bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing following acute pulmonary embolism: Systematic review and pooled analysis of global studies
Authors: VanAken Gabriella , Wieczorek Daniel , Rubick Drew , Jabri Ahmad , Franco‐ Palacios Domingo , Grafton Gillian , Kelly Bryan , Osinbowale Olusegun , Ahsan Syed T. , Awdish Rana , Aronow Herbert D. , Shore Supriya , Aggarwal Vikas
Published: October 2024

Recent reports have revealed a substantial morbidity burden associated with “post‐PE syndrome” (PPES). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has shown promise in better characterizing these patients. In this systematic review and pooled analysis, we aim to use CPET data from PE survivors to understand PPES better. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane for studies reporting CPET results in post‐PE patients without known pulmonary hypertension published before August 1, 2023. Studies were independently reviewed by two authors. CPET findings were subcategorized into (1) exercise capacity (percent predicted pVO2 and pVO2) and (2) ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope and VD/VT). We identified 14 studies (n = 804), 9 prospective observational studies, 4 prospective case‐control studies, and 1 randomized trial. Pooled analysis demonstrated a weighted mean percent predicted pVO2 of 76.09 ± 20.21% (n = 184), with no difference between patients tested <6 months (n = 76, 81.69±26.06%) compared to ≥6 months post‐acute PE (n = 88, 82.55 ± 21.47%; p = 0.817). No difference was seen in pVO2 in those tested <6 months (n = 76, 1.67 ± 0.51 L/min) compared to ≥6 months post‐acute PE occurrence (n = 144, 1.75 ± 0.57 L/min; p = 0.306). The weighted mean VE/VCO2 slope was 32.72 ± 6.02 (n = 244), with a significant difference noted between those tested <6 months (n = 91, 36.52 ± 6.64) compared to ≥6 months post‐acute PE (n = 191, 31.99 ± 5.7; p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study, which was limited by small sample sizes and few multicenter studies, found no significant difference in exercise capacity between individuals tested <6 months versus ≥6 months after acute PE. However, ventilatory efficiency was significantly improved in patients undergoing CPET ≥ 6 months compared to those <6 months from the index PE.
Theoretical Study on the Dissociation Mechanism of Thiophene in the UV Photoabsorption, Ionization, and Electron Attachment Processes
Authors: Upadhyaya Hari P.
Published: October 2024

A computational study on the intricate mechanism of thiophene ring‐fragmentation (TRF) in the UV photodissociation, dissociative ionization, and dissociative electron attachment process has been performed. The complete fragmentation process is studied using high level G4 composite method for neutral, cationic, and anionic species by elucidating a detailed mechanism for various reaction channels. The study shows that for neutral thiophene, the major pathway is the migration of H atom and subsequent fragmentation through a transition state yielding acetylene (HC≡CH) and H2C=C=S. However, for the thiophene cation, the acetylene (HC≡CH)+H2C=C=S+ channel is a two‐step and barrier less process. The onset of CH3+HC=C=C=S channel has been observed in both the thiophene cation and anion which was absent in the neutral analogue. Similarly, the onset of H2S+HC≡C—C≡CH channel has been found to operate only in the thiophene cation. Others, such as HCS and HS elimination channels have been found in all the species showing similar dissociation mechanism. For the thiophene anion, the TRF process is very much similar to that of thiophene cation. However, the reaction enthalpies of the various elimination channels in the anionic species are lower as compared to that of cationic species. During the study, the ionization energies and electron affinities of various molecules/radicals produced during the fragmentation process of thiophene were also computed.
Safety and Efficacy of the Swift Microwave Device in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Onychomycosis: Protocol of an Open-Label, Randomized, Dose-Finding Pilot Study
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Cooper Elizabeth A. , Wang Tong
Published: October 2024

Background

Onychomycosis is a common fungal nail disease with a prevalence rate up to 14% in North America and 24% in Europe. The current treatment paradigm is limited by a high risk of disease recurrence, safety concerns for oral agents, and a low likelihood of patients achieving both clinical improvement and mycological cure. Recent advances in device-based treatments have allowed for the direct targeting of the infection site that bypasses drug resistance mechanisms while minimizing systemic side-effects. The Swift® System is a microwave device that has demonstrated therapeutic potential in treating skin (e.g. verrucae vulgaris, actinic keratosis) and nail infections.

Methods

We report the protocol of an open-label, randomized, pilot study that will be conducted at a single Canadian center. Our primary objective is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of microwave treatment (Swift® System, Emblation Ltd, Scotland, U.K.), administered at three different dosing regimens, in 45 patients with mild-to-moderate distal subungual onychomycosis. Our secondary objective is to identify an optimal dosing regimen, if any, to better inform the conduct of a future pivotal trial. Patients will be randomized (1:1:1) to undergo either 9 treatment sessions (5 weekly sessions plus 4 monthly sessions), 7 treatment sessions (3 sessions every 2 weeks plus 4 monthly sessions), or 12 treatment sessions every 2 weeks. At each session microwave energy will be applied in 3-s intervals at 7–9 Watts, repeated up to 5 times at each treatment position on the nail. Overlapping treatment positions are used to ensure sufficient coverage of the infected area. Patients will be enrolled in the trial over a 12-month period. Efficacy will be evaluated based on visual improvement and mycology testing results. Adverse events will be recorded throughout the entire study period.

Discussion

This study will be the first to report on the safety and efficacy of microwave treatment in onychomycosis patients in a trial setting; recruitment is ongoing.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05674747.
Exploring the Hydrogen Storage Potential of Allylamine Borane Using Density Functional Theory
Authors: Yaya Ibrahim , Udofia Inemesit A. , Isyaku Yusuf , Ja'o Aliyu M.
Published: October 2024

This study focused on investigating the potential of allylamine borane (AABH3) as a hydrogen‐releasing compound and its viability as an alternative energy source. The investigation involved a comprehensive analysis of its structure and thermochemistry during the dehydrogenation process using density functional theory (DFT) methods. The structural parameters computed with the M06‐2X method were observed to be closer to the experimental values than those of B3LYP and wB97XD3, particularly, the bond lengths. The C−N−B bond angle was observed to increase with dehydrogenation, and higher with doubly dehydrogenated adduct. Also, the dihedral angle was observed to change from negative to positive and back to negative in AABH3, AABH2 and AABH respectively. The reaction enthalpy (▵Hr) for the first dehydrogenation step obtained at M06‐2X/cc‐pVTZ level is exothermic (−19.6 kJ/mol), while the second step is endothermic (132.6 kJ/mol). However, the values of the entropy in the first and second dehydrogenation steps are 122.0 and 124.0 kJ/mol respectively, indicating the feasibility of the reaction. The values of the reaction free energy (▵Gr), in the first and second steps were calculated to be −56.0 kJ/mol and 95.7 kJ/mol respectively, indicating that the second step of the reaction is rate limiting. The relative free energies of the reaction also corroborated this observation. The mechanism of the reaction was observed to be initiated by the abstraction of AABH3 proton by the BH3, over a distance of 1.37 Å. Importantly, the calculated dehydrogenation reaction energies demonstrated minimal energy requirements for the hydrogen release reactions, indicating the suitability of allylamine borane for chemical hydrogen storage onboard various applications.
One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Some 6‐Methoxy‐2‐Naphthyl Pyrimidinones with Molecular Docking and Biological Activities Studies
Authors: Divya Jaganathan , Gayathri Paneerselvam , Muthuvel Inbasekaran , Suguna Sugumaran , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: October 2024

A new series of 6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthalene based pyrimidinones were synthesized via one pot‐three component synthetic reaction of aryl aldehydes, 6‐methoxy‐2‐acetonapthone and urea in the presence of nano zinc ferrite catalyst under conventional method. The synthesized compounds were characterized by their spectral techniques including FT‐IR, H1, C13 NMR, LCMS, and analysis of elements. Molecular docking analysis was also performed to identify the protein‐ligand interactions and binding energy of synthesized compounds. Biological studies of all synthesized pyrimidinone compounds have been measured against bacterial and fungal strains by calculating the zone of inhibition.
Novel Thiadiazole Derivatives as Potential Anti‐Alzheimer Agent: Synthesis, Activity of Molecular Interactions and their in Silico Assessment
Authors: Du Wenrong , Lan Yong , Guo Xinyuan , Wei Benben , Wang Yixuan , Zhou Xuewei , Ma Zhengyue
Published: October 2024

A series of thiadiazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, the compounds were assayed for their inhibitory activity to AChE and BuChEin vitro, and the results indicated that most of the compounds had moderate inhibitory activity to AChE and BuChE. Among them, compound11 ushowed the best inhibitory activity against AChE and BuChE (eeAChE, IC50=2.73 μM; eqBuChE, IC50=0.65 μM), which showed approximately 2‐fold more activity against AChE enzyme than galantamine and approximately 28‐fold more activity against BuChE enzyme than galantamine. In addition, molecular docking studies have shown that compound11 ucould bind to the catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anion site (PAS) of AChE and BuChE. Among them, compound11 ucombined with BuChE and exhibited a mixed inhibition pattern consistent with enzyme kinetics studies. The interaction's stability of11 u‐AChE/BuChE were also assessed using a conventional atomistic 100 ns dynamics simulation study, which revealed the conformational stability of representative compound11 uin the cavity of the AChE/BuChE. Moreover, the molecular properties of all compounds were predicted by online through the SwissADME, and the best active compound11 umatched the properties of most orally administered drugs. All these suggested that11 ucould be considered as a lead compound for the development of drugs for AD.
Transformation of Agriculture Waste Biomass to Sustainable and Slow Release Fertilizers: Waste to Wealth
Authors: Galipalli Ramu , Baithy Mallesham , Vishnu Nandimalla
Published: October 2024

Novel lignocellulosic biomass‐based fertilizers are developed to enhance crop yields while minimizing ecological impacts. These fertilizers, enriched with macro and micronutrients, feature slow‐release properties, reducing nutrient loss compared to conventional fertilizers. The study emphasizes their potential in sustainable agriculture, offering a viable alternative for soil fertility and crop yield.
Research on the Effects of the Juncus Inflexus Subsp. Inflexus Extract on Low Dose Thioacetamide‐Induced Liver Damage: A Novel Antioxidant
Authors: Kaya Muhittin , KAYMAK Emin , Akin Ali Tuğrul , Karabulut Ezman , Yilmaz Engin , Kurşat Murat , Yakan Birkan
Published: October 2024

In this study was investigated the effects of extract of the Juncus inflexus subsp. inflexus (JI) plant on thioacetimide (TAA)‐induced liver damage. Six experimental groups were formed using 42 8–12‐weeks old Sprague dawley male rats, with seven experimental animals per group. Liver tissue sections were examined by staining with hematoxylin eosin (H‐E), periodic acid schiff (PAS) and caspase‐3. On the other hand, the tissue homogenates were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). Compared to other groups, it was observed that the MDA rose significantly in the TAA group and that the GSH fell and that the expression of the caspase‐3 was significantly increased. On the other hand, it was found that lipid peroxidation decreased significantly in the TAA + JI group when compared to JI + TAA group. Also, to see the antioxidant properties of the plant in detail, molecular dynamic simulations were done. The antioxidant property of 59.16% in extract compounds of JI was theoretically demonstrated. The antioxidant activity of the 10‐methoxy‐nb‐alpha‐methylcorynantheol molecule, which is found at the highest rate in the relevant plant, has been theoretically revealed for the first time. In conclusion, this study has revealed that the extraction obtained from the Juncus inflexus plant has protective and therapeutic properties for the liver.
Strong C─B Hyperconjugation in a Structurally Distorted Benzoanellated Tricyclic Boratirene
Authors: Mesbah A.Wahid , Berndt Armin , Soleimani Meisam , Massa Werner
Published: October 2024

The benzoanellated tricyclic boratirene 2⋅Li(Et2O) was synthesized by reductive dehalogenation of C─borylborirene 1 with Lithium powder, and its distorted structure was determined by X‐ray analysis. The formation of compound 2⋅Li(Et2O) can be described as a result of the insertion of the carbene‐like boron atom into the C─H bond of a methyl group at a duryl ring (duryl ring = 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylphenyl) in the ortho position. This new tricyclic compound contains a highly shielded, formally three‐coordinated boron atom with δ11B = 27 ppm. However, the 11B chemical shift in the range of 65 to 85 ppm is expected for carbon‐bonded three‐coordinated boron atoms. The reason for the high shielding of this boron atom in 2⋅Li(Et2O) is a very strong C─B hyperconjugation. The strained, and negatively charged three‐membered ring in 2⋅Li(Et2O) is an optimal component for a strong hyperconjugative interaction, leading to the formation of a three‐center two‐electron (3c‐2e) σ bond with the empty p orbital of the boron atom, resulting in a strong distortion of the six‐membered ring.
Gold(III)‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Skeletal Rearrangement Reaction for the Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted 3‐Hydroxypyridines
Authors: Yasui Motohiro , Sakamoto Kaito , Ichimonji Ayano , Takeda Norihiko , Ueda Masafumi
Published: October 2024

3‐Hydroxypyridines are attractive owing to their potential applications in medicinal chemistry. However, only a few reports on the synthesis of 2,4,6‐trisubstituted 3‐hydroxypyridines have been published to date. Herein, we describe a novel method for synthesizing 2,4,6‐trisubstituted 3‐hydroxypyridines. Au(III)‐catalyzed reactions using C‐alkynyl‐O‐vinyl oximes via intramolecular nucleophilic addition, followed by skeletal rearrangement, including N−O bond cleavage. This protocol provides unprecedented 25 examples of 2,4,6‐trisubstituted 3‐hydroxypyridines with good functional and bulky‐group tolerances. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through the generation of isoxazolium and nitrene species.
Science Teachers' Conceptions of Science: An Analysis at the Intersection of Nature of Science and Culturally Relevant Science Teaching
Authors: Jones Britney L.
Published: October 2024

Science education policies and standards have called for educators to teach students about the Nature of Science (NOS) and engage them in Culturally Relevant Science Teaching (CRST), which requires critical shifts away from traditional science teaching. As such, teachers are being asked to possess or take up conceptions of science that challenge the status quo. Are teachers making these shifts? Do they conceive of science in these anti‐traditional ways? To explore this matter, I developed a conceptual framework around five key science topics: (1) Revision/Static; (2) Scientific Method; (3) Objective/Subjective; (4) Society and Culture; and (5) Critical Space, then surfaced traditional and anti‐traditional conceptions regarding each topic drawn from science standards and prior literature. I operationalized this framework to critically analyze 20 secondary science teachers' discourse to determine whether they aligned with a traditional science ideology, an anti‐traditional ideology, or somewhere in the middle (conflicting ideology). I found that for the most part participants demonstrated alignment with the anti‐traditional conception when it came to the first two topics, however, when it came to the latter three topics, tensions arose and there was noticeably less consensus. As participants discussed concepts related to the latter topics, which I argue are more closely related to society, culture, and humanness, they demonstrated strikingly greater alignment with the traditional conceptions. These findings have implications for science teachers' capacity to teach science with NOS and CRST in mind. Findings also highlight key areas of consideration for teacher educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers when guiding teachers on the journey to attend to NOS and CRST.
Disability and postsecondary fieldwork experiences in the natural sciences: A systematic review
Authors: Chasen Ariel , Chapman Tripp Hannah , Borrego Maura
Published: October 2024

We present a systematic review of 29 empirical studies on disability and fieldwork in natural science, postsecondary educational settings. Undergraduate students with disabilities are underrepresented in STEM, and disciplines requiring major field components are some of the least diverse, at least in part because fieldwork has been traditionally viewed as hard, physical, and masculine. Disability Studies in Education (DSE) frames the research questions, inclusion criteria and results. Studies were coded by disability model used, barriers and strategies to accessibility in field science, and meaningful involvement of persons with disabilities in research on fieldwork education. Although most studies asserted a view of disability as a social, cultural, and political phenomenon, some deficit language and interpretations persisted. Few studies included author positionality, and even fewer disclosed author disability status. The main instructional recommendations emphasize flexibility and adaptability, presuming student competence and making small‐scale changes consistently over time. Multiple studies emphasize the need for proactive planning, including robust contingency plans, and explaining how these plans can negate the need for complex modification. Twenty‐four additional non‐empirical studies are identified as resources for discipline‐specific guides and checklists for inclusive fieldwork. We conclude that important steps are being taken to investigate and critique barriers to fieldwork participation for students with disabilities, but there is still much work to be done in addressing systemic barriers beyond the control of individual instructors.
Evaluation of TRPM2 Channel‐Mediated Autophagic Signaling Pathway in Hippocampus and Cortex Tissues of Rat Offspring Following Prenatal Exposure to Elevated Alcohol Levels
Authors: Uğuz Abdülhadi Cihangir , Okan Aslı , Doğanyiğit Züleyha , Yilmaz Seher , Ateş Şükrü , Arikan Söylemez Evrim Suna , Karabulut Sebahattin , Kumru Alper Serhat , Espino Javier
Published: October 2024

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) can occur because of high amount of alcohol intake during pregnancy and is characterized by both physical and neurological problems. Children diagnosed with FAS have difficulties in learning, memory, and coordination. Hippocampus has a major role in memory and learning. We aimed to determine whether alcohol exposure during pregnancy had any effect on offspring by evaluating learning ability as well as oxidative stress and autophagy in the hippocampus and cortex tissues of litters. Attention was also paid to sex differences. To do so, TRPM2, Beclin1, p62, LC3B, IBA1, parvalbumin, GAD65, and mGluR5 expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as total oxidant (TOS) and total antioxidant (TAS) status were determined by ELISA. Learning experiments were evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Our findings demonstrated that IBA1, LC3B, GAD65, and mGluR5 expression levels were higher in female rats of the chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) model. Our IHC results revealed that TRPM2 expression levels were significantly increased in both males and females in the CAE group. Likewise, TAS was lower, and TOS was higher in CAE animals. Moreover, MWM outcomes supported a learning deficiency in CAE litters compared to controls and indicated that female offspring outperformed males in learning experiments. Therefore, our results revealed the detrimental effects of alcohol exposure during pregnancy on autophagy signaling in the hippocampus and cortex tissue of litters, which could affect the learning ability of animals.
Nutritional Innovation Using Green Seaweed (Ulva sp.) and Garlic Powder Extracts for White‐Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Challenged by Vibrio harveyi
Authors: Abdel‐Razek Nashwa , Khalil Riad H. , Afifi Abeer A. M. , Alkhuriji Afrah F. , Metwally Dina M.
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic (Allium sativum) powder ethanolic extracts against Vibrio harveyi in vitro. The stimulatory effects of Ulva sp. extract (UE) and garlic powder extract (GPE) on the growth performance and innate immune responses of white‐leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and their challenge against V. harveyi infection were also investigated. A commercial shrimp diet (36.1% protein) was enriched with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g UE/kg diet and 2, 4 and 6 g GPE/kg diet, whereas the control group was free of any supplement. Health juveniles of L. vannamei (average weight 2–3 g) were distributed in 21 fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks (500‐L capacity) at a stocking density of 300 animals/tank to represent each treatment in triplicate. The animals were fed ad libitum on the experimental diets up to satiety four times daily for 60 days. The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic powder evoked their richness of several bioactive compounds showing significant antibacterial activity against V. harveyi. The GPE exhibited a higher inhibition zone than that of the UE. The supplemented diets did not significantly affect weight gain %, final weight, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and survival rates of white shrimp compared to those fed on the control diet. Significant increases were observed in total haemocyte count, phagocytosis and phagocytic index of all treatments compared with the control group. There were significant increases in serum total protein, acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase, lysosomal enzyme activity, phenoloxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity with offered diets with increasing the levels of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic powder up to 2.0 g UE/kg diet and 6 g GPE/kg diet, respectively. The ethanolic extraction of Ulva sp. and garlic powder‐supplemented diet groups, particularly at treatments of 2.0 and 6 g GPE/kg diet, respectively, significantly reduced the shrimp mortality induced by V. harveyi infection when compared with the control group. The net results evoked that ethanolic extraction of Ulva sp. (2.0 g UE/kg) and garlic powder (6 g GPE/kg diet) enhanced the immune response and disease resistance of the white‐leg shrimp, L. vannamei. It is also noted that the GPE is more efficient than the UE in vitro and in vivo investigations.
The frequency of postoperative hypoglycemia after pheochromocytoma surgery is decreasing
Authors: Yamanashi Yuki , Yoshida Yusaku , Nakai Tomoyoshi , Yanagida Juro , Omi Yoko , Horiuchi Kiyomi
Published: October 2024

Background

Hypoglycemia after pheochromocytoma resection is one of the most common postoperative complications, with a reported incidence of 12%–43%. In recent years, we have rarely experienced postoperative hypoglycemia after pheochromocytoma surgery at our institution. We reviewed our own experience and examined factors associated with postoperative hypoglycemia in pheochromocytoma patients.

Methods

We collected and retrospectively reviewed medical information from 53 patients with pheochromocytoma who underwent initial surgery in our department between 1996 and 2022, who did not receive steroids in the perioperative period and received the same alpha‐blocker preoperatively. Subjects were divided into two groups by the midpoint of the study period: Group 1 (G1), 1996–2009; and Group 2 (G2), 2010–2022. The two groups were compared.

Results

Hypoglycemia occurred significantly less often in G2 (0 patients, 0%) than in G1 (7 patients, 28%; p = 0.003). Preoperative diabetes was significantly less frequent in G2 (2 patient, 7.1%) than in G1 (8 patients, 32%; p = 0.03). Preoperative alpha‐blocker dosage was significantly higher in G2 than in G1 (p = 0.04). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only alpha‐blockers dosage was significantly associated with the occurrence of postoperative hypoglycemia (p = 0.004).

Conclusion

The current study suggest that the alpha‐blocker dosage might be related to the lower incidence of postoperative hypoglycemia in Pheochromocytoma patients.
The influence of socioeconomic status on management and outcomes in major trauma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Koh Amanda , Adiamah Alfred , Melia Georgia , Blackburn Lauren , Brooks Adam
Published: October 2024

Background

Major trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in younger individuals and poses a significant public health concern. There is a growing interest in understanding the complex relationships between socioeconomic deprivation and major trauma. Anecdotal evidence suggests that deprivation is associated with more violent and debilitating injuries. There remains a paucity in literature evaluating major trauma outcomes in relation to socioeconomic deprivation.

Methods

A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases was performed to identify studies from 1947 to March 2024. The primary outcome was to establish the distribution of injuries based on deprivation, with secondary outcomes evaluating surgical intervention rates, length of stay, and mortality. Quantitative pooling of data was based on the random‐effects model.

Results

Fourteen studies and 878,872 trauma patients were included. A substantial proportion (28%) of trauma incidents occurred in the most deprived group. Patients from the lowest socioeconomic group were considerably younger (weighted mean difference [WMD] −9.85 years and 95% confidence intervals [CI] −9.99 to −9.70) and more likely to be male (odds ratio [OR] 1.36 and 95% CI 1.14–1.63). There were no differences in surgical intervention (OR 1.74 and 95% CI 0.97–3.13), length of stay (WMD 1.15 days and 95% CI −0.32−2.62), and mortality (OR 1.04 and 95% CI 0.95–1.14) regardless of background.

Conclusion

Major trauma is prevalent in deprived areas and in younger individuals, with an increasing trend of deprivation in male patients. Although the rates of surgery, length of stay, and mortality did not differ between groups, planning of public health interventions should target areas of higher deprivation.
Shear flow of nanofluid past a vertical plate in presence of Thompson–Troian slip and Stefan blowing
Authors: Dey Sudip , Mukhopadhyay Swati
Published: October 2024

The combined impacts of Thompson‐Troian slip and Stefan blowing on flow of nanoliquid over a vertical plate in attendance of shear flow have been studied. Nanofluid is generally used to enhance the thermal properties as well as heat transport of liquid. Moreover, Stefan blowing can enhance the heat transfer coefficient by lessening the thermal resistance which is widely used in different types of cooling system. For this, such type of problem has its significant importance in various technological sectors and it attracts the attention of the researchers. The forced convection flow was considered by the authors whereas the mixed convection flow in this aspect is new and fills the gap in the literature as we have addressed this issue in this article. Here lies the novelty of our work. Using proper “similarity transformations”, the principal (partial differential equations) PDEs are altered to (ordinary differential equations) ODEs, and abridged ODEs are numerically solved with the support of Runge‐Kutta method and shooting technique. The outcomes of this investigation have significant impression on the physical appearance for flow, heat and mass transports. Fluid velocity reduces due to rise of Stefan blowing parameter but temperature is experienced to diminish. For growing slip speed and the critical shear speed, the liquid speed augments, while the hotness reduces for growing velocity slip. Compared to no‐slip case, rate of heat transfer increases 73.73% and 17.95% rise in concentration gradient at the wall is noted whereas 5.35% reduction in wall shear stress is observed for . The outcomes of this learning will be of immense help to the engineers and scientists to acquire superior flow and warmth convey features.
Mathematical models of vascular stents with FG bridges aimed on reduction of in‐stent restenosis
Authors: Andrianov Igor V. , Awrejcewicz Jan , Diskovsky Alexander A.
Published: October 2024

To reduce in‐stent restenosis (ISR), caused by an elastic recoil stent at the initial bend of the artery, it is proposed to use stents with FG bridges, the bending stiffness of which depends on their location. The distribution of bending stiffnesses of FG bridges is studied depending on the initial bend of the artery. The bending of the FG cardiovascular stent is modeled by the bending of a beam with concentrated elastic hinges. Several methods of adapting the stent to the initial bending of the stented section of the vessel were considered: for bridges of the same stiffness, the functional of the squared difference between the deformation of the stent and the initial bending of the artery was minimized; for FG bridges, the flexural compliance of the stent is minimized. Problems are solved based on variational and homogenization approaches. An optimal scheme for the distribution of bending stiffnesses of FG bridges has been found.
Architectural Pedagogy in the Age of AI: The Transformation of a Domain
Authors: El Moussaoui Mustapha , Krois Kris
Published: October 2024

The introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) programs marked a significant shift in architectural practice, with professionals transitioning from hand drawing to digital tools. This evolution sparked debates on the implications of technology for the quality and authenticity of design. Today, artificial intelligence (AI) presents a similar challenge, raising questions about its advantages and disadvantages in architectural education. This paper aims to investigate the impact of AI on architectural pedagogy, exploring both its potential benefits and the concerns it raises. The research will propose strategies for integrating AI tools into architectural curricula, emphasizing their role as an aid to human creativity and problem-solving rather than a replacement. The study will argue that adapting to AI technologies is crucial for preparing students for the future of architectural practice and ensuring they are equipped to utilize the full potential of these tools while maintaining ethical and responsible design approaches, to use the tools by being pro-active rather than passive.
A Cosmopolitan Architectural Education
Authors: Santanicchia Massimo
Published: October 2024

This paper is the result of forty dialogues conducted during my PhD research, which took place between 2018 and 2020, among students and educators’ of the Nordic Baltic Academy of Architecture. These conversations were initiated by three questions: What skills should students have after studying architecture? How should these skills be taught? How can architectural education be of special importance to our society? The answers to these questions were analysed and interpreted by following the Grounded Theory approach. What emerged from these dialogues is the shared conviction to use architectural education as a complex project to advance the knowledge, traits, attitudes, values, and behaviours necessary to respond to global challenges whilst creating conditions for students and their educators to locally engage as active citizens. This combination of global awareness and local activism is at the base of formulating the Theory of Cosmopolitan Citizenship in Architectural Education whose purpose is to help students and educators cultivating a language, activating a pedagogy, and developing a scholarship capable of advancing new political agencies to codesign healthier, safer, and a fairer world in a changing social, ecological, and political environment.
The Complexity Conflict in Research and Practice: The Case of Public-Private Interface Configuration
Authors: Jahodová Šárka
Published: October 2024

The disassociation between research and practice in architecture and urban design is a recognised issue, leading to an ongoing academic debate on the credibility of the field. Most authors agree that the irreducible nature of the practice, the complexity of the built environment itself, and its indirect and multidisciplinary shaping processes render the applicability of gained knowledge problematic, as researchers are inherently confronted with the dilemma of rigour vs. relevance. This paper explores the relevance of architectural research and constraints to the application of theoretical knowledge in practice in a particular case of urban interface. It discusses the benefits and limits of planning and design tools derived from the theoretically described causal relationship between the physical configuration of the public-private interface and its social effects on users of the adjacent public space. Through a conceptualization of the process, the article illustrates that the application of theoretical knowledge in urban design and planning can be significantly improved by considering the factors of scale and spatial context as well as the forming forces, values, and motivations of the actors involved. This theoretical dissection aims to clarify the contradiction between theoretical values and subsequent practice to help promote not universally good but, more essentially, adequate, sustainable, and equitable spaces.
Interscalar and Interdisciplinary Approaches for a Valley Community. The Case of Sappada
Authors: Massarente Alessandro , Tessari Alessandro , Guidetti Elena
Published: October 2024

Our research aimed to explore an inter-scalar field in which architectural design tools are intertwined with urban and territorial scales. The case is an enclave between different limits: a valley near the border with Austria, located on the edge of north of Veneto region with an ethnic-linguistic heritage of Germanic matrix, administratively migrated in 2017 to Friuli Venezia Giulia region. Due to this specific geographical identity, local communities and municipal administration needed to define new sustainable development models of their territory. This gave us the chance to fine-tune a design exploration process holding territorial plan, with its analytical and programmatic categories. Additionally, it allowed us to address prefigurations, of a dispositive and dimensional nature, that enable the definition of thematic aspects through urban and landscape tools in various locations. Through discussion tables with local communities, various stakeholders, and interdisciplinary experts, as well as cross-referencing data provided by the administration itself, we elaborated open web-based GIS tools. These tools allow for the interrogation of data at different levels. From this analytical phase, five main themes emerged: naturalistic system, tourism resources, local economies, territorial infrastructures, and historical identity heritage. These themes represent the inter-scalar field within which different design explorations at urban and landscape scales intend to interweave possible relationships with territorial and urban plans.
Architectural Design Studio: Embracing a Transdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Panayi Christina , Roussou Effrosyni , Charalambous Nadia
Published: October 2024

The co-creation design studio at the Department of Architecture, University of Cyprus, has been acting as a meeting place for students, educators, researchers, citizens, and external stakeholders since 2021, aiming to bridge gaps between architectural research, pedagogy, civil society, and local governance bodies through a transdisciplinary pedagogical framework. Acknowledging that many societal challenges are complex and multifaceted and cannot be adequately addressed by any single discipline or sector alone, the studio focuses on the co-production of knowledge with stakeholders outside of academia. This entails involving them from the outset of the project as well as co-designing design activities and proposals that are relevant to their needs and interests, ensuring a grounded process in real-world challenges. The studio’s pedagogical framework and methodology have been designed, implemented, and evaluated three times until now through participatory action research methodology, investigating the impact on the design result, the development of skills for the students, and their attitude towards their role as future professionals. The paper highlights the findings of these three years of research in a reflective way, suggesting future steps for improvement. Its long-term repetition will gradually build a knowledge base, aiming to revisit existing educational methods to respond to current and future challenges in an efficient and inclusive way.
Aligning the Pedagogy of Postgraduate Professional Practice Courses to Develop the Meta-competencies Required of Architects Today
Authors: Mullally Claire , Brown-Molloy Catherine
Published: October 2024

The architectural profession can be seen as a developing and multidisciplinary career, which has evolved from the Vitruvian sole master to the need for specialisation and collaboration in multidisciplinary teams. As a regulated profession, postgraduate professional practice courses in Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) play a critical role in the registration process for Architects. However, there is little research published on the pedagogy of these courses nor their suitability to the evolving demands on the multifaceted role required of Architects today. As a result, there is a need to reassess professional practice courses considering the competencies required in Architect’s diverse ways of practice. Over the past two decades, the number of Irish institutions offering Bachelor and Master of Architecture courses has increased significantly. Therefore, the demand for developing a new postgraduate course to meet the increased number of graduates is acknowledged. This presents an opportunity to address the research gap identified and to explore innovative approaches to curriculum design, delivery and assessment that can enhance learning while adapting to the changing societal, environmental, technological and professional challenges of architectural practice. In a desktop study, courses in Ireland and the UK were systematically examined to reveal fundamental similarities, with some significant variances. The study highlights the importance of reflective practice and multidisciplinary learning in preparation for the global challenges of the built environment. The complex nature of the architecture profession requires a diverse range of skill sets, knowledge and competencies as well as meta-competencies.
Design Institutes and Design Studios
Authors: Trisciuoglio Marco , Li Bao
Published: October 2024

The contribution describes an urban design teaching activity developed in the last eight years (2016–2023) at the top School of Architecture in China. Several Design Studios “Urban morphology, architectural typology, contemporary settlement patterns” has been held at the School of Architecture, in Southeast University Nanjing, China.

One of the main features of the teaching activity has been the strong connection with the practice activities developed within the Design Institute of the same University, such as the Urban Architectural Lab, founded in 2006 as part of the historic Architects & Engineers Co. Ltd. of the same university.

The role of the Design Institutes is specific of the Chinese context, where those public structures are the legacy of the process of collectivization of the professions promoted during the Fifties. The strategic role of the Design Institutes located in the universities allows nowadays not only high quality in design productions, but also the opportunity for students to face real topics of great complexity and to improve their competencies: in design as well as in socio-economic management.

The aim of the contribution is also quoting some urban regeneration projects developed in Nanjing historical urban tissues where the connection between Design Institute and Design Studios was fruitful and strong, from the choice of the topic and the surveys to the exams involving stakeholders within the final jury.
New Territorial Narratives
Authors: Rubbo Viviana , Guida Alessandro
Published: October 2024

Spatial and territorial complexity require new and multiple forms of representation. Photography becomes the privileged tool to reflect on contemporary shifting landscapes adopting a critical look at our society. Paesaggisensibili is an independent observatory on contemporary landscape, a space for research and experimentation for the elaboration of territorial narratives based on interdisciplinary and multi-actor engagement.
Fractional spins, unfolding, and holography. Part II. 4D higher spin gravity and 3D conformal dual
Authors: Diaz Felipe , Iazeolla Carlo , Sundell Per
Published: October 2024

Abstract

This paper completes the analysis initiated in the companion work arXiv:2403.02283 — referred to as Paper I — by showing how Vasiliev’s 4D higher-spin gravity (HSG) and 3D coloured conformal matter fields coupled to conformal higher-spin gauge fields and colour gauge fields (coloured conformal HSG, or CCHSG) emerge as consistent reductions of a common parent model. The latter is a Frobenius-Chern-Simons model with superconnection valued in a fractional-spin extension of Vasiliev’s higher-spin algebra, and was defined and studied in Paper I. Here, we i) realize HSG as a subcase of a more general 4D reduction, describing HSG coupled to coloured, fractional-spin matter, which we refer to as 4D fractional-spin gravity; ii) study the CCHSG model, in particular exhibiting the crucial role played by novel colour gauge fields in coupling conformal matter to conformal HSG, thereby completing the models due to Vasiliev and Nilsson; iii) extract conformal currents and composite coloured sources in an expansion of the CCHSG model around 3D Minkowskian leaves; and iv) compare our results with Vasiliev’s holography proposal of arXiv:1203.5554. The common origin of HSG and CCHSG, besides relating the two models directly, is the starting point for establishing the holographic correspondence between the two models via overlap conditions, to be presented separately.
The light we can see: extracting black holes from weak Jacobi forms
Authors: Apolo Luis , Bintanja Suzanne , Castro Alejandra , Liska Diego
Published: October 2024

Abstract

We quantify how constraints on light states affect the asymptotic growth of heavy states in weak Jacobi forms. The constraints we consider are sparseness conditions on the Fourier coefficients of these forms, which are necessary to interpret them as gravitational path integrals. Using crossing kernels, we extract the leading and subleading behavior of these coefficients and show that the leading Cardy-like growth is robust in a wide regime of validity. On the other hand, we find that subleading corrections are sensitive to the constraints placed on the light states, and we quantify their imprint on the asymptotic growth of states. Our approach is tested against the generating function of symmetric product orbifolds, where we provide new insights into the factors contributing to the asymptotic growth of their Fourier coefficients. Finally, we use our methods to revisit the UV/IR connection that relates black hole microstate counting to modular forms. We provide a microscopic interpretation of the logarithmic corrections to the entropy of BPS black holes in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2, 4 ungauged supergravity in four and five dimensions, and tie it to consistency conditions in AdS3/CFT2.
The stringy S-matrix bootstrap: maximal spin and superpolynomial softness
Authors: Häring Kelian , Zhiboedov Alexander
Published: October 2024

Abstract

We explore the space of meromorphic amplitudes with extra constraints coming from the shape of the leading Regge trajectory. This information comes in two guises: it bounds the maximal spin of exchanged particles of a given mass; it leads to sum rules obeyed by the discontinuity of the amplitude, which express the softness of scattering at high energies. We assume that the leading Regge trajectory is linear, and we derive bounds on the low-energy Wilson coefficients using the dual and primal approaches. For the graviton-graviton scattering in four dimensions, the maximal spin constraint leads to slightly more stringent bounds than those that follow from general constraints of analyticity, crossing, and unitarity. The exponential softness at high energies is manifest in our primal approach and is not used in our implementation of the dual approach. Nevertheless, we observe the agreement between the bounds obtained from both. We conclude that high-energy superpolynomial softness does not leave an obvious imprint on the low-energy observables. We exhibit a unitary three-parameter deformation of the Veneziano amplitude for the open string case. It has a novel, exponentially soft behavior at high energies and fixed angles. We generalize the previous analysis of this regime and present a stringy version of the lower bound on high-energy, fixed-angle scattering by Cerulus and Martin.
Comments on wormholes and factorization
Authors: Saad Phil , Shenker Stephen H. , Yao Shunyu
Published: October 2024

Abstract

In AdS/CFT partition functions of decoupled copies of the CFT factorize. In bulk computations of such quantities contributions from spacetime wormholes which link separate asymptotic boundaries threaten to spoil this property, leading to a “factorization puzzle.” Certain simple models like JT gravity have wormholes, but bulk computations in them correspond to averages over an ensemble of boundary systems. These averages need not factorize. We can formulate a toy version of the factorization puzzle in such models by focusing on a specific member of the ensemble where partition functions will again factorize.

As Coleman and Giddings-Strominger pointed out in the 1980s, fixed members of ensembles are described in the bulk by “α-states” in a many-universe Hilbert space. In this paper we analyze in detail the bulk mechanism for factorization in such α-states in the topological model introduced by Marolf and Maxfield (the “MM model”) and in JT gravity. In these models geometric calculations in α states are poorly controlled. We circumvent this complication by working in approximate α states where bulk calculations just involve the simplest topologies: disks and cylinders.

One of our main results is an effective description of the factorization mechanism. In this effective description the many-universe contributions from the full α state are replaced by a small number of effective boundaries. Our motivation in constructing this effective description, and more generally in studying these simple ensemble models, is that the lessons learned might have wider applicability. In fact the effective description lines up with a recent discussion of the SYK model with fixed couplings [1]. We conclude with some discussion about the possible applicability of this effective model in more general contexts.