bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ongoing Fen–Bog Transition in a Boreal Aapa Mire Inferred from Repeated Field Sampling, Aerial Images, and Landsat Data
Authors: Kolari Tiina H. M. , Sallinen Antti , Wolff Franziska , Kumpula Timo , Tolonen Kimmo , Tahvanainen Teemu
Published: October 2021

Northern aapa mire complexes are characterized by patterned fens with flarks (wet fen surfaces) and bog zone margins with Sphagnum moss cover. Evidence exists of a recent increase in Sphagnum over fens that can alter ecosystem functions. Contrast between flarks and Sphagnum moss cover may enable remote sensing of these changes with satellite proxies. We explored recent changes in hydro-morphological patterns and vegetation in a south-boreal aapa mire in Finland and tested the performance of Landsat bands and indices in detecting Sphagnum increase in aapa mires. We combined aerial image analysis and vegetation survey, repeated after 60 years, to support Landsat satellite image analysis. Aerial image analysis revealed a decrease in flark area by 46% between 1947 and 2019. Repeated survey showed increase in Sphagnum mosses (S. pulchrum, S. papillosum) and deep-rooted vascular plants (Menyanthes trifoliata, Carex rostrata). A supervised classification of high-resolution UAV image recognized the legacy of infilled flarks in the patterning of Sphagnum carpets. Among Landsat variables, all separate spectral bands, the Green Difference Vegetation Index (GDVI), and the Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) correlated with the flark area. Between 1985 and 2020, near-infrared (NIR) and GDVI increased in the central flark area, and AWEI decreased throughout the mire area. In aapa mire complexes, flark fen and Sphagnum bog zones have contrasting Landsat NIR reflectance, and NIR band is suggested for monitoring changes in flarks. The observed increase in Sphagnum mosses supports the interpretation of ongoing fen–bog transitions in Northern European aapa mires, indicating significant ecosystem-scale changes.
Constrained Naïve Bayes with application to unbalanced data classification
Authors: Blanquero Rafael , Carrizosa Emilio , Ramírez-Cobo Pepa , Sillero-Denamiel M. Remedios
Published: October 2021

The Naïve Bayes is a tractable and efficient approach for statistical classification. In general classification problems, the consequences of misclassifications may be rather different in different classes, making it crucial to control misclassification rates in the most critical and, in many realworld problems, minority cases, possibly at the expense of higher misclassification rates in less problematic classes. One traditional approach to address this problem consists of assigning misclassification costs to the different classes and applying the Bayes rule, by optimizing a loss function. However, fixing precise values for such misclassification costs may be problematic in realworld applications. In this paper we address the issue of misclassification for the Naïve Bayes classifier. Instead of requesting precise values of misclassification costs, threshold values are used for different performance measures. This is done by adding constraints to the optimization problem underlying the estimation process. Our findings show that, under a reasonable computational cost, indeed, the performance measures under consideration achieve the desired levels yielding a user-friendly constrained classification procedure.
Quality of life impairment in adult Moyamoya patients—preoperative neuropsychological assessment and correlation to MRI and H215O PET findings
Authors: Haas Patrick , Fudali Monika , Wang Sophie S. , Hurth Helene , Hauser Till-Karsten , Ernemann Ulrike , Tatagiba Marcos , Khan Nadia , Roder Constantin
Published: October 2021

Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) related cerebral perfusion deficits or infarctions might influence quality of life (QoL). This study examines preoperative QoL in adult patients with MMA and correlates these with findings obtained via diagnostic imaging. Sixty-seven adult Moyamoya patients underwent preoperative neuropsychological testing including questionnaires to determine QoL, as well as psychiatric and depressive symptoms. The results were checked for correlation with territorial hypoperfusions seen in H215O PET with acetazolamide (ACZ) challenge (cerebrovascular reserve) and infarction patterns observed in MRI. Each vascular territory was analyzed separately and correlated with QoL. Physical role function was restricted in 41.0% of cases and emotional role function in 34.4% of cases (SF-36). Obsessive–compulsive disorder (39.3%) (SCL-90-R), psychoticism (34.4%) (SCL-90-R), and depression (32.7%) (BDI-II) were also very common. Psychoticism was significantly more frequent in cases where perfusion deficits in PET CT were observed in both MCA territories (left p = 0.0124, right p = 0.0145) and infarctions in MRI were present in the right MCA territory (p = 0.0232). Depression was significantly associated with infarctions in the right MCA territory (SCL-90-R p = 0.0174, BDI-II p = 0.0246). Women were affected more frequently by depression (BDI-II, p = 0.0234). Physical role function impairment was significantly associated with perfusion deficits in the left MCA territory (p = 0.0178) and infarctions in the right MCA territory (p = 0.0428). MMA leads to impairments in different areas of QoL. Approximately one-third of all adult MMA patients suffered from depression, with women being most affected. In addition to depression, presence of executive dysfunctions and mental disorders such as psychoticism, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and impaired physical and emotional role function affected QoL. These patients showed significantly more often infarctions and perfusion deficits in the right MCA territory. Long-term studies with follow-up results are necessary to clarify a possible beneficial impact of early surgical revascularization on QoL and depression in adult MMA patients.
Motivations behind individuals’ energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving behavior: The case of China
Authors: Perret J. K. , Udalov V. , Fabisch N.
Published: October 2021

The impact of environmental motivations on the individual’s decisions regarding investments in energy efficiency and the adoption of energy-saving habits are analyzed for a representative sample of Chinese inhabitants from the larger Beijing area, replicating a comparative study on Western Europe. For the considered type of energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving activities similarities and discrepancies between the two regions are discussed in regard to their sociocultural background as well as governmental regulations. The study provides empirical evidence that for Chinese environmental issues if all only play a tertiary role after monetary and regulatory incentives. The findings could suggest that in China policy programs aimed at raising environmental awareness and forming pro-environmental motivations might not lead to an increase in energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving activities and the Chinese government’s interests in this regard might be better served by implementing corresponding incentives via regulations. In the long-term. However, social peer pressure might affect a change in the Chinese mentality.
The Refugee Experience of Asylum Seekers in Italy: A Qualitative Study on the Intertwining of Protective and Risk Factors
Authors: De Leo Amalia , Cotrufo Paolo , Gozzoli Caterina
Published: October 2021

This study aims to investigate the criticisms and support factors of the migratory experience of a group of asylum seekers (ASs) hosted in an Italian reception center. Starting from a psychosocial approach that gives importance to the intertwining of the personal history and context, the present study aims to explore the meaning that ASs give to their origins, the relationship of ASs with the host context and with professionals of the refugee centres, along with the representation of the Future. We conducted 27 semi-structured deep interviews with 9 male ASs with an average age of 24,4 years. In line with the research goals, we carried out an analysis of pencil-and-paper content using the interpretative-phenomenological-analysis. Three different types of refugee experience emerged: persecutory, ambivalent and integrated. The three conditions identified can help professionals to better understand the different experiences of ASs, allowing them to develop more effective interventions.
Blameworthiness and the Outcomes of One’s Actions
Authors: Lee Ambrose Y. K.
Published: October 2021

There are at least two ways to argue for the view that the outcome of one’s actions does not affect one’s blameworthiness. The first way appeals to the ‘Control Principle’ while the second way relies on what it means to be blameworthy. The focus of this paper is on a recent attempt at pursuing this second way that relies on an account of blameworthiness dubbed the ‘Engagement View’. This paper argues, however, that the Engagement View alone is insufficient to show why the outcomes of one’s actions does not affect one’s blameworthiness. It argues that if blame is understood more robustly as involving reactive attitudes like resentment and indignation, then it turns out the Engagement View can also give us reasons for the contrary view. This paper ends by drawing out some general implications that this has on our understanding of blameworthiness.
SPReaD: service-oriented process for reengineering and DevOps
Authors: da Silva Carlos Eduardo , Justino Yan de Lima , Adachi Eiji
Published: October 2021

The reengineering of systems into a microservice-based architecture can be seen as an implementation of a service-oriented architecture (SOA). However, the deployment of SOA into an enterprise is a challenging task, as it may involve the modernization of mission-critical systems with high technical debt and high maintenance costs. To this end, a process is required to provide an appropriate set of steps and techniques that minimize risks and at the same time ensure the quality of the systems during the migration process. Thus, this work presents the Service-oriented Process for Reengineering and DevOps—SPReaD, an instantiation of the mainstream SOA methodology focusing on the reengineering of legacy systems integrating DevOps aspects for developing microservices systems. This process has been defined during a real software reengineering project of legacy systems from a Brazilian State Department of Taxation. The results obtained include a substantial improvement in the quality of the main taxation system used by the state, including not only code-related metrics but also performance improvements of the services offered, and a change in the methodology adopted by the software development team.
The reconstruction of Arab women role in media: a critical discourse analysis
Authors: Hamid M. Abdul , Basid Abdul , Aulia Isma Nida
Published: October 2021

Arab women and the patriarchal culture are two things that cannot be separated. The influence of globalization and the rate of information and the Arab Spring revolution have such a profound impact on the identity of Arab women. The issue of discrimination and emancipation as a manifestation of the effort to re-actualize the identity of Arab women is widely reported in the media that we can see its progress day by day. This study shows how the media represents the identity of Arab women in Midan Al-Jazeera, Al-Ittihad, and mawdoo3 which contain problems in the social life of Arab women. As for the social reality of Arab society, women are positioned as individuals who can begin to actualize themselves. The data were analyzed by combining the concept of critical discourse analysis approach by Norman Fairclough and Teun A. Van Dijk who divided the analysis into three dimensions: text (micro), practical discourse (meso), and sociocultural (macro). The results show that the articles in Arab Media represent the re-actualization of Arab female identity using a specific discursive strategy in each of the articles. Through the texts in the article, Arab women are represented as free individuals, regardless of the role of wife and mother, and to have an active contribution to the social and autonomous sphere. It is under the conservative Arab government agenda toward a more moderate country in the twenty-first century.
Das Übergangstraining
Authors: Wanke Eileen M. , Matt Christopher , Ohlendorf Daniela
Published: October 2021

Neben der Vorbeugung von akuten und chronischen Schäden ist im professionellen Bühnentanz bei gesundheitlichen Problemen am Muskel-Skelett-System eine intensive – dem Berufssport vergleichbare – Rehabilitation unter Berücksichtigung tanzspezifischer Bewegungselemente von großer Bedeutung. In Kombination mit anderen, die Leistungsfähigkeit wiederherstellenden Maßnahmen ist das in diesem Beitrag erläuterte sog. Übergangstraining(„transition dance class“) als Trainingsform im Rahmen der stufenweisen beruflichen Wiedereingliederung von zentraler Bedeutung, da es die Übergangsphase zwischen allgemeinen Maßnahmen einer Rehabilitation und dem Wiedererreichen der vollständigen Arbeitsfähigkeit im Tanzberuf darstellt.
An approach to pedestrian walking behaviour classification in wireless communication and network failure contexts
Authors: Kareem Z. H. , Zaidan A. A. , Ahmed M. A. , Zaidan B. B. , Albahri O. S. , Alamoodi A. H. , Malik R. Q. , Albahri A. S. , Ameen H. A. , Garfan Salem , Mohammed A. , Zaidan R. A. , Ramli K. N.
Published: October 2021

Despite the wide range of research on pedestrian safety, previous studies have failed to analyse the real-time data of pedestrian walking misbehaviour on the basis of either pedestrian behaviour distraction or movements during specific activities to realise pedestrian safety for positive (normal) or aggressive pedestrians. Practically, pedestrian walking behaviour should be recognised, and aggressive pedestrians should be differentiated from normal pedestrians. This type of pedestrian behaviour recognition can be converted into a classification problem, which is the main challenge for pedestrian safety systems. In addressing the classification challenge, three issues should be considered: identification of factors, collection of data and exchange of data in the contexts of wireless communication and network failure. Thus, this work proposes a novel approach to pedestrian walking behaviour classification in the aforementioned contexts. Three useful phases are proposed for the methodology of this study. In the first phase involving factor identification, several factors of the irregular walking behaviour of mobile phone users are established by constructing a questionnaire that can determine users’ options (attitudes/opinions) about mobile usage whilst walking on the street. In the second phase involving data collection, four different testing scenarios are developed to acquire the real-time data of pedestrian walking behaviour by using gyroscope sensors. In the third phase involving data exchange, the proposed approach is presented on the basis of two modules. The first module for pedestrian behaviour classification uses random forest and decision tree classifiers part of machine learning techniques via wireless communication when a server becomes available. The developed module is then trained and evaluated using five category sets to obtain the best classification of pedestrian walking behaviour. The second module is based on four standard vectors for classifying pedestrian walking behaviour when a server is unavailable. Fault-tolerant pedestrian walking behaviour is identified and is initiated when failures occur in a network. Two sets of real-time data are presented in this work. The first dataset is related to the questionnaire data from 262 sampled respondents, and the second dataset comprises data on 263 sampled participants with pedestrian walking signals. Experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed approach relative to previous ones.
Fähigkeitstheorien zum selbstregulierten Lernen: Die Bedeutung von impliziten Theorien und Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept für das Lernen und die akademische Leistung
Authors: Karlen Yves , Hirt Carmen , Stebner Ferdinand
Published: October 2021

Subjektive Fähigkeitstheorien bezüglich der Veränderbarkeit (implizite Theorien; Mindsets) und der Höhe von Fähigkeiten (Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept) beeinflussen das Lernverhalten, die Motivation und das Erleben von Lernenden in Lern- und Leistungssituationen in vielfältiger Weise. Bislang fehlen umfangeiche Studienergebnisse zu Fähigkeitstheorien zum selbstregulierten Lernen (SRL). Diese Studie nimmt daher implizite Theorien zum SRL und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL in den Blick. Basierend auf einer Stichprobe von N = 244 Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe I (M = 14.57 Jahre) wurde überprüft, inwiefern implizite Theorien zum SRL und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL mit verschiedenen Variablen des SRL (Selbstmotivierung, metakognitives Bewusstsein, Strategiewissen), mit dem wahrgenommenen Ausmaß schulischer Herausforderungen (Leistungsdruck, Überforderung, Belastung) und mit der akademischen Leistung zusammenhängen. Die Ergebnisse der Mediationsanalysen zeigten direkte positive Zusammenhänge zwischen den impliziten Theorien und dem Strategiewissen sowie zwischen dem Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept und der Selbstmotivierung und dem metakognitiven Bewusstsein. Zwischen dem Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL und dem Leistungsdruck, der Überforderung und der Belastung konnten direkte Zusammenhänge nachgewiesen werden, nicht jedoch für die impliziten Theorien. Schließlich weisen die Ergebnisse auf eine Relevanz der beiden Fähigkeitstheorien zum SRL für die akademische Leistung hin. Insgesamt zeigen die Studienergebnisse auf, dass die impliziten Theorien zum SRL und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL insbesondere für das SRL und den schulischen Lernerfolg bedeutsam sind.
Improving the global reach of psychological research
Authors: Tindle Richard
Published: October 2021

As a scientific discipline, psychology has a history of publication bias toward western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic countries (WEIRD countries). For example, 96% of participant samples in the top six psychology journals derive from western countries. The sampling bias has resulted in (1) non-English speaking authors being rejected at significantly higher rates than native English speakers; (2) editorial boards consisting mostly of Caucasian editors in chief; and (3) the potential over-rejection of research from non-western samples that have failed to replicate core psychological findings. The lack of diverse samples within psychological research calls into question the validity, reliability, generalizability, and robustness of seminal psychological research. Discover psychology aims to reduce these biases by encouraging submissions from non-English speaking countries and culturally diverse samples. By reducing biases in publications, we can help increase the number of racially diverse samples and authors within psychology.
Explaining the Evidence
Authors: Lagnado David A.
Published: October 2021

How do we make sense of complex evidence? What are the cognitive principles that allow detectives to solve crimes, and lay people to puzzle out everyday problems? To address these questions, David Lagnado presents a novel perspective on human reasoning. At heart, we are causal thinkers driven to explain the myriad ways in which people behave and interact. We build mental models of the world, enabling us to infer patterns of cause and effect, linking words to deeds, actions to effects, and crimes to evidence. But building models is not enough; we need to evaluate these models against evidence, and we often struggle with this task. We have a knack for explaining, but less skill at evaluating. Fortunately, we can improve our reasoning by reflecting on inferential practices and using formal tools. This book presents a system of rational inference that helps us evaluate our models and make sounder judgments.
An experimental investigation into model-scale installed jet–pylon–wing noise
Authors: Meloni Stefano , Proença Anderson R. , Lawrence Jack L.T. , Camussi Roberto
Published: October 2021

A model-scale experimental investigation of an installed jet–pylon–wing configuration was conducted at the University of Southampton, with the scope to study the effect a pylon has on noise generation and to clarify its impact on the fluctuating wall-pressure load. The set-up consisted of two single-stream nozzles, a baseline axisymmetric annular nozzle and a partially blocked annular pylon nozzle. The nozzles were tested first isolated and then installed next to a NACA4415 aerofoil ‘wing’ at a single nozzle–wing position. The jet Mach number was varied between

$0.5 \leq M_{{j}} \leq 0.8$

and measurements were performed both under static and in-flight ambient flow conditions up to

${M_{{f}} = 0.2}$

. The jet flow-field qualification was carried out using a single-velocity-component hot-wire anemometer probe. The pressure field on the wing surface was investigated using two miniature wall-pressure transducers that were flush-mounted in the streamwise and spanwise directions within the pressure side of the wing. A linear ‘flyover’ microphone array was used to record the noise radiated to the far field. The unsteady pressure data were analysed in both time and frequency domains using multi-variate statistics, highlighting a far-field noise reduction provided by the presence of the pylon only in the installed case. Furthermore, the wake field generated behind the pylon is seen to significantly modify the wall-pressure fluctuations, particularly at streamwise locations close to the pylon trailing edge.
Bistabilities in two parallel Kármán wakes
Authors: Ren Chengjiao , Cheng Liang , Xiong Chengwang , Tong Feifei , Chen Tingguo
Published: October 2021

Bistabilities of two equilibrium states discovered in the coupled side-by-side Kármán wakes are investigated through Floquet analysis and direct numerical simulation (DNS) with different initial conditions over a range of gap-to-diameter ratio (

$g^*= 0.2\text {--}3.5$

) and Reynolds number (

$Re = 47\text {--}100$

). Two bistabilities are found in the transitional

$g^*-Re$

regions from in-phase (IP) to anti-phase (AP) vortex shedding states. By initialising the flow in DNS with zero initial conditions, the flow in the first bistable region (i.e. bistable IP/FF

$_C$

at

$g^*= 1.4 \text {--} 2.0$

, where FF

$_C$

denotes the conditional flip-flop flow) attains flip-flop (FF) flow, it settles into the IP state by initialising the flow with an IP flow. The second bistability is observed between cylinder-scale IP and AP states at large

$g^*$

(

$=$

 2.0–3.5). The transition from the FF

$_C$

to IP is dependent on initial conditions and irreversible over the parameter space, meaning that the flow cannot revert back to the FF

$_C$

state once it jumps to the IP state irrespective of the direction of

$Re$

variations. Its counterpart for the bistable IP/AP state is reversible. We also found that the FF

$_C$

flow in the first bistable region is primarily bifurcated from synchronised AP with cluster-scale features, possibly because the cluster-scale AP flow is inherently unstable to FF flow instabilities. It is demonstrated that the irreversible bistability exists in other interacting wakes around multiple cylinders. A good understanding of flow bistabilities is pivotal to flow control applications and the interpretation of desynchronised flow features observed at high

$Re$

values.
Medicaid Waivers, Administrative Authority, and the Shadow of Malingering
Authors: Huberfeld Nicole
Published: October 2021

From 2018 through 2020, HHS approved state Medicaid demonstration waivers to impose new eligibility conditions such as work requirements, connecting current “personal responsibility” rhetoric and historical suspicion of malingering. The Biden administration reversed course but advocated to the Supreme Court for expansive administrative discretion. This approach supports health equity now but could enable reemergence of restrictive health policies down the road.
Global Regulatory Agencies and Data Transparency
Authors: Plott Caroline F. , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: October 2021

Egilman et al. review the current data sharing practices of three global regulatory agencies — Health Canada, the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Agency. While there has been progress towards increasing transparency over the past decade, progress has been slow.
Legal Challenges Underlying COVID-19 Vaccinations
Authors: Hodge James G. , Piatt Jennifer L. , Barraza Leila , Freed Rebecca , Ghaith Summer , Wells Nora
Published: October 2021

Immunizing hundreds of millions against COVID- 19 through the most extensive national vaccine campaign ever undertaken in the United States has generated significant law and policy challenges.
The effects of galangin in prepulse inhibition test and experimental schizophrenia models
Authors: Kaygisiz Bilgin , Aydin Sule , Yildirim Engin , Musmul Ahmet , Erol Kevser , Kilic Fatma Sultan
Published: October 2021

Objective:

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the focus of interest in the management of schizophrenia. We aimed to investigate the effects of acute galangin administration, a flavonoid compound with acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity, on schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits in rats and schizophrenia models in mice.

Methods:

Apomorphine-induced prepulse inhibition (PPI) disruption for cognitive functions, nicotinic, muscarinic, and serotonergic mechanism involvement, and brain acetylcholine levels were investigated in Wistar rats. Apomorphine-induced climbing, MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, and catalepsy tests were used as schizophrenia models in Swiss albino mice. The effects of galangin were compared with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, and typical and atypical antipsychotics haloperidol and olanzapine, respectively.

Results:

Galangin (50,100 mg/kg) enhanced apomorphine-induced PPI disruption similar to donepezil, haloperidol, and olanzapine (p < 0.05). This effect was not altered in the combination of galangin with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (1 mg/kg), the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.05 mg/kg), or the serotonin-1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (1 mg/kg) (p > 0.05). Galangin (50,100 mg/kg) alone increased brain acetylcholine concentrations (p < 0.05), but not in apomorphine-injected rats (p > 0.05). Galangin (50 mg/kg) decreased apomorphine-induced climbing and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion similar to haloperidol and olanzapine (p < 0.05), but did not induce catalepsy, unlike them.

Conclusion:

We suggest that galangin may help enhance schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits, and nicotinic, muscarinic cholinergic, and serotonin-1A receptors are not involved in this effect. Galangin also exerted an antipsychotic-like effect without inducing catalepsy and may be considered as an advantageous antipsychotic agent.
LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING (LSC)—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Authors: Hogg Alan G , Cook Gordon T
Published: October 2021

Radiocarbon (14C) dating by liquid scintillation (LS) spectroscopy (also known as LS counting or LSC) provides an alternate method of 14C analysis where accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis is less desirable. The past, present, and future applications of the method are discussed.
Slavery and the “American Way of War,” 1607–1861
Authors: Phillips Gervase , Sandy Laura
Published: October 2021

Slavery and warfare were inextricably intertwined in the history of Britain’s North American colonies and, subsequently, the early republic. Yet this deep connection has not been acknowledged in the historiography. In particular, the debate about an “American way of war” has neglected the profound significance of slavery as a formative factor in America’s “first way of war.” Here, these two forms of organized, systemic violence are considered not merely within a comparative framework but as phenomena whose relationship is so deeply enmeshed that they cannot be meaningfully understood in isolation. Slavery is thus placed centrally in an examination of American war making, from the colonial to the antebellum period. Three main areas are highlighted: slave raiding against Native Americans, slavery as a factor in imperial and national strategy-making and diplomacy, and slavery as an “internal war.”
Making Sense of “Senseless Violence”: Thoughts on Agrarian Elites and Collective Violence during “Reconstruction” in South Africa and the American South
Authors: Higginson John
Published: October 2021

Key moments of the American Civil War and the 1899–1902 South African War and their tragic immediate aftermaths remain powerful features of national memory in both countries. Over the past century, vengeful politicians and ideologues in both have transformed them into formidable stock-in-trade. Second-, third-, and fourth-hand accounts of the alleged churlish manner of the victorious armies, especially soldiers of African descent, were made into combustible timber for reactionary political campaigns. The perceived cruel turns of fate have made their way into literature, stage, and screen. The two wars afforded people of various races and social conditions opportunity to act upon their conceptions of a just society, albeit amid terrible carnage and loss. They also underscored the permanence of the industrial transformation of both countries. In the decades following these two wars most of the black and white agrarian populations discovered that state and agrarian elites had cynically manipulated and then extinguished their aspirations. Most often, for black agrarians, violence was the preferred instrument to pursue desired outcomes. Reconstruction in the American South was a paradox. The Civil War emancipated the slaves but left the entire South, especially upland cotton regions, economically backward. In Louisiana, especially, politicized violence to coerce black labor was pervasive. After the South African War, white violence against rural black people was widespread. Lord Milner’s Reconstruction Administration was more concerned to bring South Africa’s gold mines back into production than to stem the violence. The low-intensity violence of the postwar countryside became the backland route to apartheid.
Historical Gaps and Non-existent Sources: The Case of the Chaudrie Court in French India
Authors: Agmon Danna
Published: October 2021

This article develops a typology of historical and archival gaps—physical, historiographical, and epistemological—to consider how non-existent sources are central to understanding colonial law and governance. It does so by examining the institutional and archival history of a court known as the Chaudrie in the French colony of Pondichéry in India in the eighteenth century, and integrating problems that are specific to the study of legal history—questions pertaining to jurisdiction, codification, evidence, and sovereignty—with issues all historians face regarding power and the making of archives. Under French rule, Pondichéry was home to multiple judicial institutions, administered by officials of the French East Indies Company. These included the Chaudrie court, which existed at least from 1700 to 1827 as a forum where French judges were meant to dispense justice according to local Tamil modes of dispute resolution. However, records of this court prior to 1766 have not survived. By drawing on both contemporaneous mentions of the Chaudrie and later accounts of its workings, this study centers missing or phantom sources, severed from the body of the archive by political, judicial, and bureaucratic decisions. It argues that the Chaudrie was a court where jurisdiction was decoupled from sovereignty, and this was the reason it did not generate a state-managed and preserved archive of court records for itself until the 1760s. The Chaudrie’s early history makes visible a relationship between law and its archive that is paralleled by approaches to colonial governance in early modern French Empire.
The net contribution of livestock to the supply of human edible protein: the case of Ireland
Authors: Hennessy D. P. , Shalloo L. , van Zanten H. H. E. , Schop M. , De Boer I. J. M.
Published: October 2021

If current food consumption patterns continue, the agriculture sector must provide significantly more food in the coming years from the available land area. Some livestock systems engage in feed–food competition as arable land is used for livestock feed rather than as crops for food; reducing the global supply of food. There is a growing argument that to meet future-food demands sustainably, feed–food competition must be minimized. To this end, we evaluated the effectiveness of two refined metrics to quantify feed–food competition in three livestock systems; dairy and its beef, suckler beef and pig production in Ireland. The metrics are edible protein conversion ratio (EPCR) and the land-use ratio (LUR). The EPCR compares the amount of human digestible protein (HDP) in livestock feed against the amount of HDP the livestock produced, calculating how efficiently it produces HDP. However, the LUR compares the potential HDP from a crop system on the land used to produce the livestock's feed against the HDP the livestock system produced. In both metrics, a value <1 demonstrates an efficient system. The EPCR values for dairy beef (0.22) and suckler beef (0.29) systems consider them efficient producers, whereas pig production (1.51) is inefficient. The LUR values designate that only the dairy beef (0.58) is a net positive producer of HDP from the land used for its feed, with crop production producing more HDP than suckler beef (1.34) and pig production (1.73). Consequently, the LUR can be deemed to be more suitable to represent feed–food competition in livestock production.
Experiences of non-North American teachers of English in American English-dominant Korean ELT
Authors: Choe Hohsung , Lee Seongyong
Published: October 2021

The dominance of North American (U.S. and Canadian) English is widely prevalent in Korean English language teaching (ELT). Students show more positive attitudes towards American English than any other English variety (Jung, 2005; Yook & Lindemann, 2013), and teachers impart and reinforce American English norms (Ahn, 2017; Ahn, 2011). Administrators and employers consider American English as the sole model for Korean ELT (Ahn, 2013; Harrison, 2010; Jenks, 2017; Song, 2013). Koreans’ preference for American English dates back to the 1950s, when the first national ELT curriculum explicitly favored American English over British English (Lee, 2015). Since then the status of American English as the standard among all varieties of English has been strengthened due to Korea's strong political, military, and economic ties with the US (Harrison, 2010; Yim, 2007).
Maltraitance entre résidents en temps de pandémie: Effets dans les résidences privées pour aînés au Québec
Authors: Falardeau Marie-Chantal , Beaulieu Marie , Carbonneau Hélène , Levasseur Mélanie , Belley Roxanne
Published: October 2021

The measures implemented to limit the spread of COVID-19 affect the social relationships of the elderly. The aim of this article is to understand the effects of the pandemic on residents and resident-to-resident aggression (RRA). In total, 21 individual interviews were conducted with three groups of actors of four independent living facilities who have experienced RRA (residents) or who intervene in this type of situation (members of staff and external stakeholders). The participants reported that the pandemic has effects on residents and, specifically, on RRA. Among other things, the management and resolution of these situations have changed, and new manifestations of RRA are observed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effects of the pandemic on residents living in independent living facilities and on RRA. It raises the need to further consider residents’ voices in this context and to combine them with those of other actors to better understand how RRA manifest itself.
Exploring the Interpretation of COVID-19 Messaging on Older Adults’ Experiences of Vulnerability
Authors: Sangrar Ruheena , Porter Michelle M. , Chesser Stephanie
Published: October 2021

Public health messages and societal discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic have consistently indicated a higher morbidity and mortality risk for older people, particularly those with multiple health conditions. Older adults’ interpretations of pandemic messaging can shape their perceived vulnerability and behaviours. This study examined their perspectives on COVID-19 messaging. Eighteen community-dwelling older adults residing in Manitoba (Canada) participated in semi-structured telephone interviews between July and August 2020, a period of low COVID-19 cases within the province. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify key themes that described participants’ processes of information interpretation when consuming pandemic-related messages, their emotional responses to messaging and consequent vulnerability, and the impacts of messaging on their everyday lives. Understanding how older adults have construed COVID-19 and pandemic-related messages, and the subsequent impact on their daily behaviours, is the first step towards shaping societal discourse and sets the stage for examining the pandemic’s long-term effects.
A National Army Under the Red Banner? The Mobilisation of the Hungarian Red Army in 1919
Authors: Révész Tamás
Published: October 2021

This paper investigates the mobilisation of the Hungarian Red Army in 1919 by the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic. It challenges the literature's existing interpretations, explaining the successful mobilisation of the regime with its ‘nationalist’ or ‘Bolshevik’ character. First, the paper examines the military policy of the regime, arguing that it was not a mere copy of the Russian communist model but was a unique combination of social-democratic and communist ideas. Second, it analyses the recruitment propaganda and demonstrates how it combined dogmatic Bolshevism with traditional elements of the wartime propaganda. Third, it investigates the methods used by the Hungarian Soviet Republic to mobilise the population both in Budapest and in the rural eastern countryside. It argues that the mobilisation was possible through the involvement of civil associations (mostly the trade unions) and the incorporation of the former Habsburg regiments in the new Red Army.
Pitfalls of Machine Learning-Based Personnel Selection
Authors: Goretzko David , Israel Laura Sophia Finja
Published: October 2021

Abstract. In recent years, machine learning (ML) modeling (often referred to as artificial intelligence) has become increasingly popular for personnel selection purposes. Numerous organizations use ML-based procedures for screening large candidate pools, while some companies try to automate the hiring process as far as possible. Since ML models can handle large sets of predictor variables and are therefore able to incorporate many different data sources (often more than common procedures can consider), they promise a higher predictive accuracy and objectivity in selecting the best candidate than traditional personal selection processes. However, there are some pitfalls and challenges that have to be taken into account when using ML for a sensitive issue as personnel selection. In this paper, we address these major challenges – namely the definition of a valid criterion, transparency regarding collected data and decision mechanisms, algorithmic fairness, changing data conditions, and adequate performance evaluation – and discuss some recommendations for implementing fair, transparent, and accurate ML-based selection algorithms.
Meridional and Cross‐Shelf Variability of N2O and CH4 in the Eastern‐South Atlantic
Authors: Sabbaghzadeh B. , Arévalo‐Martínez D. L. , Glockzin M. , Otto S. , Rehder G.
Published: October 2021

Upward transport and/or mixing of trace gas‐enriched subsurface waters fosters the exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) with the atmosphere in the Eastern‐South Atlantic (ESA). To date, it is, however, unclear whether this source is maintained by local production or advection of trace gas‐enriched water masses. The meridional and zonal variability of N2O and CH4 in the ESA were investigated to identify the contributions of the major regional water masses to the overall budget of N2O and CH4. The maximal sea surface N2O and CH4 concentrations and the main ESA upwelling cells co‐occurred with a strong negative correlation with the sea surface temperature (SST) (p < 0.05). The dominance of the central water masses in the winter and spring seasons and the interplay between shelf topography and wind regime are suggested to determine enhanced gas transfer toward the sea‐air interface or “capping” at midwater depth. These parameters are supposed to be critical in the local budget of N2O and CH4 in the ESA. Our findings also show that the shape of N2O and CH4 gradients is very similar both meridionally and zonally; however, the extent of the differences between the high‐end and low‐end members of the concentrations/saturations range is different. This suggests a more pronounced effect of local sources on CH4 than N2O distribution, in particular in the Walvis Bay area. With respect to N2O, however, low‐oxygen waters from the poleward undercurrent impinge in the shelf close to Cape Frio and often result in N2O concentrations significantly higher than off Lüderitz (p < 0.05).
Identification of Common Minerals Using Stoichiometric Calibration Method for Dual‐Energy CT
Authors: Martini Margherita , Francus Pierre , Di Schiavi Trotta Leonardo , Després Philippe
Published: October 2021

Medical X‐ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to rapidly and non‐destructively characterize structure and density variations of geological specimens. More information about the nature of samples (electron density and elemental composition) can be retrieved using multi‐spectral approaches. This paper explores one of them, a stoichiometric calibration method for dual‐energy imaging, to identify the most common minerals. A set of 18 calibrating materials was selected to cover a range of variability in effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (ρe) encountered in geological specimens. The validation of this calibration was performed analyzing 23 common minerals by mapping their respective Zeff and ρe in order to identify the one with the closest properties. This study shows that the stoichiometric method correctly identifies the most important and common minerals (quartz, calcite, dolomite) that are usually not distinguishable using a single energy imaging method, although all the 23 studied minerals were not correctly determined. We show that this method previously elaborated for medical purposes is also efficient in earth science.
Influence of Early Low‐Temperature and Later High‐Temperature Diagenesis on Magnetic Mineral Assemblages in Marine Sediments From the Nankai Trough
Authors: Kars Myriam , Köster Male , Henkel Susann , Stein Rüdiger , Schubotz Florence , Zhao Xiang , Bowden Stephen A. , Roberts Andrew P. , Kodama Kazuto
Published: October 2021

Diagenesis can have a major impact on sedimentary mineralogy. Primary magnetic mineral assemblages can be modified significantly by dissolution or by formation of new magnetic minerals during early or late diagenesis. At International Ocean Discovery Program Site C0023, which was drilled in the protothrust zone of the Nankai Trough during Expedition 370, offshore of Shikoku Island, Japan, non‐steady state conditions have produced a complex sequence of magnetic overprints. Detailed rock magnetic measurements, which characterize magnetic mineral assemblages in terms of abundance, grain size, and composition, were conducted to assess magnetic mineral alteration and diagenetic overprinting. Four magnetic zones (MZs) are identified down‐core from ∼200 to 1,100 m below sea floor based on rock magnetic variations. MZ 1 is a high magnetic intensity zone that contains ferrimagnetic greigite, which formed at shallow depths and is preserved because of rapid sedimentation. MZs 2 and 4 are low magnetic intensity zones with fewer magnetic minerals, mainly coarse‐grained (titano‐)magnetite and hematite. This magnetic mineral assemblage is a remnant of a more complex assemblage that was altered diagenetically a few million years after deposition when the site entered the Nankai Trough. MZ 3 is a high magnetic intensity zone between MZs 2 and 4. It contains authigenic single‐domain magnetic particles that probably formed from fluids that circulated through faults in the accretionary prism. Varying sediment supply and organic matter input through time, burial temperature, and tectonic fluid circulation are the primary drivers of magnetic mineral assemblage variations.
Roughness of Ice Shelves Is Correlated With Basal Melt Rates
Authors: Watkins Ray H. , Bassis Jeremy N. , Thouless M. D.
Published: October 2021

Ice shelf collapse could trigger widespread retreat of marine‐based portions of the Antarctic ice sheet. However, little is known about the processes that control the stability of ice shelves. Recent observations have revealed that ice shelves have topographic features that span a spectrum of wavelengths, including basal channels and crevasses. Here we use ground‐penetrating radar data to quantify patterns of roughness within and between ice shelves. We find that roughness follows a power law with the scaling exponent approximately constant between ice shelves. However, the level of roughness varies by nearly an order of magnitude between ice shelves. Critically, we find that roughness strongly correlates with basal melt, suggesting that increased melt not only leads to larger melt channels, but also to increased fracturing, rifting and decreased ice shelf stability. This hints that the mechanical stability of ice shelves may be more tightly controlled by ocean forcing than previously thought.
Mapping the Pacific Slab Edge and Toroidal Mantle Flow Beneath Kamchatka
Authors: Zhao Long , Liu Xin , Zhao Dapeng , Wang Xiao , Qiao Qingyu
Published: October 2021

To clarify the upper mantle structure and dynamics of the Kamchatka subduction zone, we conduct Rayleigh‐wave phase‐velocity azimuthal anisotropy tomography beneath Kamchatka using amplitude and phase data of teleseismic fundamental mode Rayleigh‐waves at periods of 25–150 s. With the obtained anisotropic phase‐velocity model, a 3‐D azimuthal anisotropic shear‐wave velocity (Vs) model is determined down to ∼300 km depth. Beneath Kamchatka, the subducting Pacific slab is clearly imaged as a dipping high‐Vs zone on the south of the Shiveluch volcano at ∼57°N latitude, whereas this high‐Vs zone is absent on the north of the volcano, suggesting that a slab edge exists in the region. Visible low‐Vs anomalies are revealed around the slab edge. The subducting Pacific slab beneath Kamchatka generally exhibits a fast‐velocity direction (FVD) of ∼NE‐SW in the area south of ∼54°N latitude, whereas the dominant FVD in the slab rotates to ∼N‐S or ∼NNW‐SSE in the area of ∼54°–57°N latitude. The FVDs in the subducting Pacific slab are generally parallel to the Kamchatka trench, which may result from the shape‐preferred orientation of stratified oceanic lithosphere. At shallow depths (<∼150 km), the low‐Vs mantle wedge generally exhibits ∼ NW‐SE FVDs, whereas ∼ E‐W FVDs appear on the north of the slab edge, which form semi‐toroidal FVDs around the slab edge. The semi‐toroidal FVDs may reflect a combination of corner flow in the mantle wedge and toroidal mantle flow around the slab edge beneath Kamchatka, which may deform and heat or even melt the slab near its edge.