bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal life support in COVID‐19‐related acute respiratory distress syndrome: A EuroELSO international survey
Authors: Mang Sebastian , Kalenka Armin , Broman Lars Mikael , Supady Alexander , Swol Justyna , Danziger Guy , Becker André , Hörsch Sabrina I. , Mertke Thilo , Kaiser Ralf , Bracht Hendrik , Zotzmann Viviane , Seiler Frederik , Bals Robert , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Moerer Onnen , Lorusso Roberto , Bělohlávek Jan , Muellenbach Ralf M. , Lepper Philipp M. ,   for the COVEC‐Study Group
Published: February 2021

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a means to support patients with acute respiratory failure. Initially, recommendations to treat severe cases of pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) with ECLS have been restrained. In the meantime, ECLS has been shown to produce similar outcomes in patients with severe COVID‐19 compared to existing data on ARDS mortality. We performed an international email survey to assess how ECLS providers worldwide have previously used ECLS during the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID‐19. A questionnaire with 45 questions (covering, e.g., indication, technical aspects, benefit, and reasons for treatment discontinuation), mostly multiple choice, was distributed by email to ECLS centers. The survey was approved by the European branch of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO); 276 ECMO professionals from 98 centers in 30 different countries on four continents reported that they employed ECMO for very severe COVID‐19 cases, mostly in veno‐venous configuration (87%). The most common reason to establish ECLS was isolated hypoxemic respiratory failure (50%), followed by a combination of hypoxemia and hypercapnia (39%). Only a small fraction of patients required veno‐arterial cannulation due to heart failure (3%). Time on ECLS varied between less than 2 and more than 4 weeks. The main reason to discontinue ECLS treatment prior to patient’s recovery was lack of clinical improvement (53%), followed by major bleeding, mostly intracranially (13%). Only 4% of respondents reported that triage situations, lack of staff or lack of oxygenators, were responsible for discontinuation of ECLS support. Most ECLS physicians (51%, IQR 30%) agreed that patients with COVID‐19‐induced ARDS (CARDS) benefitted from ECLS. Overall mortality of COVID‐19 patients on ECLS was estimated to be about 55%. ECLS has been utilized successfully during the COVID‐19 pandemic to stabilize CARDS patients in hypoxemic or hypercapnic lung failure. Age and multimorbidity limited the use of ECLS. Triage situations were rarely a concern. ECLS providers stated that patients with severe COVID‐19 benefitted from ECLS.
Negotiating Local Development within Processes of Neoliberalisation: Empirical Evidence from a Campesinos Cooperative
Authors: Morales Diana
Published: February 2021

This article highlights the role of organised rural communities in negotiating local development within processes of neoliberalisation. Based on the empirical evidence of a cooperative organisation from rural Chile, it is argued that local actors claim ownership of regional economic processes and local development agendas, while negotiating between mainstream economic growth worldviews and alternative solutions to market distribution failures. This negotiation results in local economies that manoeuvre between adapting and rejecting neoliberal economic policies offering a locally embedded solution to inequality and segregation, in this case to the benefit of a historically marginalised rural population.
An updated biochronology of Ukrainian small mammal faunas of the past 1.8 million years based on voles (Rodentia, Arvicolidae): a review
Authors: Krokhmal’ Oleksiy , Rekovets Leonid , Kovalchuk Oleksandr
Published: February 2021

The Pleistocene biochronology of Ukraine based on remains of small mammals was established in the late 20th century. The main biochronological criteria used at that time were based on temporal changes in the fauna composition and percentage differences between teeth morphotypes in voles (Arvicolidae). In the present paper, these criteria are supplemented by morphometric data of the occlusal surface and enamel thickness of the first lower molars. The obtained numerical indices allowed evolutionary changes for particular taxa within Arvicolidae during the Pleistocene to be established. Evolutionary changes within particular lineages (Allophaiomys‐Microtus s.l., Mimomys‐Arvicola, Borsodia‐Prolagurus‐Lagurus) are discussed. The chronological sequence of about 70 Pleistocene sites in Ukraine and adjacent countries was described based on using both old and new criteria and taking into account cyclic climatic changes. We use and update biochronological units, i.e. faunal assemblages (formerly faunal complexes), which are divided into several associations (composition of arvicolid taxa at a particular evolutionary level in reference faunas). Further correlation of Pleistocene deposits is also possible since some marine sediments in the territory of Ukraine contain arvicolid remains.
Allogeneic expanded adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for perianal fistulas in Crohn’s disease: A case series
Authors: Cabalzar‐Wondberg Daniela , Turina Matthias , Biedermann Luc , Rogler Gerhard , Schreiner Philipp
Published: February 2021

Aim

Even with optimal medical and surgical therapy, perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) have low closure rates. As a new therapeutic option, administration of local mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has proved to be an innovative option after failure of treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents. The aim of this work is to share our first experience with MSC administration and demonstrate its efficacy, safety and feasibility outside a clinical trial.

Method

A total of 11 CD patients with complex perianal fistulas with nonactive or mildly active luminal disease were treated with local injection of 120 million allogeneic adipose‐derived stem cells at a tertiary hospital between February 2019 and June 2020.

Results

The mean age of the 11 patients was 38.3 years, 72.7% were men and 27.2% were smokers. The mean duration of fistula manifestation was 7.8 years and, except for one patient (therapy with tacrolimus), all other patients had been treated with an antitumour necrosis factor agent without fistula healing in the last 6 months. After a mean follow‐up time of 41.5 weeks, 72.7% (8/11) of patients had complete closure of their fistula and three patients failed MSC treatment. Complete fistula healing could be observed 4–6 weeks postoperatively in half of the patients, while 36.5% (4/11) of patients developed a perianal abscess which had to be drained. One patient experienced cytomegalovirus viraemia 2 weeks after MSC administration and one patient developed a testicular carcinoma 16 weeks after treatment.

Conclusion

This case series demonstrates that the efficacy and safety of darvadstrocel in the ADMIRE trial can be replicated outside a clinical trial. This new modality in the treatment of complex perianal fistulas appears to be a promising therapeutic option for a challenging patient population.
Prospective study of sexual function and analysis of risk factors after rectal cancer surgery
Authors: Torrijo Inmaculada , Balciscueta Zutoia , Tabet Janine , Martín M. Carmen , López Manuel , Uribe Natalia
Published: February 2021

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of sexual function over time after rectal cancer surgery and to identify risk factors that may have an impact on the deterioration of postoperative function.

Method

This was a prospective cohort study of sexual function after rectal cancer surgery using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Predictive factors of worsening were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

One hundred and one patients were included (56 men and 45 women). In men, the average IIEF showed decreased erectile function and intercourse satisfaction at 6 months (respectively 21.58 ± 7.18 to 16.60 ± 7.96, p = 0.002 and 10.87 ± 2.94, to 8.09 ± 4.45, p = 0.002) with recovery at 1 year. As a percentage, erectile dysfunction increased from the preoperative value to 6 months (64.5% vs 87.1%, p = 0.022) and was observed in 72% at 1 year. Patients with moderate to severe dysfunction increased from 22% preoperatively to 58% (p = 0.009) at 6 months and 44% at 1 year (p < 0.0001). Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (OR 5.4, 95% CI 0.9–29.6; p = 0.041) and erectile worsening at 6 months (OR 20, 95% CI 1.6–238; p = 0.004) were independent factors for worse function at 6 or 12 months, respectively. No significant worsening of the FSFI was found, although there was an improvement in lubrication and orgasm.

Conclusion

Temporary deterioration of erectile function in men is common at 6 months after surgery and chemoradiotherapy is the only predictive factor. Furthermore, patients who remain dysfunctional show an increase in the severity of symptoms in relation to the preoperative period.
Die Verwendung von Trichloressigsäure als Depigmentierungstherapie bei Vitiligo universalis
Authors: Nofal Ahmad , Fawzy Mohamed M. , Alakad Rania
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund und Zielsetzungen

Bei Patienten mit ausgedehnter Vitiligo wurden verschiedene Methoden zur Entfernung der Restpigmentierung im Gesicht angewendet. Es gibt jedoch nach wie vor kein ideales Depigmentierungsmittel. Kürzlich wurde über die Verwendung von Trichloressigsäure (TCA) zur Depigmentierung bei universeller Vitiligo berichtet. Unser Ziel ist die Prüfung der Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von 100 % TCA zur Depigmentierung bei therapieresistenter Gesichtspigmentierung bei Patienten mit universeller Vitiligo in Ägypten.

Patienten und Methoden

Die Studie umfasste 50 Patienten mit universeller Vitiligo und Restpigmentierung im Gesicht, die psychische Belastungen verursachte. Trichloressigsäure wurde in einer Konzentration von 100 % fokal auf die pigmentierten Stellen aufgetragen. Die Behandlung wurde alle zwei Wochen bis zur vollständigen Depigmentierung oder in maximal fünf Behandlungssitzungen wiederholt.

Ergebnisse

Bei 80 % der untersuchten Fälle war das Ansprechen auf die TCA‐Behandlung ausgezeichnet (> 90 % Depigmentierung). Bei 12 % lag ein partielles Ansprechen (50–90 % Depigmentierung) vor, und bei 8 % war das Ansprechen unzureichend (< 50 % Depigmentierung). Es traten geringfügige unerwünschte Wirkungen wie Brennen, Erosionen und lokale Infektionen auf.

Schlussfolgerungen

Trichloressigsäure scheint eine kostengünstige und gut verträgliche Therapieoption zur Behandlung therapieresistenter Restpigmentierungen bei Patienten mit ausgedehnter Vitiligo zu sein. Die Behandlung ist mit kürzeren Ausfallzeiten und minimalen Nebenwirkungen verbunden.
Forschung in der Praxis: Störung des intrazellulären Nukleinsäuremetabolismus fördert die Entwicklung des Lupus erythematodes
Authors: Günther Claudia
Published: February 2021

Lupus erythematodes (LE) ist eine Autoimmunkrankheit mit einem breiten Spektrum kutaner Manifestationen. Sie ist charakterisiert durch den Verlust der Toleranz gegenüber nukleären Antigenen und Nukleinsäuren, die Bildung von Autoantikörpern sowie die Hochregulation des Typ‐I‐Interferon‐Signalwegs. Dies kann durch eine Immunreaktion auf nicht restringierte extrazelluläre Selbstantigene induziert werden. Zudem zeigte die molekulare Charakterisierung seltener monogener LE‐Subtypen Einblicke in die Rolle der zellintrinsischen Erkennung endogener Selbst‐Nukleinsäuren bei der Induktion einer Typ‐I‐Interferon‐Reaktion. Dieser Signalweg kann auch LE auslösen und aufrechterhalten. Ein verbessertes Verständnis der angeborenen und adaptiven Immunreaktionen bei LE ist eine Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von Therapien, die zielgenauer sind als die aktuell verfügbaren.
Inhalte und Stellenwert der Rehabilitation in der Dermatologie
Authors: Voigt Tilmann Peter , Bause Leonie , Tsianakas Athanasios
Published: February 2021

Die Therapie chronischer Dermatosen mit ihren vielfältigen Einflussfaktoren stellt an die behandelnden Dermatologen hohe Ansprüche. Die neuesten Therapiestandards sollten ebenso wie die individuell unterschiedlichen Lebensumstände der Patienten in die Behandlung einfließen. Zudem gehen chronische Dermatosen oft mit Begleiterkrankungen (Komorbidität) einher, die detektiert und gegebenenfalls ebenfalls individuell behandelt werden müssen. Hierfür bedarf es eines ganzheitlichen Konzeptes, oft im Rahmen einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit. Die dermatologische Rehabilitation ermöglicht hierbei, neben der eigentlichen Erkrankung auch wichtige Aspekte wie Komorbidität, psychische Belastungen, Einschränkungen am Arbeitsplatz zu behandeln und in vollem Umfang mit abzubilden.

Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Inhalte der dermatologischen Rehabilitation an Beispielen der chronisch‐entzündlichen Dermatosen, dem chronischen Pruritus und dermatoonkologischen Erkrankungen zu verdeutlichen sowie den Stellenwert in der Versorgung von Patienten mit dermatologischen Erkrankungen darzustellen.
Use of local anesthetics with an epinephrine additive on fingers and penis – dogma and reality
Authors: Schnabl Saskia Maria , Ghoreschi Franziska Carola , Scheu Alexander , Kofler Lukas , Häfner Hans‐Martin , Breuninger Helmut
Published: February 2021

Epinephrine supplements in local anesthetics are regularly used for surgery in areas with terminal vessels. According to the pharmaceutical guidelines, the use of epinephrine as an additive to local anesthetics is contraindicated for these areas. This review provides an overview of the current scientific data as well as new clinical developments in various fields. It also reviews the current legal situation.

A literature research was carried out to survey the current status of relevant data. Written inquiries to several German institutions (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians, Center for Clinical Studies Tübingen, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices) were made to determine the legal situation.

No evidence was found in the literature for a causal relationship between the use of epinephrine as a vasoconstrictor and necrosis of the finger or penis. Studies and reviews show that the use of local anesthetics with epinephrine on the fingers or penis is a safe procedure with many clinical and economic advantages. In routine clinical practice, the WALANT method (Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet) as well as the increasing incidence of skin tumors in acral areas has led to a tendency towards increasing use. However, its use is still legally contraindicated, and the pharmaceutical companies show no interest in supporting a drug study. Further clinical trials – regardless of the strength of the evidence – would not change the current legal contraindication.
Culture and the demand for non‐life insurance: Empirical evidences from middle‐income and high‐income economies*
Authors: Trinh Cong Tam , Nguyen Xuan , Sgro Pasquale
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates the impact of culture on non‐life insurance expenditure using a panel dataset covering 27 middle‐income countries and 40 high‐income countries in the period 1980–2014. Based on the two‐step system GMM estimator, it is found that several cultural dimensions such as masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and power distance significantly explain the spending on non‐life insurance in middle‐income countries, while masculinity is the only cultural factor that significantly explains spending on non‐life insurance in high‐income countries. Traditional drivers of the demand for non‐life insurance, such as per capita income, economic freedom and urbanization, also behave differently comparing between the two income‐based groups of countries. These findings provide useful recommendations for business firms and policymakers around the world, especially transitional economies, to promote and sustain the development of the non‐life insurance sector, which is an important engine for growth and prosperity.
Sex differences in symptom severity, cognition and psychosocial functioning among individuals with at‐risk mental state for psychosis
Authors: Chan Kwun Nam , Chang Wing Chung , Ng Chung Mun , Lee Hoi Ching , Chan Suet In , Chiu San Yin , Wong Cheuk Fei , Wo Sui Fung , Lee Ho Ming , Chan Kit Wa , Wong Ming Cheuk , Chan Kwok Ling , Yeung Wai Song , Chan Charles Wai Hong , Choy Lam Wai , Chong Shiu Yin , Siu Man Wa , Lo Tak Lam , Yan Wai Ching , Ng Man Kin , Poon Lap Tak , Pang Pui Fai , Lam Wai Chung , Wong Yip Chau , Chung Wai Sau , Mo Yi Man , Lui Sai Yu , Hui Lai Ming , Chen Eric Yu Hai
Published: February 2021

Aim

Sex differences are well documented in schizophrenia, but have been much less studied in at‐risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis. We aimed to examine sex differences in symptomatology, cognition, social and role functioning in individuals with ARMS, with specific focus on clarifying relationships between sex, negative symptoms and functioning.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐seven Chinese participants aged 15–40 years with ARMS were recruited from a specialized early intervention service in Hong Kong. ARMS status was verified by Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental State. Assessments encompassing symptom profiles, a brief battery of cognitive tests and social and role functioning were conducted. Brief Negative Symptom Scale was adapted to measure negative symptoms at the level of five core domains.

Results

Males with ARMS exhibited significantly poorer social functioning and more severe asociality of negative symptoms than female counterparts. Mediation analysis revealed that sex difference in social functioning became statistically insignificant when asocality was included in the model, indicating that asociality mediated the relationship between sex and social functioning. No sex differences were observed in other core domains of negative symptoms, other symptom dimensions, cognitive measures and role functioning.

Conclusions

This study suggests that sex differences in ARMS may be less pronounced that those observed in established psychotic disorders. Our findings of differential pattern of asociality between sexes and its mediating role on sex difference in social functioning underscore the importance in investigating negative symptoms at a separable domain‐level. Further research is required to identify sex‐specific predictors of longitudinal outcomes in at‐risk populations.
An efficient adaptive genetic algorithm for energy saving in the hybrid flow shop scheduling with batch production at last stage
Authors: Lu Hong , Qiao Fei
Published: February 2021

This article deals with energy saving in the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with batch production at last stage, which has important application in energy‐intensive steelmaking‐continuous casting (SCC) process. We first establish a mixed integer programming model to reduce extra energy consumption, and then adopt genetic algorithm to solving the scheduling problem. Based on traditional genetic algorithm (TGA), the calculation of the fitness function as well as adaptive crossover and mutation are designed. Due to the complexity of the problem in this article, we then propose an efficient adaptive genetic algorithm (EAGA) to improve the search ability of TGA. The EAGA has new features including layered strategies and enhanced adaptive adjustment method. To evaluate the proposed model and algorithm, we conduct computational experiments under practical background and compare the EAGA with the several algorithms presented previously. The results illustrate that scheduling with our model can greatly reduce the extra energy consumption. Meanwhile, the proposed EAGA is very efficient in comparison.
Complement cascade functions during brain development and neurodegeneration
Authors: Fatoba Oluwaseun , Itokazu Takahide , Yamashita Toshihide
Published: February 2021

The complement system, an essential tightly regulated innate immune system, is a key regulator of normal central nervous system (CNS) development and function. However, aberrant complement component expression and activation in the brain may culminate into marked neuroinflammatory response, neurodegenerative processes and cognitive impairment. Over the years, complement‐mediated neuroinflammatory responses and complement‐driven neurodegeneration have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of CNS disorders. This review describes how complement system contributes to normal brain development and function. We also discuss how pathologic insults such as misfolded proteins, lipid droplet/lipid droplet‐associated protein or glycosaminoglycan accumulation could trigger complement‐mediated neuroinflammatory responses and neurodegenerative process in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, age‐related macular degeneration and neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders.
Applications of artificial intelligence‐based modeling for bioenergy systems: A review
Authors: Liao Mochen , Yao Yuan
Published: February 2021

Bioenergy is widely considered a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. However, large‐scale applications of biomass‐based energy products are limited due to challenges related to feedstock variability, conversion economics, and supply chain reliability. Artificial intelligence (AI), an emerging concept, has been applied to bioenergy systems in recent decades to address those challenges. This paper reviewed 164 articles published between 2005 and 2019 that applied different AI techniques to bioenergy systems. This review focuses on identifying the unique capabilities of various AI techniques in addressing bioenergy‐related research challenges and improving the performance of bioenergy systems. Specifically, we characterized AI studies by their input variables, output variables, AI techniques, dataset size, and performance. We examined AI applications throughout the life cycle of bioenergy systems. We identified four areas in which AI has been mostly applied, including (1) the prediction of biomass properties, (2) the prediction of process performance of biomass conversion, including different conversion pathways and technologies, (3) the prediction of biofuel properties and the performance of bioenergy end‐use systems, and (4) supply chain modeling and optimization. Based on the review, AI is particularly useful in generating data that are hard to be measured directly, improving traditional models of biomass conversion and biofuel end‐uses, and overcoming the challenges of traditional computing techniques for bioenergy supply chain design and optimization. For future research, efforts are needed to develop standardized and practical procedures for selecting AI techniques and determining training data samples, to enhance data collection, documentation, and sharing across bioenergy‐related areas, and to explore the potential of AI in supporting the sustainable development of bioenergy systems from holistic perspectives.
Review: Gastric cancer: Basic aspects
Authors: Resende Carlos , Gomes Carla Pereira , Machado Jose Carlos
Published: February 2021

Gastric cancer is still one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers in the world. Although our knowledge about the disease has progressed extraordinarily, this has not been accompanied by our capacity to effectively treat the disease. In the last years, immunotherapy made its way into the cancer field and was responsible for major changes in the treatment success rates for several cancer types. Although gastric cancer was not among the first successful targets of this type of therapy, the relationship between this type of cancer, immunosurveillance and immunotherapy is now being actively researched. In this article, we review the literature of the past year regarding the relationship between gastric cancer, its immune microenvironment and response to immunotherapy. Published data indicate that the immune microenvironment influences the clinical behaviour of gastric cancer, and is correlated with its histologic and molecular subtypes with an emphasis on the microsatellite‐ and EBV‐positive tumour subgroups. Although the literature regarding response to immunotherapy is scarce, there is good evidence that patient stratification for immunotherapy is going to become a reality in gastric cancer.
Non‐metamorphosed autochthonous Kuncha‐Naudanda‐Heklang Formations and their differences from those of the Kuncha nappe: A multichronological approach
Authors: Kobayashi Wataru , Sakai Harutaka , Iwano Hideki , Danhara Tohru , Hirata Takafumi
Published: February 2021

Non‐metamorphosed, autochthonous Lesser Himalayan sediments (LHS), which are correlated to the Kuncha and Naudanda Formations, were found in a narrow belt between the Main Boundary Thrust and the Lesser Himalayan Thrust at the base of the Kuncha nappe in southeastern Nepal. The autochthonous Naudanda Formation is comprised of cross‐bedded and rippled orthoquartzite and yielded a maximum depositional age of 1795.1 Ma ±5.1 Ma using detrital zircons. Low‐grade metamorphosed quartzite in the Kuncha nappe yielded a maximum depositional age of 1867.4 Ma ±3.4 Ma, although it is totally recrystallized. These ages and age distribution patterns of detrital zircon grains indicate that the meta‐quartzite of the nappe is originally Naudanda Formation. A zircon fission‐track age of the autochthonous Naudanda Formation shows partially annealed age of 864 Ma ±56 Ma, in contrast, that of the Kuncha nappe shows a totally annealed age of 11.9 Ma ±1.6 Ma. These results suggest that the autochthonous LHS have never undergone metamorphism during the Himalayan orogeny. We also discovered a non‐metamorphosed Heklang Formation that rests on the Naudanda Formation, and designated it as a sub‐type section on the basis of detailed lithostratigraphic study. It is characterized by black and light green slate with dolerite sills and ill‐sorted quartzose sandstone, and correlated to the metamorphosed Dandagaon Phyllites in the Kathmandu area. Non‐metamorphosed autochthonous formations distributed to the south of the nappe front suggest that they escaped from thermal metamorphism by hot nappe.
Low‐level red plus near infrared lights combination induces expressions of collagen and elastin in human skin in vitro
Authors: Li Wen‐Hwa , Seo InSeok , Kim Brian , Fassih Ali , Southall Michael D. , Parsa Ramine
Published: February 2021

Objective

Light therapy has attracted medical interests as a safe, alternative treatment for photo‐ageing and photo‐damaged skin. Recent research suggested the therapeutic activity of red and infrared (IR) lights may be effective at much lower energy levels than those used clinically. This study was to evaluate the efficacy of low‐level red plus near IR light emitting diode (LED) combination on collagen and elastin and ATP production.

Methods

Human dermal fibroblasts or skin tissues were irradiated daily by red (640 nm) plus near IR (830 nm) LED lights combination at 0.5 mW/cm2 for 10 minutes (0.3 J/cm2). qPCR, ELISAs or histology were used to determine the gene and protein expressions. Fluorescent measurement was used to assess crosslinks of collagen and elastic fibres. ATP production was evaluated by ATP assay.

Results

Treatment of human fibroblast cell cultures with low‐level red plus near IR lights combination was found to significantly increase LOXL1, ELN and COL1A1 and COL3A1 gene expressions as well as the synthesis of the procollagen type I and elastin proteins. Treating human skin explants with low‐level red plus near IR lights combination similarly induced significant increases in the same gene expressions, type III collagen and elastic fibre formation and crosslinks. ATP production was increased in human dermal fibroblasts after red plus near IR lights combination treatment.

Conclusion

Low‐level red plus near IR lights combination stimulated the production of collagen and elastin production associated with anti‐ageing benefits. These findings suggest that low‐level red plus near IR LED light combination may provide an effective treatment opportunity for people with photo‐aged skin.
In vitro antibacterial response of ZnO‐MgO nanocomposites at various compositions
Authors: Amir Aqsa , Bibi Saira , Nawaz Ahmad , Ibrahim Ather , Ashiq Muhammad Naeem , Saeed Muhammad Qamar , Hamza Mashhood , Rasheed Hafiz Muhammad Zubair , Islam Bilal
Published: February 2021

ZnO‐MgO nanocomposites were prepared by a co‐precipitation method and afterward compared with pristine ZnO and MgO accordingly. XRD and EDX spectra were used to confirm the crystal structure and crystallite size of these materials. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that antibacterial activity of ZnO:MgO composite enhances with crystallite size reduction ~1.34 times in comparison to pristine ZnO or MgO specimens, accompanied by domination of defect generation over defect annihilation activity. Besides, average particle sizes also reduce to ~2 times at 1:3 MgO/ZnO composite in comparison to MgO. The particle size of ZnO was substantially higher due to rod‐like morphology. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration outcomes also show that ZnO‐MgO composites are more effective against gram‐negative pathogens in appropriate ratios (ZnO:MgO) of 1:3 and 3:1 with the concentration of 15,000 µg/ml. Similarly, gram‐positive pathogens were In contrast, ZnO and MgO separately or in 1:1 composite ratio does not prove considerably effective on all the five microbes (required higher >25,000 µg/ml) MIC to counter gram‐negative pathogens. Additionally, lower doses of 3ZnO:1MgO and 1ZnO:3MgO ~5000 µg/ml composite nanoparticles are effective on gram‐positive pathogens. Similarly, 3ZnO:1MgO composition proved highly productive at a much lower concentration, that is, 12500 ≤ X ≤ 15000 to counter gram‐negative pathogens. Besides, 1ZnO:3MgO is effective against gram‐negativepathogens at MIC ranging from 12500 ≤ X ≤ 15000 µg/ml.
Solution growth of millimeter‐scale Na2SiF6 single crystals for Mn4+‐doping as red phosphor
Authors: Wang Zhaowu , Ji Haipeng , Zhang Zongtao , Xu Jian , Chen Deliang
Published: February 2021

The cation exchange method has been demonstrated to be efficient in doping Mn4+ ions into various fluorides to synthesize the red‐emitting LED phosphors. This paper, however, reports the challenge in using this method to dope Mn4+ into the Na2SiF6 single crystals, to prepare the fluoride phosphor in single‐crystal form, a state‐of‐the‐art study in the white LED lighting field. The millimeter‐sized Na2SiF6 single crystals with a uniform columnar morphology (2–3 mm in length) were successfully grown in solution by a slow cooling process after optimizing the precursors. Then, the crystals were soaked in the HF solution dissolved with K2MnF6 to implement Mn4+‐doping via the cation exchange process. Evaluation of the Mn4+‐doping behavior reveals that the Mn4+ ↔ Si4+ cation exchange is less efficient in the case of single crystal host compared with the polycrystalline powdery ones and by‐reactions also occur which generates new phases. The Na2SiF6 single crystals doped with Mn4+ exhibit a series of discrete sharp peaks with intense zero phonon line emission at 617 nm under 450 nm blue irradiation. This study may trigger the exploration of new single crystal fluoride phosphor.
Inscrutable Processes: Algorithms, Agency, and Divisions of Deliberative Labour
Authors: Ferreira Marinus
Published: February 2021

As the use of algorithmic decision‐making becomes more commonplace, so too does the worry that these algorithms are often inscrutable and our use of them is a threat to our agency. Since we do not understand why an inscrutable process recommends one option over another, we lose our ability to judge whether the guidance is appropriate and are vulnerable to being led astray. In response, I claim that guidance being inscrutable does not automatically make its guidance inappropriate. This phenomenon is not restricted to algorithms, and there are many social processes which we should conform to but are similarly unable to judge for ourselves. I provide a framework for how we can depend on inscrutable processes by introducing a distinction between knowing conformity (where I understand what justifies the guidance) from mere conformity (where I merely do what I am told) and showing how mere conformity is often positively valuable because it allows for extended processes that in turn allow us to accomplish more than we could on our own. This is in effect a division of deliberative labour, which I argue is something commonplace but not often recognised, of which algorithmic guidance can be an example.
Effect of obesity and epicardial fat/fatty infiltration on electrical and structural remodeling associated with atrial fibrillation in a novel canine model of obesity and atrial fibrillation: A comparative study
Authors: Otsuka Naoto , Okumura Yasuo , Arai Masaru , Kurokawa Sayaka , Nagashima Koichi , Watanabe Ryuta , Wakamatsu Yuji , Yagyu Seina , Ohkubo Kimie , Nakai Toshiko , Hao Hiroyuki , Takahashi Rie , Taniguchi Yoshiki , Li Yxin
Published: February 2021

Background

How obesity and epicardial fat influence atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown.

Methods

To investigate the effect of obesity/epicardial fat on the AF substrate, we divided 20 beagle dogs of normal weight into four groups (n = 5 each): one of the four groups (Obese‐rapid atrial pacing [RAP] group) served as a novel canine model of obesity and AF. The other three groups comprised dogs fed a standard diet without RAP (Control group), dogs fed a high‐fat diet without RAP (Obese group), or dogs fed a standard diet with RAP (RAP group). All underwent electrophysiology study, and hearts were excised for histopathologic and fibrosis‐related gene expression analyses.

Results

Left atrial (LA) pressure was significantly higher in the Obese group than in the Control, RAP, and Obese‐RAP groups (23.4 ± 6.9 vs. 11.4 ± 2.1, 11.9 ± 6.4, and 13.5 ± 2.9 mmHg; p = .005). The effective refractory period of the inferior PV was significantly shorter in the RAP and Obese‐RAP groups than in the Control group (p = .043). Short‐duration AF was induced at greatest frequency in the Obese‐RAP and Obese groups (p < .05). Epicardial fat/Fatty infiltration was greatest in the Obese‐RAP group, and greater in the Obese and RAP groups than in the Control group. %interstitial fibrosis/fibrosis‐related gene expression was significantly greater in the Obese‐RAP and RAP groups (p < .05).

Conclusions

Vulnerability to AF was associated with increased LA pressure and increased epicardial fat/fatty infiltration in our Obese group, and with increased epicardial fat/fibrofatty infiltration in the RAP and Obese‐RAP groups. These may explain the role of obesity/epicardial fat in the pathogenesis of AF.
COVID‐19 and the generation of novel scientific knowledge: Research questions and study designs
Authors: Perillat Lucie , Baigrie Brian S.
Published: February 2021

Rationale, aims, and objectives

One of the sectors challenged by the COVID‐19 pandemic is medical research. COVID‐19 originates from a novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) and the scientific community is faced with the daunting task of creating a novel model for this pandemic or, in other words, creating novel science. This paper is the first part of a series of two papers that explore the intricate relationship between the different challenges that have hindered biomedical research and the generation of scientific knowledge during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

During the early stages of the pandemic, research conducted on hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was chaotic and sparked several heated debates with respect to the scientific methods used and the quality of knowledge generated. Research on HCQ is used as a case study in both papers. The authors explored biomedical databases, peer‐reviewed journals, pre‐print servers, and media articles to identify relevant literature on HCQ and COVID‐19, and examined philosophical perspectives on medical research in the context of this pandemic and previous global health challenges.

Results

This paper demonstrates that a lack of prioritization among research questions and therapeutics was responsible for the duplication of clinical trials and the dispersion of precious resources. Study designs, aimed at minimising biases and increasing objectivity, were, instead, the subject of fruitless oppositions. The duplication of research works, combined with poor‐quality research, has greatly contributed to slowing down the creation of novel scientific knowledge.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic presented challenges in terms of (1) finding and prioritising relevant research questions and (2) choosing study designs that are appropriate for a time of emergency.
Consistency changes of potential lipid markers in acne patients of different ages and their role in acne pathogenesis
Authors: Chen Feng , Hu Xueqing , Dong Kun
Published: February 2021

Background

With the development of studies on skin lipid profile changes in acne patients, changes of skin surface lipidome are considered to be another important factor in acne pathogenesis. However, the studies of skin surface lipidome in acne patients of different ages have not been precisely discussed.

Aims

The mechanism of potential lipid markers in acne patients with different ages was further discussed.

Methods

On the basis of our previous studies, the changes of skin surface lipidome in acne patients of different ages were analyzed by comprehensive statistics.

Results

By counting the skin lipid markers of acne patients of different ages, it is found that seven lipid indexes are dominant in acne patients and play a vital role in the pathogenesis of acne.

Conclusions

The analysis found that there was potential consistency in the changes of skin surface lipidome in acne patients of different ages. Moreover, the main lipid markers play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne.
Analysis of clinical factors and reasons that influence the disposition of cryopreserved embryos in Japanese patients with infertility treated in our clinic
Authors: Nakagawa Yuko , Onogi Sachie , Zhang Shi‐Qing , Nishihara Seiko , Ito Masanori , Ando Satoko , Tanaka Kei , Tsuchiyama Satoshi , Yamasaki Hiroyuki , Shinohara Kazunori , Okuno Takashi , Kobayashi Tamotsu , Kato Keiichi
Published: February 2021

Aim

To investigate the clinical factors and factors that affect the decisions regarding storage of cryopreserved embryos obtained using assisted reproductive technology.

Methods

Clinical characteristics affecting the decisions regarding cryopreserved embryos were analyzed in 5724 Japanese couples who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intra‐cytoplasmic sperm insemination (ICSI) and embryo transfer over 4 years since April 2015 at our clinic. Statistical analysis was carried out using JMP software.

Results

The number of oocytes retrievals and embryos stored, outcomes and number of children, and age of the female patients and male partners were related to the decision‐making regarding cryopreserved embryos. Childbearing and no wish for another child were the major reasons for discontinuing embryo storage. The number of oocytes retrievals and embryos in storage, age of the female patients, and sex of the child were independently associated with this decision‐making in 2682 patients with a single child. Women with male children were more likely to choose discontinuation of embryo storage than those with female children.

Conclusion

Already having a child and not wishing for further treatment due to age along with the presence of a male child affect the decision to continue or discontinue embryo storage in Japanese patients with infertility.
The role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway in endometriosis
Authors: Bora Gizem , Yaba Aylin
Published: February 2021

Aim

Endometriosis is an estrogen‐dependent chronic inflammatory condition which causes pain, infertility, and predisposition for ovarian cancer. Endometriosis generates a unique microenvironment for survivability of endometriotic lesions which includes cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. For these cellular activities, cascading activations of intracellular kinases are needed. Many kinase signaling pathways, IKKβ/NK‐κB pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK), are activated in endometriosis. In this review, we focus on the role of MAPK pathways in endometriosis.

Methods

To identify the role of MAP Kinase signaling pathway in endometriosis we searched the Pubmed database using the search terms in various combinations “endometriosis,” “endometrium,” “ovary,” “MAPK pathway,” “ERK pathway,” “p38 pathway,” “JNK pathway,” “estrogen,” and “progesterone.”

Results

According to the current literature, MAPK signaling pathway has various roles in generating microenvironment and survival of endometriosis. Abnormal MAPK activation in migration, implantation, growth, invasion into the pelvic structures, proliferation, and apoptosis leads to the form of endometriosis and to worsen the condition in patients with endometriosis.

Conclusion

To further investigations on the effective and long‐term endometriosis treatment, MAPK signaling pathways may be targeted. Molecular mechanism of MAPK signaling pathway in endometriosis should be more deeply understood and clinical trials should be more commonly performed for possible new endometriosis treatments to improve fertility and rescue endometriosis irreversibly.
Cost savings from use of a neonatal sepsis calculator in Australia: A modelled economic analysis
Authors: Cussen Alexandra , Guinness Lorna
Published: February 2021

Aim

To estimate the change in average cost and length of stay (LOS) for the neonatal birth admission resulting from use of the neonatal early‐onset sepsis (EOS) calculator compared to guideline‐based management, in an Australian perinatal health‐care setting.

Methods

A decision‐analytic model (decision tree) was constructed to assess admission cost and LOS with EOS calculator use compared to guideline‐based management. Probabilities of clinical sepsis‐related outcomes were obtained via review of published literature. Costs and average LOS were obtained from Australia's Independent Hospital Pricing Authority.

Results

EOS calculator use was associated with a reduction in costs of AUD$25806 and in average LOS of 25.4 days per 1000 babies born. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated greater net benefits could be expected for services where there is a higher baseline rate of antibiotic use.

Conclusion

This model demonstrates a significant cost reduction for the neonatal birth admission, associated with use of the EOS calculator as compared to existing guidelines. The net benefit may be greater in Australia, where rates of empiric antibiotic use are reportedly high, compared to some European countries and the United States. Future research opportunities include prospective collection of economic data alongside the introduction of the EOS calculator.
How effective are India's model guidelines on implementation of IPR policy for academic institutions? Seeking the answer from the US and the UK experience
Authors: Saha Prabhat K. , Kaushik Shivam
Published: February 2021

Public funded research and inventions play a central role in stimulating innovation in any country. Last year, the Government of India stealthily notified the Draft Model Guidelines on Implementation of IPR Policy for Academic Institutions. The draft guidelines aim to provide a structure embedded in intellectual property rights (IPR) for commercializing university inventions. They prioritize IPR over other methods of technology transfer from academia to the industry. The draft guidelines put India in elite comity of fast‐developing and developed nations which have a similar policy framework in place. But is the spirit of collegiality a reason good enough by itself to embrace a policy? The article comprehensively analyses the draft guidelines, their purported rationale, and consequences that their enforcement would entail. The article presents an Indian perspective against the backdrop of the American and English experience, with their respective academic institutions Intellectual Property Policy frameworks, in an endeavor to extract tangible lessons for India. It is argued that with all the pious intentions with which the draft guidelines have been brought, they are misplaced, inapt, and ill‐judged.
Liver chemistries in glycogenic hepatopathy associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and pooled analysis
Authors: Haffar Samir , Izzy Manhal , Habib Hany , Sugihara Takaaki , Li Darrick K. , Sharma Ayush , Wang Zhen , Murad M. Hassan , Watt Kymberly D. , Bazerbachi Fateh
Published: February 2021

Background & Aims

Glycogenic hepatopathy (GH) in type 1 diabetes‐mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by hepatomegaly and perturbations of liver chemistries (LC) that have not been well studied. Furthermore, misdiagnosis with other hepatic complications of T1DM, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, has been described. We perform a systematic review of biopsy‐proven GH reports in T1DM patients to identify LC patterns.

Methods

A systematic review identified reports of biopsy‐proven GH in patients with T1DM. We excluded GH with other liver diseases, Mauriac syndrome, or GH without T1DM. Two reviewers screened and extracted studies and assessed their methodological quality. LC elevation magnitude, AST‐to‐ALT ratio, R‐ratio to designate hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed pattern of hepatic injury, and evolution of transaminases after glycemic control were analyzed.

Results

A total of 192 patients were included, with median age of 20 years, 73% adults, 66% females, median duration of T1DM before diagnosis 10 years, median adult body mass index 21 kg/m2, median HbA1c 12%, at least one episode of diabetic ketoacidosis 70%, and hepatomegaly 92%. ALT and AST showed moderate‐to‐severe elevation in 78% and 76%, respectively, AST/ALT >1 in 71% and hepatocellular to mixed pattern of hepatic injury in 81%. Transaminase improvement with glycemic control was the rule, regardless of other factors in multilinear regression analysis.

Conclusion

GH tends to have AST‐predominant elevation with a median of 13 times the upper normal limit and R‐ratio >2, which may distinguish it from other etiologies of AST‐predominant LC elevation, and in the appropriate clinical context, may obviate invasive tests.
Methyl palmitate modulates the nicotine‐induced increase in basilar arterial blood flow
Authors: Chun‐Kai Hsu , Hsi‐Hsien Chang , Shang‐Jen Chang , Shei‐Dei Stephen Yang , Kuo‐Feng Huang
Published: February 2021

Methyl palmitate (MP) is a fatty acid methyl ester. Our recent study indicated that adrenergic nerve‐dependent functional sympathetic‐sensory nerve interactions were abolished by MP in mesenteric arteries. However, the effect of MP on perivascular nerves and cerebral blood flow remains unclear. In this study, the increase in basilar arterial blood flow (BABF) after the topical application of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized rats. The choline (a selective α7‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist)‐induced increase in BABF was abolished by tetrodotoxin (a neurotoxin), NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine (a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor), α‐bungarotoxin (a selective α7‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitor), and chronic sympathetic denervation. In addition, the nicotine (a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist)‐induced increase in BABF was inhibited by MP in a concentration‐dependent manner. The acetylcholine‐induced increase in BABF was not affected by MP. The myography results revealed that nicotine‐induced vasorelaxation was significantly inhibited by MP, but was reversed by chelerythrine (a protein kinase C inhibitor). MP‐induced vasodilation was significantly greater in BA rings without endothelium compared to those with endothelium. Meanwhile, MP did not affect baseline BABF. Our results indicate that MP acts as a neuromodulator in the cerebral circulation where it activates the PKC pathway and causes a diminished nicotine‐induced increase in blood flow in the brainstem, and that the vasorelaxation effect of MP may play a minor role.