bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Baclofen reduces ethanol intake in high‐alcohol‐drinking University of Chile bibulous rats
Authors: Quintanilla María E. , Perez Elizabeth , Tampier Lutske
Published: April 2008

Treatment with γ‐aminobutiric acid (GABAB) receptor agonist, ±baclofen, has been shown to reduce ethanol intake in selectively bred Sardinian alcohol‐preferring rats. The general goal of the present study was to characterize the high ethanol consumption high‐alcohol‐drinking University of Chile bibulous (UChB) rats with regard to the anti‐alcohol effect of GABABreceptor stimulation. UChB rats were treated with the more active enantiomer of baclofen [R(+)‐baclofen; at a dose of 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 mg/kg] administered intraperitoneally once daily for four consecutive days or a single dose. When comparing ethanol and saccharin consumption in a free‐choice regimen with unlimited access 24 hours/day, the dose of baclofen required to attenuate ethanol consumption significantly was 1.0 mg/kg administered once a day for three consecutive days while the dose that was sufficient to affect saccharin consumption significantly was 2.0 mg/kg, indicating that baclofen was more potent in reducing ethanol intake by UChB rats than reducing saccharin consumption. The reduction of ethanol or saccharin intake can not be attributed to baclofen‐induced motor impairment, since baclofen (1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) did not alter spontaneous locomotor activity in UChB rats. Baclofen dose‐dependently suppressed the motor activity stimulated by ethanol administration, a phenomenon mediated by activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. In conclusion, these results showed that the activation of GABABreceptor by R(+)‐baclofen reduced ethanol and saccharin consumption, as well as ethanol‐induced motor stimulation, implicating the GABABreceptor in the neural substrates mediating effects that sustain voluntary ethanol in take in UChB rats.
The pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system: functional and structural interactions with other neurotransmitter systems and their repercussions in behavioral addiction
Authors: López‐Moreno José Antonio , González‐Cuevas Gustavo , Moreno Guillermo , Navarro Miguel
Published: April 2008

Addiction is a chronic, recurring and complex disorder. It is characterized by anomalous behaviors that are linked to permanent or long‐lasting neurobiological alterations. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system has a crucial role in mediating neurotransmitter release as one of the main neuromodulators of the mammalian central nervous system. The purpose of the present review is to instruct readers about the functional and structural interactions between the endocannabinoid system and the main neurotransmitter systems of the central nervous system in the context of drug addiction. With this aim, we have systematically reviewed the main findings of most of the existing literature that explores cross‐talk in the five brain areas that are most traditionally implicated in addiction: amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The neurotransmission systems influenced by the pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system in these brain areas, which are reviewed here, are gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, the main biogenic amines (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin), acetylcholine and opioids. We show that all of these neurotransmitter systems can be modulated differentially in each brain area by the activation or deactivation of cannabinoid CB1 brain receptors. Specifically, most of the studies relate to the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Moreover, the neurotransmitter with the fewest number of related studies is acetylcholine (excepting in the hippocampus), whereas there is a large number that evaluates GABA, glutamate and dopamine. Finally, we propose a possible interpretation of the role of the endocannabinoid system in the phenomenon of addiction.
Functional analysis and expression characteristics of chloroplastic Prx IIE
Authors: Gama Filipe , Bréhélin Claire , Gelhaye Eric , Meyer Yves , Jacquot Jean‐Pierre , Rey Pascal , Rouhier Nicolas
Published: April 2008

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous thiol‐dependent peroxidases capable of eliminating a variety of peroxides through reactive catalytic cysteines, which are regenerated by reducing systems. Based on amino acid sequences and their mode of catalysis, five groups of thiol peroxidases have been distinguished in plants, and type II Prx is one of them with representatives in many sub‐cellular compartments. The mature form of poplar chloroplastic Prx IIE was expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. The protein is able to reduce H2O2 and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide and is regenerated by both glutaredoxin (Grx) and thioredoxin (Trx) systems. Nevertheless, compared with Trxs, Grxs, and more especially chloroplastic Grx S12, are far more efficient reductants towards Prx IIE. The expression of Prx IIE at both the mRNA and protein levels as a function of organ type and abiotic stress conditions was investigated. Western blot analysis revealed that Prx IIE gene is constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, mostly in young and mature leaves and in flowers. Under photo‐oxidative treatment and water deficit, almost no change was observed in the abundance of Prx IIE in A. thaliana, while the level of Prx Q (one of the two other chloroplastic Prxs with 2‐Cys Prx) increased in response to both stresses, indicating that plastidic members of the Prx family exhibit specific patterns of expression under stress.
A cytological study on aluminium‐treated wheat anther cultures resulting in plants with increased Al tolerance
Authors: Bakos F. , Darkó É. , Ascough G. , Gáspár L. , Ambrus H. , Barnabás B.
Published: April 2008

The in vitro selection of microspores and microspore‐derived structures under Al stress is one way to improve the Al tolerance of crops. In our study, cytological alterations caused by Al were examined in anther cultures of a commercial wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety ‘Mv Pálma’, and the efficiency of in vitro selection was demonstrated. Although the anther walls retarded the appearance of toxicity symptoms, cytological changes similar to those observed in root cells (inhibition of cell division, intense vacuolisation, occurrence of micronuclei and cell wall thickening) were detected in the microspores. The severity of Al toxicity and the efficiency of selection depended on the Al concentration and the mode of treatment. Single Al treatments (0.6 and especially 1.6 mM) allowed DH lines with increased Al tolerance to be selected. Repeated Al treatment severely inhibited the cell division of the microspores and it was lethal even at a concentration as low as 0.6 mM. The results show that microspore embryogenesis can be exploited for studying the cytological effect of Al and for increasing the Al tolerance of wheat.
Hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion of mango flesh
Authors: Thoo Caroline HF , Freeman Susi
Published: April 2008

A 42‐year‐old woman presented with a hypersensitivity reaction after the ingestion of a small amount of fresh mango gelato. She developed itchy palpable purpuric lesions over her arms, legs, neck and abdomen 4 days after ingestion. The lesions persisted for 5 weeks despite treatment with betamethasone‐17 valerate 0.05% ointment and avoidance of mango. Resolution of these lesions was eventually achieved with continuing treatment. The patient denied any prior contact with mango skin but had experienced previous sensitizing reactions to mango flesh. Patch testing was strongly positive to mango skin and mango flesh. Skin‐prick testing was negative. This case describes a systemic contact dermatitis to mango flesh, an entity less common than allergic contact dermatitis.
Degos' disease with delayed involvement of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Subramaniam Kavitha , Debinski Henry , Heenan Peter
Published: April 2008

A 75‐year‐old woman presented with pink papules over the trunk and limbs. Over the next few weeks, the papules became umbilicated and then developed into porcelain‐white lesions with a rose or violaceous rim. A biopsy of one of these lesions revealed superficial and deep dermal lymphohistiocytic inflammation, mainly perivascular with a central zone of infarction consistent with Degos' disease. Three years later, she presented with increasing abdominal pain, anaemia, raised inflammatory markers and an abdominal bruit. Angiography showed splanchnic vessel stenosis possibly secondary to vasculitis and she underwent successful balloon dilatation. Treatment with prednisolone was commenced. There has been no recurrence of lesions in the 12 months since the balloon dilatation.
Late‐onset Epstein–Barr virus‐negative post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder presenting as ulcerated necrotic papules and nodules in a renal transplant patient
Authors: Tang Mark BY , Tan Eugene ST , Tan Suat Hoon
Published: April 2008

We report a case of B‐cell post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a 57‐year‐old female 19 years postrenal transplant patient who presented with multiple, progressive, painful ulcerated necrotic papules and nodules over the left leg. Histopathological examination showed diffuse infiltration of the dermis by large atypical B‐lymphoid cells, with a negative in situ hybridization test for Epstein–Barr virus. Gastrointestinal involvement was evident by the presence of atypical lymphoid cells in the peritoneal fluid. She only had partial response to localized radiotherapy and intravenous rituximab and died 4 months later of septicaemia. Unusual features highlighted in this case include the very late onset of disease 19 years post‐transplant, Epstein–Barr virus negativity and the aggressive course of disease that did not respond to the reduction of immunosuppression, localized electron beam therapy and intravenous rituximab.
Filaggrin and the great epidermal barrier grief
Authors: McGrath John A
Published: April 2008

One of the principal functions of human skin is to form an effective mechanical barrier against the external environment. This involves the maturation and death of epidermal keratinocytes as well as the assembly of a complex network of differentially and spatially expressed proteins, glycoproteins and lipids into the keratinocyte cell membrane and surrounding extracellular space. In 2006, the key role of the granular cell layer protein filaggrin (filament‐aggregating protein) in maintaining the skin barrier was determined with the identification of loss‐of‐function mutations in the profilaggrin gene (FLG). These mutations have been shown to be the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris and a major risk factor for the development of atopic dermatitis, asthma associated with atopic dermatitis as well as systemic allergies. Mutations in the FLG gene are extremely common, occurring in approximately 9% of individuals from European populations. The remarkable discovery of these widespread mutations is expected to have a major impact on the classification and management of many patients with ichthyosis and atopic disease. It is also hoped that the genetic discovery of FLG mutations will lead to the future development of more specific, non‐immunosuppressive treatments capable of restoring effective skin barrier function and alleviating or preventing disease in susceptible individuals.
A case of sexually induced episodic urticaria
Authors: Burkhart Craig G , Burkhart Craig N
Published: April 2008

A 33‐year‐old male experienced three episodes of urticaria precipitated by exposure to a hidden source of ampicillin. Each occurrence coincided temporally with his girlfriend taking ampicillin for a chest cold and/or allergies. We postulate that he was exposed to ampicillin in the body fluids of his sexual partner.
Association of maternal HIV infection with increase of infant mortality in Malawi
Authors: Hong Rathavuth
Published: April 2008

Aim: To determine the association between maternal HIV infection and infant mortality in Malawi.

Methods: A synthetic cohort life table based on the birth history of 2618 childbirths during 1999 and 2004, from the subsample of 2020 mothers who completed interview and were tested for HIV virus in the 2004 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey was used. The survey collected socio‐demographic and health data of a natural representative sample of women aged 15 to 49; and obtained voluntary counselling tests for HIV infection from one‐third of the representatives of the sample. Associations of maternal HIV status and other factors with infant mortality were estimated using survival regression analysis and the results are presented as hazard ratios (HR) with level of statistical significance (P‐value).

Results: Children born to HIV‐infected mothers were more than two times as likely to die during infancy as those born to uninfected mothers (HR = 2.21;P < 0.01). Controlling for other risk factors and confounding factors for infant mortality further sharpened this relationship (HR = 2.70;P < 0.01). Boys are more likely to die in infancy than girls. Young mothers and mothers not receiving prenatal care, and low‐birthweight children and children living in rural areas, particular so in the northern region, were associated with a higher risk of infant mortality.

Conclusion: Maternal HIV infection is strongly associated with infant mortality in Malawi independent of many other factors. Results from this study suggest that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has had an enormous impact on child well‐being, child survival and infant mortality. The impact increases as the HIV/AIDS epidemic matures and infection in mothers and adults increases.
An immunohistochemical study on a tetanus fatal case using toxin fragment C (TTC). Should it be a useful diagnostic tool?
Authors: Turillazzi Emanuela , Neri Margherita , Pomara Cristoforo , Riezzo Irene , Fineschi Vittorio
Published: April 2008

A 65‐year‐old man fell in his garden and sustained a right pre‐radial cutaneous laceration associated with a Colles' fracture. His status for tetanus immunization was uncertain; so a course of antitetanus treatment was immediately started. Two days after admission the man suddenly developed severe nucal pain, rigidity and dysphagia. A brain CT scan was negative. His condition progressively worsened and then he developed trismus. Cultures from the wound were negative for Clostridium tetani; the CSF analysis was negative. On the 9th day after admission, the man died. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of tetanus was made. Autopsy was performed 24 h after death. An immunohistochemical study was conducted with an antibody directed against tetanus toxin fragment C (TTC). By immunohistochemical evaluation, large motor neurons in the ventral horn were immunopositive for TTC. High power magnification of the ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter samples showed TTC immunoreactivity in motor neuron axons and cell bodies, using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The correct diagnosis could be established on the basis of pathological examination with TTC immunostaining.
Spontaneous regression of small cell lung cancer
Authors: LEE Yeon‐Sun , KANG Hyeon‐Mo , JANG Phil‐Soon , JUNG Sung‐Soo , KIM Jin‐Man , KIM Ju‐Ock , KIM Sun‐Young
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Spontaneous regression of cancers is extremely rare and is associated with specific malignancies. Spontaneous regression of bronchogenic lung cancer has rarely been reported, and regression of small cell lung cancer is even less common. Such regression is generally ascribed to immunological factors but is not well understood. This case report describes a patient with spontaneous regression of small cell lung cancer that has persisted for 11 years and considers possible mechanisms.
A study of the complications of small bore ‘Seldinger’ intercostal chest drains
Authors: DAVIES Helen E. , MERCHANT Shairoz , McGOWN Anne
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  Use of small bore chest drains (<14F), inserted via the Seldinger technique, has increased globally over the last few years. They are now used as first line interventions in most acute medical situations when thoracostomy is required. Limited data are available on the associated complications. In this study, the frequency of complications associated with 12F chest drains, inserted using the Seldinger technique, was quantified.

Methods:  A retrospective case note audit was performed of consecutive patients requiring pleural drainage over a 12‐month period. One hundred consecutive small bore Seldinger (12F) chest drain insertions were evaluated.

Results:  Few serious complications occurred. However, 21% of the chest drains were displaced (‘fell out’) and 9% of the drains became blocked. This contributed to high morbidity rates, with 13% of patients requiring repeat pleural procedures. The frequency of drain blockage in pleural effusion was reduced by administration of regular normal saline drain flushes (odds ratio for blockage in flushed drains compared with non‐flushed drains 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01–0.37, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Regular chest drain flushes are advocated in order to reduce rates of drain blockage, and further studies are needed to determine optimal fixation strategies that may reduce associated patient morbidity.
Long‐term outcome of secondary endopyelotomy after failed primary intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction
Authors: Park Jinsung , Kim Wan S , Hong Bumsik , Park Taehan , Park Hyung K
Published: April 2008

Objective:  To evaluate the long‐term outcome of secondary endopyelotomy after failed primary intervention for uretero‐pelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and to assess the effect of preoperative parameters on treatment outcome.

Methods:  Twenty patients (13 men, seven women; mean age 30.7 years) who underwent secondary endopyelotomy after the failure of a primary intervention for the treatment of congenital UPJ obstruction were included in this retrospective analysis. Mean interval from primary treatment to secondary endopyelotomy was 27.2 months (range 3–123 months). The diagnosis of failure of the primary treatment was based on symptoms and the results of imaging studies. Treatment success was defined as symptomatic relief with either stable or improved renal function and improved wash‐out shown on diuretic renogram or excretory urography.

Results:  Mean follow‐up was 47.2 months (range 6.2–138.8 months). Success rates were as follows: overall, 70%; after primary dismembered pyeloplasty, 66.7%; after primary endopyelotomy, 57.1%; after primary balloon dilatation, 100%. Kaplan‐Meier estimates of success were 64.4% at 5 years. Six patients in whom the procedure failed at a mean of 13.8 months (range 4–33 months) were treated with open pyeloplasty (four patients), simple nephrectomy (one), and a repeat endopyelotomy (one). Grade 4 hydronephrosis and significant obstruction occurred more often in the failure group.

Conclusions:  Endopyelotomy is an acceptable minimally invasive secondary treatment option for UPJ obstruction. Preoperative severe hydronephrosis and the presence of a significant obstruction seem to be risk factors for the failure of a secondary endopyelotomy.
Controversies in perioperative management and antimicrobial prophylaxis in urologic surgery
Authors: Yamamoto Shingo , Shima Hiroki , Matsumoto Tetsuro
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  The Japanese Urological Association (JUA) recently published guidelines for the prevention of perioperative urologic infections. Although the general remarks in the JUA guidelines are almost similar to those in guidelines previously published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and in the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, their differences leave several questions that need to be answered. To clarify agreements and differences in guidelines for perioperative management in urologic interventions for development of more optimal guidelines, reports and reviews previously published were overlooked and discussed. In terms of surgical site infections (SSI) in urologic surgery, consensus for open and endoscopic‐instrumental procedures is still somewhat controversial, while a consensus has not yet emerged for its use in laparoscopic procedures. Further research is required to determine what is an optimal prophylactic protocol to effectively prevent both SSI and remote infections (RI).
Pre‐eclampsia outcomes in different hemodynamic models
Authors: Mei Shuang , Gu Haihua , Wang Qi , Zhang Song , Zeng Yanjun
Published: April 2008

Aim:  To evaluate whether there is a significant relationship between hemodynamic models and pre‐eclampsia outcomes.

Method:  A controlled experimental study was performed. We analyzed 2910 hemodynamic series systematically sampled from 970 pregnant women three times every 2 weeks from the definite diagnosis of pre‐eclampsia until delivery. Women were divided into three groups based on total peripheral resistance (TPR): a low‐TPR group, a normal‐TPR group and a high‐TPR group. Every group was divided into three subgroups based on cardiac index (CI): a low‐CI subgroup, a normal‐CI group and high‐CI group. Common lab tests, electrocardiographic examination, fundus examination, cardiac function, liver function and kidney function were measured after every hemodynamic monitoring. Primary outcomes included various maternal and neonatal morbidity and neonatal and infant mortality.

Results:  In our study we found seven hemodynamic models in pre‐eclampsia during the third trimester of pregnancy. No significant differences in maternal age, weight, and height were observed between the three groups. The low‐TPR and normal‐TPR groups showed better disease results than the high‐TPR group in respect of HELLP (P < 0.01), lung edema (P < 0.01), acute renal failure (P < 0.01), heart failure (P < 0.01), neonatal intensive care unit admission (P < 0.01), infant weight (P < 0.01), neonatal mortality (P < 0.01) and infant mortality (P < 0.01). The low‐TPR group had better results than the normal‐TPR group in respect of eclampsia (P < 0.01), liver hemorrhage (P < 0.01), birthweight (P < 0.01) and gestational week at birth (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Among all the subgroups, the highest maternal and neonatal morbidity was in the high‐TPR‐high‐CI subgroup. There is clear relationship between hemodynamic and disease outcomes during the third trimester.
Pregnancy in uremic patients: An eventful journey
Authors: Bolignano Davide , Coppolino Giuseppe , Crascì Eleonora , Campo Susanna , Aloisi Carmela , Buemi Michele
Published: April 2008

Renal damage, which can be caused by gestational anomalies such as pre‐eclampsia, carries a risk of gestational complications; the greatest risk being in women who become pregnant while on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. If this rare event occurs, there is a marked increase in the risk of pre‐eclampsia, early uterine contractions and hydramnios, hypertensive crisis, preterm delivery and intrauterine growth retard. Furthermore, newborns are almost always of low birthweight. Patients who undergo renal transplantation are another high‐risk category. In such cases, the pregnancy itself can compromise the success of the transplant and the immunosuppressive therapy correlated to it can become a threat to the course of the pregnancy and normal fetal growth. Therefore, in view of the lack of appropriate guidelines for the best possible approach to the treatment of women on dialysis or of those with a renal transplantation, it is best to advise these patients against becoming pregnant and/or to provide a valid counselling service illustrating the extreme difficulties and dangers involved in becoming pregnant.
Thrombophilic mutations in pre‐eclampsia and pregnancy‐induced hypertension
Authors: Omar Siti Z. , Qvist Rajes , Khaing Si L. , Muniandy Sekaran , Bhalla Sunil
Published: April 2008

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to determine the existence or prevalence of thrombophilic markers such as Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, protein S, protein C, activated protein C and anti‐thrombin in pre‐eclampsia and pregnancy‐induced hypertensive patients.

Methods:  Blood samples were collected from a total number of 124 women at the maternity unit, University of Malaya Medical Center. These included 49 patients with pre‐eclampsia, 63 patients with pregnancy‐induced hypertension and 12 normal pregnant women. DNA was extracted from the blood samples. Factor V Leiden (Taq I) and prothrombin G20210A (Hind III) genotyping was done on polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Anti‐thrombin activity and the concentrations of protein C, protein S and activated protein C were measured using the IL Coagulation System (Hemosil).

Results:  Of the 124 subjects, one pre‐eclampsia patient was homozygous for Factor V Leiden mutation but prothrombin G20210A mutation was not present in any of the subjects. The subject with Factor V Leiden mutation also had a low activated protein C resistance and a low protein S concentration.

Conclusions:  Factor V Leiden mutation is present in the Asian population and may very well serve as one of the genetic factors responsible for pre‐eclampsia and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Underlying pathology of women with “atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion” smears, in a region with a high incidence of cervical cancer
Authors: Kietpeerakool Chumnan , Srisomboon Jatupol , Tantipalakorn Charuwan , Suprasert Prapaporn , Khunamornpong Surapan , Nimmanhaeminda Kanchana , Siriaunkgul Sumalee
Published: April 2008

Aim:  To evaluate the histopathology of women who had “atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions” (ASC‐H) on cervical cytology in a region with high incidence of cervical cancer.

Methods:  This study was conducted at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand. All women with ASC‐H, who had undergone colposcopic and histolopathologic evaluation between October 2004 and January 2007, were recruited. Similar cohorts with other squamous cell abnormalities on a Pap‐smear, who had undergone colposcopy during the same period, were included as comparative groups.

Results:  During the study period, 85 women who had ASC‐H smears underwent colposcopic and histopathologic evaluation. The mean age was 45.3 years (range, 20–64 years). The histopathologic results of these 85 women were as follows: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II‐III, 52 (61.2%); invasive cancer, 7 (8.2%); CIN I, 6 (7.1%); and no lesions, 20 (23.5%). The incidence of underlying CIN II or higher in an ASC‐H smear (69.4%) was intermediate between atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (22.7%), low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (44.7%) and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (90.5%) smears. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of CIN II or higher between women who were 40 years old or more and those who were younger (68.7% and 71.4%, respectively, P = 0.81), or between pre‐menopausal and post‐menopausal women (71.4% and 63.6%, respectively, P = 0.49).

Conclusion:  Reporting ASC‐H cytology in our population is strongly associated with significant cervical pathology, particularly invasive cancer that is possibly at a rate higher than previously reported. Women who have ASC‐H smears should therefore be referred for immediate colposcopy regardless of age and menopausal status.
Oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia: A case in which involvement of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist was suspected
Authors: Kato Kaoru , Okuda Mika , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Takahashi Tsuneo , Hirahara Fumiki
Published: April 2008

Administration of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) during the second trimester of pregnancy is known to cause irreversible renal damage in the fetus. We report a case in which ARB was given to the mother from the first trimester until 26 weeks' gestation. The patient had diabetic nephropathy with accompanying nephrotic syndrome. At 8 weeks' gestation, she was started on candesartan cilexetil (an ARB). At 26 weeks' gestation, she was transferred to our center. Severe oligohydramnios was noted. The pregnancy was terminated, and she delivered at 27 weeks' gestation. The neonate weighed 884 g and died 1 h after birth. Autopsy revealed that the lung/bodyweight ratio was 0.0096 (>0.015) and pulmonary hypoplasia was noted. Histological examination of the kidneys showed tubular dysgenesis with poor differentiation of the proximal tubules.
Umbilical cord strangulation by an amniotic band resulting in a stillbirth
Authors: Lurie Samuel , Feinstein Michael , Mamet Yaakov
Published: April 2008

Background:  Amniotic band syndrome with umbilical cord strangulation is extremely rare and is usually described during second trimester. We present a case of umbilical cord strangulation causing fetal demise in a full‐term otherwise healthy fetus.

Case:  A 39‐year‐old gravida 15 para 12 after one previous cesarean section presented with reduced fetal movements at the 41st gestational week. On admission, fetal heart tracing, biophysical profile and oxytocin challenge test were normal. Later, an intrauterine fetal demise was diagnosed. After delivery, an amniotic band causing strangulation of the umbilical cord was observed. The fetus was without apparent anomalies.

Conclusion:  Although extremely rare, constriction of the umbilical cord by an amniotic band can cause its strangulation followed by a stillbirth even in full‐term otherwise healthy fetus.
Uterine choriocarcinoma accompanied by an extremely high human chorionic gonadotropin level and thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Hsieh Tsung‐Ying , Hsu Keng‐Fu , Kuo Pao‐Lin , Huang Soon‐Cen
Published: April 2008

The conventional treatments given to a 24‐year‐old woman with metastatic uterine choriocarcinoma and clinical and biochemical thyrotoxicosis did not appear to have any effect, probably due to an extremely high serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level which was up to 11 910 000 mIU/mL, and were initially underscored in light of the ‘high‐dose hook effect’. To our knowledge, no extremely high hCG level in a uterine choriocarcinoma patient has been reported in the literature. Her decapacitating symptoms subsided after the first course of chemotherapy by etoposide, methotrexate, and actinomycin D‐cyclophosphamide and vincristine (EMA‐CO) regimen. The serum hCG level, which reflects the quantification of host tumor burden, returned to the reference range after the fifth course of chemotherapy and the thyroid function reached euthyroid status before the third course of chemotherapy; two final courses were administered after the hCG level became undetectable. Two years after remission of disease, the patient experienced a normal pregnancy, and a term baby girl was delivered vaginally. No recurrence of uterine choriocarcinoma has been noted for 7 years.
Granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor for the treatment of ritodrine‐induced neutropenia
Authors: Kikkawa Masashi , Matsubara Shigeki , Takatoku Masaaki , Kuwata Tomoyuki , Ohkuchi Akihide , Izumi Akio , Watanabe Takashi , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: April 2008

We report on three pregnant women with ritodrine‐induced neutropenia who were successfully treated with granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF). The neutropenia occurred after continuous intravenous infusion of ritodrine for preterm labor. Ritodrine was discontinued and G‐CSF was administered. Neutrophil counts returned to normal an average of 4.3 days after the administration. No infectious morbidity or adverse side‐effects occurred in the mothers or infants. G‐CSF is one possible treatment in women with ritodrine‐induced neutropenia.
An integrated view of L‐selectin and trophinin function in human embryo implantation
Authors: Fukuda Michiko N. , Sugihara Kazuhiro
Published: April 2008

Determining molecular mechanisms of human embryo implantation is an extremely challenging task due to the limitation of materials and significant differences underlying this process among mammalian species. Recently, L‐selectin and its ligand carbohydrate have been proposed as a system that mediates initial adhesion of human blastocysts to the uterine epithelia. We have also identified trophinin as a unique apical cell adhesion molecule potentially involved in the initial adhesion of trophectoderm of the human blastocyst to endometrial surface epithelia. In the mouse, the binding between ErbB4 on the blastocyst and heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor on the endometrial surface enables the initial step of the blastocyst implantation. The evidence suggests that L‐selectin and trophinin are included in human embryo implantation. This review summarizes findings relevant to the functions of L‐selectin and trophinin in human embryo implantation, and proposes a model that reconciles these cell adhesion mechanisms.
Isolation of novel bacteria, including a candidate division, from geothermal soils in New Zealand
Authors: Stott Matthew B. , Crowe Michelle A. , Mountain Bruce W. , Smirnova Angela V. , Hou Shaobin , Alam Maqsudul , Dunfield Peter F.
Published: April 2008

We examined bacterial diversity of three geothermal soils in the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes recovered directly from soils indicated that the bacterial communities differed in composition and richness, and were dominated by previously uncultured species of the phyla Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and candidate division OP10. Aerobic, thermophilic, organotrophic bacteria were isolated using cultivation protocols that involved extended incubation times, low‐pH media and gellan as a replacement gelling agent to agar. Isolates represented previously uncultured species, genera, classes, and even a new phylum of bacteria. They included members of the commonly cultivated phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Thermus/Deinococcus, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, as well as more‐difficult‐to‐cultivate groups. Isolates possessing < 85% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to any cultivated species were obtained from the phyla Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and the previously uncultured candidate division OP10. Several isolates were prevalent in 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed directly from the soils. A key factor facilitating isolation was the use of gellan‐solidified plates, where the gellan itself served as an energy source for certain bacteria. The results indicate that geothermal soils are a rich potential source of novel bacteria, and that relatively simple cultivation techniques are practical for isolating bacteria from these habitats.
Molecular link of different stages of the trematode host of Neorickettsia risticii to Acanthatrium oregonense
Authors: Gibson Kathryn E. , Rikihisa Yasuko
Published: April 2008

Neorickettsia risticii, the obligatory intracellular bacterium that causes Potomac horse fever, has been detected in various developmental stages of digenetic trematodes in the environment. Neorickettsia risticii‐infected gravid trematodes were identified as Acanthatrium oregonense, based on morphologic keys. However, whether immature trematodes harbouring N. risticii are also A. oregonense was unknown. The objective of this study was to infer the life cycle of N. risticii‐positive trematode hosts and transstadial transmission of the bacterium by molecularly characterizing the relationship among adult and immature stages of trematodes confirmed infected with N. risticii. Sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA genes up to 1922 bp in size were obtained from infected adult gravid trematodes, sporocysts and cercariae, and metacercariae. The sequences from the different immature stages of trematode are closely related to those of adult trematodes, some with 100% sequence identity; thus, they likely are life stages of A. oregonense. Comparisons with known 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of other digenetic trematodes indicated that all tested stages of the N. risticii‐positive trematodes belong to the family Lecithodendriidae, supporting the morphological identification.
Over‐diagnosis and under‐diagnosis of screen‐ vs non‐screen‐detected prostate cancers with in men with prostate‐specific antigen levels of 2.0–10.0 ng/mL
Authors: Pelzer Alexandre E. , Colleselli Daniela , Bektic Jasmin , Schaefer Georg , Ongarello Stefano , Schwentner Christian , Aigner Fritz , Mitterberger Michael , Steiner Eberhard , Bartsch Georg , Horninger Wolfgang
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate possible over‐ and under‐diagnosis of prostate cancer in a screened vs a referral population in the same range of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 1445 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and with a PSA level of <10 ng/mL were evaluated; 237 were from outside Tyrol (Austria) and represented the unscreened group, and 1208 were Tyrolean screening volunteers. Over‐diagnosis was defined as a pathological stage of pT2a and a Gleason score of <7 with no positive surgical margins. Under‐diagnosis was defined as a pathological stage of ≥pT3a or positive surgical margins. The chi‐square test was used to assess the differences, with P < 0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in patient age or PSA levels between the study groups. There was over‐diagnosis in the screening and referral groups in 17.4% and 8.9%, respectively, and under‐diagnosis in 18.6% and 42.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that patients with prostate cancer participating in a screening programme are less likely to be under‐diagnosed or have extracapsular disease than their counterparts in a referral population, even in the same PSA range, after radical prostatectomy. Furthermore, there was more under‐diagnosis in the referral group than over‐diagnosis in the screened group.
Follow‐up of renal masses after cryosurgery using computed tomography; enhancement patterns and cryolesion size
Authors: Beemster Patricia , Phoa Saffire , Wijkstra Hessel , De La Rosette Jean , Laguna Pilar
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVES

To describe the characteristics of cryolesions as seen on computed tomography (CT), for size and enhancement patterns, and to assess correlations between these imaging findings and histopathological diagnosis, as in renal cryosurgery the tumour is ablated in situ and the follow‐up is mainly based on imaging.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Forty‐seven patients with a suspicious renal mass of ≤4 cm had a laparoscopic cryoablation; biopsies were taken during surgery and after cryosurgery the follow‐up was by CT at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months. One radiologist reviewed the CT images, measured the diameter of the cryolesions, and described enhancement patterns.

RESULTS

In 26 patients there were follow‐up CT data for ≥6 months; the mean (range) tumour size was 2.4 (1.3–3.8) cm and the mean follow‐up was 17.2 (6–36) months. One cryolesion showed residual tumour on the first scan after treatment. Of the other 25 cryolesions, 20% showed rim enhancement after treatment, including one also showing focal enhancement. This enhancement had disappeared within 6 months. All cryolesions showed non‐enhancing infiltration of the perirenal fatty tissue. The mean diameter of the cryolesions decreased by 38% in 12 months. These results were independent of histopathological diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Using CT, there is rim enhancement in 20% of cryolesions in the first 6 months after renal cryoablation, with a mean reduction in the diameter of the cryolesions of 38% in the first year. These findings are independent of the histopathological diagnosis.
Early hormonal data from a multicentre phase II trial using transdermal oestrogen patches as first‐line hormonal therapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Langley Ruth E. , Godsland Ian F. , Kynaston Howard , Clarke Noel W. , Rosen Stuart D. , Morgan Rachel C. , Pollock Philip , Kockelbergh Roger , Lalani El‐Nasir , Dearnaley David , Parmar Mahesh , Abel Paul D.
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE

To assess the hormonal effects of Fem7® (Merck, KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) 100 µg transdermal oestrogen patches on men undergoing first‐line androgen‐deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

PATCH is a multicentre, randomized, phase II trial for men with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, comparing luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist therapy with oestrogen patches. To assess the dosing schedule for the patches, as this was the first time that this brand of patch had been used in men, and to reassure patients and participating clinicians, the Independent Data Monitoring Committee agreed to early release of hormonal data from this study.

RESULTS

Oestradiol, testosterone and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels are presented for the first group of 14 patients who received the patches (with 1 withdrawal) and for whom there were ≥12 weeks of follow‐up by March 2007. After 12 weeks, testosterone levels (nmol/L) in eight of the 13 patients were <1.7, two were 1.7–2 and three were >2. The median (range) serum oestradiol levels was 442 (52.1–1542) pmol/L and all patients had a PSA response, with eight having a PSA level of <4 ng/mL.

CONCLUSION

These results confirm that oestrogen patches produce castrate levels of testosterone and concomitant PSA responses. They also highlighted the potential differences between different brands of oestrogen patches, and the need to monitor hormonal response, toxicity and efficacy until more experience with oestrogen patches for this clinical indication is obtained. The number of patches recommended in the PATCH study has now been increased.
AUTOREGRESSIVE CONDITIONAL DURATION MODELS IN FINANCE: A SURVEY OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE
Authors: Pacurar Maria
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper provides an up‐to‐date survey of the main theoretical developments in autoregressive conditional duration (ACD) modeling and empirical studies using financial data. First, we discuss the properties of the standard ACD specification and its extensions, existing diagnostic tests, and joint models for the arrival times of events and some market characteristics. Then, we present the empirical applications of ACD models to different types of events, and identify possible directions for future research.
Urban Governance Under Neoliberalism: New Labour and the Restructuring of State‐Space
Authors: Fuller Crispian , Geddes Mike
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  In the UK there has been a proliferation of agencies at differing regulatory scales as part of the rescaling and restructuring of the state by New Labour, following the neoliberal policies of previous Conservative governments. This raises questions concerning the extent to which New Labour's urban state restructuring is embedded within neoliberalism, and the local tensions and contradictions arising from emergent New Labour urban state restructuring. This paper examines these questions through the analysis of key policy features of New Labour, and the in‐depth exploration of two programmes that are reshaping urban governance arrangements, namely Local Strategic Partnerships (LSPs) and New Deal for Communities (NDC) programmes. We conclude that New Labour's restructuring is best understood in terms of the extended reproduction (roll‐out) of neoliberalism. While these “new institutional fixes” are only weakly established and exhibit internal contradictions and tensions, these have not led to a broader contestation of neoliberalism.
The Emergence of a Working Poor: Labour Markets, Neoliberalisation and Diverse Economies in Post‐Socialist Cities
Authors: Smith Adrian , Stenning Alison , Rochovská Alena , Świa̧tek Dariusz
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  This paper examines the transformations of urban labour markets in two central European cities: Bratislava, Slovakia and Kraków, Poland. It highlights the emergence of in‐work poverty and labour market segmentation, which together are leading to a reconfiguration of the livelihoods and economic practices of urban households. The focus of the paper is on the growing phenomenon of insecure, poor‐quality, contingent labour. It examines the ways in which those who find themselves in, or on the margins of, contingent and insecure labour markets sustain their livelihoods. We ask how such workers and their households negotiate the segmentation of the labour market, the erosion of employment security and the emergence of in‐work poverty and explore the diverse economic practices of those who cannot rely solely on formal employment to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between labour market participation and exclusion, and other spheres of economic life, including informal and illegal labour, household social networks, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that post‐socialist cities are seeing a reconfiguration of class processes, as the materialities and subjectivities of class are remade and as the meaning of work and the livelihoods different forms of labour can sustain are changing.
History, Geography and Difference in the Post‐socialist World: Or, Do We Still Need Post‐Socialism?
Authors: Stenning Alison , Hörschelmann Kathrin
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  This paper seeks to build on ongoing work in east central Europe and the former Soviet Union—in geography and beyond—to think through the conceptualisation of post‐socialism. The rationale for this is threefold. Firstly, we see a need to understand post‐socialist conditions as they are lived and experienced by those in the region. Secondly, we seek to challenge the persistent tendency to marginalise the experiences of the non‐western world in a discourse of globalisation and universalisation. Thirdly, we identify a need to ask how the conditions of post‐socialism reshape our theorising more widely. Centring our analysis on history, geography and difference, we review a wide range of perspectives on the socialist and post‐socialist, but argue for a strategic essentialism that recognises post‐socialist difference without eclipsing differences. In outlining how we might understand history, geography and difference in post‐socialism, we draw on key theorisations from post‐colonialism (such as the articulation of the post‐ with the pre‐, the relationship to the west, the rethinking of histories/categories, the end of the post) and outline post‐socialisms that are partial and not always explanatory but nevertheless important.
Testing the Linkages between Trade and Productivity Growth
Authors: Economidou Claire , Murshid Antu Panini
Published: April 2008

The authors examine the effect of trade on productivity growth using data from nine manufacturing industries across 12 OECD countries over the period 1978–97. Because causality between productivity growth and trade share runs both ways, geographical characteristics of countries are used to instrument for average bilateral trade volumes over the 20‐year period. In addition, to exploit the time‐series nature of the data, the authors construct a panel dataset and employ dynamic panel data techniques. After controlling for industry‐specific heterogeneity, the results indicate that increased exposure to trade, in particular higher import volumes, exerts a positive influence on industries' productivity growth. However, the effect is rather small.