bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land Use / Cover Change and Vulnerability Evaluation in Olomuc, Czech Republic
Authors: Boori M. S. , Vozenilek V. , Choudhary K.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This research work analyse environmental vulnerability evaluation from 1991 to 2013 in Olomouc, Czech Republic. Remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) technology were used to develop an environmental numerical model for vulnerability evaluation based on spatial principle component analysis (SPCA) method. Land use/cover changes shows that 16.69% agriculture, 54.33% forest and 21.98% other areas (settlement, pasture and water-body) were stable in all three decade. Approximately 30% of the study area maintained as a same land cove type from 1991 to 2013. Based on environmental numerical modal an environmental vulnerability index (EVI) for the year of 1991, 2001 and 2013 of the study area were calculated. This numerical model has five thematic layers including height, slope, aspect, vegetation and land use/cover maps. The whole area vulnerability is classified into four classes: slight, light, medial and heavy level based on cluster principle. Results show that environmental vulnerability integrated index (EVSI) was continuously decreased from 2.11 to 2.01 from the year 1991 to 2013. The distribution of environmental vulnerability is vertical and present heavy in low elevation and slight in high elevation. The overall vulnerability of the study area is light level and the main driving forces are socio-economic activities.
Effectiveness of Spectral Similarity Measures to Develop Precise Crop Spectra for Hyperspectral Data Analysis
Authors: Chauhan H. , Krishna Mohan B.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The present study was undertaken with the objective to check effectiveness of spectral similarity measures to develop precise crop spectra from the collected hyperspectral field spectra. In Multispectral and Hyperspectral remote sensing, classification of pixels is obtained by statistical comparison (by means of spectral similarity) of known field or library spectra to unknown image spectra. Though these algorithms are readily used, little emphasis has been placed on use of various spectral similarity measures to select precise crop spectra from the set of field spectra. Conventionally crop spectra are developed after rejecting outliers based only on broad-spectrum analysis. Here a successful attempt has been made to develop precise crop spectra based on spectral similarity. As unevaluated data usage leads to uncertainty in the image classification, it is very crucial to evaluate the data. Hence, notwithstanding the conventional method, the data precision has been performed effectively to serve the purpose of the present research work. The effectiveness of developed precise field spectra was evaluated by spectral discrimination measures and found higher discrimination values compared to spectra developed conventionally. Overall classification accuracy for the image classified by field spectra selected conventionally is 51.89% and 75.47% for the image classified by field spectra selected precisely based on spectral similarity. KHAT values are 0.37, 0.62 and Z values are 2.77, 9.59 for image classified using conventional and precise field spectra respectively. Reasonable higher classification accuracy, KHAT and Z values shows the possibility of a new approach for field spectra selection based on spectral similarity measure.
Net surface radiation retrieval using Earth Observation Satellite data and machine learning algorithm
Authors: Mahalakshmi D. V. , Paul A. , Dutta D. , Ali M. M. , Jha C. S. , Dadhwal V. K.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. We present a method to estimate net surface radiation (NSR) from Terra MODIS data using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique. For this purpose, we trained the ANN model using MODIS atmospheric profile product of air temperature, dew point temperature, solar zenith angle and land surface temperature from Terra as independent parameters and the net surface radiation from eddy flux tower measurements at Bonnie camp location of Sundarban region as the dependent variable. The NSR is estimated with a root mean square accuracy of 64 w/m2 and the square of the correlation coefficient (R2) is 0.75 respectively. This technique is extended to estimate NSR over the entire Sundarban area and has a potential for climate and agricultural water management studies.
A Single Classifier Using Principal Components Vs Multi-Classifier System: In Landuse-LandCover Classification of WorldView-2 Sensor Data
Authors: Eeti L .N. , Buddhiraju K. M. , Bhattacharya A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. In remote sensing community, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is widely utilized for dimensionality reduction in order to deal with high spectral-dimension data. However, dimensionality reduction through PCA results in loss of some spectral information. Analysis of an Earth-scene, based on first few principal component bands/channels, introduces error in classification, particularly since the dimensionality reduction in PCA does not consider accuracy of classification as a requirement. The present research work explores a different approach called Multi-Classifier System (MCS)/Ensemble classification to analyse high spectral-dimension satellite remote sensing data of WorldView-2 sensor. It examines the utility of MCS in landuse-landcover (LULC) classification without compromising any channel i.e. avoiding loss of information by utilizing all of the available spectral channels. It also presents a comparative study of classification results obtained by using only principal components by a single classifier and using all the original spectral channels in MCS. Comparative study of the classification results in the present work, demonstrates that utilizing all channels in MCS of five Artificial Neural Network classifiers outperforms a single Artificial Neural Network classifier that uses only first three principal components for classification process.
The 1988 glacial lake outburst flood in Guangxieco Lake, Tibet, China
Authors: Liu J.-J. , Cheng Z.-L. , Li Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The 1988 glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in Guangxieco Lake is studied based on geomorphological evidence, interviews with local residents, field surveys in 1990 and 2007, and satellite images from different years. The findings are as follows. (1) The outburst event was caused by two major factors, namely, intense pre-precipitation and persistent high temperatures before the outburst and the low self-stability of the terminal moraine dam as a result of perennial piping. (2) The GLOF, with the peak discharge rate of 1270 m3 s−1, evolved along Midui Valley in the following order: sediment-laden flow, viscous debris flow, non-viscous debris flow, and sediment-laden flood, which was eventually blocked by Palongzangbu River. (3) A comparison between the conditions during the outburst in 1988 and the present conditions suggests a small possibility of a future outburst unless drastic changes occur in landscape and climate. Reconstructing the outburst conditions and the GLOF processes is helpful in assessing a potential outburst in glacier lakes in Tibet.
Evaluation of forest fire models on a large observation database
Authors: Filippi J. B. , Mallet V. , Nader B.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This paper presents the evaluation of several fire propagation models using a large set of observed fires. The observation base is composed of 80 Mediterranean fire cases of different sizes, which come with the limited information available in an operational context (burned surface and approximative ignition point). Simulations for all cases are carried out with four different front velocity models. The results are compared with several error scoring methods applied to each of the 320 simulations. All tasks are performed in a fully automated manner, with simulations run as first guesses with no tuning for any of the models or cases. This approach leads to a wide range of simulation performance, including some of the bad simulation results to be expected in an operational context. Disregarding the quality of the input data, it is found that the models can be ranked based on their performance and that the most complex models outperform the more empirical ones. Data and source codes used for this paper are freely available to the community.
Monitoring and prediction in Early Warning Systems (EWS) for rapid mass movements
Authors: Stähli M. , Sättele M. , Huggel C. , McArdell B. W. , Lehmann P. , Van Herwijnen A. , Berne A. , Schleiss M. , Ferrari A. , Kos A. , Or D. , Springman S. M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Rapid mass movements (RMM) pose a substantial risk to people and infrastructure. Reliable and cost-efficient measures have to be taken to reduce this risk. One of these measures includes establishing and advancing the State of Practice in the application of Early Warning Systems (EWS). EWS have been developed during the past decades and are rapidly increasing. In this document, we focus on the technical part of EWS, i.e. the prediction and timely recognition of imminent hazards, as well as on monitoring slopes at risk and released mass movements. Recent innovations in assessing spatial precipitation, as well as monitoring and modelling precursors, the triggering and deformation of RMM offer new opportunities for next-generation EWS. However, technical advancement can only be transferred into more reliable, operational EWS with an intense dialog between scientists, engineers and those in charge of warning. To this end, further experience with new comprehensive prototype systems jointly operated by scientists and practitioners will be essential.
GrainSizeTools: a Python script for estimating the dynamically recrystallized grain size from grain sectional areas
Authors: Lopez-Sanchez M. A. , Llana-Fúnez S.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Paleopiezometry and paleowattometry studies, required to validate models of lithospheric deformation, are increasingly common in structural geology. These studies require a numeric parameter to characterize and compare the dynamically recrystallized grain size of natural mylonites with those obtained in rocks deformed under controlled conditions in the laboratory. We introduce a new tool, a script named GrainSizeTools, to obtain a single numeric value representative of the dynamically recrystallized grain size from the measurement of grain sectional areas (2-D data). For this, it is used an estimate of the most likely grain size of the grain size population, using an alternative tool to the classical histograms and bar plots: the peak of the Gaussian kernel density estimation. The results are comparable to those that can be obtained by other stereological software available, such as the StripStar and CSDCorrections, but with the advantage that the script is specifically developed to produce a single and reproducible value avoiding manual steps in the estimation, which penalizes reproducibility.
Soil surface roughness: comparing old and new measuring methods and application in a soil erosion model
Authors: Thomsen L. M. , Baartman J. E. M. , Barneveld R. J. , Starkloff T. , Stolte J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Quantification of soil roughness, i.e. the irregularities of the soil surface due to soil texture, aggregates, rock fragments and land management, is important as it affects surface storage, infiltration, overland flow and ultimately sediment detachment and erosion. Roughness has been measured in the field using both contact methods, such as roller chain and pinboard, and sensor methods, such as stereophotogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). A novel depth sensing technique, originating in the gaming industry, has recently become available for earth sciences; the Xtion Pro method. Roughness data obtained using various methods are assumed to be similar; this assumption is tested in this study by comparing five different methods to measure roughness in the field on 1 m2 agricultural plots with different management (ploughing, harrowing, forest and direct seeding on stubble) in southern Norway. Subsequently, the values were used as input for the LISEM soil erosion model to test their effect on the simulated hydrograph on catchment scale. Results show that statistically significant differences between the methods were obtained only for the fields with direct drilling on stubble; for the other land management types the methods were in agreement. The spatial resolution of the contact methods was much lower than for the sensor methods (10 000 versus at least 57 000 points per m2 respectively). In terms of costs and ease of handling in the field, the Xtion Pro method is promising. Results from the LISEM model indicate that especially the roller chain underestimated the RR values and the model thereby calculated less surface runoff than measured. In conclusion: the choice of measurement method for roughness data matters and depends on the required accuracy, resolution, mobility in the field and available budget. It is recommended to use only one method within one study.
A new approach to mapping permafrost and change incorporating uncertainties in ground conditions and climate projections
Authors: Zhang Y. , Olthof I. , Fraser R. , Wolfe S. A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Spatially detailed information on permafrost distribution and change with climate is important for land use planning, infrastructure development, and environmental assessments. However, the required soil and surficial geology maps in the North are coarse, and projected climate scenarios vary widely. Considering these uncertainties, we propose a new approach to mapping permafrost distribution and change by integrating remote sensing data, field measurements, and a process-based model. Land cover types from satellite imagery are used to capture the general land conditions and to improve the resolution of existing permafrost maps. For each land cover type, field observations are used to estimate the probabilities of different ground conditions. A process-based model is used to quantify the evolution of permafrost for each ground condition under three representative climate scenarios (low, medium, and high warming). From the model results, the probability of permafrost occurrence and the most likely permafrost conditions are determined. We apply this approach at 20 m resolution to a large area in Northwest Territories, Canada. Mapped permafrost conditions are in agreement with field observations and other studies. The data requirements, model robustness, and computation time are reasonable, and this approach may serve as a practical means to mapping permafrost and changes at high resolution in other regions.
Processes governing the mass balance of Chhota Shigri Glacier (western Himalaya, India) assessed by point-scale surface energy balance measurements
Authors: Azam M. F. , Wagnon P. , Vincent C. , Ramanathan AL. , Favier V. , Mandal A. , Pottakkal J. G.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Some recent studies revealed that Himalayan glaciers were shrinking at an accelerated rate since the beginning of the 21st century. However, the climatic causes for this shrinkage remain unclear given that surface energy balance studies are almost nonexistent in this region. In this study, a point-scale surface energy balance analysis was performed using in situ meteorological data from the ablation zone of Chhota Shigri Glacier over two separate periods (August 2012 to February 2013 and July to October 2013) in order to understand the response of mass balance to climatic variables. Energy balance numerical modelling provides quantification of the surface energy fluxes and identification of the factors affecting glacier mass balance. The model was validated by comparing the computed and observed ablation and surface temperature data. During the summer-monsoon period, net radiation was the primary component of the surface energy balance accounting for 80 % of the total heat flux followed by turbulent sensible (13%), latent (5%) and conductive (2%) heat fluxes. A striking feature of the energy balance is the positive turbulent latent heat flux, suggesting re-sublimation of moist air at the glacier surface, during the summer-monsoon characterized by relatively high air temperature, high relative humidity and a continual melting surface. The impact of the Indian Summer Monsoon on Chhota Shigri Glacier mass balance has also been assessed. This analysis demonstrates that the intensity of snowfall events during the summer-monsoon plays a key role on surface albedo (melting is reduced in the case of strong snowfalls covering the glacier area), and thus is among the most important drivers controlling the annual mass balance of the glacier. The summer-monsoon air temperature, controlling the precipitation phase (rain versus snow and thus albedo), counts, indirectly, also among the most important drivers.
Epidemiology Data from the Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study (SHELS)
Authors: Fernandez Judith , Douglas Anne , Cezard Genevieve , Bhopal Raj
Published: November 2014

We linked the 2001 Scottish Census, which contains ethnicity, socio-economic and demographic data to health and death records, creating an anonymised retrospective cohort study of 4.65 million people to assess the association between ethnicity and health outcomes in Scotland. The databases contain data mostly from hospital discharge and mortality records, but also from other registers.  The databases are stored in a safe haven at the National Records of Scotland (NRS). NRS is currently exploring the feasibility of making Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study (SHELS) data open access while ensuring that the same level of confidentiality is maintained. If SHELS becomes open access it could be reused, with the appropriate approvals, to assess the influence of other socio-economic or demographic measures on the Scottish population’s health.
Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with three new taxa including the second longest insect known to date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini)
Authors: Bresseel Joachim , Constant Jérôme
Published: November 2014

Two new species and one subspecies of Pharnaciini, belonging to two different genera, are described from Vietnam: one species and subspecies of Phryganistria Stål, 1875 and one species of Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907. Two species currently attributed to the genus Ramulus Saussure, 1862, Ramulus magnus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) and R. chinensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907), are transferred to Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008 comb. nov. Phobaeticus longicornis Bi & Wang, 1998 and Phobaeticus yuexiensis Chen & He, 1993 represent the male and female of Baculonistria magnus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) syn. nov. A lectotype is designated for Baculonistria chinensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907). The genus Baculonistria now contains three species. Nearchus bachmaensis Ta & Hoang, 2004 is transferred to Phryganistria and the new combination Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004) comb. nov. is proposed. The species is redescribed and the authors’ attribution corrected, the egg is described and figured for the first time. Phryganistria tamdaoensis sp. nov. is described and figured from both sexes and the egg. Females of P. tamdaoensis sp. nov. are easily recognised by the conspicuously enlarged lanceolate cerci, a character previously unknown in this tribe. The distribution range of Phryganistria heusii heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997) is extended to Tam Dao National Park. A new subspecies Phryganistria heusii yentuensis subsp. nov. is described from Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve from adult males and females and the eggs. Males can easily be distinguished from the nominal subspecies by their colouration. This huge subspecies represents the second longest insect recorded to date. A key to the species of the genus Phryganistria is provided. Phobaeticus trui sp. nov. is described from central Vietnam. It is the first species of Phobaeticus recorded from Vietnam. Adults of both sexes are illustrated.
Evaluation of an Afterschool Children’s Healthy Eating and Exercise Program
Authors: Dai Chia-Liang , Nabors Laura A. , King Keith A. , Vidourek Rebecca A. , Chen Ching-Chen , Hoang Nhung , Mastro Katherine G.
Published: November 2014

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of the Children’s Healthy Eating and Exercise Program (CHEE) in an afterschool program of an elementary school.
Methods: Students in a low-income elementary school were recruited to participate in the program. Thirty-three children were in the intervention group. Twenty-four children in the comparison group were recruited from after school clubs in the same elementary school. The CHEE Program consisted of 18 sessions, featuring nutrition (20 min) and physical activity (40 min) lessons. Nutrition lessons were adapted from the Traffic Light Diet. Other lessons included MyPlate, my refrigerator, my lunchbox, and a healthy foods tasting activity. Multiple physical activities were utilized in the program including soccer, dance, relay races, tag, and other fun games. Data were collected at the beginning and end of the program.
Results: Children in both groups reported eating more vegetables at the post-intervention measurement. Children in the intervention group indicated that they learned about healthy eating and new physical activities due to their participation in the program.
Conclusions: Future studies are needed to discover barriers to behavior change as well as apply a more rigorous design to examine the impact of the CHEE Program.
Using the Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) Approach in Childhood Obesity Prevention
Authors: Kumar Janavi , Kidd Tandalayo , Li Yijing , Lindshield Erika , Muturi Nancy , Adhikari Koushik
Published: November 2014

Childhood and adolescent obesity has increased drastically in the past 30 years. While this is troubling, there is also evidence of large disparities among certain ethnic groups such as African American and Hispanic children and adolescents. The Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) Model emphasizes a collaborative, co-learning, mutually beneficial, and community-partnered approach to research. Unique aspects of this model include viewing community members as equal partners in non-hierarchical teams, working together in a strengths-based, action oriented research process. This review consists of an investigation of the CBPR approach, its important tenets, and why such an approach may be more effective for childhood and adolescent obesity intervention program development, especially in stratified communities.
Exploring the Relationship between Diet and TV, Computer and Video Game Use in a Group of Canadian Children
Authors: Tomlin Dona , McKay Heather A. , Forster Martina , Rhodes Ryan E. , Rose Hannah , Higgins Joan Wharf , Naylor Patti-Jean
Published: November 2014

Increased screen-time has been linked to unhealthy dietary practices but most studies have looked primarily at television viewing or an amalgam. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific screen-time (TV, computer, video game) and a selection of healthy dietary intake measures (calories, carbohydrate, fat, sugar, fruit, vegetables, fibre and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)) in a group of Canadian children. We used single day sedentary and dietary recalls to assess sedentary behaviour and diet in 1423 children (9.90 (0.58) y; 737 girls, 686 boys) from the Action Schools! BC Dissemination study. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to explore sedentary behaviour-diet relationships. TV and video game use were correlated with higher calories, fat, sugar and SSB consumption (r = 0.07 to 0.09; p <.01) and lower fibre intake (r = -0.05 to -0.06; p <.05). TV use was also correlated with lower fruit and vegetable intake. Regression analyses showed that when controlling for other variables, only TV and video game use predicted sugar and SSB consumption (β =.06 to.08; p <.05). Computer use was correlated with calories but did not significantly predict any of the measures of dietary intake. Although screen time was significantly associated with less healthy eating profiles, it did not account for much variance in dietary behaviour of these children.
Rejecting and Preserving: Bale's Dramatisation of the Baptism of Christ
Authors: Happé Peter
Published: November 2014

It is likely that John Bale was familiar with existing biblical cycles when he wrote his plays in the 1530s. This article compares his treatment of the Baptism of Christ with the Catholic tradition exemplified by the York, Towneley and N-Town plays, the Passions of Eustache Mercadé and Arnoul Gréban and the Mystères de Lille. Although Bale had come to see the Baptism after his conversion in Protestant terms, this article shows that he sustained traditional elements and considers how he tailored his approach to the political context, in the light of Henry VIII's changing policies in the late 1530s.
‘Seeking (The) Mean(s)’: Aristotle's Ethics and Shakespeare's Coriolanus
Authors: Crunelle-Vanrigh Anny
Published: November 2014

Shakespeare's Coriolanus bears the stamp of Aristotelianism in ways affecting ethics, drama and politics. Steering a course between excess, defect and the mean enables Shakespeare to experiment with a new dramatic geometry; concerns with character excellence develop into questions of character types, and the political model of Aristotle is measured against that of Machiavelli. Coriolanus' quarrel with Aufidius harbours a conflict of doctrines in which virtus is eventually superseded by virtù. The mean is lost in the sense of ‘virtuous midpoint’ to assume that of ‘contrivance’, valued so far as the end is valued, regardless of ethicality.
SREBRENICA OREFIELD, PODRINJE METALLOGENIC DISTRICT, REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA, B&H: HYDRATED Fe(Al)-PHOSPHATES AND THEIR PARAGENESES WITHIN THE Pb-Zn MINERALIZATION
Authors: Radosavljević Slobodan , Đorđević Dragoslav , Stojanović Jovica , Radosavljević-Mihajlović Ana , Kašić Vladan
Published: November 2014

The Srebrenica orefield is mostly composed of Tertiary dacite-andesites, and quartz latites, pyroclastites, Paleozoic schists, and Quaternary sediments, but in a in a lesser extent. The latest research showed that in the Srebrenica orefield occur complex mineral parageneses and associations deposited in pneumatolytic-hydrothermal and hydrothermal (from high- to low-temperature) stage, accompanied with very rare minerals. Beside ore mineral parageneses and associations, specials emphasis was on rare hydrated phosphates: vivianite, ludlamite, and vauxite. It is important to say that vauxite from the Srebrenica orefield is fourth discovery in the world. The minerals above were studied using DTA-TGA, IR-spectroscopy, and XRPD.
PETROGENESIS OF THE MAGLAJ VOLCANICS, CENTRAL BOSNIA
Authors: Salkić Zehra , Babajić Elvir , Babajić Alisa , Pobrić Vedran , Bešić Aldin
Published: November 2014

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tertiary volcanic rocks occur within two geotectonically different areas: (1) in northeastern Bosnia, the wider area of Srebrenica and, (2) to a lesser extent in central Bosnia, the wider areas of Maglaj, Teslić and Nemila (Kolići). The major and trace element variations in the rocks surrounding Maglaj indicate their high-K calc-alkaline character, and are consistent with fractionation of the observed phenocryst assemblages (plagioclase, sanidine, biotite and hornblende). The scatter in some graphs cannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation from a common parent magma. More likely, such variations are affected by variable contribution and assimilation of continental crust within the magmas generated in the mantle. The presence of reverse zoned plagioclase phenocrysts, as well as a resorbed rim enclosing the coexisting quartz phenocrysts, can be interpreted by mixing of magmas with different temperatures and compositions.

All analyzed rocks show enrichment of the LILEs over the HFSEs and have significant negative Ta-Nb, P and Ti anomalies, and positive U and Pb anomalies, which are characteristic of subduction-related volcanic rocks generated in (post) collisional zones. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns exibit enrichment on the LREEs over the HREEs with (La/Yb)cn ranging from 21.4 to 21.9. All analyzed rocks have small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* =0.86-0.89) which suggests that plagioclase fractionation played a minor role in the genesis of the dacites. Ratios of some diagnostic elements versus SiO2 diagrams are best explained as a result of assimilation of varying degree in the continental crust during magma ascent and continuing fractional crystallization. High values of LILE/HFSE ratios in K/Ti (6.6 to 11.9), K/Zr (124-169), K/Nb (1598-2692) and Ba/Nb (44-65) and negative anomalies of Ti and Nb in the volcanic rocks surrounding Maglaj can be explained as the result of complex processes in the magmatic system originally derived from a mantle wedge.
GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TERRAIN ON THE HIGHWAY CORRIDOR Vc SECTION JOHOVAC – DOBOJ JUG, stac. km 10+754 – 15+820
Authors: Đurić Neđo
Published: November 2014

HighwayCorridor Vc as the most significant route in Bosnia and Herzegovina requires detailed analysis of geological characteristics of the field along the route of its propagation. The route is divided into several parts, according to geographical, geological and spatial properties of the field. One of the most complex sections of the highway is the section Johovac – Doboj Jug, subsection UsoraKaruse. It is not that complicated because of natural properties of the ground only but also because of inability to choose the most optimal route due to the presence of a number of residential buildings. Selected route is quite demanding in terms of field research and its construction, since it will be entirely built in the embankment, and there arefive bridges and another roadjunction along the route.

By the field examination, geological properties were defined with analyzed seismicity level for the area, as well as engineering – geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the terrain. At the construction sites of prospective facilities, additional investigations will be carried out and resulting data will together with existing, constitute a basis for development of geotechnical project.
EXAMPLES OF LANSLIDES IN THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WITH THE ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF THEIR ACTIVATION
Authors: Operta Mevlida , Golijanin Jelena , Ćatović Amra
Published: November 2014

Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by heterogeneous geological structure, and a high degree of tectonic and the seismic activity as well as various relief and the climatic characteristics and water flows of different gradients. All this reflected on engineering-geological characteristics of the terrain.

The main causes of landslides' activation are changes in level of underground waters, chopping down of forest, great rainfalls, snow melting, long drought periods, changes in slopes, changes in load of a slope, rock's wastage, uncontrolled diversion of surface waters, earthquakes etc. Researches on landslides are carried out in order to establish the cause of landslide's origin and to find out efficient overhaul measures. Landslide's overhaul success depends not only on established causes of landslide's origin, but also on use of technical measures for stopping that process. Overhaul measures' carrying out is important in protection of the environment.

This paper presents an analysis of co-action of natural factors and negative anthropogenic effect in a settled area, where landslides appear, by its studying and eliminating of causes we are creating the conditions for a successful stabilization of landslides. The paper shows some characteristic landslides with defining of geomorphologic, geologic, engineer geologic, hydrogeologic and geotechnical characteristics of the terrain.
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TERRAIN AND CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FOR BRIDGE No. 1 OF MOTORWAY LAŠVA – DONJI VAKUF, SUBSECTION INTERCHANGE LAŠVA – INTERCHANGE KAONIK
Authors: Talić Zlatan , Ćerimagić Đenari
Published: November 2014

The paper present a review of the geotechnical characteristics of the terrain at the location of the bridge No. 1 of motorway Lašva – Donji Vakuf, subsection interchange Lašva – interchange Kaonik.

Also, given the suggestion of foundation structures for each column, as well as the calculated bearing capacity
USE OF BROMS’S METHOD AND FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD IN THE DIMENSIONING OF PILES FOR FOUNDATION PIT INSURANCE
Authors: Vlaški Svjetlana
Published: November 2014

Implementation of major construction projects thanks are due to the technological development of materials and equipment to perform. Development of equipment for piles, allowed this type of structure a large application, as in the system of basic structural elements, as well as providing (temporary or permanent) construction site. Influences on the pile construction, since the purpose is very different. In the case that they are intended to ensure the construction work area, the dominant influence of lateral pressure or horizontal load. Just such an example will be processed in this paper with a tendency to show the dependence of the results on the choice of calculation methods of calculation.
CONTROL OF PARASITIC CONTAMINATION OF GREEN AREAS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT - BELGRADE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Pavlović Ivan , Jovičić Dubravka , Vitas Ana , Petrović Nada , Ilić Živka
Published: November 2014

A steady increase in the number of dogs is a serious sanitary-epidemiological problem of urban areas. Those animals permanent contaminated those areas with faeces which present a significant health problem from human. Most frequent parasites are eggs of zoonotic helminthes Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostomidae spp., Taenia spp., Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis i Strongyloиdes stercoralis and protosoa oocysts of Giardia intestinalis, Amoeba spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. Infections are most exposed to children who play there and often unwashed hands placed in the mouth, introducing and parasite eggs in it. Soiled streets are also epidemiological and ecological problem. Stepping over dog feces on their shoes can bring the parasite eggs in the house and from there to infection is only a step. From these reason permanent control of parasitic contamination of public places (green areas, parks) and adequate control is only way of protection of human population in urban environmental condition.
EFFECTS OF METSULFURON-METHYL ON SOIL MICROBIAL ACITVITY
Authors: Radivojević Ljiljana , Jovičić Dubravka , Šantrić Ljiljana , Gašić Slavica , Umiljendić Gajić Jelena
Published: November 2014

Pesticide metsulfuron-methyl (chemical name: methyl 2-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2- ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)benzoate) is a post-emergence sulfonylurea herbicide which controls most annual grass broadleaf weeds in cereals, and it has been used for a long time.

The effect of metsulfuron-methyl on microbiological activity in soil was investigated. Trials were set up in laboratory on chernozem soil (pH 7.0, organic matter 3.5%, sand 26%, silt 45%, clay 29%) at Surcin, Serbia. Metsulfuron-methyl was added at rates 1, 5, 25 i 50 mg/kg soil. Untreated soil served as control. Samples were collected for analysis 5, 20, 40 and 60 days after metsulfuron-methyl application. The effects were assessed on dehydrogenase activity, bacteria abundance and fungi abundance.

Metsulfuron-methyl was found to cause different effects on the soil microbial activity in soil and its influence depended on the rate of application and duration of activity. Metsulfuron-methyl applied at 1 and 5 mg/kg soil did not have any effect on microbial parameters. The higher herbicide doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) induced increasing activity from the 5th to 40th day. These experimental data indicated that metsulfuron-methylon affected soil microbial activity, but the effects were only detected at higher doses and they were slight and transitory.
TNFR1-dependent cell death drives inflammation in Sharpin-deficient mice
Authors: Rickard James A , Anderton Holly , Etemadi Nima , Nachbur Ueli , Darding Maurice , Peltzer Nieves , Lalaoui Najoua , Lawlor Kate E , Vanyai Hannah , Hall Cathrine , Bankovacki Aleks , Gangoda Lahiru , Wong Wendy Wei-Lynn , Corbin Jason , Huang Chunzi , Mocarski Edward S , Murphy James M , Alexander Warren S , Voss Anne K , Vaux David L , Kaiser William J , Walczak Henning , Silke John
Published: November 2014

SHARPIN regulates immune signaling and contributes to full transcriptional activity and prevention of cell death in response to TNF in vitro. The inactivating mouse Sharpin cpdm mutation causes TNF-dependent multi-organ inflammation, characterized by dermatitis, liver inflammation, splenomegaly, and loss of Peyer's patches. TNF-dependent cell death has been proposed to cause the inflammatory phenotype and consistent with this we show Tnfr1, but not Tnfr2, deficiency suppresses the phenotype (and it does so more efficiently than Il1r1 loss). TNFR1-induced apoptosis can proceed through caspase-8 and BID, but reduction in or loss of these players generally did not suppress inflammation, although Casp8 heterozygosity significantly delayed dermatitis. Ripk3 or Mlkl deficiency partially ameliorated the multi-organ phenotype, and combined Ripk3 deletion and Casp8 heterozygosity almost completely suppressed it, even restoring Peyer's patches. Unexpectedly, Sharpin, Ripk3 and Casp8 triple deficiency caused perinatal lethality. These results provide unexpected insights into the developmental importance of SHARPIN.
Effects of additional vapors on sterilization of microorganism spores with plasma-excited neutral gas
Authors: Matsui Kei , Ikenaga Noriaki , Sakudo Noriyuki
Published: November 2014

Some fundamental experiments are carried out in order to develop a plasma process that will uniformly sterilize both the space and inner wall of the reactor chamber at atmospheric pressure. Air, oxygen, argon, and nitrogen are each used as the plasma source gas to which mixed vapors of water and ethanol at different ratios are added. The reactor chamber is remotely located from the plasma area and a metal mesh for eliminating charged particles is installed between them. Thus, only reactive neutral particles such as plasma-excited gas molecules and radicals are utilized. As a result, adding vapors to the source gas markedly enhances the sterilization effect. In particular, air with water and/or ethanol vapor and oxygen with ethanol vapor show more than 6-log reduction for Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores.
Anthropogenic influence on recent circulation‐driven Antarctic sea ice changes
Authors: Haumann F. Alexander , Notz Dirk , Schmidt Hauke
Published: November 2014

Observations reveal an increase of Antarctic sea ice over the past three decades, yet global climate models tend to simulate a sea ice decrease for that period. Here we combine observations with model experiments (MPI‐ESM) to investigate causes for this discrepancy and for the observed sea ice increase. Based on observations and atmospheric reanalysis, we show that on multidecadal time scales Antarctic sea ice changes are linked to intensified meridional winds that are caused by a zonally asymmetric lowering of the high‐latitude surface pressure. In our simulations, this surface pressure lowering is a response to a combination of anthropogenic stratospheric ozone depletion and greenhouse gas increase. Combining these two lines of argument, we infer a possible anthropogenic influence on the observed sea ice changes. However, similar to other models, MPI‐ESM simulates a surface‐pressure response that is rather zonally symmetric, which explains why the simulated sea ice response differs from observations.
Cirrus feedback on interannual climate fluctuations
Authors: Zhou C. , Dessler A. E. , Zelinka M. D. , Yang P. , Wang T.
Published: November 2014

Cirrus clouds are not only important in determining the current climate but also play an important role in climate change and variability. Analysis of satellite observations shows that the amount and altitude of cirrus clouds (cloud optical depth < 3.6, cloud top pressure < 440 hPa) increase in response to interannual surface warming. Using cirrus cloud radiative kernels, the magnitude of the interannual cirrus feedback is estimated to be 0.20 ± 0.21 W/m2/°C, which represents an important component of the cloud feedback. Thus, cirrus clouds are likely to act as a positive feedback on interannual climate fluctuations, by reducing the Earth's ability to radiate longwave radiation to space in response to planetary surface warming. Most of the cirrus feedback comes from increasing cloud amount in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and subtropical upper troposphere.
A missing variable in solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling studies
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Sormakov D. A. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: November 2014

The auroral electrojet (AL) index is commonly used to characterize the magnetospheric activity. The ground magnetic perturbations that comprise AL are formed predominantly by Hall currents, however, and the Hall conductivity is sensitive to plasma sheet Te and Ne parameters, which control the production of energetic electrons via their field‐aligned acceleration. Using AL index and nightside‐dawn sector plasma sheet electron data, we demonstrate that a hotter, lower density plasma sheet is associated with stronger ground magnetic variations in the nightside auroral zone than a colder, denser plasma sheet under similar solar wind driving conditions. The ‐dependent difference may exceed a factor of 4 during the growth phase events, whereas the acceleration during substorm expansions smears it out. Background plasma sheet state is mainly controlled by the solar wind velocity and density. We suggest that plasma sheet variable constitutes an important (and currently ignored) variable in studies of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling.
Hemispheric asymmetry of the structure of dayside auroral oval
Authors: Hu Ze‐Jun , Ebihara Yusuke , Yang Hui‐Gen , Hu Hong‐Qiao , Zhang Bei‐Chen , Ni Binbin , Shi Run , Trondsen Trond S.
Published: November 2014

A comprehensive analysis of long‐term and multispectral auroral observations made in the Arctic and Antarctica demonstrates that the dayside auroral ovals in two hemispheres are both presented in a two‐peak structure, namely, the prenoon 09:00 magnetic local time (MLT) and postnoon 15:00 MLT peaks. The two‐peak structures of dayside ovals, however, are asymmetric in the two hemispheres; i.e., the postnoon average auroral intensity is more than the prenoon one in the Northern Hemisphere but less in the Southern Hemisphere. The hemispheric asymmetry cannot be accounted for by the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field By component and the seasonal difference of ionospheric conductivities in the two hemispheres, which were used to interpret satellite‐observed real‐time auroral intensity asymmetries in the two hemispheres in previous studies. We suggest that the hemispheric asymmetry is the combined effect of the prenoon‐postnoon variations of the magnetosheath density and local ionospheric conductivity.
Modulation of the dayside diffuse auroral intensity by the solar wind dynamic pressure
Authors: Shi Run , Hu Ze‐Jun , Ni Binbin , Han Desheng , Chen Xiang‐Cai , Zhou Chen , Gu Xudong
Published: November 2014

Compared to the recently improved understanding of the nightside diffuse aurora, the mechanism(s) responsible for the dayside diffuse auroral precipitation remains limitedly understood. We investigate the dayside diffuse aurora observed by the all‐sky imagers of Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station in the time interval of 02:00–10:00 UT (05:00–13:00 magnetic local time) on 2 January 2006. In this interval, the intensity of dayside diffuse aurora is highly correlated with the solar wind dynamic pressure with a maximum coefficient of 0.89. Moreover, there are similar spectra characteristics in the Pc5 range between the intensity of dayside diffuse aurora and solar wind dynamic pressure (proton density) during a portion of the time interval, in which the interplanetary magnetic field Bz is northward. The observation indicates that changes in solar wind dynamic pressure can efficiently modulate the magnitude of the dayside diffuse aurora, except when the interplanetary magnetic field is southward. The enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure can provide favorable circumstances for dayside chorus wave generation, so we consider that the dayside chorus could be a candidate for the production of the dayside diffuse aurora. Furthermore, since the compressional Pc4‐Pc5 pulsations can also modulate the intensity of whistler mode chorus waves, the solar wind dynamic pressure modulates the dayside diffuse aurora through affecting dayside chorus wave activity and the associated scattering process.
Neutrons and energetic charged particles in the inner heliosphere: Measurements of the MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer from 0.3 to 0.85 AU
Authors: Rodgers Douglas J. , Lawrence David J. , Feldman William C. , Peplowski Patrick N.
Published: November 2014

Energetic charged particle and neutron data from the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) on board the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft have been acquired for solar distances ranging from 0.3 to 0.85 AU. The NS is sensitive to ions with energies greater than 120 MeV/nucleon and has made the first measurements of these energetic ions in the inner heliosphere since the mid‐1970s. The high‐energy ion measurements are well correlated with Earth‐based neutron monitor measurements, which themselves provide a measure of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). These measurements provide an explicit demonstration of the expected GCR solar modulation for solar distances to 0.3 AU. These NS data also represent the first interplanetary neutron measurements in the inner heliosphere. The time variability of the neutron measurements are driven by two primary effects: time variable production of neutrons from GCRs interacting with local spacecraft material and small count rate changes due to temperature‐driven gain changes in the NS instrument. When these time‐dependent variations are removed from the neutron measurements, there is no statistically significant variation of neutron count rates versus solar distance. These data are used to derive an upper limit on solar neutron production of 1024 neutrons[0.5 < E < 9 MeV] sr−1 s−1 during quiescent periods.