bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Screening in Pediatric Practice: Factors Related to Positive Screens and the Contribution of Parental/Personal Concern
Authors: Hacker Karen A. , Myagmarjav Enkhbolor , Harris Victoria , Suglia Shakira Franco , Weidner Deborah , Link David
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to examine factors related to positive Pediatric Symptom Checklist scores in an urban practice and to examine the relative contribution of parental/personal concern about emotional and behavioral problems to mental health problem identification.

METHODS. Annual screening using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist was implemented in Cambridge Pediatrics (Cambridge, MA). A social worker was colocated in the clinic to provide therapeutic interventions for patients. A sample of 1668 screened patients between 4 years 11 months and 19 years of age was used for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine factors predictive of positive Pediatric Symptom Checklist scores, including demographics, socioeconomic indicators, enrollment in counseling, and parental/personal concern. Parental/personal concern, counseling, and positive Pediatric Symptom Checklist scores were examined to determine their efficacy as screening methods.

RESULTS. Six percent of the population had positive Pediatric Symptom Checklist scores. There were statistically significant relationships between a positive score and being in counseling, parental/personal concern, having public insurance, and living in an area with median household incomes of less than $50000. Parental/personal concern was 40% sensitive for a positive score. A positive Pediatric Symptom Checklist score with or without parental/personal concern identified 3.8% of the population; parental/personal concern with or without a positive Pediatric Symptom Checklist score identified 4.5%.

CONCLUSIONS. Mental health screening can be effectively implemented in a pediatric practice. Colocated mental health professionals provide additional support. The combination of a screening tool and questions about parental/personal concern and present counseling can provide critical information about a child’s mental health.
Doppler Flow Velocimetry in the Superior Mesenteric Artery on the First Day of Life in Preterm Infants and the Risk of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Murdoch Edile M. , Sinha Ajay K. , Shanmugalingam Shanti T. , Smith Gordon C.S. , Kempley Stephen T.
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to relate Doppler indices of splanchnic perfusion and vascular resistance to the risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis.

METHODS. We conducted a prospective cohort study with analysis of Doppler flow velocity waveforms of splanchnic vessels on the first day of life. Clinical management and diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis were performed blind to the Doppler results in a tertiary NICU on 64 eligible preterm neonates admitted for intensive care. We measured necrotizing enterocolitis using an objective diagnostic classification.

RESULTS. When adjusted for gestational age at birth, the following indices of the Doppler flow velocity wave form in the superior mesenteric artery were significantly predictive of the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis: end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity, and pulsatility index. The association between necrotizing enterocolitis and Doppler velocimetry indicative of high vascular resistance was independent of a range of other factors and comorbidities (race, mode of delivery, umbilical arterial catheter, growth restriction, patent ductus arteriosus, jaundice, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, and hypotension).

CONCLUSIONS. We concluded that neonates with high resistance patterns of blood flow velocity in the superior mesenteric artery on the first day of life are at increased risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis.
Implementation and Case-Study Results of Potentially Better Practices for Family-Centered Care: The Family-Centered Care Map
Authors: Johnston Anne M. , Bullock Candice E. , Graham Jean E. , Reilly Maureen C. , Rocha Colleen , Hoopes Robert D. , Van Der Meid Vanessa , Gutierrez Susan , Abraham Marie R.
Published: November 2006

Objective. The objective of this study was to enhance the ability to coordinate and deliver care in a holistic manner, through a family-centered care map, so that the developmental, physical, and psychosocial needs of the infant and family are met.

Methods. A Web-based map was based on 7 distinct clinical phases with 3 variations of an infant's course through a NICU. Sixty-three potentially better practices were identified and 7 potentially better practices were implemented through case studies.

Results. Measures of family satisfaction revealed improvements in delivery of family-centered care. Increases in discharge growth parameters for extremely low birth weight infants were demonstrated. Length of stay for very low birth weight infants decreased from 73 to 60 days in Vermont.

Conclusions. The collaborative process enhances identification of potentially better practices and results in both qualitative and quantitative improvements in family-centered care.
Evaluation and Development of Potentially Better Practices for Staffing in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Authors: Atwater Amy , Hartmann Elaine , Brown Betty Beverly , Carteaux Pat , Freeman Maria , Hegwood Pat , Michael Laura , Rikli Joan , Secrest Joel , Bauman Barbara , Plsek Paul
Published: November 2006

Objective. Five NICUs that participate in the Vermont Oxford Network's Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative 2002 attempted to identify potentially better practices that would have a directly impact on nurse recruitment and retention. The group identified nurse recruitment and retention as an important initiative for many hospitals that face a nursing shortage.

Methods. The group analyzed information from hospital demographics, literature reviews, process analysis questionnaires, and site visits.

Results. The literature review, process analysis questionnaire, and benchmarking with magnet hospitals identified 5 drivers for retention and recruitment. The drivers evolved into 5 potentially better practices that cover orientation, recognition and rewards, work environment, nurse/physician collaboration, and nursing autonomy. The magnet hospitals, which are known to have the highest retention rate and the lowest turnover rate, have many of these potentially better practices in place.

Conclusion. The 5 practices described herein have the potential to decrease nursing turnover in NICUs.
Management of High-Order Multiple Births: Application of Lessons Learned Because of Participation in Vermont Oxford Network Collaboratives
Authors: Kantak Anand D. , Grow Jennifer L. , Ohlinger Judy , Adams Heather J. , Knupp Amy M. , Lavin Justin P.
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. The delivery and care of sextuplets is complex. Potentially better practices that were developed as part of the Vermont Oxford Network improvement collaboratives were used to prepare for a sextuplet delivery at Akron Children's Hospital.

METHODS. The team used potentially better practices that were learned from the Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative 2002 using multidisciplinary teams. There was extensive media coverage of the delivery.

RESULTS. The goal was to use nearly all potentially better practices that focused on the goals of reducing nosocomial infection, reducing chronic lung disease, reducing radiograph use, reducing length of stay, reducing blood gas use, promoting nutrition, reducing intraventricular hemorrhage, and enriching family-centered care. The center aimed to use these 97 potentially better practices. Of the 97 possible potential better practices as set by the Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative 2002, 96 (99%) were used.

CONCLUSIONS. This is a blueprint that any center that is faced with high-order multiple births could use as a reference point to begin planning. The team created a benchmark to achieve in every birth of very low birth weight infants and not just a special situation of high-order multiple births.
Validity of Parentally Reported Weight and Height for Preschool-Aged Children in Belgium and Its Impact on Classification Into Body Mass Index Categories
Authors: Huybrechts Inge , De Bacquer Dirk , Van Trimpont Inge , De Backer Guy , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of parentally reported weight and height values for preschool-aged children (3–7 years of age) in Belgium and the accuracy of BMI classifications using those data.

METHODS. The subjects were 297 preschool-aged children (157 boys and 140 girls). A questionnaire with questions about height and weight was distributed to the children and completed by their parents. Nurses of the Centres for Pupils Counselling conducted anthropometric measurements by following standardized procedures. National and international age- and gender-specific BMI cutoff values were used to determine BMI categories.

RESULTS. Mean differences between reported and measured values for weight (−0.57 kg) and BMI (−0.51 kg/m2) were statistically significant, although small. For height, the mean difference (0.14 cm) was not statistically significant. When national and international BMI cutoff values for overweight were used, sensitivity values were 47% and 44%, respectively, and specificity values were 94% and 95%. Among all children requiring nutritional advice on the basis of being overweight or obese, more than one half of the overweight children and >75% of the obese children would be missed with the use of parentally reported weight and height values. Conversely, 70% of the children being classified as underweight with the use of these reported data could be encouraged wrongly to gain weight. The bias of parent-reported BMI values was significantly greater when weight and height were both guessed, rather than being measured at home.

CONCLUSIONS. Our results show the inaccuracy of parentally reported weight and height values in Belgium for classifying preschool-aged children into BMI categories. Therefore, accurate measurements of weight and height should be encouraged in studies in which BMI of children is a variable of interest.
Asthma Guideline Use by Pediatricians in Private Practices and Asthma Morbidity
Authors: Cloutier Michelle M. , Wakefield Dorothy B. , Sangeloty-Higgins Pamela , Delaronde Steven , Hall Charles B.
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. We sought to examine whether pediatric clinicians in private, non–health maintenance organization practices could implement the national asthma guidelines and whether, when implemented, these guidelines would decrease medical services utilization and improve asthma care for children.

METHODS. A trial of a disease management program (Easy Breathing II) involving 20 private pediatric practices in the greater Hartford, Connecticut area was conducted between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2003. Demographic data on participating practitioners and patients were obtained from questionnaires. Medical services utilization data from claims were obtained from ConnectiCare, a regional managed care organization.

RESULTS. Of the 16750 children enrolled in Easy Breathing II, 2458 were enrolled in ConnectiCare and 490 had asthma. Inhaled corticosteroid use increased in the community overall during the study period. After enrollment in Easy Breathing II, with adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, asthma severity, season, and calendar year, children with persistent asthma experienced an additional 47% increase in inhaled corticosteroid use, a 56% reduction in outpatient visits, and a 91% decrease in emergency department visits for treatment of asthma. Adherence to national asthma guidelines for prescribing inhaled corticosteroids was 95%. Seventeen of the 20 practices are still using Easy Breathing, 5 years after program implementation.

CONCLUSIONS. Pediatric primary care clinicians in private practice settings can implement an asthma management program patterned after the national asthma guidelines. When implemented, this program is successful in reducing medical services utilization for children with asthma. Just as differences in patterns of medical services utilization exist in private practices, compared with urban clinics, the impact of disease management on medical services utilization differs in private practices, compared with urban clinics.
Pediatric Cyanide Poisoning: Causes, Manifestations, Management, and Unmet Needs
Authors: Geller Robert J. , Barthold Claudia , Saiers Jane A. , Hall Alan H.
Published: November 2006

Confirmed cases of childhood exposure to cyanide are rare despite multiple potential sources including inhalation of fire smoke, ingestion of toxic household and workplace substances, and ingestion of cyanogenic foods. Because of its infrequent occurrence, medical professionals may have difficulty recognizing cyanide poisoning, confirming its presence, and treating it in pediatric patients. The sources and manifestations of acute cyanide poisoning seem to be qualitatively similar between children and adults, but children may be more vulnerable than adults to poisoning from some sources. The only currently available antidote in the United States (the cyanide antidote kit) has been used successfully in children but has particular risks associated with its use in pediatric patients. Because hemoglobin kinetics vary with age, methemoglobinemia associated with nitrite-based antidotes may be excessive at standard adult dosing in children. A cyanide antidote with a better risk/benefit ratio than the current agent available in the United States is desirable. The vitamin B12 precursor hydroxocobalamin, which has been used in Europe, may prove to be an attractive alternative to the cyanide antidote kit for pediatric patients. In this article we review the available data on the sources, manifestations, and treatment of acute cyanide poisoning in children and discuss unmet needs in the management of pediatric cyanide poisoning.
Menstruation in Girls and Adolescents: Using the Menstrual Cycle as a Vital Sign
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics,   Committee on Adolescence,   American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,   Committee on Adolescent Health Care
Published: November 2006

Young patients and their parents often are unsure about what represents normal menstrual patterns, and clinicians also may be unsure about normal ranges for menstrual cycle length and amount and duration of flow through adolescence. It is important to be able to educate young patients and their parents regarding what to expect of a first period and about the range for normal cycle length of subsequent menses. It is equally important for clinicians to have an understanding of bleeding patterns in girls and adolescents, the ability to differentiate between normal and abnormal menstruation, and the skill to know how to evaluate young patients’ conditions appropriately. Using the menstrual cycle as an additional vital sign adds a powerful tool to the assessment of normal development and the exclusion of pathological conditions.
Infant Mortality Trends and Differences Between American Indian/Alaska Native Infants and White Infants in the United States, 1989–1991 and 1998–2000
Authors: Tomashek Kay M. , Qin Cheng , Hsia Jason , Iyasu Solomon , Barfield Wanda D. , Flowers Lisa M.
Published: November 2006

Objectives. To describe changes in infant mortality rates, including birthweight-specific rates and rates by age at death and cause.

Methods. We analyzed US linked birth/infant-death data for 1989–1991 and 1998–2000 for American Indians/Alaska Native (AIAN) and White singleton infants at ≥20 weeks’ gestation born to US residents. We calculated birthweight-specific infant mortality rates (deaths in each birthweight category per 1000 live births in that category), and overall and cause-specific infant mortality rates (deaths per 100000 live births) in infancy (0–364 days) and in the neonatal (0–27 days) and postneonatal (28–364 days) periods.

Results. Birthweight-specific infant mortality rates declined among AIAN and White infants across all birthweight categories, but AIAN infants generally had higher birthweight-specific infant mortality rates. Infant mortality rates declined for both groups, yet in 1998–2000, AIAN infants were still 1.7 times more likely to die than White infants. Most of the disparity was because of elevated post-neonatal mortality, especially from sudden infant death syndrome, accidents, and pneumonia and influenza.

Conclusions. Although birthweight-specific infant mortality rates and infant mortality rates declined among both AIAN and White infants, disparities in infant mortality persist. Preventable causes of infant mortality identified in this analysis should be targeted to reduce excess deaths among AIAN communities.
Socioeconomic Gradients in Health for White and Mexican-Origin Populations
Authors: Goldman Noreen , Kimbro Rachel T. , Turra Cassio M. , Pebley Anne R.
Published: November 2006

Objectives. We assessed whether the few findings to date suggesting weak relationships between education and health-related variables among Hispanics are indicative of a more widespread pattern.

Methods. We used logistic regression models to examine education differentials (i.e., education gradients) in health behaviors and outcomes among White and Mexican-origin adults, adolescents, and infants. We gathered information from 3 data sets: the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, and the National Health Interview Survey.

Results. In contrast with patterns for Whites, education was weakly associated or not associated with numerous health-related variables among the US Mexican-origin population. Among adults, Mexican immigrants were especially likely to have weaker education gradients than Whites.

Conclusions. The weak relationships between education and health observed among individuals of Mexican origin may have been the result of several complex mechanisms: social gradients in health in Mexico that differ from those in the United States, selective immigration according to health and socioeconomic status, and particular patterns of integration of Mexican immigrants into US society.
The Influence of Race, Ethnicity, and Individual Socioeconomic Factors on Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis
Authors: Lantz Paula M. , Mujahid Mahasin , Schwartz Kendra , Janz Nancy K. , Fagerlin Angela , Salem Barbara , Liu Lihua , Deapen Dennis , Katz Steven J.
Published: November 2006

Objectives. Previous research has generally found that racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis attenuate when measures of socioeconomic status are included in the analysis, although most previous research measured socioeconomic status at the contextual level. This study investigated the relation between race/ethnicity, individual socioeconomic status, and breast cancer stage at diagnosis.

Methods. Women with stage 0 to III breast cancer were identified from population-based data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registries in the Detroit and Los Angeles metropolitan areas. These data were combined with data from a mailed survey in a sample of White, Black, and Hispanic women (n=1700). Logistic regression identified factors associated with early-stage diagnosis.

Results. Black and Hispanic women were less likely to be diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer than were White women (P< .001). After control for study site, age, and individual socioeconomic factors, the odds of early detection were still significantly less for Hispanic women (odds ratio [OR]=0.45) and Black women (OR = 0.72) than for White women. After control for the method of disease detection, the White/Black disparity attenuated to insignificance; the decreased likelihood of early detection among Hispanic women remained significant (OR=0.59).

Conclusion. The way in which racial/ethnic minority status and socioeconomic characteristics produce disparities in women’s experiences with breast cancer deserves further research and policy attention.
Transgenerational Effect of the Endocrine Disruptor Vinclozolin on Male Spermatogenesis
Authors: Anway Matthew D. , Memon Mushtaq A. , Uzumcu Mehmet , Skinner Michael K.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The current study was designed to examine the actions of a model endocrine disruptor on embryonic testis development and male fertility. Pregnant rats (F0) that received a transient embryonic exposure to an environmental endocrine disruptor, vinclozolin, had male offspring (F1) with reduced spermatogenic capacity. The reduced spermatogenetic capacity observed in the F1 male offspring was transmitted to the subsequent generations (F2‐F4). The administration of vinclozolin, an androgen receptor antagonist, at 100 mg/kg/day from embryonic day 8–14 (E8‐E14) of pregnancy to only the F0 dam resulted in a transgenerational phenotype in the subsequent male offspring in the F1‐F4 generations. The litter size and male/female sex ratios were similar in controls and the vinclozolin generations. The average testes/body weight index of the postnatal day 60 (P60) males was not significantly different in the vinclozolin‐treated generations compared to the controls. However, the testicular spermatid number, as well as the epididymal sperm number and motility, were significantly reduced in the vinclozolin generations compared to the control animals. Postnatal day 20 (P20) testis from the vinclozolin F2 generation had no morphological abnormalities, but did have an increase in spermatogenic cell apoptosis. Although the P60 testis morphology was predominantly normal, the germ cell apoptosis was significantly increased in the testes cross sections of animals from the vinclozolin generations. The increase in apoptosis was stage‐specific in the testis, with tubules at stages IX—XIV having the highest increase in apoptotic germ cells. The tubules at stages I—V also had an increase in apoptotic germ cells compared to the control samples, but tubules at stages VI—VIII had no increase in apoptotic germ cells. An outcross of a vinclozolin generation male with a wild‐type female demonstrated that the reduced spermatogenic cell phenotype was transmitted through the male germ line. An outcross with a vinclozolin generation female with a wild‐type male had no phenotype. A similar phenotype was observed in outbred Sprague Dawley and inbred Fisher rat strains. Observations demonstrate that a transient exposure at the time of male sex determination to the antiandrogenic endocrine disruptor vinclozolin can induce an apparent epigenetic transgenerational phenotype with reduced spermatogenic capacity.
Assessment of the Relational Factor in Male Patients Consulting for Sexual Dysfunction: The Concept of Couple Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Petrone Luisa , Mannucci Edoardo , Magini Angela , Lotti Francesco , Ricca Valdo , Chiarini Valerio , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: In a consecutive series of 1140 male subjects reporting a stable couple relationship and different degrees of sexual dysfunction, we evaluated the impact of relational factors, as assessed by the Structured Interview on Erectile Dysfunction (SIEDY) Scale 2 (exploring, as reported by the patient, menopausal symptoms, partner's medical illness interfering with sexual activity, and reduced partner desire and climax). We found that the SIEDY Scale 2 is significantly and independently associated with erectile dysfunction (ED), delayed ejaculation, hypoactive sexual desire, and decreased frequency of intercourse. SIEDY Scale 2 scores are associated with an advanced age of the partner and a long couple relationship, independently from patient's age. In addition, an increased relational factor correlates with increased extramarital affairs, conflicts in the couple, alcohol abuse, and presence of depressive symptoms, as assessed by the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. Our results should encourage the andrologist to consider the context in which sexual symptoms develop, analyzing the relationship and partner's behaviors and diseases. Resolving, or at least ameliorating, the relational background and the sexual framework might help in treating male sexual dysfunction.
The Sycp1‐Cre Transgenic Mouse and Male Germ Cell Inhibition of NF‐κB
Authors: Rasoulpour Reza J. , Boekelheide Kim
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Successful spermatogenesis requires autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling throughout the testes. The seminiferous tubules contain somatic Sertoli cells in tight association with numerous germ cell populations. To address the in vivo biologic roles of genes during spermatogenesis, spatial and temporal restriction of gene inhibition is a useful approach. To this end, Cre‐LoxP technology can produce cell‐specific knockdowns of genes, allowing dissection of the underlying processes that manifest as functional deficits in whole animals. Here we report the use of the synaptonemal complex protein 1‐Cre (Sycp1‐Cre) to create germ cell—specific nuclear factor κB knockdown mice through floxed IκB kinaseβ. We observed a LoxP gene recombination rate of approximately 43% using Sycp1‐Cre, as determined by offspring genotype. In addition, we confirm that, with multiple generations, the LoxP sites fail to recombine due to epigenetic modification. This detailed examination of the meiotic Sycp1‐Cre recombinase activity highlights the obstacles to germ cell—specific gene inhibition through Cre/LoxP technology in the testis. Taken together, these data demonstrate a need for early spermatogonial expression of Cre recombinase, as an alternative to meiotic Cre expression, for the creation of germ cell—specific knockout mice.
University Governance in Denmark: From Democracy to Accountability?
Authors: Carney Stephen
Published: November 2006

This article reports the findings of a Danish research council-funded project aimed at exploring a comprehensive package of management reforms in higher education instituted in Denmark since 2003. The reforms attempt to change not only the way institutions are governed but the very notion of democracy and engagement in higher education. In short, a long-established tradition for university governance based on the internal election of staff and students has been replaced by the formation of university boards comprising a majority of members external to the university. In most cases the leadership of these boards has fallen to senior executives from the commercial sector with a mandate to reform decision-making processes, to encourage the reorientation of educational programmes to the labour market, and to make research more accessible to industry and commerce. Whilst boards are responsible for the university's development agenda (and formal development contract with the government), university rectors (vice-chancellors) and their senior management teams are given greatly increased powers to ‘run’ ‘their’ institutions. Whilst Danish universities have maintained some degree of continuity with earlier democratic/administrative forms of governance based on internal elected representation, these non-executive bodies are in the process of being marginalised by new hierarchical models of ‘executive’ governance. In the process, ‘democracy’, understood by internal stakeholders as a parliamentary political discourse based upon proportional representation, becomes an attachment to rather than a defining element of the university, posing fundamental questions about the role of such institutions in late modern society, and the place of academic staff within them.
Evaluation of the effects of short-chain fatty acids and extracellular pH on bovine neutrophil function in vitro
Authors: Mills Steven W. , Montgomery Shaylyn H. , Morck Douglas W.
Published: November 2006

Objective—To investigate the effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and pH on neutrophil oxidative burst, phagocytosis, and morphology after exposure to acetate, propionate, butyrate, or succinate at pH 5.5 and 6.7.

Sample Population—Neutrophils isolated from bovine blood samples and Porphyromonas levii, Prevotella spp, and Bacteroides fragilis isolated from lesions of cattle with acute interdigital phlegmon (foot rot).

Procedures—Bacteria were cultured in strictly anaerobic conditions. Bacterial SCFA production was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. Neutrophils were isolated, stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan (OZ), and incubated with dihydroethidium or dichlorofluorescein diacetate to measure production of O2−and H2O2, respectively. Phagocytosis was assessed after exposure to serum-opsonized bacteria. Cellular morphology was assessed with differential staining.

Results—All bacteria produced at least 3 of the 4 SCFAs. Production of both O2− and H2O2 was markedly curtailed in PMA-stimulated neutrophils exposed to SCFA at pH 5.5, compared with production at pH 6.7. Succinate caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in O2− production at pH 6.7 in OZ-stimulated neutrophils. Monoprotic SCFAs elicited a significant increase in H2O2 production in OZ-stimulated neutrophils at pH 6.7 but a significant decrease at pH 5.5. Monoprotic SCFAs significantly increased phagocytosis at pH 6.7 but decreased phagocytic activity at pH 5.5. Cellular necrosis was observed in cells exposed to SCFAs at pH 5.5.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Establishment and persistence of anaerobic bacteria in cattle with foot rot infection may result in part from neutrophil dysfunction secondary to the effects of bacterially secreted SCFA in acidotic microenvironments.
Determination of polymethoxylated flavones in peels of selected Jamaican and Mexican citrus (Citrusspp.) cultivars by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Green Curtis O. , Wheatley Andrew O. , Osagie Anthony U. , Morrison Errol Y. St. A. , Asemota Helen N.
Published: November 2006

The concentrations of the polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) in peels of selected citrus cultivars grown in Jamaica and Mexico were determined. The PMFs were extracted from sun‐dried citrus peels with reagent‐grade methanol. Analyses were carried out by reverse‐phase HPLC and UV detection. The column used was a C185 µm (150 × 4.6 mm) Discovery column. Elution was in the gradient mode, using a ternary mobile phase. The results showed that all the citrus cultivars used contained at least three of the six major PMFs quantified. Ortanique peel contained the highest quantity of PMFs (34,393 ± 272 ppm), followed by tangerine (28,389 ± 343 ppm) and Mexican sweet orange (sample 1; 21,627 ± 494 ppm). The major PMFs, i.e. sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, heptamethoxyflavone, tetramethylscutellarein and hexamethyl‐o‐quercetagetin, present in the peels of 20 citrus cultivars, was quantified. The results were compared with those of Florida citrus peels. A large amount of citrus peels and byproducts are produced in the Caribbean which could provide a cheap and convenient source of PMFs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral resolution of monosaccharides as 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone derivatives by ligand‐exchange CE using borate anion as a central ion of the chiral selector
Authors: Kodama Shuji , Aizawa Sen‐ichi , Taga Atsushi , Yamashita Tomohisa , Yamamoto Atsushi
Published: November 2006

Six reducing monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, fucose, glucose, xylose, and arabinose) were derivatized with 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone (PMP) and chiral resolution of these racemic PMP‐monosaccharides was studied by ligand‐exchange CE using borate anion as a central ion of the chiral selector and (S)‐3‐amino‐1,2‐propanediol (SAP) as a chiral selector ligand. PMP‐mannose, PMP‐galactose and PMP‐fucose were successfully enantioseparated. Lowering the capillary temperature increased the resolution of PMP‐mannose system, but decreased that of PMP‐galactose and PMP‐fucose systems. Whereas the maximum resolution was obtained at pH 8.9 in the PMP‐mannose system, resolution increased gradually with pH in the PMP‐galactose and PMP‐fucose systems. Expecting the formation of the ternary borate complexes with SAP and PMP‐monosaccharide in the CE experiments, the optimized structures of the borate diastereomers were obtained by semiempirical molecular orbital calculations to discuss the structural difference of the diastereomers in connection with the enantioseparation behaviors.
Empfindlichkeit von Meeresbakterien gegenüber einigen in der fischverarbeitenden Industrie eingesetzten Desinfektionsmitteln. 1. Mitt. Homologe und heterologe Resistenz von Pseudomonas und Moraxella spp.
Authors: Zaleski St. , Stopikowska I.
Published: November 2006

Es wird nachgewiesen, daß Stämme von Moraxella spp. gegen die quartäre Ammonium‐ und Pyridinbasen (QAPB) enthaltenden Desinfektionsmittel Sterinol und Laurosept nur eine schwache Resistenz ausbilden. Bei Stämmen von Pseudomonas spp. wird dagegen eine erhebliche homologe und heterologe Resistenz gegen Sterinol und Laurosept beobachtet. Bei 5monatiger Aufbewahrung der resistenten Stämme im QAPB‐freien Medium tritt ein teilweiser Resistenzverlust auf. Keiner der untersuchten Meeresbakterienstämme wurde gegen Chloramin T resistent. Die gegen Laurosept und Sterinol resistenten Stämme werden gegen Chloramin T empfindlicher. Obwohl diese Keime keine Chloramin‐T‐Resistenz ausbilden, werden sie infolge des Kontakts mit subletalen Konzentrationen dieser Verbindung gegen QAPB empfindlicher.
Studien zur Glyceridstruktur von Fetten II. Mitt. Strukturuntersuchungen an ausgewählten Nußfetten mit Hilfe von Lipasen
Authors: Franzke Cl. , Kroll J. , Göbel R.
Published: November 2006

Mit Hilfe der Pankreaslipase und der Lipase von Geotrichum candidum werden Fettsäureverteilung und Glyceridklassenzusammensetzung von Erdnuß‐, Walnuß‐, Haselnuß‐ Paranuß‐und Cashewnußfett bestimmt. Sowohl Fettsäureverteilung als auch Glyceridklassenzusammensetzung sind mit denen anderer Pflanzenfette, die eine entsprechende Gesamtfettsäurezusammensetzung besitzen, vergleichbar.
The maximum take‐up velocity as a spinnability criterion and its dependence on the composition of coagulation bath, illustrated by an example of sodium alginate
Authors: Dmitrienko A. P. , Varfolomeeva E. P. , Grinberg V. Ja. , Tolstoguzov V. B.
Published: November 2006

We present the results of a study of sodium alginate solutions spinnability in a coagulation bath containing CaCl2 and HCl.

The spinnability is estimated by means of the measurement of the maximum take‐up velocity (MTUV) of the fiber at the time of breaking. We have demonstrated that MTUV represents a function of parameters associated with the peculiar features of coagulation. A simplified relation is suggested which allows to consider MTUV as spinnability criterion.
Rückstandsuntersuchungen bei Milch nach Anwendung der Fasziolizide Rafoxanid und Hexachlor‐p‐xylol
Authors: Gabrio T. , Konrad H. , Scheybal A. , Dedek W. , Schwarz H.
Published: November 2006

Die Leberegelsanierung bei laktierenden Rindern kann zu erheblichen Rückstandsproblemen für die Milchwirtschaft führen. In der DDR war bis vor kurzem ein Fasziolizid auf der Basis von Hexachlor‐p‐xylol zugelassen, ein anderes Präparat auf der Grundlage von Rafoxanid wurde geprüft. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen, daß beide Wirkstoffe über einen längeren Zeitraum mit der Milch ausgeschieden werden, wobei Rafoxanid günstiger einzuschätzen ist. Ihr ausgeprägtes lipophiles Verhalten führt zur Anreicherung in der Fettphase und damit in fettreichen Milcherzeugnissen.
On Rapeseed Meals. Part XXVI. Some Remarks on the Biological Value of Rapeseed Meal Proteins after Silage
Authors: Borowska J. , Cichon R. , Kozlowska H. , Rutkowski A.
Published: November 2006

The influence of propionic bacteria on the biological value of potato‐rapeseed meal protein ensilage was investigated. The inoculation of the ensilage with Propionibacterium Petersoni T 112 led to the reduction of the content of goitrogenous compounds (isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones) and to an increase of the nutritive value (NPU, PER) of the rapeseed protein. The increase of the protein value is greater by the application of propionic bacteria than by toasting of rapeseed meal.
Zum Rückstandsverhalten von Ethephon an Tomaten 1. Mitt. Gewächshaustomaten
Authors: Beitz H. , Banasiak U. , Bergner U.
Published: November 2006

Das Präparat Flordimex mit 30% Wirkstoff Ethephon (2‐Chloräthanphosphonsäure) wird zur Reifebeschleunigung bei Tomaten eingesetzt. Während der Jahre 1974 bis 1977 wurden Tomatenproben aus 89 Versuchen auf Ethephonrückstände untersucht. Die Bestimmung erfolgte gaschromatographisch mittels AFID als 2‐Chloräthanphosphonsäuredimethylester; Nachweisgrenze der Methode 0,01 mg/kg. Die Ergebnisse sind anhand des vom Ministerium für Gesundheitswesen der DDR erlassenen Toleranzwertes für Gemüsefrüchte von i mg/kg zu bewerten. Bei den geprüften Anwendungskonzentratiohen von o, 1%, 0,2%, 0,3% und O,4% und Aufwandmengen bis zu 1500 1/ha traten i bis 2 Tage nach der Applikation durchschnittliche Rückstandswerte von 0,31,0,50,0,39 und 0,91 mg/kg auf, die sich nur langsam verringerten. Daraus muß abgeleitet werden, daß die staatlich zuzulassende Brühekonzentration 0,3% bei einer Präparateaufwandmenge von 6 1/ha nicht überschreiten darf. Bei mehrmaliger Anwendung ist ein Abstand von 3 Wochen zwischen den Behandlungen einzuhalten. Nach 4 bis 5 Tagen liegen die durchschnittlichen Rückstandswerte bei den genannten Applikationsbedingungen bei 0,6 mg/kg. Diese Zeitspanne gilt als vorläufige Karenzzeit, die nach Behandlung von Tomaten mit Flordimex in Gewächshausanlagen einzuhalten ist.
Beiträge zur sensorischen Charakterisierung von Apfelsorten 1. Mitt. Frühsorten
Authors: Tunger L. , Groh W. , Rothe M.
Published: November 2006

Mit dem Ziel einer vergleichenden Prüfung der Gesamtqualität und von Teileigenschaften der Qualität des Apfelfruchtfleisches und der Apfelschale ist ein sensorisches Bewertungsverfahren erarbeitet worden. Seine Anwendung durch geschulte, nicht auf dem Obstgebiet tätige Prüfpersonen auf Apfelsorten zeigt, daß trotz hoher Variabilität der Frischobstbeschaffenheit eine vergleichende Qualitätsbewertung und die Differenzierung von Sorten möglich sind. Der Einfluß von Erntejahr und Sorte war sowohl über die geprüften Teilmerkmale als auch über die Bildung eines Gesamtqualitätswertes aus den Hauptmerkmalen „Apfelaromaintensität”︁, „Harmonischer Charakter”︁ und „Knackigkeit”︁ zu ermitteln. Erste orientierende Untersuchungen bestätigen, daß die Sorten ‘James Grieve’ und ‘Helios’ auf Grund ihrer sensorischen Qualität Spitzenerzeugnisse unter den Frühsorten darstellen.
Beiträge zur Bewertung von Käsearoma 1. Mitt. Erarbeitung einer sensorischen Profilmethode und Anwendung auf verschiedene Käsesorten
Authors: Rothe M. , Engst W. , Voigt I.
Published: November 2006

Die bisher zur Qualitätsbewertung von Käse eingesetzten Punktbewertungsverfahren ermöglichen infolge ausschließlicher Bewertung der Gesamtqualität und des Vorkommens von Fehlern keinen sensorischen Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Käsesorten. Über ein systematisches Trainingsprogramm einer Prüfgruppe ist eine sensorische Profilmethode erarbeitet worden, die neben der Bewertung der Gesamt‐Flavourqualität und von Fremdeindrücken (Off‐Flavour‐Noten) eine Aufschlüsselung in sensorische Teileindrücke und deren quantitative Bewertung ermöglicht.

Die Untersuchung von 11 Käsesorten mit dieser quantifizierten Methode zeigt, daß viele sensorisch erfaßbaren Teileindrücke nicht für eine Käsesorte spezifisch sind, sondern auch in anderen Sorten in unterschiedlicher Intensität wiederkehren. Bei der graphischen Darstellung der sensorischen Profile ergeben sich unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen Bilder, die für die einzelnen Sorten charakteristisch sind und welche typische Abweichungen optisch erkennen lassen.
Über die Untersuchung von Organochlor‐Insektizidrückständen in Tabak und Tabakwaren 2. Mitt. Rückstandsmengen der in der DDR verarbeiteten Rohtabake
Authors: Richter M.
Published: November 2006

Es wird über den Gehalt an Insektizidrückständen von DDR‐ und importierten Rohtabaken berichtet. Mit der angewandten Analysenmethode können 16 chlorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe analysiert werden. In den Tabaken der VR Korea wurde kein DDT gefunden. Die Tabake der UVR lagen im durchschnittlichen DDT‐Gehalt unter 0,1 ppm, dem möglicherweise künftig als Toleranzgrenze zu betrachtenden Wert. Die Proben der anderen Länder enthielten mit einigen Ausnahmen weniger als 1 ppm der gesamten DDT‐Gruppe. Lediglich ein Zigarrentabak aus Paraguay wies mit 7,20 ppm DDT einen sehr hohen Wert auf. Mit Ausnahme dieser Probe sind die Rückstandswerte auf die Persistenz des DDT im Boden und die relativ hohe Aufnahme durch den Tabak zurückzuführen, da mit Ausnahme weniger Länder kein DDT für die Behandlung von Tabak mehr eingesetzt wird. Lindan war in sämtlichen Tabaken in geringen Konzentrationen enthalten. In einigen Tabaken wurden Spuren bzw. sehr geringe Anteile der übrigen Organochlor‐Insektizide nachgewiesen.
Ermittlung eines optimalen Probenahmeverfahrens auf mathematisch‐statistischer Grundlage für industriell hergestellte Mischfuttermittel
Authors: Hering D.
Published: November 2006

Für ausgewählte Mischfuttersorten sowie die Parameter Rohprotein, Harnstoff und Calcium wird ein optimales, statistisch begründetes Probenahmeverfahren ermittelt. Die dazu benötigten mathematisch‐statistischen Grundlagen werden erläutert. Der Einfluß der Varianz der Partie sowie des Analysenfehlers auf den Probenahmeplan wird dargestellt.
Rheologische Eigenschaften des Systems Calciumalginat‐Kartoffelstärke‐hydrolysat‐Wasser
Authors: Tschimirov J. I. , Kislova T. V. , Braudo E. E. , Schierbaum F. R. , Straschnenko E. S. , Tolstoguzov V. B. , Augustat S.
Published: November 2006

Die rheologischen Eigenschaften flüssiger Lösungen und Gele aus Natriumalginat, Calciumgluconat und gelbildendem Maltodextrin (SHP) wurden untersucht und mit dem Verhalten von Kleistern und Gelen von unabgebauter Kartoffelstärke verglichen. Die Abhängigkeit der rheologischen Eigenschaften von der Calciumgluconatkonzentration trägt extremen Charakter; eine deutliche Erhöhung der Viskosität der flüssigen Lösungen und ein Maximum an Härte und Bruchfestigkeit der Gele wird bei einem Konzentrationsverhältnis von Calciumgluconat zu Natriumalginat von 0,3 erzielt. Hinsichtlich ihrer Bruchfestigkeit, Elastizität und Härte bleiben die Gele auf Maltodextrin‐Grundlage hinter solchen auf Kartoffelstärkebasis um ein mehrfaches zurück. Die Bruchfestigkeit, Härte und Elastizität von Maltodextrin‐Gelen wird durch Zusatz von Natriumalginat und Calciumgluconat erhöht, woraus eine Effektivitätssteigerung beim Einsatz in Lebensmitteln erreicht werden kann.
Some comments on the usefulness of 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test for the evaluation of rancidity in frozen fish
Authors: Kolakowska A. , Deutry J.
Published: November 2006

Rancidity of frozen fish (Baltic cod and herring, mackerel, horse mackerel and hake) was determined by means of TBA value, organoleptical scoring and peroxide value. The correlation between the rancid odour sensory assessment and TBA test results proved insignificant (r = 0.53). Model experiment was undertaken in which promine D with addition of papain was incubated at 50°C over 44 h. It was shown that as accumulation of protein hydrolysis products proceeded the increase of TBA value has taken place without development of rancid odour and with peroxide content below sensibility of sulphocyanide method. With regard to fish, therefore, it seems that the TBA test applied by means of techniques in which the reaction with TBA proceeds in the presence of interfering substances should be treated as a „freshness test”︁ rather than a strictly rancidity one.
Electron‐microscopic studies of structure formation of isolated myofibrillar proteins during the freezing‐thawing process
Authors: Rogozhin S. V. , Belavtseva E. M. , Vainerman E. S. , Radchenko L. G. , Pivovarov P. P. , Golovina T. O. , Pertsevoy F. V.
Published: November 2006

An electron‐microscopic study of cryostructurization of isolated myofibrillar proteins of Antarctic krill has been carried out. It has been found out that after freezing‐thawing krill's protein suspension has a spatial meshy structure. Correlation of electron microscopic findings and physico‐mechanical properties does occur. Transmission electron microscopy used together with the freezefracture technique proved to be most informative for the test subject.
Quantitative Bestimmung toxischer Elemente in mikrobiologisch erzeugten technischen Eiweißfuttermitteln 3. Mitt. Photometrische Bestimmung von Arsenspuren mittels Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat und mit der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie‐Hydridtechnik
Authors: Wittig H. , De Parade D. , Faulhaber E.
Published: November 2006

Zur Bestimmung von Arsenspuren in mikrobiologisch erzeugten Eiweißfuttermitteln wird ein Ergebnisvergleich zwischen der photometrischen Methode mit Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat (AgDDTC) und der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie‐Hydridtechnik angestellt. Die Probenvorbereitung erfolgte durch Trockenveraschung unter Zusatz von MgO/Mg(NO3)2bzw. Aufschluß mit Salpetersäure. Weitere vergleichende Ergebnisse wurden mit der Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse erhalten. Die Recovery‐Werte betragen für die AgDDTC‐Methode 91 bis 96%, für die AAS‐Hydridtechnik 97 bis 118%.

Mit Hilfe dieser Methoden wurden Produktmuster neuer Eiweißfuttermittel aus Hefe‐ und Bakterienbiomassen sowie einige Fermentationsrohstoffe hinsichtlich ihrer Arsengehalte untersucht. Eine Gegenüberstellung der Ergebnisse mit Literaturangaben über Arsengehalte in konventionellen Eiweißfuttermitteln und Nahrungsmitteln zeigt, daß die neuen mikrobiologisch erzeugten Eiweißfuttermittel hinsichtlich der Arsenbelastung mit diesen unbedingt konkurrieren können.
Einfluß von Gewinnungsverfahren auf die funktionellen Eigenschaften von Ölsamenproteinen
Authors: Brückner J. , Mieth G.
Published: November 2006

Am Beispiel von Sonnenblumen‐ und Sojaproteinisolaten werden Zusammenhänge zwischen verfahrens‐spezifischen Einflußfaktoren bei der Samenvorbehandlung, der Proteinextraktion, ‐fällung und ‐trocknung sowie der Zusammensetzung und den funktionellen Eigenschaften in einfachen Modellsystemen dargestellt. Weiterhin werden Auswirkungen der Supplementierung von Weizenbrot sowie der Substitution von Fleisch in Wurstwaren durch Proteine behandelt. Die Ergebnisse werden unter dem Aspekt einer gezielten Anpassung der Eigenschaften von Proteinen an spezielle Verbrauchererwartungen über eine Variation der Isolierungs‐ und Verarbeitungsbedingungen diskutiert.
Herstellung und Nutzung enzymatischer Proteinhydrolysate aus Knochenschrotrückständen mechanischer Knochenentfleischungsanlagen 1. Mitt. Untersuchungen zur enzymatischen Hydrolyse von Rinderknochenschrot
Authors: Behnke U. , Ackermann E. , Ruttloff H.
Published: November 2006

Das bei der mechanischen Entfleischung von Rinder‐ und Schweineknochen verbleibende grobe und feine Knochenschrot kann zur Verwertung der darin noch enthaltenen Proteine enzymatisch hydrolysiert werden. Von 4 geprüften Enzympräparaten (Thermitase aus Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, alkalische Protease aus Bac. licheniformis, Brauereienzym aus Bac. amyloliquefaciens und Pankreatin) hat sich Thermitase wegen ihrer hohen Effektivität besonders bewährt. Es werden die optimalen Hydrolysebedingungen ermittelt. Die 3 industriell anfallenden Knochenschrotarten (gesamt, grob, fein) unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich der Hydrolyseresultate nur wenig. Aus der Aminosäurenzusammensetzung wird die biologische Wertigkeit abgeschätzt.

Sie ist auf Grund des relativ hohen Bindegewebsanteils verhältnismäßig niedrig und etwa mit Weizengluten vergleichbar. Für den vorgeschlagenen Einsatz der Hydrolysate als Speisewürzen mit Fleischgeschmack ist das jedoch ohne Bedeutung.