bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latencies of conditioned vocal responses to hearing test tones in killer whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Stephens Jared , Accomando Alyssa W. , Nease Kayla , Branstetter Brian K. , Robeck Todd R.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Perceived loudness is challenging to study in non-human animals. However, reaction time to an acoustic stimulus is a useful behavioral proxy for the assessment of perceived loudness. Understanding the effect of sound frequency and level on perceived loudness would improve prediction and modeling of anthropogenic noise impacts on marine mammals.

Methods

In this study, behavioral hearing tests conducted with two killer whales were analyzed to capture conditioned vocal response latency, which is the time between the onset of the acoustic signal and the onset of the response (i.e., reaction time).

Results

The results showed that vocal reaction times decreased with increasing sensation level (i.e., sound pressure level above the baseline hearing threshold), while the effect of frequency on reaction time varied between the subjects. Reaction time as a function of sound duration is described, and equal-latency contours are presented.

Discussion

The data suggest that vocal reaction time decreases with increasing sensation level, therefore supporting the use of reaction time as a proxy for loudness perception in killer whales.
Decoding HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: a new perspective from multimodal connectomics
Authors: Zhou Zhongkai , Wang Wei , Li Hui , Shi Ying , Zhao Lingling , Lu Yibo , Wei Xingchen , Li Hongjun
Published: January 2025

Currently, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains one of the major challenges faced by people living with HIV (PLWH). HAND involves the vulnerability of neural circuits caused by synaptic degeneration and abnormal synaptic pruning. In recent years, connectomics has been gradually applied to HAND research as a cutting-edge method for describing the structural and functional connectivity patterns of the brain, to further elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these neural circuit vulnerabilities. Using multimodal neuroimaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), researchers can detail the connectome network changes in the brains of PLWH. These technologies offer potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of HAND, while also providing new avenues for personalized prediction of cognitive status. Here, we start with the pathogenesis and risk factors of HAND, providing a comprehensive review of the basic concepts of unimodal and multimodal macro connectomics and related graph theory methods, and we review the latest progress in HAND connectomics research. We emphasize the use of connectomics to identify specific disease patterns of HIV-associated neurodegeneration and discuss the potential research directions and challenges in understanding these diseases from a connectomics perspective.
Bilateral lower limb symmetry during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit tasks in stroke patients with hemiplegia
Authors: Hou Meijin , He Jian , Liu Dongwei , Guo Chenyi , Ma Ye , Luo Xiaobo
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Stroke patients with hemiplegia are at an increased risk of falling during sit-to-stand (Si-St) and stand-to-sit (St-Si) tasks, partly due to impaired bilateral lower limb symmetry. Maintaining symmetrical movement between the limbs in these tasks can help reduce fall incidence.

Method

This study aimed to investigate bilateral lower limb symmetry during Si-St and St-Si tasks in stroke patients with hemiplegia to compare their performance with healthy controls. Thirteen stroke patients and 13 healthy controls participated in the study. Participants were instructed to perform the 30-s chair stand test at their self-selected pace. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were calculated using OpenSim's inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics tools. Bilateral symmetry was quantified using the symmetry index (SI), with an asymmetry threshold set at 10%.

Results

The stroke group exhibited significantly greater lower limb asymmetry in both kinematic and kinetic parameters during Si-St and St-Si tasks compared to the healthy controls, with the kinetic parameters being more pronounced. In the stroke group, notable bilateral asymmetry (SI > 10%) was observed in the ankle joint angle (P < 0.05) during both tasks. Furthermore, severe asymmetry (SI > 30%) was identified joint moments across all lower limb joints, vertical ground reaction forces, and medial-lateral center of pressure.

Discussion

These findings highlight the need for targeted rehabilitation programs focusing on improving strength, coordination, and balance. Close monitoring of SI values, particularly for kinetic parameters, is recommended to guide and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.
Magnetic resonance imaging-based deep learning for predicting subtypes of glioma
Authors: Yang Zhen , Zhang Peng , Ding Yi , Deng Liyi , Zhang Tong , Liu Yong
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To explore the value of deep learning based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the classification of glioma subtypes.

Methods

This study retrospectively included 747 adult patients with surgically pathologically confirmed gliomas from a public database and 64 patients from our hospital. Patients were classified into IDH-wildtype (IDHwt) (490 cases), IDH-mutant/1p19q-noncodeleted (IDHmut-intact) (105 cases), and IDH-mutant/1p19q-codeleted (IDHmut-codel) (216 cases) based on their pathological findings, with the public database of patients were divided into training and validation sets, and patients from our hospital were used as an independent test set. The models were developed based on five categories of preoperative T1-weighted, T1-weighted gadolinium contrast-enhanced, T2-weighted and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T1w, T1c, T2w and FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of four sequences and mixed imaging of the four sequences, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC were generated in the jupyter notebook tool using python language to evaluate the accuracy of the models in classification and comparing the predictive value of different MRI sequences.

Results

IDHwt, IDHmut-intact and IDHmut-codel were the best classified in the model containing only FLAIR sequences, with test set AUCs of 0.790, 0.737 and 0.820, respectively; and the worst classified in the model containing only T1w sequences, with test set AUCs of 0.621, 0.537 and 0.760, respectively.

Conclusion

We have developed a set of models that can effectively classify glioma subtypes and that work best when only the FLAIR sequence model is included.
EEG-based multivariate and univariate analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the recognition-based production effect: evidence from mixed-list design
Authors: Zhang Bohua , Abdullah Alhassan , Yan Minmin , Hou Yongqing , Chen Antao , McLaren Helen
Published: January 2025

The production effect (PE) is a phenomenon where reading words aloud, rather than silently, during study leads to improved recognition memory. Human recognition memory can be divided into recollection (recognition based on complex contextual information) and familiarity (recognition based on a sense of familiarity). This study explored how reading aloud affects recollection and familiarity using electroencephalography (EEG) in a mixed-list design. Participants encoded each list item, either aloud or silently during the study phase and made remember/know/new judgments in the test phase, while EEG data were recorded. The behavioral results replicated the classic PE pattern and indicated that the PE was present in both recollection and familiarity. At the Event-Related Potential (ERP) level, the recollection-based LPC (late positive complex) old/new effect at test was largest in the aloud condition; however, the familiarity-based FN400 old/new effect was equivalent when comparing the aloud condition and the silent condition. Moreover, this study was the first to employ multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to decode the time course between two distinct memory strategies (aloud vs. silent). The results revealed significant decoding between 760 and 840 ms, which is consistent with the LPC old/new effect. The paper discusses both traditional theories and the Feature Space Theory based on our results, highlighting inconsistencies with assumptions regarding unconscious retrieval in the Feature Space Theory. In summary, the current results support the role of distinctiveness (enhanced memory for auditory or action information, consistent with recollection) in the PE, rather than the role of strength (enhanced memory trace, consistent with familiarity). This study suggests that enhanced distinctiveness/recollection may be a shared mechanism underlying certain advantageous memory strategies.
Associations of comprehensive dietary antioxidant index with postmenopausal femur bone mineral density and osteoporosis: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey
Authors: Sun Jianbo , Wang Jie , Hu Wu , Huang He , Zhao Hongmou
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The study aimed to explore associations of the comprehensive dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) with femur bone mineral density (BMD) and risk of osteoporosis in American postmenopausal women.

Methods

A total of 2,862 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study. The relationship between the CDAI and femur BMD was assessed via weighted multivariate linear regression model. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between the CDAI and the risk of osteoporosis was assessed by weighted logistic regression model. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship was also characterized by smooth curve fitting and weighted generalized additive model. The two-piecewise linear regression models and a recursive algorithm were used to find the inflection points.

Results

After adjusting all covariates, the weighted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated that the CDAI was positively correlated with femur BMD. Moreover, there were nonlinear relationships between CDAI and risk of osteoporosis. In the age below 70 years, the risk of osteoporosis decreased to 60.6 and 92.2% with each unit increase in CDAI value before and after the inflection point (−2.268), respectively. In the 70 years or older, the risk of osteoporosis decreased to 80.4% with each unit increase in CDAI value before the inflection point (−1.479). The weighted logistic regression model demonstrated that compared to the first tertile of CDAI, the highest tertile of CDAI was significantly associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis, with ORs of 0.375 (95% CI 0.284, 0.495) for individuals under the age of 70, and 0.626 (95% CI 0.481, 0.814) for individuals aged 70 or above.

Conclusion

The present study indicated that postmenopausal women with higher CDAI scores have a lower risk of osteoporosis. In addition, there is a non-linear relationship between CDAI and the risk of osteoporosis. This finding suggests that the adoption of a comprehensive antioxidant dietary structure represented by high CDAI scores may have a positive impact on the prevention and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Particularly for those with lower CDAI scores, early screening and intervention for osteoporosis may be necessary.
The intricate interplay between dietary habits and cognitive function: insights from the gut-brain axis
Authors: Zhang Ruyi , Zhang Meiya , Wang Pengyu
Published: January 2025

The intricate relationship between dietary habits and cognitive function is gaining increasing attention, with a focus on the gut-brain axis as a modifiable target for intervention. This review synthesizes evidence on the impact of dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet, plant-based diets, and low-carbohydrate diets, on cognitive health. These diets, rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and neuroprotective nutrients, are suggested to slow cognitive decline and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disorders through mechanisms such as reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and enhanced neurogenesis. The Mediterranean diet has been associated with improved cognitive performance and a delay in cognitive decline in elderly populations. However, challenges in dietary intervention implementation, including adherence and individual variability, remain. Future research must adopt a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating long-term, large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials to assess the enduring impacts of various dietary patterns on cognitive function, considering socioeconomic and cultural factors. This review underscores the potential of dietary interventions to prevent and mitigate cognitive impairment, ultimately aiming to improve quality of life.
Investigating the role of cathepsins in breast cancer progression: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Zhou Shengyi , Sun Yizhou , Zha Wenzhang , Zhou Guangjun
Published: January 2025

Background

Breast cancer, a major threat to women’s health worldwide, has mechanisms of onset that remain unclear. Within the human lysosomal system, a class of enzymes known as cathepsins exhibit elevated expression levels in various malignant tumors, suggesting that they may play key roles in cancer progression.

Methods

This study employed the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the potential causal relationship between cathepsin levels and the risk of developing breast cancer. Furthermore, we conducted MR analysis using eQTL data to investigate how gene expression, mediated by cathepsins, affects the occurrence of different types of breast cancer and assessed the regulatory effects of cathepsins.

Results

MR analysis revealed that increased levels of cathepsin E are associated with a greater risk of malignant breast tumors (IVW: p = 0.006, OR = 1.103, 95% CI = 1.028–1.184), and increased levels of cathepsin F are associated with an increased risk of in situ breast cancer (IVW: p = 0.031, OR = 1.190, 95% CI = 1.016–1.394). Additionally, cathepsin Z has a protective effect against in situ breast cancer (IVW: p = 0.017, OR = 0.846, 95% CI = 0.737-0.971). Cathepsin E can mediate the effects of APBB1IP, NT5C3B, and ZNF66 on HER2-negative breast cancer, as well as the effects of DHRS9, CDK12, and CD247 on HER2-positive breast cancer. Cathepsin F can mediate the effects of ANXA2R and ZNF605 on in situ breast cancer. Cathepsin Z can mediate the effects of PRX, CRY2, ADCY3, and PELATON on in situ breast cancer.

Discussion

These findings highlight the dual roles of cathepsins as potential risk and protective factors for breast cancer, underscoring their potential in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Dihydrotanshinone I enhanced BRAF mutant melanoma treatment efficacy by inhibiting the STAT3/SOX2 signaling pathway
Authors: Luo Xing , Duan Yi , He Jinwei , Huang CongGai , Liu Jun , Liu Yifan , Xu Mengdei , Dai Qiong , Yang Zhihui
Published: January 2025

Background

The Food and Drug Administration has approved the Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) inhibitor and Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor combo as the first-line treatment for individuals with metastatic melanoma, although the majority of these patients exhibit primary or secondary drug resistance in the clinic. Dihydrotanshinone I (DHT) is a lipophilic compound extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza that has been linked to multiple antitumor activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of dihydrotanshinone I on the MAPK pathway inhibitor resistance of BRAF mutant malignant melanoma.

Method

After treating A375, A375R, and A2058 cells with DHT or a combination of DHT and BRAF/MEK inhibitors, WB and Real-Time RT-qPCR were used to confirm the activation of the MAPK and STAT3/SOX2 pathways. CCK-8 was used to assess cell viability, while flow cytometry was used to identify apoptosis. In addition, mice were inoculated with A375 cells to establish a model of tumour formation, and various drug groups and treatment models were utilized. The diameter and weight of tumours in each group were then measured, and IHC and HE staining were used to assess the expression of two pathways and cytotoxicity, respectively.

Results

This study found that DHT directly interacts with STAT3 protein and it can stop the feedback activation of the STAT3/SOX2 pathway caused by the use of MAPK pathway inhibitors. In addition, the combination of DHT and BRAF/MEK inhibitors can inhibit the proliferation and growth of BRAF mutant melanoma cells and primary and secondary drug-resistant cells. Finally, we proved that the combined therapy of DHT and BRAF/MEK inhibitors is reliable and effective at animal and cell levels.

Conclusion

In BRAF mutant melanoma cells, DHT suppresses the STAT3/SOX2 signaling pathway. Combining DHT, BRAF inhibitors, and MEK inhibitors can help treat treatment-resistant BRAF mutant melanoma cells. Experimental results both in vitro and in vivo have shown that the combination of DHT and an inhibitor of the MAPK pathway is safer and more successful than using an inhibitor of the MAPK pathway alone when treating BRAF mutant melanoma.
Proximal bronchiolar adenoma with malignant transformation to invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma with 4 years follow-up: a case report and literature review
Authors: Yang Yuan-Hui , Yin Ke , Xu Jia-Qi , Xu Xiao-Ying , Zhang Jun-Lei , Liu Ji-Xuan , Feng Xin-Zhi , Lin Xiao-Yan
Published: January 2025

Background

Bronchiolar adenoma (BA) is a rare benign tumor originating in the bronchial mucosal epithelium and occurring primarily in the periphery of the lung. The most prominent histopathological feature of BA is a double-layer bronchial epithelium containing continuous basal cell layers. However, due to the high mutation frequency of the driver gene, there is still debate as to whether BA has the potential for malignant transformation. In frozen sections, basal cells are difficult to identify under the microscope, which makes it difficult to distinguish from mucinous adenocarcinoma, especially when BA malignancies transform into invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA), which can only be distinguished by histomorphological criteria, greatly increasing the difficulty of diagnosis.

Case summary

In this paper, we present a case study of a 59-year-old man whose chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a progressively enlarging, high-density nodule over a four-year period in the outer basal segment of the right lower lobe. Consequently, he underwent thoracoscopic wedge resection of the right lower lobe. The postoperative pathological diagnosis revealed BA with mucous gland structure formation combined with partial basal cell loss, raising the possibility of malignant transformation into IMA. Regular postoperative follow-up showed no recurrence or metastasis. Hybridization Capture-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis detected driver gene mutations in Kirsten Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK) 6 in the case, thereby inferring the malignant transformation of BA into IMA.

Conclusion

In this case, the detection of driver gene KRAS mutation and loss of continuity in the basal cell layer within the mucous glandular structures of the nodule suggests the malignant transformation of BA into IMA, inferring the malignant potential of BA.
Item-level measurement properties of the pediatric awareness and sensory motor assessment in children with medical complexity
Authors: Mulrenin Brooke , Seamon Bryant A. , Cormack Carrie , Kascak Kimberly Lane , Dodds Cynthia
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Children with medical complexity (CMC) are medically fragile with severe brain damage and chronic conditions, necessitating daily care. Their neurological impairments often limit participation in childhood activities, affecting quality of life. Current assessment tools fail to detect subtle abilities in CMC, hindering development of effective rehabilitation goals and interventions. The Pediatric Awareness and Sensory Motor Assessment (PASMA) was created to fill this gap, providing sensitive measurement of sensory awareness and motor response across five domains (i.e., olfactory, visual, auditory, gustatory, and tactile).

Methods

In this retrospective study, a Rasch analysis was conducted on PASMA data for CMC. The PASMA was administered five times over ten weekdays to each child, reflecting its intended clinical use to gain a reliable sense of each child's awareness.

Results

Analysis of data from 36 CMC revealed that the PASMA is sufficiently unidimensional, effectively measuring sensory awareness and motor response as a single construct. Its rating scale structure was validated without modifications, and the item hierarchy matched clinical expectations. High item reliability (0.97) was observed, with one item (V2 blink in response to light) slightly misfitting, but without affecting overall measures. Adequate person reliability was observed (0.81), with 15% person misfit. Person misfit did not degrade item measures or model statistics. Differential item functioning (DIF) was noted for the three easiest items on specific days. The PASMA successfully stratified participants into three distinct awareness levels (low, medium, and high awareness), without floor or ceiling effects.

Discussion

The PASMA is a valid unidimensional measure of sensory awareness and motor response in CMC. Rating scale characteristics, item hierarchy, and person separation measures all support the PASMA's measurement properties within this heterogeneous sample of CMC. DIF findings support a potential reduction in the recommended number of PASMA administrations per individual. Future research will focus on establishing rater reliability and external validity. Additional efforts will support health professionals to utilize the PASMA for baseline assessments, guiding personalized interventions, and tracking progress.

Conclusion

Clinical use of the PASMA could provide new opportunities to detect subtle abilities, preferences, and changes in CMC, to promote meaningful participation and improve quality of life.
Enterokinase deficiency associated with novel TMPRSS15 gene mutations: a case report
Authors: Li Yunxi , Li Ruijuan , Pan Yanyan , Zhou Weiran , Wang Xingcui , Dong Linlin , Liu Xuemei , Zhang Hongxia
Published: January 2025

Background

Enterokinase deficiency (EKD,OMIM #226200) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in transmembrane protease serine 15 (TMPRSS15). Herein, we report a case of EKD in a patient with novel compound heterozygous TMPRSS15 mutations.

Case presentation

A 2-month-old female infant presented with chronic diarrhea, vomiting, pallor, general edema, skin lesions, and a failure to gain weight. Further examination revealed anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and multiorgan damage. Whole-exome sequencing further revealed two novel heterozygous variants of TMPRSS15: c.2611C>T (p.Arg871Ter) and c.1584_1585insCTTT (p.Glu529LeufsTer2). The clinical symptoms dramatically improved following pancreatic enzyme replacement. During a one-year follow-up, the patient showed a normal rate of physical development, with no recurrence of anemia, hypoproteinemia, coagulopathy or skin lesions.

Conclusion

Herein, we presented a clinical case of EKD with two novel compound heterozygous mutations in TMPRSS15 who achieved dramatic symptom improvements following pancreatic enzyme supplementation. This case enriches the genotypic spectrum of EKD and provides a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of similar cases. This case suggests that if zymogen activation testing is not possible, genetic analysis may be an effective tool to facilitate early diagnosis. Further, early pancreatic enzyme supplementation is a clinical strategy which can achieve satisfactory outcomes.
Schwann cells in regeneration and cancer
Authors: Zhang Lan , Xie Jiale , Dai Wenyu , Lu Bing , Yi Sheng
Published: January 2025

Schwann cells are specific peripheral glial cells with remarkable plasticity following peripheral nerve injury. Injury responses stimulate c-Jun activation in Schwann cells, drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cellular phenotypic changes, and induce the generation of reprogrammed repair Schwann cells to orchestrate peripheral nerve regeneration process. Schwann cells and/or Schwann cell-derived molecules are commonly used as supporting cells and/or neurotrophic factors to construct Schwann cell-based tissue-engineered nerve grafts for repairing severe peripheral nerve injury with long defects. Transplantation of Schwann cells and/or Schwann cell-derived molecules also serves as a helpful approach for the treatment of other injured tissues, such as the spinal cord, skin, digit tip, and bone. Schwann cells are not only associated with tissue regeneration but also involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Schwann cells are the major cellular component of neurofibromatosis type 1 and the sole cell type in neurofibromatosis type 2 and schwannomatosis. In addition, Schwann cells also function as an important player in the tumor microenvironment and aid in the growth and invasiveness of many other solid cancers. In the present review, we outline the physiological and pathological activities of Schwann cells and discuss the functional roles of Schwann cells in homeostasis, regeneration, and cancer.
Toward accurate hand mesh estimation via masked image modeling
Authors: Li Yanli , Wang Congyi , Wang Huan
Published: January 2025

Introduction

With an enormous number of hand images generated over time, leveraging unlabeled images for pose estimation is an emerging yet challenging topic. While some semi-supervised and self-supervised methods have emerged, they are constrained by their reliance on high-quality keypoint detection models or complicated network architectures.

Methods

We propose a novel selfsupervised pretraining strategy for 3D hand mesh regression. Our approach integrates a multi-granularity strategy with pseudo-keypoint alignment in a teacher–student framework, employing self-distillation and masked image modeling for comprehensive representation learning. We pair this with a robust pose estimation baseline, combining a standard vision transformer backbone with a pyramidal mesh alignment feedback head.

Results

Extensive experiments demonstrate HandMIM’s competitive performance across diverse datasets, notably achieving an 8.00 mm Procrustes alignment vertex-point-error on the challenging HO3Dv2 test set, which features severe hand occlusions, surpassing many specially optimized architectures.
In silico characterisation of the avocado WAK/WAKL gene family with a focus on genes involved in defence against Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Harvey Aaron , van den Berg Noëlani , Swart Velushka
Published: January 2025

The avocado industry faces a significant threat from the hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. A variably expressed defence gene during an avocado infection trial was a Wall-associated kinase (WAK). WAK and WAK-Like (WAKL) proteins are known to bind to fragmented pectin (oligogalacturonides) produced during pathogen penetration, thereby activating downstream defence-related pathways. To better understand the P. cinnamomi-avocado defence interaction, this gene family was assessed using in silico methods. In this study, previously generated RNA-sequencing data were used to associate genes with the defence response, followed by promoter- and phylogenetic analysis of these genes/proteins. The predicted proteins from these genes were modelled with AlphaFold2, and structural similarity across different rootstocks, as well as their binding affinity for oligogalacturonides, were assessed. The analysis identified 14 Persea americana (Pa)WAKs and 62 PaWAKLs across the West-Indian (pure accession reference), Dusa®, Leola™ and R0.12 avocado rootstock genomes. These genes showed distribution across the West-Indian genome’s chromosomes, with MCScanX analyses predicting tandem duplications. PaWAK/WAKL expression profiles were compared, implicating five PaWAK/WAKLs in defence. Phylogenetic and promoter analyses were conducted to predict associated defence-related pathways, focusing on stress and phytohormone-responsive pathways. Structural differences and varying oligogalacturonide binding affinities of PaWAK/WAKLs were predicted across rootstocks. These defence-related genes could be incorporated into a molecular screening tool to improve the development of resistant avocado rootstocks.
Deep R-gene discovery in HLB resistant wild Australian limes uncovers evolutionary features and potentially important loci for hybrid breeding
Authors: Liu Jianyang , Singh Khushwant , Huff Matthew , Gottschalk Christopher , Do Michael , Staton Margaret , Keremane Manjunath L. , Krueger Robert , Ramadugu Chandrika , Dardick Chris
Published: January 2025

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease that threatens the citrus industry worldwide. HLB is associated with the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and as of today, there are no tools for economically viable disease management. Several wild Australian limes have been identified to be HLB resistant and their resistance is hypothesized to be conferred by resistance genes (R-genes), which mediate pathogen-specific defense responses. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the genomic features of R-genes in Australian limes, in comparison to susceptible citrus cultivars. In this study, we used five citrus genomes, including three Australian limes (Citrus australasica, C. glauca and C. inodora) and two cultivated citrus species (C. clementina and C. sinensis). Our results indicate up to 70% of the R-genes were identified in the unannotated regions in the original genome annotation of each species, owing to the use of a R-gene specific pipeline. Surprisingly, the two cultivated species harbored 15.8 to 104% more R-genes than the Australian limes. In all species, over 75% of the R-genes occurred in clusters and nearly 80% were concentrated in three chromosomes (Chr3, 5 and 7). The syntenic R-gene based phylogenic classification grouped the five species according to their HLB-resistance levels, reflecting the association between these R-genes and their distinct Australian origins. Domain structure analysis revealed substantial similarities in the R-genes between wild Australian limes and cultivated citrus. Investigation of chromosomal sites underlying Australian specific R genes revealed diversifying selection signatures on several chromosomal regions. The findings in this study will aid in the development of tools for genome-assisted breeding for HLB-resistant varieties.
Aim high, hit ×10: psychological strategies driving the success of South Korean archers
Authors: Lee Joonyoung , Hwang Suyoung
Published: January 2025

Introduction

South Korean archers have excelled in global competitions. However, limited research exists on the factors contributing to their long-term success, particularly in the context of achieving ×10 scores. This qualitative study investigated the exceptional success of South Korean archers, focusing on their achievement of ×10 scores. Using a content analysis approach guided by epistemological perspectives, we examined the techniques, mental strategies, and coping skills for environmental factors influencing ×10 shooting performance.

Methods

Data were collected using convenience and snowball sampling from 65 Korean archers (Mage = 18 years ± 0.5; 55% female and 45% male) with experience hitting ×10 scores. A hybrid coding approach, combining deductive and inductive methods, was used to analyze responses. Deductive analysis applied an 8-step archery model, while inductive coding identified emergent themes. Trustworthiness was ensured through multiple rounds of coding, expert validation, and member checking.

Results

The findings revealed several key themes across four phases of archery performance. In the preparation phase, confidence and positive mindset (30.9%), loss of self-consciousness (21%), mastery-oriented goals (18.5%), performance-oriented goals (18.5%), and psychological regulation strategies (11.1%) were significant. During the drawing and anchoring stages, physical techniques and stability (55.4%), surrounding environments (35%), and attentional focus (9.6%) were crucial. In the aiming and release phase, wind management strategies (48.4%), natural posture and kinesthetic balance (35.7%), and confidence and positive outcome expectation (15.9%) were prominent. Lastly, in the post-shot phase, positive emotion elevation (74%), cognitive affirmation (14%), and tension management (12%) were key themes. These themes illustrate the comprehensive strategies, techniques, and coping skills essential for achieving ×10 scores in archery.

Conclusions

The holistic approach equips Korean archers to manage psychological demands and maintain consistent performance under pressure. The findings provide practical applications for archers, coaches, and sport psychologists, guiding the development of interventions to enhance mental strategies, physical techniques, and environmental coping skills, thereby improving performance outcomes in archery sports.
A bibliometric and content analysis of strategy-based instruction and self-regulated learning in second or foreign language teaching from 1994 to 2024
Authors: Chen Ruihua , Wang Xiao , Zhu Kezhen
Published: January 2025

Introduction

This study aims to explore the research themes and identify gaps on strategy-based instruction (SBI) and self-regulated learning (SRL) in language education, spanning the period from 1994 to 2024. Using a systematic review methodology, this study examines the empirical research in the SBI and SRL in English as second or foreign language teaching contexts published during this period.

Methods

The review employs both bibliometric and content analysis to reveal current trends to facilitate understanding of the role of SBI and SRL in teaching practices. Using VOSviewer, a keyword co-occurrence analysis was conducted on 35 selected papers from Web of Science and Scopus databases.

Results

The bibliometric analysis reveals a shift in research focus from student self-development to the impact of learning strategies on students’ learning achievement. The content analysis indicates that studies have focused on writing instruction, enhancement of learners’ SRL, and technology-assisted instruction, with the latter showing potential for developing students’ SRL strategies.

Discussion

Overall, this study highlights the significance of integrating SBI and SRL into language education, offering insights into writing instruction, technology-assisted learning, and SRL development. It emphasizes the need for future research to explore specific skills, technology-assisted learning, longitudinal mixed-methods approach. This paper aims to serve as a useful resource for researchers and practitioners involved in research related to EFL and ESL teaching.
Health belief model of parents’ COVID-19 vaccination intentions for children: perceived benefits and barriers in Indonesia
Authors: Handayani Eka Wuri , Perwitasari Dyah Aryani , Purba Fredrick Dermawan
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The uptake of vaccines against COVID-19 remains low. Some barriers to childhood vaccination uptake persist, such as parents’ assumption that children are at lower risk of severe COVID-19 and tend to be asymptomatic carriers. This study aims to develop guidance for in-depth interviews for a future qualitative study based on a cross-sectional quantitative study of parents with school-age children.

Methods

This study adopted a cross-sectional design. The study population comprised parents of 6–11-year-old children in the Centra Java province who had received the COVID-19 vaccine or not. The data were collected from August 2023 by filling in an online questionnaire. The sample size was calculated using formulation in OpenEpi for 95% confidence levels, with a statistical power of 80%.

Results

Our study finds that perceived benefit and perceived barriers are the two domains that most significantly influenced the parents’ intention to vaccinate their children. In our study, there was no significant association between parent gender and the intention to vaccinate their children. Our study shows that parents’ acceptance of vaccinating their children is high. We emphasized questions related to benefits and barriers in the interview. The questions on perceived benefits explored the advantages of COVID-19 vaccination. The content on perceived barriers examined the concerns of parents, the information influencing their decision to vaccinate their child, the procedure vaccination and the effect after vaccination.

Discussion

The significant association between parents’ intention to vaccinate their children and the perceived benefits and perceived barriers to vaccination generated guidance for in-depth interviews in the qualitative study. The health belief model should be further explored in Indonesia because of the potential external factors that may influence parents’ intention to vaccinate their children.
Concentration of traffic air pollutants and influencing metrological factors in Hawassa City roadways, Ethiopia
Authors: Yirdaw Asmare Asrat , Ejeso Amanuel , Mokie Belayneh Samrawit , Yohannes Lamrot , Bezie Anmut Endalkachew , Beyene Embialle Mengistie
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The traffic air pollution caused by transportation is a growing global problem that contributes to millions of deaths each year. Despite its importance, information on pollutant concentration is limited in many developing cities, especially in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the concentration levels and spatial and temporal variations of traffic air pollutants in Hawassa and to investigate the influence of metrological parameters on the concentration of traffic air pollutants.

Methods

A real-time monitoring system of Aero-Qual Series 300/500 was used to monitor pollutants, and 24 monitoring sites were included on both heavy and low-traffic volume roads. The study monitored morning and afternoon times over 24 days to comprehensively characterize the temporal variations.

Results

The results showed that the mean PM2.5 concentration on heavy- and low-traffic volume roads was 161.6 ± 26.1 μg/m3 and 95 ± 14.2 μg/m3, respectively, whereas the PM10 concentration was 178.7 ± 20.3 μg/ m3 and 102.3 ± 17.6 μg/m3, respectively. Similarly, the mean NO2 concentrations on roads with heavy and low traffic volumes were 86.4 ± 14.4 μg/m3 and 61.7 ± 14.2 μg/m3, respectively. Significantly higher, concentrations were recorded on traffic light roads, followed by main asphalt roads, for both types of traffic air pollutants. The ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was higher (0.924), in which the pollution sources attributed to anthropogenic sources. Kendall’s tau-b correlation analysis suggested that Meteorological parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were positively correlated with traffic air pollutants. Likewise, stepwise multiple linear regression analysis confirms that the concentrations of traffic air pollutants had a positive relationship with metrological parameters.

Implications

The findings of this study therefore showed the need for regular air quality monitoring of the urban areas to copping out the adverse public health impacts. And, it highlighted an urgent need for long-term monitoring of traffic air pollution and the development of emission control programs that can be readily implemented to decrease the emissions from anthropogenic sources. Also, it brings a sense of collaboration among stakeholders to tackle the effects of air pollution by providing an inclusive and sustainable development agenda for Hawassa.
Effectiveness of a harmonica-integrated, tele-supervised home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on lung function and comprehensive health outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial protocol
Authors: Zeng Qiuxuan , Lin Xiaohong , Chen Wenli , Fong Daniel Yee Tak , Li Junxin , Li Jiaying
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Harmonica playing mimics pursed-lip breathing and strengthens respiratory muscles. Combined with music therapy, it may improve both pulmonary and mental health in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, though its effects are not well understood. This protocol outlines a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating harmonica playing into pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs.

Methods and analysis

This single-center, two-arm RCT will be conducted at a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, China. A total of 248 adult patients (with a clinical diagnosis of COPD but without severe comorbidities, significant cognitive impairments, and prior experience with the intervention components) will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either a harmonica-integrated PR group (intervention) or a standard PR group (control) for 6 months of home-based, tele-supervised training. The intervention will incorporate harmonica sessions in addition to standard PR exercises (breathing and physical exercises). Both groups will undergo in-hospital training sessions, supplemented by daily home practice under remote supervision by PR staff. The primary outcome is lung function (measured by FEV1%), while secondary outcomes include respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity, fatigue, dyspnea, symptom burden, mental health, self-efficacy, quality of life, social support, adherence, and patient satisfaction. Statistical analyses will employ mixed-effects models with an intention-to-treat approach.

Conclusion

This trial will evaluate the efficacy of a harmonica-integrated, home-based PR program with tele-supervision for COPD patients on lung function, respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity, and overall health. If effective, it could offer a novel, affordable, and accessible home-based PR approach for COPD management.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05995847.
Transcranial photobiomodulation for reducing symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and modulating brain electrophysiology in children aged 2–7: an open label study
Authors: Fradkin Yuli , Anguera Joaquin A. , Simon Alexander J. , De Taboada Luis , Steingold Eugenia
Published: January 2025

Background

Small pilot studies have indicated that transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) may help alleviate symptoms of neurological conditions like depression, traumatic brain injury and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Objective

To examine the effect of tPBM on the behavioral symptoms of ASD and brain electrophysiology in children aged 2–7.

Methods

We conducted an open label, one-arm study with 23 participants, aged 2–7, previously diagnosed with ASD. We delivered non-invasively to all participants pulses of near-infrared light (wavelength 850 nm, pulse 40 Hz) to cortical nodes of Default Mode Network, Broca and Wernicke areas, and occipital lobe of the brain, twice weekly for 10 weeks. The tPBM was delivered using an investigational medical device designed for this purpose. Changes in ASD symptoms were measured using pre- and post-intervention scores on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS-2, 2nd Edition). We collected electroencephalogram (EEG) data after each treatment session from all children who tolerated wearing the EEG cap to monitor changes in brain activity.

Results

The intervention resulted in a significant 7-point reduction in average CARS-2 scores (t = 10.23, p < .0001), along with decreased delta power and increased gamma and beta power in EEG readings. The increase in gamma power was statistically significant [t(14) = 2.30, p = 0.047]. Changes in EEG power were significantly correlated with the number of sessions (delta: r(192) = −0.18, p = .013; gamma: r(192) = .19, p = .007; beta: r(192) = .15, p = .04). Improvements in CARS-2 scores were negatively correlated with changes in delta and beta power (delta: r(15) = −.59, p = .020; beta: r(15) = −.54, p = .037). No moderate or severe side effects were reported.

Conclusion

This study supports the potential of tPBM as a safe and effective treatment for ASD, and it suggests that EEG measurements may serve as a useful biomarker for future research.

Trial Registration

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04660552
Sines, transient, noise neural modeling of piano notes
Authors: Simionato Riccardo , Fasciani Stefano
Published: January 2025

This article introduces a novel method for emulating piano sounds. We propose to exploit the sine, transient, and noise decomposition to design a differentiable spectral modeling synthesizer replicating piano notes. Three sub-modules learn these components from piano recordings and generate the corresponding quasi-harmonic, transient, and noise signals. Splitting the emulation into three independently trainable models reduces the modeling tasks’ complexity. The quasi-harmonic content is produced using a differentiable sinusoidal model guided by physics-derived formulas, whose parameters are automatically estimated from audio recordings. The noise sub-module uses a learnable time-varying filter, and the transients are generated using a deep convolutional network. From singular notes, we emulate the coupling between different keys in trichords with a convolutional-based network. Results show the model matches the partial distribution of the target while predicting the energy in the higher part of the spectrum presents more challenges. The energy distribution in the spectra of the transient and noise components is accurate overall. While the model is more computationally and memory efficient, perceptual tests reveal limitations in accurately modeling the attack phase of notes. Despite this, it generally achieves perceptual accuracy in emulating single notes and trichords.
Association of Inflammatory Profile During Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion With High-Grade Primary Graft Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Costamagna Andrea , Balzani Eleonora , Marro Matteo , Simonato Erika , Burello Alessandro , Rinaldi Mauro , Brazzi Luca , Boffini Massimo , Fanelli Vito
Published: January 2025

PGD3 is the manifestation of ischemia-reperfusion injury which results from inflammation and cell death and is associated with poor outcome. This systematic-review and meta-analysis of non-randomized controlled trials on patients undergoing Ltx with reconditioned lungs via EVLP, aims to assess the association between the levels of proinflammatory biomarkers during EVLP and PGD3 development within the firsts 72 h post-Ltx. Biomarkers were categorized by timing (1-hour, T0 and 4-hours, Tend from EVLPstart) and by their biological function (adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines, damage-associated-molecular-patterns, growth-factors, metabolites). We employed a four-level mixed-effects model with categorical predictors for biomarker groups to identify differences between patients with PGD3 and others. The single study and individual measurements were considered random intercepts. We included 8 studies (610 measurements at T0 and 884 at Tend). The pooled effect was 0.74 (p = 0.021) at T0, and 0.90 (p = 0.0015) at Tend. The four-level model indicated a large pooled correlation between developing PGD3 at 72 h post-Ltx and inflammatory biomarkers values, r = 0.62 (p = 0.009). Chemokine group showed the strongest association with the outcome (z-value = 1.26, p = 0.042). Pooled panels of inflammation markers, particularly chemokines, measured at T0 or at Tend, are associated with the development of PGD3 within the first 72 h after Ltx.

Systematic Review Registration

https://osf.io/gkxzh/.