bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical modification‐induced improvement in the electrical characteristics of radiation‐functionalized polypropylene sheets
Authors: El‐Hag Ali Amr , Mostafa Tahia B , Raafat Amany I
Published: December 2009

The development of conducting or semiconducting polymers is a highly interesting area due to the urgent need for new materials that combine several unique properties to be applied in a great variety of electrochemical devices. Polypropylene sheets were functionalized by radiation‐induced grafting of acrylonitrile to import reactive nitrile groups into the inert polymer sheets. To improve the electrical characteristics, such as electrical conductivity, of the radiation‐grafted sheets, a conjugated structure was developed via the repetition of the two‐step condensation polymerization of p‐phenylenediamine and glyoxal using the grafted nitrile groups as starting point. The grafted and treated polypropylene sheets were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR spectra confirmed the occurrence of the grafting as well as the treatment of the grafted cyanide groups with p‐phenylenediamine and reaction with glyoxal. TGA traces showed an improvement in the thermal stability of the grafted sheets by grafting and a reduction of such stability by chemical treatment. The electrical characteristics of the grafted and treated sheets were evaluated and compared with those of untreated polypropylene. The effects of degree of grafting and conjugated chain length on the electrical characteristics of the grafted sheets were also investigated. The results showed that the development of a conjugated chemical structure in the polypropylene sheets increases the conductivity by about five orders of magnitude. The electrical conductivity of polypropylene was significantly increased as a result of the chemical development of a conjugated double‐bond chain structure in the radiation‐functionalized form. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Cleavable multiblock copolymer synthesized by ring‐opening metathesis copolymerization of cyclooctene and macrocyclic olefin and its hydrolysis to give carboxyl‐telechelic polymer
Authors: Xie Meiran , Wang Weizhen , Ding Liang , Liu Jingwei , Yang Dan , Wei Ling , Zhang Yiqun
Published: December 2009

A novel cleavable multiblock copolymer was synthesized by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclooctene (COE) and a flexible 27‐membered macrocyclic olefin (MCO), which is acted as the spacer to collect the polymer structure block by block. MCO 2 was prepared via ring‐closing metathesis of the long chain alkyldiene, and then 2 was well‐ conducted ROMP with COE to provide the multiblock copolymer [Poly(COE)‐2]m consisting of homo‐Poly(COE) blocks and ring‐opened 2 segments with different molecular weights (Mn = 30.0 – 249.6 × 103) and polydispersity index (PDI) within 1.45–1.67 as variation of the feed ratio of COE to 2. The multiblock copolymer chain containing weak ester linkage can be cleaved under alkali condition to afford the carboxyl‐telechelic Poly(COE) blocks with much lower molecular weights (Mn,h = 3.6–35.7 × 103) and slight higher PDIs (1.65–1.88). The average block number on multiblock copolymer chain was obtained from the ratio of Mn to Mn,h and was reached up to the value of 7–16. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 380–388, 2010
Mimicking “nascent” Cu(0) mediated SET‐LRP of methyl acrylate in DMSO leads to complete conversion in several minutes
Authors: Jiang Xuan , Rosen Brad M. , Percec Virgil
Published: December 2009

Cu(0) was prepared via disproportionation of Cu(I)Br in the presence of Me6‐TREN in various solvents in a glove box. The resulting nanopowders were used as mimics of “nascent” Cu(0) catalyst in the single‐electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) of methyl acrylate (MA), providing faster polymerization than any commercial Cu(0) powder, Cu(0) wire, or Cu(I)Br and achieving 80% conversion in only 5 min reaction time. Despite the high rate, a living polymerization was observed with linear evolution of molecular weight, narrow polydispersity, no induction period, and high retention of chain‐end functionality. In addition to providing an unprecedentedly fast, yet controlled LRP of MA, these studies suggest that the very small “nascent” Cu(0) species formed via disproportionation in SET‐LRP are the most active catalysts. Thus, when bulk Cu(0) powder or wire may be the most abundant catalyst and dictates the overall kinetics, any Cu(0) produced via disproportionation will be rapidly consumed and contributes to the overall catalytic cycle. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 403–409, 2010
Thermosensitive graphene nanocomposites formed using pyrene‐terminal polymers made by RAFT polymerization
Authors: Liu Jingquan , Yang Wenrong , Tao Lei , Li Dan , Boyer Cyrille , Davis Thomas P.
Published: December 2009

Thermosensitive graphene‐polymer composites have been prepared by attaching poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) onto the basal plane of graphene sheets via π‐π stacking. Pyrene‐terminated PNIPAAm was synthesized using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization via a pyrene‐functional RAFT agent. Aqueous solutions of the graphene‐polymer composites were stable and thermosensitive. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of pyrene‐terminated PNIPAAm was measured to be 33 °C. When the pyrene‐functional polymer was attached to graphene the resultant composites were also thermosensitive in aqueous solutions exhibiting a reversible suspension behavior at 24 °C. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that the thickness of a graphene‐PNIPAAm (Mn: 10,000 and PDI: 1.1) sheet was ∼5.0 nm. The surface coverage of polymer chains on the graphene basal plane was calculated to be 7.2 × 10−11 mol cm−2. The graphene‐PNIPAAm composite material was successfully characterized using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR‐IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 425–433, 2010
Photoluminescent, liquid‐crystalline, and electrochemical properties of para‐phenylene‐based alternating conjugated copolymers
Authors: Yao Kai , Chen Yiwang , Chen Lie , Kong Huanling , Zhou Weihua , Li Fan , He Xiaohui , Wei Yen
Published: December 2009

Novel liquid‐crystalline alternating conjugated copolymers [P(P(6)CN‐alt‐Cz) and P(P(6)CN‐alt‐MeP)] with phenylene and carbazolylene or phenylene with methyl substitution onto the main chain have been synthesized through palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions. The influence of the incorporation of carbazolylene and the substituted phenylene into the main chain on the thermal, mesomorphic, and luminescent properties has been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and cyclic voltammetry. These polymers show highly thermal stability, losing little of their weights when heated to 360 °C. The conjugated copolymers exhibit liquid crystallinity at elevated temperature. The existence of the chromophoric terphenyl core endows the copolymers with high PL and the polymer P(P(6)CN‐alt‐Cz containing carbazolylene unit can emit more pure blue light. All the copolymer films with low band gaps about 2.3–2.4 eV undergo reversible oxidation and reduction processes, significantly lower than the band gap of poly(p‐phenylene). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 434–442, 2010
Vanadium complex with tetradentate [O,N,N,O] ligand supported on magnesium type carrier for ethylene homopolymerization and copolymerization
Authors: Białek Marzena , Liboska Ozanna
Published: December 2009

Immobilization of 1,2‐cyclohexylenebis(5‐chlorosalicylideneiminato)vanadium dichloride on the magnesium support obtained in the reaction of MgCl2·3.4EtOH with Et2AlCl gives a highly active precursor for ethylene homopolymerization and its copolymerization with 1‐octene. This catalyst exhibits the highest activity in conjunction with MAO, but it is also highly active with AlMe3 as a cocatalyst. On the other hand, when combined with chlorinated alkylaluminum compounds, Et2AlCl and EtAlCl2, it gives traces of polyethylene. Moreover, its catalytic activity is strongly affected by the reaction temperature: it increased with rising polymerization temperature from 20 °C to 60 °C. The kinetic curves obtained for the supported vanadium catalyst, in contrast to its titanium analogue, are of decay type, yet the reduction in the polymerization rate is rather moderate in the early stages of polymerization, and then it is relatively very slow. The vanadium catalyst gives copolymers at a lower yield than the titanium one does, but with the significantly higher 1‐octene content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 471–478, 2010
Secondary electron contrast modulation in SU‐8 photoresist films exposed holographically
Authors: Avila L. F. , Gutierrez‐Rivera Luis , Cescato Lucila
Published: December 2009

We report a Secondary Electron (SE) contrast modulation observed in scanning electron microscope photographs of the cross‐section of SU‐8 photoresist films exposed holographically. The modulation occurs along the whole depth of the sample and its contrast disappears when the samples are submitted to the post exposure bake (PEB). Diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements of the samples were performed before and after PEB to investigate this modulation. The results indicate that this SE emission contrast modulation comes from the spatial chemical modulation generated by the photolysis during the exposure of the SU‐8 films. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 226–230, 2010
Laser speckle analysis on correlation between gelation and phase separation in aqueous methyl cellulose solutions
Authors: Takeshita Hiroki , Saito Keiichi , Miya Masamitsu , Takenaka Katsuhiko , Shiomi Tomoo
Published: December 2009

Structure formation by coupling between formation of crosslinking points and liquid–liquid phase separation was investigated for aqueous methyl cellulose solution by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and light scattering (LS) techniques. The sol–gel phase diagram and the SAXS results suggested that the liquid–liquid phase separation occurred before gelation. By LS measurements, the structure due to the liquid–liquid phase separation was directly observed. By applying speckle analysis on the LS profiles, it was suggested that the gelation and the phase separation strongly coupled each other: the increase in the apparent molecular weight by crosslinking induced the liquid–liquid phase separation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 168–174, 2010
Morphological changes of annealed poly‐ε‐caprolactone by enzymatic degradation with lipase
Authors: Sekosan Gabriela , Vasanthan Nadarajah
Published: December 2009

The effects of crystallinity and temperature on enzymatic degradation of poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) films and structural changes after degradation have been studied using weight loss, differential scanning calorimetry, and optical microscopy. The weight loss during the enzymatic degradation of PCL suggested that the extent of biodegradation and the rate of degradation strongly depend on the initial crystallinity. PCL films of lower crystallinity (24%) degraded much faster than films of higher crystallinity (45%). The crystallinity of low‐crystalline PCL films increased with increasing degradation time, whereas the crystallinity of high‐crystalline PCL films decreased with time. The spherulite size increased with increasing degradation time for low‐crystalline samples but decreased with time for high‐crystalline samples. These results revealed that degradation occurs first in the amorphous region where the degradation rate is much higher, and the crystalline region of the PCL film started to degrade simultaneously for those PCL with higher crystallinity. The enzymatic degradation of PCL proceeded from the free amorphous to restricted amorphous followed by lamellar edges, where PCL chains have higher mobility irrespective of hydrolysis temperature. Caproic acid was identified as the primary product formed after degradation and confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, suggesting that degradation occurs through the depolymerization mechanism. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 202–211, 2010
An evaluation of a computer‐imaging program to prepare women for chemotherapy‐related alopecia
Authors: McGarvey Elizabeth L. , Leon‐Verdin MaGuadalupe , Baum Lora D. , Bloomfield Karen , Brenin David R. , Koopman Cheryl , Acton Scott , Clark Brian , Parker B. Eugene
Published: December 2009

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate a computer program named Help with Adjustment to Alopecia by Image Recovery (HAAIR) that was developed to provide educational support and reduce distress in women with hair loss following chemotherapy.

Methods: Forty‐five women who had been diagnosed with cancer and anticipated alopecia following treatment were randomly assigned to either the Imagining group (IG) or Standardized Care group (SCG). Patients in the IG used a computer‐imaging program that created the patient's image on a screen to simulate baldness and use of wigs whereas patients in the SCG were directed to a resource room at the Cancer Center established for women with chemotherapy‐related alopecia. Assessment data using the Brief Symptom Inventory, Importance of Hair Questionnaire, and the Brief Cope were completed at baseline (T1), before chemotherapy and hair loss, following hair loss (T2), and 3 months follow‐up (T3).

Results: All women were able to successfully use the touch screen computerized‐imaging program and reported that using the computer was a positive, helpful experience, thus establishing acceptability and usability. Women in both the IG and the SCG group showed significantly lower hair loss distress scores at T2 after hair loss than at T1 with T3 distress scores increasing in the SCG and decreasing in the IG. Those with avoidance coping reported more distress.

Conclusions: This evaluation demonstrates that the HAAIR program is a patient‐endorsed educational and supportive complement to care for women facing chemotherapy‐related alopecia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berberine: a plant alkaloid with therapeutic potential for central nervous system disorders
Authors: Kulkarni S. K. , Dhir Ashish
Published: December 2009

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid of the protoberberine type found in an array of plants, has been used in Indian and Chinese medicines as an antimicrobial, stomachic, bitter tonic and in the treatment of oriental sores. Although pharmacological investigations of berberine have been reported by many in the past, there is renewed interest in berberine because of its reported beneficial effect in various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The alkaloid is reported to modulate neurotransmitters and their receptor systems in the brain. This review attempts to discuss the pharmacological basis of the use of berberine in various central nervous system and related disorders. Its protective effect in Alzheimer's, cerebral ischemia, mental depression, schizophrenia and anxiety are highlighted. However, more detailed clinical trials along with a safety assessment of berberine are warranted for positioning the alkaloid in the treatment of neurological disorders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion behaviour of mechanically polished AA7075‐T6 aluminium alloy
Authors: Liu Y. , Laurino A. , Hashimoto T. , Zhou X. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. , Scamans G. M. , Blanc C. , Rainforth W. M. , Frolish M. F.
Published: December 2009

In the present study, the effects of mechanical polishing on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AA7075 aluminium alloy are investigated. It was found that a nano‐grained, near‐surface deformed layer, up to 400 nm thickness, is developed due to significant surface shear stress during mechanically polishing. Within the near‐surface deformed layer, the alloying elements have been redistributed and the microstructure of the alloy is modified; in particular, the normal MgZn2 particles for T6 are absent. However, segregation bands, approximately 10‐nm thick, containing mainly zinc, are found at the grain boundaries within the near‐surface deformed layer. The presence of such segregation bands promoted localised corrosion along the grain boundaries within the near‐surface deformed layer due to microgalvanic action. During anodic polarisation of mechanically polished alloy in sodium chloride solution, two breakdown potentials were observed at −750 mV and −700 mV, respectively. The first breakdown potential is associated with an increased electrochemical activity of the near‐surface deformed layer, and the second breakdown potential is associated with typical pitting of the bulk alloy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zuschrift zu: Schmidt, H., Fastabend, M., Swadlo, P., Lommen, H.‐G.: Ein ungewöhnliches Stabilitätsproblem verursacht Schadensfall.
Authors: Dietz Horst
Published: December 2009

[Stahlbau 77 (2008), H. 12, S. 862–869 ]
Identification of Vitronectin as an Extrinsic Inducer of Cancer Stem Cell Differentiation and Tumor Formation
Authors: Hurt Elaine M. , Chan King , Duhagon Serrat Maria Ana , Thomas Suneetha B. , Veenstra Timothy D. , Farrar William L.
Published: December 2009

There is mounting evidence that tumors are initiated by a rare subset of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are generally quiescent, self-renew, form tumors at low numbers, and give rise to the heterogeneous cell types found within a tumor. CSCs isolated from multiple tumor types differentiate both in vivo and in vitro when cultured in serum, yet the factors responsible for their differentiation have not yet been identified. Here we show that vitronectin is the component of human serum driving stem cell differentiation through an integrin αVβ3-dependent mechanism. CSCs cultured on vitronectin result in downregulation of stem cell genes, modulation of differentiation markers, and loss of β-catenin nuclear localization. Blocking integrin αVβ3 inhibits differentiation and subsequently tumor formation. Thus, CSCs must be engaged by one or more extracellular signals to differentiate and initiate tumor formation, defining a new axis for future novel therapies aimed at both the extrinsic and intracellular pathways.
Charisma, paternalism, and business leadership in Latin America
Authors: Behrens Alfredo
Published: December 2009

If populist politics reveals a paradigm, in countries where populist politics are acceptable, effective paternalistic business leaders must offer unlimited protection in exchange for similarly unlimited allegiance from the workers. The reverse interview survey reported here suggests that, within knowledge‐based industries, the knowledgeable leader might override paternalistic considerations that nonetheless rule for the larger segment of Brazilian workers, who may shun the foreign‐appointed boss the most. Unfortunately, multinationals tend to expand abroad when they are mature businesses whose people‐oriented founders may be long gone. Their more technocratic successors are more likely to appoint the most despised leaders at subsidiaries. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A different toolbox for M&A due diligence in China
Authors: Boyle James , Winter Matthew
Published: December 2009

Prior to spending considerable resources on putting together a meaningful due diligence process, it is imperative for businesspersons to ask some major questions regarding the decision under consideration. What, explicitly, does the company hope to achieve with the transaction? What is the end game and what are the alternatives? Why is the deal better than a greenfield operation or some other business arrangement? If the transaction is to be a joint venture, will the company merely be paying tuition for a formidable competitor? In the West, the diligence team would typically sit in a war room and pore over piles of documents. This will simply not work in China, as much of the documented information is intended to mislead the tax collector or, in the case of a business, the acquirer. Any meaningful understanding of the target will come from re‐creating a representation of the business from scratch using process mapping and modeling techniques based on trusted information. This article is intended to help businesses entering China conduct accurate and meaningful due diligence as they enter a market fraught with pitfalls and cultural nuances with which Westerners may not be familiar. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sport participation and positive development in older persons
Authors: Baker Joseph , Fraser-Thomas Jessica , Dionigi Rylee A. , Horton Sean
Published: December 2009

In many Western countries, more and more people are living longer. As part of this demographic shift, increasing numbers are participating in Masters sport. In the past, sport was considered important for the development of young people; however, the potential for sport participation to affect positive development across the lifespan is now recognized. The purpose of this paper is to introduce conceptual frameworks from developmental psychology that are being used to understand youths’ positive development through sport, and to explore these frameworks in the context of sport as an avenue for positive development in older persons. To achieve this aim, we outline research on sport participation as it applies to youth development and consider relevant aspects as they broadly apply to development later in life. This discussion highlights the inherent paradox of sport participation—that it has the potential to provide considerable positive growth but also the potential for significant negative consequences. Finally, we explore areas of future research related to positive development in older persons through sport.
Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Oil from Isolated Oleosomes of Soybean Flour
Authors: Towa Lili T. , Kapchie Virginie N. , Hauck Catherine , Murphy Patricia A.
Published: December 2009

Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of oil from isolated soybean oleosomes was evaluated as an alternative to the conventional organic solvent extraction. Three different processes: hydrolysis of oleosomes, thermal demulsification of the skim or the slurry, and destabilization of the cream by the churning butter process were examined to enhance the release of free oil from isolated oleosomes. The oil extraction involved incubating the oleosomes with either 0, 2.5 or 5% protease (Protex 6L®) at 60 °C, pH 9 for 18 h, destabilizing the slurry by three thermal strategies: freeze/thaw, freeze/thaw and heating, and destabilizing the cream by the churning butter process without and with 5% of phospholipase A2 (Multifect L1 10L®), at 40 °C, pH 8 for 4 h. The best total free oil yield was 83–88% by hydrolyzing oleosomes with 2.5 or 5% Protex 6L®, destabilizing the slurries by heating and destabilizing the resulting cream by the churning butter process. The oleosomes treated with 2.5 and 5% proteases generated hydrolyzed soybean storage proteins at 18–20% degree of hydrolysis, with all the storage proteins hydrolyzed to peptides smaller than 6.5 kDa, compared to the oleosomes disrupted without proteases.
A case–control study on seaweed consumption and the risk of breast cancer
Authors: Yang Yoon Jung , Nam Seok-Jin , Kong Gu , Kim Mi Kyung
Published: December 2009

Gim (Porphyra sp.) and miyeok (Undaria pinnatifida) are the seaweeds most consumed by Koreans. We investigated the association between the intake of gim and miyeok and the risk of breast cancer in a case–control study. Cases were 362 women aged 30–65 years old, who were histologically confirmed to have breast cancer. Controls visiting the same hospital were matched to cases according to their age (sd 2 years) and menopausal status. Food intake was estimated by the quantitative FFQ with 121 items, including gim and miyeok. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the OR and corresponding 95 % CI. The average intake and consumption frequency of gim in cases were lower than in controls. The daily intake of gim was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer (5th v. 1st quintile, OR, 0·48; 95 % CI, 0·27, 0·86; P for trend, 0·026) after adjustment for potential confounders. After stratification analysis was performed according to menopausal status, premenopausal women (5th v. 1st quintile, OR, 0·44; 95 % CI, 0·24, 0·80; P for trend, 0·007) and postmenopausal women (5th v. 1st quintile, OR, 0·32; 95 % CI, 0·13, 0·80; P for trend, 0·06) showed similar inverse associations between gim intake and the risk of breast cancer after an adjustment for potential confounders except dietary factors. Miyeok consumption did not have any significant associations with breast cancer. These results suggest that high intake of gim may decrease the risk of breast cancer.
Estimation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content in UK foods and assessment of dietary intake in a cohort of healthy adults
Authors: Mushtaq Sohail , Heather Mangiapane E. , Hunter Kirsty A.
Published: December 2009

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from ruminant-derived foods may be potentially beneficial to health. The quantity of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA in a range of UK foodstuffs (112 foods) was determined using triple-column silver ion HPLC. The cis-9, trans-11 CLA content ranged from 1·9 mg/g lipid (mild Cheddar) to 7·3 mg/g lipid (processed cheese) in cheeses, from 0·9 mg/g lipid (ice cream) to 3·7 mg/g lipid (double cream) in non-cheese dairy products, and from 2·9 mg/g lipid (Swedish meatballs) to 6·0 mg/g lipid (minced lamb) in meat products. cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations for chocolate and sweets ranged from 0·1 mg/g lipid (hot chocolate) to 4·8 mg/g lipid (buttermint). The trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer was undetected or negligible in the food samples examined. To provide information about dietary cis-9, trans-11 CLA intakes in the UK, a study was performed to estimate the daily intake of CLA in a cohort of eighteen healthy volunteers (nine female and nine male; aged 21–60 years; mean BMI = 24·0 kg/m2 (sd 2·2)) with a 7-d weighed food record. This information combined with the CLA isomer contents of UK foodstuffs was used to estimate the daily intake of the cohort. The mean daily intake of cis-9, trans-11 CLA was estimated to be 97·5 (sd 73·3) mg/d. Due to its potential health benefits, it is important to determine the CLA content of food and dietary intake as these data will be useful in determining the role of CLA in health and disease.
The Individual–Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour
Authors: Dalton Russell , Van Sickle Alix , Weldon Steven
Published: December 2009

Political protest is seemingly a ubiquitous aspect of politics in advanced industrial societies, and its use may be spreading to less developed nations as well. Our research tests several rival theories of protest activity for citizens across an exceptionally wide range of polities. With data from the 1999–2002 wave of the World Values Survey, we demonstrate that the macro-level context – levels of economic and political development – significantly influences the amount of popular protest. Furthermore, a multi-level model examines how national context interacts with the micro-level predictors of protest activity. The findings indicate that contemporary protest is expanding not because of increasing dissatisfaction with government, but because economic and political development provide the resources for those who have political demands.
The ecology and evolution of microsporidian parasites
Authors: SMITH J. E.
Published: December 2009

The phylum Microspora is ancient and diverse and affects a wide range of hosts. There is unusually high use of vertical transmission and this has significant consequences for transmission and pathogenicity. Vertical transmission is associated with low pathogenesis but nevertheless can have significant impact through associated traits such as sex ratio distortion. The majority of microsporidia have mixed transmission cycles and it is not clear whether they are able to modify their phenotype according to environmental circumstances. There is a great need to understand the mechanisms controlling transmission and one of the first challenges for the genomics era is to find genes associated with life cycle stages. Similarly we cannot currently predict the ease with which these parasites might switch between host groups. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that there are strong relationships between Microsporidia and their hosts. However closer typing of parasite isolates, in relation to host range and disease phenotype, is required to assess future environmental risk from these pathogens.
The Introduction to Divre binah by Dov Ber of Bolechów: An Unexamined Source for the History of Jews in the Lwów Region in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Hundert Gershon David
Published: December 2009

Surprisingly, historians have not yet carefully examined the introductory pages of the unpublished manuscript Divre binah (Understanding Words) by Dov Ber Birkenthal. Although the evidence of a single witness seldom leads to the revision of historical narratives, the material provided in these introductory pages is quite rich and suggests much about a number of topics that will be of particular interest to students of the eighteenth century. Among these themes are Jewish attitudes to Christianity, to the new Austrian regime in Galicia, to the Enlightenment, and to early Hasidism. The author, an elderly successful businessman, wrote the work in question after retiring to his hometown, Bolechów. His book affords us a glimpse into his way of understanding his society and his time.
Maḥazor Ha-Ḥayyim:Life-Cycle Celebration in the Song of the Ashkenazic Synagogue
Authors: Goldberg Geoffrey
Published: December 2009

Joyous life-cycle events celebrated by American Ashkenazic Jews, especially those belonging to the more liberal denominations, invariably conclude with the singing of the wordssiman tov u-mazal tov, yehei lanu u-lekhol yisra'eil(May it bring good luck to us and to all Israel). Whether after the long anxious minutes of theberit milah, the struggle of the youngster through the Hebrew text and trope of thehaftarah, the calling up of the bridegroom (and the bride as well in most non-Orthodox synagogues) at anaufruf, or the breaking of the glass at a wedding, the spontaneous singing serves as a catharsis to relieve the built-up tensions of the communal ritual event as well as to express an outpouring of joy.
“Abandon Your Role as Exponents of the Magyars”: Contested Jewish Loyalty in Interwar (Czecho)Slovakia
Authors: Klein-Pejšová Rebekah
Published: December 2009

On the occasion of the eighth anniversary of the founding of Czechoslovakia, October 28, 1926, the Neolog Jewish Community of Bratislava (Pozsony, Pressburg) gathered for a commemorative service led by their chief rabbi, Dr. Samuel Funk. They were joined by representatives of the government administration and other religious confessions. Toward the end of his sermon, an increasingly agitated Rabbi Funk turned and pointed with an angry finger at the members of the assimilationist Union of Slovak Jews (Sväz slovenských židov) in attendance from his position behind the podium. He publicly accused them of destroying Jewish unity and making it impossible for the Jewish Party to win a parliamentary mandate. He concluded his sermon by recalling a meeting that he had recently enjoyed with the president of Czechoslovakia, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. President Masaryk, Funk related, regarded it as very embarrasing that in spite of the 100,000 votes that the Jewish Party had received in 1925, it was not able to obtain even one parliamentary mandate. Funk reported that Masaryk only respected those Jews who declared Jewish as their nationality.
Linear type theory for asynchronous session types
Authors: GAY SIMON J. , VASCONCELOS VASCO T.
Published: December 2009

Session types support a type-theoretic formulation of structured patterns of communication, so that the communication behaviour of agents in a distributed system can be verified by static typechecking. Applications include network protocols, business processes and operating system services. In this paper we define a multithreaded functional language with session types, which unifies, simplifies and extends previous work. There are four main contributions. First is an operational semantics with buffered channels, instead of the synchronous communication of previous work. Second, we prove that the session type of a channel gives an upper bound on the necessary size of the buffer. Third, session types are manipulated by means of the standard structures of a linear type theory, rather than by means of new forms of typing judgement. Fourth, a notion of subtyping, including the standard subtyping relation for session types (imported into the functional setting), and a novel form of subtyping between standard and linear function types, which allows the typechecker to handle linear types conveniently. Our new approach significantly simplifies session types in the functional setting, clarifies their essential features and provides a secure foundation for language developments such as polymorphism and object-orientation.
ON THE INTERGENERATIONAL SHARING OF COHORT-SPECIFIC SHOCKS ON PERMANENT INCOME
Authors: Miyazaki Kenji , Saito Makoto , Yamada Tomoaki
Published: December 2009

This paper investigates the intergenerational sharing of shocks on the permanent income of new entry cohorts when prior-to-entry markets are missing. When Lucas trees are traded among generations, procyclical cohort-specific shocks are shared partially via the movement of asset prices; cohorts with lower endowments may benefit more from asset pricing dynamics than cohorts with higher endowments. Given a reasonable set of parameters concerning the Japanese labor market, the evaluated welfare loss ranges from 1% to 3% in terms of the certainty equivalence consumption level. The first-best outcome may be achieved by either a combination of subsidies and taxes or the introduction of prior-to-entry markets.
Measuring food insecurity and hunger in Peru: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of an adapted version of the USDA’s Food Insecurity and Hunger Module
Authors: Vargas Silvana , Penny Mary E
Published: December 2009

Objective

To adapt a scale to measure perceptions on food insecurity and hunger among households in urban and rural communities in Peru.

Design

Qualitative and quantitative methodology including consultation with regional experts, key informant interviews and focus groups. A field survey trial was conducted in urban and rural communities using an adapted version of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Insecurity and Hunger Module (FIHM).

Setting

Five communities in three regions in Peru – Lima (coast), Ayacucho (Andean highlands) and San Martín (Amazon basin).

Subjects

The qualitative component included forty intentionally selected people (fourteen key informants and twenty-six focus group participants). For the quantitative component 300 households that complied with selection criteria (poor or non-poor with at least one child below 12 years of age) were surveyed.

Results

Qualitative research showed that concern about food availability and access was common among the three regions but its main cause varied across them. Participation in food aid programmes was a strategy to face constraints in food access. Mothers’ perceptions on the importance of balanced meals varied across households from different regions. Quantitative results showed robust findings for the reliability of the adapted FIHM’s fifteen-item scale (r > 0·863). In addition, descriptive results confirmed parallelism of item responses in the scale for variables such as farm ownership, family size and use of Communal Kitchens.

Conclusions

This mixed-method study allowed us to adapt the USDA module to assess food insecurity in Peru.
Using Virtual Observatories for Heliophysics Research
Authors: Weigel Robert S. , Baker Daniel N. , Roberts D. Aaron , King Todd
Published: December 2009

Scientific satellites, balloons, ground‐based instruments, and other observational platforms are producing rich streams of data about the Earth and space. Ensuring widespread access to such data has led to the development of a new type of observatory: the virtual observatory. Existing only in cyberspace, virtual observatories are Web‐based interfaces that point users to online data repositories. More important, they allow users not only to access and view multiple sources of information at the same time but also to cross‐compare data to build new insights.
New Features and Activities for Fall Meeting
Authors: Ward Joanna
Published: December 2009

Attendees at this year's Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., will have new ways to plan ahead for the meeting and increase their ability to network with colleagues.
An40Ar/39Ar geochronology on a mid‐Eocene igneous event on the Barton and Weaver peninsulas: Implications for the dynamic setting of the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Wang Fei , Zheng Xiang‐Shen , Lee Jong I. K. , Choe Won Hie , Evans Noreen , Zhu Ri‐Xiang
Published: December 2009

The genesis of basaltic to andesitic lavas, mafic dikes, and granitoid plutons composing the subaerial cover on the Barton and Weaver peninsulas, Antarctica, is related to arc formation and subduction processes. Precise dating of these polar rocks using conventional40Ar/39Ar techniques is compromised by the high degree of alteration (with loss on ignition as high as 8%). In order to minimize the alteration effects we have followed a sample preparation process that includes repeated acid leaching, acetone washing, and hand picking, followed by an overnight bake at 250°C. After this procedure, groundmass samples can yield accurate age plateaus consisting of 70%–100% of the total39Arkreleased using high‐resolution heating schedules. The different rock types studied on the Barton and Weaver peninsulas yielded almost coeval ages, suggesting a giant igneous event in the Weaver and Barton peninsulas at 44.5 Ma. A compilation of newly published ages indicate that this event took place throughout the whole South Shetland Islands, suggesting a dynamic incident occurred at this stage during the arc evolution history. We related this igneous event to a mantle delamination mechanism during Eocene times. The delamination process began at ∼52 Ma, and the resultant upwelling of asthenosphere baffled the subduction of Phoenix plate, causing an abrupt decrease in convergence rate. Then multiple magmatic sources were triggered, resulting in a culminating igneous activity during 50–40 Ma with a peak at ∼45 Ma along the archipelago. The delamination also caused the extension regime indicated by the dike swarm, plugs and sills all over the archipelago, and the uplift of Smith metamorphic complex and Livingston Island. Delamination process may have finished at some time during 40–30 Ma, leaving a weak igneous activity at that stage and thereafter. The convergence rate then recovered gradually, as indicated by the magnetic anomaly identifications. This model is supported by seismic observation of deep velocity anomalies beneath the Antarctic Peninsula.
Asymmetric rupture of large aspect‐ratio faults at bimaterial interface in 3D
Authors: Dalguer Luis A. , Day Steven M.
Published: December 2009

Normal stress perturbations accompany propagating mode II rupture along an interface separating materials of contrasting elastic compliance. The extent to which those perturbations may produce significant, observable rupture asymmetries (i.e., final slip distribution heavily weighted toward a preferred propagation direction) in earthquakes is uncertain, but previous numerical simulations predict such asymmetry when frictional resistance is velocity dependent, with sufficient post‐rupture re‐strengthening to produce pulse‐like rupture. We show, by numerical simulations in 3D, that purely geometrical effects leading to pulse‐like rupture can also induce strong asymmetries (and under very limited conditions can even evolve into strictly unilateral rupture), even when frictional rate dependence is neglected. The effect is studied here in a context that can only apply to strike‐slip earthquakes large enough to rupture the entire seismogenic thickness, but the results suggest that other geometrical effects leading to pulse‐like rupture will interact with a compliance contrast in a similar manner.
A strong bout of natural cooling in 2008
Authors: Perlwitz Judith , Hoerling Martin , Eischeid Jon , Xu Taiyi , Kumar Arun
Published: December 2009

A precipitous drop in North American temperature in 2008, commingled with a decade‐long fall in global mean temperatures, are generating opinions contrary to the inferences drawn from the science of climate change. We use an extensive suite of model simulations and appraise factors contributing to 2008 temperature conditions over North America. We demonstrate that the anthropogenic impact in 2008 was to warm the region's temperatures, but that it was overwhelmed by a particularly strong bout of naturally‐induced cooling resulting from the continent's sensitivity to widespread coolness of the tropical and northeastern Pacific sea surface temperatures. The implication is that the pace of North American warming is likely to resume in coming years, and that climate is unlikely embarking upon a prolonged cooling.
Wind stress in the presence of swell under moderate to strong wind conditions
Authors: García‐Nava H. , Ocampo‐Torres F. J. , Osuna P. , Donelan M. A.
Published: December 2009

Wind stress is a key parameter for oceanic and atmospheric modeling, forecasting, and hydrodynamic studies. It is generally accepted that wind stress depends on the sea state. In particular, it has been shown that the presence of swell can modify both magnitude and direction of the wind stress. The presence of swell enhances momentum flux when swell propagates opposite to the wind direction and reduces it when it travels along the wind direction. However, those conclusions are mainly based on data acquired in low wind speed conditions and it is not clear to what extent an effect of swell persists at higher winds. Here simultaneous measurements of wind stress and waves, carried out in an area characterized by the occurrence of strong offshore winds with counter long‐period swell, are presented and analyzed. The observations indicate that swell causes substantial changes to the wind stress at all observed wind conditions, including wind speeds as high as 20 ms−1. It is believed that in low wind conditions swell increases drag by directly interacting with the air flow, whereas at higher winds, swell reduces drag by modifying the wind‐sea‐associated roughness.
Green macroalgae blooms in the Yellow Sea during the spring and summer of 2008
Authors: Shi Wei , Wang Menghua
Published: December 2009

During the spring and summer of 2008, a large‐scale green macroalgae (Enteromorpha prolifera) bloom broke out in the Yellow Sea. The bloom eventually aggregated in the coastal region off Qingdao in China, significantly affecting the city's preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympic sailing games. An algorithm using the Normalized Difference Algae Index, in combination with the shortwave infrared (SWIR) based water optical signature retrievals over macroalgae coverage, was developed with measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua to reveal the start, evolvement, coverage, and aggregation density of this bloom. The bloom started in the southern Yellow Sea during mid May of 2008, moved to the north with the ocean currents, reached its peak in late June with bloom areal coverage of ∼4000 km2 on 25 June, then gradually died down in late July. The SWIR atmospheric correction algorithm has been used to study the optical features of the green macroalgae patches during this event and quantify the macroalgae aggregation in the coastal region. The optical spectra of the bloom are characterized with significantly enhanced ocean surface‐leaving radiance at the near‐infrared wavelength with a maximum value exceeding ∼5 mW cm−2μm−1 sr−1 at the wavelength of 859 nm off the Qingdao coastal region in late June. In contrast, the optical spectra of macroalgae show little difference from the clear ocean waters in the visible band. The causes of the macroalgae bloom are also discussed and attributed to the eutrophication and bloom‐favorable physical conditions (e.g., sea surface temperature, winds, ocean current, etc.) in the Yellow Sea.
Validation of ground‐based microwave radiometers at 22 GHz for stratospheric and mesospheric water vapor
Authors: Haefele A. , De Wachter E. , Hocke K. , Kämpfer N. , Nedoluha G. E. , Gomez R. M. , Eriksson P. , Forkman P. , Lambert A. , Schwartz M. J.
Published: December 2009

We present a detailed intercomparison of five ground‐based 22 GHz microwave radiometers for stratospheric and mesospheric water vapor. Four of these instruments are members of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The global measurements of middle atmospheric water vapor of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) onboard the Aura satellite serve as reference and allow intercomparison of the ground‐based systems that are located between 45°S and 57°N. The retrievals of water vapor profiles from the ground‐based radiation measurements have been made consistent to a large extent: for the required temperature profiles, we used the global temperature measurements of MLS and we agreed on one common set of spectroscopic parameters. The agreement with the reference measurements is better than ±8% in the altitude range from 0.01 to 3 hPa. Strong correlation is found between the ground‐based and the reference data in the mesosphere with respect to seasonal cycle and planetary waves. In the stratosphere the measurements are generally more noisy and become sensitive to instrumental instabilities toward lower levels (pressures greater than 3 hPa). We further present a compilation of a NDACC data set based on the retrieval parameters described herein but using a temperature climatology derived from the MLS record. This makes the ground‐based measurements independent of additional information and allows extension of the data set for years in a homogeneous manner.
Observation and modeling of stable water isotopes as diagnostics of rainfall dynamics over southeastern Australia
Authors: Barras Vaughan , Simmonds Ian
Published: December 2009

A unified approach of observation and modeling was applied to the investigation of three circulation types that typically bring rain to southeastern Australia. Observations from the Melbourne University Network of Isotopes in Precipitation of high‐resolution variations in the ratios of 18O and 2H were collected for (1) mixed frontal, (2) convective, and (3) stratiform precipitation events. Isotopic content of precipitation varied over both high and low frequencies because of influences from local variations in rain intensity and rainout by large‐scale precipitation. Deuterium excess showed a weak relationship with rainfall amount on intraevent time scales but was stronger under convective rainfall conditions. As a supplement to the observations, a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model running an isotope hydrology scheme simulated the mixed frontal and stratiform events by nudging with reanalyses. The simulations represented well the evolution of vapor profiles of 18O and deuterium excess. Trajectories for the mixed frontal case illustrated the structure of the vapor profiles, revealing a convergence of air masses from different source regions. Deuterium excess in precipitation was represented less accurately by the model, indicating a possible shortcoming in the parameterization of postcondensation processes in the general circulation model. By combining observations and modeling in this way, detail of the structure and history of the events was provided that would be unavailable from the sampling of precipitation alone.