bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of a portable optical emission tomography system for microwave induced compact plasma for visible to near-infrared emission lines
Authors: Rathore Kavita , Munshi Prabhat , Bhattacharjee Sudeep
Published: March 2016

A new non-invasive diagnostic system is developed for Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP) to reconstruct tomographic images of a 2D emission profile. A compact MIP system has wide application in industry as well as research application such as thrusters for space propulsion, high current ion beams, and creation of negative ions for heating of fusion plasma. Emission profile depends on two crucial parameters, namely, the electron temperature and density (over the entire spatial extent) of the plasma system. Emission tomography provides basic understanding of plasmas and it is very useful to monitor internal structure of plasma phenomena without disturbing its actual processes. This paper presents development of a compact, modular, and versatile Optical Emission Tomography (OET) tool for a cylindrical, magnetically confined MIP system. It has eight slit-hole cameras and each consisting of a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor linear image sensor for light detection. The optical noise is reduced by using aspheric lens and interference band-pass filters in each camera. The entire cylindrical plasma can be scanned with automated sliding ring mechanism arranged in fan-beam data collection geometry. The design of the camera includes a unique possibility to incorporate different filters to get the particular wavelength light from the plasma. This OET system includes selected band-pass filters for particular argon emission 750 nm, 772 nm, and 811 nm lines and hydrogen emission Hα (656 nm) and Hβ (486 nm) lines. Convolution back projection algorithm is used to obtain the tomographic images of plasma emission line. The paper mainly focuses on (a) design of OET system in detail and (b) study of emission profile for 750 nm argon emission lines to validate the system design.
Spin-polarized, orbital-selected hole gas at the EuO/Pt interface
Authors: Fredrickson Kurt D. , Demkov Alexander A.
Published: March 2016

Using density functional theory, we explore the magnetic behavior of a EuO/Pt heterostructure. The calculations suggest that the heterostructure could be used as a spin filter, as the Schottky barriers in the spin-up and spin-down channels are calculated to be 1.42 and 2.18 eV, respectively. We discover that the interfacial and second layer of EuO, both have a reduced magnetic moment, while the remainder of the oxide maintains bulk magnetization. These first two layers support a localized mid-gap electronic state that protects the remainder of EuO from losing charge into the large work function Pt, which in turn results in the magnetic moment reduction. Our calculations are consistent with recent experimental results of Barbagallo et al. [Phys. Rev. B 84, 075219 (2011)].
Shock structures in a strongly coupled self-gravitating opposite-polarity dust plasma
Authors: Mamun A. A. , Schlickeiser R.
Published: March 2016

A strongly coupled, self-gravitating, opposite-polarity dust plasma (containing strongly coupled inertial positive and negative dust fluids, and inertialess weakly coupled ions) is considered. The generalized hydrodynamic model and the reductive perturbation method are employed to examine the possibility for the formation of the dust-acoustic (DA) shock structures in such an opposite-polarity dust plasma. It has been shown that the strong correlation among charged dust is a source of dissipation and is responsible for the formation of the DA shock structures in such the opposite-polarity dust plasma medium. The parametric regimes for the existence of the DA shock structures (associated with electrostatic and gravitational potentials) and their basic properties (viz., polarity, amplitude, width, and speed) are found to be significantly modified by the combined effects of positively charged dust component, self-gravitational field, and strong correlation among charged dust. The implications of our results in different space plasma environments and laboratory plasma devices are briefly discussed.
Evaluation of local free carrier concentrations in individual heavily-doped GaN:Si micro-rods by micro-Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Mohajerani M. S. , Khachadorian S. , Schimpke T. , Nenstiel C. , Hartmann J. , Ledig J. , Avramescu A. , Strassburg M. , Hoffmann A. , Waag A.
Published: March 2016

Three-dimensional III-nitride micro-structures are being developed as a promising candidate for the future opto-electrical devices. In this study, we demonstrate a quick and straight-forward method to locally evaluate free-carrier concentrations and a crystalline quality in individual GaN:Si micro-rods. By employing micro-Raman mapping and analyzing lower frequency branch of A1(LO)- and E1(LO)-phonon-plasmon-coupled modes (LPP–), the free carrier concentrations are determined in axial and planar configurations, respectively. Due to a gradual doping profile along the micro-rods, a highly spatially resolved mapping on the sidewall is exploited to reconstruct free carrier concentration profile along the GaN:Si micro-rods. Despite remarkably high free carrier concentrations above 1 × 1020 cm−3, the micro-rods reveal an excellent crystalline quality, without a doping-induced stress.
Apertureless near-field terahertz imaging using the self-mixing effect in a quantum cascade laser
Authors: Dean Paul , Mitrofanov Oleg , Keeley James , Kundu Iman , Li Lianhe , Linfield Edmund H. , Giles Davies A.
Published: March 2016

We report two-dimensional apertureless near-field terahertz (THz) imaging using a quantum cascade laser (QCL) source and a scattering probe. A near-field enhancement of the scattered field amplitude is observed for small tip-sample separations, allowing image resolutions of ∼1 μm (∼λ/100) and ∼7 μm to be achieved along orthogonal directions on the sample surface. This represents the highest resolution demonstrated to date with a THz QCL. By employing a detection scheme based on self-mixing interferometry, our approach offers experimental simplicity by removing the need for an external detector and also provides sensitivity to the phase of the reinjected field.
Gyrokinetic-ion drift-kinetic-electron simulation of the (m = 2, n = 1) cylindrical tearing mode
Authors: Chen Y. , Chowdhury J. , Maksimovic N. , Parker S. E. , Wan W.
Published: March 2016

Particle-in-cell simulations of (m=2,n=1) tearing mode in cylindrical plasmas are carried out with kinetic electrons using the split-weight control-variate algorithm [Y. Chen and S. E. Parker, J. Comput. Phys. 220, 839 (2007)]. Radially, global simulation shows global mode structure in agreement with reduced-magnetohydrodynamic eigenmode calculation. Simulations of the tearing layer are verified with analytic results for the collisionless, semi-collisional, and drift-tearing mode.
Controlling Bragg gaps induced by electric boundary conditions in phononic piezoelectric plates
Authors: Kherraz N. , Haumesser L. , Levassort F. , Benard P. , Morvan B.
Published: March 2016

A Phononic Crystal (PC), constituted of a homogeneous piezoelectric plate covered by a 1D periodic arrangement of thin metallic electrodes on both surfaces, is studied. The application of Electric Boundary Conditions (EBCs) on the electrodes enables the propagation control of the ultrasonic guided waves in the PC. The band structure is investigated for different EBCs: the electrodes are either at a floating potential or they are alternately short-circuited and at a floating potential. In the latter case, a Bragg gap appears for the fundamental S0 guided Lamb mode. These results are verified experimentally and compared to finite element calculations. A physical interpretation is also given, relying on the symmetry of the electric potential fields associated with these guided modes.
Pulsed cathodoluminescence and Raman spectra of MoS2 and WS2 nanocrystals and their combination MoS2/WS2 produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis
Authors: Bozheyev Farabi , Valiev Damir , Nemkayeva Renata
Published: March 2016

Molybdenum and tungsten disulfide nanoplates were produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in argon atmosphere. This method provides an easy way to produce MoS2 and WS2 from nanoplates up to single- and several layers. The Raman peak intensities corresponding to in-plane E12g and out-of-plane A1g vibration modes and their shifts strongly depend on the thicknesses of the MoS2 and WS2 platelets indicating size-dependent scaling laws and properties. An electron beam irradiation of MoS2 and WS2 powders leads to an occurrence of pulsed cathodoluminescence (PCL) spectra at 575 nm (2.15 eV) and 550 nm (2.25 eV) characteristic to their intrinsic band gaps. For the combination of MoS2 and WS2 nanopowders, a PCL shoulder at 430 nm (2.88 eV) was observed, which is explained by the radiative electron-hole recombination at the MoS2/WS2 grain boundaries. The luminescence decay kinetics of the MoS2/WS2 nanoplates appears to be slower than for individual MoS2 and WS2 platelets due to a spatial separation of electrons and holes at MoS2/WS2 junction resulting in extension of recombination time.
Mid-infrared intersubband absorption from p-Ge quantum wells grown on Si substrates
Authors: Gallacher K. , Ballabio A. , Millar R. W. , Frigerio J. , Bashir A. , MacLaren I. , Isella G. , Ortolani M. , Paul D. J.
Published: March 2016

Mid-infrared intersubband absorption from p-Ge quantum wells with Si0.5Ge0.5 barriers grown on a Si substrate is demonstrated from 6 to 9 μm wavelength at room temperature and can be tuned by adjusting the quantum well thickness. Fourier transform infra-red transmission and photoluminescence measurements demonstrate clear absorption peaks corresponding to intersubband transitions among confined hole states. The work indicates an approach that will allow quantum well intersubband photodetectors to be realized on Si substrates in the important atmospheric transmission window of 8–13 μm.
Modeling of advanced divertor configuration on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak by SOLPS5.0/B2.5-Eirene
Authors: Si H. , Guo H. Y. , Xu G. S. , Xiao B. J. , Luo Z. P. , Guo Y. , Wang L. , Ding R. ,   the EAST Team
Published: March 2016

Heat exhaust is one of the most challenging issues to be addressed for tokamak magnetic confinement fusion research. Detailed modeling with SOLPS5.0/B2.5-Eirene code package is carried out to examine an alternative advanced divertor configuration, i.e., quasi snowflake (QSF), for long pulse operation in EAST. Comparison is also made with the lower single null (LSN) divertor configuration. SOLPS predicts that the quasi snowflake configuration significantly reduces the peak heat flux at the lower divertor outer target, by a factor of 2–3, owing to the magnetic flux expansion. Furthermore, the density threshold for detachment is much lower for QSF, compared to LSN under the same upstream conditions. This indicates that QSF provides a promising tool for controlling heat flux at divertor target while maintaining a lower separatrix density, which is highly desirable for current drive, thus greatly facilitating long-pulse operation in EAST.
InGaP-based quantum well solar cells: Growth, structural design, and photovoltaic properties
Authors: Hashem Islam E. , Zachary Carlin C. , Hagar Brandon G. , Colter Peter C. , Bedair S. M.
Published: March 2016

Raising the efficiency ceiling of multi-junction solar cells (MJSCs) through the use of more optimal band gap configurations of next-generation MJSC is crucial for concentrator and space systems. Towards this goal, we propose two strain balanced multiple quantum well (SBMQW) structures to tune the bandgap of InGaP-based solar cells. These structures are based on InxGa1−xAs1−zPz/InyGa1−yP (x > y) and InxGa1−xP/InyGa1−yP (x > y) well/barrier combinations, lattice matched to GaAs in a p-i-n solar cell device. The bandgap of InxGa1−xAs1−zPz/InyGa1−yP can be tuned from 1.82 to 1.65 eV by adjusting the well composition and thickness, which promotes its use as an efficient subcell for next generation five and six junction photovoltaic devices. The thicknesses of wells and barriers are adjusted using a zero net stress balance model to prevent the formation of defects. Thin layers of InGaAsP wells have been grown thermodynamically stable with compositions within the miscibility gap for the bulk alloy. The growth conditions of the two SBMQWs and the individual layers are reported. The structures are characterized and analyzed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, current-voltage characteristics, and spectral response (external quantum efficiency). The effect of the well number on the excitonic absorption of InGaAsP/InGaP SBMQWs is discussed and analyzed.
Strain engineering band gap, effective mass and anisotropic Dirac-like cone in monolayer arsenene
Authors: Wang Can , Xia Qinglin , Nie Yaozhuang , Rahman Mavlanjan , Guo Guanghua
Published: March 2016

The electronic properties of two-dimensional puckered arsenene have been investigated using first-principles calculations. The effective mass of electrons exhibits highly anisotropic dispersion in intrinsic puckered arsenene. Futhermore, we find that out-of-plane strain is effective in tuning the band gap, as the material undergoes the transition into a metal from an indirect gap semiconductor. Remarkably, we observe the emergence of Dirac-like cone with in-plane strain. Strain modulates not only the band gap of monolayer arsenene, but also the effective mass. Our results present possibilities for engineering the electronic properties of two-dimensional puckered arsenene and pave a way for tuning carrier mobility of future electronic devices.
Properties of Gd2O3 nanoparticles studied by hyperfine interactions and magnetization measurements
Authors: Correa E. L. , Bosch-Santos B. , Cavalcante F. H. M. , Correa B. S. , Freitas R. S. , Carbonari A. W. , Potiens M. P. A.
Published: March 2016

The magnetic behavior of Gd2O3 nanoparticles, produced by thermal decomposition method and subsequently annealed at different temperatures, was investigated by magnetization measurements and, at an atomic level, by perturbed γ − γ angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy measuring hyperfine interactions at 111In(111Cd) probe nuclei. Nanoparticle structure, size and shape were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Magnetization measurements were carried out to characterize the paramagnetic behavior of the samples. XRD results show that all samples crystallize in the cubic-C form of the bixbyite structure with space group Ia3. TEM images showed that particles annealed at 873 K present particles with highly homogeneous sizes in the range from 5 nm to 10 nm and those annealed at 1273 K show particles with quite different sizes from 5 nm to 100 nm, with a wide size distribution. PAC and magnetization results show that samples annealed at 873 and 1273 K are paramagnetic. Magnetization measurements show no indication of blocking temperatures for all samples down to 2 K and the presence of antiferromagnetic correlations.
Investigation of the magnetization reversal mechanism of electrolessly deposited Co-B nanotubes
Authors: Richardson David , Kingston Samuel , Rhen Fernando M. F.
Published: March 2016

Co-B nanotubes were prepared via an electroless deposition method. The morphology, magnetic properties and the magnetization reversal mechanism of the nanotubes were investigated. Deposition was carried out in porous polycarbonate membranes leading to the formation of Co-B nanotubes with an average external diameter of 400 nm and lengths up to 6 μm. Electroless deposition resulted in the formation of alloys with composition Co70B30 and a specific magnetization of 65.6 J T−1kg−1, which is about 40 % of that of pure Co (161 J T−1kg−1). The transversal and vortex modes were identified as the mechanisms responsible for magnetization reversal in the nanotubes. A crossover between the two modes is observed at low angles and the results are in line with current models for switching mechanisms of nanotubes.
Observation of spin textures in La1−xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.175)
Authors: Kotani A. , Nakajima H. , Ishii Y. , Harada K. , Mori S.
Published: March 2016

We have investigated topological spin textures in the ferromagnetic metallic phase of La0.825Sr0.175MnO3 with the centrosymmetric crystal structure by small-angle electron diffraction (SmAED) and low-temperature Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments. In-situ Lorentz TEM and SmAED experiments revealed that type-I and type-II magnetic bubbles evolved from magnetic stripe domains with the Bloch-type domain wall by applying vertical magnetic field. Type-I magnetic bubbles with left-handed and right-handed spin helicity were randomly distributed and simultaneously type-II magnetic bubbles are formed locally. The important point about type-I and type-II magnetic bubbles is that their emergence depends strongly on whether perpendicular magnetic field is applied parallel to the magnetic easy axis along the [001] direction. Our experimental results suggested that the stabilization of magnetic bubbles should originate from the long-range dipole-dipole interactions, as opposed to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in helical magnets.
Giardia
- significance of zoonotic routes in human infections.
Authors: Ballweber L. R.
Published: March 2016

Giardia
are flagellated protozoan parasites of numerous animals. Species of
Giardia
were originally described based, primarily, on the host from which they were isolated; later, isolates that were morphologically identical with
Giardia duodenalis
were synonymized with that species. Accumulating genetic evidence, however, indicates that
G. duodenalis
is a species complex in which members are morphologically identical, but, genetically distinct. At least eight distinct groups (=assemblages) have been identified, all of which likely constitute unique species. Although zoonotic transmission may occur in discrete circumstances, people to people transmission is likely much more important. However, the human disease burden associated with zoonotic transmission still needs to be assessed, including differences in the biology and clinical manifestations associated with the various types. Genetic targets for typing have been identified but do not work well for all assemblages, particularly assemblage B; thus, the search for appropriate targets must continue. Multilocus genotyping and standardized terminology is highly recommended as interpretations based on single markers may lead to incomplete conclusions. Combining appropriate genetic markers with well-designed epidemiological studies will be necessary to further our understanding of
Giardia
transmission patterns and infection sources for both people and animals.
The Genetic Relationship between Anadromous and Resident Oncorhynchus mykiss at a Putative Barrier with Implications for Habitat Improvement
Authors: Bowersox Brett , Wickersham Thea , Redfield Laura , Ackerman Michael W.
Published: March 2016

Big Bear Creek in the Potlatch River system, Idaho, contains an Endangered Species Act‐listed wild population of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous Rainbow Trout) that is the focus of extensive habitat restoration actions intended to increase population abundance. Both anadromous and resident O. mykiss populations occur in the Big Bear Creek drainage; however, anadromous individuals are known to spawn and rear only in the lower drainage, whereas putative resident fish occur in the headwaters. Big Bear Falls is a potential upstream migration barrier that is located between the two populations. Oncorhynchus mykiss of unknown origin are present within 1 km above the falls. We used analyses of genetic diversity, structure, and sibship reconstruction to determine whether Big Bear Falls limited the movement of steelhead to headwater areas. Known resident O. mykiss were sampled in headwater areas, known anadromous adults were sampled at a weir in the lower drainage, and juveniles of unknown life history were collected from areas below and above the falls. Allele frequency data indicated that anadromous and headwater resident populations were highly differentiated and that exchange of genetic material between populations was limited. However, juvenile O. mykiss in the above‐waterfall collection were found to be the offspring or recent descendants of steelhead that successfully navigated above Big Bear Falls, demonstrating that the falls is not a complete barrier. We also identified evidence of limited downstream gene flow, suggesting that resident fish contributed genetic material to the downstream anadromous population. This study documented the successful passage of adult steelhead above Big Bear Falls and the downstream movement of resident fish from the headwaters. However, uncertainties still exist regarding the annual variability in passage and the habitat limitations that impact O. mykiss utilization of areas immediately above the falls.

Received March 14, 2015; accepted October 27, 2015
Estimation of the Length‐at‐Age Relationship of Mississippi's Spotted Seatrout
Authors: Dippold David A. , Leaf Robert T. , Hendon J. Read , Franks James S.
Published: March 2016

Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus are a highly valued recreational inshore species in Mississippi coastal waters. The accurate description of the length‐at‐age relationship is critical for assessment efforts of the stock. Because Spotted Seatrout exhibit small‐scale movements, the stocks in the Gulf of Mexico are managed as state‐specific units. Therefore, local demographic estimates of length at age are needed for assessment. We estimated the length‐at‐age relationship of Spotted Seatrout in Mississippi by using tag recapture records and otolith‐derived age estimates. Three nonlinear length‐at‐age models were fit to sex‐aggregated, tag recapture data and four nonlinear length‐at‐age models were fit to sex‐specific, otolith‐derived age data. For each suite of models, model support was determined using Akaike information criteria. The Francis (1988a) GROTAG method had the greatest support of the three models fit to the tag recapture data, and the resulting parameter estimates from the model were L∞ = 550.8 mm and k = 0.45/year. The three‐parameter logistic model had the greatest support of the four models fit to the otolith‐derived age data for both males and females and the resulting parameter estimates of L∞ were 605.3 mm TL for females and 574.9 mm TL for males. The results of this study indicate that (1) the Francis (1988a) GROTAG model was the best‐supported method for the determination of the von Bertalanffy growth function parameters from tag recapture information, and (2) the von Bertalanffy growth function may not be the best model to describe the length‐at‐age relationship of Mississippi's Spotted Seatrout. This work highlights the utility of using multiple sources of length‐at‐age information and fitting multiple models to enhance both the description of the length‐at‐age relationship and to determine biases that occur in both.

Received July 13, 2015; accepted November 3, 2015
C.G. Jung and the indigenous psyche: two encounters
Authors: Barton David G.
Published: March 2016

In The Lament of the Dead, James Hillman quotes Foucault as saying there are two ways to escape ‘the box of contemporary thinking’. One path lies through erudition, the other through the indigenous experience. While the history of Jung's ideas has been thoroughly explored, we understand little about his encounters with indigenous people in the American Southwest. For example, the literature on his visit to Taos Pueblo is riddled with misleading information. Part of the problem begins with Jung's own confusion regarding his contact at Taos with Antonio Mirabal. Not only did Jung wrongly believe that Mirabal was an ‘Indian chief’; he misspelled and mistranslated his Tiwa name, Ochwiay Biano. Although the encounter could be described (at one level) as superficial, Jung refers to it as one of the most important experiences of his life. This paper will explore what Jung seems to have encountered in Taos, and the ways his experience were orchestrated by the unseen presence of others (including Mabel Dodge Lujan, D.H. Lawrence, and Jaime de Angulo). Archival records and news accounts from the 1920s show that although Jung imagined he was meeting face to face with a ‘primitive' who still lived in the world of ‘participation mystique’, Mirabal was a gifted Native American impresario who later visited one American president and turned down an invitation to visit a second. I argue that the complex of colonialism surrounding Jung's relationship with Mirabal has infected subsequent encounters between the Jungian tradition and indigenous people.
A Murnaghan–Nakayama rule for values of unipotent characters in classical groups
Authors: Lübeck Frank , Malle Gunter
Published: March 2016

We derive a Murnaghan–Nakayama type formula for the values of unipotent characters of finite classical groups on regular semisimple elements. This relies on Asai’s explicit decomposition of Lusztig restriction. We use our formula to show that most complex irreducible characters vanish on some

ℓ
\ell

-singular element for certain primes

ℓ
\ell

.

As an application we classify the simple endotrivial modules of the finite quasi-simple classical groups. As a further application we show that for finite simple classical groups and primes

ℓ
≥
3

\ell \ge 3

the first Cartan invariant in the principal

ℓ
\ell

-block is larger than 2 unless Sylow

ℓ
\ell

-subgroups are cyclic.
AMPK governs lineage specification through Tfeb-dependent regulation of lysosomes
Authors: Young Nathan P. , Kamireddy Anwesh , Van Nostrand Jeanine L. , Eichner Lillian J. , Shokhirev Maxim Nikolaievich , Dayn Yelena , Shaw Reuben J.
Published: March 2016

Faithful execution of developmental programs relies on the acquisition of unique cell identities from pluripotent progenitors, a process governed by combinatorial inputs from numerous signaling cascades that ultimately dictate lineage-specific transcriptional outputs. Despite growing evidence that metabolism is integrated with many molecular networks, how pathways that control energy homeostasis may affect cell fate decisions is largely unknown. Here, we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central metabolic regulator, plays critical roles in lineage specification. Although AMPK-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were normal in the pluripotent state, these cells displayed profound defects upon differentiation, failing to generate chimeric embryos and preferentially adopting an ectodermal fate at the expense of the endoderm during embryoid body (EB) formation. AMPK−/− EBs exhibited reduced levels of Tfeb, a master transcriptional regulator of lysosomes, leading to diminished endolysosomal function. Remarkably, genetic loss of Tfeb also yielded endodermal defects, while AMPK-null ESCs overexpressing this transcription factor normalized their differential potential, revealing an intimate connection between Tfeb/lysosomes and germ layer specification. The compromised endolysosomal system resulting from AMPK or Tfeb inactivation blunted Wnt signaling, while up-regulating this pathway restored expression of endodermal markers. Collectively, these results uncover the AMPK pathway as a novel regulator of cell fate determination during differentiation.
UTX inhibition as selective epigenetic therapy against TAL1-driven T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Benyoucef Aissa , Palii Carmen G. , Wang Chaochen , Porter Christopher J. , Chu Alphonse , Dai Fengtao , Tremblay Véronique , Rakopoulos Patricia , Singh Kulwant , Huang Suming , Pflumio Francoise , Hébert Josée , Couture Jean-Francois , Perkins Theodore J. , Ge Kai , Dilworth F. Jeffrey , Brand Marjorie
Published: March 2016

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous group of hematological tumors composed of distinct subtypes that vary in their genetic abnormalities, gene expression signatures, and prognoses. However, it remains unclear whether T-ALL subtypes differ at the functional level, and, as such, T-ALL treatments are uniformly applied across subtypes, leading to variable responses between patients. Here we reveal the existence of a subtype-specific epigenetic vulnerability in T-ALL by which a particular subgroup of T-ALL characterized by expression of the oncogenic transcription factor TAL1 is uniquely sensitive to variations in the dosage and activity of the histone 3 Lys27 (H3K27) demethylase UTX/KDM6A. Specifically, we identify UTX as a coactivator of TAL1 and show that it acts as a major regulator of the TAL1 leukemic gene expression program. Furthermore, we demonstrate that UTX, previously described as a tumor suppressor in T-ALL, is in fact a pro-oncogenic cofactor essential for leukemia maintenance in TAL1-positive (but not TAL1-negative) T-ALL. Exploiting this subtype-specific epigenetic vulnerability, we propose a novel therapeutic approach based on UTX inhibition through in vivo administration of an H3K27 demethylase inhibitor that efficiently kills TAL1-positive primary human leukemia. These findings provide the first opportunity to develop personalized epigenetic therapy for T-ALL patients.
Absolute structure determination usingCRYSTALS
Authors: Cooper Richard Ian , Watkin David John , Flack Howard D.
Published: March 2016

A study of post-refinement absolute structure determination using previously published data was carried out using theCRYSTALSsoftware package. We show that absolute structure determination may be carried out optimally using the analyses available inCRYSTALS, and that it is not necessary to have the separate proceduresabsolute structure determinationandno interest in absolute structureas proposed by Flack [Chimia(2014),68, 26–30].
Crystal structure of a photobiologically active furanocoumarin fromArtemisia reticulata
Authors: Bauri A. K. , Foro Sabine , Nguyen Do Nhu Quynh
Published: March 2016

The title furanocoumarin, C14H12O4[systematic name: 9-hydroxy-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one], crystallizes with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. The two molecules differ essentially in the orientation of the propenyl group with respect to the mean plane of the furanocoumarin moiety; the O—C(H)—C=C torsion angle is 122.2 (7)° in moleculeAand −10.8 (11)° in moleculeB. In the crystal, theAandBmolecules are linkedviaO—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag –A–B–A–B– chains propagating along [001]. The chains are reinforced by bifurcated C—H...(O,O) hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons which are linkedviaC—H...π and π–π interactions [intercentroid distance = 3.602 (2) Å], forming a three-dimensional structure.
Crystal structure of 4-carbamoylpyridinium chloride
Authors: Fellows Simon M. , Prior Timothy J.
Published: March 2016

The hydrochloride salt of isonicotinamide, C6H7N2O+·Cl−, has been synthesized from a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid in acetonitrile. The compound displays monoclinic symmetry (space groupC2/c) at 150 K, similar to the related hydrochloride salt of nicotinamide. The asymmetric unit contains one protonated isonicotinamide molecule and a chloride anion. An array of hydrogen-bonding interactions, including a peculiar bifurcated pyridinium–chloride interaction, results in linear chains running almost perpendicularly in the [150] and [1-50] directions within the structure. A description of the hydrogen-bonding network and comparison with similar compounds are presented.
μ-Chlorido-bis[(dimethyl sulfoxide-κO)bis(triphenylphosphane-κP)silver(I)] nitrate
Authors: Li Yun-Hua , Shao Yong-Liang
Published: March 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, [Ag2Cl(C2H6OS)2(C18H15P)4]NO3, comprises one nitrate anion and one half of the binuclear complex cation, the other half being completed by inversion symmetry. The AgIatom has a distorted (ClOP2) coordination sphere. Weak intermolecular C—H...O interactions between the cation and the O atoms of the nitrate counter-anion help to consolidate the crystal packing.
Corrosion behavior of amorphous Zr59Nb3Al10Ni8Cu20 alloy in aqueous HNO3 media
Authors: Sharma Poonam , Dhawan Anil , Sharma S. K.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to investigate the corrosion behavior of the Zr59Nb3Al10Ni8Cu20 amorphous alloy in aqueous 1M, 6M and 11.5M HNO3 media using potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss determinations.

Design/methodology/approach

– The electrochemical study, weight loss analysis and surface investigation were carried out on amorphous Zr59Nb3Al10Ni8Cu20 alloy that had been immersed in aqueous HNO3 medium at room temperature to understand the corrosion behavior of Zr-based amorphous Zr59Nb3Al10Ni8Cu20 alloy. The amorphous state of the alloy was investigated using X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical studies were carried out in aqueous 1M, 6M and 11.5M HNO3 media by recording open circuit potential/time and potentiodynamic polarization characteristics. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the surface morphology of the alloy after the electrochemical tests and weight loss determinations.

Findings

– The electrochemical results revealed that Ecorr values shifted toward more noble values, as the concentration of the nitric acid was increased, and this was attributed to the higher oxidizing power of the nitric acid. The higher value of corrosion current density was obtained for the Zr59Nb3Al10Ni8Cu20 amorphous alloy in aqueous 11.5M HNO3 medium at room temperature. The optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy examinations revealed that the formation of protective oxide layer on the surface of amorphous Zr59Nb3Al10Ni8Cu20 alloy leads to the improvement in the corrosion behavior in nitric acid medium at room temperature.

Originality/value

– The results can be helpful in finding the suitable material for fuel reprocessing applications.
Nonlinear ultrasonic characterization of intergranular corrosion damage in super 304H steel tube
Authors: Zhong Fei , Zhang Chunlei , Li Wensheng , Jiao Jingpin , Zhong Liqiang
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– Super304H steel is a new fine-grained austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel developed in recent years, and it is widely used in high temperature section superheater and reheater tubes of ultra-supercritical thermal power units’ boiler. Currently intergranular corrosion (IGC) has occurred in a few austenitic stainless steel tubes in ultra-supercritical units and led to boiler leakage. The purpose of this paper is to find a nondestructive method to quickly and easily detect IGC of austenitic stainless steel tube.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper uses the nonlinear characteristics of ultrasonic propagation in steel tube to detect the IGC of Super304H tube.

Findings

– The experimental results show that the nonlinear coefficient generally increases sensitively with the degree of IGC; hence, the nonlinear coefficient can be used to assess IGC degree of tubes, and the nonlinear coefficient measurement method is repeatable for the same tube.

Research limitations/implications

– A theory of how IGC would affect the ultrasonic signals and lead to a nonlinear response needs further research.

Practical implications

– A nondestructive method to quickly and easily detect IGC is provided.

Social implications

– Using ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient to assess IGC degree of tubes is a new try.

Originality/value

– This paper provides a new way to test IGC.
Challenges to ethical publishing in the digital era
Authors: Curno Mirjam Jessica
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to lay out some of the more complex issues arising in the area of publication ethics. The impact of electronic publishing and electronic information is a main focus of the paper.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper draws in particular upon the work of the Committee on Publication Ethics including illustrative cases discussed at the forum, guidelines and discussion documents.

Findings

– Three areas are highlighted to stimulate discussion around challenges of publication ethics in the digital era. These are the role of the internet in facilitating misconduct, the issue of confidentiality in publishing and how incentives in research assessments drive author behavior.

Originality/value

– The paper brings together a variety of issues discussed under the broader umbrella of electronic information and new technologies in publishing.
Challenges to ethical publishing in the digital era
Authors: Whitley Edgar A.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to respond to Curno
'
s article from the perspective of a journal editor.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is analysed and a commentary formulated.

Findings

– A tacit knowledge perspective is developed.

Research limitations/implications

– The perspective is of one editor of a journal published by Emerald.

Originality/value

– Given that the perspective is of a current editor, it provides a distinctive practical insight into some of the issues surrounding academic authorship.
Comparative analysis of surface roughness prediction using DOE and ANN techniques during endmilling of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites
Authors: Jenarthanan M.P. , Subramanian A. Ajay , Jeyapaul R.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to study the comparison between a response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) in the modelling and prediction of surface roughness during endmilling of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer composites.

Design/methodology/approach

– Aiming to achieve this goal, several milling experiments were performed with polycrystalline diamond inserts at different machining parameters, namely, feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut and fibre orientation angle. Mathematical model is created using central composite face-centred second-order in RSM and the adequacy of the model was verified using analysis of variance. ANN model is created using the back propagation algorithm.

Findings

– With regard to the machining test, it was observed that feed rate is the dominant parameter that affects the surface roughness, followed by the fibre orientation. The comparison results show that models provide accurate prediction of surface roughness in which ANN performs better than RSM.

Originality/value

– The data predicted from ANN are very nearer to experimental results compared to RSM; therefore, this ANN model can be used to determine the surface roughness for various fibre-reinforced polymer composites and also for various machining parameters.
Health and population effects of rare gene knockouts in adult humans with related parents
Authors: Narasimhan Vagheesh M. , Hunt Karen A. , Mason Dan , Baker Christopher L. , Karczewski Konrad J. , Barnes Michael R. , Barnett Anthony H. , Bates Chris , Bellary Srikanth , Bockett Nicholas A. , Giorda Kristina , Griffiths Christopher J. , Hemingway Harry , Jia Zhilong , Kelly M. Ann , Khawaja Hajrah A. , Lek Monkol , McCarthy Shane , McEachan Rosie , O’Donnell-Luria Anne , Paigen Kenneth , Parisinos Constantinos A. , Sheridan Eamonn , Southgate Laura , Tee Louise , Thomas Mark , Xue Yali , Schnall-Levin Michael , Petkov Petko M. , Tyler-Smith Chris , Maher Eamonn R. , Trembath Richard C. , MacArthur Daniel G. , Wright John , Durbin Richard , van Heel David A.
Published: March 2016

Rare gene knockouts in adult humans

On average, most people's genomes contain approximately 100 completely nonfunctional genes. These loss-of-function (LOF) mutations tend to be rare and/or occur only as a single copy within individuals. Narasimhan
et al.
investigated LOF in a Pakistani population with high levels of consanguinity. Examining LOF alleles that were identical by descent, they found, as expected, an absence of homozygote LOF for certain protein-coding genes. However, they also identified many homozygote LOF alleles with no apparent deleterious phenotype, including some that were expected to confer genetic disease. Indeed, one family had lost the recombination-associated gene
PRDM9
.

Science
, this issue p.
474
Sequential transcriptional waves direct the differentiation of newborn neurons in the mouse neocortex
Authors: Telley Ludovic , Govindan Subashika , Prados Julien , Stevant Isabelle , Nef Serge , Dermitzakis Emmanouil , Dayer Alexandre , Jabaudon Denis
Published: March 2016

Tracking neuronal transcriptional programs

Early in brain development, cortical neurons are born near the ventricles, then migrate to their functional destinations. Telley
et al.
used a fluorescent labeling technique to see what transcripts characterize these earliest stages of neural development. Waves of transcriptional programs are initiated, then passed by as the neuron progresses from proliferative to migratory and finally to connectivity phases.

Science
, this issue p.
1443
Activation of proto-oncogenes by disruption of chromosome neighborhoods
Authors: Hnisz Denes , Weintraub Abraham S. , Day Daniel S. , Valton Anne-Laure , Bak Rasmus O. , Li Charles H. , Goldmann Johanna , Lajoie Bryan R. , Fan Zi Peng , Sigova Alla A. , Reddy Jessica , Borges-Rivera Diego , Lee Tong Ihn , Jaenisch Rudolf , Porteus Matthew H. , Dekker Job , Young Richard A.
Published: March 2016

The spread of bad neighborhoods

Our genomes have complex three-dimensional (3D) arrangements that partition and regulate gene expression. Cancer cells frequently have their genomes grossly rearranged, disturbing this intricate 3D organization. Hniszet al.show that the disruption of these 3D neighborhoods can bring oncogenes under the control of regulatory elements normally kept separate from them (see the Perspective by Wala and Beroukim). These novel juxtapositions can result in the inappropriate activation of oncogenes.

Science, this issue p.1454; see also p.1398
Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics
Authors: Camerer Colin F. , Dreber Anna , Forsell Eskil , Ho Teck-Hua , Huber Jürgen , Johannesson Magnus , Kirchler Michael , Almenberg Johan , Altmejd Adam , Chan Taizan , Heikensten Emma , Holzmeister Felix , Imai Taisuke , Isaksson Siri , Nave Gideon , Pfeiffer Thomas , Razen Michael , Wu Hang
Published: March 2016

Another social science looks at itself

Experimental economists have joined the reproducibility discussion by replicating selected published experiments from two top-tier journals in economics. Camerer
et al.
found that two-thirds of the 18 studies examined yielded replicable estimates of effect size and direction. This proportion is somewhat lower than unaffiliated experts were willing to bet in an associated prediction market, but roughly in line with expectations from sample sizes and P values.

Science
, this issue p.
1433
Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of 25
Salmonella enterica
Strains Representing 24 Serovars
Authors: Yoshida Catherine , Brumwell Stephanie L. , Lingohr Erika J. , Ahmad Aaminah , Blimkie Travis M. , Kogan Benjamin A. , Pilsworth Jessica , Rehman Muhammad A. , Schleicher Krista L. , Shanmugaraj Jenitta , Kropinski Andrew M. , Nash John H. E.
Published: March 2016

We report the draft genome sequences of 25
Salmonella enterica
strains representing 24 different serotypes, many of which were not available in public repositories during our selection process. These draft genomes will provide useful reference for the genetic variation between serotypes and aid in the development of molecular typing tools.
Imipenem/cilastatin-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia
Authors: Foong Kap Sum , Lee Ashley , Pekez Marijeta , Bin Wei
Published: March 2016

Drugs, toxins, and infections are known to cause acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Daptomycin and minocycline are the commonly reported antibiotics associated with acute eosinophilic pneumonia. In this study, we present a case of imipenem/cilastatin-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia. The patient presented with fever, acute hypoxic respiratory distress, and diffuse ground-glass opacities on the chest CT a day after the initiation of imipenem/cilastatin. Patient also developed peripheral eosinophilia. A reinstitution of imipenem/cilastatin resulted in recurrence of the signs and symptoms. A bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage showed 780 nucleated cells/mm3with 15% eosinophil. The patient's clinical condition improved significantly after the discontinuation of imipenem/cilastatin therapy and the treatment with corticosteroid.
Salmonellainfections modelling in Mississippi using neural network and geographical information system (GIS)
Authors: Akil Luma , Ahmad H Anwar
Published: March 2016

Objectives

Mississippi (MS) is one of the southern states with high rates of foodborne infections. The objectives of this paper are to determine the extent ofSalmonellaandEscherichia coliinfections in MS, and determine theSalmonellainfections correlation with socioeconomic status using geographical information system (GIS) and neural network models.

Methods

In this study, the relevant updated data of foodborne illness for southern states, from 2002 to 2011, were collected and used in the GIS and neural networks models. Data were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MS state Department of Health and the other states department of health. The correlation between low socioeconomic status andSalmonellainfections were determined using models created by several software packages, including SAS, ArcGIS @RISK and NeuroShell.

Results

Results of this study showed a significant increase inSalmonellaoutbreaks in MS during the study period, with highest rates in 2011 (47.84±24.41 cases/100 000; p<0.001). MS had the highest rates ofSalmonellaoutbreaks compared with other states (36±6.29 cases/100 000; p<0.001). Regional and district variations in the rates were also observed. GIS maps ofSalmonellaoutbreaks in MS in 2010 and 2011 showed the districts with higher rates ofSalmonella. Regression analysis and neural network models showed a moderate correlation between cases ofSalmonellainfections and low socioeconomic factors. Poverty was shown to have a negative correlation withSalmonellaoutbreaks (R2=0.152, p<0.05).

Conclusions

Geographic location besides socioeconomic status may contribute to the high rates ofSalmonellaoutbreaks in MS. Understanding the geographical and economic relationship with infectious diseases will help to determine effective methods to reduce outbreaks within low socioeconomic status communities.
Premature adult mortality in urban Zambia: a repeated population-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Rathod Sujit D , Timæus Ian M , Banda Richard , Thankian Kusanthan , Chilengi Roma , Banda Andrew , Lemba Musonda , Stringer Jeffrey S A , Chi Benjamin H
Published: March 2016

Objectives

To measure the sex-specific and community-specific mortality rates for adults in Lusaka, Zambia, and to identify potential individual-level, household-level and community-level correlates of premature mortality. We conducted 12 survey rounds of a population-based cross-sectional study between 2004 and 2011, and collected data via a structured interview with a household head.

Setting

Households in Lusaka District, Zambia, 2004–2011.

Participants

43 064 household heads (88% female) who enumerated 123 807 adult household members aged between 15 and 60 years.

Primary outcome

Premature adult mortality.

Results

The overall mortality rate was 16.2/1000 person-years for men and 12.3/1000 person-years for women. The conditional probability of dying between age 15 and 60 (45q15) was 0.626 for men and 0.537 for women. The top three causes of death for men and women were infectious in origin (ie, tuberculosis, HIV and malaria). We observed an over twofold variation of mortality rates between communities. The mortality rate was 1.98 times higher (95% CI 1.57 to 2.51) in households where a family member required nursing care, 1.44 times higher (95% CI 1.22 to 1.71) during the cool dry season, and 1.28 times higher (95% CI 1.06 to 1.54) in communities with low-cost housing.

Conclusions

To meet Zambia's development goals, further investigation is needed into the factors associated with adult mortality. Mortality can potentially be reduced through focus on high-need households and communities, and improved infectious disease prevention and treatment services.