authority of Written Torah, would this exercise be so ubiquitous?

Modern critics might respond that the practice of justifying rabbinic opinions by reference to the Written Torah is merely a rhetorical apologetic that supports the authority of rabbinic law on the basis of the recognized authority of Written law.
Rhetorics of Tradition and Innovation
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, I read Baba Qamma 83b–84a as a statement on the relationship of Written and Oral Torah, of scripture and rabbinic tradition. In that reading, I understood rabbinic opinions as bold but muted; remarkably candid, but only by implication. I saw the larger rhetorical structures—numerous exercises in determining the purported scriptural source of the Mishnah’s law—as undermining the very goal the gemara had seemingly set out for itself. Constituting, in my analysis, a major utterance on the priority of rabbinic formulations vis-à-vis scripture, that sugya offered its testimony only circuitously, and thus failed to announce the gravity of the question it was ultimately addressing.