bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of monthly cloud climatology of the Indian subcontinent as observed by TRMM precipitation radar
Authors: Sen Roy Soma , Saha Subhendu Brata , Roy Bhowmik S. K. , Kundu P. K.
Published: July 2014

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar data (2A23 V7), for a period of 9 years (2002–2010), is used to analyse the evolution of the monthly cloud climatology over the Indian subcontinent (lat. 6.5°–38.5°N, long. 66.5°–100.5°E). The analysis of the cloud data suggests that over most regions and seasons, the stratiform cloud fraction is associated with outflows from and remnants of convective cells. However, the stratiform cloud cover over the North Indian subcontinent during winter season is not accompanied by any convective cloud maximum zone, indicating minimal role of ground processes in the growth of cloud cover over the region during this season. Mesoscale factors and land surface processes play a major role in the development of cloud maxima during March to May over the Indian subcontinent, over the eastern Himalayas and adjoining plains, as well as southwest peninsular India. As the summer monsoon season approaches, the spatial spread and growth of both cloud fractions gradually increase (stratiform fraction of cloud cover increases rapidly, while the convective fraction rises gradually) over east India, Bay of Bengal and over south Arabian Sea, indicating increased organization of the cloud systems with longer lasting stratiform outflows with the advancement of the season. The largest cloud maxima during the monsoon season are observed at the windward side of hills along the west coast of peninsular India and the west coast of Myanmar. The respective values of convective and stratiform cloud fractions indicate that the cloud cover over Myanmar is associated with more organized cloud systems with larger stratiform outflows, as compared with clouds along the west coast of peninsular India. Similarly, during October to December, the increasing stratiform cloud fractions over southeast peninsular India indicate increasing organization of clouds, compared with values during the monsoon season over this region.
CMIP5‐predicted climate shifts over the East Mediterranean: implications for the transition region between Mediterranean and semi‐arid climates
Authors: Peleg Nadav , Bartov Maya , Morin Efrat
Published: July 2014

The effect of climate change on the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region, a region that reflects a transition between Mediterranean and semi‐arid climates, was examined. This transition region is affected by global changes such as the expansion of the Hadley cell, which leads to a poleward shift of the subtropical dry zone. The Hadley cell expansion forces the migration of jet streams and storm tracks poleward from their standard course, potentially increasing regional desertification. This article focuses on the northern coastline of Israel along the EM region where most wet synoptic systems (i.e. systems that may lead to precipitation) are generated. The current climate was compared to the predicted mid‐21st century climate based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios using four Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. A warming of 1.1–2.6 °C was predicted for this region. The models predicted that rain in the region will become less frequent, with a reduction of 1.2–3.4% in 6‐h intervals classified as wet synoptic systems and a 10–22% reduction in wet events. They further predicted that the maximum wet event duration in the mid‐21st century would become shorter relative to the current climate, implying that extremely long wet systems will become less frequent. Three of the models predicted shrinking of the wet season length by up to 15%. All models predicted an increasing occurrence frequency of Active Red Sea Troughs (ARSTs) for the RCP8.5 scenario by up to 11% by the mid‐21st century. For the RCP4.5 scenario, a similar increase of up to 6% was predicted by two of the models.
Inhibition of beta‐catenin signaling by Pb leads to incomplete fracture healing
Authors: Beier Eric E. , Sheu Tzong‐jen , Buckley Taylor , Yukata Kiminori , O'Keefe Regis , Zuscik Michael J. , Puzas J. Edward
Published: July 2014

There is strong evidence in the clinical literature to suggest that elevated lead (Pb) exposure impairs fracture healing. Since Pb has been demonstrated to inhibit bone formation, and Wnt signaling is an important anabolic pathway in chondrocyte maturation and endochondral ossification, we investigated the impact of Wnt therapy on Pb‐exposed mice undergoing bone repair in a mouse tibial fracture model. We established that tibial fracture calluses from Pb‐treated mice were smaller and contained less mineralized tissue than vehicle controls. This resulted in the persistence of immature cartilage in the callus and decreased β‐catenin levels. Reduction of β‐catenin protein was concurrent with systemic elevation of LRP5/6 antagonists DKK1 and sclerostin in Pb‐exposed mice throughout fracture healing. β‐catenin stimulation by the GSK3 inhibitor BIO reversed these molecular changes and restored the amount of mineralized callus. Overall, Pb is identified as a potent inhibitor of endochondral ossification in vivo with correlated effects on bone healing with noted deficits in β‐catenin signaling, suggesting the Wnt/β‐catenin as a pivotal pathway in the influence of Pb on fracture repair. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1397–1405, 2014.
A portable versus micro‐Raman equipment comparison for gemmological purposes: the case of sapphires and their imitations
Authors: Barone Germana , Bersani Danilo , Crupi Vincenza , Longo Francesca , Longobardo Ugo , Lottici Pier Paolo , Aliatis Irene , Majolino Domenico , Mazzoleni Paolo , Raneri Simona , Venuti Valentina
Published: July 2014

In the last decade, Raman spectroscopy has been used for routine investigation for gemmological purposes, being non‐destructive and non‐invasive. In addition, this technique grants short measurement times without any sample preparation. In this context, this work is focused on the spectroscopic characterization of different kinds of blue gems, including sapphires, by comparing the performance of a handheld Raman instrumentation along with a micro‐Raman spectrometer, with the aim to provide gemmological certification and to get information on the provenance of the gems. The main goal of the present study is to identify imitation gems and to distinguish between natural and synthetic sapphire; in this latter case, micro‐Raman measurements were fundamental for the characterization of the inclusions. Moreover, the chemical composition of blue gems has been obtained by portable XRF technique. The obtained data show that a portable Raman spectrometer can be recommended as a fast and easy instrument to discriminate sapphire from imitations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourist Identities in Narratives of Unexpected Adventure in Madeira
Authors: Nelson Velvet
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the shift that occurs in role identity, from a tourist to an adventurer, as travel bloggers construct an adventure narrative from their experiences of Madeira's ‘levada walk’. Travel blogs, as a naturally occurring data source, offer insight into both tourism experiences and tourists themselves. The research finds that, while bloggers have touristic motivations for visiting Madeira, they cast themselves in a heroic role as they construct an adventure narrative from their experience. The paper concludes that tourism has the potential to become an ‘adventure’ in which tourists overcome challenges and discover themselves in the process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Framing the National Interest: Debating Intellectual Property and Access to Essential Medicines in Kenya
Authors: Harrington John , O'Hare Alasdair
Published: July 2014

This paper draws on theories of nodal governance and discursive framing to investigate the rhetorical strategies adopted by campaigners in the ongoing contest over access to medicines and the protection of intellectual property rights in Kenya. It focuses specifically on debates surrounding the implementation of the WTO's TRIPs Agreement in 2001 and the passage of anti‐counterfeit legislation in 2008. A survey of parliamentary debates and media sources, as well as interviews conducted with key participants, indicates that “the nation” provided a common overarching frame for arguments made by opposing sides to these debates. The salience of specifically national considerations confirms our view that studies of framing and health governance need to extend their focus beyond developments in international and developed country fora. It also highlights the continued purchase of the national interest as a means of mobilizing the key state institutions needed to implement global legal regimes in Africa.
Effect of remote ischemic postconditioning on patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Kim Won Ho , Lee Jong-Hwan , Ko Justine Sangwook , Min Jeong Jin , Gwak Mi Sook , Kim Gaab Soo , Lee Suk Koo
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) on graft function and acute kidney injury (AKI) after living donor liver transplantation (LT). Recipients undergoing elective living donor LT were randomly assigned to either the RIPostC group or the control group. Immediately after reperfusion, 4 cycles of ischemia and reperfusion lasting for 5 minutes each were performed on 1 upper limb in the RIPostC group. Graft function was assessed through evaluations of the serum levels of total bilirubin and liver enzymes and the prothrombin time for 28 days after surgery. The incidence of AKI, as defined by the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage Kidney Disease classification, was evaluated within 28 days of the operation. In addition, the incidences of graft dysfunction, acute cellular rejection, and major complications; the 1-, 3-, and 6-month mortality rates; the length of stay in the intensive care unit; and the length of hospital stay were also investigated. In all, 78 patients were enrolled in the analysis (n = 39 in each group). No differences in graft function or clinical outcomes were observed between the groups. The incidences of postoperative AKI were 38% (n = 15) in the RIPostC group and 72% (n = 28) in the control group (P = 0.006). Despite no improvements in postoperative graft function, RIPostC decreased the incidence of postoperative AKI after living donor LT in this study. However, no other clinical benefits with respect to the complication rate, length of hospital stay, or short-term mortality rate were observed. Thus, further studies will be needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of RIPostC in LT fully. Liver Transpl 20:1383-1392, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
3D‐Printed haptic “Reverse” models for preoperative planning in soft tissue reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Chae Michael P. , Lin Frank , Spychal Robert T. , Hunter‐Smith David J. , Rozen Warren Matthew
Published: July 2014

In reconstructive surgery, preoperative planning is essential for optimal functional and aesthetic outcome. Creating a three‐dimensional (3D) model from two‐dimensional (2D) imaging data by rapid prototyping has been used in industrial design for decades but has only recently been introduced for medical application. 3D printing is one such technique that is fast, convenient, and relatively affordable. In this report, we present a case in which a reproducible method for producing a 3D‐printed “reverse model” representing a skin wound defect was used for flap design and harvesting. This comprised a 82‐year‐old man with an exposed ankle prosthesis after serial soft tissue debridements for wound infection. Soft tissue coverage and dead‐space filling were planned with a composite radial forearm free flap (RFFF). Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the donor site (left forearm), recipient site (right ankle), and the left ankle was performed. 2D data from the CTA was 3D‐reconstructed using computer software, with a 3D image of the left ankle used as a “control.” A 3D model was created by superimposing the left and right ankle images, to create a “reverse image” of the defect, and printed using a 3D printer. The RFFF was thus planned and executed effectively, without complication. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mechanism of calculating a soft tissue wound defect and producing a 3D model that may be useful for surgical planning. 3D printing and particularly “reverse” modeling may be versatile options in reconstructive planning, and have the potential for broad application. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:148–153, 2015.
A practical tutorial to set up NMR diffusometry equipment: application to liquid crystals
Authors: Cifelli M.
Published: July 2014

NMR diffusometry is nowadays a well‐established and powerful technique to investigate molecular translation in fluid materials. Standard NMR diffusometry approaches are based on pulsed field gradients generated by specific hardware and specially designed NMR probes. Here, we present an alternative set‐up that exploits the static gradient present in the fringe field of any commercial superconducting magnet. This stray field diffusometry technique can be particularly useful to study diffusional processes in fast‐relaxing and slow‐diffusing systems, such as thermotropic liquid crystals, ionic liquids and polymer melts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Chervyakov Alexander V. , Bakulin Ilya S. , Savitskaya Natalia G. , Arkhipov Ivan V. , Gavrilov Andrey V. , Zakharova Maria N. , Piradov Michael A.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a set of disorders associated with preferential degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is a tool used to perform noninvasive functional brain mapping. We aimed to assess function of upper motor neurons in ALS. Methods: nTMS was performed on 30 patients with ALS (mean age 54.4 ± 12.1 years) and 24 healthy volunteers (mean age 32.7 ± 13.3 years). Results: The resting motor threshold (MT) was significantly higher in ALS patients compared with controls (P < 0.001). The mean map areas were smaller in patients with ALS than in healthy individuals, although some patients with short disease duration had extended maps. Conclusions: Motor area maps serve as markers of upper motor neuron damage in ALS. Further research may elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of the neurodegenerative process and aid in development of diagnostic and prognostic markers. Muscle Nerve 51: 125–131, 2015
Making and Breaking the Aboriginal Remote: Realities, Languages, Tomorrows (A Commentary)
Authors: Sider Gerald M.
Published: July 2014

The concept of ‘remote’ has intensified a fundamental misunderstanding of widespread rural Aboriginal situations. More, it has served to mask the causality for current problems, which will remain intractable until causality is effectively addressed. This commentary re‐examines how ‘remote’ is produced, both by and within the dominant state and society and, by means of a reconsideration of demand sharing and long‐distance travel, from and within Aboriginal communities. On that basis new kinds of confrontational engagements with the production of remote are suggested.
Lulik: Taboo, Animism, or Transgressive Sacred? An Exploration of Identity, Morality, and Power in Timor‐Leste
Authors: Bovensiepen Judith
Published: July 2014

This article explores the continued significance of lulik for people living in the central highlands of Timor‐Leste today, lulik being a term frequently translated as ‘sacred’. In contrast to the straightforward definition of lulik as the sacred property of religious places or objects set apart from everyday life, it shows that lulik is understood as a potency that animates the environment and that is concentrated in specific sites in the landscape, in ancestral objects and houses. As a vital energy that sustains life, yet that is connected to prohibitions, danger, and restrictions, lulik shares an affinity with similar phenomena found in Melanesia, Polynesia, and Southeast Asia (such as mana, tapu, or semangat). Engaging with recently reinvigorated approaches to animism and Durkheim's notion of the sacred, this article examines how lulik that emerges when distinctions between human and non‐human entities are collapsed. The analysis of how Funar residents maintain a distance from this transgressive force leads to an exploration of how lulik is connected to the constitution of the self, and how lulik is mobilized as a source of power and morality.
Identification of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐binding proteins by heparin‐agarose affinity purification and LTQORBITRAPMS in Oryza sativa
Authors: Nie Yanli , Huang Feifei , Dong Shujun , Li Lin , Gao Ping , Zhao Heping , Wang Yingdian , Han Shengcheng
Published: July 2014

Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosohate (IP3) and its receptors play a pivotal role in calcium signal transduction in mammals. However, no homologs of mammalian IP3 receptors have been found in plants. In this study, we isolated the microsomal fractions from rice cells in suspension culture and further obtained putative IP3‐binding proteins by heparin‐agarose affinity purification. The IP3‐binding activities of these protein fractions were determined by [3H] IP3‐binding assay. SDS‐PAGE and MS analysis were then performed to characterize these proteins. We have identified 297 proteins from the eluates of heparin‐agarose column chromatography, which will provide insight into the IP3 signaling pathways in plants. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000763 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000763).
Proteomics of rice and Cochliobolus miyabeanus fungal interaction: Insight into proteins at intracellular and extracellular spaces
Authors: Kim Jin Yeong , Wu Jingni , Kwon Soon Jae , Oh Haram , Lee So Eui , Kim Sang Gon , Wang Yiming , Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Rakwal Randeep , Kang Kyu Young , Ahn Il‐Pyung , Kim Beom‐Gi , Kim Sun Tae
Published: July 2014

Necrotrophic fungal pathogen Cochliobolus miyabeanus causes brown spot disease in rice leaves upon infection, resulting in critical rice yield loss. To better understand the rice–C. miyabeanus interaction, we employed proteomic approaches to establish differential proteomes of total and secreted proteins from the inoculated leaves. The 2DE approach after PEG‐fractionation of total proteins coupled with MS (MALDI‐TOF/TOF and nESI‐LC‐MS/MS) analyses led to identification of 49 unique proteins out of 63 differential spots. SDS‐PAGE in combination with nESI‐LC‐MS/MS shotgun approach was applied to identify secreted proteins in the leaf apoplast upon infection and resulted in cataloging of 501 unique proteins, of which 470 and 31 proteins were secreted from rice and C. miyabeanus, respectively. Proteins mapped onto metabolic pathways implied their reprogramming upon infection. The enzymes involved in Calvin cycle and glycolysis decreased in their protein abundance, whereas enzymes in the TCA cycle, amino acids, and ethylene biosynthesis increased. Differential proteomes also generated distribution of identified proteins in the intracellular and extracellular spaces, providing a better insight into defense responses of proteins in rice against C. miyabeanus. Established proteome of the rice–C. miyabeanus interaction serves not only as a good resource for the scientific community but also highlights its significance from biological aspects.
How to submit MS proteomics data to ProteomeXchange via the PRIDE database
Authors: Ternent Tobias , Csordas Attila , Qi Da , Gómez‐Baena Guadalupe , Beynon Robert J. , Jones Andrew R. , Hermjakob Henning , Vizcaíno Juan Antonio
Published: July 2014

The ProteomeXchange (PX) consortium has been established to standardize and facilitate submission and dissemination of MS‐based proteomics data in the public domain. In the consortium, the PRIDE database at the European Bioinformatics Institute, acts as the initial submission point of MS/MS data sets. In this manuscript, we explain step by step the submission process of MS/MS data sets to PX via PRIDE. We describe in detail the two available workflows: ‘complete’ and ‘partial’ submissions, together with the available tools to streamline the process. Throughout the manuscript, we will use one example data set containing identification and quantification data, which has been deposited in PRIDE/ProteomeXchange with the accession number PXD000764 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000764).
Detection of knockdown resistance mutations in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), in Australia
Authors: Dang Kai , Toi Cheryl S , Lilly David G , Bu Wenjun , Doggett Stephen L
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Pyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., has been reported worldwide. An important resistance mechanism is via knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, notably V419L and L925I. Information regarding this kdr‐type resistance mechanism is unknown in Australia. This study aims to examine the status of kdr mutations in Australian C. lectularius strains.

RESULTS

Several modern field‐collected strains and museum‐preserved reference collections of Australian C. lectularius were examined. Of the field strains (2007–2013), 96% had the known kdr mutations (L925I or both V419L/L925I). The ‘Adelaide’ strain (2013) and samples from the preserved reference collections (1994–2002) revealed no known kdr mutations. A novel mutation I936F was apparent in the insecticide‐resistant ‘Adelaide’ strain, one strain from Perth (with L925I) and the majority of the reference collection specimens. The laboratory insecticide‐resistant ‘Sydney’ strain showed a mixture of no kdr mutations (20%) and L925I (80%).

CONCLUSION

The novel mutation I936F may be a kdr mutation but appeared to contribute less resistance to the pyrethroids than the V419L and L925I mutations. The detection of high frequencies of kdr mutations indicates that kdr‐type resistance is widespread across Australia. Hence, there should be a reduced reliance on pyrethroid insecticides and an integrated management approach for the control of C. lectularius infestations. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Protein–ligand interaction databases: advanced tools to mine activity data and interactions on a structural level
Authors: Inhester Therese , Rarey Matthias
Published: July 2014

The formation of molecular complexes between proteins and small organic substances is a fundamental concept of life. Biochemical experiments from X‐ray crystallography to isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) are applied in large‐scale providing data for the analysis of the structural foundations of binding affinity. In recent years, several, mostly publically available databases emerged containing affinity data and structural information. These databases are central for the construction of complex models describing interaction geometries and correlate structural features to the strength of binding. Binding affinity databases reflect the knowledge of affinity measurements from many sources, mostly scientific and patent literature. A critical aspect is the data quality, which is affected by transcription errors during database construction as well as experimental uncertainties. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is the central resource for macromolecular biological structures containing nearly 100,000 data entries today. Sophisticated geometric databases have been constructed based on this allowing for complex queries about the spatial arrangement of functional groups and their interactions. For scientists working in molecular design like medicinal chemists, access to this information can substantially support the process of creating new molecular entities specifically interacting with proteins of interest. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:562–575. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1192

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Computer and Information Science > Chemoinformatics

Computer and Information Science > Databases and Expert Systems
Basic Features of a Cell Electroporation Model: Illustrative Behavior for Two Very Different Pulses
Authors: Son Reuben S. , Smith Kyle C. , Gowrishankar Thiruvallur R. , Vernier P. Thomas , Weaver James C.
Published: July 2014

Science increasingly involves complex modeling. Here we describe a model for cell electroporation in which membrane properties are dynamically modified by poration. Spatial scales range from cell membrane thickness (5 nm) to a typical mammalian cell radius (10 

$$\upmu$$

μ

m), and can be used with idealized and experimental pulse waveforms. The model consists of traditional passive components and additional active components representing nonequilibrium processes. Model responses include measurable quantities: transmembrane voltage, membrane electrical conductance, and solute transport rates and amounts for the representative “long” and “short” pulses. The long pulse—1.5 kV/cm, 100 

$$\upmu$$

μ

s—evolves two pore subpopulations with a valley at

$${\sim}$$

∼

5 nm, which separates the subpopulations that have peaks at

$${\sim}$$

∼

1.5 and

$${\sim}$$

∼

12 nm radius. Such pulses are widely used in biological research, biotechnology, and medicine, including cancer therapy by drug delivery and nonthermal physical tumor ablation by causing necrosis. The short pulse—40 kV/cm, 10 ns—creates 80-fold more pores, all small (

$$<$$

<

3 nm;

$$\sim$$

∼

1 nm peak). These nanosecond pulses ablate tumors by apoptosis. We demonstrate the model’s responses by illustrative electrical and poration behavior, and transport of calcein and propidium. We then identify extensions for expanding modeling capability. Structure-function results from MD can allow extrapolations that bring response specificity to cell membranes based on their lipid composition. After a pulse, changes in pore energy landscape can be included over seconds to minutes, by mechanisms such as cell swelling and pulse-induced chemical reactions that slowly alter pore behavior.
Klinischer Effekt biomimetischer Mineralisation bei Approximalkaries
Authors: Schlee M. , Rathe F. , Huck T. , Schad T. , Koch J.H. , Tjaden A. , Bommer C.
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund

Karies hat bis heute eine hohe Prävalenz, auch in westlichen Ländern mit präventiven zahnmedizinischen Angeboten. Bei mechanischer Therapie werden die behandelten Zähne geschwächt. Dies führt über die Jahre oder Jahrzehnte häufig zum Verlust mit erheblichen Folgekosten. In den letzten Jahren eingeführte remineralisierende Substanzen sollen die etablierten remineralisationsfördernden Fluoride ergänzen. Daneben stehen die nicht oder minimal-invasiven Konzepte approximale Versiegelung und Kunststoffinfiltration zur Verfügung.

Methode

In diesem Beitrag wird mit der biomimetischen Mineralisation eine neue Methode vorstellt, die auf sich selbst organisierenden Peptiden (SAP) beruht. Die SAP werden in wässriger Lösung auf die gereinigte und geätzte Schmelzoberfläche aufgetragen und dringen in den Läsionskörper ein. Dort bauen sie eine organische Matrix auf, die sekundär mit Kalzium- und Phosphationen aus dem Speichel mineralisiert wird.

Ergebnis

Die Zwischenauswertung einer klinischen Studie bei Approximalläsionen zeigt, dass mit der neuen Methode drei von vier Läsionen stabilisiert oder remineralisiert werden konnten. Damit könnte es erstmals gelingen, demineralisierten Schmelz bis zum angrenzenden Dentin naturanalog wieder herzustellen.
Respiratory glycerol metabolism ofActinobacillus succinogenes130Z for succinate production
Authors: Schindler Bryan D , Joshi Rajasi V , Vieille Claire
Published: July 2014

Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z naturally produces among the highest levels of succinate from a variety of inexpensive carbon substrates. A few studies have demonstrated that A. succinogenes can anaerobically metabolize glycerol, a waste product of biodiesel manufacture and an inexpensive feedstock, to produce high yields of succinate. However, all these studies were performed in the presence of yeast extract, which largely removes the redox constraints associated with fermenting glycerol, a highly reduced molecule. We demonstrated that A. succinogenes cannot ferment glycerol in minimal medium, but that it can metabolize glycerol by aerobic or anaerobic respiration. These results were expected based on the A. succinogenes genome, which encodes respiratory enzymes, but no pathway for 1,3-propanediol production. We investigated A. succinogenes’s glycerol metabolism in minimal medium in a variety of respiratory conditions by comparing growth, metabolite production, and in vitro activity of terminal oxidoreductases. Nitrate inhibited succinate production by inhibiting fumarate reductase expression. In contrast, growth in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and in microaerobic conditions allowed high succinate yields. The highest succinate yield was 0.75 mol/mol glycerol (75 % of the maximum theoretical yield) in continuous microaerobic cultures. A. succinogenes could also grow and produce succinate on partially refined glycerols obtained directly from biodiesel manufacture. Finally, by expressing a heterologous 1,3-propanediol synthesis pathway in A. succinogenes, we provide the first proof of concept that A. succinogenes can be engineered to grow fermentatively on glycerol.
A new mycinosyl rosamicin derivative produced by an engineered Micromonospora rosaria mutant with a cytochrome P450 gene disruption introducing the d-mycinose biosynthetic gene
Authors: Iizaka Yohei , Higashi Noriko , Li Wei , Fukumoto Atsushi , Anzai Yojiro , Kato Fumio
Published: July 2014

Genetic engineering of post-polyketide synthase-tailoring genes can be used to generate new macrolide analogs through manipulation of the genes involved in their biosynthesis. Rosamicin, a 16-member macrolide antibiotic produced by Micromonospora rosaria IFO13697, contains a formyl group and an epoxide at C-20 and C-12/13 positions which are formed by the cytochrome P450 enzymes RosC and RosD, respectively. The d-mycinose biosynthesis genes in mycinamicin II biosynthesis gene cluster of Micomonospora guriseorubida A11725 were introduced into the rosC and rosD disruption mutants of M. rosaria IFO13697. The resulting engineered strains, M. rosaria TPMA0054 and TPMA0069, produced mycinosyl rosamicin derivatives, IZIV and IZV, respectively. IZIV was identified as a novel mycinosyl rosamicin derivative, 23-O-mycinosyl-20-deoxo-20-dihydrorosamicin.
An evaluation of speech production in two boys with neurodevelopmental disorders who received communication intervention with a speech‐generating device
Authors: Roche Laura , Sigafoos Jeff , Lancioni Giulio E. , O'Reilly Mark F. , Schlosser Ralf W. , Stevens Michelle , van der Meer Larah , Achmadi Donna , Kagohara Debora , James Ruth , Carnett Amarie , Hodis Flaviu , Green Vanessa A. , Sutherland Dean , Lang Russell , Rispoli Mandy , Machalicek Wendy , Marschik Peter B.
Published: July 2014

Background

Children with neurodevelopmental disorders often present with little or no speech. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) aims to promote functional communication using non‐speech modes, but it might also influence natural speech production.

Method

To investigate this possibility, we provided AAC intervention to two boys with neurodevelopmental disorders and severe communication impairment. Intervention focused on teaching the boys to use a tablet computer‐based speech‐generating device (SGD) to request preferred stimuli. During SGD intervention, both boys began to utter relevant single words. In an effort to induce more speech, and investigate the relation between SGD availability and natural speech production, the SGD was removed during some requesting opportunities.

Results

With intervention, both participants learned to use the SGD to request preferred stimuli. After learning to use the SGD, both participants began to respond more frequently with natural speech when the SGD was removed.

Conclusion

The results suggest that a rehabilitation program involving initial SGD intervention, followed by subsequent withdrawal of the SGD, might increase the frequency of natural speech production in some children with neurodevelopmental disorders. This effect could be an example of response generalization.
English Civil Justice after the Woolf and Jackson Reforms
Authors: Sorabji John
Published: July 2014

John Sorabji examines the theoretical underpinnings of the Woolf and Jackson reforms to the English and Welsh civil justice system. He discusses how the Woolf reforms attempted, and failed, to effect a revolutionary change to the theory of justice that informed how the system operated. It elucidates the nature of those reforms, which through introducing proportionality via an explicit overriding objective into the Civil Procedure Rules, downgraded the court's historic commitment to achieving substantive justice or justice on the merits. In doing so, Woolf's new theory is compared with one developed by Bentham, while also exploring why a similarly fundamental reform carried out in the 1870s succeeded where Woolf's failed. It finally proposes an approach that could be taken by the courts following implementation of the Jackson reforms to ensure that they succeed in their aim of reducing litigation cost through properly implementing Woolf's new theory of justice.
Basic Practical Skills in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Authors: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
Published: July 2014

This handbook has been designed to introduce trainees to safe surgical techniques and obstetric skills in a structured workshop environment. It is the course manual for the Basic Practical Skills in Obstetrics and Gynaecology course offered under the aegis of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The manual consists of three modules covering: basic open general surgical techniques (such as instrument handling, suturing and knot tying), basic obstetric skills (such as pelvic anatomy, instrumental delivery and shoulder dystocia), and basic gynaecological procedures, including hysteroscopy and laparoscopy. The course and the manual provide a valuable early step towards building safe and sound surgical and obstetric skills, giving trainees a firm foundation for their future careers in obstetrics and gynaecology.
Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres
Authors: Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de
Published: July 2014

Best known for his ideas relating to evolution, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) first built his reputation as a botanist and was elected to the prestigious Académie des Sciences in 1779. His career took a new turn in 1793 when he was made professor of 'insects, worms and microscopic animals' at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, although he lacked prior knowledge of the subject area. Undaunted, Lamarck set out to classify organisms which few naturalists had considered worthy of study since Linnaeus. He was the first to distinguish vertebrates from 'invertebrates' - a term he coined - by the presence of a vertebral column. In this groundbreaking seven-volume work, published between 1815 and 1822, he arranges invertebrates into twelve classes, laying the foundations for the modern study of these organisms. Volume 1, first published in 1815, introduces zoological concepts and begins the classification with the simplest microscopic organisms, the infusoria.
Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres
Authors: Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de
Published: July 2014

Best known for his ideas relating to evolution, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) first built his reputation as a botanist and was elected to the prestigious Académie des Sciences in 1779. His career took a new turn in 1793 when he was made professor of 'insects, worms and microscopic animals' at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, although he lacked prior knowledge of the subject area. Undaunted, Lamarck set out to classify organisms which few naturalists had considered worthy of study since Linnaeus. He was the first to distinguish vertebrates from 'invertebrates' - a term he coined - by the presence of a vertebral column. In this groundbreaking seven-volume work, published between 1815 and 1822, he arranges invertebrates into twelve classes, laying the foundations for the modern study of these organisms. Volume 3, first published in 1816, covers tunicates, worms and insects.
Risk of Social Isolation Among Great East Japan Earthquake Survivors Living in Tsunami-Affected Ishinomaki, Japan
Authors: Inoue Machiko , Matsumoto Shoko , Yamaoka Kazue , Muto Shinsuke
Published: July 2014

Objective

The Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami affected approximately 53 000 people in the city of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture. Approximately 30 000 people were relocated to temporary/rental housing. The remainder re-inhabited tsunami-affected houses, and their conditions were not known. As social isolation could affect physical and psychological health, we investigated the risk of social isolation among the survivors who returned to their homes.

Methods

The surveyors went door-to-door to the tsunami-affected houses and interviewed each household between October 2011 and March 2012. The participants’ risk of social isolation was assessed using 3 factors: whether they have (1) friends to talk with about their problems, (2) close neighbors, and (3) social/family interactions. We analyzed the groups at risk of social isolation and identified the related factors.

Results

The elderly (older than age 65 years) were more likely to have close neighbors and social/family interactions, as compared with younger persons. Persons living alone were less likely to have social/family interactions. Non-elderly men who were living alone were the highest proportion of people without social/family interactions.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that men, particularly those younger than age 65 years and living alone, were at high risk of social isolation and may need attention. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-8)
Instability of a gravity current within a soap film
Authors: Goldstein Raymond E. , Huppert Herbert E. , Moffatt H. Keith , Pesci Adriana I.
Published: July 2014

One of the simplest geometries in which to study fluid flow between two soap films connected by a Plateau border is provided by a catenoid with a secondary film at its narrowest point. Dynamic variations in the spacing between the two rings supporting the catenoid lead to fluid flow between the primary and secondary films. When the rings are moved apart, while keeping their spacing within the overall stability regime of the films, after a rapid thickening of the secondary film the excess fluid in it starts to drain into the sloped primary film through the Plateau border at which they meet. This influx of fluid is accommodated by a local thickening of the primary film. Experiments described here show that after this drainage begins the leading edge of the gravity current becomes linearly unstable to a finite-wavelength fingering instability. A theoretical model based on lubrication theory is used to explain the mechanism of this instability. The predicted characteristic wavelength of the instability is shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. Since the gravity current advances into a film of finite, albeit microscopic, thickness this situation is one in which the regularization often invoked to address singularities at the nose of a thin film is physically justified.
SOLVABILITY OF FINITE GROUPS WITH FOUR CONJUGACY CLASS SIZES OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS
Authors: JIANG QINHUI , SHAO CHANGGUO
Published: July 2014

Assume that $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}m$ and $n$ are two positive integers which do not divide each other. If the set of conjugacy class sizes of primary and biprimary elements of a group $G$ is $\{1, m, n, mn\}$, we show that up to central factors $G$ is a $\{p,q\}$-group for two distinct primes $p$ and $q$.
Untangling Mexico's Noodle: El Tallarín and the Revival of Zapatismo in Morelos, 1934–1938
Authors: SALINAS SALVADOR
Published: July 2014

Studies on the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40) have tended to emphasise popular support for the Cardenista regime while underestimating the domestic opposition to the president. The story of Enrique Rodríguez (‘El Tallarín’), a former Zapatista militant from the state of Morelos, reveals the breadth and complexity of the opposition to Cárdenas. The rebellion led by Rodríguez from 1934 to 1938 forced Cárdenas to renegotiate the terms of Zapatista loyalty to the federal government in order to secure peace in Morelos and represented a broad critique of the post-revolutionary state's advancement during the 1930s. Rodríguez stood as a defender of agrarian self-reliance, traditional chieftainship andpuebloreligious liberty.
Football Clubs and Neighbourhoods in Buenos Aires before 1943: The Role of Political Linkages and Personal Influence
Authors: HOROWITZ JOEL
Published: July 2014

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the inhabitants of greater Buenos Aires formed innumerable football clubs, as part of a burgeoning civic culture. Many of these clubs not only proved enduring but helped to shape the sense of neighbourhood that dominated much of the cultural and political world of the city. In this they differed from clubs in other South American cities, which tended to have much less of abarrioidentity. However, successful soccer teams required assistance to acquire land and construct stadiums. The evidence of club records and the local press shows that as the clubs grew in size and importance, politicians and other leading neighbourhood figures became critical in obtaining the necessary resources for them, but in turn they made use of their association with the clubs to aid their election campaigns and build up their constituencies and clienteles.
Nonlinear interaction of electron acoustic waves with Langmuir waves in presence of magnetic field in plasmas
Authors: Dutta Manjistha , Khan Manoranjan , Chakrabarti Nikhil
Published: July 2014

Nonlinear interaction between Langmuir waves and Electron Acoustic Wave (EAW) is being studied in a warm magnetized plasma in presence of two intermingled fluids, hot electrons, and cold electrons while ions forming static background. Two-fluid, two-timescale theory is performed to derive modified Zakharov's equations in a magnetized plasma. These coupled equations describe low-frequency response of electron density due to high-frequency electric field along with magnetic field perturbations. Linear analysis shows coupling between acoustic mode, upper hybrid mode, and cyclotron modes. These modes are found to be modified due to the presence of two electron components. These equations are significant in the context of weak and strong turbulence.
Therapeutic responses to different anti-Trypanosoma cruzidrugs in experimental infection by benznidazole-resistant parasite stock
Authors: CALDAS SÉRGIO , CALDAS IVO SANTANA , CECÍLIO ALZIRA BATISTA , DINIZ LÍVIA DE FIGUEIREDO , TALVANI ANDRÉ , RIBEIRO ISABELA , BAHIA MARIA TEREZINHA
Published: July 2014

This study describes the role of parasite clearance time induced by benznidazole, fexinidazole and posaconazole treatments upon mice infection with a benznidazole-resistantTrypanosoma cruzistrain in the pathological outcomes.Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice were treated with different drugs and parasite clearance time was detected by blood and tissue qPCR, to determine the dynamic relationship between the efficacy of the treatments and the intensity of heart lesion/serum inflammatory mediators. Our results indicate that anti-T. cruzitreatments were able to reduce parasite replication and consequently induce immunomodulatory effects, where the degree of the immunopathology prevention was related to the time of parasite clearance induced by different treatments. Nevertheless, in benznidazole and posaconazole treatments, parasite rebounding was detected with parasitism reaching levels similar to infected and non-treated mice; the time for parasitic rebound being earlier among benznidazole-treated mice. In parallel, an increase of cardiac lesions and plasma chemokine levels was also detected and was more accentuated in benznidazole-treated animals. Interestingly, in the presence of parasitological cure (fexinidazole treatment), basal levels of these inflammatory mediators were evidenced as well as an absence of cardiac inflammation or fibrosis. Overall, our data indicate that all treatments have positive effects on the clinical evolution ofT. cruziinfection, with success in preventing cardiac alterations being drug-dependent.
Developmental transitions in presentations of externalizing problems among boys and girls at risk for child maltreatment
Authors: Villodas Miguel T. , Litrownik Alan J. , Thompson Richard , Jones Deborah , Roesch Scott C. , Hussey Jon M. , Block Stephanie , English Diana J. , Dubowitz Howard
Published: July 2014

The present study examined the impact of children's maltreatment experiences on the emergence of externalizing problem presentations among children during different developmental periods. The sample included 788 youth and their caregivers who participated in a multisite, prospective study of youth at-risk for maltreatment. Externalizing problems were assessed at ages 4, 8, and 12, and symptoms and diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder were assessed at age 14, during interviews with youth and caregivers. Information about maltreatment allegations was coded from official records. Latent transition analysis identified three groups of youth with similar presentations of externalizing problems (“well adjusted,” “hyperactive/oppositional,” and “aggressive/rule-breaking”) and transitions between groups from ages 4, 8, and 12. A “defiant/deceitful” group also emerged at age 12. Girls were generally more likely to present as well adjusted than boys. Children with recent physical abuse allegations had an increased risk for aggressive/rule-breaking presentations during the preschool and preadolescent years, while children with sexual abuse or neglect allegations had lower probabilities of having well-adjusted presentations during middle childhood. These findings indicate that persistently severe aggressive conduct problems, which are related to the most concerning outcomes, can be identified early, particularly among neglected and physically and sexually abused children.