bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of E-Service Quality and Price on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty of Traveloka in Pekanbaru
Authors: Josua Firdaus , Alwie Alvi Furwanti , Hendriani Susi
Published: August 2024

Marketing activities of online services are often seen on the achievement of strategies for achieving customer loyalty through customer satisfaction. Taking heed of e-service quality and price constitutes an appropriate marketing strategies to foster the users of online services’ satisfaction. Providing service and good benefits with a relatively cheap price to meet the expectations and needs of the customers will affect the level of satisfaction of online services users. The consumer satisfaction maintained by online service providers will create loyal customers. The purpose of this study to test how much the e-service quality and prices influences directly to customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, this study examine the relationship of satisfaction and customer loyalty. This research was conducted in Pekanbaru to 200 sample respondents from the users of online flight tickets searching service, Traveloka, from September to October, 2016.Data collection techniques used is a questionnaire with Likert scale using non-probability sampling method. Data were analyzed using SEM analysis techniques, which are used as the instrument in testing hypothesis by using AMOS 21 program.The results of this study indicated that the overall dimensions of e-service quality have positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Price is another factor that gives positive and significant impact directly on the customer satisfaction as well as loyalty. Consumer satisfaction can be a moderator variable between e-service quality and price to customer loyalty.
The Competency of Teacher Entrepreneurship in Teaching
Authors: Natuna Daeng Ayub , Rinaldi Rinaldi
Published: August 2024

Teacher entrepreneurship competence in teaching is a teacher's proficiency to integrate entrepreneurial values when teaching for all subjects, which is measured independently, creative, risk-taking, leadership, action-oriented, and hard work.This study focuses on finding out how high the level of competence of teacher entrepreneurship in teaching, and how big the contribution of each indicator to the variables. The study population was 71 teachers, and the entire population was sampled. Data was collected using questionnaires and was analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the competence of teacher entrepreneurship in teaching based on six indicators was obtained with very high interpretation, with value of Mean 4.08 and Standard Deviation 0.83. The contribution of indicator to the variables is classified as lower interpretation (33.36%). The role of teachers in applying the value of entrepreneurship to students must be inderecting on every subject or subject matter when the implementation of learning in the classroom or outdoor. Teachers are expected to have entrepreneurial competence as part of their professional accountability.
PELOTON INTERACTIVE, INC. (PTON): STRATEGIZING CORPORATERESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES
Authors: Woodward Gillian , Peterson Karli , Erude Adesuwa , Saeed Mohammad , Ondracek James , Carter Drew , Carter Drew , Head Kate , Nicholson Garrett , Bertsch Andy
Published: August 2024

The purpose of the study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of Peloton Interactive, Inc., as well as to evaluate how the corporate resources and capabilities are strategized to gain and maintain a competitive position in the exercise and health industries. Based on an in-depth analysis, recommendations are made to support Peloton’s future presence in the exercise and health industries. Further research may be conducted to generalize findings beyond the current parameters of this study. The study features Peloton and its endeavors to strategize its corporate resources and capabilities in the best interest of its stakeholders. This case study is suitable for undergraduate and graduate business students who want to apply critical thinking, strategic planning tools, and decision-making skills. It features the company’s quest for relevance and competitiveness.
Consumption Attitude and Misconception on Protein Supplement among the Youths of Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Dangol Subit
Published: August 2024

This study examines the consumption attitude and misconception on protein supplement among the youths of Kathmandu Valley. Consumption attitude and misconception is the dependent variable. Need of good nutrition consumption, knowledge on nutritional protein, exercise type, brand awareness, income level, and product attributes are the selected independent variables. The primary source of data is used to assess the opinions of respondents regarding need of good nutrition consumption, knowledge on nutritional protein, exercise type, brand awareness, income level, and product attributes. The study is based on 123 respondents from youths of Kathmandu valley. To achieve the purpose of the study, structured questionnaire is prepared. The correlation and multiple regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of consumption attitude and misconception on protein supplement among the youths of Kathmandu Valley.
The result showed that need of good nutrition consumption has a positive relationship with consumption attitude and misconception. It indicates that increase in need of good nutrition consumption leads to change in consumption attitude and misconception. Likewise, knowledge on nutritional protein has a positive relationship with consumption attitude and misconception. It indicates that good knowledge on nutritional protein leads to change in consumption attitude and misconception. Similarly, exercise type has a positive relationship with consumption attitude and misconception. It indicates that proper exercise type leads to change in consumption attitude and misconception. Furthermore, brand awareness has a positive relationship with consumption attitude and misconception. It indicates that increase in brand awareness leads to increase in consumption attitude and misconception. Moreover, income level has a positive relationship with consumption attitude and misconception. It indicates that increase in income level leads to increase in consumption attitude and misconception. Similarly, product attribute has a positive relationship with consumption attitude and misconception. It indicates that change in product attributes leads to change in consumption attitude and misconception.
Corporate Governance and Organizational Growth: A Case of Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Thagunna Prakash , Thakuri Pratibha , Thapa Rabina , Chaudhary Raman Kr. , Dahal Roshan , Das Roshan K.
Published: August 2024

This study examines the impact of corporate governance on the organizational growth in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. The selected dependent variables are return on equity and return on assets. Similarly, the selected independent variables are board meeting, board diversity, audit committee size, board interdependence, firm age and board size. The study is based on secondary data of 15 commercial banks with 105 observations for the period from 2015/16 to 2021/22. The data were collected from Banking and Financial Statistics published by Nepal Rastra Bank, publications and websites of Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of corporate governance on the organizational growth in the context of Nepalese commercial banks.
The study showed that board independence has a positive impact on return on equity. It means that higher the number of independent directors on the board, higher would be the return on equity. Similarly, board diversity has a positive effect on return on assets and return on equity. It means that increase in proportion female directors on board leads to increase in return on assets and return on equity. The results of the study also showed that audit committee has a positive impact on return on assets and return on equity. It implies that larger the size of audit committee, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity. However, firm age has a positive impact on return on assets. This shows that increase in firm age leads to increase in return on assets. Similarly, board size has a positive impact on return on assets and return on equity. It implies that larger the board size, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity.
Determination of Employee Intention to Leave the Organization: A Case of Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Palikhe Rishab
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the determinants of employee intention to leave the organization in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. Employee intention to leave is the dependable variable. The selected independent variables are work ambiguity, work life conflict, peer relation, working environment, job insecurity and work overload. The primary source of data is used to assess the opinions of the respondents regarding the different factors associated with employee turnover intention. The study is based on primary data of 121 respondents. To achieve the purpose of the study, structured questionnaire is prepared. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of work ambiguity, work life conflict, peer relation, working environment, job insecurity and work overload on employee intention to leave the organization.
The study showed that work ambiguity has a positive impact on consumer employee turnover intention. It indicates that higher the work ambiguity, higher would be the employee turnover intention. Similarly, work life conflict has a positive impact on employee intention to leave indicating that increase in work life conflicts leads to increase in employee intention to leave the organization. Likewise, job insecurity has positive impact on employee turnover intention. This implies that higher the job insecurity, higher would be the employee turnover intention. Likewise, this study also showed that work overload has a positive impact on employee intention to leave. This revels that increase in work overload leads to increase in employee turnover intention in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. However, peer relationship has a negative impact on employee intention to leave. It indicates that healthy relationship among the colleagues leads to decrease in employee intention to leave. Moreover, working environment has a negative impact on employee turnover. It means that supportive working environment leads to decrease in employee intention to leave.
Causes of Business Success or Failure of Start-Ups Company-A Case of Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Subedi Roshani
Published: August 2024

This study examines the causes of business success or failure of start-ups in Kathmandu Valley. Business success is the dependent variable. The independent variables are suitable environment, self-motivation, family background, ICT, product and services, strategy, resource and finance. The primary source of data is used to assess the opinions of the respondents regarding the causes of success or failure of start-ups in Kathmandu Valley. The study is based on primary data with 122 respondents. To achieve the purpose of the study, structured questionnaire is prepared. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of factors associated with causes of business success or failure of start-ups companies in Kathmandu Valley.
The result shows that suitable environment has a positive impact on business success. It indicates that suitable environment for starts up leads to business success for Nepalese start-ups companies. Likewise, self-motivation has a positive impact on business success. It indicates that higher self-motivation leads to business success. Similarly, family background has a positive impact on business success. It implies that strong family background of the business person leads to business success. Similarly, ICT has a positive impact on business success. It indicates that use of information communication technology in the organization leads towards business success. Similarly, product and services has a positive impact on business success. It indicates better the quality of product and services business offering, higher would be the chances of business success. In addition, strategy has a positive impact on business success. It indicates that the most effective strategy leads towards business success. Likewise, resource and finance has a positive impact on business success. It indicates that maintaining a good balance between resources and finance leads towards business success.
Impact of merger and acquisition on the performance of Nepalese commercial banks
Authors: Bhandari Sushma , Pradhan R. S.
Published: August 2024

This study examines the impact of merger and acquisition on the performance of Nepalese commercial banks. Gross profit margin and operating profit margin are selected as the dependent variables. The selected independent variables are return on assets, return on equity, non- performing loans, debt to equity ratio and return on operating expenses. The study is based on secondary data of 13 commercial banks with 106 observations for the period from 2010/11 to 2019/20. The data were collected from Banking and Financial Statistics, Quarterly Economic Bulletin published by Nepal Rastra Bank and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of merger and acquisition on the performance of Nepalese commercial banks.
The study showed that return on assets and return on equity have positive impact on gross profit margin and operating profit margin of Nepalese commercial banks after the merger. It indicates that increase in return on equity leads to increase in gross profit margin and operating profit margin. Likewise, it also implies that higher the return on assets, higher would be the gross profit margin and operating profit margin. Likewise, non-performing loans have a negative impact on gross profit margin and operating profit margin indicating that increase in the non-performing loans leads to decrease in gross profit margin and operating profit margin. Moreover, debt to equity ratio and return on operating expenses have positive impact on gross profit margin and operating profit margin. It means that increase in the debt to equity ratio leads to increase in gross profit margin and operating profit margin. In addition, increase in return on operating expenses leads to increase in gross profit margin and operating profit margin in the context of Nepalese commercial banks after the merger.
Moving from cash to cashless economy: Factors affecting digitalization in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Suman
Published: August 2024

This study examines the factors affecting digitalization in Nepal. A cashless economy is a dependable variable. The selected independent variables are digital payments medium, technology, internet, cybercrime, and security. The primary source of data is used to assess the opinions of the respondents regarding different factors affecting digitalization in Nepal. The study is based on primary data gathered from 121 respondents all over Nepal. To achieve the purpose of the study, a structured questionnaire is prepared. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of digitalization in the Nepalese economy.
The study showed that digital payments medium has a positive impact on the cashless economy. It indicates that an increase in digital payments medium leads toward a cashless economy. Likewise, the result also showed that technology has a positive impact on a cashless economy. It indicates that technological advancement leads toward a cashless economy. The result also revealed that the internet has a positive impact on a cashless economy. It indicates that the fast and secure internet leads towards a cashless economy. Likewise, the study showed that cybercrime has a negative impact on a cashless economy. It indicates that a decrease in cybercrime leads towards a cashless economy. Further, the study showed that security has a positive impact on a cashless economy. It indicates that highly secured network leads toward a cashless economy.
Impact of workforce diversity on organizational performance of Nepalese insurance companies
Authors: Chhetri Swastika Raya
Published: August 2024

This study examines the impact of workforce diversity on the organizational performance of Nepalese insurance companies. Organizational performance is the dependent variable. The selected independent variables are age diversity, cultural diversity, education diversity, experience diversity, gender diversity and marital diversity. The primary source of data is used to assess the opinions of respondents regarding workforce diversity in Nepalese insurance companies. The study is based on primary data with 125 respondents. To achieve the purpose of the study, structured questionnaire is prepared. The correlation coefficients and multiple regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of workforce diversity on the organizational performance in Nepalese insurance companies.
The study showed that age diversity has a positive impact on organizational performance. It indicates that age diversity in the workforce leads to increase in organizational performance. The result also revealed that education diversity has a positive impact on organizational performance. It indicates that education diversity in the organization leads to increase in organizational performance. Similarly, experience diversity has a positive impact on organizational performance. It indicates that experience diversity among the employees leads to an increase in organizational performance. Likewise, gender diversity has a positive impact on organizational performance. It indicates that the diverse gender in the organization leads to increase in organizational performance. Further, cultural diversity has a positive impact on organizational performance. It implies that workforce of diverse cultural background leads to increase in organizational performance. Moreover, martial diversity has a positive impact on organizational performance. It reveals that diverse marital status in the workforce leads to an increase organizational performance of Nepalese insurance companies. The regression also showed that the beta coefficients are positive for age diversity, cultural diversity, education diversity, experience diversity, gender diversity and marital diversity and are significant for all the independent variables at one percent level of significance.
Effect of flexible work environment on employee job satisfaction of Nepalese commercial banks
Authors: Thapa Sweta Sanyasee
Published: August 2024

This study examines the effect of flexible work environment on employee job satisfaction in Nepalese commercial banks. Employee satisfaction is the dependent variable. The selected independent variables are flexible work environment, telecommuting, work shifting, organizational culture, employee training and job sharing. The primary source of data is used to assess the opinions of the respondents regarding different factors affecting employee job satisfaction in Nepalese commercial banks. The study is based on primary data with 121 respondents. To achieve the purpose of the study, structured questionnaire is prepared. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of flexible work environment, telecommuting, work shifting, organizational culture, employee training and job sharing on employee job satisfaction in Nepalese commercial banks.
The study showed that flexible work environment has a positive impact on employee job satisfaction. It implies that providing flexible work environment leads to employee job satisfactions. Likewise, telecommuting has a positive impact on employee job satisfaction. This means that facility of telecommuting leads to the employee job satisfaction. Similarly, work shifting has a positive impact on employee job satisfaction. It indicates that the work shifting provided by Nepalese commercial banks leads to increase in employee job satisfaction. Moreover, organizational culture has a positive impact on employee job satisfaction. It implies that proper and supportive organizational culture leads to increase in employee job satisfaction. Likewise, employee training has a positive impact on employee job satisfaction indicating that training and developments provided by the banks to their employees leads to increase in employee job satisfaction. However, job sharing has a negative impact on employee satisfaction. It indicates that practices of job sharing in the organization leads to decrease employee job satisfaction.
Seroprevalence of PPR in Goats of Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park
Authors: Shrestha Y. , Shrestha E.K. , Chapagai D.
Published: August 2024

A study conducted from September to December 2019 aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats residing in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park. A total of 221 serum samples were collected from unvaccinated goat flocks across the buffer zone regions (48 from Bhojad, 64 from Bhandara, 66 from Padampur, 25 from Gondrang, and 18 from Kathar) using random sampling techniques. Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was employed to detect antibodies against the PPR virus (PPRV). The study revealed an overall seroprevalence rate of 28.96%. The highest seroprevalence rate of 39.58% was observed in goats from Bhojad, while the lowest rate of 15.63% was found in goats from Bhandara. The findings emphasize the need for regular vaccination of small ruminants in Bhojad, Padampur, and Kathar to enhance immunity and prevent PPR infection. Additionally, such measures can help mitigate the transmission of PPR between goats and wild animals as they share common grazing lands.
A Case Study on Sarcocystis in Laboratory Rabbit
Authors: Kaini D. , Malla S.
Published: August 2024

Sarcocystosis spp. was diagnosed in Newzealand white rabbit which was brought for the purpose of experiment. The rabbit was brought from the local market and rearing in group in cage and feed locally available grasses. No any clinical signs were observed infected rabbit. The physiological along with biochemical and hematological test were performed. At necropsy and tissue harvest, a gross lesion was not observed in heart. During histo-pathological observation, an oval round shape along with longitudinal shape cyst was observed in the myocardium.
Postmortem Study of Meloxicam Toxicity in One Month Old Puppy
Authors: Chalise S. , Singh D.K.
Published: August 2024

An intramuscular administration (2.5 mg per kg) of meloxicam caused anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea within a few hours, followed by unconsciousness, anemia, severe dehydration, and death within 12 hours in a one-month-old puppy. Postmortem findings showed hepatomegaly and acute hemorrhagic inflammation of the abomasum, colon and kidneys. Histological examination revealed tubular hemorrhage and tissue necrosis, with widespread vascular damage in the kidneys. This study emphasized cautious dosing and monitoring of meloxicam in young puppies.
Finite Element Analysis of CFFT and CFDTS Columns as a Replacement for CFST Columns in Composite Construction by Using ABAQUS
Authors: Sah R.
Published: August 2024

In the field of composite construction of steel and concrete, concrete filled steel tube CFST columns have been proven to be greater performance structural members. The properties of steel and concrete are used efficiently. But CSFT columns are prone to corrosion in outdoor structures as the outer encasing tube is made up of steel. The outdoor use of CFST column due to its high risk of corrosion requires frequent maintenance and may prove costly. Hence, the possible replacement of steel tubes with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) Tubes has to be investigated. FRPs are the most suitable material for encasing concrete columns due to its orthotropic behaviour. In solution to this, the paper is aimed at numerical study of CFST, CFFT and CFDTS short columns to study the axial compression behavior of these short columns analytically and examine the best suitable alternatives of CFST column. The concrete in-fill double tube section CFDTS with better axial compression, stiffness and ductility are also investigated as a suitable replacement of CFST columns. For these three different specimens of CFST columns of steel tube thickness 3mm, 4.5mm and 6mm, CFFT columns of GFRP tube thickness 3mm, 4.5mm and 6mm and CFDTS column with GFRP outer tube of thickness 3mm, 4.5mm and 6mm as well as inner steel tube of thickness 1.5mm, 2mm and 2.5mm are analyzed and compared. Consequently, CFDTS columns, with 1872 kN are proven to be superior to CFST columns with axial capacity 1653 kN and CFFT with axial capacity 689 kN columns. The confinement effect in CFDTS is more than CFST and CFFT column.
Nutrients Variability in Soils of the Hill-Valley Transect of NPI Farmlands in Chitwan
Authors: Adhikari K.R. , Lamichhane S.
Published: August 2024

Based on landscape position, soils in plain areas are generally considered to be more fertile than those in adjoining sloping areas of Nepal. This article compares the soil fertility of upland crop areas to those of lowland crop areas of Bharatpur municipality of Chitwan district using soil data from Nepal Polytechnic Institute (NPI). The study employed a rapid test method to analyze surface soil samples for pH, organic matter and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. In contrast to the widely held notion, results of soil test in the upland area of Kabilash exhibited superior fertility in most parameters when compared to those in the southern plain areas. Therefore, further and detailed study is warranted to validate the results in the study area.
History, Present Status and Prospect of Veterinary Education in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha E.K.
Published: August 2024

Nepal is an agricultural country. About 62 % of total population depends on agriculture for their livelihood and employment. Agriculture contributes about 33% of national GDP and 25 % of which is contributed by livestock sector. In order to get maximum benefits from livestock sector, good management practices and health care aspect are the crucial parts which could be achieved by quality veterinary services from veterinary professionals and veterinarian. There are only 4 educational institutions in Nepal which offer veterinary education specially B V Sc and A H course. They enroll 196 students per year. Till March 2024, there is 1982 NVC registered veterinarian in Nepal out of which nearly 25 % are living abroad. NVC is the authorized statutory body of Nepal government which formulates quality standard of veterinary educational establishment, licensing of veterinarians and impose code of conduct of veterinarians for veterinary services. There is increasing scope of veterinary services in Nepal but existing number of veterinarians is very low compared to total livestock heads and pet population. Small number of veterinarians has difficult to provide quality services personally to the farm animals and pets. So, all educational institutions and other stakeholders should think about the production of adequate number of qualified veterinary graduates in order to fulfill the need of the nation.
Balancing Profit and Morality: Confucian Insights into Financial Management and Corporate Governance
Authors: I. P. A. T. Rajapaksha , S. M. R. K. Samarakoon , R. P. C. R. Rajapakse , K. Uluwatta
Published: August 2024

This study explores the integration of Confucian principles in modern financial management and corporate governance, offering a nuanced perspective on how ancient philosophical wisdom can inform contemporary business practices. By analyzing seminal Confucian texts and reviewing current literature, this research illuminates the alignment between Confucian ethics and ethical business conduct, emphasizing a balance between financial success and societal welfare. The findings reveal that Confucianism, with its core values of Ren (compassion), Yi (righteousness), and Li (propriety), advocates for a holistic approach to business. This approach prioritizes long-term societal benefits and ethical decision-making over immediate financial gains. The study contrasts and compares Confucian perspectives with modern financial theories, highlighting the relevance and applicability of Confucian ethics in today's business world. In financial management, Confucian principles encourage prudent investment strategies and respectful stakeholder relationships, aligning with aspects of portfolio theory and wealth maximization but with an added ethical dimension. In corporate governance, Confucianism promotes leadership based on moral integrity, advocating for a governance model that values trust, mutual respect, and social responsibility. This research contributes to the understanding of how traditional philosophical systems like Confucianism can complement and enrich modern business practices.
Techno-Economic Assessment of Utilization of Cold Spraying Process for Fabrication of Resistive Heating Elements for Temperature Protection of Steel Pipes
Authors: Rezvani Rad M. , Menghesha P. , Jarligo M. O. , McDonald A.
Published: August 2024

Design, manufacturing, and utilization of efficient heating systems for pipelines and closed-pressure equipment are necessary for cold regions to compensate for heat loss and prevent damages that are caused by freezing of the enclosed liquid. Given large-scale financial losses that stem from failure and bursting of the pipes, the development of novel, efficient, and affordable heaters, which can lead to improved efficiency, cost savings, and environmental benefits across various industries and applications, is of crucial importance. Heating systems have already been produced via different high-temperature thermal spraying techniques to achieve higher efficiency compared to conventional heating cables. In this study, tin, as the heating element, was deposited by using the cold spray process onto alumina coating that was fabricated by flame spraying (FS) to provide electrical insulation. Techno-economic assessment of fabrication and utilization of the coating-based heaters was conducted. It was found that cold-sprayed heater coatings exhibit improved performance compared to other thermally sprayed heater coatings and conventional heater cables. Further, their fabrication and utilization were more economically feasible. The results suggest that the new generations of coating-based heating systems may be competitive with conventional heat tracers that are widely used in industry.
Soilless Cultivation via Thermal Spraying
Authors: Biswal P. , Hauer M. , Möhrke L. , Gericke A. , Rasche S. , Schinkel H. , Henkel Knuth-Michael
Published: August 2024

In this work, thermally sprayed sustainable coatings with spray additives recycled from dry alkaline batteries and solid-oxide fuel cells are developed to allow the growth of drought-resistant plants like moss, microclover and chamomile. It is assumed that these plants anchor to the coating with their rhizoids and hence can be grown without the presence of soil. Preliminary tests of a thermally sprayed Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) ceramic coating on sheet metal confirms the growth of chamomile plant.
Understanding the Effect of Mo Concentration on the Strength of AlCoCrFeMo High-Entropy Alloy Using Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Jalal Nashit , Jarligo Maria Ophelia , McDonald André , Stroberg Wylie
Published: August 2024

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) represent a new class of advanced metallic alloys that have gained significant interest. They offer a unique combination of mechanical, thermal, and functional properties, making HEAs ideal for various industrial applications. One such alloy is the recently developed equiatomic body-centred cubic phase AlCoCrFeMo. In particular, thermally sprayed AlCoCrFeMo coatings have gained wide interest due to their exceptional mechanical properties compared to common industrial steel. In the current study, the effect of Mo concentrations on the strength of single crystal AlCoCrFeMo HEA was investigated using molecular dynamics simulation and the phase stability of the alloy was studied using polyhedral template matching. Our results indicate that the local lattice distortion of the alloy is not significantly related to Mo concentration. The yield strength of AlCoCrFeMo HEA obtained through tensile loading, was found to increase with Mo concentration, at a molar ratio of Mo higher than 0.5. Investigation of the deformation behavior of the HEA revealed that bands with high shear strains evolved during plastic deformation. The formation of shear bands after the yield point elucidated the softening exhibited by the material due to localized deformation. These findings provide guidance for tailoring the mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeMo HEA by adjusting Mo concentrations, offering new avenues for designing functional coating materials.
Trajectory Optimization for Repair by Robot-Guided Cold Spray
Authors: Lewke Marcel , Wu Hongjian , List Alexander , Gärtner Frank , Klassen Thomas , Fay Alexander
Published: August 2024

Robot-guided cold spraying is currently developing as a technique with great potential for the repair of metallic components, particularly for depositing heat- and oxidation-sensitive materials. In this regard, the use of automation and robotics enables flexible control of the repair process. To ensure an optimal repair process, it is essential to consider the various requirements of robot-guided cold spraying already during the simulative planning phase. However, conventional robotic repair trajectories often do not fully consider the geometric constraints of material deposition, efficient material use, and the underlying limitations of robot kinematics. This work proposes the application of trajectory optimization by mathematical optimization for repair by robot-guided cold spraying. In this context, the optimal repair strategy must handle the constant material flow by the spray jet, which inevitably couples local material deposition with the robot motion. For this purpose, decision variables, objective function, constraints and a material deposition model are formulated to control the amount of deposited material accordingly. The goal is to generate an optimized trajectory that incorporates the requirements of cold spraying and robot kinematics to guarantee high-quality repair and efficient material use. This includes minimizing excess material and minimizing the jerk of the robot motion. The results demonstrate successful application of the trajectory optimization for component repair by cold spraying.
Understanding the Formation of Different Surface Structures of Hydrophobic Ceramic Coatings Deposited in the SPAPS Process and SPVPS Process
Authors: Xu Pengyun , Sui Xiaomu , Coyle Thomas W. , Pershin Larry , Mostaghimi Javad
Published: August 2024

Surface structures are of vital importance for the wetting behaviors of hydrophobic coatings. In this work, rare earth oxide coatings with different surface structures were deposited via the solution precursor atmospheric plasma spray (SPAPS) process and solution precursor vacuum plasma spray (SPVPS) process, respectively. The SPAPS coatings showed hierarchical cauliflower-like surface structures composed of micron-sized clusters and nanometer-sized particles, while the SPVPS coatings showed relatively flat topographies with small and short bumps. The formation of different surface structures in the SPAPS and SPVPS processes was investigated by modelling the movement of in-flight particles in the vicinity of the substrate. The properties of plasma jets and the characteristics of in-flight particles in the two processes were correlated. The effects of diverted plasma gas flow on the trajectories of particles impinging on the substrate and the resultant surface structures were elaborated, revealing different shadowing effects in the SPAPS and SPVPS processes. The SPAPS coatings were superhydrophobic due to the presence of hierarchical surface structures, which showed larger water contact angles and smaller roll-off angles than the SPVPS coatings. The correlations between the surface structures and wetting behaviors of different coatings were investigated.
Development and Understanding of CMAS Coating on YSZ Using APS Technique
Authors: Roy Amit , Ettouil Fadhel Ben , Lima Rogerio S. , Moreau Christian
Published: August 2024

The ingestion of siliceous particulate debris into the gas turbine engines during operation caused the deposition of so-called CMAS (calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate) on the hotter thermal barrier coating (TBC) surfaces. The penetration of these particles into the TBC at temperatures above 1200°C caused the loss of strain tolerance and premature failure of the TBCs. To mimic real-world conditions, a commercially available CMAS precursor dust powder was sprayed onto 8YSZ coatings using an atmospheric plasma spraying process. The substrate temperature was maintained at an average of 1100°C and 525°C during spraying. The effect of the spraying parameters on the deposition, microstructure, and composition of the CMAS coatings was investigated. In addition, to understand the CMAS build-up on the high-temperature surfaces, the CMAS splat formation behavior was also analyzed on the polished samples at temperatures ~1100°C. SEM/EDS analyzes were performed to identify and quantify the elements of the CMAS deposits. It was found that the surface temperature, deposition time, and different nozzles could play a significant role in having different phases of CMAS deposits.
Data-Driven Mitigation of Process Fluctuations in Wire-Arc Spraying
Authors: Bobzin K. , Heinemann H. , Johann L. M.
Published: August 2024

The applications of Wire Arc Spraying (WAS) include large-area corrosion protection coatings e.g. the protection of off-shore wind power plants. While WAS is cost efficient and well-known, the inherent instabilities can lead to coating defects and subsequent vulnerabilities in the corrosion protection coating. The occurrence of these process-related fluctuations cannot be predicted by deterministic models. However, these fluctuations can be monitored in situ, analyzed and finally minimized. A sensor unit is set up on the free jet of a WAS process using ZnAl15 wire. Voltage, amperage, noise and wire feed rate are measured in situ at a sampling rate of 80 MHz. Following a design of experiments approach, 64 different parameter settings are run and measured. For that purpose, voltage, atomizing gas and wire feed rate of the free gas jet have been varied. A generalized linear model (GLM) is trained on the dataset. A Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) in conjunction with smoothing filters is conducted. Adopting the GLM enabled the calculation of parameters that minimize process fluctuations. Plots in the form of response surfaces depict the influence of the varied parameters on the process stability. A signal analysis using FFT revealed major periodic changes of the voltage in the range of 0.5-1 kHz next to process control-related frequencies at 20 kHz. The mounting and structuring of the data as well as the calculation of key figures is fully automated. Due to the high degree of automation, large quantities of data can be processed. In the future, a simplified version of the adopted sensor unit may be adopted to optimize parameters in an autonomous way. This can ensure not only the minimization of process fluctuations for any chosen feed wire, but also indicate irregularities in the process. The high-resolution recording and automated analysis of the data allows the determination of optimized parameters as well as major underlying frequencies.
Gas-Fuel HVOF and Its Influencing Factors: Introducing the Total Gas Flow
Authors: Hambrock Carina , Rannetbauer Wolfgang , Hubmer Simon , Ramlau Ronny
Published: August 2024

Gas-fuel HVOF for thermal spraying of WC-CoCr powder is widely known and well described in literature. Focus are the various influencing factors like fuel-to-oxygen ratio, standoff-distance and powder feed rate on the coating characteristics like hardness and porosity. However, the total gas flow is usually not being described in this context despite its wide influence on particle characteristics and therefore on coating properties. In this study, the characteristic influence of the total gas flow on roughness, hardness and porosity is described as well as its effect on the particle characteristics. The study performed was based on technical standard values for thermally spraying WC-Co-Cr via gas-fuel HVOF (DJ2700 hybrid) and additional trials for increased and decreased total gas flow. It was possible to determine that with higher gas flow the deposition rate increases while the roughness and porosity decrease. However, these results cannot be viewed in isolation as other factors, such as the fuel-to-oxygen ratio, are affecting the particle and coating characteristics at the same time. Therefore, the total gas flow is also considered in combination with other factors.
Highly Porous Titanium Coatings for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Application by HVOF
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Zhao Lidong , Heinemann Hendrik , Olesch Elisa
Published: August 2024

Titanium porous transport layers (PTL) are important components in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) cells. The performance enhancement and the reduction of manufacturing cost of PTLs are of importance for market expansion of PEMWE. Vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) was used to prepare PTL or modify PTL of sintered titanium powders and the PTLs by VPS showed a high performance. Regarding the cost efficiency, it is of great interest to produce PTLs using more economical spray processes than VPS. In this study, high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) was used to produce highly porous titanium coatings for this purpose. The spray process was developed to achieve a high porosity of up to Φ = 30 % using three titanium powders with size distributions of fA = -90 +45 μm, fB = -63 +20 μm and fc = -45 +11 μm. The coating structures were examined on the cross sections of the titanium coatings with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The porosity was determined using the image analysis system ImageJ. The deposition efficiency of the titanium powder fC = -45 +11 μm was determined. The results show that the coating structure significantly depends on the titanium powders. Highly porous titanium coatings of Φ = 24 - 40 % can be produced with the titanium powders of fB = -63 +20 μm and fc = -45 +11 μm. Titanium oxides are hardly visible on the cross-sections of the titanium coatings. A high deposition efficiency of approximately DP ≈ 70 % was measured for the titanium powder of fc = -45 +11 μm.
An Optical and Metallurgical Comparison of Chrome Free and Chrome Containing Al-Si Slurry Diffusion Coatings for Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Higgins Sarah , Jones Thomas D.A. , Zhao Qi
Published: August 2024

Hexavalent chromium has been widely used in the coating industry and more specifically in gas turbine hot end component protection. UK REACH (registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals) have given an end date of September 2024 for the use of hexavalent chromium and as such, the industry must adapt to these regulations. Indestructible Paint LTD have developed a new aluminium diffused slurry coating, CFIPAL, that does not contain hexavalent chromium like its predecessor, IP1041. Both CFIPAL and IP1041 were deposited onto Nimonic 75 alloy and underwent metallurgical and chemical analysis which included scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, hardness testing, contact angle testing, surface roughness testing and finally, salt spray corrosion testing. The results indicated that CFIPAL is a suitable alternative for hexavalent chromium-containing coatings, such as IP1041.
Influence of Laser Fusing Parameters on the Microstructure Evolution of Thermally Sprayed Self-Fluxing NiCrBSiFe Coatings
Authors: Preuß B. , Lindner T. , Töberling G. , Kaur S. , Lampke T.
Published: August 2024

Thermally sprayed coatings of self-fluxing alloys are mainly fused using an autogenous flame. This subsequent fusing step reduces the porosity of the coating and achieves a pronounced metallurgical bonding. Therefore, an enhancement of the coating adhesion and intersplat cohesion as well as the corrosion and wear resistance are achieved. During this non-automated fusing step, the coating quality is significantly influenced by the operator's handling of the flame fusing process. By means of an alternative fusing using laser, can improve the reproducibility and automatability. In this work, the effect of different laser parameter settings and structural defects on fusing depth, microstructure evolution and tribological properties of thermally sprayed self-fluxing coatings and bulk materials is discussed. Gas atomized powder of conventional NiCrBSiFe self-fluxing alloy was processed by powder flame spraying and by spark-plasma sintering (SPS) as reference state. The findings reveal the potential of laser fusing to achieve a significant improvement in the coating quality and property profile of a wide variety of initial structures related to the process conditions.
Microstructure Evolution and Oxidation Behavior of Thermal Barrier Coatings with Varying Cold Sprayed Bond Coats after Isothermal Heat Treatments
Authors: Dosta Sergi , Lima Carlos R. C. , Crespo Victor , Nin Jaume , Clavé Genis
Published: August 2024

Bond coats are used to protect the superalloy from oxidation and to serve as a bond between the ceramic thermal barrier coating (TBC) layer and the superalloy. During high temperature exposures, a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer forms between the bond coat and the topcoat due to oxygen diffusion, leading to coating failure in the components. This study aimed to investigate the microstructure evolution of three TBCs with different cold-sprayed bond coat alloys after undergoing isothermal heat treatments. The TBCs were heat treated at 1100 °C for durations of 12, 25, and 50 hours to observe the effects of temperature on the microstructure and phase distribution. The microstructure of heat-treated bond coat alloys was examined using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The findings are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the coating alloy and the application process.