bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspiration and Drowning
Authors: Bazurro Simone , Carsetti Andrea , McAnulty Greg
Published: March 2024

Summary

Every year, more than 380,000 people worldwide die by drowning, making it the third leading cause of accidental death. Drowning is defined as primary respiratory impairment resulting from submersion/immersion in a liquid medium. Cardiac arrest is usually due to hypoxia, and therefore ventilatory support is essential. Moreover, the victims of drowning by submersion are at risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Early tracheal intubation and controlled ventilation should be considered for patients with a reduced level of consciousness or who are unresponsive to initial management. The most important factors affecting outcome are the duration of immersion, the water temperature, and the rhythm on presentation at hospital.
Home Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: D’Oliveiro Rachel , Davies Michael
Published: March 2024

Summary

Mechanical ventilation is increasingly used in the home setting to provide long-term respiratory support for selected patients with chronic type 2 respiratory failure. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) via a mask is usually only required during the main sleep period for the majority of patients, including those with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, and scoliosis. Some with progressive neuromuscular conditions, such as motor neurone disease, may use NIV overnight initially though later may benefit from more continuous use. A smaller proportion of patients within some home mechanical ventilation services (HMVs) may require intermittent or continuous support of ventilation via a tracheostomy tube. Treatment aims and approaches are therefore tailored to an individual’s needs, from overnight support using a simple home ventilator to the provision of full life support at home using dedicated equipment and a trained care team. HMV services have expanded as the evidence base has grown. Like all technologies, ventilators are ever-evolving via newer modes of ventilation subject to ongoing research. The increasing ability to monitor ventilation use remotely via telemonitoring can enable HMV services to troubleshoot some issues without face-to-face attendance. While further research is needed, future optimal pathways are likely to comprise a blended combination of remote and in-person management, individualized according to patient wishes and need.
Nociceptive signaling in the periphery and spinal cord
Authors: Hathway Gareth , Greenspon Charles M. , Baccei Mark L.
Published: March 2024

Responses to painful or noxious stimuli are functional at birth. However, postnatal changes in the transmitters, receptors, and pathways involved in nociceptive signaling result in significant age-related changes in the nature and degree of response. Noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by peripheral nociceptors, transduced into electrical stimuli, and transmitted to the spinal cord. Within the spinal cord, there are significant postnatal changes in the balance of inhibitory and excitatory signaling, that not only influence the acute response to afferent input, but can also underlie long-term alterations in sensory processing following tissue injury in early life. Evaluating age-related changes in nociceptive signaling is essential not only for understanding acute behavioral responses to noxious stimuli, but also for identifying the most appropriate and effective pain-management interventions at different developmental ages.
Pediatric chronic pain and mental health
Authors: Pavlova Maria , Miller Jillian Vinall , Beveridge Jaimie K. , Wilson Anna C. , McGrath Patrick J. , Noel Melanie
Published: March 2024

Pediatric chronic pain is prevalent, disabling, and costly. Even if resolved by adulthood, chronic pain confers a heightened risk of developing mental health problems. Indeed, chronic pain is often comorbid with mental health problems, particularly anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These comorbidities are tied to decreased functioning, increased suffering, and poor treatment response. Yet, mental health is rarely directly addressed in pediatric chronic pain treatments. In this chapter, we review epidemiological evidence of co-occurring chronic pain and mental health problems, relevant theoretical models to account for this co-occurrence, and proposed intrapersonal, interpersonal, and neurobiological factors that may underlie these comorbidities. An overview of existing treatments and their efficacy in addressing co-occurring pain and mental health problems is supplemented by a clinician’s perspective on treating chronic pain comorbid with psychological symptoms. We outline future research directions and advocate for an urgent need to assess and treat mental health in youth with chronic pain.
Thinking about medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter covers general concepts around thinking about medicine, including the Hippocratic oath, the human right to health, surviving life on the wards, bedside manner and communication, the diagnostic puzzle, duty of candour, prescribing drugs, medicine and race, medicine and sleep, medicine and sex and gender, medicine and the environment, medicine and compassion, death, medical ethics, mental health, medicalization, epidemiology, medical mathematics, evidence-based medicine, the older person, and pregnancy.
Haematology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents all aspects of haematology, including the history of haematology, iron-deficiency anaemia, anaemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anaemia, peripheral blood film, differential white cell count, macrocytic anaemia, B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, sickle-cell anaemia, thalassaemia, bleeding disorders, coagulations pathways, blood transfusion and blood products, anticoagulants, leukaemia and the on-call junior doctor, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, pancytopenia and bone marrow failure, myeloproliferative disorders, myeloma, paraproteinaemia, amyloidosis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma viscosity (PV), hyperviscosity syndrome, spleen and splenectomy, thrombophilia, and immunosuppressive drugs.
Clinical chemistry
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores clinical chemistry, including the normal range, laboratory medicine, major disease patterns in biochemistry, lab results indicating emergencies, fluid balance, IV fluid therapy, electrolyte physiology and the kidney, acid–base balance, hypernatraemia, hyponatraemia, syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia, calcium and phosphate physiology, hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, phosphate, magnesium, zinc, selenium, urate and the kidney, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease of bone, plasma proteins, urinary proteins, plasma enzymes, hyperlipidaemia, and the porphyrias.
Practical procedures
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents practical procedures, including nasogastric tubes, placing IV cannulae, cutting down on to a vein, catheterizing bladders, draining ascites, diagnostic aspiration of a pleural effusion, abdominal paracentesis, inserting a chest drain, relieving a tension pneumothorax, aspiration of a pneumothorax, lumbar puncture (LP), cardioversion/defibrillation, arterial blood gas sampling, emergency airway management, central venous cannulation, internal jugular catheterization, and inserting a temporary cardiac pacemaker.
References
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents key references on chest medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology, kidney medicine, haematology, infectious diseases, neurology, oncology and palliative care, rheumatology, surgery, clinical chemistry, radiology, practical procedures, and emergency medicine.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui
Published: March 2024

Hidden Wars examines the relationship between sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) reports and structural gender inequality in three conflict-affected societies in Asia: Burma, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. This Introduction suggests that the presence and type of SGBV in a conflict reflects highly politicized and gendered societies. Scholars and policymakers acknowledge reporting gaps and silence pose major difficulties for identifying and responding to SGBV, but rarely note data limitations resulting from the politicized context of reporting SGBV affects data collection on the ground. The extent of SGBV remains hidden. The Introduction outlines how this book will address these limitations by theorizing the social and political conditions—especially reporting—for SGBV through the examination of low-intensity conflict environments like those predominant across Asia.
Interrogating Rumors
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the case of Burma to illustrate the pattern of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) reports from 1998 to 2016 in the context of multiple armed conflicts, significant gendered inequalities and targeted state discrimination against ethnic and religious minority groups. During the period of study in this chapter, 1998–2016, Burma was undergoing significant political reform and attempting to broker the largest national ceasefire agreement with numerous combatant groups. The conditions of systemic gender inequality in that society coupled with the highly politicized nature of this protracted conflict in a militarized state severely constrained the extent and type of SGBV reported in Burma. As well as revealing the patterns of reported SGBV in Burma since 1998 drawing on an original dataset and field research, this chapter explores the incidences of SGBV that are not reported and not counted—and about which there is a generalized silence in Burma.
Conclusion
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui
Published: March 2024

The conclusion chapter reflects on recent events in Burma, Philippines, and Sri Lanka since the book’s period of data collection and what they indicate for the patterns of conflict-related SGBV. It addresses the implications of the research for ending impunity by exposing hidden forms of violent warfare against populations, especially in situations of protracted subnational conflicts. Common findings among the cases are considered as well as their relevance for other cases in and for regions beyond Asia. Above all, we suggest the need to prioritize contextual analysis of conflict-related SGBV and to interrogate the silences concerning conflict-related SGBV in each and every situation in order to understand how specific and often pervasive and deeply embedded gender norms influence the motivations for violence and its silences.
Indian Water Rights
Authors: Pevar Stephen L.
Published: March 2024

Most of the western United States is arid or semiarid, and water is in short supply. The situation is getting worse rather than better: the population of the region is increasing, and the earth is getting warmer. In southern California, so much water has been withdrawn since 1970 from underground aquifers that the land above them has collapsed nearly fifty feet. The Supreme Court has recognized—in what has become known as the “Winters doctrine”—that Indian tribes have extensive water rights. Given the scarcity of water in the West, western tribes are justifiably concerned about preserving these rights. This chapter discusses the rights that tribes have to water and the right to prevent non-Indians from using water reserved to Indian tribes.
The Indian Child Welfare Act
Authors: Pevar Stephen L.
Published: March 2024

An investigation conducted by Congress in the mid-1970s found that between 25 and 35 percent of the Indian children in the country had been removed from their homes by state welfare agencies and state courts and placed in foster or adoptive homes or residential institutions. These percentages were far higher than for white children. Studies indicated that many state social workers and judges were prejudiced in their attitudes and often removed children from their homes primarily because the family was Indian and poor. The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) was passed by Congress in 1978 to address this disgraceful situation. The stated purpose of ICWA is “to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families.” This chapter discusses ICWA and its requirements.
Who Is Wronged by Wrongful Exploitation?
Authors: Berkey Brian
Published: March 2024

This chapter argues that in some cases of wrongful exploitation, individuals who are not parties to the relevant transactions are as seriously and directly wronged as the exploited parties to those transactions. Section 1 presents two cases that provide intuitive support for this claim, and offers an initial explanation for it that relies on considerations that are similar to those that motivate the non-worseness claim. Section 2 describes some central components of an account of the wrong-making features of wrongful exploitation that is suggested by the argument in section 1, and suggests some reasons to find this type of account plausible. Section 3 notes what the arguments in sections 1 and 2 seem to imply with regard to the remedial duties of wrongful exploiters, contrasts this view with one that has recently been defended by Malmqvist and Szigeti, and argues that there are important reasons to prefer the former.
Exploitation, Children and Childhood, and Parental Responsibilities
Authors: Brennan Samantha
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks at a specific kind of exploitation, the exploitation of children by their parents. On my view of childhood goods, the experiences of childhood are both intrinsically and developmentally important. Parents have obligations to their children not just to focus on development goods, goods that benefit the person the child will become. Parents also have obligations to children as children, and have obligations to promote the goods of childhood. Focusing only on the instrumental good of childhood is a form of exploitation of children by their parents. While sports parents are the most obvious examples of this kind of exploitation, it can also occur to children whose parents focus on musical or academic achievement.
Labor Exploitation
Authors: Long Roderick T.
Published: March 2024

Drawing on the traditions of classical liberal class theory, individualist anarchism, and contemporary left-libertarianism, this chapter defends an account of exploitation that differs from the libertarian mainstream in two ways: recognizing problematic forms of exploitation that libertarians have reason to condemn even when they do not involve violations of libertarian rights, and identifying a thoroughly pervasive incidence of morally problematic private exploitation, and in particular labor exploitation, that is indirectly enabled by rights-violating state interventions on behalf of the more affluent. Yet it also differs from libertarianism’s critics in identifying most state action, including taxation, as exploitative, and maintaining that the incidence of nominally private exploitation, and in particular of the most egregious forms of labor exploitation, would be much lower in a fully freed market than in virtually any realistically achievable system of state intervention.
Great Expectations
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the culture of excellence that permeates Poplar Grove. It explains how Poplar Grove’s reputation was deeply tied to the local public schools. According to every interview in Poplar Grove, growing up in Poplar Grove involved experiencing intense pressure to fit into the narrow box of Poplar Grove’s great expectations. The chapter then elaborates on the interplay between the cultural expectations and youth suicides, demonstrating how hard it is for youth—even those who rebel against the local perfectionist culture. It then highlights the role of the school in generating pressure on the youth, such as its culture of achievements and social comparisons.
The Stigma of Help-Seeking
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the stigma of help-seeking. In Poplar Grove, mental health stigma is a real and stalwart barrier to help-seeking. Mental health challenges are frequently seen as shameful, used as fodder for local gossip, and taken as evidence of not meeting local expectations. The chapter then explains that the difficulty in seeking help contributed to the disproportionate rate of suicide in the idyllic community of Poplar Grove. Moreover, barriers to mental health help-seeking fundamentally disrupt the effectiveness of any efforts at suicide prevention in ways that leave local youth vulnerable to suicide. The chapter also discusses how social movements are trying to address the difficulty by encouraging the normalization of mental health help-seeking.
The School’s Postvention Response
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the postvention response of Poplar Grove High School. It explains that crisis responses focused on suicide losses are often referred to as suicide “postvention” and that schools are a key site of response when the losses are among youth. Poplar Grove High School did a lot of things right during their postvention responses, but the greatest issue kids cited with the school’s response was their generalized sense of apathy from the school. The chapter then discusses ways to improve kids’s experiences during postvention as well as the efficacy of different strategies that schools’ can use.
The Psalms
Authors: Bodner Keith
Published: March 2024

Few books were composed over a longer period of time and have exercised more cultural and religious influence than the Psalms, the longest and most complex collection in the Hebrew Bible and arguably one of the most illustrious and durable texts in history. This book is an introduction to the world of the Psalms that focuses on the content and the poetic forms that are encountered in the collection, guiding the reader toward an appreciation of the purposes of the Psalms and the contribution to the Scriptures of Israel. There is also some background discussion on the development of the Psalms and an overview of the variety and genres of these poetic texts.
The Psalms in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Bodner Keith
Published: March 2024

Various ideas about the origins of the Israelite psalms are probed in chapter 2. By comparing Hebrew compositions with the religious poetry of other nations, the reader can appreciate that the psalms did not arise in a vacuum but are part of a wider cultural network and in a number of ways draw on a common fund of images for relating the human and divine spheres even while moving in distinctive directions. The Hebrew title for the book, Tehillim (Praises), is associated with the idea of a musical instrument, and the Psalms have a long-standing connection to music and performance.
Winning the War on Terror?
Authors: English Richard
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents a systematic overall assessment of counter-terrorism during the War on Terror. Strategic victory, in the ambitiously expressed goals of destroying al-Qaida and also international terrorism more generally, was always likely to be elusive, and so it has proved. Nevertheless, al-Qaida, ISIS, and other anti-Western terrorist groups have repeatedly been harmed, degraded, and undermined, leading to a reduction in terrorist capacity and a substantial but not complete counter-terrorist success. There have also been some major Western counter-terrorist successes, preventing attacks which would have involved loss of life. The chapter then looks at the UK’s counter-terrorism strategy, CONTEST. It also considers weaknesses in counter-terrorist narratives; the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and the mistreatment of prisoners; and the efficacy of targeted killings.
War and Peace 1969–2005
Authors: English Richard
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the Northern Ireland Troubles which arose in the 1960s and which persisted into the twenty-first century. Those Troubles involved the transition from a civil rights movement, through inter-communal polarization and somewhat heavy-handed state response, into a civil war which lasted for decades and which cost nearly 4,000 lives. Anti-state terrorists such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) sought to defend their communities from loyalist attack, and to resist, subvert, and destroy a Northern Ireland polity which they considered both illegitimate and systemically unfair. Pro-state terrorists such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) sought to bring pressure to bear, both on their Irish nationalist neighbours and on the UK state, to prevent the ending of UK sovereignty over Northern Ireland. There was also violence from state forces in efforts to contain, combat, and thwart non-state terrorisms. The decades-long conflict was largely brought to an end through a peace process which reached its apotheosis in the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, but which also involved important subsequent amendments and developments in attempts to sustain peace in Northern Ireland.
George Eliot
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M.
Published: March 2024

The girl who would become George Eliot began her professional writing life with a poem bidding farewell to all books but the Bible. How did a young Christian poet become the great realist novelist whose commitment to religious freethinking made her so iconoclastic that she could not be buried in in Westminster Abbey? Memorialized there today by a stone laid in Poets’ Corner in 1980, George Eliot wrote herself and her fellow Victorians through turbulent decades of moral and historical doubt about religious orthodoxy, alongside the unrelenting need to articulate a compelling modern faith in its place. Unafraid to confront the most difficult existential questions of her time, George Eliot wrote immensely popular novels that wrestled with problems whose hold has barely lessened in the last 150 years: the pervasiveness of human suffering and the injustice of its measures; the tension between fulfilling our ethical obligations to others and pursuing our own well-being; the impetus to act virtuously in this world without any guarantee of reward; and the need to make some “religion” in life, something beyond our own immediate, fluctuating desires. In this new account of George Eliot’s spiritual life, Blumberg reveals to us a writer who did not simply lose her faith once and for all on her way to becoming an adult but devoted the full span of her career to imagining a wide religious sensibility that could inform personal and social life. As we range among Eliot’s letters, essays, translations, poetry, and novels, we encounter a writer whose extraordinary art and intellect offer us company, still today, in the search for modern meaning.
“Harvest Time,” 1858–1859
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M.
Published: March 2024

Still writing under her incognito, George Eliot took on the larger canvas of the novel with Adam Bede, a work that embodied Marian’s troubled hope that suffering could yield to joy, just as she had found sustained joy with Lewes. Adam Bede gave her ground to wrestle with human suffering in a world she saw as ordered by natural law alone, without the guarantee of providential reward and punishment to give suffering its value. Scriptural seed time and harvest raised ethical problems that the Calvinist Mary Ann Evans had not found troubling: George Eliot, by contrast, reached for a model of simultaneous, eternal, and universal joy and suffering. Joy would never displace suffering, not even for the most faithful Christian, because it defined human existence. Mature joy could now be refigured as love that held sorrow at its heart. Adam Bede may have challenged orthodoxies in its questions, yet it pulled toward religious resolutions.
“With Measured Wing,” 1869–1872
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M.
Published: March 2024

In the period surrounding her stepson’s death, George Eliot wrote both the long, scripturally inspired poem “The Legend of Jubal” and Middlemarch, two texts that refused to sentimentalize or redeem death by imagining a moral afterlife of personal influence. In the poem, Eliot took human mortality to be a generative consciousness, and represented death as a human fate inescapable, intensely lonely, and individuating. In Middlemarch, marriage and its demands for a transformed orientation to interpersonal relations became the lens through which Eliot considered religious faith and its necessary transformations. Yet the consequence of this overlap between marriage and religious faith was finally a far more secularized version of religion.
Evolution of Cellular Complexity
Authors: Lynch Michael R.
Published: March 2024

Natural selection is expected to favor simplicity over more complex features, provided their functionality is similar, owing to the increased energetic costs and mutational vulnerability of the latter. However, many aspects of eukaryotic cell biology are overdesigned, particularly in multicellular species. Such evolution can be explained by the operation of constructive neutral evolution in populations of sufficiently small size. Under this hypothesis, the fortuitous development of weakly deleterious gene–product interactions can secondarily mask the more deleterious effects of previously forbidden mutations, thereby leading to a ratchet-like increase in complexity. The substantial expansions of the number of subunits in ribosomes and ETC complexes in eukaryotes, with no obvious increase in performance relative to prokaryotes, are potential examples of this process. Gene duplication also provides a route to the origin of evolutionary novelties, with one copy being free to evolve a new function. However, the commoner outcome of gene duplication is the partitioning of ancestral-gene subfunctions among the offspring genes by complementary degenerative mutations. Along with the development of the modular gene structure upon which it depends, this process of subfunctionalization has an elevated probability of operation in populations with reduced effective sizes. Gene duplication also provides a powerful mechanism for speciation, as it results in reassignments of gene functions to different chromosomal locations. Thus, although superficially appearing adaptive in nature, the emergence of organismal complexity, as well as the creation of reproductively isolated lineages, is often a passive outcome of non-adaptive processes that prevail in populations of sufficiently small size.
Multimerization
Authors: Lynch Michael R.
Published: March 2024

Rather than operating as monomers, proteins often assemble into multimeric structures. Homomers, constructed from proteins encoded by the same gene, are about twice as frequent as heteromers, with the frequencies of types declining with increasing numbers of subunits per multimer. Mutational bias towards adhesive amino-acid residues imposes an innate tendency towards multimerization, and the binding interfaces between subunits typically involve only a few residues. This leads to a common situation where proteins are only a few mutations removed from evolutionary transitions to alternative multimeric states. Monomers can transition to dimers or trimers, and vice versa, and tetramers typically arise as dimers evolve secondary interfaces. As a consequence, orthologous proteins in different phylogenetic lineages commonly experience neutral evolutionary wandering of multimeric structures in the absence of change in gene function. Monomers with internal binding domains can also make sudden transitions to dimeric states when a deletion in the linker necessitates domain swapping between monomeric partners. There are, however, population-genetic challenges to all such transitions in diploid species, as the initial stages must involve potentially harmful interactions between alternative allelic products. In terms of numbers of subunits, the distributions of multimeric types are similar across all phylogenetic groups, indicating a minimal gradient of molecular complexity with organismal complexity. However, transitions from homomeric to heteromeric forms are more commonly observed in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes, with the subunits typically being products of sister genes arising by gene duplication.
Protein Management
Authors: Lynch Michael R.
Published: March 2024

Substantial fractions of proteins in all organisms require assistance from chaperones to achieve proper folding. Chaperones have diversified substantially among phylogenetic lineages, with the level of complexity becoming particularly extreme within eukaryotes. As the energetic cost of folding is relatively cheap, this may encourage the descent of client proteins down paths of chaperone dependence by effectively neutral processes. However, while providing protective environments for protein folding, chaperones are also open to exploitation by pathogens. While chaperones might enhance the evolvability of species by hiding the deleterious effects of mutations in benign environments but releasing novel phenotypes when overwhelmed in stressful environments, multiple lines of evidence are inconsistent with this idea. Nearly all organisms also have proteasome complexes for destroying damaged or superfluous proteins. Such structures generally act in consort with systems that selectively mark proteins for destruction with polyubiquitin chains attached to specific amino-acid sequence motifs. Although such degradation systems date back to the common ancestor of all of life, they too have become particularly elaborate in eukaryotes. Finally, the functions of many proteins are further influenced by various forms of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation of target residues. The specific locations of phosphosites on protein surfaces appear free to wander over evolutionary time, conditional on the maintenance of appropriate local densities. All of these forms of protein management introduce key questions about the coevolutionary features of languages underlying intermolecular crosstalk.
Lipids and Membranes
Authors: Lynch Michael R.
Published: March 2024

All cells, and organelles within eukaryotic cells, are surrounded by bilayers of tightly packed and bioenergetically expensive lipid molecules. The component parts of lipids exhibit substantial combinatorial diversity within and among species and can be modified in response to environmental change. All eukaryotes harbor membrane-bound organelles with specialized cell functions, and although most prokaryotes do not, it is not because of a lack of capacity to do so. There is no evidence that the presence of internal membranes is a mark of evolutionary superiority, and the maintenance of such systems comes at a considerable cost. The evolution of each aspect of internal membrane systems has involved the mass modification of duplicate-gene products. Vesicle-transport systems rely on an elaborate choreography of intermolecular interactions at multiple levels to ensure the delivery of specific cargoes to proper locations. As the guardian of the genome, the nuclear envelope harbors selective pores for the exit and entry of mRNAs and proteins, introducing still another evolutionary layer of intermolecular crosstalk. Despite the essential functional roles of the nuclear envelope, genomic sequestration also facilitates the proliferation of mobile-genetic elements and the colonization of introns unique to eukaryotes. Rapid rates of evolution of nuclear-pore proteins, likely resulting from coevolutionary arms races, contribute to the origins of species-isolating barriers.
Endosymbiosis
Authors: Lynch Michael R.
Published: March 2024

All eukaryotes harbor one or more remnants of ancient bacterial-derived endosymbionts, all of which have experienced considerable reduction in genome size. The colonization of an alphaproteobacterium in the stem eukaryote ultimately became the mitochondrion, to which membrane bioenergetics were relocated from the plasma membrane of the host cell. It has been argued that this reconfiguration increased the surface area available for energy production, thereby leading to a quantum increase in the bioenergetic and evolutionary capacity of eukaryotes relative to prokaryotes. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest otherwise. The transfer of large numbers of mitochondrial genes to the nuclear genome had numerous consequences for genome evolution. Owing to the lack of recombination, the few remaining genes within mitochondrial genomes experience alterations in the population-genetic environment that facilitate the fixation of deleterious mutations, driving the coevolutionary establishment of compensatory mutations in interacting nuclear encoded genes. The younger plastid, derived from a cyanobacterium, brought photosynthesis into the eukaryotic domain, which then spread to multiple lineages by horizontal transfer and secondary endosymbiosis. There are many additional examples of intracellular inhabitants gaining footholds within unicellular eukaryotes, although the advantages of such consortia to the host cell are generally unknown, and in many cases may not exist.
Two Explananda for a Theory of Multiples
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

Two putative explananda for an ontology of multiple artworks are critically discussed—perceivability and creatability—and their bearing on the tenability of the type-token theory is assessed. Dodd claims that the type-token theory can unproblematically account for the audibility of musical works: the work itself, as type, is audible ‘indirectly’ or ‘derivatively’ when one hears its tokens. He claims that only the type-token theory can unproblematically explain work perceivability. This is disputed and it is argued that Dodd can only hold that audibility is predicable of musical works analogically, an explanation open to other ontological views. Predelli’s critique of the appeal to analogical predication in such contexts, and his alternative ‘generics’ account of ascriptions of audible properties to musical works, are also examined. Levinson argues that an ontology of performable musical works must account for their creatability and that ‘pure’ types of the sort proposed by Dodd are not creatable. He proposes that musical works be regarded as ‘initiated’ types partly constituted by the creative acts of a composer. Critics have responded that the ‘evidence’ for the creatability of musical works is inconclusive, and that such works are actually ‘creatively discovered’. Dodd further maintains that Levinson’s argument for the creatability of ‘initiated types’ rests on an incorrect account of the existence conditions for types. Once we correct this error, he claims, Levinson’s indicated structures are no more creatable than pure structures. These debates are critically assessed.
Two Further Explananda
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

Two further purported explananda for an ontology of musical works proposed by Levinson are outlined and assessed: (a) ‘fine individuation’, whereby works are individuated partly by reference to the musico-historical contexts of their composition; and (b) ‘performance means’, whereby specific means of performance or sound production are integral to at least some musical works. The chapter first outlines arguments for contextualism more generally in the visual arts and in literature. It then presents Levinson’s thought experiments involving hypothetical pairs of works that are identical as pure structures but differ as initiated structures. It also sets out the arguments for ‘performance means’ and assesses some pure structuralist responses to both of Levinson’s claims. It then critically examines Dodd’s responses to Levinson’s arguments. He relies in part upon strategies used to counter contextualist arguments more generally. But he also tries to defuse the resource upon which contextualists usually rely in parrying such strategies. They appeal to the ways things are treated in our artistic and critical practices. Dodd rejects such appeals, given the constraints that mature philosophical theory imposes upon our ordinary ways of thinking. He appeals here both to arguments for the type-token theory and to arguments for a ‘moderate empiricist’ view of musical appreciation. He claims that musical works are norm-kinds individuated by reference to the timbral sonic properties required in their proper instances. This entails that contextualist and instrumentalist factors cannot play any role in the individuation of musical works. Dodd’s response to some difficult cases is considered.
Non-Platonist Ontologies of Multiples
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

A non-Platonist realism about multiple artworks must offer a principled way of selecting from the range of concrete particulars that enter into our artistic practices some element(s) that can plausibly be taken to play the roles ascribed to works in such practices. This chapter considers at length two materialist forms of non-Platonist realism: (1) perdurantism, defended by Caplan and Matheson, where musical works are fusions of those temporal stages that are their performances, and (2) endurantism, as defended by Rohrbaugh, where multiple artworks are enduring essentially historical individuals dependent upon their occurrences. It is argued that each account faces difficulties accounting for some central explananda. Cray and Matheson’s ‘sophisticated idealism’, according to which musical compositions are completed ideas for musical manifestation, is then considered. Unlike traditional idealist theories, the ‘systems’ conception of ideas they employ makes such compositions in principle public and shareable entities. They argue that sophisticated idealism accounts for four definitive features of musical compositions, whereas type theories and materialist theories fail to account for at least one of these features. Some problems for sophisticated idealism are discussed. First, it does not address the issue of variability. Second, it seems crucial to the idealist status of sophisticated idealism that musical compositions exist primarily in the minds of composers and those who mentally entertain an idea with the same content, and are only contingently externalized. But this raises problems concerning compositions whose contents are too complex for an artist to hold entirely in her mind.
Beyond aspectual semantics
Authors: De Wit Astrid , Brisard Frank , Madden-Lombardi Carol , Meeuwis Michael , Patard Adeline
Published: March 2024

In this introductory chapter, we provide brief summaries of the different chapters and discuss the main objective of the volume, which is to explore the many ways in which linguistic and cognitive research can move beyond traditional semantic analyses of (grammatical) aspect. What unites most of the contributions is their focus on less typical contexts in which aspectual constructions are used non-temporally (e.g. for affective purposes, to mark the epistemic status of situations, or to shape narrative structures). Others explore aspectual systems in languages that are less well described and/or resort to multidisciplinary methodological approaches that are not canonically used in analyses of aspect. All contributions share the intuition that hitherto more peripheral facets of the study of aspect deserve to take centre stage in future research.
Children in Police Custody
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This book shines a light on the hidden experiences of children in police detention in England and Wales. An episode in police custody is the single most common sustained experience of the criminal justice system for children in England and Wales. Yet, child suspects have previously been largely overlooked in criminological research. Drawing on the first comprehensive study in England and Wales to review the police custody process from the perspective of children, the chapters trace the child's journey from arrest, into detention and through to police interview. Adopting a rights-based approach, this work investigates whether the present legal framework provides effective protection for child suspects. Utilizing the detailed insights provided by young participants in the research, and supplemented by the author's fieldwork, this analysis reveals the complex challenges facing children's legal agency in the adversarial setting of the custody block. In so doing, it evaluates the capacity of the available protections to enable children's participation in that setting. A parallel criminological exploration examines the intersecting adversities experienced by child suspects, and the complex power dynamics they navigate in police custody, to arrive at an understanding of the particular harms and impacts of police detention on children and their longer-term impact. The book closes with a call for a retrenchment in the use of police custody for children and a reappraisal of how those who must be detained should be supported to enable their effective participation in the criminal justice process, both in custody and beyond.
The Early Stages
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This first empirical chapter focuses on the earliest stages of police detention—the child’s arrest, their arrival in detention, and the ‘booking-in’ process, in which the child arrestee is presented to the custody officer for their detention to be authorised. The discussion explores young participants’ responses to these early phases of custody—the hostile intensity of their arrest, the shock and anxiety of arriving in detention, and the often alien demands of the booking-in and risk assessment processes. The analysis focuses in particular on child suspect reactions to the custody officer, and vice versa, introducing two key aspects in tension throughout the custody process—the implications of the various adversities experienced by the child and the adversarial nature of the detention experience.
Making Good the Imbalance?
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This chapter turns from the legal rights enjoyed by all suspects in police custody to the particular rights of children in detention to be treated in an age-appropriate fashion. The chapter focuses on the provision of the appropriate adult (AA). The analysis considers, in particular, the efficacy and coherence of the AA role in securing child friendly treatment, exploring the tensions between welfare and justice, and privacy and lack of privilege, which the AA must navigate. The conflicted position of the custody officer as gateway to the protection, the power dynamics between the AA and other protagonists, and the resource constraints within which both custody teams and AAs operate are also implicated. The conclusion considers how the AA role might be reconceptualized to better meet the needs of the child suspect.
Innovation in Africa
Authors: dos Santos Fernando
Published: March 2024

This book aims to contribute to the debate relating to empowering the African continent to play a more meaningful role in the global innovation system. It is written on the premise that technology is key to the development of nations yet is neither freely nor easily accessible. It recognizes the central role of producing or accessing technology to assist Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in the African continent to build their technological capabilities. The book seeks to provide a theoretical, policy, and legal framework as well as specific measures to empower the African LDCs to reclaim their space in the global innovation system. Accordingly, it proposes solutions to overcome the challenges currently posed by the inefficiencies in the flow of technologies to LDCS and the fragmentation of the international legal framework that regulates transfer of technology. Notably, the book proposes the maximization of the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement’s provisions related to technology transfer and recommends the adoption of a uniform international legal instrument under the framework of the WTO to be designated as the Agreement on Trade-Related Issues of Technology Transfer and Innovation (TRITTI). The aim of the proposed Agreement will be to regulate flows of technology from producing countries to those in need, especially in Africa. The book also urges African countries to create the enabling environment for technologies to flow into their respective nations and, most importantly, to facilitate the development of technological capabilities to accelerate technological learning, absorption, and adaptation to fit the African context.
Maximizing the Use of the TRIPS Agreement to Promote Technology Transfer and Innovation in Africa
Authors: dos Santos Fernando
Published: March 2024

This chapter suggests that if the existing body of international legal instruments is properly used, technology transfer and innovation can be promoted in developing states. It highlights Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement as one such instrument, but emphasizes that it has received little attention, thus its implementation has been largely ignored, denying LDCs the ability to establish a sound and viable technological base for their development. The chapter provides recommendations to clarify, interpret, and effectively implement the concepts embedded in the provision. It also suggests some institutional arrangements to be established and implementation processes to be streamlined in order to maximize the benefits for the beneficiary LDCs. To achieve that result, this chapter proposes the adoption of guidelines for monitoring of the implementation of Article 66.2, the establishment of the WTO Advisory Centre for Technology Transfer and Innovation (ACTTI), and the full exploitation of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism.
Studying climate change effects in the era of omic sciences
Authors: Fuller Zach , Wellenreuther Maren
Published: March 2024

Technological advances over recent years have allowed scientists to unravel the “omic” underpinnings of climate change responses in insects. Of these, genomic technologies have been most frequently used to dissect the genes that underlie plastic responses as well as those that facilitate range shifts and adaptation. Recent work has also demonstrated that a significant portion of adaptive variation is captured by structural genomic variants in additions to the commonly studied single base pair differences. Transcriptomic investigations to reveal gene expression pattern changes have uncovered strong responses to a changing climate, with evidence of temperature-induced stress responses in taxonomically diverse species. Epigenomic studies are starting to uncover DNA modifications that regulate gene expression and how they are passed on through the generations. Increasing evidence supports the emerging view that both structural variants and epigenomic variation are important modifiers of important fitness-related phenotypes that facilitate rapid responses to environmental changes. Given the global importance of insects as pest- and disease-carrying species as well as their role in invasions suggest that future studies need to apply a multifaceted approach to understand the mechanisms that prevent or facilitate climate change responses in this group.