bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A JWST/NIRSpec Exploration of the Connection between Ionization Parameter, Electron Density, and Star-formation-rate Surface Density in z = 2.7–6.3 Galaxies
Authors: Reddy Naveen A. , Topping Michael W. , Sanders Ryan L. , Shapley Alice E. , Brammer Gabriel
Published: July 2023

We examine the factors responsible for the variation in the ionization parameter (U) of high-redshift star-forming galaxies based on medium-resolution JWST/NIRSpec observations obtained by the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science survey. The sample consists of 48 galaxies with redshifts z
spec = 2.7−6.3, which are largely representative of typical galaxies at these redshifts. The [S ii] λ
λ6718, 6733 doublet is used to estimate electron densities (n

e
), and dust-corrected Hα luminosities are used to compute ionizing photon rates (Q). Using composite spectra of galaxies in bins of [O iii] λ
λ4960, 5008/[O ii] λ
λ3727, 3730 (O32) as a proxy for U, we determine that galaxies with higher O32 have 〈n

e
〉 ≃ 500 cm−3 that are ≳5 × larger than that of lower-O32 galaxies. We do not find a significant difference in 〈Q〉 between low- and high-O32 galaxies. Photoionization modeling indicates a large spread in

log
U

of ≈1.5 dex at a fixed Z
neb. On the other hand, the data indicate a highly significant correlation between U and star-formation-rate surface density (ΣSFR), which appears to be redshift invariant at z ∼ 1.6−6.3, and possibly up to z ∼ 9.5. We consider several avenues through which metallicity and ΣSFR (or gas density) may influence U, including variations in n

e
and Q, internal dust extinction of ionizing photons, and the effects of gas density on the volume filling fraction. Based on these considerations, we conclude that gas density may play a more central role than metallicity in modulating U at these redshifts.
Expulsion of Counter Evershed Flows from Sunspot Penumbrae
Authors: Castellanos Durán J. S. , Korpi-Lagg A. , Solanki S. K.
Published: July 2023

In addition to the Evershed flow directed from the umbra toward the outer boundary of a sunspot, under special circumstances a counter Evershed flow (CEF) in the opposite direction also occurs. We aim to characterize the proper motions and evolution of three CEFs observed by the Solar Optical Telescope on board the Japanese Hinode spacecraft and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. We use state-of-the-art inversions of the radiative-transfer equation of polarized light applied to spectropolarimetric observations of the Fe i line pair around 630 nm. The three CEFs appeared within the penumbra. Two of the CEF structures, as part of their decay process, were found to move radially outwards through the penumbra parallel to the penumbral filaments with speeds, deduced from their proper motions, ranging between 65 and 117 m s−1. In these two cases, a new spot appeared in the moat of the main sunspot after the CEFs reached the outer part of the penumbra. Meanwhile, the CEFs moved away from the umbra, and their magnetic field strengths decreased. The expulsion of these two CEFs seems to be related to the normal Evershed flow. The third CEF appeared to be dragged by the rotation of a satellite spot. Chromospheric brightenings were found to be associated with the CEFs, and those CEFs that reached the umbra–penumbra boundary showed enhanced chromospheric activity. The two CEFs, for which line-of-sight velocity maps were available during their formation phase, appear as intrusions into the penumbra. They may be associated with magnetic flux emergence.
4FGL J1844.4–0306: High-energy Emission Likely from the Supernova Remnant G29.37 + 0.1
Authors: Zheng Dong , Wang Zhongxiang , Zhang Xiao , Chen Yang , Xing Yi
Published: July 2023

Very-high-energy (VHE) observations have revealed approximately 100 TeV sources in our Galaxy, and a significant fraction of them are under investigation to understand their origin. We report our study of one of them, HESS J1844−030. It is found to be possibly associated with the supernova remnant (SNR) candidate G29.37 + 0.1, and detailed studies of the source region at radio and X-ray frequencies have suggested that this SNR is a composite one, containing a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by a candidate young pulsar. As the GeV source 4FGL J1844.4−0306 is also located in the region with high positional coincidence, we analyze its γ-ray data obtained with the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. We determine the GeV γ-ray emission is extended, described with a log-parabola function. The obtained spectrum can be connected to that of the VHE source HESS J1844−030. Given these properties and those from multifrequency studies, we discuss the origin of the γ-ray emission by considering that the two γ-ray sources are associated. Our modeling indicates that while the TeV part would have either a hadronic (from the SNR) or a leptonic origin (from the putative PWN), the GeV part would arise from a hadronic process. Thus we conclude that 4FGL J1844.4−0306 is likely the GeV counterpart to G29.37 + 0.1.
Highly Depleted Alkali Metals in Jupiter’s Deep Atmosphere
Authors: Bhattacharya Ananyo , Li Cheng , Atreya Sushil K. , Steffes Paul G. , Levin Steven M. , Bolton Scott J. , Guillot Tristan , Gupta Pranika , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Lunine Jonathan I. , Orton Glenn S. , Oyafuso Fabiano A. , Waite J. Hunter , Bellotti Amadeo , Wong Michael H.
Published: July 2023

Water and ammonia vapors are known to be the major sources of spectral absorption at pressure levels observed by the microwave radiometer (MWR) on Juno. However, the brightness temperatures and limb darkening observed by the MWR at its longest-wavelength channel of 50 cm (600 MHz) in the first nine perijove passes indicate the existence of an additional source of opacity in the deep atmosphere of Jupiter (pressures beyond 100 bar). The absorption properties of ammonia and water vapor, and their relative abundances in Jupiter’s atmosphere, do not provide sufficient opacity in the deep atmosphere to explain the 600 MHz channel observation. Here we show that free electrons due to the ionization of alkali metals, i.e., sodium and potassium, with subsolar metallicity, [M/H] (log-based 10 relative concentration to solar) in the range of [M/H] = −2 to [M/H] = −5, can provide the missing source of opacity in the deep atmosphere. If the alkali metals are not the source of additional opacity in the MWR data, then their metallicity at 1000 bars can only be even lower. This upper bound of −2 on the metallicity of the alkali metals contrasts with the other heavy elements—C, N, S, Ar, Kr, and Xe—that are all enriched relative to their solar abundances, having a metallicity of approximately +0.5.
Can brain structure help to resolve interordinal relationships in insects?
Authors: Loesel Rudi
Published: July 2023

While the monophyly of most insect orders is well supported by morphological data, relationships among orders are still largely undecided. Postulated interordinal relationships are often based on relatively few morphological characters or characters of questionable phylogenetic signifi cance. In studies based on molecular evidence interordinal relationships are usually not signifi cantly supported. Depending on the molecule under scrutiny or on the method of data analysis molecular studies often produced confl icting hypotheses on insect phylogeny. One organ that provides a large amount of independent morphological characters and that has as yet been scarcely utilized by insect phylogenists is the supraoesophageal ganglion or brain. Drawing from the vast literature on insect neuroanatomy, this review explores the value of neuronal characters for deriving relationships among insect orders.
Phylogenetic relationships of the orders of Hexapoda: Contributions from the circulatory organs for a morphological data matrix
Authors: Pass Guenther , Gereben-Krenn Barbara-Amina , Merl Monika , Plant John , Szucsich Nikolaus , Tögel Markus
Published: July 2023

Discussions of phylogenetic studies based on morphological data focus mainly on results of the cladistic analysis while selection and evaluation of characters themselves are often underrepresented. Our paper seeks to address this with a survey of characters of the circulatory organs to contribute to the analysis of phylogenetic relationships of hexapod orders. The survey is based on examination of literature and includes, in addition, numerous unpublished data. Of 38 variable traits of the dorsal vessel and the various accessory circulatory organs, we selected 11 which are potentially informative at supraordinal level. They are critically discussed and coded as characters for use in comprehensive future cladistic analyses employing greater sets of morphological data. It must be stated that many features of circulatory organs for higher systematic categories are still based on one or few species for most orders of hexapods; this defi ciency is due to the great methodological effort required to investigate internal organs. In general, circulatory organs of hexapods are simply organized making it diffi cult to discriminate homology from convergence. In addition to phylogeny, general aspects of the evolution of the circulatory system are outlined. In an appendix we provide comprehensive information on the traits, characters and the species in which they occur.
New species and synonymies of the genus Nacaeus Blackwelder, 1942 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Osoriinae) from the Neotropical Region
Authors: Irmler Ulrich
Published: July 2023

Four new species of the genus Nacaeus (Staphylinidae: Osoriinae) are described from Central and South America: N. collinatus, N. colombinellus, N. honduranus and N. fl avoelytratus. Another species, N. americanus, is redescribed and transferred from the genus Lispinodes to Nacaeus. A rough overview to three species groups is given and the newly described species are compared in detail with similar species. N. nevermanni (Bernhauer, 1942) is synonymised to N. spegazzini (Bernhauer, 1933) and new records of the species are published.
The Contribution of Flight System Characters to the Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of the Pterygota
Authors: Hörnschemeyer Thomas , Willkommen Jana
Published: July 2023

The ability to fl y is an important factor for the evolutionary success of insects. Their fl ight apparatus contains numerous sclerites and muscles, which represent valuable characters for phylogenetic analysis. We present a summary of the current state of knowledge on autapomorphies of the fl ight system of high-level taxa of the Pterygota. To date, no formal phylogenetic analysis based on fl ight system characters with the exception of wing venation has been presented. Nevertheless, this review shows that the wing base and the fl ight muscles contain valuable characters that can help to resolve current open questions of phylogenetic relationships among the Pterygota. It also becomes apparent that there are still many taxa without comprehensive descriptions of the wing base morphology.
The Evolutionary Pathway to Insect Flight - a Tentative Reconstruction
Authors: Hasenfuss Ivar
Published: July 2023

Abstract Studies on non-pterygotan Ectognatha revealed that the construction of the winged Pterygota is based on lepismatid organization and that the first steps of mastering the air were attained already in the common ancestor of Ectognatha by adaptations in the context of jumping which is still retained in Machilidae (Archaeognatha). In these, the terminalfilum and the ectognathan 3-segmented antenna permit attitude control of the body. The acquisition of the mandibular dicondyly led to climbing on vascular plants and exploitation of plant tips as food since the late Silurian. The problems of beginning sustained flight with flapping wings are discussed. A scenario with intermediate gliding and one without gliding are presented. The corresponding parts of the sclerites and muscles of the three subcoxal leg segments found in lepismatids are still recognizable in the pterygotan pterothorax. The wings are composed of the paranota and part of the most basal subcoxal leg segment. It is concluded that wing elongation was impossible without flexing the wings on the back already during early evolution and that the inability to flex the wings is secondary. Wing flexing nearly ab initio was possible by a mechanical switch between the states of flight and non-flight. This led to the neopterous construction of the wing base.
The correct authorship of the taxon name "Arthropoda"
Authors: Hegna Thomas , Legg David , Møller Ole , Roy Peter , Lerosey-Aubril Rudy
Published: July 2023

The taxon Arthropoda has been repeatedly cited with various incorrect authorship data. Here, we review the primary literature and show the correct citation to be ‘Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848’.
Postembryonic development of the ground louse Zorotypus caudelli Karny (Insecta: Zoraptera: Zorotypidae)
Authors: Mashimo Yuta , Beutel Rolf , Dallai Romano , Lee Chow-Yang , Machida Ryuichiro
Published: July 2023

Based on captive breeding, the postembryonic development of the ground louse Zorotypus caudelli Karny, 1927 (Zoraptera, Zorotypidae) was examined and described in detail. The number of nymphal instars in Z. caudelli is five. During the second molt (2nd to 3rd instar), the number of antennomeres increases from eight to nine by subdivision of the basal flagellomere (meriston). Apterous and winged forms differentiate in the 4th nymphal instar. In the 4th instar of the winged form, small wing pads and small ocular spots appear. In the 5th instar, the wing pads elongate and the ocular spots are widened, and three ocelli are differentiated. Wing dimorphism may be a phenomenon independent of crowding. The two sexes closely resemble each other as in other zorapteran species, and sexual dimorphism does not appear until the final (5th) nymphal instar: in the 5th instar of males, setae increase in number on the 9th and 10 + 11th abdominal terga, and a small posteromedian swelling appears on the 10 + 11th abdominal tergum, the precursor of the mating hook. Key to nymphal instars of Zorotypus caudelli was given. The formation of thoracic pleural sclerites was examined and revaluated.
Morphology versus DNA - what will bring clarity to the relationships of phylogenetically unclear genera of Anthomyzidae (Diptera)?
Authors: Roháček Jindřich , Tóthová Andrea
Published: July 2023

A hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of mainly Holarctic Anthomyzidae based on multigene analysis of combined mitochondrial + nuclear gene markers is compared with those of previously published cladistic analyses of morphological characters with the aim to elucidate affinities of phylogenetically unsettled taxa. The placement of Fungomyza Roháček, 1999, Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 + Typhamyza Roháček, 1992 and Quametopia Roháček & Barber, 2011 + Paranthomyza Czerny, 1902 proved to be well supported by molecular data but are inconsistent with those suggested by morphological data analyses, therefore demanding further phylogenetic study. In other groups, the relationships recognized by multigene molecular analysis are in agreement with previous or subsequent morphological examination: the Mumetopia nigrimana group is postulated as the closest ally of Stiphrosoma Czerny, 1928 and hence needs to be excluded from Mumetopia Melander, 1913; intrageneric relationships of Arganthomyza Roháček, 2009 and allies revealed that Ischnomyia spinosa Hendel, 1918 is, in fact, a species of Arganthomyza and that the concept of the genus Ischnomyia Loew, 1863 has to be redefined; Epischnomyia Roháček, 2006 proved to be closest to Anthomyza Fallén, 1810. The placement of the genera Anagnota Becker, 1902, Carexomyza Roháček, 2009, Cercagnota Roháček & Freidberg, 1993 and Santhomyza Roháček, 1984 have not been resolved either by molecular or morphological analyses and their sister groups remain unknown. The new molecular evidence provides new insight into the phylogeny of Anthomyzidae, but like morphology, fails to resolve some key nodes, suggesting that new studies using both sources of information will be necessary to fully reconstruct the history of the family.
A molecular phylogeny and classification of Anisoptera (Odonata)
Authors: Carle Frank , Kjer Karl , May Michael
Published: July 2023

A phylogeny of Anisoptera employing 510 representatives of 184 genera (of ca. 380) in 11 families is presented based on an analysis of over 10,000 nucleotides from portions of the large and small subunit nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA’s, the mitochondrial protein coding genes COI and COII, and portions of the nuclear protein coding genes EF-1α and Histone H3. Ribosomal sequences were structurally aligned and sequences carefully checked to eliminate alignment errors, contamination, misidentification and paralogous gene amplicons. Both the RAxML and Bayesian topology based on consolidation of data at the generic level is ((Austropetaliidae, Aeshnidae), ((Gomphidae, Petaluridae), ((Chlorogomphidae, (Neopetaliidae, Cordulegastridae)), (Synthemistidae, (Macromiidae, (Corduliidae, Libellulidae)))))). As the positions of Petaluridae, Chlorogomphidae, Neopetaliidae, and Cordulegastridae are weakly supported, possible alternative hypotheses are discussed. New taxonomic groups established include: in Gomphidae, Stylogomphini trib.n. and Davidioidini trib.n., and in Libellulidae, Dythemistinae subfam.n. including Dythemistini trib.n., Pachydiplactini trib.n. and Elgini trib.n. New taxonomic arrangements include: placement of Hemigomphini in Ictinogomphinae, and provisional expansion of Synthemistidae to include Gomphomacromiinae and a number of genera formerly placed in several small subfamilies of Corduliidae. Idomacromiinae is placed sister to remaining Synthemistidae s.l. based on molecular analysis of Idomacromia Karsch and Oxygastra Selys. Hemicorduliidae and Macrodiplactidae are nested well within Corduliidae and Libellulidae, respectively, and therefore are not accorded family rank. Eleven monophyletic subdivisions of Libellulidae are tentatively recognized as subfamilies: Dythemistinae subfam.n.; Sympetrinae (including Leucorrhiniini and Rhyothemistini); Macrodiplactinae; Brachydiplactinae; Tetrathemistinae; Trameinae; Zyxommatinae; Palpopleurinae; Diastatopidinae; Pantalinae (including Trithemistini and Onychothemistini); and Libellulinae. Zygonychini is paraphyletic to and therefore included within Onychothemistini.
A molecular phylogeny of the African Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Mlambo Sukoluhle , Sole Catherine , Scholtz Clarke
Published: July 2023

Dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae have a worldwide distribution, with the Afrotropical region, the putative origin of the diversification of Scarabaeinae, having the richest diversity. We use partial sequences from two ribosomal (16S, 28S) and two protein coding genes (COI, CAD) to examine the relationships among 55 genera, representing more than half of the genera in the region. Taxa were sampled to maximize representation of dung beetle morphological and ecological diversity in all nine tribes that occur in Africa. We estimated the divergence times of the tribes to determine relative ages. The phylogenetic hypothesis of tribal and generic relationships was found to largely concur with that of a recent molecular study done at a global scale, suggesting earliest diverging lineages which are quite distinct from the ones traditionally recognized. Thus recent calls for a new classification for Scarabaeinae are supported. We suggest possible changes to the classification, corroborate the likely African origin of the subfamily and provide support for fungus-feeding as the most likely ancestral feeding habit in the Scarabaeinae.
DNA barcoding of Corsican mayflies (Ephemeroptera) with implications on biogeography, systematics and biodiversity
Authors: Gattolliat Jean-Luc , Cavallo Emilie , Vuataz Laurent , Sartori Michel
Published: July 2023

Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are known to generally present a high degree of insular endemism: half of the 28 species known from Corsica and Sardinia are considered as endemic. We sequenced the DNA barcode (a fragment of the mitochondrial CO1 gene) of 349 specimens from 50 localities in Corsica, Sardinia, continental Europe and North Africa. We reconstructed gene trees of eight genera or species groups representing the main mayfly families. Alternative topologies were built to test if our reconstructions suggested a single or multiple Corsican/ Sardinian colonization event(s) in each genus or species group. A molecular clock calibrated with different evolution rates was used to try to link speciation processes with geological events. Our results confirm the high degree of endemism of Corsican and Sardinian mayflies and the close relationship between these two faunas. Moreover, we have evidence that the mayfly diversity of the two islands is highly underestimated as at least six new putative species occur on the two islands. We demonstrated that the Corsican and Sardinian mayfly fauna reveals a complex history mainly related to geological events. The Messinian Salinity Crisis, which is thought to have reduced marine barriers, thus facilitating gene flow between insular and continental populations, was detected as the most important event in the speciation of most lineages. Vicariance processes related to the split and rotation of the Corso-Sardinian microplate had a minor impact as they involved only two genera with limited dispersal and ecological range. Colonization events posterior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis had only marginal effects as we had indication of recent gene flow only in two clades. With very limited recent gene flow and a high degree of endemism, mayflies from Corsica and Sardinia present all the criteria for conservation prioritization.
Systematics and biogeography of the dobsonfly genus Neurhermes Navás (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae)
Authors: Liu Xingyue , Hayashi Fumio , Yang Ding
Published: July 2023

The Oriental dobsonfly genus Neurhermes Navás is one of the most impressive megalopterans because of the striking coloration and marking patterns, which probably imitate some diurnal toxic moths. In this paper, all seven species of Neurhermes are described or redescribed, and illustrated, with a new species, namely Neurhermes nigerescens sp.n., described from northeastern India. Lectotypes of Neurhermes costatostriata (van der Weele, 1907) and Neurhermes tonkinensis (van der Weele, 1909) are herein designated. Neurhermes bipunctata Yang & Yang, 1988 is treated as a junior synonym of Neurhermes selysi (van der Weele, 1909). A phylogeny of Neurhermes is reconstructed based on the morphological data of the adults. Combining this phylogeny and the geographical distribution, Neurhermes is considered to have an origin and a historically widespread distribution in southern Eurasia at least during Eocene. The speciation within Neurhermes might have happened because of the Tertiary orogenic events after the collision between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia. The separation of Sundaland from Eurasia and the island formation within Sundaland possibly shaped the fauna within the clade comprising the species, i.e. Neurhermes maculipennis (Gray in Cuvier, 1832), Neurhermes sumatrensis (van der Weele, 1909), and Neurhermes tonkinensis (van der Weele, 1909), from Indochina and Malesia.
Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy sheds new light on the head anatomy of an extremely miniaturized insect larva (Strepsiptera)
Authors: Knauthe Pieter , Beutel Rolf , Hörnschemeyer Thomas , Pohl Hans
Published: July 2023

Serial cross sections (80 nm) and an image stack (353 sections) of the head of the extremely miniaturized first instar larvae of Stylops ovinae (Stylopidae) were obtained with serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. This approach made it possible for the first time to reconstruct the head anatomy of a strepsipteran larva precisely, partly to cell level. The cephalic anatomy is described in detail, based on a 3D-reconstruction. It was possible to show the proportions of the exo- and endocuticle and the epidermis. Endoskeletal structures are the pharyngeal skeleton and the anterior tentorial arms, which form an articulation with the mandibles. The dorsoventrally flattened mandibles are the only functional mouthparts and used for penetrating the host’s cuticle. The maxillae are fused with the head capsule to form the ventral plate, and the strongly modified and reduced labium functions as a closure of the ventral head opening. The nerves ending at the anterior head margin were reconstructed. The innervation of setae, olfactory pits and the vestigial maxillary palps are also documented for the first time. Five fat body cells are located in the head. Antennae, hypopharynx and labrum are not present as defined structures. A structure resembling a labrum is a secondary formation. Only nine cephalic muscles are present. Muscles of the antennae, hypopharynx, labrum and maxillae are missing. Some of the muscles originate in the thorax. Homology issues, possible phylogenetic implications, functional aspects of head structures, and also possible correlations of structural features with miniaturization and parasitism are discussed.
The sister group of Aculeata (Hymenoptera) - evidence from internal head anatomy, with emphasis on the tentorium
Authors: Zimmermann Dominique , Vilhelmsen Lars
Published: July 2023

The Aculeata comprises some of the best known Hymenoptera. Traditionally, their sister group has been considered to be the Ichneumonoidea; however, recent phylogenetic analyses contradict this hypothesis. We evaluate three potential candidates for the sister group of aculeate wasps: Ichneumonoidea, Evanioidea and Trigonaloidea. This is addressed by investigating the internal head anatomy of representatives of the relevant taxa, specifically the tentorium, musculature and glands. One species each of the families Braconidae, Evaniidae, Gasteruptiidae, Aulacidae and Trigonalidae, as well as Sphecidae and Sapygidae as representatives of Aculeata, and Ibaliidae as outgroup is examined. 33 head anatomical characters are mapped on the three competing hypotheses. Aculeata + Evanioidea are corroborated by the presence of a secondary bridge, the presence of a subforaminal cup and the presence of one medial sulcus on the ventral head sclerotisation instead of two sublateral ones. Trigonaloidea + (Aculeata + Evanioidea) is corroborated by the presence of a bent cibarium. The presence of a hypopharyngeal gland, the backwards shift of the origin of the antennal muscles, the loss of the connection of the dorsal tentorial arms with the head capsule and the loss of ventral salivarial dilators are retrieved as synapomorphies of Aculeata. Two hitherto unknown glands, a hypopharyngeal salivary gland in Sphecidae and Sapygidae and a hypopharyngeal-maxillary gland in Evaniidae, are described.
Phylogeny and species delimitation in the group Rhodocanthopus of the genus Passalus (Coleoptera: Passalidae) inferred from morphological and molecular data, with description of two new species
Authors: Jimenez-Ferbans Larry , González Dolores , Reyes-Castillo Pedro
Published: July 2023

The genus Rhodocanthopus Kaup was originally proposed to include five species; after that, more species were added and different criteria were adopted to delimit it, generating great taxonomic confusion. At present, Rhodocanthopus Kaup is considered as a synonym of Passalus and is currently named as the group Rhodocanthopus without formal taxonomic circumscription. To clarify this, phylogenetic analyses (Bayesian inference and parsimony) were performed using morphological and molecular data with genes 12S, 16S and COI. In both analyses, the group Rhodocanthopus resulted monophyletic inside Passalus and included seven previously described species, plus Passalus chocoensis sp.n. and Passalus rufiventris sp.n. Morphologically, the group can be recognized by the presence of secondary internal tubercles over the frontal edge, reduced compound eyes and strong spines on the external edge of the meso- and metatibiae.
Systematic revision and phylogeny of the South American sun-spider genus Gaucha Mello-Leitão (Solifugae: Mummuciidae), with description of four new species and two new generic synonymies
Authors: Botero-Trujillo Ricardo , Ott Ricardo , Carvalho Leonardo
Published: July 2023

The South American sun-spider genus Gaucha Mello-Leitão, 1924 is herein studied from a combined approach of cladistics and traditional taxonomy. This is the first cladistic analysis for a group of mummuciid solifuges, and it is pioneer in integrating traditional morphological characters with landmark data for inferring the phylogeny of any group of Solifugae. As a result, Gaucha is redefined and its monophyly demonstrated. Gaucha fasciata Mello-Leitão, 1924, type species of this formerly monotypic genus, is redescribed based on specimens from the type locality, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Three new species are described from Brazil: Gaucha avexada sp.nov. from Bahia and Tocantins, Gaucha curupi sp.nov. from Rio Grande do Sul, and Gaucha eremolembra sp.nov. from Minas Gerais. A fourth new species, Gaucha casuhati sp.nov., is described from Buenos Aires province, Argentina. In addition, Metacleobis Roewer, 1934 and Gauchella Mello-Leitão, 1937 are synonymized with Gaucha, following the examination of the type specimens and based upon evidence from the cladistic analysis. Gaucha fulvipes (Roewer, 1934) comb.nov., from Mato Grosso (Brazil), is therefore proposed, whereas Gaucha stoeckeli Roewer, 1934 comb.rest., from Luribay (Bolivia), is restored into its original name combination. Gaucha ibirapemussu (Carvalho et al., 2010) comb.nov. and Gaucha mauryi (Rocha, 2001) comb.nov., from the Brazilian states of Piauí and Bahia, are also transferred, from Mummucia Simon, 1879. Gaucha is here defined, among other characters, by the large size of the cheliceral movable finger MP tooth as compared to MM tooth, and by the presence of a pronounced gnathal edge carina on the movable finger mucron of males. Two speciesgroups are herein defined within the genus: the fasciata group, for G. casuhati sp.nov., G. curupi sp.nov., G. fasciata, G. fulvipes comb. nov. and G. stoeckeli comb.rest., and the ibirapemussu group, for G. avexada sp.nov., G. eremolembra sp.nov., G. ibirapemussu comb. nov. and G. mauryi comb.nov. A key to the identification of Gaucha species is included.
Mauryius n.gen. (Scorpiones: Bothriuridae), a new neotropical scorpion genus
Authors: Ojanguren-Affilastro Andrés , Mattoni Camilo
Published: July 2023

Mauryius n.gen., a new bothriurid scorpion genus from the Argentinean Precordillera, is described, and its phylogenetic position is discussed based on a phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. Mauryius n.gen. is the first scorpion genus endemic to the Argentinean Precordillera. It is most closely related to Pachakutej Ochoa, 2004 from the inter-Andean valleys of Peru and to Rumikiru Ojanguren-Affilastro, Mattoni, Ochoa & Prendini, 2012 from the Atacama Desert in Chile. Mauryius cuyanus n.sp., the only known species of the genus, is described. Biogeographical implications of Mauryius relationships are discussed.
Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of the genus Steromapedaliodes sensu novo in the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini)
Authors: Pyrcz Tomasz , Lorenc-Brudecka Jadwiga , Zubek Anna , Boyer Pierre , Gabaldon M. , Mavarez Jesus
Published: July 2023

We revise the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genera Steromapedaliodes Forster, 1964 and Redonda Adams & Bernard, 1981, both subparamo and paramo endemics of the Cordillera de Mérida (Venezuela). Redonda is hereby synonymized with Steromapedaliodes, a decision supported by a comparative study evidencing several synapomorphies of both genera in external characters and genitalia, and the lack of salient synapomorphies specific to each genus in morphological, biogeographical and ecological traits. Also, Steromapedaliodes mavarezi sp.n. presents several intermediate characters in relation to the species traditionally assigned to Redonda and Steromapedaliodes. Furthermore, a molecular phylogenetic analysis with the use of one nuclear and three mitochondrial markers shows no support for reciprocal monophyly between Redonda and Steromapedaliodes but provides strong support for the monophyly of Steromapedaliodes sensu novo, with low levels of genetic divergence among species. Two new species of Steromapedaliodes are described, S. kahlua sp.n. and S. mavarezi sp.n. We describe five new subspecies of S. albonotata (Godman, 1905), two of S. albarregas (Adams & Bernard, 1981), and the females of S. empetrus empetrus (Thieme, 1905) comb.n. and S. lathraia Viloria & Camacho, 2015 comb.n. Several new status and synonymies are also established. Accordingly, Steromapedaliodes contains nine species, including four that are highly polytypic. Adult Seromapedaliodes share several striking morphological and genital similarities with another north Andean paramo genus, Dangond Adams & Bernard, 1979 from the Sierra de Perijá. However, our phylogenetic analysis shows that the two are not sister taxa and that they originated in separate clades of the speciose Pedaliodes complex. This shows that convergence in butterflies affects not only external morphology traits directly correlated with habitat selection but also genitalia. Steromapedaliodes has undergone an adaptive radiation in geographically isolated paramos resulting in unusual morphological and behavioural characters such as brachyptery and flightlessness of the females of S. bordoni Viloria & Pyrcz, 2003 comb.n. and S. empetrus (Thieme, 1905) comb.n., a unique adaptation among the world’s butterflies.
Revision of the European Lysiphlebus species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on the basis of COI and 28SD2 molecular markers and morphology
Authors: Tomanović Željko , Mitrović Milana , Petrović Andjeljko , Kavallieratos Nickolas , Žikić Vladimir , Ivanović Ana , Rakhshani Ehsan , Starý Petr , Vorburger Christoph
Published: July 2023

Members of the genus Lysiphlebus Foerster are medium-sized endoparasitoid aphidiine wasps with over 30 species distributed worldwide. They attack numerous aphid hosts, and some species are important biological control agents. All European Lysiphlebus species are revised based on sequence information from the mitochondrial COI barcoding gene and the nuclear 28SD2 gene, morphological traits, and on information about their host specificity. The taxonomic status of 13 European Lysiphlebus species is confirmed, while 11 are redescribed and illustrated. The following four Lysiphlebus species are synonymized: L. melandriicola Starý, 1961 = L. fabarum (Marshall, 1896), L. hirtus Starý, 1985 (= L. confusus Tremblay & Eady, 1978), L. hispanus Starý, 1973 (= L. desertorum Starý, 1965), and L. safavii Starý, 1985 (= L. hirticornis Mackauer, 1960). Two new Lysiphlebus species are described: L. volkli sp.n. and L. brachycaudi sp.n. Our results, based on both COI and 28SD2, confirm the existence of three monophyletic species groups within the genus: (1) the ‘fabarum’ group, which includes L. fabarum, L. cardui (Marshall, 1896), L. confusus, L. hirticornis, L. brachycaudi sp.n., and L. volkli sp.n.; (2) the ‘testaceipes’ group, which includes L. testaceipes (Cresson, 1880), L. orientalis Starý & Rakhshani, 2010, L. fritzmuelleri Mackauer, 1960, L. balcanicus Starý, 1998, L. desertorum, and probably L. dissolutus (Nees, 1811); and (3) the ‘alpinus’ group, consisting solely of L. alpinus Starý, 1971. Geometric morphometrics of fore wing shape proved to be a powerful tool to delineate sibling species within the ‘fabarum’ group. We were able to confirm for the first time sexual lines of L. cardui and L. confusus. Furthermore, an additional potentially asexual Lysiphlebus taxon in Europe is revealed based on the discovery of an asexual line of L. volkli sp.n. in Iran. An illustrated key for identification of the European Lysiphlebus species is provided.
A new genus of eucerine bees endemic to southwestern North America revealed in phylogenetic analyses of the Eucera complex (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini)
Authors: Dorchin Achik , Danforth Bryan , Griswold Terry
Published: July 2023

The Eucera complex (Apidae: Eucerini), which traditionally included the genus Eucera and a few other related genera comprises a large complex in which generic boundaries have long remained unsettled. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, a recent study completely reorganized the generic classification of the group. Unexpectedly, both morphological and molecular analyses indicated that the taxon known as the venusta-group of the Eucera subgenus Synhalonia is in fact an isolated early diverging lineage, distantly related to Synhalonia. The only three species currently known in the venusta-group are endemic to arid and semi-arid habitats of the southwestern USA and Baja California in Mexico, and are relatively rare in entomological collections. Here we recognize a new genus: Protohalonia Dorchin gen.n., compare its morphology with related genera, and present a revision and identification keys for the three species included. We reexamine the phylogenetic position of the new genus based on our previously published molecular and morphological datasets, which we supplement with data for the remaining Protohalonia species. All analyses recovered Protohalonia as a monophyletic group with strong support, sister to Simanthedon in the molecular and combined dataset analyses, or Simanthedon plus Martinapis in the morphological analysis; these taxa combined were sister to all the remaining lineages of the Eucera complex which together form the genus Eucera. Based on ancestral state reconstruction we identify unique traits supporting the monophyly of Protohalonia and document important diagnostic traits. Our results show that this taxon possesses a combination of apomorphic and plesiomorphic character states that appear in parallel in either the Eucera complex or outgroup taxa consistent with the phylogenetic position of the new genus. Lastly, we also propose replacement names for six new homonymies resulting from our recent classification of the Eucera complex.
Plucking with the plectrum: phylogeny of the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) reveals evolution of three pecten-sternite stridulation organs
Authors: Esposito Lauren , Yamaguti Humberto , Pinto-Da-Rocha Ricardo , Prendini Lorenzo
Published: July 2023

All New World buthid scorpions except one South American genus, Ananteris Thorell, 1891, comprise a monophyletic group. The monophyly of two subfamilies, Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955 (= Rhopalurusinae Bücherl, 1971) and Tityinae Bücherl, 1971, proposed to accommodate a subset of these genera, has never been tested. The genera accommodated within Centruroidinae are diverse and poorly defined. Prior to the research presented here, Rhopalurus Thorell, 1876 had a disjunct distribution in the Greater Antilles, the Guiana Shield of northern South America, and northeastern Brazil, where Physoctonus Mello-Leitão, 1934 and Troglorhopalurus Lourenço et al., 2004 also occur. The generic distinction between Rhopalurus and Centruroides Marx, 1890, the most speciose genus of Centruroidinae, distributed from the midwestern United States to northern South America, and throughout the Caribbean, was also unclear. Previous studies suggested Centruroides was paraphyletic with respect to Rhopalurus and vice versa. The study presented here, the first rigorous test of the monophyly of Centruroidinae and its component genera, is based on 90 morphological characters and 4,260 aligned base-pairs of DNA sequence from three mitochondrial and two nuclear DNA loci for 102 terminal taxa, representing 24 species in seven ingroup genera, and nine species in three outgroup genera. Molecular and morphological data, analyzed separately and simultaneously, yielded congruent results. Centruroidinae was monophyletic whereas Tityinae was paraphyletic. Centruroides was monophyletic whereas Rhopalurus was paraphyletic, comprising several monophyletic groups congruent with its disjunct distribution. The results of this analysis justify the redefinition of Rhopalurus and Troglorhopalurus, the revalidation of Heteroctenus Pocock, 1893, and the recently created genera Ischnotelson Esposito et al., 2017 and Jaguajir Esposito et al., 2017. The phylogeny indicates that three distinct types of pecten-sternite stridulation organ evolved in Heteroctenus, Jaguajir and Rhopalurus.
Morphology, genetics and Wolbachia endosymbionts support distinctiveness of Monochamus sartor sartor and M. s. urussovii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Plewa Radosław , Sikora Katarzyna , Gutowski Jerzy , Jaworski Tomasz , Tarwacki Grzegorz , Tkaczyk Miłosz , Rossa Robert , Hilszczański Jacek , Magoga Giulia , Kajtoch Lukasz
Published: July 2023

Monochamus sartor sartor from Central European mountain ranges and M. s. urussovii from the Eurasian boreal zone are subspecies whose taxonomic statuses have been questioned. This sawyer beetle is a natural element of spruce forests but is considered to be a timber pest in spruce plantations. In this study, different sets of data (morphology, genetics and ecology) were used to verify the taxonomic status of M. sartor across its entire range. Morphologically, not only both subspecies but also European and Asian populations of M. s. urussovii were found to be distinct. Genetic data also showed that both subspecies have distinct mitochondrial haplogroups; however, divergence between them is very weak (of ca. 1%), suggesting they split very recently, possibly at the end of the Pleistocene glaciations. Species delimitation methods gave discordant results, either rejecting the species status of M. s. sartor and M. s. urussovii (Poisson tree processes) or confirming them as distinct taxa (the multispecies coalescent model for species validation). Host plant preferences also partially differentiate the subspecies, as M. s. urussovii has a broader diet than the generally monophagous, spruce-dependent M. s. sartor. Moreover, each subspecies is infected by different strains of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia, which could be one of the factors causing their genetic isolation, regardless of geographic isolation. Aside from broadening the basic knowledge on the taxonomy and genetics of Monochamus sartor, this study shows that any research on these sawyers needs to consider their separate phylogenetic lineages, as do any plans for population management or conservation.
On the verge of below-ground speciation: a new species complex of microendemic endogean carabid beetles, Typhlocharis Dieck, 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Anillini), from south-west Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Pérez-González Sergio , Andújar Carmelo , Lantero Esther , Zaballos Juan
Published: July 2023

A new species complex of genus Typhlocharis Dieck, 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Anillini: Typhlocharina) is described. Six populations from southern Badajoz (Spain), referred as the “coenobita species complex”, are the first documented case of an expected situation within Typhlocharina and potentially other lineages of endogean ground beetles: the presence of closely related allopatric populations within a reduced geographical range that, despite certain genetic isolation, show a gradient of morphological differences that challenge taxonomic assignment. Previous phylogenies of Typhlocharina recovered these populations as a monophyletic lineage, represented by three potential new species in need of further examination to validate their status. Here, we test the congruence of this taxonomic hypothesis through direct observation, statistical analyses applied to morphological characters and analysis of COI sequences. Such integrative approach, revealed as a powerful tool to solve situations where phenotypic differences are very subtle, is used for the first time to discriminate Anillini species. The results are coherent with the three species hypothesis, formally described as T. coenobita sp.n., T. eremita sp.n. and T. anachoreta sp.n. The implications of the internal variability within this species complex to the systematics of Typhlocharina and their affinities to other Typhlocharis species are discussed. The entity of T. eremita sp.n. as new species is well established within the standards of the genus. However, the populations of T. coenobita sp.n. show high variability and their relationship with T. anachoreta sp.n. is in the verge of what can be considered species-level differentiation, suggestive of an incipient speciation process. The proposed species boundaries maximize the consistence among the different sources of evidence. The intraspecific variability within T. coenobita sp.n. is properly described, contributing to elucidate the ongoing differentiation processes within this endogean lineage. Finally, an identification key for the coenobita species complex is provided.
Genetic structure and distributional patterns of the genus Mastigodiaptomus (Copepoda) in Mexico, with the description of a new species from the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: Mercado-Salas Nancy , Mercado-Salas Nancy F. , Khodami Sahar , Kihara Terue , Elías-Gutiérrez Manuel , Arbizu Pedro
Published: July 2023

Mastigodiaptomus is the most common diaptomid in the Southern USA, Mexico, Central America and Caribbean freshwaters, nevertheless its distributional patterns and diversity cannot be stablished because of the presence of cryptic species hidden under wide distributed forms. Herein we study the morphological and molecular variation of the calanoid fauna from two Biosphere Reserves in the Yucatan Peninsula and we describe a new species of the genus Mastigodiaptomus. Our findings are compared with other lineages previously found in Mexico. Mastigodiaptomus siankaanensis sp.n. is closely related to M. nesus, from which can be recognized because of the absence of the spinous process in segment 10 of male A1 and the seta formula and ornamentation of female A1. The mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit I gene (COI) revealed a mean of 0 – 2.77% K2P divergence within M. siankaanensis sp.n. and 14.46 – 22.4% from other Mastigodiaptomus species. Within the new species three different populations were detected, two distributed in close localities (sympatric) and the third consistent with allopatric distribution. The General Mixed Yule Coalescence method (GMYC) delimited eight species of Mastigodiaptomus distributed in Mexico. The high diversity and endemism of Mastigodiaptomus in the Yucatan Peninsula and Antilles suggest a Neotropical origin of the genus.
Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and burnout in teachers in Mexico
Authors: Treviño  Reyes Rosalba , Lopez-Perez Jesus-Fabian
Published: July 2023

The study's objective was to determine the relationships between the proposed variables that impact to the Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Burnout through the Psychological Empowerment mediator variable. The variables proposed as impact factors were Structural Empowerment and Remunerations for the case of teachers from public middle-higher education institutions in Mexico. The study had a non-experimental design, being a correlational and causal research. The measurement instrument was applied to a sample of 167 teachers, whose data were analyzed using the structural equations method. The findings show which of these direct and indirect effects are generating significant effects. Subsequently, the analysis of the contrast and impact differences between the segmentation groups was proposed: by gender, marital status, schooling and employment status. One limitation was to carry out the cross-sectional study, with the data collected in a single moment. It is recommended to continue with the analysis of Burnout in other contexts and organizational areas.