bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of cognitive dimensions
Authors: Baune Bernhard T.
Published: October 2024

Neurobiology of cognitive dimensions demonstrates how emotional cues and the states and traits of emotions profoundly influence key elements of cognitive function, including orientation, selective attention, working memory, and cognitive control. It illustrates how the memory network (AM) and the cognitive control network account for specific symptom dimensions of depression. It reviews the neural underpinnings of social cognition that characterize the nature of human social functioning, including self-referential processing, moral emotion, and social decision-making, as well as neural circuitries underlying negative bias, oversensitivity to negative feedback, and hyposensitivity to reward in major depressive disorder. It extends its review into molecular underpinnings of cognitive function including monoamines, molecules of the immune system, the stress-response axis, and correlates of gene expression and epigenetics.
Mid-term outcomes of distal tibial oblique osteotomy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A report of three cases
Authors: Noguchi Takaaki , Hirao Makoto , Ebina Kosuke , Etani Yuki , Okamura Gensuke , Sakata Manabu , Miura Taihei , Okada Seiji , Hashimoto Jun
Published: October 2024

Although distal tibial oblique osteotomy (DTOO) has usually been indicated for noninflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis, we encountered three patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who underwent DTOO. We evaluated radiographic parameters and clinical scores, including self-reported scores for the foot and ankle [self-administered foot evaluation questionnaire (SAFE-Q)] and the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) ankle/hindfoot scale. In all three cases, radiographic improvements were achieved along with improvements in SAFE-Q and JSSF scores after mid-term follow-up. Supramalleolar osteotomy including DTOO could be indicated even for inflammatory diseases such as RA if erosive changes are not evident in the ankle joint.
The next-generation sequencing—chess problem
Authors: Zeitler Leo , Goldar Arach , Denby Wilkes Cyril , Soutourina Julie
Published: October 2024

The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies paved the way for studying the spatiotemporal coordination of cellular processes along the genome. However, data sets are commonly limited to a few time points, and missing information needs to be interpolated. Most models assume that the studied dynamics are similar between individual cells, so that a homogeneous cell culture can be represented by a population-wide average. Here, we demonstrate that this understanding can be inappropriate. We developed a thought experiment—which we call the NGS chess problem—in which we compare the temporal sequencing data analysis to observing a superimposed picture of many independent games of chess at a time. The analysis of the spatiotemporal kinetics advocates for a new methodology that considers DNA-particle interactions in each cell independently even for a homogeneous cell population.
Introduction
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: October 2024

The introduction lays out the scope of the book, emphasizes the importance of the broader activity and history of the surrounding empires for developments in Judea and its environs, discusses the sources on the basis of which a history can be written, and explains the use of geographical terms in the book.
Common Roots
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

American and British music cultures have a long and intertwined history as musicians adapted folk traditions to changes in technology and contexts. Popular music emerged as industrialization created urban audiences for enterprising musicians and entrepreneurs venues for performance. One of the most important sources for British popular music, the music hall tradition produced the first modern star in George Formby Jr whose recording and film career spanned the first half of the twentieth century. British musicians such as Ken Colyer and Acker Bilk imitated early American jazz to create the musical phenomenon they called Trad. Delving further into American folk culture, Lonnie Donegan brought skiffle: British imitations of Black American folk music that began to morph under the influence of rock ’n’ roll.
Where Stones Roll
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Mick Jagger understood that the Rolling Stones were reinterpreting Black American blues for White British audiences and that they were tapping into adolescent sexuality. He and Keith Richards traveled from Dartford, 18 miles downriver from London, to see Blues Incorporated in Ealing, which was where they encountered Brian Jones from Cheltenham. When the BBC scheduled Blues Incorporated for a radio show in July 1962, Jagger, Richards, and Jones formed the Rollin’ Stones to fill their weekly spot at the Marquee Club. By early 1963, they had acquired bassist Bill Wyman and drummer Charlie Watts for gigs at the Marquee, the Flamingo, and soon at Giorgio Gomelsky’s Crawdaddy Club in Richmond. That was where Andrew Oldham heard them and conspired with Eric Easton to manage the band and find a recording contract. At the core of this arrangement, however, English class prejudice shaped the band’s internal social dynamics.
Middle English
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

In the process of imitating Americans, British musicians created their own musical style. Part of this style was a blend of cultural preferences from across the isles that met and recombined in London. Another part emerged from the UK’s educational system, which shaped the Bulge Generation’s tastes and ambitions. In an era of “class convergence,” middle-class artists proved adept at creating a style of music that critics began to identify as distinctly British. Duos Chad and Jeremy and Peter and Gordon gentrified and anglicized their music. The dynamics between South African jazz pianist Manfred Mann and Oxford University singer Paul Jones produced a string of transatlantic hits with covers of American R&B. What, however, was English about their music? The Zombies hailed from St. Albans, northwest of London, came from middle-class backgrounds, and could have gone to university. Keyboardist and songwriter Rod Argent with singer Colin Blunstone brought a jazz-tinged element to their music that one American critic heard as “more English” than that of their contemporaries. Another thought their sound had “something to do with feminism” and was a form of “polite rock.”
The Problem That Has No Name
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique (1963) challenged male domination that pop music reflected. Singers Vera Lynn and Anne Shelton transitioned from World War II “sweethearts” to mainstream recording artists in the fifties and Julie Andrews became one of the most successful artists of the sixties. Winifred Atwell’s piano medleys topped UK charts, while Cleo Laine and Shirley Bassey brought their big band sensibilities to pop. Kathy Kirby brought sex and a powerful voice to the charts while Alma Cogan managed herself and featured in her own television shows. Petula Clark began as a child star in the forties, when television was an experiment, grew with the medium and, in collaboration with producer-songwriter Tony Hatch, her performances helped define the softer side of British pop. A few years younger, Dusty Springfield underwent several transformations before offering a British version of Motown.
Scenes
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

As the Bulge Generation entered the workforce, many applied their wages to clothing and music. Notable among their numbers, Dick Hebdige describes Mods as developing styles that allowed them to transition between school, work, and leisure. Mods deified Eric Clapton for his dedication to the blues and bands like the Animals and Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames proved adept at creating British versions of this Black American music. They played in clubs such as Ronan O’Rahilly’s The Scene with some promoted on his Radio Caroline, a commercial station that beat Allan Crawford’s Radio Atlanta to be the first pirate radio station operating in the English Channel. Other British artists too found ways to channel the anxiety and aggression of this community. Both Ray Davies with the Kinks and Van Morrison with Them created music that thousands of neighborhood bands imitated. Still,
Down the Road a Piece
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

In Birmingham, the Spencer Davis group’s Steve Winwood wowed audiences with his singing and multi-instrumental prowess while the Applejacks and the Moody Blues with singers Denny Laine and Ray Thomas had national hits. The music of the West Midlands often favored vocal harmonies. John Carter, Ken Lewis, and Perry Ford wrote songs and provided backing vocals for others, as well as recording as the Ivy League. Similarly, the Rockin’ Berries and the Fortunes featured tight vocal harmonies. Further down the road from London in Manchester, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman’s Hermits (featuring Peter Noone) found their places on international charts in 1965, while American immigrants the Walker Brothers brought their version of Southern California soul to the south of England. All these male performers brought boyish charm to their performances. Running counter to that trend, Tom Jones arrived from Wales to assert an alpha male personality.
British Proto Punk
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

A core part of pop music culture continued to flourish with three chords and a backbeat. The Troggs’ cover of “Wild Thing” proved that elemental blues forms still had legs, even if the BBC sometimes blocked broadcasts because of perceived bad taste. Manager Larry Page also returned to a previous era by gentrifying the band and renaming its members. For the Creation, manager Tony Stratton-Smith encouraged bringing art-school experimentation and shock to the stage. Singer Kenny Pickett painted and burned canvases during shows, while guitarist Eddie Phillips proved an early proponent of controlled feedback and using a violin bow on the guitar. Equally important, Shel Talmy produced records that captured the raw excitement of Creation’s live shows.
Transatlantic Transformers
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

A key aspect of sixties British pop lay in historic transatlantic relationships that contributed to musical styles created for British audiences. Jamaican-British businessman Chris Blackwell facilitated ska artist Jackie Edwards’s collaboration with Steve Winwood and the Spencer Davis Group to create Anglo-Jamaican hybrids. Eric Clapton’s experiments with amplification and feedback, John Mayall’s anglicized singing, and their moderated approach to the blues contributed to a distinctive British interpretation of the Americans they imitated. Perhaps the most remarkable manifestation of transatlantic hybridity, Animal Chas Chandler transformed American Jimi Hendrix by bringing him to London and repackaging him as a psychedelic British phenomenon.
Male Delivery
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

In the last years of the sixties, the Bulge Generation began reaching the age of majority. However, the availability of birth control, a governmental financial crisis, the devaluation of the pound, and strikes undermined national confidence and led to some couples delaying marriage and starting families. Women were entering the workforce and demonstrating independence from the control of men. British songwriters, for example Les Reed and Gordon Mills, both wrote and appropriated songs from other languages about women rejecting men. Veteran solo male singers such as Tom Jones and Engelbert Humperdinck covered American country tunes about loneliness and isolation. Younger male singers such as Amen Corner’s Andy Fairweather Low and Love Affair’s Steve Ellis compared love to paradise. The theme of feminine rejection, however, remained common, with insinuations that women with foreign-sounding names (e.g., Delilah and Jesamine) could not be trusted.
Worlds Apart
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Against the backdrop of war, riots, and the constant threat of nuclear annihilation, youth in the late 1960s found refuge in sonic worlds created in studios: audioscapes to which they could escape for 3–20 minutes at a time. The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band brought surrealistic art-school humor to their performances. Fleetwood Mac celebrated the occult while searching for a tropical escape. And, while the Status Quo sang about yellow eyes in the sky, Roy Wood wrote songs for the Move that celebrated his everyday reality. Arthur Brown chose to personify the fire raging in riot-torn cities while Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley wrote songs for Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick, and Tich and for the Herd that suggested far-off countries and mythological worlds.
Intelligent Design Interviews
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes interviews conducted with approximately 25 prominent individuals involved in the intelligent design (ID) debate, including activists on both sides, journalists, policymakers, and the judge presiding over the most significant ID trial to date. The interviews focus on the values recruited during the ID debate, as well as the strategies and tactics that activists employed to help claim values for their side of the issue and discredit value recruitment efforts by the opposing side. Key values for ID supporters include science, education, fairness, democracy, freedom, and religious liberty. ID opponents sought to recruit all of these values but concentrated mostly on discrediting ID supporters’ recruitment of science while framing ID as neo-creationism.
Afterlives
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

Chapter 8 traces the legacy and resonance of Seventeen Moments, Stakes Greater than Life, and The Invisible Visor after the Cold War in their respective national contexts, Russia, Poland, and Germany. The chapter first takes a wide-angle look at each series and its national afterlife and then focuses on one aspect of the latter: for Stawka, the Polish director Patryk Vega’s 2012 film Stakes Greater than Death, a thoroughly post-Communist sequel; for Seventeen Moments, the rich world of Shtirlits jokes; and, finally, with regard to East Germany, the 2017 movie Kundschafter des Friedens, a comedy that made ironic references to Visor and revisited some of its themes.
The Old Testament and the Gospel
Authors: Peppard Michael
Published: October 2024

This chapter analyzes the two types of biblical readings proclaimed at almost every Mass, excerpts from the Old Testament and the Gospels. The readings from the Old Testament are often interpreted only as predictions of later revelations, though the Psalms are sometimes allowed to speak for themselves. The relationship between these Old Testament excerpts and the Gospels, established by the lectionary through thematic pairings for each Mass, sometimes also implies underlying assumptions about the relationship between Judaism and Christianity. The current Catholic approach to the Old Testament, while an improvement over previous eras, remains underdeveloped in contrast to that of other Christian communities and even to the Catholic Church’s official theological principles about these texts. Most importantly for Catholics, an oversimplified mode of interpreting the Old Testament prevents listeners in the pews from discerning a main goal of the readings: a faithful Catholic characterization of God.
Coda
Authors: Bowers John M. , Steffensen Peter
Published: October 2024

Our “Coda” ends the book with consideration of a 1957 letter that Tolkien wrote as part of his response to a Polish professor’s review article on the 2nd edition of F. N. Robinson’s Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Tolkien covered Professor Mroczkowski’s draft article with detailed corrections and criticisms, preparing it for publication in the Times Literary Supplement. In his cover letter, he also considered specifically Chaucer’s Retracciouns as the medieval author’s anxious reflections on the posterity of his literary output. Nearing the end of his Oxford career, Tolkien seems also to be reflecting indirectly upon his own literary posterity for the many writings that he never saw into print, especially works like The Silmarillion which were never published during his lifetime.
NeuroEbola
Authors: Tshala-Katumbay Desire D. , Kombi Mbusa J. , Boivin Michael J.
Published: October 2024

Ebolaviruses are pathogens deadly to humans, with a mortality rate of 25–90 percent depending on the species. However, there is a high prevalence and variety of neurological complications including seizures, memory loss, headaches, cranial nerve abnormalities, and tremors among survivors of infection. Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder are also commonly observed in the long term. In a recent outbreak of Ebola in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, monoclonal antibodies or antiviral drugs were used for the first time for treatment with a remarkable improvement of survival rates of up to 80 percent with ansuvimab (also known as mAb114 or Ebanga) or REGN-EB3 (also known as Inmazeb). However, survivors had lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores in the acute stage and up to 34 percent of subjects had eye complications. The odds of depression remained higher in survivors, varying by sex and disease severity during acute illness. These are all important considerations for further longitudinal assessments of survivors of Ebola as they remain at risk for adverse neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive outcomes whether acute, chronic, or of delayed onset.
Infectious Diseases in Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Miller Chris H. , Pritchard Liz , Duran Marisol , Shapiro Martin , Sacchet Matthew D. , Woo Ellen
Published: October 2024

Psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder are among the world’s most prevalent and burdensome diseases and involve a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors that converge on the nervous system to produce psychiatric symptoms. A large and growing body of evidence demonstrates that infectious diseases can constitute a primary cause or significant contributing factor of these neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly through mechanisms involving immune responses and inflammation affecting brain tissue. This chapter summarizes the present understanding of the clinical importance and biological mechanisms of several of the most prevalent and well-studied bacterial (e.g., Gram-negative enterobacteria, syphilis, Lyme disease, and Streptococcus), parasitic (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii), and viral (e.g., Borna disease, herpes simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus) infections that contribute to the onset and maintenance of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder as well as some of the key uncertainties and remaining questions for future research.
Associations Between the Microbiome and Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Function
Authors: Lundwall Rebecca A.
Published: October 2024

Accumulating research findings indicate bidirectional influence between the gut microbiome and the brain and cognition. While this connection may sound surprising, even early in scientific thought it was assumed that the gut was connected to the cognitive and physiological experience of emotion. Nevertheless, the microbiota–gut–brain axis has been underappreciated by many until the National Institutes of Health in the United States launched the Human Microbiome Project. Researchers now know that the gut microbiome is established postnatally and shapes brain development with semi-permanent influence on cognition throughout life. However, it can be perturbed by several events, including antibiotic use, illness, and radical changes in diet or geographical environment. This chapter describes these and several psychiatric disorders associated with gut microbiome disturbance, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety, and certain dementias. It concludes by exploring the biological pathways that can explain this relationship and future directions that may foster well-being and improve neurocognitive outcomes.
The Battle and Its Consequences
Authors: Otte T. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter offers a detailed account of the battle of Leuthen and its aftermath. At Leuthen Frederick pushed linear tactics to their utmost limits. His victory marked the zenith of eighteenth-century warfare and his own apogee as military leader in equal measure. For the first time, the concept of the oblique battle order had been applied fully and successfully; and this was possible because of a combination of Frederick’s superior generalship, his better knowledge of the terrain and his ability to exploit it to his advantage, and the superior drill of the Prussian army. Frederick’s regiments of foot combined movement and fire as precisely as prescribed in army manuals, decisively supported by the artillery and cavalry. Finally, as this chapter explains, victory at Leuthen saved Prussia from imminent defeat. In the long term, Leuthen ensured more than the survival of the kingdom—it also affirmed its rise to the position of a European great power. It marked the second foundation of Prussia. Therein lies its historical significance.
The Tenderness of Silent Minds
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

The human body is the primary instrument of war, yet those waging war often confront soldiers’ bodies in a detached or merely intellectual way. In The Tenderness of Silent Minds, Martha C. Nussbaum, a leading thinker on emotion, morality, and justice, conducts a pioneering study of Benjamin Britten’s musical representations of the body amidst the brutality of war, and their ability to transform consciousness by evoking potent, non-personal emotions. Situating technical musicological analysis within philosophical accounts of both the aesthetics of the musical portrayal of war and the ethics of pacifism, Nussbaum presents a compelling framework for the critically assessment of Britten’s oeuvre, examining his account of aggression and its roots in his early collaborations with the poet W. H. Auden, offering a reading of Britten’s views about the value and beauty of the body that situates these in the context of his thirty-nine-year partnership with his lover, the singer Peter Pears, and also surveying pacifist themes in works written both before and after the War Requiem. The analysis throughout is enriched with perspectives from Britten’s letters and from thoughtful study of the social and political backdrop of fear and homophobic disgust in mid-twentieth century Britain. According to Nussbaum’s interpretation, War Requiem confronts listeners with the reality of bodily experience in war, eliciting compassion by its depiction of beauty, vulnerability, and eroticism. Issuing a stern warning, it points the way to hope for postwar reconciliation.
Pacifisms and the Music of Peace
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

This chapter studies Britten’s pacifism and its musical expression. It begins with a study of the varieties of pacifism influential in Britain during World War II, making a distinction between the pacifism of acts (no acts of violence under any circumstances) and emotional pacifism, a rejection of retributive anger against enemies in favor of a spirit of love and reconciliation. Many people embrace the second while endorsing Britain’s war of self-defense. Britten did not; he won conscientious objector status, a position I criticize. R. B. Gregg’s The Power of Non-Violence was a particularly influential work for his circle. The chapter then studies the ways in which the idea of peace is expressed musically, with a specific musical language, studying works both before and after the War Requiem. Britten’s use of poetry written to comment on World War I for an occasion related to World War II remains a problem for the audience of the War Requiem.
Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

This book explains what makes for effective, accurate, compelling psychobiography. Psychobiography refers to the study, using psychological perspectives, of the lives of notable figures in history, politics, intellectual life, the arts, and other fields. The essence of psychobiography is gaining access to the inner world of the subjects: Why did they act as they did? What are their inner motivations, strivings, and preoccupations? Research is the basis of psychobiography. Materials such as letters, diaries, dreams, Freudian slips, and fantasies are especially revealing and therefore useful for psychological analysis. Authors of psychobiographies inevitably have a relationship with their subjects; they must be able to gain insight through this relationship without being thrown off by either idealizing or denigrating their subjects. It is essential to take into account the subject’s culture: if an author today writes about a person who lived years ago, that person’s culture inevitably was significantly different from the author’s. Foisting a psychological theory onto the subject is a fatal mistake. Instead, theory should open up, not close down; provide new questions, not easy answers; complicate, not simplify. It is valuable for psychobiographers to learn about their subjects’ narrative identities—the way individuals feel about themselves, as expressed in the stories they tell about themselves. The ultimate challenge for authors, once they have information about the subject and have guidelines in mind, is to analyze their subjects. Some methods are recommended. One is Irving Alexander’s “Identifiers of Salience.” Another method, “multiplex analysis,” results in creating an explanatory structure that is an interacting, reinforcing whole.
The Relationship of Psychobiographers with Their Subjects
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

No topic pertaining to psychobiography is more crucial than the relationship of psychobiographers with their subjects. The unexamined prejudices of an author can easily cause a psychobiography to run aground. Either idealizing or hating the subject can undermine a biography. All authors form an intricate relationship with their subject, and, while the feelings of the author can get in the way, these feelings are also the key to a deep understanding of the subject. Authors must find a way to relate intimately to the personal experiences of their subjects in order to empathize with them. Several author-to-subject relationships are examined, such as Leon Edel with Henry James, Robert Waite with Adolf Hitler (an example that brings up the difficulty of writing about a loathsome monster), Erik Erikson with Mohandas Gandhi, Doris Kearns Goodwin with Lyndon Johnson, Margot Duxler with Anaïs Nin, and William Todd Schultz with Diane Arbus.
The Relevance of Culture to Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

Psychobiographers must situate their subjects within the culture in which they lived. It is impossible to understand anyone’s motivations, conflicts, and struggles without considering the influence of gender, race, ethnic factors, and the mores and assumptions of that person’s society. It is obvious that when Erikson studied Gandhi, he took into account the culture of India. But whenever studying a historical figure, the author must realize the substantial differences between the author’s and the subject’s cultures. And even when studying contemporaries, there are always differences between the author’s and the subject’s cultures. Cultural competence is indispensable for psychobiographers. Several examples are considered, such as Jean Strouse studying Alice James, Nic Weststrate and Kate McLean studying Harvey Milk, Sunil Bhatia and Anjali Ram studying Babasaheb Ambedkar, and various studies of Black Africans that were carried out in South Africa.
Psychobiography of Literary Artists
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

In creating their work, literary artists rely on that which haunts, obsesses, troubles, and moves them. This chapter describes how a psychobiographer can explore the process by which authors of novels, plays, and other literary works draw on their inner worlds to produce their creations. The chapter presents in-depth investigations of Arthur Miller and Edith Wharton and the connection, for each of them, between their lives and their work. Psychobiography potentially sensitizes one to the heart of an artist’s creation. Knowing about an artist’s emotional life helps the psychobiographer tune into the themes that matter most to the artist, the themes that the artist inevitably organizes the work around.
El Retorno
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

Faced with dire economic circumstances and receiving little support from the government, repatriates fell back on the aid of local communities. Returnees’ relationships with social and state structures, such as local, state, and federal governments as well as repatriation societies, land-reform organizations, the Catholic Church, and the returnees’ own families, shaped their experience of return. With the support of communities, the process of adjustment and resettlement was difficult but not impossible. Hometowns provided structural support for resettlement and reassimilation as well as remigration to the United States in the latter part of the decade. These communities also incorporated migrants into the ongoing land reform movement in Mexico. However, land reform did not resolve the structural causes of migration, and in the late 1930s and especially the 1940s, a second generation from central Mexico turned to migration as an economic survival strategy. By the 1940s, a mixed agrarian-remittance economy was taking shape that would drive Mexican migration through the Bracero era and beyond.
The Political Economy of Copyright Law
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

Starting in the mid-2000s, copyright protections were substantially weakened through court decisions that exacerbated the difficulty of enforcing copyright in the face of mass infringement on digital platforms. This policy shift can be attributed to a shift in the balance of power among constituencies with interests in influencing the direction of copyright law. Digital platforms and aggregators, which have an economic interest in reducing the costs of acquiring and transmitting content, advocated for relaxed copyright enforcement, while the same position was advocated by thought leaders in the academic and policymaking communities based on ideological or other intellectual commitments. Policymakers accrued political capital by tracking what was perceived to be a dominant policy preference for weaker copyright protections among various constituencies (including individual users), resulting in a truncated property rights regime that prioritizes content aggregators and users over content originators.
The Patent Litigation Explosion and Other Patent Horribles
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

Policy actions to reduce the strength of patent protections have relied on a series of “stylized facts” concerning the purported failure of the U.S. patent system following establishment of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and enactment of the Bayh-Dole Act in the early 1980s. These include assertions that the strengthening of patent enforcement through these two legal developments resulted in an “explosion” of patent grants, an “explosion” of patent litigation, a significant decline in patent quality (“junk patents”), and a “thicket” of patents that impose licensing and litigation burdens on the innovation ecosystem. Closer examination of the empirical evidence shows that these assertions, which have had significant influence over policymakers, rest on weak or mixed evidence.
Conclusion
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

Conventional wisdom asserts that robust enforcement of patents and copyright threatens innovation ecosystems with litigation costs, licensing costs, and ultimately, high prices and reduced innovation. In both areas of law, these arguments have influenced policymakers to weaken property-rights protections for technological and creative innovations. Yet a close examination of the empirical evidence shows that these sweeping IP-skeptical arguments rely on unsupported factual claims and overlook the enabling functions of IP rights in promoting innovation and competition in technology and content markets. The erosion of intellectual property protections has resulted in a skewed legal regime that facilitates the business model of digital intermediaries, content aggregators, and vertically integrated firms, while placing at risk the viability of stand-alone innovators that play critical functions in the most robust knowledge economies.
Introduction
Authors: Wiebe Heather
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter explores the relationship between music, film, and total war in World War Two Britain. It examines the concept of total war, and asks how films used music to register and address the pressure to mobilize all parts of life for war. It places this wartime demand in a longer history of cultural utility, including more contemporary notions of culture as resource. The chapter also explores scholarly approaches to feeling and affect in wartime, and suggests how music was used in World War Two Britain to probe the role of feeling in total war. This chapter also introduces the film and musical culture of World War Two Britain, discussing how they intersected in complex ways with propaganda and the new cultural infrastructure of wartime.
Music, Feeling, and Total War
Authors: Wiebe Heather
Published: October 2024

This chapter compares the treatment of art music in two wartime films, Listen to Britain (1942), a documentary short by Humphrey Jennings, and Millions Like Us, a 1943 Gainsborough melodrama about women’s mobilization. Listen to Britain presents a soundscape of everyday life in wartime, mixing art music, popular music, and industrial sounds. Focusing on its representation of Myra Hess’s National Gallery concerts, this chapter explores why the film places a performance of a Mozart piano concerto at the center of this sonic portrait, linking it to the work of war. It argues that the film’s expansive representation of the sound and feeling of war is tied to its concerns with the mobilization of women, who were partially conscripted in December 1941. Listen to Britain and the National Gallery concerts became touchstones for later wartime films, including Millions Like Us. A comparison with this film and its use of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony reveals a very different treatment of music in relation to wartime feeling, highlighting the challenges of incorporating art music into total war.
Sounding Out Civilian Trauma
Authors: Wiebe Heather
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses two films from 1945, David Lean’s iconic Brief Encounter and The Seventh Veil. Both feature canonical Late Romantic concertos (by Rachmaninoff, Grieg, and Tchaikovsky), performed on the soundtrack by Eileen Joyce. In both films, the chapter argues, these are used to address issues around trauma and demobilization, particularly for women. It traces how they situate music as a tool in psychological treatment, in ways that engaged with discourses of military psychiatry (including military training films). Both films deal with the emotional legacy of war, registering a gap in established discourses for representing women’s experience in the new environment of total war.
Palaces for the People
Authors: Müller Jan-Werner
Published: October 2024

This chapter asks how a commitment to popular rule should express itself in architecture. If the often monumental buildings housing democratic legislatures are the people’s “palaces,” what should a palace for the people look like? How can such a building persuade the people that it is really theirs? Or is that idea a path to the problematic image of a single, homogenous people, and to the “stormings” of parliaments, with “mobs” incited by populists? The chapter breaks this question into four elements: the relationship of democracy to monumentality; the possible associations between democracy and various building styles; the question of which iconography best promotes democratic values; and the spaces provided by buildings devoted to democracy and the scripts they make possible. The chapter concludes that if there is no uniquely democratic style, material, or iconography, it does not follow that democracy is somehow beyond all representation and embodiment.
Postwar Changes
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie
Published: October 2024

Chapter 5 examines the cultural shifts that took place both in America at large and within Sinatra’s fan communities after World War II ended. Teenage girls, who were either nearing or had already entered adulthood, were now facing the same questions many young women across the country were. Namely, if women had taken on roles in the workforce during the war, would they be able to continue in those roles? Would girls from working-class and non-white backgrounds be able to experience the sense of opportunity many white women were experiencing, or even be able to live the suburban lifestyle many white Americans would strive for? The postwar years both answered and complicated these questions. Frank Sinatra also navigated personal and professional changes after the war’s end, which would lead to the dramatic shift in persona he would adopt in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
The Biology of Us
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

The Biology of Us describes the natural world all around and even in us. In the modern world, it is easy to overlook the natural world all around us. Only major life events, such as birth, injury, disease, and death, remind us that we are still biological organisms. Humans “interact” with nature in a controlled and safe environment, such as a zoo or theme park, or on television. Television shows, films, and books are nearly always in an exotic location (e.g., the Kalahari Desert, the deep ocean, or Antarctica), but they inadvertently reinforce our separation from nature. Biology happens somewhere else. The book describes the common but fascinating examples of biology and nature that are hidden in plain sight in people’s daily lives. It focuses on human biology, but describes animals and plants all around, on, and in us to put human features into an evolutionary context. Many aspects of humans and their normal activities are examples of evolution: breathing, eating, standing up, communicating, telling time, and more. The book will illustrate evolutionary strategies used successfully by common organisms for hundreds of millions of years. If people notice those organisms at all, they see them as trivial neighbors or even pests, but they are just as amazing as those in the Serengeti or the Galápagos Islands.
Life around Us
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Since life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years ago, it has diversified astoundingly. Life evolved by randomly “solving” a series of engineering problems to take advantage of new ecological niches. Many of the plants and animals living today also coexisted with or even preceded the dinosaurs. Evolution changed them, too, but the same basic engineering strategies they used for survival remain. Scientists have devised classification schemes based on those features. Those features characterize the twelve plant divisions and thirty-one animal phyla, and many can be seen in our own houses and neighborhoods and even on and in us if we have a bit of information and take the time to enjoy them.
The Heart of the Matter
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Blood is a miracle fluid. It uses the protein hemoglobin to carry oxygen to all cells. It also carries nutrients to tissues and carries away carbon dioxide and waste products. It transports signaling molecules, hormones, and other important molecules. Finally, it has an intricate system that initiates clotting to stop bleeding. Three organs are intimately linked with the blood. The heart pumps blood to the lungs, where the blood gas exchange occurs, and the kidneys remove waste products and help to maintain blood pressure. The evolution of blood and the heart is also fascinating.
Diplomacy
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

In May 1769, five Black Prince mutineers arrived in Lisbon onboard a ship from Brazil. One of the sailors immediately went to the British Consul and turned state’s evidence. The Portuguese refused to extradite, prompting the Black Prince owners to demand that the rebels stand trial before a British judge in Lisbon. Fowler worked directly with the British secretary of state, providing testimonies, witness statements, and dispatching witnesses to Portugal to testify at the trial. The English Factory, a corporate enterprise of British merchants in Lisbon, bore all of the costs of the trial, including prisoner upkeep, witness protection, and attorneys’ fees. The Crown later agreed to defray these costs, effectively underwriting a criminal prosecution conducted by British merchants in a foreign nation. In the same way that they manipulated the rule of law in England, Fowler and Laroche captured mechanisms of international diplomacy and legal procedure in Portugal.
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Defence
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

The volume establishes an ethical framework for the identification, analysis, and resolution of ethical challenges that arise from the uses of artificial intelligence (AI) in defence, ranging from intelligence analysis to cyberwarfare and autonomous weapon systems. It does so with the goal of advancing the relevant debate and to inform the ethical governance of AI in defence. Centring on the autonomy and learning capabilities of AI technologies, the work is rooted in AI ethics and Just War Theory. It provides a systemic conceptual analysis of the different uses of AI in defence and their ethical implications, proposes ethical principles and a methodology for their implementation in practice. It then translates this analysis into actionable recommendations for decision-maker and policymakers to foster ethical governance of AI in the defence sector.
Politics
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Catholics do not fit neatly into liberal or conservative boxes. The political gulf that exists between public figures such as liberal President Joe Biden and conservative Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett highlights the variety of political stances of Catholics today and illustrates why Catholic politics are not obviously categorized as left, right, or moderate. This chapter explores the politics of today’s Catholics, including the majority of Church members, rather than just prominent Catholics whose views are typically the focus of public attention. The chapter shows that white and Latino Catholics differ from each other in their views on many political issues in contrast to their similarities in religious beliefs and practices (Chapter 6) and attitudes regarding social issues (Chapter 8). By contrast, there are clear similarities in the political views of white Catholics and white mainline Protestants.
Conclusion
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Catholics occupy a different place in American society today than they did historically. This chapter underscores the contributions of this book, noting that it documents who contemporary Catholics are, including variations among Church members and how Catholics compare to other Americans. It summarizes the book’s motivation, including a reminder that some prominent Catholics have helped fuel interest in the demographics, religious beliefs, and other attitudes of today’s Church members. However, it also explains that the seemingly steadfast size of the Church masks considerable underlying change in Church membership, including a dramatic growth in the Latino Catholic population. Previous research has shown that Catholic family behaviors and states have also changed dramatically, and white Catholics have experienced changes in social and economic status that will probably continue and that may be associated with significant changes in their beliefs, practices, and attitudes. The chapter also summarizes areas in which future research might usefully expand on this work.
Introduction
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

The introduction lays out the connectedness of Brown Bangladeshi Muslim women’s experiences of violence and civilization in private, familial, and social spaces. In private, it is within intimate relationships. In the family, it is social-norm-regulating aunties, who are a large part of the manush (people) in manush ki bolbe? (What will people say?) who reify hierarchies that govern women’s social life. In society, women’s middle-classness and other markers of identity including race and citizenship structure how they navigate the institutions of home, immigration, and the legal system. As women negotiate their bilocating lives, they find creative ways to microresist violence, as they refuse to be victims that need pity and help. This section also consists of the methodology and an introduction to the four composite bodies that study participants have been distilled into.
Sex
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

In the Bangladeshi community, women feel the need to manage their sexual histories to resist the seeing, civilizing, and disciplining eyes of society. That means they rarely talk about sex, including with their partners, and even more rarely do they talk about sexual pleasure. When they did talk about sex during our discussions, it almost always happened in tandem with sexual violence. Chapter 2 follows that inclination to discuss the three together, showcasing how they are connected in the collective consciousness of a people who have had to talk about sex in creatively subversive ways, only to find sex wanting when they finally engaged in it.
Birangona
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that the construction of sexual violence is informed by an understanding of wartime rape during Bangladesh’s liberation war. The imagery of the Birangonas as rape victims, honored for their “sacrifice” by the honorific—the only wartime rape victims to have been honored in this way, amid a widespread understanding of the Birangonas as women who lost their honor through rape—produces a spectacularized understanding of sexual violence, and rape in particular; births false equivalence between victims/survivors and their abusers; generates a discursive reading of the Birangona; and examines the notion of sin as applied to women who have had sex before marriage, indicating a conflation of rape and sex. This chapter illustrates that the logic and rhetoric of wartime rape endures among women who experience sexual violence not in public or during wars but in private spaces of intimate relationships.
Immigration
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

In Chapter 7, “Immigration,” I draw from narratives of my transnational Bangladeshi interlocutors to discuss the process through which migration produces for my interlocutors unstable conditions of identity, culture, race, and gender that create sites in which violence takes place. I show that my interlocutors become more individualized and curate a culture that is both authentic and palatable to the mainstream population although through a mechanism of upward mobility that centers whiteness. It follows that fear of racism is not part of the decision-making process regarding migration for my interlocutors. However, once they are in the US, it becomes clear that races are gendered—masculinized, feminized, sexualized by stereotypes associated with race.