bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Functions of the State
Authors: Belyaeva Yuliya
Published: January 2016

Article examines the theoretical aspects of the concept of “State function’s”, rises question of the classification of state function’s and functions of the welfare state in order to reflect the accumulated knowledge of legal science section of the specified definition and identify the functions not previously considered in the theory of the state. The destabilization of the economic situation in the community and respect for the principle of the social state actualized this problem in the Russian legal science. Designated role of the function of indexing and its implementation in the social state. The author applies structural-functional and analytical method of scientific knowledge. An analysis of the state function’s and their classification, the author has been formulated the concept of “functions of the social state”. The author found that the earlier jurisprudence does not consider the function of indexing in the state function’s. Consider the function of indexing, its objective characteristics that distinguish it from other state functions. In the sphere of public life function of indexing refers to social and economic functions of the state, as aimed at meeting to the social needs of the people. The opinion of the author that the function of indexing fully reflects the nature of the welfare state.
Forgery of Money and Counterfeiting: Legal Aspects of the Phenomenon and Responsibility
Authors: Kuchyerov Ilya
Published: January 2016

Such phenomena as forgery of money and counterfeiting (fake cash letters), which invariably caused harm to monetary system are considered from the standpoint of financial law science. Corruption and money counterfeiting always had destructive impact on monetary circulation. However this article shows that corruption and counterfeiting of money are fundamentally different legal phenomena. The author pointed out that corruption money initially served as one of the main sources of public finance, and in this sense, didn’t abuse the right to issue the money and therefore didn’t require counter measures. On the contrary money counterfeiting as a particular form of corruption money always was a socially dangerous and criminal act, which required the most severe responsibility. This article presents the history of the emergence and development of forgery of banknotes and counterfeiting, both in Russia and abroad, a distinction between those two legal phenomena are made and a variety of ways to deal with them in different historical periods are presented. Currently, in the Russian Federation counterfeiting is defined as a crime in the sphere of economic activity for which the criminal liability is provided. The author analyzes the crime components in this area.
Special Subjects in Criminal Trial of Russia: Order of Criminal Proceeding
Authors: Shatalov Aleksandr
Published: January 2016

Procedural mechanism of realization of the criminal proceeding in regard to persons falling under the particular order of production on criminal cases, provides for as component part and simultaneously method of providing of their inviolability the order of laying an action and bringing in of these persons complicated as compared to ordinary, as defendants on criminal cases. On this basis, the attempt of complex analysis of the most difficult and litigions questions, touching the criminal proceeding of persons for that he is initially intended, is undertaken in a publication. Authorial vision of possibilities of their decision is expounded in her, on a background a corresponding legal and theoretical ground. Complicating the general order of criminal trial, through introduction of additional duties and prohibitions for persons accountable for motion and end of production in criminal business, positions of the Russian Federation come forward, in opinion of author, as the extended judicial guarantees of inviolability of certain circle of the special subjects executing socially-meaningful functions. Not increasing the volume of their inviolability, they diminish possibility of her limitation, reducing, thus, the danger of realization of the groundless criminal proceeding. In spite of the fact that the list of the special subjects to the law is driven by exhaustive character, in part touching denotation of limits of their judicial immunity, the norms of chapter 52 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (CPC) carry blanket character, as his actual maintenance is different. An author considers on this basis, that accomplishing judicial actions and accepting statutory decisions a court, public prosecutor, leader of investigative agency, investigator, must take into account not only envisaged by CPC feature of production on criminal cases in regard to the separate categories of persons but also position of normative legal acts exposing their legal status, volume of plenary powers and limits of action of judicial immunity in a that kind, as they are envisaged in a branch legislation. Self legislation on that score, must consistently change in the river-bed of recommendations of International organization of the Council of Europe “Group of States Against Corruption” (GRECO) speaking out in the report for reduction in him categories of persons to that the special procedure of bringing of them spreads to criminal responsibility, and also for simplification of such procedure.
Person as a Subject and Object of Environmental Legal Relations
Authors: Ponomarev Mikhail
Published: January 2016

This article is devoted to the theoretical study of the legal status of a person, which is one of the most important subjects, and at the same time, the object of environmental legal relationships, is central to the system of fundamental environmental values. The author discusses the features of a person’s status in the theory of environmental law, the problems of legislative fastening and implementation of its main environmental rights and responsibilities. In particular, studies the scientific debate on the inclusion of a person in the list of objects of environmental protection, the role of the right to limit the intensive development of human nature, the incarnation of the right to human environmental concerns, on the criteria of a favorable environment. The article also analyzes the issues of the exercise of human rights and environmental responsibilities as a subject of legal relations, the issues of the implementation of their rights “of general nature” of his participation in the environmental legal relationship as a “special” subject.
When Does Competition Foster Commitment?
Authors: Ferreira Daniel , Kittsteiner Thomas
Published: January 2016

Consider a firm that would like to commit to a focused business strategy because focus improves efficiency and thus increases profit. We identify two general conditions under which tougher competition strengthens the firm’s ability to commit to a focused strategy. Under these conditions, competition fosters commitment for two reasons: (i) competition reduces the value of the option to diversify (the contestability effect), and (ii) competition increases the importance of being efficient (the efficiency effect). We use a number of different models of imperfect competition to illustrate the applicability of our results. Our examples suggest that the contestability effect is very general. In contrast, the efficiency effect often requires further conditions, which are specific to the nature of competition in each model. In both cases, our analysis helps us predict when these effects are more likely to be observed.

This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Counteracting Strategic Purchase Deferrals: The Impact of Online Retailers’ Return Policy Decisions
Authors: Altug Mehmet Sekip , Aydinliyim Tolga
Published: January 2016

Online shoppers value lenient return policies as they are unable to assess whether products match their expectations. We study how consumers’ discount-seeking purchase deferrals affect online retailers’ return policy choices. Lenient returns may induce higher full-price sales by limiting consumer regret, while signaling clearance unavailability risk. Contrasting earlier research that concluded a monopolist must set the refund at the clearance price when strategic consumers were overlooked, we find that an optimal refund bounded by the clearance price can mitigate purchase deferrals only when a monopolist salvages at mild discounts. To explore conditions under which a monopolist permits “full-refund returns,” we consider three scenarios: we permit clearing inventory without a loss; we assume lenient returns stimulate aggregate demand; we consider consumers’ transaction costs. We also derive a unique rational expectations equilibrium for competing retailers, wherein each retailer’s equilibrium refund is nondecreasing in its clearance price. Furthermore, retailers with clearance prices below a threshold should not allow returns, and those who do, higher clearance revenues imply higher full prices, higher quantities, and higher profits. We conclude that a credible clearance partner salvaging at higher prices than those at competing clearance mediums helps retailers gain competitive advantage when selling to strategic consumers.
A comparison of staff descriptions of their current work setting in a high-secure hospital
Authors: Ayres Joe
Published: January 2016

The occupational therapy and rehabilitation therapy services working at Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust (WLHMT), have recently come together under one management structure. This merger led to the idea of measuring the work environment of both services to establish any differences or commonalities to provide a baseline measurement to inform future service developments. This practice analysis explores which dimensions of the work environment effect the staff's satisfaction/dissatisfaction. A descriptive research design was chosen, using a quantitative questionnaire from the Work Environment Scale to sample both groups. Results indicate that within the group profiles there are a number of dimensions to address to improve the working environment.
Emotional intelligence as part of clinical engagement
Authors: Linsley Paul , Digan John , Nugent Simon
Published: January 2016

While there are a number of models explaining emotional intelligence, there are few—if any—that explain its application to clinical practice. The following article helps to address this by suggesting ways in which mental health nurses could use emotional intelligence as part of their clinical work.
Evolving Pharmacist Productivity Models
Authors: Louden Les , Lopez Ben R. , Naseman Ryan W. , Weber Robert J.
Published: January 2016

Leaders in health-system pharmacy are challenged to minimize costs, maximize revenue, and maintain or improve quality while simultaneously expanding services. Strong command of productivity and workload measurement is necessary to achieve these goals. This article reviews foundational pharmacy productivity concepts and key terminology, reviews historical pharmacy productivity models and their limitations, and considers new and evolving pharmacist productivity models.
Muslims and the Charlie Hebdo Saga
Authors: Bakare Najimdeen
Published: January 2016

Of recent, newspapers across Europe carry headlines portraying Muslim radicalism. This is true giving the complicity of Muslim youth in various violent attacks. The headlines resonate amidst the growing nationalism in Europe, deeply tainted and lanced with conservatism. The Charlie Hebdo attack equally reiterated the protracted debates on the extent to which Islam is compatible with Western ethos. The attack further brought to surface the issue of freedom of expression, an essential part of Western democracy. This raises questions such as: who determines and what constitutes the public sphere; what are the lines of distinctions between the private and public domains; should there be a level of shared respect between the majority and minority; are European Muslims an integral part of the mainstream European society; what factors shape the radicalization of European Muslim youth; does religion actually have huge space in their minds; and, how much does constructivism present and resolve the protracted debate between the European Muslim community and the host society. Radicalization of European Muslim youth is less of ideology, but more of socio-economic deprivation.
Working-class discourses of politics, policy and health: ‘I don’t smoke; I don’t drink. The only thing wrong with me is my health’
Authors: Mackenzie Mhairi , Collins Chik , Connolly John , Doyle Mick , McCartney Gerry
Published: January 2016

It is known that population health is socially and politically determined. A gap, however, between the evidence and policy (where behavioural approaches dominate) is evident. This study used semi-structured interviews in two deindustrialised areas in Scotland to explore understandings of the causes of (ill)health in local communities. Using Raphael’s Discourses of Social Health Determinants (2011), we found that participants typically had highly integrated explanations of health, including vivid articulation of links between politics, policies, deindustrialisation, damage to community fabric and impacts on health. This understanding contrasts with that identified by research elsewhere. We posit explanations for our findings and discuss their implications.
Missing in action? The role of the knowledge mobilisation literature in developing knowledge mobilisation practices
Authors: Powell Alison , Davies Huw , Nutley Sandra
Published: January 2016

Despite a burgeoning literature and the development of new theories about knowledge mobilisation in the past 15 years, findings from this online survey in 2014 of over 100 research agencies (n=106; response rate 57%) show the challenges of making effective use of formal and informal learning. Many agencies rely on traditional knowledge ‘push’ activities; formal use of theoretical models and frameworks is patchy; and knowledge-sharing between agencies and the comprehensive evaluation of knowledge mobilisation programmes are limited. Closer links between research agencies, and between these and knowledge mobilisation researchers, could enhance future knowledge mobilisation practice and theory.
Specific and generic stem biomass and volume models of tree species in a West African tropical semi-deciduous forest
Authors: Goussanou Cedric , Guendehou Sabin , Assogbadjo Achille , Kaire Maguette , Sinsin Brice , Cuni-Sanchez Aida
Published: January 2016

The quantification of the contribution of tropical forests to global carbon stocks and climate change mitigation requires availability of data and tools such as allometric equations. This study made available volume and biomass models for eighteen tree species in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in West Africa. Generic models were also developed for the forest ecosystem, and basic wood density determined for the tree species. Non-destructive sampling approach was carried out on five hundred and one sample trees to analyse stem volume and biomass. From the modelling of volume and biomass as functions of diameter at breast height (Dbh) and stem height, logarithmic models had better predictive capabilities. The model validation showed that in absence of data on height, models using Dbh only as variable was an alternative. The comparison of basic wood densities to data published in literature enabled to conclude that the non-destructive sampling was a good approach to determining reliable basic wood density. The comparative analysis of species-specific models in this study with selected generic models for tropical forests indicated low probability to identify effective generic models with good predictive ability for biomass. Given tree species richness of tropical forests, the study demonstrated the hypothesis that species-specific models are preferred to generic models, and concluded that further research should be oriented towards development of specific models to cover the full range of dominant tree species of African forests.
The generalized triple difference of \(\chi^{3}\) sequence spaces
Authors: Subramanian N. , Esi Ayhan
Published: January 2016

In this paper we define some new sequence spaces and give some topological properties of the sequence spaces \(\chi^{3}\left( \Delta_{v}^{m},s, p\right)\) and \(\Lambda^{3}\left( \Delta_{v}^{m},s, p\right) \) and investigate some inclusion relations.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for oscillation of first order neutral delay difference equations
Authors: Murgesan A. , Sowmiya P.
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we obtained some necessary and sufficient conditions for oscillation of all the solutions of the first order neutral delay difference equation with constant coefficients of the form
\begin{equation*} \quad \quad \quad \quad \Delta[x(n)-px(n-\tau)]+qx(n-\sigma)=0, \quad \quad n\geq n_0 \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad {(*)} \end{equation*}
by constructing several suitable auxiliary functions. Some examples are also given to illustrate our results.
A short proof of the existence of the solution to elliptic boundary problem
Authors: Ramm Alexander G.
Published: January 2016

There are several methods for proving the existence of the solution to the elliptic boundary problem \(Lu=f \text{in} D,\quad u|_S=0,\quad    (*)\). Here L is an elliptic operator of second order, f is a given function, and uniqueness of the solution to problem (*) is assumed. The known methods for proving the existence of the solution to (*) include variational methods, integral equation methods, method of upper and lower solutions. In this paper a method based on functional analysis is proposed. This method is conceptually simple. It requires some a priori estimates and a continuation in a parameter method, which is well-known.
Logarithmic gradient estimates to a Monge-Ampere Type equation on \(S^n\)
Authors: Ye Yunhua
Published: January 2016

Monge-Ampere type equations arise naturally from many geometric problems. In this paper, we are concerned with one of these Monge-Ampere type equations on  dimensional sphere \(S^n\) and obtain logarithmic gradient estimate by using Bernstein technique.
Simple explanation for the ‘cosmological red-shift’ and it’s evidence
Authors: Tank Hasmukh
Published: January 2016

We first find here that the ratio of: (loss in energy of cosmologically red-shifting photon) and (loss in electrostatic potential-energy of an electron at the same distance D) remains equal to the famous ratio (G me mp) / e2 leading us towards a possibility that ‘cosmological red-shift’ may be due to gravitational effect. Also the ratio h H0 / me c2= (G me mp) / e2. So we consider three different possibilities how the reduction in energy of the photon can be understood in terms of gravitational effects; namely: (i) absorption and re-emission of intergalactic photons by the ‘virtual particles’ in space, (ii) photons have to climb the gravitational potential well produced by their own energy, and (iii) the quantum jumps of the photons causing repeated productions and collapses of gravitational fields giving rise to gravitational waves or ripples. For the purpose of comparison we express the ‘cosmological red shift’ as deceleration of the photon. Then it is argued that if such a deceleration is true for a chunk of energy called photon, then it must be true for every particle of matter too. Strikingly, the decelerations experienced by the space-probes Pioneer-10, Pioneer-11, Galileo and Ulysses, as carefully measured by Anderson J.D. ET. Al. match perfectly with the deceleration of the ‘cosmologically red-shifting photons’; thus providing supportive evidence for the simple explanation proposed here.
Family in contemporary society
Authors: Murati Rabije
Published: January 2016

The family is part of social change and, as such changes and transform into steps with modern trends of society. Family function in a given society is structured according to the overall changes that occur in all areas of social life, not neglecting family life. The contemporary conditions impose requirements that must be met to move forward with the times that follow. In particular, should highlight the social changes that are related to the growth and advancement of the educational and professional standards, which will increase the overall impact on the family and its function.

If you're looking for full responsibility of parents in the upbringing of children then it is necessary to see the conditions in which the family lives. For normal education and the rights of children with special meaning the number of members in the (quantity) family. The tendency to a higher standard of economic life, a small number of children in the family and it is more than obvious that fewer family members or less have greater opportunity for parents to pay more attention to their children.

One of the main roles of family, no matter where they are located in the city, village, developed or developing countries, by all means participate, intermediates and transfers the moral, social and other values in modern life.
Austenite Grain Size Estimation in Structural Steels by Linear Section Method / Ocena Wielkości Ziarna Austenitu Metodą Przekrojów Liniowych
Authors: Adrian H. , Wiencek K.
Published: January 2016

Linear section of grains in polyhedral material microstructure is a system of chords on a test line. The mean chord length is the linear grain size of the material. In the prior austenite microstructure of low alloy structural steels, the chord length is a random variable which has the gamma distribution. The distribution parameters are closely related to the austenite linear grain size. Because the sequent chord lengths are statistically independent, the grain size interval estimation (confidence interval) may be performed by the chi-square distribution.
Springback Compensation in Cold Forming Process for High Strength Steel / Kompensacja sprężynowania w procesie formowania stali na zimno
Authors: Bałon P. , Świątoniowski A.
Published: January 2016

Process of metal forming in automotive parts construction becomes more and more demanding due to tightened up tolerance and trials to realize very complex and in many cases unworkable design in mass production. Moreover it is required to cut and limit costs of die production and simultaneously keep high quality. Furthermore, construction elements are more often produced from materials which belong to High Strength Steel or Ultra High Strength Steel. Application of this kind of materials considerably reduces construction mass due to high durability. Nevertheless, it results in appearance of springback effect. Springback value depends mainly on used material as well as part geometry and in extreme cases deviation value from target part might reach in some areas high level. Reduction of implementation time, development of metal components and greater restrictions about designing and producing stamping tools generate extra costs. Designing of dies requires using of appropriate Finite Element Method software to make them more economic and less time-consuming. Therefore analysis of forming process alone is not enough to be taken into account. During the design process it is needed to include the die compensation to reach optimized blank sheet. Prediction of springback effect by tryout method and then correction of deviation is difficult arduous and painstaking. Virtual compensation methods make it possible to receive precise result in a short time. This way gives a huge economic advantage eliminating useless milling and allows to produce of die just in time. Optimization process can relate to individual operation as well as take into consideration intermediate stages in the final result, at the same time increasing the accuracy. Die compensation with software application was experimentally verified by prototype die. Quality requirements regarding products of sheet stamping process are very high due to the technologies of automatic assembly of formed components. Springback, as the main source of drawpieces inaccuracy, is the function of material data, shape of tools and process parameters. Therefore, springback deformation becomes critical problem especially for AHSS steel when the geometry is complex. Hence, it is necessary not only to find springback effect value but also include it during early stage of designing by tooling designers.
Correlations Between Structures of Expanded Graphite – Polymer Composites and Acoustic Emission Phenomena / Korelacje Pomiędzy Strukturą Kompozytów Grafit Ekspandowany-Polimer A Zjawiskami Emisji Akustycznej
Authors: Berdowska A. , Berdowski J. , Aubry F.
Published: January 2016

Compressed expanded graphite was applied as a base matrix to the preparation of microporous composites as products of impregnation, polymerization and carbonization of poly-furfuryl alcohol. During carbonization, the original polymeric structure is transformed into an amorphous turbostratic carbon structure with ultramicropores. The structure, porosity and many chemical and physical properties change after each stage of their technological treatment.

The acoustic emission method was used for accurate determination of these changes. It is possible to determine a large number of acoustic emission parameters and therefore to increase the amount of information provided by the studied materials. Acoustic emission pulses, counts rate, events rate, signal peak value and their sums were measured. Also frequency spectrum was received as a result of acoustic emission signal analysis with use of Fourier transformation procedure. The conclusions resulting from the Fourier analysis of the registered spectrum are very interesting and provide information about composite structures as well as bonds between the graphite matrix and the polymer that fills it. Analysis of acoustic emission parameters provides data on physical and chemical processes that would be very difficult to study by means of other techniques. Wide applications of these porous composites make them very interesting subject of the study.
Stability of a Lamellar Structure – Effect of the True Interlamellar Spacing on the Durability of a Pearlite Colony / Stabilność Struktury Płytkowej – Wpływ Rzeczywistej Odległości Międzypłytkowej Na Trwałość Kolonii Perlitu
Authors: Czarski A. , Skowronek T. , Matusiewicz P.
Published: January 2016

A lamellar microstructure is, beside a granular and dispersive one, the most frequently observed microstructure in the case of metal alloys. The most well-known lamellar microstructure is pearlite, a product of a eutectoidal transformation in the Fe-Fe3C system. The lamellar morphology of pearlite - cementite and ferrite lamellae placed interchangeably within one structural unit described as a colony - is dominant. The durability of the lamellar morphology is much diversified: in the microstructure of spheroidizingly annealed samples, one can observe areas in which the cementite is thoroughly spheroidized, next to very well-preserved cementite lamellae or even whole colonies of lamellar pearlite. The mentioned situation is observed even after long annealing times. The causes of such behaviour can vary. The subject of the previous work of the authors was the effect of the orientation between the ferrite and the cementite on the stability of the lamellar morphology. This work constitutes a continuation of the mentioned paper and it concerns the effect of the true interlamellar spacing on the stability of the lamellar morphology of cementite.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Phase Transformations in Welding Processes / Badania Numeryczne I Doświadczalne Przemian Fazowych W Procesach Spawania
Authors: Piekarska W.
Published: January 2016

The paper concerns the mathematical and numerical modeling of phase transformations in solid state occurring during welding. The analysis of the influence of heating rate, cooling rate and maximum temperatures of thermal cycles on the kinetics of phase transformations is presented. On the basis of literature data and experimental studies the evaluation of classic mathematical and numerical models of phase transformation is presented with respect to the advanced methods of welding by using a high speed and a high power heat source. The prediction of the structure composition in laser welded butt-joint made of S460 steel is performed, where phase transformations are calculated on the basis of modified numerical models. Temperature distributions are determined as well as the shape and size of fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ). Temperature field is obtained by the solution of transient heat transfer equation with convective term and external volumetric heat source taken into account. Latent heat of fusion, evaporation and heats generated during phase transformations in solid state are considered in the numerical algorithm due to the large temperature range present in analyzed process. Results of the numerical prediction of structure composition in HAZ are presented in this work. Obtained results of computer simulations are compared to experimental research performered on the laser welded joint.
Corrosion Damage Investigation of Silver-Soldered Stainless Steel Orthodontic Appliances Used in Vivo / Ocena Zniszczeń Korozyjnych Używanych In Vivo Stałych Aparatów Ortodontycznych O Połączeniach Lutowanych Na Bazie Srebra
Authors: Łępicka M. , Grądzka-Dahlke M. , Szarmach I.
Published: January 2016

Processes of destruction of products used in orthodontic treatment, e.g. fixed orthodontic appliances, microimplants or dental prostheses considerably limit its operational lifetime and comfort and safety of patients. The objective of the research was to evaluate and assess corrosion damage to silver-soldered stainless steel rapid palatal expansion Hyrax devices. Used in vivo for 2 or 6 months, respectively, RPE (rapid palatal expansion) devices were analyzed macroscopically and in a scanning electron microscope with an energy X-ray analyzer for signs of corrosion. The evaluated appliances showed discernible differences between the overall condition of the noble solders and the stainless steel elements. The Ag-rich solders were chiefly covered in corrosion pits, whereas stainless steel wires, molar bands and Hyrax screws presented corrosion-free surfaces. What is more, the EDS analysis showed differential element composition of the solders. According to the results, noble materials, such as Ag-rich solders, can corrode in a salivary environment when coupled with stainless steel. The selective leaching processes are observed.
Properties of Aluminium-Ceramic Composite with Glassy Carbon as Solid Lubricant Designed for Automotive Applications / Właściwości Kompozytu Aluminiowo Ceramicznego Zawierajacego Węgiel Szklisty Jako Smar Stały Przeznaczonego Dla Motoryzacji
Authors: Posmyk A. , Myalski J. , Wistuba H.
Published: January 2016

The paper presents some basic information on manufacturing, structure and selected properties of a new hybrid composite with an aluminium alloy matrix elaborated for automotive applications. A porous oxide ceramics constitute the reinforcing phase of the composite and glassy carbon plays the role of a solid lubricant. The properties of a composite, which contains exclusively a ceramic reinforcing phase and a hybrid composite with porous ceramics and glassy carbon, have been compared. The composite with glassy carbon, obtained by the application of new method, features uniform carbon distribution upon ceramics walls which significantly influences its tribological properties. The friction in air coefficient of a hybrid composite sliding against grey cast iron is 0.12, whereas in the case of a composite containing exclusively ceramics sliding against cast iron it amounts to 0.3.
Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Induction and Vacuume Brazed Joint of Titanium Via Copper and Ag-Cu Eutectic Filler Metal / Mikrostruktura I Właściwości Mechaniczne Połączeń Tytanu Lutowanych Indukcyjnie I Próżniowo Z Użyciem Spoiwa Miedzianego I Eutektycznego Ag-Cu
Authors: Różański M. , Majewski D. , Krasnowski K.
Published: January 2016

This study presents the basic physico-chemical properties and describes the brazeability of titanium. The work contains the results of macro and microscopic metallographic examination as well as the results of strength-related tests of vacuum and induction brazed joints made of Grade 2 technical titanium using the Cu 0.99 and Ag 272 filler metal interlayers and F60T flux intended for titanium brazing in the air atmosphere.
Effect of Boron Sinter-Aid on the Microstructure and Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel- TIB2 Composites / Wpływ Dodatku Boru Na Mikrostrukturę I W Łaściwosci Kompozytów Stal Austenityczna-TIB2
Authors: Sulima I. , Jaworska L. , Karwan-Baczewska J.
Published: January 2016

In the work, the effect the boron addition on the microstructure and properties of the composites with austenitic steel of matrix was investigated. The composites were consolidated using the high pressure-high temperature (HP-HT) method. Two composite types were fabricated, i.e. steel with 8 vol.% TiB2 and steel with 8 vol.% TiB2 and 1 vol.% boron. Density of sintered materials was measured according to the Archimedes principle. Mechanical properties were determined by Vickers microhardness and compression test. The wear resistance was investigeted using ball-on-disc method. The microstructure of composites was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope.

The results show that the boron addition and sintering parameters have influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites. Materials are characterized by very high density. The composites with boron exhibited higher Young’s modulus and microhardness in comparison with the properties of composites without boron addition.
The Mechanism of Corrosion of Steel 304L in the Presence of Copper in Industrial Installations / Mechanizm Korozji Stali Austenitycznej 304L W Obecności Miedzi W Instalacjach Przemysłowych
Authors: Lachowicz M. M. , Lachowicz M. B.
Published: January 2016

This paper presents the mechanism of corrosion of austenitic steel in the presence of copper. It has been found that when corrosion occurs, the presence of copper in the corrosive solution in the neighbourhood of austenitic steel results in the intensification of the corrosion processes. In the macroscopic scale, austenitic steel constitutes a cathode, but since copper precipitates can deposit on it, the steel can locally pass to the active state and become an anode in the places where copper deposited, which leads to its local corrosion due to galvanic corrosion.
Evaluation of the Possibility of Applying Spatial 3D Imaging Using X-Ray Computed Tomography Reconstruction Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Multiphase Materials / Rentgenowska Analiza Ilościowa Materiałów Wielofazowych Z Wykorzystaniem Przestrzennego Obrazowania (3D) Przy Użyciu Metod Rekonstrukcji Tomografii Komputerowej
Authors: Matysik P. , Chojnacki M. , Jóźwiak S. , Czujko T. , Lipiński S.
Published: January 2016

In this paper the possibility of using X-ray computed tomography (CT) in quantitative metallographic studies of homogeneous and composite materials is presented. Samples of spheroidal cast iron, Fe-Ti powder mixture compact and epoxy composite reinforced with glass fibers, were subjected to comparative structural tests. Volume fractions of each of the phase structure components were determined by conventional methods with the use of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) quantitative analysis methods. These results were compared with those obtained by the method of spatial analysis of the reconstructed CT image. Based on the comparative analysis, taking into account the selectivity of data verification methods and the accuracy of the obtained results, the authors conclude that the method of computed tomography is suitable for quantitative analysis of several types of structural materials.
Modelling of Change in Density of Nodular Cast Iron During Solidification Using Cellular Automaton / Modelowanie Zmian Gęstości Żeliwa Sferoidalnego Podczas Krystalizacji Za Pomocą Automatu Komórkowego
Authors: Wróbel M. , Burbelko A. , Gurgul D.
Published: January 2016

Density change occurring in ductile iron castings is a phenomenon far more complicated than in other casting alloys. Initially, graphite nodules grow directly from liquid phase. That is the reason for decrease in alloy density and casting expansion. Decaying carbon concentration in liquid phase adjacent to graphite nodules favours growth of austenite, which covers them isolating from the liquid. In order for graphite to grow further diffusion of carbon through thickening solid solution layer is needed. At this time expansion fades and shrinkage begins. Industrial experience shows that whether or not shrinkage defects in ductile iron castings will occur depends on wall thickness.

In the paper an attempt to identify mechanism of shrinkage porosity formation in nodular iron castings during solidification was made. To that end a two-dimension simulation of binary Fe-C system solidification by cellular automaton method was carried out. Using data obtained with Thermo-CALC software, dependencies of temperature on density for each present phase were determined. For liquid phase and austenite influence of carbon concentration on density was also appended. Applying those relationships to the model, density of each individual cell of used grid as well as mean value for whole analysed region were assessed. The method allowed to consider volume fractions of phases and heterogeneity of solid and liquid solutions to find the mean density of the material.

The paper presents results of computer simulation of nodular iron density change, with eutectic saturation of 0,9 to 1,1.
The Effect of Water Acrylate Dispersion on the Properties of Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites / Wpływ Wodnej Dyspersji Akrylanowej Na Właściwości Kompozytów Polimer-Nanorurki Węglowe
Authors: Zygoń P. , Gwoździk M. , Peszke J. , Nitkiewicz Z.
Published: January 2016

The paper presents properties of polymer composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT) containing various mixtures of dispersion. Acrylates of different particle size and viscosity were used to produce composites. The mechanical strength of composites was determined by three-point bending tests. The roughness parameter of composites was determined with a profilometer and compared with the roughness parameter determined via atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also X-ray studies (phase composition analysis, crystallite sizes determination) were carried out on these composites. Measurements of the surface topography using the Tapping Mode method were performed, acquiring the data on the height and on the phase imaging. The change of intensity, crystallite size and half-value width of main reflections originating from carbon within the composites have been determined using the X-ray analysis. The density of each obtained composite was determined as well as the resistivity at room temperature. The density of composites is quite satisfactory and ranges from 0.27 to 0.35 g/cm3. Different composites vary not only in strength but also in density. Different properties were achieved by the use of various dispersions. Carbon nanotubes constituting the reinforcement for a polymer composite improve the mechanical properties and conductivity composite.
The Influence of Geometrical Parameters in Socket - Pin Connections on the Value of Opening Force / Wpływ Parametrów Geometrycznych W Połączeniach Typu Gniazdo - Trzpień Na Wartość Siły Otwierającej
Authors: Sadowski T. , Golewski P.
Published: January 2016

The paper presents an analysis of the influence of a number of technological aspects of both the socket and the pin on the value of the force required for joint disconnection. A number of numerical simulations were made in Abaqus program to examine effects of such parameters as: presence of an interference fit, use of spherical latches, application of different rigidity of the pin by making cuts with variable width and length, use of different angles of inclination of the working part of the connection. Models of different simple joints presented in this work, can also operate in large structures forming panels of aircraft structures. For this purpose one of the analyzed geometry of the connection was applied to create a 3-D panel model of the structural element in CAD - SolidWorks program. All analysed models with different geometries were subjected to simulation of opening process. The corresponding critical forces were estimated for the beginning of the failure process. The detailed discussion of all model parameters was included to specify their influence on the whole disconnection of joints. It should be noted that aerospace structures work under complex loading states and further numerical studies are required to extend the presented results.
The Numerical Analysis of the Phenomena of Superficial Hardening of the Hot-Work Tool Steel Elements / Analiza Numeryczna Zjawisk Przypowierzchniowego Hartowania Elementów Ze Stali Narzędziowej Do Pracy Na Gorąco
Authors: Bokota A. , Kulawik A. , Szymczyk R. , Wróbel J.
Published: January 2016

In the paper the complex model of hardening of the hot-work tool steel is presented. Model of estimation of phase fractions and their kinetics is based on the continuous heating diagram (CHT) and cooling diagram (CCT). Phase fractions which occur during the continuous heating and cooling (austenite, pearlite or bainite) are described by Johnson-Mehl (JM) formula. To determine of the formed martensite the modified Koistinen-Marburger (KM) equation is used. Model takes into account the thermal, structural, plastic strains and transformation plasticity. To calculate the plastic strains the Huber-Mises plasticity condition with isotopic hardening is used. Whereas to determine transformations induced plasticity the Leblond model is applied. The numerical analysis of phase compositions and residual stresses in the hot-work steel (W360) element is considered.
Skew Bending of Aircraft Fuselage Panels with “L” and “C” Stringers Mounted by Hybrid Joint / Ukośne Zginanie Poszycia Samolotu Z U Sztywnieniami Typu “L” I “C”, Mocowanymi Za Pomocą Złącza Hybrydowego
Authors: Sadowski T. , Golewski P.
Published: January 2016

A section of fuselage skin with dimension 30 x 200 mm was subjected to numerical study and loaded by skew bending (Fig. 3). The thickness of the skin was 0,6 mm, the length of a leg of an angle “L” profile stringer was 12 mm with 1mm thickness. The angle of inclination α of the load plane to the skin plane varies in the range from 10° to 90° with 10° increment. The elastic - plastic material model of D16T aluminum alloy was used in simulations of the fuselage skin as well as for “L” and “C” profile stringers. In the material model description damage of aluminum alloy was taken into account. An adhesive layer with thickness of 0,1mm was modeled using cohesive elements with the failure mode depending on the shear strength and the tensile strength.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the considered structural elements with application of the unsymmetrical “L” profile or the symmetrical “C” profile with the same cross section area.

All numerical studies were performed in Abaqus program. Finally, one can conclude that the stiffness of the structural element with application of the symmetrical “C” profile stringer is stronger, whereas the mechanical response of both versions of the hybrid joint significantly depends on the angle of load inclination α.
Backward Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy Sections Used in Aircraft Structural Components / Wyciskanie Przeciwbieżne Kształtowników Ze Stopów Aluminium Stosowanych Na Elementy Konstrukcji Lotniczych
Authors: Pawłowska B. , Śliwa R.E.
Published: January 2016

The paper presents an analysis of selected aluminum alloys as structural materials used in production of aircraft parts as well as specification of technological parameters of Al alloys extrusion on a backward press with their effect on mechanical properties, microstructure and quality of the final product. Upsetting tests with backward extrusion complex cross-sectional profile tests were conducted on aluminum alloys 7075, 2024, 2099. Based on the results, specifications of forging in the form of unit stress - effective strain relations were determined using logarithmic deformation index, allowing proper choice of extrusion parameters. The range of temperatures for hot plastic treatment along with range of extrusion rate for the analyzed thin-walled aircraft profiles were determined. Tests were also conducted on the microstructure of Al alloys in the initial state as well as after the extrusion process had been completed. It has been proved that the proper choice of parameters in the case of a specific profile extruded from Aluminum alloys 2024, 7075, 2099, allows the manufacturing of products of complex crosssections and the quality required in aerospace industry. This has been demonstrated on the example of complex cross-sectional profiles using elements of varied wall thickness.
The Influence of Impeller Geometry on the Gas Bubbles Dispersion in Uro-200 Reactor – RTD Curves / Wpływ Rodzaju Wirnika Na Dyspersję Pęcherzyków Gazowych W Reaktorze URO-200 – Krzywe Mieszania
Authors: Saternus M. , Merder T. , Pieprzyca J.
Published: January 2016

URO-200 reactor belongs to batch reactors used in refining process of aluminium and its alloys in polish foundries. The appropriate level of hydrogen removal from liquid aluminium can be obtained when the mixing of inert gas bubbles with liquid metal is uniform. Thus, the important role is played by the following parameters: flow rate of refining gas, geometry of the impeller, rotary impeller speed.

The article presents the results of research conducted on physical model of URO-200 reactor. The NaCl tracer was introduced to water (modelling liquid aluminium) and then the conductivity was measured. Basing on the obtained results the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves were determined. The measurements were carried out for two different rotary impellers, flow rate equaled 5, 10, 15 and 20 dm3/min and rotary impeller speed from 250 to 400 rpm every 50 rpm.
Iron-Ore Sintering Process Optimization / Optymalizacja Procesu Aglomeracji Rudy Żelaza
Authors: Fröhlichová M. , Ivanišin D. , Mašlejová A. , Findorák R. , Legemza J.
Published: January 2016

The work deals with examination of the influence of the ratio between iron ore concentrate and iron ore on quality of produced iron ore sinter. One of the possibilities to increase iron content in sinter is the modification of raw materials ratio, when iron ore materials are added into sintering mixture. If the ratio is in favor of iron ore sinter, iron content in resulting sintering mixture will be lower. If the ratio is in favor of iron ore concentrate and recycled materials, which is more finegrained, a proportion of a fraction under 0.5 mm will increase, charge permeability property will be reduced, sintering band performance will decrease and an occurrence of solid particulate matter in product of sintering process will rise. The sintering mixture permeability can be optimized by increase of fuel content in charge or increase of sinter charge moisture. A change in ratio between concentrate and iron ore has been experimentally studied. An influence of sintering mixture grain size composition, a charge grains shape on quality and phase composition on quality of the produced iron sinter has been studied.