bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges in the Design for Disassembly of Light Timber Framing Panelized Components
Authors: Torres Valentina , Íñiguez-González Guillermo , Blanchet Pierre , Giorgio Baptiste
Published: January 2025

The construction sector generates more than one-third of global waste. Although there is a consensus on the need to reduce it, empirical research evaluating current systems to develop circular solutions remains limited. Using a full-scale model, this article evaluates the disassemblability of the corner joint between two prefabricated lightweight timber-framed walls, a system widely adopted in residential construction in North America. The analysis deconstructed the disassembly actions, identified their level of difficulty, and classified the recovered materials into three categories: reusable, recyclable, and waste. The results reveal that the lack of design criteria for disassembly significantly limits the system’s circularity, as it prioritizes assembly speed and energy performance. The predominant use of nails as fasteners complicates the separation of layers, damages materials, and restricts their reuse. This highlights the urgent need to redesign construction solutions that enable efficient disassembly, promote component recovery, and extend their time in circulation. This study establishes a foundation for the evolution of lightweight timber-framed panel design toward systems more aligned with circularity principles.
Correction: Fondevila et al. Association of FOXO3 Expression with Tumor Pathogenesis, Prognosis and Clinicopathological Features in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Cancers 2021, 13, 5349
Authors: Fondevila Flavia , Fernández-Palanca Paula , Méndez-Blanco Carolina , Payo-Serafín Tania , Lozano Elisa , Marin Jose J. G. , González-Gallego Javier , Mauriz José L.
Published: January 2025

References Updated [...]
Longitudinal Circulating Tumor Cell Collection, Culture, and Characterization in Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Xiao Jerry , Mukherji Reetu , Sidarous George , Suguru Shravanthy , Noel Marcus , Weinberg Benjamin A. , He Aiwu , Agarwal Seema
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal cancers, with limited advancements in treatment efficacy due to high rates of chemoresistance. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from liquid biopsies offer a non-invasive approach to monitoring tumor evolution and identifying molecular mechanisms of resistance. This study aims to longitudinally collect, culture, and characterize CTCs from PDAC patients to elucidate resistance mechanisms and tumor-specific gene expression profiles. Methods: Blood samples from 10 PDAC patients were collected across different treatment stages, yielding 16 CTC cultures. Differential gene expression, pathway dysregulation, and protein–protein interaction studies were utilized, highlighting patient-specific and disease progression-associated changes. Longitudinal comparisons within five patients provided further insights into dynamic molecular changes associated with therapeutic resistance. Results: CTC cultures exhibited the activation of key pathways implicated in PDAC progression and resistance, including TNFα/NF-kB, hedgehog signaling, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Longitudinal samples revealed dynamic changes in signaling pathways, highlighting upregulated mechanisms of chemoresistance, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR and TGF-β pathways. Additionally, protein–protein interaction analysis emphasized the role of the immune system in PDAC progression and therapy response. Patient-specific gene expression patterns therefore suggest potential applications for precision medicine. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of longitudinally capturing and analyzing CTCs from PDAC patients. The findings provide critical insights into molecular drivers of chemoresistance and highlight the potential of CTC profiling to inform personalized therapeutic strategies. Future large-scale studies are warranted to validate these findings and further explore CTC-based approaches in PDAC management.
Vesicles Secreted by Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells Cause Vascular Endothelial Cells to Express PSMA and Drive Tumor Progression
Authors: Watanabe Ryuta , Kagimoto Keito , Chosei Mami , Sakaue Tomohisa , Kurata Mie , Miura Noriyoshi , Kitazawa Riko , Kikugawa Tadahiko , Higashiyama Shigeki , Saika Takashi
Published: January 2025

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein expression is induced during prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Recently, we reported that PSMA-positive vesicles released by prostate cancer cell lines enhanced vascular endothelial cell angiogenesis and that PSMA may be involved in tumor angiogenesis. Similarly, it is known that PSMA is upregulated in peritumoral vessels in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, we investigated the significance and molecular function of PSMA in RCC. PSMA immunohistochemical staining confirmed PSMA presence only in perinephric tumor vessels, and PSMA intensity was strongly correlated with recurrence rate and venous invasion. Spatial gene expression analysis revealed that FOLH1 expression, which codes PSMA, was upregulated in tumor blood vessels around renal cancer, and that angiogenesis-related pathways were enhanced. The 10,000 g pellet fraction of the renal cancer cell lines Caki1- and ACHN-conditioned medium (CM) induced PSMA positivity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and enhanced tube formation. Mass spectrometry indicated that the 10,000 g pellet fraction contained various kinds of growth factors, like GDF15 and MYDGF. RNA sequencing showed that supplementing HUVECs with RCC cell CM-enhanced angiogenesis-related signaling pathways. Conclusively, microvesicle components secreted by RCC cells transform vascular endothelial cells into PSMA-positive cells, enhancing angiogenesis.
Fast and Sensitive Swab-Based Bioluminescent Detection Method for Meat and Chicken Microbiological Contamination Using Amydetes vivianii Firefly Luciferase
Authors: Serain Alessandra Freitas , de Souza Daniel Rangel de , Viviani Vadim R.
Published: January 2025

New faster and more sensitive detection methods are required for food microbiological contamination quality control throughout the entire handling process. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence detection method based on the firefly luciferin–luciferase system has been a widely used approach for decades due to its practicality, efficiency, and rapidity. The luciferase of the Amydetes vivianii firefly, cloned and produced in our laboratory, displays a high bioluminescence and stability, showing desirable properties for ATP assays. Using this enzyme, in this study we developed and validated a swab-based ATP detection method for meat, chicken, and milk, allowing us to distinguish between contaminated and non-contaminated forms of these foods. This method demonstrated robust interday and intraday precision, an accuracy of 70–71% across different matrices, and a limit of detection of 1.0 × 104 cps for the dilutions and 2.7 × 103 cps for the swabs, fulfilling all validation criteria and ensuring reliability for routine applications. Except for milk, which has very low endogenous ATP levels due to pasteurization, thus requiring sample pre-processing, the method allowed us to luminometrically detect ATP on the surface of meat and chicken in less than an hour using an assay solution. The method showed higher sensitivity compared to an available commercial kit due to its intense signal, with a remarkable ~22-fold increase in luminescence intensity when comparing the highest ATP concentration of Amydetes luciferase with a commercially available luciferase, allowing for detecting microbiological contamination at lower levels or using less sensitive luminometers.
The Impact of WHO-2023 Malnutrition Criteria on Caseload of Infants Aged Under Six Months: Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Negesse Ayenew , Girma Tsinuel , Desalegn Beruk Berhanu , Berhane Melkamu , Kerac Marko
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The 2023 World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on infants aged under six months (u6m) wasting now includes mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and weight for age Z score (WAZ) as malnutrition treatment programme enrolment criteria. Evidence for the new criteria and optimal cut-offs is, however, sparse. We aimed to explore the potential caseload implications of the new criteria and explore how different cut-offs might affect them. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 1048 Ethiopian infants u6m using STATA software version 17. Frequency tables and percentages were used to present malnutrition across various characteristics. The chi-square test with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at a p value of <0.05 was used to compare infant caseload identified by the WHO-2023 versus WHO-2013 criteria. Results: We found substantial overlaps among anthropometric indicators of malnutrition in infants defined by the WHO-2023 programme enrolment criteria. New WHO criteria result in a larger potential caseload (19.2% for 6 weeks to 6 months and 15.1% for infants under 6 weeks) compared with WHO-2013 criteria (2.4%). Whilst there are marked overlaps between low WAZ, low WLZ, and low MUAC, they capture different infants. An MUAC of <110 mm alone would capture only a third of all cases identified by WAZ and/or WLZ < −2. Conclusions: In Ethiopia, the WHO-2023 criteria markedly increase malnutrition caseloads compared with WHO-2013 criteria. There might be a case for increasing MUAC thresholds in MUAC-focused programs where WLZ or WAZ measurements are difficult. Future longitudinal data are needed to know which criteria best identify infants at highest risk of mortality/morbidity/poor development.
Formation of Biofilm and Degradation Processes of Resilient and Green Materials: A Field Study and Novel Perspectives
Authors: Bruno Agnese , Ubaldi Francesca , Risoluti Roberta , Gianfranceschi Gianluca , Papa Elena , Valeriani Federica , Romano Spica Vincenzo
Published: January 2025

The surface material’s nature can influence the formation of biofilms. Environmentally friendly materials such as linoleum, derived from organic sources, have emerged to address the need to balance ecological requirements with practical considerations, particularly in sectors where hygiene is of critical importance, such as sports and healthcare. Nevertheless, even with appropriate utilization, these materials can deteriorate over time, resulting in the proliferation of harmful microbes. Metagenomic analyses were conducted to identify the microbiota responsible for the chromatic variation (n = 4) observed on a linoleum sample immersed in water. Subsequently, the data were correlated with spectroscopic analyses via microNIR. The preliminary investigations did not establish the role of abiotic components in the processes of surface discoloration. The bacterial microbiota formed on the surfaces was characterized, indicating a potential biotic role in the degradation of linoleum. Data exploration obtained from the spectroscopic acquisitions through principal component analysis produced a clustering of the data matrix into four subgroups, corresponding to the four chromatic variations. The preliminary data appear to indicate the degradation mechanisms to which materials of organic origin are subject. Furthermore, they suggest that the personalized functionalization of such materials could support effective replacement from a One Health perspective of traditional materials.
Numerical Simulation of Ice Crystal Accretion and Aerodynamic Impacts on Wind Turbine Blades in Cold Climates
Authors: Yang Bo , Jin Afang , Cheng Jing , Zhou Shuhao , Jiang Bang
Published: January 2025

With the advancement of science and technology, wind power generation has been widely adopted globally. However, ice accretion severely limits the operational efficiency and structural safety of wind turbines in cold regions, while existing research primarily focuses on the impact of supercooled droplets on blade icing, the influence of ice crystals in cold environments on the blade icing process has been largely overlooked. This study systematically simulated the accretion of ice crystals and supercooled droplets under clear ice conditions. It evaluated the effects of various ice crystal parameters on the icing process using Fensap-Ice, which is an advanced icing simulation tool. The results indicate that ice accretion, driven by the combined action of ice crystals and supercooled droplets, weakened ice corners, making the ice shape smoother and fuller. When the angle of attack of the ice-covered airfoil exceeded 15°, a separating vortex formed on the suction side of the blade, leading to a reduction in the lift coefficient. The findings of this study highlight the critical role of ice crystals in the icing process and provide a scientific foundation for understanding the icing mechanism under complex meteorological conditions.
Applications of Elastin in Cosmetics: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Lei Ting , Ye Lin , Pei Yunlin , Sun Huaiqing , Guo Chaowan
Published: January 2025

Elastin is a crucial component of the extracellular matrix that plays a significant role in maintaining skin elasticity and firmness. Within the dermis, elastin works in collaboration with collagen to form supportive structures that contribute to the overall health and appearance of the skin. As individuals age, the rate of elastin synthesis gradually declines, resulting in the degradation of skin elastic fibers, which subsequently leads to skin laxity and the formation of wrinkles. Furthermore, environmental factors, particularly ultraviolet radiation, can exacerbate the degradation of elastin and accelerate the aging process of the skin. Elasticity is regarded as a fundamental aspect of skin health; thus, maintaining adequate levels of elastin is essential for delaying the signs of skin aging and preserving the normal physiological functions of the skin. Currently, elastin has become an important ingredient in anti-aging products, demonstrating significant market potential and application prospects. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, physiological functions, and applications of elastin in cosmetics. Additionally, it discusses novel preparation techniques, future development opportunities, and challenges associated with elastin, with the objective of providing a robust theoretical framework for its application and advancement within the cosmetics industry.
Influence of Aging Temperature on the Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of an Age-Hardening 7xxx Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Cai Boqian , Liu Xiaolong , Yi Yang , Li Hongyang , Shi Fanian
Published: January 2025

In this paper, the microstructure changes of an Al–6.8Zn–2Mg–2Cu–0.1Zr–0.2Sc alloy for shipbuilding under different T6 states were investigated. The effect of aging temperature on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of the alloy was analyzed by means of SEM, EDS, and TEM, and the corrosion mechanism was revealed. The results show that the bean-shaped Al3(Sc, Zr) phase is formed in the T6 alloy. The matrix-precipitated phase is mainly the GP zone at 120 °C. At 150 °C, part of the GP zone is transformed into the η′ phase, and at 180 °C, it is mainly η′ phase + η phase. After electrochemical testing in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, it was found that the Cu content in the grain boundary η phase increased with the increase in aging temperature, the potential near the grain boundary increased, and the corrosion resistance increased. At the same time, the grain boundary precipitates were coarsened and distributed intermittently, which hindered the formation of corrosion channels and improved the corrosion resistance of the alloy. The corrosion mechanism of the alloy after aging at 120 °C/150 °C was mainly intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion, while the corrosion mechanism after aging at 180 °C was mainly pitting corrosion.
Comparative Study of Gemological and Spectroscopic Features and Coloration Mechanism of Three Types of Spodumene
Authors: Zhou Zijia , Liu Jing , He Kui , Yang Biao , Rao Yinghua
Published: January 2025

Spodumene is a characteristic mineral in lithium-rich granitic pegmatites, serving both as a valuable mineral resource and an important gem material. This study incorporates three different color varieties of spodumene—pink to violet, yellow-green, and colorless—into a unified research framework. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) were employed to systematically analyze the chemical composition, crystal structure, and spectroscopic properties of spodumene. Furthermore, the coloration mechanism and fluorescence emission of the different color samples were investigated and analyzed. The results indicate that the presence and mixed valence states of the transition metals Fe and Mn primarily influence the color and photoluminescence of the three types of spodumene. Mn3+ is the primary color-causing element in pink to violet spodumene, while Fe3+ is the primary color-causing element in yellow-green spodumene. Photoluminescence in all three color varieties is dominated by Mn2+. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the color and luminescence mechanisms of spodumene, expanding its potential applications as both a gem material and a luminescent material.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory-Based Dynamic Prediction Model of Single-Crystal Furnace Temperature and Heating Power
Authors: Hou Lin , Gao Dedong , Wang Shan , Zhang Wenyong , Lin Haixin , An Yan
Published: January 2025

Precise temperature and heating power control are crucial for crystal quality and production efficiency in the Czochralski single-crystal growth process. Existing sensor technologies can only monitor these parameters in real time, lacking the ability to predict future trends, which limits the ability to implement preventive control before issues arise. To address this, a temperature and heating power prediction model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is proposed and developed using extensive production data. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is applied to identify the key parameters related to temperature and heating power. Hyperparameter optimization uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to improve prediction accuracy. The performance of the PSO-LSTM model is compared with two other widely used prediction models, demonstrating its superior predictive capability. The results show that the PSO-LSTM model achieves highly accurate temperature and heating power predictions in the crystal growth process, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0295 for temperature and 0.0392 for heating power, further validating its effectiveness for real-time predictive control.
Temperature-Dependent Structural Changes of the Active Site and Substrate-Binding Cleft in Hen Egg White Lysozyme
Authors: Nam Ki Hyun
Published: January 2025

Lysozyme plays a crucial role in the natural immune system, protecting against invading bacteria or viruses. The room-temperature (RT) structure of lysozymes is important for understanding accurate structural information compared to the crystal structure determined at cryogenic temperature. Several RT structures of lysozymes are determined by serial crystallography, but their temperature-dependent structural properties are not fully elucidated. To better understand the temperature-dependent structural change, the RT and cryogenic temperature structures of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) were determined by serial synchrotron crystallography (SSX) and macromolecular crystallography (MX), respectively. Structural comparisons of HEWLRT and HEWLCryo showed that the positions of the loops above the substrate-binding cleft of HEWL differed. The width of the substrate-binding cleft between the α- and β-domains of HEWLRT was wider than that of HEWLCryo. The distance between the two catalytic residues Glu53 and Asp70 and their interaction with neighbor residues and water molecules showed the distant between HEWLRT and HEWLCryo. Due to temperature, the subtle movements of the active site and substrate-binding cleft of HEWL led to different docking results for N-acetylglucosamine and N,N′,N″-triacetylchitotriose. These results will provide useful information to more accurately understand the molecular function of HEWL and insights into the temperature effects for ligand design.
Anatomical, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Aspects of Extra-Pelvic Varicose Veins of Pelvic Origin
Authors: Jaworucka-Kaczorowska Aleksandra , Simka Marian
Published: January 2025

Venous hypertension in the pelvic veins can result in the development of varicosities in the perineum, and sometimes also in the lower extremities. These varicose veins are anatomically and functionally different from typical varicosities associated with an incompetence of the saphenous veins. Since the pelvic cavity is anatomically separated from the lower extremity and perineum by muscles and skeleton, there are only a few routes through which pelvic veins can communicate with extra-pelvic veins. These routes should primarily be examined during diagnostic workout. In this review article, clinical anatomy concerning varicose veins of pelvic origin is presented, and the anatomically-driven diagnostics for these atypical varicose veins are discussed. Focus on ultrasonographic detection of the escape points, which are located at the sites where the incompetent intra-pelvic and extra-pelvic veins are connected—such as the perineal veins, veins running alongside the round ligament of the uterus, the obturator vein, as well as the inferior and superior gluteal veins—is emphasized.
Early Chronic Pancreatitis Findings by Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) in Asymptomatic Patients with Pancreas Divisum
Authors: Nagahama Masatsugu , Takano Yuichi , Niiya Fumitaka , Tamai Naoki , Noda Jun , Yamawaki Masataka , Azami Tetushi
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Pancreas divisum (PD) is a congenital malformation associated with chronic and recurrent acute pancreatitis. Although PD often presents asymptomatically, the extent to which early chronic pancreatitis (ECP) changes occur in asymptomatic patients with PD remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) findings indicative of ECP in asymptomatic patients with PD and investigate the relationship between these findings and background factors, such as age, sex, main pancreatic duct diameter, and alcohol intake. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 17 asymptomatic patients diagnosed with PD at the Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital between January 2016 and May 2024. EUS was used to assess the pancreatic parenchyma and ductal features, and the findings were classified according to the Rosemont Classification (RC) and the Japan Pancreas Society (JPS) 2019 criteria for ECP (JDCECP2019). Statistical analyses were performed to examine the association between EUS findings and patient background factors. Results: EUS findings of ECP were observed in 8 of 17 asymptomatic patients with PD (47%) according to both the RC and the JDCECP2019 criteria. Hyperechoic foci without shadowing or strands were the most common findings, present in 82% of the patients. No significant associations were found between EUS findings and the background factors of age, sex, main pancreatic duct diameter, or alcohol intake. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of asymptomatic patients with PD exhibited EUS findings suggestive of early chronic pancreatitis. These findings indicate that early changes in chronic pancreatitis may be accompanied by asymptomatic PD.
Using Podcasts to Educate EFL University Students About Sustainability: An Action Research Study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Oraif Iman , Alrashed Mohammed
Published: January 2025

The implementation of technology in language teaching is essential, as it can have a positive impact on the learning and teaching environment. For example, podcasts have been proven to be helpful to support learning. Therefore, the current study examines the use of podcasts to educate EFL learners about the important controversial issue of sustainability. In an exploratory stage of action research, a survey was conducted to evaluate the satisfaction of a convenience sample of 25 undergraduate EFL learners being educated about sustainability, following their use of podcasts on the topic as part of an English language listening and speaking course. The results revealed positive responses from the participants. As such, this study recommends the use of podcasts to educate EFL learners about sustainability through the medium of English and will proceed to further implementation.
Teaching Geography for a Sustainable Future: Understanding and Analyzing Regions in the Classroom—A Didactic Proposal
Authors: Correa Jordan , López-Díez Abel , Díaz-Pacheco Jaime
Published: January 2025

This work analyzes the educational role of geography in Spain in addressing climate change and the environmental crisis. While all subjects should address ecological issues, geography, due to its content, objectives, and methods, must take a central role in environmental education through innovative pedagogical approaches. To contribute to this revitalization, a didactic proposal is presented, aimed at raising students’ environmental awareness in the subjects of geography and history. Designed for the third year of secondary education (ESO) in the Canary Islands, this proposal is flexible and applicable to other educational and territorial contexts. Based on methodologies such as Project-Based Learning and Service-Learning, it organizes a teaching unit adapted to the new curricular requirements. Students analyze the socio-territorial reality of their municipality, assess its sustainability, and design strategies to promote sustainable development. The implementation of this didactic proposal is highly valued, as it has increased the students’ knowledge about their locality, the possibilities and richness of geography as a discipline, and also sustainability as a goal applicable to a local context. In this way, the value of education as a continuous reflection and a practical problem-solving tool is reaffirmed, incorporating sustainability as an essential principle.
Tracking Control of a Four-Wheeled Skid-Steered Robot with Slip Compensation and Application of the Drive Unit Model
Authors: Trojnacki Maciej
Published: January 2025

This article focuses on trajectory tracking control of a four-wheeled mobile robot, with non-steered wheels. The issues in terms of robot kinematics are discussed and a dynamics model is derived, which additionally took into account the drive unit model. This paper analyses four versions of the control system, which take into account the possibility of compensating for wheel slip and non-linearities resulting from the drive unit model. It is assumed that the wheel-slip compensation is based on the measurement of the actual robot’s motion parameters. The linear and angular motion parameters of the robot’s mobile platform are taken into account, which allows for the estimation of the wheel slip velocities. The results of the simulation studies are presented, consisting of the evaluation of individual control system solutions in terms of achieving the highest possible accuracy in executing a prescribed trajectory. Additionally, the impact of the investigated control strategies on electric power demand and electric energy consumption by the robot’s drives is analyzed. In order to quantitatively assess the control system solutions, quality indexes were adopted, focusing on tracking accuracy and energy efficiency. The research results indicate that incorporating wheel-slip compensation into the control system enables high accuracy to be achieved in terms of trajectory tracking. In turn, the use of the drive unit model within the control system leads to an increase in the accuracy of the robot’s wheel movements, which does not ultimately result in an increase in the accuracy of the motion of the robot’s mobile platform due to the slipping of the wheels. It was also observed that improving the trajectory tracking accuracy leads to an increase in the maximum electric power demand and electric energy consumption by the robot’s drives.
Low-Loss Soft Magnetic Materials and Their Application in Power Conversion: Progress and Perspective
Authors: Wang Weiwang , Fan Jiaqi , Li Changshen , Yu Yue , Wang Anding , Li Shengtao , Liu Jinjun
Published: January 2025

Amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, as novel soft magnetic materials, can enable high efficiency in a wide range of power conversion techniques. Their wide application requires a thorough understanding of the fundamental material mechanisms, typical characteristics, device design, and applications. The first part of this review briefly overviews the development of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, including the structures of soft magnetic composites (SMCs), the key performance, and the underlying property-structure correction mechanisms. The second part discusses three kinds of high-power conversion applications of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, such as power electronics transformers (PETs), high-power inductors, and high-power electric motors. Further detailed analysis of these materials and applications are reviewed. Finally, some critical issues and future challenges for material tailoring, device design, and power conversion application are also highlighted.
Effect of Changes in Mains Voltage on the Operation of the Low-Power Pellet Boiler
Authors: Zając Grzegorz , Gładysz Jacek , Szyszlak-Bargłowicz Joanna
Published: January 2025

Modern low-power boilers with automatic burners require electricity for proper operation. The electricity voltage in the network is not constant and is subject to fluctuations. Variations in voltage will have the most significant impact on the operation of electric motors since their speed is controlled by changing the voltage. The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of supply voltage deviations within the range allowed by the EN 60038:2012 standard (230 V ±10%, i.e., 207 V and 253 V) on boiler operation. This study analysed the effects of these variations on flue gas and dust emissions during boiler operation at full load, as well as on the boiler firing process. Tests were conducted on a boiler with a nominal output of 25 kW. Changes in voltage significantly influenced the blower fan speed. For the nominal boiler output, at 253 V the speed increased by 17.6%, and at 207 V it decreased by 20.4%. Variations in voltage affected the volume of air supplied to the combustion chamber, altering the excess air ratio (λ): 1.8 at 230 V, 2.1 at a higher voltage, and 1.4 at a lower voltage. Changes in voltage translated into changes in exhaust gas temperature and flue gas and dust emissions. Boiler operation at 253 V increased CO emissions by 77.2%, NOx by 31.2%, and dust by 12.5%. In contrast, at 207 V, emissions were lower, with CO decreasing by 17.3%, NOx by 11.7%, and dust by 18.8%. Fluctuations in voltage further influenced the boiler’s ignition time; the ignition process was four times longer at a higher voltage and twice as long at a lower voltage. The results of these studies underscore the necessity of adapting boiler designs to fluctuating voltage conditions.
Prediction Accuracy of Stackelberg Game Model of Electricity Price in Smart Grid Power Market Environment
Authors: Zhang Zhichao , Li Xue , Zhao Yanling , Zhang Zhaogong , Li Bin
Published: January 2025

With the deepening of power market reform and the increasingly fierce competition in the power market, the accurate prediction of electricity price has become an important demand for power market participants to make scientific decisions, optimize resource allocation, and reduce risks. Electricity price forecast can provide a key reference for the power market, help market participants make wise decisions, promote competition and efficient operation and cope with complex market fluctuations, provide a scientific basis for various entities to optimize resource allocation, reduce risks and improve benefits, and promote the sustainable development of the power industry. This study presents a dynamic retail price prediction method for smart grid based on the Stackelberg game model. Firstly, the correlation test is used to verify the strong correlation between electric load and electricity price. Secondly, the parameters of the Stackelberg model are determined, and the load and electricity price are tested using the white noise test. Finally, by comparing the BP neural network model and quantifying the model parameters, the superiority of the model is verified. The results show that the Stackelberg game model has higher prediction accuracy than the BP neural network model in electricity price prediction.
Epoxy as an Alternative Resin in Particleboard Production with Pine Wood Residues: Physical, Mechanical, and Microscopical Analyses of Panels at Three Resin Proportions
Authors: Santos Junior Antonio José , Herradon Marjorie Perosso , de Souza Matheus Viana , da Silva Sergio Augusto Mello , De Araujo Victor Almeida , de Almeida Diego Henrique , dos Santos Herisson Ferreira , Christoforo André Luis
Published: January 2025

Given the construction challenges and the impacts of industrial waste generation and the implications of using chemical adhesives, this study aims to evaluate epoxy as an alternative resin, whose application in the production of wood particleboards is still underexplored. In this regard, its results were compared with those of widely used adhesives, such as urea-formaldehyde (UF). Pine wood particles were used, and epoxy resin was applied as a binder in 5%, 10%, and 15% proportions. Panels were manufactured under pressing parameters of 5 N/mm2 for 10 min at 110 °C. Physical and mechanical properties of panels were evaluated using Brazilian, European, and American standards. The results showed that epoxy resin is potentially convenient for the particleboard industry, as the 15% trait panels met the P4 class criteria in the Brazilian and European standards and D-2 for the American code, and the 10% trait panels achieved the M-3i class for the American document. Although 5% adhesive was insufficient to envelop wood particles, these traits with greater percentages reached high enveloping ratings in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test, making epoxy resin viable for the panel industry as a potential alternative to formaldehyde-based adhesives.
Effects of Herbaceous Plant Encroachment on the Soil Carbon Pool in the Shrub Tundra of the Changbai Mountains
Authors: Xu Xiaoyun , Jin Yinghua , Xu Jiawei , Zhang Yingjie , Yang Jiaxing
Published: January 2025

Under global warming, vegetation composition changes induced by plant encroachment have a significant impact on the carbon balance of tundra ecosystems. The encroachment of herbaceous plants into indigenous shrub communities has changed the aboveground and belowground litter carbon input and the characteristics in the shrub tundra of the Changbai Mountains. However, the impact of variations in litter characteristics and litter carbon input on the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool concentrations and SOC stability remains ambiguous. In this study, aboveground and belowground litter and soil samples were collected for lab experiments. Our results showed that the increase in aboveground litter and belowground litter due to Deyeuxia purpurea encroachment increased the SOC concentration. Simultaneously, D. purpurea encroachment decreased the soil C/N by decreasing the components of both aboveground and belowground litter that were resistant to decomposition (C/N and lignin/N) and increased the soil mineralization ability and available N concentrations, increased the CO2 release rate, and ultimately decreased the SOC concentration. D. purpurea encroachment enhanced soil decomposition capacity by increasing the concentration of organic carbon molecular structures, such as carbohydrates, in the aboveground and belowground litter, thereby increasing the concentration of decomposable organic carbon molecular structures and active organic carbon in the soil, while simultaneously reducing the concentration of recalcitrant organic carbon. Even more, D. purpurea encroachment reduced the recalcitrant components of the aboveground and belowground litter enhanced soil mineralization capability and increased soil nitrogen concentration, which collectively increased the carbon oxidation state (COX) and decreased SOC stability. In general, global warming has led to herbaceous plant encroachment, which changes the aboveground and belowground litter carbon inputs and properties in the tundra, in turn reducing the SOC concentration and soil carbon pool stability, enhancing soil carbon emission capacity, and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, forming a vicious cycle.
Genome-Wide Identification of CBL Gene Family and RNA-Seq Analysis Under Alkaline Stress in Poplar
Authors: Wang Hanzeng , Wu Juan , Ju Zhixin , Yang Jingli , Leng Xue
Published: January 2025

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a crucial role as a key messenger in various adaptive and developmental processes. In plants, the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) family is a unique calcium sensor, which plays a key role in regulating plant growth and development as well as responding to external environmental stimuli throughout the Ca2+ signaling pathway. However, the CBL gene family in poplar has not been systematically described. In this study, thirteen CBL genes were identified from the Populus trichocarpa genome using bioinformatics methods. Multiple sequence alignment showed that all PtrCBLs contained four conserved EF-hand domains. Promoter cis-acting elements revealed that PtrCBL promoters contained at least one abiotic-related or hormone response element. A protein–protein interaction network revealed that PtrCBLs interacted with various CIPK proteins to participate in growth and development or respond to environmental stimuli in poplar. Transcriptome data demonstrated that numerous PsnCBLs were involved in the response to alkaline stress in Populus simonii × Populus nigra. RT-qPCR and RNA-seq analyses implied that PsnCBLs exhibited complex expression patterns in poplar under alkaline stress at different time points. These results provide comprehensive information for future research on the CBL gene function and lay a research foundation for studying alkaline stress in poplar.
Recent Developments and Future Directions in Flow Visualization: Experiments and Techniques
Authors: Ge Mingming , Zhang Guangjian , Zhang Xinlei
Published: January 2025

Flow visualization has long been a critical tool for understanding complex fluid dynamics in both natural and engineered systems [...]
Enhancing the Biological Properties of White Chocolate: Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract as a Natural Functional Ingredient
Authors: Gomes Sandra M. , Miranda Rita , Santos Lúcia
Published: January 2025

Moringa oleifera tree is recognised for its high content of bioactive compounds. This work explored the potential of incorporating its leaves or respective extracts into white chocolate to enhance its biological and sensory properties as white chocolate lacks the beneficial compounds found in cocoa. In this study, a phenolic-rich extract was obtained from Moringa oleifera leaf powder, and its biological properties and phenolic composition were characterised. The extract displayed good antioxidant capacity, especially against ABTS radical (IC50 = 162.0 mg/L). Additionally, it exhibited strong inhibitory potential against α-amylase and β-glucosidase, achieving average inhibition rates of 79.9% and 98.0%, respectively. The main phenolic compounds identified included catechin (0.211 mgcompound/gextract), caffeic acid (0.056 mgcompound/gextract), and quercetin (0.031 mgcompound/gextract). White chocolate samples were fortified with 1% and 3% M. oleifera leaf extract, resulting in increased antioxidant properties and oxidative stability. All formulations were microbiologically safe, and the sample containing 3% extract showed the highest DPPH inhibition after 15 days of storage and a higher delay in the autoxidation of lipids over time. The fortification of white chocolate with M. oleifera leaf extract has the potential to transform it into a functional product rich in antioxidants, providing health benefits and increased value.
Misalignment or Motivation? A Cluster Analysis Approach to Understanding Young Adolescent Physical Activity Trajectories in Summer Care Programs
Authors: Prochnow Tyler , Patterson Megan S. , Flores Sara A. , Park Jeong-Hui , Curran Laurel , Howell Emily , Jackson Deja , Trost Stewart G.
Published: January 2025

Physical activity (PA) decreases during summer months, potentially leading to accelerated weight gain and increased depressive symptoms in adolescents. Summer care programs offer opportunities for PA promotion but understanding how different groups (based on initial perceived and objectively measured PA) respond to these programs is crucial for developing focused interventions. Adolescents (n = 47; mean age = 11.0 years; 51.1% female) who participated in an 8-week summer program wore ActiGraph GT9X accelerometers to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at the beginning and end of the program. Self-reported PA was assessed using the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey. Both measures were then transformed into respective z-scores. K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify distinct groups based on device-measured and perceived PA at the beginning of summer. Changes in MVPA were compared across clusters using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD tests. Three clusters were identified: “High Accuracy Actives” (n = 17), “Underestimators” (n = 22), and “Overestimators” (n = 8). “Overestimators” showed the largest mean increase in MVPA (30.63 min/day), followed by “Underestimators” (17.76 min/day). “High Accuracy Actives” experienced a mean decrease in MVPA (−7.69 min/day). ANOVA revealed significant differences in MVPA change between clusters (F(2,44) = 4.93, p = 0.01). Summer care programs can positively impact adolescent PA, particularly for those who initially underestimate or overestimate their activity levels. However, strategies are needed to prevent declines among initially highly active participants. For example, adolescents who underestimate their activity levels may benefit from interventions focused on building self-efficacy and providing positive feedback, while those who overestimate might require educational components about PA guidelines and self-monitoring techniques.
Nutritional Support in the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers in Healthy Aging: A Systematic Review of Nursing Interventions in Community Care
Authors: Cangelosi Giovanni , Sacchini Francesco , Biondini Federico , Mancin Stefano , Morales Palomares Sara , Ferrara Gaetano , Caggianelli Gabriele , Sguanci Marco , Petrelli Fabio
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Pressure ulcers (PUs) represent a significant challenge in chronic care, particularly among the elderly with reduced mobility. They result in substantial socio-healthcare costs and negatively impact patients’ psychological well-being. Malnutrition is a key risk factor, hindering healing and increasing the risk of complications. As such, appropriate nutritional interventions are crucial for managing PUs. However, these interventions are often underestimated in clinical practice, underscoring the need for a more comprehensive approach to elder care and healthy aging. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to identify the best scientific evidence on nutritional interventions implemented by nurses in community settings to prevent complications related to PUs. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative outcomes reported in the included studies were analyzed. Method: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA international guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and CINAHL databases. A predefined search strategy using Boolean operators was employed, and two researchers independently selected papers, with a third researcher resolving any discrepancies. Additional sources and manual reviews were conducted to minimize selection bias. Results: Out of 1003 records, 6 studies were included. Findings indicate that nurses play a fundamental role in managing PUs in community settings through specific nutritional intervention assistance processes. These healthcare professionals are pivotal in the prevention, care, and rehabilitation of vulnerable individuals with PUs. Conclusions: Nurses are strategic in the management of PUs within community care for frail populations. With nutritional support that plays a key role in both preventing and accelerating the healing of PUs. Policymakers are encouraged to invest in nursing roles to enhance assistance in community contexts, supporting healthy aging and lifestyle medicine approaches.
Effect of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer, Microbial and Humic Substance-Based Biostimulants on Soil Microbiological Properties During Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Cultivation
Authors: Maková Jana , Artimová Renata , Javoreková Soňa , Adamec Samuel , Paulen Oleg , Andrejiová Alena , Ducsay Ladislav , Medo Juraj
Published: January 2025

Plant biostimulants have been the subject of intense interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to assess, during the years 2021–2022, the effect of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer, experimental (PGPB) and commercial (G) microbial biostimulants, and humic substance product (A) on the soil microbial communities, and yield of strawberries, under field conditions. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by nitrogen fertilization, but an increase occurred in the treatment N+G. The treatments N+G, N+G+A, and N+PGPB+A increased FDA hydrolysis, and phosphatase activity. All plant biostimulants increased basal as well as substrate-induced respiration. Culturable bacteria (total counts, dormant forms, actinomycetes) were not clearly affected by treatment. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, bacterial community composition was different in N+PGPB+A and N+G+A treatments. The number of cultivable fungi was significantly lower in N+PGPB and N+PGPB+A treatments. The genus of fungi Pilidium, a potential phytopathogen of strawberries, was present in the second year, but in these treatments, it was absent. In the second year, strawberry yield was shown to be 95% higher in the N+PGPB+A treatment than in the control. Microbial biostimulants in combination with humic substances represent a potential solution in increasing strawberry production.