bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
If We Were Kin
Authors: Beard Lisa
Published: March 2023

If We Were Kin is about the we of politics—how that we is made, fought over, and remade—and how these struggles lie at the very core of questions about power and political change. While reigning frameworks in the study of politics leave forms of identification sedimented in the background as a priori identities or prop them up front as a part of a mechanistic and calculated game, political identification cannot be captured by these frameworks and is a far more significant and profound political process than they allow. While this book stakes a wider claim about the centrality of identification to politics, it attends most closely to its deeper registers, and in particular to attempts by political actors within racial and gender justice and queer/trans liberation movements to get people to shift their foundational identifications. Drawing on the political thought of Sylvia Rivera, James Baldwin, Lorraine Hansberry, and grassroots LGBTQ activists in Southerners On New Ground, If We Were Kin identifies a distinct lineage of calls which challenge atomized and hierarchical racial formations in the United States and advance powerful visions of political relationships rooted in mutuality and shared freedom. As the book traces through activist archives, political speeches, and original interviews, these appeals demand a rethinking of fundamental assumptions in the study of politics and provide critical resources for understanding how power works in struggles to constitute a we, how commitments toward or away from racial justice are cultivated through battles over identification, and the dangers and possibilities of identificatory appeals.
The Kingdom of Macedonia
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces readers to Macedonia and its people. Discussed are the geography and the people; the power of the king and his relations with the people; cities; social, artistic, religious, and cultural life; and especially the army, from the reforms of Philip II, through Alexander the Great, to the Antigonid kings who are the subject of the book.
The Second Macedonian War
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

The chapter begins with the lead-up to the war, including internal politics at Rome and the belligerent foreign policy following Rome’s victory over Carthage in the Second Punic War. Another section discusses the various reasons for why the war broke out, a topic that has attracted a lot of scholarly attention. Then the chapter switches focus to Philip’s activities in Greece and especially against the Athenians, tracing the reasons why they declared war on him and took Rome’s side, and the infamous “cursing” of Philip and all Antigonids by the Athenians. The chapter also details Philip’s actions in the early years of the war, including the battle of the Aous Gorge but then the Roman general Flamininus turning the tables on him.
Triumph and Despair After the Gulf War
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

The Gulf War and its aftermath demarcated the lines of confrontation between Iraq and the world. In its aftermath, the world was united against Saddam’s regime, but cracks began to develop in global opinion over the appropriate way to address Iraq’s humanitarian crisis. Those cracks eventually spread through the post-Cold War order more generally. Saddam knew Iraqi suffering was one of his most important political weapons. He planned to use it to weaken the resolve of his adversaries and break up the coalition that had aligned against him. Doing so required significant institutional reforms at home and the reconsideration of policy and strategy abroad.
Breaking Isolation
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

As the 1990s ended, Saddam had improved his geopolitical position considerably. He had split the once-united Security Council into competing factions. The oil-for-food program that went into effect in 1996 gave him the political and economic tools to ensure that it would never again unite against Iraq. He had used flexible tactics of confrontation and retreat to frustrate the Clinton administration, and eventually to expel UN inspectors. Then he weathered intense but brief attacks in 1998, emerging even stronger in their aftermath. Thus, by the end of the decade, he had removed the inspectors, gained a steady source of revenue, and made important political allies that would safeguard Iraqi interests.
Normalization, 9/11, and the Road to War
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

Saddam was a master at manipulating the international system and eventually defeating it. Yet, in a bitter irony, the breakdown in global order that he worked so hard to accomplish also untethered the American power that ultimately overthrew his regime following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Saddam’s highly politicized view of international politics biased him to see mass public opinion and diplomacy as the drivers of international relations. This view blinded him to the raw power of military force when backed by a determined leader. The result was the 2003 Iraq War, which was a tragedy for Iraq and for the world. Whatever remaining checks the international order put on states were strained and then eventually broke with the 2003 Iraq War.
Patterns of Escalation in Cyberspace
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5 evaluates the extent to which the observable implications of the book’s theory match with the empirical reality, leveraging a comprehensive, multi-year dataset of cyber incidents from several different repositories to explore patterns of behavior over time between pairs of rival states, especially cases where escalation would be most likely. At its core is a series of extensive case studies tracing the strategic interactions between the United States and four rival states—China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea—which are overwhelmingly consistent with the expectations set out in Chapter 3. The chapter shows that the evidence, from both a decade of U.S.-China rivalry in cyberspace and cyber operations led by Russia and the United States against each other, provides little support for the argument that espionage campaigns create security dilemmas or cause escalation. The chapter also assesses interactions between the United States and its less capable rivals, Iran and North Korea, where a clear advantage might suggest that United States would be more willing to escalate in contests. While the evidence here does suggest that the United States was more willing to employ cyber capabilities in response to or as part of its strategic interactions with those states, none of the activity could reasonably be characterized as escalatory. Interactions between the U.S. and Iran, in particular, illuminate the challenges associated with planning and conducting strategic offensive cyber operations.
Optical Illusion and Design
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W.
Published: March 2023

Adding a level of optical technology to the novelty of sound in the wake of the Great Depression, Chapter 2 “Optical Illusion and Design: Exposure Values, Protean Guises, and Eddie Cantor’s Blackface 1930–1933,” investigates Busby Berkeley’s unique use of the camera as a means of choreographing female sexuality and Eddie Cantor’s blatant gender-bending and use of blackface during the Great Depression. The performances of these two, in tandem, allowed such “perversions” to slip past the newly established Hays Code, which forbade “undue exposure” and “pansy gags” of any kind. Cantor’s extremely quick, almost imperceptible character changes—here introduced as the protean guise—allowed Cantor to edge past the censors almost as seamlessly as he transforms himself. I also introduce the citational guise, as a form of embodied caricature usually evoked through physical gestures and/or the voice. These two guises (i.e., the protean and the citational), along with redface and brownface, help to illustrate the ways in which the very simultaneity of layers further obscures the conscious image, making it easier for taboo body parts and racial caricature to “slip in.” In The Kid from Spain, the Goldwyn Girls’ brownface justifies their exposed cleavage; their breasts distract from Cantor’s blackface; Cantor’s mask validates his Whiteness. Cantor’s redface in Whoopee! similarly disguises his aural blackface, both of which de-emphasize his Jewishness, while his Jewishness and blackface are what allow him to act “effeminately” to destabilize new forms of working-class consciousness and organization by flipping perceived gender paradigms on their head during the country’s worst economic crisis to date.
Aesthetics and Creativity in Youth and Community Arts
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes how creative experiences are organized by YouthSites, what arts traditions they emerge from, how they changed over time, and what range of purposes they afford for participants and audiences alike. The chapter begins with an overview of forms of expression enjoyed and practiced by socially marginalized groups that influenced youth arts practices in London, Toronto, and Vancouver. It then explores how these arts practices derive from interconnections between lived experience, philosophies of self-realization, the role of community, relationality, and, above all, the relationship between making/performing/exhibiting art and social change. Key to the chapter is the way that forms of community arts reframe the relationship between audiences and practitioners, giving prominence to modes of expression as well as types and ranges of voices that are frequently excluded by the high culture tradition of the arts in both Canada and the United Kingdom.
Conclusion
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

There is a shared arts-based informal, out-of-school practice with young people in the three cities of London, Toronto, and Vancouver that amounts to an administrative “sector” in the modern welfare state—a demarcated “field of practice.” This chapter addresses three key challenges that situate the meaning of the sector: its specificity and context, the relationship between practices and institutions, and the status and visibility of YouthSites. The chapter discusses how the contradictions of neoliberalism have shaped the development of the sector, configuring a series of tensions between opportunity and constraint, enterprise and audit, and radical care and youth welfare provision. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the future of YouthSites in policy and practice.
Popular Itineraries
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters in this section include: Africa & The Middle East 1. African Safaris 2. Saudi Arabia: Hajj/Umrah Pilgrimage 3. South Africa 4. Tanzania & Zanzibar The Americas & The Caribbean 1. Brazil 2. Dominican Republic 3. Haiti 4. Mexico 5. Peru Asia 1. Burma (Myanmar) 2. China 3. India 4. Nepal 5. Thailand
Posttravel Evaluation
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters in this section include: 1. General Approach to the Returned Traveler 2. Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Infectious Diseases 3. Perspectives: Screening Asymptomatic Returned Travelers 4. Fever in the Returned Traveler 5. Antimicrobial Resistance 6. Respiratory Infections 7. Persistent Diarrhea in Returned Travelers 8. Skin & Soft Tissue Infections 9. Perspectives: Delusional Parasitosis 10. Sexually Transmitted Infections 11. Newly Arrived Immigrants, Refugees & Other Migrants
Markers of the perceptual and the cognitive
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores indicators of the perceptual, indicators of the cognitive, and their significance. The indicators of the perceptual include adaptation, rivalry, pop-out, speed of perceptual processing, and illusory contours. The chapter discusses two kinds of adaptation, the visual hierarchy—the use of adaptation in distinguishing high-level from low-level perception—and the use of adaptation in distinguishing high-level perception from cognition. It argues that semantic satiation is perceptual, not cognitive. It discusses Weber’s Law, search efficiency, innateness, and perspectival sensitivity. The chapter ends with an argument that the indicators of perception are more a product of one function of perception than of perception’s fundamental nature.
Nonconceptual color perception
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that babies between 6 months and 11 months have color perception without color concepts. It discusses perceptual categories, color constancy, and whether adults have conceptual color perception or both nonconceptual and conceptual color perception. The chapter argues that at least some perceptual representation is nonconceptual in both infants and adults, so even if some perception is conceptual, perception is not constitutively conceptual. The argument relies on an extended example. Babies between the ages of 4–6 months and 11–12 months have near-adult level color discrimination—though perhaps without adult level color constancy—and have perceptual category representations. But they normally lack color cognition or color concepts (or even color proto-concepts), including the concept of color and the concepts of specific colors. The argument in this chapter depends on a three-way distinction among color category representations: (1) nonconceptual color category representations, which develop at 4–6 months of age; (2) color concepts, which develop starting around 11–12 months; and (3) linguistic color concepts, which develop starting around 3 years. The argument of this chapter will be used in Chapter 13 for phenomenally conscious color perception without access conscious color perception.
Evidence that is wrongly taken to show that perception is conceptual
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

The previous two chapters make the main positive case for nonconceptual perception. Chapter 6 focused on psychology and Chapter 7 focused on neuroscience. Now I turn to the negative case—that case against arguments that perception or some aspects of it are conceptual. One negative argument was made in the last chapter, the argument against the use of the concept of an object file to show that object perception is conceptual. This chapter will focus on an argument that perception must be conceptual because conceptual recognition happens so fast that there is no time for conceptual cognition to be deployed. I will argue first that a consideration of the carwash model of perception undermines the fast perception argument and second that, surprisingly, there is considerable cognitive access to mid-level vision. This point will also be mentioned in the discussion of modularity in Chapter 11.
Strangers to Ourselves
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Depersonalization is the third most common psychiatric symptom, yet clinicians and lay people still know little about its presentation and treatment. While it can indeed be a symptom accompanying other mental illnesses, it is also a full-blown disorder unto itself, recognized by every major diagnostic manual. Chapter 1 discusses the symptoms of depersonalization/derealization disorder through historical documentation and personal stories. The core symptoms, as outlined in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, include detachment from one’s whole self or from aspects of the self (such as feelings, thoughts, the body, and agency), as well as detachment from the outside world. Origins of the term “depersonalization” are discussed, and historical as well as current descriptions of symptoms are brought to life through personal quotes and stories. These substantiate depersonalization/derealization as an independent syndrome rather than simply a symptom of other disorders. This chapter sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of this fascinating, multifaceted, and under-researched condition.
From Terrain to Brain
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Wine connects people and places, but also ways of making knowledge across and beyond natural and social sciences. Biochemistry and microbiology, fluid dynamics and plant pathology, human physiology and cognitive psychology, and virtually every other scientific discipline brings its own lens to understanding what wine is, each useful for different purposes. Looking through one lens ultimately invokes others, so that they anastomose around wine as a social, cultural, and scientific phenomenon. Unfortunately, “the science of wine” is often presented as trivia to memorize: a set of facts about what wine is, from a set of limited disciplinary perspectives. Instead, this popular wine science book approaches the many sciences of wine as a set of diverse tools for appreciating and enjoying more of what wine can be. Each chapter begins with a common wine concern—sugar, alcohol, glass, etc.—and makes a foray out across the many sciences of wine to synthesize ways of understanding it. Ultimately, the book aims to locate scientific research in the wider social context of how wine is made and enjoyed, all in pursuit of expanding avenues for enjoying both science and wine.
Introduction
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

Since the 1980s, militants have waged violence in Indian-administered Kashmir. Much of the extant scholarship focuses on policies from the governments of India and Pakistan that have contributed to this political dispute. Comparatively fewer works address militant organizations. Even fewer investigations have systematically explored the psychology of militant leaders, a topic that has interested scholars across the social and behavioral sciences. Psychiatrists and psychologists need to develop methods to study the psychology of militant leaders. Governments throughout the world have enlisted psychiatrists and psychologists to provide expertise in prevention, risk assessment, and treatment when people commit political violence. This chapter analyzes debates in the psychology of political leadership with a focus on militant leaders.
A Method to Construct Psychological Case Studies of Militant Leaders
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

A method to study the relationship between leadership and political outcomes is needed that acknowledges macro-level processes such as the structure of political systems and large-group social interactions along with micro-level processes such as the personalities of individual leaders. Ignoring macro-level processes would reductionistically assume that only the personality characteristics of individual leaders determine political outcomes. But ignoring micro-level processes removes humans from politics altogether. This chapter enumerates steps for constructing case studies of militant leaders, adapted from the psychodynamic formulation in clinical psychiatry and psychology. It reviews recent research from personality psychology to propose that open sources can be analyzed to identify personality traits, motivations, skills and abilities, and significant life events of militant leaders. The psychopolitical formulation uses personality theories to analyze individual leaders while considering rival hypotheses for political outcomes such as large-group processes and political structures.
Abdullah Azzam, Osama bin Laden, and Ayman Al-Zawahiri from Al Qaeda
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

Al Qaeda has entered Kashmir. This chapter presents studies of Abdullah Azzam, who laid the foundations of Al Qaeda’s philosophy during the 1980s and channeled foreign fighters into Afghanistan; Osama bin Laden, who financed Al Qaeda and its precursor to disseminate jihad where Muslims were in conflict with non-Muslims; and Ayman Al-Zawahiri, who has led Al Qaeda. The chapter draws on Azzam’s writings, bin Laden’s interviews and speeches, and Al-Zawahiri’s book and video messages. Azzam wanted to fight for Islam’s glory throughout the world after Israeli forces occupied his village. Bin Laden saw himself defending Islam after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Al-Zawahiri has sought to overthrow corrupt rulers since adolescence. Each leader has crafted us-versus-them narratives pitting Muslims against others. Governments must craft counternarratives that disrupt such polarized thinking.
“Most ‘evidence’ that people post has nothing to do with ‘clean’ eating”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

This chapter analyzes one online discussion thread focused on the topic of “clean eating.” It demonstrates how intertextual linking strategies facilitate engagement in two interconnected metadiscursive activities: problematizing and defining meanings of words (especially “clean”) and negotiating the appropriateness of specific posts and kinds of posts to the thread. Strategies identified include quotation marks, the boards’ quotation function, repetition of words from and paraphrase of other posts, deictic pronouns, and symbols. Also included are evaluations of language using adjectives and speech act labels, speech acts that are directed toward discourse and discourse producers, and image-based resources such as emojis and GIFs. The chapter shows how participants take advantage of medium and language affordances to grapple with a key term, and to simultaneously negotiate what constitutes a productive and appropriate contribution to this particular thread, and in relation to the wider community guidelines regarding civil dialogue.
Democracy amid Crises
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Holbert R. Lance , Renninger Andrew , Ophir Yotam , Walter Dror , Hardy Bruce , Kenski Kate , Winneg Ken , Romer Daniel
Published: March 2023

Among the more fraught election years in recent history, 2020 transpired amid four interlaced crises: the COVID-19 pandemic, an economic recession and uneven recovery, a racial reckoning, and a crisis of democratic legitimacy that culminated in the riot at the Capitol on January 6, 2021, and widespread belief among Republicans that the election had been stolen from Donald Trump. Democracy amid Crises explains how these forces and the media messaging through which they were filtered shaped the election and post-election dialogue, as well as voter perceptions of both, with worrisome potential consequences for democracy. The book spotlights not one but several electorates, each embedded in a distinctive informational environment. The four crises affected these electorates differently, partly because the unique constellations of media in which they were advertently and inadvertently enmeshed contained dissimilar messages from the campaigns and other sources of influence. Awash in distinctive message streams, the various electorates adopted divergent perspectives on the crises, candidates, and state of the country. As a result, understanding voting behavior and attitudes about the events that followed requires an analysis of both the distinctive electorates and the informational environments that enveloped them. Importantly, our findings raise fundamental questions about the nation’s future, occasioned by the contest over whether the 2020 presidential election was fairly and freely decided and by worrisome responses to the reality that the country’s citizenry is becoming more multiracial, multiethnic, and, on matters religious, agnostic.
Law and Order vs. Law and Order with Racial Justice
Authors: Pasek Josh , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: March 2023

George Floyd’s death in May 2020 sparked what some sources argue was the nation’s largest protest movement, centered on calls for racial justice. Although most of these protests were peaceful, a relatively small number featured violence and disorder. Employing alternative frames, Trump stressed law and order, whereas Biden messaged about how law and order must be coupled with racial justice. Part 1 traces these contrasting narratives, and in this part of the chapter, Part 2, explores their effects. With this issue and Trump’s racialized presidency as the backdrop, we show that racial attitudes, as well as attitudes about crime and policing, played central roles in the 2020 election. We also show that residing near Kenosha, Wisconsin—a site of protests and counterprotests in August 2020—was associated with attitudes toward policing and civil unrest, suggesting that the geographic distribution of protests also mattered.
Introduction
Authors: Celenza Anna Harwell
Published: March 2023

This chapter outlines the value of music as a humanities discipline and presents an overview of the structure and central themes of Music and Human Flourishing. Participating in music, either as a performer, listener, and/or composer has long been accepted as an activity that can contribute to human flourishing. This chapter describes a fourth musical activity, the act of music scholarship, and reveals how engagement with the cultural, social, and political practices surrounding music contributes to human flourishing in a way that listening, performing, and even composing alone cannot. Using the concepts of contemplation, critique, and communication, the author explores the various ways that music scholarship can serve as a tool for instilling a sense of social justice and cultural understanding. Music scholarship helps listeners understand and better communicate the emotional and psychological characteristics associated with music. It opens minds, which in turn can contribute to human flourishing.
Post-Tonal Music and Well-Being
Authors: Calico Joy H.
Published: March 2023

This chapter proposes that rigorous intellectual engagement with post-tonal music can contribute to well-being. Experiments in the realm of neuroscience and music psychology have focused almost exclusively on consonant, diatonic music. Neuroscience that treats dissonance has tended to focus on cognition of isolated dissonant sounds rather than non-tonal music, and music psychology that focuses on non-tonal music has retained an orientation rooted in structural listening. Neither is interested in the question of well-being. The author builds on the positive psychology model that Tay, Pawelski, and Keith have proposed for the humanities and human flourishing; music cognition; Rita Felski’s positive aesthetics; and Elvira Brattica’s work in neuroaesthetics to propose a model for listening, study, and critique of post-tonal music as tributaries to well-being. A synthesis of musicology, neuroaesthetics, and positive psychology can move beyond rudimentary questions of perception and cognition and toward those of human flourishing.
Can “Old-Fashioned” Approaches to Listening Contribute to Human Flourishing?
Authors: Beckerman Michael
Published: March 2023

A simple “at-home” experiment reveals that most people cannot simultaneously follow the details of a musical composition and read at the same time. This reality makes it clear that certain parts of the mind are “shut off” when others are invoked. On the basis of this fact, his chapter explores a single question related to the effects of listening to music: if one can almost immediately move between parts of one’s brain, and between radically different capacities of cognition simply by deciding to listen in a certain way to a composition, and if the efficacy of using music as a therapeutic tool has been established in several areas, is it also possible that close listening to music can offer some kind of relief in dealing with obsessive states and therefore increase the chances of what we are calling human flourishing? The author proposes that a certain kind of directed musical listening could interrupt the patterns of obsessive thought at the core of many mental disorders.
Understanding Music Studies, Well-Being, and the Humanities in Times of Neoliberalism
Authors: Madrid Alejandro L.
Published: March 2023

This chapter asserts that a transdisciplinary approach to the study of music that enables scholars to transcend the narrow sets of questions that musicology and music theory have traditionally privileged—concerns with aesthetic value and a perceived intrinsic worthiness of specific musical texts and practices—is essential in defining music studies as an endeavor relevant to larger intellectual projects in the humanities and social sciences. This transdisciplinary approach resonates with James Pawelski’s call for an alliance between the humanities and the science of well-being that would make “humanities scholarship more informed and more relevant to contemporary debates.” Pawelski’s definition of well-being in relation to “a society based on individual freedom and self-realization” and his attempts to engage quantitative evaluative methods, however, have neoliberal overtones. In response, this chapter offers an assessment of neoliberalism’s take on human flourishing and proposes alternative well-being strategies that privilege collective realization and avoid giving in to economic, political, and philosophical models that thrive on human precarity and conflict.
Natural Philosophy and Theodicy
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores some of the ways in which Cavendish and Conway use their metaphysical views to ground other areas of philosophical inquiry. The chapter begins with Cavendish’s objections to various aspects of natural philosophy as conceived by Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and Robert Hooke. It shows how Cavendish’s objections are largely based on her own metaphysical commitments, in particular her views on the nature of matter, perception, and motion. It then argues that Cavendish presents an argument against the misogynistic nature of the institutions of natural philosophy. Conway’s theodicean project is then introduced, and her views on God’s justice, sin and restoration, the nature of goodness, and eternal salvation are discussed. The chapter argues that Conway’s account of how creatures turn back to goodness after sin depends not only on the communicative and multiplicative nature of goodness, but also on the attractive nature of goodness.
Introduction
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie
Published: March 2023

Why does someone join an extremist group? What are the pathways via which individuals join such groups? How does one show commitment to an extremist group? Why does someone participate in acts of terrorism? Joining an extremist group is joining a community of people who share beliefs, purpose, values, norms, goals, and, above all, a deep commitment to one another. The Introduction unpacks the central questions and the argument that underpin the book. It highlights the methods used in the book, defines key terms, and explores the literature on joining and radicalization into extremism. Importantly, it gives background on the two cases discussed in the book: Indonesia and the Philippines. In doing so, it explores the key extremist groups in each country and their relationships to one another.
External Pathways
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores three external pathways facilitating entry into militant groups and one partial pathway. In this instance, individuals were not born into the networks. They did not go to school at a radical madrasa or pesantren. Instead, they encountered Islamist extremist groups in prison, living in a conflict zone, attending study circles, or in online chats. Moreso than internal pathways, joining via external pathways is a two-way street: The individual is actively making a choice to participate in an extremist group, and the group is choosing to accept the individual into its brotherhood of the “saved.” This chapter draws on examples from Indonesia and the Philippines, paying particular attention to the processes and pathways via which individuals join pro-ISIS groups.
Commitment
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie
Published: March 2023

Once an individual begins on the path to membership in an extremist group, once they interact with activists, once they gain ideological exposure and build thicker social ties with group members, how do they show commitment? What steps do they take to become a committed insider? Becoming a committed insider is a gradual initiation process in which one slowly begins to adopt norms of identity, shared ritual, sacrifice, and committed action. This chapter discusses the various ways that commitment is expressed when one joins an extremist group. This includes changes in dress, where one chooses to live, and social norms to which one adheres. The chapter also delves further into how brotherhood is felt at the commitment stage and how it comes to be expressed.
Widow Asceticism
Authors: Brick David
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the various restrictions that the Dharmaśāstra tradition historically placed upon the nonsexual behavior of widows. In their classical formulation, these nonsexual restrictions amount to an extremely austere lifestyle required of widows—a lifestyle that scholars have commonly referred to as widow asceticism. This chapter shows that lifelong, mandatory widow asceticism developed within Brahmanical culture only around the end of the first millennium CE and that, during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, there was a discernible trend within Dharmaśāstra toward increasingly harsh and visible restrictions for widows. The chapter contains a lengthy digression that brings to light a very different kind of early Brahmanical widow ascetic—one more closely akin to a typical male renunciant. It concludes by proposing possible reasons for the development of classical Hindu widow asceticism.
Policing the SEC
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert B.
Published: March 2023

Securities law cogently illustrates two fundamental changes in American law in the 1930s—the dramatic broadening of federal regulation and the Supreme Court’s new acceptance of such legislation as constitutional. Chapter 3 keys on the establishment of a third important pillar of this era—development of a doctrine of judicial review of agency action. This chapter explores in depth two decisions of the 1940s, Chenery I and II. These two decisions in the same dispute, four years apart, reveal the evolution of this important doctrine as well as Felix Frankfurter’s surprising lack of influence, the justice who many thought would lead the Court in such matters. Chapter 3 follows the Court’s cases in this area through succeeding decades, revealing the arc of decisions that will also be seen in the remaining chapters—broad deference to the SEC over three decades, giving way to a more skeptical approach during the Powell era, and then a period of equipoise or disinterest after Powell’s retirement.
Insider Trading
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert B.
Published: March 2023

This chapter follows the law of insider trading as it evolves from a mechanical disgorgement provision under section 16 of the Exchange Act to a broad prohibition of informational advantage under Rule 10b-5. The dramatic reset occurred in the 1960s when the SEC and the federal courts commandeered common law fraud concepts to reach insider trading on anonymous markets. The SEC’s action in the Cady Roberts case, the Court’s recognition of a fiduciary duty-based disclosure obligation in the Capital Gains case, and the Second Circuit’s decision in Texas Gulf Sulphur provided the foundation for more oversight of insider trading. Almost two decades later, Chiarella, authored by Lewis Powell, reined in that fiduciary duty-based prohibition against the exploitation of information by insiders. Powell grounded the rule in that case in a common law framework of duties owed by officers and directors to their shareholders, but it was narrower than the sixties decisions. Powell also worked in Dirks to protect securities analysts in their quest for valuable information against the SEC’s aggressive interpretation of Rule 10b-5. A decade after Powell’s retirement, however, in O’Hagan the Court would recognize the misappropriation theory that he rejected, greatly expanding the reach of the insider trading prohibition.
In Conclusion
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the roles of healing presence and gratitude in transforming the field of suffering into the field of healing. Healing presence is standing before a suffering person in kindness; not abandoning them, whatever they offer. To illustrate “healing presence,” an interview with a hospice patient is recounted. In it, changes in her life since her terminal diagnosis were discussed, including the nitty-gritty of living while dying. Many kinds and levels of healing were delineated. The events in this patient’s story are not uncommon, but her insights about them were particularly trenchant and wise. Practicing gratitude means acknowledging the intertwining of all things and all people. These complex interrelationships are at once the source of our suffering and the source of our capacity to offer healing and compassion. Where there is gratitude, there can be healing.
On the Jews and Their So-Called Lies in the Fourth Gospel and Bach’s St. John Passion
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: March 2023

This chapter suggests that Johann Sebastian Bach arguably went far beyond the call of duty in musically depicting Jewish opposition to Jesus in a series of biblical choruses for the St. John Passion that center on what Martin Luther, in his On the Jews and Their Lies of 1543 (a screed that Bach himself owned), had deemed the most fundamental of Jewish lies. The scholarly notion that there appears to have been in Bach’s Leipzig a maturing spirit of openness and fairness toward Jews, such that by the 1730s, the times had indeed changed and that thus it would have been unlikely to encounter anti-Jewish reflection within the sermons and the choral music delivered in the city’s churches, is shown by recent repertorial discoveries to have been radically oversanguine.
Introduction
Authors: Malleson Tom
Published: March 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the worsening levels of inequality in terms of the distribution of income and wealth. The chapter outlines the four major arguments that represent the cornerstones of the justification of inequality: the Feasibility Argument, the Cost Argument, the Libertarian Argument, and the Merit Argument. Against these arguments, the rest of the book will show that (1) it is entirely feasible to substantially reduce inequality; (2) the benefits of raising taxes to reduce inequality far outweigh the costs; (3) since the property that exists today was accumulated through a long history of violence, coercion, and injustice, people’s right to their private property should be seen as contingent, not absolute; and (4) people’s talents, skills, and efforts are arbitrary from a moral point of view, and so their economic rewards should be largely equalized (e.g., via wealth taxes and the institution of maximum limits on income). Ultimately, all people, regardless of their skills or efforts, should be guaranteed the essential goods necessary to live a good and flourishing life, a position which can be called Good Life Egalitarianism.
Should We Aim for High Taxes and Low Inequality?
Authors: Malleson Tom
Published: March 2023

Should we aim for high taxes and low inequality? This chapter carefully weighs the costs and benefits. In terms of the costs, the major worry is that taxes will lead to reduced economic growth. Yet current evidence suggests that increased taxes would likely lead to only minor reductions in work effort, and perhaps moderate costs of reduced private investment. On the other hand, such costs are likely to be substantially offset by the economic gains accruing from increased public investment. The bottom line from the empirical growth literature is that a high-tax regime is not likely to cause significant reductions in growth. In terms of the broader social benefits of high taxes and low inequality, the chapter demonstrates that there would likely be major, fundamental benefits in four areas: environmental sustainability, democratic equality, equal opportunity, and reduced racism and xenophobia.
The Cultural Determinants of Healthy Indigenous Aging
Authors: Bird Michael Yellow , Belton Gina , Jensen Jamie
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides a model of cultural determinants for healthy Indigenous aging based on Western scientific evidence and informed by traditional Indigenous knowledge and lifestyle. The chapter defines healthy aging, discusses factors that challenge healthy Indigenous aging, and presents the stories of three Indigenous women elders. Next, the chapter presents a model of nine important cultural determinants of health, and it concludes with a discussion of the future of healthy Indigenous aging. Some elders are differently abled and may require more and different levels of support to help them regain and maintain their health. Yet, the health of Indigenous elders can be dramatically improved with encouragement, assistance, and a belief that it is possible. Research indicates that the self-perception of older adults’ aging and others’ stereotypes exert a powerful influence on aging.
Active Aging in Mountainous Villages
Authors: Luo Hai
Published: March 2023

The increasing number of older adults is the focus of social agendas in much of the world. A growing body of research exists on active aging, and much is known about the broad picture of the aging population in different regions of the world. Little research has been done on the sociocultural features of active aging, particularly in Indigenous cultures. Well-being in older populations requires knowledge of how active aging is conceptualized, promoted, and/or enacted in different contexts that include older people’s life course, cultural beliefs, geography, socioeconomic situation, and social environments. Research shows that active aging is embedded in cultural beliefs and culturally unique practices such as work, family life, arts, and other activities. Exploring and analyzing how older adults perceive and practice active aging help professionals in both health and social sectors in various countries where Indigenous and/or minority cultures play a prevalent role in people’s later lives.
Sociocultural Beliefs and Health-Seeking Behavior Among Older Adults in Selected Rural and Urban Areas in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Badru Fatai A. , Adekola Oluwafunmilayo T.
Published: March 2023

Globally, people attach different meanings to and hold different views regarding health care treatment. An individual’s beliefs affect their health-seeking behaviors. The use of medications or health care treatments among older adults differs from one society to another due to different cultural practices. This chapter discusses a study that investigated different sociocultural beliefs attached to health-seeking behavior by older adults in the treatment of their illnesses. Mixed research methods were adopted for the research. Purposively, four local government areas in Lagos State—two urban and two rural—were selected based on the large number of older adults in these areas. Quantitatively, 1,640 semistructured copies of questionnaires were administered to older adults. Qualitative data were obtained from 16 in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions comprising eight homogeneous groups. The study found that the sociocultural beliefs of the study participants had a significant effect on health-seeking behavior; some respondents believed in different herbs for treating different illnesses and/or that herbs work more quickly than tablets. The study concluded that sociocultural beliefs of the older adults affected their health-seeking behavior.
The Rise and Fall of a Global Narrative
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: March 2023

The Soviet Union created a singular narrative that challenged Western notions of progress and modernity in very basic ways. Combing together threads drawn from Marx, ideas developed by Lenin, a set of axioms outlined by Stalin, and latterly a range of new concepts about peace and the construction of socialism put into practice by his various successors, including Gorbachev, this narrative provided a ready-made road map of the past, a powerful critique of the present, and a vision of a future which proved immensely attractive to millions of people for most of the twentieth century. After the USSR disintegrated, it left behind a set of ideas that continue to inform critical thinking about the liberal order and the contemporary international economy into the twenty-first century. Its legacy also includes a compelling anti-Western discourse that now plays out in the new Russia-China alliance and more generally in the global battle of narratives.
The Great Schism
Authors: Deudney Daniel
Published: March 2023

Among the contested worldviews at play in world politics over the past several centuries, scientific technological modernity has been especially influential in transforming virtually every aspect of human life. It has fed a powerful future imaginary that, since the nineteenth century, has swollen to encompass the complete technological refashioning of the planet, reweaving the biological fabric of humanity, and expansion into the cosmos, and encompassing radically utopian and dystopian trajectories. The scientific-technological modernist project was initially linked to a technocratic vision of replacing politics with the administration of things. By the nineteenth century a debate emerged about whether liberal capitalism or universal socialism was best fitted to the new machine-based societies. As the civilization of scientific-technological modernity spread globally across the twentieth century, it began to face a great crisis, which has in turn generated a great internal schism, a battlefront of contestation that has increasingly defined world politics.
The Social Life of Blood, 1948–1980
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes the history and organization of blood services in France and the United States from after the second World War until the AIDS epidemic in 1980, during which blood was transformed from an artisanal to a mass-produced commodity. The French blood system grew from the work of resistance fighters, locally based and financed, and led by local notables; it was strongly supported by organized blood donors and by a powerful mythology around blood as inseparable from human dignity and blood donation as an expression of patriotic solidarity, entirely divorced from considerations of money and profit. Whole blood provision in the United States was (and is) dominated by three competing blood bank organizations. Blood products are commercially produced on a mass basis by pharmaceutical companies. The United States is unique in that the blood industry is protected from legal liability for harmful products. Although whole blood is collected through voluntary donation, ideological support for this system is weak.
A Flood of First Contracts (NewsGuild-CWA)
Authors: McAlevey Jane F. , Lawlor Abby
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the ambition of President Jon Schleuss to transform NewsGuild-CWA into an organizing union in 2019. The public influx of new members from prominent media outlets brought new energy to Guild locals and the international union. However, the dwindling advertising revenue and the vulture capital's near-complete takeover of the industry resulted in shrinking and shuttered newsrooms and stark financial realities for many represented shops. The L.A. Times and Law360 used structures built through new organizing to move newsrooms of in-person and remote workers to take increasingly militant workplace actions. The chapter elaborates on the L.A. Times Guild winning contract language, which influenced the workplace conditions for journalists and the entry conditions of aspiring journalists.