bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlations among Family Environment, Academic Achievement, and Academic Attainment in a Large Sample of Young Australian Adults
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2010

In a set of interrelated Australian and Spanish investigations in 2001–2004, relationships were examined among intellectual ability, family environment, and academic achievement. This follow-up study used longitudinal data from young Australian adults (4,397 men, 4,703 women; M age = 20.2 yr., SD = 0.4), to investigate relationships among earlier academic achievement, family influences, and academic attainment. From multiple regression and commonality analyses the findings indicated that earlier achievement and family influences were important as separate variables in explaining differences in later academic attainment (18.6% and 14.8%, respectively, for men; 14.5% and 11.5%, respectively, for women). In addition, earlier achievement and family influences reinforced each other to account for additional shared variance (9.1% for men, 6.3% for women) in young Australian adults' academic attainment.
Dimensions of the Turkish Version of the Psychological Empowerment Scale
Authors: Hancer Murat
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the dimensions of Spreitzer's Psychological Empowerment Scale for Turkish-speaking people. The scale was tested with a group of undergraduate students in Turkey (i>Ni> = 214; M age = 22.6 yr., SD =1.5, range= 19–27). Cronbach coefficient alpha was .84. By using maximum likelihood analysis with oblique rotation, three factors emerged and were labeled Influence, Meaning, and Competence.
Smiling in Photographs: Childhood Similarities between Sexes Become Differences Constant in Adulthood
Authors: DeSantis Mark , Mohan Philip J. , Steinhorst R. Kirk
Published: September 2010

Contemporary published photographs of 1639 children, 200 older teenagers, and 304 adults in North America were analyzed for the smiling pattern (full, partial, or none) exhibited by individuals by sex. For each of the three age groups and for both sexes, most individuals posed with a full smile. No statistically significant differences in smiling pattern were present between the sexes for photographs of children at preschool and grade-school age. By teenage years, and even more for the adults, there were statistically significant differences between the sexes with regard to a smiling facial expression. In those cases, more female than male subjects smiled fully, whereas more male than female subjects did not smile. Examination of photographs of well-known persons longitudinally through adulthood showed that individuals tended to be consistent in smiling pattern. There was no significant sex difference for this relative constancy of facial expression in posed photographs.
A Locus of Control Measure as a Teaching Demonstration
Authors: Pettijohn Terry F. , Pettijohn Terry F. , Sacco Donald F.
Published: September 2010

268 students ( M age = 20.0 yr., DS = 4.4; 68% women), randomly chosen from psychology classes, completed Rotter's I-E scale and Pettijohn's 1992 locus of control scale for class demonstration. The two sets of scores were similar but examination of reliability and validity indicated the latter was best used as a demonstration.
An Examination of Dimensions of Psychological Empowerment Scale for Service Employees
Authors: Hancer Murat , George R. Thomas , Kim Beomcheol (Peter)
Published: September 2010

In the present study the dimensions and factorial structure of the Psychological Empowerment Scale for a sample of 173 restaurant service employees from 20 restaurants in the USA were analyzed, using principal axis factor analysis. The analysis indicated a two-factor solution for the scale with Cronbach α of .91 and .89. These factors were labeled Attitude and Influence and accounted for approximately 63% of the common variance. This differed from the original four-factor structure of Spreitzer and in two studies by Fulford and Enz in 1995 and by Hancer and George in 2003, a three-factor structure. Implications for research and recommendations are presented.
The Manic-Depressiveness Scale
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

Thalbourne's Manic-Depressiveness Scale was given to 1250 college students. The reliabilities were quite low, and the factor pattern did not match the face content of the items.
Frequency Format Facilitates Reasoning in Simple Numerical Tasks
Authors: Misuraca Raffaella , Cardaci Maurizio
Published: September 2010

This study examined whether it is easier to reason in terms of frequencies or with percentages for simple numerical tasks. Research on probabilistic reasoning has shown that humans can draw correct inferences when problems are presented in terms of natural frequencies but not when in percentages. Whether the same effect can be observed in other numerically simple tasks which are not probabilistic was studied with 40 undergraduate students who volunteered for the experiment (13 men, 27 women; M age of 23 yr.). In a simple numerical task involving frequencies or percentages ( N = 20), their performance showed representation in frequencies facilitates the task.
Exposure to Violence, Quality of Life, and Health Status in a Group of Farm Workers in South Africa: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Steenkamp Ilse , Botha Karel , Kruger Annamarie
Published: September 2010

Farm workers ( N = 52), ages 18 to 60 years ( M = 34.1, SD = 11.1), completed the Survey of Exposure to Community Violence, General Health Questionnaire-28, and the Quality of Life Inventory. Farm workers reported average Exposure to Violence, very low Quality of Life, and subaverage Health Status. No significant correlation was found between scores on Exposure to Violence and Quality of Life. Exposure to Violence was significantly correlated with poor Health Status in women but not in men. The implication of these results is discussed.
Mathematics Beliefs and Achievement of Adolescent Students in Japan: Results from the TIMSS 1999 Assessment
Authors: House J. Daniel
Published: September 2010

A recent study (1) of undergraduate students in a precalculus course indicated that they expressed slightly positive attitudes toward mathematics. It is important, however, to examine relationships between students' initial attitudes and achievement outcomes. The present purpose was to assess the relationship between self-beliefs and mathematics achievement for a large national sample of students from the TIMSS 1999 international sample (eighth graders) from Japan. Several significant relationships between mathematics beliefs and test scores were noted. In addition, the overall multiple regression equation that assessed the joint significance of the complete set of self-belief variables was significant ( F7,65 = 159.48, p <.001) and explained 20.6% of the variance in mathematics achievement test scores.
Achievement in Mathematics in Grades 9 and 11 in Limpopo Province of South Africa: Introduction of a Problem-Based Approach
Authors: Maree Jacobus G. , Molepo Jacob M.
Published: September 2010

800 students in Grades 9 and 11 of schools in the Central Region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa completed the Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics. Mean age in Grade 11 was 17.5 yr. ( SD = 1.4) and in Grade 9 15.1 yr. ( SD = 1.2). Intervention was aimed at teachers and students in this group. Teachers in the trained group received training in a problem-based approach to teaching and learning in mathematics and introduced these principles into their classes. Analysis of variance on the differences between post- and pretest scores of the six subscales and the marks in mathematics and English yielded no effects for grade, sex, or grade after 6 mo. Pearson correlations for students in Grade 11 were positive between study orientation and achievement in mathematics. Improving teachers' training and expertise, transforming disadvantaged learning environments, and developing necessary formal and informal mathematical knowledge seem both essential and difficult.
Comments on Defining Adolescence
Authors: Orukibich Jiro , Nassaw Kenta , Mori Kazuo
Published: September 2010

Aspects of a definition for two characteristics of adolescence, being capable of doing something or not and having the right to do it, are proposed since adolescence is a period when a person is capable of but without the right to do something.
Association of Gun-Related Measures in American States and Child and Adolescent Firearm Mortality
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

In 2000 over 38 states of America, several measures of gun ownership were intercorrelated. Factor scores assessing gun prevalence and socioeconomic status predicted child and adolescent firearm mortality.
Preliminary Investigation of Relations between Young Students' Self-Regulatory Strategies and Their Metacognitive Experiences
Authors: Dermitzaki Irini
Published: September 2010

The present study investigated second-graders' self-regulative behavior during task engagement and its relations to performance and to students' on-line metacognitive experiences. Participants were 25 individually examined Greek second graders (13 boys and 12 girls; M age: 7.6 yr., SD = 0.2). Students' use of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational regulatory strategies while performing a cognitive task were directly observed and recorded by two independent observers. Students' task-specific performance was also evaluated. Finally, students' feeling of satisfaction with the solution produced, their estimate of effort expenditure, and estimate of the solution's correctness were assessed. Analysis showed these second grade students' use of self-regulatory strategies and feeling of satisfaction were significantly associated with their performance. However, metacognitive experiences reported after the solution were only slightly related to the students' actual self-regulative behavior during the task, implying that the relations of students' regulatory efforts with their metacognitive processes are still developing at such a young age.
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Moos Coping Response Inventory for Youth
Authors: Forns Maria , Amador Juan Antonio , Kirchner Teresa , Gómez Juana , Muro Pilar , Martorell Bernardí
Published: September 2010

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Moos's Coping Responses Inventory-Youth form in a sample of 1,401 adolescent secondary students (45% boys and 55% girls) ages 12 and 16 years ( M = 14.1, SD = 1.4). Basic information as descriptive data and internal consistency reliabilities were given, and intercorrelations for the coping strategies criterion and factorial validity estimated. As in previous reports, the internal consistency was low to moderate. The correlations between scales ranged from .06 to .40. Exploratory factor analysis performed on the coping strategies, with oblimin rotation yielded two factors accounting for 49.6% of variance, which broadly reproduced the Approach-Avoidance dichotomy, with alpha values of .81 and .64, respectively. Finally, the analysis of criterion validity corroborated the relationship between the use of avoidance strategies and higher psychological symptoms.
Satisfaction with Life and Death Distress
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Al-Sabwah Mohammed N.
Published: September 2010

A convenient sample of 568 Egyptian female nursing undergraduates ( M age =19.5 yr., SD = 1.6) was recruited. Their scores on the Satisfaction with Life Scale were correlated with scores on the Death Anxiety Scale, Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety, Death Depression Scale-Revised, and the Death Obsession Scale. Pearson correlations were significant but small [-.15, -.18, -.14 ( p <.01) and -.08 (ns), respectively], indicating their predictive and practical value is negligible.
The Death Anxiety Inventory: A Revision
Authors: Tomás-Sábado Joaquín , Gómez-Benito Juana , Limonero Joaquín T.
Published: September 2010

This work was an analysis of responses to the Death Anxiety Inventory from 866 Spanish participants, 673 women and 193 men. Eliminating an item with a negative corrected item-total correlation and two more items which had low loadings on all factors yielded a 17-item inventory with a Cronbach coefficient alpha of .92 and a factorial structure of four significant factors which accounted for 65.8% of the total variance. These four factors were labeled Death Acceptance, Externally Generated Death Anxiety, Death Finality, and Thoughts About Death.
Dispositional and Situational Coping and Mental Health Status of University Students
Authors: Sasaki Megumi , Yamasaki Katsuyuki
Published: September 2010

The results of stress coping studies do not clearly demonstrate whether dispositional and situational coping can predict health status or whether dispositional coping can predict situational coping. The present study used structural equation modeling to test proposed directional relationships. 292 Japanese university students completed questionnaires concerning dispositional and situational coping and mental health status. Analysis showed that dispositional coping predicted situational coping for some coping strategies. In women, an increase in dispositional Problem-solving predicted a reduction in mental distress via situational Problem-solving. The results suggest that, only for Problem-solving by women, dispositional coping is related to mental health status, but only through situational coping.
First Psychometric Evaluation of a Disease-Specific Questionnaire for Children's Behavior Related to Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Timmerman Angelique , Anteunis Lucien , Meesters Cor
Published: September 2010

The major goal of the present study is a psychometric analysis of two age-specific questionnaires for the assessment of Otitis Media with Effusion-specific behavior in young children, intended for use in case-finding. In total, 172 children ages 12 to 24 mo. and 121 children ages 24 to 48 mo. were available initially. Caregivers completed the questionnaires on two occasions before tympanostomy tube insertion and once 6 wk. later. Factor analysis of a matrix for 30 items yielded four factors for the younger age group and six factors for a 33-item matrix for the older age group, showing more differentiation of factors in terms of developmental specificity for behavior related to Otitis Media with Effusion. The total internal consistency was .82, and each factor measured different aspects of disease-specific behavior (α < 0.25) in both questionnaires. Sensitivity to change seemed promising and was significant for the age group 12 to 24 mo. Research with revised questionnaires is recommended, in an ongoing validation process, to create optimal developmental conditions for children with chronic or persistent Otitis Media with Effusion.
Use of the Children's Attributions and Perceptions Scale in An Underprivileged Spanish Sample
Authors: Pereda Noemí , Forns Maria
Published: September 2010

The psychometric properties and exploratory factor analysis of the Children's Attributions and Perceptions Scale in two Spanish samples of children were examined ( n = 48 from an after-school social care center in a deprived neighborhood, and n = 120 from a school mainly enrolling families of medium socioeconomic status; 49% boys and 51% girls; M age = 10.5 yr., SD = 18.7). A cross-cultural comparative analysis of the Spanish samples and the normative sample was also carried out. Factor analysis supported a 4-factor solution for Spanish populations. Significant differences were found between the Spanish groups in school and the social care centers. The cross-cultural analysis showed that stressful conditions (sexual abuse vs deprivation) produced greater differences than cultural group (Spanish vs American).
Validity and Reliability of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-Fast): Comment on Veazey, et al. (2005)
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: September 2010

Confidence intervals are provided for the validity coefficients calculated by Veazey, et al. for the M-FAST. Two coefficients alpha are also presented along with suggestions for different approaches to calculating the M-FAST internal consistency reliability.
Locating the Big Five Personality Factors in the Relate Relationship Evaluation Measures
Authors: Draper Thomas W. , Holman Thomas B.
Published: September 2010

Factor analyses of data from 400 students who completed the adjective section of the Relate relationship evaluation and similar descriptors from the measure of the “big five” factors of personality by Digman and Inouye indicated that all of the “big five” measures, surgency, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness, can be assessed as part of the Relate assessment.
College Students, Tattoos, and Sexual Activity
Authors: Koch Jerome R. , Roberts Alden E. , Armstrong Myrna L. , Owen Donna C.
Published: September 2010

This research examined the association of having a tattoo and engaging in premarital sexual intercourse. Data gathered from a convenience sample of 450 college students indicated that tattooed respondents were substantively and significantly more likely to be sexually active than nontattooed college students. Tattooed men became sexually active at a significantly earlier age than nontattooed men but no such difference was found between tattooed and nontattooed college women.
Early Psychological Consequences of the March 11, 2004, Terrorist Attacks in Madrid, Spain
Authors: Muñoz Manuel , Crespo María , Pérez-Santos Eloísa , Vázquez José Juan
Published: September 2010

On March 11, 2004, Al-Qaeda set off 10 bombs on several train routes in Madrid. 192 people were killed and 2,000 wounded. In this study, 1,179 questionnaires were administered Week 2 after the attacks to residents 18 years and over from the affected geographical areas. The questionnaire included items about sociodemographic variables and exposure to the attacks. Psychological effects were assessed as presence of acute stress and depressive symptomatology and functional impairment. 46.7% of the sample presented symptomatology of acute stress and 49.6% depressive symptoms. Among the symptoms of acute stress, the most frequent were re-experiencing (72.5%) and dissociative symptoms (71.8%). The chief predicting variables in symptomatology were being female, over 65 yr. old, and a habitual train user. The large number of affected people was refined with an item analysis and the consideration of severity of interference in psychosocial functioning.
High Risk Drinking and College Students' Self-Perceptions
Authors: Araujo Gabriel C. , Wong Eugene H.
Published: September 2010

The present study examined the relationship between high risk drinking and college students' self-perceptions. High risk drinking was defined as the consumption of four or more drinks in a row for women and five or more drinks in a row for men during a single sitting (within the last year). Historical trends regarding college-age drinking indicate that 44% of college students fit the criteria for high risk drinking at least once over the past year. A survey was administered to 210 college students (52 men and 158 women) between 18 and 22 years of age ( M = 20.9, SD = 1.3) to assess their use of alcohol and their self-perceptions. Students' self-perceptions were measured with four subscales from the Neemann-Harter Self-perception Profile for College Students. Students either volunteered to participate in this study outside of class or were solicited during class. It was predicted that students' self-perceptions would differ significantly depending upon their alcohol consumption, i.e., 17.1% were Abstainers, 25.2% were Nonproblem Drinkers, and 57.6% were High Risk Drinkers. Analysis gave significant difference on Global Self-worth between students who abstained and those who were High Risk Drinkers. However, students' perceptions of Scholastic Competence, Intellectual Ability, and Social Acceptance did not differ significantly for the alcohol consumption groups. In addition to high risk drinking, a number of other variables were associated with self-perceptions, such as high school alcohol use, low high school GPA, and students' reported academic involvement. These relations are discussed.
Expressions of Life Meaning among College Students
Authors: Laverty W. H. , Kelly I. W. , Pringle-Nelson Coralee , Miket M. J. , Janzen B. L.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the views of 132 undergraduate students (35 men, 97 women) regarding what they considered to be contributing factors to a worthwhile or meaningful life. They rated, on a 5-point Likert scale, their agreement with each of 40 statements. Cluster analysis yielded three clusters which best described the data. One cluster comprised a religious group, and the other two clusters were nonreligious, with one having characteristics of both the religious and nonreligious cluster.
Consistency of the Yamauchi/Templer Money Attitude Scale
Authors: Spinella Marcello , Lester David , Yang Bijou
Published: September 2010

In a sample of 139 community residents, three of the four subscales from the Yamauchi and Templer Money Attitude Scale were replicated.
Sex Differences in Stipulated Preferences and Mate Search by Clients of a French Marriage Bureau
Authors: Vaillant Nicolas
Published: September 2010

Using data from the file of a French matchmaking agency, this study confirmed some previous results on traditional male-female differences in stipulations by placers of advertisements: women seek features influencing financial resources, while men offer these characteristics and seek younger women. An interesting and original result is that the sampled women are older than the men, which partially explains why they spend relatively more money in professional matchmaking services as they age.
Educational Attainment, Intelligence, Interstate Migration, and Suicide Rates in the United States: Rejoinder to Abel and Kruger (2005)
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: September 2010

Abel and Kruger (2005) reported a negative association of educational attainment and suicide rate across the United States. Given strong links between intelligence and educational attainment, this appears to be inconsistent with positive associations of intelligence and suicide rate reported in several other geographical studies. However, the apparent inconsistencies may reflect interstate migration within the U.S. adult population. Testing this hypothesis showed that interstate migration was more strongly related to state suicide rates than educational attainment. Thus, the different results obtained by Abel and Kruger could reflect migration effects, which for the U.S. might render adult-age indicators of educational attainment inappropriate to reflect regional variation in intelligence by place of birth.
Correlations for Adolescent Resilience Scale with Big Five Personality Traits
Authors: Nakaya Motoyuki , Oshio Atsushi , Kaneko Hitoshi
Published: September 2010

Currently, individuals tend to encounter many unavoidable, painful events and hardships in the process of growth and development. To lead one's life adapting to these social conditions, it is necessary to maintain one's mental health even while experiencing challenging events; in other words, resilience is required. This study of 130 undergraduates focused on the Adolescent Resilience Scale which assesses capacity for successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances and examined correlations with scores on the Big Five Personality Inventory. A significant negative correlation of –.59 ( p <.001) was noted for scores on the Adolescent Resilience Scale and the Neuroticism dimension of the Big Five Personality Inventory, accounting for 35% of the variance, and positive values with the Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness dimensions ( rs = .37, .40, .48, accounting for 14, 16, and 18% of the variance, respectively. Personalities of adolescents who have psychological traits leading to resilience may be partially predicted using these results.
College Students' Perceived Risk and Anxiety after Reading Airplane Crash News
Authors: Bahk C. Mo
Published: September 2010

328 college students in midwest and west coast regions read one of five news stories (four airplane crash and one irrelevant) or none. They estimated the likelihood of their victimization in an airplane crash and indicated the maximum amount of time that they would be willing to spend driving in lieu of flying. Analysis showed those who read one of the airplane crash stories reported higher perceived risk of victimization than did those who read the irrelevant story or none. Reading airplane crash news was not related to the number of hours reported for driving instead of flying.
A Validity Generalization Procedure to Test Relations between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation and Influence Tactics
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Moss Jennifer A.
Published: September 2010

The relations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation with use of consultative, legitimating, and pressure influence tactics were examined using validity generalization procedures. 5 to 7 field studies with cumulative samples exceeding 800 were used to test each relationship. Significance was found for relation between agents' intrinsic motivation and their use of consultative influence tactics and agents' extrinsic motivation and their use of legitimating influence tactics.
Concordance of Self-Reported Abstinence and Measurement of Expired Air Carbon Monoxide in a Self-Help Smoking Cessation Treatment
Authors: Becoña Elisardo , Míguez M. Carmen
Published: September 2010

Some self-help programmes for smoking cessation obtain abstinence data entirely from participants' self-reports. This may lead to overestimation of efficacy. In the present study, the relationship between self-reported abstinence and expired-air carbon monoxide was evaluated at the 12-mo. follow-up in 200 smokers who had participated in a self-help programme for smoking cessation conducted by mail. Analysis indicated a close relationship between carbon monoxide levels and self-reports of smoking status; concordance was about 90%. Studies of the efficacy of self-help programmes for smoking cessation should include some sort of objective verification of self-reported abstinence.
Ultimate, Provisional, and Personal Meaning of Life: Differences and Common Ground
Authors: Auhagen Ann Elisabeth , Holub Franziska
Published: September 2010

Building on Viktor Frankl's clinical approach of Logotherapy and the works of subsequent theoreticians, three types of meaning of life were theoretically derived and empirically investigated, Ultimate, Provisional, and Personal meaning. These types were characterized, first, by the amount of agreement of subjects, second, by sources of Life Meaning, which were assessed by content analyses, third, by correlations, and fourth by prediction with ratings of important life concepts from the domains of Well-being, Religiosity, and Prosocial Behavior. 192 German adults, 45 men and 147 women, whose M age was 31.6 yr. ( SD = 11.9), participated. Analysis indicated different sources for the Ultimate meaning compared with the other meaning types, which seem to display more similarities with each other. Other important life concepts, such as Belief, Harmony, Happiness, and Human Goodness were related to the investigated types of meaning of life. Some implications for clinical applications, research perspectives, and Positive Psychology are discussed.
Insomnia in Relation to Depression and Somatic Symptoms
Authors: El-Anzi Freih O.
Published: September 2010

A sample of 358 Kuwaiti volunteer college students responded to the Insomnia Scale, the Somatic Symptoms Inventory, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. The only significant sex difference was in somatic symptoms on which women had a higher mean score than the men. Correlations between scores on the Insomnia Scale and both Depression scales were .51 and .54 and for Somatic Symptoms were .53 and .61 ( p <.01) among men and women, respectively. The factor analysis of the intercorrelations yielded a highly loaded general factor for Psychological Disorder in both samples.
Prevalence of Alcohol Use by Rural Primary Care Outpatients in South Africa
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: September 2010

In a primary care outpatient sample of 600 rural South Africans 37.4% of men and 10.7% of women were identified as hazardous drinkers, and 9.2% of men and 0.3% of women met criteria for probable alcohol dependence or harmful drinking as defined by AUDIT. Logistic multiple regression identified men and being single, divorced, or widowed as predictors for hazardous and harmful drinking.
Psychological Support for Junior High School Students: Sibling Order and Sex
Authors: Terada Tomonori , Kasai Makiko , Asano Koji
Published: September 2010

This study is a re-analysis of published data on psychological support for 609 junior high school students (317 boys, 292 girls, mean age = 14.1, SD = 0.8) based on the self-report, Psychological Support Scale, to evaluate sibling order as eldest or youngest and sex. In an earlier study, the questionnaire had been modified to be applicable to junior high school students. The study re-examined the data by extracting samples for categories of eldest and youngest siblings, for re-analysis of self-reported psychological support by sibling order and sex. Eldest children reported receiving more psychological support from both mother and father than youngest. Also, eldest boys received significantly greater psychological support from both the parents than the youngest boys or girls.
Association of Race and Color with Mean IQ across Nations
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Arikawa Hiroko
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the correlation of both race and skin color in the distribution of mean IQ for 129 countries with primarily indigenous populations. Skin color correlated most highly with mean IQ across the Caucasoid countries ( r = −.86), somewhat less across the Mongoloid countries ( r = −.66), and nonsignificantly across the Negroid countries ( r = .06). When the Negroid and Caucasoid countries were combined, both race and skin color yielded high correlations with IQ ( r = .87, –.95, respectively). When the Negroid and Mongoloid countries were combined, both race and skin color yielded high correlations with IQ ( r = .91, –.91, respectively). When Caucasoid and Mongoloid countries were combined, skin color yielded a high correlation, but race did not correlate significantly with IQ. The greater importance of Negroid race was regarded as congruent with the 1998 generalization of Jensen that the genetic distance between Mongoloids and Caucasoid is less than the genetic distance of these two groups from Negroid.
Autobiographical Memories of Televised Sporting Events Watched in Different Social Settings
Authors: Bonds-Raacke Jennifer M. , Harris Richard J.
Published: September 2010

The present study asked 157 men and 154 women to recall their memories of viewing both enjoyed and nonenjoyed televised sporting events from the past year in each of four social circumstances: with friends, with family, with spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend or significant other, and by oneself. For memories of all eight events, participants were asked (1) the number and sex of coviewers, (2) concurrent behaviors and cognitions engaged in while viewing, (3) uses and gratifications sought for enjoyed events, and (4) failed uses and gratifications for nonenjoyed events. Two analyses of variance, one full multiple regression, and one step-wise regression were conducted. Analyses indicated that social circumstance of viewing and sex of participant were associated with uses and gratifications for enjoyed events, failed uses and gratifications for nonenjoyed events, and concurrent behaviors and cognitions engaged in during the viewing. Results are discussed in light of the uses and gratifications paradigm and Wenner and Gantz's 1998 five fanship dimensions. An extension of this model to nonenjoyed sporting events is proposed.
Attitude towards Euthanasia in Relation to Death Anxiety among a Sample of 343 Nurses in India
Authors: Ray Ratna , Raju Mohan
Published: September 2010

Scores on Attitude towards Euthanasia were correlated with scores on Death Anxiety among 343 female nurses in India using Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and the authors' 24-item attitude scale. No significant correlation was found between the two sets of scores ( r = −.09) or a nonlinear score on relation. Age of nurses was not significantly related to Attitude towards Euthanasia ( r = .07) or Death Anxiety ( r = .11). As measured, death anxiety has no bearing on attitude about euthanasia.
Re-Analysis of Correlations among Four Impulsivity Scales
Authors: Gallardo-Pujol David , Andrés-Pueyo Antonio
Published: September 2010

Impulsivity plays a key role in normal and pathological behavior. Although there is some consensus about its conceptualization, there have been many attempts to build a multidimensional tool due to the lack of agreement in how to measure it. A recent study claimed support for a three-dimensional structure of impulsivity, however with weak empirical support. By re-analysing those data, a four-factor structure was found to describe the correlation matrix much better. The debate remains open and further research is needed to clarify the factor structure. The desirability of constructing new measures, perhaps analogously to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, is emphasized.
Correlates of Mood Changes in Obese Women Initiating a Moderate Exercise and Nutrition Information Program
Authors: Annesi James J. , Unruh Jennifer L.
Published: September 2010

This 20-wk. study assessed relationships of mean difference scores on measures of self-efficacy and self-concept with scores for overall mood in 44 obese women who initiated a moderate exercise and nutrition information program. Simultaneous entry of changes in Physical Self-concept, Exercise Self-efficacy, and Body Areas Satisfaction scale scores into a multiple regression equation explained a significant 38% of the variance in changes in Total Mood Disturbance ( R2 = .38, F3,40 = 8.09, p < .001).
Correlates of Low Frustration Tolerance in Young Adolescents
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela , Yarcheski Thomas J. , Hanks Michele M.
Published: September 2010

148 young adolescents who reported low frustration tolerance also reported more trait anger, state anger, and hostility.
Factor Structure of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Form A) and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Chioqueta Andrea P. , Stiles Tore C.
Published: September 2010

The factor structure of the Norwegian version of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire was investigated with a sample of 344 male military recruits. Principal factor analyses with promax rotation indicated four factors for the former, labeled Performance Evaluation, Need for Approval, Autonomous Attitude, and Perfectionism which accounted for 15.5%, 3.6%, 2.6%, and 2.5% of the total variance, respectively. Two factors comprised the latter. Factor 1 was labeled Negative Self-concept and Personal Maladjustment and accounted for 40% of the total variance, and Factor 2 was labeled Desire for Change and Negative Expectations and accounted for 6.3% of the total variance. The findings may be useful in identifying the specific dysfunctional beliefs and negative automatic thoughts exhibited by military recruits. Such information can also contribute to the development of more effective treatment interventions.
Parental Death and Absence in Children Presenting for Mental Health Care
Authors: Pillay Anthony L. , Descoins Simone E.
Published: September 2010

Of 61 youth ( M age 11.2 yr.) seeking mental health care, almost 60% had experienced parental death or absence. 13 (21.3%) had experienced the death of a parent during the preceding 3 years.
A Measure of Effect Size for R × C Contingency Tables
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Johnston Jams E. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: September 2010

Goodman and Kruskal's τ measure of categorical association is advanced as a replacement for conventional measures of effect size for r × c contingency tables. Goodman and Kruskal's τ is an asymmetric measure of categorical association which is based entirely on the observed data and possesses a clear interpretation in terms of proportional reduction in error. Comparisons with conventional measures of effect size based on chi-squared such as Pearson's ϕ2, Tschuprow's T2, and Cramér's V2 demonstrate the advantages of employing τ as a measure of effect size.
Anxiety and Depression in Cataract Surgery: A Pilot Study in the Elderly
Authors: Mitsonis Charalampos I. , Dimopoulos Nikolaos P. , Andriotis Nikolaos M. , Mitropoulos Panagiotis A. , Mitsonis Mihail I. , Mitsonis Ioannis M. , Gitsa Olympia E.
Published: September 2010

To assess anxiety induced by a planned cataract surgery and to evaluate the correlations of rated anxiety and depression with optical acuity pre- and postoperatively, 278 patients ages 65 years or older were tested. Patients were divided into two groups: first-eye and second-eye cataract surgery. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hamilton's Rating Scales for Anxiety and Depression, respectively. Pre-operatively, first-eye patients showed significantly higher anxiety than second-eye patients ( F1,251 =75.39, p <.001). First-eye patients rated peak anxiety on the day of the surgery, while patients scheduled for second-eye cataract surgery presented no fluctuations in rated anxiety ( F1,251 =49.60, p <.001). There was no correlation of preoperative anxiety or depression with the outcome of surgery ( F1,251s = .83 and .58, respectively, p >.05). Postoperatively, anxiety and depression in patients without any improvement in their vision were rated significantly higher than in those presenting improved visual acuity after surgery ( F1,251 =566.17 and 300.25, respectively, p <.001).
Attitude toward Christianity and Paranormal Belief among 13- to 16-Yr.-Old Students
Authors: Williams Emyr , Francis Leslie J. , Robbins Mandy
Published: September 2010

A small but statistically significant positive correlation ( r = .17) was found in a sample of 279 13- to 16-yr.-old students in Wales between scores on the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity and on a new Index of Paranormal Belief. These data suggest that there is little common variance between attitude toward Christianity and belief in the paranormal.
A Japanese Short Form of the Swanson Cognitive Processing Test to Measure Working Memory: Reliability, Validity, and Differences in Scores between Primary School Children of the United States and Japan
Authors: Hwang Yeonhee , Hosokawa Toru , Swanson H. Lee , Ishizaka Ikuyo , Kifune Noriyuki , Ohira Dan , Ota Tomio
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a Japanese short form of the Swanson Cognitive Processing Test, which assesses capacity of working memory. Test-retest reliability was acceptable ( r = .76). Concurrent validity was suggested through comparison of scores on the Reading Span Task ( r = .55). Means on the Japanese short form were comparable with means for the 3 subtests for the older group and 2 subtests for the younger group. With the exception of the Auditory Digit Sequence, results suggested that both the Japanese short form and the initial Swanson Cognitive Processing Test measured comparably the working memory in the two samples of children.
Personality Traits and University Program
Authors: Beauchamp Kristy , McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2010

Participants were 147 undergraduates majoring in programs classified as more professional (education, n = 28; business, n = 33) or less professional (natural sciences, n = 36; social science, n = 50) and more people-oriented (education, social sciences) or less people-oriented (business, natural sciences). They completed self-report tests for 13 personality constructs (five from Goldberg's version of the Five Factor Model, three from Eysenck and Eysenck's theory, and five others). Students in less professional disciplines scored higher on openness to experience (intellect/imagination) than those in more professional disciplines. Students in more people-oriented disciplines scored higher on empathy than those in less people-oriented disciplines. Women scored higher than men on conscientiousness, industriousness, and empathy, but lower than men on independence. Critical comments are offered and suggestions for research are made.
Acculturation and Suicide Attitudes: A Study of Perceptions about Suicide among a Sample of Ghanaian Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Eshun Sussie
Published: September 2010

To investigate whether a relationship exists between acculturation and attitudes about suicide, 81 Ghanaian immigrants living in the U.S. who responded to a mail inquiry were selected to participate in the current study. This particular immigrant sample was chosen because although they represent a rapidly growing group in the U.S., they have been rarely studied. Respondents consisted of 42 women and 36 men (3 did not identify their sex), with a mean age of 29.5 yr. ( SD = 10.6). Participants completed measures of acculturation and attitudes about suicide. Results indicated significant correlations between length of residency in the United States and negative suicide attitudes, and also between psychological acculturation and negative suicide attitudes. No significant relationship was found between behavioral acculturation and suicide attitudes. Furthermore, length of residency was a stronger predictor of suicide attitudes than other subjective measures of acculturation. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
The Relationship of Personality and Behavioral Development from Adolescence to Young Adulthood and Subsequent Parenting Behavior
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Brook David W. , Ning Yuming , Whiteman Martin , Finch Stephen J.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the study was to examine the association of parental personality, behavior, and substance use during adolescence and adulthood as related to the later parent-offspring relationship. The sample consisted of 297 parents ( M age 32 yr.), who were first interviewed at earlier points in their lives in childhood and early adolescence at six points in time, extending from 1983 to 2002. Multiple regression models showed that parents with certain earlier personality and behavioral attributes, e.g., more rebelliousness and more frequent tobacco use, had a more difficult relationship with their children. Findings indicated an association between the cumulative number of psychosocial risk factors in the parents and difficulties in the parent-child relationship. The findings suggested that interventions designed to decrease youths' substance abuse may increase the likelihood that later when they are parents they will form nurturing relationships with their children.
Absolutism in Diaries of Suicides
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

Two diaries, one from a completed suicide and one from an attempted suicide, were examined for the use of three words indicating absolutist thinking (perfect, always, and never). The diary of the attempted suicide had a significantly higher frequency use of “never” (2.75 per 1,000 words versus 1.73) but not the other words.
“Self-Execution” and State Execution
Authors: Lester David , Tartaro Christine
Published: September 2010

In the United States from 1977 to 1999, the suicide rate of death row inmates was not associated with their probability of execution ( r = −.25).
A Simplified Version of the Symlog® Trait Rating Form
Authors: Blumberg Herbert H.
Published: September 2010

This paper describes a brief measure of Bales's three SYMLOG dimensions. A sample of 204 undergraduates with a mean age of 24.7 yr., 72.4% of whom were women, completed the usual version of the SYMLOG Trait Rating Form. This could also be scored as if it were a simplified version, omitting some items. The Simplified Measure of the SYMLOG Trait Rating Form correlated fairly highly with the full form—with r between .87 and .89 for the corresponding versions of all three scale dimension scores—making it a suitable substitute for research or illustrative purposes on occasions when respondents' time is of the essence.
Reliability and Validity of the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency
Authors: Yoshizumi Takahiro , Murase Satomi , Murakami Takashi , Takai Jiro
Published: September 2010

The purposes of the present study were to develop a Parenting Scale of Inconsistency and to evaluate its initial reliability and validity. The 12 items assess the inconsistency among parents' moods, behaviors, and attitudes toward children. In the primary study, 517 participants completed three measures: the new Parenting Scale of Inconsistency, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Depression Scale of the General Health Questionnaire. The Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had good test-re-test reliability of .85 and internal consistency of .88 (Cronbach coefficient a). Construct validity was good as Inconsistency scores were significantly correlated with the Care and Overprotection scores of the Parental Bonding Instrument and with the Depression scores. Moreover, Inconsistency scores' relation with a dimension of parenting style distinct from Care and Overprotection suggested that the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had factorial validity. This scale seems a potential measure for examining the relationships between inconsistent parenting and the mental health of children.
A Coding Scheme for the Evaluation of the Relationship in Music Therapy Sessions
Authors: Raglio A. , Traficante D. , Oasi O.
Published: September 2010

This study presents a coding system for observation and monitoring of changes in the interactive behaviour between patient and therapist during music therapy sessions. The coding scheme was developed from a psychodynamic framework and mainly consists of four behavioural classes: Verbal Communication, Nonverbal Communication, Countenance, and Sonorous Musical Communication. The 15 minutes in the middle of each videotape concerning the first active music therapy session—based on the sonorous musical improvisation—were coded. Subjects were children (4 boys; 3 girls) ages 3 to 10 years ( M age = 6.3), diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and seven therapists. The method for data collection was continuous recording, applied through The Observer Video-Pro 5.0. For the reliability indexes there was a substantial agreement between assessments by video raters.
Phonological Cues Influence Sex Decisions about Novel Names
Authors: Wright Saundra K.
Published: September 2010

Investigations of first names in English have found that male and female names are distinguished by different phonological characteristics. This paper reports on findings that suggest native speakers of English rely on those same cues when making judgments about the sex of names with which they are unfamiliar. When presented with 40 novel, i.e., “invented” names, 25 university undergraduates judged one-syllable names and consonant-final names as male names; however, they judged two-syllable names and vowel-final names as female names. These findings indicate that certain phonological features are strong enough predictors of sex that they can be used to designate sex even with names never before encountered.
Dimensions of Self-Leadership: A German Replication and Extension
Authors: Müller Günter F.
Published: September 2010

In a sample of 167 German students three dimensions of self-leadership, i.e., constructive thoughts, natural reward creation, and proactive behavior, were replicated as when scale values of a German self-leadership questionnaire were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis very satisfactory fit-indices were obtained. In addition, dimensions of self-leadership correlated with entrepreneurial trait disposition (multiple R = 0.46, p <.01), and entrepreneurial job orientation (multiple R = 0.23, p < .05). Conclusions for further research and practical applications are discussed.