bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aujeszky's Disease (Pseudorabies). An old threat in current pig industry? Part II. Epidemiology, Immunity, Prevention and the current situation in Greece
Authors: PAPAGEORGIOU (Κ.Β. ΠΑΠΑΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΥ) K. V. , BURRIEL A. R. , FILIOUSSIS (Γ. ΦΙΛΙΟΥΣΗΣ) G. , CHRISTODOULOPOULOS (Γ. ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) G. , NAUWYNCK H. J. , KRITAS (Σ.Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ) S. K.
Published: February 2018

Aujeszky's disease (AD) (or Pseudorabies) is an important viral disease of swine causing neurological signs in neonatal pigs, respiratory problems in fatteners and reproductive disorders in breeding stock. Swine is the only natural host of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and the only species that can survive its infection. Its transmission is mainly through nose-to-nose contact, but several other ways may apply. Both antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses occur following ADV infection, while maternal immunity can protect the pigs depending on their level and the virulence of the infecting strain. Virus glycoproteins may, also, play a role in immunity with that of gC and gD being the most important. Prevention and control of ADV is based on proper vaccination and biosecurity measures, while eradication has been practiced in various ways depending on the situation. The current vaccines are based on deletion of certain proteins and are effective. Despite the fact that the disease has been eradicatedfrom many developed countries, AD is still endemic in Greece. Findings of recent emergence of AD in Greek farms and the possibility of its eradication are discussed.
First identification of Bartonella coopersplainsensis in wild rodents (Rattus norvegicus) in Greece
Authors: PAPADOGIANNAKIS (Ε. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΗΣ) E. , SPANAKOS (Γ. ΣΠΑΝΑΚΟΣ) G. , KONTOU (Ι. ΚΟΝΤΟΥ) I. , KONTOS (Β. ΚΟΝΤΟΣ) V. , VELONAKIS (Ε. ΒΕΛΟΝΑΚΗΣ) E. , SKLIVAS (Δ. ΣΚΛΗΒΑΣ) D. , KOUTIS (Χ. ΚΟΥΤΗΣ) C.
Published: February 2018

This study was a preliminary attempt to detect Bartonella sp. in tissues (liver and heart) obtained from wild rodents {Rattus norvegicus) in central Greece. Eighteen (18) liver and eighteen (18) heart samples were examined, which were obtained from twenty three (23) animals. Two (2) liver samples were found positive, while the heart samples examined were found negative for Bartonella sp. 16S-23S intergenic spacer rDNA gene by PCR. Sequencing of the positive PCR products and comparison with those available in GenBank using the BLAST program revealed the same species of Bartonella in both positive samples with 100% sequence homology to Bartonella coopersplainsensis.
Molecular screening for Blastocystìs sp. in canine faecal samples in Greece
Authors: SPANAKOS (Γ. ΣΠΑΝΑΚΟΣ) G. , PAPADOGIANNAKIS (Ε. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΗΣ) E. , KONTOS (Β. ΚΟΝΤΟΣ) V. , MENOUNOS (Π. ΜΕΝΟΥΝΟΣ) P. , VELONAKIS (Ε. ΒΕΛΟΝΑΚΗΣ) E. , KOUTIS (Χ. ΚΟΥΤΗΣ) C. , VAKALIS (Ν. ΒΑΚΑΛΗΣ) N. C.
Published: February 2018

Blastocystìs is an anaerobic parasitic microorganism which has been found in the intestinal tract of many vertebrates including humans and dogs. Recently, members of Blastocystìs sp. were classified into nine sub-types, based on phylogenetic trees derived from sequence analysis of the small sub-unit ribosomal RNA gene. The pathogenesis of Blastocystìs in the dog remains uncertain and the existence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic sub-types is under investigation. Feacal samples from 30 privately owned and 42 stray dogs, originated from central and northern Greece, were examined by both light microscopy and PCR assays for the detection of Blastocystìs sp. All samples were found to be negative by both assays. It seems that, in Greece, the dog is unlikely to be a "reservoir" of Blastocystìs sp., although a large scale epidemiologic study is needed to be carried out in order for more conclusive results to be drawn.
Case of syngamosis in partridges of a backyard farm
Authors: ANDREOPOULOU (Μ. ΑΝΔΡΕΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) M. , TSIOURIS (Β. ΤΣΙΟΥΡΗΣ) V. , GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) I. , PAPADOPOULOS (Η.ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) E.
Published: February 2018

Sick and dead 2-months-old partridges (Alectoris chukar) were presented to the unit of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. The birds were reared at a specially constructed wire cage, which covered 600 m2 of the ground, including self-growing flora, in the region of Diavata, in the countryside of Thessaloniki. The farm consisted of young partridges, adult pheasants and wild passerines. Two months after placing the birds, 5 partridges were found dead. During the clinical examination of the submitted sick partridges, severe respiratory distress was observed, while some birds had anemic combs and others were breathing with open beaks and had their necks stretched. The necropsy revealed the presence of numerous gapeworms in the lumen of the trachea, forming the typical " Y" shape, since male and female Syngamus trachea are locked in copulation. The mucosa of trachea was, also, thickened, irritated and congested. No lesions to other organs were observed and the microbiological examination of liver, spleen and air-sacs samples was negative. Meanwhile, faecal samples were collected from the farm for parasitological examination. A sedimentation method was used and eggs of S. trachea were found. Syngamosis was determined to be the cause of the partridges' death. The gapeworms are considered potentially dangerous, especially for backyard, game-birds and free-living birds, while the control of the disease is complicated. This fact, along with the selective appearance of the clinical signs and the mortality only in the partridges of the farm are the remarkable points discussed in this article.
Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows
Authors: KITKAS (Γ.Χ. ΚΙΤΚΑΣ) G. C. , PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) N. , VALERGAKIS (Γ.Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ) G. E. , KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ) Ch.
Published: February 2018

Subacute or subclinical ruminai acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows, characterized by a decrease in pH of rumen fluid below 5.5 (up to 5), certain hours after feeding. SARA is commonly found in intensive livestock production systems; so far, its prevalence has been studied only in few countries and was found to be particularly high. The disease is caused by a decrease in rumen pH below normal level, due to an excessive increase of rumen volatile fattyacids (VFA) concentration. The increased concentration of VFA could be due to diets rich in easily fermentable carbohydrates or slow absorption of the VFA by the rumen wall, due to maladjustment in high energy diets. Finely chopped feeds that do not adequately stimulate mastication and rumination, resulting in less production of saliva that acts as a buffer of the rumen fluid pH, seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. The diagnosis of SARA, based on its definition, is established by rumen pH determination, at specific time intervals after feeding. Continuous pH data acquisition can be obtained, for research purposes only, by rumen cannulation and immersion in rumen fluid of a pH-meter that continuously transmits pH data to a computer. Alternatively, the pH-measuring device can be inserted orally into the rumen in a bolus form, which is also a transmittersending the pH data continuously to a computer. The latter method is very promising for clinical practice, but, unfortunately, is currently too expensive. It is easier and more affordable for practitioners to obtain a rumen fluid sample by either using a rumen tube or, preferably, by performing rumenocentesis, by which rumen fluid free of "contaminating" saliva is collected. Rumenocentesis is safe, easy to perform and more accurate than rumen tubing. The impact of SARA in dairy cows includes,amongst others, reduction of milk production, milk fat content depression, laminitis and, therefore, lameness, liver abscesses formation and, therefore, caudal vena cava syndrome, increased culling rate without any obvious cause etc. SARA treatment and prevention is mainly based on management and dietary measures that eliminate the causes of the disease.
Open Access: When knowledge unifies nations...
Authors: PANAYIOTOPOULOS (Δ. ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) D.
Published: February 2018

The World Wide Web disseminates scientific knowledge. The possibility of searching and retrieving simultaneously scientific publications tends to promote research and ensures originality. The traditional publishing model restricted research to published subscription-based journals, thus providing scientific information only to financially sound communities. In response to this, the Open Access movement was created, which is an economical way of diffusion and management of scientific information. As a result, scientific information is now available to all for free spreading research activity worldwide, while encouraging communication and interoperability in areas of diverse research interests. This article discusses the phenomenon of open access. Also, open access journals and repositories are referred as well as modern ways of disseminating research to the public.
Dairy Cows' Body Condition Score. Effects on reproduction, health and milk production. Use in farm management
Authors: OIKONOMOU (Γ. ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΟΥ) G. , BAZDAGIANNI (Ζ. ΜΠΑΣΔΑΓΙΑΝΝΗ) Z. , VALERGAKIS (Γ. Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ) G. E.
Published: February 2018

Body Condition Scoring (BCS) is an assessment of dairy cows' subcutaneous fatty tissue that can provide useful information on their body energy reserves. It is a quick and easy to perform method that does not require special equipment and can be easily used at farm level. A body condition scoring method based on visual observation of specific body regions has been described. A 5 point scale (1 = emaciated, 5 = obese) is used. Low BCS and high BCS losses were found to have adverse effects on cows' reproductive performance. Low or high BCS and high BCS losses were also found to have adverse effects on cows' health, while they were also found to significantly affect milk production. Body condition score has medium-high heritability and significant genetic correlation with reproduction. Body condition score levels should be 3-3.25 at calving, not higher than 3.25 at drying off and at least 2.5 60-80 days post calving. Farmers and their consultants should try to achieve these goals through proper management. Body condition scoring can be performed at calving, 30 days post calving, at first artificial insemination, at mid-lactation and at drying off.
Tissue distribution and depletion of levamisole in sheep tissues
Authors: TYRPENOU (Α.Ε.ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ) A. E. , XYLOURI-FRANGIADAKI (Ε.Μ. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ-ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ) E. M. , FRANGIADAKIS (Μ.Γ. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗΣ) G. M.
Published: February 2018

The subject-matter of this project was the residue distribution and depletion of levamisole in the sheep tissues after a single administration of levamisole hydrochloride and with final aim the appropriate withdrawal time determination, so that sheep tissues will be safe for human consumption. Levamisole hydrochloride was given per os with a single dose in the form of a tablet of the pharmaceutical product Tridicine™ 300 mg at the recommended therapeutic dose of 300 mg/40 kg body weight (b.w.), a quantitycorresponding to 7.5 mg levamisole per kg b.w. Five sampling points comprised of four sheep each one , were performed at 24 h, 96 h, 168 h, 240 h and 336 h after medication. Tissue samples of muscle, liver, kidney and fat were collected, packed and stored at 45°C until analysis. Levamisole was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mean levamisole concentrations found in the target tissues were detectable in all samples from the 1st until the 14th day after medication, with higher concentrations in kidney and liver ranging from 838.88 μg/kg to 39.18 μg/kg and from 1988.77 μg/kg to 16.58 μg/kg between the 1st and the 14th day, respectively. Concentrations in muscle and fat, the 1st day after medication, were 233.96 μg/kg and 173.89 μg/kg, respectively and the 4th day they were dropped below the maximum residue limit (MRL), which means that sheep tissues are safe for the consumer. A withdrawal time of 13 days was determined for liver, the main organ used for this calculation.
Legal framework on the protection, health and welfare of animals used for experimental and educational purposes
Authors: KOSTOMITSOPOULOS (Ν. ΚΩΣΤΟΜΗΤΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) N. , ARVANITI (Α. ΑΡΒΑΝΙΤΗ) A. , DILE (Χ. ΔΗΛΕ) X. , PAPADOPOULOS (Η. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) H. , PAPATSIROS (Β.Γ. ΠΑΠΑΤΣΙΡΟΣ) V. G. , KYRIAKIS (ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ Σ.Κ.) S.
Published: February 2018

The use of animals for experimental and educational purposes is regulated by a national legal framework in accordance to the European Directive 86/609 and the European Convention ETS 123 of the Council of Europe. Main issues regulated by the above legislation are the license procedure for the use of laboratory animals, the registration of breeding, supplying and experimental establishments, the implementation of guidelines for the appropriate care and use of the animals, the collection of statistical information and the promotion of alternative to animal experimentation methods. The veterinarian plays an important role for the protection, the health and the welfare of laboratory animals. This role is well defined within the existing legislation. The supervision of the veterinarian guarantees also the quality of the obtained results from animal experimentations. After twenty years, the scientific community and the animal welfare associations recognized the need for the revision of the existing European legal framework under the new obtained scientific knowledge. The Council of Europe has recently revised the Appendix A of the European Convention ETS 123 and the Commission of the European Union initiated the process for the revision of the European Directive 86/609. Ethical evaluation, authorization procedures and registration of establishments are, also, expected to be revised.
Modern aspects on etiopathogenesis of canine osteoarthritis
Authors: DANOURDIS (Α. Μ. ΔΑΝΟΥΡΔΗΣ) A. M , KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F.
Published: February 2018

Extracellular matrix and chondrocytes are the main structure components of the articular cartilage. The extracellular matrix is largely comprised of collagen fibers, proteoglycans and water, whereas the metabolically active chondrocytes are responsible for its production and maintenance. An interaction of the physical and biochemical characteristics of the articular cartilage is necessary for normal joint function by providing nearly frictionless motion, wear resistance, joint congruence and loading transmission to subchondral bone. The vicious cycle of osteoarthritis sets forth when structural and homeostatic aberrations, secondary to congenital or acquired joint diseases, occur in the articular cartilage. Although the pathological and biochemical changes of the articular cartilage in the osteoarthritic joint have been studied extensively, the exact mechanism pertaining its pathogenesis is still unknown.
Current concepts in the diagnosis of pancreatitis in dags and cats
Authors: XENOULIS (Π.Γ. ΞΕΝΟΥΛΗΣ) P. G. , STEINER J. M.
Published: February 2018

Pancreatitis is the most common disorder of the exocrine pancreas in both dogs and cats. Ante-mortem diagnosis of pancreatitis can be challenging and the majority of cases is believed to remain undiagnosed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile and urinalysis should always be performed in dogs and cats suspected of having pancreatitis, although findings are non-specific for pancreatitis. Abdominal ultrasonography is very useful for the diagnosis of pancreatitis, although the diagnostic utility depends largely on the clinician's experience. Abdominal radiography is a useful diagnostic tool for the exclusion of other diseases that may cause similar clinical signs to those of pancreatitis. Computed tomography has not been shown to be useful for the diagnosis of canine or feline pancreatitis and thus it cannot be recommended. Histopathologic examination of the pancreas is the only method to definitively diagnose pancreatitis, but exclusion of the disease is difficult. Serum amylase and lipase activities are of no clinical value in cats and should not be used for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in this species. In dogs, these tests may still have some clinical utility as an initial approach to animals with suspected pancreatitis. Due to its low sensitivity, serum TLI concentrations are considered of limited usefulness in diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs and cats. Finally, serum PLI concentrations are currently considered to be the most sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of canine and feline pancreatitis.
Enlargement of the European Union ... an historic opportunity
Authors: TYRPENOU (Α.Ε.ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ) A. E.
Published: February 2018

Enlargement is one of the most powerful political tools of the European Union and the driving force which has helped in the transformation of the Central and East Europe. From the moment it was created in 1950 is continuously enlarging and has recendy inspired ambitious reformations for Turkey, Croatia and West Balkans. Its founder members call the people of Europe which put their ideas and unified their efforts. Since that time and according to the article 49 of the European Union, it has been grown up from the 6 initial states to 9, 10, 12, 15 and recently to 25. The process still goes on today with new candidate countries, such as Bulgaria and Romania and with accession negotiations with Turkey just as this country could meet the political criteria for accession and the respect of human rights. On completion of this phase the European citizens could live and work in an extended area beyond the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and from Nicosia to Kiruna and could work under standard procedures in the biggest and without borders market of the world. Also, they will benefit from their neighbours, who have stable democracies and good market economies. It is a careful procedure for the transition of the countries involved, dispersing peace, stability, well being, democracy, human rights and a state of justice in the whole Europe. Further, when our children will become grownup, they will live in a European Union consisted of thirty or more states and with more than twenty languages, a unique polymorphic culture embracing more than 500.000.000 people.
Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of diagnostic imaging methods for the diagnosis of ectopic ureters in the dog
Authors: MANTIS P. , BROCKMAN D. , WHATMOUGH C. , GREGORY S. P. , LAMB C. R. , MAHONEY P. , JAKOVLJEVIC S.
Published: February 2018

The clinical records of dogs with urinary incontinence, examined at the Queen Mother Hospital for animals between November 1995 and January 2006, were reviewed. Only dogs that had at least one contrast radiographic study, ultrasonographic examination of the ureters and surgical diagnosis were included. All the cases were examined on an individual ureter basis and on a case basis. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated for intravenous urography, retrograde urethrography or retrograde vaginourethrography and ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions. Ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions had the higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy from the imaging methods with only intravenous urography having mildly higher sensitivity when examined on a ureter base. The main failure of ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions was the identification of the correct side of ectopia. When evaluated on a case basis ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions had perfect sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The lower mainly specificity and accuracy of intravenous urography and retrograde urethrography or retrograde vaginourethrography were probably related to the difficulty in identifying the location of the ureterovesicular junction.
Α case of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in canaries
Authors: IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ) P. , GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) I. , BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ) P. , LEKKAS (Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ) St. , KOUTSOPOULOS (Δ. ΚΟΥΤΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) D.
Published: February 2018

This study describes the diagnosis, treatment and sanitary procedures in canaries and other cage-birds in a pet-shop, infected by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Main macroscopic lesions in the liver, spleen and intestine were characterized by numerous nodules, from pin-head size up to a litde larger. Also, swelling of the liver and spleen and congestion with ulceration of the mucus of the intestine were observed. Parenchyma of the liver and spleen, as well as in the intestinal wall, numerous small or larger cluster-shaped colonies of Gram-negative coccobacteria were found with coagulative necrosis of the normal tissue in the development areas of the bacterium, as well as around them. Bacteriological examination from the internal organs confirmed and identified the bacterium Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Pseudotuberculosis was established for the first time in Greece through this study. The therapeutic schema with enrofloxacin in dose of 150 mg/L in drinking water showed itself to be more effective in the first stages of the disease in other cage-bird species, but less so in canaries.
Arthrocentesis in companion animal medicine
Authors: PRASSINOS (N.N. ΠΡΑΣΙΝΟΣ) N. N. , SIDERI (K.I. ΣΙΔΕΡΗ) K. I.
Published: February 2018

Arthrocentesis, especially for synovial fluid collection and analysis, is an integral part of any diagnostic joint evaluation in companion animal medicine. Although it is a simple, quick and inexpensive technique, which also requires little in the way of expertise or special equipment, it is a much under-employed procedure in veterinary diagnostics and/or therapeutics. Knowledge of joint anatomy, aseptic conditions and strict adherence to principles of the technique are essential for an uncomplicated arthrocentesis.
Outbreak of mastitis in ewes caused by Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: ZDRAGAS (Α. ΖΔΡΑΓΚΑΣ) A. , TSAKOS (Π. ΤΣΑΚΟΣ) P. , KOTZAMANIDIS (Χ. ΚΟΤΖΑΜΑΝΙΔΗΣ) C. , ANATOLIOTIS (Κ. ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΩΤΗΣ) K. , TSAKNAKIS (Η. ΤΣΑΚΝΑΚΗΣ) I.
Published: February 2018

Many cases of acute clinical mastitis, in seven neighboring sheep flocks of Larissa Prefecture, were investigated. The causative agent was identified by biochemical and serological tests as Streptococcus agalactiae. Further investigation of the isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed identical profiles. The results indicate that S. agalactiae should be considered as a significant pathogen that induces mastitis in ewes; the disease is characterized by high morbidity, easy transmission between ewes and rapid reduction in milk production. The antibiotic therapy proved to be ineffective, even though antibiotics administered after the sensitivity test, however, the administration of an autovaccine was promising.
Nisin and its food application
Authors: SOLOMAKOS (Ν. ΣΟΛΩΜΑΚΟΣ) N. , GOVARIS (Α. ΓΚΟΒΑΡΗΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized polypeptides which possess antimicrobial activity and are produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Nisin is the most used bacteriocin in food products, is produced by the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis and its amino-acids are classified to the Lantibiotics group. The peptide chain of this group contains the amino acids lanthionine and a- methyl-lanthionine. Nisin is typically active against Gram-positive bacteria. The mechanism of action of nisin involves mainly the formation of transient pores in the cytoplasmic membrane of the target organism, with loss of membrane potential and leakage of intracellular metabolites resulting in the cell death. The inability of nisin to attack easily the Gram-negative bacteria is due to their protective outer membrane. The demand of consumers for more "natural" additives to food products has increased the interest for the use of nisin in the food industry. Nisin is the only bacteriocin authorized for use as food preservative in over 50 countries. In the EU nisin is approved as food additive in foods like cream and cheese under the E 234 label. A lot of research work has proved the antibacterial activity of nisin against food born pathogens, like Listeria spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfrigens, with encouraging results. It is important to note the synergistic action of nisin against food born pathogens with other acting compounds, like chelate factors. Nisin is successfully applied to packaged foods by means of its incorporation or surface absorption to packaging material.
The frequency of respiratory diseases in broiler chickens during 1992-2001
Authors: GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) J. , IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ) P. , BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ) P.
Published: February 2018

The respiratory diseases of broiler chickens are included among the very important problems in the poultry industry. The pathogenic causes of these diseases are viruses (NDV, IBV, ILTV, etc), bacteria (Mycoplasma spp, Haemophilus paragallinarum, E.coli, ORT, etc), fungi and parasites. These factors can act either alone, leading in complete disease or in combinations, causing respiratory syndromes. In broiler flocks the most frequent respiratory disease with considerable economic losses is Colibacillosis. It is either the result of primary infection of the birds with the pathogenic E.coli or secondary as complicated agent leading in the CDR syndrome. The evaluation of the respiratory diseases incidents in the Clinic of Avian Medicine showed that there has been a gradual decline in the number of the respiratory diseases during the last decade 1992 - 2001. More specifically, the percentages of the incidents of respiratory diseases were: 26,49% (1992), 22,14% (1993), 17,24% (1994), 18,00% (1995), 10,04% (1996), 9,93% (1997), 11,92% (1998), 7,79% (1999), 7,77% (2000) and 6,99% (2001). This significant reduction of the respiratory disease percentages was probably caused by factors relative with a series of measures applied in breeder flocks, in hatcheries and in poultry houses. These measures concern the continuous improvement of the poultry houses and equipment, the application of systematic vaccination programs in breeders and chicks, the good collaboration between farmers and veterinarians, the improvement of nutrition, the supplying of chicks free of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma spp, Salmonella spp, etc, and viruses, such as Reovirus, Chicken anemia virus, e.t.c, and the strict application of appropriate disinfections. The application of the above measures reduces the poultry stress, enhances their immunity, eliminates the presence and the spread of pathogens and secures better health and growth in the birds of the poultry industry. Keywords: Respiratory diseases, broilers, incidents' frequency, decade 1992-2001
The most important Myxosparean parasite species affecting cultured Mediterranean fish
Authors: GOLOMAZOU (ΓΚΟΛΟΜΑΖΟΥ Ε.) E. , KARAGOUNI (ΚΑΡΑΓΚΟΥΝΗ Ε.) E. , ATHANASSOPOULOU (ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Φ.) F.
Published: February 2018

Following the rapid development offish farming, an outbreak of pathological problems appeared, mainly of parasitic origin. These have an effect on fish growth(especially at cagegrowing stage), where periodically may cause mortality up to 80%, which has a serious economic impact on fish farming. Myxosporida have been implicated in outbreaks in both marine and freswhwater fish. The parasite M. leei causes serious disease affecting young sharp snout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo C) and sea bream (Spams aurata L). Recendy, the life cycle of this parasite has been elucidated in sea bream as direct with fish to fish transmission, whereas there is no information on other marine Myxosporida species. In freshwater fish the life cycle of Myxosporida is indirect involving Tubifex spp. worms as intermediate hosts. In mixed infections of Ceratomyxa diplodae and M. leei mortality can be high. High fat diets is a well known predisposing factor. Myxobolus sp. is another myxosporean that affects farmed fish. Mature spores are found in cysts in the interstitial renal tissue in high prevalence and intensity in D. puntazzo during summer months. Sphaerospora dicentrarchi parasitises all the internal organs of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L) with predilection in the gall bladder and in the muscular layers of intestine, where it can reach 100% and 70.5% of prevalence in wild and cultured fish, respectively, during summer months. Sphaerospora testicularis parasitises in the gonads of sea bass without inflammatory reaction, however, when intensity is high, it can cause total destruction of the organ. Polysporoplasma sparishas been reported in glomeruli of cultured sea bream in Spain, Andriatic Sea and fish farms all over Greece with high prevalence during summer. Ceratomyxa spp have also been found in various marine fish with no serious effect on fish hosts. Kudoa spp. have also been reported from many cultured and wild fish; these parasites affect the muscles and have an economic impact on processed fish products. Fish infected with Myxosporida spp are often emaciated, the gall bladder and abdomen are extended; the liver can be discolored showing fat degeneration; this may be obvious in most internal organs. Early trophozoites of Myxobolus sp. can be found in the renal parenchyma or encysted in melanomacrophage centres. Nephrocalcinosis is also found in later stages of trophozoite or cyst development. The treatment of Myxosporida spp is difficult. It is important to detect and diagnose early the disease and to assess the severity of the parasitoses. Fumagillin and the combination of Salinomycin & Amprolium are effective against most of these parasites except M. leei for which no effective treatment is still available.
Use of biocompatible xenograft for the surgical treatment of feline corneal sequestrum after lamellar keratectomy
Authors: LIAPIS (Ι. Κ. ΛΙΑΠΗΣ) C. I.
Published: February 2018

A Persian cat was referred to our clinic for evaluation of a black plaque located on the cornea of the right eye noticed by the owner three months prior to presentation. Reported clinical signs included ocular discomfort with blepharospasm and epiphora.The diagnosis of corneal sequestrum was made. Due to morphology, chronicity and severity of the symptoms, the cat was treated surgically with lamellar keratectomy followed by covering of the defect with a porcine small intestine derived xenograft. The excellent result was in accordance with the previously reported cases.
Two cases of bovine holoacardius amorphus monsters
Authors: POURLIS (Α. ΠΟΥΡΛΗΣ) A. F. , AMIRIDIS (Γ. Σ. ΑΜΟΙΡΙΔΗΣ) G. S. , VAINAS (Ε. ΒΑΪΝΑΣ) E.
Published: February 2018

Two rare cases of holoacardius amorphus totalis monsters are reported herewith. The monsters were examined macroscopically, radiographically and histologically, whereas karyotyping was performed in one normal twin. Both monsters were covered with normal skin and hair, while histological examinations revealed a homogenous parenchyma. The first monster was congener to those previously reported, while the second is the smallest case (weight 21.3 gr) reported to date. In both cases, two days after calving, two corpora, lutea were found on the ovaries of the dams. The aetiology as well as the mechanisms of teratogenesis are discussed.
Evaluating the leukogram in the dog and cat
Authors: PETAMIDIS (ΠΕΤΑΝΙΔΗΣ Θ.Α.) T. A. , MYLONAKIS (Μ. Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) M. E. , KOUTINAS (Α. Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F.
Published: February 2018

Leukogram, an important part of complete blood count, includes the total count, absolute differential counts and leukocyte morphology. For a valid interpretation of the leukogram, proper blood sampling and post-sampling handling is considered a prerequisite. Total leukocyte counts in the clinically healthy adult dog and cat usually range from 6000 to 17000 /μΐ and from 5500 to 19500 /μΐ, respectively. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and rarely basophils are the leukocytes recognized in the peripheral blood of these animal species. Leukocytosis and leukopenia may reflect pathological or physiologic responses to various endogenous or exogenous factors. Morphologic leukocyte changes may indicate an underlying inflammatory process (i.e. toxic changes), congenital and/or hereditary hematological abnormalities (i.e. Pelger-Hüet anomaly, Chediak-Higashi syndrome) and immune-mediated (i.e. systemic lupus erythematus) or neoplastic (i.e. lymphoid/myeloid leukemias) diseases. Detection of canine distemper virus inclusion bodies, Ehrlichia sp. morulae, Hepatozoon canis gamonts etc. in the cytoplasm of the various types of leukocytes is the most objective way to diagnose the relevant infectious diseases in the domestic carnivores.
Meteorological conditions affecting cattle production in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece
Authors: VALERGAKIS (Γ.Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ) G. E.
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a study of the climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind, precipitation) affecting catde production in the area of Thessaloniki, the main dairy-farming region of Greece. Data was collected from 1990-1999 and was classified in zones, day-types were created and indexes and scales were used in order to study the annual and seasonal effects of climate. From this study, it was confirmed that high temperatures and high relative humidity are the most important factors affecting cattle productivity in the area. The intensity and duration of such conditions are high. Moreover, it is not low temperature per se, a relatively rare phenomenon, that affects catde performance during winter but the relatively strong and cold, mainly north-northwest winds, combined with high relative humidity.
Sheeppox in Evros. A 7-year (1994 - 2000) retrospective study
Authors: DADOUSIS (Κ. ΔΑΔΟΥΣΗΣ) C.
Published: February 2018

Sheeppox is a highly transmissible disease that caused the development of serious economical losses to the livestock of Evros County. From 1994 to 2000, following an absence of appearance in 1999, sheeppox has constantly occurred on a year basis. During the last sheepox epidemic in 1998, eradication measures have been implemented to control the disease. Stamping out of the animals from affected flocks and flock vaccination for the risk areas have been performed. Since 1994 and after, elimination procedures have been applied on affected and suspected flocks. In particular, (83), (677), (21.020), (8.838), (1512) and (507)animals were eliminated (stamping out) in 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,1998 and 2000 respectively. The mode of transmission of pox disease must be differentiated from the Foot and Mouth disease and its expected incidence during an outbreak period. The compulsory by legislation 21-day isolation of pox-infected flocks shall be considered insufficient due to the virus resistance. Pox nodules, primarily seen on the parts of the body not covered by wool and skin lesions on the tail, are the most typical clinical signs. There is evidence to believe that pox virus was introduced into Greece from Turkey, because the disease is endemic in Turkey and our primary incursions have been detected close to Evros River, the borderline between the two countries. Area of epidemiological importance, where new outbreaks have yearly occurred (no reports in 1994), is Orestiada landscape, including Petrades village. The first confirmed cases of sheeppox, which were reported in fall 1994-95, 2000 (October- November) and summer 1996-98 (July). No cases were reported in winter. In this study, the sheep pox statistics, epizootiology, symptomatology, control measures and photo-images of the disease were reviewed based on cumulative experience.
Yeasts as a causative agent of bovine mastitis in Greece
Authors: BOURTZI-HATZOPOULOU (Ε. ΜΠΟΥΡΤΖΗ-ΧΑΤΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) E. , ZDRAGAS (Α. ΖΔΡΑΓΚΑΣ) A. , PETRIDOU (Ε. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ) E. , FILIOUSIS (Γ. ΦΙΛΙΟΥΣΗΣ) G.
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study was to isolate fungi from mastitic milk of dairy cows and to identify fungal microorganisms involved in bovine mastitis. A total of 608 milk samples from clinical mastitis quarters from 580 animals in Northern Greece were collected, during the years 1997-2001. Antibacterial treatment was administrated to 50% of the sampled animals. Forty two (42) fungi were isolated and identified using mycological media and methods. From the 42 fungi isolates, 38 were yeasts and 4 moulds. The yeasts isolated were classified into the genera Candida, Geotrichum, Rhodotorula. From the thirty four (34) Candida species, 14 were identified as G tropicalis and 6 as G krusei. Furthermore, 4 isolates were classified as G pseudotropicalis, 4 as G albicans, 3 as G parapsilosis and 3 as G rugosa. Geotrichum candidum and Rhodotorula spp. were represented with 2 isolates. The isolated moulds were classified into the genus Aspergillus. Fungi were isolated in pure culture from 38 milk samples and in mixed culturewith bacteria from 4. In 510 samples only bacteria were cultured, while in 56 samples no growth of microorganism was observed. The results of the present study indicate that a level of 6.9% of mycotic mastitis is significant and yeasts are apparently implicated in mammary gland pathology causing economic loss.
Ovarian and thyroid activity of the Lacaune ewes breed during the year in Greece
Authors: MENEGATOS (Ι. ΜΕΝΕΓΑΤΟΣ) J. , CHADIO (Σ. ΧΑΔΙΩ) S. , DOSOPOULOS (Β. ΔΟΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) V. , KALOGIANNIS (Δ. ΚΑΛΟΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ) D. , XYLOURI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) E.
Published: February 2018

Ovarian and thyroid activity was studied in 10 ewes of Lacuane breed during one year. Ewes were maintained separately from rams and were fed. The aim of the study was to determine the duration of the anestrus period. Blood samples were collected weekly for the determination of progesterone levels. Thyroxine levels were also determined. Progesterone concentrations > 1 ng/ml were considered as indicative of ovulation, whereas levels between 0.5-0.9 ng/ml as indicative of follicle luteinizations or short lived corpus luteum. Two ewes showed persistent corpus luteum which regressed in deep anestrus period. The first ovulation occurred on 18th August ±10 days. The duration of the breeding season (the interval from the first to the last ovulation) was estimated to be 158 ± 8 days and the number of ovarian cycles during this period was 9.0 ± 0.6 per ewe. A significant correlation was observed between the time of the last ovulation and the duration of the breeding season, (Y=l4l.4+0.96X, r2 = 0.71, P<0.01). Serum thyroxine levels in every fifteen days samples fluctuate from 47 ± 4 during the first half of August to 82 ± 5 during the second half of December. Mean thyroxine levels during the time of increasing daylength (23rd December to 22nd  June) were 71.2 ± 2 ng/ml and during that of decreasing daylength (23rd June to 22nd December) 59.4 ± 3 ng/ml, (p<0.001). In conclusion, this study showed that the ewes of the Lacaune breed exhibit a long anestrous period compared to the indigenous Greek breeds. Hormonal control of estrus is necessary for the out-of season lambing. Finally, thyroid function shows a significant seasonality, as has been demonstrated in all other breeds of sheep studied so far.
Avoiding the risk of dissemination of brain particles into the blood and carcass during cattle stunning: alternative method of stunning
Authors: RAMANTANIS (Σ. ΡΑΜΑΝΤΑΝΗΣ) S.
Published: February 2018

During stunning, the entrance of the bolt into the cranial cavity results in massive brain tissue damage. There is a risk of brain tissue particles being transferred via the blood flow in the minor blood circulation system. This can lead to a contamination of blood, lungs and heart with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. Tissues of CNS carry almost all of the infectivity in catde sub-clinically and clinically affected by the BSE. The approved rapid post mortem tests cannot identify BSE infected animals early in the incubation period. Thus, it is not inconceivable that an animal with a negative rapid test result could, if stunned by a method that produced emboli, still have BSE-infected emboli dispersed through the venous blood stream, the lungs and the heart. This danger of contamination has been proved in several scientific studies. The ranking order of stunning methods in terms of decreasing risk for causing contamination is: 1. Pneumatic stunner that injects air. 2. Pneumatic stunner that does not inject air. 3. Captive bolt stunner with pithing. 4. Captive bolt stunner without pithing. Negligible or absent risk can be expected from nonpenetrative stunner and cardiac arrest stunning. For the time being, very few slaughterhouses in the EU implement the electrocution. Since the summer 2001, the first cardiac arrest stunning equipment has been operational in the continental Europe. Two systems for electrical stunning of catde are presented, which are in accordance with the UK and German regulations on the animal protection at slaughter. The replacement of the penetrative stunning method with the cardiac arrest stunning, in regions where the BSE is present, would prevent the risk of dissemination of brain particles into the blood and carcass.
The influence of transport on pig meat quality
Authors: RAMANTANIS (ΣΠ. Β. ΡΑΜΑΝΤΑΝΗΣ) SP. V.
Published: February 2018

During the transport of slaughter pigs several typical forms of stress have a strong influence on the animals. Preparation of animals (early handling, indirect transfer systems, fasting period), transport (driving and loading of pigs to the vehicle, vehicle design, weather condition, loading density, driving style, transport time and distance, unloading of pigs), driving and lairage time of the pigs at the slaughterhouse are critical points within the pre-slaughter period. Although halothane status is the most important factor influencing pork quality, optimum-handling procedures pre-slaughter may make significant improvements to pork quality in those pigs carrying the halothane gene. Stress-reduced measures during the pre-slaughter handling of the animals are discussed. The elimination of the Hal gene, the duration of the fasting period (12-18 h), the careful driving and loading of animals in small groups, the vehicle design, the optimal loading density (200-235 Kgr pig/m2or 0,425-0,5m2/l00 Kgr pig), the considerate driving style, the fast unloading of the animals, and the adequate resting period before slaughter (2-4 h) are measures of outmost importance. The occurrence of the déviances in meat quality (PSE-, DFD-meat) in our country calls for the implementation of the abovementioned measures. All these measures require a lot of material, staff and time and can therefore increase transport costs. Good transport management on the other hand can avoid total losses and minimizes losses in carcass weight, damages of the carcass as well as the déviances in meat quality. It is therefore clear that animal welfare and operational efficacy are not necessarily irreconcilable.
New aspects on canine spirocercosis
Authors: MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) M. E. , KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F. , RALLIS (Τ. ΡΑΛΛΗΣ) T.
Published: February 2018

Spirocerca lupi is a nematode parasite of carnivores affecting mainly the dog. Although S. lupi infection is often asymptomatic, esophageal granulomas and/or sarcomas, aortic aneurysms, thoracic discospondylitis or spondylosis deformans, hypertrophic osteopathy and salivary gland necrosis may be detected in various combinations upon the necropsy of dogs, originating from the endemic areas. When spirocercosis turns symptomatic, regurgitation, vomiting, odynophagia, hypersalivation, progressive loss of body weight, dyspnea and episodic melena are the most common clinical signs noticed. Diagnosis will be confirmed by fecal examination (egg detection), using flotation or sedimentation techniques, thoracic radiography (posterior mediestinal mass, vertebral lesions) and especially esophagoscopy, which allows the direct visualization of S. lupi nodules either granulomatous or neoplastic. Avermectins, such as doramectin and ivermectin, have been emerged as promising medications in the treatment and possibly in the prevention of canine spirocercosis. Their use, in both the spontaneous and experimental disease, has resulted in the remission of esophageal dysphagia, complete or partial regression of esophageal parasitic granulomas and cessation of egg shedding.
Control of oestrous cycle in small ruminants
Authors: SAMARTZI (Φ. ΣΑΜΑΡΤΖΗ) F. , FTHENAKIS (Γ.Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ) G. C.
Published: February 2018

Control of oestrous cycle is an important management tool in sheep and goat farms. Over the years, various methods have been developed and many applications have been documented in the international literature. In this review paper, the theoretical background and practical aspects of oestrous cycle control in small ruminants are reviewed; furthermore, problems related to oestrous cycle control are discussed. The article is divided in the following sections: (i) Methods for the control of the oestrous cycle (selection of method, male effect, pharmaceutical methods), (ii) Methods for increasing ovulation rate (nutrition, genetics, hormonal treatment, immunization techniques), (iii) Induction of early puberty, (iv) Fertilization of animals (mating or artificial insemination), (v) Problems during application of oestrous control methods (side effects of treatments, application errors).
Efficacy and safety of selamectin of flea infestation in dags
Authors: SOTIRAKI (Σ. ΣΩΤΗΡΑΚΗ) S. , HIMONAS (Χ. ΧΕΙΜΩΝΑΣ) C. , DEBOUCK P. , BITSAS (Γ. ΜΠΙΤΖΑΣ) G.
Published: February 2018

The study was conducted at three dog shekers in Thessaloniki Greece, το confirm die efficacy and safety of selamectin aτ a minimum dosage of 6 mg/kg adminisτered topically as a monthly dose repeaτed three times in die treatment of natural i n f l a t i o n s of Ctenocephalides spp. Twenty (20) dogs, with confirmed naturally acquired flea inflations, were enrolled in die sttidy as primary patiems. All animals completed the study on day 90. Twenty-two in cornai dogs were also treated but not evaluated for efficacy (secondary patiems). There was no untreated group. Only one live adult flea was recovered on only one animal on study day 30, a reduction of die geomettical mean of 99.7 % (p < 0.0001) compared to the sτarτ of die study. Dead fleas were found on 3 animals aτ day 30 (1 or 2 per animal). No live or dead fleas were found on day 60 or on day 90. Ατ sttidy beginning on Day 0, seventy percem of sttidy animals had various clinical signs of flea inflation. These signs gradually decreased and by die end of die sttidy on day 90, only one animal remained widi a score of 1, indicating a low imensity in a single area of die body. All odier animals were free of clinical signs. No abnormal clinical signs or suspend adverse drug reactions were observed after treatment of die 20 primary or die 22 secondary patiems. The daτa collected confirm that under field conditions diree consecutive mondily doses of selamectin are highly effective and safe in die treatment and comrol of fleas in dogs.
Evaluation of the thermal processing of meat products in cylindrical cans using the General and Computer methods
Authors: GOVARIS (Α. ΓΚΟΒΑΡΗΣ) A. , AMBROSIADIS (Ι. ΑΜΒΡΟΣΙΑΔΗΣ) I.
Published: February 2018

Cylindrical cans (73x109 mm) were filled with luncheon meat and corned beef were sterilized with steam at 121.1°C for 96 and 91 min, respectively. The evaluation of the thermal processing was made using the General method and a Computer method. The General method used the experimental temperatures recorded by thermocouples while the Computer method predicted the internal temperatures of foods in cylindrical cans, using the finite difference numerical solution of heat conduction equation. By the end of heating at 121.1 °C and following cooling, comparison of the (Fo) value and the decimal reduction (log D121.1) of the initial population of the Clostridium botulinum at the geometric centre of the can for both examined meat products, estimated by the General method with those estimated by the Computer method, showed that there was no any significant difference between them (P>0.05). Comparison of recorded temperatures at the geometric centre of cans of both meat products with those estimated by the Computer method showed that, there was no any significant difference between them (P>0.05) during heating at 121.1 ° C, but a significant difference between them (P<0.05) was observed by the end of cooling.