bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teleparallel gravity: from theory to cosmology
Authors: Bahamonde Sebastian , Dialektopoulos Konstantinos F , Escamilla-Rivera Celia , Farrugia Gabriel , Gakis Viktor , Hendry Martin , Hohmann Manuel , Levi Said Jackson , Mifsud Jurgen , Di Valentino Eleonora
Published: October 2022

Teleparallel gravity (TG) has significantly increased in popularity in recent decades, bringing attention to Einstein’s other theory of gravity. In this Review, we give a comprehensive introduction to how teleparallel geometry is developed as a gauge theory of translations together with all the other properties of gauge field theory. This relates the geometry to the broader metric-affine approach to forming gravitational theories where we describe a systematic way of constructing consistent teleparallel theories that respect certain physical conditions such as local Lorentz invariance. We first use TG to formulate a teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (GR) which is dynamically equivalent to GR but which may have different behaviors for other scenarios, such as quantum gravity. After setting this foundation, we describe the plethora of modified teleparallel theories of gravity that have been proposed in the literature. We attempt to connect them together into general classes of covariant gravitational theories. Of particular interest, we highlight the recent proposal of a teleparallel analogue of Horndeski gravity which offers the possibility of reviving all of the regular Horndeski contributions. In the second part of the Review, we first survey works in teleparallel astrophysics literature where we focus on the open questions in this regime of physics. We then discuss the cosmological consequences for the various formulations of TG. We do this at background level by exploring works using various approaches ranging from dynamical systems to Noether symmetries, and more. Naturally, we then discuss perturbation theory, firstly by giving a concise approach in which this can be applied in TG theories and then apply it to a number of important theories in the literature. Finally, we examine works in observational and precision cosmology across the plethora of proposal theories. This is done using some of the latest observations and is used to tackle cosmological tensions which may be alleviated in teleparallel cosmology. We also introduce a number of recent works in the application of machine learning to gravity, we do this through deep learning and Gaussian processes, together with discussions about other approaches in the literature.
Laser spectroscopy of hot atomic vapours: from ’scope to theoretical fit
Authors: Pizzey D , Briscoe J D , Logue F D , Ponciano-Ojeda F S , Wrathmall S A , Hughes I G
Published: October 2022

The spectroscopy of hot atomic vapours is a hot topic. Many of the work-horse techniques of contemporary atomic physics were first demonstrated in hot vapours. Alkali-metal atomic vapours are ideal media for quantum-optics experiments as they combine: a large resonant optical depth; long coherence times; and well-understood atom–atom interactions. These features aid with the simplicity of both the experimental set up and the theoretical framework. The topic attracts much attention as these systems are ideal for studying both fundamental physics and has numerous applications, especially in sensing electromagnetic fields and quantum technology. This tutorial reviews the necessary theory to understand the Doppler broadened absorption spectroscopy of alkali-metal atoms, and explains the data taking and processing necessary to compare theory and experiment. The aim is to provide a gentle introduction to novice scientists starting their studies of the spectroscopy of thermal vapours while also calling attention to the application of these ideas in the contemporary literature. In addition, the work of expert practitioners in the field is highlighted, explaining the relevance of three extensively-used software packages that complement the presentation herein.
A minimal self-tuning model to solve the cosmological constant problem
Authors: Khan Arnaz , Taylor Andy
Published: October 2022

The expansion of the Universe is observed to be accelerating, with the simplest solution being a classical cosmological constant. However, this receives contributions from the quantum vacuum, which are predicted to be many orders of magnitude larger than observations, and suffers from radiative instabilities requiring repeated fine-tuning. In this paper we present a minimal, self-tuning scalar field model that can dynamically cancel a large quantum vacuum energy, avoiding Weinberg's No-Go Theorem, and produce accelerated de Sitter expansion at a lower energy scale as a solution to the problem. Our minimal model, which contains a non-canonical kinetic energy and a linear potential, belongs to the Kinetic Gravity Braiding sub-class of Horndeski theory which is not observationally excluded, and lies outside of the known Fab-Four or Well-Tempered models. We find analytic solutions in the limits of slow-roll and fast-roll, and numerically solve the equations of motion to illustrate our model. We show that the model allows for a matter dominated era, and that the attractor solution is stable under a phase transition in the vacuum energy density. We also consider the energy-scales required to match observations. Our model shows the existence of a wider class of successful self-tuning models than previously assumed.
Misalignment of magnetic field in DIII-D assessed by post-mortem analysis of divertor targets
Authors: Masline R. , Bykov I. , Moyer R.A. , Wingen A. , Guterl J. , Rudakov D. , Wampler W.R. , Wang H.Q. , Watkins J.G. , Orlov D.M.
Published: October 2022

We assess the toroidal magnetic field B
t asymmetry in DIII-D due to a misalignment of the toroidal field coils with respect to the poloidal magnetic field coils and vacuum vessel. The peak-to-peak variation of the divertor strike point (SP) radius is measured to be 1 cm, with an n = 1 toroidal pattern. We use the centre of a narrow carbon deposition band on tungsten-coated divertor tiles just inside the outer strike point (OSP) as a proxy for the divertor SP location. The band occurred in a series of reverse B
t discharges with the OSP positioned on the divertor inserts due to strong E × B drift transport of C from the inner to the outer SP through the private flux region. The variation in band radius (and hence the magnetic SP) is a (4.89 ± 0.31) mm shift toward (310 ± 4)° toroidal direction. These measurements agree well with previous measurements of the 3D magnetic field distribution (Luxon 2003 Nucl. Fusion
43 1813), simulations performed by the mafot field line integration code, and recent Langmuir probe measurements in the small-angle-slot (SAS) divertor (Watkins et al 2019 Nucl. Mater. Energy
18 46). Comparison of these measurements in the SAS divertor also indicates that there is the possibility of a tilt (in conjunction with the shift) of the B
t coil field of (0.04 ± 0.07)° towards the toroidal angle of (215 ± 25)°. Previous measurements suggested a field misalignment of (4.6 ± 0.3) mm in the 270° toroidal direction, and a tilt of (0.06 ± 0.02)° toward the 114° toroidal direction, which is similar to the results reported here. These studies will be important for better understanding the radial variation of the toroidal strike line in DIII-D, for designing the new generation of SAS divertor, and for developing an understanding of the impact of error fields on tokamaks with tightly baffled slot divertors.
Cation-selective Mo2TiC2T
x
MXene membrane for osmotic energy harvesting
Authors: Chang Libo , Zhang Tianze , Wang Feng , Ma Huidong , Xie Wenke , Ding Tianpeng , Xiao Xu
Published: October 2022

Although promising in renewable energy, osmotic energy is hindered by the unsatisfactory conversion performance caused by the limited ion transport and selectivity of semipermeable membranes. As an emerging family of two-dimensional (2D) materials, MXenes have been attracting extensive interests for constructing osmotic membrane due to its natural 2D nanoconfined space, hydrophilicity and abundant surface terminations. The regulation of the surface charge density of MXenes plays an important role for the improvement of osmotic energy conversion. Herein, we systematically investigate Mo2TiC2T
x
MXene membranes for osmotic energy harvesting. Benefitting from the improved surface negative-charged density treated by alkali solution, and the 2D nanoconfined space, the Mo2TiC2T
x
MXene membrane shows improved cation selectivity and permeability performance. The osmotic voltage (V
os) increases to 83 mV with an improved cation transference number (t
+) of 0.95 at 0.5 M/0.01 M alkali KCl solution (pH = 9), while osmotic voltage (V
os) is 74 mV with a cation transference number (t
+) of 0.9 at 0.5 M/0.01 M alkali KCl solution (pH = 7). The output power density (P
max) reaches up to 13.1 W m−2 with an energy conversion efficiency (η
max) of 40.5% at 0.5 M/0.01 M alkali KCl solution (pH = 9), which is superior to many of other 2D osmotic membranes. The modification of surface charge density for Mo2TiC2T
x
MXene membrane may pave a way for improving the performance of MXene based osmotic energy harvesting.
PBPK modelling of ceftriaxone Na-loaded starch-sodium alginate polymeric blend prepared by water-in-oil emulsification for oral delivery
Authors: Raza Hina , Ilahi Yusra , Rashid Zermina , Nazir Shabnam , Manzoor Suryyia , Yousif Mohamed Deifallah
Published: October 2022

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic effective against many bacterial infections. However, owing to its instability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), it is administered by injections, which is an unfavourable route of administration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to formulate ceftriaxone into biodegradable and thermally stable polymeric blend microparticles that are suitable for oral delivery. The drug-loaded microparticles were prepared by the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method and consisted of starch and sodium alginate (NaAlg) as a polymeric matrix and glutaraldehyde (GA) as a cross-linking agent. Characterization of these particles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the particles were spherical in shape with a smooth surface. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of these particles showed no drug-polymer interactions. The highest percentage yield of particles was obtained at 3% polymer concentration. The particle size increased slightly after drug loading. The drug loading and entrapment efficiency appeared to increase with increasing polymer concentration. In vitro drug release at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4, revealed that drug release was below 20% at the acidic pH, while at pH 7.4, drug release of up to 85% was observed. The release mechanism followed first-order and Fickian diffusion patterns. Plasma concentration-time profiles were simulated for subcontinental Asian populations using commercial PBPK software, and the results suggest that microencapsulation of ceftriaxone sodium in a polymeric blend could represent a promising approach for controlled oral delivery of the drug, with enhanced absorption and bioavailability of the drug.
A comparative analysis of PI & FLC based grid connected PV system with power backup to improve power quality
Authors: Tiwari Anurag , Agarwal Ruchi
Published: October 2022

In this article, a fuzzy logiccontroller (FLC) tuned DC-link controller is presented. This controller is utilized to enhance the power quality characteristic of grid-integrated PV systems with power backup in comparison to the PI controller, without any filter at PCC (point of common coupling). The primary purpose of these controllers is to maintain power to the DC/AC sides by maintaining the DC-link voltage under transient conditions. The proposed system is tested with a non-linear load; hence, the proposed system requires power quality enhancements on PCC. By using both controller power flow control, reactive power compensation and harmonic mitigation is done on PCC, after that grid current becomes sinusoidal. For the power quality improvement, no filter/shunt active power filter (SAPF) is connected to PCC, only proposed inverter current controller improves the power quality at PCC by using these controllers. Using the MPPT (maximum power point tracking) Controller, the maximum power extraction feature is also included in this paper to extract maximum power from the PV module under varying atmospheric circumstances. The power backup unit is also connected with this system, power backup unit includes a battery controller which works as a boost and buck converter according to system requirements, along with a battery. On the MATLAB/Simulink platform, the control scheme and functioning of both controllers are tested, and the results are validated as satisfactory. According to IEEE 519, the grid current THD is below 5% when the suggested control system is implemented.
Global rigidity of the period mapping
Authors: Farb Benson
Published: October 2022

Let

M

g
,
n

{\mathcal M}_{g,n}

denote the moduli space of smooth, genus

g
≥
1

g\geq 1

curves with

n
≥
0

n\geq 0

marked points. Let

A

h

{\mathcal A}_h

denote the moduli space of

h
h

-dimensional, principally polarized abelian varieties. Let

g
≥
3

g\geq 3

and

h
≤
g

h\leq g

. If

F
:

M

g
,
n

→

A

H

F:{\mathcal M}_{g,n} \to {\mathcal A}_H

is a nonholomorphic map, then

h
=
g

h=g

and

F
F

is the classical period mapping, assigning to a Riemann surface

X
X

its Jacobian.
Directional crossover slime mould algorithm with adaptive Lévy diversity for the optimal design of real-world problems
Authors: Qi Ailiang , Zhao Dong , Yu Fanhua , Liu Guangjie , Heidari Ali Asghar , Chen Huiling , Algarni Abeer D , Elmannai Hela , Gui Wenyong
Published: October 2022

The slime mould algorithm (SMA) has become a classical algorithm applied in many fields since it was presented. Nevertheless, when faced with complex tasks, the algorithm converges slowly and tends to fall into the local optimum. So, there is still room for improvement in the performance of SMA. This work proposes a novel SMA variant (SDSMA), combining the adaptive Lévy diversity mechanism and directional crossover mechanism. Firstly, the adaptive Lévy diversity mechanism can improve population diversity. Then, the directional crossover mechanism can enhance the balance of exploration and exploitation, thus helping SDSMA to increase the convergence speed and accuracy. SDSMA is compared with SMA variants, original algorithms, improved algorithms, improved-SMAs, and others on the benchmark function set to verify its performance. Meanwhile, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Friedman test, and other analytical methods are considered to analyze the experimental results. The analysis results show that SDSMA with two strategies significantly improves the performance of SMA. Meanwhile, the computational cost of SDSMA is smaller than that of SMA on benchmark function. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to three real-world engineering design problems. The experiments prove that SDSMA is an effective aid tool for computationally complex practical tasks.
The role of community–private sector partnerships in the diffusion of environmental innovation: renewable energy in Southern Israel
Authors: Eitan Avri , Fischhendler Itay , Herman Lior , Rosen Gillad
Published: October 2022

Local communities have been identified as crucial actors in the diffusion of renewable energy, considered one of the most important eco-innovations of our time. Anecdotal evidence has indicated that local communities tend to play different roles in promoting eco-innovation, particularly renewable energy. However, what this heterogeneity looks like has not yet been quantitatively examined. Our study addresses this gap by systematically exploring the involvement of communities in the promotion of eco-innovation at the local level. We focus on their participation in renewable energy partnerships with the private sector in rural areas in Israel's southern periphery. Our study indicates that local communities play diverse roles in promoting renewable energy through varying involvement in finance, ownership, knowledge contribution, employment, energy consumption, and, most common according to our findings, the leasing of natural resources. The study further tracks the factors that shape this diverse involvement, including the community’s land size, population size, socio-economic ranking, and experience. Finally, the study unpacks the levels of risks and gains that local communities face when promoting renewable energy through their partnerships with the private sector. By confronting theory with quantitative research, this study sheds light on the diverse roles local communities play in the diffusion of eco-innovation, a prerequisite for renewable energy.
Primary syphilis chancre masquerading as a frenulum tear, the essence of histology: a case report
Authors: Tan Matthew C Y , Walford Norman , Tan Kok Kuan
Published: October 2022

Syphilitic chancres are pathognomonic of primary syphilis and can have many atypical presentations. Early detection of such lesions can prevent complications by linking patients to care early. We report a case of a 45-year-old Chinese men who has sex with men (MSM) presenting with a wound on his penis after masturbation. Initial impressions of a frenulum tear secondary to overzealous masturbation led to a circumcision and frenulectomy. Routine histology done provided an unexpected finding of plasma cell infiltrates suggestive of Syphilis. Serology was done to confirm the diagnosis and patient was treated with oral doxycycline for 2 weeks. This case aims to highlight the importance of routine histology during circumcisions especially because lesions such as syphilitic chancres are not always typical in presentation.
Hypoglycemic drug liraglutide alleviates low muscle mass by inhibiting the expression of MuRF1 and MAFbx in diabetic muscle atrophy
Authors: Fan Dongmei , Wang Yue , Liu Bowei , Yin Fuzai
Published: October 2022

Background:

Low muscle mass, i.e. muscular atrophy, is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Few studies investigated whether hypoglycemic drugs can alleviate low muscle mass and related mechanisms.

Methods:

This study recruited 51 type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, who were divided into two groups based on skeletal muscle index (SMI) evaluated by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): the experiment group (n=25, SMI<7 kg/m2) and the control group (n=26, SMI≥7 kg/m2). GLP-1 levels were measured by EILSA. In vitro, 10 KK-Ay mice (11-12-week-old) were assigned into two groups: liraglutide group (n=5) and saline group (n=5). Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine the expression levels of muscle specific ubiquitin protease E3, MuRF1 and MAFbx.

Results:

T2DM patients with a higher SMI had significantly higher GLP-1 levels (t=3.77, p<0.001). SMI were positively associated with GLP-1 levels (β=0.435, p=0.001) and inversely associated with age (β=0.299, p=0.015). The incidence of low muscle mass at below the second quartiles was 10.55 times that of above the second quartiles (odds ratio=10.556, p<0.001). Liraglutide-treatment mice showed significant decrease in food intake, final body weight, fasting blood glucose and significant increase in skeletal muscle mass, which coincided with the significant decrease in the expression levels of ubiquitin protease E3 MuRF1 and MAFbx. In vitro studies showed that liraglutide promoted myogenic differentiation and attenuated dexamethasone
(DEX)-induced myotube atrophy. Ectopic expression of MuRF1 and MAFbx antagonized the beneficial effects of liraglutide on DEX-induced myotube atrophy.

Conclusion:

T2DM patients have muscular atrophy, and liraglutide alleviates muscular atrophy at least in part by inhibiting the expression of MuRF1 and MAFbx.
Health education actions on male breast cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis
Authors: Silva José Felipe Costa da , Torres Gilson de Vasconcelos , Reis Luciana Araújo dos , Campos Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo , Nunes Vilani Medeiros De Araújo , Santos Jéssyca Camila Carvalho , Barbalho Thalia Natasha Silva , Xavier Nobre Thaiza Teixeira
Published: October 2022

Background:

Although rare, the rates of diagnosis of male breast cancer (MBC) have been increasing over the years, and it can be quite aggressive in the male organism. Some strategies such as health education disseminating knowledge about MBC can be essential for early discovery and finding better prognosis.

Objective:

Protocol to map the available evidence of health education approaches on MBC.

Methods:

A scoping review on health education on MBC will be carried out in Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, Online System of Literature Search and Analysis Medical (MEDLINE), Embase, Virtual Health Library (VHL). Two independent reviewers will perform screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment through the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Assessment Checklist. For the quality of evidence, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Analysis will be used.

Results:

The results of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Conclusions:

This scoping review will provide evidence of how health education on MBC is being addressed in health systems. Evidence can help healthcare professionals and patients recognize the most effective educational inventions in disseminating knowledge and preventing MBC.
Real-world efficacy and safety of dolutegravir plus lamivudine versus tenofovir plus lamivudine and efavirenz in ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults
Authors: Li Jin , Chen Dabiao , Wen Zhiwei , Du Yanzhang , Huang Zhanlian , Zhong Huijun , Wang Yanhao , Yin Sichun
Published: October 2022

Limited real-world data on dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) for HIV-1-infected individuals have been reported. This study aimed to evaluated the real-world efficacy and safety of DTG + 3TC in ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults in China. This real-world prospective observational cohort study enrolled HIV-1-infected adults receiving ART initiation with DTG + 3TC (D3 group) or tenofovir plus lamivudine and efavirenz (TDF + 3TC + EFV, TLE group) with subgroups of low viral load (LVL, ≤500,000 copies/mL) and high viral load (HVL, >500,000 copies/mL) according to baseline HIV-1 RNA. Efficacy were assessed by proportion of virologic suppression, changes of CD4+ cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio, HIV-1 DNA decay, and safety by symptoms and changes of laboratory indicators at week 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48. Totally 45 participants in D3 group and 95 in TLE group were enrolled. The proportion of HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL were 48.7% (19/39), 84.6% (33/39), 100% (39/39), 100% (39/39) in D3-LVL subgroup at week 4, 12, 24, 48, compared with 1.3% (1/75), 14.7% (11/75), 86.7% (65/75), 96.0% (72/75) in TLE-LVL subgroup, with P < .05 at week 4, 12, and 36. The proportion were 0.0% (0/6), 66.7% (4/6), 83.3% (5/6), 100% (6/6) in D3-HVL subgroup compared with 0.0% (0/20), 5.0% (1/20), 85.0% (17/20), 100% (20/20) in TLE-HVL subgroup, with P < .05 at week 12. No virologic rebound was observed in D3 group. Mean change of CD4/CD8 ratio were higher in D3-LVL versus TLE-LVL subgroup at each scheduled visit (P < .05), while CD4+ cell counts increased significantly in D3-HVL versus TLE-HVL subgroup at week 4 and 12 (P < .05). Less complaint of dizziness, insomnia, dreaminess and amnesia, lower elevated level of triglyceride and higher elevated level of creatinine from baseline to week 48 were documented in D3 group (P < .05). Total HIV-1 DNA decayed along with HIV-1 RNA after DTG + 3TC initiation in both D3-LVL and D3-HVL subgroups. DTG + 3TC achieved virological suppression more rapidly and stably versus TDF + 3TC + EFV in ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults, with better immunological response and less adverse drug effect, and reduced total HIV-1 DNA effectively. DTG + 3TC is a potent regimen for ART-naïve individuals with HIV-1 infection.
Diagnosis of an Acinetobacter pittii from a patient in China with a multiplex PCR-based targeted gene sequencing platform of the cerebrospinal fluid: A case report with literature review
Authors: Feng Wenliang , Jiang Xuebin , Zhang Rujiang , Guo Zhendong , Gao Daiquan
Published: October 2022

Background:

The traditional diagnosis model has great challenges for the etiological diagnosis of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases with similar clinical manifestations, especially for the diagnosis of rare pathogens. It is very important to make rapid and accurate identification of pathogens for guiding clinical choices in administering countermeasures.

Case summary:

On August 22, 2020, a 49 years old Chinese male patient had a headache for two days, and then the computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain showed subarachnoid hemorrhage. Subsequently, he underwent twice craniotomy and about 3 weeks of hospitalization. Since September 20, the patient was in the local rehabilitation hospital for hyperbaric oxygen therapy for about three weeks. Then the patient developed acute purulent meningoencephalitis. In the absence of diagnosis of specific pathogenic bacteria, vancomycin (1 g every 12 hours), ceftazidime (2 g every 8 hours), mannitol dehydration (125 mL, every 8 hours), and sodium valproate (0.4 g tid) was used timely according to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination and clinical manifestations. CSF smear and routine culture test were negative during hospitalization. We used the metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) analysis of CSF for quick and accurate diagnosis, which identified human herpesvirus type 4 (EBV), Corynebacterium corynebacterium, Achromobacter xylose oxidation, and Acinetobacter baumannii, But the mapping degree was not high. Then, we used the modified method-multiplex PCR-based targeted gene sequencing platform (ptNGS) to detect CSF samples and found that the sequences detected were Acinetobacter pittii (A. pittii) and Staphylococcus epidermidis. S. epidermidis might come from skin colonization during lumbar puncture, so it was excluded from the etiological diagnosis. Therefore, we highly suspected that A. pittii was the pathogen in this case. After about three weeks of hospitalization treatment, the patient’s symptoms were relieved.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, empirical medication before the identification of pathogens is very important. The ptNGS may be an effective method for the diagnosis of pathogens.
The downward referral experiences of stroke caregivers in the regional medical alliance in China: A phenomenological study
Authors: Wang Yuan , Xiang Lijun , Chen Jian , Cui Yanli , Wang Fengwen , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: October 2022

The downward referral platform in the regional medical alliance has provided more possibilities to follow-up rehabilitation and transitional care for increasing stroke survivors, which also has the most contributions in the rational use of resources and health promotion of stroke survivors. However the downward referral rate is low compared to upward referral. At present, no scholars have explored the downward referral experiences of medical demanders from the perspective of qualitative study, and these experiences may also most truly reflect the influencing factors of their unwillingness to downward referral. Therefore, this study explored the subjective experiences of stroke caregivers who had experienced the downward referral, because stroke attacks often lead to lack of autonomy of patients themselves, making it difficult to complete interviews with them. A descriptive phenomenological study was adopted. A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit 13 stroke caregivers. Interviews were guided by a semi-structured interview-guide encouraging interviewees to reflect on their experiences with downward referral. Coliazzi’s data analysis process was applied. The analysis of the data revealed 4 themes: coping challenges; disrupted information; gaps in medical and nursing transition, and potential enabling factors. The results of this study showed that the lack of knowledge of medical alliance, non-sharing of medical information and non-homogeneousness of medical quality were identified to be impeding positive attitude towards downward referral and be factors of bad experiences. Of course, the interviewees had positive experiences such as smooth referral and comfortable environment. These may be potential enabling factors to their attitude towards downward referral. The challenges and needs of medical demanders after downward referral are worthy of attention, and these should be solved by corresponding measures to improve the downward referral rate and referral experiences.
Comparison of flexible fixation and screw fixation for isolated Lisfranc ligament injuries: A protocol for a meta-analysis of comparative studies
Authors: Guo Wenxuan , Chen Wenhuan , Yu Jinsheng , Wu Fan , Qian Wenqiang , Zhuang Siyuan , Tian Kun , Zhuang Rujie , Pan Yu
Published: October 2022

Background:

The frequency of isolated Lisfranc ligament (ILL) injuries has been increasing recently with the increase in low-energy trauma resulting from sports injuries. For ILL injuries, the optimal method of fixation still remains controversial. The traditional fixation method is achieved by trans-articular screws, but recently, dorsal bridge plates and suture button (SB) fixation have become alternatives. Some biomechanical studies have showed that SB fixation can provide adequate strength compared to trans-articular screws. Therefore, a meta-analysis is imperative to provide evidence on whether flexible fixation is comparable to screw fixation for treatment of ILL injuries.

Methods:

We will conduct a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Web of Science databases and for comparative studies. We will apply the risk-of-bias tool of the Cochrane Collaboration for Randomized Controlled Trials to assess the methodological quality. Risk-of-Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies was used to evaluate the quality of comparative studies. Statistical analysis will be conducted using RevMan 5.4 software (Cochrane Collaboration, London, England).

Results:

This systematic review will evaluate the functional outcomes and radiographic results of flexible fixation for treatment of ILL injuries.

Conclusion:

The conclusion of this study will provide evidence for judging whether flexible fixation is superior to screw fixation for treatment of ILL injuries.
Predictors of Infection and Benefit of Antibiotics in Gunshot Wounds to the Face
Authors: Deramo Paul J. , Biaggi-Ondina Andrea , Kothamasu Venkata Sai , Berry Blake , Wainwright David J.
Published: October 2022

Background

Gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the face are at high risk for infection due the extent of tissue injury and often-observed violation of oral and sinus cavities. Given the ambiguous data on antibiotic benefit in GSW to the face, the purpose of this study is to characterize antibiotic usage, infection details, and risk factors associated with higher infection rates in GSW to face.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of patients presenting with GSW to the face from 2009 to 2017. The primary outcome was to identify risk factors associated with infections in patients with facial GSWs. A stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of specific injury details.

Results

Two hundred sixty-nine patients qualified for the study. Demographic information and details of hospital stay are presented in tables. Most patients (88.8%) received admission antibiotics. Facial infections were observed in 36 patients (13.4%). The infected cohort required more antibiotic days (P < 0.001), higher percentage of invasive airway procedures (P = 0.01), longer length of stay (P < 0.001), greater number of surgeries (P < 0.022), and higher readmission rates (P < 0.001). Factors associated with head or neck infections included oral cavity (odds ratio, 1.23; P = 0.04) and sinus involvement (odds ratio, 1.10; P = 0.045).

Conclusions

Bullet trajectories that violated the oral or maxillary sinus cavities were associated with higher head and neck infection rates. Patients without oral cavity or sinus involvement had a lower chance (4.1%) of developing an infection and therefore may have marginal benefit from antibiotics.
Lower Trapezius Myocutaneous Propeller Flap Based on Dorsal Scapular Artery
Authors: Wang Miao , Zang Mengqing , Zhu Shan , Li Shanshan , Han Tinglu , Chen Zixiang , Liu Yuanbo
Published: October 2022

Background

The pedicled lower trapezius myocutaneous flap is generally transferred to the recipient site through a subcutaneous tunnel, and a portion of the flap buried in the tunnel needs to be de-epithelialized. Thus, considerable amount of normal skin is sacrificed, and the redundant tissue buried in the tunnel can cause bulging deformity. We believe that transferring the lower trapezius myocutaneous flap in a propeller fashion can avoid the aforementioned issues.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed on all lower trapezius myocutaneous propeller flap reconstructions by a single surgeon from July 2013 to March 2021. Data on patient demographics, diagnosis, features of the defect, characteristics of the flap, and the outcome were collected and analyzed.

Results

Thirty-three lower trapezius myocutaneous propeller flaps were used to reconstruct soft tissue defects in the head, neck, and back. The etiologies were malignancy, trauma, postburn scar contracture, and congenital melanocytic nevus. The mean skin paddle dimensions were 29.0 cm in length (range, 13–45 cm) and 10.9 cm in width (range, 6–15 cm). The donor sites were closed primarily in 30 patients, closed using a skin graft in 1 patient, and covered with the second flap in 2 patients. Venous congestion occurred in the distal portion of 4 flaps and partial necrosis in the distal 6 cm of 1 flap. The average follow-up time was 17.5 months (range, 1–56 months). The normal contour of the back was preserved without bulging deformity. No patient developed a winged scapula or a decrease in shoulder elevation.

Conclusions

The lower trapezius myocutaneous propeller flap may be an option for reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the head, neck, and back with less waste of normal tissue and bulging deformity.
Master's Degrees Among Academic Plastic Surgeons and Plastic Surgery Residents
Authors: Elmorsi Rami , Asaad Malke , Badawi Omar , Mahapure Kiran S. , Selber Jesse , Clemens Mark W. , Chu Carrie K. , Offodile Anaeze C. , Butler Charles E.
Published: October 2022

Background

As more plastic surgery clinicians pursue advanced degrees and strive to become stronger physician-scientists, an objective understanding of how such degrees influence careers becomes important. We hypothesized that having a master's degree is associated with higher scholarly activity, research funding, academic progression, and leadership appointments.

Methods

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited integrated plastic surgery residency program Web sites were queried to create a data set of current academic plastic surgeons (APSs) and plastic surgery residents (PSRs). Scholarly metrics such as publications, citations, and H-indices were extracted from the Scopus database. National Institutes of Health and Plastic Surgery Foundation funding information was collected through their respective Web sites.

Results

Our cohort comprised 799 APSs and 922 PSRs, of whom 8% and 7.4%, respectively, had at least one master’s degree. Academic plastic surgeons with master’s of public health degrees had a significantly higher median number of publications and citations than APSs without a master’s of public health. There was no association between any master’s degree and academic rank or being a department chairman or program director. Academic plastic surgeons with master of science degrees were more likely to receive National Institutes of Health grants. Among PSRs, master’s of science graduates had a higher median number of publications. Other master’s degrees did not significantly influence scholarly productivity or funding.

Conclusions

Certain master's degrees had an impact on scholarly productivity, with no significant effect on academic rank or leadership positions. The value of master's degrees in programs focusing on healthcare management, leadership skills, and business acumen likely extends beyond the scope of this study.
Youngest Composite Full-Face Transplant
Authors: Knackstedt Rebecca , Siemionow Maria , Djohan Risal , Schwarz Graham , Gharb Bahar Bassiri , Rampazzo Antonio , Bernard Steven , Doumit Gaby , Gurunian Raffi , Eghtesad Bijan , Bergfeld Wilma , Priebe Debra , Papay Frank , Gastman Brian R.
Published: October 2022

Background

The field of face transplantation continues to evolve, with more complex defects being addressed, and, at the same time, increased outcome expectations. Given our unique long-term experience in this field, we consented one of the youngest patients to undergo a full-face transplant.

Methods

An 18-year-old woman presented with complete destruction of her central face and craniofacial structures. She had coexisting major injuries, including pituitary gland, visual axis, and motor control. After extensive rehabilitation and reconstruction techniques, the patient underwent face transplant on May 4, 2017, at the age of 21 years.

Results

The total operative time for the recipient was 26 hours. There were no major perioperative complications. Since transplant, the patient has undergone 3 revision surgeries. She is near completely independent from a daily life activity standpoint. She has had 1 episode of rejection above grade II that was successfully treated with a short-term increased in immunosuppression.

Conclusions

Contrary to data in solid organ transplantation where youth is associated with increased risk of rejection, our current algorithm in immunosuppression, combined with this patient's compliance, has led to only 1 rejection episode beyond grade II. This successful transplant can serve as a model for future vascularized composite transplants in younger populations.
Cloning and expression of α-Amylase from novel specie, Enterobacter xiangfangensis; locally isolated from Pakistani flora
Authors: tahir Tehreem , iqbal afshan
Published: October 2022

Living in an era of industrialization, there is an utmost need to replace chemical catalysts with biocatalysts owing their cost effectiveness, milder reaction conditions, eco-friendly nature and specificity. α-amylase is one of the  top commercial enzymes of industrial importance. It hydrolyzes internal α (1, 4) glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides and yields oligosaccharides of varying length. The aim of present study was to clone and express α-amylase from a novel specie Enterobacter xiangfangensis. Amplified product was cloned by A and T overhangs and transformed into cloning host; E. coli DH5α cells. Gene encoding α-amylase (1488bp) was sequenced to confirm the adequate amplification, digested with BamH1 and Xho1, cloned into expression vector; pET28b (+) and transformed into expression host; E. coli strain BL21 CodonPlus (DE3) cells.
            The expression of α-amylase was induced by IPTG and optimized with varying IPTG concentrations and its induction intervals. The maximum expression was observed after 8 hours of 1mM IPTG induction. The results showed that α-amylase from novel specie, Enterobacter xiangfangensis has a potential to expresses itself in heterologous expression system so this recombinant α-amylase is ray of hope for enormous downstream applications.
Effect of mastitis incidence on litter size, litter weight, and milk composition of rabbit does
Authors: Ludwiczak Agnieszka , Składanowska‐Baryza Joanna , Sell‐Kubiak Ewa
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to examine the effect of mastitis incidence on the litter size, litter birth weight, and milk composition of Hycole does on a commercial rabbit farm during their third and fourth parity. At third parity does were assigned to the “No mastitis” (n = 30) and “Mastitis” (n = 28) groups on the basis of visible abscesses in the mammary gland area. The microbiological analysis revealed the presence of different pathogenic bacteria. At third parity, “Mastitis” females had fewer kits than the “No mastitis” group, and the average birth weight was lower. On day 2 of the third lactation, “Mastitis” does produced significantly less milk daily compared with the “No mastitis” group. A significant effect on the incidence of mastitis on the litter size and litter weight during the growth of kits up to the 35th day was also observed. The effect of the incidence of mastitis on milk chemical composition was limited. At the fourth parity, the litter characteristics and daily milk yield were leveled in “Mastitis” and “No mastitis” females. To conclude, our study showed that mastitis negatively affects litter size, birth weight, and daily milk yield in the current parity. However, early detection and proper treatment allowed to obtain good reproductive results and healthy kits in the next parity.
Pomegranate fallen leaves as a source of natural dye for mordant‐free dyeing of wool
Authors: Haji Aminoddin , Shahmoradi Ghaheh Fatemeh , Indrie Liliana
Published: October 2022

The application of metal mordants is usually necessary in dyeing of wool with natural dyes to improve the dye exhaustion and fastness properties. The majority of metal salts generally used as mordants are considered as toxic and it is important to find replacements for them. Plant sources with high content of tannins are good candidates as bio‐mordant or colourant to overcome this drawback. In this study, the waste fallen leaves of pomegranate tree were used as a source of natural dye for the eco‐friendly dyeing of wool fabric without the use of metal mordants. The dyeing process variables including dye concentration, dyebath pH, and temperature were optimised using response surface methodology to obtain the highest colour strength. The colour strength was increased by increasing the natural dye powder up to 100%owf while the optimum pH and dyebath temperature were 4 and 100°C, respectively. The sample dyed under the optimal condition exhibited good fastness properties against washing and light. This study approved the potential of Punica granatum fallen leaves for the dyeing of wool without any mordant, while high fastness properties were obtained.
Application of Bronchoscopic TransParenchymal Nodule Access in tuberculous bronchial occlusion
Authors: Jing Qiusheng , Hu Zhimin , Wu Mingdi , Liu Min , Yu Panli , Sun Ling , Chen Xianxiang
Published: October 2022

Bronchoscopic TransParenchymal Nodule Access (BTPNA) technology is mainly used for sampling or ablative treatment of lung parenchymal lesions that cannot be reached by bronchoscopy and its appendages, generally for palliative treatment of some lung tumors. We used BTPNA to treat a 32‐year‐old young woman with pulmonary tuberculosis and successfully perforated her occluded left main bronchus. Her left atelectasis was recovered, and a silicone stent was inserted to preserve the shape of the left main bronchus.
Genome‐wide association study and genomic prediction for intramuscular fat content in Suhuai pigs using imputed whole‐genome sequencing data
Authors: Wang Binbin , Li Pinghua , Hou Liming , Zhou Wuduo , Tao Wei , Liu Chenxi , Liu Kaiyue , Niu Peipei , Zhang Zongping , Li Qiang , Su Guosheng , Huang Ruihua
Published: October 2022

Integrating the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly affecting target traits from imputed whole‐genome sequencing (iWGS) data into the genomic prediction (GP) model is an economic, efficient, and feasible strategy to improve prediction accuracy. The objective was to dissect the genetic architecture of intramuscular fat content (IFC) by genome wide association studies (GWAS) and to investigate the accuracy of GP based on pedigree‐based BLUP (PBLUP) model, genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) models and Bayesian mixture (BayesMix) models under different strategies. A total of 482 Suhuai pigs were genotyped using an 80 K SNP chip. Furthermore, 30 key samples were selected for resequencing and were used as a reference panel to impute the 80 K chip data to the WGS dataset. The 80 K data and iWGS data were used to perform GWAS and test GP accuracies under different scenarios. GWAS results revealed that there were four major regions affecting IFC. Two important functional candidate genes were found in the two most significant regions, including protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE) and myosin light chain 2 (MYL2). The results of the predictions showed that the PBLUP model had the lowest reliability (0.096 ± 0.032). The reliability (0.229 ± 0.035) was improved by replacing pedigree information with 80 K chip data. Compared with using 80 K SNPs alone, pruning iWGS SNPs with the R‐squared cutoff of linkage disequilibrium (0.55) led to a slight improvement (0.006), adding significant iWGS SNPs led to an improvement of reliability by 0.050 when using a one‐component GBLUP, a further increase of 0.033 when using a two‐component GBLUP model. For BayesMix models, compared with using 80 K SNPs alone, adding additional significant iWGS SNPs into one‐ or two‐component BayesMix models led to improvements of reliabilities for IFC by 0.040 and 0.089, respectively. Our results may facilitate further identification of causal genes for IFC and may be beneficial for the improvement of IFC in pig breeding programs.
Multiaxial low cycle fatigue behavior and life prediction of CP‐Ti under non‐proportional stress‐controlled mode
Authors: Ma Tian‐Hao , Zhou Chang‐Yu , Chang Le , He Xiao‐Hua
Published: October 2022

Multiaxial low cycle fatigue tests under non‐proportional stress (NPSS) controlled mode were performed on commercial pure titanium (CP‐Ti). Strain responses of axial and torsional channels under highly applied stress amplitudes show an initial hardening phenomenon. Non‐proportional hardening coefficient of CP‐Ti is independent of the controlled mode. The critical plane of CP‐Ti under NPSS controlled mode is aligned with the maximum principal stress plane proved by optical microscopy observation. Optimized FSM model and KBM‐PM model with mean axial and torsional strain are established. These models are further integrated into equations related to multiaxial stress ratio with high accuracy of life prediction for CP‐Ti under NPSS controlled mode.