bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconciling Structural and Subjective Approaches to the Study of Crime
Authors: GROVES W. BYRON , LYNCH MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to reconcile structural and subjective approaches to the study of crime. Materials supporting reconciliation include (a) a review of the broader traditions from which structuralism and subjectivism emerged, (b) an assessment of the strengths and limitations of structuralism and subjectivism, (c) arguments supporting the desirability of a combined structural/subjective approach, and (d) an analysis of structuralism and subjectivism as they appear in the 1988 book by Jack Katz, titled Seductions of Crime.
Did Crime Rise or Fall During the Reagan Presidency? The Effects of an “Aging” U.S. Population on the Nation's Crime Rate
Authors: STEFFENSMEIER DARRELL , HARER MILES D.
Published: March 2007

In this article we apply age-standardization methods to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Crime Survey (NCS) to determine whether the drop in the nation's Crime Rate from 1980 to 1988 (the Reagan period) is due to changes in the age structure of the population. Our major findings are that the age-adjusted Crime Index increases 7% in the UCR but declines 7% in the NCS. This contrasts to a 4% drop in the crude UCR index rate and 17% drop in the crude NCS index rate. Overall, the age adjustment explains the entire drop (100% +) in the reported or crude index rate in the UCR and about 60% of the drop in the NCS. When examined over a longer period — 1976 to 1988 — the UCR shows rates that, fluctuate but tend to rise overall, whereas the NCS shows fairly stable or slightly declining rates. The crime-fighting stance of the Reagan years which emphasized stricter enforcement and greater sanction threat (aimed mainly at street crime and drug trafficking) dramatically increased rates of imprisonment. But no discernible reduction in crime rates occurred, suggesting that no law enforcement strategy can be confidently recommended as a remedy to the nation's crime problem.
Will They Tell? Assessing Preadolescents' Reports of Family Violence
Authors: KRUTTSCHNITT CANDACE , DORNFELD MAUDE
Published: March 2007

In the process of collecting data on parental violence scholars are relying increasingly on youth reports of intrafamilial victimizations. However, remarkably little is known about the quality or accuracy of these victimization reports. In this study, the Conflict Tactics Scale was administered to 50 women seeking help for domestic abuse and their preadolescent children and 50 nonclinical mothers and their children. These data were used to examine the concurrent validity and reliability of youth reports of victimization and observation of spousal violence. The accuracy of children's reports of victimization appear to be influenced both by the salience of the event and by contextual differences in their environments. By contrast, observational reports of spousal violence are influenced by the recall period. The methodological implications of using children as respondents are discussed and appropriate directions for future research are considered.
The Seasonality of Violent Crime: The Case of Robbery and Homicide in Israel
Authors: LANDAU SIMHA F. , FRIDMAN DANIEL
Published: March 2007

The relationship between season of the year and criminal behavior is a classical topic in criminological research. However, much of the research in this field is atheoretical and the findings are inconsistent and contradictory. The present study investigated the seasonality of homicide and robbery in Israel from 1977 to 1985. The authors' analysis was informed by the routine activity approach, which views crime as a function of three main elements: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of guardians. Based on this approach and on the differences between homicide and robbery (with regard to motivation, victim-offender relationships, and planning), the authors hypothesized that robbery would show a seasonal trend and would peak during the winter (November through March) due to the increase in the cost of living and the facilitating environmental conditions during these months. In contrast, they expected homicide to be most prevalent in August (when social interaction is at its highest level), and that it would not follow a distinct seasonal pattern because victim availability and suitability, as well as the variety of motives involved in homicide, make this crime much less dependent on climatic conditions. The data were analyzed by three statistical methods: a stochastic model (SARIMA), a X - 11 seasonal adjustment, and a rank order of the three highest months. The results generally supported the hypotheses indicating the utility of the routine activity approach as a useful framework for analyzing the seasonality of crime. The methodological implications of using different definitions and measures of seasonality are discussed, and suggestions are put forward for further study in this field.
Descriptions and Predictions: Three Problems for the Future of Criminological Research
Authors: McCORD JOAN
Published: March 2007

The author argues that research in crime and delinquency will become more sophisticated. Philosophical, theoretical, and empirical problems related to overgeneralization, narrow conception, and hazardous collinearity are brought into focus in a discussion of research on criminal behavior.
Measurement in the Study of Class and Delinquency: Integrating Theory and Research
Authors: FARNWORTH MARGARET , THORNBERRY TERENCE P. , KROHN MARVIN D. , LIZOTTE ALAN J.
Published: March 2007

Correlational studies of the relationship between social class and crime have tended to operationalize these concepts in a theoretical vacuum rather than developing measures that are consistent with major theories in criminology. This article explores the possibility that inadequate measurement may explain past findings indicating no relationship between class and delinquency. To do this we measure class and delinquency in two ways. The first is consistent with the prior empirical literature on this topic and includes measure of class based on a status attainment model and an omnibus measure of delinquency. The second way, more consistent with theories of delinquency, measures class using indicators of sustained underclass status and delinquency as repeated involvement in more serious street crimes. The findings support our hypotheses. Relationships are weak when status attainment measures of class and omnibus measures of delinquency are used. In contrast, the strongest and most consistent class-crime associations are found between measures of continuing underclass status and sustained involvement in street crimes.
The Moderating Effects of Gender and Hostility on the Alcohol-Aggression Relationship
Authors: WHITE HELENE RASKIN , HANSELL STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

Data from a longitudinal study of males and females from adolescence into young adulthood are used to study the relationship between alcohol use and aggression. A series of nested structural equation models examine the interrelationships between alcohol use, aggressive behavior, and episodes of acute alcohol-related aggression over time. Both prior aggressive behavior and prior alcohol use predict later episodes of acute alcohol-related aggression for the entire sample. In addition, early aggressive behavior predicts later alcohol use, but alcohol use is not related to subsequent increases in aggressive behavior. Gender interaction effects are significant. Prior alcohol use is a better predictor of alcohol-related aggression for females, whereas prior aggression is a better predictor for males. However, the relationships between alcohol use and aggression do not vary by hostility level. In sum, these data suggest that the nature and direction of the relationship between alcohol use, aggression, and alcohol-related aggression over time are conditioned by gender.
Primary Definitions of Crime and Moral Panic: A Content Analysis of Experts' Quotes in Feature Newspaper Articles on Crime
Authors: WELCH MICHAEL , FENWICK MELISSA , ROBERTS MEREDITH
Published: March 2007

Research on crime news continues to generate scholarly interest, particularly in the realm of social constructionism. From this perspective, researchers have documented the process by which crime is shaped into news—especially the pivotal role played by law enforcement officials. In this study, the authors contribute to this area of inquiry by administering a content analysis of 105 feature articles on crime published in four national newspapers between 1992 and 1995. In addition to exploring the topics of crime, they systematically examined the nature of quotes offered by two groups of experts, namely, state managers (e.g., police and politicians) and intellectuals (e.g., professors). Their findings support previous research demonstrating the media's heavy reliance on law enforcement officials in formulating primary definitions of crime. The significance of primary definitions of crime within the context of the dominant ideology and moral panic is discussed at length.
Serving too Many Masters
Authors: Sindelar Paul T. , Rosenberg Michael S.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors illustrate how teacher educators are caught in a world of ill-conceived and often contradictory policies and practices. They provide exemplars of the contradictory demands that emanate from both outside and inside of the academy, including unilateral legislative mandates for curriculum coverage, restrictive university regulations, and the growing consumer orientation of the higher education marketplace. The authors then focus on the issue of professional standards and discuss how extreme teacher shortages influence how quality-control practices in teacher preparation are conceptualized and implemented. Finally, with exemplars from the field of special education, they conclude with several suggestions for next steps.
Developing Critical Mass
Authors: Fecho Bob
Published: March 2007

This article is an argument for imagining an ecological approach to supporting beginning teachers in critical inquiry classrooms. Working from anecdotal evidence suggesting that beginning teachers suffer from a lack of support for their efforts at establishing critical inquiry, the author suggests that educators need to think beyond the traditional structures of teacher education and consider ways of working that bridge the last years of college with the first years of teaching. Furthermore, there is a need to investigate partnerships between schools and universities that support a range of reflective practices by creating a critical mass of inquiry-based educators within school districts. To support this argument, the author shares the journals of a recent student teacher who benefited from placement in a small learning community that has embraced critical inquiry principles. In essence, educators need to recognize again the process of inquiry and use that process to support its continued use.
Networks as Learning Communities
Authors: Lieberman Ann
Published: March 2007

As technology transforms the institutions of society, changing the way that people work, communicate, and learn, schools must accommodate and adapt to these new conditions. Unfortunately, schools and school systems organized bureaucratically have difficulty changing. Educational reform networks are particularly well suited to making use of new technology and institutional arrangements. By their very nature, they are flexible, borderless, and innovative; they are able to create collaborative environments, focus their efforts, and develop agendas that grow and change with their participants. Studying reform networks, collaboratives, partnerships external to schools, and communities inside schools has taught a great deal about the organizational conditions and practices that support and sustain teacher learning over time. Teacher educators who collaborate with, learn from, and make use of the knowledge created by these networks are helping to recreate the meaning of scholarship itself, not only for teachers, but for themselves as well.
Composing Standards and Composing Teachers
Authors: Burroughs Robert
Published: March 2007

This article considers whether National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certification may be as much an evaluation of a teacher’s writing about his or her teaching as it is an evaluation of the teaching itself. The experiences of two NBPTS certification candidates are explored. As a theoretical background, an analysis of writing difficulties in NBPTS portfolio entries is performed. The candidates’ experience with the certification process is then interpreted through that theoretical lens to show how each teacher “composed” her teaching. The article concludes that rhetorical skill is a problematic, unarticulated standard of the board.
Standards in the New Millennium: Where We Are, Where We’re Headed
Authors: Wise Arthur E. , Leibbrand Jane A.
Published: March 2007

This statement from the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) explains efforts over the past decade to align standards for P-12 students, teacher candidates, licensing, and advanced certification. It highlights new NCATE expectations for teachers and other educators graduating from accredited institutions and discusses those expectations in light of the current policy environment. The article focuses on the next big challenge that is the logical outcome of the standards movement—assessment. Now that standards have been developed, states, institutions, and schools must determine whether teachers, colleges, and students meet them. What criteria should be used to make the decisions? What principles of assessment should guide their development? The article lays out some of the issues as well as guidelines NCATE has developed to assist institutions in creating assessment systems.
Learning to Teach Aaron: A Beginning Teacher's Story of Literacy Instruction in an Urban Classroom
Authors: Hollingsworth Sandra , Teel Karen , Minarik Leslie
Published: March 2007

This is Leslie Minarik's story of learning to teach Aaron, an African-American second-grader. In the third year of her teaching career, Leslie was concerned because Aaron could not read and write. The narrative unfolds through a longitudinal study of Leslie's learning to teach culturally diverse children that began with her graduate level preservice teacher education program. Through data collected during bimonthly classroom visits and monthly meetings with other program graduates, Leslie's story illustrates important influences upon her learning to teach. Her success in learning to resist norms that excluded attention to children's diverse needs eventually helped Aaron learn to read and write. The process of her learning challenges us to think about improved attention to diversity in teacher education programs.
Collaboration with Health and Social Service Professionals: Preparing Teachers for New Roles
Authors: Bucci John A. , Reitzammer Ann F.
Published: March 2007

The authors outline the implications that the growing number of health and social service professionals in schools has for schools, teachers, and teacher education and discusses the need to improve coordination and collaboration among these professionals. Teacher education units are urged to monitor this trend, to consider modifying their programs in appropriate ways, and to model collaborative relationships with human service professionals.
Six Dilemmas in Teacher Education
Authors: Katz Lilian G. , Raths James
Published: March 2007

The major issues of concern to those who have a stake in the preparation of teachers are discussed in terms of a set of six dilemmas: coverage versus mastery; evaluative versus affective emphases; emphasis on current versus future needs of candidates; thematic versus eclectic approaches; emphasis on current practice versus innovative practice; and specific versus global assessment criteria. These dilemmas are endemic to teacher education and may account for both the dissatisfaction with teacher education and the low level of impact attributed to it.
Gender Frames and Collective Action: Configurations of Masculinity in the Pittston Coal Strike
Authors: BECKWITH KAREN
Published: March 2007

This article develops the concept of gender frame for understanding major transformations in the collective action repertoires of social movements. Focusing on the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) strike against the Pittston Coal Group (1989-90), the article discusses the UMWA's traditional collective action repertoire and its innovation of nonviolent protest, widely employed during the strike. Interviews with major activists and UMWA staff and officers illustrate how the UMWA employed a gender frame of mining masculinities to initiate the new nonviolent strike action. The article concludes by suggesting how collective action repertoires and framing are linked and encouraging future research on gender frames in social movements.
The Impact of Diary Analysis on Teaching/Learning Writing
Authors: Marefat Fahimeh
Published: March 2007

With the advent of qualitative research, the description of the processes of language learning has been of focal interest. Diaries- detailed and comprehensive descriptions of subjects' second language acquisition behavior- shed light on interesting themes in this regard. Diary, in this study, specifically refers to students' reactions to class events, materials and the instructor. The present research reports a personal experience to investigate the impact of diary analysis on teaching writing: detecting the problematic areas, evolving teacher/ teaching assessment and particularly facilitating and thus developing students' writing ability.

80 Farsi-speaking undergraduate students majoring in EFL at Allameh Tabatabii University served as subjects. The students were taking their writing courses with the researcher. They were to write their reactions, comments, questions and feelings for 5-10 minutes at the end of each session. The procedure continued for 13 sessions.

Examination and analysis of students' diaries revealed to the researcher that it was a useful practice in identifying students' particular areas of difficulty and interest, thus leading her to revise the syllabus and revise the materials. They all opted for simpler texts, enjoyed peer correction, wished to discuss recurring problems in class, to name a few instances. Still more, students reported enjoying the realistic task of having active dialogs, which indirectly led them to practice and improve writing. The use of diaries may be recommended to teachers and students to facilitate and improve teaching and learning writing.
English in Australia
Authors: Christie Frances
Published: March 2007

Given the federal structure in Australia, there is no national curriculum in English. Instead, the various states are responsible for school education, including English education. However, events over the last half century at least have caused the federal government to assume an increasing amount of power in the provision of education. Broadly two themes emerge from a review of English curricula in Australia over the last 40 years or so. One has involved significant changes in the manner in which the content of subject English has been conceived. The other has been the increased power and influence the federal government has come to exercise in the provision of English programs. Nowadays, 'English' is often almost synonymous with 'literacy', and governments, both federal and state, pursue programs designed to lift the levels of literacy in schools. The preoccupation with 'literacy' often at the expense of a richer model of subject English, has left the subject rather impoverished. There is a need to reinvent English, giving it a clearer and more coherent focus if it is to survive.
Systemics 1.0: Software for Research and Teaching Systemic Functional Linguistics
Authors: O'Halloran Kay L.
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of the software program, Systemics 1.0 (O'Halloran and Judd 2002) for research and teaching Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is examined in this paper. Systemics 1.0 is software which contains a pre-programmed SFL grammar at the rank of word, word group, clause, clause complex and discourse stratum. The software is designed to overcome the physical constraints of text analysis through features such as pull-down menus containing the grammatical systems, and search and print facilities. As the 'standard' grammar in Systemics 1.0 can be modified, discourse analyses undertaken with the software can incorporate other theoretical per spectives. Following a discussion of the functionality of the software, the ways in which the design features and interfaces in Systemics 1.0 shape the users' perceptions of systemic functional theory and practice are considered. This includes a discussion of the limitations of the program, together with recommendations for possible future developments in SFL software.
Using T-unit Measures to Assess Writing Proficiency of University ESL Students
Authors: Ho-Peng Lim
Published: March 2007

A few studies' to date have used T-unit measures in the assess ment of writing proficiency of ESL students, particularly in the assessment of free writing and rewriting output of ESL students. In this study the investigator used T-unit measures to assess both free writing and rewriting abilities of ESL students pursuing undergraduate level work. The findings demonstrate that measures used in evalua ting writing will have to be error-free if they are to discriminate among compositions written by ESL students.
Bridging the Cultural Gap: A Study of Chinese Students' Learning Style Preferences
Authors: Melton Cynthia D.
Published: March 2007

Following a literature review of some recent research on learning styles and EFL-related research in the People's Republic of China, this article describes a replication of a study done by Reid in 1987 of learning style preferences of ESL students in the U.S. With minor modifications, the same questionnaire asking students to identify their learning style preferences was administered in either Chinese or English to 331 students at five universities in the PRC. Statistical analyses indicated that language of the questionnaire did not in fluence the outcome; that sex of the respondent, level in college, years of English study, and number of semesters with a foreign teacher are all related to learning style differences; and that PRC students appear to have multiple major learning styles. The study concludes with suggested activities for the ESL classroom which are appropriate to each of the four basic perceptual learning styles.
Studies in Language Learning in Large Classes: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Oladejo J.A.
Published: March 2007

In this paper an attempt is made to critically examine an ongoing research, namely, the Lancaster-Leeds Language Learning in Large Classes Research Project, in order to focus attention on its impor tance as a major research effort aimed at investigating the problems of language learning in large classes. More importantly, however, the paper highlights some major flaws in the research project, so that corrective measures which will make the entire research project worth the effort might be taken.
Cohesion and Coherence in Academic Writing: From Lexical Choice To Organization
Authors: Kuo Chih-Hua
Published: March 2007

Studies on cohesion or coherence often focus on a certain level of text, or the distinction between them. It would be beneficial to investigate, from the perspective of the writing process, how overt surface links contribute to the interpretation and communicative purpose of a text. This paper explores cohesion and coherence at three levels of academic text - lexicon, sentence structure, and organization of information. Lexical cohesive analysis suggests that sentences which are functionally more important to the thematic development of a text usually contain more cohesive ties with other sentences than sentences less important functionally. At the sentence level, equally grammatical sentences could carry different communicative values in a given text. Furthermore, the given/new information patterns in paragraphs of various rhetorical functions are identified. With regard to the organization of information, students need to develop their pragmatic competence in a number of academic genres and information unit types.
L'islam et la fin du voyage: comment l'Autre est devenu Occident
Authors: LABIB Tahar
Published: March 2007

Journeying is defined here as the trajectory of encounter which a culture traces for its own adherents. The traveller marks the trail. This was so for journeying Muslims from the moment they were first carried off on the tidal wave of their ever-expanding culture. The ebb of this culture coincided with the rise of the West, of which Muslims knew little because it had had nothing to offer, because it had not even been worth the journey. This was a decisive moment. Islam turned from a world in which the travelling Muslim had always been at home, and yet had experienced unlimited encounters with peoples of many kinds, to a world in which Muslim civilization confronted the western enemy so directly that there was nothing left but itself and the West. This western world of Islamic perception was thus born from the journey's end of Muslims themselves.
Religious Life in the USA: Community as a Key Bridge to Young Adults
Authors: JOHNSON Mary
Published: March 2007

The author essentially argues that religious life in the United States, because of rising median ages, must invite a new generation of young Catholics to enter its ranks. She confronts the major demographic argument that is used to refute the possibility of that happening, naming the large mean age difference that exists between members of most of the orders and the young-adult population. She unmasks four assertions that are typically cloaked by that argument. They are theological, psychological, structural, and ideological in nature. She presents the possibility of using generational analysis to unlock some of the cultural tensions concerning community life and spirituality, locates the discussion within the wider debate in the United States about issues of community and spirituality, and proposes that community life is a key bridge between religious orders and young adults.
“Power of Mysticism” and “Mysticism of Power”: Understanding the Sociopolitical History of a Neo-hindu Movement
Authors: SQUARCINI Federico
Published: March 2007

Religious institutions created by the extraordinary efforts of a single founder—like the one examined in this essay—try hard to assure the preservation of charisma, and to guarantee its Weberian “routinization”. But this attempt does not always succeed, and quite often what originally looks like the “power of mysticism”, allowing resolute individual and social transformations, in the gradual collective evolution of a religious field turns to crystallization, stratification, bureaucratization, quickly becoming a “mysticism of power” and losing its former elasticity, dynamism and persuasive capacity.
Priests and the rising generation of Priests in the opinion of Brazilians
Authors: Busjan Callistus
Published: March 2007

L'important manque de prêtres qui sévit au Brésil comme dans toute l'Amérique Latine, handicape forte ment le développement d'une action pastorale dans la population. Or, le problème des vocations est étroite ment lié aux difficultés de la structure sociale bresi lienne.

En préparation au second congrès national pour les vocations sacerdotales qui se tint à Sao Paulo en 1956, une enquête d'opinion fut menée sur le theme : que pensez-vous des prêtres? de quoi provient le manque de prêtres et comment celui-ci peut-il être surmonté? Les réflexions suivantes découlent des résultats de l'enquête.
Protestant and episcopalian church survey centres in the United States
Authors: Pickering W.S.F.
Published: March 2007

Alors qu'en Europe, ce type de recherches était encore pratiquement inconnu, un institut de recherches sociales et religieuses fonctionnait à New York, dès 1921, indépendant de toute Eglise. Ses études couvrirent l'ensemble des Eglises non-catholiques et il eut pour effet d'accélérer la prise de conscience parmi les Eglises du phénomène urbain aux Etats-Unis et de ses consé quences sur l'implantation des églises et sur les modes de vie. L'institut disparut à la fin des années 30, faute de ressources. Cependant dès l'après-guerre, le chan gement social en cours obligeait à reprendre les études. Deux problèmes immédiats s'imposaient : l'afflux d'im migrants noirs ou Porto-Ricains et les rapports entre les différentes denominations dans les villes. Des bureaux d'études nationaux ou régionaux s'ouvrirent. Cependant, à la différence de l'institut existant dans l'avant-guerre, ils ont tendance à être rattachés à une dénomination donnée, et à posséder des équipes de chercheurs et des moyens financiers plus importants. Là comme ailleurs se posent dès lors les problèmes que rencontre la recherche appliquée, en particulier celui des rapports avec les églises locales ou institutions ayant commandé les études.
Aspects Sociologiques du Concile Œcuménique1)
Authors: Scarpati Rosario
Published: March 2007

With the events of the first session of Vatican II in mind the author examines from a sociological point of view the particular socio- cultural phenomenon which this Council itself presents, in view of its composition, structure and functions. He then surveys relations between the Council and the world on the three levels of the Catholic community, the unity of Christians, and of the totality of religions with humanity itself. From whatever angle the Council is thus analysed it is always presented as an outstanding phenomenon whose capital importance can no more escape the religious sociologist than the Christian.
L'opinion des catholiques hongrois sur les reformes de l'Eglise
Authors: Morel J. , Andras E.
Published: March 2007

A representative enquiry based on sample selection was undertaken among Hungarian tourists in Austria with the object of investigating the general attitude taken up with regard to conciliar renewal and pastoral action. The truth or falsity of the relevant hypotheses was tested in five sets of questions: there were questions with general secular reference ; questions with secular reference concerning Hungary; questions with religious and general reference, but concerning Hungary; questions with reference to the Council and religious renewal in general; and questions relating to liturgical reform.

In addition to several detailed results and particular conclusions the fol lowing basic trends were verified:

1. Pastoral action should, according to the faithful, come to grips with many more problems of a general kind as problems which stand in relationship to specifically new experiences in the life of the Church, i.e. the presuppositions are the most important thing in this particular field. 2. In this sector, however, it seems that there is a great amount of lee way to be made up. Pastoral action therefore should be on the one hand very intensive and on the other hand be well-balanced, pedagogic and careful in its method of application, i.e. it should ensure the quickest possible transition without being precipitate.

3. The greatest, and perhaps the most dangerous, deficiency in the religious life of Hungarian Catholics seems to lie in the field of religious education, religious culture, information and knowledge. The long spiritual isolation, the lack of objective means of spiritual orientation and of religious cultural nourishment, the impossibility of keeping up to date with the spiritual development of the Church as a whole are probably leading not only to a lack of knowledge but are also bringing about changes at the deepest levels of the human psyche.
The Pattini Cult of Ceylon : a Tamil Perspective
Authors: Hiatt Lester R.
Published: March 2007

Le " jeu de la corne " est un rite ceylanais lié au culte de Pattini. D'après la thèse de N. Yalman, ce jeu a pour fonction de ratifier l'institution de la polygamie. Or, le fait que, selon la tradition Tamil, le mariage entre Pattini et sa femme cons tituait une alliance parfaite entre deux partenaires socialement égaux rend difficile l'acceptation de cette thèse. Un second élément qui rend difficile l'acceptation de cette thèse se trouve dans le fait que, dans au moins un village où l'on observa la célébration de ce rite, la polygamie était désapprouvée. L'auteur présente une interprétation alternative de ce rite qui l'envisage comme une solution magique à l'expérience de l'échec façonnée à partir de certaines expériences infantiles.
L'ordination boudhiste à Ceylan
Authors: Seneviratne H.L.
Published: March 2007

The Buddhist Ordination Rite in eighteenth century Ceylon is seen as having two kinds of symbolic meanings, the first internal to the rite and the second related to the legitimisation of royal power. The rite presents in a highly dramatic form the act of renunciation, awa y from the web of social relations into the woods, and away from the world on the path of Ultimate Release (Nirvana). The novice is first dressed as a Ksatriya warrior and then dramatically stripped of his prin cely finery and clothed in the yellow robes of the mendicant monk. Next he is solemnly admonished on how to walk the true path of asceticism. This is the first symbolic meaning. The second involves an elaboration, by the political authority (the King), of the princely attributes of the novice while he is still in the princely garb. This is done by conducting him with ceremony fit for a prince to the Temple of the Sacred Tooth which was a part of the palace complex, and enacting a cere mony of crowning him. This extension of the rite, in strict terms unnecessary for the rite itself, and done to only a select few of the novices, is seen as an attempt by the king to dis play his patronage of and devotion to the religion. The novice as prince is seen as a very apt mechanism for the fusion of two rituals with two very different meanings.
Une Enquête Préparatoire au Sujet de la Religiosité des Populations d'Ukraine (*)
Authors: Eryshev A.A.
Published: March 2007

The author analyzes sectarian (Protestant) and Russian Orthodox religious communities on the basis of field work carried out in various regions of the Ukraine during 1963- 1965. Scholars were aided by Communist Party propagandists, and results were discussed at a republican conference in December 1965. The author demonstrates that the western regions of the Ukraine (which were incorporated into the Soviet Union later than the eastern regions) have higher percentages of young people in religious congregations. Religious tradition and education within the family are important factors in this respect, particularly among sectarian groups. The reasons for joining a religious group, or for switching affiliation, are discussed, with statistics given.
The Homosexual Church : An Ecclesiastical Extension of a Subculture
Authors: Enroth Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

Au cours des années récentes, diverses « Eglises » et orga nisations religieuses s'adressant principalement à des groupes d'homosexuels ont fait leur apparition au Etats-Unis. La plus importante d'entre elles est constituée par la « Metropolitan Community Church ». Les « Eglises d'homosexuels » sont à considérer comme l'extension religieuse du phénomène séculier de la subculture festive. Une analyse de contenu des publi cations de ces quasi-dénominations montre clairement une corrélation entre l'univers de la licence et le « mouvement de la libération festive ». Différents types de réponses, brièvement discutées ici, caractérisent les pasteurs et les fidèles de ces groupes.
Religion as the Dominant Element of the Superstructure Among the Pare of Tanzania
Authors: Lebulu Josaphat L.
Published: March 2007

L'auteur est parti du cas des Pare en Tanzanie pour etudier, au travers des divers modes de production ayant caractérisé cette société, les fonctions sociales de la religion. A cet effet, il a considéré la formation sociale comme un ensemble dont il a analysé les trois éléments suivants, à chaque période envisagée. Tout d'abord, les conditions matérielles et sociales dans les quelles se développent et se reproduisent les éléments qui constituent la religion c'est-à-dire les croyances, les rites et les pratiques religieuses ; ensuite, la structure des éléments religieux à l'intérieur d'un système symbolique qui assume des fonctions sociales bien déterminées et enfin, l'analyse des mécanismes à travers lesquels les éléments constitutifs de l'infrastructure sont véhicules jusqu'au niveau de la super structure et vice-versa.
Le rôle des Églises instituées de Hongrie dans un contexte de changement
Authors: Tomka Miklós
Published: March 2007

The last thirty years have shown some instances of change in the social functions held by the church. It is the case in Hungary where the churches (state and popular churches) saw their hege monic position confronted by marxism and political-social forces endeavouring to build socialist society.
Le Veau d'Or L'expérience de la sécularisation et le labyrinthe religieux espagnol
Authors: Vericat José
Published: March 2007

The author proposes an interpretation of the religious trans formations of Spanish society, basing himself on a critical approach to the theory of secularization. In order to do this, I evoke the critical point captured by the concept of rationalization, itself linked to the idea of a segmentation of spheres of existence. But, for his part, the author says that what brings into relief th idea of secularization is not so much a segmentation of existence and a marginalization of religion, but much rather a metabolism of the religious ans of social interaction.
Eglises et modernité en Europe occidentale. Pour une analyse comparative
Authors: Nesti Arnaldo
Published: March 2007

This article clarifies above all the terms of the object of this issue of Social Compass: churches and modernity, but also the method of approach.
Guérir la mémoire. L'intervention rituelle du catholicisme pentecôtiste français et italien
Authors: Charuty Giordana
Published: March 2007

The ethnographic itineraries of the ill availing themselves of the multiplicity of recourses offered, in France and Italy, by the charismatic renewal sheds light on the multiple facets of the no tion of a specialized cure for psychic suffering which certain com munities of worship claim as their specificity. The apparent opposition between practices centred on the medical model of laic psychotherapies and practices centred on the religious model of exorcism correspond to a limited number of common techniques which bring about the conversion of the sick person into a devotee by putting into relationship three types of anamnesis- psychological, initiatory and mythical — effectuated through a ritual invention the efficacity of which no longer depends upon the fixed repetition of a formal ritual, but upon the voluntary evoking into action of meaning.
Pèlerins à Jérusalem à la fin du Moyen-Age
Authors: DELUZ Christiane
Published: March 2007

This article contemplates the development of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem from the fall of Saint Jean d'Acre to the early 16th century, and looks at how it may have been affected by the changes taking place between Medieval times and the Renaissance. The research takes as its text the accounts of the pilgrims themselves who, at this time, were often lay members of the Church rather than clerics. As they describe the behaviour of their fellow travellers, the reader can glimpse what pilgrimage signified for the men of the late Middle Ages.

The earlier accounts speak mainly of Jerusalem; while in the later ones it is the journey itself that becomes the centre of interest, with descriptions of the expenses incurred, the distances travelled, the problems of route navigation and the curiosities of the landscape traversed. The“curiositas” so often condemned by the clerics of the preceding era now takes on the aspect of a virtue. But on arrival in the Holy Land an abrupt change occurs, and the reader enters, along with the pilgrims, another era — the time of the life and passion of Christ.

The ritual of the pilgrimage has been laid down in great detail by the Franciscan friars, as established on Mount Sion in 1337, giving great significance to sermons and indulgences. Nevertheless, the pilgrims often speak of their personal feelings, and in this respect there is a remarkable continuity between the 4th and the 16th century.
Trois initiateurs: Engels, Weber, Troeltsch
Authors: WACKENHEIM Charles
Published: March 2007

The work of Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923) explores Christian origins more deeply than do other classic contributions to religious sociology. In his view, early Christianity represents a “typical period” of a religious essence subjected to but undiminished by socio-economic factors. He insists rather on the relative autonomy of the “Christian idea” and its dialectic. Troeltsch takes his inspiration primarily from his friend and colleague, the sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920). To the latter we owe a notion of typology which permits a better understanding of the rapid expansion of nascent Christianity, and especially of its passage from original charism to ecclesiastical institution. With Troeltsch, Weber shares a resolutely critical interest in the marxist theory of ideologies. This theory, articulated at its inception as much by Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) as by Marx, maintains that in the last analysis religious phenomena are explained by their economic infrastructure. Like modern socialism, earliest Christianity announced to the oppressed and exploited an approaching deliverance; but whereas early Christians situated salvation in the hereafter, the workers' movement of the 19th century locates it in a radical transformation of society.
L'Ancien Testament a-t-il contribuéà la territorialisation de la Suisse?
Authors: PIVETEAU Jean-Luc
Published: March 2007

Has knowledge of the Old Testament - strongly internalized over the centuries - influenced the current upsurge in Swiss nationalistic feeling and therefore Swiss territorial consciousness? This article aims to test this hypothesis. First the possible limits of this comparison are considered. Insofar as correspondences exist between the Bible and the territory of Switzerland, they could be duplicated in other countries of the world. Above all, these correspondences could be replicated in European countries, but to varying degrees of exactitude. Second, the argument is justified by claiming that it is much more than formal analogy that approximates Switzerland to biblical Israel and it is an awareness of being “special” which in turn legitimates its will to be identified as a race apart. The major - paradoxical - convergence between the two springs from a current country-wide trend towards secularization which is strongly influencing Switzerland's development. This trend is responsible for the growth of a historical territorial consciousness similar to that which shapes the country of Jacob's descendants.
Le Nouvel Age, conspiration postmoderne
Authors: KUBIAK Anna E.
Published: March 2007

The author claims that describing New Age is easier if one treats it as a part of postmodern culture. The main features of New Age when viewed thus are: lack of a clear definition of the term itself or of its spatio-temporal contexts; a network structure; the erosion of extremes of cultural categories (high/low culture, East/West, ritual/game, global/local, body/soul, inside/outside); holism; transformation; autonomy of the different elements. New Age appears to have introduced new forms of spirituality. The author characterizes religious phenomena by situating them in categories such as levelling of the esoteric; individualism; rejection of tradition; relativization; differentiation; perennialization. The individual experience seems to be the central phenomenon, at the heart of the network of ideas and of the identification of spirituality. This experience, however, also relates to collectivities at the global level.
The Sequestration of Experience: Rights Talk and Moral Thinking in `Late Modernity'
Authors: Smith Carole
Published: March 2007

Giddens argues that modernity is characterized by the separation of time and space, by disembedding mechanisms and by institutional reflexivity. These characteristics combine with a dynamic pace and scope of change and contribute to modernity's emphasis on institutional control. Internally referential systems exclude those moral and existential issues that threaten `ontological security'. Bauman similarly emphasizes modernity's passion for order and `progress', the fragmentation of social roles and personal identity and rapid technological change. In both these scenarios modernity must necessarily be morally arid. In late modernity Giddens suggests that radical doubt and the threat of meaninglessness encourage the `return of the repressed' and Bauman cautiously indicates that humankind may be willing to struggle with issues of moral responsibility. I would argue that Bauman and Giddens are mistaken in viewing late modernity as a time of moral renewal. Rather, rights talk has come to colonize moral thinking. Giddens and Bauman fail to give sufficient attention to the invocation of rights in the governance of human affairs and, therefore, fail to recognize the way in which rights talk constitutes the sequestration of morality in late modernity.
Dyes for the Hydrophobic Fibers1
Authors: Schroeder H.E. , Boyd S.N.
Published: March 2007

The commercialization of the hydrophohic fibers has necessitated the development of entirely new classes of dyes. This job has been accomplished successfully by the careful tailoring of dye molecules to the chemical and physical requirements of the different fibers.

All of the hydrophobic fibers designed for apparel use can be dyed with disperse dyes. Polyamide and acrylic fibers can be dyed with acid dyes. Selected acrylic fibers can be dyed also with basic dyes. The dyeing of hydrophobic fibers with disperse dyes in volves solution of the dye in the fiber : electrostatic interactions are involved in the dyeing of these fibers with ionic dyes. The rate of dyeing with both the disperse and the ionic dyes is largely a function of the specific fiber and the molecular size and geometry of the dye molecules. The polarity of a disperse dye plays a major role in determining the affinity of the dye for a specific fiber.

Resistance of both the disperse and the ionic dyes to removal from the fiber by aqueous treatments is directly proportional to the affinity of the dye for the fiber and inversely proportional to the rate of dyeing. The washing fastness of the extremely hydrophobic fibers is excellent with all of the dyes which are applicable.

The photochemical decomposition of a dye on a fiber is a reaction of the electronically excited dye molecule with the fiber and or other elements of the environment. Hence, light-fastness is a characteristic of the particular dye fiber system.

Many correlations of affinity and fastness properties with molecular structure can be drawn.
An Appraisal of Shrink-Resistant Treatments for Wool
Authors: Sookne Arnold M.
Published: March 2007

A review is presented of the mechanisms by which wool shrinks, and of the several classes of treatment available for making shrink-resistant wool. Some of the virtues and deficiencies of the better known classes of shrink-resistant processes are listed. The competitive position of shrink-resistant wool is examined in a number of end-use items. It is concluded that a number of low cost, adequate shrink-resistant processes are cur rently available, and that wool requires shrink resistance in order to compete with man- made fibers in end uses requiring ease-of-care.
The Elastic Properties of Chemically Modified Wools and Their Implications for Theories of Wool Structure
Authors: Lindley H.
Published: March 2007

The changes in elastic properties produced by systematic changes of the number and kind of sulfur bonds are interpreted as implying the existence in the wool fiber of units joined longitudinally by disulfide bonds. Some possible implications of this concept are discussed.