bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Talking a “Blue” Streak: Context and Offensive Language in Prime Time Network Television Programs
Authors: Kaye Barbara K. , Sapolsky Barry S.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the context of offensive language heard in prime-time programs aired on seven broadcast networks in 2001. Offensive words occurred more in the 9–10 p.m. hour. Situation comedies contained more instances of objectionable words than other program genres, but offensive language was more likely to be heard in a non-humorous setting. Most objectionable words were directed at another character, and lead characters were more likely to curse than secondary characters. Finally, vulgarities were typically met with either a neutral or positive reaction.
Framing of the 2003 U.S.-Iraq War Demonstrations: An Analysis of News and Partisan Texts
Authors: Luther Catherine A. , Miller M. Mark
Published: December 2011

This study examines press coverage of pro- and anti-war demonstrations before and during the 2003 U.S.-led Iraq war. Computer analysis revealed the existence of partisan master frames in texts by pro- and anti-war organizational groups, and that news articles about each group reflected the frames of the group in question more so than the opposing group's frames. An examination of cues of legitimization and delegitimization in the news articles showed that cue words of delegitimization were used more in anti-war articles than in pro-war articles.
The Cold War Communication Crisis: The Right to Know Movement
Authors: Uhm Kiyul
Published: December 2011

This research examines the history of the right to know movement that started at the onset of the Cold War. Seeing the movement as an organized reaction of journalists against the Cold War culture of secrecy, this study attempts to address the questions of how and why the movement was organized and initiated; it also addresses what implications and lessons can be drawn from the movement's history.
Defining Government Speech: Recent Approaches and the Germaneness Principle
Authors: Carter Edward L.
Published: December 2011

In the last decade, the U.S. Supreme Court and lower federal courts have fashioned the -principle that the First Amendment does not limit the government's ability to determine the content of its own messages. Yet the Supreme Court has not defined what is meant by “government speech.” Defined broadly, it may encompass viewpoint-based messages on controversial social issues, privately funded advocacy on behalf of certain industries, and official endorsement of certain ideologies. In the face of this uncertainty, and confronted with numerous recent cases in which the government asserts its right to expression, the U.S. courts of appeal have devised three major approaches to distinguishing government speech from private speech. The Supreme Court touched on aspects of these approaches in an important 2005 opinion, yet significant questions remain about the definitional contours of the Court's developing government speech doctrine.
The Effects of Print News Photographs of the Casualties of War
Authors: Pfau Michael , Haigh Michel , Fifrick Andeelynn , Holl Douglas , Tedesco Allison , Cope Jay , Nunnally David , Schiess Amy , Preston Donald , Roszkowski Paul , Martin Marlon
Published: December 2011

This investigation examined effect of news photographs of Iraq war casualties on reader emotional response and attitudes about U.S. military presence, and the impact of inoculation pretreatments. Three print news conditions were used: photographs with caption, photographs accompanied by full text, and text. Photographs plus caption elicited greater emotional response and reduced support for continued U.S. presence, although effect sizes were small. A second study revealed that inoculation treatments reduced the influence, but effects were limited to women.
The Culture of a Women-Led Newspaper: An Ethnographic Study of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune
Authors: Everbach Tracy
Published: December 2011

This case study of a U.S. newspaper led by an all-female management team found that the culture of the newsroom reflected the so-called “feminine” traits of its leaders. Through qualitative, ethnographic methods of interview and observation, the researcher documented ways that the female managers brought feminine standpoints to the workplace. Family-friendly policies, openness, teamwork, and communication, identified by management and communication scholars as feminine characteristics, were hallmarks of the newspaper's culture.
A Relationship-Based Approach to Understanding Third-Person Perceptions
Authors: Huge Michael , Glynn Carroll J. , Jeong Irkwon
Published: December 2011

The present study examines third-person perceptions using an integrated model which takes into account the relationship between oneself and media messages, oneself and a comparison group, and the perception of the relationship between the comparison group and the message. Respondents were asked to estimate media effects on themselves, as well as perceived media effects on others regarding news coverage of sex scandals concerning priests in the Roman Catholic church. Results suggest that the integrated model can be used to better understand the perceptual component of third-person effects by simultaneously examining issue interest, group categorization, and issue relevance for comparison targets as factors contributing to overall third-person perceptions.
“Arrogance Cloaked as Humility” and the Majoritarian First Amendment the Free Speech Legacy of Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist
Authors: Carter Edward L. , Clark Brad
Published: December 2011

In his nineteen years as chief justice of the United States, William H. Rehnquist voted in favor of the individual expression interest asserted in approximately one-fifth of the Speech Clause cases heard by the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, he opposed protecting those constitutional interests in approximately two-thirds of the speech cases during that time. (His votes evidenced both speech-protective and non-protective elements just more than 10% of the time). This analysis compares Rehnquist's jurisprudence with that of his two immediate predecessors, Chief Justices Warren Burger and Earl Warren. Rehnquist's deference to government, reliance on history, and formalist categorization of cases represented a shift of focus from the First Amendment as protector of minority views to the First Amendment as bastion of majoritarianism.
Satisfaction vs. Sacrifice: Sports Editors Assess the Influences of Life Issues on Job Satisfaction
Authors: Reinardy Scott
Published: December 2011

A survey (N = 184) and interviews examine issues that influence job satisfaction among newspaper sports editors. The results indicate that perceived organizational support has a strong, positive correlation to job satisfaction, while work-family conflict and role overload have a negative influence. The interviews indicate that sports editors do not receive as much organizational support as the survey suggests. Motivation-hygiene theory says that while external issues create job dissatisfaction, internal elements act as a counterbalance. Sports editors are willing to sacrifice time with their families and work excessively but remain in the job because they enjoy the work.
Watching the Watchdogs: FBI Spying on Journalists in the 1940s
Authors: Alwood Edward
Published: December 2011

Although lacking legal authority, the FBI spied on newspaper labor activists during the 1940s. Previously undisclosed documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act show that FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover ordered the surveillance as part of the agency's effort to monitor domestic subversion. The agency had the cooperation of journalists who sought to purge Communists from the leadership of the Newspaper Guild. The reports, prepared with the help of the informants, fueled a red scare in the 1950s when Cold War fears ran rampant.
Building an Understanding of the Main Elements of Management in the Communication/Public Relations Context. A Study of U.S. Practitioners' Practices
Authors: Desanto Barbara , Moss Danny , Newman Andrew
Published: December 2011

This study is part of an international research program identifying the managerial elements of public relations work. Building on previous research studies, this study had two aims: (1) examining the efficacy of the five-factor model emerging from the previous U.K. study, and (2) identifying and exploring U.S. practitioners' managerial elements. The results include validation of the five-factor model among U.S. practitioners, along with identification of managerial role characteristics in U.S. organizations.
Portrait of the Portal as a Metaphor: Explicating Web Portals for Communication Research
Authors: Kalyanaraman Sriram , Sundar S. Shyam
Published: December 2011

Web portals are increasing in their presence as well as importance, yet suffer from lack of conceptual clarity. In explicating the concept of “portal” from a number of disciplinary frameworks, this article uncovers five different but inter-related metaphorical conceptions—gateways, billboards, networks, niches, and brands—which, in turn, suggest five dominant features of portal sites—customization, content, control, community, and commerce—for empirical examination as variables in future research on uses and effects of portals.
The Founders and the Revolutionary Underpinning of the Concept of the Right to Know
Authors: Uhm Kiyul
Published: December 2011

In examining the revolutionary characteristics of the concept of the people's right to know, this study calls attention to pecuniary motives behind the American Revolution. During the founding period of the nation, the concept of the people's right to know—closely tied to the financial transparency of various taxes levied, the allocation of natural resources, and the proper education of the public—was repeatedly articulated and underscored as one of the most important democratic principles: the embodiment of the transcendent idealism of the democratic yearning of the people.
Network Tv News Framing of Good Vs. Bad Economic News under Democrat and Republican Presidents: A Lexical Analysis of Political Bias
Authors: Lowry Dennis T.
Published: December 2011

The present study attempts to avoid the subjectivity problems of most news bias content analyses by using objective criteria to select network news stories to be analyzed (reports of changes of +/− 2% in Dow Jones scores) and computerized coding. The time periods covered were the first six years of both the Bill Clinton (N = 127 stories) and George W. Bush (N = 226 stories) administrations. Results generally supported the partisan (i.e., pro-Democrat) bias hypothesis, as well as a bad news bias.
Biasing Influences on Balance in Election News Coverage: An Assessment of Newspaper Coverage of the 2006 U.S. Senate Elections
Authors: Fico Frederick , Freedman Eric
Published: December 2011

Content analysis of newspaper stories covering eleven U.S. Senate races in 2006 showed most stories favoring Democratic and other liberal candidates. Individual stories favored liberal candidates more than Republicans. Newsrooms with greater proportions of women editors were more even in total stories favoring conservative and liberal candidates. Stories covering open races and stories from newsrooms with a greater proportion of women reporters tended to provide more evenly balanced treatment of candidate assertions. Partisanship of a lead was a strong predictor of that story's partisan tilt. Findings suggest that conventions of fairness and balance were not controlling coverage.
Political Persuasion during Times of Crisis: The Effects of Education and News Media on Citizens' Factual Information about Iraq
Authors: Johansen Morgen S. , Joslyn Mark R.
Published: December 2011

Education is a powerful cognitive resource that undermines the persuasiveness of political propaganda. However, little is known about the conditions that weaken this resource. This study examines whether lopsided media coverage preceding and during the initial phases of the Iraq War provided an information environment sufficient to overcome the positive effects of education, finding that for viewers of the unbalanced and partial CBS and Fox, the educated were as likely to be misinformed about Iraq as the uneducated. Findings are discussed within the context of persuasion theory and the watchdog role of the news media.
Exploring a Two-dimensional Model of Community Pluralism and Its Effects on the Level of Transparency in Community Decision Making
Authors: Armstrong Cory L.
Published: December 2011

This study examines how a broader look at the concept of community pluralism might provide a more comprehensive perspective. A model employing dimensions of community power and leadership diversity was used to examine how decision making affects the level of transparency within communities. Results indicated that each dimension had a significant impact on the availability of public records and that gender and ethnicity differed in their influence on transparency.
Uncertain Rights: Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse V. Frederick
Authors: Kozlowski Dan V. , Bullard Melissa E. , Deets Kristen
Published: December 2011

In Morse v. Frederick, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public schools can prohibit speech “that can reasonably be regarded as encouraging illegal drug use.” This article studies lower federal court opinions that have interpreted the Supreme Court's ruling. Analysis shows that although several lower courts have explicitly limited Morse's reach to speech advocating illegal drug use, other lower courts have applied Morse's rationale to prohibit speech in situations beyond the circumstances of that case. If interpreted broadly, Morse risks severely damaging students' ever-shrinking First Amendment rights.
What's in a Frame? A Content Analysis of Media Framing Studies in the World's Leading Communication Journals, 1990-2005
Authors: Matthes Jörg
Published: December 2011

This paper provides a systematic analysis of media framing studies in the world's leading communication journals. A quantitative content analysis of 131 studies published in fifteen international journals demonstrates how frames are conceptualized and measured. Current problems in framing research include lack of operational precision, the descriptive focus of many analyses, neglect of visuals, and insufficient reporting of reliability.
Expanding and Validating Applications of the Willingness to Self-Censor Scale: Self-Censorship and Media Advisers' Comfort Level with Controversial Topics
Authors: Filak Vincent F. , Reinardy Scott , Maksl Adam
Published: December 2011

Research on the Willingness to Self-Censor (WTSC) scale posits that the desire to withhold one's opinion is an intrinsic, as opposed to situational, trait. This study of high school media advisers (N=563) revealed that advisers who rated high on WTSC were more likely to state lower levels of comfort with the coverage of five controversial topic areas in their student media. These findings held even when accounting for key demographics, fear of reprisal for running the stories, job enjoyment, and the advisers' perception of their principal's comfort level with the topic.
The War against the Moon: Andre Maurois' 1927 “Fantasy on the Coming Power of the Press”
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: December 2011

In 1927, French author André Maurois published The Next Chapter: The War against the Moon, a “fantasy on the coming power of the press.” Unlike seminal dystopian works such as We, Brave New World, and 1984 in which governments control the news media, War against the Moon presents a future in which news media control the world's governments. Unevaluated heretofore by journalism historians, War against the Moon reflects post-World War I concerns regarding propaganda, the malleability of public opinion, media consolidation, the power of press barons, and the drift of news toward sensationalism.
Does Class Matter? The Effect of Social Class on Journalists' Ethical Decision Making
Authors: Correa Teresa
Published: December 2011

This study investigated experimentally whether social class of people who appear in news stories influences Chilean journalists' ethical reasoning. Based on schema, social identity, and moral development theories, it found that journalists applied lower levels of ethical reasoning when faced with an ethical dilemma associated with the poor, an effect moderated by participants' involvement in the story. Psychological mechanisms—such as involvement, mental elaboration about stories' subjects, and identification with them—influenced participants' ethical thinking.
Mass Media Flow and Differential Distribution of Politically Disputed Beliefs: The Belief Gap Hypothesis
Authors: Hindman Douglas Blanks
Published: December 2011

This study, based on five national telephone surveys, extends the knowledge gap hypothesis by employing beliefs, rather than knowledge, as the dependent variable, and by comparing education with ideology as independent variables. These changes address epistemological and micro-level critiques of the knowledge gap hypothesis while extending it in new directions. Evidence supported the hypotheses that ideology would be a better predictor than education of beliefs about the existence of global warming, but not its causes, and that the “belief gap” between conservatives and liberals would grow over time.
Citizens' Local Political Knowledge and the Role of Media Access
Authors: Shaker Lee
Published: December 2011

Locally based media institutions that have been at the core of citizens' media environments for generations are facing an onslaught of new competition from new media. The twin goals of this article are to expand our understanding of the distribution of local political knowledge in general and to specifically examine the relevance of media access. The article suggests that media access does bear upon levels of local political knowledge and confirms that citizens who are knowledgeable about local politics do not mirror the profile of those who are knowledgeable about national politics.
Notes on “Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: A Meta-analysis of Thirty-five Years of Research”
Authors: Gaziano Cecilie
Published: December 2011

This paper elaborates on a recent meta-analysis of knowledge gap studies in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, highlighting the importance of community structure and issue conflict in modifying knowledge differentials, calling for refined conceptualizations of knowledge, and pointing up areas for additional research. It argues that the one independent measure chosen from a study for a knowledge gap meta-analysis should he the relationship between education and knowledge when media publicity is of the greatest magnitude, not an average of the lowest and highest magnitudes. This is because the hypothesis emphasizes the role of increased publicity on the education-knowledge relationship.
Organization-Employee Relationship Maintenance Strategies: A New Measuring Instrument
Authors: Shen Hongmei
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to develop a valid and reliable new instrument to measure relationship maintenance strategies in the context of organization-employee relationships, and (2) to explore how organizations build relationships with internal publics. A focus group ( N = 10) and an online survey ( N = 583) were administered. Statistical tests established the validity and reliability of a six-factor twenty-item instrument for relationship maintenance strategies. The study also found that organizations utilized openness, assurances of legitimacy, networking, and compromising to a larger extent than distributive negotiation and avoiding to build relationships with their employees.
Radio and Television: Looking Ahead 20 Years
Authors: Wiebe Gerhart D.
Published: December 2011

Both radio and television newscasts have a bright future and a deepening obligation to society, according to Dr. Wiebe, CBS-Radio research psychologist, who describes such feasible equipment advances as ear-phone radios, video tape recorders handling color, and world-wide TV transmission.
The Influence of Captions on Picture Interpretation
Authors: Kerrick Jean S.
Published: December 2011

In an experiment with college students at the University of Illinois, the author found that captions can modify the judgments of readers regarding the pictures they accompany, and may even change interpretations. Dr. Kerrick is an associate in journalism at the University of California, Berkeley
Personnel Turnover on Texas Small Dailies
Authors: Scott Alan , West Raymond
Published: December 2011

Publishers of small city dailies must strive to produce better newspapers and pay more attention to the news-editorial side of their business if competent editors and reporters are to be retained on the staffs, this study of employe turnover in a group of small Texas newspapers shows
The Army Seeks a “Good” Press
Authors: Rutland Robert A.
Published: December 2011

The United States Army since 1946 has been reorganizing its public information activities in an effort to improve its press relations and thereby create better public understanding. The author is instructor in journalism at UCLA and has served as an Army PIO officer in this country and overseas
The Hungarian Emigrant Press
Authors: Major Robert
Published: December 2011

World War II brought the third great political exodus from Hungary in modern times, which stimulated the development of a Magyar emigrant press in Europe, the United States and Canada. The author describes the principal Magyar emigrant newspapers, including Nazi, Communist and democratic organs
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Fenkart E. , Haiderer F. , Alisky Marvin , Martin L. John
Published: December 2011

Several editorials and special articles were written during this period on the London newspaper strike and the rights and obligations of management and labor in the newspaper business. Some interest was also shown in the effects of the strike on the London public and in the attitudes of those mass media not hit by the strike. In Copenhagen the International Press Institute held its fourth general assembly. Among the topics discussed were the effect of television news on the press; government pressures on the press; governmental public relations; editing foreign news for the general reader; and the implications of the London newspaper strike. Gazette, a quarterly journal devoted to the science of the press, appeared in Amsterdam. Its second issue was edited by Kurt Baschwitz, Amsterdam, and Siegfried Frey, Zürich.
Recent Developments in the Use of “Cloze Procedure”
Authors: Taylor Wilson L.
Published: December 2011

A technique first presented as a way of testing the readability of English prose has been found to have many additional uses. It also works in Korean and with spoken materials. Further, it indexes individual differences in comprehension, intelligence and knowledge; and it gauges the “entropy” of prose context.
Needed: More Research in Education for Journalism
Authors: Moeller Leslie G.
Published: December 2011

The chairman of the ACEJ accrediting committee lists 11 areas of investigation for researchers in journalism education and suggests means of coordinating study of the problems involving the schools, their students and the profession. The author is director of the School of Journalism, State University of Iowa.
Journalism School Courses in International Communications
Authors: Markham James W.
Published: December 2011

A survey of journalism school offerings in the field of international communications shows 30 schools giving such instruction and 11 more planning to do so in the future. Professor Markham, head of the Department of News at Pennsylvania State University, analyzes the answers of 83 Schools.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Martin L John
Published: December 2011

The IPI study which appeared on January 16 reported that press censorship was on the rise, even in free countries. On the other hand, the Soviet Union appeared to be easing up on censorship according to the New York Times. Moscow News, a Soviet publication in the English language, resumed publication after six years on January 7. La Prensa reappeared in Buenos Aires on February 3 with a new face—a front page of news instead of the former gray front page of classified ads. The first day 840,000 copies were run off. Other Latin American news was the lifting of press censorship in Brazil by newly-inaugurated President Kubischek, and the worsening heavy-handed suppression of opposition newspapers in Colombia by Dictator Rojas Pinilla. In Hungary, AP correspondent Endre Marton, a Hungarian national, and his wife, a UP correspondent, were sentenced to imprisonment for spying. Mrs. Marton has since been released. History was made in Chinese journalism when Communist Chinese newspapers began printing from left to right, horizontally at the beginning of this year. In Britain, the world-renowned journalist and author, a former editor of The Times, Henry Wickham Steed, died on January 13 at the age of 84.
U.S. Correspondents Abroad: A Study of Backgrounds
Authors: Maxwell J. William
Published: December 2011

A survey of foreign correspondents employed by U. S. organizations gives evidence of their family backgrounds, extent of education and other qualifications for service, working methods, incomes and political preference. The author is journalism head at the State University of South Dakota.
The Press in Communist China: Its Structure and Operation
Authors: Houn Franklin W.
Published: December 2011

The most serious problem facing newspapers on Mainland China is the sterilizing effect of control measures upon editors and staff members. The author was formerly on the research staff at Stanford. His book on the central government of China will be published shortly by the University of Wisconsin Press.
David Ross Locke: Forgotten Editor
Authors: Taft William H.
Published: December 2011

Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby is a well-known literary figure, but his creator, David Ross Locke, has received little attention for his editorship of the Toledo Blade and other journalistic accomplishments. The author brings both the flavor of the Nasby letters and a resumé of Locke's success in Toledo.
News Notes
Authors: Root Robert , Wolseley Roland E.
Published: December 2011

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Root, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Notes for the next issue should reach him by July 1.
Where Does Friction Develop for TV News Directors?
Authors: Holting Per
Published: December 2011

A mail-questionnaire study of news operations in 118 U. S. and Canadian TV stations reveals that friction develops more commonly between news directors and their station sales departments and managers than between newsmen and sponsors. TV newsmen with newspaper backgrounds defend their ground most often.
Effect of Assigned Newspaper Reading on Knowledge of News
Authors: Brinton James E.
Published: December 2011

An experiment by a staff member of the Department of Communication and Journalism at Stanford demonstrates that assigned newspaper reading, with news test scores becoming a part of the course grade, is an effective method of increasing students' knowledge about news events.
Newspapers of a State as a News Network
Authors: Schramm Wilbur
Published: December 2011

In this study of news content of all Oregon dailies for one week, sources of news are examined, and the pattern of exchange of news within the state is analyzed, in an effort to relate population and distance to news flow. The author is in the Institute for Communication Research at Stanford.
Weekly Newspapers Again Facing Challenge to Move
Authors: Sim John Cameron
Published: December 2011

Pioneer printer-editors a century ago followed the population westward. Now their successors must ponder the problems of “interurbia.” Should they move while they can? The author, a rural weekly newspaper publisher himself, is an assistant professor of journalism at University of Minnesota.
Folklore in the Newspapers
Authors: Flanagan John T.
Published: December 2011

The American newspaper is addicted to running news stories based upon the folklore of a people who delight in tall tales, seasonal weather prophecies of groundhogs and robins, and reports of haunted houses, gremlins and flying saucers. The author maintains that this is good editing.
Comprehensibility of Initials in Headlines
Authors: Goldsmith Adolph O.
Published: December 2011

Newspapers have been overestimating the ability of their readers to identify the meaning of such abbreviations as ICBM, AAUW, NAACP and even C of C, according to the results of a survey made by using samples of readers in St. Louis and journalism students at the State University of Iowa.
Who Covers Entertainment for Metropolitan Dailies?
Authors: Meisler Stanley
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Listener Opinions of Radio-TV Advertising Claims
Authors: Cranston Pat
Published: December 2011

A study of reactions to 15 “objectionable” ads on Seattle radio-TV programs indicates that public confidence in all advertising of a certain type may be lessened by a few advertisers who make exaggerated or misleading claims. The author is an assistant professor of communications at the University of Washington.
The Maryland Gazette: America's Oldest Newspaper?
Authors: White William
Published: December 2011

Honoring of the Maryland Gazette at Annapolis as America's oldest newspaper during 1957 National Newspaper Week brought protests from the Hartford Courant and from journalism historians. The author, associate professor at Wayne State University, examines the Maryland claims, says “No.”
Press Coverage of Two Michigan Congressional Elections
Authors: Kelley Douglas
Published: December 2011

A study of six daily newspapers in two marginal Michigan congressional districts for six weeks preceding the 1956 election shows that incumbents fared better than non-incumbents in news coverage, and Republicans generally better than Democrats. The author feels that overall press coverage was poor.
Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News
Authors: McNelly John T.
Published: December 2011

Studies of foreign correspondents, telegraph editors, readers and content have thrown light on several stages in the global news flow. The author suggests further research focusing upon the roles of the relatively unpublicized “gatekeepers” who operate on an international scale.
American Journalism and its Historical Treatment
Authors: Nevins Allan
Published: December 2011

The president of the American Historical Association surveys the field of journalism history and concludes that the product is thin and uneven. He analyzes the causes of weak performance, states requirements for improvement and recommends establishment of an AEJ press evaluation project.
Technique vs. Meaning in Photojournalism
Authors: Bush George S.
Published: December 2011

Modern photojournalism needs professionals who have a broad background in both liberal arts and journalism. Yet extensive training in technique also is necessary before a photographer can handle content. The author would prefer a five-year program of study, but suggests a way to do the job in four years.
A Method and a Perspective for Criticism of the Mass Media
Authors: Jensen Jay W.
Published: December 2011

If schools of journalism are to achieve a truly professional status, criticism is one of their inescapable functions. The head of the Department of Journalism at the University of Illinois outlines the kind of approach the schools should take and urges an “institutional” perspective to make it meaningful.
Technology and the New York Press in the 19th Century
Authors: Pickett Calder M.
Published: December 2011

The response of six famous U.S. dailies and their editors to technical advances was anything but uniform. The author, an associate professor of journalism at the University of Kansas, analyzes their attitudes both toward mechanization in newspaper making and toward the problems of industrialism.
The ‘Lovelorn’ Columnist and Her Social Role
Authors: Gieber Walter
Published: December 2011

Critics of advice columns see risks in non-professional counsel to unseen readers. However, content analysis of one columnist's incoming mail, and of her replies, suggests that she helps “group-less” readers “make contact with a wider world in which there are other anxious persons … and friendly authority.”
Completeness of Press Coverage of the 1960 Campaign
Authors: Danielson Wayne A. , Adams John B.
Published: December 2011

Using a sample of 90 dailies with reference to 23 presidential campaign events, two University of North Carolina journalism professors report on the completeness of coverage of events and the amount of coverage made available to the average reader—a figure ranging between 41% and 60%.
Report on 1961 Graduate Research in Journalism and Communications
Authors: Price Warren C.
Published: December 2011

This report lists, with annotations, 16 doctoral dissertations reported by schools of journalism and communications as having been accepted during 1961; 32 titles approved for doctoral candidates, and 98 completed masters' theses. Professor Price is a University of Oregon journalism faculty member.
Sensationalism: Some Objective Message Correlates
Authors: Tannenbaum Percy H. , Lynch Mervin D.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe an effort to isolate and identify one or more key message attribute clusters which relate to the judgment of sensationalism, as the latter is indexed by their Sendex technique. Their aim is to find a good objective measure for the study of sensationalistic journalism.
The Other Newspaper in St. Louis
Authors: Hart Jim Allee
Published: December 2011

The author of A History of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat gives a brief account of the 110-year-old rival of the Post-Dispatch and of some of its well-known figures: Joseph B. McCullagh, Casper S. Yost, E. Lansing Ray. Dr. Hart is associate professor of journalism at Ohio University.
Ezra Pound and the Bollingen Prize: The Controversy in Periodicals
Authors: Loftus Beverly J. G.
Published: December 2011

When a jury of distinguished American writers voted in 1949 that the Library of Congress should give a poetry award to controversial Ezra Pound, a storm broke over the issue of freedom of action. The author reviews the roles of 20 periodicals, notably the “anti” Saturday Review and “pro” Poetry.
The Re-Appearing Foreign Correspondent: A World Survey
Authors: Wilhelm John
Published: December 2011

Over the last 13 years, the number of American foreign correspondents has increased from 293 to 515—a gain of 75%. Fourteen new news bureaus have been established by U. S. media in Latin America alone.
The ‘Infantile’ vs. the ‘Sublime’ in Advertisements
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: December 2011

There is more use of infantile mechanisms in current full-page advertisements than there was 30 years ago. Yet this study shows that the public and experts alike identify more readily with those involving rational and sublimated mechanisms.
A Note on the Meaning of the Word ‘Americanize’
Authors: Porter William E.
Published: December 2011

What does the word “Americanize” mean to peoples of the world? Is it favorable, unfavorable or neutral in implication? An analysis of replies of 68 newly-arrived foreign students shows a wide variety of responses as to meaning—and only four favorable.
The Education and Training of Science Writers
Authors: Fraley Pierre C.
Published: December 2011

There is no simple, pat answer to the preparing of science writers. This study examines trends in undergraduate education, graduate level programs, science writing seminars and on-the-job training experiments and suggests some new approaches.
Washington's Political Press and the Election of 1824
Authors: Ames William E. , Olson S. Dean
Published: December 2011

With five major candidates engaged in a free-for-all personality battle for the presidency of 1824, the political press of the capital played a crucial role. The number of papers increased from two to four as Adams, Calhoun, Crawford, Clay and Jackson contended for the prize.
A Decade of German Books on Mass Communication
Authors: Lerg Winfried B.
Published: December 2011

A summary of the most noteworthy German books in the past decade has been compiled by a regular contributor to the German journal Publizistik.
Scripps and His Adless Newspaper, The Day Book
Authors: Knight Oliver
Published: December 2011

This is the first article to be published from the author's three-year study of the personal papers of E. W. Scripps. Here he tells the full story of Scripps' efforts to create a successful adless newspaper.
Growth of International Studies in U.S. Schools of Journalism
Authors: Markham James W. , Chiao Theodore H.
Published: December 2011

The number of schools offering international courses has risen from 30 in 1955 to 44 in 1963; course enrollment has doubled. Faculty appreciation of the value of such courses also has shown a marked increase.
The Catholic Digest: Experiment in Courage
Authors: Whalen James W.
Published: December 2011

In I936 a priest with $1,000 started a magazine which now has 650,000 circulation, the largest of religious periodicals. The story of its growth and present stature is told here from primary sources.
The Mass Media and Campaign Strategy in a Mayoralty Election
Authors: Mayo Charles G.
Published: December 2011

The roles played by television, radio and community newspapers in the bitter Yorty-Poulson race for mayor of Los Angeles are analyzed in detail. Television proved to be most influential in the minds of voters.
How Newspapers Use the Associated Press Afternoon A-Wire
Authors: Stempel Guido H.
Published: December 2011

This study analyzes the use of AP stories by 20 metropolitan afternoon dailies. Findings suggest that production problem are more important than wire service policies in determining which stories get into print.
Book Reviewing and Civil Rights: The Effect of Regional Opinion
Authors: Higbie Charles E.
Published: December 2011

Differing practices in reviewing books by region are revealed in a content analysis of a U.S. 90-newspaper random sample. Books on racial discrimination fared less well in the South than in the North.
The Image of the United States Projected by Peking Review
Authors: Oliphant C. A.
Published: December 2011

China's English-language weekly makes steady use of distortions, half-truths, misinterpretations, outright falsehoods, and quotations out of context. “Imperialism” is the theme appearing increasingly over the last five years.
Magazine Photography Begins: An Editorial Negative
Authors: Kahan Robert S.
Published: December 2011

Why did American magazines delay introducing the photograph to their readers throughout the 1880s? Apparently editors thought hand-engraving was art, but the photograph was not.
The Limits of the Limitless Medium – International Broadcasting
Authors: Browne Don R.
Published: December 2011

To what extent can peoples speak to peoples? Problems of international broadcasting are surveyed and realistic programming is suggested, based on reaching specific audience targets.
Decision-Making by a Reporter under Deadline Pressure
Authors: Grey David L.
Published: December 2011

Observation of a reporter working under the pressures of a Supreme Court decision day yields a minute-by-minute diary and suggestions as to how a newsman evaluates and writes stories under a deadline.
A Study of Occupational Advice for Women in Magazines
Authors: Clarke Peter , Esposito Virginia
Published: December 2011

Motivational themes wed in magazine articles treating vocational information prove to bear little resemblance to the job motives revealed by college women who are bent on careers.
Studying the American Press: The Walter Jenkins Case
Authors: Levine Edward P.
Published: December 2011

The uniformity and fairness of American press coverage of the Walter Jenkins story is traced to the balanced reportage by AP and UPI, whose influences should be considered in all press analyses.
Report on 1966 Graduate Research in Journalism and Communication
Authors: Pickett Calder M.
Published: December 2011

This report for the AEJ Research Committee lists, with annotations, 34 doctoral dissertations completed during 1966; 56 titles approved for doctoral candidates, and 241 completed master's theses.
The New York Times and Public Opinion Research: A Criticism
Authors: Wiebe Gerhart D.
Published: December 2011

Using five examples from the Times of faulty treatment of stories dealing with polls and opinion research, the author of this essay pleads for a better understanding of the subject by newspaper editors.
Professionalism of Journalists in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Menanteau-Horta Dario
Published: December 2011

A study of 235 Chilean journalists shows that while they are working long hours and are underpaid, they have high vocational motivation and show clear professional identification.
Multidimensional Content Analysis of Editorials
Authors: Levy Sheldon G.
Published: December 2011

The author attempts to obtain, compare and interpret the attitude structure in three magazines' editorials, through content analysis, using a modified semantic differential instrument.
Ralph McGill: Convictions of a Southern Editor
Authors: Logue Cal M.
Published: December 2011

McGill's writings on equal rights have changed between the 1930s and the 1960s, reflecting in part a change in thinking. But the Atlanta editor has been ahead of his Southern audience in advocating human rights for every man.
The Image of the Negro in the Maryland Gazette, 1745–75
Authors: Wax Darold D.
Published: December 2011

A look at one colonial newspaper reveals an image of the Negro which was many-sided and complex, an image tied directly to present day patterns of racial prejudice and discrimination.
Newspaper Ownership of Broadcast Stations, 1920–68
Authors: Sterling Christopher H.
Published: December 2011

With the Justice Department prodding the FCC to curtail cross-media ownership combinations in single markets, the author examines earlier challenges to publishers holding broadcast licenses.
An Analysis of Newspaper Editorial Pay, 1954–66
Authors: Stempel Guido H. , Wagner Paul H.
Published: December 2011

Reporter top minimums did not increase as rapidly as pay in other industries in the period of this study. Nor were reporters' increases related to any seemingly important motivations.
The Effect of Art Work on Perceived Writer Stand
Authors: Culbertson Hugh M.
Published: December 2011

How does iconicity—the resemblance between a pictorial symbol and its referent—influence perception of an author's stand on a controversial topic?
A Study of Photography's Status in Indiana High School Newspapers
Authors: Martin Don R.
Published: December 2011

This department is a forum for AEJ members, who are invited to submit succinct articles dealing with educational trends, fields of study, laboratory techniques and student problems in journalism and mass communications.
The Press, the Police Blotter and Public Policy
Authors: Petrick Michael J.
Published: December 2011

While 42 states do have “public records” statutes, few such laws apply specifically to the police blotter. The judiciary and the state attorney general can play a key role in attaining statewide policy which favors access.
Social Relations and the Two-Step Flow: A Defense of the Tradition
Authors: Allen Irving L.
Published: December 2011

Survey data show relationship between social contacts, and event knowledge is increased by a measure of amount of public affairs discussion; it is shown that demographic variables cannot account for this.
Professionalization of Latin American and U.S. Journalists
Authors: Markham James W. , McLeod Jack , Rush Ramona R.
Published: December 2011

In the first of two reports the authors compare data from Latin journalist elites with those from an earlier Milwaukee study and find great similarity. The second follows in the Winter issue.
Riesman's Social Character Theory and Magazine Preference
Authors: Belson Jerry J. , Barban Arnold M.
Published: December 2011

The theory of social character holds little promise for the operational aspects of mass communications. Only in a broad or philosophical sense might a social character orientation be meaningful.
Subjective Inaccuracies in Local News Reporting
Authors: Lawrence Gary C. , Grey David L.
Published: December 2011

Both news sources and reporters cited insufficient background information on the part of the reporter as the main cause of many subjective inaccuracies.
News Media Competition under Conditions Favorable to Newspapers
Authors: Lemert James B.
Published: December 2011

Television's advantage as the medium with “immediacy” should be at a minimum where network TV's deadlines fall early, but in Eugene, Oregon, such differences are lost on the typical reader-viewer.
From Isolation to Intervention: The Saturday Evening Post, 1939-42
Authors: Ryant Carl G.
Published: December 2011

From an absolute denial of the relevance of the European war for America and an unwillingness to brand any European figures as America's enemies, the war became an American crusade for the Post.
Source-Message Orientation and Expectation of Discussion with the Source
Authors: Stone Vernon A. , Hoyt James L.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Articles on Mass Communication in U.S. and Foreign Journals
Authors: Knight Robert P. , Delahaye Alfred
Published: December 2011

Bibliographers: Chris J. Burns, Colorado; Jim Colson, Texas; John Geldmacher, Missouri; Steve Lamoreux, Colorado State; John A. Lent, Iowa; Howard R. Long, Southern Illinois; Mervin D. Lynch, Northeastern; Mack Palmer, Wisconsin.
Perceived Media Bias and the 1968 Vote: Can the Media Affect Behavior after All?
Authors: Robinson John P.
Published: December 2011

Data obtained from a Survey Research Center post-election study shows a newspaper's perceived support of a candidate was associated with about a 6% edge in the vote for that candidate.
A Broader Look at Legibility
Authors: Salcedo Rodolfo N. , Read Hadley , Evans James F. , Kong Ana C.
Published: December 2011

Three legibility factors were studied, using reading speed, comprehension and two other variables as criteria; these proved to be uncorrelated, raising questions concerning the meaning of “Legibility.”
Parker as the Commoner Depicted Him
Authors: Anderson Fenwick
Published: December 2011

William Jennings Bryan's political tabloid first fought the presidential nomination of the colorless, conservative Judge Parker, supported him after the convention, but finally argued that only progressivism would save the Democratic Party.
Issue and Personality Information In Newspaper Political Advertising
Authors: Bowers Thomas A.
Published: December 2011

Study of political advertisements in largest dailies in 23 states shows nearly half of statements are about issues. Ads for congressional and minor party candidates emphasize issues less.
Opinion Agreement and Accuracy Between Editors and Their Readers
Authors: Martin Ralph K. , O'Keefe Garrett J. , Nayman Oguz B.
Published: December 2011

Editors perceive the views of their readers fairly closely and are to some degree influenced by them; readers perceive newspapers as biased, and generally opposed to their views.
An Amercian Reporter and the Franco-Prussian War
Authors: Curl Donald Walter
Published: December 2011

Murat Halstead of the Cincinnati Commercial had to surmount great obstacles to cover war for his readers, and his experiences permanently changed his regard for the nations in the conflict.