bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Third sector capacity building: the institutional embeddedness of supply
Authors: Dayson Chris , Paine Angela Ellis , Macmillan Rob , Dayson Sanderson
Published: March 2017

Previous articles in Voluntary Sector Review have documented the evolution of third sector capacity-building policy (Macmillan, 2011) and addressed the focus on ‘market-making’, characterised by a discursive shift since 2010 that favours demand-led over supply-led delivery models (Macmillan, 2013). This article builds on these articles by using data from the National Survey of Charities and Social Enterprises (NSCSE) to investigate the characteristics of third sector organisations on the supply side of the capacity-building ‘market’. We argue that the ambitions of the demand-led model need to be understood in the context of the embeddedness of these organisations. This is based on findings that suggests that, immediately prior to the identified discursive shift, a significant proportion of third sector capacity-building providers were embedded in the supply-led model through relationships with and funding from the public sector locally and nationally. This, we suggest, could thwart the ambitions of the demand-led model.
The Heat Content for Nonlocal Diffusion with Non-singular Kernels
Authors: Mazón Jose Manuel , Rossi Julio D. , Toledo Julián
Published: March 2017

We study the behavior of the heat content for a nonlocal evolution problem.We obtain an asymptotic expansion for the heat content of a set D, defined as

ℍ
D
J

⁢

(
t
)

:=

∫
D

u
⁢

(
x
,
t
)

⁢

𝑑
x

${\mathbb{H}_{D}^{J}(t):=\int_{D}u(x,t)\,dx}$

, with u being the solution to

u
t

=

J
∗
u

-
u

${u_{t}=J\ast u-u}$

withinitial condition

u
0

=

χ
D

${u_{0}=\chi_{D}}$

. This expansion is given in terms of geometric values of D. As a consequence, we obtain that

ℍ
D
J

⁢

(
t
)

=

|
D
|

-

P
J

⁢

(
D
)

⁢
t

+

o
⁢

(
t
)

${\mathbb{H}^{J}_{D}(t)=\lvert D\rvert-P_{J}(D)t+o(t)}$

as

t
↓
0

${t\downarrow 0}$

.We also recover the usual heat content for the heat equation when we rescale the kernel J in an appropriate way.Finally, we also find an asymptotic expansion for the nonlocal analogous to the spectral heat content that is defined as before but considering

u
⁢

(
x
,
t
)

${u(x,t)}$

a solution to the equation

u
t

=

J
∗
u

-
u

${u_{t}=J\ast u-u}$

inside D with

u
=
0

${u=0}$

in

ℝ
N

∖
D

${\mathbb{R}^{N}\setminus D}$

andinitial condition

u
0

=

χ
D

${u_{0}=\chi_{D}}$

.
Design of Condition-Based Decision Support System for Preventive Maintenance
Authors: Galamboš Róbert , Galambošová Jana , Rataj Vladimír , Kavka Miroslav
Published: March 2017

Presented paper deals with the topic of preventive maintenance. A decision support system was designed, incorporating historical as well as forecast information to calculate the time remaining to preventive maintenance. The designed system optimizes maintenance costs without any further investment and running costs. An algorithm of the designed system is introduced and a case study of its implementation is described in the paper.
Field Performance and Genetic Fidelity of Micropropagated Plants of Coffea canephora (Pierre ex A. Froehner)
Authors: Muniswamy Bychappa , Kosaraju Bharathi , Mishra Manoj Kumar , Yenugula Raghuramulu
Published: March 2017

This study was conducted to compare the growth and yield of one of the commercial hybrid coffee cultivars (Coffea congensis x Coffea canephora) of robusta coffee established from somatic embryogenesis as well as conventional seedlings. Results indicated no statistically significant differences in the growth pattern or the cumulative yield between the somatic embryogenesis derived plants and the seedlings. The genetic fidelity of somatic embryogenesis derived plants and the mother plant was tested using sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. A total of 24 SRAP primers were employed for DNA analysis which produced a total of 153 clear, distinct and reproducible amplicons of variable size. Out of 24 SRAP primers, 9 primers produced amplification patterns which are identical between the mother plants and plants derived from somatic embryogenesis. Cluster analysis revealed more than 95% genetic similarity between the somatic embryogenesis derived plants and the mother plants indicating a high degree of genetic fidelity. The present study clearly demonstrates the usefulness of SRAP markers in genetic fidelity analysis of coffee.
Foliage maturity of Quercus ilex affects the larval development of a Croatian coastal population of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
Authors: Lukić Ivan , Schafellner Christa , Lakatos Ferenc , Lacković Nikola , Mrmić Sanja , Pernek Milan
Published: March 2017

Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is one of the most important forest pests in the world. Numerous previous studies focused only on different host tree species, but small number of them on foliage age. Since recent genetic analyses showed that there are significant differences between Croatian continental and coastal population we investigated coastal population since there was no previous research. For this research juvenile and mature foliage of Holm oak (Quercus ilex) was used. Larval development was investigated in two laboratory experiments. One experiment involved rearing trials consisting of 50 individual larvae per treatment while a parallel experiment investigated gregarious feeding conditions using 120 larvae in a rearing treatment. Larval mortality was lower and development time shorter for individuals reared on juvenile foliage. High pupation success in both the individual and group rearing experiment for larvae reared on juvenile foliage was also observed. To conclude, our results showed high mortality, poor larval development and low pupation success in larvae reared on mature foliage. This research is significant because in the aspect of ongoing climate changes there is a possibility that gypsy moth will move to the north and shift its distribution by expanding into new climatic area.
Splitting theorems for Poisson and related structures
Authors: Bursztyn Henrique , Lima Hudson , Meinrenken Eckhard
Published: March 2017

According to the Weinstein splitting theorem, any Poisson manifold is locally, near any given point, a product of a symplectic manifold with another Poisson manifold whose Poisson structure vanishes at the point. Similar splitting results are known, e.g., for Lie algebroids, Dirac structures and generalized complex structures. In this paper, we develop a novel approach towards these results that leads to various generalizations, including their equivariant versions as well as their formulations in new contexts.
Comparative investigation of physical, mechanical and thermomechanical characterization of dental composite filled with nanohydroxyapatite and mineral trioxide aggregate
Authors: Meena Anoj , Mali Harlal Singh , Patnaik Amar , Kumar Shiv Ranjan
Published: March 2017

This study presents comparative investigation of adding nanohydroxyapatite (HA) (5–20 wt.%) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (5–20 wt.%) on the physical, mechanical and thermomechanical characterization of dental composite. The performances of both experimental composites were assessed through various physical, mechanical and thermomechanical tests such as void content test, microhardness test, compressive strength test, dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The result of experiment indicated that the addition of 5 wt.% of HA increased the water sorption, hardness and compressive strength by 50.47%, 13.46% and 62.35%, respectively, whereas the addition of 5 wt.% of MTA increased the water sorption, hardness and compressive strength by 19.23%, 100% and 5.44%, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis results revealed that the addition of 5 wt.% HA increased the storage modulus by 10.21%, whereas the addition of 5 wt.% of MTA decreased the storage modulus by 11.79%. The filler HA proved to be better choice in term of thermal stability behavior as compare to MTA filler.
CHAID Decision Tree: Methodological Frame and Application
Authors: Milanović Marina , Stamenković Milan
Published: March 2017

Technological advancement across human activities has brought about accelerated generation of huge amounts of data. Consequently, researchers are faced with the problem how to determine adequate ways of turning the available data mass into useful knowledge. Data analysis adapted to these changes when data mining was developed as an approach to data analysis from different perspectives which reveals significant hidden regularities. This paper presents conceptual characteristics of decision tree, an important data mining method which is, due to its explorative nature, exceptionally suitable for detection of data structure when analysing various problem situations. The empirical section of the paper demonstrates applicative characteristics of this method using CHAID algorithm in leadership studies: an interdependence of selected personal characteristics and the manager’s leadership style has been investigated. The aim of the paper is to develop a classification model for identification of the dominant leadership style. The study was conducted on the sample of 417 managers of privately owned small-sized enterprises in Serbia, using a specially designed questionnaire. The classification model identified the set of six statistically significant personal characteristics as predictors of dominant leadership style.
Research Note. The wild water-rats and their relevance in the context of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil: what we know and recommendations for further research
Authors: Miranda G. S. , Miranda B. S. , Rodrigues J. G. M. , Lira M. G. S. , Nogueira R. A. , Viegas-Melo D. , Silva-Souza N.
Published: March 2017

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic and endemic disease in several parts of the world. Its mortality rate reaches alarming proportions, which makes emergency the control of this disease. In Brazil, only the species Schistosoma mansoni was adapted to the climatic conditions and to the presence of appropriate hosts. This species shows a life cycle involving mollusks Biomphalaria spp. and humans. However, it has been shown that wild rodents with semi-aquatic habits are capable to establish a productive infection of this parasite. In addition, they are likely also to be capable to spread the disease in endemic areas. Due to the selective pressure exerted by the successive infections in these animals, we may be watching the development of a new strain of the parasite, which is not yet fully defined and understood. With the intention of directing new studies to this problem, we tried to establish main lines of research to demonstrate the real importance of these wild rodents in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil.
Research Note. Occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths in commensal rodents from Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Cigarroa-Toledo N. , Santos-Martinez Y. De Los , Zaragoza-Vera C. V. , Garcia-Rodriguez M. M. , Baak-Baak C. M. , Machain-Williams C. , Garcia-Rejon J. E. , Panti-May J. A. , Torres-Chable O. M.
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and species composition of helminths in commensal rodents captured inside private residences in the city of Villahermosa in Tabasco, Mexico. Trapping was performed at each house for three consecutive nights from October to December 2015. Fifty commensal rodents were captured: 23 Rattus norvegicus, 16 Mus musculus and 11 Rattus rattus. Rodents were transported alive to the laboratory and held in cages until they defecated. Feces were analyzed for helminth eggs using the Sheather’s flotation technique. The overall prevalence of helminths in rodents was 60 %: R. norvegicus was more likely to be parasitized (87.0 %) than R. rattus (63.6 %) and M. musculus (18.8 %). Eggs from at least 13 species of helminths were identified: Hymenolepis diminuta, Rodentolepis nana, Moniliformis moniliformis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Heterakis spumosa, Mastophorus muris, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti, Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris, Toxocara sp., Trichosomoides crassicauda, and Trichuris muris. This is the first study to report the presence of H. polygyrus, S. ratti and T. crassicauda in commensal rodents in Mexico. In conclusion, our results suggest that helminths commonly infect commensal rodents in Villahermosa and therefore rodents present a health risk to inhabitants in this region.
Mutation of N-linked glycosylation in EpCAM affected cell adhesion in breast cancer cells
Authors: Liu Xue , Gao Jiujiao , Sun Yan , Zhang Dandan , Liu Tingjiao , Yan Qiu , Yang Xuesong
Published: March 2017

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression is elevated in breast cancer tissue, and correlates with the cancer metastasis and cell adhesion. Although EpCAM glycosylation is supposed to be associated with its function, the contribution of N-glycosylation to its function remains unclear. Here we analyzed cell adhesion ability of EpCAM in breast cancer cells. The results showed that EpCAM expression was associated with cell adhesion and N-glycosylation mutation of EpCAM decreased adhesion capacity. N-glycosylation mutation of EpCAM was correlated with lower levels of integrin β1 and fibronectin. We also found that effect of N-glycosylation of EpCAM on cell adhesion was regulated via FAK/Akt/Gsk-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, which further adjusted MMP2/9 expression and activities. Our studies identified the characteristics and function of EpCAM glycosylation sites on breast cancer cell adhesion. These data could potentially clarify molecular regulation of EpCAM by N-glycosylation and intensify our understanding of the utility of glycosylated EpCAM as a target for breast cancer therapy.
Mechanisms and strategies of papillomavirus replication
Authors: McBride Alison A.
Published: March 2017

Animal and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) replicate persistently in specific types of stratified epithelia of their host. After the initial infection, the viral genome replicates at low levels in the dividing cells of the epithelium, and these cells form a reservoir of infection that can last for decades. When the infected cells differentiate, viral genomes replicate to high levels to form progeny virus that is released from the surface of the epithelium. This complex life cycle requires several different modes of viral DNA replication, but papillomaviruses are masters at hijacking key cellular processes to facilitate their own reproduction.
Reliability and Validity of a New Test of Agility and Skill for Female Amateur Soccer Players
Authors: Kutlu Mehmet , Yapici Hakan , Yilmaz Abdullah
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Agility and Skill Test, which had been recently developed to assess agility and skill in female athletes. Following a 10 min warm-up, two trials to test the reliability and validity of the test were conducted one week apart. Measurements were collected to compare soccer players’ physical performance in a 20 m sprint, a T-Drill test, the Illinois Agility Run Test, change-of-direction and acceleration, as well as agility and skill. All tests were completed following the same order. Thirty-four amateur female soccer players were recruited (age = 20.8 ± 1.9 years; body height = 166 ± 6.9 cm; body mass = 55.5 ± 5.8 kg). To determine the reliability and usefulness of these tests, paired sample t-tests, intra-class correlation coefficients, typical error, coefficient of variation, and differences between the typical error and smallest worthwhile change statistics were computed. Test results showed no significant differences between the two sessions (p > 0.01). There were higher intra-class correlations between the test and retest values (r = 0.94–0.99) for all tests. Typical error values were below the smallest worthwhile change, indicating ‘good’ usefulness for these tests. A near perfect Pearson correlation between the Agility and Skill Test (r = 0.98) was found, and there were moderate-to-large levels of correlation between the Agility and Skill Test and other measures (r = 0.37 to r = 0.56). The results of this study suggest that the Agility and Skill Test is a reliable and valid test for female soccer players and has significant value for assessing the integrative agility and skill capability of soccer players.
Investigation of the role of α-lipoic acid on fatty acids profile, some minerals (zinc, copper, iron) and antioxidant activity against aluminum-induced oxidative stress in the liver of male rats
Authors: Sahin Zafer , Ozkaya Ahmet , Yilmaz Okkes , Yuce Abdurrauf , Gunes Mehmet
Published: March 2017

Background:

We have investigated the effects of α-lipoic acid (LA), a powerful antioxidant, on the fatty acid (FA) profiles, aluminum accumulation, antioxidant activity and some minerals such as zinc, copper and iron against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced oxidative stress in rat liver.

Methods:

Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as control, LA, AlCl3 and LA+AlCl3. For 30 days, LA was intraperitoneally administrated (50 mg/kg) and AlCl3 was given via orogastric gavage (1600 ppm) every other day.

Results:

AlCl3-treated animals exhibited higher hepatic malondialdehyde concentration and lower glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity, whereas these alterations were restored by the LA supplementation. Total saturated FA of the AlCl3-treated group was higher than the LA supplementation groups. Moreover, total unsaturated FA level of the LA+AlCl3 group was higher than the AlCl3-treated group. Hepatic zinc level of the AlCl3-treated group was lower than the control group, whereas it was higher in the LA and the LA+AlCl3 groups. Hepatic copper levels did not significantly change in the experimental groups. Iron level was lower in the LA and LA+AlCl3 groups compared with the AlCl3-treated group. Moreover, the liver Al concentration was found to be lower in the LA and LA+AlCl3 groups compared to the AlCl3 group.

Conclusions:

These results indicate that AlCl3 treatment can induce oxidative stress in the liver. LA supplementation has a beneficial effect on the AlCl3-induced alterations such as high lipid peroxidation, Al accumulation, FA profile ratios and mineral concentrations.
Protective effect of Moringa oleifera oil against HgCl2-induced hepato- and nephro-toxicity in rats
Authors: Abarikwu Sunny O. , Benjamin Sussan , Ebah Sunday Godspower , Obilor Godbless , Agbam Goodluck
Published: March 2017

Background:

Various parts of the Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) tree are widely accepted to have ameliorative effects against metal toxicity. In the present study, M. oleifeira oil (MO) was tested against HgCl2-induced tissue pathologies and oxidative stress.

Methods:

Male Wistar rats were administered MO (1.798 mg/kg p.o.) or HgCl2 (5 mg/kg body wt) alone or in combination (5 mg/kg HgCl2+1.798 mg/kg MO p.o.) three times per week for 21 days. After exposure and treatment periods, rats were sacrificed; blood collected and the oxidative status of the liver and kidney homogenates were evaluated.

Results:

In the liver, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were higher whereas catalase (CAT) activity was lower in the HgCl2 group than in the control group. In the kidney, MDA level, SOD, and CAT activities were higher whereas GSH activity was unchanged in the HgCl2 group compared to the control group. In the liver, MDA level, SOD, and CAT activities were lower in the HgCl2+MO group than in the HgCl2 group. In the kidney, MDA level, SOD and CAT activities were lower in the HgCl2+MO than in the HgCl2 group. Furthermore, Hg-induced increases in creatinine and bilirubin levels as well as the increase in γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were attenuated in the combine exposure group and the animals showed improvement in the histology of the liver and kidney.

Conclusions:

MO decreased the negative effects of Hg-induced oxidative stress in rats.
In vitro inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 and arginase activities from rat penile tissue by two Nigerian herbs (Hunteria umbellata and Anogeissus leiocarpus)
Authors: Oboh Ganiyu , Adebayo Adeniyi Abiodun , Ademosun Ayokunle Olubode , Boligon Aline August
Published: March 2017

Background:

Anogeissus leiocarpus and Hunteria umbellata have been reportedly used in traditional medicine for the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, the scientific basis for their use has not been well established. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of water extractable phytochemicals of H. umbellata and A. leiocarpus on phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) and arginase as well as pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in rat penile tissue.

Methods:

The effects of the extracts on important enzymes (PDE-5 and arginase) linked with ED and pro-oxidants (Fe2+ and sodium nitroprusside) induced lipid peroxidation were investigated. Also, radicals scavenging and metal chelating abilities were determined. In addition, phenolic contents were determined and characterized using HPLC.

Results:

The results showed that both extracts inhibited PDE-5 and arginase activities in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibitory property of A. leiocarpus (IC50 – 174.19 μg/mL) was significantly better (p<0.05) than that of H. umbellata (IC50 – 537.72 μg/mL) in PDE-5 assay. The extracts were potent inhibitors of arginase than PDE-5, and these extracts were equally potent in inhibiting arginase. Furthermore, Fe2+ and sodium nitroprusside caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde content; however, both extracts reduced malondialdehyde level in concentration-dependent manner. It is noteworthy that both extracts scavenged radicals (OH* and ABTS*) and chelated Fe2+. HPLC analysis revealed abundance of rutin, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin, among others.

Conclusions:

The ability of the extracts to inhibit PDE-5, arginase and pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation, and chelate metal might suggest their folkloric use for the management of ED.
Ascorbic acid does not modulate potassium currents in cultured human lymphocytes
Authors: Snekalatha Saravanakumar , Kanthakumar Praghalathan
Published: March 2017

Background:

Ascorbic acid (AA) is known to modulate lymphocyte function, but the mechanism of action is not clearly understood. As voltage-gated potassium currents play an important role in lymphocyte function, the effect of AA on voltage-gated potassium currents was studied.

Methods:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of AA (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM). Potassium currents in resting lymphocytes were studied by whole cell patch clamp technique using a depolarizing protocol. Lymphocyte function was assessed by measuring interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion after mitogenic stimulation by ELISA.

Results:

The mean current density of potassium currents recorded from cells cultured for 48 h in the presence of 0.125 mM AA was not significantly different from that of cells cultured in the absence of AA. There was about 50% inhibition of IL-2 secretion in cell cultures with 0.125 mM AA when compared to controls without AA. At higher concentrations of AA, the IL-2 secretion decreased further.

Conclusions:

The results of the study indicate that the inhibition of lymphocyte function by AA in vitro may not be due to inhibition of potassium currents in the concentration tested.
Evaluation of the sub-chronic toxicity profile of the corm of Xanthosoma sagittifolium on hematology and biochemistry of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats
Authors: Oridupa Olayinka A. , Folasire Oluyemisi F. , Owolabi Adedotun J.
Published: March 2017

Background

Hematological and biochemical changes associated with diabetes mellitus and probable reversal were assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats fed with varied percentages of Xanthosoma sagittifolium corm feed (Xs). The changes were compared to normoglycemic rats and diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide.

Methods

The study had eight groups in all with group 8 (control) consisting of five normoglycemic rats fed with normal rat pellets (Nrp). Diabetes was experimentally induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan to normoglycemic rats. Diabetic rats (serum glucose >200 mg/dL) at 48 h postinjection were randomly divided into the seven groups, each diabetic group consisting of five rats. One group was untreated and fed with Nrp, four groups were fed with 25 %, 50 %, 75 % or 100 % Xs, one group was fed with 100 % Xs and administered with glibenclamide, while a 7th group was fed with Nrp and administered with glibenclamide.

Results

This study shows that treatment of diabetes with corm of X. sagittifolium increases cellular response to inflammation which is required for body defense against assaulting agents. Decreased serum protein levels observed in untreated diabetic rats were restored in diabetic rats fed with X. sagittifolium corm with particular increase in serum albumin levels but depression of globulin fraction, except in rats fed with X. sagittifolium feed and administered with glibenclamide. X. sagittifolium showed a potent antihyperglycemic effect and corrected the dyslipidemia in a manner comparable to that observed for glibenclamide. Although HDL levels were still low, significant (p<0.05) decrease of LDL levels was a positive indicator of reduced risk for development of cardiovascular and/or coronary heart disease.

Conclusions

X. sagittifolium corm can be recommended for inclusion in diets of diabetics without causing further deterioration of health of the diabetic patients.
Plurilingual resources as an asset in ELF business interactions
Authors: Franceschi Valeria
Published: March 2017

International business communication is sometimes perceived as being culture-neutral; however, the speakers’ linguacultural repertoires may be exploited as communicative resources in English as a Business Lingua Franca (BELF) interactions. Indeed, plurilingual phenomena can be inscribed in a view of ELF communication that sees such practices as a potential asset in intercultural communication. Multicultural competence – which may include the exploitation and integration of other linguacultures – alongside BELF competence and business-specific knowledge is identifiable as an essential skill for successful interactions on the workplace. This paper aims at exploring the domain of internationally oriented business communication in English by analyzing naturally occurring data of workplace interactions involving non-native speakers of English. Specifically, the analysis will look at how non-English linguistic and cultural elements are incorporated in ELF talk in business contexts. The Professional Business section of the VOICE corpus will be analyzed to this purpose through a qualitative approach in order to shed light on the functions of L1 and LN (other languages) cultural and linguistic elements in BELF interactions and their role in conducting successful business transactions.
Using stimulated recall to explore the use of communication strategies in English lingua franca interactions
Authors: Kennedy Sara
Published: March 2017

In this study, the communication strategy use of two pairs of English as a lingua franca (ELF) users was explored in relation to two contextual factors, the communicative goal and the ELF users’ thoughts and feelings about the interactions. The ELF users were video-recorded engaging in researcher-designed tasks which required sharing information to achieve a joint goal. Subsequent stimulated recall with individual speakers targeted instances of potential or actual difficulties in understanding. Recordings and transcripts of the paired tasks and stimulated recall were used to identify communication strategies used to address difficulties in understanding. Results showed that overall, 11 different strategy types were seen across both pairs of speakers. However, the pair which achieved the shared goal showed a different pattern of strategy use and of interaction than the pair which did not achieve the shared goal. The two pairs also differed in how they attributed responsibility for successful communication. These findings, discussed in the context of previous ELF communication strategy research, highlight benefits of investigating interlocutors’ contemporaneous thoughts and feelings and the ways in which communication strategies are used during interactions.
(B)ELF in multicultural student teamwork
Authors: Komori-Glatz Miya
Published: March 2017

Many researchers agree that multicultural teams are a “double-edged sword” with the potential for high levels of creativity and production, but also conflict. This paper argues that effective communication is vital for developing “virtuous,” rather than vicious, circles and that research into (B)ELF offers an insight into what effective communication in multicultural and multilingual teams can look like. The conceptual frame develops research into ELF and BELF by also drawing on organisational and management research to examine team processes and the role of language within them. The second part of the paper presents illustrative examples from data collected in an ethnographic study from an English-medium marketing master’s programme at WU Vienna. The students’ teamwork project comprises an international market entry simulation and can be seen as a training ground for managing both business content and team processes. The findings indicate that both the ELF context and the ELF talk furthered the development of rapport, and that the students’ “casual talk” supported their “work talk.” The paper finishes with a call for more empirical research into language use among recent business graduates and how to prepare students better for a globalised workplace.
The communicative needs of Bangladeshi economic migrants: the functional values of host country languages versus English as a lingua franca
Authors: Seargeant Philip , Erling Elizabeth J. , Solly Mike , Chowdhury Qumrul Hasan
Published: March 2017

This article investigates the language skills and the nature of language provision required by economic migrants from Bangladesh working in the Middle East. It focuses in particular on the perceived values of the host country language (Arabic) versus English as a language franca (ELF). While there have been a number of explorations of the value of learning the host country language for migrants in terms of both labour market outcomes and wellbeing, there is a paucity of, and pressing need for, studies investigating the value of ELF for economic migrants, particularly those from developing country contexts. This article presents the findings from an ethnographic study which explores the experiences, perceptions and specific language-related issues of a diverse cohort of returnee migrants from rural Bangladesh where, despite significant migration from the area, little is known about this population’s language use and communicative needs. Our findings suggest that both the host country language (Arabic) and ELF have important functional values, but that these vary depending on interlocutors, domains of work and contexts of situation, as well as on the relative statuses (within an ecology of global linguistic value) of the two languages in different contexts. The analysis thus provides fresh and significant evidence regarding the role of language in economic migration and development for low-skilled migrants, both to and from contexts in which English has no official status. The article concludes by considering the implications for the types of language education which might be most suitable for these and other economic migrants in comparable contexts.
Increase of body mass index (BMI) from 1.5 to 3 years of age augments the degree of insulin resistance corresponding to BMI at 12 years of age
Authors: Arisaka Osamu , Sairenchi Toshimi , Ichikawa Go , Koyama Satomi
Published: March 2017

To elucidate the effect of early growth patterns on the metabolic sensitivity to adiposity, we examined the relationship between the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body mass index (BMI) levels at 12 years of age in 101 boys and 91 girls in a birth cohort. Children with an increase in BMI from the ages of 1.5 to 3 years exhibited a greater increase of HOMA-IR per BMI increase at 12 years of age compared to those with a decrease in BMI or stable BMI from 1.5 to 3 years. This suggests that children who show an increase in BMI from 1.5 to 3 years, a period normally characterized by a decreased or stable BMI, are more prone to developing insulin resistance at 12 years of age.
Molecular defects identified by whole exome sequencing in a child with atypical mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB
Authors: Zeng Qingwen , Fan Yanjie , Wang Lili , Huang Zhuo , Gu Xuefan , Yu Yongguo
Published: March 2017

Background:

Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a genetic disease characterized by mutations in the

Case presentation:

Whole exome sequencing (WES) was conducted and the putative pathogenic variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. The activity of MPS IIIB related enzyme in the patient’s blood serum was assayed. A heterozygous, non-synonymous mutation (c.1562C>T, p.P521L) as well as a novel mutation (c.1705C>A, p.Q569K) were found in the

Conclusions:

Our results describe an atypical form of MPS IIIB and illustrate the diagnostic potential of targeted WES in Mendelian disease with unknown etiology. WES could become a powerful tool for molecular diagnosis of MPS IIIB in clinical setting.
Risk factors for overweight and obesity in children aged 2–6 years
Authors: Kondolot Meda , Poyrazoğlu Serpil , Horoz Duygu , Borlu Arda , Altunay Canan , Balcı Elcin , Öztürk Ahmet , Mazıcıoğlu Mümtaz M. , Kurtoğlu Selim
Published: March 2017

Background:

Understanding risk factors that may vary culturally can help improve preventive strategies for obesity. This is the first cross-sectional study aimed to determine the risk factors for overweight/obesity in children aged 2–6 years in a central Anatolian city in Turkey.

Methods:

A total of 1582 children (1351 healthy, 231 overweight/obese) aged 2–6 years were included from the Anthropometry of Turkish Children aged 0–6 years database. Age, gender, birth weight, birth order, mother’s age, mother’s body mass index (BMI), weight gain of mothers during pregnancy, presence of gestational diabetes, breastfeeding duration, history of formula feeding, mother’s and father’s education, mother’s job, monthly income, smoking at home and physical activity, sleep duration and duration of television (TV) watching of the children were evaluated as independent risk factors. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors for overweight/obesity.

Results:

Having a high family income compared to bad [odds ratio (OR)=1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.237–3.106], increased the time of watching TV during the weekend (OR=1.094; 95% CI: 1.032–1.159), and similar physical activity level according to their peers compared to less (OR=2.957; 95% CI: 1.056–8.282) were found to be significantly associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity in children aged 2–6 years old.

Conclusions:

The early childhood period seems to be important in the establishment of healthy behavioral patterns, especially limitation of TV watching and encouragement of physical activity. Obesogenic environment in families with high incomes need to be revealed.
Clinicopathology of EpCAM and EGFR in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Jingying , Zhao Lijing , Wang Yi , Zhao Shuhua , Cui Manhua
Published: March 2017

The objective of this study was to explore the expression of EpCAM and EGFR in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters.

The protein expression levels of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 30 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma and 15 normal ovary tissues. Clinicopathological characteristics were gathered by retrospective review of the patients’ files. The correlation between EpCAM and EGFR expression, as well as their association with clinical pathological parameters were investigated. The SPSS 17.0 package was used to perform statistical analyses.

The positive expression rates of EpCAM and EGFR were significantly elevated in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues than in normal ovary tissues. The positive expressions of EpCAM and EGFR in EOC were associated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between EpCAM and EGFR expression in EOC.

The co-expression of EpCAM and EGFR may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of EOC and might provide a promising molecular therapeutic target.
Translation activities in bilingual early childhood education: Children’s perspectives and teachers’ scaffolding
Authors: Kultti Anne , Pramling Niklas
Published: March 2017

In the present study we investigate empirically how six to seven-year-old children with their teachers take on the challenge of translating the lyrics of a children’s song from Finnish to English, analyzing how translation is collaboratively constituted by the participants. The study is informed by translanguaging theory and a sociocultural perspective on learning. The results show that the children respond to the challenge to translate through talking about
America’s Global Moment: Italy Witnesses the Spanish-American War
Authors: Gürsel Bahar
Published: March 2017

The second half of the nineteenth century was a significant era for both the United States and the Kingdom of Italy during which both countries commenced to seek new ways of expansion. The United States, which was economically much stronger and technologically more developed, declared its rising hegemony by the end of the nineteenth century. Italy, which lacked the economic and social resources that the United States possessed, strived to become a colonial power until the first decades of the twentieth century. This review of some of the Italian primary sources about the Spanish-American War clarifies noteworthy aspects of imperialism–both American and Italian–within that global context.
Viscous Dissipation and Thermal Radiation effects in MHD flow of Jeffrey Nanofluid through Impermeable Surface with Heat Generation/Absorption
Authors: Sharma Kalpna , Gupta Sumit
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates steady two dimensional flow of an incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and heat transfer of nanofluid over an impermeable surface in presence of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. By using similarity transformation, the arising governing equations of momentum, energy and nanoparticle concentration are transformed into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are than solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effect of different physical parameters, namely, Prandtl number Pr, Eckert number
1,3-Di(2-dipyridyl)propan-1,3-dione – a new fluorogenic labeling reagent for milk oligosaccharides
Authors: Cai Zhi Peng , Wang Wen Li , Conway Louis , Huang Kun , Awad Faisal Nureldin , Liu Li , Voglmeir Josef
Published: March 2017

We herein demonstrate the use of 1,3-di(2-dipyridyl)propan-1,3-dione (DPPD) as a fluorogenic label for oligosaccharides. A number of milk-derived oligosaccharide standards were successfully labeled with this reagent, with the advantage of greatly simplified sample preparation compared to other commonly used fluorescent tags. DPPD shows a selectivity for oligosaccharides which do not possess a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-hexose moiety at the reducing terminus, potentially aiding in the identification of complex mixtures of carbohydrates. The use of DPPD for the structural determination of oligosaccharides through exoglycosidase treatment, quantitative analysis of reactions, and in the synthesis of labeled oligosaccharides was also explored. This reagent has, in addition to the analysis of individual and mixed oligosaccharides, potential applications in the study of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases and as such represents a valuable addition to the tools available to the glycoscientist.
Light guided chemoselective olefin metathesis reactions
Authors: Reany Ofer , Gabriel Lemcoff N.
Published: March 2017

An appealing concept in synthetic chemistry is photo-induced catalysis; where dormant complexes become catalytically active upon activation with light. The ruthenium-based olefin metathesis complexes founded on the original Grubbs catalyst have probably been one of the most widely studied families of catalysts for the past 25 years. Greater stability and versatility of these olefin-metathesis catalysts has been achieved by careful design of the ligand sphere, including latent catalysts which are activated by external stimuli. This article describes our recent developments towards light-induced olefin metathesis reactions based on photoactive sulfur-chelated ruthenium benzylidene catalysts. Alternative chemical reactions, be it photo-induced olefin metathesis or other direct photochemical processes, by using light of different frequencies were studied in chemoselective chromatic orthogonal pathways. The lessons learned during the development of these reactions have given birth to selective photo-deprotection sequences and novel pathways for stereolithographic applications.
Methods for the chemical synthesis of carbon nanotubes: an approach based on hemispherical polyarene templates
Authors: Scott Lawrence T.
Published: March 2017

Hemispherical polyarenes represent attractive templates from which carbon nanotubes of the same diameter and rim structure (chirality) might be grown by repetitive annulation reactions. The resulting single-index (n,m) nanotubes would have one end open and the other end capped by the original template. Efforts in the author’s laboratory to synthesize (5,5) and (6,6) nanotube end-caps are described. Nitroethylene is shown to serve well as a “masked acetylene” for the conversion of polyarene bay regions into new unsubstituted benzene rings by a Diels-Alder cycloaddition/aromatization process. Benzyne reacts similarly, both in solution and in the gas phase. These annulation reactions are proposed as methods for elongating large-diameter templates that have bay regions on their rims into structurally uniform, single-walled carbon nanotubes. Unfortunately, the bay regions on the strongly curved rim of the small-diameter (5,5) nanotube end-cap 3 resist Diels-Alder cycloadditions with both nitroethylene and benzyne. Pentabenzocorannulene (14) is proposed as a promising candidate for surface-catalyzed cyclodehydrogenation to a surface-bound hemispherical polyarene that could serve as a template for synthesis of pure (5,5) carbon nanotubes.
Hydroxylated phosphines as ligands for chalcogenide clusters: self assembly, transformations and stabilization
Authors: Sokolov Maxim N. , Anyushin Alexander V. , Hernandez-Molina Rita , Llusar Rosa , Basallote Manuel G.
Published: March 2017

This contribution is a documentation of recent advances in the chemistry of chalcogenide polynuclear transition metal complexes coordinated with mono- and di-phosphines functionalized with hydroxo groups. A survey of complexes containing tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) is presented. The influence of the alkyl chain in bidentate phosphines, bearing the P–(CH2)x–OH arms, is also analyzed. Finally, isolation and structure elucidation of the complexes with HP(OH)2, P(OH)3, As(OH)3, PhP(OH)2, stabilized by coordination to Ni(0) and Pd(0) centers embedded into chalcogenide clusters, is discussed.
Philicity, fugality, and equilibrium constants: when do rate-equilibrium relationships break down?
Authors: Mayr Herbert , Ofial Armin R.
Published: March 2017

Linear free energy relationships, in particular relationships between rate and equilibrium constants, are the basis for our rationalization of organic reactivity. Whereas relationships between the kinetic terms nucleophilicity and nucleofugality and the thermodynamic term basicity have been in the focus of interest for many decades, much less attention has been paid to the relationships between electrophilicity, electrofugality, and Lewis acidity. By usingp- andm-substituted benzhydrylium ions (Aryl2CH+) as reference electrophiles, reference electrofuges, and reference Lewis acids of widely varying electron demand and constant steric surroundings of the reaction center, we have developed comprehensive reactivity scales which can be employed for classifying polar organic reactivity and for rationally designing synthetic transformations. It is a general rule that structural variations in electron-surplus species, which increase basicities, also increase nucleophilicities and decrease nucleofugalities, and that structural variations in electron-deficient species, which increase Lewis acidities also increase electrophilicities and decrease electrofugalities. Deviations from this behavior are analyzed, and it is shown that variations in intrinsic barriers are responsible for the counterintuitive observations that structural variation in one of the reactants alters the rates of forward and backward reactions in the same direction. A spectacular example of this phenomenon is found in vinyl cation chemistry: Vinyl cations are not only generated several orders of magnitude more slowly in SN1 reactions than benzhydrylium ions of the same Lewis acidity, but also react much more slowly with nucleophiles.
Perception of the contents of animated maps
Authors: Łucjan Kamila
Published: March 2017

Intense development of computer technology has taken place in the last several decades made it possible to cartographically present variability of phenomena in a dynamic way. As a result of using animation techniques in cartography there appeared new methods of presentation of changes, referred to as direct. Considering the character of the relation between display time and real time, two basic types of animated maps have been distinguished: temporal and non-temporal. Other criteria of classifying animation are the presence and level of interactivity and the technical criteria of production.

Regardless of the applied classification, perception of the contents of animated maps is one of the main issues, since using animation leads to a significant cognitive load specific for dynamic methods. Fast sequence of data and its quick disappearance can result in omission of some information because in the case of animated maps there is a higher risk of exceeding perception potential of users than in the case of static maps.

Higher efficiency of animated map perception can be achieved by applying methods of cognitive overload reduction determined through experimental research. The most important of them are: using control tools, directing attention with dynamically blinking lights, locating connected objects close to one another, using sound, adapting generalization level to the characteristics of moving images and accounting for the age and experience of map users.

Among more sophisticated solutions are such elements as so-called decay and a combination of static and animated map features in the form of semi-static animations.