bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violence, Direct and Indirect
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M.
Published: October 2023

Emphasizing class- and gender-based conflicts, this chapter highlights a distinction between direct (physical) and indirect (structural or cultural) types of violence. In 1848 Karl Marx called for direct violence and the establishment of a “red republic.” Previously, William Ellery Channing had responded to economic crisis in the United States with an argument for republican self-culture, while Orestes Brownson called for the violent elimination of inheritance. Like Brownson, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote about “the heart” and reform (including peace) in “Earth’s Holocaust” (1844) and considered class conflict and inheritance in The House of the Seven Gables (1851). Hawthorne explored indirect violence as it relates to gender in The Blithedale Romance (1852). His 1862 essay “Chiefly about War Matters, by a Peaceable Man” draws out the implications of “the heart” for the Civil War. Similar contradictions are present in the life and work of Francis Lieber, author of the Lieber Code regulating modern warfare.
Arbitration and Alliance
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M.
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the American peace movement’s emphasis on arbitration and international alliance-building after the Civil War and considers its impact on the literary culture of the United States. Opening with a discussion of the Alabama claims case in connection with the peace advocacy of Senator Charles Sumner, the chapter turns to the writings of Henry Adams, including his “secession winter” correspondence, his post-war political writings about civil service reform, and his novel Democracy: An American Novel (1880). The chapter concludes with a discussion of John Hay’s novel The Bread-winners: A Social Study (1883), with its themes of elite leadership and Anglo-American alliances, and his later diplomatic work, closing with a focus on his address to the Thirteenth International Peace Congress of 1904.
Failing at Peace
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M.
Published: October 2023

Ulysses S. Grant’s campaign slogan in the 1868 presidential race conveys the central message of the era: “Let us have peace.” As Grant’s Commissioner for Indian Affairs, Seneca leader Ely Parker promoted an alternative vision of US–Native American relations. Author Helen Hunt Jackson presented a scathing history of the nation’s treatment of Native peoples in A Century of Dishonor, and she offered Mexican Catholicism as an alternative to Anglo-Saxon law in Ramona. In Queen of the Woods, Potawatomi author Simon Pokagon echoed themes of interwoven cultures and harmonious expressions from Ramona in the context of the Native Michigan woodlands. In Pokagon’s novel, Catholic priests pose a threat to these harmonies, while alcohol presents a common enemy with the potential to unite Americans in a battle for social peace.
Probability
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan
Published: October 2023

This chapter introduces the data analyst to probability. An event with a probability of zero will never occur; an event with a probability of one is certain to occur. Most events have probabilities of occurrence that lie between those extremes. This chapter provides the rules that allow the data analyst to determine the probability that combinations of events occur: for example, the probability that just one of two events occur; the probability that two events both occur; the conditional probability that one event occurs given the information that the other event has occurred. The chapter closes by introducing the important Bayes theorem. Denoting the events by A and B, this theorem links the probability that B occurs given the information that A occurs to the probability that A occurs given the information that B occurs. An application of this theorem is to the probability of false positives and false negatives when testing for the presence of a disease.
Models, p-values, and hypotheses
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with testing hypotheses concerning relevant features of the unknown population. Examples are: the hypothesis that the population mean has a certain value; the hypothesis that the probability of a particular event is a specified amount; the hypothesis that events occur at random times, the hypothesis that two samples have been drawn fro the same population. The framework for testing such hypotheses requires the analyst to specify an alternative to the ‘null’ hypothesis of interest. The alternative might be ‘the value is not the one specified’ or it might be one-sided: ‘the value is greater than that’. The key to testing a hypothesis is the so-called pvalue which is the probability of the observed value, or a more extreme value, occurring by chance if the null hypothesis were correct. A p-value of between 1% and 5% should alert the analyst to look closely at the situation, while any smaller p-value would be regarded as a clear sign that the null hypothesis was incorrect.
Relations between two continuous variables
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan
Published: October 2023

This long chapter is concerned with how the value of a continuous variable (e.g. height) is related to the value of another such (e.g. weight). Often the relation is linear (or can be made linear using, for instance, a logarithmic transformation). In such cases the strength of the relation can be measured using the correlation coefficient, r, which takes values between -1 and 1. If r is equal to zero then the two variables are not linearly related. If r equals 1, then there is no random variation and, as one variable increases, so does the other along a straight line. The parameters of the best fitting line to data displaying random variation can be found using the method of least squares. The chapter also discusses the detection of outliers (observations that appear anomalous or incorrect), the confidence with which the current linear relationship is being estimated, and the extent to which future values can be predicted
Several explanatory variables
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter concentrated on the relationship between two variables. However, frequently there are several relevant variables that may be affecting the response variable (the variable of particular interest). The question is then which of the potential explanatory variables are most relevant and which are irrelevant. A measure that balances model complexity with goodness of fit is AIC. This long chapter introduces many vital tools for the data analyst: the use of dummy variables to incorporate non-numeric explanatory variables (such as gender), the incorporation of interactions between explanatory variables, and the avoidance of multi-collinearity (where two explanatory variables are essentially providing the same information). The robustness of models can be tested by cross-validation where the data are randomly divided into parts and the model that fits one part is examined to see how well it fits the other part. The chapter finishes by demonstrating that the same approach can also be used when the response variable is not continuous
Preaching on the Coronation
Authors: Bennett Alastair
Published: October 2023

This chapter reads the coronation scene from the Prologue to Piers Plowman and Conscience’s account of Christ’s nativity from the seventh vision as two interrelated scenes where preachers identify a turning point in public life and then work to explain its significance as part of a larger narrative. The preachers in these scenes encourage their listeners to understand their own experience as part of a shared, public history, and establish a discourse in which they can speak about just and rightful rule in the time to come. This chapter also reads the angel’s speech from the Prologue in Lambeth Palace MS 61, where it is copied as an excerpt after a sermon by Henry Harclay; Harclay’s sermon, too, presents an extended history of public life, organized around a turning point in the life of the community, and makes its own calls for good governance in the future.
Preaching on the Lifetime
Authors: Bennett Alastair
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers scenes in Piers Plowman where the dreamer’s interlocutors encourage him to think about the narrative shape of his own life using discursive resources drawn from preaching: the dreamer’s encounter with Holy Church, his double encounter with Scripture before and during the first inner dream; his meeting with Ymaginatif; and his meetings with Elde and Kynde as he approaches his death. These interlocutors encourage Will to recall his baptismal vows as ethical commitments that endure for a lifetime, an injunction also found in contemporary sermons. They also teach him to take consolation from his early, catechetical instruction as he encounters fearful or difficult doctrine in later life. This chapter also considers the relationship between narrating a life story and composing Piers Plowman, an issue that arises in the dreamer’s encounter with Ymaginatif, and in John But’s continuation of the A text.
Introduction
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This introductory chapter explores the nature of legal philosophy. It argues that jurisprudence contributes to philosophy and through philosophy to the humanities in general. It addresses H. L. A. Hart’s challenge to develop a legal theory that is more than ‘a book about books’, that makes theoretical progress, and is of educational value. Green defends the importance of conceptual analysis to these aims and articulates three ‘marks of progress’ in the subject. While jurisprudents often import ideas and techniques from general philosophy, they should remember that jurisprudence can also ‘export’ results to other fields, including moral and political philosophy, the study of practical reason, and the theory of action.
The Concept of Law Revisited
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter opens the discussion of the concept of law through a re-assessment of H. L. A. Hart’s book of that title. Hart’s account of law is social constructivist and anti-essentialist but, contrary to common readings, does not offer a ‘practice theory of rules’ nor does his defence of a ‘broad’ concept of law amount to a normative case for legal positivism. The political significance of Hart’s theory rests, instead, on the way it foregrounds the role of an elite consensus in creating the sources of law. Hart holds that legal systems do share content with morality, but he stops short of allowing that law has an overall moral function. In the Postscript to his book, however, Hart makes some unnecessary, and confused, concessions to Ronald Dworkin. Hart’s book contains errors, but it makes significant progress in its subject and contains ideas and insights that transcend the language, tone, and particular examples it uses.
Should Law Improve Morality?
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

The question whether law should enforce social morality is much discussed. This chapter assesses whether law can, and should, change a society’s morality. After explaining the nature of social morality, it argues that law can indeed change it. Attitudes to homosexuality provide one such example. Yet there are sound arguments for leaving a morality undisturbed: rule of law arguments that expectations should be protected, and arguments for conserving an imperfect but adequate morality in deference to a society’s culture. These weak constraints, however, do not apply to grossly homophobic or sexist moralities. Taking consent to sex as an example, it is argued that law could improve our morality by securing the background conditions in which ‘no’ is properly and generally understood as a refusal to engage in sexual activity. But we should not suppose that only the law of rape could do this; law may be more efficacious when it secures women’s economic autonomy. Law may need to improve morality by indirection.
Hume on Allegiance
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter assesses David Hume’s view of the basis of political authority and his criticisms of consent theory. He offers a negative argument based on the claim that no one believes that their duty to obey rests on consent, and positive argument based on the claim that everyone believes that they have such a duty and that, in politics, common opinion is decisive. The negative argument has merit, but the positive argument fails. Consent theory is neither objectionably incomplete nor redundant. Hume is wrong to accord common opinion ultimate evidentiary status. Just as there are religious superstitions there are political superstitions. Some common political beliefs are unreliable for that reason. Nothing in Hume’s theoretical views excludes consent as a possible ground of authority, and his historical works even acknowledge that it may be the best one.
The Forces of Law
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues that the force of law is the sum of three different forces: the imposition of duties, the provision of coercion, and the exercise of power. Contemporary jurisprudence has shown that coercion is central to law in important ways, even though coercion is not part of the concept of law. Frederick Schauer accepts the truth but not the importance of this claim. He thinks the central fact worth knowing about law is that it makes people do things they would not otherwise want to do, and insists that people act in accordance with its wishes. The chapter responds along two fronts. First, Schauer underestimates the role coercion plays even in the theories of writers like H. L. A. Hart or Ronald Dworkin. Second, his concept of coercion is too broad: it includes as ‘coercive’ almost every law-caused change to behaviour. Jurisprudence needs to distinguish coercion, power, and duties. These can, but need not, be present together. Disentangling them requires conceptual analysis: we cannot count how much coercion goes on in law until we know what counts as coercion.
Introduction
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

This introduction explains that the European Court of Human Rights has produced a rich body of case law on positive obligations, placing the Court at the centre of many polycentric issues that raise difficult questions about the functioning of societies, the role of the State, and the distribution of resources. This book aims to explain when a State can be found responsible under the European Convention on Human Rights for failure to fulfil its positive obligations. The book identifies and explains the key analytical issues (ie state knowledge, causation, and reasonableness) that need to be considered in determining whether a State is responsible under the European Convention on Human Rights for omissions. In addition to this technical analytical question, the book also reflects upon what is at stake for the political community when the triggering, the content, and the scope of positive human rights obligations are determined.
State Knowledge
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

This chapter analyses the role of state knowledge in the framework of positive obligations. To do so, it first provides an adequate frame of reference. This is achieved by clarifying the role of fault in the law of state responsibility more generally. The chapter then clarifies whether fault is a necessary factor for triggering positive obligations under the ECHR or for determining a breach. Since fault in the context of these obligations has been framed as actual or putative knowledge by the State of risk of harm, the chapter examines how state knowledge is established in the case law and what principles are used in establishing the knowledge of an abstract organizational entity such as a State. The chapter considers whether any requirements have been imposed as to the nature of this risk. It also examines the role of the victim’s contributory fault, and how it relates to state fault.
Causation
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

This chapter explains why causation is important. No clear test has been articulated by the Court for verifying the place of state omissions in the chain of events. An inspiration from other areas of the law on state responsibility is used by making a parallel with the rules on attribution. These rules are founded on the principle that control implies responsibility and the same principle can be extended in the context of positive obligations. Since the question as to how much control the State should have could imply normative judgments in which the Court might not want to see itself implicated, and since empirical and epistemological uncertainly might hamper assessments of causations, the Court can resort to techniques that avoid the direct resolution of these normative issues and uncertainties. Such techniques are domestic legality and procedural guarantees. The distinction between systemic as opposed to incidental failures is also explained.
Competing Obligations
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

The concern of this chapter is how competing human rights obligations owned by the State need to be taken into consideration in the determination of the scope and the content of positive obligations so that a possible protective overreach can be prevented. Obligations need to be specified so that tensions and competitions between obligations become cognizable. Once the existence of competing obligations becomes recognized, they should be denoted a distinctive and special role (in contrast to competing general public interests) in the assessment of the reasonableness of the positive obligations. The chapter then discusses considerations that can be relevant to addressing the tension between positive obligations and other (both positive and negative) human rights obligations corresponding to absolute, strictly qualified, and qualified rights. Finally, while acknowledging the difficulties, it is proposed that the obligations can be framed in such a way in terms of content and scope, so that accommodation is possible.
Extraterritorial Positive Obligations
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

The chapter examines the hurdles arising if positive obligations under the ECHR were to apply extraterritorially. The normative presuppositions that need to be present so that it can be determined whether a State is to be found responsible under ECHR for failure to fulfil positive obligations are explained. The preconditions are three: a bounded political order where decisions as to the role of the State can be taken, interdependencies of stakes and interests within the bounded political community, and a democratically constituted sovereign. The chapter shows how these normative preconditions are reflected in the meaning of jurisdiction as developed by the ECtHR. The implications from an approach where the meaning of jurisdiction is relativized depending on the rights and obligations invoked on the merits are considered. If a State owes positive obligations to persons located beyond its borders, this poses conceptual challenges given the absence of the preconditions.
Conclusion
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

The conclusion highlights that the role of the State in the society is key in the determination of the scope and the content of positive obligations. Despite its methodological limitations, the book allows the following responses to the challenge of a too intrusive State. First, it needs to be openly acknowledged that positive obligations imply expansion of the role of the State, which places human rights in tension with their historical justifications. Second, the analytical distinction between the standards of reasonableness, state knowledge, and causation, is important to face the challenge. Third, the identification and assessment of alternatives is also important for averting the danger of overreach. Fourth, despite its ambiguities, the distinction between actions and omissions as a basis for state responsibility needs to be maintained. Fifth, the distinction between general interests and interests of specific concrete individuals needs to be also clearly maintained.
Probability and its Discontents
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

This chapter describes the mixed reception of probability, and its uneven application to gaming, in Restoration and Augustan England. It has long been assumed that the seventeenth century vogue for gambling was a driver of the study of probability, when early probability writers were only interested in games of chance as sources of readily accessible illustrations of their ideas. Although these mathematicians established the advantage of the ‘house’ in ‘banking’ games like basset, gaming operators were reluctant to trust the ‘law of large numbers’ completely. Owing to widespread innumeracy even among elites, the popularization of probability through the works of writers like Abraham De Moivre did not increase understanding of the subject as much as it generated the illusion that gamblers could not only comprehend chance though mathematics, but actually overcome it.
Sons of Hazard
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

The archetype of the ‘sharper’ was a construct of literary, journalistic, and legal fiction that shaped responses to commercial gaming. The narrative of the heroic gamester, and conversely that of the sharper, were staples of English print culture from the Restoration onward, appearing both in fiction and in the admonitory literature around gaming. These literary archetypes passed into newsprint and ultimately into statute, conditioning the response of the media and the law, effectively blinding both to the aspects of gaming that enabled commercial operations to proliferate in spite of concerted efforts to eradicate them.
The Pilgrimage to Saint James’s, or, Clubs are Trumps
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

Elite gamblers, relatively untroubled by new gaming statutes, introduced private subscription clubs for gaming, from entirely different motivations. Private subscription clubs presented commercial gaming operators with an opportunity to create spaces beyond the verge of the court that were nevertheless exclusive, and highly profitable. Entrepreneurs who had previously sought the protection of the Groom Porter, the verge of the court, or of other similarly ambiguous forms of privilege now found secure refuge behind the doors of clubs whose exclusivity served as much to keep magistrates at bay as to bar social interlopers of dubious provenance.
Breaking Even
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

Authorities and the general public eventually caught on to the realities of gaming as a commercial enterprise. Gaming entrepreneurs were more emboldened than ever, both in terms of their operations and their social ambitions. As a new century loomed, metropolitan readers were more aware than local authorities had been at mid-century of the arrangements that had enabled commercial gaming in the metropolis and beyond since the beginning of the century now ending. For their part, gaming entrepreneurs were asserting in various ways their standing as ‘polite and commercial people’ as respectable as anyone else ‘in trade,’ or even as those engaged in more prestigious sectors of the economy.
The Haitian Revolution in the Early Republic of Letters
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

While largely ignored by generations of critics, concerns about the Haitian Revolution saturated the early American print public sphere. For myriad writers in the early Republic, Haiti was both unambiguously familiar and categorically incompatible. Synchronously held fast and rejected, Haiti was the ever-present index of the United States: a distorted reflection of the Republic’s past, a troubling echo of its present, and a nightmarish harbinger of divisive futures. In unravelling how American literary history has silenced the centrality of Haiti in U.S. cultural development, The Haitian Revolution in the Early Republic of Letters recuperates lost textual objects while redressing a crucial blind spot in American literary history.
Introduction
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

The Introduction sets up the book by exploring how American literary history, since its inception, has glossed over the period of 1800‒20 by endlessly repeating the false claim that this was a period marked by a lack of cultural production. Arguing instead that this canonical interregnum was in fact a period of intense literary production, the Introduction moves to assert that the primary cause of this era’s neglect results from the intensity of America’s reactions to the new formations of freedom and citizenship enacted by the Haitian Revolution. Finally, the Introduction argues that in order to fully understand cultural production from the first two decades of the nineteenth century, the field of American literary history needs to move beyond its dependence on authorial biography as the initial pathway into critical inquiry and to push past the habitual privileging of the novel form as providing the basis for canonical inclusion.
“Not an End”
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

The first chapter repositions the biographical sketch as a fulcrum for late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century American readers to consider events in Haiti and those closer to home. As such the sketch became a means by which periodical editors could speculate about systems of enslavement, diasporic African knowledge, and the root causes of rebellious behavior. The chapter centers on the widespread U.S. reprinting of “The Story of Makandal.” First published in France in 1787, the text was subsequently translated into English and appeared in American periodicals for several decades. Ostensibly, the text presents a fictionalized biography of François Makandal (a 1750s maroon leader); but it does so by transmuting his insurgency into petty jealously, disavowing Makandal’s commitments to emancipation by rendering him a figure of unhinged appetite. In intimating that Black resistance is doomed to failure, “The Story of Makandal” provided an object lesson for readers concerned about uprising of enslaved peoples.
Coda
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

The Coda charts how early-nineteenth-century African American intellectuals repurposed the Haitian Revolution as precursor for domestic Black freedom. The Coda examines the first African American newspaper, the Freedom’s Journal (1827), which routinely featured information about Haiti, including in its publication of “Theresa—a Haytien Tale,” perhaps the earliest extant piece of African American fiction. Linking a reading of “Theresa” to the wider print public sphere, the Coda gestures toward how African American print networks reconfigured operant meanings of Haiti in the late 1820s. As a measure of the afterlives of these contending interpretations of the meaning of Haitian freedom, the Coda scrutinizes reactions to how Haiti was referenced by demonstrators at contemporary Black Lives Matter protests. These allusions sparked a racialized panic among the contemporary alt-right, underscoring how an incipient white supremacist vision of Haiti as representing the antithesis of American democracy continues to infect the national imagination.
From Deficit to Dialect
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

The emergence of new English dialects in postcolonial regions has transformed the politics of English in the world and language ecologies in many regions. Why, how, and when did these dialects develop? Why do they have the accents and grammars that we hear? Are the grammars of these dialects completely different due to the influence of local languages, or similar due to natural tendencies in human cognition? In terms of social identity, do their speakers behave like native speakers of British or American English, or like language learners? Focusing on two prominent cases—English in India and in Singapore—this book examines the social, historical, and cognitive forces that together created and continue to shape these dialects. Differences in the linguistic ecology of the two regions help us to identify the strongest mechanisms of dialect formation under long-term cultural contact. The multiscale analysis moves beyond a simplistic divide between “deficit” and “dialect” views of these speech communities, showing that change proceeds unevenly across the language system and the social group, with feedback loops between social history, language learning, language structure, and identity.
Histories of English in India
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

English has been in India for over 400 years, and an adequate history must trace the emergence of distinct English-using communities over time. This chapter first outlines the evolution of English in India through four time periods: early presence, colonial ideologies, the independence movement, and independent India. Next, it describes the resulting linguistic features of contemporary Indian English (IndE) varieties. In closing, the chapter assesses recent claims about the variety’s stage of evolution. Rather than a single entity moving unidirectionally toward or away from a single norm, IndE is better conceived of as a series of overlapping domains of use, at different stages of nativization, and arising out of specific moments and shifts in power and social relations.
The Article System
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

This in-depth exploration of an Indian English (IndE) grammatical subsystem—within the nominal domain—addresses the question of whether novel usage in New Englishes derives from emergent language universals or direct transfer from the first language (L1). The analysis of article omission shows a strong presence of L1 transfer where the L1 has an overt form, but a reliance on universally available discourse knowledge to restructure the new L2 system when no L1 forms exist as a clear model. The closing discussion notes several studies that have since confirmed the original claims reported here, which also dovetail with Lange’s (2012) overarching proposal of a shift to discourse prominence in IndE syntax. Rather than acting as opposing forces or hypotheses, language transfer and universals can establish a complementary “feeding” relationship. L1-L2 differences and speaker inferencing can give rise to typologically distinct “third grammars” in contact varieties.
Rates of Change
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

India and Singapore have developed radically different varieties of English, despite somewhat comparable British colonial histories. Why has English transformed so much more radically in Singapore, when it has been embedded in India for twice as long? This chapter compares the historical ecologies of English in India and Singapore in terms of major factors that might explain the dramatic differences in how the two varieties have developed. It shows how key differences led to distinct dialect formation dynamics in the two settings. Certain historical similarities appear to have been less influential than other markedly distinct ecological factors, which have driven divergent outcomes in the two regions.
Summary and Implications
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

Pulling together the many processes through which English has taken shape in India and in Singapore, this chapter enumerates several proposed mechanisms of change. Some of these are based in historical ecology, some in the formal linguistic mismatches between languages in contact, and others in the social embedding of language practice. These micro- and macrodynamics form feedback loops with one another, inhibiting or accelerating change. The closing reflections explore implications for method and theory in the study of new dialect formation. The empirical overview of new dialect formation in postcolonial sociolinguistic ecologies encourages realist and evidence-based understandings of language learning, language use, and dialect identities in complex multilingual environments.
The Expression of Queerness in Hans Werner Henze’s Music
Authors: Marsico Federica
Published: October 2023

Unlike instrumental music, operatic works are the result of a close interaction among words, music, and staging. This interaction helps scholars to identify queer musical elements in a score. Additionally, in Hans Werner Henze’s operas, the expressive content of the sung words and the features of the staging together with music contribute significantly to give voice to queerness. In this chapter, Henze’s operatic scores are interpreted in relation to the author’s constant need to affirm his identity in a social context tending to repress it. Recurring narrative subjects in librettos are highlighted and interpreted in the context of queerness. Next, musical analysis is employed to investigate the elements of scores that translate queerness into musical terms. The analysis highlights how Henze uses music to symbolize and explore otherness, suggesting directions for a broader investigation into queer musical elements within the operatic output of the second half of the twentieth century.
Multiplicities, Truth, Ethics
Authors: Lochhead Judy
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers how an ontology of multiplicity might be maintained in the production of knowledge about music as a sonic event. It develops and demonstrates a queering analysis of Chaya Czernowin’s Anea Crystal, building on the ways of thinking multiplicity in the late twentieth-century work of Donna Haraway, Sandra Harding, Judith Butler, and Alain Badiou. My analysis demonstrates the ways in which the work may be experienced as structural multiplicities by tracing multiple temporal pathways and groupings of pitch, timbre, rhythm, and dynamics, and by suggesting the differing kinds of subjectivities these pathways imply. A queering analysis takes as a premise music’s multiplicity and seeks not “the” truth of a piece of music but an ethics of truth that illuminates music’s being in the world.
Complications and Defeaters of Standing
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: October 2023

This chapter builds on the conceptual groundwork in Chapter 1. Specifically, it confronts my definitions of hypocritical blame and (dismissing) standingless blame with four complications, the first three of which represent forms of nonparadigmatic blame: (1) private blame, (2) self-blame, (3) third-party blame, and (4) degrees of (standing to) blame. The chapter also examines and rebuts several arguments against the notion of standing to blame and defends a commitment-focused account of what undermines standing to blame.
Other Ways of Not Having a Standing to Blame
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: October 2023

Factors other than hypocrisy can undermine standing to blame. This chapter examines five additional sources of lack of standing: (1) that the blamer has the same fault as the blamee (tu quoque; (2) that the blamer is complicit in that for which the blamer blames the blamee; (3) that which the blamee is blamed for is none of the blamer’s business; (4) the blamer lacks understanding of the action for which they blame the blamee; (5) and, finally, the blamer does not accept the principle to which they appeal. The chapter argues that hypocrisy and these five ways of lacking standing to blame are distinct. Moreover, the commitment account of why the hypocritical blamer lacks standing to blame cannot be extended to cover all five forms of standingless blame discussed in this chapter; e.g., it cannot be extended to cover dismissal of meddlesome blame. Another, and related, claim is that the different kinds of standingless blame are wrong for different reasons. Specifically, the moral equality account of the wrongfulness of hypocritical blame cannot explain the wrongness of all the forms of standingless blame discussed in this chapter.
High Impact Practices with Urban Youth--Circles at the Center
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy
Published: October 2023

The authors bridge the gap between practitioners and researchers specifically working to improve the life outcomes of urban youth. This is a guidebook best thought of as a way to frame interventions around high impact practices (HIPs)—evidence-based educational practices that have been shown to “deepen student learning and engagement, and raise levels of performance, retention and success for students.” Not simply a novelty practice, the authors identify the discussion circle as the HIP that is the centering component for all youth programming. Circles, they argue, provide a venue for communication, emotional support and healing and encourage problem-solving and creativity according. The book is organized around HIP-influenced program design. Aiming to be practical and tactical, the chapters are organized around a program planning format, moving from theory to program form to recruitment strategies, then to practices aimed to solidify participation and produce positive outcomes. Each chapter begins with a brief narrative, Lesson from the Circle, reflective of real-life occurrences with youth or program staff that are germane to a high impact practice. The narratives serve as an introduction to important themes to those new to urban youth work, and they serve as an examination of the familiar to those currently engaged in direct practice with urban youth.
From Vision to Plan
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

Responding to the soul’s desire is the first step in crafting an artistic vision. In Chapter 6, the author leads us to the next step in developing a thriving career—the creation of a dynamic plan of action. Grounded in the fundamentals of successful entrepreneurship, the vision–plan continuum joins heaven and earth: inspiration first, then the action plan. Throughout Chapter 6, the author gets to the nitty-gritty of timelines, concrete planning strategies, business plan models, income production, inspiring mentors, and more. Moreover, the author explores a number of common thinking errors that can hold musicians back from success. All great dreams and artistic visions can only be realized though action. The key is through strategic action, and the author provides a useful roadmap.
Affinity, Compounds, and the Laws of Definite Proportions
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni
Published: October 2023

One of the consequences of Cartesian mechanicism was the discrediting of the idea that an innate and fundamental force of attraction accounts for sympathetic effects between substances. However, under the hegemony of Newtonian physics, chemists finally speculated that the force underlying chemical bonds was nothing other than a chemical force of attraction, similar to, though distinct from, Newton’s gravitational force. Unfortunately, the Newtonian theory did not account for either the selective nature of these chemical forces of attraction or their changing behavior under the influence of such factors as temperature, environment, and reagents. In 1718, Étienne François Geoffroy advanced the theory of chemical attraction by composing his first tables of affinity, which Lavoisier later clarified as being dependent on temperature. It was Claude Louis Berthollet who eventually introduced the dependence of affinity on chemical mass. Although Berthollet emphasized that all substances combine in indefinite proportions, his claims supporting variable proportions were not borne out by experiment, as emphasized by the chemist Joseph Louis Proust who disagreed with Berthollet on this issue and who sustained that chemical combinations follow definite proportions. Proust’s Law of Definite Proportions posited that each chemical compound was constituted by a fixed and constant proportion of its components. His work went a long way toward establishing the uniformity of nature, even in the artificial conditions of the laboratory, but also toward establishing that nature is discontinuous since the laws of weight and proportion are not only universal but also “discrete.”
The Quantum Revolution
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni
Published: October 2023

This chapter explains the difference between a classical mechanical and a quantum description. Two discoveries completely changed atomism in the late 19th century: radioactivity and the electron. Radioactivity revolutionized two of the main concepts of chemistry—the element and the atom—and the electron removed the atom from the role of elementary particle and introduced the need for atomic models. Here we will show which characteristics of the Greek atom have been preserved and which have been modified in today’s atomic vision. Quantum mechanics also substantially changed the other essential element of classical atomism: the vacuum. By modifying the concept of atom, quantum mechanics has also given a less modeling sense to the concept of chemical bond. This was the first step of a new branch of chemistry—quantum chemistry, that is, the application of quantum mechanics to molecules.
Was Russia Prepared?
Authors: Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

An underlying question at the beginning of the revolutionary period was whether Russia was prepared to wage a modern war. Using the anthropologist Karl Polanyi’s conceptualization of economies embedded in social and cultural processes, this chapter ties the underdevelopment of Russia’s market economy to the cultures and inefficiencies of agrarian production as well as the industrial fault lines of economic mobilization. The problematic role of railroad transport in distributing scarce goods is also introduced, along with the problems of Russian state finance. Polanyi’s concept of “economistic fallacy” is deployed to emphasize the inherent misrepresentations of statistical aggregations that homogenize significant diversities of economic sectors and regions. Similarly, the statistics of loss in battles or other violent events obscure the effects of their often catastrophic emotional effects. Particular attention is paid here to the experience of wounded soldiers in the absence of medicine, medical personnel, and adequate hospital trains.
“Responsible Men in Whom the Country Has Confidence”
Authors: Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

February brought democratic liberals and socialists to power but demonstrated that different forms of power were located in quite different places. “Responsible men” were formally installed in state and local offices, democratic socialists in the new soviets. Both acted out their own vision of how revolutionary change might transform Russia into a modern European power. Dual power thus reflected competing solutions to the problems of scarcity and loss as well as different forms of power itself, the first through the institutionalization and protection of civil liberties and private property, the second through the mobilization of workers, soldiers, and peasants. Both also reified social identities and restructured the foundations of political legitimacy in a context of intensified expectations for betterment. Meanwhile, readings of soldiers’ “moods” suggest that continuing the war in the face of a near universal longing for peace amplified the material and emotional effects of loss even without what was soon to be a concerted Bolshevik intervention.
Addressing Scarcity, Confronting Loss
Authors: Rosenberg William G. , Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

The condensed historical time between February and October is largely described by the three principal “Great Stories” in terms of its key political moments: the April Crisis over war aims, formation of the first coalition, the Kerensky offensive, the liberals’ resignation from the government, the July Uprising, the socialist second coalition, General Kornilov’s attempted march on Petrograd, and the Bolshevik seizure of power. This chapter argues that it must also be seen as a series of efforts designed first and foremost to increase food supplies, democratize industrial management and transport, control inflation, and resolve the mounting financial crisis. Not surprisingly, very different mindsets and historical imaginations brought conflict over how to give new meaning to the war, as well as how to best manage revolutionary changes from above and below and save revolutionary Russia from being captured by Lenin’s Bolsheviks or overrun by the Germans.
Circumstance, Ideology, and Bolshevik Power
Authors: Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

Was there any likelihood that Bolsheviks could better confront the complex problems of scarcity and loss than previous regimes had? This chapter posits their determinant effects after October as the realities Lenin’s ideologized rhetoric and governance had to confront, suggesting they exposed the limits of Bolshevik power. In this regard, the political slogan “Land, Peace, and Bread” was a metaphor of hope. Bolsheviks also needed peasants to give up more grain, workers to stay at their jobs, and railroads to function more efficiently, while the “nationalization” of factories from below pushed the tasks of financing wages and production into the regime’s inexperienced hands. Even the expected effects of demobilization proved illusory when a clear path opened for the Germans to overthrow the regime. Against the currents of “still starving” workers and increasingly resistant peasants the chapter argues that circumstance complemented ideology in making force and dictatorship the primary forms of Bolshevik power.
“Our Lives Have Become Unbearable!”
Authors: Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

How did Bolsheviks confront the worsening socioeconomic problems after shutting down the Constituent Assembly in January 1918 as anti-Bolshevik forces began to coalesce in Siberia, Ukraine, and South Russia? Once again, effective solutions had to be conceived and carried out. And once again, a revolutionary regime as well as its growing White enemies were unable to do so. Concealment was soon “normalized.” So were black markets and corruption. Claims of “extreme need” now suggested political disloyalty, justifying marauding, brutal confiscations, and lethal animosities, especially in the Whites’ case against Jews. As peasants deserted both Reds and Whites and retreated into the relative securities of their own well-armed villages, both sides in effect lost the hunger wars. Despite the Bolsheviks’ ultimate success in defeating their enemies, all of this was still preamble to the great violence, new losses, and manifest failures of what was soon to be labeled “war communism.”
Mexico City’s Ambivalent Spatial Mestizaje
Authors: Reynoso Jose Luis
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines diverse dance, theater, and quotidian movement practices from the Mexican independence (1821) to the Porfiriato (1876–1911). While emphasizing the relationship between space and bodies, the chapter foregrounds two concepts: spatial mestizaje and ambivalence toward mestizaje and indigeneity. Spatial mestizaje signals how local and foreign bodies of different social classes, gender expressions, and racial backgrounds negotiated neo/colonial influences as they moved within different social spaces (prestigious theaters, low-reputation venues, exclusive streets, and private homes). These bodies in motion transformed Mexico City’s spatiality into a mestizo social kinesphere. By analyzing Porfirian ambivalence toward mestizaje and indigeneity as part of colonial legacies of racialization, the chapter accounts for performative manifestations of the colonial desire to be white as a means to attaining higher social status. It illuminates how diverse bodies in motion participated in constructing post/colonial Mexico as a modern nation and Mexico City as its cosmopolitan capital.