bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise microestrutural de ligas semissólidas da série 7XXX submetidas a ensaios de compressão a quente entre placas paralelas
Authors: Torres Luis Vanderlei , Zoqui Eugênio José
Published: March 2021

RESUMO O presente trabalho visa a análise microestrutural de ligas de alumínio da série 7XXX, a saber: AA7004 e AA7075, em vista de sua aplicação nos processos de tixoconformação. As ligas foram reaquecidas às temperaturas semissólidas, ou seja, as temperaturas correspondentes às frações sólidas de 60% e 45% e mantidas nos tempos de tratamento térmico de reaquecimento de 0, 30, 90 e 210 s e na sequência submetidas a ensaios de compressão a quente entre placas paralelas. Como resultado, a condição de 60% de fração sólida de ambas as ligas apresentaram diferenças significativas na aparência das amostras tixoconformadas, com bordas mal preenchidas e quebradiças, quando comparadas com a condição de 45% de fração sólida, isto devido às ligações existentes na microestrutura que possivelmente ainda estavam fortemente ligadas entre si, exigindo maior tensão para sua deformação; a fração sólida de 45% adotada durante os ensaios foi satisfatória, pois as bordas das amostras não apresentaram trincas e/ou quebras intensas como também apresentou um bom acabamento superficial. Quanto ao seu comportamento microestrutural, as ligas semissólidas AA7004 e AA7075, apresentaram morfologia globular na região da borda das amostras com grãos/glóbulos primários bastante esferoidizados, devido aos fenômenos de ostwald ripening e coalescência e na região central das amostras grãos/glóbulos primários totalmente deformados, com pouca presença de líquido e grande presença de fase sólida, devido à deformação imposta.
Atividade antibacteriana de fibras têxteis contendo nanopartículas de poli (óxido de etileno-b-ácido lático) com óleos essenciais incorporados
Authors: Popiolski Tatiane Michele , Wilimzig Markus , Soldi Valdir
Published: March 2021

RESUMO Neste estudo foi avaliada a atividade antibacteriana de fibras têxteis contendo nanopartículas de poli(óxido de etileno-b-ácido lático) com óleos essenciais incorporados. O sistema desenvolvido demonstrou atividade antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus, sugerindo seu potencial uso como agente antibacteriano. Foram utilizados copolímeros dibloco baseados em um bloco fixo de PEO (5kDa) e dois segmentos de PLA diferentes (4,5 e 10kDa). A morfologia, a eficiência do encapsulamento, a interação da blenda de óleos essenciais (incluindo, lavanda, melaleuca, tomilho, cravo, cedro e capim limão) e polímero e a cinética de liberação do agente ativo nas nanopartículas foram avaliadas. O raio hidrodinâmico das nanopartículas determinado pela dispersão da luz foi afetado pelo tamanho do bloco de poli(ácido lático). A liberação in vitro sugere que a barreira polimérica é capaz de controlar a liberação de óleo. A atividade antibacteriana foi mais eficaz em tecidos com fibras arranjadas aleatoriamente. De acordo com estudos da literatura, nanopartículas obtidas de copolímeros com menor massa molar de PLA favoreceram a liberação da mistura de óleos essenciais. O processo de incorporação dos óleos essenciais nas fibras têxteis mostrou-se eficiente sugerindo viabilidade quanto ao uso desse sistema no controle antibacteriano. Os sistemas desenvolvidos oferecem uma nova estratégia para a liberação controlada com atividade antibacteriana e apresentam potenciais aplicações na indústria calçadista.
Aplicación de drenaje electroosmótico a pasivos ambientales mineros
Authors: Valenzuela Julio , Cánovas Manuel , González Paul , Cuevas Cristian
Published: March 2021

RESUMEN Chile es el mayor exportador de cobre del mundo. Sin embargo, este liderazgo tiene importantes costos medioambientales como la generación de enormes cantidades de residuos sólidos procedentes del tratamiento de las menas de cobre. Con objeto de abordar esta problemática, se propone la aplicación de la técnica de drenaje electroosmótico a ripios y relaves. La parte experimental del trabajo consiste en un diseño experimental con matrices sólidas sintéticas. El porcentaje de finos y la humedad inicial se definen como factores de tres niveles. El volumen de líquido drenado se define como la variable respuesta. Los resultados muestran que el drenaje electroosmótico es más eficiente que el drenaje gravitacional cuando el contenido de humedad y el porcentaje de finos se encuentran en su nivel más alto. Mediante un análisis de varianza del diseño experimental, se corrobora el efecto de los factores y su interacción en la variable de respuesta. Finalmente, se genera una ecuación que describe la relación entre las variables de respuesta y los factores del modelo.
A questão da cidadania sob o olhar dos indígenas na Terra Indígena Cobra Grande, Santarém/PA
Authors: Silva Messias Furtado da , Diniz Renato Eugênio da Silva , Alencar Joelma Cristina Parente Monteiro
Published: March 2021

Resumo Este artigo discute a questão da cidadania sob o olhar de indígenas da Terra Indígena Cobra Grande (TICG) que participam de um curso de formação de professores. A questão investigada é como indígenas, bastante transpassados pela cultura do kariwa, e tendo de a todo instante lutar por seus direitos, inclusive o de permanecer indígena, veem a questão da cidadania. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar o que os indígenas da TICG entendem pela palavra cidadania e como percebem o exercício da mesma no dia a dia das aldeias. Metodologicamente a pesquisa se encaixa como estudo de caso do tipo etnográfico em educação, sem, no entanto, se reduzir totalmente ao método, pois investigamos, a partir de um processo participativo no qual os interlocutores foram também pesquisadores. O processo de pesquisa envolveu discussões preliminares, elaboração, aplicação e avaliação de projetos de ação e entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados mostram que os indígenas estão preocupados com o impacto do contato dos indígenas da TICG com a cultura do kariwa e as consequências deste contato para a forma de ser e viver indígena. A pesquisa revelou ainda que eles têm consciência de seus direitos e entendem a cidadania tanto no binômio direito-dever, quanto como instrumento de luta pela preservação da cultura e tradições das aldeias.
Trichostrongylus colubriformis affecting sheep phosphorus metabolism and precision feeding as a mitigating strategy
Authors: Dias-Silva Tairon Pannunzio , Louvandini Helder , Amarante Alessandro Francisco Talamini do
Published: March 2021

Abstract This review details the negative effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep phosphorus metabolism and direct and indirect impacts from high excretion from susceptible animals, as well as the advantages offered by precision feeding as potential strategies to mitigate loss. In sheep infected with T. colubriformis there is a high reduction in P bioavailability, because of depression in the absorptive capacity of this mineral, affecting the absorption and recycling of P to the digestive tract, causing mineral deficiency. Therefore, precision feeding compiles animal genetics information, feeding type and grazing management to control animal feed intake and quantity and quality of manure produced. In this sense, the adoption of precision feeding can provide a better arrangement of the information, making sheep production more economically, socially and environmentally sustainable.
Induction and Exploitation of Subgoal Automata for Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Furelos-Blanco Daniel , Law Mark , Jonsson Anders , Broda Krysia , Russo Alessandra
Published: March 2021

In this paper we present ISA, an approach for learning and exploiting subgoals in episodic reinforcement learning (RL) tasks. ISA interleaves reinforcement learning with the induction of a subgoal automaton, an automaton whose edges are labeled by the task’s subgoals expressed as propositional logic formulas over a set of high-level events. A subgoal automaton also consists of two special states: a state indicating the successful completion of the task, and a state indicating that the task has finished without succeeding. A state-of-the-art inductive logic programming system is used to learn a subgoal automaton that covers the traces of high-level events observed by the RL agent. When the currently exploited automaton does not correctly recognize a trace, the automaton learner induces a new automaton that covers that trace. The interleaving process guarantees the induction of automata with the minimum number of states, and applies a symmetry breaking mechanism to shrink the search space whilst remaining complete. We evaluate ISA in several gridworld and continuous state space problems using different RL algorithms that leverage the automaton structures. We provide an in-depth empirical analysis of the automaton learning performance in terms of the traces, the symmetry breaking and specific restrictions imposed on the final learnable automaton. For each class of RL problem, we show that the learned automata can be successfully exploited to learn policies that reach the goal, achieving an average reward comparable to the case where automata are not learned but handcrafted and given beforehand.
Das Theater auf die Probe stellen. Kollektivität und Selbstreflexivität in den Arbeitsweisen des Gegenwartstheaters
Authors: Matzke Annemarie
Published: March 2021

Zahlreiche Arbeitsformen des Gegenwartstheaters zeichnen sich durch kollektive Probenformen aus, die der traditionellen Unterscheidung von Dramatiker, Regisseurin und Schauspieler zuarbeiten. In den Proben von Regiekollektiven wie Rimini Protokoll oder Performancegruppen wie Gob Squad ist nicht mehr der dramatische Text, sondern ein Konzept Ausgangspunkt. Andere Formen der Textgenese und Raumkonzeption werden so hervorgebracht. Anhand meiner Erfahrungen in der Probenarbeit zu der Inszenierung Testament der Gruppe She She Pop und durch die Analyse historischer und gegenwärtiger Probenformen zeigt der Beitrag, wie im Gegenwartstheater die Probe selbst zu einer Reflexion der theatralen Praxis wird.
Publikumsbewegung. Auf der Suche nach dem ›Außerhalb‹ des Theaters
Authors: Primavesi Patrick
Published: March 2021

Zum Selbstverständnis zeitgenössischer Theaterformen zählt auch der Impuls zur Aktivierung des Publikums. Berechtigt scheint jedoch Rancières Kritik an diesem häufig von Brecht inspirierten Programm, insofern die Zuschauer_innen schon durch die Unterstellung einer bloß passiven Funktion und Haltung bevormundet werden. Der Vortrag sondiert diese Problematik vor allem an Inszenierungen, die ihr Publikum auch körperlich in Bewegung versetzen und außerhalb der gewohnten Bühnenräume mit theatralen Prozessen konfrontieren.
Beschimpfen, Ignorieren, Manipulieren. Zur Politik mit dem Publikum nach Peter Handke (von Ivana Müller und Claudia Bosse)
Authors: Müller-Schöll Nikolaus
Published: March 2021

Vor dem Hintergrund der neueren historischen und theoretischen Theaterforschung zum Zuschauer lässt sich Peter Handkes Publikumsbeschimpfung als Beginn der sukzessiven Auflösung jenes Verständnisses von Spieler und Publikum begreifen, das sich zwischen der Mitte des 18. und dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts als Paradigma des modernen Theaters herausgebildet hat. Kann Handke einerseits an eine seit dem Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts erfolgte Wiederentdeckung jenes aktiven Zuschauers anknüpfen, wie er im Theater der frühen Neuzeit prägend gewesen sein dürfte, so lässt sich andererseits in seinem Stück doch noch eine Auffassung des Verhältnisses von Bühne und Publikum erkennen, die weitgehend mit der im Stück verbal angegriffenen Schauanordnung übereinstimmt. Dies wird noch akzentuiert durch die legendäre Uraufführung durch Claus Peymann im Frankfurter Theater am Turm, in der die an das Spiel mit der Vierten Wand gewohnten Schauspieler von den Reaktionen des beschimpften Publikums zeitweise offenkundig überfordert waren. Neuere Performance-Arbeiten von Ivana Müller und Claudia Bosse können von daher als weitergehende Erforschungen dessen begriffen werden, was bei Handke erstmals szenisch untersucht wird: Der Differenz zwischen dem empirischen und dem epistemologischen Zuschauer sowie des Verhältnisses von Freiheit und Manipulation in experimentellen Schauanordnungen.
Efficacy of dynamic Swiss ball training in improving the core stability of collegiate athletes
Authors: Nuhmani Shibili
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The training of core muscles is key in sports training to improve performance and reduce the risk of injuries. However the most effective method to improve core musculature is still controversial. Therefore the objective of this study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of dynamic Swiss ball training in reinforcing the core stability of collegiate athletes. Materials and methods: This two-group, two-factor research involved 67, 18- to 28-year-old collegiate athletes (18 females, 49 males) who were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was provided dynamic Swiss ball training, whereas the control group was instructed to perform floor exercises. The groups underwent training for six weeks (three days per week). Four core stability tests (the Biering-Sorenson trunk extension, Side Bridge, prone bridge, and double leg lowering tests) were administrated pre- and post-training. Results: The mean scores of the participants in the core stability tests significantly improved after six weeks of training (p<0.05), but the between-group comparisons revealed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in terms of enhancement in core stability (p<0.05). Conclusion: The relatively high improvement in core stability parameters after Swiss ball training suggested that these exercises are favorable alternatives to traditional floor exercises in strengthening the core muscles. The findings are expected to help athletes, coaches, trainers, and other strength and conditioning specialists involved in athletic training decide on appropriate training methods.
Wayne's method DNA extraction v1
Authors: M Hartman Leon , Dungan Ashley
Published: March 2021

The Wayne’s Method DNA extraction protocol for black tiger shrimp (Wilson et al. 2002). Modified by Rebecca Alfred (SUT) for analysis of Exaiptasia and associated prokaryotes. Here are a few other relevant publications using the Wayne's DNA extraction method: Epstein, H.E., Torda, G., and Van Oppen, M.J.H. (2019). Relative stability of the Pocillopora acuta microbiome throughout a thermal stress event. Coral Reefs 38, 373-386. Hartman, L.M., Van Oppen, M.J.H., and Blackall, L.L. (2020). The Effect of Thermal Stress on the Bacterial Microbiome of Exaiptasia diaphana. Microorganisms 8, 20.
Die Anwendung von DIN EN 62424
Authors: Schorn Wolfgang , Bindel Thomas , Hofmann Dieter , Große Norbert
Published: March 2021

Im Dezember 2017 wurde die neue Fassung von DIN EN 62424 „Darstellung von Aufgaben der Prozessleittechnik – Fließbilder und Datenaustausch zwischen EDV-Werkzeugen zur Fließbilderstellung und CAE-Systemen“  veröffentlicht. Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt einige Aspekte derjenigen  Normabschnitte, welche der zurückgezogenen DIN 19227-1 entsprechen und sowohl für Entwickler als auch für Anwender von Interesse sind. Hierbei wird der Harmonisierung mit den Standards DIN IEC 60050-351, DIN EN 61512-1, DIN EN ISO 10628-1 [14], DIN 62382 und NAMUR NE 152 Rechnung getragen. Begriffliche Divergenzen zwischen diesen und auch anderen technischen Regelwerken sollten nach Möglichkeit vermieden bzw. beseitigt werden. Weiterhin werden Hinweise zum Übersetzen von Fachbegriffen gegeben.
Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cell after phacoemulsification using ringer lactate versus balanced salt solution as irrigating solutions
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55284, Indonesia, Rahmawati Farahdina , Gunawan Wasisdi ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55284, Indonesia; Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta 55223, Indonesia, Ekantini Retno ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55284, Indonesia; Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta 55223, Indonesia, Prabowo Rinanto ,   Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta 55223, Indonesia, Mahayana Indra Tri ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55284, Indonesia
Published: March 2021

AIM: To compare the difference in corneal endothelial cell density and morphology after phacoemulsification using ringer lactate (RL) and balanced salt solution (BSS) irrigating solutions.
METHODS: The prospective randomized controlled trial study was conducted between February 2017 and April 2017 in Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were a total of 52 subjects (52 eyes) who were senile cataract patients further grouped into two, 26 patients undergoing the phacoemulsification procedure using RL irrigating solution and the other 26 patients with BSS irrigating solution, both conducted by one operator. On the 1, 7, and 28d post operative, an evaluation was done to measure the density and corneal endothelial cell morphology, as well as the variable of inflammation in the two groups.
RESULTS: Fifty-two eyes had undergone phacoemulsification with posterior intraocular lens implantation. Both groups were evaluated for the endothelial cell reduction and corneal endothelial cell morphology change, along with postoperative inflammation. On the 28d postoperative, endothelial cell reduction in the BSS group (173.96 cell/mm2, 8.12%) was lower than the RL group (253.20 cell/mm2, 10.25%), percentage of corneal endothelial cell variation coefficient increase in the BSS group (2.92%, 8.36%) was lower compared to the RL group (3.42%, 9.96%), decrease of hexagonal cells of corneal endothelium cells presentation percentage in the BSS group (4.30%, 8.17%) was lower compared to the RL group (4.84%, 8.97%), and the percentage increase of central corneal thickness in the BSS group (4.69 μm, 0.89%) was almost equal to the RL group (4.53 μm, 0.90%). All of the results regarding difference in density and corneal cell endothelium morphology between the two groups did not reveal any statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Inflammatory variable in the two groups were even.
CONCLUSION: BSS and RL were equal in their capability of maintaining endothelial cell loss and endothelial cell morphologic change in senile cataract patients after phacoemulsification.
Comparison of posterior capsule folds following intracapsular implantation of three types of intraocular lenses with different haptic design
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China, Zhang Ling-Lin , Cai Xiao-Jun ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
Published: March 2021

AIM: To compare the incidence of posterior capsule folds among different types of intraocular lens (IOL) to determine risk factors of posterior capsule folds.
METHODS: It was a retrospective study. We collected the cases in which the patients underwent phacoemulsification (PHACO) and IOL implantation and at least one of the three types of IOL was implanted, including 2-haptic 3-piece IOLs (HOYA PY60AD), 4-haptic 1-piece IOLs (Bausch&Lomb AO), 2-haptic 1-piece IOLs (AMO Tecnis ZCB00). The posterior capsule folds were measured using slit lamp microscope 2d after the surgery. Information of patient’s age, gender, length of ocular axis, intraocular pressure, types of IOL were recorded. Posterior capsule fold risk indicators were identified by using logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: One hundred eighty-seven patients (242 eyes) had been collected, including 80 eyes implanted with HOYA PY60AD IOLs, 81 eyes implanted with Bausch&Lomb AO IOLs, 81 eyes implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs. The incidence of posterior capsule folds of patients implanted with HOYA PY60AD IOLs was significantly higher than those of patients implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs. While the incidence of patients implanted with Bausch&Lomb AO IOLs was significantly lower than those of patients implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs. Multi-factor logistics regression analysis demonstrated that independent risk factors were type of IOLs and length of ocular axis. Compared with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs, using HOYA PY60AD IOLs increased the risk of posterior capsule folds [P=0.020, OR (95%CI)=2.145 (1.129, 4.073)], while using Bausch&Lomb AO IOLs reduced the risk [P=0.001, OR (95%CI)=0.274 (0.127, 0.591)]. Shorter ocular axis might increase the risk of posterior capsule folds [P=0.012, OR (95%CI)=0.669 (0.489, 0.915)].
CONCLUSION: Haptic design should be an important consideration in IOL design. Compared with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs, using HOYA PY60AD IOLs is more likely to lead to posterior capsule folds formation, while using Bausch&Lomb AO IOLs is less likely to lead the formation. The posterior capsule folds are more engendered in eyes with shorter ocular axis.
Long-term outcomes of ranibizumab treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Authors:   Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul 34722, Turkey, Simsek Burak , Koyun Isilay Ozsoy ,   Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul 34722, Turkey, Yaylali Sevil Ari ,   Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
Published: March 2021

AIM: To investigate 3-year results in our neovascular age related macular degeneration (NV-AMD) patients treated with ranibizumab.
METHODS: Retrospective study. Visual acuity (VA), a full biomicroscopic examination (anterior segment and fundus), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings were noted at every visit. All patients were followed monthly. The VA values for the visits closest to 12, 24, and 36mo were analysed. 101 eyes of 73 patients were enrolled. According to the initial VA, the patients were divided three groups: initial VA ≤35 (Group 1), 36-54 (Group 2), and ≥55 letters (Group 3). After three loading doses of 0.5 mg ranibizumab if retreatment was needed, again, 0.5 mg ranibizumab was administered
RESULTS: Totally 57 of the 101 eyes were from males and 44 were from females. The average age was 75.1 years. The difference on the changes of VA among three groups at 24 and 36mo were statistically significant (P=0.02 and 0.001 respectively). At the end of the 36-month follow-up the VA increase in Group 2 was significant (P=0.001). At the 12, 24, and 36mo visits most of the eyes showed no VA loss and most of these eyes were in Group 1. The average number of injections administered was 7.3 and the average number of visits was 23.9 during the follow-up.
CONCLUSION: VA improvement was significant in those with mild initial VA (36-54 letters). Most eyes showed no VA loss regardless of the initial VA. No correlation between the final VA and the average number of injections.
A two different chemoprophylaxis approaches after phacoemulsification surgery in one thousand patients in Iraq
Authors:   Department of surgery, Al-kindy College of Medicine/University of Baghdad, AL-Nahdha square, Baghdad 10001, Iraq, Rattan Suzan Amana , Mutashar Mahir Kadhim ,   Eye Specialty Private hospital, Al-Wazyrea, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
Published: March 2021

AIM: To evaluate the effectivity of the combination of intracameral moxifloxacin 0.1% with subconjunctival triamcinolone acetonide 4 mg as prophylaxis of infection and inflammation after phacoemulsification in comparison with topical medication treated group.
METHODS: A total one thousand patients with age range from 38 to 70 years old who scheduled for phacoemulsification were divided into 2 groups of no statistically significant differences in age, preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and central macular thickness (CMT), P=0.6, 0.9 and 0.8 respectively. The surgeries were done by 2 surgeons each one planned to use one method of prophylaxis at Eye Speciality Private hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. For the 1st group of patients (500) a topical moxifloxacin hydrochloride 0.5% and dexamethasone 0.1% eye drops were prescribed four times a day for 1mo postoperatively. For the 2nd group intracameral (IC) diluted moxifloxacin at 0.1% with subconjunctival (SC) triamcinolone 4mg in 0.4 cc were administered at the conclusion of the surgery. Follow up visits were on the first postoperative day, 1wk, 1mo, and 3mo postoperatively. Anterior chamber (AC) reaction was examined during the 4 visits while IOP was measured during the last 3 and CMT was measured only in the last one.
RESULTS: The current clinical trial study compared 2 samples with 2 different prophylaxis methods. No endophthalmitis case reported in both group. By a 2-Sample t-test, the IC-treated group (group 2) had statistically significant lower AC cells at the 1st day postoperative visit than the other group while there were no statistically significant differences at 1wk, 1 mo and 3mo visits between the 2 groups. There was no statistically significant difference at 3mo visits in IOP and CMT between the two groups. A breakthrough inflammation rate with the topical medication was (9.6%) while in the other group (IC treated ) was 4.0%. A significant IOP elevation ≥10 mm Hg at 1mo in 2.4% within the topical medication group which was higher than the rate in the other group (0.8%).
CONCLUSION: In addition to the safety and effectivity of the combination of intracameral moxifloxacin and subconjunctival triamcinolone in preventing infection and inflammation after cataract surgery. The majority (480) of our included patients didn’t require any topical postoperative medication that is cost saving for the patient, helped patients who were unable to administer topical medication, and decreased chance of complication related to patient poor adherence to postoperative medication.
Factors affecting changes in the intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification surgery
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Laxmi Eye Institute, Panvel 410206, Maharashtra, India, Dhamankar Rita , Haldipurkar Suhas S ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Laxmi Eye Institute, Panvel 410206, Maharashtra, India, Haldipurkar Tanvi ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Laxmi Eye Institute, Panvel 410206, Maharashtra, India, Shetty Vijay ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Laxmi Eye Institute, Panvel 410206, Maharashtra, India, Setia Maninder Singh ,   Department of Epidemiology, Laxmi Eye Institute, Panvel 410206, Maharashtra, India
Published: March 2021

AIM: To assess the changes in anterior chamber parameters and examine the factors associated with changes in the intraocular pressure (IOP) in individuals who have undergone phacoemulsification surgery.
METHODS: It is a longitudinal analysis of secondary clinical data collected from 105 non-glaucomatous eyes (82 patients) undergoing a cataract surgery. We studied the association between anterior chamber parameters, grade of cataract, demographics, and changes in the IOP over a period of three weeks. We also evaluated the association between the pressure-depth (PD) ratio and changes in the IOP during this time.
RESULTS: The mean age (SD) of the 82 patients was 60.1±7.8y. The mean±standard deviation (SD) IOP was 15.06±3.36 mm Hg pre-operatively; it increased to 15.75±4.21 mm Hg on day one (P=0.20). In the multifactorial models, the mean IOP was -1.715 (95%CI: -2.795, -0.636) mm Hg on day 21±5 compared with the pre-operative values. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length, age, sex, and grade of cataract were not significantly associated with changes in the IOP. Each unit increase in the PD ratio was associated with an increase in the mean IOP by 1.289 mm Hg (95%CI: 0.906, 1.671). After adjusting for pre-operative PD ratio, none of the other variables (ACD, axial length, temporal angle) were significantly associated with changes in mean IOP.
CONCLUSION: The PD ratio was the single most important factor associated with the changes in post-operative IOP over three weeks post-surgery.
Analysis of retinopathy of prematurity screening in Tianjin, China
Authors:   Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Tianjin, Tianjin 300020, China, Han Mei , Zheng Jun ,   Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin 300199, China, Han Quan-Hong ,   Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China, Li Li ,   Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China
Published: March 2021

AIM: To analyze the findings of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) exam in Tianjin, and study the impact of pulmonary surfactant Curosurf and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in ROP.
METHODS: A multicenter retrospective review. 2894 preterm infants (1592 males, 1302 females) from several hospitals in Tianjin were screened from January 2009 to December 2013. Demographic information, ophthalmic outcomes and possible systemic risk factors were recorded. Gestation age, birth weight, oxygen supplementation, Curosurf and NCPAP were used to estimate risk factors for ROP.
RESULTS: ROP was found in 448 eyes of 224 patients (7.7%). Among which, severe ROP developed in 98 eyes of 49 patients (21.9%). There was significant statistical difference in RDS, NCPAP, and Curosurf usage between control and ROP groups (P=0.000). Multiple logistic regression analyses of ROP indicated that lower birth weight, younger gestational age, and oxygen supplementation were the risk factors leading to ROP. As the usage rate of Curosurf and NCPAP increased year by year, the usage of oxygen supplementation gradually decreased, the incidence of ROP was also on the decline.
CONCLUSION: Low birth weight, young gestational age and oxygen supplementation are associated with ROP. The use of Curosurf and NCPAP may be the factor that reduces the occurrence of ROP.
Diffusion tensor imaging of visual pathways in patients with acute and chronic optic neuritis
Authors:   Department of Neurology, Yunus Emre State Hospital, Eskisehir 26190, Turkey, Keskin Ahmet Onur , Alatas Ozkan ,   Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35040, Turkey, Ada Emel ,   Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35040, Turkey, Idiman Egemen ,   Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35040, Turkey, Saatci Ali Osman ,   Department of Ophtalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
Published: March 2021

AIM: To investigate diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) evaluations of visual pathways in patients with acute and chronic optic neuritis (ON), and investigate the correlations between visual disability, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and diffusion index changes.
METHODS: We performed DTI in 26 patients and 13 healthy controls. Patients had acute ON in 17 eyes, chronic ON in 20 eyes and 15 unaffected eyes. In all participants, the visual afferent system was evaluated with neuro-ophthalmological examinations, optical coherence tomography (OCT), visual evoked potential (VEP), orbital and cranial MRI.
RESULTS: Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the optic nerves was lower in patients with acute ON and chronic ON than controls (P=0.28). Mean diffusivity (MD) in the optic nerves, was higher in patients with acute and chronic ON than the unaffected eyes of patients and controls (P<0.01). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, P100 amplitude and latency and visual acuity (VA) were significantly different between patient and control groups (P<0.01). Optic chiasm MD values were higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P=0.011). FA and MD measured in the optic tracts significantly were different between groups (P=0.032, P=0.013, respectively). In the correlation analysis, fractional anisotropy in the optic nerves was correlated with P100 latency in acute ON (P=0.021). Mean diffusivity was correlated with RNFLT, visual acuity and P100 latency (P<0.05). Fractional anisotropy was correlated with mean diffusivity and visual acuity, and, mean diffusivity was correlated with P100 amplitude and RNLF thickness in chronic ON (P<0.05). Reduction in visual acuity was correlated with increase in mean diffusivity and decrease in fractional anisotropy (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: DTI can demonstrate abnormalities in a tissue that appears normal in orbital MRI. Our results suggested that DTI derived measurements correlate with visual disability and tissue injury and therefore they are important from a clinical point of view and also in understanding the pathological processes.
Protective effect of Danhong injection on retina of diabetic rats
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, the Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China, Fan Hai-Yan , Li Zheng ,   Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China, Chen Zhong ,   Shanghai Linfen Community Health Service Center, Shanghai 200435, China
Published: March 2021

AIM: To observe the protective effect of Danhong injection on retina of diabetic rats and explore its mechanism.
METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, diabetic group, Danhong intervention group and blank intervention group. The rats in the latter three groups were injected with 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) into the abdominal cavity to establish diabetic retinopathy rat model. On the day after successful modeling, Danhong treatment group was injected with 5 mL/kg Danhong injection intraperitoneally every day, while the blank intervention group was treated with intraperitoneal injection of distilled water with the same volume as Danhong treatment group. Therapeutic effects were observed from two levels: retinal vascular disease and nerve injury. Retinal morphology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining at the level of vascular disease. The expression of retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Neurological injury level: Tunel staining was used to observe apoptotic cells, and transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of retinal ganglion cells.
RESULTS: Vascular level: in the normal group, the structure of retinal tissues showed clear layers. The structure of the diabetic group and blank intervention group was more disordered than that of the normal group, and the Danhong treatment group was better than that of the diabetic group and blank intervention group. Compared with the diabetic group and blank intervention group the expression of VEGF in danhong intervention group decreased. Neurological injury level: there was a larger degree of apoptosis of ganglion cells in the diabetic group and the blank intervention group, while the number of apoptotic cells in the Danhong intervention group was lower than the diabetic group and blank intervention group.
CONCLUSION: Danhong injection has protective effect on the retina of diabetic rats. It can improve the condition of retinal ischemia and hypoxia by down-regulating VEGF, reduce the formation of retinal neovascularization. At the same time, it can reduce the apoptosis of retinal nerve cells to acertain extent.
Correlations among macular pigment optical density, central macular thickness, and body mass index
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, University Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia, Nien Lee Hong , Sudarno Rafidah ,   Department of Ophthalmology, University Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia, Pei Angela Loo Voon ,   Department of Medicine, University of Tunku Abdul Rahman, Cheras 31900, Malaysia, Subrayan Visvaraja ,   Department of Ophthalmology, University Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
Published: March 2021

AIM: To determine the relationship among the macular pigment optical density (MPOD), central macular thickness (CMT) and body mass index (BMI).
METHODS: This is a comparative cross-sectional study performed in a single institution. Totally 210 volunteers who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. The subject’s MPOD was measured using Macula Pigment Screener II (MPS II, by Electron Technology). CMT was measured with Spectral Domain Cirrus Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Cirrus (Model 4000, Carl Zeiss Meditec). The information of both MPOD and OCT from both eyes were recorded. The data was analysed using Microsoft® Excel, SPSS, and R (version 3.2.1; R Core Team 2015).
RESULTS: There was significant positive correlation between MPOD and CMT (r=0.42, P<0.01) and a significant negative correlation between MPOD and BMI (r=-0.23, P<0.01).
CONCLUSION: Our study showed a significant positive correlation between MPOD and CMT. Further study is needed to look at the detailed structure of the fovea and its relationship with MPOD. Our study also found a significant negative correlation between MPOD and BMI, suggesting that a reduction in BMI may increase the density of macula pigment, which can be helpful in preventing age-retinal pigment epitheliitis (ARMD).
Evaluation of a screening software for amblyopia
Authors:   State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, Xi Lei , Zeng Jun-Wen ,   State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
Published: March 2021

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of a novel screening software for amblyopia.
METHODS: Totally 324 preschoolers aged 3-6y old from outpatient department participated in the study in 2017. They were assessed for amblyopia by their parents, using the screening software and were reevaluated by ophthalmologists with professional eye tests. Sensitivity, specificity of the screening software was validated by comparing the results from the screening software and those from the professional tests.
RESULTS: All 324 children (176 males and 148 females) completed all the procedures. Four amblyopes were found by professional tests. And 3 of them were detected by the screening software. The sensitivity, specificity was 75.0%, 90.0%, respectively. Professional tests cost an average of US$ 607.5/case of amblyopia detected, whereas the cost was near US$ 0/case for the screening software, except the cost of software development.
CONCLUSION: The results from this pilot study indicate that the screening software for amblyopia is a simple, and highly effective, which offers a new option of amblyopia screening for developing countries.
Method for Disposal of Landfills in Sparsely Populated Areas of Russia
Authors: Semenov V.V. , Zhdanov V.I. , Veretennikov I.Yu. , Hil’ A.Yu.
Published: March 2021

The development of a mobile waste incineration plant designed for the recovery of garbage dumps located near towns and villages, from where the removal of garbage to the city to the incineration plant is not profitable due to the large remoteness of small settlements from the city. The installation has two combustion zones: in the 1st zone, the combustion process of solid municipal waste (MSW) is achieved at temperatures up to 600 °C, and in the second zone – up to 1200 °C. Afterburning of flue gas to reduce the formation of dioxins, furans and soot is provided.
El régimen jurídico de las empresas industriales y/o comerciales del Estado, ¿derecho administrativo o derecho económico?
Authors: Forero Hernández Carlos Ferney
Published: March 2021

En la academia se ha discutido con frecuencia respecto de si el régimen jurídico de las empresas industriales o comerciales del Estado es derecho administrativo; algunos consideran que no lo es, en la medida en que estas empresas son creadas como modalidades de intervención del Estado en la economía y, por ende, correspondería con el derecho económico, mientras que otros consideran que es derecho administrativo, por formar parte del campo de estudio de la rama ejecutiva del poder público. De esta manera, el objeto de este texto es diferenciar a la comunidad académica sobre la conveniencia de hablar de derecho económico, y no de derecho administrativo, cuando hacemos referencia al régimen jurídico de las empresas industriales y/o comerciales del Estado. Entendiendo por derecho económico como el derecho de la dirección e intervención del Estado en la economía. Aceptar que su régimen es derecho económico implica aplicar el Análisis Económico del Derecho (AED) que es una herramienta que propende por la eficiencia en las actividades económicas. Este tema tiene un enfoque interdisciplinar que vincula el derecho y la economía.
La responsabilidad del Estado colombiano frente a la emergencia carcelaria y penitenciaria por la COVID-19
Authors: Arrieta-Burgos Enán , Duque-Pedroza Andrés Felipe
Published: March 2021

En este artículo se analizan los criterios que deben considerarse para evaluar la responsabilidad del Estado colombiano por las afectaciones que sufran, derivadas de la COVID-19, las personas privadas de la libertad (PPL). Así, en primer lugar, se estudia la emergencia sanitaria generada por la COVID-19 y sus efectos en el sistema punitivo colombiano. En segundo lugar, se describe la respuesta de las instituciones estatales en el marco del estado de cosas inconstitucional declarado por la Corte Constitucional. En tercer lugar, se analizan los principales desarrollos jurisprudenciales que, en materia contencioso administrativa, se han identificado en torno a la violación de los derechos de las PPL por causas imputables al Estado. Finalmente, se esbozan algunas conclusiones en torno a la posibilidad o no de adoptar criterios flexibles que permitan evaluar la responsabilidad del Estado colombiano frente a una situación inédita en la historia reciente.
An Overview of Violence as a Vice of Consent
Authors:   Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania, VLAD Loredana
Published: March 2021

People are considered bio-psycho-social beings. From the beginning of mankind, violence as part of human nature has manifested itself in relation to the other through the crime committed by Cain against his brother Abel. As time passed, it was found that a form of protection is needed to prolong the life of the individual, and thus by accepting the "social contract", man gave up his natural state in which freedom was absolute, in order to obey the law. In this paper I will bring to the fore a series of considerations with a focus on violence, emphasizing the idea of the vice of consent.
Data Protection in the Public Procurement Process
Authors:   Acad. Andrei Rădulescu” Legal Research Institute of Romanian Academy, ALEXE Irina , ŞANDRU Daniel-Mihail ,   Institute of Legal Research „Acad. Andrei Rădulescu” of the Romanian Academy
Published: March 2021

Transparency is one of the fundamental principles in public procurement. At the same time, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires all operators, whether public or private, to respect privacy and data protection. The study starts from the premise of avoiding sanctions and of complying with the obligations of the contracting authority by knowing the hierarchy of values protected by the regulations in force. An important role in ensuring compliance with the law is to correlate the activity of the data protection officer with the procurement department. The stages of the public procurement procedure will be analyzed in the most relevant aspects, from the publication in the Electronic Public Procurement System and the management of personal data submitted by bidders in the procurement procedures until the publication of the results. We will observe whether data protection can become an award criterion and the influence of bidding data breaches in procurement procedures. A sensitive issue is the protection of data transferred outside the European Union and, from the point of view of competition law, the consequences of the associations, and we will finally discuss some aspects regarding the corrective measures that the data protection authority may impose.
Slovenščina na dlani 3
Authors: Ulčnik Natalija
Published: March 2021

Monografija predstavlja sprotne rezultate projekta Slovenščina na dlani (2017–2021), v okviru katerega pripravljamo inovativno prosto dostopno učno e-okolje za jezikovni pouk slovenščine. E-okolje je zasnovano kot obsežna zbirka vaj in nalog iz štirih vsebinskih sklopov (pravopis, slovnica, frazemi in pregovori ter besedila), ki temeljijo na zajemanju primerov iz aktualnih in avtentičnih besedil. Dodane so tudi nazorne razlage, ki jih lahko učeči se uporabljajo kot pomoč pri reševanju nalog ali v obliki samostojnega jezikovnega priročnika. Prispevki, vključeni v monografijo, podrobneje predstavljajo ozadje priprave vaj in nalog, podajajo koncept priprave razlag, se dotikajo pomena frazeološke kompetence in predstavljajo zanimive rezultate anketiranja o pomenu frazemov, prikažejo pa tudi načrtovano notranjo evalvacijo e-okolja ter ovrednotijo e-okolje v kontekstu prožnih oblik učenja in poučevanja. S tem je strokovni javnosti omogočen vpogled v razvoj in izvajanje posameznih faz priprave učnega e-okolja, ki se bo od leta 2021 lahko uporabljalo za obogatitev pouka slovenščine.
Simulating working bodies in the mixer of a low-thrust liquid propellant rocket engine with a thrust of 10 to 15 N: comparing three models of flow and mixing based on solving Reynolds-averaged Navier — Stokes equations
Authors: Semkin E.V.
Published: March 2021

The paper analyses the possibilities of using the ANSYS CFX hydrocode to simulate the flow and mixing of working bodies in the mixer and combustion chamber of a low-thrust liquid propellant rocket engine in the thrust range of 10 to 15 N. We built our models around solving Reynolds-averaged Navier — Stokes equations stated for three types of multiphase multicomponent incompressible fluid flow: a two-phase two-component two-velocity flow model; a two-phase two-component single-velocity flow model; a three-phase three-velocity flow model. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of each model. We compare our simulation results to the results of measurements conducted during hydraulic testing of mixers.
Seasonal Variability and Propagation Environment to Graft Success and Growth of Sapling in Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops: A Review
Authors: Bhandari Nirajan
Published: March 2021

Grafting is a widely used propagation technique in fruit trees. Anatomical proximity between scion and rootstock is the prerequisite for the successful graft-take and survival of the grafted plants. The success of grafting, subsequent growth of scion shoot and development of the successful grafts depend upon several factors like climatic conditions, the growth stage of scion and rootstock, methods of grafting, etc. The grafting response of fruit crops differs due to seasonal variability and environmental condition where grafting is carried out. A controlled environment with the congenial conditions for faster healing and callus formation results in better graft success, survival and growth of grafted plants.