bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cryogenic treatment on nickel‐titanium endodontic instruments
Authors: Kim J. W. , Griggs J. A. , Regan J. D. , Ellis R. A. , Cai Z.
Published: May 2005

Aim  To investigate the effects of cryogenic treatment on nickel‐titanium endodontic instruments. The null hypothesis was that cryogenic treatment would result in no changes in composition, microhardness or cutting efficiency of nickel‐titanium instruments.

Methodology  Microhardness was measured on 30 nickel‐titanium K‐files (ISO size 25) using a Vicker's indenter. Elemental composition was measured on two instruments using X‐ray spectroscopy. A nickel‐titanium bulk specimen was analysed for crystalline phase composition using X‐ray diffraction. Half of the specimens to be used for each analysis were subjected to a cryogenic treatment in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) for either 3 s (microhardness specimens) or 10 min (other specimens). Cutting efficiency was assessed by recording operator choice using 80 nickel‐titanium rotary instruments (ProFile® 20, .06) half of which had been cryogenically treated and had been distributed amongst 14 clinicians. After conditioning by preparing four corresponding canals, each pair of instruments were evaluated for cutting efficiency by a clinician during preparation of one canal system in vitro. A Student's t‐test was used to analyse the microhardness data, and a binomial test was used to analyse the observer choice data. Composition data were analysed qualitatively.

Results  Cryogenically treated specimens had a significantly higher microhardness than the controls (P < 0.001; β > 0.999). Observers showed a preference for cryogenically treated instruments (61%), but this was not significant (P = 0.21). Both treated and control specimens were composed of 56% Ni, 44% Ti, 0% N (by weight) with a majority in the austenite phase.

Conclusions  Cryogenic treatment resulted in increased microhardness, but this increase was not detected clinically. There was no measurable change in elemental or crystalline phase composition.
Effect of endodontic procedures on enterococci, enteric bacteria and yeasts in primary endodontic infections
Authors: Ferrari P. H. P. , Cai S. , Bombana A. C.
Published: May 2005

Aim  To detect enterococci, enteric bacteria and yeast species from the canals of teeth with primary endodontic infections before and after canal preparation and to test the antibiotic susceptibility of enterococcal strains isolated from infected root canals.

Methodology  Twenty‐five single‐rooted teeth with pulp necrosis, intact pulp chambers and periradicular lesions were selected for study. Samples were collected from canals before and after instrumentation. Amongst isolated microorganisms from infected root canals only enterococci, enteric bacteria and yeasts were identified by biochemical tests. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated enterococci strains was evaluated by the Etest® system.

Results  Microorganisms were isolated from 92% of the samples following intracoronal access, 22% were enterococci, enteric bacteria or yeast species. After biomechanical preparation, these species were no longer detected. After 7 days without intracanal dressing, 100% of the canals contained microorganisms, 52% of which were target species. However, after using paramonochlorophenol [PRP (2.0 g), Rinosoro® and polyethylene glycol (400 equal parts up to 100 mL)] as an intracanal dressing for 7 days, enteric bacteria and yeasts were not detected; only enterococci were still present. All strains of enterococci were susceptible to ampicillin, but exhibited variable susceptibility to rifampin and ciprofloxacin.

Conclusions  Enterococci, enteric bacteria and yeasts were present in primary endodontic infections. Enterococci, particularly Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium were resistant to removal by root canal preparation followed by intracanal dressing.
Comparison of cold lateral compaction and continuous wave of obturation techniques following manual or rotary instrumentation
Authors: Keçeci A. D. , Çelik Ünal G. , Şen B. H.
Published: May 2005

Aim  To compare different combinations of root canal preparation and obturation technique.

Methodology  A total of 48 freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were divided into two identical groups on the basis of root canal length and apical diameter. The root canals were prepared by manual crown‐down pressureless technique or with a rotary system (ProFile; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in a crown‐down technique. The coronal diameter and apical size of the root canals were standardized in both preparation techniques. Each main group was then divided into two subgroups and obturated with either cold lateral compaction or continuous wave of obturation with System B (EIE‐Analytic Technology, Orange, CA, USA). The distribution of filling material in each canal was assessed by stereomicroscopic examination of eight cross‐sections on each tooth. Areas of sealer, gutta‐percha and voids were measured on the digital images of a total of 384 samples. Manipulation time and apical extrusion for each group was also determined. Data were statistically analysed using Kruskal–Wallis, anova (Bonferroni/Dunn) or Student's t‐test.

Results  The percentage of sealer, gutta‐percha and voids area between the obturation techniques was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Continuous wave groups had significantly more apical extrusion of sealer (P < 0.05), while none of the obturation techniques had gutta‐percha extrusion. Rotary instrumentation was significantly faster than the manual technique (P < 0.05); continuous wave obturation was significantly faster than lateral compaction (P < 0.05). Total manipulation time in the rotary/continuous wave group was significantly shorter than the other groups (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion  The distribution of filling materials was similar in all combinations of instrumentation and obturation techniques. The continuous wave technique was faster than lateral compaction and it extruded more sealer.
An ex vivo comparison of conventional and digital radiography for perceived image quality of root fillings
Authors: Akdeniz B. G. , Soğur E.
Published: May 2005

Aim  To compare the subjective image clarity of two different speed films and the Digora® phosphor plate images with respect to the length and homogeneity of root canal fillings.

Methodology  Root canal treatment was performed on 20 extracted permanent mandibular first molar teeth. Standardized images of each tooth positioned in a dried mandible were obtained with E‐ and F‐speed films and Digora® storage phosphor plates (SPP) at 0° and 30° horizontal angulations using the optimal exposure time recommended for each system. Five endodontists and five radiologists rated the image clarity of E‐ and F‐speed radiographs as well as the original and enhanced Digora® images. The data were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test (P < 0.01). Inter‐observer agreement was determined by Cohen's κ.

Results  Enhanced digital images were rated as superior followed by E‐ and F‐speed films and then the original digital images for the evaluation of both homogeneity and length (P < 0.01) of root canal fillings. Agreement among endodontists and radiologists measurements was high in all of the imaging methods (κ = 0.87).

Conclusion  Perceived image quality of the enhanced Digora® images was superior to the original Digora® and conventional film images for the evaluation of root fillings. However, E‐speed film provided a significantly better image clarity in comparison with F‐speed and original Digora® images.
Canal preparation with Hero 642 rotary Ni–Ti instruments compared with stainless steel hand K‐file assessed using computed tomography
Authors: Taşdemir T. , Aydemir H. , İnan U. , Ünal O.
Published: May 2005

Aim  To compare ex vivo root canal preparation with conventional stainless steel K‐files and Hero 642 rotary Ni–Ti instruments.

Methodology  Mesiobuccal canals of 20 maxillary first molars (with angles of curvature between 25° and 35°) were used. After preparation with Hero 642 rotary instruments and stainless steel K‐files, the amount of transportation that occurred was assessed using computed tomography. The teeth were scanned by computed tomography before instrumentation. One millimetre thick slices were prepared from the apical end point to the pulp chamber. The first two sections were 3 mm from the apical end of the root (apical level) and 3 mm below the orifice (coronal level). A further section (mid‐root level) was recorded, dividing the distance between the sections of apical and coronal levels into two equal lengths. Ten teeth were instrumented using Hero 642 rotary instruments and another 10 teeth were instrumented using stainless steel K‐files. Following the completion of the instrumentation, the teeth were again scanned and compared with the cross‐sectional images taken prior to canal preparation. Amount of transportation and centreing ability was assessed. Student's t‐test was used for statistical analysis.

Results  Less transportation occurred with Hero 642 rotary instruments than stainless steel K‐files at the mid‐root and coronal levels (mid‐root: P < 0.05 and coronal: P < 0.001). Hero 642 rotary instruments had better centreing ability than K‐files at all three levels (apical: P < 0.05, mid‐root: P < 0.05 and coronal: P < 0.001).

Conclusions  Hero 642 rotary instruments transported canals less, especially at the middle and coronal thirds of the root canals than stainless steel K‐files. Hero 642 instruments had better centreing ability.
Water links the historical and contemporary components of the Australian bird diversity gradient
Authors: Hawkins Bradford A. , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre Felizola , Soeller Stephen A.
Published: May 2005

Aim To document the geographical structure of the historical signal in the continental species richness gradient of birds and evaluate the influences of contemporary and historical climatic conditions on the generation and maintenance of the richness pattern.

Location Australia.

Methods We used range maps of breeding birds to generate the spatial pattern of species richness at four grain sizes, and two molecular phylogenies to measure the level of evolutionary development of avifaunas at each grain size. We then used simple correlation and path analysis to generate a statistical model of species richness using environmental predictor variables and compared the spatial patterns of richness and mean evolutionary development to identify possible environmental links between richness and net diversification rates across the continent.

Results The contemporary richness pattern is well explained statistically by actual evapotranspiration (a measure of water–energy balance), operating both directly and indirectly through plant production, and this is robust to the spatial resolution of the analysis. Further, species richness and the mean level of evolutionary development of faunas show a strong spatial correspondence, such that dry areas support both fewer species and species from more highly derived families, whereas wet areas support more species of both basal and derived families. The evolutionary pattern conforms to a similar pattern known for plants and is probably explained by the increase in aridity in western and central Australia arising in the Miocene.

Main conclusion The contemporary bird richness gradient contains a historical signal and reflects the effects of both current levels of water availability as well as changes in rainfall patterns extending over evolutionary time. The historical signal persists even in the absence of obvious hard barriers to dispersal.
The pharmacological and physiological profile of glutamate receptors at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction
Authors: Bhatt Deval , Cooper Robin L.
Published: May 2005

Abstract.  Drosophila larval muscles are commonly used for developmental assessment in regard to various mutations of synaptically relevant molecules. In addition, the molecular sequence of the glutamate receptors on the muscle fibre have been described; however, the pharmacological profiles to known agonists and antagonists have yet to be reported. Here, the responses of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionate (AMPA), l‐glutamate, kainate, quisqualic acid, NBQX, AP5 and DNQX are characterized with regard to synaptic transmission and direct effects on the muscle fibres. The muscle fibres depolarize to application of glutamate or quisqualate and the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitudes are diminished. Kainate does not alter the muscle membrane potential but does reduce the EPSP amplitude. The known antagonists NBQX, AP5 and DNQX have no substantial effect on synaptic transmission at 1 mm, nor do they block the response of quisqualate. Kainate may be acting as a postsynaptic antagonist or via autoreceptors presynaptically to reduce evoked transmission.
The effects of sea level and palaeotopography on lithofacies distribution and geometries in heterozoan carbonates, south‐eastern Spain
Authors: JOHNSON CHRISTOPHER L. , FRANSEEN EVAN K. , GOLDSTEIN ROBERT H.
Published: May 2005

This study utilized three‐dimensional exposures to evaluate how sea‐level position and palaeotopography control the facies and geometries of heterozoan carbonates. Heterozoan carbonates were deposited on top of a Neogene volcanic substrate characterized by palaeotopographic highs, palaeovalleys, and straits that were formed by subaerial erosion, possibly original volcanic topography, and faults prior to carbonate deposition. The depositional sequence that is the focus of this study (DS1B) consists of 7–10 fining upward cycles that developed in response to relative sea‐level fluctuations. A complete cycle has a basal erosion surface overlain by deposits of debrisflows and high‐density turbidity currents, which formed during relative sea‐level fall. Overlying tractive deposits most likely formed during the lowest relative position of sea level. Overlying these are debrites grading upward to high‐density turbidites and low‐density turbidites that formed during relative sea‐level rise. The tops of the cycles consist of hemipelagic deposits that formed during the highest relative position of sea level. The cycles fine upward because upslope carbonate production decreased as relative sea level rose due to less surface area available for shallow‐water carbonate production and partial drowning of substrates. The cycles are dominated by two end‐member types of facies associations and stratal geometries that formed in response to fluctuating sea‐level position over variable substrate palaeotopography. One end‐member is termed ‘flank flow cycle’ because this type of cycle indicates dominant sediment transport down the flanks of palaeovalleys. Those cycles drape the substrate, have more debrites, high‐density turbidites and erosion on palaeovalley flanks, and in general, the lithofacies fine down the palaeovalley flanks into the palaeovalley axes. The second end‐member is termed ‘axial flow cycle’ because it indicates a dominance of sediment transport down the axes of palaeovalleys. Those cycles are characterized by debrites and high‐density turbidites in palaeovalley axes, and lap out of strata against the flanks of palaeovalleys. Where and when an axial flow cycle or flank flow cycle developed appears to be related to the intersection of sea level with areas of gentle or steep substrate slopes, during an overall relative rise in sea level. Results from this study provide a model for similar systems that must combine carbonate principles for sediment production, palaeotopographic controls, and physical principles of sediment remobilization into deep water.
Sediment production and dispersal on foraminifera‐dominated early Tertiary ramps: the Eocene El Garia Formation, Tunisia
Authors: BEAVINGTON‐PENNEY SIMON J. , PAUL WRIGHT V. , RACEY ANDREW
Published: May 2005

Larger benthic foraminiferaNummulitesare common within Eocene, circum‐Tethyan limestones. Despite their importance as sediment producers, contradictions in the literature constrain current understanding about the location of theNummulites‘factory’. The El Garia Fm was deposited on a ramp with localized palaeohighs, and whilst some authors suggested that the locus ofNummulitesproduction was in shallow water across the palaeohighs, others concluded that production was significantly reduced over these palaeohighs, and concentrated in the surrounding deeper (30–60 m) water. There are also marked dissimilarities between recent models in terms of the continuity, correlation and resolution of depositional sequences. To assess these models, we integrate studies of the architecture and geometry of the El Garia Fm with detailed taphonomic, biometric, biofabric and palaeoecological characterization ofNummulitestests. We conclude that the highest rates of sediment production occurred in euphotic water over the palaeohighs and in nearshore environments.Nummuliteson the palaeohighs were transported into the surrounding deeper water by oceanic and storm currents that swept the platform top, producing a nummulitic sediment package that thickened and became increasingly fine‐grained and fragmented into outer ramp environments. This transport exerted a major control on development of the ramp‐like geometries often seen at outcrop. Our findings question the validity of a recent sequence stratigraphic model that identifies decimetre‐scale Milankovitch cycles, even in largely allochthonous, ‘bio‐retextured’, mid/outer ramp sediments. Our findings also suggest that the thin packages of El Garia Fm on the palaeohighs, which have previously been interpreted as condensed sections that can be correlated with thicker, more distal accumulations, actually represent remnants of the sediment that was produced on the highs and ‘exported’ into the basin.
Bedrock lithology control on contemporaneous alluvial fan facies, Oligo‐Miocene, southern Pyrenees, Spain
Authors: NICHOLS GARY , THOMPSON BEN
Published: May 2005

Climate and tectonics play important roles in controlling processes of transport and deposition on alluvial fans, but the bedrock lithology in the fan catchment area is also a significant, independent factor. Adjacent Oligo‐Miocene alluvial fan deposits on the northern margin of the Ebro Basin display contrasting depositional characteristics with one dominated by the deposits of debris flows and the other by deposition from flows of water. A difference in clast compositions indicates that the two studied fans (the Nueno and San Julián fans) had contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. The proximal facies of the Nueno fan body contains matrix‐supported conglomerate beds with up to 80% pebble clasts of gypsum in a matrix of gypsiferous sand, interbedded with gypsarenite beds. The drainage basin of this fan was dominated by Triassic bedrock consisting of beds of gypsum, marl and micritic limestone. The San Julián fan body comprises clast‐supported, polymict conglomerate beds containing pebbles from Triassic, Cretaceous and Palaeogene limestone units that are exposed in the adjacent part of the basin margin. The interfingering of the deposits of these two fans demonstrates that they were contemporaneous. Given the consistent climate, the differences in fan depositional processes must therefore be attributed to the contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. A drainage basin consisting mainly of marl and gypsum bedrock provided sufficient fine‐grained material to generate debris flows, whereas more dilute, water‐lain processes dominated where the drainage basin was largely limestone strata.
Muddy lateral accretion and low stream power in a sub‐recent confined channel belt, Rhine‐Meuse delta, central Netherlands
Authors: MAKASKE BART , WEERTS HENK J. T.
Published: May 2005

The Hennisdijk fluvial system in the central Rhine‐Meuse delta is an abandoned Rhine distributary that was active on a wide floodplain from 3800 to 3000 years BP. Cross‐sectional geometry, lithological characteristics and planform patterns of the channel‐belt deposits indicate lateral migration of the Hennisdijk palaeochannel. Channel‐belt deposits are around 10 m thick and 200–400 m wide. A gravelly facies near the base of the channel‐belt deposits represents channel‐lag and lower point‐bar deposits. The axis of the channel belt is dominated by a sandy facies (medium and coarse sand), showing an overall fining upward trend with multiple cycles. This facies is interpreted as lower and middle point‐bar deposits. The sandy facies is capped by a muddy facies, which is 1–2 m thick near the axis of the channel belt and thickens to 5–6 m along the margins. It laterally interfingers with the sandy facies that occurs near the channel‐belt axis, but it has sharp, erosive outer contacts marking the edges of the channel belt. The muddy facies comprises inclined heterolithic stratification (IHS) (fine/medium sand–mud couplets) in its upper part. The relatively thin muddy facies with IHS that occurs near the channel‐belt axis is interpreted as upper point‐bar deposits with lateral accretion surfaces, formed under marine influence. Along the margins of the channel belt the muddy facies consists of thick, fairly homogeneous, successions of mud with variable sand content, and fine sand. Based on facies geometry and position, this part of the muddy facies is interpreted as counterpoint deposits, formed along the upstream limb of the concave bank of a channel bend. Counterpoint accretion seems to have been associated with the confined nature of the channel belt, which was the result of low stream power (4·5–7·8 W m−2, based on reconstructions of palaeodischarge and channel slope) and cohesive bank material, i.e. clayey floodbasin deposits with intercalated peat beds occurring next to the channel belt. In the literature, counterpoint accretion is mostly reported from alluvial valleys, where meandering is confined by limited floodplain width, whereas muddy lateral accretion surfaces are commonly reported from much wider marine‐influenced floodplains. The present study shows juxtaposition of both forms of muddy channel deposits in a low‐energy, wide coastal plain setting, where preservation potential is considerable.
Are marron, Cherax tenuimanus (Crustacea: Decapoda), populations in irrigation reservoirs habitat limited? A trial using artificial habitats
Authors: Molony Brett W. , Bird Chris
Published: May 2005

Many valleys in Western Australia have been dammed to provide irrigation and potable water. To minimize the risks of outlet blockages, basins have been cleared of vegetation and rocky outcrops during construction. As a result, dam basins contain limited numbers of aquatic habitats, being dominated by sandy and muddy substrata. Nonetheless, endemic crayfishes (especially marron, Cherax tenuimanus) and three introduced species of fishes support large recreational fisheries in irrigation reservoirs. Recently, it has been shown that Perca fluviatilis (red‐fin perch) imposes an extremely high mortality on C. tenuimanus in reservoirs, with the result that marron populations might be below reservoir‐carrying capacity. To test this hypothesis, three types of artificial habitats (pipes, tiles, mesh) that mimic natural habitat types were placed into a reservoir and their use by C. tenuimanus was assessed. As C. tenuimanus is an annual brooder, releasing young during November and December, the effects of artificial habitats on biomass concentration and productivity can be differentiated. The study results showed that C. tenuimanus rapidly populated artificial habitats (concentration effects). Small, newly recruited C. tenuimanus also utilized the pipe and tile habitats (productivity effects). The addition of these types of habitats increased the suitability of the reservoir for the studied C. tenuimanus population, increasing productivity, probably via reduction of teleost predation. The increased productivity of the C. tenuimanus population might, in turn, increase the productivity and sustainability of the recreational marron fishery. Other aquatic species, including a biofilm community, also utilized the artificial habitats, increasing the species richness in the dam. Due to the success of the current study, large artificial habitats have been installed into two irrigation reservoirs in order to increase recreational marron fishing and conservation values.
Temporal and spatial patterns based on sediment and sediment–water interface characteristics along a cascade of reservoirs (Paranapanema River, south‐east Brazil)
Authors: Jorcin Adriana , Nogueira Marcos G.
Published: May 2005

Physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments in a cascade of eight reservoirs located in the Paranapanema River (south‐east Brazil) were analysed during two consecutive years during summer (January), autumn (April), winter (July) and spring (October) of 2000 and 2001, respectively. The granulometric texture, organic matter content and nutrient concentration (total nitrogen and phosphorus) were determined in the superficial sediment of 19 sampling stations, as well as the temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and redox potential in the bottom layer of the water column. Seasonal and spatial changes were observed for both years, especially for organic matter and nutrient concentrations. Three different areas could be identified along the river, which corresponded to the upper, middle and lower Paranapanema basin. The first area was characterized by an increase of nutrients and organic matter in the sediments and a decrease of temperature and dissolved oxygen in the downstream direction. The second one represented a region where fluctuations in nutrient and organic matter concentrations and a reduction in dissolved oxygen were observed. In the third area, there was an increase in nutrient and organic matter in the sediments and also an increase in temperature and dissolved oxygen towards the river mouth. The results of the principal components analysis, using water and sediments variables, showed the ordination of sampling stations by periods: wet (January–April) and dry (July–October) during 2000. This pattern was also verified during 2001, but with slight changes, probably due to the increase in the rains which would have produced certain homogenization effects along the river.
Experiments on sediment trap efficiency in reservoirs
Authors: Toniolo Horacio , Schultz Jeremy
Published: May 2005

Sediment trap efficiency plays a key role in the effective operational life of reservoirs. This paper presents the results of five laboratory experiments on trap efficiency. An over‐spilling condition and four gaps located at the downstream end of a reservoir were analysed in this study. The experimental design assumed a river carrying two phases of sediment flowing into a one‐dimensional reservoir. The coarse sediment (sand) was deposited and formed a defined prograding delta. The fine sediment (mud) formed a dilute suspension of wash load in the river. As the river entered the reservoir, the muddy water plunged on the foreset, forming a turbidity current. The turbidity current deposits, in turn, formed a bottomset. Black coal slag and white glass beads were used to simulate sand and mud. Their specific densities were 2.6 and 2.5 for black coal and beads, respectively. The water surface elevation in the reservoir was approximately similar in all experiments. Neither the water nor sediment discharge conditions were changed during the experimental runs. Suspended sediment was sampled through seven siphons; six of these being components of a rake in which they were vertically stacked. The last siphon was positioned on the rake outlet. Sediment samples were taken three times, at approximately evenly spaced intervals in the experiments. Suspended sediment concentration and grain size distribution were calculated for each siphon. The bed sediment deposit was sampled after each experiment. Sediment trap efficiency in the reservoir was calculated. Experimental results show the maximum venting capacity (minimum trap efficiency) occurs under over‐spilling conditions.
Identification of the motilin cells in duodenal epithelium of premature infants
Authors: Nishikubo Toshiya , Yamakawa Akihiko , Kamitsuji Hidekazu , Nakajima Mitsuru , Takahashi Yukihiro , Nakayama Masahiro , Kitajima Hiroyuki , Fujimura Masanori
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
: The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of motilin in the duodenal epithelial cells of premature infants of <32 weeks gestation.

Methods
: Specimens from 10 deceased infants (gestational age: 26.4 ± 2.7 weeks and birthweight: 808 ± 303 g) were examined as subjects. All infants died of severe cardiopulmonary disorder or intraventricular hemorrhage (grade IV). The average survival period was 3.1 ± 1.9 days. Autopsies were performed and formalin‐fixed duodenums were immunostained with rabbit antiserum to motilin by the labeled streptavidin–biotin (LSAB) method. An adult duodenum obtained by pancreatoduodenectomy was also examined for the presence of motilin as a positive control specimen. An absorption test using motilin peptide was performed to prove the specificity of the binding with rabbit antiserum to motilin.

Results
: Motilin‐containing cells were detected in the adult specimen, and the binding by rabbit antiserum to motilin was completely inhibited by excess amounts of motilin peptide, indicating that this binding was specific to motilin. All 10 infants had presence of motilin antigen in the epithelial cells of their duodenums.

Conclusion
: This preliminary study indicates that the immunohistological analysis is specific to detect motilin‐containing cells, and certifies the presence of motilin in duodenal epithelial cells of premature infants of <32 weeks gestation, including one at only 22 weeks gestation.
Prevalence and factors affecting headache in Turkish schoolchildren
Authors: Bugdayci Resul , Ozge Aynur , Sasmaz Tayyar , Kurt Ahmet Oner , Kaleagasi Hakan , Karakelle Ali , Tezcan Hanife , Siva Aksel
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
: Headache is a public health problem affecting life quality negatively. The present cross‐sectional, selective (2nd–5th grades) study was conducted to determine the prevalence of recurrent headache in schoolchildren in Mersin, a city of Turkey.

Methods
: A stratified sample of 5777 students was selected to be representative of the city's schoolchildren population. After the data quality control process, the study sample was reduced to 5562 schoolchildren.

Result
: The prevalence of recurrent headache was 49.2% (2739/5562). Among the studied population 24.7% had tension‐type headache and 10.4% had migraine. Girls had significantly more frequent headache than boys. Binary logistic regression analysis found that increasing age, female gender, low socioeconomic status of family, low education level of mother, and positive family history of headache (father, mother, siblings, second degree relatives) had a statistically significant effect on the presence of headache in children. Additionally, having travel sickness had a statistically significant effect on schoolchildren headache (P = 0.000).

Conclusion
: Headache is a common health problem among schoolchildren in Mersin, which merits increased attention and detailed multicentre epidemiological and clinical studies.
Effect of foremilk and hindmilk on simple procedural pain in newborns
Authors: Uyan Zeynep Seda , Özek Eren , Bilgen Hülya , Cebeci Dilsat , Akman Ipek
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
: Infants are exposed to painful stimuli during routine medical care in the first few days of life. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of foremilk; hindmilk, which has been known to have more fat content than foremilk; and sterile water in reducing pain in newborns undergoing minor painful procedures.

Methods
: Sixty‐two healthy term infants requiring a heel prick blood sample for screening tests were randomly allocated to receive 2 mL of foremilk, hindmilk or sterile water. Median crying time, duration of the first cry, percent change in heart rate, maximum heart rate and neonatal facial coding system scores were recorded to assess the infants’ response to pain.

Results
: Statistically significant differences between the three groups were not found in terms of crying time, duration of the first cry, percent change in heart rate or maximum heart rate (P = 0.19, P = 0.08, P = 0.22 and P = 0.91, respectively). When the mean pain scores of the groups were compared at 0, 1, 2 and 3 min, there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups (P = 0.58, P = 0.55, P = 0.58 and P = 0.84 for 0, 1, 2 and 3 min, respectively).

Conclusion
: Although hindmilk has a minor superiority in terms of crying time, duration of the first cry and percent change in heart rate, it does not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that neither foremilk nor hindmilk is superior in relieving pain when compared to placebo.
Research on promotion of management of children with psychosomatic and psychosocial disorders in Japan
Authors: Ishizaki Yuko , Kobayashi Yohnosuke , Yamagata Zentaro , Eto Takashi , Hoshika Akinori , Kano Yukiko , Koeda Tatsuya , Miike Teruhisa , Oki Junichi , Tanaka Hidetaka , Watanabe Hisako
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
: The number of children with psychosomatic and psychosocial disorders has been increasing in Japan. There are, however, few trained pediatricians who have adequate knowledge of the treatment needed. The Research Group on the Promotion of Management of Children with Psychosomatic and Psychosocial Disorders carried out the present study to (i) disseminate knowledge about psychosomatic and psychosocial disorders of children; and (ii) establish a community‐based network model to ensure effective communication among relevant institutions.

Methods
: To disseminate knowledge of the psychosocial and psychosomatic disorders, the Research Group compiled the Handbook for Psychosomatic Disorders of Children and distributed it to pediatricians throughout Japan. A follow‐up questionnaire survey was then carried out. Also, in order to examine the current status of the communication network between pediatricians and the related institutions, the Research Group conducted a questionnaire survey on general pediatricians.

Results
: Sixty‐five percent of the respondents indicated that they were actually using the Handbook. The topics in the Handbook that were most frequently referred to by the respondents were attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, school refusal, eating disorders, and orthostatic dysregulation. Thirty‐seven percent of the participants indicated changes in their behavior towards psychosomatic and psychosocial problems. The results of the survey on communication networks found that the pediatricians generally collaborated with different institutions depending on the nature of the problems, such as school refusal and bullying, developmental disorders, child abuse and maltreatment, and others.

Conclusion
: Promotion of the Handbook would greatly contribute to improving the management of children with psychosomatic and psychosocial disorders, together with the construction of the basic network model for management of these children.
British and French Evaluation of International Higher Education Issues: an identical political reality?1
Authors: DODDS ANNELIESE
Published: May 2005

In both Britain and France, evaluation has been seen as one element of national strategies to internationalise higher education (HE), with the spread of evaluation indicating policy convergence. However, there are dangers in describing the cross‐national adoption of evaluation as an instance of policy transfer in higher education. This article compares two evaluation agencies, the French Comité National de l’Évaluation des Établissements Publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel (CNE) and the British Quality Assurance Agency (QAA), which have both been seen as guarantors of the quality of domestic HE, and concomitantly as elements in international HE promotion. It indicates considerable differences in the evaluation reports produced by each agency, and links these to the context in which they were produced: the institutional relationships between each agency, higher education institutions, and the state; and the general context of ‘evaluation’ in each country's public sphere. The article thus challenges analyses which have seen the proliferation of evaluation across national contexts as evidence of ‘policy transfer’ or of ‘homogenisation’. Instead, it shows how differences in an ostensibly similar ‘product’, the ‘quality reports’ produced by each agency, reflect the institutional context of evaluation and its role in public policy writ large.
‘Quality’ in the Bologna Process: from ‘competitive edge’ to quality assurance techniques
Authors: SAARINEN TAINA
Published: May 2005

The theoretical premise of this article is that policy is constructed and presented discursively. The Bologna process presents us with an example of such a policy construction process where the quality policy goals are set jointly in transnational settings, requiring different kinds of negotiations and discursive strategies. Discourse analysis of policy texts can be useful in tracing policy changes and describing them, but also in explaining and understanding some of the developments that lead up to the implementation of the policies and the (political) views which are embedded in the debates. In this article, some discourse analytical methods are used to analyse the potential meanings of ‘quality’ at the European and national level of the Bologna process. The linguistic analysis focuses on the different meanings of ‘quality’ and the value assumptions attached to it from the point of view of word choice, metaphors and argumentation strategies. The data used are the official declarations and communiqués of the Bologna process; the central background reports of the process; and brief national follow‐up reports prepared for the Berlin meeting of 2003 from Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands.
Migration and Recognition of Diplomas in Sweden
Authors: DINGU‐KYRKLUND ELENA
Published: May 2005

Trans‐national migration is now a global phenomenon, affecting an increasing amount of persons, many of whom have already completed a form of higher education in their country of origin or earlier residence at the time of migration. There is consequently a need to evaluate foreign degrees and assess migrants’ professional competence beyond their initial borders. Recognition of diplomas against the background of the integration process is the core of this article. Combining considerations regarding migration and integration of highly educated international migrants on the labour market of their target countries with a closer perspective on the process of validation of foreign higher education and professional competence in Sweden, the article treats this topic as a European example of the development of an issue of increasing importance in years to come.
Implementation of New Public Management in Norwegian Universities
Authors: FRØLICH NICOLINE
Published: May 2005

This article analyses the implementation of market‐type mechanisms in the management of universities. The question of which cultural biases have been used in the implementation of New Public Management (NPM) in Norwegian universities is discussed. Cultural theory, institutional theory, and public policy studies are applied to the analysis of a case study of policy formulation and implementation of Management by Objectives (MBO) in two Norwegian universities as part of a New Public Management reform. The research design is a narrative approach in the context of a case study methodology. The article gives an analytical description of New Public Management reform in the Universities of Bergen and Oslo based on a content analysis of a large amount of related documentation. Beginning with the presentation of a four‐culture rationale that provides the methodological tools of analysis, the author goes on to describe in detail several stages of decision‐making processes and implementation queries in the two universities under study.
CONCEPTIONS OF SELF/NO‐SELF AND MODES OF CONNECTION  Comparative Soteriological Structures in Classical Chinese Thought
Authors: Berkson Mark A.
Published: May 2005

This essay examines the ways that the terms “self” and “no‐self” can illuminate the views of classical Chinese thinkers, particularly Confucians such as Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi, and the Daoist thinker Zhuangzi. In particular, the use of the term “no‐self ” to describe Zhuangzi's position is defended. The concepts of self and no‐self are analyzed in relation to other terms within the thinkers' “concept clusters”—specifically temporality, nature, and social roles—and suggestions are given for constructing typologies that sort out the range of meanings of self and no‐self based on the characteristics of the relations among terms within the concept clusters. The essay focuses on the way that the Confucians and Zhuangzi use concepts of self and no‐self, respectively, as soteriological strategies that aim at making connections with larger systems or wholes, and it concludes that different connections are emphasized by the Confucians and Zhuangzi precisely because the various connections are made possible and sustained by different conceptions of self, temporality, nature, and social roles.
FRAMES OF COMPARISON  Anthropology and Inheriting Traditional Practices
Authors: Lewis Thomas A.
Published: May 2005

This essay seeks to develop and illustrate an approach to comparison based onad hocframes. A frame is defined by a question, to which different thinkers can be seen as offering complementary and/or competing responses. Pursuing a middle ground between universalist conceptions of comparison and particularist rejections of comparison, this approach brings various positions into dialogue in a manner that is not inherently totalizing. The article draws extensively on Hegel's philosophy of religion to articulate this approach to comparison and its presuppositions. The second section of the essay seeks to illustrate the value of this approach by using the question of how traditional practices are inherited to frame a comparison of Hegel on habit and the Confucian thinker Xunzi on ritual. This comparison functions principally to indicate the process of comparison and suggest the value of pursuing this comparison in greater depth.
THE HISTORICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE GOLDEN RULE AND THE SECOND GREATEST LOVE COMMAND
Authors: Stanglin Keith D.
Published: May 2005

The golden rule, perhaps the most recognizable moral maxim in Western culture, is an inadequate basis for morality. In light of its flaws as a precept and its apparent lack of moral content, it is initially perplexing that the historic Judeo‐Christian tradition has often linked the golden rule with the second greatest command to love one's neighbor as oneself. However, after examining the presuppositions behind this link and investigating the biblical context of these sayings, it is clear that the Judeo‐Christian tradition is justified in making this connection. Although the golden rule and the love command should not be conflated and their distinctions should not be abandoned, the biblical intention of the golden rule can only be understood and properly practiced in connection with the love command.
An Expressive Writing Intervention to Cope with Lesbian-Related Stress: The Moderating Effects of Openness about Sexual Orientation
Authors: Lewis Robin J. , Derlega Valerian J. , Clarke Eva G. , Kuang Jenny C. , Jacobs Andrew M. , McElligott Michelle D.
Published: May 2005

Over the past two decades, expressive writing interventions have been used successfully to reduce distress and improve well-being for those dealing with traumatic events, stressors, and illnesses. The purpose of this study was to investigate an expressive writing intervention for lesbian-related stressors. As expected, writing about traumatic events related to sexual orientation reduced self-reported confusion and perceived stress over a 2-month period for those lesbians who were less open about their sexual orientation. Interestingly, writing about such traumatic experiences was associated with increases in confusion and perceived stress for those who were more open about their sexual orientation. Applying this paradigm to assist individuals in coping with stressors related to their sexual orientation represents an important addition to the expressive writing literature. Furthermore, it offers a promising, cost-effective method to assist closeted lesbians in coping with stressors related to their sexual orientation.
Relationship Satisfaction, Affectivity, and Gay-Specific Stressors in Same-Sex Couples Joined in Civil Unions
Authors: Todosijevic Jelica , Rothblum Esther D. , Solomon Sondra E.
Published: May 2005

Relationship satisfaction, affect, and stress were examined in 313 same-sex couples who had had civil unions in Vermont during the first year of this legislation. Similarity between partners on age and on positive/negative affectivity was related to relationship satisfaction whereas there was no association with similarity in income, education, and outness. Lesbian couples ( n = 199), compared to gay male couples, reported experiencing more stress related to family reaction to their sexuality, whereas gay male couples ( n = 114) reported more stress surrounding the issues of HIV/AIDS and violence/harassment than did lesbian couples. This study is the first to examine within-couple factors among same-sex couples with legalized relationships.
Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Dynamic Stereotypes: A Comparison Between Germany and the United States
Authors: Wilde Annett , Diekman Amanda B.
Published: May 2005

This study examined cross-cultural similarities and differences in beliefs about men and women of the past, present, and future. These dynamic stereotypes, or beliefs that a group's present characteristics differ from its past or future characteristics, correspond to the actual role change experienced by the group ( Diekman & Eagly, 2000 ). Participants in Germany and the United States perceived that women were increasing in their masculine characteristics from the past to the future, whereas they perceived comparatively more stability in men's characteristics. The largest cross-cultural difference stemmed from beliefs about 1950s women, who were perceived as possessing greater positive masculine personality, negative feminine personality, and less feminine physical traits in Germany than in the United States. This greater nontraditionalism of postwar German women reflects their assumption of stereotypically male-dominated roles immediately after World War II. Consistent with social role theory, perceived role nontraditionalism mediated the relationship between time period and levels of gender-stereotypic characteristics.
Jewish Women's Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Attachment, Separation, and Jewish Identity
Authors: Goldberg Julie L. , O'Brien Karen M.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of attachment, separation, and Jewish identity to psychological well-being in a sample of 115 late adolescent Jewish women. Results from multiple regression analyses demonstrated that attachment to parents, separation from parents, and Jewish identity collectively accounted for variance in psychological distress, as measured by anxiety, depression, self-esteem problems, and interpersonal problems. Thus, late adolescent Jewish women's psychological functioning may be fostered by therapeutic interventions addressing their relationships with parents and Jewish identity.