bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sor Juana y la cosmología barroca: "Primero sueño"
Authors: González Echevarría Roberto
Published: March 2017

El texto que sigue aprovecha el trabajo que he publicado sobre el barroco y, en especial, mi ensayo “Lírica colonial,” que aparece en la Historia de la literatura hispanoamericana, que Gredos publicó en el 2006, y que había aparecido en su versión original inglesa en la Cambridge History of Latin American Literature, de 1996. También retomo algunas de las ideas de Celestina´s Brood: Continuities of the Baroque in Spanish and Latin American Literature, que se publicó en España como La prole de Celestina. Pero aquí aspiro a ir más lejos al concentrarme en un solo poema de Sor Juana, “Primero sueño”, y utilizar ideas que he ido desarrollando en los últimos diez o quince años. Las más recientes forman parte de un libro en marcha sobre el infinito y la improvisación del que ya han aparecido algunos adelantos sobre Cervantes y Calderón. Hay otro sobre Lope en camino.
Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834-1893): mediador cultural de la vida literaria (México: 1867-1889)
Authors: Bedoya Sánchez Gustavo Adolfo
Published: March 2017

Este ensayo examina las características culturales que posibilitaron la vida literaria mexicana de mediados y finales del siglo XIX. Se centra en la figura de Ignacio Manuel Altamirano como crítico y promotor de las instituciones literarias de la época, a saber: las tertulias y cofradías, las publicaciones periódicas, la edición de libros, la traducción y lectura crítica de la literatura, en últimas, la especialización del escritor y la formación del lector, todo ello bajo los parámetros del nacionalismo liberal mexicano, durante el periodo conocido como Reforma.
Para una poética del espacio (la casa) en el cuento latinoamericano de los 60 a nuestros días: Julio Ramón Ribeyro, Julio Cortázar y Cecilia Eudave
Authors: Valero Juan Eva
Published: March 2017

El estudio de la simbología del espacio sigue siendo un eje de especial relevancia por su potencial para arrojar luz sobre los derroteros de la literatura. La selección de tres cuentos paradigmáticos en la construcción del espacio de una casa, vs. el espacio exterior –“Casa tomada” (1946) de Julio Cortázar, “Los gallinazos sin plumas” (1954) de Julio Ramón Ribeyro, y “Eva entró por la ventana” (2010) de Cecilia Eudave– en relación a la cuestión existencial e identitaria, resulta un ejemplo revelador para estudiar desde este ángulo el proceso evolutivo del cuento hispanoamericano desde los años 60 a nuestros días. Desde Argentina, Perú y México, y distanciados por medio siglo en los años de publicación de los mismos –los de Cortázar y Ribeyro con respecto al de Eudave–, estos cuentos son significativos del diálogo que se establece desde la actualidad con la tradición cuentística hispanoamericana, en concreto con dos de sus exponentes más destacados en la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
Las historias de García Márquez; su vinculación con los patrones simbólicos y el cambio en la percepción de la realidad a través del contenido metafórico	de los relatos
Authors: Leo Julieta
Published: March 2017

En este estudio se pretende descubrir si es posible establecer vínculos entre la teoría científica y la concepción literaria para identificar en qué medida se relacionan los sueños y las historias y si esta relación repercute de algún modo en los receptores. Para este ejercicio se emplearon el cuento “Un señor muy viejo con alas enormes” (1968) de Gabriel García Márquez y el video Losing my religion (1991) del grupo estadounidense REM. A partir del análisis y las observaciones hechas para este estudio, se expone que el ser humano tiene la capacidad para acceder a un estado de trance y que otros pueden emplear técnicas para hacerlos entrar en él. Se plantea que más allá de las imágenes que crea o se le presentan al sujeto, existe la posibilidad de completar los propios patrones simbólicos para adquirir otra perspectiva de la realidad.
Reescrituras de las Danzas de la Muerte en Óscar Hahn y Leopoldo María Panero
Authors: Aldunate Flores Pedro
Published: March 2017

En el presente artículo se estudian las reescrituras de las Danzas de la Muerte en los poemas “Danza de la muerte” y “Venid a la danza mortal” del chileno Óscar Hahn y en el poemario Danza de la muerte del español Leopoldo María Panero. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar qué elementos del género se conservan, qué transformaciones se perciben y qué sentido tendrían estas reescrituras postmodernas de las danzas medievales de la muerte. Se caracteriza el contexto de enunciación de estas danzas como neomedieval, desde el pensamiento de Umberto Eco.
Cortázar, Fuentes y Molina en los confines de lo humano: tres cuentos de vampiros
Authors: Martínez Díaz Alicia Nila
Published: March 2017

La figura del vampiro en la literatura hispanoamericana constituye una constante. Su permanencia a través de los siglos dentro de las letras del subcontinente americano invita a preguntarse por el lugar que ocupa este arquetipo gótico en el imaginario de los escritores latinoamericanos contemporáneos. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto de estudio la figura del vampiro en los cuentos de “Reunión con un círculo rojo” (Julio Cortázar, 1977) “Vlad” (Carlos Fuentes, 2004) y “La máscara del dios vampiro” (Mauricio Molina, 2006). A través del análisis de estos relatos se lleva a cabo un análisis de la representación de la figura del vampiro en la literatura hispanoamericana contemporánea. Asimismo, se examinan las estrategias textuales utilizadas por cada uno de estos autores para plasmar su visión del mismo, así como la significación que el mito vampírico reviste para cada uno de ellos. En último término, se postulan algunas de las posibles claves que explicarían su preeminencia en la cultura contemporánea.
Creative Problem Solving Styles and Personality Types in Macau College Students: A Canonical Correlation Analysis
Authors: Tsai Kuan-Chen
Published: March 2017

Within the existing creativity-training programs, the Creative Problem Solving (CPS) model may be the most effective tool for facilitating individual creativity. Among various factors that influence individuals’ creative performance, personality is widely considered one of most important factors. By far the most popular measure of personality types is the MBTI; unsurprisingly, the relationship between the MBTI and creativity has been extensively studied. However, relatively little research has touched on the relation between personality types and CPS. The purpose of this study was to use the KTS II as its instrument for measuring personality types, and FourSight as its instrument for measuring CPS styles. In our Macau business undergraduates, canonical correlation analysis shows that a link exists between personality types and CPS styles, and that this link is not gender-dependent. However, the variable thinking is the only valid and influential predictor of the canonical function. It is apparent that more empirical investigations are needed to confirm our findings.
Software Design for Low-Latency Visuo-Auditory Sensory Substitution on Mobile Devices
Authors: Ambard Maxime
Published: March 2017

Visuo-auditory sensory substitution devices transform a video stream into an audio stream to help visually impaired people in situations where spatial information is required, such as avoiding moving obstacles. In these particular situations, the latency between an event in the real world and its auditory transduction is of paramount importance. In this article, we describe an optimized software architecture for low-latency video-to-audio transduction using current mobile hardware. We explain step-by-step the required computations and we report the corresponding measured latencies. The whole latency is approximately 65 ms with a capture resolution of 160 × 120 at 30 frames-per-second and 1000 sonified pixels per frame.
Mood Structure Analysis and Thematisation Patterns in Niyi Osundare’s “My Lord, Tell Me Where to Keep Your Bribe”
Authors: Dahunsi Toyese Najeem , Babatunde Sola Timothy
Published: March 2017

One of the theories that seek to unravel how the human language functions is the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). SFG achieves its uniqueness by seeking to develop a theory about language as a social process and an analytical methodology for detailed and systematic description of language patterns (Eggins, 2004). Given its suitability for the analysis of any text, SFG was used in this study for the analysis of the poem “My Lord, Tell Me Where to Keep Your Bribe”. Though SFG shows how three different strands of meanings (ideational, interpersonal and textual) are expressed in the structures of clauses, the focus of analysis was on the grammar of textual and interpersonal meanings, hence the thematic and Mood structure analyses of the poem. The thematisation patterns identified in the poem included the use of textual themes (for inter-clause cohesive purposes), interpersonal themes (for the assignment of Mood labels to clauses) and topical themes, which altogether enabled the poet bring into thematic prominence the major issues of worry to an average Nigerian who had always thought judges and the courts of law should be immune from corruption. The Mood structure analysis showed the poet’s conscious choices of the indicative Mood, with alternating options of interrogative and declarative clause types. Overall, the SFG-based analysis showed how the poet made conscious paradigmatic choices and arranged them into linear (syntagmatic) structures to make the different meanings conveyed in the poem.
Exploring Buyer Motivation to Improve Management, Marketing, Sales, and Finance Practices in the Martial Arts Industry
Authors: Thomas Jason Earl
Published: March 2017

The martial arts industry is experiencing immense growth, creating a highly competitive environment where challenges in attracting and retaining customers cause substantial losses and an inability to compete effectively. Customer memberships are the primary revenue source for fitness firms. Understanding buyer motivation is essential for marketing message creation and product development to attract and retain customers. The purpose of this qualitative, exploratory, single-case study was to investigate parent purchase motivation for children’s martial arts classes and to document internal buying motives in order to address the problem of acquiring and retaining customers in the commercialized martial arts industry. The study sample consisted of seven parents, two instructors, and two owners. The data collection methods were semistructured interviews comprising open-ended questions. Interviews were analyzed using NVivo® qualitative analysis software to code and analyze themes. The semistructured interviews identified 10 themes. Three new themes emerged—ease of participation, alternative to team sports, and convenience. Study findings contribute to the theory of planned behavior and theories used to predict purchase behavior. Recommendations for practice include refinements of product offerings and marketing messages and the creation of a new market segment, resulting in customer alignment and increased ability to attract and retain customers. Future research is recommended to replicate this study in other geographies, to use the data gathered in this study to seed qualitative research studies, and to weigh the relative influence of the three types of behaviors influencing intention in the theory of planned behavior.
The Contribution of Scientific Project Competitions upon High School Students’ Acquiring a Scientific Viewpoint (Geography Lesson Case)
Authors: Meydan Ali
Published: March 2017

Scientific research projects competitions for high school students have been held by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) since 1969. Whereas only projects on science were taken into the scope of competition for long years, the projects appropriate to the interdisciplinary approach such as social sciences projects and values education have been started to be included beside science broadening the range since 2000s. In projects, it has been aimed to encourage students studying at high school grade for carrying out studies on basic, social and applied sciences, directing their studies and providing contribution upon the development of current scientific studies. The required qualification is projects’ being originated and developed from own knowledge, skill and original thoughts of the students, and being completed by the support of a counselor.Geography has started to be included in scientific project competitions since 2011. In this research, it was aimed to reveal the importance of secondary education students’ scientific project competitions upon their gaining a scientific point of view depending upon the branch of geography. In the research, case study design as one of the qualitative research methods was used. The study group of the research included 38 geography teachers carrying on their duties in Nevsehir province in 2015-2016 academic year. Semi-structured interview technique was used as data collection tool, and the data were analyzed using content analysis method. Obtained quantitative data were digitized, their frequency and percentage were obtained and interpreted.In the research, it was concluded that participating into scientific project competitions was very beneficial in terms of students, developed viewpoint of students in terms of various aspects, most of the geography teachers considered that the institutions they carried on their duties were adequate for students’ developing projects, teachers considered themselves competent for guiding students during the process of preparing the project, and preparing a project provided significant benefits and experiences for the future of students.
The Effect of Service Quality on Satisfaction apropos Service Recipients of Divisional Secretariats in Colombo District in Sri Lanka
Authors: Nilwala Nayanananda , Gunawardana Kennedy , Fernando R. S. Lalitha
Published: March 2017

A vast array of knowledge has been accumulated on the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction, particularly with a large number of studies over the past few years. However, the effect of service quality on satisfaction of service recipients in Divisional Secretariats in the Public Sector is relatively an unattended area by researchers. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of service quality on satisfaction of service recipients of divisional secretariats. This particular organization was selected for the study as it is considered to be the most significant service provider in terms of statutory, social, economic and development in the country. A questionnaire survey and personal interviews were conducted to collect data by using the purposive sampling method. A modified questionnaire was prepared based on SERVQUAL instruments with two additional questions. A sample of 520 service recipients from 13 Divisional Secretariats in Colombo was drawn and it was represented by 40 from each division. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to examine the relative impact of the service quality on satisfaction of service recipients. The study revealed that all the service quality attributes positively related to satisfaction of the service recipients. The findings of the study show that satisfaction of service recipients in terms of service quality has not met the expected level, which a divisional secretariat is deemed to provide for.
Problem finansowania innowacyjnych projektów. Działalność przedsiębiorstw sektora transportowego w Polsce wschodniej
Authors: Szopik-Depczyńska Katarzyna , Stajniak Maciej , Kędzierska-Szczepaniak Angelika
Published: March 2017

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Quadrilaterals: Diagonals and Area
Authors: McGraw Rebecca
Published: March 2017

Students investigate geometric relationships using such strategies as dissecting-and-rearranging.
What is “Repeated Reasoning” in MP 8?
Authors: Goldenberg E. Paul , Carter Cynthia J. , Mark June , Nikula Johannah , Spencer Deborah B.
Published: March 2017

Algebra students benefit from the learned habit of looking for and expressing regularity in repeated reasoning.
Teaching Inductive Reasoning with Puzzles
Authors: Wanko Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2017

Engage your students with four types of language-independent logic puzzles.
Alphabet Soup
Authors: Rebholz Joachim A.
Published: March 2017

Students are challenged to decide which letters can be modeled as the graph of a function.
What's in a Cube?
Authors: Koehne Christina , Starkey Christina , Namakshi Nama , Bhattacharyya Sonalee
Published: March 2017

As teachers, we are constantly looking for rich problem-solving tasks that connect different areas of mathematics, capture the interest of our students, and convey the true richness and diversity of the subject (Namakshi et al. 2015). Our activity focuses on exploring patterns in an n × n × n cube. Since most students are familiar with Rubik's® Cube and may have seen or played with one before, this activity ties in with an object familiar and interesting to them.
Function Transformations and the Desmos Activity Builder
Authors: Orr Jon
Published: March 2017

In my classroom, the Desmos® calculator has been a game-changer for student understanding of relationships between graphs and algebraic representations of functions. We use this beautifully designed website every day. Lately, the Desmos class activity site (https://teacher.demos.com) and the new Activity Builder tool have proven especially useful by allowing me to provide my students with opportunities to struggle productively, create, error-check, and think deeply to learn mathematics. Activity Builder is the easiest tool I have found to set up and to run an activity that promotes these ideas in your classroom.
Le projet Andersen de Robert Lepage : (trans-)figurations du soliste démiurgique ou le nouveau théâtre du merveilleux
Authors: David Gilbert , Stasinopoulou Maria
Published: March 2017

Cet article vise à mettre en relief la dramaturgie singulière duProjet Andersende Robert Lepage en comparant notamment la version de 2005 à celle de 2006. Au-delà des nombreux changements repérables dans la fable, c’est la configuration des personnages et des figures en une quête ontologique qui fait toute l’originalité de ce solo polyphonique, marqué par le recours à un large éventail de moyens techniques (costumes, objets, projections, musique, sonorisation, lumière, etc.), tous à même de rehausser et de complexifier le jeu du soliste. Il en résulte une composition fondée sur l’ethosdémiurgique de l’acteur-créateur qui invente un monde où la réflexion sur l’être et le paraître se révèle finalement indissociable d’un appel à l’émerveillement.
The extragalactic gamma-ray sky: A view on the most powerful phenomena in the universe
Authors: Orienti Monica
Published: March 2017

The gamma-ray sky provides a look into the most energetic and violent processes of the universe. In the last years, gamma-ray satellites are scanning the sky for understanding the physics governing the gamma-ray emission. A wealth of information on the physics of the gamma-ray sky has been obtained by gamma-ray satellites orbiting around the Earth. So far, roughly three thousands sources have been detected in gamma-rays, and this number is going to increase as the gamma-ray missions continue to survey the sky. The high energy sky is dominated by extragalactic objects. A large fraction of the detected sources has no obvious counterpart in catalogs at other wavelengths, leaving their nature under debate. This contribution will focus on the extragalactic gamma-ray sky, its properties and processes at work with the aim of discussing the main issues highly debated in the astrophysical community.
Forced migration and internally displaced persons: Latin America and Europe
Authors: Bijos Leila
Published: March 2017

The aim of this research is to analyze immigration and internal displacement focusing on human rights. The analysis will concentrate on conflict induced internal displacement, causes of internal displacement due to environment change, natural disasters, which are in mostof the cases interlinked with political conflicts, causing the forced movement of families .This is an empirical research which critically will examine the changing dynamics of forced displacement and the challenges faced by affected states and the international community.More specifically, it analyzes key developments in immigration policy and practice; it re-examines the contemporary scenario around durable solutions in a context of policy issues related to internally displaced persons and stateless population.
The Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RhopH3 plays essential roles in host cell invasion and nutrient uptake
Authors: Sherling Emma S , Knuepfer Ellen , Brzostowski Joseph A , Miller Louis H , Blackman Michael J , Ooij Christiaan van
Published: March 2017

Merozoites of the protozoan parasite responsible for the most virulent form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, invade erythrocytes. Invasion involves discharge of rhoptries, specialized secretory organelles. Once intracellular, parasites induce increased nutrient uptake by generating new permeability pathways (NPP) including a Plasmodium surface anion channel (PSAC). RhopH1/Clag3, one member of the three-protein RhopH complex, is important for PSAC/NPP activity. However, the roles of the other members of the RhopH complex in PSAC/NPP establishment are unknown and it is unclear whether any of the RhopH proteins play a role in invasion. Here we demonstrate that RhopH3, the smallest component of the complex, is essential for parasite survival. Conditional truncation of RhopH3 substantially reduces invasive capacity. Those mutant parasites that do invade are defective in nutrient import and die. Our results identify a dual role for RhopH3 that links erythrocyte invasion to formation of the PSAC/NPP essential for parasite survival within host erythrocytes.
Survey of owner motivations and veterinary input of owners feeding diets containing raw animal products
Authors: Morgan Stewart K. , Willis Susan , Shepherd Megan L.
Published: March 2017

Background

The practice of feeding of diets containing raw animal products (RAP) to pets (dogs and cats) is discouraged by veterinary organizations and governmental public health organizations. Nevertheless, the practice of feeding RAP to pets is increasing in popularity. Pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets to pets have not been explored and the benefits of RAP diets remain largely anecdotal. We hypothesized that pet owners feeding RAP diets would not rely on veterinary advice in choosing their pet’s diet. We also hypothesized that these owners would have lower levels of trust in veterinary advice with respect to nutrition relative to pet owners not feeding RAP.

Methods

An anonymous web-based survey was developed to identify pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets, and to characterize the veterinarian-client relationships of individuals feeding RAP diets.

Results

There were 2,337 respondents and 2,171 completed surveys. Of survey respondents, 804 reported feeding RAP at the time of the survey. While 20% of pet owners feeding RAP relied on online resources to determine what or how much RAP to feed, only 9% reported consulting with a veterinarian in making decisions about feeding RAP. Pet owners feeding RAP reported lower levels of trust in veterinary advice both ‘in general’ and ‘with respect to nutrition’ than pet owners not feeding RAP. Most pet owners reported that a discussion regarding their pet’s nutrition does not occur at every veterinary appointment.

Discussion

Pet owners feeding a RAP diet have lower trust in veterinary advice than pet owners not feeding a RAP diet. Owners feeding RAP are more reliant on online resources than their own veterinarian in deciding what and how much RAP to feed. Pet owners perceive that nutrition is not discussed at most veterinary appointments. Therefore, there is room for improvement in the veterinarian-client communication with regards to nutrition.
Slab dehydration and earthquake distribution beneath southwestern and central Japan based on three‐dimensional thermal modeling
Authors: Ji Yingfeng , Yoshioka Shoichi
Published: March 2017

We developed a 3‐D thermal convection model to estimate the thermal regime, water content distribution, and slab dehydration beneath southwestern and central Japan, where deep tectonic tremors and short‐term slow slip events (S‐SSEs) are frequently observed on the plate interface extending from the western Shikoku to the Tokai district. The results showed that the pressure‐temperature (P‐T) conditions for the S‐SSEs, deep tectonic tremors, and regular earthquakes indicate that they probably originated from slab dehydration in association with subduction, resulting in a phase transformation from prehnite‐actinolite/lawsonite blueschist to amphibolite with a large thermal gradient. Slab dehydration and the thermal gradient in the dip direction are considered key factors for controlling the seismogenesis of slow and regular earthquakes in the Philippine Sea plate beneath southwestern and central Japan, although the deep tectonic tremors are more complicated because they are likely favored by a comparatively low temperature gradient in southwestern Japan.
A modeling study of the impact of major storms on seabed shear stress and sediment transport on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
Authors: Li Michael Z. , Wu Yongsheng , Han Guoqi , Prescott Robert H. , Tang Charles C. L.
Published: March 2017

Waves, current, and sediment transport processes in major storms on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland were simulated using integrated wave, three‐dimensional tide and circulation, and combined‐flow sediment transport models. While the tidal and nontidal currents are generally low and cause little sediment transport, storm‐induced waves and currents enhance bed shear velocity by more than 5 times and cause significant sediment transport over the entire Grand Banks. The impact of storms on shear stress and transport strongly depends on water depths and the greatest impact occurs over the bathymetric highs on southeastern Grand Bank where the maximum shear velocity reaches 15 cm s−1 and the maximum transport rates are >5 kg m−1 s−1. The direction of sediment transport rotates clockwise progressively through nearly 360° during the passage of a storm. Although peak transport typically occurs on central and southeastern Grand Bank with a southeastward direction, the magnitude, direction, and timing of peak transport show strong spatial and temporal variability. The variability of the peak transport largely depends on the timing and relative intensity of the waves and the total bottom currents which in turn depends on the addition of the storm‐induced and tidal currents. The calculation of the maximum transport potential suggests that sediments as coarse as small pebbles are mobile in water depths <80 m under 1:1 year storms and that medium sand is transported in water depths as deep as 200 m during major storms. Results of the sediment transport models corroborate the observed sediment erosion and accretion patterns.
On the role of sea‐state in bubble‐mediated air‐sea gas flux during a winter storm
Authors: Liang Jun‐Hong , Emerson Steven R. , D'Asaro Eric A. , McNeil Craig L. , Harcourt Ramsey R. , Sullivan Peter P. , Yang Bo , Cronin Meghan F.
Published: March 2017

Oceanic bubbles play an important role in the air‐sea exchange of weakly soluble gases at moderate to high wind speeds. A Lagrangian bubble model embedded in a large eddy simulation model is developed to study bubbles and their influence on dissolved gases in the upper ocean. The transient evolution of mixed‐layer dissolved oxygen and nitrogen gases at Ocean Station Papa (50°N, 145°W) during a winter storm is reproduced with the model. Among different physical processes, gas bubbles are the most important in elevating dissolved gas concentrations during the storm, while atmospheric pressure governs the variability of gas saturation anomaly (the relative departure of dissolved gas concentration from the saturation concentration). For the same wind speed, bubble‐mediated gas fluxes are larger during rising wind with smaller wave age than during falling wind with larger wave age. Wave conditions are the primary cause for the bubble gas flux difference: when wind strengthens, waves are less‐developed with respect to wind, resulting in more frequent large breaking waves. Bubble generation in large breaking waves is favorable for a large bubble‐mediated gas flux. The wave‐age dependence is not included in any existing bubble‐mediated gas flux parameterizations.
Examining impacts of mass‐diameter (m‐D) and area‐diameter (A‐D) relationships of ice particles on retrievals of effective radius and ice water content from radar and lidar measurements
Authors: Ham Seung‐Hee , Kato Seiji , Rose Fred G.
Published: March 2017

Mass‐diameter (m‐D) and projected area‐diameter (A‐D) relations are often used to describe the shape of nonspherical ice particles. This study analytically investigates how retrieved effective radius (reff) and ice water content (IWC) from radar and lidar measurements depend on the assumption of m‐D [m(D) = a Db] and A‐D [A(D) = γ Dδ] relationships. We assume that unattenuated reflectivity factor (Z) and visible extinction coefficient (kext) by cloud particles are available from the radar and lidar measurements, respectively. A sensitivity test shows that reff increases with increasing a, decreasing b, decreasing γ, and increasing δ. It also shows that a 10% variation of a, b, γ, and δ induces more than a 100% change of reff. In addition, we consider both gamma and lognormal particle size distributions (PSDs) and examine the sensitivity of reff to the assumption of PSD. It is shown that reff increases by up to 10% with increasing dispersion (μ) of the gamma PSD by 2, when large ice particles are predominant. Moreover, reff decreases by up to 20% with increasing the width parameter (ω) of the lognormal PSD by 0.1. We also derive an analytic conversion equation between two effective radii when different particle shapes and PSD assumptions are used. When applying the conversion equation to nine types of m‐D and A‐D relationships, reff easily changes up to 30%. The proposed reff conversion method can be used to eliminate the inconsistency of assumptions that made in a cloud retrieval algorithm and a forward radiative transfer model.
An evaluation of real‐time troposphere estimation based on GNSS Precise Point Positioning
Authors: Ding Wenwu , Teferle Felix Norman , Kazmierski Kamil , Laurichesse Denis , Yuan Yunbin
Published: March 2017

It is anticipated that the performance of real‐time (RT) GNSS meteorology can be further improved by incorporating observations from multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. In this paper, an operational RT system for extracting zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) using a modified version of the Precise Point Positioning With Integer and Zero‐difference Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator (PPP‐WIZARD) was established. GNSS, including GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo, observation streams were processed using RT Precise Point Positioning (PPP) strategy based on RT satellite orbit/clock products from the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. An experiment covering 30 days was conducted, in which the observation streams of 20 globally distributed stations were processed. The initialization time and accuracy of the RT troposphere results using single‐system and multisystem observations were evaluated. The effect of PPP ambiguity resolution was also evaluated. Results reveal that RT troposphere estimates based on single‐system observations can both be applied in weather nowcasting, in which the GPS‐only solution is better than the GLONASS‐only solution. The performance can also be improved by PPP ambiguity resolution and utilizing GNSS observations. Specifically, we notice that ambiguity resolution is more effective in improving the accuracy of ZTD, whereas the initialization process can be better accelerated by GNSS observations. Combining all techniques, the RT troposphere results with an average accuracy of about 8 mm in ZTD can be achieved after an initialization process of approximately 8.5 min, which demonstrates superior results for applying GNSS observations and ambiguity resolution for RT meteorological applications.
The characteristics of weakly forced mountain‐to‐plain precipitation systems based on radar observations and high‐resolution reanalysis
Authors: Xiao Xian , Sun Juanzhen , Chen Mingxuan , Qie Xiushu , Wang Yingchun , Ying Zhuming
Published: March 2017

The metropolis of Beijing in China is located on a plain adjacent to high mountains to its northwest and the gulf of the Bohai Sea to its southeast. One of the most challenging forecast problems for Beijing is to predict whether thunderstorms initiating over the mountains will propagate to the adjacent plains and intensify. In this study, 18 warm season convective cases between 2008 and 2013 initiating on the mountains and intensifying on the plains under weak synoptic forcing were analyzed to gain an understanding of their characteristics. The statistical analysis was based on mosaic reflectivity data from six operational Doppler radars and reanalysis data produced by the Four‐Dimensional Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS). The analysis of the radar reflectivity data shows that convective precipitation strengthened on the plains at certain preferred locations. To investigate the environmental conditions favoring the strengthening of the mountain‐to‐plain convective systems, statistical diagnoses of the rapid‐update (12 min) 3 km reanalyses from VDRAS for the 18 cases were performed by computing the horizontal and temporal means of convective available potential energy, convective inhibition, vertical wind shear, and low‐level wind for the plain and mountain regions separately. The results were compared with those from a baseline representing the warm season average and from a set of null cases and found considerable differences in these fields between the three data sets. The mean distributions of VDRAS reanalysis fields were also examined. The results suggest that the convergence between the low‐level outflows associated with cold pools and the south‐southeasterly environmental flows corresponds well with the preferred locations of convective intensification on the plains.
The impact of simulated mesoscale convective systems on global precipitation: A multiscale modeling study
Authors: Tao Wei‐Kuo , Chern Jiun‐Dar
Published: March 2017

The importance of precipitating mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) has been quantified from TRMM precipitation radar and microwave imager retrievals. MCSs generate more than 50% of the rainfall in most tropical regions. MCSs usually have horizontal scales of a few hundred kilometers (km); therefore, a large domain with several hundred km is required for realistic simulations of MCSs in cloud‐resolving models (CRMs). Almost all traditional global and climate models do not have adequate parameterizations to represent MCSs. Typical multiscale modeling frameworks (MMFs) may also lack the resolution (4 km grid spacing) and domain size (128 km) to realistically simulate MCSs. The impact of MCSs on precipitation is examined by conducting model simulations using the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE, a CRM) model and Goddard MMF that uses the GCEs as its embedded CRMs. Both models can realistically simulate MCSs with more grid points (i.e., 128 and 256) and higher resolutions (1 or 2 km) compared to those simulations with fewer grid points (i.e., 32 and 64) and low resolution (4 km). The modeling results also show the strengths of the Hadley circulations, mean zonal and regional vertical velocities, surface evaporation, and amount of surface rainfall are weaker or reduced in the Goddard MMF when using more CRM grid points and higher CRM resolution. In addition, the results indicate that large‐scale surface evaporation and wind feedback are key processes for determining the surface rainfall amount in the GMMF. A sensitivity test with reduced sea surface temperatures shows both reduced surface rainfall and evaporation.
Salutogenic and Biophilic Design as Therapeutic Approaches to Sustainable Architecture
Authors: Mazuch Richard
Published: March 2017

Salutogenic design is all about encouraging active health rather than merely treating illness. Biophilic design is all about engaging with nature to help in the healing process. Here, Richard Mazuch, a healthcare specialist at global design and technology firm IBI Group, presents several of their recent projects around the UK that illustrate these concepts in practice.
Humanist Principles, Sustainable Design and Salutogenics: A New Form of Healthcare Architecture
Authors: Lyon Corbett
Published: March 2017

How can healthcare designers reliably cater for both functional needs and patient wellbeing? An evidence‐based approach is the answer. Corbett Lyon, a founding director of Melbourne‐based practice Lyons, explains how over the last two decades his firm has engaged with all levels of stakeholders – from managers, clinicians and administrators to patients and communities – to produce buildings that are at their service. After spending most of the twentieth century on the sidelines of this area of design, such research is allowing architects to reclaim a central role in a field that affects us all, from hospital facilities to care homes.
Maggie's Architecture: The Deep Affinities Between Architecture and Health
Authors: Jencks Charles
Published: March 2017

The event that sparked off the UK programme of Maggie's Centres for cancer care was one woman's diagnosis with terminal cancer. That woman was Maggie Keswick Jencks. With her husband, the American cultural theorist, landscape architect and architectural historian Charles Jencks, she set about co‐founding the pioneering project that has seen an array of high‐profile international architects design acclaimed buildings where patients can face their diagnoses and undergo treatment in the most comforting and uplifting of environments. Here, Charles Jencks gives his account of the story so far and explains what it is that makes these centres so special.
Role of free surface on gas‐induced liquid mixing in a shallow vessel
Authors: Quiyoom Abdul , Buwa Vivek V. , Ajmani S. K.
Published: March 2017

The present work is carried out to understand the effect of free surface on liquid velocity distribution, dynamics and liquid phase mixing in a shallow basic oxygen furnace (BOF). Three‐dimensional/transient Euler–Lagrange (EL) without/with volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) simulations of dispersed gas–liquid flow in a scaled‐down model of the BOF were performed. For lower H/D ratios, EL simulations performed with no‐slip and free‐slip boundary conditions led to oscillatory plume behavior and higher liquid velocity regions which in turn led to lower mixing time. In contrast, EL + VOF simulations led to reduced meandering motion of bubble plumes and lower liquid velocities resulting in higher mixing times. Interestingly, the mixing time predicted using EL + VOF approach was found to be in a good agreement with the measurements. The results presented in this work show that free surface has a significant effect on dynamics of gas–liquid flow and liquid phase mixing for shallow vessels with H/D ≤ 0.5. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3582–3598, 2017
High altitude agriculture in the Titicaca basin (800 BCE–200 CE): Impacts on nutrition and disease load
Authors: Juengst Sara L. , Hutchinson Dale L. , Chávez Sergio J.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

This study investigates the biological impacts of sedentism and agriculture on humans living in the high altitude landscape of the Titicaca Basin between 800 BCE and CE 200. The transition to agriculture in other global areas resulted in increases in disease and malnutrition; the high altitude of the Titicaca Basin could have exacerbated this. Our objective is to test whether the high altitude of the Titicaca Basin created a marginal environment for early agriculturalists living there, reflected through elevated rates of malnutrition and/or disease.

Methods

To test this, we analyzed human remains excavated from seven archaeological sites on the Copacabana Peninsula for markers of diet and disease. These markers included dental caries, dental abscesses, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, periosteal reactions, osteomyelitis, and linear enamel hypoplasia.

Results

Results showed that markers of diet did not support malnutrition or micronutrient deficiencies but instead, indicated a relatively diverse diet for all individuals. Markers of disease also did not vary significantly but were common, indicating circulation of pathogens or chronic bodily stress.

Conclusions

We interpret these results as an indication that while diets remained nutritious, investment in the landscape exposed populations to issues of sanitation and disease. The high‐altitude of the Titicaca Basin did not exacerbate the biological impacts of agriculture in terms of increased malnutrition. Additionally, disease load was likely related to problems faced by many sedentary groups as opposed to unique challenges posed by high altitude. In sum, despite the high elevation, the Titicaca Basin is not truly a marginal environment for humans.
C(sp2)−C(sp2) Coupling in Water: Palladium(II) Complexes of N‐Pincer Tetradentate Porphyrins as Effective Catalysts
Authors: Rao Kanusu Umamaheswara , Appa Rama Moorthy , Lakshmidevi Jangam , Vijitha Raagala , Rao K. S. V. Krishna , Narasimhulu Manchala , Venkateswarlu Katta
Published: March 2017

A convenient and efficient palladium(II)–porphyrin catalytic system has been developed for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling (SMC) of aryl bromides with potassium aryltrifluoroborate in water. A series of seven different porphyrins and their complexes with palladium (PdII(por)‐1–PdII(por)‐7) were prepared, and screened their catalytic activity in making biaryls through C(sp2)−C(sp2) coupling. Significantly, the present protocol utilizes safe, water‐soluble, and highly stable porphyrins as an alternative to toxic and unstable phosphine ligands. The simple preparation of porphyrins and their complexes, use of moisture‐resistant catalyst, excellent yields of the isolated products, use of eco‐friendly solvent (such as water), and reusability of the catalyst are the notable advantages of this method. This finding uses marginally explored, moisture‐insensitive potassium phenyltrifluoroborates as nucleophiles for SMC. Furthermore, the scope of the method has been demonstrated for the multi‐gram scale preparation of biaryls without any side products.
Ausrichtung amorpher Eisenoxid‐Cluster: ein nichtklassischer Mechanismus für die Magnetitbildung
Authors: Sun Shengtong , Gebauer Denis , Cölfen Helmut
Published: March 2017

Obwohl schon viele Studien auf dem Gebiet der Nukleation und Kristallisation von Eisen(oxyhydr)oxiden durchgeführt wurden, ist die Rolle der Spezies, die sich in den frühen Stadien entwickeln, besonders primäre Cluster und amorphe Übergangspartikel, immer noch schlecht verstanden. Hier wurden sowohl ligandenfreie als auch ligandengeschützte amorphe Eisenoxid‐Cluster (“amorphous iron oxide”, AIO, <2 nm) als Vorstufen für die Magnetitbildung synthetisiert. Durch Tempern können die Cluster zu Magnetitpartikeln kristallisieren, und es wurde festgestellt, dass die AIO‐Bulkphase mit Domänen von vororientierten Clustern eine direkte Vorstufe zum Kristall ist. Dies weist auf einen nichtklassischen aggregationsbasierten Reaktionspfad hin, welcher sich von der bisher berichteten orientierten Anlagerung oder dem Partikelanlagerungsmechanismus unterscheidet.
Two Exceptional Homoleptic Iron(IV) Tetraalkyl Complexes
Authors: Casitas Alicia , Rees Julian A. , Goddard Richard , Bill Eckhard , DeBeer Serena , Fürstner Alois
Published: March 2017

The formation of the high‐valent iron complex [Fe(cyclohexyl)4] from FeII under reducing conditions is best explained by disproportionation of a transient organoiron intermediate which is driven by dispersive forces between the cyclohexyl ligands and the formation of short and strong Fe−C bonds. The (meta)stability of this diamagnetic complex (S=0) is striking if one considers that it has empty d‐orbitals at its disposal and contains, at the same time, no less than twenty H‐atoms available for either α‐ or β‐hydride elimination.
HPCO—A Phosphorus‐Containing Analogue of Isocyanic Acid
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Labbow René , Rennick Chris , Schulz Axel , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: March 2017

We describe the isolation and spectroscopic characterization of the heavier phosphorus‐containing analogue of isocyanic acid (HPCO), and its isotopologue (DPCO). This fundamental small molecule, which has been postulated to exist in interstellar space, has thus far only been observed at low gas phase concentrations or in inert gas matrices. In this report we describe its synthesis, spectroscopic properties, and reactivity in solution.
Harnessing Colloidal Crack Formation by Flow‐Enabled Self‐Assembly
Authors: Li Bo , Jiang Beibei , Han Wei , He Ming , Li Xiao , Wang Wei , Hong Suck Won , Byun Myunghwan , Lin Shaoliang , Lin Zhiqun
Published: March 2017

Self‐assembly of nanomaterials to yield a wide diversity of high‐order structures, materials, and devices promises new opportunities for various technological applications. Herein, we report that crack formation can be effectively harnessed by elaborately restricting the drying of colloidal suspension using a flow‐enabled self‐assembly (FESA) strategy to yield large‐area periodic cracks (i.e., microchannels) with tunable spacing. These uniform microchannels can be utilized as a template to guide the assembly of Au nanoparticles, forming intriguing nanoparticle threads. This strategy is simple and convenient. As such, it opens the possibility for large‐scale manufacturing of crack‐based or crack‐derived assemblies and materials for use in optics, electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, magnetic device, nanotechnology, and biotechnology.
Investigation on compatibility and microstructure of PCBs‐modified asphalt
Authors: Dong Fuqiang , Yu Xin , Chen Jun , Liu Shengjie , Chen Qiao
Published: March 2017

Due to the increasing production of waste Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), there is a strong need to investigate the effective method how to recycle PCBs for protecting the environment. In this study, the PCBs were added to asphalt for preparing the PCBs‐modified asphalt to improve the performance of asphalt. The influences of PCBs on Cole‐Cole plots, segregation index, ratio difference number, and microstructure of modified asphalt were evaluated by storage stability tests, dynamic shear rheometer tests, fluorescence microscopy analysis, and fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, respectively. The results show that addition of PCBs can improve rheological properties of asphalt and the PCBs content has significant influence on the compatibility and microstructure of modified asphalt. The optimum content of PCBs is no more than 10 wt % for the better compatibility and storage stability of PCBs‐modified asphalt. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44798.