bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obesity consults—comprehensive obesity management in 2013: Understanding the shifting paradigm
Authors: Kushner Robert F. , Apovian Caroline M. , Fujioka Ken
Published: November 2013

Although serious health concerns are associated with obesity, losing even 5% of body weight can produce clinically relevant effects. The initial goal of obesity management is usually a 5% to 10% weight reduction. Some people will sustain weight loss with changes in diet and exercise alone; however, these patients represent the minority, and a large percentage are unable to maintain weight loss over time.

Patients and providers often wish to intensify obesity treatment, and therefore interest in new medications has been considerable. Until recently, only two antiobesity medications have received Food and Drug Administration approval for long‐term use. In June and July of 2012, respectively, lorcaserin and combination phentermine/topiramate extended‐release were approved for obesity therapy. The first section of this article reviews mechanisms, clinical trials, benefits and risks of available medications for treating obesity.

Bariatric surgery is the next step for patients with a body mass index of ≥40 kg/m2 or ≥35 kg/m2 with comorbidities, based on National Institutes of Health Clinical Guidelines. These procedures and their risks and benefits are reviewed in the second section. The final section presents common clinical scenarios with guidance for choosing among evidence‐based recommendations for developing optimal, individualized, long‐term strategies for patients with obesity.
Why do you Make us Feel Good? Correlates and Interpersonal Consequences of Affective Presence in Speed–Dating
Authors: Berrios Raul , Totterdell Peter , Niven Karen
Published: November 2013

Recent research indicates that people consistently make others feel a certain way (e.g. happy or stressed). This individual difference has been termed affective presence, but little is known about its correlates or consequences. The present study investigated the following: (i) whether affective presence influences others’ romantic interest in a person and (ii) what types of people have positive and negative affective presence. Forty volunteers took part in a speed–dating event, during which they dated six or seven opposite–sex partners. A Social Relations Model analysis confirmed that individuals prompted consistent positive emotional reactions in others. Participants were more likely to want to see dates with greater positive affective presence again in the future, and positive affective presence explained the effects of perceived responsiveness on romantic interest. Associations between positive affective presence and trait predictors, including emotion regulation, emotional expressiveness, attachment style, agreeableness and extraversion, were also observed. The findings indicate that what emotionally distinguishes one individual from another lies in part in the emotional consequences of their behaviours on others. © 2013 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology.
Characterization of ADN/GAP‐Based and ADN/Desmophen®‐Based Propellant Formulations and Comparison with AP Analogues
Authors: Cerri Sara , Bohn Manfred A. , Menke Klaus , Galfetti Luciano
Published: November 2013

Several ADN‐based rocket propellant formulations containing different pre‐polymers (GAP diol/triol, Desmophen® 2200), curing agents (BPS, Desmodur® N100, Desmodur® N3400), plasticizers (BDNPA‐F, TMETN), and filler types (Al, HMX) have been manufactured. Propellant formulations were characterized by tensile tests, SEM analyses and DMA measurements. The study has focused on characterizations of the propellants in terms of evaluation of the strength and strain capability, investigation of the presence/absence of dewetting phenomena, compatibility issues and evaluation of the glass transition temperature. Ammonium perchlorate‐based propellant formulations have also been manufactured and analyzed in order to make comparisons. Aging was investigated using mass loss measurements.
Structural identification of imatinib cyanide adducts by mass spectrometry and elucidation of bioactivation pathway
Authors: Li Austin C. , Yu Erya , Ring Steven C. , Chovan James P.
Published: November 2013

RATIONALE

Recent publications have reported that imatinib forms cyanide and methoxylamine adducts in vitro but without detail structural identification. The current work reports the identification of seven cyanide adducts that elucidate the bioactivation pathways and may provide hints for observed clinical adverse effects of the drug.

METHODS

Imatinib was incubated with human liver microsomal proteins in the presence of a NADPH‐regeneration system and the trapping agents reduced GSH, potassium cyanide and methoxylamine. Samples were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a LTQ‐Orbitrap data collection system. Chemical structures were determined and/or postulated based on data‐dependent high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometric (MSn) exact mass measurements in both positive and negative scan modes, as well as in combination with hydrogen‐deuterium exchange (HDX).

RESULTS

GSH and methoxylamine conjugates were either not detected or were in insufficient quantities for characterization. However, seven cyanide conjugates were identified, indicating that the piperazine and p‐toluidine partial structures in imatinib can become bioactivated and subsequently trapped by the nucleophile cyanide ion. The reactive intermediates were postulated as imine and imine‐carbonyl conjugate (α,β‐unsaturated) structures on the piperazine ring, and imine‐methide on the p‐toluidine partial structure.

CONCLUSIONS

Chemical structures of seven cyanide adducts of imatinib have been identified or proposed based on high‐resolution MS/MS data. Mechanisms for the formation of the conjugates were also proposed. The findings may help to understand the mechanism of hepatotoxicity of imatinib in humans. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproducibility and accuracy of noble gas measurements on water samples in the microlitre range
Authors: Sander Tim , Marx Thomas , Engel Jürgen , Aeschbach‐Hertig Werner
Published: November 2013

RATIONALE

In order to derive meaningful noble gas temperatures (NGTs) from speleothem fluid inclusions, precise and accurate measurements of noble gas concentrations on very small water samples are necessary. To optimise these measurements and their reliability, an investigation of the reproducibility and accuracy of the analytical procedure is essential.

METHODS

Water equilibrated with air under controlled conditions was filled into copper capillaries to produce small (about 1 μL) air‐equilibrated water samples (so‐called μAEWs). As speleothem samples, the μAEWs were opened in a crusher and the released noble gases analysed with an electron ionisation sector field mass spectrometer run in static mode. For better comparability with speleothem samples, a defined amount of air was added to the noble gases derived from one group of μAEWs.

RESULTS

The reproducibility of the experimental procedure was found to be better than 2.2% for all relevant noble gases. Within these uncertainties, the measured noble gas concentrations of μAEWs agree with expectations. The corresponding NGTs reproduce within 0.5°C and deviate by less than 1°C from the equilibration temperature. In the case of air addition, the air to water ratio was determined accurately and, excluding one outlier, the NGTs were determined with a reproducibility and accuracy well below 1°C.

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that the used measurement procedure is generally suitable to reveal major climatic temperature changes, for which an overall NGT error of less than 1°C is desirable, from very small water samples as obtained from speleothem fluid inclusions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passivity and passification of stochastic impulsive memristor‐based piecewise linear system with mixed delays
Authors: Wen S.P. , Zeng Z.G. , Huang T.W. , Li C.J.
Published: November 2013

This paper is concerned with the problem of passivity analysis and passification for a class of stochastic impulsive memristor‐based piecewise linear (PWL) systems with mixed delays and nonlinearity disturbances. Based on the PWL memristor, a PWL system is set up. And some novel sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the passivity/passification performance, such that, for all admissible stochastic disturbances and nonlinearity, the closed‐loop stochastic impulsive memristor‐based PWL system is passive in the sense of expectation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Neglected “R” in a Time of Common Core
Authors: Mo Ya , Kopke Rachel A. , Hawkins Lisa K. , Troia Gary A. , Olinghouse Natalie G.
Published: November 2013

Despite the need for writing competence in and out of school, writing has been deemed the neglected “R” in educational practice. Moreover, many students do not meet expected standards of writing performance. The Common Core State Standards (CCSS), adopted by 45 states, provides an opportunity to change the state of writing instruction on a national scale. This study evaluated the content coverage of theCCSSfor writing and language (CCSS‐WL). Results indicated thatCCSS‐WLcover some aspects of writing well, but others deemed important in research not well or not at all. Evidenced‐based practices for improving student writing performance to supplement theCCSS‐WLare provided. It is hoped that the appropriate curricular and instructional changes targeted toward the content of theCCSS‐WLand effective evidence‐based instructional practices can elevate writing from the neglected “R” in this time of Common Core.
Impact of Free Fatty Acids and Phospholipids on Reverse Micelles Formation and Lipid Oxidation in Bulk Oil
Authors: Kittipongpittaya Ketinun , Panya Atikorn , McClements David Julian , Decker Eric A.
Published: November 2013

Association colloids such as phospholipid reverse micelles could increase the rate of lipid oxidation in bulk oils. In addition to phospholipids, other surface active minor components in commercial oils such as free fatty acids may impact lipid oxidation rates and the physical properties of reverse micelles. In this study, the effects of free fatty acids on changes in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 1,2‐Dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DOPC) in stripped corn oil (SCO) were determined by using the 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane solubilization technique. Different free fatty acids including myristoleic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic and eicosenoic were added at 0.5 % by wt along with the DOPC into the bulk oils. There was no significant effect of free fatty acids with different chain length, configuration and number of double bonds on the CMC value for DOPC in bulk oil. However, increasing concentrations of oleic acid (0.5 to 5 % by wt) caused the CMC value for DOPC in bulk oils to increase from 400 to 1,000 μmol/kg oil. Physical properties of DOPC reverse micelles in the presence of free fatty acids in bulk oils were also investigated by the small angle X‐ray scattering technique. Results showed that free fatty acids could impact on the reverse micelle structure of DOPC in bulk oils. Moreover, free fatty acid decreased pH inside reverse micelle as confirmed by the NMR studies. The oxidation studies done by monitoring the lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal formation revealed that free fatty acids exhibited pro‐oxidative activity in the presence and absence of DOPC. Different types of free fatty acids had similar pro‐oxidative activity in bulk oil.
Role‐modeling and conversations about giving in the socialization of adolescent charitable giving and volunteering
Authors: Ottoni‐Wilhelm Mark , Estell David B. , Perdue Neil H.
Published: November 2013

This study investigated the relationship between the monetary giving and volunteering behavior of adolescents and the role‐modeling and conversations about giving provided by their parents. The participants are a large nationally‐representative sample of 12–18 year‐olds from thePanel Study of Income Dynamics'Child Development Supplement(n = 1244). Adolescents reported whether they gave money and whether they volunteered. In a separate interview parents reported whether they talked to their adolescent about giving. In a third interview, parents reported whether they gave money and volunteered. The results show that both role‐modeling and conversations about giving are strongly related to adolescents' giving and volunteering. Knowing that both role‐modeling and conversation are strongly related to adolescents' giving and volunteering suggests an often over‐looked way for practitioners and policy‐makers to nurture giving and volunteering among adults: start earlier, during adolescence, by guiding parents in their role‐modeling of, and conversations about, charitable giving and volunteering.
Brief report: Associations between adolescent girls' social–emotional intelligence and violence perpetration
Authors: Gower Amy L. , Shlafer Rebecca J. , Polan Julie , McRee Annie‐Laurie , McMorris Barbara J. , Pettingell Sandra L. , Sieving Renee E.
Published: November 2013

This study examined associations between social–emotional intelligence (SEI) and two measures of violence perpetration (relational aggression and physical violence) in a cross‐sectional sample of high‐risk adolescent girls (N = 253). We evaluated three aspects of SEI: stress management, intrapersonal, and interpersonal skills. Results of a multiple linear regression model accounting for participants' age, race/ethnicity, and experiences of relational aggression victimization indicated that girls with better stress management skills were less likely to perpetrate relational aggression. A parallel model for perpetration of physical violence showed a similar pattern of results. Study findings suggest that SEI, and stress management skills in particular, may protect adolescent girls – including those who have been victims of violence – from perpetrating relational aggression and physical violence. Interventions that build adolescent girls' social and emotional skills may be an effective strategy for reducing their perpetration of violence.
The East European Platform in the late Ediacaran: new paleomagnetic and geochronological data
Authors: Fedorova N.M. , Levashova N.M. , Bazhenov M.L. , Meert J.G. , Sergeeva N.D. , Golovanova I.V. , Danukalov K.N. , Kuznetsov N.B. , Kadyrov A.F. , Khidiyatov M.M.
Published: November 2013

The paleogeography of the Earth, including the East European Platform, is very inaccurately defined for the interval 500–700 Ma. The quantity and quality of Late Precambrian–Cambrian paleomagnetic data on this platform are absolutely insufficient for reliable paleogeographical or paleotectonic reconstructions. Since there are almost no unstudied objects in the platform that could be used for paleomagnetic studies, it seems reasonable to consider the deformed platform margins. Of particular interest is the Bashkir anticlinorium (South Urals) with numerous Ediacaran sedimentary sections, some of which contain tuff beds suitable for isotope dating. We present paleomagnetic and geochronological data on the Upper Ediacaran Zigan Formation, sampled in the western part of the western limb of the Bashkir anticlinorium. The East European Platform must have been at near-equatorial latitudes at ∼550 Ma.
Time patterns of magmatic ore systems in circum-Pacific volcanoplutonic belts
Authors: Sharapov V.N. , Lapukhov A.S. , Smolyaninova L.G.
Published: November 2013

Integrate statistical processing of more than 1000 isotope dates tracing the history of circum-Pacific magmatic ore systems and related mineral deposits in volcanoplutonic belts allows the following inferences: (1) magmatic ore systems (MOS) of volcanic arcs generate monoand polycyclic volcanoplutonic deposits (VPD) with notably different formation times (longevities); (2) the MOS chronology bears periodicity of events in the post-Paleozoic history of the Pacific continental margin; (3) the time series of magmatic ore systems from different circum-Pacific segments show quasi-periodic patterns but the respective metallogenic epochs within the same time intervals have different phases and amplitudes, especially over the past 30 Myr; (4) each mineral type of VPD has its own periodicity; (5) the periodicity in formation times of mono- and polycyclic VPD differs from that in the times of their origin.
Geologic nature of regional magnetic and gravity anomalies in the Mongol-Transbaikalian province of the Central Asian Fold Belt
Authors: Vitte L.V. , Vasilevskiy A.N.
Published: November 2013

Regional gravity and magnetic anomalies are interpreted with regard to new geodynamic, geological, and tectonic schemes. Integrated analysis of these data confirms the deep origin of the processes which have created the largest igneous areas and zones of the eastern Central Asian Fold Belt.
Processing high-frequency electromagnetic logs from conducting formations: linearized 2D forward and inverse solutions with regard to eddy currents
Authors: Glinskikh V.N. , Nikitenko M.N. , Epov M.I.
Published: November 2013

High-performance algorithms and software have been designed for fast 2D forward modeling and inversion of high-frequency electromagnetic logs to recover the patterns of electrical conductivity and relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of rocks. Forward modeling implies linear representation, with regard to eddy current, of attenuations and phase shifts of electromagnetic fields propagating in 2D conducting formations. In order to improve the modeling quality, the background model is chosen proceeding from the eddy current pattern in a heterogeneous subsurface. The inverse solution is obtained by pseudoinversion of the sensitivity matrix of relative amplitudes and phases. Joint 2D inversion of phase shifts and attenuations improves the reliability of the inferred spatial conductivity distribution and allows estimating permittivity. The reported numerical experiments on inversion of synthetic and field EM logs prove the possibility of estimating the permittivity of complex terrigenous and carbonate reservoirs with water- and oil-filled porosity.
Electrochemistry of calcium precipitating bacteria in orthodontic wire
Authors: Dhandapani P. , MuraliKannan M. , Anandkumar B. , Maruthamuthu S. , Manoharan S.P.
Published: November 2013

Background: Calculus composed of inorganic and organic components with bacteria formed on teeth gets deposited on orthodontic wires. The reason for calculus formation and impact of calcium precipitating bacteria (CPB) on orthodontic wire were studied. A pilot study on electrochemical characterization of CPB on orthodontic wires was done.

Methods: CPB were isolated from orthodontic patients and identified by molecular techniques. The electrochemical behavior of two isolates (CPB‐1 and CPB‐3) on orthodontic wires was studied by employing polarization and impedance techniques. The CPB morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical characterization of CPB and tooth pulp stone were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD).

Results: The two isolates Bacillus megaterium (CPB‐1) and Paenibacillus sp. (CPB‐3) identified with 16S rRNA sequencing method increased pH of B4 medium from 5.32 to 8.3. The carboxylic acid and phosphate groups identified in FTIR analysis acted as nucleation sites for calcium deposition. The biogenic crystal phases identified in teeth pulp stone by XRD were similar to bacterial isolates cultured in the laboratory. The electrochemical studies with two CPB species revealed that biogenic calcium phosphate species act as cathodic inhibitors on orthodontic wire.

Conclusion: The present study concluded that teeth pulp stone formation is due to CPB and high pH determines the mineralization process. Diffusion process and dispersive capacitive behavior indicate that the chloride ions may penetrate through calcium deposits and initiate pitting corrosion on orthodontic wire which may enhance the leaching of toxic elements in saliva.
Azapirone 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist treatment for major depressive disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kishi T. , Meltzer H. Y. , Matsuda Y. , Iwata N.
Published: November 2013

Background

A meta-analysis of the serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptor partial agonist of the azapirone class as an anxiolytic drug for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) has not previously been reported.

Method

We carried out a systematic review of the literature available in PubMed, the Cochrane Library database and PsycINFO up to 12 October 2013, and conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing 5-HT1A agonists with placebo and RCTs of 5-HT1A agonist augmentation therapies for MDD treatment. We calculated the risk ratio (RR), number needed to treat (NNT)/number needed to harm (NNH) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Fifteen RCTs comparing 5-HT1A agonists with placebo (total n = 2469, four studies with buspirone, seven with gepirone, three with ipsapirone and one with zalospirone) were identified. Pooled 5-HT1A agonists had significantly more responders (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65–083, p < 0.00001, NNT = 6, 12 trials, n = 1816) than placebo. Pooled 5-HT1A agonists were superior to placebo in discontinuation due to inefficacy (RR 0.49, p = 0.02, NNH = 16, p = 0.03, 10 trials, n = 1494) but were inferior to placebo in discontinuation due to side-effects (RR 1.88, p < 0.0001, NNH = 17, p = 0.001, 13 trials, n = 2196). However, all-cause discontinuation was similar in both groups (RR 0.99, p = 0.85, 14 trials, n = 2402). Four 5-HT1A agonist augmentation studies were identified (total n = 365, three buspirone studies and one tandospirone study). There were no statistically significant effects of 5-HT1A agonist augmentation therapies on response rate (RR 0.98, p = 0.85, four trials, n = 341). 5-HT1A agonist-related side-effects including gastrointestinal symptoms, dizziness, insomnia, palpitation, paresthesia and sweating were greater than with placebo (p < 0.00001 to p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that 5-HT1A agonist has a more beneficial effect on MDD than placebo, but has several side-effects.
Some Renaissance, Baroque, and contemporary cultural elaborations of the art of memory
Authors: Bimler David L.
Published: November 2013

The target article addresses historical and present-day mnemotechnics as a practice. It also deserves scrutiny as culture writ small. For would-be Hermetic adepts of the Renaissance and Baroque, the ancient art of memory (AAOM) provided both an iconography and a projective-test vision of possibilities. In contemporary fiction, Memory Palaces become a metaphor for the workings of mind, of culture, and of information technology.
Contacts and encounters in English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: Ferguson Gibson
Published: November 2013

This wide-ranging book, focused on the use of English as a lingua franca in intranational and international contexts, explores the ecologies in which interactions in English occur and the phonological, grammatical, lexical and pragmatic processes that take place when speakers of different varieties of L2 English come into contact. For Meierkord, a key difference between intranational and international contexts is that in the former interactions tend to take place in relatively stable communities, circumstances which are more propitious for the adoption of new features and the eventual emergence of new L2 varieties; for example, the nativised varieties of post–colonial societies. In international contexts, by contrast, lingua franca encounters tend to be more short-term, and there is therefore less opportunity for the emergence, adoption and stabilisation of new features. Accommodation, rather, is one of the more common pragmatic responses. These, however, are rough generalisations, for throughout the book an important motif is heterogeneity: heterogeneity in the varieties of English entering into contact, heterogeneity in speaker characteristics such as their level of English proficiency, and heterogeneity in the purposes and contexts of the encounters.
Explicating some prepositional usages in Cameroon English
Authors: Takam Alain
Published: November 2013

This study investigates a number of non-interference sources of some Cameroon English (CamE) prepositional usages. It is based on the observation that the investigation of causes or sources ofpost-colonial Englishisms(peculiarities of newer varieties of English spoken in former English and American colonies) has so far favoured the interference factor. More clearly, post-colonial English (PCE) specificities have generally been attributed to the influence of the speakers' other tongues on their (English) production (see, for example, Platt et al., 1984; Mbangwana, 1989; Bokamba, 1992; Gramley & Pätzold, 1992; Asante, 1995). Although the interference factor is indeed easily perceptible in CamE, it is interesting to note that other factors might have played a major role in the emergence of English in Cameroon. In reality, there are several non-contrastive causes that could underlie some grammatical constructions of PCE in general and CamE in particular. Many such causes are being studied, especially at the phonological level. However, few studies have been devoted to the non-interference sources of CamE grammatical usages in general and preposition use in particular. This paper will thus examine how CamE speakers use prepositions to express direction and location. From the analysis, non-interference sources of a good number of CamE specificities such as the colonial factor, logicalization, analogy and tacit national norm seem to be some of the autonomous routes unconsciously used by CamE speakers to yield a variety of English that markedly differs from the standardized varieties of British English (StE), officially the target of national education.
Forecasting Medical Work at Mass-Gathering Events: Predictive Model Versus Retrospective Review
Authors: Zeitz Kathryn M. , Zeitz Chris J. , Arbon Paul
Published: November 2013

Introduction:

Mass-gathering events are dynamic and challenge traditional medical management systems. To improve the system for the provision of first aid at mass-gathering events, an evaluation of two models that assist in forecasting the number of patients presenting for first-aid services was conducted.

Method:

A prospective evaluation of a recurrent, mass-gathering event was undertaken comparing predicted patient presentations and ambulance transfers generated by a predictive model developed by Arbon et al and a retrospective review of seven years of historical, event data as described by Zeitz et al.

Results:

Patient presentation rate (per 1,000 patrons) for this event was 1.6 and the transport to hospital rate (per 1,000 patrons) was 0.07. The retrospective review closely predicted the actual overall attendance.Both methods forecast the number of patients presenting on a daily basis. The prediction proved to be more accurate, on a day-by-day basis, using the Zeitz method.

Conclusion:

The Arbon method is particularly useful for events where there is no or limited information about previous medical work. Retrospective review of data generated from specific events (Zeitz method) considers the unique and individual variability that can occur from event to event and is more accurate at predicting patient presentations when the data are available. Both methods have the potential to be used more frequently to adequately and efficiently plan for the resources required for specific events.
Acquiring complex structures under minority language conditions: Bilingual acquisition of plural morphology in Welsh
Authors: THOMAS ENLLI MÔN , WILLIAMS NIA , JONES LLINOS ANGHARAD , DAVIES SUSI , BINKS HANNA
Published: November 2013

This study explored the effects of quantity and quality of input on bilingual children's acquisition of complex plural morphology in Welsh. Study 1 explored the quality of adult input and revealed target-like marking of plural forms in naturalistic adult speech. Study 2 presented eighty-eight 7–11-year-old children, across three bilingual language groups (L1 Welsh, 2L1, and L2 Welsh), with a plural production task. Results revealed performances approaching L1 adult norms among L1 Welsh-speaking bilinguals, but delayed progression among 2L1 and L2 Welsh bilinguals, although analyses of errors revealed various levels of structural knowledge. Forms requiring the addition of a plural suffix were less difficult to acquire than those involving alterations to the root, with each type acquired with greater levels of accuracy with increasing levels of exposure to the language. The implications of these findings for our understanding of bilingual acquisition of complex structures under minority language conditions are discussed.
Cognitive control in bilinguals: Advantages in Stimulus–Stimulus inhibition
Authors: BLUMENFELD HENRIKE K. , MARIAN VIORICA
Published: November 2013

Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information and on overall speed during cognitive control tasks. Here, monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ performance was compared on two nonlinguistic tasks: a Stroop task (with perceptualStimulus–Stimulus conflictamong stimulus features) and a Simon task (withStimulus–Response conflict). Across two experiments testing bilinguals with different language profiles, bilinguals showed more efficient Stroop than Simon performance, relative to monolinguals, who showed fewer differences across the two tasks. Findings suggest that bilingualism may engage Stroop-type cognitive control mechanisms more than Simon-type mechanisms, likely due to increased Stimulus–Stimulus conflict during bilingual language processing. Findings are discussed in light of previous research on bilingual Stroop and Simon performance.
Regulation of cell survival by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P1 via reciprocal ERK-dependent suppression of Bim and PI-3-kinase/protein kinase C-mediated upregulation of Mcl-1
Authors: Rutherford C , Childs S , Ohotski J , McGlynn L , Riddick M , MacFarlane S , Tasker D , Pyne S , Pyne N J , Edwards J , Palmer T M
Published: November 2013

Although the ability of bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) to positively regulate anti-apoptotic/pro-survival responses by binding to S1P1 is well known, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that expression of S1P1 renders CCL39 lung fibroblasts resistant to apoptosis following growth factor withdrawal. Resistance to apoptosis was associated with attenuated accumulation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bim. However, although blockade of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation could reverse S1P1-mediated suppression of Bim accumulation, inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage was unaffected. Instead S1P1-mediated inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage was reversed by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C (PKC), which had no effect on S1P1 regulation of Bim. However, S1P1 suppression of caspase-3 was associated with increased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1, the expression of which was also reduced by inhibition of PI3K and PKC. A role for the induction of Mcl-1 in regulating endogenous S1P receptor-dependent pro-survival responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was confirmed using S1P receptor agonist FTY720-phosphate (FTY720P). FTY720P induced a transient accumulation of Mcl-1 that was associated with a delayed onset of caspase-3 cleavage following growth factor withdrawal, whereas Mcl-1 knockdown was sufficient to enhance caspase-3 cleavage even in the presence of FTY720P. Consistent with a pro-survival role of S1P1 in disease, analysis of tissue microarrays from ER+ breast cancer patients revealed a significant correlation between S1P1 expression and tumour cell survival. In these tumours, S1P1 expression and cancer cell survival were correlated with increased activation of ERK, but not the PI3K/PKB pathway. In summary, pro-survival/anti-apoptotic signalling from S1P1 is intimately linked to its ability to promote the accumulation of pro-survival protein Mcl-1 and downregulation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bim via distinct signalling pathways. However, the functional importance of each pathway is dependent on the specific cellular context.
Strain-level genomic variation in natural populations ofLebetimonasfrom an erupting deep-sea volcano
Authors: Meyer Julie L , Huber Julie A
Published: November 2013

Chemolithoautotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria are ubiquitous in sulfidic, oxygen-poor habitats, including hydrothermal vents, marine oxygen minimum zones, marine sediments and sulfidic caves and have a significant role in cycling carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in these environments. The isolation of diverse strains of Epsilonproteobacteria and the sequencing of their genomes have revealed that this group has the metabolic potential to occupy a wide range of niches, particularly at dynamic deep-sea hydrothermal vents. We expand on this body of work by examining the population genomics of six strains of Lebetimonas, a vent-endemic, thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacterium, from a single seamount in the Mariana Arc. Using Lebetimonas as a model for anaerobic, moderately thermophilic organisms in the warm, anoxic subseafloor environment, we show that genomic content is highly conserved and that recombination is limited between closely related strains. The Lebetimonas genomes are shaped by mobile genetic elements and gene loss as well as the acquisition of novel functional genes by horizontal gene transfer, which provide the potential for adaptation and microbial speciation in the deep sea. In addition, these Lebetimonas genomes contain two operons of nitrogenase genes with different evolutionary origins. Lebetimonas expressed nifH during growth with nitrogen gas as the sole nitrogen source, thus providing the first evidence of nitrogen fixation in any Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. In this study, we provide a comparative overview of the genomic potential within the Nautiliaceae as well as among more distantly related hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria to broaden our understanding of microbial adaptation and diversity in the deep sea.
Gold catalyzed hydrogenations of small imines and nitriles: enhanced reactivity of Au surface toward H2via collaboration with a Lewis base
Authors: Lu Gang , Zhang Peng , Sun Dongqing , Wang Lei , Zhou Kebin , Wang Zhi-Xiang , Guo Guo-Cong
Published: November 2013

Au (111) surface can serve as a Lewis acid to couple with a Lewis base (e.g. imine or nitrile) to form the Au-coupled FLP (frustrated Lewis pair, left) which can cleave H2, further achieving hydrogenation of small imines and nitriles.
Properties of the low-spin high-spin interface during the relaxation of spin-crossover materials, investigated through an electro-elastic model
Authors: Slimani A. , Boukheddaden K. , Varret F. , Nishino M. , Miyashita S.
Published: November 2013

The present work is devoted to the spatio-temporal investigations of spin-crossover lattices during their thermal relaxation from high- to low-spin state. The analysis is performed using Monte Carlo simulations on a distortable 2D lattice the sites of which are occupied by high-spin (HS) or low-spin (LS) atoms. The lattice is circular in shape and the HS to LS transformation results in single domain nucleation followed by growth and propagation processes. The evolution of the LS:HS interface is monitored during the relaxation process, through the mapping of spin states, displacement fields, local stresses, and elastic energy. The results show a curved interface, the curvature of which is reversed at the mid-transformation. The local stresses and elastic energy peak at the vicinity of the HS:LS interface, with sizeable dependence upon the position along the front line which evidences the edge effects.
Enhancing the emission directionality of organic light-emitting diodes by using photonic microstructures
Authors: Zhang Shuyu , Turnbull Graham A. , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: November 2013

We report microstructured organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with directional emission based on efficient solution-processable europium-OLEDs patterned by solvent assisted microcontact molding. The angle dependence of the light emission is characterized for OLEDs with square-array photonic crystals with periods between 275 nm and 335 nm. The microstructured devices have emission patterns strongly modified from the Lambertian emission of planar OLEDs and can approximately double the emitted power in a desired angle range in both s- and p-polarizations. The modified emission is attributed to light diffracted out of the waveguide modes of the OLEDs.
Photonic crystal membrane reflectors by magnetic field-guided metal-assisted chemical etching
Authors: Balasundaram Karthik , Mohseni Parsian K. , Shuai Yi-Chen , Zhao Deyin , Zhou Weidong , Li Xiuling
Published: November 2013

Metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) is a simple etching method that uses metal as the catalyst for anisotropic etching of semiconductors. However, producing nano-structures using MacEtch from discrete metal patterns, in contrast to interconnected ones, has been challenging because of the difficulties in keeping the discrete metal features in close contact with the semiconductor. We report the use of magnetic field-guided MacEtch (h-MacEtch) to fabricate periodic nanohole arrays in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers for high reflectance photonic crystal membrane reflectors. This study demonstrates that h-MacEtch can be used in place of conventional dry etching to produce ordered nanohole arrays for photonic devices.
Microelectrode for energy and current control of nanotip field electron emitters
Authors: Lüneburg S. , Müller M. , Paarmann A. , Ernstorfer R.
Published: November 2013

Emerging experiments and applications in electron microscopy, holography, and diffraction benefit from miniaturized electron guns for compact experimental setups. We present a highly compact microelectrode integrated field emitter that consists of a tungsten nanotip coated with a few micrometers thick polyimide film followed by a several nanometers thick gold film, both positioned behind the exposed emitter apex by approximately 10–30 μm. The control of the electric field strength at the nanometer scale tip apex allows suppression, extraction, and energy tuning of field-emitted electrons. The performance of the microelectrode is demonstrated experimentally and supported by numerical simulations.
Electrostatic sensors for SPIDER experiment: Design, manufacture of prototypes, and first tests
Authors: Brombin M. , Spolaore M. , Serianni G. , Barzon A. , Franchin L. , Pasqualotto R. , Pomaro N. , Schiesko L. , Taliercio C. , Trevisan L.
Published: November 2013

A system of electrostatic sensors has been designed for the SPIDER (Source for the production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from RF plasma) experiment, prototype RF source of the ITER NBI (neutral beam injection). A prototype of the sensor system was manufactured and tested at the BATMAN (BAvarian Test MAchine for Negative ions) facility, where the plasma environment is similar to that of SPIDER. Different aspects concerning the mechanical manufacturing and the signal conditioning are presented, among them the RF compensation adopted to reduce the RF effects which could lead to overestimated values of the electron temperature. The first commissioning tests provided ion saturation current values in the range assumed for the design, so the deduced plasma density estimate is consistent with the expected values.
Luminescence based series resistance mapping of III-V multijunction solar cells
Authors: Nesswetter Helmut , Dyck Wilhelm , Lugli Paolo , Bett Andreas W. , Zimmermann Claus G.
Published: November 2013

A method to measure the series resistance of Ga0.5In0.5P/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cells spatially resolved is developed, based on luminescence imaging. With the help of network simulations, the dependence of the local series resistance on the external subcell illumination intensities and biasing voltage is predicted and the optimum measurement conditions are clarified. Experimentally, specially prepared test cells with partially irradiated areas are used to verify the capabilities of the method. It is shown that the method is not sensitive to variations of the dark I–V parameters of the subcells.
Simulation-guided optimization of small-angle analyzer geometry in the neutron backscattering spectrometer SPHERES
Authors: Wuttke Joachim , Zamponi Michaela
Published: November 2013

The resolution of neutron backscattering spectrometers deteriorates at small scattering angles where analyzers deviate from exact backscattering. By reducing the azimuth angle range of the analyzers, the resolution can be improved with little loss of peak intensity. Measurements at the spectrometer SPHERES are in excellent agreement with simulations, which proves the dominance of geometric effects.
Self-trapped exciton and core-valence luminescence in BaF2 nanoparticles
Authors: Vistovskyy V. V. , Zhyshkovych A. V. , Chornodolskyy Ya. M. , Myagkota O. S. , Gloskovskii A. , Gektin A. V. , Vasil'ev A. N. , Rodnyi P. A. , Voloshinovskii A. S.
Published: November 2013

The influence of the BaF2 nanoparticle size on the intensity of the self-trapped exciton luminescence and the radiative core-valence transitions is studied by the luminescence spectroscopy methods using synchrotron radiation. The decrease of the self-trapped exciton emission intensity at energies of exciting photons in the range of optical exciton creation (hν ≤ Eg) is less sensitive to the reduction of the nanoparticle sizes than in the case of band-to-band excitation, where excitons are formed by the recombination way. The intensity of the core-valence luminescence shows considerably weaker dependence on the nanoparticle sizes in comparison with the intensity of self-trapped exciton luminescence. The revealed regularities are explained by considering the relationship between nanoparticle size and photoelectron or photohole thermalization length as well as the size of electronic excitations.
Absorption enhancement using nanoneedle array for solar cell
Authors: Zhang Xu , Sun Xiao-Hong , Jiang Liu-Di
Published: November 2013

A theoretical analysis of light trapping properties of Gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanoneedle arrays (NNAs) solar cells is presented. The effect of geometric parameters on the optical absorption of NNAs has been analyzed by using rigorous coupled wave analysis algorithm and finite element method. Compared with nanowire arrays and thin-film layer counterpart, higher light absorption efficiency can be achieved in GaAs NNAs, due to the graded refractive index of NNAs that incident light can be coupled into the NNAs efficiently. The absorption profiles at different wavelength and angle-dependant optical properties of NNAs are also evaluated. Meanwhile, the short-circuit current of GaAs NNAs for various lengths at fixed filling factor is obtained.
Adsorption and dissociation of oxygen molecules on Si(111)-(7×7) surface
Authors: Niu Chun-Yao , Wang Jian-Tao
Published: November 2013

The adsorption and dissociation of O2 molecules on Si(111)-(7×7) surface have been studied by first-principles calculations. Our results show that all the O2 molecular species adsorbed on Si(111)-(7×7) surface are unstable and dissociate into atomic species with a small energy barrier about 0.1 eV. The single O2 molecule adsorption tends to form an ins×2 or a new metastable ins×2* structure on the Si adatom sites and the further coming O2 molecules adsorb on those structures to produce an ad-ins×3 structure. The ad-ins×3 structure is indeed highly stable and kinetically limited for diving into the subsurface layer to form the ins×3-tri structure by a large barrier of 1.3 eV. Unlike the previous views, we find that all the ad-ins, ins×2, and ad-ins×3 structures show bright images, while the ins×2*, ins×3, and ins×3-tri structures show dark images. The proposed oxidation pathways and simulated scanning tunneling microscope images account well for the experimental results and resolve the long-standing confusion and issue about the adsorption and reaction of O2 molecules on Si(111) surface.
In-line fiber microcantilever vibration sensor
Authors: Lu Ping , Xu Yanping , Baset Farhana , Bao Xiaoyi , Bhardwaj Ravi
Published: November 2013

We demonstrate a fiber-based vibration sensor that involves an enclosed suspended microcantilever integrated with a readout fiber, providing in-line measurement of frequency and amplitude of vibration. The microcantilever is fabricated from a bend-insensitive fiber by chemical etching and fused to a single-mode fiber. Vibration induced periodic bending of the microcantilever angularly scans the readout fiber core resulting in output power modulation corresponding to certain drive frequencies and voltages of a shaker. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical analysis and demonstrate a continuous vibration frequency range of 5 Hz–10 kHz with a maximum signal-to-noise ratio of 68 dB.
The Hg isoelectronic defect in ZnO
Authors: Cullen J. , Johnston K. , Dunker D. , McGlynn E. , Yakovlev D. R. , Bayer M. , Henry M. O.
Published: November 2013

We report a study of the luminescence due to Hg in ZnO, concentrating on the main zero phonon line (ZPL) at 3.2766(1) eV and its associated phonon sidebands. For a sample implanted with radioactive 192Hg, the ZPL intensity, normalised to that of shallow bound exciton emission, is observed to decrease with an equivalent half-life of 4.5(1) h, very close to the 4.85(20) h half-life of 192Hg. ZnO implanted with stable Hg impurities produces the same luminescence spectrum. Temperature dependent measurements confirm that the zero phonon line is a thermalizing doublet involving one allowed and one largely forbidden transition from excited states separated by 0.91(1) meV to a common ground state. Uniaxial stress measurements show that the allowed transition takes place from an orbitally degenerate excited state to a non-degenerate ground state in a centre of trigonal (C3v) symmetry while the magneto-optical properties are characteristic of electron-hole pair recombination at an isoelectronic defect. The doublet luminescence is assigned to bound exciton recombination involving exchange-split Γ5 and Γ1,2 excited states (using C6v symmetry labels; Γ3 and Γ1,2 using C3v labels) at isoelectronic Hg impurities substituting for Zn in the crystal. The electron and hole g values deduced from the magneto-optical data indicate that this Hg impurity centre in ZnO is hole-attractive.
Effects of sidewall etching on electrical properties of SiOx resistive random access memory
Authors: Wang Yanzhen , Fowler Burt , Zhou Fei , Chang Yao-Feng , Chen Yen-Ting , Xue Fei , Lee Jack C.
Published: November 2013

The electroforming voltages (Vef) of silicon oxide resistive random access memory devices with oxide sidewall etched to different degrees are compared. The results show that the Vef is significantly reduced when more sidewall area is formed, and Vef of around 17 V is achieved in devices with maximum sidewall area. Plausible electroforming and state switching mechanisms are discussed using a filament-gap model. Endurance measurements up to 107 pulse cycles are compared for different device types. An external series resistance may be helpful for decreasing voltage stress during pulsed cycling to help enable device survival beyond 107 pulse cycles.
Communication: Two-component ring-coupled-cluster computation of the correlation energy in the random-phase approximation
Authors: Krause Katharina , Klopper Wim
Published: November 2013

Within the framework of density-functional theory, the correlation energy is computed in the random-phase approximation (RPA) using spinors obtained from a two-component relativistic Kohn–Sham calculation accounting for spin–orbit interactions. Ring-coupled-cluster equations are solved to obtain the two-component RPA correlation energy. Results are presented for the hydrides of the halogens Br, I, and At as well as of the coinage metals Cu, Ag, and Au, based on two-component relativistic exact-decoupling Kohn–Sham calculations.