bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HORTICULTURAL EXPORTS, INSTRUMENT OF DEVELOPMENT?
Authors: STORCK H. , HÖRMANN D. M.
Published: March 2008

The paper summarizes a decade of experience with problems of export orientated horticulture in developing countries. This sector of the economy is only suitable as an instrument of development if its competitiveness on the international market is guaranteed and maintained. How such efforts are to be assessed as contributions to development policy depends over and above this on how they contribute towards the most important goals of development. Both aspects, which influence the organisational form of export projects, are closely connected.

After a brief survey of the most important factors and weaknesses of the vertical integration and marketing systems determining efficiency, the paper looks at the problems of goals of development. It then links up with the idea of basic needs. A final section establishes the connection between the organisational form of export production and the expected contributions to the aims. The various possibilities of designing export orientated horticultural projects and the differences both in the points of departure and the framework of conditions in each case provide no definite answer to the question asked in the theme. However, it becomes clear that efficiency and competitiveness are indeed necessary but not adequate criteria for their assessment from the viewpoint of development policy.

Die Arbeit zieht Resumee aus einem Jahrzehnt Erfahrungen mit Problemen des exportorientierten Gartenbaues in Entwicklungsländern. Als Instrument der Entwicklung ist dieser Sektor nur geeignet, wenn seine Wettbewerbsfähigkeit am internationalen Markt gewährleistet und erhalten wird. Wie die entwicklungspolitischen Beiträge derartiger Bemühungen zu beurteilen sind, hängt darüber hinaus von den Zielbeiträgen ab, die sie zu den wichtigsten Zielen der Entwicklung leisten. Beide Aspekte stehen in engem Zusammenhang, die die Organisationsformen von Exportprojekten sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Effizienz als auch ihrer Zielbeiträge beeinflussen.

Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die wichtigsten effizienzbe‐stimmenden Faktoren und Schwachstellen von vertikalen Produktionsund Absatzsystemen geht die Arbeit auf die Zielproblematik der Entwicklung ein. Sie knüpft dabei an das Konzept der Basic Needs an. In einem letzten Abschnitt stellt sie die Verbindung zwischen Organisationsformen der Exporterzeugung und den zu erwartenden ‐ positiven und negativen ‐ Zielbeiträgen her. Die vielfältigen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für exportorientierte Gartenbauprojekte und die Unterschiede der jeweiligen Ausgangssituationen und Rahmenbedingungen lassen keine eindeutige Antwort auf die im Thema gestellte Frage zu; es wird jedoch deutlich, daß Effizienz und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zwar notwendig, aber keine hinreichenden Kriterien für deren Beurteilung aus entwicklungspolitischer Sicht sind.
ADMINISTRATION IN A PEASANT STATE
Authors: SPITTLER GERD
Published: March 2008

The peasantry in a peasant state is characterized by a great diversity of local customs and by defensive strategies. Both are related to peasants' semi‐autarkic household production. Under these conditions the central government lacks information and the means of control. Administration by intermediaries and despotism becomes widespread because it is well adapted to this situation. In order not to be infected by the “chaotic diversity” in the countryside, the bureaucracy maintains its distance from the peasants. But on the other hand, it also tries to penetrate the peasantry. Bureaucratic administration requires the collection and storing of information, so a precise census is a basic tool for bureaucratic work. It is interesting to note that with regard to census‐taking twentieth century African peasant states compare unfavourably with eighteenth century Prussia.

Dans un Etat agraire, la paysannerie se caractérise par une grande diversité de coutumes et par le caractére défensif de ses stratégies, ces traits étant liés àľautarcie relative des groupes domestiques. Dans pareil contexte, le pouvoir central est privé?informations et de moyens de contrôle, et ľadministration se développe jusqu'au niveau local par une série ?inter‐médiaires. Le pouvoir central bureaucratique poursuit une double statégie: se maintenir à distance des paysans pour éviter la “diversité chaotique” des sociétés paysannes, et ?autre part chercher à y pénétrer. Dés lors ľexécution des recensements constitue une tâche cruciale de ľadministration. La comparaison entre ľ Afrique Occidcntale française et ľEtat prussien du 18o siécle montre que ce dernier était mieux équipé pour accomplir cette tâche.

Kurzfassung

In Bauernstaaten beobachten wir eine große Vielfalt lokaler Bräuche und defensive Strategien von Bauern. Beide hängen mit der particllen Subsistenzwirtschaft der Bauern zusammen. Unter diesen Bedingungen besitzt eine Zentralmacht nur wenig Informationen und Kontrollmittel. Mittelsmänner und Despotismus sind Formen der Verwaltung, die dieser Situation angepaßt sind. Bei der Bürokratie lassen sich zwei entgegengesetzte Stratcgicn festsrellen. Auf der einen Scire schließt sic sich “auristisch” gegenüber dcr “chaotischen Vielfalt” dcr Agrarwclt ab, auf der anderen Seite versucht sie, dorr die Grundlagen einer bürokratischen Verwaltung zu schaffen. Dabei kommr den Volkszäh‐lungcn eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Überraschcndcrweise zeigt sich, daß die heutigen afrikanischen Bauernstaaten weniger erfolgrcich bei der Schaffung dieser Grundlagen sind als der preußische Bauemstaat des 18. Jahrhunderts.
RURAL‐URBAN MIGRATION IN THE USSR: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS*
Authors: ZASLAVSKAYA T.I. , KOREL L.V.
Published: March 2008

This article describes the major phases in rural‐urban migration within the USSR and discusses successive policies towards this phenomenon since 1927. The outcomes and socioeconomic consequences of these massive migration waves have been variously appraised in scientific and socio‐political debates. Partly on the basis of studies of migration decision making, the authors discuss the dynamics of rural‐urban migration and detect some probable trends for its future development.

L'article décrit ľévolution générate des migrations rurales vers les villes en URSS et les diverses politiques qui ont été appliquées depuis 1927. Le résultat et les impacts socio‐économiques de ces migrations massives ont fait ľ objet d apréciations variées dans les discussions tant scientifiqucs que socio‐politiques. C'est en se basant sur des etudes des decisions de migration que les auteurs developpent une analyse de la dynamique de ces migrations et esquissent les tendances probables dans ľ avenir.

Kurzfassung

In diesem Artikel werden die wichtigsten Phasen der Land‐Stadt‐Wanderung in der UdSSR seit 1927 beschrieben und die aufeinander folgenden Haltungen der Politik gegenüber diescm Phanomen diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse und soziookonomischen Folgen der groβen Wanderungswellen wurden verschicdentlich in wissenschaftlichen und sozialpolitischen Debatten eincr Bewcrtung unterzogen. Die Autorcn diskutieren ‐ teilweise gestützt auf Studien über das Entscheidungsverhalten bei Wanderungcn ‐ die Dynamik von Land‐Stadt‐Wanderungen und entdecken einige problematische Trends mit Blick auf die zukiinf‐tige Entwicklung.
PROGRAMMES FOR SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF RURAL AREAS IN THE USSR*
Authors: GORIACHENKO E.E.
Published: March 2008

In the USSR, changing the rural settlement pattern is being recognised as one of the bases for rural development. This requires an understanding of the settlement pattern as an integrated socio‐economic system. However, there exists a great diversity of rural environments within the USSR. The author distinguishes six main types of rural regions which are relatively homogeneous in their settlement and social conditions, based on twelve indicators. After discussing the major features of each type, the author concludes by suggesting different policies necessary for improving the rural settlement pattern in each of the six region types, in terms of the development of the network of settlements, of transportation links, and of services.

On considère généralement en URSS que la transformation du mode dc distribution dc l'habitat rural est une base du développement rural. Ceci implique que Ton analyse cettc distribution dc l'habitat comme systeme socio‐economiquc intégré. II existe pourtant une grande diversité d'environnements ruraux en URSS, et l'auteur distingue six types principaux de regions rurales qui apparaissent relativement homogénes quant a leur habitat et leurs conditions de vie, jugées sur base de douze indicateurs. Après avoir décrit les craractéristiques majeures dc ces régions, l'auteur propose différentes mesures pour améliorer la distribution de la population á partir du développement du réscau ? habitat, des moyens de transport ct des réscaux de services.

Kurzfassung

In der UdSSR wird die ländliche Siedlungsstruktur aJs cine der Grundlagen für die ländliche Enrwicklung angesehen. Dies erfordcrt ein Verständnis der Siedlungsstruktur als inte‐griertes sozioökonomisches System. Es gibt jedoch cine groβe Vielfalt landlichcr Umwelten innerhalb der UdSSR. Der Autor unterscheidet an Hand von zwolf Indikatoren sechs Haupttypen landlichcr Regionen, die relativ homogen sind in Bezug auf ihre Siedlungs‐muster und sozialen Bedingungcn Nach einer Diskussion der wichtigsten Merkmalc jedes Typs, schlie/St der Autor damit, daβ er verschiedene politische Maßnahmen vorschlagt, die notwendig sind, um in jeder der sechs Regionstypcn die Siedlungsstrukturen hinsichtlich der Entwicklung des Siedlungsnctzwerks, der Transportverbindungcn und der Dienstleistungseinrichtungen zu verbessern.
RELIGIOSITE PAYSANNE AU PORTUGAL
Authors: ALMEIDA JOATO FERREIRA DE
Published: March 2008

Dans un pays à tradition catholique ancienne et tenace, on essaye ?analyser quelques dimensions de la religiosityéà la campagne. On a choisi une région du Nord‐Ouest, au peuplement dense et dispersé, oùľagriculture familiale se caractérise par son morcellement et par un haut taux de fermage. A partir des années soixante, ľémigration traditionelle cède peu à peu la place à des migrations quotidiennes: les ruraux travaillent à la ville, mais conservent leur exploitation agricole et leur résidence à la campagne. En même temps qu'on observe une modernisation des biens religieux offerts, on voit que la transformation de la structure sociale locale est en train de briser ľhomogénéité relative des demandes et des formes de consommation des biens symboliques.

This article analyses some aspects of religiosity in the countryside, in a country with an ancient and deep‐rooted catholic tradition. It focuses on a northwestern area where the population is dense and dispersed with fragmented family farms and a high proportion of tenant farming. From the sixties onwards, traditional emigration has progressively been replaced by increasing commuting; people are working in the cities but keeping farms and living in the villages. While the religious goods supplied are being modernized, transformation of the local class structure is breaking down the relative homogeneity of demand and forms of consumption of these symbolic goods.

Kurzfassung

In einem Land mit linger und tief verwurzelter katholischer Tradition wird versucht, einige Dimensionen ländlicher Religiosität zu analysieren. Es wurde eine Region im Nordwesten ausgewählt mit dichter, aber disperser Bevölkerung und einer kleinparzellierten familienbe‐trieblichen Landwirtschaft mit hohen Pachtlandanteilen. Seit den 60er Jahren hat die traditionelle Auswanderung zunehmend einer ansteigenden Pendelwanderung mit Lohnarbeit in der Stadt ohne Aufgabe des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebes und der Wohnung im Dorf Platz gemacht. Gleichzeitig mit einer Entwicklung zur Modemisierung im Angebot religiöser Güter ist auch die Umgestaltung der klassischen dörflichen Struktur im Begriff, die relative Einheitlichkeit der Nachfrage nach und des Gebrauchs von Gütern dieser Art aufzubrechen.
FARMERS‘ ATTITUDES TO MILK QUOTA POLICY IN NORWAY
Authors: JERVELL ANNE MOXNES
Published: March 2008

“I think the two‐price system has come to stay. It must be adjusted to local conditions so that we have a fair system wherever we live in this country. Milk production should be directed to regions and districts that are not suited for other productions. The system can never be 100 per cent fair for the individual farmer, but today we do not have any better arrangement.”
TOWARDS A SURVEY OF ANGLING TERMINOLOGY: AN UNTAPPED SOURCE OF TRADITIONAL AND DIALECTAL USAGE
Authors: SHORROCKS GRAHAM
Published: March 2008

The terminology of angling or sport‐fishing is a field that has hitherto been neglected by dialectologists, although there are good reasons for expecting that a survey of angling terminology would yield dialectologically interesting results. Angling terms reflect settlement patterns, vary regionally and socially, and constitute a rich specialised vocabulary. Some of the possibilities inherent in angling nomenclature are sketched out here on the basis of informally collected data, and suggestions are made that might lead to a questionnaire for a more extensive and more rigorous survey.
THE CHILDREN OF HETH AND THE EGO OF LINGUISTICS: A STORY OF SEVEN YIDDISH MERGERS
Authors: Katz Dovid
Published: March 2008

The accepted history of Yiddish, based on historical and literary records, places its origin in the Rhineland, in the far west of the German speaking area. The Germanic parts of Yiddish, however, point to dialects much further east. This has been explained through a ‘Principle of Exchangeability’, whereby ongoing contact with other German dialects on the long trek eastward obliterated earlier forms. Unambiguous evidence may be gleaned from the Semitic elements in Yiddish, which have no European cognates. Modern Yiddish dialects show no trace of the old Rhineland merger of Semitic/h/with/h/. The standard model explains this by reversal of merger, and invokes additional reversals to explain the modern Yiddish oppositions/s/vs./Š/, and five long vs. five short vowels in Semitic‐origin items. Reversal of unconditioned merger is untenable. Where seven such reversals are needed to sustain a historical model, it should be abandoned. The comparative method, which takes empirically confirmed modern data as its point of departure, is superior to the writing of language history as a corollary of external or literary history.
UNDERSPECIFICATION THEORY AND THE ANALYSIS OF DIALECT DIFFERENCES IN LEXICAL PHONOLOGY1
Authors: McMAHON APRIL M. S.
Published: March 2008

There has recently been an upsurge in interest in variation in both synchronic and diachronic linguistics. This paper begins with two hypotheses: first, that phonologists ought these days to be interested in how variation is analysed, and secondly, that the Standard Generative approach involving underlying identity is not the way to do it. It is shown that a particular difference between RP and Standard Scottish English can be appropriately analysed within a Lexical Phonology allowing underlying discrepancies between dialects. However, the introduction of underspecification into the model allows the (badly motivated) reintroduction of underlying identity. The paper concludes with a survey of further problems with underspecification theory.
SYNCRETISM IN INDO‐EUROPEAN LANGUAGES‐MOTIVES, PROCESS AND RESULTS
Authors: Meiser Gerhard
Published: March 2008

Syncretism, which I understand in this paper as the functional merging of paradigmatic categories, is caused either by inflectional homonymy or by changes in needs of communication, when the linguistic cost for the retention of two grammatical concepts no longer appears to be justified. The free variance of allomorphs which arises through syncretism is seldom tolerated for long. Mostly the allomorphs are redistributed according to principles which can be compared with concepts of ‘natural morphology’ (iconicity, system adequacy, distinctive strength). But the excess of morphemes is sometimes used to create a new category.
SCOTTISH STANDARD ENGLISH IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: March 2008

This paper attempts to draw attention to the rich tradition of grammar and dictionary writing which flourished in Scotland in the late eighteenth century. While the work of Elphinston and Buchanan is relatively well known, there is little on record concerning the large number of works written in Scotland in the period which set out not only to record the ‘deficiencies’ of Scottish English pronunciation (and syntax) but also to provide exemplification of a standard for emulation. That this endeavour was instigated and organized by the Select Society of Edinburgh gives Scotland a claim to have gone some way to actually setting up an equivalent to the proposed English Academy.

However, it has not been generally recognized that in many instances writers of Scottish grammars and pronouncing dictionaries were not holding up for emulation some version of London society English, but rather a Scottish standard of the type spoken by members of the clergy, the universities and the legal profession, probably based on upper class usage in Edinburgh and Glasgow. The phonological characteristics of this Scottish Standard, as they are evidenced in Alexander Scot's The Contrast, are the main subject of this paper.
TOPIC INTRODUCTION IN ENGLISH CONVERSATION
Authors: Geluykens Ronald
Published: March 2008

This paper deals with information flow in English conversation, more particularly with the question of how new discourse topics are introduced. Topics are defined as information which has a low degree of Recoverability (i.e. the extent to which an element is derivable from the previous discourse record) and which has Persistence (i.e. the recurrence of the element, directly or indirectly, in the subsequent discourse context). It is argued that topic introduction is a three‐stage interactional process depending on the active collaboration of speaker and hearer(s). In other words, conversational topics are not just ‘introduced’ but are ‘negotiated’ interactionally through the turn‐taking system. Several topic‐introducing strategies are discussed, all of which share this collaborative dimension. Data employed are from the Survey of English Usage.
WORDS FOR RYE AND WHEAT IN RUSSIAN
Authors: COOPER BRIAN
Published: March 2008

An examination is presented of lexicological and etymological aspects of Russian terminology for wheat species, rye and some related crops, including wheat‐rye hybrids, in relation to the early development of cereal cultivation, especially in areas of the former U.S.S.R. In examining the origin of the words concerned, the influence of some cereal names on one another is indicated, together with cases in which the earliest names were superseded.
AMBIGUITY, SENTENCE AND UTTERANCE: A REPRESENTATIONAL APPROACH1
Authors: BURTON‐ROBERTS NOEL
Published: March 2008

While some, more or less radical, distinction between language and linguistic behaviour (between language and speech, language and communication, sentence and utterance) is universally assumed, the nature of the relation between them is less often addressed or characterised in a manner satisfactory in itself or consistent with the distinctions we wish to make. The more radical the distinction, the more urgent the question of their relation becomes. The paper sketches some of the problems and outlines a proposal. This takes the form of a Representational Hypothesis about the relation, designed to be consistent with (and render defensible) a very radical distinction between language and such behaviour. The discussion focuses on ambiguity both for itself and for illustrative purposes. It is suggested that ambiguity is not a linguistically semantic phenomenon and indeed not linguistic.
ANOTHER SOGDIAN IDEOGRAM?
Authors: Sims‐Williams Nicholas
Published: March 2008

Rather than an ancient Indo‐European form cognate with Gathic Avestan na2, Latin nõs, Albanian ne, the rare Sogdian first person plural enclitic pronoun n ‘may be an Aramaic ideogram N,’ representing the standard Sogdian form‐mn.
How far are we from unravelling self‐incompatibility in grasses?
Authors: Yang Bicheng , Thorogood Danny , Armstead Ian , Barth Susanne
Published: March 2008

The genetic and physiological mechanisms involved in limiting self‐fertilization in angiosperms, referred to as self‐incompatibility (SI), have significant effects on population structure and have potential diversification and evolutionary consequences. Up to now, details of the underlying genetic control and physiological basis of SI have been elucidated in two different gametophytic SI (GSI) systems, the S‐RNase SI and the Papaver SI systems, and the sporophytic SI (SSI) system (Brassica). In the grass family (Poaceae), which contains all the cereal and major forage crops, SI has been known for half a century to be controlled gametophytically by two multiallelic and independent loci, S and Z. But still none of the gene products for S and Z is known and only limited information on related biochemical responses is available. Here we compare current knowledge of grass SI with that of other well‐characterized SI systems and speculate about the relationship between SSI and grass SI. Additionally, we discuss comparative mapping as a tool for the further investigation of grass SI.
Variation in UV light reflected from the wings of Favonius and Quercusia butterflies
Authors: IMAFUKU Michio
Published: March 2008

The wing colors of eight lycaenid species of the genera Favonius and Quercusia were examined with a spectrophotometer. Four (F. orientalis, F. taxila, F. jezoensis and F. ultramarinus) of five green to blue‐green Favonius species had a double‐peaked pattern, reflecting UV light (345–355 nm) and green light (515–525 nm), whereas F. cognatus reflected only visible green light (539 nm). Thus, the species considered most closely related, F. ultramarinus and F. cognatus, had quite different wing colors in terms of insect vision. Two bluish species had utterly different reflection patterns: F. saphrinus had a single peak in the UV range and Q. fujisana had two peaks, one each in the UV and visible light ranges. The black F. yuasai did not have any peak in the examined range of wavelengths (300–700 nm).
Diversity of drosophilid flies on Kume‐jima, a subtropical island: comparison with diversity on Iriomote‐jima
Authors: KONDO Masanori , KIMURA Masahito T.
Published: March 2008

The drosophilid fauna was studied on Kume‐jima, a subtropical island located in the central part of the Ryukyu archipelago, and compared with the fauna of Iriomote‐jima located near the south‐western end of the archipelago. The number of species collected from Kume‐jima was 37, much fewer than that recorded from Iriomote‐jima (95 species). The number of subtropical species was particularly reduced on Kume‐jima, possibly owing either to this island being more distantly located from the sources of subtropical species (e.g. Taiwan) than Iriomote‐jima and/or to winter temperature on Kume‐jima being a little lower (by approximately 1.5°C). The number of fungus‐feeders was also much reduced on Kume‐jima, but the number of fruit‐feeders was only slightly reduced. On Kume‐jima, fungi seem to be less abundant because forests are smaller, resulting in a smaller number of fungus‐feeders. Habitat selection and seasonality were analyzed for species collected using “retainer” type traps baited with banana. For species occurring on both islands, habitat selection differed little between the two islands, whereas the seasonality of some species differed markedly between the two islands.
The Turkish Agromyzidae (Diptera), with descriptions of four new species
Authors: ÇIKMAN Emine , SASAKAWA Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2008

A total of 117 agromyzid leafminers are known to occur in Turkey, among which Agromyza phylloposthia, Pseudonapomyza pyriformis, Liriomyza cardariae and Phytomyza geminata are described as new to science. A faunistic account of the Agromyzidae in Turkey is given.
Effects of temperature on body color change in the grasshopper Atractomorpha lata (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) with reference to sex differences in color morph frequencies
Authors: TANAKA Yosuke
Published: March 2008

The effects of five environmental factors, background color, density, humidity, photoperiod and temperature, on the body color of a pyrgomorphid green/brown polymorphic grasshopper, Atractomorpha lata, were examined in rearing experiments, in which the differences in color morph frequencies between males and females were also examined. Field censuses were conducted to determine whether the sex difference in body‐color polymorphism occurs under field conditions. Among the environmental factors examined, temperature was the only factor that significantly affected body color: the frequency of brown morphs tended to be higher at higher temperatures. The frequency of brown morphs in the female was higher than in the male, a consistent finding in both the rearing experiments and the field censuses. The threshold temperature at which body color changes may be lower in the female than in the male.
Novel pathway for N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine: UVB‐induced liberation of carbon monoxide from precursor N 1‐acetyl‐N 2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine
Authors: Seever Katinka , Hardeland Rüdiger
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Irradiation of the melatonin metabolite N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK) with UV light of 254 nm causes the release of carbon monoxide (CO) and, thus, deformylation to N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AMK). Liberation of CO was demonstrated by reduction of PdCl2 to metallic palladium, under avoidance of actions by other reductants. Photochemical AMK formation was not due to UV‐induced hydroxyl radicals, because the reaction also took place with high efficiency in ethanol and 2‐propanol. Moreover, AMK was generated from AFMK by UVB on a dry thin layer chromatographic plate. Although AMK seems to be the major primary product generated by UVB radiation, prolonged exposure of AFMK led to various other products, especially formed by destruction of AMK, as shown by irradiation of this latter compound. With regard to the demonstration of melatonin in skin and substantial amounts of AFMK in keratinocytes, these findings may be of dermatologic relevance.
Rab8 is Involved in Zymogen Granule Formation in Pancreatic Acinar AR42J Cells
Authors: Faust Floriane , Gomez‐Lazaro Maria , Borta Heike , Agricola Brigitte , Schrader Michael
Published: March 2008

Zymogen granules (ZGs) are specialized storage organelles in the exocrine pancreas, which allow digestive enzyme storage and regulated apical secretion. To understand the function of these important organelles, we are conducting studies to identify and characterize ZG membrane proteins. Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the Rab family are key protein components involved in vesicular/granular trafficking and membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we show by morphological studies that Rab8 (Rab8A) localizes to ZGs in acinar cells of the pancreas. We find that Rab8 is present on isolated ZGs from rat pancreas and in the ZG membrane fraction obtained after granule subfractionation. To address a putative role of Rab8 in granule biogenesis, we conducted RNA interference experiments to ‘knock down’ the expression of Rab8 in pancreatic AR42J cells. Silencing of Rab8 (but not of Rab3) resulted in a decrease in the number of ZGs and in an accumulation of granule marker proteins within the Golgi complex. By contrast, the trafficking of lysosomal and plasma membrane proteins was not affected. These data provide first evidence for a role of Rab8 early on in ZG formation at the Golgi complex and thus, apical trafficking of digestive enzymes in acinar cells of the pancreas.
Employment and Market Innovation in Chinese Business Group Affiliated Firms: The Role of Group Control Systems
Authors: White Robert E. , Hoskisson Robert E. , Yiu Daphne W. , Bruton Garry D.
Published: March 2008

Prior research has suggested a number of potential benefits to firm membership in business groups. These benefits include availability of capital and other resources not readily accessible in an open market, the facilitation of entrepreneurship, plus information and risk sharing advantages. We suggest that another important benefit is the assistance of group control systems in helping the firm to manage conflicting pressures in the institutional environment and facilitate coevolution of these conflicting pressures. To empirically demonstrate the relevance of this viewpoint, we examine the case of China where business groups facilitate institutional transition, actively balancing market pressures to increase levels of innovativeness in firms with institutional pressures emanating from the government to maintain high employment levels. Using data from a broad sample of more than 1,000 Chinese affiliate firms in more than 200 business groups, we find that government policy, ownership and managerial mindset influence the political goal of maintaining high employment levels, while interdependence among group affiliate firms is related to lower employment levels. However, while government ownership and the government managerial mindset were negatively related to market innovation activities, group financial and cultural control systems positively affected the tendency of affiliate firms to focus on market innovation.
Methodology and outcomes of platelet aggregation testing in Australia, New Zealand and the Asia‐Pacific region: results of a survey from the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Haematology Quality Assurance Program
Authors: DUNCAN E. M. , BONAR R. , RODGERS S. E. , FAVALORO E. J. , MARSDEN K. ,   ON BEHALF OF THE RCPA QAP IN HAEMATOLOGY, HAEMOSTASIS COMMITTEE
Published: March 2008

Platelet aggregometry is widely used to investigate platelet function but its performance is poorly standardized between laboratories. The aim of this work was to document the platelet aggregation methods used in specialist laboratories enrolled in the Haematology Quality Assurance Program of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. A questionnaire requesting many details of methodology was distributed and from the responses, we determined a consensus view. Consensus was defined here as >70% agreement among respondents in answer to a question and this was seen for a number of aspects of the preanalytical, analytical and interpretive phases. However, for many questions there was a wide variation in responses. Sixteen laboratories provided a breakdown of the types of abnormal results typically seen in a 12‐month period. In these laboratories a total of 1400 patients were tested and 390 (27%) had abnormal platelet function. Although it was common to diagnose the cause as aspirin or an aspirin‐like defect or a release/storage pool disorder, the range of experience was wide and other rare defects were reported. We conclude that whilst there are a number of points of agreement between laboratories in platelet function testing, standardization could be improved.
Refinement and feasibility testing of a manual micro‐method for protamine titration
Authors: NEWALL F. , JOHNSTON L. , IGNJATOVIC V. , SUMMERHAYES R. , MONAGLE P.
Published: March 2008

Current clinical recommendations for unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy suggest target APTT ranges should reflect heparin concentrations of 0.2–0.4 IU/ml by protamine titration or 0.35–0.7 IU/m by an anti‐Xa assay. Historically, performance of a manual protamine titration assay has been labour intensive and required a large plasma sample. However, recent studies have described difficulties with standardizing anti‐Xa assays and demonstrated poor correlation of anti‐Xa assays in children. This study aimed to refine and test the feasibility of a modified protamine titration assay using 100 μl of plasma. The resultant method produced reliable and repeatable results in adult plasma pools spiked with UFH. The feasibility of this method was proven by testing of in vivo heparinised samples obtained from children. This protamine titration method may offer an alternative to anti‐Xa assays for clinical monitoring of children on heparin therapy, and will enhance clinical studies investigating paediatric‐specific management of UFH therapy.
CD34, RAB20, PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA expression in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: HUH H. J. , CHAE S. L. , LEE M. , HONG K. S. , MUN Y. C. , SEONG C. M. , CHUNG W. S. , HUH J. W.
Published: March 2008

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with hypocellular bone marrow (BM) is often difficult to distinguish from aplastic anemia (AA). Furthermore, the diagnosis of MDS with low blast counts and normal karyotype may be problematic. These issues highlight the need for a reliable marker for the diagnosis of MDS. This study was conducted to determine if changes of mRNA expression in any of the four selected genes would be useful markers for differentiation of hypoplastic MDS from AA, and MDS from benign disease, as well as to investigate whether mRNA expressions differ between MDS risk subgroups. Thirty‐five patients diagnosed with MDS, 27 patients with AA and 17 patients with benign diseases were included. The CD34, RAB20, PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA levels were measured by real‐time RT‐PCR. The CD34 mRNA expressions in hypoplastic MDS were higher than those found in AA. PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA expressions were significantly lower in MDS with low blast counts and normal karyotype than those of benign disease. High‐risk MDS showed higher CD34 expressions than those of low‐risk MDS. This study suggests that measurement of CD34 and GFI1 mRNA expressions could be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for MDS.
Influence of temperature and time before centrifugation of specimens for routine coagulation testing
Authors: SALVAGNO G. L. , LIPPI G. , MONTAGNANA M. , FRANCHINI M. , POLI G. , GUIDI G. C.
Published: March 2008

The accurate standardization of the preanalytical phase is of pivotal importance for achieving reliable results of coagulation tests. Because information on the suitable storage conditions for coagulation testing is controversial, we aimed at investigating the sample stability with regard to the temperature and time before centrifugation. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen and D‐dimer were assayed in specimens collected from 26 consecutive patients on antivitamin K therapy on the ACL TOP analyzer. Three primary 3.6‐ml siliconized evacuated tubes containing 0.109 mol/l buffered trisodium citrate were sequentially collected from each patient. These three tubes were mixed, pooled and divided into seven identical aliquots. The first aliquot was immediately centrifuged according to the standard protocol [1500 g for 15 min at room temperature (RT)] and analyzed. The other aliquots were left for 3, 6 and 24 h, respectively, at RT or 4 °C, and then centrifuged and analyzed. Test results were compared with those obtained on the reference specimen. Statistically significant prolongations were observed for aPTT in all the samples. Such differences exceeded the analytical quality specifications for desirable bias in the samples stored for 24 h. A significant reduction, yet comprised within the desirable bias, was observed for PT and fibrinogen in uncentrifuged specimens stored at RT for 3 and 6 h. No significant biases could be recorded in D‐dimer. In conclusion, a 6‐h storage of uncentrifuged specimens at either RT or 4 °C may still be suitable to achieve results of routine coagulation testing comprised within the analytical quality specifications for desirable bias.
Advocacy organizations and dentistry: a survey
Authors: ENTWISTLE BEVERLY A. , CASAMASSIMO PAUL S.
Published: March 2008

Eighty‐three national and 65 local advocacy groups for handicapped persons were surveyed by questionnaire. National groups described financial obstacles as primary barriers to care, whereas local groups described difficulty in performing oral care procedures as primary barriers to dental care. Both national and local groups were interested in dental involvement, although they differed in prior involvement with dental health matters. Dental information and speakers at programs were cited as ways to increase dental input.
Self‐awareness of premalignant oral lesions among veterans attending six U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Centers
Authors: Shugars Diane C. , Adesanya Margo , Diehl Scott R. , Redman Robert S. , Malley Kevin J. , Silva Rebeka G. , Farish Sam E. , Francis Thomas , Craig Robert M. , Jones‐Richardson Trina , Buchanan C. Richard , Jordan Ruth , Chattopadhyay Amit , Winn Deborah E.
Published: March 2008

Early identification is key to reducing the morbidity and mortality of oropharyngeal cancer. This study identified factors associated with self‐awareness among patients newly diagnosed with a premalignant oral lesion. Data describing sociodemographics, medical/dental histories, tobacco/alcohol use and oral health were obtained by questionnaire and clinical examination of 73 veterans at six U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Lesion types included homogenous and non‐homogenous leukoplakia, smokeless tobacco lesion (STL), papilloma, lichen planus and erythroplakia. Prior to diagnosis, 29 subjects (39.7%) were unaware of their lesion. In bivariate analyses, lesion self‐awareness was associated with anatomic location, multifocal/generalized appearance, pain, oral sores, and cigar use (p<0.05). Awareness varied with lesion diagnosis and was more likely with STL and less likely with homogenous leukoplakia (p<0.05). In multivariate analyses, awareness was predicted by the presence of a lesion on easily visible mucosa (adjusted odds ratio, OR=11.2) and a history of mouth sores (OR=11.2). These findings identified marked variations in patient self‐awareness of oral premalignant conditions.
Oral management in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: Young Justin M. , Diecidue Robert J. , Nussbaum Burton L.
Published: March 2008

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue. FOP results in debilitating heterotopic ossification of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Permanent ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a common late finding, but is usually preceded by specific inciting trauma. Extreme care must be exercised when carrying out routine dental care to prevent soft tissue trauma. Oral health care for patients with FOP is usually complex. There are additional considerations when oral surgical procedures, such as extractions, are needed. Maintaining a balance between oral health and disease progression in these patients is challenging, as they frequently present with advanced oral disease. Fiber optic‐assisted placement of the nasoendotracheal tube is the standard of care. Intramuscular injections including mandibular blocks must be avoided. Permanent fusion of the TMJ leads to malnutrition, inanition, and aspiration of food. In patients with complete TMJ ankylosis, dental extractions can be safely and effectively performed while accessing teeth from the buccal aspect. This approach has successfully resulted in decreased morbidity in these patients as well as others with limited oral opening.
Studies in African Cyperaceae 19. The genera Anosporum Nees and Sorostachys Steudel
Authors: Lye Kåre Amstein
Published: March 2008

The two genera Anosporum Nees and Sorostachys Steudel, both with a congested inflorescence and an eucyperoid culm– and leaf–anatomy, are reestablished. They have previously been placed in Cyperus s.l. Anosporum contains three distinct species, two of which are found in Africa. Sorostachys contains two species, one of which is found in Africa. Three new combinations are made, viz. Anosporum pec–tinatus (Vahl) K. Lye, Sorostachys pulchellus (R.Br.) K. Lye, and S. leucocephalus (Retz.) K. Lye.
Germination and development of the soma in Boschniakia hookeri (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Olsen Sigurd , Olsen Ingrith Deyrup
Published: March 2008

Germination of the holoparasitic angiosperm Boschniakia hookeri differs from the usual pattern among the Orobanchaceae. In most members of the family, the germinating seed develops a radix which establishes contact with the host root; in contrast, in B. hookeri the host root makes contact with the parasite seed, penetrates its testa, and association between host root and parasite embryo tissues is then established inside the testa.

The germination and development of the perennial vegetative body, the soma, can be divided into ten stages, with characteristic changes from stage to stage. The first four stages range from the pre–germination through the germination proper, including physical contact between parasite and host root; formation of the soma, through development of the first stem bud, occurs in stages five to ten. The processes for the first six stages occur completely within the testa.

The mature soma apparently produces flowers when it reaches a size around 15 mm in diameter and continues to grow. Maximum seems to be around 50–60 mm, where dense clusters of 10–12 inflorescences can occur.
Protein bodies in seeds
Authors: Lott John N. A.
Published: March 2008

Membrane bound protein bodies (aleurone grains) are thought to be the main subcellular location of protein and mineral storage in seeds. In addition to structurally homogeneous proteinaceous matrix, protein bodies may contain protein crystalloids, electron–dense globoid crystals, electron–transparent soft globoids, and crystals of calcium oxalate. Protein crystalloids vary in shape, size and number. For example, cotyledon mesophyll cell protein bodies in the Cucurbitaceae generally contain protein crystalloids whereas those of Compositae and Cruciferae do not. Globoid crystals, which are rich in phytin, vary greatly in size and number per protein body. Some species have numerous small globoid crystals per protein body whereas others have one or two large globoid crystals per protein body. Phosphorus and various cations (K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Ba, Mn) located in globoid crystals can be studied with an energy dispersive X–ray (EDX) analysis system mounted on a transmission electron microscope. In some cases, cations such as Ca, Mn and Fe are specifically localized in globoid crystals of certain tissues or embryo regions. Further investigations may allow elemental composition of globoid crystals to be used in studies of systematics. Biref–ringent crystals, sometimes in the form of single large crystals but frequently in the form of druses, are present in protein bodies of some species. At least some endosperm protein bodies of all Umbelliferous species examined contain druse crystals. While seed protein bodies of relatively few species have been studied with electron microscopy, there are indications that protein bodies could be a useful character for studies in plant systematics.
Seasonal variations in the cambial anatomy of Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Rao K. S. , Dave Y. S.
Published: March 2008

A study of seasonal activity of the cambium in Tectona grandis L. f. has shown that the activity initiates in the first week of June, reaches a peak in July and then slowly declines. The length of fusiform cambial initials undergo considerable variations during the activity and dormancy of the cambium. The initiation of cambial activity is closely associated with the opening of the dormant foliar buds in the first week of May. Cambium is more active with high numbers of immature xylem and phloem elements from July to September when the trees are with mature foliage and flowers and dormant from January to April when leaves dry and defoliation takes place. The differentiation of xylem and phloem starts simultaneously and the number of their immature elements reach the maximum in July.
Almbornia, a new lichen genus from South Africa
Authors: Esslinger Theodore L.
Published: March 2008

The new lichen genus Almbornia, characterized by a densely agglutinated, proso–plectenchymatous medulla, is described from South Africa. It is tentatively assigned to the Parmeliaceae, allied perhaps to Neofuscelia.
Studies in African Cyperaceae 20. New taxa and combinations in Pycreus Beau v.
Authors: Lye Kåre Amstein
Published: March 2008

One new species, five new subspecies and one variety of the genus Pycreus, are described from East Africa, viz. Pycreus micromelas Lye, P. sanguinolenlus (Vahl) Nees ssp. nairobiensis Lye, P. longistolon Kükenthal ssp. airofusca Lye, P. lanceolatus (Poiret) C. B. Clarke ssp. ugandensis Lye, P. flavescens (L.) Reichenb. ssp. laevinux Lye, P. flavescens (L.) Reichenb. ssp. microglumis Lye, and P. flavescens (L.) Reichenb. var. castaneus Lye.

In addition eight new combinations are made, viz. P. alms (Turrill) Lye, P. af–rozonatus Lye, P. niger (Ruiz & Pavon) Cufod. ssp. elegantulus (Steudel) Lye, P. macrostachyos (Lam.) J. Raynal ssp. tremulus (Poiret) Lye, P. flavescens (L.) Reichenb. ssp.fallaciosus (Cherm.) Lye, P. flavescens (L.) Reichenb. ssp. intermedius (Steudel) Lye, and P. flavescens (L.) Reichenb. ssp. tanaënsis (Kükenthal) Lye.
The genus Anisotes (Acanthaceae), a taxonomic revision
Authors: Baden Claus
Published: March 2008

The genus Anisotes Nees is revised. A total of 24 taxa had previously been described. In the present revision 19 species, 3 subspecies and 1 variety are recognized. A new infrageneric classification of Anisotes is proposed.

In the general part the morphology, with special emphasis on pollen morphology, and the diagnostic characters of the genus are outlined. Phytogeographical and ecological aspects are discussed in relation to the phytogeographical division of Africa.
Methods for absolute diatom frequency analysis and combined diatom and pollen analysis in sediments
Authors: Kaland Peter Emil , Stabell Bjørg
Published: March 2008

Earlier methods for absolute diatom frequency analysis were timeconsuming. In pollen analysis the use of indicator pollen and spores is well established. This method has been tested for absolute diatom analysis and proved to simplify the work. A detailed preparation procedure is given. A method for combined pollen and diatom analysis has been worked out to check the diatom production curves in sediments where the deposition rates can not be measured by 14C–dates or yearly laminated sediments. Diatom frequencies are here compared with synchronous terrestrial pollen frequencies. This gives an independent picture of changes in diatom productivity.
Agarics, clavarioid and some heterobasidiomycetous fungi from Northern Thailand
Authors: Høiland Klaus , Schumacher Trond
Published: March 2008

51 species of agaricoid, clavarioid, and heterobasidiomycetous fungi are recorded from Thailand. 40 species are new to the area. Hohenbuehelia panelloides Hoiland sp. nov. is described and Leccinum intusrubens (Corner) Hoiland comb. nov. is proposed. Comments are given on vernacular names.
Studies in the Crinum zeylanicum complex in East Africa
Authors: Nordal Inger , Wahlström Rolf
Published: March 2008

The Crinum zeylanicum complex is divided into 3 species: C. zeylanicum (L.) L. s. str., C. kirkü Bak., and C. politifolium Wahlström sp. nov. The chromosome numbers found in East African material are 3n = 33, 2n = 22, and 2n = 30 respectively. Outside the region 2n = 22 is also found in C. zeylanicum. Each species has its own basic karyotype. TLC studies of alcaloid content revealed three different patterns. Synonymy, emended descriptions, ecological and phytogeographical data are given. A key to all Crinum species in East Africa is provided.
A biometric study of some hybridizing Crataegus populations in Denmark
Authors: Christensen Knud lb
Published: March 2008

Crataegus curvisepala Lindm., C. laevigata (Poiret) DC. and C. monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae) form hybrid complexes in Denmark due to introgression. C. palmstruchii Lindm. seems to be variously introgressed individuals of C. laevigata. C. eremitagensis Raunk., C. raavadensis Raunk. and C. schumacheri Raunk. apparently belong to C. curvisepala x laevigata. The delimitation between C. curvisepala x laevigata and C. laevigata x monogyna is discussed.