bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical conditions around high-mass young star-forming objects via simultaneous observations of excited OH and methanol masers
Authors: Kobak A. , Bartkiewicz A. , Rygl K.L.J. , Richards A.M.S. , Szymczak M. , Wolak P.
Published: February 2025

Astrophysical masers are widely used in star formation studies. In particular, they are valuable in investigations of high-mass star-forming regions that are difficult to observe at optical frequencies. We used multi-transition data to derive physical conditions in the immediate environment of forming high-mass stars. Simultaneous observations of two maser transitions, excited OH at 6.035,GHz and methanol at 6.668,GHz, were made using e-Merlin. Both transitions are radiatively pumped but prefer diverse physical conditions. We imaged ten high-mass star-forming sites with milliarcsecond angular resolution, identifying regions where excited OH and methanol masers coexist and where they avoid each other. Moreover, we identified circularly polarized Zeeman splitting pairs of the OH transition, estimating magnetic field strengths in the range from 0.2 to 10.6 mG. The detection of linearly polarized components enabled us to compare the directions of magnetic field vectors with the outflows coming from the young star-forming objects. We found that the two maser lines appeared to coexist in six high-mass star-forming regions, in cloudlets separated by up to 205 au. Where the lines show avoidance, this can be related to changes in dust and gas temperatures; we also found a few examples suggestive of a high gas density. In seven sources, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests show the nonrandom relationship between the position angles of distribution of the two maser transitions. We did not obtain consistent results regarding the direction of the magnetic field and outflow.
Unveiling the warm molecular outflow component of type-2 quasars with SINFONI
Authors: Zanchettin M.V. , Ramos Almeida C. , Audibert A. , Acosta-Pulido J.A. , Cezar P.H. , Hicks E. , Lapi A. , Mullaney J.
Published: February 2025

We present seeing-limited ( arcsecond ) near-infrared integral field spectroscopy data of the type-2 quasars, QSO2s, SDSS J135646.10+102609.0 (J1356) and SDSS J143029.89+133912.1 (J1430, the Teacup), both belonging to the Quasar Feedback, QSOFEED, sample. The nuclear K-band spectra (1.95-2.45 m) of these radio-quiet QSO2s reveal several emission lines, indicative of the presence of a warm molecular gas reservoir (T≥1000 K). We measure nuclear masses of rm H_2 =5.9, 4.1, and $1.5 in the inner arcsecond diameter region of the Teacup (∼1.3 kpc), J1356 north (J1356N), and south nuclei (∼1.8 kpc), respectively. The total warm mass budget is ∼ 4.5 in the Teacup and ∼ 1.3 in J1356N, implying warm-to-cold molecular gas ratios of 10^-6. The warm molecular gas kinematics, traced with the and S(2) emission lines, is consistent with that of the cold molecular phase, traced by ALMA CO emission at higher angular resolution ( arcsecond and arcsecond ). In J1430, we detect the blue- and red-shifted sides of a compact warm molecular outflow extending up to 1.9 kpc and with velocities of 450 In J1356 only the red-shifted side is detected, with a radius of up to 2.0 kpc and velocity of 370 The outflow masses are 2.6 and 1.5times 10^3 for the Teacup and J1356N, and the warm-to-cold gas ratios in the outflows are 0.8 and 1 times implying that the cold molecular phase dominates the mass budget. We measure warm molecular mass outflow rates of 6.2 and 2.9 times 10^ for the Teacup and J1356N, which are approximately 0.001% of the total mass outflow rate (ionized + cold and warm molecular). We find an enhancement of velocity dispersion in the residual dispersion map of the Teacup, both along and perpendicular to the compact radio jet direction. This enhanced turbulence can be reproduced by simulations of jet-ISM interactions.
The Influence of Knee Phenotypes Based on Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee on Intraoperative Soft Tissue Balance and Clinical Outcomes: Comparison between Kinematically and Mechanically Aligned TKA
Authors: Tachibana Shotaro , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Nakano Naoki , Tsubosaka Masanori , Kamenaga Tomoyuki , Kuroda Yuichi , Hayashi Shinya , Kuroda Ryosuke
Published: February 2025

Background: This study examined the impact of preoperative Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) classification on intraoperative soft tissue balance and postoperative clinical outcomes in patients undergoing modified kinematically aligned (mKA) and mechanically aligned (MA) total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
Method: A total of 90 knees treated with mKA-TKA and 63 knees treated with MA-TKA were classified based on CPAK. After adjusting for confounding factors, intraoperative soft tissue balance, including varus/valgus balance and joint component gap, range of motion (ROM), and the 2011 Knee Society Score (KSS), were compared one year postoperatively using one-way ANOVA.
Results: The analysis included 69 knees classified as Type I and 18 Type II in the mKA group, and 52 Type I and 11 Type II in the MA group. Varus balance at 30° and 60° flexion were significantly larger in mKA Type I and MA Type I compared to mKA Type II (p<0.001, 0.005, <0.001, 0.008). At 90°, mKA Type I showed larger varus balance than both MA Type I and mKA Type II (p=0.008, 0.002), while at 120°, mKA Type I demonstrated larger varus balance than MA Type I (p<0.001). The improved ROM in mKA Type I was greater than in MA Type I (p=0.04). Improvement in the objective indicator of the 2011 KSS was better in mKA Type I than in mKA Type II, and patient satisfaction was significantly better in mKA Type I compared to both mKA Type II and MA Type I (p=0.01, <0.001, 0.03).
Conclusion: mKA Type I preserved lateral laxity in mid- and deep flexion compared to both mKA Type II and MA Type I, potentially contributing to improved ROM and clinical outcomes.
Biliary drainage prior to pancreatoduodenectomy with Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy vs conventional Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: a propensity score matched study and surgeon-survey
Authors: Fritzsche Jeska A. , de Jong Mike J.P. , Bonsing Bert A. , Busch Olivier , Daams Freek , Derksen Wouter J.M. , van Driel Lydi , Festen Sebastiaan , van Geenen Erwin-Jan M. , Hoogwater Frederik J H , Inderson Akin , Kuiken Sjoerd D. , Liem Mike S.L. , Lips Daan J. , Nijkamp Maarten W. , Van Santvoort Hjalmar , Siersema Peter D. , Stommel Martijn W.J. , Venneman Niels G , Verdonk Robert C , Vleggaar Frank P. , de Wilde Roeland F. , Besselink Marc. G. , van Wanrooij Roy L.J. , Voermans Rogier P.
Published: February 2025

Background
Preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage may lead to complications (16%-24%), potentially hampering surgical exploration. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) may reduce drainage-related complications, however it is unknown whether EUS-CDS could in itself hamper surgical exploration as series with surgeon reported outcomes are lacking. Aim is to assess the impact of preoperative EUS-CDS on pancreatoduodenectomy.

Method
Consecutive patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy after preoperative biliary drainage were included in all eight centers that performed EUS-CDS in the mandatory Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Audit (Jan 2020-Dec 2022). Primary outcome was major postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes included bile leak grade B/C, postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) grade B/C, and overall postoperative complications. A propensity score matching (1:3) analysis was performed. Surgeons who performed a pancreatoduodenectomy after EUS-CDS were asked to complete a survey.

Results
Overall, 937 patients with pancreatoduodenectomy after preoperative biliary drainage were included (42 EUS-CDS, 895 ERCP). Major postoperative complications occurred in eight patients (19%) in the EUS-CDS group and 292 patients (33%) in the ERCP group (RR 0.50; 95%CI, 0.23-1.07). No significant differences were observed in overall complications (RR 0.95; 95%CI, 0.51-1.76), bile leak (RR 1.25; 95%CI, 0.31-4.98) or POPF (RR 0.62; 95%CI, 0.25-1.56). Results were similar after matching. The survey was completed for 29 pancreatoduodenectomies; surgery was not (n=13, 45%), ‘slightly’ (n=8, 28%), ‘clearly’ (n=5, 17%) or ‘severely’ (n=2, 7%) more complex because of the EUS-CDS.

Conclusion
This early experience suggests that preoperative biliary drainage with EUS-CDS does not increase the rate of complications after pancreatoduodenectomy and only infrequently hampers surgical exploration.
Beyond the Bone: A Case Report and Review of Literature of Extraskeletal Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma of the Scalp
Authors: Dhameliya Ankit J. , R. Navaudhayam , Agrawal Anu , Kaur Jaspreet , Yadav Vikas
Published: February 2025

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (EOS) of the scalp is an extremely rare malignant mesenchymal tumor that accounts for approximately 1 to 2% of all soft tissue sarcoma and 2 to 4% of all osteosarcoma. A 40-year-old man presented with painless swelling on the left side of the scalp for 3 months and right-side limb weakness for 10 days. The patient underwent surgery and the postoperative histopathology report was suggestive of chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the scalp. The patient received five cycles of Adriamycin-based systemic therapy. A response assessment imaging was done, which was suggestive of partial response. Osteosarcoma is chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-resistant tumor; hence, it requires a combined modality approach. Complete surgical excision with adequate surgical margin followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy proved to be one of the optimal treatment modalities.
Validation of Malayalam Translation of the Sydney Swallow Questionnaire (MSSQ): A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Narasimhan Srirangam Vijayakumar , Nair Daya R.
Published: February 2025

The study aimed to cross-linguistically adapt the Sydney Swallow Questionnaire in Malayalam (MSSQ) and to determine its psychometric properties. The objectives of our study were to document the test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant validity of MSSQ. The SSQ was translated from English to Malayalam, and was administered to 55 Malayalam-speaking participants with oropharyngeal dysphagia and 55 age- and gender-matched Malayalam speakers with normal swallowing ability. The Kolmogorov—Smirnov normality test was performed to check the normality of the data. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the test–retest reliability. Internal consistency was measured through split-half reliability using the Spearman–Brown correlation coefficient. The discriminant validity was documented using the Mann–Whitney U-test. The Cronbach's alpha value for the total MSSQ scores was 0.99, indicating a strong positive correlation between the test and retest scores. The Spearman–Brown correlation coefficient was 0.97, indicating that the MSSQ had excellent internal consistency. Mann–Whitney U-test revealed that Group 1 participants had significantly higher MSSQ scores than Group 2 participants, exhibiting excellent discriminant validity. It was concluded that the MSSQ was a valid and reliable tool to assess the symptoms of dysphagia among Malayalam speakers.
Study of Immunohistochemical Expression Patterns of Mismatch Repair Proteins in Endometrial Carcinoma and Endometrial Hyperplasia: An Institutional Study
Authors: Tulsidas Belani Vaishali , Sahu Kausalya Kumari , Rao Ranjitha , Rai Sharada , G.V Chaithra , Philipose Cheryl Sarah
Published: February 2025

Introduction Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common cancer in women (7% of all malignancies) standing fourth in prevalence. Its molecular categorization has lately gained substantial importance, because of its prognostic implications and association of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins with Lynch syndrome.

Objectives Our aim of the study was to analyze the expression of MMR proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH6, MSH2) in EC and Endometrial hyperplasia (EH).

Materials and Methods This study was performed on 52 EC and 65 EH cases (7 cases - disordered proliferative endometrium, 12 cases - EH with atypia, 46 cases - EH without atypia). Immunohistochemical staining with MLH1, PMS2, MSH6, and MSH2 were performed. SSPS software version 25 with chi-square test was used in statistical analysis.

Results Out of 52 cases of EC, 42 (80.76%) cases were identified as MMRd.MLH1 negative expression, which was significant (p: 0.005) compared with other markers. Also, there was significant statistical correlation (p: 0.004) between lower International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade and MLH1/PMS2 loss. Only six cases of EC had notable family history. Of 12 cases of EH with atypia, 91.66% (11/12) were MMR deficient (MMRd), whereas in EH without atypia 69.23% (32/46) were of MMRd. Paired expression of MLH1/PMS2 and MSH2/MSH6 was observed in EC whereas it was not seen in EH. MLH1 loss was the most common protein loss both in EC and EH with atypia.

Conclusion MLH1/PMS2 combination was the most common protein deficiency seen in EC. We found considerable proportion of EC cases with MMRd. This implies the need of incorporating routine MMR protein assessment by immunohistochemistry in all the patients diagnosed as EC as it will affect the further treatment and management.
Role of short-term plasticity and slow temporal dynamics in enhancing time series prediction with a brain-inspired recurrent neural network
Authors: Pilzak Artem , Calderini Matias , Berberian Nareg , Thivierge Jean-Philippe
Published: February 2025

Typical reservoir networks are based on random connectivity patterns that differ from brain circuits in two important ways. First, traditional reservoir networks lack synaptic plasticity among recurrent units, whereas cortical networks exhibit plasticity across all neuronal types and cortical layers. Second, reservoir networks utilize random Gaussian connectivity, while cortical networks feature a heavy-tailed distribution of synaptic strengths. It is unclear what are the computational advantages of these features for predicting complex time series. In this study, we integrated short-term plasticity (STP) and lognormal connectivity into a novel recurrent neural network (RNN) framework. The model exhibited rich patterns of population activity characterized by slow coordinated fluctuations. Using graph spectral decomposition, we show that weighted networks with lognormal connectivity and STP yield higher complexity than several graph types. When tested on various tasks involving the prediction of complex time series data, the RNN model outperformed a baseline model with random connectivity as well as several other network architectures. Overall, our results underscore the potential of incorporating brain-inspired features such as STP and heavy-tailed connectivity to enhance the robustness and performance of artificial neural networks in complex data prediction and signal processing tasks.
The role of coupling and external current in two coupled Hodgkin–Huxley neurons
Authors: Bogatenko T. , Sergeev K. , Strelkova G.
Published: February 2025

This research studies the properties of two coupled Hodgkin–Huxley neurons. The influence of coupling strength as well as individual parameters of the neurons (i.e., initial conditions and external current values) have been studied. A Pearson correlation coefficient is used to estimate the synchrony degree between the neurons. It was found that the two neurons can be synchronized fairly easily in different regimes based on the combination of parameters: for some cases, the neurons are synchronous in a self-oscillating regime, but for other combinations, a single-spike regime becomes prevalent. It was also discovered that the synchronization regime can be controlled both by the external current value of each neuron and the coupling strength value. The obtained results can be profitable for future research of complex networks of artificial neurons.
Assessing the performance of MagLIF with 3D MHD simulations
Authors: Weis Matthew R. , Ruiz D. E. , Gomez Matthew R. , Harvey-Thompson Adam J. , Jennings Christopher A. , Yager-Elorriaga David A. , Lewis William E. , Slutz Stephen A. , Shulenburger Luke , Ampleford David J. , Beckwith K. , Koning Joseph M.
Published: February 2025

The Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experimental platform at Sandia National Laboratories has realized a number of recent improvements in electrical current and laser preheat coupling but fusion yields are below expectations, based on modeling with clean (that is, simulations with no interfacial instabilities and no mix) two-dimensional (2D) magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) simulations, by a factor of 5 or more. However, magnetized liner implosions are known to produce helical magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor (MRT) modes and complex stagnation structures that cannot be directly modeled in 2D. This paper presents the results of 3D HYDRA MHD simulations, including helical MRT, showing that degradation from these instabilities can readily reproduce experimental yields, but it is difficult to simultaneously match the yield along with inferred fuel temperature, pressure, and burn history (assessed with x-rays), which are larger in the experiments considered here. Additional analysis methods and future experiments are proposed to help address the discrepancies. The 3D simulations also show, without substantive improvements to stability, changing the applied Bz or preheat is unlikely to increase performance of MagLIF to the same degree as clean 2D simulations. Finally, the first 3D HYDRA simulations with the Hall term show the ab initio production of helical MRT and produce a clear change in stagnation morphology compared to pre-seeded simulations without Hall. In spite of the differences, the simulations still produce comparable fusion performance but with longer, lower power, neutron yield history.
Quasi-homoepitaxy of hexagonal boron nitride on its own interfacial insertion monolayer
Authors: Shen Peng , Yang Maowei , Duo Yiwei , Yang Shini , Yu Lucheng , Lou Yaxiao , Hu Zekai , Wang Yimeng , Xu Feiya , Gao Na , Chen Xiaohong , Huang Shengrong , Wei Tongbo , Cai Duanjun , Kang Junyong
Published: February 2025

We present an approach to improve the quality of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) epilayer with a quasi-homoepitaxy mode through the utilization of a hBN interfacial insertion monolayer by using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. First-principles calculations demonstrate that the insertion of hBN monolayer can not only eliminate the interaction from hetero-substrate but also enhance the surface migration rate during epitaxy. As a result with epitaxial growth, the reduction of initial nucleation density of hBN domains is observed, and meanwhile, the release of misfit stress and higher crystal quality are obtained. Ultimately, this research provides a quasi-homoepitaxial strategy of hBN on arbitrary hetero-substrate.
Field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization via out-of-plane spin-polarization induced by Ta with crystalline phase gradient
Authors: Zeng Guang , Zhang Yipei , Xu Lixuan , Cao Cuimei , Li Ruoshi , Khan Adnan , You Long , Chen Shiwei , Liang Shiheng
Published: February 2025

Contrary to the conventional spin current with the in-plane spin polarization, spin current with the out-of-plane spin polarization can achieve efficient all electrical control of perpendicular magnetization by spin–orbit torques (SOTs) without an external magnetic field. This feature is essential for high-density magnetic memory and logic devices. While such spin current with the out-of-plane spin polarization has been demonstrated in a limited number of high-quality low crystal or magnetic symmetry systems, its generation in conventional heavy metal is challenging but crucial for field-free spintronic devices. Here, we show that overcoming this challenge is possible by fabricating a crystalline phase gradient in heavy metal tantalum, where the out-of-plane spin polarization was induced and triggers an out-of-plane SOT providing the field-free switching for perpendicularly magnetized ferromagnet in Pt/Co/Ta (crystalline phase gradient) heterojunction. Meanwhile, the critical switching current density is lower than that of the Pt/Co/Ta (non-crystalline phase gradient) control case, and the polarity of field-free switching is determined by the sign of the crystalline phase gradient. Our work demonstrates that the crystalline phase gradient is a promising platform to generate the spin current with the out-of-plane spin polarization and achieve efficient field-free magnetization switching based on heavy metal tantalum, thus opening an avenue toward energy-efficient spintronic devices.
Aerodynamic mechanisms behind energy efficiency in migratory bird formations
Authors: Beaumont Fabien , Murer Sébastien , Bogard Fabien , Polidori Guillaume
Published: February 2025

To this day, the reasons for the formation flight of migratory birds still generate lively controversies. Although group flying offers numerous advantages in predation prevention, orientation, and communication, aspects like aerodynamic interaction between birds remain poorly understood due to their complexity. In this study, we investigate the wake vortex dynamics of two migratory birds based on their relative positions within the group. We assess the influence of wingbeat synchronization on aerodynamic forces using a computational code based on the finite volume method. Modeling 3D vortex structures in the wake of Canadian geese flying at 1000 and 13.9 m/s reveals a complex vortex with an undulating structure influenced by wingbeat frequency. The study demonstrates that the trailing bird improves its aerodynamic efficiency by 32% when positioning its wingtip in the upwash region of the leading bird's wingtip vortex. Furthermore, wingbeat synchronization between the leading and trailing birds is confirmed as crucial for energy gain. These findings extrapolated to larger bird groups, provide valuable insights into the organization and optimal positioning of migratory birds in V formation.
Evaluating inkjet printability of viscoelastic ink through Deborah number analysis
Authors: Richardot Jules M. , Kim Seongju , Jung Sungjune
Published: February 2025

Digital inkjet printing has been developed as a pivotal technology for precise, scalable, and cost-effective deposition of functional inks, enabling significant advancements in flexible printed electronics and bioprinting applications. Analysis of Deborah number (De), defined as the ratio between relaxation time and capillary time, serves as a critical parameter for linking between ink rheology and inkjet printability. However, determining the relaxation time of polymer-containing weakly viscoelastic fluids remains challenging due to the need for high-frequency measurements of storage and loss moduli. In this work, we present a comprehensive Deborah number analysis to evaluate the printability of polymer-based inkjet fluids. Using a squeeze-flow rheometer with piezoelectric axial vibration, we measured the viscoelastic properties of the inks up to 104 Hz and extracted the elastic and viscous coefficients. The Maxwell viscoelastic model was then employed to simulate the inks' viscoelastic behavior for higher frequencies up to 106 rad·s−1 and to determine relaxation times and consequently the Deborah number. This analysis was performed for inks with varying polymer types and concentrations, and their jetting performances were examined using a custom-built drop watcher system. By correlating the Deborah number with inkjet printability, we developed a Deborah number–Weber number (We) map, identifying the optimal range of 0.1 < De < 1 and 2 < We < 15 for stable single-drop jet formation. Our approach provides a robust framework for characterizing and predicting the printability of various functional inks, facilitating their application in advanced printing technologies.
Drop impact on a foam-coated liquid surface: Formation of antibubbles
Authors: An Ji , Zhao Guilin , Liu Ziqi , Wang Pengfei , Wang Wei
Published: February 2025

An antibubble is a rare fluid particle that a thin air film separates the inner and outer liquid phases. This unique structure makes antibubbles a promising candidate for droplet manipulation. The controlled formation of antibubbles has attracted increasing attention in recent decades. Among the various methods, drop impact on a foam-coated liquid surface has been identified as an efficient technique. Although this method has been widely used in previous research on antibubbles, the detailed dynamics of droplet collision on the foam layer has received limited attention. This paper demonstrates a systematic study of the dynamics of drop impact on a foam layer. Experimental results show that the contact position and the diameter ratio between the droplet and the bubbles that constitute the foam layer are key factors influencing the formation of antibubbles. Regime maps based on the experimental results are built to indicate the conditions under which antibubbles form. Additionally, a novel phenomenon is introduced, wherein antibubbles are formed when the droplet collides with the surface film of the foam bubbles.
Evaluation of unconfined hydrogen deflagration characteristics under different turbulence and combustion models: The influence of barrier wall position
Authors: Lei Baiwei , Wu Zeping , Li Zou , Li Xiaotang
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen poses a significant risk of explosion, particularly in open spaces. To mitigate the risk of hydrogen explosions, barrier walls are commonly used as a protective measure in practical engineering. However, due to the high cost of experimentation and limitations in monitoring methods, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations play a crucial role in combustion dynamics research. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of CFD simulation results, it is essential to select appropriate combustion and turbulence models. This paper evaluated the applicability of seven combustion models, seven correlations of turbulent flame speed models, and three turbulence models in simulating hydrogen deflagration in open spaces based on GASFLOW-Multi-Physics-Integration. The results showed that the modified multi-phenomenon turbulent burning velocity model, the Schmidt correlation model, and the detached eddy simulation turbulence model provided high computational accuracy in predicting hydrogen deflagration behavior. Additionally, it was found that in open spaces, Darrieus-Landau instability inhibited flame propagation, while flame stretch and thermal-diffusive instability significantly accelerated it. The study further analyzed the hydrogen deflagration characteristics at different barrier wall positions, revealing that while placing the barrier walls closer to the ignition source significantly reduced the explosion hazard in the rear area, it simultaneously increased the damage in the front area. Additionally, the effective protective range of the barrier wall was dependent on its distance from the ignition source. As the distance between the barrier wall and the ignition source increased, its ability to attenuate the blast wave gradually decreased, leading to a reduction in the effective protective range.
Homogeneous–Heterogeneous condensation in supersonic nozzle using Eulerian–Eulerian approach: Numerical investigation of liquid phase modeling
Authors: Xia Rujie , Li Delu , Aliabadi Mohammad Ali Faghih
Published: February 2025

To enhance industrial equipment, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the occurring phenomena within it. Nonequilibrium condensation is one such phenomenon that requires comprehensive investigation and study, as it is commonly observed in industrial equipment. The present study investigates homogeneous condensation (HMC), homogeneous–heterogeneous condensation (HMTC), and heterogeneous condensation (HTC) through the implementation of the liquid droplet injection technique. Two contrasting modeling approaches are employed for the analysis of HMTC. In Model A, a discrete simulation is performed for nucleating and injected droplets, with each group modeled independently. In Model B, a simplified approach is employed, where the radii of injected and nucleating droplets are averaged to represent a combined droplet population. The results demonstrate that HMC, HMTC, and HTC significantly influence the flow structure. The condensation of vapor molecules within the converging nozzle section in HTC and HMTC results in elevated pressure, liquid mass fraction (LMF), and temperature, alongside a decrease in Mach number and supersaturation ratio. In the HMTC scenario, Model A exhibits higher values for condensation shock intensity, nucleation rate, droplet number, LMF, and two-phase heat compared to Model B. When comparing Model A to Model B, the outlet average LMF exhibits a difference of approximately 8% for Sample 1 and 6% for Sample 2.
Viscous stress modeling for one-fluid approach in Newtonian two-phase flows
Authors: Toutant Adrien
Published: February 2025

A crucial issue in two-phase flows is related to the modeling of viscous stresses. A new general viscous stress model for Newtonian two-phase flows is derived theoretically from the Navier–Stokes equations and jump conditions at the interface. The model is developed within the framework of the one-fluid approach. The only assumptions are incompressibility, no phase change, and constant surface tension. It is argued that this new modeling allows a theoretical definition of the equivalent viscous stress in the vicinity of interfaces. Moreover, for computational fluid dynamics, it can be seen as the physical justification for using both harmonic and arithmetic averages to define the one-fluid viscosity.
A review of the ecology and conservation of the yellow-bellied glider
Authors: Goldingay Ross L.
Published: February 2025

The conservation of Australia’s wildlife requires detailed knowledge of the ecology of individual species. That knowledge needs to be synthesised from time to time so that a consistent understanding arises and that knowledge gaps are identified. The yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) is a forest-dependent species of eastern and southern mainland Australia that has been a focal species for research because it occurs in forest subject to logging. In 2022, it became listed by the Australian government as a threatened species throughout its geographic range, highlighting the need for a detailed review of its ecology and conservation requirements. I reviewed 161 articles, which showed that the most frequently covered topics were on its diet and foraging behaviour, habitat and surveys and distribution. A prominent item in its diet is eucalypt sap, which it obtains from a small number of trees in the forest (≤4% of available trees), and which are incised repeatedly, although periodically, over many years. Yellow-bellied gliders make frequent loud calls at night to advertise territories defended by family groups of two to six individuals. This calling behaviour forms the basis of population monitoring, including recently by using audio-recorders. A paradoxical aspect of yellow-bellied glider ecology is that it is dependent on tree hollows for shelter, but its occurrence is generally not influenced by the abundance of hollow-bearing trees, probably owing to groups occupying large areas of forest (30–80 ha). More important drivers of its occurrence appear to be the availability of certain tree species favoured in sap feeding, a diversity of tree species (including winter-flowering) that provide an array of plant and insect exudates, and substrates for arthropods included in its diet. Threats to the yellow-bellied glider include habitat fragmentation and the recent wildfires that have caused a decline in many populations. Climate change is predicted to lead to widespread contraction in the geographic range. These threats highlight the need to identify multiple climate and wildfire refuges throughout its geographic range to ensure its long-term conservation. Long-term monitoring of these and other locations is needed to guide this conservation.
Resilience of the electric grid through trustable IoT-coordinated assets
Authors: Nair Vineet J. , Srivastava Priyank , Venkataramanan Venkatesh , Sarker Partha S. , Srivastava Anurag , Marinovici Laurentiu D. , Zha Jun , Irwin Christopher , Mittal Prateek , Williams John , Kumar Jayant , Poor H. Vincent , Annaswamy Anuradha M.
Published: February 2025

The electricity grid has evolved from a physical system to a cyberphysical system with digital devices that perform measurement, control, communication, computation, and actuation. The increased penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) including renewable generation, flexible loads, and storage provides extraordinary opportunities for improvements in efficiency and sustainability. However, they can introduce new vulnerabilities in the form of cyberattacks, which can cause significant challenges in ensuring grid resilience. We propose a framework in this paper for achieving grid resilience through suitably coordinated assets including a network of Internet of Things devices. A local electricity market is proposed to identify trustable assets and carry out this coordination. Situational Awareness (SA) of locally available DERs with the ability to inject power or reduce consumption is enabled by the market, together with a monitoring procedure for their trustability and commitment. With this SA, we show that a variety of cyberattacks can be mitigated using local trustable resources without stressing the bulk grid. Multiple demonstrations are carried out using a high-fidelity cosimulation platform, real-time hardware-in-the-loop validation, and a utility-friendly simulator.
Spesolimab Treatment for the Prevention of Flares in People with Generalized Pustular Psoriasis (GPP): A Video Summary of the EFFISAYIL® 2 Study
Authors: Morita Akimichi , Marrakchi Slaheddine , Hu Na , Thoma Christian , Zheng Min , Tsai Tsen-Fang , Lebwohl Mark G , Anadkat Milan J , Gordon Kenneth B , Choon Siew Eng , Burden A David , Haeufel Thomas , Thaçi Diamant , Strober Bruce
Published: February 2025

Prof. Morita presents the EFFISAYIL® 2 clinical trial, which investigated spesolimab treatment for the prevention of GPP flares.
Development and optimization of a precision and reliable particle dispensing system integrated with a pendulum motion dispensing module
Authors: Lee Sanghyun , Yu Gwang Hyeon , Lee Sangmin , Kim Hojin
Published: February 2025

This study presents a novel approach to enhancing microparticle dispersion and ejection performance by utilizing a pendulum motion of a particle reservoir. Owing to their tendency to sediment in suspension, microparticles pose significant challenges in achieving consistent and repeatable ejections, often leading to nozzle clogging. To overcome these challenges, a three-axis automated particle dispensing system integrated with a rotational dispensing module was developed. The pendulum motions of the dispensing module were investigated to assess their impact on particle dispersion, including 90-degree, 180-degree, and 360-degree swings. The 360-degree pendulum motion sustained particle dispersion, leading to the consistent and reliable ejection of particles during continuous droplet ejection. Moreover, we evaluated a novel particle dispensing system, including the effects of particle suspension density and dispensing parameters on the ejection performance and dead volume of minute particle samples. Stable particle dispensing was achieved, with a CV below 7%, even at high concentrations (14% w/v). The number of ejected particles exhibited a linear relationship (R
2 = 99%) with suspension densities ranging from 1%–14% w/v. Furthermore, dispensing parameters such as the amplitude and duration of the applied pressure showed a linear correlation with both the number of ejected particles and the volume of ejected droplets (R
2 = 99%). The dead volume was 2 μl, representing 10% of the 20 μl small sample used. These results demonstrate the flexibility of the system in maintaining a high performance across a range of operational conditions. The findings highlight the potential of this rotational approach for enhancing the reliability and accuracy of particle dispensing in microfluidic applications.
Electromagnetic transmission enhancement in subwavelength inhomogeneous plasmas modulated by negative-permeability metamaterials
Authors: Chen Peiqi , Nie Qiuyue , Zhang Zhonglin , Meng Zhuotao , Yan Changshi , Liu Ao , Ai Xin , Shi Zhixin , Zheng Shulei , Wang Long
Published: February 2025

Pairing overdense or epsilon-negative (ENG) plasma with mu-negative (MNG) metamaterials has been demonstrated to be an effective way to enhance electromagnetic transmission efficiency in plasmas. However, existing theoretical and simulative works mainly considered ideal homogeneous models. In this paper, we further explored the influence of inhomogeneity on the matching processes between MNG metamaterials and 1D/2D inhomogeneous plasmas in the subwavelength regime. It is shown that for 1D subwavelength inhomogeneous plasma, there is only one parameter matching region for MNG metamaterials, where the optimal constitutive parameters depend on the relative/absolute thickness of MNG metamaterials and plasma, incident angle and specific density profiles of plasma, especially the position of maximum plasma frequency. For 2D subwavelength inhomogeneous plasma, due to the fact that MNG metamaterials can locally match with plasma at different positions and density gradient perpendicular to the incident direction can further manipulate the trajectory of electromagnetic waves, multiple and one primary transmission peaks can be observed under symmetric and asymmetric density profiles.
Broadband underwater sound absorption and performance optimization of a lightweight pressure resistance coating
Authors: Cui Jin , Zhao Dan , Dong Liqiang , Shu Xin , Wu Qiong , Liu Shaogang
Published: February 2025

To satisfy the requirements of underwater vehicles in large depths and high stealth performance, this paper proposed a lightweight pressure resistance coating designed by micro floating raft arrays. Based on the effective medium method, the coating is subjected to layered equivalent, and a theoretical calculation model for its sound absorption coefficient (SAC) is established. Moreover, the influence of coating parameters on its SAC is explored. The results indicate that the coating parameters have varying effectiveness on SAC and its corresponding frequency position, with Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, loss factor and intermediate mass width having a particularly significant impact on SAC. Afterwards, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize each layer of the coating, resulting in an average SAC of 0.9127 in the range of 10 Hz–30 kHz and maintaining a quasi-perfect sound absorption state of 0.95–1 in the wide frequency range of 10–30 kHz. It is worth noting that the SAC is higher than 0.5 at frequencies above 0.72 kHz, while the thickness of the coating is only 1/52 of the corresponding frequency wavelength. Additionally, the coating’s average sound absorption performance is better than that of a homogeneous layer with the same thickness, but its mass is only about half that of the homogenous one. Furthermore, the coating can maintain over 80% of the high-efficiency sound absorption effect under 0°–60° sound wave incidence angle and hydrostatic pressure within 10 MPa. Overall, this paper provides a potential approach for the pressure resistance and lightweight design of anechoic coating.
Domain contrastive-based prototype discriminant network for few-shot rotating machinery fault diagnosis under variable working conditions
Authors: Hu Junwei , Sun Heyang , Li Yang
Published: February 2025

The vigorous development of data-driven methods has promoted the application of intelligent fault diagnosis technology in various manufacturing industries. However, it is difficult for the model to obtain satisfactory diagnosis results and generalization performance with small samples under variable working conditions. To solve these problems, a new prototype discriminant network based on domain contrast learning is proposed, which has self-supervised few-shot cross-domain fault diagnosis capability. First, sample pairs are constructed based on differences in data domain distribution. The domain-invariant features between classes are extracted by increasing the distance between classes and reducing the differences within classes using unsupervised training. Then, a prototype discriminant network is used to accurately diagnose under few-shot and variable working conditions. To realize accurate diagnosis in two typical rotating machinery diagnosis cases of bearings and gearboxes, the performance of the proposed framework is verified, and higher diagnostic accuracy and generalization performance are achieved compared to existing methods.
Detection of subsurface cracks in mesostructure models of concrete using Rayleigh wave propagation
Authors: Sun Xiaohui , Fan Shuli , Liu Yingzhou , Liu Chunguang
Published: February 2025

Subsurface cracks may remain undetected until significant harm occurs, which often lead to their neglect in conventional nondestructive evaluations. In addition, the scattering of the elastic waves may affect the detection results. This study investigates the impact of the presence of aggregates on the identification and quantification of subsurface cracks using Rayleigh wave propagation. To achieve this purpose, concrete mesostructure models that integrate absorbing boundaries using the stiffness reduction method and subsurface cracks are constructed. The expected arrival times of the waves are derived and compared with the B-scans to examine the propagation path of the mode-converted body waves. Furthermore, we introduce a novel signal extraction technique using the energy spectrum based on wavelet coefficients and a knowledge-based rule to assess the depth of subsurface cracks. Finally, attempts are made to demonstrate and validate the far-field signal enhancement phenomenon of subsurface cracks using mode conversion theories and the proposed area ratio index. The results show that the theoretical curves and B-scan maps are well aligned, suggesting that the analysis of the waveform propagation path is accurate. The proposed method is quite robust for both homogeneous and heterogeneous material configurations. The crack parameters can be obtained using the fitted curve obtained by determining the peak frequency of the transmitted signal.
An Improved Complementary Gray Code Combine Phase-shifting Profilometry Based on Phase Adjustment
Authors: Han Shuhuan , Yang Yanxi , Zhang Xinyu , Zhao Xubo , li xinjie
Published: February 2025

In fringe projection profilometry, the method of solving 3D information by combining Gray code fringe images with phase-shifting fringe images has been widely used, in practice, there may still be phase mismatch between wrapped phase and complementary Gray code arrays. Based on the above problems, this paper proposes an improved complementary Gray code combine phase-shifting profilometry based on phase adjustment. Firstly, the projected images are calibrated in advance, that is, the initial phase (images order) of the phase-shifting fringe images are adjusted, so that the wrapped phase and the Gray code arrays match each other, and this images order is called the best order. Then, in the following practical measurements, the phase-shifting fringe images are substituted into the phase-shifting equation in accordance with this best order to obtain the wrapped phase. Finally, phase unwrapping is performed by the complementary Gray code phase unwrapping method to get the final unwrapped phase and 3D information from phase-height mapping method. The proposed method could effectively improve the measurement quality without adding new projection images compared to the traditional complementary Gray code combine phase-shifting profilometry. Experiment shows that the proposed method could improve the accuracy by 89.63% and 89.76% about root mean square error and mean absolute error compare with the traditional complementary Gray code combine phase-shifting method (which has phase mismatch at this time), improve the accuracy by -10.11% and -8.53% about root mean square error and mean absolute error, improve the efficiency compare with multi-frequency-temporal phase-unwrapping.
A validated Monte Carlo model for a CdTe-based photon-counting detector at higher flux rates
Authors: Konrad Sebastian , Klemm Timo , Hupfer Martin , Stierstorfer Karl , Buzug Thorsten M , Maier Andreas
Published: February 2025

Objective: Statistical properties of a CdTe photon-counting detector were simulated using a dedicated Monte Carlo model that includes spatial and spectral correlations. A measurement of the same properties was done to validate the simulation and gain further understanding of the detector.Approach: Photon histories were calculated using a Monte Carlo X-ray simulation program using energy dependent interaction probabilities of the incoming photons. Pulse forms corresponding to photon interaction locations were taken from a pre-calculated pulse shape lookup table and were inserted into simulated pulse trains. These pulse trains were evaluated. Measurements were done on a clinical CT scanner equipped with photon-counting detectors. The examined properties of the detector are detected counts, variances, variance-to-mean-ratios, as well as various spectral-spatial correlations connecting different thresholds in neighboring pixels.Main results: The simulated data reproduced all trends observed in the statistics of the detector. Spectral correlations between threshold in one pixel showed an excellent agreement between simulation and measurement, both for low and higher fluxes. Spatial correlations between lower thresholds were slightly overestimated in simulations. Significance: The comparison of measured and simulated data shows that the simulation models the statistics of the detector well. This allows further investigation of the detector on a simulated basis and allows using the simulation to further optimize the detector design.Key words: photon-counting detector, spectral response, detector statistics, Monte Carlo simulation 
Chebyshev-Fourier forced vibration analysis of laminated annular plates coupled with periodically distributed dynamic vibration absorbers
Authors: Gong Qingtao , Teng Yao , Ma Binjie , Li Xin , Guo Sheng
Published: February 2025

This study established a dynamic analysis model for laminated annular plates coupled with periodically distributed dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs). Based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the kinetic energy, strain energy, external work, and boundary spring potential energy of the structure were derived using the energy method and penalty function approach, and the Lagrangian energy functional of the structure was constructed. According to the model simplification principle, the DVAs were simplified into basic elements consisting of mass blocks coupled with spring-damper systems. The displacement functions of the structure were described using the Chebyshev-Fourier method (CFM). The Rayleigh-Ritz method and the implicit Newmark method were applied to solve the energy functional for free and forced vibrations, yielding the natural frequencies, vibration responses under external forces, and vibrational energy of the structure. A series of comparative analyses were conducted, comparing the SGM results with published data and finite element method (FEM) results, which verified the validity of the proposed method. Based on this, the effects of material parameters, annular plate dimensions, boundary constraints, and DVA installation parameters on the vibration characteristics of the structure were investigated. The findings demonstrated that the installation of distributed DVAs can effectively suppress the vibration of the structure.