bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronidase offers an efficacious treatment for inaesthetic hyaluronic acid overcorrection
Authors: Pierre Andre , Levy Phillip M
Published: August 2007

Background  Hyaluronic acid is generally accepted today as the “gold standard” filler agent, and its use has subsequently grown enormously. In addition, newer facial volume augmentation indications are constantly evolving. Rare adverse events, such as granulomas, have been described. However, complications are more commonly due to product misplacement or overcorrection leading to unsightly lumps and masses. Hyaluronidase treatment of these latter adverse effects can be both effective and rapid.

Objective  This paper aims to confirm the efficacy of hyaluronidase injections in dissolving unsightly hyaluronic acid overcorrection.

Methods  A case of hyaluronic acid overcorrection is described with evaluation of the effects of hyaluronidase.

Results  The use of hyaluronidase, injected intracutaneously permits the elimination of patient discomfort and inaesthetic lumps within a few hours.

Conclusions  Hyaluronidase is highly effective in eliminating HA volume overcorrection.
Shared environmental factors associated with telomere length maintenance in elderly male twins
Authors: Huda Nazmul , Tanaka Hiromi , Herbert Brittney‐Shea , Reed Terry , Gilley David
Published: August 2007

During aging, chromosome ends, or telomeres, gradually erode or shorten with each somatic cell division. Loss of telomere length homeostasis has been linked to age‐related disease. Remarkably, specific environmental assaults, both physical and psychological, have been shown to correlate with shortened telomeres. However, the extent that genetic and/or environmental factors may influence telomere length during later stages of lifespan is not known. Telomere length was measured in 686 male US World War II and Korean War veteran monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins (including 181 MZ and 125 DZ complete pairs) with a mean age of 77.5 years (range 73–85 years). During the entire process of telomere length measurement, participant age and twin status were completely blinded. White blood cell mean telomere length shortened in this elderly population by 71 base pairs per year (P < 0.0001). We observed no evidence of heritable effects in this elderly population on telomere length maintenance, but rather find that telomere length was largely associated with shared environmental factors (P < 0.0001). Additionally, we found that individuals with hypertension and cardiovascular disease had significantly shorter telomeres (P = 0.0025 and 0.002, respectively). Our results emphasize that shared environmental factors can have a primary impact on telomere length maintenance in elderly humans.
Sexual selection affects lifespan and aging in the seed beetle
Authors: Maklakov Alexei A. , Fricke Claudia , Arnqvist Göran
Published: August 2007

Sexual selection in general, and sexual conflict in particular, should affect the evolution of lifespan and aging. Using experimental evolution, we tested whether removal of sexual selection leads to the evolution of accelerated or decelerated senescence. We subjected replicated populations of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus to either of two selection regimes for 35 generations. These regimes either allowed (polygamy) or removed the potential (monogamy) for sexual selection to operate. To test for the evolution of intrinsic differences between the two selection regimes, we assayed longevity in replicate cohorts of virgin females and males. Virgin females from populations evolving under sexual selection had reduced lifespan as predicted by the sexual conflict theory of aging. However, this reduction was due to increased baseline mortality rather than an increase in age‐specific mortality rates with age. We discuss these findings in light of other data from this model system and suggest that system‐specific idiosyncrasies may often modulate the general effects of male–female coevolution on the evolution of aging.
Labour market flexibility in UK regions, 1979–1998
Authors: Monastiriotis Vassilis
Published: August 2007

Despite the centrality of the issue of labour market flexibility, attempts to consistently measure levels of flexibility, either within or across countries, have been remarkably scarce. This paper makes a significant contribution towards filling this gap by presenting a set of labour market flexibility indicators for the UK. Derived from survey‐data sources, the indexes relate directly to theoretical considerations on the issue of flexibility and cover a 20‐year period (1979–1998) at sub‐national detail (Standard Statistical Regions). Examination of their temporal evolution and regional variation reveals a number of interesting findings, most notably that increases in flexibility have not been uniform across space and that persistent regional differences exist in functional specialisations in flexibility with the most significant pattern of regional differentiation being not in the levels of (overall) flexibility but in the types of flexible arrangements that prevail in each region.
Integration of smallholder wetland aquaculture–agriculture systems (fingerponds) into riparian farming systems on the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya: socio‐economics and livelihoods
Authors: KIPKEMBOI J , VAN DAM A A , IKIARA M M , DENNY P
Published: August 2007

This paper presents the results of experimental fingerponds: an integrated flood recession aquaculture–agriculture production system in the Lake Victoria wetlands in Kenya. The overall aim of the study is to assess the potential of fingerponds as a sustainable wetland farming system for improving food security at the subsistence level and within the context of the existing livelihood activities. The contribution of this new activity to rural household livelihoods is evaluated. Since it is a sustainable technology, based on natural events, the production level is intermediate and the benefits may not be high in the short term. Economic analysis shows that the gross margin and net income of fingerponds is about 752 and 197 Euros per hectare per year, respectively. This is about an 11% increase in the annual gross margin of an average rural household around Lake Victoria. The additional per capita fish supply is 3 kg per season or more from a 192 m2 pond. The potential fish protein supply of 200 kg/ha is high compared with most existing terrestrial protein production systems. Fingerponds have the potential to contribute to household food security and to improve livelihoods. Sensitivity analysis indicates that biophysical variations, which may occur from one wetland to another, have implications for the functioning, and consequently the economic performance, of fingerponds. This reinforces the need for the integration of these systems into other household activities to buffer the household against potential risk.
Effect of phorbol ester and platelet‐derived growth factor on protein kinase C in rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshimasa , Bridle Kim R. , Ramm Grant A. , O'Neill Rosemary , Britton Robert S. , Bacon Bruce R.
Published: August 2007

Background/Aims: Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a key role in hepatic fibrogenesis and thus, it is important to understand the intracellular signalling pathways that influence their behaviour. This study investigated the expression and regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) in HSC.

Results: Western blot analysis indicates that rat HSC express at least four PKC isoforms, PKC‐α, PKC‐δ, PKC‐ɛ and PKC‐ζ. PKC‐α and PKC‐ζ were located predominantly in the cytosol and were redistributed to the membrane by the PKC agonist, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), while PKC‐δ and PKC‐ɛ were highly membrane‐bound and did not undergo translocation by PMA. PKC‐α, PKC‐δ and PKC‐ζ were rapidly downregulated by PMA. However, PKC‐ɛ was resistant to downregulation. We also examined phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), a specific substrate of PKC, as another approach to assess activation of PKC. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and PMA increased the phosphorylation of MARCKS, suggesting that PDGF can induce PKC activation. PDGF‐induced stimulation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and p70‐S6 kinase was not abrogated by downregulation of PKC‐α, PKC‐δ and PKC‐ζ. Prolonged PKC inhibition did not inhibit the fibrogenic phenotype.

Conclusion: Multiple PKC isoforms are expressed in rat HSC and are differentially regulated by PMA. PDGF activates certain mitogenic signalling pathways independent of PKC‐α, PKC‐δ and PKC‐ζ. Specific PKC isoforms may modulate different cell functions in HSC.
Scale‐dependent spatial population dynamics of gall‐makers on oak
Authors: BIEDERMANN Robert
Published: August 2007

The patterns of synchrony in the population fluctuations of six species of gall‐makers on oak (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae and Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) were analyzed over a small‐scale transect (8 km) and a large‐scale transect (500 km). Gall‐maker species differed in their degree of synchrony. At the small scale some species showed synchrony among local sites, whereas at the large scale, with one exception, population fluctuations of all species were largely independent. The patterns of synchrony differed between the two spatial scales. At the small scale a considerable degree of synchrony was found among sites for two species, Cynips divisa and Neuroterus quercusbaccarum, whereas at the large scale no synchrony was seen for these species. For one species, Macrodiplosis volvens, the fluctuations were asynchronous at both the small and large scales. At the large scale, synchrony among sites was found for one species: the fluctuations of Neuroterus anthracinus were largely synchronous at both scales (i.e. over several hundred kilometers). Distance‐dependent synchronies (i.e. decreasing synchrony with increasing distance) were found for only one species, Neuroterus anthracinus. In summary, the levels of synchrony in the population fluctuations of these insects differed among species and were scale‐dependent. Scaling up from the small scale to the large scale does not seem appropriate.
Microhabitat and rhythmic behavior of tiger beetle Callytron yuasai okinawense larvae in a mangrove forest in Japan
Authors: SATOH Aya , HAYAISHI Shuhei
Published: August 2007

Mangrove forests are regularly flooded by tides at intervals of approximately 12.4 h (tidal rhythm). Larvae of the tiger beetle Callytron yuasai okinawense in a mangrove forest made shallow burrows in mounds up to 1 m in height constructed by the mud lobster Thalassina anomala. No larval burrows were observed on the forest floor, which was very muddy even during low tide. Some larvae plugged the burrow openings before they were submerged at high tide. The mean interval between consecutive burrow plugging events was 12.37 h, which is similar to the period of tidal cycles. Nine out of 30 larvae plugged the burrow openings even when the burrows did not become submerged. Plugging behavior may be governed by an endogenous biological clock, or may be a response to exogenous information about tidal level (e.g. moisture seeping through the ground).
Effects of carcass size and male presence on clutch size in Nicrophorus quadripunctatus (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Authors: NAGANO Masahiro , SUZUKI Seizi
Published: August 2007

The effects of carcass size and male presence on clutch size in Nicrophorus quadripunctatus were examined. Male presence increased clutch size and improved the female's ability to produce replacement clutches. Clutch size was also related to carcass size. There was a negative correlation between number of clutches and clutch size for most carcass sizes. We conclude that N. quadripunctatus is potentially iteroparous and hypothesize that reproductive energy is reserved for brood failure.
Abundance of 24‐methylenecholesterol in traditional African rice as an indicator of resistance to the African rice gall midge,Orseolia oryzivoraHarris & Gagné
Authors: OMOLOYE Adebayo A. , VIDAL Stefan
Published: August 2007

Rice production is of great importance to food security in Nigeria. The African rice gall midge (AfRGM),Orseolia oryzivoraHarris & Gagné, is a major pest of lowland rice in Nigeria and many other Africa countries. Current management efforts are directed at integrating host plant resistance with biological agents. The type and abundance of some phytochemicals are known to affect resistance in host plants, so in this study we measured rice culm hardness, rice culm stickiness and the type and quantity of phytosterols in rice cultivars, and investigated the effects of these factors on resistance to the AfRGM. The study was conducted at 24 ± 2°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and a 12 h light : 12 h dark photoperiod. Three rice cultivars were studied: oneOryza glaberimmacultivar, Tog 7442 (resistant), and twoO. sativacultivars, Cisadane (tolerant) and ITA 306 (susceptible). We found no significant differences in culm hardness and stickiness among the cultivars tested. Using gas chromatography (flame ionization detection) analysis, we identified four major phytosterols: campesterol, 24‐methylenecholesterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol. 24‐Methylenecholesterol was the most abundant sterol in the resistantO. glaberimmacultivar (79.20 μg), whereas β‐sitosterol was most abundant in the two susceptibleO. sativacultivars (Cisadane, 71.27 μg; ITA 306, 66.37 μg). The comparatively high concentration of 24‐methylenecholesterol in this cultivar of O. glaberimmamay be an indicator of resistance to AfRGM.
Three new species and two new records of the genus Psen from China (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Crabronidae)
Authors: MA Li , LI Qiang
Published: August 2007

Three new species of the genus Psen Latreille from China are described: Psen yunnanensis Ma et Li, sp. nov., from Yunnan Province; Psen lacuniventris Ma et Li, sp. nov., from Zhejiang and Sichuan Provinces; and Psen spinitibialis Ma et Li, sp. nov., from Zhejiang Province. Two species of the genus Psen are recorded from China for the first time. Modifications to the key to species of the genus Psen, as developed by van Lith in 1968, are presented.
Life histories of two ichneumonid parasitoids of Cyclosa octotuberculata (Araneae): Reclinervellus tuberculatus (Uchida) and its new sympatric congener (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae)
Authors: MATSUMOTO Rikio , KONISHI Kazuhiko
Published: August 2007

In Japan, two species of the genus Reclinervellus were found to attack a single host spider, Cyclosa octotuberculata (Araneae). One of these, Reclinervellus tuberculatus comb. nov., winters as a tender larva and has at least two generations a year. This species laid its egg on the anterior face of the host's abdomen. Prior to laying an egg the female repeatedly rubbed her ovipositor over the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the host's abdomen near the base for more than 25 min. The hatched larva fixed itself at the position where the egg was laid, and developed by consuming the host's body fluids. The other species, R. masumotoi sp. nov., is closely related to R. tuberculatus but is easily distinguished from it by having a very weakly reclivous Cu vein in the hindwing, a less developed carina of the propodeum, a shorter ovipositor and more blackish coloration of the mesoscutum. Although this species is sympatric with R. tuberculatus and attacks the same host, the position of the egg and larva on the host's body is quite different from that of R. tuberculatus. The egg of this species was laid on the posterior surface of the host's abdomen and the larva matured 10–20 days earlier than those of R. tuberculatus. Via these modes of parasitism R. masumotoi seemed to escape from competition with R. tuberculatus at the stage of oviposition and out‐competed it when a single host individual bore larvae of both species. Previous records of parasitoids reared from C. octotuberculata were reviewed and found to include records of both species.
Taxonomic notes on the genus Syndiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Japan, with description of a new species
Authors: ENDO Kazuo
Published: August 2007

The Japanese species of the genus Syndiamesa are revised. A new species, Syndiamesa longipilosa sp. nov., from Honshu, Japan is described from male and female material. The male of Syndiamesa mira (Makarchenko) from Japan is redescribed and figured. Syndiamesa chuzemagna Sasa is synonymized with Syndiamesa yosiii Tokunaga. Syndiamesa bicolor Tokunaga is transferred to the genus Sympotthastia. A key to males of Japanese Syndiamesa is provided.
A new genus, Thailepidonia gen. nov., based on T. yoshiyasui sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae) from Thailand
Authors: PARK Kyu‐Tek
Published: August 2007

A new genus, Thailepidonia gen. nov. of the family Lecithoceridae, is described based on a new species, T. yoshiyasui sp. nov. from Thailand.
Review of the female Duroc/Yorkshire pig model of human fibroproliferative scarring
Authors: Zhu Kathy Q. , Carrougher Gretchen J. , Gibran Nicole S. , Isik F. Frank , Engrav Loren H.
Published: August 2007

Hypertrophic scarring after burns is an unsolved problem and remains as devastating today as it was in the 40s and it may be that the main reason for this is the lack of an accepted, useful animal model. The female, red Duroc pig was described as a model of hypertrophic scarring nearly 30 years ago but then vanished from the literature. This seemed strange since the authors reported that 12 of 12 pigs developed thick scar. In the mid 90s we explored the model and found that, indeed, the red Duroc pig does make thick scar. Other authors have established that the Yorkshire pig does not heal in this fashion so there is the possibility of a same species control. We have continued to explore the Duroc/Yorkshire model and herein describe our experiences. Is it a perfect model of hypertrophic scarring? No. Is it a useful model of hypertrophic scarring? Time will tell. We have now obtained gene expression data from the Duroc/Yorkshire model and analysis is underway.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ALGAL PYRENOID. I. ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY DURING ZOOSPOROGENESIS OF TETRACYSTIS EXCENTRICA1
Authors: Brown R. Malcolm , Arnott Howard J.
Published: August 2007

The fine structure of the pyrenoid in the mature vegetative cell of Tetracystis excentrica Brown and Bold is described. During zoosporogenesis, the pyrenoid undergoes regression, and the ultrastructure of this process is described in detail. The ground substance undergoes dissolution, and reticulate fibrillar structures appear as well as intruding chloroplast thylakoids. Pyrenoid‐associated starch plates diminish, and quantities of starch not associated with the pyrenoid are produced. New pyrenoids appear late in the division cycle after all other major organelles associated with the motile cell have been formed. Zoospore pyrenoids develop in thylakoid‐free spaces of the chloroplast which are similar to the DNA‐containing regions. The new pyrenoid ground substance, which is loosely fibrillar, arises in close proximity to starch grains which may be formed in the stroma. Then the zoospore pyrenoid produces 2 hemispherical starch plates identical to those in the mature vegetative cell. Zoospore pyrenoids lack the 2 convoluted thylakoids between the starch plates and the ground substance characteristic of those in the mature vegetative cell. Instead, the thylakoids are identical to those of the chloroplast at first, and then develop into a convoluted state in the vegetative cell. Cytochemical tests for DNA, RNA, and protein were made for the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, and pyrenoid. Conclusive evidence is presented for the presence of RNA in the cytoplasm and nucleolus, DNA in the nucleus, and protein in the pyrenoid. The tests did not conclusively demonstrate the presence or absence of DNA and RNA in the pyrenoid; however, they suggested that small amounts of both DNA and RNA may be present.
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF TWO PLANKTONIC DIATOMS IN STEADY STATE CULTURE1,2
Authors: Carpenter Edward J.
Published: August 2007

Minimum phosphorus requirements of 2 marine diatoms, Cylindrotheca (Nitzschia) closterium and Cyclotella nana, were measured in axenic steady state chemostat culture. C. closterium and C. nana required 1.055 and 1.045 × 10−15 g‐at P cell−1 generation−1, respectively, with an average cell doubling time of 0.20 divisions/day. The algae were cultured at 15.5 C and exposed to 5380 lux on a light‐dark cycle of 19 hr‐5 hr. The phosphorus requirement per unit of cell volume was 0.0135 and 0.0129 × 10−15 g‐at P/μ3 of cell volume for C. closterium and C. nana, respectively.
A NEW BANGIOPHYCIDEAN ALGA FROM ALABAMA1
Authors: Deason Temd R. , Nichols H. Wayne
Published: August 2007

A new species of red algae, Boldia angustata sp. nov., was discovered near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, during the spring of 1968. It differs significantly from the only previously described species, Boldia erythrosiphon Herndon, in length and width of young and mature thalli, cell size, shape of nuclei in first‐order cells, shape of intercalary filaments, morphology of filaments derived from monospores, ontogenetic development of erect plants, morphology of the basal system, and regularity of first‐order cells.
THE GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE SILICOFLAGELLATE DICTYOCHA FIBULA EHRENBERG IN CULTURE1,2
Authors: Van Valkenburg Shirley D. , Norris Richard E.
Published: August 2007

Dictyocha fibula was cultured in an enriched seawater medium from collections taken at Edmonds, Washington. The optimum temperature for growth is 10 C at salinity 24% and 160 ft‐c illumination in Provasoli enriched seawater at the concentration of 7.5 ml/liter seawater. Average generation time is 49 hr. In addition to swimming cells with skeletons, swimming cells without skeletons and nonswimming coenocytes were observed in clonal cultures at 15 C.
COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF THREE SPECIES OF CHLAMYDOMONAS TO ANALOGS OF METABOLITES1,2
Authors: McBride A. Charles , Gowans C. Shields
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐five analogs of metabolites were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of Chlamydomonas eugametos, C. moewusii, and C. reinhardii. Eleven of the tested analogs were inhibitory to 1 or more species, but only 3 compounds were inhibitory to all 3.
AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF DRAPARNALDIA FROM LAKE CHAMPLAIN1,2,3
Authors: Cook Philip W.
Published: August 2007

Draparnaldia champlainensis sp. nov. is described and compared with other species of the genus and with Draparnaldiopsis. It closely resembles certain species described by Meyer from Lake Baikal and also Draparnaldiopsis simplex Jao. Its distinguishing features are (1) determinate branches borne in whorls on nearly every cell of the main axis; (2) one or a few broad hairs originating near the base of the determinate branch system; (3) a well‐defined group of meristematic cells at the base of the hair; and (4) extensive rhizoidal cortication in the lower portions of the plants and at the base of the main branches. Draparnaldiopsis simplex Jao is transferred to the genus Draparnaldia and renamed Draparnaldia jaoi nom. nov.
THE CELL WALL OF PYROCYSTIS SPP. (DINOCOCCALES)1,2
Authors: Swift Elijah , Remsen Charles C.
Published: August 2007

The cell of Pyrocystis spp. is covered by an outer layer of material resistant to strong acids and bases. Internal to this layer much of the cell wall is composed of cellulose fibrils. The presence of cellulose fibrils was established by staining raw and ultra‐violet–peroxide‐cleaned cell walls and by combining X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy with electron microscope observation. Carbon replicas of freeze‐etched preparations and thin sections of P. lunula walls show outer layers, inside them ca. 24 layers of crossed parallel cellulose fibrils (4–5 nm thick, ca. 12 nm wide), then a region of smaller (ca. 6–12 nm diameter) fibrils in a disperse texture, and then the plasma membrane. Cellulose fibrils in the parallel texture are constructed of 3–5 elementary fibrils ca. 3 nm in diameter. Walls of P. fusiformis and P. pseudonctiluca also have cellulose fibrils in a crossed parallel texture similar to those of P. lunula.

The Gymnodinium‐type swarmer from lunate P. lunula appears to have a cell wall ultrastructure typical of other “naked” dinoflagellates.
OBSERVATIONS ON NITELLA ACUMINATA FROM SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND NORTHERN MEXICO1
Authors: Tindall Donald R.
Published: August 2007

Morphological and cytological analyses of several specimens of the genus Nitella suggest that species described as N. stellaris, N. lindheimeri, N. gollmeriana, and N. mexicana and some forms reported as N. acuminata var. subglomerata represent a single taxon in the N. acuminata species group. Cytological examination revealed a chromosome number of n = 9 in the specimens from the study area but N. acuminata is known to display n = 18 chromosomes in other regions of North America and on oilier continents. Hypotheses regarding the origin and significance of this polyploidy are discussed. The habitats supporting N. acuminata (n = 9) in the study area show some features which are in contrast to those of habitats supporting the species (n = 18) in other areas of North America.
EFFECT OF 2,4‐DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA CHICK1
Authors: Bertagnolli Byron L. , Nadakavukaren Mathew J.
Published: August 2007

Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick cells grown in liquid culture containing 5 × 10−3M sodium 2,4‐dichloro‐phenoxyacetic acid exhibited vesiculation of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial swelling with disorganization of cristae, disruption of the chloroplast lamellar system, and dictyosomes with irregularly swollen cisternae. Ultrastructural details previously not reported for species of Chlorella were also observed: (1) presence of a crystalline pyrenoid with an 80 A periodicity, (2) a nucleolus made up of ribosome‐like particles, and (3) smaller ribosomes in the chloroplast and mitochondria than in the cytoplasm.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CHLAMYDOMONAS1,2
Authors: Uhlik David J. , Bold Harold C.
Published: August 2007

Two new species of Chlamydomonas, C. surtseyiensis and C. archibaldii, are described as is their sexual reproduction which occurs in clonal culture.
PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER NEAR BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK: SEASONAL VARIATIONS; EFFECT OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS1,2
Authors: Wager Donald B. , Schumacher George J.
Published: August 2007

Net phytoplankton samples were collected weekly for 13 months at points above and below sewage effluents. Sixty‐three genera and 130 taxa were identified: diatoms, 19 genera, 44 taxa; greens, 31 genera, 67 taxa; blue‐greens, 6 genera, 8 taxa. Downstream from the sewage effluents the number of taxa was unchanged but the number of organisms was definitely increased. This increase was most pronounced for green and blue‐green algae, and least for diatoms. The seasonal distribution of algae was that usually seen in waters of the North Temperate Zone. The particular taxa and number of taxa found were those of productive waters but not typical of heavily polluted waters.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE DINOFLAGELLATE NOCTILUCA MILIARIS SURIRAY1,2
Authors: Zingmark Richard G.
Published: August 2007

The existence of sexuality in dinoflagellates has long been controversial. Events described as the differentiation and release of isogametes and sexual fusion in cultures of Noctiluca miliaris were studied with the light microscope. In cultures fed. twice weekly with Dunaliella sp., kept under a 12‐hr day, 12‐hr night light regime at 25–30 ft‐c and held at 18 C, certain vegetative cells, termed gametocyte mother cells, were observed to undergo what is interpreted as meiosis. This was followed by several synchronous mitotic divisions occurring at 45‐min to 1‐hr intervals and. resulting in the production of up to 1024 mature uniflagellated isogametes attached on the surface of the gametocyte mother cell body. After several hours gametes now seen swimming freely in the media were observed to fuse and form zygotes. One zygote subsequently became vacuolated and eventually differentiated into a small but reasonably typical vegetative cell. The life cycle of N. miliaris appears thus to be of the diplontic type. The taxonomic relationships between Noctiluca and other mesocaryotic dinoflagellates are discussed.
PSEUDOCHLOROCOCCUM, A NEW CHLOROCOCCALEAN GENUS1,2
Authors: Archibald Patricia A.
Published: August 2007

Pseudochlorococcum gen. nov. and 2 new species, P. typicum and P. polymorphum, are described and their physiological attributes are compared. In addition, 12 physiological strains of P. typicum are characterized.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND FINE STRUCTURE OF CERATIUM HIRUNDINELLA (DINOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Dodge John D. , Crawford Richard M.
Published: August 2007

Some aspects of thecal morphology in Ceratium hirundinella are redescribed by means of scanning electron microscopy. The internal anatomy of the cell has been clearly revealed for the first time in serial sections examined by transmission electron microscopy. An unusual sulcus, termed the sulcul aperture, has been found to open into a large ventral chamber which extends toward the center of the cell. The 2 flagella are inserted at one side of the ventral chamber. The ultrastructure of the flagellar canals and root systems arc described in detail. A microtubular strand has been found to run from near the nucleus to near the flagellar bases but not to conned with either. The fine structure of the theca, trichocysts, nucleus, and chloroplasts is basically similar to that of other dinoflagellates. Food vacuoles are reported. These contain material thought to be undergoing digestion. It is suggested that the food particles enter the cell by way of the ventral chamber, which is lined only by membranes, unlike the rest of the cell, which is covered by thick plates. The new findings are discussed in relation to the earlier work on the species and to the fine structure of oilier dinoflagellates.
A NEW FRESHWATER CENTRIC DIATOM MICROSIPHONA POTAMOS GEN. ET SP. NOV.1
Authors: Weber Cornelius I.
Published: August 2007

A new centric diatom, Microsiphona potamos gen. et sp. nov. (family Coscinodiscaceae), is described from the Little Miami River, Cincinnati, Ohio, where it occurred at cell densities ranging from 29 to 20,140/ml in surface grab samples during the period May 18–December 14, 1966, contributing an average of 11% and a maximum of 35% of the centric diatoms. This species has been observed in grab samples from rivers throughout the United States.

The cells are 3–4 μ in diameter, 4–8 μ long, and contain 2 to several plate‐like chromatophores. They occur singly, or arc held together in short chains by the old girdle bands and by numerous apiculi that connect the opposing valves of adjacent daughter cells.
CULTURE STUDIES ON THURETELLOPSIS PEGGIANA KYLIN1
Authors: Richardson Norman , Dixon Peter S.
Published: August 2007

Information on the life history and development of Thuretellopsis peggiana Kylin (Cryptonemiales) has been obtained additional to that first given by Kylin in 1925. Culture studies showed the life history to consist of morphologically dissimilar gametangial and tetrasporangial phases. Examination of plants from, field material indicated carposporophyte development similar to that described by Kylin. Spermatangia were found in field‐collected material also bearing carpogonial branches. Monosporangia were observed on field and cultural material of gametangial plants and on tetrasporangial plants in culture. A crustose tetrasporangial phase arose in culture from germinating carpospores under a photoperiod of 16– hr and formed tetrasporangia under a photoperiod of 9–
image

hr. Germination of tetraspores yielded plants similar in morphology to gametangial plants collected in the field. The present study of the life history of T. peggiana and its crust, which has some similarity to Erythrodermis allenii, complements previous observations on the relationship between Halarachnion ligulatum and Cruoria rosea (Gigartinales). Observations on the arrangement of carpogonial and. auxiliary cell branches suggest the need for very close scrutiny of characters in cultured material.
GLAUCOSPHAERA VACUOLATA, ITS ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY1,2
Authors: Richardson F. L. , Brown T. E.
Published: August 2007

Glaucosphaera vacuolata was recently rediscovered, and isolated by Dr. Richard Starr of Indiana University Physiological and ultrastructural studies have been conducted on this cyanome and are reported for the first time. Glaucosphaera has been found to have low rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and Hill activity. Unusual features noted include the presence of R‐phycocyanin as the major accessory pigment, phycobilisomes, and eyeshot‐like structures in the cyanelles.
FREQUENT HETEROCYST GERMINATION IN THE BLUE‐GREEN ALGA GLOEOTRICHIA GHOSEI SINGH1
Authors: Singh R. N. , Tiwari D. N.
Published: August 2007

A unique feature, frequent heterocyst germination, has been observed in a nonsporulating mutant clone (of spontaneous origin) of the blue‐green alga Gloeotrichia ghosei Singh. The controlling factor seems to be the presence of ammoniacal nitrogen in the medium. In addition, such a medium supports differentiation of successive crops of new heterocysts and their germination in the name medium and in the same algal culture. Contrary to previous observations with oilier blue‐green algae, ammoniacal nitrogen does not seem to inhibit heterocyst differentiation in this alga. Both the parent alga and its mutant clone grow poorly in a nitrogen‐free medium, which, although they are not completely free from bacteria, may indicate that they tire poor fixers or nonfixers. However, they form a large number of heterocysts under these conditions. The general conclusion is that the heterocysts of blue‐green algae show a multiplicity of structure and function. In the present case they have reproductive function leading to direct propagation of the alga.

The bearing of these findings on the interrelationships of the genera Gloeotrichia and Rivularia has been discussed. It has been concluded that the distinction between them is purely artificial.
FIELD STUDIES ON THE GIANT KELP NEREOCYSTIS1,2
Authors: Nicholson Nancy L.
Published: August 2007

An intertidal population of Nereocystis luetkeana was investigated in the field, and techniques for measuring sporophyte growth were developed. Primary regions of growth in plants prior to reproductive maturity were located in the bases of the blades, upper stipe, and holdfast. After reproductive areas on blades appeared, growth was confined to 2 major regions: the blade bases and the junction between lower stipe and holdfast where new holdfast haptera were produced. Complete deblading halted growth at whatever stage the plants had attained at the time of the operation but did not kill the plants. Partial deblading resulted in low but measurable growth rates in the blade bases. The data presented suggest that the function of the blades is twofold: they bear reproductive structures in the mature plants and. they may provide, materials used, in rapidly growing regions.
THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHLOROGLOEA FRITSCHII MITRA GROWN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE1,2,3,4
Authors: Findley Davis L. , Walne Patricia L. , Holton Raymond W.
Published: August 2007

The effects of high and low light intensities on the ultrastructure of the large, single cells (designated as Stage IV cell types in the life cycle) of Chlorogloea fritschii grown at 45 C are described. The most noticeable difference between cells grown at 20–60 ft‐c and at 700 ft‐c is in the number and arrangement of the photosynthetic lamellae. In the former, the lamellae are in groups of 4–6 units, the component membranes of which are compact and, closely appressed. While the thylakoids are long, continuous, and frequently invaginated into the central cytoplasm to form concentric whorls, there is no evidence of swelling or separation to form vacuole‐like structures. In contrast, in cells grown at 700 ft‐c, the photosynthetic lamellae are fewer and fragmented, with the segments peripherally arranged dint frequently swollen and vesiculate. There are also differences in the, nature of the sheath, in the amount of cyanophycean starch, and in the cytoplasmic inclusions. At 20–60 ft‐c, the sheath, is extensive and. fibrillar; cyanophycean starch is abundant; and cytoplasmic inclusions (e.g., αand β‐granules) arc sparse. At 700 ft‐c the sheath is less extensive and frequently composed of short segments of fibrils and of particulate material; cyanophycean starch is sparse; and cytoplasmic inclusions are abundant.
MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, AND CELL ELONGATION IN THE DESMID, CLOSTERIUM LITTORALE1
Authors: Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy D. , Fowke Larry C.
Published: August 2007

Some details of interphase cell structure are given. At prophase the nuclear envelope breaks down and the nucleolus disperses; very small doubled chromosomes generally form a precisely aligned, metaphase plate with normal spindle microtubules present; 2 plates of chromatids separate during anaphase, the spindle becoming invaded, by (mucilage) vesicles. Telophase nuclei arc initially very hard to discern, until they increase in volume. Microtubules collect at each pole, becoming increasingly focused on one small region containing fine granular malarial, the microtubule center (MC). The septum, an annular ingrowth, begins forming at prophase and partitions the cell by telophase. At no stage were microtubules involved in this initial cross‐wall formation.

At telophase the spindle collapses and as the nuclei move back to the septum, increasing numbers of microtubules appear near this cross wall, all transversely aligned. An annular split deepens down the middle of the wall material in the septum, and the daughter cells begin to expand, stretching the new wall; the microtubules appearing near the septum now are transformed steadily into typical hooplike wall, microtubules, but strictly confined to the expanding wall (there are none near interphase cell walls). Meanwhile, the MC, has moved, to the side of the cell and begins migrating along one of the grooves in the chloroplast; a large number of parallel microtubules extends back to the nucleus, which becomes increasingly deformed as it begins to extend a long thin protrusion along these, microtubules. The MC keeps moving along the cell until it lodges in the cleavage developing in the chloroplast. Some microtubules extend still further up the cell, others appear in the chloroplast cleavage, but most en‐sheathe the nucleus which by now is moving along the cell as a cylindrical structure tightly fitting in the chloroplast groove. The nuclear membrane is then drawn up into the deepening chloroplast constriction, and when the chloroplast is finally cut in 2, the nucleus lakes up its interphase position between the 2 halves. While all this is occurring, the whole cytoplasm is expanding into the new semicell being created by growth of the wall originally derived from the septum. Thus the interphase cell symmetry is reestablished after mitosis. These results are discussed in terms of more general phenomena of cell division and morphogenesis.
DERMATITIS‐PRODUCING ALGA LYNGBYA MAJUSCULA GOMONT IN HAWAII. I. ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TOXIC FACTOR1,2
Authors: Moikeha Sanae N. , Chu George W. , Berger Leslie R.
Published: August 2007

The toxic principle of dermatitis‐producing Lyngbya majuscula Gomont has been purified by extraction of dried alga with organic solvents followed by column and thin‐layer adsorption chromatography. The toxin is readily soluble in methanol, chloroform, acetone, diethyl ether, and ethanol; it is insoluble in water and slightly soluble in petroleum ether. Qualitative tests have shown no free alpha amino groups, phosphate, sugar, sterol, or quaternary amine. Sulfur and halogen are also absent. The infrared absorption spectrum indicates the presence of hydroxyl groups, CH, CC, and probably CN bonds. Ultraviolet irradiation results in a decrease in toxic activity as well as in bleaching of the pigment. The toxin is also inactivated by heat and by reduction or oxidation. A quantitative test for assay of toxicity has been developed with human amnion cells grown in tissue culture.
DERMATITIS‐PRODUCING ALGA LYNGBY A MAJUSCULA GOMONT IN HAWAII. II. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TOXIC FACTOR1,2
Authors: Moikeha Sanae N. , Chu George W.
Published: August 2007

The course of the reaction produced by intracutaneous injection of the toxin of Lyngbya majuscula Gomont is that of a severe acute inflammatory reaction. No protective or sensitizing effect is induced by a previous exposure. The response from intravenous injection into a rat indicates that the toxin acts as a general cell toxin. The protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and rabbit erythrocytes are lysed by the toxic principle, which also possesses antibacterial activity. Of the organisms tested, Mycobacterium species are markedly inhibited, while Bacillus cereus, Gaffkya tetragena, and Sarcina lutea are slightly to moderately inhibited. Other components of the alga, which are steam distillable, have been found to have antibacterial activity but are not involved in the skin reaction.
GROWTH RATES OF ALGAE DETERMINED IN SITU USING AN IMMERSED MICROSCOPE1
Authors: Staley James T.
Published: August 2007

A microscope was adapted for immersion in natural aquatic habitats to make direct observations of attaching microorganisms. Using this technique the growth of several types of algae was followed. The algae observed exhibited a diurnal growth pattern. Most of the size increase occurred during the daylight hours, whereas most cellular division occurred during the night. Growth rates determined by size measurements varied from 1.3 to 1.8 doublings per day.
SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF BLUE‐GREEN ALGAL GROWTH BY ETHIONINE AND OTHER AMINO ACID ANALOG1,2
Authors: Aaronson S. , Ardois G.
Published: August 2007

Some metabolic analogs, including azaguanine, azathymine, azauracil, caffeine, 4‐azaleucine, dl‐ethionine, and dl‐p‐fluorophenylanlanine, were examined for their ability to repress the multiplication of algae from natural aquatic sources grown in defined or semidefined media. dl‐ethionine, dl‐p‐fluorophenylalanine, and 4‐azaleucine, in that order, inhibited the multiplication of blue‐green but not other algal groups. The purine and pyrimidine analogs were not inhibitory. In chemically defined axenic media, dl‐ethionine was about 100 times more inhibitory to the blue‐green algae Synechococcus cedrorum and Anabaena cylindrica than to the eucaryotic algae Ochromonas danica and Euglena gracilis. The ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis was at least 100‐fold more resistant to ethionine than the algae. The unusual sensitivity of blue‐green algae to ethionine and other amino acid analogs represents an exceptional phylelic character and may be useful in the control of these algae when they become a nuisance. Amino acid analogs such as ethionine may also serve to remove blue‐green algae from cultures one may desire to render axenic.
ELECTROPHORETIC IDENTITY OF POLYPEPTIDES FROM THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE OFANTHOPLEURA‐ASSOCIATED ZOOXANTHELLAE1
Authors: Franker Colin K.
Published: August 2007

Nonproliferating zooxanthellae fromAnthopleura elegantissimawere incubated with3H‐amino acids for 4–16 hr to uniformly label cell protein. Radioactive proteins from the nuclear membrane were extracted and solubilized for electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Four major electrophoretic species of polypeptides were observed at pH 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 in an SDS‐urea‐glutathione system. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 32,000, 44,000, 56,000, and 140,000 daltons. All 4 polypeptides are common to the outer as well as inner nuclear envelopes.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE PYRENOID OFTREBOUXIAINRAMALINA MENZIESIITUCK.1,2
Authors: Fisher K. A. , Lang N. J.
Published: August 2007

Trebouxiasp., the phycobiont of the lichenRamalina menziesiiTuck., was examined with the electron microscope. Its pyrenoid is characterized structurally as being permeated by interconnected vesiculate membrane systems associated with osmiophilic globules termed pyrenoglobuli. The variety of membrane structure associated with the pyrenoid has been documented with electron micrographs. A model based on serial sections was constructed to show the extent of vesiculation, to demonstrate that the pyrenoglobuli within the pyrenoid matrix are invariably adjacent to the thylakoid membranes within that, matrix, and to emphasize the recurrent thylakoid membrane to pyrenoglobuli relationship. A comparison of the glutaraldehyde‐osmium fixation image of the pyrenoglobuli and pyrenoid matrix with the permanganate fixation image has been included. The structure of the pyrenoid matrix in thin section was examined and appears essentially granular.
CONJUGATION IN THE DESMIDCLOSTERIUM LITTORALE1
Authors: Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy D. , Fowke Larry C.
Published: August 2007

Conjugation inClosteriumhas been studied using sectioned material prepared for light and electron microscopy. Prior to conjugation, cells become dense and accumulate lipid droplets. Conjugation commences in paired cells with the formation through a point of mutual contact of a circumferential strip of papilla wall material which is not necessarily centrally situated in each cell. Some microtubules are initially present, near this specialized wall which grows all around each cell but asymmetrically so that the area of papillae in contact increases and each papilla balloons out toward the other, kinking the semicells. Vesicles probably contribute material to this wall. Microtubules disappear from near the papilla as it expands; they are then often found around the older semicell wall immediately adjacent to the papilla. An enlarging vacuole is always formed in each papilla. Cytoplasmic shrinkage is first evident from an accumulation of mucilage between the plasmalemma and wall at the tip of each semicell; the terminal vacuoles collapse and disappear. During further shrinkage of the protoplast, alveolate structures are common on the plasmalemma, and the papilla wall material separating the protoplasts thins out and disappears. Meanwhile, a profound general change renders the cytoplasm far less osmiophilic and stainable for both light and electron microscopy, as it becomes relatively homogeneous and granular, revealing a considerable loss in minor cytoplasmic structures; grana in the chloroplasts become bloated. These changes are not considered processing artefacts, but may result from a breakdown of vegetative cell structures no longer needed for zygote formation. After fusion, the zygote protoplast tends to round up. Zygote maturation commences with deposition of a multilayered wall and shrinkage of the protoplast. Then the very thick zygote wall proper is slowly secreted; meanwhile, very considerable cytoplasmic condensation now renders the cell increasingly osmiophilic and dense until ultrastructural detail becomes totally obscured. Fairly consistent changes in the appearance and probably in the function of the golgi bodies were noted. The results are discussed in terms of the possible function of cell organelles and their role in the mechanics of conjugation.