bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Indian summer monsoon: synthesis of continental records
Authors: Sanyal Prasanta , Sinha R.
Published: August 2010

Fluvial sediments of the Siwalik succession in the Himalayan Foreland Basin form the most important continental archive for reconstructing monsoonal fluctuations during the Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene. A number of proxy records suggest multiple phases of monsoonal intensification with peaks at 10.5, 5.5 and 3 Ma after which the strength of the monsoon decreased to modern day values with minor fluctuations. Detailed evaluation of Late Quaternary interfluve stratigraphic development in the Ganga plains shows that interfluve areas near the major rivers aggraded periodically between 27 and 90 ka. They subsequently degraded or accumulated sediment only locally, probably reflecting decreased monsoonal precipitation around the Last Glacial Maximum. Increased precipitation during the 15 to 5 ka period of monsoon recovery probably increased discharge and promoted incision and widespread badland formation. In western India, the fluvial records back toc. 128 ka suggest a stronger monsoon around 80 ka followed by periods of weakened monsoon around 70 to 30 ka and progressive desiccation in the glacial period. Holocene lacustrine records from western Rajasthan suggest maximum lake levels atc. 6 ka and complete desiccation betweenc. 3 and 4 ka.
Large-scale erosional response of SE Asia to monsoon evolution reconstructed from sedimentary records of the Song Hong-Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, South China Sea
Authors: Van Hoang Long , Clift Peter D. , Schwab Anne M. , Huuse Mads , Nguyen Duc Anh , Zhen Sun
Published: August 2010

The Song Hong-Yinggehai (SH-Y) and Qiongdongnan (Qi) basins together form one of the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basins in SE Asia. Here we present new records based on the analysis of seismic data, which we compare to geochemical data derived from cores from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1148 in order to derive proxies for continental weathering and thus constrain summer monsoon intensity.

The SH-Y Basin started opening during the Late Paleocene–Eocene. Two inversion phases are recognized to have occurred at
c.
34 Ma and
c.
15 Ma. The Qi Basin developed on the northern, rifted margin of South China Sea, within which a large canyon developed in a NE–SW direction.

Geochemical and mineralogical data show that chemical weathering has gradually decreased in SE Asia after
c.
25 Ma, whereas physical erosion became stronger, especially after
c.
12 Ma. Summer monsoon intensification drove periods of faster erosion after 3–4 Ma and from 10–15 Ma, although the initial pulse of eroded sediment at 29.5–21 Ma was probably triggered by tectonic uplift because this precedes monsoon intensification at
c.
22 Ma. Clay mineralogy indicates more physical erosion together with high sedimentation rates after
c.
12 Ma suggesting a period of strong summer monsoon in the Mid-Miocene.
The impacts of Tibetan uplift on palaeoclimate proxies
Authors: Lunt Daniel J. , Flecker Rachel , Clift Peter D.
Published: August 2010

Several palaeoclimate proxy records have been interpreted as representing the direct effects of Tibetan uplift on climate, and particularly the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon. However, there are other possible causes for the transitions and changes which have been observed, such as varying greenhouse gas concentrations, nodes or extremes in orbital forcing, and changing continental configurations. In this study we model the direct effects of Tibetan uplift on sea surface temperatures (SSTs), vegetation, and river discharge. We investigate whether these climatic effects of topographic uplift are likely to be detectable in proxy records, and also whether the proxies could be used to distinguish between different paradigms for the history of plateau uplift. We find that the SSTs in the western Pacific, South China Sea and Indian Ocean are generally insensitive to Tibetan uplift; however, vegetation in the region of the plateau itself, and river discharge from the Yangtze, Pearl, and in particular the Ganges/Brahmaputra, could provide a good test of our understanding of Tibetan uplift history.
Climate shift recorded at around 10 Ma in Miocene succession of Samburu Hills, northern Kenya Rift, and its significance
Authors: Sakai Tetsuya , Saneyoshi Mototaka , Tanaka Satoshi , Sawada Yoshihiro , Nakatsukasa Masato , Mbua Emma , Ishida Hidemi
Published: August 2010

A significant climate shift around 9.6 Ma has been detected from the Middle to Upper Miocene Aka Aiteputh and Namurungule Formations exposed in the Samburu Hills, northern Kenya. Around 9.6 Ma, changes in sediments are recorded from the red soil-dominated interval of the upper Aka Aiteputh Formation to the lacustrine and deltaic facies of the lower Namurungule Formation, containing open woodland/savanna mammalian fauna. These reveal a shift from a dry climate with seasonal precipitation to a climate with strong seasonality. In particular, an increase in precipitation was recorded by the predominance of lacustrine facies. This shift happened at around the same time as the intensification of the Indian summer monsoon that has been detected in the Himalayas and some of surrounding regions.

There are two scenarios that could explain the increased precipitation at the beginning of the deposition of the Namurungule Formation: (1) enhanced moisture transport by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), synchronized with Indian summer monsoon intensification, or (2) intensification of the Indian summer monsoon itself, permitting moisture to penetrate deep into East Africa if the altitude of the rifted area was lower than it is now. Presently, the former is considered to be the more plausible explanation for the climate shift detected in the Samburu Hills.
Adnexal Torsion during Pregnancy after Oocyte In Vitro Maturation and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycle
Authors: Giulini Simone , Dante Giulia , Xella Susanna , La Marca Antonio , Marsella Tiziana , Volpe Annibale
Published: August 2010

We report a case of right adnexal torsion during pregnancy after an oocyte in vitro maturation and intracitoplasmic sperm injection cycle in patient with polycystic ovary syndrome. A 31-year-old woman with a typical clinical disorder of polycystic ovarian syndrome was included in an oocyte in vitro maturation program. Right adnexal torsion occurred two days after embryo transfer, and laparoscopy detorsion was successfully performed with preservation of adnexa. The patient had a full-term pregnancy and delivered a healthy infant at 40 weeks of gestation. To our knowledge this is the first report of adnexal torsion after an oocyte in vitro maturation and intracitoplasmic sperm injection program.
Robust Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Chaos in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Yu Jinpeng , Gao Junwei , Ma Yumei , Yu Haisheng , Pan Songfeng
Published: August 2010

An adaptive fuzzy control method is developed to control chaos in the permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system via backstepping. Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate unknown nonlinearities, and an adaptive backstepping technique is employed to construct controllers. The proposed controller can suppress the chaos of PMSM and track the reference signal successfully. The simulation results illustrate its effectiveness.
Short‐Term Exercise Approaches on Menopausal Symptoms, Psychological Health, and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ağıl Ayşegül , Abıke Faruk , Daşkapan Arzu , Alaca Rıdvan , Tüzün Handan
Published: August 2010

Objective. This study was designed to determine the effects of different short‐term exercise programs on menopausal symptoms, psychological health, and quality of life in postmenopausal women. Material and Methods. Forty‐two women were chosen from volunteering postmenopausal women presenting to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Bayındır Hospital between March and December 2009. The women aged 45–60 years and experiencing menopause naturally were included in the study. They were randomly divided into aerobic (n = 18) and resistance (n = 18) exercise groups. The women exercised 3 days per week for 8 weeks under the supervision of a physiotherapist. Aerobic exercise training was performed through a bicycle ergometer. Before and after the training, lipid profiles were measured and menopausal symptoms, psychological health, depression, and the quality of life were assessed through questionnaires. Results. In both exercise groups, no significant changes in lipid profiles were observed. In the resistance exercise group, excluding the urogenital complaints, there were significant improvements in all subscales of Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS). In the resistance exercise group, excluding the phobic anxiety, there were significant improvements in all subscales of The Symptom Checklist. Depression levels significantly decreased in both groups. Improvements were observed in all subscales of menopause‐specific quality of life questionnaire in both groups except for sexual symptoms. Conclusion. Resistance exercise and aerobic exercise were found to have a positive impact on menopausal symptoms, psychological health, depression, and quality of life.
Multichannel Blind Deconvolution Using the Stochastic Calculus for the Estimation of the Central Arterial Pressure
Authors: Abutaleb Ahmed S. , Waheed M. El-Sayed , Elhamy Nermeen M.
Published: August 2010

A new tool for estimation of both the central arterial pressure and the unknown channel dynamics has been developed. Given two peripheral waveform measurements, this new signal processing algorithm generates two models that represent the distinct branch dynamic behavior associated with the measured signals. The framework for this methodology is based on a Multichannel Blind Deconvolution (MBD) technique that has been reformulated to use Stochastic Calculus (SC). The technique is based on MBD of dynamic system are mathematically analyzed, in order to reconstruct the common unobserved input within an arbitrary scale factor. The convolution process is modeled as a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter with unknown coefficients. The source signal is also unknown. Assuming that one of the FIR filter coefficients are time varying, we have been able to get accurate estimation results for the source signal, even though the filter order is unknown. The time varying filter coefficients have been estimated through the SC algorithm, and we have been able to deconvolve the measurements and obtain both the source signal and the convolution path. The positive results demonstrate that the SC approach is superior to conventional methods.
Hyperfunctioning Solid/Trabecular Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Giovanella Luca , Fasolini Fabrizio , Suriano Sergio , Mazzucchelli Luca
Published: August 2010

A 68-year-old woman with solid/trabecular follicular thyroid carcinoma inside of an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule is described in this paper. The patient was referred to our clinic for swelling of the neck and an increased pulse rate. Ultrasonography showed a slightly hypoechoic nodule in the right lobe of the thyroid. Despite suppressed TSH levels, the -pertechnetate scan showed a hot area corresponding to the nodule with a suppressed uptake in the remaining thyroid tissue. Histopathological examination of the nodule revealed a solid/trabecular follicular thyroid carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of hyperfunctioning follicular solid/trabecular carcinoma reported in the literature. Even if a hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinoma is an extremely rare malignancy, careful management is recommended so that a malignancy will not be overlooked in the hot thyroid nodules.
Accurate Computation of Periodic Regions′ Centers in the General M‐Set with Integer Index Number
Authors: Xingyuan Wang , Yijie He , Yuanyuan Sun
Published: August 2010

This paper presents two methods for accurately computing the periodic regions′ centers. One method fits for the general M‐sets with integer index number, the other fits for the general M‐sets with negative integer index number. Both methods improve the precision of computation by transforming the polynomial equations which determine the periodic regions′ centers. We primarily discuss the general M‐sets with negative integer index, and analyze the relationship between the number of periodic regions′ centers on the principal symmetric axis and in the principal symmetric interior. We can get the centers′ coordinates with at least 48 significant digits after the decimal point in both real and imaginary parts by applying the Newton′s method to the transformed polynomial equation which determine the periodic regions′ centers. In this paper, we list some centers′ coordinates of general M‐sets′ k‐periodic regions (k = 3, 4, 5, 6) for the index numbers α = −25, −24, …, −1 , all of which have highly numerical accuracy.
Leather Industry Solid Waste as Nitrogen Source for Growth of Common Bean Plants
Authors: Lima D. Q. , Oliveira L. C. A. , Bastos A. R. R. , Carvalho G. S. , Marques J. G. S. M. , Carvalho J. G. , de Souza G. A.
Published: August 2010

The leather industry generates large amounts of a Cr-containing solid waste (wet blue leather). This material is classified by the Brazilian Environmental Council as a category-one waste, requiring a special disposal. The patented process Br n. PI 001538 is a technique to remove chromium from wet blue leather, with the recovery of a solid collagenic material (collagen), containing high nitrogen levels. This work aimed to evaluate the residual effect of soil application of collagen on the production of dry matter, content and accumulation of N in common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), after the previous growth of elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureumSchumach.) cv. Napier, as well as to quantify the mineralization rate of N in the soil. The application of collagen, at rates equivalent to 16 and 32 t ha−1, provided greater N contents in the common bean plants, indicating residual effect of these rates of application; the same was observed for the rates of 4 and 8 t ha−1, though in smaller proportions. Higher mineralization rates of N collagen occurred next to 16 days after soil incubation. During the 216 days of incubation, the treatments with collagen showed higher amounts of mineralized nitrogen.
Activation of CD147 with Cyclophilin A Induces the Expression of IFITM1 through ERK and PI3K in THP-1 Cells
Authors: Kim Ju-Young , Kim Ho , Suk Kyoungho , Lee Won-Ha
Published: August 2010

CD147, as a receptor for Cyclophilins, is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein. In order to identify genes that are induced by activation of CD147, THP-1 cells were stimulated with Cyclophilin A and differentially expressed genes were detected using PCR-based analysis. Interferon-induced transmembrane 1 (IFITM1) was detected to be induced and it was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. CD147-induced expression of IFITM1 was blocked by inhibitors of ERK, PI3K, or NF-κB, but not by inhibitors of p38, JNK, or PKC. IFITM1 appears to mediate inflammatory activation of THP-1 cells since cross-linking of IFITM1 with specific monoclonal antibody against it induced the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-8 and MMP-9. These data indicate that IFITM1 is one of the pro-inflammatory mediators that are induced by signaling initiated by the activation of CD147 in macrophages and activation of ERK, PI3K, and NF-κB is required for the expression of IFITM1.
A Local and Global Search Combine Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Job‐Shop Scheduling to Minimize Makespan
Authors: Lian Zhigang
Published: August 2010

The Job‐shop scheduling problem (JSSP) is a branch of production scheduling, which is among the hardest combinatorial optimization problems. Many different approaches have been applied to optimize JSSP, but for some JSSP even with moderate size cannot be solved to guarantee optimality. The original particle swarm optimization algorithm (OPSOA), generally, is used to solve continuous problems, and rarely to optimize discrete problems such as JSSP. In OPSOA, through research I find that it has a tendency to get stuck in a near optimal solution especially for middle and large size problems. The local and global search combine particle swarm optimization algorithm (LGSCPSOA) is used to solve JSSP, where particle‐updating mechanism benefits from the searching experience of one particle itself, the best of all particles in the swarm, and the best of particles in neighborhood population. The new coding method is used in LGSCPSOA to optimize JSSP, and it gets all sequences are feasible solutions. Three representative instances are made computational experiment, and simulation shows that the LGSCPSOA is efficacious for JSSP to minimize makespan.
Enzyme-like Replication de Novo in a Microcontroller Environment
Authors: Tangen Uwe
Published: August 2010

The desire to start evolution from scratch inside a computer memory is as old as computing. Here we demonstrate how viable computer programs can be established de novo in a Precambrian environment without supplying any specific instantiation, just starting with random bit sequences. These programs are not self-replicators, but act much more like catalysts. The microcontrollers used in the end are the result of a long series of simplifications. The objective of this simplification process was to produce universal machines with a human-readable interface, allowing software and/or hardware evolution to be studied. The power of the instruction set can be modified by introducing a secondary structure-folding mechanism, which is a state machine, allowing nontrivial replication to emerge with an instruction width of only a few bits. This state-machine approach not only attenuates the problems of brittleness and encoding functionality (too few bits available for coding, and too many instructions needed); it also enables the study of hardware evolution as such. Furthermore, the instruction set is sufficiently powerful to permit external signals to be processed. This information-theoretic approach forms one vertex of a triangle alongside artificial cell research and experimental research on the creation of life. Hopefully this work helps develop an understanding of how information—in a similar sense to the account of functional information described by Hazen et al.—is created by evolution and how this information interacts with or is embedded in its physico-chemical environment.
The Crime of Forced Disappearance of Persons According to the Decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Modolell González Juan Luis
Published: August 2010

This article briefly addresses the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the crime of forced disappearance of persons and associated issues before analyzing the constitutive elements of the crime. Quoting the Rome Statute, the Court qualified the forced disappearance of persons as a crime against humanity, but there are clear and strong differences between both definitions. The first analysis of this article addresses the question of how the elements of the crime of the forced disappearance of persons should be defined in States that have signed and approved the mentioned regional Convention and the Rome Statute of the ICC. The second analysis focuses on the structure or elements that should constitute the definition of this crime. All of these elements will be studied on the basis of the concepts used by the Court and by comparison to the Rome Statute and the Convention on Forced Disappearances of Persons.
International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice in Brazil
Authors: Rocha de Assis Moura Maria Ereza , Girão Monteconrado Fabíola , Zilli Marcos
Published: August 2010

In the Brazilian legal system there is no tradition in recognising the applicability of international criminal law over domestic law. In two cases judged by the STF, the Haximu Massacre and Siegfried Ellwanger, only tangential questions were addressed. In the first, the arguments concentrated on examining the legal definition of the crime of genocide and its distinction from homicide. In the second, the questions revolved around the social, historical, and political interpretation of the word "race" in the judgment of a defendant who had published anti-Semitic and "revisionist" books and articles about the Holocaust. Brazil has also demonstrated itself to be somewhat refractory in incorporating the principles of international criminal law when examining the Justice of Transition. In a recent decision, the STF affirmed the constitutionality of Law No. 6,683/79, which granted amnesty to the perpetrators of political crimes and the public agents responsible for torture and the forced disappearance of people during the military dictatorship. In summary, the Justices recognised as valid the political agreement that led to the promulgation of the Amnesty Law in such a way that any alteration of its terms could only be made by the National Congress.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with hormone therapy for intrauterine insemination
Authors: Freilinger T , Schmidt C , Duering M , Linn J , Straube A , Peters N
Published: August 2010

Introduction: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) comprises a heterogeneous group of acute neurological diseases which are characterized by thunderclap headache and evidence of reversible multifocal constriction of cerebral arteries. A number of precipitating factors have been described in the literature, including recent childbirth and use of vasoactive substances.

Case description: Here we present the case of a female patient with RCVS which occurred in the setting of hormonal ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination.

Discussion: This case possibly contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying reversible cerebral vasoconstriction.
Cross-Cultural Generalizability of Paternalistic Leadership: An Expansion of Leader-Member Exchange Theory
Authors: Pellegrini Ekin K. , Scandura Terri A. , Jayaraman Vaidyanathan
Published: August 2010

Paternalism is an emerging concept with significant potential for international leadership research. Paternalistic leaders combine benevolence with authority. Paternalism is a prevalent leadership style in non-Western business organizations. In this article, the authors extend research on paternalism to the Western business context. They compare the attitudes of employees from the United States ( N = 215) and India ( N = 207) with respect to paternalistic leadership and its correlates. Paternalism had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction in India, but the relationship was not significant in the United States. In both cultural contexts, paternalistic leadership was positively related to leader—member exchange and organizational commitment. Results suggest paternalistic leadership may generalize across cultures.
Higher Coordination With Less Control—A Result of Information Maximization in the Sensorimotor Loop
Authors: Zahedi Keyan , Ay Nihat , Der Ralf
Published: August 2010

This work presents a novel learning method in the context of embodied artificial intelligence and self-organization, which has as few assumptions and restrictions as possible about the world and the underlying model. The learning rule is derived from the principle of maximizing the predictive information in the sensorimotor loop. It is evaluated on robot chains of varying length with individually controlled, noncommunicating segments. The comparison of the results shows that maximizing the predictive information per wheel leads to a higher coordinated behavior of the physically connected robots compared with a maximization per robot. Another focus of this article is the analysis of the effect of the robot chain length on the overall behavior of the robots. It will be shown that longer chains with less capable controllers outperform those of shorter length and more complex controllers. The reason is found and discussed in the information-geometric interpretation of the learning process.
Exploring the Roles of Horizontal, Vertical, and Oblique Transmissions in Language Evolution
Authors: Tao Gong
Published: August 2010

This article proposes an acquisition framework that involves horizontal, vertical, and oblique transmissions. Based on a lexicon—syntax coevolution model, it discusses the relative roles of these forms of cultural transmission on language origin and change. The simulation results not only reveal an integrated role of oblique transmission that combines the roles of horizontal and vertical transmissions in preserving linguistic understandability within and across generations of individuals, but also show that both horizontal and oblique transmissions are more necessary than vertical transmission for language evolution in a multiagent cultural environment.
Social Movements and Large-Scale Tropical Forest Protection on the Amazon Frontier: Conservation From Chaos
Authors: Schwartzman Stephan , Alencar Ane , Zarin Hilary , Santos Souza Ana Paula
Published: August 2010

Amazon social movements arose, like many others globally, in conflicts with political and economic elites over land use and resource extraction. Amazon social movements have moved beyond protest to protagonize large-scale forest protection. The article examines the history of the Transamazon highway colonists’ movement and its articulation of an alternative vision of regional sustainable development, leading to successful advocacy for the creation of a 5.6 million-hectare reserve mosaic in the Xingu river basin. The mosaic connected two blocks of indigenous territories ultimately forming a 30 million-hectare protected forest corridor, halting frontier expansion. While much recent conservation literature critiques international environmentalist agendas in tropical forest conservation, the Transamazon movement’s alliance with environmentalists was mutually beneficial. Amazon social movements’ substantial role in a global increase in protected tropical forest areas since the 1970s merits more attention from both international conservation organizations and scientists.
São Paulo—The “Other” Brazil: Different Pathways on Climate Change for State and Federal Governments
Authors: Lucon Oswaldo , Goldemberg José
Published: August 2010

The state of São Paulo, the most populous state in Brazil with 40 million people, is leading the way in Brazilian environmental policies. This article discusses the implications this has particularly for climate change policies. Located in the southeast part of the country, far from the Amazon rainforest, São Paulo state has adopted policies and actions that are leading to effective improvements in the quality of air and to the partial recovery of the original Atlantic rainforest, and that promote sustainable practices for ethanol production from sugarcane. Compared to the state of São Paulo, Brazil as a whole faces a considerably different situation, with the federal and the state governments having chosen different pathways for addressing the challenges posed by climate change.
From Protest to Professionalization: Brazilian Environmental Activism After Rio-92
Authors: Alonso Angela , Maciel Débora
Published: August 2010

In the past decade, environmental activism in Brazil has experienced a substantial tactical shift. Many activists have gained access to national political offices, the most prominent of whom is Marina Silva at the Ministry of the Environment. This research shows that protest groups of the 1980s paved the way for a professionalized form of environmental activism that relies on a firm-like organizational profile and expert staffing. Today, far away from confrontation, environmental activism in Brazil builds on cooperative relationships between political authorities and scientific elites. In this article, the authors argue that the transmutation of the profile of activism was largely stimulated by the availability of new resources and opportunities and the presence of national and transnational alliances available after Rio-92. The argument presented here draws on an analysis of the two biggest and most important environmental organizations in Brazil, namely, the SOS Atlantic Forest Foundation and the Socio-Environmental Institute (ISA).
Environmental Journalism in Brazil’s Elusive Hotspots: The Legacy of Euclydes Da Cunha
Authors: Sá Corrêa Marcos
Published: August 2010

Environmental journalism has recently made a comeback in Brazil after almost half a century of irrelevance, while the push for quick and wasteful economic development has overshadowed any competing political priorities. Its return to newspapers front pages and television prime time is confronting Brazilians with a reality they have long tried to ignore: the enormity of the deforestation problem in the Amazon region and of the depletion of crucial rivers throughout the country. No wonder environmental journalism was first greeted with suspicion when triggered by the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development, as a foreign source of bad news undermining the local perception of Brazil as a bountiful and inexhaustible tropical paradise. A true national debate about conserving Brazil’s natural resources is still lacking. As this article shows, environmental journalists need to look back to the rich tradition of environmental journalism in Brazil decades ago, exemplified by no one better than Euclydes da Cunha in his masterpiece Os Sertões published in 1897.
A Trial of Voluntary Polygraphy Testing in 10 English Probation Areas
Authors: Grubin Don
Published: August 2010

Sex offenders taking part in treatment programs in 10 probations areas of England were asked to undertake polygraph testing on a voluntary basis. Over a 2-year period 347 offenders attended for testing (43% of those eligible). Outcome was compared with offenders from four probation areas where polygraphy was not introduced. Case managers of polygraphed offenders reported new disclosures relevant to supervision being made in 70% of first tests, compared with 14% of case managers of nonpolygraphed offenders who reported new disclosures in the preceding months (odds ratio [OR] = 14.4, confidence interval [CI] = 8.5, 24.5). Of the disclosures made during polygraph testing, 27% were rated as being of “medium” severity and 10% “high.” Polygraph and nonpolygraph case managers reported making revisions in risk assessment with similar frequency, but nonpolygraph case managers were much more likely to consider risk to have reduced while changes in risk assessment made by polygraph case managers were usually upwards (OR = 5.0, CI = 1.7, 14.6). Case managers of polygraph offenders reported more treatment changes than case managers of the comparison group (OR = 3.1, CI = 1.6, 6.0), which were attributable to the polygraph test. Case managers rated polygraphy as “somewhat” or “very” helpful after 93% of tests for which we had information.
Sexual Murderers With Adult or Child Victims: Are They Different?
Authors: Spehr Aranke , Hill Andreas , Habermann Niels , Briken Peer , Berner Wolfgang
Published: August 2010

This study investigates characteristics differentiating sexually motivated murderers targeting child victims (CV; n = 35) from those with only adult victims (AV; n = 100). In the initial phase, psychiatric court reports were evaluated using standardized instruments (SCID-II, PCL-R, HCR-20, SVR-20, Static-99). In the second phase, data on duration of detention and reconviction rates were obtained from German federal criminal records. The CV group showed more often diagnostic criteria of pedophilia (43% vs. 4%) and less often alcohol abuse and drug dependency (31% vs. 55%), sexual dysfunctions (9% vs. 29%) and narcissistic personality disorder (0% vs. 13%). No significant differences were found regarding PCL-R and total risk assessment scores. Child victim perpetrators were more likely to have committed acts of sexual child abuse before the sexual homicide (46% vs. 16%) but were less likely to have committed rape or sexual assault (17% vs. 42%) or caused bodily injury (26% vs. 50%). The CV group was detained more frequently in forensic psychiatric hospitals (59% vs. 26%), but the two groups showed the same rates of release and reconviction for sexual (22% for both groups), nonsexual violent (CV 25% vs. AV 15%) and nonviolent offenses (CV 63% vs. AV 59%). Although well-known differences between nonhomicidal sexual child abusers and rapists were replicated in this study on sexual homicide perpetrators, the groups showed more similarities than differences. The high prevalence of violence and antisocial personality disorder in both groups seem to be important risk factors for committing a (sexual) homicide and might have outweighed other differences.
Victims’ Routine Activities and Sex Offenders’ Target Selection Scripts: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Deslauriers-Varin Nadine , Beauregard Eric
Published: August 2010

This study investigates target selection scripts of 72 serial sex offenders who have committed a total of 361 sex crimes on stranger victims. Using latent class analysis, three target selection scripts were identified based on the victim’s activities prior to the crime, each presenting two different tracks: (1) the Home script, which includes the (a) intrusion track and the (b) invited track, (2) the Outdoor script, which includes the (a) noncoercive track and the (b) coercive track, and (3) the Social script, which includes the (a) onsite track and the (b) off-site track. The scripts identified appeared to be used by both sexual aggressors of children and sexual aggressors of adults. In addition, a high proportion of crime switching was found among the identified scripts, with half of the 72 offenders switching scripts at least once. The theoretical relevance of these target selection scripts and their practical implications for situational crime prevention strategies are discussed.
Policy and Training Recommendations Related to Police Use of CEDs: Overview of Findings From a Comprehensive National Study
Authors: Alpert Geoffrey P. , Dunham Roger G.
Published: August 2010

The authors report the policy and training recommendations derived from a comprehensive national study that examined conductive energy device (CED) use, resulting injuries, departmental policies and training, and reports from officers, trainers, and suspects concerning CED incidents. The overall purpose of the national project was to examine CED use from a variety of methods. Although the specific analyses and findings from each of the different methodologies are published separately, the authors integrate the findings of the various components of the study, and from the general literature, into a comprehensive set of policy and training recommendations. This article helps us understand how and why injuries occur to police and citizens during these use-of-force events and recommends a comprehensive set of policies and principles for training police officers on CED use. The major conclusions address not only the importance of CEDs to law enforcement but also the potential for abuse of CEDs by the police, and how such abuse can be avoided.
Foreignness, multinationality and inter-organizational relationships
Authors: Nachum Lilach
Published: August 2010

This article examines how being foreign and part of a multinational organization is likely to affect the costs and benefits of inter-organizational relationships and the ability to establish them. Applying theories of inter-organizational relationships to the context of the MNE, the article advances hypotheses that outline the direction of this impact, and test them on data on 554 advertising agencies in the US. Foreignness negatively affects the propensity to form inter-organizational relationships, and the impact of being part of a multinational organization is mixed, revealing complex relationships between inter- and intra-organizational interactions. The findings show the merit of the distinction between foreignness and multinationality, as two defining attributes of MNEs that differently shape their inter-organizational relationships. They suggest that the propensity of MNEs to form inter-organizational relationships differs from that of non-MNEs and requires its own theorizing.
Using teaching case studies for management research
Authors: Ambrosini Véronique , Bowman Cliff , Collier Nardine
Published: August 2010

Teaching case studies are widely deployed in business schools. They are contextually rich in detail, and students learn by applying and adapting theoretical concepts to specific business situations described in the case. This article proposes a new way to use teaching case studies, as research materials for academics. The article addresses three questions: (1) Can teaching cases be used as an alternative to field research? (2) When can teaching case studies be used as secondary data? and (3) How can teaching case studies be used as secondary data? The article concludes that teaching case studies are an unexploited and readily available source of research data, a source which should be considered when going into the field and gathering primary data is not possible.
Disentangling the effects of reputation and network position on the evolution of alliance networks
Authors: Ebbers Joris J. , Wijnberg Nachoem M.
Published: August 2010

This study uses the panel data social network analysis program SIENA to estimate the effect of actor reputation derived from past performance on alliance formation, while controlling for other constant actor attributes and network position. The authors distinguish between individual reputation based on the past performance of the organizations the individual actor has been involved in, and composite reputation that takes into account reputation spillover effects from the similarly constituted reputations of past alliance partners. The empirical setting is the project-based film industry, which can be regarded as a constantly changing network of alliances. The study focuses on artistic reputation, based on the reviews of earlier films, and finds that the strength of that reputation and closeness in the network of past alliances are strong predictors of alliance formation. The study finds weak evidence of actors with similar reputations being more likely to form alliances with each other.
Effect of dilution on GTAW Colmonoy 6 (AWS NiCr–C) hardface deposit made on 316LN stainless steel
Authors: Ramasubbu V. , Chakraborty G. , Albert S. K. , Bhaduri A. K.
Published: August 2010

Nickel based Colmonoy 6 (conforming to AWS NiCr–C) hardfacing alloy finds application in hardfacing of various components made of austenitic stainless steel (SS) used in fast reactors. Owing to considerable difference in melting points of the SS and Colmonoy 6 alloys, significant dilution from substrate occurs during hardfacing using gas tungsten arc welding process. Dilution has a significant effect on microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the deposit. To overcome the adverse effects of dilution on the hardness and, hence, the wear resistance of the deposit, often, the minimum thickness specified for the deposit on hardfaced components is high, which in turn increases the susceptibility of the deposit to cracking during deposition. In the present investigation, microstructure of different layers of multilayer Colmonoy 6 deposits on 316LN SS is characterised by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and the correlation between hardness and microstructure of the individual layers with dilution from the base metal has been established. The dilution from the base material is the highest in the first layer, and it progressively decreases in the subsequent layers. With progressive decrease in dilution, the precipitate fraction increases from about 16 to 20% from the first to the fifth deposit layers. This is accompanied by hardness increase from about 480 to 800 HV. The precipitates in the deposit consist of both borides and carbides, with the boride content varying more with dilution than the carbide content. The boride fraction increased from 5 to 8% with a decrease in dilution; however, layer to layer variation in carbide fraction was only marginal at about 11–12%. High dilution from the base material suppresses the formation of borides in the deposit and is responsible for low hardness of the deposit diluted with the austenitic SS compared to those of the undiluted deposit.
Deformation characteristics of fine grained magnesium alloy AZ31B thin sheet during rapid gas blow forming
Authors: Sun P.-H. , Wu H.-Y. , Hsu W.-C. , Tsai H.-H. , Huang C.-C. , Lee S.
Published: August 2010

Decreasing the forming time in gas blow forming using fine grained Mg alloy AZ31B thin sheet with a thickness of 0·6 mm was studied in this work. Tensile tests and gas blow forming using stepwise pressurisation profiles were performed to explore the deformation behaviour of a fine grained AZ31B Mg alloy sheet. The alloy sheets were successfully deformed into hemispherical domes using two proposed stepwise pressurisation profiles during gas blow forming. As a result, significant reduction in forming time was achieved. Maximum effective deformation rates of 1·02 × 10–2 and 1·98 × 10–2 s–1 were obtained at 300 and 370°C respectively. It was feasible to form a hemispherical dome with a height of 20 mm in less than 80 s at 370°C. The results confirmed that the thickness distribution along the centreline of the formed dome was sensitive to the pressurisation profiles. A higher thinning effect was observed at 370°C due to the higher deformation rate imposed during forming. Grain growth was not a serious problem for forming even at 370°C, and static grain growth should be the major factor resulting in grain growth during forming.
Structural analysis and dynamic Young's modulus measurement of selected tropical wood polymer composites
Authors: Rahman Md. Rezaur , Hamdan S. , Hasan M. , Talib Z. A.
Published: August 2010

Various tropical wood species are abundantly available in Southeast Asia, especially in Borneo Island. In this study, selected tropical wood species, Eugenia spp., Artocarpus rigidus, Artocarpus elasticus, Koompassia malaccensis and Xylopia spp., were chemically treated with sodium meta periodate to convert them into wood polymer composites (WPCs). Manufactured WPCs were characterised using microstructural analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and SEM) and dynamic Young's modulus measurement. The dynamic Young's modulus was calculated using vibrational testing Ed and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis E′. Spectroscopic analysis results indicated the absorption band of raw wood at 1635 cm–1 due to carbonyl stretching and WPCs showed increased absorption band near 1718 cm–1. The manufactured WPCs yielded higher Young's modulus compared with raw woods. A. elasticus WPC had the highest Young's modulus compared with the other composites.
Why Does Queer Theory Need China?
Authors: Liu Petrus
Published: August 2010

This essay resists a common scholarly tendency to treat “queer theory” and “Chinese political economy” as analytically separate issues by arguing that the emergence of new sexual positions and discourses has transnational and material origins. Long before the “linguistic” or “poststructuralist” turn, the historical transformation of the political signifier of “China” already provided an occasion for a critical theory of the subject for queer Chinese writers. Beginning with a close reading of Chen Ruoxi's Paper Marriage, one of the earliest full-length queer novels in Chinese, this essay argues against the Foucauldian hypothesis that homosexuality was a modern Western invention and therefore does not apply to the Chinese tongzhi. The question is not whether the incorporation of China into the purview of queer theory reinstates a colonizing epistemology. Rather, the question should be: what kind of critical inquiry is enabled when the category of the queer is expanded and revised by the particular?
Obstacles to LGBT Human Rights Development in Taiwan
Authors: Yu-Rong Chen , Ping Wang
Published: August 2010

Two activists identify hate speech and morality as two obstacles to LGBT human rights in Taiwan. Although there is no legal discrimination against homosexuals in Taiwan, the authors argue that their absence in the definition of law constitutes another order of violence. Social activism has to begin by taking stock of the workings of language and morality.
Male Same-Sex Relations in Modern China: Language, Media Representation, and Law, 1900 – 1949
Authors: Kang Wenqing
Published: August 2010

This essay analyzes the language and representation of male same-sex relations in major urban tabloid newspapers, other journalistic writings, and legal discourses. It argues that the Western sexological concept of homosexuality was accepted and incorporated in early-twentieth-century China because it was similar to the local understanding of male same-sex relations. The essay demonstrates how new meanings were produced in the process of epistemological encounters under the historical context of semicolonial China. It also answers the question of why the Republican state legal apparatus had no clear stipulations on sex between men.
Visions of female emancipation: three recent films from West Africa
Authors: Bisschoff Lizelle
Published: August 2010

Although female directors are hugely underrepresented in the West African film industries, as is the case in film industries the world over, an increasing number of women are directing documentaries, shorts and fiction feature films. Female directors from West Africa often foreground
female themes in their films and place female characters at the centre of their filmic narratives, focusing on issues such as motherhood, generational knowledge and difference, female solidarity and collectivity, and gender complementarity. This article analyses three recent films from West
Africa directed by women one short, one fiction feature film and one documentary which are all set in rural Burkina Faso. The article proposes that the central focus on women in the three films should be regarded as significant progressive acts that ultimately become visions of female emancipation
in West Africa.
Creative/Cultural industries financing in Africa: A Tanzanian film value chain study
Authors: Mhando Martin R , Kipeja Laurian
Published: August 2010

In recent years we have seen significant changes in the structural characteristics of film market systems against the background of globalization and integration of African film suppliers into the global market. These have included changing market relationships and market structures
from production through to retail. The Tanzanian film industry faces numerous barriers to local and global market participation, including lack of production facilities, poor market organization, inadequate rules and regulations, limited understanding of global markets, the problem of language,
and lack of bargaining power and commercial relationships. Hence, the majority of local film-makers and producers are isolated and left to operate in marginal economic areas such as micro and informal enterprises. Their problems are magnified by the lack of access to networks that can help
them compete in the global film business.
SEM-Atlas of hair structures of South-African mammals
Authors: Seiler Nicole
Published: August 2010

A SEM (scanning electron microscope)-Atlas of the hair microstructure of 25 mammals from the western Soutpansberg, South Africa, is presented. It is based on the cuticle pattern and is presented in the form of a pictorial atlas. The animals are derived from seven different orders. This reference system was devised for use in predator scat analysis. The SEM-Atlas can be used as an identification key.
Potential geographic distribution of Myotis ruber (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), a threatened Neotropical bat species
Authors: de Moraes Weber Marcelo , Terribile Levi Carina , Caceres Nilton Carlos
Published: August 2010

No abstract available