bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Risk, the Real, and the Impossibility of Life
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano Emanuel
Published: November 2016

The discourse of the Matrix not only wakes up philosophy from the slumber they are, but reflects the rise of fears which are proper of a culture, that manipulates anxieties to fix policies otherwise would be rejected. Basically, Neo is subject to an ethical dilemma which means that we are free to make the decision to live in a fake without suffering or in “the real of the dessert” as Morpheus put it. At this extent, if technology is used to protect humankind, Matrix evinces under some circumstances, it can oppress human beings when they renounce to their “free-will”. This chapter not only explored the limitations of the society of risks within liberal thought but taking into consideration the role of authenticity serves ideologically to legitimate suffering. Indeed, accepting to live as Neo did, may lead to oppression or liberation.
The Fight for Cyber Thoreau
Authors: Crosston Matthew D.
Published: November 2016

This analysis sheds light on where cyber disobedience fits in to larger society positively and does not deserve to be summarily thrown in with all types of illegal cyber acts. Making these legal delineations does not solve all of the problems a state will face in the new cyber age. But they will go a long way in helping a democratic state honor its foundation of civil liberties and freedom and avoid becoming a perpetuator of virtual hyperbole and digital panic. In so doing, it guarantees the people greater freedom for themselves while also having greater confidence in the fairness of their own government. This, in place of the chaotic, ambiguous, and uninformed legal and political environment governing cyber action today, would be a dramatic improvement.
The Roots of Terror
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano Emanuel
Published: November 2016

Risk would serve as a fertile ground to move resources, otherwise would be stagnated, so that elite may centralize and solidify “extractive institutions” to enhance the economic performance. The war of all against all, predicated by Hobbes sets the pace to the war of few blocs to yield a supreme authority over the rest. The theory of globalization is reluctant to explain how the world tends to a centralization of resources and violence. Here we come across with a paradox, if the XXth century posed a lot of states making the war to forge their own identity (as it was the case in Europe and US who participated in two total wars), within the state a sentiment of nationhood persisted over other counter-reactions. Citizens not only were twinned to embrace a same history and heritage, but also suspended the internal violence against their brothers.
A Collaborative Academia-Industry Approach to Developing a Higher Education Programme in Building Information Modelling
Authors: Kelly Mark , Costello Mark , Nicholson Gerard , O'Connor Jim
Published: November 2016

Building Information Modelling (BIM) refers to a new collaborative way of working, which places a digital model at the epicentre of the construction process to inform decisions during the entire lifecycle of a project. In the UK, BIM Level 2 is now a mandatory requirement for all centrally-procured government projects. This is not the case in Ireland but there is evidence that clients are driving this transition via the inclusion of Employer Information Requirements in design-phase tender documentation. This move towards BIM Level 2 poses a number of challenges as it marks a significant shift from the way a project has been traditionally procured, designed, constructed and operated. In this challenge lies an opportunity for the higher education sector to respond by developing appropriate learning opportunities, both for students and industry stakeholders. This paper will chart how a close collaboration between the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) and the RPS Group facilitated the development of a flexible higher education programme in BIM.
Web Based Automatic Soil Chemical Contents Monitoring System
Authors: Okegbile Samuel Dayo , Oluwaranti Adeniran Ishola , Aderibigbe Adekunle
Published: November 2016

The need for finding new, more efficient and sustainable methods of agricultural cultivation and food production has become more critical especially in the developing countries. In order to facilitate this, there are needs to design a precision agriculture system capable of providing farmers with useful data about the conditions of the soil available in their farmlands in a user friendly and easily accessible manner. This work therefore presents a web based automatic soil chemical contents monitoring system. The work combined the use of pH probe, an Arduino sink node and other devices to automate the processing of soil chemical contents data obtained from farmland. Three solutions were used in testing the efficacy of the proposed method and comparing it with the existing method. The result showed that, the proposed design was able to extract the chemical contents of the soil from the farmland and transferred the same to Liquid Crystal Display and a web page.
Depicting Data Quality Issues in Business Intelligence Environment through a Metadata Framework
Authors: Wang Te-Wei , Verbitskiy Yuriy , Yeoh William
Published: November 2016

Modern business intelligence systems depend highly on high quality data. The core of data quality management is to identify all possible sources of data quality problems. To achieve this goal, an extensive metadata infrastructure is the most promising solution. Through theoretical metadata model investigation, the authors identified a set of data quality dimensions by carefully examining the data quality management principles and applied those principles to current BI environment. They summarize their analysis by proposing a BI data quality framework.
Automatic Detection of Blood Vessel in Retinal Images Using Vesselness Enhancement Filter and Adaptive Thresholding
Authors: Elbalaoui Abderrahmane , Fakir Mohamed , khaddouj Taifi , MERBOUHA Abdelkarim
Published: November 2016

Retinal blood vessels detection and measurement of morphological attributes, such as length, width, sinuosity and corners are very much important for the diagnosis and treatment of different ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and hypertension. This paper presents a integration method for blood vessels detection in fundus retinal images. The proposed method consists of two main steps. The first step is pre-processing of retinal image to improve the retinal images by evaluation of several image enhancement techniques. The second step is vessels detection, the vesselness filter is usually used to enhance the blood vessels. The enhancement filter is designed from the adaptive thresholding of the output of the vesselness filter for vessels detection. The algorithms performance is compared and analyzed on three publicly available databases (DRIVE, STARE and CHASE_DB) of retinal images using a number of measures, which include accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
Barriers to Successful Health Information Exchange Systems in Canada and the USA
Authors: Almoaber Basmah , Amyot Daniel
Published: November 2016

Background: Despite the potential benefits of health information exchange (HIE) and the two decades of efforts from the Canadian and the American governments to promote health exchange projects, failures far outnumber successes. Objective: To better understand the barriers influencing the adoption and implementation of inter-organization HIE systems in Canada and the USA. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted to examine English-language studies that identified barriers to HIE in Canada and the USA between 1995 and 2016. Electronic databases, backward searching and expert consultations were used. Results: 31 articles have been included. There is a dearth of publications reported on the HIE barriers in Canada. A total of 33 barriers have been identified. Conclusion: There are noticeable differences in the barriers reported in these countries. Privacy concerns and a lack of stakeholder buy-in are recurring barriers over time in the USA. Low adoption of electronic medical records is the main barrier in Canada.
A Study of the State of the Art in Synthetic Emotional Intelligence in Affective Computing
Authors: Zohora Syeda Erfana , Khan A. M. , Srivastava Arvind K. , Nguyen Nhu Gia , Dey Nilanjan
Published: November 2016

In the last few decades there has been a tremendous amount of research on synthetic emotional intelligence related to affective computing that has significantly advanced from the technological point of view that refers to academic studies, systematic learning and developing knowledge and affective technology to a extensive area of real life time systems coupled with their applications. The objective of this paper is to present a general idea on the area of emotional intelligence in affective computing. The overview of the state of the art in emotional intelligence comprises of basic definitions and terminology, a study of current technological scenario. The paper also proposes research activities with a detailed study of ethical issues, challenges with importance on affective computing. Lastly, we present a broad area of applications such as interactive learning emotional systems, modeling emotional agents with an intention of employing these agents in human computer interactions as well as in education.
Feature based Text Extraction System using Connected Component Method
Authors: Sambyal Nitigya , Abrol Pawanesh
Published: November 2016

Text detection and segmentation system serves as important method for document analysis as it helps in many content based image analysis tasks. This research paper proposes a connected component technique for text extraction and character segmentation using maximally stable extremal regions (MSERs) for text line formation followed by connected components to determined separate characters. The system uses a cluster size of five which is selected by experimental evaluation for identifying characters. Sobel edge detector is used as it reduces the execution time but at the same time maintains quality of the results. The algorithm is tested along a set of JPEG, PNG and BMP images over varying features like font size, style, colour, background colour and text variation. Further the CPU time in execution of the algorithm with three different edge detectors namely prewitt, sobel and canny is observed. Text identification using MSER gave very good results whereas character segmentation gave on average 94.572% accuracy for the various test cases considered for this study.
A Logical Model for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Saleh Mohamad Ab , Awada Ali
Published: November 2016

In this paper, the authors propose logic for the specification of some types of feelings, emotions and behaviours related to Narcissistic Personality Disorder disease. The targeted feelings here are Grandiosity, Truly/Wrongly Better Feeling, and Wrongly Right/Wrong Feeling, while the emotions are Envy and Admiration, and finally Exploitativeness is the unique behaviour studied. This research is multidisciplinary since it invokes both psychology and logic. Therefore, the authors had to draw the sources of this study in psychology to build a logical model that they used as a framework to represent some characteristics of the narcissistic personality. The logical model built allows expressing and recognizing the targeted feelings, emotions, and behaviours. They coupled it with an inference engine in order to use it as an aid in diagnosing whether a person is suffering from NPD, based on emotional, behavioural, and feeling information.
CSMA/CA MAC Protocol with Function of Monitoring based on Binary Tree Conflict Resolution for Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Zhao Yifan , Zhou Shengjie , Ding Hongwei , Yao Shaowen , Yang Zhijun , Liu Qianlin
Published: November 2016

The CSMA/CA protocol is the most widely-compete agreement used by a network. Therefore, MAC layer of cognitive radio networks mostly use the CSMA/CA protocol to provide the competitive channel resources. Due to the unique characteristics and related needs of the cognitive radio networks, design their network protocol is a critical task. For its characteristics, design and implement a comprehensive CSMA/CA protocol, including arrival rate control, priority services, monitoring, conflict resolution and increased throughput; elaborated protocol model, system throughput and other parameters, demonstrates the correctness of the CSMA/CA protocol; comparison with other protocols, highlighting the advantages of the agreement.
R4 Model for Case-Based Reasoning and Its Application for Software Fault Prediction
Authors: Rashid Ekbal
Published: November 2016

Making R4 model effective and efficient I have introduced some new features, i.e., renovation of knowledgebase (KBS) and reducing the maintenance cost by removing the duplicate record from the KBS. Renovation of knowledgebase is the process of removing duplicate record stored in knowledgebase and adding world new problems along with world new solutions. This paper explores case-based reasoning and its applications for software quality improvement through early prediction of error patterns. It summarizes a variety of techniques for software quality prediction in the domain of software engineering. The system predicts the error level with respect to LOC and with respect to development time, and both affects the quality level. This paper also reviews four existing models of case-based reasoning (CBR). The paper presents a work in which I have expanded our previous work (Rashid et al., 2012). I have used different similarity measures to find the best method that increases reliability. The present work is also credited through introduction of some new terms like coefficient of efficiency, i.e., developer's ability.
An Action Guided Constraint Satisfaction Technique for Planning Problem
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Cui Pingyuan , Xu Rui , Gao Ai , Zhu Shengying
Published: November 2016

This paper presents an action guided constraint satisfaction technique for planning problem. Different from the standard algorithms which are almost domain independence and cannot reflect the characteristics of the planning progress, this paper discusses how the action rules in planning act in constraint satisfaction problems. Based on the conclusion, an action directed constraint is proposed to guide the variable selected procedure in constraint satisfaction problems. Through theoretical analysis, this technique is prior an order of magnitude in variable select procedure over the ordinary heuristic technique and can be used in constraint-programmed planning problem generally. With the simulation experiments it shows that the algorithm with action guided constraint can effectively reduce the number of constraint checks during the planning procedure and has a better performance on total running time over the standard version.
The eAssessment of Key Competences and their Relationship with Academic Performance
Authors: Martinez-Abad Fernando , Torrijos-Fincias Patricia , Rodríguez-Conde María José
Published: November 2016

Even though in the current information-rich environment information skills have become a key competence within school curricula, their transversal, sometimes marginal character is maintained in basic education. This research work intends to facilitate the teachers information-rich environment information skills have become a key competence within school curricula, their transversal, sometimence, understood mainly as the performance in language and mathematics. The sample of the study was composed of 258 secondary education students from Spain, who completed a validated questionnaire that evaluated information skills. The results show a significant positive relationship between information skills and academic performance. The authors conclude by discussing the importance of emphasizing the study of information skills as a factor associated with academic performance, aiming to foster their effective integration in formal teaching-learning processes.
An Optimal Fuzzy Load Balanced Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Ubiquitous Internet Access in MANET
Authors: Srivastava Prakash , Kumar Rakesh
Published: November 2016

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of independent nodes cooperating together to form an infrastructure less network spontaneously. For increasing usability of MANET domain which finds application in natural disaster such as earthquake, floods etc. it is also desired to be connected with Internet through Internet gateways. Therefore, an efficient gateway discovery mechanism is required for MANET-Internet integration. Existing schemes use one or multiple parameters for optimal selection of gateway which causes a particular gateway to be selected many times which results in higher delay latency and packet drops due to prevailing congestion at a particular gateway. To avoid this situation, the authors have utilized the potential of fuzzy logic to ascertain the decision of load balancing at the Internet gateway. Besides this, their scheme also incorporates an effective adaptive gateway discovery mechanism. Consequently, enhanced performance is achieved as compared to existing state-of-the-art related schemes. The proposed approach is evaluated by simulation and analytical validation.
Four-Layer Grapheme Model for Computational Paleography
Authors: Pardede Raymond E.I. , Tóth Loránd L. , Jeney György A. , Kovács Ferenc , Hosszú Gábor
Published: November 2016

This article proposes a novel mathematical model of logical relationship among glyphs belonging to the same grapheme. Its research belongs to the computational paleography that is a field in the applied computer science. The proposed grapheme model is presented in four logical layers from bottom to up namely as Topology, Visual Identity, Phonetic, and Semantic Layer. In the Topology Layer, a unique glyph is defined by a set of topological properties. When trying to describe the logical relation of various glyphs, their topological properties must be examined in a higher layer framework so called Visual Identity Layer. In that layer, the glyphs of a single grapheme share some topological attributes in common. These common topological attributes form a main identity of a grapheme, which is called Common Identity template that is obtained by means of Supervised Learning method. The Phonetic Layer gives the sound values associated to the grapheme, and the Semantic Layer describes the usage of the grapheme in texts. Some potential implementations of the grapheme model are also presented.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing and Managing Sport-Related Dental and Oral Injuries
Authors: Gould Trenton E. , Piland Scott G. , Caswell Shane V. , Ranalli Dennis , Mills Stephen , Ferrara Michael S. , Courson Ron
Published: November 2016

Objective: To provide athletic trainers, health care professionals, and all those responsible for the care of athletes with clinical recommendations for preventing and managing sport-related dental and oral injuries.

Background: Participation in competitive sports continues to grow at both the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels. Therefore, exposure to, and the incidence of athletic-related injury, including orofacial injury, will also likely increase. At the time of this writing, the leading governing agencies for interscholastic (National Federation of State High School Associations) and intercollegiate (National Collegiate Athletic Association) sports require only protective orofacial equipment (eg, mouthguards) for 5 and 4, respectively, of their sanctioned sports. Although orofacial injuries represent a small percentage of all sport-related injuries, the financial burden associated with these injuries (eg, tooth avulsion) can exceed $15 000 over an adult life. Therefore, effective management of sport-related dental injuries is critical to the long-term financial, physical, and emotional health of people who have experienced dental trauma.

Recommendations: Based upon the current evidence regarding sport-related orofacial injury, we provide recommendations related to planning considerations, education, and mouthguard efficacy, material, fabrication, and care considerations. Additionally, suggested best practices for managing sport-related dental injury are also given for athletic trainers and other health care professionals.
The ‘good city’ or ‘post-colonial catch-basins of violent empire’? A contextual theological appraisal of South Africa’s Integrated Urban Development Framework
Authors: De Beer Stephan
Published: November 2016

The Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF) was constructed as a ‘new deal’ for South African cities and towns. It outlines a vision with four overarching goals and eight priorities or policy levers meant to overcome the apartheid legacy through comprehensive spatial restructuring and strategic urban–rural linkages. This article is a contextual theological reflection ‘from below’, reading the IUDF through the lenses of five distinct contours. It asks whether the IUDF has the potential to mediate good cities in which the urban poor and disenfranchised can experience integral liberation as equal citizens, or whether it will perpetuate the city as post-colonial satellite of violent empire. It concludes by proposing five areas for theological and political action: consciousness from below, a new economics, a different kind of politics, socio-spatial transformation, and collaborative knowledge generation.
On extending the truncated parameters of transformation in higher education in South Africa into a language of democratic engagement and justice
Authors: Davids Nuraan
Published: November 2016

Universities, in their multiplex roles of social, political, epistemological and capital reform, are by their constitution expected to both symbolise and enact transformation. While institutions of higher education in South Africa have been terrains of protest and reform – whether during apartheid or post-apartheid – the intense multiplex roles which these institutions assume have metaphorically come home to roost in the past 2 years. Not unlike the social-media-infused rumblings, coined as the ‘Arab Spring’, the recent cascades of #mustfall campaigns have brought to the fore the serious dearth of transformation in higher education and have raised more critical questions about conceptions of transformation, and how these translate into, or reflect, the social and political reform that continues to dangle out of the reach of the majority of South Africans. What, then, does transformation mean and imply? How does an institution reach a transformed state? How does one know when such a state is reached? These are a few of the concerns this article seeks to address. But it hopes to do so by moving beyond the thus far truncated parameters of transformation – which have largely been seeped in the oppositional politics of historical advantage and disadvantage, and which, in turn, have ensured that conceptions of transformation have remained trapped in discourses of race and racism. Instead, this article argues that the real challenge facing higher education is not so much about transformation, as it is about enacting democracy through equipping students to live and think differently in a pluralist society.
Perichondrial Cutaneous Grafts in Facial Reconstruction
Authors: Bizzell Jamie G , Boyette Jennings R
Published: November 2016

Aim:

The purpose of this study is to review the indications, techniques, advantages, and outcomes of perichondrial cutaneous grafts (PCCG).

Background

The PCCG is a composite graft utilized in the reconstruction of select head and neck defects. This graft, much studied and popularized by Dr Frederick Stucker, has several intrinsic benefits due to its size, thickness, contour, and unique perichondrial layer.

Results

The PCCG is primarily utilized in the reconstruction of nasal and lower eyelid defects. This graft has been demonstrated to yield superior results to a full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) in these cosmetically sensitive locations and has the convenience of a single-stage procedure that may be performed under local anesthesia in contrast to a paramedian forehead flap (PMFF). Animal studies have shown less contraction in comparison to FTSGs. Large case series have reported low rates of graft loss and good esthetic outcomes.

Conclusion

The PCCG is an option to consider in the reconstruction of select head and neck defects, as it tends to offer excellent cosmetic results and minimal morbidity.

Clinical significance

The PCCG has several advantages over a FTSG for moderate to large defects of the face, and is an excellent reconstructive option for nasal defects in which a PMFF may not be a viable option.

How to cite this article

Bizzell JG, Boyette JR. Perichondrial Cutaneous Grafts in Facial Reconstruction. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(3):182-187.
Study of Caries Prevalence among Miswak and Non-Miswak Users: A Prospective Study
Authors: Mustafa Mohammed , AlJeaidi Zaid , AlAajam Wafa Hassan , Mohammed Kawthar Ahmed Dafaalla
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Various types of oral hygiene measures have been practiced by different populations around the world, as there is difference in the oral hygiene products including toothpicks and toothpowders. Miswak or tooth cleaning stick, for mechanical tooth cleaning, can be traced back at least to pre-Islamic times. Currently, many of the world populations still use chewing sticks as the single method for tooth brushing. The present study was done to study the incidence and prevalence of caries among Miswak and non-Miswak users.

Materials and methods

The study was done consisting of 120 cases and 120 control group (60 boys and 60 girls in each group) from the secondary school. The materials used were light, explorer, mirror, gloves, upper and lower teeth models, Miswak, and common toothbrush.

After the recording of the primary data, Miswak was given to case group and the students were trained to use it on the teeth models.

After 2 years, the examination of the teeth was done using the same method as before start of the study and by the same investigators. All the data were recorded, tabulated, and analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics version 17 using Student's t-test.

Results

From the 240 participants, only 211 had continued the study for the total period of time. Out of these, 111 were from the study group and 100 from the control group. On comparison of the decayed-missing-filled (DMF) index scores of the study and control groups, before and after completion of the study, had also shown that the caries index was increased and the difference was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion

From the study, it can be concluded that the study group using Miswak had less number of caries incidence than the control group of non-Miswak.

Clinical significance

Miswak can be used as teeth cleaning aid in day-to-day life as it can reduce the caries incidence.

How to cite this article

Mustafa M, AlJeaidi Z, AlAajam WH, Dafaalla Mohammed KA. Study of Caries Prevalence among Miswak and Non-Miswak Users: A Prospective Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(11):926-929.
A Rare Case of Labial Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis
Authors: Meurer Maria I , Grando Liliane J , Rivero Elena RC , Souza Carlos ECP , Marcondes Carlos B
Published: November 2016

Introduction

The aim of this article is to present a rare case of myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis. Myiasis is a disease caused by invasion of tissues of animals and humans by larval stages of dipterous (2-winged) flies. There are few reports of oral myiasis in the literature, mostly related to Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae. We present a case of a 53-year-old man with painful swelling of the left lower lip that was confirmed to be myiasis caused by D. hominis. Though more common in tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America, myiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous masses among residents or travelers in endemic areas.

How to cite this article

Meurer MI, Grando LJ, Rivero ERC, Souza CECP, Marcondes CB. A Rare Case of Labial Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(11):958-961.
Resolving the mesospheric nighttime 4.3 μm emission puzzle: New
model calculations improve agreement with SABER observations
Authors: Panka Peter A. , Kutepov Alexander A. , Kalogerakis Konstantinos S. , Janches Diego , Russell James M. , Rezac Ladislav , Feofilov Artem G. , Mlynczak Martin G. , Yiğit Erdal
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Since 2002, SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry)/TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics) has been continuously measuring the day- and nighttime infrared limb radiances of the mesosphere and lower thermoshere (MLT) in ten broadband channels. Recently, the MLT daytime temperature/ pressure and CO2 densities have been obtained self-consistently from SABER 15 μm and 4.3 μm emission observations. However, similar nighttime data remain unprocessed due to a lack of understanding of the 4.3 μm emission generating mechanisms. A previous study suggested the “direct” transfer OH(v)) ⇒ N2(v)) ⇒ CO2(v3)) ⇒ 4.3 μm of vibrational excitation from OH(v) to CO2 in the nighttime mesosphere. However, accounting for this excitation mechanism alone leads to significant under-prediction (by up to 80 %) of observed 4.3 μm limb radiances. Recently, theoretical and laboratory studies have suggested an additional “indirect” nighttime channel OH(v)) ⇒ O(1D)) ⇒ N2(v)) ⇒ CO2(v3)) ⇒ 4.3 μm of this energy transfer. We implemented this new channel in our non-LTE (non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) model and show that, for various latitudinal and seasonal scenarios, including this additional channel brings differences between simulated and measured nighttime SABER 4.3 μm limb radiances to (−20, +30) %. These results confirm the important role of the new mechanism as a source of the nighttime 4.3 μm emission. This finding creates new opportunities for the application of CO2 4.3 μm observations in the study of the energetics and dynamics of the nighttime MLT.
First results of the Piton de la Fournaise STRAP 2015 experiment:
multidisciplinary tracking of a volcanic gas and aerosol plume
Authors: Tulet Pierre , Di Muro Andréa , Colomb Aurélie , Denjean Cyrielle , Duflot Valentin , Arellano Santiago , Foucart Brice , Brioude Jérome , Sellegri Karine , Peltier Aline , Aiuppa Alessandro , Barthe Christelle , Bhugwant Chatrapatty , Bielli Soline , Boissier Patrice , Boudoire Guillaume , Bourrianne Thierry , Brunet Christophe , Burnet Fréderic , Cammas Jean-Pierre , Gabarrot Franck , Galle Bo , Giudice Gaetano , Guadagno Christian , Jeamblu Fréderic , Kowalski Philippe , Leclair de Bellevue Jimmy , Marquestaut Nicolas , Mékies Dominique , Metzger Jean-Marc , Pianezze Joris , Portafaix Thierry , Sciare Jean , Tournigand Arnaud , Villeneuve Nicolas
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The STRAP (Synergie Transdisciplinaire pour Répondre aux Aléas liés aux Panaches volcaniques) campaign was conducted in 2015 to investigate the volcanic plumes of Piton de La Fournaise (La Réunion, France). For the first time, measurements at the local (near the vent) and at the regional scales around the island were conducted. The STRAP 2015 campaign has become possible thanks to a strong cross-disciplinary collaboration between volcanologists and meteorologists. The main observations during four eruptive periods (85 days) are summarized. They include the estimates of SO2, CO2 and H2O emissions, the altitude of the plume at the vent and over different areas of La Réunion Island, the evolution of the SO2 concentration, the aerosol size distribution, and the aerosol extinction profile. A climatology of the volcanic plume dispersion is also reported. Simulations and measurements showed that the plume formed by weak eruption has a stronger interaction with the surface of the island. Strong SO2 and particles concentrations above 1000 ppb and 50 000 cm−3, respectively, are frequently measured over 20 km of distance from the Piton de la Fournaise. The measured aerosol size distribution shows the predominance of small particles in the volcanic plume. A particular emphasis is placed on the gas-particle conversion with several cases of strong nucleation of sulfuric acid observed within the plume and at the distal site of the Maïdo observatory. The STRAP 2015 campaign gave a unique set of multi-disciplinary data that can now be used by modellers to improve the numerical paramameterizations of the physical and chemical evolution of the volcanic plumes.
Estimating the size of a methane emission point-source at different scales: from local to landscape
Authors: Riddick Stuart N. , Connors Sarah , Robinson Andrew D. , Manning Alastair J. , Jones Pippa S. D. , Lowry David , Nisbet Euan , Skelton Robert L. , Allen Grant , Pitt Joseph , Harris Neil R. P.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. High methane (CH4) mixing ratios (up to 4 ppm) have occurred sporadically at our measurement site in Haddenham, Cambridgeshire since July 2012. Isotopic measurements and back trajectories show that the source is the Waterbeach Waste management park 7 km SE of Haddenham. To investigate this further, measurements were made on June 30th and July 1st 2015 at other locations nearer to the source. Landfill emissions have been estimated using three different approaches (WindTrax, Gaussian plume, and NAME InTEM inversion) applied to the measurements made close to source and at Haddenham. The emission estimates derived using the WindTrax and Gaussian plume approaches agree well for the period of intense observations. Applying the Gaussian plume approach to all periods of elevated measurements seen at Haddenham produces year-round and monthly landfill emission estimates. The estimated annual emissions vary between 11.6 and 13.7 Gg CH4 yr−1. The monthly emission estimates are highest in winter (2160 kg hr−1 in February) and lowest in summer (620 kg hr−1 in July). These data identify the effects of environmental conditions on landfill CH4 production and highlight the importance of year-round measurement to capture seasonal variability in CH4 emission. We suggest the landscape inverse modelling approach described in this paper is in good agreement with more labour-intensive near-source approaches and can be used to identify point-sources within an emission landscape to provide high-quality emission estimates.
Intercomparison of atmospheric water vapour measurements in the
Canadian high Arctic
Authors: Weaver Dan , Strong Kimberly , Schneider Matthias , Rowe Penny M. , Sioris Chris , Walker Kaley A. , Mariani Zen , Uttal Taneil , McElroy C. Thomas , Vömel Holger , Spassiani Alessio , Drummond James R.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Water vapour is a critical component of the Earth system. Techniques to acquire and improve measurements of atmospheric water vapour and its isotopes are under active development. This work presents a detailed intercomparison of water vapour total column measurements taken between 2006 and 2014 at a Canadian high Arctic research site. Instruments include radiosondes, sun photometers, a microwave radiometer, and emission and solar absorption Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs). Good agreement is observed between all combination of datasets, with correlation coefficients ≥ 0.90 showing high correlations. A variety of biases and calibration issues are revealed and discussed for all instruments. A new FTS dataset, resulting from the MUSICA (Multi-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) retrieval technique, is shown to offer accurate measurements of water vapour total columns; however, measurements show a small wet bias of approximately 6 %. A new dataset derived from Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) measurements is also shown to provide accurate water vapour measurements, which usefully enables measurements to be taken during day and night (especially valuable during Polar Night). In addition, limited profile comparisons are conducted using radiosonde and ground-based FTS measurements. Results show MUSICA FTS profiles were within 15 % of radiosonde measurements throughout the troposphere.
Seasonal variation of CaCO3 saturation state in bottom water of a biological hotspot in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Yamamoto-Kawai Michiyo , Mifune Takahisa , Kikuchi Takashi , Nishino Shigeto
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Distribution of calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) was observed in the Chukchi Sea in autumn 2012 and early summer 2013. Ω in bottom water ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 for aragonite and from 0.5 to 3.2 for calcite in 2012. In 2013, Ω in bottom water was 1.1–2.8 for aragonite and 1.7–4.4 for calcite. Aragonite and calcite undersaturation was found in high productivity regions in autumn 2012 but not in early summer 2013. Comparison with other parameters has indicated that biological processes – respiration and photosynthesis – are major factors controlling the regional and temporal variability of Ω. From these ship-based observations, we have obtained empirical equations to reconstruct Ω from temperature, salinity and apparent oxygen utilization. Using 2-year-round mooring data and these equations, we have reconstructed seasonal variation of Ω in bottom water in Hope Valley, a biological hotspot in the southern Chukchi Sea. Estimated Ω was high in spring and early summer, decreased in later summer, and remained relatively low in winter. Calculations indicated a possibility that bottom water could have been undersaturated for aragonite on an intermittent basis even in the pre-industrial period, and that anthropogenic CO2 has extended the period of aragonite undersaturation to more than 2-fold longer by now.
Passive adsorption of neighbouring plant volatiles linked to associational susceptibility in a subarctic ecosystem
Authors: Mofikoya Adedayo , Miura Kazumi , Holopainen Toini , Holopainen Jarmo K.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Neighbouring plants may affect volatile compound emissions of a focal plant and confer associational resistance or susceptibility. Associational resistance has been reported as a result of adsorption of neighbouring plant volatile and semivolatile compounds on focal plant foliage in field experiments. However, these associational effects in a natural ecosystem remain largely unknown. The effects of the presence and density of Rhododendron tomentosum (Rt) understorey on the volatile profile and herbivore density of mountain birch, Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (MB) was investigated in a subarctic forest site. The monoterpene β-myrcene, sesquiterpene aromadendrene and sesquiterpene alcohols, palustrol and ledol were recovered from the foliage of MB trees that had Rt growing in the understorey. The number of Rt shoots growing directly under the MB trees correlated positively with the rate of recovery of adhered compounds and negatively with total MB emissions. Palustrol and β-myrcene recovery from MB leaves showed the highest positive correlation with Rt density. Recovery of adhered compounds was higher at lower sampling temperatures. Herbivory was at very low levels both in control and Rt plots. The proportion of foliage infected by a gall mites (Acalitus spp.) was positively correlated with the recovery of the adhered ledol and palustrol from MB foliage. These results indicate that understorey plant volatiles, both sesquiterpene and highly volatile monoterpenes, may adhere onto and be subsequently re-released from MB foliage at low temperatures during the subarctic growing season. The Rt density also plays an important role in the adherence and re-release rates of neighboring plant volatiles and may induce a response in MB volatile emission. Presence of Rt volatiles on MB foliage may make them more susceptible to gall mite infestation suggesting that high Rt density in the subarctic ecosystem may confer associational susceptibility to herbivores on MB.
Plankton-derived environmental DNA extracted from abyssal sediments preserves patterns of plankton macroecology
Authors: Morard Raphael , Lejzerowicz Franck , Darling Kate F. , Lecroq-Bennet Beatrice , Winther Pedersen Mikkel , Orlando Ludovic , Pawlowski Jan , Mulitza Stefan , de Vargas Colomban , Kucera Michal
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Deep-sea sediments constitute a unique archive of ocean change, fueled by a permanent rain of mineral and organic remains from the surface ocean. Until now, paleo-ecological analyses of this archive have been mostly based on information from taxa leaving fossils. In theory, environmental DNA (eDNA) in the sediment has the potential to provide information on non-fossilized taxa, allowing more comprehensive interpretations of the fossil record. Yet, the process controlling the transport and deposition of eDNA onto the sediment and the extent to which it preserves the features of past oceanic biota remains unknown. Planktonic foraminifera are the ideal taxa to allow an assessment of the eDNA signal modification during deposition because their fossils are well preserved in the sediment and their morphological taxonomy is documented by DNA barcodes. Specifically, we re-analyze foraminiferal-specific metabarcodes from 31 deep-sea sediment samples, which were shown to contain a small fraction of sequences from planktonic foraminifera. We confirm that the largest portion of the metabarcode originates from benthic bottom-dwelling foraminifera, representing the in-situ community, but a small portion (
TECHNICAL NOTE: Coupling infrared gas analysis and cavity ring down spectroscopy for autonomous, high temporal resolution measurements of DIC and δ13C-DIC
Authors: Call Mitchell , Schulz Kai G. , Carvalho Matheus C. , Santos Isaac R. , Maher Damien T.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. A new approach to autonomously determine concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and its carbon stable isotope ratio (δ13C-DIC) at high temporal resolution is presented. The simple method requires no customised design. Instead it uses two commercially available instruments currently used in aquatic carbon research. An inorganic carbon analyser utilising non-dispersive infrared detection (NDIR) is coupled to a Cavity Ring-down Spectrometer (CRDS) to determine DIC and δ13C-DIC based on the liberated CO2 from acidified aliquots of water. Using a small sample volume of 2 ml, the precision and accuracy of the new method was comparable to standard isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) methods. The system achieved a sampling resolution of 16 mins, with a DIC precision of ±1.5 to 2 µmol kg−1 and δ13C-DIC precision of ±0.14 ‰ for concentrations spanning 1000 to 3600 µmol kg−1. Accuracy of 0.1 ± 0.06 ‰ based on DIC concentrations ranging from 2000 µmol kg−1 to 2230 µmol kg−1 was achieved during a laboratory-based algal bloom experiment. The high precision data that can be autonomously obtained by the system should enable complex carbonate system questions to be explored in aquatic sciences using high temporal resolution observations.
Development and evaluation of a system of proxy data assimilation for paleoclimate reconstruction
Authors: Okazaki Atsushi , Yoshimura Kei
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) has been successfully applied in the field of paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate. However, data reconstructed from proxies have been assimilated, as opposed to the actual proxy values. This banned to fully utilize the information recorded in the proxies. This study examined the feasibility of proxy DA for paleoclimate reconstruction. Isotopic proxies (δ18O in ice cores, corals, and tree-ring cellulose) were assimilated into models: an isotope enabled general circulation model (GCM) and forward proxy models, using offline data assimilation. First, we examined the feasibility using an observation system simulation experiment (OSSE). The analysis showed a significant improvement compared with the first guess in the reproducibility of isotope ratios in the proxies, as well as the temperature and precipitation fields, when only the isotopic information was assimilated. The accuracy for temperature and precipitation was especially high at low latitudes. This is due to the fact that isotopic proxies are strongly influenced by temperature and/or precipitation at low latitudes, which, in turn, are modulated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual timescales. The proxy temperature DA had comparable or higher accuracy than the reconstructed temperature DA. The proxy DA was compared with real proxy data. The reconstruction accuracy was decreased compared to the OSSE. In particular, the decrease was significant over the Indian Ocean, eastern Pacific, and the Atlantic Ocean where the reproducibility of the proxy model was lower. By changing the experimental design in a stepwise manner, the decrease in accuracy was found to be attributable to the misrepresentation of the models. In addition, the accuracy was also dependent on the number and/or distribution of the proxies to be assimilated. Thus, to improve climate DA, it is necessary to enhance the performance of models, as well as to increase the number of proxies.
PeRL: A Circum-Arctic Permafrost Region Pond and Lake Database
Authors: Muster Sina , Roth Kurt , Langer Moritz , Lange Stephan , Cresto Aleina Fabio , Bartsch Annett , Morgenstern Anne , Grosse Guido , Jones Benjamin , Sannel A. Britta K. , Sjöberg Ylva , Günther Frank , Andresen Christian , Veremeeva Alexandra , Lindgren Prajna R. , Bouchard Frédéric , Lara Mark J. , Fortier Daniel , Charbonneau Simon , Virtanen Tarmo A. , Hugelius Gustaf , Palmtag Juri , Siewert Matthias B. , Riley William J. , Koven Charles D. , Boike Julia
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Ponds and lakes are abundant in Arctic permafrost lowlands. They play an important role in Arctic wetland ecosystems by regulating carbon, water, and energy fluxes and providing freshwater habitats. However, ponds, i.e. waterbodies with surface areas smaller than 1.0E+04 m2, have not been inventoried at global and regional scales. The Permafrost Region Pond and Lake Database (PeRL) presents the results of a circum-arctic effort to map ponds and lakes from modern (2002–2013) high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery with a resolution of 5 m or better that resolve waterbodies with a surface area between 1.0E+02 m2 and 1.0E+06 m2. The database also includes historical imagery from 1948 to 1965 with a resolution of 6 m or better. PeRL includes 69 maps covering a wide range of environmental conditions from tundra to boreal regions and from continuous to discontinuous permafrost zones. Waterbody maps are linked to regional permafrost landscape maps which provide information on permafrost extent, ground ice volume, geology and lithology. This paper describes waterbody classification and accuracy, and presents statistics of waterbody distribution for each site. Maps of permafrost landscapes in Alaska, Canada and Russia are used to extrapolate waterbody statistics from the site level to regional landscape units. PeRL presents pond and lake estimates for a total area of 1.4E+06 km2 across the Arctic, about 17 % of the Arctic lowland (