bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of delayed calcium hydroxide treatment on periodontal healing in contaminated replanted teeth
Authors: LENGHEDEN ANNELIE , BLOMLÖF LEIF , LINDSKOG SVEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The effect of delayed intracanal calcium hydroxide treatment on experimentally induced extensive inflammatory root resorption in monkeys was studied. A significant shift from inflammatory resorption to ankylosis was noted following calcium hydroxide treatment. Furthermore, calcium hydroxide treatment appeared to change the pattern of ankylosis over time, although the total ankylotic area remained the same. Ankylosis preceded by root resorption (replacement resorption) increased, while ankylosis not associated with root resorption decreased. It was concluded that intracanal calcium hydroxide treatment of teeth with compromised PDM may cause unnecessary replacement resorption if left in the root canal for a long time or changed repeatedly.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the masseter muscle of the rabbit
Authors: RALPH LARS , LEUNBACH IB , KOPP SIGVARD
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Gross anatomy of the masseter muscle was studied in eight rabbits using a 2.34 tesla MRI‐device. Anatomy was displayed and assessed consistent with previous dissectional findings. It is concluded that MRI, applied as described in the present study, is suitable for assessment of masseter morphology in experimental studies on the rabbit.
Contribution of autogeneic membranous bone chips and bone paste to healing of rabbit skull defects
Authors: Isaksson Sten , Alberius Per , Klinge Björn , Jönsson Jörgen
Published: October 2007

In skeletal surgery, bone chips and bone paste are often used to facilitate bony repair. However, no comparative investigation between these forms of bone graft implantation has been undertaken. In this study four trephine skull defects were produced in each of 14 adult rabbits and inlays of bone paste and two separate amounts of bone chips were then implanted in each animal. The results were compared relative to a control defect and assessed by gross inspection, light microscopy, and contact radiography after periods of 4 and 15 wk. Bone chips offered only minor advantages over controls in the defects investigated and differences in bony regeneration between the diversified amounts of bone chips were negligible. After bone paste implantation, a cellular and mature bone was rapidly produced. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
Dentin hypersensitivity treated with a fluoride‐containing varnish or a light‐cured glass‐ionomer liner
Authors: Hansen Erik Keith
Published: October 2007

Dentin hypersensitivity in 112 teeth was randomly treated with Duraphat or Vitrabond. No patients were included unless they, without being asked, complained about daily pain for a long period of time caused by cold, warm, sweet, sour, touch or any combination of these five variables. Patients were excluded if the dentin hypersensitivity could have been caused by cervical abrasion/erosion lesions deeper than 1 mm, cracked‐tooth syndrome, caries lesions, operative caries treatment, and/or periodontal surgery or root scaling within the last 6 months. The pain was registered on a binary scale: 1) pain before the treatment; and 2) pain/no pain after the treatment. With Duraphat, 22% of the treatments failed within 1 wk and the cumulative 1‐yr success rate was 41%. With Vitrabond, 2% failed within the first week and the 1‐yr success rate was 79%. The difference between the two treatments was highly significant. Patients in whom Duraphat failed were treated with Vitrabond and vice versa; the 1‐yr success rate for the retreated teeth was 68% when “Duraphat‐failures” were treated with Vitrabond and 42% when “Vitrabond‐failures” were treated with Duraphat.
Progression of approximal caries in primary molars and the effect of Duraphat treatment
Authors: Peyron Monica , Matsson Lars , Birkhed Dowen
Published: October 2007

The progression of caries lesions over a 2‐yr period was studied in 3–6‐yr‐olds. All 468 children included in the study lived in an area during 1977–85 (Malmö, Sweden) with a low fluoride concentration (0.2 ppm) in the drinking water. Radiographs were taken with a standardized periodic identical technique. Caries lesions were scored on the distal surface of the first and on the mesial surface of the second primary molars (maximum 8 per child) according to Gröndahlet al. Half of the children were treated semiannually with a fluoride varnish (Duraphat). In all, 421 surfaces with caries at baseline were available at the 1‐yr examination and 369 at the 2‐yr examination. After 1 yr, 34.1% of the shallow enamel lesions remained unchanged, while a progression was seen in 60.9%. 5.1% had been restored. The corresponding figures after 2 yr were 20.6, 52.1 and 27.3%. Of the deeper enamel lesions at baseline, 28.8% remained unchanged after 1 yr and 13.7% after 2 yr. Of the lesions extending into the dentin, 81.5% had been restored after 1 yr and all after 2 yr. When evaluating the effect of Duraphat, only the percentage of individuals with one or more superficial enamel lesions showing progression was determined. After 1 yr, 51.2% in the Duraphat (n= 41) and 82.8% in the control group (n= 29) showed progression (restored surfaces included). The corresponding figures after 2 yr were 66.7 (n= 42) and 91.2% (n= 34). The differences after both 1 yr and 2 yr were statistically significant. The main conclusions from this study are that the progression rate of approximal caries lesions in primary molars is comparatively high and that semiannual application of a fluoride varnish has a certain cariostatic effect on the progression.
Adsorption of whole saliva onto hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid surfaces: influence of concentration, ionic strength and pH
Authors: Vassilakos Nikolaos , Arnebrant Thomas , Glantz Per‐Olof
Published: October 2007

The influence of the concentration of salivary proteinaceous material from solutions of whole saliva on the kinetics of in vitro pellicle formation were studied together with the effects of ionic strength, pH and certain substrate characteristics. The pellicle formation was monitored by an automated Rudolph ellipsometer, equipped with a He‐Ne laser (wavelength 632.8 nm). The substrates compared in the study were hydrophilic negatively charged silica surfaces and hydrophobic methylated silica surfaces. The results show that the adsorption of salivary proteins is a very rapid process on both types of surfaces. Part of the formed biofilm, however, desorbed upon rinsing, indicating that the proteinaceous material was adsorbed with varying binding strengths. Larger adsorbed amounts were recorded on hydrophobic than on hydrophilic surfaces. Increase of ionic strength caused larger amounts to be adsorbed on both types of surfaces but change of pH did not affect the adsorption on either of the studied surfaces. Ellipsometry was found to be a suitable technique to monitor the adsorption of salivary proteins at solid/liquid interfaces.
Levels of cyclosporin‐A (CsA) in saliva in children after oral administration of the drug in mixture or in capsule form
Authors: Modéer Thomas , Wondimu Biniyam , Larsson Eva , Jonzon Bror
Published: October 2007

The cyclosporin‐A (CsA) level in human unstimulated whole saliva was studied in 5 children, aged 9–16 yr, receiving the immunosuppressive drug CsA following renal allograft transplantation. The time‐concentration relationship of CsA in saliva was determined in the children who were taking the drug orally in mixture form (n= 3) as well as in capsule form (n= 3). For the mixture, the median maximal level of CsA in whole saliva was 2867 ng/ml compared to 5.4 ng/ml for the capsule. The oral mucosal exposure of CsA during the dosage interval was approximately 130 times higher when the drug was administered in mixture form than in capsule form. The study demonstrates that gingival tissue is exposed to a considerable concentration of CsA throughout the dosage interval in patients taking CsA in mixture form. Therefore the vehicle in which the drug is administered should be considered in the pathogenesis of CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Influence of transient salivary flora on assessment of mutans streptococci level by the “Strip mutans” method
Authors: El‐Nadeef Mai , Kalfas Sotirios , Edwardsson Stig , Ericson Dan
Published: October 2007

The Dentocult SM (“Strip mutans”) method occasionally shows decoloration of broth and of colonies of mulans streptococci on the plastic strip, thereby making interpretation difficult. In an attempt to explain the phenomenon and to investigate the influence of the salivary flora on the “Strip mutans” method, a total of 46 subjects were sampled. Saliva was analyzed using the “Strip mutans” method and conventional plating techniques to identify mutans streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, enteric bacteria, and yeasts. Approximately 85% of the “Strip mutans” scores coincided with the conventional MSB‐plating method. Two samples showed decolored mutans streptococci colonies on the “Strip mutans” strip. Enterococcus spp. were present in the saliva of these test subjects and could grow in the “Strip mutans” broth. Enterococcus faecalis was able to induce the same type of decoloration under experimental pure culture conditions. Three “Strip mutans” samples showed small colonies of mutans streptococci, visible only under magnification (× 10–20). Staphylococcus epidermidis was present in these saliva samples and showed heavy growth in the broth. Under experimental pure culture conditions S. epidermidis also inhibited the growth of mutans streptococci to some extent.
Amount of secondary dentin as an indicator of age
Authors: Solheim Tore
Published: October 2007

The amount of secondary dentin in a tooth has been used as one of several parameters in methods for age estimation. Dentin deposition has been measured according to various scoring systems, and the Pearson correlation coefficient with age has been found to be approximately 0.6. In the present study of 1000 teeth, molars excluded, secondary dentin was estimated according to three scoring systems. The teeth were prepared according to the half tooth technique. In addition, the area of the coronal pulp and the widths of the root and pulp chamber were measured in a stereomicroscope at the cemento‐enamel junction and at three other defined points along the root. The Pearson correlation coefficient between age and secondary dentin varied in different types of teeth. Of the scoring systems, scores according to Johanson were most strongly correlated with age (r = 0.59 to 0.74). Correlation between age and the coronal pulp area varied from −0.47 to −0.72, and the range between age and ratio between pulp‐ and tooth width at the cemento‐enamel junction was from −0.46 to −0.77. Correlations between age and ratio between sum of pulp widths and the sum of tooth widths for all four such measurements ranged from −0.58 to −0.81. Multiple regression analyses showed that by combining several types of measurements, the correlation with age was increased. A tendency was also observed towards reduced speed of secondary dentin formation in the elderly and in women.
Evaluation of a photographic method for diagnosis of gingivitis and caries
Authors: Arnbjerg D. , Poulsen S. , Heidmann J.
Published: October 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine the value of a photographic method when diagnosing gingivitis and caries. 78 patients participated in the investigation. The validity of the photographic method could not be established, since the reproducibility of the clinical diagnosis was not 100%. Instead, the value of the method was determined by comparing the reproducibility of the clinical and the photographic diagnosis. For gingivitis the intra‐ and inter‐examiner reproducibilities were best for the photographic readings. For caries the reproducibility of the clinical diagnosis was highest. The photographic method was not limited by method variation when diagnosing redness of the gingiva and caries. However, limitations due to variation were present when diagnosing gingival swelling. The paper also describes the bias reducing capacity of the photographic method.
Immune‐activation in recurrent oral ulcers (ROU)
Authors: Häyrinen‐Immonen Ritva
Published: October 2007

Tissue specimens from eight patients with recurrent oral ulcers (ROU) were analyzed for possible signs of active lymphocyte involvement. A total of 13 specimens were analyzed, eight (8) taken at the ulcer site and five (5) from clinically unaffected mucosa at a site opposite the ulcer. Monoclonal antibodies or heterologous antisera were applied using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) or peroxidase‐antiperoxidase complex (PAP) methods to visualize cell‐activation‐associated marker proteins. In specimens from the ulcer area, approximately 43 ± 18% of all inflammatory cells were positive for the MHC locus II coded Ia antigen. Furthermore, markers for cycling cells, interleukin‐2 (CD25, 13 ± 6%) and transferrin (CD71, 23 ± 14%) receptors, were frequent in the specimens studied. Staining for CDI (5 ± 2%) disclosed dendritic intraepithelial cells in diseased and in clinically unaffected mucosa. Mobilization of such cells is suggested by their presence in submucosa in ROU specimens, but not in clinically unaffected mucosa. The presence of CD1 cells, presumably denoting their identity as potent antigen‐presenting Lagerhans' cells, and the rich presence of Ia suggest that local conditions are favorable for induction of T‐cell‐mediated responses. The simultaneous presence in such infiltrates of activation marker positive T‐cells suggests activation de facto. This together with the rarity of activated B‐cells, i.e. plasmablasts/cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, suggests active involvement of the local cells of the T‐lymphocyte lineage in the pathogenesis of ROU.
Integrated currents between amalgams and a gold alloy in saline solutions and natural saliva with different chloride content
Authors: Johansson Berit I. , Lagerlöf Folke
Published: October 2007

The effect of different sodium chloride concentrations on the integrated currents (charge transfers) between dental amalgams and a gold alloy was studied in a bimetallic cell containing saliva or saline solutions. The integrated currents were only to a minor degree affected by increasing chloride concentrations for the high copper amalgams both in saliva and saline solutions. The integrated currents in the experiments involving conventional amalgam were several times higher than those for high copper amalgams. In saline solutions a charge transfer maximum was found at 0.2 M chloride. In saliva an increase of the charge transfer was found with increasing chloride content.
Craniomandibular disorders and masticatory muscle function
Authors: Bakke Merete , Möller Eigild
Published: October 2007

The heading craniomandibular disorder covers a wide range of abnormal and pathologic conditions accompanied by orofacial pain and impaired mandibular function, the masticatory muscles and the temporomandibular joints being the structures most frequently involved. Prevalences of serve carniomandibular disorder accompanied by headache and facial pain urgently in need if treatment are 1–2% in children, about 5% in adolescents, and 5–15% in adults, with higher values in women than in men. With respect to physiology and ergonomics, masticatory muscles are comparable to other human skeletal muscles, e.g. of shoulder, neck and lower back. Therefore these muscles share pathogenesis, symptoms and signs of muscular disorders caused by prolonged, low‐level static contractions or intermittent isometric contractions at higher levels. Since the same elements of performance in the masticatory muscles are influenced by occlusal factors, they link the development of muscular fatigue, discomfort and pain to the dental occlusion. Furthermore, changes of the occulusal surfaces, e.g. due to dental treatment, may influence the performance of the masticatory muscles, and consequently with local muscular function.
Long term cost of restorative therapy using different materials
Authors: Mjör Ivar A.
Published: October 2007

The cost of restorative treatment over a 60‐yr period has been assessed, based on the present cost of restorations at the time of insertion and the median longevity of the different types of restorations. Such theoretic extrapolations indicate that the long term cost of two‐ or three‐surface gold and composite restorations in permanent teeth is similar and about 4 times more than for amalgam therapy. The cost of one‐surface composite restorations would be about 2–2.5 times that of amalgam restorations, while small gold restorations would cost 5 times more than amalgam restorations. Due to the short median longevity of composite restorations in primary teeth, a 5 times higher cost can be estimated compared to amalgam therapy over a 10‐yr period.
Effects of oral rinsing with triclosan and sodium lauryl sulfate on dental plaque formation: a pilot study
Authors: Waaler Sonni Mette , Rölla Gunnar , Skjörland Kjeld K. , Ögaard Björn
Published: October 2007

Mouthwashes containing 0.3% or 0.15% triclosan in combination with 1.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) produced a significant reduction in plaque formation in a test panel of 11 students who refrained from oral hygiene during the test periods, during which they rinsed twice daily with different mouthwashes. Pl.I. was evaluated after each test period. A mouthwash containing only 1.5% SLS inhibited plaque to almost the same degree. In both cases, the major effect was on the buccal/lingual surfaces, where score 2 was changed to score 0. Addition of triclosan appeared to reduce the untoward side‐effects of mouthwashes containing SLS alone (i.e. desquamation and a burning sensation in the mouth).
Mandibular elevator muscles: physiology, action, and effect of dental occlusion
Authors: Bakke Merete
Published: October 2007

In spite of differences in embryologic origin, central nervous organization, and muscle fiber distribution, the physiology and action of mandibular elevator muscles are comparable to those of skeletal muscles of the limbs, back, and shoulder. They also share the same age‐, sex‐, and activity‐related variations of muscular strength. With respect to pathogenesis, the type of muscular performance associated with the development of fatigue, discomfort, and pain in mandibular elevators seems to be influenced by the dental occlusion. Clinical research comparing the extent of occlusal contact in patients and controls as well as epidemiologic studies have shown reduced occlusal support to be a risk factor in the development of craniomandibular disorders. In healthy subjects with full natural dentition, occlusal support in the intercuspal position generally amounts to 12–14 pairs of contacting teeth, with predominance of contact on first and second molars. The extent of occlusal contact clearly affects electric muscle activity, bite force, jaw movements, and masticatory efficiency. Neurophysiologic evidence of receptor activity and reflex interaction with the basic motor programs of craniomandibular muscles tends to indicate that the peripheral occlusal control of the elevator muscles is provided by feedback from periodontal pressoreceptors. With stable intercuspal support, especially from posterior teeth, elevator muscles are activated strongly during biting and chewing with a high degree of force and masticatory efficiency, and with relatively short contractions, allowing for pauses. These variables of muscle contraction seem, in general, to strengthen the muscles and prevent discomfort. Therefore, occlusal stability keeps the muscles fit, and enables the masticatory system to meet its functional demands.
Rapid bony healing in localized juvenile periodontitis: a case report
Authors: Sewón Liisi A.
Published: October 2007

A 16‐yr‐old man with localized juvenile periodontitis was treated in one single surgical treatment visit. No adjunctive chemotherapy, implant material, or guided tissue regeneration (GTR) was used. Excellent bone repair was seen after 14 wk at the sites of the vertical periodontal lesions. The rapid healing could have been due to the treatment method, the youth of the patient, or the type and form of the bony defects. Radiographic control seems to be indicated 12–14 wk after surgical treatment.
Rearing of Swedish, Norwegian, and Norwegian Sami children
Authors: Larsson Erik , Ögaard Björn , Lindsten Rune
Published: October 2007

A total of 362 3‐yr‐old Swedish, Norwegian, and Norwegian Sami (Lapp) children were examined, and their parents were asked about their children's present and previous sucking habits and how long they had been breast‐fed and bottle‐fed. They were also asked what the children's age was when porridge or puréed food or food with a soft chewing resistance was introduced, and when more ordinary foods such as well‐diced meat and potatoes were introduced. The study revealed that breast‐feeding has increased greatly both in prevalence and in duration in Sweden during the last decades. Despite this, Swedish children were breast‐fed for a significantly shorter time than Norwegian children. The longest breast‐feeding times were noted for Sami children. Swedish children were bottle‐fed two to three times longer than Norwegian children. Sucking habits were correlated to breast‐feeding only for Sami children.
Fluoride acquisition on and in fluorotic human enamel after topical application in vitro
Authors: Cruz Roberval , Ng'ang'a Peter M. , Ögaard Björn , Valderhaug Jakob
Published: October 2007

The uptake of alkali soluble and alkali insoluble fluoride on and in fluorotic enamel was investigated in vitro. Teeth from Kenya, assigned score 3 in accordance with Thylstrup‐Fejerskov's fluorosis index, were used. The enamel was treated with either a neutral 2% NaF solution, a 0.2% NaF solution (pH 5.5), or the supernatant from a 0.1% NaF‐containing toothpaste (pH 7). The treatment time was 1 h. The reaction product formed on the enamel was analyzed by KOH extraction and acid etching. Significantly higher amounts of alkali soluble fluoride were formed on the enamel from the 2% and 0.2% NaF solutions, as compared with the control. There was also a significant increase in the firmly bound fluoride after treatment with the neutral 2% NaF solution.
Surface structure of the temporomandibular joint in normal and steroid‐treated rats: a scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Rohlin Madeleine , Hallberg Eric , Nässtrom Karin , Ostrowska Sofia
Published: October 2007

The aim was to study the ultrastructure of the surface of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in mature rats. The TMJs from control rats and rats given corticosteroids for 10 days or 38 days were examined. In three joints from the control rats the disk was detached from the condyle before preparation and analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the condyle, the disk, and the temporal component. Generally, the surface of the three components was predominantly smooth, although the condyle exhibited a more even surface than the disk and the temporal component. In the fossa a pitted or ridged appearance was observed in some areas. There was a striking difference between the surface structure of disks attached to, and that of disks detached from, the condyle during preparation. A prominent undulation of surface was evident in disks detacted from the condyle. Below the surface layer of the articular cartilage, a network of collagen fibers and fibrils running in all directions could be observed in all three components. In limited areas there was fibrillation and shallow defects of the surface layer. These changes were seen in all rats given corticosteroids for 38 days but also in some rats given corticosteroids for 10 days and in a few control rats.
The structure of dentin surfaces exposed for bond strength measurements
Authors: Olsson Staffan , Öilo Gudbrand , Adamczak Ewa
Published: October 2007

The structure of dentin on three different levels, near enamel, central, and deep dentin, was examined. The solid area available for bonding was studied in a scanning electron microscope (JSM 840) connected to a computer‐assisted image analysis instrument (IBAS 2). The number of tubule openings per unit area (frequency) and the area percentages of these tubule openings were recorded. Three dentin disks were obtained from both buccally and occlusally located dentin of a single tooth (third molars were used), and the two deeper levels were each 1.25 mm deeper than the level above. The disks showed an increasing number of tubules with an increasing diameter the deeper into the dentin they were cut. Disks from the occlusal part of the tooth showed, in general, a higher number and area percentage of tubule openings than the corresponding disks from the buccal part. The variation across each disk was also larger for disks from the occlusal part than from the buccal part of the tooth. This variation increased with increasing depth of dentin. The most solid dentin with the lowest variation was found in superficial disks of buccally located dentin.
Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the elderly
Authors: Närhi Timo O. , Ainamo Anja , Meurman Jukka H.
Published: October 2007

The prevalence of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, salivary flow rate, and the type of dentition were studied in connection with a medical survey of 76‐, 81‐, and 86‐yr‐old inhabitants of Helsinki living at home. High bacterial counts were associated with low salivary flow rates. High counts of mutans streptococci (>106 CFU/ml) were found in 68% of wearers of full dentures, as compared with 53% of subjects having natural teeth. High counts of lactobacilli (>106 CFU/ml) were found in 44%) of subjects having removable partial dentures and in 39% of subjects having natural teeth. The bacterial counts correlated neither with medicines taken daily nor with diseases among this population.
Significance of choice of solvents for the clinical effect of triclosan‐containing mouthrinses
Authors: Kjaerheim Vibeke , Waaler Sonni Mette , Rölla Gunnar
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the plaque‐inhibiting effect of triclosan. It is known that triclosan and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have a marked inhibitory effect. However, since SLS has a plaque‐reducing effect in itself, the relative importance of triclosan and the surfactant is undecided. Twelve dental students participated in the trial, during which oral hygiene was suspended for 4‐day periods when the different mouthrinses were used twice daily. The following mouthrinses were used: A, water (negative control); B, 0.2% chlorhexidine acetate (CHX) (positive control); C, 0.3% triclosan in water‐free propylene glycol (PG); D, 0.3% triclosan with 1.5% SLS in PG; E, 0.15% triclosan in PG; F, 0.075% triclosan in PG; G, 0.3% triclosan in diluted PG (1:8 in water) with 1.5% SLS; and H, 0.3% triclosan in 0.5% sodium carbonate. The results showed that triclosan dissolved in the organic solvent PG had a significant plaque‐inhibiting effect, whereas, dissolved in alkali, it had a negligible effect. The addition of SLS to PG somewhat reduced the antiplaque activity, and the aqueous solution of triclosan had markedly less effect. Lower concentrations of triclosan exhibited less clinical effect than higher concentrations. It can be concluded that triclosan alone, dissolved in a suitable solvent, has an antiplaque effect. The study confirmed the hypothesis that the nature of the detergent or organic solvent used to dissolve triclosan affects its clinical effect markedly. In vitro tests showed a similar antibacterial effect of solutions C, G, and H.
Healing of rat mouth mucosa after irradiation with CO2, Nd:YAG, and CO2‐Nd:YAG combination lasers
Authors: Luomanen Marita , Rauhamaa‐Mäkinen Raija , Meurman Jukka H. , Kosloff Tuula , Tiitta Outi
Published: October 2007

The healing process of wounds made by a combination laser was studied in 90 rats. The laser system enabled both separate and combined use of CO2, and Nd:YAG laser irradiations. The laser wounds and the control excision wounds made by alligator forceps appeared on both sides of the tongue. Specimens from the wound sites were taken immediately, 6 h, and 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 21, 28, and 42 days after surgery. The wound‐healing process was studied by macroscopic evaluation before preparing the specimens for light microscopy. Some dilferences were noted in the wound‐healing process among the three groups into which the experimental animals were divided. Tissue coagulation damage was most extensive in the Nd:YAG laser sites, where it was observed in its full extent 4 days after surgery. Epithelial cells were seen to begin to proliferate in all the wounds 6 h after surgery. Re‐epithelialization was completed by between 7 (CO2) and 21 days (Nd:YAG) at all the wound sites. The inflammatory cell infiltration was more prominent in the Nd:YAG and the COrNd:YAG combination laser wounds than in the COi and excision wounds during healing. Tissue regeneration occurred faster with less contraction in the combination CO2‐Nd:YAG wounds than in Nd:YAG wounds. The best macroscopic healing result was seen in the CO2, wound sites. The combination laser was effective both at cutting and at coagulating tissue. Combining the CO2 and Nd:YAG laser irradiation into one beam resulted in a greater incision depth than what could have been expected from using the two lasers separately.
Effect of hypocalcemic state on enamel formation in rat maxillary incisors
Authors: Ranggård Lotta , Norén Järgen G.
Published: October 2007

Several authors have proposed that hypocalcemia can interfere with amelogenesis, resulting in enamel aberrations. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of a diet‐induced hypocalcemic state in young rats on enamel formation of the maxillary incisors. The experimental rats were fed a special diet, free from vitamin D and very low in calcium. The control rats were fed a normal diet. The experimental period was 3 wk. After termination, the blood analysis showed that the experimental rats had developed hypocalcemia with very low values of both total and ionized blood calcium. The experimental rats were smaller than their controls after 3 wk, with smaller skulls and teeth. At the light microscope level, the enamel and the ameloblasts did not seem to be affected, except in one rat, the smallest, which showed enamel hypoplasias in both maxillary incisors and a delayed increase of the mineral content during the maturation stage process. It is concluded that the hypocalcemic state induced did not greatly affect enamel formation. However, occasional enamel aberrations may occur.
Conscious sedation by rectal administration of midazolam or midazolam plus ketamine as alternatives to general anesthesia for dental treatment of uncooperative children
Authors: Lökken Per , Bakstad Ole Jörgen , Fonnelöp Ellen , Skogedal Nina , Hellsten Knut , Bjerkelund Carl E. , Storhaug Kari , öye Ivar
Published: October 2007

The trial included 24 children (aged 2–7 yr) referred for dental treatment under general anesthesia, since conventional behavioral management methods had failed to achieve treatment acceptance. As an alternative, they received, on two separate occasions with “identical” dental treatment, conscious sedation by rectal administration of either midazolam (0.3 mg/kg body weight (bwt)) or midazolam (0.3 mg/kg bwt) plus ketamine (1.0 mg/kg bwt). This allowed a double‐blind, crossover design. The aims were to assess conscious sedation, combined with local anesthesia, as an alternative to general anesthesia, and further to evaluate the effects obtained by addition of a low dose of ketamine to rectally administered midazolam. The feasibility of dental treatment was rated as excellent or good for 16 of the 24 children when premedicated with midazolam, and for 18 of the 24 children when ketamine was added to midazolam. At least some treatment could be given to all children. Verbal contact was maintained with all children throughout both treatment sessions. The children were significantly less anxious when they arrived for the second session. Amnesia and drowsiness were significantly increased when ketamine was added to midazolam. The combination also tended to be more efficient in relief of anxiety and prevention of pain, but there were large variations in the children's responses to the drugs. Midazolam significantly reduced the blood oxygen level, but not with ketamine added. For most children, both regimens proved to be appropriate as alternatives to general anesthesia. From a pharmacologic point of view, the combination of midazolam and ketamine appears to be reasonable because 1) both drugs have sedative and amnestic properties, 2) ketamine adds an analgesic component, 3) midazolam counteracts the psychic side‐effects of ketamine, and 4) ketamine counteracts the depressive effects of midazolam on vital body functions (respiration and circulation).
Does the presence of xylitol in a sorbitol‐containing chewing gum affect the adaptation to sorbitol by dental plaque?
Authors: Assev Synnøve , Rölla Gunnar
Published: October 2007

It is known that xylitol inhibits sorbitol metabolism in some bacteria in vitro. The effect of xylitol/sorbitol‐containing chewing gum on sorbitol adaptation of dental plaque was therefore examined. Ten subjects used this chewing gum for 12 wk, and plaque was collected before (control plaque) and after (test plaque) the exposure to sorbitol/xylitol. The metabolism of sorbitol by the plaque was examined with l4C‐labeled sorbitol, and the radioactive metabolites were detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A considerable individual variation in acid formation was found. The mean values of total acids in the test plaque increased, as compared with the control plaque. An adaptation of dental plaque to sorbitol thus occurred in spite of the presence of xylitol in the chewing gum. The concentration of acetic acid predominated over other acids in both the control and test plaques. The proportions of acids expressed in percentage of total acids differed only slightly. Thus, long‐term use of xylitol/sorbitol‐containing chewing gum did not eliminate the adaptation of dental plaque to sorbitol.
Bite force on single as opposed to all maxillary front teeth
Authors: Waltimo Antti , Könönen Mauno
Published: October 2007

The relation of number of teeth to maximal clenching force was tested in 10 healthy female dental students. The maximal force in the interincisal position was tested by spreading the load with individual acrylic splints over a varying number of teeth in the anterior region. In the maxilla, one splint covered teeth 13–23; another covered tooth 11. In the mandible, one splint covered teeth 33–43 in all experiments. The maximal force in the incisal position was measured 10 times, five times with each splint. The maxillary splints were changed in random order. The tactile sensibility of tooth 11 and its antagonists was tested before and immediately after interincisal force measurements. A highly significant difference between maximal forces was seen in comparing biting between a single tooth and multiple teeth. In addition, bite force also showed a significant increase in both single tooth and multiple teeth successive biting trials during the experiments. Tactile sensibility between d 11 and its antagonist was not altered by the maximal bite force trials.
Immunocompetent cells adjacent to stainless steel and titanium miniplates and screws
Authors: Torgersen S. , Moe G. , Jonsson R.
Published: October 2007

Subepithelial soft tissue and bone obtained from the implant bed in the vicinity of stainless steel and titanium miniplates and screws were evaluated with respect to the presence of immunocompetent cells. The study included tissue specimens from 19 patients, in whom the implants (14 stainless steel and 5 titanium) had been in situ for more than 6 months. The ABC (avidin‐biotin‐complex) immunoperoxidase staining technique using monoclonal antibodies defining T lymphocytes (CD3+), macrophages (CDllc+) and Class II MHC (HLA‐DR) was performed on EDTA demineralized, frozen bone tissue, and on fresh frozen soft tissue specimens. The results showed scattered T lymphocyte clusters, small numbers of macrophages and abundant expression of HLA‐DR in the soft tissue adjacent to both stainless steel and titanium implants. There was no substantial difference in tissue reactions between implants of the two materials. The demineralized bone sections disclosed presence of immunocompetent cells in the connective tissue lining the periphery of the screw holes. Metal particles were seen in both the soft tissue and the bone specimens. We conclude that a mild tissue reaction takes place in the vicinity of miniplates and screws of stainless steel and titanium, and that the intensity of the reaction indicates that the implants are well tolerated by the host tissue.
Ceramic inlay movement during polymerization of resin luting cements
Authors: Sorensen John A. , Munksgaard Erik Christian
Published: October 2007

In cavities with no support for inlays, polymerization contraction of the resin cement may move the ceramic inlay axially. The purpose of this study was to determine the velocity and extent of such movement. Cylindrical ceramic inlays were placed in dentin cavities filled with one of four commercially available resin composite cements. An initial standardized 200‐μm‐thick cement film was created. The movement of the ceramic inlay during polymerization of one of the resin cements was measured by a dial gauge. The velocity of the inlay movement decreased exponentially with time and with a velocity constant of 0.09 min−1. The majority of the movement occurred within the first 12 min after photopolymerization and probably continued for several days, reaching an estimated value of 5.8μm. After 1–2 d of water storage, 1–2μm contraction gaps at the cavity floors were observed microscopically for every cement used. It is concluded that in cavities without support for the inlay, about 2/3 of the resin cement contraction results in movement of the inlay and about 1/3 results in formation of gaps at the cavity floors.
Oral health in Latvian 15‐year‐olds
Authors: Bjarnason Sibilla , Berzina Sandra , Care Ruta , Mackevica Inese , Rence Inguna
Published: October 2007

Oral hygiene, caries and periodontal conditions were assessed in a representative sample of 15‐year‐old Latvian schoolchildren, comprising 506 subjects. Caries, diagnosed on the cavity level, was detected in 97.6 % of the population. The mean DMFT and DMFS were 8.1 and 14.1, respectively. Although 91% of the children had had restorative treatment, the D component accounted on average for 33% of the DMFS score. Visible dental plaque was found in 98.4% of the children; in a majority (88%) abundant plaque deposits were recorded. Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) was assessed by standard WHO methods. Deviation from periodontal health was observed in 90.7% of the children. Calculus was recorded in 26.1% and gingival pockets in 25.9% of the sample. Additionally, 38.7% of the children had gingival bleeding. The mean number of sextants with healthy periodontal conditions was 2.5. Calculus and pocketing averaged 0.6 and 0.4 sextants, respectively. Attachment loss, recorded in 11.7% of the subjects, did not exceed 3 mm. The results showed high caries prevalence, considerable need for treatment and virtual absence of oral hygiene.
Spatial and temporal repair patterns of orthodontically induced surface resorption patches
Authors: Sismanidou Chrissavgi , Lindskog Sven
Published: October 2007

Root resorption appears to be an inevitable sequel to orthodontic tooth movement, occurring either apically or along surfaces in and around the pressure zones. However, there is uncertainty as to the location of initial cementum repair in resorbed areas as well as the time of onset of repair. The aim of the present study was to map the spatial and temporal patterns of cementum repair in orthodontically induced areas of surface resorption following maxillary expansion. Two spatial patterns of repair of orthodontic surface resorption patches were observed with cementum deposition proceeding either from the periphery or starting somewhere in the center of the resorbing areas, although the deposition starting centrally was argued to be artifactual. Furthermore, onset of reparative cementum mineralization appeared to follow within 2 wk after release of the force, involving initially only acellular cementum formation. However, the pattern of formation changed gradually, favouring a slow deposition of cellular cementum at more advanced stages of healing.
Inconsistent levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli measured in stimulated whole saliva
Authors: Sullivan Åsa , Hector Mark
Published: October 2007

The counts of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB) in saliva have been used for prediction of dental caries. The results have not justified putting the methods into clinical practice as the explanatory values of the bacteria for caries are low. There is therefore reason to question how representative the methods for sampling and estimation of those bacteria are. The aims of this study were to investigate if the variation in caries is better explained by the bacteria, estimated as means of numbers in double saliva samples, than by numbers in single samples, and to determine whether chewing on either the preferred or the non‐preferred side influences the bacterial counts. Twenty‐five healthy subjects were included in the study. Two saliva samples were collected with a 1‐wk interval by chewing on a piece of sterile paraffin wax on the preferred side only. One month later this was repeated on the opposite side. In order to test if there were variations in the numbers of bacteria due to the laboratory methods, a paired cultivation of 20 samples was carried out. The results showed that the coefficients of variation (c.v.) for the differences between the individual double samples varied between 110 and 276% of the total mean of the double samples. The paired cultivation gave r valves for MS of 0.93 and for LB of 0.99. Using double samples did not increase the explanatory values for caries. There were higher explanatory values for caries on the preferred side than on the non‐preferred side, this being much more pronounced for lactobacilli than for mutans streptococci.
Plaque surface area after rinsing with a low‐level fluoride‐containing Darjeeling tea
Authors: Attin Thomas , Kilgers Raff‐Dieter , Zimmermann Christian , Kielbassa Andrej Michael , Hellwig Elmar
Published: October 2007

Plaque surface area after rinsing with a tea, containing low levels of fluoride, was evaluated in 30 human volunteers with a single‐blind, one‐operator, three‐period, three‐treatment cross‐over study. The mouthwashes employed were: (1) tea (Darjeeling first flush:< 0.2 ppm F), (2) Meridol®, (3) control (tap water:< 0.2 pprn F). During the experiment the participants refrained from oral hygiene procedures and rinsed their mouth three tiroes a day after each meal with 20 ml of the respective rinse. After 3 d standardized photographs were taken of the upper canines and premolars and the plaque areas were measured planimetrically. Statistical analysis showed a marked decrease in plaque surface area after rinsing with Meridol, whereas no difference in plaque surface area was observed after mouthrinsing with tea and tap water, respectively.
Influence of the thickness of soft tissues overlying human masseter and temporalis muscles on the electromyographic maximal voluntary contraction level
Authors: van der Glas Hilbert W. , Lobbezoo Frank , van der Bilt Andries , Bosman Frederik
Published: October 2007

Skinfold measurements by means of calipers and the use of linear regression functions, representing relationships between maximal EMG activity and skinfold thickness, provide a simple and non‐invasive procedure to diminish the influence of the thickness of the subcutaneous tissues overlying jaw‐elevator muscles on electromyographic data of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) level. This method, which allows an improved comparison between different subject or muscle groups in terms of neuromuscular capacity, has been applied to MVC values from the masseter and the anterior temporal muscles (surface EMG) of 21 healthy males, 14 healthy females, and 14 females suffering from myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Non‐corrected MVC values from both muscle groups were larger for the male controls than for the female controls. As the skinfold thickness was smaller for males than for females, these MVC levels did not differ significantly after correction for skinfold thickness. As the skinfold thickness was very similar for the female TMD patients and the controls, the correction method did not appreciably change the lower MVC values of the TMD patients.
Etiology of dental erosion – intrinsic factors
Authors: Scheutzel Petra
Published: October 2007

Dental erosion due to intrinsic factors is caused by gastric acid reaching the oral cavity and the teeth as a result of vomiting or gastroesophageal reflux. Since clinical manifestation of dental erosion does not occur until gastric acid has acted on the dental hard tissues regularly over a period of several years, dental erosion caused by intrinsic factors has been observed only in those diseases which are associated with chronic vomiting or persistent gastroesophageal reflux over a long period. Examples of such conditions include disorders of the upper alimentary tract, specific metabolic and endocrine disorders, cases of medication side‐effects and drug abuse, and certain psychosomatic disorders, e.g. stress‐induced psychosomatic vomiting, anorexia and bulimia nervosa or rumination. Based on a review of the medical and dental literature, the main symptoms of all disorders which must be taken into account as possible intrinsic etiological factors of dental erosion are thoroughly discussed with respect to the clinical picture, prevalence and risk of erosion.
Cardiovascular responses induced by dental treatment
Authors: Brand Henk S. , Abraham‐Inpijn Louise
Published: October 2007

Changes in mean heart rate and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure are induced by both the patient's anticipation of scheduled treatment and the actual dental treatment itself. Significant changes have been observed before application of a local anesthetic, during restorative treatment, during extractions, and when epinephrine‐impregnated retraction cords were used. These cardiovascular responses may vary according to the local anesthetic used and the choice of vasoconstrictor. The individual changes in heart rate and blood pressure are affected by pain and such individual factors as age, gender, hypertension, dental experience, and psychological responses. Although for the most part the cardiovascular changes induced by dental treatment are limited and within the normal physiological variation, this review stresses the importance of eliminating pain and minimizing patient anxiety.
Trace element analysis of blackish staining on the crowns of human archaeological teeth
Authors: Stermer E. M. , Risnes S. , Fischer P. M.
Published: October 2007

A blackish staining found on the crowns of teeth of 51 skulls from the excavation of the medieval St.Olav's church in Trondheim was analyzed using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In four teeth, mass spectra and step scan concentration profiles of SIMS were performed and compared with the grey scale pattern in photographs of the analyzed paths. The manganese curve showed the highest degree of conformity with the grey scale pattern. The AAS analysis confirmed the increased content of manganese in blackish stained enamel. It was concluded that manganese, probably in the form of an oxide deposited from the soil, was the cause of the blackish staining.