bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Growth Proliferation, Apoptotic Prevention, and Differentiation Induction of the Gelatin Hydrolysates from Three Sources to Human Fetal Osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19 Cells)
Authors: Lu Ming , Zhao Xin-Huai
Published: May 2018

Gelatins from the skin of bovine, porcine, and tilapia were hydrolyzed to three degrees of hydrolysis (DH) by alcalase, neutrase, and papain, respectively. These hydrolysates at 0.02–0.1 g/L promoted the growth of human fetal osteoblasts by 101.4–135.7%, while higher DH or using papain and tilapia gelatins resulted in higher proliferation. The hydrolysates from porcine and tilapia gelatins at 0.05 g/L prevented induced apoptosis (decreasing total apoptotic proportions from 28.4% or 35.2% to 10.3–17.5% or 16.0–23.6%), and had differentiation induction (increasing alkaline phosphatase activity by 126.9–246.7% in early differentiation stage, or enhancing osteocalcin production by 4.1–22.5% in later differentiation stage). These hydrolysates had a similar amino acid profile; however, tilapia gelatin hydrolysates by papain with DH 15.4% mostly displayed higher activity than others. Tilapia gelatin hydrolysate could up-regulate β-catenin, Wnt 3a, Wnt 10b, cyclin D1, and c-Myc expression at mRNA levels by 1.11–3.60 folds, but down-regulate GSK 3β expression by 0.98 fold. Of note, β-catenin in total cellular and nuclear protein was up-regulated by 1.14–1.16 folds but unchanged in cytoplasmic protein, Wnt 10b, cyclin D1, and c-Myc expression were up-regulated by 1.27–1.95 folds, whilst GSK 3β expression was down-regulated by 0.87 fold. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is suggested to mediate cell proliferation and differentiation.
Strategies for Enhancing the Permeation of CNS-Active Drugs through the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Review
Authors: Zeiadeh Isra’ , Najjar Anas , Karaman Rafik
Published: May 2018

Background: The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic and functional structure which poses a vast challenge in the development of drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). While most substances are denied BBB crossing, selective penetration of substances mainly occurs through diffusion, carrier mediated transport, or receptor mediated transcytosis. Methods: Strategies in enhancing BBB penetration have been reviewed and summarized in accordance with their type of formulation. Highlights in monoclonal antibodies, peptide-vectors, nanoparticles, and simple prodrugs were included. Conclusion: Nanoparticles and simple prodrugs, for example, can be used for efficient BBB penetration through inhibition of efflux mechanisms, however, monoclonal antibodies are the most promising strategy in BBB penetration. Close follow-up of future development in this area should confirm our expectation.
Electrodegradation of Resorcinol on Pure and Catalyst-Modified Ni Foam Anodes, Studied under Alkaline and Neutral pH Conditions
Authors: Mikolajczyk Tomasz , Pierozynski Boguslaw , Smoczynski Lech , Wiczkowski Wieslaw
Published: May 2018

This work reports on the kinetics of electrochemical degradation of the resorcinol molecule, examined on nickel foam-based electrodes in contact with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.5 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolytes. The electrooxidation of resorcinol was examined on as-received, as well as on Pd-modified, nickel foam catalyst materials, produced via spontaneous deposition of trace amounts of palladium element. Electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance) experiments were carried out by means of a three-compartment, pyrex glass electrochemical cell, whereas continuous resorcinol electrooxidation tests were conducted galvanostatically (or potentistatically) with a laboratory-size, single-cell electrolyzer unit. In addition, quantitative determination of resorcinol and its possible electrodegradation products was performed by means of instrumental HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/MS: Mass Spectrometry methodology. Also, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) techniques were employed for Ni foam (Pd-modified Ni foam) surface characterizations.
Viability, Enzymatic and Protein Profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm and Planktonic Cells after Monomeric/Gemini Surfactant Treatment
Authors: Koziróg Anna , Otlewska Anna , Brycki Bogumił
Published: May 2018

This study set out to investigate the biological activity of monomeric surfactants dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and the next generation gemini surfactant hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide) (C6) against the environmental strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PB_1. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the dilution method. The viability of the planktonic cells and biofilm was assessed using the plate count method. Enzymatic profile was determined using the API-ZYM system. Proteins were extracted from the biofilm and planktonic cells and analysed using SDS-PAGE. The MIC of the gemini surfactants was 70 times lower than that of its monomeric analogue. After 4 h of treatment at MIC (0.0145 mM for C6 and 1.013 mM for DTAB), the number of viable planktonic cells was reduce by less than 3 logarithm units. At the concentration ≥MIC, a reduction in the number of viable cells was observed in mature biofilms (p < 0.05). Treatment for 4 h with gemini surfactant at 20 MIC caused complete biofilm eradication. At sub-MIC, the concentration of some enzymes reduced and their protein profiles changed. The results of this study show that due to its superior antibacterial activity, gemini compound C6 can be applied as an effective microbiocide against P. aeruginosa in both planktonic and biofilm forms.
The Selectivity of Polymers Imprinted with Amines
Authors: Dorkó Zsanett , Nagy-Szakolczai Anett , Tóth Blanka , Horvai George
Published: May 2018

One of the main reasons for making molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has been that MIPs interact selectively with a specific target compound. This claim is investigated here with the example of a widely used type of noncovalent MIP, the MIP for the beta blocker propranolol. Adsorption isotherms of this MIP and of a nonimprinted control polymer (NIP), respectively, have been measured with a series of compounds in the porogen solvent acetonitrile. The results, visualized as “selectivity ladders”, show that the MIP binds propranolol and many other amines better than the NIP does, but the selectivity of the MIP is actually inferior to that of the NIP. The selectivity of either polymer for propranolol is modest against many amines, but is remarkable with respect to other compounds. The contribution of imprinting towards selectivity can be better appreciated when three MIPs, made with different amine templates, are compared among themselves. Each MIP is seen to bind its own template slightly better than the other two MIPs do. In media different from the porogen, the selectivity patterns may change substantially. Propranolol seems to have properties that make it stand high on the selectivity scale in different solvents, albeit for different reasons.
Facile Synthesis of Porous ZnCo2O4 Nanosheets and the Superior Electrochemical Properties for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Xi , Yang Yang , Li Aijun
Published: May 2018

ZnCo2O4 nanosheets with large surface area and mesoporous structure were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method followed with a calcination process. When applied as the anode material in sodium ion batteries, the ZnCo2O4 nanosheets demonstrated a high initial charge capacity of 415.1 mAh/g at the current density of 100 mA/g. Even though the reversible capacity decreased in the first 20 cycles, it stayed relatively stable afterwards and retained 330 mAh/g after 100 cycles. This result was superior to those of many reported works of ZnO- and Co3O4-based anodes for sodium ion batteries, which might be due to the synergistic effect of both Zn and Co, and the refined porous nanosheet-like structure which facilitates electrochemical reactions by providing more reaction sites and ensures cycling stability by providing more space to accommodate the structural strains during cycles.
Protective Effect of Aplysin Supplementation on Intestinal Permeability and Microbiota in Rats Treated with Ethanol and Iron
Authors: Ma Yan , Li Ruiying , Liu Ying , Liu Man , Liang Hui
Published: May 2018

Aplysin, a kind of phytochemicals or phytonutrients, is purified from red alga Laurencia tristicha. The present study aims to investigate the influence of aplysin on changes of intestinal permeability and microbiota induced by excessive ethanol and iron. Thirty male rats were randomly divided into three groups (10/group): control group (normal saline); ethanol + iron group as EI treated with ethanol (8–12 mL/kg/day) and iron (1000 mg/kg) in diet; EI supplemented with aplysin (150 mg/kg/day) group as AEI; the trial lasts for 12 weeks. The result showed that levels of plasma endotoxin, fatty acid-binding protein 2, D-lactic acid, diamine oxidase were increased in rats in the EI group; and significantly decreased by 14%, 17%, 26%, 16%, respectively (p < 0.05) in the AEI group after the 12-week aplysin treatment. Moreover, in the AEI group the amount of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis were higher, while the amount of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium were lower than those in the EI group. The expressions of iron transporters divalent-metal transporter 1(DMT1) and ferroportin 1(FPN1) were significantly upregulated in the EI group compared to those in the control group. In conclusion, aplysin could effectively improve intestinal permeability and intestinal flora disorder induced with excessive ethanol and iron.
Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism of a New Powdered Human Milk Fortifier Containing Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Preterm Infants
Authors: Billeaud Claude , Boué-Vaysse Carole , Couëdelo Leslie , Steenhout Philippe , Jaeger Jonathan , Cruz-Hernandez Cristina , Ameye Laurent , Rigo Jacques , Picaud Jean-Charles , Saliba Elie , Hays Nicholas P. , Destaillats Frédéric
Published: May 2018

Preterm infants require fortification of human milk (HM) with essential fatty acids (FA) to ensure adequate post-natal development. As part of a larger randomized controlled study, we investigated FA metabolism in a subset of 47 clinically stable preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g or gestational age ≤32 weeks). Infants were randomized to receive HM supplemented with either a new HM fortifier (nHMF; n = 26) containing 12.5 g medium-chain FA (MCFA), 958 mg linoleic acid (LA), 417 mg α-linolenic acid (ALA), and 157 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per 100 g of powder (in compliance with the latest guidelines) or a fat-free HMF (cHMF; n = 21). Plasma phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG), and red blood cell phosphatidylcholine (RBC-PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (RBC-PE) FA profiles were assessed before and after 21 days of feeding. In the nHMF group, significantly increased levels of n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids were observed, formed most likely by elongation and desaturation of dietary saturated fatty acids present in HM. ALA fortification increased ALA assimilation into plasma TAG. Similarly, DHA fortification enriched the DHA content in RBC-PE, which, in this compartment, was not associated with lower arachidonic acid levels as observed in plasma TAG and phospholipids. RBC-PE, a reliable indicator of FA metabolism and accretion, was the most sensitive compartment in this study.
Deciduous Tusks and Small Permanent Tusks of the Woolly Mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) Found on Beaches in The Netherlands
Authors: Mol Dick , Bijkerk André , Ballard Joanne
Published: May 2018

Tusks of very young mammoths and other proboscideans are extremely rare in the fossil record. This article presents all deciduous tusks and newly-developing permanent tusks of woolly mammoths which are known from Dutch localities and the North Sea. Four deciduous tusks are from The Netherlands and one is from Germany. Five specimens of newly-developing permanent tusks are also discussed. In this article, we present several characteristics and details of those tusks such as presence/absence of roots, and cementum and enamel layers that should facilitate an identification when new findings are made. We also describe a dental element, a digitelle, that is easily mistaken for a tusk of a juvenile woolly mammoth.
Simple Reflex Controller for Decentralized Motor Coordination Based on Resonant Oscillation
Authors: Masuda Yoichi , Ishikawa Masato
Published: May 2018

This article describes an extremely simple controller as a minimal example of decentralized motor coordination and gait generation. The control strategy is based on the stretch reflex in animals and requires no mutual communication or detailed body models. Despite such simplicity, each controller can sync itself and generate various resonant oscillation by only physical interaction through whole body dynamics. To evaluate this controller, we conduct some simulations with a linear spring–mass–damper system and a nonlinear legged robot model with multiple controllers. The former shows an adaptability to change in vibration frequency and the body parameter. In the latter, first we show a limitation of the proposed method due to the nonlinearity, and an alternative method is proposed. Finally, the simple controllers generate versatile gaits just by choosing a control parameter of “speeding up or down,” and the gait generation can be explained by the controllers–body integration based on resonant oscillation.
Is Ocean Reflectance Acquired by Citizen Scientists Robust for Science Applications?
Authors: Yang Yuyan , Cowen Laura L.E. , Costa Maycira
Published: May 2018

Monitoring the dynamics of the productivity of ocean water and how it affects fisheries is essential for management. It requires data on proper spatial and temporal scales, which can be provided by operational ocean colour satellites. However, accurate productivity data from ocean colour imagery is only possible with proper validation of, for instance, the atmospheric correction applied to the images. In situ water reflectance data are of great value due to the requirements for validation and reflectance is traditionally measured with the Surface Acquisition System (SAS) solar tracker system. Recently, an application for mobile devices, “HydroColor”, was developed to acquire water reflectance data. We examined the accuracy of the water reflectance measures acquired by HydroColor with the help of both trained and untrained citizens, under different environmental conditions. We used water reflectance data acquired by SAS solar tracker and by HydroColor onboard the BC ferry Queen of Oak Bay from July to September 2016. Monte Carlo permutation F tests were used to assess whether the differences between measurements collected by SAS solar tracker and HydroColor with citizens were significant. Results showed that citizen HydroColor measurements were accurate in red, green, and blue bands, as well as red/green and red/blue ratios under different environmental conditions. In addition, we found that a trained citizen obtained higher quality HydroColor data especially under clear skies at noon.
The Temporal-Spatial Characteristics of Drought in the Loess Plateau Using the Remote-Sensed TRMM Precipitation Data from 1998 to 2014
Authors: Zhao Qi , Chen Qianyun , Jiao Mengyan , Wu Pute , Gao Xuerui , Ma Meihong , Hong Yang
Published: May 2018

Rainfall gauges are always sparse in the arid and semi-arid areas of Northwest China, which makes it difficult to precisely study the characteristics of drought at a large scale in this region and similar areas. This study used the TRMM (The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) multi-satellite precipitation data to study the spatial-temporal evolution of drought in the Loess Plateau based on the SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) drought index for the period of 1998–2014. The results indicate that the monthly TRMM precipitation data are well matched with the observed precipitation, indicating that this remotely sensed data set can be reliably used to calculate the SPI drought index. Based on the study findings, the average precipitation in the Loess Plateau is showing a significant increasing trend at the rate of 4.46 mm/year. From the spatial perspective, the average annual precipitation in the Southeast is generally greater than that in the Northwest. However, the annual precipitation in the Southeast area is showing a decreasing trend, whereas, the annual precipitation in the northwest areas is showing an increasing trend. Through the SPI analysis, the 3-month SPI and 12-month SPI were both showing an increasing trend, which indicates that the drought severity in the Loess Plateau was a generally declining trend at a seasonal to annual time scale. From the spatial perspective, the SPI values in the Central and Northwest of the Loess Plateau were significantly increasing, whereas, the SPI values in the southern area of the Loess Plateau were slightly decreasing. From the seasonal characteristics, the high-risk area for drought in the spring was concentrated in the northeast and southwest part, and in the summer and autumn, the high-risk area was transferred to the south part. Through this study, it is concluded that the Loess Plateau was likely getting wetter during the time period since the Grain-for-Green Project (1999–2012) was implemented, which replaced much farmland with forestry. This is a positive signal for vegetation recovery and ecological restoration in the near future.
Comments to: A Novel Low-Cost Instrumentation System for Measuring the Water Content and Apparent Electrical Conductivity of Soils, Sensors, 15, 25546–25563
Authors: Chavanne Xavier , Bruère Alain , Frangi Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2018

The article comments on claims made by Rêgo et al. about the sensor they developed to determine soil water content and its salinity via the admittance measurement of electrodes embedded in the soil. Their sensor is not based on a self-balanced bridge, as stated, but on a more common technique relying on Ohm’s law. A bridge is a zero method of measurement which can provide direct voltages proportional to soil permittivity and conductivity with a high resolution. Thanks to modern electronics the method can be adapted for fast and continuous monitoring in a remote site. Because of this confusion about the different measurement techniques among available admittance or capacitance sensors, we give a succinct review of them and indicate how they compare to the two techniques under discussion. We also question the ability of Rêgo et al.’s current sensor to determine both soil water content and salinity due first to instrument biases and then to the soil complexity as a dielectric medium. In particular, the choice of sensor frequencies is crucial in the two steps. In addition, the procedure to determine and account for temperature influences on readings is not presented clearly enough. It is important to distinguish between the effect resulting from electronics sensitivity, and those that are soil-specific. The comment does not invalidate the design of the sensor, but indicates points, especially parasitic contributions, which must be dealt with to avoid major errors.
Assessing the Environmental Impact Caused by Power Grid Projects in High Altitude Areas Based on BWM and Vague Sets Techniques
Authors: Liu Yuanxin , Li FengYun , Wang Yi , Yu Xinhua , Yuan Jiahai , Wang Yuwei
Published: May 2018

This study constructed a hybrid model for assessing the environmental impact caused by power grid projects (PGP) in high altitude area (HAA). Firstly, this study analyzed the characteristics of the environment in HAA and the possible environmental impacts caused by the PGP in HAA. On this basis, an evaluation indicator system reflecting the particularity of HAA was established, including three perspectives named natural, social and ecological environment. Next, considering the availability of evaluation index data and the scarcity of evaluation samples, the best and worst method (BWM) was employed to obtain the objective and credible indicator weights. Furthermore, the Vague set theory was introduced into the comprehensive evaluation model, overcoming the shortcomings of comprehensive evaluation model based on fuzzy sets. Finally, the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model was validated via a practical PGP in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Overall, the results of this paper can play an important supporting role in promoting green construction and sustainable development of PGP. Besides, the proposed hybrid evaluation framework requires fewer index values and evaluation samples, having good applicability and promotion value in handling the evaluation issues with uncertain and incomplete information.
A Dynamic Study of a Karst Spring Based on Wavelet Analysis and the Mann-Kendall Trend Test
Authors: Xing Liting , Huang Linxian , Chi Guangyao , Yang Lizhi , Li Changsuo , Hou Xinyu
Published: May 2018

Over the last 40 years, declining spring water flow rates have become a typical feature of karst springs in Northern China. Wavelet analysis, the Mann-Kendall trend test and the mutation test were used to analyze dynamic monitoring data of groundwater levels and atmospheric precipitation in the Jinan karst spring area, from 1956 to 2013, to study hydrological responses to atmospheric precipitation over one-year periods. Results from this analysis show that: (1) Atmospheric precipitation and the spring water level displayed multi-scale change characteristics, having two very similar cycles of change of 16 and 12 years. This finding shows that atmospheric precipitation generates a direct impact on the level of spring water. (2) From 1956 to 2013, the groundwater level in the Jinan spring area had a significant downward trend (0.65 m/10a). Precipitation recorded an increasing trend (12.65 mm/10a), however this was not significant. The weight of the influencing factors of the spring dynamic therefore changed due to the influence of human factors. (3) A mutation of atmospheric precipitation occurred in 1999, after which annual precipitation increased. Results for the mutation of the groundwater level showed an initial change in 1967. After this change the water level continued to decrease before rapidly increasing after 2004. The future trend of the spring water level should be maintained with consistent precipitation (having an upward trend), indicating that atmospheric precipitation is not the only factor affecting the dynamics of the spring. (4) Different periods were identified on the multiple regression model. The main influencing factors on groundwater level over the past 58 years were identified as a transition from precipitation to artificial mining. These results also validate the suitability and reliability of using wavelet analysis and the Mann-Kendall test method to study groundwater dynamics; these results provide a reference for the future protection of the Jinan City spring.
‘More constricting than inspiring’ — GPs find chronic care programmes of limited clinical utility. A qualitative study
Authors: Kristensen Mads Aage Toft , Due Tina Drud , Hølge-Hazelton Bibi , Guassora Ann Dorrit , Waldorff Frans Boch
Published: May 2018

Background

As in other countries, Danish health authorities have introduced disease management programmes (DMPs) to improve care quality. These contain clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and guidelines for patient stratification based on doctors’ assessments of disease severity and self-care. However, these programmes are challenged when patients have complex chronic conditions.

Aim

To explore how GPs experience the clinical applicability of disease management programmes for patients with multiple chronic conditions and lowered self-care ability.

Design & setting

A qualitative study from general practice, conducted in rural areas of Denmark with economically disadvantaged populations.

Method

Data were collected through case-based, semi-structured interviews with 12 GPs. The principles of systematic text condensation were used in the analysis.

Results

GPs found DMPs inadequate, particularly for patients with multiple conditions and lowered self-care ability. Their experience was that adhering to multiple programmes’ CPGs resulted in too much medication, conflicting treatments, an overload of appointments, and fragmented health care. They disregarded stratifying according to guidelines because they deemed stratification criteria to reflect neither patients’ need for self-care support, nor flexible referral options to hospitals and municipalities. Therefore, GPs were often solely responsible for treatment of patients with very complex chronic conditions.

Conclusion

GPs found DMPs to be of limited clinical applicability due to challenges related to CPGs, patient stratification, and lack of adequate health services to support patients with complex healthcare needs. To increase the benefits of these programmes, they should be more flexible, and adjusted to the needs of patients with multiple chronic conditions and lowered self-care ability.
A selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group from ortho-dithioacetal-substituted diarylmethanols
Authors: Czarnecka Anna , Kowalska Emilia , Bodzioch Agnieszka , Skalik Joanna , Koprowski Marek , Owsianik Krzysztof , Bałczewski Piotr
Published: May 2018

We present a successful deoxygenation reaction of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols which enables a selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group in presence of the 1,3-dithianyl moiety under reductive conditions. This reaction proceeds well with ZnI2/Na(CN)BH3 in dichloroethane or benzene for both unsubstituted and substituted aryls (by electron-rich groups). This is leading to formyl-protected diarylmethanes with potential application in the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals and optoelectronic materials. This synthetic approach gives an access to a wide variety of functionalized ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes in 26–95% yields and is recommended for the substrates containing sulfur atoms, for which transition metal-induced reactions fail.
Visual Development During the Second Decade of Life in Albinism
Authors: McCafferty Brandon K. , Holleschau Ann M. , Connett John E. , Summers C. Gail
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To evaluate change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) during the second decade of life and the effects of albinism type and extraocular muscle surgery on BCVA in children with albinism.

Methods:

In this retrospective longitudinal study, 41 patients with albinism with clinic visits recording binocular BCVA at least once between the ages of 10 and 13 years (visit A) and again between the ages of 17 and 20 years (visit B) were included. Type of albinism, age at each visit, and interval eye muscle surgeries were recorded for each patient.

Results:

Forty (98%) patients showed BCVA improvement or stability between visits A and B. There was no significant effect of interval extraocular muscle surgery on BCVA. Those carrying either a clinically presumed or moleculary confirmed diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism types 1B and 2 had the best visual outcomes, consistent with previous studies.

Conclusions:

In the majority of patients with albinism, significant improvement in BCVA occurs during the second decade of life. Extraocular muscle surgery was not a significant factor in BCVA improvement in albinism. Overall, the assessments support the finding of improvement of visual acuity in children with albinism at earlier ages and provide new information beneficial in predicting visual outcomes in the second decade of life.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2018;55(4):254–259.]
A Teaching Model of Urban and Rural Planning Curriculum Integrating Virtual Simulation Technology
Authors: Wang Xuhui , Hao Zhao , Luo Sixi , Ren Meimei
Published: May 2018

In the teaching process of Urban and Rural Planning, students not just need to learn relevant theoretical knowledge, but also should flexibly apply relevant theoretical knowledge to practice urban and rural planning. Virtual simulation technology can construct the teaching situation which organically combines theory and practice for the course of Urban and Rural Planning, help students deepen the understanding of theoretical knowledge and enhance theoretical knowledge application and practice ability so as to make up for the defects in Urban and Rural Planning teaching. Thus, virtual simulation technology was integrated in Urban and Rural Planning teaching to form the complete teaching mode in this paper. Practical teaching application shows the teaching mode has good effect on improving students’ theoretical knowledge study and practical ability.
An Interaction Theory-based New Distance Teaching Model for Cross Talk
Authors: Zhou Zhuang
Published: May 2018

At present, most distance education platforms are often featured by the lack of specialty, only deposit teaching resources on the server, and fail to meet students’ needs of selective learning and periodical learning. Secondly, there is no Internet-based online teaching platform system in the current technology to support interactive teaching services. In order to improve the teaching effect, a teaching model was proposed in this study to apply the new distance education technology integrated with interaction theory into art performance courses. The concrete combination method was introduced using the course of Cross Talk as an example. From the comparison between the traditional teaching model and the improved teaching model, it can be seen that integration of the new distance learning model into the teaching of Cross Talk can enhance the teaching effect and improve students’ learning attitude. Moreover, the courseware resources and interactive Q&A module provided via the platform can assist students to reinforce their comprehension of all the knowledge, more intuitively recognize the characteristics of Cross Talk as an art performance course and meet the requirements of modern society on art performance graduates.
« J’étais pas vraiment moi »
Authors: Lancelevée Camille , Protais Caroline
Published: May 2018

Le principe pénal « d’irresponsabilité pour cause de trouble mental » est l’objet d’une controverse importante dans le milieu psychiatrique français depuis les années 1980. Cet article vise à appréhender l’irresponsabilité pénale du point de vue des personnes qui en font l’objet. Les entretiens réalisés avec quinze patients hospitalisés mettent au jour au moins deux façons différentes de vivre l’irresponsabilité pénale et l’hospitalisation psychiatrique qui en résulte. Certains patients trouvent dans le diagnostic psychiatrique des éléments permettant de redonner un fil directeur à leur récit biographique et investissent l’hospitalisation comme un moment de conversion. D’autres personnes refusent ce diagnostic, infondé à leurs yeux. Pour ceux-ci, l’irresponsabilité pénale est vécue comme une mesure injuste et l’hospitalisation comme un enfermement arbitraire. En mettant en évidence ces expériences contrastées de l’irresponsabilité pénale, l’article éclaire sous un autre angle la controverse qui entoure ce principe de justice et apporte une réflexion sur la subjectivité des patients en psychiatrie.
An innovative duodenal perforation surgical repair technique: the BIOPATCH technique
Authors: Coccolini Federico , Raimondo Stefano , Montori Giulia , Catena Fausto , Sartelli Massimo , Palamara Fabrizio , Tomasoni Matteo , Fugazzola Paola , Ceresoli Marco , Ansaloni Luca
Published: May 2018

The treatment of duodenal perforations has scarce options and it is very difficult with an high failure rate. The aim of this work is to describe a new surgical technique that was used to treat ten patients suffering from duodenal perforation. The procedure based on the concept to enforce the duodenal suture with remodeling material allowing to the inflamed and oedematous tissues to heal without to be cut by the repairing stitches themselves, is performed with biological prosthesis patches. 90% of patients treated with this innovative technique experienced a complete healing of the duodenal perforation. This unique surgical technique not only proved to be safe, but it also solved the 90% of duodenal perforations in patients at risk to die.
Urban fire risk control: House design, upgrading and replanning
Authors: Mtani Isabela Wilfred , Mbuya Elinorata Celestine
Published: May 2018

Urbanisation leads to house densification, a phenomenon experienced in both planned and unplanned settlements in cities in developing countries. Such densification limits fire brigade access into settlements, thereby aggravating fire disaster risks. In this article, we assess the fire exposure and risks in residences in informal areas of Mchikichini ward, in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. We rely on interviews of residents and government officials to obtain background on the occurrence and causes of fire accidents, policy provisions and regulations, and experiences with fire outbreaks and coping strategies, as well as on observations and measurements of house transformations, spatial quality and indoor real life. Our findings suggest that fire risks arise from both inappropriate structural characteristics and unsound behavioural practices. This includes unsafe electric practices by residents, poor capacity of residents to fight fires once started, limited access to structures by firefighting equipment because of flouting of planning regulations and inadequate awareness of local government leaders of the magnitude of fire risks. Potential changes to reduce fire risks in the settlement include the installation of firefighting systems, restriction of cooking to designated spaces, use of safer cooking energy sources and lighting means, improvements of vehicle access routes to neighbourhoods, capacity building at the grass root level and the establishment of community-based fire risk management.
La ópera como actividad de ocio a lo largo de la historia
Authors: Cuenca Amigo Macarena
Published: May 2018

Este artículo se sitúa en el punto de vista del público de la ópera y realiza un pequeño recorrido acerca de cómo se ha vivido la ópera como actividad de ocio a lo largo de su historia. En concreto, nuestro objetivo es reflexionar sobre las dimensiones predominantes del ocio en el público de la ópera para cada una de las épocas seleccionadas: los siglos XVII y XVIII; el siglo XIX y el siglo XX. En la actualidad, el estudio del público desde el horizonte de los Estudios de Ocio resulta innovador. Para poder, en un futuro, diseñar propuestas de

desarrollo de audiencias desde el punto de vista del ocio, resulta necesario partir primero de una reflexión histórica, que es lo que en este artículo nos proponemos. Precisamente, al tratarse de una reflexión, la metodología utilizada es la propia de la investigación en el marco del discurso teórico, que consiste en una revisión de la literatura científica. La estructura del artículo es clara y sencilla, ya que se establece un apartado diferenciado para cada una de las

épocas analizadas. Finalmente, las conclusiones relacionan todo lo estudiado con conceptos procedentes de la Teoría del Ocio.
Spatial and temporal variability of interhemispheric transport times
Authors: Wu Xiaokang , Yang Huang , Waugh Darryn W. , Orbe Clara , Tilmes Simone , Lamarque Jean-Francois
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The seasonal and interannual variability of transport times from the northern
midlatitude surface into the Southern Hemisphere is examined using
simulations of three idealized “age” tracers: an ideal age tracer
that yields the mean transit time from northern midlatitudes
and two tracers with uniform 50- and 5-day decay. For all tracers the largest
seasonal and interannual variability occurs near the surface within the
tropics and is generally closely coupled to movement of the Intertropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ). There are, however, notable differences in
variability between the different tracers. The largest seasonal and
interannual variability in the mean age is generally confined to latitudes
spanning the ITCZ, with very weak variability in the southern
extratropics. In contrast, for tracers subject to spatially uniform exponential loss the peak
variability tends to be south of the ITCZ, and there is a smaller contrast
between tropical and extratropical variability. These differences in
variability occur because the distribution of transit times from northern
midlatitudes is very broad and tracers with more rapid loss are more sensitive to
changes in fast transit times than the mean age tracer. These simulations
suggest that the seasonal–interannual variability in the southern extratropics
of trace gases with predominantly NH midlatitude sources may differ
depending on the gases' chemical lifetimes.
Monitoring Global Tropospheric OH Concentrations using Satellite Observations of Atmospheric Methane
Authors: Zhang Yuzhong , Jacob Daniel J. , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Sheng Jian-Xiong , Gautam Ritesh , Worden John
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The hydroxyl radical (OH) is the main tropospheric oxidant and is the largest sink for atmospheric methane. The global abundance of OH has been monitored for the past decades with the methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) proxy. This approach is becoming ineffective as atmospheric CH3CCl3 concentrations decline. Here we propose that satellite observations of atmospheric methane in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) can provide an effective replacement method. The premise is that the atmospheric signature of the methane sink from oxidation by OH is distinct from that of methane emissions. We evaluate this method in an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) framework using synthetic SWIR and TIR satellite observations representative of the TROPOMI and CrIS instruments, respectively. The synthetic observations are interpreted with a Bayesian inverse analysis optimizing both gridded methane emissions and global OH concentrations with detailed error accounting, including errors in meteorological fields and in OH distributions. We find that the satellite observations can constrain the global tropospheric OH concentrations with a precision better than 1 % and an accuracy of about 3 % for SWIR and 7 % for TIR. The inversion can successfully separate contributions from methane emissions and OH concentrations to the methane budget and its trend. We also show that satellite methane observations can constrain the interhemispheric difference in OH. The main limitation to the accuracy is uncertainty in the spatial and seasonal distribution of OH.
Overview of the Meso-NH model version 5.4 and its applications
Authors: Lac Christine , Chaboureau Jean-Pierre , Masson Valéry , Pinty Jean-Pierre , Tulet Pierre , Escobar Juan , Leriche Maud , Barthe Christelle , Aouizerats Benjamin , Augros Clotilde , Aumond Pierre , Auguste Franck , Bechtold Peter , Berthet Sarah , Bielli Soline , Bosseur Frédéric , Caumont Olivier , Cohard Jean-Martial , Colin Jeanne , Couvreux Fleur , Cuxart Joan , Delautier Gaëlle , Dauhut Thibaut , Ducrocq Véronique , Filippi Jean-Baptiste , Gazen Didier , Geoffroy Olivier , Gheusi François , Honnert Rachel , Lafore Jean-Philippe , Lebeaupin Brossier Cindy , Libois Quentin , Lunet Thibaut , Mari Céline , Maric Tomislav , Mascart Patrick , Mogé Maxime , Molinié Gilles , Nuissier Olivier , Pantillon Florian , Peyrillé Philippe , Pergaud Julien , Perraud Emilie , Pianezze Joris , Redelsperger Jean-Luc , Ricard Didier , Richard Evelyne , Riette Sébastien , Rodier Quentin , Schoetter Robert , Seyfried Léo , Stein Joël , Suhre Karsten , Taufour Marie , Thouron Odile , Turner Sandra , Verrelle Antoine , Vié Benoît , Visentin Florian , Vionnet Vincent , Wautelet Philippe
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of-the-art physics parameterization schemes that are important to represent convective-scale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.
Spatio-temporal variations of hydrochemical and isotopic patterns of groundwater in hand-dug wells: the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin, Namibia
Authors: Hamutoko Josefina Tulimevava , Wanke Heike , Beyer Matthias , Gaj Marcel , Koeniger Paul
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The rural population in parts of the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin (CEB) in
Namibia depends on groundwater as a source for drinking and livestock
watering. The aim of this study is to investigate spatial-temporal patterns
for understanding water origins and recharge processes of perched aquifers
in the CEB. The study uses hydrochemical data and water stable isotope
signatures (18O and 2H) of samples collected during (10) ten field
campaigns over a three-year period (from 2014 to 2016) originating from two
regions within the basin (Ohangwena and Omusati). A clear distinction
between the shallow groundwater in the Omusati and Ohangwena regions
documented by TDS values, hydrochemical water types as well as the isotopic
compositions of water. These differences are influenced mainly by their
location in the landscape, depth to water table, the type of well
infrastructure and aquifer material. Spatial and temporal variations
indicate that even though these perched aquifers are both within the same
basin, they are chemically different because of the rock materials in which
their flow. Therefore, these differences in the water hydrochemical
composition as well as the processes governing perched aquifers must be
taken into account when planning groundwater management in the basin.
Mapping groundwater availability and adequacy in the Lower Zambezi River basin
Authors: Pérez-Lapeña Blanca , Saimone Francisco , Juizo Dinis
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Groundwater plays an important role as a source of water for various socio-economic uses and environmental requirements in the lower Zambezi basin in Mozambique. Hence it is important to know its availability and adequacy in space to inform decision making for sustainable water management practices. For a derivation of a Groundwater Availability map and a Groundwater Adequacy map we adapted the DRASTIC methodology in a GIS environment to determine how different parameters, such as precipitation, topography, soil drainage, land use and vegetation cover, aquifer characteristics and groundwater quality affect (i) groundwater recharge on a long-term sustainable basis, (ii) the short-term abstraction potential and (iii) the long-term adequacy of groundwater utilization for domestic use. Results showed that groundwater availability in the Zambezi basin varies mostly from medium to low, with highest potential along the perennial rivers and in the delta where it plays a crucial role in environmental preservation. The southern margin of the Zambezi River shows low groundwater availability and also presents low adequacy for domestic use due to poor groundwater quality. The results from this study will be used in determining the most promising future development pathways and select the most attractive strategic development plans of the Mozambican government for the Lower Zambezi basin.
Water use dynamics of young and mature apple trees planted in South African orchards: a case study of the Golden Delicious and Cripps' Pink cultivars
Authors: Ntshidi Zanele , Dzikiti Sebinasi , Mazvimavi Dominic
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Apple orchards have previously been bearing 60–80 t ha−1 at most. However in recent years yield has increased to more than 100 t ha−1. There is need to understand the water requirements of the high yielding orchards, given that high crop loads are associated with high water use rates. The aim of this study was to quantify the water requirements of young and mature unstressed apple orchards. We also assess the impact of climate variables on transpiration rates. Data was collected in 4 orchards in the Western Cape Province. The orchards comprised young non-bearing (< 3 years) and mature trees planted to the Golden Delicious and Cripps' Pink cultivars, all under micro-sprinkler irrigation. Transpiration by the trees was measured using heat pulse velocity sap flow sensors hourly throughout the growing season (October–June). Weather was monitored using an automatic weather station. Tree transpiration was linearly related to the solar radiation, but the relationship with the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was non-linear. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the sapflux density of the Golden Delicious and Cripp's Pink cultivars. This suggests that these two cultivars have similar water use characteristics. Mature orchards transpired between 6000 to 8000 m3 ha−1 season−1 while non-bearing orchards used between 2000 to 3000 m3 ha−1 season−1.
The Costs and Inference of the Non Electric Affairs in the Electricity Sector: The Political Costs
Authors: Domingues Nuno
Published: May 2018

Due to the public acceptance and to the elections, governants decide to support ways to keep the energy prices low and to avoid major price increases. This could lead to the wrong sensation of a cheap energy and avoid attention from energy efficiency investments and energy savings. This paper compares the actual Portuguese system and the same system without the designated Political Costs.
Humanism Education of Kiyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan (Tracing the Early Muhammadiyah Period of Education and Its Implications)
Authors: Amirudin Noor
Published: May 2018

Education currently loses human aspects (dehumanization).This is because the method that does not provide space to learners to grow according to his nature. So this study aims to (1) know the characteristics of KH Ahmad Dahlan’s education; (2) to know the characteristic of humanism education from KH Ahmad Dahlan’s thinking; and (3) to know the educational implications of humanist KH Ahmad Dahlan’s thinking towards the progress of the nation and social change in Indonesia. In this case the researcher uses the type of library research or library research with data collection methods using documentation method. The approach used by researchers is the method of philosophical approach. From the research that researchers have done, the researchers found that (1) KH Ahmad Dahlan has an educational concept that contains the content of humanism, namely the process of education is based on the understanding that humans are creatures that have potential in them. So the essence of education is to direct that potential to be more useful for human beings; (2) the concept of KH Ahmad Dahlan’s education is forming one's good behavior by maximizing the work of reason and adding the theological content in interpreting education as well as in the educational process; and (3) one of the relics of KH renewal Ahmad Dahlan is the greatest growth of the tradition of learning society.