bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delivering London 2012: the Aquatics Centre
Authors: Crockford Ian , Nelson Malcolm , Fraser Stuart , Mungal Gordon , Nicholson John
Published: August 2016

The Aquatics Centre for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is an iconic venue designed by acclaimed architect Zaha Hadid. It is dominated by a spectacular 11 000 m2 wave-form roof supported on just two concrete cores to the north and a 22 m wall to the south. In games time, temporary wings augment the capacity to 17 500, including a permanent capacity of 2500 seats in legacy use. Foundation solutions were challenging due to the relatively high loadings, critical nature of maintaining horizontal pool tanks and new power line tunnels underneath. Over 150 000 t of concrete was poured using an innovative mix of 40% cement replacement and up to 76% recycled aggregate, resulting in significant savings in embodied carbon dioxide.
Piles for offshore wind turbines: a state-of-the-art review
Authors: Gavin Kenneth , Igoe David , Doherty Paul
Published: August 2016

The paper considers the current state of the art for estimating the pull-out capacity of driven open-ended piles used to support wind turbine foundations founded on sand. The latest edition of the American Petroleum Institute guidelines for pile design includes a conventional earth pressure approach and four alternative cone penetration test (CPT) methods for estimating pile shaft resistance in sand. A database of open-ended pile tests was used to assess the predictive reliability of the design approaches. While the earth pressure approach was unreliable, exhibiting bias with pile slenderness and sand relative density, the CPT methods were shown to provide improved and relatively consistent estimates of pile capacity. However, the tension loads experienced by wind turbine foundations are significantly higher than those applied to piles in the database. When the CPT methods were used to estimate the pile length required to support a 5 MW turbine installed in typical offshore soil conditions, the CPT methods provided a wide range of predicted pile lengths. The reasons for this divergence are discussed and an alternative framework for considering driven pile shaft resistance is put forward.
Interpretation of incomplete dissipation data from piezocone tests
Authors: Rust E. , Clayton C. R. I.
Published: August 2016

The piezocone has been widely used as a tool for identifying and profiling soft soils, but it can also be used to determine the coefficient of consolidation of cohesive deposits. Conventional methods of interpretation require, however, that pore pressure measurements during the dissipation stages of a test are carried on until a very large proportion of the excess pore pressure has decayed, and are thus generally time-consuming. This paper reports a faster method, which uses shorter, incomplete dissipation data.
The future of geotechnical and structural engineering research
Authors: Clarke Barry , Middleton Cam , Rogers Christopher
Published: August 2016

A review of publicly funded UK structural and geotechnical research showed it was among the best in the world, but incremental rather than transformational. Furthermore, public research investment in this area is less than in other sectors despite significant investment in construction and infrastructure generally. This is also at a time of rapid change driven by population growth, resource scarcity and security, developments in technology, society’s expectations and aspirations, and climate. A major review of the purpose of infrastructure and construction was thus undertaken by representatives from academia, industry, research organisations, clients and government. They concluded that, if transformational research is to take place, the research themes to address are hazards, understanding material behaviour, paradigm shift in design, construction processes, building performance, smart buildings, asset management, intervention, decarbonisation and adaption.
Protecting communities by remediating polluted sites worldwide
Authors: Hanrahan David , Ericson Bret , Caravanos Jack
Published: August 2016

Millions of people worldwide are suffering health risks as a result of living near highly contaminated sites including abandoned industrial and mining sites, and polluting artisanal areas. More than 3000 sites across 50 developing countries have been identified. Nearly 100 million people are at risk at just these sites. The main impact falls on people in low- and middle-income countries, with children being particularly vulnerable. Interventions have been implemented at about 100 of these sites, with significant success in reducing impacts. This paper aims to draw the attention of practising engineers to the scale and impacts of the problem and to encourage expanded efforts to implement cost-effective solutions. Tackling contaminated sites is part of broader efforts under the umbrella of the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution to reduce environmental pollution, which is one of the largest contributors to the burden of disease worldwide. Clean-up is required but prevention of pollution must also be a high priority.
Design and top-down construction at the Nanjing Youth Olympic Center, China
Authors: Ren Qingying , Zhao Qingyu , Liu Wenting , Yang Songlin , Li Sen , Yang Jian , Peng Fei
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the design and top-down basement construction of Nanjing Youth Olympic Center in Nanjing, China. The building’s twin towers are 315 m high and are among the tallest to have had their basements constructed top-down. Designed and built for the Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games, the structure was completed in just 20 months. Top-down construction was selected by the design engineer, along with various new techniques and developments of existing methods, to save time and improve safety. This paper describes the site conditions and structural design process, followed by the sequence of top-down basement construction. The design details of the diaphragm wall, foundations, columns, basement excavation and vertical load transfer are also presented. The paper aims to provide a reference for those using top-down construction on tall buildings.
New IET president calls for engineering employers to bridge the diversity gap
Authors: Beahan Robert
Published: August 2016

The new Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) president Naomi Climer says engineering firms should recognise the real social and economic benefits of greater diversity in the workplace. More needs to be done to attract staff from all genders, backgrounds and ethnicities.
Stop-end method for the panel connection of cut-off walls
Authors: Song Huifang , Cui Wei
Published: August 2016

For cut-off walls constructed by the stop-end method, the selection of the proper time and the definition of the withdrawal force for the removal of stop-end pipes are key concerns for the quality and schedule control of the entire wall. A very deep cut-off wall using stop-end technology was constructed in Tibet to control seepage in an alluvium layer at a depth over 150 m. The case study included the design, construction and quality investigation of this wall and real-time monitoring of the removal of stop-end pipes. The monitoring results revealed that the waiting time prior to the removal of the stop-end pipes is mainly controlled by the characteristics of the concrete, and should occur after the initial setting time of the concrete. Several factors have an influence on the withdrawal force of a stop-end pipe, including the self-weight of the stop-end pipe, the interaction force between the pipe–concrete and the friction between the pipe–side walls. The force is obviously affected by the inclination of the stop-end pipe, especially in the direction parallel to the wall axes.
Mixed-in-place response of two carbonate sands
Authors: Doherty Paul , Spagnoli Giovanni , Bellato Diego
Published: August 2016

At low confining stresses, calcareous sands exhibit many similar characteristics to silica sand deposits; however, at high stresses their shearing behaviour is quite different, exhibiting strong contraction due to grain crushing. Therefore, calcareous deposits can create significant challenges for driven pile foundations where the high installation energy causes particle damage, radial contraction and very low pile shaft friction. Drilled-and-grouted piles are often preferred in calcareous conditions. As an alternative to conventional foundation solutions, a novel pile has been developed based on the mixed-in-place technology. Two carbonate sands, the Dog's Bay foramol carbonate sand and the Ballyconneely sand, which is a calcitic carbonate algal sand, have been tested in the laboratory to investigate the geotechnical behaviour of these two sediments, which have different genesis and mechanical characteristics. The sands were mixed with concrete grout at cement-to-sand ratios of 15, 25 and 35%, and at a water-to-cement ratio of 0·4 to simulate the mixed-in-place pile installation technique. The results show similar geotechnical and structural performance for both sands.
Behaviour of micropiles in heterogeneous coarse soils
Authors: Bellato Diego , D'Agostini Sandro , Cola Simonetta , Simonini Paolo
Published: August 2016

This paper reports on an experimental investigation on the behaviour of small-diameter piles, commonly referred to as micropiles. This particular type of deep foundation is frequently used in many barely accessible Italian mountainous areas, often characterised by complex ground profiles composed of mixtures of coarse soils with some fine matrix elements including cobbles and large-diameter boulders. In such ground conditions, the lack of reliable site and laboratory geotechnical investigations providing an accurate soil mechanical description and conservative approaches for micropile design often lead to significant underestimation of the vertical ultimate load. In order to improve micropile design in such geological contexts, a new field trial investigation involving tension and compression load tests on micropiles up to failure was set up in a selected test site located in the Italian alpine region. From interpretation of the load tests carried out so far, the reliability of commonly used calculation methods for estimating bearing capacity is discussed. As a result, a new approach for a more suitable calculation of the mobilised shaft and base resistance of micropiles bored in highly coarse soils is tentatively proposed.
IDM pressure measurements in a large-scale excavation test
Authors: Schwager Markus V. , Amstad Mathias , Puzrin Alexander M.
Published: August 2016

Inclinodeformeter (IDM) pressure measurements were carried out behind a retaining wall during an excavation test forming part of feasibility studies for a new underground railway station in the city of Lucerne. The strut loads measured during the excavation appeared to be considerably larger (up to 2·5 times) than those expected in the design. A possible scenario suspected for the development of such large forces was overpressure of the soil behind the slurry wall due to excessive jet-grouting pressures. IDM measurements were used for validation and quantification of this phenomenon. Using elasto-plastic numerical analysis, the lateral earth pressure changes and the soil stiffness were back-calculated based on IDM and local displacement measurements. The back-calculated soil stiffness was validated for each of the six soil layers against the in situ measurements obtained by cone penetration tests and Marchetti dilatometer. The excessive strut loads could be explained by the back-calculated pressure changes. For the excavation test, lateral earth pressure changes obtained by IDM measurements helped to improve understanding of the reaction of the retaining wall to installation processes, to provide an early detection of potential problems and to prevent a possible excavation collapse.
Review of the XVI European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Authors: Winter Mike G. , Smith Derek M. , Eldred Peter J. L. , Toll David G. , Chrimes Mike
Published: August 2016

The XVI European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) was held in Edinburgh in September 2015. It was hosted by the British Geotechnical Association, the UK member society of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. The UK has a long history of pioneering geotechnical engineering and is home to Géotechnique, the birthplace of critical-state soil mechanics and the venue for the prestigious Rankine lecture. This conference showcased geotechnical engineering in the UK, the rest of Europe and, indeed, many other parts of the world. This paper briefly outlines the history of this conference series and of UK geotechnical engineering. It also describes some key parts of the organisation of the conference and highlights some key data relating to the submission of abstracts and papers and the registration of delegates; it is hoped that this information will be of value to organisers of future such events. The summary review and selected highlights demonstrate the breadth, depth and quality of the papers presented at the conference and contained in the proceedings. It is to be hoped that these, along with the fond memories of the delegates, will provide a lasting legacy to the geotechnical engineering community in Europe and beyond.
Intelligent active control of a benchmark cable-stayed bridge
Authors: He Min , Hu Ruiguang , Wang Jianguo , Chen Liang , Chen Cheng
Published: August 2016

A neural-fuzzy control strategy for cable-stayed bridge structures subjected to earthquake excitation is presented by employing electromagnet-driven active mass dampers (EMDs). The active EMD is an innovative control device for the earthquake response mitigation of structures. Ensuring fast selection of the control voltage in accordance with the characteristics of seismically excited bridge structures is one of the most important problems for EMD systems. In the proposed control strategy, a neural-network technique is used to solve the time-delay problem, and fuzzy logic algorithms are used to determine the control voltage from the response of the EMD. The control performance of the proposed neural-fuzzy control strategy was analysed for the benchmark control problem of a seismically excited cable-stayed bridge with an EMD system. The simulated results show that the proposed active neural–fuzzy control strategy can quickly determine an accurate voltage for the EMD system, and mitigate the seismic response of cable-stayed bridges.
Seismic behavior of torsionally coupled base-isolated structures
Authors: Fallahian Milad , Paytam Farzane , Khoshnoudian Faramarz
Published: August 2016

The torsion in the seismic behaviour of base-isolated structures due to two horizontal components of ground motion was studied, simultaneously. To this end, the variation in essential parameters, such as the number of storeys, the ratio of the uncoupled torsional frequency to the lateral frequency in the superstructure and isolation system, the ratio of the eccentricity to the radius of gyration, the height-wise discrepancy in the eccentricities and the non-monotonous height distribution of the mass and stiffness were investigated. The structure was considered to be a shear building structure idealised using a spring and a concentrated mass. The behaviour of the seismic isolation system was simulated using a bilinear inelastic model, which is an appropriate model with which to consider interactions in two directions. Non-linear dynamic analysis was performed using seven ground motions. The results indicated that the eccentricity to the gyration radius ratio is an important parameter influencing the performance of torsional structures. It was demonstrated that a structure having bidirectional eccentricity has greater dynamic torsion in comparison with a structure having unidirectional eccentricity. Also, even a small eccentricity may cause significant dynamic torsion related to static torsion, especially in torsionally stiff base-isolated structures.
Design against brittle failure of bottom rails in shear walls
Authors: Girhammar Ulf Arne , Källsner Bo
Published: August 2016

The authors have developed a new plastic design method for light-framed timber shear walls, which is capable of analysing the load-bearing capacity of partially anchored shear walls. For proper application of the plastic method it is necessary to ensure ductile behaviour of the sheathing-to-framing joints and to avoid brittle failure of the bottom rail. In a partially anchored shear wall, the tying down forces are developed in the sheathing-to-framing joints along the bottom rail, which may introduce a brittle type of failure of the bottom rail that needs to be eliminated in order for the plastic method to be applicable. This paper deals with design of anchor bolts needed to tie down the bottom rail properly and it describes experimental results for proper design of washers for anchor bolts to avoid these splitting failures of the bottom rail. The effect of different washer sizes and location of the anchor bolts on the failure load when splitting of the bottom rail occurs is presented. The tests indicate that the failure load depends on the distance from the edge of the washer to the loaded edge of the bottom rail. An explicit design equation for the capacity of the bottom rail is presented.
Structural performance of corrugated web steel coupling beams
Authors: Zirakian Tadeh , Hajsadeghi Mohammad , Lim James B. P. , Bahrebar Milad
Published: August 2016

In lateral force resisting systems, the structural behaviour and seismic performance of coupled shear walls depends on the coupling beams. Steel coupling beams are considered to be an efficient alternative to reinforced concrete coupling beams, and improve the ductility and performance of the coupled shear wall system. This paper considers the application of corrugated webs as an alternative to flat webs having stiffeners. Finite-element models are described and used to investigate the effect of changes to the shape of the web-plate; flat, trapezoidal, curved and zigzag patterns are considered as well as the thickness, number of corrugations and corrugation angle. The effect of these parameters on the structural performance of the coupling beams is determined under both monotonic and cyclic loadings. Results of pushover analyses show that the use of corrugated webs instead of stiffened flat webs can improve the rotation capacity of steel coupling beams and cyclic analyses show the high performance of the corrugated web steel coupling beams in dissipating energy. Furthermore, it is shown that the rotation capacity and energy dissipation capabilities of steel coupling beams are sensitive to corrugation parameters.
Bond–slip behaviour of steel bars in low-strength concrete
Authors: Ahmad Sohaib , Rafi Muhammad Masood , Pilakoutas Kypros , Zaman Khan Qaiser uz , Shabbir Faisal , Tahir Muhammad Fiaz
Published: August 2016

This paper presents the bond–slip models for deformed and plain bar types in low-strength concrete. The newly developed bond-strength models were used to account for the effect of different deficient variables typically found in non-engineered reinforced-concrete structures in developing countries, such as low-strength concrete, insufficient development length and low concrete cover. Residual bond strength was evaluated from experimental bond–slip curves by defining approximate criteria for calculating residual slip. Suitable bond–slip relationships are identified to define local bond–slip relations for both bar types in low-strength concrete. Based on the experimental findings, the strain distribution profile over the development length is proposed, which can be used to evaluate the bar elastic slip in low-strength concrete by employing the macro model. The proposed bond–slip models can be used in the inelastic analysis of non-engineered reinforced concrete structures.
Maximum loads on shores during the construction of buildings
Authors: Buitrago Manuel , Adam José M. , Alvarado Yezid A. , Calderón Pedro A. , Gasch Isabel
Published: August 2016

This paper describes a simplified method of estimating maximum loads on shores during the construction of multistorey buildings with in situ casting. Calculating this maximum value is fundamental to establish the design load of the shores and thus avoid possible safety problems caused by selecting the wrong type of shore. The procedure was verified and showed a good fit with both the experimental measurements and finite-element method calculations. This simplified procedure will be useful to both researchers and practitioners, who have to deal with this problem in the course of their daily work. The proposal also represents an important technology transfer to the industry as it is in the form of a simplified tool that comes fairly close to the results obtained by complex calculation methods. Actually, the maximum load obtained from the simplified method is 20·72 kN, which is very close to the value 21·37 kN obtained from an advanced finite-element model.
Moment capacity of cast-iron beams exposed to fire
Authors: Maraveas Chrysanthos , Wang Yong C. , Swailes Thomas
Published: August 2016

Cast-iron girders were used in many nineteenth century structures, especially in fireproof flooring systems (such as jack arches). Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfil the current requirements on fire resistance when there is a change of use. Cast iron has limited ductility so it is not possible for cast-iron beams to achieve total plasticity as for modern steel beams. Furthermore, cast iron has different mechanical properties in tension and compression and there is often a severe non-uniform temperature distribution in cast-iron beam sections. This paper presents the development of a simplified method to calculate the bending moment capacity of cast-iron beams in a jack arched system exposed to a standard ISO 834 fire. The method is based on an assumed strain distribution in the cross-section. A comparison of the results calculated using the simplified method with those using the fibre method, validated by Abaqus simulation results, indicates that the proposed simplified method is sufficiently accurate as the basis of a design method.
Vulnerability of road network based on generalised travel time
Authors: An Shi , Leng Jun-Qiang , Wang Jian , Li Wenxiang , He Yi
Published: August 2016

In this paper the vulnerability of a transportation network is defined from the perspective of the sensitivity of the transportation system against external disturbances. The generalised travel time is defined as the weighting of both the ratio of actual travel time to free travel time and the unreliability of the travel time. The reciprocal of generalised travel time taken as the utility function, the impact of external disturbances on the transportation system can be quantified. Meanwhile, the vulnerability model is established using the change rate of the utility index. The stochastic user equilibrium traffic assignment model is formulated on the assumption of minimisation of travel cost. Finally, the real road network of the city of Harbin in China is taken as an example to illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed model. This approach can be used as a decision-supporting tool for identifying critical infrastructures in transportation management and planning.
Evaluating effects of integrated TDM measures in Nanhai, China
Authors: Zong Fang , Jia Hongfei , Juan Zhicai , Zhang Huiyong
Published: August 2016

A model system was developed to investigate the feasibility of an integrated transportation demand management (TDM) programme in the Nanhai district of China by employing the multi-nomial logit and nested logit modelling methods. Using the model system, the impacts of the programme concerning residents' acceptance and behaviour adjustments in trip frequency, mode choice, departure time and route choice are predicted. The study results indicate that the programme could make a significant contribution to the improvement of traffic conditions in Nanhai. Furthermore, it is recommended that implementation of the integrated TDM programme in Nanhai be divided into two stages – stage 1 for the implementation of bus priority and motorcycle restriction policies and stage 2 for implementing a congestion pricing policy. The study results may facilitate the establishment of related TDM programmes to aid the mitigation of traffic congestion and the sustainable development of urban transportation systems.
Size effects of rubblised PCC on HMA overlay performance
Authors: Lu Yang , Rong Zhang
Published: August 2016

The technique of placing hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlay over a rubblised Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement is a preferable way of rehabilitating severely deteriorated rigid pavements in south-west China. To investigate fragment size effects of the rubblised PCC on the performance of the HMA overlay, two full-scale experiments were carried out in a controllable environment. Strain development in the HMA was evaluated using data collected by strain sensors embedded at the overlay bottom. It was found that the performance of the overlay under repeated loadings was closely related to the fragment size distribution as well as the initial modulus of the rubblised PCC before the HMA was placed. For overlay paved over rubblised PCC with an insufficient amount of medium-sized fragments, tensile strains at the HMA overlay bottom increased with loading repetitions at a relatively high speed. However, if the fragments of rubblised PCC were graded relatively uniformly, particularly if the gradation matched the requirement for the crushed stone base of the flexible pavement, tensile strains at the HMA overlay bottom developed at a slower pace, indicating an improvement in the deterioration resistance of the overlay system to dynamic loads.
Air quality in enclosed railway stations
Authors: Thornes John E. , Hickman Alice , Baker Chris , Cai Xiaoming , Delgado Saborit Juana Maria
Published: August 2016

In 2012, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reclassified diesel engine exhaust and related ambient air pollution to be carcinogenic and associated with increased mortality from lung cancer. This could have critical consequences for both public and occupational health in enclosed railway stations where ventilation is often inadequate. Recent policies encouraging a shift to public transport, along with increasing passenger and train numbers, have led to a variety of co-benefits, including improved health and well-being from increased walking and cycling. This paper considers the unintended consequences of a reduction of air quality in crowded enclosed railway stations and concludes with a number of possible interventions to ensure that public health is not affected, especially by air pollution from stationary diesel trains. Pollution from electric trains can also lead to poor air quality due to the production of metal-rich ultrafine particles from brake linings, friction between wheel and rail, and from overhead pantographs. Current occupational health standards are not suitable for enclosed railway stations and need to be reconsidered in the light of the IARC findings. More measurements of the levels of particulates and nitrogen dioxide in enclosed railway stations need to be undertaken and published.
On the topology of air navigation route systems
Authors: Sun Xiaoqian , Wandelt Sebastian , Linke Florian
Published: August 2016

Air traffic management is the dynamic, integrated management of traffic in airspace. As aircraft fly through the sky, they follow pre-planned routes, much like highways on the ground. In this research, for the first time, the air navigation route (ANR) systems of 15 different countries from a consistent worldwide airspace database were analysed and, using complex network theory, these airspace structures were compared. The following five metrics were investigated: degree of a node, distance strength, weighted betweenness centrality, weighted closeness centrality and edge length distribution. For each metric, regression analysis was performed in order to identify abstract complex network patterns for each of the countries. It was found that the ANR networks for all 15 countries are rather heterogeneous. Furthermore, the degree distribution for all countries is better fitted by tetration, instead of an exponential function, as believed in previous analyses of single countries. An analysis of weighted betweenness centrality showed that some countries (e.g. the USA) are robust against random or targeted node failures while other countries (e.g. South Africa) are rather vulnerable. Hierarchical clustering based on regression coefficients shows that countries with similar geographical features are clustered together.
The challenges of water access in Yucatán, México
Authors: González-Gómez Francisco , Guardiola Jorge , Grajales Ángel Lendechy
Published: August 2016

The objective of this study is to analyse the situation of water access in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. This state is characterised by an abundance of groundwater to which the population have access. Yet despite this abundance, there are still many households that do not have access to enough quality water in their homes. In this paper the water situation in Yucatán is described based on official data referring to the United Mexican States. The aspects described in this study are water management, accessibility, usage, and geographic and meteorological conditions. Additionally, this paper delves deeper into the understanding of several variables considered primary in this research, such as water access, quality and the time required to collect it, by using data from an original survey. The case of Yucatán is unique in Mexico owing to its geographical features and the abundance of groundwater. Although access to water is almost universal in this state, it is proposed that the quality of this resource must be improved, as well as the quality of supply.
Correlating rutting with dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete
Authors: Apeagyei Alex K.
Published: August 2016

The correlation between dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete and rutting was investigated in the laboratory. Five asphalt concrete mixtures of different stiffnesses produced according to Virginia specifications were tested using dynamic modulus and flow number tests. The dynamic modulus (E*) tests were conducted at a single temperature (38°C) and six loading frequencies (25, 10, 5, 1, 0·5, 0·1 Hz) and flow number (FN) tests, designed to evaluate rutting, were conducted at a temperature of 54°C. An asphalt mixture performance tester was used to perform both the dynamic modulus and flow number tests. The results were used to develop correlations between E* and FN at each of the testing frequencies used. Very good correlation (R2 = 0·94) was found between E* at 0·1 Hz loading frequency and FN at 54°C. Additionally, the correlation between FN and the slope of the graph of E* plotted against frequency was also found to be equally good (R2 = 0·95). The results suggest rutting susceptibility could be evaluated using E* testing performed at 38°C. The results of this study may be useful to agencies with field or district laboratories looking for an epigrammatic test to evaluate rutting susceptibility during mix designs and field quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA).
Editorial:New partnerships in publishing and politics
Authors: Faull Andrew , Gould Chandre
Published: July 2016

In this editorial the editors anounce a new partnership between the ISS and the Centre of Criminology at the University of Cape Town, to co-edit and publish future issues of SACQ. The editorial also reviews recent developments in politics, law and accountability in South Africa.
On the record: Interview with Phumeza Mlungwana, Social Justice Coalition
Authors: Faull Andrew
Published: July 2016

In March this year a prominent South African grassroots organisation, the Social Justice Coalition (SJC), announced that it would be taking the South African Police Service (SAPS) to court. Andrew Faull spoke to the SJC’s General Secretary, Phumeza Mlungwana, about crime and policing in Khayelitsha, Cape Town.
Private prosecutions in Zimbabwe: Victim participation in the criminal justice system versus prosecutorial independence
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira
Published: July 2016

There have been two recent developments that have changed the face of private prosecutions in Zimbabwe: (1) whether private companies may institute private prosecutions; and (2) whether the Attorney-General, in the event that he has declined to prosecute, is obliged to issue a certificate to a crime victim to institute a private prosecution. Both questions have been answered in the negative by the Prosecutor-General and the result is that crime victims have gone to court to seek clarity on these issues. The Supreme Court has held that private companies have a right to institute private prosecutions and that the Prosecutor-General is obliged to issue a certificate should he decline to prosecute. In response, the Prosecutor-General had adopted two strategies: (1) to appeal to the Constitutional Court against the Supreme Court’s ruling that he is obliged to issue such a certificate; and (2) to have the relevant sections of the CPEA amended so that the law is very clear that he is not obliged to issue such a certificate and that companies are not permitted to institute private prosecutions. In this article the author argues that even in the light of the latest amendments to the CPEA, there cases where the Prosecutor-General may be compelled to issue a certificate to a crime victim to institute a private prosecution.
Effect of Martial Arts on Swiftness Development in Middle-Schoolers
Authors: Голенкова Ю. В. , Скригін А. В.
Published: August 2016

The objective of the research is to determine the effect of taekwondo means on swiftness development in middle-schoolers. To achieve the objectives set, the research used the following methods: analysis of specialized methodological and scientific literature and other sources; pedagogical experiment; pedagogical observations; testing; methods of mathematical statistics.Conclusions: The paper grounds and develops the methods of swiftness development in middle-school pupils by taekwondo means, and experimentally verifies their effectiveness. It proves that introducing the variable module “Taekwondo” into the process of physical education of middle-schoolers can bring about improved swiftness development, in particular, such indicators as the tapping test and running in place for 5 seconds.
Health-Improving Potential of Dancing Exercises in Physical Education of Students of Higher Educational Institutions
Authors: Кравчук Т. М. , Роганіна О. С.
Published: August 2016

Research objective: to determine the health-improving potential of dancing exercises used in physical education of female students of higher educational institutions. Research methods: study and analysis of pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature on the subject matter of the research; observations, questionnaires, functional tests; statistical methods of data reduction.Conclusions. As part of the study, the use of dancing exercises in the physical education of female students of higher educational institutions proved contributing to a significant increase in the level of their physical health in general and improvement of some of its indicators, including strength and life indices, heart rate recovery time after 20 squats. Dancing exercises also boost spirits, improve health and activity of the female students, which the study proved statistically.
Effect of Tabata Methods as Interval Training Variant on Physical Performance of Pedagogical University Students
Authors: Пашкевич С. А. , Бондаренко Н. І. , Нікуліна Г. Л.
Published: August 2016

The objective of the research is to develop, substantiate and evaluate the effectiveness of interval training methods during physical training of students of higher educational institutions pursuant to changes in physical performance.Methods.  The reference group (RG) consisted of 20 students (5 male and 15 female), the test group (TG) — 26 (5 male and 19 female). The RG students did fitness during their physical training classes at the university, while the TG students, besides the same program, did Tabata training in class and independently on their own at three levels of intensity four times a week for four weeks.We evaluated the effectiveness by the changes in students’ physical performance. We used χ2 tests (binary variables) to compare the output characteristics in the groups, t–tests (continuous variables) and Mann-Whitney test to compare the distribution of ordinal variables, and Wilcoxon test (related samples).Results. During the month of the forming experiment being conducted, the TG students’ physical performance showed the increase of + 38.9% and was reliably different from the results of the initial period (p < 0.05). The anthropometric indicators did not significantly change in their dynamics, nor was there any difference between the comparison groups.The evaluation of the effectiveness of interval training by the Tabata methods pursuant to the dynamics of the students’ physical performance allowed to objectively prove the positive effect that additional independent training of students has when implemented.
Model Direct Training untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Mahasiswa PGSD Cibiru Pembelajaran IPA SD dalam Bahasa Inggris
Authors: Yuliariatiningsih Margaretha Sri
Published: August 2016

Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan dan keterampilan mahasiswa PGSD UPI Kampus Cibiru  membelajarkan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris. Gagasan muncul, karena di   era globalisasi menuntut sumber daya manusia yang berpikir    global melalui komunikasi dengan bahasa yang bersifat global pula. Salah satu kemampuan berbahasa Inggris yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat di Malaysia, Singapura, dan    Hongkong adalah sejak    SD para siswa belajar Matematika dan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris.    Masyarakat Indonesia pun menuntut pendidikan yang bersifat global, hal ini tampak pada sekolah yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat adalah yang menggunakan dwi bahasa dalam pembelajaran. Konsekuensi logisnya adalah pasar kerja menuntut guru untuk terampil dalam berbahasa Inggris di samping menguasai materi pelajaran di SD.  

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mahasiswa PGSD membelajarkan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris, penguasaan pengorganisasian kelas menggunakan classroom language yang tepat, merancang RPP, dan kendala yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam membelajarkan IPA menggunakan bahasa Inggris.    Model Direct Training dikembangkan dengan filosofinya “If the child hasn’t learned, the teacher hasn’t taught”.

Metode yang digunakan menekankan pada kajian situasi alamiah di lapangan yang melibatkan dosen dan mahasiswa dalam proses kegiatan pembelajaran. Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa PGSD semester 6 konsentrasi IPA tahun akademik 2007/2008 pada mata kuliah Konsep Dasar Fisika di SD.  

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keterampilan mahasiswa dalam merancang RPP dan penguasaan konsep IPA dalam bahasa Indonesia sangat  baik. Kesulitan yang dialami mahasiswa adalah pada bagian KBM karena skenario dituliskan dalam bahasa Inggris. Kesalahan yang banyak dilakukan pada aspek kosakata, pemilihan kata, tata bahasa, dan pelafalan saat simulasi. Kesimpulan    penelitian    adalah kemampuan mahasiswa PGSD masih rendah untuk dapat membelajarkan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris, kendala yang dihadapi adalah kurangnya rasa percaya diri . Saran yang dapat diberikan pada lembaga atau dosen    adalah membiasakan mahasiswa berbicara dan mendengar bahasa Inggris serta banyak menggunakan kosakata IPA dalam bahasa Inggris saat perkuliahan IPA.
Model Pembelajaran Terbimbimbing dalam Menulis Makalah
Authors: Abidin Yunus
Published: August 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan penerapan pembelajaran terbimbing dalam menulis makalah serta dampaknya bagi kemampuan mahasiswa menulis makalah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Teknik penelitian yang digunakan adalah teknik tes, wawancara, dan observasi. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrumen penelitian berupa tes, lembar observasi, dan pedoman wawancara. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Program Studi PGSD UPI Kampus Cibiru. Data penelitian diolah dan dianalisis melalui tahapan (1) identifikasi data, (2) klasifikasi data, dan (3) interpretasi data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) pembelajaran terbimbing dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran menulis makalah; dan (2) melalui pembelajaran terbimbing kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menulis makalah dapat meningkat.
Pendekatan Konstruktivisme Dan Dampaknnya Bagi Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa SD
Authors: Mulyati Tita
Published: August 2016

Abstrak  

Belajar menuntut peran serta semua pihak. Pengetahuan bukan sesuatu yang diserap secara pasif oleh siswa, melainkan sesuatu yang ditemukan, dibangun, dan dikembangkan secara aktif oleh siswa dengan mengalami dan mengerjakanya dalam proses masuk ke dunia nyata secara terus‐menerus, karena siswa di kelas tidak dalam keadaan kosong, tetapi memiliki pengetahuan dari pengalaman yang telah diperoleh sebelumnya. Pembelajaran terjadi    ketika siswa memadukan pengetahuan dan keterampilan baru ke dalam pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang telah dimiliki sebelumnya. Dalam pembelajaran matematika pun, untuk mempelajari materi matematika yang baru, pengalaman belajar yang lalu (konsepsi awal) sebagai pengetahuan prasyarat dari siswa akan mempengaruhi terjadinya proses belajar matematika tersebut. Guru bertugas sebagai fasilitator yang menciptakan kondisi dan sistuasi agar proses belajar dapat berlangsung efektif. Oleh karena itu, guru perlu mengupayakan inovasi dalam proses pembelajaran sehingga siswa terlibat penuh secara aktif dalam belajar dan dapat membangun pengetahuannya sendiri sehingga pengetahuan yang didapat lebih bermakna dan selalu diingat, mengingat pentingnya matematika sebagai ilmu dan bagi kehidupan masyarakat. Salah satunya adalah dengan menerapkan pendekatan konstruktivisme dalam pembelajaran matematika di SD. Pembelajaran berdasarkan pendekatan konstruktivisme meliputi empat tahap, yaitu : (1) tahap persepsi, (2) tahap eksplorasi, (3) tahap diskusi dan penjelasan konsep, dan (4) tahap pengembangan dan aplikasi konsep. Beberapa penelitian yang relevan menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan pendekatan konstruktivisme terbukti efektif meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa SD

Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran matematika, pendekatan konstruktivisme, hasil belajar matematika
Perkembangan Emosional Dan Sosial Alumni Sekolah Dasar Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru ( Kajian Deskriktif Terhadap Perkembangan Emosional Dan Sosial Alumni Sekolah Dasar Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru)
Authors: Kartika Entang
Published: August 2016

ABSTRAK

Sistem pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru berbeda dengan SD biasa. Perbedaan tersebut terletak dalah hal; pertama kurikulum nasional dimodifikasi dengan cara akselerasi yakni program materi-materi pembelajaran untuk 6 tahun dikemas menjadi materi-materi pembelajaran 5 tahun, kedua, lamanya waktu belajar di sekolah lebih lama ketimbang di SD biasa, dengan menerapkan lama belajar sehari penuh (full day). Ketiga siswa-siswa yang diterima di SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru melalui penseleksian, yang maksudnya para calon siswa yang mendaftar di tes kematangan kesiapan belajar di SD, dan tes inteligensi. Sejalan dengan hal tersebut, di kalangan masyarakat dan dinas pendidikan masih ada yang mengkhawatirkan kematangan perkembangan dan prestasi belajarnya di sekolah lanjutannya, dalam hal ini pada tingkat SMP-nya. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) bagaimana perkembangan sosial para alumni SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru di Sekolah lanjutannya?; dan (2) bagaimana perkembangan emosi para alumni SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru di Sekolah lanjutannya? Sejalan dengan masalah tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) perkembangan sosial dari para alumni SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru di sekolah lanjutan; dan (2) perkembangan emosi dari para alumni SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru di sekolah lanjutannya. Pendekatan dan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Kuantitatif Deskriptif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah alumni SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru yang dipilih secara randon sejumlah 50 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah teknik kuesioner. Data penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, dapat penulis kemukakan bahwa (1) rata-rata alumni SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru telah memiliki tingkat perkembangan emosional berkategori cukup baik; dan (2) rata-rata alumni SD Laboratorium UPI Kampus Cibiru telah memiliki tingkat perkembangan sosial berkategori baik.

Kata Kunci: Alumni SD Lab UPI Cibiru, Perkembangan Emosional, Perkembangan Sosial
Inflementasi Kurikulum Satuan Pendidikan Dalam Menumbuhkembangkan Kecerdasan Majemuk (Multiplate Intelligence)
Authors: Halimah Lely
Published: August 2016

ABSTRAK

Teori kecerdasan majemuk ini, merupakan salah satu teori yang saat ini sedang menjadi perhatian semua kalangan, lebih-lebih para orang tua dan para pendidik tampaknya begitu antusias untuk mendalaminya bahkan untuk menerapkannya dalam rangka menumbuhkembangkan kecerdasan anak. Mengacu pada teori kecerdasan majemuk, bahwa sesungguhnya setiap anak dilahirkan cerdas. Inilah paradigma baru pendidikan yang sedang berkembang di dunia. Menurut Dr Thomas Amstrong, pakar pendidikan dari Amerika setiap anak dilahirkan dengan membawa potensi yang memungkinkan mereka untuk menjadi cerdas. Sifat yang menjadi bawaan itu antara lain adanya keingintahuan, daya eksplorasi terhadap lingkungan, spontanitas, vitalitas, dan fleksibilitas. Setiap individu memiliki delapan kecerdasan, yang meliputi : (1) Linguistic intelligence (word smart); (2) Logical-mathematical intelligence (number/reasoning smart); (3) Spatial intelligence (picture smart); (4) Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence (body smart); (5) Musical intelligence (music smart); (6) Interpersonal intelligence (people smart); (7) Intrapersonal intelligence (self smart). Dari ketujuh kecerdasan sebagaimana dikemukakan di atas, pada dasarnya setiap kecerdasan memiliki keunikan masing-masing. Menurut Gardner bahwa setiap kecerdasan dalam upaya mengelola informasi bekerja secara spasial dalam sistem otak manusia. Tetapi pada saat mengeluarkannya, ke delapan jenis kecerdasan itu bekerjasama untuk menghasilkan informasi sesuai yang dibutuhkan

Kata Kunci: Kecerdasan Jamak, Pebelajaran Berbasis KTSP
Pengaruh Permainan Bola Tembak Terhadap Power Otot Tungkai Siswa SD
Authors: - Tarsad
Published: August 2016

ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi tentang pengaruh permainan bola tembak terhadap power otot tungkai siswa putri kelas IV SDN.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa putri kelas IV SD dengan sampel sebanyak 20 orang yang ditentukan dengan teknik random sampling. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan uji statistik, ternyata secara empirik permainan bola tembak berpengaruh secara signifikan (berarti) terhadap power otot tungkai siswa putri kelas IV. Berdasar pada hasil penelitian tersebut di atas, penulis mengajukan beberapa saran sebagai berikut. Para guru sebagai pengelola pembelajaran di sekolah hendaknya guru selalu kreatif mencari teknik pembelajaran yang paling tepat digunakan dalam, misalnya dengan mencoba teknik pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan karakteristik siswa. Permainan merupakan salah satu teknik pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan karakteristik siswa yang sedang berada pada tahap senang bermain.

Kata Kunci: Permainan Bola Tembak, Power Otot Tungkai, Siswa Putri SD.