bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of overcurrent relay coordination using cuckoo search algorithm in electronic induction systems
Authors: Rahmania Z S , Syafa’ah L , Pakaya I , Zulfatman
Published: November 2019

Overcurrent relay protection is one of the electrical power supply protection mechanisms that serve to prevent the system from overcurrent. The main issue that occurs when developing the coordination of overcurrent relays is the timing determination of the primary and back-up relay operation. The objective of this study is to develop an optimization method to result a faster operating time of relay coordination. The optimization method was developed and implemented in case of PT Semen Padang (Indarung VI) at 150 kV PLN’s source, which was operated with conventional calculation method. The Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) method was proposed as optimization method for calculation. The optimization was used to set the relay time and the secondary current (Ipickup) according to the British standard to obtain the optimal Coordination Time Interval (CTI). The CSA method was calculated by MATLAB R2016 software, while the relay testing was done on the ETAP 12.6.0. Results of simulation indicate that the CSA method more capable and faster than the manual calculations in calculating relay setting coordination since almost all of the CTI values were reached in 2.0 to 4.0 seconds.
A Smart Sustainable approach for waste management in post-natural disaster phase
Authors: Fatimah Y A , Murniningsih R , Setiawan A , Aman M
Published: November 2019

As an archipelago country, Indonesia is lied on the Pacific ring of fire - the center of active volcano and earthquake, located in tsunami-prone regions and several tectonic plates and had intense tropical rain, that places Indonesia at regular risk of earthquake, volcano eruption, tsunami, flood, and other natural disasters. Instead of nature and severity destructions, these natural disasters create a large volume of debris and waste, about 5 to 10 times of the solid waste generated usually, that have negative impacts on environmental, social and public health if not managed carefully. This study proposes a smart, sustainable approach for waste management in post-natural disaster. Some natural disaster happened in Indonesia was collected from Indonesia’s National Disaster Mitigation Agency to identify the global waste and debris potential from the disaster. Smart, sustainable municipal waste management framework based on four priority areas of governance, economy, social and environment, from the previous study, is adopted to develop a post-disaster smart, sustainable waste management framework and a pre-design system. The proposed framework is focused on the technical mechanism for collecting and converting generated waste and debris into valuable materials that are integrated into the waste management system.
Estimating the escalation of mine tailings disaster risks by using a life cycle assessment approach
Authors: Adiansyah J S , Rahmawati D
Published: November 2019

Mine tailings should be managed properly to avoid the tailings accident that recorded more than 230 tailings accident worldwide. These accidents caused human and environmental losses. This paper estimates the escalation of mine tailings dam failure using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The LCA functional unit (FU) is defined as 1 tonne of fine coal concentrate slurry generated by flotation cells. SimaPro software was chosen to analyze the material flow data of a mine coal tailings disposal system and focused on impact categories associated with disaster issues including human toxicity, terrestrial eco-toxicity, freshwater eco-toxicity, and marine eco-toxicity. The results showed that the impact escalation of coal mine tailings during 20 years of operation for human toxicity, terrestrial eco-toxicity, freshwater eco-toxicity, and marine eco-toxicity were 13,740 DALY, 27.40 species year, 0.04 species year, and 0.001 species year respectively. These results indicated that a good mine tailings management should be applied by mine site to prevent a human and environmental disaster from mine tailings accident.
Reducing the natural disaster impacts by using an appropriate water testing technology
Authors: Rahmawati D , Adiansyah J S , Alpiana  , Isfanari
Published: November 2019

The natural disaster might cause various impacts to the human including water supply. Polluted water sources should be treated prior consumed. The water treatment process refers to the water testing results. This paper was aimed to determine an effective water testing technology for emergency situations associated with natural disasters. The methods used were literature review and experiment. Various water testing methods during emergency response were explored by a terature review. In addition, the accuracy of manual and digital water testing kit, including pH and turbidity, were conducted through an experiment. The research resulted that the effectiveness of turbidity tubes ranged from 80 to 100%. While the pH kit effectiveness ranged from 80 to 94%. There is no rule to classify the best technology during emergency response. The chosen technology depends on each humanitarian agency’s condition including financial and human resources.
Operator assignment model for minimizing total operator cost in a flexible flow shop environment
Authors: Maruf A , Zahra S , Isnaini M M
Published: November 2019

This research proposes a mix-integer linear programming model for operator assignment in a flexible flow shop environment. The objective is to minimize the total cost of operator transportation and operator exchange between machine. The model was developed considering practical constrain whereas machine are operated semi automatically, allowing an operator to be assigned to more than one machine in a certain period of time. Therefore, number of operator could be less than the number of machine. The proposed model result in a reduction up to 60% for operator transportation and operator exchange compared to current practice. Current output of proposed model will assign operator based on the number of available operator. Further research will be conducted by relaxing the number of operator to increase the operator utilization.
Human error analysis using sherpa and heart method in Batik Cap production process
Authors: Pratiwi I , Masita M , Munawir H , Fitriadi R
Published: November 2019

The batik industry is one of the creative industries which development keeps increasing every year. Almost all of Batik Cap production process activities are done manually. Therefore, production operators play an important role in influencing the quality of Batik Cap. This research was conducted to identify the human error factor that happened in the Batik Cap production process using SHERPA and HEART method. The potential for human error that occurs is described with SHERPA tabulation. The human error assessment is calculated using the HEART method of human error probability value that occurs in the production process operator. The result of this research is 26 potential errors of overall activity in 6 work stations divided into 19 error in action error, 5 error on checking error and 2 error in selecting error. The highest probability of human error value in stamping the work station on the fabric stamping activity.
Extraction of EEG signals using the discrete wavelet transforms
Authors: hindarto H , muntasa A
Published: November 2019

This study focuses on feature extraction for Electro Encephalo Graph (EEG) signals using the Discrete Wavelet Transform method. The EEG signal is used to move up the cursor and the down cursor. In each subband of the EEG signal wave the average value is taken to characterize the EEG signal. Backpropagation Neural Network is used as an EEG signal classification to determine whether the up cursor or the down cursor. The data used in this study are EEG data derived from BCI competition 2003 (BCI Competition 2003). Decision-making is done in two stages. In the first stage, the mean value of each wavelet subband is used as a feature extraction of the EEG signal data. This feature is an input to the Backpropagation Neural Network. In the second stage of the classification process into two classes of class 0 (for the up cursor) and class 1 (for the down cursor), there are 260 training data file of EEG and 293 signals from EEG signal data testing file, so the whole becomes 553 data files of EEG signals. The result obtained for EEG signal classification is 77.2% of the tested signal data.
Reliability test prototype wind turbine savonius type helical as an alternative electricity generator
Authors: Siregar A M , Siregar C A
Published: November 2019

The consumption of energy in the world today is still dominated by fossil fuels that will gradually run out. This period we must utilize renewable energy sources. One source of renewable energy that is environmentally friendly and we can use is wind energy. Wind turbines can be used to generate electrical energy so that it can solve one of the energy problems for people in need. A suitable wind turbine at low wind speed and medium wind speed is a type of Savonius turbine. The development of research is made prototype wind turbine. This test is carried out on a prototype of a vertical axis type wind turbine and aluminum flask. The rotor has a diameter of 350 mm and a height of 440 mm. The measured parameters were wind speed, rotation speed of rotor, voltage, and current of the generator. The performance of wind turbine savonius in this test at wind speed 4 m / s up to 6 m / s, maximum rotation of turbine shaft 35,40 rpm, electric power 6.94 watts at 6 m / s, at 6 m / s wind speeds produce wind power of 18.65 watts and produce electrical power of 6.94 watts.
An effect of different spark plug used and additional ethanol on engine performance and exhaust gas emission
Authors: Sarjito  , Prasetyo I , Riyadi T W B , Anggono A D , Effendy M
Published: November 2019

The existence of fossil fuels is increasingly scarce nowadays. Therefore, finding alternative fuels to substitute petroleum fuels, especially gasoline that very huge used for a motor vehicle. One of the alternative fuels as a substitute for gasoline is bioethanol (BE). The aim of the research work was to analyze engine performance and exhaust emission level of vehicle using two different types of spark plug. Further investigation was addressed by varying additional bioethanol fuel made from raw material of cassava. The work was carried out experimentally both in the laboratory and engine test drive. The results show that by using platinum spark plug resulting better performance of engine. The additional bioethanol on fuel, the power, and torque generated from the engine increases with the increase of percent bioethanol in the fuel mixture. The fuel consumption is more efficient by using fuel of 30% BE, compared with engine operation using fuel of 100% pertalite. While the results of the exhaust emission on the vehicle show that by using fuel bioethanol, exhaust emissions decrease as the increase of bioethanol in fuel mixture than exhaust emissions generated when using fuel 100% pertalite. It was proved by statistical data analysis using a one-way ANOVA Varian (F test) for power, torque, and HC emission levels, found of F value less than F table. Therefore hypothesis null (Ho) was accepted. Further result in each variation of fuel there is no significant difference. However, for CO, found that counted F greater than F table, then Ho was rejected; therefore the result of each variation of fuel there is significantly different.
Convective heat transfer of nanofluids TiO2/Thermo Oil XT 32 in concentric tube heat exchanger
Authors: Suroso B , Kamal S , Kristiawan B , Irawansyah H , Wibowo B S , Yani M
Published: November 2019

This research was conducted to examine the heat transfer characteristic of nanofluids TiO2/Thermo XT 32 oil on a concentric tube heat exchanger. TiO2 nanoparticles with nominal diameter of 21 nm were dispersed in Thermo XT 32 oil as base fluid at three different particles concentration of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. A straight horizontal stainless-steel tube of 1.2 m length, 0.012 m inner diameter, and 0.022 m outer diameter were used as a test section. Collecting data by varying the temperature of the heat transfer nanofluids and nanoparticle volume fraction. Nanofluids prepared using the method of two steps without the addition of a surfactant by using a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour then ultrasonic cleaner for 3 hours. The results of research conducted, the coefficient convection heat transfer of nanofluids TiO2/Thermo XT 32 oil increases along with the addition of fraction volumes; this is due to the increased thermal conductivity of the fluid as well with the rise of temperature against nanofluids TiO2/Thermo oil XT 32. So it is very worthy of nanofluids applied in industries related to heat transfer processes.
Influence of tool speed on the friction stir welding joint of aluminium and steel with single weld line
Authors: Sugito B , Hariyanto A , Anggono A D , Subroto  , Darmawan A S
Published: November 2019

The objective on this research is to investigate the influence of tool rotation to the welding strength of Aluminium and Steel. AA1100 and ST37 were material selected for the specimens. The welding process was conducted by using Friction Stir Welding (FSW) method. The tensile strength and hardness of the specimens will be indicators of welding strength. FSW was carried out by using conventional milling machine with tool rotation of 800 rpm and 1250 rpm. Feed rate 10 mm/minute for all process. The tool tilt angle was 1° and 1.8 mm of depth plunge. By using 800 rpm, the average of Tensile Stress was delivered of 82.22 MPa and Strain of 1.09%. While for the use of 1250 rpm, Tensile Stress given 96.23 MPa and Strain 1.14%. The hardnes of HVN on the weld zone was 42.2 and 56.2 HVN for rotation of 800 and 1250 rpm respectively. Based on the Tensile Stress and the Hardness of the weld zone, the FSW process was influenced by tool rotation. The higher rotation given higher Tensile strength.
Strength of polymeric foam composite reinforced oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber subjected to impact load
Authors: Yani M , Siregar M A , Suroso B , Arnita
Published: November 2019

The subjects of this study were polymeric foam (PF) composites reinforced oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fiber to dynamic load. OPEFB is waste of Palm Oil Mill which large number. This waste is seen has good potential to be harnessed and developed to become the engineering materials. This composite is processed with mixing of polyurethane (PU) and polyester resin. The paper aims to find the density of PF composite reinforced OPEFB fiber and to investigate the mechanical properties due to dynamic load. The specimens were prepared following the ASTM D1621-00 impact test standard. The method of making the test specimen is done by casting. The ratio of PU and mixing of polyester resin and OPEFB is 45 %: 65%. The results are gotten density 630 kg/m3, at a level test of 0.5 m the magnitude of the tension that occurs is 226.68 kPa, the average energy absorbed is 75.20 Joule and at the level test of 1m, the magnitude of the tension is 261.43 kPa, the absorbed energy is 184, 68 Joule.
Anisotropic infrared light emission from quasi-1D layered TiS3
Authors: Khatibi Ali , Godiksen Rasmus H , Basuvalingam Saravana Balaji , Pellegrino Daniele , Bol Ageeth A , Shokri Babak , Curto Alberto G
Published: November 2019

Atomically thin semiconductors hold great potential for nanoscale photonic and optoelectronic devices because of their strong light absorption and emission. Despite progress, their application in integrated photonics is hindered particularly by a lack of stable layered semiconductors emitting in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Here we show that titanium trisulfide (TiS3), a layered van der Waals material consisting of quasi-1D chains, emits near infrared light centered around 0.91 eV (1360 nm). Its photoluminescence exhibits linear polarization anisotropy and an emission lifetime of 210 ps. At low temperature, we distinguish two spectral contributions with opposite linear polarizations attributed to excitons and defects. Moreover, the dependence on excitation power and temperature suggests that free and bound excitons dominate the excitonic emission at high and low temperatures, respectively. Our results demonstrate the promising properties of TiS3 as a stable semiconductor for optoelectronic and nanophotonic devices operating at telecommunication wavelengths.
Non-linear convection flow of micro polar nanofluid past an isothermal sphere
Authors: Ibrahim Wubshet , Zemedu Chaluma
Published: November 2019

In this study, steady laminar two dimensional boundary layer flow of non-linear convection micropolar nanofluid over an isothermal sphere is examined. The mathematical developing for the flow problem has been made. By means of appropriate similarity transformation and dimensionless variable, the governing non-linear boundary value problems were reduced into combined high order non-linear ordinary differential equations. Then, solution for velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration has been obtained numerically. The equations were calculated using method bvp4c from matlab software for various quantities of main parameters. The influences of diffident parameters on skin friction coefficient, wall duo stress coefficient the Nusselt number, Sherwood number as well as the velocities, temperature, and concentration are analyzed and discussed through the tables and plotted graphs. A comparison with previous paper obtainable in the literature has been performed and an excellent agreement is obtained. The finding results indicate the raise in either the values of thermal Grashof number Gr or Brownian motion parameter Nb or Schmidt number Sc allows to bringing down the kinematic viscosity of the fluid causes improve the temperature profile distribution within the boundary layer. On the other hand, it can be diminished by the growth in either the value of solutal Grashof number Gm or solutal non linear convection parameter s which agrees to enlarge fluid density.
Colors of the Past: Archive, Art, and Amnesia in a Digital Age
Authors: Das Santanu
Published: November 2019

This roundtable offers four diverse perspectives on Peter Jackson’s innovative and controversial World War I documentary film They Shall Not Grow Old (2018). Jackson’s film breaks the mold of the documentary genre in its manipulation and montage of the visual and audio archives held at the Imperial War Museum in London. Yet he puts his technical virtuosity and resources at the service of a very traditional interpretation of the war, focusing almost entirely on the experience of young Englishmen on the Western Front. Scholars Santanu Das, Susan R. Grayzel, Jessica Meyer, and Catherine Robson offer their reflections on both the gains and losses of Jackson’s paradoxical original use of historical documents and old-fashioned rendering of the war’s experiential elements. They consider, respectively, the experience of colonial troops, the place of women in the war, and Jackson’s creative, if controversial, interpretation of the visual and aural archive.
The Anatolian glacial refugium and human-mediated colonization: a phylogeographical study of the stone marten (Martes foina) in Turkey
Authors: Arslan Yağmur , Demi̇rtaş Sadik , Herman Jeremy S , Pustilnik Jeremy D , Searle Jeremy B , Gündüz İslam
Published: November 2019

The Anatolian Peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is situated at the junction of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Together with its complex geomorphological and climatic history, this has given rise to a rich fauna and flora, which exhibits a wide range of historical biogeographical patterns. The stone marten (Martes foina) is a small carnivore that is found across the temperate Palaearctic region including Anatolia, where it is often associated with habitats modified by humans, but few genetic data exist for this species. We sequenced a 1840-bp region of the mitochondrial genome from 97 martens sampled across the peninsula and intron 7 of the nuclear β-fibrinogen gene from 53 of these. Two mitochondrial lineages were recovered, with overlapping eastern and western distributions, but there was no geographical structure for the autosomal marker. Coalescent analyses indicated that both of the lineages originated during the Last Glacial Maximum, one of them within an eastern Anatolian refugium and the other in a western Anatolian or Balkan refugium. The western lineage colonized most of Europe in the Holocene, while the eastern lineage may be endemic to Anatolia, from where it colonized the Iberian Peninsula via human translocation. The presence of at least one refugial stone marten population highlights the importance of Anatolia to the preservation of genetic variation and biodiversity.
Risk factors for major adverse kidney events in the first year after acute kidney injury
Authors: See Emily J , Toussaint Nigel D , Bailey Michael , Johnson David W , Polkinghorne Kevan R , Robbins Raymond , Bellomo Rinaldo
Published: November 2019

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) survivors are at increased risk of major adverse kidney events (MAKEs), including chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and death. High-risk AKI patients may benefit from specialist follow-up, but factors associated with increased risk have not been reported.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of AKI patients admitted to a single centre between 2012 and 2016 who had a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and were alive and independent of renal replacement therapy (RRT) at 30 days following discharge. AKI was identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes and staged according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Patients were excluded if they were kidney transplant recipients or if AKI was attributed to intrinsic kidney disease. We performed Cox regression models to examine MAKEs in the first year, defined as the composite of CKD (sustained 25% drop in eGFR), ESKD (requirement for chronic RRT or sustained eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2) or death. We examined secondary outcomes (CKD, ESKD and death) using Cox and competing risk regression analyses.

Results

We studied 2101 patients (mean ± SD age 69 ± 15 years, baseline eGFR 72 ± 23 mL/min/1.73 m2). Of these, 767 patients (37%) developed at least one MAKE (429 patients developed CKD, 21 patients developed ESKD, 375 patients died). MAKEs occurred more frequently with older age [hazard ratio (HR) 1.16 per decade, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.24], greater severity of AKI (Stage 2 HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.16–1.64; Stage 3 HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.31–2.01), higher serum creatinine at discharge (HR 1.04 per 10 µmol/L, 95% CI 1.03–1.06), chronic heart failure (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.19–1.67), liver disease (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.39–2.03) and malignancy (non-metastatic HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.14–1.82; metastatic HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.80–2.83). Traditional risk factors (e.g. diabetes and cardiovascular disease) had limited predictive value.

Conclusions

More than a third of AKI patients develop MAKEs within the first year. Clinical variables available at the time of discharge can help identify patients at increased risk of such events.
Sensitivity of chest ultrasound for postoperative pneumothorax in comparison to chest X-ray after lung resecting surgery
Authors: Galetin Thomas , Defosse Jérôme , Schieren Mark , Marks Ben , Lopez-Pastorini Alberto , Koryllos Aris , Kosse Nils , Wappler Frank , Stoelben Erich
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVES

Thoracic ultrasound is superior to chest X-ray for the detection of a pneumothorax in trauma and intensive care medicine. Data regarding its use in non-cardiac thoracic surgery are scarce and contradictory. Previous studies are heterogeneous regarding sonographic methodology and patient selection. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of thoracic ultrasound for pneumothorax assessment after lung resecting surgery in unselected patients.

METHODS

SONOR (SONOgraphy vs x-Ray) is a prospective observational trial (registry-ID DRKS00014557). A total of 123 consecutive patients with lung resecting surgery received a standardized thoracic ultrasound the same day and in addition to routine chest X-rays in erect position after removal of the chest tube. The sonographer was blinded to radiological findings and vice versa.

RESULTS

Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of ultrasound after removing the chest tube were 0.32, 0.85, 0.54, 0.69 for any pneumothorax and 1.0, 0.82, 0.19, 1.0 for pneumothorax ≥3 cm. No clinically relevant pneumothorax was missed. The agreement between sonography- and routine-based therapeutic decisions was 97%. Lung pulse was the most frequently detected sign to sonographically rule out a pneumothorax.

CONCLUSIONS

Postoperative thoracic ultrasound in unselected patients has a low overall sensitivity to detect a residual pneumothorax; however, its sensitivity and negative predictive values regarding clinically relevant pneumothorax are high. Test quality depends on the distinct sonographic methodology and patient selection. Anatomic differences in postsurgical and medical patients may be responsible for the contradictory results of previous trials. Studies with a larger population size are required to validate the accuracy of relevant pneumothoraces and identify appropriate selection criteria.

Clinical trial registration number

DRKS—German Clinical Trials Register, www.drks.de, registry-ID DRKS00014557.
Education and training in public health: is there progress in the European region?
Authors: Laaser Ulrich , Bjegovic-Mikanovic Vesna , Vukovic Dejana , Wenzel Helmut , Otok Robert , Czabanowska Katarzyna
Published: November 2019

Background

The Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER) is confronted with challenges to improve education for public health professionals. In this article, we attempt to answer the question: Did ASPHER members improve their organization and programmes to enable their graduates to acquire the competences to tackle the diverse areas of public health defined in the Ten Essential Public Health Operations (EPHOs)?

Methods

ASPHER run two surveys among its membership: In 2011, 66 Schools and Departments of Public Health (SDPHs) took part (82.5%), while in 2015–16, 78 SDPHs (81.3%). The performance of graduates was estimated using a Likert scale.

Results

In 2015–16, the SDPHs delivered 169 academic programmes (2.2 on average per SDPH). Among the SDPHs participating in both surveys, significant differences could not be determined, neither for the organization (except increasingly using social media) nor for teaching areas. The performance of graduates did not show significant differences except for the deterioration of EPHO-8 (‘assuring sustainable organizational structures and financing’). However, the qualitative data revealed progressive dynamics regarding innovations in the organizational set-up, digitalization, teaching/training, introduction of new modules and research.

Conclusions

The results generated do not allow us to state that the innovative elements introduced after the first survey in 2011 have had a clear impact reflected in the second survey carried out in 2015–16, but perhaps this is due to the need for a broader follow-up in order to objectify the potential consequences derived from the boost generated by the changes introduced.
Assessment of bone charcoal dusts of six species of mammal for the postharvest control of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infestations of cowpea seeds: can the charcoal dust affect seed viability in laboratory and in field?
Authors: Nwosu Luke Chinaru
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The possibility that bone charcoal dusts of some species of mammal will control the major insect pest of stored cowpea seeds and the implications on seed viability (after pest control process) were investigated in the laboratory at ambient temperature (30 ± 3°C) and relative humidity (70 ± 5%) and in field.

Materials and Methods

Standard entomological and agronomical techniques were used.

Results

The results showed that at 1.0% w/w dosage, the bone charcoal dusts of Ovis aries and Bos taurus were more effective than permethrin standard insecticide in killing adult Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. infesting cowpea seeds in storage. Bos taurus had a faster action speed than permethrin at 1.0% w/w. At 1.5% w/w of dust, all the species of mammal investigated deterred oviposition considerably in C. maculatus females, whereas only the bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and Sus scrofa were comparable with permethrin in suppressing adult emergence and seed damage; S. scrofa only was comparable with permethrin in reducing larval density. Bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and S. scrofa require chemical and olfactory analyses to know if they might have caused irritation to the insects and disrupted insect circadian rhythm, affecting behaviour and mating activities, adversely. The bone charcoal dusts of the six species of mammal at a highest test dose of 1.5% w/w allowed high seed viability in both laboratory and field.

Conclusion

The study recommends the use of bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and S. scrofa at economical- and quality-favourable dose 1.5% w/w for managers seeking to control C. maculatus insect attacking cowpea seeds in storage. The transitive components of the bones, abrasion of the insect epicuticle lipid layer by the charcoal dust, and combustion-related toxic factors were responsible for the insecticidal activities of the bone charcoal dusts of the mammals.
Standardizing harvest rates of finfish caught by shore-based recreational fishers
Authors: Tate Alissa , Lo Johnny , Mueller Ute , Hyndes Glenn A , Ryan Karina L , Taylor Stephen M
Published: November 2019

Evaluation of fisheries management and sustainability indicators can be supported by a reliable index of harvest rate. However, the most appropriate model that accounts for recreational fisheries is largely unknown. In order to adjust for these factors, generalized linear models were applied to data from shore-based recreational fishing surveys conducted in Western Australia between 2010 and 2016. Five candidate error distributions (lognormal, Gamma, Zero-Altered Gamma, Tweedie, and delta-lognormal) and seven independent variables (year, month, target species, fishing platform, fishers’ avidity, time of day, and day type) were examined for commonly caught nearshore teleost species. Zero-Altered Gamma and Tweedie models performed best overall, although model performance and explanatory variables varied between species. Standardized harvest rates for Australian herring (Arripis georgianus) declined from 1.88 ± 0.17 (mean ± s.e.) fish per fishing party per day) in 2010 to 0.86 ± 0.07 in 2016, while harvest rates for School whiting (Sillago spp.) increased from 0.44 ± 0.21 in 2010 to 0.94 ± 0.34 in 2016. The standardized harvest rates for both species generally showed less fluctuation among years and consistently had smaller errors than the raw harvest rates. Overall, the results suggest that the choice of error distribution, as well as explanatory variables, is species dependent when assessing shore-based fisheries. The approach used could easily be adapted to other recreational fisheries to establish reliable species-specific harvest rates that can detect variability against thresholds set in harvest strategies.
Pricing resettable convertible bonds using an integral equation approach
Authors: Lin Sha , Zhu Song-Ping
Published: November 2019

In this paper, the fair price of an American-style resettable convertible bond (CB) under the Black–Scholes model with a particular reset clause is calculated. This is a challenging problem because an unknown optimal conversion price needs to be determined together with the bond price. There is also an additional complexity that the value of the conversion ratio will change when the underlying price touches the reset price. Because of the additional reset clause, the bond price is not always a monotonically increasing function with the underlying price, which is impossible for other types of the CBs. Of course, the problem can be dealt with using the Monte-Carlo simulation. But, a partial differential equation (PDE)/integral equation approach is far superior in terms of computational efficiency. Fortunately, after establishing the PDE system governing the bond price, we are able to present an integral equation representation by applying the incomplete Fourier transform on the PDE system.
Contemporaneous patient and health professional views of patient-centred care: a systematic review
Authors: Jaensch Daniel , Baker Nicky , Gordon Susan
Published: November 2019

Objective

To understand the domains of agreement and disagreement, related to person-centred care, between the patient and healthcare professional during a shared episode of care.

Design

A systematic review following the PRISMA protocol searched PubMed (Medline), CINAHL, PsychInfo and Scopus using keywords for health professionals, patients and patient-centred care. A descriptive-interpretive method was used to identify domains described in the person-centred care framework.

Setting

Research conducted in all healthcare settings (inpatient, outpatient, community) were included.

Participants

Research which presented the contemporaneous perspectives of a health professional and the person they were providing services to were included.

Intervention(s)

Research regarding the delivery of any type of health service was included.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The person-centred care framework which includes Structure, Process and Outcome as measures for implementing person-centred care was used to interpret and summarize the data.

Results

After title and abstract screening against inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 of 1,406 studies were critically appraised. High levels of contemporaneous agreement were identified for easily accessible, supportive and accommodating environments, where information sharing occurred. Contemporaneous agreement occurred most often between patients and healthcare professionals in the importance of sharing information across all geographical settings, with greatest disagreement of patient involvement in the European and American hospital environments.

Conclusions

Greater understanding of the context of information sharing and drivers for management preferences may support shared decision-making and increase satisfaction. More information regarding contemporaneous experiences of healthcare episodes is required to further inform patient-centred care practices and optimize health outcomes.
North Korean nuclear strategy: envisioning assured retaliation
Authors: Lee Dong Sun , Alexandrova Iordanka
Published: November 2019

What nuclear strategy has North Korea adopted? What factors have driven the development of this nuclear strategy? This article examines the key attributes of Pyongyang’s nuclear program to offer possible answers to these questions of scholarly and practical importance. It argues that North Korea has likely adopted an assured retaliation strategy, threatening a nuclear second strike to deter US nuclear attacks. This strategy was chosen due to its superior feasibility and desirability: it requires only a modest cost-effective nuclear arsenal, reduces Pyongyang’s security dependence on Beijing, permits politically safe centralized control over the nuclear weapons, and is also relatively economical. This article calls into question the common views that North Korea has employed a catalytic strategy using its nuclear capabilities to induce China’s assistance, and that Pyongyang is developing an asymmetric escalation strategy or a brinkmanship strategy, which utilizes nuclear weapons primarily to counter the superior conventional forces of its adversaries.
When Organizations Rebel: Introducing the Foundations of Rebel Group Emergence (FORGE) Dataset
Authors: Braithwaite Jessica Maves , Cunningham Kathleen Gallagher
Published: November 2019

Scholars have spent decades investigating various sources of rebellion, from societal and institutional explanations to individual motivations to take up arms against one's government. One element of the civil war process that has gone largely unstudied from a cross-national perspective is the role preexisting organizations in society play in the formation of rebel groups, principally due to a lack of comparable data on the origins of these armed actors across conflicts. In an effort to fill this gap, we present the Foundations of Rebel Group Emergence (FORGE) dataset, which offers information on the “parent” organizations and the founding processes that gave rise to rebel groups active between 1946 and 2011 in intrastate conflicts included in the Uppsala Conflict Data Program's Armed Conflict Database. The new information on rebel foundations introduced in this research note should help scholars to reconsider and newly explore a variety of conditions before, during, and after civil wars including rebel-civilian interactions, structures of rebel organizations, bargaining processes with the government, participation in postwar governance, and more.
Habitat heterogeneity and social factors drive behavioral plasticity in giraffe herd-size dynamics
Authors: Hart Emma E , Fennessy Julian , Chari Srivats , Ciuti Simone
Published: November 2019

Behavioral plasticity, or the mechanism by which an organism can adjust its behavior in response to exogenous change, has been highlighted as a potential buffer against extinction risk. Giraffes (Giraffa spp.) are gregarious, long-lived, highly mobile megaherbivores with a large brain size, characteristics that have been associated with high levels of behavioral plasticity. However, while there has been a recent focus on genotypic variability and morphological differences among giraffe populations, there has been relatively little discussion centered on behavioral flexibility within giraffe populations. In large wild herbivores, one measure of behavioral plasticity is the ability to adjust herd size in line with local environmental conditions. Here, we examine whether a genetically isolated population of Angolan giraffes (G. g. angolensis) in a heterogeneous environment adjust their herd sizes in line with spatiotemporal variation in habitat. Our results suggest that ecological factors play a role in driving herd size, but that social factors also shape and stabilize herd-size dynamics. Specifically, we found that 1) mixed-sex herds were larger than single-sex herds, suggesting that sexual composition of herds played a role in driving herd size; 2) the presence of young did not influence herd size, suggesting that giraffes did not make use of the dilution effect to safeguard their young from predation; and 3) there was a strong relationship between herd size and spatial, but not seasonal, variation in food biomass availability, suggesting stability in herd sizes over time, but temporary variation in line with resource availability. These findings indicate that giraffes adjust herd size in line with local exogenous factors, signaling high behavioral plasticity, but also suggest that this mechanism operates within the constraints of the social determinants of giraffe herd size.
TheMedicago truncatulaPIN2 auxin transporter mediates basipetal auxin transport but is not necessary for nodulation
Authors: Ng Jason L P , Welvaert Astrid , Wen Jiangqi , Chen Rujin , Mathesius Ulrike
Published: November 2019

The development of root nodules leads to an increased auxin response in early nodule primordia, which is mediated by changes in acropetal auxin transport in some legumes. Here, we investigated the role of root basipetal auxin transport during nodulation. Rhizobia inoculation significantly increased basipetal auxin transport in both Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus. In M. truncatula, this increase was dependent on functional Nod factor signalling through NFP, NIN, and NSP2, as well as ethylene signalling through SKL. To test whether increased basipetal auxin transport is required for nodulation, we examined a loss-of-function mutant of the M. truncatula PIN2 gene. The Mtpin2 mutant exhibited a reduction in basipetal auxin transport and an agravitropic phenotype. Inoculation of Mtpin2 roots with rhizobia still led to a moderate increase in basipetal auxin transport, but the mutant nodulated normally. No clear differences in auxin response were observed during nodule development. Interestingly, inoculation of wild-type roots increased lateral root numbers, whereas inoculation of Mtpin2 mutants resulted in reduced lateral root numbers compared with uninoculated roots. We conclude that the MtPIN2 auxin transporter is involved in basipetal auxin transport, that its function is not essential for nodulation, but that it plays an important role in the control of lateral root development.
Flyby-induced misalignments in planet-hosting discs
Authors: Nealon Rebecca , Cuello Nicolás , Alexander Richard
Published: November 2019

We now have several observational examples of misaligned broken protoplanetary discs, where the disc inner regions are strongly misaligned with respect to the outer disc. Current models suggest that this disc structure can be generated with an internal misaligned companion (stellar or planetary), but the occurrence rate of these currently unobserved companions remains unknown. Here we explore whether a strong misalignment between the inner and outer disc can be formed without such a companion. We consider a disc that has an existing gap — essentially separating the disc into two regions — and use a flyby to disturb the discs, leading to a misalignment. Despite considering the most optimistic parameters for this scenario, we find maximum misalignments between the inner and outer disc of ∼45○ and that these misalignments are short-lived. We thus conclude that the currently observed misaligned discs must harbour internal, misaligned companions.
One simulation to have them all: performance of the Bias Assignment Method against N-body simulations
Authors: Balaguera-Antolínez A , Kitaura Francisco-Shu , Pellejero-Ibáñez M , Lippich Martha , Zhao Cheng , Sánchez Ariel G , Vecchia Claudio Dalla , Angulo Raúl E , Crocce Martín
Published: November 2019

In this paper we demonstrate that the information encoded in one single (sufficiently large) N-body simulation can be used to reproduce arbitrary numbers of halo catalogues, using approximated realisations of dark matter density fields with different initial conditions. To this end we use as a reference one realisation (from an ensemble of 300) of the Minerva N-body simulations and the recently published Bias Assignment Method to extract the local and non-local bias linking the halo to the dark matter distribution. We use an approximate (and fast) gravity solver to generate 300 dark matter density fields from the down-sampled initial conditions of the reference simulation and sample each of these fields using the halo-bias and a kernel, both calibrated from the arbitrarily chosen realisation of the reference simulation. We show that the power spectrum, its variance and the three-point statistics are reproduced within $\sim 2\%$ (up to k ∼ 1.0 h Mpc−1), $\sim 5-10\%$ and $\sim 10\%$, respectively. Using a model for the real space power spectrum (with three free bias parameters), we show that the covariance matrices obtained from our procedure lead to parameter uncertainties that are compatible within $\sim 10\%$ with respect to those derived from the reference covariance matrix, and motivate approaches that can help to reduce these differences to $\sim 1\%$. Our method has the potential to learn from one simulation with moderate volumes and high-mass resolution and extrapolate the information of the bias and the kernel to larger volumes, making it ideal for the construction of mock catalogues for present and forthcoming observational campaigns such as Euclid or DESI.
Abundance and group coalescence time-scales of compact groups of galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
Authors: Hartsuiker Len , Ploeckinger Sylvia
Published: November 2019

Observations of compact groups of galaxies (CGs) indicate that their abundance has not significantly changed since z = 0.2. This balance between the time-scales for formation and destruction of CGs is challenging if the typical time-scale for CG members to merge into one massive galaxy is as short as historically assumed (<0.1 Hubble times). Following the evolution of CGs over time in a cosmological simulation (EAGLE), we quantify the contributions of individual processes that in the end explain the observed abundance of CGs. We find that despite the usually applied maximum line-of-sight velocity difference of 1000 km s–1 within the group members, the majority of CGs (≈60 per cent) are elongated along the line of sight by at least a factor of 2. These CGs are mostly transient as they are only compact in projection. In more spherical systems ≈80 per cent of galaxies at z > 0.4 merge into one massive galaxy before the simulation end (z = 0) and we find that the typical time-scale for this process is 2–3 Gyr. We conclude that the combination of large fractions of interlopers and the longer median group coalescence time-scale of CGs alleviates the need for a fast formation process to explain the observed abundance of CGs for z < 0.2.
Early Stage Adaptation of a Mesophilic Green Alga to Antarctica: Systematic Increases in Abundance of Enzymes and LEA Proteins
Authors: Wang Yali , Liu Xiaoxiang , Gao Hong , Zhang Hong-Mei , Guo An-Yuan , Xu Jian , Xu Xudong
Published: November 2019

It is known that adaptive evolution in permanently cold environments drives cold adaptation in enzymes. However, how the relatively high enzyme activities were achieved in cold environments prior to cold adaptation of enzymes is unclear. Here we report that an Antarctic strain of Chlorella vulgaris, called NJ-7, acquired the capability to grow at near 0 °C temperatures and greatly enhanced freezing tolerance after systematic increases in abundance of enzymes/proteins and positive selection of certain genes. Having diverged from the temperate strain UTEX259 of the same species 2.5 (1.1–4.1) to 2.6 (1.0–4.5) Ma, NJ-7 retained the basic mesophilic characteristics and genome structures. Nitrate reductases in the two strains are highly similar in amino acid sequence and optimal temperature, but the NJ-7 one showed significantly higher abundance and activity. Quantitative proteomic analyses indicated that several cryoprotective proteins (LEA), many enzymes involved in carbon metabolism and a large number of other enzymes/proteins, were more abundant in NJ-7 than in UTEX259. Like nitrate reductase, most of these enzymes were not upregulated in response to cold stress. Thus, compensation of low specific activities by increased enzyme abundance appears to be an important strategy for early stage cold adaptation to Antarctica, but such enzymes are mostly not involved in cold acclimation upon transfer from favorable temperatures to near 0 °C temperatures.