bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The natural selection of bad psychological scientists
Authors: Aarts Alexander A.
Published: March 2022

There might be a lot that’s bad in Psychological Science, and it might be inaccurate, naive, and/or sub-optimal to reason and assume this is all due to unconscious and unintentional actions of psychological scientists. It might also be inaccurate, naive, and/or sub-optimal to ascribe all these problematic issues to things like the “publish or perish” system and “the incentives” and stop there, for I reason these kinds of systems and incentives (partly) involve actual psychological scientists who created them, developed them, implemented them, (ab-) use them, participate in them, and/or uphold them. In light of this all, I wonder if perhaps we should not (only) be thinking and talking about “the natural selection of bad science” (cf. Smaldino & McElreath, 2016), but we should (also) be thinking and talking about “the natural selection of bad psychological scientists”. Pondering these kinds of things might be uncomfortable for some, but I reason it might be very useful in the search for knowledge and truth, and it can perhaps be considered to be a crucial part of being a (responsible) psychological scientist (cf. Popper, 1971).
Reduced network connectivity in healthy children with maternal history of depression in the ABCD cohort
Authors: Ray Kimberly L , Shumake Jason , Laird Angie , Beevers Christopher G , Schnyer David M
Published: March 2022

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and affects up to twenty percent of children and adolescents. Having a mother with Major Depressive Disorder is one of the strongest predictors of depression in late adolescence and early adulthood. Neuroimaging studies consistently report MDD associated dysfunction within the frontal-parietal cognitive control network, default mode network, and salience network. However, it is unclear whether alterations in these networks are due to current symptomatology or are evident prior to symptom onset. We leverage maternal history of depression (MHD) as a model for assessing neural contributions to MDD risk. To investigate this, we used the network based statistic, a graph theory based approach to explore differences in resting state network connectivity among 2,185 healthy adolescents, ages 9-10 yrs in the ABCD study (abcdstudy.org) with and without a maternal history of depression. Results show reduced network connectivity in healthy children with MHD, which was primarily driven by reduced connectivity in female children with MHD. Further we identify sex specific differences in the frontal-parietal cognitive control network, default mode network, and salience network and sex by MHD interaction effects in these neural networks. This work reaffirms the neural mechanisms underlying depression vulnerability, an effort that, ultimately, may facilitate interventions aimed at preventing the consequences of adolescent depression in this high-risk population.
The neural organisation of language production: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuromodulation
Authors: de Zubicaray Greig Ian
Published: March 2022

This is a chapter to appear in a forthcoming book on Cognitive Processes of Language Production. Language production relies upon a predominantly left-hemisphere network of cortical and subcortical brain regions. This chapter reviews evidence from neuroimaging and neuromodulation studies, beginning with an overview of the neural mechanisms engaged by the intention to communicate up to and including motor output for spoken production. This is followed by separate sections dedicated to written and signed production. I then provide an overview of the neural mechanisms engaged by the interaction of production and domain general monitoring and control processes. The final section is dedicated to the white matter network architecture underlying production, i.e., its “connectome”. This approach provides a more integrated framework for understanding the brain’s capacity for spoken, written and signed production and highlights directions for future research.
Grand Unified Theory of Mind and Brain - Part I: Space-Time Approach to Dynamic Connectomes of C. elegans and Human Brains by MePMoS
Authors: Arisaka Katsushi
Published: March 2022

In a total of six articles, Grand Unified Theory of Mind of Brain: Part I – VI, distinct and radical space-time approaches to the human mind and brain are presented step by step. - Part I. Space-Time approaches to Dynamic Connectomes of C. elegans and Human Brains - Part II. Neural Holographic Tomography (NHT) and Holographic Ring Attractor Lattice (HAL)- Part III. Holographic Visual Perception of 3D Space and Shape - Part IV. Navigation and Episodic Memory by Hippocampal Network - Part V.Grand Unification of Five Senses and Memories - Part VI. The Origin of Language, Consciousness, and Intelligence Through these articles, it is shown that multiple brainwaves coordinate brain-wide neural activities in the frequency-time domain. Globally, allocentric 3D space is reconstructed by the phases of the low-frequency bands (< 20 Hz: Theta, Alpha, and Beta) via top-down signal processing. On the other hand, local stimulations of the five senses are encoded by the high-frequency gamma bands (> 30 Hz) via bottom-up parallel processing. This Part I argues that the fundamental principles of physics, causality and locality, must be imposed at every synaptic connection. Under such strict constraint that coincides with Hebbian Plasticity, the brains of any animal must follow the top-down principle of MePMoS (Memory-Prediction-Motion-Sensing) in this order. By applying this new concept, the complete space-time dynamic connectomes of the neural networks for two phylogenetically distant animals, C. elegans and humans, are constructed for the first time.
Grand Unified Theory of Mind and Brain - Part II: Neural Holographic Tomography (NHT) and Holographic Ring Attractor Lattice (HAL)
Authors: Arisaka Katsushi
Published: March 2022

For animals to navigate a given space, it is essential to perceive and memorize the external allocentric frame with landmarks. In the previous Part I (Arisaka 2022), by applying causality and locality at every single synapse, we proposed a new concept of MePMoS. This model allowed constructing the complete space-time dynamic connectomes of C. elegans and human brains. This Part II proposes a generic principle of space-to-time conversion for perceiving 3D space and 3D shape in a frequency-time domain, named Neural Holographic Tomography (NHT). In this general model, three strings of one-dimensional neurons can encode 3D space, utilizing the spike timings expressed by the phases of brainwaves. Therefore, dynamic shifting of phases can accomplish natural translation from an ever-changing egocentric frame acquired from sensory input to the perception of a stable allocentric frame, resulting in the steady perception of allocentric 3D space. We further propose a universal unit of memory, an engram named HAL (Holographic Ring Attractor Lattice). Facilitated by Hebbian plasticity, the phases of brainwaves, representing 3D space and shape, are registered by the 2D matrix of synaptic networks to form long-term static memories. This two-step conversion of sensory stimulation, first to a brainwave phase by NHT and second to synaptic memory by HAL, provides a general principle for perception and memory of allocentric 3D space and semantic 3D shape.
Digital Literacy in Mathematics Education: Transformative Praxis in Nepal
Authors: Bhatt Krishna Prasad
Published: March 2022

This study was carried out to sightsee amidst digital literacy together with transformative praxis of undergraduate teachers and the existing situation of the digital divide in Nepal. The entire research process of the study was guided by the post-positivism paradigm followed by survey design. This was a cross-sectional survey of school teachers were chosen as a sample by using the purposive sampling method within 183 participants. Document analysis and SPSS v.23 was used for multivariate data analysis that reaping intensive information regarding the current situation of Information Communication Technology (ICT) literacy in the context of Nepal.The results of the study reveal that there is a substantial issue of the digital divide and fear of digital dictatorship among the teachers to continue their job for the long run and compete in the twenty-first century. However, teachers are doing their job with utmost efficiency even with the lack of knowledge of digital technology.
Issues of Existing Pedagogy: Translanguaging as Resources to Enhance Learning at Basic Level in Nepal
Authors: Kadel Purna Bahadur
Published: March 2022

Nepal is a multilingual country. Classroom is a miniature of the society. Translanguaging pedagogy is being executed in English as a medium of instruction (EMI) setting in the classroom. This study attempts to investigate the existing pedagogical practices of non-language subjects and to explore the role and impact of translanguaging as resources to enhance learning of non-language subjects' viz. Science, Mathematics and Social Studies at basic level. This is a qualitative study in which phenomenological research design has been adopted to carry out this study. Twelve teachers and thirty students were selected to carry out this study. Semi-structured interview, focus group discussion, and classroom observation were used as tools to collect data. The findings of this study shows that learners' L1 is used as linguistic resources for knowledge construction; there is strong dominance of the ideology of English on them; translanguaging makes the learners involve in interactive classes; they develop critical and creative thinking skills and enhance motivation through translanguaging. It is concluded that mother tongues of the diverse learners could be very effective to be used as a means to understand the content knowledge of non-language subjects in the classroom.
Opportunity and Challenges of Pasupatinath's Pilgrimage Tourism
Authors: Tara Prasad Awasthi
Published: March 2022

Pilgrimage in Hindu tradition is called tirthayatra. Tirhayatra is awarded different meanings depending on the sect, region and tradition. Scholars have described various typological schemes for tirthayatra that derive from Sanskrit texts such as SkandaPurana. Pilgrimage could be defined as ‘A journey resulting from religious causes, externally to a holy site, and internally for spiritual purposes and internal understanding’.  To the Hindu it is the holy land of the PashupatiNath. Many Grant philosophers-saints like Vayas, Valmiki, Viswamitra, Pulah, Pulasta ,Koushik, Kapil, Yajnavalka, Suka, Sanakadi and Raja Janak found endless spiritual inspiration while penancing by the sacred bank of Koshi, Krishna Gandaki, Bagmati and Sarada rivers or in the pristine Himalaya mountain. All these great thinkers attained perfection in their spirituality here. PashupatiNath is the holiest of all the shrines devoted to lord Shiva, the guardian deity of Nepal. This study was based on field survey and secondary sources of information. The study based on both descriptive and analytical as well both qualitative and quantitative information was used. Questionnaire, in-depth interview and FGD applied with PashupatikshetrabikasKosha, MoolBhatta of Pashupatinath, export of pilgrimage tourism sectors and related persons were also conducted in the field visiting site.100 Respondents were randomly selected from pashupatinath.  Sources of income, source of employee, destination after Char Dham, center for pilgrimage and hotpot destination of Hinduismare the major opportunities of pilgrimage tourism of Pashupatinath as well as Mela management, pollution, waste management,beggar’s management, drinking water and toilet use are the major challenge of pashupatinath.
Parents' Financing at Master Level in Semester System of Tribhuvan University
Authors: Min Raj Poudel
Published: March 2022

Parents' financing of education has been a major challenge and a policy issue to be settled in each country appropriately. This financing is defined as the direct private non-institutional cost to the students that occurs as a result of rent, uniform, coaching, transportation fare etc. To carry out this study post-positivism paradigm and survey design was followed being it quantitative research. The objective of the study was to analyze the direct private non-institutional financing of education at a master level under the semester system in TU.  A total of 120 studentsfrom thesix Central Departments of University Campus, Kirtipur were selected randomly for the study. Based on results and discussion, it is concluded that to live in Kathmandu as a student of University Campus of Tribhuvan University, annually each student should manage the direct private non-institutional costs by NRS 1,17,615.00 ($999.73), NRS 1,45,945.80 ($1,240.54), NRS 1,41,685.60 ($1,204.33), NRS 1,54,384.35 ($1,312.27), NRS 1,99,841.90 ($1,698.66), NRS 1,66,590.00 ($1,416.02), and NRS 9,26,062.65 ($7,871.53) to get the master degree from the Central Department of Education, Nepali, English, Management, Zoology and Chemistry respectively. In addition, the students should spend NRS 56,268.77 ($478.28) annually in rent which is the higher by 36.46 percent over the total expenditure. Likewise, the female students have to spentby NRS 1,69,993.44 ($1,444.94) and the male students by NRS 1,38,693.84 ($1,178.9), however, the female students' fundingwas higher by NRS 31,299.60 ($266.05) or 22.57 percent thantheir male counterpart.
Pedagogical Approaches for an Effective Classroom Management
Authors: Narayan Prasad Adhikari
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to find out the pedagogical approaches for effective classroom management. The study is also undertaken to explore the teacher's opinions on effective classroom management. The study has addressed the research question ''how teachers can effectively manage a classroom with a wide range of learning abilities and styles, in a student-centered way''. It is adopted the qualitative research design. Qualitative data were taken from in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis and verbatim analysis have been done. Data were analyzed on the themes of student-centered classroom management, reactive and proactive classroom management strategies, cooperative discipline, culturally responsive teaching teacher’s role, and classroom management. The study's findings entail that a well-managed classroom is a powerful motivator for students’ learning. Reactive and proactive classroom, cooperative and collaborative learning atmosphere, culturally responsive teaching and learner-friendly teaching by the teacher, has been identified as the pedagogical approaches for effective classroom management. Based upon the findings, it can be suggested that the school principals should constantly organize seminars and workshops for teachers to get them aware of effective classroom-management techniques. The study further implies a constant need to introduce and use new-classroom-management behaviors from the side of teachers.
Practices of Open and Distance Education in Nepal : Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Arjun Neupane
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore the opportunities and challenges of open and distance learning (ODL) system and to explore the gateway for the implementation of ODL to optimizing the opportunities in policy and implementation in higher education of Nepal. To achieve the goal, explanatory sequential research design was used. Questionnaire form and interview schedule were the tools of the study. The findings revealed that students have positive perceptions towards the use of open and distance learning mode. The benefits accruing from technology usage include: improved access, interaction with teachers as well as other students, access to a wide variety of recent and updated resources that are available online as well as contents ha ring. Challenges faced by both the teachers and the learners were unreliable internet accesses, techno phobia and inadequate pedagogical skills of online teachers. Some of the challenges are academic, some are administrative and some others are Information and Communication Technology (ICT) related. It is suggested that online friendly curriculum has to be developed for ODL mode that must be focused on the ICT integration in the subject areas.
Revealing the Story of an Individual through Narrative Inquiry : A Methodological Review
Authors: Surya Prasad Adhikari
Published: March 2022

In this paper I have discussed about the narrative inquiry research design. The story of the participant is collected by the researcher through inquiry. The story is re-storied by the researcher and finally revealed. A good bond should be made between the researcher and participant(s) in order to gather required amount of data. The aim of my article is to find out the way of revealing individual stories by using narrative research design. I have used secondary data from books, articles, and dissertations as a methodological review. From the methodological reviewthe sample size for narrative research design is flexible, where there can be participation of one to twenty five participants. Arigorous interview with the participants should be taken one to three times or until the saturation of data. Typically, one to two cases can be observed while developing the story from the narrative inquiry.  Similarly, methods of data collection are: interview, observation, focus group discussion for direct study of participants. Data collection tools used are:interview guideline, structured, semi-structured, and unstructured questionnaires, observations schedule, documentation of participation, and transcripts. The researcher develops the “codes” from the interview text or interview transcript, “categories” the codes in related groups and finally develops the “themes” from the categories which relate to the objectives and research questions. Ethical consideration is necessary for the secrecy of participants as the norms of qualitative research and trustworthiness is also the must for the validation of data.
Status of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Nepal
Authors: Pitambar Acharya, Gita Rijal
Published: March 2022

Adolescence is the transitional stage (10-19 years) of physical and psychological development that occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood. Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health (ASRH) is a healthy condition concerning the system, function and reproductive processes owned by a teenager.  ASRH had been taken as an important issue after 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)which took it as key issue. The main objective of this article is to analyse the general status of ASRH based on the information from Nepal Demographic and health survey 2016 thematically with descriptive design. Marriage, sexual relationship, fertility, knowledge and use of family planning, maternal and child health, knowledge on abortion, physical and sexual violence in terms of ASRH. Besides, policy intervention, gaps and recommendationshave also been discussed briefly.
Studies in Mathematics Education: Curriculum Analysis from Indigenous Knowledge and Gender Perspective
Authors: Abatar  Subedi
Published: March 2022

This paper aims to analyze the curriculum of the course ‘Studies in Mathematics Education (Math Ed. 539)’ from indigenous and gender perspectives. For, the curriculum of that course, particularly objectives, contents, textbooks, teaching/learning methods and evaluation are visualized and analyzed. The experiences and insights of two teachers of that course were included and analyzed concerning to IK and gender perspectives, by taking in-depth interviews with the help of semi-structured interview guidelines. The result shows that there are sufficient space and provision of incorporate IK in the curriculum and teachers are trying to implement this course as much as possible from the cultural perspective of mathematics education. The curriculum displays gender friendly and neutral aspects in terms of gender and teachers are using gender friendly methodology while implementing the course. However, the evaluation system is not more flexible as expected by female teacher. Thus, the inclusion of IK with particular local knowledge and making gender friendly curriculum is necessary for the courses of teacher preparation in mathematics education.
The Status of Assessment Literacy and Classroom Practice of Secondary Level Teachers
Authors: Sarala Luitel
Published: March 2022

Assessment is the tool that measures the quality of education. This study was focused on the status of teachers’ assessment literacy and practice in the classroom. A case study of a mixed research approach was conducted within the Kathmandu Valley selecting three schools.The questionnaire, Interview schedule, and observation checklist were the  main tools. There were 27 teachers teaching fundamental subjects (Mathematics, English, Science, and Social Study) at grades IX and X were chosen for the survey and one mathematics teacher from each school was selected for interview. Two schools were selected for the observation. The constructivist theory was used to justify the finding. The result showed the high literacy status of the teachers with mean  2.63> 2 where 93.83% of teachers were known about the 18 different assessment techniques but only 66.26% of teachers apply those techniques in the classroom for assessment.
नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोशका शीर्षशब्दमा वैकल्पिक प्रविष्टिको सान्दर्भिकता
Authors: राजेन्द्र खनाल
Published: March 2022

नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोशमा प्रविष्ट शीर्षशब्दमा गरिएको वैकल्पिक प्रविष्टिप्रति विद्यार्थीहरूको प्रतिक्रिया लिई विकल्पमध्ये शीर्षीकरण गर्न उपयुक्त मान्न सकिने शीर्ष शब्द सुझाउने उद्देश्यमा केन्द्रित रही प्रस्तुत लेख तयार पारिएको छ । नेपाली शिक्षा विषयमा स्नातकोत्तर तहमा अध्ययनरत ५० जना विद्यार्थीलाई नमुनाका रूपमा लिई उनीहरूको प्रतिक्रिया तथा कोश सम्पादन प्रक्रियाको सैद्धान्तिक मान्यतालाई आधार बनाई प्रस्तुत लेख तयार पारिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोशमा वैकल्पिक प्रविष्टि दिइएका शब्दप्रति नमुना विद्यार्थीबाट प्राप्त प्रतिक्रियाको प्रतिशताङ्कको गणनाका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नमुना विद्यार्थीबाट शतप्रतिशत सकारात्मक अभिमत प्राप्त भएका आठ ओटा शब्द उपियाँ, छात्रावास, धसिङ्गर, नाउर, पाउजु, बाइबल, रेकर्ड र सरिता रहेका छन् भने असी प्रतिशत वा सोभन्दा बढी प्रतिशतले सकारात्मक प्रतिक्रिया जनाएका अगेनो, अधिगमन, अनिच्छुक, अन्तर्मुखी, अप्ठ्यारो, उल्फा, किचिमिची, खच्चड, छानो, जेब, नवरात्री, नसिब, भक्कानो, भक्त, यष्टि, राडो, रोमावली र सरिफ रहेका छन् । ठेट्नो, गुलाब, मतपेटिका, धपेडी, धर्माध्यक्ष तथा अखानो शब्दलाई निर्विकल्प शीर्षशब्द बनाउनुपर्छ भन्ने अभिमत असी प्रतिशतभन्दा कम र पैँसट्ठी प्रतिशतभन्दा माथि रहेको छ भने दुई शब्दमध्ये एकलाई मात्र शीर्ष बनाउनुपर्छ भन्ने अभिमतको प्रतिशत अन्तर २५ र सोभन्दा कम भएका जम्मा आठ जोडी शब्द रहेका छन् ः अधिदेव÷अधिदेवता, उछितो÷उछित्तो, उलटपलट÷उलटपुलट, नसियत÷नसिहत, पट्याङ्ग÷पट्याङ्ङ, पथ्रेन÷पथ्य्रान, परमाद्र्ध÷परमार्ध र मसोट÷मसौट । यस अध्ययनबाट शब्दकोशमा निर्विकल्प शब्द चयन गरी प्रविष्ट गर्नुपर्ने निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ । जुनसुकै भाषामा पनि विविध आधारमा शब्दगत भेद भए पनि मानक रूप एउटा बनाउन सक्नुपर्छ । त्यसो भएमा मात्र भाषाको स्तरीकरण तथा मानकीकरण हुँदै जान्छ । त्यस्तै, शब्दकोशको सुन्दरता र उपयुक्तताका लागि पनि शीर्षशब्दका विकल्पहरू घटाउँदै लैजानु भाषाशास्त्रीय र कोशशास्त्रीय दृष्टिले पनि महŒवपूर्ण मानिने हुनाले एउटा मात्र शब्दलाई नै प्रविष्टिमा राख्नुपर्छ । वैकल्पिक शब्दलाई अर्थनिर्देश गरेर वा प्रतिनिर्देश गरेर प्रस्टयाउनु उपयुक्त हुन्छ ।
शिक्षाशास्त्र सङ्कायतर्फ सेमेस्टर प्रणाली न्यून नतिजा समस्या एक कारण अनेक
Authors: बालकृष्ण अधिकारी
Published: March 2022

यो लेख सेमेस्टर प्रणाली र त्यस प्रणालीअन्तर्गत त्रि.वि.को शिक्षाशास्त्र सङ्कायको एम.एड. प्रथम सेमेस्टरको नतिजा विश्लेषणसँग सम्बन्धित छ । यस लेखमा त्रि.वि. शिक्षाशास्त्र सङ्कायको एम.एड. तहको नतिजा कम हुनाका कारणहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । लेखा तयार गर्ने क्रममा गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधिको प्रयोग गरी द्वितीय तथ्याङ्कलाई आधार मानिएको छ । त्रि.वि. शिक्षाशास्त्र सङ्कायअन्तर्गत एम.एड कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गरेका देशका विभिन्न ९९ वटा क्याम्पसहरूलाई नमुनाको रूपमा छनोट गरी तिनीहरूको नतिजालाई विभिन्न दृष्टिकोणबाट विश्लेषण गरी यो लेख तयार पारिएको छ । प्रवेश परीक्षा नाममात्रको हुनु, सिकाइको निमित्त आँकलन नहुनु, विद्यार्थीहरूको सिकाइप्रतिको जिम्मेवारी कम हुनु जस्ता समस्याहरूले गर्दा नतिजा कम भएको पाइन्छ । यस लेखले शिक्षाशास्त्रले सञ्चालन गरेको सेमेस्टर प्रणालीमा सुधार गर्ने सम्बन्धित सबै सरोकारहरूलाई जस्तै प्राध्यापक, क्याम्पस, प्रशासक सम्बन्धित सङ्कायका डीन तथा विद्यार्थीहरूलाई जिम्मेवार बनाउने छ । स्नातकोत्तर तह (एम.एड) प्रथम वर्षमा शैक्षिक वर्ष २०७६ मा भर्ना भएर अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थीहरूको नतिजा कम हुनुका कारणहरूको पहिचान गरी सुधारका लागि सुझावहरू प्रस्तुत गर्न यो लेख केन्द्रित छ ।
शोधसार लेखनको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा र प्रयोग
Authors: केशव भुसाल
Published: March 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख अनुसन्धान तथा भाषिक अनुसन्धानको एक महŒवपूर्ण पक्ष शोधसार लेखनमा आधारित रहेको छ । यसअन्तर्गत शोधसार लेखनको सैद्धान्तिक परिचय र त्यसको प्रयोगबारे चर्चा गरिएको छ । शोधसार लेखनको परिचय दिनु, शोधसारका प्रकारहरू प्रस्तुत गर्नु, शोधसार लेखनमा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुराहरू उल्लेख गर्नु, शोधसारका अङ्गहरूको व्याख्या गर्नु र शोधसारको नमुना प्रस्तुत गर्नु यस लेखका मुख्य उद्देश्य रहेका छन् । प्रस्तुत लेखमा शोधसारबारे चर्चा गरिएका अङ्ग्रेजी सैद्धान्तिक सामग्रीहरूको सूक्ष्म अध्ययन गरिएको छ । जसका आधारमा शोधसार लेखन निश्चित विधि र प्रक्रियामा आधारित हुने, शोधसार लेखनमा यसका सैद्धान्तिक पक्षमा विशेष ध्यान दिनुपर्ने, व्याख्यात्मक, सूचनामूलक, समालोचनात्मक, चित्रात्मक आदि यसका मुख्य प्रकार हुने, परिचय, अध्ययन विधि वा प्रक्रिया, प्राप्ति र निष्कर्ष यसका मुख्य अङ्गका रूपमा रहने लगायतका निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधिको अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट अनुसन्धान तथा भाषिक अनुसन्धान विषय शिक्षण गर्ने शिक्षक, अनुसन्धानरत विद्यार्थी एवम् अनुसन्धानका क्षेत्रमा क्रियाशील जोकोहीलाई पनि शोधसारको प्रकृति, यसको लेखन तथा प्रयोग–व्यवहारबारे जानकारी प्राप्त गर्न मद्दत पुग्ने अपेक्षा गरिएको छ ।
स्नातकोत्तर नेपाली शिक्षा शोध प्रतिवेदनहरूमा एपिए शैली तथा सन्दर्भाङ्कन प्रयोग स्थिति
Authors: दिनेश घिमिरे
Published: March 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख शिक्षाशास्त्र सङ्काय त्रि.वि.अन्तर्गतनेपाली शिक्षा विषयमा स्नातकोत्तर तहका शोध प्रतिवेदनहरूमा शैली, सन्दर्भाङ्कन र सन्दर्भ ग्रन्थसूची प्रयोगसम्बन्धी अध्ययन गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको हो । शोध प्रतिवेदनहरूमा एपिए शैलीलाई आधारमानी उद्देश्यपरक किसिमले चुनिएका उपत्यका वरपरका पाँचओटा क्याम्पसका २५ ओटा शोध प्रतिवेदनहरूलाई नमुनालिएर गुणात्मक ढाँचा र वर्णनात्मक विधि अवलम्बन गरीक्षेत्रकार्य र पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनबाट सङ्कलित सामग्रीको विश्लेषणबाट निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट उक्त शोध प्रतिवेदनहरू एपिए शैलीमा आधारित रहे पनि त्यसको पूर्ण पालना हुन नसकेको, शोध प्रतिवेदन लेखनमा विभिन्न संस्थाहरूका बिच र अझ एउटै संस्थाका विभिन्न निकायहरूका बिचमा समेत एकरूपताको अभाव रहेको, निर्दिष्ट शैलीको सबैभन्दा कम अनुपालन शीर्षक रखाइ, सन्दर्भाङ्कन र शोधसार लेखनमा अनि सबैभन्दा बढी यसको छपाइमा भएको देखिएको छ । त्यस्तै शोध प्रतिवेदनहरूको विधि तथा प्रव्रिmयाअति छोटो, कतिपयमा त अपूर्ण रहेको अनि सम्बद्ध साहित्यको पुनरावलोकन पक्ष पनि अपूर्ण र कमजोर रहेको देखिन्छ । यसबाट शोध प्रतिवेदनहरूमा एकरूपता कायम गर्र्नेतर्फ शोधार्थीलगायत सम्बन्धित निकाय सबै सजग हुनुपर्ने देखिन्छ ।
Crosscutting issues in education
Authors: Peshal Khanal
Published: March 2022

Higher education institutions play a greater role in pushing the frontier of knowledge, and as a result, the domain of scholarships has been extended at a greater speed than ever before. The boundary of subject-specific knowledge has become slender and porous with the growth of interdisciplinary and cross-cutting scholarships. As societies become complex and the workplace requires employees with multitasking skills, the need for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge has been paramount in both academia and the workplace. The Interdisciplinary Research in Education (IRE) creates a common platform where researchers from various disciplines bring significant issues and knowledge from their studies and contribute to both policies and praxis of education. This volume particularly connects crosscutting knowledge and scholarships from subject-specific as well as interdisciplinary and cross-cutting areas of pedagogy and research.
A Correlation Study between the Attitudes of the Students’ towards Mathematics with their Performance in Mathematics
Authors: Ram Chandra Ghimire
Published: March 2022

The present study was conducted with an objective to identify the relation between the attitudes of students towards mathematics with their performance in mathematics. Based on the survey research design, the study was conducted in a sample of 154 ten grader students. The performances of the students in mathematics were obtained by the school administration whereas their attitudes towards mathematics were determined with the help of survey form entitled ‘Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scale’. The survey form was divided into eight categories as attitudes towards success in mathematics, confidence in learning mathematics, mathematics anxiety, motivation in learning mathematics, teacher scale, parents scale, mathematics usefulness and mathematics as a male domain. The study concluded with the positive correlation between the performances of the students with their attitudes towards mathematics.
A Disparity of Youngsters’ Fitness among Girl Students in the Public Campuses ofTerai Region, Nepal
Authors: Suresh Jang Shahi
Published: March 2022

The objective of this paper presents to compare the disparity of youngsters’ fitness among girl students between Saptagandaki and Nav Kshitiz public campuses of Terai region, Nepal. It hypothesized that there is significance difference between them. Among test items of AAHPER standing broad jump, shuttle run and sit-ups (flexed leg) have applied as tool of this paper. Altogether 40 youngsters’ girls were the respondents, whereas 20 students from each campus designated through multistage sampling method. While comparison to the mean scores of Nav Kshitiz youngsters, the Saptagandaki youngsters found better fitness in all three test scores as well as composite score. Furthermore it applied p-value of t-test, there were found significance difference in the youngsters’ fitness scores an overall test items between both groups. Hence, hypothesis is accepted. In comparison to the Nav Kshitiz youngsters, the Saptagandaki youngsters have more involved in the physical works and sporting activities.
Appraisal of Trends in Mathematics Education Curriculum: Gender and Indigenous Knowledge Perspectives
Authors: Lok Nath Bhattarai
Published: March 2022

This paper is based on analysis of curriculum and experiences generated from mathematics teachers’ educators and desk review of curriculum document.It also focuses the critical appraisal of the curriculum Trends in Mathematics Education on gender and indigenous knowledge perspectivesThiscourse is recently revised and approved by theFaculty of Education for Masters level students of Mathematics Education. This course has been designed and prepared to trace the trends of various aspects of teaching and learning mathematics education. It critically assessedthe social, cultural, and inclusive educational issues and problems including gender and indigenous knowledge (IK) in teaching and learning mathematics practices at different levels from school to the university. The findings of the study shows that in the context of present curriculum Trends in Mathematics Education, there is little bit space for gender and IK but it is not sufficient. The opinion of teachers revels that some of the teachers integrated the issue of gender and IK on pedagogy, assessment and research. We can apply gender responsive pedagogy by inspiring students to make gender-reflections, generate greater equality in the classroom, and stimulate students to become gender-actors in society at large.
Constructivist Approach in Learning Chemistry: A Case of High School in Nepal
Authors: Rishi Ram Subedi
Published: March 2022

This study examined the effectiveness of constructivist approach on learning in chemistry by using pre-test, post-test, and experimental and control group design. A sample of 32,grouped as experimental group (16) and control group (16) ongrade XII students of Laboratory secondary school were selected by using the random sampling technique.5E’s learning (Engage-Explore-Explain-Elaborate-Evaluate) strategy has been applied to experimental group and Traditional method of teaching followed by control group.Pre and post tests were used to see the difference in two groups. T-test was used to check the significance difference between experiment and control group after experiment. The result shows that Constructivist learning approach significantly improves student’s achievement in chemistry as compared to using a traditional teaching. It is therefore recommended that constructivist 5E-model strategy be used in teaching for the development of student’s higher achievement in chemistry at secondary level.
Gender Perspectives on Mathematical Content Preferences at Secondary Level
Authors: Hom Kumari Adhikari
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted to examinestudent’spreferences on mathematical content area and contents within each content area at secondary level. The respondent were 60 students, including 33 girls and 27 boys, who were selected using stratified random sampling method. Descriptive survey design was used with the help of survey questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (Mean and Std.) and inferential statistics (t-test). The result of the study revealed that Set was the most preferable content area in mathematics in compare to other area for both boys and girls. Whereas, boys least preferableand difficult area was Geometry, while girls was Probability. Most important contents for their future life were Arithmetic related contents in comparison to other contents within content area. Likewise, the study found that the mean difference between boys and girls was not statistically significant with preferences in overall mathematical content area and overall contents within content area. Similarly, there was not significant differences exist between boys and girls with preferences in each content area and every contents within each content area except one content of Arithmetic.
Practices of Social Justice in the Experiences of Private School Teachers
Authors: Dawa Sherpa
Published: March 2022

Private schools have become the choice for the quality of education for both parents and students. Private school associations can influence government officials and policy regarding on the contribution on education system of country. However, the voices of the private school's teachers are not amplified in the lines of decision making process. In this context, this study aims to explore the present social justice practices in the experience of private school teacher. For this purpose,narrative inquiry design has been adopted. Purposively, four participants from different private schools in the Kathmandu valley are selected. An in-depth interview with teachers was conducted to assess the teachers' perspectives on social justice. To isolate the primary subject, the transcribed data was coded and reorganized by decoding. Data triangulation was employed to assure the accuracy of our study and results. Study found, the school's leadership cannot ensure justice on its own. Inclusion of a diverse range of people is inadequately handled. The teaching and non-teaching staffs have lack of understanding and trust in one another. School leadership does not appreciate and respect their needs, desires, or interests. Teachers are less priorities and they do not involve in planning and decision-making process of school.
Significance of Teaching the Pronunciation of Segmental and Suprasegmental Features of English
Authors: Lok Raj Sharma
Published: March 2022

Pronunciation is an essential and rudimentary facet of language involved in an oral communication. This article attempts to highlight the significance of teaching the pronunciationof segmental and suprasegmental features of English. The segmental features involve consonant and vowel sounds or phonemes, whereas the suprasegmental features include stress, rhythm, intonation, pitch, length etc. The central function of a language is for communication through speech. The speech is sequences of the pronunciation of segmental as well as suprasegmental features. At least, legible pronunciation is essential for anunderstandable communication. Legible pronunciation of any one of Standard British English (SBE), Scottish Standard English and General American English (GAE) is indispensable for the proper and effective oral communication in the global context. Standard British English (SBE) is normally used in context of teaching English to the students in Nepal. It is a difficult task to teach the standard pronunciation to the students whose native tongue is not English, but teaching pronunciation can improve their ways of speaking to some extent. There is not always one-to-one corresponding correlation between spellings and their sounds in words. A spelling may retain different sounds in different phonetic environment. The article writer has pinpointed some instances where the wrong pronunciation of a speaker can lead to a misleading communication. To avoid the wrong or unintelligible pronunciation, it is necessary to teach the intelligible or standard pronunciation of English to our students.
Teachers’ Satisfaction: Implications for Job Performance
Authors: Jhupa Kumari Budhathoki
Published: March 2022

The main objective of this study is to explore the teachers' satisfaction and their implications on job performance in schools. This study is based on a qualitative phenomenological research design and the study focused on perspectives of teachers' job satisfaction. Secondary data analysis is used and analyzed qualitatively with critical review. In educational sector, teachers are the individuals, who deliver an effective contribution in imparting knowledge, attitudes, development of skills and abilities, leading to overall growth and development of the students and welfare of the community. They are professional and ethical in their job performance. It is vital for the teachers to be satisfied with their job in order to perform their duties up to the required standard. Results show that a lack of resources, lack of dynamic leadership, overcrowded classes, lacks of discipline among learners, work overload, low salary, administrative issues, and lack of recognition by principals, job security, lack of professional opportunities, and parents for good work done were serious sources of dissatisfaction among teachers. The findings, implications from this study include offering specific professional development suggestions, as well as critical way for further examining teachers’ motivation to learn as a research topic and theoretical construct.
Teaching Current Events Insecondary Level Social Studies Classroom in Nepal
Authors: Keshav Raj Dhakal
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the study was to explore how social studies teachers follow the current events in social studies classroom. The study used phenomenological approach of qualitative research design. In this study, semi structured interview technique was used as qualitative research method was utilized as a means of data collection. For this purpose, interviews were held with 10 social studies teachers in the study group. The interview were recorded on an audio recorder to avoid data loss and then after transcribed. The primary mode of analysis is the development of categories or themes from the raw data. The themes were divided into eight groups and analysis was made through the interpretative method. The results showed that all social studies teachers followed current events in their classroom.It has become necessary to prompt the more active participation of students in the classroom to take advantage of current events to make the social studies lesson more interesting and fun.
Technology Supported Classroom for Collaborative Learning
Authors: Sunil Prasad Chauhan
Published: March 2022

Technology has been one of the basic needs of the modern society. Technology can empower both teachers and students and can create a space for collaboration. Considering the role of technology in collaborative learning, this study envisaged to explore how teachers perceive about technology supported ELT classroom for collaborative learning and to discover the strategies adopted by the language teachers to enhance technology supported classroom for collaborative learning. To meet the objectives of the study, tenhigher secondary level (+2) level language teachers who were teaching collaboratively by using technological tools in the different colleges of Kirtipur were selected purposively and were interviewed in-depth based on certain open-ended questions related to the study. Their interviews were recorded for data. The data were carefully documented and the collected data were analyzed and interpreted descriptively having certain themes. The findings of the study revealed that the teachers have positive perception about technology supported ELT classroom for collaborative learning and the teachers mainly followed student-centered technique as their strategies in order to enhance technology supported ELT classroom for collaborative learning.
Using Learners’ Home Languages in English Classrooms: Multilingual Awareness of Teachers
Authors: Resham Acharya
Published: March 2022

The field of pedagogy has ever been debated and discussed issue in terms of approaches, methods, and strategies to be adopted. Especially, the use of learners’ languages and cultures has recently been more critically observed. Although the proponents of traditional methods such as the direct method and audio-lingual method strongly believed that the use of learners’ L1 hinders SL/FL learning,scholars such as Cummins (2007) and Garcia (2008) have indicated the supportive role of learners’ home languages in EFL classrooms. Being inspired by recent works of literature, this study was carried out to analyse teachers’ multilingual awareness, particularly focusing on the use of learners’ home languages in English classrooms. The findings of the study showed that teachers are multilingually aware of children’s home languages and advocate for using those languages in English classrooms. Particularly, considering the reasons for using such languages in English classrooms, the study indicated that children’s home languages help to develop theconcept and build knowledge, to promote learners’ participation in learning activities, and to create spaces for minority children in terms of language.
नेपालका विद्यालयमामातृभाषामा सिकाइको स्थिति
Authors: गोपालबहादुर श्रेष्ठ
Published: March 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख नेपालमा मातृभाषामा सिकाइको स्थितिको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ ।यस लेखको प्रमुख उद्देश्य नेपालका विद्यालयमा माध्यम वा विषयका रूपमा मातृभाषा अध्ययन अध्यापन हुने अवस्थाकोअध्ययन गर्नु रहेको छ । मातृभाषालाई बहुसंस्कृति र भाषा, मातृभाषामा शिक्षा र बहुभाषिक शिक्षा, बहुभाषिकता र संज्ञानात्मक विकासकोे कोणबाट हेरिएको छ । विश्वमा भाषाको स्थिति र शिक्षा, नेपालको जनगणनामा मातृभाषाको सङ्ख्या र वक्ता सङ्ख्या, नेपालमा मातृभाषा मानिएका विदेशी भाषा र त्यसको वैधता निर्माणको आधार, नेपालमा मातृभाषामा शिक्षा सञ्चालनको लागि भएका प्रयास र वर्नमान अवस्था जस्ता शीर्षकमा रहेर खोजमूलक सामग्री प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । दक्षिण एसियाली राष्ट्रहरूमा मातृभाषा शिक्षणमा भएका प्रयास र नेपालले गरेको कानुनी र व्यवहारिक कार्यलाई यस लेखमा समेटिने प्रयास गरिएको छ । सामग्री सङ्कलनमा द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीको उपयोग गर्दै पुस्तकालयको प्रयोग गरी विभिन्न सन्दर्भ पुस्तक, जर्नल, शोधपत्र, अनुसन्धानमूलक लेख, पत्रपत्रिकाको उपयोग गरी वर्णनात्मक, विश्लेषणात्मक रूपमा विश्लेष्य विषयको निष्कर्षमा पुगिने विशुद्ध गुणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । मातृभाषामा शिक्षाप्रति जिज्ञासा भएका जिज्ञासु, अनुसन्धाता, विद्यार्थी, पाठक वर्गलाई प्रस्तुत लेखले प्राज्ञिक खुराक दिने कुराको विश्वास लिन सकिन्छ ।
नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत सपनाको विश्लेषण
Authors: राजेन्द्र खनाल
Published: March 2022

नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत सपनाको विश्लेषण गर्नु यस लेखको प्रमुख उद्देश्य हो । पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन प्रक्रियाबाट तथ्य सङ्कलन गरी नेपाली बालउपन्यासलाई प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । बालमनोविज्ञान तथा सपनासँग सम्बन्धित विभिन्न सैद्धान्तिक पुस्तकहरूलाई द्वितीयक सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको यस लेखमा वर्णनात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा सपनाका सन्दर्भलाई बालमनोवैज्ञानिक पक्षसँग सम्बन्धित गरी स्वाभाविक तरिकाबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा सामाजिक परिवेश तथा संरचनाको प्रभाव बालमस्तिष्कमा परेको र तिनले सपनाका माध्यमबाट अभिव्यक्त गरेको देखाइएको छ। बालबालिकाहरूले आपूmले चाहेका विषय वा वस्तु प्राप्त गर्न नसक्दा सपनाका माध्यमबाट इच्छापूर्ति गरेको देखाइएको छ । त्यस्तै उनीहरूले आपूmले भोेगेका पीडा तथा अपमानको पनि बदला सपनामा नै लिएर सन्तुष्ट भएको सङ्केत गर्दै बालमनोवैज्ञानिक पक्षको सघन उठान गरिएको छ । बालबालिकाहरू साथीहरूबिचका प्रेम, ईष्र्या, खुसी, रिस आदि संवेग पनि बालबालिकाले सपनामा देखेका सन्दर्भ पनि नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा व्यक्त भएका छन् । नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा व्यक्त सपनाको सन्दर्भ विश्लेषण गर्दा बालबालिका आपूmले चाहेका, कल्पना गरेका तथा भोगेका विषय वा वस्तुलाई सपनामा देखेका सन्दर्भलाई समावेश गरिएको निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त भएको छ ।
भाषिक सिप सहजीकरणमा बहुबौद्धिकता
Authors: उमेश काफ्ले
Published: March 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख भाषा शिक्षणमा बहुबौद्धिकताको उपयोगसँग सम्बन्धित छ । प्रत्येक व्यक्ति आफैँमा क्षमतावान् र प्रतिभाशाली हुन्छन् । विद्यार्थीमा जुन प्रतिभा वा क्षमता छ त्यही आधारमा शिक्षण गर्नुपर्छ । गार्डनरद्वारा स्थापित बहुबौद्धिकताका सिद्धान्तका आधारमा भाषिक सिप सहजीकरणका क्षेत्र पहिचान गरी त्यसको उपयोगिता किटान गर्नु नै यस अध्ययनको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । यस लेख निर्माणका लागि सैद्धान्तिक पद्धतिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । पूर्वकार्यको अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त सार वा ज्ञानका आधारमा लेख तयार गरिएकाले पूर्णतः द्वितीय स्रोतका सामग्रीमा आधारित छ । यसमा बौद्धिकताका प्रकारलाई चर्चा गर्दै भाषिक सिप सहजीकरणमा त्यसको अन्तर्सम्बन्ध कायम गरिएको छ । बहुबौद्धिकता प्रकारका रूपमा स्थापित भाषिक बौद्धिकता, तार्किक बौद्धिकता, दृश्यात्मक बौद्धिकता, शारीरिक गतिबोधक बौद्धिकता, साङ्गीतिक बौद्धिकता, अन्तरवैयक्तिक बौद्धिकता, आन्तरिक बौद्धिकता र प्राकृतिक बौद्धिकतालाई भाषिक सिप सहजीकरणमा उपयोग गर्न सकिने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । बहुबौद्धिकता अनुकूल सिकाइ सहजीकरण सञ्चालनका लागि भाषा पाठ्यव्रmम निर्माता, पाठ्यपुस्तक लेखक तथा शिक्षकहरूको सव्रिmयता आवश्यक रहने देखिन्छ ।
Discursive Analysis of ‘Yam Theory’: Mapping King Prithvi Narayan Shah’s Essence to Contemporary Geopolitics
Authors: Pulami Manish Jung
Published: March 2022

In the light of Nepal’s geostrategic location between India and China, its physical geography has been described through several discourses and rhetoric. The discourses produce meanings, and they directly affect the political behaviour of a state. One of the persistent discourses explaining Nepal’s geopolitical situation is “Nepal as a ’yam ‘between two boulders” by King Prithvi Narayan Shah. In that sense, the ‘yam’ theory postulates the geopolitical circumstances of Nepal. The research is guided by the primary question of whether the yam theory is still relevant for Nepal in the present context. Examining the importance of 'yam theory' in the geopolitical circumstances of Nepal, the study aims at discursively analyzing the origin and development of the yam discourse, its importance for understanding and comprehending the geopolitical nature of Nepal, and its essence present in the contemporary and evolving geopolitics. Methodologically, the study adheres to the practices in the discourse analysis process, focusing on the origin and development of the 'yam' theory. Adhering to the constructive and linguistic turn in IR regarding the conceptual framework of the study, the research takes the help of historical documents, journal articles, geopolitical review reports, and commentaries to analyse the yam theory’s geopolitical relevance and relate it to the present geopolitical situation of Nepal. This paper first introduces the scope and the rationale of the topic. Notably, the following section examines the origin of ‘yam’ rhetoric as a ‘discourse’ and development as a‘theory’. Following the arguments from the discursive analysis of ‘yam’, the article then traces its essence in the present geopolitical context for Nepal. In conclusion, this research article identifies the relevance of ‘yam’ for Nepal as the strategy for accommodation, balancing, neutrality and equiproximity.