bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of nutrition habits in Potsdam two centuries ago with modern developments
Authors: Haenel H.
Published: November 2006

Nutrition habits in the 18th century are described using as examples a menu of the Prussian King, the weekly menu in the Potsdam military orphanage, and the daily ration for a soldier of the Prussian army. Due to the social and scientific progress the quality of nutrition has improved in many respects. Compared to past times there are today no deficiencies in energy and essential nutrients, if knowledge and behavior are in accord. Full employment, high purchasing power and stable prices for basic food are the premises for good nutrition. The wide‐spread desire for a nutrition of high hedonic value connected with a broad food choice has nutritional advantages, but as well the potential disadvantage of overnutrition. The hygienic quality of food has probably never been as high as today.
Single cell protein as food and feed
Authors: Giec A. , Skupin J.
Published: November 2006

This review pertains the current knowledge concerned with the application of SCP in human and animal nutrition. General factors limiting the utilization of microbial proteins in human nutrition, such as toxicological barriers, nutritive value and functional properties, are discussed. Special attention is paid to several modern procedures of protein extraction from microbial cells, reduction of nucleic acids level as well as preparation of protein isolates. According to the data presented the latter can be considered as valuable protein substitutes. Significantly less nutritive problems are being concerned with the application of SCP in animal nutrition. Successful feeding experiments with chicken and pigs are discussed. Under these experimental conditions 10–20% of the protein in the feedstuff can be replaced by SCP. Moreover, several in Poland obtained protein‐vitamin preparations are described. These originated from selected yeast and propionic acid bacteria grown in whey and its ultrafiltrates and can be considered as valuable food and feed supplements.
Chemische Untersuchungen an Schweineleber und den Produkten der Leberverarbeitung 1. Mitt. Zum Kohlenhydratgehalt der Schweineleber in Abhängigkeit der thermischen Belastung
Authors: Westphal G. , Doumbouya A. , Kroh L.
Published: November 2006

Von den Kohlenhydraten der Schweineleber kann Glucose mit Wasser extrahiert werden, Glycogen wird erst durch kochende Laugen aus dem Rohstoff herausgelöst und mit Ethanol gefällt. Das Kochen einer wäßrigen Lebersuspension bewirkt erwartungsgemäß eine Abnahme der Glucosemenge. Dabei wird der Einfluß der Leberproteine auf die Kohlenhydratkonzentration deutlich, ebenso die Wechselwirkung zwischen beiden Komponenten im Sinne der nichtenzymatischen Bräunung. Durch Lagerungsversuche wird bestätigt, daß weder Gefrier‐ noch Kochtemperaturen diese Wechselwirkung völlig unterbinden können.
Chemische Untersuchungen an Schweineleber und den Produkten der Leberverarbeitung 3. Mitt. Über die Maillard‐Reaktion in Modell‐ und Leberwurstkonserven
Authors: Westphal G. , Doumbouya A. , Kroh L.
Published: November 2006

Die Lagerungsdauer industriell hergestellter Leberwurstkonserven zeigte sich wirkungsvoller auf die Abnahme des Glucose‐ und Gesamtkohlenhydratgehaltes als das jeweilige Sterilisationsregime. Zugesetzte Glucose und zugesetztes Casein wirkten in Modellkonserven im Sinne der Maillard‐Reaktion effektiver als ihr Gemisch im Leberbrät.
Effect of protein quality on weight and composition of the carcass in pregnant and non pregnant rats
Authors: Verdú M. C. , Frias M. López , Mataix F. J. , Campos M. S.
Published: November 2006

The effect of diets with different protein qualities on net weight and on the composition of the carcass (the animal being skinned and gutted) were studied in pregnant and non‐pregnant rats of the Wistar breed. The animals were fed with diets containing the following protein sources: casein + 5% DL‐methionine, beans and a mix of beans and wheat, all with a protein level of 14%. Percentage weight gains in the carcass were in all cases greater in non‐gestating animals than in gestating animals. The water content of the body was similar in all the groups tested. The quality of protein did not affect nitrogen content; however, a smaller proportion of nitrogen was observed in gestating animals than in non‐gestating animals. With respect to fat content of the carcass, a greater quantity of fat was observed in the bodies of gestating rats than in non‐gestating rats, which was only significant in the case of the bean‐wheat mix diet. Within each group of gestating and non‐gestating rats, there was a greater quantity of fat in those animals fed with casein.
Untersuchungen über den Nitrat‐ und Nitritgehalt in der Muttermilch (Wissenschaftlicher Kurzbericht)
Authors: Wettig K. , Proksch Annette , Broschinski L. , Diener W. , Fischer G. , Namaschk Angelika
Published: November 2006

Über den Nitrat‐ und Nitritgehalt der Muttermilch sind uns lediglich 5 Arbeiten bekannt (1–5]; die dabei ermittelten Nitratgehalte lagen zwischen 0,75 und 6,9 mg/1, während Nitrit nicht nachgewiesen oder Untersuchungen dazu nicht durchgeführt wurden. Da bisher aus der DDR keine diesbezüglichen Arbeiten vorliegen, Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Nitrat‐ und Nitritgehalt der Muttermilch und dem des Speichels und Urins völlig fehlen und auch der Einfluß der endogenen Synthese des Nitrats [6–11] bei entzündlichen Erkrankungen auf den Nitratgehalt der Muttermilch nicht bekannt ist, haben wir diese Untersuchungen durchgeführt.
Reactions of oxidized lipids with protein Part 15. Mechanism of lipoprotein formation from interactions of oxidized ethyl linoleate with egg albumin
Authors: Pokorny J. , Davídek J. , Chi Tran Ha , Valentová H. , Matêjíček J. , Dlasková Z.
Published: November 2006

During the reaction of oxidized ethyl linoleate with egg albumin in dry medium at 60 °C, hydroperoxides were rapidly decomposed almost completely, while carbonylic anisidine‐active and thiobarbituric‐acid‐active substances were decomposed rapidly in the beginning and only slowly afterwards. Both hydroperoxides and carbonylic oxidation products were substantially more stable in mixtures with cellulose than with albumin. Hydrogen‐bonded lipoproteins were rapidly formed, passed through a maximum, and remained nearly constant in the last reaction stage. Covalently bonded lipids in lipoproteins were mainly formed in the stage following the rapid decomposition of hydroperoxides and carbonylic compounds, and immediately following the decrease of hydrogen‐bonded lipoproteins. The binding of oxidized lipids into lipoproteins was accompanied by the formation of protein oligomers and by the loss of available lysine.
Suppression of production of pectolytic enzymes and oxalic acid by Penicillium oxalicum Curie and Thom, due to an addition of yeast extract to culture medium
Authors: Ikotun T.
Published: November 2006

Pectolytic enzyme production by Penicillium oxalicum was depressed when the medium of Bauer et al. plus 0.5 g polypectate (NaPP) per 1 was supplemented with 0.5 g yeast extract per 1. At peak production time (8 days after inoculation of medium), enzyme recovered from the medium containing yeast extract was about four times less than that recovered from the medium lacking yeast extract. Purification of the enzyme was only possible in the medium without yeast extract. Production of oxalic acid in the medium supplemented with yeast extract was also about five times less than in the medium not supplemented with yeast extract.
Untersuchung der hormonalen Regulation der anabolen Prozesse und der Effektivität der Proteinverwertung in der frühen postnatalen Periode
Authors: Adigamov L. F. , Smirnova L. I. , Nifontov V. D. , Černikov M. P.
Published: November 2006

Es wurden die Gehalte an den Schilddrüsen‐, Hypophysen‐ und Steroidhormonen Thyroxin, Triiodthyronin und 11‐Oxycorticosteroide im Serum, Somatotropin in der Hypophyse bestimmt und Prozesse der Eiweiß‐assimilation bei den Ratten in der frühen postnatalen Periode untersucht. Die höchste endogene Thyroxin‐, Triiodthyronin‐ und Somatotropinproduktion war bei den Ratten im Alter von 15 Tagen festzustellen. Die höchste Eiweißutilisierung war im Alter von 7–15 Tagen zu verzeichnen; im Stadium des Absetzens nimmt der Grad der Verwertung wieder ab. Die endogene Bildung der anabolen Hormone Thyroxin, Triiodthyronin und Somatotropin korreliert mit dem hohen Grad der Eiweißutilisierung bei den Ratten im Laufe der ersten Tage nach der Geburt.
Effects of combined premortal and postmortal electrical treatment on the quality of meat
Authors: Specht H. , Kunis J.
Published: November 2006

Just as postmortal electrical stimulation of rapidly cooled bovine carcass halves generally has positive effects on the quality of meat (pH, meat consistency, water‐binding capacity), the same applies to premortal electrical treatment of animals (electrical stunning) or the combined pre‐ and postmortal electrical treatment. Exemplified for selected muscles of more than 100 heads of cattle of different slaughter class and slaughter category it was demonstrated, however, that combined electrical treatment of bulls is liable to entail a higher percentage of lower‐quality DFD‐meat. The results of the experimental studies of electrical treatment and quality analysis are presented together with a discussion of potential sources of quality reduction in the case of bull meat.
Nutritional and technological characteristics of new broad bean flaked products
Authors: Senesi E. , Duranti M. , Gervasini Maria , Bertolo G. , Rizzolo Anna
Published: November 2006

The effects of the technological processes (soaking in water or alkaline solutions, drying, puree preparation) and the supplementation with maize flour on the nutritional value and on the organoleptic characteristics of broad bean (Vicia faba, L. major) flakes have been studied.

Protein content was not affected by technological process. The addition of maize flour decreased the protein content of the final product depending on the amount of the maize flour added.

Amino acid composition showed a decrease of tryptophan due to technological processing. Supplementation with maize flour improved the amino acid pattern and, except for tryptophan, the amount of essential amino acids in the flakes supplemented with 25% or more maize flour well compared with the provisional pattern by F.A.O.

In vitro digestibility trials did not evidence significant changes due to technological processes or to integration of broad beans with maize flour.

Broad bean toxic factors (vicine and convicine glycosides) were only slightly affected by the alkaline treatment of the flakes. Glycosides content decreased with the incresing supplementation with maize flour but the relationship was not linear.

The organoleptic tests were positive for texture and taste, whereas the appearance of the products should be improved.
Utilization of milk proteins and cereal starches to obtain co‐extrudates
Authors: Smietana Z. , Fornal L. , Szpendowski J. , Soral‐Smietana M.
Published: November 2006

Extrusion of the cereal mixtures with 25% addition of milk proteins induced several changes in the chemical and physico‐chemical properties of starch. Coefficient of expansion was close to the coefficient of natural cereal flours, but the extrudates were characterized by higher water absorption. Starch was only slightly dextrinized, but it contained more nitrogen compounds and mineral salts, and less free lipids. Solubility and swelling power of the extrudates did not change in a way characteristic for cereal starch and flours. Attention should be given to higher content of dietary fibre, pointing to the formation of the starch‐lipids and the starch‐protein complexes, less susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis used. Hence, it can be stated that the latter increase was apparent only.

It can be said that a mixture of cereal starch and milk proteins can be used to modify quality of the extruded products of increased protein content. More attention should be devoted to biochemical characteristics of the protein added, as this largely determines quality of the extruded starch‐protein products.
Functional and electrophoretic characteristics of faba bean (Vicia faba) flour proteins as affected by germination
Authors: Rahma E. H.
Published: November 2006

Faba beans (Vicia faba) were germinated at room temperature for 3 and 6 days respectively. The effect of germination on the protein fractions, protein solubility index, PAGE pattern and some functional properties i.e. em unification capacity (EC), foaming capacity (FC), foam stability (FS), water and fat absorption capacities of the flour was studied. Germination decreased albumins, globulins and prolamins at different levels but non protein nitrogen and glutelins were increased. The protein solubility index was high at both extreme pH values with an isoelectric point (IP) at pH of 4.4–4.5. The solubility of the protein slightly increased due to germination at all the pH values. PAGE pattern revealed on obvious dissociation and utilization for both fast and slow moving protein fractions during germination. Emulsification and foaming properties vs pH profile were similar to the pattern of solubility vs pH. Both properties were high at acidic and alkaline pH's and the minimum values were at pH 4 to 5. Germination process improved EC, FC and FS of the flour in comparison with that of dry bean flour. Water absorption of faba bean flours was improved during germination but the fat absorption markedly decreased.
Fortschrittsbericht Hühnerfleischaroma — Bildung, Zusammensetzung und Gewinnung 2. Mitt. Aromastoffe
Authors: Schliemann J. , Wölm G. , Schrödter R. , Ruttloff H.
Published: November 2006

Wie bei allen übrigen Fleischaromen gibt es auch im Fall des Hühnerfleischaromas offensichtlich keine Schlüsselsubstanzen. Ungeachtet dessen werden einzelne Verbindungsklassen, wie z. B. Schwefel‐ und Carbonylverbindungen, aber auch Einzelsubstanzen als besonders wichtig für dieses Aroma angesehen. Mit dem vorliegenden Artikel als Bestandteil einer dreiteiligen Publikationsreihe wird ein Überblick über den bisherigen Kenntnisstand gegeben.
Antimicrobial activity of “Çörtük” (Echinophora sibthorpiana Guss.) spice, its essential oil and methyl‐eugenol (Short communication)
Authors: Kivanç Merih
Published: November 2006

Echinophora sibthorpiana Guss. [E. tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (Guss.) Tutin; Chrysosciadium sibthorpianum (Guss.) Tamamsch.] is a biennial or perennial plant (Fam. Umbelliferae) with yellow flowers, and grows to a 20–45 cm height [1, 2]. It is found as growing wild in several areas of Turkey, and called as “Çörtük”, “Tarhana otu” or “Turşu otu” in Turkish. Fresh or dried herbs are used as fungicide local materia medica, and as flavouring to some foods such as meats, pickles and soups [3].

The aromatic flavour of the plant is due to its essential oil. The yield of essential oil was determined as 0.2%–0.95% [4] and 1.3% [5] from various Turkish herb materials. There was only one study on essential oil composition in which methyl‐eugenol was found to be the main component by gas chromatography in a sample of Isparta region [5].

In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the prevention of the microbiological spoilage of foods by natural materials, especially spices, in spite of synthetic additives [6]. However, no investigation was reported on the antimicrobial activity of “çortük” spice (E. sibthorpiana) and its essential oil.

The purpose of this work is to determine the antimicrobial activity of this little‐known spice, its essential oil, and methyl‐eugenol, the main component of the oil, on common foodborne bacteria, moulds and yeasts.
Investigation of mixed agarose‐gelatin gels
Authors: Gotlieb A. M. , Plashchina I. G. , Braudo E. E. , Titova E. F. , Belavtseva E. M. , Tolstoguzov V. B.
Published: November 2006

The dependencies of the gel‐forming capacity and of the rheological and osmotic properties of gels on the composition of agarose‐gelatin‐water system are studied. The composition range investigated covers singlephase and two‐phase systems. It is corroborated by electron microscopy. The gel point of the ternary systems seems to be lower than that of the binary systems polymer‐solvent. The network formation rate depends strongly on the composition of the system. Elastic modulus changes nonmonotonously by change of the composition. In the single‐phase region the elastic modulus increases by concentration increase of the second polymer component and after crossing of the binodal curve it is determined by the competitive phenomenon of the growth of the polymer concentration in one phase due to the water redistribution between the phases and of the increase of the defects in the network of gelled dispersion medium. Mixed gels swell to a greater extent than two‐component gels.
Quality of zabadi made from cow's milk fortified with whey and soy proteins
Authors: El‐Neshawy A. A. , El‐Shafie N. M.
Published: November 2006

Zabadi was made from cow's milk incorporated with 10, 20 and 30% whey protein concentrate (WPC) or 2, 4 and 6% soy protein concentrate (SPC). Addition of WPC up to 20% or SPC up to 4% to cow's milk improved the consistency and flavour of the resultant zabadi and also increased its total solids, total protein, acidity, total volatile fatty acids and soluble nitrogen contents.

When WPC was added to cow's milk at a level of 20% together with SPC at a level of 2% the best quality zabadi was obtained.
Penetration of malonic dialdehyde on filtration of tobacco smoke
Authors: Witas T. , Sledziewski P.
Published: November 2006

It has been found that malonic dialdehyde penetrates through the filters of cigarettes. The filter cigarettes, such as „Club”︁, „F6”︁, „Cabinet”︁, „Semper”︁ and „Kenton”︁ as well as non‐filter cigarettes, namely „Salem”︁, „Real”︁ and „Karo”︁ generate malonic dialdehyde during smoking, in amounts ranging from 15.6 to 44.3 mg/kg, i.e. from 20.4 to 44.3 mg/kg for cigarettes with filters and from 15.6 to 27.1 mg/kg for non‐filter cigarettes.
Carotene cooxidation activity of tomato lipoxygenase‐2
Authors: Zamora R. , Macias P. , Mesias J. L.
Published: November 2006

The tomato isoenzyme lipoxygenase‐2 presented a carotene cooxidation activity; it showed more activity with linoleic acid as substrate than with linolenic acid. The lipoxygenase was inhibited by reagents of the disulphide groups (dithiothreitol and 2‐mercaptoethanol) and —SH groups ((4‐hydroxymercuri)benzoic acid and iodoacetamide) and some antioxidants.
Einfluß von Azoxybenzen auf mikrosomale Leberenzyme der Ratte
Authors: Plass R. , Lewerenz H.‐J. , Ozierenski B.
Published: November 2006

Orale Verabreichungen von Azoxybenzen (0, 25, 50 und 100 mg/kg KM) über einen Zeitraum bis zu 7 Tagen bewirkten zeit‐ und dosisabhängig eine Abnahme des Gehalts an Cytochrom P‐450 sowie eine Verringerung der Fähigkeit zur Aminopyrin‐N‐Demethylierung und Anilinhydroxylierung in den Lebermikrosomen männlicher und weiblicher Ratten. Bei beiden Geschlechtern traten Retardierungen der Körpermasseentwicklung und Erhöhungen der relativen Lebermassen auf. Der Cytochrom b5‐Gehalt der Mikrosomen war erhöht.
Chemical composition of bacillus spores
Authors: Pendukar S. H. , Kulkarni P. R.
Published: November 2006

The basis of heat resistance of bacterial spores has remained an intruding problem. The large increase in the heat resistance from the vegetative to the spore state has been attributed to some extent to the differences in the chemical composition of the vegetative cell and spore [7]. However, not much data are available on the levels of important chemical constituents of spores of different species of Bacillus. The present work was therefore undertaken to study 5 of the Bacilli commonly encountered in food spoilage and food poisoning in this respect.
Prenataltoxicological study of rapeseed meal and of the fungicide maneb in dependence of maternal ages
Authors: Bleyl D. W. R. , Lewerenz H.‐J. , Plass R.
Published: November 2006

The rate and degree of prenataltoxic effects are depending even on maternal factors (species differences, strain, biotransformation ability). In this regard there fails aimed experiments, that examine the influence of parity and maternal ages. On the whole up to now there are mainly examinations on age‐related changes in liver drug‐metabolizing enzymes in male animals specially in rats. Also in prenataltoxicology this problem is significant because in the human population the age of pregnant women fluctuates between 13 and 45 years. Therefore in a comparison study with nulliparous 10‐week‐old and one‐year‐old breeding rats (fifth pregnancy) maternal and prenataltoxicological effects of rapeseed meal in food and/or of the fungicide maneb (manganese ethylenebis(dithiobarbamate)) were investigated.
In vitro‐Cytotoxizität von aus gegarten Fleisch‐ und Fischproben isolierten Melanoidinen
Authors: Ivanova S. , Popov N. , Somov G. , Obretenov Tzv.
Published: November 2006

Es wurde die biologische Aktivität von Melanoidinen untersucht, die nach Kuntscheva [21] aus gebackenen Fleischproben (Elektrobackofen, 200‐300°C; 60–210 min) sowie aus in schwimmendem Fett gegarten Fleischhalbfabrikaten (200°C; 3×50 min, mehrmalige Verwendung des Öles) und Fischhalbfabrikaten (190°C; 60 min) isoliert wurden. Es konnte eine schwache Toxizität der bei längerer thermischer Behandlung gebildetem Melanoidine, aber keine mutagene Wirkung festgestellt werden. Die cytotoxischen Alterationen haben keine spezifischen Charakter.
Role of zinc in regulating the testicular function. Part 1. Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and testosterone in male albino rats
Authors: Hafiez A. A. , El‐Kirdassy Z. H. M. , Mansour M. M. S. , Sharada H. M. , El‐Zayat E. M. I.
Published: November 2006

Hypogonadism is a major manifestation of zinc deficiency in both humans and animals. In this study, we try to elucidate the main role of zinc in regulating the testicular function. Ninty male weanling albino rats were divided into three groups: control, zinc‐deficient (ZD), and zinc‐supplemented (2s) groups. Six rats from each group were sacrificed every two weeks over a total period of ten weeks. Serum levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were estimated by radioimmunoassay technique, Serum zinc concentrations were also determined. Data revealed that serum zinc concentrations were significantly low in ZD group compared to both control and ZS groups. Normal FSH and LH but low PRL and T levels were demonstrated in sera of ZD group compared to both control and ZS groups. We came to the following conclusions: zinc deficiency has no effect on the pituitary gonadotropin output. Zinc deficiency affects the testicular function either directly through its effect on the testicular steroidogenesis and/or indirectly through its effect on the pituitary synthesis and/or secretion of PRL.
Role of zinc in regulating the testicular function. Part 2. Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on gonadotropins, prolactin and testosterone levels as well as 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in testes of male albino rats
Authors: Mansour M. M. S. , Hafiez A. A. , El‐Kirdassy Z. H. M. , El‐Malkh M. N. , Halawa F. A. , El‐Zayat E. M. I.
Published: November 2006

Induced zinc deficiency in male albino rats caused a great reduction in the testicular levels of testosterone as compared to control and zinc‐supplemented (ZS) rats. Estimation of the testicular levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin ′(PRL) in the zinc‐deficient (ZD) rats showed higher levels in comparison with both control and zinc‐supplemented rats. However, the increase in PRL levels was statistically insignificant. A great reduction in the activity of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an important enzyme involved in testosterone biosynthesis, was demonstrated histochemically in the testes of ZD rats as compared to both control and ZS ones. These results reflect a direct action of zinc deficiency on the testicular steroidogenesis and strongly support the idea that the hypogonadal state associated with zinc deficiency results mainly from some alteration in the testicular steroidogenesis or in other words LEYDIG cell failure.
Untersuchung der subchronischen Toxizität von 5‐Vinyloxazolidin‐2‐thion an Ratten
Authors: Lewerenz H.‐J. , Bleyl D. W. R. , Plass R. , Przybilski H. , Schnaak W.
Published: November 2006

Männlichen und weiblichen Ratten wurde in 2 Versuchsreihen über einen Zeitraum von 13 Wochen mit dem Trinkwasser 5‐Vinyloxazolidin‐2‐thion (VOT) in Konzentrationen von 0, 10, 25, 50 und 100 mg/l bzw. 0, 2,s und 5 mg/l verabreicht. Futteraufnahme und Wachstum waren bei den Weibchen der Gruppen mit VOT‐Konzentrationen von 10 mg/l und mehr im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren verringert. Eine verminderte Flüssigkeitsaufnahme wurde bei Männchen und Weibchen mit der höchsten VOT‐Menge im Trinkwasser festgestellt. Die terminale hämatologische Untersuchung ergab eine erhöhte Leukozytenzahl bei den Weibchen der Gruppen mit 50 und 100 mg VOT/l und eine reduzierte Erythrozytenzahl bei den Männchen mit 100 mg VOT/l. Organmasseveranderungen zeigten sich in dosisabhängen Zunahmen der relativen Schilddrüsen‐ und Lebermassen sowie in einer Abnahme der relativen Thymusmasse. Strukturelle und funktionelle Schilddrüsenveranderungen wurden bei den Tieren mit VOT‐Trinkwasserkonzentrationen von 10 mg/l und mehr beobachtet. Die histologische Nierenuntersuchung ergab Tubulonephrose bei den Tieren der Gruppen mit 5 mg VOT/l und mehr. Als no‐observed‐effect level (NOEL) wurden in diesen Untersuchungen 2,5 ml VOT/l Trinkwasser ermittelt (entspricht annähernd einer VOT‐Aufnahme von 0.4 mg/kg Körpermasse und Tag).
Zur Garungskinetik von Gemüseprodukten
Authors: Mohr K.‐H. , Skrok S.
Published: November 2006

Dieser Artikel beinhaltet kinetische Untersuchungen zur Garung fester Gemüseprodukte unter Berücksichtigung der instationären Produkterwärmung. Der Garungswert als ein qualitätsbestimmendes Merkmal für feste Lebensmittel wurde sensorisch und experimentell ermittelt.
Changes in differently processed soya bean (Glycine max.) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) with particular reference to their chemical composition and their mineral and some inherent anti‐nutritional constituents
Authors: Aletor V. A. , Ojo O. I.
Published: November 2006

The effects of 3 processing techniques: cooking, roasting and autoclaving on the proximate chemical composition, the mineral content and some inherent toxic factors of soya and lima beans were investigated. The processing techniques generally reduced the crude fibre levels and enhanced the extractable fat in the soya and lima beans. The coefficients of variability for crude fibre and ether extract due to the processing techniques of soya and lima beans were 20.9 %, 16.0 % and 22.3%, 38.1 %, respectively. In parallel with decreased ash content in the cooked bean samples, there was a decrease in the K, Mg, Na and P levels relative to the raw bean and also relative to the other processing techniques. Mineral contents of the autoclaved bean samples were generally similar to those of the raw (unprocessed) samples.

Under the processing conditions, roasting caused the highest reduction in thioglucoside content (59%) in soya bean while cooking caused the highest reduction in lima bean (78%). Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) ranged between 0.59 mg/g sample in the cooked soya bean and 11.6 mg/g sample in the raw bean while the corresponding values for lima bean ranged between 0.59 and 6.3 mg/g sample. Cooking and roasting caused over 90% reduction of TIA, while autoclaving caused 64–69% reduction in both bean samples. Under the assay conditions, haemagglutinating activity was not detected in the cooked and autoclaved soya and ha beans. The need to prevent both functional and nutritional damage to food proteins and other nutrients, resulting from excessive heating, was discussed.
Forms of sulphur in sheep excreta and their fate after application on to pasture soil
Authors: Williams Prue H , Haynes Richard J
Published: November 2006

Sheep were fed35S‐labelled grass/clover herbage and the excreta was collected. About 74% of excretal S was in the form of urine and the remainder was in dung. Sulphate‐S accounted for 74% of the urine S and the remainder was in Hi‐reducible form. In dung, 80% of the S was C‐bonded organic S and 20% was present as sulphate‐S.

35S‐labelled dung was applied to undisturbed pasture microplots and the degradation and S release followed over a 9 month period under glasshouse conditions. During the first 34 days about 24% of35S was leached from the dung, mainly as sulphate‐S and possibly some labile organic S. The C‐bonded S in the dung was notably resistant to mineralisation. Only 14% of the applied35S was recovered by pasture plants.

35S‐labelled urine with either a high (1130 mg S litre−1) or a low S concentration (280 mg S litre−1) was applied in the field and its fate followed over a 10 month period. During the experiment 57 and 79% of the applied35S was recovered in pasture herbage in the high and low urine treatments, respectively.35S was also incorporated into soil organic matter and this reached a peak about 120 days after urine application when 52 and 30% of applied S had been incorporated in the high and low urine S treatments, respectively. With time, these levels declined as about 50% of the organic35S was mineralised and subsequently absorbed by the pasture plants. The results demonstrate that excreted S is recycled rapidly in pasture soils when it originates from urine. However, the bulk of S in dung appears to be relatively inert at least over a 9 month period.
Oxidation of flavonols and flavonol glycosides by a hypodermal peroxidase isoenzyme from gamay rouge grape (Vitis vinifera) berries
Authors: Morales M , Pedreño M A , Muñoz R , Barceló A Ros , Calderón A A
Published: November 2006

The ability of the grapevine hypodermal peroxidase isoenzyme B5 to oxidise the flavonols, quercetin and myricetin, and the flavonol glycosides quercetin‐3‐arabinoside, quercetin‐3‐rhamnoside (quercitrin) and myricetin‐3‐rhamnoside (myricitrin), has been studied. The results showed that, whilst the aglycones were good substrates of this peroxidase isoenzyme, their corresponding glycosides were poorly oxidised under the assay conditions. The oxidation of quercetin and myricetin catalysed by the hypodermal peroxidase isoenzyme B5 was strictly dependent on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The kinetic characteristics of the flavonol oxidation were also studied. Whilst the apparent Km values for quercetin and myricetin were roughly equal (38 and 54 μM, respectively), the apparent Km values for H2O2 in each reaction were appreciably different (168 and 8 μM, respectively). Besides, the optimal pH for quercetin oxidation was 4.0 whereas for myricetin it was 6.0‐7.0. The results are discussed in view of the possible involvement of the vacuolar hypodermal B5 isoperoxidase in the turnover of flavonol and flavonol glycosides in grapes.
Characteristics of single and mixed culture fermentation of pito beer
Authors: Demuyakor Bawa , Ohta Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2006

The fermentation of Pito, a traditional alcoholic beverage, was done using selected yeast strains or a crude mixed yeast culture collected from traditional breweries and two types of sorghum malt. The fermentation characteristics and product quality of the pure and mixed fermentations were monitored and compared. Significant differences were observed between the mixed culture fermentation and the single culture fermentations. Acid production of the mixed culture fermentations was higher whereas ethanol production and sugar utilisation were lower than those of the pure strain fermentations. Sensory observations and analysis of volatile compounds also indicated differences in the fermentations. The use of pure cultures in fermentations proved to yield more ethanol. The sorghum variety was also observed to have an influence on the fermentation pattern. Utilisation of nutrients from the white sorghum malt extract was greater and faster than those from the red sorghum.
Enzyme‐linked sorbent assay to quantify d‐biotin in blood
Authors: Wellenberg G. J. , Banks J. N.
Published: November 2006

An enzyme‐linked sorbent assay (ELSA) is described to determine quantitatively d‐biotin in blood. This assay utilises the strong binding of streptavidin (as opposed to avidin which gave high background reactions). A competition reaction in a microtitration plate is set up between biotin bound to the plate with biotin in the sample and streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase using tetramethylbenzidine as a marker. This ELSA can be applied to samples with a d‐biotin concentration of down to 20 ng litre−1. There was a good correlation coefficient of 0·981 between the ELSA and the standard microbiological method for d‐biotin.
Changes in chemical composition during development of three different types of peas
Authors: Daveby Ylva Dandanell , Abrahamsson Maria , Åman Per
Published: November 2006

Three Swedish pea (Pisum sativum L) cultivars, Timo (dark‐coloured seed), Vreta (light‐coloured seed) and Capella (light‐coloured seed and leafless), were harvested at different stages of seed maturity and dehulled by hand. Changes in chemical composition during growth and maturation were analysed in dehulled seeds and dietary fibre components in the hulls (seed coats). Generally, Capella had the largest seeds, the lowest hull content, the highest yield, and the lowest losses due to pod opening. Timo with dark‐coloured seeds had the highest hull content. The concentration of sucrose and glucose + fructose was high in the young dehulled seeds and decreased rapidly until the starch concentration reached its maximum early during development. Thereafter, the starch concentration decreased somewhat while the concentration of crude protein and oligosaccharides belonging to the raffinose series increased. Glutamic acid (the predominant amino acid in dehulled seeds), arginine, alanine, threonine and methionine had the highest concentrations in the very young dehulled seeds but decreased rapidly. The concentration of the other amino acids, including cyst(e)ine and lysine, was low in the young seeds and thereafter increased. The concentration of dietary fibre and major dietary fibre components in dehulled seeds generally increased during growth and maturation. Dietary fibre concentration in hulls also increased dramatically during growth and maturation. The light‐coloured hulls contained more non‐starch polysaccharides, including glucose, uronic acid and xylose residues as major components, but lower concentrations of Klason lignin compared to the dark‐coloured hulls.
The saponin content and composition of sweet and bitter lupin seed
Authors: Muzquiz Mercedes , Ridout Caralyn L. , Price Keith R. , Fenwick G. Roger
Published: November 2006

The seed of six species of lupin: Lupinus albus (sweet and bitter), L angustifolius (sweet and bitter), L luteus (sweet and bitter), L hispanicus, L consentinii (lagao/faro) and L mutabilis were analysed for total saponin content and sapogenol composition. The saponin content ranged from 0 to 470 mg kg−1 with none being detected in the L albus species; 56·7 and 68·3 mg kg−1 in the L luteus (sweet and bitter respectively); 107·9 mg kg−1 in L mutabilis; 302·7 mg kg−1 in L hispanicus; 216·1 mg kg−1 in the L consentinii and 270·1, 469·5 mg kg−1 in L angustifolius (sweet and bitter, respectively). Three saponins were detected, one containing soyasapogenol B and considered to be identical to soyasaponin 1, the other two being bisdesmosides of soyasapogenol A. The ratio of the two sapogenols in the overall saponin mixture varied between 0·3:1 and 3·1:1.
Time‐related changes in volatile compounds of lean tissue during processing of French dry‐cured ham
Authors: Buscailhon Solange , Berdagué J. L. , Monin G.
Published: November 2006

The Biceps femoris muscles from 50 hams were used in the study. Ten samples were taken for analysis on the day after slaughter. Forty hams were drycured and taken for analysis by groups of 10 at days 74, 81, 179 and 273 after the beginning of processing. Volatile compounds were extracted from the middle part of the Biceps femoris muscle by dynamic headspace extraction, then analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than 100 peaks were detected, among which 74 were identified and 52 were quantified. Most identified compounds originated from either lipid oxidation or amino acid degradation. The total quantity of extracted compounds increased dramatically between day 0 and day 74. Propanone was by far the most abundant compound, followed by the other ketones, alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons (66·5, 9·9, 9·2 and 8·4% of the total chromatogram area, respectively, at the end of processing). The levels of individual compounds varied greatly during processing. There was some evidence of independence between the reactions producing volatile compounds from lipids and those involving amino acids.
Changes with maturity in fibre composition and levels of extractable polyphenols in Greek browse: Effects on in vitro gas production and in sacco dry matter degradation
Authors: Khazaal K. , Markantonatos X. , Nastis A. , Ørskov E. R.
Published: November 2006

Neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF, ADF), lignin, crude protein (CP), total extractable phenols (TEPH), tannins (TETa), condensed tannins (vanillin assay TECTa; proanthocyanidins TEPAs) in the leaves of spring Phyllirea media (SPRG) or early summer (ESUM) and early autumn (EAUT) Carpinus duinensis, Quercus coccifera and Fraxinus ornus were studied. Gas production (in vitro) and dry matter (DM) degradation (in sacco) were also studied after incubation for up to 96 h. Concentrations of TEPH, TETa, TECTa, TEPAs and the fibre components were variable (P < 0·05) among species and except for CP were not consistently changed with degree of maturity. CP content varied from 70·5 to 132·9 (g kg−1 DM) but was always decreased by 15–25% at maturity, whereas levels of TECTa and TEPAs were increased (P < 0·05) in C duinensis and Q coccifera but not in F ornus (P > 0·05). Concentrations of phenolics were related negatively but more significantly to gas production than to DM degradation (in sacco). Therefore, the gas test was considered to be more efficient than the nylon bag technique for the identification of feeds with antinutritive factors. Based on their phenolic content and gas production or DM degradation, the nutritive value of P media = F ornus (ESUM and EAUT) > C duinensis = Q coccifera (ESUM) > C duinensis = Q coccifera (EAUT). It was concluded that the decline in CP with maturity could make nitrogen the factor limiting intake and digestibility. This would be accentuated with an increase in the concentration of phenolics, particularly tannins.
Increase in low molecular size uronic acid in ripening banana fruit
Authors: Wade Neil L. , Satyan Shashirekha H. , Kavanagh Eve E.
Published: November 2006

Uronic acid soluble in ethanol/water (4:1 v/v) increased from 9 ± 1 mg kg−1 fresh weight in pulp of unripe banana fruit. Musa (AAA Group, Cavendish subgroup) ‘Williams’, to 53 ± 13 mg kg−1 fresh weight in fruit ripened for 13 days. This increase began within the first 2 days of ripening. Uronic acid soluble in phenol/acetic acid/water (2:1:1 w/v/v) increased from 15 ± 5 to 86 ± 17 mg kg−1 fresh weight during the first 8 days of ripening, accompanied by a decrease in cell wall uronic acid from 10·2 ± 0·8 to 4·4 ± 0·4 g kg−1 fresh weight. Most or all of the uronic acid in extracts of ripe pulp cochromatographed with monogalacturonic acid. The results were consistent with hydrolysis of cell wall polyuronides by exopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.67).
Effect of foliar diseases control by chlorothalonil on pod yield and quality characteristics of confectionery groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L)
Authors: Dwivedi Sangam L. , Nigam Shyam N. , Subrahmanyam Pala , Jambunathan Ramamurthi , Nagabhushanam Govindu V. S. , Reddy Peddi M. , Raghunath Kooram , McDonald Duncan
Published: November 2006

Effects of foliar diseases control by chlorothalonil fungicide on pod yield and quality characteristics were studied in 10 confectionery groundnut genotypes at ICRISAT Centre, India, during two rainy seasons. Significant treatment (disease control versus no control), and genotypic effects were observed for pod yield, total biomass, remaining green leaf area, retained leaf area damaged by rust, shelling percentage, 100‐seed mass, oil content, fatty acids, and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid, and polyunsaturated (P)/saturated (S) fatty acid ratios. A significant increase in pod yield and total oil content was observed due to the control of foliar diseases by chlorothalonil; whereas the protein content remained unaffected by it. The foliar diseases control by chlorothalonil affected four fatty acids; linoleic acid content increased whereas stearic, oleic, and behenic acid contents decreased. Of the seed quality characteristics, a significant decrease in O/L ratio, and a significant increase in P/S ratio were observed under the disease control treatment. Response to disease control for pod yield and quality characteristics was influenced by genotypes and years. Correlations among fatty acid contents, in general, remained unaffected by control of foliar diseases with chlorothalonil whereas those of fatty acid contents with pod yield, seed mass, oil and protein contents changed in their significance and magnitude.
Influence of storage temperature on the quality of salted mackerel (Rastrelliger kangurta) and pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus)
Authors: Srikar L. N. , Khuntia B. K. , Reddy G. V. S. , Srinivasa B. R.
Published: November 2006

Dry‐salted mackerel and pink perch were stored at two temperatures: ambient (26·8 ± 3·3°C) and 2·5 ± 1°C. Changes in moisture content, salt content, water activity (aw), peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid content (FFA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) content, halophilic bacterial count and sensory scores for overall acceptability were studied. Loss of moisture and absorption of salt were considerably higher in the products stored at ambient temperature. The decrease in aw was more pronounced at ambient temperature than at the lower temperature. Although the chemical indices of freshness (PV, FFA and TVBN) and the halophilic counts showed increasing trends, they were considerably lower in the products stored at the lower temperature. Sensory evaluation for overall acceptability indicated that storage at the lower temperature could considerably extend the shelf‐life of salted fish.
A method for the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient in potato drying
Authors: Simal Susana , Berna Angel , Mulet Antonio , Rossell Carmen
Published: November 2006

A method for the determination of the heat transfer coefficient was proposed for the first falling drying period of potato cubes. During this period, heat and mass transfer were considered as coupled phenomena. Temperature calculation inside the sample was performed using the macroscopic heat transfer balance. The heat transfer coefficient was computed by means of parametric identification, using the Gauss–Newton method. The figure obtained for the heat transfer coefficient shows good agreement with other sources.
Some physicochemical properties of acha (digitaria exilis stapf) and iburu (Digitaria iburua stapf) grains
Authors: Jideani Afam I. , Akingbala Jacob O.
Published: November 2006

Some physicochemical properties of two cultivated species of Digitaria (D exilis and D iburua) were studied. Physical properties such as 1000‐kernel weight, kernel size and water absorption rate of the grains were determined. Water absorption by both cereals reached a maximum after 24 h steeping. The starch from both cereals exhibited a two‐stage pattern of swelling and solubility properties similar to other non‐waxy cereal starches. Starch from acha swelled less than iburu, 7·3 compared with 7·8 for iburu. Chemical constituents such as protein, oil, crude fibre, ash, nitrogen‐free extract and amylose were also determined. An amylose content of 280 g kg−1 was obtained for both cereal starches. Brabender amylograms obtained from starch and flour were typical of most normal, non‐waxy cereals. Maize starch had relatively higher hot‐paste and cold‐paste viscosities than starches of the two Digitaria species.
The nutritive value of the residues remaining after oil extraction from seeds of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L)
Authors: Hanczakowski Piotr , Szymczyk Beata , Wolski Tadeusz
Published: November 2006

The composition and nutritive value of residues of seeds of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) after oil extraction were determined. Seeds contained 17% fat and 22·2% protein. This protein was rich in sulphur amino acids but poor in lysine (4·9 and 1·8 g per 16 g of N) respectively. Seeds had also high antitrypsic activity (35800 IU). The true digestibility of protein was low (32) but its biological value was high (81). Boiling in water improved the protein digestibility but lowered its biological value (77).
Identification of oilseed turnip (Brassica rapa L var oleifera) cultivar groups by their fatty acid and glucosinolate profiles
Authors: Davik Jahn , Heneen Waheeb K.
Published: November 2006

Seeds of oilseed turnip (Brassica rapa L var oleifera) were collected from several different geographic regions extending from the People's Republic of China through India and Europe to Canada. Fatty acid and glucosinolate profiles were generated for each of the 60 entries. A wide variation was found between entries. The fatty acid profiles could be grouped in three main categories: low (< 10%), high (>40%) or intermediate (20–25%) erucic acid content. The corresponding oleic acid contents were high, low or intermediate, respectively. Nine glucosinolates were found. The most abundant were gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin. Sinigrin and glucoiberin were not detected and these two components are suggested as possibly specific for the B oleracea group. The 60 entries could be classified into four groups using the unstandardised fatty acid and glucosinolate data, but we were not successful in cultivar identification using the same data. The fatty acid and glucosinolate profiles are too similar to allow any reliable discrimination among cultivars.
Application of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy to chemical analysis of heterogeneous and botanically complex grassland samples
Authors: García‐Ciudad Antonia , García‐Criado Balbino , Pérez‐Corona M. Esther , De Aldana Beatriz R. Vázquez , Ruano‐Ramos Ana M.
Published: November 2006

The potential of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for determining the chemical composition of heterogeneous, botanically complex semi‐natural grassland herbage was assessed. Samples were collected over four consecutive years at different maturation stages and were analysed by chemical and NIRS procedures for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin and cellulose. A subset of samples was selected on the basis of spectral features in order to establish calibration equations, while the other samples were used for validation. The wavelengths selected by using multiple regression were similar to others previously reported. The ranges of correlation coefficients and standard errors of prediction, respectively, for the various components when NIRS and chemical procedures were compared were as follows: protein, 0·93‐0·95 and 0·57‐0·70; NDF, 0·92‐0·93 and 2·06‐2·37; ADF, 0·85‐0·87 and 1·42‐1·56; lignin, 0·90‐0·94 and 0·45‐0·59; cellulose, 0·82‐0·86 and 1·27‐1·45. The accuracy of predictions for these chemical components was similar to previously reported values.