bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot-scale combustion trials of high-ash Saskatchewan lignites part iii: Cypress and Wood Mountain raw lignites
Authors: Lee G K , Brown T D
Published: November 2018

As part of a joint federal-provincial (Saskatchewan) lignite resource assessment program a combustion evaluation was carried out on drill-core samples of lignite from selected sites in the Cypress and Wood Mountain districts of Saskatchewan. A Saskatchewan
lignite known as "Utility" was used as a reference fuel. Combustion trials in a pulverized-fired pilot-scale boiler showed that both of the raw lignites could be handled, crushed and pulverized without difficulty at moisture contents of 15%. Both produced acceptably stable flames and combustion
efficiencies (on a thermal basis) above 97.8% at excess-oxygen levels in the flue gases of 3%. At this excess-oxygen level, electrostatic precipitator efficiency was reduced to 80% compared to 97% with the reference fuel. Chemical analysis of the fireside deposits revealed that
alkali and soluble-sulphate enrichment did not occur with the two test lignites. This was reflected in the high ash-fusion temperature of the deposits which were unsintered and easily removed. On the basis of the drill-core samples tested, both lignites are considered suitable as substitutes for
Utility lignite but higher firing rates will be required to maintain full-load steaming capacity. In addition, the higher fly-ash loading of flue gases and reduction of separation efficiency in the laboratory electrostatic precipitatot will require special attention in designing a suitable
full-scale electrostatic precipitator.
Improved electrostatic precipitator performance by use of flue gas conditioning agents phase i exploratory combustion trials
Authors: Lee G K , Brown T D , Nandi B N
Published: November 2018

Extensive exploratory experiments have been carried out in a pilotscale research boiler during the first phase of a combustion research program (a) to determine the major parameters associated with duplicating the electrical resistivity of fly-ash found in
full-scale boilers, and based on these results (b) to select one of two low-sulphur western Canadian coals as the reference source for a fly-ash having a high electrical resistivity. In the second phase of the program, now in progress, various flue gas conditioning agents are being evaluated to
optimize both the electrical resistivity and the electrostatic collection efficiency of the fly-ash from the reference coal. The exploratory experiments showed that a U.S. bituminous coal produced a fly-ash with an electrical resistivity of 10 9 ohm-cm at a combustible content of 15% wt whereas
western Canadian sub-bituminous coal produced a fly-ash having an electrical resistivity 41(;)w 10 6 ohm-cm at combustible contents over 40% wt. The combustible content of the subbituminous could not be reduced to acceptable levels in a water-cooled radiant furnace by combustion control. The
second western Canadian coal, ranked as highly-oxidized bituminous, was found to be amenable to combustion optimization and resulted in fly-ash resistivities of 10 -9 ohm-cm at combustible contents of 8% wt. Petrographic studies confirmed that the combustion efficiency and the fly-ash
resistivity of each coal were related to the maceral structure of the coal. This data indicated that, with the highly-oxidized bituminous coal, a combustible content in the fly-ash below 5% wt will provide an electrical resistivity above 10 10 ohm-cm, which is the minimum requirement for
successful flue gas conditioning. As a result, it was decided to modify the pilot-scale boiler to improve the degree of burn-out of the Canadian bituminous coal and thereby achieve the target resistivity of 10 1° - 10 12 ohm-cm.
Evaluation of Canadian commercial coals: Nova Scotia and New Brunswick- 1975
Authors: Tibbetts T E , Montgomery W J
Published: November 2018

yes
Pilot-scale combustion of high-ash Saskatchewan lignites part II: the effect of benefication on Estevan lignite
Authors: Lee G K , Brown T D
Published: November 2018

As part of a joint Federal-Provincial (Saskatchewan) lignite resource assessment program and also of the CANMET Energy R & D program, a combustion evaluation was carried out on drill core samples of untreated and beneficiated Saskatchewan lignite from the
Estevan area. The unwashed lignite contained 35% wt ash which was reduced to 17% in the beneficiated sample by water washing. A Saskatchewan lignite known as "Utility" was used as a reference fuel. Combustion trials in a pulverized-fired pilot-scale boiler showed that the washed lignite
sample produced a satisfactorily stable flame at a combustion efficiency of 99% and did not require ignition torch support at equilibrium furnace temperature. Unwashed lignite on the other hand, required continuous ignition support. Electrostatic precipitator performance was reduced to 90%
with the washed lignite from 98% with both the unwashed coal and the reference coal. Sulphur neutralization by fly-ash residues was lowest (30%) for the washed lignite. Studies of the ash analyses and fusion characteristics of ash deposits revealed that alkali enrichment was slightly higher
with the washed lignite than with the unwashed lignite. Nevertheless, this did not produce the sintered superheater deposits that were apparent with the reference fuel. The washed Estevan lignite used in these trials is considered suitable as a replacement for Utility lignite but it must be realized
that higher firing rates will be required to maintain full -load steaming capacity commensurate with its calorific value and that electrostatic precipitator performance will deteriorate unless flue-gas conditioning is incorporated.
Sulphur retention in ash during the combustion of Gascoyne lignite in a pilotscale research boiler
Authors: Brown T D , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

Experiments have been carried out under closely controlled conditions to determine the fate of fuel sulphur during the combustion of Gascoyne lignite in a pulverized-fired research boiler. Sulphur balances were obtained by measuring fuel sulphur, gas-phase
sulphur oxides, sulphur in fly ash and sulphur retained in boiler ash deposits deposits. In a series of four experiments the sulphur balances accounted for (97.5 ± 10)% of the input sulphur and the sulphur retained in the solid phases varied between 21.0% and
24.4%.
Combustion of coal-in-oil slurry EMR-Nova Scotia power corporation joint program status report, December 1976
Authors: Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Combustion of coal-in-oil slurries appears to be an inexpensive way of reducing the dependence of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island on imported oil for electric power generation. A joint program to carry out full-scale trials in a coat-fired utility boiler is
presently being negotiated between the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and the Nova Scotia Power Commission. A firm of consulting engineers is presently preparing cost estimates for the proposed Lest program. Of three possible sites considered, the Trenton Generating Station appears to be
the most suitable. Firsthand information has also been obtained on the industrial scale coal-in-oil slurry tests co-ordinated by General Motors Corporation, Ltd. of Saginaw, Michigan. This report summarizes information gained during visits to potential test sites in Nova Scotia, and a visit to the
test facilities at General Motors. It also presents the status of the proposed joint program at the end of 1976.
Possibilities for reducing particulate emissions at Great Canadian Oil Sands, Fort McMurray, Alberta
Authors: Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

The GCOS oil sands recovery process produces a coke by-product which has been burned for several years in the boilers which supply the plant with electricity and process steam. However, legislation recently enacted by the province of Alberta requires a
substantial reduction in particulate emissions. This can be achieved through a massive investment in electrostatic precipitators, but a substantially less expensive solution may be possible by reducing the mineral matter content of the coke and improving the carbon burn-out in the furnace. The
potential of the latter approach is discussed, particularly with respect to improving carbon burn-out. Testing on both pilot and full-scale is discussed, and possible testing agencies are listed. A tentatively-agreed-upon three-phase program of investigation is outlined.
Catalytic gasification of pitch derived from hydrocracked Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Sekhar M V C , Schuit G C A , Ternan M
Published: November 2018

yes
The effect of a proprietary combustion improver on the burn out of GCOS coke
Authors: Brown T D , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

A series of combustion experiments using G.C.O.S. coke as a pulverized fuel in a pilot-scale boiler generating 600/kg steam/hr have demonstrated the dominant role of fuel particle size in establishin2 a hi2h combustion efficiency. The use of a proprietary
additive did not affect the burn-out of the coke.
A status report on coal-oil slurry projects in Canada
Authors: Whaley H
Published: November 2018

yesIn Canada, the federal department of Energy, Mines and Resources(EMR) is the principal agency responsible for the development, utilization and conservation of the mineral and energy resources of the country, department are a number of groups engaged in a
co-ordinated research program which is directed towards the development of specific mineral and energy technologies for national use. These groups fall under the research organization of EMR the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), which is directly responsible for administering
the Mineral and Energy Research Programs. In addition, to the in-house program of energy and mineral research, some of which is jointly funded with industry, there is a government sponsored program of contract research. Research projects in specific energy and mineral related areas are invited for
consideration and may either be fully funded (100% Government Funding) or jointly funded (50% Government - 50% Project Contractor). In order to encourage the use of coal in place of premium fuels, the department initiated the Coal Conversion Program in 1976 to meet this objective. In
phase II of the program which covered the period April 1, 1977 to March 31, 1978 a jointly funded program with the New Brunswich Electric Power Commission was initiated to study the feasibility of burning coal-oil mixtures in a small generating facility. Phase III of the program covering the period
April 1, 1978 to March 31, 1979 includes a continuation of the New Brunswich Power project and the initiation of three others. These are 1) Ontario Research Foundation: Study of the Combustion of Coal-oil Slurries and Coal-oil water Emulsions 2) Stelco: Development of Coal-oil Slurry Fuels for Blast
Furnace Injection 3) Saskatchewan Research Council:Proposal to Determine the Rheological Properties of Coal-oil Slurries An update of the status of all four coal-oil slurry programs being supported by the Coal Conversion Program was given.
Pilot-scale evaluation of the combustion and handling properties of pelletized wood waste
Authors: Whaley H , Prokopuk R , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The comminution and combustion performance of pelletized wood waste was evaluated in a pilot-scale research boiler which normally fires pulverized coal. The 1/4 in. diam x ¾ in. long wood pellets contained 7% to 11% moisture and 1,5% to 48% ash,
and consisted of roughly equal proportions of wood chippings and bark. Their calorific value was about 8000 Btu/h which is comparable to lignite in heating value. Because the bulk density of the pulverized wood pellets was less than one-half that of coal, they tended to rapidly plug the pilot-scale
CCRL pulverizer. However, this is unlikely to occur in full-scale pulverizers where critical dimensions are at least two orders of magnitude larger than in the CCRL equipment. Combustion of the pulverized pellets was good even with reduced oil m . support, but the fuel alone .could not maintain
combustion for more than a few minutes without oil support. The pulverized wood pellets with 35% to 60% oil support produced very low emission levels. Nitric oxide levels ranged from 180 ppm to 270 ppm and solid loadings from 0.6 gr/sft 3 to 0.2 gr/sft 3 ; the latter contained negligible
combustible material, indicating complete burn-out was occurring.
Joint panel - uranium production
Authors: Zahary G
Published: November 2018

yes
Upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils by the CANMET hydrocracking process operating report for 79-cg-83 (30-day cold lake vacuum residuum experiment at 85% conversion
Authors: Breslauer H , Pruden B B , Ragnanatham R , Patmore D J , Belinko K , Khulbe C P , Logie R
Published: November 2018

The present run is the first experiment in a series of two experiments designed to give information on long term operability and coke formation as a function of operating time. The present series went for the scheduled 30 days but had two major process upsets.
The liquid feed was lost for 40 minutes and the gas recycle was interrupted for 15 minutes. Shut-down was complicated by a plug in the reactor. Immediate action to prevent a reoccurrence of such events was taken by the installation of suitable alarms and indicators.
Catalytic biomass gasification by thermogravimetry
Authors: Sekhar M V C
Published: November 2018

Results of gasification of a wood waste from a pulp mill debarking process are described. Experiments were carried out with and without a gasification catalyst and at atmospheric pressure between 500-1000C. The gasification process was followed by
thermogravimetric measurements and the product fases were analyzed by infrared and thermal conductivity techniques. Gasification in the presence of steam increased the gas production by converting some of the intermediate devolatilization products to CO and H2. The potassium carbonate catalyst
lowered the activation energy of the steamcarbon reaction from 121.8 to 93.4 kJ/mol.
Bench-scale evaluation of processing aids in hydrocracking of heavy oils: coal solubility in and relative coking propensity of Athabasca, Cold Lake and Lloydminster feedstocks
Authors: Belinko K , Pruden B B , Khulbe C P , Kriz J , Ranganathan R , Patmore D J , Logie R B
Published: November 2018

The relative coking propensities of Athabasca bitumen, Cold Lake bitumen and Lloydminster heavy oil were investigated in a batch autoclave system. The coking tendencies of these feedstocks were described in terms of a lag between cracking and hydrogenation
reactions. This lag is established under relatively mild conditions for feedstocks with a high coking propensity. The role of additives in suppressing coke formation was investigated by microscopic examination of solid residues. Several effects were observed which may serve as criteria for screening
additives. These included: (i) modification of coke structure, (ii) relative proportion of isotropic to anistropic carbon, (iii) coke-getter effect and (iv) agglomeration of additive particles. The solubility of coal in the different feedstocks was also investigated.
Separation characterization and instrumental analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon ring classes in petroleum
Authors: Chmielowiec J , Beshai J E , George A E
Published: November 2018

A high performance liquid chromatographie (HPLC) separation having selectivity for the number of fused aromatic rings up to four was used to separate polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ring classes. Two crude oils: the heavy Lloydminster and the light
Medicine River oils from the Alberta Basin were analyzed. Three- and fou r-ring structures dominated the aromatic concentra.tes of both oils . The abundance of five and larger fused ring contents, and higher degree of alkyl substitution distinguish the Lloydminscer polyaromatic content. The
analytical potential of this approach was studied using refractive index and ultraviolet detectors, gas chromatography mass spectrometry , 13c nmr and spectrofluorometry. The procedure proved ta be useful for characterization of the complex PAH mixtures in hydrocarbon
materials.
The Canadian coal-oil mixture program
Authors: Whaley H
Published: November 2018

In recent years, prompted by political unrest in the Middle East and rapidly escalating world oil prices, those countries which are particularly dependent on foreign oil supplies have shown interest in coal-oil mixtures (COM's) as a means of substituting some
coal for oil in combustion equipment designed for oil firing and which cannot readily be converted to full coal firing.
Scale-up, design and modelling for the CANMET hydrocracking reactor i. preliminary design of the CANMET demonstration reactor
Authors: Tscheng J , Ranganathan R , Khulbe C P , Belinko K , Patmore D , Logie R B
Published: November 2018

The conceptual process and reactor designs of n demonstration plant for the CANMET Hydrocracking Process are discussed . It is recommended that, for a demo capacicy of 2000 bbl/day , two reactors are installed either in series or in parallel, with recycle of
heavy oil . Each reactor is designed for a throughput of 1000 bbl/day at a LHSV of 0.75 . The reactor size is to be 0.9 m ln diameter and 14 m high.
Olefin distribution in the naphtha products of processed Lloydminster oil
Authors: Poirier M A , George A E
Published: November 2018

The effect of processing Lloydminster oil, on the distribution and chemical structure of olefins in the naphtha product has been investigated. A procedure for the quantitative separation of olefins from petroleum and synthetic fuel fractions by hydroboration has
been developed in our laboratory . Hydroboration selectively converts olefins to alcohols, which are subsequently separated from the hydrocarbon mixture by chromatography on alumina . Agas chromatograph interfaced with quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to identify the individual alcohols , using
retention indices of pure compounds as well as library search data. Structural assignment to the parent olefins is based on the stereochemistry of the hydroboration reaction. The naphtha from thermal treatment contains relatively higher olefinnic content than the catalytic product (27% higher).
The olefins of the later are of predominantly higher average molecular weights (c 7-c 1O ) than the former (C 5-c 8). Chemical configurations have been assigned for various olefins in both products.
Comparison of commercial and CANMET test oven coke quality - part 2: company b
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T , Leeder W R
Published: November 2018

This is the second of several reports comparing coke made in CANMET test ovens to coke made in the oven batteries of the four Canadian steel companies. Gross samples of the coal blend used at Comapny B and the coke produced were obtained. After blending samples
of each were tested at the Company and at CANMET laboratories in Ottawa and Edmonton. Samples of the coal were coked in CANMET test ovens and the coke quality compared with that of the industrial sample. ASTM stability and hardness factors of Company B coke measured at the two CANMET laboratories
and at Company B were in excellent agreement. The coal blend of Company B coked in the Ottawa 18-in oven at the standard coal bulk density and flue temperature produced coke with a stability factor 1.3 units lower than industrially-made coke. The hardness factor 64.6 was considerably less than the
industrial coke, 68.6, as was the coke ASG, 0.816, compared to 0.888 for the industrial coke. It was shown that the difference could be reduced by operating at higher coal bulk densities and flue temperatures. No single set of oven operating conditions was found that would make coke with stability,
hardness and ASG the same as the industrial coke, although this could be approached reasonably closely. A test in the 18-in carbolite oven (WRL, Edmonton) was carried out at the standard coal bulk density and flue temperature program and produced coke that had a stability factor, hardness factor,
ASG, and size very similar to Company B coke. Both the Ottawa 12-in oven and the Koppers oven (12-in, WRL) produced coke with stability factors much lower (5-8 points) than industrial coke. The coke size was also smaller but the hardness factors and coke ASG were more similar. It was shown that the
stability factor and size of the coke could be increased substantially by decreasing the coking rate of the Ottawa 12-in oven.
The FERA/CANMET project, phase ii part i: experimental data on the effect of atomization variables on heat transfer from oil flames, using a modified barrel-mix emulsion burner
Authors: Banks G N , Whaley H , Prokopuk R , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

This report compiles the experimental data obtained in phase II of the FERA/CANMET project, performed at the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CCRL) in December, 1980 and January, 1981. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of varying
steam/oil ratios and fuel oil temperatures at higher burner emulsion pressures than were used in Phase I. No interpretation of the results is contained in this experimental data report.
Flame and heat transfer characteristics of beneficiated Tent MountainVicary Creek coal rejects
Authors: Banks G N , Whaley H , Prokopuk R , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

An experimental combustion study to establish the flame and heat transfer characteristics of beneficiated Tent Mountain-Vicary Creek coal rejects in a refractory-lined furnace is described. The pulverized coal flames ignited and burned readily, with combustion
efficiencies in excess of 99.5%, compared to 99.9% efficiencies obtained with No. 6 fuel oil. Axial heat transfer patterns were relatively insensitive to either the degree of swirl or the excess air level, with about 7 to 8% less heat being transferred from the coal flames to the thermal
walls of the kiln than was the case with the No. 6 fuel oil flames. NOx and SOx emissions were low for a refractory-lined furnace. Fly ash emissions appeared to increase with an increase in the flame swirl, but were relatively insensitive to an increase in the excess air
level.
Combustion evaluation of Greenhills coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

yes
Characterization of Canadian coals by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Furimsky E , Rippmeester J
Published: November 2018

Apparent aromaticities of a series of Canadian coals of different rank were estimated by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The aromaticities varied from 0,57 for a lignite up to 0.86 for a semi-anthracite coal. The aromaticities correlated well
with fixed carbon and oxygen content of the coals as well as with the mean reflectance of the coals. Correlations were also established between aromaticities and the H/C and Ha ru /C ar ratios of the coals. Uncertainties in calculation of the hypothetical Haru/Car ratios, from experimental data were
pointed out. Structural parameters of the chars derived from the coals by pyrolysis at 535°C were, also, estimated. The H/C and Haru/Car ratios of the chars were markedly lower than those of coals. This was complemented by higher apparent aromaticities of the chars compared to the
coals.
Combustion evaluation of McLeod River coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Whaley H , Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of McLeod River coal was evaluated in pilot-scale, pulverized-fired research boiler. The coal, containing about 9% total moisture, handled and flowed readily and burned with good ignition, flame stability and carbon burn-out. The
coal ash slagged on high temperature refractory-lined boiler surfaces, but deposits on superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The coal's potential for low-temperature corrosion was minimal. Emissions of nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide were comparable
or less than current allowable North American guidelines.
N.M.R studies of the feed and asphaltene derived from Cold Lake (15-CL-80), Petrosar (20-PTS-80) and light Arabian vacuum bottoms (24-ARA-81, 25-ARA-81)
Authors: Ng F T T , Vancea L , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

Characterization of Gold Lake, Petrosar and Light Arabian Vaccum Bottoms and their asphaltenes were carried out using 1H and 13c NMR. Aromaticities calculated with the Brown Ladner equation correlated well with the experimental values determined by 13c NMR. It
was found that an increase in aromaticity of the asphaltene correlates with a decrease in processability and reactivity of the corresponding feedstock towards hydrocracking.
Partially briquetting coke oven charges using single western Canadian coals
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

Western Canadian coking coals are exported primarily to the Japanese market which produces much of its metallurgical coke by an adaptation of conventional cokemaking technology in which a portion of the coal charged to their coke ovens is briquetted. To explore
the suitability of western Canadian coals to this technology high, medium and low volatile coals were each // carbonized conventionally and 30% partially briquetted at two coking rates in CANMET's 460-mm test oven. Results showed all 3 ranks of western Canadian coals tested were particularly
suited to partial briquetting technology. Coke quality as measured by the ASTM stability factor improved more by partially briquetting the coals of higher rank, with coke from the low volatile coal improving about 12 ASTM stability units. ASTM hardness, JIS tumbler and coke strength after reaction
results also improved for cokes made from partially briquetted charges. Coke quality deteriorated very slightly at a higher flue temperature and coking rate. Only the low volatile coal produced excessive wall pressures when partially briquetted.
Combustion evaluation of thermal Line Creek coal sample no. 2 in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J , Prokopuk R , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of thermal Line Creek coal sample number 2 (blended with a more reactive coal) was evaluated in a pilot-scale, pulverized- fired research boiler. Chemical, physical and petrographic analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The
coal, which contained 6% moisture, handled and flowed readily and the coal blends burned with acceptable ignition and flame stability. The tendency for the coal ash to slag on boiler surfaces or to cause fouling of superheater surfaces was very low. Emissions of sulphur dioxide were well within
the current Canadian national emission guidelines and it is expected that the NOx emissions could be reduced to within these guidelines. These tests indicated that coal blends containing up to a maximum of about 75% Line Creek number 2 coal could probably be burned acceptably in large boiler
furnaces. This compares with a maximum figure of about 50% Line Creek number 1 coal, obtained from the earlier test blends (80-36 CF).
Algoma no. 6 battery research program 3. relation between wall pressure and gas pressure in pilot-scale ovens
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T , Cameron D D
Published: November 2018

Probes were used in three pilot-scale ovens to measure the gas pressure at the centre of coal charges during coking. Nineteen different coal blends were coked under a wide range of coal bulk densities and coking rates. Good relationships were obtained between the
pressure on the oven wall and the gas pressure in the plastic coal layer. Estimates of the area over which the gas pressure occurs in the pilot-ovens suggests this pressure is fully transmitted to and solely responsible for the wall pressure. Therefore, gas pressures measured in industrial ovens are
also expected to be the pressure on their walls, a quantity difficult to measure directly, but important to control to avoid wall damage. Observing the maximum gas pressure (and hence wall pressure) is difficult as the probe must be at the position of maximum gas pressure in the oven, normally at or
close to the oven centre. Probes only 25 mm away from the observed maximum gas pressure measured as little as one half of this value.
Carbonization research for Canadian industry
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F , Brown T D , Lee G D
Published: November 2018

The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, CANMET, is the scientific and technical branch of the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. It has the only coal carbonization research facilities in Canada with operations at the Energy Research
Laboratories in Ottawa, Ontario and at the Coal Research Laboratories in Edmonton. These laboratories, which have pilot-plant and laboratory facilities for carrying out technical scale carbonization experiments and for providing a comprehensive analysis of coal properties, collaborate closely on
joint programs with both the steel producers and the metallurgical coal export industry in Canada. In addition, CANMET's carbonization scientists conduct research to develop technologies that will improve the quality of coke made from Canadian coals or Canadian steel company blends. Research topics
summarized in this report include studies with Canadian coals, partial briquetting of coke oven charges and methods for predicting coke quality from coal properties.
Solid state 1H and 13C NMR studies of pitches
Authors: MacPhee J A , Nandi B N , Ripmeester J A , Hawkins R E
Published: November 2018

The aromaticity of a number of whole and quinolone solvent-fractionated pitches was determined by means of CP/MAS 13c NMR spectroscopy. Several factors which had to be taken into account include spinning sideband intensity, and the variation of aliphatic and
aromatic band intensities with cross-polarization time. 1H NMR lineshapes and spin-lattice relaxation times are presented as well.
Upgrading of light Arabian vacuum bottoms by the CANMET hydrocracking process using a continuous stirred tank reactor: part 2. the effect of inlet temperature on thermal stability [runs 83-sr-23 to 26]
Authors: Liu D D S , de Bruijn T J W , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

A series of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) experiments to examine the thermal stability of the CANMET hydrocracking process for upgrading Light Arabian Vacuum Bottoms as a function of feed temperature were carried out. At a certain set of operating
parameters, an unstable steady state operation was observed. A dynamic thermal transient model has been developed to explain the experimental results. In the course of the experiment, the process was conducted mainly in the "upper" stable steady state such that an extremely high pitch conversion of
90 - 97 wt %, was maintained for more than six days. No operational difficulties were encountered.
Production of metallurgical coke by addition of pitch materials to non-metallurgical western Canadian coals
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

Three commercially available pitch materials were added to three ranks of poor coking medium-volatile bituminous coal from Western Canada. The coals were then carbonized in a pilot-test oven to determine if metallurgical grade cokes could be produced. All three
pitch materials proved useful in improving coke quality, ASTM stability, hardness, coke strength after reaction and coke density for the three coals. Additions were most effective for the two higher rank coals (17% 1.24 and 1.42) producing cokes having physical properties considered acceptable
by Canadian steel companies. Although much of the improvement from addition of pitch is attributable to an enhancement of coke density caused by increased slumping of the coal-pitch charges, some of the improvement must be attributable to pitch properties. Generally, the pitch having the best H
donor ability, highest toluene insolubles content, highest softening point, and highest fixed carbon content was the most effective in modifying coal rheological properties and the mosaic textures of cokes, increasing reflectance of coke mosaic, and decreasing coke breeze. The pitch with the highest
aromaticity and asphaltene content was the most effective in improving the coke strength after reaction properties.
Preliminary report on combustion trials of pelletized paper product in a pilot-scale fluidized-bed combustor
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Razbin V
Published: November 2018

Two types of paper and biomass pellets, one containing visible admixtures of sawdust and the other without sawdust have been burnt in pilot-scale FBC rig in both a sand bed and a limestone bed. With a judicious choice of velocity the pellets appear to burn with
high efficiency and low emissions of CO, NO x and SO2. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the bed material is subjected to some chlorination but wet chemistry methods for sampling could not be carried out for sufficiently long times to allow reliable measurement of the chlorine content of
the off-gases. The material containing sawdust appears to generate incandescent particles which can travel beyond the cyclone and may pose e risk of baghouse fires in a commercial FBC.
A process for the selective removal of bitumen/water emulsion stabilizing agents by using porous membranes
Authors: Farnand B A , Poirier M A , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

An elaboration of a process using porous membranes to destabilize bitumen/water emulsions is described for submission to patent authorities.
Movable-wall coke oven tests of coal samples submitted by Stelco Inc, Hamilton, Ontario
Authors: Jorgensen J G , Lloyd T A
Published: November 2018

This investigation is No. 30 in the continuing program of coal evaluation for Stelco Inc., by the Energy Research Laboratories. The scope of the investigation comprises six blend tests carbonized in the CANMET 460-mm wide movable-wall oven. The blends are
described in Table 1. The project was initiated in a letter dated August 9, 1983 from I. Pevatto, Research and Development, Stelco Inc. A copy of this letter is included in Appendix 1. The results of the coke oven tests are recorded in Tables 2 and 3. The results were transmitted to the company
during the course of the investigation and this report is intended primarily for record purposes.
Are bitumens/heavy oils hydrogen donors - quantitative determination of hydrogen donor abilities of bitumens and pitch materials using 1,1'-binaphthyl and anthracene
Authors: Rahimi P M , Price J T , Kelly J F
Published: November 2018

Hydrogen donor abilities of bitumens/heavy oils as potential solvents for coprocessing with coals and pitch materials, specifically CANMET hydrocracked pitches as additives for co-carbonization, were investigated. Using 1,1'-binaphthyl, it was demonstrated that
bitumens are generally better hydrogen donors than tetralin in the absence of hydrogen gas. When coal and bitumens are coprocessed in the hydrogen atmosphere, in terms of coal dissolution, bitumens appear to be less superior than tetralin. These results are rationalized in terms of the different
mechanisms involved in coal liquefaction (in tetralin) versus coprocessing (in bitumens). Generally, it was found that removing lighter material from bitumens slightly improved their hydrogen donor abilities. CANMET hydrocracked pitch materials were shown to be good hydrogen donors. In agreement
with these results adding small amounts of CANMET pitches improved the coking properties of non-coking coals almost as effectively as commercially available pitches. It was shown that using two different hydrogen acceptors, the trend in hydrogen donor abilities of various pitches changed. These
results indicate that in both the coal liquefaction and co-carbonization processes, the selection of coal is as important as the selection of solvent and pitch, i.e., a solvent which maybe excellent in terms of coal solublization for a particular coal, may be the worst solvent for another. No
correlation was obtained between hydrogen donor ability of pitch materials and aromaticity (fa) when 1,1'-binaphthyl was used as hydrogen acceptor. However, using anthracene as hydrogen acceptor, a relatively good correlation was obtained between fa and hydrogen donor ability. At fa = 53-68,
hydrogen donor ability was shown to be at its maximum. It was also demonstrated that pitches having higher hydrogen donor abilities do not necessarily perform the best as modifiers in co-carbonization experiments.
Production of boiler feed water from wellhead bitumen/ water/mineral emulsion by using porous membrane6
Authors: Nader C , Farnand B A , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

A study was made of porous membranes for use in the production of boiler feed quality water from bitumen/water/mineral emulsions. Various membrane pore sizes and several materials were investigated. Membranes that resisted fouling were identified, and emulsion
destabilization by the removal of polar materials was observed.
The selective removal of nitrogenous compounds from fuels using zeolites
Authors: Jean G , Ahmed S M , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

Several zeolites have been tested for the selective removal of nitroqenous compounds from an orqanic solution. A model compound study showed that the extent of sorplion from a complex mixture is a function of the nature of the nitroqenous compounds. A correlation
between the extent of sorption and the size of a compound suqqests that diffusion is the controllinq rarameter. A capacity of 10 wt % was obtained for the model compound study. The zeolites were also tested for the removal of nitrogenous compounds from a coker naphtha and from a hydroprocessed
naphtha. The low capacities relative to the model compound study of =1 wt % and =3 wt % obtained for the coker and the hydroprocessed naphthas respectively suggest the sorption of non-nitroqenous compounds.
Fractionation of dilute methanol in pentane solution by reverse osmosis
Authors: Alzetta P , Farnand B , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

Studies have been made on the use of membranes in order to lower the concentration of methanol in a 1% methanol in pentane solution. Two membranes were studied. One was fabricated from polyvinyl chloride and the other from cellulose acetate-butyrate. Results
show that each membrane behaves differently. The cellulose acetate-butyrate membrane enriched the permeate in methanol content and the polyvinylchloride membrane depleted it. Calculations were made for a multistage process using these two membranes: it appears that the separations obtained in this
preliminary work need to be improved for economic viability. A brief study on cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate membranes was also conducted.
Gas voidage of hydrogen-pitch mixture in a continuous stirred tank reactor
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Logie R B
Published: November 2018

Assuming a homogeneous dispersion of hydrogen in pitch, the mean voidage measured for a mixture of hydrogen and B24 at 300°C in a continuous stirred tank reactor [CSTR] at 500 and 1000 rpm was about 0.11. The reactor has an effective volume of 4.82 Land a
length/diameter ratio of -3. It is equipped with three Rushton impellers. The vortex observed at 500 rpm was small, however, at 1000 rpm it increased to 0.19 times the effective reactor volume. Based on the voidages measured at 300°C and the correlation given by Sridhar and Patter, the voidages
at 450°C were estimated at about 11% higher than those at 300°c. Recommendations to modify the reactor for improving the measurements are given.
Hydrodynamic behaviour of gas-liquid two-phase flows at elevated temperatures and pressures
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Lipsett J J
Published: November 2018

A single-beam gamma-ray densitorneter capable of precise vertical and horizontal scanning bas been developed for the study of hydrodynarnic phenornena in gas/liquid and gas/liquid/solid multi-phase flow colurnns. Studies were made on thick-walled reactors at
elevated ternperatures and pressures for hydrogen/organic liquid systems. Under these con:Utions, rnethods that rely on the insertion of sensors cannot be employed easily. Time dependent garnrna-ray attenuation caused by gas bubbles passing through the fluid was rneasured at different positions and
under various conditions in two vertical continuous-flow colurnns. In addition to time averaged attenuation recorded by a single-channel scaler for measurement of mean local voidages, probability density distributions (PDD) were measured in order to investigate the homogeneity of bubble
distributions. A statistical rnodel was developed to deconvolute the PDD function and to correlate thern with the instantaneous voidage. Analyses show that this technique is a powerful tool for the determination of void fraction and flow regime.
Advanced coal combustion programs at Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
Authors: Lee G K , Reeve D A , Mitchell N
Published: November 2018

The Canadian demand for thermal coal is expected to increase by 35% to about 10 million tonnes over the next 20 years. Most of this coal is targetted for electricity production and the major thrust of Canada's advanced combustion programs is directed toward
increasing energy conversion efficiency, reducing environmental impact and improving the economics of coal burning. Utility-scale demonstrations and missionoriented research projects, now in progress, include work on staged flames, circulating fluidized-beds, coal-liquid mixtures and suppression of
NOx/SOx emissions. Fundamental studies are being conducted on coal reactivity, ash slagging mechanisms, laser probing of flames and furnace modelling.
Carbonization of conventional and partially briquetted charges of a Canadian steel company blend containing western Canadian coals
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

Pilot-scale carbonization tests were conducted to evaluate the suitability of Western Canadian coking coals for use in blends used by Canadian steel companies. Carbonization of conventional and 30% partially briquetted charges was investigated using two
Western coals each blended with a Canadian steel company coal. Both coals when carbonized 30% partially briquetted largely improved coke quality (8 stability units) with minimal increase in coking pressure compared with conventional charges. Partially briquetting the steel company blend produced
excessive coking pressure under carbonization test conditions. Inclusion of Western coals into partially briquetted blends did not reduce coking pressures significantly. For the blends investigated partial briquetting was not needed and excellent metallurgical coke was produced at lower coking
pressures by utilizing 50% Western coals in conventional charges. One coke had an ASTM stability of 62, CSR of 56, and CRI of 29. All are considered excellent for test oven coke.
A comparison of preparation procedures for the CANMET additive
Authors: Ternan M , Skubnik M , Belinko K , McColgan E C , Kriz J
G
Published: November 2018

The six different types of equipment, which have been used to prepare the CANMET additive, are described.
Experiments with residuum hydrocracking catalysts suggested to Shell Canada
Authors: Ternan M
Published: November 2018

Three types of experiments with hydrocracking catalysts are proposed.
Methods for determining pellet volumes and effect on free swelling indices
Authors: Price J T , MacDougal J , Villeneuve R , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

Free Swelling tests were done on three pellet types according to the proposed procedure stated In 150 TC 102/5C3N605. The pellets were examined by measuring their volumes before and after reduction in order to evaluate several new methods being considered by ISO
Technical Committee 102- Subcommittee 3 as alternatives to the mercury displacement method. Other volumetric methods studied included: linear, buoyancy in water, oleite-kerosene- Oakushin (0.KG). Results indicated that the four methods gave the same relative order for pellet swellings. Results from
the OK° and the buoyancy in water methods were similar for each pellet type and much lower than results from the linear method which seems to be the least accurate. The results from the mercury displacement method were the lowest of all procedures investigated and this is attributed to the
intrusion of mercury into larger pores of reduced pellets. The buoyancy in water and the OKG methods appear to be accurate. Reduced pellets oxidized after their volumes were measured using the buoyancy in water method making the method undesirable if any further analysis is required. The OKG method
gave swelling Indices and degrees of pellet reduction similar to the buoyancy in water method. The relative free swelling indices of the pellets tested appeared to have an inverse relationship with surface area and total pore volume of the non-reduced pellets. Swelling appeared highest for the
pellets having the lowest amount of mesopore and macropore volume.
Pressure drop across an orifice in pulsing gas flows
Authors: Hall S S , Liu D D S , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

The pressure drop across an orifice as a function of time for pulsing gas flows is described. The operation of the CANMET hydrocracking pilot plant was analyzed either one or two compressors in parallel during the startup of a hydrocracking experiment prior to
the injection of liquid. The accuracy of calibration curves, which were measured using steady continuous flows for application in pulsating flows, was assessed.
On the use of conducting plastic potentiometers as strata movement sensors
Authors: Stuart N J
Published: November 2018

The nature and advantages of conducting plastic sensors are explored. Their use is described in terms of the instrumentation required, data gathering, processing, storage and transmission. The history of their use in the U.S.A., France and Canada is discussed. A
summary of the Omnidata Polycorder is given which is to be used in conjunction with Iinear potentiometers.
Research oriented technological needs in the Sydney Coalfield
Authors: Stewart D B
Published: November 2018

The future of the Sydney Coalfield will only be assured if there is recognition that access to major reserves can only he gained at increasing depths associated with increasingly greater distance from the coast. This factor coupled with the site specific problems
that are recognized in this coalfield suggest that a variety of technological needs must be addressed and resolved if safe productive coal mining at reasonable cost is to continue into the next century. This document attempts to identify the major technological needs of the Sydney Coalfield with
emphasis on the sitespecific issues which must be resolved by local action. The emphasis is also upon research as opposed to operational needs.
The model specification of the truck/shovel system at Highvale Mine in Alberta
Authors: Srajer V
Published: November 2018

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Respirable dust measurements made at Lingan Colliery during the period December 1984 - March 1985: part i
Authors: Hwang C Y , Kennedy D J , Bonnell G W
Published: November 2018

The report documents the findings of eleven comprehensive respirable dust surveys conducted in three wall sections of Lingan Colliery between December 1984 and March 1985. Data analysis and interpretation is limited and will be the subject of future
reports.
Visit to the U.K., June 17-20, 1985
Authors: Haslett G A
Published: November 2018

This is a brief report on a visit made to the U.K. The main purpose of the visit was to attend a meeting of the Organising Committee of the 8th International Strata Control Conference which will take place during 1989. The author was also able to visit the
International Mining Exhibition and discuss the introduction of Water Jet and Water Jet Assisted Technology in underground coal mines.
Design of linear continuous multivariable proportional plus integral plus derivative controller
Authors: Salama A I A
Published: November 2018

A time-domain design technique of proportional-plusintegral- plus-derivative controllers for linear continuous multivariable systems is presented. The proposed design approach utilizes a null space formulation of the eigenstructure problem. The plant output is
assumed to be available for measurement. The resulting controller assigns a prescribed set of self-conjugate eigenvalues and a corresponding set of admissible self-conjugate generalized eigenvectors to the closed-loop system matrix. The proposed technique is flexible and straightforward compared to
known techniques.