bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOUBLY PERIODIC SETS OF THIN BRANCHED INCLUSIONS IN THE ELASTIC MEDIUM: STRESS CONCENTRATION AND EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES
Authors: Sulym Heorhiy , Pasternak Iaroslav , Kutsyk Serhiy , Grodzki Wojciech
Published: January 2014

This paper considers the doubly periodic problem of elasticity for anisotropic solids containing regular sets of thin branched inclusions. A coupling principle for continua of different dimension is utilized for modeling of thin inhomogeneities and the boundary element technique is adopted for numerical solution of the problem. The branches of the inclusion can interact both inside the representative volume element and at the interface of neighbor representative elements. A particular example of the elastic medium reinforced by a doubly periodic set of I-beams is considered. Stress intensity and stress concentration inside and outside thin inclusions are determined. The dependence of the effective mechanical properties of the reinforced composite material on the volume fraction of the filament and its rigidity is obtained.
INFLUENCE OF SALIVA AND ITS SUBSTITUTES ON CORROSION OF SOME IMPLANT ALLOYS
Authors: Andrysewicz Edyta , Mystkowska Joanna , Dąbrowski Jan Ryszard , Och Ewa , Skolimowska Katarzyna , Klekotka Marcin
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this paper is evaluation of the influence of human saliva and its substitutes on the corrosion resistance of some implant alloys used in stomatology, which included: austenitic steel (316L), titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), and cobalt alloy (CoCrMo). Corrosion studies were conducted by means of the potentiodynamic method with the application of the VoltaLab 21 kit with VoltaMaster 4 software. The reference electrode was a saturated calomel electrode (SCE), whereas the counter electrode was a platinum electrode. The results of conducted studies indicate an increased current density in the passive range on potentiodynamic curves of studied alloys in the environment of human saliva, and also in a commercial saliva solution - Mucinox. On the basis of conducted corrosion studies, it can be stated that in terms of corrosion resistance the developed saliva substitutes may constitute competitive solutions to commercial saliva substitutes. The prepared substitutes should be studied further from the perspective of practical application for patients. The original value of the paper is a proposition of new saliva substitutes.
REAL FLIGHT DEMONSTRATION OF PITCH AND ROLL CONTROL FOR UAV CANYON FLIGHTS
Authors: Kownacki Cezary
Published: January 2014

The paper presents results of an experiment prepared to validate the autonomous control of obstacle avoidance designed for a micro UAV to fly in urban canyons. The idea of the obstacle avoidance assumes usage of two miniature laser rangefinders responsible for obstacle detection and range measurement. Measured ranges from obstacles placed on both sides of UAV can be used to simultaneous control of desired roll and pitch angles. Such combination of controls allows achieving high agility of UAV, because during a maneuver of obstacle avoidance UAV can make a turn and climb at the same time. In the experiment, controls of roll and pitch angles were verified separately to ensure high reliability of results and clearance of UAV behavior in the real flight. Because of lack of appropriate objects, which can be used as obstacles, laser rangefinders were directed vertically to the ground instead of the original horizontal configuration. So sensors determine ranges from the ground during a descent flight of UAV, and if their values are lower than defined threshold, it could be interpreted as obstacle detection. The experiment results present UAV behavior adequate to designed controls of roll and pitch angle. The vehicle turns in the opposite direction to the sensing axis of laser rangefinder detecting an obstacle and starts climbing when both sensors detect obstacles at the same range below the threshold.
CFD MODEL OF A MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID IN SQUEEZE MODE
Authors: Sapiński Bogdań , Szczęch Marcin
Published: January 2014

The study briefly outlines a CFD model of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid operated in squeeze mode with a constant interface area using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) approach. The underlying assumption is that the MR fluid is placed between two surfaces of which at least one can be subject to a prescribed displacement or a force input. The widely employed Bingham model, which fails to take into account the yield stress variations depending on the height of the gap, has been modified. Computation data obtained in the ANSYS CFX environment are compared with experimental results.
The use of Weibull Statistics to Quantify Property Variability in Fe-3Mn-0.8C Sinter-Hardened Structurally Inhomogeneous Steels
Authors: Cias A. , Czarski A.
Published: January 2014

Low carbon ferro-manganese and graphite powders were admixed to Hoganas sponge, NC100.24, and water atomised, ABC 100.30 and ASC 100.29, iron powders - to produce three variants of sintered Fe-3Mn-0.8C steel. These were pressed into tensile and bend specimens at 660 MPa, sintered in semi-closed containers for 1 hour in dry nitrogen or hydrogen at 1120 or 1250°C and cooled at 64°C/min. Both tensile strength and transverse rupture strength were examined using Weibull statistics. This paper presents the results of a study to develop and evaluate goodness of fit tests for the two- and three-parameter Weibull distributions. The study was initiated because of discrepancies in published critical values for two-parameter Weibull distribution goodness of fit tests and the lack of general three-parameter Weibull distribution goodness of fit tests for properties of PM steels.
Carbidic Bainitic and Ausferritic Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: Gumienny G.
Published: January 2014

This article presents new kinds of carbidic ductile cast iron with different microstructures of the metal matrix. This cast iron was obtained using the Inmold method nodularisation which guarantees strong refining of graphite and the metal matrix components. A different microstructure of the metal matrix of the cast iron was obtained without any thermal treatment (unwrought) by a suitable composition of alloy additives. It was shown that by adding molybdenum, chromium, nickel and copper it is possible to obtain in the cast iron metal matrix consisting of upper bainite, its mixture with lower bainite or ausferrite in the casts with the wall thickness of 3/25 mm. The process of cast iron crystallization is presented and described with the help of the thermal and derivative analysis (TDA) curves. It also shows the thermal effects from transformation of austenite in solid state.
The Effect of Dynamic Compression on the Evolution of Microstructure in Aluminium and its Alloys
Authors: Leszczyńska-Madet B. , Richert M.
Published: January 2014

In the work, the microstructure and selected properties of aluminium and its alloys (AlCu4Zr0.5, AlMg5, AlZn6Mg2.5CuZr) deformed with high strain rate were investigated. The cylindrical samples were compressed by a falling - weight-type impact-testing machine at the strain rate ranging from 1.77-6.06x102 s-1 in order to attain true strains between Φ = 0 - 0.62. After compression, the microhardness of the samples was tested and the microstructure was examined by means of both optical (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally the misorientation of selected microstructural elements using proprietary KILIN software was determined. The large density of shear bands, bands and microbands was the characteristic feature of the microstructure. The statistical width of the microbands observed in the microstructure was calculated using the mean chord method. The obtained data demonstrate reduction of the microbands width with the increase of deformation. The main object of investigations concerns the microstructure elements refinement affected by dynamic compression.
Perforation Test as an Accuracy Evaluation Tool for a Constitutive Model of Austenitic Steel
Authors: Moćko W. , Kowalewski Z.L.
Published: January 2014

In this paper, a new method for assessing the accuracy of a constitutive model is proposed. The method uses perforation test done by drop weight tower. The assessment is carried out by comparison of striker velocity curve obtained using experiment and FEM simulation. In order to validate proposed method the various constitutive equations were applied i.e. Johnson-Cook, Zerilli-Armstrong and the extended Rusinek-Klepaczko to model mechanical behaviour of X4CrMnN16-12 austenitic steel. The steel was characterized at wide range of strain and strain rates using servo-hydraulic testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar. The relative error calculated as a difference between measured and constitutive model based stress-strain curve was applied as a reference data (classic approach). Subsequently, it was compared with relative error determined on the basis of experimental and FEM calculated striker velocity (new approach). A good correlation between classic and a new method was found. Moreover, a new method of error assessment enables to validate constitutive equation in a wide range of strain rates and temperatures on the basis of a single experiment.
Diffusion of Boron in Cobalt Sinters
Authors: Borowiecka-Jamrozek J. , Lachowski J.
Published: January 2014

The paper describes the process of diffusion taking place at the surface of sinters produced from Co Extrafine powder after saturation with boron. Boronizing was performed at a temperature of 950°C for 6 and 12 hours by applying B4C powder as a depositing source, NH4Cl + NaF as an activator and Al2O3 as an inert filler. The study involved determining the diffusion coefficient, which required analyzing the microstructure and thickness of the layers and the process time. The images obtained with a Leica DM-4000 optical microscope revealed a two-phase structure of the boride layers. The presence of the two phases, i.e. CoB and Co2B, was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A model of diffusion of boron atoms into the cobalt substrate was developed assuming the reaction diffusion mechanism. This model was used to calculate the diffusion coefficient. It required taking account of the interatomic potentials of boron and cobalt. The calculation results were compared with the experimental data concerning the diffusion of boron in other materials.
Quasi-Static and Dynamic Tensile Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Wojtaszek M. , Sleboda T. , Czulak A. , Weber G. , Hufenbach W.A.
Published: January 2014

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used, mainly in aircraft industry, due to its low density, excellent corrosion/oxidation resistance and attractive mechanical properties. This alloy has relatively low formability, so forming parts of complex geometries out of this alloy requires precisely controlled thermomechanical processing parameters. In industrial conditions Ti-6Al-4V alloy is usually processed by forging or extrusion. Ti-6Al-4V alloy is applied for structural parts of aircrafts, which are often exposed to variable loads and high or cyclically changing strain rates. Moreover, Ti-6Al-4V alloy is often used for structural parts providing good ballistic performance. That is why the knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of this alloy under dynamic conditions is important. This work is aimed at the analysis of Ti-6Al-4V alloy behaviour under quasi-static and dynamic deformation conditions. Both dynamic and quasi-static tensile tests were performed in this research. Moreover, ARAMIS system, a non-contact and material independent measuring system providing accurate 2D displacements, surface strain values and strain rates, was applied. The influence of tensile test strain rate on chosen mechanical properties of the investigated alloy was also discussed. The investigations showed a significant influence of processing strain rate on the mechanical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
Computer Modelling of Thermomechanical Phenomena in Pipes Welded using a Laser Beam
Authors: Piekarska W. , Kubiak M. , Saternus Z. , Rek K.
Published: January 2014

This study concerns numerical modelling and computer simulation of thermomechanical phenomena accompanying spiral welding of pipes made of stainless steel X5CrNi18-10 using a laser beam. Based on Abaqus FEA software, 3D numerical analysis was performed. Power distribution of spirally moving heat source was implemented into additional DFLUX subroutine, written in Fortran programming language. Thermomechanical properties of steel changing with temperature were taken into account in the analysis. The efficiency of material melting by different welding sources as well as the influence of heat load on the shape of melted zone, deformation of welded pipe and residual stress were examined.
Effect of Bi2O3 Excess on Morphology and Structure of BiNbO4 Ceramics
Authors: Czekaj D. , Lisińska-Czekaj A. , Osińska K. , Biernacki K.
Published: January 2014

Goal of the present research was to fabricate BiNbO4 ceramics from the mixture of powders by the solid state reaction route and pressureless sintering at various temperatures (TS =8700C and TS =9100C) and study microstructure, phase composition and crystalline structure of BiNbO4 ceramics. Four batches were fabricated and examined, namely the one fabricated from the stoichiometric mixture of reagent - grade oxide powders, viz. Bi2O3 and Nb2O5 as well as the ones with an excess of 3%, 5% and 10% by mole of Bi2O3. It was found that apart from the main orthorhombic -BiNbO4 phase additional phases, namely tetragonal Bi5Nb3O15, and cubic Bi3NbO7 are possible to form from the mixture of bismuth oxide and niobium oxide. It was found that -BiNbO4 ceramics exhibited the orthorhombic symmetry identified as Pnna (52). However, small differences in elementary cell parameters were found for the samples sintered from stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric mixture of initial powders.
The Properties of (Pb0.97Ba0.03)[(Zr0.98Ti0.02)1-zSnz]O3 Ceramics with 0 < z < 0.08
Authors: Brzezińska D. , Skulski R. , Wawrzała P. , Dercz G.
Published: January 2014

We present the results of obtaining and investigations of (Pb1-x Bax )((Zr1-yTiy) 1-zSnz )O3 (PBZTS) ceramics with x =const =0.03, y =const=0.02, z =0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08. Investigated compositions are close to rhombohedral-orthorhombic morphotropic phase boundary. Ceramic samples have been obtained by conventional ceramic technology from oxides PbO, ZrO2, TiO2, SnO2 and barium carbonate BaCO3. The calcined powders were crushed and next pressed into discs and sintered free sintering (FS) method. For such obtained samples the following investigations have been done: EDS, XRD, microstructure of fractured samples, dielectric measurements, /’-/^hysteresis loops investigations at various temperatures.
FDM 3D Printing Technology in Manufacturing Composite Elements
Authors: Dudek P.
Published: January 2014

In recent years, FDM technology (Fused Deposition Modelling) has become one of the most widely-used rapid prototyping methods for various applications. This method is based on fused fibre material deposition on a drop-down platform, which offers the opportunity to design and introduce new materials, including composites. The material most commonly used in FDM is ABS, followed by PC, PLA, PPSF, ULTEM9085 and mixtures thereof. Recently, work has been done on the possibility of applying ABS blends: steel powders, aluminium, or even wood ash. Unfortunately, most modern commercial systems are closed, preventing the use of any materials other than those of the manufacturer. For this reason, the Department of Manufacturing Systems (KSW) of AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering And Robotics purchased a 3D printer with feeding material from trays reel, which allows for the use of other materials. In addition, a feedstock production system for the 3D printer has been developed and work has started on the creation of new composite materials utilising ceramics.
Photoacoustic Transformation at Oppositely Directed Interaction Electromagnetic Waves in the Magnetoactive Two-Layer Medium
Authors: Mityurich G.S. , Aleksiejuk M. , Sviridova V.V. , Serdyukov A.N.
Published: January 2014

The paper treats the thermooptical sound generation in the magnetoactive two-layered medium on the condition of tunnel interference of electromagnetic waves. It were studied the conditions of complete suppression of the photoacoustic signal amplitude in response to the polarization type of oppositely interacting waves, the difference in their initial phases as well as the intensities of one of the oppositely interacted beams. The given paper provides an effective method of managing the thermooptical sound generation in the magnetoactive structural element during the tunnel electromagnetic interference of electromagnetic waves.
APPLICATION OF RQD-NUMBER AND RQD-VOLUME MULTIFRACTAL MODELLING TO DELINEATE ROCK MASS CHARACTERISATION IN KAHANG Cu-Mo PORPHYRY DEPOSIT, CENTRAL IRAN / ZASTOSOWANIE METOD MODELOWANIA NUMERYCZNEGO ORAZ MODELOWANIA FRAKTALNEGO DO ANALIZY JAKOŚCI SKAŁ W CELU OKREŚLENIA CHARAKTERYSTYKI GÓROTWORU W OBSZARZE ZŁOŻA Cu-Mo W KAHANG, ŚRODKOWY IRAN
Authors: Yasrebi Amir Bijan , Wetherelt Andrew , Foster Patrick J. , Afzal Peyman , Coggan John , Ahangaran Dariush Kaveh
Published: January 2014

Identification of rock mass properties in terms of Rock Quality Designation (RQD) plays a significant role in mine planning and design. This study aims to separate the rock mass characterisation based on RQD data analysed from 48 boreholes in Kahang Cu-Mo porphyry deposit situated in the central Iran utilising RQD-Volume (RQD-V) and RQD-Number (RQD-N) fractal models. The log-log plots for RQD-V and RQD-N models show four rock mass populations defined by RQD thresholds of 3.55, 25.12 and 89.12% and 10.47, 41.68 and 83.17% respectively which represent very poor, poor, good and excellent rocks based on Deere and Miller rock classification. The RQD-V and RQD-N models indicate that the excellent rocks are situated in the NW and central parts of this deposit however, the good rocks are located in the most parts of the deposit. The results of validation of the fractal models with the RQD block model show that the RQD-N fractal model of excellent rock quality is better than the RQD-V fractal model of the same rock quality. Correlation between results of the fractal and the geological models illustrates that the excellent rocks are associated with porphyric quartz diorite (PQD) units. The results reveal that there is a multifractal nature in rock characterisation with respect to RQD for the Kahang deposit. The proposed fractal model can be intended for the better understanding of the rock quality for purpose of determination of the final pit slope.
RESEARCH ABOUT AUTOMATIC ADJUSTMENT SOLUTION OF THE ADVANCE FORCE AT THE PERFFUSION DRILLS USING FLUID ELEMENTS / BADANIE SYSTEMU AUTOMATYCZNEJ REGULACJI SIŁY POSUWU W WIERTNICACH UDAROWYCH Z WYKORZYSTANIEM ELEMENTÓW PŁYNOWYCH
Authors: Cotetiu Adriana , Cotetiu Radu , Ungureanu Nicolae
Published: January 2014

This paper presents the actual solution used by Secoma Company and part of research regarding a personal solution concerning the implementation of the digital devices in the pressing strength’s control of a pneumatic rotating drill, which is included in the structure of the drilling installation. The monostable fluidic element, which was proposed to be used, is a special device, with an incompressible fluid as supply jet and compressible fluid as command jet. The fluidic command proposed solution presents superior advantages given the existing variants and the automation solutions with electronic components. This is due to the higher security in hostile work environments (moist environment, with high methane gas contents, with fire danger, with high temperature) of their high feasibility and maintenance. For the practical achievement of the automated regulation with fluidic elements, of the type tested in the experimental plan, it is necessary to choose a monostabile fluidic amplifier for the prototype device, which respects several clear conditions regarding wall attachment angle and geometrical parameters.
FINDING THE BEST-FIT POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION IN EVALUATING DRILL DATA: THE APPLICATION OF A GENERALIZED INVERSE MATRIX / POSZUKIWANIE NAJLEPSZEJ ZGODNOŚCI W PRZYBLIŻENIU WIELOMIANOWYM WYKORZYSTANEJ DO OCENY DANYCH Z ODWIERTÓW – ZASTOSOWANIE UOGÓLNIONEJ MACIERZY ODWROTNEJ
Authors: Karakus Dogan
Published: January 2014

In mining, various estimation models are used to accurately assess the size and the grade distribution of an ore body. The estimation of the positional properties of unknown regions using random samples with known positional properties was first performed using polynomial approximations. Although the emergence of computer technologies and statistical evaluation of random variables after the 1950s rendered the polynomial approximations less important, theoretically the best surface passing through the random variables can be expressed as a polynomial approximation. In geoscience studies, in which the number of random variables is high, reliable solutions can be obtained only with high-order polynomials. Finding the coefficients of these types of high-order polynomials can be computationally intensive. In this study, the solution coefficients of high-order polynomials were calculated using a generalized inverse matrix method. A computer algorithm was developed to calculate the polynomial degree giving the best regression between the values obtained for solutions of different polynomial degrees and random observational data with known values, and this solution was tested with data derived from a practical application. In this application, the calorie values for data from 83 drilling points in a coal site located in southwestern Turkey were used, and the results are discussed in the context of this study.
Effect of scale deposits on the internal surfaces of the tubes on the superheater operation
Authors: Trojan Marcin , Taler Jan
Published: January 2014

A mathematical model of the steam superheater exchanger with distributed parameters has been developed. Scale deposits were assumed to be present on the internal tube surfaces. It was assumed that the inner tube surfaces are covered by a thin layer of scale deposits. The finite volume method was used to solve partial differential equations describing flue gas, tube wall and steam temperature. The developed modeling technique can especially be used for modeling tube heat exchangers when detail information on the tube wall temperature distribution is needed. The numerical model of the superheater developed in the paper can be used for modeling of the superheaters with complex flow arrangement accounting scales on the internal tube surfaces. Using the model proposed the detailed steam, wall and flue gas temperature distribution over the entire superheater can be determined. The steam pressure distribution along its path flow and the total heat transfer rate can also be obtained. The calculations showed that the presence of scale on the internal surfaces of the tubes cause the steam temperature decrease and the heat flow rate transferred from the flue gas to the steam. Scale deposits on the inner surfaces of the tubes cause the tube wall temperature growth and can lead to premature wear of tubes due to overheating.
Modeling of cooling of ceramic heat accumulator
Authors: Taler Dawid , Cisek Piotr
Published: January 2014

The analyzed heat accumulator is a key element in a hybrid heating system. In this paper, analytical and numerical models of the ceramic heat accumulator are presented.The accuracy of finite difference methods will be assessed by comparing the results with those obtained from the exact analytical solution.
Comparative analysis of optimisation methods applied to thermal cycle of a coal fired power plant
Authors: Kowalczyk Łukasz , Elsner Witold
Published: January 2014

The paper presents a thermodynamic optimization of 900MW power unit for ultra-supercritical parameters, modified according to AD700 concept. The aim of the study was to verify two optimisation methods, i.e., the finding the minimum of a constrained nonlinear multivariable function (fmincon) and the Nelder-Mead method with their own constrain functions. The analysis was carried out using IPSEpro software combined with MATLAB, where gross power generation efficiency was chosen as the objective function. In comparison with the Nelder-Mead method it was shown that using fmincon function gives reasonable results and a significant reduction of computational time. Unfortunately, with the increased number of decision parameters, the benefit measured by the increase in efficiency is becoming smaller. An important drawback of fmincon method is also a lack of repeatability by using different starting points. The obtained results led to the conclusion, that the Nelder-Mead method is a better tool for optimisation of thermal cycles with a high degree of complexity like the coal-fired power unit.
GRADIENT ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANCE OF SPONTANEOUSLY OCCURRING VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES IN ENERGY TREE AND GRASS STANDS
Authors: Fehér Alexander , Halmová Daniela , Končeková Lýdia
Published: January 2014

The paper focuses on a research carried out during two consecutive growing seasons (2011 and 2012) in a willow tree stand (Salix schwerinii × S. viminalis, variety Tordis) and a grass stand of miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deuter). Both of the species can be used for energy production. The evaluation was carried out in a research centre located in Kolíňany (Nitra district area, SW Slovakia). Biodiversity of the ground flora within the two crops stands was jointly assessed through the multivariate statistical method of Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The results showed that almost all spontaneous vascular plant species have a weedy character, they have no specific environment requirements, they are stress tolerant, and their propagules are often present in agricultural ecosystems or in vegetation of rural landscape (field margins, strip boundaries, abandoned fields, orchards, etc.). Good examples of synanthropic species observed in the stands are Cirsium arvense, Equisetum arvense, Convolvulus arvensis etc., while several other typical species of usually non-synanthropic, habitats, e.g. Symphytum officinale, Persicaria lapathifolia, Calystegia sepium were also observed. Many juvenile shrub and wood species occurring in E1 and E2 layers also belonged to the semi-natural vegetation, e.g. Sambucus nigra, Rosa canina agg., Crataegus laevigata. The presence of potentially invasive and expansive plant species is evaluated as a negative factor.
Evaluation of Inspected Vehicles in Reporting Period at Technical Inspection and Emission Control Station
Authors: Švec Jozef , Durec Jaroslav , Chrastina Jozef , Tulík Juraj
Published: January 2014

Technical inspection is a fast, relatively timely and inexpensive, and particularly comprehensive assessment of the technical condition of vehicles. The technical review process includes a wide range of control actions, which are slightly different depending on the category of vehicle. The evaluation of technical inspection is mainly dependent on the type of failures that occur on a vehicle, and it is a three-graded classification by the grades A, B or C. Based on data obtained from technical inspections, it is possible to determine the current condition of the fleet of road vehicles in the Slovak Republic.
Tensile Strength of Dark Chocolate
Authors: Nedomova Sarka , Trnka Jan , Buchar Jaroslav
Published: January 2014

The effect of loading rate as well as the cocoa content on the tensile strength of dark chocolate has been studied. Tensile strength was measured using the Brazilian test. The main advantage of this test consists in the use of a specimen of simple geometry in comparison with a specimen for tensile tests. Tensile strength increases with loading rate. The cocoa content exhibits the same effect.
Deviations in Fuel Consumption Measurement of Lorries
Authors: Szabó Mário , Majdan Radoslav , Angelovič Michal , Čápora Rastislav
Published: January 2014

Our study focuses on individual methods of measuring the fuel consumption of lorries. We have verified the difference between the consumption calculated from fuelling records and consumption listed by the Infomax information system. Based on obtained results, we can state that the difference between presented consumption measurement methods reached the maximum value of 5 %.
Preliminary studies on some waste vegetable contribution to the soil fertility
Authors: Chirila Elisabeta , Lupascu Naliana , Raicu Simona
Published: January 2014

Researches on the use of waste vegetable (tomatoes, peppers) and fruits (apples, plums) in order to improve the nutritional quality of the soil have been performed. The content in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humus, organic matter have been analyzed in fruits and vegetable waste and also in soil before and after mixing with each waste at a ratio of 1:2.5. Analyses were done by using current analytical methods (chemical and absorption molecular spectrometry) after previous mineralization of samples with appropriate reagents. To investigate the effect of vegetable wastes on the plants growth, wheat has been planted in the witness soil sample and in the mixed soil with wastes. The nutrients concentration in vegetable waste was higher than in fruit waste (33-75%). Available phosphorus concentration increased about two times in soil with fruit waste while in the soil with vegetable the increase was of about 3 times. Potassium concentration increased about three times in soil mixed with both types of waste. Although potassium and organic matter have higher values in the soil amended with fruit waste than in the witness soil, the height of the wheat was similar with those in the control soil due to the limiting role of phosphorus.
Anaerobic power, muscle strength and physiological changes in physically active men following yogic practice
Authors: Pal Rameswar , Saha Mantu , Chatterjee Abhirup , Halder Kaushik , Tomer Omveer Singh , Pathak Anjana , Basavaraddi Ishwar V.
Published: January 2014

Study aim: The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of three months (90 min daily for five days in a week) yogic practice on physiological and physical parameters of physically active service personnel.

Material and methods: Healthy male volunteers (n=60) of age 27±3 years were randomly selected from paramilitary force of the country in this study. A pre designed yoga training course for 3 months comprising of Prayer, Suddhi kriyas, Yogasanas, Pranayamas, Meditation, Mudra and Bandh was imparted daily by certified yoga teacher in the morning for 90 min.

Results: After three months of yogic training, body weight and body mass index did not change significantly, systolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0.05). We did not found any significant change in heart rate diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate. Breath-hold time and strength of the peripheral muscle (back and leg muscle strength) was increased significantly (p < 0.001), whereas peak expiratory flow rate did not change significantly. Anaerobic power was improved significantly (p < 0.05) by means of increasing peak power and average power.

Conclusion: The present study revealed that the practice of selected yogic training for 3 months resulted improvement in health and performance of the physically active paramilitary force of Indian army.
State anxiety change after a parachute jump and its determinants: gender, experience, and temperament features
Authors: Bołdak Agnieszka , Guszkowska Monika
Published: January 2014

Study aim: To determine the role of gender and experience level as factors differentiating state anxiety before and after a parachute jump, and to ascertain relationships between state anxiety and temperament features.

Material and methods: The research involved 143 parachutists (98 men and 45 women) aged from 17 to 49 years old, including 73 beginners and 70 advanced parachutists. The following questionnaires were applied: the Formal Characteristics of Behavior-Temperament Inventory by Zawadzki and Strelau, the Sensation Seeking Scale by Zuckerman, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger et al.

Results: There was a significant decrease in state anxiety level after a parachute jump (before M = 32.66; after M = 28.57; p < 0.001). Its level is significantly higher in beginners than in experienced skydivers (p < 0.001). The level of experience is also a negative predictor of state anxiety level before the jump and its decrease after the jump.

Conclusion: As experience grows, the positive adaptation to stress caused by parachute jump appears, which results with lowering the state anxiety level.
Impact of genetic and demographic factors on the expansion potential of alien species Bunias orientalis in the suburbs of Vilnius
Authors: Šiukštaitė Lina , Patamsytė Jolanta , Žvingila Donatas
Published: January 2014

Šiukštaitė L., Patamsytė J., Žvingila D., 2013: Impact of genetic and demographic factors on the expansion potential of alien species Bunias orientalis in the suburbs of Vilnius [Genetinių ir demografinių veiksnių įtaka svetimkraštės rūšies Bunias orientalis vienos populiacijos plitimo galimybėms]. - Both. Lith., 19(2): 111-119. Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) is an alien and already naturalized plant species in Lithuania. Our purpose was to assess genetic diversity and age structure within single Belmontas population of B. orientalis, using RAPD, ISSR assays and herbchronology analysis. Three selected RAPD primers produced 58 scorable DNA bands, 53.33% of which were polymorphic. RAPD analysis identified 31 DNA markers. Six ISSR primers produced 113 reliable bands, but the level of polymorphism was slightly lower (38.1%) than RAPD. The 43 ISSR markers were identified. DNA markers were used for analysis of population genetic structure. AMOVA revealed significant genetic differentiation (ΦPT = 0.11) among subpopulations of B. orientalis located on both riversides of the Vilnia River. UPGMA cluster analysis did not reveal identical individuals in the group of studied plants, which indicate that spreading by seeds prevails in Belmontas population. Based on herbchronology analysis, young individuals dominate and provide good perspectives for population spreading.
Science workshops and their role in awakening science interests of children and school students / Warsztaty przyrodnicze i ich rola w rozbudzaniu zainteresowań przyrodniczych dzieci i uczniów
Authors: Krzeczkowska Małgorzata , Orwat Kinga , Migdał-Mikuli Anna
Published: January 2014

Development of science interests is one of many elements of the daily teachers' work at school. Finding out interesting forms of working with school students and their proper application at school allows for increasing science interests and to achieve many didactic aims. One of many of such proposals is an informal teaching which can be carried out while students participate in the various workshops, out of school meetings or science fairs.
Rapeseed pellet - a byproduct of biodiesel production - as an excellent renewable energy source / Wytłoki rzepakowe - produkt uboczny w produkcji biodiesla - jako doskonałe źródło energii odnawialnej
Authors: Klugmann-Radziemska Ewa , Ciunel Krzysztof
Published: January 2014

Vegetable oils are renewable feedstock currently being used for production of biofuels from sustainable biomass resources. The existing technology for producing diesel fuel from plant oils, such as rapeseed, soybean, canola and palm oil are largely centered on transesterification of oils with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or biodiesel. Rapeseed pellet - crushed seed residue from oil extraction is a byproduct of biodiesel production process. As other types of biomass, it can either be burned directly in furnaces or processed to increase its energetic value. The interest to use different types of biomass as fuels has grown rapidly during the last years as a mean to reduce the CO2 emissions of energy production. Biomass is renewable, abundant and has domestic usage, the sources of biomass can help the world reduce its dependence on petroleum products and natural gas. Energetically effective utilization of rapeseed pellet could substantially improve the economic balance of an individual household in which biodiesel for fulfilling the producer’s own energetic demand is obtained. In this article the experimental results of analyzing the emissions levels of different pollutants in exhaust fumes during different stages of biomass boiler operation were presented. It has been proved that that the pellet, a byproduct of biodiesel production, is an excellent renewable and environmentally-friendly energy source, especially viable for use in household tap water heating installations.
TAILORING INNOVATION POLICIES TO SECTORS AND REGIONS – THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA
Authors: Šipikal Miroslav
Published: January 2014

The aim of the present paper is to investigate channels of innovation and knowledge transfer in the development of the automotive and wood processing sectors in Slovakia and identify suitable policies to support these innovations. We follow the conceptual framework of innovation patterns and try to identify adequate support policies for different regional innovation patterns. We used interviews with several relevant actors in both sectors to identify their innovation activities and the role the external environment plays in them. We found that better functioning support tools in the region are aimed at key channels of knowledge and innovation transfer.We also support the need for a thematically=regionally focused innovation policy approach, as both sectors and regions require different kinds of innovation policies.
Performance Improvement of Pumps Fed by the Variable Speed Drives
Authors: Vodovozov Valery , Bakman Ilja
Published: January 2014

Speed inaccuracy decreases the pump efficiency, reliability, and energy saving. This research is devoted to the determination of the ways of accurate speed control of the pump drives operated under changeable loads. The impact of speed inaccuracy on the pump performance is studied. Based on the analysis of methods for the static accuracy improvement, the drawbacks of the traditional approaches have been shown with reference to the pumping applications. A new methodology of the slip compensation has been proposed for implementation to improve the scalar drive performance. It notably decreases the speed inaccuracy of the open-ended pumping applications. The enhanced quality of the drive control at different loading conditions has been shown on a laboratory test bench. Also, for the multi-pump systems this approach results in an additional benefit from the viewpoint of the operation around the best operation point providing a safe pump control both to exclude the pump damage and to improve the process quality.
BUILDING THERMOMODERNIZATION AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTION
Authors: Ickiewicz Irena
Published: January 2014

The present paper describes a technical-economic analysis of thermomodernization works in multifamily buildings and public utility facilities constructed with the use of both traditional and industrialized technologies (prefabricated large-panel concrete, Zeranska brick), built before 1990. 1441 buildings located in 7 towns were analysed. The energy consumption indicator of the buildings undergoing the analysis was the indicator of heat load demand per cubic capacity, which was established on the basis of site inspections and technical documentation. The obtained results were used in analysing the cost-effectiveness of the suggested thermomodernization works. The following were adopted as criteria of the investment effectiveness: the ‘Simple Pay Back Time’ (SPBT), reducing the amounts of particulate matter and sulphur dioxide polluting the air, and heat load saving (amounting to a few or even several megawatts, which, in the case of a small town, is often sufficient to cover a prospective increase in heat load demand).
Deconstruction of the Planning Process in the 21st Century
Authors: Zali Nader
Published: January 2014

By increasing the changes in the last years of the second millennium, relying on the planning methods, which are based on forecasting, cannot meet the needs of management of countries at large scale. The heavy burden of uncertainties and emergence of interrupted and wild card events have changed the conditions in a way that future forecasting is not possible for planners. On the other hand, in regional and urban planning it is necessary to change the attitude from forecasting to foresight. Considering this, the paper attempts to introduce the approach of foresight as well as having a critical view of the current process of planning in foreseeing and future studies. Moreover, this study emphasizes the necessity of employing the foresight approach in the process of urban and regional studies.
ENTERPRISES WITH THE MUNICIPAL PROPERTY SHARE IN LEGAL DOCUMENTS ON THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVEL
Authors: Bumbalová Monika
Published: January 2014

Municipal enterprising in particular using of municipal property for entrepreneurial purposes is a phenomenon, which is widespread among Slovak municipalities as well as abroad. There are different purposes for what these enterprises are established e.g. agriculture, provision of all range of public services as well as other typical commercial activities. There are numerous issues connected with this phenomenon while legislative regulation is with no doubt one of those, which must be tackled among the firsts. The paper provides an analysis of different existing legal documents which have been adopted in Slovak condition and which have implication on regulation of municipal enterprising. The documents on national as well as on local level were the subject of the research while missing unified definition, very generally formulated regulations, usage of outdated legislation and lack of transparency were identified as the main issues which need to be addressed.
The preferences of visitors to selected forest areas for tourism and recreational purposes
Authors: Skłodowski Jarosław , Gołos Piotr , Skłodowski Mateusz , Ożga Wojciech
Published: January 2014

Questionnaire surveys were conducted from July 1st • to August 15th, 2012 in forests near Gołdap, Białowieża, Pisz, Kraśnik, Warsaw and Zakopane with 335 respondents - 146 residents (43.6%) and 189 tourists (56.4%). The respondents declared that they visit forests throughout the year for various purposes, most often with family or friends and most frequently for the recreational activity of walking. They typically spend about three hours in the forest during a single visit. Respondents perceived the most important functions of the forest as a place where plants and animals live, as well as a place for recreation. In their view, the state budget should be a source of co-financing the recreational management of the forest. On1y a small number of respondents (27.5%) would be willing to allocate a portion of their income for recreational forest management. According to the respondents, the most important elements needed in the forest to improve its quality for tourism are information signs and litter bins. Respondents perceive the greatest threats to the forest from tourism to be vandalism, automobiles driving into the forest and wildlife disturbance, whereas the greatest threats to tourists were reported to be biting and stinging animals (snakes, ticks and mosquitoes) and the possibility of getting lost. Respondents indicated clean air, peace and quiet, as well as the ability to harvest wild fruits, plants and mushrooms as the greatest advantages of using the forest for recreation. A large proportion of respondents admitted that they would like to use the services of professional foresters, especially for nature walks and health related purposes, as well as to educate children and youth about nature and the forest.
3D modeling of architectural objects from video data obtained with the fixed focal length lens geometry
Authors: Deliś Paulina , Kędzierski Michał , Fryśkowska Anna , Wilińska Michalina
Published: January 2014

The article describes the process of creating 3D models of architectural objects on the basis of video images, which had been acquired by a Sony NEX-VG10E fixed focal length video camera. It was assumed, that based on video and Terrestrial Laser Scanning data it is possible to develop 3D models of architectural objects. The acquisition of video data was preceded by the calibration of video camera. The process of creating 3D models from video data involves the following steps: video frames selection for the orientation process, orientation of video frames using points with known coordinates from Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), generating a TIN model using automatic matching methods. The above objects have been measured with an impulse laser scanner, Leica ScanStation 2. Created 3D models of architectural objects were compared with 3D models of the same objects for which the self-calibration bundle adjustment process was performed. In this order a PhotoModeler Software was used. In order to assess the accuracy of the developed 3D models of architectural objects, points with known coordinates from Terrestrial Laser Scanning were used. To assess the accuracy a shortest distance method was used. Analysis of the accuracy showed that 3D models generated from video images differ by about 0.06 ÷ 0.13 m compared to TLS data.
A Visual mining based framework for classification accuracy estimation
Authors: Arun Pattathal Vijayakumar
Published: January 2014

Classification techniques have been widely used in different remote sensing applications and correct classification of mixed pixels is a tedious task. Traditional approaches adopt various statistical parameters, however does not facilitate effective visualisation. Data mining tools are proving very helpful in the classification process. We propose a visual mining based frame work for accuracy assessment of classification techniques using open source tools such as WEKA and PREFUSE. These tools in integration can provide an efficient approach for getting information about improvements in the classification accuracy and helps in refining training data set. We have illustrated framework for investigating the effects of various resampling methods on classification accuracy and found that bilinear (BL) is best suited for preserving radiometric characteristics. We have also investigated the optimal number of folds required for effective analysis of LISS-IV images.
Cartographic visualization of firehydrants accessibility for the purpose of decision making
Authors: Wielebski Łukasz , Medyńska-Gulij Beata
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study is to present an exemplary cartographic visualization of fire hydrants data consisting of a set of thematic maps containing various information related to the location of hydrants, buildings and driveways in geographic space, and relationships existing between them. Identification of these relationships requires spatial analysis, and illustrating them requires the use of appropriate cartographic presentation methods. The study was conducted on a part of the city of Poznan using data on hydrants’ location and type collected and provided by the Fire Department. Geometric data, obtained using geoprocessing algorithms, were assigned appropriate symbols, which lets differentiate them qualitatively and quantitatively. An emphasis is placed on the use of adequate visual variables and on the cartographic communication efficiency. The result of the study is a cartographic visualization in the form of series of thematic maps arranged in a logical sequence, and providing information about the secured area. The thematic layers presenting the same area were arranged in different arrangements with maintenance of the reference layers, ensuring the ease of correlation. Such a cartographic visualization provides knowledge about the spatial distribution and diversity of objects and the relationships between them. It may be an important source of knowledge both at the identification stage and at the operational stage when conducting a firefighting action.