bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microarray studies reveal a ‘differential response’ to moderate or severe heat shock of the HrcA- and HspR-dependent systems in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Barreiro Carlos , Nakunst Diana , Hüser Andrea T. , de Paz Héctor D. , Kalinowski Jörn , Martín Juan F.
Published: February 2009

Genome-wide transcription profile analysis of the heat-shocked wild-type strain under moderate (40 °C) and severe heat stress (50 °C) revealed that a large number of genes are differentially expressed after heat shock. Of these, 358 genes were upregulated and 420 were downregulated in response to moderate heat shock (40 °C) inCorynebacterium glutamicum. Our results confirmed the HrcA/controlling inverted repeat of chaperone expression (CIRCE)-dependent and HspR/HspR-associated inverted repeat (HAIR)-dependent upregulation of chaperones following heat shock. Other genes, including clusters of orthologous groups (COG) related to macromolecule biosynthesis and several transcriptional regulators (COG class K), were upregulated, explaining the large number of genes affected by heat shock. Mutants having deletions in thehrcAorhspRregulators were constructed, which allowed the complete identification of the genes controlled by those systems. The up- or downregulation of several genes observed in the microarray experiments was validated by Northern blot analyses and quantitative (real-time) reverse-transcription PCR. These analyses showed a heat-shock intensity-dependent response (‘differential response’) in the HspR/HAIR system, in contrast to the non-differential response shown by the HrcA/CIRCE-regulated genes.
Induction of morphological changes in Ustilago maydis cells by octyl gallate
Authors: Sierra-Campos E. , Valdez-Solana M. A. , Matuz-Mares D. , Velázquez I. , Pardo J. P.
Published: February 2009

The effects of octyl gallate on Ustilago maydis yeast cells were analysed in relation to its capacity to oxidize compounds (pro-oxidant actions). All phenolic compounds tested inhibited the alternative oxidase (AOX). However, only octyl gallate induced a morphological change in yeast cells and collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast to octyl gallate, propyl gallate and nordihydroguaiaretic acid caused only a negligible cell change and the membrane potential was not affected. Our findings show that structurally related phenolic compounds do not necessarily exert similar actions on target cells. Preincubation of U. maydis cells with trolox inhibited the change to pseudohyphal growth produced by octyl gallate. These results suggest that in addition to the inhibitory action of octyl gallate on the AOX, this compound induces a switch from yeast to a mycelium, probably through the formation of lipid peroxides.
Analysis of the promoter activities of the genes encoding three quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases in Pseudomonas putida HK5
Authors: Promden Worrawat , Vangnai Alisa S. , Toyama Hirohide , Matsushita Kazunobu , Pongsawasdi Piamsook
Published: February 2009

The transcriptional regulation of three distinct alcohol oxidation systems, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-I, ADH-IIB and ADH-IIG, in Pseudomonas putida HK5 was investigated under various induction conditions. The promoter activities of the genes involved in alcohol oxidation were determined using a transcriptional lacZ fusion promoter-probe vector. Ethanol was the best inducer for the divergent promoters of qedA and qedC, encoding ADH-I and a cytochrome c, respectively. Primary and secondary C3 and C4 alcohols and butyraldehyde specifically induced the divergent promoters of qbdBA and aldA, encoding ADH-IIB and an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. The qgdA promoter of ADH-IIG responded well to (S)-(+)-1,2-propanediol induction. In addition, the roles of genes encoding the response regulators exaE and agmR, located downstream of qedA, were inferred from the properties of exaE- or agmR-disrupted mutants and gene complementation tests. The gene products of both exaE and agmR were strictly necessary for qedA transcription. The mutation and complementation studies also suggested a role for AgmR, but not ExaE, in the transcriptional regulation of qbdBA (ADH-IIB) and qgdA (AGH-IIG). A hypothetical scheme describing a regulatory network, which directs expression of the three distinct alcohol oxidation systems in P. putida HK5, was derived.
Surface display of the receptor-binding domain of the F17a-G fimbrial adhesin through the autotransporter AIDA-I leads to permeability of bacterial cells
Authors: Van Gerven Nani , Sleutel Mike , Deboeck Francine , De Greve Henri , Hernalsteens Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2009

Surface exposure of antigens on bacterial cells can be critical for eliciting an effective antibody response. Therefore, we investigated the cellular localization of the fimbrial F17a-G receptor-binding domain, fused to the translocator domain of the AIDA-I autotransporter. Synthesis of the fusion protein, under the control of thel-arabinose-inducible PBADpromoter, was shown to permeabilizeEscherichia coliK-12 andSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium cells. The presence of permeable cells interfered with several methods that are typically used to determine surface exposure of proteins, such as protease treatment and whole-cell ELISA. Double immunofluorescence microscopy, using a second antibody directed againstβ-galactosidase, a bacterial protein expressed in the cytoplasm, allowed the simultaneous detection of antigen expression and permeability in individual cells.
Cyclopropane fatty acyl synthase in Sinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: Saborido Basconcillo Libia , Zaheer Rahat , Finan Turlough M. , McCarry Brian E.
Published: February 2009

Cyclopropane fatty acyl synthases (CFA synthases) are enzymes that catalyse the addition of a methylene group acrosscisdouble bonds of monounsaturated fatty acyl chains in lipids. We have investigated the function of two putative genes,cfa1andcfa2,proposed to code for CFA synthases inSinorhizobium meliloti. Total fatty acid composition and fatty acid distributions within lipid classes for wild-type andcfa1andcfa2mutant strains grown under Pistarvation and in acidic culture conditions were obtained by GC/MS and by infusion ESI/MS/MS, respectively. For wild-type cells and thecfa1mutant, total cyclopropane fatty acids (CFAs) increased by 10 % and 15 % under Pistarvation and acidic conditions, respectively; whereas in thecfa2mutant, CFAs were less than 0.1 % of wild-type under both growth conditions. Reporter gene fusion experiments revealed thatcfa1andcfa2were expressed at similar levels in free-living cells. Thus under the conditions we examined,cfa2was required for the cyclopropanation of lipids inS. melilotiwhereas the role ofcfa1remains to be determined. Analysis of intact lipids revealed that cyclopropanation occurred oncis-11-octadecenoic acid located in either thesn-1 or thesn-2 position in phospholipids and that cyclopropanation in thesn-2 position occurred to a greater extent in phosphatidylcholines and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols under acidic conditions than under Pistarvation. Thecfa2gene was also required for cyclopropanation of non-phosphorus-containing lipids. Principal components analysis revealed no differences in the cyclopropanation of four lipid classes. We concluded that cyclopropanation occurred independently of the polar head group. Neithercfa1norcfa2was required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Characteristics of the bovicin HJ50 gene cluster in Streptococcus bovis HJ50
Authors: Liu Gang , Zhong Jin , Ni Jianqiang , Chen Meiling , Xiao Haijie , Huan Liandong
Published: February 2009

Bovicin HJ50 is a new lantibiotic containing a disulfide bridge produced byStreptococcus bovisHJ50; its encoding genebovAwas reported in our previous publication. To identify other genes involved in bovicin HJ50 production, DNA fragments flankingbovAwere cloned and sequenced. The bovicin HJ50 biosynthesis gene locus was encoded by a 9.9 kb region of chromosomal DNA and consisted of at least nine genes in the following order:bovA, -M, -T, -E, -F,ORF1, ORF2,bovKandbovR. A thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase gene namedsdb1was located downstream ofbovR. A knockout mutant of this gene retained antimicrobial activity and the molecular mass of bovicin HJ50 in the mutant was the same as that of bovicin HJ50 inS. bovisHJ50, implying thatsdb1is not involved in bovicin HJ50 production. Transcriptional analyses showed thatbovA, bovMandbovTconstituted an operon, and the transcription start site of thebovApromoter was located at a G residue 45 bp upstream of the translation start codon forbovA, whilebovEthroughbovRwere transcribed together and the transcription start site of thebovEpromoter was located at a C residue 35 bp upstream ofbovE. We also demonstrated successful heterologous expression of bovicin HJ50 inLactococcus lactisMG1363, which lacks thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase genes; this showed that thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase genes other thansdb1are not essential for bovicin HJ50 biosynthesis.
Molecular identification, typing and traceability of cyanobacteria from freshwater reservoirs
Authors: Valério Elisabete , Chambel Lélia , Paulino Sérgio , Faria Natália , Pereira Paulo , Tenreiro Rogério
Published: February 2009

In order to assess the potential of several molecular targets for the identification, typing and traceability of cyanobacteria in freshwater reservoirs, molecular techniques were applied to 118 cyanobacterial isolates mostly sourced from Portuguese freshwater reservoirs and representative of three orders of cyanobacteria: Chroococcales (54), Oscillatoriales (15) and Nostocales (49). The isolates were previously identified by morphological methods and subsequently characterized by composite hierarchical cluster analysis of STRR and LTRR (short and long tandemly repeated repetitive sequences) PCR fingerprinting profiles. Representative isolates were selected from each cluster and their molecular identification, at the species level, was obtained or confirmed by phylogenetic positioning using 16S rRNA gene andrpoC1phylogenies. A highly congruent association was observed between STTR- and LTRR-based clusters and taxonomic affiliation, revealing the usefulness of such PCR fingerprinting profiles for the identification of cyanobacteria. Composite analysis of hierarchical clustering of M13 and ERIC PCR fingerprints also appeared suitable for strain typing and traceability within a reservoir, indicating its potential for use in cyanobacterial monitoring, as a quality management control. Based on Simpson (D) and Shannon–Wiener (J′) indices a high diversity was observed within all species, withPlanktothrix agardhiishowing the lowest diversity values (D=0.83;J′=0.88) andAphanizomenon flos-aquaethe highest ones (D=J′=0.99). A diagnostic key based on 16S-ARDRA, ITS amplification and ITS-ARDRA for identification purposes is also presented.
A novel PhoP-regulated locus encoding the cytolysin ClyA and the secreted invasin TaiA of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is involved in virulence
Authors: Faucher Sébastien P. , Forest Chantal , Béland Maxime , Daigle France
Published: February 2009

Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi causes a human-restricted systemic infection called typhoid fever. We have identified a Typhi genomic region encoding two ORFs, STY1498 and STY1499, that are expressed during infection of human macrophages and organized in an operon. STY1498 corresponds toclyA, which encodes a pore-forming cytolysin, and STY1499 encodes a 27 kDa protein, without any attributed function, which we have named TaiA (Typhi-associated invasin A). In order to evaluate the roles of these genes in Typhi pathogenesis, isogenic Typhi strains harbouring a non-polar mutation of eitherclyAortaiAwere constructed. In macrophages,taiAwas involved in increasing phagocytosis, astaiAdeletion reduced bacterial uptake, whereasclyAreduced or controlled bacterial growth, asclyAdeletion enhanced Typhi survival within macrophages without affecting cytotoxicity. In epithelial cells, deletion oftaiAhad no effect on invasion, whereas deletion ofclyAenhanced the Typhi invasion rate, and reduced cytotoxicity. Overexpression oftaiAin Typhi or inEscherichia coliresulted in a higher invasion rate of epithelial cells. We have demonstrated that TaiA is secreted independently of both theSalmonellapathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and the SPI-2 type three secretion systems. We have shown that this operon is regulated by the virulence-associated regulator PhoP. Moreover, our results revealed that products of this operon might be involved in promoting the use of macrophages as a sheltered reservoir for Typhi and allowing long-term persistence inside the host.
PMKT2, a new killer toxin from Pichia membranifaciens, and its promising biotechnological properties for control of the spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis
Authors: Santos A. , San Mauro M. , Bravo E. , Marquina D.
Published: February 2009

Pichia membranifaciensCYC 1086 secretes a killer toxin (PMKT2) that is inhibitory to a variety of spoilage yeasts and fungi of agronomical interest. The killer toxin in the culture supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration and purified to homogeneity by two successive steps, including native electrophoresis and HPLC gel filtration. Biochemical characterization of the toxin showed it to be a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.7. At pH 4.5, optimal killer activity was observed at temperatures up to 20 °C. Above approximately this pH, activity decreased sharply and was barely noticeable at pH 6. The toxin concentrations present in the supernatant during optimal production conditions exerted a fungicidal effect on a variety of fungal and yeast strains. The results obtained suggest that PMKT2 has different physico-chemical properties from PMKT as well as different potential uses in the biocontrol of spoilage yeasts. PMKT2 was able to inhibitBrettanomyces bruxellensiswhileSaccharomyces cerevisiaewas fully resistant, indicating that PMKT2 could be used in wine fermentations to avoid the development of the spoilage yeast without deleterious effects on the fermentative strain. In small-scale fermentations, PMKT2, as well asP. membranifaciensCYC 1086, was able to inhibitB. bruxellensis, verifying the biocontrol activity of PMKT2 in simulated winemaking conditions.
Histone H3.3 incorporation provides a unique and functionally essential telomeric chromatin in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Wong Lee H. , Ren Hua , Williams Evan , McGhie James , Ahn Soyeon , Sim Marcus , Tam Angela , Earle Elizabeth , Anderson Melissa A. , Mann Jeffrey , Choo K.H. Andy
Published: February 2009

Little is known about the telomere chromatin dynamics of embryonic stem (ES) cell. Here, we demonstrate localization of histone H3.3 at interphase telomeres and enrichment of Ser31-phosphorylated H3.3 at metaphase telomeres in pluripotent mouse ES cells. Upon differentiation, telomeric H3.3S31P signal decreases, accompanied by increased association of heterochromatin repressive marks and decreased micrococcal nuclease sensitivity at the telomeres. H3.3 is recruited to the telomeres at late S/G2 phase, coinciding with telomere replication and processing. RNAi-depletion of H3.3 induces telomere-dysfunction phenotype, providing evidence for a role of H3.3 in the regulation of telomere chromatin integrity in ES cells. The distinctive changes in H3.3 distribution suggests the existence of a unique and functionally essential telomere chromatin in ES cells that undergoes dynamic differentiation-dependent remodeling during the process of differentiation.
Instrumental drift correction by nonparametric statistics
Authors: Dudka Alexander
Published: February 2009

A program for instrumental drift correction by nonparametric statistics using a point-detector diffractometer is described. The correction improves structural results such as merging and refinementRfactors. The kernels available are as follows: uniform, Epanechnikov, quartic, octic, Gaussian.
A novel three-dimensional framework constructed by 2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole and infinite chains of hydrogen-bonded water molecules
Authors: Qi De-Qiang , Hou Gui-Ge , Ma Jian-Ping , Huang Ru-Qi , Dong Yu-Bin
Published: February 2009

A novel three-dimensional framework of 2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole dihydrate, C11H10N4·2H2O orL·2H2O, (I), in whichLacts as both hydrogen-bond acceptor and donor in the supramolecular construction with water, has been obtained by self-assembly reaction ofLwith H2O. The two independent water molecules are hydrogen bonded alternately with each other to form a one-dimensional infinite zigzag water chain. These water chains are linked by the benzimidazole molecules into a three-dimensional framework, in which each organic molecule is hydrogen bonded by three water molecules. This study shows that the diversity of hydrogen-bonded patterns plays a crucial role in the formation of the three-dimensional framework. More significantly, as water molecules are important in contributing to the conformation, stability, function and dynamics of biomacromolecules, the infinite chains of hydrogen-bonded water molecules seen in (I) may be a useful model for water in other chemical and biological processes.
4-Hydroxy-2-vinyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzazepine and its 7-fluoro and 7-chloro analogues are isomorphous but not strictly isostructural
Authors: Acosta Lina M. , Bahsas Ali , Palma Alirio , Cobo Justo , Hursthouse Michael B. , Glidewell Christopher
Published: February 2009

4-Hydroxy-2-vinyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzazepine, C12H15NO, (I), and its 7-fluoro and 7-chloro analogues, namely 7-fluoro-4-hydroxy-2-vinyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzazepine, C12H14FNO, (II), and 7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-vinyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzazepine, C12H14ClNO, (III), are isomorphous, but with variations in the unit-cell dimensions which preclude in compound (III) one of the weaker intermolecular interactions found in compounds (I) and (II). Thus the compounds are not strictly isostructural in terms of the structurally significant intermolecular interactions, although the corresponding atomic coordinates are very similar. The azepine rings adopt chair conformations. The molecules are linked by a combination of N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds into chains of edge-fusedR33(10) rings, which in compounds (I) and (II) are further linked into sheets by a single C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bond. The significance of this study lies in its observation of isomorphism in compounds (I)–(III), and its observation of a sufficient variation in one of the cell dimensions effectively to alter the range of significant hydrogen bonds present in the crystal structures.
Using effective listening skills with international patrons
Authors: Amsberry Dawn
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review literature from the linguistics and language teaching fields on the listener's role in accent perception, and applies the findings towards recommendations for improving listening skills for library faculty and staff who interact with international patrons.

Design/methodology/approach

Detailed empirically‐based evidence on listening and accented speech can be gathered from the linguistics and language teaching fields, in which researchers have studied extensively the effects of foreign accent on listeners. This paper reviews literature on the role of listener attitude, experience and prior knowledge in the communication process, and outlines a training program for library staff based on evidence from the literature.

Findings

The listener's attitudes, experience, and knowledge affect his or her perception of accented speech. Comprehension of accented speech can be improved both through increasing awareness of issues related to accent, and through listening practice.

Practical implications

Library public service staff can improve their listening skills through training programs that include awareness raising, listening practice, and discussion of cross‐cultural communication issues.

Originality/value

This paper synthesizes research not usually found in the library literature, and makes specific recommendations for improving library service based on empirical research.
Assessing the TIP online information literacy tutorial
Authors: Tronstad Bryan , Phillips Lori , Garcia Jenny , Harlow Mary Ann
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of a study that assessed whether students learned information literacy concepts after taking the interactive online Tutorial for Information Power (TIP).

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology and design involved a pre‐ and post‐test assessment of students who completed an online tutorial.

Findings

Students who spent more time working through the tutorial had a statistically significant increase from their post‐test to their pre‐test scores.

Research limitations/implications

Statistically significant results reported from this study are of interest to the educational community involved with the teaching and assessment of information literacy.

Practical implications

This study offers a successful model for evaluating student learning from an online tutorial.

Originality/value

This study is one of the few in the literature addressing the assessment of information literacy and online tutorials.
Vibration isolation theory and practice
Authors: Connolly Christine
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the different methods of isolating sensitive equipment from the effects of vibrations.

Design/methodology/approach

The passive mechanisms of springs and dampers, air tables, and negative stiffness are explained, and practical examples given. Next is a description of various active systems in which actuators respond in real time to feedback from motion sensors. Finally, some unusual and interesting applications are explored.

Findings

The need for vibration isolation is growing, because of increasing vibrations and the requirement for higher spatial resolution. Ingenious mechanical design allows passive systems to work with frequencies of the order of 1 Hz. Modern accelerometers detect absolute motion and allow disconnection from the vibrations of the floor. Applications include the stabilisation of interferometric gravitational‐wave detectors.

Originality/value

The paper points out a range of solutions to the engineer combating problematic metrology environments.
Making better “eyes” for cameras, mobile (cell) phones and cars
Authors: Bloss Richard
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe an innovative new technology for assembling lens elements to electronic image capture modules with high‐image quality.

Design/methodology/approach

Applying robotic technology, innovative high‐precision optical sensing of focus and quick UV curing of fastening adhesive to accurately combine lens with sensor using 5 degree of freedom alignment.

Findings

Automation using five degrees of motion freedom can more accurately assemble digital camera systems than previous 1 degree of freedom approaches. The approach is also more cost effective.

Practical implications

Electronic camera systems can be assembled more quickly and accurately than with previous methods and with overall cost savings. Companies may also find that other high‐accuracy devices can be assembled more precisely and cheaper using quick UV cure adhesives and vision systems for accurate placement.

Originality/value

Digital camera/image systems will be more accurate and less costly, increasing the number of applications to which they can be applied.
Registration using adaptive particle filter and natural features matching techniques for augmented reality systems
Authors: Tao Guan , Lijun Li , Wei Liu , Cheng Wang
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a flexible registration method for markerless augmented reality (AR) systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed method distinguishes itself as follows: firstly, the method is simple and efficient, as no man‐made markers are needed for both indoor and outdoor AR applications. Secondly, an adaptation method is presented to tune the particle filter dynamically. The result is a system which can achieve tolerance to fast motion and drift during tracking process. Thirdly, the authors use the reduced scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) and scale prediction techniques to match natural features. This method deals easily with the camera pose estimation problem in the case of large illumination and visual angle changes.

Findings

Some experiments are provided to validate the performance of the proposed method.

Originality/value

The paper proposes a novel camera pose estimation method based on adaptive particle filter and natural features matching techniques.
Seeing market orientation through a capabilities lens
Authors: Foley Anthony , Fahy John
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how conceptualising market orientation within a capabilities framework may assist in developing further understanding of the construct.

Design/methodology/approach

Compelling issues in the market orientation literature relating to the nature of the market orientation construct, the relationship of the construct with performance, and identifying antecedents to market orientation are discussed. The capabilities perspective is explored in the context of these issues. In particular, a perspective of market orientation based on the market‐sensing capability is proposed, which may provide additional insights into the construct.

Research limitations/implications

The capabilities framework facilitates a more comprehensive approach to understanding the nature of market orientation, which captures the complex interaction of behavioural and cultural factors in the conceptualisation of the construct.

Originality/value

This paper addresses the need to examine how marketing capabilities may contribute to organisation performance.
Theoretical lenses and domain definitions in innovation research
Authors: Harmancioglu Nukhet , Droge Cornelia , Calantone Roger J.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

This study aims to scrutinize the meaning and domain of “innovation” by providing an extensive theory‐driven review of the new product literature in marketing, management and engineering. The overall objective is to classify the recent literature on innovation and to illustrate theoretically derived discourses in the study of innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper organizes this literature by providing typologies of discourses, which define innovation. Based on our review of 238 articles from a comprehensive set of journals publishing innovation research, we propose a theoretical divide in the innovation literature.

Findings

Theoretical underpinnings, namely adoption/diffusion theory versus the resource‐based/contingency theory view, form one dimension of the typology. Jointly considered with the other two dimensions – level of analysis and customer vs firm perspective – a framework is formed of the different discourses and conceptualisations in the innovation literature.

Originality/value

Past researchers have always proposed a definition of innovation that was embedded in a typology of innovation types; in contrast, the paper allows the theoretical discourses to unveil meanings of innovation and associated constructs (and hence it starts with theory specification, not construct definition). It argues for starting with theory as the basic division and proposes a theory driven typology. Through its theoretical genesis, the paper wishes to create a shared understanding among academics and practitioners of what constitutes innovation and constructs within the related theoretical net.
A critical analysis of the independence of the internal audit function: evidence from Australia
Authors: Christopher Joe , Sarens Gerrit , Leung Philomena
Published: February 2009

Purpose

This study aims to critically analyse the independence of the internal audit function through its relationship with management and the audit committee.

Design/methodology/approach

Results are based on a critical comparison of responses from questionnaires sent out to Australian chief audit executives (CAEs) versus existing literature and best practice guidelines.

Findings

With respect to the internal audit function's relationship with management, threats identified include: using the internal audit function as a stepping stone to other positions; having the chief executive officer (CEO) or chief finance officer (CFO) approve the internal audit function's budget and provide input for the internal audit plan; and considering the internal auditor to be a “partner”, especially when combined with other indirect threats. With respect to the relationship with the audit committee, significant threats identified include CAEs not reporting functionally to the audit committee; the audit committee not having sole responsibility for appointing, dismissing and evaluating the CAE; and not having all audit committee members or at least one member qualified in accounting.

Originality/value

This study introduces independence threat scores, thereby generating analysis of the internal audit function's independence taking into account a combination of threats.
Resolving conflicts over employee work schedules
Authors: Romaine Janet , Schmidt Amy B.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine justice perceptions using potential employee conflict over provision of a work‐life benefit, and to link the findings to existing theory and research in organizational justice.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 208 undergraduates at a liberal arts college responded to a version of the scenario. There were six versions, representing varied organizational conditions, with hypotheses based on both theory and previous empirical work.

Findings

Students were asked whether they preferred equity (contribution), equality or need as the allocation norm to be used in the scenario. Under all organizational conditions, equity is favored over the other two norms, but some differences emerge. Organizational conditions that are less empowering and more stressful lead to higher preference for equality and need than when organizations are seen as treating employees well. In contrast with some earlier findings, women are more likely than men to prefer equity as the basis for the decision; but women's choices differ significantly between the long hours and family‐friendly scenarios, with a pronounced shift to need as the allocation norm in the long hours condition.

Originality/value

Although some researchers have examined organizational justice norms in relation to work‐life benefits, little attention has been shown to the mechanisms involved in creating perceptions of unfairness relative to these benefits. The study demonstrates the importance of organizational context in determining when these benefits may be perceived as being fair, thereby averting the potential for conflict between employees.
Strategic analysis for digital library development
Authors: Cervone H. Frank
Published: February 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce a methodology for strategic analysis which can used in digital library development. This methodology can be used as a precursor process that assists in developing successful business cases to implement the strategies of a digital library development plan.

Design/methodology/approach

Using theory and practice from information technology in both profit and non‐profit organizations, the paper relates the use of strategic analysis to the development of a successful business case for digital library development.

Findings

One of the major tasks a digital library project manager faces is getting the project approved and in the queue for development. By exploiting the full potential of the planning phase of the systems development lifecycle (SDLC), a digital project manager can develop a compelling business case for the proposed project. By using SWOT analysis as well as additional considerations, the project manager should identify how the project will address critical organizational (business) issues and success factors as well as provide a compelling case for action. In particular, the most successful business cases develop compelling cases for action by carefully crafting solid arguments for why the digital project being proposed is the most important project an organization should undertake out of all the potential projects that might exist.

Originality/value

This paper fills a gap in the digital project management literature by providing a step‐by‐step process for using strategic analysis in digital library development planning.
Influence of national culture on trans‐national alliance relationships
Authors: Bhaskaran Suku , Gligorovska Emilija
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse and review whether national culture influences organisational beliefs about and behaviours to trans‐national alliance partners.

Design/methodology/approach

Reviewed extant studies on national culture, organisational culture and business‐to‐business relationship. Using information from the literature review and key informant surveys, a survey instrument comprising of close‐ended questions was developed. The questionnaire was sent to the Chief Executives Officer's of 1,248 organisations identified through systematically selecting every third organisation in the sampling frame. Two weeks later, universal reminders were sent to all 1,248 organisations. The data from 376 fully completed questionnaires returned were analysed through exploratory factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis.

Findings

National culture influences beliefs about and behaviours to trans‐national alliance partners. However, beliefs and behaviours are also influenced by the complex inter‐relationships between relational constructs such as trust, commitment, co‐operation, dependence, communication and compatibility. Often, compatibility is not only influenced by national culture but also by the size, business activity and how the organisation is incorporated.

Practical implications

Beliefs about and behaviours to trans‐national partner organisations are not solely influenced by national culture. It is the outcome of complex and diverse social, political, economic and organisational factors and how these factors influence orientations to issues such as trust, commitment, co‐operation and communication.

Originality/value

Explores a hitherto under‐researched theme on trans‐national business alliances, the influence of the national culture of organisations on various relational issues discussed in business‐to‐business relationship studies. The study consolidates knowledge from three streams of literature (national culture, organisational culture and business‐to‐business relationship), often handled as disparate sources of knowledge.
An overview and assessment of the reform of the non‐tradable shares of Chinese state‐owned enterprise A‐share issuers
Authors: McGuinness Paul B.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated and critical assessment of the share reforms relevant to Chinese A‐share issuers listed in the two mainland markets of Shanghai and Shenzhen. The reform programme first began in 2005 and has now spread widely across issuers in the two markets. It is therefore timely to assess how effective the reforms have been as well as gauging the ongoing effects of the transformation (of non‐tradable scrip into tradable form) on A‐share prices.

Design/methodology/approach

The “Split Share Structure” reform programme represents a major policy initiative in China and potentially opens‐the‐door to large‐scale state‐share disposals. The evidence to date however suggests that the Chinese authorities are primarily concerned with the reconfiguration of the array of share types that presently exist into a more comprehendible, streamlined form. The various checks and balances imposed on controlling shareholders engaged in the transformation of their shares from non‐tradable to tradable form suggest that eventual re‐designation of the holdings into an unfettered tradable type will not necessarily translate to the state's acquiescence in the disposal of such shares. On the contrary, state holdings in the most strategic of assets are likely to be retained more or less intact. Insights are developed by focusing on examples involving major A‐share issuers. In particular, a case study of the Sinopec reform proposal of August/September 2006 is set out to help illuminate the principal features of the reform package. Critical examination of the empirical literature relating to the A‐share price effects of the share reform programme also features.

Findings

There is little evidence to date of significant stock disposals amongst the largest and most strategic of China's issuers. However, for a number of A‐listed issuers, parts of the lock‐up moratoria have already expired or are set to do so in the very near future. Given the precipitous fall in A‐share prices (in Shanghai and Shenzhen) since late 2007, largely wrought by the enveloping global credit‐crunch, the Chinese authorities have an even more compelling case than hitherto to assiduously dampen fears of large‐scale state‐share disposals. Notwithstanding this, at least a small part of the drop in A‐share values during 2008 derives from the building risk‐premium on this issue.

Research limitations/implications

As the trading moratoria on re‐designated shares still applies in most cases, at least in respect of the majority of domestic stock holdings, a clearer picture will not emerge until 2009‐2011 when all such moratoria would have lapsed.

Originality/value

The discussions in this paper help to bring into focus a highly topical issue within the context of the Chinese equity market.
Court of Appeal dismisses appeal on admissibility of FSA material as evidence in Directors Disqualification Proceedings
Authors: Gray Joanna
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The paper's aim is to outline and comment on the Court of Appeal case: Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform v. Aaron and Others, October 2008.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper outlines the facts surrounding the case and comments on the ruling.

Findings

Lord Justice Thomas gave the judgment in this appeal, considering the admissible in disqualification proceedings. However, in relation to the Secretary of State's attempt to rely in evidence on material in the FOS decision and the FSA final notice LJ Thomas ruled that that the implied exception to the strict rule of evidence in Hollington v. Hewthorn did not apply so as to allow their admission in evidence.

Originality/value

The current market crisis has focused the attention of regulatory investigators around the world on the activities of major UK financial institutions in a number of jurisdictions in which they were active.
Using action research to implement a career development framework in facilities
Authors: Pease Neil
Published: February 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present findings from a research study to implement a career development framework within a large acute district general hospital facilities directorate. The findings of this study will provide points of interest in terms of the implementation of a career development framework and also a wider, more generalisable analysis relating to the use of action research (AR) in this context. The efficacy of career development frameworks and alternate recruitment strategies will also be considered.

Design/methodology/approach

AR was utilised as the primary research methodology, with focus groups and semi‐structured interviews employed as the main sources of data collection. NVivo qualitative analysis software was used to analyse the data. Interventions within the AR cycles have been categorised as micro and macro in terms of the complexity and level of personal and organisational involvement. Although micro interventions will be briefly referred to, macro interventions have been evaluated within this paper in terms of both efficacy and transferability.

Findings

There were two main findings from this research project originating from AR interventions that may prove beneficial to other organisations in terms of both organisational and staff development: development of bespoke career development pathways; and creation of a fast track employability scheme within hotel services.

Research limitations/implications

Some of the more longitudinal interventions will require further analysis to gauge long‐term efficacy.

Originality/value

This paper should prove beneficial to those involved with implementing organisational change and the potential use of AR within the facilities environment. The paper should also provide useful alternatives in the recruitment of staff and the use of career development interventions.
Connecting key stakeholders: sustainable learning opportunities
Authors: Clements Michael D.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

This paper introduces a hybrid learning framework as part of a specifically designed reflective learning experience internship program.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper identifies challenges/barriers and offers solutions on how to design a learning driven internship program, which satisfies the needs of all stakeholders. Following on from this, initial learning constructs are discussed before future stages of development are considered.

Findings

The initial feedback from the key stakeholders suggests support for the framework as a mechanism to connect industry, the student body and the education provider.

Practical Implications

Through the implementation of this framework key stakeholders can combine to provide an important learning environment for future employees whilst still adding value to their own business. This model also provides a context in which both industry and academia can combine to nurture and mentor the society of tomorrow.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is to provide the reader a better approach to engaging and sustaining work related learning opportunities for students.
Enhancing performance with Investors in People recognition: exploring the alleged link
Authors: Smith Simon M.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

To explore the alleged causal link between Investors in People (IIP) recognition and improved business performance and profitability.

Design/methodology/approach

Four in‐depth case studies using semi‐structured interviews are used to gather the appropriate data.

Findings

The data collected challenges the direct relationship frequently proposed between IIP recognition and increases in business performance and profitability. Although it could be argued that changes are usually necessary in companies in order to align the organization with IIP standards and requirements, the cases explored instigated such changes independently of the pursuit of IIP. Only after these changes had taken place did the organizations consider a pursuit for IIP recognition. Thus, the findings point to a complex amalgam of factors at play in the micro and macro environments of the organizations studied rather than just an IIP‐profit/performance cause and effect nexus. In consequence, the reasons for these IIP recognized organizations performing better than non‐IIP organizations were due to their efforts prior to recognition and not because of it.

Research limitations/implications

Further research is needed to explore and generalize the rhetoric and realities behind the alleged causal link between IIP recognition and increased business performance and profitability.

Practical implications

HR practitioners and managers need to exhibit caution before considering IIP recognition. The potential benefits suggested by advocates of the standard are not guaranteed, regardless of any alleged casual link.

Originality/value

This gives HR practitioners and managers a valuable and timely alternative discourse and perspective when considering employee development towards IIP recognition and the possibility of improved business performance and profitability.
International service outsourcing: Using offshore analytics to identify determinants of value‐added outsourcing
Authors: Banerjee Arindam , Williams Scott A.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

International outsourcing has been traditionally looked upon as a low end cost effective servicing option to take advantage of the cost arbitrage that exists across countries. Of late, many outsourcing vendors have realized that the advantages of cost differentials that spurred a lot of the global outsourcing business in the past 20 years will disappear in the medium term. The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective about how much value addition, besides cost, traditional outsourcing vendors can provide and what may be the facilitator/inhibitors of such activities.

Design/methodology/approach

A case describing the setting up of an offshore analytics operation is presented, which gives a backdrop to the challenges faced in relatively high end value creation processes in a remote outsourced (offshore) environment. This provides some empirical support to a proposed model for facilitating the outsourcing of value‐added services.

Findings

A model is proposed for determining the degree to which value‐added services can be outsourced. The key dimensions that influence the degree of outsourcing are: the expertise of the vendor; the environmental stability of the offshore domain; the physical barriers to outsourcing complex business processes such as, communication problems and proximity issues; the possibility of knowledge leakage from the outsourcing domain; and the cost benefits of outsourcing.

Practical implications

The paper contends that conventional offshore‐based service vendors may find it difficult to acquire “expert power” and, set aside negative perceptions of “environmental stability” of their domain, in the pursuit to climb up the value chain in their client organizations. The validation of the proposed model is an opportunity for future research.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the first to present a model that will govern the growth of international outsourcing opportunities in high‐end value‐added processes. It also provides some directions for outsourcing vendors to enhance their capabilities over time to leverage this opportunity.
Why is leadership so misunderstood? Inquiring minds want to know
Authors: Nielson Troy R. , Pate Larry E.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

This paper examines leadership and its associated prominent theories from the perspectives of Mitroff and Linstone's (1993) five inquiry systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Five inquiry systems: Lockean (Inductive‐Consensual); Leibnitzian (Analytic‐Deductive); Kantian (Multiple Realities); Hegelian (Dialectic); and Singerian (Unbounded Systems Thinking) – are used to consider the advantages and disadvantages of major theories of leadership.

Findings

Although each inquiry system has some beneficial application to leadership theory development, the article posits that the Kantian, Hegelian, and Singerian inquiry systems offer the greatest potential to understand the complex phenomenon of leadership.

Practical implications/limitations

Implications for leadership research are offered based on each of the five inquiry systems.

Originality/value

The value of this article comes from using the inquiry systems to look at leadership theory and research from fresh philosophical perspectives.