bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanomaterials for Soil Reclamation
Authors: Jain Avni , Singh Neha , Khan Suphiya
Published: April 2021

The demand for the development of eco-friendly, sustainable, and adaptable technologies for the disinfection of the environmental contaminants is increasing nowadays. Nano-bioremediation is one such technique that has made possible the use of biosynthetic nanoparticles for soil pollution remediation. It is an effective, efficient, and feasible method for revitalizing soil potential and rendering it pollution free. Pollutants present in soil are a great threat to soil biota, environment, and in fact human health. Nanomaterials exhibit the unique chemical and physical properties because of which they have always received attention in the growing era of bioremediation. Use of nanotechnology for bioremediation is one such technology as it focuses mainly on the interaction between the contaminants, the microorganisms, and the nanomaterials being used for both the positive (i.e., stimulating) and negative or toxic environmental effects. Thus, this chapter focuses on the need to recover the polluted soil and application of nano-remediation technology for restoring soil's cultivation capacity.
Rhizosphere Engineering and Soil Sustainability
Authors: Nazeer Samreen , Akram Muhammad Zubair , Ali Madad
Published: April 2021

Soils are a vital part of agricultural production. Soil health plays a significant role in the best crop production. Nowadays, our lands are under immense pressure. This pressure may be in the form of climatic changes that affect crop productivity or may be due to population increment that forces our current food system to produce more food to meet consumer needs. Climatic changes affect soil sustainability in the wrong way. Salinity, drought, and heavy metals disturb land structure badly. As the population increases, it dramatically impacts the current production system to fulfill the present needs. In all these situations, agricultural soil sustainability is a challenging factor for soil scientists to make our agriculture sustainable because agricultural sustainability couldn't be possible without maintaining soil health. Many approaches are available to improve soil structure and health. Among these, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium is a good option. It not only improves soil structure but also helps the plants under abiotic stress conditions.
Content Delivery Networks
Authors: Le Louédec Yannick , Yven Gaëlle , Bastide Valéry , Chen Yiping , Delsart Gwenaëlle , Dzida Mateusz , Fieau Frédéric , Fleming Patrick , Froger Ivan , Haddak Lahcene , Omnes Nathalie Labidurie , Thiebaut Vincent
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides an overview on the recent advances and perspectives on content delivery networks (CDNs). After a reminder on the definition and core features of CDNs, the first section highlights their importance with quantitative illustrations. The second section identifies the various types of CDNs which have been deployed to address different markets. The growth of the CDNs has been driven primarily by video streaming. Next to media content, CDNs have evolved to deliver always more demanding social networks and applications. Security solutions are now fully integrated into CDNs and marketed as flagship products. The third, fourth, and fifth sections outline the challenges and technical evolutions of the CDNs to keep up with their customers' hunger for media content, web performance, and security. The sixth section focuses on the convergence of CDNs and clouds. The seventh section reviews the status and perspectives of different approaches for using multiple CDNs. The last section presents the current positioning and future perspectives of the CDNs in the mobile domain.
The Role Ubuntu Could Have Played in Restorative Justice in Zimbabwe
Authors: Ncube Gibson
Published: April 2021

This chapter is interested in how there has been a lack of transitional justice in Zimbabwe in the aftermath of the political disturbances and genocide of the early 1980s. The overarching argument is that the failure to recognise the value of Ubuntu has engendered a missed opportunity at transitional justice and healing of wounds, which were caused by the massacres. Ubuntu's three fundamental praxes, according to Samkange, are the three fundamental maxims: the respect and recognition of the humanity of others, the preservation of life (human and otherwise), and the importance of the will of the people in as far as governance is concerned. The failure, by ZANU-PF governments, to recognise the salience of these three maxims has led to the persistent marginalisation of ethnic minorities and also the violent impunity of governance characterised by human rights abuses. This chapter proposes an Afrocentric restorative justice model that is founded on the concept of Ubuntu and focuses on the salience of the spirit of humanity in managing human conflicts.
Ubuntu in the Diaspora
Authors: Namisango Fatuma , Eyaa Sarah , Kansiime Peninah , Tusasiirwe Sharlotte
Published: April 2021

As people live in cross-cultural contexts, there is a need to recognize and appreciate the role of different worldviews and how they shape our understanding of humanity, upbringing, and engagement in social or work environments. The key starting point to enable this is exploring the often-overlooked indigenous philosophies of life such as Ubuntu and examining how such value systems survive alongside opposing or similar traditions. This chapter improves the understanding of cultural values by discussing the central tenets of the African philosophy of Ubuntu, in comparison to the Western ways of life and the strategies that Africans in the diaspora are applying to preserve Ubuntu values. Strategies for promoting Ubuntu in the education system and community settings are also recommended with the goal of enhancing cross-cultural awareness.
Impact of Industry 4.0 Revolution on Science, Technology, and Society (STS)
Authors: Ulusoy Tuba , Yasar Esra , Aktan Mehmet
Published: April 2021

The Industry 4.0 concept, which leads the Fourth Industrial Revolution, was introduced by Germany in 2011 at the Hannover Messe trade fair and attracted the attention of the world. Since that time, its effects have been seen in different fields, such as science, technology, and society. In this chapter, in order to investigate the effects of Industry 4.0 revolution, answers to the following questions will be presented: Are there any concerns about technological unemployment as a result of Industry 4.0. revolution? Which professions have emerged? How has Industry 4.0 affected society directly or indirectly? What are the technologies of this concept? How do these technologies affect manufacturing and service systems? What are the challenges of implementing the technologies of Industry 4.0? What are the benefits of digitalized manufacturing? Which studies are conducted to accelerate the shift of Industry 4.0 from science to reality? and Which studies have been conducted so far about this concept?
Evolution of Maintenance Processes in Industry 4.0
Authors: Thaduri Adithya , Famurewa Stephen Mayowa
Published: April 2021

Several industries are looking for smart methods to increase their production throughput and operational efficiency at the lowest cost, reduced risk, and reduced spending of resources considering demands from stakeholders, governments, and competitors. To achieve this, industries are looking for possible solutions to the above problems by adopting emerging technologies. A foremost concept that is setting the pace and direction for many sectors and services is Industry 4.0. The focus is on augmenting machines and infrastructure with wireless connectivity, sensors, and intelligent systems to monitor, visualize, and communicate incidences between different entities for decision making. An aspect of physical asset management that has been enormously influenced by the new industrial set-up is the maintenance process. This chapter highlights the issues and challenges of Industry 4.0 from maintenance process viewpoint according to EN 60300-3-14. Further, a conceptual model on how maintenance process can be integrated into Industrial 4.0 architecture is proposed to enhance its value.
Industry 4.0 and Sustainability
Authors: Yildiz Çankaya Sibel , Sezen Bülent
Published: April 2021

Modern industry developed over several centuries and three industrial revolutions. Today, we experience the fourth era of the industrial revolution, Industry 4.0. The advance of industrialization brought along many problems, including environmental pollution, global warming, and depletion of natural resources. As a result, the concept of sustainability began to gain importance. Sustainability can be achieved through a balance between economic, social, and environmental processes. In order to establish such balance, businesses need new business models or insights. At this point, Industry 4.0 can be regarded as a new business mindset that will help businesses and communities move towards sustainable development. The technologies used by Industry 4.0 bear a strong promise to solve these problems, after all. Even though Industry 4.0 attracts a lot of attention lately, few works are available on its impact on sustainability. This chapter examines the impact of Industry 4.0 on sustainability.
Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Gültekin Kutlu Zelal
Published: April 2021

In this study, the periodical differences of industrial revolutions, which is one of the effects of technological developments in the industrial field, and the last stage of it are mentioned. With the latest industrial revolution called Industry 4.0, machines work in harmony with technology at every stage of industrial areas. This period, known as Industry 4.0 or the fourth industrial revolution, refers to the system in which the latest production technologies, automation systems, and the technologies that make up this system exchange data with each other. In addition to the information technologies and automation systems used in Industry 3.0, industrial production has gained a whole new dimension with the use of the internet. With internet networks, machines, operators, and robots now work in harmony. At this point, the concept of internet of objects becomes important. Therefore, another focus of the study is the concept of internet of objects. There are some assumptions about the uses, benefits, and future status of the internet of things.
Understanding Digital Congruence in Industry 4.0
Authors: Ulusoy Berna
Published: April 2021

Industry 4.0 is a type of revolution that brings profound changes around the world. Industry 4.0 has both broadened the scope of digital transformation and raised its importance to organizations. The interconnection of digital and physical processes is fundamentally increasing. In this respect, digital transformation becomes a major driving force of Industry 4.0 for organizations. While Industry 4.0 presents key opportunities to boost competitiveness and promotes digital change, development of digital capabilities is significant for organizations to be better prepared to implement these advances. Thus, according to some authors, digital capabilities refer to digital congruence. Digital congruence relates to culture, people, structure, and tasks in organizations. It is therefore considered that explaining the link between digital congruence and Industry 4.0 will provide a unique insight into the research agenda of Industry 4.0.
Adoption of Design Thinking in Industry 4.0 Project Management
Authors: Dilan Ebru , Aydin Mehmet N.
Published: April 2021

Management of Industry 4.0 projects needs to have a distinct discourse, be flexible, iterative and creative. These projects are tightly linked with the way people work which is directly related to both their capabilities and their ways of thinking. Challenging Industry 4.0 projects entail out-of-the-box thinking. The basic premise of this research is that the complex transformation accompanying Industry 4.0, which involves various dimensions, requires extensive and effective project management that can leverage novel approaches and techniques such as design thinking. This new approach may overcome the limitations of the dominant model of standard project management and has the potential to bridge the gap between a refreshed project management perspective and the tools/techniques in practical use. Deciding whether, and to what extent, design thinking needs to be adopted in practice in Industry 4.0 project management is a challenge. However, it is time to start exploring the challenges governing the interface between agile approaches such as design thinking and Industry 4.0 project management.
Managing Social Innovation Through CSR 2.0 and the Quadruple Helix
Authors: Saiz-Alvarez José Manuel
Published: April 2021

The quadruple helix models are widely used when you want to have an integrating vision of the strategies used to combat poverty in emerging countries, including Mexico. The objective of this chapter is to propose a novel model of quadruple helix based on ethics and CSR 2.0 that can lay the foundations to develop the Industry 4.0 in emerging countries. To achieve this objective, the author distinguishes between CSR 1.0 and 2.0. Second, these concepts are united with the economy of the common good and the economy of solidarity. These conceptual bases will allow us to develop the relationship between business ethics and the Industry 4.0 to reach some conclusions.
Technologies for Sustainability Within the Framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Cuevas Zuñiga Ingrid Yadibel , Flores María del Rocío Soto , Ramìrez Ericka Molina
Published: April 2021

The effects of climate change have led to the incorporation of environmentally friendly technologies and the fourth industrial revolution, which is marked a paradigm at the global level since it represents the ways in which intelligent technology, connected, is embedded in organizations as well as the daily lives of people. So, the objective of this research is to identify the main technologies for sustainability in organizations within the framework of the fourth industrial revolution with the purpose to see sustainable development as an opportunity business for the economic, social, and environmental benefits.
Technologies for Industry 4.0 Data Solutions
Authors: García Ander , Arbelaiz Ander , Franco Javier , Oregui Xabier , Simões Bruno , Etxegoien Zelmar , Bilbao Andoni
Published: April 2021

One of the main objectives of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is to generate new opportunities based on the convergence of traditionally isolated technologies such as industrial control systems (ICSs) and information and communication technology (ICT). This presents new opportunities to take advantage of ICT technologies to develop new applications and services related to industrial processes. However, there are a variety of requirements and constraints that must be addressed for the attainment of this purpose. Moreover, the large amount of existing technologies and tools that can cope with these requirements makes the definition and selection of a solution a cumbersome task for traditional industrial workers with a non-ICT focused background. This chapter analyses and describes the main requirements and technologies required to provide a data-based Industry 4.0 solution.
Role of Additive Manufacturing in Industry 4.0 for Maintenance Engineering
Authors: Kumar Arun , Singh Gurminder , Singh Ravinder Pal , Pandey Pulak Mohan
Published: April 2021

The chapter describes the role of additive manufacturing (AM) in Industry 4.0 (I4.0) for maintenance engineering. A brief introduction of the fourth industrial revolution and related technologies has been included. The different AM processes with significant contributions in the relevant industry sectors have been discussed along with suitable examples. Difference between the manufacturing capabilities of conventional and AM technologies has also been presented. Owing to its high degree of design freedom, AM helps to reduce the spare parts inventory cost, component assembly cost, and can replace the discontinued parts easily. A case study presenting these key distinctive features of AM, which make it an indispensable technology for I4.0, are also discussed. Furthermore, the barriers to the adoption of AM technology by manufacturers and possible remedial actions are also discussed in brief. The knowledge gaps in terms of materials and design tools for AM have been identified and a probable road ahead has been discussed.
Laser Additive Manufacturing in Industry 4.0
Authors: Paul Christ P. , Jinoop Arackal N. , Nayak Saurav K. , Paul Alini C.
Published: April 2021

Additive manufacturing is one of the nine technologies fuelling the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). High power lasers augmented with allied digital technologies is changing the entire manufacturing scenario through metal additive manufacturing by providing feature-based design and manufacturing with the technology called laser additive manufacturing (LAM). It enables the fabrication of customized components having complex and lightweight designs with high performance in a short period. The chapter compiles the evolution and global status of LAM technology highlighting its advantages and freedoms for various industrial applications. It discusses how LAM is contributing to Industry 4.0 for the fabrication of customized engineering and prosthetic components through case studies. It compiles research, development, and deployment scenarios of this new technology in developing economies along with the future scope of the technology.
Balancing Exploration and Exploitation Through Customer Development Model
Authors: Bhandari Krishna Raj
Published: April 2021

Balancing exploration and exploitation in entrepreneurial ventures enabled by Industry 4.0 has not been the focus of the existing literature. It is because the phenomenon is emerging and the focus has been to use practitioners' best practices in studying such phenomenon. In this chapter, the author combines the literature in balancing exploration and exploitation with the practitioners' best practices such as customer development model and lean startup. The author proposes that the existing models are good in principle but in order to really solve the problem in such an uncertain environment driven by big data, cloud computing, internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence, managers need to embed optimization algorithms in their decision making.
Managing Customer Journeys in a Nimble Way for Industry 4.0
Authors: Janssens Jurgen
Published: April 2021

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, customers expect companies to provide journeys in line with rapidly changing expectations. This allows for great potential for project portfolios that can enable tailored experiences, powered by technology and insights coming from the 360° view of the customer, to improve the experience and touchpoints before, during or after the main interaction of customers with a company. This chapter will illustrate that project managers need to master a dual dynamic to do so. On the one hand, new types of projects, changing expectations and shifting habits offer humbling challenges. On the other hand, governance, change and delivery continue to be the foundational baseline. By integrating theoretical insights and real-life cases from conservative and progressive industries, the author wants to stimulate project managers. Rather than seeing Industry 4.0 as a transformational tsunami, they should see it as an opportunity to remain curious, nimble and committed, while working in a reality where rapidly changing demand entails growth, learning and great value.
Technology Project Portfolio Selection in Industry 4.0
Authors: Budak Aysenur , Ustundag Alp
Published: April 2021

Industry 4.0 transformation is creating changing dynamics in business and becoming a highly important concept that requires the support of top management for projects and investment. As a result of transformation processes, Industry 4.0 develops more productive and continuous systems, and companies have been searching for the right adaptation of this transformation. In order to succeed in this Industry 4.0 transition, decision-making regarding the selection of profitable technology projects is a key point for companies. The proposed model incorporates two important goals: profit maximization by selecting technology projects and the development of simulation-based optimization with a three-step stage-gate model for technology project portfolio management under conditions such as resources, costs, and the probabilities of completion of stages and success. The stage-gate system contributes to the model development through the various steps from idea to launch and helps manage the Industry 4.0 transition process to improve effectiveness and efficiency.
Industry 4.0 From the Supply Chain Perspective
Authors: Boza Andrés , Alarcón Faustino , Perez David , Gómez-Gasquet Pedro
Published: April 2021

Industry 4.0 proposals have an important impact not only in companies but also in the complete supply chain. The effect in the supply chain is different depending on each Industry 4.0 proposal and each supply chain configuration. This chapter deals with Industry 4.0 from the supply chain perspective. Four levels of scope on the supply chain and a classification scheme based on three blocks (technologies, features and extensions) have been defined. Finally, the case study in the food sector gives a real vision of some previously introduced concepts about Industry 4.0 from the supply chain perspective.
Sustainable Performance of Tunisian SMEs in Industry 4.0
Authors: Abdulaziz Alhumaidan Abdullah , Ahmad Noor Hazlina
Published: April 2021

The research aims to know the impact of sustainability orientation on sustainable performance. The data has been collected through a survey and the probability-random sampling technique has been employed. The study sample is micro and small enterprises in Tunisia. The organizational level is the unit of analysis, which are the owners of these enterprises. It has been concluded that managers' orientations have an influence on environmental and social performance, but their orientations towards sustainability did not impact economic performance. The study has suggested that future research could investigate different organizations irrespective of their size and industry that would make it easy to generalize results.
Industry 4.0 as the Last Industrial Revolution and Its Opportunities for Developing Countries
Authors: Hopali Egemen , Vayvay Özalp
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, better understanding of Industry 4.0 is presented by investigating the role of different technologies and business partners on success of Industry 4.0. Enablers for smart factory are discussed in detail, and how to match these enablers with value chain partners of Industry 4.0 are identified as a new perspective on Industry 4.0. Furthermore, the aim of this chapter is to present actions to be taken from the point of the emerging economies to sustain and increase competitive advantage by catching and implementing Industry 4.0. Consequently, Industry 4.0 can enable developing countries to get a bigger slice of the world manufacturing value chain.
Redesign of the Workplace for Toolmakers Towards Industry 4.0
Authors: Radić Ivana , Rupnik Bojan , Šinko Simona , Kramberger Tomaž , Gajšek Brigita
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents a workspace redesign of a toolmaker position in a tooling industry towards Industry 4.0. In general, the theory is lacking studies that would pinpoint concrete methodology to present the redesign of a company specific workplace in a way that would follow guidelines of the Industry 4.0 systematically. In this research, the authors have primarily focused on a digital readiness and identification of potential areas and tasks suitable for the implementation of enabling technologies. Collected data are based on the case study conducted in a tooling company. The result is a procedure to generate a systematic approach, a roadmap, towards Industry 4.0. To achieve the redesign of toolmaker's workplace, the authors combined the AS-IS state analysis and use Toolbox Industry 4.0. The effects of a redesigned process manifest in reduced laborious, repetitive manual work, errors, and toolmaker workload.
Ceramic Industry 4.0
Authors: Barata João , Silva Francisco , Almeida Marisa
Published: April 2021

Industry 4.0 presents new challenges for traditional sectors of the economy, for example, the production of ceramic products. This chapter reveals how traditional ceramic industries can (1) assess, (2) plan, and (3) execute Industry 4.0 adoption. The findings are based on the Portuguese ceramic sector. Three interrelated dimensions of the fourth industrial revolution are studied, namely, (1) digital ecosystems, (2) security and safety, and (3) digital sustainability. Industry 4.0 is not restricted to high-tech products and cannot be addressed by one-size-fits-all solutions. Moreover, it requires cooperation within business ecosystems. The authors propose a model for Ceramic Industry 4.0 and accessible guidelines for managers involved in global supply chains. This chapter suggests emergent research opportunities for (1) sectorial maturity models, (2) data quality and regulatory compliance, (3) cyber-security and risk management, and (4) an integrated vision of sustainability in the digital era.
Impact of Industry 4.0 in Architecture and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Mirarchi Claudio , Pavan Alberto , Di Martino Beniamino , Esposito Antonio
Published: April 2021

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is recognized as the central mean in the digitalization process of the construction sector affecting both the technological and the organizational levels. The use of information models can empower communication capabilities thus addressing one of the main development directions of industry 4.0. However, several issues can be highlighted in the representation of objects through information models especially in the case of existing and/or historical buildings. This chapter proposes an extensive analysis of the use of BIM for existing assets exploring the recent development in the area of machine learning and in the use of ontologies to overcome the existing issues. It will provide a structured presentation of existing works and of perspectives in the use of ontologies, expert systems, and machine learning application in architecture and cultural heritage focusing on communication and data use in digital environments along the industry 4.0 paradigm.
Leadership 5.0 in Industry 4.0
Authors: Akkaya Bülent
Published: April 2021

In today's competitive environment, agile firms tend to be more successful. If today's technology companies, which are leaders in their sector, may fail in that competitive environment, it would be possible that they might lose their market leadership in the future. Some companies which were in the top in market in their own sector in the past are likely to be stand back from their competitors for not adapting to market change conditions. Fast process of technology and digital world are taking place in all organizational authoritative in all area and in all kind of sectors because the business world is transformed by the postmodern revolution-Fourth Industrial Revolution. In this dynamic environment, leaders should learn new management behaviors, with which they can communicate both internal and external environment of their enterprises by the strategies of being agile and innovative organizations. This can be by being aware of changes in environment and having the ability to manage these changes for the company's favor.
Human Capital Management in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Kalitanyi Vivence , Goldman Geoff A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter identifies the drivers and challenges of the fourth industrial revolution. The fourth industrial revolution consists of artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, and many others technological innovations. The recent transformation in the global environment is affecting the way businesses are conducted, managed, and the way governments and societies are run. Today, business analysts are faced with the challenge of managing both human and digital workforce effectively without making any stakeholder in the business environment worse off. Hence, human capital management in the fourth industrial revolution involves effective development and deployment of human resources, artificial intelligence, and robotics to achieve organisational goals and objectives. It is expected that the principles underlying human capital management—planning, staffing, development, compensation, and investment in digital workforce—will become more intense and complex.
Human Capital Formation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Onyina Paul Adjei
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on the drivers of human capital development in the fourth industrial revolution by examining the role of women. It discusses the role of women in economic development since 570BC. Women are ignored in most important areas in society whereas men are found at the frontline. However, available empirical analyses suggest that when women are empowered, they are able to turn the tables in their favour. The chapter outlines development role played by selected women across time and uses data from studies to show poor representation of women on international bodies and parliamentary seats. Selected women that have led and continue to lead various countries all over the world are presented. This chapter argues that women are important stakeholders in economic freedom. The chapter suggests encouraging society and men in particular to help women become front line participants in the human capital development for the fourth industrial revolution.
New Generation of Productive Workers
Authors: Cresnar Rok
Published: April 2021

The main purpose of this chapter is to consider how can the millennials' personal values impact employee productivity in the future organizational environment of Industry 4.0. In the modern business environment, major changes are happening in many fronts. On one hand, we have the phenomenon of digitalization and Industry 4.0, and on another hand, we see that the millennials are rapidly taking over important roles and positions in those organizations that are impacted by digitalization. If we consider the notion that the new industrial revolution behind Industry 4.0 will be based on major improvements in productivity due to the mediating effect of a technological revolution, then the role of employee productivity or better say the millennials' productivity will be paramount. This chapter shows that based on deep analysis of millennials' personal values worldwide, the millennials hold prominent personal values, which correspond well with Industry 4.0 readiness and competency models, meaning that they can significantly impact the productivity of an organization.
Education in the Era of Industry 4.0
Authors: Patel Dharmendra Trikamlal
Published: April 2021

Industry 4.0 has changed the thinking of industry owners in terms of technological usage. With the help of modern digital technology, industry can fulfill the requirements of customers easily and compete strongly against their competitors. In order to achieve good quality of products at an affordable price, industry needs skilled people who are aware of autonomous and intelligent components. To prepare skilled people compatible with Industry 4.0, education plays a very important role. The chapter starts with which kind of qualifications are needed to fit in the smart factory era. In next section, the chapter deals with challenges that emerge in education in order to implement skills suitable for Industry 4.0. Lastly, the chapter describes opportunities for the education sector as far as the smart factory is concerned.
The Future of Product Design Education Industry 4.0
Authors: Loy Jennifer , Novak James I.
Published: April 2021

When a society is undergoing transformational change, it is a challenge for all involved to step outside their immediate context sufficiently to evaluate its implications. In the current digital revolution driving Industry 4.0, the pace of change is rapid, and its scale and complexity can inhibit a proactive, rather than reactive, response. Yet if it were possible to return to the first industrial revolution, armed with twenty-first century knowledge and historical perspective, planning for a healthy society and the future of work could have been very different. This chapter aims to support educational leadership in the development of proactive strategies to respond to the challenges and opportunities of Industry 4.0 to inform the future of work, industry, and society. This is framed through the lens of product design, with its unique position at the nexus of engineering and the humanities, and directly tied to changes affecting manufacturing in the fourth industrial revolution.
Sustainable Manufacturing in the Era of Industry 4.0
Authors: Kumar Ravinder
Published: April 2021

This is an era of information technology and Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing sector. Globalization and spread of technology have leveled the field of competition among all economies. With aforementioned development, there is a need for sustainable manufacturing practices to justify the use of natural resources all over the globe. Both developed and developing economies should adopt the sustainable practices of manufacturing. On other hand, managing challenges of sustainable manufacturing is an uphill task for manufacturing organizations for several reasons. In this chapter, the author has analyzed the challenges of sustainable manufacturing by using DEMATEL technique to differentiate them in cause and effect challenges. This differentiation can further help in effective analysis of these challenges. From practical and managerial viewpoints, this study can help the policymakers and strategy planners of manufacturing organizations in better understanding of sustainability and its aspects. Further, it can help in developing policies on sustainable manufacturing on national and international level both in developed and developing economies.
Investigation of Operational Characteristics of Mechatronic Systems in Industry 4.0
Authors: Turmanidze Raul , Dašić Predrag V. , Popkhadze Giorgi
Published: April 2021

This work presents the results of an analysis of the main expected potential problems that may occur in the implementation of the Industry 4.0 reform. It is proved that the pace and level of development of this reform will largely be determined by the effectiveness of the used mechatronic systems. It has also been established that as a result of systematic miniaturization of the nodes of radio-electronic equipment and microelectronic equipment and microelectronic technology, the main problem of these reforms and the implementation of complex technological processes is instrumental support, especially cutting micro-tools. Therefore, the examples of these micro-tools show methods for improving their performance characteristics.
Cybersecurity Issues and Challenges in Industry 4.0
Authors: Kour Ravdeep
Published: April 2021

The convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) and the associated paradigm shift toward fourth industrial revolution (aka Industry 4.0) in companies has brought tremendous changes in technology vision with innovative technologies such as robotics, big data, cloud computing, online monitoring, internet of things (IoT), cyber-physical systems (CPS), cognitive computing, and artificial intelligence (AI). However, this transition towards the fourth industrial revolution has many benefits in productivity, efficiency, revenues, customer experience, and profitability, but also imposes many challenges. One of the challenges is to manage and secure large amount of data generated from internet of things (IoT) devices that provide many entry points for hackers in the form of a threat to exploit new and existing vulnerabilities within the network. This chapter investigates various cybersecurity issues and challenges in Industry 4.0 with more focus on three industrial case studies.
An Introduction to IWoT
Authors: Retamar Ángel , Ibaseta Daniel , Mangas Andrés G. , Gallego Iván , Canella Irene Alonso , Fernández Lucía
Published: April 2021

The major drawback of the industrial internet of things is the lack of interoperability across the plethora of IoT platforms. Cross-platform services often require the development of complex software components for protocol translation, device discovery, and thing lifecycle management. As a result, these systems are too expensive and hard to develop. The W3C Consortium launched the Web of Things Working Group to develop the standards for open interoperability in the internet of things. This chapter presents the web of things specifications for systems architecture and communication protocols and how they can be applied in industrial domains, building the industrial web of things. Finally, this chapter shows that this industrial web of things is built upon a network of systems and devices linked with universal open standards such as enterprise systems, which are nowadays communicated through the conventional “web of pages,” as a key player in the Industry 4.0 revolution.
Challenges for Pakistani SMEs in Industry 4.0
Authors: Iqbal Qaisar , Ahmad Noor Hazlina
Published: April 2021

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the development of any economy. The disruptive technologies of the fourth industrial revolution have ignited the flexibility and dynamic nature of the market. Industry 4.0 requires firms to deliver highly customized and high-quality products at low price and on time. However, the SMEs sector is not performing up to the standard, which is quite disturbing in the current economic situation of the country. This chapter has elaborated the application of advanced information and communication technologies of Industry 4.0 in the context of SMEs. Based on the requirements of Industry 4.0, this chapter has also explored the challenges faced by SMEs in Pakistan. The SMEs in Pakistan are presently coping the challenges such as limited access to finance, the undue compliance and excessive paperwork imposed by regulators, lacking mechanism of talent management, lacking skilled workforce, absence of networking and collaboration, mismanagement of raw material, and insufficient infrastructure.
Factors Influencing Port Terminal Automation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Padayachee Indira , Mukomana John
Published: April 2021

Port terminals play an integral role in the transportation logistics chain by providing cargo handling, storage, and warehousing services to a range of shipping lines, freight forwarders, and cargo owners. This chapter reports on a case study aimed at determining the challenges and limitations experienced with the current information and communication technology used in port terminals in Durban and examines how technological, organizational, and environmental factors influence port automation. A quantitative approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was designed to collect data. The findings revealed that adequate technology needs to be acquired, and the compatibility and complexity of the technology have the biggest influence on the automation of terminal ports in Durban. Communication with stakeholders and IT skills retention were found to be the most important organizational factors and customer readiness emerged as an important environmental factor influencing the automation of port terminals in Durban.
Deep Learning-Based Service Discovery for Business Process Re-Engineering in the Era of Big Data
Authors: Jiang Bo , Chen Junwu , Wang Ye , Zhao Liping , Liu Pengxiang
Published: April 2021

In recent years, business process re-engineering has played an important role in the development of large-scale web-based applications. To re-engineer business processes, business services are developed and coordinated by reusing a set of open APIs and services on the internet. Yet, the number of services on the internet has grown drastically, making it difficult for them to be discovered to support the changing business goals. One major challenge is therefore to search for a suitable service that matches a specific business goal from a large number of available services in an efficient and effective manner. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a deep learning approach for massive service discovery. The approach, thus called MassRAFF, employs a combination of the recurrent attention and feature fusion methods. This paper first presents the MassRAFF approach and then reports on an experiment for evaluating this approach. The experimental results show that the MassRAFF approach has performed reasonably well and has potential to be improved further in future work.
Detecting Safe Routes During Floods Using Deep Learning
Authors: Mathur Mayank , Agarwal Yashi , Shah Shubham Pavitra , K. Lavanya
Published: April 2021

Floods are one of the most devastating and frequently occurring natural disasters throughout the world. Floods can cause blockage of roads and hence create trouble for civilians and authorities to navigate in the flooded area. This paper proposes an automated system that uses a road extraction algorithm to extract roads from satellite images to create a highlighted map of all the available roads during floods. The road extraction algorithm the authors developed uses U-net model architecture, a fully convolutional neural network, to extract roads from aerial images (satellite images and drone images). Convolutional Neural Network is robust to shadows and water streams, able to obtain the characteristics of roads adequately and most importantly, able to produce output quickly, which is necessary for flood evacuations and relief. The developed system can be deployed as an Application Programming Interface or stand-alone system, loaded on drones, which will provide the users with a map highlighting safe paths to traverse the flooded areas.
DATAtourist
Authors: Boudaa Boudjemaa , Figuir Djamila , Hammoudi Slimane , Benslimane Sidi mohamed
Published: April 2021

Collaborative and content-based recommender systems are widely employed in several activity domains helping users in finding relevant products and services (i.e., items). However, with the increasing features of items, the users are getting more demanding in their requirements, and these recommender systems are becoming not able to be efficient for this purpose. Built on knowledge bases about users and items, constraint-based recommender systems (CBRSs) come to meet the complex user requirements. Nevertheless, this kind of recommender systems witnesses a rarity in research and remains underutilised, essentially due to difficulties in knowledge acquisition and/or in their software engineering. This paper details a generic software architecture for the CBRSs development. Accordingly, a prototype mobile application called DATAtourist has been realized using DATAtourisme ontology as a recent real-world knowledge source in tourism. The DATAtourist evaluation under varied usage scenarios has demonstrated its usability and reliability to recommend personalized touristic points of interest.
Teaching Management and Monitoring Abnormal Network Behaviors Under COVID-19
Authors: Li Yao , Luo Ping
Published: April 2021

Due to the epidemic of COVID-19, more social activities have been moved to the internet, such as online education and online learning. The education management to avoid burst events is a basic requirement of online education, especially when a huge number of persons are visiting at the same time. In order to monitor the abnormal and burst access in online education systems, this paper proposes an anomaly detection method by using data flow to mining high frequency events among massive network traffic data during online education. First, the data flow in traffic network is described as a special structure which is used to establish an efficient high frequent event detection algorithm. Second, the network traffic flow is reduced to make it possible to monitor large-scale concurrent network visiting. The effectiveness of the abnormal network behavior detection method is verified through the experiment on a real network environment for online education.
An Intelligent Network Intrusion Detection System Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Deep Network Networks (DNN)
Authors: Preethi D.  , Khare Neelu
Published: April 2021

Network intrusion detection system (NIDS) plays a major role in ensuring network security. In this paper, the authors propose a PSO-DNN-based intrusion detection system. The correlation-based feature selection (CFS) applied for feature selection with particle swarm optimization (PSO) as search method and deep neural networks (DNN) for classification of network intrusions. The Adam optimizer is applied for optimizing the learning rate, and softmax classifier is used for classification. The experimentations were duly conducted on the standard benchmark NSL-KDD dataset. The proposed model is validated using 10-fold cross-validation and evaluated using the performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Also, the results are also compared with DNN and CFS+DNN. The experimental results show that the proposed model performs better compared with other methods considered for comparison.
Meta-Heuristic MOALO Algorithm for Energy-Aware Clustering in the Internet of Things
Authors: Poluru Ravi Kumar , Lokeshkumar R.
Published: April 2021

Boosting data transmission rate in IoT with minimized energy is the research issue under consideration in recent days. The main motive of this paper is to transmit the data in the shortest paths to decrease energy consumption and increase throughput in the IoT network. Thus, in this paper, the authors consider delay, traffic rate, and density in designing a multi-objective energy-efficient routing protocol to reduce energy consumption via the shortest paths. First, the authors propose a cluster head picking approach that elects optimal CH. It increases the effective usage of nodes energy and eventually results in prolonged network lifetime with enhanced throughput. The data transmission rate is posed as a fitness function in the multi-objective ant lion optimizer algorithm (MOALOA). The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated using MATLAB and achieved high convergence, extended lifetime, as well as throughput when compared to representative approaches like E-LEACH, mACO, MFO-ALO, and ALOC.
Fundamental Core Effects in Transition Metal High-Entropy Alloys: “High-Entropy” and “Sluggish Diffusion” Effects
Authors: Mehta Abhishek , Sohn Yong Ho
Published: April 2021

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are equimolar multi-principal-element alloys (MPEAs) that are different from traditional solvent-based multicomponent alloys based on the concept of alloy design. Based on initial work by Yeh and co-workers, HEAs were postulated to exhibit four “core” effects: high entropy, sluggish diffusion, lattice distortion, and cocktail effect. Out of these four proposed core effects, “high entropy” and “sluggish diffusion” effects were most debated in the literature as these core effects directly affect the thermodynamic and kinetic understanding of HEAs. The initial work on HEAs by several researchers utilized these effects to indirectly support the experimentally observed “unique” properties, without independent investigation of these core effects. The presumed implications of these core effects resulted in justification or generalization of properties to all HEAs, e.g., all HEAs should exhibit high temperature stability based on high entropy effect, high temperature strength owing to limited grain growth, good diffusion barrier application due to sluggish diffusion kinetics, etc. However, many recent studies have challenged these core effects, and suggested that not all HEAs were observed to exhibit these core effects.