bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lawyers and Bureaucrats
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D.
Published: August 2004

Chapters 7 and 8 show how institutional changes can lead to positive results. In Chapter 8, the authors examine the allocation of talent in Japan between the bureaucracy and the legal profession. This chapter both reflects and highlights the general transformation seen to be taking place in Japan, away from informal rules and toward more formal, law‐based institutions. If Japan is moving toward a firmer ‘rule of law’ (putting aside the very thorny question of precisely what that means), one likely consequence is a greater role for lawyers in the economy, and a diminished role for bureaucrats operating by fiat. Examining career choices of elites in Japanese society thus provides a novel way of testing whether the institutional changes observed in the rest of the book are having a real impact on society. Milhaupt and West present dramatic evidence that indeed they are: the cream of the crop in Japan is forsaking the bureaucracy for law.
Mirror‐Image Reversal of Coronal Computed Tomography Scans
Authors: Schmidt Derek , Odland Rick
Published: August 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: Mirror‐image reversal of coronal computed tomography (CT) scans can be a significant problem in patient care, potentially leading to wrong‐sided surgery and malpractice suits. There is no literature describing the problem of mirror‐image reversal of coronal CT scans. Generally, medical errors are not widely published: however, with the emphasis on reduction of errors in medicine, this topic should be openly discussed.

Study Design: Retrospective review of patient care and an assessment of current methods.

Methods: Two cases of mirror‐image reversal of coronal CT scans were reviewed, and the authors found that each case represented a different type of error. In the first case, the error was recognized in the operating room. The second case resulted in wrong‐sided surgery, and a lawsuit was filed. These two separate occurrences led to a review of the methods for determining right versus left side for orienting and labeling of CT scans. Orientation of coronal scans depends on whether the patient is prone or supine. Thus, technician input is required. If a labeling mistake is made, radiologists may not readily catch the mistake because of the symmetry of the head and neck anatomy.

Results: A review of the markings on each scan should provide the otolaryngologist with enough information to determine whether the scan is mislabeled.

Conclusion: The incidence of mislabeled coronal CT scans is unknown. This error can result in inappropriate patient care and lawsuits for wrong‐sided surgery. Awareness of the potential problem and open discussion of interpretation and prevention are necessary.
A Prospective Trial of Sertraline for Chronic Subjective Dizziness
Authors: Staab Jeffrey P. , Ruckenstein Michael J. , Amsterdam Jay D.
Published: August 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: The authors previously reported that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reduce chronic subjective dizziness in patients with and without psychiatric illnesses. To extend those preliminary findings and test the hypothesis that SSRIs may offer a novel treatment for chronic subjective dizziness, the authors conducted a prospective study of sertraline in patients with dizziness for more than 6 months, in the absence of active physical neurotologic illness.

Study Design: Sixteen‐week, prospective, open‐label, flexible‐dose clinical trial.

Methods: Twenty‐four patients with subjective dizziness for more than 6 months and no active physical neurotologic illness were studied. Eighteen patients had major anxiety disorders. Six had minor frustration or worry that did not warrant a psychiatric diagnosis. Sertraline was administered at a daily dose of 25 mg, which was increased to a maximum daily dose of 200 mg. Dizziness, functional impairment, and psychological distress were measured using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Brief Symptom Inventory‐53 (BSI‐53). Treatment outcomes were analyzed using repeated‐measures multivariate analyses of variance, with last observations carried forward.

Results: Three patients were excluded from data analysis for disqualifying medical conditions, one for protocol violations. Fifteen (75%) patients completed treatment. Five (25%) withdrew for adverse effects or lack of efficacy. The median daily dose of sertraline was 100 mg. Sertraline significantly reduced scores on all three DHI subscales and the BSI‐53. Eleven of 15 (73%) patients who completed treatment had a positive response, including 8 of 11 (73%) with major anxiety disorders and 3 of 4 (75%) with no psychopathological conditions. Six patients enjoyed a full remission of symptoms.

Conclusion: Sertraline significantly reduced chronic subjective dizziness in patients without active physical neurotologic illness, including those with and without psychiatric comorbidity.
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Auditory Processing Disorders in Elderly Patients: Preliminary Results
Authors: Cruz Oswaldo Laércio M. , Kasse Cristiane A. , Sanchez Maura , Barbosa Flavio , Barros Flavia A.
Published: August 2004

Objective/Hypothesis: One mechanism associated with degeneration in the elderly is the decrease of neurotransmitters. In the central auditory pathway serotonin, can be found from cochlear nucleus to the auditory cortex, and it constitutes one of the most important neuromodulatory circuits in hearing processing. The present study analyzed the action of citalopram, a selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, in aged patients with normal to moderate sensorineural hearing loss (HL) and low performance on auditory processing.

Study Design/Method: Prospective, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Thirty‐eight selected patients were randomly divided into two groups. Nineteen patients made up group A and received placebo for 60 days. Nineteen patients of Group B received 20 mg per day of citalopram for 60 days. Hearing evaluation was performed initially and after 60 days and included pure‐tone audiometry, speech discrimination test (SDT), emittanciometry (acoustic impedance audiometry), identification of synthetic sentences with an ipsilateral competitive message (SSI/ICM), tests of pitch‐pattern sequences (PPS), and the staggered spondaic words test (SSW).

Results: Comparisons of tests of auditory processing pre‐ and posttreatment in each group showed a statistical improvement in performance on all tests in group B after 2 months of therapy. Comparisons pre‐ and posttreatment between groups showed that patients who received citalopram presented statistically significantly better results in the SSI/ICM test (P < .0001) after treatment. The same comparison in results for the PPS test and the SSW test revealed a tendency (P = .09 and 0.058, respectively) toward better performance in the group receiving citalopram.

Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that the use of citalopram can have a positive impact on auditory processes in elderly patients with low performance in auditory process.
High-resolution synchrotron data collection for charge-density work at 100 and 20 K
Authors: Luger Peter , Messerschmidt Marc , Scheins Stephan , Wagner Armin
Published: August 2004

For the measurement of very accurate high-resolution X-ray data for charge-density work, synchrotron beamlines provide a bright radiation source of outstanding properties. Most important are the very high primary intensity and the possibility of choosing hard radiation with λ ≈ 0.5 Å or even shorter. This together with area detection and a stable low-temperature device means that accurate and large data sets can be measured in a short time. A number of data collections are reported, which were carried out at the beamlines F1 and D3 of Hasylab (DESY, Hamburg) first at 100 K and later at 15–20 K, demonstrating the quality of the measured intensities. A low temperature of around 20 K was obtained at beamline D3 with a double-stage closed-cycle helium cryostat where the standard beryllium cylinder of the vacuum chamber was replaced by a 0.1 mm Kapton film. Comparison of different data sets measured for a strychnine crystal demonstrated how I/σ ratios favorably improve if synchrotron radiation at a low temperature of 15 K was used. Synchrotron-based studies on several biologically active compounds are briefly summarized and a synchrotron experiment of an otherwise not sufficiently diffracting crystal of a tetraphenyl barbaralane derivative is described in detail. Atomic volumes and charges of a highly substituted C60 fullerene are reported derived from a synchrotron data set of more than 350000 reflections.
Studies of electric field induced structural and electron-density modifications by X-ray diffraction
Authors: Hansen Niels K. , Fertey Pierre , Guillot Régis
Published: August 2004

During the last two decades, a number of X-ray diffraction studies on the response of a crystal to an applied electric field have been carried out. In a few cases, the electron-density polarizations could be determined. The analysis of the induced variations of the structural properties on an atomic scale are of prime importance in order to acquire a better understanding of physical properties like the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of crystals. This article reviews the experimental technique used and the modelling methods of the Bragg scattering variations induced by the field. Some noteworthy results are presented that illustrate the possibility of detecting subtle structural changes, for example as small as 0.1° in bond angles arising from applying a strong field, 10–40 kV cm−1, as well as the pitfalls of such an approach for clarifying the relevance of the structural properties in physical mechanisms.
Electron-density studies of molecular magnetic materials
Authors: Pillet Sébastien , Souhassou Mohamed , Lecomte Claude
Published: August 2004

For more than forty years, the experimental determination and analysis of electron densities have played a fundamental role in advances in the chemical bond concept. The present paper illustrates the application of this approach to the field of molecular magnetism with examples that recently appeared in the literature. Particular attention is attached to several classes of materials, purely organic free radicals, coordination compounds and organometallic complexes, which exhibit specific magnetic behaviors. It is shown to what extent the electron-density analysis can shed light on bonding aspects that are closely related to magnetic couplings. Relations between spin delocalization, spin polarization, superexchange and the characteristics of the electron density are described. The use of the topological theory of `atoms in molecules' allows the possible magnetic interaction pathways to be located and defined, especially through weak intermolecular contacts. The complementarity with polarized neutron diffraction and spin-density modeling techniques is particularly evident from the chosen examples.
The local form of the source function as a fingerprint of strong and weak intra- and intermolecular interactions
Authors: Gatti Carlo , Bertini Luca
Published: August 2004

This work introduces a local form for the source function, from each atom, for the electron-density value at a given point. The source function enables one to equate the value of the electron density at any point within a molecule to a sum of atomic contributions and thus to view properties of the density at representative points, such as the bond critical points, from a new perspective. The local form of the function introduces further detail. When plotted along a bond path and with reference to the bond critical point (b.c.p.), the source function shows which regions of the atoms involved in the bonding are accumulating or removing electronic charge at the b.c.p. The local form of the source function therefore represents an interesting fingerprint of a given bonding interaction. The local source may be expressed as a sum of two contributions, related to the kinetic energy density and electronic potential energy density, respectively. This approach gives further physical insight into why an atomic region is accumulating or removing charge at the b.c.p. The local form of the source function is applied to the study of the second-row diatomic hydride series and of a number of prototypical hydrogen-bonded systems. Differences in the local source contributions to the density at bond critical points due to chemical bonding (deformation density) and crystallization (interaction density) are also explored and found to be more informative and experimentally detectable than are the corresponding changes for the bond-critical-point properties of weak intermolecular interactions. This result might be of potential interest when judging the data quality of a charge-density experimental determination. Although the present paper deals with electron densities derived from theoretical computations only, both the source function and its local form should also be easily obtainable from a charge-density quality X-ray diffraction experiment.
Extinction-free electron diffraction refinement of bonding in SrTiO3
Authors: Friis Jesper , Jiang Bin , Spence John , Marthinsen Knut , Holmestad Randi
Published: August 2004

Accurate low-order Fourier coefficients of the crystal potential of SrTiO3 are measured by quantitative convergent-beam electron diffraction. The accuracy in the corresponding derived X-ray structure factors is about 0.1% for the strong low-order reflections (sin θ/λ < 0.3 Å−1). This accuracy is better than for conventional X-ray diffraction and equivalent to the accuracy of the X-ray Pendellösung method. Combination of these structure factors with high-order X-ray diffraction measurements allows accurate bonding information to be obtained from a multipole model fitted to the experimental data. It is shown that Ti—O has a covalent component and that the Sr—O bond is mainly ionic. The role of Ti 3d electrons in Ti—O bonding is also discussed.
A multi‐point corrosion monitoring system applied in a 1,300 MW coal‐fired boiler
Authors: Davis K.A. , Linjewile T.M. , Valentine J. , Swensen D. , Shino D. , Letcavits J.J. , Sheidler R. , Cox W.M. , Carr R.N. , Harding N.S.
Published: August 2004

Combustion modifications to minimize NOX emissions have magnified the importance of waterwall corrosion in coal‐fired boilers. The physics and chemistry controlling corrosion processes can be highly non‐linear and are challenging to describe in terms of their likely overall combustion behavior. This paper describes the application of a multi‐point, real time corrosion surveillance system to a large boiler firing high sulfur coal. This technology, incorporating electrochemical sensing and wireless signal transmission, enables combustion engineers and plant operating personnel to make informed decisions regarding the quantitative relationships between operating conditions, NOX emissions, and any resultant extent/magnitude of waterwall corrosion.
Cyclic oxidation behaviour of a Ni‐Mo‐Cr alloy at 800°C
Authors: Ul‐Hamid A. , Tawancy H.M. , Mohammed A.I. , Al‐Jaroudi S.S. , Abbas N.M.
Published: August 2004

The oxidation behaviour of a wrought Ni‐Mo‐Cr alloy was studied under thermal cyclic conditions in air at 800°C for exposure periods of up to 1,000 h. The morphologies, microstructures and compositions of the oxide scales were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Oxidation kinetics were determined by weight gain measurements. Results show that steady‐state oxidation was achieved within 1 h of exposure while partial scale spalling was observed after 400 h. The alloy grain boundaries intersecting the alloy surface showed preferential oxidation. They became depleted in Ni and enriched in Mo and Cr during transient oxidation. The scale initially formed at the surface was NiO which grew outwardly and laterally to cover the entire alloy. Upon continued oxidation, the scale developed into an outer NiO layer and an inner Cr2O3 layer while the presence of NiMoO4 was also observed within the scale.
Managing the e‐library in a global environment: experiences at Monash University, Australia
Authors: Hon Ho Chooi
Published: August 2004

This paper outlines the issues in the management of a virtual library service in a global environment. It focuses on the key initiatives of Monash University Library in Melbourne, Australia in delivering an effective library service to its students in multiple locations both in Australia and overseas in Malaysia and in South Africa. The paper provides brief descriptions of some of the specific e‐library services offered to Monash students, including the digitisation of core readings and audio digital recordings of lectures. The paper also provides an insight into planning for the Library's support of overseas campuses and details the training programme developed for those staff.
Archiving the Web: European experiences
Authors: Hakala Juha
Published: August 2004

Preserving the published cultural heritage of a country is a major concern of any national library, and the challenge of archiving and preserving information published on the Web is great. A short history of Web archiving in Europe from the Swedish Kulturarw3 project to the Nordic Web Archive initiative is provided, together with a generic discussion on the technical challenges of and the solutions developed for Web harvesting and archiving. Experiences from Helsinki University Library in Finland in the use and co‐operative development of the NEDLIB (Networked European Deposit Library) harvester are given.
Digital transformation of libraries in Brunei Darussalam: addressing the sustainability issues of VILIS Brunei
Authors: Suhaimi Bin Haji Abdul Karim Haji
Published: August 2004

In Brunei Darussalam the implementation of a technical infrastructure to improve access to the digital world and various e‐government initiatives are empowering the country through an informed community and an efficient government. A number of ICT‐related projects have been planned and implemented under the Brunei Economic Development Council and e‐government initiatives. Digital libraries and the digital transformation of heritage information have been identified as the most viable areas to be developed in an effort to strengthen the information basis of the community. This paper describes the plans for one important project, the Virtual Library System of Brunei (VILIS Brunei), and outlines the economic sustainability issues being considered.
Copyright, academic research and libraries: balancing the rights of stakeholders in the digital age
Authors: Urs Shalini R.
Published: August 2004

Following an overview of the historical context of copyright legislation, this paper discusses copyright within the scholarly communication process and the role of libraries in providing access to copyright materials in the digital age. The argument is made that the balance of “rights” and “exceptions” that has been maintained for 300 years needs to be reconsidered for scholarly communications, such as theses and dissertations, as well as for articles in electronic journals. This type of information is fact‐based, often resulting from public funds, and is part of the intellectual heritage of academic institutions, and so is very different to creative works within the entertainment industries.
Design of neural network model for analysing hydrostatic circular recessed bearings with axial piston pump slipper
Authors: Canbulut Fazıl , Sinanoğlu Cem , Yıldırım Şahin , Koç Erdem
Published: August 2004

A neural network is employed to analyze axial piston pump of hydrostatic circular recessed bearing. Owing to complexity of the system, the neural network is used to predict the bearing parameters of the experimental system. The system mainly consists of cylinder block, piston, slipper, ball‐joint and swash plate. The neural model of the system has three layers, which are input layer with one neuron, hidden layer with ten neurons and output layer with three neurons. It can be outlined from the results for both approaches neural network could be modeled bearing systems in real time applications.
Analysis of magneto‐hydrodynamic squeeze film characteristics between curved annular plates
Authors: Lin Jaw‐Ren , Lu Rong‐Fang , Liao Won‐Hsion
Published: August 2004

The analysis of squeeze‐film performances between curved annular plates with an electrically conducting fluid in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is presented in this study. The magneto‐hydrodynamic (MHD) Reynolds‐type equation for squeezing‐film curved annular disks is derived using the continuity equation and the MHD motion equations. A closed‐form solution for the squeezing film pressure is obtained, and applied to predict the MHD squeeze‐film characteristics. According to the results obtained, the presence of applied magnetic fields signifies an increase in the MHD squeeze‐film pressure. Compared with the classical non‐conducting‐lubricant case, the magnetic‐field effect characterized by the Hartmann number provides an enhancement to the MHD load‐carrying capacity and the response time, especially for larger values of the curved shape parameter or smaller values of inner‐outer radius ratio of the curved annular disks.
Work‐life balance initiatives: implications for women
Authors: Doherty Liz
Published: August 2004

This article uses evidence from a piece of action research conducted in the UK hospitality industry to explore the effectiveness of work‐life balance initiatives in helping women progress to senior management. It explores the main barriers to women's progression and highlights the long hours associated with managerial roles as a major problem. The article shows that the business case which underpins diversity management and a voluntary approach to work‐life balance may only deliver positive benefits to women when the labour market is tight, and, even then, the benefits for women in management are far from demonstrated. A stronger equal opportunities approach is also shown to be problematic as it draws attention to women's “difference” to men and their need for special treatment. Given the contingent nature of the business case, it is argued that a strong floor of rights is still needed to protect the most vulnerable employees, especially in an industry where trade unions have virtually no “voice”. It is further argued that more work needs to be done with male managers in order to humanise the workplace for men and women who wish to lead rounded lives.
Adhesive bonding of car body parts by industrial robot
Authors: Mortimer John
Published: August 2004

With the trend towards lightweight body structures for automobiles, new joining technologies are evolving. This paper highlights the latest application – that of adhesive bonding major components for the Aston Martin DB9 sports car.
Measuring customer satisfaction in the fast food industry: a cross‐national approach
Authors: Gilbert G. Ronald , Veloutsou Cleopatra , Goode Mark M.H. , Moutinho Luiz
Published: August 2004

In today's ever‐increasing globalization of services and brands, service‐oriented businesses need to attend to the satisfaction of their customers both domestically and abroad while transcending unique cultural differences from country to country. This study provides a cross‐cultural comparison of service satisfaction of fast food establishments in four English‐speaking countries. It is based on data collected from customers of five globally‐franchised fast‐food chains, using a previously developed service satisfaction instrument. The study reveals two empirically derived, cross‐cultural fast‐food customer satisfaction dimensions: satisfaction with the personal service and satisfaction with the service setting. Should future research support this study's findings, the measurement of cross‐cultural service satisfaction among franchised brands and services could aid business managers’ efforts to assess the quality of the services they provide across national boundaries and on a more real time, practical basis.
The effect of cognitive trust on hostage relationships
Authors: Colwell Scott R. , Hogarth‐Scott Sandra
Published: August 2004

This study examines the role of cognitive trust and the potential for relationship dissolution when consumers perceive themselves to be in a hostage relationship with their retail banking service provider. This study reviews current literature on relationship continuance intentions, hostage relationships and transaction‐based cognitive trust to develop testable hypothesis on the affect of cognitive trust in hostage relationships. Quantitative data gathered via a cross‐sectional survey is then analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that consumers who perceive themselves to be in a hostage relationship with their bank indicate significant cognitive trust in the transactional ability of their bank and are deterred from dissolving the relationship, regardless of their perception of the undesirability of the relationship. This paper provides evidence of the effect of cognitive trust as a deterrent of relationship dissolution in hostage relationships. Also provided are managerial and theoretical implications and directions for future research.
Major challenges to engineering education for sustainable development
Authors: Ashford Nicholas A.
Published: August 2004

Scholars and professionals committed to fostering sustainable development have urged a re‐examination of the curriculum and restructuring of research in engineering‐focused institutions of higher learning. This article will address the following themes and questions: How can multi‐ and trans‐disciplinary teaching and research coexist in a meaningful way in today's university structures? Does education relevant to sustainable development require its own protected incubating environment to survive, or will it otherwise be gobbled up and marginalized by attempting to instil it throughout the traditional curriculum? What roles can national and EU governments have in accelerating the needed changes? How can it be made safe for courageous students to take educational paths different from traditional tracks, even if technical options exist to do so? What can one learn from comparative analysis of universities in different nations and environments?
Advances in education transformation towards sustainable development at the Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona
Authors: Ferrer‐Balas Didac , Bruno Jordi , de Mingo Mireia , Sans Ramon
Published: August 2004

This paper presents methodological and strategic results of the first two years of the implementation of the second environmental plan (2002‐2005) at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) and discusses the benefits and difficulties of new strategies adopted. Particularly, the focus is pointed to the introduction of environmental aspects into technical education, in the framework of an integral university approach that combines simultaneous actions in the areas of education, research, university life and communication in order to develop a consistent and synergetic model. The paper describes and discusses the strategies that have been adopted for accelerating the transformation of the university towards a sustainable university, which include: to create useful tools for decision making, particularly strategic planning indicators; to introduce environmental indicators into university mainstream processes; to assess the transformation potential through an environmental research map; and to work synergistically through “linking initiatives”.
Learning about environmental issues in engineering programmes
Authors: Lundholm Cecilia
Published: August 2004

Describes how first‐year civil engineering students interpreted the content and structure of an ecology course. Students’ learning processes were analysed from an intentional perspective, i.e. a perspective that takes into account the students’ educational aims and conceptions of the study situation. Interviews were carried out with six civil engineering students who had taken the ecology course. Classroom observations were carried out and the dialogue between the lecturers and the students recorded. Interviews were transcribed and analysed from an intentional perspective, i.e. meaning is ascribed to the students’ actions and utterances in terms of intent. Students contextualised the content of the ecology course in different ways – within natural science, cultural, social and political, applied and professional, and existential contexts. Students found the content of the ecology course to be a question of value judgement. Also, among the students there were feelings of accusation on behalf of engineers as professionals. Learning processes among the students were analysed in terms of contextual awareness and contextual inconsistency. Students mainly enhanced their knowledge in the sense that they tended to elaborate concepts solely on an empirical level and learned more facts. Suggests that environmental issues can be seen and dealt with from natural science, social science and philosophical perspectives, and that it is important that these different perspectives are explicitly addressed on a meta‐level. The tendency to enhance the amount of content matter to be taught without considering the meta‐level issues can cause the students problems in their efforts to learn. Suggested that the premises for teaching certain content should be made explicit by the teacher. To know why certain content has been included in the teaching may be of considerable help for the students in formulating relevant learning projects.
Isolation and receptor profiling of ileal enterochromaffin cells
Authors: Schäfermeyer A. , Gratzl M. , Rad R. , Dossumbekova A. , Sachs G. , Prinz C.
Published: August 2004

Aim and methods:  Enterochromaffin (EC) cells, interspersed throughout the gastrointestinal mucosa, provide most of the serotonin of the body and control intestinal motility, secretion and absorption. We purified EC cells from the rat ileum by a combination of elutriation and density gradient centrifugation in order to characterize the function of this important cell type.

Results:  Immunostaining showed that there were 84% serotonin‐positive cells in the highly enriched EC fraction as compared with 12% in unfractionated cells, yielding a approximately sevenfold enrichment. Serotonin measurements in the cell suspensions indicated a seven to 14‐fold enrichment. Presence of alpha‐ and beta‐adrenoreceptor isoforms, muscarinic M3 and gama‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐A receptors was confirmed by RT‐PCR and cytochemistry. Increased expression of VMAT‐1 and GABA‐A mRNA was also shown by quantitative TaqMan PCR using EC cell RNA. Serotonin release in isolated EC cells was stimulated by noradrenaline, and to a smaller extent, by carbachol, while GABA addition was without effect.

Conclusion:  Our data provide a basis for a new approach to characterize receptors on this unique cell type.
A potential larval recruitment pathway originating from a Florida marine protected area
Authors: Domeier Michael L.
Published: August 2004

Studies that track the dispersal of eggs and larvae from a point source are important to the emerging field of marine protected area (MPA) science. Two thousand ballasted drifter vials were released over a mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) spawning aggregation in the Dry Tortugas, Florida, over two consecutive years (1999, 2000). The site, called Riley's Hump, is located within an MPA. The drifter vials were used as a means to model the potential dispersal and distribution of recruits originating from this site. Eleven percent of the vials were recovered each year by beachcombers. Results for each year indicated that Riley's Hump might be a source of mutton snapper recruits for a broad expanse of the Florida Keys and southeast Florida. Riley's Hump may therefore be functioning as an important fisheries reserve.
Relative importance of gulf and shelf waters for spawning and recruitment of Australian anchovy, Engraulis australis, in South Australia
Authors: Dimmlich W. F. , Breed W. G. , Geddes M. , Ward T. M.
Published: August 2004

Gonosomatic indices and egg and larval densities observed from 1986 to 2001 suggest that the peak spawning season of the Australian anchovy (Engraulis australis) in South Australia occurs during January to March (summer and autumn). This coincides with the spawning season of sardine (Sardinops sagax) and the period when productivity in shelf waters is enhanced by upwelling. Anchovy eggs were abundant throughout gulf and shelf waters, but the highest densities occurred in the northern parts of Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent where sea surface temperatures (SST) were 24–26°C. In contrast, larvae >10 mm total length (TL) were found mainly in shelf waters near upwelling zones where SSTs were relatively low (<20°C) and levels of chlorophyll a (chl a) relatively high. Larvae >15 mm TL were collected only from shelf waters near upwelling zones. The high levels of larval abundance in the upwelling zones may reflect higher levels of recruitment to later stages in these areas compared with the gulfs. The sardine spawns mainly in shelf waters; few eggs and no larvae were collected from the northern gulfs. The abundance of anchovy eggs and larvae in shelf waters increased when sardine abundance was reduced by large‐scale mortality events, and decreased as the sardine numbers subsequently recovered. We hypothesize that the upwelling zones provide optimal conditions for the survival of larval anchovy in South Australia, but that anchovy can only utilize these zones effectively when the sardine population is low. At other times, northern gulf waters of South Australia may provide a refuge for the anchovy that the sardine cannot utilize.
Dental treatment for children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura: a report of two cases
Authors: VAISMAN B. , MEDINA A. C. , RAMIREZ G.
Published: August 2004

Summary.  Idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP) is the most common acquired bleeding disorder occurring in previously healthy children. The condition is benign and self‐limiting, with a high possibility of recovery. Only 15–30% of children with acute ITP develop the chronic form. Clinically, ITP presents with petechiae, ecchymoses, haematomas, epistaxis, haematuria, mucocutaneous bleeding, and occasionally, haemorrhage into tissues. Oral manifestations include spontaneous gingival bleeding, petechiae or haematomas of the mucosa, tongue or palate. Two paediatric case reports are described concerning female patients diagnosed with chronic ITP. Oral findings and dental procedures are described. Standard dental treatment was performed with a platelet count higher than 50 000/mm3. The importance of adequate dental plaque control techniques in order to prevent inflammation, potential bleeding and infection in these patients is emphasized. The paediatric dentist must be aware of the clinical appearance of ITP in order to recognize the condition and successfully manage the patient.
Regional odontodysplasia: a review of the literature and report of a case
Authors: HAMDAN MAHMOUD A. , SAWAIR FALEH A. , RAJAB LAMIS D. , HAMDAN AHMAD M. , AL‐OMARI IYAD KH.
Published: August 2004

We present a rare case of a developmental anomaly called regional odontodysplasia or ‘ghost teeth’ in an 8·5‐year‐old Jordanian girl. The anomaly affected both the mandibular primary and permanent incisors, and the canines bilaterally. The maxillary teeth were unaffected. This is the first case of the anomaly to be reported in Jordan. The clinical, radiographic and histological features are reviewed. The management of affected patients is discussed.
Attitudes of Saudi Arabian mothers towards the digit‐sucking habit in children
Authors: AL‐JOBAIR A. , AL‐EMRAN S. E. S.
Published: August 2004

Objective. The purpose of this study was to report on the attitudes of Saudi mothers towards the digit‐sucking habit in their children and their attempts to stop this fixation.

Design. The research took the form of a cross‐sectional study.

Methods. Data was collected from a sample of 50 Saudi mothers whose children currently had a digit‐sucking habit. One investigator used a specially designed questionnaire to interview all the mothers.

Results. The results showed that 48% of mothers did not like to see the habit at any age, and no mother accepted the habit after the age of 4 years. Most mothers (86%) tried to stop their children digit‐sucking. Sixty‐six per cent of the present sample had noticed the adverse effect of this fixation on their child's occlusion, and this was given as the main reason for their attempts to stop the habit. The most common method used by Saudi mothers to stop their children sucking their digits was the application of a bitter tasting lotion to the fingers (66%). Although 48% of mothers had sought advice about digit‐sucking from dentists and paediatricians (30% and 18%, respectively), 60% of the dentists and all of paediatricians had made no suggestions about any solutions.

Conclusion. No mother accepted the habit in their children after the age of 4 years. The majority of mothers had noticed the adverse effect of the digit‐sucking fixation. Non‐invasive procedures were most commonly used by Saudi mothers attempting to stop this habit in their children.
Changes in aspects of children's oral‐health‐related quality of life following dental treatment under general anaesthesia
Authors: ANDERSON H. K. , DRUMMOND B. K. , THOMSON W. M.
Published: August 2004

Objectives. This study was intended to examine the treatment‐associated change in aspects of oral‐health‐related quality of life (QoL) among children (and their families) undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia (GA).

Methods. The parents or caregivers of a consecutive clinical sample of children receiving comprehensive dental treatment under GA at the University of Otago School of Dentistry, Dunedin, and the Christchurch Oral Health Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand, were interviewed by telephone before and after the treatment. Questions were asked relating to the impact of the condition on the child and the family. The post‐treatment questionnaire also sought information related to parental satisfaction with the care provided under GA.

Results. The parents or caregivers of 95 children participated in the study: 49 had treatment completed at the University of Otago School of Dentistry; and 46 were treated at the Christchurch Oral Health Centre. The child sample comprised 55·8% males and 44·2% females with a mean age of 5·1 years. Their mean dmft was 8·2. A consistent pattern of improvement was found with each indicator used. Complaints of pain, problems with eating and sleeping, and behaviour concerns showed significant improvements, with 100% improvement for children for whom frequent pre‐GA problems associated with eating, sleeping and behaviour were reported. Sixty‐six parents had to arrange time away from employment on the day of the GA and almost half of those incurred a loss of income. The majority of parents reported a high degree of satisfaction with the care received.

Conclusions. Treating young children with high disease experience in a single session under GA results in immediate improvement in oral health and aspects of their QoL for both the children and their families.
Effectiveness of morphine via thoracic epidural vs intravenous infusion on postthoracotomy pain and stress response in children
Authors: Bozkurt Pervin , Kaya Güner , Yeker Yüksel , AltIntaŞ FatiŞ , Bakan Mefkür , HacIbekiroǧlu Münire , Bahar Mois
Published: August 2004

Background : Thoracotomy causes severe pain in the postoperative period. The aim was to evaluate effectiveness of two pain treatment methods with morphine on postthoracotomy pain and stress response.

Methods : Thirty‐two children undergoing major thoracotomy for noncardiac thoracic surgery were allocated to receive either single dose of thoracic epidural morphine 0.1 mg·kg−1 in 0.2 ml·kg−1 saline (TEP group, n = 16) or morphine infusion at 0.02 mg·kg−1 h−1 (INF group, n = 16) following bolus dose of 0.05 mg·kg−1 postinduction. Pain and sedation scores and incidence of complications were recorded for 24 h and cortisol, blood glucose, insulin and morphine serum levels were evaluated following induction, 1, 8, 12, and 24 h after initial morphine administration.

Results : Five patients in TEP and one in INF required rescue morphine. The cortisol, insulin and blood glucose increased during the study and returned to normal levels at 24th hour (P < 0.05), similarly in both groups (P > 0.05). The morphine levels were variable within and between groups (P < 0.05). A common complication was nausea and vomiting with both the techniques (P > 0.05).

Conclusion : Single dose TEP morphine offers no advantage over INF for pain treatment for thoracotomy in children and neither technique provided suppression of stress hormones in the first 24 h postoperatively.
Anesthesia in Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Celiker V. , Basgul E. , Karagoz A.H.
Published: August 2004

Anesthetic management of a 3‐month‐old boy with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome for bronchoscopy is reported. Management may be complicated by a difficult airway, congenital heart disease, and hypoglycemia. We did not have difficulty in airway management either with tracheal intubation or rigid bronchoscopy, but we could not extubate the baby because of tracheomalacia.
Combined general and epidural anesthesia for a child with alagille syndrome: a case report
Authors: Subramaniam Kathirvel , Myers Laura B.
Published: August 2004

Alagille syndrome (syndromic paucity of interlobular bile ducts) is the most common form of familial intrahepatic cholestasis. We describe the perioperative management of a pediatric patient with Alagille syndrome undergoing ileal exclusion and the specific issues associated with epidural anesthesia with this syndrome.
The effect of premedication with OTFC, with or without ondansetron, on postoperative agitation, and nausea and vomiting in pediatric ambulatory patients*
Authors: Binstock Wendy , Rubin Rachel , Bachman Cathy , Kahana Madelyn , McDade William , Lynch James P.
Published: August 2004

Background : The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in the pediatric ambulatory surgical population, the efficacy of: (i) oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC), when given preoperatively, to reduce postoperative excitement associated with sevoflurane, and (ii) intravenous ondansetron to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) associated with OTFC.

Methods : This randomized, double‐blinded, placebo controlled study evaluated the efficacy of OTFC [normal dose (ND) = 10–15 μg·kg−1 or low dose = 100 μg] compared with placebo in the prevention of postoperative agitation; and the efficacy of ondansetron (0.1 mg·kg−1 to 4 mg) compared with placebo to reduce PONV associated with OTFC.

Results : There were 125 patients evaluated (2–10 years old, ASA class I or II and weight 10–40 kg). Preoperatively OTFC was associated with an increased likelihood of cooperation at baseline (P = 0.018). Postoperatively there was a higher incidence of vomiting in children that received OTFC. The anxiety/agitation of patients entering the PACU was significantly less in children who received OTFC ND (P < 0.001). This effect decreased over time. Patients with respiratory adverse events related to the study drug were significantly higher in groups who received OTFC, however, they were not of clinical significance. OTFC was associated with delays in time for eligibility to PACU discharge (P = 0.003).

Conclusions : Even though OTFC reduced early postoperative agitation the increase in side effects, namely PONV and prolonged recovery times, limits its clinical usefulness. The study demonstrates the tradeoffs between anxiety and agitation vs vomiting, respiratory events and prolonged recovery times. Ambulatory pediatric patients undergoing procedures in which opioids would be routinely used might benefit the most from OTFC combined with ondansetron as part of the anesthetic technique.
Audio‐Doppler guidance using a small‐caliber Doppler probe for internal jugular venous puncture for central venous catheterization in infants and children
Authors: Arai Toshimi , Yamashita Masao
Published: August 2004

Background : We evaluated an audio‐Doppler with a small‐caliber probe as a guide for central venous cannulation (CVC) via the internal jugular vein (IJV) in infants and children.

Methods : The right IJV was located with a small‐caliber (2.0 mm in diameter) audio‐Doppler probe using 10 MHz ultrasound. The probe was placed on the neck about the level of sixth cervical vertebra and was moved until the crisp pulsatile sound of the carotid artery was identified. Then the probe was moved laterally to identify the low‐pitched venous hum of the right IJV. After marking the puncture site on the skin, a sterile cannulation procedure was performed. Ultimate success rate, cannulation time <10 min, successful cannulation within three punctures, and complications were recorded.

Results : Ultimate success rate was 65.6% (42/64) in infants (<12 m), and 94.7% (72/76) in children (12 m or older). Cannulation time <10 min was 48.4% in infants, and 85.5% in children. Successful cannulation within three punctures was 45.3% in infants and 82.8% in children. Three carotid arterial punctures occurred.

Conclusions : We were not able to demonstrate absolute superiority of the results utilizing this device over the reported results of traditional landmark techniques for CVC via the right IJV. However, this device may contribute to reducing complications and be of value in teaching residents where to insert a needle for an internal jugular puncture.
Frequency of anesthesia‐related complications in children with Down syndrome under general anesthesia for noncardiac procedures
Authors: Borland Lawrence M. , Colligan Jacqueline , Brandom Barbara W.
Published: August 2004

Background : Craniofacial and cardiac anomalies of Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) would seem to place these patients at higher risk of anesthesia‐related complications (ARCs), but to date no comprehensive large‐scale study has quantified this risk.

Methods : A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients with DS undergoing anesthesia between April 1, 1988, and May 31, 1995, at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. In addition, the Anesthesiology Department Quality Assurance (QA) System database of concurrently collected anesthesia information on all patients undergoing anesthesia at the hospital since 1985 was analyzed.

Results : Of the total 74 021 anesthetic encounters during the study period, 930 anesthetic encounters in 488 patients with DS undergoing noncardiac procedures were analyzed. The most frequent ARCs were bradycardia (severe) (3.66%), natural airway obstruction (1.83%), difficult intubation (0.54%), postintubation croup (1.83%), and bronchospasm (0.43%).

Conclusions : Comprehensive reporting is needed to capture all significant adverse events. The incidences of bradycardia on induction, natural airway obstruction, and postintubation (or instrumentation) croup were significantly higher in the DS noncardiac group compared with the remaining population. Current anesthesia techniques and agents must be compared using quantitative QA data to ensure use of the safest options for each patient.