bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Content Analysis and Effectiveness of Strategies for Coping with Betrayal
Authors:   , Cleveland Carrie
Published: February 2023

This research addressed two questions concerning strategies for coping with betrayal that were emphasized in recent studies by Rupp (1999) and Hickel (2000). The first question was to what extent do participants report using the coping strategies emphasized in the two previous studies when they are asked to describe their efforts to cope with betrayal in a way that avoids biasing and constraining their descriptions? The second question pertained to how the participants rate the effectiveness of the coping strategies they described. Undergraduate university students (N=57) were asked to complete the following self-report questionnaires with reference to a situation in which they felt they were betrayed: (a) Betrayal Identification Sheet, (b) Coping Description Form, (c) Unfinished Business Resolution Scale, and (d) Relationship Change Measure. Content analysis of the participants’ descriptions of how they coped with their identified betrayal evidenced that most of the strategies emphasized in the previous studies were used by some of the participants. A substantial minority reported using “intense expression of feeling,” “self-validation or understand other,” and “behavioral disengagement.” On the other hand, no participants reported using “shift in view of others” or “negative view of others.” With the exception of the latter strategies, the present findings suggested that most of the other strategies are useful in conceptualizing ways in which persons cope with betrayal. At the same time, over 75% of the participants used strategies other than those emphasized in the Rupp (1999) and Hickel (2000) studies. This finding suggests that while some of the emphasized strategies contribute to the knowledge of how persons cope with betrayal, a more comprehensive description of coping with betrayal will need to take into account other strategies. Finally, most of the strategies that were used by the present sample were regarded as either “somewhat effective,” or “neither ineffective nor effective.”
The Effectiveness of Seven Trapping Techniques for Amphibians, Reptiles, and Incidental Mammals in the Sandsage Prairie
Authors:   , Rush Michael
Published: February 2023

During the summer of 1980, a baseline sampling of the herpetofauna of an eight square mile tract of sandsage prairie in southwestern Kansas was conducted. Seven trapping methods were employed: drift fence-pit traps; pitfall traps; funnel traps; artificial cover; seining; cruising roads; and capture by hand while walking. Four habitat types consisting of floodplain, dune sands, choppy sands, and level sands, were delineated and thoroughly trapped. The most effective trapping method for herptiles and small mammals was a linear drift fence-pit trap, 240 m in length. The most productive habitat was the choppy sands. During the summer of 1980, the herpetofauna of sandsage prairie was sampled on a tract of land south of Holcomb, Finney County, Kansas. Traps were in operation on 19 May - 20 June, 2 July - 11 July, and 5 August 14 August. The eight square mile area, planned as the future site for a coal-fired electrical generating plant, consisted of lightly grazed, native sandsage prairie as described in detail by Choate et al. (1981) and as summarized by Rush et al. (1981). The survey afforded an opportunity to test several types of collecting techniques for amphibians and reptiles in a relatively uniform area. Small mammals also were obtained and are reported herein. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relative effectiveness of seven different collecting techniques on the sandsage prairie.
There Were Thirteen: A Pioneer Novel of Western Kansas
Authors:   , Funston Gwen
Published: February 2023

In my thesis, I wish to present the story of my maternal grandmother as it is revealed in the lives of her thirteen children. I have been interested in the story since I can remember. My earliest memories are of sitting on Grandma’s lap and listening to tales of Indians on the warpath, of Kansas prairie sod houses and rattlesnakes, and of what my aunts, uncles, and my mother used to do when they were small. To avoid any possible embarrassment to living persons, I have fictionized the names of my characters. I have, however, retained all actual dates and have faithfully recorded the true childhood mishaps and anecdotes.
A Study of the Woody Vegetation on Remnant Grasslands in Western Kansas
Authors:   , Hubbard James
Published: February 2023

Twenty-four woody species were encountered in 34 remnant grassland stands distributed over Western Kansas. Fifteen species were present in a sufficient number of stands to be analyzed statistically for associations with selected environmental factors. The presence and density of these 15 species were analyzed for associations with 14 environmental factors. Ordination of the edaphic factors was used to group similar stands, and the woody vegetation was characterized for each group. Thus, predictions concerning the woody variation could be made on undisturbed stands of known environmental characteristics in western Kansas. The dominant woody species in stands high in sand and low in silt and clay were usually small soapweed, aromatic sumac, Chickasaw plum, sand sagebrush, and wild grape. In the stands low in sand and high in clay and silt, the dominant woody species were generally smooth sumac , Arkansas rose, leadplant, western snowberry, and small soapweed.
Thermodynamics of Methylglyoxal Bis-(Guanylhydrazone) Chelate with Some Transition Metal Ions
Authors:   , Patel Mansukh
Published: February 2023

The specific problem of this thesis was to determine the stability constants of methylglyoxal bis-(guanyl hydrazone) chelates with Co(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) ions. This investigation was made at 25°C., 50°C., and 75°C., by polarographic and spectrophotometric methods. Values of the thermodynamic functions--AG, AH, AS--were calculated from the stability constants. Previous research has shown that the stoichiometry of the chelate formation is 1:1. This was considered a valid fact and the stability constants were calculated on the basis of 1:1 stoichiometry. (i) Polarographic Determinations: Reduction waves were obtained at 25°C., 50°C., and 75°C. for Co(ll), Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(ll), and Cr(lll ) perchlorates and their chelates. A study was made to determine the Influence of pH variation on half-wave potentials of these simple metal ions and their chelates. Sodium hydroxide and perchloric acid were used to obtain the desired pH. Optimum pH was found to be between three and four for all systems studied. Saturated sodium tartrate-tartaric acid buffer (pH 3.5) was used to maintain the pH within this range. In obtaining the reduction waves Triton X- 100 was used as a maximum suppressor and sodium perchlorate was used as the electrolyte. The change in half-wave potentials between a simple metal ion and its chelate is directly related to the stability constant. (ii) Spectrophotometric Determinations: Absorbancies of a series of standard solutions of Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn (ll), and Cd(ll) perchlorates and methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) were obtained and p lots were made of concentration versus absorbance for these systems at the wave lengths of maximum absorptivity. Molar absorptivities for metal ions and for methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) were calculated. After mixing known amounts of metal ion and methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone), the equilibrium concentrations of each were determined from comparisons of absorbancies to the standard plots. From these concentrations the stability constants were calculated. Temperatures of the samples were controlled by introducing a special cell holder through which a constant temperature liquid was circulated.
Curriculum Based Assessment : A Comparison of Teacher Ratings with Local Kindergarten and First Grade Norms for Reading and Math
Authors:   , Kruse Bernard
Published: February 2023

Local norms in curriculum based assessment (CBA) for Kindergarten and First Grade were developed In Math and Reading for a rural Iowa community school district. One minute CBA probes of Counting Figures, Number Recognition, Addition, Subtraction, and Word Recognition were administered individually to each of 164 students. Counting Figures was administered only for Kindergarten. Addition and Subtraction was administered only for First Grade only. The Normative data is presented as descriptive statistics and cumulative frequency distributions. A correlation matrix of student performances one SA measures and Items on the Teacher Rating of Academic Performance scale demonstrate the adequacy of most norming procedures. High correlations were found for all comparisons except Counting Figures. Addition and Subtraction show only moderate relationship to teacher ratings. Students’ Word Recognition Skills seem to contribute to teacher perceptions of student performance levels most consistently in both grade levels. Teacher data indicate that they view their classrooms as being above average.
Shyness and Sensitivity to Nonverbal Communication
Authors:   , Murray Brett
Published: February 2023

This study was designed to assess the relationship between shyness and several aspects of sensitivity to nonverbal communication. Correlations were made between scores obtained on a shyness scale and scores of overall nonverbal sensitivity, sensitivity to positive nonverbal messages, sensitivity to negative nonverbal messages, and the judging of positive nonverbal messages as being negative nonverbal messages. Subjects were 38 male and 50 female undergraduate students. The subjects viewed a number of videotaped scenes and made judgments about the scenes. These judgments were scored to determine the various aspects pertaining to nonverbal sensitivity. The subjects also completed a shyness scale, a depression scale, and a loneliness scale. It was hypothesized that the shyness scores would be (a) negatively correlated with the scores of overall nonverbal sensitivity; (b) negatively correlated with the scores of sensitivity to positive nonverbal messages; (c) positively correlated with the scores of sensitivity to negative nonverbal messages; and (d) positively correlated with the number of positive nonverbal messages judged as negative nonverbal messages. No significant correlations pertaining to the hypotheses were obtained. The results that were found are discussed along with speculations and possible explanations for the findings.
Combinations of Acrylic and Watercolor
Authors:   , Hosie Ronald
Published: February 2023

This thesis is a statement in painting of subjects that have made an impression on the artist. I believe all artists draw upon past experiences either consciously or unconsciously in making their statement. The experiences of my past have a significant influence on my painting. Having spent my childhood on a small Kansas farm, I feel a close attachment to the rural setting. I find the old, the weathered, the abandoned, and the neglected to have a character that cannot be found in the new and the manicured. However, my paintings are not solely devoted to the rural setting, as I believe the artist should remain flexible in both media and approach. I occasionally choose subjects from my travel or from the German villages where I have lived the past five years. When using the German subjects for paintings, I’m again drawn to the rural areas or to small farm villages. Just as in the States, I find the older sections of the villages to have far more character than the sterile blocks of concrete found in the new structures.
The Addictive Qualities of Self-Injurious Behaviors
Authors:   , Voyles Tawny
Published: February 2023

Although self-injury seems to be a current hot topic in the media, little research has been conducted on the possible addictive nature of self-injurious behaviors. Faye (1995) found that self-injury has a number of characteristics that have also been identified in the behaviors of drug and alcohol addicts, including similarities in origin in emotions experienced, in family structure, and in the repetitive nature of tension-release responses (Favazza & Conterio, 1988; Faye, 1995). Derouin and Bravender (2004) found that self-injury has an addictive quality, because many self-injurers develop an overwhelming preoccupation with the relief experienced after an episode of self-injury. Sharing many of the same addictive qualities those who suffer from chemical dependency, self-injurers often continue to harm themselves despite negative consequences or the knowledge that self-injury is indeed a problem. The fact that many self-injurers report feeling like they are addicted to harming themselves lends more evidence to the idea. Using an adapted version of the Ottawa/Queen's Self-Mutilation Questionnaire, the results found significance in eleven of the fifteen hypotheses put forth at the beginning of the study, The results also suggested that many respondents appeared to have built a tolerance to the effects of their self-injuring behaviors, and they experienced withdrawal symptoms if they stopped self-injuring for a period of time. These results lend credit to the idea that self-injury is, in fact, related to addiction.
A Study of The Administration and Organization of The High School Band In Western Kansas
Authors:   , Andree Paul
Published: February 2023

This study is a scientific investigation to determine the educational values of band instruction as a part of the curriculum as well as the accepted methods of procedure, organization and administration of the high school band in Western Kansas. It is obvious that in such an extensive survey as this, it is necessary that the factors involved be limited to certain particular phases of the problem. For this reason and since the greatest outward appearance of advance in the band movement has been made in the past decade in Western Kansas the present survey will present the situation as found at the present time.
The Attempted Prototropic Shifts of 4, 5-Dibenzenesulfonimidoindan.
Authors:   , Kim Jong
Published: February 2023

The principal objective of the present study involved an attempt to induce prototropic shifts in the 4,5- dibenzenesulfonimidoindan molecule, using acidic and basic catalysts. The prototropic rearrangement by which 4,5-dibenzenesulfonimidoindan would be converted to 4,5-dibenzenesulfonamidoindene has been largely unsuccessful. However, some possibility of proton rearrangement was observed when using perchloric acid as a catalyst. Reaction of 4,5-dibenzenesulfonimidoindan with hydrobromic acid gave a product containing bromine, indicating that addition of the reagent rather than rearrangement had occurred. Prototropic shifts of 4,5-dibenzenesulfonimidoindan in pyridine , initiated by abstraction of an allylic proton, also proved unsuccessful. Even though proton rearrangement was unsuccessful, ten new organic compounds were synthesized and most of the physical properties and spectra were reported.
A Study of a Method to Determine Some of the Effects of Plant Competition
Authors:   , Baalman Robert
Published: February 2023

A study was made to determine some effects of competition for water on buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.). The primary objective of the investigation was to determine if effects of competition on buffalo grass, as determined in a greenhouse study, could be measured. Sods containing buffalo grass, buffalo and blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.), buffalo, blue grama, and western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.), and buffalo, blue grama, western wheatgrass, and western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya Gray) were planted in phytometers to evaluate competitive effects. Four watering series (from very dry to wet) were arranged to determine effects of varying moisture conditions on buffalo grass. Buffalo grass plants were carefully studied to determine effects of competition with various species and effects of different moisture conditions. Factors included in the study of buffalo grass plants were: (1) leaf length; (2) stolon lengths; (3) root length; (4) date of flower appearance; (5) number of tillers; (6) number of lateral roots per cm. of main root; and (7) production of tops. Greatest variation in growth and production were caused by different soil moisture conditions; however, some changes were caused by competition. Leaf length was greatly reduced in the drier series and some reduction was generally found as competition increased. Buffalo grass plants grown alone produced leaves which averaged 7.02, 7.65, 12.08, and 13.31 cm. long, respectively, from dry series to wet while competition with the three competitors reduced leaf length approximately one to two cm. Competitive effects for the other two competitive series were intermediate. Stolon length was inconsistently affected by moisture conditions and gave no indication of being influenced by competition. Flower appearance was delayed in accordance with moisture conditions, the dry series showing considerable delay. Flower appearance was also delayed as competition increased. Root length increased as moisture increased in practically every case; however, the effects of competition on root length were again quite variable. The number of tillers per buffalo grass plant increased with increased moisture and, strangely, also increased with increased competition. The number of lateral roots per cm. of main root increased with increasing dryness and, generally, also increased with increasing competition. Production of tops was quite variable and indicated little consistent influence of moisture or competition. Generally, production was greatest for those buffalo grass plants growing under moist conditions and without competition. Results obtained from the study indicate that the procedure used to determine competitive effects has many limitations and changes in the method used will be necessary to insure valid results.
Idea, Process and Form : Art and Life Unified Through Design
Authors:   , Ruder Will
Published: February 2023

Within the legacy of Graphic Design is a rich history that has played a dynamic role in the continuum of humanity and civilized cultures. From the caves at Lascaux to the hypostyle hall at Karnak, to the Illuminated Manuscripts of the Middle Ages, to the advent of engraving, printing and printing presses, Graphic Design was evolving, slowly emerging into its own specialization. In an esoteric sense Graphic Design provides a link to a restoration process of human and aesthetic values. Similar to the rest of the art world, Graphic Design reflects upon the beliefs and practices of a culture. In my work, the interrelationship between Idea, Process and Form is of primary importance. It is within the realm of this interrelationship that a revelation between content and substance is made known. In this revealing enigma a central theme emerges giving unity to a creative flow that perpetuates Idea and Process. Form surrenders itself to an agreement with Idea and Process thus supporting the substance behind a central theme.
A Comparative Analysis of State Courses of Study In Character Education
Authors:   , Burnett Robert
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study is to determine what the state Departments of Education have done to carry out definite programs in character education in elementary and secondary schools. This problem is limited to special courses of study in character education issued by certain State Departments of Education. According to the United States Bureau of Education at Washington, D. c., only six of the forty-eight states have prepared special courses of study in this field. In this study a comparative analysis is made of these courses of study as to character traits and objectives, methods of procedure in developing the desired objectives, and as to extent of thoroughness in which the subject is covered. The objectives and character traits of state courses in the various school subjects are not included in this analysis. Neither are the special courses of study for character education in the city school systems included.
The Influence of Hints On The Formation and Retention of Concepts
Authors:   , Ellis Phyllis
Published: February 2023

The general problem of this experiment was to investigate the influence of hints on the formation and retention of concepts . The specific problems were the following: 1. How do specific and non- specific hints influence the amount of effort required to learn and relearn concepts? 2. What is the relation of specific and non-specific hints to the percentage of consistent concepts learned and retained? J. Is the difference in rate of l earning inconsistent and consistent concepts significantly greater in the specific group than the non-specific group? 4. What are the individual differences in the procedure for forming new concepts .
A Study of Taiwan Tourism Industry
Authors:   , Kung Ellen
Published: February 2023

The writer reviewed Taiwan's tourism situation both past and present and the problems relating to tourism growth and development. An analysis was made of world tourism trends and expenditures and especially travel trends in the Pacific and Southeast Asian countries to provide a basis for Taiwan visitor growth and planning. The marketing objectives and Tourism planning were studied in depth. The key market areas of visitor origin (Japan and the United States) were reviewed and integrated into the marketing objectives and Tourism planning. The tourism industry is a vast complex composed of many component parts: Governmental and private tourism organizations, tour operators and travel agents, the related retail and wholesale service business. They are all inter-related and each has its own particular role to play in servicing the international visitor. It is highly important they work in harmony and coordination with each other to develop the tourism industry in Taiwan.
A Guide to School Building Insurance in Kansas
Authors:   , Boyd Marven
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this report was to present information in regard to school buildings insurance in Kansas. This study was planned to acquaint administrators, school board members, teachers, and interested parties with possible school buildings insurance programs available. In Kansas a board of education is legally changed with the supervision and care of school property. In many small school districts, a single fire might destroy the school plant and the community might thereby be without financial means for rebuilding. Thus, there are four reasons why boards of education should carry insurance on school property. These are: (1) to protect the community's investment, (2) to provide periodic inspections of the buildings and the contents, (3) to guarantee funds for the educational program, and (4) to relate school property protection to student and school employee protection by removing hazards which endanger their life and safety. A school building insurance program consists of several types of coverage. Some of these are fire, windstorm, vandalism, explosion, boiler, glass, theft and larceny. To maintain a school building insurance program, adequate records must be kept up to date as well as detailed and current inventory of buildings and equipment. An insurance program must be reviewed continually in a school system to keep the insurance plan current. The Public Institutional Property Plan of school building insurance in many instances is the most economical and covers the most probable losses to school buildings. This time of insurance is recommended by the Insurance Commission of Kansas for schools who can qualify under the minimum premium clause and other limitations specified in the plan.
The Conditioned Emotional Response as a Function of Cs Duration
Authors:   , Schmitt Frank
Published: February 2023

This is a study of the effect of CS duration on response rate. The CS durations used were 40, 55, 70, and 85 seconds. The order of CS presentations was varied. Four male CFN strain rats bar pressed for two 60-minute sessions per day on a VI-2 minute schedule for food. Each rat received six presentations of the CS-US (sugar solution) pairings per session. Each rat received six sessions at each CS duration and two sessions with the US terminated. There are no systematic enhancement or suppression effect during the CS period. This study indicates that order of CS presentations does have an effect on response enhancement and suppression and that enhancement and suppression are difficult to obtain.
Aggression in Preschool Children: Gender and Cultural Differences
Authors:   , Woydziak Angele
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate aggression in different cultural contexts, gender differences, and antisocial behavior in preschool children. There is little research on the development of aggression. Yet, there is evidence that suggests that, on average, aggression peaks at approximately the age of two (Tremblay, 2000). Studies of physical aggression prior to age six are rare, but what little evidence does exist suggests that humans become aggressive as soon as they have the physical capacity to do so (Tremblay et al., 1999). Numerous studies have focused on gender differences in aggression and antisocial behavior and have generally shown elevated rates in boys as compared to girls. Such differences relate to verbal (relational) as well as physical (overt) aggression: and occur across cultures (Parke & Slaby, 1983). The participants for this study were recruited from Head Start Programs and preschools around Central and Southwest Kansas. Teachers were asked to complete The Behavior Assessment System for Children on randomly selected students. Significant correlations indicated that children who were displaying signs of over aggression are also showing signs of anxiety, depression, attention problems and withdrawal (antisocial) behaviors. These children were also having problems developing their social skills. Gender and cultural differences are also examined, but there were no significant differences found.
A Study of Factors Influential In The Mobility of Superintendents of Fifty-Eight Common School Districts, State of Kansas, 1953
Authors:   , Bullock Linford
Published: February 2023

The specific problem of this study is to isolate, if possible, the factors responsible for the mobility of superintendents. The over-all objective is to discover why the mean tenure of superintendents is short and the extent to which various factors weigh up on the situation.
Labeling Effects as a Determinant of Personal Space
Authors:   , Galliano Omega
Published: February 2023

The effects of favorable (i.e., normal) and unfavorable (i.e., mentally ill) labels were assessed using a Felt Figure Replacement Technique, a Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale, and a 7-point bi-polar scale. Female subjects portrayed various social schemata between figures labeling “self” and figures given a favorable or unfavorable label. The assumption was that unfavorably labeled figures would be placed further away from the self figure than favorably labeled figures. When the data of the 108 female college students were analyzed, there was a significant difference in the distance between the self figure and the favorably or unfavorably labeled figure. The self figure was placed closer to the mentally healthy figure than to the mentally ill figure.
Heritage Language Shift in Dual Language Kindergarten Students
Authors:   , Briones Eva
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether children participating in a dual language, English and Spanish, kindergarten class for five months would exhibit differing proficiencies in concept development when tested in English and Spanish. The Brackne Basic Concept Scale-R, English and Spanish versions, was utilized to measure concept development in a single observational period. The presence of differing proficiencies when tested in the two languages would indicate a shift from the use of a minority heritage language to the dominant language of the culture evident as early as kindergarten. / This archival study involved data obtained from a school district in southwestern Kansas. Students were identified as heritage speakers of English (n=10), Spanish (n=16), or Bilingual (n=6). The results found that heritage English students scored highest when tested in English and lowest when tested in Spanish. However, their scores indicate a modest amount of gain in concept development in Spanish. Bilingual students scored similar to their English peers when tested in English and scored as well as their Spanish speaking peers when tested in Spanish. Bilingual students showed greater proficiency in English than in Spanish in concept development, indicating a shift from use of Spanish to English. The heritage Spanish speaking students scored lower in concept development than their peers in both the Spanish and English versions of the test.
Some Limnological Characteristics of Cedar Bluff Reservoir, Trego County, Kansas
Authors:   , Koch David
Published: February 2023

Preliminary limnological information was obtained from Cedar Bluff Reservoir, Trego County, Kansas. The reservoir is surrounded by limestone deposits with mixed grass prairie. Temperatures, recorded at meter intervals, depicted only a slight stratification in midsummer, 1967, and an inverse stratification under ice cover. Homothermous conditions existed at all other times. Transparency, determined with a Secchi disc, ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 meters and was lowest with the presence of large zooplankton populations. Total alkalinity, determined by the phenolphthalein and methyl orange titrations, varied little throughout the study and ranged from 105-120 ppm. pH also showed little variation, ranging from 7.9 to 8.3, and stratification was never detected. Dissolved oxygen, determined by the azide modification of the Winkler method, was lowest in the summer and highest in the winter, with stratification occurring at the same time as temperature stratification. Five species of cladocerans and four species of cope pods were present. Of the cladoceran species, two were perennial, one occurred in the summer, and one occurred only in the autumn. The cope pods were composed of three perennial species and one occurring only in the summer. The greatest abundance of zooplankton occurred in late July, 1967.
A Critical Edition of E. W. Howe's Hat Six Ranch
Authors:   , Flavin James
Published: February 2023

Hat Six Ranch, by Edgar Watson Howe, is a novel of the frontier west. In its present form, the novel appears to be an edited version of an earlier draft. The revisions appear to be responsible for many of its weaknesses. Three major sources of influence can be identified in Howe's Western story: Bryant B. Brooks, one-time governor of Wyoming and friend of Howe’s; the conflict between the cattlemen and ranchers in Johnson County, Wyoming, which culminated in “The Johnson County Invasion\ in 1892; and Howe's own family life. Thematically, Hat Six Ranch is similar to much of Howe’s fiction. His picture of gossip and its role in the common-sense philosophy is probably the novel's greatest strength. His attitude toward women with a \history\ is also apparent, as well as his disgust for the \liberties\ allowed and encouraged in \parlor romances.\ In terms of fictional techniques, Hat Six Ranch exhibits little creative ability. The plot is rigid, implausible, and totally separated from characterization. Much of its improbability can be traced to Howe's deviations from the actual events of the Johnson County Invasion and to Howe's omissions of background development concerning the trouble between the cattlemen and ranchers. The setting, while based on B. B. Brooks’ V-V Ranch near Casper, Wyoming, is not presented in detail. Characterization is also weak because of Howe’s inability to achieve a proper balance between showing and telling. While many of the characters were drawn from real-life counterparts, none really come to life within the novel. Stylistically, Hat Six Ranch is stiff and formal. In some ways Hat Six Ranch is a conventional Western novel, while in others it is not. While certain archetypal themes and patterns emerge, Howe’s characters are not romantic figures, nor is the West portrayed in romantic terms. Howe was the first author to suggest that the frontier experience might lead to the same disillusionment he had depicted earlier in The Story of a Country Town. However, the novel remains essentially weak.
Relational Aggression in Young Adolescent Females
Authors:   , Bergsma Jeannine
Published: February 2023

Developmental theory often purports that human development occurs in well-defined, incremental and predictable patterns. The purpose of this study was to examine adolescent aggression in light of developmental theory and to look at whether relational aggression was the preferred and frequent method of aggression for adolescent females, particularly in comparison to their male counterparts. Research was conducted using 39 female and 52 male students from a small, Midwestern, public, junior high school. Each of the 91 participants completed a peer aggression survey compiled by the author. The study hypothesized that middle school females would be more aware than males of relationally aggressive actions; that middle school females would be more frequently actually use covert actions as a form of relational aggression; that middle school females’ perception would be different from that of males’ perception regarding how males and females aggress toward each other; and that a stronger sense of self as agent would be negatively correlated with tendencies of any form of aggression, but boys seemed to use relational aggression in equal amounts. In addition, females would be expected to show anger through covert aggression more frequently than males. Each gender also recognized relational aggression in their own gender more frequently than members of the other gender. No correlation between sense of self and tendency to aggress in any form was found.
Taxation of Real Property In Hays, Kansas, From 1926 To 1940
Authors:   , Billings Roy
Published: February 2023

This thesis is a survey of the history of taxation in Hays, Kansas from 1926-1941. Contains a history of the community, a municipal profile, zoning maps, and taxation information.
The Story of A Pioneer Family : A Literary Study of The Pioneer Life of The Reverend and Mrs. C. E. Hirschler In Harvey and Hodgeman Counties, Kansas, and Nobles County In The Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma
Authors:   , Hirschler Edward
Published: February 2023

This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part tells about the European homes of my parents and about their coming to Kansas. The second part is about their marriage and moving into Hodgeman County where they and other Mennonite families formed a Mennonite colony. Various pioneer experiences are recounted. The third part tells about the opening of the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma Territory and my parents moving to the Strip to take up pioneer life farther south. In this work I attempted to portray the pioneer life of my parents and show that their experiences were typical of those experienced by many pioneers.
A Study of the Teaching of Spelling from 1930 to 01/01/1960 with Special Emphasis on the Period 1945-01/01/1960
Authors:   , Hendrickson Alta
Published: February 2023

It is the purpose of this study (1) to report a review of recent research dealing with the teaching of spelling from 1930 to the present with an emphasis given to the years 1945-1960, and (2) to present the implications of research in spelling in suggesting instructional procedure for development of more effective spelling programs.
Hand Manipulated and Wheel Thrown Ceramic Forms: A Contrast
Authors:   , Garnett Earl
Published: February 2023

The development of form is a commitment with media so closely related to the artist that form evolves as an extension of his personality and becomes a notation of his growth. Technical competence, the need to be consumed by art, and the nature of the specific creative endeavor are the elements to be considered by the individual who aspires to the ultimate product—art. Within these term contrasts become evident both in the artist’s life and his work. The disparities normally exist in disjointed time intervals coalescing themselves in deliberate growth. Development in such a circumstance is demonstrated in this thesis.
Framing Starts with Selecting Facts : A Content Analysis of the News Reports on an Air Collision Between a U.S. and Chinese Warplane in April, 2001
Authors:   , Liang Liang
Published: February 2023

Over the past decade, U.S. researchers have suggested that framing not only occurred at the level of news selection - the macro level at which the public discourse is constructed, but also in the level of presenting information - the micro level from which theme of a news story is conveyed. A series of studies in 1990's proved that readers did develop different opinions under manipulation of information, However, when coming to articulate how a news story is framed, what constitutes framing, and how framing can be operationalized as a theory, scholars have not reached an agreement to date. Failure to answer the questions, in turn, has prevented framing from being recognized among academicians for its impact in societies and significance in mass media theory. This study focuses on the micro level of framing, and will provide a clearer way to understand how journalists present, or in other words, frame news stories, by examining how journalists construct frames at the writing level, especially how journalists explain why a story has happened. New stories on a real event, an air collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese jet in April, 2001, will serve as data for examination of framing effects. In reporting the collision, the U.S. and Chinese press selected different pieces of information, which may lead to different conclusions: the Chinese jet was to blame - by the U.S. press, or the U.S. plane was to blame - by the Chinese press. Three Americans and three Chinese, will code U.S. and Chinese news stories regarding why the collision happened, and then report how much they believe or do not believe the news stories.
A Study of The Delegate Assembly and Its Function In State Teachers Associations
Authors:   , Edwards Floyd
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this thesis is to make an extensive study of the various state teachers associations of the United States. The thesis deals with : (1) the early history of teachers organizations, (2) their objectives and purposes as stated in the constitutions of the different state teachers associations , (3) the origin and the growth of the delegate assembly, ( 4) how the delegates are selected in the different states, (5) the division of authority between the delegate assembly and the board of directors , (7) how the board of directors is elected, (8) their powers and duties, (9) membership qualifications and the amount of fees, (10) the authority of the secretary and his duties, (11) the a activities in which the different state teachers associations are engaged as indicated by their standing committees, (12) unique features of particular state teachers federations and (13) the value of the delegate. (14) generalizations.
Effect of Freeze-Drying on the Viability Of Selected Anaerobic Microorganisms
Authors:   , Staab Joyce
Published: February 2023

The viability of ten strains of anaerobic bacteria following freeze-drying in single strength skim milk, double strength skim milk, and sucrose broth was assessed over a period of one year. The eight genera included in the study were: Clostridium, Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium. Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Peptococcus, and Peptostreptococcus. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) spore formers appeared to maintain higher viability counts than did non-spore formers: 2) viability counts were marginally dependent on the aerotolerance of the anaerobe: 3) gram-positive organisms apparently maintained higher counts than gram-negative organisms; and 4) sucrose broth maintained higher viability counts than either skim milk media.
Alcoholism Among College Students : Who They Are and Where They Came From
Authors:   , Townsend Gail
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate factors associated with alcoholism among college students. The independent variables investigated were gender, academic class, academic achievement, parental history of alcoholism, quality of family life, family structure, locus of control, and locus of drinking control. The dependent variable consisted of scores from the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (raw scores and categorized scores). The five instruments utilized were a demographic data sheet, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, the Personal Attribute Inventory - Family, the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and the Drinking-Related Locus of Control Scale. The sample consisted of 215 students, 83 males and 132 females, from a university located in the Midwest. Four composite null hypotheses were tested employing analysis of variance (raw scores before categorization) and 8 null hypotheses were tested employing chi square test for independence (categorized scores). A total of 22 comparisons plus 14 recurring were tested at the .05 level. Of the 22 comparisons, 12 were main effects (4 from analysis of variance and 8 from chi square test for independence) and 10 were interactions. Of the 12 main effects, 5 were statistically significant at the .05 level. Of the 5 statistically significant main effects, 2 were from analysis of variance and 3 were from chi square test for independence. Of the 10 interactions, none was statistically significant at the .05 level. The statistically significant main effects were for the following independent variables: academic class, academic achievement (detected by both analysis of variance and chi square test for independence), gender, and locus of drinking control. The results of the present study appeared to support the following generalizations: 1. college students classified as juniors and seniors indicated a higher degree of alcoholism than freshmen and sophomores; 2. college students reporting grade point averages of 1.50 to 2.49 indicated a higher degree of alcoholism than those with grade point averages of 2.50 and greater; 3. an association between gender and alcoholism classification; 4. an association between locus of drinking control and alcoholism classification; and 5. no association between the following independent variables and dependent variable, respectively : parental history of alcoholism, quality of family life, family structure, locus of control, and alcoholism classification.
An Examination of the Relations Among Body Image Distortion, Body Dissatisfaction, Unhealthy Body Mass Index, and Their Prediction of Drive for Thinness
Authors:   , Streifel Rebecca
Published: February 2023

This study examines four major variables: body dissatisfaction, unhealthy body mass index (BMI), body image distortion, and drive for thinness. Specifically, the relations among body dissatisfaction, unhealthy BMI, and body image distortion to an individual's drive for thinness were of interest. The drive for thinness variable is a cardinal feature of eating disorders and was used in this study due to its significantly high predictive nature. It was predicted that body image distortion is the mediating process through which body dissatisfaction and BMI influence an individual's drive for thinness. The study assessed both male (n=45) and female (n=48) undergraduate participants between the ages of 18 and 24. The participants were given the Eating Disorder Inventory-II (EDI-II) and Body Figure Perception Questionnaire (BFPQ) to classify the subjects' level of body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and provide information that was pertinent in determining the individual's degree of body image distortion. The participant's height and weight were also obtained to calculate his or her extent of unhealthy BMI. The level of perceptual body distortion was determined by comparing the individual's body mass index (BMI) weight relative to his or her perceived size as indicated by their response of the BFPQ. The degree of body dissatisfaction was also examined by comparing his or her perceived versus ideal body figure on the BFPQ, The participants' height and weight were measured and recorded in a private room outside of the auditorium. This is a Time 1/Time 2 study design and the same groups of participants were asked to complete the same testing requirements approximately one month after the initial data collection.
Root and Top Development of Five Native Kansas Legumes From Seed To End of The First Season
Authors:   , Gibbens Robert
Published: February 2023

This study was undertaken to obtain more basic information about top and root development during the first season. The plants selected for study were: Petalostemon purpureus (purple prairie clover), Petalostemon candidus (white prairie clover), Psoralea tenuiflora (wild alfalfa), Psoralea cuspidata (prostrate wild alfalfa), and Vicia americana linearis (vetch). Vetch is given as Vicia sparsifolia in Rydberg (1932) but the seeds received were labeled as above and this name was retained. In the following pages it is referred to as Vicia americana for briefness.
A Study of Priorities of Competencies of the Educational Administrator in Kansas as Perceived by Local Teachers Association Presidents
Authors:   , Keller Roy
Published: February 2023

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of a random sample of local teachers association presidents in selected unified school districts in Kansas relative to the priorities of competencies in educational administration which they believe superintendents should possess. A secondary purpose was to investigate the relationship between these perceptions and the various characteristics of educational administrators according to age, teaching experience, student enrollment, education and sex. A related purpose was to make a comparison of this study with studies made by Harvey S. Loy titled, \A Study of Priorities of Competencies in Educational Administration as Perceived by Randomly Selected Superintendents of Unified School Districts in Kansas, \ and by Dorrell George titled, “A Study of the Priority of Selecting and Evaluating a Superintendent as Perceived by Presidents of Unified School Districts in Kansas.\ [More in manuscript]
Sematic Association Through Self-Questioning: Differential Effects of Group Vs. Individual Training on Mnemonic Performance
Authors:   , Runge Thomas
Published: February 2023

The present study examined the effectiveness of teaching a self-questioning semantic association strategy as a memory aid in group and individual settings. Students who had completed the first grade were utilized as subjects. Those subjects who were exposed to the semantic association strategy were compared to subjects who received no training. The results indicated that subjects trained to use a self-questioning strategy (semantic association) scored significantly higher than untrained subjects on both the maintenance and generalization tests. During the maintenance and generalization tests, the amount of time spent studying by those subjects who had received training was also significantly longer than those who had received none. The results did indicate that there was no difference in either the number of correct responses or the amount of time spent studying between the subjects who were trained individually or in a group. The implications of these results and suggestions for future research were discussed.