bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF DIET ON LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF FORFICULA SENEGALENSIS SERVILLE (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Boukary Ibrahim Baoua , Tourneur Jean-Claude , Gingras Jean
Published: April 2011

The effects of various diets composed of millet leaves and stems, millet anthers, and animal prey on the development of Forficula senegalensis Serville were studied in the laboratory using mortality, duration of development, and weight at eclosion and at imaginal moult as comparative parameters. A diet of millet leaves and stems did not allow larvae to reach the adult stage. A diet of millet anthers allowed the production of adults, but with high mortality. When fed animal prey, the larvae developed adequately into adults, but with the mixed diet (prey and millet anthers) development was more rapid and the weight of the adults produced was greater. Millet leaves are probably not an important part of larval earwigs diet in their natural environment. They do, however, eat millet anthers and they may also feed on the insect fauna that lives on millet.
GENERIC CLASSIFICATION, EVOLUTION, AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SMINTHURIDAE OF THE WORLD (COLLEMBOLA)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: April 2011

The Sminthuridae, which comprises the largest of the two world-wide families in the suborder Symphypleona, contains 31 genera. Four of these,Collophora,Bothriovulsus,Vesicephalus, andTemeritasare described as new. This study was undertaken mainly to more accurately ascertain relationships within the family. As a result four subfamilies, the Sminthuridinae, the Katianninae, the Dicyrtominae, and the Sminthurinae, are recognized. Of these, the Sminthuridinae seems to have been the first group to become established and the Sminthurinae was relatively the more recent group. The material has been analyzed for indications as to probable age of the units that have been called genera and the place of origin. It seems likely that the generic units existed before the close of the Cretaceous and that the group originated in the north.
The North American Aegeriidae (Lepidoptera): A Revision Based on Late-Instar Larvae
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: April 2011

The North American Aegeriidae are revised on the basis of the study of late-instar larvae of about 60 species. These species represent 20 genera in five tribes in two subfamilies: Bembeciini, Zenodoxini, Aegeriini and Melittiini in Zenodoxinae and Synanthedontini in Synanthedontinae. The presently recognized genera,RamosiaEngelhardt,ConopiaHübner andThamnospheciaSpuler are reduced to synonyms ofSynanthedonHübner. Three new genera are defined by larval characters but are referred to only as Genera I, II and III. Larval characters for most of the species are discussed and illustrated; keys to species, genera and tribes are provided. Tribes, genera and most species are arranged in the text as nearly as possible according to their phylogenetic relationships as suggested by the larvae.
LARVAE AND PUPAE OF SOME EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN TABANIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: April 2011

Bionomic and phylogenetic research on the Tabanidae is hampered by an inadequate knowledge of their immature stages, the larvae and (or) pupae of only 154 of the approximately 2000 world species being known. The present study is an attempt to partially rectify this situation in North America where it is almost as acute as elsewhere.By means of hand-searching or using a specially designed sieve and multiple Berlese funnel, larvae were obtained from 219 wetland habitats of various types in Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and New Jersey. Many of the larvae were then reared to the adult stage to provide conclusive species identification. During the rearings larval and pupal exuviae were retained and preserved. These together with accurately associated whole preserved larvae and the immatures of several species obtained from other sources were the basis for detailed general descriptions of tabanid larvae and pupae, keys and diagnostic descriptions of these stages as well as descriptive comments on the habitats of the 36 species of Chrysops, 1 Merycomyia, 19 Tabanus, 7 Atylotus, and 18 Hybomitra which are included in the paper. The larvae and pupae of 43 species are described for the first time.In discussing the phylogenetic implications of these larvae and pupae several evolutionary trends and the high degree of concordance between these stages and the adults is pointed out, which lends considerable support to the present classification based solely on adults. The non-alignment of the immatures of some species suggests their improper placement. However, this cannot be proved until the immature stages of many more species covering a broader spectrum of the family are known.Parasitism involving Carinosillus tabanivorus (Hall) (Tachinidae), Villa lateralis Say (Bombyliidae), Diglochis occidentalis Ashm. (Pteromalidae), and Trichopria sp. (Diapriidae) accounted for approximately two per cent of the mortality of reared specimens.
THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: I. SUBGENERAOROSAGROTIS,LONGIVESICA,CHORIZAGROTIS,PLEONECTOPODA, ANDCRASSIVESICA
Authors: Hardwick David F.
Published: April 2011

The large and complex genusEuxoais divided into six subgenera:Orosagrotis,Longivesica,Euxoa,Chorizagrotis,Pleonectopoda, andCrassivesica.OrosagrotisandChorizagrotishave until now been considered as valid noctuid genera by many workers.LongivesicaandCrassivesicaare here described as new. The taxonomy and distribution of North American species in all subgenera except the very extensive subgenusEuxoaare considered in the present paper. Only 49 species in a probable North AmericanEuxoafauna of some 200 species are included in the five subgenera reviewed here, however.Within the genus, species have been segregated into subgenera and species groups largely on the basis of the structure of the male genitalia, and particularly on the conformation of the vesica of the male. Keys to subgenera, species groups, and species are presented. No new species are described. Subspecies are not formally considered because an adequate analysis of the often complex geographic variation is beyond the scope of this paper.
A CATALOGUE OF TYPES OF COLEOPTERA IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECTS
Authors: de Ruette Raymond
Published: April 2011

The type material in the Coleoptera Section of the Canadian National Collection is catalogued. The collection contains 679 holotypes, 355 allotypes, 47 lectotypes, 2 neotypes, 211 species are represented by syntypes, and 1392 by paratypes or paralectotypes. The reference to the original description for each species is cited. All data associated with the specimens is quoted except in the case of paratypes and paralectotypes. An index to all species is included.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE WORLD FAUNA OF THE SALTUSAPHIDINAE, OR SEDGE APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: April 2011

The Saltusaphidinae, or sedge aphids, as here understood consists of the following 49 species: Allaphis daviaulti (Quednau), Allaphis thripsoides (Hille Ris Lambers), Allaphis utahensis (Knowlton and Hall), Allaphis verrucosa (Gillette), Iziphya albipes Richards, Iziphya americana (Baker), Iziphya austriaca BÖrner, Iziphya brevipes Richards, Iziphya bufo (Walker), Iziphya flabella (Sanborn), Iziphya fungifera (Ossiannilsson), Iziphya grandipes Richards, Iziphya ingegardae Hille Ris Lambers, Iziphya leegei (BÖrner), Iziphya maculata Nevsky, Iziphya meridionalis (Hille Ris Lambers and v. d. Bosch), Iziphya nigriceps Richards, Iziphya oettingenii Quednau, Iziphya punctatella Richards, Iziphya spenceri Richards, Iziphya umbella Richards, Iziphya variabilis Quednau, Iziphya vittata Richards, Saltusaphis iberica (BÖrner), Saltusaphis scirpa Theobald, Sminthuraphis ulrichi Quednau, Stenaphis bodenheimeri (Hille Ris Lambers), Stenaphis elongata (Baker), Subsaltusaphis aquatalis (Ossiannilsson), Subsaltusaphis canadensis new species, Subsaltusaphis flava (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis intermedia (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis lambersi (Quednau), Subsaltusaphis maritima (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis ornata (Theobald), Subsaltusaphis pallida (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis paniceae (Quednau), Subsaltusaphis picta (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis rossneri (BÖrner), Subsaltusaphis virginica (Baker), Subsaltusaphis wanica (Hottes and Frison), Thripsaphis ballii (Gillette), Thripsaphis brevicornis Ossiannilsson, Thripsaphis caespitosae Ossiannilsson, Thripsaphis gelrica Hille Ris Lambers, Thripsaphis longisetis new species, Trichocallis cyperi (Walker), Trichocallis ossiannilssoni (Hille Ris Lambers), and Peltaphis hottesi Frison and Ross. Keys to genera and species and notes on the distribution of each species are given. Except for Iziphya leegei, which feeds on Juncus spp., all of the species breed on the Cyperaceae. A host index has been compiled from the material studied and the literature cited.
REVIEW OFLYGOCORISSPECIES FOUND IN CANADA AND ALASKA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: April 2011

Thirty species of the genusLygocorisReuter known to occur in Canada and Alaska are reviewed.Lygocoris confusus(Knight) is considered to be a synonym ofL.contaminatus(Fallen),communisvar.novascotiensis(Knight) is a synonym ofcommunis(Knight),caryaevar.subfuscus(Knight) is a synonym ofcaryae(Knight), andcanadensisvar.binotatus(Knight) is a synonym ofcanadensis(Knight). The species considered are:pabulinus(Linnaeus),lucorum(Meyer),alni(Knight),artricallusKelton,atritylus(Knight),belfragii(Reuter),canadensis(Knight),caryae(Knight),clavigenitalis(Knight),communis(Knight),contaminatus(Fallen),fagi(Knight),geneseensis(Knight),hirticulus(Van Duzee),inconspicuus(Knight),invitus(Say),johnsoni(Knight),knightiKelton,laureae(Knight),omnivagus(Knight),ostryae(Knight),parrotti(Knight),piceicolaKelton,quercalbae(Knight),semivittatus(Knight),tiliae(Knight),univittatus(Knight),viburni(Knight),vilticollis(Reuter), andwalleyiKelton.A key to species, brief redescriptions, illustrations of species and male claspers, distribution maps, and host plants are included. A list of the remaining 10 species known from the United States is appended.
A REVISION OF THE GENUSTACHINUS(COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: April 2011

The species of the genusTachinus(Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) of North and Central America are revised. Forty-four species are recognized, of which eight are described as new; eight species names are placed in synonymy. The subgeneraDrymoporusThomson andPorodrymusRey are placed in synonymy withTachinusand the genus is divided into 17 species groups based on an examination of both the Nearctic and the Palearctic fauna. The distribution of each species is mapped and the male genitalia, the male and female eighth abdominal sternites and tergites, and the male seventh sternite are illustrated for every species. A neotype is designated forT.fumipennisSay, and lectotypes are designated for all the North and Central American species ofTachinusdescribed by Gravenhorst, Erichson, Mäklin, Horn, and Sharp. Diagnostic keys for males and females are included. A brief discussion of the nomenclatural history of the genus, of collecting techniques, and of the major diagnostic characters is included.
THE CEPHALIC STRUCTURES AND SPIRACLES OF FINAL-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SUBFAMILY CAMPOPLEGINAE, TRIBE CAMPOPLEGINI (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: April 2011

Characteristics of the cocoons, cephalic structures, spiracles, and skins of 97 species and 19 genera of the tribe Campoplegini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) are described and illustrated and keys are given for identification of the genera and species. An additional five species and two genera that were described and illustrated in earlier papers (Finlayson 1967, 1969) are included in the keys, for a total of 102 species and 21 genera. Characteristics of final-instar larvae were found that support most of the generic entities defined on the basis of adult characteristics, and new relationships were revealed that may assist with taxonomic problems in the group.
REVISION OF THE GENERA PARAPHLEPSIUS BAKER AND PENDARUS BALL (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: April 2011

The genus "Paraphlepsius" of authors is divided into two genera, Paraphlepsius Baker and Pendarus Ball which also encompass the nearctic species of "Phlepsius" of authors.Pendarus is divided into two subgenera: Pendarus sensu stricto with nine species, and Remadosus Ball with five species. P. likrois n. sp., P. crucifix n. sp., and the female of P. cirrus (DeLong) are described.Paraphlepsius is divided into five subgenera: Strephonius n. subgen. with nine species, Sabix n. subgen. with five species, Gamarex n. subgen. with 32 species, Paraphlepsius sensu stricto with 11 species, and Paraphysius n. subgen. containing 11 species. Nine new species and one new subspecies are described: P. delongi, P. exilis, P. geneticus, P. lupalus, P. luxuria, P. quadratus, P. superior, P. umbellatus, P. zanclois, and P. brunneus ravus. The male of P. maculosus (Osborn) and the females of P. cinereus (Van D.), P. divergens (Oman), and P. supinus (DeLong) are described.The following new synonymies are made: lippulus Ball = auroalbus Walker; slossonae Ball and tullahomi DeLong = stipatus Walker; fastuosus Ball = punctiscriptus Van Duzee; fulviceps Osborn & Lathrop = uhleri Van Duzee; dampfi DeLong = obvius Oman; optatus Crumb = strobi Fitch; bipartitus DeLong = carolinus Lathrop. The following species are removed from synonymy: franconianus Ball, micronotatus Osborn & Lathrop, nebulosus Van Duzee, and uhleri Van Duzee.All available types were examined, and lectotypes are designated for bifidus Sanders & DeLong, electus DeLong, hemicolor Sanders & DeLong, lobatus Osborn, palustris Sanders & DeLong, particolor Sanders & DeLong, planus Sanders & DeLong, stipatus Walker, strobi Fitch, tennessus DeLong, and umbrosus Sanders & DeLong. Neotypes are designated for apertinus Osborn & Lathrop, carolinus Lathrop, and torridus Lathrop.Previously undescribed characters of the female internal genitalia are described and illustrated. All species are described, keyed, and illustrated for both sexes where these are known.
A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN OMALIINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE): 1. THE GENERA HAIDA KEEN, PSEUDOHAIDA HATCH, AND EUDECTOIDES NEW GENUS
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: April 2011

The genera Haida Keen and Pseudohaida Hatch are revised and transferred from the tribe Coryphiini to the Anthophagini; the Palearctic genus Eudectus Redtenbacher is also placed in the Anthophagini. Eudectus crassicornis LeConte is transferred to the new genus Eudectoides. Two new species are described, Haida bisulcata from the Sierra Nevada in California and H. insulcata from Oregon. Pseudohaida ingrata Hatch is transferred to Subhaida Hatch, a member of the tribe Coryphiini.The mouthparts and antenna are illustrated for each genus and the male aedeagus for each species. A key is included to aid in the identification of all the included taxa.
A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN OMALIINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) 1. THE GENERA HAIDA KEEN, PSEUDOHAIDA HATCH, AND EUDECTOIDES NEW GENUS
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: April 2011

The genera Haida Keen and Pseudohaida Hatch are revised and transferred from the tribe Coryphiini to the Anthophagini; the Palearctic genus Eudectus Redten bacher is also placed in the Anthophagini. Eudectus crassicornis LeConte is transferred to the new gents Eudectoides. Two new species are described, Haida bisulcata from the Sierra Nevada in California and H. insulcata from Oregon. Pseudohaida ingrata Hatch is transferred to Subhaida Hatch, a member of the tribe Coryphiini.

The mouthparts and antenna are illustrated for each genus and the male aedeagus for each species. A key is included to aid in the identification of all the included taxa.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS MACROPHYA DAHLBOM (HYMENOPTERA: SYMPHYTA, TENTHREDINIDAE) OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Gibson Gary A. P.
Published: April 2011

The species of the genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Tenthredininae) of North America are revised. Forty-six species and two subgenera are recognized, Macrophya s. str. with 45 species, and Pseudomacrophya Enslin with a single species. The subgenus Paramacrophya Forsius is newly synonymized with Macrophya s. str. Eleven species are described as new: amediata, epinolineata, macgillivrayi, masneri, masoni, mensa, nirvana, phylacida, senacca, serratalineata, and smithi; and the following new synonymy proposed: albomaculata (Norton) = contaminata Provancher, errans Rohwer, and fuscoterminata Rohwer; bifasciata (Say) = pulcherrima Kirby; cassandra Kirby = albilabris Harrington, bellula MacGillivray, and externiformis Rohwer; flavolineata (Norton) = confusa MacGillivray, crassicornis Provancher, (?) lineata Norton, and proximata Norton; flicta MacGillivray = fistula MacGillivray; fuliginea Norton = castanea Rohwer; fumator Norton = pumila Norton, and subviolacea Cresson; mixta MacGillivray = bilineata Dyar; nigra (Norton) = minuta MacGillivray; oregona Cresson = obaerata MacGillivray, and oregona var. dukiae Ross; pannosa (Say) = flaccida MacGillivray, and raui Rohwer; pulchella (Klug) = albifacies Kirby, dyari Rohwer, ornata MacGillivray, and trosula (Norton); pulchelliformis Rohwer = sambuci Rohwer; trisyllaba (Norton) = zonalis Norton; and varia (Norton) = fascialis Norton, and fascialis var. puella Ross. Macrophya varius var. festana Ross is removed from synonymy with M. varia (Norton) and accorded specific status, and the following species removed from previous synonymy and recognized as valid species: simillima Rohwer from intermedia (Norton); flavolineata (Norton), lineatana Rohwer, and zoe Kirby from pulchella (Klug); and oregona Cresson from pumila Norton. Macrophya dejecta (Norton) is removed from the list of Nearctic species, and is removed from synonymy with M. cinctula (Norton) but synonymized with the Palearctic species M. ligata (Müller). Macrophya annulipes Cresson and M. coquilletti (Rohwer) are considered to belong to an undescribed genus and are excluded from Macrophya; and Allantus cestus Say, and the fossiliferous species Macrophya pervetusta Brues, are considered as unrecognized taxa of Tenthredinidae. Neotypes are designated for Allantus intermedius Norton and A. epinotus Say, and lectotypes designated where necessary. The limits of the genus and subgenera are discussed, and the Palearctic and Nearctic faunas compared through species-groups. Keys to the males and females are given, all species described, and the taxonomic characters used to separate the Nearctic species illustrated in figures taken by electron photography and microphotography.
REVISION DES TRICHOPTèRES CANADIENS: I. La famille des Rhyacophilidae (Annulipalpia)
Authors: Schmid F.
Published: April 2011

Ce mémoire est le deuxième d'une série consacrée à la faune des Trichoptères du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Il traite de la famille des Rhyacophilides qui, chez nous, n'est représentée que par le genre Rhyacophila. Les deux sexes de toutes nos espèces indigènes sont décrits et figurés. Des tables dichotomiques adéquates permettront la détermination. Des cartes montrent les répartitions géographiques. Les caractères écologiques des espèces sont mentionnés, chaque fois que cela s'est révélé possible.
MODELLING OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CEREAL CROPS FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Jones Richard W.
Published: April 2011

In their simplest form, crop models consist of regressions relating factors such as yield to environmental variables. Explanatory models also exist, with much physiological detail and responsiveness to meteorological and soil factors. Summary models can be derived from such large models, including the influence of pests. Of these major types of models, regression models are increasingly becoming widely used to optimize and integrate the many facets of cereal management in Western Europe. This fact suggests that crop manipulation is evolving toward optimal production management.
GEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MECOPTERA
Authors: Byers George W.
Published: April 2011

Mecoptera of the Nearctic Region are, in general, more like those of the eastern Palaearctic than of any other faunal region. But the fossil record shows that our major extant genera have been in the northern continents since Early Cenozoic. Panorpidae and Panorpodidae probably entered North America by way of Beringia in the Eocene or Oligocene. Nearctic Bittacidae probably came from the Neotropical Region, but a few exhibit peculiar affinities with some eastern Asiatic species, suggesting migration out of the Nearctic into the Palaearctic. Boreidae appear to have been of North American origin but are now Holarctic; they are unknown as fossils. The Meropeidae were probably widespread in mid–Mesozoic but now are found only in eastern North America and western Australia.
LATE QUATERNARY HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN BEETLE FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA: A SYNTHESIS OF FOSSIL AND DISTRIBUTIONAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Schwert Donald P. , Ashworth Allan C.
Published: April 2011

Fossils from sites of Late Quaternary age in North America provide tangible evidence of temporal changes in the character of the northern beetle fauna. Based on a synthesis of the fossil data with analyses of the present distributions for northern species, a rudimentary model is proposed to explain the recent history of the fauna of the arctic and the boreal forest.An open-ground beetle fauna of arctic–subarctic affinities had become established along the southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet in the midcontinent by 20 500 years before present (yr B.P.). Climatic warming decimated this fauna throughout lowland areas at some time between 16 700 and 15 300 yr B.P.; small populations of some arctic–subarctic species, however, survived within either alpine habitats of the Cordillera and Appalachians or specialized environments associated with stagnant ice.Populations of the same arctic–subarctic beetle species existed within the ice-free Alaska–Yukon refugium throughout the late Wisconsinan. During the Holocene, this region served as the principal centre-of-origin for the dispersal of the arctic–subarctic beetle fauna.The beetle fauna of the boreal forest was also displaced southward by Late Wisconsinan glaciation. By 15 300 yr B.P., however, this fauna had largely replaced the arctic–subarctic beetle fauna along the ice margin of the midcontinent. Evidence provided by fossils from a series of sites demonstrates that beetle species of the boreal forest dispersed northward into Canada as the ice front receded.
WEATHER AND THE ECOLOGY OF APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Nealis Vincent G.
Published: April 2011

The effects of weather on the spruce budworm parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae Vier., are examined. A phenological model based on temperature-dependent rates of development and longevity is developed and validated with field data. The model is then used to explore the effects of age-specific mortality on phenological behaviour of the parasitoid and the seasonal synchrony between the parasitoid and its host over several years. The results show that the parasitoid adult ecloses well before the host reaches an age susceptible to parasitism but that the egg maturation period and the longevity of the parasitoid diminish the consequences of the apparent asynchrony. The historical data reveal that the relative phenological characteristics of A. fumiferanae and its host vary little from year to year. In the second part of the study, temperature is shown to have a strong effect on adult parasitoid activity and on the rate of oviposition.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STICKY TRAP CATCHES AND EMERGENCE OF PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R.M.
Published: April 2011

The relationship between yellow sticky trap catches of Pholetesor (= Apanteles) ornigis (Weed) and its emergence during the first two of its three yearly emergence periods was examined using four trap locations in five commercial apple orchards in Norfolk County, Ont., during 1984 and 1985. Orchards were divided into two zones: the border row of trees (= peripheral zone) and all trees within the border row (= interior zone). Traps were positioned within and below the tree canopy in the two zones.The sensitivity of the yellow traps to first male and female spring emergence was similar. Trap location had no obvious effect on the relationship between first spring emergence and first spring trap catch of males and females. The traps were similar in sensitivity to peak male and female spring emergence. Trap location affected the relationship between peak male emergence and peak male trap catch during the spring emergence period; the number of parasites caught on traps placed below the tree in the interior zone was the best indicator of peak male emergence. Trap location did not affect the relationship between peak female emergence and peak female trap catch during the spring emergence period.The yellow traps were more sensitive to male than to female first emergence during the first summer emergence period. During this emergence period, trap location had no obvious effect on the relationship between first emergence and first trap catch of males and females. The traps were more sensitive to peak male than to peak female emergence during the first summer emergence period. The number of male parasites caught on traps placed within the tree in the peripheral zone gave the best indication of peak male emergence during the first summer emergence period. The most accurate indication of peak female emergence was given by the number of female parasites caught on traps placed within or below the tree in the interior zone of the orchard.During the spring emergence period, few parasites were caught after emergence was complete, whereas during the first summer emergence period, relatively large numbers of parasites were sometimes caught up to 2 weeks after emergence was complete.The application of the results for monitoring P. ornigis emergence is discussed.
EVIDENCE OF SYNCHRONIZED CYCLES IN OUTBREAK PATTERNS OF DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (McDUNNOUGH) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Shepherd Roy F. , Bennett Dayle D. , Dale John W. , Tunnock Scott , Dolph Robert E. , Thier Ralph W.
Published: April 2011

Outbreak patterns of Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), over western North America historically appear to be synchronous, particularly in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern Idaho. Populations of the insect increase to outbreak and collapse in a variable cycle, averaging 9 years between peaks. A review of all outbreaks suggests repeated, widespread, nucleopolyhedrosis viral epizootics are responsible for the collapse of the population and, hence, the cycle. The virus appears to survive in the soil between outbreaks and to be carried incidentally to foliage where it is occasionally consumed by larvae. Ingestion of a single particle is probably sufficient to cause infection. Populations of the moth increase until density reaches the point where larvae to larvae infection is established. The viral inoculum builds rapidly following that point and spreads widely so that distant populations at all densities become infected, and collapse in the same year. The epizootic continues for another year. Then foliage contamination disappears, and populations reach their lowest densities before starting the cycle again.
PHOTOTOXINS AS INSECTICIDES AND NATURAL PLANT DEFENCES
Authors: Fields Paul G. , Arnason John T. , Philogène Bernard J.R. , Aucoin Richard R. , Morand Peter , Soucy-Breau Chantal
Published: April 2011

The thiophenes alpha-terthienyl and methyl-alpha-terthienyl are found in many species of the family Asteraceae and are highly phototoxic to mosquito larvae. These compounds and a synthetic analogue, cyano-alpha-terthienyl, controlled Aedes intrudens Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae at application rates between 10 and 40 g per hectare in field trials. These concentrations are similar to those currently used with chemical control agents. Piperonyl butoxide, a synergist used with pyrethrin, greatly increased the mortality of mosquito larvae at low application rates of the most potent phototoxin, cyano-alpha-terthienyl.Although we have demonstrated previously that these phototoxic defences are effective against some phytophagous insects, more recently we studied insects that are able to feed on a phototoxic plant, in order to examine modes of resistance to phototoxins. Chrysolina spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae are susceptible to phototoxicity but avoid it by feeding on Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) at dawn and by hiding during the day. Chrysolina adults avoid phototoxicity by the presence of opaque cuticles that block the sunlight. First-instar larvae of Anaitis plagiata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) avoid feeding on the glands that contain the phototoxin. Later-instar larvae feed on the entire leaf, yet are not susceptible to phototoxicity, indicating they have biochemical defenses against photo-induced damage.
SYSTEMATICS AND THE SYNECOLOGY OF AQUATIC INSECTS: PHENOLOGY AND TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF TEMPERATE LAKE ASSEMBLAGES
Authors: Harper P.P. , Cloutier Louise
Published: April 2011

Four emergence series were collected from a small mesotrophic–dystrophic lake in the southern Laurentians of Québec: near shore (station A, 0.3 m, shrubs and heaths), in the littoral zone (B, 0.6 m, and C, 1 m, aquatic vegetation), and in open water (D, 6 m, no vegetation). A gradient of species richness (121–34), of numbers (4622–1120/m2), of diversity (5.62–2.42 bits), and of equitability (0.81–0.48) extended from the shore to the open water. Also recognized was a seasonal succession of early synchronized species, many of which completed a second generation by late summer, and of more dispersed summer species. This pattern was best exemplified in the shore station, whereas in deeper sites, the assemblages were increasingly less structured and dominated by fewer species. Chaoborus punctipennis, a benthic insect feeding in the water column at night, tended to predominate in the outer stations and to impose its particular seasonal dynamics on the assemblage there. Chronological clustering revealed distinctive early- and late-season assemblages in all sites. A succession of distinct and temporally structured mid-season assemblages was evident at the shore station, but this pattern was obscured in other stations because of the recurrence and dominance of the same species throughout. Though these particular patterns may be restricted to the one lake studied, this approach based on a taxonomical and temporal analysis offers promise for generalizations once it has been applied to a variety of lake systems.
BOG ARACHNIDS (ARANEAE, OPILIONES) FROM MANITOBA TAIGA
Authors: Aitchison-Benell C.W.
Published: April 2011

Taiga bog arachnids, mainly collected in pitfall or pan traps, are compared for two Manitoba regions, one southern and one northern. The dominant spider families in the south are Lycosidae, Clubionidae, and Erigonidae, whereas in the north they are Erigonidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, and Gnaphosidae. The southern taiga bog has 82 species, the northern taiga, 39 species, with 16 species common to both regions. Two opilionid species were collected in the south and none in the north.
GROUND-LIVING SPIDERS, OPILIONIDS, AND PSEUDOSCORPIONS OF PEATLANDS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Koponen Seppo
Published: April 2011

Peatlands were studied in temperate, boreal, subarctic, and arctic wetland regions of Quebec, mainly using pitfall traps. Altogether, 169 species of spiders, belonging to 14 families, were collected; 73 species were found only in the temperate-boreal region, 58 only in the subarctic-arctic region, and 38 in both regions. The most species-rich spider families were Linyphiidae (58.3% of all species), Lycosidae (12.4%), and Gnaphosidae (7.1%). Families occurring only, or mainly, in the temperate (and boreal) region were Hahniidae, Dictynidae, Salticidae, Liocranidae, and Theridiidae. Linyphiidae, especially Erigoninae, were typical of the subarctic region. Alopecosa aculeata (Clerck) and Pardosa hyperborea (Thorell) (Lycosidae), Theonoe stridula Crosby (Theridiidae), and Ceratinella brunnea Emerton (Linyphiidae) were found in six of the seven study areas. Seven of the eight opilionid species were found in the temperate region, but Mitopus morio (Fabricius) occurred only in the subarctic bogs. The only pseudoscorpion, Microbisium brunneum (Hagen), was caught in the temperate, boreal, and subarctic regions. The percentage of spiders collected in bogs of both Quebec and southern Ontario was 64% in the temperate region and only 27% in the subarctic region. Almost 50% of species from bogs in the Manitoba taiga were found also in Quebec. About a third of the Quebec bog spiders are Holarctic.
CHANGES IN THE TERRESTRIAL SPIDER FAUNA (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF A NORTH GERMAN RAISED BOG DISTURBED BY HUMAN INFLUENCE. 1964–1965 AND 1986–1987: A COMPARISON
Authors: Schikora Hans-Bert
Published: April 2011

The terrestrial spider fauna of a North German bog relict, initially examined in a pitfall trap study in 1964–1965, was the subject of a similar examination 22 years later. Between the investigations the bog, which was still in a quite pristine state, had considerably changed its ecological character due to progressive draining. Sixty-eight spider species were collected. Many of them are characteristic for bogs, but none can be regarded as bog-specific. On a general species level no clear clues about consequences of biotope changes could be ascertained; 81% of the former species were found again.The most informative data are provided by species composition and abundance of the more prevalent spider species. In 1964–1965 the spider fauna was clearly dominated by photophilous species, many of them additionally preferring wet or moist biotopes. Twenty-two years later the proportion of photophilous species had decreased in favour of more skotophilous species.The scale of changes in biotope characters is regarded as the most probable explanation for this phenomenon, especially the increase of "shrubbiness" in vegetation and the nearly total loss of peatmosses. The spider Antistea elegans (Blw.), Hahniidae, is discussed as a possible indicator species for monitoring hydrological changes in bog biotopes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF HABITAT STRUCTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY FOR CARABID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) IN PEAT BOGS
Authors: Främbs Herbert
Published: April 2011

During the period 1985–1989, the carabid assemblages of a raised peat bog in eastern central Sweden and of six peatlands in New York State and Maine were studied. The principal methods of investigation were pitfall trapping in summer, and quadrat sampling in winter. In addition to carabids, potential food organisms were evaluated from the pitfall catches.The bogs, although of different types and located on different continents, show similar physiognomic vegetation units. Eight of these units are considered relevant as carabid microhabitats. The carabid assemblages of open sunny, and wooded shaded habitats are clearly distinguished. Only a few species are adapted to the extreme environment of openSphagnumL. habitats. Among them, stenotopic species are dominant. The seasonal distribution of two species on Swedish Ryggmossen [Agonum ericeti(Panzer),Pterostichus rhaeticusHeer] suggests that the carabids of open bog plateau habitats use dampSphagnumlawns for their summer activities and migrate to drier hummocks for overwintering.On bog plateaus, larger populations of ground beetles were only found where a pronounced pattern of hummocks and hollows exists. In bogs with a prevailing uniform vegetation ofSphagnummats, carabids were conspicuously scarce. Thus, the development of a bog indigenous carabid fauna is closely related to the presence of a hummock–hollow mosaic. The data indicate that in most bog habitats food is not a limited resource and does not play a key role as a population controlling factor.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF WET AND DRY EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A SUBARCTIC PEATLAND
Authors: McElligott Paul E.K. , Lewis David J.
Published: April 2011

Two behavioural extraction techniques, wet and dry extraction, were evaluated as to their relative efficiencies in removing invertebrates from samples of wet peat collected from a fen near Schefferville, Quebec. Dry extraction involved drying a substrate sample from above, forcing any macroinvertebrates contained therein to move downward out of the substrate matrix. In wet extraction, peat samples were suspended in a water bath where a vertical temperature-dissolved oxygen gradient had been established; invertebrates responded to the gradient by moving downward out of the sample and into the water bath. Wet extraction yielded approximately three times more invertebrates per unit volume of substrate than dry extraction, but the two extraction methods differed considerably in their ability to extract different invertebrate taxa. Dry extraction was more effective than wet for obtaining larvae of Tabanidae, Tipulidae, Empididae, and Dolichopodidae, but larval Chironomidae, sphaeriid clams, and oligochaete worms were collected more efficiently by wet extraction. Other invertebrate taxa were collected with approximately equal efficiency by both methods.
STRATEGIES FOR THE USE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS IN THE CONTROL OF THE DESERT LOCUST AND OTHER ACRIDOID PESTS
Authors: Prior C. , Streett D.A.
Published: April 2011

Large-scale applications of non-persistent but broad-spectrum chemical insecticides in Africa during the 1980s for control of acridoid pests, particularly the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål) and Sahelian pest grasshoppers, raised concern about environmental damage and human safety. Similar concerns have been expressed in Australia, the United States, and Canada and have led to a search for alternative strategies. To lessen dependence on chemicals, an integrated pest management (IPM) approach for grasshopper control has been encouraged in the United States with emphasis on biological control as an important component and this is also desirable elsewhere, but additional biocontrol components are needed. Current strategies for most pest acridoids rely on short-term destruction of outbreak populations. Nymphs are the preferred target wherever possible and inundative augmentation of entomopathogenic deuteromycete fungi formulated as biopesticides could replace chemical spraying in some cases, especially where the major threat is to crops remote from the pest breeding areas. Entomopathogens are slower acting than chemicals and thus best suited for use where the pest is not immediately threatening to crops. Schistocerca gregaria and Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss pose particularly difficult problems because of the very large area and inaccessibility of their potential breeding grounds, their very sudden upsurges, and their great mobility as adult swarms. Fast-acting chemicals are likely to be needed when rapid intervention is required to control these pests, but an IPM strategy could incorporate biopesticide application in the early stages of upsurges and also be used for swarm control in some cases. However, improved prediction and monitoring are needed to facilitate the use of biopesticides and other IPM techniques against these pests.
THE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIA FOR THE MICROBIAL CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Zelazny B. , Goettel M.S. , Keller B.
Published: April 2011

Bacteria have been implicated in disease epizootics observed in field populations and laboratory-reared locusts and grasshoppers. Two species [Serratia marcescens Bizio and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula] consistently infect locusts when ingested with food and can spread in laboratory populations. However, research on developing these organisms for microbial control of locusts and grasshoppers begun in the 1950s has not been continued. In recent years strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner have been studied for activity against locusts and grasshoppers. Results of additional trials by the authors are reported. Among 393 B. thuringiensis isolates and 93 preparations of other sporeforming bacteria fed to nymphs of Locusta migratoria (L.) and/or Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., none has shown any pathogenicity to the insects. The recent discovery of novel B. thuringiensis strains active against various diverse pests and the many properties of a sporeforming bacterium that satisfy the requirements for a microbial control agent, and the development of Serratia entomophila as a promising agent for control of grass grubs, provide incentive to continue the search for an orthopteran-active sporeforming bacterium and to re-investigate the potential of non-sporeforming bacterial pathogens as microbial control agents of grasshoppers and locusts.
MECHANISMS OF DEUTEROMYCETE FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Bidochka Michael J. , St. Leger Raymond J. , Roberts Donald W.
Published: April 2011

Several species of entomopathogenic deuteromycetous fungi can produce epizootics in populations of grasshoppers and locusts. Consequently there is considerable interest in development of these fungi as biocontrol agents. To this end we need information about the genetic and molecular basis of deuteromycete pathogenesis in acridids to develop a rational plan for strain improvement. Herein we present an overview of the infection processes of deuteromycetous fungi in acridids. These fungi penetrate through the cuticle which is composed primarily of proteins. Hydrophobic interactions, appressoria formation, and mucus production by the fungus are involved in fungal adhesion to the acridid cuticle. Extracellular proteases produced by Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin solubilize cuticle proteins, which assists penetration and provides nutrients for further growth. Fungal infection through the locust gut is rare because indigenous gut microflora produce antifungal metabolites. Little is known of the events providing host specificity or those that lead to insect death once the cuticle is breached by the fungus; however, mechanical damage, nutrient deprivation, and toxic metabolites may be involved.
PERSISTENCE OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA IN SOIL FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF CONIDIA THROUGH CROP CANOPIES
Authors: Inglis G.D. , Duke G.M. , Kanagaratnam P. , Johnson D.L. , Goettel M.S.
Published: April 2011

The influence of three formulations, water, oil, and a 5% oil emulsion, and two crops, alfalfa and crested wheatgrass, on the deposition and subsequent persistence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidia in soil was investigated. The alfalfa canopy was considerably denser than that of wheatgrass. Leaf area indices for alfalfa ranged from 1.8 to greater than 2, those for wheatgrass ranged from 0.24 to 0.55. Initial populations of conidia averaged 1.2 × 103 to 2.6 × 104 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of dry weight of soil under alfalfa, and 5.5 × 103 to 3.4 × 104 cfu per gram of soil under wheatgrass. There was no consistent influence of formulation or application method (high or ultra low volume) on penetration of conidia through the canopy of either crop. However, conidial populations under wheatgrass were larger than those under alfalfa in two of three trials. After 225–272 days (over winter), substantial populations (87 to 4.3 × 104 cfu/g) were recovered from soil. Although conidial densities decreased over time, reductions in population size over this period were generally less than one order of magnitude; neither crop nor formulation consistently influenced conidial persistence. In most instances, a rapid decrease in conidial populations was observed within approximately 20 days but thereafter, the rates of population decline abated. The initial decrease in conidial numbers did not appear to be related to precipitation. This study demonstrates that substantial numbers of B. bassiana conidia infiltrate crop canopies, are deposited on the soil surface, and subsequently persist in a clay–loam soil. The aerial application of B. bassiana conidia to vegetated roadsides may prove useful for the management of ovipositing grasshoppers and emerging nymphs.
DEVELOPMENT OF METARHIZIUM SPP. FOR THE CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Lomer C.J. , Prior C. , Kooyman C.
Published: April 2011

Four research programmes are investigating the entomopathogenic fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria for locust and grasshopper control in Africa. In the LUBILOSA programme, surveys for pathogen isolates revealed a morphologically distinctive Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal attacking acridoids in West Africa, Madagascar, and elsewhere. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin isolates with virulence to acridoids were also obtained, including several from non-orthopteran hosts. Natural epizootics of both genera are rare in acridoid populations, but do occur. A standardized screening method discriminated virulent from non-virulent isolates. The great majority of the most virulent isolates were from the acridoid group of M. flavoviride. A Niger isolate chosen for development from this group had low virulence to honey bees and parasitic Hymenoptera and was not infective to insects in several other orders. Field tests were carried out on formulations of oil mixtures, using ULV application rates of 1–2 L/ha and 2–5 × 1012 conidia per hectare. In preliminary tests, target insects were sprayed successfully in small field arenas and in large cages. Trials in 1993 on variegated grasshopper gave an approx. 90% reduction in field populations after 15 days. Trials on various acridids, predominantly Hieroglyphus daganensis Krauss, in dense grass in northern Benin showed slower mortality, although up to 70% population reduction was achieved. Trials using a vehicle-mounted ULV sprayer (the Ulva-Mast) in open grassland in Niger gave >90% mortality in samples of mixed acridids. In Mali, a Malian isolate of M. flavoviride was shown to be slightly more virulent than the standard Niger isolate; both isolates gave significant population reductions against nymphs of Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss and Kraussella amabile (Krauss) in 1-ha plots. Successful small-scale field trials have also been carried out using the standard M. flavoviride isolate in South Africa against brown locust and in Australia using an Australian isolate against wingless grasshopper. In Mauritania, a trial using the Niger isolate against desert locust nymph bands gave up to 90% mortality in caged samples by day 9 after spraying. The uncaged treated bands were completely destroyed by predators while untreated bands fledged. Oil-based ULV formulations of M. flavoviride are capable of causing high mortality in the field populations of all acridoids against which they have been field tested and show great promise for development as components of IPM strategies for these pests.