bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A conundrum of West syndrome, behavioural problems and parental expressed emotions: a case report
Authors: Malik Yogender Kumar , Chauhan Nidhi , Sharma Akhilesh , Padhy Susanta
Published: September 2020

West syndrome (WS) is the most common epileptic syndrome in infancy characterised by epileptic spasms, hypsarrhythmia and neurodevelopmental problems. Epileptic spasms remain in many ways a conundrum, and the ideal intervention, as well as how to screen patients to provide optimal care and certainly its genetic cause, remains puzzling. It is important to screen infants for early recognition and intervention to achieve the optimal outcome. We hereby discuss the approach to management of a boy aged 4½ years old with WS and behavioural problems and of parental expressed emotions.
TIGIT in cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Chauvin Joe-Marc , Zarour Hassane M
Published: September 2020

Tumors evade immune-mediated recognition through multiple mechanisms of immune escape. On chronic tumor antigen exposure, T cells become dysfunctional/exhausted and upregulate various checkpoint inhibitory receptors (IRs) that limit T cells’ survival and function. During the last decade, immunotherapies targeting IRs such as programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have provided ample evidence of clinical benefits in many solid tumors. Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, multiple other IRs are also targeted with immune checkpoint blockade in the clinic. Specifically, T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is a promising new target for cancer immunotherapy. TIGIT is upregulated by immune cells, including activated T cells, natural killer cells, and regulatory T cells. TIGIT binds to two ligands, CD155 (PVR) and CD112 (PVRL2, nectin-2), that are expressed by tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment. There is now ample evidence that the TIGIT pathway regulates T cell-mediated and natural killer cell-mediated tumor recognition in vivo and in vitro. Dual PD-1/TIGIT blockade potently increases tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function in vitro and promotes tumor rejection in mouse tumor models. These findings support development of ongoing clinical trials with dual PD-1/TIGIT blockade in patients with cancer.
Convergent lines of evidence support NOTCH4 as a schizophrenia risk gene
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Shiwu , Li Xiaoyan , Yang Yongfeng , Li Wenqiang , Xiao Xiao , Li Ming , Lv Luxian , Luo XiongJian
Published: September 2020

The association between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia has been repeatedly reported. However, the results from different genetic studies are inconsistent, and the role of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we provide convergent lines of evidence that support NOTCH4 as a schizophrenia risk gene. We first performed a meta-analysis and found that a genetic variant (rs2071287) in NOTCH4 was significantly associated with schizophrenia (a total of 125 848 subjects, p=8.31×10−17), with the same risk allele across all tested samples. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis showed that rs2071287 was significantly associated with NOTCH4 expression (p=1.08×10−14) in human brain tissues, suggesting that rs2071287 may confer schizophrenia risk through regulating NOTCH4 expression. Sherlock integrative analysis using a large-scale schizophrenia GWAS and eQTL data from human brain tissues further revealed that NOTCH4 was significantly associated with schizophrenia (p=4.03×10−7 in CMC dataset and p=3.06×10−6 in xQTL dataset), implying that genetic variants confer schizophrenia risk through modulating NOTCH4 expression. Consistently, we found that NOTCH4 was significantly downregulated in brains of schizophrenia patients compared with controls (p=2.53×10−3), further suggesting that dysregulation of NOTCH4 may have a role in schizophrenia. Finally, we showed that NOTCH4 regulates proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation and migration of neural stem cells, suggesting that NOTCH4 may confer schizophrenia risk through affecting neurodevelopment. Our study provides convergent lines of evidence that support the involvement of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia. In addition, our study also elucidates a possible mechanism for the role of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
In defence of gestatelings: response to Colgrove
Authors: Kingma Elselijn
Published: September 2020

Ectogestation—that is, ‘artificial’ or extramammalian pregnancy—may soon be within technological reach. This confronts us with questions about the correct moral and legal attitude towards the subjects of this technology, which are called ‘gestatelings’. Colgrove argues that gestatelings are a kind of newborn, and consequently should have the same moral and legal protections as newborns. This paper responds that both claims are unsupported by his arguments, which equivocate on two understandings of the term ‘newborn’. Questions about the appropriate moral and legal status of gestatelings are therefore (once again, and correctly) left unanswered, but in the course of attempting to answer them, we are well advised to continue using the term gestateling.
Regulating tobacco retail outlets in Bangladesh: retailers’ views and implications for tobacco control advocacy
Authors: Hossain Sahadat , Anjum Afifa , Uddin Md Elias , Rahman Farzana , Mahmud HM Miraz , Ahmed Md Kapil , Islam M Shamimul
Published: September 2020

Background

Tobacco products are ubiquitously available in Bangladesh. There are currently no restrictions on who can sell tobacco products and where they are allowed to be sold. The objective of this study was to explore tobacco retailers’ views regarding tobacco retail licensing (TRL) in Bangladesh.

Methods

A two-stage cluster sampling procedure was used to collect data from a representative sample of 472 tobacco retailers (97% response rate) in Dhaka city in 2018 through face-to-face interviews using a semistructured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, X2 tests and logistic regression.

Results

The majority (79%) of the retailers reported that they would support TRL, and 68% were interested in applying for TRL if adopted. Support for TRL was higher among those with a university degree (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.8 to 5.3) and among those with knowledge about existing tobacco control regulations (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8). Furthermore, support for TRL was significantly higher among those who believed that it would restrict tobacco retailing locations (AOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.0) and prevent tobacco sales to minors (AOR 3.5, 95% CI 2.2 to 5.5).

Conclusion

This sample of tobacco retailers in Bangladesh supported TRL. TRL advocacy efforts could draw on this support.
State parameter–based thermomechanical constitutive model for saturated fine-grained soils
Authors: Zhu Qi-Yin , Zhuang Pei-Zhi , Yin Zhen-Yu , Yu Hai-Sui
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a two-surface constitutive model for describing thermomechanical behaviour of saturated fine-grained soils at both normally consolidated and overconsolidated states. A thermal-dependent stress ratio-state parameter relation is adopted to account for the effects of temperature on the shape of the state boundary surface (SBS) of soils. In the model, both the size and the shape of the SBS are allowed to vary with temperature, which is evidenced by thermal variation of the mechanical yield loci and the shifts of the normal consolidation line (NCL) and the critical state line (CSL) upon heating and (or) cooling. A thermal yield surface is added for modelling the isotropic thermal deformation of soils more accurately, in particular at overconsolidated states. The mechanical and thermal yield mechanisms are coupled through the temperature-dependent preconsolidation pressure that is controlled by a volumetric hardening law. Based on experimental observations, a nonlinear relationship between the spacing ratio and temperature changes is defined and a simple thermal dependent non-associated flow rule is proposed. The model is validated against some selected experimental results of several soils tested under various mechanical and thermal paths such as drained isotropic heating and cooling, drained and undrained triaxial compression at non-isothermal conditions.
Investigation of the correlation between college students’ success with stoichiometry subproblems and metacognitive awareness
Authors: Gulacar O. , Cox C. , Tribble E. , Rothbart N. , Cohen-Sandler R.
Published: September 2020

The development of problem-solving skills — particularly with stoichiometry concepts — is paramount for succeeding in a general chemistry sequence. Key concepts related to problem solving and stoichiometry were analyzed and reported in this paper. The study analyzed retention of stoichiometry concepts over two consecutive quarters, the correlations between metacognition and success, and the correlations between the COSINE (Coding System for Investigating Subproblems and the Network) codes with the categories measured by the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI). Two cohorts, identified as the general and focus groups, were evaluated in the study. The general group (n = 39) took MAI in the Fall quarter and completed one multi-step question as a part of their regular exam. Concurrently, the focus group (n = 20) participated in a think-aloud session in which they solved six stoichiometry questions. Using a 95% confidence level, statistical differences between the fall and winter problem-solving performances were observed with the focus group. Furthermore, statistically significant correlations (using a 95% level of confidence) were observed between the MAI categories and the COSINE codes.
A variable-order viscoelastic constitutive model under constant strain rate
Authors: Wang Yao , Sun Dagang , Li Zhanlong , Qin Yuan , Sun Bao
Published: September 2020

Traditional viscoelastic constitutive models encounter the problems of massive parameters and ambiguous physical meanings. A new concept variable-order viscoelastic constitutive (called VOVC) model is put forward based on the constant fractional-order constitutive model and viscoelastic theory. The determination methods of the two parameters in the VOVC model, including the material coefficient and viscoelastic coefficient, are discussed both in the tensile and resilient processes. Comparisons are made between the VOVC model and traditional constitutive models, i.e., the constant fractional-order Kelvin–Voigt (CFKV) model, the Zhu–Wang–Tang nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic constitutive (ZWT) model, and the Ogden nonlinear hyper-elastic (Ogden) model. The results show that the VOVC model with the constant material coefficient and the variable viscoelastic coefficient predicts the whole evolution of the constitutive behavior of the viscoelastic material under the constant strain rate more precisely. The constant material coefficient in the VOVC model means the stiffness of the viscoelastic material. The variable viscoelastic coefficient in the model means the distribution of the elasticity and viscosity. The proposed VOVC model contains a simpler structure, fewer parameters, clearer physical meanings, and higher precision.
Electroencephalography-Derived Prognosis of Functional Recovery in Acute Stroke Through Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Chiarelli Antonio Maria , Croce Pierpaolo , Assenza Giovanni , Merla Arcangelo , Granata Giuseppe , Giannantoni Nadia Mariagrazia , Pizzella Vittorio , Tecchio Franca , Zappasodi Filippo
Published: September 2020

Stroke, if not lethal, is a primary cause of disability. Early assessment of markers of recovery can allow personalized interventions; however, it is difficult to deliver indexes in the acute phase able to predict recovery. In this perspective, evaluation of electrical brain activity may provide useful information. A machine learning approach was explored here to predict post-stroke recovery relying on multi-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of few minutes performed at rest. A data-driven model, based on partial least square (PLS) regression, was trained on 19-channel EEG recordings performed within 10 days after mono-hemispheric stroke in 101 patients. The band-wise (delta: 1–4[Formula: see text]Hz, theta: 4–7[Formula: see text]Hz, alpha: 8–14[Formula: see text]Hz and beta: 15–30[Formula: see text]Hz) EEG effective powers were used as features to predict the recovery at 6 months (based on clinical status evaluated through the NIH Stroke Scale, NIHSS) in an optimized and cross-validated framework. In order to exploit the multimodal contribution to prognosis, the EEG-based prediction of recovery was combined with NIHSS scores in the acute phase and both were fed to a nonlinear support vector regressor (SVR). The prediction performance of EEG was at least as good as that of the acute clinical status scores. A posteriori evaluation of the features exploited by the analysis highlighted a lower delta and higher alpha activity in patients showing a positive outcome, independently of the affected hemisphere. The multimodal approach showed better prediction capabilities compared to the acute NIHSS scores alone ([Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text], AUC = 0.80 versus AUC = 0.70, [Formula: see text]). The multimodal and multivariate model can be used in acute phase to infer recovery relying on standard EEG recordings of few minutes performed at rest together with clinical assessment, to be exploited for early and personalized therapies. The easiness of performing EEG may allow such an approach to become a standard-of-care and, thanks to the increasing number of labeled samples, further improving the model predictive power.
Thermal properties of a two-dimensional Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau oscillator under an external magnetic field in the presence of a minimal length
Authors: Aounallah H. , Lütfüoğlu B. C. , Kříž J.
Published: September 2020

Generalized uncertainty principle puts forward the existence of the shortest distances and/or maximum momentum at the Planck scale for consideration. In this article, we investigate the solutions of a two-dimensional Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau (DKP) oscillator within an external magnetic field in a minimal length (ML) scale. First, we obtain the eigensolutions in ordinary quantum mechanics. Then, we examine the DKP oscillator in the presence of an ML for the spin-zero and spin-one sectors. We determine an energy eigenvalue equation in both cases with the corresponding eigenfunctions in the non-relativistic limit. We show that in the ordinary quantum mechanic limit, where the ML correction vanishes, the energy eigenvalue equations become identical with the habitual quantum mechanical ones. Finally, we employ the Euler–Mclaurin summation formula and obtain the thermodynamic functions of the DKP oscillator in the high-temperature scale.
Design of Low Power with Expanded Noise Margin Subthreshold 12T SRAM Cell for Ultra-Low Power Devices
Authors: Kumar Harekrishna , Tomar V. K.
Published: September 2020

In the proposed work, a differential write and single-ended read half-select free 12 transistors static random access memory cell is designed and simulated. The proposed cell has a considerable reduction in power dissipation with better stability and moderate performance. This cell operates in subthreshold region and has a higher value of read static noise margin as compared to conventional six transistors static random access memory cell. A power cut-off technique is utilized between access and pull-up transistors during the write operation. It results in an increase in write static noise margin as compared to all considered cells. In the proposed cell, read and write access time is improved along with a reduction in read/write power dissipation as compared to conventional six transistors static random access memory cell. The bitline leakage current in the proposed cell is reduced which improves the [Formula: see text] ratio of the cell under subthreshold region. The proposed cell occupies less area as compared to considered radiation-hardened design 12 transistors static random access memory cell. The computed electrical quality metric of proposed cell is better among considered static random access memory cells. Process variation analysis of read stability, access time, power dissipation, read current and leakage current has been performed with the help of Monte Carlo simulation at 3,000 points to get more soundness in the results. All characteristics of static random access memory cells are compared at various supply voltages.
Pseudofinite groups and VC-dimension
Authors: Conant Gabriel , Pillay Anand
Published: September 2020

We develop “local NIP group theory” in the context of pseudofinite groups. In particular, given a sufficiently saturated pseudofinite structure [Formula: see text] expanding a group, and left invariant NIP formula [Formula: see text], we prove various aspects of “local fsg” for the right-stratified formula [Formula: see text]. This includes a [Formula: see text]-type-definable connected component, uniqueness of the pseudofinite counting measure as a left-invariant measure on [Formula: see text]-formulas and generic compact domination for [Formula: see text]-definable sets.
Catalytic Performance of CuPd/BNNS Nanocatalysts Prepared by Microwave-Assisted Synthesis for the Reduction of Cr(VI)
Authors: Zhang Xiaorui , Li Guohua , Hu Enyan , Xu Longjun , Gan Siping , Zhai Jiaxin
Published: September 2020

Copper-palladium (CuPd)/boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) nanocatalysts were successfully prepared by a microwave-assisted method by using BNNSs as a carrier. These catalysts with a low noble metal content had a high catalytic activity for Cr(VI) reduction at room temperature. The reaction rate reached 0.04044[Formula: see text]s[Formula: see text], which was approximately 2.5 times that of Cu8Pd2/rGO with the same metal loading amount. Compared with the previously reported PdCu/NG nanocatalysts with a high noble metal content, the reaction rate increased more than five times. This is of great significance to the application of supported metal composites in environmental catalysis. The structure and morphology of the catalyst was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Several types of control experiments showed that the catalytic activity of the catalysts was not only influenced by the synergistic effect of bimetallic CuPd and metal-BNNSs but also related to the catalytic effect of the BNNS carrier itself.
Overview of Emergency Management and Disaster Medicine in the Context of COVID-19
Authors: Wang Mingyu , Lian Shizhong , Wu Yibo
Published: September 2020

Human production, scientific research and economic activities interact with the natural environment. The industrial revolution promotes the development of human social productivity, but at the same time, it also affects and destroys the living environment. The emergence of catastrophic accidents, the leakage of a large number of harmful substances, and the explosive spread of disease outbreaks have brought many new medical problems. In recent decades, natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods have occurred frequently, man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks and nuclear leakage, and public health emergencies such as SARS and COVID-19 have directly threatened the survival and development of mankind. This paper reviews the background, definition, content, and development of emergency management and disaster medicine, and illustrates the significance of emergency management, disaster medicine, and health communication for social security and stability in the context of the community with a shared future for mankind, based on China’s experience in fighting SARS and COVID-19.
An Interview with Peter Denning
Authors: Branagan Brian
Published: September 2020

Ubiquity
is dedicated to the future of computing and the people who are creating it. What exactly does this mean for readers, for contributors, and for editors soliciting and reviewing contributions? We decided to ask the editor in chief, Peter Denning, how he approaches the future, and how his philosophy is reflected in the design and execution of the
Ubiquity
mission. He had a surprisingly rich set of answers to our questions. We believe his answers may be helpful for all our readers with their own approaches to their own futures.
Ubiquity symposium: The science in computer science
Authors: Yaffe Philip
Published: September 2020

Phil Yaffe has provided numerous commentaries on various aspects of professional communication, which have helped readers more effectively articulate their own ideas about the future of computing. Here he tells us about how scientists see the world---the "scientific approach," he calls it---because he thinks many non-scientists see the world in a similar way. This realization can lower barriers of communication with scientists.
The Rock Stars of eLearning: An interview with Patti Shank
Authors: Raymer Rick
Published: September 2020

Supporting the eLearning industry with top-notch research, Patti Shank is helping to shape the strategic vision of training and development, which is why she's an eLearning Rock Star.
Mobilizing Knowledge to Create Convenient Learning Moments
Authors: Ballance Chanin
Published: September 2020

Employees are craving convenient learning moments between meetings, at home or in transit. By providing access to relevant information on-demand, organizations can improve time-management, boost performance and increase productivity. But, successfully mobilizing knowledge requires a special skillset. This article explains how to make information available on any device--smartphone, laptop, PC--in a way that is effective and engaging.
Yammer in the Classroom
Authors: Raish Victoria
Published: September 2020

Having a debate is a very effective way of engaging students with the class material that requires higher-level thinking skills such as creation, synthesis, reformulation, and communication of original ideas. The traditional face-to-face debate is difficult to transition to a completely asynchronous virtual learning environment. Using a social media platform in a Learning, Design, and Technology course at Penn State University allowed virtual students to engage emotively with the material in the same manner as their residential peers. Yammer proved to be a very valuable tool for conducting this debate and enhancing the learning experience of virtual students, especially those who are in asynchronous classes.
eLearning and Digital Cultures: A multitudinous open online course
Authors: Knox Jeremy
Published: September 2020

The fields of eLearning and distance education are long established, as are cultures of openness in tutoring and institutional instruction. So what's new about MOOCs? This article considers what huge enrollment numbers and an increasingly global audience mean for education in the digital age.
The Rock Stars of eLearning: An interview with Connie Malamed
Authors: Raymer Rick
Published: September 2020

Connie Malamed shares her inner vision in this final interview of 'The Rock Stars of eLearning' series.
Alicia Sanchez: A review of recent games research
Authors: Bozarth Jane
Published: September 2020

Alicia Sanchez is a regular fixture at conferences where she presents highlights and key findings on current research related to gaming and online learning. Collected in this overview are six studies that address the characteristics of and impact of games. In this inteview, Dr. Sanchez shares her thoughts on the use of games in online learning.
The Art of Aligning Business Expectations with Learning Effectiveness
Authors: Jennings Chris
Published: September 2020

In the first in a series of articles about building a an effective online training and certification program based on principles practiced at Google, Chris Jennings discusses how to get stakeholders on board when it comes time to invest in eLearning.
A Fundamental Look at Cultural Diversity and the Online Classroom
Authors: Milheim Karen
Published: September 2020

Understanding the unique differences between online and traditional classroom environments, and how culture manifests itself within each setting, can help shape a positive educational experience for students. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad overview of how cultural diversity can influence the online classroom. The author suggests ways instructional professionals can work towards improving the online learning experience for culturally diverse student groups with respect to communication, course design, and acknowledgement of differences.
The 7% rule revisited
Authors: Yaffe Philip
Published: September 2020

Each "Communication Corner" essay is self-contained; however, they build on each other. For best results, before reading this essay and doing the exercise, go to the first essay "How an Ugly Duckling Became a Swan," then read each succeeding essay.

In this installment, Philip Yaffe debunks the myth of verbal versus non-verbal communication.
ALGEM - an algebraic manipulator
Authors: Gotlieb C. C. , Novak R. J.
Published: September 2020

ALGEM is a package of subprograms written in SLIP, FORTRAN IV and MAP for the IBM 7094 II to manipulate algebraic expressions. ALGEM's basic algebraic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation. It is capable of handling any number of single letter variables, variable exponents, and of finding the highest common factor of two polynomials. Also included are such functions as substitution, differentiation, determining coefficients of specified variables, solving a linear equation, basic I/0 routines plus other special purpose and arithmetic routines. The major innovation of ALGEM over other manipulators is the assignment of types to all expressions and the use of a standard ordering procedure.
A syntax-directed approach to automated aids for symbolic math
Authors: Clapp L.
Published: September 2020

Designing a system for the analytic processing of mathematical functions around a central syntax processor and permitting the user to work within the context of mathematical syntax leads to a flexible system with a broad range of capabilities. One advantage to this approach is that the basic system can be developed without many a priori restrictions on the nature of the mathematical entities to be processed. Once the basic structure has been developed, the user is free to define and operate within his own system of mathematics by modifying or extending the syntax definitions. After the basic system has been developed, higher level operations such as those involving matrices or functions of a complex variable can be added to the existing structure, with a minimum of effort because of the flexibility inherent in the syntax-directed approach. A potential disadvantage to the syntax-directed approach is the length of time required to perform an operation if the processing is handled interpretively.
Programming languages, logic and cooperative games
Authors: Hodes L.
Published: September 2020

An application of computers is presented which is not restricted to a single problem area but is perhaps not general purpose enough to be considered a programming language, even a problem-oriented one. The application is a program to eliminate quantifiers and bound variables from logical statements in the theory of addition on the real numbers. These statements differ from work in linear inequalities by formal use of quantifiers. The first, introductory, part of the paper argues that from one point of view, this application does provide a higher level programming language. The second part is a description of the method, due basically to Langford, that has been programmed. The last section describes a subapplication to the problem area of bargaining sets of cooperative games where other interesting non-numerical problems arise.
Symbolic manipulation of Poisson series
Authors: Danby J. , Deprit A. , Rom A.
Published: September 2020

Poisson series of three variables are manageable symbolically through a set of formal subroutines written partially in the IBM 7094 machine language, but to be called in the FoRTRAN language for use in FoRTRAN programs. An effort has been made to supply those operations which are most required by celestial mechanics. The routines are entirely self-contained subroutines and require only standard FoRTRAN input/output units 5 and 6; they are designed to avoid waste and overflow of core storage space.
A FORMAC program for the solution of linear boundary and initial value problems
Authors: Cuthill E.
Published: September 2020

A computer program is described which has been developed for obtaining approximate solutions to linear initial and boundaryvalue problems involving differential equations. For each problem, input to the program includes:

1. The equations (in symbolic form) to be satisfied-the differential equations, equations describing auxiliary conditions such as boundary conditions, etc.

2. A numerical description of the regions in which each of the equations are to be satisfied.

3. Sets of functions (in symbolic form) to be used in linear combinations to approximate the solution functions. Given the above input, the program generates an approximation to the solution of the specified problem in terms of the specified functions which is optimum in the least-squares sense. A number of examples illustrating the use of the program are included in the paper.
Guide to the internet
Authors: Farman Greg
Published: September 2020

No matter where on earth, it isn't hard to find creative individuals who see the advantages that technology can confer.
Psychological Underpinnings of Brands
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Romani Simona , Grappi Silvia , Zarantonello Lia
Published: September 2020

Research in psychology has shown that even routinely experienced everyday objects such as brands can trigger cognitively engaging, emotional, and socially meaningful experiences. In this article, we review three key areas where current advances reside: brands as passive objects with utilitarian and symbolic meanings, brands as relationship partners and regulators of personal relationships, and brands as creators of social identity with social group linking value. Research in these areas is grounded in a number of fundamental perspectives within cognitive, emotional, motivational, personality, interpersonal, and group psychology. We conclude by addressing emerging areas for research.
Failure Modes and Survival of Anterior Crowns Supported by Narrow Implant Systems
Authors: Bergamo Edmara T. P. , de Araújo-Júnior Everardo N. S. , Lopes Adolfo C. O. , Coelho Paulo G. , Zahoui Abbas , Benalcázar Jalkh Ernesto B. , Bonfante Estevam A.
Published: September 2020

The reduced hardware design of narrow implants increases the risk of fracture not only of the implant itself but also of the prosthetic constituents. Hence, the current study is aimed at estimating the probability of survival of anterior crowns supported by different narrow implant systems. Three different narrow implant systems of internal conical connections were evaluated (Ø3.5 × 10 mm): (i) Active (Nobel Biocare), (ii) Epikut (S.I.N. Implant System), and (iii) BLX (Straumann). Abutments were torqued to the implants, and standardized maxillary incisor crowns were cemented. The assemblies were subjected to step‐stress accelerated life testing (SSALT) in water through load application of 30 degrees off‐axis lingually at the incisal edge of the crowns using a flat tungsten carbide indenter until fracture or suspension. The use level probability Weibull curves and reliability for completion of a mission of 100,000 cycles at 80 N and 120 N were calculated and plotted. Weibull modulus and characteristic strength were also calculated and plotted. Fractured samples were analyzed in a stereomicroscope. The beta (β) values were 1.6 (0.9‐3.1) and 1.4 (0.9‐2.2) for BLX and Active implants, respectively, and 0.5 (0.3‐0.8) for the Epikut implant, indicating that failures were mainly associated with fatigue damage accumulation in the formers, but more likely associated with material strength in the latter. All narrow implant systems showed high probability of survival (≥95%, CI: 85‐100%) at 80 and 120 N, without significant difference between them. Weibull modulus ranged from 6 to 14. The characteristic strength of Active, Epikut, and BLX was 271 (260‐282) N, 216 (205‐228) N, and 275 (264‐285) N, respectively. The failure mode predominantly involved abutment and/or abutment screw fracture, whereas no narrow implant was fractured. Therefore, all narrow implant systems exhibited a high probability of survival for anterior physiologic masticatory forces, and failures were restricted to abutment and abutment screw.
Tuberculosis and COVID-19: Lessons from the Past Viral Outbreaks and Possible Future Outcomes
Authors: Crisan-Dabija Radu , Grigorescu Cristina , Pavel Cristina-Alice , Artene Bogdan , Popa Iolanda Valentina , Cernomaz Andrei , Burlacu Alexandru
Published: September 2020

Background. The threat of contagious infectious diseases is constantly evolving as demographic explosion, travel globalization, and changes in human lifestyle increase the risk of spreading pathogens, leading to accelerated changes in disease landscape. Of particular interest is the aftermath of superimposing viral epidemics (especially SARS-CoV-2) over long-standing diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), which remains a significant disease for public health worldwide and especially in emerging economies.Methods and Results. The PubMed electronic database was systematically searched for relevant articles linking TB, influenza, and SARS-CoV viruses and subsequently assessed eligibility according to inclusion criteria. Using a data mining approach, we also queried the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). We aimed to answer the following questions: What can be learned from other coronavirus outbreaks (focusing on TB patients)? Is coinfection (TB and SARS-CoV-2) more severe? Is there a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2? How does the TB vaccine affect COVID-19? How does one diagnosis affect the other?Discussions. Few essential elements about TB and SARS-CoV coinfections were discussed. First, lessons from past outbreaks (other coronaviruses) and influenza pandemic/seasonal outbreaks have taught the importance of infection control to avoid the severe impact on TB patients. Second, although challenging due to data scarcity, investigating the pathological pathways linking TB and SARS-CoV-2 leads to the idea that their coexistence might yield a more severe clinical evolution. Finally, we addressed the issues of vaccination and diagnostic reliability in the context of coinfection.Conclusions. Because viral respiratory infections and TB impede the host’s immune responses, it can be assumed that their lethal synergism may contribute to more severe clinical evolution. Despite the rapidly growing number of cases, the data needed to predict the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with latent TB and TB sequelae still lies ahead. The trial is registered withNCT04327206,NCT01829490, andNCT04121494.
Exercise Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Choi Hyun-young , Cho Ki-Ho , Jin Chul , Lee JiEun , Kim Tae-Hun , Jung Woo-Sang , Moon Sang-Kwan , Ko Chang-Nam , Cho Seung-Yeon , Jeon Chan-Yong , Choi Tae Young , Lee Myeong Soo , Lee Sang-Ho , Chung Eun Kyoung , Kwon Seungwon
Published: September 2020

Recently, rehabilitative exercise therapies have been described as an important method of overcoming the limitations of the conventional therapies for Parkinson’s disease. The present study aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of exercise therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Randomized controlled trials that evaluated exercise therapies in patients with Parkinson’s disease until December 2016 were searched for in five electronic databases: PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, OASIS, and CNKI. Eighteen studies (1,144 patients) were included. The overall methodological quality was not high. Patients who underwent exercise therapies exhibited statistically significant improvements in the total UPDRS, UPDRS II and III, Berg Balance Scale, preferred walking speed, and Timed Up and Go Test compared to patients who underwent nonexercise therapies. In comparison to patients who performed regular activity, patients who underwent exercise therapies exhibited statistically significant improvements in the total UPDRS, UPDRS II, and UPDRS III. Exercise therapies were found to be relatively safe. Exercise therapies might promote improvements in the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, due to the small number of randomized controlled trials and methodological limitations, we are unable to draw concrete conclusions. Therefore, further studies with better designs will be needed.
Influence of Multiple Factors on the Explosion Characteristics of Flammable Gases in Municipal Sewage Pipelines
Authors: Lv Pengfei , Zhang Jiaxu , Pang Lei , Yang Kai , Sun Siheng
Published: September 2020

Using the hydrodynamic software Fluidyn, a numerical model comprising a top‐sealed vertical inspection well and a horizontal well with openings at both ends was built based on symmetry, to study the explosion propagation of flammable gases in typical municipal sewage pipelines. The vertical well had a diameter of 0.7 m and different depths (2 m, 4 m, and 6 m), and the horizontal well had a diameter of 0.8 m and a length of 20 m at both sides. The effects of different ignition positions, well depths, and gas compositions and concentrations on the explosion characteristics and rules governing the propagation of flammable gases in a municipal sewage pipeline were investigated. The findings suggest that different ignition positions (at the top, middle, and bottom of the inspection well) did not lead to a significant difference between peak explosion pressure and temperatures but had a substantial influence on the propagation velocity of the explosion flame near the corner of the junction between the vertical inspection well and the horizontal well. Different inspection well depths had no significant impact on the peak explosion pressure or temperature but had a substantial effect on the propagation velocity of the explosion flame at the bottom of the well. Compared with a methane (CH4) explosion at a concentration of 6%, the peak explosion pressure, peak explosion temperature, and flame propagation velocity of a CH4 and oil‐gas mixture at a concentration ratio of 6% : 1% were found to be significantly higher. With increasing oil‐gas concentrations (2%, 4%, and 6%), the peak pressure, temperature, and flame propagation velocity continued to decrease. The findings of this study can help prevent explosion accidents in municipal sewage pipelines and provide a reference to support the establishment of related standards.
Evaluation of Lateral‐Flow Assay for Rapid Detection of Influenza Virus
Authors: Han Meng-Yi , Xie Tian-Ao , Li Jia-Xin , Chen Hui-Jin , Yang Xiao-Hui , Guo Xu-Guang
Published: September 2020

Background. Influenza virus mainly causes acute respiratory infections in humans. However, the diagnosis of influenza is not accurate based on clinical evidence, as the symptoms of flu are similar to other respiratory virus. The lateral‐flow assay is a rapid method to detect influenza virus. But the effectiveness of the technique in detecting flu viruses is unclear. Hence, a meta‐analysis would be performed to evaluate the accuracy of LFA in detecting influenza virus. Methods. Relevant literature was searched out in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases with the keywords “lateral flow assay” and “flu virus”. By Meta‐DiSc software, pooled sensitivity, pooled specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC), and area under the curve (AUC) can be calculated. Results. This meta‐analysis contains 13 studies and 24 data. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the influenza virus detected by LFA were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82‐0.86) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.97‐0.98), respectively. The pooled values of PLR, NLR, DOR, and SROC were 32.68 (17.16‐62.24), 0.17 (0.13‐0.24), 334.07 (144.27‐773.53), and 0.9877. No publication bias was found. Conclusions. LFA exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing influenza virus. It is a valuable alternative method which can diagnose influenza virus quickly. However, more evidence is required to confirm whether LFA is comparable to traditional methods for detecting the virus.
Research on Sentiment Classification Algorithms on Online Review
Authors: Yan Ruixia , Xia Zhijie , Xie Yanxi , Wang Xiaoli , Song Zukang
Published: September 2020

The product online review text contains a large number of opinions and emotions. In order to identify the public’s emotional and tendentious information, we present reinforcement learning models in which sentiment classification algorithms of product online review corpus are discussed in this paper. In order to explore the classification effect of different sentiment classification algorithms, we conducted a research on Naive Bayesian algorithm, support vector machine algorithm, and neural network algorithm and carried out some comparison using a concrete example. The evaluation indexes and the three algorithms are compared in different lengths of sentence and word vector dimensions. The results present that neural network algorithm is effective in the sentiment classification of product online review corpus.
Censoring-Based Relay Transmission for Achieving Energy Efficiency in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Feng Li , Sun Jirong , Sun Hua , Tang Shengju
Published: September 2020

Energy efficiency (EE) is critical to achieve cooperative sensing and transmission in relay-assisted cognitive radio networks (CRNs) with limited battery capacity. This paper proposes an energy-efficient cooperative transmission strategy with combined censoring report and spatial diversity in cooperative process, namely, censoring-based relay transmission (CRT). Specifically, secondary relays (SRs) take part in cooperative sensing with differential censoring to reduce energy consumption, and the best SR assists secondary transmission to enhance communication quality in transmission stage and thus to improve secondary transmission EE. First, we derived generalized-form expressions for detection probability, reporting probability, sensing energy, and expected throughput for CRT. Second, we investigate a mean EE-oriented maximization nonconvex problem by joint optimizing sensing duration and power allocation for secondary users under secondary outage probability and sensing performance constraints. With the aid of Jensen’s inequality, an efficient cross-iteration algorithm with low complexity is proposed to obtain the suboptimal solutions, which is developed by golden segmentation search method. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of CRT. The results show significant improvements of SUs’ EE compared with traditional noncooperation single cognitive transmission schemes, which demonstrate the benefits of our proposed cooperative strategy in conserving energy for secondary transmission.
Comparison of the Effect of Enteral Feeding through the Bolus and Continuous Methods on Serum Phosphorus and Glucose Levels in Patients with Mechanical Ventilation: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Seyyedi Javad , Rooddehghan Zahra , Mohammadi Mostafa , Haghani Shima
Published: September 2020

Introduction. Patients who are under mechanical ventilation in intensive care units need to have nutritional support. Also, feeding methods affect serum phosphorus and glucose levels, which are very important in weaning patients off the ventilator. Thus, this study is to compare the effects of both bolus and continuous enteral feeding methods on serum phosphorus and glucose levels in patients with mechanical ventilation.Methods. In this clinical trial study, 34 patients in the intensive care unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital affiliated to the Tehran University of Medical Sciences satisfied inclusion criteria and were randomly divided into control and intervention groups. Sampling was done between October and February 2018. The intervention group received continuous enteral feeding for one week, and the control group received nutrition by the bolus method. The blood glucose level was measured every six hours, and the serum phosphorus level was recorded at the beginning and the end of the intervention, based on the data entry form with respect to all ethical considerations. Data analysis was done by SPSS-20 software.Results. The serum phosphorus level was significantly increased in the intervention group (P=0.004) and in the control group (P<0.001) and was compared with the previous intervention. No significant difference was found between the intervention and control groups before and after the intervention (P=0.22) and also one week after the intervention (P=0.14). There was also no significant difference between the glucose levels from day 1 to day 7 in the control group (P=0.33) and the intervention group (P=0.086).Discussion. Nutritional support in both bolus and continuous methods increased the serum phosphorus level. It indicates the importance of the nutritional method in controlling the phosphorus level in critically ill patients. However, there was no difference between the effects of dietary methods on blood glucose control.
The Enteric Nervous System and Its Emerging Role as a Therapeutic Target
Authors: Fleming Mark A. , Ehsan Lubaina , Moore Sean R. , Levin Daniel E.
Published: September 2020

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), an extensive neuronal network that traverses along its walls. Due to local reflex circuits, the ENS is capable of functioning with and without input from the central nervous system. The functions of the ENS range from the propulsion of food to nutrient handling, blood flow regulation, and immunological defense. Records of it first being studied emerged in the early 19thcentury when the submucosal and myenteric plexuses were discovered. This was followed by extensive research and further delineation of its development, anatomy, and function during the next two centuries. The morbidity and mortality associated with the underdevelopment, infection, or inflammation of the ENS highlight its importance and the need for us to completely understand its normal function. This review will provide a general overview of the ENS to date and connect specific GI diseases including short bowel syndrome with neuronal pathophysiology and current therapies. Exciting opportunities in which the ENS could be used as a therapeutic target for common GI diseases will also be highlighted, as the further unlocking of such mechanisms could open the door to more therapy-related advances and ultimately change our treatment approach.