bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WAYS TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOCHEMISTRY LESSONS BASED ON MODERN APPROACHES
Authors:   Department of Biochemistry, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, Nurutdinova Feruza
Published: January 2025

The article argues that the Biochemistry course, being necessary for the study of other disciplines, develops the competencies required in the teaching process, and at the same time is of great importance for the doctor in implementing interdisciplinary integration and professional integration necessary in his professional activities. Business games in the form of students’ formulation of situational problems and test tasks, conducting lessons in the form of competitions, building logical-semantic systems develop students’ cognitive abilities: independent thinking, creativity, problem-solving skills, assessment skills; increase students’ creative independence, allow them to consolidate knowledge obtained as a result of studying different disciplines and establish interdisciplinary connections, strengthen their interest in science, scientific research, help connect scientific and theoretical principles with the clinic, and contribute to the development of practical work skills.
AL-BIRUNI'S ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEWS (HISTORICAL ANALYSIS)
Authors:   Senior lecturer at Andijan State University, Uzbekistan, o'g'li Xoldarov Saidbek Rahmadjon
Published: January 2025

Al-Biruni (973–1048), one of the most prominent intellectual figures of the medieval Islamic world, made significant contributions to various fields, including anthropology. His works reflect a profound understanding of human societies, their diversity, and their interrelation with nature and culture. This article explores Al-Biruni's anthropological views, highlighting his comparative approach to cultures, his emphasis on empirical observation, and his contributions to the study of human behavior, language, and social organization.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AFFILIATION MOTIVE
Authors:   Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychological Sciences, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Uzbekistan, Muradullayevna Shoniyazova Iroda
Published: January 2025

This article addresses developmental questions about the practical aspects of developing an affiliation motive. Psychological programs aimed at its study and the formation of affiliative institutions in adolescents have not been developed in the conditions of Uzbekistan, and psychological research in this direction has not yet been sufficiently conducted, and this shows that this topic is relevant.
FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION ACTIVITIES THROUGH CHARITABLE ENDOWMENT FUNDS
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Lecturer of the Department of Administrative and Financial Law, Uzbekistan, Javlonbekovich Goziev Kozimbek
Published: January 2025

The article provides a comparative analysis of public relations related to the organization and regulation of the activities of charitable foundations in the USA, England, and Uzbekistan in educational institutions. Based on the analysis of national legislation, the features of the management of higher educational institutions are disclosed. The issues of granting broad autonomy and freedom in this area were considered. At the same time, proposals were put forward to bring the foundations of higher education financing into line with modern requirements, not only traditional sources of financing, but also the creation of funds based on the study of foreign experience using methods of generality, similarity, identification of features, and comparison. Appropriate conclusions were drawn, as well as suggestions and recommendations that should be applied in the future in scientific research works. As one of the modern means of eliminating problems related to the financial independence of higher educational institutions, applying the experience of universities in foreign countries was proposed to create charitable foundations (Endowment). The author reveals the history of the development of charitable foundations in Western and Eastern countries, their current situation, and the relevance of the organization of charitable foundations for higher education institutions in order to increase the attractiveness of education.
THE ADMINISTRATIVE-LEGAL NATURE OF THE SERVICE CONTRACT IN THE PROCESS OF CIVIL SERVICE EXECUTION
Authors:   Independent researcher of Tashkent State University of law, Uzbekistan, Rakhmonov Sardorjon
Published: January 2025

This article explores the intersection of labor and administrative law in the regulation of public service relationships, emphasizing the distinctions and overlaps between labor contracts and service contracts. The author highlights that while labor law has a private legal nature and is characterized by equality between parties, public service relations are rooted in administrative law, reflecting the subordination of public servants to the state and serving public interests.

The article examines the nature and features of service contracts, presenting them as administrative-legal instruments crucial for public service regulation. Scholars' differing perspectives on whether service contracts should be classified under labor or administrative law are discussed. The study also considers the legislative frameworks in Uzbekistan and other countries, suggesting reforms to align service contracts more closely with administrative law.

Additionally, the concept and characteristics of administrative contracts are analyzed, with comparative insights drawn from European legal systems. The author advocates for legislative amendments to recognize service contracts as a distinct category within administrative law, ensuring a more precise legal framework for public service regulation.

This work contributes to the scholarly debate on the legal regulation of civil service by providing a comprehensive analysis of service and administrative contracts, highlighting their significance in public administration.
LEGAL BASIS REGULATING THE ACTIVITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ORGANIZATIONS
Authors:   Senior lecturer of the Department of "Legal Sciences" of the National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulug'bek, Uzbekistan, Bahadirovich Raimov Elbek
Published: January 2025

In this article, documents are presented mainly within the framework of legal frameworks and normative legal documents that regulate the activities of higher education organizations. The cited normative legal documents and other legal frameworks for regulating some activities of higher education organizations were analyzed.
PROBLEMS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL SPACE
Authors:   Tashkent State Law University, Uzbekistan, Bahromjonovich Saidov Bobur
Published: January 2025

The article examines the theoretical issues of ensuring the protection of intellectual property rights in the online space, considering the variety of intellectual property objects and using the main types of violations of the interests of rightsholders associated with their use and distribution on the Internet as an example. Additionally, the international and national legal aspects of regulating relations regarding the use of intellectual activity results and mechanisms for their protection in an artificial intelligence mode are analyzed.
DETERMINING, ANALYZING AND DEVELOPING INDICATORS OF BIOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF HIGHLY SKILLED AND QUALIFIED ATHLETES AND BEGINNERS IN SHORT-DISTANCE RUNNING COMPETITIONS
Authors:   Uzbekistan state university of physical education and sport, Uzbekistan, Turopovich Kazakov Ruhulla
Published: January 2025

This article focuses on the reforms implemented in the field of sports in our country and the models for the quality of training of specialists in the field of physical education and sports.
THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE FORMATION OF LEADERSHIP QUALITIES IN OLDER PRESCHOOLERS
Authors:   Independent Researcher Of Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan, Kadirova Nilufar
Published: January 2025

The article analyzes the results of experimental work on the formation of leadership qualities in senior preschoolers. It also reveals the methodology for forming ideas about leadership qualities and their manifestation in various types of activities. The formative experiment used a variety of techniques, conversations, games, seminars and trainings for teachers.
DIGITALIZATION AND PEDAGOGY: THE EVOLUTION OF TEACHING THEORIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors:   Lecturer, Department Of Information Technologies, Tashkent International University Of Education, Uzbekistan, Akhmedova Iroda
Published: January 2025

This article examines the evolution of teaching theories in the 21st century, with a focus on the transformative impact of digitalization on pedagogy. It explores how traditional pedagogical frameworks are being adapted to incorporate digital tools and methodologies, enabling innovative approaches to teaching and learning. The study highlights key challenges, including the digital divide and the need for educator training, while also emphasizing opportunities such as personalized learning and global connectivity. By analyzing contemporary trends and theoretical advancements, the article provides a comprehensive understanding of how digitalization is shaping the future of education.
ORGANIZATION OF CORRECTIONAL-COMPENSIVE ACTIVITIES IN TEACHING GEOGRAPHY TO STUDENTS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS
Authors:   Teacher of Geography at Specialized Boarding School No. 77 under the National Agency for Social Protection under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogical Sciences (PhD), Uzbekistan, Askardjanovich Musaev Dilshod
Published: January 2025

The article studies the need, methods and results of knowledge correction and organization of compensatory activities in teaching geography to students with visual impairments.
TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING LINGUISTIC COMPETENCIES THROUGH DIDACTIC GAMES IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
Authors:   National institute of pedagogy and character education, named after Kari Niyoziy, Uzbekistan, To’lkin qizi Tursunqulova Maxfuza
Published: January 2025

The development of linguistic competencies is critical in primary education as it forms the foundation for effective communication skills. Didactic games, which combine learning and play, are an effective pedagogical tool to enhance linguistic abilities in young learners. This article explores the theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, and technological integration of didactic games in fostering linguistic competencies among primary school students.
THE EDUCATIVE FUNCTION OF INNOVATIVE TOYS IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors:   Master's Student at Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan, Dilmurodovna Sitora ASATULLAYEVA
Published: January 2025

This article analyzes the educational function of innovative toys that directly influence the psychology of preschool children, as well as the criteria for developing creative abilities in children.
THЕОRЕTICАL АND MЕTHОDОLОGICАL FОUNDАTIОNS ОF THЕ USЕ ОF DIGITАL TЕCHNОLОGIЕS IN TЕАCHING THЕ HISTОRY ОF РЕDАGОGY
Authors:   Аndijаn Stаtе Univеrsity bаsic dоctоrаl studеnt, Uzbekistan, kizi О'rinоvа Shоkhistа Bаkhtiyоr
Published: January 2025

Thе intеgrаtiоn оf digitаl tеchnоlоgiеs intо еducаtiоnаl рrоcеssеs hаs rеvоlutiоnizеd thе tеаching оf vаriоus disciрlinеs, including thе histоry оf реdаgоgy. This аrticlе еxрlоrеs thе thеоrеticаl аnd mеthоdоlоgicаl fоundаtiоns оf utilizing digitаl tооls in this dоmаin. Drаwing оn cоnstructivist аnd cоnnеctivist lеаrning thеоriеs, it highlights hоw digitаl tеchnоlоgiеs fаcilitаtе аctivе еngаgеmеnt, реrsоnаlizеd lеаrning, аnd cоllаbоrаtivе еxрlоrаtiоn. Kеy mеthоdоlоgiеs, such аs thе usе оf multimеdiа rеsоurcеs, virtuаl rеаlity, gаmificаtiоn, аnd digitаl аrchivеs, аrе еxаminеd in dеtаil. Thе аrticlе аlsо аddrеssеs chаllеngеs such аs digitаl еquity аnd cоntеnt аuthеnticity, рrоviding insights intо еffеctivе imрlеmеntаtiоn strаtеgiеs. Thе findings undеrscоrе thе trаnsfоrmаtivе роtеntiаl оf digitаl tеchnоlоgiеs in еnriching thе tеаching аnd lеаrning оf реdаgоgicаl histоry.
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING SOCIAL SKILLS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION THROUGH DEVELOPMENTAL LEARNING APPROACHES
Authors:   Doctoral student at Namangan State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan, Xovoxon Fayzullayeva
Published: January 2025

This article explores strategies for enhancing social skills in preschool-aged children through developmental learning approaches. Social skills, including communication, cooperation, empathy, and problem-solving, are fundamental to children’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral growth. The study emphasizes the role of interactive play, guided discussions, storytelling, and collaborative projects in fostering these skills within early childhood education. Additionally, it highlights the importance of the collaborative efforts of educators, parents, and communities in creating supportive environments for social competence. The article discusses challenges such as individual differences and behavioral limitations, offering tailored interventions and inclusive practices as solutions. The findings underscore the long-term benefits of early social skill development for academic success and life readiness, providing actionable recommendations for educators and caregivers.
THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS
Authors:   Kokand University, lecturer at the Department of Education, Uzbekistan, Okhunovna Ashurova Gulru , Munira Yoldosheva ,   A student of primary education at Kokand University, Uzbekistan
Published: January 2025

The article analyzes the approaches of Russian and foreign psychologists and educators to the definition of the concept of "emotional intelligence". Examples of different interpretations revealing the essence of this term are given; as well as currently known meta-scales of emotional traits of different authors, which allow to reveal the level of development of emotional intelligence of a personality. The special role of emotional intelligence in the process of personal development of university students is emphasized.
SUBSTITUTION OF PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' ALTRUITIC COMPETENCES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors:   PhD student of the Kokand State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan, Sultanmurodovna Otajonova Maftuna
Published: January 2025

Nowadays, students need altruistic competence in the educational process. The general altruistic norm in the relationship between the teacher and the student is an individual approach to him at all stages. Such an approach to a person requires taking into account his psychology, personal characteristics and attitude towards him. The student should not harm the educational process, his friends with his actions. In the educational process, students should know a lot and constantly learn, master everything new.
CRITERIA BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' SENSE OF THE MOTHERLAND THROUGH ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS
Authors:   Independent researcher of the National Institute of Pedagogical Education named after Kori Niyazi, Uzbekistan, Ruzimovna Botirova Nazokat
Published: January 2025

This article is devoted to the criteria used in the development of the sense of homeland in students by means of architectural monuments. the criteria for its implementation were considered.
METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE EFFECTIVE CONDUCT OF 2ND-GRADE MOTHER LANGUAGE LESSONS
Authors:   Senior Lecturer, Department of Philology and Language Teaching, ISFT, Uzbekistan, Kadirovna Jurayeva Guzal
Published: January 2025

The methodology of teaching the mother tongue is the basis of every national education system. Language serves not only as a means of communication, but also as an important means of preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. This article presents scientific approaches and recommendations on the use of modern technologies and the effectiveness of innovative methods in mother tongue education and the effective conduct of mother tongue lessons in 2nd grades. Mother tongue lessons play an important role in language acquisition, the development of speech culture and the formation of creative thinking in students. This article proposes methodological and practical approaches for more effective organization of lessons, taking into account the psychological characteristics of 2nd-graders.
TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING STUDENTS' ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC COMPETENCE
Authors:   Fergana State University, Teacher of the Department of Pedagogy, Uzbekistan, ugli Tojiboev Jakhongir Umidjon
Published: January 2025

In this article, the technology for developing the artistic and aesthetic competence of future teachers has been improved based on a creative approach, taking into account the demands of today. An algorithm for developing the artistic and aesthetic competence of future teachers has also been developed, consisting of four stages, and its implementation in practice within the framework of pedagogical sciences is envisaged.
PEDAGOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR FORMING SOCIAL ROLES IN TEENAGE STUDENTS
Authors:   Fergana State University, Senior lecturer of the Department of Pedagogy, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (PhD), Uzbekistan, Olimovich Aripov Shokirjon
Published: January 2025

This article discusses the ways, means, and influencing factors of forming social roles in adolescent students based on a gender approach. The article also emphasizes that biological factors form the basis of the distribution of social roles.
FORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND WORLDVIEW IN THE SYSTEM OF CONTINUING EDUCATION TODAY
Authors:   Teacher of the "Preschool Education" department, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan, Anvarjonovna Oygul Ashurova
Published: January 2025

The task of systematizing and improving the process of forming environmental consciousness and worldview in the system of lifelong education, researching the components of environmental education, and developing environmental knowledge and skills of future teachers and educators is discussed. innovation basis.
METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL AND CREATIVE QUALITIES OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS WITH LIMITED OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITIZATION
Authors:   Ferghana branch of Tashket University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Professor of the Department of Economics and Vocational Education (PhD), Uzbekistan, Oribjonovich Qodirov Xasanboy
Published: January 2025

This article examines the methods of forming a culture of media use for students with disabilities. The research focuses on the formation of skills and knowledge necessary to promote the effective use of media, expand their capabilities and actively participate in the learning process. The article presents the needs of students with disabilities for information technology, the difficulties they face in using it, and the methods that can be used to form a culture in this process.
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SKILLS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors:   Primary school teacher at School No. 31, under the jurisdiction of the Kosonsoy District Preschool and School Education Department, Uzbekistan, Muhayyo Vohidova
Published: January 2025

As the student's language skills develop, they grow into an intellectually advanced and well-rounded generation. The key factor contributing to this development is the teacher, who plays a pivotal role in shaping the student’s ability to communicate effectively and think critically. This article discusses the development of language skills in the subject of the native language and outlines the principles of teaching the native language. It also highlights modern methodologies and innovative approaches that enhance the teaching process, emphasizing the importance of integrating oral and written communication skills. Furthermore, the article addresses the significance of fostering cultural and linguistic sensitivity among students, encouraging creativity, and promoting a deep understanding of the artistic and functional aspects of language.
TECHNOLOGIES AND ALGORITHMS FOR USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION
Authors:   Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Intellectual Texnologies, Termez State University, Termez, Uzbekistan, I.K. Choriyev
Published: January 2025

The use of artificial intelligence in education represents a significant step in the evolution of educational technologies, providing new opportunities for personalized learning, improved quality of educational processes and more efficient management of educational institutions.
EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Authors:   Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan, Nematjonovna Samatova Gulnoza
Published: January 2025

Effective foreign language teaching is essential in preparing learners for global communication and cultural exchange. This study explores the critical components that enhance foreign language education, including instructional strategies, technological integration, cultural immersion, and teacher competencies. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research highlights the significance of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and task-based learning, along with the impact of digital tools like mobile apps and virtual reality in fostering engagement and accessibility. Cultural immersion and teacher adaptability also emerged as pivotal factors in achieving language proficiency. Despite advancements, challenges such as resource disparities and digital literacy gaps persist. The findings underscore the need for a holistic, equitable approach to language education, combining innovative methodologies and inclusive policies to create effective learning environments.
TECHNOLOGY OF USING NEW METHODS OF TEACHING PERSIAN LANGUAGE
Authors:   Head lecturer at the Department of Uzbek Literary Studies, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan, Kuchkorov Khoshimjon Khasanzoda
Published: January 2025

This article analyzes the importance of using modern educational methods and technologies in the process of teaching the Persian language, as well as new approaches aimed at increasing the effectiveness of teaching. The article provides information on innovative methods, interactive technologies, multimedia tools, online platforms and other modern resources that can be used in the educational process for teachers and learners of the Persian language. It also shows ways to activate the learning process, increase the interest of learners, develop language skills and achieve learning efficiency.
An experimental investigation of perspective alignment in gesture and speech
Authors: Walter Sebastian , Hinterwimmer Stefan
Published: January 2025

Hinterwimmer et al. (2021) experimentally investigated the hypothesis that perspective in gesture and speech is by default aligned, i.e., when a character’s or protagonist’s perspective is conveyed in the speech signal, this utterance is preferably aligned with a character viewpoint gesture. If an utterance expresses an observer’s perspective, by contrast, it is more likely accompanied by an observer viewpoint gesture. Their results, however, showed an overall preference for character viewpoint gestures. They argued that there were pragmatic factors (e.g., informativity) at play blocking the hypothesized perspective alignment. The study reported here further investigates Hinterwimmer et al.’s (2021) hypothesis by comparing two different character viewpoint gestures paired with a verbal utterance in a rating study. The results suggest that, contrary to Hinterwimmer et al.’s (2021) hypothesis, multiple, potentially non-aligned perspectives can be simultaneously expressed in gesture and speech.
Are second language speakers more pragmatically tolerant? Explaining the differences in scalar implicature generation between L2 and L1
Authors: Mognon Irene , Marree Amber L. , Hendriks Petra
Published: January 2025

Children’s difficulties with Scalar Implicature (SI) generation have been argued to stem from their tolerance towards pragmatic violations rather than from issues with the inferential process per se (Katsos & Bishop 2011). Ternary judgment tasks have been used to support this view. In these tasks, when presented with underinformative sentences, children, as well as adults, choose an intermediate option between acceptance and rejection, thus demonstrating sensitivity to underinformativeness. Some recent studies show that adult second language (L2) speakers also generate SIs at lower rates. In this work, we investigated whether pragmatic tolerance, possibly emerging because of limited language exposure, could explain the difference between (adult) L2 and L1 speakers. Contrary to our expectations, neither our L1 control group nor our L2 groups (L2 High and L2 Low Proficiency) consistently selected the intermediate option when judging underinformative sentences. However, the L2 Low Proficiency group showed a significantly higher tendency to accept underinformative sentences compared to the L1 group. Hence, our results do not support the hypothesis that L2 speakers are more pragmatically tolerant than L1 speakers. However, our findings show that, despite the adoption of a ternary judgment task, low-proficient L2 speakers display a strong tendency to interpret underinformative sentences literally. We argue that this tendency in the L2 can be attributed to the increased cognitive effort involved in SI generation.
Contrafactives, learnability, and production
Authors: Strohmaier David , Wimmer Simon
Published: January 2025

No natural language has contrafactive attitude verbs. Because factives are universal across natural languages, this means that there is a major asymmetry between contrafactives and factives. We previously hypothesised that this asymmetry arises partly because the meaning of contrafactives is significantly harder to learn than that of factives. Here we test this hypothesis by using a production-oriented computational experiment that overcomes two limitations of our previous experiments. We find that our results do not support our previous hypothesis.
Experientiality markers in memory reports: A semantics-pragmatics puzzle
Authors: Rosina Emil Eva , Liefke Kristina
Published: January 2025

Some recent work in semantics and the philosophy of language suggests that the way we report events reflects whether we have personally experienced or witnessed these events (i.e. through linguistic elements dubbed 'experientiality markers'). This paper provides experimental support for one such marker: German non-manner uses of wie ['how'].  We argue that when they are embedded under the memory predicates noch wissen ['still know'] and sich erinnern ['REFL-remind'], free relative wie-complements mark the remembering of a personally experienced event. We support this claim through a series of online studies based on scale judgements. The results of our main study raise questions about the semantics-pragmatics interface of the experientiality marking property of wie, and about the robustness of experientiality markers in general. A series of complementary studies address these questions.
Parenthesized Modifiers in English and Korean: What They (May) Mean
Authors: Anderson Carolyn Jane , Kim Yoolim
Published: January 2025

Although the semantics of some classes of parentheticals are well studied, such as appositives, there is relatively little work on parentheticals marked with parentheses. Lewen & Anderson (2022) analyze the semantics of a certain parenthesized construction they refer to as a restricted parenthesized parenthetical, and propose that the parentheses invoke and negate an alternative to the parenthesized content.
This paper presents experimental evidence about the interpretation of parenthesized modifiers in Korean and English, manipulating syntactic position and modifier properties (scalar/non-scalar, categorical/continuous). In both languages, our results confirm Lewen & Anderson (2022)’s proposal that some alternative is negated; however, the impact of the modifier properties we explore is different in English and Korean. Our findings corroborate the richness of the (often neglected) semantico-pragmatic space of parenthesized content.
Coloring disjunction in child Romanian
Authors: Bleotu Adina Camelia , Panaitescu Mara , Benz Anton , Nicolae Andreea , Bîlbîie Gabriela , Tieu Lyn
Published: January 2025

Romanian children have been shown to rarely interpret the complex disjunction sau…sau ‘either...or’ (as in sau trenul sau barca ‘either the train or the boat’) exclusively (that is, as ‘only one, not both’) in Truth Value Judgment Tasks. Instead, children often favor an inclusive interpretation (‘one or both’), or a conjunctive interpretation (‘both, not just one’) (Bleotu et al. 2023, 2024a). Such findings contrast with those from Romanian adults, who consistently interpret this disjunction exclusively. In this study, we investigate whether children interpret sau...sau more exclusively in a Coloring Book Task (CBT), given previous evidence that children’s performance is more adult-like in tasks involving coloring rather than in truth value judgment tasks. In line with this expectation, we observed an increase in the number of exclusive-responding children compared to previous findings for Romanian. However, it is important to highlight that most children still did not interpret the disjunction exclusively, indicating ongoing challenges with the interpretation of disjunction around the age of five years.
A nonce investigation of a possible conjunctive default for disjunction
Authors: Bleotu Adina Camelia , Nicolae Andreea , Panaitescu Mara , Bîlbîie Gabriela , Benz Anton , Tieu Lyn
Published: January 2025

Our study explores whether there is a conjunctive default in the interpretation of disjunction, focusing on Romanian children’s and adults’ understanding of nonce functional words. We investigate how participants interpret novel connectors such as mo and mo...mo, which could theoretically correspond to ‘(both) A and B’, ‘(either) A or B’, or ‘A not B’ / ‘neither A nor B’. Our results reveal that both adults and children overwhelmingly assign a conjunctive meaning to these nonce words. This suggests the existence of a conjunctive default in interpreting unknown operators linking two elements, which could explain why children have sometimes been found to interpret disjunctions as conjunctions in previous studies (Singh et al. 2016, Tieu et al. 2017, Bleotu et al. 2023). In particular, we discuss how this conjunctive default may influence Romanian children’s interpretation of complex disjunctions such as fie...fie, potentially explaining why they treat these constructions conjunctively. Importantly,our findings also raise broader questions about why certain logical interpretations are favored over others, and whether frequency or cognitive simplicity can drive such biases.
Less-comparatives must be less ambiguous than exactly-differentials, experimental data shows
Authors: Schlotterbeck Fabian , Berezovskaya Polina
Published: January 2025

Scope mobility of comparative operators has been claimed to surface in a narrow class of specific cases where intensional verbs are combined with less-comparatives or exactly-differentials. Though not uncontroversial and dependent on subtle judgments, this type of ambiguity influenced subsequent compositional semantic analyses of comparatives and was also used as a diagnostics for scope mobility of the comparative operator in cross-linguistic studies. We use judgment data from three acceptability rating experiments to empirically test the (un)availablity of this ambiguity in German and English. We discover an empirical difference between exactly-differentials and less-comparatives which is unexpected under the standard approach to the semantics of comparatives. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings and highlight recent proposals that can account for our data.
A conceptual analysis of verbs of pushing and pulling
Authors: Benz Anton , Solstad Torgrim , Bott Oliver , Kahnberg Martin , Schalley Andrea C.
Published: January 2025

Although verbal expressions of caused motion, such as push and pull, have been extensively studied within linguistics, semantic dimensions beyond path and manner of motion have received less attention. This pilot study aims to identify such dimensions involved in the expression of caused motion in German, focusing on observable properties of pushing and pulling events that determine the selection of verbs to describe events of caused motion. Using 3D graphical modeling, participants were presented with video clips of a computer-animated agent moving a barrel, thereby allowing for a systematic manipulation of properties and hence dimensions. We investigated four dimensions to assess their impact on verb selection: (i) angle of contact, (ii) movement of the agent relative to the barrel, (iii) the agent’s orientation/facing, and (iv) the force employed. Cluster and principal component analyses were conducted on the collected linguistic data. Verbs were represented by five-dimensional vectors capturing correlations with the cosine and sine of the angle, and marginal probabilities in conditions of instantaneous movement, forward facing, and heavy force. Our findings indicate that conceptually distinguishable verb clusters are primarily defined by the movement feature – that is, whether the agent moves together with the barrel or not – and the cosine of the angle. Contrary to theoretical predictions, little evidence was found supporting the categorization of verbs based on the force applied to the barrel. These results suggest that the movement and position of the agent relative to the moved object are key determinants in the production of verbal descriptions of caused motion events.
Indirect discourse as mixed quotation? An experimental investigation
Authors: Walter Sebastian
Published: January 2025

The results of an experimental rating study are reported suggesting that self-pointing gestures aligned with a third-person pronoun are acceptable in German indirect discourse (ID) utterances. Following a proposal by Ebert & Hinterwimmer (2022) for self-pointing gestures in free indirect discourse (FID), self-pointing gestures in ID are interpreted as character viewpoint gestures (CVGs) quoted from the matrix subject. Crucially, it is argued that in ID, a perspective shift to the matrix subject can take place. It is proposed that ID is an instance of mixed quotation involving a demonstration (cf. Clark & Gerrig 1990, Davidson 2015) where self-pointing is quoted from the matrix subject’s original utterance.
Pseudo-scoping out of tensed clauses: cumulation vs. buildups
Authors: Palucci Jonathan
Published: January 2025

Tensed complement clauses are often assumed to be scope islands for quan- tifier raising (QR) of universal quantifiers. However, as observed by Farkas & Gi- annakidou 1996, Barker 2022, Hoeks et al. 2022, a.o., there are apparent counterex- amples to this assumption, where a universal DP appears to scope out of a tensed complement clause to take scope over a singular indefinite in the matrix clause, hence- forth ’variation readings’. Hoeks et al. 2022 propose that QR out of tensed clauses is possible, but only in event structural configurations which involve buildup processes. In this paper, we report experimental results providing evidence that variation readings are not sensitive to buildups. We then offer an alternative analysis, capturing variation readings as a form of cumulation, and we present experimental results supporting this analysis. The empirical generalization suggests that tensed complement clauses are islands for QR after all, and apparent counterexamples are due to other mechanisms.
Improving High Availability Services Using KVM Full Virtualization
Authors: Tabaku Eda
Published: January 2025

In the digital era, critical sectors like banking, ISPs, and cloud-based services depend on robust, secure networks to ensure uninterrupted service availability. Key operations such as financial transactions, customer support, and online services rely on high system uptime, essential for business continuity and customer trust. Network and server administrators play a vital role in maintaining high availability (HA) for systems like file servers, web servers, database servers, backup systems, and enterprise applications. HA infrastructures often use multiple servers working collaboratively to ensure continuous service. If one server fails, another takes over seamlessly, preventing significant disruptions. Virtualization technology enhances HA systems by hosting services on virtual machines (VMs) that can migrate between physical nodes within a cluster. This ensures uninterrupted service even during hardware failures. This paper examines the use of open-source tools for managing HA services, focusing on cost efficiency and system optimization. The Heartbeat program facilitates real-time VM migration across cluster nodes, maintaining service continuity. To improve this process, the Perf+ algorithm is introduced. Perf+ optimizes CPU performance, reduces memory usage, and minimizes downtime by transferring fewer bytes of modified memory pages during migration, reducing CPU and network load. The proposed solution is implemented in an experimental HA system to evaluate the performance of real-time VM migrations. The research analyzes the impact of these migrations on system efficiency, aiming to advance HA infrastructures in virtualized environments through optimized resource utilization and reduced operational interruptions.
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Enhancing the Resilience and Security of Critical Infrastructures in the United States
Authors: Pepple Peter , Okorie Ambrose Sunny , Adeel Patrick
Published: January 2025

In the rapidly evolving landscape of global security, the United States faces increasingly sophisticated threats to its critical infrastructures and national security. These threats emanate from state and non-state actors employing advanced technologies to disrupt, degrade, and destroy essential systems. In response, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing the resilience and defense mechanisms for critical infrastructures operation. This research paper explores the potential and application of AI in safeguarding the nation's critical assets, including energy grids, transportation networks, gas & oil pipelines, communication systems, financial institutions, water supply systems, healthcare databases, IT networks, and air traffic control systems. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, predictive analytics, and anomaly detection techniques, AI can identify and mitigate vulnerabilities in real-time, preemptively countering cyber-attacks, physical sabotage, and air traffic control disruptions. Additionally, AI-driven systems bolster cybersecurity, ensuring the resilience and security of vital US systems against emerging cyber threats. Furthermore, AI enhances decision-making capabilities, providing security agencies with actionable intelligence and situational awareness, while also contributing to overall security enhancements. This paper examines the ethical considerations, challenges, and future directions of integrating AI into national security frameworks. Through a comprehensive analysis, this study underscores the vital role of AI in fortifying the United States' critical infrastructures against the growing array of adversarial threats.
AI-Powered Robotics and Automation: Innovations, Challenges, and Pathways to the Future
Authors: Pandy Gokul , Pugazhenthi Vigneshwaran Jagadeesan , Murugan Aravindhan , Jeyarajan Baskaran
Published: January 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has profoundly transformed robotics and auto- mation by enabling unprecedented levels of intelligence, adaptability, and efficiency. This study explores the integration of AI into robotics, focusing on its applications, innovations, and implications for industries ranging from healthcare to manufacturing. From enhancing operational workflows to enabling autonomous decision-making, AI is reshaping how robots interact with humans and their environments. We propose a framework for seamless AI-driven robotics integration, emphasizing advancements in learning algorithms, sensor technologies, and human-robot collaboration. The study also identifies key challenges, including ethical concerns, scalability issues, and re- source constraints, while offering actionable insights and future directions. Results in- dicate significant enhancements in precision, operational efficiency, and decision-mak- ing capabilities, positioning AI-powered robotics as a cornerstone of modern automa- tion. Furthermore, the discussion extends to exploring the role of AI in emerging do- mains, such as swarm robotics, predictive analytics, and soft robotics, offering a for- ward-looking perspective on this transformative field.
Autonomous System for Disaster Response & Recovery
Authors: Pepple Peter
Published: January 2025

Disaster response and recovery require rapid decision-making, resource coordination, and human resilience, often in highly hazardous environments. Autonomous systems, integrating artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and the Internet of Things (IoT), have demonstrated immense potential to enhance operational efficiency, minimize risks, and save lives. This paper explores the advancements in autonomous technologies for disaster response, presenting real-world applications, challenges, and ethical considerations. Through a multidisciplinary lens, the paper examines case studies, highlights technological limitations, and suggests pathways for future innovation. Collaboration among technologists, policymakers, and humanitarian organizations will be pivotal in unleashing the full potential of autonomous systems in disaster management. Notable examples include UAVs providing rapid damage assessments following earthquakes and AI-driven systems optimizing medical supply distribution during pandemics.
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN SOUTH GUJARAT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE STATUE OF UNITY
Authors: Paatiwala Ashish , bansod Archana
Published: January 2025

The South Gujarat, also known as Dakshin Gujarat is a region in the Indian state of Gujarat. Southern Gujarat comprises of seven districts; Surat, Bharuch, Narmada, Navsari, Dang, Valsad, and Tapi. There are several places of tourism in South Gujarat. But the Statue of Unity is the greatest Tourist Attractions in the region of South Gujarat. The dynamic Statue of Unity is dedicated to the Iron Man of India – Sardar Vallabhhai Patel who was the first deputy prime minister and home minister of independent India. Sardar Patel is credited with uniting 560 princely states in pre-independent India hence the name of the statue is christened as Statue of Unity. It is considered to be the world’s tallest statue and symbolized unity, power and peace. The Statue of Unity was added in the ‘Eight Wonders’ of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The objective of the present paper is to study the important of the statue of the unity in tourism. The methodology of the paper is, historical, descriptive, analytical as well as qualitative. The result shows that the Statue of Unity is considered to be the world’s tallest statue and it is Generating Revenue of the Government of India and Enhancing Employment Opportunities for the people.
DIFFERENCES IN HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN: A STUDY ON NOVEL WRITING AND FILM ADAPTATION
Authors: Raval Nisha K , Bhatt Mahesh
Published: January 2025

This research paper aims to analyze the Harry Potter series with a focus on the novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and its film adaptation. The third novel, published in December 1999, received critical acclaim and won the Smarties Prize, making J.K. Rowling the first person to win the award three times in a row. Rowling withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, although it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. The film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released on June 4, 2004, and was directed by Alfonso Cuarón. This research paper will examine the differences between the novel and its film adaptation on several important aspects, including narrative structure, language style, and point of view.
Analysis of Rounded Interceptor Effects on Ship Resistance of High-Speed Planing Vessel using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Samuel Samuel , Firmansyah Alfin , Yulianti Serliana , Purnama Sari Dian , Rizal Nandiko , Muryadin Muryadin , Maulana Noor Fariz , Virliani Putri , Dwi Sakti Wijaya Rio , Fajar Prasetyo Dimas , Ramadika Sandi
Published: January 2025

The primary objective of the interceptor is to control the trim of the vessel, thereby enhancing fuel efficiency and stability. However, at high speeds, the interceptor induces adverse effects. This research aims to mitigate these negative impacts by modifying the geometric configuration of the interceptor. The shape modifications of the rounded interceptor evaluated through numerical simulations include radii of R10.00, R12.50, and R15.00. This study aims to contribute to an enhanced understanding of the effects on drag, heave, and trim performance of the planing hull vessel. The methodology employs a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The simulation verification was conducted regarding prior experimental studies, and the simulation procedures adhered to the guidelines set by the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC). The interceptor's height is a key factor in reducing trim, heave, and consequently, drag. The modified rounded interceptor effectively reduces drag at high speeds.
Improvement of Lead-Free Bismuth Based Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency with Graded Bandgap Structure
Authors: Abdul Manaf Nor Azlian , Wan Yusoff Wan Yusmawati , Amat Azuraida , Azmi Asyraf Hakimi , Madugu Mohammad Lamido
Published: January 2025

Lead (Pb) halide perovskite has been identified as a promising light-harvesting material for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 26%. However, the toxicity of Pb-based materials and poisonous environment are the main hindrances that limit their reliable applications. Bismuth (Bi)-based perovskite has shown high potential to replace conventional Pb-based perovskite, but the PCE of Bi-based perovskite solar cells is far lower than Pb-based. Despite the early exploration of Bi-based materials, a fundamental understanding of the material properties and developing strategies, including device design to improve performance, are needed immediately. Here, we report the graded bandgap design for Bi-halide PSCs, which aims to enhance the output current and PCE by maximizing the solar spectrum through device architecture. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as an electron transport layer (ETL), and Spiro-OMeTAD was used as a hole transport layer (HTL) due to its facile implementation and high performance in electronic devices. The variation of iodine concentration in bi-doped iodide sets up bandgap tuning and the conductivity type of the layer. This conFigureuration produces cells with desirable performance that effectively absorb the photons in almost all parts of the solar spectrum. Both open circuit voltage (Voc) (940 mV) and fill factors (~58%) for the best cells have shown drastic improvement over single active layer device, and the short current densities (Jsc) measured are in the range (20-30) mAcm-2. The effects of quasi-electric fields instigated by the graded bandgap structure in the active layers upon the illumination current density and open-circuit voltage of a solar cell will be discussed further.