bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Family Communication Patterns to Parental Mediation Styles
Authors: Fujioka Yuki , Austin Erica Weintraub
Published: July 2003

A telephone survey of parents (n = 216) of third-, sixth-, and ninth-grade children examined the relationship between reported family communication patterns and parental mediation styles. Concept orientation predicted parental involvement in both positive (endorsements of TV messages) and negative (counter-reinforcement of TV messages) mediation as well as critical discussion of a variety of issues with a child. Socio orientation predicted positive mediation and was associated with coviewing, but it was not related to the parental practice of either negative mediation or critical discussion. The results suggest that parents with an open communication style are more likely to make use of discussion-based intervention strategies applied to television. A parent's more control-oriented style translates into reinforcement of TV messages.
Effects of a Guilt Induction and Guilt Reduction on Door in the Face
Authors: Millar Murray
Published: July 2003

The present study explored the role of guilt in the door-in-the-face procedure. Drawing on the guilt-based explanation of door-in-the-face effect, it was hypothesized that the greatest amount of compliance would occur when the rejection of the initial request produced high levels of guilt and the acceptance of the small request allowed participants to anticipate a large reduction in guilt. This hypothesis was tested by presenting participants with an initial large request. Statements accompanying the request were designed to produce either high levels of guilt or low levels of guilt when the request was rejected. After the initial request, participants were presented with a second smaller request that was accompanied by statements that would make compliance with the request either more effective or less effective at guilt reduction. Compliance with the second request was recorded, and the results supported the hypothesis.
Third-Person Perception and Television Violence
Authors: Scharrer Erica
Published: July 2003

The third-person perception as it relates to the issue of television violence is examined here via survey responses of 624 adults from three regions in the United States. Rather than being asked about generally defined groups of “others,” respondents were instructed to specify which social/demographic groups they deemed more susceptible to negative television influence than others. Social categorization and social identity theories as well as the concept of negative out-group stereotyping are used to explain results that provide preliminary support that some social groups (e.g., children and teens, those with less education, and those with less income) are perceived as more likely to be negatively influenced by television violence than others. The relationship between estimates of groups' susceptibility to effects and respondents' thirdperson perception is also tested.
What Holds Attention to Television?
Authors: Hawkins Robert P. , Pingree Suzanne , Hitchon Jacqueline Bush , Gilligan Eileen , Kahlor Leeann , Gorham Bradley W. , Radler Barry , Kannaovakun Prathana , Schmidt Toni , Kolbeins Gudbjorg Hildur , Wang Chin-I , Serlin Ronald C.
Published: July 2003

Looks at television that cross content boundaries (both between and within programming) provide an opportunity to examine the causes of attentional inertia—that looks at television become very much more stable after the first few seconds. Previous research left unresolved whether this inertia is due to expectations or biologic processes (strategic vs. nonstrategic processes), and this study allows direct comparisons. The strength of the inertial relationship varied considerably for different kinds of program boundaries, and also for within-program boundaries, with the latter varying as well by the genre in which they were contained. Taken together, the results provided no evidence for nonstrategic, biological processes causing attentional inertia. Instead, several genre-specific explanations based on expectations and cognitive demands are proposed.
How Television Commentary Affects Children's Judgments on Soccer Fouls
Authors: Beentjes Johannes W. J. , Van Oordt Marianne , Van Der Voort Tom H. A.
Published: July 2003

An experiment was designed to investigate how television commentary during soccer matches affects children's judgments on aggressive fouls. Dutch children (N = 96) from grades 5 and6 watcheda series of fouls on video with three types of commentary: disapproving, neutral, or approving. When the commentator disapproved of the players' aggressive actions, children rejected the fouls more strongly than when the commentator approvedof the actions. The commentary effect was found with fouls among two foreign players, fouls by foreign players against Dutch players, andfouls by Dutch players against foreign players. The commentary effect appeared to apply not only to children who did not particularly like soccer matches on television but even to children who fancied the genre.
Computer-Mediated Group Work: The Interaction of Sex and Anonymity
Authors: Flanagin Andrew J. , Tiyaamornwong Vanessa , O'Connor Joan , Seibold David R.
Published: July 2003

This research invokes two theoretical perspectives—the equalization hypothesis and the SIDE model—to examine the impact of individuals' sex on group members' use of anonymous, computer-mediated collaborative technologies. Data from 127 individuals in 22 enduring task groups indicate that the strategies employed differentially by men and women correspond with inferred motivations: men are more likely to seek ways to make computer-mediated interactions more like a face-to-face interaction with women, whereas women are more likely to employ strategies that maintain the reduced social cues of computer-mediated communication and afford them greater potential influence in mixed-sex interactions. The integration of theories previously regarded as oppositional, and the empirical support of hypotheses derived from these perspectives, suggest a richer, more complex view of technological support of group work at a time when collaborative technologies are increasingly important, given shifts toward more dispersed, global, and virtual organizational work groups.
Marijuana Use and Unprotected Sexual Intercourse Among Adolescent Detainees
Authors: Kingree J. B. , Phan Debra
Published: July 2003

This study examines the association between marijuana use and unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescent detainees. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews in a juvenile court setting as the detainees waited to be released to their parents' custody. Analyses that controlled for relevant covariates indicated that the association between marijuana use and unprotected sexual intercourse in a specific event was moderated by the respondents'age at the time of the event. Marijuana use was associated with a higher occurrence of unprotected sexual intercourse for detainees who were relatively young when the event occurred. These findings provide meaningful information that can be used to inform future research as well as interventions with adolescent detainees.
Factors Associated with Violence in Stalking and Obsessional Harassment Cases
Authors: Rosenfeld Barry , Harmon Ronnie
Published: July 2003

Differentiating which stalkers represent a significant risk of violence from those who pose less risk has significant implications for victims, clinicians, and the legal system. The authors analyzed 204 stalking and harassment cases referred for court-ordered mental health evaluation in New York City between 1994 and 1998 to identify correlates of violent behavior. Violence, defined as any unwanted physical contact or confrontation with a weapon, occurred in 34% of cases, although severe violence occurred in only 12 cases. A multivariate logistic regression analysis containing five variables (age below 30, less than high school education, minority race, prior threats, and previous intimate relationship between victim and offender) was applied to an ROC analysis, yielding an area under the curve of .803. The implications of these data for risk assessment in stalking and harassment are discussed.
Structures for Policy Implementation
Authors: Hall Thad E. , O’Toole Laurence J.
Published: July 2003

Public administration has long considered the administrative agency as the core institution shaping action. But specialists in policy implementation, in particular, have suggested that networks spanning multiple organizations may be important phenomena. National legislation from two Congresses is analyzed to determine the kinds of structures explicitly stipulated or encouraged for new or amended programs. The most important questions have to do with the extent to which single-agency or networked (multiactor) structures are used and the relative degree to which intergovernmental versus intragovernmental programs are prominent. The evidence shows that the great majority of legislation requires multiactor structures spanning governments, sectors, and/or agencies; intergovernmental programs are especially prominent; and the multiactor character of the structures has remained relatively constant. These findings carry implications for the study and practice of public administration.
Poverty, Defense, and the Environment
Authors: Roe Emery
Published: July 2003

In addition to being uncertain and complex, the policy world is incomplete; at any point in time, most of the work of policy makers and policy analysts is unfinished or yet to be done. Policy incompleteness, uncertainty, and complexity have made fastthinking imperative: just-in-time thinking to match our just-in-time schedules in our just-interrupted task environments. The usual remedy, more deliberation, is frequently no longer possible and, even if it were, it has its own difficulties. If fastthinking is here to stay and we are in the twilight of conventional problem solving, then policy analysts need new ways to deal with permanently incomplete policy issues. Policy optics allow us, the practicing policy analysts, to recast familiarly intractable problems of poverty, defense, and the environment into a more tractable light. They do not solve policy incompleteness, but they enable us to start tasks that we have a better chance of finishing.
Citizens Versus the New Public Manager
Authors: Peters B. Guy , Pierre Jon
Published: July 2003

Many contemporary reforms of the public sector advocate empowerment as a solution for many of the problems of governing. The difficulty arises when different groups—clients, lower-level officials, senior officials, and local communities—are all the subject of empowerment. Attempts to enhance the power of all these players in the policy process is argued to create the probability of political conflict, and this is demonstrated with a set of examples. Efforts at empowerment further may be the sources of substantial disillusionment and possible alienation when it becomes apparent that all groups cannot be empowered at once.
Ode to Luther Gulick
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Bohte John
Published: July 2003

Early management scholars such as Henri Fayol, Lydal Urwick, and Luther Gulick argued that principles such as specialization of labor and hierarchical leadership structures would result in optimal organizational performance. This perspective was attacked by Herbert Simon, who argued that the principles of administrative management were vague and contradictory. Simon’s devastating critique was widely accepted, and scholars soon turned their attention away from studying the principles of management. Ironically, little systematic research existed on many of the principles of management at the time Simon leveled his critique. In this study, the goal is to refocus attention on a particular principle of management, span of control, most closely associated with Luther Gulick. After discussing the importance of span of control to their understanding of organizational behavior, the authors present a theory that links span of control to organizational performance. They test their theory by examining how span of control relationships among personnel in public schools influence student performance, using data on 678 Texas school districts over a 4-year period. The findings reveal that span of control relationships among organizational personnel significantly shape student performance.
A Paradigmatic View of Contemporary Public Administration Research
Authors: Lan Zhiyong , Anders Kathleen K.
Published: July 2003

This article offers an empirical articulation of paradigmatic views that guide research in contemporary public administration. Based on the findings, the authors argue that the debate on whether there is an intellectual core in public administration is becoming less relevant. What is more important from this point on is public administration scholars’ self-consciousness and better articulation of these existing paradigms. A self-aware normal science practice in public administration offers us a clearer research focus, a sharper sensitivity for recognizing anomalies, and thus a better chance for advancing public administration theories.
Rethinking Neoinstitutional Interaction
Authors: Hansen Kenneth N. , Krejci Daniel T.
Published: July 2003

This article synthesizes the ideas of image and venue, the notion that governments act as interest groups and lobby within the federal system, and inside/outside interest group strategies with neoinstitutionalism. This is necessary to explain the active, entrepreneurial behavior of institutional venues, which until now have been assumed to be passive in nature. It is well known that public administrators not only serve the public interest, but also their institutional interests. To do so, administrators must be aware that their success or failure depends on their ability to adopt a policy that is arena-specific. For purposes of illustration, the authors use two case studies that demonstrate how cities actively attempt to block base closure and defense downsizing threats to their locales.
Trying to Obey the Law
Authors: Hayes Vernon R.
Published: July 2003

Federal advisory committees, a part of government since Washington’s presidency, are governed under various statutes, including the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). Since its 1972 passage, FACA’s ambiguity and various judicial interpretations have made it difficult for agencies to determine if many government initiatives comply with FACA. The Clinton administration has found this to be a problem while implementing several initiatives, including health care reform and ecosystem management plans. This article briefly examines FACA and its judicial interpretations; its potential application to a leading administration initiative, the Common Sense Initiative; and the problems FACA may pose to other administration efforts.
Economic Transition in the Czech Republic
Authors: Oswald Sharon L.
Published: July 2003

The transitional economies of Central Europe have given way to a rapid emergence of the private sector. This article examines the attempts to privatize the Czech Republic’s health care system from both a social and economic perspective. Provided is a general discussion of the mass privatization of state-owned enterprises in the Czech Republic, an analysis of the previous health system, and an explanation of the transformation process to a privatized health care system. Finally, a discussion of outcomes and an assessment of these outcomes follow.
City Management in the 1990s
Authors: Wheeland Craig M.
Published: July 2003

The author compares orthodox city management (OCM) theory, formed in the 1920s and 1930s, with new horizons city management (NHCM) theory, which is a synthesis of theories about public administration and city management offered since the 1940s. NHCM theory suggests city managers (a) are responsible to the council majority, their communities, and their profession; and (b) perform five core roles in meeting their responsibilities: educator, listener, facilitator, subordinate, and director. The author uses NHCM theory to interpret data from a 1996 International City/County Management Association survey of city managers working in the United States on the practices they use and would recommend to other city managers. The author finds NHCM theory better explains city management practice in the 1990s than OCM theory; however, most of the practices that involve working with the citizens, the third partner in the council-manager-community partnership, are underused and often are the least favored by city managers.
The Impact of External Control Arrangements on Organizational Performance
Authors: Tankersley William B.
Published: July 2003

There is currently high interest in the emergent reorganization of market and regulatory structure in the United States’ electric energy sector. This article focuses attention on external organizational control structures and processes that have become institutionalized in that sector. It specifically addresses the organized environments in which public, quasi-public, and privately owned distributors of electricity have operated in recent history. An approach to analysis of the impact of past policy choices on organizational performance is presented using data envelopment analysis (DEA). It is concluded that DEA provides an interesting starting point for the comparative analysis of organizational performance.
Expertise or Experimenting?
Authors: Snider Keith F.
Published: July 2003

This article examines pragmatism’s role in aspects of American public administration’s development during the period of the orthodoxy and the reactions to the orthodoxy (roughly 1920 to 1950). It concludes that the administrative mainstream of expertise never embraced, and indeed implicitly rejected, the pragmatism of Peirce, James, and Dewey, which is characterized by an attitude of experimentation. A more complete understanding of this aspect of our intellectual heritage is important as we consider contemporary calls for a turn toward pragmatism as a way to address the legitimacy issue, the theory-practice gap, and other problematic conditions in the field.
Contemporary Pragmatism in Public Administration
Authors: Zanetti Lisa A. , Carr Adrian
Published: July 2003

In this article, the authors present some of the limitations of contemporary pragmatism. Although the authors are sympathetic in many respects to the community-building aspirations of pragmatism, they also contend that in certain important respects—specifically with regard to process, experience, and imagination—contemporary pragmatism leaves some troubling gaps that limit or undermine its ability to address what they argue are important contemporary political problems.
Administrative History of the United States
Authors: Raadschelders Jos C. N.
Published: July 2003

Although certainly not mainstream to the study of public administration, administrative history in the United States has quite a tradition. In this article, the development of the study of the history of American government is traced in five phases and discussed against the background of political and social change in society. The various studies are evaluated in terms of the themes, the nature, and the approach. Combining the “history as history” and the “history as advocacy” approaches would clarify why administrative history ought to be a standard element in our research and teaching.
Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation
Authors: Webler Thomas , Tuler Seth
Published: July 2003

This article reports progress on developing a theory of public participation that may prove useful to administrative bodies. The authors review a theory of public participation based on Habermas’s theory of communicative action and then reconsider the theory in light of a case study. Participants of a forest policy-making process reported their perceptions of a good process, and the authors used grounded theory methodology to induce criteria of good process. By contrasting the case study results with the theoretical criteria, insights are left into the strengths and shortcomings of the theory.
Do Good Citizens Make Good Organizational Citizens?
Authors: Cohen Aaron , Vigoda Eran
Published: July 2003

This study examined the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and general citizenship behavior in the wider society. First, the article portrays a theoretical link between variants of general citizenship behavior (e.g., political participation, community involvement, general altruism, and faith in citizen involvement) and OCB. The potential contribution of such a relationship to public administration agencies and to society is also developed. Respondents were 200 employees and their supervisors from one of the major public health organizations in Israel. Path analysis using LISREL VIII supports the notion that contextual work attitudes mediate the effect of general citizenship on OCB. The prime implication is that the organization constitutes an important factor in determining whether general citizenship behavior will be transformed in the organization.
Merit Protection, Federal Agencies, and the New Personnel Management
Authors: Durant Robert F. , West William F.
Published: July 2003

This study elaborates and extends earlier work on the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) that found that federal agencies differed in how well their personnel actions fared when appealed to the MSPB. The authors offer a theoretical framework for understanding cross-agency differences in MSPB appeals decisions and then test for face validity a variety of factors informing that framework. The authors argue that the important balance between managerial prerogative and protecting merit principles in the federal government could be jeopardized by the new personnel management (NPM) unless reformers and researchers consider in their work cross-agency variations in production functions, types of personnel actions taken, agency culture, agency structure, legitimate functional needs, anticipatory reactions, agency responsiveness, and agency learning curves.
The Epistemic Community
Authors: Miller Hugh T. , Fox Charles J.
Published: July 2003

Early epistemology assumed that the observer (a) was independent of and distinct from the object being observed and (b) could validate objective reality in a language system called the laws of science. The authors offer something different. In arguing that knowledge is responsive to the culture in which it is embedded, they take a perspectival approach, gathering localized intentionality, context, social practices, and linguistic meaning (called ground) into the project of inquiry (called figure). Knowledge building, in other words, depends on the background and interests of the epistemic community that is generating knowledge.
Centralization or Diffusion?
Authors: Peled Alon
Published: July 2003

Can the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as the Internet change the power relationships within a bureaucracy? The dominant centralization approach argues that the existing power elite manipulates computers to perpetuate and augment its power. Although not a coherent school of thought, other scholars suggest that technology can decentralize bureaucratic structures and diffuse bureaucratic power. The little-known history of the ICT revolution in the Israeli public sector suggests that the same empirical evidence can be woven into two starkly different historical narratives supporting each of these approaches depending on the kinds of questions scholars ask at the onset of their research.
The Sky’s no Limit
Authors: Buterbaugh Kevin
Published: July 2003

This article challenges some perceptions arising from the long-standing debate concerning the sharing of turf by organizations. It shows that the structure of an organization as well as its need to complete tasks affects the likelihood of it sharing turf. It also shows that organizations are motivated by more than the desire to expand budgets, power, or autonomy. Finally, organizations may make choices that help them complete a task in the short run, but in the long run undermine their ability to survive. These points are illustrated through a case study involving the Air National Guard and the Air Force.
Contracting out by Local Governments in Transitioning Nations
Authors: Brown Trevor L.
Published: July 2003

This article examines the factors that promote and inhibit contracting out by local governments in transitioning nations. Specifically, this article analyzes the effect of a variety of factors on the decision by Ukrainian local governments to contract out public services. The article uses Logit techniques to analyze the results of a 72-city survey undertaken in Ukraine in 1997 and 1998. Analysis of the data indicates that the presence of a technical assistance program in particular increases the likelihood that a local government will engage in contracting out. The findings also demonstrate the importance of factors identified by contracting out models of local governments in advanced industrialized contexts.
Splitting the Universe
Authors: Rutgers Mark R.
Published: July 2003

Traditionally, the politics/administration dichotomy is referred to in the study of public administration as the founding dichotomy. Debates on its tenability are as old as its discovery. In the arguments put forward, however, no attention is paid to the epistemological nature of dichotomies. This article tries to fill this gap. It is usually assumed that dichotomies have a contradictory nature. By looking at the logic of contradictions, and arguments relating to the use of logic in social practice, it is concluded that this is a false assumption. They are to be interpreted as conceptual constructs with an ideal-typical status. This reinterpretation of the nature of dichotomies helps to clarify the debates on the politics/administration dichotomy. It implies, for instance, that rejecting the dichotomy because of its contradictory or unrealistic nature is misguided.
State Court Budgeting and Judicial Independence
Authors: Douglas James W. , Hartley Roger E.
Published: July 2003

Perceived assaults on the independence of the judiciary have called new attention to how courts obtain their funding. Little scholarly activity has examined the question of how courts negotiate the politics of budgeting in state arenas. Expanding our knowledge in this area is necessary if we are to understand fully how budgeting affects the ability of the judiciary to effectively play its vital role as an independent branch in American government. Through the use of elite interviews with state court administrators, executive budget officers, and legislative budget analysts in Oklahoma and Virginia, this article examines whether the independence of state courts is under assault by budgetary politics. The evidence questions whether state executive and legislative powers of the purse pose serious threats to the independence of courts.
Postmodernism and American Public Administration in the 1990s
Authors: Bogason Peter
Published: July 2003

The 1990s debate on postmodernism as a metatheoretical basis for American public administration is reviewed based on its progress over time. Important themes in the debates are social constructivism and anti-foundationalism; deconstruction and narrative and linguistic analysis; pragmatism; and quantum theory. Considerable differences exist between the participants, and strictly speaking, there are rather few true postmodernists, but there is a large group of theorists who share a strong skepticism for the generalizing type of theory and instead recommend more situational analysis. Most of these theorists are pragmatists with a strong interest in public administration as an instrument to achieve a better society on the basis of democratic participation.
Acquiring New Technology
Authors: Corder Kevin
Published: July 2003

Increasing competition for scarce resources and new demands for accountability create information management challenges for human service agencies. A survey of managers of human service agencies is used to identify obstacles to acquisition of new information technology in both public and nonprofit agencies. Agencies with donors committed to new technology, managers with discretion to choose among technology alternatives, and a workforce with few volunteers are likely to acquire technology. The results are consistent with theoretical approaches to the nonprofit sector that emphasize similarities between nonprofit and public agencies. Both types of agencies are dependent on external sponsors.
Traditional Flavors?
Authors: Rutgers Mark R.
Published: July 2003

To state that Americans and Europeans have different attitudes toward the concept of state is commonplace, but how does this influence the study of public administration? This article traces differences in Western administrative thought in terms of traditions underlying the conceptualization of public administration. The traditions encompass a specific orientation toward the state (ontology) and toward conceptualization (epistemology); combining the two, the more common stateness/stateless differentiation can be refined as a means to capture different sentiments in administrative theory. The article concludes with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the two ideal-typical traditions and calls for the further development of the concept of the administrative state.
A Case for Particularism in Public Administration
Authors: Melchior Mary Beth , Melchior Alan
Published: July 2003

The recent entrepreneurial movement represents the latest in a series of attempts to define appropriate principles of public administration. Current entrepreneurial reforms, such as reinvention, aim explicitly to moderate the excesses of bureaucratic organization, but they also carry an implicit mandate to continue the assault on particularism begun by Progressive Era reformers. The authors contend that public administration theory should consider particularism a legitimate ethical principle and explore ways of integrating particularism with ethical principles central to the bureaucratic and entrepreneurial approaches to public administration. The authors analyze the manner in which the bureaucratic and entrepreneurial approaches detract from our understanding of particularism in public administration and explore ways that a better understanding of particularism can enhance public administration theory.
Learning Disabilities for Regulators
Authors: Tamuz Michal
Published: July 2003

In hazardous industries, regulatory agencies confront the dual mission of enforcing regulations while learning from experience. This research examines how incentives, designed for rule enforcement, influence the gathering and interpretation of hazard-related information that is essential for learning. It explores a high reliability theory argument that strict adherence to standard operating procedures can coexist with organizational learning from mishaps. Drawing on interviews with participants in aviation safety monitoring systems, the research analyzes archival data. The findings suggest that incentives for compliance alternatively decreased or increased the availability of hazard-related iinformation, depending on the design system. The research supports a political theory of organizational reliability.
Rethinking Diversity in Public Organizations for the 21st Century
Authors: Selden Sally Coleman , Selden Frank
Published: July 2003

The 21st century promises a more diverse public workplace in terms of race, ethnicity, culture, gender, age, and disabilities. In light of the shifting composition of public organizations, this article applies three different paradigms of diversity developed to understand private organizations and analyze practices in and research about public organizations. Building on these paradigms, this article proposes a new process for managing diversity that facilitates the development and promulgation of a multicultural organization. This paradigm of multiculturalism cultivates a climate in which individuals from dominant and nondominant cultures coexist and thrive. Consequently, agencies will be more effective in recruiting and retaining a diverse workforce, structuring internal processes, and serving clients.
Does Service Affect Citizenship?
Authors: Perry James L. , Katula Michael C.
Published: July 2003

The idea of citizen service has been given increasing attention as a remedy for problems of civic disengagement. This study reviews 37 empirical studies about the relationship between service and citizenship. A formal model of change is used to guide the review. Six types of citizenship outcomes are discussed: citizenship-related cognitive understanding, citizenship attitudes, citizenship skills, institutional change, philanthropic and civic behaviors, and political behavior. Based on the review, several conclusions are drawn about what is known about the service-citizenship relationship.
Culture, Commerce, and Civil Society
Authors: Toepler Stefan
Published: July 2003

Although the arts in the United States are predominantly nonprofit, policy analyses concerning the nonprofit sector and the arts field have largely followed separate trajectories. Thus, key policy challenges that have recently been identified for the nonprofit sector at large have found little resonance in the arts. This article reviews the implications of commercialization as one of the key issues in the nonprofit field for the arts, discusses the reasons why this issue has not gained greater prominence in arts policy, and concludes by outlining alternative policy research options.
Welfare Reform in Wisconsin
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: July 2003

The article suggests a new model for the implementation of social programs based on welfare reform in Wisconsin. Existing models tend to be top-down or bottom-up, but in Wisconsin the leading counties and the state government worked interactively to transform welfare. Existing accounts of the Wisconsin reform stress state-level leadership, but key features such as high participation in work programs and an emphasis on “work first” rather than training were developed first in Kenosha and several other counties and then adopted statewide. The article also dramatizes the critical role of strong program management and organization.
Institutions of Private Authority in Global Governance
Authors: Ronit Karsten
Published: July 2003

In the current discussion on globalization, it is often argued that state power at the national level has diminished and authority has been surrendered to global market forces. In this context it is ignored that beyond state and market there is a private system of governance linking different territorial levels in which the national sphere continues to be important. Thus, self-regulatory arrangements exist across many policy fields, but business—which is a very globalized interest category—is particularly rich with examples. Various theories are developed to examine self-regulation as an alternative to public regulation through private actors in domestic and international levels. This article seeks to analyze and integrate these theories developed mainly within comparative politics and international relations studies. A successful integration of these perspectives can also help interpret globalization processes and the role of the national sphere in the context of different systems of governance.
Insights for Public Administration from the Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Goodsell Charles T.
Published: July 2003

In this article written in mid-January 2002, the author offers four insights for his field derived from the terrorist attacks and their aftermath. These relate to how public administration can stir our hearts and meet exigencies on one hand and how the field needs to do some rethinking and maturation on the other.
The Origins of Budgetary Preferences
Authors: Savage James D.
Published: July 2003

Although budgetary theory points out the importance of the balanced budget norm in influencing budgetary outcomes and procedures, this literature tends to ignore where these preferences originate. This study analyzes the source of the balanced budget preference in Japan, identifying its origins, institutionalization, and influence on budgetary policy. The origins of the balanced budget preference are located in the period of the American occupation of postwar Japan. This research, therefore, extends the early incrementalist comparative literature, as well as contemporary theoretical efforts that link budgetary preferences to budgetary outcomes.
School-Linked Collaborative Services and Systems Change
Authors: Eilers Angela M.
Published: July 2003

This study examines whether the alternative policy instrument, systems change, fits the problem of efficient and effective local services. An initiative known as school-linked collaborative services, implemented by a team of county-level policy makers and community-based teams, is the focus. The findings reveal that the policy instrument of systems change devolved authority to the street-level bureaucrats but not responsibility for meeting objectives. As well, the effort to minimize duplication of services through collaboration inadvertently created new layers of bureaucratic control. Implications suggest that systems change alone is not an adequate policy instrument. Suggestions for combining policy instruments of systems change and capacity building are discussed.
Can you Afford Honesty?
Authors: de Vries Michiel S.
Published: July 2003

This article discusses the honesty of local politicians and public administrators in 17 countries. First, it goes into deontological, consequential, virtue, and dialogic ethics. Based on a large-scale survey, this article concludes that the ethos (general principle) of honesty is a universal value, which conforms to deontological principles. Regarding ethics (the application of the principle in practice), however, important differences between these local elites are seen. The explanation for these differences is sought at the individual and organizational level. It is argued that organizational factors explain most of the variance. Especially the opinions of colleagues are important. Also, the existence of conflicts and social problems within the community determine whether one is (able to be) honest. This implies that honesty can be seen empirically as a social-cultural phenomenon that varies with the internal and external pressures exerted on the local politicians and administrators.
Dicey’s Ghost and Administrative Law
Authors: Rohr John A.
Published: July 2003

Albert Venn Dicey, the great British constitutional scholar of the 19th century, is best known in the field of administrative law for his denial of even the possibility of administrative law in common-law countries. This article puts Dicey’s famous denial in a context that establishes the relevance of his constitutional scholarship for contemporary administrative law. Examples are drawn from the United Kingdom and the United States to support this position.
Why Do Public-Sector Clients Coproduce?
Authors: Alford John
Published: July 2003

The literature on coproduction in the public sector generally pays as much attention to clients as it does to other types of coproducers, such as citizens or volunteers. But the question of what influences clients to coproduce attracts relatively less attention. This article offers a conceptualization of the factors inducing client coproduction, drawing on evidence from four Australian public-sector case studies. It is argued that clients are not simple utility maximizers but are also motivated by a complex mixture of nonmaterial incentives, of which a contingency theory is proposed.
The Rhetoric of Public Administration
Authors: Farmer David John
Published: July 2003

The short essay that follows is the result of an invitation from the editor to comment on public administration or service in light of the events of September 11,2001 and those subsequent thereto. More responses will follow in future issues. If others are moved to write such an essay, please contact the editor.
Cyberspace Challenges to Mainstream Nonprofit Health Organizations
Authors: Brainard Lori A. , Siplon Patricia D.
Published: July 2003

Nonprofits are increasingly significant to public administration. The field also is confronting the Internet. In examining health-based nonprofits, the authors ask: How are traditional nonprofits and newer radical groups using the Internet? What is the relationship between these two types of groups? Traditional groups use the Internet for organizational maintenance whereas newer groups use it for the more “radical” pursuits of empowerment, advocacy, and the provision of solidary benefits. The authors identify three relationships between traditional groups and their newer, more radical counterparts: cooperation, competition, and specialization.
Cultural Malleability in an East Asian Context
Authors: Li Ji , Karakowsky Leonard
Published: July 2003

Research in cross-cultural management and cultural diversity has often implicitly viewed national culture as a stable, enduring characteristic that can affect individual and organizational behavior. This article draws attention to the utility of considering national culture as a malleable rather than a fixed construct. Based on this conception of national culture, the authors examine the potential impact of culture and cultural change on business strategy. This examination is based on observations of differential business strategy employed among firms in Singapore compared to firms in Hong Kong and Taiwan. These differences, viewed as a reflection of cultural differences, suggest that significant partial changes in national culture can occur in a relatively short period of time. Although much of the previous literature has emphasized the factors of socioeconomic development and technological advancement as sources of influence on cultural change, this article considers the influence of government policies on national culture and business behaviors.
Getting out the Cut
Authors: Burnett Miles , Davis Charles
Published: July 2003

To what extent do national forest policy decisions reflect a balance between the interests of environmentalists and the timber industries? National forest policy making from 1960 through 1995 was analyzed using the advocacy coalition framework developed by Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith. The authors found that forest policy shifted in a more ecologically sensitive direction beginning in the late 1980s. Changes were largely attributable to the ability of the environmental coalition to manipulate new information to influence key decision makers within Congress and to take advantage of more favorable decisional venues to overcome structural biases built into existing forest policy-making arrangements.
Productivity and the Moral Manager
Authors: Lynch Thomas D. , Lynch Cynthia E. , Cruise Peter L.
Published: July 2003

In this article, the authors argue that there is a positive relationship between productivity and morality in public-sector organizations. If there are ethical problems such as corruption in such organizations, the administrative answer typically is added rules, more complex procedures, and greater sanctions. In other words, we increase organizational red tape to confront our ethical problems rather than address the real problem directly. Using a systems modeling approach informed by Kohlberg’s moral development theory and Friedrich’s view of “inner controls,” we suggest (a) a more direct method to assess the level of ethical development in organizations and (b) a technique by which to improve public-sector organization productivity that places greater emphasis on individual morality rather than on more administrative controls.
Is the Immigration and Naturalization Service Unreformable?
Authors: Barrios Sharon A.
Published: July 2003

According to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) critics, the agency is failing badly at its central tasks. The most common diagnosis of this failure concludes that the INS has been granted an excess of discretionary authority. Thus, the way to alleviate the situation is to remove some of this authority, possibly by eliminating the INS altogether and assigning its functions to other government agencies. This article argues that the diagnosis is mistaken; the proper response is not to decrease the discretionary authority of the INS, as many of its critics have suggested, but rather to increase its autonomy and power.
An Application of Herd Theory to Interest Group Behavior
Authors: Hunter Kennith G.
Published: July 2003

Herd theory may be useful for understanding the activities of interest groups in the American states. If interest groups are as powerful as most of the literature claims, it should become increasingly easy to statistically explain certain public policy outcomes. The analysis shows this is not the case, and therefore a reexamination of interest group behaviors may be in order. To a large extent, the hiring of lobbyists by interest groups does not seem to result in a greater level of explained variance. If the number of interest groups in a category pressures administrators, such a reaction may be misplaced.
Corporate Ethics Officers And Government Ethics Administrators
Authors: Smith Robert W.
Published: July 2003

As society enters the next millennium, ethics transgressions continue to make headlines. A Walker Research poll found 57% of public employees were aware of an ethical violation in the past 2 years. Similarly, an Ethics Officer Association-sponsored poll found that 48% of corporate employees admitted to unethical or illegal acts in 1996. Most governments have ethics boards or commissions, and corporations have ethics or compliance offices. Despite the existence of this ethics infrastructure, violations continue. What do these respective offices do? This article posits that there are important lessons to be learned by a cross-fertilization of knowledge between private sector ethics officers and public ethics administrators.
Long-Wave Economic Cycles, Techno-Economic Paradigms, and the Pattern of Reform in American Public Administration
Authors: Kiel L. Douglas , Elliott Euel
Published: July 2003

Previous public administration research has failed to systematically explore the relationships between changing techno-economic paradigms and reform in American public administration. This article examines the linkages between bureaucratic reform and long-wave economic cycles. Specifically, the authors contend that the techno-economic paradigms that drive economic long waves are consistent with a pattern of initiation and eventually confirmation of reforms in public administration. The authors show that public administration reforms emerge during price downswings and are then followed by a period of “reform confirmation” during price upswings. The historical pattern of the approximately 50- to 60-year long-wave cycles reveals 25- to 30-year periods of downswing reform emergence followed by similar periods of price upswing reform confirmation. Finally, this article enhances our knowledge concerning the variables necessary to develop comprehensive theories of public administration reform.
Transforming the Mind-Set of the Organization
Authors: de Vries Manfred F. R. Kets , Balazs Katharina
Published: July 2003

In this article the processes of individual and organizational change—their characteristics and dynamics—are explored, and resemblances between personal and organizational change are highlighted using a clinical orientation. Factors such as a period of distress, a crystallization of discontent, a focal event, and a public declaration of intent are shown to play a role in both individual and organizational change. The process of working through the loss associated with change—a process that is made up of a number of predictable stages: shock, disbelief, discarding, and realization—is outlined. Social support, locus of control, and hardiness are introduced as factors facilitating the change process. Finally, a case study showcasing a company that experienced a dramatic transformation is presented to highlight some of the critical change variables and to show how top management can use many of the levers that make for a successful transformation and change program.