bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours in dogs; clinical behaviour and response to surgery
Authors: BAKER‐GABBy M , HUNT GB , FRANCE MP
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise the types of canine soft tissue sarcoma and mast cell tumour treated surgically at the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney. To evaluate the success of surgical treatment of these tumours and identify variables predictive of local recurrence and survival. To establish whether conclusions drawn from previous international studies are applicable to the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, dog population and vice versa.

Design Clinical presentation and results of surgical excision of 54 soft tissue sarcomas and 70 mast cell tumours affecting the trunk and limbs of dogs at the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, between 1989 and 2001 were reviewed retrospectively.

Results Cross‐bred dogs and Rhodesian Ridgebacks were at significantly greater risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas, and Boxers, Australian Cattle Dogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers were at significantly greater risk of developing mast cell tumours than other breeds. Fine needle aspiration biopsy yielded a correct diagnosis in 62.5% of soft tissue sarcomas and 96% of mast cell tumours. Local recurrence was encountered after surgical excision in 7.4% of soft tissue sarcomas and 7.3% of mast cell tumours. Metastasis occurred in 6% of soft tissue sarcomas and 12% of mast cell tumours. The most significant risk factors for local recurrence were contaminated surgical margins (soft tissue sarcomas) and histological grade (mast cell tumours). Due to the low number of animals experiencing metastasis, no conclusions could be drawn about significant risk factors.

Conclusions Aggressive surgical management of soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours is associated with a low incidence of local recurrence. The type, location and behaviour of mast cell tumours and soft tissue sarcomas in the population of dogs presented to the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney are similar to those reported by others.
Occupational health risks in veterinary nursing: an exploratory study
Authors: SOEST EM van , FRITSCHI L
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesThe aims of this exploratory study were to survey the prevalence of certain exposures and health problems among a group of veterinary nurses attending the International Veterinary Nurses' Conference in Brisbane, Australia, 2003 and to identify the main concerns among those veterinary nurses with regard to occupational health hazards they may face.

Methods and materialsAn anonymous self‐administered questionnaire was distributed among all attendees of the International Veterinary Nurses' Conference 2003, Brisbane, Australia (N=147 respondents among 215 surveyed).

ResultsThe prevalence of exposure to X‐radiation (97%), anaesthetics (96%), disinfectants (96%) and vaccines (85%) was high. More than 70% of the nurses were exposed to formaldehyde (76%) and pesticides/insecticides (71%). For all exposures except vaccines, about 50% of the nurses exposed were worried about negative health consequences. Acute injuries were common with 98% of the nurses experiencing dog/cat bites/scratches, 71% experiencing needle stick injuries and 43% experiencing lacerations. More than half of the nurses (52%) suffered from chronic back/neck pain and 39% reported having allergy or hay fever. Sixteen cases (11%) of Cat Scratch Fever were reported. Job related affective well‐being was similar to a large sample of workers in comparable level jobs.

ConclusionAmong attendees of a veterinary nurses conference, the proportion of this group of nurses exposed to hazards in their work environment was high and acute and chronic injuries were common. Considering that nurses account for more than 40% of total employment in the veterinary service industry, the results of this study show that the occupational health hazards of this professional group require further study.
Hypokalaemia as a cause of recumbency in an adult dairy cow
Authors: JOHNS IC , WHITLOCK RH , SWEENEY RW
Published: March 2008

A 3‐year‐old Holstein cow was presented for evaluation of recumbency. Physical examination and laboratory evaluations resulted in a diagnosis of hypokalaemia causing extreme skeletal muscle weakness. Treatment involved intravenous and oral potassium supplementation, antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory therapy, and management of recumbency using a flotation tank (the Aquacow Rise System™). The cow recovered and returned to the milking herd. Multifactorial elements were identified as the cause of hypokalaemia including inappetance, treatments for ketosis and administration of dexamethasone.
Implementation in Australia of molecular diagnostic techniques for the rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus
Authors: BOYLE DB , TAYLOR T , CARDOSO M
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate and implement rapid molecular diagnostic techniques for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) suitable for use in Australia.

Design Two PCR TaqMan assays targeted to the FMDV internal ribosome entry site or the 3D polymerase coding region for the rapid detection of FMDV were evaluated using non‐infectious materials to determine the test most appropriate for implementation as part of Australia's national preparedness for the rapid detection and diagnosis of FMD outbreaks.

Results Two published tests (PCR TaqMan assays targeted to the FMDV IRES region or the FMDV 3D polymerase coding region) were evaluated for their ability to detect FMDV genetic material in non‐infectious FMDV ELISA antigen stocks held at Australian Animal Health Laboratory. Both tests were able to detect FMDV genetic material from strains O1 Manisa, O‐3039, A22, A24, A Malaysia, C, Asia 1 and SAT 1, 2 and 3. With the exception of Asia 1, the TaqMan assay targeted to the FMD 3D polymerase coding region had Ct values equal to or lower than for the TaqMan assay targeted to the IRES region suggesting that this test may provide broader serotype detection and sensitivity. However, the TaqMan assay directed to the FMDV IRES is the only one to date to have undergone substantial evaluation using clinical samples collected during an outbreak. The greatest differences observed were for O‐3039, SAT 1, and 3.

Conclusion Given the ease of setting up both tests, AAHL currently runs both tests on highly suspect FMD investigations to provide independent confirmation of the absence of FMDV because the tests are focused on two independent regions of the FMDV genome. These tests add substantially to Australia's preparedness for FMD diagnosis complementing the already well‐established virus isolation and antigen capture ELISA tests for index case diagnosis of FMD in Australia.
Effect of heel elevation on forelimb conformation in horses
Authors: PEARCE SG , BOURE LP , BOLGER A , THOMASON JJ , DOBSON H
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the conformational changes in the distal forelimb of horses following heel elevation of 15 degrees and greater.

DesignAn experimental study with repeated, within‐horse measurements.

ProcedureFive clinically normal, mixed‐breed horses were used to determine distal forelimb conformation following heel elevation from 0 to 45 degrees in 15 degree increments. Data were also compared to conformation of the limb in a Kimzey splint. Conformation was determined using lateral to medial radiographic projections. Conformation parameters assessed included measurement of apparent lengths of digital flexor tendons from the origin of their accessory ligaments to the points of insertion, and the joint angles of the distal limb.

ResultsFor angles of heel elevation from 15 to 45 degrees, the degree of joint angulation increased (increasing flexion) with heel elevation for the metacarpophalangeal, and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. Conversely, the measured apparent lengths of the digital flexor tendons in the distal limb, decreased.

ConclusionThe data supports the practice of elevating the heel (greater than 15 degrees) for conditions in which decreased fetlock extension may be desired such as with laceration or injury to the digital flexor tendons. Further study is required to determine whether heel elevation greater than 15 degrees reduces in vivo digital flexor tendon tension and also to ensure that the marked flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint with greater heel elevation is not detrimental over a prolonged period that may be required for the rehabilitation of flexor tendon injuries in the horse.
Behavioural responses of calves to amputation dehorning with and without local anaesthesia
Authors: SYLVESTER SP , STAFFORD KJ , MELLOR DJ , BRUCE RA , WARD RN
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the pain elicited by amputation dehorning and evaluate the effect of local anaesthesia by using changes in calf behaviour.

Methods The behaviour of 6‐month‐old Friesian calves (n = 60), subjected to control handling, dehorned or dehorned after local anaesthesia treatment, was monitored in this study. The proportion of calves displaying particular behaviours was recorded using instantaneous scan sampling during the first 10 h and between 26 and 29 h after treatment.

Results The three behaviours of tail flicking, head shaking and ear flicking displayed similar features with time according to treatment and appeared to occur in an inverse relation to rumination. Dehorned calves were highly restless for the first 6 h after treatment. A significantly greater proportion of them displayed tail flicking, head shaking and ear flicking than the control calves, which, by contrast, stood still and ruminated (P < 0.05). The behaviour of calves given local anaesthetic prior to dehorning was similar to that of the control calves for the first 2 h. Thereafter the proportion of calves displaying tail flicking, head shaking and ear flicking increased, rumination decreased, and the behaviour was similar to that of the dehorned calves.

Conclusions These results suggest that dehorning is a painful experience that lasts about 6 h and that local anaesthetic alleviates that pain during its period of action. It is recommended that local anaesthetic be administered when conducting amputation dehorning.
Angiotrophic intravascular lymphosarcoma presenting as bi‐cavity effusion in a dog
Authors: RIDGE L. , SWINNEY G.
Published: March 2008

A 9‐year‐old German Shepherd cross was presented with a history of dyspnoea, decreased activity, episodic collapse and abdominal distention. Cytological examination of thoracic and abdominal fluid demonstrated neoplastic cells, either round or mesenchymal in nature. The dog was found to have a mass in the heart‐base region. Exploratory thoracotomy was performed to identify the exact nature of the mass histologically, and to determine if it was the source of neoplastic cells seen in the effusions. Histological diagnosis of the mass was mesothelioma. Postoperatively the dog developed thrombocytopenia, probably immune‐mediated, which was treated with prednisone therapy. The dog developed signs of respiratory distress shortly before discharge and, due to its deteriorating condition, was euthanased. A necropsy was performed and tissues were collected for histological examination. The histological diagnosis was angiotropic intravascular lymphosarcoma. Diagnosis of mesothelioma was not confirmed.
Acute necrotising pancreatitis following grain overload in a donkey
Authors: KAWAGUCHI K. , CHURCH S. , SLOCOMBE RF
Published: March 2008

A donkey developed abdominal discomfort and distension together with cardiovascular collapse and gastric reflux 24 to 36 hours after ingesting a large amount of poultry feed. Rectal findings prompted a laparotomy that identified extensive gastric dilation, an empty, atonic small intestine, dry colonic content and an easily corrected caecal displacement. These findings were not consistent with the severity of the signs, which were attributed to endotoxaemia. The donkey was euthanased during recovery. Necropsy revealed acute necrotising pancreatitis with massive gastric dilation and right dorsal colon impaction. The clinicopathological features of acute equine pancreatitis associated with grain overload are discussed.
Effect of a test and control program for Johne's disease in Victorian beef herds 1992 – 2002
Authors: JUBB TF , GALVIN JW
Published: March 2008

Objective To report on progress in Johne's disease (JD) control in infected beef herds participating in the Victorian Johne's disease test and control program (TCP).

Procedure Clinical histories and JD testing data recorded by the Department of Primary Industries were analysed for 18 beef herds participating in the TCP. The herds were required to conduct annual whole herd tests with an absorbed ELISA, cull reactors and control the grazing of young cattle to minimise infection.

Results Testing of over 11,000 animals identified 68 reactors giving an average prevalence of reactors at the first whole‐herd test round (T1) of 0.77%. There had been 20 clinical cases detected in the 7 years before the TCP started and two cases detected in the 10 years after TCP started. Most reactors and all clinical cases were born before the TCP started. Of 34 reactors necropsied, 25 (74%) were confirmed to have JD by histology or culture of tissues. The modal age of reactors and clinical cases was 5 and 6 years respectively. Six herds completed the program by achieving three successive negative whole herd tests, four herds dropped out and eight continued to test. There were 18 reactors detected at T1 and 33 reactors that were negative at T1 but detected at subsequent tests.

Conclusion The TCP was associated with a marked decline in clinical cases. The similar age distributions of clinical cases and reactors probably meant that testing detected animals for which clinical disease was imminent. Whether the measures used in the TCP were adequate to control the disease in beef herds could not be determined because of the long incubation period of the disease. The relatively high proportion of the reactors investigated that were confirmed as infected provided confidence that the test was continuing to operate at a high specificity. If all unconfirmed reactors were presumed to be uninfected, the minimum specificity of the ELISA was 99.83%. The sensitivity of the ELISA appeared to be very low because of the large number of reactors that were negative at T1 but positive at later tests.
Haematopoietic necrosis in a goldfish (Carassius auratus) associated with an agent morphologically similar to herpesvirus
Authors: STEPHENS FJ , RAIDAL SR , JONES B.
Published: March 2008

One of 14 goldfish (Carassius auratus) died 4 weeks after purchase and was investigated by necropsy and histological examination. Routine formalin fixation of the goldfish was followed by histopathology. Formalin fixed spleen and kidney from the fish was further processed by embedding in epoxy resin and examined by transmission electron microscopy (EM).

Severe, diffuse necrosis of haematopoietic tissue in the spleen, thymus and kidney and severe, diffuse hyperplasia in the gill epithelial cells were seen. In the spleen there was severe, diffuse necrosis of lymphocytes and many nuclei with marginated chromatin and intranuclear inclusions were scattered throughout the necrotic tissue. EM of affected tissues demonstrated intranuclear particles morphologically similar to herpesvirus.

The presence of an agent similar to a herpesvirus in a goldfish with severe haematopoietic necrosis suggests that the herpesvirus responsible for haematopoietic necrosis in cyprinid species throughout the world has entered the goldfish population in Australia.
Haemangiosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a dog
Authors: LIPTAK JM , DERNELL WS , WITHROW SJ
Published: March 2008

Haemangiosarcoma of the urinary bladder is reported in a dog. The bladder mass was detected incidentally during physical examination. Partial cystectomy with unilateral ureteroneocys‐tostomy were performed to remove the tumour en bloc. Necrosis of the urinary bladder was diagnosed 10 days postoperatively and the dog was euthanased.
Effect of a test and control program for bovine Johne's disease in Victorian dairy herds 1992 ‐ 2002
Authors: JUBB TF , GALVIN JW
Published: March 2008

Objective To report on progress in Johne's disease (JD) control in infected dairy herds participating in the Victorian Johne's disease Test and Control Program (TCP).

Procedure Clinical histories and JD testing data recorded by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (now called Department of Primary Industries) were analysed for 542 dairy herds participating in the TCP. The herds were required to conduct annual herd tests of cattle 2 years old and older with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cull the reactors and manage the younger cattle to minimise infection.

Results Testing of over 680,000 animals identified over 10,000 reactors giving an average prevalence of reactors at the first whole‐herd test (T1) of 1.78%. There was a relatively rapid increase in the incidence of clinical disease before the TCP started and then it markedly declined. There was a slow and interrupted decline in reactor prevalence, with a marked peak occurring at the fourth herd test (T4). The average age of reactors and clinical cases was 5.7 and 5.9 years, respectively. Of the reactors and clinical cases detected during the TCP, 87% and 95% respectively, were born before the TCP started. Thirty herds completed the program by achieving three successive negative whole herd tests and 91 herds dropped out because of inability to comply with the agreed requirements of the program. There were no home‐bred reactors born after the start of the program in 253 (47%) herds and of the 522 herds that were tested more than once, there were 319 (61%) herds in which no home‐bred reactors were detected after the first year of testing. The number of ELISA positive animals detected at T1 appeared to be only about 26% of the animals from that round that subsequently became positive or developed clinical disease at later test rounds.

Conclusion The TCP caused a marked decline in the number of clinical cases, probably because animals in which clinical disease was imminent were detected by testing and removed. A reduction in prevalence of reactors occurred only when most herd members were born after the TCP started. The sensitivity of the ELISA appears to be low based on the large number of reactors that were negative at T1 but were positive at later tests. Low sensitivity of diagnostic tests and the long incubation period of the disease limits meaningful analysis of the program until it has continued for some years. Measures adopted in the TCP have not broken the cycle of infection in many participating herds. It is unsure if this was because of poor compliance with control recommendations or a poor understanding of methods of transmission by scientists. Eradication is not feasible in the short term.
Survey for the presence of White Spot Syndrome virus in Australian crustaceans
Authors: EAST IJ , BLACK PF , McCOLL KA , HODGSON RAJ , BERNOTH E‐M
Published: March 2008

Objective To examine populations of Australian crustaceans for evidence of White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV).

Design A national survey was designed to provide 95% confidence of detecting at least one infected crustacean population (site) in Australian waters assuming that at least 5% of sites would be infected and that at least 10 % of crustaceans at those sites would be infected with virus that was detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Procedure A two‐stage sampling regimen was used. All samples were tested by the OIE‐recommended PCRs. If positives were found, they were retested at the Australian Fish Diseases Laboratory. Any sample that tested positive in PCR tests at both laboratories was to be subjected to a bioassay.

Results 3051 samples from 64 sites throughout Australia were tested. No mortalities, clinical signs of disease nor evidence of WSSV were detected at any site during the survey.

Conclusion The results of the survey support the case that Australia's crustacean populations are free of WSSV.
An assessment of the safety of copper heptonate for parenteral therapy in sheep
Authors: JUDSON GJ , BABIDGE PJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate any adverse effects of an intramuscular injection (IM) of copper heptonate (CuHep) in sheep.

Procedure Merino wethers about 9 months old were retained in pens and given 1 or 2 mg Cu/kg body weight as CuHep or no Cu treatment. Sheep were weighed and samples of blood for haematology, Cu and enzyme assay and tissues for Cu and Fe assay were collected before and at intervals over 21 days after treatment.

Results CuHep was removed from the injection site within 7 days of treatment and most of it was retained in the liver. Wethers had adequate liver Cu reserves before treatment and the higher dosage of CuHep raised liver Cu to values associated with Cu toxicity.

No clinical signs of Cu toxicity were evident. Transient increases in plasma activity of the liver enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase suggested mild liver necrosis due to CuHep, but there was no histopathological evidence of liver necrosis 7 days after treatment.

Conclusions IM injection of Cu as CuHep appears to be readily transferred to the liver. No significant necrosis is caused at the injection site.
Hepatocellular carcinoma with secondary abscessation in a cat
Authors: SINGH M , KROCKENBERGER M , MARTIN P , WIMPOLE J , BEATTY J
Published: March 2008

A 16‐year‐old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for investigation of weight loss, lethargy, inappetence and polydypsia. On serum biochemical analysis there was evidence of severe hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination revealed an irregular lesion of mixed echogenicity in a left hepatic lobe. It was compromised of a hypoechoic periphery surrounding an anechoic central area containing highly echogenic densities with distal acoustic shadowing suggestive of gas formation. On necropsy, the only gross abnormality was a solitary 5 cm×3 cm×3 cm multilobulated mass in the left lateral hepatic lobe, containing foul‐smelling purulent fluid within a thick fibrous wall. Cytological examination of the fluid revealed numerous degenerate neutrophils and large numbers of Gram‐positive sporeforming rods. The histopathological diagnosis was hepatocellular carcinoma with secondary abscessation. The bacterial morphology was consistent withClostridiasp. Both hepatocellular carcinoma and focal hepatic abscessation are rare in cats. Hepatic abscesses should be included in the differential diagnosis of cats with non‐specific signs, even in the absence of biochemical evidence of a hepatopathy.
The prevalence of feline A/B blood types in the Sydney region
Authors: MALIK R , GRIFFIN DL , WHITE JD , ROZMANEC M , TISDALL PLC , FOSTER SF , BELL K , NICHOLAS FW
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the distribution of A/B blood types in pedigree and crossbred cats in the Sydney region, and to estimate the associated risk of administering incompatible blood in an unmatched random transfusion.

DesignA prospective/retrospective study of blood specimens collected from both sick and healthy cats.

Materials and methodsBlood was collected from 355 cats from the Sydney region over a 12‐year period from 1992 to 2003. Specimens were obtained from 187 domestic crossbred cats (short and long‐haired) and 168 pedigree cats. The blood type of each cat was determined by one of three different laboratories using standard methods that varied over the duration of the survey.

ResultsThe distributions of blood types obtained by the three laboratories were not significantly different. The prevalence of type‐A, type‐B and type‐AB blood types in crossbred cats was 62% 36% and 1.6% respectively. This is the highest percentage of type‐B cats so far reported for an outbred population of domestic cats, and is significantly higher than the 26% reported previously for cats in the Brisbane region. The calculated frequency for the type‐B allele assuming Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium for this feline population is 0.60; the corresponding frequency of the type‐A allele is thus approximately 0.40. The calculated proportion of random transfusions from this population giving rise to an incompatible blood transfusion is 46%, with half of these being life‐threatening events. The calculated proportion of random matings from this population at risk for developing neonatal isoerythrolysis is 23%.

The distribution of A and B blood types for pedigree cats was in general agreement with data reported previously for cats in North America and Europe, suggesting that the distribution of blood types in these purebred populations is relatively consistent throughout the world.

ConclusionsThe prevalence of type B cats in the owned domestic and pedigree cat population is so high that blood typing or cross matching prior to transfusion should be mandatory, except in Siamese/Oriental cats.
The surgical management of oesophageal obstruction in a horse
Authors: MAXWELL JAL
Published: March 2008

Oesophageal obstruction or ‘choke’ is a condition seen occasionally in the horse; most cases are due to food impaction and resolve with conservative treatment. Rarely is surgical intervention required and there are few reports of oesophagotomy being used in clinical cases. This communication reports the successful surgical management of a cervical oesophageal obstruction due to the ingestion of wood.
Temperature changes in dental pulp associated with use of power grinding equipment on equine teeth
Authors: WILSON GJ , WALSH LJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To quantify the temperature changes in the dental pulp associated with equine dental procedures using power grinding equipment.

Design A matrix experimental design with replication on the same sample was followed to allow the following independent variables to be assessed: horse age (young or old), tooth type (premolar or molar), powered grinding instrument (rotating disc or die grinder), grinding time (15 or 20 seconds) and the presence or absence of water coolant.

Procedure Sound premolar and molar teeth from a 6‐year‐old horse and a 15‐year‐old horse, which had been removed postmortem, were sectioned parallel to the occlusal plane to allow placement of a miniature thermocouple at the level of the dental pulp. The maximum temperature increase, the time taken to reach this maximum and the cooling time were measured (n=10 in each study). The teeth were placed in a vice and the instrument used on the tooth as per clinical situation.

Results Significant differences were recorded for horse age (P < 0.001), instrument type (P < 0.001), grinding time (P < 0.001) and presence or absence of coolant (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference for tooth type.

Conclusion Thermal insult to the dental pulp from the use of power instruments poses a significant risk to the tooth. This risk can be reduced or eliminated by appropriate selection of treatment time and by the use of water irrigation as a coolant. The increased dentine thickness in older horses appears to mitigate against thermal injury from frictional heat.
Effect of withholding macromolecules on the duration of intestinal permeability to colostral IgG in foals
Authors: RAIDAL SL , MCTAGGART C , PENHALE J
Published: March 2008

Objective To quantify absorption of colostral IgG by healthy neonatal foals and to test the hypothesis that delayed ingestion of macromolecules prolongs the duration of intestinal permeability to immunoglobulins (Ig) in newborn foals.

Animals Thirteen mixed breed foals.

Procedure Foals were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, which were fed either a glucose‐electrolyte solution or a commercial milk replacer for 12 h after birth, before being fed a known amount of colostral IgG. A control group was fed a known amount of colostral IgG from birth. The efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated following determination of plasma IgG concentration for each foal.

Results Foals given colostrum immediately after birth transferred approximately 51% of ingested IgG into their vascular space. Delayed colostral ingestion significantly reduced the amount of IgG absorbed by foals. Withholding macromolecules for 12 h had no effect on the subsequent efficiency of IgG absorption.

Conclusions Colostrum should be supplied to foals within 12 h of birth for best uptake of Ig. The type of fluid administered to foals before the ingestion of colostrum does not influence subsequent absorption of Ig, suggesting that the process of gut closure in foals is not mediated by a finite capacity for macromolecular uptake.
Juvenile cellulitis in an 8‐month‐old dog
Authors: BASSETT RJ , BURTON GG , ROBSON DC
Published: March 2008

An 8‐month‐old, crossbred dog, presented with a painful, swollen face. The problem was of 4 weeks duration and had not responded to antibiotics. A diagnosis of canine juvenile cellulitis was based on the clinical presentation and supportive cytological and histopathological changes. Attempts to identify canine distemper virus were not successful. Complete resolution occurred with glucocorticoid therapy. This is the first report of canine juvenile cellulitis in a dog of this age.
Treatment of long bone fractures in South American camelids: 5 cases
Authors: TEE SY , DOWLING BA , DART AJ
Published: March 2008

An adult llama and four alpacas were referred with long bone fractures. The llama presented with a closed, comminuted fracture of the right metatarsal bones. Two of the alpacas presented with comminuted fractures of the proximal radius. One fracture was closed and one was open. One alpaca had a closed, comminuted fracture of the distal radius, and the final alpaca had a closed, oblique fracture of the metatarsus. A diagnosis was made in each animal on the basis of clinical examination and radiographs. All fractures were managed by open reduction and internal fixation using selective placement of lag screws and dynamic compression plates. Four animals made uneventful recoveries and no long‐term complications were encountered. One alpaca was re‐admitted for plate failure and non‐union of the fracture 5 weeks after surgery. The plate and screws were removed and a transfixation cast was applied. The fracture healed, however the alpaca showed signs of radial nerve paralysis after the cast was removed. With confinement in a small yard, full function gradually returned to the leg over the ensuing 4 months. Using techniques recommended in other species, South American camelids are suitable candidates for long bone fracture repair using open reduction and internal fixation.
Pharmacokinetics of potassium bromide in adult horses
Authors: RAIDAL SL , EDWARDS S.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the pharmacokinetics of potassium bromide (KBr) in horses after single and multiple oral doses.

AnimalsTwelve adult Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares

ProcedureHorses were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Group 1 horses were given a single oral dose of 120 mg/kg potassium bromide. Part 2 of the study evaluated a loading dose of 120 mg/kg KBr daily by stomach tube for 5 days, followed by 40 mg/kg daily in feed for 7 days. Serum concentrations of KBr were measured to construct concentration versus time curves and to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. Treated horses were monitored twice daily by clinical examination. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions and partial pressures of venous blood gases were determined.

ResultsMaximum mean serum concentration following a single dose of KBr (120 mg/kg) was 423 ± 22 μg/mL and the mean elimination half‐life was 75 ± 14 h. Repeated administration of a loading dose of KBr (120 mg/kg once daily for 5 d) gave a maximum serum concentration 1639 ± 156 μg/mL The administration of lower, maintenance doses (40 mg/kg once daily) was associated with decreased serum bromide concentrations, which plateaued at approximately 1000 μg/mL. Administration of KBr was associated with significant but transient changes in serum potassium and sodium concentrations, and possible changes in base excess and plasma bicarbonate concentrations. High serum concentrations of bromide were associated with an apparent increase in serum chloride concentrations, when measured on an ion specific electrode.

Conclusions and clinical relevanceLoading doses of 120 mg/kg daily over 5 d and maintenance doses of approximately 90 mg/kg of KBr administered once daily resulted in serum bromide concentrations consistent with therapeutic efficacy for the management of seizures in other species. The clinical efficacy of this agent as an anticonvulsant medication and/or calmative in horses warrants further investigation.
A preliminary study of possible genetic influences on the susceptibility of sheep to Johne's disease
Authors: REDDACLIFF LA , BEH K. , McGREGOR H. , WHITTINGTON RJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate possible genetic influences on susceptibility or resistance of sheep to Johne's disease.

DesignA field and laboratory study of two fine‐wool Merino flocks with a high prevalence of disease due toMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisinfection.

ProcedureAdult sheep were phenotypically classified as having severe, mild or no disease on the basis of clinical, pathological and cultural tests for paratuberculosis, and as positive or negative in tests for humoral immunity (agar gel immunodiffusion test) or cell mediated immunity (skin test for delayed type hyper‐sensitivity). Correlations with phenotype were sought for polymorphisms at loci within selected immune function genes (NRAMP, MHC complex, IFN‐γ, lysozyme, leukaemia inhibiting factor).

ResultsPossible associations of particular NRAMP and MHC alleles with susceptibility or resistance to Johne's disease were detected.

ConclusionIf the results of this preliminary study are confirmed in further work, then the use of rams with “resistant” genotypes may assist in the control of Johne's disease in infected flocks.
Cutaneous lymphosarcoma in a stallion
Authors: EPSTEIN V , HODGE D
Published: March 2008

Multiple cutaneous lymphosarcomas were diagnosed in an 8‐year‐old Thoroughbred stallion presented for evaluation of lumps on its scrotum. Histological examination of skin biopsy samples showed a homogenous pattern of lymphoid tissue suggestive of a T‐cell lymphosarcoma. Immuno‐histochemical tests showed a positive reaction to Rabbit/Anti‐Human T‐Cell, CD3 antibodies confirming T‐cell lymphosarcoma. The animal was not treated and was subsequently euthanased.
Canada's Indians: norms of responsible government under federalism
Authors: McInnes Simon , Billingsley Perry
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This study examines the application of norms of responsible government in Indian governments. We discuss Indian Act bands and the ten bands under separate self‐government legislation. In addition, the study looks closely at ten self‐government proposals involving forty‐seven communities that were under negotiation as of April 1991. We measure these twenty cases through a matrix of principles of accountability by governmental fields. These include enacting laws, leadership selection, lands and resources management, financial management, and band membership.

The study argues that Canada's Indians do not need to take any lessons from non‐Indians on the importance of the accountability of leaders. In many aspects Indian norms of accountability, particularly those in a self‐government setting, are more direct and potentially richer in practice than those typically enjoyed by most non‐Indian Canadian citizens. The study concludes that the practice of responsible government by Indians deserves its rightful place within the mainstream of the study of public administration in Canada.

Sommaire: Cette étude se penche sur l'application aux gouvernements indiens des normes définissant un gouvernement responsable. Elle discute des bandes qui relèvant de la Loi sur les Indiens et des dix bandes qui sont sous le coup de mesures législatives distinctes d'auto‐gouvernement. De plus, elle examine de près dix propositions gouvernementales mettant enjeu 47 collectivités et qui en étaient au stade des négociations en avril 1991. Nous évaluons ces 20 cas grâce à une matrice de principes d'obligation redditionnelle par secteurs gouvernementaux, tels que l'adoption des lois, la sélection des leaders, la gestion des terres, des ressources et des fonds, et l'appartenance aux bandes.

L'étude soutient que les Canadiens non‐indiens n'ont pas de leçons à donner aux Indiens du Canada sur l'importance de la responsabilisation des leaders. À bien des égards, les normes d'obligation redditionnelle des Indiens ‐surtout dans un contexte d'auto‐gouvernement ‐ sont plus directes et potentiellement plus riches sur le plan pratique que celles en vigueur parmi la plupart des citoyens canadiens non‐indiens. L'étude conclut que les Indiens ont pleinement droit à un auto‐gouvernement capable
Secretion of
E
,
E
-Farnesol and Biofilm Formation in Eight Different
Candida
Species
Authors: Weber K. , Sohr R. , Schulz B. , Fleischhacker M. , Ruhnke M.
Published: March 2008

Production of
E
,
E
-farnesol (FOH) and biofilm formation were studied under various conditions in 56 strains of eight
Candida
spp. FOH production differed significantly not only between
Candida
spp. but within
Candida albicans
strains as well. FOH concentrations and biofilm formation were the highest for
C albicans
.
THE SUPERSTRING WORLD SHEET IN CURVED SPACE–TIME
Authors: POLLOCK M. D.
Published: March 2008

The heterotic superstring theory is formulated on the world sheet hab(τ,σ), in a flat space–time background [Formula: see text], by combining a 26-dimensional left-moving sector, consisting only of bosonic fields [Formula: see text], with a 10-dimensional right-moving sector, consisting of bosonic fields [Formula: see text] and Majorana–Weyl fermionic fields ψA(τ - σ), the string coordinates in 10-dimensional space–time being the sum [Formula: see text] and the right-moving sector supersymmetric due to the decoupling of left- and right-moving modes for closed strings. Here, we generalize the background to a curved space–time ĝAB(XC). The equation of motion for XA(τ,σ), given by Short, is then a non-linear modification of the linear wave equation □XA = 0 which yields decoupled left- and right-moving sectors in flat space–time. The linearity of the transverse modes can be maintained, however, if the metric, after reduction to four dimensions, is allowed to depend only upon co-moving time t ∝ X0, although it can be anisotropic, gij = gij(X0). Specializing to the isotropic, Friedmann cosmological space–time ds2 = dt2 - r2(t) dx2, where the radius function of the three-space dx2, assumed flat, is r(t), with d ln r/dt = 2/3γt for a perfect-fluid source whose pressure and energy-density are related by p = (γ - 1)ρ, we find that the string coordinates Xα(τ,σ)(α = 1,2,3), multiplied by the overall prefactor r ≡ t2/3γ, are purely oscillatory only in Minkowski space or for the value γ = 2/3. This result is equivalent to requiring that the Nordström energy-density ρ N ≡ (3γ - 2)ρ vanish. The case ρ = 2/3 corresponds to a space–time generated by an ensemble of cosmic strings, including the superstrings themselves in a self-consistent solution containing no other matter, and defines the Milne universe. The string is only world-sheet-supersymmetric if ρ N = 0, that is if ρ = 0 or γ = 2/3.
PECULIARITIES OF PHASES OF THE WMAP QUADRUPOLE
Authors: NASELSKY PAVEL D. , VERKHODANOV OLEG V.
Published: March 2008

We present the analysis of the quadrupole phases of the Internal Linear Combination map, ILC(I) and (III), derived by the WMAP team (one- and three-year data release). This approach allows us to see the global trend of non-Gaussianity of the quadrupoles for the ILC(III) map through phase correlations with the foregrounds. Significant phase correlations are found between the ILC(III) quadrupole and the WMAP foreground phases for the K-W band: the phases of the ILC(III) quadrupole ξ2,1, ξ2,2 and those of the foregrounds at K–W bands Φ2,1, Φ2,2 display significant symmetry: ξ2,1 + Φ2,1 ≃ ξ2,2 + Φ2,2, which is a strong indication that the morphology of the ILC(III) quadrupole is a mere reflection of that the foreground quadrupole through coupling. To clarify this issue we exploit the symmetry of the CMB power, which is invariant under permutation of the index m = 1 ⇔ 2. By simple rotation of the ILC(III) phases with the same angle we reach the phases of the foreground quadrupole. We discuss possible sources of phase correlation and come to the conclusion that the phases of the ILC(III) quadrupole reflect most likely systematic effects such as changing of the gain factor for the three-year data release with respect to the one-year, rather than manifestation of the primordial non-Gaussianity.
Low-Dose Chemotherapy in Combination with COX-2 Inhibitors and PPAR-Gamma Agonists in Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas – A Phase II Study
Authors: Hau P. , Kunz-Schughart L. , Bogdahn U. , Baumgart U. , Hirschmann B. , Weimann E. , Mühleisen H. , Ruemmele P. , Steinbrecher A. , Reichle A.
Published: March 2008

Objectives: Combined treatment approaches targeting tumor as well as other cells contributing to tumor progression may control chemorefractory malignancies. Methods: A phase II trial was initiated to analyze the activity of continuously administered pioglitazone and rofecoxib combined with low-dose chemotherapy (capecitabine or temozolomide) in patients with high-grade gliomas (glioblastoma or anaplastic glioma). Results: Fourteen patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Major side effects were palmoplantar erythema, edema and motor neuropathy grade 3. Disease stabilizations lasting longer than 3 months were noted in 4 of 14 patients (29%). Clinical responses did not correspond to immunohistochemical staining for cyclooxygenase 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and CD31. Discussion: The study demonstrates that this novel regimen is moderately active and well tolerated in patients with high-grade gliomas. As a comparably small proportion of patients responded, the regimen might only be suitable for a subset of highly selected patients.
FGF2 Signaling in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts Is Crucial for Self-Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Diecke Sebastian , Quiroga-Negreira Angel , Redmer Torben , Besser Daniel
Published: March 2008

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be maintained undifferentiated (pluripotent) or differentiated to basically all functional cell types, depending on the culture conditions used. Culture of hESCs in the presence of medium conditioned by mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) can be used to keep hESCs undifferentiated. This observation suggests that MEFs produce factors required for the pluripotency of hESCs. The data presented here show that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) treatment of MEFs is crucial for the production of these factors. To identify the potential factors that are expressed in the presence of FGF2 in MEFs, a global expression profile analysis using microarrays was performed. This analysis indicated that 17 secreted factors are downregulated in the absence of FGF2. These factors include several ligands for known signaling receptors, extracellular proteases and components of the extracellular matrix, that may all be involved in signaling events. Surprisingly, we found that selective blocking of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling by the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 affected the expression of only some of the FGF2-regulated genes, suggesting FGF2-induced pathways that are independent of ERK signaling. It has been shown recently that activation of Activin/Nodal signaling and inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling are required for the maintenance of pluripotency. Accordingly, among the 17 FGF2-regulated genes we found inhibin βB that can lead to the assembly of Activin B and gremlin 1 that codes for an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins. This study identifies potentially important factors involved in the maintenance of pluripotency in hESCs and may allow the development of defined culture conditions without contaminating material from animal cells.
Into High Gear: China's Public Diplomacy
Authors: d'Hooghe Ingrid
Published: March 2008

In recent months China's public diplomacy has had to move into high gear. Recent problems with the safety of China's food and toys exports, Beijing's close relations with the regimes of Sudan and Myanmar, and telling pictures of China's environmental problems on newspaper front pages have seriously undermined the projected image of China as a reliable and responsible world power. Even more importantly, these issues have a direct negative impact on China's economy and domestic political situation. If the safety issue is not dealt with adequately, the label 'Made in China' may become known as 'Buyer Beware' and exports may plummet. If China distances itself too much from the international mainstream on Sudan and Myanmar, the call by various non-governmental groups and Hollywood individuals for a boycott of the Beijing Olympic Games of 2008 may gain support and lead to actions that could blemish or even disrupt the Games. The Olympics have become a two-edged sword: a major public diplomacy tool for China but also an international stick to urge the Chinese government to step up its compliance to international norms and values. These recent developments illustrate the importance of image and public diplomacy for a country that is rising to play a more substantial role in world politics and economics.
Distinguishing Nursing Art: Patient, Researcher, and Student Views: Frances's Story of Nursing Art
Authors: Gramling Kathryn Louise
Published: March 2008

This story is the second in a series constructed from a study designed to describe how the art of nursing was perceived and understood by patients during a critical illness. Two in-depth interviews were conducted during the recovery phase of this person's illness to answer the question “When is nursing (considered) art?” The initial lead-in to the discussion was, “Tell me a story about a nursing situation that really stood out in your mind—one that was significant and meaningful,” and, “What was the experience like for you?” The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, condensed into a short story, and shared with the participant. The researcher also composed a “response” to the person's story that personally expressed what the story triggered for her. Undergraduate students were invited to reflect and respond to the “aesthetic face” of nursing from the perspective of a person who was nursed while critically ill. Two examples of student response are included.
Distinguishing Nursing Art: Patient, Researcher, and Student Views: Frank's Story of Nursing Art
Authors: Gramling Kathryn Louise
Published: March 2008

This patient's story was constructed from a study designed to describe how the art of nursing was perceived and understood by patients during a critical illness. Two in-depth interviews were conducted during the recovery phase of this person's illness to answer the question “When is nursing (considered) art?” The initial lead-in to the discussion was, “Tell me a story about a nursing situation that really stood out in your mind—one that was significant and meaningful.” The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, condensed into a short story, and shared with the participant. The researcher, also, composed a response to the person's story that personally expressed what the story triggered for her. Undergraduate nursing students were invited to reflect and respond to the “aesthetic face” of nursing from the perspective of a person who was nursed while critically ill. An example of a student response is included.